,illustration3 ,,william ,,robert       
,,prince                         ,,state
 ,,of ,,new ,,york--,,department ,,of   
,,agriculture                           
,eighteenth ,annual ,report--,vol4      
#c--,part ,,ii           99       99    
99       99       99                    
,,the                                   
,,plums ,,of ,,new ,,york               
,,by                                    
,u4 ,p4 ,,hedrick                       
,,assisted ,,by                         
,r4 ,,wellington                        
,o4 ,m4 ,,taylor                        
,w4 ,h4 ,,alderman                      
,m4 ,j4 ,,dorsey     ,report of the ,new
 ,york ,agricultural ,experiment        
,station for the ,year #aiaj            
,,ii                                    
,,albany                      ,j4 ,b4   
,,lyon ,,company1 ,,state ,,printers    
#aiaa                         ,,new     
,,york ,,agricultural ,,experiment      
,,station1                              
,,geneva1 ,n4 ,y41 ,december #ca1 #aiaj4

          ,to the ,honorable ,board of  
,control of the ,new ,york ,agricultural
      ,experiment ,station3             
,,gentlemen3--,i have the honor to      
transmit herewith ,part ,,ii of      the
 report of this institution for the year
 #aiaj1 to be known      as ,the ,plums 
of ,new ,york4 ,this constitutes the    
third in the      series of fruit       
publications that is being prepared     
under your      authority4        ,the  
data embodied in the volume are the     
result of      long-continued studies   
and observations at this institution    
as well as throughout the ,state1 to    
which has been added a      large amount
 of information that commercial         
plum-growers have      very kindly      
furnished4 ,the attempt has been made to
 produce a      monograph including all 
the cultivated plums1 and it is hoped   
that the result will be recognized as a 
worthy advance in the      literature of
 this class of fruits4                  
,w4 ,h4 ,,jordan1                       

,director4          ,,preface      ,the 
,plums of ,new ,york is the third       
monograph of the fruits of this  region 
published by the ,new ,york             
,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,the
  aims of these books have been stated  
in full in ,the ,grapes of ,new ,york1  
but it is considered best to re-state   
some of these briefly and to  indicate  
some features in which the book on plums
 differs from the one on  grapes4       
,broadly speaking1 the aim has been to  
make ,the ,plums of ,new ,york a  record
 of our present knowledge of cultivated 
plums4 ,the book has been  written for  
,new ,york but its contents are so      
general in character that  the work     
applies to the whole country and more or
 less to the world4 ,the  first chapter 
is a historical account and a botanical 
classification of  plums2 the second1 a 
discussion of the present status of     
plum-growing  in ,america2 while the    
third and fourth are devoted to         
varieties of  plums4 ,the first and last

 two of these chapters contain the      
synonymy and  bibliography of the       
species and varieties of plums4 ,in the 
foot-notes  running through the book    
biographical sketches are given of the  
persons  who have contributed most to   
plum culture in ,america2 here may be   
found  also matters pertaining to plums 
not properly included in the text but   
necessary for its best understanding4   
,important varieties1 so considered     
from various standpoints1 with the bark 
and the flowers of several  species1 are
 illustrated in colors4    ,the ,plums  
of ,new ,york is a horticultural and not
 a botanical work4  ,but in a study of  
the fruit from a horticultural          
standpoint one must of  necessity       
consider botanical relationships4 ,it is
 hoped that in this  enforced systematic
 study of plums1 however1 something has 
been added  to the botanical knowledge  
of this fruit4 ,in classifying the      
varieties  and species1 to show their   
characters and relationships1 the author

  has chosen to dispose of the groups in
 accordance with his own views  though  
the arrangement adopted is1 for most    
part1 scarcely more than a  modification
 of existing classifications4           
,attention must be called to the        
indefiniteness of species and varieties 
of plums due chiefly to the extreme     
responsiveness of the plants to         
environment4 ,on each side of the       
specific or varietal types there are    
wide ranges of variation4 ,since the    
relationships between types are often   
very close it is impossible to avoid    
some confusion in characters1  for      
outliers of the types cannot but        
overlap4 ,it might be well said  that   
these outliers are connecting links and 
that groups so connected  should be     
combined1 but this would make specific  
division of the genus  and varietal     
division of the species almost          
impossible4 ,the groups  must1          
therefore1 be separated along more or   
less arbitrary lines4 ,but  such        

arbitrary separation does not prevent   
natural groups1 if nature be  broadly   
interpreted4    ,the chief value of the 
work in hand lies in its discussion of  
varieties4  ,in the descriptions the aim
 has been to give as tersely as possible
 an  idea of all of the characters of   
the plums described4 ,with very few     
exceptions the technical descriptions of
 varieties are original and were  made  
by those who have taken active part in  
the preparation of this book4  ,nearly  
all of the varieties having full        
descriptions grow on the ,station       
grounds but whenever possible specimens 
of each variety from different          
localities have been compared with those
 growing here4    ,a special effort has 
been made to give as exactly as possible
 the regions  in which the species and  
varieties of plums grow4 ,such an effort
 is made  under the belief that this    
knowledge is of great value in the study
  of the factors which govern the       
distribution of wild and domesticated   

plants4 ,if the boundaries of the       
regions in which a few scores of        
varieties of the several fruits grow can
 be accurately established  valuable    
generalizations can be drawn regarding  
life zones and plant  distribution4     
,the reader should know what            
considerations have governed the        
selection  of varieties for color-plates
 and full descriptions4 ,these are3 7#a7
  ,the known value of the variety for   
the commercial or amateur grower4  7#b7 
,the probable value of new varieties4   
7#c7 ,to furnish data for the           
plum-breeder2 to show combinations of   
species or varieties1 or new            
characters1 or the range in variation4  
7#d7 ,some sorts have been described    
because of historical value--to better  
show what the trend of plum  evolution  
has been4 7#e7 ,to indicate the         
relationships of species and  varieties4
 ,the varieties are divided into three  
groups according to their  importance as
 gauged from the standpoints given      

above4    ,in botanical nomenclature the
 code adopted by the ,american botanists
  in ,philadelphia in #aijd and modified
 by the ,international ,botanical       
,congress at ,vienna in #aije1 has been 
used4 ,for horticultural names1  lacking
 a better code1 the revised rules of the
 ,american ,pomological  ,society have  
been followed1 though in a few cases we 
have not seen fit  to follow the rules  
of this society1 as the changes required
 by their  strict observance would have 
brought much confusion4 ,only those who 
have  to work with a great number of    
varieties of fruit can know the chaotic 
conditions of our pomological           
nomenclature4 ,one of the aims of the   
work  in hand is to set straight in some
 degree the great confusion in plum     
names4    ,all synonyms of varieties    
have been given so far as they could be 
determined but it did not seem worth    
while to give all of the references  to 
be found even in standard plum          
literature4 ,fewer of these are listed  

for the leading varieties than in the   
books on apples or grapes which  have   
preceded1 only such being given as have 
been found of use by the  writers or    
thought of possible use to future plum  
students4 ,on the other  hand some      
references have been given for all      
varieties1 a task not  attempted in ,the
 ,grapes of ,new ,york4    ,as in the   
preceding books the color-plates have   
been given much  attention4 ,work and   
expense have not been spared to make the
 plates the  best possible with the     
present knowledge of color-printing4    
,yet the  illustrations are not exact   
reproductions4 ,the colors are1 at best1
 only  approximations2 for it is        
impossible by mechanical processes to   
reproduce  ,nature's delicate tints and 
shades4 ,the camera does not take colors
 as  the human eye sees them2 and the   
maker of the copper plate can not quite 
reproduce all that the camera has taken4
 ,the colors then depend on the         
judgment of the printer1 who by         

selecting and mingling colored inks1    
reproduces as nearly as his materials   
permit1 the shades in his eye and  mind2
 but no two persons see exactly the same
 colors in any object2 so  his          
conception may differ much from that of 
the horticulturist or artist  who saw   
the original plum1 as do theirs from    
each other4 ,still it is  hoped that the
 color-plates will be of great service  
in illustrating  the text4 ,all of the  
plums from which the plates were made   
came from  the ,station grounds2 the    
illustrations1 with a few exceptions    
which are  noted1 are of life size1 as  
grown under the conditions existing at  
this  place1 and as far as possible all 
are from specimens of average size and  
color4    ,acknowledgments are due in   
particular to the plum-growers of ,new  
,york who  have furnished much          
information for ,the ,plums of ,new     
,york2 to numerous  institutions in all 
parts of the ,united ,states who have   
loaned botanical  specimens2 to         

,professor ,charles ,sprague ,sargent   
for advice1 information  and the use of 
the ,arnold ,arboretum library and      
herbarium2 to ,w4 ,f4  ,wight of the    
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture1 who has given most        
valuable assistance in describing the   
species of plums and in giving  their   
range2 to the ,station ,editor1 ,f4 ,h4 
,hall1 who has had charge of  the       
proof-reading2 to ,zeese-,wilkinson and 
,company1 ,new ,york ,city1 for  their  
care and skill in making the            
color-plates2 and to the ,j4 ,b4 ,lyon  
,company1 ,albany1 ,new ,york1 for their
 careful work in the mechanical         
construction of the book4               
,u4 ,p4 ,,hedrick1                      
,horticulturist1 ,new ,york             
,agricultural ,experiment ,station4     
,,table ,,of ,,contents                 
,,page        ,,preface                 
v        ,,index ,,to ,,illustrations   
ix        ,,chapter   ,i4--,,edible     
,,plums                         #a      

,,chapter  ,,ii4--,,plum ,,culture      
#ajj        ,,chapter ,,iii4--,,leading 
,,varieties ,,of ,,plums         #acf   
,,chapter  ,,iv4--,,minor ,,varieties   
,,of ,,plums           #cia             
,,bibliography1 ,,references ,,and      
,,abbreviations      #egc        ,,index
                                        
#eha          ,,index ,,to              
,,illustrations          ,,portrait ,,of
 ,,william ,,robert ,,prince            
,frontispiece                           
,,facing ,,page        ,,abundance      
#acf      ,,agen                        
#ach      ,,america                     
#adb      ,,ames                        
#add      ,,apple                       
#adf      ,,arch ,,duke                 
#adh      ,,arctic                      
#aej      ,,arkansas                    
#aeb      ,,autumn ,,compote            
#aed      ,,bavay                       
#aef      ,,belle                       
#aeh      ,,black ,,bullace             
#afb      ,,bradshaw                    

#aff      ,,burbank                     
#agj      ,,chabot                      
#agb      ,,cheney                      
#agf      ,,climax                      
#agh      ,,de ,,caradeuc               
#ahh      ,,de ,,soto                   
#aij      ,,diamond                     
#aib      ,,downing                     
#aid      ,,drap ,d',,or                
#aid      ,,duane                       
#aif      ,,englebert                   
#bjd      ,,field                       
#bjh      ,,forest ,,garden             
#baj      ,,forest ,,rose               
#baj      ,,freestone                   
#bab      ,,french                      
#bad      ,,georgeson                   
#bah      ,,german ,,prune              
#bbj      ,,giant                       
#bbb      ,,golden                      
#bbd      ,,golden ,,beauty             
#bbf      ,,golden ,,drop               
#bbh      ,,goliath                     
#bcb      ,,grand ,,duke                
#bcd      ,,gueii                       

#bcf      ,,hale                        
#bch      ,,hammer                      
#bch      ,,hand                        
#bdj      ,,hawkeye                     
#bdb      ,,hudson                      
#bdd      ,,hungarian                   
#bdf      ,,ickworth                    
#bdh      ,,imperial ,,gage             
#beb      ,,italian ,,prune             
#bed      ,,jefferson                   
#bef      ,,juicy                       
#beh      ,,late ,,orleans              
#bff      ,,lombard                     
#bfh      ,,maquoketa                   
#bgb      ,,marianna                    
#bgd      ,,mclaughlin                  
#bgf      ,,middleburg                  
#bgh      ,,monarch                     
#bhf      ,,newman                      
#bib      ,,new ,,ulm                   
#bid      ,,october                     
#bih      ,,oren                        
#cjj      ,,oullins                     
#cjd      ,,pacific                     
#cjf      ,,pearl                       

#caj      ,,peters                      
#cab      ,,pond                        
#cad      ,,pottawattamie               
#caf      ,,prunus ,,americana1         
,,blossoms ,,of                  #ef    
,,prunus ,,americana1 ,,bark ,,of       
#f      ,,prunus ,,cerasifera1          
,,blossoms ,,of                 #df     
,,prunus ,,cerasifera1 ,,bark ,,of      
#f      ,,prunus ,,domestica1 ,,blossoms
 ,,of                  #ab      ,,prunus
 ,,domestica1 ,,bark ,,of               
#f      ,,prunus ,,hortulana1 ,,blossoms
 ,,of                  #fd      ,,prunus
 ,,hortulana1 ,,bark ,,of               
#f      ,,prunus ,,hortulana ,,mineri1  
,,blossoms ,,of           #fh           
,,prunus ,,hortulana ,,mineri1 ,,bark   
,,of                #f      ,,prunus    
,,insititia1 ,,blossoms ,,of            
#cd      ,,prunus ,,insititia1 ,,bark   
,,of                       #f           
,,prunus ,,munsoniana1 ,,blossoms ,,of  
#hh      ,,prunus ,,munsoniana1 ,,bark  
,,of                      #f            

,,prunus ,,nigra1 ,,blossoms ,,of       
#gj      ,,prunus ,,nigra1 ,,bark ,,of  
#f      ,,prunus ,,triflora1 ,,blossoms 
,,of                   #ej      ,,prunus
 ,,triflora1 ,,bark ,,of                
#f      ,,quackenboss                   
#cbj      ,,robinson                    
#ccj      ,,satsuma                     
#cch      ,,shipper                     
#cdb      ,,shiro                       
#cdd      ,,shropshire                  
#cdd      ,,smith ,,orleans             
#cdh      ,,spaulding                   
#cej      ,,sugar                       
#ced      ,,surprise                    
#cef      ,,tennant                     
#ceh      ,,tragedy                     
#cfj      ,,victoria                    
#cfd      ,,voronesh                    
#cff      ,,washington                  
#cfh      ,,wayland                     
#cgj      ,,white ,,bullace             
#cgd      ,,wickson                     
#cgf      ,,wild ,,goose                
#cgh      ,,wolf                        

#chj      ,,wood                        
#chb      ,,world ,,beater              
#chd      ,,yellow ,,egg                
#chf          ,,the ,,plums ,,of ,,new  
,,york          ,,chapter ,i    ,,edible
 ,,plums      ,,the ,,genus ,,prunus    
,the great genus ,prunus includes plums1
 cherries1 almonds1 apricots1  peaches1 
and the evergreen cherries or cherry    
laurels4 ,its widely  distributed       
species number a hundred or more for the
 world1 nearly all of  which belong     
north of the equator4 ,the species of   
the genus are widely  distributed in    
both the eastern and western            
hemispheres1 the flora of  eastern      
,america and of western ,asia being     
especially rich in species and          
individuals4 ,for most part the species 
of ,prunus belong to the ,temperate     
,zone1 but several of the evergreen     
cherries1 usually grouped in a section  
under ,laurocerasus1 are found in the   
tropics and sub-tropics4    ,the species
 cultivated for their edible fruits are 

found only in the  ,temperate ,zone of  
the ,northern ,hemisphere4 ,of these the
 peach and the  almond are believed to  
have come from eastern and southeastern 
,asia2  the apricot is thought to be a  
native of northern ,china2 the wild     
forms of the cultivated cherries are    
,eurasian plants1 very generally        
distributed in the regions to the       
northward where the two continents      
meet4 ,the habitats of the cultivated   
plums are given in detail in the  text  
that follows1 as ,asia1 ,europe and     
,america4 ,presumably the genus  had its
 origin in some of the above regions2   
but where the center is  from which the 
species radiated can never be known4    
,indeed1 with present  knowledge it     
cannot be said in what region ,prunus   
has most species1 is  most productive of
 individuals1 or shows highest          
development and greatest                
variability1--facts which might give    
some evidence as to the origin of  the  
genus4 ,it is probable that the greatest

 number of combinations of  the above   
evidences can be shown for ,asia and    
more especially for the  ,eurasian      
region1 where ,europe and ,asia meet2   
yet ,north ,america has two  score or   
more indigenous species about half of   
which are arborescent4    ,the history  
of the genus ,prunus is one of continual
 changes4 ,of the  botanists who have   
done most toward classifying plants1    
,ray1 ,tournefort1  ,dillenius and      
,boerhaave1 pre-,linnaean botanists1    
placed only the plum  in ,prunus4       
,linnaeus adopted the name used by his  
predecessors for the  plum alone1 for a 
genus in which he also placed plums and 
cherries4  ,adanson and ,jussieu        
returned to the pre-,linnaean           
classification but  ,gaertner followed  
the grouping of ,linnaeus4 ,necker1     
,de,candolle1 ,roemer  and ,decaisne    
held that the plum alone belongs in     
,prunus4 ,bentham   ,hooker1 ,gray and  
his co-workers in the several revisions 
of his botany1  and ,engler  ,prantl1   

great authorities of the ,nineteenth    
,century1 extend  the genus to include  
all of the stone-fruits4 ,on the other  
hand1 ,britton  and ,brown1 in their    
recent flora of northern ,united ,states
 and of ,canada  restrict the group to  
plums and cherries4 ,horticulturists    
have been less  divided in their        
opinions than the botanists and have    
very generally  placed all of the       
stone-fruits in one genus4 ,the         
diversity of views as  to what plants   
belong in ,prunus1 indicated above1     
suggests that the  differences          
separating the several stone-fruits may 
not be many nor  very distinct4 ,this is
 true1 and makes necessary a discussion 
of the  characters which distinguish    
these fruits4    ,the flowers of true   
plums are borne on stems in fascicled   
umbels and  appear either before the    
leaves or with or after them4 ,flowers  
of the  cultivated cherries are         
similarly borne1 though the fascicles   
are  corymbose rather than              

umbelliferous4 ,but apricot1 peach and  
almond  flowers are stemless or nearly  
so and solitary or borne in pairs       
appearing before the leaves4    ,the    
fruits of plums and cherries are        
globular or oblong1 fleshy1 very  juicy1
 with smooth or slightly hairy skins4   
,peaches1 apricots and almonds  are more
 sulcate or grooved than plums and      
cherries and the first two  have juicy  
flesh1 but that of the almond is dry and
 hard or skin-like1  splitting at       
maturity thereby liberating the stone2  
these last three  fruits are            
distinguished from plums and cherries by
 having very pubescent  or velvety skins
 though rarely1 as in the nectarine1 a  
botanical variety  of the peach1 and in 
a few cultivated apricots1 the skins are
 smooth4    ,the stone of the plum is   
usually compressed1 longer than broad1  
smooth  or roughened1 thickish and with 
an acute margin along the ventral suture
  and thinnish or grooved on the dorsal 
suture4 ,the stone of the cherry  is    

usually globular1 always much thickened1
 smooth or a very little  roughened1    
ridged and grooved on the ventral       
suture1 with a thin1  scarcely raised   
sharp margin on the dorsal suture4 ,the 
stone of the  apricot is similar to that
 of the plum though thicker walled1 with
 a more  conspicuous winged margin1 and 
is sometimes pitted4 ,the stone of the  
peach is compressed1 usually with very  
thick walls1 much roughened and  deeply 
pitted4 ,in the almond the stone        
resembles in general characters  the    
peach-stone1 but all almond shells are  
more or less porous and often  fibrous  
on the inner surfaces4 ,the stone is the
 part for which the almond  is          
cultivated and is most variable1 the    
chief differences being that some  have 
thick hard shells and others thin soft  
shells4    ,the leaves of plums are     
convolute1 or rolled up1 in the bud4    
,cherry1  peach and almond leaves are   
conduplicate1 that is are folded        
lengthwise  along the midrib in bud     

while the leaves of the apricot1 like   
those of  the plum1 are convolute4 ,the 
manner in which the leaves are packed in
 the  bud is a fine mark of distinction 
in stone-fruits4 ,in size and shape of  
leaves1 as well as in the finer marks of
 these organs1 the botanist and         
pomologist find much to aid in          
distinguishing species and varieties but
  little that holds in separating the   
sub-genera4 ,the last statement holds   
true with the floral organs also4       
,the near affinity of the stone-fruits  
is further shown by the fact that  plums
 and apricots1 plums and cherries1 and  
the several species of each  of the     
distinct fruits inter-hybridize without 
much difficulty4 ,it is  a fact         
well-known that hybrids often surpass   
their parents in vigor of  plant and in 
productiveness and this has proved true 
with most of the  hybrids in ,prunus of 
which we have accounts1 thereby giving  
promise of  improved forms of these     
plants through hybridizing4 ,the great  

variation  in wild and cultivated native
 plums is possibly due to more or less  
remote hybridity4    ,prunus is a most  
variable genus4 ,this is indicated by   
the several  sub-genera1 the large      
number of species and the various       
arrangements  of these groups by        
different authors4 ,at their extremes   
sub-genera and  species are very        
distinct1 but outside of the normal     
types1 and sometimes  in several        
directions1 there are often outstanding 
forms which establish  well-graded      
connections with neighboring groups4    
,for example1 among the  ,american plums
 there are but few species between which
 and some other  there are not          
intermediate forms that make the two    
species difficult  to distinguish under 
some conditions4 ,there is also a wide  
range of  variation within the species4 
,the modifications within the species   
are  oftentimes such as to change       
greatly the aspect of the plant2 the    
trees  may be dwarf or luxuriant1 smooth

 or pubescent2 may differ in branching  
habit1 in leaf-form1 in size and color  
of the flowers1 in the time of  opening 
of leaf and flower-buds1 in color1      
shape1 size1 flesh1 flavor and  time of 
ripening of fruit1 in the stone and in  
all such characters as  climate and soil
 environment would be liable to modify4 
,this inherent variability is one of the
 strong assets of the genus as  a       
cultivated group of plants1 for it      
allows not only a great number of  kinds
 of fruits and of species but a great   
number of varieties4 ,besides1  it gives
 to the genus great adaptiveness to     
cultural environment1 in  accordance    
with climate1 location1 soil and the    
handling of the trees4  ,the cultivator 
is able to modify1 too1 the characters  
of members of the  genus to a high      
degree in the production of new forms1  
but few1 if any1  groups of plants      
having produced as many cultivated      
varieties as ,prunus4    ,the genus     
,prunus is preeminent in horticulture1  

furnishing all of the  so-called        
stone-fruits1 fruits which for variety1 
delicious flavor and  beauty of         
appearance1 probably surpass those of   
any other genus1 and  which1 fresh or   
dried1 are most valuable human foods4   
,the seeds of one of  the fruits        
belonging to ,prunus1 the almond1 are   
commercially important1  both for direct
 consumption and for the oil which is   
pressed from  them2 in ,india a similar 
oil is obtained from the seeds of       
peaches and  apricots1 while in ,europe 
an oil from the seeds of the ,mahaleb   
cherry  is used in making perfumes4     
,various cordials are made from the     
fruits  of the several species1 as      
kirschwasser and maraschino from        
cherries1  zwetschenwasser and raki from
 plums1 and peach brandy from the peach2
  while fruits and seeds of the several 
species are soaked in spirits for  food1
 drink and medicinal purposes4 ,the     
bitter astringent bark and leaves  are  
more or less used in medicine as is also

 the gum secreted from the  trunks of   
nearly all the species and which1 known 
as cerisin1 is used in  various trades4 
,the wood of all of the arborescent     
species is more or  less valuable for   
lumber1 for cabinet-making and other    
domestic purposes4    ,prunus is        
prolific also in ornamental plants1     
having in common to  recommend them1    
rapidity of growth1 ease of culture1    
comparative freedom  from pests1 and    
great adaptability to soils and         
climates4 ,the plants of  this genus are
 valued as ornamentals both for their   
flowers and for their  foliage4 ,many   
cultivated forms of several of the      
species have single or  double flowers1 
or variegated1 colored or otherwise     
abnormal leaves1  while the genus is    
enlivened by the evergreen foliage of   
the cherry  laurels4 ,nearly all of the 
plants of ,prunus are spring-flowering  
but most  of them are attractive later  
on in the foliage and many of them are  
very  ornamental in fruit4      ,,plums4

    ,of all the stone-fruits plums      
furnish the greatest diversity of kinds4
  ,varieties to the number of two       
thousand1 from fifteen species1 are now 
or have been under cultivation4 ,these  
varieties give a greater range of       
flavor1 aroma1 texture1 color1 form and 
size1 the qualities which gratify  the  
senses and make fruits desirable1 than  
any other of our orchard  fruits4 ,the  
trees1 too1 are diverse in structure1   
some of the plums being  shrub-like     
plants with slender branches1 while     
others are true trees with  stout trunks
 and sturdy branches2 some species have 
thin1 delicate leaves  and others       
coarse1 heavy foliage4 ,in geographical 
distribution both the  wild and the     
cultivated plum encircle the globe in   
the ,north ,temperate  ,zone1 and the   
cultivated varieties are common         
inhabitants of the southern  temperate  
region1 the various plums being adapted 
to great differences in  temperature1   
moisture and soil in the two zones4     

,the great variety of plums and the     
variability of the kinds1 seemingly     
plastic in all characters1 the general  
distribution of the fruit  throughout   
the zone in which is carried on the     
greatest part of the  world's           
agriculture1 and the adaptation of the  
several species and the  many varieties1
 to topographical1 soil and climatic    
changes1 make this  fruit not only one  
of much present importance but also one 
of great  capacity for further          
development4 ,of the plums of the ,old  
,world the  ,domesticas1 ,insititias and
 probably the ,trifloras have been      
cultivated  for two thousand years or   
more1 while the work of domesticating   
the wild  species of ,america was only  
begun in the middle of the last century4
  ,there are about fifteen hundred      
varieties of the ,old ,world plums      
listed  in this work1 and since the ,new
 ,world plums are quite as variable1 as 
great a variety or greater1 since there 
are more species1 may be expected  in   

,america4    ,an attempt is made in ,the
 ,plums of ,new ,york to review the plum
 flora  of this continent1 but the      
species considered fall far short of    
being  all of the promising indigenous  
plums2 not only are there more to be    
described1 but it is probable that      
species here described will in some     
cases be sub-divided4 ,the development  
of the pomological plum-wealth of       
,north ,america is but begun4 ,not      
nearly as much has been done to develop 
the possibilities of the ,european plums
 in ,america as in the case of the      
other tree-fruits4 ,probably a greater  
percentage of the varieties of ,old     
,world plums commonly cultivated came   
from across the sea1 than of the        
varieties of any other of the           
orchard-fruits which have been          
introduced4  ,much remains to be done in
 securing greater adaptability of       
foreign  plums to ,american conditions4 
,native and foreign plums are also being
  hybridized with very great advantage  

to pomology4    ,the ,plums of ,new     
,york is written largely with the aim of
 furthering  the development of plums in
 ,america1 the possibilities of which   
are  indicated in the preceding         
paragraph4 ,with this end in view the   
first  task is to name and discuss      
briefly the characters of plums whereby 
species and varieties are distinguished1
 with a statement1 so far  as present   
knowledge permits1 of the variability of
 the different  characters4 ,it is      
absolutely essential that the           
plum-grower have  knowledge1 especially 
if he aspires to improve the fruit by   
breeding1 of  the characters of the     
plants with which he is to work4 ,these 
are in the  main as follows3    ,all    
species and some horticultural varieties
 have more or less  characteristic      
trees4 ,making due allowance for        
environment--food1 moisture  and        
light--many plum groups can be readily  
distinguished by the general  aspect of 
the plant4 ,of the gross characters of  

trees1 size is usually  most            
characteristic4 ,a species1 for example1
 is either shrubby or  tree-like4 ,yet  
under varying environment1 size of plant
 and of the parts  of the plant1 are    
probably the first to change4 ,habit of 
growth is nearly  as important as size  
and varies but little under changing    
conditions4 ,a  species or variety may  
be upright1 spreading1 drooping or      
round-topped  in growth2 head open or   
dense2 the tree rapid or slow-growing4  
,hardiness  is a very important         
diagnostic character1 plums being either
 hardy1  half-hardy or tender4 ,both    
species and varieties respond in high   
degree  to the test of hardiness1 the   
range for varieties1 of course1 falling 
within that of the species4             
,productiveness1 regularity of bearing1 
susceptibility to diseases and insects1 
and longevity of tree are all           
characters having value for species and 
varieties and with the exception  of the
 first named1 are little subject to     

variation4    ,the thickness1           
smoothness1 color and manner of         
exfoliation of the  outer bark and the  
color of the inner bark have            
considerable value in  determining      
species but are little used in          
determining horticultural  groups4 ,it  
is well recognized that all plums have  
lighter colored bark  in the ,south than
 in the ,north4 ,the branches are very  
characteristic in  several species4 ,the
 length1 thickness and rigidity of the  
branch and  the length of its internodes
 should be considered1 while the        
direction  of the branch1 whether       
straight or zigzag1 are very valuable   
determining  characters and relatively  
stable ones1 seeming to change for most 
part  only through long ranges of       
climatic conditions4 ,so1 too1 the      
arming  of a branch with spines or spurs
 and the structure of such organs are   
important4 ,the color1 smoothness1      
amount of pubescence1 direction1        
length1 thickness and the appearance of 

the lenticels1 the presence of          
excrescences on the branchlets of the   
first and second year's growth and  the 
branching angle1 are all worthy of      
consideration though quite too  much has
 been made of these characters1         
especially of pubescence1 in            
determining species1 for they are all   
extremely variable4    ,illustration3   
#a4 ,p4 ,,hortulana ,,mineri      #b4   
,p4 ,,americana      #c4 ,p4            
,,cerasifera      #d4 ,p4 ,,domestica   
#e4 ,p4 ,,insititia      #f4 ,p4        
,,hortulana      #g4 ,p4 ,,munsoniana   
#h4 ,p4 ,,nigra      #i4 ,p4 ,,triflora 
,the size1 shape and color of leaf-buds 
and of their outer and inner  scales and
 the margins of the scales differ in    
different species4  ,possibly the most  
evident1 and therefore readiest means of
 identifying  species1 at least1 is by  
the leaves4 ,it is true that leaves are 
very variable but always within limits1 
and either individually  or collectively
 in giving the general aspect to a tree 

they are  characteristic4 ,modifications
 of leaves most often occur in very     
young  plants1 those growing in bright  
sunshine or deep shade and on sprouts   
or suckers1 but none of these are       
usually sufficient to mislead as to     
species4 ,leaf-size and leaf-form are   
the first characters to be noted in     
determining a plum but these are closely
 followed in value by leaf-color1       
leaf-surface1 leaf-thickness and        
leaf-margin4 ,leaf-size is variable1    
depending much upon the conditions noted
 above but leaf-form varies but  little 
in the several species4 ,so1 too1 the   
color of leaves is very  constant       
throughout a species1 for both surfaces1
 though impossible  to describe         
accurately in words and very difficult  
to reproduce in  color-printing4 ,there 
is a marked difference in autumnal tints
 not  only of species but of varieties  
but these are not very constant in  any 
one location and must vary greatly under
 different environments4  ,the thickness

 of the leaves of the several species is
 a distinctive  character4 ,species of  
plums have very different leaf-surfaces 
as regards  reticulation1 rugoseness1   
pubescence and coriaceousness1 all of   
these  characters being quite constant1 
though it is to be noted that roughness 
of leaves and pubescence are increased  
by exposure to the sun and by the       
influence of some soils4 ,there is1     
indeed1 considerable variation in  the  
pubescence of the leaves of all species 
of plums in different parts  of the     
country and probably too much has been  
made of pubescence as a  determining    
character4    ,the margins of leaves are
 very characteristic of species and     
scarcely  vary under normal conditions  
if the teeth at the middle of the sides 
be  taken rather than those toward the  
base or apex1 these very often being    
crowded1 reduced or wanting4 ,the       
presence of glands1 their position1     
size1 shape and color1 help to          
characterize several species and seem   

to be fairly constant guides4 ,some     
species and a great number of  varieties
 have the distinguishing marks of       
gland-like prickles tipping  the        
serrations in the leaf-margins4 ,length1
 thickness1 rigidity and  pubescence of 
petiole have some taxonomic value4      
,stipules usually offer  no             
distinguishing marks other than those   
mentioned under leaves4    ,the blossoms
 of plums are very characteristic1      
giving in flowering  time a distinctive 
aspect to all species and distinguishing
 some  horticultural varieties4 ,the    
flowers of all the species are borne in 
clusters1 differing in number of        
individuals1 according to the species2  
so1 too1 the flowers in the different   
species vary in size1 color1 in  length 
of their peduncles1 and in pubescence1  
especially of the calyx4                
,flower-characters are constant1 taking 
them as a whole1 yet there are  some    
variations that must be noted4 ,one of  
the most marked of these  is in the time

 of appearance of the flowers2 in the   
,south they appear  before the leaves   
but in the ,north with the leaves4 ,on  
the grounds of  this ,station there are 
notable exceptions to the latter        
statement1 with  varieties of species   
showing considerable variation in this  
regard4 ,there  are some remarkable     
variations within species as regards    
size and color  of the corolla and      
glands and pubescence of the calyx1     
depending upon  the environment of the  
plant2 but on the whole these characters
 are very  constant4 ,the fragrance of  
the flowers of plums varies from a      
delicate1  agreeable odor to one that is
 quite disagreeable in some species as  
in  ,americana2 the odor seems to be a  
constant character4    ,of all          
structures of the plum the fruit is most
 variable1 yet fruits are  sufficiently 
distinct and constant1 especially within
 species1 to make  their characters very
 valuable in classification4 ,species1  
whether wild  or cultivated1 may be     

distinguished in greater or less degree 
by the  period of ripening of the       
fruits1 though in this regard the       
cultivated  varieties of the several    
species vary greatly and in the wild    
state trees  of native plums in the same
 locality1 even in the same clump1 may  
vary in  ripening as much as from two to
 four weeks4 ,species are distinguished 
by  size1 shape1 color1 flesh1 flavor   
and pit among the grosser characters of 
the structure and by amount of bloom1   
stem1 cavity1 apex1 suture and skin     
among the minor characters4 ,the fruit  
is usually the first part of the  plant 
to respond to changed conditions4       
,characters derived from seed structures
 are generally accounted of much  value 
by botanists in determining species4    
,such is the case with plums4  ,this    
,station has a collection of stones of  
over three hundred cultivated  varieties
 of plums and some specimens of nearly  
all the different  species4 ,the stones 
illustrated in the color-plates in this 

book show  that this structure is quite 
variable in size1 shape1 in the ends1   
surfaces1 grooves and ridges1 even      
within a species2 nevertheless in       
describing the several hundred forms of 
plums for ,the ,plums of ,new ,york  the
 stone has been quite as satisfactory1  
if not the most satisfactory1  of any of
 the organs of this plant for           
distinguishing the various species  and 
varieties4    ,the reproductive organs  
of plums afford several characters and  
would  seem to offer means of           
distinguishing botanical and            
horticultural  groups1 but they are so  
variable in both cultivated and wild    
plants as  to be very misleading4 ,not  
only do these organs differ very often  
in  structure but also in ability to    
perform their functions4 ,bailey#a has  
called attention to the remarkable      
self-sterility of some varieties  of the
 native species of plums1 due to the    
impotency of the pollen  upon flowers of
 the same variety4 ,c4 ,w4 ,h4          

,heideman#b made some very  interesting 
observations on what he considers       
distinct forms of the  flowers of the   
,americana plums1 describing for this   
species all of the  six possible        
variations of flowers enumerated by     
,darwin in his ,different  ,forms of    
,flowers in ,plants of the ,same        
,species4 ,heideman thinks that  other  
species of ,prunus exhibit similar      
variations4 ,waugh#c made the           
pollination of plums a subject of       
careful and extended study and found    
much variation in the pistils of plants 
of the same species1 insufficient       
pollen in some plants1 pollen impotent  
on the stigma of the same flower1  and  
considerable difference in the time of  
maturity of pollen and stigma  in some  
plums1 especially the ,americana plums4 
,these variations1 most  important to   
the plum-grower1 are of more or less use
 in identifying  plums4    ,after the   
discussion of the characters of plums we
 may pass to a detailed  description and

 discussion of the species of plums     
which now contribute  or may contribute 
cultivated forms to the pomology of the 
country either  for their fruits or as  
stocks upon which to grow other plums4  
,the  following conspectus shows as well
 as may be the relations of the species 
of plums to each other4                 
,,conspectus ,,of ,,species ,,of        
,,plums4      ,a4 ,flowers in clusters  
of #a or #b4 7,three in ,p4 triflora47  
,old ,world plums4      ,b4 ,leaves     
drooping4        ,c4 ,shoots and        
pedicels pubescent4          ,d4        
,flowers mostly in twos4            ,e4 
,fruits large1 more than #a inch in     
diameter1 variable in shape1 often      
compressed2 tree large2 stamens         
about #cj4                              
#a4 ,p4 domestica4            ,e4,e4    
,fruit small1 less than #a inch in      
diameter1 uniformly oval or ovoid2      
stamens about #be2 tree small1          
compact4                                
#b4 ,p4 insititia4          ,d4,d4      

,flowers mostly single4            ,e4  
,leaves small1 less than #b inches      
in length2 sometimes a tree2 very       
thorny                                  
#c4 ,p4 spinosa4            ,e4,e4      
,leaves large1 more than #b inches      
in length2 a shrub2 thorns few          
#d4 ,p4 curdica4        ,c4,c4 ,shoots  
glabrous or soon becoming so1           
pedicels glabrous4          ,d4         
,pedicels shorter than the calyx-cup2   
leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent   
on the under side along the rib2        
flowers in pairs                        
#e4 ,p4 cocomilia4          ,d4,d4      
,pedicels more than twice as long       
as the calyx-cup4            ,e4        
,flowers mostly single2 leaves hairy    
along the midrib on the under side2     
petiole  as long as the leaf-blade2     
a tree                                  
#f4 ,p4 cerasifera4            ,e4,e4   
,flowers in threes2 leaves glabrous1    
petiole shining1 leaf-margins finely    
and closely serrate1 teeth              

glandular-pointed2 stamens about #be    
#g4 ,p4 monticola4            ,e4,e4,e4 
,flowers in threes2 leaves              
glabrous1 often shining1                
leaf-margins finely and closely         
serrate1 teeth glandular-pointed2       
stamens about #be                       
#h4 ,p4 triflora4      ,b4,b4 ,leaves   
upright1 peach-like1 glabrous1          
veins very conspicuous1 under side      
barbate         at axils of veins2      
separated from all other         plums  
by the leaf-characters and by the       
large1 flattened1 brick-red fruits      
#i4 ,p4 simonii4    ,a4,a4 ,flowers in  
clusters of #c or more1 rarely #b4      
,american plums4      ,b4 ,plants trees4
 7,p4 angustifolia rarely         a     
tree47        ,c4 ,leaves broad1 mostly 
ovate or obovate4          ,d4 ,leaves  
long-ovate or long-obovate4             
,e4 ,flowers white4              ,f4    
,leaf-serrations glandless1 acute2      
petiole usually glandless2 calyx-lobes  
entire1 glabrous on the outer1 pubescent

                 on the inner surface2  
stamens about #cj2                 stone
 turgid1 large1 pointed at the          
apex                                #aj4
 ,p4 americana4              ,f4,f4     
,leaf-serrations glandular1             
wavy-crenate2 petioles glandular2       
calyx-lobes glandular-serrate1          
pubescent on the inner surface2         
stamens about #bj2 stone turgid1        
small1 prolonged at the ends        #aa4
 ,p4 hortulana4            ,e4,e4       
,flowers fading to pink4                
,f4 ,leaf-serrations coarse1 rounded1   
glandular only when young2 petioles     
biglandular2 calyx-lobes                
glandular-serrate1 not pubescent        
on the inner surface2 stamens about     
#cj2 fruit red2 bloom light2 stone      
flat                                #ab4
 ,p4 nigra4              ,f4,f4         
,leaf-serrations fine1 acute1           
glandular-pointed2 petioles             
biglandular2 calyx-lobes entire1        
pubescent on the outer1 tomentose       

on the inner surface2 fruits dark       
purple2 bloom heavy2 stone turgid1      
acute at the ends                   #ac4
 ,p4 alleghaniensis4          ,d4,d4    
,leaves round-ovate1 obtusely1 sometimes
             doubly serrate2 petioles   
glandless2             calyx-lobes      
pubescent on both surfaces2             
fruit dark red or purplish2 stone       
turgid1             pointed at both ends
                    #ad4 ,p4 subcordata4
        ,c4,c4 ,leaves narrow1          
lanceolate-ovate4          ,d4 ,leaves  
flat4            ,e4 ,leaves glabrous2  
fruits globular1               usually  
purple at maturity but sometimes        
red or orange-red2 bloom thin2 stone    
turgid1 cherry-like                     
#ae4 ,p4 umbellata4            ,e4,e4   
,leaves pubescent4              ,f4     
,stone acute at both ends2 fruit        
purple4                             #af4
 ,p4 mitis4              ,f4,f4 ,stone  
rounded at base2 fruits                 
variously colored                   #ag4

 ,p4 tarda4          ,d4,d4 ,leaves more
 or less folded upward4            ,e4  
,fruits small1  inch in diameter1       
cherry-like2 leaves lanceolate1         
upper surface glabrous1 lustrous1       
lower surface pubescent in axils        
of veins1 marginal teeth glandless2     
petioles biglandular2 stone small1      
ovoid1 turgid1 cherry-like2 rarely      
a tree2 tender in ,new ,york            
#ah4 ,p4 angustifolia4            ,e4,e4
 ,fruits large1 an inch in diameter1    
plum-like2 leaves lanceolate1           
peach-like1 upper surface glabrous1     
lower surface pubescent along the       
midrib2 petioles with from #a to #f     
glands2 stone compressed and pointed    
at both ends2 usually a tree2 hardy     
in ,new ,york                           
#ai4 ,p4 munsoniana      ,b4,b4 ,plants 
shrubs4        ,c4 ,fruits dark purple4 
,d4 ,leaves ovate1 acute1 finely        
serrated2             shoots becoming   
glabrous2 stones             pointed at 
both ends                    #bj4 ,p4   

maritima4          ,d4,d4 ,leaves       
oval-orbicular1 crenate-serrate2        
shoots usually pubescent2 stone pointed 
only at the base                        
#ba4 ,p4 gravesii4        ,c4,c4 ,fruits
 red or orange1 sometimes yellow        
but never deep purple4          ,d4     
,fruits large1 #a inch in diameter2     
leaves             oblong-ovate1        
long-pointed1 margin serrate            
with incurved sometimes glandular teeth1
             upper surface glabrous1    
lower surface             pilose2       
petiole with #a or #b glands2           
stone oval1 flattened                   
#bb4 ,p4 orthosepela4          ,d4,d4   
,fruits small1  inch in diameter4       
,e4 ,leaves small1 ovate-lanceolate or  
oval1 margins finely and evenly         
serrate1 upper surface glabrous1        
lower surface soft pubescent2           
petioles short and stout2 fruits        
variable in color1 mostly red2          
stone turgid1 pointed at both ends      
#bc4 ,p4 gracilis4            ,e4,e4    

,leaves oblong-ovate1 margins           
coarsely or doubly serrate1 glabrous    
above and sparingly pubescent below2    
petiole glandular2 fruits cherry-red    
#bd4 ,p4 rivularis4      #a4 ,,prunus   
,,domestica ,linnaeus    ,illustration3 
,,prunus ,,domestica        #a4         
,linnaeus ,sp4 ,pl4 #dge4 #agec4 #b4    
,duhamel ,traite des      ,arb4 #b3ic1  
#ie1 #if4 #agfh4 #c4 ,seringe ,,dc4     
,prodr4 #b3ecc4      #ahbe4 #d4 ,hooker 
,brit4 ,fl4 #bbj4 #ahcj4 #e4 ,london    
,arb4 ,fr4      ,brit4 #ahdd4 #f4 ,de   
,candolle ,or4 ,cult4 ,pl4 #bab4 #ahhe4 
#g4      ,schwarz ,forst4 ,bot4 #cch4   
#ahib4 #h4 ,koch1 ,w4 ,syn4 ,deut4 und  
,schw4 ,fl4 #a3gbg4 #ahib4 #i4 ,dippel  
,handb4 ,laubh4 #c3fcf4      #ahic4 #aj4
 ,lucas ,handb4 ,obst4 #dbi4 #ahic4 #aa4
 ,waugh ,bot4      ,gaz4 #bf3dag-bg4    
#ahih4 #ab4 ,bailey ,cyc4 ,am4 ,hort4   
#addh4      #aija4 #ac4 ,waugh ,plum    
,cult4 #ad4 #aija4 #ad4 ,schneider      
,handb4 ,laubh4 #a3fcj4 #aijf4          
,p4 communis domestica4 #ae4 ,hudson    

,fl4 ,anglic4 #bab4 #aggh4      #af4    
,bentham ,handb4 ,brit4 ,fl4 #a3bcf4    
#ahfe4        ,p4 conomica 7in part7 and
 ,p4 italica 7in part74 #ag4            
,borkhausen ,handb4 ,forstb4 #b3adja1   
#adji4 #ahjc4 #ah4 ,koch1      ,k4      
,dend4 #a3id1 #if4 #ahfi4 #ai4 ,koehne  
,deut4 ,dend4 #caf4      #ahic4         
,tree reaching a height of #cj or #dj   
feet1 vigorous1 open-headed1            
round-topped2 trunk attaining a foot or 
more in diameter2      bark thick1      
ashy-gray with a tinge of red1 nearly   
smooth or      roughened with transverse
 lines2 branches upright or spreading1  
straight1 stout and rigid1 usually      
spineless2 branchlets      usually      
pubescent1 light red the first year1    
becoming much      darker or drab2      
lenticels small1 raised1 conspicuous1   
orange4        ,winter-buds large1      
conical1 pointed1 pubescent1 free or    
appressed2 leaves large1 ovate or       
obovate1 elliptical or                  
oblong-elliptical1 thick and firm in    

texture2 upper surface      dull green1 
rugose1 glabrous or nearly so1 the lower
 one      paler with little or much     
tomentum1 much reticulated2 margins     
coarsely and irregularly crenate or     
serrate1 often doubly      so1 teeth    
usually glandular2 petioles a half-inch 
or more      in length1 stoutish1       
pubescent1 tinged with red2 glands      
usually two1 often lacking1 sometimes   
several1 globose1      greenish-yellow2 
stipules very small1 less than a        
half-inch1      lanceolate1 narrow1     
serrate1 early caducous4        ,flowers
 appearing after or sometimes with the  
leaves1 showy1      an inch or more     
across1 greenish-white to creamy-white2 
borne on lateral spurs or sometimes from
 lateral buds on      one-year-old wood1
 #a or #b from a bud in a more or less  
fascicled umbel2 pedicels a half-inch or
 more in length1 stout1      green2     
calyx-tube campanulate1 glabrous or     
pubescent1 green2      calyx-lobes      
broadly oblong1 obtuse1 pubescent on    

both surfaces1      glandular-serrate1  
usually reflexed2 petals white or creamy
      in the bud1 oval to obovate1      
crenate1 notched or entire1 claw        
short and broad2 stamens about #cj1     
equal to or shorter than      the       
petals2 anthers yellow1 sometimes tinged
 with red2 pistils      about as long as
 the stamens1 glabrous or pubescent4    
,fruit of various shapes1 mostly        
globular or sulcate1 often      necked1 
blue1 red or yellow2 stem a half-inch or
 more long1      stout1 pubescent2      
cavity shallow and narrow2 apex         
variable1      usually rounded2 suture  
prominent or sometimes but a line or    
indistinct2 skin variable2 dots small1  
numerous1 inconspicuous2      flesh     
yellowish1 firm1 meaty1 sweet or acid   
and of many      flavors2 stone free or 
clinging1 large1 oval1 flattened1 blunt1
      pointed or necked1 slightly       
roughened or pitted2 walls thick2       
one suture ridged--the other grooved4   
,beside the comparatively well-known    

groups of ,domestica varieties1  there  
are in ,europe1 with an occasional      
representative in ,america1  especially 
in herbaria1 numerous other groups      
either a part of ,prunus  domestica or  
possibly1 in a few cases at least1      
hybrids between it  and other species4  
,european botanists place some of these 
in distinct  species or sub-species2 but
 few1 however1 even of the recent       
writers on  the botany of the plum1     
agree at all closely as to the          
disposition of  these edible and        
ornamental plums which may be doubtfully
 referred to  ,prunus domestica4 ,with  
this disagreement between the best      
,european  authorities where these plums
 have long been known1 where some of    
them  have originated1 and all may be   
found in orchards1 botanic gardens and  
herbaria1 it does not seem wise at this 
distance to attempt a discussion  of    
such doubtful forms4 ,it is certain1    
however1 that ,borkhausen's ,prunus     
italica and ,prunus conomica1 as given  

in the synonymy1 are but parts  of      
,prunus domestica1 the first including  
the ,reine ,claude plums and  the latter
 the various prunes4 ,so1 too1 a wild   
form named by ,borkhausen1  ,prunus     
sylvestris1 is probably a part of       
,prunus domestica4    ,bechstein#d gave 
specific names to a number of plums     
which ,schneider#e  holds are all       
cultivated forms of ,prunus domestica4  
,these names are  not infrequently found
 in botanical and pomological           
literature1 to the  great confusion of  
plum nomenclature4 ,the following are   
,bechstein's  species3--,prunus exigua1 
,prunus rubella1 ,prunus lutea1 ,prunus 
oxycarpa1 ,prunus subrotunda and ,prunus
 vinaria4    ,the plum in which the     
world is chiefly interested is the ,old 
,world  ,prunus domestica4 ,the         
,domestica plums are not only the best  
known of  the cultivated plums1 having  
been cultivated longest and being most  
widely distributed1 but they far surpass
 all other species1 both in  the quality

 of the product and in the characters   
which make a tree a  desirable orchard  
plant4 ,how much of this superiority is 
due to the  greater efforts of man in   
domesticating the species cannot be     
said1 for  the natural history of this  
plum1 whether wild or under cultivation1
 is  but poorly known4 ,it is not even  
certain that these plums constitute a   
distinct species1 there being several   
hypotheses as to the origin of the      
,domestica varieties4 ,three of these   
suppositions must be considered4        
,many botanists hold that what ,american
 pomologists call the species  is an    
assemblage of several botanical         
divisions4 ,the early botanists         
distributed these plums in botanical    
varieties of one species4 ,thus         
,linnaeus1 in #agec1 divided ,prunus    
domestica into fourteen sub-species1    
and ,seringe1 in #ahbe1 made eight      
divisions of the species4 ,both of      
these men include in this species1 among
 others1 plums which we now  place in   

,prunus cerasifera1 the ,cherry plums1  
and ,prunus insititia1  the ,damsons and
 ,bullaces4 ,nearly all subsequent      
botanists who have not  made two or more
 species of it have recognized from two 
to several  sub-divisions of ,prunus    
domestica4 ,it is possible that what are
 called  the ,domestica plums should be 
distributed among several botanical     
divisions4 ,but it is difficult to find 
any differential character  sufficiently
 constant to distinguish more than one  
species for the  several hundred        
varieties of these plums now under      
cultivation4 ,nor are  there any        
cleavage lines sufficiently distinct to 
indicate that the  edible varieties of  
the one species should be sub-grouped4  
,in coming to these conclusions the     
writer has studied about three hundred  
varieties of ,domestica plums growing on
 the grounds of this ,station and  about
 half as many more growing in other     
parts of the country1 the whole  number 
representing all of the various species 

and sub-species which  other workers    
have made4 ,the differences which have  
been most used to  classify the         
varieties of ,domestica in several      
botanic divisions have to  do chiefly   
with the fruit1 as size1 shape1 color   
and flavor1 characters  so modified by  
cultivation and selection that they are 
artificial and  transitory and of little
 value in botanical classification4     
,moreover1  the botanical groups which  
have been founded on these characters   
are  much more indistinct than          
ordinarily in botany because of the     
merging at  many points of one group    
into another4 ,this indistinctness is   
greatly  increasing year by year through
 the intercrossing of varieties4 ,when  
the characters of no value to man1 and1 
therefore1 little modified by           
cultivation1 are considered1 it is      
scarcely possible logically to place    
,domestica plums in more than one       
species or to further sub-divide the one
  species4    ,the botanists who have   

divided the ,domestica plums into either
 greater  or lesser botanical groups do 
not define their divisions with         
sufficient  accuracy to make them       
clearly recognizable4 ,neither do they  
give the  habitats of the wild          
progenitors with sufficient certainty to
 carry  conviction that the groups were 
brought under cultivation from separate 
ancestors4 ,also1 the several botanists 
who hold to the multiple species  theory
 for the ,domestica plums do not agree  
as to the limits of the  different      
groups and give to them very different  
specific or variety  names1 showing that
 they have widely different ideas as a  
basis for their  classification4    ,a  
second theory is that ,prunus domestica 
is derived from ,prunus  spinosa and    
that ,prunus insititia is an            
intermediate between the  two4#f ,this  
hypothesis is based upon the supposition
 that when  ,domestica plums run wild   
they revert to the ,insititia or        
,spinosa form4  ,it is not difficult to 

test this theory4 ,a study of the origin
 of the  several hundred ,domestica and 
,insititia plums discussed in ,chapters 
,,iii and ,,iv of ,the ,plums of ,new   
,york does not show for any one of  them
 a tendency to reversion or evolution to
 other species2 nor do the  descriptions
 indicate that there are many1 if any1  
transitional forms4  ,during the two    
thousand years they have been cultivated
 in ,europe the ,old  ,world plums have 
been constant to type4 ,domestica       
seedlings vary somewhat  but they do not
 depart greatly from a well marked type4
 ,such very few  striking departures as 
there seem to be are more likely to have
 arisen  through crossing with other    
species than through reversion or       
evolution4  ,this ,station has grown    
many pure seedlings or crosses of       
varieties of  ,domestica within the     
species and has had opportunity of      
examining many  more from other parts of
 the ,state1 and none of these show     
reversion to  the other two ,old ,world 

species4 ,nor1 as we shall see1 is there
 much in  what is known of the history  
of these three species to lead to the   
belief  that the ,domestica1 ,insititia 
and ,spinosa plums constitute but one   
wild  species or have arisen from one4  
,it has been remarked that there are    
few1 if any1 transitional forms  between
 the ,domestica and other ,european     
plums4 ,it is a significant fact  that  
,prunus domestica can be hybridized with
 other species of plums  only with      
comparative difficulty1 species of plums
 as a rule hybridizing  very freely4    
,this is as true with the ,insititia and
 ,spinosa as of other  plums1 there     
being few recorded hybrids of either of 
these species with  the one under       
discussion4 ,quite to the contrary the  
varieties of the  several pomological   
groups of ,domestica plums hybridize    
very freely4  ,if all were of one       
species we should expect many hybrids   
between the  ,domestica1 ,insititia and 
,spinosa plums4    ,we are now left with

 the third hypothesis1 which is1 as we  
have indicated  in a preceding          
paragraph1 that the varieties of        
,domestica plums belong  to one species2
 or if they have come from more than one
 species the wild  forms have not been  
distinguished and must have grown under 
much more  nearly similar conditions    
than is the case with ,prunus domestica 
and  any other species4 ,without        
knowledge of more than one wild form1   
and  in view of the intercrossing of the
 varieties of these plums it seems  best
 to consider all as parts of one        
species1 leaving to the pomologist  the 
division of the species into            
horticultural groups founded on the     
characters which make the fruit valuable
 for cultivation4    ,assuming1 then1   
that the plums known in pomology as     
,domestica plums  belong to one species1
 the original habitat of the species may
 be  sought4 ,in spite of the great     
number of varieties of plums now grown  
in  ,europe and western ,asia1 and the  

importance of the fruit both in the     
green and dried state1 the history of   
the plums cannot be traced with  much   
certainty beyond two thousand years4    
,though stones1 without doubt  those of 
the ,insititia or ,damson and the       
,spinosa or ,blackthorn plums1  are     
found in the remains of the lake        
dwellings in central ,europe#g  the pits
 of ,domestica plums have not yet come  
to light4 ,in the summer  of #aiji the  
writer1 in visiting historic ,pompeii1  
became interested in  the illustrations 
of fruits in the frescoes of the ancient
 buildings1  but neither in the houses  
of the ruined city nor in the frescoes  
in the  museums in ,naples could he find
 plums1 though several other fruits1  as
 apples1 pears1 figs and grapes were    
many times illustrated4 ,an  examination
 of the remains of plants preserved in  
the museum at ,naples  taken from under 
the ashes and pumice covering ,pompeii  
gave the same  results4 ,no stone-fruits
 were to be found1 though if widely used

 these  should have been on sale in the 
markets of ,pompeii at the time of the  
destruction of the city1 which occurred 
late in ,august1--the very time of  the 
year at which the examination was made  
and at which time plums were  everywhere
 for sale in ,rome4 ,this observation is
 but another indication  that plums were
 not well-known before the beginning of 
,christianity1  since ,pompeii was      
destroyed in #gi ,a4 ,d4 ,in ,greek     
literature the  references to plums are 
few before the ,christian era and these 
are more  likely to some form of        
,insititia1 as the ,damsons1 rather than
 to the  ,domesticas4        ,pliny     
gives the first clear account of        
,domestica plums and      speaks of them
 as if they had been but recently       
introduced4      ,his account is as     
follows3#h 8,next comes a vast number of
      varieties of the plum1 the        
particolored1 the black1 the white1     
the barley plum1 so-called because it is
 ripe at ,barley      harvest1 and      

another of the same color as the last1  
but which      ripens later1 and is of a
 larger size1 generally known as        
the #8,asinina1' from the little esteem 
in which it is held4      ,there are the
 onychina1 too1 the cerina1--more       
esteemed1 and      the purple plum2 the 
,armenian1 also an exotic from foreign  
parts1 the only one among the plums that
 recommends itself by      its smell4   
,the plum tree grafted on the nut       
exhibits what we      may call a piece  
of impudence quite its own1 for it      
produces      a fruit that has all the  
appearance of the parent stock1         
together with the juice of the adopted  
fruit2 in consequence      of its being 
thus compounded of both1 it is known by 
the name      of #8nuci-pruna4'         
,nut-prunes1 as well as the peach1 the  
wild      plum and the cerina1 are often
 put in casks and so kept till      the 
crop comes of the following year4 ,all  
the other varieties      ripen with the 
greatest rapidity and pass off just as  

quickly4      ,more recently1 in        
,baetica1 they have begun to introduce  
what      they call #8malina1' or the   
fruit of the plum engrafted on the      
apple tree1 and #8amygdalina1' the fruit
 of the plum engrafted      on the      
almond tree1 the kernel found in the    
stone of these      last being that of  
the almond4 ,indeed1 there is no        
specimen in      which two fruits have  
been more ingeniously combined in one4  
,among the foreign trees we have already
 spoken of the ,damascene      plum1    
so-called from ,damascus1 in ,syria1 but
 introduced long      since into ,italy1
 though the stone of this plum is larger
 than      usual1 and the flesh small in
 quantity4 ,this plum will never        
dry so far as to wrinkle2 to effect     
that1 it needs the sun of      its own  
native country4 ,the myxa1 too1 may be  
mentioned as      being the fellow      
countryman of the ,damascene2 it has of 
late      been introduced into ,rome and
 has been grown engrafted upon the      

sorb40    ,while the records are        
somewhat vague it is probable that the  
,domestica  plums came from the region  
about the ,caucasus ,mountains and the  
,caspian  ,sea and especially the       
section east of these mountains and the 
sea4 ,what  seems to be the wild form of
 this species has been found by several 
botanists in this great region4#i ,here 
the ,huns1 ,turks1 ,mongols  and        
,tartars1 flowing back and forth in     
tides of war-like migration1  maintained
 in times of peace a crude agriculture  
probably long before  the ,greeks and   
,romans tilled the soil4 ,the plum was  
one of their fruits  and the dried prune
 a staple product4 ,here1 still1 to the 
east1 west and  north toward central    
,asia1 plums are among the common fruits
 and prunes  are common articles of     
trade4 ,even in the fertile oases of the
 great  central ,asian desert1 plums are
 cultivated1 but whether domesticated   
here  or brought from elsewhere cannot  
be told4 ,koch1#aj speaking of prunes   

in particular1 gives the following      
account 7translated7 of their ,asiatic  
origin3        8,according to my        
investigation ,turkestan and the        
southern ,altai      ,mountains are the 
place of origin4 ,when in the year #ahdd
 ,i      found myself in ,baku on the   
west coast of the ,caspian ,sea1 ,i     
had plenty of opportunity to draw       
accounts of the fruits of      their    
native lands from the ,turkestan and    
,bokharan merchants1      and was       
astonished over the high cultivation of 
stone fruits      in these places--at   
the same time ,i was able to taste dried
 the      most choice because best      
flavored1 the ,ali-,bokhara1 that is    
,bokhara prune4 ,some of these ,bokharan
 prunes were transplanted      a long   
time ago to ,trans-,caucasia and were   
especially      cultivated in the       
ancient city and residence of the ,ruler
 of      the modern ,elizabethpol4      
,unfortunately the cultivation is less  
now than in earlier times4 ,a further   

spread toward the west and      toward  
,europe1 ,i have not been able to       
follow4 ,in ,greece1 the      prunes are
 even to-day an unknown fruit40    ,at  
about the time ,pliny wrote1 or somewhat
 before1 communication had been  opened 
between the ,romans and the countries   
about the ,caspian ,sea1 and a  few     
centuries later the devastating hordes  
of ,asiatics came westward and  for     
several centuries continued to pour into
 eastern ,europe4 ,what more  probable  
than that they should have carried dried
 prunes as an article  of food in the   
invasions1 and eventually1 as they made 
settlements here  and there1 have       
introduced the trees in ,europe4 ,it is 
certain1 at any  rate1 as we shall see1 
that several of the groups of cultivated
 plums  trace back to the ,balkan       
countries of ,europe and the region     
eastward4  ,there1 now as then1 the plum
 is a standard fruit and prune-making a 
great  industry4    ,the plum when first
 known in ,europe1 as described by      

,pliny and other  early writers1 seems  
to have been a large and well-flavored  
fruit1  indicating that it had been     
under cultivation for a long while4     
,this1  and the fact that the fruit was 
not known by the earliest writers on    
agriculture1 indicate that the plum was 
not originally an inhabitant  of        
southern ,europe1 as some suppose4 ,it  
is likely that the tree has  escaped    
from cultivation and become naturalized 
in the localities where  it is now      
supposed to grow wild4 ,prunus domestica
 has not been found  wild nor under     
cultivation in eastern ,asia1 so far as 
can be learned by  the botanical and    
horticultural explorers of ,china and   
nearby regions1  ,prunus triflora being 
the domesticated plum of that part of   
the  continent1 though it may well be   
surmised that some of the ,domestica    
plums are cultivated in western ,china1 
a region as yet but imperfectly         
explored for its plants4    ,having     
briefly sketched the origin of the      

,domestica plums in the  ,old ,world we 
may now consider their history in the   
,new ,world--a more  satisfactory task1 
as data are abundant and reliable4      
,the ,domestica plums are valuable      
food-producing trees in ,america but    
have not attained here the relative     
importance among fruits that they  hold 
in ,europe4 ,from the earliest records  
of fruit-growing in the ,new  ,world the
 plum has been grown less than the      
apple1 pear1 peach or cherry1  while in 
,europe it is a question if it does not 
rank first or second  among the         
tree-fruits4 ,the comparatively         
restricted area which the  ,domestica   
plums now occupy in ,america is due1    
perhaps1 to the fact that  they do not  
possess in as high degree as the fruits 
named above the  power of adaptation to 
the trans-,atlantic environment4        
,without question  the feature of       
environment most uncongenial to plums in
 ,america is the  climate4 ,the plum    
thrives best in an equable climate like 

that of eastern  and southern ,europe   
and of western ,america1 and cannot     
endure such  extremes of heat and cold1 
wet and dry1 as are found in parts of   
eastern  ,america and in the            
,mississippi ,valley4 ,at best this     
fruit lacks in what  is called          
constitution1 or ability to withstand   
adverse conditions of any  kind1 whether
 of climate1 culture1 insects or fungi4 
,thus in ,america this  plum suffers    
severely not only from climate but from 
several parasites1  as curculio1        
black-knot1 leaf-blight1 plum-pockets   
and other pests4    ,we find1 therefore1
 that in ,north ,america the ,domestica 
plums are  confined to favored          
localities on the ,atlantic seaboard1   
the ,great  ,lakes region and the       
,pacific coast4 ,in the first named area
 they are  to be found thriving to a    
limited degree in ,nova ,scotia and     
parts of  ,quebec1 somewhat in central  
,new ,england1 and particularly well in 
the  fruit-growing sections of ,new     

,york1 especially in the parts of this  
,state  where the climate is made       
equable by large bodies of water4 ,south
 of ,new  ,york1 excepting in a few     
localities in ,pennsylvania1 but few    
plums of  this species are grown4 ,the  
,domestica plums are grown with         
indifferent  success in southern        
,ontario and in ,michigan1 and now and  
then an orchard  is found to the south  
almost to the ,gulf4 ,in the great      
,valley of the  ,mississippi and in the 
states of the plains this plum is hardly
 known4  ,westward in the irrigated     
valleys of the ,rocky ,mountains and the
 ,great  ,basin1 the climate is         
favorable and the ,european plums are   
nearly as  well-known as in any other   
portion of the continent excepting the  
,pacific  ,coast4    ,it is in the last 
named region that the foreign plum      
reaches its highest  development in the 
,new ,world4 ,the trees in ,california1 
,oregon and  ,washington are very       
thrifty and the plums are of large size1

 handsome  appearance and of high       
quality4 ,both tree and fruit in this   
favored  region are free from most of   
the insect and fungus troubles with     
which  the eastern plum-growers must    
contend4 ,curculio and black-knot1      
scourges  of eastern orchards1 are not  
troublesome on the western coast4 ,in   
this  region the ,domesticas1           
practically the only plums cultivated1  
succeed on  either irrigated or         
naturally watered lands4    ,it is      
probable that some of these plums were  
introduced into ,america  by the first  
colonists1 but if so1 the early records 
do not show that  the fruit was much    
grown in this country until toward the  
end of  the ,eighteenth ,century4       
,certainly during the first two         
centuries of  colonization in the ,new  
,world there were no such plum          
plantations as  there were of the apple1
 pear and cherry4 ,among the first      
importations of  plums were those made  
by the ,french in ,canada1 more         

particularly in ,nova  ,scotia1 ,cape   
,breton1 ,prince ,edward ,island and in 
favored situations such  as the         
,l',islet ,county and the ,island of    
,montreal bordering and in the ,st4     
,lawrence ,river4    ,peter ,kalm in his
 ,travels into ,north ,america in #agga 
records the  culture of plums as far    
north as ,quebec with the statement that
 8,plum  trees of different sorts       
brought over from ,france succeed very  
well  here10 adding further1 8,the      
winters do not hurt them40#aa ,there are
  other records to show that the        
,french1 always distinguished for their 
horticultural tastes1 if not the first  
to grow this fruit in ,america1 at      
least began its culture at a very early 
date4    ,in the voyages undertaken for 
exploration and commerce soon after the 
discovery of ,america by ,columbus the  
peach was introduced in ,america by  the
 ,spanish2 for soon after permanent     
settlement had been made in the  ,south 
the settlers found this fruit in        

widespread cultivation by the  ,indians 
and its origin could only be traced to  
the ,spaniards who early  visited       
,florida and the ,gulf region4 ,william 
,penn wrote as early as  #afhc that     
there were very good peaches in         
,pennsylvania2 8not an ,indian          
plantation was without them40#ab ,the   
abundance of this fruit was noted  by   
all the early travelers in the region   
from ,pennsylvania southward  and       
westward but though the wild plums are  
often mentioned there are no  records of
 cultivated plums until the colonies had
 long been established4    ,in          
,massachusetts some plums were planted  
by the ,pilgrims1 for ,francis          
,higginson1 writing in #afbi1 says3     
8,our ,governor hath already planted  a 
vineyard with great hope of increase4   
,also mulberries1 plums1  raspberries1  
corrance1 chestnuts1 filberts1 walnuts1 
smalnuts1  hurtleberries40#ac ,the plums
 were ,damsons1 as a statement is made a
  little later that the 8,red ,kentish  

is the only cherry and the ,damson the  
only plum cultivated40 ,a further       
reference to this plum is made by ,john 
,josselyn1 when1 writing of a voyage to 
,new ,england in #affc1 he says1 8,the  
,quinces1 ,cherries1 ,damsons1 set the  
dames a work1 marmalad and  preserved   
,damsons is to be met with in every     
house40#ad    ,in #agig there is the    
following concise account of the plums  
cultivated in  ,new ,england3#ae        
8,the better sorts which are cultivated 
are the horse plum1 a      very pleasant
 tasted fruit1 of large size2 the peach 
plum1 red      toward the sun1 with an  
agreeable tartness2 the pear plum1      
so-called from its shape1 which is      
sweet1 and of an excellent      taste2  
the wheat plum1 extremely sweet1 oval1  
and furrowed in      the middle1 not    
large2 the green-gage plum1 which is    
generally      preferred before all the 
rest40    ,a search in the colonial     
records of ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey  
and  ,delaware shows no records of      

cultivated plums in these states until  
the  establishment of the ,bartram      
,botanic ,garden near ,philadelphia in  
#agbh4  ,here ,john ,bartram grew       
fruits1 trees and flowers of many kinds 
received  through exchanges of          
indigenous species with ,european       
correspondents4  ,among the plants sent 
over from ,europe to ,bartram were      
several varieties  of plums which were  
propagated and distributed throughout   
,pennsylvania  and nearby provinces4 ,it
 must not be supposed1 however1 that the
  ,domestica plums had not been grown in
 ,pennsylvania previous to ,bartram's   
time4 ,the plum grows fairly well in    
localities of this region1 and  without 
question it had been planted by the     
early colonists with seeds  brought from
 across the sea4 ,but the absence of    
references to the plum1  where they     
abound to the apple1 pear1 peach1 quince
 and cherry1 shows  that this fruit was 
not much cultivated by the ,quakers and 
,swedes who  settled in the three states

 watered by the ,delaware4    ,in the   
southern colonies the ,domestica plums  
grow but poorly1 and as the  early      
settlers of these states were chiefly   
concerned with tobacco and  cotton1     
paying little attention to fruits1 we   
should expect the plum to  have been    
neglected4 ,then1 too1 the peach1       
escaped from the early ,spanish         
settlements1 grew spontaneously in many 
parts of the ,south1 furnishing1  with  
the wild plums of the region1 an        
abundant supply of stone-fruits4  ,yet  
the plum was early introduced in several
 of the southern colonies4    ,thus     
,beverly1#af writing in #agbb of        
,virginia1 says3 8,peaches1 ,nectarines 
and ,apricocks1 as well as plums and    
cherries1 grow there upon standard      
trees10 with the further statement that 
these fruits grew so exceedingly  well  
that there was no need of grafting or   
inoculating them4 ,lawson1#ag  in his   
history of ,north ,carolina1 written in 
#agad1 says that the ,damson1  ,damazeen

 and a large1 round1 black plum were the
 only sorts of this fruit  grown in that
 state in #agad4    ,in ,south ,carolina
 ,henry ,laurens1 who should be         
accounted a benefactor  not only of that
 ,state but of the whole country as     
well1 about the  middle of the          
,eighteenth ,century grew in ,laurens   
,square in the ,town of  ,amonborough   
all the plants suitable to that climate 
that widely extended  merchantile       
connections enabled him to procure4     
,thus among fruits he grew  olives1     
limes1 ,alpine strawberries1 ,european  
raspberries and grapes1  apples1 pears  
and plums4 ,john ,watson1 one of        
,laurens' gardeners1 planted  the first 
nursery in ,south ,carolina4 ,his       
plantation was laid waste in  the       
,revolution1 though it was afterwards   
revived by himself and his  descendants 
and was still further continued by      
,robert ,squib4 ,the plum in  several   
varieties was largely grown and         
distributed from this nursery4          

,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 was at   
the beginning of the ,nineteenth        
,century the southern center of         
horticultural activities and the        
,european  plum was widely distributed  
from here at this time4 ,of the several 
botanic gardens1 really nurseries1 in   
,charleston1 one was conducted by  ,andr
 ,michaux who was sent by the ,french   
,government in #aghf to collect         
,american plants4 ,another was owned by 
,john ,champneys at ,st4 ,pauls1 near   
,charleston1 and was managed by a ,mr4  
,williamson who grew all of the  species
 of trees1 fruits and shrubs1 native and
 foreign1 which could be  procured4#ah  
,the third of these gardens was owned by
 ,charles ,drayton at  ,st4 ,andrews in 
which not only exotic fruits were grown 
but those of the  region as well4 ,the  
plum trees frequently mentioned in the  
records of the  time as growing in this 
region came from these nurseries4    ,in
 ,florida1 as has been stated1 the peach
 was introduced by the ,spanish         

explorers1 but if the plum were also    
planted by the ,spaniards it  quickly   
passed out with the cessation of        
cultivation4 ,but later there  are      
records#ai of this and nearly all of the
 fruits of temperate and  sub-tropic    
climates having been grown at ,st4      
,augustine and ,pensacola4 ,in  the     
remarkable colony#bj founded by ,dr4    
,andrew ,turnbull at ,new ,smyrna1      
,florida1 in #agfc1 the plum was one of 
the fruits cultivated4 ,it is not       
probable1 however1 that the culture of  
this fruit was ever extensive in        
,florida as it does not thrive there4   
,william ,bartram1 son of ,john ,bartram
 the founder of the ,bartram ,botanic   
,garden1 set out on a botanical         
expedition through the ,southern ,states
  in #aggc1 which lasted five years4 ,he
 records#ba numerous observations  on   
the horticulture of both the colonists  
and the ,indians4 ,at ,savannah1        
,georgia1 he found gardens furnished    
with all the cultivated fruit trees  and

 flowers in variety4 ,one of the        
earliest settlements made by the        
,english in ,georgia was ,frederica1 and
 here he found the peach1 fig1          
pomegranate and other trees and shrubs  
growing about the ruins2 though  not    
specifically mentioned1 the plum had    
probably been planted here with  the    
other fruits4 ,at the junction of the   
,coose and ,tallapoosa rivers  in       
,alabama1 there were thriving apple     
trees1 which had been set by the        
,french at ,pearl ,island in the last   
named state4 ,between ,mobile and ,new  
,orleans1 ,bartram found peaches1 figs1 
grapes1 plums and other fruits  growing 
to a high degree of perfection and such 
also was the case on a  plantation on   
the ,mississippi in ,louisiana near     
,baton ,rouge4    ,these several        
references to plums show that this fruit
 was at least tried  in early colonial  
times1 but it was not until after the   
establishment  of fruit-growing as an   
industry that any extensive plantings   

were made4  ,pomology really began in   
,america1 though it languished for the  
first  half-century1 at ,flushing1 ,long
 ,island1 about #agcj with the          
establishment  of a commercial nursery  
by ,robert ,prince1 first of four       
proprietors4 ,just  when this nursery1  
afterwards the famous ,linnaean ,botanic
 ,garden1 began  to offer plums cannot  
be said1 but in #agfg one of their      
advertisements  shows that they were    
selling plum trees4 ,as a possible      
indication that  the fruit was not      
highly esteemed at this period1 an      
advertisement of  trees for sale from   
this nursery in the ,new ,york ,mercury 
of ,march #adth1  #aggd1 does not offer 
plums4 ,but in #agid the catalog of the 
nursery offers  plums in variety4       
,indeed1 as we shall see1 ,william      
,prince had at this  time taken hold of 
the propagation and improvement of the  
,domestica plums  with great            
earnestness4    ,william ,prince1 third 
proprietor of the nursery founded by his

  grandfather says in his ,treatise of  
,horticulture1#bb 8that his father1     
about the year #agij planted the pits of
 twenty-five quarts of ,green ,gage     
plums2 these produced trees yielding    
fruit of every color2 and the ,white    
,gage ,prince's ,imperial ,gage1 ,red   
,gage and ,prince's ,gage1 now so well  
known1 form part of the progeny of these
 plums1 and there seems strong          
presumptive evidence to suppose that the
 ,washington ,plum was one of the  same 
collection40 ,in #ahbh the ,prince      
nursery was offering for sale one       
hundred and forty varieties of plums    
which ,william ,prince states#bc 8are  a
 selection only of the choicest kinds1  
in making which1 the commoner  fruits   
have been altogether rejected40 ,of the 
kinds grown1 there were  over twenty    
thousand trees4#bd ,to this nursery1 to 
,william ,prince and to  ,william       
,robert ,prince1#be the fourth          
proprietor in particular1 belong  the   
credit of having given plum-growing its 

greatest impetus in ,america4    ,other 
notable nurseries founded at the close  
of the ,eighteenth ,century1  which     
helped to establish plum culture in     
,america1 were those of the  ,kenricks1 
of ,william ,coxe1 and of ,david        
,landreth and ,son4 ,the ,kenrick       
,nursery was founded in #agij at        
,newton1 ,massachusetts1 by ,john       
,kenrick1  under whom and his sons1     
,william and ,john ,a41 the business was
 continued  until #ahgj4bf ,during a    
large part of this period the ,kenrick  
,nursery  probably grew1 imported and   
disposed of a greater quantity of fruit 
trees  than any other nursery in ,new   
,england4 ,coxe's nursery was           
established  in #ahjf1 at ,burlington1  
,new ,jersey1 but he had been growing   
fruit for  many years previous and was  
thus a pioneer pomologist before        
becoming  a nurseryman4 ,in his book1 ,a
 ,view of the ,cultivation of ,fruit    
,trees1  published in #ahag1 the first  
,american book on pomology1 he says#bg  

he had been 8for many years actively    
engaged in the rearing1 planting  and   
cultivating of fruit trees on a scale   
more extensive than has been  attempted 
by any other individual of this         
country40 ,the third of these           
nurseries1 that of ,david ,landreth and 
,son1 was conducted in connection  with 
the seed establishment of that family   
founded in ,philadelphia in  #aghd4     
,their collection of fruits was among   
the most extensive of the time  and must
 have forwarded the cultivation of the  
plum in that region4#bh    ,a century   
ago the fruit-growing of the country was
 largely in the hands  of amateurs and  
patrons of horticulture4 ,many varieties
 of plums must  have been introduced by 
these lovers of plants4 ,among such     
growers of  fruit was ,william ,hamilton
 of ,philadelphia1 who introduced the   
,lombardy  poplar in #aghd1 and who in  
#ahjj was growing all the plants and    
fruits  procurable in ,europe4 ,ezekiel 
,henry ,derby of ,salem1 ,massachusetts1

 one  of the founders of the            
,massachusetts ,society for ,promoting  
,agriculture1  grew many choice foreign 
plants in his garden1 greenhouse1       
orchard and  arboretum1 and attained    
well merited fame as a                  
horticulturist4#bi ,dr4  ,david ,hosack1
 botanist and founder in #ahja of the   
,elgin ,botanic ,gardens  in what is now
 ,new ,york ,city1 was one of the most  
distinguished patrons  of pomology of   
his time and grew many new fruits and   
plants from ,europe1  afterwards placing
 them in the hands of the               
horticulturists of the  country4#cj     
,these are but a very few of the many   
men who1 having wealth and leisure1     
were engaged in growing fruits and      
plants as an avocation but were adding  
greatly to the material and knowledge of
 those to whom fruit-growing was  a     
vocation4 ,as a further example of how  
much these men contributed to           
horticulture1 a purchase made by a      
member of the ,new ,york ,horticultural 

,society may be cited4 ,at a meeting of 
the ,society held in ,july1 #ahbb1  he  
mentioned a list of fruit trees which he
 had purchased in ,europe1  comprising  
#ghd varieties4#ca    ,the period during
 which ,american pomology may be said to
 have been in the  hands of wealthy     
amateurs began shortly after the close  
of the ,revolution  and did not fully   
merge into that of commercial pomology  
until the close  of the ,civil ,war4    
,soon after the beginning of the        
,nineteenth ,century1  horticulture1 in 
fact all agriculture1 was greatly       
stimulated by the  publication of       
agricultural books#cb and magazines#cc  
and the formation  of agricultural and  
horticultural societies4#cd ,the        
frequency of the  names of these        
publications of a century ago in ,the   
,plums of ,new ,york  is an indication  
of the contributions they made to the   
culture of the  plum4    ,having briefly
 outlined the history of the ,domestica 
plums1 we come now  to a discussion of  

what we have under cultivation in this  
fruit4 ,the  ,domestica plums1 #iej or  
more mentioned in this text1 may be     
divided  into several more or less      
distinct pomological groups4 ,these     
groups are  of interest because in their
 history the evolution of the plum under
  consideration is further developed2   
because such groups are serviceable  to 
plum-growers1 as each division has      
adaptation for particular  conditions or
 particular purposes2 and because of    
their value to the  breeder of plums    
since the largest and best              
differentiated groups1 as a  rule1 have 
their characters most strongly fixed and
 may be relied upon to  best transmit   
them to their offspring4    ,groups of  
plums in pomology are founded for most  
part upon the characters  of the fruit  
since these are most readily recognized 
by fruit-growers4  ,yet whenever        
possible1 leaf1 flower and              
tree-characters are considered4  ,the   
name given is usually that of the best  

known variety in the group  though in   
some of the divisions the name is that  
of the variety which  seems to be       
intermediate in character between the   
other members of the  group4    ,the    
groups of plums recognized by           
pomologists were far more distinct  as  
we go back in their history4 ,for1 in   
the past1 each fruit-growing  region had
 a pomology of its own in which the     
varieties of any fruit  were few and    
similar1 constituting but one1 or at    
most a very few types4  ,the various    
groups of plums1 therefore1 largely     
represent distinct  plum-growing        
regions4 ,with the increase in          
intercourse between the  countries of   
the world1 cultivated plums have been   
taken from place to  place and as new   
varieties have originated1 often from   
crosses between  varieties1 the dividing
 lines between divisions have been more 
or less  broken down4 ,the first of the 
groups to be considered is3--    ,the   
,reine ,claude or ,green ,gage          

,plums4--,this group is so distinctive  
in several characters that some         
botanists and pomologists separate it   
from other ,domestica plums as a        
sub-species or species#ce and in common 
parlance its numerous varieties are very
 generally grouped together as  8green  
gages0 as if it were quite a distinct   
fruit from other plums4 ,it  comprises a
 considerable number of relatively      
small1 round1 mostly green  or golden   
plums of so high quality as to make them
 standards in this  respect for all     
plums4 ,the ,reine ,claude is one of the
 oldest types of  which there are       
records4 ,its varieties reproduce       
themselves without much  variation from 
seed though there are a few sorts1      
possibly crosses with  some other group1
 which are doubtfully referred to the   
,reine ,claudes4 ,the  later history of 
these plums is most interesting and is  
reliable1 for the  group is recognized  
and discussed by almost every ,european 
or ,american  pomologist who has written

 in three centuries4#cf ,the early      
history is  not so well known4    ,where
 the ,reine ,claude plums originated no 
one knows4 ,koch#cg says  he has eaten  
wild plums in the ,trans-,caucasian     
region1 which must be  recorded with the
 ,reine ,claudes1 but on the next page  
he advances  the theory that the group  
is a hybrid between ,prunus domestica   
and  ,prunus insititia4 ,schneider#ch   
puts the ,reine ,claudes in ,prunus     
insititia4 ,the group seems to be a     
connecting link between the two  species
 named above1 having so many characters 
in common with each  that it is         
exceedingly difficult to choose between 
the two as possible  parent species4    
,prunus domestica probably originated in
 the ,caucasian  or ,caspian region1 and
 it is likely1 as ,koch suggests1 that  
the ,reine  ,claudes were brought from  
there4 ,this is substantiated by the    
early  pomologists1 who say these plums 
came originally from ,armenia and were  
known as the ,armenian plums1 coming    

eventually by the way of ,greece to     
,italy4 ,if this statement of its origin
 be true1 ,columella#ci knew the  fruit1
 for he says3        --8then are the    
wicker baskets cramm'd      ,with       
,damask and ,armenian and ,wax plums40  
,and so1 too1 ,pliny refers to them#dj  
in his enumeration of varieties in      
which he says3 8the ,armenian1 also an  
exotic from foreign parts1 the only  one
 among the plums that recommends itself 
by its smell40    ,hogg#da says the     
,reine ,claudes were brought from       
,greece to ,italy and  cultivated in the
 latter country under the name          
,verdochia4 ,hogg does not  give his    
authority and his statement cannot be   
verified in any other of  the modern    
,european pomologies to which the       
authors of this work have had  access4  
,the very complete history of the       
agricultural and horticultural  plants  
of ,italy#db by ,dr4 ,antonio           
,targioni-,tozzetti does not give this  
name4 ,be that as it may1 some variety  

of this group was introduced  into      
,england under the name ,verdoch and at 
an early date1 for in #afbi             
,parkinson#dc enumerates it in his sixty
 sorts describing it as 8a great1  fine1
 green shining plum fit to preserve40   
,rea#dd in #afgf also lists and         
describes it as does ,ray1#de #afhh4    
,it is doubtful if ,parkinson1 ,ray and 
,rea had the true ,reine ,claude1       
however1 for the ,verdacchio1 according 
to ,gallesio1#df one of the best        
,italian authorities1 is an             
obovate-shaped fruit while the ,claudia 
is a  round one4 ,gallesio says the     
,claudia was cultivated in many places  
about  ,genoa under the name ,verdacchio
 rotondo2 about ,rome and through       
,modenese1  for a long time1 as the     
,mammola2 in ,piedmont as the ,claudia2 
and in  ,tuscany as the ,susina ,regina4
 ,now 7#ahci7 he says1 8it is known in  
all  ,italy under the name ,claudia1 and
 has become so common as to be found in 
abundance in the gardens and in the     

markets40    ,the name ,reine ,claude1  
all writers agree1 was given in honor of
 ,queen  ,claude1 wife of ,francis ,i1  
the fruit having been introduced into   
,france  during the reign of that       
monarch which began in #adid and ended  
#aedg1  these dates fixing as accurately
 as possible the origin of the name4    
,green ,gage1 the commonest synonym of  
either the ,reine ,claude group or  of  
the variety1 comes from the fact that   
this fruit was introduced into  ,england
 by the ,gage family4 ,phillips#dg gives
 the following account of  its          
introduction into ,england3        8,the
 ,gage family1 in the last century1     
procured from the      monastery of the 
,chartreuse at ,paris1 a collection of  
fruit      trees4 ,when these trees     
arrived at the ,mansion of ,hengrave    
,hall1 the tickets were safely affixed  
to all of them1 excepting      only to  
the ,reine ,claude1 which had either not
 been put on1 or      had been rubbed   
off in the package4 ,the gardener1      

therefore1      being ignorant of the   
name1 called it1 when it first bore     
fruit1 the ,green ,gage40    ,because of
 the high esteem in which the plums of  
this group have always  been held in    
,england the early ,english colonists   
probably brought  seeds or plants of the
 ,reine ,claudes to ,america4 ,this     
supposition is  strengthened by the fact
 that ,prince1 in his efforts in #agij  
to improve  plums1 chose the 8,green    
,gage10 planting the pits of twenty-five
 quarts of  plums of this variety4      
,mc,mahon1 in his list of thirty        
varieties of plums1  published in #ahjf1
 gives the names of at least seven      
varieties belonging  to this group4 ,the
 varieties of the group first came into 
,america1  without doubt1 under one of  
the ,green ,gage names1 but afterwards1 
probably in the early part of the       
,nineteenth ,century1 importations from 
,france brought several varieties under 
,reine ,claude names though the         
identity of the plums under the two     

names seems to have been recognized  in 
,american pomology from the first4      
,in appearance the trees of this group  
are low and the heads well rounded4     
,the bark is dark in color and cracks   
rather deeply4 ,the shoots are thick    
and do not lose their pubescence4 ,the  
leaves are large1 broad1 more  or less  
wrinkled1 coarsely crenate and sometimes
 doubly serrated1 a  character not      
usually found in ,domestica plums1 and  
bear from one to four  glands4 ,the     
fruit is spherical or ovoid1 green or   
yellow1 sometimes with  a faint blush1  
stems short and pubescent1 suture       
shallow1 bloom thin1  texture firm1     
quality of the best1 flesh sweet1       
tender1 juicy1 stone free  or clinging4 
,the leading varieties of the ,reine    
,claude plums are3 ,reine ,claude1      
,bavay1  ,spaulding1 ,yellow ,gage1     
,washington1 ,mc,laughlin1 ,hand1       
,peters1 ,imperial  ,gage1 ,jefferson   
and ,bryanston4    ,the ,prunes4--,in   
western ,america plum-growers usually   

speak of any plum  that can be cured1   
without removing the pit1 into a firm1  
long-keeping  product as a prune4 ,such 
a classification throws all plums with a
 large  percentage of solids1 especially
 of sugar1 into this group4 ,but in     
,europe  the term is used to designate a
 distinct pomological group4#dh ,since  
we  have a number of varieties of plums 
long known as prunes and to which no    
other term can be nearly so well        
applied1 it seems wise to follow the    
established ,european custom of using   
the term as a group name as well as  for
 a commercial product which is made for 
most part from these plums4    ,the     
prune1 as an article of commerce1 all   
writers agree1 originated in  ,hungary  
in the ,sixteenth ,century and was at   
that time a very important  trading     
commodity with ,germany1 ,france and    
southern ,europe4 ,if1 as ,koch         
surmises 7see page #ag71 the prunes     
originated in ,turkestan or farther     
east--and the statements of other       

botanists and writers tend to show that 
his view is correct--the spread of the  
varieties of this group westward  is    
readily explained4 ,in the migrations of
 the ,huns1 from western ,asia  to      
eastern ,europe1 in the first thousand  
years of the ,christian era1  some      
,magyar or ,hun intent on cultivating   
the soil brought with him the           
prune-making plums which1 finding a     
congenial home1 became the foundation   
of the prune industry of ,hungary in the
 ,sixteenth ,century4 ,in subsequent    
commercial intercourse with western     
,europe the latter region was enriched  
by these prune-making plums from        
,hungary4    ,in ,america this group is 
now by far the most important one       
commercially1  though prunes were not   
introduced into this country until      
comparatively  recent years4 ,the early 
lists of plums do not include any of the
 prunes  and even as late as #ahjf      
,mc,mahon only mentions in the thirty   
varieties  given by him but one1 8the   

,prune ,plum40 ,william ,prince in #ahbh
 speaks  only of the 8monstrous         
prune10#di but in such a way as to lead 
one to  believe that neither it1 nor any
 other prune1 was then cultivated in    
,america4#ej ,in #ahca ,william ,robert 
,prince in his ,pomological ,manual     
describes from this group only the      
,german ,prune and the 8,agen ,date10 or
  ,agen4 ,indeed1 it was not until the  
beginning of the prune industry in      
,california1 about #ahgj1 that the      
varieties of this group began to be at  
all popular though an attempt was made  
by the ,united ,states ,patent ,office  
to start the prune industry on the      
,atlantic seaboard by the distribution  
of cions of two prunes in #ahed4ea      
,the growth of the prune industry on the
 ,pacific ,coast is one of the most     
remarkable industrial phenomena of      
,american agriculture4 ,about #ahef1    
,louis ,pellier1 a sailor1 brought to   
,san ,jose1 ,california1 cions of the   
,agen from ,agen1 ,france4 ,some time   

afterward a larger plum1 the ,pond1 was 
also imported from ,france1 supposedly  
from ,agen1 and to distinguish the  two1
 the first was called ,petite ,prune1 by
 which name it is now very  commonly    
known in the far west4 ,the first cured 
prunes from this region  were exhibited 
at the ,california ,state ,fair in      
#ahfc2 commercial orchards  began to be 
planted about #ahgj1 and the first      
shipments of cured prunes  were probably
 made in #ahge4eb ,in #ahhj the output  
per annum was about  #bjj1jjj pounds2 in
 #aijj the yearly capacity was estimated
 to be about  #acj1jjj1jjj pounds1      
valued by the producers at #dej1jjj4ec  
,the typical varieties of this group are
 the ,italian1 ,german1 ,agen1          
,tragedy1 ,tennant1 ,sugar1 ,giant1     
,pacific and the ,ungarish4    ,the     
distinguishing characters of the group  
are to be found in the fruit1  which is 
usually large1 oval1 with one side      
straighter than the other1  usually much
 compressed with a shallow suture1 blue 

or purple1 with a  heavy bloom1 flesh   
greenish-yellow or golden1 firm1 quality
 good1 stone  free4 ,the trees are      
various but are usually large1 upright  
and spreading  with elliptical leaves   
having much pubescence on the under     
surface4    ,the ,perdrigon             
,plums4--,the ,perdrigons constitute an 
old but comparatively  unimportant group
 of plums4#ed ,the name comes from an   
old time  geographical division of      
,italy4#ee ,the ,perdrigon plums1       
especially the  varieties having this   
name1 have been grown extensively for   
two centuries  about ,brignoles1        
,france1 where they are cured and sold  
as ,brignoles  prunes4 ,since they are  
much grown in what was formerly the     
province of  ,touraine1 ,france1 they   
are sometimes called ,touraine plums4   
,the early  pomological writers1 as the 
,princes1 ,kenrick1 ,coxe1 and even     
,downing1  described ,white1 ,red1      
,violet1 ,early and ,norman ,perdrigon  
plums1 but  these are not now listed in 

either the pomologies or the            
nurserymen's  catalogs of this country  
though the group is represented by      
,goliath1 ,late  ,orleans and ,royal    
,tours4 ,these plums might almost be    
included with the  ,imperatrice group1  
differing only in the smaller and       
rounder fruits4    ,the ,yellow ,egg    
,plums4#ef--,there are but few varieties
 belonging to this  group1 but these are
 very distinct1 and include some of the 
largest and  handsomest plums4 ,the     
origin of varieties of this group can be
 traced  back over three centuries and  
it is somewhat remarkable that the size 
and beauty of the ,yellow ,egg ,plums   
have not tempted growers during this    
time to produce a greater number of     
similar varieties4 ,rea1#eg in #afgf1   
described the ,yellow ,egg under        
8,magnum ,bonum or the ,dutch ,plum0 as 
8a  very great oval-formed yellowish    
plum1 and1 according to the name1 is    
good as well as great40 ,the ,imperial1 
which afterward became the ,red  ,magnum

 ,bonum1 is mentioned by ,parkinson#eh  
in #afbi as 8,large1 long1  reddish1    
waterish and late40 ,earlier names in   
,france1 how early cannot be  said1 were
 ,prune d',oeuf1 yellow1 white1 red and 
violet1 or the ,mogul with  these       
several colors1 and the ,imperiale with 
the three or four colors4  ,later the   
name d',aubert was applied to the       
,yellow ,egg4 ,though this fruit  was   
first known in ,england as the          
,imperiall1 and later as the ,magnum    
,bonum1 it has been grown for at least  
two centuries in that country as  the   
,yellow ,egg1 and under this name came  
to ,america in the latter part  of the  
,eighteenth ,century4 ,koch#ei places   
these plums in the ,date-plum  family4  
,the varieties of this group now grown  
and more or less well-known  are ,yellow
 ,egg1 ,red ,magnum ,bonum1 ,golden     
,drop and ,monroe4    ,the characters   
which readily distinguish the ,yellow   
,egg group are1--the  large size of the 
fruit1 possibly surpassing all other    

plums in size1  the long-oval shape1    
more or less necked1 yellow or purple   
color and the  yellow flesh4 ,the plums 
are produced on tall1 upright-spreading 
trees4    ,the ,imperatrice             
,plums4--,this is a poorly defined      
assemblage of  varieties1 of which dark 
blue color1 heavy bloom1 medium size and
 oval  shape are the chief characters4  
,it is impossible to trace the origin of
  the group or to refer varieties to it 
with accuracy4 ,the ,imperatrice1  of   
which ,ickworth is an offspring1 seems  
to have been one of the first  of the   
blue plums to receive general           
recognition1 and can as well as  any    
other variety give name to the type4    
,this group contains by far the         
greatest number of varieties of any of  
the divisions as here outlined1  chiefly
 because the color1 the size1 and the   
shape are all popular with  growers and 
consumers4 ,this has not always been the
 case1 for in the old  pomologies1 blue 
plums are comparatively few in number1  

,parkinson1 for  instance1 giving in his
 list of sixty in #afbi not more than a 
half-dozen  ,domesticas that are blue4  
,among the varieties that fall into this
 group are3--,ickworth1 ,diamond1  ,arch
 ,duke1 ,monarch1 ,englebert1 ,shipper1 
,arctic1 ,smith ,orleans and            
,quackenboss4    ,about the only        
characters that will hold for this large
 and variable  group are those of the   
fruits as given above1 though to these  
may be  added for most of the varieties 
included in the division1 thick skin and
  firm flesh1 clinging stones and poor  
quality4 ,the trees vary much but are   
usually hardy1 thrifty and productive1  
making the members of the group  prime  
favorites with commercial fruit-growers4
    ,the ,lombard ,plums4--,just as the 
blue plums have been thrown in the last 
named group1 so we may roughly classify 
a number of red or reddish or  mottled  
varieties in one group4 ,if the oldest  
name applicable to this  group were     
given it should be called after the     

,diaper plums1 well-known  and much     
cultivated ,french sorts of two and     
three centuries ago4 ,since  they are no
 longer cultivated1 and as the ,lombard 
seems to be a direct  offspring of them 
and is fairly typical of the division1  
the name chosen  is as applicable as    
any4 ,these plums differ but little from
 those of the  preceding group1 except  
in color and in having a more obovate   
shape1 a  more marked suture1 smaller   
size and possibly even greater hardiness
 and  productiveness1 and if anything1  
even poorer quality1 though to this last
  statement there are several marked    
exceptions4 ,in this group are no doubt 
many varieties which are crosses between
 some of the old red plums and          
varieties of the other groups given4    
,the following sorts may be named as    
belonging here3--,lombard1 ,bradshaw1   
,victoria1 ,pond1 ,duane1 ,autumn       
,compote1 ,belle1 ,middleburg and       
,field4      #b4 ,,prunus ,,insititia   
,linnaeus    ,illustration3 ,,prunus    

,,insititia        #a4 ,linnaeus ,amoen4
 ,acad4 #d3bgc4 #agee4 #b4 ,seringe     
,,dc4      ,prodr4 #b3ecb4 #ahbe4 #c4   
,hooker ,brit4 ,fl4 #bbj4 #ahcj4 #d4    
,loudon ,arb4 ,fr4 ,brit4 #b3fhg4 #ahdd4
 #e4 ,koch1 ,k4 ,dend4      #a3ie4      
#ahfi4 #f4 ,ibid4 ,deut4 ,obst4 #add4   
#ahgf4 #g4 ,de      ,candolle ,or4      
,cult4 ,pl4 #baa4 #ahhe4 #h4 ,emerson   
,trees of      ,mass4 ,ed4 #d3eab4      
#ahhg4 #i4 ,schwarz ,forst4 ,bot4 #cci4 
#ahib4      #aj4 ,koch1 ,w4 ,syn4 ,deut4
 und ,schw4 ,fl4 #a3gbf4 #ahib4 #aa4    
,koehne ,deut4 ,dend4 #caf4 #ahic4 #ab4 
,dippel ,handb4 ,laubh4      #c3fci4    
#ahic4 #ac4 ,lucas4 ,handb4 ,obst4 #dbi4
 #ahic4 #ad4      ,beck von ,managetta  
,nied4 ,oester4 #hai4 #ahic4        ,p4 
communis 7in part74 #ae4 ,hudson ,fl4   
,anglic4 #bab4 #aggh4      #af4 ,bentham
 ,handb4 ,brit4 ,fl4 #a3bcf4 #ahfe4     
,p4 domestica insititia4 #ag4 ,schneider
 ,handb4 ,laubh4      #a3fcj4 #ahib4    
#ah4 ,waugh ,bot4 ,gaz4 #bg3dgh4 #ahii4 
,tree dwarfish but thrifty1 attaining a 

height of twenty to      twenty-five    
feet2 trunk reaches eight inches in     
diameter and      bears its head rather 
low1 three to five feet from the ground2
      bark gray with a tinge of red1    
smooth1 with transverse cracks2         
branches upright-spreading1 rigid1      
compact1 short-jointed1      and more or
 less thorny2 branchlets pubescent1     
slender1      reddish-brown or drab4    
,winter-buds small1 conical1 pointed or 
obtuse1 free or      appressed2 leaves  
small1 ovate or obovate2 apex obtuse or 
abruptly pointed1 base cuneate or       
narrowed and rounded1 margins           
finely and closely1 sometimes doubly    
serrate or crenate1      usually        
glandular2 texture thin and firm2 upper 
surface      slightly rugose1 dark      
green1 slightly hairy2 lower surface    
paler and soft1 pubescent2 petioles     
one-half inch long1      slender1       
pubescent1 tinged with red2 glands few  
or glandless4        ,flowers expand    
with or after the leaves1 one inch or   

less      in size2 borne variously but  
usually in lateral1 umbel-like          
clusters1 one1 two or rarely three from 
a bud1 on slender      pedicels1 which  
are pubescent and one-half inch in      
length2      calyx-tube campanulate1    
glabrous or nearly so1 green or         
tinged with red2 calyx-lobes narrow1    
obtuse or acute1      glandular-serrate1
 glabrous or pubescent1 reflexed2 petals
      white or creamy in the bud1       
broadly oval1 entire or dentate1        
reflexed1 claw short2 stamens about     
twenty-five1 as long as the      petals2
 anthers yellow1 often tinged with red2 
pistil glabrous      and nearly as long 
as the stamens4        ,fruit ripens    
from early to late2 globular or oval1   
often      necked1 less than an inch in 
diameter1 variously colored but         
usually bluish-black or amber-yellow1   
with a heavy bloom2 skin      thin1     
tough2 stem slender1 one-half inch long1
 more or less      pubescent2 cavity    
shallow1 narrow2 apex roundish or       

flattened2      suture indistinct or a  
line2 flesh firm1 yellow1 juicy1 sweet  
or acid2 stone clinging or free1        
somewhat turgid1 ovoid1 nearly          
smooth1 ridged on one edge and grooved  
on the other4    ,there is a great      
diversity of opinion among botanists as 
to what ,linnaeus  meant to include in  
his ,prunus insititia4 ,his description 
of the  species is not definite and can 
be made to apply to any one of several  
very distinct plums4 ,but the botanists 
who recognize the species usually       
include in it1 among cultivated plums1  
the ,bullaces and the ,damsons1  plums  
which differ only in the shape of the   
fruit1 the former being round  and the  
latter oval4 ,some of the texts noted in
 the references for this  species also  
place the ,st4 ,julien and the          
,mirabelle plums here4 ,in ,the  ,plums 
of ,new ,york the authors consider the  
,bullaces1 ,damsons1 the ,st4  ,julien  
and the ,mirabelles as belonging to this
 species4    ,it is true that ,linnaeus 

established at an earlier date than the 
naming  of ,prunus insititia his ,prunus
 domestica damascena1 in which the      
varietal name indicates that he meant   
the ,damsons1 but the description  of   
the variety taken by him from ,bauhin's 
,pinax#fj making the plum  large1 sweet 
and dark purplish1 cannot be made to    
apply to this fruit1  nor can it be     
connected definitely with any other     
plum2 this being true1  and since       
,linnaeus refers to no type specimen1   
figure1 or locality1 his  ,prunus       
domestica damascena according to current
 botanical practices in  ,america1      
should be rejected4    ,the trees of the
 ,insititia varieties are readily       
distinguished from  the ,domestica sorts
 in having a dwarfer and more compact   
habit2 much  smaller and more ovate     
leaves with more closely serrate        
margins2 branches  more finely divided1 
more slender1 with shorter joints1 and  
bearing  spines or spinescent spurs2    
having a more abundant and a more       

clustered  inflorescence1 with smaller  
flowers1 a glabrous instead of a        
pubescent  pistil and calyx-tube2       
reflexed calyx-lobes where in ,domestica
 they  are often erect2 and flowers     
appearing nearly a week later4 ,the     
number  of stamens in ,prunus domestica 
averages about thirty2 in ,prunus       
insititia1 about twenty-five4 ,the      
fruit-characters of ,prunus insititia   
are even more distinctive4 ,the fruits  
are smaller1 being less than an  inch in
 diameter1 more nearly round or oval1   
more uniform in shape1 never  strongly  
compressed as in ,domestica1 with a less
 distinct suture and more  often with a 
pronounced neck4 ,the color is usually  
the ,damson purple or  the ,mirabelle   
yellow1 with no intermediate colors as  
in ,domestica and  with few or but      
slight variations as compared with the  
other species4  ,the plums are sweet or 
sour with a very much smaller range in  
flavor in  the case of the ,insititias  
and withal very distinct from that of   

,prunus  domestica4 ,the stones are     
smaller1 more oval and much more        
swollen4    ,in variability the         
,insititia plums are quite the reverse  
of the  ,domesticas1 almost wholly      
lacking this quality4 ,these plums have 
been  cultivated over two thousand      
years1 yet there is seemingly little    
difference between the sorts described  
by the ,greeks and ,romans at the       
beginning of the ,christian ,era and    
those we are now growing4 ,so1 too1 one 
often finds half-wild chance seedlings  
with fruit indistinguishable from       
varieties under the highest cultivation4
 ,this pronounced immutability of  the  
species is one of its chief             
characteristics4    ,there are probably 
several sub-divisions of ,prunus        
insititia but  material does not exist  
in ,america for the proper determination
 of the  true place for these forms1 and
 the ,old ,world botanists cannot agree 
in  regard to them4 ,it is probable that
 ,prunus subsylvestris ,boutigny#fa  and

 ,prunus pomarium ,boutigny#fb belong to
 ,prunus insititia and  almost beyond   
question ,prunus syriaca ,koehne#fc is  
the yellow-fruited  ,mirabelle of this  
species4 ,prunus insititia glaberrima   
,wirtg1#fd  occasionally found in the   
herbaria of ,europe has1 with its small1
  roundish-obovate leaves1 but little   
appearance of ,prunus insititia and  may
 be1 as ,schneider surmises1#fe a cross 
between ,prunus spinosa and  the        
,myrobalan of ,prunus cerasifera4       
,the ,insititia plums are second in     
importance only to the ,domesticas4     
,their recorded history is older4 ,this 
is the plum of the ,greek poets1        
,archilochus and ,hippona1 in the ,sixth
 ,century ,b4 ,c4#ff ,theophrastus1  the
 philosopher1 mentioned it three hundred
 years before ,christ1 as  did ,pollux1 
the writer and grammarian1 a century    
before the ,savior1  while ,dioscorides1
 the founder of botany1 during the last 
named period1  distinguishes between    
this plum and one from ,syria1          

presumably a  ,domestica4 ,this is one  
of the twelve kinds of plums described  
by ,pliny  7see page #ag7 who calls it  
the ,damascene1 so-called from ,damascus
 in  ,syria1 and says of it1 8introduced
 long since into ,italy40 ,it is the    
,damask plum of ,columella when in his  
tenth book he says3          8then are  
the wicker baskets cramm'd      ,with   
,damask and ,armenian and ,wax plums40  
,the yellow plums of the ,roman poets1  
,ovid and ,vergil1 are probably the     
,bullaces or ,mirabelles of this        
species4 ,indeed1 its cultivation was   
probably prehistoric1 for ,heer#fg has  
illustrated and described stones  of a  
plum found in the lake-dwellings of     
,robenhausen which can be no  other than
 those of ,insititia4    ,the authentic 
written history of this plum may be said
 to have begun with  or a little before 
the ,christian ,era4 ,the records of the
 cultivation and  development through   
the early centuries of the present      
chronology and  the ,middle ,ages to our

 own day may be found in the herbals1   
botanies1  pomologies1 agricultural and 
general literature of the past two      
thousand  years4    ,prunus insititia   
now grows wild in nearly all temperate  
parts of ,europe  and western           
,asia--from the ,mediterranean northward
 into ,norway1 ,sweden and  ,russia4    
,the botanists of ,europe very generally
 agree that its original  habitat was in
 southern and southeastern ,europe and  
the adjoining parts  of ,asia1 and that 
elsewhere it is an escape from          
cultivation4 ,hooker#fh  says that      
,prunus insititia grows in western      
temperate ,himalaya1  cultivated and    
indigenous1 from ,gurwhal to ,kashmir1  
the type being that  of the 8common     
yellow-fruited ,bullace40 ,a few        
botanical writers hold that  it is truly
 wild in the parts of ,europe where now 
found growing4 ,there  are also not a   
few botanists who1 as has been stated in
 the discussion of  the ,domestica      
plums1 unite the ,insititias with the   

,domesticas1 and others  who combine    
these two with the ,spinosa plums in one
 species1 ,prunus  communis4#fi    ,it  
is possible that the species is         
occasionally found naturalized in       
eastern ,united ,states2 several        
botanists so give it4    ,wherever the  
habitat of the ,insititia plums may have
 been1 practically  all writers from the
 ,greeks and ,romans who first mention  
this fruit to  those of the present     
time1 connect the cultivated varieties  
in one way  or another with the old     
,semite city1 ,damascus4 ,it is almost  
certain  that the ,syrians or ,persians 
were the first to cultivate these plums1
  and that they were unknown in ,europe 
as domesticated varieties until  the    
,greeks first and the ,romans afterward 
came in intimate contact with  the      
people of the ,orient4 ,thus it is often
 stated in the old pomologies  that     
,alexander the ,great brought these     
plums from the ,orient after his        
expedition of conquest and that some    

centuries later ,pompey1 returning  from
 his invasion of the eastern countries1 
brought plums to the ,roman  ,empire4   
,the history of the ,insititia plums in 
,america has been given in the main  in 
the discussion of the ,domestica plums1 
for the varieties of the two  species   
have never been kept separate by        
plum-growers1 all being grouped         
together as ,european plums4 ,it is     
probable1 however1 that the ,damson     
plums of this species were earlier      
introduced and more generally grown     
than any other of the ,european plums by
 the ,english settlers of ,america1  as 
the references to plum-growing before   
the ,revolution are largely to  the     
,damsons4 ,the reasons for this early   
preference for these plums are  that    
they come true to seed while most       
varieties of the ,domestica do not2  and
 trees and cions were not readily       
transportable in colonial times2  and1  
too1 the ,damsons have always been      
favorite plums with the ,english4       

,when the first ,american fruit books   
were published at the beginning of  the 
,nineteenth ,century the ,damsons and   
,bullaces were widely grown1 for  all   
writers give a relatively large number  
of varieties of these plums  and speak  
well of them4 ,thus ,mc,mahon1#gj in his
 list of thirty plums  gives six that   
belong here1 ending his list with       
8,common ,damson1 etc410  as if there   
were still more than those he           
enumerates4 ,prince1 in his             
,pomological ,manual1 in #ahcb1 gives at
 least eighteen sorts that may  be      
referred to ,insititia with the         
statement that one of them1 the ,early  
,damson 8appears to have been brought to
 this country by the early ,dutch       
settlers1 or by the ,french who settled 
here at the time of the revocation  of  
the ,edict of ,nantes10 adding1 8,it is 
much disseminated throughout this       
section of the country40 ,at the end of 
the ,eighteenth ,century ,deane's#ga    
,new ,england ,farmer or ,georgical     

,dictionary1 in a discussion of plums   
in general says3 8,the most common plum 
in this country is the ,damascene  plum1
 an excellent fruit for preserving1     
which is said to have been  brought from
 ,damasam1 hence the name40    ,the     
hardiness1 thriftiness and              
productiveness of all of the varieties  
of this species commend them to those   
who cannot give the care required  to   
grow the less easily grown ,domesticas1 
and in ,america1 as in ,europe1  these  
plums are to be found in almost every   
orchard and in many  communities        
half-wild1 thriving with little or no   
care4 ,the fact that  they are easily   
propagated1 growing readily from suckers
 and coming true  to seed is an added   
reason for their general distribution4  
,the ,insititia plums do not seem to    
hybridize freely with other species--at 
least there are no recorded offspring of
 such hybrids1 though ,koch  believes   
the ,reine ,claudes to be a hybrid group
 between this species and  the          

,domesticas and there is much evidence  
in the fruit to show that the  ,french  
,damson is part ,domestica4 ,the        
tree-characters of the ,insititia  plums
 are such1 especially as regards vigor1 
hardiness1 productiveness  and freedom  
from disease1 as to seemingly make      
hybrids with them very  desirable4 ,that
 this species can be hybridized with    
,domestica1 at least1  is certain from  
work done at this ,station where we have
 made a number of  crosses between them4
    ,four groups of plums1 the ,damsons1
 ,bullaces1 ,mirabelles and ,st4        
,juliens1  in all eighty-six varieties  
mentioned in ,the ,plums of ,new ,york1 
may be  referred to this species4 ,there
 are so few real differences between    
these  divisions1 however1 that it is   
hardly possible1 logically1 to          
sub-divide  ,insititia plums into more  
than two groups4 ,but since the groups  
of plums  given above are so often      
referred to in pomological works it is  
necessary  to discuss them4    ,the     

,damsons4--,the description given the   
species fits this division of  it       
closely1 the differentiating character  
for the fruit1 if any1 being  oval      
fruits1 while the ,bullaces1 most nearly
 like these1 are round4 ,the  origin of 
the ,damsons1 as we have seen1 was in   
,syria and near the ancient  city1      
,damascus1 their written history dating 
back several centuries  before ,christ4 
,this plum has escaped from cultivation 
in nearly all the  temperate parts of   
,europe and more or less in the eastern 
,united ,states1  the wild forms often  
passing under other names1 as the ,wild1
 ,wheat1  ,spilling1 ,donkey1 ,ass1 ,hog
 and ,horse plums4 ,the true ,damsons   
have a  fine spicy taste1 which makes   
them especially desirable for cooking   
and  preserving1 but a very decided     
astringency of the skin makes most of   
the  varieties of ,damsons undesirable  
to eat out of the hand2 this astringency
  largely disappears with cooking or    
after a light frost4 ,nearly all        

,damsons are sour1 though a few sweet   
,insititias are placed in this group4   
,since the seeds grow readily and the   
sprouts are very manageable1 the        
,damsons1 with the other ,insititias1   
are much used as stocks upon which to   
work other plums1 especially the less   
hardy and less thrifty ,domesticas4     
,although less used now than formerly   
for stocks it is a question if these    
plums1 or some of their near kin1 do not
 make the best obtainable stocks4       
,there seems to be much difference in   
the varieties of ,insititia in their    
capacity to send up sprouts4 ,the forms 
which send up the fewest sprouts  are   
much the best for use as stocks4        
,curiously enough1 the ,damsons are     
highly esteemed now only by the         
,americans and ,english1 being grown    
much less at present in ,continental    
,europe than a century or two ago4 ,late
 pomological works and  nurserymen's    
catalogs from others than the ,english  
or ,americans barely  mention these     

plums4    ,the ,bullaces4--,it is       
impossible to distinguish between the   
tree-characters of the ,damsons and the 
,bullaces1 and pomologists are far  from
 agreeing as to what differences in the 
fruit throw a variety into  one group or
 the other4 ,some writers call a sour   
variety of ,insititia a  ,damson1 and a 
sweet one a ,bullace2 others make color 
the differentiating  character1 calling 
the purple plums ,damsons and the light 
colored ones  ,bullaces2 still others   
call oval ,insititias ,damsons and round
 ones  ,bullaces4 ,if a distinction is  
to be made1 shape seems to be the       
character  upon which it should be      
based4 ,the name ,bullace applies to the
 round  shape of the fruit1 but when    
first used or by whom given it is       
impossible  to say4 ,it is commonly used
 in the old herbals and pomologies of   
both  ,england and ,continental ,europe1
 there being many variations of the     
name1  of which bullis and bulloes are  
most common with the word bullum in     

frequent use for the fruit of the       
,bullace tree4 ,the varieties of        
,bullaces  are few in number1 and are   
not largely grown1 being known for most 
part  only in fruit collections1 the    
,damsons serving all the purposes for   
which  the ,bullaces would be worth     
growing1 and to better advantage4       
,the ,mirabelles4--,the ,mirabelles are 
round1 yellowish or golden1  freestone  
,insititias1 ranging from half an inch  
to an inch in diameter1  very slightly  
sub-acid or sweet4 ,the trees do not    
differ from the type  of the species    
unless it be in even greater            
productiveness than the  other groups of
 ,insititia1 all of which bear very     
abundant crops4 ,the  fruits represent  
the highest quality to be found in the  
varieties of this  species1 approaching 
the ,reine ,claudes of ,prunus domestica
 in richness  of flavor4 ,indeed1 the   
,mirabelles may almost be said to be    
diminutive  ,reine ,claudes1 resembling 
them not only in quality but in color   

and in  shape1 and so closely as to lend
 color to ,koch's#gb supposition that   
the ,reine ,claudes are hybrids between 
,prunus domestica and ,prunus           
insititia4    ,in ,france the           
,mirabelles are accorded second if not  
first place among  plums1 being         
superseded in popularity1 if at all1    
only by the ,reine  ,claudes4 ,they are 
used in the fresh state and as prunes1  
and are freely  made into conserves1    
preserves1 jellies and jams1 being found
 in the  markets in some of these forms 
the year round4 ,they are much used for 
pastry1 their size being such that one  
layer of fruit suffices and is  none too
 deep for a good pie or tart4 ,the      
fermented juice of these plums  is      
somewhat largely used in the making of a
 distilled liquor1 a sort of  plum      
brandy4 ,the dozen or more varieties of 
,mirabelles differ chiefly in  size of  
fruit and in time of maturity4 ,the     
range in size is from half an  inch to  
an inch in diameter and in time of      

ripening in ,france from the  first of  
,august to the first of ,october4       
,the ,red ,mirabelle frequently referred
 to in pomological works is ,prunus     
cerasifera1 and the name is wrongly so  
used1 for if not first applied  to the  
several varieties of ,insititia it now  
by almost universal usage  belongs to   
these plums4 ,the origin of the word1 as
 now commonly used1  dates back over two
 centuries1 being found in the          
pomological treatises  of the           
,seventeenth ,century4 ,the assumption  
is that ,mirabelle is derived  from     
mirable meaning wonderful1 and the name 
was first so used by the  ,french4      
,unfortunately the ,mirabelles are      
hardly known in ,america4 ,these plums  
have so many good qualities of tree and 
fruit that ,american pomology  would be 
greatly enriched if the best ,mirabelle 
varieties were grown in  both home and  
commercial orchards4 ,they should be    
used in cookery much as  are the        
,damsons1 which they surpass for some   

purposes4    ,st4 ,juliens4--,the ,st4  
,julien that the writer has seen in     
,american and  ,european nurseries is   
unmistakably an ,insititia4 ,at one time
 ,st4 ,julien  stocks were used almost  
exclusively in ,new ,york nurseries1 and
 few large  plum orchards are free from 
trees which have through accident to the
 cion  grown from the stock4 ,such trees
 bear fruit so like the ,damson that one
  is warranted in saying that the two   
are identical1 and that ,st4 ,julien is 
but a name used for a ,damson when the  
latter is employed as a stock4 ,the     
fruit is sweetish with a taste identical
 with that of the sweet ,damsons4       
,plum-growers who have had experience   
with plums on several stocks are  almost
 united in the opinion that the ,st4    
,julien is the best of all for  the     
,domesticas1 at least4 ,st4 ,julien     
stocks were formerly imported in  great 
numbers from ,france1 where it is still 
largely grown for ,european  use4 ,the  
name seems to have come in use in       

,france more than a century  ago1 but   
why given or to what particular         
,insititia applied does not  appear4    
,there is1 however1 a distinct variety  
or type of ,insititia used  by the      
,french in producing stocks1 for ,french
 pomologists advise careful  selection  
of mother-plants for the production of  
the young trees by  suckers or layers1  
and caution growers of stocks in no case
 to use seeds  which bring twiggy1 spiny
 and crooked stocks4#gc ,st4 ,julien    
plums are  seemingly nowhere grown at   
present for their fruits4    ,there are 
several ornamental forms of plums which 
are given specific  names by ,european  
horticulturists1 mentioned in the last  
paragraph in the  discussion of the     
,domestica plums1 which some writers    
place1 in part at  least1 with the      
,insititias4 ,these plums are not found 
in ,america and it  is impossible to    
place them with certainty in either of  
the two species  upon the contradictory 
evidence of the ,europeans4      #c4    

,,prunus ,,spinosa ,linnaeus4        #a4
 ,linnaeus ,sp4 ,pl4 #dge4 #agec4 #b4   
,hudson ,fl4 ,anglic4      #ahf4 #aggh4 
#c4 ,ehrhart ,beitr4 ,nat4 #d3af4 #aghi4
 #d4 ,pursh      ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept4       
#a3ccc4 #ahad4 #e4 ,hooker ,fl4 ,bor4   
,am4      #a3afg4 #ahcc4 #f4 ,torrey and
 ,gray ,fl4 ,n4 ,am4 #a3djh4 #ahdj4     
#g4 ,koch1 ,k4 ,dend4 #a3ih4 #ahfi4 #h4 
,ibid4 ,deut4 ,obst4      #adc4 #ahgf4  
#i4 ,de,candolle ,or4 ,cult4 ,pl4 #bab4 
#ahhe4 #aj4 ,schwarz      ,forst4 ,bot4 
#cci4 #ahib4 #aa4 ,koch1 ,w4 ,syn4      
,deut4 und ,schw4      ,fl4 #a3gbf4     
#ahib4 #ab4 ,dippel ,handb4 ,laubh4     
#c3fcg4 #ahic4      #ac4 ,koehne ,deut4 
,dend4 #caf4 #ahic4 #ad4 ,beck von      
,managetta      ,nied4 ,oester4 #hah4   
#ahic4 #ae4 ,bailey ,cyc4 ,am4 ,hort4   
#addg      fig4 #aija4 #af4 ,schneider  
,handb4 ,laubh4 #a3fbh4 #aijf4          
,plant low1 spreading1 much-branched1   
thorny1 shrubby1 seldom      attaining  
the dimensions of a small tree2         
branchlets distinctly      pubescent2   

leaves small1 ovate or oblong-ovate1    
sometimes      obovate1 numerous1 nearly
 glabrous at maturity1 obtuse at the    
apex1 cuneate or rounded at the base1   
margins closely and      finely serrate4
        ,flowers white1 one-third or    
one-half inch in diameter1              
expanding before the leaves2 borne      
singly1 in pairs or      sometimes in   
threes1 in lateral clusters4            
,fruit globose1 usually less than       
one-half inch in diameter1      dark    
blue1 almost black1 with a heavy bloom2 
flesh juicy1 firm1      with an acid1   
austere taste1 scarcely edible for a    
dessert      fruit but making a very    
good conserve2 stone turgid or but      
little flattened1 acute on one edge4    
,european botanists commonly break the  
species into a number of  sub-species1  
as3--,prunus spinosa typica             
,schneider1#gd flower-pedicels  and     
calyx-cup glabrous2 ,prunus spinosa     
praecox ,wim4 and ,grab41#ge  pedicels  
short1 blossoms appearing before the    

leaves2 ,prunus spinosa  sessiliflora   
,beck1#gf with sessile flowers1 possibly
 the same as the  next preceding form2  
,prunus spinosa coatanea ,wim4 and      
,grab4#gg1  blossoming with the leaves  
and with long pedicels2 and ,prunus     
spinosa  dasyphylla ,schur4#gh1         
flower-pedicel and calyx-cup more or    
less hairy4  ,besides these botanical   
sub-divisions there are several         
horticultural  forms as follows3        
,prunus spinosa flore-pleno of the      
nurserymen is a double-flowered form1   
making a beautiful little shrub or small
 tree much planted in gardens in        
,europe and somewhat in ,america4 ,its  
blossoms are pure white1 about half  an 
inch in diameter and not quite double1  
as the stamens form an orange  cluster  
in the center of the flower4 ,the       
flowers are thickly crowded on  short   
spiny branches1 the dark color of which 
forms a striking contrast  to the white 
flower4 ,prunus spinosa purpurea is     
another horticultural  group1 more      

vigorous than the species1 less thorny  
and with larger  foliage4 ,its branches 
are erect1 purplish in color1 striated4 
,the leaves  and petioles are at first  
very pubescent but at maturity glabrous2
 the  upper surface of the leaf is green
 marked with red1 the under a deep      
reddish-violet4 ,the flowers are a pale 
rose4 ,one or two variegated forms  of  
this species are also offered by        
nurserymen4    ,schneider holds#gi      
,prunus fruticans ,weihe#hj and ,prunus 
spinosa  macrocarpa ,wallroth#ha to be  
crosses between ,prunus spinosa and     
,prunus insititia4    ,prunus spinosa1  
the ,blackthorn or ,european ,sloe1 is  
the common wild  plum of temperate      
,europe and the adjoining parts of      
,asia4 ,it is adventive  from ,europe to
 ,america and is now quite naturalized  
along roadsides and  about fields in    
many places in eastern ,united ,states4 
,prunus spinosa  is considered by some  
authors the remote ancestor of the      
,domestica and  ,insititia plums1 but as

 brought out in the discussion of the   
last named  species1 such parentage is  
very doubtful4    ,the ,spinosa plum is 
a common and often pestiferous plant in 
its habitat1  the roots forming such a  
mass that in general it is impossible   
for any  other vegetation to grow in its
 vicinity4 ,the plant is small1         
spreading  and much branched and        
bristles with sharp thorns4 ,the leaves 
are smaller  than those of any of the   
other ,old ,world species1 ovate in     
shape and very  finely serrate4 ,the    
flowers are usually single but sometimes
 in pairs or  threes and are borne in   
such number as to make a dazzling mass  
of white2  comparatively few of these1  
however1 set fruit4 ,the fruit is round 
and  small1 usually less than half an   
inch in diameter1 and1 typically1 so    
black as to have given rise to the old  
saying1 8as black as a sloe40 ,the      
fruits are firm but rather juicy1 with  
an acid1 austere flavor1 which  makes   
them unfit for eating out of hand until 

frost-bitten1 when the  austereness is  
somewhat mitigated4 ,the stone is much  
swollen1 with one  edge acute4          
,european nurserymen now and then offer 
trees of the ,spinosa plum for          
fruit-growing1 sometimes with the       
statement that the fruit is sweet4 ,but 
pomologists do not speak highly of these
 cultivated ,spinosas and hold  that    
they are hardly worth cultivation4 ,the 
wild plums are quite commonly  picked   
for certain markets in ,europe1 however1
 especially those in which  the         
,domesticas and ,insititias are not     
common4 ,with plenty of sugar the       
fruits make a very good conserve4 ,in   
,france the unripe fruit is pickled  as 
a substitute for olives and the juice of
 the ripe fruit is sometimes  used to   
make or adulterate cheap grades of port 
wine4 ,in the country  districts of     
,germany and ,russia the fruit is       
crushed and fermented and  spirit       
distilled from it4    ,the species is   
quite variable within limits1 but since 

the wild fruits  have been used from the
 time of the lake-dwellers of central   
,europe1  without the appearance of     
desirable forms1 the variations are not 
likely to give horticultural varieties  
worth cultivating for table use4  ,the  
variations in the fruit are usually in  
color1 the size and flavor  changing but
 little4 ,several ornamental forms are  
in cultivation1 of  which the chief ones
 have been named4      #d4 ,,prunus     
,,curdica ,fenzl and ,fritsch4          
#a4 ,fenzl and ,fritsch ,sitzb4 ,akad4  
,wien4 ,bd4 ,,ci4 #a3fbg4      #ahib4   
#b4 ,schneider ,handb4 ,laubh4 #a3fbh4  
#aijf4    ,the few herbarium specimens  
that the writer has seen of this species
 from  southeastern ,europe strongly    
resemble ,prunus spinosa but ,schneider 
in  the above reference describing it   
from living specimens says that it      
differs from the species last named as  
follows3 8,lower growth1 about  one-half
 as high1 spreading squarrose           
ramification1 much less thorniness2     

leaves more like domestica1 when young  
hairy on both sides1 later  above nearly
 and underneath more or less glabrous2  
petiole shorter1 not  exceeding one cm42
 blooms later1 nearly with the leaves1  
white1 about  twenty-two mm4 in         
diameter1 borne almost always single in 
this species2  pedicel finely pilose1 in
 ,prunus spinosa almost glabrous2       
stamens  fewer1 about twenty2 fruit blue
 black1 stem longer1 exceeding twelve   
mm40    ,so far as appears from the few 
and scant ,european references to the   
species it has no horticultural value4  
#e4 ,,prunus ,,cocomilia ,tenore4       
#a4 ,tenore ,fl4 ,neap4 ,prodr4 ,suppl4 
#b3fh4 #ahaa4 #b4      ,schneider       
,handb4 ,laubh4 #a3fbh4 #aijf4          
,tree shrub-like1 top thick1 broadly    
ovate2 branches      drooping1 shoots   
short2 branchlets glabrous1 young wood  
olive or reddish-brown4 ,buds small1    
roundish-ovate2 leaves                  
roundish-obovate1 sharply and distinctly
 serrated1 glabrous      or upon the    

ribs on the under side sparsely         
pubescent4      ,flowers usually in     
pairs1 opening before or with the       
leaves1      greenish-white1 pedicels   
about the length of the calyx-cups4     
,fruit yellow1 agreeable4    ,the writer
 has seen only herbarium specimens of   
this plant and has taken  the           
description given from ,european texts4 
,according to ,schneider the  species   
has been divided into two varieties by  
the ,italian botanists4  ,prunus        
cocomilia typica having oblong-ovate    
fruit and ,prunus  cocomilia brutia     
having round fruit4 ,schneider holds    
also that ,prunus  pseudoarmeniaca      
,heldr4 and ,sart4#hb from ,epirus and  
,thessaly is a  variety of ,prunus      
cocomilia differing chiefly in having   
more pointed  leaves and smaller        
oblong-roundish red plums4 ,the same    
author puts in  this species still      
another plum1 a hairy-leaved form from  
,thessaly which  he calls ,prunus       
cocomilia puberula4 ,he places here also

 ,prunus ursina  ,kotschy#hc which      
differs only in minor respects from the 
species1  chiefly in having violet-red  
fruit though ,boissier#hd mentions a    
yellow-fruited plum which he calls      
,prunus ursina flava4 ,the last named   
plums come from ,lebanon and ,north     
,syria4      #f4 ,,prunus ,,cerasifera  
,ehrhart#he    ,illustration3 ,,prunus  
,,cerasifera        #a4 ,ehrhart ,beitr4
 ,nat4 #d3ag4 #aghi4 #b4 ,hooker ,brit4 
,fl4 #bbj4 #ahcj4 #c4 ,koch1 ,k4 ,dend4 
#a3ig4 #ahfi4 #d4 ,koch1      ,w4 ,syn4 
,deut4 und ,schw4 ,fl4 #a3gbg4 #ahib4   
#e4 ,bailey      ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ch3ff4 #ahib4 #f4 ,schneider ,handb4   
,laubh4      #a3fcb4 #ahib4 #g4 ,schwarz
 ,forst4 ,bot4 #cci4 #ahib4 #h4         
,dippel ,handb4 ,laubh4 #a3fcc4 #ahic4  
,p4 domestica myrobalan4 #i4 ,linnaeus  
,sp4 ,pl4 #dge4 #agec4      #aj4        
,seringe ,,dc4 ,prodr4 #b3ech4 #ahbe4   
,p4 myrobalan4 #aa4 ,loisleur ,nouv4    
,duham4 #e3ahd4 #ahab4      #ab4 ,koehne
 ,deut4 ,dend4 #caf4 #ahic4        ,tree

 small or a tree-like shrub1 seldom     
exceeding twenty-five      feet in      
height2 branches upright1 slender1      
twiggy1 unarmed or      sometimes       
thorny2 branchlets soon glabrous1       
becoming yellow or      chestnut-brown2 
lenticels few1 small1 orange in color1  
raised4        ,winter-buds small1      
obtuse1 short-pointed1 pale             
reddish-brown2      leaves small1       
short-ovate1 apex acute1 base cuneate or
 rounded1      thin1 membranaceous1     
texture firm1 light green1 nearly       
glabrous      on both surfaces at       
maturity1 though hairy along the rib on 
the lower surface1 margins finely and   
closely serrate2 petiole      one-half  
or three-quarters of an inch long1      
slender1 usually      glabrous1         
glandless4        ,flowers large1       
three-quarters of an inch in diameter1  
expanding      very early or mostly with
 the leaves2 calyx-lobes lanceolate1    
glandular1 reflexed2 petals white1      
sometimes with a blush1                 

ovate-oblong or orbicular1 the base     
contracted into a claw2      borne      
singly1 sometimes in pairs1 in cymes on 
long1 slender1      glabrous peduncles4 
,fruit small1 one-half inch or a little 
more in diameter1      globular or      
depressed-globular1 cherry-like1 red or 
yellow2      skin thin and tender2 flesh
 soft1 juicy1 sweet and rather          
pleasantly flavored2 stone oval1        
short-pointed at both ends1             
somewhat turgid1 ridged on one suture   
and grooved on the other4    ,prunus    
cerasifera1 the ,cherry plum1 first came
 to notice in pomological  literature as
 the ,myrobalan plum1 a name used as    
early as the last half  of the          
,sixteenth ,century by ,tabern-,montanus
 and given prominence in the  ,rariorum 
,plantarum ,historum1 published by      
,clusius in #afja4 ,why applied  to this
 plum is not known4 ,myrobalan had long 
before been used1 and is  still1 as the 
name of several plum-like fruits of the 
,east ,indies1 not  of the genus        

,prunus1 which are used in tanning1     
dyeing1 ink-making and  embalming4      
,until ,ehrhart gave it the name ,prunus
 cerasifera in #aghi it  was known as   
the ,myrobalan plum by botanists1 some  
of whom1 and nearly  all                
horticulturists1 have continued the use 
of the name until the present  time4    
,not a few of the botanists who have    
used ,myrobalan for this plum have      
called it a botanical variety of ,prunus
 domestica4 ,among these were  ,linnaeus
 and ,seringe4 ,others1 as ,loisleur and
 ,poiteau1 have preferred the  name for 
the species as distinguished by         
,ehrhart4    ,many of the early         
botanists1 as ,tournefort in #agjj1     
,ehrhart in #agja1  ,loudon in #ahjf and
 ,loisleur in #ahab1 gave the origin of 
the ,cerasifera  plums as ,north        
,america1 but upon what authority does  
not appear4 ,on the  other hand many    
,european botanists1 including          
,linnaeus1 gave the habitat  as ,europe 
or ,asia4 ,the supposition that this    

plum came from ,north ,america  hardly  
needs discussion4 ,the plum flora of    
this continent has been well  enough    
studied so that it can be said that no  
plant that could by any  possibility be 
the ,cerasifera plum grows on this side 
of the ,atlantic4  ,neither does it seem
 logical to consider this an off-shoot  
of ,prunus  domestica1 for fruit and    
tree-characters are distinctly          
different1 and  for a member of the     
genus ,prunus are remarkably constant4  
,moreover1 there  is abundant evidence  
to show that this is a distinct species 
and that its  nativity is in the        
,turkish and nearby countries in ,europe
 and ,asia and  that there it has been  
in cultivation for a long time4    ,it  
is very significant that in the old     
herbals and botanies a frequent  name of
 this fruit is 8the ,turkish plum40 ,but
 more specific and almost  conclusive   
proof is that two forms of plums        
belonging to this species are  known to 
come from the ,caucasus region4 ,prunus 

divaricata#hf is now  considered by some
 botanists to be a synonym of ,prunus   
cerasifera and  by others to be a       
botanical variety of the last named     
species4 ,ledebour1  who named it1 found
 it in the ,trans-,caucasian region4 ,it
 differs from the  type only in having  
much divided1 wide-spreading and nearly 
prostrate  branches4 ,the ,pissardi     
plum1 a purple-leaved form of this      
species1  originated in ,persia4 ,a plum
 now growing in the ,arnold ,arboretum  
raised  from seed from ,turkestan1      
presumably from wild stock1 is identical
 with  plants of ,cerasifera of         
,european origin4 ,and1 according to    
,schneider1#hg  this plum is known in   
the wild state in ,caucasus1            
,trans-,caucasus1  northern ,persia and 
,turkestan4    ,the ,cerasifera plums   
are small trees1 usually upright but in 
some forms  with spreading branches     
which are commonly unarmed1 glabrous and
 brownish  in color4 ,the leaves are    
ovate and smaller and thinner and with  

more  finely serrate margin than those  
of the ,domestica plums4 ,it blooms     
prolifically and bears large1 white1    
single or paired flowers1 making  a most
 beautiful tree when in flower4 ,the    
fruit is small1 round1 and  cherry-like1
 from half an inch to an inch in        
diameter1 usually red but  sometimes    
yellow4 ,the flesh is soft1 sweetish or 
sub-acid and poor4 ,the  stone is       
turgid1 smooth and pointed4 ,the species
 is variable in nearly  all             
tree-characters1 and were it not        
surpassed by other plums for its  fruit 
there would undoubtedly be a great      
number of varieties cultivated  for the 
markets4 ,there are1 however1 but few   
cultivated ,cerasiferas1 only  nineteen 
being described in ,the ,plums of ,new  
,york4 ,it is very generally            
distributed wherever plums are grown1   
because of the use to which it has  been
 put as stocks for other species4 ,for  
this purpose it is held in  high esteem 
the world over4 ,in the nurseries of    

,new ,york it is now used  more than any
 other stock and it is common to find it
 fruiting here and  there from plants   
set for or used as stocks4 ,in fact     
practically all  the cultivated         
varieties have arisen as survivals of   
plants meant for  stocks4 ,it is almost 
certain that the ,cerasifera1 or        
,myrobalan1 as it is  universally known 
by horticulturists1 dwarfs the cion and 
that it is not  equally well suited to  
all varieties2 but it does not 8sprout0 
as badly  as some other stocks1 is      
adapted to many soils1 and the young    
trees grow  well and are rapidly budded1
 giving at the start a strong and       
vigorous  orchard tree4    ,the         
,cerasifera plums are handsome trees4   
,the foliage is a fresh and  beautiful  
green and whether covered with a mass of
 flowers or loaded with  red or yellow  
fruit these plums are as handsome as any
 of our cultivated  fruit trees1 and as 
desirable for ornamentals4    ,the      
hardiness1 thriftiness1 freedom from    

disease and adaptability to  soils make 
the species desirable for hybridizing4  
,a number of breeders of  plums have    
made use of it with some indications of 
a promising future1  several interesting
 hybrid offspring of this species being 
described in  ,the ,plums of ,new ,york4
    ,the small number of varieties of   
,cerasifera cultivated for their  fruit 
indicates that but little can be        
expected from this species by           
plum-growers1 since so little has come  
from it in the shape of edible  fruits1 
though it has been under general        
cultivation for over three  hundred     
years1 at least1 as an ornamental and as
 a stock4 ,several  valuable groups of  
ornamentals have arisen from            
,cerasifera1 of which the  following are
 most notable3--    ,in #ahhj ,m4       
,pissard1 gardener to the ,shah of      
,persia1 sent to ,france a              
purple-leaved plum which proved to be a 
form of ,prunus cerasifera4 ,to  this   
plum ,dippel#hh gave the name ,prunus   

cerasifera atropurpurea1  while         
horticulturists very generally call it  
,prunus pissardi4 ,a  close study of the
 purple-leaved plum reveals no character
 in which it  differs from the species  
except in the color of foliage1 flowers 
and  fruit2 the leaves are purple1 as   
are also the calyx and peduncles of the 
flowers1 while the fruit is a dark      
wine-red4 ,these are but horticultural  
characters and do not seem to be of     
sufficient importance to establish  for 
this plant a botanical variety4 ,this   
view is strengthened by the  fact that  
,jack#hi reports that seeds from the    
purple-leaved plum have  produced plants
 which agree in all essential           
particulars with the  species2 while    
,kerr#ij has grown a purple-leaved plum 
from a variety of  ,prunus cerasifera4  
,besides this well-known purple-leaved  
plum nurserymen offer ,prunus  pendula1 
a weeping form2 ,prunus planteriensis1  
bearing double white  and red flowers2  
,prunus acutifolia1 a plum with narrow1 

willow-like  leaves2 ,prunus contorta1  
characterized by twisted1 contorted     
foliage2  ,prunus elegans1 ,prunus      
gigantea1 and a variety with yellow and 
another with variegated leaves1 etc4    
,all of these are probably              
horticultural varieties of ,prunus      
cerasifera though some of them cannot   
be classified with surety4              
,schneider#ia calls ,prunus dasycarpa   
,ehrhart1#ib the ,prunus armeniaca      
dasycarpa of ,borkhausen1#ic a cross    
between ,prunus cerasifera and  ,prunus 
armeniaca1 one of the apricots4      #g4
 ,,prunus ,,monticola ,k4 ,koch         
#a4 ,koch1 ,k4 ,ind4 ,sem4 ,hort4       
,berol4 ,app4 #ahed4 #b4      ,schneider
 ,handb4 ,laubh4 #a3fcb4 #aijf4         
,plant shrub-like1 slender1 upright1    
scarcely thorny1 new wood      more or  
less olive-brown4 ,buds short1 ovate2   
leaves roundish or      cuneiform1 base 
oblong-ovate1 point drawn out1 main     
nerves over      six on both sides1 the 
serrations coarse and uniform in size1  

always glabrous4 ,flowers mostly in     
twos2 borne on long1 slender            
peduncles2 calyx usually glabrous2      
petals white1 odor slight2      stamens 
thirty or more4 ,fruit small1           
roundish-oblong1 red2      stone ovoid1 
pointed at one end1 somewhat turgid4    
,prunus monticola is described by the   
above authors as a shrub-like  plum from
 ,asia ,minor and ,armenia having1 so   
far as can be learned from  ,european   
texts1 little or no horticultural value4
 ,the herbarium specimens  seen by the  
writer indicate that this species is    
closely related to  ,prunus cerasifera4 
,the description of the species is      
abbreviated from  ,schneider4      #h4  
,,prunus ,,triflora ,roxburgh           
,illustration3 ,,prunus ,,triflora      
#a4 ,roxburgh ,hort4 ,bengal #ch4 #ahad4
 #b4 ,ibid4 ,fl4 ,indica      #b3eja4   
#ahbd4 #c4 ,schneider ,handb4 ,laubh4   
#a3fbg4 #ahib4      #d4 ,bailey ,cornell
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fb4 #ahid4 #e4 ,waugh     
,plum      ,cult4 #db4 #aija4        ,p4

 domestica4 #f4 ,maximowicz ,mel4 ,biol4
 #aa3fgh4 #ahhc4        ,p4 hattan      
,tamari4 #g4 ,bailey ,an4 ,hort4 #cj4   
#ahhi4        ,p4 communis4 #h4 ,forbes 
and ,hemsley ,jour4 ,linn4 ,soc4        
#bc3bai4 #ahhf-hh4        ,p4 japonica  
of horticulturists 7not ,p4 japonica of 
,thunberg74        ,tree twenty to      
thirty feet in height1 vigorous2 trunk  
six      to twelve inches in diameter1  
straight2 bark thick1 rough1            
numerous corky elevations especially on 
the branches1      reddish or           
cinnamon-brown1 peach-like2 branches    
long1      upright-spreading1 much      
forked1 brash and often splitting at    
the forks2 branchlets thick1 straight1  
glaucous and glabrous1      at first    
light red1 growing darker the second    
year2 lenticels      few or many1       
usually small but conspicuous1 light in 
color4        ,winter-buds small and    
obtuse1 free or appressed2 leaves borne 
abundantly1 small or of but medium size1
 oblong-obovate1 point      acuminate or

 abrupt1 prominent1 base rounded1 firm1 
thin1      membranaceous1 margins finely
 and closely serrated1 sometimes      in
 two series1 teeth usually glandular2   
upper surface bright      green1        
glabrous1 lower surface dull1 whitish1  
glabrous or      slightly pubescent on  
the veins2 veins pronounced2 petioles   
one-half inch in length1 stoutish1      
tinged with red2 glands few      or     
several1 usually globose1 greenish2     
stipules lanceolate1      very narrow1  
one-half inch long1 caducous4           
,flowers expanding early1 before1 with  
or sometimes after the      leaves1     
first of the plum blossoms to appear1   
very abundant1      three-quarters of an
 inch in diameter2 usually three        
springing      from each flower-bud1    
often in dense clusters on lateral spurs
      and lateral buds on one-year-old  
wood2 calyx-tube green1      glabrous1  
campanulate or obconic2 calyx-lobes     
acute to obtuse      glandular-serrate1 
erect1 glabrous or pubescent2 petals    

white1      oval1 entire or crenate1    
with a short claw or tip2 stamens       
about twenty-five1 shorter than the     
petals2 anthers yellow1      sometimes  
tinged with red2 pistils glabrous1      
longer than the      stamens2 pedicels  
one-half inch long1 slender4            
,fruit varying greatly in season1 from  
very early to late2      large1 from one
 to two inches in diameter1 globular1   
heart-shaped or often somewhat conical2 
cavity deep2 apex      conspicuously    
pointed2 suture usually prominent2 color
 varies      greatly but usually a      
bright red or yellow1 never blue or     
purple1 lustrous1 with little or no     
bloom2 dots small1      numerous1       
usually conspicuous2 skin thin1 tough1  
astringent2      stem one-half inch in  
length2 flesh red or more often yellow1 
firm1 fibrous1 juicy2 quality variable1 
of distinct flavor1      usually good2  
stone clinging tenaciously or nearly    
free1 small1      rough or lightly      
pitted1 oval to ovate1 one edge grooved1

 the      other ridged4    ,a study of  
the botanical characters of the many    
,triflora plums under  cultivation fails
 to show any lines of cleavage whereby  
the species can  be divided4 ,of plums  
commonly grown in ,america it is not    
very closely  related to any unless it  
be ,prunus simonii4 ,there are several  
plums  from eastern and central ,asia   
with which we are not at all familiar in
  ,america that may show relationship   
with ,prunus triflora1 chief of which   
are ,prunus ichangana ,schneider1#id    
,prunus thibetica ,franchet#ie and      
,prunus bokhariensis ,royle1#if the last
 a cultivated plum from northern        
,india4 ,these1 in herbarium specimens1 
have some characters reminding one  of  
,prunus triflora1 others of ,prunus     
domestica and still others1 of  ,prunus 
cerasifera4    ,the ,triflora1 or       
,japanese1#ig plums are now cultivated  
in all parts of  the world where plums  
are grown2 yet outside of ,japan and    
,china they  have been grown for their  

fruit less than half a century4 ,despite
 the  fact that these plums have been   
grown in ,asia for several centuries the
  wild form is not known4 ,indeed1 there
 are doubts in the minds of some as  to 
whether it constitutes a distinct       
species1 ,maximowicz1 an authority  on  
the flora of ,japan1 among others1      
holding that it is but a form of        
,prunus domestica4 ,roxburgh in naming  
it gave but little definite  information
 in regard to the species1 but the      
herbarium specimens of  his in the ,kew 
,herbarium are readily identified as    
identical with our  ,japanese plums4#ih 
,the confusion between ,prunus triflora 
and ,prunus  domestica seems needless1  
as the points of difference between     
these two  species are several and very 
distinct and constant1 the resemblances 
between ,prunus triflora and some of the
 ,american species being much  closer4  
,so1 too1 the effort1 sometimes made1 to
 make more than one  species out of     
,prunus triflora is straining a point1  

for though the  types under cultivation 
vary considerably yet the variations are
 not  greater than between varieties of 
other species of the genus ,prunus4     
,prunus triflora is almost certainly a  
native of ,china4 ,according to         
,georgeson and ,sargent1 who have made  
extensive botanical explorations in  the
 forests of ,japan1 there are no        
indigenous plum trees in that country4  
,dr4 ,k4 ,miyake1 botanist at the       
,agricultural ,college of the ,imperial 
,university1 ,tokyo1 ,japan1 writes to  
this ,station1#ii that ,prunus  triflora
 does not grow wild in ,japan but was   
introduced there from ,china  from two  
to four hundred years ago4              
,bretschneider#ajj in his treatise  on  
,the ,study and ,value of ,chinese      
,botanical ,works says that the plum    
has been cultivated from ancient times  
in ,china and this indicates that  the  
original habitat was in that country4   
,mr4 ,f4 ,n4 ,meyer1 ,agricultural      
,explorer for the ,united ,states       

,department of ,agriculture1 who has    
made  extensive agricultural            
explorations in ,china1 writes#aja that 
he has  seen many trees of ,prunus      
triflora cultivated in the ,chekiang    
,province  and also about ,canton but   
that he had not found the species       
growing wild4  ,roxburgh says#ajb that  
the shrub had been 8received from ,china
 into  our gardens in ,bengal40 ,forbes 
and ,hemsley#ajc state that varieties of
  this plum are cultivated in ,china and
 that it occurs in the wild state  in   
the mountains near ,peking as well as on
 the ,tsunglin range in ,shensi  and    
,kansu4 ,these writers are1 however1    
uncertain as to where it is truly       
indigenous4    ,while the above and     
practically all evidence points to      
,china as the  original home of ,prunus 
triflora it is likely that the habitat  
of the  species cannot be accurately    
determined until western and            
southwestern  ,china have been explored 
by botanists1 these regions as yet being

 almost  unknown to foreign scientists4 
,notwithstanding the illustrious work of
 ,kaempfer1 ,thunberg1 ,siebold and     
,fortune in sending to ,europe the      
choicest plants of ,japan and ,china1   
,prunus triflora seems to have reached  
the ,old ,world through ,america  at a  
very recent date4 ,at least the species 
was not cultivated for its  fruit in    
,europe until introduced from the       
,united ,states as ,japanese  plums1 and
 even yet they are but barely known in  
,european orchards4  ,the species was   
introduced into this country from ,japan
 about #ahgj by a  ,mr4 ,hough of       
,vacaville1 ,california4 ,according to  
,bailey1#ajd who has  given much        
attention to these plums1 ,mr4 ,hough   
obtained his trees from  a ,mr4         
,bridges1 ,united ,states ,consul to    
,japan4 ,john ,kelsey1 ,berkeley1       
,california1 produced the first ripe    
fruit of the ,triflora plums in         
,america in #ahgf and #ahgg1 and        
impressed by their value began          

recommending  them4 ,owing to ,mr4      
,kelsey's efforts the propagation of    
these plums was  begun on a large scale 
about #ahhc by ,w4 ,p4 ,hammon  ,co41 of
 ,oakland1  who commemorated ,mr4       
,kelsey's labors by naming the plum     
after him4  ,the success of the ,kelsey 
started the importation and origination 
of  varieties and a veritable boom in   
,japanese plums was soon under way4     
,this fruit is a most valuable addition 
to our pomology1 no less than           
ninety-two varieties now being under    
cultivation in ,america4 ,at first it   
was thought desirable only for the      
southern states1 but it proved to be    
nearly as hardy as the ,domestica plums 
in the northern states and was  soon    
widely distributed north and south4     
,beyond question it has suffered  from  
over-praise1 which has led to           
over-planting4 ,as was of necessity the 
case1 many untested and worthless       
varieties were offered fruit-growers1   
and these1 with the failure of some of  

the extravagant claims for the  really  
meritorious varieties1 have given the   
,triflora plums a bad  reputation with  
many fruit-growers4 ,now we have        
cultivated plums of this  species for   
forty years and there has been time for 
the excitement of  their discovery and  
the consequent reaction to abate making 
it possible  to arrive more nearly at   
their true place in pomology4    ,the   
plums of this species possess several   
striking features that commend  them to 
fruit-growers4 ,undoubtedly the most    
valuable attribute of the  ,triflora    
plums as cultivated fruits is their wide
 range of adaptability4  ,all must admit
 that this group of varieties is less   
valuable than the  ,domestica varieties 
where both succeed1 but the ,triflora   
plums are  adapted to a much wider range
 of country and of conditions than the  
,domesticas4 ,but even where both types 
of plums succeed the newer plum         
introduces several very desirable       
features quite aside from additional    

variety which the many distinct sorts   
furnish4 ,thus1 as a species1 the       
,trifloras are more vigorous1           
productive1 earlier in coming in bearing
  and more free from diseases1          
especially black-knot and leaf-blight1  
than  the ,domestica plums4 ,the        
,trifloras are also less subject to     
curculio  than most of the native and   
,european species4 ,they keep longer and
 ship  as well as the better known      
,europeans4 ,as compared with native    
varieties  the plums from ,japan are    
larger1 handsomer and better flavored   
and keep  and ship better4 ,some        
disadvantages are that they blossom so  
early as to  be often caught by spring  
frosts2 they are quite subject to       
brown-rot2  for most part they are      
tenacious clingstones2 the species1 all 
in all1 is  less hardy to cold than the 
,domestica plums2 lastly1 they are      
inferior  in quality to the varieties   
from ,europe4 ,the last fault is so     
serious  that1 though the average for   

the ,triflora plums is high1 making them
  unquestionably more desirable         
inhabitants of the orchard than any of  
the  native species1 they cannot compete
 with the ,domesticas where the two     
types can be equally well grown4    ,the
 botanical differences between these    
,asiatic plums and those from  ,europe  
and ,america are most interesting4 ,in  
#ahei ,asa ,gray called  attention to   
the striking resemblances between the   
east coast floras of  ,asia and         
,america4 ,the ,triflora plum is one of 
the plants which furnishes  substantial 
evidence of this similarity and of the  
dissimilarity of the  east and west     
coast floras of the two hemispheres4 ,in
 general aspect  the trees of the       
,triflora plums in summer or winter are 
much more like  those of the ,american  
species than like those from ,europe or 
,west ,asia2  so1 too1 the fruits are   
more alike in appearance and in quality1
 and the  peach-like foliage of the     
,trifloras might easily be mistaken for 

that  of some of our varieties of       
,hortulana or ,munsoniana4 ,in the      
manner in  which the buds are borne and 
in vernation the resemblance of the     
,oriental  species to the ,americanas1  
,hortulanas and ,munsonianas is again   
most  striking4 ,in ,asiatic and        
,american species the buds are borne in 
twos  and threes1 while in the ,european
 species they are more often single or  
double4    ,the importance of this      
similarity of the ,triflora plums to the
 most  common ,american species is seen 
when ,gray's reason for the likenesses  
between the two floras is considered4   
,this1 briefly1 is that similar  types  
of post-glacial plants should persist in
 areas having like  geographical        
positions and like climates2 hence      
east-coast plants in one  hemisphere    
should be expected to be similar to     
those of the east coast  of the other   
hemisphere and the same with the west   
coast4 ,triflora plums  are near of kin 
to ,american plums1 then1 because they  

have been evolved  under similar        
conditions4 ,this is a reason why these 
plums from ,japan are  adapted to so    
wide a range of country in ,america1 and
 why1 too1 they are  so free from the   
fungus troubles which attack ,european  
plums1 but from  which ,american plums  
suffer but little4    ,as might be      
expected from their nearness of kin the 
,triflora plums  hybridize readily with 
the ,american species and especially    
with the  ,hortulanas and ,munsonianas1 
the species they most resemble4         
,unfortunately  an amalgamation of the  
,oriental plums with the ,americanas is 
not so  easily accomplished and that    
with the ,domesticas is still more      
difficult4  ,hybrids with ,prunus       
simonii are easily made and the progeny 
as a rule  have much merit4 ,hybrids of 
the ,trifloras with our native species  
give  most promising results1 a number  
of them being described in ,the ,plums  
of  ,new ,york4 ,the fact that the      
,trifloras have been cultivated for     

several  centuries1 at least1 means in  
their hybridization with ,american      
species  that there is an amalgamation  
of domesticated characters with the     
similar  but wilder characters of our   
native species4    ,it has been very    
difficult to establish a satisfactory   
nomenclature for  the ,triflora plums   
now grown in ,america4 ,in spite of the 
excellent work  of ,berckmans1#aje      
,bailey#ajf and ,waugh1#ajg in bringing 
order out of  what was at one time utter
 confusion1 there is still a great deal 
of  uncertainty as to the identification
 of some varieties4 ,the confusion      
began with the first extensive          
importation of these plums from ,japan  
when  names which the ,japanese applied 
to classes or groups or the localities  
from which the plums came were made to  
apply in ,america to definite           
varieties4 ,many of the names under     
which the plums were imported have  had 
to be dropped and the varieties boldly  
renamed4 ,another source of  confusion  

has been that these1 of all plums1 seem 
most variable under  changed conditions4
 ,local environment in many instances in
 ,america  changes somewhat the habit   
and appearance of varieties1 making it  
difficult to decide whether two or more 
specimens of the same sort from         
different localities are identical      
varieties or distinct4 ,curiously       
enough1 too1 the trees of some varieties
 of plums seem to bear unlike  fruit in 
different years1 especially in the      
matter of time of ripening2  that is1   
trees of some varieties do not always   
ripen their fruit in the  same sequence1
 being earlier than another variety one 
year and possibly  later the next4 ,all 
fruits are more or less variable in this
 respect1  but the ,triflora plums are  
remarkably so1 a fact that has added to 
the  confusion in their nomenclature1   
since it adds to the difficulty of      
identifying varieties4    ,the          
cultivated varieties of ,prunus triflora
 are also very diverse as  regards      

tree-characters1 especially as to vigor1
 hardiness and time of  maturity of the 
fruit4 ,the differences seem to be      
horticultural or those  that come from  
cultivation1 rather than botanical4     
,indeed1 it seems  impossible to place  
the numerous varieties in horticultural 
groups that  are marked with any great  
degree of definiteness4 ,a distinction  
of groups  based on color is sometimes  
made1 but the one character is          
insufficient  to have classificatory    
value4 ,in ,japan1 according to         
,georgeson1 a  division of the species  
is made with shape as the line of       
division4 ,he  says#ajh 8,the round     
plums are designated by the term        
botankio1 while  those of an oval or    
pointed shape are called hattankio40    
,the varieties  are sometimes loosely   
grouped into yellow and red-fleshed     
sorts4 ,a  serviceable classification   
would have to be founded on several or a
  considerable number of characters4    
,such a classification at present is    

impossible4      #i4 ,,prunus ,,simonii 
,carrire        #a4 ,carrire ,rev4      
,hort4 #aaa4 #ahgb4aji        ,tree     
small1 of medium vigor1 upright1 dense1 
hardy except in      exposed locations1 
unproductive2 branches stocky1 long1    
rough1      thickly strewn with small   
lenticels2 branchlets slender1 long1    
with internodes of medium length1       
reddish1 glabrous2 leaf-buds            
intermediate in size1 short1 obtuse1    
free4        ,leaves folded upward1     
oblong-lanceolate to obovate1           
peach-like1      narrow1 long1 of medium
 thickness2 upper surface dark green1   
smooth1 shining1 lower surface pale     
green1 not pubescent1 with              
prominent midrib2 margin slightly       
crenate2 petiole short1      thick1     
faintly tinged red1 often with four     
large globose glands      on the stalk4 
,flower-buds numerous on one-year wood  
although found on spurs      on the     
older wood2 flowers appearing very      
early1 semi-hardy1      small1          

pinkish-white2 borne singly or in pairs1
 often defective      in pollen4        
,fruit maturing early2 one and          
three-quarters by two and               
one-quarter inches in size1 strongly    
oblate1 compressed2      cavity deep1   
wide1 flaring1 regular1 often slightly  
russeted2      suture variable in depth1
 frequently swollen near the apex       
which is flattened or strongly          
depressed2 dark red or                  
purplish-red1 overspread with waxy      
bloom2 dots numerous1      small1 dark  
colored1 with russet center1            
inconspicuous2 stem      thick1         
characteristically short being often    
one-quarter inch      long2 skin of     
medium thickness1 tough1 bitter1        
adhering to the      pulp2 flesh rich   
yellow1 medium juicy1 tough1 firm1 very 
mild      sub-acid with a peculiar      
aromatic flavor2 of fair quality2       
stone clinging1 about seven-eighths inch
 in diameter1 roundish1      flattened  
to rather turgid1 truncate at the base1 

tapering      abruptly to a short point 
at the apex1 with characteristic        
rough surfaces2 ventral suture narrow1  
acute or with distinct      wing2 dorsal
 suture very blunt or acute1 not        
grooved4    ,all that is known of the   
history and habitat of this species is  
that it  came from ,china in #ahfg      
having been sent to the ,paris ,museum  
of ,natural  ,history by ,eugene ,simon1
 a ,french consul in ,china4 ,the       
spontaneous form  has not as yet been   
found4 ,the general aspect of the tree  
is more that  of the peach than the plum
 and the drupes are as much like        
apricots or  nectarines as plums but    
when all characters are considered the  
fruit can  better be classed with the   
plums than with any of the other        
stone-fruits  named4    ,prunus simonii 
has been widely grown in ,america both  
for its fruits  and as an ornamental1   
but it cannot be said that it has become
 popular  for either purpose and only   
one variety of the species is now under 

cultivation4 ,as a food product the     
plums lack palatability and as          
ornamentals the trees are subject to too
 many pests4 ,prunus simonii  has been  
successfully hybridized with ,prunus    
triflora and as secondary  crosses its  
blood has been mingled with that of some
 of the native  species as well4 ,most  
of its hybrid offspring have more value 
than the  parent1 nearly all of them    
lacking its disagreeable taste4         
,according to  an article published in  
,revue ,horticole#aaj a new form of the 
,prunus  simonii was produced in #ahij  
from a bud sport1 the fruit of which is 
elongated1 a little cordate1 slightly   
unequal1 and grooved on one side4  ,so  
far as can be learned this sport has no 
very decided merits as a  horticultural 
plant4      #aj4 ,,prunus ,,americana   
,marshall    ,illustration3 ,,prunus    
,,americana        #a4 ,marshall ,arb4  
,am4 #aaa4 #aghe4 #b4 ,eaton and ,wright
 ,n4      ,am4 ,bot4 #cgg4 #ahdj4 #c4   
,torrey and ,gray ,fl4 ,n4 ,am4 #a3djg4 

#ahdj 7in part74 #d4 ,torrey ,fl4 ,n4   
,y4 #a3aid4 #ahdc 7in      part74 #e4   
,emerson ,trees of ,mass4 #ddi4 #ahdf4  
#f4 ,nuttall      ,silva #b3ai4 #ahdf4  
#g4 ,darlington ,fl4 ,cest4 ,ed4 #c3gb4 
#ahec4 #h4 ,torrey ,pac4 ,r4 ,rpt4      
#d3hb4 #ahed4 #i4 ,curtis      ,rpt4    
,geol4 ,surv4 ,n4 ,c4 #ef4 #ahfj4 #aj4  
,ridgway ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4      ,nat4 ,mus4
 #fe4 #ahhb4 #aa4 ,sargent #ajth ,cen4  
,u4 ,s4 #i3fe4      #ahhc 7in part74    
#ab4 ,watson and ,coulter ,gray's ,man4 
,ed4      #f3aea4 #ahhi 7in part74 #ac4 
,coulter ,cont4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,herb4    
#b3ajb4 #ahia4 #ad4 ,sargent ,silva ,n4 
,am4 #d3ai1 ,pl4 #aej4      #ahib4 #ae4 
,rydberg ,cont4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,herb4    
#c3aef4 #ahie4      #af4 ,ibid4 #c3did4 
#ahif4 #ag4 ,waugh ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4     
#ec3ei4 #ahif4 #ah4 ,ibid4 ,vt4 ,sta4   
,an4 ,rpt4 #aj3ajj4      #ahif-g4 #ai4  
,chapman ,fl4 ,sou4 ,u4 ,s4 #acj4 #ahig4
 #bj4 ,bailey      ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fr4 #ahb1
 fig4 #ahih4 #ba4 ,waugh ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4
 ,rpt4      #ab3bca4 #ahii4 #bb4 ,mohr  

,cont4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,herb4 #f3eea4     
#aija4 #bc4 ,bailey ,cyc4 ,am4 ,hort4   
#addh fig4 #aija4 #bd4      ,rydberg    
,fl4 of ,colo4 #aic4 #aijf4        ,tree
 attaining a height of thirty feet1 slow
 but strong in      growth1 often       
shrubby2 trunk thick1 sometimes a foot  
in      diameter1 short1 bearing the    
head at three to five feet2 bark        
one-half inch thick1 dark grayish-brown1
 outer surface rough1      shaggy with  
large scales1 with age becoming         
smoother1 giving      a characteristic  
aspect2 branches spreading1 crooked1    
long1      rigid1 but often pendulous at
 the extremities1 more or less          
thorny1 with lateral1 spinescent        
branchlets2 branchlets light      green1
 usually glabrous1 sometimes much or    
little tomentose1      at first becoming
 brownish and later tinged with red2    
lenticels      numerous1 large and      
distinct4        ,winter-buds medium in 
size1 short1 acute1 appressed1          
reddish-brown2 leaves large1 obovate1   

oblong-obovate1 or oval1      acuminate 
at the apex and usually rounded at the  
base1 thin and      firm in texture1    
becoming somewhat coriaceous2 margins   
sharply      serrate1 almost incised1   
often doubly serrate1 the coarse and    
double serrations characteristic2 teeth 
not glandular2 upper      surface more  
or less roughened1 light green1 the     
lower one      glabrous or slightly     
hairy1 sometimes pubescent1 coarsely    
veined1 the midrib grooved on the upper 
side2 petioles slender1      two-thirds 
inch in length1 usually glandless2      
stipules long1      sometimes           
three-lobed1 falling early4             
,flowers expanding after the leaves1    
large1 an inch in diameter1      borne  
in lateral umbels1 two to five-flowered1
 mostly on      one-year-old wood2      
pedicels one-half inch long1 slender1   
usually glabrous2 calyx-tube obconic1   
entire1 glandular1      reddish on the  
outer1 green on the inner surface1      
glabrous2      calyx-lobes acuminate1   

glabrous on the outer and pubescent     
on the inner surface1 reflexed2 petals  
white1 sometimes with      bright red at
 the base1 rounded and often lanciniate 
at the      apex1 contracted into a     
long1 narrow claw at the base2 stamens  
about thirty in number1 as long as the  
petals2 anthers small1      yellow2     
pistils glabrous1 slender1 as long as   
the stamens2      stigma thick and      
truncate2 anthers and pistils often     
defective2      when in full flower     
emitting a disagreeable odor4           
,fruit very variable in ripening period2
 globose1 sub-globose1      conical1    
oval1 or sometimes oblique-truncate1    
usually more      than an inch in       
diameter1 red or rarely yellowish1      
mostly      dull1 with or without bloom2
 dots pale1 numerous1 more or less      
conspicuous2 cavity shallow or almost   
lacking2 suture a line2      skin thick1
 tough1 usually astringent2 flesh       
golden-yellow1      juicy1 meaty1       
fibrous1 sweetish1 acid and poor but    

often good      to very good2 stone     
clinging or free1 turgid or flattened1  
the      apex pointed1 ridged on the    
ventral and slightly grooved on the     
dorsal suture1 surfaces smooth4    ,as  
,prunus americana is more carefully     
studied throughout the great  territory 
it inhabits1 undoubtedly one or more    
sub-species will be  described4 ,the    
plums of this species in the            
,mississippi ,valley are  distinguished 
from the eastern and typical form by    
fruits having a length  greater than the
 diameter1 by a somewhat different      
aspect of tree and by  flatter seeds    
which are usually conspicuously longer  
than broad4 ,all of  the cultivated     
varieties come from the western form4   
,the plant of ,prunus  americana in the 
dry plain regions in ,kansas and        
,nebraska becomes  shrubby in character 
while on the alluvial bottom lands along
 the streams  in this region it retains 
the character of a tree4 ,in the        
southern limit  of its range1 the leaves

 of this species are more or less       
pubescent on  the lower surface4 ,as the
 species occurs throughout western ,new 
,mexico1  ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,wyoming1   
,montana and ,manitoba1 it differs      
enough1  possibly1 from the eastern     
types to be considered a sub-species1   
having  a wholly different aspect of    
tree1 silvery and somewhat scurfy twigs1
  smaller1 thinner and lighter colored  
leaves and smaller fruits with more     
roundish stones4    ,prunus americana is
 the predominating native plum4 ,it is  
the most  widely distributed1 is most   
abundant in individual specimens and has
  yielded the largest number of         
horticultural varieties of any of the   
native species4 ,because of its         
prominence and comparatively high degree
  of permanency of characters it may    
well be considered the type from  which 
has sprung not only its botanical       
varieties but several other of  the     
,american species4 ,its variability1    
too1 is shown in its many diverse       

horticultural varieties1 and of its     
adaptability it may be said that  it    
flourishes on nearly all soils and      
exposures1 and is found wild or         
cultivated from ,maine to ,florida and  
northward from ,mexico along the        
eastern slope of the ,rocky ,mountains  
well into ,canada4 ,the species was     
well named by ,marshall 8,americana40   
,this plum has not played nearly as     
important a part in the pomology of     
,america as its merits would warrant4   
,it seems to have made an impression    
almost from the first upon the          
,europeans who settled ,america1 for it 
is  mentioned in nearly all the early   
records of the food products of the     
newly found land1 yet its cultivation   
can hardly be said to have begun  until 
the last half of the ,nineteenth        
,century4 ,but the early descriptions   
of this and other native plums by the   
colonial explorers1 naturalists  and    
botanists1 show but little interest in  
these fruits as subjects for            

cultivation1 and seem to contain almost 
no prophecies as to the possible        
development of a new orchard plant from 
them4 ,it is probable that the          
,damsons1 which were early introduced in
 ,america1 and the ,domesticas1  which  
came at least before the ,revolution1   
proved so adaptable to the  part of the 
,new ,world in which the colonies were  
planted that this1 even  though the best
 of the wild plums1 offered small reward
 in comparison4    ,it is certain1      
however1 that from the very first1      
,americana plums were  much used by the 
early settlers as wild fruits1 for the  
histories of all  the colonies and      
states in which plums are found contain 
innumerable  references to wild plums1  
usually with some expression showing    
that they  were considered makeshifts   
until the ,european plums could be      
grown4 ,long  before white men came to  
,america the possessors of the continent
 knew  and esteemed these fruits of the 
woods4 ,according to some of the early  

writers wild plums of this species1     
since found where the ,americanas are   
dominant1 were planted and rudely       
cultivated by the natives4#aaa ,it is   
likely1 however1 that these ,indian     
orchards were more often the result  of 
seeds dropped about camping places and  
towns rather than regularly  planted    
orchards4 ,it is not improbable that the
 wide distribution of this  species in  
the ,mississippi ,valley and the country
 about and beyond the  ,great ,lakes is 
due somewhat to the hand of the ,indian1
 of the voyageur  and of the missionary 
of the ,french regime4    ,the common   
names under which this plum passes in   
the states where it is  found as a wild 
fruit are indicative of the knowledge   
possessed of it  by the people4 ,the    
,americana is nearly always the wild    
plum of eastern  ,america4 ,it shares   
with several other species the names in 
various parts  of the country of ,red   
,plum1 ,yellow ,plum1 the ,horse and the
 ,hog ,plum4 ,in  ,iowa this is most    

often the 8native plum20 in ,indiana it 
is the ,goose  plum2 in ,georgia1 the   
,august plum1 while in the states       
bordering on the  ,gulf it is often     
called the ,sloe4    ,the domestication 
of ,americana plums is due to the fact  
that the plums  of ,europe will not     
thrive in the ,mississippi ,valley1 the 
prairie states1  nor1 for the most part1
 in the ,south4 ,the ,european species  
are tender  both to cold and heat in    
these regions and they are attacked by  
those  scourges of plum culture1        
black-knot1 leaf-blight and curculio4   
,if1  then1 the people in the ,west and 
,south were to have plums at hand when  
wanted1 the wild species had to be      
brought under cultivation4 ,where the   
two will grow side by side it is        
doubtful if any would choose to grow the
  ,americanas in preference to the      
,europeans or even for the sake of      
variety4    ,the ,americana plum was    
introduced into ,european gardens at an 
early  date1 for references to it are   

found in the pomological works of the   
,eighteenth ,century1 ,duhamel having   
described it in his great work on       
pomology in #agfh1 under the name       
,prunier de ,virginie1 and later        
,poiteau#aab gives a very good          
description of it under the name ,prune 
de  la ,gallissioniere4 ,just how much  
earlier than these dates it was taken   
to the ,old ,world cannot be said1 but  
seeds of it are likely to have been     
taken there by some of the returning    
explorers of early colonial times4  ,the
 important fact is that as a cultivated 
fruit it has made absolutely  no headway
 in competition in ,europe with the     
plums of that continent  though it is to
 be found not infrequently as an        
ornamental4    ,the domestication of    
these plums began less than a century   
ago1 not  through direct efforts in     
breeding them but as the result of the  
selection of the best of the wild or    
chance trees found in many widely       
separated localities4 ,it would be most 

interesting to follow in  detail the    
introduction of variety after variety of
 this species into  cultivation1 giving 
full credit to the men1 many of them    
pioneers in  newly settled countries1   
through whose efforts the amelioration  
of the  species was begun4 ,but space   
forbids1 and the reader who desires to  
trace  more fully the history and the   
evolution of these plums must put       
together  the histories of the two or   
three hundred varieties of ,americanas  
described in the chapters on varieties4 
,are the ,americanas to compete with the
 ,domesticas1 ,insititias and           
,trifloras where all may be grown8 ,it  
is very doubtful or at least not  soon4 
,the ,old ,world plums are so superior1 
speaking generally1 in size1            
appearance1 and flavor1 the qualities   
which appeal to those who eat  plums1   
that the native varieties stand small   
chance for popular favor4  ,their place 
in pomology must long remain the region 
where the older and  more highly        

developed groups of plums cannot be     
grown4 ,though there are  now many times
 more of the ,americana plums under     
cultivation than of the  recently       
introduced ,trifloras1 the latter are   
more popular and are likely  to remain  
so in localities where both can be      
grown4    ,the range of ,prunus         
americana is seemingly increasing1      
making it almost  impossible to give its
 present limits4 ,the boundary line of  
its northern  range passes through      
central ,new ,york to central ,michigan1
 southern  ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota and   
,south ,dakota extending northwestward  
to ,manitoba  and reaching its western  
limit in ,utah4 ,it occurs locally      
southward  through ,colorado to northern
 ,new ,mexico4 ,it is rare in ,oklahoma 
and  does not occur in ,texas1 but is   
represented in ,missouri by a pubescent 
form4 ,east of the ,mississippi ,river  
the typical species occurs in all  of   
the states from central ,new ,york      
southward to northern ,florida4 ,in     

this great territory it is found in many
 diverse soils and exposures  but       
responding in all to good soil and      
congenial environment4 ,in the  wild    
state the ,americana plums are most     
often found along the borders of        
streams and swamps or in bottom lands   
where moisture abounds4 ,sometimes  they
 are found in swamps which may be       
submerged a part of the year4 ,in  spite
 of a predilection for moist lands1     
however1 the wild plants are  not       
infrequently found on comparatively dry 
uplands1 seeming to prefer  soils       
containing considerable lime4 ,the wild 
trees are usually found in  thickets1   
often of considerable extent4    ,under 
cultivation the range is even greater   
than for the wild plant4 ,it  is only in
 localities of extreme heat and cold1   
humidity or aridness1  that some of the 
many ,americanas cannot be made to grow 
under conditions  at all favorable for  
orchards of any of the temperate fruits4
 ,so1 too1  varieties may be found for  

nearly all soils which permit of        
cultivation4  ,this freedom from local  
attachments is one of the chief assets  
of the  species4    ,the ,americana tree
 is commonly small1 often but a bush1   
and usually  with a thick1 thorny top4  
,generally the head attains a height of 
about  fifteen or eighteen feet and     
sometimes it rises to twenty-five or    
thirty  feet1 spreading into many rigid 
branches which are often pendulous at   
the extremities4 ,the species may almost
 always be told by the rough1  shaggy1  
grayish bark1 the large1 thin1          
persistent plates of which give  a very 
characteristic shagginess4 ,in the      
spring the tree is covered  with        
umbelliferous masses of pure white      
flowers and both at this season  and    
later with its ample foliage or showy   
fruit1 the plant is very  ornamental4   
,the leaves are large1 oval or obovate1 
thin1 dull and veiny1  with very jagged 
margins4    ,the fruit is reddish or    
yellowish or a blending of the two with 

the red  varieties predominating4 ,often
 the color is more nearly orange than   
red  or yellow--in fact pure yellow     
fruits cannot be found4 ,wild or        
cultivated  the fruits of the ,americana
 plums vary greatly in season1 size1    
shape  and flavor4 ,in the orchard the  
period of maturity covers a range of    
several weeks1 beginning in ,new ,york  
in ,august and ending in ,october2 in   
the wild1 trees in the same thicket may 
vary as much as three weeks in  ripening
 their fruit4 ,the size of the          
cultivated sorts is from that of  a     
,damson to that of some of the ,gages1  
the shape being roundish-oval1  or quite
 oval1 sometimes oblique and sometimes  
truncate at one or both  ends and often 
more or less compressed4 ,the wild      
fruits usually have  a pleasant flavor  
and this is much improved under         
cultivation so that  when fully ripe the
 flesh of some sorts is sweet and       
luscious1 hardly  surpassed1 if the skin
 be rejected1 by the best ,domesticas4  

,the skin  is usually thick1 coriaceous1
 acerb or astringent1 and altogether    
very  unpleasant1 making with the       
tenaciously clinging stones the chief   
defects of these fruits4 ,in some       
varieties skin and stones are far less  
objectionable than in others4    ,the   
trees of the varieties we have as yet   
are not very manageable in the  orchard4
 ,they make a very slow growth and are  
hard to control1 producing  at maturity 
many leaning trunks which are often     
crooked1 as are also the  branches      
which1 with the unkempt heads1 give an  
impression of waywardness  and wildness4
 ,nearly all of the varieties over-bear 
and unless  thinned the fruits are so   
small as to be hardly worth harvesting2 
not  infrequently trees die from        
over-bearing4 ,a few varieties are      
unfruitful  but usually because of      
defective pollination4 ,nearly all      
sucker badly  on their own roots1 and   
except in cold regions should be grown  
on other  stocks4 ,in general there are 

fewer pests to combat with these than   
with  the ,european plums but yet they  
are far from being exempt and require on
  the grounds of this ,station quite as 
much spraying as do other plums4        
,waugh1 who has given the subject much  
study1 claims that the ,americanas  are 
not very strong sexually1#aac chiefly   
because of defective  reproductive      
organs4 ,he found in extensive          
examinations that #ba4b per ct4  of the 
pistils were defective1 ranging from    
nothing in some varieties  to #ajj per  
ct4 in others4 ,more seldom the anthers 
were defective  and the flowers were    
sometimes proterandrous 7the pollen     
maturing  before the pistil is ready to 
receive it71 and that they were rather  
frequently proterogynous 7the pistils   
receptive before the pollen is  mature74
 ,waugh holds that in planting these    
plums1 provision should be  made for    
cross-pollination1 and recommends as    
sorts most suitable for  inter-planting 
for this purpose1 other varieties of the

 same species4    ,plant-breeders have  
not found that this species hybridizes  
as readily  as most of the other        
cultivated native plums4 ,this is       
chiefly due to  a seeming lack of       
affinity for other species4             
,nevertheless there are  numerous       
,americana hybrids1 and it is likely    
that as the high quality of  the fruit  
and the hardiness of the trees become   
better known they will be  used much    
more for hybridizing4    ,the ,americana
 plums are all hardy and some of the    
varieties can be grown  as far north as 
general agriculture is practiced4       
,these1 with the ,nigras1  will probably
 always be the chief groups for dry1    
cold regions between  the ,great ,lakes 
and the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,they may    
also be relied upon in  the colder parts
 of ,new ,york and ,new ,england4 ,the  
flower-buds as well  as the trees are   
hardy1 having been known to withstand a 
temperature of  forty degrees below     
zero4 ,goff#aad reports that in the     

winter of #ahif-g  the flower-buds of   
,domestica varieties on the grounds of  
the ,wisconsin  ,experiment ,station    
were almost totally destroyed though the
 minimum  temperature recorded was only 
twenty-three degrees below zero1 but the
  flower-buds of ,americana varieties   
were not at all injured4 ,since the     
blossoms open comparatively late there  
is less damage from spring frosts  in   
this than in most other species even of 
the natives4    ,the number of varieties
 of ,americana plums is a testimonial to
 the  merits of the species4 ,there are 
about #bfj varieties of them more or    
less disseminated4 ,there are many      
divergent types of these and since  all 
are far from what may be eventually     
expected from the species the  number of
 varieties will undoubtedly greatly     
increase and in still  other directions4
 ,in the meantime the great majority    
have fallen by the  wayside4 ,the       
weeding-out process seems to be in this 
case the chief agent  of progression4 ,a

 fault with the varieties now before the
 public is that  many of them are so    
similar that a difference can hardly be 
detected4 ,the  elimination of the great
 majority of the varieties of this      
species now in  the catalogs and a much 
more judicious selection of varieties   
for future  dissemination would relieve 
pomology of the burden it now carries in
 the  numerous sorts of ,americanas4    
,,prunus ,,americana ,,mollis#aae       
,torrey and ,gray        #a4 ,torrey and
 ,gray ,fl4 ,n4 ,am4 #a3djg4 #ahdj4 #b4 
,sargent      #ajth ,cen4 ,u4 ,s4 #i3fe4
 #ahhc4 #c4 ,coulter ,cont4 ,u4 ,s4     
,nat4      ,herb4 #b3ajb4 #ahia4 #d4    
,sargent ,sil4 ,n4 ,am4 #d3ai4 #ahib4   
#e4 ,waugh ,bot4 ,gaz4 #bf3ej4 #ahih4   
,p4 americana lanata4 #f4 ,sudworth     
,nom4 ,arb4 ,fl4 ,u4 ,s4 #bcg4          
#ahig4        ,p4 lanata4 #g4 ,mackenzie
 and ,bush ,trans4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,st4    
,louis #ab3hc4 #aijb4    ,prunus        
americana mollis is a western and       
southwestern form of ,prunus  americana1

 the sub-species being distinguished    
from the species by the  amount and     
character of the pubescence on the      
leaves and shoots4 ,the  leaves1        
petioles and shoots of this plum are    
soft-pubescent1 almost  tomentose1 the  
tomentum being pale in color and usually
 very dense2 the  calyx-lobes are       
pubescent on both sides and the pedicels
 are appressed  and densely pubescent4  
,according to ,bailey1 there is a form  
of this  sub-species 8with flowers as   
completely double as those of ,st4      
,peter's  wreath1 or similar spireas40  
,this double-flowering plum we have not 
seen4    ,it is impossible to give the  
range of ,prunus americana mollis as the
  woolly-leaved plum of the west        
gradually passes into the smooth-leaved 
species of the east and the two forms   
are not infrequently mixed in the       
,south and ,southwest2 or possibly it   
would be better to say that they run    
into each other though the extreme forms
 are sufficiently distinct as to  be    

readily mistaken for separate species4  
,it can only be said that it  is to be  
found in the greatest abundance in the  
region extending from  southern ,iowa   
through ,missouri4 ,only two varieties  
of this plum1 ,wolf and  ,van ,buren1   
are in general cultivation1 both of     
which originated in ,iowa4  ,in neither 
fruit nor tree-characters do these      
differ greatly from the  ,americana     
plums4    ,a plum with pubescent leaves 
belonging to the ,americana series      
known locally as the ,big ,tree plum1   
occurs from western ,tennessee1         
south-westward through the extreme      
southern portion of ,missouri1 through  
,arkansas1 southern ,oklahoma1 extending
 westward in central ,texas1 at  least1 
as far as the ,colorado ,river and      
reaching its southwestern limit  in     
northern ,mexico4 ,from specimens of    
this plum in several herbaria and  from 
studies made of it in the field by ,w4  
,f4 ,wight of the ,united ,states       
,department of ,agriculture1 it would   

seem that this plum is a distinct       
species1 its chief distinguishing       
character being the great size attained 
by the tree4 ,so far as it is known the 
,big ,tree has no cultivated forms      
unless it be ,bilona1 supposed to be a  
hybrid between this species and  ,prunus
 triflora1 now growing on the grounds of
 ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey1 ,austin1  ,texas4     
#aa4 ,,prunus ,,hortulana ,bailey#aaf   
,illustration3 ,,prunus ,,hortulana     
#a4 ,bailey ,gar4 and ,for4 #e3ij4      
#ahib4 #b4 ,sargent ,sil4      ,n4 ,am4 
#d3bc1 ,pl4 #aea4 #ahib4 #c4 ,waugh ,vt4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4      #aj3ii-aje4      
#ahig4 #d4 ,mohr ,torrey ,bot4 ,club    
,bul4 #bf3aah4      #ahii4 #e4 ,bailey  
,cyc4 ,am4 ,hort4 #adej1 fig4 #aija4 #f4
 ,mohr      ,cont4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,herb4 
#f3eea4 #aija4        ,p4 americana1    
var48 #g4 ,patterson ,list ,pl4 ,oquawka
 #e4 #ahgd4        ,tree attaining a    
height of thirty feet or more1 vigorous 
in growth2 trunk sometimes a foot in    
diameter2 trunk and      branches rough 

and shaggy becoming furrowed in age2    
bark      gray-brown1 thick and         
containing deposits of red cork cells   
which show as bright red blotches or as 
thick layers when the      bark is      
sectioned1 these deposits1 especially in
 quantity1      characterizing the      
species2 branches very spreading and    
open1      twiggy1 slender1 thorny2     
branchlets light green at first1        
becoming reddish-brown1 glabrous and    
glossy2 lenticels few1      large1 very 
coarse1 raised1 characteristic of the   
species4        ,winter-buds plump1 very
 small1 obtuse1 appressed2 leaves one   
and three-quarters inches wide to five  
inches in length1      long-oval with a 
tapering1 pointed1 acuminate apex1      
peach-like1      base abrupt1 texture   
thin1 becoming leathery1 margins        
serrate1      almost crenate1 sometimes 
in a double series1 glandular2          
upper surface smooth1 glossy1 glabrous2 
lower surface light      green1 almost  
glabrous except on ribs and veins which 

are very      pubescent1 with           
characteristic orange color1 midrib     
grooved      above1 rounded below1 very 
prominent2 petioles slender1 an inch    
in length1 pubescent on the upper side1 
tinged with red2 glands      two to     
eight1 small1 globose1 mostly on the    
petioles4        ,flowers expanding     
after the leaves1 blooming later than   
any      other cultivated plum1         
three-quarters inch across2 odor        
disagreeable2 clusters borne from       
lateral buds on one-year-old      wood  
only1 characterizing the species1 the   
fruit-spurs making      a very long     
growth1 more like branches than the     
spurs of other      species1 two to six 
flowers from a bud2 pedicels            
three-quarters      inch long1 very     
slender1 glabrous2 calyx-tube narrow1   
campanulate1 glabrous1 green2           
calyx-lobes narrow1 acute1              
glandular-serrate1 glands red1 slightly 
pubescent on the inner      side1 erect2
 petals ovate1 slightly crenate1 dentate

 at the      apex1 tapering into long   
narrow claws2 stamens about twenty in   
number1 yellow2 pistils glabrous1 equal 
to or shorter than the      stamens4    
,fruit very late in ripening2 globose1  
oval1 an inch in      diameter2 color   
varying from shades of red to shades of 
yellow2 bloom inconspicuous or lacking2 
dots numerous1 small1      conspicuous2 
suture very shallow or only a line2 skin
 thick1      tough1 astringent2 flesh   
golden-yellow1 juicy1 coarse1 fibrous1  
firm1 flavor mildly sweet1 astringent at
 the pit1 strongly      aromatic2       
quality fair2 stone clinging to the     
flesh1 turgid1      long-oval1 small1   
prolonged at the ends1 the surfaces     
rough and      reticulated4    ,prunus  
hortulana as established by ,bailey1 to 
quote a part of the  original           
description1 8includes a large class of 
plums represented by  ,golden ,beauty1  
,cumberland1 ,garfield1 ,sucker ,state1 
,honey ,drop1 probably  ,wild ,goose and
 others40 ,unfortunately ,bailey later  

added#aag a number  of other plums to   
the group which the above varieties and 
some ten or  fifteen others comprise1   
the additions in themselves constituting
 at  least three somewhat distinct      
groups1 and then to account for this    
omnibus species called it a 8brood of   
natural hybrids40 ,waugh supports       
,bailey's conclusions#aah and divides   
the species into four groups  of        
hybrids--the ,miner group1 the ,wild    
,goose group and the ,schley or         
,clifford group4 ,these1 ,waugh says1   
8form an unbroken series from ,prunus   
americana to ,prunus angustifolia40 ,the
 fourth of ,waugh's groups1             
8comparatively distinct from the others1
 is made up of such varieties  as       
,wayland1 ,moreman1 ,golden ,beauty1    
,reed1 ,leptune1 ,kanawha and others40  
,these plums he designated as the       
8,wayland group40 ,this disposition of  
the  plums under consideration leaves   
,prunus hortulana as the name of only a 
rather loosely related lot of cultivated

 varieties4 ,it is probable that        
neither ,bailey nor ,waugh1 had they    
seen the material now to be had1 would  
have left the species as they did4      
,there is an abundance of herbarium     
material to show that ,prunus  hortulana
 as originally described by ,bailey1    
with the varieties  named as the type1  
leaving out ,wild ,goose1 which is but  
doubtfully  included1 and as represented
 by ,waugh's 8,wayland group10 is to be 
found  wild in ,illinois1 western       
,kentucky1 western ,tennessee1 ,missouri
 and  northern ,arkansas1 ,oklahoma and 
southeastern ,kansas4 ,the writer has   
not seen material from states adjoining 
those named but the species is  probably
 more widely spread than the range given
 indicates4 ,further1  the cultivated   
varieties named by ,bailey as members of
 his species1  to which should be added 
at least ,american ,golden1 ,benson1    
,columbia1  ,crimson ,beauty1 ,dunlap1  
,kanawha1 ,leptune1 ,moreman1 ,reed1    
,wayland and  ,world ,beater1 are so    

similar in all their characters and     
constitute a  group so distinct from any
 other species that it is impossible to 
place  them otherwise than in a distinct
 species4 ,a group of hybrids could     
hardly be so uniform1 and1 moreover1    
these varieties contain characters1     
like late blooming1 late fruiting1      
color1 texture and flavor of fruit1     
leaf-serrations and deposits of red     
cork-cells in the bark1 which other     
native species do not have1 thereby     
shutting out the probability of the     
hybridity theory in which the supposed  
parents are ,prunus americana  and      
,prunus angustifolia4 ,lastly1 and most 
convincing1 varieties of  the species   
come true to seed1 which of course1     
would not be the case  were these plums 
hybrids4 ,from seed borne in #ahic this 
,station has had  six seedlings of      
,world ,beater and four of ,golden      
,beauty attain the age  of sixteen years
 with more or less fruit for thirteen   
successive years4  ,the seedlings could 

hardly be distinguished from the parents
 and showed  no pronounced characters of
 either of the species of which ,prunus 
hortulana has been supposed to be the   
hybrid offspring4    ,of the sixteen    
varieties named as certainly belonging  
to this species1  ten came from wild    
plants or seeds4 ,two of the remainder  
came from  planted seeds and the origin 
of the remaining four is not known4 ,one
 of  the varieties from the wild1       
,golden ,beauty1 if its history as      
commonly  given is correct1 came from   
the ,colorado ,river in western ,texas4 
,the  ,golden ,beauty now under         
cultivation almost certainly belongs to 
,prunus  hortulana1 though it differs   
somewhat from other varieties of the    
group1  but how it could have come from 
the wild in western ,texas1 so far from 
the usual range of the species1 is at   
present unexplainable4 ,this and  other 
idiosyncrasies of distribution were     
reasons given by ,bailey and  ,waugh for
 calling this species a group of        

hybrids4 ,a careful study of  localities
 from which all other ,hortulana        
varieties than ,golden ,beauty  have    
come shows them to be well within the   
range of ,prunus hortulana4  ,the fact  
that ,golden ,beauty is perfectly hardy 
at ,geneva1 and according  to ,waugh    
fairly so at ,burlington1 ,vermont1     
suggests either that what we  have as   
,golden ,beauty did not originate in    
south central ,texas or that  the plant 
from which it came must have been       
introduced there within  comparatively  
recent times4    ,prunus hortulana gives
 to ,american pomology a very distinct  
and  valuable group of plums which      
fortunately are adapted to a wide range 
of conditions1 especially of climate4   
,the ,hortulanas are particularly  well 
suited to the ,mississippi ,valley and  
southern states and fruit well  as far  
north and east as ,new ,york4 ,the      
product of ,wayland1 ,kanawha and       
,golden ,beauty1 best known of the plums
 under discussion1 is especially        

suitable for preserves1 spicing and     
jelly1 being unsurpassed by any other   
of our plums excepting the ,damsons for 
these purposes4 ,they are quite  too    
acid and the flesh clings too           
tenaciously to the stone for dessert    
plums or even for ordinary culinary     
purposes4 ,these plums1 having firm     
flesh and tough skins1 ship and keep    
splendidly and since they are the       
latest of the native plums in ripening1 
extend the season for this fruit  very  
materially4 ,the ,wayland-like plums    
make very good stocks upon which  may be
 grafted not only the varieties of the  
same species but those of  the other    
native species as well4 ,a point of     
especial merit with these  plums as     
stocks is that they do not sucker as do 
most other species4  ,unfortunately they
 cannot be propagated from cuttings and 
the difficulty  of obtaining seed at    
present precludes their use very        
generally4 ,the  ,hortulana plums       
hybridize freely with other native      

species and their  hybrids are such as  
to commend this species very highly to  
plum-breeders  for hybridization4       
,waugh#aai has given the name ,prunus   
hortulana robusta to a group of  hybrid 
plums of which ,prunus triflora and     
various native varieties are  the       
parents4 ,for most part these hybrids   
resemble the ,american more than  the   
,asiatic parent4 ,since these plums     
differ so among themselves it is        
doubtful if more can be said as to the  
characters of ,waugh's group than  to   
mention the above resemblance4 ,some    
thirty or more varieties fall into  this
 group of which ,america1 ,golden1      
,juicy1 ,ruby1 ,waugh and ,gonzales are 
chief4      ,,prunus ,,hortulana        
,,mineri ,bailey    ,illustration3      
,,prunus ,,hortulana ,,mineri        #a4
 ,bailey ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3bc1   
#ahib4 #b4 ,waugh ,vt4      ,sta4 ,an4  
,rpt4 #aj3ajc4 #ahig4 #c4 ,britton and  
,brown #b3bdg1      #ahig4    ,it is    
impossible from present knowledge to say

 certainly whether the  ,miner-like     
plums put by ,bailey into a botanical   
sub-division of ,prunus  hortulana are  
extreme variations of the species or1 as
 ,bailey in his  last accounts and      
,waugh at all times have supposed1 are  
hybrids between  ,prunus hortulana and  
,prunus americana4 ,it is certain that  
all of  these plums are intermediate in 
some characters between the two species 
named2 neither botanists nor pomologists
 can agree as to whether certain        
varieties belong to the one or the other
 botanical division4 ,there are1        
however1 in several herbaria1 specimens 
from the wild1 and from different       
localities1 that indicate that there is 
a distinct plum toward the  northern    
limit of the range of ,prunus hortulana 
which1 if a natural  hybrid1 is of so   
ancient hybridity that the plants now   
come measurably  true to type4 ,the     
chief representatives of the ,miner-like
 plums under  cultivation1 as ,miner1   
,forest ,rose1 ,prairie ,flower and     

,clinton1 are so  like these wild plums 
as to lead the writer to believe that   
,bailey's  botanical sub-division is    
justified and is worth continuing even  
though  a considerable number of the    
varieties now put with ,miner1 most of  
which  have originated under            
cultivation1 are hybrids and that the   
wild plums  may have come from natural  
hybrids of more or less remote time4    
,the sub-species differs from the       
species in having shorter1 stiffer1     
less graceful branches2 leaves smaller1 
thicker1 rougher and of a  bluish-green 
cast2 the blossoms of the two are much  
the same but those of  the sub-species  
open a few days earlier2 the fruits of  
the sub-species  are larger than those  
of the species1 lighter red1 have more  
bloom1 are  less firm in texture1 ripen 
earlier1 yet later than those of any    
other  species1 and are quite different 
in flavor1 having more nearly the taste 
of the fruit of ,prunus americana2 the  
stones1 as well as the fruits1  are very

 different1 being in the sub-species    
larger1 broader1 flatter1  smoother and 
less pointed4 ,the differences in fruit 
and stone1 and to  some extent in the   
leaves1 can be seen if the color-plates 
of ,forest ,rose  and ,wayland be       
compared4    ,in fruit-growing1 the     
,miner-like plums behave in general much
 like the  ,americana plums4 ,in some   
respects the fruits are an improvement  
upon  those of the ,americana varieties4
 ,for example the skin in the           
,miner-like  varieties is usually less  
tough2 is brighter in color and the     
flavor1 in  most cases1 is a little     
better4 ,these plums seem to be nearly  
or quite  as hardy as the ,americanas   
and are adapted to quite as wide a range
 of  soils4 ,presumably they have the   
same value as stocks1 though they seem  
not to have been tried for this purpose 
and they should have equal value  at    
least in plant-breeding4 ,the trees of  
the ,miner-like plums are rather  more  
amenable to domestication than those of 

,prunus americana having  as orchard    
plants straighter trunks1 more          
symmetrical and less unkempt  tops and  
making larger trees4 ,the fruits ripen  
so late as to make the  varieties of    
this group especially valuable in       
prolonging the season for  plums in     
regions where native varieties are grown
 exclusively4 ,about  twenty varieties  
of this sub-species are under           
cultivation4      #ab4 ,,prunus ,,nigra 
,aiton    ,illustration3 ,,prunus       
,,nigra        #a4 ,aiton ,hort4 ,kew4  
#b3afe4 #aghi4 #b4 ,sims ,bot4 ,mag4    
#aaag4 #ahjh4 #c4 ,pursh ,fl4 ,am4      
,sept4 #a3cca4 #ahad4 #d4      ,torrey  
,fl4 ,u4 ,s4 #a3dfi4 #ahbd4 #e4 ,sargent
 ,silva ,n4 ,am4      #d3ae1 ,pl4 #adi4 
#ahib4 #f4 ,small ,torrey ,bot4 ,club   
,bul4      #ba3cja4 #ahid4              
,cerasus nigra4 #g4 ,loiseleur ,nouveau 
,duhamel #e3cb4 #ahab4        ,p4       
americana 7in part74 #h4 ,torrey and    
,gray ,fl4 ,n4 ,am4      #a3djg4 #ahdj4 
#i4 ,torrey ,fl4 ,n4 ,y4 #a3aid4 #ahdc4 

#aj4      ,emerson ,trees of ,mass4 ,ed4
 #b1 #b3eaa4 #ahdf4 #aa4 ,nuttall       
,silva #b3ai4 #aheb4 #ab4 ,sargent #ajth
 ,cen4 ,u4 ,s4 #i3fe4      #ahhc4 #ac4  
,watson and ,coulter ,gray's ,man4 ,ed4 
#f3aea4 #ahhi4      #ad4 ,gray ,for4    
,trees ,n4 ,a4 #df1 ,pl4 #ahia4         
,p4 americana nigra4 #ae4 ,waugh ,vt4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #ec3fj1 fig4      #ahif4    
#af4 ,ibid4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4       
#aj3ajb4 #ahig4 #ag4      ,bailey ,cyc4 
,am4 ,hort4 #addi4 #aija4        ,p4    
mollis4 #ah4 ,torrey ,fl4 ,u4 ,s4       
#a3dgj4 #ahbd4        ,tree small1      
seldom exceeding twenty feet in height2 
trunk      attaining six or eight inches
 in diameter1 bearing the head      at  
three to five feet from the ground2 bark
 thin1 one-quarter      inch thick1 from
 dark red to a light gray-brown1 rough1 
but not      shaggy1 surface covered    
with thick scales2 branches upright1    
stout1 rigid1 forming a compact rather  
narrow head1 armed with      stout1     
spiny spurs2 branchlets more or less    

zigzag1 glabrous or      tomentose1     
green1 later becoming reddish-brown2    
lenticels few      or many1 pale1       
slightly raised4        ,winter-buds of 
medium size1 conical or long-acuminate1 
reddish-brown2 leaves large1 broad-oval1
 ovate or obovate1      with a long     
acuminate apex and cuneate or subcordate
 base2      margins doubly              
crenate-serrate with teeth tipped with  
glands      which disappear as the      
leaves mature2 thin and firm in texture2
      upper surface light green1        
glabrous1 the under surface paler1      
pubescent when young and pubescent at   
maturity on some soils2      midribs    
coarse but veins rather slender2        
petioles two-thirds      inch long1     
rather stout1 with two1 sometimes but   
one1 large1      dark red glands near   
the blade1 pubescent and tinged with    
red2      stipules lanceolate1 sometimes
 lobed1 one-half inch in length4        
,flowers expanding early1 before or with
 the leaves1 large1      sometimes one  

and one-half inches across2 borne in    
three or      four-flowered lateral     
umbels on slender1 glabrous1 red        
pedicels      one-half inch or more in  
length2 calyx-tube obconic1 outer       
surface red1 inner surface pink2        
calyx-lobes glabrous on both            
surfaces or with a few1 straight1       
scattered hairs on the inner            
surface1 pinkish1 acute1 glandular2     
petals pink1 turning a      darker pink 
in fading1 rather broadly ovate1 apex   
rounded1      base a short claw1 margins
 erose2 stamens with yellow anthers2    
filaments one-half inch long2 pistils   
glabrous1 shorter than      the stamens4
        ,fruit ripening comparatively   
early2 globose or oval1 usually         
somewhat oblong1 an inch or more through
 the long diameter1      red1 orange or 
yellowish in color1 with little or no   
bloom2      skin thick1 tough and       
astringent2 flesh yellow1 firm1 meaty1  
often acid or astringent2 stone usually 
clinging1 large1 oval1      compressed1 

thick-walled1 with a sharp ridge on the 
ventral and      a slight groove on the 
dorsal suture4    ,it is possible that a
 group of ,nigras1 those occurring in   
western  ,wisconsin and ,minnesota and  
about the upper extremity of ,lake      
,superior  ought to be described as a   
sub-species since they have a somewhat  
different aspect of tree and the fruits 
are a darker shade of red and  show more
 bloom2 the calyx is more pubescent and 
the calyx-glands more  sessile4 ,the    
differences in environment may change   
these characters1 as  indicated above1  
but they seem very constant in the      
cultivated varieties  of the groups1    
most of which come from the west1 and   
therefore sufficient  to segregate this 
form from the species4    ,the ,nigra is
 the wild plum of ,canada4 ,its most    
common name1 8,canada  ,plum10 is       
distinctly applicable and is here       
supplanted by 8,nigra0 only  for the    
sake of uniformity4 ,this is undoubtedly
 the dried plum which  ,jacques ,cartier

 saw in the canoes of ,indians1 in his  
first voyage of  discovery up the ,st4  
,lawrence in #aecd4abj ,these primitive 
prunes1  ,cartier says1 the ,indians    
called 8honesta40 ,in his second voyage1
 the  next year1 he enumerates among    
other fruits the plum1 8prunier10       
growing  on the 8,ysle de ,bacchus10    
named from its 8,vignes40 ,dried plums1 
we learn  from many later accounts1 were
 a staple article of the winter diet of 
the savages4 ,that the ,indian tended   
the trees is probable1 for the early    
explorers often record that plantations 
of plums were found about the           
aboriginal towns4 ,undoubtedly the range
 of this species was greatly  extended  
by the ,indians4    ,the ,nigra is the  
most northern of the ,american plums1   
being an inhabitant  of a region bounded
 on the north by a line passing from    
southern ,new  ,foundland westward to   
the ,strait of ,mackinac and thence     
southward to  ,lansing1 ,michigan4 ,its 
southern boundary can be but illy       

defined1 but  the species is common in  
,new ,england1 northern ,new ,york1     
where it is  sometimes cultivated about 
houses1 and westward at least as far as 
the  eastern shore of ,lake ,michigan   
for the species1 while the western form 
reaches the western boundary of         
,minnesota at least4 ,small#aba reports 
it as far south in the ,appalachian     
,system as northern ,georgia4 ,in the   
great region outlined above it is       
distributed in more or less scattered   
localities1 being found usually in the  
valleys of rivers and streams1  though  
often on high lands and in open woods1  
in the last locations  preferring a     
limestone formation4    ,there has been 
much discussion as to whether ,prunus   
nigra should be  given specific rank or 
be united with ,prunus americana1 either
 as a  part of that species or as a     
botanical variety of it4 ,until the     
revival  by ,sargent in #ahib of the    
name given the group by ,aiton in #aghi1
 the  botanists of the latter half of   

the ,nineteenth ,century had for most   
part described the two groups under     
,prunus americana4 ,since ,sargent's    
re-establishment of the species1        
botanists have very generally regarded  
it as worthy of the rank4 ,bailey and   
,waugh1 the leading horticultural       
authorities on plums1 however1 consider 
,nigra as but a botanical variety  of   
,americana4 ,the taxonomic characters of
 ,prunus nigra seem to the  writers of  
,the ,plums of ,new ,york to be as      
distinct as those of several  other of  
the native species of ,prunus1 and since
 the species now is  generally          
recognized by botanists1 we have        
considered it in this work as  distinct 
from ,prunus americana4    ,the two     
species may usually be distinguished by 
the following  differences3 7#a7 ,the   
general aspect of the trees is very     
different4 ,the  tree of ,americana is  
larger1 the top is more spreading1 and  
its branches  longer1 with more twigs1  
more slender and more pendulous4 ,the   

bark on  the trunk is lighter-colored   
and much more shaggy than in ,nigra4    
7#b7 ,the  wood of ,nigra is tougher and
 the trees do not break as readily as   
those  of ,americana4 ,the wood is also 
lighter in color4 7#c7 ,the leaves of   
,nigra  are larger1 broader and the     
serrations are not so deeply incised nor
  so often double4 ,very distinct and   
very constant are the glands to be      
found on the teeth of the serrations on 
the young leaves of ,nigra4 ,these      
glands disappear as the leaves grow     
older1 leaving a calloused point  which 
makes the serrations of ,nigra rounded1 
while those of ,americana  are acute1   
this being one of the most constant     
differences4 7#d7 ,the  flowers of      
,nigra appear several days earlier1 are 
larger and are more  pink than those of 
,americana4 7#e7 ,the calyx-lobes of    
,nigra are glandular  and the           
leaf-stalks are biglandular1 characters 
usually not found in  ,americana4 ,the  
calyx in all its parts is glabrous or at

 least far less  pubescent than in      
,americana and if present the hairs are 
short and stiff1  whereas in ,americana 
the pubescence is soft4 7#f7 ,the fruit 
of ,nigra  ripens earlier and is darker 
in color with less bloom and is more    
oblong  than that of ,americana4 ,the   
skin of the plum is thinner and is not  
so  objectionable either cooked or eaten
 out of hand4 7#g7 ,the stone of ,nigra 
is usually larger1 flatter and more     
strongly crested4 ,the characters of    
the two species vary much in different  
individuals and there are many          
intermediate forms but the differences  
seem as constant as between other       
species of this variable genus4    ,the 
,nigra plums are important              
horticulturally because they can be     
grown  in somewhat colder regions than  
the ,americanas4 ,they not only endure  
more cold than the last named group1 but
 their tough wood enables them  to stand
 better the weight of snows and the     
stress of winds4 ,their  earliness1 too1

 prolongs the season for this type of   
fruit and in regions  where the season  
is short they may be grown with more    
certainty than  other groups4 ,in habits
 and characters other than those named  
they are  so like the ,americana as to  
need no further discussion4 ,about forty
  varieties of this species are under   
cultivation4      #ac4 ,,prunus         
,,alleghaniensis ,porter        #a4     
,porter ,bot4 ,gaz4 #b3he4 #ahgg4 #b4   
,ibid4 ,gar4 and ,for4      #c3dbh1 fig4
 #ec4 #ahij4 #c4 ,sargent ,sil4 ,n4 ,am4
 #d3bg1 ,pl4 #aec4      #ahib4 #d4      
,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fr4 #bbe4 #ahih4    
,tree low1 slender1 straggling1 fifteen 
to eighteen feet in      height1 or a   
low shrub2 trunk-diameter from five to  
eight      inches2 bark dark brown1     
surface fissured and scaly2 branches    
numerous1 upright1 rigid1 seldom spiny2 
branchlets pubescent1      becoming     
glabrous and red1 turning to dark brown2
 lenticels      many1 small1 white4     
,leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate1     

sometimes obovate1 apex      acute or   
acuminate1 base rounded1 margin sharply 
serrate1      teeth fine and tipped with
 glands1 in texture thick and firm2     
upper surface dark green and glabrous2  
lower surface light      green1 glabrous
 except on the veins and midrib2        
petioles short1      slender1 pubescent2
 glands two1 large1 at the base of the  
blade4        ,flowers white1 fading to 
pink1 one-half inch across1 appearing   
with the leaves2 borne in two to        
five-flowered umbels2 pedicels          
slender1 finely tomentose1 from         
one-fourth to one-half inch      in     
length2 calyx-tube narrowly obconic2    
calyx-lobes entire1      pubescent on   
the outer1 tomentose on the inner       
surface2 petals      rounded but        
narrowing into claws at the base2       
filaments and      ovary glabrous2      
anthers often reddish2 style slender    
with a      funnel-shaped apex4         
,fruit matures in summer or early       
autumn2 from one-quarter to             

three-quarters inch in diameter1        
sub-globose or ovoid1 dark      blue or 
purple with heavy bloom2 skin thick and 
tough2 flesh      yellow1 juicy1 acid   
and somewhat astringent2 stone clinging 
to      the flesh1 turgid1 acute at the 
ends1 thin-walled1 ridged on      the   
ventral and grooved on the dorsal       
suture4    ,in leaf1 flower and tree    
,prunus alleghaniensis resembles ,prunus
  americana4 ,the species has long been 
known to be distinct1 however1  having  
been first distinguished by ,j4 ,r4     
,lowrie of ,warriorsmark1               
,pennsylvania1 in #ahei1abb and was     
published as such in #ahgg1 when ,t4    
,c4 ,porter of ,lafayette ,college      
described it as ,prunus alleghaniensis4 
,it differs from ,prunus americana      
chiefly in the smaller size of the      
plant1 smaller leaves and flowers1 in   
color of flowers which fade to pink  in 
this species1 and in fruit-characters4  
,the fruit matures earlier1 is  much    
smaller in size1 is more globose1 and is

 a dark purple or blue with  very heavy 
bloom4 ,the skin is thick and tough and 
while the texture of  the flesh is as   
good as that of the wild ,americanas the
 flavor is much  more astringent4 ,the  
stone is more swollen4 ,the plant is    
commonly but  a shrub1 usually found    
along fence rows and the borders of     
woodlands1  but intermingled among old  
thickets of this kind there are often a 
few  small trees4 ,it is a hardy        
species1 very productive1 and seemingly 
but  little attacked by either insects  
or fungi1 being especially exempt from  
black-knot4#abc ,in the wild state it   
produces great numbers of suckers  which
 seem to spring very readily from a     
bruise or an exposed root4    ,the range
 of ,prunus alleghaniensis is           
exceedingly limited4 ,it is found  in   
abundance only in a small territory in  
central ,pennsylvania1 being of  most   
frequent occurrence in the barrens of   
northern ,huntingdon ,county1  extending
 from there north into ,center ,county  

and northwestward over the  ,alleghany  
,mountains into ,clearfield and ,elk    
counties4 ,it grows for the  most part  
in elevated lands of the wildest        
character1 being found on low1  moist   
soils1 on high and dry barrens and on   
limestone cliffs1 reaching  its greatest
 size in the last situation4            
,specimens identified as ,prunus        
alleghaniensis have been found in at    
least two places in ,connecticut and the
 writer has just seen specimens  of a   
closely allied form collected by ,w4 ,f4
 ,wight of the ,united ,states          
,department of ,agriculture a few miles 
south of ,houghton ,lake1 ,roscommon    
,county1 ,michigan4    ,this plum is not
 yet introduced into cultivation and it 
is doubtful if  the wild fruits have    
sufficient merit to make an attempt at  
domestication  promising4 ,while the    
wild fruits are locally used for various
 culinary  purposes it is so much       
inferior to other native plums1 being   
almost  uneatable unless cooked1 that   

its cultivation would hardly warrant    
the effort4 ,arboretum specimens of the 
tree show it to be somewhat  desirable  
as an ornamental1 being a small1        
compact1 upright plant1 very            
floriferous1 and bearing an abundance of
 rather attractive fruit4      #ad4     
,,prunus ,,subcordata ,bentham          
#a4 ,bentham ,pl4 ,hartweg4 #cjh4 #ahdh4
 #b4 ,torrey ,pac4 ,r4      ,rpt4 #d3hb4
 #ahed4 #c4 ,brewer and ,watson ,bot4   
,calif4      #a3afg4 #ahhj 7in part74   
#d4 ,lemmon ,pittonia #b3fh4 #ahij4     
#e4 ,greene ,fl4 ,francis #a3di4 #ahia4 
#f4 ,bailey ,cornell      ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ch3gf4 #ahib4 #g4 ,sargent ,sil4 ,n4   
,am4 #d3ca1      #cb1 ,pl4 #aed4 #ahib4 
,tree small1 rarely attaining a height  
of twenty-five feet1      sometimes a   
shrub ten or twelve feet high and often 
a bush      but three or four feet in   
height2 trunk medium in length with     
a diameter of #h to #ab inches2 bark    
gray-brown and deeply      fissured2    
branches stout and spreading2 branchlets

 glabrous      or pubescent1 bright red 
becoming darker red and finally a       
dark-brown or gray2 lenticels minute1   
whitish4        ,leaves round-ovate1    
sub-cordate or truncate1 or sometimes   
cuneate at the base2 margins either     
sharply or obtusely      serrate1       
sometimes doubly serrate2 young leaves  
pubescent but      at maturity nearly   
glabrous1 somewhat coriaceous1 dark     
green      on the upper and pale green  
on the lower surface1 with very         
conspicuous midribs and veins2 stipules 
acute-lanceolate1      caducous4        
,flowers white1 fading to rose1 about an
 inch across2 appearing      before the 
leaves2 usually borne in threes1 often  
in pairs      on short pubescent        
pedicels2 calyx campanulate1 with lobes 
pubescent on the outer and hairy on the 
inner surface2 petals      twice the    
length of the sepals1 obovate1 and      
contracted into      short claws2       
filaments and ovary glabrous2 style     
slender and      funnel-shaped at the   

apex4        ,fruit ripens in late      
summer or early autumn2 roundish or     
oblong1 about one inch in length1 borne 
on a short1 stout stem1      dark red or
 purplish2 flesh subacid1 well-flavored1
 clinging      to the flattish or turgid
 stone which varies greatly in size1    
pointed at both ends1 crested on the    
ventral edge and grooved      on the    
other4    ,prunus subcordata1 the       
,pacific or ,western plum1 is an        
inhabitant of  the region east of the   
,coast ,range from southern ,oregon to  
central  ,california4 ,it is so rarely  
found on the seacoast as to have escaped
 the  attention of the early botanists  
and remained unknown until the middle   
of the ,nineteenth ,century1 when       
,hartweg1 working in the interior of    
,california1 brought the plant to       
notice4 ,this wild plum is not common   
except in the foothills of the ,sierra  
,nevadas in northern ,california  and   
southern ,oregon1 where it often forms  
thickets of small trees along  streams1 

thriving in fresh1 fertile1 sandy soils1
 in canons1 on hillsides  or in the     
forests of yellow pine which are found  
in this region4  ,hammond#abd writes of 
it growing here as usually a small tree 
but often  seen as a shrub from four to 
five feet high4 ,of the frequency of the
  occurrence he says3 8,it often sets   
the whole countryside ablaze in the     
autumn1 with the abundance of its       
scarlet and crimson colors1 mingled1 of 
course1 with red and yellow1 and        
garnished with a sprinkling of green40  
,sandberg#abe reports having collected  
,prunus subcordata as far north  and    
east as ,nez ,perces ,county1 northern  
,idaho1 in the ,craig ,mountains at  an 
altitude of about #b1ijj feet1 but this 
report is based on an error  in         
determination1 the specimen collected by
 ,sandberg being clearly a  ,european   
species4 ,the tree and the fruit vary   
greatly according to the  locality4     
,this ,subcordata plum is one of the    
standard food products of the           

aborigines in the region in which it    
grows1 being eaten either raw or        
cooked2 and it is sometimes dried in    
considerable quantities at the          
harvesting places and carried           
considerable distances to the ,indian   
villages4#abf ,the trappers1 the first  
men to enter the habitat of this  plum1 
followed by the gold-seekers and        
ranchers1 all knew and esteemed  the    
fruit4 ,the early settlers regarded it  
as the most useful of all the  wild     
fruits of the ,coast and attempts were  
made at an early date to  domesticate   
it4 ,of these ,wickson says3#abg        
8,in #ahef there was1 on the ,middle    
,yuba ,river1 not far from      ,forest 
,city1 in ,sierra ,county1 a wayside    
establishment known as      #8,plum     
,valley ,ranch1' so-called from the     
great quantity of wild      plums       
growing on and about the place4 ,the    
plum by cultivation      gave a more    
vigorous growth and larger fruit4       
,transplanted      from the mountains   

into the valley they are found to ripen 
earlier4 ,transplanted from the         
mountains to a farm near the      coast1
 in ,del ,norte ,county1 they did not   
thrive4 ,one variety1      moved from   
the hills near ,petaluma in #aheh1 was  
grown as an      orchard tree for       
fifteen years1 and improved both in     
growth and      quality of fruit by     
cultivation4444 ,recently excellent     
results      have been reported from the
 domestication of the native plum       
in ,nevada ,county1 and fruit shown at  
the ,state ,fair of #ahhh      gave     
assurance that by cultivation and by    
selecting seedlings      valuable       
varieties can be obtained4 ,it is stated
 that in ,sierra      ,county the wild  
plum is the only plum which finds a     
market at      good prices1 and that    
cultivated gages1 blue and egg plums    
scarcely pay for gathering4 ,the wild   
plum makes delicious      preserves40   
,in its typical form ,prunus subcordata 
is a shrub and is often only  a low bush

 but under the most favorable conditions
 it attains the  dimension and shape of 
a small tree4 ,in its roundish1 roughish
 leaves it  so closely resembles the    
,old ,world types of plums that it      
becomes the  nearest approach to them to
 be found among our ,american species4  
,but in  the globular1 red or purple    
subacid fruit it betrays its affinity to
 the  ,american plums1 as it does also  
in the flat1 sometimes turgid1 smooth   
stone to which the flesh tenaciously    
clings4 ,the flowers are white1  fading 
to rose and borne abundantly1 making the
 plant an attractive  ornamental in     
blooming time as it is also in the      
autumn when the foliage  turns to       
brilliant red1 scarlet or crimson with  
touches of yellow4 ,the  fruit is       
sometimes so poor in quality as to be   
inedible but on the other  hand is      
sometimes quite equal to some of the    
cultivated plums1 especially  in its    
botanical variety1 ,kelloggii4    ,that 
the fruit is capable of improvement by  

the selection of seedling  varieties and
 useful in hybridizing with other       
species can hardly be  doubted4 ,luther 
,burbank1 under date of ,december #f1   
#aiji1 writes in this  regard as        
follows3        8,the ,prunus           
subcordata1 as it grows wild1 bears very
 heavily      even on bushes two and    
three feet in height1 bending the bushes
      flat on the ground when the fruit 
is ripe4 ,this is a very      beautiful 
sight4 ,the wild ones1 although almost  
invariably      bright red and          
spherical1 are sometimes1 though rarely 
found1      yellow4 ,when the seed of   
the yellow fruit is planted a certain   
portion of red ones are produced1 but   
all1 practically1 of the      same size 
and quality as the original4 ,the trees 
of ,subcordata      in the wild state   
are greatly variable in growth1         
generally      much more so than in the 
fruit4 ,the fruit1 however1 varies much 
in quality1 but it is promiscuously     
gathered by those living in      the    

vicinity of the plum grounds and        
considered most excellent      for      
cooking4 ,i commenced working on this   
species about      twenty-two years ago 
and have not carried it on as           
extensively      as with the ,maritima1 
as ,i found it subject to plum-pockets1 
but by very careful selection ,i have   
produced most magnificent      plums1   
oval in form or round1 sweet as honey or
 sweet as the      ,french ,prune1      
greatly enlarged in size1 tree improved 
in growth      and enormously           
productive1 the different varieties     
ripening      through a long season4    
,most of these are light and dark red4  
,some of them1 when cooked1 are far     
superior to cranberries1      having the
 exact delicious flavor so much liked in
 this fruit1      and the same color4   
8,from the crosses of ,subcordata with  
the ,americana1 ,nigra1      ,triflora  
and other species1 some of the most     
beautiful and      highest flavored     
fruits which ,i have ever seen have been

      produced4 ,these vary in color    
from almost pure white to      light    
yellow1 transparent flesh color1 pink1  
light crimson1      scarlet1 dark       
crimson and purple2 in form round1      
egg-shaped      or elongated-oval2 trees
 both upright and weeping1 enormously   
productive1 and in one or two cases the 
fruit1 by hundreds of      experts1 has 
been pronounced the best plum in flavor 
of any in      existence4 ,most of these
 selections are extremely productive40  
,wickson#abh reports that the roots of  
,subcordata have been used more  or less
 as stocks for other plums but show no  
marked advantages over  the species     
commonly used for this purpose4 ,most of
 those who have  experimented with it   
condemn it as a stock because it dwarfs 
the cion and  suckers badly4    ,prunus 
oregana ,greene#abi is from its         
description an interesting plum  of     
which1 however1 it has been impossible  
to secure a glimpse even of  herbarium  
material and of which we can therefore1 

only publish ,greene's  description as  
follows3    8,evidently allied to ,p4   
subcordata1 but leaves little more than 
an inch  long1 subcoriaceous1 pubescent 
on both faces1 in outline oval or       
broadly  elliptic1 never subcordate1    
commonly acutish at both ends1          
serrulate2  flowers unknown2 fruits in  
pairs or threes1 on pedicels one-half   
inch  long or more1 densely tomentose   
when very young1 more thinly so1 yet    
distinctly tomentulose when half-grown4 
8,known only from specimens collected on
 the ,yanex ,indian reservation  in     
southeastern ,oregon1 by ,mrs4 ,austin1 
in #ahic2 and a most remarkable         
species1 as connecting true ,prunus with
 ,amygdalus4 ,but that it is a  plum and
 not an almond is evident40    ,without 
any first-hand knowledge of this species
 it is thought best to  consider it only
 under the allied species1 ,prunus      
subcordata4      ,,prunus ,,subcordata  
,,kelloggii ,lemmon        #a4 ,lemmon  
,pittonia #b3fg4 #ahij4 #b4 ,wickson    

,calif4 ,fr4      ,ed4 #b3ea4 #ahia4 #c4
 ,greene ,fl4 ,francis #a3ej4 #ahia4 #d4
      ,bailey ,cyc4 ,am4 ,hort4 #addh4  
#aija4    ,prunus subcordata kelloggii1 
named in honor of ,dr4 ,albert ,kellogg1
  an early explorer and settler in      
,california1 is distinguished from the  
species in being a somewhat taller and  
more slender plant4#acj ,the  branches  
and bark are of a characteristic        
ash-gray1 so distinct in color  from    
,prunus subcordata that this is often   
called the 8,gray-branch0  plum4 ,the   
leaves are orbicular or elliptical1 not 
cordate1 cuneate  at the base and nearly
 glabrous4 ,the fruit is bright yellow  
instead  of red and larger than that of 
the species1 being an inch or more in   
diameter with a more nearly free stone4 
,this plum inhabits the region of       
,mount ,shasta where it has been known  
since the time of the early gold        
diggers1 attracting more attention as a 
food1 and promising more for  the       
cultivator than ,subcordata4 ,botanists 

seem to have given this plum            
comparatively little attention and      
careful study may give it specific      
rank4 ,locally1 and now somewhat in the 
trade1 it is known as the ,sisson  plum1
 after a ,mr4 ,sisson1 living near      
,mount ,shasta1 who has brought it to   
notice4 ,at present the ,kelloggii seems
 to be the branch of promise for  the   
improvement of the wild plums of the    
western coast4      #ae4 ,,prunus       
,,umbellata ,elliott        #a4 ,elliott
 ,sk4 ,bot4 ,s4 ,c4 and ,ga4 #a3eda4    
#ahba4 #b4 ,sargent      #ajth ,cen4 ,u4
 ,s4 #i3fg4 #ahhc4 #c4 ,ibid4 ,sil4 ,n4 
,am4 #d3cc4      ,pl4 #aee4 #ahib4 #d4  
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ia4 #aija4 #e4     
,mohr      ,cont4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,herb4  
#f3eea4 #aija4        ,cerasus          
umbellata4 #f4 ,torrey and ,gray ,fl4   
,n4 ,am4 #a3dji4      #ahdj4            
,tree low1 sometimes a shrub1 seldom    
over twenty feet in      height2 trunk  
short1 usually crooked1 attaining a     
thickness      of ten inches2 bark dark 

brown and scaly2 branches spreading1    
slender1 twiggy but spineless2          
branchlets at first pubescent      but  
becoming glabrous1 bright red turning   
dark brown the second      year2        
lenticels few1 oblong1 yellowish4       
,leaves oblong-ovate1 or oblong-obovate 
to oblong1 thin and      membranaceous1 
acute at the apex but usually obtuse or 
cordate      at the base2 margins       
closely and evenly serrate with         
glandular      teeth1 upper surface dark
 green and glabrous1 lower surface      
pale green and more or less pubescent2  
petioles stout1 glabrous      or        
sometimes pubescent2 glands usually two1
 sometimes wanting1      large1 dark1 at
 the base of the leaf2 stipules         
lanceolate1      small1 caducous4       
,flowers medium in size1 appearing      
before and with the leaves2      usually
 borne in four-flowered umbels2         
calyx-tube obconic1 its      lobes      
entire1 outer surface glabrous or       
pubescent1 the inner      densely       

tomentose2 petals white1 orbicular1     
clawed4        ,fruit matures in late   
summer2 one-half inch in diameter1      
nearly      round1 without cavity or    
suture1 borne on a slender pedicel      
three-quarters inch long1 orange-red or 
bright red to purple or      nearly     
black1 covered with a thin bloom2 skin  
thick and tough2      flesh coarse1     
thick1 acid or astringent1 scarcely     
edible2 stone      nearly free1         
flattened1 acute at both ends1 rugose1  
thin-walled4    ,prunus umbellata1 the  
,sloe1 ,black ,sloe or ,hog ,plum1      
,oldfield1 and  sometimes ,chickasaw and
 ,bullace of the ,south1 is found along 
the seaboard  from ,south ,carolina to  
central ,florida1 thence westward to the
 ,gulf and  along its shores to ,texas4 
,inland it is found as far north as     
middle  ,georgia1#aca ,alabama and      
,mississippi and southern ,arkansas4    
,though very  common in localities in   
the region outlined1 there are vast     
areas of  this territory in which it is 

scarcely found1 preferring bottom lands 
of  rivers and rich1 moist soils in some
 instances and dry1 sandy copses1  open 
woods and borders of fields in others4  
,in flower and fruit it is a  handsome  
and conspicuous plant1 yet1 as the      
references show1 the early  botanists   
did not describe it1 and even ,elliott1 
who gave it its name1 in  #ahba1 passed 
it by with a scant description4 ,its    
neglect by the several  famous botanists
 of the ,eighteenth ,century who        
explored this region  must be attributed
 to their confusing it with ,prunus     
angustifolia  and ,prunus maritima1 one 
or the other of which is found in most  
of  the region1 and to the              
idiosyncrasies of the distribution of   
,prunus  umbellata4    ,the fruit of    
this species is unfit for dessert       
purposes but is commonly  gathered for  
culinary use and sometimes is offered   
for sale in the  markets of the ,south1 
being highly esteemed for pies1 jams and
 jellies4  ,there appear to have been no

 efforts made to domesticate it1        
however1 and  since it is quite inferior
 in fruit-characters to others of the   
native  plums1 efforts to that end are  
probably not worth while4      ,,prunus 
,,umbellata ,,injucunda 7,small7        
,sargent        #a4 ,sargent ,sil4 ,n4  
,am4 #ac3ba4 #aijb4        ,prunus      
injucunda4 #b4 ,small ,torrey ,bot4     
,club ,bul4 #be3adi4      #ahih4 #c4    
,mohr ,ibid4 #bf3aah4 #ahii4 #d4 ,ibid4 
,cont4 ,u4 ,s4      ,nat4 ,herb4 #f3eeb4
 #aija4 #e4 ,bailey ,cyc4 ,am4 ,hort4   
#addi4      #aija4        ,tree low1    
seldom twenty feet in height1 often a   
straggling      shrub2 trunk short1     
crooked1 attaining a diameter of eight  
inches2 bark dark brown1 nearly black2  
branches slender1 rigid1      twiggy and
 somewhat spiny2 branchlets velvety     
becoming purplish      and finally a    
dull gray2 lenticels few1 yellowish4    
,leaves oblong-ovate to obovate1        
taper-pointed at the apex and           
obtuse or rounded at the base1 margins  

closely and finely      toothed1 thin in
 texture2 upper surface yellowish-green1
      wrinkled and more or less         
pubescent1 lower surface densely        
pubescent and with a prominent yellowish
 midrib and rather      prominent       
lateral veins2 petioles stout1 one-half 
inch in      length1 very pubescent2    
stipules lanceolate1 small1 caducous4   
,flowers medium in size or small1       
usually appearing before the            
leaves2 in four or five-flowered        
sub-sessile umbels2 pedicels            
slender1 three-quarters inch in length1 
very pubescent2      calyx-tube obconic1
 tomentose1 with erect1 entire1 sharply 
pointed1 ciliate1 tomentose lobes2      
petals white1 orbicular1      clawed2   
filaments and base of pistil tomentose4 
,fruit maturing in late summer1         
three-quarters inch long1      oblong1  
with but a trace of cavity and suture1  
dark purple with      light bloom2 flesh
 thin1 sour and very astringent2 skin   
thick1      tough2 scarcely edible2     

stone ovoid1 long1 flat1 roughish1      
pointed at both ends with a groove on   
one edge and a grooved      ridge on the
 other4    ,in #ahih ,small described   
,prunus injucunda as a new species from 
what  had hitherto been considered a    
part of ,prunus umbellata4 ,sargent1    
whom  we follow1 gives it as a botanical
 variety of ,prunus umbellata4 ,small   
says that the two differ as follows3    
,prunus injucunda has 8a more rigid     
habit and the foliage1 including the    
branchlets1 is velvety tomentose4  ,in  
place of the sub-globose drupe of       
,prunus umbellata we find an  oblong    
fruit of an extremely bitter taste4 ,the
 stone is correspondingly  lengthened40 
,to these differences may be added      
tomentose or pubescent  leaves1 hairy   
umbels1 and tomentose calyx and pistil1 
as characters  not found in ,prunus     
umbellata though there are occasional   
pubescent  individuals in the species4  
,small first collected ,prunus injucunda
 in sandy soil in the granite  districts

 about the base of ,little ,stone       
,mountain1 ,georgia1 and reports  it as 
occurring about ,stone ,mountain4 ,mohr 
reports the plant on rocky  summits and 
among the sandstone cliffs of ,alpine   
,mountain1 ,talladego  ,county1         
,alabama1 as a low1 unsightly shrub1    
four feet in height1 with  short1       
straggling branches4 ,the wild fruit is 
seldom fit for domestic use  and with so
 much better material in other species  
the fruit-grower can  hardly afford to  
spend time in an attempt to domesticate 
this one4      #af4 ,,prunus ,,mitis    
,beadle        #a4 ,beadle ,bilt4 ,bot4 
,stud4 #a3afb4 #aijb4 #b4 ,britton and  
,brown ,n4 ,am4 ,trees #dhi4 #aijh4     
,tree small1 maximum height twenty-five 
feet2 bark dark brown      or           
reddish-gray2 branches spreading or     
ascending1 usually      unarmed2        
branchlets glabrous1 glaucous2 leaves   
thin1 elliptic1      oblong-lanceolate1 
sometimes ovate or obovate1 apex acute  
or      acuminate1 base narrow or       

rounded1 margin sharply serrate2        
petioles less than one-half inch1       
densely pubescent1 with two      glands 
at or on the base of the leaf2 upper    
surface bright      green1 finely       
pubescent1 lower surface paler1 also    
pubescent      and with a prominent     
midrib and veins4        ,flowers of    
medium size1 appearing before the       
leaves2 borne in      sub-sessile1 two  
to six-flowered umbels2 calyx-tube      
obconic1      smooth1 its lobes         
triangular1 pubescent on the outer and  
velvety on the inner surface2 petals    
white1 obovate1 clawed2      pedicels   
slender1 smooth1 three-quarters inch    
long4        ,fruit ripening in         
mid-summer2 over one-half inch in       
length1      oblong1 dark purple with a 
heavy bloom2 stone ovoid or oval1       
flattened1 nearly one-half inch long1   
pointed at both ends      especially at 
the apex1 and crested on one edge4      
,prunus mitis is a newly named species  
from ,alabama1 common in dry soils  in  

the regions where it is found wild4 ,the
 species has many characters  in common 
with ,prunus umbellata to which it is so
 closely related that  it is difficult  
to distinguish the two in herbarium     
specimens4 ,although  nothing is yet    
known of its horticultural possibilities
 the apparent  relationship does not    
indicate much value in the plum for the 
cultivator4      #ag4 ,,prunus ,,tarda  
,sargent        #a4 ,sargent ,bot4 ,gaz4
 #cc3ajh4 #aijb4 #b4 ,ibid4 ,sil4 ,n4   
,am4 #ac3bc1 ,pl4 #fcb4 #aijb4          
,tree from twenty to twenty-five feet in
 height2 trunk tall1      eighteen or   
twenty inches in diameter2 bark light   
brown1      reddish1 thick1 with flat   
ridges and plate-like scales2           
branches spreading1 forming an open     
symmetrical head2      branchlets       
slender1 at first light green and       
tomentose becoming      glabrous1 light 
brownish and lustrous1 and the second   
year much      darker2 lenticels small1 
dark1 scattered4        ,leaves oblong  

to obovate1 apex acute and              
sharp-pointed1 base      rounded or     
cuneate1 margin finely serrate with     
incurved1      glandular teeth1 in      
texture thick and firm2 upper surface   
glabrous1 dark yellow-green1 lower      
surface pubescent1 pale      green2     
petioles stout1 tomentose or pubescent1 
short1      eglandular or with two      
stalked1 dark glands at the apex2       
stipules acicular1 often bright red1    
small4        ,flowers three-quarters   
inch across1 appearing before and with  
the leaves2 borne in two or             
three-flowered umbels1 on slender1      
glabrous pedicels2 calyx-tube narrowly  
obconic1 hairy above1      the lobes    
acute1 entire1 villose on the outer1    
tomentose on the      inner surface2    
petals oblong-obovate with a short claw 
at the      base2 filaments and pistils 
glabrous4        ,fruit maturing very   
late2 short-oblong to sub-globose1      
one-third to one-half inch in length1   
red1 yellow1 purple1      black or blue2

 skin tough and thick2 flesh thick and  
acid2      stone adhering to the flesh1 
ovoid1 more or less compressed1         
very rugose1 ridged on the ventral and  
grooved on the dorsal      suture1 acute
 at the apex1 rounded at the base4      
,prunus tarda1 locally known as the     
,sloe1 as are many other plums1 was     
named from specimens collected in #aija 
near ,marshall1 ,texas1 by ,sargent  and
 others4 ,sargent1 to whom is due what  
field knowledge we have of the  plant1  
gives its range from where found in     
,texas to western ,louisiana  and       
southern ,arkansas4 ,he says that it    
resembles and is often confounded  with 
,prunus umbellata but may be            
distinguished from it by its bark1      
which differs from that of any other    
,american plum tree1 being more like    
that of the chinquapin chestnut with    
which it grows2 by the pubescence on    
the leaves1 not usually found on those  
of ,prunus umbellata2 and by its        
variously colored fruit which ripens    

much later than that of other plums  in 
the region4 ,from what has been         
published in regard to the species  one 
gathers little in regard to its         
horticultural possibilities though  the 
statements that it bears great          
quantities of fruit and is used  locally
 for culinary purposes indicate that it 
may have some value under  cultivation4 
#ah4 ,,prunus ,,angustifolia ,marshall  
#a4 ,marshall ,arb4 ,am4 #aaa4 #aghe4   
#b4 ,torrey and ,gray ,fl4      ,n4 ,am4
 #a3djg4 #ahdj4 #c4 ,loudon ,arb4 ,fr4  
,brit4 #b3gje4      #ahdd4 #d4 ,sargent 
#ajth ,cen4 ,u4 ,s4 #i3ff4 #ahhc4 #e4   
,watson      and ,coulter ,gray's ,man4 
,ed4 #f3aeb4 #ahhi 7in part74 #f4       
,gray ,for4 ,trees ,n4 ,a4 #dg1 ,pl4    
#ahia4 #g4 ,sargent ,sil4 ,n4      ,am4 
#d3be1 ,pl4 #aeb4 #ahib4 #h4 ,mohr      
,cont4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,herb4      #f3eea4
 #aija4        ,p4 chicasa4 #i4         
,michaux#acb ,fl4 ,bor4 ,am4 #a3bhd4    
#ahjc4      #aj4 ,nuttall ,gen4 ,n4 ,am4
 ,pl4 #a3cjb4 #ahah4 #aa4 ,elliott      

,sk4 ,bot4 ,s4 ,c4 and ,ga4 #a3edb4     
#ahba4 #ab4 ,hall ,pl4 ,texas      #i4  
#ahgc4 #ac4 ,ridgway ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4     
,nat4 ,mus4 #fe4 #ahhb4 #ad4            
,chapman ,fl4 ,sou4 ,u4 ,s4 #aca4 #ahig4
        ,plant seldom becoming a true   
tree1 usually1 however1 forming a       
small but distinct trunk with a twiggy1 
bushy top2 bark thin1      dark         
reddish-brown1 slightly furrowed or     
roughened1 scaly2      branches slender1
 usually zigzag with long1 thin thorns  
or      spine-like branchlets2          
branchlets slender1 zigzag1 glabrous1   
glossy1 bright red2 lenticels few1      
scattered1 yellowish1 raised4           
,winter-buds small1 obtuse1 free1       
brownish2 leaves folded      upward1    
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate1 pointed
 at both ends1      thin1 membranaceous1
 margins closely and finely serrate with
      minute teeth1 tipped with glands2 
upper surface glabrous1      lustrous1  
bright green1 lower surface glabrous or 
pubescent      in the axils of the      

veins1 dull1 two-thirds inch wide and   
from one to two inches long2 petioles   
one-half inch long1      slender1       
glabrous or tomentose1 bright red with  
two red glands      near or on the base 
of the leaf2 stipules one-half inch     
long1      narrow-lobed1 serrate with   
gland-tipped teeth4        ,flowers     
appearing with or before the leaves1    
small1 less than      one-half inch     
across1 very numerous2 umbels           
sub-sessile1 two to      four-flowered1 
from lateral spurs or buds2 pedicels    
glabrous1      slender1 one-half inch in
 length2 calyx-tube campanulate1        
glabrous2 calyx-lobes obtuse1 glabrous  
outside1 margins      ciliate1 inner    
surface pubescent1 reflexed2 petals     
creamy in      the bud1 obovate1 apex   
rounded1 narrowing into a claw at the   
base2 filaments and pistils glabrous1   
the latter shorter than      the        
stamens4        ,fruit ripening early2  
spherical or ovoid1 three-quarters inch 
in diameter1 bright red1 sometimes      

yellow1 glossy1 with little      or no  
bloom2 dots numerous1 very conspicuous2 
skin thin2      flesh tender1 juicy1    
yellow1 subacid2 quality rather poor2   
stone small1 clinging1 ovoid1 turgid1   
slightly roughened1      cherry-like1   
edges rounded1 the dorsal one grooved4  
,the original home of ,prunus           
angustifolia is not known4 ,the         
inference is  left in most of the       
botanies that the species is not        
indigenous in the  region east of the   
,mississippi1 but that it was brought by
 the aborigines  from the southwestern  
section of the ,mississippi ,valley or  
possibly the  southern ,rocky ,mountains
 or ,mexico4 ,the chief reason for the  
belief that  it does not belong where it
 now grows is the fact that it is       
usually  found near human habitations   
and on the margins of fields and as it  
was  known to have been cultivated by   
the ,indians1#acc it is supposed to have
  escaped from their semi-cultivated    
plantations4 ,bailey#acd dissents from  

the current view1 holding that the plant
 behaves like a true native in  regions 
where he has known it1 ,maryland in     
particular4 ,it seems to the  writer    
that ,bartram's supposition1 given in   
the foot-note below1 has been  followed 
too closely4 ,a careful study of recent 
botanical works indicates  that the     
species is indigenous to the            
southeastern ,united ,states4           
,whatever the original habitat may have 
been it is now found in the wild  state 
from southern ,delaware to ,florida and 
westward to the ,panhandle of  ,texas   
and southern ,oklahoma4 ,it is usually  
found on rich soils but is  found as    
well in worn-out fields and pastures1   
most often in thickets  of small trees  
or thorny shrubs or scraggly bushes1    
producing under the  latter conditions a
 small fruit so like cherries as to give
 it the name  in some localities        
8,mountain ,cherry0 7,maryland71 and in 
others 8,wild  ,cherry0 7,louisiana74   
,there has been much confusion in regard

 to ,prunus angustifolia4 ,the  older   
botanists very generally mistook this   
species for ,michaux's  ,prunus chicasa 
which1 as stated in the foot-note on    
page #hb1 is almost  certainly not the  
plum under discussion4 ,practically all 
horticulturists  ascribe to ,prunus     
angustifolia a great number of          
cultivated varieties  which cannot by   
any possibility belong here2 indeed1 it 
is doubtful if  the species is          
cultivated at all other than very       
locally1 and still  more doubtful as to 
whether1 as compared with other native  
plums1  it is worth growing4 ,in spite  
of this confusion the species is one  of
 the most distinct of plums1 and its    
characters are comparatively  constant  
throughout the range4 ,a careful reading
 of ,humphrey ,marshall's  description  
of ,prunus angustifolia by subsequent   
botanists might have  helped to keep    
this plum in its place4 ,marshall wrote 
of it3    8,prunus angustifolia4        
,chicasaw ,plumb4 ,this is scarcely of  

so large a  growth as the former ,p4    
americana1 but rising with a stiff1     
shrubby  stalk1 dividing into many      
branches1 which are garnished with      
smooth1  lance-shaped leaves1 much      
smaller and narrower than the first kind
 ,p4  americana1 a little waved on their
 edges1 marked with very fine1  slight1 
coloured serratures1 and of an equal    
shining green colour1 on  both sides4   
,the blossoms generally come out very   
thick and are succeeded  by oval1 or    
often somewhat egg-shaped fruit1 with a 
very thin skin1 and  soft1 sweet pulp4  
,there are varieties of this with yellow
 and crimson  coloured fruit4 ,these    
being natives of the ,southern states1  
are somewhat  impatient of much cold40  
,the tree-characters given by ,marshall 
are hardly those of the plum under      
cultivation which we have been calling  
,prunus angustifolia1 and his  statement
 that the species is 8impatient of much 
cold0 at once separates  the cultivated 
8,angustifolias0 from the true species4 

,we shall contrast  the tree-characters 
of the two groups of plums in the       
discussion of  ,prunus munsoniana4 ,of  
the hardiness of the two it may be said 
that the  cultivated varieties which we 
have placed in the last named species   
are  for the most part hardy as far     
north as ,burlington1 ,vermont1 while   
the  true ,prunus angustifolia cannot be
 grown to fruiting as far north as      
,geneva1 ,new ,york4 ,its behavior1 too1
 on the northern limit of its range1    
and the fact that it did not follow the 
aborigines northward as it seems  to    
have followed them from place to place  
within its range1 show that  ,prunus    
angustifolia belongs in the southern    
states4    ,this plum was well known by 
the early colonists of ,virginia and    
southward4 ,john ,smith in ,virginia1 in
 #afjg-i1 and ,strachey1 writing  a few 
years later1 saw 8cherries much like a  
damoizm1 but for their  taste and       
cullour we called them cherries40       
,beverly in his ,history of  ,virginia1 

written in #ahbb1 speaks of two sorts of
 plums1 8the black and  the ,murrey     
,plum1 both of which are small and have 
much the same relish  with the          
,damasine02 the latter was probably the 
,angustifolia4 ,lawson in  his ,history 
of ,carolina speaks of several          
plums1#ace one of which1  the ,indian   
plum1 must have been the fruit of the   
present discussion4  ,bruce#acf quotes a
 letter from ,william ,fitzhugh1 written
 in #afhf1 in  which the latter speaks  
of the 8,indian ,cherry10 meaning of    
course1 this  plum2 for it still passes 
under the same name4    ,of the         
horticultural possibilities of ,prunus  
angustifolia1 little  can be said from  
this ,station as the trees cannot be    
grown here4 ,but  since the species has 
been so long known1 and is so near at   
hand to  fruit-growers1 without more of 
its offspring coming under cultivation1 
it is not likely that it may be counted 
upon to bring forth much in the  future 
for the orchard4 ,such trees and fruits 

of this species as the  writer has seen 
are not at all promising for the        
cultivator4      ,,prunus ,,angustifolia
 ,,watsoni 7,sargent7 ,waugh#acg        
#a4 ,waugh ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4        
#ab3bci4 #ahii4 #b4 ,bailey      ,cyc4  
,am4 ,hort4 #adej fig4 #aija4        ,p4
 watsoni4 #c4 ,sargent ,gar4 and ,for4  
#g3acd1 fig4 #ahid4      #d4 ,waugh     
,bot4 ,gaz4 #bf3ec4 #ahih4 #e4 ,bailey  
,ev4 ,nat4      ,fr4 #bah4 #ahih4       
,shrub four to ten feet high2 branches  
slender1 short-jointed1      zigzag1    
reddish-brown2 branchlets at first      
bright red and      lustrous1 later     
becoming brownish-red or sometimes      
ashy-gray2      lenticels few and       
light-colored2 leaves small1 ovate1 apex
      acute1 base rounded or cuneate1   
margins finely crenulate2 upper         
surface glabrous1 shining1 lower surface
 paler1 glabrous2      petioles reddish1
 one-half inch in length1 biglandular at
 the      apex4        ,flowers in      
fascicles of two to four1 borne with or 

before the      leaves and in great     
abundance2 calyx cup-shaped1 the lobes  
acute1 eglandular1 ciliate on the       
margins1 pubescent on the      inner    
surface2 petals white1 obovate1         
contracted into a claw at      the base2
 filaments glabrous1 anthers reddish1   
style slender1      exserted2 pedicels  
one-quarter inch long4        ,fruit    
two-thirds inch in diameter1 globose1   
sometimes oblong1      orange-red1      
bloomless1 handsome2 skin thin1 rather  
tender2      flesh yellow1 juicy1       
tender1 pleasant flavor2 of             
comparatively      high quality2 stone  
somewhat turgid1 compressed at the apex1
      thick-walled1 rounded on the      
ventral and sometimes on the      dorsal
 suture4    ,prunus angustifolia watsoni
 is the ,sand plum of the plains1 being 
an  inhabitant of southern and          
southeastern ,nebraska and central and  
western  ,kansas and possibly passing   
into western ,oklahoma4 ,it is usually  
found  along the banks of streams and   

rivers where it often forms shrubby     
thickets4 ,the wild plums are held in   
high esteem for dessert and  culinary   
purposes1 becoming a commercial product 
in parts of the region  in which they   
grow1 and are occasionally transplanted 
to the garden or  orchard4 ,from such   
transplantings a half dozen varieties   
have arisen4  ,the productiveness1      
hardiness to heat and cold and the size 
and quality  of the fruits should       
attract plum-growers in the region of   
its habitat  and experimenters elsewhere
 as well4 ,waugh#ach gives the following
  interesting sketch of the use to which
 this plum has been put in ,kansas3     
8,early settlers in ,kansas1 before     
their own orchard plantings      came   
into bearing1 used to find the sand     
plums well worth their      attention4  
,in ,july and ,august everybody for     
fifty miles back      from the ,arkansas
 sand hills used to flock thither to    
pick1 and      it was an improvident or 
an unlucky family which came off with   

less than four or five bushels to can   
for winter4 ,whole wagon      loads of  
fruit were often secured1 and were      
sometimes offered      for sale in      
neighboring towns4        8,the fruit   
gathered from the wild trees was of     
remarkably fine      quality1           
considering the conditions under which  
it grew4 ,the      plums were quite     
uniformly large--,i would say from      
memory that      they often reached     
three-fourths of an inch to an inch in  
diameter4 ,they were thin-skinned and of
 good flavor1 not having      the       
unpleasant astringency of the wild      
,americana plums1 which      were also  
sometimes gathered4 ,they were excellent
 for canning      and made the finest of
 jelly4        8,naturally1 the settlers
 who went every year to the sand hills  
for plums brought back trees to plant in
 the gardens they were      opening4    
,almost every farm within the range     
mentioned above      had a few or many  
of the dwarf trees growing4 ,some of    

these      were fruitful and worth their
 room1 but most of them have now        
died out1 or are neglected and          
forgotten4 ,this is because      people 
have paid no attention to their         
selection1 propagation      and         
cultivation4 ,further than this1        
however1 the sand plum has      often   
failed signally to come up to its record
 when transferred      to cultivation4  
,it seems not to adapt itself readily to
 a wide      diversity of soils and     
conditions40    ,the sub-species is     
easily mistaken for the species2 in     
herbarium  specimens it is almost       
impossible to distinguish between them1 
but in  general the ,sand plum differs  
from ,angustifolia in its dwarfer habit1
  shorter-jointed1 zigzag1 ashy-gray    
branches1 smaller but thicker leaves1   
larger1 thicker skinned and better      
flavored fruit which ripens later1 and  
in a smaller and somewhat differently   
marked stone4 ,in distinguishing the    
two groups some allowance must be made  

for the adaptability of plums to        
different environments4      ,,prunus   
,,angustifolia ,,varians ,wight and     
,hedrick        ,plant a small tree1    
attaining a height of twenty-five feet2 
trunk small but well-defined2 branches  
spreading1 bushy1      sometimes armed  
with spinescent branchlets2 young wood  
slender1      more or less zigzag1      
usually glabrous1 glossy1 reddish but   
approaching a chestnut-brown2 lenticels 
few1 scattered1      yellowish1 raised4 
,leaves oblong1 oval-lanceolate or      
rarely slightly      obovate-lanceolate1
 one and one-fifth to two and one-fifth 
inches long1 three-quarters to one inch 
broad1 gradually      narrowed at the   
base1 acute at the apex2 margins very   
minutely      glandular-serrate2 upper  
surface glabrous and somewhat           
lustrous2 lower surface paler1 glabrous 
or sparingly hairy      along the midrib
 and in the axils of the lateral veins2 
petioles slender1 usually reddish1 about
 one-half inch long1      pubescent     

along the upper side1 eglandular or     
sometimes with      one or two glands at
 the apex2 stipules small1 linear and   
glandular-dentate4        ,flowers      
appearing from early in ,march and      
before the leaves      in the ,south1 to
 the middle of ,april and with the      
leaves in      the ,north1 in dried     
specimens about one-half inch broad2    
pedicels three-eighths to one-half inch 
long1 glabrous2      calyx campanulate1 
the tube glabrous2 calyx-lobes usually  
shorter than the tube1 oblong and       
obtuse1 glabrous on the      outer      
surface1 glabrous or sometimes sparingly
 pubescent on      the inner1 the margin
 ciliate1 eglandular2 petals obovate1   
gradually narrowed toward the base1     
erose or entire toward the      apex4   
,fruit globose or sub-globose1 varying  
from red to yellow1      usually with a 
light bloom2 stone about one-half inch  
long1      two-fifths inch broad1       
turgid1 ovoid to elliptic-oblong1       
obscurely pointed at the apex or        

sometimes slightly obtuse1      truncate
 or obliquely truncate at the base1     
grooved on the      dorsal edge1 ventral
 edge with a narrow1 thickened and      
slightly      grooved wing1 the surfaces
 irregularly roughened4    ,yellow      
,transparent may be considered a typical
 variety4 ,type specimens in  the       
,economic ,collection of the ,department
 of ,agriculture were collected  at the 
,eastern ,shore ,nurseries of ,j4 ,w4   
,kerr1 ,denton1 ,maryland1 7flowers7    
,i4 ,tidestrom1 ,april1 #aiaj2 7foliage 
and fruit7 ,p4 ,l4 ,ricker ,no4 #bicc1  
,june #bi1 #aiji4    ,in the wild1      
,prunus angustifolia varians forms dense
 thickets1 the  larger specimens        
attaining a height of ten or twelve     
feet4 ,when budded  and grown in the    
orchard it assumes the form of a small  
tree with well  defined trunk and       
spreading branches1 sometimes armed with
 rather slender  spinescent branchlets4 
,it is distinguished from the species by
 its  usually more robust habit1 by its 

having the young twigs less reddish  and
 approaching a chestnut-brown in color1 
rather longer leaves1 longer  pediceled 
flowers1 and by the stone in most cases 
being more pointed  at the apex4        
,usually in more fertile soil than the  
species1 it occurs  locally from        
southern ,oklahoma through eastern      
,texas southward possibly  to the       
,colorado ,river1 and probably westward 
to the ,panhandle region4 ,as  yet1     
however1 its distribution is not well   
defined4    ,nearly all of the early    
ripening horticultural varieties        
previously  referred to ,prunus         
angustifolia belong to ,prunus          
angustifolia  varians4 ,the fruit of the
 sub-species appears to be superior to  
that of  the species though scarcely    
equal to that of the other southern     
plums now  cultivated4 ,hybrids between 
this form and ,prunus munsoniana        
undoubtedly  occur freely both in the   
wild state and under cultivation4 ,the  
varieties  ,eagle and ,el ,paso have    

probably originated in this way4 ,nearly
 all of the  plums belonging to this    
species1 some twenty in all1 are tender 
to cold1  none1 so far as is known1     
succeeding in the ,north4 ,african1     
,cluck1 ,jennie  ,lucas and ,yellow     
,transparent may be named as            
representative varieties4      #ai4     
,,prunus ,,munsoniana#aci ,wight and    
,hedrick    ,illustration3 ,,prunus     
,,munsoniana        ,prunus             
angustifolia4 #a4 ,bailey ,cornell ,sta4
 ,bul4 #ch3eh4      #ahib 7in part74 #b4
 ,ibid4 ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fr4 #aia-aid4 #ahih 
7in      part74 #c4 ,waugh ,vt4 ,sta4   
,an4 ,rpt4 #aj3ii1 #aje4 #ahig 7in      
part74        ,prunus hortulana4 #d4    
,bailey ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3dh4    
#ahib 7in part74 #e4 ,waugh ,vt4 ,sta4  
,an4 ,rpt4 #aj3ii1      #ajc-aje4       
#ahif-ig 7in part74        ,tree medium 
to large1 from twenty to thirty feet in 
height2      trunk six to ten inches in 
diameter2 bark grayish-brown1           
shaggy1 furrowed2 branches spreading1   

rather slender1 zigzag1      little or  
not at all thorny2 branchlets slender1  
zigzag1      reddish1 lustrous1         
glabrous2 lenticels numerous1 large1    
raised4        ,winter-buds small1      
short1 obtuse1 usually free2 leaves one 
and      one-quarter inches wide by four
 inches long1 lanceolate to             
oblong-lanceolate1 sometimes broadly so1
 somewhat folded1 apex      acute or    
tapering1 usually rounded at the base1  
texture thin1      margins closely and  
finely serrate1 teeth with small1 dark  
red      glands2 upper surface bright   
green1 glabrous1 lustrous2 lower        
surface dull green1 pubescence sparse   
along the midrib and      veins or      
sometimes tufted in the axils2 petioles 
slender1 about      three-quarters of an
 inch long1 pubescent on the upper      
surface1      reddish1 usually with two 
glands at the base of the leaf-blade2   
stipules linear1 glandular1 serrate4    
,flowers appearing before or with the   
leaves1 season of      blooming late1   

about three-quarters inch across1 odor  
sometimes disagreeable2 borne on lateral
 spurs and buds1 two      or four       
flowers in a cluster2 pedicels one half 
inch long1      slender1 glabrous2      
calyx-tube campanulate1 glabrous1       
obscurely      nerved1 about one-fourth 
length of the pedicel2 calyx-lobes      
as long as tube1 ovate-oblong1 obtuse at
 the apex1 usually      glabrous        
outside1 pubescent inside at least      
toward the base1      glandular-ciliate1
 erect2 petals one-third inch long1     
white1      creamy in the bud1 oval or  
obovate1 margins slightly erose1        
abruptly tapering into a claw1 sometimes
 pubescent2 stamens      about twenty in
 number1 equal to or shorter than the   
petals2      filaments glabrous2 anthers
 yellow or sometimes tinged red2        
pistils glabrous shorter than the       
stamens4        ,fruit ripening early2  
globose or oval1 shortest diameter about
      an inch1 bright currant-red1      
rarely yellow2 bloom thin2 dots      few

 or numerous1 whitish1 large or small1  
always conspicuous2      cavity shallow1
 narrow2 suture a line2 apex rounded or 
slightly      depressed2 flesh light to 
dark yellow1 juicy1 soft or melting1    
fibrous1 sweetish1 sour at the pit1     
aromatic2 good2 stone      clinging to  
the flesh1 varying from about one-half  
inch in      length in the wild fruits  
to at least three-quarters inch in      
cultivated varieties1 turgid1 oval1     
prolonged and pointed at      the apex1 
usually obliquely truncate at the base1 
more or less      roughened1 grooved on 
the dorsal edge1 thick-margined and     
markedly grooved on the ventral one4    
,the description of this species is     
based on both wild and cultivated       
material1 and the variety ,arkansas may 
be considered as a typical              
representative4 ,type specimens1        
deposited in the ,economic ,collection  
of the ,united ,states ,department of   
,agriculture1 were collected by ,w4  ,f4
 ,wight 7flowers7 at the ,new ,york     

,state ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva1   
,new ,york1 ,no4 #bgba1 ,may #ae1 #aiji1
 and 7foliage7 at the ,iowa ,experiment 
,station1 ,ames1 ,iowa1 ,no4 #dagh1     
,september #ae1 #aiji4    ,this species 
differs from ,prunus angustifolia1 with 
which it has long  been confused1       
chiefly in being a much larger plant1 a 
true tree while  the other seldom       
reaches the size of a tree4 ,it has     
coarser and less  twiggy branches1      
shaggier bark and less red in the color 
of the young  wood4 ,the leaves are     
larger1 thicker1 more truly lanceolate  
in shape1  less folded1 a lighter green 
and less glossy4 ,the flowers of the new
  species are larger1 fewer in number1  
borne in less dense umbels which  are   
not so nearly sessile as those of the   
older species and are borne on  longer  
pedicels4 ,the calyx-lobes are erect in 
this species and reflexed  in ,prunus   
angustifolia1 strongly marked by        
marginal glands in ,prunus  munsoniana  
and eglandular in ,prunus angustifolia4 

,the fruits are  larger and wholly      
plum-like in the newly made species and 
cherry-like in  ,prunus angustifolia4   
,the stone is very plum-like in ,prunus 
munsoniana  but in the older species it 
might easily be mistaken for the pit of 
a  cherry4 ,the robust form is hardy as 
far north as ,geneva1 ,new ,york1 at    
least1 while the other species cannot be
 grown much north of ,mason and         
,dixon's line4    ,of the varieties     
which certainly belong to this species  
by far the  greatest number have        
originated under cultivation4 ,there is 
herbarium  material from uncultivated   
plants to show that this species is     
rather  common in the northern part of  
,texas1 in eastern ,oklahoma and in     
parts  of ,missouri4 ,it is a species   
forming dense thickets in its native    
habitat1 where it is usually found in   
rather rich soils1 with the older       
central specimens sometimes attaining a 
height of twenty to twenty-five  feet   
and gradually diminishing in height to  

the edge of the thicket4  ,when budded  
and grown in the orchard it forms a     
well-defined trunk and  attains a height
 of twenty-five feet or more4 ,the      
branches are little or  not at all      
spinescent1 bark of the stem in young   
specimens reddish or  chestnut-brown1   
and usually rather smooth1 becoming     
scaly and losing its  reddish color with
 age1 that of the young twigs usually   
chestnut-brown4  ,its natural range1    
though not yet definitely determined1   
probably extends  from central          
,tennessee through northern             
,mississippi1 northern ,arkansas1       
central ,missouri and southeastern      
,kansas to the valley of the ,little    
,wichita ,river in northern ,texas4     
,the ,wild ,goose varieties1 now placed 
here1 in the past have been  considered 
hybrids more closely resembling ,prunus 
hortulana than any  other species4 ,but 
,wild ,goose and some other varieties of
 its group are  not to be distinguished 
from ,prunus munsoniana and beyond      

question  belong in this species4 ,the  
varieties in this division of           
,munsoniana  are largely seedlings of   
,wild ,goose1 each variety possibly with
 a  different male parent since ,wild   
,goose seldom or never fruits unless    
cross-fertilized4 ,thus1 of these plums1
 twelve are known seedlings of  ,wild   
,goose2 seven others originated under   
cultivation2 the origin of  fourteen is 
not known and it is not certain that any
 beside ,wild ,goose  came from wild    
plants4 ,from such a record1 and from   
the characters of  the plants1 it is    
probable that some of the ,wild ,goose  
varieties are  horticultural hybrids1   
many of them from ,h4 ,a4 ,terry of     
,iowa in whose  work1 with many         
varieties of several species1 hybridity 
was the rule4    ,horticulturally1 this 
is the most important group of native   
plums for  the ,south2 it contains a    
greater number of cultivated varieties  
than  any other native species excepting
 ,prunus americana1 no less than  sixty 

sorts being listed in ,the ,plums of    
,new ,york1 some of which  are          
deservedly the best known of the native 
plums for either home or  market use4   
,for dessert or the kitchen they are    
particularly valuable1  having a        
sprightly vinous flavor making them very
 pleasant flavored to  eat out of hand  
or when cooked4 ,their bright colors1   
semi-transparent  skins and well-turned 
forms make them very attractive in      
appearance4  ,considering the juiciness 
of most of the varieties1 these plums   
ship and  keep well4 ,unfortunately     
nearly all of the varieties of this     
species  are clingstones4 ,this group   
hybridizes more freely than any other of
  the plums and there are a great number
 of promising hybrids of which  it is   
one of the parents4 ,of all plums1 these
 are most in need of  cross-pollination1
 some of the varieties being nearly or1 
as in the case  of ,wild ,goose1 wholly 
self-sterile4 ,while these plums are    
especially  valuable in the ,southern   

,states1 some of them are desirable in  
the ,north  as well1 where all will grow
 at least as far north as central ,new  
,york4  ,plums of this species are      
occasionally but not often used as      
stocks4 ,some  recommend them for stocks
 for low or wet lands4 ,the fact that   
,prunus  munsoniana suckers very badly  
will probably preclude its use largely  
in  propagating4    ,the leading        
varieties under cultivation of this     
species are ,arkansas1  ,pottawattamie1 
,robinson1 ,newman1 ,wild ,goose and    
,downing1 all of which are  described in
 full and illustrated in colors in ,the 
,plums of ,new ,york4  ,the first four  
of these have in the past been referred 
by botanists  and pomologists to ,prunus
 angustifolia and the last two to       
,prunus  hortulana4      #bj4 ,,prunus  
,,maritima ,marshall        #a4         
,marshall ,arbust4 ,am4 #aab4 #aghe4 #b4
 ,wangenheim ,amer4      #ajc4 #aghg4   
#c4 ,michaux ,fl4 ,bor4 ,am4 #a3bhd4    
#ahjc4 #d4 ,pursh      ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept4 

#ccb4 #ahad4 #e4 ,nuttall ,gen4 ,n4 ,am4
 ,pl4      #a3cjb4 #ahah4 #f4 ,elliott  
,sk4 ,bot4 ,s4 ,c4 and ,ga4 #a3edc4     
#ahba4 #g4 ,torrey and ,gray ,fl4 ,n4   
,am4 #a3djh4 #ahdj4 #h4      ,torrey    
,fl4 ,n4 ,y4 #a3aid4 #ahdc4 #i4 ,emerson
 ,trees of ,mass4      #ddi4 #ahdf4 #aj4
 ,bailey ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ge1   
fig4 ,no4      #i4 #ahib4 #aa4 ,waugh   
,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bcd4 #ahii4   
#ab4      ,bailey ,cyc4 ,am4 ,hort4     
#addi1 fig4 #aija4        ,p4           
littoralis4 #ac4 ,bigelow ,fl4 ,bost4   
,ed4 #b3aic4 #ahbd4        ,p4          
pubescens4 #ad4 ,torrey ,fl4 ,u4 ,s4    
#dfi4 #ahbd4        ,cerasus pubescens4 
#ae4 ,seringe ,,dc4 ,prodr4 #b3ech4     
#ahbe4      #af4 ,beck ,bot4 ,nor4 and  
,mid4 ,u4 ,s4 #if4 #ahcc4        ,shrub 
four to ten feet high1 sometimes a low  
tree under      cultivation2 main       
branches decumbent and straggling or    
upright      and stout2 bark dark brown 
or reddish1 more or less spiny1         
often warty2 branchlets slightly        

pubescent at first1 becoming            
glabrous1 dark reddish-brown1 straight  
or slightly zigzag and      rather      
slender2 lenticels few1 small1 dark4    
,winter-buds small1 long1 acute1 with   
small reddish scales2      leaves oval  
or obovate1 short-acute or nearly obtuse
 at the      apex1 rounded or nearly    
acute at the base1 margins closely and  
evenly serrate1 thinnish or thickish and
 somewhat leathery2      upper surface  
glabrous1 dull green1 lower surface     
paler and      more or less pubescent2  
petioles less than one-half inch long1  
stout1 tomentose or glabrous2 glands    
two1 sometimes more1 at      the base of
 the leaves4        ,flowers small1     
appearing before the leaves but the     
latest      of any of the hardy plums2  
borne in three-flowered umbels          
closely set along the rigid branches2   
calyx-tube campanulate1      tomentose2 
petals white1 sometimes pinkish1        
sub-orbicular1      narrowed into a claw
 at the base2 pedicels short1 slender1  

stiff1 tomentose4        ,fruit maturing
 in late summer in ,massachusetts2      
one-half inch      in diameter1 globose1
 slightly flattened at the ends2 cavity 
shallow1 borne on a slender pedicel more
 than one-half inch in      length1     
usually dark purple with a heavy bloom  
but variable1      sometimes red or less
 frequently yellow2 skin thick1 tough   
and      acrid2 flesh crisp1 juicy1     
sweetish2 stone free from the flesh1    
small1 turgid1 pointed at both ends1    
cherry-like1 acutely      ridged on one 
and grooved on the other edge4          
,prunus maritima1 or as it has long been
 known1 the ,beach plum1 is as  yet     
hardly grown as a domesticated fruit4   
,it is destined1 however1 in the  minds 
of not a few1 because of qualities which
 we shall describe1 to play  a more     
important part in the future of the     
cultivated plum flora than it  has in   
the past4 ,it has several valuable      
characters that should fit it  alike for
 direct cultivation and for hybridizing 

with other species4 ,it  is surprising  
that more has not been done to          
domesticate the ,maritima  plums for    
they were among the first fruits noticed
 by early explorers  and have always    
been used by both ,indians and ,whites  
for culinary  purposes4 ,the fact that  
,domestica plums thrive in their habitat
 is the  only explanation of the        
non-amelioration of this plum before    
this4    ,september third1 #afji1       
,hudson entered the river bearing his   
name and  found 8a very good harbor1    
abundance of blue plums1 some currants  
brought  by the natives dried and the   
country full of great and tall oaks40   
,the  blue plum was the ,maritima2 and  
from ,hudson's time nearly all of the   
accounts of the ,new ,world given by    
early explorers mention this plum4 ,it  
is probably one of the plums described  
by ,captain ,john ,smith as a cherry    
8much like a ,damson20 by ,edward       
,winslow in #afba1 in a letter to       
,england  to a friend1 as one of his    

8plums of three sorts02 by ,francis     
,higginson  in his ,new ,england's      
,plantation in #afcj2 described by      
,thomas ,morton in  #afcb in his ,new   
,english ,canaan as having 8fruit as    
bigg as our ordinary  bullis40 ,john    
,lawson1 one of the first of ,american  
naturalists1 describes  them rather more
 fully as follows3#adj 8,the ,american  
,damsons are both  black and white1 and 
about the ,bigness of an ,european      
,damson4 ,they grow  any where if       
planted from the ,stone or ,slip2 bear a
 white blossom1 and  are a good fruit4  
,they are found on the ,sand-,banks all 
along the ,coast  of ,america4 ,i have  
planted several in my ,orchard1 that    
came from the  ,stone1 which thrive well
 amongst the rest of my ,trees4 ,but    
they never  grow to the ,bigness of the 
other ,trees now spoken of4 ,these are  
plentiful  ,bearers40 ,these are but a  
few of the many references to the ,beach
 plum  but they are enough to show that 
the colonists were attracted by this    

wild plum found on a long stretch of the
 ,atlantic seaboard--probably the  first
 fruit to attract attention from        
,virginia to ,new ,england4    ,to be   
more explicit as to its range1 ,prunus  
maritima1 in its typical  form1 is an   
inhabitant of the sea beaches and sand  
dunes from ,new  ,brunswick to the      
,carolinas1 or possibly farther south1  
growing inland  usually as far as recent
 ocean soil formations extend4 ,as it   
leaves the  seaboard marked variations  
make their appearance1 chief of which   
are1  smaller1 more oval1 smoother and  
thinner leaves and smaller fruit4 ,the  
species has been reported as an         
inhabitant of the sands at the head of  
,lake ,michigan1#ada but the writer1 who
 is well acquainted with this  region1  
has never seen it there1 nor is it to be
 found in the chief  herbaria of        
,michigan as having been collected in   
the state4    ,in the region where it is
 found wild the ,maritima plum is a     
rather common  article of trade4 ,the   

fruit is usually sold by the quart1 the 
price being  five or ten cents1 and is  
used for both dessert and culinary      
purposes  though for most part for the  
latter4    ,the species is one of the   
most variable of the true plums and     
there  is1 probably must ever be1 much  
disagreement as to its botanical        
relationships4 ,several botanical       
varieties of ,prunus maritima have      
already been named and there are yet    
groups within the species which  seem to
 be nearly as distinct as those         
described and possibly worth            
distinguishing4 ,since the variations   
show in the size1 color and edible      
qualities of the fruit1 as well as in   
the characters of the plant1 it  is to  
be expected that the species has a      
horticultural future though  at present 
it has but one cultivated               
variety--,bassett4 ,professor ,j4 ,w4   
,macfarlane of the ,university of       
,pennsylvania has shown well the great  
range of variations in this plum both   

from botanical and horticultural        
aspects4#adb ,he holds that these       
variations are sufficiently distinct  to
 make many varieties of this plum in the
 wild1 to which ,de,vries agrees  with  
the statement that they indicate 8the   
existence of separate races as          
elementary species40#adc ,the plum which
 ,small has described as ,prunus        
gravesii1 to be discussed later1 is a   
marked variation of ,prunus  maritima4  
,as it grows on the sea-coast ,prunus   
maritima is a low bush three to six     
feet high1 occasionally reaching a      
height of ten or twelve feet4 ,usually  
the plant is straggling but sometimes it
 is compact or even tree-like4  ,inland1
 on better soils1 or under cultivation  
it makes a rather  handsome dwarf tree4 
,the flowers are borne in great numbers1
 completely  covering the plant and     
coming later than most of the plums     
bloom4 ,the  species bears fruit very   
abundantly1 which is always attractive  
but of  quite diverse value for food4   

,the fruit varies in size from a half to
  three-quarters of an inch in diameter 
and is almost spherical1 though         
sometimes oval and with or without a    
distinct suture4 ,the usual color is  a 
rich bluish-black with a waxy bloom1 but
 red1 yellow1 amber and orange  fruits  
are often found4 ,in taste the ,maritima
 plums range from inedible  to nearly as
 rich a flavor as is found in the best  
of the ,domestica  plums4 ,besides      
variations in the above and other       
qualities1 ,macfarlane  calls attention 
to the range in ripening of the fruit of
 this plum1  showing that it extends    
over a period of two months1 an         
exceptionally  wide variation for a wild
 plant4    ,this plum has a number of   
qualities that commend it to the        
fruit-grower4  ,since in the wild it    
grows on sandy soils it is not likely   
under  cultivation to make great demands
 on either the moisture or the fertility
  of soils4 ,it is very hardy and very  
productive and seldom fails to bear4    

,it seems to be free or nearly so from  
some of the pests of cultivated  plums4 
,lastly1 the great number of wild       
varieties of the plums give many        
starting points from which to breed     
cultivated varieties4 ,two objections   
to the wild fruits are that when the    
fruit is harvested the juice often      
exudes from the wound made by the       
parting from the stem1 and secondly1    
the secretion of some substance forming 
a dark colored1 hard core in  the pulp  
which gives a very bitter taste to the  
fruit4 ,the last defect  is very common 
in the wild plums and is probably due to
 the sting of an  insect4 ,under        
cultivation it may be possible to obtain
 fruits free from  these faults4    ,it 
would be desirable if some of the       
characters enumerated above could be    
combined with those of other species4   
,burbank has hybridized the ,maritima   
plum with other species1 with promising 
results4 ,of these he writes under  date
 of ,december #f1 #aiji1 as follows3    

8,i first began raising ,prunus maritima
 about #ahhg--twenty-two      years     
ago--collecting myself and having       
specimens sent me      all the way from 
the coast of ,labrador to ,south        
,carolina1      the finest of which were
 obtained from the eastern coast of     
,massachusetts4 ,among the seedlings1 of
 which ,i raised and      fruited       
several hundred thousands1 were yellow1 
red1 purple      and almost black ones1 
early and late1 round1 oval1 oblate and 
flattened1 with big stones and little   
stones1 free stone and      cling stone1
 and much variety in productiveness and 
growth      of the young bushes1 but not
 one of them the first two or      three
 generations were very much increased in
 size--probably      the largest being  
about the size of a cranberry or a small
      hazelnut--and none of them of very
 exceptional quality1 though      their 
habit of blooming late was a tremendous 
advantage1 as      they invariably      
escaped our spring frosts4 ,this1 with  

their      unusual hardiness induced me 
to continue experimenting with          
them4 ,finally after some ten years ,i  
obtained a very delicious      variety1 
about an inch in length and             
three-quarters of an      inch in       
diameter1 tree much increased in size1  
larger foliage      and more productive 
and producing enormous quantities of    
most      delicious fruit4 ,from this ,i
 raised a great many thousand1          
almost as good and a few of them even   
better1 several      hundred of which   
have been selected and are now bearing  
on my      ,sebastopol place4 ,some of  
these improved seedling trees grow      
five to ten times as large as the       
ordinary ,maritima1 with      larger    
leaves and in every possible way        
improved4 ,my greatest      success with
 this species 7and one of the most      
striking      occurrences in my work    
with plums7 was produced by pollinating 
one of the somewhat improved ,maritimas 
with ,prunus triflora4        8,the very

 first generation1 a plum was produced  
which is an      astonishing grower for 
a ,maritima--almost equal to the        
,triflora1      with large1 broad glossy
 foliage of almost the exact shape of   
the ,maritima1 ,maritima blossoms1 and  
fruit weighing nearly      one-quarter  
of a pound each1 with an improved       
superior ,maritima      flavor1         
,maritima pit in form1 but enlarged4    
,the most singular      peculiarity of  
this plum1 which is so enormous1 is that
 the      trees commence to bloom about 
with the ,triflora and bloom and        
bear fruit all summer1 so that blossoms1
 young fruit and the      enormous deep 
red ripening fruit can be seen on the   
trees at      the same time40      #ba4 
,,prunus ,,gravesii ,small        #a4   
,small ,torrey ,bot4 ,club ,bul4 #bd3dd1
 ,pl4 #bib4 #ahig4 #b4      ,britton and
 ,brown ,n4 ,am4 ,trees #b3bdi4 #ahig4  
#c4 ,robinson      and ,fernald ,gray's 
,man4 ,ed4 #g3dih4 #aijh4        ,shrub 
low1 slender1 attaining a height of four

 feet2 main      trunk much branched1   
with dark1 rough bark2 branches         
ascending1 slender1 leafless1 unarmed2  
branchlets of the      season           
puberulent4 ,leaves oval-orbicular1     
orbicular or      slightly obovate1     
rounded1 retuse or apiculated at the    
apex1      base truncate or at least    
obtuse1 margins sharply serrate or      
crenate-serrate2 upper surface sparingly
 pubescent or glabrous1      lower      
surface pubescent1 especially on the    
veins4        ,flowers white1 one-half  
inch broad2 borne in two or             
three-flowered1 lateral umbels1         
appearing with the leaves2              
calyx-tube campanulate1 pubescent2      
petals sub-orbicular1      abruptly     
narrowed at the base2 pedicels stout1   
stiff1 pubescent4        ,fruit maturing
 in ,september2 globose1 one-half inch  
in      diameter1 nearly black1 with a  
light bloom1 acid and      astringent2  
stone broadly oval1 rounded at the apex1
 acute at      the base4    ,prunus     

gravesii is now known only in           
,connecticut1 where it is found  on a   
gravelly ridge at ,groton near ,long    
,island ,sound4 ,it grows in the        
neighborhood of ,prunus maritima to     
which it is evidently closely  related4 
,small in describing the species gives  
the following differences  between the  
,gravesii and the ,maritima plums3 7#a7 
,prunus gravesii is  more slender and   
delicate in habit1 and matures its      
leaves and fruit  earlier in the season4
 7#b7 ,the leaf of ,prunus gravesii is  
small and  sub-orbicular while that of  
the other is larger and more elongated4 
7#c7  ,the new species has smaller      
flowers with sub-orbicular petals while 
those  of ,prunus maritima are broadly  
obovate and gradually narrowed at the   
base4 7#d7 ,the fruit of ,prunus        
gravesii is smaller and more globose and
  has shorter pedicels4 7#e7 ,the stone 
is more turgid and is pointed only  at  
the base2 that of ,prunus maritima is   
usually pointed at both ends4  7#f7     

,sprouts arising from the ground do not 
produce flowers as they  frequently do  
in the case of ,prunus maritima4    ,the
 cultivation of this plum has not been  
attempted and as compared with          
,maritima it promises little for the    
fruit-grower4      #bb4 ,,prunus        
,,orthosepala ,koehne        #a4 ,koehne
 ,deut4 ,dend4 #caa4 #ahic4 #b4 ,sargent
 ,gar4 and      ,for4 #g3ahd1 #ahg fig4 
#ahid4 #c4 ,bailey ,cyc4 ,am4 ,hort4    
#adej4 #aija4        ,shrub four or five
 feet high2 branches dense and twiggy2  
stems      sometimes armed with slender 
spines2 bark separating in large1       
loose scales2 branchlets stout1 slightly
 zigzag1 reddish-brown      becoming    
dark brown4        ,winter-buds obtuse1 
three-lobed at maturity2 leaves         
oblong-ovate1 thin and firm1 acuminate1 
long-pointed1 two and      one-half to  
three inches long1 two-thirds inch      
broad1 unequally      cuneate or rounded
 at the base2 margins closely serrate   
with      incurved1 calloused or rarely 

glandular teeth2 upper surface          
glabrous1 light green1 lower surface    
paler and pilose2 petioles      slender1
 slightly grooved1 puberulous1 one-half 
inch long2      glands two1 large1 at   
the apex of the petiole4        ,flowers
 appearing after the leaves2 borne in   
three or      four-flowered fascicles on
 stout pedicels one-half inch      long2
 calyx-tube turbinate2 lobes puberulous 
on the outer      surface1 with thick   
tomentum1 often tipped with red on the  
inner surface2 petals narrowly obovate1 
rounded at the apex1      narrowing at  
the base into slender claws1 white or   
tinged with      pink2 stamens orange1  
exserted2 style glabrous1 thickened at  
the apex into a truncate stigma4        
,fruit globose1 an inch in diameter1    
deep red with a heavy      bloom2 skin  
thick2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 of good     
flavor2 stone      flattened1 oval1     
slightly rugose1 deeply grooved on the  
dorsal      and ridged on the ventral   
edge4    ,the history and habitat of    

,orthosepala are given by ,sargent as   
follows3  8,the history of this plant as
 ,i know it1 is briefly this3 ,in ,june1
 #ahhj1  ,dr4 ,george ,engelmann of ,st4
 ,louis1 sent to the ,arnold ,arboretum 
a package  of seeds marked #8,prunus1   
sp4 southern ,texas4' ,plants were      
raised from  these seeds and in #ahhh1  
or earlier1 they flowered and produced  
fruit1  which showed that they belonged 
to a distinct and probably undescribed  
species4 ,a name1 however1 was not      
proposed for it1 and in #ahhh1 probably1
  plants or seeds were sent to ,herr    
,spath1 of the ,rixdorf ,nurseries1 near
  ,berlin1 where this plum was found in 
flower by ,dr4 ,emil ,koehne1 who has   
described it under the name of ,prunus  
orthosepala40    ,of the affinity of    
this species ,sargent says3 8,prunus    
orthosepala is a  true plum1 rather     
closely related to ,prunus hortulana1   
from which it  can be distinguished by  
the smaller number of glands of the     
petioles1  by the eglandular            

calyx-lobes1 the dark colored fruit and 
smoother  stone40 ,as the writer has    
seen this plum growing in the ,arnold   
,arboretum1  ,jamaica ,plains1          
,massachusetts1 and the ,city parks at  
,rochester1 ,new  ,york1 it seems well  
worth cultivating4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr   
writes of it as  follows3        8,i    
have ,p4 orthosepala fruiting here1 and 
with me      its fruit is exceptionally 
fine in quality1 sparingly              
produced--attributable ,i believe to the
 fact that no variety      stands near  
enough to it for proper                 
inter-pollination4 ,the      trees are  
rather dwarfish in habit1 close-headed1 
with fine      clean foliage4 ,the fruit
 is globular in form2 size equal to     
fair specimens of ,hawkeye or ,wyant2   
skin a greenish-yellow1      almost     
entirely covered with deep red40    ,w4 
,f4 ,wight of the ,united ,states       
,department of ,agriculture has         
collected  specimens of a cultivated    
plum1 taken from the wild1 locally known

 as the  ,laire1 in ,rooks and          
neighboring counties in ,kansas1 with   
foliage very  similar to ,prunus        
orthosepela4 ,while the identity of     
,laire with the  species under          
discussion cannot be established at this
 time1 the reported  source of the      
seeds1 8southern ,texas10 from which    
,prunus orthosepela  was grown may be an
 error4      #bc4 ,,prunus ,,gracilis   
,engelmann and ,gray        #a4         
,engelmann and ,gray ,bost4 ,jour4 ,nat4
 ,hist4 #e3bdc4 #ahde4      #b4 ,torrey 
,pac4 ,r4 ,rpt4 #d3hc4 #ahed4 #c4       
,britton and ,brown      ,ill4 ,fl4     
#b3bdi1 fig4 #ahig4        ,p4 chicasa  
var4 normalis4 #d4 ,torrey and ,gray    
,fl4 ,n4 ,am4      #a3djg4 #ahdj4       
,p4 normalis #e4 ,small ,fl4 ,s4 ,e4 ,u4
 ,s4 #egb4 #aijc4        ,shrub low1    
attaining a height of five or six feet2 
branches      many1 straggling1 more or 
less spiny2 branchlets at first         
densely tomentose or soft-pubescent1    
becoming glabrous2 leaves      small1   

ovate-lanceolate or oval1 margins finely
 and evenly      serrate1 rather thick1 
texture harsh and firm2 upper surface   
dark green1 glabrous or nearly so at    
maturity1 lower surface      paler1     
soft-pubescent becoming nearly glabrous2
 petiole short      and stout4          
,flowers white1 small1 appearing before 
the leaves2 borne in      sessile1      
several-flowered umbels2 pedicels short1
 slender1      soft-pubescent4          
,fruit globose or oval1 very small1 not 
more than one-half inch      in         
diameter1 variable in color1 mostly in  
shades of red2 stone      turgid1 nearly
 orbicular1 pointed at both ends4       
,prunus gracilis is found in dry1 sandy 
soils from southern ,kansas and  western
 ,arkansas to central ,texas4 ,it grows 
most abundantly and thrives  best in    
,oklahoma1 a fact which leads ,waugh to 
call it the 8,oklahoma0  plum4 ,all who 
know the species agree that it is a near
 approach to  ,maritima in many of its  
characters4 ,this plum is very variable 

and  some of its forms seem not to have 
been well studied4 ,as a fruit plant    
,gracilis is hardly known in cultivation
 though ,torrey says it is  cultivated  
in the region of its habitat under the  
name ,prairie ,cherry4  ,the wild fruit 
is used more or less locally and is     
sometimes offered  for sale in the      
markets of western towns4 ,the quality  
is about the same  as that of the wild  
,americanas and under cultivation would 
probably  improve4 ,the small size of   
plant and fruit are the most unpromising
  characters though the species is also 
much subject to black-knot4      #bd4   
,,prunus ,,rivularis ,scheele        #a4
 ,scheele ,linnaea #ba3eid4 #ahdh4 #b4  
,gray ,pl4 ,wright4      #a3fg4 #aheb4  
#c4 ,hall ,pl4 ,texas4 #i4 #ahgc4 #d4   
,coulter      ,cont4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4      
,herb4 #b3aja4 #ahia4 #e4 ,waugh ,bot4  
,gaz4      #bf3ej-eb4 #ahih4 #f4 ,bailey
 ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fr4 #bbc4 #ahih4           
,shrub three to seven feet high2        
branches angular1 smooth1      shining1 

ash-colored1 rough2 lenticels small1    
crowded2      leaves oblong-ovate or    
sometimes ovate1 rarely lanceolate1     
apex acute1 margins coarsely or doubly  
serrate1 glabrous      above and        
sparingly pubescent below2 petioles     
glandular1      grooved1 pubescent2     
flowers in lateral umbels1 in pairs or  
several-flowered2 fruit about one-half  
inch in diameter1      oblong-oval1     
cherry-red2 skin thick1 smooth and      
tough1 acid4    ,the preceding          
description is largely compiled from the
 authors given in  the references1 the  
writer having seen only herbarium       
specimens4 ,the  species is included    
here largely upon the authority of      
,professor ,c4 ,s4  ,sargent of the     
,arnold ,arboretum and ,w4 ,f4 ,wight1  
who know the plant as  described by     
,scheele in the field4 ,gray described  
the plant as 8verging  to ,americana40  
,bailey says 8it evidently bears the    
same relation to  ,prunus americana that
 ,prunus watsoni does to the ,chickasaw 

plum40  ,waugh is 8convinced that       
,prunus rivularis ,scheele is nothing   
more than  one of the more distinct     
sub-divisions of the multiform hortulana
  group40#add ,t4 ,v4 ,munson writes me 
that the ,waylandi plums belong in  this
 species4 ,my own opinion is1 from the  
herbarium specimens examined1  from     
correspondence and conversation with    
those who have seen the plant  in the   
field1 that ,scheele's species is a good
 one and quite distinct  from the       
species named by ,bailey1 ,waugh and    
,munson as allied to it4 ,it is  to be  
looked for along the streams and        
bottom-lands in the neighborhood  of    
,san ,antonio and ,new ,braunfels1      
,texas4 ,the plum is locally known as   
the ,creek plum and in common with other
 plums is gathered for home             
consumption4 ,the species seems to offer
 but few possibilities for the          
fruit-grower4          ,,chapter ,,ii   
,,plum ,,culture4      ,ten states      
produced over #hb per ct4 of the plum   

crop of the ,united ,states  in #ahii4  
,the census of #aijj shows that in the  
preceding year the total  crop in the   
country was #h1gfd1jcb bushels of which 
,california1 ,oregon1  ,new ,york1      
,washington1 ,michigan1 ,iowa1 ,texas1  
,arkansas1 ,ohio and ,kansas1  named in 
order of yield1 produced #g1dbi1bdh     
bushels4 ,all other states  yielded     
#a1ccd1ghd bushels4 ,of these ten       
states1 three1 ,california1 ,oregon  and
 ,washington1 holding first1 second and 
fourth places in production1  use by far
 the greater parts of their crops for   
prunes4 ,four others1  ,iowa1 ,texas1   
,arkansas and ,kansas1 grow the native  
and ,triflora varieties  almost         
exclusively4 ,new ,york with a crop of  
#cac1ffh bushels in #ahii1  ,michigan   
with #bac1fhb bushels the same year and 
,ohio with #ha1dce bushels1  grew the   
main crop of ,domesticas for the states 
in which plums are not  made into       
prunes4    ,at the end of the           
,nineteenth ,century the plum ranked    

third in commercial  value among orchard
 products1 being surpassed by the apple 
and the  peach4 ,the increase in number 
of trees and bushels of fruit for the   
whole country for the decade ending with
 #ahii was remarkable1 being for  trees 
#ccd4i per ct4 and for bushels of fruit 
#bdc4a per ct4 ,these great  increases  
were due to very large planting of plums
 for prunes on the  ,pacific ,coast and 
to the widespread distribution during   
these ten years  of native and ,triflora
 varieties4 ,it is very doubtful if the 
percentage  of increase has been nearly 
so great during the present decade4 ,it 
is  likely that the development of rapid
 transportation and refrigerator        
service between the great plum-growing  
region of the far ,west and the  markets
 of the ,east has caused a decrease in  
trees and production in the  eastern    
states4    ,plum-growing1 as with the   
growing of all fruits1 is confined to   
localities geologically1 climatically   
and commercially adapted to the         

industry4 ,if we take ,new ,york as an  
example we find that plums are grown    
largely only in ten of the sixty-one    
counties1 according to the census  of   
#aijj4 ,these with the number of trees  
in each are as follows3 ,niagara        
#ahd1acc1 ,ontario #ib1iag1 ,seneca     
#ei1bje1 ,monroe #eg1bdf1 ,schuyler     
#dh1ccf1  ,orleans #da1ihe1 ,yates      
#cb1gdb1 ,albany #cb1cgc1 ,erie #cj1bha1
 ,wayne #cj1jdg4  ,over #fb per ct4 of  
all the trees in the ,state are in these
 counties and  probably they produce    
more than #ij per ct4 of the plums sent 
to market4    ,a canvass of the acreage 
of four hundred plum-growers in ,new    
,york shows  that the following in order
 named are the leading commercial       
varieties3  ,bradshaw1 including        
,niagara1 which is identical1 ,reine    
,claude including  its several near     
variations1 ,italian ,prune1 ,german    
,prune1 ,lombard1  ,shropshire1 ,grand  
,duke1 ,washington and ,gueii4          
,abundance and ,burbank  are as widely  

distributed as any of these1 chiefly    
owing to the zeal  with which nurserymen
 have sold these varieties1 but are     
seldom grown  exclusively in commercial 
plantations1 and their popularity is now
  on the wane as is also the case with  
,red ,june which has been largely       
planted4 ,varieties of native plums are 
hardly grown in ,new ,york though  now  
and then they are found in home         
collections and there are a few small   
commercial plantations of them4    ,the 
fruit of the native and ,triflora plums 
is so inferior to that of the           
,domestica sorts for market and domestic
 purposes1 that varieties of these  are 
not likely to take the place of the     
,domestica plums4 ,producers and        
purchasers are now familiar with the    
possibilities of the natives and of  the
 ,orientals and have not been greatly   
attracted by them in ,new ,york4 ,it  is
 true1 however1 that the natives have   
been chiefly represented by ,wild       
,goose and the ,trifloras by ,abundance 

and ,burbank--scarcely the best that    
these groups of plums can produce4 ,it  
is true1 too1 that the varieties  have  
been greatly over-praised and that they 
now suffer from the  reaction4 ,yet the 
,domesticas command the market and their
 reliableness  in the orchard gives them
 a popularity in this region which other
 plums  cannot for a long while trench  
upon4    ,this brings us to a discussion
 of the conditions under which plums are
  now grown in ,north ,america and more 
particularly in ,new ,york4 ,of these1  
climate1 with this fruit1 should be     
first discussed1 outranking all  others 
in importance4      ,,climate           
,climatic conditions determine the      
culture of the plum not only for a      
region but for a locality2 not only as  
to whether it is possible to grow  plums
 at all but as to whether this fruit can
 be grown with reasonable  prospects of 
commercial success in competition with  
other localities4  ,the constituents of 
climate which are important in          

plum-growing are  temperature1 rainfall 
and air currents1 the last two being    
largely  dependent upon the first4 ,the 
relationship existing between plums and 
these factors of climate are fairly well
 known for they have received  attention
 from the very beginning of plum        
culture4    ,there are four phases of   
temperature that need to be considered  
in  order to get a clear insight into   
the climatic conditions which govern    
production of fruit crops4 ,these are1  
the daily1 monthly and annual  changes  
in temperature and the extremes in      
temperature4 ,of these the  daily and   
annual changes are of little importance4
 ,all plants are very  adaptable to     
daily variations in climate and are     
little affected by them4  ,annual       
variations are shown by statements of   
the annual mean temperatures  but such  
statements are of small value to        
fruit-growers as they may be  the result
 of averaging very divergent            
temperatures or temperatures very  close

 together4 ,the monthly mean1 however1  
is a very fair criterion of  climate for
 fruit-growing1 especially when given   
with the amount and  distribution of    
rainfall4    ,but far more important    
than any of the above phases are the    
extremes  in temperature and more       
particularly of cold4 ,a plant can not  
be grown  profitably where the          
temperature1 even occasionally1 falls   
below the  point where winter-killing   
results to tree or bud1 or where the    
blossom  is injured by frost4 ,extremes 
of heat are disastrous usually only when
  long continued4 ,for each fruit1 too1 
there must be a total amount of heat    
available to carry it from the setting  
of the fruit to maturity1 in which      
respect varieties of any fruit may      
differ materially4 ,of the injurious    
effects and of the necessary amounts of 
heat1 however1 we know but little4      
,these general considerations of        
temperature lead us to their application
  to the plum and especially to a       

discussion of the most important of the 
several factors--hardiness4             
,hardiness to cold1 a matter of prime   
importance with all fruits1 is          
especially so with the plum because of  
the many different species1 each  with  
its own capacity for withstanding cold4 
,as the different species  are taken    
from their natural habitat to other     
regions1 there to become  acclimatized1 
and as new forms originate by           
hybridization1 the matter  becomes more 
complicated and more important4         
,waugh#ade has investigated  the        
hardiness of plums and we publish a     
table given by him showing the          
hardiness of representative varieties of
 the species most generally  cultivated4
 ,we have taken the liberty of adding a 
few plums not given in  the original    
table and have also made some changes in
 the nomenclature of  the groups4       
,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,hardiness ,,of
 ,,representative ,,varieties ,,of      
,,plums ,,at  ,,various ,,places4       

h--hardy2 hh--half-hardy2 t--tender4    
,w4                                     
,w     ,m                             ,i
     ,c  ,n  ,n           i     i       
,i  l     o  e  e  ,v  ,o     s     n   
n  l  ,k  l  b  w  e  n     c     n     
d  i  a  o  r     r  t  ,m  o     e     
,o  i  n  n  r  a  ,y  m  a  a  n  ,i  s
                       h  a  o  s  a  s 
o  o  r  i  s  o  o                     
i  n  i  a  d  k  r  n  i  n  i  w  t   
o  a  s  s  o  a  k  t  o  e  n  a  a   
----------------------------------------
-----------------    ,americana ,plums3 
,de ,soto         h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h
  h  h  h  h  h       ,hawkeye         h
  h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h    
,wolf            h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h 
h  h  h  h  h                           
,domestica ,plums3                      
,lombard         h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h 
h  h  h  h hh       ,reine ,claude    h 
h  h  h  h  h  h  h hh  h hh  h  t      
,bradshaw        h  h  t hh  h  h  h hh 
hh hh hh hh  t       ,arctic          h 

h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h hh      
,hortulana ,plums3                      
,moreman         h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h 
h  8  h hh  t       ,golden ,beauty   8 
h  h  h  h  8  h h8  8  8 hh  h  t      
,wayland         h  h  h  h  h  8  h  h 
8  8 hh hh  t                           
,insititia ,plums3                      
,damsons         h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h 
h  h  h  h hh                           
,munsoniana ,plums3                     
,pottawattamie   h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h 
hh  t  h  h  h       ,newman          h 
h  h  h  8  8  h  8  t  t hh  t  t      
,robinson        h  h  h  h  8  8  h  8 
t  t  t hh  t                           
,nigra ,plums        h  h  h  h  h  h  h
  h  h  h  h  h  h                      
,the ,simon ,plum     h  h  h  h hh hh  
h hh hh  t  t  t  t                     
,triflora ,plums3                       
,abundance       h  h  h  h hh  h  h  h 
h hh hh hh  t       ,burbank         h  
h  h  h  h  h  h  h  h hh hh hh  t      
,satsuma        hh  h  h hh  t  h hh hh 

hh  t  t hh  t       ,kelsey          t 
8  t hh  t  t  t  t  t  t  t  t  t      
,a few general statements in addition to
 the above table will help  to make     
plain the comparative hardiness of the  
different groups of  cultivated plums4  
,the ,nigras may be rated as the        
hardiest of the plums  to be considered 
though the ,americanas are but slightly 
less hardy4  ,the plums of these species
 are the hardiest of our tree-fruits and
 are  able to resist nearly as much cold
 as any other cultivated plant4 ,the    
,insititias1 as represented by the      
,damsons1 at least1 come next hardiest  
after the above species1 with varieties 
of ,domestica1 as ,arctic1 ,lombard  and
 ,voronesh1 nearly as hardy4 ,so far as 
resistance to cold is concerned  the    
,domestica plums as a class are less    
hardy than the apple1 ranking in  this  
respect with the pear4 ,of the          
,domesticas the ,reine ,claude plums are
  as tender to cold as any though some  
consider ,bradshaw as more tender4      

,between these last sorts and the       
hardiest varieties there is a great     
range in capacity to endure cold1 as    
would be expected with so large  a      
number of varieties originating in      
widely separated climates4 ,the         
,triflora plums vary more in hardiness  
than any other of the cultivated        
species4 ,speaking very generally they  
are less hardy than the ,domesticas1    
the hardiest sorts1 ,burbank and        
,abundance1 being somewhat hardier than 
the peach1 while the tenderest          
varieties1 of which ,kelsey is probably 
most tender1 are distinctly less hardy  
than the peach4 ,of the remaining       
plums1 the ,hortulana1 ,munsoniana and  
,watsoni groups1 there are great        
diversities in opinion as to hardiness4 
,probably all of the varieties in  these
 last groups are as hardy as the peach  
with a few sorts in each more  hardy    
than the peach4 ,it is to be expected   
from the more northern range  of the    
wild prototypes that the ,hortulana and 

,watsoni plums are somewhat  hardier    
than ,prunus munsoniana4    ,the        
rainfall is of comparatively small      
concern to plum-growers in  ,america1   
since1 with now and then an exception1  
in eastern ,america it  is sufficient   
under proper cultivation1 and on the    
,pacific ,coast the  crop is largely    
grown under irrigation4 ,summarized     
statements of annual  rainfall are of   
little or no importance since almost all
 depends upon the  distribution of the  
amount throughout the year and upon the 
manner in  which it falls4 ,monthly and 
seasonal 8means0 of precipitation1 as in
 the  case of temperature1 may be of    
considerable importance in determining  
the  desirability of a locality for     
plums4    ,air currents are of local or 
regional occurrence and though not often
 the  determinant of profitable culture 
of plums have sometimes been important  
factors in choosing a location to grow  
this fruit4 ,the occurrence1  direction1
 moisture condition and temperature are 

the attributes of air  currents usually 
considered4 ,the failure of many plums  
to grow in the  prairie region of the   
,mississippi ,valley and the ,great     
,plains is no doubt  due in some measure
 to winter winds4 ,the problem of       
varietal adaptation  is more or less    
complicated in any region by the nature 
of the air  currents4    ,an extremity  
of any of the constituents of what we   
call 8weather0  endangers the plum crop 
at blossoming time4 ,in ,new ,york      
stresses of  weather are probably the   
predominating causes of the non-setting 
of fruit  on plum trees which bear an   
abundance of blossoms4 ,this is well    
shown in  a study of the relations of   
weather to the setting of fruit made by 
the  ,new ,york ,agricultural           
,experiment ,station in which it is held
 that several  phases of weather at     
blossoming time cause the loss of plum  
crops4#adf  ,thus late frosts1 wet      
weather1 low temperature1 strong winds  
and wide  daily ranges in temperature   

were factors in the loss of fruit crops 
in all of the failures during a period  
of twenty-five years4 ,quite as         
significant was the fact that in all of 
the years during this period when  there
 was sunshine and warm1 dry weather     
during blossoming time there  were good 
crops of fruit4    ,locations for       
growing the different varieties of plums
 are selected with  reference to general
 and local climate4 ,as regards general 
climate1  latitude1 altitude and        
proximity to large bodies of water are  
the chief  determining characters2 as   
regards local climate1 the lay of the   
land  has most to do as a determinant4  
,again1 varieties are selected with     
reference to time of blooming1 that they
 may escape in some degree  injurious   
climatal agencies4 ,lastly1 varieties   
are selected having  greater capacity1  
from one cause or another1 to withstand 
injurious  weather4 ,with all varieties 
it is found that cultural treatment to  
induce  strong vitality helps a tree to 

withstand stresses of harmful weather at
  blossoming time4    ,the above        
considerations show that the blossoming 
dates of plums should  be known for the 
proper culture of this fruit4 ,in the   
following table  averages of the        
blooming dates of varieties of plums for
 the eight years  just past1 #aijb to   
#aiji1 inclusive1 are given4    ,in     
making use of these dates1 consideration
 must be given to the  environment of   
the orchards at ,geneva4 ,the latitude  
of the ,smith  ,astronomical            
,observatory1 a quarter of a mile from  
the ,station orchards  is #db #eb #df4b2
 the altitude of the orchards is from   
five hundred to  five hundred and       
twenty-five feet above the sea level2   
the soil is a  stiff and rather cold    
clay2 the orchards lie about a mile west
 of ,seneca  ,lake1 a body of water     
forty miles in length and from one to   
three and  one-half miles in width and  
more than six hundred feet deep4 ,the   
lake has  frozen over but a few times   

since the region was settled1 over a    
hundred  years ago1 and has a very      
beneficial influence on the adjacent    
country in  lessening the cold of winter
 and the heat of summer1 and in         
preventing  early blooming4    ,the     
dates are those of full bloom4 ,they    
were taken from trees grown under       
normal conditions as to pruning1        
distance apart1 and as to all other     
factors which might influence the       
blooming period4    ,an inspection of   
the table shows that there is a         
variation of several  days between the  
time of full bloom of the different     
varieties of the  same species4 ,these  
differences can be taken advantage of in
 selecting  sorts to avoid injury from  
frost4 ,the same table shows the        
ripening  season of the plums growing on
 the ,station grounds4 ,now and then the
 late  and very late plums given in the 
table may be caught by fall frosts in   
the colder parts of ,new ,york or in    
regions having a similar climate4       

,,table ,,showing ,,blooming ,,dates    
,,and ,,season ,,of ,,ripening4    ,the 
8blooming date0 is that of full bloom4  
,under season of ripening 8very early0  
is from ,july #ae to ,august #aj2       
8early10 ,august #aj to ,august #bj2    
8mid-season10 ,august #bj to ,september 
#aj2 8late10 ,september #aj to          
,september #bj2 8very late10 ,september 
#bj to  ,october #a4                    
,blooming date           ,season of     
ripening                                
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,may                                    
-------------------------,very ,early   
,mid- ,late,very                    #a  
#a #a #a #a #a #a #a #b #b #b #b        
#b;early     season    late             
#b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #j #a #b #c #d  
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,p4 americana3                          
,de ,soto                   99          
99            ,hawkeye                  

99                           99         
,new ,ulm               99              
99            ,ocheeda             99   
99            ,oren                     
99                         99           
,rollingstone              99           
,stoddard                99             
99            ,surprise              99 
99            ,wolf                     
99                         99           
,wood                99                 
99            ,wyant                    
99                       99             
,p4 cerasifera3                         
,de ,caradeuc   99                      
99                       ,golden ,cherry
 99                          99         
,p4 domestica3                          
,agen              99                   
99       ,altham              99        
99            ,american          99     
99            ,arch ,duke               
99                           99         
,autumn ,compote    99                  
99       ,arctic                99      

,bavay             99                   
99      ,bjonnirs                  99   
99       ,belgian ,purple  99           
99            ,belle                    
99                          99          
,bradshaw            99                 
99            ,bryanston     99         
99            ,chambourcy            99 
99      ,champion            99         
99                  ,cling ,stem        
99                                    99
       ,clyman          99              
99                       ,czar          
99                      99              
,dawson                      99         
99                       ,diamond       
99                                   99 
,doretts           99                   
99            ,duane           99       
99            ,early ,rivers    99      
99                  ,early ,orleans     
99            ,early ,royal         99  
99            ,early ,tours             
99                99                    
,empire          99                     

99            ,englebert         99     
99            ,esjum ,erik            99
                             99         
,field           99                     
99            ,freeman         99       
99            ,furst                    
99                        99            
,german ,prune            99            
99       ,giant               99        
99            ,g4 ,no4 #d          99   
99            ,golden ,drop     99      
99            ,golden ,gage         99  
99            ,goliath         99       
99            ,grand ,duke          99  
99            ,gueii           99       
99            ,guthrie ,late    99      
99            ,hand                  99 
99            ,harriet         99       
99            ,hector          99       
99            ,hudson              99   
99            ,hungarian                
99                   99                 
,ickworth                  99           
99            ,imperial                 
,epineuse               99              

99            ,imperial ,gage   99      
99            ,italian ,prune         99
                                  99    
,jefferson         99                   
99            ,kirke                 99 
99            ,lafayette             99 
99       ,large ,english         99     
99       ,late ,orleans    99           
99            ,late                     
,muscatelle             99              
99       ,lombard         99            
99            ,lucombe         99       
99            ,middleburg      99       
99      ,miller ,no4 #a      99         
99            ,miller ,superb         99
                             99         
,missouri                               
,green ,gage     99                     
99            ,morocco               99 
99       ,mottled ,prune       99       
99            ,newark              99   
99                  ,nicholas           
99                      99              
,ottoman                                
,seedling           99                  

99                  ,oullins            
99                         99           
,pacific         99                     
99            ,palatine            99   
99            ,paul ,early      99      
99                  ,pearl              
99                           99         
,peters              99                 
99            ,pond                  99 
99       ,purple ,gage               99 
99            ,quackenboss       99     
99            ,red ,date                
99                         99           
,sannois             99                 
,saunders            99                 
99                  ,sheldrake          
99                                 99   
,shipper             99                 
99       ,smith ,orleans       99       
99            ,spaulding         99     
99            ,stanton               99 
99       ,st4 ,catherine             99 
99       ,sugar             99          
99            ,tennant         99       
99            ,tobias ,gage           99

                             99         
,tragedy         99                     
99                  ,transparent        
99                                      
99       ,ungarish              99      
99       ,union               99        
99            ,uryany          99       
99       ,victoria        99            
,voronesh      99                       
99            ,warner            99     
99      ,washington        99           
99            ,wyzerka             99   
99            ,yellow ,egg        99    
99       ,yellow ,gage       99         
99            ,york ,state              
,prune                    99            
99                                      
,p4 hortulana3                          
,golden ,beauty                       99
                        99      ,wayland
                               99       
99      ,world ,beater                  
99                        99            
,,hybrids3                              
,america                 99             

99                  ,ames               
99                           99         
,apple             99                   
99                  ,bartlett           
99                      99              
,climax          99                     
99                       ,downing       
99                   99                 
,golden              99                 
99            ,hammer                   
99                     99               
,japex           99                     
99                       ,juicy         
99                             99       
,marianna              99               
99            ,milton                   
99        99                            
,shiro         99                       
99                       ,sophie        
99                              ,wickson
         99                             
99                                      
,p4 insititia3                          
,black ,bullace         99              
99      ,crittenden            99       

99       ,freestone                     
99                   99                 
,french                99               
99       ,frogmore              99      
99       ,king of                       
,damsons                99              
99       ,late ,mirabelle               
99                                      
,mirabelle             99               
99            ,reine des                
,mirabelles             99              
99       ,shropshire                  99
                            99          
,sweet ,damson            99            
99            ,white ,bullace           
99                                      
,p4 hortulana                           
mineri3                                 
,forest ,garden                   99    
99       ,maquoketa                   99
                            99          
,p4 munsoniana3                         
,arkansas                      99       
99                  ,newman             
99                   99                 

,poole ,pride                           
99       99                             
,pottawattamie                     99   
99                  ,robinson           
99                                      
,wild ,goose                      99    
99                                      
,p4 nigra3                              
,cheney            99                   
99                                      
,p4 triflora3                           
,abundance           99                 
99                  ,burbank         99 
99            ,chabot            99     
99       ,engre           99            
99                  ,earliest           
of ,all       99                        
99                  ,georgeson     99   
99                  ,hale          99   
99                  ,long ,fruit        
99                    99                
,maru            99                     
99                  ,ogon            99 
----------------------------------------
-------------------------      ,,the    

,,pollination ,,of ,,plums4    ,one of  
the discouragements in plum-growing is  
the uncertainty which  attends the      
setting of the fruit in some varieties  
even though the trees  bear an abundance
 of blossoms4 ,blooming1 the prelude of 
fruiting1 had  little significance to   
the fruit-grower until the discovery was
 made that  many varieties of several   
fruits were unable to fertilize         
themselves and  that failures of fruit  
crops were often due to the planting of 
infertile  varieties4 ,investigations as
 to the self-sterility of pears1 plums  
and  grapes have shown blossoming-time  
to be one of the most important life    
periods of these fruits4 ,the knowledge 
obtained by workers in this field  has  
to some degree modified the planting of 
all orchard-fruits and of  none more    
than of the plums4 ,indeed1 it is held  
by many that it is hardly  safe to plant
 any excepting the ,domestica and       
,insititia plums without  provision for 
cross-pollination4    ,a variety is in  

need of cross-pollination when the      
pollen from its  own blossoms does not  
fecundate the ovules of the variety4    
,there is a  delicate and complicated   
procession during the process of fruit  
formation  and the life of the fruit may
 be jeopardized by any one of a number  
of external or internal influences4     
,these deleterious influences are  most 
often unfavorable weather or defects in 
the reproductive organs  of the plants  
themselves4 ,of the latter1 in the plum 
there are several  rather common ones   
which cause self-sterility1 as impotency
 of pollen1  insufficiency of pollen1   
defective pistils and difference in the 
time  between the maturity of the pollen
 and the receptiveness of the stigmas4  
,it is held that the main cause of the  
infertility in plums is impotency  of   
pollen on the pistils of the same       
variety4 ,the pollen may be produced  in
 abundance1 be perfect as regards       
appearance1 and potent on the pistils   
of other varieties but wholly fail to   

fecundate the ovaries of the  variety   
from which it came4 ,the most marked    
examples of such impotency  are to be   
found in the native plums though the    
,triflora sorts are  generally          
accredited with being largely           
self-sterile and the ,domesticas        
somewhat so4 ,the proof offered to show 
the impotency of plums is for most  part
 the records of fruit setting under     
covered blossoms4 ,in this method  of   
testing the impotency of pollen there   
are several sources of error  and the   
figures given by experimenters probably 
greatly exaggerate the  infertility of  
plums1 but since the experience of      
plum-growers generally  affirms the     
results in some measure it is well to   
hold that the native  plums at least    
should be so planted as to secure       
cross-pollination4 ,it is  doubtful if  
the ,domestica and ,triflora plums are  
self-sterile and yet  the question is an
 open one as regards some varieties of  
these species4    ,there is great       

difference in the quantity of pollen    
produced by the  several groups of plums
 but it is very doubtful if             
insufficiency of  pollen is a factor of 
any considerable importance in the      
self-sterility  of this fruit4 ,yet the 
matter is worth attention because of its
 bearing  upon the selection of         
pollinizers4 ,of the several botanic    
groups1  speaking somewhat generally1   
the ,americanas and ,nigras bear most   
pollen2 the ,munsoniana plums are       
abundant pollen bearers2 the ,trifloras 
seldom show a shortage but bear rather  
less than the others named2 the         
,domesticas produce pollen abundantly2  
while the hybrid groups are the  most   
capricious of all the plums in this     
respect1 some varieties bearing  much   
and others but little pollen4 ,probably 
the amount of pollen which  the flowers 
of any tree produce is somewhat modified
 by the climate in  which the tree is   
growing1 by the weather and by the vigor
 of the tree4    ,waugh#adg and         

,goff#adh have shown that self-sterile  
plums often have  abnormal pistils or   
pistils too weak for the development of 
fruits4 ,not  infrequently flowers of   
the plum are without pistils1 as        
occasionally1  but less rarely1 occurs  
with the stamens and petals4 ,these     
abnormalities  cannot be very general   
causes of self-sterility in plums1      
however1 as  varieties1 or even trees1  
cannot often be found which are not     
fruitful  if other varieties are growing
 near them4 ,it is very doubtful if even
  so much as fifty per ct4 of abnormal  
flowers1 seriously jeopardizes a  plum  
crop1 as the trees bear1 if they blossom
 at all1 several times as  many flowers 
as they can mature plums4 ,but a high   
percentage of abnormal  flowers nearly  
always indicates a general weakness in  
fruit-setting4    ,another cause often  
assigned for the failure of plums to set
 fruit is  the difference in time of    
maturity of stamens and pistils4 ,it is 
claimed  that when these organs do not  

mature simultaneously the plums do not  
set  unless pollen is supplied from some
 other source4 ,the task of taking      
notes at blossoming time on more than   
three hundred varieties of plums on  the
 grounds of this ,station has given     
abundant opportunity to observe the     
comparative degrees of maturity of      
pistils and stamens in varieties of     
this fruit4 ,in general the pistils     
mature first1 often three or four days  
before the stamens4 ,rarely the pollen  
is disgorged before the stigmas  are    
receptive4 ,but stigmas remain          
receptive1 weather conditions being     
favorable1 for several days and the     
pollen from all anthers is not shed  at 
once and is produced with such seeming  
prodigality as to almost insure  the    
retaining of a sufficient amount to     
pollinate late-maturing stigmas4  ,in   
view of these considerations1 premature 
or retarded ripening of either  pistils 
or stamens does not seem of great       
significance in the setting of  fruit4  

,from the statements just made it may be
 seen that the main cause of the        
failures to set fruit when trees bloom  
freely must be ascribed to the  failure 
of pollen to fertilize the pistils of   
the flowers of the same  variety4 ,the  
solution of the problem of              
self-sterility in the main1 then1  is to
 so plant that varieties will be        
mutually cross-fertilized4 ,in the      
selection of varieties for such         
cross-pollination two factors must be   
considered1 simultaneity of blossoming  
and sexual affinity4    ,it is evident1 
if cross-fertilization is to play an    
important part in  fruit-growing1 in    
planting to secure it kinds must be     
chosen which come  into blossom at the  
same time as those they are expected to 
fertilize4  ,the table on pages #ajf to 
#aji shows the sorts that bloom together
 or  nearly enough so to make           
cross-pollination possible4 ,it will be 
found  upon examining the table that1   
under normal conditions and during the  

average season1 varieties of any one    
species overlap sufficiently for  the   
above purpose unless it be the very     
early and very late varieties4          
,variations due to locality and to      
season must be expected but within the  
bounds of ,new ,york these will be      
slight4 ,if the table is used for other 
regions than ,new ,york it must be borne
 in mind that the farther south1  the   
longer the blossoming season2 the       
farther north1 the shorter the  season4 
,properly interpreted the table of dates
 should be a useful guide  as to the    
simultaneity of blooming4    ,varieties 
of plums seem to have sexual affinities4
 ,that is1 some  varieties will         
fertilize each other very well and some 
will not1 even  though they belong to   
the same species4 ,there seems to be    
little definite  knowledge as to the    
sexual affinities of plums and it is    
not1 therefore1  possible to lay down   
exact rules for the selection of        
pollinizers for  individual varieties4  

,in the current discussions of          
cross-pollination  it is probable that  
the importance of 8affinities0 is       
over-rated1 and  yet the subject is     
worthy of consideration4 ,waugh and     
,kerr have given  this subject          
considerable attention for native and   
,japanese plums and  have recommended a 
list of pollinizers for the several     
species4#adi  ,the ,domesticas and      
,insititias1 the above writers hold1 are
 best  cross-pollinated by varieties    
from the same species if                
cross-pollination  is essential4    ,the
 subject cannot be closed without the   
expression of the opinion  that the lack
 of cross-pollination as a cause of the 
uncertainties in  the setting of fruit  
has been over estimated in the planting 
of plum  orchards4 ,this expression of  
doubt is made because there are serious 
disadvantages in the planting of mixed  
orchards of any fruit and the  question 
as to whether these do not outweigh the 
advantages must ever be  considered4    

,,locations ,,and ,,soils ,,for ,,plums4
    ,the plum is comparatively easy to  
suit in the matter of location of       
orchards1 as is shown by the exceedingly
 wide range of this fruit in ,new       
,york4 ,plums are grown with eminent    
success on the elevated and sloping     
lands adjoining the ,great ,lakes1 the  
,central ,lakes of western ,new ,york   
and on both banks of the ,hudson4       
,unquestionably there are many other    
localities than those named about the   
waterways of the ,state and also  upon  
the elevated lands in the western       
interior formed by morainic hills1  and 
upon the slopes of the mountains in     
eastern ,new ,york4 ,upon any land  in  
the ,state suited to general farm crops1
 where the severity of winter  is       
tempered by the lay of the land or      
proximity to water1 and where late      
spring frosts are infrequent1 plums may 
be grown4 ,the early blooming  plums1   
the ,trifloras in particular1 require   
more or less consideration  as to the   

slope of land1 a northern exposure to   
retard blooming-time  being best4 ,with 
other species the direction of the slope
 makes little  difference1 though a     
slope for air and water drainage is     
always better  than a dead level4       
,the plum is now thriving in ,new ,york1
 and in the country at large1 in a      
great diversity of soils4 ,the chief    
requisite for the genus in general      
seems to be good drainage4 ,given this  
condition1 some sort of plums can  be   
grown on almost any soil found in       
,america not wholly prohibitive of      
plant growth4 ,plums can be found which 
will stand rather more water than  any  
other of the tree-fruits1 and since     
plums can be grafted on several  stocks1
 each having its own adaptation to      
soils1 the adaptability of the  genus is
 still further increased4 ,yet the      
several species have somewhat  decided  
soil preferences4    ,the ,domesticas   
and ,insititias1 the plums now almost   
exclusively grown  in ,new ,york1 grow  

most satisfactorily1 all things         
considered1 on rich  clay loams4 ,the   
plum orchards in this ,state on such    
soils contain the  largest and most     
productive trees and produce the        
choicest fruit from  the standpoints of 
size1 appearance and quality4 ,yet there
 are exceptions  in which exceedingly   
fine ,domestica plums are grown on light
 loams4 ,the  ,station collection of    
about two hundred varieties of ,european
 plums is  on stiff clay1 but well      
drained1 and the results are uniformly  
good4  ,the ,americanas and ,nigras grow
 very well on much the same soils as the
  ,european sorts1 speaking from the    
experience on the grounds of this       
,station1 for varieties of these species
 are not generally grown in ,new  ,york4
 ,beyond question the ,triflora plums1  
next most widely grown in  ,new ,york   
after the ,domesticas1 are giving the   
best results on light  soils--those most
 favorable for the peach4 ,the ideal    
soil for this species  is a sandy or    

gravelly loam but they are growing well 
on soils having  either more sand or    
more clay than the ideal types4 ,the    
,hortulana and  ,munsoniana plums       
incline to the comparatively light types
 of soils named  as being best for the  
,trifloras rather than to the heavier   
lands on which  the ,european plums are 
most commonly grown4    ,plum-growers   
are well aware of the necessity of good 
drainage for this  fruit but few seem to
 realize the importance of warmth in a  
plum soil4  ,the plum1 in common with   
all stone-fruits1 grows best1 as a rule1
 on  soils having the power to absorb   
and retain heat1 or if the soil have not
  these properties the location and the 
cultivation should be such as to        
provide as far as possible for 8bottom  
heat40      ,,stocks ,,and              
,,propagation4    ,a discussion of      
stocks naturally follows one of soils1  
for the two are  intimately related4    
,the plum can be successfully grown on  
various stocks  and for this reason the 

practices of nurserymen are diverse1    
depending  upon the cost of the stocks1 
the ease with which they may be budded  
or  grafted and the adaptability of the 
tree to the stocks4 ,unfortunately      
there is little experimental data to    
show which of the several stocks is     
best for the different plums and since  
growers seldom know what stocks  their  
plums are growing upon they can give    
almost no information as to  the        
desirability of propagating on this     
stock or that4 ,nurserymen know  the    
stocks best adapted to their purpose and
 from them we have sought  information4 
,a letter of inquiry sent to            
representative nurserymen in all parts  
of  the ,united ,states as to the       
relative merits of the several stocks   
for  the different species of plums     
shows that plum propagators in different
  regions use somewhat different stocks4
 ,in ,new ,england and the ,north       
,atlantic ,states1 the ,myrobalan seems 
to be almost the universal choice1  the 

exception being a few propagators who   
claim that the ,japanese sorts  should  
be worked on the peach1 especially for  
sandy soils1 and a few  others who are  
using ,americana stocks for the         
,american species4    ,in the ,atlantic 
states south of ,pennsylvania and in the
 ,gulf states to  the ,mississippi the  
preferences are very diverse1 with the  
majority of  the nurserymen in this     
region favoring the peach1 ,myrobalan   
following as  a close second choice4    
,for light soils it would seem that the 
peach is  always to be preferred for    
this great region4 ,the opinions        
expressed by  the veteran plum-grower1  
,j4 ,w4 ,kerr of ,denton1 ,maryland1 on 
this subject  are worth printing in     
full4 ,he says3        8,in this        
locality for all varieties of the       
,domesticas that      unite thoroughly  
with it1 the peach is preferable as a   
stock4      ,there are1 however1 a good 
many varieties of ,domesticas that      
refuse to unite firmly with the peach4  

,for these the ,marianna      or the    
,myrobalan gives best results4 ,for all 
of the ,japanese      plums the peach   
has proved most satisfactory1 when the  
trees      are propagated by            
root-grafting on the whole-root plan4   
,nearly      forty years of             
experimenting and testing stocks of     
various      kinds gives me a decided   
preference for the peach as a stock     
for native plums2 results doubtless     
would be different in      colder       
climates and soils than this1 but long  
and critical      experience has        
conclusively demonstrated the           
superiority of      this stock when used
 as indicated for the ,japanese40    ,in
 the interior region between the        
,atlantic and ,gulf ,states and the     
,mississippi1 the ,myrobalan is used    
almost exclusively for the ,european    
plums and most largely for the other    
species4 ,several nurserymen from  this 
region1 however1 state that the ,st4    
,julien is better than the  ,myrobalan  

for the ,domesticas and ,insititias but 
object to them because  the stocks      
cannot be obtained as cheaply4 ,the     
peach is generally  recommended for the 
,triflora sorts and the statement is    
several times  repeated that the        
,americanas would be preferred for the  
native species if  stocks of this       
species could be obtained readily4      
,in the northern states of the          
,mississippi ,valley1 all nurserymen    
agree  that plums must be worked on     
,americana stocks4 ,in this region the  
hardy  natives only are grown4    ,south
 of the northern tier in the states of  
the plains the ,myrobalan is  used      
almost exclusively for the ,european    
species1 most largely for the           
,trifloras1 with the peach second for   
this species1 and ,americana stocks  for
 the native species4 ,stark ,brothers of
 ,louisiana1 ,missouri1 large  growers  
of nursery stock in this region1 express
 the opinion that 8the  right stock for 
native plums is yet to be found40 ,in   

,oklahoma1 ,texas and  ,new ,mexico the 
,marianna is mentioned by several       
nurserymen as desirable1  and is1 from  
these statements1 rather more commonly  
used for stocks in  these states at     
present than in any other region4    ,on
 the ,pacific ,coast propagators use    
,myrobalan and peach in about equal     
quantities--the first named for heavy   
soils and the last for the lighter      
soils4 ,the native plums are not grown  
in this region4 ,the almond is          
mentioned as being desirable in         
,california under some conditions4 ,some
  plum-growers in the states of the     
,pacific propagate their own trees from 
suckers4    ,the information given by   
nurserymen shows that by far the        
greatest number  of plums in the country
 are grown on ,myrobalan stocks4 ,in    
,new ,york this  stock is used almost   
exclusively4 ,in ,europe the writer     
found that the  nurserymen hold that    
this is a dwarfing stock1 and that the  
trees on it  are shorter-lived than on  

some other stocks4 ,in the nurseries in 
,new  ,york1 plums in general1 but more 
especially the ,europeans1 are larger   
and finer trees at two years1 the       
selling age1 grown on ,myrobalan roots  
than trees grown on other stocks4       
,nurserymen lodge but two complaints    
against it2 these are that in the ,south
 it suckers badly and in the  cold      
states of the ,great ,plains the roots  
are killed by the winters4  ,its        
advantages from the tree-growers'       
standpoint are3 ,cheapness of the       
stock1 which is usually imported from   
,france1 large handsome trees in the    
nursery1 ease of budding and a good     
union with nearly all varieties4 ,some  
growers complain that certain varieties 
overgrow this stock making in  the end a
 badly mal-formed trunk4 ,the ,myrobalan
 plums are very variable1  a fact which 
finds record in nearly all the          
characters of tree and  fruit and this  
is somewhat against it as a stock4 ,it  
is for this reason  that there are so   

many 8true0 and 8false0 ,myrobalans     
among nurserymen4  ,many importers hold 
that this stock is grown in ,france from
 cuttings4  ,such it seems was the old  
practice but now1 if information from   
,france  is correct1 most of these      
stocks are grown from seed4 ,hansen     
reports  that in ,south ,dakota this    
stock is worthless because it           
winter-kills4  ,he says#aej 8in         
experiments at this ,station a very     
small per cent4 of  ,myrobalan stocks   
survived the first winter and these died
 the ensuing  summer40 ,it is likely    
that this stock would suffer in the     
coldest parts  of ,new ,york4    ,in    
this region the ,st4 ,julien is probably
 the next most common stock in  plum    
orchards though trees on it are for most
 part old1 as its use is  on the        
decrease4 ,there is a wide-spread       
opinion among plum-growers that  this is
 a much better stock for ,domestica and 
,insititia plums than any  other4 ,on   
,st4 ,julien stocks varieties of these  

species1 it is claimed1  with much to   
substantiate the claim1 produce trees   
that are longer-lived1  thriftier1      
hardier1 deeper feeders1 sprout less and
 are less susceptible  to changes in    
soils4 ,the chief objections to this    
stock are3 ,it is more  expensive1      
sometimes scarcely obtainable in        
,france2 difficult to bud2 the  young   
trees do not make as good growth as on  
the ,myrobalan stocks2 and  the         
yearlings are much more susceptible to  
fungi while in the nursery  row1 though 
the latter troubles can be remedied     
wholly or in part by  spraying4 ,hansen1
 in the reference given above1 says that
 8the ,st4 ,julien  and ,european ,sloe 
7,prunus spinosa7 both winter-killed0 in
 ,south ,dakota  when used as stocks4   
,the ,st4 ,julien stock is propagated   
from layers when  properly grown in     
,france#aea but much undesirable stock  
is now raised  from seed4 ,there are    
fruiting trees of this stock about the  
nurseries  in the neighborhood of this  

,station which show it to be an         
,insititia  of the ,damson type1 a type 
likely to come fairly true to seed yet  
not  sufficiently so as to make         
seed-grown trees desirable4    ,the     
,horse plum was formerly used as a stock
 by nurserymen a great deal  but is now 
wholly superseded4 ,indeed1 it is so    
nearly lost to the trade  as to make it 
almost impossible to really know what   
the plum of this name  is4 ,some        
describe it as a small-fruited          
,domestica1 others as an ,insititia     
similar to the ,st4 ,julien1 but the    
majority of the trees shown by old      
nurserymen in the nursery region of ,new
 ,york1 about the only place in  which  
the stock was used1 show it to be a     
,cerasifera but not ,myrobalan4  ,some  
of the named varieties of ,cerasifera   
probably sprung from sprouts of  this   
stock4 ,it seems to have had no         
qualities which would make it worth     
while to attempt to re-establish the    
stock4    ,the testimony of a large     

number of nurserymen is in favor of the 
peach  as a stock for plums4 ,budded on 
the peach1 plums of many varieties are  
grown very successfully on the warm     
sandy and gravelly soils so well  suited
 to the peach4 ,this stock enables the  
tree to make a quick growth  and come   
into bearing early1 and the roots do not
 produce sprouts4 ,the  budding with the
 peach is easily done1 the young trees  
make a vigorous  growth in the nursery  
and plums on peach roots can probably be
 grown at  a less cost than on any other
 stock4 ,triflora plums in particular   
make  excellent trees worked upon peach 
stock1 the roots are as hardy as the    
tops and the union is sufficiently      
congenial to make the resulting tree    
long-lived4 ,for the ,domestica and     
,insititia plums the peach stock is not 
so valuable1 for with some varieties a  
good union is not secured and the  roots
 are less hardy than the tops4 ,among   
the varieties which nurserymen  say will
 not unite with the peach are3 ,lombard1

 ,damsons1 ,yellow ,egg and             
,washington4 ,peach borers are sometimes
 troublesome when plums are budded  on  
peach stocks4    ,mr4 ,kerr1 in his     
statement regarding stocks1 on page     
#aae1 says that it is  his practice to  
whip-graft the plum on 8whole-root0     
peach roots obtaining  eventually the   
plum on its own roots4 ,this method is  
certainly well  adapted to ,mr4 ,kerr's 
conditions but whether it would do in   
heavier soils  and a colder climate is  
doubtful4 ,one would suspect that some  
varieties  of ,domesticas and           
,insititias at least would sprout badly4
    ,in the ,south1 more particularly   
,texas and the ,southwest1 ,marianna    
stocks  find favor1 though their use    
seems to be on the decrease4 ,the       
advantages  of this stock are such as   
appeal to the nurserymen rather than to 
the  plum-grower4 ,these are that the   
,marianna readily strikes root from     
cuttings and the growth in the nursery  
is all that can be desired4  ,cuttings  

strike more easily in the ,south than in
 the ,north1 hence its  popularity in   
the first named region4    ,for the     
colder parts of the ,great ,plains and  
as far east as to include  ,wisconsin1  
,americana seedlings are the only stocks
 that will withstand  the winter4 ,in   
this region ,americana stocks are1 of   
course1 used only for  the native plums 
and data seem to be lacking as to       
whether other plums  cultivated for     
their fruit could be grown on this stock
 or not4 ,the ,w4   ,t4 ,smith ,company 
of ,geneva report that they are now     
using ,americana  seedlings for native  
plums for their eastern trade1 speaking 
of them as  follows3 8,we think we get a
 larger growth and a better root system 
by  using the native 7,americana7       
stocks4 ,we also consider that the      
,flowering  ,almonds1 ,prunus triloba   
and ,prunus pissardi1 make a better     
growth on  native stocks40 ,from the    
last statement one would suspect that it
 would  be feasible to grow other       

orchard plums than the native species on
 this  stock4 ,as yet ,americana        
seedlings are expensive1 and until they 
cost  less their use in competition with
 the ,myrobalan and peach stocks will   
be almost precluded4 ,the chief fault of
 the ,americana stock is that the  trees
 sucker rather badly4    ,besides the   
plants discussed above various          
nondescript members of the  genus       
,prunus are used as stocks for          
cultivated plums under particular       
circumstances or for particular         
purposes4 ,seedlings of ,munsoniana     
plums  are supposed to be preeminently  
adapted for low wet lands4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr
  believes that seedlings of ,prunus    
hortulana are excellent stocks  for     
native plums as they never sucker4#aeb  
,the ,sand plum 7,prunus  angustifolia  
watsoni7 offers possibilities as a stock
 for dwarfing  larger growing species4  
,according to ,hansen1#aec who reviews  
the  literature and describes several   
experiments of his own1 the western     

,sand  cherry 7,prunus besseyi7 dwarfs  
varieties worked upon it and has the    
merits of being extremely hardy and of  
producing trees which bear early  and   
abundantly4 ,as stated in the discussion
 of ,subcordata1 stocks of this  plum   
have been used on the ,pacific ,coast   
and discarded because it dwarfs  trees  
and suckers badly4 ,according to        
,wickson1#aed the apricot and  almond   
are sometimes used as stocks for plums  
in ,california and in some  instances   
with considerable success4    ,lastly1  
suckers are not uncommonly used by      
plum-growers for certain  varieties4    
,thus in the western part of ,new ,york1
 the plum-growing region  of the ,east1 
several varieties as the ,reine ,claudes
 and some of the  ,damsons are          
propagated from sprouts taken from the  
base of old trees4  ,this method can be 
used1 of course1 only when the trees are
 grown  upon their own roots4 ,the      
writer was told by plum-growers in      
,germany  and ,france that most of the  

plums in gardens and small plantations1 
constituting the majority of the plums  
in the two countries1 were  propagated  
from suckers4 ,this method has small    
merit except that it  enables a grower  
to get a few trees cheaply and perhaps  
gives a better  tree of some varieties  
for a heavy soil4 ,beyond question it   
gives trees  with a tendency to         
sucker--an undesirable attribute4    ,in
 the horticultural literature of the    
time recommendations for  top-working   
plums are rather frequent4 ,it is true  
that many varieties  of plums grow      
slowly and make crooked growths1        
especially in the  nursery1 but in the  
attempts at grafting in ,new ,york the  
failures are  more conspicuous than the 
successes4 ,if top-working is decided   
upon1  the earlier in the life of the   
tree it is done1 the better4 ,for the   
,domesticas at least1 the ,lombard is   
probably the best stock4 ,the method  of
 top-working is to graft in early spring
 or bud in late summer4  ,grafting ought

 to be used more often than it is to    
renew the tops of  injured trees1 as the
 difficulties in doing this are not much
 greater  than in the case of apples4   
,,plum ,,orchards ,,and ,,their ,,care4 
,plum trees in ,new ,york are set from  
twelve to twenty feet apart4 ,the       
amount of room given seems to depend    
mostly upon the custom in the  locality1
 though1 as all agree1 it should depend 
upon the soil and  the variety4 ,the    
deduction which plum-growers are drawing
 from these  experiences is that the    
plum should have more room than is      
generally  given it1 therefore1 wider   
plantings are more the rule now than    
formerly4  ,little attention has been   
paid to mixed planting for              
cross-pollination  in this ,state1 as   
the ,domesticas are planted almost      
exclusively and seem  under orchard     
conditions to be self-fertile4    ,in   
this region plum trees are usually      
planted two years from the bud1 the     
exception being the ,japanese which are 

sometimes set at a year from the  bud4  
,plum trees in the past have been headed
 at three or four feet above  the ground
 but the tendency now is to head them   
lower--half the above  distances1 and in
 orchards so planted there seems to be  
no inconvenience  in tilling with modern
 implements4 ,in the commercial orchards
 of the  ,state the heads are formed of 
four or five main branches and in the   
case of the ,domesticas and ,insititias 
about a central trunk but with  the     
,trifloras the leader is often removed  
leaving a vase-formed head4  ,after the 
head is formed the subsequent pruning is
 simple1 consisting of  cutting out     
injured and crossed branches and        
heading-in long1 whip-like  growths4    
,the ,trifloras receive more pruning    
than the ,european varieties1  as much  
of the fruit is borne on the growth of  
the previous season and it  is necessary
 to keep the bearing wood near the      
trunk4 ,it is the custom to  cut rank   
growing ,trifloras severely but the     

value of such a procedure is  doubtful1 
as the more such a plum is pruned the   
more it will need pruning  in the years 
to follow4 ,a better plan seems to be to
 curtail the food and  prune as little  
as possible1 though on rich soils the   
tree would probably  grow out of all    
bounds unless cut back somewhat year    
after year4    ,about the only          
cultivated native plums to be found in  
,new ,york1 if a  few ,wild ,goose trees
 here and there are excepted1 are on the
 grounds  of this ,station4 ,experience 
here demonstrates that1 prune as you    
will1  certain varieties of the native  
species will remain crooked1 ungainly   
and  unkempt4 ,pruning some varieties is
 necessary in order to permit pickers   
to get into the dense1 thorny heads2    
heading-in such varieties would make    
their tops wholly impenetrable4    ,in  
common with all tree-fruits the best    
plum orchards are tilled4 ,such  tillage
 usually consists of plowing in the     
spring followed by frequent  cultivation

 until the middle of ,august1 at which  
time a cover-crop of  clover1 oats or   
barley is sown4 ,the plum seems to      
require more water  than other          
tree-fruits--it often thrives in        
comparatively moist land and  fails on  
sandy soils where the peach would grow  
luxuriantly4 ,cultivation  to save      
moisture is very necessary for the plum 
in the experience of ,new  ,york        
growers4 ,grass and grain have proved   
ruinous in most orchards where  tried1  
though cultivated crops between young   
trees to pay for keep until             
fruiting-time are very generally        
planted4 ,the claim is made by some1 and
  with a show of reason1 that there is  
less of the brown-rot in tilled         
orchards than in neglected ones for the 
reason that the mummied fruits  which   
carry the fungus through the winter are 
buried by plowing and with  shallow     
cultivation1 at least1 do not come to   
light and life4    ,plum-growers very   
generally recognize the several distinct

 and valuable  purposes which           
cover-crops serve in orchards4 ,they    
protect the tree from  root-killing1    
from cold1 keep the soil from washing1  
add humus and1  with legumes1 nitrogen  
to the soil1 modify the physical        
structure of  the soil and hasten       
seasonal maturity of the tree4 ,there is
 one other  function which is not so    
often taken into account4 ,plum orchards
 in  which cover-crops are regularly    
grown1 even though the crop be not a    
legume1 need less fertilizers than those
 in which no such crop is grown4  ,there
 are several reasonable suppositions as 
to why there should be such  an effect1 
but one not usually given sufficient    
consideration is that  cover-crops make 
available much plant food in the soil4  
,each plant in the  crop collects food  
from soil and air1 most of it otherwise 
unavailable1  and turns it over to the  
trees4    ,a discussion of fertilizers  
naturally follows4 ,present practices in
 the  use of fertilizers with the plum1 

as with other fruits1 are very diverse4 
,it is impossible to ascertain what     
considerations have governed the        
applications of fertilizers in the plum 
orchards of ,new ,york or what the      
results have been4 ,too often1 it is to 
be feared1 fertilizers have been  used  
as 8cure-alls0 for any or all of the    
ills to which trees are heirs4  ,out of 
the mass of conflicting data as to the  
effects of fertilizers on  plums1 the   
most apparent fact is that much of the  
fertilizers for this  fruit is wasted2  
this in face of the fact that plums want
 rich soils4 ,but  the plum crop is     
mostly water1 the foliage remains on the
 ground1 the  trees grow several years  
before fruiting1 their growing season is
 from  early spring until late fall1 the
 roots go deep and spread far1 the trees
  transpire large amounts of water1     
hence may thrive on diluted solutions   
of plant food1 and now and then there is
 an off year in bearing for the  trees  
to recuperate4    ,it does not follow   

from the above consideration that plums 
never need  fertilizers1 but it does    
seem plain that they need rather less   
than truck  or farm crops and that      
applications of plant food must be made 
with  exceedingly great care if         
fertilizing is to be done without waste4
 ,there  is a growing disposition on the
 part of plum-growers to experiment very
  carefully and know that they are      
getting the worth of their money before 
using any considerable quantity of      
fertilizers for their trees4            
,thinning the fruit should be a regular 
practice with plum-growers1 but  it is  
the operation in the growing of this    
fruit about which growers are  most     
careless both as to whether it is done  
at all and in the manner  of doing4     
,many growers in ,new ,york1 realizing  
the great necessity of  thinning certain
 varieties of ,triflora1 as ,burbank and
 ,abundance1 follow  the practice very  
regularly with plums of this group2 but 
the ,domesticas  are seldom well        

thinned1 though some of them1 of which  
,lombard is a  conspicuous example1     
ought nearly always to have anywhere    
from one-fifth  to half of the fruit    
removed4 ,growers of some of the native 
varieties in  regions where these sorts 
are grown say that under cultivation    
some kinds  of these plums will bear    
themselves to death if a part of the    
crop be not  removed in most years4     
,those growers in ,new ,york who thin1  
do the work as  soon as possible after  
the ,june drop has taken place4         
,,harvesting ,,and ,,marketing4    ,plum
 trees in this climate begin to bear    
when set from three to five  years4 ,the
 ,triflora varieties will bear soonest1 
the ,old ,world varieties  next in      
order1 say at four years from setting1  
and the native sorts1 as  a rule1 come  
in bearing last4 ,at eight or ten years 
of age1 prolific  varieties of the      
,triflora and ,domestica sorts bear in a
 good year about  three bushels of      
fruit2 the ,insititia and native        

varieties1 on the  ,station grounds1 at 
least1 do not bear as much1 though most 
of the plums  of these two groups bear  
more regularly than the first named     
groups4    ,plums in this ,state1 and   
east of the ,mississippi generally1 are 
picked  and put upon the market just    
before they reach edible condition2     
while  farther away they must be picked 
much greener4 ,it is the practice in the
  ,east to pick while still somewhat    
green because the fruit so picked is    
best handled at this stage of maturity  
and the brown-rot fungus is likely  to  
destroy much of the crop if left until  
fully matured4 ,some of the  ,triflora  
sorts1 ,abundance1 ,burbank and         
,october1 for example1 are picked  from 
a week to ten days before ripe and yet  
develop very good color and  flavor4    
,the ,domesticas need not be1 and are   
not1 picked quite so green4  ,in        
picking1 great diversity exists as to   
ladders1 receptacles1 and manner  of    
conveyance from orchard to packing      

house4 ,these need not be discussed     
here1 nor need the methods of picking be
 spoken of further than to say  that    
while good growers consider it vital not
 to bruise the fruit nor  destroy the   
delicate bloom1 if such injuries can be 
avoided1 pickers in  general are not    
nearly as observant of these important  
details as they  should be4    ,the plum
 crop is sent to market1 for most part  
in ,new ,york1 in six1  eight and       
ten-pound grape baskets with the        
preference at present for the  smallest 
of these baskets4 ,occasionally some    
fruit is packed in four  pound baskets4 
,rarely1 and always to the disadvantage 
of both producer  and consumer1 plums go
 to market in the packages in which the 
fruit  is picked4 ,indeed1 it is seldom 
advantageous to pack the fruit in the   
field1 it being far better to convey it 
to the packing house where the          
preparations for shipping may be more   
carefully made1 as the package and  the 
manner of packing advertise the product4

 ,plums coming to this ,state  from the 
far ,west are often wrapped individually
 in tissue paper as a  help in safe     
shipping and to add to their            
attractiveness but the fruit  grown in  
the ,state is seldom1 if ever1 so       
treated1 though it is possible  that    
choice specimens could be profitably    
wrapped4 ,of the sorting1  grading1     
facing and marking the packages1 little 
need be said except  that they are too  
rarely well done in present methods1    
though there is a  steady improvement in
 attending to these important matters4  
,few plums are stored longer than a week
 at most in common storage and  three   
weeks or a month is quite the limit for 
most varieties in cold  storage4 ,late  
plums and in particular some of the     
prunes might well be  stored longer than
 is now the custom if proper precautions
 are taken1 as  is shown by the         
experience at this ,station where a     
considerable number  of the ,domestica  
and ,insititia varieties are annually   

kept in common  storage for a month or  
longer without unusual precautions4     
,some of the  new varieties offered to  
growers1 as ,apple and ,occident1 are   
recommended  as keeping for several     
weeks after picking4 ,there is a most   
marked  difference in the keeping       
qualities of this fruit and it is       
certain that  varieties can now be      
selected for long keeping and that there
 is a fine  opportunity for breeding    
sorts that will keep even longer than   
any we now  have4    ,marketing1 the    
actual selling1 is a business quite by  
itself1 and since  it is one which has  
changed greatly in the past few years   
and is destined  to change even more in 
the near future1 a few observations on  
the subject  are worth putting on       
record4 ,a well developed local market  
is undoubtedly  the best selling place  
for the plum producer1 as in it the     
sales are  directly to the consumer1    
eliminating expensive middlemen4 ,the   
westward  spread of manufacturing       

industries1 the workers in which use up 
the  western-grown fruit1 is making     
better local markets for eastern plums1 
a  point worth noting1 for many ,new    
,york plum-growers have ceased planting1
  indeed have been removing trees1      
fearing western competition4    ,by far 
the greater part of the plum crop now   
finds its way to consumers  through the 
following costly distributive system3   
#ast4 ,local buyers who  ship to centers
 of consumption4 #bnd4 ,transportation  
companies4 #crd4  ,commission companies 
who collect and distribute the crop in  
consuming  centers4 #dth4 ,retailers who
 parcel out the quantities and the      
qualities  demanded by the consumer4    
,the great defect in handling the crop  
is1  that there are too many men and too
 much machinery to do the work          
cheaply--moreover1 the risks of         
depreciation are great1 and the fruit is
  not handled on a large scale chiefly  
because of a lack of capital by the     
grower or local buyer4 ,these defects in

 the present distribution of plums  in  
,new ,york make the price received by   
the grower about half that paid  by the 
consumer and the selling of the crop a  
more or less speculative  business4 ,the
 plum industry1 as is the case with all 
fruits1 is greatly  hampered by the     
present marketing systems4              
,unfortunately there is yet but a small 
outlet for surplus plums as             
manufactured products4 ,as a rule the   
commercial outlook is best for those    
fruits of which the surplus can be      
turned into by-products4 ,the only      
outlet for the plum in the ,east is in  
canning1 as this region is unable  to   
compete with the ,west in the making of 
prunes#aee and as the several  plum     
products of the ,old ,world are not in  
demand in the ,new ,world4 ,beyond      
question there are a number of products1
 as preserves1 jellies from  the native 
plums1 glac fruits1 plum butter1        
marmalades and the like1  which could be
 made profitable for the markets and    

thus a great help in  utilizing surplus 
plums4      ,,diseases4    ,plums are   
subject to a considerable number of     
fungus diseases1 several of  which are  
often virulent1 the virulence depending 
on locality1 season1  weather and       
variety4 ,happily for the plum industry1
 knowledge of plant  pathology has made 
such advancements in recent years that  
nearly all of  the diseases of this     
fruit are now controlled by preventive  
or remedial  measures4    ,one of the   
commonest and most striking of the      
diseases of the plum is  black-knot#aef 
7,plowrightia morbosa 7,schw47          
,saccardo7 characterized  by wartlike   
excrescences on shoots and branches4 ,in
 early summer these  knots are dark     
green1 soft and velvety1 but as the     
fungus ripens in the  fall the color    
changes to a carbon-like black and the  
knots become hard  and brittle4 ,the    
disease is usually confined to one side 
of the twig  or branch so that death of 
the affected part does not ensue at     

once4  ,black-knot is an ,american      
malady1 at one time confined to the     
eastern  part of the continent where in 
some localities its ravages forced the  
abandonment of plum-growing4 ,the fungus
 is now endemic to wild or  cultivated  
plants in practically all the           
plum-growing regions of the  continent1 
but it is still epidemic only in the    
,east1 the ,south and ,west  being      
practically free from the disease4      
,unless especially virulent  black-knot 
is controlled by cutting out the        
diseased wood4 ,usually  eradication is 
not possible without several prunings   
during a season4    ,much has been made 
of the supposed immunity of some        
varieties of plums  to black-knot4 ,in  
the vicinity of this ,station1 where the
 disease is  always present and often   
rampant1 the differences in immunity are
 not  very marked in varieties of the   
same species4 ,the ,trifloras are less  
attacked1 however1 than any other group 
of plums1 and the ,insititias  rank next

 in immunity4 ,no variety of the        
,domesticas has yet proved to  be free  
from the disease but strong claims are  
made that ,middleburg and  ,palatine are
 relatively free4    ,next in order of  
seriousness among the diseases which    
attack cultivated  plums is the         
brown-rot#aeg 7,sclerotinia fructigena  
7,persoon7  ,schroeter7 known also very 
commonly as the ripe-rot and sometimes  
as  peach-blight4 ,the disease is most  
conspicuous on the ripe fruits of the   
various drupes and is popularly supposed
 to be confined to the fruits  alone4   
,such is not the case1 for it also      
attacks1 and very vigorously            
oftentimes1 the flowers and shoots4 ,the
 presence of the disease on the  fruits 
is known by a dark discoloration of the 
skin which is afterward  partly or      
wholly covered by pustule-like          
aggregations of grayish spores4  ,the   
decayed fruits may fall to the ground1  
or as is more usual in the  case of     
plums1 they hang to the tree and as the 

juice evaporates become  shriveled      
mummies1 each mummy being a storehouse  
of the fungus from which  infection     
spreads the following season4 ,the      
twigs1 flowers and leaves  are known to 
be suffering from inroads of the        
parasite when they are  blackened as if 
nipped by frost4 ,in warm1 damp weather 
the rot spreads  with great rapidity and
 fruits touching in clusters or in boxes
 stored  for shipping are well placed to
 spread the epidemic4 ,destruction of   
the  mummy-like fruits and all other    
sources of infection1 and spraying with 
bordeaux mixture are now practiced as   
preventives1 but so far as the crop  is 
concerned with but indifferent success4 
,a better remedy than we now  have is   
eagerly looked for by growers of fruits4
    ,the hosts of this fungus show      
varying degrees of susceptibility to it1
  the peach and the sweet cherries being
 more subject to it than plums4         
,similarly1 among plums some species and
 varieties are more susceptible  than   

others4 ,thus the ,trifloras and        
,americanas1 the latter especially  in  
the ,south1 are injured more by the     
brown-rot than other species4  ,the     
idiosyncrasies of varieties in this     
regard are best shown in the            
discussions of the individual sorts4    
,several interesting and sometimes      
destructive diseases of plums are       
caused by various species of the fungal 
genus ,exoascus4#aeh ,the most  common  
of these1 and the most striking and     
destructive1 is plum-pockets  7,exoascus
 pruni ,fuckel71 which causes prominent 
deformities of  the fruit4 ,these give  
the disease the common name or less     
frequently  8bladders0 and 8curl40 ,the 
fungus attacks the developing fruits at 
an  early stage of their growth and     
causes the production of a spongy mass  
in  the fleshy tissue which greatly     
enlarges and distorts the plum4 ,the    
stone  in a diseased plum is but        
rudimentary or very often not at all    
developed4  ,less prominently but quite 

as frequently1 the leaves are attacked1 
showing as they unfold more or less red 
or yellow with a very decided  curling  
and arching of the leaf-blade4 ,the     
disease usually spreads from  the leaves
 to the shoots1 the infected shoots with
 their rosettes of  mal-formed leaves   
giving the tree a most unsightly        
appearance4 ,prevention  at present     
consists of removing the diseased parts 
and spraying with  bordeaux mixture when
 the buds begin to swell4 ,munsoniana   
and ,hortulana  plums seem to be most   
susceptible to this disease4            
,atkinson#aei has  described several    
species of ,exoascus on the different   
species of wild  plums1 some of which   
are liable to be found on the cultivated
 varieties  of the native plums4 ,they  
are all very similar to ,exoascus pruni1
  differing chiefly1 in the eyes of the 
layman1 in forming smaller pockets4     
,sturgis#afj records an attack of one of
 the leaf-curl fungi1 distinct  from the
 plum-pockets fungus1 on varieties of   

,triflora in ,connecticut1  which seemed
 to him to be of scientific and economic
 importance4    ,the leaves of the      
different species of cultivated plums   
are attacked by  several fungi which    
produce diseased spots on the foliage1  
which for most  part drop out1 causing a
 shot-hole effect4 ,these diseases pass 
under such  descriptive names as        
8shot-hole fungus10 8leaf-spot10 and    
8leaf-blight40  ,the fungus probably    
responsible for most of this trouble is 
best known as  the shot-hole fungus#afa 
7,cylindrosporium padi ,karsten74 ,the  
,domestica  and ,triflora varieties are 
very susceptible to this fungus1 which1 
on the  foliage of the first1 causes    
spots for most part1 while on the latter
 the  spots on the leaves are nearly    
always followed by holes4 ,varieties of 
the  native species1 especially those of
 ,americana and ,nigra1 are relatively  
free from this disease4 ,another of     
these shot-hole fungi is ,cercospora    
circumscissa ,saccardo#afb1 much less   

common than the former1 but still  to be
 considered and especially on the       
foliage of ,americana4 ,all of these    
diseases of the foliage are prevented to
 some degree by the proper use  of      
bordeaux mixture1 which1 on the         
,triflora plums at least1 must be used  
with great care to avoid injury4        
,cultivation has a salutary effect as it
  destroys the diseased leaves which    
harbor the fungi4    ,another disease of
 plum foliage1 occurring rarely on the  
fruit1 is the  plum-leaf rust#afc       
7,puccinia pruni-spinosae ,persoon7     
which produces so  considerable a number
 of spore cases on the underside of the 
leaves as  to give the foliage a        
brownish cast and to cause defoliation  
in severe  infections4 ,the fungus is   
most apparent in the fall and most      
troublesome  in warm1 moist climates4   
,bordeaux is used as a preventive4      
,stewart and ,rolfs have shown that     
trunks and branches of plums affected   
by sunscald in ,new ,york are almost    

invariably infested by a fungus#afd     
7,valsa leucostoma ,persoon7 which in   
the ,old ,world is known as the  8die   
back0 of the peach4 ,the disease        
manifests itself on plums chiefly  by   
affected areas much depressed at the    
boundary between the living and  the    
dead bark1 these areas usually1 not     
always1 having connection with  sunscald
 injuries on the trunk4 ,the disease is 
accompanied by more or  less gumming4   
,in common with nearly all rosaceous    
plants1 in nearly all countries1  the   
plum is sometimes seriously injured by  
the powdery mildew#afe  7,podosphaera   
oxyacanthae ,de,bary74 ,the affected    
leaves have a grayish  appearance caused
 by the parts of the fungus which       
project beyond the  leaf tissue2 when   
badly diseased the leaves are more or   
less arched and  curled4 ,mildew is     
seldom prevalent enough on plums to     
require treatment4    ,the crown        
gall1#aff 7,bacterium tumefaciens ,smith
 and ,townsend7 is a  parasite on all of

 the fruits of the order ,rosaceae and  
is especially  common on nursery stock1 
attacking plums in many soils but       
rarely1  however1 to the great injury of
 the plant4 ,these galls are perennial  
structures of very varying duration4    
,they are to be found on the roots1     
usually at the collar of the plant1 and 
vary from the size of a pea to  that of 
a man's fist1 forming at maturity1      
rough1 knotty1 dark-colored  masses4    
,means of prevention or cure are not    
established though all agree  that soils
 may be inoculated with the disease from
 infected stock2 hence  the necessity of
 discarding diseased trees at           
transplanting time4    ,smith found in  
,michigan and ,clinton in ,connecticut a
 disease of the fruit  called bacterial 
black spot#afg 7,pseudomonas pruni      
,smith7 of the same  generic origin as  
the crown gall but widely different in  
nature4 ,the  writers and the growers   
who found the infected fruit1 saw the   
disease  only on the ,triflora plums4   

,it attacks the green fruits which show 
conspicuous1 black-purple1 sunken spots 
sometimes as large as half an  inch in  
diameter4 ,the injuries are usually     
isolated and quite superficial  but     
nevertheless1 spoil the fruit4    ,the  
plum in common with other stone-fruits  
often suffers from an  excessive flow of
 gum1 for which trouble the name        
gummosis#afh is now  generally applied4 
,the disease is to be found wherever    
plums are grown  but it is much more    
destructive on the ,pacific than on the 
,atlantic  seaboard4 ,so far as is now  
known gummosis is secondary to injuries 
caused  by fungi1 bacteria1 insects1    
frost1 sunscald1 and mechanical         
agencies4  ,the disease is least common 
in species and varieties having hard    
wood2  on trees on soils favoring the   
maturity of wood2 under conditions where
  sun and frost are not injurious2 and1 
obviously1 in orchards where by  good   
care the primary causes of gumming are  
kept out4 ,stewart#afi has  recorded an 

interesting case of gum-pockets in the  
fruit1 but could  assign no cause4      
,mechanical injuries from the sun1 frost
 and hail are troubles with which       
nearly all plum-growers must contend at 
one time or another4 ,in this  region   
the ,reine ,claude and ,triflora plums  
suffer much from sunscald  but none are 
wholly immune1 though ,lombard is       
possibly most so4 ,these  injuries from 
the elements of weather are often       
mistaken for diseases1  and are so often
 followed by fungal parasites and       
insects as to make  it difficult to     
distinguish the primary from the        
secondary trouble4  ,low-heading of the 
trees is the best preventive of these   
trunk injuries4    ,plums are somewhat  
subject to attacks of the well-known    
peach scab#agj  7,cladosporium          
carpophilum ,thumen74 ,the scab appears 
in numerous1 small1  sooty1 circular    
spots of brownish color1 often confined 
to one side of  a fruit but in other    
cases distributed over the whole        

surface4 ,none of  the cultivated       
species are free from the disease but   
the ,munsoniana1  and ,hortulana        
varieties are most susceptible to it4   
,pear blight1#aga  7,bacillus amylovorus
 7,burrill7 ,de,toni7 commonly thought  
of as a disease  of the pear and apple  
has been found on various plums1 and the
 yellows of  the peach1 cause unknown1  
is often quite destructive to ,triflora 
plums4  ,according to ,smith the peach  
rosette1#agb cause unknown1 attacks both
  wild and cultivated plums in the      
,south and is quickly fatal4 ,the       
disease  was prevalent on the wild      
,angustifolias1 on two varieties of     
,triflora1  ,kelsey and ,botan1 but the 
observer had not seen rosette on        
varieties of  ,domestica4    ,waugh     
describes a trouble which he calls      
8flyspeck fungus0#agc found on  fruits  
sent from the ,southern ,states1 in     
which small areas are thickly  dotted   
with black spots2 also a fruit-spot on  
plums from ,texas caused1 as  he states1

 by an undetermined ,phoma4#agd ,starnes
 of ,georgia describes a  malady of the 
,triflora plums called 8wilt10#age cause
 unknown1 which he  states is the most  
serious obstacle to the culture of this 
plum in the  ,south4 ,in this peculiar  
disease the foliage passes directly from
 a green1  healthy state into a wilted  
and then parched condition1 the death   
warrant  being signed when a tree is    
once affected4 ,in ,oregon and          
,washington the  ,italian ,prune is     
subject to a leaf-curl#agf which begins 
in mid-summer  and curls the leaves     
conduplicately without withering but    
shriveling  somewhat4 ,as the season    
advances the leaves turn yellow and many
 of them  drop4 ,neither cause nor cure 
is known4 ,smith described a            
plum-blight#agg  of native plums in     
,georgia which 8destroys large branches 
or even whole  trees in mid-summer in   
the course of a few weeks40             
,,insects4    ,cultivated plums furnish 
food for a great number of insects4     

,many of the  destructive insect pests  
of the several cultivated species of    
,prunus  are known to have come from the
 wild plants of the genus1 but others1  
and possibly the majority1 come from    
over the seas4 ,no less than forty      
species of insects may be enumerated as 
pests of the plum and many  more can be 
counted as occasional parasites on one  
or another of the  species4 ,of the     
formidable pests the plum curculio is   
probably the most  troublesome4 ,the    
plum curculio#agh 7,conotrachelus       
nenuphar ,herbst7 is  a rough1 grayish  
snout-beetle somewhat less than a       
quarter of an inch  in length1 an insect
 so familiar to fruit-growers as hardly 
to need  a description4 ,the female     
beetle pierces the skin of the young    
plums  and places an egg in the         
puncture4 ,about this cavity she gouges 
out a  crescent-shaped trench1 the      
puncture and trench making the 8star and
  crescent0 of the ,ottoman ,empire1    
hence the common name of the beetle1    

8,the ,little ,turk40 ,the egg-laying   
process may be repeated in a number  of 
fruits and from each egg a larva hatches
 within a week and burrows  to the      
stone1 making a wormy fruit4 ,most of   
the infested plums drop4 ,in  years past
 plum-growers relied upon jarring the   
beetles from the trees  in the early    
morning1 but the treatment was too      
expensive1 and poisoning  with an       
arsenate is now the chief means of      
combating the pest4 ,rubbish  and       
vegetation offer hiding places for the  
insects and hence cultivated  orchards  
are more free from curculio4 ,thin      
skinned varieties are damaged  most by  
the insect but there are no             
8curculio-proof0 plums4    ,a larger    
snout-beetle than the curculio1 the plum
 gouger#agi  7,anthonomus scutellaris   
,le,conte71 occasionally does much      
damage to  plums4 ,the work of the      
gouger may be told from that of the     
curculio by  the absence of the crescent
 cut about the puncture made for the    

egg1 and  from the fact that the larv of
 this pest chiefly infest the stone and 
those of the other insect the flesh of  
the plum4 ,the remedies are the  same   
for the two insects though the gouger is
 more easily destroyed4    ,among the   
several borers which are more or less   
destructive to species  of ,rosaceae    
only the peach borer#ahj 7,sanninoidea  
exitiosa ,say47  may be counted as a    
troublesome pest of the plum4 ,the larv 
of this  insect are frequently to be    
found in both wild and cultivated plum  
trees  and must be combated in nearly   
all plum orchards east of the ,rocky    
,mountains4 ,the prevention of the work 
of the borer is best accomplished  by   
thorough cultivation1 the use of        
coverings of tar and poisonous washes   
and mounding the trees4 ,destruction is 
effectively carried out only by  digging
 out the borer with knife or wire4 ,the 
lesser peach borer#aha  7,sesia pictipes
 ,grote  ,robinson7 attacks the plum and
 in ,new ,york has  been found          

particularly injurious to the ,wickson  
plums4 ,the flat-headed  apple tree     
borer#ahb 7,chrysobothris femorata      
,fabricius7 is frequently  found in the 
wood of wild plums and is sometimes a   
pest of the several  cultivated species4
 ,it is treated as is the peach borer4  
,the shot-hole  borer#ahc               
7,eccoptogaster rugulosus ,ratzeburg7 a 
diminutive insect  which deposits its   
eggs in the trunks or large branches of 
various  members of the genus ,prunus1  
may be regarded as an effect rather than
 a  cause of disease1 for it seldom     
injures perfectly healthy plum trees4   
,the peach bark-beetle#ahd 7,phlotribus 
liminaris ,harris7 is somewhat  similar 
in its work to the shot-hole borer and  
like it is found for most  part only in 
diseased and decrepit trees4    ,the    
plum aphis#ahe 7,aphis prunifolii       
,fitch7 is sometimes very  destructive  
to varieties of the native plums1       
especially the ,americanas1  and        
occasionally injures or even kills the  

young trees of the ,domestica  sorts4   
,it is not a formidable foe in ,new     
,york1 and it is the exception  when    
trees must be treated for it1 the       
treatment being any of the contact      
solutions used against sucking insects4 
,the cherry aphis#ahf 7,myzus  cerasi   
,linnaeus7 and the green peach aphis#ahg
 7,myzus persic ,sulzer7  are much less 
common than the plum aphis on plum      
trees1 but are sometimes  abundant on   
foliage of this fruit and are combated  
in the same way as the  more common     
aphis4 ,gillette enumerates two other   
aphids as attacking the  plum in        
,colorado--the rusty brown plum         
louse#ahh 7,aphis setari ,thomas7  and  
the mealy plum louse#ahi 7,hyalopterus  
arundinis ,fabricius74    ,several scale
 insects infest the plum4 ,chief of     
these is the dreaded ,san  ,jos         
scale#aij 7,aspidiotus perniciosus      
,comstock7 known and feared by  all     
fruit-growers in the ,united ,states4   
,the lime and sulphur solution  is now  

the most common and probably the most   
effective spray for this  insect4 ,the  
,european fruit lecanium#aia 7,lecanium 
corni ,bouche7  occasionally does a     
great deal of damage in ,new ,york and  
now and then  destroys the whole crop in
 an orchard4 ,the winter treatment for  
,san  ,jos scale is used to control this
 pest1 but usually such treatment  is   
supplemented by a summer spray about    
,july first with such contact  sprays as
 whale oil soap and kerosene emulsion4  
,of the other scales#aib  which feed    
upon plums and now and then become      
pestiferous the following  may be named3
 ,the fruit pulvinaria 7,pulvinaria     
amygdali ,cockerell71  the mealy bug    
7,pseudococcus longispinus ,targioni71  
the scurfy scale  7,chionaspis furfura  
,fitch471 the ,west ,indian peach scale 
7,aulacaspis  pentagona ,targioni71 the 
,putnam scale 7,aspidiotus ancylus      
,putnam71  the cherry scale 7,aspidiotus
 forbesi ,johnson71 the walnut scale    
7,aspidiotus juglans-regi ,comstock71   

,howard's scale 7,aspidiotus  howardii  
,cockerell71 the ,european fruit scale  
7,aspidiotus ostreformis  ,curtis71 the 
red scale of ,california 7,chrysomphalus
 aurantii ,maskell71  the oyster-shell  
scale 7,lepidosaphes ulmi ,linnaeus71   
and the soft scale  7,coccus hesperidum 
,linnaeus74    ,wild plums of several   
species seem to be favorite feeding     
grounds  for the tent caterpillar#aic   
7,malacosoma americana ,fabricius71  but
 cultivated plums are not so often      
attacked2 the spraying with  arsenites  
usually given for the curculio is fatal 
to this pest as well4  ,the spring      
canker-worm#aid 7,paleacrita vernata    
,peck7 and the fall  canker-worm#aie    
7,alsophila pometaria ,harris7 are other
 caterpillars  which often do much      
damage unless checked by destructive    
measures1 of  which the best are the    
arsenical sprays4 ,the larv of a        
considerable  number of other moths and 
butterflies are often found on plum     
foliage but  seldom in such numbers as  

to require systematic destruction4      
,the eye-spotted bud-moth#aif           
7,tmetocera ocellana ,schiffermuller7 is
 a  rather serious pest in plum         
nurseries where the larv eat into the   
young  buds at the time they are        
opening1 often destroying the shoots4   
,sometimes  the larv are found          
destroying buds on old trees4 ,the      
arsenical sprays  are used to destroy   
this pest4 ,the peach twig-moth         
7,anarsia lineatella  ,zeller7 is now   
and then found in plum twigs but is     
seldom classed as a  plum pest4    ,the 
clover mite#aig 7,bryobia pratensis     
,garman7 formerly considered a  serious 
pest of the plum only in the far ,west1 
is now abundant in plum  orchards in    
,new ,york4 ,it can be controlled by    
applications of lime and  sulphur4 ,the 
bumble-flower beetle#aih 7,euphoria inda
 ,linnaeus7 is  reported by ,goff to be 
occasionally very injurious to plums in 
,wisconsin4  ,remedies seem not to have 
been tried4 ,the larv of the cherry     

slug#aii  7,selandria cerasi ,peck7 is  
not infrequently found doing damage to  
plum  foliage and occasionally the larv 
of one or two other saw-flies feed on   
the plum4 ,these are all overcome by the
 use of arsenical sprays4 ,at least  one
 of the curious insects know as         
8case-bearers0 attacks the plums4 ,the  
troublesome one is the pistol           
case-bearer#bjj 7,coleophora malivorella
  ,riley71 which is not often a pest but
 has sometimes done considerable        
damage4 ,attempts to check this insect  
with the arsenical sprays have  usually 
proved successful4 ,the plum tree is a  
host-plant of the hop  aphis#bja        
7,phorodon humuli ,schrank74 ,so much   
does this insect feed on  the plum that 
the destruction of plum trees in the    
vicinity of hop fields  is recommended  
to hop-growers by ,riley4               
,,chapter ,,iii    ,,leading ,,varieties
 ,,of ,,plums4      ,,abundance         
,illustration3 ,,abundance    ,prunus   
triflora        #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    

,rpt4 #if4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,am4 ,gard4       
#i3cfj4      #ahhh4 #c4 ,ga4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #ea1 #eb1 #ec1 #ii4 #ahhi4  
#d4      ,bailey ,ann4 ,hort4 #ajc4     
#ahhi4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ajf1 
#abe4 #ahia4 #f4 ,am4 ,gard4 #ac3gjj4   
#ahib4 #g4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4      #eb3fff4 
#ahic4 #h4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #fb3ai1 
#bg1 #cb4 #ahid4      #i4 ,tex4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #cb3dhh4 #ahid4 #aj4 ,rev4 ,hort4 
#afj4      #ahie4 #aa4 ,mich4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #aah3eb4 #ahie4 #ab4 ,cornell     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ajf3da1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg1 #dh1
 #di4 #ahif4 #ac4 ,va4 ,sta4      ,bul4 
#fg3if4 #ahif4 #ad4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4
 #aca3aie4 #ahig4      #ae4 ,ibid4      
#aci3cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj4 #ahig4 #af4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,cat4 #bf4 #ahig4 #ag4
 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #age3ada1 #adb1   
#adc4      #ahii4 #ah4 ,waugh ,plum     
,cult4 #acb1 #ace4 #aija4 #ai4 ,mich4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdb1 #bdh4 #ahii4 #bj4 
,ont4 ,fruit ,exp4 ,sta4      ,rpt4 #ae4
 #aijb4 #ba4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bed1
 #bee4 #aije4      #bb4 ,texas ,nur4    

,co4 ,cat4 #i4 #aijg4 #bc4 ,ga4 ,sta4   
,bul4      #fh3g1 #bh4 #aije4           
,abundance #g4 ,babcock 787 #ae1 #ag4   
,babcock #ab1 #af1 #ah4 ,botan      #a1 
#b1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #aj4 ,botan #ab1 #af1   
#ah4 ,botankio #ab4 ,botankio      #c4  
,burbank ,no4 #b1 #aa1 #ab4 ,chase #ab4 
,chase #ad1 #ae1 #ag4 ,douglas      #i1 
#ae1 #ah4 ,douglas #ag4 ,hattankio #h1  
#ae4 ,hattonkin #ab4      ,hytankayo #h1
 #i4 ,munson #h4 ,munson #i1 #ah4       
,oriole #bb4 ,sweet      ,botan #g4     
,sweet ,botan #ae4 ,yellow ,fleshed     
,botan #c1 #f1 #h1 #ag1      #bc4       
,yellow ,fleshed ,botan #e4 ,yellow     
,japan #ab4 ,yellow ,japan #h1      #ad4
    ,though ,abundance has been in      
,america only a quarter of a century1 it
  is now about as well known as any     
other plum1 being probably the best     
known of the ,triflora plums4 ,the two  
chief assets which have given the       
variety its great popularity so quickly 
are adaptability to a wide  diversity of
 soils and climates and1 as its name    

implies1 abundance  of fruit1 for it    
bears not only heavily but yearly4 ,as a
 market plum  ,abundance has been       
overplanted since it ships and keeps    
poorly1 is much  subject to brown-rot1  
matures unevenly and drops rather too   
readily as  it ripens4 ,whether for     
market or home use1 the fruit of this   
variety  should be picked before it is  
quite ripe as it develops in flavor best
  when so picked and the dropping and   
rot are thus avoided to some extent4    
,it is an exceedingly variable plum and 
undoubtedly several well marked  strains
 could be selected1 some of which are   
not as hardy or otherwise  as valuable  
as others4 ,while ,abundance has passed 
the heyday of its  popularity it is     
still one of the most desirable of the  
,triflora plums4    ,this variety was   
imported from ,japan by ,luther ,burbank
 in #ahhd1 and  was introduced by ,john 
,t4 ,lovett1 ,little ,silver1 ,new      
,jersey1 under the  name ,abundance1 in 
#ahhh4 ,a large number of ,japanese     

plums that have  since been introduced  
have proved to be either identical or so
 nearly  like the ,abundance that much  
confusion has arisen4 ,abundance was    
first  known as ,botan1 but that name   
was dropped as it refers to a group of  
plums in ,japan rather than to a        
variety4 ,babcock1 which is said to have
  been imported by ,burbank in #ahhe and
 named for ,colonel ,e4 ,f4 ,babcock1  a
 nurseryman of ,little ,rock1 ,arkansas1
 has been described by ,bailey as       
indistinguishable from ,abundance4      
,botankio1 described in the ,georgia    
,horticultural ,society ,report for     
#ahhi1 proved to be the ,abundance  as  
tested at the ,cornell ,experiment      
,station4 ,the ,chase plum1 also        
disseminated in ,new ,york under the    
name ,yellow ,japan1 was bought by the  
,r4 ,g4 ,chase ,company1 ,geneva1 ,new  
,york1 for the ,abundance1 but as it was
  thought to blossom and fruit later    
than that variety1 it was distributed   
as a new plum2 in #ahig ,bailey         

considered it the same as ,chabot1 but  
in  #ahii he stated that it and         
,abundance were identical4 ,the ,douglas
 plum is  also identical4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,t4  
,whitaker of ,tyler1 ,texas1 imported   
this variety  and introduced it in #ahhf
 under the name of ,hytankayo4 ,bailey1 
who tested  ,whitaker's variety from    
trees obtained from ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1    
,denison1  ,texas1 found a              
yellow-fruited strain and to distinguish
 the purple form  named the latter      
,munson4#bjb ,as this name had been     
applied to a native  plum1 ,r4 ,h4      
,price1 of the ,texas ,experiment       
,station1 in #ahid renamed  the variety 
calling it ,douglas4#bjc ,there have    
been two types of this  ,douglas plum   
disseminated2 ,bailey1 in #ahii1 found  
no difference between  it and ,abundance
 except that the ,douglas seemed to have
 a little drier  flesh2 others testing  
,douglas found it to be identical with  
the ,chabot4  ,burbank ,no4 #b1 imported
 by ,luther ,burbank in #ahhe and       

introduced by him  in #ahhi1 is very    
similar if not identical with the       
,abundance4 ,oriole1  recently          
introduced by the ,texas ,nursery       
,company1 ,sherman1 ,texas1 is so       
nearly like ,abundance as to be unworthy
 of a separate name4 ,the ,american     
,pomological ,society added ,abundance  
to its fruit catalog list in #ahig4     
,tree large1 vigorous1 vasiform1        
open-topped1 hardy in ,new      ,york1  
very productive1 susceptible to attacks 
of shot-hole      fungus2 branches      
rough1 dark ash-gray1 inclined to split 
when      overloaded1 with few1 slightly
 raised lenticels2 branchlets           
slender1 short1 with short internodes1  
red early in the season      changing to
 dark brown1 glossy1 glabrous1 with     
numerous1      inconspicuous1 small     
lenticels2 leaf-buds small1 short1      
conical1 plump1 free4        ,leaves    
folded upward1 narrow-obovate or        
oblanceolate1      peach-like1 one and  
three-eighths inches wide1 three and    

one-quarter inches long1 thin2 upper    
surface light green1      smooth1       
glabrous1 with grooved midrib2 lower    
surface pale      green1 pubescent on   
the midrib and larger veins2 apex       
taper-pointed1 base cuneate1 margin very
 finely serrate1      with small1       
brownish glands2 petiole three-eighths  
inch long1      slightly pubescent along
 one side1 reddish1 glandless or with   
from one to five small1 globose1 green  
or reddish glands      usually on the   
stalk4        ,blooming season early2   
flowers appearing with the leaves1      
medium in size2 borne in clusters on    
lateral buds and spurs1 in      pairs or
 in threes2 pedicels of medium length   
and thickness1      slightly pubescent1 
greenish2 calyx-tube green1 obconic1    
glabrous2 calyx-lobes obtuse1 with      
ciliate margins1 glabrous1      erect2  
petals broadly oval1 entire1 abruptly   
clawed2 anthers      yellowish2         
filaments of average length2 pistil     
glabrous1 equal      to the stamens in  

length4        ,fruit early1 season     
short2 one and three-eighths inches in  
diameter1 roundish-ovate1 halves nearly 
equal1 slightly      compressed2 cavity 
medium in depth and width1 abrupt1      
regular2      suture shallow1 distinct2 
apex pointed2 color pinkish-red         
changing to darker red1 mottled1 with   
thin bloom2 dots      numerous1 of      
medium size1 russet1 conspicuous2 stem  
one-half      inch long1 glabrous1      
parting easily from the fruit2 skin     
thin1      tough1 bitterish1 separating 
readily2 flesh yellow1 very juicy1      
tender and melting1 sweet except next to
 the pit1 pleasantly      aromatic2     
good2 stone clinging1 three-quarters    
inch by one-half      inch in size1     
oval1 somewhat compressed1 pointed1     
rough1 ridged      along the ventral    
suture2 dorsal suture grooved4          
,,agen    ,illustration3 ,,agen         
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,kraft     
,pom4 ,aust4 #b3ch1 ,tab4 #ahi fig4 #a4 
#agif4 #b4      ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     

,cat4 #adc1 #adg1 #aeb1 #aec4 #ahca4 #c4
 ,prince      ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ge1 #ajj4  
#ahcb4 #d4 ,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 #a4   
#ahdf4 #e4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4    
#cji4 #ahde4 #f4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4          
,off4 ,rpt4 #cj4 #ahed4 #g4 ,thompson   
,gard4 ,ass't #eai4 #ahei4      #h4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #hf4 #ahfb4 #i4      
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4      ,sort4    
#dbg4 #ahha4 #aj4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4    
#fhc4 #ahhd4 #aa4 ,mas      ,le ,verger 
#f3ha1 fig4 #ahff-gc4 #ab4 ,cal4 ,state 
,bd4 ,hort4      #bia4 #ahhe-hf4 #ac4   
,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4 ,france #cdc4 #ahhg4 
#ad4      ,cal4 ,state ,bd4 ,hort4 #di1 
#ej4 #ahhg-hh4 #ae4 ,ibid4 #bcc1 #bce1  
#cdj4 #ahij4 #af4 ,ibid4 #if1 #aje1 ,pl4
 #a4 #ahia4 #ag4 ,guide      ,prat4     
#afj1 #cec4 #ahie4 #ah4 ,oregon ,sta4   
,bul4 #de3bd4 #ahig4      #ai4 ,cornell 
,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3aia4 #ahig4 #bj4 ,u4   
,s4 ,d4 ,a4      ,div4 ,pom4 ,bul4      
#g3cae1 #caf4 ,pl4 ,,iv1 fig4 #d4 #ahih4
 #ba4      ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bda1 
#bdb4 #ahii4 #bb4 ,cal4 ,fr4 ,gr4       

,con4 #bi4 #aija4 #bc4 ,waugh ,plum     
,cult4 #id1 #ie fig4 #aija4      #bd4   
,baltet ,cult4 ,fr4 #die1 fig4 #cca1    
#ejf1 #ejg1 fig4 #ccf4      #aijh4 #be4 
,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #bbe4 #aijh4 #bf4
 ,cal4 ,fr4      ,grower #dj3ah1 #ai1   
fig4 #aiji4        ,agen #bb4 ,agener   
,kaiserzwetsche #ag4 ,agen ,date #c4    
,agen      ,datte #e1 #aj4 ,agener      
,pflaume #ag4 ,agener ,pflaume #i4 ,agen
 ,prune      #ba4 ,california #bj4      
,california #af4 ,d',agen #b1 #aj1 #aa1 
#ag1 #bd4      ,d',agen #c1 #e1 #h1 #ac1
 #bj4 ,d',ast #ac1 #ag4 ,date #ba4      
,datte      #ag4 ,de ,brignole #ag4     
,d',ente #ac1 #ag1 #bd4 ,d',ente d',agen
 #ac4      ,datte ,violette #a1 #ac1    
#ag4 ,die ,blaue ,dattelpflaume #ag4    
,die ,blaue ,dattelpflaume #a4 ,du ,roi 
#ag4 ,french #bj4 ,french      ,prune   
#ae1 #ah1 #bc1 #be4 ,french ,prune 787  
#b1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #bf4 ,lot            
d',ente #ah4 ,petite #bj4 ,petite       
d',agen #ad1 #bj1 #bf4 ,petite          
,prune #ah4 ,petite ,prune #bc4 ,petite 

,prune d',agen #be4 ,prune      d',agen 
#e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #ae1 #ag1 #ai1 #be4     
,prune d',agen #ad1 #af1 #ah1      #bc4 
,prune de ,brignole 7of some7 #e1 #g1   
#ag4 ,prune d',ante #c4      ,prune     
d',ast #e1 #g1 #aj1 #aa4 ,prune d',ente 
#g1 #ab1 #ah4 ,prunier      d',agen #c4 
,prunier d',agen #f4 ,prune d',ente #bb4
 ,prune du ,roi      #aj4 ,robe de      
,sergent #c1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #aa1 #ac1 #ag1 
#ah4 ,robe de      ,sargent #aj1 #ab4   
,roi d',agen #b4 ,saint ,maurin #b1 #d4 
,st4 ,maurin      #e1 #g1 #aj1 #ag4     
,saint ,mauriniana #d4 ,violette        
,dattelzwetsche      #ag4    ,agen is   
the plum par excellence for prune-making
 in ,france and ,america4  ,several     
qualities make it admirably fit for     
curing into prunes4 ,to begin  with1 it 
has a high percentage of sugars and     
solids so that the plum  cures readily  
into a firm1 sweet1 long-keeping prune  
which in cooking  needs comparatively   
little sugar2 again1 the trees bear     
regularly1  abundantly and the plums are

 uniform in size1--productiveness1      
regular  bearing and uniformity of size 
of fruit being necessary attributes of a
  good prune-making plum2 lastly1 it    
hangs well on the tree as it ripens  and
 afterwards so that the curing really   
begins on the tree4 ,besides  making    
most excellent prunes1 the ,agen is a   
very good dessert plum--one  of the     
best--and ought to be in every home     
orchard and1 where it attains           
sufficient size1 in every commercial    
plantation4 ,lack of size is the  defect
 in this variety which has kept it from 
being more largely grown  outside of    
prune-making regions4 ,if by pruning1   
thinning and other  cultural treatment  
the size of the plums could be          
increased1 the ,agen  should prove a    
valuable commercial fruit in ,new ,york4
    ,the name of this variety is derived
 from ,agen1 a region in ,france where  
it is extensively grown4 ,tradition says
 that on their return from the          
,crusades1 the ,benedictine monks       

brought with them from ,turkey or       
,persia  what was then known as the     
,date plum and planted it in the garden 
of  their abbey on the ,river ,lot1 in  
the vicinity of ,bordeaux1 ,france1 and 
that afterwards this became the ,agen4  
,its first recorded importation into    
the ,united ,states was made in #ahed by
 the ,united ,states ,patent ,office1   
though it was described by ,prince as   
early as #ahcb4 ,the most important     
introduction was made1 however1 in      
#ahef1 when ,louis ,pellier of ,san     
,jose1  ,california1 introduced ,agen on
 the ,pacific ,coast1 where it soon     
became  and still is the leading plum1  
though with curious persistency the     
fruit-growers there call it the 8,french
 ,prune0 and the 8,petite ,prune40  ,in 
#ahfb this variety was added to the     
fruit catalog list of the ,american     
,pomological ,society4 ,there are many  
strains of ,agen in ,america1 due to    
the numerous importations of grafts from
 various parts of ,france1 where  the   

plum orchards are frequently grown from 
seedlings or from sprouts2  some of     
these strains are worthy of varietal    
recognition4        ,tree of medium     
size1 upright-spreading1 dense-topped1  
hardy1      very productive2 branches   
ash-gray1 smooth1 with numerous1        
large1 raised lenticels2 branchlets     
slender1 short1 with short              
internodes1 greenish-red changing to    
dark brownish-drab1 dull1               
pubescent1 with small lenticels2        
leaf-buds of medium size and            
length1 conical1 free4        ,leaves   
folded upward1 obovate or oval1 one and 
three-quarters      inches wide1 three  
and one-quarter inches long1 velvety2   
upper      surface with few fine hairs  
and a narrow1 grooved midrib2      lower
 surface pale green1 thickly pubescent2 
apex abruptly      pointed1 base acute1 
margin doubly serrate2 petiole one inch 
long1 slender1 pubescent1 tinged red1   
with two or three small1      globose1  
greenish-brown glands usually on the    

stalk4        ,season of bloom          
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing after the leaves1 one   
and one-eighth inches across1           
white2 borne on lateral spurs1 singly or
 in pairs2 pedicels      five-eighths   
inch long1 thick1 glabrous except for a 
few short      hairs1 greenish2         
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1          
pubescent2      calyx-lobes obtuse1     
somewhat pubescent within1 with         
glandular      margin1 reflexed2 petals 
broadly oval or obovate1 entire1        
tapering to short1 broad claws2 anthers 
yellowish2 filaments                    
five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil       
glabrous1 equal to the      stamens in  
length4        ,fruit late1 season      
short2 one and one-half inches by one   
and one-eighth inches in size1 obovate1 
the base necked1      halves equal2     
cavity shallow1 narrow1 flaring2 suture 
very      shallow1 indistinct2 apex     
roundish or flattened2 color            
reddish or violet-purple1 overspread    

with thin bloom2 dots      numerous1    
small1 brown1 obscure1 clustered about  
the apex and      interspersed between  
russet flecks2 stem thick1 seven-eighths
      inch long1 glabrous1 adhering well
 to the fruit2 skin thin1      tough2   
flesh greenish-yellow1 tender1 sweet1   
aromatic2 very      good to best2 stone 
semi-free or free1 seven-eighths inch by
      one-half inch in size1 oval1      
flattened1 with pitted surfaces1        
rather abrupt at the base and apex2     
ventral suture somewhat      narrow1    
furrowed1 with distinct wing2 dorsal    
suture widely      grooved4             
,,aitkin    ,prunus nigra        #a4    
,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dbf4 #ahif4  
#b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #fc3bd1 #bg1 
#bh fig4 #aa1 #dc4 #ahig4 #c4 ,jewell   
,nur4 ,cat4      #ahii-aijf4 #d4 ,waugh 
,plum ,cult4 #afi4 #aija4 #e4 ,can4     
,exp4      ,farm ,bul4 #dc3bi4 #aijc4   
#f4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bbg4 #aijd4
        ,aitken #d4 ,beatty #f incor4   
,itasca #a incor4    ,aitkin is very    

favorably mentioned in the references   
given above and  undoubtedly has value  
for the ,northwest4 ,it was listed in   
the catalog of  the ,american           
,pomological ,society in #ahii4 ,the    
variety was found growing  wild in      
,aitkin ,county1 ,minnesota1 by ,d4 ,c4 
,hazelton on land adjoining  his farm4  
,it seemed to possess merit and was     
introduced in #ahif by  the ,jewell     
,nursery ,company of ,lake ,city1       
,minnesota4 ,because of having          
originated near ,itasca ,lake1 it has   
been confused with the ,itasca plum1    
which preceded it by nearly ten years4  
,the following description is a         
compilation3        ,tree vigorous1     
productive1 ripening its wood very      
early2      fruit earliest in season of 
its group2 large for its class1         
oval1 deep red1 with no bloom2 skin     
thin1 not astringent2      flesh yellow1
 juicy1 sweet and rich2 good2 stone     
large1 oval1      flattened1 clinging4  
,,alhambra    ,prunus triflora  ,prunus 

cerasifera  ,prunus domestica   7,prunus
 simonii  ,prunus triflora7  7,prunus   
americana  ,prunus  nigra7        #a4   
,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3e4 #ahih4 #b4 ,de  
,vries ,plant      ,breeding #bac4      
#aijg4    ,although it is over a decade 
since ,alhambra was offered to          
fruit-growers1  it has made little      
headway in popularity and is chiefly of 
interest  because of its breeding4 ,it  
is not often that we can trace the      
pedigree  of a plant for more than one  
or at the most two generations1 but in  
,alhambra we are particularly fortunate4
 ,luther ,burbank1 the originator1      
began by crossing ,kelsey and ,pissardi1
 and the offspring from this cross  was 
fertilized with ,agen pollen4 ,this     
tri-hybrid was in turn fertilized  with 
pollen from a complex hybrid of a cross 
of ,prunus simonii and  ,prunus triflora
 pollinated by a cross of ,prunus       
americana and ,prunus  nigra4 ,as might 
be expected1 the offspring of this final
 cross was  extremely variable and from 

it was selected the ,alhambra4 ,the     
variety was  named by the originator in 
#ahih4        ,the fruit as described by
 ,waugh is 8egg-shaped1 large or        
very large2 cavity medium shallow1      
abruptly rounded2 suture      shallow2  
apex pointed2 color dark1 dull red2 dots
 many1 small1      yellowish2 bloom     
thin1 purplish2 skin firm2 flesh yellow 
inside1 reddish outside2 stone medium to
 large1 flat1 pointed1      nearly      
smooth1 clinging2 flavor brisk subacid2 
quality first      rate40      ,,altham 
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,jour4     
,hort4 ,n4 ,s4 #ag3bbh4 #ahfi4 #b4      
,lange ,allgem4      ,garten4 #b3dai4   
#ahgi4 #c4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4     
,sort4 #dcb4      #ahha4 #d4 ,lauche    
,deut4 ,pom4 #ai1 ,pl4 ,,iv4 #ahhb4 #e4 
,hogg      ,fruit ,man4 #fib4 #ahhd4 #f4
 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbj4 #ahhi4      
#g4 ,gaucher ,pom4 ,prak4 ,obst4 #id1   
,pl4 #ahid4 #h4 ,soc4 ,nat4      ,hort4 
,france ,pom4 #eej fig4 #aijd4 #i4 ,cat4
 ,cong4 ,pom4 ,france      #dfh1 fig4   

#aijf4 #aj4 ,baltet ,cult4 ,fr4 #dij1   
fig4 #cbh4 #aijh4        ,althan's      
,reine ,claude #f1 #g4 ,althann's ,reine
 ,claude #b1 #c1      #d1 #f4 ,althahn's
 ,rote ,reine-,claude #f1 #g4 ,althann's
 ,reine      ,claude #g4 ,count         
,althann's ,gage #e4 ,count ,althann's  
,gage #f1 #g4      ,graf ,althan's      
,reine-,claude #f4 ,graf ,althann's     
,reine-,claude      #g4 ,hathen's ,red  
,gage #a4 ,reine-,claude ,rouge de      
,hathen #a4      ,reine-,claude         
d',althann #e1 #f1 #g4 ,reine-,claude   
,comte ,althan      #e1 #f4             
,reine-,claude de ,comte ,hathem #e1 #f4
 ,reine-,claude      du ,comte ,hathem  
#f1 #g4 ,reine-,claude du ,comte        
d',althan #h4      ,reine-,claude       
,althan's #e1 #f1 #g4 ,reine-,claude    
,comte d',althan      #f4 ,reine-,claude
 d',althan #h4 ,reine-,claude d',althan 
#f1 #g1 #aj4      ,reine-,claude ,rouge 
,comte ,althan #f1 #g4 ,reine-,claude   
,rouge      du ,comte ,hethau #f4       
,reine-,claude rouge du comte ,hethan   

#g4      ,reinette ,claude ,comte       
d',althan #i4 ,reinette ,claude         
d',althan      #i4    ,altham is an     
excellent plum for dessert or home use4 
,the color is a  trifle too dull for    
market purposes and yet it is better    
colored than  ,mc,laughlin1 which sells 
fairly well4 ,the fruit is the type of  
the last  named plum but is later4 ,in  
,europe this variety is well known and  
highly esteemed for its quality1 but    
unfortunately it is almost unknown  in  
,america4 ,the variety is well worth    
trial in this country as a fine  plum of
 the ,reine ,claude group4 ,altham is a 
seedling of ,reine ,claude1  raised by  
,herr ,prochaska1 gardener to ,count    
,michael ,joseph ,althann1  of          
,swoyschitz1 in ,bohemia4 ,it was noted 
in the ,english ,journal of             
,horticulture for #ahfi as a new plum   
sent out by ,thomas ,rivers4            
,tree of medium size1 upright-spreading1
 dense-topped1      productive2         
leaf-scars prominent2 leaves folded     

upward1      obovate1 two and           
one-quarter inches wide1 nearly four    
inches      long1 very thick1 leathery2 
margin doubly crenate1 with few1        
small1 dark glands2 petiole thick1 with 
from one to four      globose1          
yellowish-green glands on the stalk2    
season of bloom      intermediate1      
short2 flowers appearing after the      
leaves1 one      inch across1 yellowish 
at the apex of the petals2 borne on     
lateral buds and spurs1 singly or in    
twos4        ,fruit mid-season2 one and 
one-half inches by one and              
five-eighths inches in size1 oblate1    
strongly truncate at      the base1     
compressed2 color dark purplish-red over
 a yellow      ground1 covered with     
thick bloom2 dots russet surrounded with
      a dark red ring2 stem adhering    
strongly to the pulp2 flesh      light  
golden-yellow1 firm but tender1 sweet1  
mild1 pleasant2      very good to best2 
stone semi-clinging1 seven-eighths inch 
by      five-eighths inch in size1      

flattened1 irregular-oval1 with         
pitted surfaces1 contracted at the base 
into a short oblique      neck2 ventral 
suture prominent1 heavily furrowed1     
often with      distinct wing2 dorsal   
suture wide1 deep4      ,,america       
,illustration3 ,,america    ,prunus     
munsoniana  ,prunus triflora        #a4 
,burbank ,cat4 #c4 #ahih #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #fg3e4 #ahih1      #c4 ,rural ,n4 
,y4 #ei3gjf4 #aijj4 #d4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 
,rpt4      #ad3bgc4 #aijj4 #e4 ,mich4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #bje3cg #aijc4 #f4          
,del4 ,penin4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #cf4   
#aije4 #g4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4            
#afb3bed1 #bee4 #aije4 #h4 ,ga4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #fh3h1 #ce4 #aije4    ,america is 
illustrated and described in full       
chiefly because it is the  most         
promising cross between ,prunus         
munsoniana and ,prunus triflora4  ,the  
fruit of the variety is unusually       
attractive in appearance1  golden-yellow
 with a red cheek and waxy lustre       
turning currant-red  when ripe1 ships   

exceptionally well and is of very good  
quality for  cooking1 but is without    
merit as a dessert plum4 ,the trees are 
large1  very vigorous1 as hardy as      
either of its parents or possibly more  
so1  and enormously productive4 ,the    
qualities of fruit and tree are such    
that  the variety ought to succeed in   
commercial plantations where any but the
  hardiest native plums are cultivated4 
,america is almost phenomenally free    
from rot1 considering its parentage4    
,this variety is one of ,luther         
,burbank's productions1 grown from a    
seed of  ,robinson fertilized by pollen 
from ,abundance4 ,it was introduced by  
the  originator in #ahih and has been   
since that time well tested at several  
places in the eastern states and is very
 generally well spoken of for a  plum of
 its kind for the ,east4        ,tree   
large1 vigorous1 spreading1 somewhat    
open-topped1 hardy1      very           
productive2 branches roughish and with  
cracked bark1      slightly zigzag1 dark

 ash-gray1 with numerous1 conspicuously 
raised lenticels2 branchlets willowy1   
long1 with short      internodes1 green 
with a reddish tinge changing to dark   
chestnut-red1 glossy1 glabrous1 with    
numerous1 small1 raised      lenticels2 
leaf-buds small1 short1 conical1 free4  
,leaves folded upward1 broadly          
lanceolate1 peach-like1 one and         
one-half inches wide1 three and         
one-fourth inches long1 thin2      upper
 surface reddish late in season1 smooth 
and glossy1 with      deeply grooved    
midrib2 lower surface light green1      
sparingly      pubescent along the      
midrib and larger veins which are more  
or      less red2 apex taper-pointed1   
base abrupt1 margin finely and          
doubly crenate and with numerous1 small1
 dark glands2 petiole      one-half inch
 long1 tinged red1 pubescent along one  
side1      glandless or with one or two 
small globose1 reddish glands on        
the upper part of the stalk4            
,blooming season intermediate and long2 

flowers appearing after      the leaves1
 one-half inch across1 white2 borne in  
clusters      on short lateral spurs and
 buds1 in pairs or in threes2           
pedicels five-sixteenths inch long1     
slender1 pubescent1 green2              
calyx-tube greenish1 obconic1 glabrous2 
calyx-lobes obtuse1      with a trace of
 red along the margin1                  
glandular-serrate1      glabrous1 with  
marginal hairs1 erect2 petals small1    
roundish1      entire1 tapering abruptly
 to narrow claws2 anthers yellowish2    
filaments three-sixteenths inch long2   
pistil glabrous1 longer      than the   
stamens4        ,fruit early1 season of 
medium length2 one and three-eighths    
inches in diameter1 roundish-oval1      
halves equal2 cavity      shallow1      
flaring2 suture shallow1 a distinct     
line2 apex      roundish2 color clear1  
dark1 currant-red over golden-yellow1   
mottled1 with thin bloom2 dots numerous1
 small1 whitish1      inconspicuous2    
stem slender1 one-half inch long1       

glabrous1      adhering to the fruit2   
skin thin1 bitterish1 separating readily
      from the pulp2 flesh yellow1      
juicy1 fibrous1 somewhat tender1        
sweet1 not high in flavor2 fair in      
quality2 stone clinging1                
seven-eighths inch by one-half inch in  
size1 oval1 pointed1      with pitted   
surfaces1 broadly ridged along the      
ventral suture2      dorsal suture      
grooved4      ,,american    ,prunus     
domestica        #a4 ,oregon ,sta4 ,bul4
 #fa3ag1 #ah4 #aijj4        ,american   
,seedling #a4    ,american originated   
with a ,mr4 ,peterson of ,elkton1       
,douglas ,county1  ,oregon1 as a sprout 
from an old tree4 ,it has never been    
extensively  disseminated1 but seems to 
be a variety of considerable promise4   
,the  fruit as grown on the ,station    
grounds resembles ,hand rather closely2 
is  large for a plum of its type1 is a  
handsome golden color1 is high in       
quality and will probably keep and ship 
well4 ,too little is known of its       

tree-characters to recommend it         
unqualifiedly4        ,tree above medium
 in size1 vigorous1 round-topped1 dense1
      productive2 branches numerous2    
branchlets thick1 marked      by grayish
 scarf-skin2 leaves flattened1 oval or  
obovate1      two and one-quarter inches
 wide1 four and one-half inches         
long1 dark green2 margin serrate or     
crenate2 blooming season                
intermediate1 short2 flowers appearing  
after the leaves1 one      and          
three-eighths inches across1 singly or  
in twos1 fragrant4        ,fruit        
mid-season2 very large1 roundish-oblate1
 truncate1      golden-yellow1          
indistinctly streaked with green1       
mottled1      covered with thin bloom2  
flesh light golden-yellow1 tender1      
sweet1 pleasant flavor2 good to very    
good2 stone clinging1 one      inch by  
three-quarters inch in size1 broadly    
oval1 flattened1      surfaces pitted2  
dorsal suture wide1 deep4               
,,american ,,eagle    ,prunus americana 

#a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3cf4 #ahib4 
#b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,cat4 #cg4    
#ahii4 #c4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4     
#aje4 #aijj4 #d4      ,waugh ,plum      
,cult4 #adb4 #aija4 #e4 ,can4 ,exp4     
,farm ,bul4      #dc3bh4 #aijc4 #f4     
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bed1 #bee4 #aije4
    ,of the origin of this very good    
,americana variety little is known      
except  that it probably came from      
,missouri1 as it was introduced1 in the 
fall of  #ahei1 by the ,osceola ,nursery
 ,company1 ,osceola1 ,missouri4         
,although an old  variety it was not    
listed by the ,american ,pomological    
,society until #ahii4  ,in regions where
 ,americana plums are grown1 ,american  
,eagle ought to be  better known1 its   
chief defect being the dull color of the
 fruit4        ,tree vigorous1          
spreading2 leaves large2 petiole        
glandular4      ,fruit mid-season2      
large1 varies from roundish-oval to     
nearly      oblate1 dark red1 covered   
with thick bloom2 stem short1           

pubescent2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 fibrous1
 sweet1 aromatic1      with             
characteristic ,americana flavor2 of    
good quality2 stone      clinging1      
three-eighths inch by one-half inch in  
size1      roundish1 turgid1            
conspicuously winged2 surface smooth4   
,,ames    ,illustration3 ,,ames         
,prunus americana  ,prunus triflora     
#a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bbj4      
#ahii4 #b4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 
#aab4 #ahii4 #c4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#df3bfa4 #aijj4 #d4      ,waugh ,plum   
,cult4 #bjc4 #aija4 #e4 ,budd-,hansen   
,am4 ,hort4 ,man4      #bic4 #aijc4 #f4 
,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3i4 #aije4 #g4 
,ill4      ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dbb4     
#aije4 #h4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #fe3gcj4      
#aijf4        ,de ,soto  ,oregon ,no4 #c
 #f4 ,japan ,hybrid ,no4 #c #b4         
,though ,ames has been known to the     
public scarcely ten years1 its good     
qualities have given it relatively high 
rank among ,americana plums with  which 
it must be compared4 ,though supposed to

 be a cross between ,prunus  americana  
and ,prunus triflora1 the variety shows 
few1 if any1 traces  of the ,triflora   
parentage1 except1 possibly in the shape
 and color of  the fruit4 ,the variety  
is distinguished from other ,americana  
plums by  reddish dots on the fruit     
instead of the yellowish dots commonly  
found  on the plums of this species4    
,the fruit of ,ames is very attractive  
in  color1 the quality is fair1 it keeps
 and ships well and it is fairly free   
from rot1 characters which make it      
desirable where the native plums are    
grown4    ,this variety was produced by 
,professor ,j4 ,l4 ,budd#bjd of ,ames1  
,iowa1  by crossing ,de ,soto with      
pollen of a 8large ,japanese plum       
received from  ,oregon40 ,for a long    
while it was known as ,de ,soto  ,oregon
 ,no4 #c and as  ,japan ,hybrid ,no4 #c1
 but was named ,ames by ,professor ,john
 ,craig1 now of  ,cornell ,university4  
,tree of medium size1 spreading1        
dense-topped1 hardy1      productive2   

branches roughish1 thorny1 the trunk    
shaggy1 dark      ash-brown1 with       
numerous1 large1 raised lenticels2      
branchlets      willowy1 thick1 long1   
with long internodes1 green changing    
to dark chestnut-red1 glossy1 glabrous1 
thickly strewn with      conspicuous1   
large1 raised lenticels2 leaf-buds      
small1 short1      obtuse1 plump1       
appressed4        ,leaves falling early1
 flattened1 oval1 two inches wide1      
four inches long2 upper surface dark    
green1 glabrous1      slightly rugose2  
lower surface light green1 pubescent2   
apex      taper-pointed1 base abrupt1   
margin coarsely serrate1 the            
serrations ending in hair-like tips1    
eglandular2 petiole      seven-eighths  
inch long1 slender1 pubescent1 tinged   
red1      glandless or with from one to 
three globose1 greenish-red      glands4
        ,blooming season medium in time 
and length2 flowers appearing      after
 the leaves1 nearly one inch across1    
white2 borne in      clusters on lateral

 buds and spurs1 in threes or fours2    
pedicels one-half inch long1 slender1   
glabrous1 greenish2      calyx-tube     
green1 campanulate1 glabrous2           
calyx-lobes narrow1      somewhat acute1
 reflexed1 pubescent on the inner       
surface1      the margin faintly        
pubescent and with a trace of red2      
petals      small1 oval1 somewhat       
dentate1 tapering below to long1        
narrow1 slightly hairy claws2 anthers   
yellowish2 filaments                    
five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil       
glabrous1 equal to the      stamens in  
length1 frequently defective4           
,fruit mid-season1 one and              
seven-sixteenths inches by one      and 
five sixteenths inches in size1 ovate or
 oval1 sides      compressed1 halves    
equal2 cavity shallow1 narrow1 flaring2 
suture a line2 apex roundish2 color     
light to dark red over a      yellow    
ground1 covered with thin bloom2 dots   
numerous1 small1      brownish-red2 stem
 slender1 glabrous2 skin medium in      

thickness      and toughness1 adhering2 
flesh golden-yellow1 juicy1 coarse1     
fibrous1 tender and melting1 semi-sweet2
 of fair quality2      stone nearly     
free1 one inch by five-eighths inch in  
size1      irregular-oval1 flattened and
 elongated at the base1 abruptly        
pointed at the apex1 very smooth2       
ventral suture winged and      furrowed2
 dorsal suture acute4      ,,apple      
,illustration3 ,,apple    ,prunus       
triflora 8        #a4 ,burbank ,cat4 #b4
 #ahih4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3f4     
#ahih4 #c4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4        
#ab3bbj4 #ahii4 #d4 ,am4      ,gard4    
#ba3cf4 #aijj4 #e4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4  
#bjc4 #aija4 #f4      ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4  
#fh3ab1 #ce4 #aije4 #g4 ,mass4 ,sta4    
,an4 ,rpt4      #ag3afa4 #aije4    ,the 
,apple is a conspicuous plum2 its shape1
 color1 size1 flavor2 its  firm1        
blood-red flesh and long-keeping        
quality1 all distinguish it4 ,even  the 
tree is marked with its robust growth1  
flat-topped head1 peculiar1  light brown

 bark1 handsome foliage and wood that   
can be propagated from  cuttings with   
surprising ease4 ,it is difficult to    
predict the future  of this interesting 
plum1 but probably it will remain for   
most part a  curiosity4 ,its peculiar   
flavor is not pleasant at first taste   
and it is  doubtful if many will learn  
to like it4 ,unpalatability is the      
defect of  the variety which will most  
often be counted against it4 ,in general
 the  ,apple is inferior for dessert or 
kitchen to the ,satsuma1 itself none    
too good1 which it most nearly resembles
 of all plums4 ,in the ,station         
collection tree and fruit are quite     
susceptible to both fungus and insect   
pests and the fruits ripen unevenly4    
,the fruit of the variety keeps and     
ships remarkably well and these         
qualities may be its saving grace1 both 
so well developed as to make it valuable
 for breeding purposes when these       
characters are desired4    ,in his      
catalog for #ahih ,burbank announces the

 ,apple as a new plum and  says1 8,among
 the welcome surprises found three years
 ago among a lot of  some twenty-five   
thousand plum seedlings was this one1   
bearing a cruel  load of enormous plums 
when only two years old4444 ,it was at  
once named  ,apple from the very close  
resemblance in form1 color general      
appearance1  and rare keeping           
qualities4444 ,its parentage is not     
known1 except that  it is a second      
generation seedling from cross-bred     
seedlings1 and no  doubt ,satsuma and   
probably ,robinson are in its line of   
ancestry40 ,satsuma  characters are     
readily detected in tree and fruit and  
especially its  hard1 red flesh1 but in 
no way is its descent from ,robinson    
apparent4        ,tree of medium size1  
flat-topped1 spreading1 dense-topped1   
slow-growing1 semi-hardy1 productive2   
branches rough and      thorny1 with    
numerous fruit-spurs1 dark ash-gray1    
reddish and      with numerous          
lenticels2 branchlets often with a      

rosette of      flower-buds on the apex 
of the shoots1 slender1 with short      
internodes1 greenish-red changing to    
dark brown1 glossy1      glabrous1 with 
numerous1 conspicuous1 large1 raised    
lenticels2      leaf-buds small1 short1 
obtuse1 plump1 appressed4        ,leaves
 folded upward1 obovate or oblanceolate1
 one and      one-quarter inches wide1  
three and three-quarters inches         
long1 thin1 leathery2 upper surface     
purplish-red late in the      season1   
glossy1 glabrous1 with grooved midrib2  
lower surface      light green1         
pubescent at the base of the veins2 apex
 acutely      pointed1 base cuneate1    
margin finely and doubly crenate and    
with small amber glands2 petiole        
five-eighths inch long1      pubescent1 
red along one side1 with from three to  
ten large1      conspicuous1 reniform1  
red or yellowish glands on the stalk4   
,blooming season early and of medium    
length2 flowers appearing      before   
the leaves1 white2 borne in clusters on 

lateral buds      and spurs1 in threes  
or fours2 pedicels medium in length and 
thickness1 glabrous2 calyx-tube obconic1
 glabrous2 calyx-lobes      narrow1     
obtuse1 glandular-ciliate1 glabrous1    
erect2 petals      oval1 entire1        
short-clawed2 anthers yellowish2        
filaments of      medium length2 pistil 
glabrous1 shorter than the stamens1     
often      defective4        ,fruit     
mid-season2 one and one-half inches     
long1 one and      three-quarters inches
 wide1 roundish-oblate1 compressed1     
halves equal2 cavity medium in depth and
 width1 flaring1      with concentric   
russet rings2 suture shallow2 apex      
depressed      and at one side2 color   
dull dark red1 with waxy bloom2 dots    
numerous1 large1 russet1 conspicuous1   
clustered about the apex2      stem     
five-eighths inch long1 glabrous2 skin  
tough1 bitterish1      separating from  
the pulp2 flesh dark red1 juicy1 firm   
but      tender1 sweet1 with pleasant   
mild flavor1 aromatic2 good2 stone      

clinging1 three-quarters inch by        
five-eighths inch in size1      oval or 
obovate1 turgid1 pointed1 roughish1     
winged on the      ventral1 deeply      
furrowed on the dorsal suture4          
,,apricot    ,prunus domestica          
#a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egh4 #afbi4 
#b4 ,rea ,flora      #bji4 #afgf4 #c4   
,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fg1 #fi4 #afii4
 #d4      ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4   
#b3ic1 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 #agfh4 #e4 ,knoop   
,fructologie #b3eb1 #ec1 #ed4 #agga4 #f4
 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4      #b3bh1 ,tab4  
#agc fig4 #a2 #b3cd1 ,tab4 #ahc fig4 #a4
 #agif4 #g4      ,prince ,pom4 ,man4    
#ga4 #ahcb4 #h4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4    
#bee4      #ahcb4 #i4 ,thomas ,am4      
,fruit ,cult4 #cbg4 #ahdi4 #aj4 ,elliott
      ,fr4 ,book #dbd4 #ahed4 #aa4      
,noisette ,man4 ,comp4 ,jard4           
#b3dih4 #ahfj4 #ab4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees
 ,am4 #hif1 #ieb4 #ahfi4      #ac4 ,mas 
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3acc4 #ahgc4 #ad4 ,le ,bon
 ,jard4 #cch4      #ahhb4 #ae4 ,hogg    
,fruit ,man4 #fhd1 #ahhd4 #af4 ,mathieu 

,nom4      ,pom4 #dba1 #dca1 #ded4      
#ahhi4        ,apricocke #a4 ,apricock  
,plum #b4 ,abricot de ,france #e4       
,abricot      ,blanc #af4 ,abricot      
,blanche #e4 ,abricot ordinaire #e4     
,abricote      #e4 ,abricote blanc #g1  
#ab4 ,abricote #d1 #ac4 ,abricote #f1   
#g1 #aj1 #ab1 #af4 ,abricote ,perdrigon 
#f4 ,abricote ,blanche      #g1 #ab1    
#ae1 #af4 ,apricot ,plum of ,tours #g4  
,abricote de ,tours      #g4 ,abricote  
de ,tours #g1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae1 #af4  
,apricot ,plum      #h4 ,apricot ,plum  
of ,tours #aj1 #ab1 #af4 ,abricote      
,blanc #ab4      ,aprikosenartige       
,pflaume #ac4 ,apricot #ac4             
,aprikosenartige      ,pflaume #af4     
,apricot ,plum #af4 ,aprikosen          
,perdrigon #af4      ,die               
,abrikosenartige ,pflaume #f4 ,die      
,morillenpflaume #f4      ,french       
,apricot #i4 ,frhe ,gelbe ,kaiser       
,pflaume #af4 ,gelbe                    
,apricosenartige ,pflaume #ac4 ,gelbe   
,dauphins #af4 ,gelbe                   

,reine-,claude #af4 ,gelbe              
,aprikosenpflaume #af4 ,lieflander      
,gelbe ,pflaume #af4 ,morillen ,pflaume 
#af4 ,old ,apricot #ab1      #ac1 #ae1  
#af4 ,prune-,abricot #aa4 ,prune        
,abricote #ad4 ,prune      ,abricote    
,blanche #aa4 ,prune ,abricote de ,tours
 #h4 ,prune      ,abricote #h4 ,prune   
d',abricot ,ordinaire #e4 ,prune        
d',abricot      ,blanch #e4 ,prune      
d',abricot bigarree #e4 ,prune          
d',abricot      de ,france #e4 ,prune   
d',abricot #af4 ,red ,apricot #aj incor4
      ,reine-,claudenartige ,aprikosen  
,pflaume #af4 ,susina ,massina          
,piccola #af4 ,the ,new ,apricot ,plum  
#af4 ,virginale #e4 ,white      ,apricot
 ,plum #g1 #ab4 ,wahre ,aprikosen       
,pflaume #af4 ,white apricot      #ab1  
#af4 ,weisse ,aprikosen ,pflaume #af4   
,yellow ,apricot #aj1 #ab1      #ac1    
#ae1 #af4    ,since ,john ,parkinson    
described the 8,apricocke0 plum in      
#afbi1 several  types of this variety   
have appeared in literature and these   

have become  so badly confused that it  
is impossible to separate them4         
,however1 as  the variety is nearly     
extinct1 and will probably never be     
revived1 this  confusion is happily of  
historic rather than of economic        
interest4 ,nearly  all writers recognize
 at least two types1 one of which is    
superior to the  other4 ,the better of  
these can readily be identified as the  
8,abricote0  of ,duhamel1 and should be 
considered the true ,apricot4 ,little is
 known of  the early history of this    
variety other than that it was very     
generally  distributed throughout       
,europe early in the ,seventeenth       
,century4 ,the  ,american ,pomological  
,society rejected ,apricot in #aheh1    
though it is  doubtful if they had the  
true type4 ,this variety is not to be   
confused  with the ,prunus simonii1     
commonly called 8,apricot10 or the      
native plum  of that name4        ,the  
following description is compiled3 tree 
large1 vigorous1      productive2 fruit 

mid-season2 large1 roundish or slightly 
elongated1 with prominent suture1       
yellow1 blushed with red1               
overspread with thin bloom2 flesh       
yellow1 sweet1 pleasant1      slightly  
musky2 good2 stone small1 free4         
,,arch ,,duke    ,illustration3 ,,arch  
,,duke    ,prunus domestica        #a4  
,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #fhd4 #ahhd4 #b4     
,ont4 ,fr4 ,gr4 ,assoc4      ,rpt4 #ce4 
#ahia4 #c4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,rpt4  
#de4 #ahie4 #d4 ,w4      ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt4 #db3hc4 #ahig4 #e4 ,cornell 
,sta4 ,bul4      #aca3ahb4 #ahig4 #f4   
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bda1 #bdb4      
#ahii4      #g4 ,ibid4 #ahg3gg1 #gh4    
#aija4 #h4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ie4     
#aija4 #i4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't      
#d3aef #aija4 #aj4 ,ohio      ,sta4     
,bul4 #afb3bdb1 #bdc fig41 #bed1 #bee4  
#aije4        ,late ,diamond #a4        
,arch ,duke ought to become one of the  
leading plums for the market in  ,new   
,york4 ,the qualities which fit it for a
 high place among commercial  varieties 

are3 large size1 handsome color--a rich1
 dark purple with thick  bloom--and     
firmness of flesh and skin so that it   
both keeps and ships  well4 ,the        
accompanying color-plate does not do the
 variety justice1  either in beauty1    
color or size of fruit4 ,arch ,duke     
compared with ,grand  ,duke1 known by   
all plum-growers1 is nearly as large1   
neck thicker1 the  same color1 bloom    
heavier1 quality higher1 flesh firmer1  
stone free and  ripens earlier4 ,the    
tree-characters1 like the               
fruit-characters1 are  all good4 ,while 
this variety is suitable for both home  
and market use  it appears after a      
thorough test in many parts of the      
,state for nearly  twenty years to be   
especially well adapted for a market    
fruit4    ,arch ,duke was raised by     
,thomas ,rivers1 ,sawbridgeworth1       
,england1 from seed  of ,de ,montfort1  
and was sent out in #ahhc4 ,it was first
 noted in ,america  by the ,ontario     
,fruit ,growers' ,association in #ahia  

and was imported into  the ,united      
,states by ,s4 ,d4 ,willard#bje of      
,geneva1 ,new ,york1 about #ahib4       
,tree of medium size1 upright-spreading1
 hardy in ,new ,york      except in     
exposed locations1 very productive2     
branches smooth1      dark ash-gray1    
with small1 raised lenticels2 branchlets
 of      medium thickness and length1   
with long internodes1 greenish-red      
changing to brownish-red1 glossy1       
covered thinly with bloom      and with 
sparse pubescence2 lenticels numerous1  
very small1      obscure2 leaf-buds     
large1 long1 pointed1 free2 leaf-scars  
swollen4        ,leaves folded upward1  
oval or obovate1 one and five-eighths   
inches wide1 three and five-eighths     
inches long1 thickish1      stiff2 upper
 surface dark green1 glossy1 glabrous1  
with grooved      midrib2 lower surface 
silvery-green1 sparingly pubescent2 apex
      and base acute1 margin doubly     
serrate1 with small1 dark glands2       
petiole three-quarters inch long1       

pubescent along one side1      tinged   
red1 usually with two large1 globose1   
greenish-yellow      glands on the stalk
 or on the base of the leaf4            
,blooming season intermediate in time   
and length2 flowers      appearing after
 the leaves1 one and one-eighth inches  
across1      in the bud creamy-yellow   
changing to white when expanded2 borne  
in scattering clusters on lateral buds  
and spurs1 singly or in      pairs2     
pedicels nine-sixteenths inch long1     
glabrous1 green2      calyx-tube        
greenish1 campanulate1 glabrous2        
calyx-lobes obtuse1      pubescent on   
both surfaces1 glandular-serrate and    
with marginal      hairs1 slightly      
reflexed2 petals obovate or oval1       
crenate1 with      short1 broad claws2  
anthers yellowish1 with a trace of pink2
      filaments five-sixteenths inch    
long2 pistil glabrous1 equal to      the
 stamens in length4        ,fruit late1 
season very short2 one and              
three-quarters inches      by one and   

three-eighths inches in size1 long-oval1
 slightly      compressed and necked2   
cavity shallow1 narrow1 compressed1     
abrupt2 suture shallow and rather broad1
 prominent2 apex      elongated2 color  
reddish-purple changing to dark blue at 
full      maturity1 overspread with     
thick bloom2 dots numerous1 small1      
brownish-russet1 inconspicuous2 stem    
often inserted at one side      of the  
base1 five-eighths inch long1 glabrous1 
adhering well to      the fruit2 skin   
tough1 adhering2 flesh deep             
golden-yellow often      a little       
reddish1 juicy1 coarse1 firm1 but       
somewhat tender1      sweet1 pleasant   
and sprightly2 good2 stone free1 the    
cavity      larger than the pit1 one and
 one-eighth inches by five-eighths      
inch in size1 long-oval1 necked1        
abruptly tipped at the apex1      often 
reddish1 rough2 ventral suture broad1   
blunt1 slightly      furrowed2 dorsal   
suture with an indistinct shallow       
groove4      ,,arctic    ,illustration3 

,,arctic    ,prunus domestica        #a4
 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #c;d ,app4   
#ahb4 #ahha4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4  
,cat4 #ch4 #ahha4 #c4 ,country ,gent4   
#di3ajf4 #ahhd4 #d4      ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #if4 #ahhg4 #e4 ,mich4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bhi1      #bij4 #ahhi4 #f4
 ,gard4  ,for4 #f3ebf4 #ahib4 #g4 ,can4 
,hort4      #af3cja4 #ahic4 #h4 ,mich4  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ajc3ce4 #ahid4 #i4         
,ont4 ,fr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #abj4      
#ahif4 #aj4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4        
#aca3ahi4 #ahig4 #aa4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 
#aac3afj4 #ahii4 #ab4      ,mich4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #afi3bda1 #bdb4 #ahii4 #ac4 ,can4 
,exp4 ,farm      ,bul4 #dc3cc4 #aijc4   
#ad4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4    
#cjd4      #aijc4 #ae4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#fg3bgh4 #aijd4 #af4 ,ohio ,sta4        
,bul4 #afb3bef1 #beg4 #aije4            
,moore ,arctic #h1 #ae4 ,moore's ,arctic
 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #i1 #aj1   
#aa1 #af4 ,moore's ,arctic1 #ac1 #ad4   
,arctic is very generally supposed to be
 preeminent in two qualities1  hardiness

 and productiveness4 ,on the grounds of 
this ,station it is  both hardy and     
productive and from its behavior here it
 might well be  recommended for these   
qualities1 but as to its hardiness      
elsewhere  pomologists do not agree4 ,in
 the references given above1 ,downing   
says it  is the hardiest plum known2 in 
,michigan it is reported very tender in 
the  nursery row2 a ,canadian writer    
says it is not hardy enough for ,canada2
  and it is reputed in the prairie      
states to be not hardier than ,lombard4 
,the place of its origin1 where few     
plums are grown1 and the fact that it   
is one of but few that can be grown in  
parts of ,canada and ,new ,brunswick    
establish the claim that it is one of   
the hardiest of the ,domesticas1        
possibly not more so1 however1 than     
,lombard1 ,voronesh and a few others4   
,the small size and mediocre quality of 
the fruit and the dwarfish trees  should
 rule ,arctic out where less hardy      
varieties can be grown4    ,this variety

 was first noted in #ahha by ,downing   
who says it originated  on the grounds  
of ,a4 ,t4 ,moore1 ,ashland1 ,maine1    
about forty miles  north of ,bangor4    
,the parentage of ,arctic is unknown4   
,according to the  originator1 it was   
grown from a seed of a medium sized blue
 plum bought  at a fruit-stand in       
,boston4 ,in #ahha ,arctic was added to 
the ,american  ,pomological ,society    
catalog1 where it still remains4        
,tree small1 of medium vigor1           
upright-spreading1 very hardy1          
productive1 an early bearer1 subject to 
attacks of fungi2      branches somewhat
 rough1 dark ash-gray1 with small       
lenticels2      branchlets strongly     
inclined to develop spurs and           
blossom-buds1      short1 slender1 with 
short internodes1 greenish-red changing 
to dark brownish-drab1 dull1 sparingly  
pubescent1 with      inconspicuous1     
raised lenticels2 leaf-buds short1      
obtuse1      appressed4        ,leaves  
obovate or oval1 two inches wide1 three 

and      three-eighths inches long2     
upper surface dark green1 covered       
with numerous hairs1 the midrib grooved2
 lower surface      silvery-green1      
pubescent2 apex abruptly pointed or     
acute1 base      acute1 margin finely   
serrate1 with small1 black glands2      
petiole      five-eighths inch long1    
tinged red1 pubescent1 with from one to 
four globose1 green glands usually at   
the base of the leaf4        ,blooming  
season of medium length2 flowers        
appearing after      the leaves1 one and
 three-sixteenths inches across1 in the 
bud creamy-yellow changing to white as  
the petals expand2      borne in        
clusters on lateral buds and spurs1     
singly or in      pairs2 pedicels       
five-eighths inch long1 pubescent1      
greenish2      calyx-tube green1        
campanulate1 pubescent2 calyx-lobes     
narrow1      obtuse1 pubescent on both  
surfaces1 serrate1 with ciliate         
margins1 reflexed2 petals narrow-obovate
 or oval1 crenate1      short-clawed2   

anthers yellowish2 filaments one-half   
inch long2      pistil pubescent at the 
base1 shorter than the stamens4         
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period long2
 one and three-eighths      inches by   
one and one-quarter inches in size1 oval
 or ovate1      slightly swollen on the 
suture side1 compressed1 halves equal2  
cavity very shallow and narrow1 abrupt2 
suture shallow1      indistinct2 apex   
roundish2 color dark purple becoming    
purplish-black at full maturity1 covered
 with thick bloom2      dots numerous1  
small1 russet1 inconspicuous1 clustered 
about      the apex2 stem slender1      
seven-eighths inch long1 pubescent1     
adhering to the fruit2 skin of medium   
thickness and toughness1      separating
 readily2 flesh light yellow1 juicy1    
coarse and      fibrous1 somewhat firm  
but tender1 sweetish1 mild2 fair      in
 quality2 stone nearly free1            
characteristically small1               
seven-eighths inch by one-half inch in  
size1 oval1 flattened at      the apex1 

acute at the base1 rough and pitted2    
ventral suture      ridged1 faintly     
winged2 dorsal suture broadly and       
shallowly      grooved4      ,,arkansas 
,illustration3 ,,arkansas    ,prunus    
munsoniana        #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,rpt4 #afb4 #ahha4 #b4 ,cornell ,sta4   
,bul4      #ch3fj1 #hf4 #ahib4 #c4 ,tex4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dgh4 #ahid4 #d4        
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3bg4 #ahig4 #e4    
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aib1      #aid fig4
 #aija4 #f4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4   
,man4 #bic4 #aijc4      #g4 ,ia4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt4 #dhh4 #aijd4                
,arkansas ,lombard #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #g4  
,arkansas ,lombard #e1 #f4    ,arkansas1
 as the synonymy shows1 originally1 and 
even now1 usually has  ,lombard as a    
suffix1 but the name is misleading as   
the plum is in no  wise like a ,lombard 
and following the rules of the ,american
 ,pomological  ,society it has been     
dropped in ,the ,plums of ,new ,york4   
,on the grounds of  this ,station1      
,arkansas is one of the most valuable   

plums of its species1  being unusually  
attractive in size1 color and shape and 
one of the best  in quality of its kind4
 ,its chief fault is a lack of          
robustness in the  tree4 ,while it would
 not prove profitable as a market plum  
in ,new ,york1  it could be well planted
 in a commercial orchard in regions     
where native  plums must be grown1 and  
in ,new ,york it would at least add a   
pleasing  variety to any collection of  
plums4 ,this variety was brought to     
notice by  ,t4 ,v4 ,munson in #ahha4 ,it
 originated in ,arkansas and was        
introduced by ,j4  ,d4 ,morrow  ,sons of
 that state4        ,tree small1        
flattened1 spreading1 dense-topped1     
symmetrical1      hardy1 productive1    
somewhat subject to shot-hole fungus2   
trunk shaggy2 branches rough1 zigzag1   
sparingly thorny1 dark      ash-gray1   
with numerous lenticels2 branchlets     
slender1 with      very short           
internodes1 greenish-red changing to    
reddish-brown1      glossy1 glabrous1   

with few1 conspicuous1 raised lenticels2
      leaf-buds small1 short1 obtuse1   
free4        ,leaves folded upward1     
lanceolate1 peach-like1 one and         
one-quarter inches wide1 three and      
one-half inches long1 thin2      upper  
surface light green1 smooth1 glabrous1  
with grooved      midrib2 lower surface 
pale green1 sparingly pubescent along   
the      midrib and larger veins2 apex  
taper-pointed1 base acute1 margin       
finely serrate1 with light brown glands2
 petiole one-half inch      long1       
slender1 pubescent on one side1 dull    
red1 with from one      to six small1   
globose1 yellow or brownish-red glands4 
,blooming season late and long2 flowers 
appearing after the      leaves1        
five-eighths inch across1 in the buds   
creamy-yellow      changing to white as 
they unfold2 with a strong disagreeable 
odor2 borne in very dense clusters on   
lateral buds and spurs1      in threes  
or fours2 pedicels one-half inch long1  
slender1      glabrous1 greenish2       

calyx-tube green1 campanulate1 glabrous2
      calyx-lobes short1 sparingly      
pubescent on the inner surface1         
glandular-serrate1 faintly hairy and    
with a trace of red on      the margin1 
erect2 petals obovate1 crenate1 with    
narrow claws1      somewhat hairy at the
 base2 anthers yellowish2 filaments     
nearly      one-quarter inch in length2 
pistil glabrous1 slightly shorter       
than the stamens4        ,fruit early1  
season very long2 one inch by           
seven-eighths inch      in size1        
roundish-ovate1 halves slightly unequal2
 cavity      shallow1 flaring1 regular2 
suture an indistinct line2 apex         
roundish or pointed2 color bright       
currant-red1 with thin      bloom2 dots 
smallish1 white1 conspicuous1 clustered 
about the      apex2 stem very slender1 
five-eighths inch long1 glabrous1 not   
adhering to the fruit2 skin thin1 tough1
 bitter1 separating      readily2 flesh 
orange-yellow1 juicy1 fibrous1 somewhat 
tender      and melting1 sweet at the   

skin but sour at the center1            
aromatic2 good2 stone clinging1         
three-quarters inch by one-half         
inch in size1 oval1 flattened and       
prolonged at the base1      sharp-tipped
 at the apex2 ventral suture acute1     
faintly ridged2      dorsal suture      
acute4      ,,autumn ,,compote          
,illustration3 ,,autumn ,,compote       
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,mc,intosh 
,bk4 ,gard4 #b3ecc4 #ahee4 #b4 ,gard4   
,chron4      #bf3cfd4 #ahff4 #c4 ,hogg  
,fruit ,man4 #cea4 #ahff4 #d4 ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #hig4 #ahfi4 #e4 ,mas  
,le ,verger #f3ga1 fig4      #cf4       
#ahff-gc4 #f4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #fhe4  
#ahhd4 #g4 ,thompson      ,gard4 ,ass't 
#d3aef4 #aija4        ,autumn ,compote  
#e4 ,compote d',automne #e4    ,this    
plum is well and favorably known in     
,england1 but it is scarcely  grown in  
,america1 though it has much in the     
character of its fruit at  least to     
recommend it4 ,the plums are attractive 
in appearance and while  not of the     

highest flavor are yet far above the    
average in the qualities  which make a  
good dessert fruit1 while for culinary  
purposes it ranks  among the best4 ,the 
trees are productive1 hardy and fairly  
vigorous and  may be especially noted as
 holding their crop well4 ,autumn       
,compote is a  seedling of ,cooper1     
raised by ,thomas ,rivers1              
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england1  about #ahdj4
        ,tree of medium size and vigor1 
spreading1 rather low and               
open-topped1 hardy1 very productive2    
branches smooth1 dark                   
brownish-gray1 with lenticels           
intermediate in number and size2        
branchlets few1 slender1 very short1    
with long internodes1      greenish-red 
changing to dark brownish-red1 dull1    
sparingly      pubescent early in the   
season1 becoming heavily pubescent      
later1 with few1 inconspicuous1 small   
lenticels2 leaf-buds      long1 pointed1
 free4        ,leaves drooping1 folded  
backward1 long-oval or obovate1 two and 

one-eighth inches wide1 four and        
one-fourth inches long1 thick2          
upper surface dark green1 smooth1 hairy1
 with deeply grooved      midrib2 lower 
surface pale green1 pubescent2 apex     
acute1 base      tapering1 margin       
crenate1 eglandular2 petiole thick1     
one-half      inch long1 tinged red1    
glandless or with from one to four      
globose1 greenish-yellow1 large glands  
usually on the stalk4        ,season of 
bloom medium1 short2 flowers appearing  
after      the leaves1 one and          
one-quarter inches across1 in the       
buds creamy-yellow changing to white as 
the flowers open2      borne in clusters
 on short lateral spurs1 singly or in   
pairs2 pedicels nearly one-half inch    
long1 glabrous1 green2      calyx-tube  
greenish1 campanulate1 glabrous2        
calyx-lobes      broad1 obtuse1         
glandular-serrate1 sparingly pubescent  
on both      surfaces1 reflexed2 petals 
oval1 narrowly dentate1 with very       
short and broad claws2 anthers          

yellowish2 filaments nearly             
seven-sixteenths inch long2 pistil      
glabrous1 longer than the      stamens4 
,fruit late1 ripening period of medium  
length2 one and      five-eighths inches
 by one and three-eighths inches in     
size1      oval or slightly ovate1      
halves unequal2 cavity shallow1 narrow1 
abrupt2 suture shallow1 a distinct line2
 apex roundish or      slightly pointed2
 color purplish-red over a yellow       
ground1      covered with bloom of      
medium thickness2 dots numerous1        
small1 light russet1 conspicuous2 stem  
glabrous1 adhering      to the fruit2   
skin thin1 tender1 separating readily2  
flesh      golden-yellow1 dry1 firm but 
tender1 sweet1 not high in flavor2      
fair in quality2 stone clinging but not 
tenaciously1 one inch      by           
five-eighths inch in size1 irregularly  
and broadly ovate1      flattened1      
roughish1 slightly compressed and necked
 at the      base1 blunt or acute at the
 apex2 ventral suture narrow1           

winged1 strongly furrowed2 dorsal suture
 acute or faintly      furrowed4        
,,bartlett    ,prunus triflora  ,prunus 
simonii        #a4 ,cal4 ,state ,bd4    
,hort4 #ec4 #ahig4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#fg3g4 #ahih4 #c4 ,burbank ,cat4 #ahii4 
#d4 ,can4 ,hort4      #be3daa4 #aijb4   
#e4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3f4 #aije4 #f4  
,de      ,vries ,plant ,breeding #bbf4  
#aijg4    ,bartlett was grown by        
,burbank from a cross of ,prunus simonii
 with  ,delaware1 the latter one of his 
earliest hybrids4 ,the originator       
disposed of the variety in #ahii and it 
immediately became popular with         
nurserymen and was soon offered for sale
 in all parts of the ,united  ,states4  
,fruit-growers have not received it so  
well1 however1 and most  of those who   
have tried it have discarded it or hold 
the variety as a  curiosity4 ,the fruit 
is attractive in appearance and the     
,bartlett pear  flavor is agreeable1 but
 the skin cracks badly in this ,state   
and the  flesh is too soft for shipping4

 ,the tree with its stiff1 upright      
branches  resembles a ,lombardy poplar  
and with its bright1 glossy green       
foliage is  an attractive ornamental4   
,it is still further peculiar in bearing
 thick  clusters of flowers at the ends 
of lateral spurs4        ,tree lacking  
in size and vigor1 upright1 open-topped1
 not very      hardy1 productive2       
branches rough1 with numerous           
fruit-spurs2      branchlets slender1   
short1 glabrous throughout the season2  
leaf-buds plump2 leaves folded upward1  
oblanceolate1 one and      one-half     
inches wide1 three and one-quarter      
inches long1 thin2      margin finely   
serrate1 in two series1 eglandular or   
with small1      dark glands2 petiole   
slender1 with from one to four small    
glands2 blooming season early1 long2    
flowers appearing before      the       
leaves4        ,fruit very early2 one   
and three-eighths inches by one and     
one-quarter inches in size1 long-cordate
 to slightly oval1      dark            

purplish-red over yellow1 covered with  
thick bloom2      skin tender1 bitter2  
flesh yellow1 not very juicy1 tender1   
sweet1 with a peculiar but pleasant     
flavor2 of good quality2      stone     
clinging1 seven-eighths inch by one-half
 inch in size1      elongated-ovate1    
narrow1 blunt at the base1 long drawn   
out at      the apex1 the surfaces      
rough4      ,,bassett    ,prunus        
maritima        #a4 ,gard4 ,mon4        
#ag3cce4 #ahge4 #b4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4
      #ch3ge4 #ahib4 #c4 ,bailey ,ev4   
,nat4 ,fruits #bad4 #ahih4 #d4          
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bbi4 #aija4 #e4    
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bed1      #bee4  
#aije4 #f4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3aj4
 #aije4        ,bassett's ,american #b1 
#c4 ,bassett's ,american #d4            
,bassett1 the best known of the few     
cultivated varieties of ,prunus         
maritima1 was found growing wild in ,new
 ,jersey and was turned over to  a      
nurseryman1 ,wm4 ,f4 ,bassett of        
,hamilton1 ,new ,jersey1 who introduced 

it  in #ahgb4 ,after its introduction it
 became somewhat popular in the ,west1  
gaining quite a reputation as being     
8curculio proof10 ,however1 its marked  
inferiority to varieties of other       
species1 in both size and quality1 has  
now banished it from all commercial     
plantings4 ,the following description   
is compiled4        ,tree vigorous1     
spreading4 ,fruit late mid-season2 very 
small1      roundish1 dull red1 covered 
with thin bloom2 skin thick1 tough2     
flesh greenish-yellow2 quality poor2    
stone of medium size1      roundish1    
smooth1 free4      ,,bavay              
,illustration3 ,,bavay    ,prunus       
domestica        #a4 ,gard4 ,chron4     
#f3fe4 #ahdf4 #b4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #ab3cdj4 
#ahdf4 #c4 ,horticulturist #a3ebg4      
#ahdf4 #d4 ,lee ,gen4      ,farmer      
#aj3bda4 #ahdi4 #e4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit 
,cult4 #cbh4      #ahdi4 #f4 ,elliott   
,fr4 ,book #dbc4 #ahed4 #g4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4      ,cat4 #baj4 #ahef4 #h4       
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cgj4 fig4    

#aheg4      #i4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4   
#aij1 ,pl4 ,,xii4 #ahfe4 #aj4 ,hogg     
,fruit      ,man4 #cgi4 #ahff4 #aa4     
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #hig4 #ahfi4  
#ab4 ,pom4 ,france #g3 ,no4 #f4 #ahga4  
#ac4 ,mas ,le ,verger      #f3ic1 fig4  
#dg4 #ahff4 #ad4 ,oberdieck ,deut4      
,obst4 ,sort4      #dcg4 #ahha4 #ae4    
,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4 ,france #cfc4 #ahhg4 
#af4      ,rev4 ,hort4 #eae4 #ahhh4 #ag4
 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbb4 #ahhi4      
#ah4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #abi3cb1 #cc4   
#ahif4 #ai4 ,cornell ,sta4      ,bul4   
#aca3aia4 #ahig4 #bj4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4
 #afi3bda1 #bdb4      #ahii4 #ba4 ,waugh
 ,plum ,cult4 #if4 #aija4 #bb4 ,va4     
,sta4 ,bul4      #acd3dj4 #aijb4 #bc4   
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bda4 #aije4      
,bavay's ,green ,gage #ag1 #ba4 ,bavay's
 ,green ,gage #aa4 ,bavay's             
renkloie #ab4 ,bavay's ,reine ,claude   
#ag4 ,bavays ,reine-,claude      #ac4   
,de ,bavay #ae4 ,monstreuse de ,bavay   
#ae4 ,monstrueuse de      ,bavay #aj1   
#aa1 #ab1 #ag4 ,prune de ,bavay #ab1    

#ag4 ,queen ,claude      of ,bavay #f4  
,reine ,claude #ba1 #bc4 ,reine-,claude 
de ,bavay #b1      #c1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #h1  
#i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #ai4       
,reine-,claude de      ,bavay #f1 #aa1  
#ac1 #ag1 #ah1 #ba4 ,reine-,claude      
,monstreuse de      ,bavey #a4          
,reine-,claude ,monot #ag4              
,reine-,claude von ,bavays #ad4         
,st4 ,claire #aj4 ,saint ,clair #aa1    
#ag4 ,sainte-,claire #ag4               
,saint-,claire #ab4    ,bavay is one of 
the best of the green plums--a worthy   
rival in all  respects and in some      
superior to its parent ,reine ,claude4  
,it is  unexcelled as a dessert plum and
 its delicious flavor is retained in    
cooking1 making the somewhat rare       
combination of a first rate dessert  and
 a first rate culinary fruit4 ,bavay is 
not only satisfactory in the  qualities 
which make it desirable to the consumer 
but it is a good  market plum for it    
both keeps and ships well4 ,the flavor  
is not quite  equal to that of ,reine   

,claude1 one of the best of all plums in
 quality1  but in tree-characters the   
,bavay surpasses the older variety4 ,the
 trees  bear young1 annually and        
heavily1 sometimes too heavily1 and     
while not  as hardy1 as large1 as robust
 or as long-lived as could be wished1   
yet  in these respects they are superior
 to those of most of the varieties  of  
,reine ,claude plums4 ,some             
horticulturists recommend that the      
,bavay  be top-worked on a more         
vigorous1 hardy and longer-lived stock  
but the  behavior of trees so treated in
 this vicinity makes top-working a very 
doubtful expedient4 ,lombard is usually 
recommended as a stock upon  which to   
work it4 ,bavay is indispensable in home
 orchards and can be  recommended for   
much more general planting in commercial
 orchards4    ,this variety is a        
seedling of ,reine ,claude produced by  
,major ,esperin of  ,malines1 ,belgium1 
about #ahcb1 and dedicated by him in    
#ahdc1 to ,m4 ,de  ,bavay1 ,director of 

the ,royal ,nurseries1 at ,vilvordes1   
near ,brussels4  ,though this variety is
 distinct from its parent in            
tree-characters1 in  having a later     
season1 smaller fruit and a different   
flavor1 the two  plums have become      
confused by many nurserymen and         
horticulturists4 ,in  #ahef1 the        
,american ,pomological ,society placed  
,bavay on its fruit catalog  list where 
it still remains4        ,tree of medium
 size and vigor1 upright-spreading1     
open-topped1      hardy1 very           
productive1 somewhat susceptible to     
sunscald2      branches smooth except   
for the few1 large1 raised lenticels1   
light ash-gray2 branchlets medium in    
thickness and length1 with              
internodes of variable length1 dull     
brownish-red1 pubescent1      with      
numerous1 inconspicuous1 small          
lenticels2 leaf-buds large1      long1  
pointed1 appressed4        ,leaves      
folded backward1 oval1 or slightly      
obovate1 wide1 long1      thick2 upper  

surface nearly smooth1 covered sparsely 
with      hairs2 lower surface thickly  
pubescent1 especially along the         
midrib and larger veins2 apex acute2    
margin crenate1 glandless2      petiole 
thick1 long1 tinged lightly with red1   
glandless or with      from one to three
 globose1 greenish-yellow glands on the 
stalk      or base of the leaf4         
,blooming season intermediate in time   
and length2 flowers      appearing after
 the leaves1 one and one-eighth inches  
across1      whitish or creamy at the   
apex of the petals2 borne on lateral    
buds and spurs1 singly or in pairs2     
pedicels three-eighths inch      long1  
pubescent1 green2 calyx-tube greenish1  
obconic1 pubescent      at the base2    
calyx-lobes rather broad1 obtuse1       
pubescent on      both surfaces1        
glandular-serrate1 reflexed2 petals     
broadly      obovate1 crenate1 tapering 
below to short1 broad claws2 anthers    
yellowish2 filaments three-eighths inch 
long2 pistil pubescent      on the      

ovary1 longer than the stamens4         
,fruit late1 season long2 of medium     
size1 roundish-oval1 halves      equal2 
cavity intermediate in depth and width1 
abrupt2 suture      a line2 apex        
roundish2 color greenish-yellow changing
 to dark      straw-yellow1 obscurely   
streaked and splashed1 covered with     
thin bloom2 dots numerous1 small1       
grayish1 obscure1 clustered      about  
the apex2 stem thick1 short1 pubescent1 
adhering well      to the fruit2 skin   
rather tough1 separating readily2 flesh 
rich golden-yellow1 juicy1 slightly     
fibrous1 tender1 sweet1      pleasant   
flavor2 very good2 stone free1          
seven-eighths inch by      five-eighths 
inch in size1 oval1 slightly necked1    
blunt at      the apex1 with pitted     
surfaces2 ventral suture winged1 deeply 
furrowed2 dorsal suture widely and      
deeply grooved4      ,,bejonnieres      
,prunus insititia        #a4 ,downing   
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #hih4 #ahfi4 #b4 ,cat4 
,cong4 ,pom4      ,france #dgb4 #ahhg4  

#c4 ,ibid4 #dec4 #aijf4        ,des     
,bjonnires #b1 #c4 ,prune des ,bjonnires
 #a4    ,this variety is so highly      
prized in ,france that it is here       
recommended  for trial even though the  
trees as they grow in this part of ,new 
,york  have not been productive4 ,it is 
too small for a dessert plum but might  
become of value here if used as in      
,france for tarts1 spices1 preserves    
and drying4 ,the plum originated about  
#ahbg in the nursery of ,andre ,leroy1  
,bjonnieres1 ,angers1 ,france4          
,tree medium in size and vigor1         
upright-spreading1 unproductive2        
leaf-scars swollen2 leaves oval1 medium 
in width and length2      margin with   
small dark glands1 finely serrate2      
petiole with      none or from one to   
six glands1 usually on the stalk2       
flowers      appearing after the leaves1
 tinged creamy-white as they open2      
borne on lateral buds and spurs1 in     
pairs or in threes4        ,fruit late1 
season of medium length2 one and        

three-eighths      inches by one and    
one-quarter inches in size1 obovate1 a  
little      necked1 yellow1 blotched    
with red on the exposed cheek1 covered  
with thin bloom2 stem long2 apex        
strongly depressed2 flesh pale          
yellow1 firm but tender1 sweet1         
aromatic2 very good2 stone              
semi-clinging1 three-quarters inch by   
one-half inch in size1      oval4       
,,belgian ,,purple    ,prunus domestica 
#a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cgc4     
#aheg1 #b4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4      #cea4
 #ahff4 #c4 ,pom4 ,france #g3 ,no4 #bg4 
#ahga4 #d4 ,mas ,le      ,verger #f3aje4
 #ahff-gc4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4   
#cf4 #ahgg4      #f4 ,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4 
,france #cdj4 #ahhg4 #g4 ,guide ,prat4  
#aec1 #ceb4 #ahie4        ,bleue de     
,perk #d4 ,bleue de ,bergues #c1 #g4    
,bleue de ,belgique      #a1 #g4 ,bleu  
de ,perque #a4 ,blaue von ,belgien #d1  
#g4 ,bleu de      ,bergues #f4 ,bleu de 
,peck #f4 ,belgian ,purple #d1 #f1 #g4  
,bleue      de ,belgique #g4 ,belgische 

,damascene #g4 ,bleue de ,perck #g4     
,bleu de ,belgique #f4 ,fertheringham #c
 incor4 ,prune ,bleue de      ,belgique 
#c4    ,belgian ,purple is a medium     
grade plum of little value for dessert  
but  rather highly esteemed for culinary
 purposes1 especially in ,europe4 ,it   
probably has but a small place in       
,american pomology4 ,concerning the     
origin of the variety1 nothing is known 
although it is generally believed  to   
have originated in ,belgium prior to    
#ahej4        ,tree large1 vigorous1    
round and dense-topped1 not always      
hardy1 very productive2 branchlets      
numerous1 thick1 pubescent              
throughout the season2 leaf-scars       
prominent2 leaves flattened      or     
folded upward1 oval1 one and            
five-eighths inches wide1 three      and
 one-half inches long2 margin serrate or
 crenate2 petiole      five-eighths inch
 long1 glandless or with from one to two
 small      glands usually at the base  
of the leaf2 flowers nearly one inch    

across1 white1 with a peculiar greenish 
and creamy tinge near      the apex of  
the petals and often splashed with pink 
towards      the base2 borne on lateral 
buds and spurs2 calyx-tube thickly      
pubescent4        ,fruit mid-season2    
medium to below in size1 roundish-oval1 
purplish-black1 overspread with thick   
bloom2 flesh rich1      golden-yellow1  
medium juicy1 firm1 sweet1 mild2 fair to
 good2      stone nearly free1 of medium
 size1 oval1 flattened1 often with      
a distinct wing4      ,,belle           
,illustration3 ,,belle    ,prunus       
domestica        #a4 ,horticulturist    
#aj3ga4 #ahee4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees 
,am4 #cid4 #aheg4 #c4 ,flor4  ,pom4     
#add1 ,pl4 #ahfc4 #d4 ,hogg      ,fruit 
,man4 #cea1 #chd4 #ahff4 #e4 ,mas ,le   
,verger #f3bg1      fig4 #ad4 #ahff-gc4 
#f4 ,le ,bon ,jard4 #cda4 #ahhb4 #g4    
,barry      ,fr4 ,garden #daj4 #ahhc4   
#h4 ,decaisne  ,naudin ,man4 ,am4 des   
,jard4 #d3chb4 #i4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 
#ddi1 #dea4 #ahhi4 #aj4      ,garden    

#ej3bie4 #ahif4 #aa4 ,rivers ,cat4 #cc4 
#ahih4 #ab4      ,fish ,hardy-,fr4 ,bk4 
#b3ee4 #ac4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't     
#d3aef4 #aija4 #ad4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 
#if4 #aija4        ,autumn ,beauty #aa4 
,autumn ,beauty #i4 ,belle de ,septembre
 #i1      #aa1 #ad4 ,belle de ,septembre
 #a1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac4 ,gros   
,rouge      de ,septembre #c1 #d1 #i4   
,lawrence ,early #i4 ,regina nova #f4   
,reine-,claude ,rouge #i4 ,reine-,claude
 ,rouge de ,septembre #e1 #i4           
,reine-,claude ,rouge of ,september #b4 
,reine-,claude ,rouge de ,van      ,mons
 #e1 #f1 #h4 ,reine-,claude ,rouge de   
,van ,mons #i4 ,reine-,claude           
,rouge ,van ,mons #d1 #i4 ,reine ,nova  
7,berre7 #i4 ,reina ,nova #b1      #c1  
#d1 #i4 ,rote ,claude #i4 ,reine ,nova  
#i4 ,schne ,september      ,knigspflaume
 #i4 ,van ,mons ,knigspflaume #i4 ,van  
,mons      ,knigspflaume #e4 ,van ,mons 
,red #i4 ,van ,mons' ,red #d4 ,van ,mons
      ,red ,gage #e1 #i4    ,belle is an
 unusually large1 handsome plum but     

unfortunately is not of  very high      
quality4 ,it is much like ,pond but is  
brighter red1 a little  smaller1 less   
necked1 the stem is shorter1 the apex   
more blunt and it  is more of a         
clingstone4 ,european authorities say   
that ,belle is second  to none for      
culinary purposes and its handsome      
appearance gives it  value across the   
seas as a dessert plum4 ,as ,belle grows
 on the grounds  of this ,station--it   
seems not to be found elsewhere in ,new 
,york--the  tree-characters are quite   
above those in the average variety of   
plums and  when considered with the     
fine1 late fruits1 indicate that the    
variety  might be grown with profit for 
market purposes4 ,it well deserves to be
  tried by commercial plum-growers4     
,belle came from ,brussels1 ,belgium1   
and was propagated by the famous        
horticulturist1 ,van ,mons4 ,nothing    
further is known of its origin4         
,tree above medium in size1 vigorous1   
upright1 open-topped1      hardy1       

productive2 branches smooth1 dull dark  
ash-gray1 with      small1 numerous1    
raised lenticels2 branchlets thick1 with
 short      internodes1 green changing  
to brownish-red1 often marked with      
scarf-skin1 dull1 very pubescent early  
in the season becoming      less        
pubescent as maturity advances1 with    
numerous1 small      lenticels2         
leaf-buds of medium size and length1    
conical1 free4        ,leaves flattened 
or folded upward1 obovate1 one and      
seven-eighths inches wide1 four and     
one-half inches long1      thick1       
leathery2 upper surface dark green1 with
 deeply      grooved midrib1 sparingly  
hairy2 lower surface silvery-green1     
pubescent2 apex acute1 base cuneate1    
margin shallowly but      broadly       
crenate1 with few small dark glands2    
petiole one and      one-eighth inches  
long1 thick1 pubescent1 tinged with     
light      red1 glandless or with one or
 two small1 globose1 yellowish          
glands on the stalk or base of the leaf4

        ,blooming season late and long2 
flowers appearing after the      leaves1
 one and one-eighth inches across1 the  
buds cream-tipped      changing to white
 on expanding2 borne on lateral buds and
      spurs1 usually singly2 pedicels   
about seven-sixteenths      inch long1  
thick1 pubescent1 green2 calyx-tube     
greenish1      campanulate1 glabrous    
except towards the base2 calyx-lobes    
above medium in width1 obtuse1 slightly 
pubescent on both      surfaces1        
glandular-serrate1 erect2 petals broadly
 ovate1      crenate1 with short1 broad 
claws2 anthers yellowish2 filaments     
five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil       
glabrous1 equal to the      stamens in  
length4        ,fruit late1 season of   
medium length2 one and seven-eighths    
inches by one and three-quarters inches 
in size1 roundish-oval1      slightly   
compressed1 halves nearly equal2 cavity 
shallow1      flaring2 suture shallow1  
rather wide1 prominent2 apex roundish   
or depressed2 color light purplish-red  

over a greenish-yellow      ground1     
overspread with thin bloom2 dots        
numerous1 small1      russet1           
inconspicuous2 stem one-half inch long1 
thickly      pubescent1 adhering        
strongly to the fruit1 with fleshy ring 
about the base2 skin of average         
thickness and toughness1 sour1          
separating from the pulp2 flesh pale    
yellow1 juicy1 coarse1      firm1 sweet 
at the skin1 but tart at the center1    
pleasant1      aromatic2 good2 stone    
clinging1 one and three-sixteenths      
inches      by three-quarters inch in   
size1 oval1 turgid1 blunt at the        
apex1 with rough and pitted surfaces2   
ventral suture winged1      with few but
 prominent ridges2 dorsal suture widely 
and deeply      grooved4                
,,berckmans    ,prunus triflora         
#a4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ec1 #ii4   
#ahhi4 #b4 ,cornell ,sta4      ,bul4    
#fb3bj4 #ahid4 #c4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4    
,rpt4 #ie4 #ahie4      #d4 ,cornell     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ajf3dc1 #dd4 #ahif4 #e4    

,rural ,n4      ,y4 #ef3fad4 #ahig4 #f4 
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bf4 #ahig4 #g4  
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #age3ach1 #adc4    
#ahii4 #h4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4      #fb3ehb4 
#aijc4 #i4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3i1 #bh4 
#aije4        ,botan of some #b1 #d4    
,botan ,white #f4 ,sweet ,botan #a4     
,sweet      ,botan #b1 #c1 #d4 ,true    
,sweet ,botan #b1 #d1 #i4 ,white-fleshed
 ,botan      #a4 ,white-fleshed ,botan  
#b1 #d1 #h1 #i4    ,this variety was    
introduced by ,luther ,burbank in #ahhg 
from imported  stock4 ,p4 ,j4           
,berckmans#bjf of ,augusta1 ,georgia1   
who had secured some  ,botan trees from 
,burbank1 noted that this plum differed 
from the rest  and1 in order to         
distinguish it1 named it ,sweet ,botan4 
,the nomenclature  of ,botan was        
confused and indefinite and ,bailey1 in 
#ahid1 renamed the new  plum ,berckmans4
 ,as it is very similar to ,abundance1  
still more confusion  has arisen in     
regard to it4 ,compared with ,abundance1
 ,berckmans is more  spreading in       

growth2 fruit less pointed1 with dryer  
and more insipid  flesh2 color brighter 
red and the stone usually freer2 but it 
is neither  as productive nor as free   
from rot4 ,in #ahig the ,american       
,pomological  ,society placed the       
variety on its fruit list4 ,as          
,berckmans is inferior  to ,abundance   
and ripens at the same season1 it is not
 worth recommending  for general        
planting4 ,it is to be regretted that so
 distinguished a  horticulturist as ,mr4
 ,berckmans is not to have his name     
perpetuated in a  better plum than the  
one named in his honor4      ,,berger   
,prunus triflora        #a4 ,cornell    
,sta4 ,bul4 #fb3bj1 #ba fig41 #ca4      
#ahid4 #b4 ,ibid1      #ajf3de1 #fb1    
#fg4 #ahif4 #c4 ,ibid1 #aci3df4 #ahig4  
#d4 ,ibid1      #age3acb1 #acc fig4 #bf4
 #ahii4 #e4 ,texas ,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dhf  
fig4 #g1 #dij1 #dib4 #ahii4 #f4 ,w4 ,n4 
,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ib4      #ahii4 
#g4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bdh fig41    
#bed1 #bee4 #aije4        ,honsmomo #a1 

#b1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,red ,nagate #a1 #b     
incor4 ,satsuma      #a1 #b incor4      
,shiro ,smomo #a1 #b1 #e4 ,strawberry   
#a1 #c1 #f4      ,strawberry #b1 #d4    
,uchi ,bene #f4 ,uchi-,beni #a1 #b1 #e4 
,uchi-,beni #c1 #d4 ,ura-,beni #a1 #b1  
#c1 #d1 #e4    ,at first sight ,berger  
is a wholly insignificant plum1 being no
 larger  than a sweet cherry2 but the   
variety is so distinct in several       
characters that every collection should 
have a tree or two of it and  the       
plum-breeder will find it most          
interesting and valuable4 ,its          
peculiarities are3 ,a flavor quite      
distinct from that of any other         
,triflora plum2 its cherry-like         
appearance2 early ripening1 maturing in 
this ,state shortly after the middle of 
,july2 its pronounced upright habit  of 
growth2 its light green foliage2 and its
 habit of bearing its fruit  close to   
the old wood4 ,in common with many other
 ,japanese varieties1  the nomenclature 
of ,berger is badly confused4 ,according

 to ,bailey1 who  received specimens of 
this variety from various sections of   
the country1  ,h4 ,h4 ,berger  ,company 
of ,san ,francisco sent out this plum   
under several  names4 ,berckmans of     
,georgia received it as ,red ,nagate2   
,n4 ,s4 ,platt of  ,connecticut as      
,satsuma2 to another person in the      
,south it came as ,shiro  ,smomo1 while 
,t4 ,v4 ,munson of ,texas grew it under 
the name of ,berger1  a term finally    
adopted by ,bailey4 ,in the meanwhile1  
,stark ,brothers of  ,louisiana1        
,missouri1 introduced a plum very       
similar to this under the  name         
,strawberry but the variety was dropped 
by them in #ahic4 ,whether or  not this 
8,strawberry0 or 8,uchi-,beni10 as it   
was sometimes called1 was  really the   
,berger it is impossible to say but it  
is certain that both of  these names    
have been applied to the ,berger4 ,the  
following description is  a compilation4
        ,tree vigorous1 upright1        
open-topped1 medium hardy2 leaves       

narrow1 light colored2 blooming season  
early2 flowers white1      small4       
,fruit very early2 unusually small1     
roundish but truncate at the      ends1 
attractive light to dark red1 covered   
with thick bloom2      flesh firm1      
meaty1 light yellow1 sweet1 of pleasant 
flavor2      fair to good2 stone very   
small and cherry-like1 free1 with       
smooth surfaces4      ,,black ,,bullace 
,illustration3 ,,black ,,bullace        
,prunus insititia        #a4 ,parkinson 
,par4 ,ter4 #egf1 #egh4 #afbi4 #b4      
,gerard      ,herball #adih4 #afcf4 #c4 
,miller ,gard4 ,dict4 #c3aged4 #d4      
,abercrombie ,gard4 ,ass't #ac4 #aghf4  
#e4 ,deane ,n4 ,e4 ,farmer      ,dict4  
#bff4 #agig4 #f4 ,miller ,gard4 ,dict4  
#c3ahjg4 #g4      ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4   
,cat4 #add4 #ahca4 #h4 ,phillips ,com4  
,orch4      #cjf4 #ahca4 #i4 ,prince    
,pom4 ,man4 #b3aje4 #ahcb4 #aj4 ,hogg   
,fruit ,man4 #fhi4 #ahhd4 #aa4 ,jour4   
,hort4 #bg3dgf4 #ahgd4      #ab4 ,garden
 #ei3bbf4 #aija4        ,black ,bulleis 

#a4 ,bullesse #b4 ,earley's ,november   
#aa4    ,this variety is interesting    
chiefly as an early type of the         
,insititia  plums1 its thorny branches1 
wayward growth1 small and austere fruit1
  all bespeaking a wild fruit4 ,the     
plums when ripened by frost are not     
unpleasant to taste and are borne in    
prodigious quantities4 ,the variety1    
however1 is surpassed by many other     
,insititias and has little value  other 
than to show the steps between wild and 
highly cultivated fruits4    ,black     
,bullace is one of the oldest of        
cultivated plums and all data in  regard
 to its origin have been lost4 ,it      
resembles the wild forms of  its species
 very closely and it may have been      
selected from the wild4  ,parkinson1    
writing in #afbi1 7,references1 #a7     
gives a short description of  this      
variety2 and ,gerard1 in #afcf1         
7,references1 #b7 says3 8,the ,bullesse 
and the ,sloe tree are wilde kindes of  
,plums1 which do vary in their  kind1   

even as the greater and manured ,plums  
do4 ,of ,bullesse1 some are of  greater 
and of better taste than others4 ,sloes 
are some of one taste1 and  some of     
others1 more sharp2 some greater and    
others lesser2 the which to  distinguish
 with long descriptions were to small   
purpose1 considering  they be all and   
every of them known even to the         
simplest2 therefore  this shall suffice 
for their several descriptions40 ,black 
,bullace has  long been known in        
,england and was among the first        
,european varieties  cultivated in this 
country4 ,deane in ,the ,new ,england   
,farmer1 #agig1  describes this variety 
briefly as under cultivation at that    
time but it  did not prove popular in   
,north ,america and after ,prince1      
#ahcb1 it seems  to have dropped from   
,american plum literature4        ,tree 
of medium size and vigor1 upright or    
slightly spreading1      dense-topped1  
hardy1 very productive2 branches smooth 
except      for the numerous1 small1    

raised lenticels1 dark1 ash-gray2       
branchlets long1 with short internodes1 
green changing to dark                  
brownish-drab1 thickly pubescent1 with  
numerous1 inconspicuous1      small     
lenticels2 leaf-buds small short1       
obtuse1 free4        ,leaves oval1 one  
and one-half inches wide1 three and     
one-quarter inches long2 upper surface  
dark green1 rugose1      hairy1 with    
grooved midrib2 lower surface           
silvery-green1      heavily pubescent2  
apex abruptly pointed or acute1 base    
acute1      margin serrate or crenate1  
with a few1 smallish1 dark glands2      
petiole three-quarters inch long1 green1
 thickly pubescent1      glandless or   
with one or two small1 globose1         
greenish-brown      glands on the stalk 
or at the base of the leaf4             
,blooming season intermediate in time   
and length2 flowers      appearing with 
the leaves1 seven-eighths inch across1  
white2      borne on lateral buds and   
spurs1 singly or in pairs2 pedicels     

three-eighths inch long1 pubescent1     
greenish2 calyx-tube      green1        
campanulate1 pubescent only at the base2
 calyx-lobes      narrow1 obtuse1       
pubescent at margin and base1 with few  
glands1      reflexed2 petals oval1     
entire1 tapering abruptly to short      
claws2 anthers yellowish2 filaments     
three-eighths inch in      length2      
pistil glabrous1 shorter than the       
stamens4        ,fruit late1 season     
long2 one and one-eighth inches by      
seven-eighths inch in size1 distinctly  
oval1 necked1 not      compressed1      
halves equal2 cavity small1 shallow1    
narrow1      flaring2 suture lacking2   
apex roundish1 with stigma usually      
adhering2 color purplish-black1 covered 
with thick bloom2      dots numerous1   
small1 brown1 inconspicuous2 stem       
one-half      inch long1 pubescent1     
adhering to the fruit2 skin of medium   
thickness and toughness1 slightly       
astringent1 adhering      somewhat2     
flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy and        

fibrous1 firm1      sour or agreeably   
tart late in the season2 stone clinging1
      three-quarters inch by one-half   
inch in size1 irregularly oval      or  
ovate1 slightly necked at the base1     
acute at the apex1 with      pitted     
surfaces2 ventral suture swollen1 blunt2
 dorsal suture      acute or partially  
furrowed4      ,,blackman    ,prunus    
hortulana  ,prunus persica        #a4   
,gara4 ,mon4 #bd3hb4 #ahhb4 #b4 ,ibid1  
#bi3de1 #cjb4 #ahhg4      #c4 ,cornell  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3gg4 #ahib4    ,blackman 
is supposed to be a hybrid between the  
,wild ,goose plum and a  peach4         
,according to ,bailey1 a ,mrs4 ,charity 
,clark secured plum pits from  an       
orchard of ,wild ,goose and ,washington 
plums in ,rutherford ,county1           
,tennessee1 about #ahfe and gave them to
 ,dr4 ,blackman of ,nashville of that   
,state4 ,one of the seedlings appeared  
promising and was disseminated  by a    
local nurseryman under the name         
,blackman4 ,a rival nurseryman in       

attempting to procure cions of this     
variety inadvertently cut them  from an 
adjacent tree1 a barren seedling from   
the same lot of seed4  ,unfortunately   
the spurious ,blackman received a wide  
distribution while  the true variety    
remained practically unknown4           
,afterwards in order to  avoid confusion
 the original ,blackman was rechristened
 ,charity ,clark  under which name it is
 now known4 ,the tree of the second     
,blackman is  strong and vigorous but   
rarely produces its plum-like fruit4    
,the foliage  is about midway in        
character between the plum and peach2   
the fruit-buds  are formed abundantly   
but seldom open4 ,from a horticultural  
standpoint1  the variety is of course   
worthless but the hybrid1 one of the    
first of  its kind1 is interesting and  
worth recording4      ,,bleeker         
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,prince    
,pom4 ,man4 #be4 #ahbh4 #b4 ,kenrick    
,am4 ,orch4 #bee4      #ahcb4 #c4       
,manning ,book of ,fruits #ajd4 #ahch4  

#d4 ,downing      ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bgc4
 #ahde4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ed4 
#aheb4      #f4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't 
#eae4 #ahei4 #g4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees   
,am4 #hii4 #ahfi4 #h4 ,mas ,le ,verger  
#f3ba4 #ahff-ahgc4 #i4      ,hogg ,fruit
 ,man4 #fhf4 #ahhd4 #aj4 ,mathieu ,nom4 
,pom4 #dbc4      #ahhi4 #aa4 ,guide     
,prat4 #aeh1 #cfd4 #ahie4 #ab4 ,waugh   
,plum      ,cult4 #if4 #aija4           
,bleecker's #aa4 ,bleecker's ,german    
,gage #a4 ,bleecker's ,german      ,gage
 #b4 ,bleecker's ,gage #b1 #d1 #e1 #f1  
#g4 ,bleecker's ,gage #i1      #aj1 #aa1
 #ab4 ,bleeker's ,gage #c4 ,blucher's   
,gage #f4 ,bleecker's      ,yellow #g4  
,bleeker's #aj4 ,bleecker's ,yellow     
,gage #g1 #h1 #aa4      ,bleecker's     
,gage #h4 ,bleeker's ,yellow #i4        
,bleeker's ,gelbe      ,zwetsche #aa4   
,bleeker's ,gelbe ,zwetsche #aj4        
,bleeker's ,yellow      ,gage #i1 #aj4  
,bleeker's ,gelbe ,reine-,claude #aj4   
,bleeker's      ,gelbe ,renklode #aa4   
,bleeker's ,yellow #aj4 ,german ,gage   

#d1      #f1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #aa4 ,jaune de
 ,bleeker #aj1 #aa4 ,reine-,claude de   
,bleeker #aj4 ,reine-,claude de         
,bleecker #h1 #aa4    ,just why this old
 and one time popular plum is now so    
seldom grown cannot  be said4 ,it is a  
delicious dessert plum of the ,reine    
,claude group1 much  like ,yellow ,gage 
but distinguished from it by a longer   
and stouter  stalk4 ,its tree-characters
 in ,new ,york are good and the fruit in
 all the  qualities that make plums     
desirable is as good as that of most of 
its  class4 ,the variety originated with
 a ,mrs4 ,bleeker of ,albany1 ,new      
,york1  about #ahaj from a pit given her
 by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,dull of ,kingston1 ,new 
,york4  ,this stone had come from       
,germany and was thought to have been   
that of  a ,german prune but this is    
probably an error as the seedlings of   
that  variety come true or nearly so4   
,bleeker was listed in the catalogs of  
the  ,american ,pomological ,society    
from #aheb to #ahig4        ,tree large1

 vigorous1 upright-spreading1           
open-topped1      productive2 trunk and 
branches thick and covered with rough   
bark2 branches slightly pubescent2      
leaves two and one-quarter      inches  
wide1 four inches long1 oval1 stiff2    
upper surface      somewhat rugose2     
margin serrate2 petiole five-eighths    
inch      long1 thick1 tinged red1 with 
from two to three glands usually      on
 the stalk4        ,fruit early2 nearly 
one and one-half inches in diameter1    
roundish-oval1 greenish-yellow1 striped 
and splashed with green      becoming   
golden-yellow at full maturity1         
overspread with thin      bloom2 flesh  
golden-yellow1 dry1 coarse1 firm1 sweet1
 mild2 of      good quality2 stone      
semi-clinging1 one inch by five-eighths 
inch in size1 obovate1 acute at the     
apex1 medium turgid1 with      pitted   
surfaces4      ,,blue ,,perdrigon       
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,parkinson 
,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4 #b4 ,rea ,flora
 #bjh4      #afgf4 #c4 ,quintinye ,com4 

,gard4 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #afii4 #d4        
,langley ,pomona #ib1 ,pl4 #bc fig4 #d4 
#agbi4 #e4 ,duhamel ,trait4      ,arb4  
,fr4 #b3he4 #agfh4 #f4 ,prince ,pom4    
,man4 #b3ff4 #ahcb4      #g4 ,downing   
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bij4 #ahde4 #h4       
,floy-,lindley      ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4
 #bhj1 #bic1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #i4 ,u4 ,s4   
,pat4 ,off4      ,rpt4 #bhg4 #ahec4 #aj4
 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #fhg4 #ahhd4 #aa4   
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #deb4 #ahhi4 #ab4  
,guide ,prat4 #aed1 #cfa4      #ahie4   
,blue ,perdrigon #f1 #g1 #aa1 #ab4      
,brignole ,violette #g1 #aj1 #aa1       
#ab4 ,battle ,monument #aj1 #aa4 ,blaue 
,fasanen ,pflaume #aa1 #ab4      ,blauer
 ,perdrigon #aa1 #ab4 ,blew ,perdrigon  
#b1 #c4 #d4 ,perdrigon      #a1 #c1 #i4 
,perdrigon ,violet #e1 #ab4 ,perdrigon  
,violet #f1 #h1      #aa4 ,perdrigon    
,violette #g1 #aj4 ,perdigon #h4        
,perdigevena      #h4 ,violet ,perdrigon
 #d1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #aa4 ,violet          
,perdrigon #f1      #h4 ,violetter      
,perdrigon #aa4 ,violette ,fasanen      

,pflaume #aa4      ,violette ,huhner    
,pflaume #aa4 ,violette ,rebhuhn        
,pflaume #aa4      ,violette            
,fasanenpflaume #ab4 ,violette          
,huhnerpflaume #ab4      ,violetter     
,perdrigon #ab4 ,violettes ,rebhuhnerei 
#aa1 #ab4    ,early records indicate    
that the ,blue ,perdrigon was introduced
 into  ,england from ,italy4 ,hakluyt1  
writing in #aehb1 says1 8,of late time  
the  ,plum called the ,perdigevena was  
procured out of ,italy1 with two kinds  
more1 by the ,lord ,cromwell1 after his 
travel40 ,gough1 in his ,british        
,topography1 states that ,lord ,cromwell
 introduced the 8,perdrigon plum0  into 
,england in the time of ,henry ,,vii4   
,from these accounts it would seem  that
 this plum was established in ,england  
some time during the latter  part of the
 ,fifteenth ,century4 ,for three hundred
 years it thrived so well  in ,england  
that writers had no hesitation in       
pronouncing it their best  plum4 ,from  
,england it came early to ,america4     

,probably it was included  in the       
shipment of plum pits ordered from      
,england by the ,governor and  ,company 
of the ,massachusetts ,bay ,colony in   
,new ,england in #afbi4 ,in spite  of   
its ,old ,world reputation1 however1 it 
never found favor here and is  now      
rarely if ever seen even in collections4
 ,the older writers mentioned  a ,black 
,perdrigon which they considered        
distinct from the variety under         
discussion4 ,inasmuch as all plums until
 recently were propagated from  seed1 it
 is more than likely that there were all
 gradations in color  and that some     
attempted to classify the darker        
seedlings as a distinct  variety4 ,this 
hypothesis is borne out by the fact that
 after grafting  and budding became the 
common method of propagation the        
so-called ,black  ,perdrigon became     
extinct4 ,the following description is a
 compilation4        ,tree vigorous1 but
 not always productive2 young shoots    
pubescent2 fruit mid-season2 medium in  

size1 obovate1      compressed on the   
suture side1 purple or blue1 with       
thick bloom2 stem slender2 skin thick1  
very tough2 flesh      greenish-yellow1 
firm1 rich1 sweet1 aromatic2 good2 stone
      small1 flattened1 clinging2 fruit 
hangs on the tree until it              
shrivels4      ,,boddaert    ,prunus    
domestica        #a4 ,downing ,fr4      
,trees ,am4 #b;d ,app4 #aef4 #ahgf4 #b4 
,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4 ,cat4 #cf4 #ahgg4 
#c4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #fhg4 #ahhd4 #d4 
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbc4 #ahhi4 #e4   
,lucas ,vollst4 ,hand4 ,obst4      #dgb4
 #ahid4 #f4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ig4    
#aija4        ,boddaert's ,green ,gage  
#a1 #c4 ,boddart's ,green ,gage #b4     
,boddaert's      ,reine ,claude #d4     
,boddaert's ,green ,gage #d1 #f4        
,reine-,claude de      ,boddaert #d4    
,reine-,claude ,boddaert #a1 #c1 #d4    
,reine-,claude von      ,boddaert #d4   
,boddaert has much to commend it1 the   
fruit being surpassed by that of  but   
few other plums of its type--that of the

 ,reine ,claude4 ,the plums are  large1 
attractive and of very good quality4    
,since the variety has been  known so   
long it must be that the tree has some  
fatal defect2 otherwise  it would be    
more largely grown4 ,boddaert is        
probably a ,reine ,claude  seedling and 
is of foreign origin1 the details of its
 early history not  being known4        
,downing1 in #ahgf1 first mentioned the 
variety in ,america2  the following year
 it was placed on the fruit list in the 
,american  ,pomological ,society        
catalog4        ,tree large1 medium in  
vigor1 upright-spreading1 open-topped1  
productive2 trunk rough2 branches       
smooth1 except for a few1      raised   
lenticels2 branchlets of medium         
thickness1 brash1      thinly pubescent2
 leaves oval1 two and one-quarter inches
      wide1 four inches long1 thick and 
leathery2 upper surface dark      green1
 rugose2 margin crenate1 with small dark
 glands2 petiole      pubescent1 thick1 
tinged red1 usually with two globose    

glands4        ,fruit mid-season2 about 
one and one-half inches in diameter1    
roundish-ovate1 strongly compressed1    
yellow1 mottled with green      before  
full maturity1 overspread with thin     
bloom2 stem thickly      pubescent2     
flesh light yellow1 dry1 meaty1 tender1 
sweet2 good      in quality2 stone      
semi-free or free1 seven-eighths inch by
      five-eighths inch in size1 oval or
 ovate1 turgid1 with pitted             
surfaces4      ,,bradshaw               
,illustration3 ,,bradshaw    ,prunus    
domestica        #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4       
#ab3cda4 #ahdf4 #b4 ,horticulturist     
#aj3ae1 #bec4 #ahee4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #aij1 #bad4 #ahef4      #d4 
,cultivator #h3be fig4 #ahfj4 #e4 ,mas  
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3c1      fig4 #b4 #ahgc4  
#f4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #cjc4      
#ahgh4 #g4 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#fa1 #aah4 #ahhc4 #h4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4
 #gji4      #ahhd4 #i4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4   
#dd3ajc4 #ahhe4 #aj4 ,me4 ,pom4 ,soc4   
,rpt4 #acj4 #ahhh4 #aa4 ,ibid4 #add4    

#ahhi4 #ab4 ,mathieu ,nom4      ,pom4   
#dcd4 #ahhi4 #ac4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ajc3cb1 #cc1 fig4 #f4      #ahid4 #ad4 
,guide ,prat4 #aeg1 #cei4 #ahie4 #ae4   
,cornell ,sta4      ,bul4 #aca3ahb4     
#ahig4 #af4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdb1
 #bdd4      #ahii4 #ag4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dd3ia4 #ahii4 #ah4  
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #d3aeh4 #aija4  
#ai4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4      #ig4      
#aija4 #bj4 ,ont4 ,fruit ,exp4 ,sta4    
,rpt4 #af1 #ag fig4 #aijb4      #ba4    
,va4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #acd3dj4 #aijb4 #bb4   
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm      ,bul4 #dc3cc4    
#aijc4 #bc4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bci1 
#bed1      #bee1 #bef4 #aije4           
,black ,imperial #e1 #ad4 ,blue         
,imperial #e1 #ad1 #ai1 #bj4            
,bradshaw #i1 #ad4 ,grosse ,schwarze    
,kaiser ,pflaume #ab4 ,hart      ,prune 
#ag4 ,large ,black ,imperial #h1 #ad1   
#ah4 ,large ,black      ,imperial #b1   
#c1 #ab4 ,mooney #i1 #ag4 ,niagara #g1  
#i1 #aj1 #aa4      ,niagara #ac1 #ae1   
#ag1 8#ai1 #bj1 8#bb1 #bc4    ,bradshaw 

leads all other plums in number of trees
 in ,new ,york1 according  to a survey  
of the leading orchards made in the     
preparation of ,the ,plums  of ,new     
,york4 ,a study of the variety does not 
justify this popularity4  ,the trees    
grow rather slowly and are slow in      
coming into bearing2 the  fruit is not  
especially high in quality and in many  
regions is attacked  by brown-rot too   
freely for profitable orchard culture4  
,to offset these  faults the trees are  
large and well formed1 bear regularly   
and heavily1  are hardy1 robust and     
healthy1 the best of recommendations1   
and the plums  are large1 attractive in 
appearance and keep and ship well       
especially  if picked a little green4   
,the variety1 curiously enough1 is not  
nearly  as badly attacked by ,san ,jos  
scale as other plums4 ,probably one of  
the reasons why ,bradshaw is so largely 
grown in ,new ,york is that it is       
easily handled in the nursery and       
quickly makes a very good nursery tree4 

,bradshaw does not deserve the high     
place it holds with plum-growers1  and  
must give way sooner or later to better 
varieties for commercial  orchards4 ,the
 value of the crop is greatly lessened  
in ,new ,york because  it ripens in the 
midst of the peach season4              
,unfortunately1 the origin of this plum 
is not known4 ,the ,europeans and  some 
,americans have held that it came from  
,america but1 since it is  identical    
with the ,large ,black ,imperial1 it    
must be of foreign origin4 ,it  was     
named by ,c4 ,m4 ,hovey in #ahdf1 and   
was described in his ,magazine of       
,horticulture with the following        
explanation3 8,for the want of a name to
  distinguish a very large and excellent
 plum1 exhibited for three or four      
years in succession1 by ,e4 ,e4         
,bradshaw1 ,esq41 ,charlestown1 we have 
called  it the ,bradshaw plum40 ,barry1 
in #ahee1 states in the ,horticulturist 
that he 8received it from ,wm4 ,kenrick1
 a nurseryman in ,newton1               

,massachusetts1 under the name of ,large
 ,black ,imperial2 but as it has been   
described in ,hovey's ,magazine as      
,bradshaw1 we have adopted that name in 
our catalog40 ,though the name ,bradshaw
 is incorrect according to the rule  of 
priority1 it would now cause too much   
confusion to change it4    ,niagara1 a  
well known variety in this ,state1 is   
identical with ,bradshaw  in all        
characters1 in spite of a supposedly    
distinct origin4 ,according  to ,mr4    
,george ,atwood of the ,state           
,department of ,agriculture1 a ,mr4     
,moody  of ,lockport exhibited1 about   
#ahgj1 the ,mooney plum1 afterwards     
named the  ,niagara4 ,being interested  
in the variety1 ,mr4 ,atwood visited    
,mooney1 at  ,lockport1 the man from    
whom ,moody had secured his stock4 ,in  
,mooney's  yard were found several      
bearing trees1 which had been grown from
 sprouts  taken from the original       
seedling tree1 grown in ,canada4 ,these 
trees could  not be told from the       

,bradshaw4 ,if the ,niagara is distinct 
as to origin1  it is probably a seedling
 of ,bradshaw4 ,bradshaw was recommended
 to  fruit-growers as a promising       
variety by the ,american ,pomological   
,society  in #ahef and has since        
remained on the fruit list of the       
society4        ,tree large1 vigorous1  
broad-vasiform1 dense-topped1 hardy1    
very      productive2 branches smooth   
except for the numerous1 small1         
raised lenticels1 dark ash-gray2        
branchlets short1 with long             
internodes1 greenish-red changing to    
brownish-red1 often with      heavy gray
 scarf-skin1 dull1 sparingly pubescent1 
with obscure1      small lenticels2     
leaf-buds variable in size and length1  
pointed1 free4        ,leaves drooping1 
folded backward1 obovate or oval1 two   
inches      wide1 four and one-quarter  
inches long1 thickish2 upper surface    
dark green1 rugose1 pubescent1 with a   
shallow groove on the      midrib2 lower
 surface grayish-green1 thickly         

pubescent2 apex      acute1 base abrupt1
 margin not regular1 varying from       
coarsely      crenate to serrate1       
eglandular or with few1 small1 dark     
glands2      petiole three-quarters inch
 long1 pubescent1 reddish1 glandless    
or with from one to three large1        
globose1 greenish-brown glands      on  
the stalk or at the base of the leaf4   
,season of bloom short2 flowers         
appearing after the leaves1 one      and
 three-sixteenths inches across1 the    
buds creamy changing      to white as   
the flowers expand2 borne on lateral    
buds and      spurs1 singly or in pairs2
 pedicels nearly eleven-sixteenths      
inch long1 pubescent1 green2 calyx-tube 
greenish1 campanulate1      pubescent   
only at the base2 calyx-lobes wide1     
obtuse1 pubescent      on both surfaces1
 glandular-serrate1 margins ciliate1    
reflexed2      petals broadly oval1     
erose1 with short1 broad claws2 anthers 
yellowish2 filaments seven-sixteenths   
inch long2 pistil      pubescent at the 

base1 shorter than the stamens4         
,fruit mid-season2 two inches by one and
 three-quarters      inches in size1    
oval or obovate1 compressed1 halves     
equal2      cavity shallow1 narrow1     
abrupt1 with a fleshy ring around       
the stem2 suture very shallow2 apex     
roundish or flattened2      color light 
purplish-red changing to dark           
reddish-purple at      maturity1 covered
 with thick bloom2 dots numerous1 small1
      russet1 inconspicuous1 clustered  
about the apex2 stem thick1             
seven-eighths inch long1 pubescent1     
adhering strongly to the      fruit2    
skin thin1 somewhat tough1 sour1        
separating readily2      flesh dull     
yellow1 often with a trace of red when  
fully      mature1 juicy1 fibrous1      
somewhat tender1 sweet1 pleasant2       
good2 stone semi-free1 flattened1 one   
and one-quarter inches      by          
three-quarters inch in size1 irregularly
 oval1 necked at      the base1 blunt at
 the apex1 strongly roughened and       

pitted1      often with numerous1 small1
 deep pits near the margins of both     
ventral and dorsal sutures2 ventral     
suture strongly furrowed      and       
winged2 dorsal suture with a deep1      
narrow groove4      ,,bryanston         
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,lond4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #add4 #ahca4 #b4     
,jour4 ,hort4 ,n4      ,s4 #ag3bhf4     
#ahfi4 #c4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4    
#ijb4 #ahfi4      #d4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,cat4 #bd4 #ahga4 #e4 ,barry ,fr4       
,garden      #daa4 #ahhc4 #f4 ,hogg     
,fruit ,man4 #fhh4 #ahhd4 #g4 ,tenn4    
,sta4      ,bul4 #c3 ,no4 #e1 #hh4      
#ahij4 #h4 ,guide ,prat4 #aee4 #ahie4   
#i4      ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #d3aeg4
 #aija4 #aj4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4        
#ih4 #aija4 #aa4 ,mass4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4
 #ag3aeh4 #aije4        ,bryanstone #aa4
 ,bryanston ,gage #a1 #b1 #f1 #i4       
,bryanston's ,gage #c1      #e1 #g4     
,bryanston's ,gage #aj4 ,bryanstone     
,gage #d4 ,reine-,claude      ,bryanston
 #h4    ,the fruits of ,bryanston fall  

not a little short1 all things          
considered1  of being as good as those  
of several other of the varieties in the
 ,reine  ,claude group of which this    
plum is a member4 ,for this reason      
,bryanston  is not often rated by       
horticulturists as one of the best      
plums1 but the  large1 vigorous trees   
growing on the ,station grounds are so  
especially  desirable for this variety1 
in a group which taken as a whole is    
noted  for poor trees1 that it is here  
described among the leading plums4 ,the 
fruit is larger than that of ,reine     
,claude but is less attractive in  color
 and shape and the quality is not as    
high4 ,it is later than the  variety    
with which it has just been compared and
 the crop is not borne  as regularly4   
,while this plum can hardly be          
recommended for extensive  orchard      
plantings1 it yet has too many merits to
 be forgotten4    ,this variety is said 
to be the result of crossing ,reine     
,claude and ,golden  ,drop at ,bryanston

 ,park1 ,blandford1 ,england4 ,it was   
first noted in the  ,london             
,horticultural ,society fruit catalog in
 #ahca but no information in  regard to 
the date of its origin seems to have    
been published4 ,in #ahga  the ,american
 ,pomological ,society added it to its  
fruit catalog list but  dropped it in   
#ahig4        ,tree very large and      
vigorous1 round-topped1 open1 hardy1    
very      productive2 branches smooth1  
becoming rough near the trunk1          
ash-gray1 with lenticels of medium size 
and number2 branchlets      somewhat    
slender1 short1 with long internodes1   
greenish-red      changing to dull      
reddish-brown1 marked by scarf-skin1    
dull1      glabrous1 with few1          
inconspicuous1 small lenticels2         
leaf-buds      above medium in size and 
length1 pointed1 free2 leaf-scars       
prominent4        ,leaves folded        
backward1 oval or obovate1 one and      
five-eighths      inches wide1 three and
 one-quarter inches long1 leathery2     

upper      surface dark green1 sparingly
 hairy1 with a shallow groove on        
the midrib2 lower surface               
yellowish-green1 pubescent2 apex        
abruptly pointed or acute1 base acute1  
margin crenate1 bearing      small1 dark
 glands2 petiole one-half inch long1    
pubescent1 with      a little red1      
glandless or with one or two small1     
globose1      yellowish glands4         
,blooming season intermediate in time1  
short2 flowers appearing      with the  
leaves1 one and one-eighth inches       
across1 white1      creamy at the apex  
of the petals in the newly opened       
flowers2      borne on lateral buds and 
spurs1 singly or in pairs2 pedicels     
one-half inch long1 thick1 pubescent1   
greenish2 calyx-tube      green1        
campanulate1 pubescent at the base2     
calyx-lobes broad1      obtuse1         
pubescent on both surfaces1             
glandular-ciliate1 somewhat             
reflexed2 petals roundish-ovate1 erose2 
anthers yellow2      filaments about    

one-quarter inch long2 pistil glabrous  
except      at the base1 slightly longer
 than the stamens2 stigma large4        
,fruit mid-season2 one and five-eighths 
inches by one and      one-half inches  
in size1 irregular roundish-truncate1   
halves      unequal2 cavity shallow1    
narrow1 abrupt2 suture usually          
shallow1 prominent2 apex flattened or   
depressed2 color dull      yellow with  
greenish streaks1 sometimes with pinkish
 blush      about the cavity1 mottled1  
overspread with thin bloom2 dots        
numerous1 small1 inconspicuous2 stem    
thick1 three-quarters inch      long1   
pubescent1 adhering well to the fruit2  
skin thin1 tough1      sour1 separating 
readily2 flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1  
firm      but tender1 sweet1 aromatic2  
very good2 stone nearly free1           
seven-eighths inch by five-eighths inch 
in size1 broadly oval1      turgid1     
slightly contracted at the blunt base1  
roundish at the      apex1 with rough   
and pitted surfaces2 ventral suture     

broad1      with a distinct but small   
wing2 dorsal suture widely and deeply   
grooved4      ,,burbank                 
,illustration3 ,,burbank    ,prunus     
triflora        #a4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4   
,rpt4 #ec1 #ii4 #ahhi4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4  
,a4      ,rpt4 #cib4 #ahia4 #c4 ,wickson
 ,cal4 ,fruits #cfj4 #ahia4 #d4         
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ajf3df1 #fc4      
#ahif4 #e4 ,ala4 ,col4 ,sta4      ,bul4 
#he3dde4 #ahig4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,cat4 #bf4 #ahig4 #g4      ,am4 ,gard4  
#ai3ge1 #acb1 #bbj1 #gib4 #ahih4 #h4    
,mich4 ,sta4      ,bul4 #afi3bdb1 #bdi4 
#ahii4 #i4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4         
#age3adc4      #ahii4 #aj4 ,waugh ,plum 
,cult4 #acd4 #aija4 #aa4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4    
,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hh4 #aijb4 #ab4
 ,can4 ,hort4 #be3bgb4 #aijb4 #ac4      
,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #cjh4   
#aijc4 #ad4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4            
#fh3aa1 #bh4 #aije4 #ae4 ,ohio ,sta4    
,bul4 #afb3bef4 #aije4      #af4        
,de,vries ,plant ,breeding #agj4 #aijg4 
,persing ,nos4 #a  #b1 #ae4 ,russian    

plum #bj,m4 #d4 ,wassu #d4      ,wassu  
#i4    ,probably ,abundance holds first 
place among the ,triflora plums in ,new 
,york but ,burbank is a close second and
 in many localities has first           
preference4 ,abundance is in the lead   
chiefly because the trees of this       
variety are larger and better formed and
 bear more fruit than those of          
,burbank4 ,to offset the advantages of  
,abundance the fruit of ,burbank is of  
better quality1 more handsomely colored1
 keeps and ships better and is  less    
susceptible to brown-rot4 ,the fruit of 
,burbank ripens a week or more  later   
than that of ,abundance1 which in most  
seasons is a slight advantage  for the  
first-named variety4 ,the trees of this 
plum are distinguished  from those of   
all other plums by their low1 spreading 
habit1 flat top  and somewhat drooping  
branches1 characters which make them    
more or less  difficult to handle in the
 orchard and very difficult to manage in
 the  nursery4 ,the wood of ,burbank is 

brittle1 true of all ,trifloras1 but  a 
serious defect in this one4 ,in common  
with other varieties of its  species1   
,burbank is less troubled with curculio 
and black-knot than the  ,european      
plums4 ,the fruit of this variety begins
 to color some days  before ripe and    
should be picked before fully matured if
 it is to be kept  or shipped4 ,usually 
the best specimens of ,burbank come from
 thinned trees  and thinning is a       
necessary operation in all commercial   
orchards4 ,the  variety does not thrive 
in the ,south1 being poor in quality and
 rotting  badly4 ,in ,new ,york1        
,burbank is not being planted nearly so 
largely as a  few years ago1 the        
,domesticas being much more profitable  
than this or  other ,triflora plums4 ,it
 is a very desirable variety for home   
plantations  in ,new ,york4    ,burbank 
was produced from a plum pit sent to    
,luther ,burbank#bjg by  a ,japanese    
agent in #ahhc4bjh ,the fruit of this   
variety proved to be  very superior and 

,mr4 ,burbank sent specimens of it to   
the ,division of  ,pomology1 ,united    
,states ,department of ,agriculture in  
#ahhg1 where it was  named in honor of  
the introducer4 ,wassu1 introduced by   
,j4 ,l4 ,normand1  and the ,russian     
plum1 #bj ,m1 sent out by ,professor ,j4
 ,l4 ,budd proved to  be                
indistinguishable from the ,burbank as  
tested by ,bailey1 but ,kerr#bji  thinks
 the ,wassu is a distinct variety4 ,the 
,american ,pomological ,society  added  
,burbank to the fruit list in its       
catalog in #ahig4        ,tree large1   
vigorous1 distinguished by its low1     
sprawling habit      and flat open top1 
unusually hardy for a ,japanese variety1
      very productive1 healthy2 branches
 somewhat roughish1 dark      ash-gray1 
thickly covered with fruit-spurs1 with  
few1 large1      raised lenticels2      
branchlets medium in thickness and      
length1      with short internodes1     
greenish-red changing to dark brown1    
with gray scarf-skin1 glossy1 glabrous1 

with raised lenticels      of medium    
size and number2 leaf-buds short1       
obtuse1 free4        ,leaves folded     
upward1 broadly oblanceolate1           
peach-like1 one and      one-eighth     
inches wide1 three and three-quarters   
inches long1      thin2 upper surface   
light green1 smooth1 pubescent only on  
the      deeply grooved midrib2 lower   
surface glabrous1 pubescent on the      
midrib2 apex taper-pointed1 base        
cuneate1 margin finely and      doubly  
serrate1 with small amber or reddish    
glands2 petiole      nine-sixteenths    
inch long1 sparingly hairy on one side1 
tinged      red1 with from one to four  
small1 reniform or globose glands       
mostly on the stalk4        ,blooming   
season early and short2 flowers         
appearing with the      leaves1 white2  
borne in dense clusters on the lateral  
buds      and spurs1 in threes2 pedicels
 one-quarter inch long1 thick1          
glabrous2 calyx-tube green1 obconic1    
glabrous2 calyx-lobes      broad1       

obtuse1 glandular-serrate1 glabrous1    
erect2 petals      broadly oval1 entire1
 short-clawed2 anthers yellowish2       
filaments one-quarter inch long2 pistil 
glabrous1 longer than      the stamens4 
,fruit early1 season long2 variable in  
size1 large when the tree      is not   
overloaded1 one and three-quarters      
inches in diameter1      roundish-conic1
 halves equal2 cavity deep1 abrupt1     
regular2      suture shallow2 apex      
roundish2 color dark red over a yellow  
ground1 mottled1 with thick bloom2 dots 
numerous1 large1      russet1           
conspicuous2 stem five-eighths inch     
long1 glabrous1      parting readily    
from the fruit2 skin thin1 tough1 sour1 
separating from the pulp2 flesh deep    
yellow1 juicy1 tender1      firm1 sweet1
 aromatic2 good2 stone clinging1        
three-quarters      inch by five-eighths
 inch in size1 roundish-oval1 turgid1   
blunt      but sharp-tipped1 roughish1  
with a slightly winged ventral          
suture2 dorsal suture acute4            

,,chabot    ,illustration3 ,,chabot     
,prunus triflora        #a4 ,ga4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt4 #bi4 #ahhf4 #b4 ,ibid4 #eb1 
#ii4 #ahhi4      #c4 ,am4 ,gard4        
#ab3eja4 #ahia4 #d4 ,ibid4 #ac3gjj4     
#ahib4      #e4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #acb1 ,pl4 
#ecg4 #ahib4 #f4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4   
#fb3bj1 #bb1 #bh4 #ahid4 #g4 ,ibid4     
#ajf3dd1 #dh1 #ea1 #fj4 #ahif4      #h4 
,rogers ,cat4 #i4 #ahif4 #i4 ,cornell   
,sta4 ,bul4 #aci3ch4      #ahig4 #aj4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bf4 #ahig4 #aa4 
,cornell ,sta4      ,bul4 #age3aej4     
#ahii4 #ab4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #acd1   
#ace fig4      #aija4 #ac4 ,can4 ,exp4  
,farm ,bul4 #dc3cg4 #aijc4 #ad4 ,ohio   
,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bej1 #bed1 #bee1 #bef1 
#beg4 #aije4 #ae4 ,ga4 ,sta4      ,bul4 
#fh3ab1 #ad1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4   
#aije4        ,babcock #ae4 ,babcock    
8#ae4 ,bailey #c1 #d1 #f1 #g4 ,bailey   
#i1 #aa1      #ab1 #ae4 ,chase #i1 #ae4 
,chabot #ae4 ,douglas #ae4 ,furugiya    
#g1 #ae4 ,furugiya #aa1 #ab1 #ae4       
,hytankayo #ad4 ,hytankayo #ae4         

,hon-smomo #ae4 ,o-,hatankyo #aa4       
,orient #f1 #g4 ,orient #ad4            
,o-hattankio #ae4 ,paragon #h4 ,red     
,nagate of some #g4 ,uchi ,beni of      
some #aa4 ,yellow ,japan #i1 #aa1 #ab4  
,when properly handled the fruits of    
,chabot are far the most attractive  of 
the many ,triflora plums4 ,they are     
large1 beautifully molded and           
handsomely mottled in shades of red over
 yellow with occasional splashes  of    
russet and a heavy but delicate bloom4  
,to secure the best coloring1  the fruit
 must be picked before ripe and be      
matured in dark storage4  ,early picking
 is necessary also because the season of
 ripening is very  long and the fruit   
drops badly if permitted to hang to the 
trees until  fully ripe4 ,there should  
be at least three pickings for this     
variety4  ,unfortunately1 the quality of
 ,chabot belies its appearance1 being at
  best not above the average4 ,the      
fruits are firm and ship well and keep  
rather better than those of any other   

plum of its species4 ,the trees are     
hardy and dependable in bearing but not 
as productive as could be wished4  ,the 
blossoms of ,chabot open later than     
those of most other ,trifloras1         
enabling this sort occasionally to      
escape frosts which injure other        
varieties of this species4 ,the stamens 
are often short1 undeveloped and  wholly
 or in part sterile4 ,because of its    
attractive fruit this variety  might    
well be grown more than it is for the   
markets4    ,chabot was imported from   
,japan by a ,mr4 ,chabot of ,berkeley1  
,california1  and was introduced to the 
trade by ,luther ,burbank in #ahhf4 ,as 
with  ,abundance1 the nomenclature of   
,chabot is badly confused4 ,several     
names  that have been found to be       
synonymous with the former have also    
been  applied to the latter4 ,j4 ,l4    
,normand1 ,marksville1 ,louisiana1      
imported  trees from ,japan1 among which
 was a tree that was different from any 
growing on his grounds4 ,he named this  

variety after ,bailey and introduced  it
 in #ahia4 ,later this was found to be  
identical with ,chabot4 ,furugiya1      
another introduction by ,normand1 is    
undoubtedly ,chabot4 ,h4 ,n4 ,starnes   
of the ,georgia ,experiment ,station1   
who has tested many of the ,japanese    
plums1 published in ,bulletin #fh of his
 station1 the additional synonyms3      
,chase1 ,o-hattankio1 ,hytankayo1       
,douglas1 ,hon-smomo and ,babcock4      
,orient1  introduced by ,stark          
,brothers1 ,louisiana1 ,missouri1 in    
#ahic1 is ,chabot as  tested at the ,new
 ,york and ,ohio experiment stations4   
,paragon1 introduced  by the ,rogers    
,nursery ,company1 ,moorestown1 ,new    
,jersey1 has also proved to  be         
identical4 ,in #ahig the ,american      
,pomological ,society added this variety
  to its fruit catalog list4            
,tree large1 vigorous1 vasiform or      
upright-spreading1      open-topped1    
slow-growing1 hardy1 productive1        
susceptible to      attacks of shot-hole

 fungus2 branches roughish1 the         
fruit-spurs      numerous1 dark         
ash-gray1 with raised lenticels variable
 in      size2 branchlets slender1 with 
short intemodes1 greenish-red           
changing to dark chestnut-red1 glossy1  
glabrous1 with numerous1                
conspicuous1 rather large1 raised       
lenticels2 leaf-buds small1      short1 
obtuse1 somewhat appressed4             
,leaves folded upward1 obovate or       
oblanceolate1 peach-like1 one      and  
one-quarter inches wide1 three inches   
long1 thin2 upper      surface light    
green1 smooth1 with a shallow1 grooved  
midrib2      lower surface pale green1  
glabrous except at the base of the      
veins2 apex acutely pointed1 base       
cuneate1 margin finely      serrate1    
with small1 amber or dark red glands2   
petiole one-half      inch long1        
slender1 slightly pubescent along the   
upper surface1      heavily tinged with 
red1 glandless or with from one to six  
small1 globose or reniform1             

greenish-brown glands usually on        
the stalk4        ,blooming season      
intermediate and long2 flowers appearing
 with      the leaves1 white2 borne in  
clusters on lateral spurs in pairs      
or in threes2 pedicels three-eighths    
inch long1 pubescent1      greenish2    
calyx-tube green1 obconic1 pubescent at 
the base2      calyx-lobes obtuse1      
glandular1 somewhat serrate1 pubescent  
at      the base1 erect2 petals broadly 
oval1 entire1 with narrow1      long    
claws2 anthers shrivelled2 filaments    
nearly sessile or      one-eighth inch  
long2 pistil glabrous1 longer than the  
stamens2      stigma small4             
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period long2
 one and five-eighths      inches in    
diameter1 cordate or roundish1 halves   
equal2 cavity      deep1 flaring1 with  
concentric1 russet rings2 suture        
distinct2      apex roundish or pointed2
 color light and dark shades of red     
over yellow1 mottled1 with occasional   
splashes of russet and      with a thick

 but delicate bloom2 dots numerous1     
small1 russet      or yellow1           
conspicuous unless obscured by the      
bloom1 clustered      around the apex2  
stem thick1 one-half inch long1 adhering
 to      the fruit2 skin medium in      
thickness1 tender1 bitter1 separating   
easily2 flesh golden-yellow1 very juicy1
 coarse and fibrous1      tender1       
somewhat melting when fully ripe1 sweet1
 although      somewhat tart at the     
center1 sprightly1 with characteristic  
,triflora flavor2 good2 stone clinging1 
three-quarters inch by      one-half    
inch in size1 oval1 turgid1 slightly    
necked1 with      pitted surfaces2      
ventral suture wide2 dorsal suture      
unfurrowed4      ,,chalco    ,prunus    
simonii  ,prunus triflora        #a4    
,burbank ,cat4 #d4 #ahih4 #b4 ,rural ,n4
 ,y4 #eg3ahd1 #fec4      #ahih4 #c4 ,vt4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3h4 #ahih4 #d4 ,vt4     
,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt4 #ad3bgc4 #aija4   
#e4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3ab1 #ce4 #aije4
    ,chalco has been extensively        

advertised by several nurseries but1    
from the  reports received1 it is       
doubtful if it will ever be grown       
commercially4  ,the trees1 in the ,east 
at least1 are slow in coming into       
bearing2 the  fruits are small2 and the 
flavor such that consumers will have to 
learn  to like it although it is much   
better in quality than the ,simon plum1 
one  of its parents1 being quite free   
from the bitterness of this parent4 ,the
  tree is rather better than that of the
 ,simon plum or of the ,wickson1 the    
two plums with which it must be         
compared4 ,the amateur may care to plant
  ,chalco but here its usefulness ends4 
,burbank in introducing this plum in    
#ahih1 stated that it was the first     
fruit offered after twelve years' work  
in crossing ,prunus simonii with ,prunus
 triflora and ,american species4  ,the  
parentage of ,chalco is given as a      
,simon-,burbank cross4 ,the following   
description is compiled3        ,tree   
vigorous1 upright or somewhat vasiform1 

very productive2      leaves large1 dark
 green4 ,fruit matures shortly before   
,burbank2      large when well grown1   
oblate1 dark red2 flesh yellowish1 firm1
      very juicy1 aromatic1 sweet2 good2
 stone small1 oval1 slightly            
flattened1 semi-free4      ,,chambourcy 
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,rev4      
,hort4 #ci4 #ahih4 #b4 ,soc4 ,nat4      
,hort4 ,france ,pom4      #efj1 fig4    
#aijd4 #c4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4     
#dcc4 #aije4 #d4      ,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4
 ,france #dgc fig4 #aijf4               
,reine-,claude ,tardive ,de ,chambourcy 
#b4 ,reine-,claude      ,tardive        
,latinois #a4 ,reine-,claude ,tardive de
 ,chambourcy #a4      ,reine-,claude    
,latinois #b1 #d4 ,reine-,claude tardive
 #a4      ,reine-,claude ,verte #d4     
,reine-,claude ,tardive #b1 #d4         
,reine-,claude      de ,chambourcy #c4  
,tardive de ,chambourcy #d4    ,this    
fruit was found at the beginning of the 
,nineteenth ,century at  ,chambourcy1   
,france1 in the garden of ,m4           

,bourgeois2 no record of its  parents   
seems to have been made4 ,m4 ,latinois  
introduced it into commerce  in         
#ahhe-ahhf and consequently his name    
became attached to the variety4  ,the   
plum is not well known in ,america1     
there being only one published          
,american reference4 ,this ,station     
received the variety for testing in     
#ahii  from the ,united ,states         
,department of ,agriculture4 ,it has    
value on account  of its high quality   
and its lateness1 and is worthy of      
extensive testing4        ,tree small1  
upright-spreading1 dense-topped1        
productive2      branchlets develop     
fruit-spurs near the base2 leaf-buds    
strongly appressed2 leaves folded       
upward1 long-oval or obovate1      one  
and five-eighths inches wide1 three and 
three-quarters      inches long1        
somewhat leathery2 margin doubly serrate
 or      crenate1 with small dark       
glands2 blooming season intermediate    
in time and length2 flowers appearing   

after the leaves1 over      one inch    
across2 borne in thin clusters on       
lateral buds and      spurs1 singly or  
in pairs4        ,fruit very late1      
season of medium length2 nearly one and 
one-half inches in diameter1 roundish1  
slightly truncate1      yellowish-green1
 with a delicate bloom and a pink blush 
on the      exposed cheek2 flesh        
greenish-yellow1 very juicy1 firm but   
tender1 sweet1 aromatic1 of high flavor2
 very good to best2      stone semi-free
 or free1 three-quarters inch1 by       
one-half inch      in size1             
irregular-oval1 flattened1 rather blunt 
at the base      and apex1 with         
roughened surfaces2 ventral suture      
strongly      furrowed1 often with a    
distinct wing4      ,,champion          
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,wickson   
,cal4 ,fruits #cfj4 #ahia4 #b4 ,oregon  
,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 #adg4 #ahic4 #c4
 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aej4 #ahie4 #d4
      ,oregon ,sta4 ,bul4 #de3cj4 #ahig4
        ,champion ,prune1 #a1 #b1 #c4   

,the ,champion was introduced with the  
expectation that it would be a  valuable
 fruit for curing into prunes4 ,it has  
not proved to be a good  plum for       
prune-making1 as it is too juicy1 about 
three-fourths of its  bulk evaporating1 
but the western plum-growers have found 
it a very  good plum for shipping in the
 fresh state4 ,it is very attractive in 
appearance1 firm1 free of stone1 sweet  
and pleasant and withal of rather  high 
quality4 ,the tree-characters1 as the   
plums grow in ,geneva1 are in  the main 
very good1 falling short1 if at all1 in 
productiveness4 ,they  are such as to   
lead to the recommendation of a trial   
for this plum by  plum-growers in       
general in ,new ,york4    ,this variety 
is a seedling of the ,italian ,prune    
produced by ,jesse  ,bullock1 ,oswego1  
,oregon1 about #ahgf1 and introduced by 
,c4 ,e4 ,hoskins1  ,springbrook1        
,oregon4 ,since the ,italian ,prune     
comes nearly true to seed it  is very   
doubtful if this variety is a pure-bred 

seedling judging from the  characters of
 the fruit as given below3        ,tree 
of medium size and vigor1               
upright-spreading1 open-topped1         
hardy1 productive1 an early bearer1     
subject to sun-scald2      branches     
ash-gray1 rather smooth1 with few1 small
 lenticels2      branchlets short1 with 
very short internodes1 greenish-red     
changing to brownish-red1 dull1         
sparingly pubescent throughout      the 
season1 with few inconspicuous1 small   
lenticels2 leaf-buds      below medium  
in size1 short1 obtuse1 free1 plump4    
,leaves folded upward1 oval1 one and    
five-eighths inches wide1      three    
inches long2 upper surface somewhat     
rugose1 covered with      numerous1 fine
 hairs1 with a shallow groove on the    
midrib2      lower surface              
silvery-green1 pubescent3 apex abruptly 
pointed      or acute1 base acute1      
margin crenate1 with small black glands2
      petiole one-half inch long1 green1
 pubescent1 with from one to      three 

medium to large1 globose1 brownish      
glands mostly at the      base of the   
leaf4        ,blooming season           
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing after the leaves1 one   
inch across1 white with a      yellowish
 tinge at the apex of the petals2 borne 
on lateral      spurs1 singly or in     
pairs2 pedicels five-eighths inch long1 
with a few scattering hairs1 green2     
calyx-tube greenish1      campanulate1  
sparingly pubescent2 calyx-lobes obtuse1
 pubescent      on both surfaces1       
glandular-serrate1 somewhat reflexed2   
petals      roundish1 crenate1 tapering 
to short1 broad claws3 anthers          
yellow2 filaments three-eighths inch    
long2 pistil glabrous1      slightly    
shorter or equal to the stamens in      
length4        ,fruit earlier than      
,italian ,prune2 about one and one-half 
inches in diameter1 roundish1           
compressed1 halves equal2      cavity   
very shallow1 abrupt1 narrow1 regular2  
suture shallow2      apex roundish1 with

 a slight depression at the             
pistil-point2      color dark           
purplish-black1 with thick bloom2 dots  
small1      russet1 somewhat            
conspicuous1 clustered about the apex2  
stem      five-eighths inch long1       
sparingly pubescent1 parting readily    
from the fruit2 skin thick1 tough1 sour1
 adhering but little2      flesh        
attractive yellow1 juicy1 firm1 sweet1  
pleasant flavor2      very good2 stone  
free1 the cavity larger than the pit1   
three-quarters inch by one-half inch in 
size1 irregular-oval1      the surface  
distinctly roughened and pitted2 ventral
 suture      swollen1 rather narrow1    
often with a wing2 dorsal suture with a 
shallow1 narrow1 indistinct groove4     
,,cheney    ,illustration3 ,,cheney     
,prunus nigra        #a4 ,wis4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #ae1 #ch4 #ahhe4 #b4 ,minn4 
,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt4 #abf4 #ahij4 #c4
 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3cf1 #hf4      
#ahib4 #d4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ca3cdf4    
#ahie4 #e4 ,wis4 ,sta4      ,bul4       

#fc3bd1 #ca fig4 #ac4 #ahig4 #f4 ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bd4      #ahig4 #g4  
,gard1  ,for4 #aj3cfg4 #ahig4 #h4 ,colo4
 ,sta4 ,bul4      #ej3cc4 #ahih4 #i4    
,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dab4 #ahii4  
#aj4      ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #afi4     
#aija4 #aa4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4   
,man4 #bid4 #aijc4 #ab4 ,can4 ,exp4     
,farm ,bul4 #dc3bi4 #aijc4      #ac4    
,ia4 ,hort1 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dhh4 #aijd4    
#ad4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4      #afb3bed1   
#bee4 #aije4 #ae4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#ic3aa4 #aije4      #af4 ,ia4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #aad3abi4 #aiaj4        ,cherry   
#af incor4    ,cheney is of little value
 except towards the northern limits of  
fruit  culture in ,america where1       
because of its great hardiness1 it is a 
most  desirable fruit-plant4 ,of the    
varieties illustrated and described     
among  the leading plums in this text1  
,cheney is the sole representative of   
,prunus nigra1 the wild plum of ,canada 
and of northern ,united ,states4  ,the  
accompanying description shows that     

while the fruit of this variety  is not 
such as to recommend it where other     
species can be grown1 the tree  has some
 characters most desirable wherever     
plums are grown--hardiness1  vigor1     
productiveness and good form--so that   
this variety might well be  used in     
breeding plums4 ,the trees are very     
ornamental whether in flower1  full leaf
 or fruit1 but especially when in full  
bloom as they bear a  great profusion of
 large white flowers which change to a  
pleasing pink  before falling4    ,this 
plum1 according to a letter from the    
discoverer1 ,e4 ,markle1 of  ,la        
,crosse1 ,wisconsin1 was found in the   
brush on a ridge1 in ,vernon  ,county1  
,wisconsin1 about twenty-five or thirty 
years ago4 ,mr4 ,markle  thought it must
 have sprung from a seed dropped by an  
early voyager of  the ,mississippi      
,river as there were no similar plums in
 the region4  ,noting its good qualities
 ,mr4 ,markle introduced the variety1   
the date of  introduction being about   

#ahhg4 ,the ,american ,pomological      
,society added  ,cheney to its fruit    
catalog list in #ahig1 where1 however1  
it remained but  two years4        ,tree
 large1 vigorous1 spreading1            
dense-topped1 hardy1      productive1   
bears early1 somewhat susceptible to    
disease2      branches numerous1 dark   
brownish-gray1 very thorny1 with large  
lenticels2 branchlets long1 with long   
internodes1 greenish-red      changing  
to dull reddish-brown1 dull1 thickly    
pubescent      early in the season1 the 
pubescence decreasing at maturity1      
with raised lenticels which are variable
 in size2 leaf-buds      smallish1      
short1 conical1 free4        ,leaves    
folded upward1 oval1 one and            
three-quarters inches wide1      three  
and five-eighths inches long1 thin2     
upper surface dark      green1 nearly   
smooth1 pubescent only along the midrib 
which      is deeply grooved2 lower     
surface yellowish-green1 pubescent      
along the midrib and larger veins2 apex 

taper-pointed1 margin      crenate1     
usually in two series1 sometimes with   
small1 dark      glands2 petiole        
one-half inch long1 rather slender1     
pubescent1      tinged red1 glandless or
 with from one to three small1 globose1 
greenish-yellow glands usually on the   
stalk4        ,blooming season          
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing after the leaves1 showy1
 about one inch across1 white           
changing to pink2 borne in clusters on  
lateral spurs1 in pairs      or in      
threes1 very fragrant2 pedicels         
nine-sixteenths inch      long1         
pubescent1 green with a trace of red2   
calyx-tube obconic1      glabrous1 red  
on the outer surface but green within   
and pinkish      along the margin2      
calyx-lobes obtuse or acute1 serrate1   
with      small red glands and with     
marginal hairs1 narrow1 sparingly       
pubescent on the inner surface1         
reflexed2 petals broadly oval1          
crenate1 often toothed1 tapering below  

to long narrow claws2      anthers      
yellowish2 filaments nearly one-half    
inch in length2      pistil glabrous1   
shorter than the stamens4        ,fruit 
mid-season1 ripening period very long2  
medium in size1      irregular          
roundish-oval1 strongly oblique1 halves 
equal2 cavity      shallow1 regular1    
flaring2 suture shallow or a line2 apex 
roundish1 somewhat oblique2 color at    
first yellowish-green with      a light 
carmine blush changing to deep carmine  
on a yellow      ground1 covered with   
thin bloom2 dots numerous1 very small1  
russet1 inconspicuous1 densely clustered
 about the apex2 stem      slender1     
five-eighths inch in length1 slightly   
pubescent1      adhering to the fruit2  
skin thick1 tough1 sour1 separating     
readily2 flesh deep yellow1 very juicy1 
fibrous1 tender and      melting1 sweet 
next to the skin but tart at the center1
 not      high in flavor2 fair in       
quality2 stone adhering1 seven-eighths  
inch by five-eighths inch in size1      

broadly oval1 distinctly      flattened1
 blunt-pointed1 with ridged and furrowed
 surfaces2      ventral suture acute1   
narrow2 dorsal suture slightly furrowed4
      ,,climax    ,illustration3        
,,climax    ,prunus triflora  ,prunus   
simonii        #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4       
#eg3fec1 #hah4 #ahih4 #b4 ,cal4 ,state  
,board      ,hort4 #eb4 #ahig-ih4 #c4   
,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3i4 #ahih4 #d4      
,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bbb4 #ahii4   
#e4 ,burbank ,cat4 #b4      #ahii4 #f4  
,nat4 ,nur4 #h3aag4 #aijj4 #g4 ,vt4     
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4      #ad3bgc4 #aija4   
#h4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #fb3fdc4 #aijc4 #i4  
,mich4      ,sta4 ,sp4 ,bul4 #cj3ah4    
#aije4 #aj4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3h1 #ce4
      #aije4 #aa4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #ff4 #aijg4        ,royal #a4     
,royal #a1 #c1 #d4    ,it is hard to    
judge as to the merits of this variety4 
,from the behavior  of the trees on the 
grounds of this ,station where we have  
had fruit of  it for eight years1 we    
should say at once that ,climax has no  

place in  the plum-growing regions of   
the ,east but others who have grown it  
speak  so well of it1 the fruit in      
particular1 that the unfavorable opinion
  of the variety formed here may be     
unjust4 ,some of the expressions        
regarding this fruit in the foregoing   
references may be dismissed at  once as 
the most wildly extravagant and absurd  
to be found in plum  literature4 ,from  
its behavior on these grounds and in the
 plum-growing  regions of the ,east in  
general1 it seems certain that ,climax  
cannot  stand the vicissitudes of the   
climate1 suffering both in winter and   
summer4 ,the trees1 in size1 vigor and  
habit of growth1 are inferior to  those 
of most ,triflora varieties1 and those  
under observation in this  part of ,new 
,york are not as productive as the      
standard ,trifloras with  which ,climax 
must be compared4 ,the fruit is handsome
 in shape and color1  more so in color  
than the accompanying illustration      
shows1 and is of  good quality4         

,unfortunately it is very susceptible to
 the brown-rot1 so  much so that because
 of this defect alone ,climax could     
hardly become a  profitable commercial  
plum in this region4 ,it has been quite 
well tested  in various parts of ,new   
,york and has proved so uniformly       
disappointing in  tree-characters1 in   
particular1 that it cannot be           
recommended as other  than a plum for   
the home collection where1 because of   
its beauty and  quality1 it is most     
desirable4    ,climax is another of     
,luther ,burbank's plums1 having been   
introduced in  #ahii4 ,the originator   
states that it is a selected hybrid     
between the  ,simon and ,botan plums4   
,the variety was first described as the 
,royal but  since this name had been    
previously given to a ,european plum it 
was  renamed ,climax4        ,tree      
large1 vigorous1 upright-spreading1     
somewhat straggling1      dense-topped1 
semi-hardy1 medium productive2 branches 
dark      ash-gray1 short and stout1    

with numerous lenticels2 branchlets     
short1 with very short internodes1      
brownish chestnut-red1      glossy1     
glabrous1 with numerous conspicuous1    
small1 raised      lenticels2 leaf-buds 
small1 short1 obtuse1 plump1 free4      
,leaves folded upward1 oblanceolate1    
peach-like1 one and      one-quarter    
inches wide1 three and three-eighths    
inches long1      thin2 upper surface   
light green1 smooth1 with a grooved     
midrib1      glabrous2 lower surface    
light green1 glabrous except on the     
midrib and larger veins2 apex           
taper-pointed1 base cuneate1      margin
 finely serrate or crenate1 with small1 
dark brown      glands2 petiole         
nine-sixteenths inch long1 sparsely     
pubescent1      tinged red1 glandless or
 with from one to seven small1 globose  
or slightly compressed1 reddish glands4 
,blooming season early and of medium    
length2 flowers appearing      with the 
leaves1 white2 borne in clusters of     
three1 on lateral      spurs2 pedicels1 

long1 thick1 glabrous1 green2 calyx tube
      greenish1 obconic1 glabrous2      
calyx-lobes obtuse1 with a few          
hair-like glands1 glabrous1 erect2      
petals roundish-oval1      entire2      
anthers deep yellow2 filaments short2   
pistil glabrous1      equal to the      
stamens in length2 stigma very small4   
,fruit very early1 season short2 one and
 three-quarters inches      in diameter1
 cordate or roundish1 slightly          
compressed1 halves      unequal2 cavity 
deep1 abrupt1 regular1 marked with      
faint1      reddish1 radiating streaks2 
suture deep1 broad2 apex pointed2       
color dark red1 mottled2 bloom of medium
 thickness2 dots      numerous1 variable
 in size1 russet1 conspicuous1 clustered
      about the base2 stem thick1       
nine-sixteenths inch long1              
glabrous1 parting readily from the      
fruit2 skin thick1 bitter1      with a  
tendency to crack1 separating easily    
from the pulp only      when fully ripe2
 flesh yellowish1 very juicy1 somewhat  

fibrous1      tender and melting1 sweet1
 pleasant flavored1 aromatic2 good2     
stone adhering1 seven-eighths inch by   
five-eighths inch in      size1 somewhat
 long-oval1 pointed1 roughish1          
conspicuously      winged and grooved on
 the ventral suture2 dorsal suture      
slightly grooved4      ,,cling ,,stem   
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,n4 ,y4    
,sta4 ,rpt4 #i3cdg4 #ahij4    ,this plum
 belongs to the ,reine ,claude group1 a 
group in which there is  room for new   
varieties only at the top4 ,cling ,stem 
is inferior1 falling  short chiefly in  
quality1 for a plum of its type1 and it 
is doubtful if  it is worth general     
planting4 ,this ,station alone seems to 
have tested  the variety1 hence the     
rather full description which follows of
 a plum  which cannot be recommended4   
,the variety was sent here in #ahij from
 ,north  ,ferrisburg1 ,vermont1 by ,l4  
,m4 ,macomber4        ,tree large and   
vigorous1 spreading1 dense-topped1 very 
productive2 branches rough1 the bark    

marked by concentric      rings1 with   
numerous spurs and with many1 small1    
raised      lenticels2 branchlets short1
 pubescent2 leaf-scars swollen2         
leaves folded upward1 oval1 one and     
three-quarters inches      wide1 three  
inches long1 rather thick and leathery2 
margin      doubly crenate1 eglandular  
or with small1 dark glands2 petiole     
pubescent1 tinged red1 glandless or with
 from one to three      globose glands  
usually at the base of the leaf2        
blooming season      of medium length2  
flowers over one inch across1 white with
      yellowish tinge near the apex of  
the petals2 borne on lateral      buds  
and spurs1 singly or in pairs4          
,fruit mid-season2 one and one-half     
inches by one and      five-eighths     
inches in size1 nearly roundish1 dull   
light      yellow1 sometimes mottled    
with red on the exposed cheek1          
overspread with thin bloom2 skin thin1  
sour2 flesh      greenish-yellow1 tender
 and melting1 sweet near the surface    

but acid at the center1 mild1 pleasant1 
but not high-flavored2      stone       
clinging1 three-quarters inch by        
five-eighths inch in      size1 nearly  
round1 turgid2 surfaces pitted2 ventral 
suture      broad1 heavily furrowed1    
with a short1 distinct wing4            
,,clyman    ,prunus domestica        #a4
 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 #egd4 #ahhh4 #b4 
,cal4 ,state ,board      ,hort4 #bcf1   
#bci1 ,pl4 ,,ii figs4 #c and #d4 #ahij4 
#c4 ,wickson      ,cal4 ,fruits #ceh4   
#ahia4 #d4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #be4  
#ahig4      #e4 ,n4 ,mex4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#bg3abd4 #ahih4 #f4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4   
#aac3aeh4 #ahii4 #g4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4
 #ih4 #aija4 #h4 ,ohio      ,sta4 ,bul4 
#afb3bcf1 #bcg fig41 #bed1 #bee4 #aije4 
,clyman has special merit as one of the 
earliest good ,domesticas4 ,the  fruit  
resembles that of ,lombard somewhat1 but
 is smaller and is much  better in      
quality4 ,as grown in ,california the   
,clyman commands high prices  for       
shipping eastward4 ,whether it could be 

grown profitably in the ,east  remains  
to be seen but it deserves to be rather 
widely tested for an  early home and    
market plum4 ,in ,new ,york it has a few
 serious faults3  the plums are         
susceptible to rot1 they drop as soon as
 ripe and the  trees seem not to be     
quite hardy at ,geneva2 though in the   
,ohio reference  given above they are   
said to be 8rather hardier than those of
 most other  ,european sorts40          
,otherwise than in hardiness the trees  
at this place are  quite satisfactory4  
,the variety is characterized by very   
long stamens4  ,clyman is well deserving
 of trial with the possibility that it  
may prove  to be the best of our early  
,domesticas4    ,this plum was raised   
from a ,peach plum stone planted in     
#ahff1 by ,mrs4  ,hannah ,clyman1 ,napa 
,city1 ,napa ,valley1 ,california4 ,the 
original tree  was cut down but several 
suckers were taken from the roots and   
planted  in an orchard4 ,these bore     
fruit for many years1 never failing to  

mature  a crop4 ,in #ahhf1 ,leonard     
,coates1 a nurseryman and fruit-grower  
of ,napa  ,city1 became interested in   
the plum on account of its extreme      
earliness  and offered it to his        
customers4 ,the ,american ,pomological  
,society added  ,clyman to its fruit    
catalog list in #ahig4        ,tree     
rather large1 vigorous1 round and       
dense-topped1 semi-hardy      in ,new   
,york1 productive2 branches ash-gray1   
nearly smooth1 with      numerous1      
small1 raised lenticels2 branchlets     
thick1 rather      long1 with internodes
 of medium length1 greenish-red changing
      to brownish-red1 dull1 heavily    
pubescent throughout the season1        
with numerous1 indistinct1 small        
lenticels2 leaf-buds of medium      size
 and length1 conical1 appressed2        
leaf-scars prominent4        ,leaves    
folded backward1 obovate1 one and       
seven-eighths inches      wide1 three   
and one-quarter inches long2 upper      
surface dark      green1 rugose1        

sparingly hairy2 lower surface pale     
green1      pubescent2 apex abruptly    
pointed or acute1 base acute1 margin    
serrate or crenate1 covered with small  
dark glands2 petiole      nearly        
seven-eighths inch long1 pubescent1     
reddish1 glandless      or with from one
 to three globose1 greenish-yellow      
glands      variable in size and        
position4        ,blooming season early 
and short2 flowers appearing after      
the leaves1 one and one-eighth inches   
across1 white1 the      buds creamy at  
the apex when unfolding2 borne in       
clusters on      lateral spurs1 singly  
or in pairs2 pedicels about one-half    
inch long1 thick1 pubescent1 greenish2  
calyx-tube green1      campanulate1     
pubescent2 calyx-lobes narrow1 obtuse1  
pubescent      on both surfaces1        
serrate1 reflexed2 petals obovate1      
dentate1      tapering to short1 broad  
claws2 anthers yellow2 filaments about  
seven-sixteenths inch long2 pistil      
pubescent near the base1      equal to  

the stamens in length4        ,fruit    
very early1 season short2 one and       
one-half inches by one      and         
three-eighths inches in size1 oval1     
halves equal2 cavity      narrow1       
abrupt1 regular2 suture shallow and     
often indistinct2      apex roundish or 
slightly depressed2 color dark          
purplish-red1      covered with thick   
bloom2 dots numerous1 small1 russet1    
inconspicuous2 stem five-eighths inches 
long1 pubescent1      adhering poorly to
 the fruit2 skin tender1 sour1          
separating      readily2 flesh pale     
yellow1 dry1 firm1 sweet1 mild but      
pleasant2 of good quality2 stone free1  
seven-eighths inch by      five-eighths 
inch in size1 somewhat flattened1       
irregular-oval1      with pitted        
surfaces1 tapering abruptly at the base1
 nearly      acute at the apex2 ventral 
suture of medium width1 usually         
rather blunt2 dorsal suture with a wide1
 deep groove4      ,,columbia    ,prunus
 domestica        #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4      

#h3ij4 #ahdb4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees  
,am4      #bib4 #ahde4 #c4 ,cole ,am4   
,fr4 ,book #baf4 #ahdi #d4 ,thomas ,am4 
,fruit ,cult4 #ccd4 #ahdi4 #e4 ,am4     
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #hf4 #ahfb4      #f4  
,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3aei4 #ahgc4 #g4     
,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #fia4      #ahhd4 #h4
 ,wash4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ace4 #ahic4 
,columbian ,gage #b1 #d4 ,columbia      
,pflaume #f4 ,columbia ,gage #g4        
,when grown on strong soils and in some 
climates1 ,columbia is possibly  a plum 
of value and sometimes of superiority1  
but in ,new ,york in the  average       
plantation it falls far short of other  
fruits of its type--that  of the ,reine 
,claude4 ,the trees are productive and  
the fruit large and  handsome but not of
 highest quality and moreover drops     
badly and is very  susceptible to the   
brown-rot4 ,columbia originated early in
 the second  quarter of the ,nineteenth 
,century with ,l4 ,v4 ,lawrence of      
,hudson1 ,new  ,york1 from seed of      
,reine ,claude4        ,tree large1     

medium in vigor1 upright-spreading1     
open-topped1      productive2 trunk     
stocky1 rough2 branches thick2          
branchlets      pubescent2 leaves folded
 upward1 one and seven-eighths inches   
wide1 four and one-quarter inches long1 
oval1 thick1 leathery2      upper       
surface rugose2 margin serrate or       
crenate1 with small1      dark glands2  
petiole thick1 tinged red1 pubescent1   
with from      one to three globose     
glands4        ,fruit mid-season2 when  
well grown nearly one and one-half      
inches in diameter1 roundish-oval1 the  
smaller specimens rather      ovate1    
dark purplish-red1 overspread with thick
 bloom2 stem      surrounded by a fleshy
 ring at the cavity2 skin tender1 sour2 
flesh golden-yellow1 dry1 firm1 sweet1  
mild2 of good quality2      stone       
semi-free or free1 seven-eighths inch by
 three-quarters      inch in size1      
roundish-oval1 flattened2 ventral suture
      prominent2 dorsal suture widely   
and deeply grooved4      ,,compass      

,prunus besseyi  ,prunus hortulana      
mineri        #a4 ,northwestern ,agr4   
#cdh4 #ahie4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fg3aj4 #ahih4 #c4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4     
#df3bff4 #aijj4 #d4      ,budd-,hansen  
,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #bid4 #aijc4 #e4 ,s4  
,dak4 ,sta4      ,bul4 #ic3ac4 #aije4   
,compass ,cherry #b4 ,heideman ,sand    
,cherry4    ,in #ahia ,h4 ,knudson of   
,springfield1 ,minnesota1 pollinated the
 ,sand ,cherry  with pollen from the    
,danish ,morello cherry and the ,miner  
plum4 ,the seed  of the resulting cross1
 beyond question that of the ,sand      
,cherry and  the plum1 was planted on   
,august seventh of the same year and1 in
 #ahid  produced fruit for the first    
time4 ,in #ahic ,c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,heideman of
 ,new ,ulm1  ,minnesota1 secured a cion 
from this tree and another the following
 year4  ,in #ahie ,heideman introduced  
as his own1 under the name of ,heideman 
,sand  ,cherry1 a hybrid between the    
,sand ,cherry and a plum4 ,in the       
controversy  which followed it developed

 that the two hybrids were identical and
 that  ,knudson was the real originator4
 ,subsequently ,c4 ,w4 ,sampson of      
,eureka1  ,minnesota1 introduced        
,knudson's plum under the name ,compass4
 ,the variety  is of interest to        
plant-breeders and may have some        
commercial value in  the ,northwest but 
is worthless for its fruit in ,new      
,york4        ,tree inferior in size1   
spreading1 open-topped1 productive2     
branches and branchlets slender1 the    
branchlets marked by very               
conspicuous1 large1 raised lenticels2   
leaf-buds plump2 leaves      folded     
upward1 one and one-eighth inches wide1 
three inches      long2 margin serrate2 
petiole tinged red1 glandless or with   
from one to three globose glands usually
 on the base of the      leaf2 blooming 
season late1 of medium length2 flowers  
appearing      after the leaves1        
seven-eighths inch across1 creamy-white 
as      the buds unfold2 borne on       
lateral spurs1 in threes and fours4     

,fruit early1 season short2             
seven-eighths inch by three-quarters    
inch in size1 ovate or roundish-oval1   
light red changing      to dark red at  
maturity1 the skin speckled with small  
red      dots before fully ripe2 skin   
tough1 astringent2 flesh light          
greenish-yellow1 very juicy1 melting1   
subacid except near the      skin2 poor2
 stone clinging1 five-eighths inch by   
three-eighths      inch in size1 large1 
elongated-oval1 with smooth surfaces4   
,,copper    ,prunus domestica        #a4
 ,coxe ,cult4 ,fr4 ,trees #bcd4 #ahag4  
#b4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4      #b3ic4     
#ahcb4 #c4 ,elliott ,fr4 ,book #dbe4    
#ahed4 #d4 ,downing      ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #ijf4 #ahfi4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,cat4 #cf4 #ahge4      #f4 ,cornell     
,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahc4 #ahig4 #g4 ,waugh 
,plum      ,cult4 #ih4 #aija4           
,copper #b4 ,french ,copper #c1 #d4     
,french ,copper #a1 #b1 #f4    ,it is   
supposed that ,copper came from ,france 
but very little is actually  known      

regarding its history4 ,the round early 
variety described by ,coxe  and ,prince 
is distinct from the ,copper now grown  
in this country4 ,it  is probable that  
the ,copper of ,downing and of the      
,american ,pomological  ,society are    
either distinct1 or are early strains of
 the fruit described  here1 since both  
are mid-season plums while the variety  
of the following  description is        
distinctly late4 ,this old sort has been
 recommended of  late by nurserymen and 
some plum-growers and it may be worth   
putting on  the markets again as the    
trees are extremely productive1 the     
fruit ships  well1 and its extreme      
lateness might extend the plum season4  
,the fruit  is not fit for dessert but  
makes an attractive1 dark red1          
well-flavored  sauce4        ,tree      
variable in size and vigor1 round and   
dense-topped1      productive2 branches 
numerous1 with large lenticels2         
branchlets      twiggy1 marked with     
scarf-skin1 glabrous throughout the     

season2      leaves folded upward1      
obovate or oval1 one and one-half inches
      wide1 three and one-half inches   
long2 upper surface rugose2      margin 
serrate or crenate1 eglandular or with  
small dark      glands2 petiole         
pubescent1 tinged red1 glandless or with
 one or      two globose glands2        
blooming time mid-season1 short2 flowers
      appearing after the leaves1       
seven-eighths inch across2 borne        
singly or in pairs4        ,fruit very  
late1 season of medium length2 one and  
one-half      inches by one and         
three-eighths inches in size1           
roundish-oval1      slightly necked2    
cavity almost lacking2 color a metallic 
brownish-purple1 overspread with thick  
bloom2 skin thick1      tough1 somewhat 
astringent2 flesh dull yellow1 medium   
juicy1      firm1 moderately sweet2     
poor2 stone free1 seven-eighths inch by 
one-half inch in size1 irregular-ovate1 
abruptly contracted at      the base1   
with roughened surfaces2 dorsal suture  

prominent4      ,,crittenden    ,prunus 
insititia        #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 
#fie4 #ahhd4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4   
#dbf4      #ahhi4 #c4 ,am4 ,gard4       
#ad3adf4 #ahic4 #d4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1 
#cec4 #ahie4 #e4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #ee3fbb4
 #ahif4 #f4 ,cornell      ,sta4 ,bul4   
#aca3ahd4 #ahig4 #g4 ,garden #ec3bff4   
#ahih4 #h4      ,waugh ,plum ,cult4     
#abg1 #abh4 #aija4        ,crittenden's 
,damson #b4 ,crittenden's ,prolific     
,damson #b4      ,crittenden's #a4      
,crittenden's ,prolific #a4 ,cluster #a4
 ,cluster      #c1 #h4 ,cluster ,damson 
#b4 ,cluster ,damson #d4 ,damson        
,cluster      #d4 ,farleigh ,damson #f4 
,farleigh ,prolific #g4 ,farleigh #e4   
,prolific #a4 ,prolific ,damson #b4     
,this ,damson came to notice early in   
the last century in the orchard  of     
,james ,crittenden of ,east ,farleigh1  
,kent1 ,england4 ,in both ,europe  and  
,america it seems to be as well known   
under the names ,farleigh and  ,cluster 
as under its true name4 ,crittenden     

ranks high among the ,damsons  in       
,england but in ,america it is not a    
great favorite2 just why is hard  to    
say4 ,it is likely that it fails in some
 tree-character1 for1 with the          
exception of being a little too tart1   
the fruit has few faults4        ,tree  
of medium size1 upright-spreading1      
open-topped1      productive2 branches  
very thorny and spinescent2 branchlets  
pubescent throughout the season2        
leaf-buds plump2 leaves folded          
upward1 obovate or oval1 one and        
one-eighth inches wide1 two      and    
one-half inches long1 thin2 margin      
finely serrate1 with      small dark    
glands2 petiole one-half inch long1     
glandless or      with one or two       
glands2 blooming season intermediate in 
time      and length2 flowers appearing 
after the leaves1 seven-eighths         
inch across1 densely clustered2 borne   
usually in twos1 fragrant4        ,fruit
 late1 season of medium length2         
seven-eighths inch      by              

three-quarters inch in size1 oval1      
slightly necked1      purplish-black1   
overspread with very thick bloom2 flesh 
greenish-yellow1 medium juicy1 firm but 
tender1 sour1      sprightly2 probably  
good for preserves2 stone clinging1     
five-eighths inch by three-eighths inch 
in size1 oval1 acute at      the base1  
with surfaces nearly smooth4      ,,czar
    ,prunus domestica        #a4 ,hogg  
,fruit ,man4 #fic4 #ahhd4 #b4 ,ellwanger
  ,barry ,cat4      #bg4 #ahhf4 #c4     
,gard4 ,chron4 #aj3ccc4 #ahia4 #d4      
,guide      ,prat4 #aec1 #cei4 #ahie4   
#e4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahc4      
#ahig4 #f4 ,rivers ,cat4 #cd4 #ahih4 #g4
 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #afi3bdb1 #bdd4
 #ahii4 #h4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #aac3aei4 
#ahii4      #i4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ii4
 #aija4 #aj4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't    
#d3aeg4 #aija4 #aa4 ,nicholson ,dict4   
,gard4 #c3aff4 #ab4      ,garden        
#fh3cjc4 #aije4 #ac4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4  
#afb3bcf1 #bcg      fig41 #bed1 #bee4   
#aije4        ,le ,czar #d4 ,the ,czar  

#b1 #f1 #aa4 ,the ,czar #d4    ,czar    
seems to have a very good reputation in 
,europe1 in ,england  especially1 as a  
culinary fruit but in ,america it is but
 second rate for  cooking and cannot be 
called a dessert plum at all4 ,its      
earliness might  make it valuable were  
it not for the fact that ,clyman is as  
early and in  nearly all other respects 
is a better plum4 ,the ,czar1 like      
,clyman1 is  not quite hardy and lacks  
somewhat in productiveness4 ,the stone  
of ,czar  is usually covered with a     
granular1 gummy exudation about the apex
 and  its flowers are peculiar in being 
more or less doubled4 ,it is doubtful   
if this variety is worth planting in    
,new ,york4 ,this plum was raised by    
,thomas ,rivers1 ,sawbridgeworth1       
,england1 from a ,prince ,englebert seed
  fertilized by ,early ,prolific4 ,it   
first fruited in #ahgd and was named for
  the ,czar of ,russia who visited      
,england during the same year4          
,ellwanger   ,barry1 of ,rochester1 ,new

 ,york1 offered it for sale in the      
,united ,states  in #ahhf4        ,tree 
intermediate in size and vigor1 round   
and open-topped1      not always hardy1 
moderately productive2 branches covered 
with many fruit-spurs1 smooth except for
 the numerous raised      lenticels and 
transverse cracks in the bark2          
branchlets covered      with thick      
pubescence throughout the season1 with  
numerous      small lenticels2 leaf-buds
 large1 strongly free2 leaves folded    
upward1 oval1 one and three-quarters    
inches wide1 three inches      long2    
petiole one-half inch long1 thick1      
pubescent1 eglandular      or with one  
or two large1 yellowish-green glands at 
the base      of the leaf2 blooming     
season intermediate in time1 short2     
flowers appearing after the leaves1 one 
inch or more across1      white1 with a 
yellowish tinge at the apex of the      
petals2 borne      in clusters on       
lateral spurs1 in pairs or in threes2   
filaments      five-sixteenths inch     

long2 pistil glabrous except at the     
base1      slightly longer than the     
stamens4        ,fruit very early1      
season short2 one and one-half inches   
in diameter1 irregular roundish-oval1   
compressed1 dark      purplish-black1   
overspread with thick bloom2 flesh      
yellow1      coarse and somewhat        
granular1 fibrous1 tender1 sweet1       
pleasant      flavor2 good2 stone free1 
three-quarters inch by five-eighths     
inch in size1 oval or slightly ovate1   
blunt at the base1      somewhat acute  
at the apex1 with ridged and roughened  
surfaces2      ventral suture wide1     
broadly furrowed1 with a short blunt    
wing2      dorsal suture acute or with a
 narrow1 shallow1 indistinct            
groove4      ,,damson    ,prunus        
insititia        #a4 ,parkinson ,par4   
,ter4 #egh4 #afbi4 #b4 ,gerard ,herball 
#adif1      #adih4 #afcf4 #c4 ,quintinye
 ,com4 ,gard4 #fg4 #afii4 #d4 ,langley  
,pomona #id4 #agbd4 #e4 ,forsyth ,treat4
 ,fr4 ,trees #ba4 #ahjc4      #f4 ,am4  

,gard4 ,cat4 #ehh4 #ahjf4 #g4 ,phillips 
,com4 ,orch4      #cjf4 #ahca4 #h4      
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ade1 #adf4   
#ahca4 #i4      ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #big4 #ahde4 #aj4 ,thomas ,am4     
,fruit      ,cult4 #cdb4 #ahdi4 #aa4    
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #hf4 #ahfb4 #ab4      
,hooper      ,w4 ,fr4 ,book #bdd4 #aheg4
 #ac4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3fi4 #ahgc4    
#ad4 ,manning ,hist4 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 #d4 #ahhj4 #ae4 ,hogg      ,fruit ,man4
 #fie4 #ahhd4 #af4 ,de ,candolle ,or4   
,cult4 ,plants      #bab4 #ahhe4 #ag4   
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dch4 #ahhi4 #ah4  
,am4      ,gard4 #ad3adf1 #adg4 #ahic4  
,august ,pflaume #ag4 ,blacke ,damascene
 8#a4 ,blew ,damson #a4 ,black          
,damascene #e4 ,black ,damson 8#h4      
,black ,damson #i1 #aa1 #ag4 ,blew      
,damask #c4 ,black ,damosine #d4 ,blue  
,damson #aj1 #aa4 ,bullace      #ag4    
,common ,damson #f1 #ae4 ,common ,damson
 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ag4            
,damascene #b4 ,damascene #g1 #af4      
,damson #ag4 ,damas ,noir 8#h4          

,damascus 8#h4 ,damas ,commun #ac4      
,early ,damson of many #i1 #aj1         
#ag4 ,haber ,pflaume #ag4 ,hafer        
,schlehe #ag4 ,jakobs ,pflaume      #ag4
 ,kleine ,blaue ,julians ,pflaume #ag4  
,kreke #ag4 ,krieche      #ag4 ,purple  
,damson #i1 #aj1 #ag4 ,prunus ,insititia
 #ag4 ,round      ,damson #h1 #ae4      
,round ,black ,damson 8#h4 ,small ,round
 ,damson      #h4 ,sankt-,julians       
,pflaume #ag4 ,schlehen ,pflaume #ag4   
,wahre      ,schlehen ,damascene #ag4   
,zipperle #ag4 ,zipperlein #ag4    ,the 
common ,damson1 the ,damson of the      
ancients1 probably little changed  since
 before ,christ's time1 is still worthy 
of cultivation even though  a score or  
more of its offspring are offered to    
take its place4 ,in  productiveness1    
vigor of tree and hardiness it is       
scarcely surpassed by  any of its kind  
and while its fruits are smaller and    
more astringent  than the best of its   
offspring they are not surpassed for the
 chief use  of all ,damsons--the making 

of preserves4 ,the chief asset of the   
,damson  is its great adaptability to   
various soils and climates1 surpassing  
all  newcomers of its type in this      
respect4 ,so while undoubtedly some of  
the improved ,damsons surpass the parent
 variety under many conditions1  there  
yet remain localities in which the      
original stock is possibly most         
valuable4    ,the ,damson takes its name
 from ,damascus from whence it was      
brought into  ,italy at least a century 
before the ,christian era4 ,what is a   
,damson8  ,in ,england and ,america it  
is an oval1 usually black1 ,insititia4  
,the  ,european continental countries   
have an entirely different conception of
  a ,damson from that of the ,english   
and ,americans4 ,the ,germans speak of  
our common plums as ,damson-like1 while 
the ,french use the term ,damas         
indiscriminately4 ,the ,english1        
however1 have not always made a sharp   
distinction for ,parkinson in #afbi     
speaks of the great ,damaske or ,damson 

,plummes as sweet prunes imported from  
,france and ,gerard in #afcf described  
the ,damson tree as synonymous to the   
,plum4 ,the term ,damson is applied to  
a group as well as to a variety4 ,for a 
further history of this plum in  ,europe
 and ,america see the index for         
references to the ,damson in ,chapter   
,i4      ,,dawson    ,prunus domestica  
,dawson ,seedling4 ,american ,prune4    
,dawson is a prune-like plum            
characterized by an elongated neck1 a   
peculiar putty-like color of flesh and  
by large size4 ,the quality is very     
good and the trees in all characters are
 well up to the average of those  of the
 plums on the ,station grounds4 ,the    
plum is worthy a more extensive  trial  
than it has yet had4 ,the following     
history of the variety is given  by its 
originator3 ,in #ahhd1 ,p4 ,p4 ,dawson  
of ,payette1 ,idaho1 planted a  lot of  
,italian prune pits4 ,in #ahia one of   
the seedlings produced fruit  which was 
so distinct as to size that ,mr4 ,dawson

 deemed it worthy of  propagation4 ,the 
variety was introduced by ,mr4 ,dawson  
and ,a4 ,f4 ,hitt1  ,weiser1 ,idaho1    
about #ahih4        ,tree above medium  
in size1 vigorous1 round and            
dense-topped1      productive2          
branchlets thick1 short1 twiggy1 marked 
with      scarf-skin2 leaf-scars        
prominent2 leaves flattened1 oval1 two  
and one-quarter inches wide1 four inches
 long1 dark green1      rugose2 margin  
doubly crenate1 eglandular or with small
 dark      glands2 petiole pubescent1   
glandless or with one or two small      
glands usually at the base of the leaf2 
blooming season late1      short2       
flowers appearing with the leaves1 white
 with yellowish      tinge2 petals      
fringed at the apex4        ,fruit      
mid-season1 ripening period short2      
medium in size1      strongly obovate1  
distinctly necked1 dark reddish-purple1 
overspread with medium thick bloom2     
flesh light but dull      yellow1 tinged
 red near the surface1 dry1 firm1 medium

 sweet1      mild but pleasant2 of good 
quality2 stone clinging1 above          
medium in size1 long-oval or ovate1     
flattened1 distinctly      necked1 with 
roughened surfaces2 ventral suture      
broad1 blunt4      ,,decaisne    ,prunus
 domestica        #a4 ,gard4 ,chron4    
#bc3dfa4 #ahfc4 #b4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4    
#b3dc4 #ahgc4 #c4 ,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4    
,france #daa4 #ahhg4 #d4      ,guide    
,prat4 #aei4 #ahie4        ,decaisnes   
,pflaume #b4 ,prune ,decaisne #a1 #b4   
,though a supposed seedling of ,golden  
,drop this variety has all of the       
ear-marks of one of the ,reine ,claude  
group4 ,it is inferior to several  other
 plums of the last named group and is   
not worth recommendation4  ,decaisne was
 originated about #ahdf by ,jamin and   
,durand1 nurserymen1 at  ,bourg         
la-,reine1 near ,paris1 ,france1 from   
seed of ,golden ,drop4 ,in the  ,united 
,states1 it has been mainly distributed 
by ,ellwanger  ,barry of  ,rochester1   
,new ,york1 and by the ,california      

,nursery ,company of ,niles1            
,california4        ,tree intermediate  
in size and vigor1 upright-spreading1   
rather      open-topped1 productive2    
trunk rough2 leaves two inches wide1    
four inches long1 oval1 thick1 leathery2
 upper surface rugose2      lower       
surface thinly pubescent2 petiole with  
from two to three      large1 globose or
 reniform glands4        ,fruit         
mid-season or later2 one and            
seven-eighths inches by one      and    
five-eighths inches in size1            
oblong-oval1 greenish-yellow1           
overspread with thin bloom2 skin sour2  
flesh greenish-yellow1      tender1     
mild2 good2 stone clinging1 one inch by 
seven-eighths      inch in size1        
broad-oval1 with pitted surfaces2       
ventral suture      rather prominent1   
heavily grooved1 with a short but       
distinct      wing2 dorsal suture wide1 
deep4      ,,de ,,caradeuc              
,illustration3 ,,de ,,caradeuc          
,prunus cerasifera        #a4 ,am4 ,pom4

 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hf4 #ahga4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,cat4      #ch4 #ahgg4 #c4 ,barry 
,fr4 ,garden #dah4 #ahhc4 #d4 ,cornell  
,sta4      ,bul4 #ch3ff1 #ga1 #hf4      
#ahib4 #e4 ,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fruits   
#bab4      #ahih4 #f4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4   
,rpt4 #ac3cfi4 #aijj4 #g4 ,waugh ,plum  
,cult4 #bcj4 #aija4 #h4 ,budd-,hansen   
,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #caj4 #aijc4      #i4 
,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bgd4 #aijd4 #aj4   
,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,cat4 #ac4 #aije4
        ,caradeuc #a4    ,de ,caradeuc  
is without value in this climate for its
 fruit and is  described at length and  
illustrated in ,the ,plums of ,new ,york
 only  because it is one of the few     
representatives of ,prunus cerasifera   
cultivated for its fruit4 ,the plums are
 garnet-red1 very attractive in         
appearance and are borne so much earlier
 than those of other species  that the  
variety may be worth planting in home   
orchards to lengthen the  season and for
 the sake of variety4 ,this plum is     
grown rather commonly  in the ,south    

where the fruits are said to keep well  
and not rot4 ,the  trees are handsome   
ornamentals bearing remarkably rich1    
green foliage and  a profusion of white 
flowers which are followed by           
beautifully colored  fruits4 ,the       
variety can be recommended for lawn or  
park where a small1  compact1 flowering 
tree is wanted4    ,de ,caradeuc        
originated with ,a4 ,de ,caradeuc1      
,aiken1 ,south ,carolina1  between #ahej
 and #ahed4 ,mr4 ,de ,caradeuc brought  
plum trees from ,france  and planted    
them in the vicinity of several native  
plum trees4 ,from the  seed of the      
former he produced this variety4 ,the   
originator believed  his new plum to be 
a hybrid but practically all students of
 plum botany  think that it is a pure   
offshoot of ,prunus cerasifera4 ,the    
variety was  introduced by ,p4 ,j4      
,berckmans of ,augusta1 ,georgia4 ,in   
#ahgg ,de ,caradeuc  was placed on the  
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog list where  it is still         

maintained4        ,tree very large1    
vigorous1 spreading1 open-topped1       
variable      in productiveness2 trunk  
rough2 branches slender1 roughish or    
smooth1 dark ash-gray1 with numerous1   
large1 raised lenticels2      branchlets
 very numerous1 twiggy1 slender1 medium 
to long1 with      long internodes1     
tinged with red when young1 changing to 
dull      reddish-brown1 glossy1        
glabrous1 with few1 small lenticels2    
leaf-buds very small and short1 obtuse1 
appressed4        ,leaves numerous on   
the branchlets1 becoming scattering in  
the      interior of the tree1 folded   
upward1 oval1 one and one-eighth        
inches wide1 two inches long1 thin2     
upper surface dark green1      sparingly
 pubescent1 smooth1 with broadly grooved
 midrib2      lower surface pale green1 
pubescent2 apex acute1 base broadly     
cuneate1 margin often in two series of  
fine serrations1      without glands2   
petiole slender1 one-half inch long1    
slightly      pubescent1 tinged red1    

eglandular or with one or two very      
small1 globose1 greenish glands usually 
at the base of the leaf4                
,blooming season rather early1 short2   
flowers appearing      after the leaves1
 seven-eighths inch across1 white2 borne
      on lateral buds and spurs2        
pedicels eleven-sixteenths inch         
long1 below medium in thickness1        
glabrous1 green2 calyx-tube             
reddish1 campanulate1 glabrous2         
calyx-lobes broad1 obtuse1      slightly
 glandular-serrate1 pubescent1 strongly 
reflexed2      petals roundish or ovate1
 crenate1 not clawed2 anthers yellow2   
filaments one-quarter inch in length2   
pistil glabrous1 longer      than the   
stamens1 somewhat defective4            
,fruit very early1 season short2 one and
 one-quarter inches      in diameter1   
roundish1 halves usually equal2 cavity  
shallow      and narrow1 abrupt1        
regular2 suture a dark red line2 apex   
roundish2 color light or dark           
crimson-red over a yellow ground1       

overspread with thin bloom2 dots few1   
light russet1 clustered      about the  
apex2 stem slender1 eleven-sixteenths   
inch in length1      glabrous1 adhering 
well to the fruit2 skin thin1 tough1    
parting      readily2 flesh medium      
yellow1 very juicy1 fibrous1 tender     
and melting1 slightly sweet1 lacking in 
flavor2 inferior in      quality2 stone 
clinging1 five-eighths inch by one-half 
inch      in size1 roundish-oval1       
turgid1 blunt1 with somewhat pitted     
surfaces2 ventral suture acute1         
furrowed2 dorsal suture      distinctly 
and broadly grooved4      ,,de ,,soto   
,illustration3 ,,de ,,soto    ,prunus   
americana        #a4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 
,rpt4 #bbe4 #ahgg4 #b4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4
      ,rpt4 #cef4 #ahgi4 #c4 ,ibid4     
#aei4 #ahhj4 #d4 ,ibid4 #bcg4           
#ahhb4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #db4  
#ahhc4 #f4 ,ia4 ,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt4 
#cff4 #ahhc4 #g4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #fc4 #ahij4      #h4 ,cornell     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3cg1 #hf4 #ahib4 #i4     

,wis4 ,sta4      ,bul4 #fc3bd1 #ce1 #cf1
 fig4 #af4 #ahig4 #aj4 ,waugh ,plum     
,cult4      #adg4 #aija4 #aa4           
,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #bie4   
#aijc4 #ab4      ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4
 #dc3cj4 #aijc4 #ac4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4    
,bul4      #ic3ae4 #aije4        ,traer 
#c4 ,trayer #d4    ,de ,soto probably   
holds first place among the ,americana  
plums in the favor  of fruit-growers4   
,the qualities which commend it are3 ,a 
tree rather  better suited to the       
orchard than other varieties of ,prunus 
americana  having little of the         
waywardness of most sorts of its species
 and  somewhat the manner of growth of  
the ,european plums4 ,the trees1 too1   
are  enormously productive1 so much so  
that in many cases their vitality is    
weakened by over-bearing unless thinned4
 ,the fruits of ,de ,soto1 while not  as
 large nor as brilliantly colored as    
some of the ,americanas1 are not        
surpassed by any of the native plums in 
quality and keep and ship as well  as   

any4 ,the variety becomes1 therefore1 a 
market sort of value in some  regions4  
,the fruits are a little more subject to
 curculio than those of  most of the    
native plums and the trees blight in the
 ,south somewhat and  do not stand the  
drouths of the ,mississippi ,valley as  
well as some other  varieties4          
,notwithstanding these defects1 speaking
 generally1 the ,de ,soto  may be       
recommended as one of the best of its   
species4    ,de ,soto was found on the  
bank of the ,mississippi ,river near ,de
 ,soto1  ,wisconsin4 ,the first settler 
to call attention to the plum was a ,mr4
  ,tupper who settled on the land where 
it was found in #ahec or #ahed4 ,the    
,trayer ,brothers bought the place in   
#ahee and in clearing the farm they     
removed all the plum trees except a     
grove of what was at first called       
,trayer1 afterwards ,de ,soto4 ,later   
,stephen ,heal came into possession  of 
the property and in #ahfd ,elisha ,hale1
 ,lansing1 ,iowa1 commenced to          

cultivate and disseminate the variety4  
,de ,soto was placed on the ,american   
,pomological ,society fruit catalog list
 in #ahhc1 dropped in #ahia1 and        
restored again in #ahig4        ,tree   
small1 intermediate in vigor1 spreading1
 open-topped1      perfectly hardy1     
produces heavy crops annually1 bears    
young2      branches rough and shaggy1  
somewhat zigzag1 thorny1 dark           
ash-brown1 with inconspicuous1 small1   
raised1 lenticels2      branchlets      
numerous1 long1 green1 changing to dull 
reddish-brown1 pubescent at first1      
becoming glabrous late      in the      
season1 with conspicuous1 large1 raised 
lenticels2      leaf-buds below medium  
in size1 pointed1 appressed4            
,leaves falling early1 folded upward1   
oval1 one and      three-quarters inches
 wide1 four inches long2 upper surface  
dark green changing to greenish-yellow1 
glossy1 with scattering      hairs and a
 narrow1 grooved midrib2 lower surface  
finely      pubescent2 apex             

taper-pointed1 base somewhat abrupt1    
margin      very coarsely and deeply    
doubly serrate1 petiole five-eighths    
inch long1 of medium thickness1         
pubescent1 tinged red1      glandless or
 with one or two globose1 brownish      
glands on the      stalk4               
,blooming season medium to late and of  
average length2 flowers      appearing  
after the leaves1 one and one-eighth    
inches across1      white2 borne in     
clusters on lateral buds and spurs1 in  
twos and      threes2 pedicels          
eleven-sixteenths inch in length1 below 
medium      in thickness1 covered with  
short1 thick pubescence1 greenish2      
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1          
pubescent2 calyx-lobes somewhat         
acute1 eglandular1 thickly pubescent on 
both surfaces1 with a      swollen ring 
at the base of the lobes1 semi-reflexed2
 petals      oblong or ovate1 erose1    
tapering abruptly into long1 narrow     
claws2 anthers yellowish2 filaments     
three-eighths inch in      length2      

pistil glabrous1 equal to or shorter    
than the stamens4        ,fruit         
mid-season1 ripening period short2 one  
and one-half      inches in diameter1   
roundish1 varying to oval or ovate1     
compressed1 often strongly truncate at  
the base2 cavity shallow      or medium1
 abrupt2 suture very shallow or a line2 
apex roundish      or somewhat pointed2 
color yellowish-red becoming a light or 
dark crimson over an orange-yellow      
ground1 overspread with thin      bloom2
 dots very numerous1 small1 light       
russet1 inconspicuous2      stem rather 
slender1 three-quarters inch long1      
sparingly      pubescent2 skin thick1   
tough1 very astringent1 clinging to the 
pulp2 flesh golden-yellow1 very juicy1  
fibrous1 tender and      melting1 of    
medium sweetness1 mild2 fair to good2   
stone nearly      free1 seven-eighths   
inch in size1 oval1 turgid1             
blunt-pointed1      smooth2 ventral     
suture bluntly acute and with slight    
furrows2      dorsal suture acute1 not  

furrowed4      ,,diamond                
,illustration3 ,,diamond    ,prunus     
domestica        #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,cat4 #adf4 #ahca4 #b4 ,kenrick ,am4   
,orch4 #bei4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees ,am4 #bih4 #ahde4 #d4      ,lee  
,gen4 ,farmer #f3ada4 #ahde4 #e4 ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bbb1      #bdd4      
#aheh4 #f4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #fif4     
#ahhd4 #g4 ,mich4 ,hort4      ,soc4     
,rpt4 #cbg4 #ahhi4 #h4 ,guide ,prat4    
#aei1 #cee4 #ahie4 #i4      ,mich4      
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #chb4 #ahie4 #aj4    
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4      #aca3ahc1 fig4
 #dj ,,vi4 #ahig4 #aa4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,cat4 #be4      #ahig4 #ab4 ,vt4 ,sta4  
,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bad1 #bag4 #ahii4 #ac4   
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdd4 #ahii4 #ad4
 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4    
#ib4 #ahii4 #ae4 ,garden #ef3afh4 #ahii4
 #af4 ,can4 ,exp4      ,farm ,bul4      
#dc3cc4 #aijc4 #ag4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms  
,rpt4 #dbc4      #aijc4        ,black   
,diamond #i4 ,black ,diamond #aa1 #ac4  
,diamant #h4      ,diamantpflaume #h4   

,dymond #ae4 ,kentish ,diamond #ag4     
,kingston #ad      incor4 ,smith's      
,prune #g4 ,smith ,prune #ad4    ,to    
judge ,diamond by appearance would be a 
grievous error4 ,it is a large1         
beautifully colored1 well-formed plum1  
tempting the palate2 but one taste  out 
of hand is a sufficiency4 ,the flesh is 
coarse and the flavor not at  all       
pleasant to one accustomed to good      
plums4 ,hogg says1 in the reference     
given1 that ,diamond is one of the best 
preserving and cooking plums but  in    
this case we doubt ,hogg's judgment     
unless1 as may be1 ,diamond is much     
better in ,england than in ,america4    
,the firm flesh and tough skin of the   
variety commend it as a market plum and 
the trees are above the average  in     
size1 vigor1 hardiness and              
productiveness--all characters excepting
  quality bespeaking the favor of       
plum-growers4 ,it is planted largely for
  the markets where1 of course1 it sells
 upon its appearance4    ,according to  

,downing1 this variety was raised from  
seed by an ,englishman1  in ,kent1 named
 ,diamond4 ,kenrick and ,hogg1 however1 
state that it was  raised in the nursery
 of a ,mr4 ,hooker1 in ,kent4 ,the      
,london ,horticultural  ,society briefly
 described this variety in its fruit    
catalog for #ahca so  that its origin   
antedates that year4 ,the ,american     
,pomological ,society  rejected ,diamond
 for its catalog in #aheh but placed it 
in its fruit list  in #ahig4            
,tree above average in size and vigor1  
upright-spreading1      somewhat        
dense-topped1 hardy1 very productive2   
branches      ash-gray1 roughish1 with  
numerous1 small lenticels1 the bark     
marked with transverse lines2 branchlets
 of medium thickness      and length1   
with long internodes1 greenish-red      
changing to dark      brownish-red1     
dull1 somewhat pubescent1 with numerous1
 small      lenticels2 leaf-buds large1 
long1 pointed1 appressed4        ,leaves
 folded upward1 obovate or oval1 one and

 seven-eighths      inches wide1 three  
and one-quarter inches long2 upper      
surface      dark green1 with few hairs 
and with a grooved midrib2 lower        
surface pubescent2 apex obtuse to acute1
 base acute1 margin      serrate1 with  
small1 brown glands2 petiole            
five-eighths inch      long1 slender1   
pubescent1 reddish1 with from one to    
four small1      globose or reniform1   
greenish-yellow glands on the stalk or  
base of the leaf4        ,blooming      
season early or medium1 short2 flowers  
appearing after      the leaves1 one    
inch across1 the buds yellow-tipped     
changing      to white on expanding2    
borne on lateral spurs1 in pairs2       
pedicels five-eighths inch long1        
somewhat slender1 pubescent1      green2
 calyx-tube greenish1 campanulate1      
pubescent2 calyx-lobes      broad1      
obtuse1 pubescent on both surfaces1     
glandular-serrate1      reflexed2 petals
 broadly oval or roundish1 entire or    
slightly      crenate1 tapering to      

short1 broad claws2 anthers roundish1   
yellow2 filaments five-sixteenths inch  
in length2 pistil      lightly pubescent
 at the base1 longer than the stamens4  
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period      
short2 one and seven-eighths      inches
 by one and three-quarters inches in    
size1 oval1 slightly      necked1       
swollen on the ventral side1 compressed2
 cavity      very narrow and abrupt2    
suture shallow1 often a line2 apex      
roundish or pointed2 color deep         
reddish-purple changing to      dark    
purplish-black at full maturity1 with   
thick bloom2 dots      numerous1 small1 
russet1 inconspicuous2 stem slender1 one
 inch      long1 finely pubescent1      
adhering well to the fruit2 skin thin1  
rather sour1 separating readily2 flesh  
pale or golden-yellow1      sometimes   
with a faint red tinge next the skin1   
not juicy1      coarse1 firm but rather 
tender1 mild subacid to nearly sweet1   
not high in flavor2 of fair quality2    
stone with a trace of red1              

semi-clinging1 one and one-eighth inches
 by five-eighths inch      in size1     
long-oval1 necked at the base1 abruptly 
sharp-pointed      at the apex1 with    
pitted surfaces2 ventral suture rather  
broad1      lightly furrowed2 dorsal    
suture widely grooved4      ,,double    
,,flowering ,,gage    ,prunus domestica 
#a4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3ib4  
#agfh4 #b4 ,knoop      ,fructologie #eg4
 #agga4 #c4 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3cb1  
,tab4      #agi fig4 #b4 #agif4 #d4     
,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3di4 #ahcb4 #e4   
,mag4 ,hort4 #i3afe4 #ahdc4 #f4 ,downing
 ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #caf4      #ahde4 #g4 
,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 #a3ahdf4 #h4 ,mas
 ,pom4 ,gen4      #b3dg4 #ahgc4 #i4     
,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #cfc4 #ahie4        
,die grosse ,knigin ,klaudia ,pflaume   
mit halbgefullter ,bluthe #c4           
,dauphin  ,fleurs semi-doubles #e4      
,dauphin  ,fleurs doubles      #e4      
,dauphin  fleurs semi-doubles #e4       
,double-blossomed #e4                   
,double-blossomed ,plum #f4 ,gelbe      

,reneclode ,mit ,gefullter ,bluthe      
#h4 ,prune  ,fleurs ,doubles #h4        
,prunier  fleurs semi-double      #h4   
,prunier  fleur semi-double #a1 #g4     
,prune  ,fleurs ,doubles      #b4       
,prunier  fleur semi-double #d4 ,prune  
,semi-double #d4      ,prune  fleurs    
semi-double #d4 ,reine-,claude          
,semi-,double #h4      ,reine-,claude   
fleur semi-double #d4 ,reine-,claude    
,fleurs      ,semi-double #e1 #i4       
,reine-,claude mit ,halbgefullter       
,bluthe #i4      ,semi-double flowering 
,reine ,claude #d4    ,this is an       
ornamental variety of the ,reine ,claude
 type first noted by  ,duhamel in #agfh4
 ,it was probably well known in ,europe 
at this time for a  little later it was 
mentioned by ,knoop of ,holland and     
,kraft of ,austria4  ,duhamel described 
two varieties2 one with small fruit     
which was insipid  when over-ripe1 and  
the other large and of good flavor4 ,in 
#ahdf1 ,poiteau  thought the latter was 
probably identical with a variety       

growing at  ,luxembourg but he did not  
think the former was extant4 ,in the    
third  edition of the ,london           
,horticultural ,society's catalog1      
yellow and purple  forms were mentioned1
 showing that the variety has been      
represented by  more than one type4 ,it 
is worthy of note that the double       
blossoms1  except in strong soils1 are  
apt to degenerate and become single4    
,the  following description is compiled4
        ,tree irregular and spreading1  
unproductive2 branches brown      on the
 shaded side and blood-red on the sunny 
side2 flowers      large1 semi-double1  
with from twelve to eighteen petals2    
fruit      mid-season2 large1 spherical2
 suture shallow1 sometimes a line2      
flesh greenish-yellow1 tender1 soft1    
juicy1 sweet1 agreeably      aromatic2  
clingstone4      ,,downing              
,illustration3 ,,downing    ,prunus     
munsoniana        #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 
,rpt4 #bhg1 #ahhg4 #b4 ,ibid4 #bge1     
#ddh4      #ahic4 #c4 ,ibid4 #ccd4      

#ahid4 #d4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3bd1    
#cj4 #ahig4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4  
#bd4 #ahig4 #f4 ,waugh ,plum      ,cult4
 #ahe4 #aija4 #g4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4     
#hg3ab4 #aija4 #h4      ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4
 #df3bfi4 #aijj4 #i4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt4 #dde4      #aijc4 #aj4 ,ohio ,sta4
 ,bul4 #afb3bdg fig41 #bed1 #bee4 #aije4
      #aa4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3ae4
 #aije4        ,charles ,downing #a1 #b1
 #c1 #d1 #g4 ,charles ,downing #e1 #f1  
#h1 #aa4    ,downing is one of the best 
varieties of its species4 ,the trees are
 large1  usually productive1 not often  
sterile as are some of its near of kin  
sorts and for a southern plum the       
variety is remarkably hardy1 never      
having suffered in ,geneva from cold4   
,the only fault that can be found  with 
the tree is that the foliage is quite   
susceptible to the shot-hole  fungus4   
,the fruit is particularly attractive   
with its bright1 solid1  garnet-red     
skin1 golden flesh and sweet1 pleasant  
flavor4 ,unfortunately  the flesh is a  

little too fibrous and clings too       
tenaciously to the stone  for pleasant  
eating4 ,downing adds a pleasing variety
 to any collection of  plums and in some
 regions ought to sell with profit to   
the grower for the  markets4    ,h4 ,a4 
,terry of ,crescent1 ,iowa1 grew        
,downing from seed of the ,wild ,goose1 
which the originator thinks was         
fertilized by some ,americana variety4  
,the ,downing1 however1 shows no traces 
of ,americana parentage4 ,it is         
reported as originating in #ahhb and    
first fruiting in #ahhe4 ,the ,american 
,pomological ,society placed this       
variety on its fruit catalog list in    
#ahig4        ,tree large1 spreading1   
flat-topped1 hardy in ,new ,york1       
variable      in productiveness2        
branches rough1 dark gray1 with a few   
large      lenticels2 branchlets        
slender1 with very short internodes1    
greenish-red changing to dull           
reddish-brown1 glossy1 somewhat         
pubescent1 with numerous1 small1        

slightly raised lenticels2              
leaf-buds small1 short1 obtuse1         
appressed4        ,leaves folded upward1
 broadly lanceolate1 peach-like1 one and
      three-eighths inches wide1 three  
inches long1 thin2 upper      surface   
reddish late in the fall1 smooth1       
glabrous1 with      deeply grooved      
midrib2 lower surface glabrous except   
along      the midrib and larger veins2 
apex taper-pointed1 margin very         
finely serrate1 eglandular or sometimes 
with small dark glands2      petiole    
thirteen-sixteenths inch long1 slender1 
tinged with      red1 pubescent along   
one side1 glandless or with from one to 
five small1 globose1 yellowish-red      
glands usually on the stalk4            
,blooming season medium to late1 long2  
flowers appearing after      the leaves1
 one and one-sixteenth inches across1   
the buds      yellow-tipped changing to 
white when expanded1 with a strong1     
disagreeable odor2 borne in dense       
clusters on lateral buds      and spurs1

 in threes2 pedicels eleven-sixteenths  
inch in      length1 very slender1      
glabrous1 greenish2 calyx-tube green1   
obconic1 glabrous2 calyx-lobes below    
medium in width1 acute1      finely     
pubescent on the inner surface only1    
somewhat reflexed1                      
glandular-serrate1 the glands numerous  
and dark colored2      petals oval1     
narrow1 long1 crenate1 tapering beneath 
to long1      narrow claws2 anthers pale
 yellow1 with a faint reddish tinge2    
filaments seven-sixteenths inch in      
length2 pistil slender1      glabrous1  
shorter than the stamens4        ,fruit 
mid-season1 ripening period short2 about
 one and      one-eighth inches in      
diameter1 rather large for its class1   
roundish-ovate1 not compressed1 halves  
equal2 cavity shallow1      narrow1     
flaring2 suture very shallow and        
obscure2 apex roundish      or slightly 
conical2 color garnet-red1 with thin    
bloom2 dots      numerous1 variable in  
size1 grayish-yellow1 conspicuous1      

clustered around the apex2 stem slender1
 about three-eighths      inch in       
length1 glabrous1 parting readily from  
the fruit2      skin thin1 slightly     
astringent1 adhering but little2 flesh  
golden-yellow1 juicy1 coarse1 fibrous1  
tender and somewhat      melting1 very  
sweet next the skin but tart toward the 
center1      aromatic2 good2 stone      
clinging1 three-quarters inch by        
one-half      inch in size1 oval1       
somewhat oblique1 turgid1 roughish2     
ventral      suture narrow1 strongly    
winged2 dorsal suture acute1 unfurrowed4
      ,,drap ,d',,or    ,illustration3  
,,drap ,d',,or    ,prunus insititia     
#a4 ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #b3fi4      
#afii4 #b4 ,langley ,pomona      #id1   
#ig1 ,pl4 #bd fig4 #e4 #agbi4 #c4       
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4      #b3if4 
#agfh4 #d4 ,knoop ,fructologie #eg4     
#agga4 #e4 ,coxe      ,cult4 ,fr4 ,trees
 #bcc fig4 #b4 #ahag4 #f4 ,lond4 ,hort4 
,soc4      ,cat4 #adf4 #ahca4 #g4       
,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ge4 #ahcb4 #h4   

,kenrick      ,am4 ,orch4 #bfa4 #ahcb4  
#i4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #i3afc4 #ahdc4 #aj4    
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bgd4 #ahde4  
#aa4 ,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4             
#a3ahdf4 #ab4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide     
,orch4 ,gard4 #big1 #chc4      #ahdf4   
#ac4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #eaf4      
#ahei4 #ad4 ,hogg ,fruit      ,man4     
#cei1 #cga1 #chg4 #ahff4 #ae4 ,pom4     
,france #g3 ,no4 #ab4 #ahga4      #af4  
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #cf4 #ahge4 #ag4 
,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4      ,france #cej4   
#ahhg4 #ah4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbh4  
#ahhi4 #ai4      ,guide ,prat4 #aec1    
#cei4 #ahie4 #bj4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hort4    
,france      ,pom4 #ech fig4 #aijd4 #ba4
 ,baltet ,cult4 ,fr4 #dhi1 #ejc4 #aijh4 
,cloth of ,gold #b1 #e1 #g1 #ab1 #ad1   
#ah1 #ai4 ,cloth of ,gold ,plum         
#ae4 ,damas ,jaune #ae1 #ah1 #ai4       
,doppelte ,mirabelle #ah4 ,drap         
d',or #a1 #b4 ,drap d',or ,pflaume #ae4 
,drap d',or #g1 #ae1 #ah1      #ai1 #bj1
 #ba4 ,double ,drap d',or #ag4 ,double  
,mirabelle #ag4      ,glauzende gelbe   

,mirabelle #ae4 ,glnzende ,gelbe        
,mirabelle      #ah1 #ai4 ,gold ,pflaume
 #ah4 ,goldfarbige ,pflaume #ae1 #ah1   
#ai4      ,goldstoff #ah4 ,goldzeng #ah4
 ,grosse ,mirabelle 8#g1 #ae1      #ah1 
#ai1 #ba4 ,grosse ,mirabelle #h1 #ba4   
,grosse ,mirabelle ,drap      d',or #ah1
 #ai4 ,mirabelle #ae1 #ag4 ,mirabelle   
,double #ai1 #ba4      ,mirabelle       
,double #c1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1  
#ad1 #ah4 ,mirabelle      ,double de    
,metz #bj4 ,mirabelle de ,nancy #ai1    
#ba4 ,mirabelle de      ,nancy #ad1 #ah4
 ,mirabelle ,drap d',or #ae1 #ah1 #ai4  
,mirabellen #ae4      ,mirabelle grosse 
double de ,metz #ae1 #ah1 #ai4          
,mirabelle ,grosse      de ,nancy #bj4  
,mirabelle ,grosse #ae1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba4  
,mirabelle la      grosse #g1 #ae1 #ah1 
#ai4 ,mirabelle ,grosse #f1 8#g1 #aj1   
#ac1 #ad1      #ae1 #ai4 ,mirabelle     
,perle #ae1 #ah1 #ai4 ,mirabelle von    
,metz      #ae4 ,perdrigon ,htif #ae1   
#bj1 of some #ag1 #ah1 #ai4 ,perdrigon  
,jaune #bj4 ,yellow ,damask 8#ad4       

,yellow ,damask #ad1 #ah4 ,yellow       
,gage of some #e1 #g4 ,yellow ,perdrigon
 #i1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ah1      #ai4 
,drap d',or represents a type of the    
plum hardly known in ,america but very  
popular in continental ,europe and most 
popular of all plums in ,france1  the   
chief plum-growing country of the ,old  
,world4 ,it is probable that the        
division of ,prunus insititia           
represented by ,drap d',or1 the         
,mirabelle  plums1 will thrive in       
,america as well as the commonly grown  
,damsons of  the same species4 ,these   
plums certainly deserve to be far more  
generally  planted than they now are4   
,it is certain from the behavior of the 
few  trees of the ,mirabelle group now  
growing in ,new ,york that they have    
very  decided merit4 ,drap d',or is     
probably not the best of the yellow1    
sweet  ,insititias but it is at least   
well worth trial4    ,according to      
,pomologie ,de ,la ,france1 this variety
 was cited by ,merlet  in #afge and is  

of old and uncertain origin4 ,merlet    
placed the ,mirabelle  and the ,drap    
d',or in the ,damas class1 but ,poiteau 
thought that the  latter was probably a 
cross between ,reine ,claude and        
,mirabelle since  it resembled the      
former in quality and shape and the     
latter in color  and size4 ,yellow      
,damask1 ,mirabelle de ,nancy1 ,yellow  
,perdrigon1 ,gross  ,mirabelle and      
others have proved to be identical with 
the ,drap d',or as  tested in ,europe4  
,whether all of the other synonyms      
mentioned are the  true ,drap d',or is a
 question2 their number indicates that  
there are many  variations in this type 
of the plum4 ,the ,american ,pomological
 ,society  placed ,drap d',or in its    
catalog list in #ahge and withdrew it in
 #ahii4        ,tree small1             
upright-spreading1 dense-topped1 hardy1 
productive2      branches ash-gray1 with
 a brownish tinge1 smooth1 with very    
few1 small lenticels2 branchlets of     
average thickness and      length1      

greenish-red changing to brownish-red1  
dull1 sparingly      pubescent          
throughout the entire season1 with few1 
obscure1      small lenticels2 leaf-buds
 of medium size and length1 conical1    
appressed4        ,leaves folded upward1
 oval1 one and one-fourth inches wide1  
two      and one-half inches long2 upper
 surface slightly roughened1            
covered with numerous hairs1 the midrib 
grooved2 lower surface                  
silvery-green1 pubescent2 apex pointed  
or acute1 base abrupt1      margin      
serrate or crenate1 eglandular or with  
small dark      glands2 petiole one-half
 inch long1 pubescent1 tinged red1      
glandless or with from one to three     
globose1 greenish-yellow      glands    
usually on the stalk4        ,flowers   
fifteen-sixteenths inch across1 the buds
 creamy      changing to white when     
expanded2 borne in clusters on lateral  
spurs1 usually in pairs2 pedicels       
nine-sixteenths inch long1              
sparingly pubescent1 greenish2          

calyx-tube green1 campanulate1          
nearly glabrous2 calyx-lobes obtuse1    
pubescent on both      surfaces1        
glandular-serrate1 somewhat reflexed2   
petals broadly      oval1 crenate or    
sometimes notched at the apex1 tapering 
below to short1 broad claws2 anthers    
yellowish2 filaments                    
five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil       
glabrous1 equal to the      stamens in  
length4        ,fruit mid-season2 one   
and one-eighth inches by one inch in    
size1 roundish-oval1 compressed1 halves 
equal2 cavity shallow1      narrow1     
flaring2 suture very shallow1 often a   
line2 apex      roundish or depressed2  
color greenish-yellow changing to       
golden-yellow1 somewhat mottled and     
blotched1 occasionally with      a faint
 bronze blush on the exposed cheek1     
overspread with      thin bloom2 dots   
numerous1 small1 whitish1 inconspicuous2
 stem      slender1 sparingly pubescent1
 adhering well to the fruit2 skin       
thin1 separating readily2 flesh light   

golden-yellow1 moderately      juicy1   
coarse1 firm but tender1 sweet1 mild2 of
 good quality2      stone free1         
five-eighths inch by one-half inch in   
size1 oval1      flattened1 nearly      
smooth1 blunt at the base and apex2     
ventral      suture wide1 blunt1 smooth2
 dorsal suture shallowly grooved4       
,,duane    ,illustration3 ,,duane       
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,prince    
,treat4 ,hort4 #be4 #ahbh4 #b4 ,kenrick 
,am4 ,orch4      #bfj4 #ahcb4 #c4       
,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ajj4 #ahcb4 #d4  
,downing      ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #big4    
#ahde4 #e4 ,horticulturist #a3aae1 #aaf 
fig4 #cf4 #ahdf4 #f4 ,floy-,lindley     
,guide ,orch4 ,gard4 #dai4 #ahdf4       
#g4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cdc4    
#ahdi4 #h4 ,elliott ,fr4      ,book     
#dah4 #ahed4 #i4 ,horticulturist        
#aj3bec4 #ahee4 #aj4      ,am4 ,pom4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #aia4 #ahef4 #aa4 ,hooper   
,w4 ,fr4 ,book #bdd1      #bej4 #aheg4  
#ab4 ,bridgeman ,gard4 ,ass't #c3abg4   
#aheg4 #ac4      ,downing ,fr4 ,trees   

,am4 #iaj4 #ahfi4 #ad4 ,mich4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,rpt4      #cjc1 #ahgh4 #ae4 ,mas 
,le ,verger #f3gg1 fig4 #ci4 #ahff-gc1  
#af4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ajc3cb4 #ahid4 
#ag4 ,cornell ,sta4      ,bul4 #aca3ahd4
 #ahig4 #ah4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bed1
 #bee4      #aije4 #ai4 ,waugh ,plum    
,cult4 #ajj1 #ajb fig4 #aija4           
,apricot #e incor4 ,dame ,aubert ,violet
 #ab4 ,duane's ,plum #e      incor4     
,duane's ,purple #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1    
#aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #ag4           
,duane's ,purple #ae1 #ai4 ,duane's     
,purple ,french #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4         
,duane's ,french ,purple #ab4 ,duane's  
,large ,purple #c4 ,duane's      ,large 
,orleans #c4 ,duane's ,purple ,french   
#h1 #i4 ,english ,pond's      ,seedling 
#h4 ,pourpre ,de ,duane #ae4 ,pourpre   
,duane #ac4 ,purple      ,magnum ,bonum 
of some #ab1 #ac4 ,purple ,egg of some  
#ab4 ,red      ,magnum ,bonum of some   
#i4    ,this handsome1 purple plum1 very
 well shown in the color-plate1 is one  
of  the half-dozen leading fruits of its

 kind grown in ,new ,york1 favorably    
known the country over and in ,europe as
 well4 ,its popularity is due to  its   
large size1 well-turned shape1 royal    
purple color1 and firm1 golden  flesh1  
characters which fit it admirably for   
the store and the stand4  ,but          
appearance is the only asset of the     
fruit so far as the consumer  is        
concerned--the flesh is dry1 tough1 sour
 and clings to the stone1  making a plum
 unfit for dessert though it does very  
well for culinary  purposes4 ,the fruit 
ripens slowly and colors a week or more 
before ripe2  it is at its best only    
when fully mature4 ,the trees excel in  
size1 vigor  and productiveness and are 
usually hardy and bear their crops well 
distributed and not clustered as in most
 varieties of plums4 ,in minor          
characters1 the trees are distinguished 
by large leaves1 pubescence on  the     
under side and by grayish-drab shoots   
covered with dense pubescence4  ,duane  
is generally found to be a very         

profitable market plum and if it  were  
only better in quality we could heartily
 join in recommending it4    ,duane     
originated as a seedling in the garden  
of ,james ,duane1 ,duanesburgh1  ,new   
,york1 about #ahbj4 ,for several years1 
the variety was distributed by  the     
,prince nurseries under the name        
,duane's ,purple ,french4 ,this error   
was caused by ,judge ,duane's           
accidentally sending ,william ,prince1  
of  ,flushing1 grafts of this seedling  
instead of a ,french plum#baj which he  
had imported in #ahbj4 ,when this       
mistake was discovered by ,downing and  
,tomlinson about #ahdf1 the word ,french
 was dropped and the plum became  known 
as ,duane's ,purple and later1 according
 to the rules of the ,american          
,pomological ,society1 as ,duane4 ,in   
#ahef1 it was listed by the ,american   
,pomological ,society as promising well 
and in #ahfb it was placed on the  list 
of the fruit catalog4        ,tree      
large1 vigorous1 round and dense-topped1

 hardy and      productive2 branches    
ash-gray1 smooth except for the numerous
      small1 raised lenticels2          
branchlets medium to thick1 variable    
in length1 with short internodes1       
greenish-red changing to dark           
brownish-drab1 dull1 thickly pubescent1 
with raised lenticels      intermediate 
in number and size2 leaf-buds of average
 size and      length1 conical or       
pointed1 free4        ,leaves folded    
backward1 obovate or oval1 one and      
one-half      inches wide1 three and    
one-half inches long2 upper surface     
dark green1 pubescent1 rugose1 with a   
narrow groove on the      midrib2 lower 
surface silvery-green1 pubescent2 apex  
acute1      base cuneate1 margin        
serrate1 eglandular or with small amber 
glands2 petiole one-half inch long1     
pubescent1 tinged with red1             
eglandular or with one or two small1    
globose1 greenish-brown      glands on  
the stalk or base of the leaf4          
,blooming season rather early1 of       

average length2 flowers      appearing  
before the leaves1 one inch across1     
white2 developing      from lateral     
buds1 singly or in pairs2 pedicels      
nine-sixteenths      inch long1 thick1  
pubescent1 greenish2 calyx-tube green1  
campanulate1 pubescent2 calyx-lobes     
broad1 obtuse1 pubescent      on both   
surfaces1 glandular-serrate1 erect2     
petals roundish1      entire1           
short-clawed2 anthers yellowish2        
filaments one-quarter      inch long2   
pistil pubescent on the ovary1 longer   
than the      stamens4        ,fruit    
mid-season1 ripening period of average  
length2 one and      three-quarters     
inches by one and five-eighths inches in
 size1      broadly oblong-oval or      
obovate1 compressed1 halves unequal2    
cavity shallow1 narrow1 abrupt2 suture  
variable in depth2 apex      roundish or
 depressed2 color dark reddish-purple   
changing to      purplish-black on the  
sunny side1 overspread with thick bloom2
      dots numerous1 light russet2 stem 

three-quarters inch long1               
pubescent1 adhering well to the fruit2  
skin below medium in      thickness1    
tough1 sour1 separating readily2 flesh  
pale yellow1      lacking in juice1     
firm1 sour unless fully ripe2 of fair   
quality2 stone adhering1 seven-eighths  
inch by five-eighths      inch in size1 
oval1 with pitted surfaces1 blunt at the
 base and      apex2 ventral suture     
wide1 blunt2 dorsal suture with a broad1
      deep groove4      ,,earliest ,,of 
,,all    ,prunus triflora        #a4    
,gard4 ,mon4 #cfh4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,cornell  
,sta4 ,bul4 #fb3cb1      #ahid4 #c4     
,normand ,cat4 #b4 #ahie-if4 #d4 ,thomas
 ,am4 ,fruit      ,cult4 #eaf4 #ahig4   
#e4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #age3acj1 fig4 
#bd4      #ahii4 #f4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4
 #ace4 #aija4        ,earliest of ,all  
#d4 ,wasse ,sumomo #e1 #f4 ,wasse       
,sumomo #c4      ,yosobe #a4 ,yosete #d4
 ,yosebe #e1 #f4 ,yosobe #b4 ,yosebe #b4
    ,earliest of ,all was imported by   
,h4 ,h4 ,berger of ,san ,francisco from 

,japan  under the name ,yosebe1 which   
later became changed to ,yosobe1 and in 
#ahig  ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey gave the variety 
the name ,earliest of ,all to avoid the 
confusion in the earlier nomenclature4  
,the ,wasse ,sumomo introduced by  ,j4  
,l4 ,normand1 ,marksville1 ,louisiana1  
in #ahie1 is the ,earliest of ,all4     
,the variety may have some value because
 of its extreme earliness4 ,it is1      
however1 too small1 too unattractive in 
color and too poor in quality  ever to  
be other than a kitchen plum4           
,tree intermediate in size and vigor1   
vasiform1 unproductive2      branchlets 
dark red1 marked with thick scarf-skin2 
leaf-scars      prominent2 leaves       
reddish late in the season1             
narrow-obovate1      one and one-half   
inches wide1 three inches long2 margin  
finely      serrate1 with small1        
reddish-black glands2 petiole tinged    
red1      glandless or with from one to 
seven glands usually on the      stalk2 
blooming season early2 flowers appearing

 before the      leaves1 white with a   
little pink2 borne in threes and fours4 
,fruit very early2 one inch in diameter1
 roundish or      roundish-oblong1 light
 or dark pinkish-red1 covered with thin 
bloom2 flesh light yellow1 rather dry1  
soft1 inferior in      flavor2 of poor  
quality2 stone clinging1 five-eighths   
inch by      three-eighths inch in size1
 flattened1 oval4      ,,early ,,orleans
    ,prunus domestica        #a4        
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3hj1 ,pl4 
,,xx fig4 #a4 #agfh4      #b4 ,forsyth  
,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #ba4 #ahjc4 #c4     
,lond4 ,hort4      ,soc4 ,cat4 #aej1    
#aea4 #ahca4 #d4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4    
#b3fb1 #fh4      #ahcb4 #e4 ,kenrick    
,am4 ,orch4 #bfj1 #bfi4 #ahcb4 #f4      
,downing      ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cjd4    
#ahde4 #g4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 
,gard4 #bhf1 #bhi1 #bid1 #chb1 #chc4    
#ahdf4 #h4 ,poiteau ,pom4      ,franc4  
#a3ahdf4 #i4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't    
#eaf4 #ahei4 #aj4      ,hogg ,fruit     
,man4 #cfj4 #ahff4 #aa4 ,pom4 ,france   

#g3 ,no4 #af4      #ahga4 #ab4 ,mas ,le 
,verger #f3he4 #ahff-gc4 #ac4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #dcj4 #ahhb4 #ad4 ,trait    
,prat4 ,sech4 ,fruits #agb4      #ahic4 
#ae4 ,guide ,prat4 #aeb1 #cfj4 #ahie4   
#af4 ,soc4 ,nat4      ,hort4 ,france    
,pom4 #edb fig4 #aijd4        ,altesse  
du ,roi #af4 ,damascena ,dominicalis    
,praecox #ac1 #ae4      ,de ,monsieur   
#af4 ,de ,monsieur ,htive #ae4 ,du ,roi 
#ae4 ,early      ,monsieur #ab4 ,early  
,monsieur #d1 #e4 ,early ,orleans #aa1  
#ab1 #ac1      #ae4 ,frhe ,herrnpflaume 
#ac4 ,frhe ,herrnpflaume #aa4 ,frhe     
,herzogspflaume #aa1 #ac1 #ae4 ,frhe    
,hernnpflaume #ab4 ,frhe                
,herrnpflaume #ae4 ,grimwood ,early     
,orleans #aj1 #ac4 ,grimwood's          
,early ,orleans #c1 #f1 #i1 #aa1 #ae4   
,hampton ,court #c1 #f1 #g1 #i1 #aj1    
#aa1 #ac1 #ae4 ,knigspflaume #aa1 8#ac1 
8#ae4 ,monsieur #aa1 #ac       #ae      
incor4 ,monsieur ,htif #a1 #g1 #aa1 #ab1
 #ae4 ,monsieur ,htif #c1      #d1 #e1  
#f1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #af4         

,monsieur ,htive #d4 ,monsieur          
,htif de ,montmorency #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1  
#aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,new ,early         
,orleans #c1 #f1 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4
 ,new ,orleans #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1         
#ac1 #ae1 #af4 ,new ,orleans #aa4       
,orleans #c4 ,prune de ,monsieur        
,htif #ac4 ,prune de ,monsieur ,htif #h4
 ,prune de ,monsieur      ,htive #ab4   
,prunus damascena dominicalis praecox   
#aa4 ,prune      du ,roi #ad4 ,prune du 
,roi #aa1 #ac4 ,red ,orleans #aa1 #ac1  
#ae4      ,wilmot's ,early ,orleans #d1 
#g4 ,wilmot's ,early ,orleans #c1 #i1   
#aj1      #aa1 #ac1 #ae4 ,wilmot's      
,large ,orleans #c1 #d1 #f4 ,wilmot's   
,late      ,orleans 8#g4 ,wilmot's ,new 
,early ,orleans #c1 #e1 #f4 ,wilmot's   
,new      ,early ,orleans #g4 ,wilmot's 
,orleans #c1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1    
#ae4    ,early ,orleans has been planted
 very little in ,america and then       
chiefly  because of its reputation in   
,europe4 ,while it appears to be a very 
good plum in most respects as it grows  

on the ,station grounds1 being          
attractive in appearance1 of good       
flavor1 a freestone and firm enough  to 
ship well1 it surpasses in none of these
 characters and the fruit is  so small  
as to make it a poor competitor among   
the purple plums of its  season4 ,it    
does not deserve the reputation in      
,america that pomologists  have given it
 in ,europe4 ,in ,france the ,early     
,orleans1 under the name of  ,prune du  
,roi1 is used in prune-making but it    
seems not to have been so  used in      
,america4    ,early ,orleans is old and 
of unknown origin4 ,duhamel in #agfh    
considered  it a variety of the         
,orleans1 differing only in the time of 
ripening but  there are additional      
differences as can be seen in the       
descriptions of  the two4 ,it is true1  
however1 that these two plums are very  
similar4  ,according to ,kenrick1       
,wilmot's ,new ,early ,orleans was      
raised by ,john  ,wilmot1 an            
,englishman4 ,though it may be of       

separate origin it is  practically      
identical with the ,early ,orleans4     
,tree small1 upright-spreading1 hardy1  
productive2 branches      ash-gray1     
smooth1 with small1 inconspicuous1 oval 
lenticels2      branchlets thick1 with  
rather short internodes1 covered with   
thin bloom and marked with scarf-skin1  
dull brownish-drab1      pubescent1 with
 a medium number of small1 raised       
lenticels2      leaf-buds intermediate  
in size and length1 conical1 free1      
plump2 leaf-scars enlarged4             
,leaves folded upward1 two and          
one-quarter inches wide1 four           
inches long1 roundish-oval or obovate1  
thick2 apex abruptly      pointed1 base 
acute1 margin crenate and with small1   
dark      glands2 upper surface light   
green1 sparingly pubescent and      with
 a grooved midrib2 lower surface        
silvery-green1 pubescent2      petiole  
three-quarters inch long1 thick1        
pubescent1 faintly      tinged red1 with
 from one to three large1 globose glands

 mostly      on the stalk4              
,season of bloom intermediate in time   
and length2 flowers      appearing after
 the leaves1 nearly one-half inch       
across1 white1      the buds            
yellow-tipped as they unfold2 borne in  
clusters on      short lateral spurs1 in
 pairs2 pedicels one-half inch long1    
thick1 pubescent1 green2 calyx-tube     
greenish1 campanulate1      thinly      
pubescent2 calyx-lobes broad1 obtuse1   
glandular1      pubescent on both       
surfaces1 reflexed2 petals roundish1    
entire1      not clawed2 filaments      
five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil       
glabrous1 equal to the stamens in       
length4    ,fruit early1 season short2  
one and one-quarter inches in diameter1 
roundish-oval1 slightly truncate1 halves
 equal2 cavity shallow1 narrow1  abrupt2
 suture shallow or a line2 apex roundish
 to flattened or sometimes  depressed1  
often oblique2 color dark               
reddish-purple1 covered with thick      
bloom2 dots numerous1 small1 russet1    

inconspicuous2 stem of average          
thickness1 five-eighths inch long1      
pubescent1 adhering well to the fruit2  
skin thin1 tough1 not astringent1       
separating readily2 flesh lemon-yellow1 
juicy1 coarse1 firm1 sweet1 mild but    
pleasant2 very good2 stone free1        
three-quarters inch by five-eighths inch
 in size1 oval1 slightly oblique1       
blunt-pointed1 with rough and slightly  
honeycombed surfaces4      ,,early      
,,rivers    ,prunus domestica        #a4
 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cad1 #ahde4 
#b4 ,horticulturist      #d3dj4 #ahdi4  
#c4 ,elliott ,fr4 ,book #dai4 #ahed4 #d4
 ,downing      ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iab4   
#ahfi4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ii4  
#ahga4 #f4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3aag4     
#ahgc4 #g4 ,jour4 ,hort4      #cj3bgc4  
#ahgf4 #h4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4     
,sort4 #dji1 #daa4      #ahha4 #i4 ,hogg
 ,fruit ,man4 #fii4 #ahhd4 #aj4 ,mathieu
 ,nom4      ,pom4 #ddg4 #ahhi4 #aa4     
,lucas ,vollst4 ,hand4 ,obst4 #dgj4     
#ahid4      #ab4 ,guide ,prat4 #aeb1    

#cef4 #ahie4 #ac4 ,rivers ,cat4 #ce4    
#ahih4        ,early ,fruchtbare #ab4   
,early ,prolific #d4 ,early ,rivers #d1 
#aj1      #ab4 ,early ,prolific #b1 #c1 
#f1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac4 ,fertile ,prcoce #aj4
      ,fertile ,prcoce #f1 #ab4 ,frhe   
,fruchtbare #f4 ,frhe ,fruchtbare       
#h4 ,prolifique ,htive #aj1 #ab4        
,rivers' ,early ,no4 #b #a1 #b1 #c1     
#d1 #aj4 ,rivers' ,early ,prolific ,plum
 #b4 ,rivers' ,early ,prolific      #d1 
#i1 #aj1 #ab4 ,rivers' ,early #f4       
,river's ,early #e4 ,rivers' ,blue      
,prolific #g4 ,rivers' ,no4 #b #i1 #aj1 
#ab4 ,rivers ,frhpflaume #h1      #aa4  
,rivers' ,frhe ,fruchtbare #aj4         
,early ,rivers is widely known because  
of its earliness1 productiveness1       
regularity of bearing and desirability  
for culinary purposes4 ,in ,new  ,york1 
however1 the plums are so small and drop
 so badly as they ripen  that the       
variety is worthless for commercial     
purposes4 ,hogg1 in the  reference given
 above1 notes the following peculiarity 

of the trees of  this variety3 8,the    
original tree throws up suckers1 which1 
when removed  and planted out1 do not   
bloom for several years2 but scions     
taken from  the original tree and       
grafted1 bloom the second year4 ,a      
curious fact is  that the grafted trees 
fruit abundantly1 and the branches are  
so brittle  they break off2 in those    
raised from suckers the branches never  
break4  ,the grafted trees in spring are
 full of bloom1 sparing of shoots1 and  
very few leaves2 the suckers are more   
vigorous in growth1 have no bloom1  but 
an abundance of foliage1 even when six  
years old40 ,this variety is  a seedling
 of ,early ,tours raised by ,thomas     
,rivers of ,sawbridgeworth1  ,england1  
about #ahcd4 ,it was first disseminated 
under the names ,early  ,prolific and   
,rivers' ,early ,no4 #b but1 in #ahff1  
,hogg with the permission  of the       
originator1 renamed it ,early ,rivers   
under which name it is now  generally   
known4        ,tree medium in size and  

vigor1 round-topped1 productive2        
branchlets thick1 short1 pubescent      
throughout the season2      leaves      
roundish-oval or obovate1 one and       
three-quarters inches      wide1 nearly 
three inches long1 leathery2 margin     
crenate or      serrate1 with few1      
small1 dark glands2 petiole pubescent1  
with      from one to three small glands
 usually on the stalk2 blooming         
season intermediate1 short2 flowers     
appearing after the leaves1             
seven-eighths inch across2 borne on     
lateral buds and spurs1      singly or  
in twos2 petals roundish4        ,fruit 
early1 season short2 one and one-quarter
 inches by one      and one-eighth      
inches in size1 roundish-oval or ovate1 
dark      purplish-black1 overspread    
with thick bloom2 flesh dull yellow1    
firm1 sweet1 mild1 pleasant2 of good    
quality2 stone semi-free1               
three-quarters inch by one-half inch in 
size1 rather flat1      oval1 with rough
 and pitted surfaces4      ,,early      

,,royal    ,prunus domestica        #a4 
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aec4 #ahca4  
#b4 ,mag4 ,hort4      #f3ic4 #ahdj4 #c4 
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cac4 #ahde4  
#d4      ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4     
#cda1 fig4 #bfj4 #ahdi4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,cat4 #hf4 #ahfb4 #f4 ,mathieu    
,nom4 ,pom4 #deb4 #ahhi4 #g4            
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #d3aei4 #aija4  
,early ,royal #c1 #d1 #f4 ,marian #f4   
,mirian #c1 #d4 ,mivian #b4      ,miviam
 #f4 ,miriam #g4 ,royal ,htive #a1 #b1  
#e1 #g4 ,royale ,htive      #c1 #d4     
,royale ,htive #f4 ,violette            
,knigspflaume #f4    ,while the fruits  
of ,early ,royal are not remarkably     
attractive in color1  shape or size1 the
 quality is high and its flesh is so    
firm that  the variety should ship well4
 ,this sort is worthy of more extensive 
trial than it has yet had in ,america4  
,early ,royal is a ,french variety      
introduced by ,m4 ,noisette of ,paris1  
about #ahcj4 ,thompson made the first   
complete description of the variety in  

#ahci from the fruits of a tree in  the 
gardens of the ,london ,horticultural   
,society4 ,although recommended in  the 
catalog of the ,american ,pomological   
,society in #ahfb it has not been       
extensively planted in this country4    
,tree large1 vigorous1 spreading1 rather
 open1 productive2      branches and    
trunk roughish2 branchlets thickly      
pubescent2      leaf-scars enlarged2    
leaves folded upward1 oval or obovate1  
one      and three-quarters inches wide1
 three and three-eighths inches         
long2 margin serrate1 with small1 dark  
glands2 petiole thickly      pubescent1 
with one or two smallish glands2        
blooming season      intermediate in    
time and length2 flowers appearing with 
the      leaves1 one inch across1 white1
 tinged yellow at the apex of      the  
petals2 borne on lateral buds and spurs1
 singly or in pairs4        ,fruit      
mid-season1 ripening period long2 about 
one and      three-eighths inches in    
diameter1 roundish-ovate1 dark          

reddish-purple1 marked by irregular     
russet streaks1 covered      with thick 
bloom2 dots conspicuous2 stem thick1    
pubescent2      flesh greenish-yellow1  
rather dry1 firm1 very sweet1 mild1     
pleasant flavor2 very good2 stone nearly
 free1 three-quarters      inch by      
five-eighths inch in size1              
roundish-oval1 blunt at the      apex   
and base1 with but slightly roughened   
surfaces2 ventral      suture prominent 
and with short wing2 dorsal suture with 
a      wide1 shallow groove4            
,,early ,,tours    ,prunus domestica    
#a4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3fg1  
#fi4 #agfh4 #b4 ,kraft      ,pom4 ,aust4
 #b3ca1 ,tab4 #agg fig4 #b4 #agif4 #c4  
,lond4 ,hort4      ,soc4 ,cat4 #aea4    
#ahca4 #d4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3fd4   
#ahcb4      #e4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4    
#bfe4 #ahcb4 #f4 ,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 
#a3ahdf4 #g4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide      
,orch4 ,gard4 #bhb1 #bhc4 #ahdf4        
#h4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cgf4 #ahff4 #i4 
,downing ,fr4 ,trees      ,am4 #icg4    

#ahfi4 #aj4 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3adc4    
#ahff-gc4 #aa4      ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4
 #ddc4 #ahhi4 #ab4 ,guide ,prat4 #aef1  
#cfa4      #ahie4        ,blue          
,perdrigon of some #c1 #i1 #aa1 #ab4    
,die frhe ,pflaume von      ,tours #b4  
,de ,monsieur #ab incor4 ,damas de      
,tours #h1 #i1 #aa4      ,early de      
,tours #e4 ,early ,tours #g1 #i1 #aa4   
,early ,violet #c1      #g1 #i1 #aa1    
#ab4 ,gros ,damas de ,tours #a4 ,htive  
de ,tours #ab4      ,madeleine #aa1     
8#ab4 ,monsieur #aa incor4 ,noire ,htive
 #c1 #h1      #i1 #aa1 #ab4 ,perdrigon  
,violet of some #c1 #i1 #aa1 #ab4       
,prcoce      de ,tours #a1 #c1 #e1 #f1  
#g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,prcoce de   
,tours      #b1 #d4 ,prune de la        
,madeleine #d1 #i1 #aa4 ,prune noire    
,htive      #d4 ,prune de ,gaillon #h1  
#i1 #aa4 ,prune de ,monsieur #aa incor4 
,saint ,jean 8#aa1 #ab4 ,violette de    
,tours #h1 #aa4 ,violette      ,htive   
#i1 #aa4 ,violet de ,tours #i1 #aa1 #ab4
 ,violette ,htive      #g4 ,violet #g4  

,duhamel described this variety1 ,gros  
,damas de ,tours and ,gros ,noire       
,hative in the same publication1 his    
descriptions of the three varieties     
being nearly identical4 ,following      
,duhamel many horticultural authorities 
continued to separate the varieties1 but
 ,downing1 ,floy-,lindley and  ,mathieu 
give ,damas de ,tours as a synonym of   
,early ,tours1 and ,thompson1  ,hogg1   
,downing1 ,mathieu and the ,guide       
,pratique give ,noire ,hative as a      
synonym1 while ,prince holds ,prune     
,noire ,hative to be synonymous4        
,with this great similarity in the names
 and descriptions1 it seems  doubtful if
 these are separate varieties1 but not  
having the fruit of the  three to       
compare1 it has been thought best in    
,the ,plums of ,new ,york to  follow the
 nomenclature of the oldest authorities4
 ,several writers have  also named the  
,blue ,perdrigon and the ,perdrigon     
,violet as identical with  ,early ,tours
 but neither can be1 as all descriptions

 indicate that both  are at least a     
month later in ripening than the variety
 under discussion4    ,early ,tours is  
considered in continental ,europe one of
 the best early  plums for dessert4 ,it 
is said when fully ripened to be a      
veritable  sweetmeat4 ,as the variety   
grows in the ,station collection it can 
hardly  be lauded as highly as in       
,europe4 ,yet it is at least worthy of a
 place in  a home orchard as a delicious
 early plum4        ,tree intermediate  
in size1 upright-spreading1 rather      
open-topped1 productive2 branchlets     
thickish1 pubescent2      leaves falling
 early1 folded upward1 obovate or oval1 
one      and seven-eighths inches wide1 
three and one-quarter inches      long2 
margin crenate2 petiole pubescent1      
glandless or with      from one to three
 glands usually on the stalk2 blooming  
season      intermediate in time and    
length2 flowers appearing after the     
leaves1 one and one-eighth inches       
across2 borne on lateral      spurs or  

from lateral buds4        ,fruit very   
early2 one and one-quarter inches by one
 and      one-eighth inches in size1    
slightly oval1 dark purplish-black1     
covered with thick bloom2 skin thick1   
tough1 sour2 flesh      greenish-yellow1
 firm1 sweet1 pleasant flavored2 good to
 very      good2 stone semi-free1       
three-quarters inch by one-half-inch in 
size1 irregular oval4      ,,early      
,,yellow    ,prunus domestica        #a4
 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #ege1 #egf4     
#afbi4 #b4 ,rea ,flora      #bjf1 #bjg4 
#afgf4 #c4 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4 #b3afhh4 
#d4      ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #gj4   
#afii4 #e4 ,langley ,pomona #ij1 ,pl4   
#bj fig4 #a4 #agbi4 #f4 ,duhamel ,trait4
 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3ff4 #agfh4      #g4      
,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #ai4 #ahjc4
 #h4 ,floy-,lindley      ,guide ,orch4  
,gard4 #big1 #chb4 #ahdf4 #i4 ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees      ,am4 #ibe4 #ahfi4 #aj4 
,country ,gent4 #da3eah4 #ahgf4 #aa4    
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbd4 #ahhi4 #ab4  
,guide ,prat4 #aeb1 #ced4      #ahie4   

,amber ,primordian #a1 #b4 ,amber       
,primordian #c1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ab4       
,avant ,prune blanche #i1 #aa1 #ab4     
,bilboa #i1 #aa4 ,catalonia      #a1 #b1
 #c1 #ab4 ,castellan #d4 ,catalonian #h1
 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4      ,cerisette     
,blanche #i1 #aa1 #ab4 ,castelane #aa1  
#ab4 ,catalane      #aa1 #ab4           
,catalonische ,pflaume #aa1 #ab4        
,catalonischer ,spilling      #ab4      
,catalonischer ,spilling #aa4           
,catalonische ,kricke #aa4 ,de          
,catalogne #f1 #aa4 ,de ,catalogne #ab4 
,d',avoine #i1 #ab4 ,die gelbe          
frhzeitige ,pflaume #ab4 ,early ,yellow 
#i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,early      ,john #i1
 #aa4 ,early ,white ,plum #aa1 #ab4     
,gelbe ,spindel ,pflaume      #aa4      
,gelber ,kleiner ,spilling #aa4 ,gelbe  
,frhzeitige #aa4      ,gelbe frhe       
,pflaume #aa1 #ab4 ,jaune prcoce #aa1   
#ab4 ,jaune      de ,catalogne #i1 #aa1 
#ab4 ,jaune ,htive #f1 #h4 ,jaune ,htive
 #aa1      #ab4 ,jaunhtive #g4 ,jean    
,htive #i4 ,jean-htive #e4 ,jean ,white 

#aa1 #ab4 ,kleine gelbe ,frh ,pflaume   
#aa1 #ab4 ,london ,plumb #e4            
,london ,plum #i1 #aa1 #ab4 ,monsieur   
,jaune #aa incor41 #ab4 ,prune      de  
,catalogne #h1 #i1 #aa4 ,prune de ,st4  
,barnabe #h1 #i4 ,prune      d',avoine  
#aa4 ,pickett's ,july #i1 #aa1 #ab4     
,prune ,monsieur      ,jaune #i4 ,prune 
d',altesse blanche #i18 #aa4 ,primordian
 #aj1 #aa1      #ab4 ,prunus ,catalana  
#aa1 #ab4 ,prunus ,catelana #aa4 ,prunus
      ,catalonica #aa1 #ab4 ,st4        
,barnabe #i4 ,saint ,barnabe #aa1 #ab4  
,siebenbrger ,pflaume8 #aa1 #ab4    ,the
 ,early ,yellow goes back as far as the 
history of plum-growing in  northwestern
 ,europe is recorded4 ,because of its   
synonyms it is thought to  have         
originated in ,spain whence it was      
gradually taken northward1 crossed  the 
boundary and spread through the fertile 
valleys of ,france4 ,early in  the      
,seventeenth ,century it was firmly     
established in ,england and was         
described by ,tradescant and ,parkinson4

 ,from that time till the present  it   
has kept a place in ,european and       
,american horticulture1 in spite of  the
 introduction of hundreds of improved   
varieties4 ,it is described as  follows3
        ,tree hardy1 moderately vigorous
 and productive2 branches      long1    
slender1 upright until bent down with   
fruit2 branchlets      pubescent4 ,fruit
 very early1 small1 obovate2 stem short1
      slender2 color pale yellow1 with  
thin bloom2 flesh yellow1      tender1  
sweet1 moderately juicy1 pleasant2 good2
 freestone4      ,,empire    ,prunus    
domestica        #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 
,rpt4 #i3cdg4 #ahij4 #b4 ,cornell ,sta4 
,bul4 #aca3ahd4 #ahig4 #c4 ,ohio ,sta4  
,bul4 #afb3bda fig41      #bed1 #bee4   
#aije4 #d4 ,rice ,bros4 ,cat4 #ae4      
#aijh4        ,empire ,state #d4 ,rood  
#a1 #b4    ,it is possible that ,empire 
deserves more attention from            
fruit-growers  than it has had4 ,it is  
attractive in appearance1 pleasant in   
flavor and  gives promise of shipping   

well4 ,wherever the variety proves      
productive1  as it is to a fair degree  
on the grounds of the ,station1 this    
plum might  well be grown4 ,empire was  
grown by ,ezra ,rood1 ,cortland1 ,new   
,york1 about  #ahge1 from seed purchased
 at the ,state ,fair4 ,in #ahij1 ,e4    
,smith  ,sons  of ,geneva found this    
plum in ,mr4 ,rood's yard and procured  
cions of it1  afterwards introducing the
 variety under the name ,rood4 ,the year
 that  they made the discovery1 ,john   
,hammond1 also of ,geneva1 found the    
same  variety at another place in       
,cortland and secured cions from which  
he  subsequently disseminated the plum  
under the name ,empire1 by which it is  
now generally known4        ,tree       
intermediate in size and vigor1         
spreading1 open-topped1      productive2
 branches covered with short1 thick1    
fruit-spurs2      branchlets short and  
stubby1 pubescent throughout the season2
      leaf-scars prominent2 leaves      
folded upward1 oval or obovate1      one

 and one-half inches wide1 three and    
one-quarter inches      long1 thick1    
stiff2 margin crenate1 eglandular or    
with small      dark glands2 petiole    
thick1 reddish1 with a few large1       
globose      or reniform glands2        
blooming season intermediate in time and
      length2 flowers appearing after   
the leaves1 over one inch      across1  
yellowish-white2 borne singly or in     
twos4        ,fruit mid-season1 ripening
 period very long2 about one and        
five-eighths inches in diameter1 round1 
dark reddish-purple1      covered with  
medium thick bloom2 dots numerous1      
conspicuous2      stem thick1 surrounded
 by a fleshy ring at the cavity2 skin   
sour2 flesh golden-yellow1 dry1 firm but
 tender1 sweet1 mild1      pleasant in  
flavor2 of good quality2 stone nearly   
free1      seven-eighths inch by        
three-quarters inch in size1 oval1      
turgid1 with roughened surfaces2 ventral
 suture broad1 with      short but      
distinct wing2 dorsal suture wide1 deep4

      ,,englebert    ,illustration3     
,,englebert    ,prunus domestica        
#a4 ,horticulturist #aj3ga4 #ahee4 #b4  
,downing ,fr4 ,trees      ,am4 #cib4    
#aheg4 #c4 ,cultivator #f3cab fig4      
#aheh4 #d4 ,hogg      ,fruit ,man4 #cgf4
 #ahff4 #e4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4  
#cdd4      #ahfg4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,cat4 #bd4 #ahga4 #g4 ,mas ,le ,verger  
#f3fa4 #ahff-gc4 #h4 ,barry ,fr4 ,garden
 #dae4 #ahhc4 #i4 ,cat4      ,cong4     
,pom4 ,france #ceg4 #ahhg4 #aj4 ,wickson
 ,cal4 ,fruits #ced4      #ahia4 #aa4   
,guide ,prat4 #aed1 #cfa4 #ahie4 #ab4   
,cornell ,sta4      ,bul4 #aca3aij4     
#ahig4 #ac4 ,n4 ,mex4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#bg3abe4      #ahih4 #ad4 ,mich4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #afi3bdb1 #bdd4 #ahii4 #ae4       
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aja1 #ajc fig4     
#aija4 #af4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul4            
#acd3db4 #aijb4        ,englebert #i4   
,prince ,englebert #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1  
#f1 #g1 #h1 #aa1      #ab4 ,prince      
,engelbert #aj1 #ac4 ,prince ,englebert 
#ae1 #af4 ,prinz      ,engelbert #aa4   

,in common parlance ,englebert is a     
prune1 its origin1 shape1 color and     
firm golden-yellow flesh all marking it 
as such1 but in prune-making  regions it
 is usually marketed in the green state1
 if grown at all1 and  is little used in
 curing4 ,it cannot be said to be much  
more popular as a  plum than it is as a 
prune1 chiefly because it is not of high
 quality1  but also because it is none  
too attractive in color1 size or shape1 
cutting a rather poor figure in         
comparison with a great number of other 
,domestica plums4 ,the variety fails in 
tree as well as in fruit4 ,the trees    
are variable in size1 suffer from cold  
in exposed situations and while  rather 
productive bear their crops in clusters 
hard to pick and well  placed to insure 
infection from brown-rot when that      
disease is epidemic4  ,for some reason  
the fruit of this variety shrivels at   
this ,station not  only after being     
picked1 but while still on the tree4 ,in
 ,new ,york1  ,englebert has been       

thoroughly tested1 has been found       
wanting and is not  now recommended4    
,this variety was obtained from a seed  
of the 8,date ,prune10 by ,m4           
,scheidweiler1 ,professor of ,botany at 
,ghent1 ,belgium4#baa ,the date  of     
origin has not been given1 but it was   
probably produced about the  middle of  
the last century since it was described 
as a new fruit in  the ,horticulturist  
for #ahee4 ,englebert was added to the  
,american  ,pomological ,society catalog
 fruit list in #ahga under the name     
,prince  ,englebert1 but in #ahig1      
according to the rules of the ,society1 
the name  was simplified to ,englebert4 
,tree variable in size1 vasiform1       
dense-topped1 hardy except      in      
exposed locations1 productive2 branches 
ash-gray1 smooth      except for the    
numerous1 long-oval1 raised lenticels2  
branchlets thick1 rather short1 with    
internodes above medium      in length1 
green changing to dark brownish-drab1   
dull1 heavily      pubescent throughout 

the season1 with few1 inconspicuous1    
small      lenticels2 leaf-buds small1  
short1 obtuse1 appressed4        ,leaves
 folded upward1 oval or obovate1 one and
 seven-eighths      inches wide1 three  
and one-quarter inches long2 upper      
surface covered with very fine hairs1   
with a shallow groove      on the       
midrib2 lower surface pale green1 finely
 pubescent2      apex roundish-pointed1 
base obtuse1 margin finely crenate1     
eglandular or with small dark glands2   
petiole three-quarters      inch long1  
pubescent1 faintly tinged red1 glandless
 or with one      or two small1 globose1
 greenish-yellow glands at the base of  
the leaf4        ,blooming season early 
to medium1 of average length2 flowers   
appearing after the leaves1 about one   
inch across1 white except      for a    
yellowish tinge near the apex of the    
petals2 borne in      clusters on       
lateral buds and spurs1 usually in      
pairs2 pedicels      one-half inch long1
 below medium in thickness1 pubescent1  

greenish2 calyx-tube green1 campanulate1
 pubescent2 calyx-lobes      obtuse1    
sparingly pubescent on both surfaces1   
glandular-serrate      and with marginal
 hairs2 petals broadly oval or roundish1
      crenate1 abruptly tipped with     
short1 broad claws2 stamens often       
inclined to revert to petals2 anthers   
yellowish2 filaments                    
five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil       
glabrous1 longer than the      stamens4 
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period      
short2 one and five-eighths      inches 
by one and three-eighths inches in size2
 oval1 swollen      on the suture side1 
halves equal2 cavity shallow1 narrow1   
abrupt2 suture a line2 apex bluntly     
pointed or roundish2      color dark    
purplish-black1 overspread with thick   
bloom2 dots      numerous1 russet2 stem 
three-quarters inch long1 pubescent1    
adhering well to the fruit2 skin thin1  
sourish1 separating      readily2 flesh 
golden-yellow1 juicy1 coarse1 rather    
firm1      sweet1 pleasant-flavored1    

sprightly2 good2 stone one and          
one-eighth inches by five-eighths inch  
in size1 oval or broadly      ovate1    
strongly flattened1 with roughened and  
deeply pitted      surfaces1 blunt at   
the base and apex2 ventral suture       
narrow1      strongly grooved1 not      
prominent2 dorsal suture acute1 with a  
shallow1 often indistinct groove4       
,,engre    ,prunus triflora        #a4  
,normand ,cat4 #ahia4 #b4 ,kerr ,cat4   
#ahid-aijj4 #c4      ,cornell ,sta4     
,bul4 #age3aca4 #ahii4 #d4 ,tex4 ,sta4  
,bul4      #cb3dhh4 #ahii4    ,this     
variety is one of the earliest of the   
,triflora plums and although  the flavor
 is not as agreeable as that of the best
 sorts of its species1  as ,burbank or  
,abundance1 it is much better than that 
of ,earliest of ,all1  with which it    
competes in season4 ,almost nothing is  
known regarding  the history and origin 
of ,engre4 ,it was first mentioned in   
#ahij in the  catalog of ,j4 ,l4        
,normand1 ,marksville1 ,louisiana1 and  

in all probability  is one of his       
numerous importations from ,japan4 ,the 
origin of the name is  not known4       
,tree of medium size1 vasiform1         
dense-topped1 productive2      branches 
slightly thorny1 with numerous          
fruit-spurs2 branchlets      very short 
and stubby1 glabrous2 leaf-buds plump2  
leaves      reddish when young1         
oblanceolate1 one and three-eighths     
inches      wide1 three inches long2    
margin doubly crenate1 with small       
brownish glands2 petiole tinged red1    
glandless or with one      or two small1
 reniform glands on the stalk2 blooming 
season      early2 flowers appearing    
with the leaves1 five-eighths inch      
across2 borne on lateral buds and spurs1
 in twos or in threes2      calyx-lobes 
red at the margin2 anthers pinkish4     
,fruit very early2 about one and        
one-quarter inches in diameter1         
roundish2 cavity deep2 color dark       
pinkish-red1 covered with      thin     
bloom2 dots numerous1 conspicuous2 skin 

astringent2 flesh      yellowish1 tender
 and melting1 sweet near the surface1   
but sour      next the pit1 low in      
flavor2 poor2 stone clinging1           
five-eighths      inch by one-half inch 
in size1 roundish-oval1 turgid2 ventral 
suture broad1 blunt4      ,,esperen     
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,mag4      
,hort4 #ae3bih4 #ahdi4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4
 ,trees ,am4      #chj4 #aheg4 #c4      
,flor4  ,pom4 #d1 ,pl4 #ahfc4 #d4       
,downing ,fr4      ,trees ,am4 #iaf4    
#ahfi4 #e4 ,pom4 ,france #g3 ,no4 #a4   
#ahga4 #f4      ,mas ,le ,verger #f3fe4 
#ahff-gc4 #g4 ,lauche ,deut4 ,pom4 #ab4 
#ahhb4        ,cloth of ,gold ,esperen  
#d4 ,cloth of ,gold #b1 #g4 ,drap d',or 
of ,esperin #a1 #b4 ,drap d',or         
d',esperen #c1 #f1 #g4 ,drap d',or      
,esperen #d4 ,drap d',or d',esperen #e4 
,drap d',or of ,esperen #f4             
,esperen's ,goldpflaume #g4 ,golden     
,esperen #e1 #g4 ,golden ,esperen       
#d4 ,golden ,esperen ,plum #c4    ,were 
there not so many handsome1             

well-flavored plums of the ,reine       
,claude  group1 ,esperen might well be  
recommended to the amateur at least1 for
 it  is first class in appearance and   
quality4 ,but the fruits are small and  
the tree-characters are not such that   
the variety can compete with the        
standard ,reine ,claude plums4 ,esperen 
was produced from seed in #ahcj by      
,major ,esperen of ,malines1 ,belgium2  
it was first fruited in #ahdd1 and was  
introduced in #ahdg by ,louis ,van      
,houtte of ,ghent1 ,belgium4 ,it        
obtained the  designation ,drap d',or   
from its close resemblance to that      
variety4        ,tree large1 vigorous1  
upright-spreading1 productive2 trunk    
stocky1 rough2 branches rough1 with     
numerous1 large1 raised      lenticels2 
branchlets brash2 leaves flattened1 two 
and one-half      inches wide1 five     
inches long1 obovate or oval2 margin    
serrate2      petiole thick1 tinged red1
 pubescent1 with from two to five       
large1 globose glands4        ,fruit    

mid-season2 about one and one-half      
inches in diameter1      roundish-oval2 
cavity shallow1 narrow1 often lipped2   
color      yellow streaked and mottled  
with green1 overspread with thin        
bloom2 skin thin1 tender1 rather sour2  
flesh yellow1 tender1      sweet1       
aromatic2 of good quality2 stone free1  
one inch by      five-eighths inch in   
size1 oval1 with pitted surfaces2       
ventral      suture blunt2 dorsal suture
 wide1 deep4      ,,excelsior    ,prunus
 triflora  ,prunus munsoniana        #a4
 ,glen ,st4 ,mary ,cat4 #ahia-b4 #b4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bf4      #ahig4 
#c4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3aa4 #ahih4 #d4 
,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #fh3i1 #cf4 #aije4
    ,excelsior has not fruited on the   
,station grounds and is placed in the   
list of leading varieties because of the
 prominence given it in the above       
references4 ,the variety was originated 
by ,g4 ,l4 ,tabor1 ,glen ,saint ,mary1  
,florida1 in #ahhg1 from seed of ,kelsey
 supposed to have been pollinated by    

,wild ,goose1 although some authorities 
believe ,de ,caradeuc to have been  the 
male parent4 ,it seems to be a promising
 variety and was mentioned in  the last 
three catalogs of the ,american         
,pomological ,society4    ,tree         
vigorous1 vasiform2 branches slender2   
leaves of medium size1 narrow2  margin  
finely crenulate1 glandular2 petiole    
short1 with from one to three  small    
glands2 flowers small1 scattered2 fruit 
early2 of medium size1  roundish1 dark  
red with heavy bloom2 skin tough2 flesh 
firm1 yellowish  with red tinge towards 
the center2 quality good2 stone of      
medium size1  compressed1 clinging4     
,,field    ,illustration3 ,,field       
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,mich4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bhh4 #ahhi4 #b4 ,am4
 ,gard4      #ad3ej1 #cie4 #ahic4 #c4   
,rural ,n4 ,y4 #ee3fbb4 #ahif4 #d4      
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahd4 #ahig4   
#e4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #afi3bdd4   
#ahii4 #i4 ,ibid4 #ahg3gg1 #gh4 #aija4  
#g4      ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aja1 #ajd 

fig4 #aija4 #h4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4       
#afb3bci1 #bdj fig41 #bed1 #bee4 #aije4 
,early ,bradshaw #b4    ,this offspring 
of ,bradshaw resembles its parent in    
tree1 and in size1  color and shape of  
fruit1 though not so closely as to be   
readily mistaken  for the older variety4
 ,differences which distinguish the     
fruits of the  two are3 ,the ,field is a
 trifle smaller1 the fruit is more      
nearly round1  lacking the prolonged    
neck of ,bradshaw and is more plump at  
the base1  the parent plum being        
markedly obovate2 ,field is earlier than
 ,bradshaw1  the latter difference      
accounting for the synonym1 8,early     
,bradshaw40 ,the  quality is not such as
 to commend either of these plums1 but  
of the two  ,field is slightly the      
better4 ,in tree-characters1 ,bradshaw  
excels in  having a larger tree and in  
being more productive4 ,the foliage of  
,field  is very good1 it ripens its wood
 well and begins to bear while young1   
but it is inclined to a biennial bearing

 habit which makes the average  in      
quantity of fruit a little too low for a
 market plum which ,field is1  if worth 
planting at all4 ,a good quality of this
 variety is that it  withstands the     
brown-rot very well4 ,it is doubtful if 
,field is worthy  of a place in the     
fruit-growing regions of ,new ,york1    
unless1 perhaps1  where a plum of the   
,bradshaw type1 but a little earlier1 is
 wanted4 ,like  ,bradshaw1 ,field is    
comparatively little attacked by ,san   
,jos scale4    ,field is a seedling of  
,bradshaw grown in ,schoharie ,county1  
,new ,york4 ,it  was first noted by ,s4 
,d4 ,willard of ,geneva1 ,new ,york1 in 
#ahhi1 as 8a  variety worthy of         
cultivation40        ,tree of medium    
size and vigor1 upright-spreading1      
dense-topped1      hardy1 productive2   
branches ash-gray1 smooth except for the
      numerous1 small1 raised lenticels2
 branchlets slender1 short1      with   
internodes of medium length1            
greenish-red changing to                

brownish-drab1 with a trace of red1     
dull1 pubescent becoming      slightly  
less so at maturity1 with numerous1     
inconspicuous1      small lenticels2    
leaf-buds below medium in size1 short1  
obtuse1      appressed4        ,leaves  
folded backward1 obovate1 two and       
one-sixteenth inches      wide1 four and
 three-eighths inches long2 upper       
surface dark      green1 nearly         
glabrous1 with shallowly grooved midrib2
 lower      surface sparingly pubescent2
 apex abruptly pointed1 base acute1     
margin serrate1 with a few1 smallish1   
black glands2 petiole      seven-eighths
 inch long1 thick1 tinged with red1     
sparingly      pubescent4        ,season
 of bloom intermediate1 short2 flowers  
appearing      after the leaves1 one    
inch across1 white1 with a yellowish    
tinge at the apex of the petals2        
scattered on lateral buds      and      
spurs1 singly or in pairs2 pedicels     
five-eighths inch      long1 thick1 with
 few1 short1 scattering hairs1 greenish2

      calyx-tube green1 campanulate1    
glabrous2 calyx-lobes above      medium 
in width1 obtuse1 slightly pubescent on 
both surfaces1      glandular-serrate1  
somewhat reflexed2 petals broadly oval1 
entire1 tapering below to short1 broad  
claws2 anthers      yellowish2 filaments
 three-eighths inch long2 pistil        
glabrous1      shorter than the stamens4
        ,fruit mid-season1 period of    
ripening short2 one and                 
seven-eighths inches by one and         
five-eighths inches in size1            
oblong-oval1 compressed1 halves equal2  
cavity shallow1      narrow1 abrupt2    
suture shallow1 broad2 apex roundish2   
color      dark purplish-red1 overspread
 with very thick bloom2 dots            
numerous1 small1 russet1 clustered about
 the apex2 stem      three-quarters inch
 long1 sparingly pubescent1 adhering    
well to      the fruit2 skin thin1      
slightly sour1 separating readily2 flesh
      greenish-yellow1 medium juicy1    
sweetish1 mild2 of fair quality2        

stone clinging1 one inch by five-eighths
 inch in size1 ovate      with roughened
 and deeply pitted surfaces1 blunt at   
the apex      and base2 ventral suture  
broad1 distinctly furrowed2 dorsal      
suture acute4      ,,forest ,,garden    
,illustration3 ,,forest ,,garden        
,prunus hortulana mineri        #a4     
,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ha4 #ahhb4   
#b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,cat4 #db4    
#ahhc4 #c4 ,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4    
#dab4 #ahhi4 #d4      ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 
,rpt4 #ee4 #ahij4 #e4 ,cornell ,sta4    
,bul4      #ch3cg1 #hf4 #ahib4 #f4      
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aah3ec4 #ahie4 #g4  
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3bd1 #cg4 #ahig4   
#h4 ,wis4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4      #acf4 
#ahii4 #i4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #adh4    
#aija4 #aj4 ,can4 ,exp4      ,farm ,bul4
 #dc3cj4 #aijc4 #aa4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4  
#afb3bed1      #bee4 #aije4 #ab4 ,s4    
,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3ag1 #di  #ed ,pl4 
#aije4    ,forest ,garden is placed by  
most horticulturists in ,prunus         
americana1  but the trees growing on the

 ,geneva ,station grounds belong to the 
,miner  group of ,prunus hortulana and  
the herbarium specimens of foliage and  
flowers sent from other stations make it
 probable if not certain that  the trees
 here are true to name4 ,this variety is
 little grown in the  ,east1 but it is  
widely distributed in the central ,west 
where both in  tree and fruit-characters
 it seems adapted to the needs of the   
climate  and soil4 ,it is one of the    
latest of its group1 maturing at a good 
time  for shipping1 for which it is     
further adapted by its tough skin and   
firm  flesh4 ,while ,forest ,garden is  
not preeminently a dessert plum1 it has 
a  spicy flavor that makes it pleasant  
eating and it is admirably adapted  for 
culinary purposes1 especially for       
preserving4    ,this variety is from a  
wild plum found in the woods bordering  
on the  ,cedar ,river1 near ,cedar      
,rapids1 ,iowa1 by ,thomas ,hare1 and   
introduced by  ,h4 ,c4 ,raymond1 of the 
,forest ,garden ,nurseries1 ,council    

,bluffs1 ,iowa1  about #ahfb4 ,the      
,american ,pomological ,society placed  
the variety on its  fruit catalog list  
in #ahhc1 dropped it in #ahia1 and      
replaced it in #ahig4        ,tree      
medium to large1 often very vigorous1   
spreading1 with      sprawling habit1   
inclined to be flat-topped1 perfectly   
hardy1 variable in productiveness1      
bearing young1 somewhat      susceptible
 to shot-hole fungus2 trunk small in    
proportion to      the size of the tree1
 shaggy2 branches rather rough1 zigzag  
and inclined to split1 thorny1 dark     
ash-brown1 with numerous1      small    
lenticels2 branchlets thick1 long1      
willowy1 with short      internodes1    
greenish changing to dark chestnut-red1 
glossy1      with thin pubescence when  
young1 which disappears in autumn1      
with conspicuous1 numerous raised       
lenticels2 leaf-buds small1      short1 
obtuse1 plump1 appressed4        ,leaves
 falling early1 folded upward1          
elongated-oval1 or      obovate1        

peach-like1 one and three-quarters      
inches wide1      four and one-quarter  
inches long1 thin and leathery2 upper   
surface smooth1 with a shallow1 grooved 
midrib2 lower      surface              
silvery-green1 pubescent2 apex          
taper-pointed1 base      somewhat       
abrupt1 margin doubly crenate1          
glandular2 petiole      three-quarters  
inch long1 sparingly pubescent1 faintly 
tinged      with red1 usually with two  
conspicuous1 globose1 brownish          
glands below the base of the leaf4      
,blooming season late and long2 flowers 
appearing with the      leaves2         
seven-eighths inch across1 white1 with a
 strong1      disagreeable odor2 borne  
in dense but scattering clusters      on
 lateral buds and spurs1 in threes or in
 fours2 pedicels      nine-sixteenths   
inch in length1 slender1 glabrous1      
greenish2      calyx-tube green1        
narrowly campanulate or obconic1        
glabrous2      calyx-lobes narrow1      
obtuse1 slightly pubescent1 margined    

with      few hairs and with            
dark-colored glands1 slightly reflexed2 
petals oval1 erose1 tapering to long    
claws of medium width2      anthers     
yellowish2 filaments seven-sixteenths   
inch in length2      pistil glabrous1   
shorter than the stamens4        ,fruit 
variable in season which is usually late
 and short2      about one and          
one-eighth inches in diameter1 rather   
large1      roundish-ovate or nearly    
oval1 slightly compressed1 halves       
equal2 cavity shallow1 wide1 flaring2   
suture a line2 apex      roundish or    
somewhat pointed2 color light or dark   
red1 with      thin bloom2 dots         
numerous1 russet1 conspicuous2 stem     
slender1      five-eighths inch long1   
glabrous1 detaching from the fruit at   
maturity2 skin thick1 tough1 slightly   
astringent1 adhering2      flesh dark   
golden-yellow1 juicy1 coarse1 fibrous1  
melting1      sweetish next the skin but
 rather sour toward the center1         
with a strong and peculiar flavor1      

aromatic2 fair to good2      stone      
clinging1 three-quarters inch by        
five-eighths inch in      size1 oval1   
turgid1 blunt and slightly flattened at 
the base1      ending in an abrupt but  
sharp point at the apex1 nearly smooth2 
ventral suture narrow1 faintly ridged2  
dorsal suture acute4      ,,forest      
,,rose    ,illustration3 ,,forest ,,rose
    ,prunus hortulana mineri        #a4 
,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bij4 #ahhi4   
#b4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 #ee4   
#ahij4 #c4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ee1 
#hf4 #ahib4      #d4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#abc3ai4 #ahie4 #e4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ca3cdf4 #ahie4 #f4 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4  
#ej3cf4 #ahih4 #g4      ,ohio ,sta4     
,bul4 #aac3aed4 #ahii4 #h4 ,waugh ,plum 
,cult4 #agc4      #aija4 #i4            
,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #bif4   
#aijc4    ,forest ,rose1 like ,forest   
,garden1 belongs to ,prunus hortulana   
mineri1  the two being similar in many  
respects4 ,forest ,rose1 however1 is not
 as  attractive in color as the other   

variety1 the difference not being well  
brought out in the color-plates1 is     
smaller and does not keep nor ship      
quite as well4 ,the variety under       
discussion is better in quality than    
,forest ,garden and better adapted than 
the last named variety for the  home    
orchard at least4 ,while somewhat       
variable in productiveness1 in most     
localities it bears annually and        
abundantly4 ,the trees are rather more  
thorny than most of its species4        
,this variety is said by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry 
of ,crescent1 ,iowa1 to be a seedling   
of ,miner1 grown by ,scott  ,company1 a 
,missouri nursery firm1 and  introduced 
by ,william ,stark1 ,louisiana1         
,missouri1 in #ahgh4 ,terry offers  no  
evidence to show that this plum is a    
seedling of ,miner and there is a       
question as to whether more is really   
known of its parentage other than  that 
it came from ,missouri4        ,tree    
medium to large1 intermediate in vigor1 
upright-spreading1      open-topped1    

hardy1 variable in productiveness       
somewhat      susceptible to attacks of 
shot-hole fungus2 trunk very rough      
and shaggy2 branches rough1 thorny1 dark
 ash-gray1 with      numerous lenticels2
 branchlets numerous1 slender1 variable 
in      length1 with internodes of      
medium length1 green changing to        
dull reddish-brown1 glossy1 glabrous1   
with numerous1 small1      raised       
lenticels2 leaf-buds small1 short1      
obtuse1 appressed4        ,leaves       
falling early1 folded upward1           
elongated-oval or obovate1      one and 
one-half inches wide1 four inches long1 
thin2 upper      surface dull red in the
 fall1 rugose1 glabrous1 with the       
midrib and larger veins deeply grooved2 
lower surface light      green1 somewhat
 pubescent along the midrib2 apex       
acuminate1      base acute1 margin      
crenate or serrate1 with small1 dark    
glands2 petiole slender1 five-eighths   
inch in length1 sparsely      pubescent 
along one side1 tinged with red1        

glandless or with      from one to three
 small1 globose or oval1 greenish-brown 
glands      on the stalk4               
,flowers seven-eighths inch across1     
white1 with a disagreeable      odor2   
borne in dense clusters on lateral buds 
and spurs1 in      pairs or in threes2  
pedicels five-eighths inch long1 below  
medium in thickness1 glabrous1 greenish3
 calyx-tube green1      narrowly        
campanulate1 glabrous2 calyx-lobes short
 and narrow1      acute1 serrate1       
somewhat reflexed1 glabrous on the outer
      surface1 but more or less         
pubescent on the inner surface and      
along the margin1 which is strewn with  
red glands2 petals oval1      dentate1  
tapering below into narrow1 lightly     
pubescent claws of      medium length2  
anthers light yellow2 filaments one-half
 inch in      length2 pistil glabrous1  
shorter than the stamens4        ,fruit 
late1 season short2 one and one-eighth  
inches by one inch      in size1        
roundish-oval2 cavity shallow1 narrow1  

flaring2 suture      a line2 apex       
roundish2 color dull crimson overspread 
with thin      bloom2 dots very         
numerous1 small1 gray1 conspicuous2 stem
      slender1 three-quarters inch long1
 smooth1 not adhering to the      fruit2
 skin thick1 tough1 astringent1 inclined
 to crack under      unfavorable        
conditions1 adhering2 flesh dull        
apricot-yellow1      juicy1 fibrous1    
tender and melting1 sweet next to the   
skin but      tart toward the center1   
aromatic2 fair to good2 stone clinging1 
five-eighths inch by one-half inch in   
size1 oval1 acute at the      apex1 with
 pitted surfaces2 ventral suture        
somewhat blunt4      ,,fotheringham     
,prunus domestica    #a4 ,rea ,flora    
#bjh4 #afgf4 #b4 ,langley ,pomona #ia4  
#agbi4 #c4 ,miller ,gard4  ,dict4       
#c3aged4 #d4 ,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4      
,trees #ai4 #ahjc4 #e4 ,downing ,fr4    
,trees ,am4 #bii4 #ahde4 ,floy-,lindley 
,guide ,orch4 ,gard4 #bhf1 #chc4 #ahdf4 
#g4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #eag4 #ahei4

 #h4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gja4 #ahhd4 #i4
  ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ajb4 #aija4      
,foderingham #a4 ,fotheringay #h4       
,foderingham ,plum #b4 ,grove ,house    
,purple #e1  #g1 #h4 ,red ,fotheringham 
#h4 ,sheen #b1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h4          
,fotheringham is probably one of the    
oldest varieties of plums now           
cultivated4 ,although but little if at  
all grown in this country1 it has       
maintained its place among standard     
,english varieties for at least two  and
 a half centuries4 ,the exact time of   
its origin is not certain1 but  it was  
undoubtedly during the first half of the
 ,seventeenth ,century as  ,hogg records
 a reference made to it by ,rea in      
#affe4 ,it was first grown  extensively 
at ,sheen1 in ,surrey1 ,england1 about  
#agjj by ,sir ,william  ,temple1 who    
gave it the name ,sheen4 ,the variety is
 described as follows3        ,tree     
hardy1 vigorous1 productive4 ,fruit     
matures just before      ,reine ,claude2
 of medium size1 obovate2 suture        

distinct2 stem      one inch long2 color
 reddish-purple with thin bloom2 flesh  
greenish-yellow1 sweet1 sprightly2 good2
 freestone4      ,,freeman    ,prunus   
domestica    ,as this variety grows in  
the ,station orchard it is a remarkably 
fine  plum4 ,the fruits are attractive1 
of high quality and the tree-characters 
are for most part very good4 ,it is     
certainly a desirable plum for any  home
 plantation1 and if it proves as        
productive elsewhere as about  ,geneva1 
it may well be worth growing in         
commercial orchards4    ,freeman is a   
chance seedling found in the yard of a  
,mr4 ,freeman of  ,cortland1 ,new ,york1
 about #ahij and shortly afterwards     
introduced by  ,e4 ,smith  ,sons of     
,geneva1 ,new ,york1 but is as yet      
hardly known by  plum-growers4          
,tree intermediate in size and vigor1   
upright-spreading1      productive2     
branchlets slender1 pubescent2 leaves   
oval1 one      and one-half inches wide1
 two and three-quarters inches long2    

margin serrate or almost crenate1       
eglandular or with small dark           
glands2 petiole reddish1 glandless or   
with from one to four      globose      
glands2 blooming season intermediate1   
short2 flowers      appearing after the 
leaves1 creamy-white1 usually in        
scattering      clusters at the ends of 
lateral spurs2 borne singly or in twos4 
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period      
short2 about one and one-half           
inches in diameter1 roundish or         
roundish-oval2 cavity very      shallow1
 small1 often lipped2 color             
golden-yellow1 blushed      and mottled 
with red on the exposed cheek1 covered  
with thin      bloom2 flesh light       
golden-yellow1 firm but tender1 sweet1  
pleasant flavor2 very good to best2     
stone dark colored1      free1          
seven-eighths inch by five-eighths inch 
in size1      irregular-oval1 somewhat  
flattened1 abruptly contracted at the   
base1 with surfaces roughened2 ventral  
suture prominent4      ,,freestone      

,illustration3 ,,freestone    ,prunus   
insititia    #a4 ,am4 ,gard4 #ad3adh4   
#ahic4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #abi4    
#aija4    ,freestone ,damson #b4        
,freestone is a ,damson separated from  
other ,damsons chiefly in being  sweeter
 and more free of stone4 ,it is so      
inferior to varieties of its  species in
 several particulars as to have little  
value for commercial  planting4 ,the    
fruits are smaller and the pits larger  
in proportion to  the amount of flesh   
than with several better known ,damsons 
and the trees  do not bear as large     
crops as plums of this species should2  
these faults  of fruit and tree condemn 
the plum4 ,to offset the defects in the 
tree1  freedom from black-knot and      
immunity to leaf-blight may be mentioned
 as  compensating somewhat4 ,still      
,freestone is hardly to be mentioned as 
worth  planting in either home or       
commercial orchard4 ,the origin of this 
,damson  is unknown4 ,stark ,brothers1  
,louisiana1 ,missouri1 who introduced   

the  variety about #ahhi1 describe it as
 8a selected sort which is very hardy1  
free from insects1 and productive40     
,tree of medium size and vigor1         
upright-spreading1 vasiform1      hardy1
 not always productive2 branches dark   
ash-gray1 thorny2      leaves folded    
upward1 oval1 one and one-quarter inches
 wide1      two and one-quarter inches  
long2 upper surface dark green1         
rugose2 lower surface silvery-green1    
pubescent2 margin finely      serrate1  
eglandular or with small1 brownish      
glands2 petiole      five-eighths inch  
long1 glandless or with one or two small
      glands2 blooming season late and  
of medium length2 flowers      appearing
 after the leaves1 seven-eighths inch   
across1 the buds      creamy1 changing  
to white when expanded2 borne in        
clusters on      lateral buds and spurs1
 usually in pairs2 anthers reddish2     
filaments five-sixteenths inch long2    
pistil shorter than the      stamens4   
,fruit late1 season long2 seven-eighths 

inch in diameter1      roundish-oval2   
cavity very shallow and narrow2 flesh   
yellowish-green1 juicy1 tender1 sweet1  
mild2 fair in quality2      stone free1 
tinged red1 five-eighths inch by        
one-half inch in      size1 oval1       
turgid1 with roughened surfaces1 acute  
at the base1      blunt at the apex2    
ventral suture broad1 blunt2 dorsal     
suture      with a broad1 shallow       
groove4      ,,french    ,illustration3 
,,french    ,prunus insititia        #a4
 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bhi4 #ahhi4 
#b4 ,ibid4 #fd4 #ahia4      #c4 ,cornell
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahd fig4 #dj ,i4      
#ahig4 #d4 ,mich4      ,sta4 ,bul4      
#afi3bde4 #ahii4 #e4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4
 #abi4 #aija4        ,french ,damson #d4
 ,french ,damson #a1 #b1 #c4    ,far    
better than the ,freestone just         
discussed is the ,french ,damson1 which 
in some respects surpasses all other    
plums in its group4 ,thus it is the     
largest of the ,damsons1 so large1      
indeed1 as to lead many to believe  that

 it may be a hybrid with some ,domestica
 plum1 the size of the trees1  blossoms 
and foliage also leading to such a      
supposition4 ,this excellent  ,damson is
 largely grown for the market in western
 ,new ,york1 good quality  as well as   
size and appearance aiding in selling   
the product4 ,the fruits  have but one  
defect1 the pit is large for the amount 
of flesh4 ,curiously  enough in some    
seasons the stone clings and in others  
is perfectly free4  ,it is in           
tree-characters that the ,french plum   
best shows its superiority  over other  
,damsons4 ,the trees are large1 the     
largest of the ,damsons in  ,new ,york1 
hardy1 bear abundantly and annually and 
carry their foliage so  well that fruit 
and wood usually ripen perfectly even   
when the trees are  not sprayed4 ,the   
season is a little after that of the    
more commonly grown  ,shropshire1 which 
in most years is an advantage4 ,french1 
while becoming  popular1 is still too   
little known in ,new ,york1 where its   

behavior  warrants quite general        
planting4    ,s4 ,d4 ,willard1 a        
nurseryman of ,geneva1 ,new ,york1      
probably introduced  ,french in this    
country2 at least it was brought to     
notice mainly through  his              
recommendation4 ,the origin is unknown1 
but it is probably an  introduction from
 ,france and may be an old variety      
renamed4 ,the figure  of ,prune ,petit  
,damas ,violet given by ,poiteau is so  
very similar as to  suggest that ,french
 may be identical with that sort4       
,tree large1 vigorous1 spreading1       
dense-topped1 hardy1      productive2   
branches numerous1 ash-gray1 roughish1  
thorny1      with lenticels variable in 
size2 branchlets inclined to            
develop spurs at the base1 rather       
slender1 short1 with short              
internodes1 greenish-red changing to    
dark brownish-drab1 dull1      somewhat 
zigzag1 thickly pubescent1 with         
inconspicuous1 small      lenticels2    
leaf-buds intermediate in size and      

length1 pointed1      free4             
,leaves folded upward1 long-oval1 one   
and one-quarter inches      wide1 three 
inches long2 upper surface dark green1  
covered      with fine hairs1 with a    
grooved midrib2 lower surface           
pubescent2 apex abruptly pointed1 base  
abrupt1 margin serrate      or nearly   
crenate1 with a few1 small1 dark glands2
 petiole      eleven-sixteenths inch    
long1 rather slender1 pubescent1 faintly
      tinged with red1 usually having   
two very small1 globose1                
greenish-brown glands on the stalk or   
base of the leaf4        ,blooming      
season intermediate in time and length2 
flowers      appearing after the leaves1
 one and five-sixteenths inches         
across1 white2 borne on lateral spurs1  
usually in pairs2      pedicels         
five-eighths inch long1 slender1 covered
 with short      pubescence1 greenish2  
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1 glabrous2
      calyx-lobes narrow1 obtuse1       
glabrous on the outer surface1          

thinly pubescent along the margin and at
 the base of the inner      surface1    
glandular-serrate1 reflexed2 petals     
oval1 dentate      or fringed1 tapering 
below to short1 broad claws2 anthers    
distinctly reddish2 filaments           
seven-sixteenths inch in length2        
pistil glabrous1 equal to the stamens in
 length4        ,fruit late2 one and    
one-half inches by one and one-eighth   
inches in diameter1 ovate1 halves equal2
 cavity very shallow1      narrow1      
flaring2 suture a line2 apex roundish2  
color dull      black1 overspread with  
thick bloom2 dots numerous1 small1      
brownish1 inconspicuous2 stem slender1  
three-quarters inch      long1 sparingly
 pubescent1 adhering well to the fruit2 
skin      thin1 tough1 separating       
readily2 flesh greenish1 juicy1         
fibrous1 tender1 sweet1 pleasant and    
sprightly2 good2 stone      variable in 
adhesion1 seven-eighths inch by one-half
 inch in      size1 oval1 roughened1    
acute at the base1 blunt at the apex2   

ventral suture rather narrow1 heavily   
furrowed and somewhat      winged2      
dorsal suture with a shallow groove of  
medium width4      ,,frogmore    ,prunus
 insititia        #a4 ,flor4  ,pom4     
#bfe1 ,pl4 #ahgf4 #b4 ,mich4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt4      #bhi4 #ahhi4 #c4 ,can4 
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3ea4     
#aijj4      #d4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4     
#acj4 #aija4        ,frogmore ,damson   
#a1 #b4 ,frogmore ,prolific ,damson #c4 
,frogmore may be considered among the   
best of the ,damsons in quality for  the
 culinary purposes to which this fruit  
is commonly put4 ,the flesh is  tender1 
sweet and good1 but adheres rather too  
tightly to the stone4  ,the tree of     
,frogmore is all that could be desired  
in productiveness and  quite equals most
 other ,damsons in general and probably 
surpasses them  all1 at least on the    
grounds at this ,station1 in length of  
time that the  fruit hangs on the tree4 
,the habit of growth of this variety    
varies from  that of ,prunus insititia  

as commonly found1 the leaves being     
larger1  the tops more spreading and the
 branches less thorny4 ,the variety has 
hardly been tried enough in ,new ,york  
to warrant either recommending or       
condemning it4 ,according to the        
,florist and ,pomologist1 published  in 
#ahgf1 this variety originated a few    
years previous to the date of           
publication in the ,royal ,gardens at   
,frogmore1 ,england4        ,tree       
inferior in size and vigor1             
round-topped1 open1 hardy1      very    
productive2 branches thorny1 the bark on
 the older      branches splitting      
transversely to the direction of growth1
      making grooves or rings about     
three inches apart and two      inches  
or more in length2 branchlets slender1  
almost glabrous      throughout the     
season1 covered with light bloom2 leaves
 bright      red on first opening1      
somewhat folded backward1 obovate1 one  
and three-eighths inches wide1 three and
 one-half inches long2      upper       

surface dark green1 rugose2 lower       
surface silvery-green1      pubescent1  
margin eglandular2 petiole five-eighths 
inch      long1 slender1 greenish1      
glandless or with one or two small1     
globose1 yellowish-green glands usually 
at the base of the      leaf2 blooming  
season intermediate in time and length2 
flowers      appearing after the leaves1
 one inch across1 white1 in             
scattered clusters on lateral spurs2    
borne singly or in pairs2      anthers  
yellow with tinge of red2 filaments     
five-sixteenths      inch long2 pistil  
glabrous1 equal to the stamens in       
length4        ,fruit late1 season of   
medium length2 one and one-eighth inches
      by one inch in size1              
roundish-oval1 compressed1              
purplish-black1      overspread with    
thick bloom2 flesh golden-yellow1 juicy1
      tender1 sweet2 good2 stone        
clinging1 three-quarters inch by        
one-half inch in size1 oval1 smooth1    
somewhat acute at the base      and     

apex2 ventral suture blunt or with a    
short1 narrow wing2      dorsal suture  
with a narrow1 shallow groove4          
,,frost ,,gage    ,prunus domestica     
#a4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3eb4 #ahcb4   
#b4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #d3de4      #ahch4 #c4 
,hoffy ,orch4 ,comp4 #b3ahdb1 #d4       
,downing ,fr4      ,trees ,am4 #cjj4    
#ahde4 #e4 ,horticulturist #c3ddf4      
#ahdh4 #f4      ,cole ,am4 ,fr4 ,book   
#bai4 #ahdi4 #g4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 
#ed4      #aheb4 #h4 ,hogg ,fruit ,mun4 
#cfb4 #ahff4        ,american ,damson   
#h4 ,frost ,plum #d1 #f1 #h4 ,october   
,gage #c4    ,frost ,gage is too small  
for market purposes and moreover the    
fruit  withers rather quickly after     
picking2 the quality is above the       
average4  ,the plum is not a ,gage1 only
 green fruits being entitled to this    
name4  ,at one time this was one of the 
most popular commercial varieties in    
the ,hudson ,valley1 but because of its 
susceptibility to black-knot it  has    
lost favor with growers4 ,downing in    

#ahch traced the history of this        
variety to a tree standing on the farm  
of a ,mr4 ,duboise1 ,dutchess ,county1  
,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,duboise stating that  
the original had been planted by his    
father4 ,it is doubtful if this is the  
first tree1 however1 for in #ahdi       
,charles ,hamilton of ,canterbury1      
,orange ,county1 reported trees of      
,frost  ,gage thirty to forty years old 
on his place4        ,tree of medium    
size1 upright1 very productive2         
branchlets      thick2 leaves flattened1
 oval or obovate1 one and one-half      
inches wide1 two and three-quarters     
inches long2 margin crenate      or     
serrate1 with few1 small1 black glands2 
petiole short1      usually with one or 
two glands2 blooming season             
intermediate1      short2 flowers       
appearing after the leaves1 white1 with 
a little      yellowish tinge2 borne on 
lateral buds and spurs1 singly or in    
twos4        ,fruit late2 about one and 
one-eighth inches in diameter1          

roundish1 dark purplish-black1 covered  
with thick bloom2 stem      slender1    
persistent2 skin tough1 sour2 flesh     
greenish-yellow1      juicy1 firm1      
sweet1 mild2 fair to good2 stone        
clinging1 small1      irregular-ovate1  
somewhat oblique4      ,,furst          
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,mas ,le   
,verger #f3de4 #ahgc4 #b4 ,lange        
,allgem4 ,garten4      #b3dba4 #ahgi4   
#c4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4     
#dac4 #ahha4      #d4 ,lauche ,deut4    
,pom4 #h1 ,pl4 #ahhb4 #e4 ,guide ,prat4 
#aei1      #cfc4 #ahie4        ,eugen   
,frsts ,frhzwetsche #d1 #e4 ,frst's     
,frhzwetsche #b1 #c1 #d4      ,frst's   
,frhzwetsche #a1 #d1 #e4 ,quetsche      
,prcoce de ,frst #a1 #e4    ,furst would
 undoubtedly be well worthy of very     
general cultivation in  plum orchards   
were it not for the fact that it is very
 similar to the  ,italian ,prune4 ,the  
two fruits differ only in season1 the   
,furst being a  few days earlier1 and in
 the tendency of the variety under      

discussion  to shrivel about the neck4  
,it may be that ,furst will succeed in  
some  localities where the ,italian     
,prune is not a success4    ,furst was  
propagated by the ,baron of             
,trauttenberg1 ,prague1 ,bohemia1 who   
had received it from ,professor ,pater  
,hackl1 ,leitmeritz1 ,bohemia1 under    
the name ,furst1 given in honor of      
,eugene ,furst1 son of the founder of   
the ,school of ,horticulture of         
,frauendorf1 ,bavaria4 ,furst ,damson   
has  been confused with this variety1   
but it is a different plum4 ,its fruits 
are distinctly necked and much inferior 
in quality1 and its shoots  are         
glabrous1 while in this variety they are
 not4 ,the ,united ,states  ,department 
of ,agriculture introduced ,furst in    
#aija and through them this  ,station   
received cions for testing4        ,tree
 of medium size1 round-topped1          
productive2 branchlets      thick1      
marked with slight scarf-skin2          
leaf-scars very      prominent2 leaves  

folded upward1 obovate1 two and one-half
      inches wide1 four and one-half    
inches long2 margin doubly      serrate 
or almost crenate1 eglandular or with   
small dark      glands2 petiole thick1  
pubescent1 glandless or with from one   
to three globose glands usually on the  
stalk2 blooming season      late2       
flowers one and one-eighth inches       
across1 white1 the      opening buds    
tipped with yellow2 borne on lateral    
buds and      spurs1 singly or in twos4 
,fruit late2 one and seven-eighths      
inches by one and one-half      inches  
in size1 oval1 slightly necked1         
purplish-black1 covered      with thick 
bloom2 dots numerous1 reddish1          
conspicuous2 stem      thick2 flesh     
greenish-yellow1 juicy1 very fibrous1   
firm1      sweet1 mild1 with pleasant   
aroma2 good to very good2 stone one     
and one-eighths inches by five-eighths  
inch in size1 free1      irregular-oval1
 with rather long1 tapering1 oblique    
apex1      the surfaces heavily pitted2 

ventral suture prominent1 often         
winged2 dorsal suture wide4             
,,georgeson    ,illustration3           
,,georgeson    ,prunus triflora         
#a4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #eb1 #ii4   
#ahhi4 #b4 ,am4 ,gard4      #ab3cjh1    
#eja1 #egd4 #ahia4 #c4 ,ibid4 #ac3gjj4  
#ahib4 #d4      ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4    
#fb3bc1 #bg4 #ahid4 #e4 ,tex4 ,sta4     
,bul4      #cb3dhh1 #dhi4 #ahid4 #f4    
,ga4 ,hart4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #id4 #ahie4 #g4 
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ajf3ea1 #eh4      
#ahif4 #h4 ,ibid4 #aci3dj1      #dd4    
#ahig4 #i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bf4  
#ahig4 #aj4 ,cornell      ,sta4 ,bul4   
#age3ade4 #ahii4 #aa4 ,waugh ,plum      
,cult4 #acf4 #aija4      #ab4 ,ga4      
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ac4 #aijd4 #ac4     
,mass4 ,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt4 #ag3afj4   
#aije4 #ad4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bej1 
#bed1      #bee1 #bef1 #beg4 #aije4 #ae4
 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3aj1 #cj1 #cb1 #ce4
      #aije4        ,hattonkin ,no4 #a4 
#c1 #d1 #g4 ,hattankin ,no4 #a4 #e4     
,hattonkin      #g1 #aa4 ,hattankio #g4 

,hattankio 8#a4 ,hattankio ,no4 #a4 #f1 
#i1      #ab1 #ae4 ,hattonkin ,no4 #a4  
#b4 ,mikado #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae4 ,normand
 #d1      #e1 #g1 #h1 #ad4 ,normand     
,yellow #b1 #c4 ,normand ,japan #c4     
,normand's      ,japan #d1 #e4 ,normand 
,yellow #d1 #e1 #g4 ,normand 8#ae4      
,white      ,kelsey #aj1 #aa1 #ae4      
,yeddo #aj1 #aa1 #ae4    ,georgeson is  
not worth the trouble it has caused     
pomologists in  straightening out its   
nomenclature2 and ,professor ,georgeson 
deserves to  have his name attached to a
 far better plum4 ,the rich yellow color
 of the  fruit makes this a particularly
 handsome plum1 but here praises end4   
,the  flesh is so astringent and clings 
so tenaciously to the stone as to unfit 
the variety for either dessert or       
culinary use4 ,moreover1 the fruits are 
exceedingly variable in color1 size and 
shape1 in the last character  ranging   
from flattish to round1 with sometimes  
round and sometimes  pointed apex4 ,the 
tree has too much of the sprawling habit

 of ,burbank  to make it a good orchard 
plant4 ,this plum1 and those that have  
been  confused with it1 can be spared   
without great loss to ,american         
pomology4    ,georgeson was imported by 
,h4 ,h4 ,berger  ,company1 ,san         
,francisco1  ,california1 and brought to
 notice chiefly by ,j4 ,l4 ,normand1    
,marksville1  ,louisiana1 who named it  
for ,professor ,c4 ,c4 ,georgeson1 then 
of ,manhattan1  ,kansas1 a student of   
,japanese fruits4 ,in the ,georgia      
,horticultural  ,society ,report for    
#ahhi1 ,l4 ,a4 ,berckmans mentions two  
types of ,hattankio1  one of which may  
be this variety4 ,normand1 in #ahia1    
said that he received  two varieties of 
,hattonkin from different sources and in
 order to  separate them he numbered the
 earlier1 ,no4 #a1 the later ,no4 #b4   
,bailey  and ,kerr1 however1 in #ahid1  
published ,hattonkin ,no4 #a as a       
synonym of  ,georgeson and ,hattonkin   
,no4 #b1 the later1 as a synonym of the 
,kerr4 ,the  ,georgia ,horticultural    

,society accepted this latter           
nomenclature in their  report published 
in #ahie4 ,the ,mikado1 ,white ,kelsey  
and ,yeddo as tested by  this ,station  
have proved to be identical with        
,georgeson1 but as tested  by ,kerr1#bab
 the ,mikado alone is the same4         
,normand1 which is said to  have been   
imported and introduced in #ahia by ,j4 
,l4 ,normand1 is also  indistinguishable
 from this variety4 ,in #ahig1          
,georgeson was placed on the  ,american 
,pomological ,society fruit catalog     
list4        ,tree medium in size and   
vigor1 upright-spreading or             
broad-vasiform1 not always hardy1       
productive2 branches      roughish1     
slightly thorny1 often with bark cracked
      longitudinally1 zigzag1 dark      
ash-gray2 branchlets glabrous1      with
 characteristic raised lenticels2       
leaf-scars enlarged2      leaves folded 
upward1 broadly oblanceolate or obovate1
 one and      three-eighths inches wide1
 three and three-quarters inches        

long1 thin2 margin crenate or serrate1  
with small1 amber      glands2 petiole  
five-eighths inch long1 reddish1 with   
from      one to ten brownish-red glands
 usually on the stalk2 blooming         
season early to medium1 of average      
length2 flowers appearing      before   
the leaves2 borne in clusters on lateral
 spurs1 in pairs      or in threes2     
petals pinkish at the base2 anthers     
reddish2      pistil longer than the    
stamens4        ,fruit early1 ripening  
period short2 one and five-eighths      
inches      in diameter1                
roundish-cordate2 cavity deep1 wide1    
usually      with concentric1 russet    
lines2 color greenish-yellow changing   
to deep yellow as the fruit reaches full
 maturity1 with thin      bloom2 flesh  
golden-yellow1 fibrous1 firm1 sweetish  
except near      the center2 fair to    
good2 stone clinging1 five-eighths inch 
by one-half inch in size1 oval1 turgid1 
with pitted surfaces2      ventral      
suture broad1 slightly ribbed2 dorsal   

suture acute4      ,,german ,,prune     
,illustration3 ,,german ,,prune         
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,knoop     
,fructologie #b3ec1 #fa4 #agga4 #b4     
,coxe ,cult4 ,fr4      ,trees #bce1 fig4
 #g4 #ahag4 #c4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #aeb4      #ahca4 #d4 ,prince     
,pom4 ,man4 #b3gg1 #gh4 #ahcb4 #e4      
,downing      ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #caj4    
#ahde4 #f4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 
,gard4 #bhf1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #g4 ,poiteau  
,pom4 ,franc4 #a3ahdf4      #h4 ,thomas 
,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cce4 #ahdi4 #i4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,cat4 #bad4 #ahef4    
#aj4 ,hooper ,w4 ,fr4 ,book #bde4 #aheg4
 #aa4      ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #eai4
 #ahei4 #ab4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cgh4   
#ahff4 #ac4 ,pom4 ,france #g3 ,no4 #ag4 
#ahga4 #ad4 ,mas ,pom4      ,gen4       
#b3aga4 #ahgc4 #ae4 ,lange ,allgem4     
,garten4 #b3dah4      #ahgi4 #af4       
,lauche ,deut4 ,pom4 #a3ahhb4 #ag4      
,mathieu ,nom4      ,pom4 #dcd4 #ahhi4  
#ah4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #cee4 #ahia4
 #ai4      ,guide ,prat4 #aee1 #cfb4    

#ahie4 #bj4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4        
#aca3ahe1 fig4 #dc4 #ahig4 #ba4 ,oregon 
,sta4 ,bul4 #de3bi fig4      #ahig4 #bb4
 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ajb4 #aija4 #bc4  
,ohio ,sta4      ,bul4 #afb3 #bed1 #bee4
 #aije4        ,altesse ordinaire #ac1  
#ag1 #ai4 ,backpflaume #ag1 #ai4        
,bauernpflaume #ag1 #ai4 ,common        
,quetsche #c1 #e1 #aa1 #ag1 #ah1        
#ai4 ,couetsche #d1 #ai4 ,couetche #ag4 
,couetch #ac1 #ai4      ,couetsche      
,ordinaire #ag1 #ai4 ,covetche #e4      
,covetsche      #ag4 ,damas ,gros #c1   
#e1 #aa1 #ag1 #ai4 ,damask #c1 #e1 #aa1 
#ag1      #ai4 ,damas ,long #a4 ,damas  
,violet of some #c1 #aa1 #ag1 #ai4      
,damas ,violet ,gros of some #c1 #e1    
#aa1 #ag1 #ai4 ,deutsche ,blaue         
,herbstzwetsche #ag1 #ai4 ,die          
,hauszwetsche #ai4 ,d',allemagne        
#ai4 ,die ,hauszwetsche #af4 ,dutch     
,prune #aj4 ,early ,russian #aa1        
#ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #ai4 ,enkelde ,backspruim
 #ag4 ,enkelde ,blackpruim      #ai4    
,fellemberg #ac1 #ag incor41 #ai4       

,gemeine ,zwetsche #ac1 #ad1      #ag1  
#ai4 ,gemeine ,hauszwetsche #ad4 ,german
 ,plum #d1 #ad4 ,german      ,prune #c1 
#e1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ai4       
,german ,quetsche #ab1      #ac1 #ag1   
#ai4 ,grosse ,german ,prune #c4 ,grosse 
,hauspflaume #ag1      #ai4             
,hauszwetsche #ae4 ,hauszwetsche #ac1   
#ad1 #af4 ,hauspflaume      #ad1 #ag4   
,imperatrice ,violette ,grosse of some  
#c1 #e1 #aa1 #ag1      #ai4 ,imperatrice
 ,violette of some #c1 #e1 #aa1 #ac1    
#ag1 #ai4      ,koetsche #ac1 #ag1 #ai4 
,large ,german ,prune #d1 #ag4 ,leipzig 
#c1      #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #ai4 ,leipzic   
#e4 ,leipziger ,zwetsche #af1 #ag1 #ai4 
,monsieur tardif8 #ai4 ,monsieur ,tardif
 #ag4 ,prune d',allemagne      la       
commune #d4 ,prune d',allemagne #c1 #e1 
#aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #ag4      ,prune    
d',altesse #a4 ,prune ,imperatrice      
,violette #g4 ,prune ,plum8      #b4    
,prune ,allemand #d4 ,prunier ,allemand 
#d4 ,prune ,plum #d4      ,prune        
,quetsch #g4 ,prunus ,oeconomica #ag4   

,prune ,zwetschen #ad4      ,quastche   
#g4 ,quetsch #g1 #ac1 #ai4 ,quetsche #d1
 #f1 #h1 #ad1      #ag1 #ai4 ,quetsche8 
#a1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #aa1 #ab4 ,quetsch      
,allemande #a4      ,quetsch ,hongroise 
#a4 ,quetschen #d4 ,quetsche ,commune   
#d1 #ac1      #ad1 #af1 #ag4 ,quetsch   
,longue8 #a4 ,quetsche d',allemagne     
,grosse      #c1 #e1 #aa1 #ag1 #ai4     
,quetsche ,commune #ai4 ,quetsche       
d',allemagne      #c1 #ag1 #ai4         
,quetsche ,d',allemagne #ac4 ,quetsche  
des ,allemands #g4      ,quetsche       
,grosse #c1 #e1 #ag1 #ai4 ,quetsche de  
,lorraine #ac1 #ad1      #ag1 #ai4      
,quetsche de ,metz #ac1 #af1 #ag1 #ai4  
,quetsche ,domestique      #ad4         
,quetsche de ,malogne #ac1 #ag1 #ai4    
,quetzen #f1 #ag4 ,sweet      ,prune #e1
 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #ai4 ,teutsche     
blaue ,zwetsche #af1 #ag1      #ai4     
,wahre ,zwetsche #af4 ,wetschen #ac1    
#ag1 #ai4 ,true ,large      ,german     
,prune #d1 #e1 #ag1 #ai4 ,turkish       
,quetsche #e1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1      #ag1  

#ai4 ,zwespe #ag1 #ai4 ,zwetsche #c1 #e1
 #g1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1      #ag1 #ai4 
,zwetschen #d4 ,zwetschke #c1 #aa1 #ag1 
#ai4    ,although one of the oldest     
plums under cultivation1 probably the   
oldest  of the prune type1 the ,german  
,prune is still as largely grown1 the   
world  over1 as any2 and is seemingly   
more widely disseminated than any other 
plum4 ,it is a little difficult1 in     
,america at least1 to see why this      
fruit holds its popularity so long1 for 
it is surpassed by other plums  in many 
horticultural characters1 and when all  
of its characters1 most  of which are   
very good1 are combined there are still 
plums which it does  not excel4 ,in most
 of the attributes which gratify the    
senses1 color1  size1 shape1 taste and  
smell1 it falls below expectations for a
 plum so  universally planted4          
,undoubtedly the wide distribution of   
this plum is  due somewhat to its many  
variations4 ,the fruit comes almost true
 to seed  and is often propagated by    

planting pits1 a practice which has     
given many  slightly different strains  
of this variety1 each with somewhat     
different  adaptations4    ,in the ,old 
,world the number of strains of this    
plum1 especially in  ,germany1 is       
legion1 so many that it is probably     
impossible to segregate  them at this   
late date4 ,in ,america1 while there are
 a number of these  more or less        
distinct strains it is yet possible to  
distinguish the chief  ones4 ,in ,new   
,york1 the most commonly grown ,german  
,prune is the ,rochester  strain and    
since it agrees most closely with the   
fruit described in  the best works on   
pomology1 it is the strain described and
 illustrated  in this work4 ,the trees  
from which this description was made    
came from  ,ellwanger and ,barry1       
,rochester1 ,new ,york1 who have long   
maintained a  stock tree of this strain4
 ,another ,german ,prune1 fruit of which
 we have  not been able to obtain1 is   
the ,dansville strain grown in the      

nurseries  of ,dansville1 ,new ,york4   
,still another of these plums is the    
,weedsport  ,german ,prune#bac so like  
the ,rochester type as to be hardly     
worth  distinguishing4 ,the ,latz       
,german ,prune is a very distinct       
strain2 it is  larger1 thicker and      
broader than the type here described and
 is more of a  clingstone4 ,in some     
respects this is the best of the ,german
 ,prunes4 ,all  accounts agree that this
 plum was introduced into ,america from 
,prussia  by a ,mr4 ,latz about #ahej4  
,all of these ,german ,prunes are       
characterized by large1 hardy1 vigorous1
  healthy1 productive trees1 characters 
so marked that one can say at once  that
 it is the tree that gives the ,german  
,prune its great value4 ,the  fruit is  
excellent for all culinary purposes1    
especially for canning1 and  cures into 
a small but very good1 tart1 meaty1     
freestone1 elastic prune4  ,the chief   
objection to the plum for these purposes
 is that the fruits run  small4 ,the    

plums are too tart to have much value as
 dessert fruits4 ,this  variety is      
likely to remain a standard for some    
time in ,new ,york but will  eventually 
be superseded by a larger fruit4    ,the
 origin of this plum is uncertain4      
,german writers very generally  hold    
that it came from ,asia whence it was   
carried during the ,crusades  to        
,europe4 ,lauche1 a ,german authority1  
says1 8,in the ,sixteenth ,century1  the
 first dried prunes were introduced into
 ,italy1 ,switzerland and  ,germany from
 ,hungary4 ,the tree on the contrary is 
said not to have been  introduced by us 
until the end of the ,seventeenth       
,century40 ,a ,prune ,plum  was noted in
 ,america by ,coxe in #ahag1 but it is  
impossible to say whether  he meant the 
,german ,prune4 ,prince1 however1 in    
#ahcb1 described the  variety under its 
present name4 ,in #ahef1 the ,american  
,pomological ,society  placed the       
,german ,prune on the list of the       
varieties promising well and  six years 

later added it to its fruit catalog4    
,the ,german ,prune is used  only in the
 fresh state in ,new ,york1 but on the  
,pacific ,coast1 in some  one of its    
several types1 it is one of the         
half-dozen leading sorts for  curing4   
,tree medium to large1 vigorous1 round  
and dense-topped1      hardy1 usually   
very productive2 branches ash-gray1     
somewhat      rough1 with lenticels     
variable in size2 branchlets slender1   
short1 with internodes of medium length1
 green changing to      brownish-red1   
dull1 glabrous1 with numerous1 small1   
obscure      lenticels2 leaf-buds       
intermediate in size and length1        
conical1      free4        ,leaves      
falling early1 oval or obovate1 one and 
one-half inches      wide1 three inches 
long1 thinnish1 velvety2 upper surface  
pubescent1 slightly rugose1 with a      
shallow groove on the      midrib2 lower
 surface yellowish-green1 heavily       
pubescent2 apex      abruptly pointed or
 acute1 base acute1 margin finely       

serrate1      with small glands2 petiole
 one-half inch long1 pubescent1         
tinged with red1 glandless or with one  
or two small1 globose      glands       
usually at the base of the leaf4        
,blooming season intermediate in time   
and length2 flowers      appearing after
 the leaves1 nearly one inch across1    
inconspicuous on account of their       
greenish-yellow color1 which            
characterizes the variety2 borne on     
lateral spurs1 singly or      in pairs2 
pedicels five-eighths inch long2 below  
medium in      thickness1 pubescent1    
greenish2 calyx-tube green1 campanulate1
      lightly pubescent at the base2    
calyx-lobes long1 narrow1      acute1   
thinly pubescent on both surfaces1      
glandular-serrate1      erect2 petals   
narrow1 long-oval or obovate1 erose1    
tapering      to broad claws of medium  
length2 anthers yellowish2 filaments    
seven-sixteenths inch long2 pistil very 
pubescent at the base1      equal to the
 stamens in length4        ,fruit late1 

ripening period very long2 one and      
five-eighths      inches by one inch in 
size1 oval1 slightly swollen on      the
 ventral side1 halves unequal2 cavity   
very shallow1      narrow1 flaring2     
suture a faint line2 apex pointed2 color
      purplish-black1 overspread with   
thick bloom2 dots numerous1      small1 
brown1 inconspicuous1 clustered about   
the base2 stem      below medium in     
thickness1 five-eighths inch long1      
adhering      well to the fruit2 skin   
tough1 separating readily2 flesh        
yellowish-green1 medium juicy1 firm1    
sweetish1 mild1 pleasant      flavor2   
good to very good2 stone free1          
seven-eighths inch      by one-half inch
 in size1 the cavity larger than the    
pit1      flattened1 obliquely          
long-oval1 pointed at the apex and      
base1 with rough and pitted surfaces2   
ventral suture narrow1                  
conspicuously winged2 dorsal suture     
narrowly and shallowly      grooved4    
,,giant    ,illustration3 ,,giant       

,prunus domestica        #a4 ,gard4     
,for4 #g3dbj4 #ahid4 #b4 ,burbank ,cat4 
#e1 fig4      #ahie4 #c4 ,cal4 ,state   
,board ,hort4 #dg4 #ahig-ih4 #d4        
,cornell      ,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahe4     
#ahig4 #e4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bde4 
#ahii4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ci4  
#ahii4 #g4 ,am4 ,gard4      #ba3cf4     
#aijj4 #h4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ahg3gg1  
#gh4 #aija4        ,giant ,prune #d1 #g1
 #h4 ,giant ,prune #e1 #f4    ,giant is 
distinguished for its large size and    
attractive color4 ,the  accompanying    
color-plate shows the color and shape   
very well1 but the  fruit is a little   
too small4 ,unfortunately ,giant is     
somewhat inferior  in quality1 a        
disappointment to all1 as with ,agen for
 a parent high  quality was to be       
expected4 ,in quality1 as in all        
fruit-characters1 the  variety resembles
 the male parent1 ,pond4 ,the flesh is  
coarse1 fibrous1  lacking in juice1     
clings more or less to the stone and    
rots quickly under  unfavorable         

conditions4 ,the trees1 too1 lack       
somewhat in both vigor and              
productiveness4 ,introduced as a prune1 
it was supposed that this variety  would
 prove a great boon to prune-makers1 but
 it does not cure well and  is now      
hardly used for drying4 ,giant is       
proving to be one of the very  best     
shipping plums1 as would be expected    
because of its firm1 dry flesh4  ,it is 
unfortunate that so attractive a plum   
cannot be unqualifiedly  recommended1   
but it is doubtful if it is worth       
planting on a commercial  scale in ,new 
,york4    ,giant was grown by ,luther   
,burbank1 ,santa ,rosa1 ,california1    
from a seed of  ,agen fertilized by     
,pond1 the ,hungarian ,prune of the     
,pacific ,coast4 ,the  stock of this    
variety was offered for sale to         
nurserymen in #ahic and  #ahid1 but not 
to fruit-growers until #ahie1 and then  
by the originator4  ,the ,american      
,pomological ,society placed it on their
 fruit catalog list in  #ahii as a      

promising variety for this region and   
southern ,california4        ,tree      
medium in size and vigor1 round and     
dense-topped1 hardy1      usually       
productive2 branches short1 stocky1 dark
 ash-gray1 with      large lenticels2   
branchlets short1 with internodes of    
medium      length1 greenish-red        
changing to dark brownish-red1 dull1    
thinly pubescent1 heavily marked with   
scarf-skin and with few1      small1    
inconspicuous lenticels2 leaf-buds small
 to medium1      short1 conical1        
appressed4        ,leaves folded        
backward1 obovate or oval1 two and      
one-quarter      inches wide1 three and 
three-quarters inches long2 upper       
surface pubescent only along the midrib2
 lower surface pale      green1 lightly 
pubescent on the midrib and larger      
veins2 apex      abruptly pointed or    
acute1 margin serrate or crenate1       
usually      with small1 dark glands2   
petiole three-quarters inch long1       
tinged red along one side1 sparingly    

pubescent1 glandless or      with from  
one to four greenish-brown glands       
usually on the      stalk4              
,blooming season intermediate in time   
and length2 flowers      appearing after
 the leaves1 one and three-sixteenths   
inches      across1 creamy in the buds1 
changing to white on opening1      borne
 in scattering clusters on short1       
lateral buds and spurs1      singly or  
in pairs2 pedicels three-eighths inch   
long1 thick1      glabrous1 greenish2   
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1 glabrous 
or      lightly pubescent2 calyx-lobes  
broad1 obtuse1 pubescent on both        
surfaces1 glandular-serrate1 reflexed2  
petals oval1 somewhat      erose1 with  
short1 broad claws2 anthers yellowish2  
filaments      five-sixteenths inch     
long2 pistil glabrous1 longer than the  
stamens4        ,fruit mid-season1      
period of ripening short2 two inches by 
one and one-half inches in size1        
obovate1 slightly necked1               
compressed1 halves unequal2 cavity      

shallow1 narrow1 abrupt2      suture    
shallow2 apex roundish or depressed2    
color light to dark      purplish-red1  
overspread with bloom of medium         
thickness2 dots      numerous1 smallish1
 russet1 inconspicuous2 stem            
seven-eighths      inch long1 thinly    
pubescent1 adhering well to the fruit2  
skin      of medium thickness and       
toughness1 adhering but slightly to the 
pulp2 flesh light golden-yellow1        
variable in juiciness1 coarse1          
somewhat fibrous1 firm1 rather sweet1   
mild fair in quality2      stone        
semi-clinging or clinging1 one and      
one-eighth inches by      five-eighths  
inch in size1 long-oval1 flattened1 with
 rough      and pitted surfaces2 ventral
 suture strongly furrowed2 dorsal       
suture with a shallow groove4           
,,glass    ,prunus domestica        #a4 
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #crd ,app4    
#aha4 #ahha4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4  
,cat4 #ci4 #ahii4 #c4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4
 #afi3bde4 #ahii4      #d4 ,waugh ,plum 

,cult4 #ajd4 #aija4 #e4 ,can4 ,exp4     
,farm ,bul4      #dc3cd4 #aijc4 #f4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #eg4 #aijg4          
,glass ,seedling #b4 ,glass ,seedling   
#d1 #e1 #f4    ,although found in some  
collections in the ,united ,states1     
,glass has never  attained commercial   
importance in this country1 probably    
because its  place is taken by the      
,quackenboss1 which it very closely     
resembles4 ,the  fruit is large and     
attractive in color and shape1 but it is
 not high in  quality and it must be    
rated among ,domestica plums as only a  
mediocre  fruit4 ,the tree is said      
generally to give better satisfaction   
than the  fruit4 ,this variety          
originated with ,alexander ,glass1      
,guelph1 ,ontario1  and has been        
cultivated extensively by ,canadian     
growers to whom its  productivity and   
hardiness recommend it4        ,tree    
large1 vigorous1 upright-spreading1     
open1 productive1      hardy2 branches  
rough1 stocky2 branchlets rather        

slender1      pubescent2 leaves folded  
backward1 obovate or oval1 one and      
three-quarters inches wide1 three and   
one-half inches long2      margin finely
 serrate2 petiole reddish1 pubescent1   
with from      one to three smallish1   
globose glands usually at the base of   
the leaf4        ,fruit mid-season2 one 
and one-half inches by one and          
three-eighths inches in size1           
oblong-oval1 purplish-black1            
overspread with thick bloom2 stem       
adhering firmly to the fruit2      skin 
thin1 tender1 rather sour2 flesh light  
yellow1 juicy1      firm1 sweet1 mild2  
of fair quality2 stone clinging1 one    
inch by      five-eighths inch in size1 
irregular-oval1 with oblique apex1      
the surfaces rough and pitted2 ventral  
suture prominent1 winged4      ,,golden 
,illustration3 ,,golden    ,prunus      
munsoniana  ,prunus triflora        #a4 
,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 #bfc4 #ahib4 #b4  
,burbank ,cat4 #ag4      #ahic4 #c4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #gd4 #ahie4 #d4 ,am4 

,gard4      #ah3gae4 #ahig4 #e4 ,cal4   
,state ,board ,hort4 #ec4 #ahig-ih4 #f4 
,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ab4 #ahih4 #g4     
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #aac3afa4      #ahii4 
#h4 ,am4 ,gard4 #ba3cf4 #aijj4 #i4 ,vt4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4      #ad3bgd4 #aija4   
#aj4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,sp4 ,bul4 #cj3ah     
#aije4 #aa4      ,mass4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4
 #ag3afa4 #aije4 #ab4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4  
#fh3h1 #cf4 #aije4 #ac4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 
,yearbook #ejj4 #aije4        ,gold #c1 
#d1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #aa4 ,gold #f1 #i1 #ac4
 ,late ,klondike #e4    ,it would be    
hard to name another plum as showy as   
,golden4 ,large for its  group1         
beautifully turned1 it presents a most  
striking appearance long  before it is  
ripe1 with its bright yellow skin and   
crimson cheek1 the  whole plum turning  
to a brilliant currant-red with a       
delicate bloom at  maturity4 ,but the   
plum is little more than showy4 ,the    
flavor is not  good1 the flesh is       
fibrous1 excessively juicy and adheres  
to the stone1  the skin is tough and    

astringent4 ,in spite of the juiciness  
the plum  ships well1 owing to the tough
 skin1 but the fruits are much attacked 
by  brown-rot and the skin cracks badly 
under unfavorable conditions4 ,the      
trees are rather small1 uncertain in    
bearing1 often enormously productive    
but do not hold the crop well1 and the  
plums ripen unevenly4 ,strange to  say1 
considering the parentage1 the variety  
is hardy1 according to ,waugh  standing 
the winters at ,burlington1 ,vermont1   
almost perfectly4 ,in tree  and fruit   
the variety is more like its ,american  
parent than the ,asiatic  one4 ,golden  
can never be a money-maker in ,new      
,york1 but it is worth  having in a home
 orchard for its handsome appearance4   
,the original tree of this variety was  
grown in #ahhg or #ahhh by ,luther      
,burbank1 ,santa ,rosa1 ,california1    
from a seed of ,robinson fertilized by  
pollen of ,abundance4 ,in #ahib1 the    
variety was erroneously described  in   
the ,united ,states ,department of      

,agriculture ,report as a seedling  of  
,kelsey fertilized by ,burbank4 ,the    
same year it was named ,golden  by      
,burbank and in #ahic it was offered for
 sale in his catalog1 ,new  ,creations  
in ,fruits and ,flowers4 ,soon after1   
the original tree and  the right of     
introduction were purchased by ,stark   
,brothers ,nurseries  and ,orchards     
,company1 ,louisiana1 ,missouri1 and in 
#ahid the variety was  catalogued and   
disseminated under the name ,gold4 ,this
 name was registered  as a trade-mark in
 the ,united ,states ,patent ,office in 
#aije1 but as the  prior application and
 publication of ,golden entitles it to  
precedence  according to the            
nomenclature of the ,american           
,pomological ,society1 the  name ,gold  
has generally been dropped by           
pomologists4 ,the confusion as to  the  
origin and nomenclature of this variety 
has been increased by its  parentage    
being published#bad as a cross of       
,robinson and ,kelsey and by  the       

,california shippers labeling it ,late  
,klondike4        ,tree variable in size
 and vigor1 usually small1 somewhat     
vasiform1 medium dense1 hardy in all but
 the coldest      localities1 an        
uncertain bearer unless grown under     
favorable      conditions1 when it      
becomes very productive1 susceptible    
to attacks of shot-hole fungus2 trunk   
shaggy1 sometimes      gnarly2 branches 
strong1 unusually rough1 grayish-brown1 
with longitudinal cracks in the bark1   
with very numerous1      small1 raised  
lenticels2 branchlets willowy1 numerous1
 long1      with short internodes1 green
 changing to dull reddish-brown1        
marked with gray scarf-skin1 glossy1    
glabrous1 with numerous1                
conspicuous1 large1 raised lenticels2   
leaf-buds small1 short1      conical1   
free4        ,leaves usually flattened1 
broadly lanceolate1 peach-like1 one     
inch wide by three and one-half inches  
long1 thin1 somewhat      rigid2 upper  
surface light green1 smooth1 glabrous1  

with deeply      grooved midrib2 lower  
surface pale green1 thinly pubescent2   
apex taper-pointed1 base acute1 margin  
serrate or crenate1      with numerous1 
small1 dark red glands2 petiole slender1
      three-eighths inch in length1     
tinged red1 sparingly pubescent         
along one side1 glandless or with from  
one to seven small1      globose1       
yellowish-green glands usually on the   
stalk4        ,blooming season long2    
flowers appearing after the leaves1     
three-quarters inch across1 white2 borne
 in clusters on short      lateral spurs
 and buds1 in pairs or in threes2       
pedicels      seven-sixteenths inch     
long1 slender1 glabrous1 green2         
calyx-tube greenish1 campanulate1       
glabrous2 calyx-lobes      narrow1      
acute1 sparingly glandular-serrate and  
pubescent1 with      scattering marginal
 hairs1 erect2 petals oval1 entire1     
clawed2      anthers yellowish2         
filaments one-quarter inch long2 pistil 
glabrous1 longer than the stamens4      

,fruit mid-season1 ripening period very 
long2 medium to      sometimes large1   
roundish-oblate1 halves equal2 cavity   
deep1      flaring1 regular2 suture a   
line2 apex roundish or pointed2         
color golden-yellow blushed or          
overspread with bright red1 with        
thin bloom2 dots numerous1 very small1  
whitish1 inconspicuous1      thickly    
sprinkled around the apex2 stem         
five-eighths inch long1      glabrous1  
adhering fairly well to the fruit2 skin 
rather tough1      astringent1 inclined 
to crack under unfavorable conditions1  
separating readily2 flesh golden-yellow1
 unusually juicy and      fibrous1      
tender and melting1 sprightly1 sweet    
next the skin      but tart near the    
center2 fair in quality2 stone adhering1
      three-quarters inch by one-half   
inch in size1 oval1 turgid1             
flattened at the base1 abruptly         
sharp-pointed at the apex1 with         
pitted surfaces2 ventral suture slightly
 winged2 dorsal suture      broadly     

grooved4      ,,golden ,,beauty         
,illustration3 ,,golden ,,beauty        
,prunus hortulana        #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,rpt4 #afb4 #ahha4 #b4 ,rural ,n4 
,y4      #dc3ec4 #ahhd4 #c4 ,popular    
,gard4 #d3ch4 #ahhh4 #d4 ,am4           
,gard4 #aj3age4 #ahhi4 #e4 ,cornell     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3dh1 #di1      #hf4      
#ahib4 #f4 ,kerr ,cat4 #c4 #ahid4 #g4   
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #aah3ec4 #ahie4 
#h4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4      
#da3ee4 #ahif4      #i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4
 ,cat4 #bf4 #ahig4 #aj4 ,wis4 ,sta4     
,bul4      #fc3ci1 #db1 #dh4 #ahig4 #aa4
 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #aa3bhd4         
#ahih4 #ab4 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3db4  
#ahih4 #ac4 ,ohio ,sta4      ,bul4      
#aac3aee4 #ahii4 #ad4 ,ibid4 #afb3bdg1  
#bed1 #bee4 #aije4        ,honey ,drop  
#h1 #aj1 #ad4 ,honey ,drop #e1 #aa4     
,missouri ,apricot #e1      #f1 #h1 #aj1
 #aa1 #ab1 #ac4    ,from the            
fruit-grower's standpoint1 ,golden      
,beauty is of little interest4  ,the    
plums are so small and the quality so   

poor that the variety is not  worth     
planting either for the home or for     
money-making4 ,it is true  that the     
firm1 juicy fruits are very good for    
table use1 in jellies  in particular1   
and that they may be shipped long       
distances1 but these  characters cannot 
offset the handicap of small size and   
poor quality4 ,the  variety is of       
interest to botanists because it seems  
to be a wanderer out  of the range of   
the species to which it belongs4 ,as the
 history which  follows seems to show1  
,golden ,beauty was found in a part of  
,texas where  ,prunus hortulana does not
 grow 7see the discussion of this       
species7 and  quite as remarkable if it 
really comes from so warm a part of     
,texas is  the fact that it should be   
perfectly hardy here and even farther   
north4  ,there is a mystery yet to be   
cleared up about this plum4 ,the variety
 is  very ornamental in flower1 foliage 
and fruit4    ,according to current     
account1 ,golden ,beauty was found wild 

by a ,german  on the ,colorado ,river in
 western ,texas during the ,civil ,war4 
,after the  war1 the ,german planted his
 new plum in a yard in ,victoria        
,county1 ,texas1  where it attracted the
 attention of ,gilbert ,onderdonk1      
,mission ,valley1  southern ,texas4     
,onderdonk1 noting its merits1          
propagated and introduced  it in #ahgd4 
,in #ahhf1 ,stark ,brothers1 of         
,missouri1 introduced the ,missouri     
,apricot1 the ,honey ,drop of some1     
which they claimed was found wild in    
,missouri4 ,several pomologists have    
noted the close similarity of this      
variety to ,golden ,beauty and as tested
 at this ,station they are identical  in
 all respects and are therefore placed  
under the older name4 ,in #ahig  the    
,american ,pomological ,society placed  
this plum on its fruit catalog  list4   
,tree above medium in size1 vigorous1   
somewhat irregular in      habit1       
usually spreading1 low1 dense and       
flat-topped1 hardy1      variable in    

productiveness1 somewhat subject to     
attacks of      shot-hole fungus2 trunk 
rough1 shaggy2 branches roughish1       
thorny1 zigzag1 dark ash-gray1 with     
numerous lenticels of      medium size2 
branchlets long1 slender1 twiggy1 with  
short      internodes1 green changing to
 greenish-brown1 shining1      glabrous1
 with numerous1 conspicuous1 large1     
raised lenticels2      leaf-buds small1 
very short1 obtuse1 plump1 appressed4   
,leaves folded upward1 narrowly oval1   
one and seven-eighths      inches wide1 
four inches long1 thin2 upper surface   
smooth1      glabrous1 with a grooved   
midrib2 lower surface light green1      
sparingly pubescent along the midrib and
 larger veins2 apex      acuminate1 base
 abrupt1 margin irregularly and doubly  
crenate1      with small1 dark brown    
glands2 petiole seven-eighths inch long1
      slender1 green1 thinly pubescent  
along one side1 glandless or      with  
from one to eight very small1 globose1  
blackish glands      scattered mostly   

below the base of the leaf4             
,blooming season late and of medium     
length2 flowers appearing      after the
 leaves1 seven-eighths inch across1     
white2 borne      in clusters on lateral
 buds and spurs1 with from four to      
six flowers in each umbel2 pedicels     
nine-sixteenths inch      in length1    
slender1 glabrous1 greenish2 calyx-tube 
green1      obconic1 glabrous2          
calyx-lobes acute1 erect1 thinly        
pubescent      within1                  
glandular-serrate1 the glands reddish2  
petals      ovate or roundish-oval1     
erose1 tapering below into long1        
narrow1 pubescent claws2 anthers light  
yellow2 filaments      five-sixteenths  
inch in length2 pistil glabrous1 shorter
 than      the stamens4        ,fruit   
very late1 season of medium length2 one 
inch in diameter1      roundish to      
roundish-oval1 somewhat compressed1     
halves equal2      cavity shallow1      
narrow1 slightly flaring2 suture very   
shallow      or a line2 apex roundish or

 pointed2 color orange-yellow1          
mottled1 overspread with thin bloom2    
dots characteristic1      numerous1     
large and small1 yellowish1 decidedly   
conspicuous      producing a somewhat   
mottled appearance1 clustered about the 
apex2 stem very slender1 five-eighths   
inch in length1 glabrous1      adhering 
poorly to the fruit2 skin thick1 tough1 
adhering to      the pulp2 flesh        
golden-yellow1 juicy1 coarse1 fibrous1  
tender1      mildly sweet1 with a faint 
apricot flavor1 somewhat acid when      
cooked2 fair in quality2 stone adhering1
 five-eighths inch by      one-half inch
 in size1 turgid1 oval1 abruptly pointed
 at the      base and apex1 smooth and  
with a coating of yellowish-brown1      
cottony substance2 ventral suture broad1
 lightly furrowed2      dorsal suture   
acute or with a shallow furrow4         
,,golden ,,cherry    ,prunus cerasifera 
#a4 ,hoffy ,orch4 ,com4 #b3ahdb4 #b4    
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4      #bie4    
#ahde4 #c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #ae3bic4 

#ahif4 #d4 ,bailey      ,ev4 ,nat4      
,fruits #bab4 #ahih4 #e4 ,can4 ,exp4    
,farms ,rpt4 #dja4      #ahih4          
,golden ,cherry ,plum #b4 ,market ,plum 
#a4 ,youngken ,golden #c4               
,youngken's ,golden ,cherry #d4 ,yunkin 
,golden #e4    ,this plum is one of the 
few cultivated representatives of       
,prunus  cerasifera4 ,it offers some    
attractions because of real merit and   
because  it adds variety to the list of 
plums for fruit-growers4 ,some of its   
qualities are strongly marked and the   
variety might prove of value in         
plant-breeding4 ,golden ,cherry         
originated with ,samuel ,reeves1 ,salem1
 ,new  ,jersey1 as a seedling of        
,myrobalan1 in the early part of the    
last century4        ,tree large1       
vigorous1 spreading1 dense-topped1      
unproductive2      branches slender1    
sparingly thorny2 branchlets twiggy2    
leaves      oval1 one inch wide1 one and
 seven-eighths inches long2 margin      
finely serrate1 with few small glands2  

petiole reddish1      eglandular2       
blooming season early1 of medium length2
 flowers      appearing before the      
leaves1 well distributed on lateral buds
      and spurs4        ,fruit very     
early2 one and one-quarter inches in    
diameter1      greenish-yellow changing 
to pale yellow with a tinge of red1     
overspread with thin bloom2 flesh pale  
yellow1 very juicy1      melting1 sweet 
next to the skin but rather tart at the 
pit1      aromatic2 good2 stone         
clinging1 five-eighths inch by one-half 
inch in size1 oval1 with a nearly smooth
 surface4      ,,golden ,,drop          
,illustration3 ,,golden ,,drop          
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,pom4 ,mag4
 #b3eg1 ,pl4 #ahbi4 #b4 ,lond4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,cat4      #add4 #ahca4 #c4       
,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4 #bef4 #ahcb4 #d4   
,downing      ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bgc4    
#ahde4 #e4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 
,gard4 #bie1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #f4 ,thomas   
,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #ccb1 fig4      #beh4
 #ahdi4 #g4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #ae3dhf1 #dhg  

fig4 #db4 #ahdi4 #h4      ,hovey ,fr4   
,am4 #a3ha4 #ahea4 #i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,cat4 #ed4      #aheb4 #aj4 ,elliott    
,fr4 ,book #daj4 #ahed4 #aa4 ,ann4 ,pom4
      ,belge #dc1 ,pl4 #ahee4 #ab4      
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #eae4 #ahei4    
#ac4 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3bi1 fig4 #ae4  
#ahff-gc4 #ad4 ,hogg      ,fruit ,man4  
#fia1 #gbi4 #ahhd4 #ae4 ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dbe4      #ahhi4 #af4 ,guide     
,prat4 #aee1 #ceg4 #ahie4 #ag4 ,oregon  
,sta4      ,bul4 #de3bf fig4 #ahig4 #ah4
 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3cd4 #ahih4      
#ai4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #baa4 #ahii4
 #bj4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4      #aac3aeh1  
,pl4 ,,xv4 #ahii4 #ba4 ,mich4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #afi3bdb1      #bdd4 #ahii4 #bb4  
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ajd fig4 #aija4    
#bc4 ,va4      ,sta4 ,bul4 #acd3db4     
#aijb4 #bd4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bdb1 
#bed1 #bee4 #aije4        ,bury         
,seedling #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #h1   
#aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #af4      ,coe 
#af1 #ba4 ,coe's #a1 #b1 #g1 #h1 #ad1   
#ae1 #af4 ,coe ,golden ,drop      #af1  

#bc4 ,coe ,golden ,drop #ba4 ,coe's     
,golden ,drop ,plum #a1 #e1 #aa4        
,coe's ,golden ,drop #e1 #h1 #ac1 #ae1  
#af1 #ag1 #bb1 #bd4 ,coe's ,golden      
,drop #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1  
#ab1 #ad1 #ah1 #bj4 ,coe's ,golden      
,drop ,plum #ac4 ,coe's ,plum #ab1 #ac1 
#af4 ,coe 7,pride7 #ae4      ,coe's     
,imperial #a1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #aj1  
#aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #af4      ,coe's    
,rothgefleckte ,pflaume #ac1 #af4 ,coe's
 ,rotgefleckte      ,pflaume #ae4 ,coe's
 ,plum #e4 ,cooper's ,large #ae1 #af    
incor4 ,coe's      ,seedling #c4 ,de    
,coe #af4 ,fair's ,golden #ae1 #af4     
,fair's      ,golden ,drop #b1 #d1 #e1  
#g1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,golden
 ,drop      #a1 #b1 #g1 #h1 #ab1 #ad1   
#ae1 #af4 ,golden ,drop ,plum #af4      
,golden      ,gage #b1 #d1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 
#aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,goutte d',or  
#ac4      ,goutte d',or #ac1 #af4       
,goutte d',or de ,coe #ae1 #af4 ,king of
      ,plums #h4 ,new ,golden ,drop #a1 
#b1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae  

#af4 ,nouvelle ,goutte d',or #ae1 #af4  
,parmentier8 #ae1 #af4 ,prune           
,goutte d',or ,de ,co #aa4 ,semis de    
,bury #ae1 #af4 ,silver ,prune      #ag1
 #ai4 ,silver ,prune #bb4 ,the ,coe's   
,plum #a4 ,waterloo of some      #g1    
#h18 #ad1 #ae4    ,unfortunately this   
fine old plum1 the largest1 handsomest  
and best of the  yellow plums1 is fit   
only for the amateur in ,new ,york and  
in the hands  even of the most careful  
of amateurs it does not reach the       
perfection  in either appearance or     
quality that is expected of it in       
,europe or on  the ,pacific ,coast of   
,america4 ,in spite of special efforts  
to obtain  specimens for illustration   
which would do this variety justice1 the
  color-plate of ,golden ,drop is far   
from satisfactory as regards either     
size or color of the fruit4 ,in this    
region trees of ,golden ,drop lack      
constitution and while hardy in tree1   
the fruit-buds are often caught by  the 
cold4 ,from lack of vigor and from      

injury by freezing1 the variety is  not 
productive4 ,the trees1 too1 are slow in
 growth and the fruit needs a  long     
season to reach perfect maturity1 often 
failing to ripen in parts  of ,new ,york
 where other plums mature well4 ,again1 
the trees are subject  to nearly all the
 ills to which plums are heir and have a
 somewhat  precarious existence because 
of insects and diseases though the fruit
  is not as subject to brown-rot as is  
that of the ,yellow ,egg with which     
this variety is usually compared4       
,golden ,drop is seemingly fit for all  
purposes to which plums are put--for    
dessert1 cooking1 canning1 preserving   
and prune-making4 ,for the last named   
purpose it is unsurpassed for a  light  
colored prune of large size1 readily    
selling at a fancy price in             
delicatessen stores4 ,the fruit when    
carefully picked and handled keeps  for 
a month or more1 shrivelling somewhat   
but retaining its flavor and  pleasing  
flesh-characters4 ,a task for the       

plant-breeder is to breed a  plum1 of   
which one of the parents should be      
,golden ,drop1 which will give  to this 
region a plum as good as the ,golden    
,drop in regions where it is  at its    
best4 ,with all of its defects in the   
,north and ,east1 it is yet  worth      
growing for the home and often for the  
late market4    ,jervaise ,coe1 a market
 gardener1 at ,bury ,st4 ,edmunds1      
,suffolk1 ,england1  raised ,golden     
,drop from a seed about #ahji4 ,lindley 
7,references1 #e7 says1  8,he the       
originator informed me it was from the  
stone of ,green ,gage1 the  blossom of  
which1 he supposed1 had been fertilized 
by the ,white ,magnum  ,bonum1 the two  
trees of which grew nearly in contact   
with each other in  his garden40 ,from a
 study of the fruit-characters this     
supposition is  very probable4 ,c4 ,m4  
,hovey in discussing the synonyms of    
this variety  writes1 8,the ,french have
 disseminated it considerably under the 
name of  ,waterloo2 trees received under

 that name have fruited in our          
collection  this year1 and proved to be 
the ,golden ,drop40 ,robert ,hogg1 in   
his  ,fruit ,manual1 published in #ahhd1
 described ,waterloo as a separate      
variety1 found at ,waterloo1 ,belgium1  
and introduced by ,dr4 ,van ,mons2 the  
descriptions of the two are practically 
identical4 ,the ,silver ,prune1 well    
known on the ,pacific ,coast1 at one    
time supposed to be a new variety1      
turned out upon investigation to be     
,golden ,drop1 though the growers there 
continue to call it by the new name they
 have given it4 ,the variety under      
discussion came to ,america in #ahbc1   
when ,knight1 of ,england1 sent a tree  
of it to ,john ,lowell of               
,massachusetts4 ,in #aheb1 the ,american
 ,pomological  ,society valued it       
sufficiently to place it on the list of 
the fruits  worthy of general           
cultivation4        ,tree medium to     
large1 vigorous1 spreading or roundish1 
open-topped1 hardy1 productive2 branches

 ash-gray1 roughish1      with few1     
large lenticels2 branchlets short1      
stout1 with      internodes variable in 
length1 greenish-red changing to dull   
brownish-red becoming drab on the older 
wood1 glabrous early in      the season 
but becoming pubescent at maturity1 with
 numerous1      small lenticels2        
leaf-buds large1 long1 pointed1 free4   
,leaves folded upward1 oval or obovate1 
one and three-eighths      inches wide1 
two and three-quarters inches long1     
thickish2      upper surface dark green1
 slightly rugose1 pubescent1 with       
the midrib but faintly grooved2 lower   
surface silvery-green1      pubescent2  
apex abruptly pointed or acute1 base    
acute1 margin      serrate1 eglandular  
or with small1 dark glands2 petiole     
one-half inch long1 pubescent1 tinged   
red1 with from two to      three        
globose1 greenish-yellow glands usually 
at the base of      the leaf4           
,season of bloom medium1 short2 flowers 
appearing after the      leaves1 one    

inch across1 white1 borne in clusters on
 lateral      spurs1 singly or in pairs2
 pedicels five-eighths inch long1       
lightly pubescent1 greenish2 calyx-tube 
green1 narrowly      campanulate1       
pubescent2 calyx-lobes obtuse1 sparingly
 pubescent      on both surfaces1       
glandular-serrate1 reflexed2 petals     
oval1      dentate1 tapering to short1  
broad claws2 anthers yellowish2         
filaments five-sixteenths inch long2    
pistil glabrous1 equal to      the      
stamens in length4        ,fruit very   
late1 season of average length2 two     
inches by one      and one-half inches  
in size1 oval1 tapering at the base to a
      short neck1 slightly compressed1  
halves equal2 cavity very      shallow  
and narrow1 abrupt2 suture shallow and  
wide2 apex      depressed2 color        
golden-yellow1 occasionally with a faint
      bronze blush1 showing greenish    
streaks and splashes before full        
maturity1 overspread with thin bloom2   
dots numerous1 small1      russet1      

conspicuous2 stem three-quarters inch   
long1 thinly      pubescent1 adhering   
well to the fruit2 skin tough1 rather   
adherent2 flesh light golden-yellow1    
juicy1 intermediate in      firmness and
 tenderness1 rather sweet1 mild1        
pleasant flavor2      good to very good2
 stone free1 one and three-eighths      
inches by      three-quarters inch in   
size1 oval or ovate1 slightly flattened1
      irregularly ridged and roughened1 
acute at the base and apex2      ventral
 suture wide1 often conspicuously       
winged2 dorsal suture      widely and   
deeply grooved4      ,,goliath          
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,prince    
,treat4 ,hort4 #bf4 #ahbh4 #b4 ,lond4   
,hort4 ,soc4      ,cat4 #adg1 #aec4     
#ahca4 #c4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4 #bfj4   
#ahcb4 #d4      ,mag4 ,hort4 #i3afd4    
#ahdc4 #e4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4    
#cjj4      #ahde4 #f4 ,floy-,lindley    
,guide ,orch4 ,gard4 #bhg1 #chc4 #ahdf4 
#g4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cdc4    
#ahdi4 #h4 ,mc,intosh ,bk4      ,gard4  

#b3eca4 #ahee4 #i4 ,hooper ,w4 ,fr4     
,book #bde4 #aheg4      #aj4 ,cultivator
 #h3be fig4 #ahfj4 #aa4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4
 ,cat4      #hf4 #ahfb4 #ab4 ,hogg      
,fruit ,man4 #cfc4 #ahff4 #ac4 ,mas     
,pom4      ,gen4 #b3ae1 fig4 #h4 #ahgc4 
#ad4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcb4         
#ahhi4 #ae4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aje    
fig4 #aija4        ,caledonian #a1 #b1  
of some #e  #h1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad4     
,emperor      #i4 ,goliath #a1 #c4      
,goliath #i1 #ac4 ,nectarine #a1 of some
 #b       #h1 #aa  #ad incor4           
,pfirschenpflaume #ad4 ,prune-,pche8    
#ad4      ,saint ,cloud #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 
#f1 #h1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad4 ,steer's ,emperor
 #b4      ,steers' ,emperor #d1 #e1 #h1 
#ab1 #ac1 #ad4 ,wahre ,caledonian #ac1  
#ad4 ,wilmot's ,late ,orleans #b1 #e1   
#h1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad4    ,this old ,english
 plum has never been popular in ,america
 and is now  scarcely known on this     
continent4 ,it is a large1 handsome1    
purple plum1  as the illustration well  
shows1 but seldom fit for dessert4      

8,seldom fit0  because it is quite      
variable in quality in some seasons and 
under some  conditions4 ,it is an       
excellent culinary plum and its firm1   
thick1 meaty  flesh fits it well for    
shipping4 ,on the grounds of this       
,station the  trees behave very well in 
all respects and usually bear very full 
crops  of plums that would tempt        
purchasers in any market4 ,it has all of
 the  characters usually ascribed to a  
money-maker variety of any fruit and why
  not more grown in commercial orchards 
cannot be said4    ,nothing is known of 
the origin of this plum except that it  
is ,english4  ,william ,prince1 in      
#ahbh1 wrote3 8,this plum is of very    
large size1 and has  attracted much     
notice in ,england2 but it is only      
recently introduced to  this country1   
where it has not yet produced fruit that
 ,i am aware of40  ,the ,nectarine plum 
was confused with the ,goliath in the   
early part of the  ,nineteenth ,century1
 but ,robert ,thompson1#bae the ,english

 horticulturist1  separated them so     
satisfactorily that they have ever since
 remained  distinct in plum literature4 
,he found that this variety had         
pubescent  shoots and fruit-stalks1     
while the same parts of the ,nectarine  
were  glabrous1 and that the season of  
,goliath is considerably later4 ,the    
,american ,pomological ,society placed  
,goliath on its fruit list in #ahfb1    
but dropped it in #ahga4        ,tree   
large1 vigorous1 round-topped1 dense1   
hardy1 very      productive2 branches   
stocky1 with fruit-spurs numerous1      
ash-gray1 smooth except for the large1  
raised lenticels2      branchlets       
somewhat thick1 short1 with internodes  
of medium      length1 green changing to
 dull brownish-drab1 heavily pubescent  
throughout the season1 with few1        
inconspicuous1 small      lenticels2    
leaf-buds of average size and length1   
conical1 free4        ,leaves somewhat  
flattened1 obovate1 two inches wide1    
three and      five-eighths inches long2

 upper surface dark green1 nearly       
glabrous1 with a grooved midrib2 lower  
surface heavily      pubescent2 apex    
obtuse or acute1 base acute1 margin     
finely      serrate1 eglandular or with 
few1 small dark glands2 petiole         
one-half inch long1 thick1 heavily      
pubescent1 with a faint red      tinge1 
glandless or with from one to three     
large1 globose1      greenish-yellow    
glands usually at the base of the leaf4 
,blooming season early to medium1 short2
 flowers appearing      after the       
leaves1 one inch across1 white2 borne on
 lateral      spurs1 singly or in pairs2
 pedicels nine-sixteenths inch long1    
pubescent1 greenish2 calyx-tube green1  
campanulate1 lightly      pubescent2    
calyx-lobes1 broad1 obtuse1 somewhat    
pubescent1      glandular-serrate1      
erect2 petals unusually large1 roundish1
      finely crenate1 not clawed2       
anthers yellowish2 filaments            
five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil       
glabrous1 longer than the      stamens1 

with a large style and stigma4          
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period      
short2 one and five-eighths      inches 
by one and one-half inches in size1     
roundish-oblong1      somewhat oblique1 
truncate1 compressed1 halves unequal2   
cavity      narrow1 abrupt1 usually     
russeted2 suture a line2 apex flattened 
or depressed2 color dark purplish-red1  
lighter colored on the      shaded side1
 overspread with thick bloom2 dots      
characteristic1      numerous1 large1   
russet1 conspicuous1 clustered about the
      apex2 stem thick1 three-quarters  
inch long1 thickly pubescent1           
adhering well to the fruit2 skin thin1  
sour1 separating      readily2 flesh    
golden-yellow1 rather dry1 firm1 sweet1 
of      mild1 pleasant flavor2 fair to  
good2 stone free1 seven-eighths         
inch by three-quarters inch in size1    
roundish-oval1 somewhat      flattened1 
blunt at the base and apex1 roughened   
and      irregularly furrowed2 ventral  
suture wide1 winged1 heavily            

furrowed2 dorsal suture with a wide     
groove variable in depth4               
,,gonzales    ,illustration3 ,,goliath  
,prunus triflora         #a4 ,kerr ,cat4
 #ahii-aijj4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fg3ac4 #ahih4      #c4 ,ohio ,sta4     
,bul4 #afb3beb4 #aije4 #d4 ,penin4      
,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 #cf4 #aije4 #e4 
,stark ,bros4 ,cat4 #aijf4              
,gonzales #e4 ,red ,gold #d4 ,red ,gold 
#e4    ,judging from the several        
published descriptions1 ,gonzales is a  
very  promising plum1 for the ,south at 
least4 ,the writers have not seen the   
variety in the ,north1 but there appear 
to be no reasons why it should  not     
succeed in some northern soils and      
climates4 ,it is a chance seedling      
found in ,gonzales1 ,texas1 about #ahid1
 and was introduced by ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey1 
,austin1 ,texas1 in #ahig4 ,about all   
that can be determined regarding its    
parentage is that it is the product of  
some ,japanese variety pollinated  by a 
native4 ,in #aija1 ,waugh used this     

variety to typify a new species1        
,prunus hortulana robusta1 composed of a
 number of hybrids between  ,prunus     
triflora and native species4 ,the       
following description is  compiled3     
,tree vigorous1 upright-spreading1 open2
 leaves narrow1 oval1      tapering at  
both ends2 upper surface glabrous2      
margin minutely      glandular1 finely  
crenulate2 petiole short and slender1   
with      two glands4        ,fruit     
mid-season2 resembles ,burbank in size  
and shape2 skin      toughish2 color    
bright red1 sometimes striped and       
splashed with      dark red2 flesh      
yellow1 tinged red1 firm1 sweet2 good2  
stone of      medium size1 oval1        
clinging4      ,,grand ,,duke           
,illustration3 ,,grand ,,duke    ,prunus
 domestica        #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4
 #gjc4 #ahhd4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  
#dcb1      #dcd4 #ahhi4 #c4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ci3ajj4 #ahid4      
#d4 ,can4 ,hort4 #ah3aag1 ,pl4 #ahie4   
#e4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4      #aca3ahf1 

fig4 #dj ,,iv4 #ahif4 #f4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4      #db3hc4 #ahig4  
#g4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #be4 #ahig4  
#h4 ,mich4      ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bde4   
#ahii4 #i4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #aac3aei1  
,pl4 ,,xvi4 #ahii4 #aj4 ,can4 ,exp4     
,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3eb4           
#aijj4 #aa4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ajf    
fig4 #aija4 #ab4 ,ohio ,sta4      ,bul4 
#afb3bdc fig41 #bdd1 #bed1 #bee4 #aije4 
,grossherzog's ,pflaume #b4 ,grand-,duc 
#b4 ,grand ,duke #b4    ,grand ,duke1   
now probably the favorite late shipping 
plum in this region1  is1 as stated in  
the history given below1 a comparatively
 new plum  in ,america4 ,its great      
popularity1 gained in less than a       
quarter of a  century1 is due to much   
advertising by nurserymen coupled with  
such  intrinsic qualities as large size1
 the true prune shape which seems most  
pleasing in some markets1 handsome      
plum-purple and more than all else a    
firm1 meaty flesh which fits the variety
 excellently for shipping4 ,the  flavor1

 as seems most often to be the case with
 these large blue plums1  is not        
pleasant and the plum is not more than a
 second rate dessert fruit  though it is
 very good in whatever way cooked for   
the table4 ,the trees  grow poorly in   
the nursery and even in the orchard are 
seldom large  and vigorous enough to be 
called first class1 though usually      
hardy4  ,some years ago plum-growers    
were advised to top-work this and other 
weak-growing plums on stronger stocks1  
but those who have tried such           
top-working usually condemn it because  
it is expensive and ineffective  and    
because it so often gives a malformed   
tree4 ,the trees come in bearing  slowly
 but bear regularly and abundantly and  
hold the crop well1 the  plums being    
unusually free from rot and hanging in  
good condition a long  time4 ,grand     
,duke deserves its popularity as a      
market plum and probably no  better     
variety can be selected in ,new ,york   
for the last of the season4    ,grand   

,duke is another of the many valuable   
plums produced by ,thomas  ,rivers1 of  
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england4 ,it was grown
 from an ,autumn ,compote  stone and was
 sent out in #ahgf4 ,when it was first  
introduced into ,america  is not known1 
but in #ahhh cions of it were           
distributed by ,ellwanger and           
,barry#baf of ,rochester1 ,new ,york4   
,in #ahig1 the ,american ,pomological   
,society added this variety to its fruit
 catalog list and recommended it  for   
this ,state and neighboring regions with
 similar climatic conditions4           
,tree above medium in size1 moderately  
vigorous1 upright to      slightly      
spreading1 usually hardy1 productive2   
branches      ash-gray1 with small1     
numerous lenticels2 branchlets slender1 
short1 with internodes of medium length1
 greenish-red changing      to          
brownish-red1 many twigs retaining a    
tinge of green1      shining1 glabrous1 
with numerous1 small lenticels2         
leaf-buds      large1 long1 pointed1    

strongly appressed2 leaf-scars large4   
,leaves nearly flat1 obovate1 one and   
one-half inches wide1      three inches 
long1 thick2 upper surface shining1     
slightly      rugose1 pubescent only    
along the grooved midrib2 lower surface 
yellowish-green1 lightly pubescent2 apex
 taper-pointed1 base      acute1 margin 
serrate1 eglandular or with small1 dark 
glands2      petiole three-quarters inch
 long1 nearly glabrous1 slightly        
tinged red along one side1 glandless or 
with from one to three      globose     
yellowish glands on the stalk and base  
of the leaf4        ,blooming season    
intermediate1 short2 flowers appearing  
after      the leaves1 one inch across1 
white2 borne in clusters on      short  
lateral spurs and buds1 singly or in    
pairs2 pedicels      one-half inch long1
 slender1 glabrous1 greenish2 calyx-tube
      green1 campanulate1 glabrous2     
calyx-lobes lightly pubescent1          
glandular-ciliate1 slightly reflexed2   
petals obovate1 entire1                 

short-clawed2 anthers yellowish2        
filaments one-quarter inch      long2   
pistil pubescent at the base1 longer    
than the stamens4        ,fruit late1   
season medium2 unusually large when well
 grown1 two      and one-eighth inches  
by two inches in size1 elongated-oval   
or slightly obovate1 halves unequal2    
cavity shallow1 narrow1      abrupt2    
suture wide1 variable in depth2 apex    
flattened1      somewhat depressed or   
occasionally with a short1 blunt tip2   
color dark reddish-purple or            
purplish-black1 overspread with         
thick bloom2 dots numerous1 small1      
brownish1 inconspicuous2      stem      
three-quarters inch long1 adhering well 
to the fruit2 skin      variable in     
toughness1 somewhat astringent1         
separating readily2      flesh          
golden-yellow1 juicy1 firm1 sweet1 mild1
 not high in      flavor2 good2 stone   
clinging1 sometimes tinged red1 one and 
one-eighth inches by seven-eighths inch 
in size1 irregularly      oval1 slightly

 flattened1 roughish1 acute at the base 
and apex2      ventral suture broad1    
slightly winged2 dorsal suture with a   
broad1 shallow groove4      ,,gueii     
,illustration3 ,,gueii    ,prunus       
domestica        #a4 ,downing ,fr4      
,trees ,am4 #crd ,app4 #aha4 #ahha4 #b4 
,can4      ,hort4 #ad3bic1 ,pl4 #ahia4  
#c4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ajc3cd1         
fig4 #f4 #ahid4 #d4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4
 #aca3ahg4 #ahig4 #e4      ,ont4 ,fr4   
,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #abj4 #ahih4 #f4      
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #afi3bdb1 #bde4 
#ahii4 #g4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #aac3aei4  
#ahii4      #h4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4  
#ci4 #ahii4 #i4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4     
#ajg4 #aija4 #aj4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#acd3db1 #dc fig4 #ad4 #aijb4           
,big ,blue #a4 ,blue ,magnum ,bonum #a1 
#i4 ,bradshaw #a incor4      ,geuii #c4 
,gueii #a4 ,guii #a1 #f4 ,gweii #a4     
,gueii is one of the standard plums of  
its season in ,new ,york1 ranking  among
 the first half-dozen in number of trees
 growing in the ,state1 with  many      

growers holding that it is the best     
general purpose plum of all             
,domesticas4 ,the popularity of ,gueii  
is due to its being a money-maker1 as   
few would care to grow it for home      
consumption4 ,the quality of ,gueii is  
poor1 especially for dessert1 and it    
cannot even be called a particularly    
good-looking plum1 though the           
illustration scarcely does the plum     
justice1 especially in size4 ,but the   
variety bears early and abundantly2  the
 trees are large1 vigorous1 healthy and 
hardy and the plums are hardly          
surpassed for shipping1 especially at   
the time at which the crop comes  upon  
the market1 about mid-season1 the best  
shipping plums maturing a  little later4
 ,the fruit is quite subject to         
brown-rot1 a matter of more  moment in  
other regions than in ,new ,york1 and   
yet in some seasons very  important in  
this ,state4 ,the stone1 curiously      
enough1 sometimes clings  rather tightly
 and under other conditions is wholly   

free4 ,it could be  wished that so      
popular a market plum were better in    
quality1 but since  high quality is     
seldom correlated in plums with fitness 
to ship well1 it  would be unfair to    
condemn ,gueii for a market fruit       
because it cannot be  eaten with relish 
out of hand4    ,this plum1 according to
 all accounts1 originated with a ,mr4   
,hagaman1  ,lansingburgh1 ,new ,york1   
about #ahcj4 ,it was brought to notice  
by ,john  ,goeway 7,gueii7 and was soon 
called by his name4 ,for years it was   
not much  grown and it was not until    
#ahii that it was placed on the fruit   
catalog  list of the ,american          
,pomological ,society4        ,tree     
large1 vigorous1 spreading1 open-topped1
 hardy1 very      productive2 branches  
ash-gray1 roughened by longitudinal     
cracks and by numerous1 conspicuous1    
raised lenticels of      various sizes2 
branchlets thick1 of medium length1 with
 short      internodes1 green changing  
to dark brownish-drab1 dull1 thickly    

pubescent throughout the season1 with   
numerous1 inconspicuous1      small     
lenticels2 leaf-buds short1 conical1    
free4        ,leaves obovate or oval1   
one and seven-eighths inches wide1      
four inches long1 thick2 upper surface  
dark green1 with      scattering fine   
hairs and with a grooved midrib2 lower  
surface      silvery-green1 thickly     
pubescent2 apex abruptly pointed or     
acute1 base variable but usually acute1 
margin doubly crenate1      with small  
black glands2 petiole five-eighths inch 
long1 thick1      pubescent1 tinged red4
        ,blooming season short2 flowers 
appearing after the leaves1 one      and
 one-eighth inches across1 whitish2     
borne in clusters at the      ends of   
spurs1 singly or in pairs2 pedicels     
thirteen-sixteenths      inch long1     
pubescent1 greenish2 calyx-tube green1  
campanulate1      pubescent towards the 
base2 calyx-lobes broad1 obtuse1        
pubescent on both surfaces1             
glandular-serrate1 reflexed2 petals     

roundish1 entire1 with very short1 blunt
 claws2 anthers yellow2      filaments  
three-eighths inch long2 pistil         
glabrous1 equal to      the stamens in  
length4        ,fruit intermediate in   
time and length of ripening season2     
medium to above in size1 somewhat ovate1
 halves equal2 cavity      below medium 
in depth and width1 abrupt1 rarely      
sutured2 apex      bluntly pointed2     
color dark purplish-black1 overspread   
with      thick bloom2 dots numerous1   
small1 russet1 inconspicuous1           
clustered about the apex2 stem medium in
 thickness and length1      pubescent1  
adhering well to the fruit2 skin thin1  
tender1      slightly astringent1       
separating readily2 flesh               
greenish-yellow      changing to light  
golden-yellow1 dry1 firm but tender1    
sweet1      mild1 somewhat astringent   
towards the center2 fair in quality2    
stone variable in adhesion but usually  
clinging1 large1 ovate      or oval1    
blunt at the base and apex1 strongly    

roughened and      pitted2 ventral      
suture faintly winged2 dorsal suture    
acute or      lightly grooved4          
,,guthrie ,,late    ,prunus domestica   
#a4 ,mc,intosh ,bk4 ,gard4 #b3ecb4      
#ahee4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4      ,trees    
,am4 #iai4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4
 #gje4 #ahhd4 #d4      ,mathieu ,nom4   
,pom4 #dcd4 #ahhi4 #e4 ,rivers ,cat4    
#ahih4 #f4      ,am4 ,gard4 ,mag4       
#ba3agc4 #aijj4        ,guthrie's       
,minette #a4 ,guthrie's ,late ,green #f4
 ,guthrie ,green #f4      ,guthrie's    
,late ,green #b1 #c1 #d4 ,minette #b1   
#c1 #d4 ,verte ,tardive      de ,guthrie
 #d4    ,guthrie ,late has never        
attained commercial importance in the   
,united  ,states1 being found only in   
collections2 but in ,england1 according 
to  ,hogg1 it is a very fine dessert    
plum1 rivalling the ,reine ,claude in   
quality and ripening a month later4 ,on 
the grounds of this institution it  has 
failed because the fruits are small1    
dull in color and do not keep  well4 ,of

 the several varieties produced from    
seed of ,reine ,claude by  ,charles     
,guthrie1 ,taybank1 ,dundee1 ,scotland1 
about the middle of the last  century1  
,guthrie ,late is the best known4       
,tree large1 vigorous1 round-topped1    
dense1 productive2 branches      stocky2
 branchlets pubescent2 leaf-buds large1 
short1 with a      peculiar brush-like  
apex2 leaves folded upward1 oval1 one   
and      seven-eighths inches wide1     
three and one-half inches long1         
thick1 rugose2 margin crenate1          
eglandular or with small1 dark          
glands2 petiole thick1 glandless or with
 from one to four      globose glands2  
blooming season short2 flowers appearing
 after      the leaves1 one inch across1
 white tinged with yellow at the        
apex of the petals2 borne on lateral    
buds and spurs1 singly or      in pairs4
        ,fruit mid-season1 ripening     
period long2 of medium size1            
roundish-truncate1 dull greenish-yellow1
 often irregularly      splashed and    

striped with green1 overspread with thin
 bloom2      skin thin1 slightly        
astringent2 flesh light golden-yellow1  
rather dry1 fibrous1 somewhat tender1   
sweet1 pleasant in      flavor2 of good 
quality2 stone free1 seven-eighths inch 
by      five-eighths inch in size1 ovate
 or oval1 medium turgid1 with      rough
 surfaces4      ,,hale    ,illustration3
 ,,hale    ,prunus triflora        #a4  
,burbank ,cat4 #ai4 #ahic4 #b4 ,ibid4   
#ahid4 #c4 ,cornell      ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ajf3eb4 #ahif4 #d4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4   
,rpt4 ,,xi4 #ahig4      #e4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,cat4 #da4 #ahii4 #f4 ,cornell    
,sta4 ,bul4      #age3adg1 #adh1 fig4   
#cg4 #ahii4 #g4 ,am4 ,gard4 #ba3cf      
#aijj4      #h4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4     
#acf4 #aija4 #i4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4     
#ahg3gg1 #gi4 #aija4 #aj4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hi4 #aijb4      #aa4
 ,ohio4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bed1 #bee4     
#aije4 #ab4 ,ga4 ,sta4      ,bul4       
#fh3aj1 #cj4 #aije4 #ac4 ,mass4 ,sta4   
,an4 ,rpt4 #ag3afj4      #aije4         

,j #a4 ,j #c4 ,prolific #b4 ,prolific   
#c1 #h1 #ab4    ,it is doubtful if the  
average person who grows the ,hale would
 recognize  it as shown in ,the ,plums  
of ,new ,york1 as it is supposed to be a
 yellow  plum2 nevertheless the         
illustration is a good one so far as the
 fruits  go at least4 ,when mature on   
the trees the fruits are yellow with a  
faint blush1 but in storage the color   
quickly changes into a pale red1        
becoming1 when the plum is at its best  
in appearance and quality1 a light      
currant-red4 ,hale1 though large and    
handsome of fruit1 is of questionable   
value1 failing both in fruit and tree4  
,the flavor of this plum is good  in the
 judgment of most fruit connoisseurs1   
but others find it a little  too sweet  
and somewhat mawkish near the skin and  
close about the pit4  ,all agree1       
however1 that the flesh clings too      
tightly to the stone for  pleasant      
eating and that the texture is too      
tender for good shipping4  ,but it is   

the tree that fails most markedly4 ,even
 on the grounds of this  ,station1 where
 the peach is practically hardy1 ,hale  
is but semi-hardy1  failing most often  
because with the best of care the wood  
does not ripen  properly4 ,the habit of 
growth is not particularly good1 the    
trees are  slow in coming in bearing1   
are not regularly productive and are    
readily  infected by brown-rot and the  
fruits much infested by curculio4 ,on   
the  whole1 it is to be regretted that  
,mr4 ,hale did not choose a better plum 
to bear a name so distinguished in      
horticulture4    ,luther ,burbank       
offered this plum1 a cross between      
,kelsey and ,satsuma1 for  sale under   
the name ,j1 in #ahic1 and the following
 year as ,prolific4 ,j4  ,h4 ,hale1     
,south ,glastonbury1 ,connecticut1      
purchased the variety in #ahid1  and    
introduced it as the ,hale in #ahif4 ,in
 #ahii1 the ,american ,pomological      
,society considered it worthy a place on
 its fruit catalog list4        ,tree   

above medium in size1 vigorous1         
vasiform1 open-topped1      semi-hardy1 
variable in productiveness2 branches    
smooth      except for the numerous1    
small1 raised lenticels1 somewhat       
thorny1 dark ash-gray1 the fruit spurs  
numerous2 branchlets      willowy1 of   
medium thickness and length1 with short 
internodes1      greenish-red changing  
to light brown1 shining1 glabrous2      
lenticels numerous1 small2 leaf-buds    
small1 short1 obtuse1      plump1 free4 
,leaves sparse1 folded upward1          
oblanceolate or narrowly obovate1       
one and three-quarters inches wide1     
three and one-half inches      long1    
thin2 upper surface glabrous except for 
scattering      hairs1 with a grooved   
midrib2 lower surface light green1      
glabrous except along the midrib and    
larger veins2 apex acute      or        
abruptly pointed1 base acute1 margin    
finely serrate or      crenate1         
eglandular2 petiole nine-sixteenths inch
 long1      slender1 tinged red1        

glandless or with from one to four      
globose      or reniform1               
greenish-yellow glands on the stalk4    
,blooming season early and of medium    
length2 flowers appearing      before   
the leaves1 white2 borne in thin        
clusters on lateral      buds and spurs1
 singly or in pairs2 pedicels long1     
glabrous1      greenish2 calyx-tube     
green1 campanulate1 glabrous2           
calyx-lobes      obtuse1 with numerous  
hair-like glands1 nearly glabrous1      
erect2      petals roundish-ovate1      
entire1 not clawed2 anthers yellowish2  
filaments short2 pistil glabrous except 
at the base1 much      longer than the  
stamens4        ,fruit early1 season    
short2 one and three-quarters inches in 
diameter1 roundish1 halves equal2 cavity
 of medium depth and      width1 abrupt1
 regular2 suture a line2 apex roundish2 
color      light or greenish-yellow1    
more or less blushed with red on        
one side1 becoming red at maturity1     
mottled1 with thin bloom2      dots     

numerous1 small1 whitish1 conspicuous   
only where the skin      is blushed2    
stem slender1 five-eighths inch long1   
glabrous1      detaching easily from the
 fruit2 skin thin1 tough1 adhering2     
flesh yellowish1 very juicy1 fibrous1   
tender1 melting next the      skin but  
firmer at the center1 sweet except near 
the pit2 good      in quality2 stone    
adhering1 three-quarters inch by        
five-eighths      inch in size1         
roundish-oval1 flattened1 blunt but with
 a      small1 sharp tip1 rough2 ventral
 suture narrow and rather               
conspicuously winged2 dorsal suture     
grooved4      ,,hammer    ,illustration3
 ,,hammer    ,prunus hortulana mineri   
,prunus americana        #a4 ,cornell   
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3gi4 #ahib4 #b4 ,ia4     
,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 #bge1 #ddh4     
#ahic4 #c4 ,ibid4 #ccd4 #ahid4 #d4 ,wis4
 ,sta4      ,bul4 #fc3bd1 #ci4 #ahig4   
#e4 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3cf4 #ahih4   
#f4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bgd4 #aijj4 #g4
 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4      #aej4 #aija4  

#h4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,gr4 ,assoc4 #add4 #aija4
 #i4 ,ga4 ,sta4      ,bul4 #fg3bgd4     
#aijd4 #aj4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#ic3ah4 #aije4      #aa4 ,ohio ,sta4    
,bul4 #afb3bed1 #bee4 #aije4    ,hammer 
is one of the best native plums4 ,on the
 ,station grounds the  trees of this    
variety make the best orchard plants of 
any of the native  varieties1 being     
large1 vigorous1 shapely and hardy1     
falling short only  in being a little   
uncertain in bearing4 ,the fruits are   
good in quality1  handsome in appearance
 and keep and ship well1 but crack badly
 in  unfavorable weather and1 according 
to some writers1 are quite subject to   
brown-rot4 ,hammer extends the season of
 the ,americana plums considerably1  for
 though a hybrid1 it may best be ranked 
with the ,americanas1 and is  well worth
 planting in home orchards in ,new      
,york1 where the native plums  are too  
seldom found2 in particular1 this       
variety can be recommended for  the     
colder parts of this ,state where       

,domestica and ,insititia plums are  not
 hardy4    ,hammer is one of ,h4 ,a4    
,terry's numerous productions and was   
grown from a  seed of the ,miner        
evidently fertilized by an ,americana4  
,the blood of the  latter is shown by   
its hardiness and its broad1            
,americana-like foliage4  ,the variety  
first fruited in #ahhh and was sent out 
in #ahib4        ,tree very large1      
vigorous1 round-topped1 widely          
spreading1      hardy at ,geneva1 an    
uncertain bearer2 trunk and larger limbs
      shaggy2 branches long1 rough1     
brash1 thorny1 dark ash-gray1      with 
many1 large lenticels2 branchlets thick1
 very long1      with long internodes1  
green changing to dull reddish-brown1   
glabrous1 with raised lenticels of      
medium number and size2      leaf-buds  
small1 short1 obtuse1 plump1 free4      
,leaves folded upward1 oval or slightly 
obovate1 two and      one-eighth inches 
wide1 four inches long1 thin2 upper     
surface      somewhat rugose2 lower     

surface pale green1 very lightly        
pubescent along the midrib2 apex        
taper-pointed1 base obtuse1      often  
unsymmetrical1 margin coarsely and      
doubly serrate1      eglandular2 petiole
 three-quarters inch long1 sparingly    
pubescent along one side1 tinged red1   
glandless or with from      one to four 
small1 globose1 greenish-brown glands on
 the stalk4        ,blooming season     
medium to late1 long2 flowers appearing 
after      the leaves1                  
fifteen-sixteenths inch across1 white1  
with a      disagreeable odor2 borne in 
clusters on lateral buds and spurs1     
in twos or in threes2 pedicels          
five-eighths inch in length1            
slender1 glabrous1 greenish2 calyx-tube 
green1 campanulate1      glabrous2      
calyx-lobes narrow1 obtuse1 thinly      
pubescent within1      glandular-serrate
 and with marginal hairs1 somewhat      
reflexed2      petals ovate or oval1    
irregularly crenate1 tapering below     
into claws of medium length and breadth2

 anthers yellowish2      filaments      
seven-sixteenths inch in length2 pistil 
glabrous1      equal to or shorter than 
the stamens in length4        ,fruit    
mid-season1 ripening period of average  
length2 one      and one-quarter inches 
in diameter1 roundish-oval1 slightly    
compressed1 halves equal2 cavity very   
shallow1 narrow1 flaring2      suture an
 indistinct line2 apex roundish2 color  
crimson      overspread with thick      
bloom2 dots numerous1 very small1 light 
russet1 inconspicuous2 stem slender1    
five-eighths inch long1      glabrous1  
not adhering to the fruit2 skin thick1  
tough1      inclined to crack under     
unfavorable conditions1 separating      
readily2 flesh golden-yellow1 juicy1    
fibrous1 tender and      melting1 sweet1
 strongly aromatic2 good2 stone         
semi-free1      three-quarters inch by  
five-eighths inch in size1 flattened1   
roundish-oval1 somewhat compressed at   
the base1 abruptly      pointed at the  
apex1 rough2 ventral suture rather      

narrow1      faintly ridged2 dorsal     
suture with a narrow1 shallow groove4   
,,hand    ,illustration3 ,,hand         
,prunus domestica        #a4            
,horticulturist #b3dcf4 #ahdg4 #b4      
,ibid4 #f3ba fig41      #ahg1 #bid4     
#ahea4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aij1 
#bad4 #ahef4 #d4      ,downing ,fr4     
,trees ,am4 #chb4 #aheg4 #e4 ,hogg      
,fruit ,man4      #cfb4 #ahff4 #f4 ,mas 
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ai1 fig4 #aj4 #ahgc4 #g4 
,ont4 ,fr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #abj4      
#ahif4 #h4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4         
#aca3ahe4 #ahig4 #i4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4
 #ajh fig4 #aija4 #aj4                  
,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #cad1   
#cae fig4 #aijc4 #aa4 ,mass4      ,sta4 
,an4 ,rpt4 #ag3aei4 #aije4        ,gen4 
,hand #a1 #b4 ,general ,hand #b1 #c1 #e1
 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,genl4 ,hand #d4           
,general ,hand #i1 #aj4 ,montgomery #c  
incor4    ,unproductiveness and         
uncertainty in bearing keep this        
magnificent yellow  dessert plum from   
being one of the most commonly grown of 

all plums in  ,america4 ,even with these
 handicaps1 it has maintained its       
popularity  for a century1 is grown in  
all collections and shown in all        
exhibitions  of note4 ,it is the largest
 of the ,reine ,claude plums1 well      
molded1 a  golden-yellow and when       
allowed to become fully ripe is most    
excellent in  flavor and pleasing in all
 the flesh attributes of a good dessert 
plum4  ,it is not as high in quality as 
some other of the ,reine ,claude plums1 
as1  for example the ,washington1 with  
which it is often compared1 for it is a 
little coarser in flesh and not as      
sprightly1 but it is better than is     
commonly thought1 because it is seldom  
allowed to reach its best flavor  by    
full maturity4 ,the trees on the        
,station grounds are all that could  be 
asked for even in bearing2 and elsewhere
 size1 vigor and hardiness  are usually 
satisfactory but productiveness is a    
weak point4 ,the amateur  should always 
plant this variety and it would seem as 

if it were more  often worth planting in
 commercial orchards4    ,the history of
 this variety is well known4 ,the       
original tree grew on  the place of     
,general ,hand1 on the ,conestoga       
,river1 about a mile from  ,lancaster1  
,pennsylvania1 and first fruited about  
#agij4 ,thirty years  later a ,mr4      
,miller procured grafts and succeeded in
 growing them4 ,the  variety was brought
 to the notice of fruit-growers by ,e4  
,w4 ,carpenter1 a  nurseryman of        
,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania1 who sent     
grafts to his brother1  ,s4 ,carpenter1 
of ,lancaster1 ,ohio1 and ,robert       
,sinclair1 ,baltimore1  ,maryland4 ,to  
the latter the introduction of the ,hand
 has been incorrectly  attributed4 ,in  
#ahef1 ,hand was listed in the fruit    
catalog of the ,american  ,pomological  
,society4        ,tree large1 vigorous1 
spreading1 dense-topped1 hardy1 variable
      in productiveness2 branches dark  
ash-gray1 rough1 with small             
lenticels2 branchlets of medium         

thickness and length1 with      long    
internodes1 green changing to           
brownish-red1 pubescent      early in   
the season1 becoming less so at         
maturity1 with few1      inconspicuous1 
small lenticels2 leaf-buds large1 long1 
obtuse1      appressed2 leaf-scars      
large4        ,leaves folded backward1  
obovate or oval1 two and three-eighths  
inches wide1 four and one-half inches   
long2 upper surface dark      green1    
rugose1 slightly hairy1 with a shallow1 
grooved midrib2      lower surface pale 
green1 pubescent2 apex and base acute1  
margin finely and doubly serrate2       
petiole three-quarters inch      long1  
thickish1 pubescent1 tinged red1 with   
from one to four      small1 globose1   
greenish-brown glands on the stalk or   
base of      the leaf4        ,blooming 
season intermediate in time1 short2     
flowers appearing      after the leaves1
 one and one-quarter inches across1     
white2 borne sparsely on lateral buds   
and spurs2 pedicels      seven-eighths  

inch long1 very pubescent1 greenish2    
calyx-tube      green1 campanulate1     
pubescent2 calyx-lobes broad1 obtuse1   
pubescent on both surfaces1             
glandular-serrate1 reflexed2      petals
 roundish or obovate1 slightly crenate1 
with short1 broad      claws2 anthers   
yellowish2 filaments three-eighths inch 
long2      pistil lightly pubescent at  
the base1 equal to the stamens in       
length4        ,fruit mid-season1       
ripening period long2 one and           
three-quarters      inches in diameter1 
roundish-truncate or oblate1 halves     
equal2      cavity deep1 flaring2 suture
 shallow1 distinct2 apex flattened      
or depressed2 color yellow1 obscurely   
striped and mottled with      green1    
overspread with thin bloom2 dots        
numerous1 whitish1      inconspicuous1  
clustered about the apex2 stem unusually
 long1      averaging one and           
five-sixteenths inches in length1 very  
pubescent1 adhering strongly to the     
fruit2 skin thick1 tough1      slightly 

astringent1 separating readily2 flesh   
golden-yellow1      juicy1 somewhat     
fibrous1 firm1 sweet1 with pleasant1    
mild      flavor2 very good2 stone      
semi-free or free1 the cavity larger    
than the pit1 seven-eighths inch by     
three-quarters inch in      size1       
broadly oval1 turgid1 blunt at the base 
and apex1      slightly roughened2      
ventral suture broad1 sometimes winged2 
dorsal suture broadly and deeply        
grooved4      ,,harriet    ,prunus      
domestica        #a4 ,gard4 ,chron4     
#ah3dda4 #ahhb4 #b4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4  
#gje4      #ahhd4    ,harriet is little 
known in ,america1 but as the variety   
grows on our  grounds it appears to be  
somewhat desirable4 ,the type is that of
 ,reine  ,claude1 the fruit being       
slightly yellower2 the quality is very  
good and  the tree-characters are good4 
,it is doubtful1 however1 in spite of   
these  attributes to recommend it1      
whether1 with the multiplicity of plums 
of  this type1 the variety in question  

can make headway in the ,united ,states4
  ,harriet was originated by ,thomas    
,rivers1 ,sawbridgeworth1 ,england1     
about  #ahgj4 ,while considerably grown 
in ,england1 it can hardly be said to be
  one of the leading varieties in that  
country4        ,tree medium in size and
 vigor1 spreading1 open1 productive2    
branchlets thick1 very short1 pubescent 
throughout the season2      leaf-buds   
large1 long1 tipped brush-like at the   
apex2 leaves      folded upward1 oval1  
one and one-half inches wide1 two and   
three-quarters inches long1 the young   
leaves bright red when      opening2    
margin serrate or almost crenate2       
petiole tinged red1      glandless or   
with one or two glands usually at the   
base of the      leaf2 blooming season  
intermediate1 short2 flowers appearing  
after the leaves1 one inch across2 borne
 on lateral buds and      spurs1 singly 
or in pairs4        ,fruit mid-season1  
ripening period long2 about one and     
three-eighths inches in diameter1       

roundish-oblate1 somewhat      oblique1 
golden-yellow1 sometimes mottled with   
red1 overspread      with thin bloom2   
flesh golden-yellow1 firm1 sweet1       
pleasant in      flavor2 of very good   
quality2 stone clinging1 five-eighths   
inch      by one-half inch in size1     
oval1 turgid1 with slightly roughened   
surfaces4      ,,hawkeye                
,illustration3 ,,hawkeye    ,prunus     
americana        #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt4 #bhg4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4  
,rpt4      #dda4 #ahhi4 #c4 ,ia4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt4 #ee1 #he4 #ahij4 #d4        
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ch1 #hf4 #ahib4
 #e4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #fc3dj1 #da4
 #ahig4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bd4 
#ahig4 #g4      ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#ej3cg4 #ahih4 #h4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4     
#df3bgd4      #aijj4 #i4 ,waugh ,plum   
,cult4 #aea4 #aija4 #aj4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,gr4
      ,assoc4 #add4 #aija4 #aa4 ,wis4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #hg3ac4 #aija4 #ab4      ,s4
 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3ai4 #aije4 #ac4  
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4      #afb3bed1 #bee4  

#aije4    ,this variety is a very       
satisfactory and widely planted         
,americana4 ,it is  typical of its      
species2 and its foliage1 fruit and pit 
in the color-plate  herewith presented  
all represent ,prunus americana very    
well4 ,the fruit  of ,hawkeye is more   
satisfactory than the tree1 being both  
attractive in  appearance and pleasant  
to eat either out of hand or cooked2 the
 chief  fault of the fruit is that it   
seems to be easily infected with        
brown-rot4  ,the trees are crooked in   
body and quite too straggling and at the
 same  time too dense in growth to make 
good orchard plants4 ,it requires very  
careful pruning and training to keep the
 trees at all manageable4 ,in some  of  
the references given above it is stated 
that ,hawkeye on its own roots  is a    
better tree than otherwise propagated4  
,this variety belongs in the  middle    
west but it might be grown for home use 
in northern ,new ,york where  it is too 
cold for the ,european plums4           

,hawkeye is a seedling of ,quaker grown 
by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1#bag ,crescent1       
,iowa4 ,it first fruited in #ahhb and   
the following year was introduced by    
the originator4 ,in the ,iowa           
,horticultural ,society ,report for     
#ahhg1 ,mr4  ,terry stated that the     
original tree had borne five crops in   
succession  and he believed it to be the
 most valuable variety in cultivation   
for the  ,west and ,northwest4 ,the     
,american ,pomological ,society placed  
this plum on  its fruit catalog list in 
#ahig4        ,tree large1 vigorous1    
rather upright at first1 becoming       
spreading1 low-headed1 hardy1 usually   
productive1 but variable      in some   
locations1 susceptible to attacks of    
shot-hole fungus2      branches         
numerous1 dark brown1 rough1 thorny1    
with numerous1      large lenticels2    
branchlets long1 willowy1 with          
internodes of      medium length1 green1
 changing to dull reddish-brown1        
shining1      glabrous1 with numerous   

large1 raised lenticels2 leaf-buds      
small1 short1 pointed1 appressed4       
,leaves tinged red late in the season1  
nearly flat1 oval or      slightly      
obovate1 two inches wide1 four inches   
long1 rather      thin2 upper surface   
dark green1 smooth1 glabrous1 with      
midrib      and larger veins deeply     
grooved2 lower surface light green1     
lightly pubescent along the midrib and  
larger veins2 apex      taper-pointed1  
base very abrupt1 margin coarsely and   
doubly      serrate1 the serrations     
often becoming spiny1 eglandular2       
petiole rather slender1 nine-sixteenths 
inch in length1 tinged      with pink1  
sparingly pubescent along one side1     
glandless or      with one or two       
globose1 greenish-brown glands4         
,blooming season intermediate in time   
and length2 flowers      appearing with 
the leaves1 showy on account of the     
numerous1      pure white1 flat petals1 
with a somewhat disagreeable odor2      
borne in clusters on lateral buds and   

spurs1 in pairs2 pedicels               
seven-sixteenths inch in length1        
glabrous1 green with a      distinct    
reddish tinge on one side2 calyx-tube   
red1 broadly      obconic1 glabrous2    
calyx-lobes short1 obtuse1 pubescent on 
both      surfaces1 eglandular1 with a  
hairy1 serrate margin1 somewhat         
reflexed2 petals ovate1 crenate1 but    
somewhat fringed1 long and      narrowly
 clawed2 anthers yellowish2 filaments   
five-sixteenths      inch long2 pistil  
glabrous1 shorter than the stamens4     
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period of   
medium length2 about one      and       
one-eighth inches in diameter1          
roundish-oval or ovate1      not        
compressed1 halves equal2 cavity        
unusually shallow1 very      narrow2    
suture an indistinct line2 apex         
roundish2 color dull      carmine1      
covered with thin bloom2 dots numerous1 
gray or      reddish1 nearly obscure1   
with almost none around the base2       
stem slender1 below medium in length2   

skin thick1 tough1      astringent1     
adhering2 flesh pale1 dull yellow1 very 
juicy1      slightly fibrous1 watery and
 melting1 sweet at first with a         
tart and somewhat astringent            
after-taste2 good2 stone adhering       
to the pulp1 seven-eighths inch by      
five-eighths inch in size1              
roundish-oval1 flattened1 smooth1 blunt 
at the base and apex1      conspicuously
 winged on the ventral suture1 with a   
deep but      narrow groove on the      
dorsal suture4      ,,hudson            
,illustration3 ,,hudson    ,prunus      
domestica        #a4 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #bhi4 #ahhi4 #b4 ,mich4 ,sta4    
,bul4      #ajc3ce #ahid4 #c4 ,ohio     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #cj3afh4 #ahif-ig4   
#d4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3aha fig4  
#dj ,,iii1 #ahg4 #ahig4 #e4      ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #be4 #ahig4 #f4 ,can4 
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd      ,ser4 #c3eb4
 #aijj4 #g4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aji4   
#aija4        ,hudson ,river ,purple #f4
 ,hudson ,river ,purple ,egg #a1 #c1 #d4

 ,hudson      ,river ,purple ,egg #b1   
#e1 #g4 ,purple ,egg #b4    ,hudson is  
limited in cultivation1 belonging almost
 wholly to the ,hudson  ,river ,valley  
where it has long been somewhat of a    
favorite for both home  and market      
planting4 ,the variety has few qualities
 of fruit to commend  it especially     
outside of the region where it is now   
grown and even here  its value is       
probably overrated4 ,the fruits are of  
only medium size1  not markedly         
attractive in appearance and the quality
 is below the  average among standard   
plums4 ,the trees are for most part very
 good in  constitution and habit of     
growth and in particular bear very well2
 they  have the faults of not bearing   
early and of being subject to           
black-knot4  ,the variety1 and perhaps  
it is well1 is being less planted than  
formerly4    ,nothing is known of the   
origin of the ,hudson except that it has
 been  grown in the ,hudson ,river      
,valley for a good many years4 ,about   

#ahgj it  attracted the attention of ,s4
 ,d4 ,willard of ,geneva1 ,new ,york1   
who1  thinking it a valuable            
acquisition1 commenced its propagation4 
,in #ahig1  it was listed by the        
,american ,pomological ,society as a    
successful variety  for this region4 ,j4
 ,r4 ,cornell1 a well informed          
fruit-grower of ,newburgh1  ,new ,york1 
in a letter written ,february #ba1      
#aiaj1 says1 8,i recall ,hudson  very   
distinctly as it was grown when ,i was a
 small boy over fifty years  ago4 ,i    
would not be surprised1 if the facts    
could be obtained1 to learn  that the   
variety came from ,europe1 in fact1 ,i  
incline to that opinion40        ,tree  
large1 vigorous1 spreading1 very        
productive1 hardy2      branches        
ash-gray1 smooth except for the small1  
raised      lenticels2 branchlets       
slender1 with long internodes1          
greenish-red changing to brownish-red1  
dull1 glabrous early in      the season 
becoming lightly pubescent at maturity1 

with small1      inconspicuous          
lenticels2 leaf-buds below medium in    
size and      length1 conical1 strongly 
appressed4        ,leaves flattened1    
obovate or oval1 two inches wide1 three 
and three-quarters inches long2 upper   
surface dark green1      smooth1        
sparsely hairy along the grooved midrib2
 lower surface      silvery-green1      
faintly pubescent2 apex acute1 base     
abrupt1      margin serrate1 eglandular 
or with small dark glands2 petiole      
five-eighths inch long1 thick1 lightly  
pubescent1 glandless or      with from  
one to three greenish-yellow glands4    
,blooming season short2 flowers         
appearing after the leaves1      one and
 one-eighth inches across1 white2 borne 
in scattering      clusters on lateral  
spurs1 singly or in pairs2 pedicels     
nine-sixteenths inch long1 glabrous     
except for a few      scattering hairs2 
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1 pubescent
      at the base2 calyx-lobes obtuse1  
lightly pubescent on both      surfaces1

 glandular-serrate1 reflexed2 petals    
obovate1 crenate1      tapering to      
short1 broad claws2 anthers yellowish2  
filaments      three-eighths inch long2 
pistil glabrous1 longer than the        
stamens4        ,fruit late1 season of  
medium length2 one and five-eighths     
inches by one and one-eighth inches in  
size1 long-oval1 halves      unequal2   
cavity shallow1 narrow1 abrupt1 regular2
 suture      shallow2 apex slightly     
pointed2 color dark reddish-purple      
changing to purplish-black1 overspread  
with thick bloom2 dots      numerous1   
small1 russet1 inconspicuous2 stem      
slender1 one inch      long1 sparingly  
pubescent2 skin thin1 tender1 sour1     
separating      readily2 flesh          
golden-yellow1 juicy1 rather tender1    
sweet next      the skin but sour       
towards the center1 aromatic2 good2     
stone one      and one-eighth inches by 
five-eighths inch in size1 sometimes    
reddish1 ovate1 roughened and faintly   
pitted1 acute at the base      and apex2

 ventral suture wide1 with numerous     
ridges2 dorsal      suture with a wide1 
shallow groove4      ,,hulings          
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,prince    
,treat4 ,hort4 #bc4 #ahbh4 #b4 ,kenrick 
,am4 ,orch4      #bfa4 #ahcb4 #c4       
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bgg4 #ahde4  
#d4      ,horticulturist #a3aff4 #ahdf4 
#e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #hf4         
#ahfb4 #f4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gje4     
#ahhd4 #g4 ,mathieu ,nom4      ,pom4    
#dce4 #ahhe4 #h4 ,guide ,prat4 #aeh1    
#cff4 #ahie4        ,gloire de ,new     
,york1 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,huling's ,superb #g1
 #h4 ,huling's      ,superb #a1 #b1 #c1 
#d1 #e1 #f4 ,huling's ,treffliche #g4   
,keiser #b4      ,keyser's ,plum #c1 #f1
 #g1 #h4 ,superbe de ,huling #h4        
,hulings is one of the largest of the   
,reine ,claude group of plums and a     
remarkably fine fruit in every respect4 
,it is particularly agreeable  to the   
taste because of its sprightliness1     
which so many plums of its  type lack4  
,as this variety grows in ,new ,york it 

has much to recommend  it for commercial
 plantations4 ,its lack of popularity   
among planters is  due somewhat to the  
wholesale substitution by nurserymen of 
spurious  varieties for it4 ,hulings    
originated early in the last century    
with a ,mr4  ,keyser of ,pennsylvania   
who grew it from seed1 but ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 
,hulings of  the same state brought it  
to public notice4        ,tree large1   
vigorous1 upright-spreading1            
dense-topped1      productive2          
branchlets brash1 thick1 pubescent2     
leaves      unusually large1 obovate1   
three inches wide1 six and one-half     
inches long1 thick1 leathery1 rugose2   
margin crenate or      serrate2 petiole 
thick1 tinged red1 pubescent1 with from 
one to      three globose glands4       
,fruit maturing in mid-season2 about one
 and seven-eighths      inches in       
diameter1 roundish1 dull                
greenish-yellow1 overspread      with   
thin bloom2 skin thin1 somewhat sour2   
flesh greenish1      firm but tender1   

sprightly2 good to very good2 stone     
clinging1      one and one-eighth inches
 by three-quarters inch in size1        
broad-oval1 medium turgid1 with short1  
thick1 slightly oblique      apex2      
ventral suture often winged2 dorsal     
suture wide1 deep4      ,,hungarian     
,illustration3 ,,hungarian    ,prunus   
domestica        #a4 ,knoop ,fructologie
 #b3fa4 #agga4 #b4 ,willichs ,dom4      
,enc4 #d3aij4 #ahjc4 #c4 ,lond4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,cat4 #adc1 #adh4      #ahca4 #d4 
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bnd ,app4    
#aef4 #ahgf4 #e4      ,oberdieck ,deut4 
,obst4 ,sort4 #djd4 #ahha4 #f4 ,mas ,le 
,verger      #f3ea1 fig4 #bf4 #ahff-gc4 
#g4 ,koch ,deut4 ,obst4 #efh4 #ahgf4    
#h4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #deb4 #ahhi4   
#i4 ,cal4 ,state ,board      ,hort4 #aaa
 fig4 #aa4 #ahia4 #aj4 ,lucas ,vollst4  
,hand4 ,obst4 #dgd4      #ahid4 #aa4    
,lange ,allgem4 ,garten4 #b3dba4 #ahig4 
#ab4 ,mich4      ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4     
#dfe4 #ahic4 #ac4 ,oregon ,sta4 ,bul4   
#de3cc4      #ahig4 #ad4 ,waugh ,plum   

,cult4 #aji4 #aija4        ,autriche    
,violette 7,pr4 de7 #h4 ,blaue ,dattel  
,pflaume #h4      ,blue ,egg-,plum8 #b4 
,datte de ,hungrie #ac4 ,dattelzwetsche 
#f4      ,datte ,violette #h4 ,date de  
,hongrie #ad4 ,datte de ,hongrie        
#d1 #ad4 ,date ,plum #g4 ,d',autriche   
#c4 ,frhe ,dattelzwetsche #aj4          
,grosse u4 ,lange ,frh ,zwetsche #h4    
,grosse ,frh ,zwetsche      #h4         
,hungarian ,date #i4 ,hungarian ,prune8 
#c1 #ad4 ,hungarica #g4      ,hungarian 
,prune #d1 #aa1 #ab4 ,hungarian ,plum   
#b4 ,lange ,violette      ,dattel       
,zwetsche #h4 ,osterreichische ,pflaume 
#h4 ,prune-,datte      #c1 #f4 ,prune   
,datte ,violette #c4 ,prune d',autriche 
#f1 #h4      ,quetsche de ,hongrie #h4  
,quetsche ,datte ,violette #h4 ,quetsche
      ,datte #f1 #h4 ,quetsche-,datte   
,violette #f4 ,quetsche ,hongroise      
#a4 ,quetsche de ,hongrie #f4 ,sabel    
,pflaume #h4 ,spte ,dattel      ,pflaume
 #h4 ,ungarische ,pflaume #h4           
,ungarische ,dattelzwetsche      #e4    

,ungarishe ,sabel ,pflaume #h4 ,violette
 ,dattelzwetsche #f4      ,violette     
,dattelzwetsche #h4 ,trkische ,zwetsche 
#h4 ,ungarische      ,zwetsche #h4      
,virginische ,ludwig's ,pflaume #h4     
,this plum1 representing a type hardly  
known in ,america1 may be a  descendant 
of a species distinct from ,prunus      
domestica1 and if not1  must at least be
 considered a well-marked division of   
the species named4  ,it differs but     
little from typical ,domestica varieties
 in habit of growth  but the leaves are 
smaller1 distinctly folded1 and droop1  
giving an  aspect to the tree distinct  
from the ,domesticas in general4 ,but it
 is  the fruit that differs most4 ,fruit
 and stone are more elongated than in   
other varieties of its supposed species 
and the stone is larger1 flatter1  more 
pitted and more pointed at the base and 
apex4 ,the stem1 too1 is  longer than in
 the average ,domestica4 ,these         
differences in leaf1 fruit  and pit may 
be well seen if the color-plate of this 

variety be compared  with those of      
well-recognized ,domesticas4 ,it is     
doubtful if ,hungarian is  worth        
cultivating in ,new ,york though it is  
larger than the commonly grown  ,german 
,prune1 with which it must be compared1 
and is fully equal if not  better in    
quality but its type is unknown and     
consumers hesitate to buy  the unknown4 
,it is well worth a place in private    
collections4    ,nothing is known of the
 history of this plum other than that it
 has been  long under cultivation and   
that1 as its name suggests1 it came from
  ,hungary4 ,as in the case of many of  
the varieties which came from ,hungary  
there are several strains of this plum4 
,the variety that is known in  ,america 
as ,hungarian was reported by ,downing  
in #ahgf1 as originating in  ,belgium1 a
 mistake1 as this is known to have been 
widely spread for a  long time in       
,europe and ,european authorities trace 
it back to ,hungary4  ,the ,ungarish of 
,budd1 the ,hungarian ,prune of the     

,pacific ,coast which is  ,pond         
,seedling1 and the ,date ,plum1 a yellow
 plum of ,downing1 all passing  under   
the name 8,hungarian10 are distinct     
varieties4        ,tree large1 vigorous1
 upright-spreading1 dense-topped1 hardy1
      productive2 branches ash-gray1    
smooth1 with few1 small      lenticels2 
branchlets thick1 long1 with internodes 
of average      length1 greenish-red    
changing to brownish-red1 dull1 sparsely
      pubescent1 with few1 small1       
inconspicuous lenticels2 leaf-buds      
of medium size and length1 conical1     
appressed4        ,leaves drooping1     
folded upward1 oval or obovate1 one and 
five-eighths inches wide1 three and     
one-quarter inches      long1 thick2    
upper surface dark green1 rough1 hairy1 
with a      deeply1 narrowly grooved    
midrib2 lower surface pale green1       
pubescent2 apex and base acute1 margin  
serrate1 eglandular or      with small  
brown glands2 petiole nine-sixteenths   
inch long1      pubescent1 tinged red1  

glandless or with one or two globose1   
greenish-yellow glands usually at the   
base of the leaf4        ,blooming      
season intermediate in time and length2 
flowers      appearing after the leaves1
 seven-eighths inch across1 the buds    
tinged yellow1 changing to white on     
opening1 not clustered but              
distributed on lateral spurs1 singly or 
in pairs2 pedicels      seven-eighths   
inch long1 very slender1 pubescent1     
greenish2      calyx-tube green1        
campanulate1 pubescent2 calyx-lobes     
narrow1 acuminate1 thickly pubescent on 
both surfaces1      glandular-serrate1  
reflexed2 petals narrowly ovate1        
serrate1      converging at the base    
into narrow claws2 anthers yellowish2   
filaments seven-sixteenths inch long2   
pistil glabrous1 equal to      the      
stamens in length1 small1 slender4      
,fruit late1 season short2 one and      
five-eighths inches by one      inch in 
size1 distinctly oblong1 somewhat       
necked1 swollen      on the suture side1

 compressed1 halves unequal2 cavity very
      shallow and narrow1 abrupt2 suture
 shallow2 apex pointed2      color dark 
reddish-purple1 overspread with thick   
bloom2 dots      numerous1 small1       
russet1 inconspicuous2 stem slender1 one
 and      one-eighth inches long1       
pubescent1 adhering well to the fruit2  
skin thin1 tough1 slightly sour1        
separating readily2 flesh               
yellowish-green1 juicy1 firm but tender1
 sweet1 mild2 good to      very good2   
stone semi-free to free1 one and        
one-eighth inches      by one-half inch 
in size1 irregular long-oval1 flattened1
      necked at the base1 acute at the  
apex1 with thickly pitted      surfaces2
 ventral suture wide1 blunt2 dorsal     
suture with a      wide1 deep groove4   
,,ickworth    ,illustration3 ,,ickworth 
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,gard4     
,chron4 #a3gcd4 #ahda4 #b4 ,ibid4       
#b3agf4 #ahdb4      #c4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees ,am4 #cjb4 #ahde4 #d4 ,thomas    
,am4 ,fruit      ,cult4 #cde4 #ahdi4 #e4

 ,elliott ,fr4 ,book4 #dbj4 #ahed4 #f4  
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #eag4 #ahei4 #g4
 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3eg1      ,pl4 #bi4 
#ahff-gc4 #h4 ,barry ,fr4 ,garden #dac4 
#ahhc4 #i4 ,hogg      ,fruit ,man4 #gjf4
 #ahhd4 #aj4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dce4 
#ahhi4      #aa4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits 
#ceh4 #ahia4 #ab4 ,cornell ,sta4        
,bul4 #aca3ahg4 #ahig4 #ac4 ,waugh ,plum
 ,cult4 #aaj4 #aija4        ,ickworth   
,imperatrice #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1
 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4      ,ickworth      
,imperatrice #ac4 ,imperatrice ,ickworth
 #aj4      ,imperatrice ,jckworth #g4   
,jckworth ,imperatrice #g4 ,knight's    
,no4      #f4 #c1 #e1 #i1 #aj4          
,ickworth is hardly known in ,america   
though in ,england it is a favorite     
late plum noted as being one of the best
 of all plums for late keeping4  ,in    
,new ,york the plums of this variety are
 too small for the market and  are not  
high enough in quality for a home plum2 
moreover1 the plums  do not always ripen
 in this latitude4 ,in ,california      

,ickworth has been  found to make a very
 good prune and to ship very well in the
 green state  but here again small size 
debars it from great commercial value4  
,the  habits of growth of ,ickworth are 
very good and so markedly so that when  
considered with the late keeping        
qualities of the fruit1 one wishes that 
this variety might be bred with a larger
 plum of better quality with the  hope  
of an offspring from the union of       
especial value as a late plum4          
,knight1 the noted ,english pomologist1 
raised this plum from the  ,imperatrice 
fertilized by ,golden ,drop and named it
 after ,ickworth ,park1  near ,bury ,st4
 ,edmunds4 ,knight aimed in raising this
 and other plums to  produce a fruit    
containing sufficient sugar to keep well
 and not shrivel4  ,in ,ickworth he     
succeeded to a high degree4        ,tree
 large1 rather vigorous1                
upright-spreading1 hardy1               
productive2 branches dark ash-gray1     
roughened by the numerous1      large1  

raised lenticels2 branchlets of medium  
thickness and      length1 with         
internodes of average length1 green     
changing      to brownish-drab1 dull1   
lightly pubescent1 with numerous1       
inconspicuous1 small lenticels1         
leaf-buds small1 short1      conical1   
appressed4        ,leaves folded upward1
 obovate or oval1 one and three-eighths 
inches wide1 three inches long1 thick1  
leathery2 upper surface      dark green1
 shining1 pubescent only along the      
grooved midrib2      lower surface      
silvery-green1 sparingly pubescent2 apex
 abruptly      pointed or acute1 base   
acute1 margin crenate1 with small dark  
glands2 petiole one-half inch long1     
thick1 greenish1 pubescent      along   
one side1 glandless or with from one to 
four large1      reniform or globose1   
yellowish-brown glands usually on the   
stalk4        ,season of bloom          
intermediate1 long2 flowers appearing   
after      the leaves1 one inch across1 
white2 borne in thin clusters      on   

lateral buds and spurs1 singly or in    
pairs2 pedicels      seven-sixteenths   
inch long1 below medium in thickness1   
glabrous1 greenish2 calyx-tube green1   
campanulate1 glabrous2      calyx-lobes 
broad1 obtuse1 lightly pubescent1 with  
few glands      and marginal hairs1     
erect2 petals roundish or roundish-oval1
      finely crenate1 tapering below to 
short1 broad claws2 anthers             
yellowish2 filaments one-quarter inch   
long2 pistil glabrous1      longer than 
the stamens4        ,fruit very late1   
season long2 one and three-eighth inches
 by      one and one-quarter inches in  
size1 oval or roundish-oval1            
sometimes slightly compressed1 halves   
unequal2 cavity shallow1      narrow1   
abrupt2 suture shallow1 wide2 apex      
one-sided1 roundish      or depressed2  
color purplish-red changing to          
purplish-black1      mottled1 overspread
 with thick bloom1 dots numerous1 very  
small1 inconspicuous1 scattered between 
irregular flecks      and nettings2 stem

 thirteen-sixteenths inch long1 lightly 
pubescent1 adhering well to the fruit2  
skin thick1 tender1      adhering2 flesh
 dull yellowish1 juicy1 sweet1 mild1    
pleasant2      good2 stone usually      
clinging1 seven-eighths inch by one-half
      inch in size1 irregularly oval1   
flattened1 faintly pitted1      acute at
 the base1 blunt at the apex2 ventral   
suture wide1      heavily furrowed1     
swollen2 dorsal suture widely and       
shallowly      grooved4                 
,,imperatrice    ,prunus domestica      
#a4 ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fg1 #fi4   
#afii4 #b4 ,langley ,pomona      #ie1   
,pl4 ,,xxv fig4 ,,iii4 #agbi4 #c4       
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4      #aje1  
,pl4 ,,xviii4 #agfh4 #d4 ,kraft ,pom4   
,aust4 #b3de1 ,tab4 #bjj      fig4 #b4  
#agif4 #e4 ,miller ,gard4 ,dict4 #c4    
#ahjg4 #f4 ,forsyth      ,treat4 ,fr4   
,trees #bj4 #ahjc4 #g4 ,pom4 ,mag4      
#a3cc4 #ahbh4      #h4 ,lond4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,cat4 #adh4 #ahca4 #i4 ,prince    
,pom4 ,man4      #b3fj4 #ahcb4 #aj4     

,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bij4 #ahde4  
#aa4      ,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4  
,gard4 #bhg1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #ab4 ,thomas  
,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cdd4 #ahdi4 #ac4    
,elliott ,fr4 ,book #daf4      #ahed4   
#ad4 ,mc,intosh ,bk4 ,gard4 #b3ebi4     
#ahee4 #ae4 ,thompson      ,gard4 ,ass't
 #eae4 #ahei4 #af4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4     
#b3aja4 #ahgc4      #ag4 ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,cat4 #cf4 #ahgg4 #ah4 ,hogg      
,fruit ,man4      #fhg4 #ahhd4 #ai4     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbc1 #deb4 #ahhi4 
#bj4      ,guide ,prat4 #afa1 #ceh4     
#ahie4        ,blue ,perdrigon1 of some 
#b4 ,blaue ,kaiserin #ai4 ,blue         
,imperatrice      #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1    
#ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah4 ,blue ,imperatrice  
#af1 #ai4 ,die      ,veischenfarbige    
,kaiserinnpflaume #d4 ,empress ,i4      
,empress #e1      #f1 #i1 #ah1 #ai4     
,frsten ,zwetsche #ai4 ,frstenzwetsche  
#bj4      ,hoheitspflaume #ai1 #bj4     
,imperatrice ,blue #h4 ,imperatrice     
#g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1    
#ah1 #ai4 ,imperatrice ,violette #c1    

#af1 #bj4 ,imperatrice ,violette #d1 #g1
 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1      #ae1  
#ah1 #ai4 ,late ,red ,imperial #i4 ,late
 ,violet1 of some      #b4 ,prinzessin  
,pflaume #ai4 ,prune d',altesse8 #i4    
,red ,magnum      ,bonum #i4 ,red       
,imperial #i4 ,smith's large ,october8  
#i4 ,the      ,imperatrice ,plum #g4    
,veritable ,imperatrice #h1 #aj1 #ac1   
#ad1 #ae1      #ai4 ,violette #h1 #aj1  
#ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ai4 ,violette ,kaiserin 
#ai4      ,violette ,kaiserin #af1 #bj1 
,violet ,empress #i1 #ai4               
,imperatrice has been long known and    
widely grown but the variety has no     
especial cultural value in the ,united  
,states1 the fruit being too small  and 
too poor in quality4 ,if it has any     
merit1 it is keeping quality1 the  fruit
 hanging well on the tree and keeping   
well1 even improving after  picking4    
,this is an old variety1 well known in  
,austria1 ,france and ,england  during  
the ,seventeenth and ,eighteenth        
,centuries4 ,like most long-known       

varieties its nomenclature is badly     
confused4 ,writers have confounded it   
with ,semiana1 the ,perdrigons1 ,german 
,prune and other plums of similar       
appearance4 ,duhamel regarded this      
variety as ,perdrigon ,late1 holding    
that  the true ,imperatrice is nearly   
round4 ,calvel1 also1 describes a       
roundish  plum under this name in his   
,traite ,complet sur les ,pepinieres4   
,it is  probable1 however1 that both    
,duhamel and ,calvel were mistaken as   
all  other authors describe an obovate  
plum4 ,this variety was introduced into 
,america early in the last century but  
has never become popular4 ,it is of     
interest1 nevertheless1 since it has    
been a leading ,european variety1 is  a 
parent of a number of other varieties   
and its name is given to a group  of    
plums4 ,the ,american ,pomological      
,society added it to its fruit catalog  
list in #ahgg1 but dropped it in #ahhc4 
,tree large1 vigorous1                  
upright-spreading1 productive2 leaves   

obovate or oval1 two and one-quarter    
inches wide1 four and      one-quarter  
inches long1 slightly rugose2 margin    
crenate2      petiole one inch long1    
thick1 tinged red1 pubescent1 glandless1
      or with one or two small glands   
usually at the base of the leaf4        
,fruit late2 one and one-half inches by 
one and three-eighths      inches in    
size1 roundish or ovate1 purplish-black1
 overspread      with medium thick      
bloom2 flesh golden-yellow1 rather dry1 
firm      but tender1 sweet2 of fair    
quality2 stone free1 one inch by        
three-quarters inch in size1            
roundish-ovate1 the surfaces often      
granular and with a reddish tinge4      
,,imperial ,,epineuse    ,prunus        
domestica        #a4 ,cal4 ,state ,bd4  
,hort4 #dh1 #ej4 #ahig-ih4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4  
,d4      ,a4 ,div4 ,pom4 ,bul4 #g3caf4  
#ahih4 #c4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4      
#bnd ,ser4 #c3ec #aijj4 #d4 ,bailey     
,cyc4 ,hort4 #acgh4 #aija4 #e4          
,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #bba1 #bbd4      

#aijh4        ,clairac ,mammoth #a1 #e4 
,imperial ,epineux #c4    ,imperial     
,epineuse is well worthy a trial in ,new
 ,york4 ,it is not surpassed  in quality
 by any other plum of its color4 ,it is 
one of the largest  plums in the ,prune 
group and is made further attractive by 
a handsome  reddish-purple color which  
is lighter or darker according to the   
exposure  of the plums to the sun4 ,as  
grown in two orchards near ,geneva the  
tree-characters are exceptionally good2 
the crop is so borne on the main  limbs 
as to be protected from the sun and the 
tree is particularly large  and         
vigorous1 its strong upright growth     
being a striking characteristic  of the 
variety4 ,if the variety proves to be as
 valuable elsewhere in the  ,state in   
all characters as it is here it cannot  
but make a very desirable  plum for the 
market4    ,the ,imperial ,epineuse was 
found growing as a chance seedling about
 #ahgj  in an abandoned monastery near  
,clairac1 in the ,valley of ,lot1 the   

great  prune district of ,france4 ,it   
was first brought to the ,united ,states
 by  ,felix ,gillett of ,nevada ,city1  
,california1 who received the variety   
with  several others in #ahhc1 three    
years previous to a similar importation 
made by ,john ,rock of ,niles1          
,california4 ,after testing the variety 
,mr4  ,gillett mentioned it1 without a  
name1 in his catalog in #ahhh but owing 
to  the scarcity of the trees was unable
 to introduce it to the trade until     
#ahic when it was sent out under the    
name 8,clairac ,mammoth10 from the name 
of its place of origin4 ,in #ahie ,e4   
,smith  ,sons of ,geneva1 ,new ,york1   
received this variety from ,gillett and 
grew it under the name 8,clarice        
,mammoth04        ,tree large1 vigorous1
 spreading1 fairly productive2 branches 
numerous1 covered with many fruit-spurs2
 branchlets twiggy1      marked with    
scarf-skin2 leaf-buds large1 very free1 
broad      at the base2 leaves folded   
backward1 obovate1 one and              

three-quarters inches wide1 three and   
one-half inches long1      thick1       
rugose1 glabrous except along the deeply
 and widely      grooved midrib2 petiole
 one inch long1 tinged red1 glandless   
or with from one to three globose       
glands2 blooming season                 
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
 appearing after the      leaves1 one   
inch across1 singly or in threes4       
,fruit rather late1 season short to     
medium in length2 large1      slightly  
obovate1 purplish-red1 darker on the    
sunny side1      mottled1 overspread    
with thick bloom2 flesh greenish-yellow1
      fibrous1 rather tender1 sweet1    
agreeable in flavor2 good to      very  
good2 stone clinging1 one inch by       
five-eighths inch      in size1         
irregular-oval1 flattened1 obliquely but
 bluntly      contracted at the base1   
with pitted surfaces2 ventral suture    
narrow1 prominent1 often distinctly     
winged4      ,,imperial ,,gage          
,illustration3 ,,imperial ,,gage        

,prunus domestica        #a4 ,am4 ,gard4
 ,cal4 #ehh4 #ahjf4 #b4 ,prince ,treat4 
,hort4      #be1 #bf4 #ahbh4 #c4 ,lond4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adg1 #adh4 #ahca4   
#d4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ef4 #ahcb4   
#e4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4      #bji4     
#ahce4 #f4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #f3abc4 #ahdj4  
#g4 ,cultivator      #aj3afg fig4 #ahdc4
 #h4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bgh fig4
      #ajg4 #ahde4 #i4 ,floy-,lindley   
,guide ,orch4 ,gard4 #cjb1 #chc4        
#ahdf4 #aj4 ,n4 ,y4 ,agr4 ,soc4 ,rpt4   
#cdc fig4 #ahdg4 #aa4 ,thomas      ,am4 
,fruit ,cult4 #cbe1 #cbf fig4 #bed4     
#ahdi4 #ab4 ,mag4 ,hort4      #af3ded4  
#ahej4 #ac4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ed4 
#aheb4 #ad4      ,elliott ,fr4 ,book    
#daa4 #ahed4 #ae4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4   
,rpt4 #adh1      ,pl4 #e fig4 #a4 #ahfd4
 #af4 ,barry ,fr4 ,garden #dac4 #ahhc4  
#ag4      ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddc4    
#ahhi4 #ah4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #cee4
      #ahia4 #ai4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ajc3cd4 #ahid4 #bj4 ,guide      ,prat4 
#aed1 #cfd4 #ahie4 #ba4 ,cornell ,sta4  

,bul4 #aca3ahg4      #ahig4 #bb4 ,va4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #acd3db4 #aijb4 #bc4 ,ohio  
,sta4      ,bul4 #afb3bci1 #bed1 #bee4  
#aije4        ,flushing ,gage #g1 #h1   
#aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #bj4 ,flushing 
,gage #c1      #i4 ,harper #bb4         
,imperial ,gage #ag1 #bj4 ,imperial     
,green ,gage      #g4 ,jenkinson's      
,imperial #f1 #ad1 #ae4 ,prince's ,gage 
#d1 #ab1      #ag4 ,prince's ,imperial  
,gage #d1 #e1 #f1 #aj4 ,prinzens ,kaiser
 ,reine      ,claude #bj4 ,prince's     
,kaiser ,reine-,claude #ag4 ,prince's   
,imperial      ,gage #h1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 
#ag1 #bj4 ,prince's ,white ,gage #d1    
#ab1 #ag4      ,reine-,claude de        
,flushings #bj4 ,reine-,claude          
,imperiale #bj4      ,reine-,claude     
,imperiale #ag4 ,reine-,claude ,verte   
,imperiale      #ag4 ,reine-,claude     
,imperiale de ,prince #ag1 #bj4         
,reine-,claude      ,blanche de ,boston 
#ag1 #bj4 ,reine-,claude ,verte         
,superieure #bj4      ,superior ,gage   
#i4 ,superior ,green ,gage #ab1 #ad1    

#ae1 #ag1 #bj4      ,superior ,green    
,gage8 #c4 ,superiour ,green ,gage #h4  
,white ,gage8      #a1 #b1 #bj4 ,white  
,gage #ad1 #ae4 ,white ,gage of ,boston 
#g1 #h1 #aa1      #ag4    ,probably     
there is more contradictory evidence as 
to the value of  ,imperial ,gage than of
 any other ,american grown plum4 ,it is 
down in  some of the fruit books as     
being the largest of all the ,reine     
,claude  plums and in others as being   
too small to be desirable2 in some1 as  
being of highest quality and in others  
as being quite too insipid to be  called
 a dessert fruit4 ,these contradictions 
have arisen because the  variety grows  
quite differently in different soils4   
,the ,imperial ,gage  is best adapted to
 light sandy soils1 growing largest and 
being best  in quality on such soils and
 making the poorest show of all on heavy
  clay4 ,the illustration in ,the ,plums
 of ,new ,york shows it as it grows  on 
an unsuitable soil--small1 poorly       
colored1 worthless for a money-crop  and

 not very desirable for home use4 ,the  
technical description is  also based on 
trees grown and fruit produced on soil  
to which it is  illy-adapted4 ,the trees
 from which these fruits came are nearly
 perfect  in habits of growth1 vigorous1
 hardy1 healthy and bearing large crops 
of  plums--such as they are4 ,on        
suitable soils the variety possesses all
 the  qualities that constitute a fine  
plum1 the product being adapted alike   
for dessert1 canning1 home and market4  
,it has an especially agreeable  flavor 
in all the various culinary preparations
 in which it can be used4  ,its         
capriciousness does not warrant its     
being largely planted but for  selected 
locations it will prove a most valuable 
fruit4    ,the ,princes in their nursery
 at ,flushing1 ,long ,island1 ,new      
,york1 about  the year #agij1 planted   
the pits of twenty-five quarts of the   
,green ,gage  plum and from these       
produced1 among others1 a plum which    
they called the  ,white ,gage4 ,william 

,r4 ,prince1 in order to distinguish    
this variety from  the other ,gage      
plums1 changed the name to ,prince's    
,imperial ,gage1 now  shortened to      
,imperial ,gage4 ,in #aheb1 the         
,american ,pomological ,society  placed 
it on its catalog list of recommended   
fruits4        ,tree large1 vigorous1   
upright-spreading1 open-topped1 hardy1  
very productive2 branches ash-gray1     
smooth1 with conspicuous1               
transverse cracks in the bark1 with     
lenticels of medium size2               
branchlets slender1 short1 with         
internodes above medium in      length1 
greenish-red changing to dark           
brownish-red1 dull1      sparingly      
pubescent throughout the season1 with   
small1      inconspicuous lenticels2    
leaf-buds medium in size and length1    
conical1 appressed4        ,leaves      
folded upward1 oval or slightly obovate1
 one and      seven-eighths inches wide1
 three and one-quarter inches long1     
thick2 upper surface dark green1 rugose1

 pubescent1 with a      shallow groove  
on the midrib2 lower surface            
yellowish-green1      pubescent2 apex   
abruptly pointed1 base acute1 margin    
crenate1      with small dark glands2   
petiole one-half inch long1 thick1      
pubescent1 purplish-red along one side1 
glandless or with one      or two small1
 globose1 yellowish-green glands usually
 on the      stalk4        ,blooming    
season short2 flowers one and one-eighth
 inches      across1 white2 borne on    
lateral buds and spurs1 singly or in    
pairs2 pedicels three-quarters inch     
long1 pubescent1 greenish2              
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1          
pubescent1 with a swollen      ring at  
the base2 calyx-lobes above medium in   
width1 obtuse1      pubescent on both   
surfaces1 glandular-serrate1 slightly   
reflexed2 petals broadly obovate1       
crenate1 tapering below to      short1  
broad claws2 anthers yellowish2         
filaments three-eighths      inch long2 
pistil glabrous1 longer than the        

stamens2 stigma      large4             
,fruit intermediate in time and length  
of ripening season2      one and        
nine-sixteenths inches in diameter1 oval
 or slightly      ovate1 compressed1    
halves equal2 cavity very shallow and   
narrow1 abrupt2 suture shallow1 often a 
line2 apex roundish      or depressed2  
color dull greenish-yellow1 with obscure
 green      streaks1 mottled and        
sometimes faintly tinged red on the     
sunny      side1 overspread with thick  
bloom2 dots numerous1 small1            
grayish1 obscure1 clustered about the   
apex2 stem three-quarters      inch     
long1 pubescent1 adhering well to the   
fruit2 skin thin1      tender1          
separating readily2 flesh golden-yellow1
 juicy1 firm      but tender1 sweet1    
mild2 good to very good2 stone nearly   
free1      one inch by five-eighths inch
 in size1 oval1 flattened1 with         
pitted surfaces2 rather blunt at the    
base becoming acute in the      largest 
fruits1 very blunt at the apex2 ventral 

suture wide1      ridged2 dorsal suture 
widely and deeply grooved4              
,,italian ,,prune    ,illustration3     
,,italian ,,prune    ,prunus domestica  
#a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aeb4     
#ahca4 #b4 ,prince ,pom4      ,man4     
#b3gh4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4  
#bfb4 #ahcb4 #d4      ,manning ,book of 
,fruits #ajf4 #ahch4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,cat4      #bad1 #bbj4 #ahcf4 #f4 
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cha4 #aheg4  
#g4      ,cultivator #h3eb fig4 #ahfj4  
#h4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cff4      #ahff4
 #i4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ibd4    
#ahfi4 #aj4 ,pom4      ,france #g3 ,no4 
#bb1 fig4 #ahga4 #aa4 ,mas ,le ,verger  
#f3fi1      fig4 #ce4 #ahff-gc4 #ab4    
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #ddb4   
#ahha4 #ac4 ,lauche ,deut4 ,pom4 ,no4   
#b1 ,pl4 #d1 #bb4 #ahhb4 #ad4           
,barry ,fr4 ,garden #dab4 #ahhc4 #ae4   
,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4 ,france      #cfj4   
#ahhg4 #af4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcf4  
#ahhi4 #ag4 ,wickson      ,cal4 ,fruits 
#ceh4 #ahia4 #ah4 ,guide ,prat4 #aee1   

#cfb4 #ahie4      #ai4 ,oregon ,sta4    
,bul4 #de3bc fig4 #ahig4 #bj4 ,cornell  
,sta4      ,bul4 #aca3ahg1 fig4 #dd4    
#ahig4 #ba4 ,wash4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3g1   
#h4 #ahii4 #bb4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #dd3ib4 #ahii4 #bc4      ,waugh  
,plum ,cult4 #aaa fig4 #aija4 #bd4 ,u4  
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,div4 ,pom4      ,bul4      
#aj3f4 #aija4 #be4 ,mass4 ,sta4 ,an4    
,rpt4 #ag3aeh4 #aije4        ,altesse   
,double #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 #ah4 ,august  
,zwetsche #af4      ,auguste ,zwetsche  
#aj1 #ah4 ,blaue ,riesenzwetsche #af1   
#ah4      ,bleue d',italie #ae4         
,couetsche d',italie #ah4 ,couetsche    
,fellenberg #aj1 #ah4 ,d',italie #ah4   
,double ,blackpruim #af1 #ah4           
,fausse ,altesse #af1 #ah4 ,fellemberg  
#ad4 ,fellemberg #h1 #af1      #ah4     
,fellenberg #e1 #i1 #aa1 #af1 #ah1 #ai1 
#bj1 #bc4 ,fellenburg      #bb4         
,fellenberg #e1 #f1 #g1 #i1 #ag4        
,fellenburg #be4 ,feltemberg #aj1       
#ah4 ,fellenberg ,quetsche #af1 #ah4    
,fellenberger ,zwetsche #ab1      #ac1  

#af1 #ah4 ,grosse ,frh ,zwetsche8 #af4  
,german ,prune #ai1      #bb4           
,italienische ,blaue ,zwetsche #aa1 #af4
 ,italianische blaue      zwetsche #ah4 
,italian ,guetsche #aj1 #ah4 ,italian   
,prune #f1      #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #af1 #ag1 
#ah1 #be4 ,italian ,quetsche #h1 #i1    
#ae1 #af4      ,italianische ,zwetsche  
#ah4 ,italienische ,pflaumen ,zwetsche  
#af4 ,italienische ,zwetsche #aa1 #ac4  
,italianische ,zwetsche      #aj4       
,italianische blanc ,zwetsche #aj4      
,italienische ,zwetsche      #ab1 #ac1  
#af4 ,large ,german ,prune #ag4 ,prune  
d',italie #h1 #i1      #aj1 #af4        
,pflaume mit dem ,pfirschenblatt #ah4   
,pflaume ,mit dem      ,pfirsichblatt   
#af4 ,prune ,suisse #f4 ,quetsche #ah4  
,quetsche      ,bleue d',italie #aj1    
#aa1 #af1 #ah4 ,quetsche d',italie #a1  
#aj1      #aa1 #ae1 #ah4 ,quetsche      
d',italie #c1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #af4         
,schweizer      ,zwetsche #ab1 #ac1 #af4
 ,schweizerzwetsche #ah4 ,swiss ,prune  
#ag1      #ai1 #bb4 ,semiana #h1 #aj1   

#af1 #ah4 ,turkish ,prune #bb4 ,zwetsche
      von ,dtlikon #af1 #ah4    ,the    
,italian ,prune is one of the most      
widely grown of all plums4 ,its  home is
 ,italy and it is grown in all of the   
plum regions of continental  ,europe2 is
 well known in ,england2 is third or    
fourth in popularity in  the ,atlantic  
,states of ,america2 is by long odds the
 leading plum in the  ,pacific          
,northwest where it is chiefly used in  
prune-making and is grown  somewhat for 
prunes and for shipping green in        
,california4 ,there are  several reasons
 why this plum is so popular4 ,to begin 
with1 it is finely  flavored whether    
eaten out of hand1 stewed or otherwise  
prepared for the  table or cured as a   
prune4 ,the fruit is a little too tart  
to be ranked  as a first-rate dessert   
plum and yet it is one of the best of   
the prunes  for this purpose1 though it 
must be fully ripe to be fit for        
dessert2 in  cooking it changes to a    
dark1 wine color1 very attractive in    

appearance1  with a most pleasant1      
sprightly flavor2 as a cured prune the  
flesh is  firm and meaty1 yet elastic1  
of good color and a perfect freestone1  
making when cooked the same attractive  
looking1 fine-flavored1 sprightly  sauce
 to be had from the green fruits2 the   
prunes from this variety1 too1  are     
noted for long-keeping4 ,in the uncured 
state the variety keeps and  ships well4
 ,the trees are usually large1 hardy1   
productive1 well formed  and bear       
regularly2 yet they are not ideal and   
the variety fails chiefly  in           
tree-characters4 ,the trees are often   
capricious to soil and climate1  do not 
always bear well1 seem to be susceptible
 to diseases1 are preyed  upon by       
insects and suffer in particular from   
dry or hot weather4 ,were  all of these 
troubles of the tree to befall the      
variety at one time it  would of        
necessity give way to better sorts1 but 
happily they are to be  found for most  
part in illy-adapted conditions or in   

certain seasons2 the  ,italian ,prune   
well cared for in locations to which it 
is suited must long  remain one of the  
leading plums despite the faults of the 
trees4    ,the ,italian ,prune          
originated in ,italy at least a century 
ago and has  long been common in        
northern ,italy1 especially in the      
vicinity of ,milan4  ,the ,london       
,horticultural ,society catalog for     
#ahca first mentions it in  ,england and
 the following year it was described in 
,america by ,prince  as an excellent    
prune recently introduced from ,europe4 
,the ,american  ,pomological ,society   
recommended it in #ahef as worthy of    
further testing  and in #ahfb it was    
added to the fruit catalog list of this 
society4  ,the origin of the name       
,fellenberg1 a very common synonym1 is  
explained  by ,lauche#bah who says3 8,it
 came to ,germany through a ,mr4        
,fellenberg  and is therefore spread    
under his name and also under the names 
,schweizerzwetsche and ,fellenberger    

,zwetsche40 ,he further adds that the   
variety 8is still not known in ,germany 
as it deserves1 considering its         
quality1 size and productiveness40      
,tree of medium size1 rather vigorous1  
spreading or upright1      low-topped1  
hardy1 usually productive2 branches     
ash-gray1      smooth1 with small1      
raised lenticels2 branchlets short1     
with internodes of medium length1       
greenish-red changing to                
brownish-drab1 pubescent1 with small    
lenticels2 leaf-buds of      medium size
 and length1 conical1 appressed2        
leaf-scars large4        ,leaves folded 
upward1 obovate or oval1 two inches     
wide1 four      and one-half inches     
long2 upper surface dark green1         
pubescent2      lower surface           
silvery-green1 heavily pubescent2 apex  
and base      acute1 margin doubly      
crenate1 with small1 dark glands2       
petiole      five-eighths inch long1    
above medium thickness1 pubescent1      
tinged red1 with from one to three      

globose1 greenish-brown      glands     
usually on the stalk4        ,season of 
bloom intermediate and short2 flowers   
appearing      after the leaves1 one and
 three-sixteenths inches across1      in
 the buds tinged yellow1 changing to    
white when expanded2      borne on      
lateral spurs1 rarely on lateral buds1  
singly or in      pairs2 pedicels       
three-quarters inch long1 thick1        
pubescent1      greenish2 calyx-tube    
green1 campanulate1 pubescent at the    
base2 calyx-lobes long and narrow1 acute
 or narrowly obtuse1      pubescent on  
both surfaces and along the             
glandular-serrate      margin1 reflexed1
 inclined to curl at the tips2 petals   
oval or      obovate1 dentate1 tapering 
to broad claws of medium length2        
anthers yellowish2 filaments            
seven-sixteenths inch long2 pistil      
pubescent at the base1 equal to the     
stamens in length4        ,fruit late1  
season short2 one and seven-eighths     
inches by one      and one-half inches  

in size1 long-oval1 enlarged on the     
suture      side1 slightly compressed1  
halves unequal2 cavity very shallow     
and narrow1 abrupt2 suture shallow to   
medium2 apex bluntly      pointed2 color
 purplish-black1 overspread with very   
thick      bloom2 dots numerous1 small1 
light brown1 somewhat conspicuous2      
stem inserted at one side of the base1  
one inch in length1      pubescent1     
adhering well to the fruit2 skin thin1  
somewhat      tough1 separating readily2
 flesh greenish-yellow changing to      
yellow1 juicy1 firm1 subacid1 slightly  
aromatic2 very good      to best2 stone 
free1 smaller than the cavity1 one inch 
by      five-eighths inch in size1      
irregular-oval1 flattened1 roughened    
and pitted1 necked at the base1 abruptly
 tipped at the apex2      ventral suture
 prominent1 heavily ridged1 sometimes   
strongly      winged2 dorsal suture     
widely and deeply grooved4      ,,japex 
,triflora         #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,exp4     
,sta4 ,rpt4 #ab3faa4 #ahic4             

,japanese ,seedling ,x4 #a4    ,this    
plum1 parentage unknown1 was received   
from ,burbank by the ,new ,york         
,experiment ,station in #ahic for       
testing1 under the name ,japanese       
,seedling  ,x4 ,while in no way         
wonderfully remarkable1 its earliness1  
attractive  color1 good quality and     
productiveness have been such that it   
has been  retained1 the cumbersome name 
having been changed to ,japex4 ,the     
majority  of the characters of the      
variety are plainly those of ,triflora1 
yet the  fruits in appearance would lead
 one to call it a ,domestica4           
,tree very large1 vigorous1 vasiform1   
very productive2 branches      slender1 
sparingly thorny2 leaf-scars thick2     
leaf-buds      unusually short2 leaves  
obovate or ovate1 two and one-quarter   
inches wide1 four inches long2 margin   
finely serrate varying to      crenate1 
with few dark glands2 blooming season   
short2 flowers      appearing before the
 leaves2 borne in clusters on lateral   

buds      and spurs1 singly or in pairs4
        ,fruit very early1 season short2
 one and one-eighth inches      in      
diameter1 roundish1 dark purplish-red or
 purplish-black1      covered with      
medium thick bloom2 flesh light yellow1 
very      juicy1 somewhat melting1 sweet
 next to the skin1 but tart near        
the pit1 aromatic2 good2 stone clinging1
 three-quarters inch by      one-half   
inch in size1 oval4      ,,jefferson    
,illustration3 ,,jefferson    ,prunus   
domestica        #a4 ,downing ,fr4      
,trees ,am4 #bgi1 #bhj fig4 #ajh4 #ahde1
 #b4      ,horticulturist #a3aa1 #ic4   
#ahdf4 #c4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide        
,orch4 ,gard4 #dbj4 #ahdf4 #d4 ,thomas  
,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cbe1 #cbf1      fig4
 #bea4 #ahdi4 #e4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #af3dec  
fig4 #be4 #ahej4 #f4      ,hovey ,fr4   
,am4 #b3a1 ,pl4 #ahea4 #g4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,cat4 #ed4      #aheb4 #h4        
,elliott ,fr4 ,book #daa4 #ahed4 #i4    
,thompson ,gard4      ,ass't #eah1 ,pl4 
#a4 #ahei4 #aj4 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3ag1 

,pl4      #i4 #ahff-gc4 #aa4 ,pom4      
,france #g3 ,no4 #bh4 #ahga4 #ab4 ,hogg 
,fruit ,man4 #gjg4 #ahhd4 #ac4 ,gaucher 
,pom4 ,prak4 ,obst4 ,no4      #ie1 ,col4
 ,pl4 #ahid4 #ad4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4  
#aca3ahh4 #ahig4        ,bingham incor4 
#b1 #h4 ,prune ,jefferson #aa4          
,jefferson has long been popular in     
,america and is highly spoken of  by    
,english1 ,french and ,german           
pomologists as well1 possibly ranking   
highest in the ,old ,world of all       
,domesticas which have had their origin 
in ,america4 ,the popularity of the     
variety is waning1 however1 chiefly     
because it is lacking in the essentials 
demanded in a market fruit4 ,there  can 
be no question as to the standing of    
,jefferson as to quality--it is  one of 
the best of all dessert plums4 ,grown   
under favorable conditions  and when    
fully ripe1 it is a golden-yellow with a
 delicate blush and  bloom1 large for a 
plum in the ,reine ,claude group1 a     
well-turned oval in  shape1 withal one  

of the handsomest plums4 ,the           
color-plate maker did not  do it        
justice4 ,it fails as a market variety  
because the trees are late  in coming in
 bearing1 not always certain in bearing1
 a little particular  as to soils and   
not quite hardy though one of the       
hardiest of all ,reine  ,claudes4 ,both 
tree and fruit are too delicate for the 
market-grower and  the market-men4 ,as  
to its value for private places and     
fruit connoisseurs  there can be no     
doubt--it is one of the choicest4 ,it   
would seem that there  should be a place
 for ,jefferson for the fancy trade in  
the markets1 as it  would grace the     
show-window of any delicatessen store2  
but unfortunately  there are few        
fruit-growers in ,america to cater to   
such a trade4    ,jefferson was raised  
by a ,judge ,buel1 ,albany1 ,new ,york1 
about #ahbe4  ,the originator presented 
a tree of this variety to the           
,massachusetts  ,horticultural ,society 
in #ahbi1 and in #ahda trees were given 

to the  ,london ,horticultural ,society 
which fruited in #ahde4 ,the parentage  
of  the variety is unknown2 ,floy       
thought it was a seedling of            
,washington2  ,elliott suggested that it
 was 8from a seed of ,coe's ,golden     
,drop1 which in  growth and wood1 it    
closely resembles40 ,in #aheb1 the      
,american ,pomological  ,society placed 
this variety on its catalog list of     
fruits worthy of  general cultivation4  
,tree medium to large1 vigorous1        
spreading1 open-topped1      hardy at   
,geneva1 productive2 branches ash-gray1 
smooth1 with      small1 numerous1      
lenticels2 branchlets slender1 short1   
with      long internodes1 greenish-red 
changing to dark brownish-red1          
dull1 lightly pubescent1 with           
inconspicuous1 small lenticels2         
leaf-buds large1 long1 pointed1         
appressed4        ,leaves folded upward1
 obovate1 one and three-quarters inches 
wide1 three and three-quarters inches   
long1 thick2 upper      surface         

sparingly pubescent1 with a grooved     
midrib2 lower      surface              
yellowish-green1 pubescent2 apex and    
base acute1 margin      serrate1 with   
small1 dark glands2 petiole             
three-quarters inch      long1 tinged   
purplish-red along one side1 glandless  
or with      from one to three small1   
globose1 yellowish glands usually on    
the stalk4        ,season of bloom      
medium1 short2 flowers appearing after  
the      leaves1 one and one-eighth     
inches across1 white2 borne on          
lateral spurs1 singly or in pairs2      
pedicels three-quarters      inch long1 
pubescent1 greenish2 calyx-tube green1  
campanulate1      glabrous1 with a      
swollen ring at the base2 calyx-lobes   
obtuse1      pubescent on both surfaces1
 glandular-serrate and with fine        
marginal hairs1 erect2 petals roundish  
or obovate1 dentate1      tapering to   
very short and broad claws2 anthers     
yellowish2      filaments               
five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil       

pubescent at the      base1 equal to the
 stamens in length4        ,fruit       
mid-season1 ripening period long2 one   
and five-eighths      inches by one and 
one-half inches in size1 roundish-oval1 
not      compressed1 halves equal2      
cavity shallow1 narrow1 abrupt2         
suture very shallow1 indistinct2 apex   
roundish2 color      greenish-yellow1   
changing to bronze-yellow1 sometimes    
with      faint pink blush on the       
exposed cheek1 often indistinctly       
streaked and mottled with green before  
full maturity2 dots      numerous1 very 
small1 gray or reddish1 inconspicuous2  
stem      seven-eighths inch long1      
thinly pubescent1 adhering well to the  
fruit2 skin thin1 tough1 slightly       
adhering2 flesh deep yellow1      juicy1
 firm but tender1 sweet1 mild1 pleasant2
 very good2 stone      semi-free1 one   
inch by three-quarters inch in size1    
flattened1      broadly oval1 abruptly  
tipped1 with a short neck at the base1  
blunt at the apex1 with rough and pitted

 surfaces2 ventral      suture heavily  
furrowed1 winged2 dorsal suture with a  
wide1      deep groove4      ,,juicy    
,illustration3 ,,juicy    ,prunus       
munsoniana  ,prunus triflora        #a4 
,burbank ,cat4 #bj4 #ahic4 #b4 ,cal4    
,state ,bd4 ,hort4 #ec4      #ahig4 #c4 
,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ae4 #ahih4 #d4     
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4      #aac3afa4 #ahii4 
#e4 ,conn4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aee4      
#aijj4 #f4      ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4       
#afb3bef4 #beg4 #aije4 #g4 ,mass4 ,sta4 
,an4      ,rpt4 #ag3afa4 #aije4         
,juicy has been widely tested and in    
general is considered of very little    
cultural importance1 failing chiefly    
because of the inferior quality of  the 
plums4 ,the variety is an interesting   
cross1 however1 and has given  a tree so
 much more vigorous and so much better  
adapted to orchard  purposes than its   
native parent1 quite equalling the      
,triflora parent in  tree-characters1 as
 to suggest the value of this cross for 
improving the  trees of our native      

plums4 ,this plum1 like ,golden1 was    
grown by ,luther  ,burbank from a seed  
of ,robinson fertilized by pollen of    
,abundance4 ,in  #ahic the originator   
sold the new variety to ,john ,lewis    
,childs1 ,floral  ,park1 ,new ,york1 who
 introduced it the following year4 ,the 
variety has not  escaped without some   
confusion as to its origin for its      
parentage has  been published as a cross
 between ,robinson and ,kelsey4#bai     
,tree very large1 vigorous1 spreading1  
open-topped1 productive2      branches  
sparingly thorny2 leaves broadly        
oblanceolate or oval1      one and      
one-quarter inches wide1 three inches   
long2 margin      finely serrate or     
sometimes crenate1 with dark            
reddish-glands2      petiole short1     
slender1 with from two to five globose  
glands on      the stalk2 blooming      
season of medium length2 flowers        
appearing      after the leaves1        
three-quarters inch across2 borne in    
dense      clusters on lateral buds and 

spurs1 in threes or fours2 anthers      
so numerous as to give a yellowish color
 to the flower-clusters4        ,fruit  
mid-season1 period of ripening long2 one
 and      three-quarters inches by one  
and three-eighths inches in size1       
nearly round1 dark golden-yellow with   
bright red blush1 covered      with thin
 bloom2 flesh golden-yellow1 very juicy1
 melting1      sweet next to the skin1  
but tart at the pit1 aromatic2 of fair  
quality2 stone clinging1 five-eighths   
inch by one-half inch in      size1     
oval1 turgid1 with slightly pitted      
surfaces4      ,,kelsey    ,prunus      
triflora        #a4 ,gard4 ,mon4        
#bd3cci4 #ahhb4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4     
,rpt4 #bgb4      #ahhf4 #c4 ,gard4 ,mon4
 #bi3cje1 #cce-cfg4 #ahhg4 #d4 ,u4 ,s4  
,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 #fce1 #feb4 #ahhg4 #e4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ie1 #abf4       
#ahhg4 #f4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ce4 
#ahhh4 #g4 ,ibid4 #ea1      #ii4 #ahhi4 
#h4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #ejb1 #edb4 #ahij4 #i4 
,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aje1 #ajf1 

#abe4 #ahia4 #aj4 ,am4 ,gard4 #ac3gjj4  
#ahib4 #aa4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #fb3c1 
#bd4 #ahid4 #ab4 ,tex4      ,sta4 ,bul4 
#cb3dhh fig41 #dhi4 #ahid4 #ac4 ,cornell
 ,sta4 ,bul4      #ajf3ec4 #ahif4 #ad4  
,ala4 ,col4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #he3ddg4 #ahig4 
#ae4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #da4 #ahii4 
#af4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4      #acg4     
#aija4 #ag4 ,n4 ,c4 ,sta4 ,bul4         
#ahd3abj4 #aijc4 #ah4 ,ga4      ,sta4   
,bul4 #fh3ae1 #ca4 #aije4               
,botankin #g4 ,botankin #c4 ,hattankio  
#g4 ,kelsey's ,japan #b1 #c1      #e4   
,sinomo #g4 ,togari #g4    ,kelsey is   
distinguished as the largest1 the latest
 and the tenderest  to cold of all      
,triflora plums in ,america4 ,the       
variety is not much  hardier than the   
fig and cannot be safely planted north  
of ,washington  and ,baltimore4 ,the    
tree is vigorous1 well formed and       
productive1 having  for its worst fault 
susceptibility to shot-hole fungus4 ,the
 plums are  large1 very attractive in   
color and the flesh is firm1 the plums  

being  well fitted for shipping1 with a 
rich1 pleasant1 aromatic flavor making  
the fruit very good in quality4 ,in the 
,south both curculio and brown-rot      
attack the fruits rather badly4 ,it is  
unfortunate that this plum cannot  be   
grown in this latitude4    ,kelsey1 the 
first of the ,triflora plums introduced 
into ,america1 was  brought into the    
country by a ,mr4 ,hough of ,vacaville1 
,california1 in  #ahgj1 through the     
,united ,states consul in ,japan4 ,john 
,kelsey of ,berkeley1  ,california1     
obtained trees from ,hough and          
propagated it in his nursery  to a      
limited extent4 ,the first fruit was    
shown by ,kelsey in #ahgg1 though  fruit
 is said to have been produced in #ahgf4
 ,in #ahhc1 ,w4 ,p4 ,hammon and         
,company1 ,oakland1 ,california1 secured
 stock of this plum from the heirs  of  
,mr4 ,kelsey and the following year     
extensive sales were made4 ,the plum    
was named in honor of the man who did   
most to bring it before the public4     

,the ,american ,pomological ,society    
added the ,kelsey to its fruit catalog  
list in #ahhi4 ,the following           
description is compiled4        ,tree   
vigorous1 upright1 vasiform1 tender1    
productive1 an early      and regular   
bearer2 leaves somewhat scant1 small1   
lanceolate1      narrow2 blooming season
 early2 fruit very late1 season long2   
keeps and ships unusually well2 large1  
cordate1 conical1 halves      unequal2  
suture variable in depth2 apex pointed2 
color rather      unattractive yellow1  
tinged and splashed with red1 often     
overspread with purple1 with attractive 
bloom1 more or less      marked with    
conspicuous dots2 stem sometimes        
adhering poorly      to the fruit2 skin 
tender2 flesh delicate yellow1 juicy1   
firm      and meaty1 rich1 pleasant1    
aromatic2 good to very good2 stone      
clinging unless well ripened1 small1 in 
an irregular cavity      larger than the
 pit4      ,,kerr    ,prunus triflora   
#a4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #eb4 #ahhi4 

#b4 ,am4 ,gard4 #ab3cjg1      #eja4     
#ahia4 #c4 ,ibid4 #ac3gjj4 #ahib4 #d4   
,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4      #e4 ,cornell    
,sta4 ,bul4 #fb3be4 #ahid4 #f4 ,ga4     
,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 #ie4 #ahie4 #g4 
,ala4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #he3ddc4 #ahig4 #h4   
,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #da4 #ahii4 
#i4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #age3acf4      
#ahii4 #aj4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #acg4   
#aija4 #aa4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4
 ,,xiii4 #aijd4 #ab4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4  
#afb3bef1 #beg4 #aije4        ,hattankio
 #a4 ,hattankio #g4 ,hattankin ,no4 #b4 
#b1 #c4 ,hattonkin      ,no4 #b4 #d1 #e1
 #aj4 ,hattonkin #i4 ,hattankio ,no4 #b4
 #f1 #aa4      ,hattankio ,oblong #i1   
#aa4 ,hattankio #aj4 ,hattan #aj4       
,hytankio      #aj4 ,hytan-,kayo #aj4   
,kerr is about the best of the yellow   
,trifloras and is one of the best  of   
all early plums of its species4 ,it is  
very productive1 sometimes              
over-bearing1 and should always be      
thinned4 ,the quality of the plums  is  
good and the fruits are attractive in   

appearance4 ,the faults of  the variety 
are that the fruits drop as they ripen1 
though they color  if picked green1 and 
in some localities the tree-characters  
are poor4  ,this variety was imported   
from ,japan by ,frost and ,burgess1     
,riverside1  ,california1 and was       
distributed under the group name        
,hattankio ,no4 #b  or ,hattonkin ,no4  
#b4 ,as ,georgeson was also distributed 
under the same  name1 though under a    
different number1 confusion resulted4   
,to better  distinguish between the two1
 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 in #ahid1 named       
,hattonkin ,no4  #b ,kerr1 in honor of  
,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1 the noted plum           
specialist1 of ,denton1  ,maryland4 ,in 
#ahii the variety was placed on the     
fruit catalog list of the  ,american    
,pomological ,society4 ,the following   
description is compiled4        ,tree   
large1 vigorous1 upright1 very          
productive2 leaves large1      thick2   
blooming season late4 ,fruit early2 of  
medium size unless      thinned1 when it

 becomes large1 variable in form1 but   
usually      heart-shaped1 yellow with  
thin bloom2 skin thick2 flesh yellow1   
firm1 subacid1 sweet2 fair to good2     
stone clinging1 of medium      size1    
oval1 turgid4      ,,king ,,damson      
,prunus insititia        #a4 ,watkins   
,nur4 ,cat4 #dh4 #ahib84 #b4 ,am4 ,gard4
 #ad3adf1      #adg4 #ahic4 #c4 ,garden 
#ec3bfe4 #ahih4 #d4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm   
,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3ea4 #aijj4 #e4      
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't      #d3afa4    
#aija4        ,bradley's ,king #e4      
,bradley's ,king of ,damsons #c4 ,king  
of ,damsons      #a1 #b4    ,the fruit  
of ,king ,damson runs large for a       
,damson and the flavor is  agreeable1 so
 agreeable that the variety is really a 
very good dessert  fruit late in the    
season4 ,this ,damson is little grown in
 ,america and  deserves much wider      
cultivation4 ,a peculiarity of the plum 
is that there  is always more or less   
doubling of the petals4 ,very little is 
known  regarding the history of this    

excellent variety1 but it seems probable
  that it originated in ,kent1 ,england1
 where it is much grown4        ,tree   
small1 lacking in vigor1                
upright-spreading1 dense-topped1        
usually productive2 branchlets slender1 
pubescent2 leaves      folded upward1   
oval or slightly obovate1 one inch wide1
 two      and three-quarters inches     
long2 margin serrate1 usually with      
small dark glands2 petiole with one or  
two glands on the      stalk2 blooming  
season intermediate1 short2 flowers     
appearing      after the leaves1 usually
 with more than five petals1 one inch   
across1 white with a yellow tinge at the
 apex2 borne on lateral      spurs or   
from lateral buds1 singly or in pairs4  
,fruit late1 season long2 one and       
one-eighth inches by      seven-eighths 
inch in size1 oval1 slightly necked1    
black1 with      thick bloom2 flesh     
greenish-yellow1 juicy1 firm1 sprightly1
      becoming sweet late in the season2
 of good quality2 stone      clinging1  

five-eighths inch by three-eighths inch 
in size1      irregular-ovate1 slightly 
necked4      ,,kirke    ,prunus         
domestica        #a4 ,pom4 ,mag4 #c3aaa1
 ,pl4 #ahcj4 #b4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4    
,cat4 #adi4 #ahca4 #c4 ,kenrick ,am4    
,orch4 #bfc4 #ahcb4 #d4      ,downing   
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cjf4 #ahde4 #e4       
,floy-,lindley ,guide      ,orch4 ,gard4
 #bha1 #chb4 #ahdf4 #f4 ,mag4 ,hort4    
#ae3dhh fig4      #dc4 #ahdi4 #g4       
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #eah1 ,pl4 #a4  
#ahei4 #h4      ,mas ,le ,verger #f3ae1 
fig4 #h4 #ahff-gc4 #i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,cat4 #cf4 #ahge4 #aj4 ,pom4 ,france #g3
 ,no4 #bf4 #ahga4 #aa4      ,flor4      
,pom4 #dg4 #ahgf4 #ab4 ,oberdieck ,deut4
 ,obst4 ,sort4      #dcj4 #ahha4 #ac4   
,lauche ,deut4 ,pom4 #af1 ,pl4 ,,iv4    
#ahhb4 #ad4      ,hogg ,fruit ,man4     
#gjh4 #ahhd4 #ae4 ,guide ,prat4 #aed1   
#ceh4      #ahie4 #af4 ,gard4 ,chron4   
#bd3ai4 #ahih4 #ag4 ,gaucher ,pom4      
,prak4 ,obst4 ,no4 #if1 ,col4 ,pl4      
#ahid4 #ah4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #ejj4          

#ahih4 #ai4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hort4 ,france  
,pom4 #ecf4 #aijd4        ,de ,kirke    
#ae4 ,kirke's #b1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #i1 #ad1  
#ag4 ,kirke's #h1      #aj1 #ae1 #ag4   
,kirke's ,pflaume #ab1 #ac4 ,kirke's    
,pflaume #h1 #aj1      #ae1 #ag4        
,kirke's ,plum #a1 #e1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1    
#af1 #ah4 ,kirk's ,plum #c1      #e4    
,kirke #ag4 ,kirke's ,plum #ae1 #ag1    
#ai4 ,prune de ,kirke #ah4      ,prune  
de ,kirke #h1 #aj1 #ag4 ,prune ,kirke   
#ai4    ,all ,english descriptions of   
this variety rank it very high both as a
  dessert and a culinary plum4 ,the     
variety stands well among the purple    
plums growing on the grounds of this    
,station1 but since it has been grown   
in ,america eighty years1 attaining a   
reputation only of being mediocre in    
most characters1 it is probably not     
worth planting largely4 ,it has many    
more worthy competitors in its class and
 season4 ,hogg1 in the reference  given1
 says the variety was introduced by     
,joseph ,kirke1 a nurseryman  at        

,brompton1 near ,london1 who1 he says1  
8told me he first saw it on a  fruit    
stall near the ,royal ,exchange1 and    
that he afterwards found the  trees     
producing the fruit were in ,norfolk1   
whence he obtained grafts and           
propagated it4 ,but its true origin was 
in the grounds of ,mr4 ,poupart1 a      
market gardener at ,brompton1 on the    
spot now occupied by the lower end  of  
,queen's ,gate and where it sprung up as
 a sucker from a tree which had  been   
planted to screen an outbuilding4 ,it   
was given to ,mr4 ,kirke to be          
propagated and he sold it under the name
 it now bears40 ,the variety was        
introduced into ,america between #ahcj  
and #ahdj4 ,the ,american ,pomological  
,society placed ,kirke upon its list of 
rejected fruits in #aheh1 added it  to  
the recommended list in #ahge1 and      
displaced it in #ahii4        ,tree     
large1 vigorous1 upright-spreading1     
hardy1 productive2      branchlets with 
long internodes1 dull1 marked with      

yellowish-brown scarf-skin2 leaf-buds   
large1 long1 pointed1      free2 leaves 
flattened1 obovate or oval1 one and     
three-quarters      inches wide1 three  
and five-eighths inches long1 thick1    
dark      green2 margin crenate1        
eglandular or with small1 dark glands2  
petiole one inch long1 tinged red1      
glandless or with from      one to four 
small1 yellowish-green glands2 blooming 
season      intermediate1 short2 flowers
 appearing after the leaves1 one        
inch across2 borne on lateral spurs1    
singly or in pairs2      filaments      
seven-sixteenths inch long2 pistil      
glabrous1 shorter      than the stamens4
        ,fruit mid-season1 ripening     
period long2 about one and              
five-eighths inches in diameter1        
roundish-ovate1 dark                    
purplish-black1 overspread with thick   
bloom2 flesh      greenish-yellow1      
fibrous1 firm1 sweet1 mild and pleasant2
 good      to very good2 stone nearly   
free1 one inch by three-quarters        

inch in size1 ovate or oval1 flattened1 
roughened and deeply      pitted1       
tapering abruptly to a short1 pointed   
apex2 ventral      suture narrow1 with a
 short but distinct wing2 dorsal suture 
with a wide groove4      ,,lafayette    
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,prince    
,pom4 ,man4 #b3if4 #ahcb4 #b4 ,tucker's 
,gen4      ,farmer #c3aec4 #ahci4 #c4   
,elliott ,fr4 ,book #dbg4 #ahed4 #d4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bbb1 #bdd4      
#aheh4 #e4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4      #cfh4
 #ahff4 #f4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4   
#iaf4 #ahfi4 #g4 ,guide      ,prat4     
#afj1 #cei4 #ahie4        ,gifford's    
,lafayette #a1 #d1 #f4 ,gifford's ,la   
,fayette #b1 #c4    ,lafayette          
originated in ,new ,york sometime in the
 first quarter of the  last century with
 a ,mr4 ,gifford from a stone of the    
,orleans4 ,it did not  become popular   
and was rejected by the ,american       
,pomological ,society in  #aheh1 but    
just why it failed is not apparent1     
judging either from the  descriptions   

given in the above references or by its 
behavior in the  orchard at this        
,station4 ,the fruit is good1 though not
 remarkable for  the richness of its    
flavor1 its size is large and the color 
attractive4  ,moreover it is so late as 
to stand almost alone in its season4 ,a 
retrial of this old sort commercially   
might be worth while4 ,the tree is      
interesting because of a marked tendency
 in the flowers to develop petals  from 
the stamens4        ,tree of medium     
size1 round-topped1 productive2         
branchlets      stocky1 with long       
internodes2 leaf-scars large2 leaves    
folded      upward1 oval or obovate1 two
 inches wide1 four inches long1         
rugose2 margin crenate1 with small1 dark
 glands2 petiole      pubescent1 tinged 
red1 having at the most three small     
glands      usually on the stalk2       
blooming season intermediate in time and
      length2 flowers appearing after   
the leaves1 one and one-quarter         
inches wide1 creamy-white2 borne in     

pairs2 calyx-lobes long and             
slender4        ,fruit very late1 season
 long2 one and one-half inches by       
one and three-eighths inches in size1   
oval1 purplish-black1      overspread   
with very thick bloom2 flesh            
greenish-yellow1 medium      juicy1     
tender1 sweet1 mild and pleasant2 of    
good quality2 stone      free or nearly 
so1 one inch by five-eighths inch in    
size1      irregular-oval1 flattened1   
with an acute and slightly oblique      
apex4      ,,laire    ,prunus           
orthosepala8    ,laire is cultivated    
locally in ,rooks and neighboring       
counties in ,kansas  and is highly      
spoken of by those who grow it4 ,the    
description of the  variety is made from
 information sent from the ,united      
,states ,department  of ,agriculture4   
,for a further account of this plum the 
reader is referred  to the discussion of
 ,prunus orthosepala1 page #ig4 ,the    
name is derived  from that of the man   
who first brought the plums under       

cultivation some  twenty or twenty-five 
years ago4        ,tree dwarfish1       
dense-topped1 not very productive2      
branches      spiny1 zigzag2 branchlets 
thick1 reddish-brown changing to        
dark brown2 leaves oblong-ovate1 light  
green1 acuminate1 with      margins     
closely serrate and seldom with         
glandular teeth2      petiole slender1  
one-half inch long1 with two glands at  
the      apex2 flowers white or tinged  
with pink1 appearing after the          
leaves2 borne in threes or in fours2    
pedicels thick1 one-half      inch long2
 petals narrowly clawed2 stamens orange4
        ,fruit mid-season2 one and      
one-eighth inches in diameter1          
roundish1 greenish-yellow overlaid with 
deep red1 covered with      thick bloom2
 skin thick2 flesh yellow1 meaty1 juicy1
 mild      subacid2 good to very good2  
stone clinging1 five-eighths inch       
by nine-sixteenths inch in size1        
flattened1 oval1 with rugose            
surfaces2 grooved on the dorsal and     

ridged on the ventral      suture4      
,,large ,,english    ,prunus domestica  
#a4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4     
#ddc4 #ahha4 #b4 ,mathieu      ,nom4    
,pom4 #dbi1 #dcc4 #ahhi4                
,englische ,zwetsche #b4 ,grosse        
,englische ,zwetsche #b4 ,grosse        
,englische ,zwetsche #a1 #b4 ,grosse    
,englische ,pflaumen ,zwetsche      #b4 
,grosse ,zwetsche8 #b4 ,schweizer       
,zwetsche #b incor4    ,this appears to 
be a most excellent plum closely        
resembling the ,italian  ,prune and     
surpassing that well-known variety in   
some respects4 ,as  compared with       
,italian ,prune1 the fruit of ,large    
,english runs larger1  is slightly more 
conical1 having the ventral swelling    
near the base1  thus giving it more of a
 shoulder4 ,the flavor is sweeter and   
richer than  that of the ,italian       
,prune4 ,there appear to be practically 
no differences  between the trees1 the  
foliage and the flowers of the two      
kinds4 ,wherever  the ,italian is       

successfully grown it may be well worth 
while to try  the ,large ,english4 ,the 
relation the word ,english has to this  
prune is  unknown4 ,oberdieck1 in #ahha1
 wrote that this variety resembled the  
,italian ,prune in fruit1 but differed  
in that it had a noticeably broader     
leaf2 he adds 8it has been incorrectly  
called the ,swiss ,prune and is much    
spread in ,germany under the name of    
,italian ,prune40 ,e4 ,r4 ,lake1 of the 
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture1 brought it to ,america1 in
 #aija1  from the ,pomological          
,institute1 ,reutlingen1 ,wurtemburg1   
,germany4 ,lake's  stock was tested at  
this ,station and the variety agrees    
with ,oberdieck's  description4         
,tree of average size1 vigorous1        
upright-spreading1      dense-topped1   
productive2 branchlets with1 long       
internodes2      leaf-scars enlarged2   
leaves folded upward1 oval or obovate1  
nearly one and three-quarters inches    
wide1 three and one-half      inches    

long1 thick1 rugose2 margin crenate or  
almost serrate1      eglandular or with 
small dark glands2 petiole pubescent1   
tinged      red1 with from two to four  
globose glands2 blooming season         
intermediate in time1 short2 flowers    
appearing after the      leaves1 one    
inch across2 petals long1 narrow1 white1
 in the      buds tipped with yellow2   
borne singly or in pairs2 stamens tend  
to become petals4        ,fruit late1   
season of medium length2 one and        
three-quarters      inches by one and   
one-half inches in size1 long-ovate1    
purplish-black1 with thick bloom2 dots  
numerous1 conspicuous2      flesh       
yellowish with a trace of red at full   
maturity at both      skin and stone1   
juicy1 very sweet1 aromatic1 with a     
pleasant      flavor2 very good to best2
 stone free1 the cavity larger than     
the pit1 often brownish-red1 one inch by
 five-eighths inch in      size1        
irregular-oval1 flattened1 with an      
oblique apex2 ventral      suture       

prominent1 usually with a distinct wing2
 dorsal suture      with a wide1 deep   
groove4      ,,late ,,mirabelle         
,prunus insititia        #a4 ,lond4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aej4 #ahca4 #b4     
,barry ,fr4 ,garden      #cci4 #ahea4   
#c4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #chh4     
#aheg4 #d4 ,hogg      ,fruit ,man4 #cec4
 #ahff4 #e4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees4 ,am4  
#ija4      #ahfi4 #f4 ,pom4 ,france #g3 
,no4 #bj4 #ahga4 #g4 ,mas ,le           
,verger #f3g4 #ahff-gc4 #h4 ,cat4 ,cong4
 ,pom4 ,france #ceb4      #ahhg4 #i4    
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddb1 #ddi4 #ahhi4 
#aj4 ,guide      ,prat4 #afb1 #cfj4     
#ahie4 #aa4 ,baltet ,cult4 ,fr4 #dic4   
#aijh4        ,bricette #i4 ,bricetta   
#e4 ,bricet #e1 #i4 ,bricette #f1 #h1   
#aj4      ,brisette #f1 #g1 #aj4        
,bricette #d4 ,die ,brisette #i4 ,kleine
      ,brisette #i4 ,la ,bricette #i4   
,mirabelle ,tardive #a1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1 
#aj1 #aa4 ,mirabelle ,tardive #d1 #e1   
#f1 #i4 ,mirabelle d',octobre      #b4  
,mirabelle d',octobre #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1   

#i1 #aj4 ,october ,mirabelle      #i4   
,petit ,bricette #e1 #i4 ,petite        
,bricette #d1 #f1 #aj4 ,runde           
,brisette #i4 ,spte ,mirabelle #f1 #h1  
#i1 #aj4    ,in ,france1 where all of   
the ,mirabelles are highly esteemed1 the
  ,late ,mirabelle is much grown because
 of its season4 ,the variety is         
practically unknown in ,america1 but1   
judging from its behavior at  ,geneva1  
well deserves widespread trial1 as do   
all the ,mirabelles4 ,the  history of   
this variety is unknown other than that 
it is an old sort1  having been         
mentioned in the ,london ,horticultural 
,society catalog as  long ago as #ahca4 
,in #ahea1 ,barry1 of ,rochester1 ,new  
,york1 described the  ,mirabelle        
d',octobre1 which is identical with     
,late ,mirabelle1 and said  that it had 
been recently introduced from ,france4  
,tree medium in size and vigor1 very    
hardy1 productive2 branches      smooth2
 leaves small1 oval1 one and one-quarter
 inches wide1      two inches long2     

margin finely serrate1 with few1 dark   
glands2      petiole slender1 glandless 
or with one or two glands at the        
base of the leaf4        ,fruit late2   
small1 roundish-oval1 greenish-yellow1  
often with      a light blush on the    
sunny side1 covered with thin bloom2    
stem      short1 slender2 flesh yellow1 
very juicy1 aromatic1 sweet2      good2 
stone semi-free4      ,,late            
,,muscatelle    ,prunus domestica       
#a4 ,lucas ,vollst4 ,hand4 ,obst4 #dgj4 
#ahid4 #b4 ,can4 ,exp4      ,farm ,bul4 
#bnd ,ser4 #c3ec4 #aijj4 #c4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4
 ,a4 ,div4 ,pom4      ,bul4 #aj3bb4     
#aija4        ,late ,muscatel #b4 ,spte 
,muskateller #c4 ,spte                  
,muskatellerpflaume      #a4    ,this   
variety was obtained by the ,united     
,states ,department of ,agriculture     
from the ,pomological ,institute at     
,reutlingen1 ,germany1 in #aijj1 and    
was soon after sent to this ,station to 
test4 ,in some respects1 in             
fruit-characters in particular1 the     

variety is promising1 but not           
sufficiently so to recommend it to      
fruit-growers1 even for trial4          
,tree of medium size and vigor1         
upright-spreading1 productive2          
branchlets thick2 with short internodes1
 pubescent2 leaf-scars      prominent2  
leaves drooping1 folded upward1 obovate1
 one and      five-eighths inches wide1 
three and three-eighths inches long1    
leathery2 margin crenate1 eglandular or 
with few1 small1 dark      glands2      
petiole thick1 pubescent1 glandless or  
with from one      to three glands2     
blooming season intermediate in time2   
and      length2 flowers appearing after
 the leaves1 one inch across2      borne
 in scattering clusters1 singly or in   
pairs2 petals white1      creamy-white  
as they open2 anthers tinged red4       
,fruit late1 season short2 medium in    
size1 roundish1 slightly      truncate1 
purplish-brown1 splashed and mottled    
with      russet about the base1        
overspread with thick bloom2 flesh      

greenish-yellow1 sweet2 good to very    
good2 stone often reddish1              
clinging1 three-quarters inch by        
one-half inch in size1      somewhat    
flat1 irregular-oval1 with slightly     
pitted surfaces4      ,,late ,,orleans  
,illustration3 ,,late ,,orleans         
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,lond4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aea4 #ahca4 #b4     
,mag4 ,hort4 #afd4      #ahdc4 #c4      
,jour4 ,hort4 ,n4 ,s4 #ae3cja4 #ahfh4   
#d4 ,downing      ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ibg4
 #ahfi4 #e4 ,guide ,prat4 #afa1 #cfj4   
#ahie4      #f4 ,garden #di3bfh4 #ahif4 
#g4 ,rivers ,cat4 #cc4 #ahih4           
,black ,orleans #a1 #b1 #e4 ,late ,black
 ,orleans #c1 #d4 ,late ,black          
,orleans #e4 ,late ,orleans #e4         
,monsieur ,noir ,tardif #e4 ,orleans    
,late ,black #e4    ,this is another    
variety having only a ,european         
reputation to recommend it  in ,america4
 ,the fruits of ,late ,orleans are      
handsome in color and shape1  but are   
not large enough to enable them to      

compete in the markets with  other late 
purple plums and are so poor in quality 
as to be worthless as  dessert fruits4  
,in ,europe the variety is rated high   
for culinary purposes  and fruit-growers
 there like it because it hangs well to 
the tree and  keeps and ships well4 ,the
 trees are very satisfactory in         
practically all  respects4 ,it is       
doubtful if the variety is worth further
 trial in ,america4    ,late ,orleans   
was mentioned in the catalog of the     
,horticultural ,society  of ,london in  
#ahca1 but was not described4 ,no       
account seems to have ever  been        
published of its origin1 but it is      
probably related to or descended  from  
the ,orleans since they are very similar
 in tree and shape of fruit1  differing 
only in size and color of fruit4        
,tree large1 vigorous1 round-topped1    
hardy1 very productive2      branches   
smooth1 dark ash-gray1 with numerous1   
small      lenticels2 branchlets medium 
to slender1 with long internodes1       

greenish-red changing to dull           
reddish-brown1 dull1 pubescent1         
marked with gray scarf-skin and with    
small lenticels2 leaf-buds              
intermediate in size and length1        
conical1 appressed4        ,leaves      
flattened1 oval or obovate1 one and     
one-quarter inches      wide1 two and   
one-quarter inches long2 upper surface  
sparingly      pubescent1 with a deeply 
grooved midrib2 lower surface heavily   
pubescent along the midrib2 apex        
abruptly pointed1 base broadly          
cuneate1 margin finely crenate1 with    
small1 dark glands2      petiole        
one-half inch long1 slender1 pubescent1 
faintly tinged      with red1 glandless 
or with from one to four small1 globose1
      yellowish glands usually on the   
stalk4        ,flowers appearing after  
the leaves1 one inch across1 white2     
borne on lateral buds and spurs1 singly 
or in pairs2      pedicels one-half inch
 long1 glabrous1 greenish2 calyx-tube1  
green1 obconic1 glabrous2 calyx-lobes   

obtuse1 pubescent1                      
glandular-serrate and with marginal     
hairs1 erect2 petals      roundish or   
broadly ovate1 entire1 short-clawed2    
anthers yellow      with a reddish      
tinge2 filaments five-sixteenths inch   
long2      pistil glabrous1 equal to the
 stamens in length4        ,fruit late1 
season long2 about one and one-half     
inches in      diameter1 roundish1      
slightly compressed1 halves equal2      
cavity      shallow1 narrow1 flaring2   
suture a line2 apex roundish2      color
 dark purple1 overspread with thick     
bloom2 dots few1      reddish-brown2    
stem three-quarters inch long1 pubescent
 at      the base1 adhering well to the 
fruit2 skin toughish1 slightly          
astringent1 separating readily2 flesh   
golden-yellow1 dry1      tender1 sweet1 
mild2 fair in quality2 stone clinging1  
one      inch by five-eighths inch in   
size1 oval1 flattened1 slightly         
roughened1 blunt at the base and apex2  
ventral suture rather      narrow1      

blunt2 dorsal suture widely and deeply  
grooved4      ,,lawrence    ,prunus     
domestica        #a4 ,cultivator        
#aj3afg4 #ahdc4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,cat4      #ed4 #aheb4 #c4 ,elliott ,fr4
 ,book #dab4 #ahed4 #d4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees ,am4 #ibh4 #ahfi4 #e4 ,pom4      
,france #g3 ,no4 #bi4 #ahga4      #f4   
,mas ,le ,verger #f3ge4 #ahff-gc4 #g4   
,hogg ,fruit ,man4      #gaj4 #ahhd4 #h4
 ,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4 ,france #cdi4 #ahhg4
 #i4 ,guide      ,prat4 #cfd4 #ahie4    
#aj4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aab4 #aija4   
,favorite de ,lawrence #f1 #i4 ,lawrence
 ,favorite #e4 ,lawrences      ,reine   
,claude #i4 ,lawrence's ,favorite #a1   
#b1 #c1 #d1 #g4 ,lawrence's      ,gage  
#a1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #i4 ,lawrence's     
,favorite #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj4              
,lawrence ,gage #h4 ,prune ,lawrence    
,gage #e4 ,reine-,claude de             
,lawrence #f1 #i4 ,reine-,claude de     
,lawrence #d1 #e1 #h4    ,this variety  
is surpassed in the quality of its      
fruits by few plums4  ,the trees bear   

young and abundantly and the fruit hangs
 well on the  tree2 unfortunately1 the  
plums do not ship nor keep well and the 
variety  thus fails as a market sort4   
,it is1 however1 a delicious dessert    
fruit1  deserving to be grown in every  
plum connoisseur's garden4 ,lawrence is 
a  seedling of ,reine ,claude1 and was  
grown by ,l4 ,v4 ,lawrence of ,hudson1  
,new  ,york1 some time during the second
 quarter of the last century4 ,as its   
large size and superior quality became  
known its popularity increased1  until  
it was cultivated not only in ,america1 
but to some extent  throughout western  
,europe4 ,during the last twenty-five   
years1 however1  it has waned in        
popularity1 having been superseded by   
better commercial  varieties1 though it 
still ranks high as a dessert plum4 ,the
 ,american  ,pomological ,society placed
 ,lawrence in its catalog in #aheb1 and 
retained  it there until #ahii4         
,tree large1 vigorous1                  
upright-spreading1 productive2 trunk    

and branches rough1 with large          
lenticels2 branchlets brash1      dark  
reddish-brown1 pubescent2 leaves folded 
upward1 oval1      two inches wide1     
three and three-quarters inches long1   
thick1      leathery1 rugose2 margin    
doubly serrate1 with small glands2      
petiole pubescent1 usually with two     
small glands4        ,fruit medium      
early2 one and three-eighths inches in  
diameter1      roundish1                
greenish-yellow1 covered with thin      
bloom2 skin thin1      tender1 slightly 
astringent2 flesh yellowish1 fibrous1   
tender1      sweet1 aromatic2 very good2
 stone free1 seven-eighths inch by      
five-eighths inch in size1 oval1 turgid1
 nearly smooth4      ,,lincoln          
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,lovett    
,cat4 fig4 #dd4 #ahij-aijj4 #b4 ,rural  
,n4 ,y4      #ef3eie fig4 #bec1 #eih4   
#ahig4 #c4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdb1 
#bdf4 #ahii4 #d4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4      
#aac3aei4 #ahii4 #e4 ,can4      ,exp4   
,farm ,bul4 #b;d ,ser4 #c3ec4 #aijj4 #f4

 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4      #aad4 #aija4  
#g4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4     
#cag1 #cah fig4      #aijc4 #h4 ,am4    
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bed4 #aijc4 #i4 ,ohio
 ,sta4      ,bul4 #afb3bcf1 #bch fig41  
#bef1 #beg4 #aije4 #aj4 ,mass4 ,sta4    
,an4 ,rpt4 #ag3aei4 #aije4    ,lincoln  
has never been popular in ,new ,york1   
but in ,pennsylvania and ,new  ,jersey  
it is well thought of for home use and  
the markets4 ,the trees in  this ,state 
grow slowly and when fully grown are    
rather inferior4 ,this is  one of the   
sorts recommended to be top-worked on   
better growing varieties  but1 as has   
been said before in these notes1        
top-working in ,new ,york is  far more  
often a failure than a success with     
plums4 ,the fruit of this  variety is   
unusually attractive in size and color  
and for quality it may  be named among  
the best of the red plums4              
,unfortunately1 the variety  is readily 
infected by the brown-rot which when    
epidemic cannot be  controlled4 ,lincoln

 has been so well tested in ,new ,york  
without becoming  popular with          
plum-growers that it is hardly worth    
recommending for  further trial1 though 
the fruits in particular have much      
merit4    ,this plum originated in ,york
 ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 about          
forty-five  years ago1 supposedly from  
seed of the ,reine ,claude1 and was     
named  after ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,if it  
be a ,reine ,claude seedling it comes   
from  a cross with some other variety1  
since it shows many characters not in   
,reine ,claude4 ,lincoln was introduced 
by ,j4 ,t4 ,lovett and ,company1 ,little
  ,silver1 ,new ,jersey4        ,tree of
 medium size1 vigorous1                 
upright-spreading1 but somewhat         
variable in habit1 dense-topped1 hardy1 
productive2 branches      ash-gray1     
rough2 branchlets somewhat slender1     
short1 with      long internodes1       
greenish-red changing to brownish-red1  
dull1      sparingly pubescent          
throughout the season1 overspread with  

thin      bloom1 with small1            
inconspicuous lenticels2 leaf-buds      
large1      long1 pointed1 free2        
leaf-scars prominent4        ,leaves    
somewhat folded backward1 oval or       
obovate1 two inches      wide1 four     
inches long1 rather stiff2 upper surface
 slightly      rugose1 pubescent only in
 the shallow1 grooved midrib2 lower     
surface silvery-green1 pubescent2 apex  
abruptly pointed1 base      acute1      
margin doubly crenate1 with small1 dark 
glands2 petiole      nearly one inch    
long1 pubescent1 reddish1 with from one 
to four      rather large1 globose or   
reniform1 yellowish glands variable in  
position4        ,season of bloom       
medium2 flowers appearing after the     
leaves1      over one inch across1      
white2 borne on lateral spurs and buds1 
singly or in pairs2 pedicels about      
seven-eighths inch long1      slender1  
pubescent1 greenish2 calyx-tube green1  
campanulate1      thinly pubescent2     
calyx-lobes broad1 acute1 somewhat      

pubescent      on both surfaces1        
glandular-serrate1 with marginal hairs1 
reflexed2 petals oval1 crenate1 with    
claws of medium width2      anthers     
yellow2 filaments three-eighths inch or 
more in length2      pistil glabrous1   
shorter than the stamens4        ,fruit 
early1 season short2 somewhat variable  
but averaging      about two inches by  
one and five-eighths inches in size1    
oblong-oval1 slightly necked1 halves    
usually equal2 cavity      very shallow1
 narrow1 abrupt2 suture shallow2 apex   
roundish      or depressed2 color light 
or dark red over a yellow ground1       
overspread with thin bloom2 dots        
numerous1 small1 light      russet2 stem
 one inch long1 lightly pubescent1      
adhering poorly      to the fruit2 skin 
thick1 rather sour1 separating readily2 
flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1 coarse and
 fibrous1 firm but      tender1 sweet1  
mild1 pleasant2 good to very good2 stone
 nearly      free1 one and one-eighth   
inches by five-eighths inch in size1    

long-oval1 flattened1 necked at the     
base1 blunt at the apex1      with      
markedly rough and deeply pitted        
surfaces2 ventral suture      narrow1   
distinctly furrowed1 with a short wing2 
dorsal suture      with a narrow groove 
of medium depth4      ,,lombard         
,illustration3 ,,lombard    ,prunus     
domestica        #a4 ,kenrick ,am4      
,orch4 #bfh4 #ahcb4 #b4 ,ibid4 #bbd4    
#ahda4      #c4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #cjc fig4 #abd4 #ahde4 #d4 ,thomas 
,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cde fig4 #bfe4      
#ahdi4 #e4 ,goodrich ,n4 ,fr4           
,cult4 #hd4 #ahdi4 #f4 ,elliott ,fr4    
,book #dab4 #ahed4 #g4 ,am4      ,pom4  
,soc4 ,rpt4 #aij1 #baj4 #ahef4 #h4      
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4      #ibi fig4
 #ahfi4 #i4 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3aea1    
fig4 #gf4 #ahff-gc4      #aj4 ,country  
,gent4 #dh3iha4 #ahhc4 #aa4 ,mathieu    
,nom4      ,pom4 #dbc4 #ahhi4 #ab4      
,guide ,prat4 #afj1 #cei4 #ahie4 #ac4   
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdb1 #bdf4      
#ahii4 #ad4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4            

#df3bgi4 #aijj4 #ae4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4
 #aad fig4 #aija4 #af4      ,can4 ,exp4 
,farm ,bul4 #dc3cd4 #aijc4 #ag4 ,ohio   
,sta4 ,bul4      #afb3bdj1 #bef1 #beg4  
#aije4        ,beekman's ,scarlet #c1   
#f1 #h1 #aa1 #ab4 ,bleecker's ,scarlet  
#c1      #d1 #f1 #h1 #ab4 ,bleeker's    
,scarlet #aa4 ,bleeker's ,rotepflaume   
#aa4 ,bleekers ,rothe ,pflaume #ab4     
,bleeckers ,rothe ,pflaume      #i4     
,lombard #aa4 ,lombard ,plum #a4        
,montgomery ,prune #h1      #aa4 ,prune 
,rouge ,de ,bleeker #i1 #aa4 ,rouge de  
,bleecker #ab4      ,spanish ,king8 #ad1
 #ae4 ,variegated ,plum #a4    ,the     
,lombard plum is known by all4 ,it is   
not as largely planted in ,new  ,york as
 a few other varieties1 but it is       
probably more widely grown than  any    
other plum if the whole continent be    
considered4 ,the preeminently           
meritorious characters which enable it  
to take first place in ,american        
plum-growing are3 ,the elasticity of its
 constitution whereby it  adapts itself 

to widely different soils and climates2 
the robustness1  healthiness1           
productiveness and regularity in bearing
 of its trees2 the  fact that the fruits
 are comparatively free from the scourge
 of the  crescent sign1 plum-curculio2  
and1 lastly1 its showy fruits tempting  
to the eye and readily salable4 ,the    
tree-characters of ,lombard are all     
good1 making so superior a tree that it1
 more than any other variety1 is        
recommended as a stock upon which to    
graft weak-growing plums4 ,it is a      
virile variety and from it have come a  
considerable number of offspring  mostly
 from self-fertilized seeds which have  
given us several nearly  related        
varieties and strains4 ,there are also a
 few very good cross-bred  plums of     
which ,lombard was one parent4 ,lombard 
would be preeminently the  plum 8for the
 millions0 were it not for a fatal      
fault--it is very poor  in quality4     
,canned1 cooked1 preserved or spiced1 it
 does very well1 but  as a dessert fruit

 it falls in a category with the ,ben   
,davis apple and  ,kieffer pear1        
8good-looking but poor40 ,the variety   
ripens so early as to  come in direct   
competition with the peach and this     
hurts it not a little  as a market plum4
 ,to be at its best the crop should be  
thinned and should  be allowed to ripen 
fully on the trees4 ,lombard is now much
 used in the  canneries in ,new ,york   
and is also planted in home orchards    
where only  hardy plums stand the       
climate4 ,in the markets it is usually a
 low-priced  plum4    ,lombard was      
raised by ,judge ,platt1 ,whitesboro1   
,new ,york1 from seed  received from    
,amsterdam 7,references1 #b74 ,another  
writer 7,references1  #aj7 reports that 
the trees were brought over from        
,holland by some of  the earliest ,dutch
 settlers of ,utica and ,whitesboro4    
,the name was given  to the plum about  
#ahcj by the ,massachusetts             
,horticultural ,society in  honor of    
,daniel ,lombard of ,springfield1 who   

was the first to propagate  the variety 
in that state4 ,it was previously well  
known in ,new ,york as  ,bleecker's     
,scarlet 7,references1 #c71 but was     
never formally described  under that    
name which must1 therefore1 though the  
older1 be discarded4 ,in  #ahef1 it was 
placed on the recommended list by the   
,american ,pomological  ,society4       
,several varieties1 as ,communia1       
,tatge1 ,spanish ,king and ,odell1  are 
very similar1 if not identical to the   
,lombard and1 consequently1  have caused
 much confusion in the nomenclature of  
the variety4 ,this  similarity is       
probably explained by the fact that the 
,lombard produces  seedlings very nearly
 true to type4 ,professor ,j4 ,l4 ,budd1
 in a letter  written in #ahih to this  
,station1 says1 8,the fruit of ,communia
 is much  like that of ,lombard1 but    
this can be said of a hundred or more   
east  ,european varieties40 ,professor  
,budd had traveled much in ,europe and  
knew  plums very well4 ,his statement1  

therefore1 is entitled to credence and  
indicates1 together with other          
circumstances1 that ,lombard is one of  
an  old group of plums the varieties of 
which are very similar4        ,tree of 
medium size1 round-topped1 very hardy1  
productive2      branches stocky1 dark  
ash-gray1 smooth1 with few1 small       
lenticels2 branchlets thick1 medium to  
long1 with long      internodes1        
greenish-red changing to dull           
brownish-red1      marked with gray     
scarf-skin1 glabrous early in the       
season1      becoming pubescent at      
maturity1 with a few1 inconspicuous1    
small lenticels2 leaf-buds of medium    
size and length1 conical1               
appressed2 leaf-scars prominent4        
,leaves long-oval or long-obovate1 one  
and five-eighths inches      wide1 three
 and one-half inches long1 medium to    
thick2 upper      surface dark green1   
thinly pubescent1 with a grooved midrib2
      lower surface silvery-green1      
lightly pubescent2 apex acute1      base

 somewhat tapering1 margin often doubly 
serrate1 eglandular      or with small1 
dark glands2 petiole one-half inch long1
 thick1      tinged red1 pubescent1     
glandless or with one or two globose1   
yellowish-green glands usually at the   
base of the leaf4        ,blooming      
season short2 flowers appearing after   
the leaves1      one inch across1 the   
buds creamy-yellow1 changing to white on
      expanding2 borne in clusters on   
short1 lateral spurs1 singly or      in 
pairs2 pedicels nine-sixteenths inch    
long1 slender1 nearly      glabrous2    
calyx-tube greenish1 campanulate1       
pubescent only      at the base2        
calyx-lobes obtuse1 pubescent on both   
surfaces1      glandular-serrate1       
strongly reflexed2 petals oval1 entire  
or      occasionally notched at the     
apex1 short-clawed2 anthers yellow2     
filaments five-sixteenths inch long2    
pistil pubescent only on      the ovary1
 longer than the stamens4        ,fruit 
mid-season1 ripening period long2 one   

and three-quarters      inches by one   
and five-eighths inches in size1 oval or
      roundish-oval1 slightly           
compressed1 halves unequal2 cavity      
narrow1 abrupt1 roundish2 suture usually
 a line2 apex roundish      or          
flattened2 color light to dark          
purplish-red1 overspread      with thick
 bloom2 dots numerous1 small1 light     
russet2 stem      slender1              
three-quarters inch long1 adhering well 
to the fruit2      skin thin1 tender1   
separating readily2 flesh yellowish1    
juicy1      slightly fibrous1 firm and  
sweet1 mild2 inferior in quality2       
stone semi-free to free1 one inch by    
five-eighths inch in size1      dark    
colored1 oval1 flattened1 roughened2    
base and apex acute2      ventral suture
 slightly furrowed1 acute2 dorsal suture
 widely      and rather deeply grooved4 
,,long ,,fruit    ,prunus triflora      
#a4 ,wild ,bros4 ,cat4 #bg4 #ahib4 #b4  
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4      #fb3bf4 #ahid4
 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bf4        

#ahig-ii4 #d4      ,waugh ,plum ,cult4  
#ach4 #aija4        ,long ,fruited #a4  
,long ,fruit is noted among the leading 
varieties of plums in ,the ,plums  of   
,new ,york chiefly to condemn it4 ,on   
the grounds of this ,station and        
elsewhere in ,new ,york where tested1   
the trees are unproductive1 the crop    
drops badly and the fruits are small and
 poor in quality4 ,the variety was      
imported from ,japan in #ahhe by ,luther
 ,burbank4        ,tree large1 vigorous1
 vasiform to spreading1 unproductive2   
branches roughened by numerous raised   
lenticels2 branchlets      slender1 with
 short internodes1 glabrous1 marked by  
scarf-skin2      leaves oblanceolate1   
somewhat peach-like1 one inch wide1     
two and one-half inches long1 thin2     
margin finely crenate1      with small1 
amber glands2 petiole slender1 tinged   
with red1      glandless or with from   
one to five small glands usually on     
the stalk2 blooming season early2       
flowers appearing after the      leaves1

 seven-eighths inch across2 borne singly
 or in pairs2      calyx-tube much      
swollen at the base4        ,fruit      
early2 one inch by one and one-eighth   
inches in size1      roundish-oblate2   
cavity deep2 color dark red over a      
yellow      ground1 covered with thin   
bloom2 stem slender1 adhering           
poorly to the fruit2 skin thick1        
somewhat astringent2 flesh              
greenish-yellow or pale yellow1 tender1 
sweet1 mild2 poor      in quality2 stone
 semi-clinging1 small1 one-half inch by 
three-eighths inch in size1             
roundish-oval1 turgid1 blunt at the     
base1 the apex terminating abruptly in a
 small1 sharp point1      with smooth   
surfaces4      ,,lucombe    ,prunus     
domestica        #a4 ,pom4 ,mag4 #c3ii4 
#ahcj4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4    
#bha4 #ahde4 #c4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide  
,orch4 ,gard4 #bhd1 #chc4      #ahdf4   
#d4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bbb4 #aheh4 
#e4 ,hogg ,fruit      ,man4 #gaa4 #ahhd4
 #f4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #ceh4 #ahie4   

#g4 ,waugh      ,plum ,cult4 #aag4      
#aija4 #h4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4    
,man4 #cbj4      #aijc4                 
,incomparable de ,lucombe #f4 ,lucombe's
 ,nonesuch #b1 #c1 #e4      ,lucombe's  
,nonsuch #a1 #d4 ,lucombe's ,nonsuch #f1
 #g4 ,lucombe's      ,unvergleichliche  
#f4 ,lucombe's ,nonesuch #h4 ,luccombe's
      ,nonesuch #c4 ,nonsuch #g4        
,nonesuch #h4    ,this old plum has a   
reputation of high excellence and is    
well entitled to  it4 ,despite the fact 
that it must compete for favor with such
 estimable  plums as ,reine ,claude1    
,washington and ,hand1 belonging to the 
same group  with these1 it is still much
 grown in ,england and is well thought  
of for  home use in ,america4 ,hardly in
 accordance with its reputation1 it was 
rejected by the ,american ,pomological  
,society in #aheh for a place in its    
list of fruits4 ,lucombe originated as a
 seedling about #ahbe with a ,mr4       
,lucombe of ,lucombe1 ,prince and       
,company1 nurserymen1 at ,exeter1       

,england1  and was first described by   
,lindley in #ahcj in the ,pomological   
,magazine4        ,tree large1 of medium
 vigor1 upright-spreading1 productive2  
branches covered with numerous          
fruit-spurs2 twigs very short1      with
 heavy pubescence2 leaves one and       
three-quarters inches      wide1 three  
and one-quarter inches long1 dark green2
 margin      finely serrate or crenate1 
with small1 dark glands2 petiole        
pubescent1 glandless or with one or two 
small glands usually      at the base of
 the leaf2 blooming season intermediate1
 short2      flowers appearing after the
 leaves2 petals with a yellowish        
tinge as the buds unfold2 borne on long 
naked spurs with tufts      of leaves   
and flowers at the ends1 singly or in   
pairs4        ,fruit mid-season1 period 
of ripening long2 one and               
three-eighths inches by one and one-half
 inches in size1      roundish-oblate or
 roundish-obovate1 greenish-yellow1     
becoming      golden-yellow1            

indistinctly splashed and streaked with 
green1      covered with thin bloom2    
flesh golden-yellow1 firm1 sweet1       
pleasant1 mild2 very good2 stone free1  
three-quarters inch by      five-eighths
 inch in size1 roundish1 slightly       
necked1 with      pitted surfaces4      
,,maquoketa    ,illustration3           
,,maquoketa    ,prunus hortulana mineri 
#a4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bij4      
#ahhi4 #b4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 
#ee1 #he4 #ahij4 #c4 ,cornell ,sta4     
,bul4 #ch3dj4 #ahib4      #d4 ,mich4    
,sta4 ,bul4 #aah3ec4 #ahie4 #e4 ,ibid4  
#abc3bj4      #ahie4 #f4 ,ia4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #ca3cdf4 #ahie4 #g4 ,wis4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #fc3df4 #ahig4 #h4 ,budd-,hansen  
,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #bih4      #aijc4 #i4 
,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bgg4 #aijd4 #aj4   
,ohio ,sta4      ,bul4 #afb3bef1 #beg4  
#aije4    ,maquoketa is distinguished as
 one of the best of the native plums for
  culinary purposes4 ,nearly all of the 
plums brought in from the wild in       
,america have so much astringency1 most 

of it coming from the skins1 that  they 
are impalatable to some4 ,now and then a
 variety is nearly free from  this      
disagreeable taste and ,maquoketa is one
 of these4 ,the quality1 as  a dessert  
fruit1 is very good for a native and the
 fruits keep and ship  well4 ,in the    
,south the plums are subject to both    
curculio and brown-rot4  ,the trees1    
like those of nearly all of the         
,miner-like plums1 are rather  better   
formed and more adaptable to orchard    
conditions than those of  other species4
 ,after the ,americana and ,nigra plums1
 ,maquoketa is one of  the hardiest of  
our native varieties1 growing even in   
,minnesota4 ,the  variety belongs in the
 ,south and ,middle ,west and there are 
few1 if any1  places in ,new ,york where
 it is worth growing4    ,the origin of 
this plum is uncertain4 ,it is reported 
in the references  given as a native    
found on the banks of the ,maquoketa    
,river in eastern  ,iowa and also as a  
,miner seedling grown under cultivation4

 ,it has been  known to fruit-growers   
since about #ahhi4        ,tree of      
medium size and vigor1 spreading1       
low-topped1 open1      hardy1 variable  
in productiveness1 susceptible to       
attacks of      shot-hole fungus1 the   
trunk shaggy2 branches slender1 rough1  
zigzag1 with few thorns1 dark1 dull     
ash-gray1 with numerous      lenticels2 
branchlets slender1 long1 with          
internodes of medium      length1 green1
 changing to dull reddish-brown1        
glabrous1 with      numerous1           
conspicuous1 small1 slightly raised     
lenticels2      leaf-buds very small1   
short1 obtuse1 appressed4        ,leaves
 falling early1 folded upward1 broadly  
lanceolate1      peach-like1 one and    
three-quarters inches wide1 four and    
one-half inches long2 upper surface     
light green1 changing      to a dull red
 late in the fall1 glossy1 glabrous1    
with a      narrowly grooved midrib and 
veins2 lower surface silvery-green1     
thinly pubescent2 apex taper-pointed1   

base rather abrupt2      margin with    
serrations in two series1 with very     
small1 black      glands2 petiole       
five-eighths inch long1 tinged with dull
 red1      hairy1 with from one to four 
globose1 rather large1 dark             
brownish-yellow glands4        ,blooming
 season late and of medium length2      
flowers appearing      after the leaves1
 one inch across1 yellowish as the buds 
begin      to open1 changing to white1  
with a disagreeable odor2 borne in      
clusters on lateral spurs and buds1     
varying from two to four      flowers in
 a cluster2 pedicels five-eighths inch  
long1 slender1      glabrous1 greenish2 
calyx-tube green1 narrowly campanulate1 
glabrous2 calyx-lobes narrow1 slightly  
obtuse1 nearly glabrous      on the     
outer surface1 but pubescent within1    
serrate1 with      dark colored glands  
and marginal hairs1 reflexed2 petals    
oval or ovate1 with long1 tapering claws
 of medium width1      sparingly hairy  
at the base2 anthers yellowish2         

filaments      seven-sixteenths inch in 
length2 pistil glabrous1 slender1       
shorter than the stamens4        ,fruit 
late1 ripening period short2 below      
medium in size1 ovate      or           
roundish-ovate1 halves equal2 cavity    
shallow1 rather wide1      rounded1     
flaring2 suture a distinct line2 apex   
roundish or      slightly pointed2      
colors some time before fully ripe      
becoming      dark carmine1 covered with
 thin bloom2 dots numerous1 small       
to medium1 light brown1 clustered about 
the apex2 stem rather      slender1     
glabrous1 parting readily2 skin thick1  
tough1      astringent1 semi-adherent1  
removing a thin layer of pulp when      
detached2 flesh deep yellow1 juicy1     
coarse1 fibrous1 nearly      melting    
next to the skin1 becoming firmer toward
 the center1      sweet at first but    
astringent near the pit1 with a strong  
flavor2 inferior in quality2 stone      
adhering1 of medium size1      oval1    
turgid1 bluntly pointed at the base and 

apex1 with      slightly roughened      
surfaces2 ventral suture acute1 ridged2 
dorsal suture a narrow1 shallow groove4 
,,marianna    ,illustration3 ,,marianna 
,prunus cerasifera  8        #a4 ,ga4   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bh4 #ahhf4 #b4      
,gard4 ,mon4      #bi3adh4 #ahhg4 #c4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ch4 #ahhi4 #d4  
,neb4      ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ef4      
#ahhi4 #e4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #fc4
      #ahij4 #f4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ch3ff1 fig41 #ga1 #hc1 #hf4 #ahib4     
#g4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dgi1 #dhj fig4
 #ahid4 #h4 ,rev4      ,hort4 #bgh4     
#ahid4 #i4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #ed3fjj4      
#ahie4 #aj4      ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4     
#aeb3baj4 #ahih4 #aa4 ,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4
      ,fruits #bjh1 #bac4 #ahih4 #ab4   
,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ac3ccf-cfi4      
#aijj4 #ac4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #cf1    
#bcb4 #aija4 #ad4 ,ga4 ,sta4      ,bul4 
#fg3bgg4 #aijd4 #ae4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #ic3fg4 #aije4    ,marianna has   
little or no value for its fruit4 ,it is
 illustrated and  discussed at length in

 ,the ,plums of ,new ,york for two      
reasons4 ,first1  because it has long   
been an enigma which has baffled both   
horticulturists  and botanists2 second1 
because it is extensively used as a     
stock upon  which other kinds of plums  
are propagated4 ,in #ahhd1 a plum of    
unknown  species was introduced to the  
trade4 ,some said the new variety       
belonged  to ,prunus cerasifera and     
others that it was an offspring of some 
native  species4 ,the characters of the 
first named species are so apparent in  
,marianna that all are now agreed that  
this variety is from either a self  or a
 cross-fertilized seed of ,prunus       
cerasifera2 if the latter the  other    
parent must have been some native       
species1 the particular variety         
possibly being ,wild ,goose1 one of the 
,munsoniana plums4 ,its behavior on     
these grounds1 its robustness and       
semi-sterility and its not fitting      
exactly into any known species1 mark it 
as a hybrid4 ,a curious character       

peculiar to this variety is that it     
grows very readily from cuttings and    
for this reason it is a cheap stock for 
plums of all kinds and is used  even for
 peaches and apricots4 ,besides rooting 
readily1 the ,marianna  does not sprout 
and may be budded as late or later than 
the peach4 ,it is  chiefly used in      
propagation in the ,south1 but1 for     
reasons stated in the  discussion of    
stocks in ,chapter ,,ii1 the ,marianna  
is not now employed by  nurserymen as   
largely as formerly1 though there are   
still conditions in  which it is the    
best of stocks4 ,the tree is a handsome 
ornamental at any  season of the year   
and its broad1 spreading top makes it a 
good shade  tree4    ,marianna          
originated as a seedling in a mixed     
orchard belonging to ,charles  ,g4      
,fitze1 ,marianna1 ,polk ,county1       
,texas2 its parentage is unknown4 ,the  
originator considered it a seedling of  
,wild ,goose1 but1 it is probably  an   
offspring of ,de,caradeuc and1 as stated

 in the foregoing paragraph1            
undoubtedly a hybrid4 ,in #ahhd1        
,charles ,n4 ,eley1 ,smith ,point1      
,texas1  introduced the ,marianna to    
fruit-growers2 in #ahhi it was placed on
 the  fruit catalog list of the         
,american ,pomological ,society4        
,tree large1 vigorous1 broad1 spreading1
 open and flat-topped1      hardy1      
unproductive1 comparatively free from   
insects or      diseases2 trunk rough2  
branches numerous1 usually smooth1      
but sometimes roughened by the cracking 
of the bark1 thorny1      dark ash-gray1
 with numerous1 very large1 raised      
lenticels2      branchlets slender1     
twiggy1 with internodes of medium       
length1      green changing to dull     
reddish-brown1 with gray scarf-skin1    
glabrous1 with conspicuous1 large1      
raised lenticels2 leaf-buds      very   
small and short1 obtuse1 appressed4     
,leaves folded upward1 elongated-oval1  
one and one-eighth      inches wide1 two
 and five-eighths inches long1 thin2    

upper      surface smooth1 glabrous1    
with a shallow groove on the midrib2    
lower surface pale green1 lightly       
pubescent along the midrib      and     
larger veins2 apex and base acute1      
margin very finely      serrate1 with   
small1 black or amber glands2 petiole   
slender1      three-quarters inch long1 
pubescent along one side1 usually       
tinged red1 glandless or with from one  
to three very small1      globose1      
greenish-brown glands variable in       
position4        ,blooming season       
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing after the leaves1       
three-quarters inch across1 white2      
borne in clusters on lateral spurs1 in  
twos or in threes2      pedicels        
three-eighths inch long1 slender1       
glabrous1 greenish2      calyx-tube     
green1 campanulate1 glabrous2           
calyx-lobes acute1      sparingly       
pubescent1 ciliate1 erect2 petals very  
small1      separated from each other1  
broadly oval1 entire1 tapering to       

narrow claws2 anthers yellowish2        
filaments three-sixteenths      inch    
long2 pistil glabrous1 equal to the     
stamens in length4        ,fruit early1 
season of medium length2 one and        
one-eighth      inches or more in       
diameter1 oval or roundish-oval1 often  
not      compressed1 halves equal2      
cavity shallow1 narrow1 abrupt1         
regular2 suture a line2 apex roundish or
 blunt-pointed2 color      bright1 light
 red changing to darker red1 overspread 
with      thin bloom2 dots numerous1    
small1 light russet1 conspicuous1       
clustered about the apex2 stem slender1 
five-eighths inch      long1 glabrous2  
skin tough1 bitter1 inclined to crack   
under      unfavorable conditions1 parts
 readily2 flesh yellow1 tinged      red 
under the skin and next to the stone1   
unusually juicy1      fibrous1 watery   
and melting1 sweet next to the skin1 but
 acid      near the pit1 sprightly2     
inferior in quality2 stone clinging1    
three-quarters inch by one-half inch in 

size1 elongated-oval1                   
blunt-pointed1 surfaces pitted2 ventral 
suture blunt1 wide1      slightly       
ridged2 dorsal suture widely and deeply 
grooved4      ,,maru    ,prunus triflora
        #a4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bi4
 #ahhf4 #b4 ,ibid4 #ec1 #ii4      #ahhi4
 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aje1 #ajf4 
#ahia4 #d4 ,rev4      ,hort4 #eae4      
#ahia4 #e4 ,ibid4 #bgh4 #ahid4 #f4      
,cornell ,sta4      ,bul4 #fb3bf4 #ahid4
 #g4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dhi4 #ahii4  
#h4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ajf3eg4 #ahif4
 #i4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4      #ef3fae4 #ahig4
 #aj4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #age3adc4    
#ahii4      #aa4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4     
#afi3bdb1 #bdi4 #ahii4 #ab4 ,waugh ,plum
      ,cult4 #ach4 #aija4 #ac4 ,ga4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3i1 #ca4 #aije4    ,maru 
is much in evidence in plum literature1 
the concensus of opinion  being that it 
is little short of worthless4 ,its      
quality is not high and  it comes in    
season about with ,abundance which      
surpasses it in nearly all  characters4 

,the variety was introduced by ,luther  
,burbank and is said to  have been      
imported by him about #ahhe4 ,in ,japan 
this name is applied to  any round plum1
 but so far in ,america it has been     
restricted to this  variety4            
,tree large1 lacking in vigor1          
broad-vasiform1 dense-topped1           
unproductive1 somewhat susceptible to   
attacks of shot-hole      fungus2 trunk 
and branches rough2 branchlets twiggy1  
marked      with thin1 russety          
scarf-skin1 glabrous1 with large1       
prominent      lenticels2 leaves folded 
upward1 oblanceolate1 peach-like1       
thin1 one and three-eighths inches wide1
 three inches long2      upper surface  
yellowish-green late in the season2     
margin very      finely serrate1 with   
small glands2 petiole with from one to  
six      glands usually on the stalk2   
blooming season early2 flowers          
appearing after the leaves1             
three-quarters inch across2 borne       
in clusters on lateral spurs1 in threes 

or fours2 pistil longer      than the   
stamens4        ,fruit early1 about one 
and one-quarter inches in diameter1     
roundish-cordate1 dull red1 with medium 
thick bloom2 flesh deep      yellow1    
tender and melting1 sweet next the skin1
 but slightly      astringent near the  
pit2 poor in quality2 stone clinging1   
five-eighths inch by one-half inch in   
size1 oval or roundish1      turgid1    
with rough surfaces4      ,,maynard     
,prunus triflora  ,prunus simonii       
#a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bbf4      
#ahii4 #b4 ,nat4 ,nur4      #aa3e4      
#aijc4 #c4 ,oregon ,nur4 ,cat4 #bd4     
#aijc4 #d4 ,can4      ,hort4 #bh3bhe4   
#aije4    ,the habit of the tree of     
,maynard is commendable and the plums   
are very  acceptable to those who care  
for the ,triflora fruits4 ,the season   
follows  ,climax1 a period when there is
 a dearth of ,triflora plums4 ,maynard  
has  been so widely advertised that it  
is hardly necessary to say that it  is  
worthy of trial4 ,the variety was first 

fruited in #ahig by ,burbank  after     
which it was tested by him for five     
years and was then sold to the  ,oregon 
,nursery ,company by whom it was        
introduced in #aijc4 ,it was named  by  
the originator in honor of ,professor   
,t4 ,s4 ,maynard1 then in charge of     
horticulture in the ,massachusetts      
,agricultural ,college4        ,tree    
large1 vigorous1 upright1 open-topped1  
productive2      branchlets thick1 dark 
chestnut-red2 leaves obovate1 one and   
one-half inches wide1 three and one-half
 inches long1 thin2      margin finely  
serrate1 with small1 dark glands2       
petiole      slender1 glandless or with 
one or two small glands usually at      
the base of the leaf4        ,fruit     
early2 about one and three-eighths      
inches in diameter1                     
roundish-truncate1 dark red1 changing to
 purplish-black1      overspread with   
thick bloom2 flesh reddish1 with a tinge
      of yellow near the pit1 fibrous1  
tender and melting1      sweet1         

aromatic2 good to very good2 stone      
semi-clinging1      three-quarters inch 
by five-eighths inch in size1 broadly   
oval1      turgid1 blunt at the base and
 apex1 with pitted surfaces2            
ventral suture prominent1 with deep     
furrows and with a narrow1      blunt   
wing2 dorsal suture acute or with an    
indistinct groove4                      
,mc,l,a,u,g,h,l,i,n    ,illustration3   
,mc,l,a,u,g,h,l,i,n    ,prunus domestica
        #a4 ,horticulturist #a3aie fig4 
#ed4 #ahdf4 #b4 ,cole ,am4 ,fr4         
,book #bji fig4 #ahdi4 #c4 ,thomas ,am4 
,fruit ,cult4 #ccb4 #ahdi4      #d4     
,mag4 ,hort4 #af3def1 #deg fig4 #bh4    
#ahej4 #e4 ,hovey ,fr4      ,am4 #b3dg1 
,pl4 #ahea4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#cf1 #ee4 #aheb4      #g4 ,am4 ,pom4    
,soc4 ,cat4 #bca4 #ahed4 #h4 ,cultivator
 #f3eb      fig4 #aheh4 #i4 ,flor4      
,pom4 #bjj4 #ahgj4 #aj4 ,mas ,le ,verger
      #f3acg1 fig4 #fi4 #ahff-gc4 #aa4  
,am4 ,gard4 #ad3bii fig4      #ahic4    
#ab4 ,gaucher ,pom4 ,prak4 ,obst4 #ig1  

,col4 ,pl4 #ie4 #ahid4      #ac4        
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahi4 #ahig4   
#ad4 ,mich4 ,sta4      ,bul4 #afi3bdb1  
#bdf4 #ahii4 #ae4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4   
#aae1 #aaf      fig4 #aija4 #af4 ,va4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #acd3dc4 #aijb4 #ag4 ,mass4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ag3aei4 #aije4        
,m',laughlin #b4 ,mc,laughlin's ,gage   
,plum #i4 ,mac,laughlin #ab4            
,mac,langlin #ab4    ,mc,laughlin stands
 well up with the best of plums in      
quality and when  well grown is very    
attractive in appearance4 ,its flesh is 
sweet and yet  not so sweet as to cloy  
the appetite2 in flavor it is rich and  
delicate  and while somewhat like that  
of ,reine ,claude1 is different1 so that
 the  variety has a taste quite of its  
own2 though the juice is abundant1 the  
flesh is not watery2 the texture is     
neither too coarse nor too fine1 too    
fibrous nor too mealy1 but in a fruit   
rightly matured is most pleasantly      
melting4 ,there are few other plums in  
which the characters pleasing to  the   

taste exist in such nice proportions4   
,mc,laughlin is a little smaller  than  
some other plums of its group1 but is   
quite large enough for a  dessert plum4 
,unless at its best1 it is not as       
attractive in color as  ,jefferson1     
,washington1 ,reine ,claude and some    
others of its type1 but at  its very    
best1 it is unsurpassed by any other    
plum in coloring2 it has in  perfection 
the delicate yellow skin which belongs  
to the ,reine ,claudes  upon which is   
marbled tints of white1 yellow and      
crimson1 the blending  of which the     
illustration shows but poorly4 ,the     
fruit of ,mc,laughlin has  its          
imperfections1 however4 ,the flesh      
clings tenaciously to the stone1  is too
 melting to keep or ship well and rots  
badly on the tree4 ,these  defects debar
 the variety in ,america1 with present  
market demands1 from  commercial        
plantations4 ,the tree is above the     
average in size and vigor  and is as    
hardy as any1 more so than most of the  

,reine ,claude varieties4  ,it comes in 
bearing early and is rather productive4 
,the place for this  plum1 from the     
summary of its characters1 is apparent  
at once--in the home  orchard and in the
 collection of the fruit connoisseur4   
,mc,laughlin was raised by ,james       
,mc,laughlin of ,bangor1 ,maine1 first  
fruiting about #ahdj4 ,the parentage of 
the variety is disputed1 but no  one    
doubts that it contains ,reine ,claude  
blood1 though the tree is too  vigorous 
to have been raised from the ,reine     
,claude self-pollinated4  ,judging from 
the tree-characters1 it may have sprung 
from the ,washington  or ,imperial ,gage
 fertilized by the ,reine ,claude4 ,the 
,american ,pomological  ,society1 in    
#aheb1 placed the ,mc,laughlin with the 
plums that promised  well1 and at the   
next meeting added it to the recommended
 list4        ,tree of medium size1     
variable in vigor1 spreading1           
open-topped1      hardy1 medium to      
productive2 branches stocky1 ash-gray1  

smooth1      with small1 indistinct     
lenticels2 branchlets few1 thick1 short1
      with short internodes1            
greenish-red changing to brownish-drab1 
lightly pubescent1 with numerous1 small 
lenticels2 leaf-buds      above medium  
in size1 long1 pointed1 appressed2      
leaf-scars      swollen4        ,leaves 
oval1 two inches wide1 three and        
one-half inches long1      thick2 upper 
surface dark green1 glossy1 covered with
 fine      hairs2 lower surface pale    
green1 pubescent2 apex abruptly         
pointed1 base acute1 margin crenate1    
with small1 black glands2      petiole  
five-eighths inch long1 thick1          
pubescent1 tinged red1      with one or 
two small1 globose1 yellowish glands    
usually at the      base of the leaf4   
,season of bloom intermediate1 short2   
flowers appearing after      the leaves1
 fifteen-sixteenths inch across1 white1 
with yellow      tinge near the apex of 
the petals2 borne on lateral spurs and  
buds1 singly or in pairs2 pedicels      

one-half inch long1 thick1      very    
pubescent1 greenish2 calyx-tube green1  
obconic1 pubescent2      calyx-lobes    
narrow1 obtuse1 sparingly pubescent on  
both      surfaces1 glandular-serrate   
and with marginal hairs1 reflexed2      
petals obovate1 crenate1 tapering below 
to short1 broad claws2      anthers     
yellowish2 filaments one-quarter inch   
long2 pistil      glabrous except at the
 ovary1 longer than the stamens4        
,fruit early1 season short2 one and     
five-eighths inches by one      and     
seven-eighths inches in size1           
roundish-oblate1 compressed1      halves
 equal2 cavity shallow1 narrow1 abrupt2 
suture shallow2      apex flattened or  
depressed2 color greenish-yellow1       
blushed and      mottled with red1      
overspread with thick bloom2 dots       
numerous1      small1 light colored2    
stem thick1 three-quarters inch long1   
pubescent1 adhering well to the fruit1  
surrounded at the cavity      by a      
fleshy ring2 skin tough1 slightly       

adhering2 flesh light      yellow1      
juicy1 sweet1 mild and pleasant2 very   
good2 stone      clinging1 one inch by  
three-quarters inch in size1 irregular  
broad-oval1 very blunt at the base and  
apex1 heavily wrinkled      and deeply  
pitted2 ventral suture narrow1          
distinctly furrowed1      winged2 dorsal
 suture widely and deeply grooved4      
,,middleburg    ,illustration3          
,,middleburg    ,prunus domestica       
#a4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4      
#ca3fj4 #ahhf4 #b4 ,mich4      ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #bhh4 #ahhi4 #c4 ,cornell   
,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahi4      #ahig4 #d4   
,ont4 ,fr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #aai4      
#ahih4 #e4 ,mich4      ,sta4 ,bul4      
#afi3bdb1 #bdf4 #ahii4 ,ibid4 #ahg3gg1  
#gi4 #aija4        ,middleburgh #a4     
,it is somewhat remarkable that so good 
a plum as ,middleburg should have  so   
long escaped the attention of           
fruit-growers and even of pomologists4  
,not even ,downing has recorded it1     
though he lived not more than a hundred 

miles from the place of its origin1     
which must have taken place in his      
time4 ,the fruits may be surpassed      
somewhat by other purple plums in       
appearance but few of them are better in
 quality1 either for dessert  or for    
cooking4 ,it is especially valuable too1
 because it ripens late1  hangs well to 
the tree and ships and keeps well1 in   
the latter respect  equalling the best  
of the prunes4 ,out of a collection of  
about three  hundred sorts on the       
,station grounds1 this would undoubtedly
 be chosen  as the favorite purple plum 
of its season4 ,the trees1 while of only
  medium size1 are robust1 healthy1     
hardy and usually productive4 ,in       
,schoharie ,county1 eastern ,new ,york1 
where this variety originated and  has  
long been grown1 black-knot is usually  
epidemic and ,middleburg and  ,palatine 
are said to be the sorts most free from 
the disease--so free that  neither is   
much troubled by it4 ,from its behavior 
here it is certain  that1 belying the   

looks of either fruit or tree1          
,middleburg will improve  upon          
acquaintance and that when well known it
 will be wanted in home  collections at 
least and more than likely some         
commercial fruit-growers  will find it  
profitable4    ,middleburg came from    
,middleburg1 ,schoharie ,county1 ,new   
,york1 where it was  found as a chance  
seedling4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,d4 ,willard1 of     
,geneva1 first called  attention to the 
variety in #ahhf at a meeting of the    
,western ,new ,york  ,horticultural     
,society4 ,its origin is much older than
 the date given1 as  it has been        
extensively grown in ,schoharie ,county 
for a half-century or  more4            
,tree above medium in size1 vigorous1   
round and open-topped      hardy1       
productive2 branches ash-gray1 smooth1  
with small      lenticels2 branchlets of
 medium thickness and length1 with      
long internodes1 greenish-red1 changing 
to brownish-red1      overspread with   
light bloom1 dull1 somewhat pubescent1  

with      few1 inconspicuous1 small     
lenticels2 leaf-buds of medium size     
and length1 pointed1 appressed4         
,leaves folded upward1 oval1 one and    
one-half inches wide1 three      and    
one-half inches long1 rather thick1     
stiff2 upper surface      dark green1   
sparingly pubescent on the grooved      
midrib and      larger veins2 lower     
surface silvery-green1 pubescent2 apex  
and base acute1 margin doubly serrate1  
with a few1 small1      dark glands2    
petiole eleven-sixteenths inch long1    
pubescent1      tinged red1 glandless or
 with from one to three small1 globose1 
greenish-brown glands on the stalk or   
base of the leaf4        ,blooming      
season early to medium1 short2 flowers  
appearing      after the leaves1 one    
inch across1 white1 borne in            
scattering clusters on lateral spurs1   
singly or in pairs2      pedicels       
three-quarters inch long1 overspread    
with fine1      short pubescence1       
greenish2 calyx-tube green1 campanulate1

      pubescent at the base2 calyx-lobes
 obtuse1 thinly pubescent      on both  
surfaces1 glandular-serrate1 somewhat   
reflexed2      petals roundish or       
obovate1 entire1 with short1 abrupt     
claws2      anthers yellowish2 filaments
 five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil      
glabrous1 equal to the stamens in       
length1 with a large1      pubescent    
ovary4        ,fruit very late1 season  
long2 one and five-eighths inches by    
one and one-half inches in size1        
distinctly oval1 compressed1      halves
 equal2 cavity very shallow1 narrow1    
flattened2 suture      usually lacking2 
apex roundish2 color varies from light  
to      deep purplish-red1 overspread   
with thick bloom2 dots numerous1        
small1 russet1 inconspicuous2 stem one  
inch long1 thinly      pubescent1       
adhering well to the fruit2 skin thin1  
slightly      sour1 separating readily2 
flesh light yellow1 rather juicy1       
somewhat coarse1 firm1 sprightly when   
first mature1 becoming      sweetish1   

strongly aromatic1 pleasant flavored2   
very good2      stone semi-free or free1
 one inch by five-eighths inch in size1 
irregular-oval1 with pitted surfaces1   
slightly acute at the      base and     
apex2 ventral suture narrow1 winged1    
faintly ridged2      dorsal suture acute
 or with a shallow1 narrow groove4      
,,miller ,,superb    ,prunus domestica  
,of the two hundred and more varieties  
of plums which have fruited on the      
,station grounds1 ,miller ,superb is one
 of the finest for dessert4 ,the        
variety is of the ,reine ,claude group  
and is fully up with the best of  these 
plums--all noted for high quality4 ,in  
size and appearance1 the plums  resemble
 those of the well-known ,bavay though  
usually larger4 ,this plum  originated  
with ,colonel ,charles ,miller of       
,geneva1 ,new ,york1 when1 is not       
known4 ,about #ahhi1 ,m4 ,f4 ,pierson of
 ,stanley1 ,new ,york1 secured cions of 
the plum from ,colonel ,miller and named
 the variety ,miller ,superb4 ,it has   

never been introduced and is grown      
locally only to a very limited extent4  
,its large size1 productiveness and     
superior quality should recommend it    
strongly for more general cultivation4  
,tree of medium size and vigor1         
upright-spreading1 open-topped1         
productive2 branches rough as they      
approach the rough trunk2               
leaf-scars enlarged2 leaves flattened1  
oval1 two inches wide1      three and   
three-quarters inches long2 margin      
serrate or      crenate1 with few1      
small1 dark glands2 petiole long1 thick1
      reddish1 pubescent1 with from one 
to three glands usually      at the base
 of the leaf2 blooming season of medium 
length2      flowers appearing after the
 leaves1 one inch or more across1       
white with yellowish tinge2 borne on    
lateral buds and spurs1      singly or  
in pairs4        ,fruit intermediate in 
time and length of ripening season2 one 
and three-quarters inches by one and    
five-eighths inches in      size1       

roundish-oval or roundish-ovate1        
golden-yellow1 mottled      and splashed
 with green and sometimes with a blush  
on the      exposed cheek1 overspread   
with thin bloom2 dots conspicuous2      
flesh light golden-yellow1 juicy1 firm  
but tender1 sweet1      pleasant in     
flavor2 very good2 stone clinging or    
semi-clinging1      one inch by         
five-eighths inch in size1 ovate or     
oval1 somewhat      flattened1 usually  
winged2 dorsal suture grooved4          
,,milton    ,prunus munsoniana  8       
#a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bhg4 #ahhg4
 #b4 ,ibid4 #cic4 #ahib4      #c4 ,ibid4
 #ccd4 #ahid4 #d4 ,neb4 ,hort4 ,soc4    
,rpt4 #bja4 #ahig4      #e4 ,wis4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #fc3bd1 #dh4 #ahig4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4
 ,soc4      ,cat4 #dj4 #ahii4 #g4 ,ia4  
,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhj4 #aijj4 #h4 ,ala4   
,col4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aab3agh4 #aijj4 #i4  
,terry ,cat4 #f4 #aijj4      #aj4 ,waugh
 ,plum ,cult4 #ahg4 #aija4 #aa4 ,can4   
,exp4 ,farm4      ,bul4 #dc3ca4 #aijc4  
#ab4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dde4      

#aijc4      #ac4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fg3bgg4 #aijd4 #ad4 ,miss4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#ic3ae4 #aije4 #ae4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4   
#afb3bef1 #beg4 #aije4      #af4 ,ill4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dbj4 #aije4    ,the 
special merits of ,milton1 as compared  
with other native varieties1  are that  
it blooms late and ripens early4 ,it    
thus escapes frosts1 when1  for example1
 its parent1 ,wild ,goose1 might be     
injured2 and its early  ripening        
prolongs the season for native plums4   
,the fruits are large1  of very good    
quality1 though a little too juicy for  
pleasant eating  or to ship well1 very  
attractive in appearance1 and1 more     
important  than all else for the regions
 in which it is likely to be grown1 it  
is comparatively free from rot4         
,unfortunately1 the flesh clings most   
tenaciously to the stone even after     
cooking4 ,in its fruit-characters1      
,milton strongly resembles one of the   
,mineri plums1 but the tree is very     
much like that of ,wild ,goose1 its     

known parent4 ,in ,new ,york1 ,milton is
  one of the best of the native plums   
but it is hardly so considered in  the  
,middle ,west1 where these plums are    
most grown1 judging from the            
discussions of it in the references     
given above4    ,milton1 a seedling of  
,wild ,goose grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1   
,crescent1 ,iowa1  first fruited in     
#ahhe4 ,the originator believed that the
 other parent was  an ,americana1 but   
from the characters of the tree it was  
more likely one  of the ,mineri plums4  
,the ,american ,pomological society     
added ,milton to its  fruit catalog list
 in #ahii4        ,tree of medium size  
and vigor1 round and dense-topped1      
symmetrical1 hardy at ,geneva1          
productive1 healthy2 branches           
brash1 rough1 thorny1 dark              
brownish-gray1 with numerous1           
large1 narrow and much elongated        
lenticels2 branchlets very      slender1
 willowy1 medium to long1 with          
internodes of average      length1      

greenish-red1 changing to dull          
reddish-brown1 thinly      pubescent1   
with numerous1 conspicuous1 small1      
slightly raised      lenticels2         
leaf-buds small1 short1 obtuse1 free4   
,leaves folded upward1 broadly          
lanceolate or oblanceolate1             
peach-like1 one inch wide1 three inches 
long1 thin2 upper      surface smooth1  
with a grooved midrib2 lower surface    
thinly      pubescent on the midrib and 
larger veins2 apex taper-pointed2       
base slightly acute1 margin serrate or  
crenate1 with numerous1      minute1    
dark glands2 petiole seven-sixteenths   
inch long1      slender1 reddish1       
lightly pubescent1 glandless or with    
from one      to four small1 globose1   
yellowish-brown glands usually on the   
stalk4        ,blooming season late and 
long2 flowers appearing after the       
leaves1 three-quarters inch across1 the 
buds creamy when      opening1 changing 
to white1 odor disagreeable2 borne in   
thin      clusters on lateral spurs and 

buds1 singly1 in pairs1 or in           
threes2 pedicels three-quarters inch    
long1 very slender1      glabrous1      
greenish2 calyx-tube green1 obconic1    
glabrous2      calyx-lobes narrow1      
slightly obtuse1 pubescent within1 with 
dark colored glands and marginal hairs1 
erect2 petals oval1      entire or      
deeply indented1 tapering below to long1
 narrow claws      margined with few    
scattering hairs near the base2 anthers 
yellow with a faint trace of red2       
filaments five-sixteenths      inch     
long2 pistil slender1 glabrous1 equal to
 the stamens in      length4            
,fruit very early1 season short2 one and
 three-sixteenths      inches by one    
inch in size1 oval1 slightly compressed1
 halves      equal2 cavity shallow1     
narrow1 abrupt1 regular2 suture a       
distinct line2 apex roundish or slightly
 pointed2 color dark      red1 covered  
with thin bloom2 dots very numerous1    
medium to      large1 russet1           
conspicuous2 stem slender1 seven-eighths

 inch      long1 adhering fairly well to
 the fruit2 skin thin1 tough1           
astringent1 separating readily2 flesh   
yellowish1 the juice      given off     
readily leaving a tough1 fibrous pulp1  
sweet next      the skin1 but rather    
acid at the center1 of pleasant flavor2 
fair to good2 stone adhering1           
three-quarters inch by one-half         
inch in size1 long-oval1 slightly       
elongated at the base and      apex1    
somewhat flattened1 surface broken into 
irregular ridges2      ventral suture   
blunt1 faintly ridged2 dorsal suture a  
narrow1      shallow groove4            
,,miner    ,prunus hortulana mineri     
#a4 ,horticulturist #bb3ccb4 #ahfg4 #b4 
,am4 ,jour4 ,hort4      #e3ade4 #ahfi4  
#c4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ica4     
#ahfi4 #d4      ,ia4 ,agr4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#ccb4 #ahga4 #e4 ,gard4 ,mon4 #ac3cdg1  
#cdh4 #ahga4 #f4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4
 #aeb4 #ahgc4 #g4 ,ibid4      #ij4      
#ahgd4 #h4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #cf4  
#ahge4 #i4 ,minn4      ,hort4 ,soc4     

,rpt4 #ha4 #ahhb4 #aj4 ,cornell ,sta4   
,bul4 #ch3ee1      #ef1 #eh1 #ha1 #hf4  
#ahib4 #aa4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aah3ed4 
#ahie4      #ab4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1    
#cei4 #ahie4 #ac4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 
#aj3ii1 #ajc4 #ahig4 #ad4 ,thomas ,am4  
,fruit ,cult4 #dia4 #ahig4      #ae4    
,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3da4 #ahih4 #af4  
,waugh ,plum ,cult4      #agc4 #aija4   
#ag4 ,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bjh4    
#aija4 #ah4 ,ga4      ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fg3bgh4 #aijd4 #ai4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #ic3be1 #eg      fig4 #aije4      
,chicasaw ,chief #d1 #aj1 #ad4 ,general 
,jackson #d1 #aj1 #ad4      ,gillett #c1
 #ad4 ,hinckley #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ad4       
,hinckley #e1 #g4      ,isabel #c1 #ad4 
,minner #ab4 ,old ,hickory #d1 #aj1 #ad4
 ,parsons      8#aj1 #ad1 #af4 ,robinson
 #c1 #ad4 ,townsend #c1 #f1 #ad4        
,william      ,dodd #d1 #aj1 #ad4       
,miner has the distinction of being the 
first of the native plums to be  named  
and of being the typical plum in the    
sub-species to which its name  has been 

given4 ,though lacking but a few years  
of having been in the  hands of         
civilization a century 7the ,indians    
from whom it appears to have  been taken
 had possibly cultivated it longer71    
,miner is still a standard  variety and 
while not the best of the group of which
 it is the type1 it  is one of the best4
 ,this variety has the further          
distinction of being1  after ,wild      
,goose1 the parent of more cultivated   
offspring than any other  of our native 
plums and must be credited with having  
transmitted its  characters1 those of   
the tree being especially good1 to a    
high degree4  ,miner is one of the      
parents of more than two score of named 
native  plums in nearly all of which the
 resemblances to each other and to the  
parent are very marked4 ,the variety is 
not grown1 so far as is known1  in ,new 
,york and the trees on the grounds of   
this ,station not being in  bearing1 it 
was impossible to illustrate the fruit  
in ,the ,plums of ,new  ,york though to 

do so was greatly desired4 ,in the      
,middle ,west1 ,miner is  probably as   
widely disseminated and as largely grown
 as any other plum1  being particularly 
adapted to the northern limits of the   
cultivation of  its species4 ,the tree  
of this variety is robust1 healthy1     
probably better  in habit of growth for 
orchard management than any other of the
 native  plums1 and usually productive4 
,the fruits are good in quality1        
attractive  in appearance1 comparatively
 curculio-proof and are especially      
suited for  culinary uses4 ,the variety 
is unproductive unless cross-fertilized4
    ,several accounts are given of the  
origin of ,miner1 none of which can be  
accurately verified at this late date4  
,when all of the data is compared  and  
that which is reliable is put together1 
the history of the variety  runs about  
as follows3 ,in #ahac ,william ,dodd1 an
 officer under ,general  ,jackson1 found
 this plum growing in a ,chicasaw       
,indian plantation at a  place called   

,horse ,shoe ,bend1 on the ,tallapoosa  
,river1 ,alabama4 ,the  plums were so   
attractive in size and excellent in     
quality that he saved  seeds of the     
variety and in #ahad planted them in    
,knox ,county1 ,tennessee4  ,when the   
trees came in bearing and their merits  
were discovered1 the new  plum was at   
once in demand and was rather widely    
distributed in ,knox  and neighboring   
counties under the names 8,old ,hickory0
 and 8,general  ,jackson40 ,in #ahbc or 
#ahbd1 ,dodd moved to ,springfield1     
,illinois1 taking  sprouts of this plum 
with him4 ,dodd's young trees did not   
thrive and he  asked a brother in       
,tennessee who was moving to ,illinois1 
to bring more  sprouts of the new plum4 
,the brother1 instead of going to       
,springfield1  went to ,galena1         
,illinois1 taking with him the sprouts  
of ,old ,hickory4  ,these fell into the 
hands of ,judge ,hinckley1 who          
distributed them among  his friends1 one
 of whom1 a ,mr4 ,townsend1 propagated  

the variety rather  extensively4 ,at    
,galena1 from the circumstances just    
noted1 the variety  was called          
8,hinckley0 and 8,townsend40 ,meanwhile1
 the trees which the  first ,mr4 ,dodd  
had taken to ,springfield came into     
bearing and the variety  was propagated 
and distributed in the neighborhood as  
8,william ,dodd0 and  8,chicasaw        
,chief40 ,a relative of the ,townsends1 
at ,galena1 took trees of  this plum to 
,lancaster1 ,wisconsin1 where they were 
propagated by a man  named ,joel        
,barber4 ,barber named the plum after   
his father-in-law1 a ,mr4  ,miner1 and  
this name1 out of the dozen or more that
 have been given it1  is the one under  
which the plum is now universally known4
 ,during the  process of dissemination  
the variety received several other local
 names  as ,isabel1 ,gillett1 ,robinson 
and ,parsons4        ,tree large1       
vigorous1 spreading1 hardy at ,geneva1  
unproductive      unless                
cross-pollinized2 branches smooth1      

reddish-brown1      thorny2 branchlets  
slender1 long1 with long internodes1    
greenish-red1 changing to brownish-red1 
glossy1 glabrous1 with      numerous1   
small1 grayish lenticels2 leaf-buds     
small1 short1      obtuse1 appressed4   
,leaves falling late1 long-oval or      
obovate1 peach-like1 one      and       
five-eighths inches wide1 four inches   
long1 thick2 upper      surface         
roughish1 glabrous except for a few     
hairs on the      narrowly grooved      
midrib2 lower surface very thinly       
pubescent2      apex acuminate1 base    
abrupt and nearly acute1 margin serrate1
      with small glands2 petiole        
five-eighths inch long1 pubescent       
on the upper surface1 often tinged red1 
with from two to four      reniform or  
globose1 dark amber glands usually on   
the stalk4        ,flowers late1 often  
self-sterile1 medium to large4          
,fruit somewhat late2 medium in size1   
roundish-ovate or      roundish-oblong2 
cavity shallow1 narrow1 regular2 suture 

indistinct2 apex pointed2 color dull1   
dark red1 appearing some      time      
before maturity1 covered with thin      
bloom2 dots numerous1      minute1      
yellowish1 conspicuous at first1        
becoming duller2 stem      slender1     
long1 adhering strongly to the fruit2   
skin thick1      tough1 somewhat        
astringent2 flesh pale amber yellow1    
juicy1      nearly tender1 mild1        
aromatic2 good in quality2 stone        
adhering1      small to medium1         
roundish-oval1 flattened1 pointed at the
 base      and apex1 with nearly smooth 
surfaces4      ,,mirabelle    ,prunus   
insititia        #a4 ,merlet ,abrege des
 bons fruits #afge4 #b4 ,rea ,flora     
#bjg4 #afgf4 #c4 ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4
 #fh1 #gj4 #afii4 #d4      ,langley     
,pomona #ic1 ,pl4 ,,xxiii fig4 ,,viii4  
#agbi4 #e4 ,miller      ,gard4 ,dict4   
#c3aged4 #f4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4
 #b3ie1      ,pl4 ,,xiv4 #agfh4 #g4     
,knoop ,fructologie #b3eb1 #eh4 #agga4  
#h4      ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adi4

 #ahca4 #i4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4         
#b3gf4 #ahcb4 #aj4 ,poiteau ,pom4       
,franc4 #a3ahdf4 #aa4      ,downing ,fr4
 ,trees ,am4 #bhb fig4 #aaj4 #ahde4 #ab4
 ,thomas ,am4      ,fruit ,cult4 #ccj4  
#ahdi4 #ac4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't     
#eah4 #ahei4      #ad4 ,hogg ,fruit     
,man4 #cga4 #ahff4 #ae4 ,jour4 ,hort4   
,n4 ,s4      #ae3cei4 #ahfh4 #af4 ,pom4 
,france #g3 ,no4 #ad4 #ahga4 #ag4 ,mas  
,le ,verger #f3ac1 fig4 #g4 #ahff-gc4   
#ah4 ,oberdieck ,deut4      ,obst4      
,sort4 #dbe4 #ahha4 #ai4 ,mathieu ,nom4 
,pom4 #dca1 #dcb4      #ahhi4 #bj4      
,gaucher ,pom4 ,prak4 ,obst4 #ic1 ,pl4  
#fi4 #ahid4 #ba4      ,guide ,prat4     
#afc1 #cfa4 #ahie4 #bb4 ,garden #ej3cfd4
 #ahif4      #bc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,div4 
,pom4 ,bul4 #aj3aa4 #aija4 #bd4 ,baltet 
,cult4 ,fr4 #dhi1 #dib fig4 #cbf1 #ejc4 
#aijh4        ,aprikosenartige          
,mirabelle #af1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4          
,damascena      ,armeniacea #ba4        
,damascena ,armeniaca #ai4 ,damas ,vert 
#g4 ,de      ,mirabelle #ba4 ,gelbe     

,mirabelle #af1 #ag1 #ba4 ,gelbe        
,mirabelle      #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 ,geperlte
 ,mirabelle #ai4 ,green ,damask8 #c4    
,kleinste      ,mirabelle #ai4 ,kleine  
,mirabelle #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,la ,mirabelle
 #i1      #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,lerchenei #ai1
 #bj4 ,little ,mirabelle #i1 #ai1 #bj4  
,mirababelle #bj4 ,mirabel #c4          
,mirabelle abricote #af1 #ai1 #bj1      
#ba4 ,mirabelle #ad1 #ag1 #ai1 #ba4     
,mirabelle ,blanche #g4 ,mirabelle      
,blanche #ad1 #af1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4       
,mirabelle de ,metz #ae1 #ai1 #bj1      
#bd4 ,mirabelle de ,vienne #ad1 #af1    
#ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,mirabelle ,jaune        
#g1 #h1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #ai1 #bj1   
#ba4 ,mirabelle ,perle #ad1 #bj4        
,mirabelle ,perle #g1 #af1 #ai1 #bj1    
#ba4 ,mirabelle ,petite #h1 #i1         
#aa1 #ac1 #ag1 #ai1 #ba4 ,mirabelle     
prcoce #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj81 #ba84       
,mirabelle ,petite #ad4 ,mirabelle      
,simple8 #g4 ,mirabelle ,verte      #af1
 8#ba4 ,mirabelle ,verte 8#g4 ,petit    
,drap d',or #i1 #ai1 #bj4      ,petite  

,mirabelle #i1 #af1 #ai1 #bj4 ,petite   
,mirabelle #af1 #ag1 #ba1      #bd4 ,p4 
,damascena ,armeniacea #af4 ,prune de   
,mirabelle #i1 #ag1      #ai4 ,prune de 
,mirabelle #aj4 ,small ,mirabelle #i4   
,small ,mirabelle      #ai1 #bj4        
,syrische ,pflaume #ai1 #bj4 ,the ,green
 ,damosine ,plum 8#b4      ,white       
,mirabelle #ad1 #af1 #ai1 #ba4 ,white   
,mirable #d4 ,wiener      ,mirabelle    
#ai1 #bj4    ,mirabelle1 though         
described in an ,american fruit book as 
early as #ahcb  and mentioned in nearly 
every pomology since1 is hardly known in
 ,america4  ,in ,europe1 especially in  
,france1 it is one of the favorite      
varieties and  is in great demand for   
canning1 preserves1 compotes1 tarts and 
prunes4  ,the trees of this variety on  
the grounds of this ,station grow very  
well1  producing fine crops of fruit1 as
 it is probable they would do wherever  
the ,damsons can be grown4 ,the small1  
round1 yellow fruits are attractive  in 
appearance1 and the sweet1 pleasant     

flavor of the variety should fit  it    
admirably in this country for the       
purposes for which it is so largely     
grown by the ,french4 ,the trees are    
small but vigorous and healthy1 the     
last two qualities having suggested in  
,europe their use as stocks1 to  which  
purpose they are sometimes put in       
,france when a dwarfing stock is        
needed4 ,european writers say that the  
variety may be reproduced from seed4    
,mirabelle is a very old plum2 it was   
noted by the pomological writers in  the
 latter part of the ,seventeenth        
,century and since that date it has     
held a conspicuous place in all of the  
,european plum literature4 ,this        
variety1 though probably sparingly      
introduced in ,america at different     
times1 has never been widely cultivated 
and is not now offered for sale  by any 
of the nurserymen whose catalogs have   
been consulted for ,the  ,plums of ,new 
,york4        ,tree small1 round and    
open-topped1 hardy2 branches dark       

ash-gray1 smooth1 with numerous1 small  
lenticels2 branchlets      slender1 of  
medium length1 dull brownish-red1       
thorny1 glabrous1      with numerous1   
small1 indistinct lenticels2 leaf-buds  
of medium      size and length1 conical1
 free4        ,leaves falling early1 one
 and one-half inches wide1 three        
inches long1 folded upward1 oval1 rather
 thin2 upper surface      medium green1 
smooth1 with few hairs scattered along  
the      grooved midrib2 lower surface  
silvery-green1 pubescent2      apex     
acute1 base abrupt1 margin crenate1 with
 small1 black      glands2 petiole      
one-half inch long1 tinged red along one
 side1      glandless or with from one  
to three small1 globose glands          
usually on the stalk4        ,flowers   
appearing in mid-season1 after the      
leaves1      seven-eighths inch across1 
white with a yellow tinge as the        
buds unfold2 borne on lateral spurs and 
buds1 in twos or      threes2 pedicels  
three-quarters inch long1 slender1      

thickly      pubescent1 greenish2       
calyx-tube green1 broadly obconic1      
glabrous except at the base2 calyx-lobes
 of medium width1      obtuse1          
glandular-serrate1 pubescent on both    
surfaces2      reflexed2 petals oval1   
crenate1 tapering to short1 broad claws2
      anthers yellow with a tinge of    
red2 filaments three-eighths      inch  
long2 pistil glabrous1 equal to the     
stamens in length4        ,fruit        
mid-season1 period of ripening of medium
 length2      seven-eighths inch in     
diameter1 roundish-oval1 slightly       
necked1      swollen on one side1       
compressed1 halves equal2 cavity very   
shallow and narrow1 abrupt2 suture      
indistinct2 apex roundish      or       
depressed2 color light golden-yellow1   
sometimes blushed and      mottled with 
red on the exposed cheek1 overspread    
with thick      bloom2 dots numerous1   
small1 whitish1 inconspicuous1 clustered
      at the apex2 stem slender1        
three-quarters inch long1 pubescent1    

adhering poorly to the fruit2 skin thin1
 tough1 not astringent1      separating 
readily2 flesh light yellow1 not very   
juicy1 firm1      but tender1 sweet1    
mild1 but pleasant2 good to very good2  
stone      free1 five-eighths inch by   
three-eighths inch in size1 oval1       
blunt1 broadly ridged along one edge1   
roughish4      ,,miracle    ,prunus     
insititia  ,prunus domestica        #a4 
,rural ,n4 ,y4 #fb3eid4 #aijc4 #b4 ,w4  
,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 #be4    
#aijd4 #c4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #fd3bhj4      
#aije4 #d4 ,oregon      ,nur4 ,cat4 #d4 
#aijf4 #e4 ,de,vries ,pl4 ,br4 #bbh4    
#aijg4    ,unfortunately1 so far as is  
known1 this much-talked-of plum has not 
been  fruited in ,new ,york4 ,about     
#ahhg1 ,luther ,burbank imported from a 
,french  nurseryman a tree of the       
,prunier ,san ,noyeau or ,stoneless plum
 known as  a curiosity in ,europe for at
 least three centuries4 ,with this fruit
 he  crossed several of the best        
,european varieties1 producing hybrids  

which  first fruited in #ahic4 ,although
 there were several stoneless fruits in 
this lot1 none were of any value and it 
was not until #ahii that one  appeared  
worthy of consideration4 ,in this       
seedling1 developed from ,agen  pollen1 
the stone is represented by a small1    
hard scale near the base  of the kernel4
 ,burbank sold the new plum in #aijc to 
the ,oregon ,nursery  ,company by whom  
it was introduced in #aijf4 ,the        
following description is  compiled3     
,tree somewhat dwarfish1 producing a    
roundish1 compact head1      very       
productive4 ,fruit larger than ,agen1   
oblong1 dark blue      covered with     
thick bloom2 cavity medium2 stem short2 
flesh      yellow1 sweet1 juicy2 good2  
stone lacking1 the kernel lying         
naked in the flesh4      ,,monarch      
,illustration3 ,,monarch    ,prunus     
domestica        #a4 ,gard4 ,chron4     
#ai3hae4 #ahhc4 #b4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #beb1  
,pl4 #ahib4 #c4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1     
#cfj4 #ahie4 #d4 ,cornell      ,sta4    

,bul4 #aca3aha fig4 #dj ,v1 #ahi4 #ahig4
 #e4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4      #eg3fgj1 #fga  
fig4 #caj4 #ahih4 #f4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4
 #afi3bdb1      #bdg4 #ahii4 #g4 ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ci4 #ahii4 #h4 ,waugh
      ,plum ,cult4 #aaf4 #aija4 #i4     
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #d3aeh      fig4
 #ief4 #aija4 #aj4 ,garden #fb3bih4     
#aijb4 #aa4 ,gard4      ,chron4 #cf3bhb4
 #aijd4 #ab4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bdb 
fig41      #bef1 #beg4 #aije4           
,monarque #c4 ,prune ,monarque #b4      
,no plum of recent introduction has so  
quickly attained popularity as  the     
,monarch4 ,of the great number of plums 
imported from the ,old ,world1  this is 
one of the few which has proved worthy  
of a place with the best  ,american     
varieties for ,american conditions1 an  
illustration of the  importance of      
testing all foreign fruits4 ,the plate  
shows the fruit of  this variety well1  
though the plums look smaller in the    
illustration than  in nature--an        
illusion always accompanying the        

reproduction in exact size  of the      
photograph of a round object4 ,the      
nicely turned form and the rich  purple 
color of this plum make it a handsome   
fruit4 ,while the quality  is not of the
 best1 ,monarch ranks high among purple 
plums as a dessert  fruit1 few plums of 
this color being especially palatable to
 eat out of  hand4 ,the variety is not  
remarkable for any of its               
tree-characters1 yet  they average well 
with other plums and1 with those of the 
fruit1 make  a variety quite above the  
average and give it a place among the   
best  commercial sorts4 ,monarch is now 
so widely disseminated and so largely   
grown in ,new ,york1 that we shall know 
shortly whether it is to hold the  high 
place it has so quickly taken among     
market plums in this ,state4            
,monarch1 a seedling of the ,autumn     
,compote1 was grown by ,thomas ,rivers1 
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england and was       
introduced by the originator in #ahhe4  
,english publications described and     

figured this variety in #ahhc but there 
are no notices of it in ,american       
pomological literature until #ahig4 ,two
  years later it was placed on the fruit
 list of the ,american ,pomological     
,society catalog and recommended for the
 north-eastern section of the  ,united  
,states4 ,notwithstanding the fact that 
the variety is relatively  new1 it is   
now offered for sale by nearly every    
nurseryman in this  country4            
,tree of medium size and vigor1         
upright-spreading1 open-topped1         
hardy at ,geneva1 usually productive2   
branches ash-gray1      smooth1 with    
small lenticels2 branchlets of medium   
thickness      and length1 with         
internodes of average length1           
greenish-red1      changing to          
brownish-drab1 dull1 thickly pubescent1 
with      obscure1 small lenticels2     
leaf-buds large1 long1 pointed1         
appressed2 leaf-scars somewhat swollen4 
,leaves broadly oval1 wide1 medium in   
length1 thick1 somewhat      stiff2     

upper surface rugose1 covered thinly    
with hairs2 lower      surface          
pubescent2 apex abruptly pointed1 margin
 serrate or      crenate1 eglandular2   
petiole short1 thick1 heavily pubescent1
      lightly tinged red1 glandless or  
with one or two large1      reniform or 
globose1 greenish-brown glands usually  
on the stalk4        ,season of bloom   
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing with the leaves1 one and
 one-eighth inches across1      white2  
pedicels three-quarters inch in length1 
thick1      pubescent1 green2 calyx-tube
 greenish1 campanulate1 pubescent2      
calyx-lobes broad1 obtuse1 thickly      
pubescent on both surfaces1             
glandular-serrate1 reflexed2 petals     
oval1 crenate1 tapering      to short   
and very broad claws2 anthers yellow2   
filaments      five-sixteenths inch     
long2 pistil pubescent1 longer than the 
stamens4        ,fruit late2 two inches 
by one and three-quarters inches in     
size1 roundish-oval1 halves unequal2    

cavity deep1 medium to      narrow1     
abrupt2 suture shallow1 often a line2   
apex roundish or      flattened2 color  
dark purplish-red1 often with russet    
flecks      scattered over the surface1 
overspread with thick bloom2 dots       
numerous1 small1 reddish-brown1         
conspicuous1 clustered about      the   
apex2 stem thick1 three-quarters inch   
long1 pubescent1      adhering well to  
the fruit2 skin thin1 tender1 slightly  
astringent1 separating readily2 flesh   
golden-yellow1 juicy1      somewhat     
fibrous1 tender1 sweet next to the skin1
 pleasantly      tart towards the       
center1 aromatic2 good2 stone clinging1 
one      inch by five-eighths inch in   
size1 long-oval1 turgid1 roughened      
and pitted1 pointed at the base1 blunt  
at the apex2 ventral      suture rather 
wide1 shallowly furrowed1 blunt2 dorsal 
suture      with a wide1 shallow groove4
      ,,monroe    ,prunus domestica     
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ahi1 #baj4  
#ahef4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4      ,trees    

,am4 #chi4 #aheg4 #c4 ,thomas ,am4      
,fruit ,cult4 #cef4 #ahfg4      #d4     
,barry ,fr4 ,garden #dad4 #ahhc4 #e4    
,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #cfd4      #ahie4   
#f4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahi4      
#ahig4 #g4 ,waugh      ,plum ,cult4     
#aaf4 #aija4 #h4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4     
,hort4 ,man4      #b3cbj4 #aijc4        
,monroe ,egg #a1 #f4 ,monroe ,egg #b1   
#g1 #h4 ,monroe ,gage #a1 #b1 #e1       
#g1 #h4 ,monroe ,gage #d4 ,reine-,claude
 de ,monroe #e4    ,the fruit of ,monroe
 is small and the trees produce well    
only in alternate  years1 defects that  
its high quality cannot overcome4       
,monroe originated  with a ,miss        
,durham1 ,penfield1 ,monroe ,county1    
,new ,york1 about the middle  of the    
last century4 ,at one time it was quoted
 by nearly all nurserymen  but the      
variety is fast disappearing4           
,tree large1 vigorous1                  
upright-spreading1 hardy1 productive2   
branchlets covered with fine pubescence2
 leaves oval1 one and                   

three-quarters inches wide1 three and   
one-half inches long1      thick1       
rugose2 margin finely serrate2 petiole  
tinged red1      pubescent1 with from   
one to three small glands4        ,fruit
 matures in mid-season2 one and         
three-eighths inches by      one and    
one-quarter inches in size1 oval1       
sometimes necked1      golden-yellow1   
often mottled on the sunny side with    
red1      overspread with thin bloom2   
stem adhering poorly to the fruit2      
flesh golden-yellow1 tender1 sweet1     
mild2 of very good quality2      stone  
semi-free or free1 three-quarters inch  
by one-half      inch in size1 long and 
slightly irregular-oval1 acute at the   
base and apex1 with nearly smooth       
surfaces2 ventral suture      prominent1
 blunt4      ,,moreman    ,prunus       
hortulana        #a4 ,montreal ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #ia4 #ahhe4 #b4 ,cornell    
,sta4      ,bul4 #ch3di1 #hf4 #ahib4 #c4
 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #abc3bj4 #ahie4     
#d4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #aa3bhe4      

#ahih4 #e4 ,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4           
,fruits #agg1 #bjf4 #ahih4 #f4 ,am4     
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #dj4 #ahii4      #g4  
,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhj4 #aijj4 #h4    
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #aja3ace1 #acg4  
#aija1 #i4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bef1  
#beg4      #aije4        ,mooreman #a4  
,moreman is the hardiest of the         
,hortulana plums and possibly worthy of 
keeping before plum-growers for this    
reason4 ,its fruit-characters are  not  
as satisfactory as those of several     
other varieties of its species4  ,dr4   
,wayland of ,cadiz1 ,kentucky1 according
 to ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 grew a lot of      
seedlings from pits of wild plums found 
in his vicinity and either from  this   
lot or from a seedling from them1 came  
the ,moreman4 ,the variety  was         
introduced by ,w4 ,f4 ,heikes in #ahha4 
,it was listed in the catalog of  the   
,american ,pomological ,society in      
#ahii4 ,the following description is    
compiled4        ,tree vigorous1        
spreading1 hardy1 productive2 leaves of 

medium      size1 coarsely serrate2     
petiole usually glandless4 ,fruit late2 
small1 roundish1 bright red1 bloomless2 
stem long1 slender2      dots numerous1 
yellow2 flesh firm1 yellow1 pleasant in 
flavor2      quality fair2 stone small1 
roundish1 clinging4      ,,morocco      
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,parkinson 
,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4 #b4 ,rea ,flora
 #bjg4      #afgf4 #c4 ,ray ,hist4      
,plant4 #b3aebh4 #afhh4 #d4 ,langley    
,pomona #ia1 ,pl4 ,,xx fig4 ,,iii4      
#agbi4 #e4 ,miller ,gard4 ,dict4        
#c3aged4 #f4 ,knoop ,fructologie #ef4   
#agga4 #g4 ,abercrombie      ,gard4     
,ass't #ac4 #aghf4 #h4 ,forsyth ,treat4 
,fr4 ,trees #ai4      #ahjc4 #i4 ,pom4  
,mag4 #c3ajc4 #ahcj4 #aj4 ,lond4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,cat4 #ade1 #adf1 #aej4 #ahca4    
#aa4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4      #b3hb4    
#ahcb4 #ab4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4   
#cjf4 #ahde4 #ac4      ,floy-,lindley   
,guide ,orch4 ,gard4 #bhb1 #chb4 #ahdf4 
#ad4 ,thomas      ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4    
#cch4 #ahdi4 #ae4 ,loudon ,enc4 ,gard4  

#iba4      #ahcd4 #af4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #bh4 #ahgf4 #ag4 ,hogg ,fruit    
,man4 #gad4 #ahhd4 #ah4 ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dcj4 #ahhi4        ,black        
,morocco #g4 ,black ,morocco #i1 #aj1   
#ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ah4      ,black    
,damask #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1    
#ah4 ,black ,damascus #ac4      ,damas  
,noir #e4 ,damas ,noir ,htif #f1 #aj4   
,damas ,htif #aj4 ,damas      noir htif 
#aa4 ,early ,damask #e1 #h4 ,early      
,black ,damask #i1 #aj1      #ac4 ,early
 ,damson #aj4 ,early ,morocco #aj1 #ab1 
#ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ah4      ,early ,damask 
#i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1  
#ah4 ,early ,black      ,damask #aa4    
,early ,black ,morocco #ab1 #ah4 ,frhe  
,schwarze ,pflaume      #ah4 ,frhe      
,platte ,damascene #ah4 ,italian ,damask
 #ab incor41      #ad4 ,mogul #af4      
,morocco #af1 #ah4 ,marokko ,pflaume    
#ah4 ,morocco      ,plumb #d4 ,morocco  
#e1 #h1 #i4 ,noire ,htif #ah4 ,saint    
,cyr #aa4    ,this variety is not       
popular in ,new ,york nor does it       

deserve to be1 as  there are many better
 plums of its season4 ,its faults are   
small size1 an  insipid flavor and poor 
keeping qualities4 ,morocco is one of   
the oldest  of the cultivated plums4 ,it
 has been known in ,europe for three    
centuries  at least and is undoubtedly  
much older1 its early history not having
  been written4 ,it is not known when   
the variety was introduced into this    
country but it has been grown in the    
,southern ,states for many years under  
the name ,mogul4 ,about #ahid1 it was   
reintroduced from ,england by the ,w4   
,t4 ,smith ,nursery ,company of ,geneva1
 ,new ,york1 under the name ,mogul4     
,tree large1 vigorous1 round-topped1    
rather tender to cold1      productive2 
branchlets covered with heavy           
pubescence2 leaves      oval1 one and   
three-quarters inches wide1 three inches
 long2      margin finely serrate or    
crenate2 petiole short1 thick1 with     
one or two globose glands usually at the
 base of the leaf2      blooming season 

intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing after the leaves1 one   
and one-eighth inches across1      white
 or creamy as the buds unfold2 borne on 
lateral buds and      spurs1 singly or  
in pairs4        ,fruit late1 ripening  
period short2 below medium in size1     
round      to oval or obovate1          
purplish-black1 covered with thick      
bloom2      dots conspicuous2 flesh     
light golden-yellow1 rather dry1        
moderately firm1 sweet next to the skin1
 but rather acid near      the center2  
poor2 stone clinging1 medium to small1  
oval or      ovate1 flattened1 with     
rough surfaces4      ,,mottled ,,prune  
,prunus domestica    ,this plum is      
placed among the leading varieties only 
that a full  description of it may be   
put on record4 ,the fruit is attractive 
in  color but is inferior in quality4   
,these defects are so prominent that    
the variety can hardly become popular4  
,the ,mottled ,prune originated in      
,waterloo1 ,new ,york1 as a chance      

seedling in #ahhg2 it was introduced by 
,e4  ,smith  ,sons1 ,geneva1 ,new ,york4
        ,tree large1 round and          
open-topped1 very productive2 branches  
stocky2 branchlets heavily pubescent2   
leaves folded backward      or          
flattened1 oval or obovate1 one and     
three-quarters inches      wide1 three  
and one-half inches long1 thick and     
leathery1      rugose2 margin crenate1  
with few1 small1 dark glands2 petiole   
thickly pubescent1 dull dark red1       
glandless or with from one      to three
 smallish glands usually on the stalk2  
blooming season      intermediate in    
time and length2 flowers appearing after
 the      leaves1 one inch across1      
white2 borne in scattering clusters     
on lateral buds and spurs1 singly or in 
pairs2 pedicels very      pubescent4    
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period      
short2 one and three-quarters           
inches by one and one-half inches in    
size1 ovate1 dark      purplish-red1    
somewhat mottled1 covered with thick    

bloom2 dots      numerous1 conspicuous2 
flesh pale yellow1 juicy1 firm1 sweet1  
mild2 of fair quality2 stone free1 one  
inch by three-quarters      inch in     
size1 oval1 flattened1 strongly         
roughened2 ventral      suture deeply   
furrowed1 often with a short wing2      
dorsal suture      with a narrow1       
shallow groove4      ,,myrobalan        
,prunus cerasifera        #a4 ,parkinson
 ,par4 ,ter4 #egf1 #egh4 #afbi4 #b4     
,gerard      ,herball #adih1 #aejj4     
#afcf4 #c4 ,rea ,flora #bji4 #afgf4 #d4 
,ray ,hist4 ,plant4 #b3aebh4 #afhh4 #e4 
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4      ,fr4 #b3aaa1
 ,pl4 ,,xx fig4 #ae4 #agfh4 #f4 ,knoop  
,fructologie      #ee1 #ef4 #agga4 #g4  
,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #bj4 #ahjc4
 #h4      ,miller ,gard4 ,dict4 #c3ahjg4
 #i4 ,coxe ,cult4 ,fr4 ,trees      #bcb4
 #ahag4 #aj4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4  
#add1 #aej4 #ahca4 #aa4      ,prince    
,pom4 ,man4 #b3hj4 #ahcb4 #ab4 ,hoffy   
,orch4 ,comp4      #b3ahdb4 #ac4        
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bid4 #ahde4  

#ad4      ,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4  
,gard4 #bhe4 #ahdf4 #ae4 ,poiteau ,pom4 
,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4 #af4 ,jour4 ,roy4    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 #ae3cfj4           
#ahfh4 #ag4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #fij4    
#ahhd4 #ah4 ,gard4  ,for4      #a3agh4  
#ahhh4 #ai4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddh4  
#ahhi4 #bj4 ,cal4      ,state ,board    
,hort4 #aab1 #aac4 #ahia4 #ba4 ,cornell 
,sta4 ,bul4      #ch3ff4 #ahib4 #bb4    
,rev4 ,hort4 #bjd4 #ahid4 #bc4 ,neb4    
,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt4 #agg4 #ahie4    
#bd4 ,guide ,prat4 #aeg1 #cec4 #ahie4   
#be4      ,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fruits    
#aij fig4 #bg1 #bji4 #ahih4 #bf4 ,vt4   
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3baa1 #bab1 #bae4   
#ahii4 #bg4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4      ,bul4  
#ic3ff4 #aije4        ,arabische        
,kirsche #ai4 ,asiatische ,kirsche #ai4 
,american      ,cherry ,plum #aa4       
,cerisette #aa1 #ah1 #ai4 ,cerizette    
#aa4      ,ciriselle #f4 ,cerisette #f1 
#aa4 ,cerisette ,blanche #f4 ,cerise    
#ai4 ,cherry #a1 #aa4 ,cherry ,plum #g1 
#h1 #aa1 #af1 #ai1 #bj4 ,cherry         

#ac1 #ad1 #ag4 ,cherry ,plum #i1 #aj1   
#ah4 ,de ,virginie #aj1 #ac1 #ad4       
,damasine #bd4 ,d',amerique ,rouge #aj1 
#ac1 #ad4 ,early ,scarlet      #aj1 #aa1
 #ac1 #ag1 #ai4 ,european ,cherry ,plum 
#aa4 ,muscadine 8#a4      ,kirschpflaume
 #ah1 #ai4 ,kleine ,kirschpflaume #bd4  
,mirobalan #b4      ,mirabilon #c4      
,mirabolan #e4 ,myrobolan #ac4          
,mirabolanenpflaume      #ai4           
,myrobalans #g4 ,mirabolane #ai4        
,mirobalan #i1 #aa4      ,myrobalane    
#ai4 ,mirabolan #ad4 ,myrobalan #aj1    
#aa1 #ad1 #ag1      #ah1 #ai4 ,mirabelle
 ,rouge #bd4 ,mirabelle ,rouge #aj4     
,miser ,plum      #ai4 ,miser #ab1 #ac1 
#ad1 #ag4 ,prune d',amerique ,rouge #ai4
 ,prune      ,cerise #aa4 ,prune        
,cerizette #h4 ,prunus ,myrobalana #aa1 
#ad1 #ai1      #bc4 ,prunus ,cerasifera 
#aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai4 ,prune ,ceriset
      #aa4 ,prune de ,virginie #ai4     
,prunier ,myrobolan #ae1 #bb4 ,prune    
,cerisette #ae4 ,prunus ,cerasifera     
fructu majore #ai4 ,prunus              

,myrobolana #ac4 ,queene ,mother 8#a4   
,red ,mirobalane #a4 ,rote              
,kirschpflaume #ai4 ,red ,mirabelle #ab4
 ,rothe ,mirabelle #bd4      ,stambul   
,erik oder ,irek #ai4 ,trkische ,kirsche
 #ai4 ,virginian      ,cherry #aj1 #ac1 
#ad1 #ag1 #ai4 ,white ,mirobalane #a4   
,the ,myrobalane      ,plum #d4         
,myrobalan is a group name rather than a
 varietal one4 ,plums of this  group are
 grown from seeds and many varieties    
have appeared during the  last three    
centuries1 differing in color1 shape1   
stone and in many minor  characters4    
,the red and reddish-purple plums and   
the round ones are  apparently the most 
numerous though there are frequent      
references to the  ,white ,myrobalan and
 to heart-shaped fruits in this group4  
,for a further  discussion of these     
plums see ,prunus cerasifera4 ,the      
,myrobalan plums  are used largely as   
stocks in the propagation of plums and  
closely allied  plants2 occasionally    
they are used for culinary purposes     

though with  rather poor results4       
,,nectarine    ,prunus domestica        
#a4 ,pom4 ,mag4 #c3adh4 #ahcj4 #b4      
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aej4         
#ahca4 #c4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4 #bfd4   
#ahcb4 #d4 ,downing ,fr4      ,trees    
,am4 #cjf4 #ahde4 #e4 ,horticulturist   
#a3aae4 #ahdf4 #f4      ,cole ,am4 ,fr4 
,book #bae4 #ahdi4 #g4 ,thompson ,gard4 
,ass't #eah4      #ahei4 #h4 ,mathieu   
,nom4 ,pom4 #ddh4 #ahhi4 #i4 ,guide     
,prat4      #afb1 #cfe4 #ahie4          
,bradshaw #f4 ,caledonian #a1 #b1 #c4   
,calvel's ,pfirschenpflaume      #h4    
,goliath of some #h4 ,howel's #c4       
,howell's ,large #a1 #b1 #d1      #g1   
#h4 ,jenkin's ,imperial #b1 #d1 #g1 #h1 
#i4 ,louis ,phillipe #d4      ,louis    
,philippe #f1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,large ,early 
,black #f4 ,nectarine      #a1 #h1 #i4  
,nectarine ,plum #c1 #g4 ,peach ,plum   
#d1 #g1 #i4 ,peach      #b1 #h4 ,prune  
,pche #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #h4 ,pche de  
,calvel #h4      ,prune d',abricot #h4  
,pche of some #i4 ,rothe ,nectarine #i4 

,rote      ,nectarine #h4 ,the          
,nectarine ,plum #a4    ,much confusion 
has existed regarding the identity of   
the ,nectarine1 ,peach  and ,goliath    
plums4 ,these names have been           
interchanged indiscriminately  for the  
three plums and it is now difficult to  
separate the varieties1  especially as  
they are very similar4 ,the ,goliath1   
however1 may be  separated from the     
other two by its pubescent shoots1 which
 the others do  not have4 ,the ,peach   
plum is the largest of the three and has
 a reddish  cast whereas the ,nectarine 
and ,goliath are dark purple4 ,the      
earlier  writers knew a ,nectarine as a 
synonym of ,peach but it was not until  
#ahcj  that the ,nectarine was finally  
described as a separate variety4        
,nectarine  is of unknown origin4 ,the  
following description is compiled4      
,tree vigorous1 round-topped1           
productive2 leaves large1 oval2         
branches glabrous4 ,fruit early2 large1 
roundish1 flattened at      the ends1   

dark purple with thin bloom2 flesh      
greenish-yellow1      tinged red at     
maturity1 rather coarse1 sprightly2 fair
 to good2      stone of medium size1    
compressed1 oval1 semi-clinging4        
,,newark    ,prunus domestica    ,this  
fruit has little to recommend it to the 
commercial plum-grower2 it  is small in 
size and unattractive in color2 the     
quality1 however1 is very  good and the 
variety is worth planting for home use4 
,newark originated in  ,newark1 ,new    
,york1 and in #ahie was bought by ,e4   
,smith  ,sons of ,geneva1  ,new ,york1  
who disseminated it two years later4    
,tree medium in size and vigor1         
upright-spreading1 rather      open1    
very productive2 branches rough2        
branchlets marked by      scarf-skin1   
leaf-scars prominent2 leaves flattened1 
somewhat      drooping1 oval or obovate1
 one and three-quarters inches wide1    
three and one-half inches long1 thick1  
rugose2 margin coarsely      serrate1   
with small1 dark glands2 petiole thick1 

pubescent1      glandless or with one or
 two smallish glands usually on the     
stalk2 blooming season intermediate in  
time and length2 flowers      appearing 
after the leaves1 one inch or more      
across1 white      with yellowish tinge 
at the apex of the petals2 borne singly 
or      in pairs2 anthers yellow with a 
trace of red4        ,fruit early1      
season short2 one and one-half inches by
 one and      three-eighths inches in   
size1 oval1 dull yellow mottled with    
red at full maturity1 covered with thin 
bloom2 dots numerous1      conspicuous2 
flesh light greenish-yellow1 rather dry1
 firm1      sweet1 mild2 good to very   
good2 stone free1 three-quarters inch   
by one-half inch in size1               
irregular-oval1 flat1 with finely       
pitted surfaces2 ventral suture usually 
winged2 dorsal suture      with a       
shallow1 narrow1 indistinct groove4     
,,newman    ,illustration3 ,,newman     
,prunus munsoniana        #a4           
,horticulturist #bb3bga4 #ahfg4 #b4     

,downing ,fr4 ,trees      ,am4 #icd4    
#ahfi4 #c4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort4 #e3adb4   
#ahfi4 #d4      ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4
 #ci4 #ahgd4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 
#cf4      #ahge4 #f4 ,barry ,fr4 ,garden
 #dah4 #ahhc4 #g4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #bhf4 #ahhg4 #h4 ,cornell ,sta4   
,bul4 #ch3fc1 #hf4 #ahib4      #i4      
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #abc3bj4 #ahie4 #aj4 
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #fc3di4 #ahig4   
#aa4 ,me4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3ff4      
#ahif4 #ab4      ,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4     
,fruits #bjj fig41 #bja4 #ahih4 #ac4    
,rural ,n4      ,y4 #ei3dej4 #aijj4 #ad4
 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhb4 #aijj4 #ae4  
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bef1 #beg4 #aije4
        ,warren8 #h4    ,newman is one  
of the oldest but still one of the      
standard varieties of  its species4 ,its
 fruits are characterized by a firm1    
meaty flesh1 which  fits it well for    
shipping and storing2 the plums are also
 attractive in  shape and color but are 
too small and too low in quality to make
 the  variety a first-rate one4 ,the    

trees are large and vigorous and in all 
respects very satisfactory orchard      
plants4 ,both fruits and trees are      
usually reported as fairly free from    
diseases and insects4 ,while the        
variety is gradually going out it still 
has some value for its crops  and ought 
to make a good parent from which to     
breed a race of vigorous1  firm-fleshed 
,munsonianas4    ,the origin of this    
plum is uncertain4 ,in #ahfg a ,mr4     
,elliott of ,cleveland1  ,ohio1 reported
 in the ,horticulturist that he had     
received samples of  the 8,newman ,plum0
 from ,d4 ,l4 ,adair1 ,esq41 of         
,hawesville1 ,kentucky1 and  gave a     
brief description of the fruit which    
seems to tally with that of  the variety
 under discussion4 ,the ,american       
,pomological ,society added this  plum  
to its fruit catalog list in #ahge and  
removed it in #ahia4        ,tree large1
 vigorous1 spreading1 low and flat1     
dense-topped1      hardy at ,geneva1    
productive1 subject to attacks of       

shot-hole      fungus1 the trunk shaggy2
 branches dark ash-gray1 rough and      
shaggy1 thorny1 zigzag1 with numerous1  
rather inconspicuous1      large1       
elongated lenticels2 branchlets very    
slender1 twiggy1      with internodes of
 average length1 greenish-red1 changing 
to      dark brown1 glabrous1 with few1 
conspicuous1 large1 raised              
lenticels2 leaf-buds small1 short1      
obtuse1 plump1 nearly free4             
,leaves lanceolate1 peach-like1 one and 
one-quarter inches      wide1 four      
inches long1 thin2 upper surface smooth1
 glabrous1      with a grooved midrib2  
lower surface glabrous except along     
the midrib and larger veins2 apex       
taper-pointed1 base acute1      margin  
finely crenate1 with small1 amber       
glands2 petiole      slender1           
seven-eighths inch long1 lightly        
pubescent along one      side1 reddish1 
glandless or with from one to four very 
small1      globose1 yellowish-red      
glands on the stalk4        ,blooming   

season late and long2 flowers appearing 
after the      leaves1 three-quarters   
inch across1 in the buds tinged yellow1 
changing to white on expanding1 odor    
disagreeable2 borne in      clusters on 
lateral spurs and buds1 in twos or in   
threes2      pedicels eleven-sixteenths 
inch long1 slender1 glabrous1           
greenish2 calyx-tube green1 campanulate1
 glabrous2 calyx-lobes      small1      
narrow1 slightly obtuse1 pubescent on   
the inner surface1                      
glandular-serrate and with marginal     
hairs1 erect2 petals ovate      or oval1
 crenate1 tapering at the base into     
long1 narrow claws2      anthers yellow1
 tinged with red2 filaments             
five-sixteenths inch      long2 pistil  
slender1 glabrous1 equal to the stamens 
in length4        ,fruit mid-season1    
ripening period very long2 one inch by  
seven-eighths inch in size1 strongly    
oval1 not compressed1      halves equal2
 cavity shallow1 narrow1 flaring2 suture
      a distinct dark red line2 apex    

depressed2 color bright                 
currant-red1 with thin bloom2 dots      
grayish1 rather conspicuous1            
clustered near the apex2 stem very      
slender1 seven-eighths inch      long1  
glabrous1 adhering well to the fruit2   
skin thin1 very      tough1 astringent1 
separating readily2 flesh deep yellow1  
juicy1 tender and melting1 sweetish next
 to the skin1 but tart      at the      
center2 fair in quality2 stone clinging1
 five-eighths      inch by three-eighths
 inch in size1 long-oval1 turgid1 necked
      at the base1 blunt-pointed at the 
apex1 with finely pitted      surfaces2 
ventral suture narrow1 inconspicuous2   
dorsal suture      with a narrow1       
shallow groove4      ,,new ,,ulm        
,illustration3 ,,new ,,ulm    ,prunus   
americana        #a4 ,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #abf4 #ahij4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4     
,bul4      #fc3di fig41 #ej4 #ahig4 #c4 
,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aaa4 #ahii4    
#d4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #cg4 #ahii4  
#e4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #df3bhb fig4  

#aijj4 #f4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aeh4    
#aija4 #g4      ,ont4 ,fr4 ,gr4 ,assoc4 
#adc4 #aija4 #h4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4  
#ic3bf4 #aije4 #i4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4   
,rpt4 #dbb4 #aije4 #aj4      ,ia4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #aad3ada4 #aiaj4        ,snooks   
#aj4    ,new ,ulm is worthy of attention
 because of its large1 handsome1        
well-formed fruits4 ,the plums are      
further distinguished by a peculiar     
flavor1 somewhat suggesting that of the 
mandrake1 pleasant to some but          
disagreeable to others4 ,the flesh is a 
little too juicy for pleasant  eating   
but the fruits ship well1 the tough1    
thick skin firmly holding its  contents4
 ,the fruits1 however1 do not keep well1
 for1 despite the thick  skin1 the      
spores of the brown-rot find entrance   
and thrive so that the  variety rots    
badly4 ,the trees are hardy and         
productive but ill-shaped and  hard to  
manage in either the orchard or the     
nursery for which reason the  culture of
 the variety is discouraged by          

nurserymen and it is now almost         
impossible to buy ,new ,ulm trees4 ,the 
illustration of this variety shows  well
 the characters of the western type of  
,prunus americana in leaf1  fruit and   
stone4    ,new ,ulm was raised from seed
 of a wild variety that grew in the     
neighborhood of the originator and      
introducer1 ,c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,heideman1 ,new 
,ulm1 ,minnesota4 ,the fruit was        
exhibited at the ,minnesota ,state ,fair
 in  #ahij where it attracted much      
attention1 being the largest plum of    
fifty  varieties exhibited4 ,in #ahii   
the ,american ,pomological ,society     
placed the  variety on its fruit catalog
 list4 ,the ,minnesota ,state           
,horticultural  ,society1 in spite of   
the fact that this plum has gained a    
good reputation  for its size and       
productiveness1 removed it from its     
recommended fruit  list in #aijd because
 of the difficulty of growing the trees 
in the  nursery4        ,tree of medium 
size1 spreading and drooping1 irregular1

 low and      dense-topped1 undesirable 
in habit of growth1 hardy1 usually      
productive1 subject to attacks of       
shot-hole fungus2 branches      very    
rough and shaggy1 zigzag1 thorny1 dark  
ash-gray1 with      large lenticels2    
branchlets thick1 long1 willowy1 with   
long      internodes1 green1 with a     
faint yellow tinge1 changing to         
light and dark1 dull reddish-brown1     
glabrous1 with numerous1                
conspicuous1 large1 raised lenticels2   
leaf-buds small1 pointed1      strongly 
appressed4        ,leaves drooping1     
folded upward1 oval or ovate1 two inches
 wide1      four and three-eighths      
inches long1 thin2 upper surface dark   
green1 changing to reddish-yellow late  
in the season1 glabrous1      with a    
grooved midrib2 lower surface silvery   
green1 lightly      pubescent2 apex     
taper-pointed1 base abrupt1 margin      
coarsely      and doubly serrate1       
eglandular2 petiole slender1            
five-eighths      inch long1 pubescent1 

tinged with red which deepens in color  
at the base1 glandless or with from one 
to three globose1      greenish-brown   
glands usually on the stalk4            
,flowers intermediate in time and length
 of blooming season1      appearing     
after the leaves1 showy on account of   
the numerous      pure white petals1 one
 and one-sixteenth inches across1 white2
      borne in dense clusters on lateral
 spurs and buds1 usually in      threes2
 pedicels seven-sixteenths inch long1   
thick1 glabrous1      greenish2         
calyx-tube red1 campanulate1 glabrous2  
calyx-lobes      long1 narrowly obtuse1 
lightly pubescent on the inner surface1 
thickly pubescent along the             
glandular-serrate margin1 erect2        
petals oval1 entire or incised1 tapering
 below to narrow      claws of medium   
length and with reddish base2 anthers   
yellow2      filaments seven-sixteenths 
inch in length2 pistil glabrous1        
much shorter than the stamens4          
,fruit mid-season1 intermediate in      

length of ripening period2      about   
one and three-eighths inches in         
diameter1 roundish-ovate1      halves   
equal2 cavity markedly shallow1 very    
narrow2 suture a      line2 apex        
roundish or slightly pointed2 color     
carmine over a      yellow ground1      
overspread with thin bloom2 dots very   
numerous1      russet2 stem five-eighths
 inch long1 glabrous1 adhering          
somewhat to the fruit2 skin thick and   
tough1 astringent1      adhering        
strongly2 flesh golden-yellow1 very     
juicy and      fibrous1 granular1 tender
 and melting1 sweet with a strong       
aromatic flavor2 good2 stone adhering1  
seven-eighths inch by                   
nine-sixteenths inch in size1 oval1     
slightly flattened1 blunt      at the   
base1 pointed at the apex1 with smooth  
surfaces2 ventral      suture distinctly
 winged2 dorsal suture narrow1 shallow1 
grooved4      ,,nicholas    ,prunus     
domestica        #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4   
,rpt4 #fa4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul4 

#aja3aba1 #abd fig4 #aija4 #c4          
,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4         
#cbg4 #aijc4        ,arab ,no4 #b       
,bielaya ,nicholskaya #a4 ,white        
,nicolas #a4 ,white      ,nicholas #b1  
#c4    ,although a fairly good early    
dessert plum it is doubtful if ,nicholas
 has  any commercial value as it is     
inferior in most characters of fruit and
  tree to standard varieties2 in        
particular it drops badly as it begins  
to ripen4 8,white10 as formerly and     
usually now put in the name1 is a       
misnomer1 as the fruit is red2 how it   
came to be applied to this fruit  does  
not appear4 ,nicholas was imported from 
,dr4 ,regel of ,st4 ,petersburg1        
,russia1 by ,professor ,j4 ,l4 ,budd of 
the ,iowa ,experiment ,station in the   
winter of #ahha-hb and in #ahhh was sent
 out for testing under the name  ,arab  
,no4 #b4        ,tree of medium size1   
round-topped1 productive2 trunk         
rough2 branches smooth except for the   
raised lenticels and      longitudinal  

cracks in the bark2 branchlets slender2 
leaves      falling early1 folded       
upward1 obovate or oval1 one and        
five-eighths inches wide1 three and     
three-eighths inches long1      rugose2 
margin serrate1 with few1 small1 dark   
glands2 petiole      pubescent1 tinged  
red1 sometimes with several small       
glands2      blooming season            
intermediate in time1 short2 flowers    
appearing      after the leaves1 one    
inch or more across1 white1 tinged with 
yellow near the apex of the petals2     
borne on lateral buds and      spurs1 in
 scattering clusters1 singly or in      
pairs4        ,fruit early1 one and     
three-eighths inches by one inch in     
size1      long-oval1 dark red1 covered 
with thick bloom2 stem adhering         
poorly to the fruit2 flesh light yellow1
 juicy1 fibrous1      tender1 sweet1    
mild2 good2 stone free1 one inch by     
five-eighths      inch in size1         
flattened1 oval1 somewhat obliquely     
acute at the      base1 with granular   

surfaces2 ventral suture prominent1     
rather      narrow1 blunt2 dorsal suture
 with a narrow1 shallow groove4         
,,occident    ,prunus triflora          
#a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #eg3fec4 #ahih4 #b4  
,am4 ,gard4 #ai3hbf4      #ahih4 #c4    
,burbank ,cat4 #ahii4 #d4 ,vt4 ,sta4    
,an4 ,rpt4      #ab3bbi4 #ahii4 #e4     
,rural ,n4 ,y4 #fj3feh fig41 #ffb4      
#aija4      #f4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4      
,hort4 ,man4 #cbj4 #aijc4 #g4 ,ga4 ,sta4
      ,bul4 #fh3aa1 #cg4 #aije4 #h4     
,rural ,n4 ,y4 #fe3gcj4 #aijf4          
,burbank's ,sultan #f4 ,garnet #a4      
,garnet #b4 ,occident #h4 ,oval         
,blood 7unpublished74 ,sultan #b1 #c1   
#e1 #h4 ,sultan #d1 #g4    ,occident    
differs little from ,apple in           
horticultural characters and  need not  
be discussed at length as the reader can
 readily turn to the  color-plate and   
description of the last named variety4  
,at best this sort  can hardly be called
 more than a curiosity1 though an       
interesting one1  of use1 if at all1    

only for cooking and as a long-keeping1 
rot-resistant  plum4 ,it will add       
novelty to any amateur's collection     
because of the  size1 shape1 color1     
flavor and red flesh of the fruits4     
,this variety was grown by ,burbank and 
introduced by him in #ahii under the    
name ,sultan4 ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman1 in   
the ,rural ,new ,yorker 7,references1   
#a71  says that ,occident is a cross    
between ,wickson and ,satsuma and that  
the  name ,garnet which he suggested1   
owing to the color of its flesh and     
skin1  had been accepted by ,mr4        
,burbank4 ,about two months later the   
,division of  ,pomology of the ,united  
,states ,department of ,agriculture     
called attention  to the fact that      
8,garnet0 had been previously given to  
another variety  and the name was       
changed to ,sultan4 ,waugh in #ahii     
substituted 8,occident0  for ,sultan as 
the latter is the name of a ,european   
plum2 ,waugh's name  has been accepted  
by all recent writers4 ,occident        

undoubtedly contains  ,satsuma blood but
 it has but few characters that suggest 
,wickson1 and  if a cross1 which is     
likely1 the other parent is             
undeterminable4 ,the  following         
description is compiled3        ,tree   
vigorous1 slow of growth1 straggling1   
somewhat variable      in habit1 late in
 coming into bearing1 productive2 leaves
      numerous1 large4        ,fruit    
ripens with ,burbank1 keeps and ships   
unusually well1      resistant to rot2  
large1 roundish2 cavity of medium depth2
      suture shallow1 distinct2 color   
dark red over a greenish      ground2   
dots many1 yellowish2 stem thick1 short1
 adhering to      the fruit2 skin       
somewhat thin1 tough1 slightly          
astringent2      flesh dark red1 firm1  
sweet1 rather acid1 changing to subacid 
as maturity advances1 sprightly2 good to
 very good2 stone free      or          
semi-clinging1 of medium size1 roundish1
 turgid1 winged1      rough4            
,,ocheeda    ,prunus americana          

#a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3da4 #ahib4 
#b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt4 #aa3cdd4
 #ahid4 #c4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4     
#cd3aab4      #ahii4 #d4 ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,cat4 #cg4 #ahii4 #e4 ,waugh ,plum
      ,cult4 #aei4 #aija4 #f4 ,can4     
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3ca4 #aijc4        
#g4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dbj4      
#aije4 #h4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4        
#ic3bh4 #aije4        ,ocheda #g4       
,this variety is generally regarded as  
one of the valuable native plums  but in
 ,new ,york it is surpassed by a number 
of other plums of its species  in size  
of fruit and color though the quality is
 very good4 ,we must rank  it in this   
,state as second rate among ,americanas4
 ,ocheeda was found by ,p4  ,l4 ,hardow 
in #ahgb growing wild on the banks of   
,ocheeda ,lake1 ,minnesota1  and in     
#ahib was introduced by ,h4 ,j4 ,ludlow 
of ,worthington1 ,minnesota4            
,tree large1 vigorous1 spreading1       
open-topped1 unproductive2      branches
 shaggy1 thorny1 with large lenticels2  

branchlets      willowy1 pubescent2     
leaves folded upward1 oval1 nearly      
two inches wide1 three and one quarter  
inches long2 margin      coarsely and   
doubly serrate2 petiole densely covered 
with      short hairs2 blooming season  
intermediate in time and length2        
flowers appearing after the leaves1     
seven-eighths inch across1      dull    
white2 borne in scattering clusters     
almost entirely on      one-year-old    
wood1 many lateral buds remaining       
undeveloped1 the      bare limbs        
carrying tufts or clusters of blossoms1 
in threes or      fours2 petals         
long-obovate1 nearly three times as long
 as wide1      tapering to long claws1  
reddish at the base2 stigma distinctly  
reddish when the flowers first open4    
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period long2
 one inch by      seven-eighths inch in 
size1 ovate or roundish-ovate1 slightly 
oblique1 dull light to dark carmine over
 a yellow ground1      somewhat mottled1
 overspread with thick bloom2 skin      

slightly      astringent2 flesh dark    
golden-yellow1 tender1 melting1 sweet1  
aromatic1 pleasant in flavor2 fair to   
good2 stone dark colored1      nearly   
free1 three quarters inch by one-half   
inch in size1      roundish-oval1 turgid
 with smooth surfaces2 ventral suture   
markedly winged4      ,,october         
,prunus triflora        #a4 ,cornell    
,sta4 ,bul4 #ajf3eh4 #ahif4 #b4 ,cal4   
,state ,bd4      ,hort4 #eb4 #ahig-ih4  
#c4 ,am4 ,gard4 #bj3afb fig4 #ahii4 #d4 
,rural ,n4 ,y4 #ei3ajd1 #fij4 #aijj4 #e4
 ,am4 ,gard4 #ba3cf1      #ffj4 #aijj4  
#f4 ,nat4 ,nur4 #h3aji1 #abc4 #aijj4 #g4
 ,waugh      ,plum ,cult4 #aci4 #aija4  
#h4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #fb3gef4 #aijc4 #i4  
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bej fig41 #bef1  
#beg4 #aije4 #aj4 ,mass4      ,sta4 ,an4
 ,rp4 #ag3afj4 #aije4        ,october   
,purple #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 
#aj4 ,october ,purple #g4    ,there are 
but few late plums in ,prunus triflora  
worth cultivating and  one of the needs 
of horticulture is a late plum of       

superior quality in  this species4 ,at  
present ,october is the nearest approach
 to the plum  desired but because of    
several faults it falls considerably    
short of  filling the need4 ,the fruits 
are large1 attractive-looking1 fairly   
suitable for dessert1 very good for     
culinary purposes1 hang well to the     
tree and keep and ship much better than 
the average ,triflora variety2  but     
still they are not far enough from      
mediocrity to make the variety          
especially desirable4 ,the trees are    
well shaped1 usually robust and  healthy
 and the fruit is well borne on lateral 
spurs distributed over  the old wood2   
but in ,new ,york1 at least1 the trees  
are very tardy in  coming in bearing and
 cannot be depended upon to bear        
satisfactory crops  regularly--a fatal  
fault in a ,triflora plum4 ,october     
might be sparingly  planted in ,new     
,york to the pleasure of the amateur and
 possibly to the  profit of the         
commercial fruit-grower who has a good  

local market4    ,october is said to be 
a cross of ,satsuma and a seedling      
,triflora plum2 it  was first fruited by
 ,luther ,burbank in #ahib and was      
introduced by ,stephen  ,hoyt's ,sons1  
,new ,canaan1 ,connecticut1 in #ahig4   
,the variety was named  ,october ,purple
 by ,burbank but 8,purple0 has been     
dropped in accordance  with the rules of
 the ,american ,pomological ,society4   
,tree variable in size and vigor1       
upright-spreading1      open-topped1    
hardy for a ,triflora1 not uniform in   
productiveness1 healthy2 branches rough1
 dark1 dull ash-gray1      with         
numerous1 small lenticels2 branchlets   
slender1 long1 with      internodes of  
average length1 greenish-red changing to
 dull      reddish-brown1 often with a  
green tinge on the winter shoots1       
glabrous2 lenticels numerous1 small2    
leaf-buds small1 short1      obtuse1    
free4        ,leaves falling early1     
sparse1 folded upward1 oval or obovate1 
one and three-eighths inches wide1 three

 and one-quarter inches      long1 thin 
and leathery2 upper surface slightly    
rugose1 with      a broad groove on the 
lightly pubescent midrib2 lower surface 
very thinly pubescent2 apex and base    
acute1 margin glandular1      doubly    
serrate or crenate2 petiole one-half    
inch long1 hairy      along the upper   
side1 green1 with from one to three     
small1      globose1 yellowish glands   
variable in position4        ,blooming  
season early to medium1 of average      
length2 flowers      appearing before   
the leaves1 thirteen-sixteenths inch    
across1      white2 borne in dense      
clusters on lateral spurs and buds1     
in pairs2 pedicels one-half inch long1  
slender1 glabrous1      greenish2       
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1 glabrous2
 calyx-lobes      obtuse1               
glandular-serrate1 with numerous hairs  
along the edge1      pubescent1 somewhat
 erect2 petals broadly ovate1 entire1   
tapering to short1 blunt claws2 anthers 
yellow2 filaments      three-sixteenths 

inch long2 pistil glabrous1 longer than 
the      stamens4        ,fruit         
mid-season or later1 ripening period    
long2 one and      seven-eighths inches 
in diameter1 roundish-cordate or        
slightly      oblate1 halves unequal2   
cavity deep1 wide1 flaring1 with        
streaks radiating from the cavity2      
suture shallow or a line2      apex     
roundish to slightly pointed2 color dark
 red over a      yellowish-green ground1
 with bloom of medium thickness2 dots   
numerous1 large1 russet1 conspicuous1   
clustered about the      apex2 stem     
somewhat slender1 five-eighths inch     
long1 glabrous1      adhering well to   
the fruit2 skin thin1 tough1 sour1      
separating      readily2 flesh light    
yellow frequently tinged with red1 very 
juicy1 slightly fibrous1 variable in    
firmness1 sweet1 mild1      lacking the 
strong characteristic ,triflora flavor2 
good2 stone      clinging1 seven-eighths
 inch by five-eighths inch in size1     
roundish-oval1 blunt but with a small   

tip1 somewhat rough1      ridged along  
the ventral1 grooved on the dorsal      
suture4      ,,ogon    ,prunus triflora 
#a4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bi4 #ahhf4 
#b4 ,ibid4 #ce1 #eh4      #ahhh4 #c4    
,ibid4 #ec1 #ii4 #ahhi4 #d4 ,col41 ,o41 
,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 #ha4 #ahib4 #e4 
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #fb3bg1 #bh fig4   
#ahid4      #f4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 
#ie4 #ahie4 #g4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ajf3ei4 #ahif4 #h4 ,ibid4 #aca3aid4    
#ahig4 #i4 ,ibid4 #aci3de4      #ahig4  
#aj4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bf4 #ahig4 
#aa4 ,rural ,n4      ,y4 #eg3efb4 #ahih4
 #ab4 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3dc4 #ahih4 
#ac4      ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdb1  
#bdi4 #ahii4 #ad4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4  
#age3ach fig4 #ahii4 #ae4 ,ohio ,sta4   
,bul4 #aac3aeg4 #ahii4 #af4      ,waugh 
,plum ,cult4 #aci4 #aija4 #ag4 ,ga4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3f #cb4      #aije4 #ah4 
,miss4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3ae4 #aije4       
,ogan #e4 ,ogden #a4 ,ogon #e4 ,shiro   
,smomo #f4 ,yellow ,nagate #b4    ,ogon1
 the ,japanese for gold1 is the name for

 one of the comparatively  few varieties
 of ,prunus triflora having a yellow    
color4 ,this variety  is further        
distinguished by being the only         
freestone sort of its species  under    
cultivation in ,america4 ,ogon also has 
a flavor quite distinct1  resembling    
somewhat that of the apricot1 which is  
agreeable to some and  not so to others2
 as the variety grows on the grounds of 
this ,station it  cannot be considered  
of high quality even for an early plum4 
,the fruits  crack rather badly on the  
tree and seem to be unusually           
susceptible to  the attacks of curculio4
 ,in some of the references given1 it is
 reported  as making a poor tree and as 
having a weak constitution1 and         
practically  all agree that the variety 
is unproductive4 ,these faults preclude 
its  use in commercial plantations4 ,the
 variety is distinct and interesting    
not only in its fruits but in its       
flowers which bear comparatively few    
stamens1 many of which are abortive and 

show all degrees between perfect        
stamens and perfect petals4    ,ogon was
 imported from ,japan by ,h4 ,h4 ,berger
 and ,company1 ,san ,francisco1         
,california4 ,it was first mentioned as 
the ,ogden in the ,georgia              
,horticultural ,society ,report for     
#ahhf and in the #ahhh report of the    
same ,society it was described as a new 
fruit4 ,in #ahig1 the ,american         
,pomological ,society added ,ogon to its
 fruit catalog list4        ,tree medium
 to large1 vigorous1 vasiform1          
dense-topped1 hardy      at ,geneva1    
unproductive2 branches slender1         
roughened by      numerous spurs1       
sparingly thorny1 dark gray1 with       
numerous1      small lenticels2         
branchlets sometimes swollen at the     
tips1 of      medium thickness and      
length1 with internodes of average      
length1      dark brown often with some 
green1 partly overspread with gray      
scarf-skin1 glossy1 glabrous2 lenticels 
medium in number and      size1 raised2 

leaf-buds small1 short1 obtuse1 plump1  
free4        ,leaves few1 oblanceolate1 
peach-like1 variable in size1           
averaging one and one-eighth inches     
wide1 four inches long1      thin2 upper
 surface light green1 shining1 glabrous1
 narrowly      grooved along the midrib2
 lower surface light yellowish-green1   
glabrous except at the base of the      
veins2 margin finely      crenate1 with 
small1 dark amber glands2 petiole       
one-half inch      long1 glandless or   
with from one to four globose1 greenish 
glands on the stalk4        ,blooming   
season early and of medium length2      
flowers appearing      after the leaves1
 thirteen-sixteenths inch across1 white2
      borne in clusters on lateral spurs
 and buds1 in threes or in      fours2  
pedicels five-sixteenths inch long1     
glabrous1 greenish2      calyx-tube     
green1 obconic1 glabrous2 calyx-lobes   
narrow1 acute1      slightly            
glandular-serrate1 faintly pubescent1   
erect2 petals      broadly ovate1       

entire1 tapering below to short claws2  
anthers      yellowish1 with a little   
pink2 filaments three-sixteenths inch   
long2 pistil glabrous1 equal to the     
stamens in length4        ,fruit early1 
season short2 one and one-quarter inches
 by one      and three-quarters inches  
in size1 roundish-oblate1 oblique1      
halves equal2 cavity narrow1 regular1   
flaring2 suture variable      in depth1 
prominent2 apex roundish or slightly    
flattened2 color      lemon-yellow1 with
 thin bloom2 dots numerous1 small1      
whitish1      inconspicuous2 stem       
slender1 one-half inch long1 glabrous1  
separating readily2 skin thin1 tough1   
astringent1 inclined to      crack1     
slightly adhering2 flesh pale or        
amber-yellow1 not as      juicy as many 
of the ,trifloras1 firm and meaty1      
sweet1 mild2 of      fair quality2 stone
 free1 five-eighths inch by one-half    
inch in      size1 roundish-oval1       
turgid1 blunt but with a small short    
tip1      oblique1 slightly pitted2     

ventral suture faintly ridged and       
furrowed2 dorsal suture not grooved4    
,,orange    ,prunus domestica        #a4
 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aej4 #ahca4 
#b4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees      ,am4 #bhb4
 #ahde4 #c4 ,cole ,am4 ,fr4 ,book #bad4 
#ahdi4 #d4 ,mas      ,le ,verger #f3be4 
#ahff-gc4 #e4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddb4
      #ahhi4 #f4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4     
,hort4 ,man4 #cbj4 #aijc4        ,orange
 #e4 ,orange ,gage #b1 #e1 #f4          
,pomeranzen ,zwetsche #e4 ,wager        
#e1 #f4    ,orange belongs to the ,reine
 ,claude group4 ,taking its characters  
all in  all it cannot compete with even 
the average varieties of the plums with 
which it should be compared4 ,this      
variety was introduced by ,a4 ,j4       
,downing  who secured it from a ,mr4    
,teller of ,rhinebeck1 ,dutchess        
,county1 ,new ,york4  ,although         
,rhinebeck is probably its place of     
origin1 it is not likely that  ,teller  
first grew the variety since it was     
quite generally disseminated  in that   

vicinity at the time of its             
introduction4 ,it is fast passing from  
cultivation4        ,tree large1        
vigorous1 upright1 productive2 branches 
roughened      by the raised lenticels2 
branchlets numerous1 pubescent2 leaves  
oval or slightly obovate1 two inches    
wide1 four inches long1      thick2     
margin crenate or serrate1 with small   
grands2 petiole      tinged red1        
pubescent1 with from two to three       
globose glands4        ,fruit matures in
 mid-season2 about one and one-half     
inches in      diameter                 
roundish-truncate1 light amber-yellow   
with a blush1      overspread with thin 
bloom2 stem slender1 adhering strongly  
to      the fruit2 flesh pale yellow1   
firm1 sweet2 of good quality2      stone
 free or nearly so1 one inch by         
five-eighths inch in      size1 obovate1
 acute at the apex1 blunt at the base1  
with      thickly pitted surfaces2      
ventral suture wide1 usually blunt but  
sometimes distinctly winged2 dorsal     

suture with a deep groove4      ,,oren  
,illustration3 ,,oren    ,prunus        
americana        #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#df3bhe fig4 #aijj4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum    
,cult4 #agd4 #aija4 #c4 ,budd-,hansen   
,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #bii4 #aijc4          
,bartlett #a4 ,bingaman #a4    ,waugh   
places ,oren with the 8,miner-like0     
plums but as the variety grows  here it 
is a typical western ,americana--the    
characters of this species in  leaf1    
fruit and stone being well shown in the 
accompanying plate4 ,it is  one of the  
best of the ,americanas in both fruit   
and tree4 ,the fruits are  large and of 
good shape1 perhaps a little dull in    
color and not quite  as good in quality 
as a few other ,americanas but still    
averaging very  well in all             
fruit-characters4 ,the flesh is very    
nearly free from the  stone4 ,the trees 
are typical of the species1 shaggy of   
trunk and limb1  straggling and unkempt 
in growth of top1 but hardy1 robust1    
healthy and  reliable in bearing4 ,it   

would seem as if this variety is rather 
too good  to be allowed to pass out of  
cultivation until there are more        
,americanas  that are better4    ,oren  
was taken from the wild in ,black ,hawk 
,county1 ,iowa1 about #ahgh1 by  ,j4 ,k4
 ,oren4 ,mr4 ,oren grew trees of this   
plum on his farm and permitted  all who 
came to take sprouts1 cions and seed    
until the variety was very  generally   
disseminated locally4 ,who introduced it
 to the trade and when  is not known4   
,tree small1 spreading1 low1            
dense-topped1 hardy1 often              
unproductive2 branches roughish1        
slightly zigzag1 thorny1 dark           
ash-brown1 with small lenticels2        
branchlets slender1 long1      twiggy1  
with internodes of average length1 green
 changing to      dark chestnut-brown1  
glabrous1 with large1 conspicuous1      
raised      lenticels2 leaf-buds small1 
short1 obtuse1 free4        ,leaves     
falling early1 oval or obovate1 two     
inches wide1      three and             

three-quarters inches long2 upper       
surface dark      green changing to     
golden-yellow late in the season1 smooth
      and shining1 with a narrow1       
grooved midrib2 lower surface           
silvery-green1 lightly pubescent2 apex  
taper-pointed1 base      abrupt1 margin 
coarsely serrate1 the serrations ending 
in sharp      points1 eglandular2       
petiole five-eighths inch long1 thick1  
tinged red1 thinly pubescent1 glandless 
or with one or two      prominent1      
greenish-brown glands4        ,blooming 
season late and of medium length2       
flowers appearing      after the leaves1
 one and one-eighth inches across1      
white2      borne in clusters on lateral
 spurs and buds1 in pairs or in         
threes2 pedicels five-eighths inch long1
 slender1 glabrous1      green1 tinged  
with red2 calyx-tube red1 campanulate1  
enlarged      at the base1 glabrous2    
calyx-lobes narrow1 somewhat obtuse1    
pubescent on both surfaces and on the   
margin1 reflexed2 petals      ovate1    

somewhat crenate or fringed1 tapering   
below to long1      narrow claws1       
sparingly hairy along the edge of the   
base2      anthers yellow2 filaments    
three-eighths inch long2 pistil         
glabrous1 shorter than the stamens4     
,fruit intermediate in time and length  
of ripening season2 one      and        
three-sixteenths inches in diameter1    
roundish1 usually      truncate and     
slightly oblique1 compressed1 halves    
equal2      cavity very shallow1        
flaring2 suture a line2 apex roundish   
or flattened2 color dull light or dark  
red over a yellow      ground1 mottled1 
with thick bloom2 dots numerous1 very   
small1      light russet1 inconspicuous2
 stem slender1 five-eighths inch        
long1 glabrous2 skin tough1 astringent1 
adhering2 flesh dark      golden-yellow1
 juicy1 fibrous1 soft and melting1      
sweet2 fair to      good2 stone         
semi-free1 seven-eighths inch by        
five-eighths inch      in size1         
irregularly roundish or ovate1          

flattened1 blunt at the      base and   
apex1 with smooth surfaces2 ventral     
suture strongly      winged2 dorsal     
suture acute1 with a narrow and shallow 
groove4      ,,orleans    ,prunus       
domestica        #a4 ,quintinye ,com4   
,gard4 #fh4 #afii4 #b4 ,langley ,pomona 
#ia1 ,pl4 ,,xx fig4 #d4 #agbi4 #c4      
,miller ,gard4 ,dict4 #c3aged4      #d4 
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3gh1 ,pl4 
,,vii4 #agfh4 #e4 ,knoop                
,fructologie #b3eb1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg4      
#agga4 #f4 ,forsyth ,treat4      ,fr4   
,trees #ai4 #ahjc4 #g4 ,kraft ,pom4     
,aust4 #b3cb1 ,tab4 #agi      fig4 #a4  
#agif4 #h4 ,brookshaw ,pom4 ,brit4 ,pl4 
,,xi4 #ahag4 #i4      ,lond4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,cat4 #ade1 #aej4 #ahca4 #aj4     
,prince ,pom4      ,man4 #b3fb1 #fg1    
#he4 #ahcb4 #aa4 ,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 
#a3ahdf4      #ab4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide
 ,orch4 ,gard4 #bhi1 #bij1 #chc4 #ahdf4 
#ac4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cci4   
#ahdi4 #ad4 ,elliott ,fr4      ,book    
#dbh4 #ahed4 #ae4 ,thompson ,gard4      

,ass't #eai4 #ahei4 #af4      ,downing  
,fr ,trees ,am4 #ice4 #ahfi4 #ag4 ,mas  
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3cg1      fig4 #ai4 #ahgc4
 #ah4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #cf4 #ahge4
 #ai4      ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4     
,sort4 #dad4 #ahha4 #bj4 ,mathieu ,nom4 
,pom4 #dce4 #ahhb4 #ba4 ,hogg ,fruit    
,man4 #gae4 #ahhd4 #bb4      ,guide     
,prat4 #aef1 #cfj4 #ahie4               
,anglaise ,noire #af1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1    
#bb4 ,angloise ,noire #e4               
,brignole8 #a4 ,brugnole8 #a4 ,brignole 
,violette #ag1 #bj1 #bb4      ,brignole 
,violette8 #e4 ,common ,orleans #aj1    
#af1 #ag1 #bj4 ,damas      ,rouge #aj4  
,damas ,rouge #e1 #i4 ,damas ,violet8   
#e4 ,de ,monsieur      #ag1 #bb4 ,die   
,herrnpflaume #g4 ,english ,orleans #aj1
 #af1 #ag1      #bj4 ,french ,orleans   
#h4 ,hernnpflaume #ag4 ,herrnpflaume    
#ai4      ,herrnpflaume #bb4 ,herzog von
 ,orleans #bj1 #bb4 ,italian            
,damask of some #ad4 ,large ,red        
,orleans #aj4 ,late ,monsieur      #aj1 
#af1 #ag1 #bj4 ,monsieur #d1 #i1 #aj1   

#ab1 #ag1 #bb4 ,monsieur #aj1      #ac1 
#ad1 #ae1 #af1 #bj1 #ba4 ,monsieur      
,ordinaire #i1 #aj1 #ad1 #ae1      #af1 
#ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb4 ,old ,orleans #aj1  
#ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #bj1      #bb4 
,orleans #ag1 #bj1 #bb4 ,orleans ,red   
,damask #bj4 ,prune de      ,monsieur   
#aj1 #af1 #bj4 ,prune de ,monsieur #aa4 
,prune d',orleans      #af1 #ag1 #bj1   
#ba4 ,prunelle8 #e4 ,prune ,monsieur #g4
 ,red ,damask      #aj4 ,red ,damask #i1
 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1
 #bj1 #ba1 #bb4      ,red ,orleans #aj1 
#af1 #ag1 #bj4 ,red ,orleans ,plum #f4  
,in ,europe ,orleans is one of the most 
renowned of the plums cultivated4  ,a   
proof of its popularity is the great    
number of names1 as shown in  the       
synonymy given above1 under which it    
passes in ,england and on  the          
continent4 ,this variety1 however1 is   
almost unknown in ,america  though      
described by all of the older ,american 
pomologists and probably  introduced    
time and again during the last hundred  

years in our orchards4  ,the ,french    
fruit books say that the variety thrives
 better in southern  than northern      
,france and nearly all of the ,european 
writers state that  it does best in     
high1 dry1 light1 warm soils4 ,it is    
likely that our  climate1 and the soils 
in which plums are generally grown in   
,america1 are  not suited to this sort4 
,unfortunately this ,station has no     
trees of this  variety and the brief    
description given is a compilation4     
,the ,orleans has been cultivated for   
more than two hundred years4 ,langley   
said of it in #agbi 8,the ,orleans      
,plumb tho a common1 is yet a very      
valuable ,plumb1 as well for its fine   
firm juicy ,pulp when well ripened1  as 
its being a constant and plentiful      
bearer40 ,the ,red ,damask and the      
,brugnole mentioned by ,quintinye in    
#afii are probably the ,orleans2 but    
the ,prune de ,monsieur of ,knoop and   
the ,monsieur of ,tournefort1 which are 
yellow1 are distinct4 ,the variety is   

evidently of ,french origin4 ,mas  in   
his ,pomologie ,generale1 #ahgc1 states 
that it first bore the name  ,brignole  
,violette1 but later was given the name 
it now bears in honor of  ,monsieur1    
,duke of ,orleans1 brother of ,louis    
,,xiv4 ,damas ,rouge is an old  synonym1
 though ,duhamel described it as a      
distinct variety4 ,herrnpflaume  is the 
common name of the ,orleans in ,germany 
and ,austria1 while in  ,france1 it is  
often called the ,monsieur4 ,it has     
never been common in  ,america1 yet it  
was entered on the ,american            
,pomological ,society catalog  list in  
#ahge4        ,tree large1 vigorous1    
hardy1 productive1 bearing annually2    
branches grayish1 pubescent2 leaves     
large1 ovate1 with crenate      margins2
 flowers large1 blooming early2 petals  
roundish1      imbricated4        ,fruit
 early mid-season2 medium in size1      
roundish-truncate1      sides unequal2  
cavity usually shallow1 wide2 suture    
distinct2      apex flattened2 color    

dark or purplish-red1 overspread with   
thin bloom1 with a sprinkling of pale   
reddish dots2 stem thick1      short2   
skin tender2 flesh yellowish1 juicy1    
usually melting      when properly      
matured1 sweet near the skin but        
sprightly toward      the center1       
pleasant-flavored2 good2 stone free1    
small1 oval1      flattened1 with       
roughish surfaces4      ,,oullins       
,illustration3 ,,oullins    ,prunus     
domestica        #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 
#cgd4 #ahff4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees   
,am4      #ice4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,pom4 ,france
 #g3 ,no4 #ae4 #ahga4 #d4 ,mas ,le      
,verger #f3dc4 #ahff-gc4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,cat4 #ch4 #ahgg4 #f4      ,cat4  
,cong4 ,pom4 ,france #cff4 #ahhg4 #g4   
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4      #ddf4 #ahhi4  
#h4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aag4 #aija4 #i4
 ,thompson      ,gard4 ,ass't #d3aeh4   
#aija4        ,massot #f1 #g4           
,monstrueuse d',oullins #b1 #g4         
,ouillin's ,gage      #b1 #g4 ,oullins  
,golden #a4 ,oullin's ,golden #b1 #i4   

,oullin's ,golden      #c1 #d1 #f1 #g4  
,oullin's ,golden ,gage #b1 #g4 ,oullins
 ,golden ,gage      #e4 ,oullin's ,green
 ,gage #h4 ,prune-,massot #c4           
,reine-,claude      d',oullins #a1 #b1  
#g1 #i4 ,reine-,claude ,d',oullins #c1  
#d1 #f4      ,reine-,claude ,prcoce #a1 
#b1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #i4 ,reine-,claude von  
,oullins #g4 ,roi-,claude #c1 #g4       
,oullins came to ,america with the best 
of recommendations from ,european       
growers but it has fallen so far short  
of its reputation in ,europe that  it   
was dropped from the fruit list of the  
,american ,pomological ,society  and is 
gradually disappearing from cultivation4
 ,the fault is in the  fruit which is   
but indifferent in quality for a plum of
 the ,reine ,claude  group4 ,in ,europe 
the variety is rated as one of the best 
dessert sorts2  in ,america it is hardly
 second-rate in quality4 ,this          
difference may be  due to differences in
 climate and soil2 more probably1 it is 
due to the  greater number of better    

,reine ,claude varieties grown in       
,america with  which it must compete4   
,hand1 ,jefferson1 ,washington1         
,mc,laughlin1 ,yellow  ,gage1 ,spaulding
 and ,imperial ,gage1 the cream of the  
,reine ,claude plums1  are all          
,americans similar to ,oullins but much 
better in quality4 ,oullins  is hardly  
surpassed by any of its group in        
tree-characters and might well  be used 
for breeding purposes as there are so   
few sorts of its kind  having           
satisfactory trees4    ,this variety1   
probably a ,reine ,claude seedling1 was 
found at ,coligny1  ,france1 on the     
estate of ,m4 ,filliaud2 it was         
propagated by ,m4  ,corsaint1 gardener  
to the ,baron de ,toisy1 near ,cuiseaux 
7,department of  ,saone-et-,loire7 and  
was introduced at ,oullins 7,department 
of ,rhone7 by  ,m4 ,massot1 nurseryman4 
,the name is seldom spelled correctly in
 ,american  fruit books1 being either   
written with an apostrophe and s or with
 both  left off1 these spellings coming 

from the supposition that the name comes
  from that of a man1 a mistake as the  
history shows4 ,oullins was placed  on  
the ,american ,pomological ,society     
catalog fruit list in #ahge but was     
dropped when the catalog was revised in 
#ahig4        ,tree large1 vigorous1    
spreading1 open-topped1 hardy1          
productive2 branches ash-gray1 somewhat 
rough1 with numerous1      large1 raised
 lenticels2 branchlets stout1 the bark  
rough1      medium to above in          
thickness1 short1 with short internodes1
      greenish-red changing to          
brownish-red1 dull1 lightly pubescent1  
overspread with faint bloom1 with       
numerous1 small lenticels2              
leaf-buds large1 long1 pointed1 free2   
leaf-scars swollen4        ,leaves oval 
or obovate1 two inches wide1 four and   
one-quarter      inches long1 thick2    
upper surface dark green1 covered with  
fine      hairs1 the midrib grooved2    
lower surface pale green1 pubescent2    
apex acute or abruptly pointed1 base    

acute1 margin serrate      or crenate1  
with small black glands2 petiole        
three-quarters      inch long1 thick1   
pubescent1 tinged red1 with from two to 
four      globose1 greenish-brown glands
 variable in size1 usually on the       
stalk4        ,blooming season medium to
 late1 of average length2 flowers       
appearing after the leaves1 one and     
one-quarter inches across1      white1  
with a faint yellowish tinge2 arranged  
on lateral spurs1      singly or in     
pairs2 pedicels eleven-sixteenths inch  
long1      pubescent1 greenish2         
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1          
pubescent2      calyx-lobes broad1      
obtuse1 pubescent on both surfaces1     
glandular-serrate1 reflexed2 petals     
broadly obovate1 crenate1      tapering 
to short1 broad claws2 anthers          
yellowish2 filaments      three-eighths 
inch long2 pistil glabrous1 equal to the
 stamens      in length4        ,fruit  
early1 season short2 medium to below in 
size1 roundish1      halves equal2      

cavity shallow1 below medium in width1  
abrupt2      suture an indistinct line2 
apex flattened or depressed2 color      
greenish-yellow changing to dull light  
yellow1 overspread with      thin bloom2
 dots numerous1 small1 whitish1         
inconspicuous1      clustered about the 
apex2 stem of medium thickness and      
length1      adhering well to the fruit2
 skin thin1 slightly astringent1        
separating readily2 flesh               
greenish-yellow or pale yellow1         
somewhat dry1 firm1 sweet1 not high in  
flavor2 good2 stone      half-free or   
free1 three-quarters inch by            
five-eighths inch in      size1 broadly 
oval1 flattened1 roughened and pitted1  
blunt at      the base and apex2 ventral
 suture rather narrow1 furrowed1 with   
a distinct but not prominent wing2      
dorsal suture broadly and      deeply   
grooved4      ,,pacific                 
,illustration3 ,,pacific    ,prunus     
domestica        #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4    
,rpt4 #bib4 #ahic4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 

,rpt4      #aej4 #ahie4 #c4 ,oregon     
,sta4 ,bul4 #de3ca4 #ahig4 #d4 ,oregon  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dgd4 #ahih4 #e4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #dj4 #ahii4      #f4 
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aag4 #aija4 #g4    
,oregon ,agriculturist      #ag3 ,no4   
#bd1 #cgj4 #aijh4        ,pacific #c4   
,pacific ,prune #b1 #c4 ,willamette #d1 
#e1 #g4 ,willamette      ,prune #c4     
,no part of ,america is so well adapted 
to plum culture as the ,pacific  ,coast 
and especially the inter-mountain       
valleys in ,oregon4 ,from the           
last-named ,state1 though fruit-growing 
is a very recent development1 a  number 
of meritorious plums have been added to 
pomology4 ,one of the best  of these1 as
 they grow in ,new ,york1 is the        
,pacific1 the fruits of which  are well 
shown in the color-plate4 ,few purple   
plums are more beautiful  than this in  
color and shape1 few equal it in size   
and very few of its  color excel it in  
quality4 ,the trees are unusually       
robust1 perfectly  hardy and productive4

 ,in ,oregon the ,pacific has not proved
 a good  prune-making plum but is       
reported as standing eastern shipment   
very well1  which1 if true1 indicates   
that this plum would succeed as a market
 fruit  in ,new ,york4 ,pacific is well 
worth trying in ,new ,york as a         
commercial  variety4    ,this plum is   
hopelessly confused with the            
,willamette4 ,the following is  an      
abridged account of the two fruits as   
written us by ,h4 ,m4 ,williamson1      
,secretary of the ,oregon ,state ,board 
of ,horticulture1 and one of the        
leading authorities on fruit-growing on 
the ,pacific ,coast4        8,about     
#ahge ,jesse ,bullock of ,oswego1       
,oregon1 sent to ,germany      for pits 
of the ,italian or ,fellenberg prune1   
and planted the      pits received in a 
nursery row4 ,when the trees from these 
began to bear1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,hoskins    
went to ,mr4 ,bullock's place1          
examined the fruit and selected trees   
which seemed promising1      giving to  

each tree a number4 ,from at least six  
of these trees      he took scions1     
propagated them1 and named them ,bullock
 ,no4 #a1      ,bullock ,no4 #b1 etc4   
,he finally decided that only two of    
these1      ,bullock ,no4 #a and        
,bullock ,no4 #f1 were of sufficient    
value to      justify their further     
propagation4 ,bullock ,no4 #a was named 
,champion and ,bullock ,no4 #f1         
,willamette4 ,mr4 ,hoskins told me      
these names were given by the ,state    
,horticultural ,society1 but      ,i    
find no record of this action4 ,he      
propagated and sold a good      many    
trees of both varieties1 but more of the
 ,willamette than      of the ,champion4
        8,mr4 ,hoskins was strongly of  
the opinion that the ,pacific is        
identical with the ,willamette4 ,i am as
 strongly of the opinion      that they 
are distinct varieties4 ,i base my      
opinion1 first1      upon the history of
 the origin of the ,pacific given me by 
,henry      ,freeboro1 ,portland1       

,oregon1 who introduced it2 and1 second1
      upon what appear to me to be      
marked differences in the two           
prunes4 ,a number of years ago ,i went  
to ,mr4 ,freeboro's place      when     
prunes were ripe and obtained from him a
 supply of ,pacific      prunes grown on
 trees propagated by him from scions    
taken from      the original ,pacific   
tree4 ,i took these prunes to           
,springbrook      and compared them with
 the ,willamette grown on ,mr4 ,hoskins'
      place4 ,i was thoroughly convinced
 that the two were decidedly            
different in character1 but ,mr4        
,hoskins did not think so4 ,i           
noticed first a marked difference in the
 habits of growth of      the trees4    
,the ,pacific trees were of unusually   
vigorous growth      and had a decided  
upright tendency4 ,the ,willamette trees
      were very similar to the ,italian 
in vigor and had the rather             
spreading habit of growth of the        
,italian4 ,the ,pacific prunes      are 

larger in size than the ,willamette and 
vary much more in      size4 ,one of the
 most decided indications of difference 
is      the far greater tendency to     
brown-rot of the fruit of the           
,pacific than is the case with the fruit
 of the ,willamette4      ,this has been
 observed when scions of the ,willamette
 and of      the ,pacific have been     
grafted on the same tree for the purpose
      of comparison4 ,i have never seen 
a well dried specimen of the            
,pacific1 but this may have been the    
fault of the men who dried      the     
specimens ,i have seen4 ,the ,willamette
 dries easily for a      prune of its   
size and gives a larger percentage of   
dried to      fresh fruit than the      
,italian1 according to ,mr4 ,hoskins4   
8,i believe the ,willamette is well     
worthy of more attention in      the    
,willamette ,valley1 whereas the        
,pacific1 on account of its      extreme
 susceptibility to the brown-rot1 does  
not appear to be      a safe variety    

here1 although when perfect it is a     
magnificent      prune for eating fresh1
 and one of the very largest known4 ,i  
am      told that in eastern ,oregon    
where climatic conditions keep out      
the brown-rot1 the ,pacific is proving  
one of the best varieties      for      
shipping fresh4 ,at the present time the
 two varieties are      much confused4  
,when the ,pacific prune was introduced1
 ,mr4      ,hoskins and other recognized
 authorities1 pronounced it the         
,willamette1 and nurserymen therefore   
obtained scions from      ,willamette   
trees and sold the propagated trees as  
,pacifies1 and      in a more limited   
way the reverse was done4 ,the greater  
part of      the trees supposed to be   
,pacifics are in fact ,willamettes40    
,at this ,station we have the two plums 
under discussion1 the ,pacific  having  
been obtained from ,fred ,e4 ,young1    
nurseryman1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york1  and
 the ,willamette1 under the name        
,pacific1 from the ,oregon ,wholesale   

,nursery ,company1 ,salem1 ,oregon4 ,the
 differences between the two plums in   
,new ,york are essentially those given  
by ,mr4 ,williamson as distinguishing   
characters in ,oregon4        ,tree of  
medium size1 upright-spreading1         
open-topped1 hardy1      productive2    
branches ash-gray1 smooth1 with small1  
raised      lenticels2 branchlets above 
medium in thickness1 short1 with        
short internodes1 greenish-red changing 
to brownish-red1      covered with heavy
 bloom and sparingly pubescent1 with    
indistinct small lenticels2 leaf-buds   
plump1 of medium size and      length1  
obtuse1 free4        ,leaves obovate1   
two inches wide1 four inches long1 the  
oldest      thick and leathery2 upper   
surface dark green1 covered with fine   
hairs1 with a widely and deeply grooved 
midrib2 lower surface      pale green1  
pubescent2 apex acute or obtuse1 base   
acute1 margin      crenate1 with small  
dark glands2 petiole seven-eighths inch 
long1 thick1 pubescent1 tinged red1 with

 from two to four      large1 globose1  
yellowish-green glands usually on the   
stalk4        ,blooming season of medium
 length2 flowers appearing after        
the leaves1 one and three-sixteenths    
inches across1 white2      borne on     
lateral spurs and buds1 singly or in    
pairs2 pedicels      five-sixteenths    
inch long1 thick1 pubescent2 calyx-tube 
green1 campanulate1 pubescent only at   
the base2 calyx-lobes      broad1       
obtuse1 lightly pubescent on both       
surfaces but heavily      pubescent     
along the serrate margin1 reflexed2     
petals oval1      dentate1 tapering to  
short1 broad claws2 stamens inclined to 
develop into rudimentary petals2 anthers
 yellow2 filaments      seven-sixteenths
 inch long2 pistil glabrous1 equal to   
the      stamens in length4             
,fruit intermediate in time and length  
of ripening season2      two inches by  
one and five-eighths inches in size1    
ovate1      halves equal2 cavity        
shallow1 narrow1 flaring2 suture        

shallow1      indistinct2 apex bluntly  
pointed2 color bluish1 overspread with  
thick bloom2 dots small1 brown1         
conspicuous1 clustered about      the   
apex2 stem thick1 one-half inch long1   
pubescent1 adhering      well to the    
fruit2 skin thin1 tough1 separating     
readily2      flesh pale golden-yellow1 
juicy1 firm1 sweet1 spicy2 good2        
stone free1 one inch by five-eighths    
inch in size1 flattened1                
irregularly broad-oval1 obliquely       
contracted at the base1 blunt      at   
the apex1 with rough and pitted         
surfaces2 ventral suture      narrow1   
with numerous deep furrows1 usually     
blunt2 dorsal      suture widely and    
deeply grooved4      ,,palatine         
,prunus domestica    ,this plum1        
scarcely known outside of two counties  
in ,new ,york1 is of  distinctly good   
quality and if all accounts are true is 
fairly immune to  black-knot4 ,in size  
and appearance the fruits are superior  
to many other  ,reine ,claude plums1    

with which it must be compared1 so much 
so that the  variety is probably worth  
growing outside the region where the    
following  interesting history shows it 
has been cultivated for nearly a century
 and  a half4    ,palatine1 according to
 ,mr4 ,washington ,garlock of ,new      
,york1 originated in  #agfj when a      
family of ,palatines by the name of     
,best came from ,germany  to the ,united
 ,states and settled in ,livingston     
,manor 7,east ,camps7 now  ,columbia    
,county1 ,new ,york4 ,they brought with 
them plum pits which they  planted and  
from them secured one tree4 ,in #agfb   
they moved to ,schoharie  ,county1 ,new 
,york1 taking with them the seedling    
tree4 ,in their new home  they          
propagated the variety1 which they named
 ,palatine1 and disseminated  it so     
industriously that it became thoroughly 
established throughout  ,montgomery and 
,schoharie counties and attained great  
popularity because  of its apparent     
freedom from black-knot4 ,that this     

popularity is merited  is attested by   
the fact that after one hundred and     
fifty years it is  still extensively    
grown in that vicinity4        ,tree    
large1 vigorous1 spreading1             
dense-topped1 productive2      branches 
thick2 branchlets lightly pubescent2    
leaves flattened1      slightly         
drooping1 obovate1 one and five-eighths 
inches wide1      three and one-quarter 
inches long1 thick1 rugose2 margin      
coarsely crenate1 eglandular or with    
few1 small glands2 petiole              
pubescent1 glandless or with one or two 
small glands2 blooming      season      
intermediate in time1 short2 flowers    
appearing after      the leaves1 more   
than one inch across1 white with yellow 
tinge      at the apex of the petals2   
borne singly2 calyx-lobes thickly       
pubescent on both surfaces1 strongly    
reflexed4        ,fruit intermediate in 
time and length of ripening season2     
about      one and one-half inches in   
diameter1 roundish or roundish-oval1    

dull yellowish-green becoming           
greenish-yellow at full maturity1       
mottled and indistinctly blushed on the 
sunny side1 overspread      with thin   
bloom2 skin thin1 slightly sour2 flesh  
light      golden-yellow1 juicy1        
fibrous1 firm1 sweet1 pleasant in       
flavor2      good to very good2 stone   
dark colored1 free or nearly so1        
seven-eighths inch by one-half inch in  
size1 oval1 with thickly      pitted    
surfaces2 ventral suture blunt or with a
 short1 narrow      wing2 dorsal suture 
wide1 shallow4      ,,paul ,,early      
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,n4 ,y4    
,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #ab3faa4 #ahic4 #b4   
,w4 ,n4 ,y4      ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4     
#db3hc4 #ahig4        ,paul's ,earliest 
#a1 #b4    ,this variety seems to be    
under test only at this ,station where  
it  has fruited for a number of years4  
,it is so similar to ,early ,rivers1  a 
variety of small account in ,america1 as
 to be an almost worthless  addition to 
the list of plums4 ,paul ,early         

originated with and was sent  out by ,j4
 ,m4 ,paul1 ,north ,adams1              
,massachusetts1 about #ahhh4            
,tree very large1 vigorous1             
round-topped1 dense1 very               
productive2 branches covered with       
numerous fruit-spurs2      branchlets   
twiggy1 thickly pubescent2 leaf-buds    
strongly      appressed2 leaves         
flattened1 obovate or oval1 two and     
three-eighths inches wide1 four inches  
long2 margin crenate1      with few1    
small1 dark glands2 petiole reddish1    
pubescent1      glandless or with one or
 two large glands2 blooming season      
intermediate in time1 short2 flowers    
appearing before the      leaves1 one   
inch across2 borne in scattering        
clusters1 usually      in pairs2        
pedicels very thick and pubescent2      
anthers tinged red4        ,fruit very  
early1 season short2 one and            
three-eighths inches      by one and    
one-quarter inches in size1             
roundish-oval1 dark      purplish-black1

 overspread with thick bloom2 skin      
tender1      slightly sour2 flesh       
greenish-yellow becoming yellowish1     
tender1 sweet near the surface but sour 
next the pit1 mild2      good2 stone    
clinging1 seven-eighths inch by         
five-eighths inch      in size1         
irregular-oval1 with roughened and      
thickly pitted      surfaces2 ventral   
suture prominent1 seldom winged2 dorsal 
suture with a narrow1 shallow groove4   
,,peach    ,prunus domestica        #a4 
,n4 ,e4 ,farmer ,dict4 #bff4 #agig4 #b4 
,prince ,treat4      ,hort4 #bg4 #ahbh4 
#c4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ajf4 #ahcb4  
#d4      ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cjg4
 #ahde4 #e4 ,horticulturist #a3aac1     
#aad fig4 #cd1 #adg4 #ahdf4 #f4 ,poiteau
 ,pom4 ,franc4 #a3ahdf4      #g4 ,thomas
 ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cce1 #ccf fig4     
#bfb4 #ahdi4 #h4      ,horticulturist   
#f3acb4 #ahea4 #i4 ,elliott ,fr4 ,book  
#dbb4      #ahed4 #aj4 ,downing ,fr4    
,trees ,am4 #cfg4 #aheg4 #aa4 ,hooper   
,w4 ,fr4 ,book #bej4 #aheg4 #ab4 ,am4   

,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #hf4 #ahfb4      #ac4 
,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cge4 #ahff4 #ad4    
,mas ,le ,verger      #f3gc4 ,pl4       
,,xxxvii4 #ahff-gc4 #ae4 ,pom4 ,france  
#g3 ,no4      #g4 #ahga4 #af4 ,gard4    
,chron4 ,n4 ,s4 #ag3add4 #ahhb4 #ag4    
,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dff4 #ahhc4  
#ah4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits      #cec4  
#ahia4 #ai4 ,wash4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4   
#acf4 #ahic4 #bj4      ,guide ,prat4    
#aef1 #cfa4 #ahie4 #ba4 ,cat4 ,cong4    
,pom4 ,france      #dfb fig4 #aijf4     
,apricot ,plum #e incor4 ,caledonian    
#ae1 #bj4 ,calvels                      
,pfirschenpflaume #ad1 #bj4 ,d',abricot 
7of ,streets of ,paris7      #bj4       
,duane's ,purple #e incor1 #f1 #aa4     
,howells ,large #ae1 #bj1      #ba4     
,jenkin's ,imperial #ae1 #bj4 ,large    
,peach #af4 ,large ,peach      ,plum #c4
 ,nectarine #ae1 #bj4 ,nectarine ,rouge 
#ba4 ,peach #ae1      #bj4 ,peach ,plum 
#c1 #e1 #ad1 #bj4 ,peach ,plum #g1 #h1  
#i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1      #ag4 ,pche #ad1 
#ae1 #bj1 #ba4 ,pche de ,calvel #bj4    

,prune ,pche      #c1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #ad1 
#ah4 ,prune ,pche #d1 #e1 #f1 #bj4      
,prune-,pche ,de      ,calvel #ad4      
,reine-,claude ,de ,berger #ac1 #af4    
,rothe ,nektarine      #ae1 8#bj4       
,peach1 the largest early plum1 is not  
high in quality but is justly  esteemed 
where it can be grown for its earliness1
 large size and handsome  appearance4   
,unfortunately this variety is          
capricious beyond most other  plums as  
to climate and soils and refuses to     
thrive unless its needs are  very well  
supplied in the matter of environment4  
,in ,america it seems to  find congenial
 soil and climate only on the ,pacific  
,coast1 and even then  refuses to bear  
well except on strong1 rich soils4 ,in  
,new ,york1 even when  grown upon soils 
similar to those upon which it does well
 elsewhere1  the fruits are few and     
lacking in quality1 though the trees are
 large1  vigorous and about all that    
could be desired in a good plum tree4   
,it may  be possible to grow ,peach in  

favorable locations in the ,east2 in    
which  case1 a plum of its appearance   
and quality1 coming as early in the     
season  as it ripens1 would make a most 
desirable addition to the list of plums4
  ,from its behavior elsewhere the      
situation that would suit it best in    
,new  ,york is a sunny exposure with a  
warm1 rich1 clay loam4    ,the origin of
 the ,peach is unknown4 ,poiteau was    
unable to find any  reference to it in  
the ,eighteenth ,century ,european      
literature and  thought1 therefore1 that
 it must have been unknown to this      
period4 ,samuel  ,deane mentions a      
,peach plum in ,new ,england in #agig4  
,it is doubtful1  however1 whether it is
 the ,peach of this discussion1 the name
 having been  applied indiscriminately  
to several varieties1 the ,goliath1     
,nectarine  and ,apricot in particular4 
,prince1 in #ahcb1 described a ,large   
,peach ,plum  which he said 8had been   
introduced a few years since0 but as his
 variety  is oval and a clingstone1 it  

is not the same as the ,peach of        
,poiteau1 the  one discussed here1 this 
plum being nearly round and a freestone4
 ,judge  ,james ,c4 ,duane of           
,schenectady1 ,new ,york1 seems to have 
first imported  the ,peach plum1 with   
several others1 from ,france1 in #ahbj4 
,the name of  this variety was lost     
during the shipment and as the invoice  
called  for an ,apricot ,plum1 the names
 ,apricot and ,duane's ,plum became     
locally  applied to what afterwards     
turned out to be the ,peach4 ,c4 ,h4    
,tomlinson  of ,schenectady and ,a4 ,j4 
,downing in #ahdf made a careful study  
of these  imported plums and showed     
conclusively that this ,apricot or      
,duane's ,plum  was the ,peach of the   
,french4 ,in #ahfb1 the ,american       
,pomological ,society  added ,peach to  
the fruit catalog list and recommended  
it for the eastern  and western sections
 of ,new ,york4        ,tree large1 very
 vigorous1 spreading1 round or          
flat-topped1      hardy1 medium in      

productiveness2 branches stocky1 smooth1
 dark      ash-brown1 with lenticels of 
medium number and size2 branchlets      
thick1 with internodes one inch long1   
light brown1 covered with      short1   
heavy pubescence2 leaf-buds large1 of   
medium length1      conical4            
,leaves large1 oval1 of average         
thickness2 upper surface dark           
green2 lower surface pale green1        
pubescent2 apex obtuse1 margin          
doubly crenate1 with small glands2      
petiole three-quarters inch      long1  
thick1 pubescent1 with a trace of red1  
usually with two1      small1 globose1  
greenish glands at the base of the leaf4
        ,fruit early2 thick-set1 without
 a neck1 one and seven-eighths          
inches in diameter1 roundish1 slightly  
angular1 halves equal2      cavity deep1
 wide1 compressed2 suture shallow1      
distinct2 apex      flattened or        
depressed2 color dark purplish-red1     
overspread      with thin bloom2 dots   
numerous1 large1 conspicuous2 stem      

eleven-sixteenths inch long1 glabrous1  
adhering well to the      fruit2 skin   
tough1 adhering2 flesh golden-yellow1   
medium      juicy1 firm1 subacid1 mild2 
good2 stone free1 one inch by           
three-quarters inch in size1            
roundish-oval1 flattened1 with          
rough and pitted surfaces1 blunt at the 
base and apex2 ventral      suture wide1
 prominent1 often distinctly winged2    
dorsal suture      with a wide1 deep    
groove4      ,,pearl    ,illustration3  
,,pearl    ,prunus domestica        #a4 
,burbank ,cat4 #e4 #ahih4 #b4 ,am4      
,gard4 #ba3cf4 #aijj4      #c4 ,waugh   
,plum ,cult4 #aah4 #aija4    ,one can   
grow seedlings of some plums with       
considerable certainty of  getting      
respectable offspring--plums worth      
having in an orchard--but the  chances  
of growing a variety of superior        
qualities are small indeed4  ,it is a   
piece of good luck1 a matter almost     
wholly of luck1 when1 as in  this case1 
but one parent is known1 to secure as   

fine a fruit as the  ,pearl plum4 ,the  
variety now under notice is one to be   
pleased with if it  came as a chance out
 of thousands2 its rich1 golden color1  
large size1  fine form1 melting flesh   
and sweet1 luscious flavor1 place it    
among the  best dessert plums4 ,in the  
mind of the writer and of those who have
  assisted in describing the varieties  
for ,the ,plums of ,new ,york1 it is    
unsurpassed in quality by any other     
plum4 ,the tree-characters1 however1  do
 not correspond in desirability with    
those of the fruits4 ,the trees1  while 
of medium size and seemingly as vigorous
 and healthy as any1 are  unproductive4 
,in none of the several years they have 
been fruiting at  this ,station have    
they borne a large crop4 ,if elsewhere  
this defect does  not show1 the variety 
becomes at once one of great value4 ,the
 fruits  of ,pearl are said to cure into
 delicious prunes--to be readily        
believed  by one who has eaten the fresh
 fruits4 ,this variety ought to be very 

generally tried by commercial           
plum-growers and is recommended to all  
who  grow fruit for pleasure4    ,pearl 
is a recent addition to the list of     
plums and though its history is  well   
known its parentage is in doubt4 ,in    
#ahih1 ,luther ,burbank introduced  the 
variety as a new prune grown from the   
seed of the well-known  ,agen4 ,the male
 parent is not known but from the fruit 
and tree1 one  at once surmises that it 
was some variety of the ,reine ,claude  
group1  its characters being so like    
those of the plum named that no one     
could  suspect that it came from the    
seed of a plum so far removed from the  
,reine ,claude as the ,agen4            
,tree of medium size1 vigorous1         
vasiform1 dense-topped1 hardy1          
unproductive2 branches ash-gray1 with   
numerous1 small1      raised lenticels2 
branchlets twiggy1 thick1 long1 with    
long      internodes1 greenish-red      
changing to brownish-red1 very          
pubescent early in the season becoming  

less so at maturity1      with numerous1
 small1 raised lenticels2 leaf-buds     
large1 above      medium in length1     
conical1 appressed2 leaf-scars          
prominent4        ,leaves broadly oval1 
one and seven-eighths inches wide1 three
      and one-half inches long1 thick1  
leathery2 upper surface dark      green1
 rugose1 covered with fine hairs1 with a
 grooved midrib2      lower surface pale
 green1 pubescent2 apex abruptly        
pointed1      base abrupt1 margin       
serrate or crenate1 with small1 black   
glands2 petiole seven-eighths inch long1
 thick1 pubescent1      tinged red1     
glandless or with from one to three     
small1 globose1      brownish glands on 
the stalk4        ,blooming season      
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing after the leaves1 showy 
on account of their size1      averaging
 one and five-eighths inches across1    
white1 with a      tinge of yellow at   
the apex of the petals2 borne on lateral
      spurs and buds1 usually singly2   

pedicels one-half inch long1      thick1
 strongly pubescent1 greenish2          
calyx-tube green1      campanulate1     
pubescent2 calyx-lobes broad1 obtuse1   
pubescent      on both surfaces1        
glandular-serrate and with marginal     
hairs1      strongly reflexed2 petals   
obovate or oblong1 entire1 tapering     
to short1 broad claws2 anthers yellow2  
filaments nearly      one-half inch     
long2 pistil glabrous1 shorter than the 
stamens4        ,fruit intermediate in  
time and length of ripening season2     
one and three-quarters inches by one and
 one-half inches      in size1          
roundish-oval1 compressed1 halves       
unequal2 cavity      shallow1 narrow1   
abrupt2 suture a line2 apex depressed2  
color      golden-yellow1 obscurely     
striped and splashed with dull green1   
mottled1 overspread with thin bloom2    
dots numerous1 small1      whitish1     
inconspicuous1 clustered about the apex2
 stem thick1      three-quarters inch   
long1 thickly pubescent1 adhering well  

to      the fruit2 skin tough1          
separating readily2 flesh deep yellow1  
juicy1 a little coarse and fibrous1 firm
 but tender1 very      sweet1 with a    
pleasant1 mild flavor1 aromatic2 very   
good to      best2 stone clinging1 one  
inch by five-eighths inch in size1      
long-oval1 slightly necked at the base1 
bluntly acute at the      apex1 with    
rough surfaces2 ventral suture broad1   
blunt2 dorsal      suture with a wide1  
shallow groove4      ,,peters           
,illustration3 ,,peters    ,prunus      
domestica        #a4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4
 #bg4 #ahbh4 #b4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4    
,cat4      #aea4 #ahca4 #c4 ,cultivator 
#h3eb fig4 #ahfj4 #d4 ,thomas ,am4      
,fruit ,cult4 #cge fig4 #cib4 #ahfg4 #e4
 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4      #icg4   
#ahfi4 #f4 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4    
#bhi4 #ahhi4 #g4 ,mich4      ,sta4 ,bul4
 #ajc3ce4 #ahid4 #h4 ,cornell ,sta4     
,bul4 #aca3aij fig4      #de1 #aid4     
#ahig4 #i4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aah fig4
 #aija4 #aj4      ,budd-,hansen ,am4    

,hort4 ,man4 #cba1 #cbb fig4 #aijc4     
,peter's ,large ,yellow #a1 #b4 ,peter's
 ,yellow ,gage #aj4 ,peters'            
,yellow ,gage #c1 #d1 #f1 #g4 ,peter's  
,yellow ,gage #e1 #h4 ,peters           
,yellow ,gage #i4    ,peters is an      
excellent old plum probably ranking in  
quality with the best  varieties in the 
group to which it belongs--a sufficient 
recommendation  to make it desirable in 
any home collection of fruit4 ,this     
variety1  however1 is not equal in      
appearance to any one of several other  
sorts in  its group1 lacking size and   
color4 ,the trees are large1 hardy1     
robust  and healthy1 surpassing in these
 respects most of the other ,reine      
,claude  sorts4 ,the tree-characters    
have made this variety a prime favorite 
in  western ,new ,york for two          
generations1 one pomologist after       
another  recommending it for this       
section4 ,the fruits are not            
sufficiently  attractive to sell well1  
however1 and the variety is now going   

out of  cultivation except for the      
amateur4 ,while a very good plum it does
  not appear to be worth growing in     
competition with ,hand1 ,washington1    
,mc,laughlin1 ,jefferson1 ,spaulding and
 the latest comer among these           
high-quality plums1 ,pearl4    ,of the  
origin of this old plum we have no      
certain information4 ,william  ,prince1 
the first pomologist to mention it1 gave
 a brief description  of the variety in 
his 8,a ,short ,treatise on             
,horticulture0 published in  #ahbh but  
says nothing in regard to its history4  
,in #ahca the ,london  ,horticultural   
,society listed it in its fruit catalog 
but otherwise the  variety is not       
mentioned in the ,european pomologies4  
,tree very large1 vigorous1 round and   
dense-topped1 hardy1      productive2   
branches thick1 ash-gray1 smooth except 
for the      numerous1 rather large1    
raised lenticels2 branchlets thick1     
short1 with short internodes1           
greenish-red changing to dark           

brownish-drab1 dull1 pubescent          
throughout the season1 with             
numerous1 inconspicuous1 small          
lenticels2 leaf-buds medium in      size
 and length1 pointed1 free4             
,leaves flattened1 obovate or oval1 two 
inches wide1 four      inches long2     
upper surface covered with numerous     
hairs1 with      a shallow groove on the
 midrib2 lower surface silvery-green1   
heavily pubescent2 apex abruptly pointed
 or acute1 base rather      abrupt1     
margin slightly crenate1 eglandular or  
with few1 small1      dark glands2      
petiole three-eighths inch long1 thick1 
tinged      red1 pubescent1 glandless or
 with one or two small1 globose or      
reniform1 greenish-brown glands usually 
on the stalk4        ,blooming season   
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing with the leaves1 one and
 one-eighth inches wide1      white1    
creamy at the apex2 borne on lateral    
spurs or buds1      singly or in pairs2 
pedicels about one inch long1 below     

medium in thickness1 pubescent1         
greenish2 calyx-tube green1             
obconic1 pubescent2 calyx-lobes broad1  
obtuse1 pubescent on      both surfaces1
 glandular-serrate and with fine        
marginal hairs1      reflexed2 petals   
roundish-oval or obovate1 dentate to    
slightly      crenate2 anthers yellow1  
with a slight trace of red2 filaments   
three-eighths inch long2 pistil         
glabrous1 longer than the      stamens4 
,fruit late1 season rather short2 about 
one and one-half inches      in         
diameter1 roundish1 compressed1 halves  
equal2 cavity very      shallow1 narrow1
 abrupt2 suture shallow2 apex flattened 
or      depressed2 color dull           
yellowish-green1 often blushed or       
mottled      on the sunny side1 covered 
with thick bloom2 dots numerous1        
large1 whitish1 conspicuous2 stem one   
and one-eighth inches      long1        
pubescent1 adhering well to the fruit2  
skin thin1 tough1      separating       
readily2 flesh golden-yellow1 juicy1    

somewhat      fibrous1 firm but tender1 
sweet next the skin but sour near the   
center1 with pleasant flavor2 very good2
 stone clinging1 one      inch by       
three-quarters inch in size1 oval1      
turgid1 somewhat      acute at the base 
and apex1 with pitted surfaces2 ventral 
suture wide1 indistinctly furrowed1     
often with a short wing2      dorsal    
suture widely and deeply grooved4       
,,pond    ,illustration3 ,,pond         
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,lond4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aea4 #ahca4 #b4     
,mag4 ,hort4      #i3afe4 #ahdc4 #c4    
,horticulturist #f3efj fig4 #ahea4 #d4  
,gard4 ,chron4 #ac3bbh4 #ahec4 #e4 ,am4 
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bad4      #ahef4 #f4 
,ann4 ,pom4 ,belge #i1 fig4 #aheg4 #g4  
,cultivator      #h3eb fig4 #ahfj4 #h4  
,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cdc4 #ahfg4 
#i4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #icg fig4 
#ahfi4 #aj4 ,pom4      ,france #g3 ,no4 
#b4 #ahga4 #aa4 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3e1  
fig4 #c4      #ahhf-gc4 #ab4 ,mich4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dff4 #ahhc4 #ac4    

,hogg      ,fruit ,man4 #gag4 #ahhd4    
#ad4 ,cal4 ,state ,bd4 ,hort4 ,rpt4     
#bib4      #ahhe-hf4 #ae4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #ddb4 #ahhi4 #af4 ,mich4         
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dfe4 #ahic4 #ag4    
,guide ,prat4 #aee1 #cff4 #ahie4        
#ah4 ,oregon ,sta4 ,bul4 #de3bi fig4    
#ahig4 #ai4 ,cornell      ,sta4 ,bul4   
#aca3aij4 #ahig4 #bj4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4      #ib4 #ahii4 #ba4 ,ohio
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aac3afj1 ,pl4 ,,xvi fig4  
#ahii4      #bb4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#acd3dd4 #aijb4 #bc4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4 
,hort4 ,man4 #cbb4 #aijc4        ,chili 
7,kerr unpublished74 ,diamant #ae incor4
      ,diamantpflaume #ag incor4 ,dorr's
 ,favorite #ab4 ,english ,pond's        
,seedling #c4 ,farleigh ,castle #ac1    
#ae4 ,fonthill #d1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1        
#ac1 #ae1 #ag1 #bc4 ,gros ,prune #ad4   
,grosse ,prune d',agen #ah1      #bj4   
,hungarian #ah4 ,hungarian #bj4         
,hungarian ,prune #af1 #ai4             
,hungarian ,prune #ad4 ,oswego #bj4     
,oswego #ai4 ,plum de l',inde 8#c4      

,plum de l',inde #i1 #ae4 ,pond's       
,purple #i1 #aj1 #ac1 #ae1 #ag4         
,pond's ,seedling 7,english7 #aa1 #ad1  
#ag4 ,pond's ,seedling #a1      #b1 #d1 
#e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #af1 
#ba4 ,pond's ,seedling #ad1      #ae1   
#ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bc4 ,pond ,seedling #bj4
 ,pond's ,samling #ae1 #ag4             
,pourpre de ,pond #aj1 #ae1 #ag4 ,pride 
of ,waterloo #bj4 ,semis      de ,pond  
#aj1 #ae4 ,semis de ,pond #ag4    ,pond 
is preeminent among plums for its large 
size4 ,it is distinguished  also by its 
form and its color1 both being pleasing 
as well as  distinctive4 ,the three     
characters1 size1 form and color make   
this one  of the handsomest of all      
plums4 ,despite the efforts of the      
color-plate  makers1 the peculiar red of
 this plum is not well shown in the     
illustration--to the disparagement of   
the fruit4 ,at one time ,pond was very  
largely grown in ,new ,york but the     
fruits are not as perfect1 grown here1  
as on the ,pacific ,coast and the trees 

are not regular in bearing4 ,the  eye is
 pleased with ,pond but the palate is   
sadly disappointed2 at best  it is not  
even second-rate4 ,the fruits1 however1 
ship and keep well1 as  is demonstrated 
by the large quantities of this variety 
annually sent  from ,california to the  
,east for sale on fruit-stands where its
 showiness  perennially beguiles the    
uninformed fruit-buyer4 ,there is a fine
  opportunity for some one to cross this
 splendid-appearing plum with one  of   
good quality in the hope of getting an  
offspring as handsome but of  better    
quality4    ,this variety was obtained  
from seed by ,mr4 ,pond1 an ,english    
amateur  grower of fruits1 concerning   
whom there seems to be no further       
information4 ,the ,london ,horticultural
 ,society mentioned the variety as  long
 ago as in #ahca4 ,another ,mr4 ,pond1 a
 nurseryman in ,massachusetts1  grew a  
variety very similar in appearance to   
the ,english plum and  permitted his    
name to be given it to the great        

confusion of the  nomenclature of the   
two4 ,the ,hungarian prune of the       
,pacific ,coast is  ,pond1 why so-called
 does not appear2 with this as with     
several other  plums the ,pacific ,coast
 fruit-growers persist in using a name  
known to  have been wrongly applied to  
an old and well-known variety elsewhere 
called rightly4 ,oswego1 a supposed     
seedling grown in ,oswego1 ,new ,york1  
is identical with the ,pond as tested by
 this ,experiment ,station and by  local
 growers4 ,the ,american ,pomological   
,society placed this fruit on its       
catalog list in #ahef4        ,tree of  
medium size1 vigorous1 upright1 hardy1  
variable in      productiveness2        
branches light gray1 smooth1 with small1
      raised lenticels2 branchlets of   
medium thickness and length1      with  
internodes of average length1           
greenish-red changing to                
brownish-drab1 dull1 sparingly          
pubescent1 with inconspicuous      small
 lenticels2 leaf-buds large1 long1      

conical1 free2      leaf-scars plump1   
often much enlarged at the apex of the  
twigs4        ,leaves somewhat folded   
backward1 oval1 two and one-quarter     
inches wide1 four inches long1 thick1   
leathery2 upper surface      dark green1
 finely pubescent1 rugose1 with a       
grooved midrib2      lower surface      
silvery-green1 pubescent2 apex abruptly 
pointed      or acute1 base abrupt1     
margin crenate or serrate1 with small   
dark glands2 petiole five-eighths inch  
long1 thick1 pubescent1      tinged red1
 with one or two globose1 yellowish     
glands variable      in size1 usually on
 the stalk4        ,season of bloom     
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing after the leaves1 one   
and five-sixteenths inches      across1 
white2 borne in thin clusters on lateral
 spurs and      buds1 singly or in      
pairs2 pedicels thirteen-sixteenths inch
      long1 pubescent1 greenish2        
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1          
pubescent2 calyx-lobes broad1 obtuse1   

lightly pubescent on both      surfaces1
 margins with few glands and hairs1     
reflexed2 petals      roundish1 crenate1
 tapering to short1 broad claws2        
filaments      seven-sixteenths inch    
long2 pistil glabrous1 equal to or      
shorter than the stamens4        ,fruit 
late1 season short2 two inches by one   
and three-quarters      inches in size1 
obovate or oval1 frequently with a      
slight      neck1 halves equal2 cavity  
shallow1 narrow1 abrupt2 suture         
very shallow1 often a line2 apex        
roundish2 color varies from             
reddish-purple to purplish-red1         
overspread with thick bloom2      dots  
numerous1 small1 reddish-brown1 obscure1
 larger in size      but fewer in number
 towards the base2 stem thick1          
seven-eighths      inch long1 heavily   
pubescent1 adhering well to the fruit2  
skin      tough1 separating readily2    
flesh attractive golden-yellow1 not     
very juicy1 fibrous1 firm1 of average   
sweetness1 mild1 not      highly        

flavored2 fair in quality2 stone        
semi-free to free1 one      and         
one-sixteenths inches by nine-sixteenths
 inch in size1      long-oval1          
flattened1 the surfaces roughened and   
deeply pitted1      tapering towards the
 base and apex2 ventral suture heavily  
furrowed1 with a distinct but not       
prominent wing2 dorsal suture           
usually widely and deeply grooved4      
,,poole ,,pride    ,prunus munsoniana   
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ajh4 #ahhe4 
#b4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4      #ch3ej4   
#ahib4 #c4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ccd4
 #ahid4 #d4 ,wis4      ,sta4 ,bul4      
#fc3bd1 #ec4 #ahig4 #e4 ,ibid4 #hg3ae4  
#aija4 #f4      ,waugh ,plum ,cult4     
#ahf4 #aija4 #g4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4     
,hort4 ,man4      #bii4 #aijc4 #h4 ,ohio
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bde fig41 #bef1 #beg4 
#aije4        ,kroh #a1 #f4 ,kroh #c1   
#g4 ,poole #b1 #g4 ,poole #f4 ,poole's  
,pride #c1      #d1 #e4 ,poole's ,pride 
#b1 #f1 #g4    ,as compared with other  
native plums growing on the grounds at  

this  ,station1 ,poole ,pride has       
considerable merit4 ,it is very         
attractive in  appearance1 it seems to  
have all the characters of a            
long-keeping and  a good-shipping sort  
of its species and the trees are large1 
vigorous1  hardy1 healthy and           
productive4 ,it is1 however1 lacking in 
the very  important character of flavor 
though the texture of the flesh is all  
that  could be desired4 ,its very       
peculiar flavor1 incomparable with any  
other  plum or fruit1 while disagreeable
 to the writer1 might be liked by some4 
,the flesh of this plum is so           
transparent that the pit can be readily 
seen  when the skin is removed4 ,to     
those growing native plums1 ,poole      
,pride is  recommended for trial4       
,this variety was raised by ,p4 ,h4     
,kroh1 ,anna1 ,illinois1 and was        
exhibited  by him under the name ,kroh  
at the ,american ,pomological ,society  
meeting in  #ahhe4 ,three years later   
the same plum was introduced by ,stark  

,brothers1  ,louisiana1 ,missouri1 under
 the name of ,poole's ,pride4 ,the      
latter name has  been so much more      
widely used that it has been retained   
even though the  former is correct      
according to the rule of priority4      
,tree large1 vigorous1 open and         
round-topped1 hardy1 productive1        
healthy2 branches rough1 zigzag1 with   
few thorns1 dark      ash-gray1 with    
numerous1 small lenticels2 branchlets   
twiggy1      slender1 above medium in   
length1 with short internodes1          
greenish-red changing to light          
chestnut-red1 glabrous1 with            
numerous1 very conspicuous1 large1      
raised lenticels2 leaf-buds      small1 
short1 obtuse1 plump1 appressed4        
,leaves folded upward1 ovate or obovate1
 peach-like1 one and      three-eighths 
inches wide1 three and one-half inches  
long1      thin and leathery2 upper     
surface dull red late in the season1    
smooth1 glossy1 with a narrow groove on 
the midrib2 lower      surface lightly  

pubescent2 apex taper-pointed1 base     
rather      abrupt1 margin finely       
crenate1 with small dark glands2 petiole
      seven-eighths inch long1 slender1 
hairy1 light purplish-red1      with    
from one to four small1 globose1        
reddish-brown glands on      the stalk4 
,blooming season late and long2 flowers 
appearing after the      leaves1        
five-eighths inch across1 white2 borne  
in clusters on      short lateral spurs 
and buds2 pedicels nine-sixteenths inch 
long1 very slender1 glabrous1 green2    
calyx-tube greenish1      campanulate1  
glabrous2 calyx-lobes narrow1 obtuse1   
heavily      pubescent within and along 
the margin which is serrate and         
covered with reddish glands1 erect2     
petals small1 ovate      or roundish1   
crenate1 tapering into long pubescent   
claws2      anthers yellowish2 filaments
 five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil      
glabrous1 shorter than the stamens4     
,fruit early1 season very long2 one inch
 in diameter1      roundish-oval1 not   

compressed1 halves equal2 cavity very   
shallow and narrow2 suture a distinct   
line2 apex roundish2      color clear1  
dark1 currant-red1 with thin bloom2 dots
 few1      large1 light russet1         
conspicuous1 clustered about the apex2  
stem slender1 five-eighths inch long1   
glabrous1 but overspread      with a    
grayish bloom1 adhering to the fruit2   
skin thin1      tough1 separating from  
the pulp2 flesh semi-transparent1 dark  
amber-yellow1 very juicy1 fibrous1      
tender and melting1 sweet1      with a  
strong1 peculiar flavor not pleasant2 of
 fair quality2      stone adhering1     
five-eighths inch by three-eighths inch 
in      size1 long-oval1 slightly       
flattened1 compressed at the base1      
pointed at the apex1 roughish2 ventral  
suture blunt1 faintly      ridged2      
dorsal suture acute1 entire4            
,,pottawattamie    ,illustration3       
,,pottawattamie    ,prunus munsoniana   
#a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bhg4 #ahhg4
 #b4 ,pop4 ,gard4 #c3bg      fig4 #ahhg4

 #c4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3fd4 #hf4  
#ahib4 #d4      ,mich ,sta4 ,bul4       
#abc3bj4 #ahie4 #e4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ca3cdf4      #ahie4 #f4 ,wis4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #fc3ec4 #ahig4 #g4 ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4      ,cat4 #be4 #ahig4 #h4 ,ohio  
,sta4 ,bul4 #aac3aef4 #ahii4 #i4        
,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhg4 #aijj4 #aj4   
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aii      fig4      
#aija4 #aa4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bgi4   
#aijd4    ,the plum under notice is     
possibly of greater cultural value than 
any  other of its species especially for
 northern latitudes4 ,it is of high     
quality for a native plum1 the texture  
of the fruit being especially  pleasing 
in eating1 and though melting and juicy 
it keeps and ships  very well because of
 a tough skin4 ,it escapes both the     
curculio and the  brown-rot to a higher 
degree than most of its kind4 ,the      
trees1 though  dwarfish at maturity1 are
 vigorous1 productive and among the     
hardiest  of the ,munsoniana plums1     
growing without danger of winter injury 

to  tree or bud as far north as the     
forty-fourth parallel4 ,pottawattamie is
  deservedly one of the best known of   
the native plums and if varieties of    
its species are to be grown in ,new     
,york1 is as desirable as any4          
,pottawattamie1 according to the most   
authoritative accounts1 was taken  from 
,tennessee to ,iowa with a lot of ,miner
 trees4 ,it came under the  notice of   
,j4 ,b4 ,rice1 ,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa1 
in #ahge1 and was introduced  by him and
 named after one of the counties of his 
,state4        ,tree medium in size1    
strong and vigorous when young becoming 
spreading and somewhat dwarfish when    
older1 round-topped1 hardy      at      
,geneva1 usually productive2 branches   
dark brown1 zigzag1      thorny1        
roughened by the numerous1 raised       
lenticels of various      sizes which   
are often narrow and much elongated2    
branchlets      slender1 long1 with     
internodes of medium length1            
greenish-red      changing to dark      

chestnut-red1 glabrous1 with numerous1  
conspicuous1 large1 raised lenticels2   
leaf-buds small1 short1      obtuse1    
free4        ,leaves flat or folded     
upward1 lanceolate1 peach-like1 one and 
one-eighth inches wide1 three and       
one-quarter inches long1      thin2     
upper surface light green1 reddish late 
in the season1      smooth1 glossy1 with
 a grooved midrib2 lower surface pale   
green1 lightly pubescent along the      
midrib and larger veins2      apex      
taper-pointed1 base abrupt1 margin      
finely serrate or      crenate1 with    
small1 reddish glands2 petiole one inch 
long1      slender1 tinged red1 thinly  
pubescent1 glandless or with from       
one to five very small1 globose1        
reddish-yellow glands usually      on   
the stalk4        ,blooming season late 
and long2 flowers appearing after the   
leaves1 five-eighths inch across1       
creamy-white as the buds      unfold    
changing to whitish1 with a disagreeable
 odor2 borne      in clusters from      

lateral buds1 in threes1 fours or fives2
      pedicels five-eighths inch long1  
very slender1 glabrous1      greenish2  
calyx-tube green1 broadly obconic1      
glabrous1      calyx-lobes narrow1      
somewhat acute1 pubescent on the inner  
surface1 serrate1 with reddish glands   
and hairy margin1 erect2      petals    
small1 oval1 slightly toothed1 narrowly 
clawed2 anthers      yellowish2         
filaments one-quarter inch long2 pistil 
glabrous1      shorter than the stamens4
        ,fruit early1 season of medium  
length2 variable in size ranging        
from seven-eighths inch to one and      
one-eighth inches in      diameter1     
roundish-oval1 slightly compressed1     
halves equal2      cavity very shallow  
and narrow1 abrupt2 suture indistinct2  
apex roundish or depressed2 color clear 
currant-red1 with      thin bloom2 dots 
few1 medium to large1 whitish1 somewhat 
conspicuous1 clustered about the apex2  
stem very slender1      three-quarters  
inch long1 glabrous1 adhering poorly to 

the      fruit2 skin tough1 cracking    
under unfavorable conditions1           
separating readily2 flesh deep yellow1  
juicy1 fibrous1 tender      and melting1
 sweet next the skin but sour at the    
center1 of      pleasant flavor2 fair to
 good in quality2 stone clinging        
closely1 five-eighths inch by           
three-eighths inch in size1      narrow1
 long-oval1 turgid1 smooth1 flattened   
and necked at the      base1 abruptly   
sharp-tipped at the apex2 ventral suture
 acute1      inconspicuous2 dorsal      
suture blunt1 faintly grooved4          
,,purple ,,gage    ,prunus domestica    
#a4 ,pom4 ,mag4 #c3abi1 ,pl4 #ahcj4 #b4 
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,cat4 #aeb1    
#aec4 #ahca4 #c4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees   
,am4 #cjh fig4      #abg4 #ahde4 #d4    
,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4 #e4   
,thomas      ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cci4   
#ahdi4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ed4  
#aheb4 #g4 ,ann4 ,pom4 ,belge #c3ga1    
,pl4 #ahee4 #h4 ,thompson      ,gard4   
,ass't #eai1 ,pl4 #a4 #ahei4 #i4 ,hogg  

,fruit ,man4 #cgg4      #ahff4 #aj4     
,pom4 ,france #g3 ,no4 #i4 #ahga4 #aa4  
,mas ,le      ,verger #f3c fig4 #b4     
#ahff-gc4 #ab4 ,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4       
,france      #cfg4 #ahhg4 #ac4 ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #deb4 #ahhi4 #ad4 ,guide    
,prat4 #aee1 #cfd4 #ahie4        ,blaue 
,reine-,claude #aj1 #aa1 #ac incor41    
#ad4 ,die ,violette      ,knigin        
,claudia #ac4 ,die ,violette ,knigin    
,claudie #a4 ,die      ,violette ,kning 
,claudie #c4 ,die ,violette oder blaue  
,renoclode      #aj1 #ad4 ,die ,violette
 oder ,blaue ,reneclode #aa1 #ac4       
,purple      ,gage #b1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1    
#ab1 #ac1 #ad4 ,prune ,reine ,claude    
,violette      #d1 #aj4 ,reine-,claude  
,alex4 ,dumas #ad4 ,reine-,claude       
,violette      #b1 #g1 #h1 #aa1 #ab1    
#ad4 ,reine-,claude ,violette #a1 #c1   
#e1 #i1 #ac4      ,violet ,queen ,claude
 #c1 #e4 ,violet ,gage #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1
 #ac1      #ad4 ,violette ,reine-,claude
 #ac4 ,violet ,gage #b4 ,violette ,queen
      ,claude #ac4 ,violet oder ,blaue  

,reneclode #ac4    ,purple ,gage is     
worthy of attention as one of the best  
flavored of all  purple plums4 ,in all  
but color of fruit it is a true ,gage1  
to say which  is a sufficient           
characterization as to quality4 ,in size
 it averages  larger than most of the   
,gages or ,reine ,claude plums1 and in  
color is a  rich dark purple as         
attractive as any of the purple plums4  
,another good  quality of the fruit is  
that of hanging to the tree until it    
shrivels  at which time it is richest in
 flavor4 ,unfortunately the trees1 while
  averaging very well in other respects1
 are not productive and the variety     
cannot be recommended for money-making  
though it well deserves a place in  home
 orchards4    ,purple ,gage is a        
,european variety of unknown origin1    
though in the  ,catalogue descriptif des
 fruits adoptes par le ,congres         
pomologique for  #ahhg1 it is said to   
have been raised by ,m4 ,galopin of     
,liege1 ,belgium4  ,as it was not       

mentioned by ,duhamel in his ,traite des
 ,arbres ,fruitiers  in #agfh1 it is    
thought to have been unknown at that    
date4 ,english and  ,american authors   
generally apply the name ,purple ,gage  
to this variety but  in continental     
countries the name ,reine ,claude       
,violette is most common4  ,it was      
imported into ,america early in the last
 century and in #aheb was  added to the 
recommended list of fruits in the       
,american ,pomological  ,society        
catalog4        ,tree large1 vigorous1  
round-topped1 hardy1 not very           
productive2      branches numerous1     
light ash-gray1 with few1 small1 raised 
lenticels2 branchlets thick1 above      
medium in length1 with      rather short
 internodes1 greenish-red changing to   
brownish-red1      marked with much     
scarf-skin1 glabrous throughout the     
season1      with few1 small1           
slightly-raised lenticels2 leaf-buds of 
medium size and length1 conical1        
appressed2 leaf-scars greatly           

enlarged4        ,leaves folded upward1 
oval1 one and three-quarters inches     
wide1 three and one-half inches long1   
thick1 stiff2 upper      surface dark   
green1 distinctly rugose1 lightly       
pubescent1 with      a shallow groove on
 the midrib2 lower surface              
silvery-green1      covered with thick  
pubescence2 apex abruptly pointed or    
acute1      base rather abrupt1 margin  
serrate or crenate1 eglandular or       
with small dark glands2 petiole         
three-quarters inch long1      thick1   
greenish1 pubescent1 glandless or with  
one or two rather      large1 globose1  
yellowish-green glands variable in      
position4        ,blooming season late1 
of medium length2 flowers appearing with
      the leaves1 nearly one and        
one-quarter inches across1 white2       
borne from lateral buds1 usually singly2
 pedicels five-eighths      inch long1  
thick1 pubescent1 greenish2 calyx-tube  
green1      campanulate1 glabrous2      
calyx-lobes narrow1 obtuse1 lightly     

pubescent on both surfaces1             
glandular-serrate1 reflexed2      petals
 obovate or oval1 crenate1 short-clawed2
 anthers yellow2      filaments nearly  
one-half inch long2 pistil glabrous     
except at      the base1 shorter than   
the stamens4        ,fruit intermediate 
in time and length of ripening season2  
one      and one-half inches by one and 
three-eighths inches in size1           
roundish or ovate1 slightly compressed1 
halves equal2 cavity      shallow1      
narrow1 abrupt2 suture very shallow1    
often a line2      apex variable in     
shape2 color dark purple or             
purplish-black1      overspread with    
thick bloom2 dots numerous1 russet1     
conspicuous      when the bloom is      
removed1 clustered about the apex2 stem 
five-eighths inch long1 thinly          
pubescent1 adhering well to      the    
fruit2 skin thin1 separating readily2   
flesh dull yellow1      juicy1 somewhat 
fibrous1 firm but tender1 sweet1 of     
pleasant      flavor2 very good2 stone  

semi-clinging1 seven-eighths inch       
by five-eighths inch in size1           
irregular-oval1 flat1 often             
contracted at the base into a long      
narrow neck1 blunt at      the apex1    
with markedly rough and pitted surfaces2
 ventral      suture swollen1 rather    
wide1 distinctly furrowed1 often with a 
prominent wing2 dorsal suture with a    
wide and deep groove4      ,,quackenboss
    ,illustration3 ,,quackenboss        
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,downing   
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cic4 #aheg4 #b4       
,cultivator      #f3bfi fig4 #aheh4 #c4 
,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cde4 #ahfg4 
#d4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ida4     
#ahfi4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,cat4  
#bd4 #ahga4 #f4 ,mas4 ,pom4 ,gen4       
#b3aea1 fig4 #gf4 #ahgc4      #g4 ,barry
 ,fr4 ,garden #dae4 #ahhc4 #h4 ,mich4   
,sta4 ,bul4      #ajc3cd1 fig4 #f4      
#ahid4 #i4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 
#eb4      #ahie4 #aj4 ,cornell ,sta4    
,bul4 #aca3aia1 fig4 #dj ,,ii4 #ahig4   
#aa4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aai4 #aija4   

#ab4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #acd3dd4     
#aijb4        ,quackenbos #i1 #ab4      
,though not a leading variety1          
,quackenboss is a prominent one in the  
list of commercial sorts for ,new ,york4
 ,its fruits possess to a high  degree  
the characters which make a good market 
plum2 they are of large  size1 averaging
 nearly an inch and a half in diameter2 
round-oval1 a  better shape for the     
markets than the prune shapes2 very     
prepossessing  in color--a handsome1    
dark purple with heavy bloom2 the flesh 
is tender  and juicy with a sweet1      
pleasant flavor making it one of the    
good  purple plums1 though not one of   
the best in quality4 ,the tree is large1
  vigorous1 hardy1 with a round and     
spreading top4 ,this gives it great     
bearing capacity but though productive  
in the ,station orchard1 the  variety   
does not have the reputation of being   
fruitful and fails chiefly  as a        
commercial sort for this reason4 ,it is 
a late-maturing variety and  comes on   

the market at a time when plums are     
wanted for home canning1 the  demand for
 this purpose1 for which it is most     
suitable1 helping greatly  its sale4    
,the variety has two peculiarities2 the 
petals are comparatively  distinct from 
each other giving the flower1 or a tree 
in flower1 an odd  appearance2 and the  
leaves are remarkably variable in size4 
,it is not quite certain when or where  
this variety first came to  notice4 ,c4 
,reagles1 a competent authority1 of     
,schenectady1 ,new ,york1 in  describing
 the ,quackenboss for ,the ,cultivator  
in #aheh1 says 8,there  is a seedling   
tree of this identical sort in the      
garden of ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4  ,groot of this  
city1 which is about thirty years old40 
,if true1 this  puts its origin in      
,schenectady at about #ahbh4 ,but beyond
 question a ,mr4  ,quackenboss of       
,greenbush1 ,new ,york1 introduced the  
variety1 though some  years later1 and  
it has taken his name4 ,in #ahga1 the   
,american ,pomological  ,society placed 

the ,quackenboss on its recommended     
fruit list4        ,tree very large and 
vigorous1 round-topped1 hardy1          
productive2      branches numerous1     
ash-gray1 the trunk rough but the limbs 
smooth1 with smallish raised lenticels2 
branchlets thick1 with      long        
internodes1 greenish-red changing to    
brownish-drab over      red1 dull1      
pubescent1 with numerous1 small         
lenticels2 leaf-buds      of medium size
 and length1 pointed1 free4             
,leaves flattened1 obovate or oval1     
variable in size averaging      one and 
seven-eighths inches wide by three and  
five-eighths      inches long2 upper    
surface very dark green1 nearly         
glabrous1      with a grooved midrib2   
lower surface pale green1 pubescent2    
apex obtuse1 base tapering1 margin      
finely serrate1 with small      black   
glands2 petiole five-eighths inch long1 
pubescent1      faintly tinged red1     
glandless or with from one to four      
small1      globose1 greenish-yellow    

glands usually on the stalk4            
,blooming season intermediate in time   
and length2 flowers      appearing after
 the leaves1 one and one-eighth inches  
across1      white1 with a yellow tinge 
at the tips of the opening buds2        
scattered on lateral spurs1 singly or in
 pairs2 pedicels      three-quarters    
inch long1 above medium in thickness1   
finely      pubescent1 greenish2        
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1 glabrous2
      calyx-lobes obtuse1 lightly       
pubescent1 glandular-serrate1           
reflexed2 petals obovate1 crenate1 with 
broad claws of medium      length2      
anthers yellow with a reddish tinge2    
filaments      seven-sixteenths inch    
long2 pistil glabrous except on the     
ovary1 shorter than the stamens4        
,fruit late1 season short2 one and      
five-eighths inches by one      and     
three-eighths inches in size1           
roundish-oval1 compressed      slightly1
 halves equal2 cavity narrow1 abrupt2   
suture shallow1      often lacking2 apex

 roundish or depressed2 color           
bluish-black1      with thick bloom2    
dots numerous1 small1 yellowish-brown1  
inconspicuous2 stem three-quarters inch 
long1 pubescent1      adhering well to  
the fruit2 skin tender1 somewhat        
astringent2      flesh deep yellow1     
juicy1 tender1 sweet1 of pleasant1 mild 
flavor2 good2 stone semi-free1 one inch 
by five-eighths inch      in size1      
flattened1 irregular-oval1 tapering to a
 long1 narrow      neck at the base1    
bluntly acute at the apex1 with rough   
and      pitted surfaces2 ventral suture
 prominent1 heavily furrowed1           
distinctly ridged2 dorsal suture acute1 
often with a narrow1      indistinct1   
shallow groove4      ,,red ,,apricot    
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,knoop     
,fructologie #b3eb1 #ed4 #agga4 #b4     
,kraft ,pom4      ,aust4 #b3bg1 ,tab4   
#agb fig4 #a4 #agif4 #c4 ,prince ,pom4  
,man4      #b3gb4 #ahcb4 #d4 ,poiteau   
,pom4 ,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4 #e4            
,goodrich ,n4 ,fr4 ,cult4 #hc4 #ahdi4   

#f4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3abg1      fig4  
#fd4 #ahgc4 #g4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gbj4
 #ahhd4 #h4 ,mathieu      ,nom4 ,pom4   
#ddg4 #ahhi4 #i4 ,lucas ,vollst4 ,hand4 
,obst4 #dgd4      #ahid4        ,abricot
 ,rouge #a4 ,abricote ,rouge #c4        
,apricot ,plum #e4 ,abricote      ,rouge
 #f4 ,abricot ,rouge #f1 #g1 #h4        
,abricote ,rouge #g1 #h4 ,die           
,aprikosenpflaume #b4 ,frstenzeller     
,pflaume #h4 ,frstenzeller              
,reine-,claude #f4 ,prune d',abricot    
,rouge #a1 #h4 ,prune      d',abricos   
#b4 ,prune d',abricot rouge #a4 ,prune  
,abricote ,rouge #d4      ,red ,apricot 
,plum #c4 ,rothe ,aprikosenpflaume #f4  
,red ,apricot      #f1 #h4 ,rote        
,aprikosenpflaume #h4 ,rote             
,aprikosenzwetsche #i4    ,this plum1   
well known in ,europe1 is probably not  
now grown in ,america  and it may not   
deserve recognition here except for its 
historical  interest4 ,red ,apricot is  
probably an inferior off-shoot of the   
,apricot  plum although no definite     

record of its lineage is obtainable4 ,it
 does  not seem to have been known until
 nearly one hundred and fifty years     
after the ,apricot was brought to       
notice4 ,kraft figured and described a  
long prune-like red plum under this name
 but because of its shape his  plum was 
undoubtedly spurious4 ,the variety was  
rejected by the ,american  ,pomological 
,society in #ahef4 ,it is described as  
follows3        ,tree vigorous1 shoots  
glabrous2 fruit mid-season1 large1      
roundish2 color red over yellow2 suture 
shallow2 cavity small2      stem an inch
 long1 stout2 flesh yellow1 dryish1     
inferior in      flavor2 poor2          
freestone4      ,,red ,,date    ,prunus 
domestica        #a4 ,parkinson ,par4   
,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4 #b4 ,rea ,flora #bjh4
      #afgf4 #c4 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4    
#b3aebi4 #afhh4 #d4 ,kraft ,pom4        
,aust4 #b3dc1 ,tab4 #aif fig4 #b4 #agif4
 #e4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,cat4     
#adg4 #ahca4 #f4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4   
#ddg4 #ahhi4        ,a ,fleur ,double   

#e4 ,dattel ,pflaume #f4 ,dattel        
,zwetsche      #f4 ,die grosse rothe    
,feigenpflaume #d4 ,figue ,grose ,rouge 
#e4      ,figue ,grosse ,rouge #f4 ,frh 
,zwetsche #f4 ,grosse ,rote      ,feigen
 ,pflaume #f4 ,lange ,violette ,dattel  
,zwetsche #f4 ,lange      ,violette     
,dattel ,pflaume #f4 ,prune figue grosse
 rouge #d4      ,prune d',autriche #f4  
,prune ,figue #f4 ,prune ,datte #f4     
,purpur ,pflaume #f4 ,red ,date-plum #c4
 ,rote4 ,dattelzwetsche #f4      ,rote  
,feigen ,pflaume #f4 ,turkische         
,zwetsche #f4 ,ungarische      ,zwetsche
 #f4 ,wilmot's ,russian #e4 ,zucker     
,zwetsche #f4    ,red ,date is an       
interesting variety because of its very 
peculiar shape  which is that of an     
elongated curved date4 ,its flavor is   
agreeable  and all of the characters of 
fruit and tree are as good as in the    
average variety2 yet it can probably be 
counted as nothing more than  an        
interesting curiosity4 ,parkinson       
described the ,red ,date as long ago  as

 #afbi and it seems to have maintained a
 place in horticulture since  then4 ,the
 variety was imported from ,france in   
#aija by the ,united ,states            
,department of ,agriculture from which  
source trees were obtained by this      
,station4        ,tree of medium size1  
upright-spreading1 dense-topped1        
productive2 branches thorny2 branchlets 
developing many      laterals on the new
 wood at right angles to the direction  
of growth1 thickly pubescent2 leaf-buds 
free2 leaves folded      backward1      
obovate1 one and one-half inches by     
three and      one-quarter inches long2 
margin crenate1 with small dark         
glands2 petiole pubescent1 rather long1 
glandless or with from      one to three
 small glands2 blooming season          
intermediate in time      and length2   
flowers appearing after the leaves1     
seven-eighths      inch across2 borne in
 scattering clusters on lateral buds and
      spurs1 singly or in pairs4        
,fruit mid-season2 one and five-eighths 

inches by one inch in      size1 long   
irregular-oval1 enlarged on the suture  
side1 dark      purplish-red1 with thick
 bloom2 flesh golden-yellow1 rather     
dry1 firm1 sweet1 mild2 of fair quality2
 stone free1 one and      one-eighth    
inches by one-half inch in size1 very   
long and      narrow1 somewhat oblique1 
acute and oblique at both base and      
apex2 ventral suture blunt2 dorsal      
suture with a long1 narrow1      deep   
groove4      ,,red ,,diaper    ,prunus  
domestica        #a4 ,quintinye ,com4   
,gard4 #fg1 #fh1 #fi4 #afii4 #b4 ,miller
      ,gard4 ,kal4 #ahd4 #agcd4 #c4     
,knoop ,fructologie #b3eg4 #agfa4       
#d4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3ajb1 
,pl4 ,,xx fig4 #ab4 #agfh4      #e4     
,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3cf1 ,tab4 #ahe   
fig4 #b4 #agif4 #f4      ,willichs ,dom4
 ,enc4 #cjj4 #ahjc4 #g4 ,pom4 ,mag4     
#a3f1 ,pl4      #ahbh4 #h4 ,prince ,pom4
 ,man4 #b3fi1 #ij4 #ahcb4 #i4 ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bih4 #ahde4 #aj4      
,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4      ,gard4

 #bhe1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #aa4    
,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4      #a3ahdf4    
#ab4 ,horticulturist #c3bi4 #ahdh4 #ac4 
,thomas      ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cce1   
fig4 #bfa4 #ahdi4 #ad4 ,horticulturist  
#d3aie4 #ahdi4 #ae4 ,ann4 ,pom4 ,belge  
#ge ,pl4 #ahec4 #af4      ,bridgeman    
,gard4 ,ass't #abh1 #abi1 #acj4 #aheg4  
#ag4 ,pom4      ,france #g3 ,no4 #aj4   
#ahga4 #ah4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ace1    
fig4      #fh4 #ahgc4 #ai4 ,le ,bon     
,jard4 #cci4 #ahhb4 #bj4 ,hogg ,fruit   
,man4 #fig4 #ahhd4 #ba4 ,cat4 ,cong4    
,pom4 ,france #cde4 #ahhg4      #bb4    
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddg4 #ahhi4 #bc4  
,guide ,prat4 #aeh1      #cfe4 #ahie4   
,amalia ,pflaume #bb1 #bc4 ,bunte       
,herzformige ,pflaume #ag1 #bb4         
,cyprische ,pflaume #bb1 #bc4 ,diapre de
 ,roche ,corbon #bb4 ,dame      ,aubert 
,rouge #bb1 #bc4 ,diademe ,imperial #bb4
 ,de ,chypre #bc4      ,diademe         
,imperiale #bc4 ,diaper #a1 #aj4 ,die   
,blutfarbige ,pflaume      #e4 ,diapre  
,rouge #c1 #d1 #i1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1  

#ba4 ,diapre ,rouge      #e1 #h1 #aj1   
#ac1 #af1 #ah1 #bb4 ,diapre ,rouge #h1  
#bb1 #bc4 ,die ,rothe      ,eierpflaume 
#ad4 ,diaper ,rouge #af4 ,diaper #ag1   
#bj1 #bb4 ,die      ,blutfarbege        
,pflaume #ag4 ,diaprea rubra #ag4       
,diademe #ai4 ,de      ,briancon #ba4   
,gluhende ,kohle #bb4 ,hoheits ,pflaume 
#bb1 #bc4      ,imperial ,diadem #h1 #i1
 #ac1 #bj1 #bb4 ,imperial ,diadem #aj1  
#af4      ,imperial ,diademe #ag1 #ba4  
,imperatrice #ai4 ,la ,roche-,corbon    
#bb4 ,la ,courbon #ag4 ,mimms #aj1 #af4 
,mimms #i1 #ac1 #ag1 #bj4      ,mimms   
,plum #aj1 #af1 #bb4 ,mimms ,plum #g1   
#h4 ,mimms ,pflaume #bb4      ,matchless
 #bb4 ,prune ,diapre ,rouge #aa4 ,prune 
,imperatrice #ae4      ,prune ,diademe  
#ae4 ,prune de ,briancon #ag4 ,prune de 
,chypre      #bb4 ,prinzessin ,pflaume  
#bb1 #bc4 ,roche-,carbon #bb4 ,rote     
,diapre #bb4 ,rouge ,corbon #bb4 ,rote  
,eier ,pflaume #bb4 ,rote               
,cyprische ,pflaume #bb4 ,rote ,marunke 
#bb4 ,rote ,osterei #bb4      ,rote     

,masche #bb4 ,rote ,ross ,pflaume #bb4  
,rothe ,eierpflaume #bc4      ,rothe    
,marunke #bc4 ,roche ,corbon #a4 ,roche 
,courbon #b4 ,roche      ,corbon #d1 #e1
 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1  
#bb4 ,roch-courbon #f4      ,red ,diaper
 #f1 #aj1 #af1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb4      
,roche ,courbon #h4 ,red      ,egg ,plum
 #ad4 ,reine de ,chypre #ad4 ,red       
,imperial #af4 ,rothe      ,diapre #ag4 
,rothe ,violen ,pflaume #ag4 ,red       
,diaper ,plum      #ag4 ,rothe          
,eierpflaume #ag4 ,rothe ,ssse ,pflaume 
#ag4 ,rothe      ,diapre #ah4           
,virginische ,pflaume #ag4    ,red      
,diaper is of historical value only1 as 
it is now rarely found4 ,it  does not   
seem to have been known as long as      
,violet ,diaper and may be an  off-shoot
 of the older variety4 ,it probably     
originated in ,france1 one of  its      
synonyms1 ,roche ,corbon1 having been   
derived from a small village near       
,tours4 ,the ,mimms plum said to have   
been raised from a stone of the ,blue   

,perdrigon about #ahjj by ,henry        
,browne1 ,north ,mimms ,place1          
,hertfordshire1  ,england1 and the      
,imperial ,diadem said to be a seedling 
of about the same  date raised at       
,duckenfield1 near ,manchester1         
,england1 are identical with  ,red      
,diaper in spite of their supposed      
separate origin4 ,the ,chypre1 or       
,prune de ,chypre1 thought by some to be
 a synonym of this variety1 is          
undoubtedly distinct1 as it is a        
clingstone and is earlier4 ,the         
following  description is compiled4     
,tree of slow growth in the nursery1    
hardy1 vigorous and      productive in  
the orchard4 ,fruit mid-season2 large1  
obovate2      cavity slight2 stem       
one-half inch in length2 skin           
brownish-red2      bloom thin2 dots very
 numerous1 brownish1 conspicuous2 flesh 
greenish-yellow1 firm1 fine-grained1    
sweet2 good2 stone small1      free4    
,,red ,,june    ,prunus triflora        
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ajf4 #ahia4 

#b4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4      #fb3bh4   
#ahid4 #c4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ie4 
#ahie4 #d4      ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ajf3fj4 #ahif4 #e4 ,ala4 ,col4 ,sta4   
,bul4      #he3ddd4 #ahig4 #f4 ,cornell 
,sta4 ,bul4 #aci3de4 #ahig4 #g4         
,rural ,n4 ,y4 #ef3fae4 #ahig4 #h4 ,am4 
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bf4      #ahig4 #i4  
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdb1 #bdc1 #bdi1
 #bej4 #ahii4      #aj4 ,cornell ,sta4  
,bul4 #age3acf4 #ahii4 #aa4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 
,a4      ,rpt4 #chf4 #aija4 #ab4 ,waugh 
,plum ,cult4 #adj4 #aija4 #ac4          
,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #cbd4   
#aijc4 #ad4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm      ,bul4
 #dc3cg4 #aijc4 #ae4 ,mass4 ,sta4 ,ann4 
,rpt4 #ag3afj4      #aije4 #af4 ,md4    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #he4 #aije4 #ag4 ,ga4
 ,sta4      ,bul4 #fh3e1 #cb4 #aije4    
,botan #ad4 ,hytankayo #aa4 ,long ,fruit
 #c4 ,nagate no      ,botankyo #aj1 #aa1
 #ag4 ,red ,nagate #a1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i4  
,red ,nagate #d1      #e1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1
 #ag4 ,red ,june #b1 #c4 ,shiro ,smomo  
#b1 #d1 #g1 #aa1      #ab1 #ad4 ,shiro  

,smomo #i4    ,red ,june is variously   
estimated by fruit-growers and          
pomologists4 ,a  concensus of the       
opinions of those who have had actual   
experience with  the variety shows that 
it closely follows ,abundance and       
,burbank in  popularity among the       
,trifloras4 ,the variety is             
distinguished from all  other plums by  
its fruit-characters2 the plums are     
distinctly cordate  in shape with a deep
 cavity and a very pointed apex2 the    
color is a  mottled garnet-red overlaid 
with thin but very distinct and delicate
  bloom2 the flesh is a light yellow1   
firm enough to endure transportation    
well1 peculiarly aromatized1 sweetish   
and not wholly agreeable in flavor  and 
ranking rather low in quality2 the stone
 adheres tightly to the  flesh4 ,the    
trees are large1 vigorous1 spreading1   
hardy1 healthy and  productive--very    
good for the species to which the       
variety belongs4 ,other  good qualities 
of the variety are that it blooms late  

for a ,triflora1 and  that the fruits   
are comparatively immune to curculio and
 brown-rot and  hang to the trees       
exceptionally well for an early plum4   
,this is one of  the ,trifloras that    
varies in season of ripening1 a         
peculiarity of several  of the varieties
 of this species1 but usually the fruits
 ripen a week or  more before           
,abundance4 ,red ,june is reported to be
 somewhat self-sterile  and in need of  
cross-pollination4 ,this variety ought  
to have value as an  early market plum  
in ,new ,york4    ,red ,june was        
imported from ,japan by ,h4 ,h4 ,berger 
and ,company1 ,san  ,francisco1         
,california1 under the name ,shiro      
,smomo1 about #ahhg4 ,stark  ,brothers1 
,louisiana1 ,missouri1 obtained the     
variety in #ahib and  introduced it as  
the ,red ,june in #ahic4 ,in #ahig it   
was added to the fruit  catalog list of 
the ,american ,pomological ,society4    
,the nomenclature of  this variety is   
much confused4 ,the true ,japanese ,red 

,nagate 7,red ,nagate  is one of the    
synonyms of ,red ,june7 has red flesh   
while this one has not2  this variety1  
to which the name ,shiro ,smomo is most 
often applied1 is not  a ,smomo plum nor
 is it white1 7,shiro is the ,japanese  
for white7 affording  another instance  
of the confusion in the ,american       
application of the  ,japanese names of  
the ,triflora plums4        ,tree large1
 vigorous1 upright-spreading1 hardy1    
productive1      healthy2 branches      
rough1 thorny1 dark brown1 with numerous
      lenticels of medium size2         
branchlets slender1 long1 with short    
internodes1 dark brown1 marked with     
considerable scarf-skin1      glabrous1 
with numerous large1 raised lenticels2  
leaf-buds      small1 medium in length1 
conical1 free4        ,leaves folded    
upward1 oblanceolate1 one inch wide1 two
 and      three-quarters inches long1   
thin2 upper surface glabrous1 with      
a lightly grooved midrib2 lower surface 
light green1 thinly      pubescent along

 the midrib and larger veins which are  
tinged      red2 apex taper-pointed1    
base acuminate1 margin finely serrate1  
with small glands2 petiole one-half inch
 long1 slender1 tinged      red1        
slightly hairy along one side1 with from
 one to three      small1 brown glands  
usually at the base of the leaf4        
,blooming season intermediate in time   
and length2 flowers      appearing      
before the leaves1 white2 borne in      
clusters on      lateral buds and spurs1
 in twos or in threes2 pedicels of      
medium length and thickness1 glabrous   
except for occasional      hairs1       
greenish2 calyx-tube green1 campanulate1
 glabrous2      calyx-lobes narrow1     
obtuse1 sparingly glandular1 with       
marginal      hairs1 glabrous on the    
outer side1 thinly pubescent on the     
inner side1 erect2 petals oval1 entire1 
tapering at the base      to short      
claws2 anthers light yellow2 filaments  
short2 pistil      glabrous1 longer than
 the stamens4        ,fruit early1 one  

and one-half inches by one and          
three-eighths      inches in size1      
roundish-ovate to roundish-cordate1     
sides      unequal2 cavity large1 deep1 
narrow1 regular1 abrupt2 suture         
deep1 distinct2 apex very pointed2 color
 garnet-red1 mottled2      bloom thin2  
dots numerous1 small1 russet2 stem      
one-half inch      long1 adhering to the
 fruit2 skin above medium in thickness1 
tender1 slightly astringent1 separating 
easily2 flesh light      yellow1        
fibrous1 somewhat meaty1 sweet except   
near the center2      good2 stone       
clinging1 five-eighths inch by one-half 
inch in      size1 irregular-oval1      
slightly flattened1 pointed at both     
ends1 with pitted surfaces2 ventral     
suture prominently winged1      narrow2 
dorsal suture not grooved4      ,,red   
,,magnum ,,bonum    ,prunus domestica   
#a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egf1 #egg4  
#afbi4 #b4 ,rea ,flora      #bjh4 #afgf4
 #c4 ,langley ,pomona #ib1 ,pl4 ,,xx    
fig4 ,v4 #agbi4 #d4      ,duhamel       

,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3ih1 ,pl4 ,,xv4    
#agfh4 #e4 ,kraft      ,pom4 ,aust4     
#b3ca1 ,tab4 #agh fig4 #a4 #agif4 #f4   
,willichs ,dom4      ,enc4 #d3cjj4      
#ahjc4 #g4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ei4   
#ahcb4 #h4      ,hoffy ,orch4 ,com4 fig4
 #ahda4 #i4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4
      ,gard4 #bib4 #ahdf4 #aj4          
,horticulturist #d3aid4 #ahdi4 #aa4     
,ann4 ,pom4 ,belge #ii1 ,pl4 #ahec4 #ab4
 ,elliott ,fr4 ,book #dbh1      #dbi4   
#ahed4 #ac4 ,noisette ,man4 ,comp4      
,jard4 #b3dii4 #ahfj4      #ad4 ,downing
 ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #idc4 #ahfi4 #ae4 ,mas
 ,pom4 ,gen4      #b3aci1 fig4 #gj4     
#ahgc4 #af4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gba4    
#ahhd4      #ag4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 
#fa4 #ahhg4 #ah4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4   
#dde1 #ddh4 #ahhi4 #ai4 ,ia4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #hg4 #ahij4 #bj4      ,guide
 ,prat4 #aeh1 #ceh4 #ahie4              
,askew's ,purple ,egg #ab1 #ad1 #af1    
#ah4 ,blaue ,kaiserpflaume #ae1         
#ah1 #bj incor4 ,blaue ,eier ,pflaume   
#ah incor4 ,bockshoden #ah1      #bj4   

,bocksdutten #ah1 #bj4 ,bonum ,magnum   
#ah incor41 #bj4 ,blue      ,imperatrice
 #g incor41 #h4 ,copper ,plum #h4 ,die  
,kaiserliche      veilchenfarbige       
,pflaume #e4 ,die ,rothe ,kaiserpflaume 
#aj4 ,dame      ,aubert #ac4 ,dame      
,aubert ,violette #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #bj4   
,die ,rothe      ,eierpflaume #ad4 ,dame
 ,aubert ,rouge #ag4 ,dame ,aubert      
,rouge #ai4      ,d',oeuf ,violette #bj4
 ,early ,forcing #ab4 ,florence #ab1    
#ad1      #af1 #ah1 #bj4 ,frhe ,treib   
,zwetsche #ah4 ,frhe ,treibzwetsche     
#bj4 ,great ,imperial ,plum #ah1 #bj4   
,grosse ,frh ,zwetsche #ah      incor4  
,grosse ,ungarische ,zwetsche #ah incor4
 ,imperiall #a4      ,imperial #c1 #f4  
,impriale ,violette #e1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1
 #ad1 #af1      #ah1 #bj4 ,impriale     
,violette #d1 #ae1 #bj4 ,imperial       
,violet #g4      ,impriale #g1 #ad1 #af1
 #ah1 #bj4 ,imperiall #i4 ,imperial #i1 
#ad1      #ah4 ,impriale ,rouge #aj1    
#ad1 #af1 #ah4 ,imperial ,rouge #ab1    
#ah4      ,imperial ,violet #ad1 #ah4   

,impriale ,htive #ah1 #bj4 ,impriale    
rouge #bj4 ,large ,orlean #g4 ,mogul    
,rouge #af1 #ah4 ,oeuf ,rouge      #af1 
#ah4 ,prune d',oeuf ,violette #ah4      
,prinzessinpflaume #ae4                 
,prune-figue #ac4 ,prune ,impriale      
,violette #aa4 ,prune d'oeuf      #g1   
#ad1 #ah4 ,purple ,egg #g1 #ab1 #ad1    
#af1 #ah4 ,prune-oeuf #g4      ,purple  
,magnum ,bonum #ab1 #ad1 #ah4 ,red      
,magnum ,bonum #h1 #ab1 #bj4      ,red  
,magnum #f4 ,red ,imperiale #g1 #h1 #ab1
 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #bj4 ,red      ,bonum   
,magnum #c1 #g1 #ah1 #bj4 ,red ,egg     
,plum #aj4 ,red ,egg #ab4 ,red          
,imperial #ab4 ,red ,egg #ad1 #af1 #ah4 
,red ,aubert #ag4 ,rote ,eier           
,pflaume #ah4 ,rote ,kaiserpflaume #ah4 
,rote ,kaiser ,zwetsche #ah4      #aaf  
,riga #ai4 ,rothe ,kaiserpflaume #bj4   
,rothe ,kaiserzwetsche      #bj4        
,shepler 8#ad1 8#ah4 ,sainte-,catherine 
7,belgien7 #ah1 #bj4      ,the ,imperial
 ,plum #b4 ,violette oder ,blaue        
,kaiserpflaume #ae4    ,once popular1   

,red ,magnum ,bonum is now but of       
historical interest4  ,three centuries  
ago this variety was cultivated in      
,england by ,john  ,tradescant under the
 name ,imperiall4 ,it was mentioned by  
all of the  early horticultural writers 
and it seems clear that the variety was 
well established in ,europe at least as 
early as the beginning of the           
,seventeenth ,century4 ,as all plums at 
that time were propagated from  seed1 a 
large number of sub-varieties of this   
sort were produced and as  these became 
established the nomenclature of the     
variety became much  involved4 ,in #agbi
 ,langley called it the ,red ,magnum    
,bonum1 a name it has  since retained4  
,it is not known when the variety was   
introduced into this  country but its   
first appearance in ,american literature
 was in #ahjc4  ,after its introduction 
nurserymen sold any large red plum as   
,red ,magnum  ,bonum and it became      
difficult to find the true variety4     
,professor ,j4 ,l4  ,budd apparently    

reintroduced this plum in #ahha-ahhb    
under the name ,dame  ,aubert ,rouge4   
,although very extensively grown in     
,america at one time  it has never been 
a favorite because of its poor quality4 
,the ,american  ,pomological ,society   
rejected it in #aheh from a list of     
candidates for its  catalog4 ,the       
following description is compiled4      
,tree hardy1 vigorous1 productive2 young
 shoots glabrous4 ,fruit                
mid-season2 large1 oval1 deep red in the
 sun1 pale red in the      shade1       
covered with thin bloom2 stem one inch  
long2 flesh      greenish1 firm1        
slightly coarse1 dry1 brisk subacid2 of 
fair      quality2 stone oval1 free4    
,,reine ,,claude    ,prunus domestica   
#a4 ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fg1 #fh1   
#fi4 #afii4 #b4 ,langley      ,pomona   
#ic1 ,pl4 ,,xxiii fig4 #g4 #agbi4 #c4   
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4      ,fr4 #b3hi1 
,pl4 ,,xi4 #agfh4 #d4 ,knoop            
,fructologie #b3fb4      #agga4 #e4     
,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #bh1 ,tab4 #agc fig4

 #b1 #da1 ,tab4      #aic fig4 #b4      
#agif4 #f4 ,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees 
#bj4 #ahjc4      #g4 ,miller ,gard4     
,dict4 #c4 #ahjg4 #h4 ,coxe ,cult4 ,fr4 
,trees #bcg1 fig4 #ad4 #ahag4 #i4       
,phillips ,com4 ,orch4 #cjf4      #ahca4
 #aj4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adg1   
#adh4 #ahca4 #aa4      ,prince ,pom4    
,man4 #b3dh4 #ahcb4 #ab4 ,gallesio ,pom4
 ,ital41      ,pl4 #ahci4 #ac4 ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bgf fig4 #ajf4 #ahde4 
#ad4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4
 #bhc1 #chb1 #dai4 #ahdf4      #ae4     
,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 #a3ahdf4 #af4    
,horticulturist      #b3agh1 #agi1 fig4 
#cj1 #bia4 #ahdg4 #ag4 ,thomas ,am4     
,fruit      ,cult4 #cbf fig4 #bec1 #cbi4
 #ahdi4 #ah4 ,hovey ,fr4 ,am4 #b3fi1    
,pl4 #ahea4 #ai4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 
#ed4 #aheb4 #bj4 ,elliott      ,fr4     
,book #daj4 #ahed4 #ba4 ,thompson ,gard4
 ,ass't #eag4 #ahei4      #bb4 ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iag4 #ahfi4 #bc4 ,mas 
,le ,verger      #f3ee1 fig4 #bh4       
#ahff-gc4 #bd4 ,pom4 ,france #g3 ,no4   

#e4 #ahga4      #be4 ,oberdieck ,deut4  
,obst4 ,sort4 #dcd4 #ahha4 #bf4 ,lauche 
,deut4 ,pom4 #bj1 ,pl4 ,,iv #bj4 #ahhb4 
#bg4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gjc4           
#ahhd4 #bh4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcc4  
#ahhi4 #bi4 ,guide ,prat4      #aed1    
#cfc4 #ahie4 #cj4 ,bailey ,sur4 ,unlike 
#agf1 #bdc4 #ahif4      #ca4 ,cornell   
,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahf4 #ahig4 #cb4       
,botanical      ,gazette #bf3dbc4 #ahih4
 #cc4 ,gard4 ,chron4 #crd ,ser4         
#bd3dfe4 #ahih4 #cd4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4
 #bb1 #ajf1 #ajg fig4 #aija4            
,abricot ,verd #e1 #i4 ,abricot ,vert   
#c1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ba1        
#bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,abricote 
,sageret 8#bb1 #bh4 ,aloise's           
,green ,gage #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 8#bh1 #bi4  
,blanche ,grosse ,espece #aj4           
,bonne ,verte #e4 ,bradford ,gage #ac1  
#bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bh1 #bi4      ,bradford 
,green ,gage #bg1 #bh4 ,bradford ,queen 
,gage #bd1 8#bi4      ,brugnon ,green   
,gage #aj1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1
 #bi4 ,brugnon      ,gage #bj1 #bb1 #bh1

 #bi4 ,bruyn ,gage #ac1 #ag1 #ah incor41
 #bj1 #bb1      #bh1 #bi4 ,burgnon ,gage
 #ac1 #bd4 ,cant's ,late ,green ,gage   
#bb1 #bh4      ,claudia #ab4 ,damas     
,gris #bd1 #bh1 #bi4 ,damas ,verd #i4   
,damas      ,vert #g1 #aj1 #ac1 #ah1    
#ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,dauphine 
#e1 #g1      #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ah1   
#ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,die 
grosse      ,knigin ,claudiapflaume1 die
 grne ,abrikose #e4 ,die ,knigin        
,klaudia #e4 ,dauphine #c4 ,dauphiny #f4
 ,drap d',or of some #aj1      #ah1 #bh1
 #bi4 ,echte ,grosse ,reine-,claude #bh1
 #bi4 ,gage ,verte      #bh1 #bi4 ,great
 ,green ,damask #bb1 #bg1 #bh4 ,great   
,green ,damaski      #bd1 #bi4 ,great   
,queen ,claudia #aa4 ,green ,gage #b1   
#f1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1      #ac1 #ad1 #ag1   
#ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 
#cc1 #cd4 ,green      ,spanish #ad1 #ah4
 ,gros ,damas ,vert #aa1 #bb1 #bh1 #bi4 
,grosse      ,knigin ,claudiapflaume #e4
 ,green ,gage #g1 #i1 #bc1 #bd1 #bh1    
#bi1      #cb1 #cd4 ,goring's ,golden   

,gage #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,grosse  
,reine #aj1 #ac1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1    
#bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,grosse ,grne       
,reine-,claude #be1 #bh4 ,grosse        
,reine-,claude #g1 #be1 #bf1 #bh4       
,grosse ,reine-,claude #c1 #e1 #aj1 #aa1
 #ac1 #ad1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1     
#bd1 #be1 #bi4 ,gros ,reine-,claude #ad4
 ,grne ,aprikose #e1 #bh1 #bi4          
,grne ,abrikose #e4 ,grne ,reineclaude  
#be4 ,gute ,grne #bh1      #bi4         
,huling's ,reine-,claudia #bb1 #bh4     
,huling's ,reine ,claude      #aa4 ,ida 
,gage #bb4 ,ida ,green ,gage #af4 ,ida  
,green ,gage #bj1      #bb1 #bd1 #bg1   
#bh1 #bi4 ,isleworth ,green ,gage #ac1  
#ah1 #bj1 #ba1      #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 
#bi4 ,isleworth ,green ,gage #aj4 ,king 
of ,plums      #bj4 ,knigin ,claudia    
#bh1 #bi4 ,knigin ,klaudia #e4 ,large   
,queen      ,claude #aa4 ,la ,grosse    
,reine-,claude #aa4 ,large ,queen       
,claudia      #f4 ,large green claudia  
#aa4 ,livingston ,manor #bb1 #bh4 ,louis
      ,brun 8#bb1 8#bh4 ,mammola #ab4   

,mirabelle ,vert ,double #bb1 #bd1      
#bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,murray's ,reine ,claudia
 #bb1 #bh4 ,murray's ,reine      ,claude
 #aa1 #ad1 #bb1 #bg4 ,prune de ,reine   
,claude #ae4 ,prunus      ,domestica    
,cereola #cb4 ,prunus ,domestica var4   
cereola #cc4      ,prunus ,domestica    
var4 ,claudiana #cb4 ,queen ,claude #b4 
,queen      ,claudia #aa1 #bb1 #bd1 #bg1
 #bh1 #bi4 ,reine-,claude ,ancienne     
#bc1 #bd1 #bh1 #bg4 ,reine-,claude      
,blanche ,grosse ,espece #aj4           
,reineclaude d'oree #bi4 ,reine-,claude 
,blanche ,la ,grosse #aa1      #bb4     
,reine-,claude #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ag1  
#ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bg1 #bh1      #cc4 
,reine ,claud #a4 ,reine-,claudia #b4   
,reine-,claude ,blanche #aj4            
,reine-,claude ,dore #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1
 #bh1 #bi4 ,reine-,claude      ,dore    
#ah1 #bb4 ,reine-,claude ,grosse #bg1   
#bh4 ,reine-,claude      ,verde         
,perdrigon #e4 ,reine-,claude ,verte    
#bc1 #bi4 ,rensselaer      ,gage #bj1   
#bb4 ,rensselvar ,gage #bd1 #bi4        

,rensselaar ,gage      #bg1 #bh4        
,reine-,claude ,verte ,tiquete #bh1 #bi4
 ,reine-,claudia      ,blanche ,la      
,grosso #bb1 #bh4 ,royal ,green ,gage   
#bh1 #bi4 ,schuyler      ,gage #bj1     
incor4 #bb1 #bd1 #bg4 ,schuyler's ,gage 
8#ac1 #bj1 #bh1      #bi4 ,sucrin ,vert 
#aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 
#bh1 #bi4      ,sultaneck ,erik 8#bh1   
#bi4 ,susina ,regina #ab4 ,triomphe     
,garcon      #bd1 #bh1 #bi4 ,triomphe   
,valet #bd1 #bh1 #bi4 ,trompe ,garcon   
#bb1      #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,tromp-,valet  
#g4 ,trompe ,valet #bb1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4  
,verdacia #bg1 #bh4 ,verdacchia rotonda 
#ab4 ,verdoch #bg1 #cb1      #cd4       
,verdochia #cb4 ,verdochio #bb1 #bd1    
#bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,verducia      #bb4      
,verte ,bonne #c1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1
 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bh1      #bi4
 ,vert ,bonne #ac1 #bb1 #bg4 ,verte     
d',espagne #bc1 #bh1 #bi4      ,verte   
,tiquete #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4       
,vilmot's ,green ,gage #bi4             
,vilmot's ,late ,green ,gage #bi4       

,wilmot's ,green ,gage #aj1 #aa1        
#ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh4      
,wilmot's ,late ,green ,gage #aa1 #ah1  
#bj1 #ba1 #bb4 ,wilmot's ,late ,green   
,gage #aj1 #ac1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1     
#bh1 #bi4 ,wilmot's ,new ,green ,gage   
#aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bh1      
#bi4 ,waterloo #bj4    ,in the          
pomological literature since ,quintinye 
in #afii1 ,reine ,claude has  been the  
standard in quality for plums4 ,for the 
qualities that gratify or  assist in    
gratifying the sense of taste1--richness
 of flavor1 consistency  and texture of 
flesh1 abundance of juice and pleasant  
aroma1--the ,reine  ,claude is          
unsurpassed4 ,it is1 however1 now       
probably equalled in quality  by several
 of the great number of similar         
varieties which have originated  in     
,america and for which ,american        
plum-growing is justly distinguished4   
,under ordinary cultivation the ,reine  
,claude is not a remarkably handsome    
plum but when grown on thrifty trees1   

the crop thinned1 foliage and fruit     
kept free from pests and the fruits     
sufficiently exposed to the sun to      
color well1 it is a beautiful fruit1 its
 size1 form and color all adding  to its
 beauty4 ,the tree is only of moderate  
size in the orchard and in  the nursery 
is so small and wayward that nurserymen 
hesitate to grow it4  ,the trees1 though
 small1 are productive and bear         
regularly1 the chief  defect being the  
susceptibility to sunscald whereby the  
bark on the trunk  is killed and the    
beginning of the end is marked4 ,the    
short life of the  trees of this variety
 is largely due to this injury to the   
bark and has  led to top-working on     
,lombard and other stocks1 an operation 
successful  only when done early in the 
life of the stock4 ,another serious     
fault is  that the fruit cracks badly if
 showers occur at ripening time4 ,reine 
,claude is still one of the most        
profitable plums grown in ,new ,york and
  whether for the commercial or home    

plantation deserves a place in the  plum
 orchard4    ,for a complete history of 
this variety the reader is referred to  
the  discussion of the ,reine ,claude   
group of plums4 ,the ,bavay1 a distinct 
variety1 is called the true ,reine      
,claude by many nurserymen and          
horticultural writers4 ,green ,gage is a
 synonym of the ,reine ,claude and  is  
preferred by some writers for this plum 
but since 8,reine ,claude0 is  as well  
known and much older it has been        
retained in ,the ,plums of ,new  ,york4 
,the ,american ,pomological ,society    
placed this variety on its fruit        
catalog list in #aheb4        ,tree of  
medium size and vigor1 round-topped1    
hardy1 productive2      trunk and       
branches of medium thickness and        
smoothness2 branches      ash-brown1    
with few lenticels2 branchlets short1   
with short      internodes1             
reddish-brown1 lightly pubescent2       
leaf-buds large1      long1 conical or  
pointed1 free2 leaf-scars prominent4    

,leaves four and one-half inches long1  
two inches wide1 oval1      thick1      
leathery2 upper surface dark green1     
smooth1 covered with      fine1         
scattering hairs2 lower surface pale    
green1 pubescent2      apex acute1      
margin often doubly crenate1 glandular2 
petiole      three-quarters inch long1  
tinged red1 glandless or with one or    
two small1 globose1 greenish glands     
variable in position4        ,fruit     
mid-season2 one and three-quarters      
inches by one and      five-eighths     
inches in size1 roundish-oval1 halves   
equal2      cavity narrow1 regular1     
abrupt2 suture shallow1 broad2 apex     
pubescent1 roundish or slightly         
depressed2 color yellowish      green1  
indistinctly streaked with green1       
becoming golden-yellow      at full     
maturity1 sometimes mottled on the sunny
 side with      red1 overspread with    
thin bloom2 dots very numerous1 small1  
grayish1 conspicuous1 clustered about   
the apex2 stem thick1                   

three-quarters inch long1 pubescent2    
skin tough1 adhering      to the pulp2  
flesh greenish-yellow or golden-yellow1 
juicy1      firm1 sweet1 mild2 very     
good2 stone semi-clinging1 one inch     
by three-quarters inch in size1 oval1   
turgid1 tapering at the      base1 blunt
 at the apex1 with thickly pitted       
surfaces2 ventral      suture wide1     
distinctly furrowed1 often with a short 
wing2      dorsal suture with a very    
wide and deep groove4      ,,robinson   
,illustration3 ,,robinson    ,prunus    
munsoniana        #a4 ,ind4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #acd4 #ahhc4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4
      ,rpt4 #aea4 #ahia4 #c4 ,cornell   
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3fd1 #hf4 #ahib4      #d4
 ,me4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3fg4 #ahif4   
#e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 #hi4    
#ahig4 #f4 ,wis4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4     
#acg4 #ahii4 #g4      ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#hg3ae4 #aija4 #h4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4  
#aii4      #aija4 #i4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#aja3aca4 #aija4 #aj4 ,ga4 ,sta4        
,bul4 #fg3bhj4 #aijd4 #aa4 ,ohio ,sta4  

,bul4 #afb3bef1 #beg4      #aije4       
,robinson has long been one of the best 
known of its species though it  is      
probably inferior in fruit-characters at
 least to several other  ,munsoniana    
sorts4 ,the plums are attractive in     
coloring but small in size  and         
comparatively low in quality4 ,the trees
 are capricious in growth and  not as   
hardy as some others of the species but 
where they can be grown  are always     
productive4 ,the variety is rated by    
some authors among those  that need     
cross-pollination to insure large crops4
 ,robinson may be worth  growing in the 
,south and in the ,states of the ,plains
 but it cannot be  recommended for any  
purpose in ,new ,york4    ,this variety 
is a seedling grown by a ,mr4 ,pickett  
of ,putnam ,county1  ,indiana1 from a   
seed brought with him from ,north       
,carolina about #ahce4 ,in  #ahgi1 ,dr4 
,j4 ,h4 ,robinson read a paper before   
the ,indiana ,horticultural  ,society on
 ,chicasaw plums1 and gave a very       

flattering description of this  plum1   
which he had been growing since #ahgb4  
,later it was named by the  ,putnam     
,county ,horticultural ,society in honor
 of ,dr4 ,robinson4 ,this name  was used
 as a synonym of ,miner by ,downing in  
#ahfi but at the present time  that     
usage has almost disappeared in plum    
literature4        ,tree variable in    
size1 often large1 vigorous1 spreading1 
not      uniform in habit1 somewhat open
 and flat-topped1 hardy1 medium      to 
productive2 trunk shaggy2 branches very 
rough1 zigzag1      thorny1 dark        
ash-gray1 with numerous1 large1 narrow  
and      strongly elongated1 raised     
lenticels2 branchlets slender to        
medium1 with internodes medium to below 
in length1 greenish-red      changing to
 dull1 dark chestnut-red1 glabrous1 with
 numerous      very conspicuous1 large1 
raised lenticels2 leaf-buds small1      
short1 obtuse1 free4        ,leaves     
folded upward1 lanceolate1 peach-like1  
one and      five-sixteenths inches     

wide1 three and one-half inches long1   
thin2 upper surface dark green1         
glabrous1 with deeply grooved           
midrib2 lower surface glabrous except   
along the midrib and      larger veins2 
apex taper-pointed1 base obtuse1 margin 
very      finely serrate1 with small1   
dark red glands2 petiole slender1       
five-eighths inch long1 reddish1 lightly
 pubescent along one      side1         
glandless or with from one to seven     
small1 globose1      reddish-brown      
glands on the stalk and on the base of  
the leaf4        ,blooming season medium
 to late1 long2 flowers appearing       
with the leaves1 eleven-sixteenths inch 
across1 whitish1      somewhat          
self-fertile2 borne in clusters on      
lateral buds and      spurs1 in twos1   
threes or fours2 pedicels               
seven-sixteenths      inch long1        
slender1 glabrous1 greenish2 calyx-tube 
green1      narrow-campanulate1         
glabrous2 calyx-lobes narrow1 slightly  
obtuse1 glandular1 pubescent and with   

marginal hairs1 erect2      petals ovate
 or oval1 small1 narrow1 slightly       
crenate1 tapering      below to long1   
narrow claws2 anthers yellowish2        
filaments      one-quarter inch long2   
pistil glabrous1 slightly shorter than  
or equal to the stamens in length4      
,fruit early1 season very long2 less    
than an inch in diameter1      roundish 
or roundish-oval1 halves equal2 cavity  
of medium      depth and width1 abrupt2 
suture a line2 apex roundish2      color
 clear currant-red1 overspread with     
thick bloom2 dots      scattering1      
large1 russet1 conspicuous1 clustered   
around the      apex2 stem slender1     
five-eighths inch long1 glabrous1       
adhering      to the fruit2 skin tough1 
bitter1 separating readily2 flesh       
golden-yellow1 very juicy1 somewhat     
fibrous1 tender and      melting1 sweet 
next the skin1 with some astringency    
near the      center1 of mild but       
pleasant flavor2 fair in quality2 stone 
clinging1 five-eighths inch by          

three-eighths inch in size1      oval1  
turgid1 very slightly flattened and     
necked at the base1      abrupt-pointed 
at the apex1 roughish2 ventral suture   
blunt1      slightly ridged2 dorsal     
suture with a rather broad groove of    
medium depth4      ,,rollingstone       
,prunus americana        #a4 ,rural ,n4 
,y4 #dd3fde4 #ahhe4 #b4 ,minn4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt4      #bgi4 #ahhe4 #c4 ,n4   
,j4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ahf4 #ahhe4 #d4 
,wis4      ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #cb4      
#ahhe4 #e4 ,minn4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aj3gc    
fig4      #ahij4 #f4 ,cornell ,sta4     
,bul4 #ch3da1 #hf4 #ahib4 #g4 ,am4      
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bd4 #ahig4 #h4 ,wis4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3ef1 #eh      fig4 #bh4  
#ahig4 #i4 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3de4   
#ahih4 #aj4      ,ohio4 ,sta4 ,bul4     
#aac3aec4 #ahii4 #aa4 ,waugh ,plum      
,cult4      #afb4 #aija4 #ab4 ,ga4 ,sta4
 ,bul4 #fg3bhj4 #aijd4 #ac4 ,ohio       
,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bef1 #beg4 #aije4      
,minnesota #b4 ,rolling ,stone #c1 #d4  
,rollingstone is an old ,americana sort 

which has been kept in cultivation      
chiefly because it is of very good      
quality for one of its species4  ,the   
fruit is rather dull in color and small 
but not unattractive in  appearance2 the
 plums are little troubled by either the
 brown-rot or the  plum curculio and    
ship very well because of the tough     
skin4 ,the tree is  dwarfish with a     
crooked trunk1 shaggy bark1 unkempt top 
and very twiggy--a  typical ,americana  
and most difficult to grow into a good  
orchard plant4  ,the variety is         
characterized by long1 conspicuous      
stamens1 stigmas  frequently defective  
and by very large leaves4 ,the variety  
has little or  no value in ,new ,york4  
,rollingstone was found near an old     
,indian camping ground on the           
,rollingstone ,creek1 ,winona ,county1  
,minnesota1 by ,mr4 ,o4 ,m4 ,lord1#bbj  
,minnesota ,city1 about #aheb4 ,mr4     
,lord planted trees of this plum in his 
garden and found that they improved     
greatly under cultivation1 so much  so  

that they soon became very popular in   
the local market4 ,about #ahhb  he      
introduced the ,rollingstone to         
fruit-growers in general4 ,mr4 ,h4  ,m4 
,thompson of ,st4 ,francis1 according to
 the ,minnesota ,horticultural  ,society
 ,report for #ahhe1 sent this plum out  
under the name ,minnesota but           
fortunately it has not been distributed 
under its synonym widely enough  to     
cause much confusion4 ,in #ahig the     
,american ,pomological ,society added   
,rollingstone to its fruit catalog list4
        ,tree dwarfish1 variable in     
vigor1 spreading1 flat-topped1          
hardy1 productive1 healthy2 trunk       
shaggy2 branches dark      ash-gray1    
thorny1 rough1 zigzag1 with numerous1   
rather large      lenticels2 branchlets 
slender1 twiggy1 medium to short1 with  
internodes of average length1 greenish  
turning to dark brown1      glossy1     
glabrous1 with conspicuous1 small1      
raised lenticels2      leaf-buds medium 
in size and length1 appressed4          

,leaves falling early1 folded upward1   
obovate or long-ovate1      one and     
one-half inches wide1 three and one-half
 inches long1      thin2 upper surface  
smooth1 glabrous1 with a narrow groove  
on      the midrib2 lower surface       
silvery green1 lightly pubescent1 the   
veins prominent2 apex taper-pointed1    
base rather acute1 margin      coarsely 
and doubly serrate1 eglandular2 petiole 
slender1      five-eighths inch long1   
tinged red1 sparingly pubescent1        
glandless or with one or two small1     
globose1 reddish glands on      the     
stalk4        ,blooming season late and 
short2 flowers appearing after the      
leaves2 three-quarters inch across1 the 
buds creamy-white      changing to white
 as the flowers expand2 borne in        
clusters      on lateral buds and spurs1
 in threes or in fours2 pedicels        
seven-sixteenths inch long1 below medium
 in thickness1      glabrous1 green2    
calyx-tube reddish-green1 obconic1      
glabrous2      calyx-lobes narrow1      

acute1 eglandular1 glabrous on the outer
      surface but lightly pubescent     
within1 heavily pubescent on the        
margin and with irregular deep          
serrations1 erect2 petals oval      or  
slightly ovate1 dentate1 tapering below 
into narrow claws      reddish at the   
base2 stamens conspicuous2 anthers      
yellow2      filaments three-eighths    
inch long2 pistil glabrous1 equal to    
the stamens in length2 stigma often     
abortive4        ,fruit mid-season or   
earlier1 ripening period short2 about   
one inch in diameter1 roundish1 halves  
equal2 cavity      shallow1 flaring1    
marked before maturity with             
light-colored1      radiating streaks2  
suture a line2 apex roundish2 color dark
      purplish-red1 with thin bloom2    
dots numerous1 small1 light      russet1
 inconspicuous2 stem slender1           
nine-sixteenths inch long1      adhering
 poorly to the fruit2 skin thick1 tough1
 semi-adherent2      flesh              
orange-yellow1 juicy1 slightly fibrous1 

tender and      melting1 sweet1 strongly
 aromatic2 good2 stone semi-free1       
five-eighths inch by one-half inch in   
size1 roundish-oval1      flattened1    
smoothish1 blunt at the base and apex2  
ventral      suture acute1 faintly      
ridged2 dorsal suture acute1 with a     
narrow1 shallow1 indistinct groove4     
,,royal ,,tours    ,prunus domestica    
#a4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3ha1  
,pl4 ,,xx fig4 #h4 #agfh4      #b4      
,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3ce1 ,tab4 #ahd   
fig4 #b4 #agif4 #c4      ,downing ,fr4  
,trees ,am4 #cac4 #ahde4 #d4 ,elliott   
,fr4 ,book #dbc4      #ahed4 #e4 ,mas   
,le ,verger #f3ec1 fig4 #bg4 #ahff-gc4  
#f4 ,lange      ,allgem4 ,garten4       
#b3dbj4 #ahgi4 #g4 ,le ,bon ,jard4      
#b3cda4      #ahhb4 #h4 ,cat4 ,cong4    
,pom4 ,france #cfh4 #ahhg4 #i4 ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #dch4 #ahhi4 #aj4 ,guide    
,prat4 #afj1 #cfe4 #ahie4      #aa4     
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #abj1 #aba4 #aija4  
,damas de ,tours #g4 ,die knigliche     
,pflaume von ,tours #b4 ,diel's         

,knigspflaume #i incor4 ,diels          
,knigpflaume #aj4 ,frhe ,herrn          
,pflaume #i incor41 #aj4 ,kings plum of 
,tours #f4 ,knigspflaume      von ,tours
 #e1 #aj4 ,knigspflaume von ,tours #i4  
,knigliche      ,pflaume von ,tours #i1 
#aj4 ,knigs ,pflaume #i incor41 #aj4    
,knigliche ,grosse ,pflaume #i1 #aj4    
,knigin von ,tours #i1      #aj4        
,moroccopflaume #aj4 ,morocco #i incor4 
,prune ,royale de      ,tours #e1 #i4   
,rothe ,knigspflaume #aj4 ,roi #aj4     
,royale #h1      #aj4 ,royale de ,tours 
#a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #aj4 ,royale de     
,tours #b1 #d1      #i1 #aj1 #aa4 ,royal
 ,tours #c1 #d1 #i4 ,royal of ,tours #d4
 ,royal red      ,plum #h1 #aj4 ,worth  
#aa4    ,this excellent variety should  
be grown generally in ,america for home 
use1  at least1 if it proves nearly as  
desirable as it is rated in ,europe4    
,royal ,tours is an old ,french sort    
supposed to have originated in the      
neighborhood of ,tours1 ,france4        
,although highly esteemed in ,europe1 it

  has not gained favor in this country  
and is rarely found here4 ,waugh  states
 that in #ahii he secured specimens of  
it from ,north ,carolina where  it was  
grown locally under the name ,worth4    
,the following description is  compiled4
        ,tree strong1 vigorous2 branches
 thick1 short1 smooth2 fruit      early 
mid-season2 of medium size1 irregularly 
roundish1 swollen      on one side1 dark
 reddish-purple covered with thick      
bloom2      cavity deep2 suture         
prominent2 stem short1 thick2 skin      
thick1      firm2 dots conspicuous2     
flesh greenish-yellow1 firm1 sweet2     
very good2 stone large1 oblong1 rough1  
clinging4      ,,rutland ,,plumcot      
,prunus triflora  ,prunus armeniaca     
#a4 ,burbank ,cat4 #ac fig4 #aija4 #b4  
,de ,vries ,pl4 ,br4 #bah4      #aijg4  
#c4 ,fancher ,creek ,nur4 ,cat4 #aj fig4
 #aiji4        ,plumcot #a1 #b4    ,one 
of the interesting novelties of recent  
plum-breeding is the ,plumcot  grown by 
,luther ,burbank#bba from a cross       

between the plum and the  apricot4 ,not 
having seen the fruit of this remarkable
 cross we are  unable to judge of its   
value to the plum-grower4 ,out of a     
large number  of extremely variable     
seedlings of this cross ,burbank        
selected this1 the  ,rutland ,plumcot1  
named in honor of an ,australian admirer
 of the fruit4  ,the variety was        
introduced by the ,fancher ,creek       
,nursery in #aijf and #aijg4  ,the      
following description is partly         
compiled4        ,tree vigorous1        
spreading1 open1 not a heavy bearer2    
branches      thorny2 branchlets rather 
slender1 with short internodes1 dull    
red2 leaves folded upward1 oval1 one and
 five-eighths inches      wide1 two and 
seven-eighths inches long1 rather stiff2
 margin      finely and doubly crenate1 
glandular2 petiole greenish-red1        
with from one to four globose glands4   
,the fruit in ,california attains a     
large size2 suture and cavity      deep2
 skin fuzzy like an apricot1 purple2    

flesh deep red1      subacid2 quality   
fair2 stone large1 broad-oval4          
,,saint ,,catherine    ,prunus domestica
        #a4 ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fg1
 #fh1 #fi4 #afii4 #b4 ,langley          
,pomona #id1 ,pl4 #bd fig4 #f4 #agbi4   
#c4 ,miller ,gard4 ,dict4      #c4      
#aged4 #d4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4  
#b3ig1 ,pl4 ,,xx fig4      #e1 #aji1    
,pl4 ,,xix4 #agfh4 #e4 ,knoop           
,fructologie #b3ee4 #agga4      #f4     
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aec4 #ahca4  
#g4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4      #b3gf1     
#ajc4 #ahcb4 #h4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4   
#bfg4 #ahcb4 #i4      ,gallesio ,pom4   
,ital4 #b3 ,pl4 #ahci4 #aj4 ,downing    
,fr4 ,trees      ,am4 #bhc fig4 #aab4   
#ahde4 #aa4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4
 ,gard4      #bih1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #ab4    
,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 #a3ahdf4 #ac4    
,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt4 ,,xxx4 #ahed4 
#ad4 ,ann4 ,pom4 ,belge #fe1      ,pl4  
#ahee4 #ae4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't     
#ebj4 #ahei4 #af4 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4 
,cat4 #hf4 #ahfb4 #ag4 ,pom4 ,france #g3

 ,no4 #bc4 #ahga4      #ah4 ,mas ,le    
,verger #f3hi1 fig1 #de4 #ahff-gc4 #ai4 
,hogg      ,fruit ,man4 #gbd4 #ahhd4    
#bj4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dca4 #ahhi4  
#ba4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #cef fig4   
#ahia4 #bb4 ,guide ,prat4      #afa1    
#cfe4 #ahie4 #bc4 ,oregon ,sta4 ,bul4   
#de3cc fig4 #ahig4        ,bricet #g4   
,bricette #d1 #g1 #ab4 ,bricette #g1    
#ai4 ,brisette      #bj1 #bb4 ,catherine
 7,prune de ,ste47 #e4                  
,catharinenpflaume #ah1      #bj1 #ba4  
,de ,sainte-,catherine #bb4 ,gelbe      
,catharinenpflaume #bj4      ,gelbe     
,catharinenpflaume #ah1 #bb4 ,gelbe     
,katharinenpflaume #ag1      #bb4 ,gute 
,kathe #bj4 ,mirabelle ,tardive #g4     
,petite ,bricette      #g4 ,pruneau de  
,tours #ah4 ,prune de ,sainte ,catherine
 #g1 #ag1      #bj4 ,prune ,sainte      
,catherine #ac4 ,prune                  
,sainte-,catherine #ah4      ,prune     
,sainte-,catherine ,jaune #ah4 ,prunier 
,sainte-,catherine      #ad4 ,pruneaux  
de ,tours #ac4 ,st4 ,catharine #a1 #b1  

#g1 #h1 #af1      #ai1 #bc4 ,saint      
,catherine #g4 ,sainte ,catherine #aa1  
#bj4      ,sainte-,catharine #c1 #d1    
#ab1 #ag1 #ah1 #bb4 ,sainte-,catherine  
de ,tours #ag1 #bj1 #bb4                
,sainte-,catherine jaune #bj1 #ba4      
,sainte-,catherine ordinaire #ag1 #bj1  
#bb4 ,st4 ,katharine #a4      ,spte     
,mirabelle #bj incor41 #bb4 ,susina ,di 
,santa ,caterina #i4      ,torlo d',ovo 
#i4 ,torlo d',uovo #i4 ,yellow ,st4     
,catharine #g4    ,this plum is grown   
only on the ,pacific ,coast in ,america 
and even there  is to be found but      
locally and is now passing from         
cultivation4 ,it is1  however1 one of   
the well-known sorts in ,europe1        
especially in ,france  where it is used 
for prune-making4 ,it appears to be of  
the ,reine ,claude  group in which group
 ,america has so many plums of          
surpassing merit that  this one has no  
place on this side of the ,atlantic4 ,it
 is included in  ,the ,plums of ,new    
,york largely because of its historic   

interest and  because there seems to be 
no complete description of it made from 
trees  and fruits grown on this         
continent4    ,the origin of this old   
plum is unknown4 ,it was first mentioned
 by  ,quintinye in #afii4 ,wherever it  
originated1 it is now grown most        
extensively in ,france and is known to  
commerce as the ,prune of ,tours4  ,the 
people in ,northern ,italy cultivate it 
under the name ,torlo d',ovo            
7,references1 #i74 ,the ,belgians have  
used ,saint ,catherine incorrectly  for 
the ,imperiale ,violette 7,references1  
#ad74 ,in ,america1 according to        
,kenrick1 it was not uncommon around    
,boston in #ahcb but it evidently  did  
not receive much recognition1 for the   
,united ,states ,patent ,office         
reimported it from ,france in #ahed and 
distributed it in the northeastern  part
 of this country4 ,the ,american        
,pomological ,society added it to its   
fruit catalog list in #ahfb and dropped 
it in #ahii4        ,tree large1        

vigorous1 round-topped1 usually hardy1  
productive2      branches sparingly     
thorny1 light ash-brown1 smooth except  
for the few raised lenticels2 branchlets
 thick1 long1 with      long internodes1
 greenish-red changing to dark          
reddish-brown1      marked with         
scarf-skin1 nearly glabrous throughout  
the season1      with few1 conspicuous1 
large1 raised lenticels2 leaf-buds of   
medium size and length1 conical or      
pointed1 broad at the base1             
appressed4        ,leaves folded upward1
 oval1 one and one-half inches wide1    
three      inches long2 upper surface   
lightly pubescent1 with a grooved       
midrib2 lower surface silvery-green1    
pubescent2 apex and      base acute1    
margin crenate1 with small1 dark glands2
 petiole      three-quarters inch long1 
thick1 with a red tinge1 pubescent1     
glandless or with from one to three     
conspicuous1 globose1      bright yellow
 glands variable in size1 usually on the
 stalk4        ,season of bloom         

intermediate1 long2 flowers appearing   
after the      leaves1 one inch across1 
white1 the buds tinged yellow as they   
open2 borne on lateral spurs1 in twos or
 in threes2 pedicels      nearly one    
inch long1 slender1 with thin           
pubescence1 greenish2      calyx-tube   
green1 campanulate1 glabrous2           
calyx-lobes small1      narrow1 acute1  
pubescent on the inner surface1 erect2  
petals      oval1 entire1 not clawed2   
anthers yellow with a tinge of red2     
filaments three-eighths inch long2      
pistil glabrous1 equal to      the      
stamens in length1 often abortive4      
,fruit late1 intermediate in length of  
ripening season2 small1      obovate or 
oval1 slightly necked1 truncate at the  
base1      compressed1 halves equal2    
cavity shallow1 narrow1 flaring2        
suture varies from shallow to deep1     
often prominent2 apex      depressed2   
color dull green1 changing to           
golden-yellow1      overspread with thin
 bloom2 dots numerous1 small1 gray1     

inconspicuous1 clustered about the apex2
 stem slender1 very      long1 often one
 and one-eighth inches in length1       
glabrous1      adhering well to the     
fruit2 skin thick1 tough1 clinging      
slightly2 flesh light golden-yellow1    
juicy1 fibrous1 sweet1      mild1       
pleasant1 not high in flavor2 good2     
stone clinging1      three-quarters inch
 by one-half inch in size1 oval1        
flattened1      slightly acute at the   
base and apex1 with roughened surfaces2 
ventral suture finely grooved1 blunt2   
dorsal suture with a      wide1 shallow 
groove4      ,,saint ,,julien    ,prunus
 insititia        #a4 ,miller ,gard4    
,dict4 #c4 #aged4 #b4 ,lond4 ,hort4     
,soc4      ,cat4 #aec4 #ahca4 #c4       
,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3gc4 #ahcb4 #d4   
,noisette ,man4 ,comp4 ,jard4 #b3ejj4   
#ahfj4 #e4 ,downing ,fr4      ,trees    
,am4 #idf4 #ahfi4 #f4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4
 #gbe4 #ahhd4 #g4      ,mathieu ,nom4   
,pom4 #ddi4 #ahhi4 #h4 ,rev4 ,hort4     
#dch4 #ahib4      #i4 ,trait4 ,prat4    

,sech4 ,fruits #agj4 #ahic4 #aj4 ,bot4  
,gaz4      #bf3dbe4 #ahih4              
,common ,saint ,julian #c4 ,common      
,saint ,julien #e1 #g4 ,french ,st4     
,julien #c1 #e1 #g4 ,gros ,saint-,julien
 #c4 ,gros ,saint-,julien #d4           
,kleine ,blaue ,julians ,pflaume #g4    
,large ,saint ,julien 8#c4 ,petit       
,saint ,julien #d4 ,petit ,saint ,julien
 #c1 #e1 #g4 ,prunus ,insititia         
var4 #g4 ,prunus ,domestica ,juliana    
#aj4 ,prunier ,saint-,julien #h4        
,st4 ,julien #f4 ,st4 ,julian #c4 ,saint
 ,julien #c4 ,saint ,julien      ,petit 
8#b4 ,saint-,julien ,petit #c1 #e1 #g4  
,the ,st4 ,julian ,plum #a4             
,weichharige ,schlehen ,damascene #g4   
,the ,saint ,julien plums1 as we now use
 the name1 constitute a division  of    
,prunus insititia used as propagating   
stocks4 ,whether the name was  ever     
applied to a specific variety can not be
 said4 ,miller1 in #aged1  described a  
8,st4 ,julian0 and gave its chief use as
 a stock for plums1  peaches and        

,bruxelles ,apricot4 ,later writers     
recommend them chiefly1 if  not only1 as
 stocks though in ,france it is said the
 fruits are dried and  sold by the      
pharmacists and herbalists under the    
name ,prunus medicines  7medicinal      
prunes74 ,carrire1 in ,revue ,horticole 
#ahib1 speaks very  highly of these     
plums as stocks and describes them as   
follows3        8,tree vigorous1 with   
branches spreading-straggling1          
relatively      short1 branched at the  
extremity4 ,leaves numerous1 slightly   
roughened by the prominence of the      
numerous nerves on the lower            
surface1 short1 oblong1 usually rounded 
at the apex1 attenuated      at the     
base1 where are found a few very small  
glands2 petiole      about two          
centimeters long1 yellowish1 lengthening
 out      into a prominent midrib2 buds 
short1 oval1 pointed1 deep              
reddish-brown2 dark green above1 pale   
green below1 bordered      regularly    
with very close1 short1 slightly        

inclined teeth4        ,fruits very     
abundant1 pedunculate1 spherical or     
oblong1      peduncle a little bent1    
rather strong1 nearly three centimeters 
long1 inserted in a very small cavity1  
regularly rounded4 ,skin      strongly  
attached to the flesh1 even1 glossy1    
purplish-black1      more or less       
glaucous2 flesh free from the seed1     
pulpy1 very      juicy1 soft1 greenish1 
sweet1 leaving a taste a little strong1 
but not disagreeable2 seed short oval1  
elliptical1 flattened1      ten         
millimeters in width1 nearly fifteen to 
sixteen millimeters      in length1 with
 grayish-red surface roughened by small1
 regular      projections4 ,matures from
 ,july to ,september40      ,,saint     
,,martin    ,prunus domestica        #a4
 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #add1 #aec4  
#ahca4 #b4 ,prince ,pom4      ,man4     
#b3gd4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees  
,am4 #bie fig4 #aai4      #ahde4 #d4    
,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4 #e4   
,mag4 ,hort4      #ad3aea fig4 #ae4     

#ahdh4 #f4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4   
#ccf      fig4 #bfj1 #ccg4 #ahdi4 #g4   
,elliott ,fr4 ,book4 #dbc4 #ahed4 #h4   
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #eae4 #ahei4 #i4
 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #dj4      #ahfg4
 #aj4 ,guide ,prat4 #afb1 #cfe4 #ahie4  
,catherine violette #h1 #aj4 ,coe's     
,fine ,late ,red #h4 ,coe's ,fine       
,late ,red #a1 #e1 #g1 #aj4 ,coe's ,late
 ,red #c1 #f1 #i4 ,coe's ,late      ,red
 #e1 #f1 #g1 #aj4 ,co's sehr spte rothe 
,pflaume #aj4 ,de la      ,saint-,martin
 #aj4 ,oktoberpflaume #aj4 ,prune de la 
,st4 ,martin      #c4 ,prunier de ,saint
 ,martin #b1 #e1 #g4 ,red ,st4 ,martin  
#b1 #g4      ,red ,saint ,martin #e1 #f1
 #g4 ,rouge tardive de ,co #aj4 ,saint  
,martin ,rouge #e4 ,saint-,martin ,rouge
 #a1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #aj4 ,saint        
,martin #b1 #c1 #e4 ,st4 ,martin #b1 #f1
 #g1 #h4 ,st4 ,martin ,rouge #h4        
,violette d',octobre #aj4 ,violette     
,octoverpflaume #h4 ,violette           
,oktoberpflaume #aj4    ,saint ,martin  
is an old ,french variety now hardly    

worth growing1 brought  into ,england by
 a ,mr4 ,coe who called it ,coe's ,fine 
,late ,red1 a name  continued by the    
,london ,horticultural ,society in its  
catalog4 ,in the  ,united ,states1 too1 
it became quite generally known as      
,coe's ,late ,red in  spite of the      
efforts of ,prince1 ,downing and        
,elliott to have it pass under  its true
 name4 ,the variety was mentioned in the
 ,american ,pomological  ,society's     
catalogs from #ahfg to #ahig4 ,it is    
described as follows3        ,fruit very
 late2 of medium size1 roundish1 bright 
purplish-red      with thin blue bloom2 
suture distinct2 cavity shallow2 stem   
of moderate length and thickness2 flesh 
yellow1 with a vinous      flavor2 fair 
to good2 freestone4      ,,satsuma      
,illustration3 ,,satsuma    ,prunus     
triflora        #a4 ,gard4 ,mon4 #cff1  
#cfg4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4  
#feb1      ,pl4 ,i fig41 #fcf4 #ahhg4   
#c4 ,gard4  ,for4 #a3dga4 #ahhh4 #d4    
,bailey ,ann4 ,hort4 #ajc4 #ahhi4 #e4   

,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aje1      #ajf1 
#abe4 #ahia4 #f4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4
 #ed4 #ahib4 #g4      ,cornell ,sta4    
,bul4 #fb3bi4 #ahid4 #h4 ,rev4 ,hort4   
#deh4 #ahid4      #i4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 
,rpt4 #if4 #ahie4 #aj4 ,guide ,prat4    
#afe1      #cff4 #ahie4 #aa4 ,cornell   
,sta4 ,bul4 #ajf3df1 #ec4 #ahif4 #ab4   
,ala4 ,col4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #he3ddf4 #ahig4 
#ac4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4      #aci3ch1 
#db4 #ahig4 #ad4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 
#bf4 #ahig4 #ae4      ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4
 #afi3bdc1 #bej4 #ahii4 #af4 ,cornell   
,sta4      ,bul4 #age3aea4 #ahii4 #ag4  
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #aac3aeh4 #ahii4      
#ah4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ada4 #aija4   
#ai4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #ahg3gg1   
#hj4 #aija4 #bj4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fh3ad1 #cc1 #cd4      #aije4 #ba4 ,de  
,vries ,pl4 ,br4 #agj4 #aijg4           
,beni ,smono ,no4 #d 8#f4 ,blood ,plum  
#g1 #i1 #af1 #ah1 #bj4 ,blood ,plum8    
#a4 ,blood ,plum ,no4 #d 8#i1 #ac4      
,blood ,plum ,no4 #d 8#aa4 ,honsmomo    
#aa4 ,honsmomo 8#i1 #aa4 ,japan ,blood  

,plum #c4 ,sanguine #aj4      ,satsuma  
,blood #d4 ,yonemomo #e1 #g1 #i1 #af1   
#bj4 ,yonesmomo #e1 #bj4    ,there is a 
group of several varieties of ,triflora 
plums unique in having  the flesh deep  
red in color and very firm and juicy4   
,of these red-fleshed  plums1 ,satsuma  
was the first to be introduced into     
fruit-growing in  ,america and is one of
 the parents of most of the others4     
,while the fruit  is not as large nor as
 handsome in color as in some of its    
offspring1 it  is still one of the best 
varieties for quality of fruit and its  
trees  are possibly as good as those of 
any of the other sorts of red-fleshed   
,trifloras4 ,satsuma1 besides being one 
of the best of its class in quality  for
 either dessert or culinary purposes1   
keeps and ships very well and if  the   
plums are of sufficient size and have   
been allowed to color properly1  the    
variety makes a good showing on the     
markets4 ,too often1 however1 it  is so 
unattractive as it reaches the market   

that it does not sell well4  ,in the    
,south the plums are said to be much    
attacked by brown-rot but they  are not 
more susceptible here than other plums4 
,the trees are rather  above the average
 for the species in size1 habit1 health1
 hardiness and  productiveness though   
they bear sparingly when young4 ,they   
bloom early in  the season and are      
distinguished from other ,triflora sorts
 by having many  spurs and short        
branches along the main branches4       
,satsuma might possibly  be found worth 
growing commercially in a very small way
 in some parts of  the ,state4          
,satsuma was raised from the same lot of
 plum pits from which the ,burbank      
came1 the seeds having been sent to     
,luther ,burbank by a ,japanese agent   
in #ahhc4 ,in #ahhg ,burbank's tree was 
the only bearing one in ,america but    
since then it has been tested in all of 
the large plum regions1 having  been    
introduced by ,burbank in #ahhi4 ,in    
#ahig it was added to the fruit  catalog

 list of the ,american ,pomological     
,society4 ,even though this  plum is    
very distinct1 with its solid red flesh1
 it is much confused  with other sorts4 
,a ,japanese in a letter#bbb to ,l4 ,a4 
,berckmans says  8,beni-,smomo comprises
 a group of red-fleshed plums4 ,in      
,satsuma1 my  native home1 ,hon-smomo   
and ,yone-smomo are the most noted and  
familiar  fruits of this group1 the     
first is the smallest in size and       
deepest in  color1 while the second is  
the largest and most highly esteemed4   
,in some  districts1 plums in this group
 are called ,uchi-,beni1 which means red
  inside40 ,hon-smomo or ,blood ,plum   
,no4 #d was separated from the ,satsuma 
or ,yonemomo by the ,georgia            
,horticultural ,society but ,bailey     
found them  indistinguishable4          
,tree medium to large1 vigorous1        
upright-spreading1 usually      quite   
hardy1 moderately productive1 bearing   
heavier crops as      the tree becomes  
older2 branches grayish-brown2          

branchlets      medium to above in      
thickness and length1 with short        
internodes1      dark chestnut-red1     
glabrous1 with slightly raised lenticels
      of medium number and size2        
leaf-buds small1 short1 conical1        
appressed4        ,leaves somewhat      
lanceolate1 four inches by one and      
one-half      inches in size1 of medium 
thickness2 upper surface dark green1    
with a shallow1 grooved midrib2 lower   
surface light green1      glabrous2     
margin finely and doubly crenate1       
glandular2 petiole      three-quarters  
inch long1 tinged red1 with from one to 
three      reniform1 greenish-yellow    
glands variable in size1 usually at     
the base of the blade4        ,blossoms 
white2 borne in pairs or in threes2     
pedicels      nine-sixteenths inch long1
 slender1 glabrous1 greenish2           
calyx-tube green1 obconic1 glabrous2    
calyx-lobes medium in      width1 acute1
 somewhat serrate1 with dark colored    
glands1      glabrous1 erect2 petals    

tapering below to claws of medium       
length1 reddish at the base4            
,fruit mid-season or later2 one and     
seven-eighths inches      by two inches 
in size1 variable in shape1 ranging from
      roundish-cordate to somewhat      
oblate1 flattened at the base1          
compressed1 halves unequal2 cavity deep1
 narrow1 abrupt1      compressed2 suture
 variable in depth1 prominent2 apex     
pointed      or roundish2 color dark    
dull red1 with thin bloom2 dots         
numerous1 of medium size1 russet1       
somewhat conspicuous1      clustered    
about the apex2 stem slender1           
three-eighths inch      long1 glabrous2 
skin of medium thickness and toughness1 
bitter1      semi-adherent2 flesh dark  
purplish-red1 juicy1 tender at the      
skin1 becoming tough at the center1     
sweet1 with an almond-like      flavor2 
of good quality2 stone semi-clinging or 
clinging1      seven-eighths inch by    
five-eighths inch in size1 oval1        
strongly      pointed1 rough1 tinged    

red2 ventral suture narrow1 winged2     
dorsal suture grooved4      ,,saunders  
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,rpt4 #adc4 #ahhe4 #b4 ,can4      
,hort4 #ad3ib1      #bbc4 #ahia4 #c4    
,ibid4 #ai3bec4 #ahif4 #d4 ,ont4 ,exp4  
,sta4      ,rpt4 #de1 #df4 #ahii4 #e4   
,can4 ,hort4 #bg3bdd4 #aijd4            
,saunders ,seedling #e4    ,the         
,american ,pomological ,society         
recommends this variety for trial with  
the statement that the quality is of the
 best and that it is almost free  from  
black-knot4 ,but on the grounds of this 
,station1 fruiting for several  years1  
the plums have been inferior in size and
 somewhat so in quality  and all told   
much less attractive than a number of   
other sorts of the  same season4        
,saunders originated with ,john ,arris  
of ,belleville1 ,ontario1  ,canada4 ,it 
was first exhibited before the          
,fruit-,growers' ,association  of       
,ontario at ,st4 ,catherines in #ahhc4  
,in #ahhd1 upon its being again         

exhibited before the same association1  
it was named ,saunders in honor of  the 
society's noted president4 ,the variety 
was mentioned in the catalog  of the    
,american ,pomological ,society in      
#ahig4        ,tree of medium size1     
round-topped1 very productive2          
branchlets      brash1 slender1 very    
pubescent2 leaves flattened1 obovate or 
oval1 one and three-quarters inches     
wide1 four inches long1      somewhat   
velvety1 rugose2 margin finely serrate1 
eglandular or      with small dark      
glands2 petiole pubescent1 glandless or 
with      from one to three small       
glands2 blooming season intermediate in 
time and length2 flowers appearing after
 the leaves1 one and      one-quarter   
inches across1 white2 borne on lateral  
buds and      spurs1 usually singly2    
pedicels very pubescent4        ,fruit  
early1 season short2 one and one-half   
inches by one      and one-eighth inches
 in size1 oblong-oval1 greenish-yellow  
changing to golden-yellow1 covered with 

thin bloom2 skin thin1      tender1     
slightly sour1 cracking when fully      
mature2 flesh      yellowish1 tender and
 melting1 sweet1 mild2 of good quality2 
stone free1 one inch by five-eighths    
inch in size1 long-oval1      flattened1
 with rough surfaces2 ventral suture    
winged2 dorsal      suture with a       
narrow1 shallow groove4      ,,sergeant 
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,cal4      
,state ,bd4 ,hort4 #di1 #ea4 #ahhg4 #b4 
,ibid4 #bcd1      #bce4 #ahij4 #c4      
,ibid4 #aje4 #ahia4 #d4 ,wickson ,cal4  
,fruits      #ceg4 #ahia4 #e4 ,u4 ,s4   
,d4 ,a4 ,div4 ,pom4 ,bul4 #g3caf1 ,pl4  
,,iv      fig4 #b4 #ahih4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ci4 #ahii4 #g4 ,waugh     
,plum ,cult4 #aba4 #aija4        ,prune 
d',ente #b4 ,prunier ,datte #a4 ,robe de
 ,sergent #b1 #e1 #f4      ,robe de     
,sergeant #g4 ,robe de ,sergent #a1 #c1 
#d4    ,in ,france1 from whence         
,sergeant was imported to ,california1  
,sergeant1  ,agen and ,prunier ,datte   
are held to be identical4 ,but in       

,america only  the first and last are   
identical1 the ,agen being quite        
distinct4 ,it  would seem that the      
,french should know their own plums and 
that their  nomenclature should be      
accepted but the ,sergeant is now so    
widely  distributed in ,america as      
distinct that we give a brief           
description  of the plum4 ,there may be 
more than one type of the ,agen in      
,france or  ,american nurserymen may    
have received wrongly named varieties4  
,tree upright1 with branches and        
branchlets thickish1 more      robust   
than ,agen2 foliage large1              
lancet-shaped1 glossy1 much      broader
 and more shiny than ,agen2 fruit       
mid-season2 of medium      size1        
roundish-oval1 enlarged on one side2    
skin deep purple to      blackish with a
 thick bloom2 flesh greenish-yellow1    
juicier      than ,agen1 sweet1 high    
flavored2 quality good2 stone partially 
clinging2 valuable for preserving and   
drying4      ,,sharp    ,prunus         

domestica        #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,cat4 #aec4 #ahca4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees      ,am4 #cae4 #ahde4 #c4 ,ann4 
,pom4 ,belge #fc1 ,pl4 #ahei4 #d4       
,cultivator #h3be fig4 #ahfj4 #e4       
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4      #idh4    
#ahfi4 #f4 ,guide ,prat4 #afj1 #ceh4    
#ahie4 #g4 ,jour4 ,roy4      ,hort4     
,soc4 #ba3 ,pt4 #b1 #bbb4 #ahig4 #h4    
,waugh ,plum ,cult4      #abb1 #abc fig4
 #aija4        ,alderton #e4 ,dolphin   
#e4 ,dauphin #e4 ,denyer's ,victoria    
8#b1 #e1 #g4 ,empereur de ,sharp #c1 #f4
 ,imperial de ,sharp #e4      ,imperiale
 de ,sharp #f4 ,prune ,imperiale de     
,sharp #c4 ,queen      ,victoria 8#b4   
,royal ,dauphine #e4 ,sharp #h incor4   
,sharp's      ,emperor #a1 #b incor41   
#d1 #e incor4 ,sharp's ,emperor #c1 #f1 
#h      incor4 ,sharpe's ,emperor #g4   
,sharps ,kaiserpflaume #f4 ,victoria    
#e1 #h incor4    ,sharp was briefly     
described in the ,london ,horticultural 
,society catalog  in #ahca4 ,later1 in  
#ahde1 ,a4 ,j4 ,downing described the   

variety but thought  it identical with  
the ,victoria1 as did other writers1 as 
will be seen  by referring to the       
,victoria4 ,h4 ,a4 ,pearson in the      
,journal of the  ,royal ,horticultural  
,society1 comparing these two sorts     
says1 8,sharp's  ,emperor is a second   
rate plum1 resembling ,victoria1 in     
appearance1 but  very inferior in point 
of cropping and quality1 a decided      
clingstone1  often gumming at the stone1
 and ripening a fortnight later than its
  supposed synonym1 not worthy of       
cultivation40 ,august ,royer in the     
,annals  de ,pomologie ,belge et        
,etrangere also separated the two       
varieties but  describes them both as   
freestones4 ,while there is a lack of   
uniformity  in the descriptions yet the 
total evidence weighs in favor of two   
types  which are very similar4 ,the     
,victoria is probably the better plum of
 the  two4      ,,sheldrake    ,prunus  
domestica    ,although extremely        
vigorous and productive this variety is 

so inferior  in quality as to be of     
doubtful value4 ,sheldrake originated as
 a chance  seedling on the shore of     
,cayuga ,lake near the town of          
,sheldrake1 ,new  ,york4 ,it was        
discovered and propagated by ,j4 ,t4    
,hunt of ,kendaia1 ,new  ,york1 and has 
been under test at the ,geneva ,station 
since #ahie4        ,tree large1        
vigorous1 round-topped1 productive2     
branchlets      thick1 with long        
internodes1 pubescent2 leaves drooping1 
somewhat flattened1 oval1 nearly two and
 one-half inches wide1      four and    
one-quarter inches long2 margin serrate 
with few1      small1 dark glands2      
petiole pubescent1 tinged red1 thick1   
glandless or with from one to four      
rather large glands usually      at the 
base of the leaf2 blooming season       
intermediate in time1      short2       
flowers appearing after the leaves1     
nearly one and      one-quarter inches  
across2 borne singly or in pairs4       
,fruit rather early2 one and one-half   

inches by one and      three-eighths    
inches in size1 roundish-oblong2 cavity 
very      deep1 abrupt2 color           
purplish-black1 overspread with thick   
bloom2 dots conspicuous2 stem thickly   
pubescent2 skin thin1      tender1      
slightly acid2 flesh yellow1 tender1    
sweet next the      skin1 but sour near 
the center1 inferior in flavor2 poor    
in quality2 stone dark-colored1         
semi-clinging1 one inch by              
three-quarters inch in size1 broadly    
ovate or irregularly oval1              
flattened1 with roughened and granular  
surfaces2 ventral suture      prominent1
 blunt4      ,,shipper    ,illustration3
 ,,shipper    ,prunus domestica         
#a4 ,gard4 ,mon4 #bd3cci4 #ahhb4 #b4 ,w4
 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 #ca3fj4
 #ahhf4 #c4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4        
#aca3aia1 fig4      #db4 #ahig4 #d4     
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdc1 #bdg4      
#ahii4 #e4      ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 
#bnd ,ser4 #c3ef4 #aijj4 #f4 ,mich4     
,sta4      ,bul4 #ahg3gg1 #gi4 #aija4   

#g4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aai4 #aija4    
,pride #g4 ,shipper ,pride #d4          
,shippers' ,pride #g4 ,shipper's        
,pride #a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #h4    ,this plum
 has never become an important          
commercial variety in ,new ,york  yet it
 is offered for sale by a surprisingly  
large number of nurserymen4  ,the       
variety has too many faults to succeed  
in competition with the many  good plums
 of its color and season4 ,the flesh is 
dry and the plums often  shrivel on the 
tree1 characters which fit it for       
shipping1 but which when  taken with    
poor quality and small size make it of  
little value after it  reaches the      
market4 ,moreover it fruits sparingly   
under many conditions1  though          
productive here1 and the plums ripen    
somewhat unevenly and are  susceptible  
to brown-rot4 ,some pomologists give a  
rather better estimate  of the variety  
than that expressed here1 but from all  
data at hand the  value of the plum is  
not underestimated in the above         

statements4 ,there  are a great many    
better plums for ,new ,york than        
,shipper4    ,this variety was          
introduced by ,mr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,wiley of    
,cayuga1 ,new ,york4 ,the  plum was     
found by ,mr4 ,wiley in a private garden
 at ,port ,byron1 ,new ,york1  about    
#ahgg4 ,the man upon whose place it grew
 thought that it came from a  stone of  
one of the several varieties in his     
garden but ,mr4 ,wiley is not  sure of  
this origin and suggests that it may    
have sprouted from a root4        ,tree 
large1 vigorous1 round-topped1 hardy1   
productive2      branches thick1        
ash-gray1 smooth except for the raised  
lenticels2 branchlets of medium         
thickness and length1 with      long    
internodes1 green changing to           
brownish-drab and with a      red tinge1
 dull1 covered with thick pubescence    
throughout the      season1 with        
inconspicuous lenticels of medium number
 and size2      leaf-buds small1 short1 
conical1 appressed4        ,leaves many1

 flattened or folded upward1 obovate or 
oval1 one      and three-quarters inches
 wide1 three and one-half inches        
long1 thick1 leathery2 upper surface    
dark green1 hairy1 with a      grooved  
midrib2 lower surface silvery-green1    
thick1 pubescent2      apex abruptly    
pointed or acute1 base acute1 margin    
serrate or      crenate1 eglandular or  
with small dark glands2 petiole one-half
      inch long1 thick1 pubescent1 with 
a red tinge1 glandless or      with one 
or two globose1 yellowish-green glands  
usually at the      base of the leaf4   
,season of bloom intermediate in time   
and length2 flowers      appearing with 
the leaves1 nearly one and one-quarter  
inches      across1 white2 borne on     
lateral buds and spurs1 singly or in    
pairs2 pedicels three-quarters inch     
long1 pubescent1 greenish2              
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1          
pubescent2 calyx-lobes obtuse1          
lightly pubescent on both surfaces1     
glandular-serrate and with      marginal

 hairs1 reflexed2 petals broadly oval or
 obovate1      slightly crenate or      
occasionally notched1 with short1 broad 
claws2 anthers yellow2 filaments        
five-sixteenths inch long2      pistil  
glabrous1 shorter than the stamens4     
,fruit late1 intermediate in length of  
ripening season2 one      and one-half  
inches by one and three-eighths inches  
in      size1 ovate1 swollen on the     
suture side1 compressed1 halves         
equal2 cavity shallow1 abrupt2 suture   
shallow2 apex bluntly      pointed2     
color purplish-black1 overspread with   
thick bloom2      dots small1 russet1   
somewhat conspicuous2 stem seven-eighths
      inch long1 pubescent1 adhering    
well to the fruit2 skin thin1           
tender1 separating readily2 flesh       
greenish-yellow1 rather      tart1 firm1
 sweet1 mild in flavor2 inferior in     
quality2      stone semi-clinging1 often
 with red tinge near the edge1          
seven-eighths inch by three-quarters    
inch in size1 irregular                 

roundish-ovate1 turgid1 rough1 blunt at 
the base and apex2      ventral suture  
wide1 ridged1 distinctly winged2 dorsal 
suture      wide1 deep4      ,,shiro    
,illustration3 ,,shiro    ,prunus       
simonii  ,prunus triflora  ,prunus      
cerasifera  ,prunus munsoniana          
#a4 ,cal4 ,state ,bd4 ,hort4 #ec fig4   
#ahig4 #b4 ,burbank ,cat4      #ahii4   
#c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bbe4 #aija4 #d4
 ,rural ,n4 ,y4      #fb3ehb4 #aijc4    
,late ,klondike #a4    ,shiro has been  
in the hands of fruit-growers too short 
a time to permit  a just estimate of it 
to be made4 ,as the variety grows on the
 grounds of  this ,station1 the fruits  
are large and handsome in form and      
color1 as is  well shown in the         
illustration4 ,the flavor lacks         
character and is almost  insipid but the
 flesh is tender1 melting and juicy and 
so translucent  that the pit can be seen
 through the flesh4 ,despite the flavor1
 the  plum is pleasant to eat and may be
 ranked as good in quality4 ,those who  

have had experience say that the variety
 ships very well if not fully  mature   
but quickly goes down after ripening2   
the plums are also quite  susceptible to
 brown-rot4 ,the trees of this variety  
at ,geneva are quite  as vigorous1      
hardy1 and productive as any of the     
sorts which ,mr4 ,burbank  gives as     
progenitors of ,shiro and will          
generally1 it is believed1 surpass  any 
of them in these respects4 ,it may here 
be remarked that of the four  species   
from which ,shiro is supposed to have   
come1 it most resembles  ,prunus        
triflora in both tree and fruit though  
the leaves have some  resemblance to    
those of ,prunus cerasifera4 ,shiro is  
still1 so far as  ,new ,york is         
concerned1 in the list of plums         
deserving trial but with the  chances   
against its becoming of great value     
either for home or commercial           
plantations4    ,this is another of     
,burbank's plums and is said to be a    
descendant of  ,robinson1 7,prunus      

munsoniana17 ,myrobalan1 7,prunus       
cerasifera71 and  ,wickson1 7a cross of 
,prunus triflora and ,prunus simonii7   
from seed of  ,wickson4 ,burbank in his 
catalog for #ahhi says that the tree    
resembles a  ,myrobalan in foliage1     
growth and general appearance4 ,but as  
the variety  grows at this ,station it  
has all the appearances of a ,triflora4 
,shiro was  described in the ,california
 ,state ,board of ,horticulture ,report 
for #ahih  and the following year it was
 introduced by the originator4          
,tree large1 vigorous1                  
upright-spreading1 tender to cold1      
productive2 branches smooth1 somewhat   
thorny1 dull ash-gray1      with few1   
small lenticels2 branchlets slender1    
above medium      in length1 with short 
internodes1 greenish-red changing to    
brownish-drab1 glabrous1 with           
inconspicuous1 scattering1 small        
lenticels2 leaf-buds small1 very short1 
obtuse1 strongly      appressed4        
,leaves folded upward1 obovate1 one and 

five-sixteenths inches      wide1 two   
and three-quarters inches long1         
leathery2 upper      surface faintly    
rugose1 glabrous1 with a grooved midrib2
 lower      surface lightly pubescent   
along the midrib and larger veins2      
apex acutely pointed1 base rather acute1
 margin finely crenate1      with small1
 dark glands2 petiole three-eighths inch
 long1      pubescent along one side1   
greenish-red1 glandless or with one     
or two small1 globose1 yellowish glands 
on the stalk4        ,blooming season   
early and of medium length2 flowers     
appearing      before the leaves1 white2
 borne in clusters on lateral buds and  
spurs2 pedicels short1 glabrous1        
greenish2 calyx-tube green1             
campanulate1 glabrous2 calyx-lobes      
obtuse1 glandular-serrate1      glabrous
 on the outer side1 sparingly pubescent 
within1 with a      pink margin1 erect2 
petals roundish1 entire1 tapering to    
short1      abrupt claws2 anthers yellow
 with a reddish tinge2 filaments        

below medium in length2 pistil glabrous1
 longer than the      stamens4          
,fruit very early1 season short2 one and
 one-half inches      in diameter1      
roundish-conic1 with halves equal2      
cavity      intermediate in depth and   
width1 flaring1 regular2 suture an      
indistinct line2 apex roundish2 color   
light yellow becoming      deeper yellow
 as the season advances1 occasionally   
with a      blush of pink1 with thin    
bloom2 dots numerous1 very minute1      
whitish1 inconspicuous2 stem            
three-eighths inch long1 adhering       
to the fruit2 skin thin1 tough1 sour1   
occasionally cracking1      separating  
readily1 although a thin coating of     
flesh is left      clinging to the skin2
 flesh light yellow1 semi-transparent1  
the stone being faintly visible1 very   
juicy1 fibrous1 somewhat      melting1  
sweet1 mild1 lacks character in flavor2 
good2 stone      clinging1 seven-eighths
 inch by five-eighths inch in size1     
broadly oval1 flattened1 slightly       

elongated at the base1 with      rough  
surfaces2 ventral suture faintly ridged 
and furrowed2      dorsal suture very   
lightly grooved4      ,,shropshire      
,illustration3 ,,shropshire    ,prunus  
insititia        #a4 ,rea ,flora #bji4  
#afgf4 #b4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4    
#adf4      #ahca4 #c4 ,prince ,pom4     
,man4 #b3ij4 #ahcb4 #d4 ,loudon ,enc4   
,gard4 #iba4 #ahcd4 #e4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees ,am4 #big4 #ahde4 #f4            
,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4     
#bhb1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #g4 ,thompson        
,gard4 ,ass't #ebj4 #ahei4 #h4 ,hogg    
,fruit ,man4 #cgg4 #ahff4      #i4 ,am4 
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #cf4 #ahge4 #aj4 ,hogg
 ,fruit ,man4      #fie4 #ahhd4 #aa4    
,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bhi4 #ahhi4  
#ab4 ,am4      ,gard4 #ad3adf fig41     
#adg1 #adh4 #ahic4 #ac4 ,cornell ,sta4  
,bul4      #aca3aib fig4 #df4 #ahig4    
#ad4 ,garden #ec3bfe4 #ahih4 #ae4 ,mich4
      ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdc1 #bdg4 #ahii4
 #af4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #acj fig4     
#aija4 #ag4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #acd3dd4   

#aijb4 #ah4 ,ga4 ,sta4      ,bul4       
#fg3bha fig4 #aijd4        ,cheshire    
#ad4 ,damascene #h1 #aj1 #ad4 ,damson   
,plum #c4      ,long ,damson #b4 ,long  
,damson #g1 #h1 #aj4 ,pruine ,damson8   
#a4      ,prune ,damson #b1 #d1 #e1 #g1 
#ad4 ,prune ,damson #f1 #h4 ,prune #aj4 
,shropshire ,damson 8#f1 #h1 #aj1 #ae1  
#af1 #ag4 ,shropshire ,damson #b1       
#c1 #d1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ah4     
,in ,america1 ,shropshire is probably   
the best known of the ,damsons1 being   
found not only in nearly all commercial 
plantations but in the smallest  home   
collections as well4 ,the qualities     
which make it so generally a  favorite  
are for most part those of the tree1 the
 ,french surpassing it  in size and in  
quality of the fruit4 ,the trees of the 
variety under  notice are not surpassed 
by any other ,insititia in size1 vigor1 
hardiness  and health nor are they1     
except in size1 by any other ,european  
plum4  ,shropshire is enormously        
productive1 bearing its load of fruit   

year after  year until it is a standard 
among fruits for productivity and       
reliability  in bearing4 ,the trees have
 but one defect1--unless sprayed the    
foliage  falls prey to fungi and drops  
early4 ,the trees are comparatively easy
 to  manage in such orchard operations  
as pruning1 spraying and harvesting  as 
they are not so thick-topped1 twiggy and
 spiny as other ,damsons4 ,the  fruit is
 of very good size and while in no sense
 a dessert plum may be  eaten out of    
hand with relish when fully ripe or     
after a light frost--a  point worth     
considering where only ,damsons can be  
grown4 ,it is one of the  best of its   
kind for culinary purposes4 ,this old   
variety is still to be  recommended for 
both home and market4    ,shropshire    
originated in ,england1 sometime in the 
,seventeenth ,century4  ,it was noted by
 ,american writers early in the         
,nineteenth ,century and  in #ahge was  
placed on the ,american ,pomological    
,society's fruit catalog  list4         

,shropshire is a more familiar name in  
fruit literature than the  references   
given indicate1 being found in          
practically every ,english  discussion  
of plums since #afgf and in all         
,american notices of this fruit  since  
,prince wrote in #ahcb4 ,for a fruit so 
long under cultivation1 it has  few     
synonyms4        ,tree large1 vigorous1 
vasiform1 hardy1 productive2 main       
branches numerous1 ash-gray1 smooth     
except for numerous scars      from     
small spur-like branches1 with many1    
small lenticels2      branchlets twiggy1
 slender1 with short internodes1 green  
changing to dark brownish-drab1 dull1   
covered with heavy      pubescence      
throughout the season1 with numerous1   
small      lenticels2 leaf-buds below   
medium in size1 short1 conical1         
appressed4        ,leaves flattened1    
obovate1 about one inch wide1 two inches
      long1 thin2 upper surface dark    
green1 pubescent along the      grooved 
midrib2 lower surface a paler green1    

with thin      pubescence2 apex obtuse  
or acute1 base acute1 margin finely     
serrate1 eglandular2 petiole one-half   
inch long1 slender1      greenish-red1  
with little pubescence1 glandless or    
with one or      two small1 globose1    
greenish-yellow glands usually at the   
base      of the leaf4        ,season of
 bloom medium2 flowers seven-eighths    
inch across1      white2 borne in       
clusters on lateral buds and spurs1     
singly or      in pairs2 pedicels       
three-eighths inch long1 slender1       
glabrous1      greenish2 calyx-tube     
green1 campanulate1 glabrous2           
calyx-lobes      narrow1 acute1         
glabrous1 the margin glandular-ciliate1 
reflexed2 petals roundish-oval1 entire1 
short-clawed2 anthers      yellow2      
filaments five-sixteenths inch long2    
pistil glabrous1      shorter than the  
stamens4        ,fruit late1 season     
long2 one and one-half inches by one    
inch in      size1 oval1 compressed1    
halves equal2 cavity shallow1 narrow1   

flaring2 suture an indistinct line2 apex
 roundish2 color      purplish-black1   
overspread with thick bloom2 dots       
numerous1      small1 russet1           
inconspicuous2 stem slender1 one-half   
inch long1      glabrous1 adhering to   
the fruit2 skin thin1 tender1 adhering2 
flesh golden-yellow1 juicy1 firm but    
tender1 agreeably tart      at full     
maturity1 sprightly1 pleasant2 stone    
clinging1      three-quarters inch by   
one-half inch in size1 oval1 acute at   
the base1 blunt at the apex1 with nearly
 smooth surfaces2      ventral suture   
broad1 blunt2 dorsal suture acute1 with 
a      narrow1 shallow1 indistinct      
groove4      ,,simon    ,prunus simonii 
#a4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #aaa4 #ahgb4 #b4       
,horticulturist #bg3aif4      #ahgb4 #c4
 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #cgd1 #cgh4    
#ahha4 #d4 ,ibid4      #cba4 #ahhd4 #e4 
,rural ,n4 ,y4 #de3fhi fig4 #chi4 #ahhf4
 #f4      ,ibid4 #df3gff4 #ahhg4 #g4    
,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ec1 #ii4       
#ahhi4 #h4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddd4   

#ahhi4 #i4 ,cal4 ,state ,bd4      ,hort4
 ,rpt4 #bcf1 ,pl4 ,,ii figs4 #a and #b1 
#bch4 #ahij4 #aj4 ,rev4      ,hort4 #aeb
 fig4 #dj4 #ahia4 #aa4 ,penin4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #fh4      #ahia4 #ab4       
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ea3ee4 #ahic4 #ac4
 ,mich4 ,sta4      ,bul4 #ajc3ce4 #ahid4
 #ad4 ,guide ,prat4 #afd1 #cfb4 #ahie4  
#ae4      ,neb4 ,state ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #age4 #ahie4 #af4 ,kan4 ,sta4     
,bul4      #gc3aib4 #ahig4 #ag4 ,vt4    
,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bi4 #ahih4 #ah4 ,am4    
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #da4 #ahii4 #ai4      
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ad1 #ch1 #bcd4     
#aija4        ,apricot ,plum #ab1 #ai4  
,apricot ,plum #i1 #aa4 ,plum ,simon #b4
 ,prune      ,eugene ,simon #h4 ,prunier
 de ,simon #h1 #ad4 ,prunus simoni #d1  
#g1      #ag4 ,prunus ,simonii #b4      
,prunus ,simonii #a1 #c1 #f1 #h1 #aj1   
#aa1 #ad1      #af1 #ai4 ,prunus simoni 
#h4 ,simon #ai4 ,simon's ,chinese       
,apricot      ,plum #g4 ,simon's ,peach 
#ae4 ,simon's ,plum #e4    ,the ,simon  
plum1 a horticultural variety1          

constitutes the species ,prunus  simonii
 and has been fully discussed in the    
chapter of this text dealing  with the  
botany of the plum4 ,it is given further
 notice only to introduce  the          
horticultural references and history and
 to estimate briefly its  value in      
fruit-growing4 ,as to the latter it may 
be said that the fruit is  for most     
people unpalatable1 and therefore of    
little worth as an edible  product4     
,some of the crosses of which this      
variety is one parent are  well known   
and esteemed in pomology and the ,simon 
plum undoubtedly has  value for         
plum-breeding in the future4 ,the tree1 
where it succeeds1 is  a handsome       
ornamental4 ,in ,new ,york the variety  
seems hardy wherever the  peach can be  
grown and thrives on the same types of  
soils--sands1 gravels  and light loams4 
,the tree is subject to diseases and    
unless well sprayed  is liable to be    
short-lived4 ,the variety can be        
recommended in ,new ,york  only to the  

breeder of plums and for those who want 
the tree as an  ornamental or a         
curiosity4    ,this interesting and     
distinct plum was obtained in ,china by 
,eugene ,simon1  a ,french consul1 who  
sent it to the ,paris ,museum of        
,natural ,history  in #ahfg4 ,later it  
was disseminated by the nurseries of    
,simon ,brothers  at                    
,plantires-,les-,metz4 ,the date of its 
introduction into ,america is  unknown1 
though it was offered for sale by the   
eastern nurseries as  early as #ahha4   
,ellwanger and ,barry of ,rochester     
secured their stock from  ,france a few 
years previous to the date given but    
whether they were the  only importers   
cannot be said4 ,in #ahii the ,american 
,pomological ,society  added ,simon to  
its catalog list4 ,the variety is fully 
described under its  species4           
,,simpson    ,prunus domestica          
#a4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #aac3afa4 #ahii4  
#b4 ,ibid4 #afb3bef1 #beg4      #aije4  
,the fruit of ,simpson is too small and 

is so much below the average of its     
type1 that of the ,yellow ,egg1 in      
quality that it is not worth general    
introduction4 ,it is given attention    
here chiefly as a matter of record4     
,although unquestionably a ,domestica1  
,simpson was found growing wild in  the 
woods west of ,peoria1 ,illinois4 ,it   
was introduced by ,h4 ,augustine of     
,normal1 ,illinois1 about #ahhh4        
,tree large1 very vigorous1             
upright-spreading1 dense1 very          
productive2 branchlets slender1 with    
long internodes1 thickly      pubescent2
 leaf-buds large1 long2 leaves          
flattened1 oval1      intermediate in   
width and length2 margin serrate1       
eglandular2      petiole pubescent1     
glandless or with from one to three     
globose      glands usually on the      
stalk2 flowers one inch across1 borne in
      scattering clusters1 singly or in 
pairs2 calyx-lobes thickly              
pubescent on both surfaces4             
,fruit mid-season2 one and one-half     

inches by one and      three-eighths    
inches in size1 oval1 golden-yellow1    
covered with      thin bloom2 flesh     
golden-yellow1 juicy1 firm but tender1  
sweet1      mild2 good2 stone semi-free1
 seven-eighths inch by one-half         
inch in size1 oval1 acute at the base2  
ventral suture usually      winged2     
dorsal suture widely and deeply grooved4
      ,,small ,,reine ,,claude          
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,duhamel   
,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3ia4 #agfh4 #b4    
,kraft ,pom4      ,aust4 #ci1 ,tab4 #ahi
 fig4 #b4 #agif4 #c4 ,m',mahon ,am4     
,gard4      ,cat4 #ehg4 #ahjf4 #d4      
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adg1 #adh1   
#aed4      #ahca4 #e4 ,prince ,pom4     
,man4 #b3di4 #ahcb4 #f4 ,mag4 ,hort4    
#i3afd4 #ahdc4 #g4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees 
,am4 #bhh4 #ahde4 #h4                   
,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4     
#bhd1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #i4 ,thomas      ,am4
 ,fruit ,cult4 #ccj4 #ahdi4 #aj4        
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4      #iac4    
#ahfi4 #aa4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ic4     

#ahgc4 #ab4 ,oberdieck      ,deut4      
,obst4 ,sort4 #dce4 #ahha4 #ac4 ,hogg   
,fruit ,man4 #gcb4      #ahhd4 #ad4     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcg4 #ahhi4       
,die kleine ,knigin ,claudia #b4        
,english ,yellow ,gage #i1 #aj4         
,english ,yellow ,gage #aa1 #ad4        
,gonne's ,green ,gage #f1 #g1      #aj1 
#ac1 #ad4 ,gonne's ,green ,gage #d4     
,kibitzenei #ad4 ,kleine      ,dauphine 
#ad4 ,kleine ,reine-,claude #ab1 #ad4   
,kleine ,weisse      ,damascene #ab1    
#ad4 ,kleine ,reine-,claude #aa4 ,kleine
 ,grne      ,reine-,claude #aa1 #ab1    
#ad4 ,little ,reine ,claude #e4 ,little 
,queen ,claude #g1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1   
#ad4 ,little ,queen ,claude      #h4    
,little ,queen ,claudia #c4 ,little     
,queen ,claudia #e4 ,petite             
,reine-,claude #a1 #aa4 ,petite         
,reine-,claude #b1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #aj4     
,petit ,damas ,vert #ac1 #ad4           
,reine-,claude ,petite ,espece #ad4     
,reine-,claude ,blanche ,petite ,espece 
#e1 #f1 #g1 #aj4 ,reine-,claude         

,blanche #f1 #g1 #aj1 #ad4              
,reine-,claude ,petite #ac1 #ad4 ,reine 
,claude 7of some7 #f4 ,small ,green     
,gage #e1 #g1 #aj1 #ad4 ,small          
,queen ,claude #e4 ,white ,gage #f1 #g1 
#aj1 #ac1 #ad4 ,white ,gage #d4         
,yellow ,gage #d1 #f1 #g1 #ac4 ,yellow  
,gage #aa1 #ad4    ,small ,reine        
,claude1 an old variety of unknown      
origin1 is now probably  obsolete4      
,thomas and ,downing described it as an 
,english ,yellow ,gage but  it cannot be
 found that it is ever so called in     
,europe4 ,since the variety  was known  
in ,france and ,austria in the latter   
part of the ,eighteenth  ,century it is 
quite certain that it originated on the 
continent4 ,from its  name and close    
resemblance to the ,reine ,claude it is 
safe to state that  it is a seedling of 
that sort4 ,it is described as follows3 
,tree of normal vigor2 branches smooth2 
flowers small2 fruit      medium in     
size1 nearly spherical1 truncated on the
 stem side      and slightly on the     

apex2 suture wide and distinct1 thus    
differing from the ,reine ,claude2 stem 
medium in length2 cavity      shallow2  
skin tender1 yellowish-green1 often     
splashed with red      on the sunny     
side2 flesh greenish-yellow1 fine1 a    
little firm1      sweet1 rich and       
pleasant2 freestone2 ripens earlier than
 the      ,reine ,claude4      ,,smith  
,,orleans    ,illustration3 ,,smith     
,,orleans    ,prunus domestica          
#a4 ,prince ,treat4 ,hort4 #bg4 #ahbh4  
#b4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4      #b3fh4     
#ahcb4 #c4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #i3daj4 #ahdc4  
#d4 ,downing      ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cjd1
 #cje fig4 #abe4 #ahde4 #e4 ,mag4 ,hort4
      #ad3aeb1 #aec fig4 #af4 #ahdh4 #f4
 ,cole ,am4 ,fr4 ,book #bad fig4        
#ahdi4 #g4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4   
#cdc4 #ahdi4 #h4 ,elliott      ,fr4     
,book #dbd4 #ahed4 #i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,cat4 #baj4 #ahef4      #aj4 ,hooper ,w4
 ,fr4 ,book #beb4 #aheg4 #aa4 ,hogg     
,fruit ,man4      #chb4 #ahff4 #ab4     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dej4 #ahhi4 #ac4  

,ont4 ,fr4      ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #eb4  
#ahie4 #ad4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4        
#aca3aib4      #ahig4        ,cooper's  
#e4 ,cooper's ,large #e4 ,cooper's      
,large ,red #e4      ,cooper's ,red #f4 
,duane's ,purple #c incor4 ,la          
,delicieuse      #h4 ,large ,orleans #c4
 ,large ,purple #c incor4 ,monsieur de  
,smith #ab4 ,purple ,magnum ,bonum #c4  
,red ,magnum ,bonum incor4      #c1 #d1 
#e1 #f1 #ab4 ,smith's large ,orleans #b4
 ,smith's ,orleans #a1      #b1 #c1 #d1 
#f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad4     
,smith's ,orleans #e1 #ab4      ,smith's
 ,orleans ,pflaume #ab4 ,smith's ,herrn 
,pflaume #ab4 ,violet      ,perdrigon   
incor4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #ab4 ,violetter  
,perdrigon #ab      incor4    ,in the   
middle of the last century1 ,smith      
,orleans was considered about  the best 
plum of its color in ,america4 ,but the 
fruit is not high in  quality1 the      
texture of the flesh is coarse and it   
ripens at a time when  fruits are       
plentiful1 for which reasons it has     

ceased to be regarded with  favor by    
either the amateur or the professional  
fruit-grower4 ,the trees1  however1 seem
 to have some remarkably desirable      
characters and it may  be that the      
variety should be retained for some     
locations and purposes  and to breed    
from1 at least4 ,if the older           
pomologists have written truly  few     
plums are adapted to a greater range of 
climates and soils than this  one2 so1  
too1 the trees are usually spoken of as 
of large size1 vigorous1  healthy1 of   
great productiveness and as holding the 
crop well4 ,the trees  in the soil and  
climate of this ,station are quite as   
the older writers  describe them and    
were the fruit only better in quality   
and somewhat more  attractive in        
appearance1 the variety could be highly 
recommended for a  market plum and as a 
fruit for culinary purposes in the home 
orchard4    ,william ,prince1 in #ahbh1 
in his ,treatise on ,horticulture1      
briefly  described ,smith ,orleans1 and 

seventeen years later ,a4 ,j4 ,downing  
gave  a short history of the variety4   
,it is a seedling of the ,orleans raised
  about #ahbe by a ,mr4 ,smith of       
,gowanus1 ,long ,island1 ,new ,york4 ,by
 an error  the variety was sent out as  
the ,violet1 or ,blue ,perdrigon1 a     
smaller and  very different fruit4      
,charles ,m4 ,hovey of ,massachusetts1  
who secured  trees of the ,cooper from  
,prince1 about #ahca1 believed this     
variety to  be identical with the ,smith
 ,orleans in all characters4 ,downing   
could  not agree with him but the       
present writers find that the two       
varieties  are so much alike that it is 
impossible to distinguish between them4 
,as  is suggested under ,cooper1 they   
may be identical or they may have come  
true to seed from the same parent4 ,the 
,american ,pomological ,society         
recommended this plum for general       
cultivation in #ahef4        ,tree      
large1 vigorous1 spreading1 open-topped1
 very productive2      trunk rather     

rough2 branches smooth1 with few        
lenticels2      branchlets of medium    
thickness and length1 with long         
internodes1 green changing to dark      
brownish-red1 covered with      thin    
bloom1 lightly pubescent early in the   
season becoming      almost glabrous at 
maturity1 with few1 small lenticels2    
leaf-buds of medium size and length1    
conical1 appressed4        ,leaves      
flattened or somewhat folded backward1  
obovate1 two      inches wide1 three and
 five-eighths inches long1 thick1       
velvety2 upper surface dark green1      
rugose1 with but few      hairs along   
the narrow1 deeply grooved midrib2 lower
 surface      silvery-green1 covered    
with thick pubescence2 apex abruptly    
pointed or acute1 base acute1 margin    
crenate1 with few small1      dark brown
 glands2 petiole one-half inch long1    
heavily      pubescent1 tinged red along
 one side1 glandless or with one or     
two small1 globose1 yellow glands       
usually at the base of the      leaf4   

,season of bloom medium1 short2 flowers 
appearing with the      leaves1 one and 
one-quarter inches across1 white1 with a
 yellow      tinge2 borne in clusters on
 lateral buds and spurs2 pedicels       
five-eighths inch long1 pubescent1      
greenish2 calyx-tube green1             
campanulate1 with few scattering hairs2 
calyx-lobes above      medium in width1 
obtuse1 sparingly pubescent on both     
surfaces1      glandular-serrate and    
with marginal hairs1 reflexed2 petals   
broad-obovate or oval1 crenate1 tapering
 to long claws of      medium width2    
anthers yellow1 filaments               
seven-sixteenths inch      long2 pistil 
glabrous1 shorter than the stamens4     
,fruit intermediate in time and length  
of ripening season1 one      and        
five-eighths inches by one and one-half 
inches in size1      oval1 compressed1  
halves somewhat unequal2 cavity shallow1
      narrow1 abrupt2 suture very       
shallow or sometimes a line2 apex       
roundish or depressed2 color dark       

purplish-black1 overspread      with    
thick bloom2 dots numerous small1       
russet1 inconspicuous2      stem        
three-quarters inch long1 pubescent1    
adhering to the      fruit2 skin below  
medium in thickness1 tender1 sour1      
separating      readily2 flesh pale     
yellow1 juicy1 tender1 sweet1 of        
pleasant      flavor2 good2 stone       
clinging1 one inch by five-eighths inch 
in      size1 oval1 with very rough and 
deeply pitted surfaces1 usually         
somewhat flattened1 tapering abruptly at
 the base1 blunt at the      apex2      
ventral suture wide1 blunt2 dorsal      
suture with a groove      variable in   
depth and width4      ,,sophie          
,prunus munsoniana        #a4 ,u4 ,s4   
,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 #bfc1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 #ahib4   
#b4 ,kerr ,cat4      #ahid4 #c4 ,waugh  
,plum ,cult4 #ahi4 #aija4    ,sophie is 
fast being lost sight of among the      
multitudes of native plums  recently    
introduced4 ,without any very distinct  
merits it yet stands high  among plums  

of its kind4 ,the variety is a seedling 
of ,wild ,goose at first  supposed by   
the originator1 ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1#bbc of   
,denton1 ,maryland1 to  have been       
pollinated by a ,german ,prune which    
stood near4 ,this is hardly  the case1  
however1 as no trace of ,domestica blood
 can be detected in  the variety4 ,it is
 mentioned by the ,american ,pomological
 ,society in its  catalog for #ahii4    
,tree large1 very vigorous1 spreading1  
open-topped1 productive2      branches  
thorny1 shaggy1 with long and unbranched
 limbs2      branchlets willowy1        
slender2 leaves folded upward1 oval1 one
      and three-quarters inches wide1   
three and one-quarter inches      long1 
thin2 margin shallowly crenate1 with    
small1 dark glands2      petiole        
slender1 pubescent1 with from one to    
three small      glands2 blooming season
 late1 long2 flowers appearing after the
      leaves1 nearly three-quarters inch
 across1 white1 pinkish as      they    
open1 with a disagreeable odor2 borne in

 twos or threes2      anthers yellow    
with an orange-red tinge4        ,fruit 
maturing later than ,wild ,goose2 large1
 one and      three-eighths inches by   
one and one-eighth inches in size1      
obovate1 slightly necked1 pear-shaped1  
bright red1 covered      with thin      
bloom2 dots conspicuous2 stem slender1  
long2 flesh      deep yellow1 juicy1    
coarse and fibrous1 subacid1 flat2 of   
fair      quality2 stone clinging1      
three-quarters inch by three-eighths    
inch in size1 somewhat angular1         
irregular-obovate1 with a      peculiar 
elongated1 flattened1 oblique base2 apex
 abruptly      acute2 surfaces rough4   
,,spaulding    ,illustration3           
,,spaulding    ,prunus domestica        
#a4 ,lovett ,cat4 #da1 ,col4 ,pl4 #ahhh4
 #b4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4      #aca3aib4
 #ahig4 #c4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdc1
 #bdh4 #ahii4      #d4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,cat4 #ci4 #ahii4 #e4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#aja3aba1 #abb1 ,pl4 ,v4 #aija4 #f4     
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #abb4 #aija4        

#g4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bci4 #aije4  
,among the plums of comparatively recent
 introduction ,spaulding holds  a       
conspicuous place4 ,it is particularly  
highly spoken of for its good  quality  
and while not recommended for commercial
 orchards is often  mentioned as very   
desirable for home use4 ,as ,spaulding  
grows at this  ,station1 it does not    
sustain the reputation it has elsewhere4
 ,it is of  the ,reine ,claude group of 
plums and while of high quality is not  
as good  a dessert plum as several other
 similar sorts4 ,moreover1 the fruits   
are  small and too light in color to be 
especially attractive in appearance4    
,the plums1 too1 are quite susceptible  
to brown-rot4 ,the tree-characters  of  
this variety are in the main very good  
but not at all out of the  ordinary4 ,it
 is very doubtful whether this sort can 
compete for any  purpose with such      
similar plums as ,hand1 ,jefferson1     
,washington1 ,bavay1  ,reine ,claude1   
,mc,laughlin and ,imperial ,gage4 ,it   

may be worthy a trial  elsewhere in ,new
 ,york with the hope that it will more  
nearly approach the  reputation that it 
has in other states than it does at     
,geneva--at best it  cannot be more than
 a home variety4    ,spaulding was      
brought to the notice of fruit-growers  
by ,j4 ,t4 ,lovett1  ,little ,silver1   
,new ,jersey1 who introduced the variety
 in #ahhh4 ,the  plum came to ,mr4      
,lovett from ,francis ,garriel with the 
statement that  it originated as a      
seedling in the yard of ,mr4 ,garriel's 
father in the  ,bowery1 ,new ,york      
,city4 ,from the resemblance of         
,spaulding to the ,imperial  ,gage it is
 probable that they are closely related4
 ,in #ahii the variety  was placed on   
the fruit catalog list of the ,american 
,pomological ,society  as a successful  
variety in the north-eastern part of the
 ,united ,states  and the neighboring   
parts of ,canada4        ,tree large1   
vigorous1 upright-spreading1            
dense-topped1 hardy1      productive2   

branches ash-gray1 smooth except for the
 raised      lenticels of various sizes2
 branchlets of medium thickness      and
 length1 with long internodes1          
greenish-red changing to                
brownish-red1 dull1 lightly pubescent   
throughout the season1      with        
obscure1 small lenticels2 leaf-buds of  
medium size and      length1 conical1   
appressed2 leaf-scars prominent4        
,leaves folded upward1 nearly two inches
 wide1 three and      one-quarter inches
 long1 thick2 upper surface dark green1 
rugose1 glabrous1 with a shallow groove 
on the midrib2 lower      surface       
silvery-green1 pubescent2 apex abruptly 
pointed or      acute1 base acute1      
margin serrate or crenate1 with small1  
dark glands2 petiole nearly five-eighths
 inch long1 thick1      pubescent1      
tinged red1 with from one to four small1
 globose1      greenish glands usually  
on the stalk4        ,blooming season   
intermediate in time and length1 one    
inch or      more across1 white with a  

yellowish tinge at the apex of the      
petals in the newly opened flowers2     
borne on lateral spurs1      singly or  
in pairs2 pedicels three-eighths inch   
long1 thick1      pubescent1 greenish2  
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1 lightly  
pubescent2 calyx-lobes obtuse1 pubescent
 on both surfaces1                      
glandular-serrate1 reflexed2 petals     
oblong1 crenate1 not      clawed2       
anthers yellow2 filaments one-quarter   
inch long2 pistil      glabrous or      
occasionally with a few hairs near the  
base1 longer      than the stamens2     
stigma large4        ,fruit mid-season1 
ripening period long2 one and           
five-eighths      inches by one and     
three-eighths inches in size1           
oblong-oval      or ovate1 compressed1  
halves equal2 cavity small1 shallow1    
abrupt2 suture shallow1 often a line2   
apex roundish2 color      dull          
greenish-yellow1 with stripes and       
splashes of light      green1 overspread
 with thick bloom2 dots numerous1 small1

      whitish1 inconspicuous2 stem      
three-quarters inch long1 lightly       
pubescent1 adhering well to the fruit2  
skin thin1 tender1      separating      
readily2 flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1  
fibrous1      tender1 sweet1 mild1      
pleasant2 very good2 stone semi-free or 
free1 seven-eighths inch by five-eighths
 inch in size1 ovate1      turgid1      
slightly pitted1 blunt at the base1     
nearly acute at      the apex2 ventral  
suture rather broad1 slightly furrowed1 
with      a distinct but short wing2    
dorsal suture widely and deeply         
grooved4      ,,stanton    ,prunus      
domestica        #a4 ,gard4 ,mon4       
#bi3aaf4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 
,rpt4      #bhh4 #ahhi4 #c4 ,cornell    
,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3aib4 #ahig4            
,stanton's ,seedling #b4    ,this plum  
appears to be a very good late variety  
in several respects2  it is a           
long-keeping fruit1 is of very good     
quality for dessert and is  a fine plum 
for canning and preserving4 ,its faults 

are that it is tardy  in coming into    
bearing and the fruits drop badly from  
the trees as they  begin to ripen2 in   
localities where these faults are marked
 the variety  is worthless4 ,stanton    
originated as a chance seedling in      
,albany ,county1  ,new ,york1 from      
whence it was sent to ,hammond and      
,willard of ,geneva1 ,new  ,york1 who   
introduced it about #ahhe4        ,tree 
very large and vigorous1 round-topped1  
variable in      productiveness2        
branches slender1 marked by transverse  
cracks      in the bark2 leaf-scars     
enlarged2 leaves folded upward1 oval    
or obovate1 one and one-half inches     
wide1 three inches long2      margin    
finely and doubly crenate1 with few1    
dark glands2      petiole short1        
glandless or with from one to three     
small glands      usually on the stalk2 
blooming season intermediate in time and
      length2 flowers appearing after   
the leaves1 one and one-eighth          
inches across1 borne in scattering      

clusters on lateral buds and      spurs1
 singly or in pairs4        ,fruit late1
 season long2 about one and one-quarter 
inches in      diameter1                
roundish-oblate1 truncate1              
purplish-black1 overspread      with    
very heavy bloom2 flesh bright          
golden-yellow1 fibrous1      very sweet1
 rather high-flavored2 good to very     
good2 stone      semi-free1             
three-quarters inch by five-eighths inch
 in size1      irregular roundish-oval1 
turgid1 with a blunt and oblique base1  
the surfaces nearly smooth2 ventral     
suture enlarged1 often with      a      
short1 distinct wing2 dorsal suture     
shallow4      ,,stoddard    ,prunus     
americana        #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt4 #gh4 #ahib4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,rpt4      #hh4 #ahie4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,cat4 #ch4 #ahii4 #d4 ,ia4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #df3bhi4 #aijj4 #e4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4   
,a4 ,rpt4 #dgh1 ,pl4 ,,lxii4      #aijb4
        ,baker #b4 ,stoddart #a1 #b4    
,stoddard is usually rated as one of the

 best of the ,americana plums and  its  
behavior on the grounds of this ,station
 sustains its reputation4  ,the firmness
 of the fruit makes it a good shipping  
plum of its kind  and season4 ,this     
variety was discovered by ,b4 ,f4       
,stoddard of ,jesup1  ,buchanan ,county1
 ,iowa1 about #ahge1 growing in a garden
 owned by ,mrs4  ,caroline ,baker who   
stated that her husband secured the     
trees from the  woods1 presumably along 
the ,maquoketa ,river4 ,the variety was 
subsequently  introduced by ,j4 ,wragg  
and ,sons of ,waukee1 ,iowa1 at dates   
variously  reported from #ahij to #ahie4
        ,tree large1 vigorous1          
spreading1 open-topped1 productive2     
trunk      shaggy2 branches slender1    
thorny2 branchlets slender1 with        
conspicuous1 large1 raised lenticels2   
leaves falling early1      flattened1   
oval or obovate1 two and one-quarter    
inches wide1      four inches long2     
margin coarsely serrate1 eglandular2    
petiole      tinged red1 glandless or   

with from one to three glands usually   
on the stalk2 blooming season late2     
flowers appearing with the      leaves1 
one inch across1 white4        ,fruit   
intermediate in time and length of      
ripening season2 about      one and     
three-eighths inches in diameter1       
roundish-oblate2      suture a distinct 
red line2 color light to dark red over  
a yellow ground1 mottled1 covered with  
thick bloom2 skin      astringent2 flesh
 dark golden-yellow1 very juicy1 tender 
and melting1 rather sweet next the skin 
but tart near the      center1 with a   
characteristic flavor2 good2 stone      
clinging1      seven-eighths inch by    
five-eighths inch in size1 roundish to  
broad-oval1 strongly flattened1 with    
smooth surfaces2 ventral      suture    
narrow1 winged4      ,,stoneless        
,prunus insititia        #a4 ,duhamel   
,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3aaj1 ,pl4 #bj fig4
 #ad4 #agfh4      #b4 ,kraft ,pom4      
,aust4 #b3db1 ,tab4 #aid fig4 #b4 #agif4
 #c4      ,mag4 ,hort4 #i3afe4 #ahdc4   

#d4 ,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4   
#e4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3aba1 fig4 #fa4  
#ahgc4 #f4 ,hogg ,fruit      ,man4 #gbf4
 #ahhd4 #g4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dej4  
#ahhi4        ,die ,pflaume ohne ,stein 
#b4 ,jean ,morceau #c4 ,kirke's         
,stoneless      #f1 #g4 ,pflaume ,ohne  
,steine #e4 ,pitless #e1 #g4 ,prune     
,sans-,noyau      #d4 ,sans-,noyau #a1  
#e4 ,sans ,noyau #c1 #f1 #g4 ,steinlose 
,zwetsche #g4      ,stoneless #e1 #g4   
,this curious plum is attracting        
attention because of the publicity given
  it by ,burbank in his breeding work4  
,the variety is at least three hundred  
years old4 ,it was known to ,merlet1    
writing in the ,seventeenth ,century1   
and has been mentioned in plum          
literature many times since4 ,the plum  
is  remarkable because of the entire    
absence of a stone1 the kernel lying    
naked in a cavity much larger than      
itself4 ,the variety is worthless  but  
presents opportunities for breeding     
purposes that should not be  overlooked4

 ,judging from the fruit-characters as  
given below it belongs  to ,prunus      
insititia4 ,the ,stoneless is supposed  
to have been introduced  into ,england  
from the ,royal ,gardens at ,versailles 
by ,george ,london4 ,it  was long sold  
as ,kirke's ,stoneless1 having been much
 advertised by ,kirke1  a nurseryman at 
,brompton1 ,england4 ,it is described as
 follows3        ,fruit small1 oval1    
dark purple1 with thick bloom2 flesh    
greenish-yellow1 harsh and strongly acid
 at first but assuming      a more      
pleasant flavor as it shrivels upon the 
tree4      ,,sugar    ,illustration3    
,,sugar    ,prunus domestica        #a4 
,cal4 ,state ,bd4 ,hort4 #dg4 #ahig-ih4 
#b4 ,burbank ,cat4 #e      fig4 #ahii4  
#c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #abd4 #aija4 #d4
 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4      ,rpt4 #bge1 ,pl4  
,,xxxvi fig4 #b4 #aijc4        ,sugar   
,prune #a1 #d4    ,the introduction of  
,sugar to the ,atlantic ,states was     
preceded by very  flattering accounts of
 it from the originator1 ,mr4 ,burbank1 

and from  ,pacific ,coast plum-growers4 
,possibly our expectations were too     
high2  for we have been greatly         
disappointed in this plum as compared   
with its  parent1 ,agen1 as the two     
varieties grow at ,geneva--it should be 
said at  once that neither grows nearly 
as well in ,new ,york as in ,california4
 ,the  fruits of ,sugar on the ,station 
grounds are not larger than those of the
  ,agen1 while in ,california it is said
 to be twice or three times as large2   
the flavor is not as pleasant and the   
flesh is fibrous in the offspring  and  
not so in the parent at ,geneva1 though 
in ,california the ,sugar is  said to be
 of better quality than the ,agen4 ,as  
the two grow here1 ,sugar  is rather    
more attractive in appearance and ripens
 earlier1 the latter  character a       
distinct advantage since ,agen is very  
late in ,new ,york4 ,the  trees of the  
two plums are much alike though those of
 ,agen are larger  and more productive  
than those of ,sugar as grown in ,new   

,york4 ,there are1  however1 but two    
trees of the latter variety on the      
,station grounds and  these are young1  
set in #ahii1 so that too much          
importance must not be  attached to the 
comparison of the trees4 ,sugar is worth
 further trial in  ,new ,york under     
other conditions of soil and climate but
 it is extremely  doubtful whether it   
will surpass the ,agen in this ,state4  
,this plum1 a seedling of the well-known
 ,agen1 was introduced by its           
originator1 ,burbank1 in #ahii4 ,the    
,california ,experiment ,station in     
analyzing this plum found it to be      
richer in sugar than the ,agen and      
states that it is larger and more easily
 dried4 ,sugar has become of great      
commercial importance in the ,california
 prune districts and has been           
top-grafted on other plums and even on  
almonds to the extent of hundreds  of   
acres in that ,state and in ,oregon4 ,as
 yet it is only under trial in  ,new    
,york4        ,tree of medium size1     

usually vigorous1 spreading1            
dense-topped1      hardy1 productive2   
branches ash-gray1 tinged red1 smooth   
except      for the numerous1 small1    
raised lenticels2 branchlets slender1   
with long internodes1 green changing to 
brownish-red1 dull1      sparingly      
pubescent throughout the season1 with   
numerous1      inconspicuous1 small     
lenticels2 leaf-buds large1 long1       
somewhat      pointed1 strongly         
appressed4        ,leaves folded        
backward1 obovate or oval1 two and      
one-half      inches wide1 five inches  
long2 upper surface dark green1         
rugose1 covered with numerous hairs1 the
 midrib narrowly      grooved2 lower    
surface pale green1 overspread with     
thick      pubescence2 apex abruptly    
pointed or acute1 base acute1           
margin serrate1 with small dark glands2 
petiole nearly one      inch long1      
covered with thick pubescence1 lightly  
tinged with      red1 glandless or with 
from one to three small1 globose1       

greenish-yellow glands at the base of   
the leaf4        ,flowers large1        
intermediate in time of bloom2          
calyx-tube green2      stamens longer   
than the pistil4        ,fruit          
intermediate in time and length of      
ripening season2      small1 ovate or   
oval1 halves equal2 cavity shallow1     
narrow1      abrupt2 suture shallow1    
often a line2 apex roundish or          
pointed2 color dark reddish-purple      
changing to purplish-black1      covered
 with thick bloom2 dots numerous1 small1
 light russet1      inconspicuous2 stem 
slender1 long1 pubescent1 adhering2 skin
      thin1 tender1 separating readily2 
flesh golden-yellow1 juicy1      coarse1
 fibrous1 tender1 sweet1 mild2 good to  
very good2 stone      light colored1    
with a tinge of red1 thin1 of medium    
size1      ovate1 flattened1 with rough 
and pitted surfaces1 blunt at      the  
base1 acute at the apex2 ventral suture 
rather narrow1      distinctly furrowed1
 slightly winged2 dorsal suture with a  

wide1 deep groove4      ,,surprise      
,illustration3 ,,surprise    ,prunus    
hortulana mineri8        #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4
 ,bul4 #fc3fa fig4 #cj4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ia4 
,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aab4 #ahii4 #c4
 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ch4 #ahii4 #d4 
,wis4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #fi4 #aijj4 #e4
 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhi4      #aijj4  
#f4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hg3ah4 #aija4 #g4
 ,waugh ,plum      ,cult4 #age4 #aija4  
#h4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bbh4 #aijd4
 #i4      ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dbf4
 #aije4 #aj4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#ic3ci4 #aije4    ,surprise is one of   
the best of the native plums in the     
,station orchard4  ,the fruits are very 
attractive in appearance and while not  
of the  rich flavor of the ,domesticas  
they are yet of pleasant flavor with an 
abundance of juice which together make  
this a most refreshing fruit4  ,the     
fruits keep well and would probably ship
 well4 ,the color is a  peculiar red    
which serves to identify the variety2 on
 the whole the  fruits resemble the     

,americanas while the trees are rather  
more of the  ,miner type4 ,the variety  
is productive in ,new ,york and is so   
spoken of in  ,wisconsin by ,goff1#bbd  
but in ,iowa it is said not to bear     
abundantly4  ,if a native plum is wanted
 in ,new ,york1 this variety is worthy a
 trial4    ,surprise1 according to the  
originator1 ,martin ,penning of ,sleepy 
,eye1  ,brown ,county1 ,minnesota1 is   
the best of a thousand or more seedlings
  grown from pits of ,de ,soto1 ,weaver 
and ,miner sown in #ahhb4 ,in #ahhi1    
,penning introduced this plum and ten   
years later it was added to the  fruit  
catalog list of the ,american           
,pomological ,society4 ,the parentage of
  the variety is unknown but it has     
usually been thought that the botanical 
characters indicate that it is a        
seedling of ,miner4 ,as the tree grows  
here1 7they came to the ,station from   
,mr4 ,penning17 it appears to be a      
hybrid of ,prunus americana and ,prunus 
hortulana mineri1 characters of  both   

species being evident4        ,tree     
large1 vigorous1 upright1 dense-topped1 
hardy1 productive2      trunk roughish2 
branches smooth1 zigzag1 thorny1 dark   
ash-gray1 with numerous1 small          
lenticels2 branchlets slender1          
medium to long1 with long internodes1   
green changing to dark                  
chestnut-red1 with brownish-gray        
scarf-skin1 glossy1 glabrous1      with 
numerous1 conspicuous1 small1 raised    
lenticels2 leaf-buds      small1 short1 
obtuse1 plump1 appressed4        ,leaves
 falling early1 folded upward1 oval or  
ovate1 two inches      wide1 four and   
one-half inches long1 thin2 upper       
surface      light green1 glabrous1     
smooth1 with a grooved midrib2 lower    
surface pale green1 lightly pubescent2  
apex taper-pointed1 base      abrupt1   
margin often coarsely and doubly        
serrate1 with amber      glands which   
are not persistent2 petiole             
thirteen-sixteenths      inch long1     
slender1 reddish1 sparingly pubescent   

along one      side1 glandless or with  
from one to five small1 globose1        
yellowish-brown glands usually on the   
stalk4        ,blooming season          
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing with the leaves1        
three-quarters inch across1             
creamy-white1 with a disagreeable odor2 
borne in clusters from      lateral     
buds1 in threes or in fours2 pedicels   
three-eighths      inch long1 slender1  
glabrous1 green2 calyx-tube greenish1   
campanulate1 glabrous2 calyx-lobes      
narrow1 acute1 pubescent      on the    
inner surface1 serrate and with reddish 
glands1 erect2      petals              
roundish-ovate1 entire1 narrowly clawed2
 anthers      yellowish2 filaments      
one-quarter inch long2 pistil glabrous1 
equal to the stamens in length4         
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period      
short2 one and three-eighths      inches
 by one and one-eighth inches in size1  
halves equal2      cavity shallow1      
flaring2 suture very shallow1 distinct2 

apex      roundish or depressed2 color  
dark red1 covered with thin bloom2      
dots numerous1 medium to large1 russet1 
conspicuous1 clustered      about the   
apex2 stem one-half inch long1 glabrous1
 adhering to      the fruit2 skin thick1
 tough1 clinging2 flesh golden-yellow1  
juicy1 fibrous1 somewhat tender1 sweet1 
insipid2 quality fair2      stone       
clinging1 one inch by five-eighths inch 
in size1 oval1      flattened1 pointed  
at the base and apex1 with smooth       
surfaces4      ,,tennant                
,illustration3 ,,tennant    ,prunus     
domestica        #a4 ,bailey ,ann4      
,hort4 #acc4 #ahic4 #b4 ,oregon ,sta4   
,bul4      #de3cb4 #ahig4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,cat4 #dj4 #ahii4 #d4 ,can4      
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3eg4     
#aijj4 #e4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4          
#abd4 #aija4 #f4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4     
,hort4 ,man4 #cbf4 #aijc4               
,tennant ,prune #a4 ,tenant ,prune #d4  
,it is surprising that a variety of so  
much merit1 especially of so  great     

beauty1 as ,tennant1 should not have    
been more widely tried in ,new  ,york4  
,in the survey of plum culture in this  
,state in the preparation of  the text  
for ,the ,plums of ,new ,york1 it could 
not be learned that the  ,tennant had   
been tried in more than four or five    
places4 ,in size and  beauty of form and
 coloring1 all well shown in the        
illustration1 ,tennant  has few         
superiors in the collection of plums    
growing at this ,station4  ,while it is 
not sufficiently high in quality to be  
called a first-rate  dessert fruit it is
 more palatable than most of the purple 
plums4 ,it  ripens at a good time of the
 year1 several days before the ,italian 
,prune1  and should1 from the nature of 
its skin and the firmness of its flesh1 
both ship and keep well4 ,a fault of the
 fruit as it grows here1 a fault  not   
ascribed to it elsewhere1 is that it    
shrivels soon after ripening4  ,our     
trees are large1 vigorous1 healthy1     
hardy and productive--almost ideal      

plum-trees4 ,this variety should be very
 generally tried in commercial          
plantations in ,new ,york and may well  
be planted in home collections for a    
culinary fruit at least4 ,on the        
,pacific ,coast it is cured for prunes1 
its  meaty flesh fitting it very well   
for this purpose4    ,this is another   
promising plum from the ,pacific        
,northwest4 ,tennant  originated with   
,rev4 ,john ,tennant of ,ferndale1      
,washington1 and was  introduced in     
#ahic by ,mc,gill and ,mc,donald1       
,salem1 ,oregon4 ,the variety is  fairly
 well known in the region of its origin 
but is practically unknown  in ,new     
,york4 ,it was listed in the ,american  
,pomological ,society catalog in  #ahig 
as successful in the ,pacific           
,northwest4        ,tree large1         
vigorous1 round-topped1 open1 hardy1    
productive2      trunk slightly         
roughened2 branches stocky1 smooth1 with
      lenticels of medium number and    
size2 branchlets thick1 long1      with 

long internodes1 greenish-red changing  
to brownish-drab1      with green       
patches and considerable scarf-skin1    
somewhat      glossy1 sparingly         
pubescent throughout the season1 with   
small lenticels2 leaf-buds large1 long1 
pointed1 appressed2      leaf-scars     
prominent4        ,leaves folded        
backward1 oval or obovate1 one and      
three-quarters      inches wide1 three  
and one-half inches long1 thick1 stiff2 
upper surface dark green1 rugose1       
sparingly hairy1 with a      grooved    
midrib2 lower surface silvery-green1    
with thick      pubescence2 apex        
abruptly pointed to acute1 base acute1  
margin      crenate1 eglandular or with 
small1 brown glands2 petiole            
five-eighths inch long1 thick1 tinged   
red along one side1      hairy1         
glandless or with one or two rather     
large1 globose1      brownish glands    
variable in position4        ,blooming  
season early to medium1 short2 flowers  
appearing after      the leaves1 one    

inch or more across1 white1 the buds    
tinged      yellow2 borne on lateral    
spurs2 pedicels one-half inch long1     
thick1 pubescent1 greenish2 calyx-tube  
green1 often with a      swelling around
 the base1 campanulate1 pubescent2      
calyx-lobes      broad1 obtuse1         
pubescent on both surfaces1 with thick1 
marginal      hairs1 erect2 petals      
roundish-oval1 entire1 tapering to      
short1      broad claws2 anthers large1 
yellow2 filaments five-sixteenths       
inch long2 pistil pubescent at the base1
 equal to the stamens      in length2   
stigma large4        ,fruit intermediate
 in time and length of ripening season2 
one      and three-quarters inches by   
one and five-eighths inches in          
size1 roundish-truncate or              
roundish-oblong1 with irregular         
surface which is somewhat ridged1 halves
 equal2 cavity narrow1      abrupt1     
slightly compressed2 suture variable in 
depth1      distinct2 apex deeply       
depressed2 color dark reddish-purple1   

overspread with thick bloom2 dots       
numerous1 variable in size1             
whitish1 conspicuous1 clustered about   
the apex2 stem thick1      three-eighths
 inch long1 pubescent1 adhering well to 
the      fruit2 skin tough1 adhering    
slightly to the pulp2 flesh dark        
golden-yellow1 somewhat dry1 coarse1    
tough1 firm1 sweet1 mild      but       
pleasant2 of good quality2 stone        
clinging1 seven-eighths      inch by    
five-eighths inch in size1              
irregular-oval1 flattened1              
obliquely necked1 blunt at the apex1    
with deeply pitted      surfaces1       
roughish2 ventral suture prominent1     
heavily furrowed1      not winged2      
dorsal suture usually with a narrow1    
shallow groove4      ,,tragedy          
,illustration3 ,,tragedy    ,prunus     
domestica        #a4 ,cal4 ,state ,bd4  
,hort4 #bcf1 ,pl4 ,,ii fig4 #e1 #bcg4   
#ahij4 #b4      ,ibid4 #aji fig4 #h4    
#ahia4 #c4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #ceh4 
#ahia4      #d4 ,n4 ,mex4 ,sta4 ,bul4   

#bg3abe4 #ahih4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,cat4 #dj4 #ahii4 #f4 ,waugh ,plum4     
,cult4 #abd4 #aija4        ,tragedy     
,prune #a1 #c1 #d4    ,tragedy is       
another western plum which1 like the    
,tennant1 has not been  well tested in  
the ,east4 ,it is an older plum than the
 ,tennant and  somewhat better known in 
,new ,york but still the reports of it  
are not  sufficient in number or of     
great enough range to enable a fair     
opinion  to be given as to its merits4  
,as the variety grows at ,geneva the    
fruits  are very attractive in          
appearance--above medium size1 a dark1  
rich  purple color1 and having the full1
 rounded form much liked by consumers   
in a dessert plum4 ,the flesh is juicy1 
tender and sweet so that the  quality   
may be called good2 possibly the flesh  
is a little too soft for  long shipping 
or long keeping as it grows here1 though
 in one of the  ,california references  
it is spoken of as 8valuable for eastern
 shipment40  ,the trees are very        

satisfactory except that in ,new ,york  
they are not  quite as reliable in      
bearing as could be wished4 ,a fault1 as
 the variety  grows here and which may  
be local1 is that a large proportion of 
the pits  are cracked and all are soft  
and granular4 ,the tree is reported by  
some  as 8scale proof0 but unfortunately
 this statement can neither be denied   
nor affirmed4 ,a plum with the good     
qualities possessed by ,tragedy1 should 
be better known in ,new ,york4    ,the  
following history is contributed by     
,professor ,e4 ,j4 ,wickson1  ,berkeley1
 ,california4 ,tragedy originated as a  
chance seedling on the  farm of ,o4 ,r4 
,runyon1 near ,courtland1 ,sacramento   
,county1 ,california1  probably in the  
late seventies4 ,it was first offered to
 the trade in  dormant buds by ,w4 ,r4  
,strong and ,company of ,sacramento in  
#ahhg4 ,since  the ,german ,prune and   
,duane ,purple grew on the place of its 
origin and as  it shows characters of   
both1 it has been noted as a probable   

cross of  these varieties4 ,the name    
,tragedy is understood to have been     
given to  the fruit by ,mr4 ,runyon     
because the plum was noted to be        
desirable on or  about a day upon which 
a certain event held to be tragical     
occurred in  the neighborhood4 ,in      
#ahii1 the ,american ,pomological       
,society considered  ,tragedy worthy a  
place in its list of fruits4            
,tree large1 vigorous1 round-topped1    
hardy1 variable in      productiveness2 
branches ash-gray1 usually smooth1 with 
raised      lenticels of various sizes2 
branchlets twiggy1 thick1 medium      to
 short1 with short internodes1          
greenish-red changing to dark           
brownish-drab1 covered with thick       
pubescence1 with obscure1      small    
lenticels2 leaf-buds intermediate in    
size and length1      obtuse1 plump1    
appressed4        ,leaves folded        
backward1 oval or obovate1 one and      
three-quarters      inches wide1 three  
and three-quarters inches long2 upper   

surface dark green1 glabrous except for 
the few hairs on the      deeply and    
narrowly grooved midrib2 lower surface  
pubescent2      apex acute or obtuse1   
base acute2 petiole five-eighths inch   
long1 thick1 pubescent1 faintly tinged  
red1 glandless or with      one or two  
small1 globose1 greenish-brown glands   
usually at the      base of the leaf4   
,blooming season early1 short2 flowers  
appearing with the      leaves1         
seven-eighths inch across1 white2 borne 
on lateral      buds1 usually in pairs2 
pedicels one-half inch long1 thick1     
pubescent1 greenish2 calyx-tube green1  
with roughened surface1                 
campanulate1 glabrous2 calyx-lobes      
acute1 lightly pubescent1      serrate1 
with many glands and marginal hairs1    
reflexed2 petals      broadly oval1     
crenate1 short-clawed2 anthers bright   
yellow2      filaments nearly           
five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil       
pubescent at      the base1 much longer 
than the stamens4        ,fruit early1  

season short2 one and five-eighths      
inches by      one and three-eighths    
inches in size1 oval1 swollen on the    
suture side1 compressed1 halves unequal2
 cavity narrow1      abrupt1 regular2   
suture shallow1 often an indistinct     
line2      apex roundish2 color dark    
purplish-black1 covered with thick      
bloom2 dots numerous1 variable in size1 
russet1 inconspicuous2      stem        
five-eighths inch long1 pubescent1      
adhering well to the      fruit2 skin of
 medium thickness and toughness1        
somewhat sour1      separating readily2 
flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1 tender1   
sweet1 mild2 good2 stone clinging1 one  
inch by five-eighths      inch in size1 
irregular-oval1 flattened1 obliquely    
necked2      apex acute2 surfaces       
pitted1 roughish2 ventral suture narrow1
      prominent1 not winged2 dorsal     
suture narrowly and deeply      grooved4
      ,,transparent    ,prunus domestica
        #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4   
#cie4 #aheg4 #b4 ,flor4  ,pom4      #ef1

 ,col4 ,pl4 fig4 #ahfb4 #c4 ,hogg ,fruit
 ,man4 #chc4 #ahff4 #d4      ,downing   
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iej4 #ahfi4 #e4 ,jour4
 ,hort4 ,n4 ,s4      #ag3beh4 #ahfi4 #f4
 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ia4 #ahfi4 #g4 
,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bd4 #ahga4 
#h4 ,pom4 ,france #g3 ,no4 #be4 #ahga4  
#i4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ca1 fig4 #af4   
#ahgc4 #aj4 ,cat4 ,cong4      ,pom4     
,france #cfe4 #ahhg4 #aa4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dbh4 #ahhi4      #ab4 ,guide    
,prat4 #aed1 #cfd4 #ahie4 #ac4          
,nicholson ,dict4      ,gard4 #c3aff4   
#ad4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #abd4 #aija4   
#ae4 ,soc4      ,nat4 ,hort4 ,france    
,pom4 #eed fig4 #aijd4        ,diaphane 
#d1 #ab4 ,diaphane ,lafay #d4           
,durchscheinende      ,reineclaude #i1  
#ab4 ,durchscheinende ,reine-,claude    
#aa4 ,prune      ,diaphane #i4 ,prune   
,diaphane ,laffay #d1 #aa4              
,reine-,claude      ,de ,guigne #i4     
,reine-,claude ,diaphane #a1 #h1 #i1    
#aj1 #ab1 #ae4      ,reine-,claude      
,diaphane #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #aa4          

,reine-,claude      ,transparente #i1   
#aa1 #ab1 #ae4 ,reine-,claude           
,transparent #d4      ,transparent      
,green ,gage #f4 ,transparent ,gage #c1 
#d1 #g1 #h1 #ac4      ,transparent ,gage
 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae4       
,transparent ,gage      ,plum #b1 #e4   
,in ,europe ,transparent is considered  
one of the best of all dessert plums    
but either it does not do as well in    
,america or the ,american bred plums  of
 the ,reine ,claude group1 to which this
 variety belongs1 are much better  on   
this continent than in the ,old ,world4 
,at any rate in our soil and  climate   
there are a dozen or more ,reine ,claude
 plums as good or better  in quality    
than ,transparent and much superior in  
other characters4 ,it  is1 however1     
worth planting by the connoisseur for   
its quality and  because of the         
transparency of skin--in the latter     
respect it is unique  among ,domestica  
plums4 ,the flower-buds of this variety 
have a remarkable  tendency to produce  

leaves in the place of floral organs4   
,transparent is an old ,french variety4 
,m4 ,lafay1 a rose-grower at  ,bellevue1
 near ,paris1 raised it from the seed of
 the ,reine ,claude and  named it ,reine
 ,claude ,diaphane4 ,it was grown       
previous to #ahcf1 for1  during this    
year1 ,thomas ,rivers of ,england1 while
 visiting ,m4 ,lafay1 was  told of its  
origin4 ,in #ahga1 the ,american        
,pomological ,society listed            
,transparent in its catalog as worthy of
 culture4 ,the color of this  variety   
leads to the suspicion that ,reine      
,claude is not the only parent4         
,tree large1 vigorous1 spreading1       
open-topped1 hardy1      productive2    
branches slender1 ash-gray1 roughish    
towards      the trunk1 with small      
lenticels2 branchlets above medium in   
thickness1 short1 with internodes of    
average length1 green      changing to  
brownish-red often retaining some green1
 dull1      pubescent1 with small       
lenticels2 leaf-buds of medium size and 

length1 conical1 somewhat appressed4    
,leaves folded upward1 obovate or oval1 
two and one-half inches      wide1 five 
inches long1 above average thickness2   
upper surface      rugose1 nearly       
glabrous1 with a grooved midrib2 lower  
surface      pubescent2 apex abruptly   
pointed or acute1 base acute1 margin    
often doubly serrate or crenate1 with   
small1 dark glands2      petiole        
seven-eighths inch long1 thick1         
pubescent1 faintly      tinged red1     
glandless or with from one to four      
rather large1      globose or oval1     
greenish-brown glands usually on the    
stalk4        ,season of bloom medium1  
short2 flowers appearing after the      
leaves1 one and one-eighth inches       
across1 white2 borne in      scattering 
clusters on lateral buds and spurs1     
singly or in      pairs2 pedicels       
five-eighths inch long1 thick1          
pubescent1      greenish2 calyx-tube    
green1 campanulate1 glabrous2           
calyx-lobes      obtuse1 lightly        

pubescent1 glandular-serrate1 reflexed2 
petals      obovate1 crenate1 tapering  
to short1 broad claws2 anthers          
yellow with a tinge of red2 filaments   
three-eighths inch long2      pistil    
glabrous1 shorter than the stamens1     
often in pairs4        ,fruit late1     
intermediate in length of ripening      
season2 one      and three-eighths      
inches by one and one-half inches in    
size1      oblate1 compressed2 halves   
equal2 cavity wide1 flaring2 suture     
a line2 apex flattened or depressed2    
color red over a dark      amber-yellow 
ground1 mottled1 covered with thin      
bloom2 dots      numerous1 grayish or   
light russet1 conspicuous1 decreasing in
      number but increasing in size     
towards the cavity2 stem thick1         
three-quarters inch long1 pubescent1    
adhering well to the      fruit2 skin   
thin1 adhering but slightly2 flesh      
golden-yellow1      juicy1 fibrous1     
tender1 very sweet1 aromatic1 pleasant2 
very      good to best2 stone clinging1 

five-eighths inch by one-half      inch 
in size1 roundish-oval1 turgid1 blunt at
 the base and      apex1 with slightly  
pitted surfaces2 ventral suture1 wide1  
blunt1 faintly grooved2 dorsal suture   
with a deep groove of      medium width4
      ,,ungarish    ,prunus domestica   
#a4 ,ia4 ,agr4 ,col4 ,bul4 #ej1 #ea4    
#ahhf4 #b4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt4 
#hf4 #ahij4 #c4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#aah3ec4 #ahie4 #d4      ,kan4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #aja3aag1 #aai1 #abj fig4 #aija4  
#e4 ,waugh      ,plum ,cult4 #aji4      
#aija4 #f4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4     
#ajb4 #aijb4      #g4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4
 ,hort4 ,man4 #cbf4 #aijc4 #h4 ,can4    
,exp4      ,farms ,rpt4 #dcc4 #aije4    
,hungarian #c1 8#f4 ,hungarian ,prune   
#c4 ,hungarian ,prune #d4      ,hungary 
#a4 ,ungarische #h4 ,ungarish ,prune #b1
 #g4 ,quetsche de      ,hongrie #a4     
,zwetsche ,ungarische #a4    ,budd's    
,ungarish as grown at the ,new ,york    
,state ,experiment ,station is  nearly  
identical with the ,italian ,prune4 ,the

 only differences to be  detected are   
that the ,italian ,prune is a trifle    
smaller1 a little more  firm1 not as    
broad and not quite as sweet as the     
,ungarish4 ,the pit of the  latter is   
usually tinged with red1 while that of  
the former is rarely  so colored4 ,if   
the ,ungarish prove as productive as the
 ,italian ,prune it  may be more        
desirable because of its larger size4   
,in #ahhc ,professor ,j4  ,l4 ,budd of  
the ,iowa ,experiment ,station imported 
trees under the name  ,quetsche de      
,hongrie or ,zwetsche ,ungarische from  
,c4 ,h4 ,wagner of ,riga1  ,russia and  
from ,wilhelm ,wohler of ,wilna1        
,russia4 ,budd disseminated the  variety
 as ,hungary1 a name soon changed to    
,hungarian ,prune and later to          
,ungarish4 ,this is not to be confused  
with the true ,hungarian so well  known 
in ,europe as the ,quetsche de ,hongrie4
      ,,utah    ,prunus besseyi  ,prunus
 watsoni        #a4 ,dieck in ,dippel   
,laubholzkunde #c3fcd4 #ahic4 #b4       

,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #gj3bfb1 ,pl4 ,,ii 
fig4 #c4 #ahid4 #c4 ,tex4      ,sta4    
,bul4 #cb3dij4 #ahid4 #d4 ,vt4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #fg3ba4 #ahih4      #e4 ,waugh    
,plum ,cult4 #bbe4 #aija4        ,black 
,utah ,hybrid #b1 #d1 #e4 ,utah ,hybrid 
#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4    ,this interesting
 natural hybrid was grown by ,j4 ,e4    
,johnson at ,wood ,river1  ,nebraska1   
some time previous to #ahgj4 ,mr4       
,johnson planted seed of the  native    
dwarf cherry which had grown near ,sand 
plums and which supposedly  had been    
pollinized by the plums4 ,the resulting 
plants proved to be  intermediates      
between the cherry and the plum and are 
now generally  thought to be natural    
hybrids4 ,from these seedlings1 one was 
selected and  propagated4 ,shortly      
afterwards ,mr4 ,johnson moved to ,utah 
taking his new  hybrid with him and from
 there distributed it as ,utah4 ,in     
#ahic a ,german  botanist1 ,dieck       
7,references1 #a71 described this hybrid
 and gave it the  specific name ,prunus 

utahensis4 ,the plant has no commercial 
value4 ,it  is described as follows3    
,tree a dwarfish tree-like bush three or
 four feet in height2      branches and 
branchlets zigzag after the habit of    
,prunus      watsoni3 leaves small1     
narrow-ovate1 pointed at the ends2      
margins crenulate1 glandless1 sometimes 
small glands on the      petioles2 fruit
 early1 small1 round1 dark mahogany-red1
 covered      with bloom2 skin very     
bitter2 flesh melting2 pleasant flavor2 
quality poor2 stone small1 round like   
that of a cherry4      ,,victoria       
,illustration3 ,,victoria    ,prunus    
domestica        #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,cat4 #aec4 #ahca4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees      ,am4 #cae4 #ahde4 #c4 ,ann4 
,pom4 ,belge #de1 ,pl4 #ahef4 #d4       
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #eaf4 #ahei4 #e4
 ,cultivator #h3bf fig4      #ahfj4 #f4 
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #hh4 #ahfb4 #g4  
,thomas ,am4      ,fruit ,cult4 #cdi    
fig4 #cgi4 #ahfg4 #h4 ,downing ,fr4     
,trees ,am4      #idh4 #ahfi4 #i4 ,pom4 

,france #g3 ,no4 #ac4 #ahga4 #aj4 ,mas  
,le      ,verger #f3bc1 fig4 #ab4       
#ahff-gc4 #aa4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 
,sort4 #dai4 #ahha4 #ab4 ,hogg ,fruit   
,man4 #gbh4 #ahhd4 #ac4      ,mathieu   
,nom4 ,pom4 #dch4 #ahhi4 #ad4 ,gaucher  
,pom4 ,prak4 ,obst4      ,no4 #ih fig4  
#ahid4 #ae4 ,guide ,prat4 #aei1 #cfg4   
#ahie4 #af4      ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4   
#aca3aic4 #ahig4 #ag4 ,jour4 ,roy4      
,hort4      ,soc4 #ba3bbb4 #ahig4 #ah4  
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdc1 #bdh4      
#ahii4 #ai4 ,garden #eg3bfg4 #aijj4 #bj4
 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4      #abb1 #abc    
fig4 #aija4        ,alderton #d1 #f1 #h1
 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,dauphin #h1   
#ac4      ,denyer's ,victoria 8#b1 #c1  
#f1 #h1 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4         
,denyer's      ,victoria #d4 ,dolphin   
#h1 #ac4 ,imperial de ,sharp #h1 #ac4   
,knigin ,victoria #aa1 #ac1 #ae4 ,knigin
 ,victoria #i1 #ad1 #ae4 ,la            
,victorine #a4 ,prune ,reine ,victoria  
#c4 ,queen ,victoria 8#b1 #c1      #ac1 
#ad1 #ae4 ,queen ,victoria #i4 ,reine   

,victoria #i1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1      of    
some #ae4 ,royal ,dauphine #h1 #ac4     
,sharp #bj4 ,sharp's ,emperor      #b1  
#h4 ,sharp's ,emperor #c1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 
#ac1 by error #ae1 #bj4      ,sharpe's  
,emperor1 #ag incor4 ,victoria-,pflaume 
#ad4 ,sharp's      ,kaiserpflaume #ac4  
,victoria #h1 #i1 #ac1 #ad1 #bj4        
,victoria's      ,kaiserzwetsche #ad1   
#ae4    ,for some reason ,victoria1 long
 known in ,america1 has never attained  
great popularity in this country4 ,it is
 a large plum attaining nearly  the size
 of ,pond1 though the color-plate does  
not so show it1 and has  much the same  
color as the plum with which we have    
just compared it4  ,here resemblances   
cease for ,victoria is not the same     
shape as ,pond1  is a little better in  
quality1 is earlier and quite different 
in  tree-characters4 ,it would seem that
 this would make a good market plum as  
it is firm enough in flesh to ship well1
 as grown here keeps remarkably  well1  
is better in quality than the average   

market plum and is handsome1  though    
,americans seem to care little for red  
plums1 preferring the yellow  sorts and 
still more the purple kinds4            
,unfortunately1 ,victoria does not      
always color well in our climate4 ,the  
trees of this variety at this  ,station1
 while productive1 are not large nor    
robust1 and the foliage is  a little too
 susceptible to fungi4 ,these defects of
 the tree may account  for the lack of  
popularity of the variety in ,new ,york 
though even if they  are to be found in 
all localities1 which is probably not   
the case1 this  plum is still worth     
growing to some extent for home or      
market4    ,the origin of this plum and 
even its right to the name under which  
it  is discussed here are matters of    
controversy4 ,the ,london ,horticultural
  ,society in #ahca mentioned ,la       
,victorine in its catalog but since no  
description was given it cannot be      
identified as ,victoria4 ,sharp's       
,emperor which has been confused with   

this variety1 was described in  the same
 publication4 ,these two varieties were 
considered as identical  by ,charles    
,downing1 ,hogg1 ,mas and others2 while 
,royer#bbe who tested  ,sharp's         
,emperor1 obtained from ,liegel1 thought
 it to be distinct1 as did  ,thomas1 the
 ,guide ,pratique and ,pearson of       
,england4 ,hogg in describing  the      
,victoria says1 8,this is a ,sussex     
plum1 and was discovered in a  garden at
 ,alderton in that county4 ,it became   
known as ,sharp's ,emperor1  and was    
ultimately sold by a nurseryman named   
,denyer1 in the year #ahdd at  ,brixton1
 near ,london1 at a high price as a new 
variety under the name of  ,denyer's    
,victoria40 ,pearson in the ,journal of 
the ,royal ,horticultural  ,society for 
#ahig says the reason that ,hogg and    
other authorities had  called these     
varieties identical is that they had not
 seen the true  variety4 ,at this       
,station we have not seen ,sharp's      
,emperor but judging  from the          

descriptions it is distinct though very 
similar4 ,the ,american  ,pomological   
,society placed ,victoria on its fruit  
list in #ahfb but in  #ahga1 ,sharp's   
,emperor was substituted as the correct 
name with ,victoria  as a synonym4 ,this
 change was probably made to comply with
 ,downing's  nomenclature of #ahfi4 ,a  
review of the whole controversy cannot  
but lead  to the conclusion that        
,victoria is the correct name and it    
appears also  to be in most common use4 
,tree of medium size and vigor1         
upright-spreading1 hardy1               
productive2 branches ash-gray1 smooth1  
with few large      lenticels2          
branchlets thick1 short1 stout1 with    
short      internodes1 greenish changing
 to dark brownish-drab1 dull1 with      
thick pubescence1 with few              
inconspicuous1 small lenticels2         
leaf-buds large1 long1 conical or       
pointed1 free4        ,leaves folded    
backward1 obovate1 two and three-eighths
 inches      wide1 five inches long1    

thick1 stiff2 upper surface dark green1 
rugose1 with a narrow groove on the     
midrib1 sparingly hairy2      lower     
surface medium green1 thickly pubescent2
 apex abruptly      pointed1 base       
cuneate1 margin serrate or crenate1     
eglandular      or with small dark      
glands2 petiole one inch long1 covered  
with      thick pubescence1 tinged red  
on one side1 glandless or with      from
 one to three globose or reniform1      
yellow glands usually on      the stalk4
        ,season of bloom medium1 short2 
flowers appearing with      the leaves1 
one and one-eighth inches across1 white1
 the      buds tinged yellow2 borne in  
clusters on lateral buds and      spurs1
 singly or in pairs2 pedicels nearly    
three-eighths      inch long1 thick1    
heavily pubescent2 calyx-tube green1    
campanulate1 pubescent2 calyx-lobes     
medium to narrow1 obtuse1               
glandular-serrate1 thickly pubescent on 
both surfaces1      reflexed2 petals    
roundish-obovate1 entire or occasionally

      notched1 tapering to short1 broad 
claws2 anthers yellow2      filaments   
one-quarter inch long2 pistil glabrous1 
longer than      the stamens4           
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period of   
medium length2 one and                  
seven-eighths inches by one and one-half
 inches in size1      long-oval1 oblong1
 compressed1 halves equal2 cavity       
shallow1      narrow1 flaring2 suture   
variable in depth1 prominent2 apex      
roundish or depressed2 color dark red1  
mottled before full      maturity1      
covered with thick bloom2 dots numerous1
 russet1      conspicuous2 stem thick1  
three-quarters inch long1 very          
pubescent1 adhering strongly to the     
fruit2 skin thin1 tender1      adhering 
but slightly2 flesh light yellow1 juicy1
 coarse1 firm1      sweet1 mild but     
pleasant2 good2 stone free1 one and     
one-eighth      inches by three-eighths 
inch in size1 broad-oval1 strongly      
flattened1 deeply pitted1 roughish1     
blunt at the base and apex2      ventral

 suture narrow1 distinctly winged2      
dorsal suture widely      and deeply    
grooved4      ,,violet ,,diaper         
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,parkinson 
,par4 ,ter4 #egf1 #egh4 #afbi4 #b4      
,langley      ,pomona #ic1 ,pl4 ,,xxiii 
fig4 ,,ii4 #agbi4 #c4 ,duhamel ,trait4  
,arb4 ,fr4 #b3aja1 ,pl4 ,,xvii fig4     
#agfh4 #d4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4          
#b3gj1 #ib4 #ahcb4 #e4 ,elliott ,fr4    
,book #dbe4 #ahed4 #f4 ,koch      ,deut4
 ,obst4 #egb4 #ahgf4 #g4 ,le ,bon ,jard4
 #cci4 #ahhb4 #h4      ,hogg ,fruit     
,man4 #fij4 #ahhd4 #i4 ,mathieu ,nom4   
,pom4 #deb4      #ahhi4 #aj4 ,guide     
,prat4 #aeg1 #cee4 #ahie4        ,black 
,diapred #a4 ,blaue ,diapre #i1 #aj4    
,blaue ,herzformige      ,pflaume #i1   
#aj4 ,buntfarbige ,violette ,pflaume #i1
 #aj4 ,cheston      #a1 #i1 #aj4        
,cheston #d1 #e1 #h4 ,cheston ,matchless
 #e4 ,cheston's      ,plumb #b4 ,dennie 
#a4 ,diapre noire #g4 ,die ,violette    
,diapre #aj4      ,diapre ,violette #c1 
#aj4 ,diapre ,violette #d1 #h1 #i4      

,diapre      ,violet #d4 ,friars #a4    
,friars #h4 ,friar's ,plum #i4          
,matchless #d1 #e1      #i1 #aj4 ,purple
 ,diaper #f4 ,violet ,diaper #e1 #i4    
,violette ,diapre      #i4 ,violette    
,violen ,pflaume #i1 #aj4 ,veilchen     
,pflaume #i1 #aj4    ,violet ,diaper was
 cultivated at the beginning of the     
,seventeenth ,century  and has          
maintained itself in ,europe until the  
present time although never  attaining  
nor deserving the popularity of the ,red
 ,diaper4 ,matchless1  cited as a       
synonym1 is manifestly incorrect as the 
true ,matchless is a  yellow plum2 but  
since it has been used so long and by so
 many writers as  a synonym1 it seems   
best to mention it as such4 ,this plum  
is not grown in  ,america4 ,it is       
described as follows3        ,fruit     
early2 of medium size1 oval2 suture     
faint2 cavity almost      lacking2 skin 
free2 dark purple1 covered with thick   
bloom2      flesh yellow1 firm1 sweet2  
good2 freestone4      ,,voronesh        

,illustration3 ,,voronesh    ,prunus    
domestica        #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4   
,rpt4 #gf4 #ahhc4 #b4 ,ibid4 #fa4 #ahhg4
 #c4      ,am4 ,gard4 #aa3fbe fig4 #a4  
#ahij4 #d4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aaf4    
#aija4 #e4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4    
,man4 #cbg1 #cbi4 #aijc4                
,moldavka #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,voronesh     
,yellow #c1 #e4 ,yellow ,moldavka #e4   
,yellow ,voronesh #b4    ,voronesh is a 
,russian sort supposed to be ironclad as
 to cold4 ,it is  perfectly hardy at    
,geneva1 the trees are also very        
productive and the  fruits are          
attractive enough in size and color to  
meet market demands but  the flavor is  
so insipid as to make the plum unfit for
 dessert and hardly  fit for kitchen    
use4 ,it is given the honor of a        
color-plate because it is  a somewhat   
distinct type4 ,in #ahha ,professor ,j4 
,l4 ,budd secured from ,j4  ,e4 ,fisher1
 ,voronesh1 ,russia1 a variety which he 
introduced as ,voronesh  ,yellow4 ,at   
the same time he imported a variety from

 ,fisher under the name  ,moldavka which
 proved to be identical with his        
,voronesh ,yellow1 though  ,budd held   
that while they were very similar the   
,moldavka was more oval  than ,voronesh4
        ,tree of medium size1           
round-topped1 productive2 leaves        
drooping1      folded backward1         
narrow-obovate1 two and one-quarter     
inches      wide1 four and one-half     
inches long1 thick2 margin doubly       
serrate1 with small1 yellowish glands2  
petiole one-half inch      long1 tinged 
red1 pubescent1 sometimes with two      
globose1      yellowish-red glands      
usually on the stalk near the base of   
the      leaf2 blooming season early1   
short2 flowers appearing after the      
leaves1 fully one and one-eighth inches 
across1 dull white2      borne on       
lateral buds and spurs1 singly or in    
pairs4        ,fruit mid-season1        
ripening period short2 one and          
seven-eighths      inches by one and    
one-half inches in size1 ovate1 necked1 

slightly enlarged on the suture side1   
dark lemon-yellow1      with thin bloom2
 dots very numerous1 of medium size1    
white1      conspicuous2 stem adhering  
strongly to the fruit2 skin tough1      
sour2 flesh dark amber-yellow1 very     
tender1 sweet1 mild2 poor2      stone   
free1 one and three-eighths inches by   
five-eighths inch      in size1         
long-oval1 flattened1 somewhat necked1  
acute at the      apex1 the surfaces    
smooth or partially honeycombed2 ventral
      suture prominent4      ,,wales    
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,gard4     
,chron4 #e3hcg4 #ahde4 #b4 ,mag4 ,hort4 
#ab3cdj4      #ahdf4 #c4 ,mc,intosh ,bk4
 ,gard4 #ebi4 #ahee4 #d4 ,downing ,fr4  
,trees ,am4 #cib4 #aheg4 #e4 ,thompson  
,gard4 ,ass't #eae4 #ahei4      #f4     
,ann4 ,pom4 ,belge #g1 ,pl4 #ahei4 #g4  
,mas ,pom4 ,gen4      #b3aai1 fig4 #fj4 
#ahgc4 #h4 ,flor4  ,pom4 #bec1 ,pl4     
#ahge4 #i4      ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #ba3bj4 #ahgf4 #aj4 ,hogg ,fruit 
,man4 #gah4 #ahhd4 #aa4 ,mathieu ,nom4  

,pom4 #ddc4 #ahhi4 #ab4      ,ont4 ,fr4 
,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #if1 #abj4 #ahif4 #ac4
 ,cornell ,sta4      ,bul4 #aca3aij4    
#ahig4 #ad4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bf4 
#ahig4      #ae4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4      
#aac3afj4 #ahii4 #af4 ,waugh ,plum      
,cult4      #abe4 #aija4                
,chapman's ,prince of ,wales1 #c1 #e4   
,chapman's ,prince of ,wales #d1        
#aj1 #aa4 ,chapman's ,prince of ,wales' 
,plum #a4 ,prince ,albert8 #aa4         
,prince ,de ,galles #g4 ,prince ,de     
,galles #f1 #aa4 ,prince of ,wales      
#b1 #d1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae4     
,prince of ,wales #g1 #aa1 #ad1 #af4    
,prinz ,von ,wales #aa4 ,prune ,prince  
of ,whales #f4    ,wales1 more commonly 
known as the ,prince of ,wales1 seems to
 have much  merit yet it has long been  
grown in ,america1 probably             
three-quarters of  a century1 without   
attaining distinction with              
fruit-growers4 ,in recent  years it has 
been favorably commented upon in a      
number of publications  and seems to be 

better known and more grown than        
formerly4 ,whether this  tardily-given  
recognition is not too late is a        
question4 ,so many good  plums have been
 introduced both at home and abroad in  
the last few  decades that a sort dating
 back nearly a century must be          
meritorious1  indeed1 to stand the      
competition4 ,as ,wales grows in ,new   
,york1 it is  rather too poor in quality
 to recommend it for a home variety and 
the  plums are too small1 as they       
generally grow1 for a good commercial   
fruit4  ,the trees are enormously       
productive and are very satisfactory in 
other  characters as well4 ,in a        
bulletin from the ,cornell ,station     
7,references1  #ac7 this variety is said
 to have 8much to commend it for general
 favor30  while in ,ohio 7,references1  
#ae7 it is thought that ,wales 8ought to
 become  popular40    ,wales1 a seedling
 of ,orleans1 was raised by a ,mr4      
,chapman1 ,brentford1  ,middlesex1      
,england1 in #ahcj4 ,it was exhibited   

before the ,london  ,horticultural      
,society in #ahde where it was awarded a
 prize4 ,the following  year1 ,hovey1   
the ,american pomologist1 7,references1 
#b7 described the  variety but the date 
of the first importation to this country
 is unknown4  ,it was not until #ahig   
that the variety was sufficiently known 
to be  placed on the fruit catalog list 
of the ,american ,pomological ,society4 
,tree large1 vigorous1 slightly         
vasiform1 open-topped1 hardy1      very 
productive2 branches ash-gray1 smooth   
except for the      numerous1 small1    
slightly raised lenticels1 often marked 
by concentric rings2 branchlets of      
medium thickness and      length1 with  
long internodes1 green changing to      
brownish-red1      dull1 thinly         
pubescent1 with numerous1 inconspicuous1
 small      lenticels2 leaf-buds large1 
long1 conical or pointed2               
leaf-scars prominent4        ,leaves    
folded upward1 roundish-ovate or oval1  
two and one-half      inches wide1 three

 and one-half inches long2 upper surface
      dark green1 somewhat rugose1      
covered with numerous hairs2      lower 
surface pale green1 thickly pubescent2  
apex and base      abrupt1 margin       
crenate1 eglandular or with small dark  
glands2      petiole one-half inch long1
 pubescent1 tinged red1 glandless or    
with from one to three small1 globose1  
yellowish-brown glands      usually at  
the base of the leaf4        ,blooming  
season short2 flowers one inch across1  
white1      with a yellow tinge2 usually
 borne in pairs2 pedicels               
eleven-sixteenths inch long1 thick1     
pubescent1 greenish2      calyx-tube    
green1 campanulate1 lightly pubescent   
toward the      base2 calyx-lobes broad1
 obtuse1 pubescent on both surfaces1    
glandular-serrate and with marginal     
hairs1 erect2 petals      broadly oval1 
crenate1 tapering to short1 blunt claws2
      filaments five-sixteenths inch    
long2 pistil glabrous except on      the
 ovary1 longer than the stamens2 stigma 

large4        ,fruit late1 season short2
 one and five-eighths inches by one     
and one-half inches in size1            
roundish-oval1 halves equal2      cavity
 narrow1 abrupt2 suture a line2 apex    
roundish2 color      reddish-purple1    
overspread with thick bloom2 dots few1  
large1      often tinged red1           
conspicuous2 stem thick1 one-half inch  
long1      pubescent1 adhering well to  
the fruit2 skin tough1 separating       
readily2 flesh golden-yellow1 juicy1    
tender1 sweet1 mild2 good2      stone   
semi-free or free1 seven-eighths inch by
 five-eighths      inch in size1 oval1  
turgid1 blunt at the base and apex1 with
      slightly pitted surfaces2 ventral 
suture narrow1 often acute or      with 
a slight wing2 dorsal suture widely and 
deeply grooved4      ,,wangenheim       
,prunus domestica        #a4 ,cultivator
 #h3bf fig4 #ahfj4 #b4 ,mas ,le ,verger 
#f3aeg1 fig4 #gi4 #ahff-gc4 #c4 ,am4    
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 ,,xxiv4      #ahga4   
#d4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dec4 #ahhi4   

#e4 ,guide ,prat4      #aei1 #cfg4      
#ahie4 #f4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #abe4    
#aija4        ,die ,wangenheim #d4 ,de  
,wangenheim #e4 ,prune de ,wangenheim   
#d4      ,prune ,wangenheim ,htive #d4  
,quetsche ,prcoce de ,wangenheim        
#b1 #d1 #e4 ,von ,wangenheim ,pflaume   
#b1 #d1 #e4 ,wangenheims                
,frhzwetsche #b1 #e4 ,wangenheims ,frh  
,zwetsche #d4 ,wangenheim      ,htive   
#d4    ,this variety1 very well known   
and highly esteemed in ,germany1 has    
been  grown to some extent in ,america  
both on the ,pacific and ,atlantic      
,coasts  and in neither region has it   
proved equal to standard plums4         
,according to  ,dittrich1 ,wangenheim   
originated at ,beinheim1 a small place  
near ,gotha1  ,saxe-,cobourg1 ,germany4 
,tree large1 vigorous1                  
upright-spreading1 productive2 trunk    
rough2 branches rough1 stocky2          
branchlets nearly glabrous2      leaves 
folded upward1 slightly rugose2 margin  
finely serrate1      with small glands2 

petiole tinged red1 pubescent1 with from
 one      to three small glands usually 
at the base of the leaf4        ,fruit  
mid-season2 one and one-quarter inches  
by one and      one-eighth inches in    
size1 ovate1 purplish-red1 covered with 
thin bloom1 yellowish1 rather dry1 firm1
 sweet1 mild2 of good      quality2     
stone very free1 three-quarters inch by 
one-half      inch in size1             
irregular-oval1 flattened1 with faintly 
pitted      surfaces2 ventral suture    
distinctly winged2 dorsal suture with   
a narrow1 shallow groove4               
,,washington    ,illustration3          
,,washington    ,prunus domestica       
#a4 ,prince ,treat4 ,hort4 #bd4 #ahbh4  
#b4 ,pom4 ,mag4 #a3af1      ,pl4 #ahbh4 
#c4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aed4     
#ahca4 #d4 ,prince      ,pom4 ,man4     
#b3ec4 #ahcb4 #e4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide 
,orch4 ,gard4      #bih1 #chc1 #dah4    
#ahdf4 #f4 ,cole ,am4 ,fr4 ,book #baj4  
#ahdi4 #g4      ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit     
,cult4 #cbf fig41 #cbg4 #ahdi4 #h4      

,hovey ,fr4      ,am4 #a3hg1 ,col4 ,pl4 
#ahea4 #i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ed4  
#aheb4      #aj4 ,elliott ,fr4 ,book    
#dae4 #ahed4 #aa4 ,ann4 ,pom4 ,belge    
#d3bc1 ,pl4 #ahef4 #ab4 ,thompson ,gard4
 ,ass't #ebj4 #ahei4 #ac4      ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iea4 #ahfi4 #ad4 ,pom4
 ,france #g3 ,no4      #bd4 #ahga4 #ae4 
,mas ,le ,verger #f3ei4 #ahff-gc4 #af4  
,hogg      ,fruit ,man4 #gbi4 #ahhd4    
#ag4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dec4 #ahhi4  
#ah4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ajc3cb1 #cc1   
fig4 #ahid4 #ai4 ,cornell      ,sta4    
,bul4 #aca3aic4 #ahig4 #bj4 ,va4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #acd3dd4      #aijb4 #ba4 ,can4   
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3cf4 #aijc4        
,anglesio #ag4 ,bolmar #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1  
#aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #ag4           
,bolmar's ,washington #c1 #g1 #h1 #aj1  
#aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #ag4 ,bolmar's      
,washington #e4 ,bolmer #a1 #d1 #ac1    
#ag4 ,bolmer's ,washington      #a1 #d1 
#ac4 ,bolmore's ,washington #d4 ,double 
,imperial ,gage      #a1 #d4 ,franklin  
#c1 #d1 #e1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1

 #af1 #ag4      ,imperial ,gage 7of     
,albany7 #d4 ,irving's ,bolmar #aj1 #ac1
 #af1      #ag4 ,irving's ,bolmer #ad4  
,jackson #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag4 ,louis     
,philippe #ad4 ,louis ,philipp #ag4 ,new
 ,washington #c1 #d1 #e1      #h1 #aj1  
#aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag4 ,parker's ,mammoth  
#aj1 #ac1 #af1 #ag4      ,philippe #a1  
#aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag4 ,prune ,washington  
,jaune #aa4      ,superior ,gage #a1 #d1
 #h4 ,superior ,green ,gage #d1 #h4 ,the
      ,washington ,plum #b1 #h4         
,washington #e1 #h4 ,washington ,bolmar 
#h4      ,washington ,gage #d4          
,washington ,jaune #ac1 #ad1 #ag4       
,washington      ,mammot #ad1 #ag4      
,washington ,yellow #ag4    ,washington 
holds high rank among the ,reine ,claude
 varieties1 plums  unsurpassed for      
dessert purposes4 ,the fruits are large 
in size for one  of this group2 handsome
 in form and color 7in the latter       
respect the  color-plate does not do the
 variety justice72 abundant in juice yet
 firm  and meaty enough in flesh to keep

 and ship well2 fine in flavor though   
not quite equalling some others of its  
group in this character4 ,the trees  are
 large1 hardy1 vigorous and healthy1    
remarkable for their broad1  glossy1    
abundant leaves1 bear bountiful crops   
annually and at a favorable  period of  
maturity4 ,washington thus has a        
combination of characters  which few of 
its group1 with which only it must be   
compared1 possess4  ,the variety1       
however1 is not without defects2 the    
fruits are subject to  brown-rot1 so    
much so that its value as a commercial  
variety is greatly  lessened2 the       
quality varies greatly in different     
locations and even in  different        
years1--the latter very noticeable on   
the ,station grounds2 the  trees are    
slow in coming in bearing and the crops 
are small for some  years after fruiting
 begins4 ,from the above considerations 
it may be  seen that while this variety 
is almost always worth planting in a    
home  collection1 the location for it as

 a commercial fruit needs to be chosen  
with some care4    ,there are two       
accounts of the origin of this variety4 
,william ,prince  gives its history as  
follows 7,references1 #a73 8,it has     
always been  the custom at the          
establishment of the author1 at         
,flushing1 to plant  annually the seeds 
of the finest fruits1 for the purpose of
 originating  new varieties2 and1 about 
the year #agij1 his father planted the  
pits of  twenty-five quarts of the      
,green ,gage plum2 these produced trees 
yielding  fruit of every colour2 and the
 ,white ,gage1 ,red ,gage1 and ,prince's
 ,gage1  now so well known1 form part of
 the progeny of those plums2 and there  
seems strong presumptive evidence to    
suppose that the ,washington ,plum was  
one of the same collection40 ,michael   
,floy gives a different history of  the 
,washington 7,references1 #e74 ,he      
states that he received the variety in  
#ahah from a ,mr4 ,bolmar of ,new ,york 
who in turn had purchased his trees     

from a market woman in #ahad4 ,the      
purchased trees were produced as suckers
  from the roots of a ,reine ,claude    
tree which had been killed below the    
graft by lightning on the ,delancey     
farm1 now the ,bowery1 in ,new ,york    
,city4 ,in #ahai1 a few of the trees1   
budded the previous year by ,floy1 were 
sent to ,england4 ,the ,american        
,pomological ,society added the         
,washington to  its fruit catalog list  
in #aheb4 ,taking in consideration the  
evidence of  other writers and further  
facts offered in other accounts by the  
,princes1  father and son1 it seems     
almost certain that the first history is
 correct  and that ,bolmar's trees had  
their origin in the ,prince nursery4    
,tree large1 vigorous1 round and        
open-topped1 hardy1 very                
productive2 branches dark ash-gray1     
rough becoming shaggy on      the trunk1
 with small lenticels2 branchlets below 
medium in      thickness and length1    
with long internodes1 green changing    

to brownish-red1 thinly pubescent1 with 
small lenticels of      average number2 
leaf-buds of medium size and length1    
pointed1      free4        ,leaves      
flattened1 oval1 two and one-half inches
 wide1 four and      one-quarter inches 
long1 leathery1 somewhat velvety2 upper 
surface dark green1 lightly pubescent1  
with a shallow groove      on the       
midrib2 lower surface medium green1     
thickly pubescent2      apex abruptly   
pointed or acute1 base abrupt2 margin   
serrate1      eglandular2 petiole       
five-eighths inch long1 green1          
pubescent1      glandless or with one or
 two smallish1 globose1 greenish-yellow 
glands at the base of the leaf4         
,blooming season intermediate in time   
and length2 flowers      appearing after
 the leaves1 one and five-sixteenths    
inches      across1 white1 with yellow  
near the apex2 borne on lateral buds    
and spurs2 pedicels three-eighths inch  
long1 thick1 covered      with fine     
pubescence1 greenish2 calyx-tube green1 

campanulate1      pubescent2 calyx-lobes
 broad1 obtuse1 pubescent on both       
surfaces1 glandular-serrate and with    
marginal hairs1 erect2      petals      
broad-ovate or oval1 crenate1 tapering  
into short1 broad      claws2 anthers   
yellow2 filaments three-eighths inch    
long2      pistil glabrous1 longer than 
the stamens4        ,fruit intermediate 
in time and length of ripening season2  
one and three-quarters inches by one and
 five-eighths inches      in size1      
roundish-oval1 compressed1 halves equal2
 cavity      shallow1 narrow1 flaring2  
suture shallow2 apex roundish2          
color greenish-yellow or light yellow1  
with green stripes and      splashes1   
occasionally with a faint blush on the  
sunny side1      covered with thin      
bloom2 dots numerous1 white1            
inconspicuous1      clustered about the 
apex2 stem one-half inch long1 covered  
with thick pubescence1 adhering strongly
 to the fruit2 skin      thin1 slightly 
sour1 separating readily2 flesh         

greenish-yellow1      juicy1 firm but   
tender1 sweet1 mild1 pleasant flavor2   
good to      very good2 stone free1 not 
filling the cavity1 one inch by         
three-quarters inch in size1 oval1      
turgid1 roughened1 somewhat      blunt  
at the base and apex2 ventral suture    
wide1 marked by deep      furrows1 with 
a distinct but short wing2 dorsal suture
 widely      and deeply grooved4        
,,wayland    ,illustration3 ,,wayland   
,prunus hortulana        #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4
 ,a4 ,rpt4 #egc1 ,pl4 #e fig4 #b4 #ahhh4
 #b4 ,am4      ,gard4 #aj3age fig41     
#bdc4 #ahhi4 #c4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ch3ea1 #hg4 #ahib4 #d4 ,wis4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #fc3bd1 #fb4 #ahig4      #e4 ,vt4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #aj3ii1 #ajc4 #ahig4   
#f4 ,ibid4      #aa3bha1 #bhf fig4      
#ahih4 #g4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bbh4
 #aijd4      #h4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fg3bhc4 #aijd4 #i4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4   
#afb3beh4 #aije4    ,wayland is of      
little interest to plum-growers who grow
 the ,domestica  varieties without      

difficulty but in the ,south and ,middle
 ,west it is an  important              
representative of a valuable species4   
,the trees withstand the  hot1 dry      
weather in the region south of central  
,iowa and ,nebraska rather  better than 
do those of varieties of other species  
and its fruits are  borne in such       
quantities and so late that this and its
 kindred sorts  become important plums4 
,the fruits are quite too firm of flesh1
 too  sour and too small to be of value 
for dessert purposes but they are  most 
excellent for jellies1 marmalades and   
preserves--any of the uses  to which the
 ,damsons are commonly put4 ,they are1  
too1 best adapted for  long-keeping and 
shipping of any of the native plums4    
,except in size1 the  plums are hardly  
surpassed in the characters that make a 
fruit handsome  among the native plums4 
,the trees are large1 robust and hardy  
in central  ,new ,york1 usually free    
from attacks of insects and fungi and1  
with their  abundant1 glossy foliage1   

are strikingly ornamental4 ,wayland is  
of value  for ,new ,york1 however1 when 
all characters are considered1 only in  
furnishing variety1 in extending the    
season for native plums and as an       
ornamental4    ,wayland was found in a  
plum thicket on the premises of         
,professor ,h4 ,b4  ,wayland1 ,cadiz1   
,kentucky4 ,it was sent by him about    
#ahge to ,j4 ,s4 ,downer  and ,sons1    
,fairview1 ,todd ,county1 ,kentucky1 who
 named and introduced  it4 ,there has   
been much discussion as to the botanical
 status of this  variety1 various       
writers having put it in at least three 
distinct species  and ,waugh and ,bailey
 have used it as the type of the        
,wayland group of  ,prunus hortulana4   
,tree very large and vigorous1          
spreading1 somewhat drooping1           
flat-topped1 open1 hardy at ,geneva1    
productive2 trunk shaggy2      branches 
rough1 dark ash-gray1 with inconspicuous
 lenticels1      medium in number and   
size2 branchlets slender1 twiggy1 long1 

with internodes of average length1      
green1 changing to light                
chestnut-red1 glossy1 glabrous1 with    
numerous1 conspicuous1      large1      
raised lenticels2 leaf-buds very small1 
short1 obtuse1      plump1 appressed4   
,leaves folded upward1 ovate or         
long-oval1 peach-like1 one and          
seven-eighths inches across1 five inches
 long1 thin2 upper      surface smooth  
and glossy1 with a grooved midrib2 lower
 surface      sparingly pubescent2 apex 
acuminate1 base abrupt1 margin          
unevenly serrate1 glandular2 petiole one
 inch long1 slender1      pubescent     
along one side1 with a tinge of red1    
with from one to      five very small1  
globose1 brownish glands usually on the 
stalk4        ,blooming season late and 
long2 flowers appearing after      the  
leaves1 thirteen-sixteenths inch across1
 white1 with      disagreeable odor2    
borne in clusters on lateral buds and   
spurs1      in threes1 fours or fives2  
pedicels fifteen-sixteenths inch        

long1 very slender1 glabrous1 green2    
calyx-tube greenish1      narrowly      
campanulate1 glabrous2 calyx-lobes      
narrow1 acute1      erect1 lightly      
pubescent within1 serrate and with      
dark-colored      glands2 petals ovate  
or oval1 irregularly crenate1 tapering  
into long1 narrow claws with hairy      
margins2 anthers yellowish2             
filaments three-eighths inch long2      
pistil glabrous1 shorter      than the  
stamens4        ,fruit very late1 season
 long2 one and one-eighth inches by one 
inch in size1 roundish-ovate narrowing  
somewhat toward the      stem1 conical1 
slightly compressed1 halves equal2      
cavity medium      to deep1 narrow1     
abrupt2 suture usually very shallow and 
wide1      often a distinct line2 apex  
pointed2 color dark currant-red1        
with inconspicuous1 thin bloom2 dots    
numerous1 small to      medium1         
conspicuous1 densely clustered about the
 apex2 stem      very slender1          
five-eighths inch long1 glabrous1 not   

adhering      to the fruit2 skin thick1 
tough1 clinging but slightly2 flesh     
attractive light yellow2 moderately     
juicy1 coarse1 fibrous1      rather     
tender1 mildly sweet next the skin but  
astringent      towards the pit2 fair to
 good2 stone clinging1 five-eighths     
inch by three-eighths inch in size1     
long-oval1 somewhat      elongated at   
the base and apex1 turgid1 with rough   
and pitted      surfaces2 ventral suture
 wide1 blunt1 faintly ridged2 dorsal    
suture acute1 with a narrow1 indistinct 
groove4      ,,weaver    ,prunus        
americana        #a4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,rpt4 #bfg4 #ahgd4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,cat4 #dd4 #ahhc4 #c4 ,mich4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #bfh4 #ahhe4 #d4      ,minn4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #e3cf1 #cg fig4 #ahhi4 #e4 
,cornell ,sta4      ,bul4 #ch3de1 #hf4  
#ahib4 #f4 ,can4 ,hort4 #af3dji1 ,pl4   
#ahic4      #g4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#abc3ba4 #ahie4 #h4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#fc3bd1 #fb4 #ahig4 #i4 ,colo4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #ej3df4 #ahih4 #aj4      ,ia4     

,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bia4 #aijj4 #aa4 ,waugh 
,plum ,cult4 #aff      fig4 #aija4 #ab4 
,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #cjb4   
#aijc4 #ac4      ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4
 #dc3cb4 #aijc4 #ad4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#fg3bhc4 #aijd4 #ae4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #ic3da4 #aije4    ,weaver is an   
old and well-known ,americana1 once one 
of the most popular  of its species     
because of its hardiness and            
productiveness4 ,it is  still listed by 
many nurserymen and is widely           
distributed throughout  the country but 
it is now rapidly passing out of        
cultivation1 being  superseded by sorts 
producing larger and better colored     
fruits4    ,this variety was found      
growing wild on the ,cedar ,river1 in   
,iowa1 by a ,mr4  ,weaver4 ,in #ahgc1   
,ennis and ,patten1 ,charles ,city1     
,iowa1 began its sale to  fruit-growers4
 ,the ,american ,pomological ,society   
placed the ,weaver on its  fruit catalog
 list in #ahhc1 dropped it in #ahia1 and
 replaced it in #ahig4  ,the following  

description is partly compiled4         
,tree large1 vigorous1 well formed1     
upright-spreading1 unusually      hardy1
 productive2 branches long1 slender2    
branchlets slender1      long1 with     
short internodes1 reddish-brown1        
glabrous1 with      numerous1           
conspicuous lenticels of medium size2   
leaf-buds      small1 conical1 of       
average length4        ,leaves falling  
late1 four and one-half inches long1 two
 and      one-half inches wide1 obovate 
or oval1 firm1 thick1 leathery2         
upper surface dark green1 slightly      
roughened1 glabrous1 with      narrow   
midrib2 lower surface pale green1       
pubescent on the      midrib and larger 
veins2 apex acuminate1 base somewhat    
acute1      margin deeply and coarsely  
serrate2 petiole five-eighths inch      
long1 stout1 reddish1 slightly pubescent
 along one side1      usually with two  
large1 globose1 reddish-brown glands on 
the      stem4        ,flowers large1   
prominently stalked2 calyx-lobes        

conspicuously      glandular1 lightly   
pubescent within4        ,fruit         
mid-season or later2 one inch by        
three-quarters inch in      size1 large 
for a native1 oval or roundish-oblong1  
compressed1      halves unequal2 cavity 
medium to shallow1 narrow1 rather       
abrupt2 suture shallow1 distinct2 apex  
roundish or depressed2      color not   
uniform1 yellowish overlaid with        
purplish-red1      mottled1 covered with
 thin bloom2 dots numerous1 small1 often
      purplish1 inconspicuous2 skin     
thick1 very tough1 astringent1          
adhering to the pulp2 flesh deep yellow1
 juicy1 firm and      meaty1 sweet1     
mild2 fair to good2 stone variable in   
adhesion1      three-quarters inch by   
three-eighths inch in size1 long and    
narrow1 somewhat oval1 flattened1       
obscurely pointed at the base      and  
apex1 smooth4      ,,white ,,bullace    
,illustration3 ,,white ,,bullace        
,prunus insititia        #a4 ,parkinson 
,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4 #b4            

,abercrombie ,gard4      ,ass't #ac4    
#aghf4 #c4 ,forsyth ,fr4 ,trees ,am4    
#ba4 #ahjc4 #d4      ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,cat4 #cdd4 #ahca4 #e4 ,prince ,pom4   
,man4      #b3aje4 #ahcb4 #f4           
,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4     
#cjj1 #chc4      #ahdf4 #g4 ,hogg ,fruit
 ,man4 #che4 #ahff4 #h4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees      ,am4 #ieb4 #ahfi4 #i4       
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #d3afj1 #afa    
fig4      #ifj4 #aija4 #aj4 ,can4 ,exp4 
,farms ,rpt4 #dha4 #aijd4               
,bullace #e4 ,bullace #g4 ,white        
,bulleis #a4    ,the origin of this old 
sort is unknown4 ,it was cultivated more
 than  three hundred years ago for      
,parkinson described it as common in his
  time4 ,he says of it 8,the ,white and 
the blacke ,bulleis are common in most  
,countries1 being small round1 lesser   
than ,damsons1 sharper in taste1 and    
later ripe40 ,it is probably one of the 
first of the cultivated plums4  ,white  
,bullace is illustrated and described in
 full in ,the ,plums of  ,new ,york     

chiefly as a means of comparison between
 the plums of three  centuries ago and  
those of the present4 ,it has little    
value now for any  purpose1 though the  
,europeans still grow it rather commonly
 and from  seeds1 cions or suckers as   
convenience may dictate4        ,tree of
 medium size and vigor1                 
upright-spreading1 dense-topped1        
hardy1 unproductive2 branches ash-gray1 
nearly smooth1 with      numerous1      
small1 inconspicuous lenticels2         
branchlets thick1      above medium in  
length1 with short internodes1          
greenish-red      changing to dark      
brownish-red1 dull1 with thick          
pubescence      throughout the season1  
with few1 small lenticels2 leaf-buds    
small1 short1 stubby1 obtuse1 strongly  
appressed4        ,leaves flattened1    
obovate1 one and five-eighths inches    
wide1      two and three-eighths inches 
long1 thick2 upper surface dark         
green1 rugose1 with few hairs along the 
narrow1 grooved midrib2      lower      

surface silvery green1 pubescent2 apex  
abruptly pointed      or acute1 base    
acute1 margin doubly serrate1           
eglandular2      petiole one-half inch  
long1 green1 pubescent1 glandless or    
with      one or two small1 globose1    
greenish-yellow glands variable in      
position4        ,blooming season medium
 to late1 of average length2 flowers    
appearing after the leaves1             
three-quarters inch across1 white1      
scattered on lateral spurs2 usually     
borne singly2 pedicels      one-quarter 
inch long1 thick1 densely covered with  
short      hairs1 green2 calyx-tube     
reddish-green1 campanulate1 glabrous2   
calyx-lobes acute1 lightly pubescent on 
both surfaces1      glandular-serrate1  
reflexed2 petals obovate1 entire1 with  
short1 broad claws2 anthers yellow with 
red tinge2 filaments                    
five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil       
glabrous1 nearly equal to the           
stamens in length4        ,fruit late1  
ripening season of medium length2 about 

one inch in      diameter1 roundish1    
compressed1 truncate at the base2 cavity
      rather deep and wide1 abrupt2     
suture a line2 apex flattened or        
depressed2 color deep amber-yellow1     
sometimes with faint pink      blush on 
the exposed cheek1 overspread with      
moderately thick      bloom2 dots       
numerous1 white1 inconspicuous2 stem    
one-half inch      long1 covered with   
scant pubescence1 adhering strongly to  
the      fruit2 skin thin1 astringent1  
slightly adhering2 flesh deep           
golden-yellow1 juicy1 coarse1 fibrous1  
firm1 sour2 poor in      quality2 stone 
clinging1 five-eighths inch by one-half 
inch      in size1 ovate1 turgid1 blunt 
at the base1 acute at the apex1         
slightly roughened2 ventral suture      
broad1 blunt1 shallowly      furrowed2  
dorsal suture with a wide1 shallow      
groove4      ,,white ,,damson    ,prunus
 insititia        #a4 ,parkinson ,par4  
,ter4 #egh4 #afbi4 #b4 ,quintinye ,com4 
,gard4 #fg1 #fi4 #afii4 #c4 ,m',mahon   

,am4 ,gard4 ,cal4 #ehh4 #ahjf4      #d4 
,coxe ,cult4 ,fr4 ,trees #bch1 fig4 #ae4
 #ahag4 #e4 ,lond4      ,hort4 ,soc4    
,cat4 #adf4 #ahca4 #f4 ,prince ,pom4    
,man4 #b3hh4      #ahcb4 #g4 ,downing   
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bhg4 #ahde4 #h4       
,floy-,lindley      ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4
 #cjj4 #ahdf4 #i4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit   
,cult4      #ccd4 #ahdi4 #aj4 ,elliott  
,fr4 ,book #dcj4 #ahed4 #aa4 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,rpt4 #aij1 #bad4 #ahef4 #ab4     
,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #che4 #ahff4         
#ac4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ieb4    
#ahfi4 #ad4 ,waugh ,plum      ,cult4    
#aca4 #aija4        ,frost ,plum #f1    
#ac4 ,late ,cluster #f1 #ac4 ,late      
,white ,damson #f4      ,late ,yellow   
,damson #g1 #i1 #aj1 #ac4 ,shailer's    
,white ,damson #g1      #aj1 #ab1 #ac4  
,shailer's ,white ,damson #e4 ,small    
,round ,damson #e4      ,white          
,damascene #d4 ,white ,damascene #f1 #g1
 #aj1 #ac4 ,white ,damask      #b4      
,white ,damson #f4 ,white ,prune ,damson
 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #ac4 ,white      ,winter  

,damson #f1 #ac4 ,white ,winter ,damson 
#c4 ,winter ,damson #f4      ,yellow    
,damson #i4    ,this old plum1 known    
since the beginning of the ,seventeenth 
,century1  is chiefly of historic       
interest4 ,downing thought this a very  
desirable  addition to our list of plums
 but nearly all other pomologists who   
have  seen the fruit of the variety     
think it of small importance4           
,unfortunately  it is not in the        
collection at this ,station and can be  
neither  recommended nor condemned from 
first hand knowledge4 ,this plum was    
first  noted in ,america by ,m',mahon in
 #ahjf1 and fifty years later it was    
added  to the ,american ,pomological    
,society list of promising varieties4   
,for  some reason1 perhaps for its      
color1 it has never become so well known
 as  the purple ,damsons4 ,perhaps from 
the division of ,prunus insititia made  
in ,the ,plums of ,new ,york1 this      
variety should be known as a ,mirabelle 
rather than as a ,damson4 ,the following

 description is a compilation3          
,tree vigorous1 very productive2        
branches long1 slender4 ,fruit          
matures the last of ,september1 season  
long2 small1 oval1 pale      yellow     
sprinkled with reddish-brown dots1      
covered with thin      bloom2 flesh     
yellowish1 sprightly1 pleasant flavored2
 good to      very good2 stone clinging4
      ,,white ,,imperatrice    ,prunus  
domestica        #a4 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4
 #b3cc1 ,tab4 #aha fig4 #b2 #b3dd1 ,tab4
      #aig fig4 #b4 #agif4 #b4 ,duhamel 
,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3ajf4 #agfh4       
#c4 ,pom4 ,mag4 #a3ch1 ,pl4 #ahbh4 #d4  
,prince ,pom4 ,man4      #b3fa4 #ahcb4  
#e4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bhe4     
#ahde4 #f4      ,floy-,lindley ,guide   
,orch4 ,gard4 #cjj1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #g4    
,poiteau      ,pom4 ,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4  
#h4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cbi4    
#ahdi4 #i4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gcj4     
#ahhd4 #aj4 ,mathieu ,nom4      ,pom4   
#ded4 #ahhi4        ,die ,weisse        
,kaiserpflaume #c1 #d1 #f1 #aj incor4   

,die ,weisse      ,kaiserpflaume #a4    
,die ,weisse ,kaiserinnpflaume #a4      
,imperatrice      ,blanche #a1 #b1 #c1  
#d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,the ,white    
,imperatrice ,plum      #c4 ,prune      
,imperatrice ,blanche #g4 ,white        
,imperatrice #c1 #aj4      ,white       
,empress #e1 #h1 #aj4 ,weisse           
,kaiserpflaume #aj4    ,kraft in his    
,pomona ,austriaca1 #agif1 described a  
,weisse ,kaiserpflaume  and a ,weisse   
,kaiserinnpflaume and gave ,imperatrice 
,blanche as a  synonym to both of them4 
,the latter he gave as a variety of the 
,weisse  ,kaiserpflaume but it is       
probable that they are the same since no
 other  author noted the distinction1   
and1 in fact1 the differences mentioned 
are  wholly insignificant4 ,according to
 ,downing this variety was little known 
in this country in #ahde and it is      
doubtful if it is now known at all4 ,it 
is described as follows3                
,compared with the ,saint ,catherine1   
which it resembles1 it      is found to 

differ in that its stone is free and its
 flavor      less high2 branches smooth2
 leaves smaller and less shining2       
fruit matures in ,september2 of medium  
size1 obovate2 suture      indistinct2  
cavity narrow2 skin yellow1 spotted with
 a little      red2 bloom thin2 flesh   
yellow1 crisp1 juicy1 sweet4            
,,white ,,perdrigon    ,prunus domestica
        #a4 ,rea ,flora #bjh4 #afgf4 #b4
 ,langley ,pomona #ib1 #ic1 ,pl4        
,,xxiii figs4 ,v  ,,vi4 #agbi4 #c4      
,miller ,gard4 ,dict4 #c4 #aged4        
#d4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3hd1  
,pl4 ,,viii4 #agfh4 #e4      ,kraft     
,pom4 ,aust4 #b3da1 ,tab4 #aic fig4 #a4 
#agif4 #f4 ,lond4      ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #aea4 #ahca4 #g4 ,prince ,pom4    
,man4 #b3eb1 #fd4      #ahcb4 #h4       
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bhg4 #ahde4  
#i4 ,floy-,lindley      ,guide ,orch4   
,gard4 #bih1 #cja1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #aj4    
,hogg ,fruit      ,man4 #chf4 #ahff4    
#aa4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ded4 #ahhi4  
,brignolle #aa4 ,brignole #f1 #h1 #aj1  

#aa4 ,die weisse ,duranzen      pflaume 
#e4 ,diapre ,blanche #aa4 ,matre ,claude
 #b1 #c1 #g1 #i4      ,perdrigon blanc  
#d4 ,perdrigon blanc #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1
 #aj1 #aa4      ,matre ,claude #h1 #aj1 
#aa4 ,weisser ,perdrigon #aa4 ,weisse   
,diapre #aa4 ,weisses ,rebhuhnerei #aa4 
,prune-,pche 7of some7      #aa4 ,white 
,perdrigon #aa4    ,white ,perdrigon is 
an old ,french variety grown extensively
 in the  vicinity of ,brignoles1 ,france
 where it is used in the manufacture of 
the  famous ,brignoles ,prunes4 ,because
 of its use for this purpose1 it has    
been  badly confused with a similar     
variety1 the ,brignole1 which derived   
its  name from the town of ,brignoles1  
where it was first grown4 ,the variety  
is probably not known in ,america and   
might be worth introducing4 ,it is      
described as follows3        ,the ,white
 ,perdrigon is a mid-season1            
medium-sized1 oval plum1      tapering  
slightly towards the base2 suture       
shallow2 cavity      small2 stem        

slender2 skin rather tough1 pale yellow1
 with thin      bloom2 dots numerous1   
small1 whitish2 flesh greenish-yellow1  
melting1 juicy1 sweet1 aromatic2 good2  
stone small1 long-oval1      free4      
,,wickson    ,illustration3 ,,wickson   
,prunus triflora  ,prunus simonii       
#a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 #bfc4 #ahib4  
#b4 ,burbank ,cat4 #ba fig4      #ahic4 
#c4 ,gard4  ,for4 #g3dbj4 #ahid4 #d4    
,cornell ,sta4      ,bul4 #ajf3fc4      
#ahif4 #e4 ,cal4 ,state ,bd4 ,hort4 #ec4
 #ahig-h4      #f4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 
#aci3df fig4 #abj4 #ahig4 #g4 ,can4     
,hort4 #ba3cj fig4 #abgb4 #ahih4 #h4    
,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4      #ab3bbi4     
#ahii4 #i4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4         
#age3adh1 #adi fig4      #ch4 #ahii4    
#aj4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #da4 #ahii4 
#aa4 ,kan4 ,sta4      ,bul4 #aja3abe4   
#aija4 #ab4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ahg3gg1 
#hj4      #aija4 #ac4 ,waugh ,plum      
,cult4 #bbg4 #aija4 #ad4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4
      ,rpt4 #chg4 #aija4 #ae4 ,ga4 ,sta4
 ,bul4 #fh3ac1 ,pl4 ,,iv1 #cg4          

#aije4 #af4 ,md4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #he4
 #aije4 #ag4 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4 ,rpt4
 on ,plums etc4 #fe4 #aije4             
,eureka #e4 ,perfection #a1 #b4         
,perfection #d1 #ad4    ,it is difficult
 to estimate the value of ,wickson in   
,american pomology4  ,probably no plum  
of recent introduction has been on the  
one hand so  highly lauded and on the   
other so condemned as this one4 ,its    
remarkable  size1 the largest of the    
,oriental plums if not the largest of   
all plums2  its handsome color and      
distinct form2 the firm flesh and       
peculiar flavor1  generally considered  
pleasant2 the narrow upright tree with  
its long  lanceolate leaves1 mark the   
variety as a new and for some parts of  
the  country a valuable addition to     
pomology4 ,the contradictory evidence   
as to its desirability arises from the  
fact that it can be well grown  in      
comparatively few plum-growing regions1 
most of these being on the  ,pacific    
,coast and in the ,south4 ,in ,new      

,york1 the ,wickson has small value     
other than in private collections4 ,the 
variety is a little tender in tree  and 
bud1 hardy only in favored parts of this
 ,state and not at all where  the peach 
cannot be grown2 it blooms too early to 
be safe from frost2 it  is susceptible  
to brown-rot2 the trees are late in     
coming in bearing and  are not reliable 
in fruiting2 the fruits ripen unevenly2 
and the trees  are not of good form for 
heavy crops4 ,in ,california1 however1  
the ,wickson  is one of the leading     
,japanese sorts1 possibly the leading   
one1 and is  seemingly growing in favor4
 ,starnes1 one of the pomological       
authorities  of the ,south1 in his      
bulletin on ,japan and ,hybrid ,plums1  
speaks of  ,wickson as a 8grand plum0   
and as one of the best for ,georgia4 ,it
 is to be  hoped that from the same     
cross which produced ,wickson or from   
breeding  this variety with some other1 
a plum of this type well suited to ,new 
,york  may sometime be offered the      

plum-growers of this ,state4    ,wickson
 is one of the best known of ,burbank's 
many plums4 ,the variety was  first     
described in the report of the          
,secretary of ,agriculture in #ahib     
under the name ,perfection and as a     
seedling of ,kelsey crossed by ,burbank4
  ,in #ahic and #ahid ,burbank offered  
for sale the control and the stock of   
this variety but found no buyers and in 
#ahie introduced it himself4  ,the      
parentage of the variety is in doubt4   
,burbank considered it a                
,kelsey-,burbank cross2 the ,pacific    
,rural ,press described it as offspring 
of ,kelsey and ,satsuma2 ,bailey1 ,waugh
 and the workers at this ,station       
believe it to have ,prunus simonii      
characters4 ,the foliage1 flowers1 the  
tree1 the fruiting habit1 the texture of
 the flesh1 all indicate ,simon  as one 
of its parents4 ,according to the report
 of the ,secretary of the  ,california  
,state ,board of ,horticulture shipments
 of this plum were made  to ,new ,york  

in the season of #ahig under the name of
 ,eureka4 ,in #ahii it  was placed on   
the fruit catalog list of the ,american 
,pomological ,society4        ,tree     
medium to large1 vigorous1 with narrow1 
upright head1      dense-topped1 tender 
to cold1 an uncertain bearer2 branches  
medium in smoothness1 the fruit-spurs   
numerous1 dark ash-gray      with tinge 
of brown1 with lenticels of medium size2
 branchlets      thick and long1 with   
short internodes1 greenish-red changing 
to      light chocolate-brown1 glossy1  
glabrous2 lenticels numerous1           
raised1 variable in size2 leaf-buds     
small1 short1 obtuse1 free4             
,leaves folded upward1 lanceolate or    
oblanceolate1 one inch      wide1 three 
inches long1 thin2 upper surface dark   
green1      glossy1 glabrous1 with a    
slightly grooved midrib2 lower          
surface pale green1 glabrous1 except    
along the midrib2 apex                  
taper-pointed1 base cuneate1 margin     
finely serrate1 with      reddish       

glands2 petiole three-eighths inch long1
 lightly      pubescent along one side1 
faintly tinged red1 glandless or with   
from one to nine small1 reniform1       
greenish or yellow glands      variable 
in position4        ,blooming season    
early and of medium length2 flowers     
appearing after the leaves1 intermediate
 in size1 white2      borne in clusters 
on lateral spurs1 in pairs or in threes2
      pedicels of medium length and     
thickness1 glabrous1 greenish2          
calyx-tube green1 obconic1 glabrous2    
calyx-lobes acute1 erect1               
glandular-ciliate2 petals oval1 entire1 
short-clawed2 anthers      yellowish2   
filaments below medium in length2 pistil
 glabrous1      longer than the stamens4
        ,fruit early mid-season1 period 
of ripening long2 variable in      size1
 the larger fruits about two and        
one-eighth inches in      diameter1     
obliquely cordate1 halves unequal2      
cavity deep1      abrupt1 with yellowish
 concentric rings2 suture often         

prominent      and deep1 with a         
prolonged tip at the apex2 color dark   
red over      a yellow ground1          
indistinctly splashed with darker red1  
mottled      with thin bloom2 dots      
numerous1 small1 yellow1 inconspicuous1 
densely clustered about the apex2 stem  
thick1 eleven-sixteenths      inch long1
 glabrous2 skin thin1 tender1 separating
 easily2      flesh amber-yellow1 juicy1
 coarse1 somewhat fibrous1 firm1        
sweet1 pleasant but not high in flavor2 
good2 stone clinging1      one inch by  
five-eighths inch in size1 oval or      
ovate1 pointed1      with pitted        
surfaces2 ventral suture winged2 dorsal 
suture      grooved4      ,,wild ,,goose
    ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,goose       
,prunus munsoniana        #a4 ,gard4    
,mon4 #i3aje4 #ahfg4 #b4 ,am4 ,jour4    
,hort4      #e3adg4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,am4     
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #fj4 #ahfi4 #d4 ,am4  
,hort4 ,an4 #gh4 #ahgj4 #e4 ,country    
,gent4 #ce3aff4 #ahgj4 #f4      ,am4    
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aaf4 #ahga4 #g4      

,ibid4 #dd4 #ahge4 #h4      ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,cat4 #cf4 #ahge4 #i4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,rpt4 #aeb1      #aec1 #aed4      
#ahhc4 #aj4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ded4  
#ahhi4 #aa4      ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ch3ea1 fig4 #c1 #hf4 #ahib4 #ab4 ,tex4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dhb1 fig4 #d4 #ahid4    
#ac4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4      #aj3ii1 
#ajd4 #ahig4 #ad4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4     
#fc3bd1 #fc fig4 #ca4      #ahig4 #ae4  
,ala4 ,col4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aab3agh4 #aijj4
 #af4 ,waugh      ,plum ,cult4 #ahi1    
#aij4 #aija4 #ag4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#fg3bhd4      #aijd4 #ah4 ,s4 ,dak4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3db4 #aije4 #ai4 ,ohio   
,sta4      ,bul4 #afb3beh4 #aije4       
,nolen ,plum #aj4 ,suwanee #i4 ,suwanee 
8#af4    ,wild ,goose is the first of   
the native plums to be generally grown  
as a  distinct variety though ,miner was
 first known and named4 ,wild ,goose1   
too1  is probably a parent of more sorts
 than any other variety of the several  
cultivated native species1 most of its  
offspring so strongly resembling  it    

that its name has been given to a group 
of its closely related sorts4  ,in spite
 of the great number of native plums    
that have been introduced in  recent    
years1 ,wild ,goose is still a          
favorite--probably more trees of it  are
 now cultivated than of any other native
 plum4 ,its good qualities are3  bright 
attractive color2 tender and melting    
flesh with a sprightly and  refreshing  
flavor2 a tough skin which fits the     
variety well for shipment  and          
long-keeping2 comparative freedom from  
brown-rot and curculio and  a large1    
hardy1 healthy and1 when                
cross-pollinated1 a very productive     
tree4 ,wild ,goose has been more        
extensively planted in ,new ,york than  
any  other plum of its kind and in a few
 cases has proved a fairly profitable   
commercial sort4 ,it is doubtful if it  
is now the best of its species for  this
 ,state but it can at least be          
recommended for home plantings and in   
some localities as a market plum4       

,wherever planted there should be some  
other native sort blooming at the same  
time for cross-pollination4    ,the     
following account of the origin of this 
variety1 more romantic than  credible1  
is told with several variations4 ,about 
#ahbj1 ,m4 ,e4 ,mc,cance1  who lived    
near ,nashville1 ,tennessee1 shot a wild
 goose on his farm2  his wife1 in       
dressing the goose1 found a plum seed in
 the craw1 which1  planted in the       
garden1 produced the ,wild ,goose tree4 
,the merits of  the new fruit seem to   
have been discovered by ,j4 ,s4 ,downer1
 ,fairview1  ,kentucky1 and ,james      
,harvey of ,columbia1 ,tennessee4 ,the  
former propagated1  named and began the 
dissemination of ,wild ,goose to        
fruit-growers4 ,many  varieties have    
been sent out for this plum and much    
confusion has arisen  as to what the    
true variety is4 ,since the characters  
of ,wild ,goose1  even when             
cross-pollinated1 are transmitted to its
 offspring to a  remarkable degree1 the 

name now applies to a class of plums    
rather than  to a variety4 ,the         
,american ,pomological ,society placed  
this variety on  the fruit catalog list 
of the ,society in #ahge1 dropped it in 
#ahia1 and  replaced it in #ahig4       
,tree very large and vigorous1          
wide-spreading1 flat-topped1      hardy 
in ,new ,york1 productive2 branches     
rough and shaggy1 dark      ash-gray1   
with numerous1 large1 elongated         
lenticels2 branchlets      slender1     
long1 with internodes of medium length1 
greenish-red      changing to dull      
reddish-brown1 glossy1 glabrous1 with   
many1      conspicuous1 large1 raised   
lenticels2 leaf-buds small1 short1      
obtuse1 free4        ,leaves folded     
upward1 lanceolate1 peach-like1 four and
      one-quarter inches long1 one and  
one-half inches wide1 thin2      upper  
surface light or dark green changing to 
reddish late in      the season1 smooth1
 glabrous1 with a grooved midrib2 lower 
surface pale green1 glabrous except     

along the midrib and larger      veins2 
apex taper-pointed1 base abrupt1 margin 
finely serrate1      with small1        
reddish-black glands2 petiole           
five-eighths inch      long1 slender1   
pubescent along one side1 tinged red1   
glandless      or with from one to six  
globose1 yellow or reddish-brown glands 
on the stalk and base of the leaf4      
,blooming season late and long2 flowers 
appearing after the      leaves1        
three-quarters inch across1 white1 with 
disagreeable      odor2 borne in        
clusters on lateral buds and spurs1 in  
threes      or fours2 pedicels          
five-eighths inch long1 slender1        
glabrous1      green2 calyx-tube        
greenish1 narrowly campanulate2         
calyx-lobes      narrow1 glabrous on the
 outer surface1 lightly pubescent       
within1 entire1 heavily pubescent and   
with reddish glands on      the margin1 
erect2 petals ovate1 entire1 long and   
narrowly      clawed2 anthers yellow1   
with a tinge of red2 filaments          

five-sixteenths inch long2 pistil       
glabrous1 equal to the      stamens in  
length4        ,fruit very early1 season
 of medium length2 one and              
three-eighths inches by one and         
three-sixteenths inches in      size1   
oval1 halves equal2 cavity small1       
narrow1 shallow1 rather      abrupt2    
suture an indistinct line2 apex roundish
 or pointed2      color bright red1 with
 thin bloom2 dots few in number1 light  
russet1 somewhat conspicuous1 clustered 
about the apex2 the      stem attached  
to a stem-like growth from the          
fruit-spurs gives      the appearance on
 the tree of a jointed stem1 very       
slender1      three-quarters inch long1 
glabrous1 not adhering well to the      
fruit2 skin tough1 slightly astringent1 
separating readily2      flesh          
yellowish1 very juicy and fibrous1      
tender and melting1      sweet next the 
skin but sour at the center1 sprightly2 
fair      to good2 stone adhering1      
seven-eighths inch by three-eighths     

inch in size1 long and narrow-oval1     
flattened1 slightly necked      at the  
base1 acute at the apex1 roughened2     
ventral suture      wide1 blunt1 ridged2
 dorsal suture acute or with a shallow1 
indistinct groove4      ,,willard       
,prunus triflora        #a4 ,ohio ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ha4 #ahic4 #b4 ,cornell   
,sta4 ,bul4      #fb3ca4 #ahid4 #c4     
,ibid4 #ajf3fd4 #ahif4 #d4 ,ibid4       
#aca3aid4 #ahig4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4   
,cat4 #bf4 #ahig4 #f4      ,mich4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #agg3db1 #dc4 #ahii4 #g4 ,cornell 
,sta4 ,bul4      #age3acd fig4 #bg4     
#ahii4 #h4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #eg3eae1 #ecj1
 #eie4      #ahih4 #i4 ,waugh ,plum     
,cult4 #adj4 #aija4 #aj4 ,ga4 ,sta4     
,bul4      #fh3cc4 #aije4 #aa4 ,ill4    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dbj4 #aije4         
,botan ,no4 #bf #b1 #c1 #i4 ,botan #a4  
,botan ,no4 #bf #a4 ,willard      ,plum 
#a4 ,willard ,japan #h4    ,willard is  
about the earliest of the ,triflora     
plums that can be shipped  to the       
markets4 ,when this is said all is said2

 as the variety has little  else to     
recommend it1 being very inferior in    
quality and having a  reputation of     
being subject to shot-hole fungus4 ,s4  
,d4 ,willard1 ,geneva1  ,new ,york1     
procured cions of this variety from     
,california about #ahhh  from an        
importation made by ,burbank from       
,japan4 ,according to ,willard1  the    
plum was received under the name ,botan 
and he labelled it ,no4 #bf  to avoid   
confusion2 in #ahic1 it was named       
,willard by ,w4 ,f4 ,heikes of  the     
,huntsville ,nurseries1 ,huntsville1    
,alabama4 ,the ,american ,pomological   
,society placed the variety on its fruit
 catalog list in #ahig4        ,tree    
medium to large1 vigorous1 vasiform1    
productive2      leaves falling early1  
folded upward1 oblanceolate1 one and    
three-eighths inches wide1 three and    
three-quarters inches      long1 thin1  
glabrous2 margin finely and doubly      
serrate1 with      very small glands2   
petiole three-quarters inch long1 with  

from      one to five reniform glands   
usually on the stalk4        ,fruit     
early1 of medium size1 roundish or      
somewhat oblong1 blunt      at the apex1
 dark red when well grown1 covered with 
thick      bloom2 stem short1 thick1    
adhering poorly to the fruit2 skin      
sour2 flesh greenish-yellow1 rather     
firm1 sweet1 low in flavor2      poor in
 quality2 stone variable in adhesion1 of
 medium size4      ,,wolf               
,illustration3 ,,wolf    ,prunus        
americana mollis        #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt4 #cfg4 #ahhc4 #b4 ,rural ,n4 
,y4      #dd3fde4 #ahhe4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,cat4 #dj4 #ahhi4 #d4             
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3de fig4 #b1    
#hg4 #ahib4 #e4 ,mich4 ,sta4      ,bul4 
#aah3ed4 #ahie4 #f4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#fc3bd1 #fd4 #ahig4      #g4 ,colo4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3dg4 #ahih4 #h4 ,waugh   
,plum ,cult4      #afg4 #aija4 #i4 ,ga4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bhd fig4 #aijd4 #aj4 ,s4
      ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3db4 #aije4  
#aa4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aad3adh      fig4

 #aiaj4        ,wolf ,free #d1 #f4 ,wolf
 ,freestone #aa4    ,wolf has long      
maintained a high place among the       
standard ,americana plums1  with which  
it is usually classed though put in a   
sub-species1 and from  which it differs 
chiefly in having much more pubescence  
on foliage1  floral organs and          
branchlets4 ,it is noted for its great  
hardiness1  reliability in bearing1     
attractive and well-flavored fruits and 
in being  one of the few freestones of  
its kind4 ,this plum is remarkably well 
adapted for the northern part of the    
,mississippi ,valley and there alone  it
 is worth planting extensively4 ,in ,new
 ,york it might prove valuable in  the  
coldest parts of the ,state where the   
,domesticas and ,insititias cannot  be  
grown4    ,this variety was raised from 
a pit of a wild plum planted on the farm
 of  ,d4 ,b4 ,wolf1 ,wapello ,county1   
,iowa1 about #aheb4 ,professor ,j4 ,l4  
,budd of  the ,iowa ,agricultural       
,college stated in #ahhe that for over a

 quarter of  a century the original tree
 had not failed to produce a partial or 
large  crop annually on the grounds of  
the originator4 ,a spurious clingstone  
type of the ,wolf has been propagated in
 some nurseries but this false  plum is 
readily distinguished from the true     
freestone type4 ,the variety  was added 
to the ,american ,pomological ,society  
fruit catalog list in #ahhi1  dropped in
 #ahia1 and replaced in #ahig4          
,tree large1 vigorous1 spreading1 low1  
and open-topped1 hardy1      productive1
 healthy2 branches rough and shaggy1    
thorny1 dark      ash-gray1 with        
numerous1 small lenticels2 branchlets   
somewhat      slender1 short1 twiggy1   
with internodes below medium in length1 
green changing to dull brownish-drab1   
overspread with thick      pubescence1  
with numerous1 small lenticels2         
leaf-buds very      small1 short1       
conical1 strongly appressed4            
,leaves falling early1 oval1 one and    
seven-eighths inches wide1      three   

and seven-eighths inches long1 thin2    
upper surface medium      green1 lightly
 pubescent1 with a narrow groove on the 
midrib2      lower surface              
silvery-green1 pubescent2 apex          
taper-pointed1      margin coarsely and 
doubly serrate1 eglandular2 petiole     
one-half inch long1 velvety1 tinged red1
 glandless or with one      or two      
small1 globose1 yellowish glands on the 
stalk or base of      the leaf4         
,blooming season of average length1     
late2 flowers opening after      the    
leaves1 one inch across1 the buds tinged
 yellow changing to      white as the   
flowers expand2 borne on lateral buds   
and spurs2      pedicels nine-sixteenths
 inch long1 thickly pubescent1 green2   
calyx-tube greenish-red1 campanulate1   
covered with short1      fine           
pubescence2 calyx-lobes narrow1 acute1  
heavily pubescent      on both surfaces1
 with few marginal glands1 reflexed2    
petals      inclined to curl1 long-oval1
 fringed1 long and narrowly clawed2     

anthers yellowish2 filaments            
three-eighths inch long2 pistil         
sparingly hairy on the ovary1 equal to  
or shorter than the      stamens1       
frequently defective4        ,fruit     
mid-season1 ripening period short2 less 
than one inch in      diameter1         
roundish-oval or somewhat obovate1      
compressed1 halves      equal2 cavity   
frequently yellowish1 shallow1 narrow1  
abrupt2      suture an indistinct line2 
apex roundish or flattened2 color       
dull crimson1 thickly mottled1          
overspread with thick bloom2      dots  
numerous1 small1 russet1 inconspicuous2 
stem slender1      glabrous1 adhering   
poorly to the fruit2 skin thick1 tough1 
slightly roughened1 astringent1         
adhering2 flesh golden-yellow1      very
 juicy1 fibrous1 tender and melting1    
sweet next the skin1      but astringent
 toward the center2 fair to good2 stone 
semi-free      to free1 five-eighths    
inch by three-eighths inch in size1     
roundish-obovate1 tapering at the base1 

blunt at the apex1 with      smooth     
surfaces2 ventral suture winged2 dorsal 
suture acute1 or      with a faint1     
narrow groove4      ,,wood              
,illustration3 ,,wood    ,prunus        
americana        #a4 ,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #fj4 #ahid4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4
      #fc3fd4 #ahig4 #c4 ,minn4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt4 #dcc4 #ahih4 #d4      ,waugh
 ,plum ,cult4 #afh4 #aija4    ,wood is  
one of the comparatively new ,americanas
 and seems to have  considerable merit1 
especially for cold climates4 ,it is    
attractive in  color2 above the average 
size2 good in quality1 though not the   
best of  its species2 and the trees in  
habit of growth and in productiveness   
are  better than most ,americanas4 ,it  
is sufficiently early to fit into the   
short seasons of northern latitudes very
 well4 ,wood is one of the sorts  that  
can be recommended for the coldest parts
 of this ,state4    ,this variety1      
according to a letter from the          
originator and introducer1  ,joseph     

,wood of ,windom1 ,minnesota1 is a      
seedling from a choice plum  found      
growing on the bank of the ,des ,moines 
,river1 ,cottonwood ,county1            
,minnesota4 ,it was not mentioned in    
pomological literature previous to      
#ahid and is of too recent origin to be 
widely distributed or well known4       
,tree of medium size1 spreading1 hardy1 
dense-topped1 an annual      and        
abundant bearer2 trunk shaggy2 branches 
roughish1 thorny1      zigzag1 brownish 
ash-gray1 with numerous1 small          
lenticels2      branchlets slender to   
medium1 above the average length1       
twiggy1      with short internodes1     
greenish-red changing to dark brown1    
lightly pubescent when young becoming   
glabrous in the fall1      with         
numerous1 conspicuous1 large1 much      
raised lenticels2      leaf-buds of     
medium size and length1 conical1        
appressed4        ,leaves falling early1
 ovate1 two inches wide1 four inches    
long1 thin2 upper surface light green1  

rugose1 glabrous1 with      a narrow    
groove on the midrib2 lower surface     
silvery-green1      pubescent2 apex     
taper-pointed1 base abrupt1 margin      
coarsely      serrate1 with long1       
taper-pointed teeth1 eglandular2 petiole
      five-eighths inch long1 slender1  
tinged red1 lightly pubescent1          
glandless or with one or two small1     
globose1 greenish-red      glands on the
 stalk4        ,blooming season         
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing after the leaves1       
eleven-sixteenths inch across1          
white2 borne in clusters on lateral buds
 and spurs1 in threes      or fours2    
pedicels three-eighths inch long1       
slender1 glabrous1      green2          
calyx-tube greenish1 narrowly           
campanulate1 glabrous2      calyx-lobes 
narrow1 acute1 lightly pubescent1       
occasionally      tipped with red1      
serrate1 with many marginal hairs1      
reflexed2      petals oval1 notched1    
tapering at the base to narrow claws of 

medium length2 anthers light yellow2    
filaments five-sixteenths      inch     
long2 pistil glabrous1 longer than the  
stamens1 often      defective4          
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period      
short2 one and one-quarter      inches  
in diameter1 oblate1 compressed1        
oblique1 halves equal2      cavity of   
average depth and width1 flaring2 suture
 a line2 apex      flattened or         
depressed2 color dark red over a yellow 
ground1      mottled1 with thin bloom2  
dots numerous1 minute1 light russet1    
inconspicuous2 stem one-half inch long1 
glabrous1 detaches      from the fruit  
when ripe2 skin thick1 tough1 sour1     
adhering2      flesh orange-yellow1     
juicy1 coarse1 fibrous1 tender and      
melting1 sweet1 lacking in flavor2 fair 
in quality2 stone free1                 
three-quarters inch by five-eighths inch
 in size1 roundish1      flattened1     
slightly oblique1 blunt and flattened at
 the base1      roundish at the apex1   
smooth2 ventral suture acute1 not       

ridged2      dorsal suture acute1       
sometimes indistinctly grooved4         
,,world ,,beater    ,illustration3      
,,world ,,beater    ,prunus hortulana   
#a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3eb4 #ahib4 
#b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #fc3fe4      
#ahig4 #c4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #da3ed4 #ahif4      #d4 ,waugh    
,plum ,cult4 #ahb4 #aija4    ,world     
,beater is very similar to ,wayland1    
differing chiefly in being  a week      
earlier and1 as the color-plate shows1  
the plums are a little  smaller and more
 oval4 ,in tree-characters1 as the two  
grow at this  ,station1 ,world ,beater  
is perhaps the better plum4 ,this       
variety has the  same place in pomology 
as ,wayland1 a place which it fills     
possibly a  little better4 ,it may be   
recommended for culinary purposes and as
 a late  plum for regions where the     
peach is hardy4 ,plums of this species  
have  small value in ,new ,york except  
for the sake of variety4    ,world      
,beater was grown from a seed of a plum 

found near ,nashville1  ,tennessee1 in  
#ahch1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,tinsley and planted  
in ,lincoln ,county1  ,kentucky4 ,about 
ten years later trees of the variety    
were taken to ,clay  ,county1 ,missouri1
 and were further propagated but the    
variety remained  practically unknown   
until the fall of #ahij when it was     
introduced by  ,stark ,brothers of      
,missouri4        ,tree large1 vigorous1
 spreading1 open and flat-topped1 hardy 
where the peach can be grown1           
productive2 branches rough and          
shaggy1 somewhat thorny1 dark ash-gray1 
with numerous1 large      lenticels2    
branchlets medium to above in thickness 
and length1      twiggy1 with internodes
 of average length1 green changing to   
dark chestnut-red1 glossy1 glabrous1    
with few1 conspicuous1      large1      
raised lenticels2 leaf-buds very small  
and short1      obtuse1 plump1          
appressed4        ,leaves folded upward1
 broadly lanceolate1 peach-like1 one and
      three-quarters inches wide1 four  

and one-half inches long1      thin2    
upper surface smooth1 glossy1 with a    
shallow groove on      the midrib2 lower
 surface pubescent on the midrib and    
larger      veins2 apex acuminate1 base 
abrupt1 margin serrate1 glandular2      
petiole one inch long1 slender1 tinged  
red1 pubescent on one      side1 with   
from two to six small1 globose1 brownish
 glands      scattered on the stalk or  
base of the leaf4        ,blooming      
season late and long2 flowers appearing 
after the      leaves1 three-quarters   
inch across1 white1 with a disagreeable 
odor2 borne in clusters from lateral    
buds1 in twos1 threes      or fours2    
pedicels three-quarters inch long1 very 
slender1      glabrous1 green2          
calyx-tube greenish1 campanulate1       
glabrous2      calyx-lobes narrow1      
acuminate1 slightly pubescent towards   
the      base of the inner surface1     
serrate and with reddish glands1        
erect2 petals ovate1 crenate1 fringed1  
with pubescent claws of      medium     

width2 anthers yellowish2 filaments     
five-sixteenths inch      long2 pistil  
glabrous1 equal to the stamens in       
length4        ,fruit very late1 season 
short2 one inch by seven-eighths inch   
in size1 roundish-ovate or oval1 not    
compressed1 halves equal2      cavity   
narrow1 shallow1 rather abrupt2 suture a
 line2 apex      pointed2 color carmine1
 bloomless2 dots medium in number1      
small1 whitish or sometimes reddish1    
somewhat conspicuous2 stem      slender1
 medium to above in length1 glabrous1   
not adhering to      the fruit2 skin    
thick1 tough1 astringent1 adhering      
slightly2      flesh light yellow1      
juicy1 coarse1 melting near the skin but
      firmer and fibrous next the pit1  
sweet except near the center1           
strongly aromatic2 fair to good2 stone  
often tinged red1      adhering1        
three-quarters inch by three-eighths    
inch in size1      oval1 turgid1        
angular1 pointed at the base and apex1  
roughish2      ventral suture wide1     

blunt1 ridged2 dorsal suture acute or   
with      an indistinct1 shallow groove4
      ,,wyant    ,prunus americana      
#a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #cbg4 #ahhe4
 #b4 ,ibid4 #he4 #ahij4      #c4        
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3df4 #ahib4 #d4 
,ia4 ,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ddh4      
#ahic4 #e4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ca3cde4    
#ahie4      #f4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#gc3aib4 #ahig4 #g4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#fc3bd1 #fe fig4 #cb1 #ff4 #ahig4 #h4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bd4      #ahig4 
#i4 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3dg4 #ahih4   
#aj4 ,ia4 ,sta4      ,bul4 #df3bib4     
#aijj4 #aa4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #afg    
fig41 #afh4      #aija4 #ab4 ,can4 ,exp4
 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3cb4 #aijc4 #ac4 ,ga4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bhd1 #bhe fig4 #aijd4   
#ad4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4      #ic3dd1 
#di fig4 #aije4    ,wyant is one of the 
standard ,americana plums1 ranking well 
with the  best of them in both fruit and
 tree-characters4 ,while it is almost   
beyond question a true ,americana 7from 
its history it could hardly be          

otherwise17 it has a number of          
characters that mark it as a departure  
from the usual type of ,prunus          
americana4 ,the calyx-tube is bright    
red1 a character found only in a few    
other varieties of this species2  the   
stamens are much longer than is usual in
 the species and much more  numerous2   
the pistils are often defective2 the    
flowers are borne in  greater profusion2
 the plums do not have the distinctive  
,americana taste2  the flesh is less    
juicy than usual2 the skin is free and  
the stones are  nearly free and have    
pitted surfaces4 ,some of these         
characters are so  valuable in a native 
plum that ,wyant may well be used to    
breed from4 ,the  trees from which the  
description here given was made came    
from ,c4 ,l4  ,watrous1 ,des ,moines1   
,iowa1 and to the best of our belief are
 true to name4    ,this variety1        
according to a letter from ,j4 ,e4      
,wyant1 ,shellsburg1 ,iowa1  was found  
by ,j4 ,b4 ,wyant of ,janesville1 ,iowa1

 while hunting for wild  plums in #ahff 
on the ,cedar ,river near his home4 ,the
 following year he  transplanted the    
tree to his yard4 ,about #ahgd1 ,j4 ,e4 
,wyant told ,r4 ,royce  of ,shellsburg1 
,iowa1 proprietor of the ,benton ,county
 ,nursery1 of this  tree4 ,royce secured
 cuttings from the original tree and    
began propagating  the plum4 ,fruits    
were sent to ,professor ,j4 ,l4 ,budd1  
,ames1 ,iowa1 who named  it ,wyant4 ,the
 variety was introduced by ,mr4 ,royce  
and was disseminated  by him and by     
,professor ,budd4 ,in #ahig it was added
 to the fruit catalog  list of the      
,american ,pomological ,society4        
,tree small1 spreading and straggling1  
flat-topped1 very hardy1                
productive1 healthy2 branches rough and 
shaggy1 zigzag1 thorny1      dark       
ash-gray1 with numerous1 large          
lenticels2 branchlets      willowy1     
slender1 long1 with long internodes1    
greenish-red      changing to           
reddish-brown1 glossy1 glabrous1 with   

conspicuous1      raised lenticels of   
average size and number2 leaf-buds      
small1      pointed1 strongly appressed4
        ,leaves falling early1 folded   
upward1 oval1 one and five-eighths      
inches wide1 three and one-quarter      
inches long1 thin2 upper      surface   
green1 smooth1 glabrous1 grooved on the 
midrib and      larger veins2 lower     
surface silvery-green1 lightly          
pubescent2      apex acuminate1 base    
abrupt1 margin coarsely and doubly      
serrate1 the serrations sharp-pointed1  
not glandular2 petiole      one-half    
inch long1 tinged red1 pubescent1       
glandless or with      from one to five 
globose1 yellowish-green glands on the  
stalk4        ,blooming season medium to
 late1 of average length2 flowers       
appearing with the leaves1 showy on     
account of the many      blossoms and   
peculiar appearance caused by the       
numerous long      stamens1 whitish1    
with disagreeable odor2 borne in dense  
clusters on lateral buds and spurs1 one 

to four flowers in      each cluster2   
pedicels one-half inch long1 slender1   
glabrous1      green1 faintly tinged    
with red2 calyx-tube red1 obconic1      
glabrous2 calyx-lobes narrow1 acute1    
lightly pubescent on      the inner     
surface1 serrate and with numerous      
marginal hairs1      erect2 petals      
small1 narrow-ovate1 crenate1 with      
narrow1 long      claws2 stamens very   
numerous2 anthers yellowish2 filaments  
three-eighths inch long2 pistil slender1
 glabrous1 shorter than      the        
stamens1 often defective4        ,fruit 
mid-season1 ripening period short2 one  
and one-quarter      inches in diameter1
 not symmetrical in shape1              
oblong-obovate      to nearly ovate1    
oblique1 somewhat truncate1 halves      
equal2      cavity shallow1 narrow1     
flaring2 suture a line2 apex slightly   
flattened2 color dark carmine over a    
yellow ground which      largely        
disappears as maturity advances1 with   
thin bloom2      dots numerous1 very    

small1 light russet1 inconspicuous2 stem
      slender1 one-half inch long1      
glabrous1 dehiscent2 skin thin1         
tender1 separating readily2 flesh dark  
golden-yellow1 juicy1      tender and   
melting1 sweet1 with the ,americana     
flavor less      marked than in other   
varieties2 of fair quality2 stone nearly
      free1 seven-eighths inch by       
five-eighths inch in size1 broadly      
oval1 flattened1 blunt at the base1     
somewhat pointed at the      apex1 with 
pitted1 dark colored surfaces2 ventral  
suture blunt      or slightly winged1   
shallowly ridged2 dorsal suture acute1  
with      shallow1 narrow1 distinct     
groove4      ,,yellow ,,egg             
,illustration3 ,,yellow ,,egg    ,prunus
 domestica        #a4 ,rea ,flora #bji4 
#afgf4 #b4 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4 #b3aebh1 
#aebi4 #afhh4 #c4 ,langley ,pomona #ie1 
,pl4 ,,xxv fig4 ,,vi4 #agbi4      #d4   
,miller ,gard4 ,dict4 #c4 #aged4 #e4    
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4      ,fr4 #b3ajg1
 ,pl4 ,,xx fig4 #aj4 #agfh4 #f4 ,knoop  

,fructologie      #b3ei4 #agga4 #g4     
,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3bi1 ,tab4 #age   
fig4      #a2 #ch1 ,tab4 #ahh fig4 #a4  
#agif4 #h4 ,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees 
#bj1 #ba4 #ahjc4 #i4 ,coxe ,cult4 ,fr4  
,trees #bcc1 fig4 #h4 #ahag4      #aj4  
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adi4 #ahca4  
#aa4 ,prince ,pom4      ,man4 #b3eg1    
#eh4 #ahcb4 #ab4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4   
#beh1 #bfi4      #ahcb4 #ac4            
,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4     
#bii1 #cja4 #ahdf4      #ad4 ,poiteau   
,pom4 ,franc4 #a3 fig4 #ahdf4 #ae4      
,thomas ,am4      ,fruit ,cult4 #ccc4   
#ahdi4 #af4 ,elliott ,fr4 ,book #dbd4   
#ahed4      #ag4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't
 #ebj4 #ahei4 #ah4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #hh4 #ahfb4 #ai4 ,downing ,fr4    
,trees ,am4 #ied fig4 #ahfi4      #bj4  
,pom4 ,france #g3 ,no4 #ah4 #ahga4 #ba4 
,koch ,deut4 ,obst4      #efj4 #ahgf4   
#bb4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gcj4 #ahhd4    
#bc4 ,mathieu      ,nom4 ,pom4 #dca4    
#ahhi4 #bd4 ,fell ,cat4 #di4 #ahic4 #be4
 ,guide      ,prat4 #afc1 #ced4 #ahie4  

#bf4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3aic4     
#ahig4        ,aechte ,gelbe            
,eierpflaume #be4 ,albert's ,damascene  
#bc1 #be4      ,albertus ,damen ,pflaume
 #bj1 #bc1 #be4 ,askew's ,golden #bj4   
,askew's ,golden ,egg #af1 #ai1 #bb1    
#bc1 #be4 ,aubertiana #ba4      ,bonum  
,magnum #aa1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #be4 ,bonum 
,magnum #a1 #b4 ,col4      ,young's     
,seedling #af4 ,dame ,aubert #aj1 #aa1  
#ac1 #ag1 #ai1 #bb1 #bc1      #be4 ,dame
 ,ambert #af4 ,dame ,aubert #e1 #ab4    
,damas ,aubert #g1 #bc1      #be4 ,dame 
,aubert ,blanche #aj1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1    
#bb1 #bc1 #be4 ,dame      ,ambert       
,blanche #af4 ,dame ,aubert ,grosse     
,luisante #aa4 ,dame      ,ambert ,jaune
 #af4 ,dame ,aubert ,jaune #aj1 #aa1    
#ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc4      ,darwin ,peach 
#bd4 ,die ,albertus ,damenpflaume #g4   
,de ,besanon      #be4 ,de ,monsieur #be
 incor4 ,die ,grosse ,weisse ,glanzende 
#g4 ,die      ,kaiserliche ,weisse      
,pflaume 8#g4 ,d',o,euf #be4 ,d',o,euf  
,blanche      #be4 ,dutch ,plum #a1 #aa4

 ,dutch ,plumb #c4 ,echte ,gelbe ,eier  
,pflaume #bc4 ,edle ,gelbe ,eger        
,pflaume #bj4 ,edle ,gelbe ,eier        
,pflaume #bc1 #be4 ,egg ,plum #d1 #h1   
#i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #ag1       
#ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #be4 ,eier ,pflaume 
#bc1 #be4 ,gelbe ,eger ,pflaume         
#bj1 #bc1 #be4 ,gelbe ,egg #bj1 #bc1    
#be4 ,gelbe ,malonke #bc1 #be4          
,gelbe ,ungarische ,eier ,pflaume #bc1  
#be4 ,gelbe ,marunke #bc1      #be4     
,gelbe ,eierpflaume #bc4 ,gelbe         
,eierpflaume #bj1 #be4 ,grosse          
,weisse ,glanzende #bj1 #bc1 #be4 ,great
 ,mogul 8#b4 ,grosse ,datte 8#e4        
,grosse-,luisante #e1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1
 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1      #bc1
 #be4 ,gros ,luisante #ab4 ,gelbe       
,ungarische ,eyerpflaume      #bj4      
,grosse ,prune ,blanche #bj1 #bc1 #be4  
,grosse ,maronke #be4      ,grosse      
,marouk #bj1 #bc1 #be4 ,grosse          
,glanzende ,alberts ,pflaume      #bc1  
#be4 ,grosse ,glanzende #bj1 #be4       
,grosse ,glanzende ,pflaume      #bc4   

,grosse ,gelbe ,eier ,pflaume #bc1 #be4 
,grosse ,marunke #bc4      ,grnliche    
,dattel ,pflaume von ,besanon #bc1 #be4 
,hick's large      ,egg8 #aa4 ,impriale 
,blanche 8#e4 ,impriale ,blanche 8#g1   
#aj1 #aa1      #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 
#bb1 8#bc1 #be4 ,imperial ,blanc #aa4   
,large      ,yellow ,egg #aa4 ,magnum   
,bonum #ai4 ,monsieur's ,plum 8#d1 8#h4 
,monsieur's ,plum 8#d4 ,mogul #i4       
,monsieur #aa4 ,mogul #d1 #h1 #aa1      
#bc4 ,mogul ,plum #be4 ,mogule ,plumb   
#c4 ,mogule #aa4 ,mogol ,plum      #bj1 
#bc1 #be4 ,mogols ,pflaume #bj1 #bc1    
#be4 ,mogul's ,pflaume #bc1      #be4   
,prune de ,monsieur8 #d1 #f4 ,prune de  
,monsieur #bc incor4      ,prune ,o,euf 
#bj4 ,prune ,dame ,aubert #ad1 #bj4     
,prune d',oeuf #bj1      #bc4 ,prune    
d',oeuf blanche #f1 #bc4 ,prune d',inde 
,blanc #ai4      ,prune ,de ,besanon    
#bj1 #bc4 ,prune ,dame d',aubert #ba4   
,prune      d',inde ,blanche #bc4       
,supreme 8#ad4 ,wentworth #ac4          
,wentworth 8#h1      #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #af1

 #ag1 #ai1 #bc1 #be4 ,wentworth ,plumb  
8#c4 ,white      ,imperial #i1 #aa1 #ae1
 #af1 #ai1 #bc4 ,white ,imperial #aa4   
,white      ,imperial ,bonum ,magnum #d1
 #h4 ,white ,holland #c1 #d1 #h1 #aj1   
#aa1      #ab1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bc1 #be4 
,white ,magnum ,bonum #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae1
      #af1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 #be4 ,weisse  
,kaiser ,pflaume #bc1 #be4 ,weisse      
,hollandische ,pflaume #bc1 #be4 ,white 
,bonum ,magnum #c1 #aa1 #bj1      #bc1  
#be4 ,white ,egg ,plum #aa4 ,white      
,magnum ,bonum #aj1 #ab1 #ag1 #ah1      
#bb1 #bc4 ,white ,mogul #aj1 #ab1 #ac1  
#af1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #be4 ,white    
,egg #ae4 ,white ,egg #af1 #ai1 #bc1    
#be4 ,weisser ,kaiser #bc1 #be4         
,weisse ,magnum ,bonum #bj1 #bc1 #be4   
,weisse ,kaiserin #bc incor4            
,yellow ,magnum ,bonum #aj1 #ae1 #af1   
#ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #bc1 #be4           
,yellow ,bonum ,magnum #bj1 #bc1 #be4   
,young's ,superior ,egg 8#aa4           
,yellow ,egg #ah1 #bc1 #be4    ,the     
characters of ,yellow ,egg were given in

 the discussion of the group  which     
bears its name and but little more needs
 to be said of the  variety4 ,as the    
largest and handsomest of the yellow    
plums it is worth  consideration by     
either the amateur or the commercial    
fruit-grower in ,new  ,york4 ,at best1  
however1 it is fit only for cooking and 
is none too good  for culinary purposes4
 ,the trees are very satisfactory on all
 but very  light soils4 ,as has been    
suggested before1 this plum ought to be 
crossed  with varieties of better       
quality with the hope of getting as     
handsome a  fruit but one which could be
 used for dessert purposes4    ,the     
references and synonyms show that       
,yellow ,egg is a plum with an          
interesting history1 but unfortunately  
the accounts of its origin  and         
subsequent history have been but poorly 
preserved4 ,rea1 in #afgf1  described   
the ,yellow ,egg as the ,bonum ,magnum  
or ,dutch ,plum2 we may  infer from this
 that the ,english obtained the variety 

from ,holland4  ,knoop of ,holland1 in  
#agga1 described the variety under the  
name ,prune  d',oeuf ,blanche1          
indicating a ,french origin4 ,knoop     
describes the ,prune ,de  ,monsieur as  
similar and this plum has ever since    
been held as doubtfully  identical4     
,duhamel1 in ,traite des ,arbres        
,fruitiers1 #agfh1 described  ,yellow   
,egg as the ,dame ,aubert4 ,kraft in    
,pomona ,austriaca1 #agif1 gave  it as  
the ,die ,grosse ,weisse ,glanzende1    
oder ,die ,albertus ,damenpflaume4      
,these references show that ,yellow ,egg
 was well known at an early date4       
,because of its close resemblance to    
many varieties1 probably due to  the    
propagation of seedlings from it1 much  
confusion exists in the  nomenclature of
 ,yellow ,egg4 ,white ,imperial was     
separated by ,duhamel and  ,prince2 but 
,miller1 ,thompson and most of the      
subsequent writers give  it as the same4
 ,duhamel believed the ,imperial        
,blanche 7,white ,imperial7  to be the  

,grosse ,datte4 ,so1 too1 the ,wentworth
 was at first separated  but1 later1 was
 recorded as identical4 ,koch calls     
,yellow ,egg one of the  ,datterpflaumen
 7,date ,plums7 though he states that   
there is another ,date  ,plum known by  
,tragus more than three hundred years   
ago as ,prunidactyla4  ,de ,candolle    
seems to hold to the names ,dame        
d',aubert and ,aubertina for  this plum4
 ,professor ,budd in exploring southwest
 ,russia and ,poland found  a ,dame     
,aubert differing from our ,yellow ,egg 
only in minor characters  which he was  
told came from central ,asia4    ,the   
exact date of the importation of ,yellow
 ,egg to this country is  unknown4      
,coxe1 in #ahag1 described it as the    
,mogul and later ,prince gave  it the   
name ,yellow ,egg4 ,owing to this change
 in name1 we find ,america  now and then
 given as its place of origin by both   
,american and ,english  writers4 ,in    
#ahfb1 the ,american ,pomological       
,society added it to its  fruit catalog 

list under the name ,white ,magnum      
,bonum but in #ahga1 the  name was      
changed to ,yellow ,egg4 ,the ,darwin   
,peach1 sent out by ,fell1 a  nurseryman
 in ,england1 has proved to be identical
 at this ,station and its  distributor1 
in a recent letter1 states that this    
plum1 which has been  growing on his    
place thirty years1 8is apparently      
identical to the ,white  ,magnum ,bonum0
 which is of course ,yellow ,egg4       
,tree1 large1 vigorous1 round-topped1   
open1 hardy1 very      productive2 trunk
 roughish2 branches numerous1 ash-gray1 
nearly      smooth1 with rather large   
lenticels2 branchlets slender1          
short1 with long intemodes1 greenish-red
 changing to dull      brownish-red1    
dull1 lightly pubescent throughout the  
season1      covered with thin bloom1   
with few1 inconspicuous1 small          
lenticels2 leaf-buds above medium in    
size1 long1 pointed1 free4              
,leaves flattened or somewhat folded    
backward1 oval1 two and      one-half   

inches wide1 four and one-quarter inches
 long1      leathery2 upper surface dark
 green1 pubescent1 slightly rugose1     
with grooved midrib2 lower surface      
medium green1 thickly      pubescent2   
apex abruptly pointed or acute1 base    
acute1 margin      doubly serrate1 with 
few dark glands2 petiole five-eighths   
inch      long1 thick1 reddish-purple1  
pubescent1 glandless or with one      or
 two globose1 yellowish-green glands    
variable in position4        ,blooming  
season short2 flowers appearing after   
the leaves1 one      inch across1 white1
 with a yellowish tinge at the tip of   
the      petals2 borne on lateral buds  
and spurs1 singly or in pairs2          
pedicels one-half inch long1 covered    
with thick pubescence1      greenish2   
calyx-tube green1 campanulate1          
pubescent2 calyx-lobes      broad1      
obtuse1 pubescent1 glandular-serrate1   
reflexed2 petals      roundish-oval1    
crenate or sometimes slightly notched1  
tapering      to short1 broad claws2    

anthers yellow2 filaments three-eighths 
inch long2 pistil pubescent1 longer than
 the stamens2 stigma      oblique4      
,fruit late1 season short2 two inches by
 one and five-eighths      inches in    
size1 long-oval1 compressed1 halves     
nearly equal2      cavity of medium     
depth1 narrow1 abrupt2 suture shallow1  
often      a line2 apex roundish2 color 
golden-yellow1 covered with      thick  
bloom2 dots numerous1 small1 white1     
inconspicuous2 stem      slender1 one   
and one-quarter inches long1 pubescent1 
adhering      well to the fruit1        
surrounded at the cavity by a fleshy    
collar2 skin thin1 slightly astringent1 
separating readily2      flesh          
golden-yellow1 rather juicy1 moderately 
coarse1 firm1 of      average sweetness1
 mild2 good2 stone semi-free or free1   
one and      one-quarter inches by      
three-quarters inch in size1 oval1      
rather      flat1 acute at the base and 
apex1 with roughened and pitted         
surfaces2 ventral suture wide1 heavily  

ridged1 often distinctly      winged2   
dorsal suture widely and deeply grooved4
      ,,yellow ,,gage    ,prunus        
domestica        #a4 ,prince ,treat4    
,hort4 #be4 #ahbh4 #b4 ,prince ,pom4    
,man4      #b3ajh4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bhg1 #bhh fig4 #aae4  
#ahde4 #d4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4   
#cbi4 #ahdi4 #e4 ,cole ,am4      ,fr4   
,book #bjh fig4 #ahdi4 #f4              
,horticulturist #g3djc4 #aheb4      #g4 
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #cf1 #ee4 #aheb4 
#h4 ,elliott ,fr4 ,book      #dad4      
#ahed4 #i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #baj4 
#ahef4 #aj4 ,bridgeman      ,gard4      
,ass't #c3abf4 #aheg4 #aa4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4
 ,off4 ,rpt4 #aij1      ,pl4 ,,xiii4    
#ahfe4 #ab4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3afc1    
fig4 #hb4 #ahgc4      #ac4 ,barry ,fr4  
,garden #dag4 #ahhc4 #ad4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4      #ddc4 #ahhi4 #ae4 ,waugh    
,plum ,cult4 #abf4 #aija4               
,american ,wheat #aj4 ,american ,yellow 
,gage of some #c1 #d1      #h1 #aa1 #ad4
 ,american ,yellow ,gage #aj4           

,auserlesene ,gelhe      ,reine-,claude 
#ad4 ,harvest ,gage #f1 #h1 #aa1 #ad4   
,prince's ,gage      #a4 ,prince's      
,gelbe ,reine-,claude #ad4 ,prince's    
,yellow ,gage #b1 #c1      #d1 #f1 #g1  
#h1 #i1 #aa4 ,prince's ,yellow ,gage #e1
 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4      ,reine-,claude
 ,jaune ,de ,prince #ab4 ,white ,gage of
 some #c1 #h1 #aa1      #ad4    ,yellow 
,gage belongs to the ,reine ,claude1 or 
as it is so often called1  the ,green   
,gage group of plums4 ,there are now a  
great number of these  plums under      
cultivation in ,america1 most of which  
have originated in this  country and    
nearly all of which1 as we have said    
before1 are better  than similar kinds  
from ,europe4 ,it is difficult to select
 from the  numerous first-rate plums of 
this group the best varieties to retain 
in  home or commercial orchards4 ,among 
these1 however1 ,yellow ,gage should be 
kept for the home orchard at least4 ,it 
is a rather large fruit1 with a         
beautiful color--golden-yellow often    

with a faint blush1 with a firm and     
juicy yet tender flesh and a most       
refreshing admixture of sweet and sour  
together with the richness which        
characterizes the ,reine ,claude plums4 
,the fruits come1 too1 at a time when   
the market is not overstocked with      
these fine plums and the season is      
particularly long4 ,a review of the     
tree-characters in the description which
 follows shows that in the main  they   
are good though some complain that the  
variety is not productive4  ,this       
precariousness in bearing1 together with
 the tender skin which keeps  ,yellow   
,gage from standing shipment well1      
probably precludes the variety  from a  
high place in a commercial list but does
 not prevent its being a  most desirable
 plum for home planting4    ,this       
excellent old variety was probably one  
of the first plums to  originate in     
,america4 ,it came from a ,reine ,claude
 pit planted1 with many  others1 by     
,william ,prince#bbf in #aghc in the    

celebrated ,prince nurseries  at        
,flushing1 ,long ,island4 ,despite its  
early origin and fine qualities it  has 
never had much recognition from         
pomologists4 ,downing described it in   
#ahde but neither ,manning nor ,kenrick 
in their excellent books on fruits      
mention this plum4 ,the ,american       
,pomological ,society in #aheb listed it
  with the varieties of plums promising 
well and in #ahef placed it on the  list
 of those worthy of general cultivation4
        ,tree very large and vigorous1  
spreading1 dense-topped1 hardy1         
productive2 trunk roughish2 branches    
dark ash-gray1 smooth      except for   
the numerous1 raised lenticels of       
various sizes2      branchlets medium to
 below in thickness1 short1 with        
internodes      of average length1      
greenish-red changing to brownish-red1  
dull1 lightly pubescent1 with           
inconspicuous1 small lenticels2         
leaf-buds large1 long1 conical1 free2   
leaf-scars prominent4        ,leaves    

long-oval or obovate1 two inches wide1  
four and      one-quarter inches long1  
thick1 somewhat leathery2 upper         
surface dark green1 covered with fine   
hairs1 the midrib      grooved2 lower   
surface silvery-green1 sparingly        
pubescent2 apex      and base acute1    
margin serrate1 with few small1 dark    
glands2      petiole five-eighths inch  
long1 pubescent1 tinged red1 with       
from one to three smallish1 globose1    
greenish-yellow glands      variable in 
position4        ,blooming season       
intermediate in time and length2 flowers
      appearing after the leaves1 one   
and one-eighth inches wide1      white1 
fragrant2 borne on lateral spurs1 singly
 or in pairs2      pedicels             
seven-eighths inch long1 with short1    
thin pubescence1      greenish2         
calyx-tube green1 enlarged at the base1 
campanulate1      lightly pubescent2    
calyx-lobes narrow1 obtuse1 lightly     
pubescent on both surfaces1             
glandular-serrate1 reflexed2 petals     

oval1 entire1 tapering to short1 broad  
claws2 anthers yellow2      filaments   
one-quarter inch long2 pistil glabrous1 
longer than      the stamens4           
,fruit mid-season1 ripening period of   
medium length2 one and      one-half    
inches by one and three-eighths inches  
in size1 oval1      slightly compressed1
 halves nearly equal2 cavity shallow1   
narrow1 abrupt2 suture shallow2 apex    
roundish or depressed2      dull yellow1
 faintly splashed and streaked with     
green1      sometimes tinged on the     
sunny side with light red1 overspread   
with thin bloom2 dots numerous1 small1  
white1 inconspicuous1      clustered    
about the base2 stem three-quarters inch
 long1 thinly      pubescent1 adhering  
well to the fruit2 skin thin1 rather    
sour1      separating readily2 flesh    
golden-yellow1 juicy1 firm but          
tender1 sweet1 mild1 of pleasant flavor2
 very good2 stone free1      the cavity 
larger than the pit1 one inch by        
five-eighths inch      in size1 oval1   

turgid1 roundish1 abruptly contracted at
 the      base1 blunt at the apex2      
ventral suture broad1 blunt1 faintly    
ridged2 dorsal suture widely and deeply 
grooved4          ,,chapter ,,iv        
,,the ,,minor ,,varieties ,,of ,,plums  
,abbaye d',arton4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,cat4 
,cong4 ,pom4 ,france #dde4 #aijf4       
,this variety came from a chance        
seedling found in the ruins of the      
,abbaye  d',arton at ,valreas1 ,france2 
it was propagated in #ahig by ,m4 ,valdy
 of  ,valreas4 ,tree very productive2   
fruit large1 obovate2 suture obscure2   
stem  short2 pale red1 darker on the    
sunny side2 bloom thick2 flesh yellow1  
juicy1 sweet2 good2 freestone2          
mid-season4    ,abricotee de ,braunau4  
,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cdi4
 #ahff4 #b4  ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4   
,sort4 #dbi4 #ahha4 #c4 ,hogg ,fruit    
,man4 #fhc4  #ahhd4 #d4 ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dbc4 #ahhi4    ,abricote de      
,braunau #d4 ,braunauer ,aprikosenartige
 #b4 ,braunauer  ,aprikosenartige       

,pflaume #d4 ,braunauer ,aprikosenartige
 ,damascene #d4  ,braunauer ,neue       
,kernfrucht #b4 ,reine-,claude ,braunau 
#c1 #d4    ,dr4 ,liegel of ,braunau1    
,germany1 originated this variety about 
#ahaj4 ,fruit  large1 roundish2 suture  
distinct2 greenish2 bloom rather heavy2 
dots  distinct1 reddish2 flesh yellow1  
firm1 juicy1 sweet2 good2 stone free2   
mid-season4    ,abricotee de ,lange4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ajc1
 fig4 #eb4  #ahgc4    ,langes           
,aprikosenpflaume #a4    ,dr4 ,liegel of
 ,braunau1 ,germany1 grew this variety  
and named it after  ,lange of           
,altenburg4 ,fruit of medium size1      
roundish2 suture slight2  yellow1       
blushed in the sun2 flesh yellow1       
tender1 sweet1 aromatic2 good2          
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,abricotee de
 ,trauttenberg4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas    
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ce1 fig4  #ah4 #ahgc4 #b4
 ,mathieu1 ,nom4 ,pom4 #dec4 #ahhi4     
,abricote de ,trauttenberg #b4 ,abricote
 ,rouge de ,trauttenberg #b4            

,trauttenbergs ,aprikosenpflaume #a4    
,von ,trauttenberg's ,aprikosenpflaume  
#b4    ,liegel raised the ,abricote de  
,trauttenberg from a stone of the ,red  
,apricot and named it after ,baron      
,emmanuel of ,trauttenberg1 ,prague4    
,fruit  medium in size1 oval1 red2 flesh
 yellow1 firm1 aromatic2 good2          
freestone2  mid-season4    ,abricot     
,princesse4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in   
,knoop ,fructologie #b3ed4  #agga4      
,admirable4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in   
,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #ba4 #ahjc4
    ,admiral4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,kenrick  
,am4 ,orch4 #beg4 #ahcb4 #b4 ,downing   
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bic4 #ahde4 #c4       
,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cde4 #ahdi4 
,corse's ,admiral #a1 #b1 #c4           
,originated by ,henry ,corse1 ,montreal1
 ,canada4 ,inferior in quality but      
hardy1 productive and showy2 rarely     
grown4 ,fruit of medium size1 oval1     
sides unequal1 light purple2 dots       
yellow2 bloom thin2 stem long1          
pubescent2 flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy2

 clingstone2 mid-season4    ,admiral    
,schley4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #df3bfj4 #ahij4 #b4  ,terry ,cat4 
#aijj4    ,originated by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry 
of ,crescent1 ,iowa4 ,fruit roundish1   
yellow1  washed with deep bronze-red2   
dots small1 numerous1 yellow1 distinct2 
bloom thin2 skin tough2 flesh deep      
yellow1 juicy1 rich1 sweet2 very  good2 
stone large1 oval1 flattened1 clinging4 
,apparently an improvement  over        
,hawkeye4    ,advance4 ,americana4 #a4  
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #adb4 #aija4 #b4    
,kerr ,cat4  #aijb-c4    ,grown by      
,theodore ,williams1 ,benson1 ,nebraska1
 and introduced by ,j4 ,w4  ,kerr1      
,denton1 ,maryland1 in #aijb4 ,fruit    
large1 oval2 cavity very shallow2       
suture a line2 apex slightly depressed2 
dark red2 dots many1 conspicuous1       
yellow2 good2 clingstone2 tree vigorous 
and productive2 said to be  resistant to
 rot4    ,african4 ,angustifolia        
varians4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4     
#afj4 #ahha4  #b4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4  

#ch3fj1 #hf4 #ahib4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum    
,cult4 #aib1  #aic fig4 #aija4          
,originated with ,g4 ,onderdonk#bbg of  
,texas and introduced by him in  #ahgj2 
said to be one of the best varieties of 
this species4 ,tree small1  spreading2  
fruit medium to large1 roundish to      
oblong1 dull1 dark red2  dots large and 
small1 white2 skin thin1 tough2 flesh   
yellow1 soft1 juicy1  subacid2 good2    
stone clinging2 mid-season4    ,alabama4
 ,triflora 84 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4  
#age3aed4 #ahii4 #b4  ,waugh ,plum      
,cult4 #bja4 #aija4    ,normand ,no4 #e 
#b    ,sent out by ,j4 ,l4 ,normand1    
,marksville1 ,louisiana4 ,fruit of      
medium size1  heart-shaped1 light yellow
 with pink cheek2 bloom thin2           
mid-season2  fruits drop before ripe but
 mature after falling2 good2 tree       
spreading1  twiggy2 branches smooth1    
glossy1 zigzag4    ,albany ,beauty4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #adf4 #ahca4 #b4  ,thomas ,am4    
,fruit ,cult4 #cbg4 #ahdi4 #c4 ,mathieu 

,nom4 ,pom4 #dbj4 #ahhi4    ,belle      
d',albany #c4 ,denniston's ,albany      
,beauty #b1 #c4 ,denniston's  ,albany   
#a4    ,produced in the garden of ,isaac
 ,denniston1 ,albany1 ,new ,york1 about 
#ahce4  ,fruit below medium in size1    
oval with a slight neck1 greenish-yellow
 with  reddish spots on the sunny side2 
flesh yellow1 juicy1 rich1 sweet2 good2 
stone free1 small1 pointed2 mid-season2 
tree hardy2 productive4    ,alberta4    
,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4    
#dbf4 #aijj4    ,a seedling raised at   
,indian ,head ,experimental ,farm1      
,northwest ,territory1  ,canada4 ,fruit 
large2 fairly productive2 early4        
,alexander4 ,species8 #a4 ,ill4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt4 #ace4 #aijc4 #b4 ,ibid4     
#dbd4 #aije4    ,alexander's ,late #b4  
,mentioned as a late native plum2       
productive2 resistant to rot2           
clingstone4    ,alibuchari4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #i3afc4 #ahdc4 #b4     
,mc,intosh  ,bk4 ,gard4 #b3ecd4 #ahee4  
,an old ,european prune4 ,size medium1  

oval1 purple2 fair in quality2          
freestone2 shrivels on the tree2 hardy2 
productive4    ,alice4 ,americana       
mollis4 #a4 ,terry ,cat4 #aijj4         
,originated by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1          
,crescent1 ,iowa1 from seed of ,van     
,buren4 8,tree  a fine upright grower1  
with large1 light red fruit of best     
quality40    ,allen4 ,species8 #a4      
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3gh4 #ahib4     
,allen's ,yellow #a4    ,an obsolete    
variety from ,kansas of medium size1    
round1 yellow and red2  skin thick2     
clingstone4    ,allfruit4 ,simonii      
,triflora4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3e4  
#ahih4 #b4  ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bjb4   
#aija4    ,grown by ,luther ,burbank2   
named in #ahih4 ,described by ,waugh as 
follows3  8,fruit oblate1 medium size2  
cavity deep1 rounded2 stem short2 suture
  rather shallow2 color pale red with   
many large and small yellowish dots  and
 a thin white bloom2 skin medium thick2 
flesh-medium firm1 bright  yellow2      
flavor sweet and rich1 fragrant2 good to

 best2 stone medium to  large1 slightly 
flattened1 semi-cling2 leaf large1 oval1
 pointed1 rather  finely double         
crenulate and minutely glandular1 rather
 thick1 glistens as  if varnished2      
petiole short1 glandular40    ,allie4   
,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4    
#dbf4 #aijj4    ,a seedling raised at   
,indian ,head ,experimental ,farm1      
,northwest ,territory1  ,canada4 ,tree  
productive2 fruit of medium size2 skin  
red2 flavor good2  early4    ,aloe4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,montreal ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt4 #ee4 #ahgh4    ,mentioned as an   
old ,scottish variety2 is not hardy at  
,montreal1 ,canada4    ,alois ,reine    
,claude4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in      
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbj4  #ahhi4      
,alois' ,reine-,claude4 ,reine-,claude  
d',alois4 ,reine-,claude ,aloise4       
,aloo ,bokhara4 ,domestica8 #a4         
,horticulturist #c3add4 #ahdh4    ,a    
variety noted by ,sir ,alexander        
,burnes1 while traveling in ,bokhara1 as
  having a sweet kernel4 ,he states that

 the stone1 when ripe1 can be seen      
through the skin4    ,alpha4 ,maritima4 
#a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahii4 #b4 ,ohio ,sta4  
,bul4  #afb3bed1 #bee4 #aije4    ,a     
variety selected from wild trees by ,e4 
,w4 ,winsor of ,new ,jersey and sent  to
 ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1 ,denton1 ,maryland1 who 
introduced it in #ahii4 ,very small1    
roundish1 purple2 no cavity nor suture2 
flesh greenish-yellow2 poor2  freestone2
 early2 tree small1 compact1 very       
productive4    ,alpha-,americana4       
,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 
#hf4 #aijj4    ,a seedling of ,de ,soto 
pollinated by ,weaver2 grown by ,n4 ,k4 
,fluke1  ,davenport1 ,iowa1 in #ahij4   
,fruit large1 oval with a truncate base1
 clear  yellow1 mottled with light red1 
lilac blush2 suture distinct2 flesh     
yellow1 firm and meaty2 fair in quality2
 stone of medium size1 flattened1  free2
 mid-season4    ,amaryllis4 ,insititia4 
#a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3cc4     
#aijc4    ,originated by ,august        
,dupuis1 ,village des ,aulnaies1        

,province of ,quebec1  in #ahij from    
seed of ,mirabelle4 ,fruit large1       
roundish2 cavity medium1  abrupt2 suture
 distinct2 apex rounded2                
greenish-yellow2 dots indistinct2  flesh
 yellow1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2 good2      
clingstone4    ,amber4 ,domestica8 #a4  
,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egg1 #egh4      
#afbi4 #b4  ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fh4
 #afii4    ,described by ,parkinson in  
#afbi as a small1 round1 yellow         
freestone plum  of mediocre quality2    
classified by him as 8,prunum           
,ambarinum40    ,amber ,primordian4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  
#ege4 #afbi4 #b4  ,rea ,flora #bjf4     
#afgf4    ,mentioned by ,parkinson in   
#afbi as an early1 small1 round1 yellow1
 watery1  worthless plum4    ,ambre     
,tardif4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in      
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dba4 #ahhi4       
,ambre ,tardive4    ,amelie ,blanche4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,knoop ,fructologie     
#b3ed4 #agga4    ,tree productive2 fruit
 of medium size1 roundish1 yellow2      

obsolete4    ,amelie ,noire4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,knoop ,fructologie #b3ed4 #agga4  
,of ancient and unknown origin4 ,tree   
productive2 fruit of medium size1       
roundish1 purplish-black2 flesh dry2    
flavor fair2 early4    ,amelioree4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4   
,bul4 #aj3bj4 #aija4    ,d',agen        
,ameliore #a4    ,ameliore originated in
 eastern ,france and differs from ,agen 
only in  being more vigorous2 foliage   
and fruit larger and the season earlier4
    ,american ,golden4 ,hortulana4 #a4  
,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ahb4 #ahie4 #b4
  ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #aa3bhc4 #ahih4 
,james ,b4 ,wild of ,sarcoxie1          
,missouri1 introduced this variety as a 
seedling found in his neighborhood4     
,tree vigorous2 fruit of medium  size1  
round2 suture a line2 cavity very       
shallow2 stem medium2 bright            
golden-yellow2 dots numerous1 large1    
white2 bloom thin2 skin thick1  tough2  
flesh yellow1 firm1 sweet but sprightly2
 good2 stone of medium  size1 turgid1   

clinging2 late4    ,american ,magnum    
,bonum4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees ,am4 #hif4  #ahfi4    ,probably a
 seedling of ,red ,magnum ,bonum from   
which it differs in that the  young     
shoots are pubescent1 the stone clinging
 and the fruit better in  quality4      
,american ,prune4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,wood 
,bros4 ,cat4 #ahih4 ,probably a         
synonym4    ,american ,violet4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,le ,bon ,jard4 #a3cdb4 
#ahhb4 #b4  ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d
 ,ser41 #c3di4 #aijj4 ,p4 violette      
americaine #a4    ,tree weak in growth1 
productive2 fruit large1 roundish-oval1 
light  purple2 bloom thick2 flesh       
yellow1 sweet1 juicy2 quality good2     
mid-season4    ,american ,wheat4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #bhi4 #ahde4 #b4  ,thomas ,am4     
,fruit ,cult4 #cdf4 #ahdi4 #c4 ,mas     
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3abi4 #ahgc4    ,american 
,wheat #c4 ,froment ,american #c4    ,a 
very small1 round1 pale blue plum with  
thin bloom2 flesh greenish1  melting1   

juicy1 sweet2 poor2 clingstone2         
mid-season2 tree productive2  leaves    
small1 light colored4    ,ancient ,city4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,cultivator #f3bgj fig4
 #aheh4 #b4  ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4  
#ida4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4     
#fhd4 #ahhd4    ,reagles' ,ancient ,city
 #a1 #b4    ,raised by ,c4 ,reagles1    
,schenectady1 ,new ,york1 supposedly    
from seed of  ,washington4 ,fruit large1
 roundish2 suture deep2 sides unequal2  
yellow1  tinged with green1 mottled with
 crimson specks next to the sun2 bloom  
thin2 stem of medium length1 thick2     
flesh yellow veined with white1 firm1   
coarse2 good2 freestone4    ,anderson4  
,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fc3bg4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ia4  ,hort4 ,soc4   
,rpt4 #dhh4 #aijd4    ,anderson's ,early
 ,red #a4    ,found growing on the      
,turkey ,river near ,sioux ,rapids1     
,iowa1 by ,mrs4  ,vincent ,anderson1    
about #ahfe4 ,trees productive2 fruit of
 medium size2  good2 mid-season4        
,angelina ,burdett4 ,domestica4 #a4     

,gard4 ,chron4 #ac3fjj4 #ahec4 #b4  ,mas
 ,le ,verger #f3cg4 #ahff-gc4 #c4       
,gaucher ,pom4 ,prak4 ,obst4 #ia4 #ahid4
    ,raised from seed by ,henry ,dowling
 of ,woolston1 ,england1 about #ahde4   
,tree  vigorous1 hardy and productive2  
fruit of medium size1 roundish2 suture  
deep1 one side enlarged2 skin thick2    
dark purple with brown dots and  heavy  
bloom2 flesh greenish-yellow1 rich1     
juicy1 sprightly2 stone small1  obovate1
 free2 mid-season4    ,angouleme4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4     
#aija4 ,reine-,claude  d',angouleme #a4 
,similar to ,reine ,claude4    ,anna4   
,americana4 #a4 ,montreal ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt4 #ij4 #ahhe4    ,a variety grown   
from a wild plum root secured in        
,wisconsin by ,mr4 ,charles  ,gibb of   
,montreal1 ,canada4    ,anna ,maria4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #hif4 #ahfi4    ,originated by ,s4 
,d4 ,pardee1 ,new ,haven1 ,connecticut4 
,fruit below medium  in size1           
roundish-oval2 suture lacking2 pale     

greenish-yellow splashed  with darker   
green2 stem short2 cavity small2 flesh  
pale green1 juicy1  melting1 rich1      
sugary2 good2 stone nearly free2 tree   
moderately vigorous1  spreading1        
productive4    ,anna ,spath4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,lange ,allgem4 ,garten4 #b3dba4   
#ahgi4 #b4  ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4    
,sort4 #dja4 #ahha4 #c4 ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dba4  #ahhi4 #d4 ,can4 ,exp4     
,farm ,bul41 #b;d ,ser4 #c3di4 #aijj4   
,anna ,spaeth #c4    ,originated with   
,m4 ,spath at ,baumschulenweg1 ,germany1
 about #ahgj4 ,tree  vigorous2 fruit of 
medium size1 roundish-oval1 flattened at
 both ends2  skin tough1 free2          
brownish-black2 dots brownish2 bloom    
thick2 flesh  greenish-yellow1 very     
juicy1 mild2 good2 freestone2 season    
late4    ,annual ,bearer4 ,americana4   
#a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hg3aa4 #aija4    
,a seedling grown by ,edson ,gaylord1   
,nora ,springs1 ,iowa4 ,fruit large1    
oblong2 suture distinct2 purplish-red on
 a yellow ground2 dots numerous1  small2

 bloom heavy2 skin thick1 tough2 stone  
strongly flattened1 oval1  pointed1     
sharp on both sides2 flesh rich2 flavor 
good2 mid-season4    ,apple4 ,americana4
 ,patten ,no4 #dj4    ,a seedling of    
,hawkeye2 fruit large1 roundish1 dark   
red2 dots conspicuous2  suture a line2  
skin tender2 flesh juicy1 soft1 fibrous1
 sweet2 fair2  clingstone2 mid-season4  
,apple4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,cole ,am4 ,fr4 
,book #baj4 #ahdi4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4    
,trees ,am4 #cgc4 #aheg4    ,apple ,plum
 #a1 #b4    ,originated in the garden of
 ,d4 ,u4 ,pratt1 ,chelsea1              
,massachusetts4 ,fruit  large1 flattened
 like an apple2 sides unequal2 suture   
distinct2 stem  short2 cavity broad1    
deep2 reddish-purple2 bloom heavy2 dots 
yellow2  flesh greenish-yellow1 tender1 
slightly coarse1 sweet1 sprightly2 skin 
astringent2 semi-clinging2 mid-season4  
,apricot4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4   
#ahid4 #b4 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #ej3cb4  
#ahih4    ,tree bushy2 fruit medium in  
size1 roundish2 suture slight2 skin     

thick2  red over yellow2 bloom thin2    
flesh reddish-yellow1 juicy1 sweet2     
quality  fair2 stone large1 flattened1  
clinging2 mid-season4                   
,aprikosenartige ,mirabelle4 ,insititia4
 #a4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4  ,sort4   
#dbf4 #ahha4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4   
#dba4 #ahhi4    ,mirabelle ,abricote #b4
    ,said to be a synonym of ,mirabelle2
 ,oberdieck claims that this variety has
  firmer and sweeter flesh1 and that its
 shoots are glabrous4    ,arab4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,ind4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4
 #bi4 #ahhe4 #b4 ,mich4 ,sta4  ,rpt4    
#aaa4 #ahhg4    ,noted in the preceding 
references as imported from eastern     
,europe4    ,arctic4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4  
,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4    ,a   
variety selected from wild plants by    
,thomas ,frankland1 ,stonewall1         
,manitoba1 and tested at the            
,experimental ,farm1 ,indian ,head1     
,northwest  ,territory1 ,canada4 ,fruit 
large1 red2 late4    ,ashes ,seedling4  
,species8 ,mentioned in ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4   

,rpt4 #i3cdg4 #ahij4    ,ashridge       
,black4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,cat4 #adc4 #ahca4 #b4  ,mc,intosh
 ,bk4 ,gard4 #b3ebi4 #ahee4    ,an      
,english variety not cultivated in this 
country4 ,medium in size1  roundish1    
purple1 firm2 quality fair2 a good      
kitchen variety2 tree hardy  and        
productive4    ,assiniboia4 ,nigra8 #a4 
,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4   
,a seedling raised at the ,experimental 
,farm1 ,indian ,head1 ,northwest        
,territory1 ,canada2 now discarded4     
,fruit of medium size2 early4    ,aston4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4    
,cat4 #adc4 #ahca4    ,a small1 round1  
purple1 clingstone plum of mediocre     
quality2 obsolete4    ,aston ,green     
,gage4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,lond4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adg4  #ahca4        
,atkins4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #df3bfb4 #aijj4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum 
,cult4 #adc4 #aija4    ,beatty #a1 #b4  
,originated with ,james ,beatty at      
,atkins1 ,benton ,county1 ,iowa1 and    

introduced by ,r4 ,royce of the same    
place in #ahid under the name ,beatty4  
,it became confused with the ,beaty of  
,texas and ,waugh renamed it1 giving  it
 the name of the place of its origin4   
,fruit large1 oval1 slightly            
compressed2 cavity small2 suture a line2
 red on a yellow ground2 dots  small1   
numerous2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow2     
good2 clingstone2 mid-season4           
,a-#bdh4 ,munsoniana  ,triflora4 #a4    
,burbank ,cat4 #bb4 #ahic4 #b4 ,vt4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #e3fg4 #ahih4    ,an early1 
dark crimson1 heart-shaped plum of      
medium size1 yellow flesh  and inferior 
quality4    ,aubert4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #fa4 #ahhg4 #b4  
,ia4 ,hort4  ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hf4 #ahij4 #c4
 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 #bib4 ,pl4 ,v c  
and d4 #ahic4  #d4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #be4 #ahig4 #e4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4
 ,hort4 ,man4  #cbh4 #aijc4    ,dame    
,aubert ,jaune #a1 #b4 ,dame ,aubert    
,jaune #c4 ,riga #aae #b4 ,yellow       
,aubert 8#a1 #c1 #e4 ,yellow ,aubert #d4

    ,introduced from ,russia by ,j4 ,l4 
,budd of the ,iowa ,experiment ,station 
in  #ahhb4 ,according to the introducer 
this variety was found in southwest     
,russia and ,poland2 said to have come  
from central ,asia4 ,evidently related  
to the ,yellow ,egg1 differing in being 
earlier and of better quality4          
,auburn4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4  
,trees ,am4 #hig4 #ahfi4    ,a variety  
said by ,downing to be a native of      
western ,new ,york4 ,fruit  medium in   
size1 oval2 suture shallow2 skin light  
reddish-purple with a  thin bloom2 stem 
short2 flesh coarse1 orange-yellow1 not 
juicy1 sweet1  pleasant2 good2          
freestone2 early4    ,auchtertyre4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #adc4 #ahca4    ,a small1 oval1   
purple1 early plum2 quality medium2     
freestone2 obsolete4    ,august4 ,nigra4
 #a4 ,bailey ,ann4 ,hort4 #bj4 #ahhi4   
#b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #fc3bg4 #ahig4   
,august ,red #a4    ,a large            
purplish-red variety introduced by ,j4  

,w4 ,kerr1 ,maryland4 ,fruit  oblong2   
clingstone2 tree upright1 vigorous1     
unproductive2 foliage  resembling that  
of an apricot4    ,august ,zwetsche4    
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dba4 #ahhi4    ,liegel's ,august
 ,zwetsche4    ,aunt ,ann4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cea4 #ahff4 #b4 
,downing  ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iah4 #ahfi4 
#c4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #bge4 #ahgc4       
,guthrie's ,aunt ,ann #a4 ,guthrie's    
,aunt ,ann #b4 ,aunt ,ann #b1 #c4 ,tante
 ,anne  #c4    ,this variety was grown  
in ,scotland by a ,mr4 ,guthrie4 ,a     
large1 round1  greenish-yellow plum2    
flesh rich1 juicy2 freestone2 tree      
hardy1  productive4    ,aurora4         
,hortulana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aijj-jc4   
,moreman's ,cherry #a4    ,originated by
 ,theodore ,williams of ,nebraska and   
introduced in #ahih by ,j4  ,w4 ,kerr of
 ,maryland under the name 8,moreman's   
,cherry20 in #aijj1 ,mr4 ,kerr  changed 
the name to ,aurora4 ,fruit large1      
round1 cherry-red deepening to  dark    

red2 clingstone2 season late2 tree      
vigorous1 productive4    ,austrian      
,quetsche4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aeb4 #ahca4  #b4 ,prince  
,pom4 ,man4 #b3gh4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #caa4  #ahde4          
,bremen ,prune #b1 #c4 ,quetsche de     
,breme #c4    ,a strain of the ,german  
,prune from which it differs in being a 
little  later and of somewhat better    
flavor4    ,autumn ,gage4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,cultivator #aj3afg4 #ahdc4 #b4     
,ann4  ,pom4 ,belge #g3dc1 ,pl4 #ahei4  
#c4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #chj4 #ahff4 #d4 
,mas  ,le ,verger #f3cc1 fig4 #ahff-gc4 
#e4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dce4 #ahhi4   
,autumn ,gage #c1 #e4 ,herbst ,reine    
,claude #e4 ,prune ,autumn ,gage #b4    
,reine-,claude d',automne #b1 #e4       
,reine-,claude d',automne #d4 ,roe's    
,autumn #c4  ,roe's ,autumn ,gage #c1   
#e4    ,raised by ,wm4 ,roe1 ,newburgh1 
,new ,york4 ,tree spreading1 hardy1     
productive2  fruit of medium size1 oval2
 suture shallow2 stem of medium length2 

pale  yellow with a thin bloom2 flesh   
greenish-yellow1 juicy and sweet with a 
rich and excellent flavor2 stone long1  
compressed1 pointed at both ends1  free2
 season late4    ,azure4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3fg1 fig4 #cd4      
#ahgc4    ,reine-,claude ,azure #a4     
,mas states that this variety grew in   
his garden from a sucker4  ,tree        
vigorous1 medium in productiveness2     
fruit medium in size1  roundish-oblate2 
suture a line2 skin tender2             
purplish-black2 stem long1  slender to  
medium2 cavity deep2 flesh green1 fine1 
tender1 soft1 juicy1  sweet1 aromatic2  
freestone2 mid-season4    ,bailey4      
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aija-aijb4 
,a variety sent ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1 ,denton1 
,maryland1 by the ,division of          
,pomology1  ,united ,states ,department 
of ,agriculture1 for testing4 ,tree     
vigorous1  upright1 productive2 fruit   
above medium in size1 oblong1 very dark 
red2  good2 clingstone2 said to be free 
from rot4    ,bailey4 ,domestica4 #a4   

,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #fb3bj4 #ahid4     
,known only from a plate in the         
possession of the ,rochester            
,lithographing  ,company1 made some time
 prior to #ahhf1 representing this plum 
and stating  that it 8has not failed to 
bear for twenty-five successive years40 
,baker4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #agg3da1 #dc4 #ahii4 #b4  ,ibid4  
#ahg3gg1 #gh4 #aija4    ,baker ,damson  
#a4    ,tree upright1 vigorous1         
unproductive2 fruit small1              
roundish-ovate2  stem slender1 inserted 
in a slight cavity2 dark blue or black2 
flesh  greenish-amber1 juicy2 good2     
stone small1 roundish1 clinging4        
,baker4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #aja4 #ahia4 #b4 ,cornell  ,sta4 
,bul4 #aca3ahb4 #ahig4 #c4 ,brown ,bros4
 ,cat4 #aijj4    ,baker's ,german ,prune
 #a1 #c4    ,a seedling of the ,german  
,prune which had its origin at          
,collingwood1  ,canada1 with a ,mr4     
,baker4 ,tree hardy1 an annual bearer1  
productive2 fruit  resembles the        

,italian ,prune in color and quality but
 is a trifle smaller  and two weeks     
later4    ,baldwin4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ccc4 #ahhh4 #b4 ,s4
 ,dak4  ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3i1 #ea fig4     
#aije4    ,a wild variety found by ,d4  
,l4 ,royer of ,iowa4 ,tree vigorous2    
fruit  large1 round2 apex flat2 cavity  
deep1 narrow2 dark red1 mottled with    
dull yellow2 bloom heavy2 dots whitish1 
minute1 numerous2 skin thick1           
astringent2 flesh dark yellow1 flavor   
pleasant1 acid2 good2 stone  semi-free1 
rounded1 thick1 of medium size4         
,ballonartige ,gelbe ,zwetsche4         
,domestica8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
  ,pom4 #dba4 #ahhi4    ,damas-,ballon  
,jaune4 ,damas-,ballon ,panache         
,variete4    ,ballonartige ,rote        
,damascene4 ,domestica8 ,mentioned in   
,mathieu ,nom4  ,pom4 #dba4 #ahhi4      
,damas-,ballon ,rouge4    ,bankalari    
,fruh ,damascene4 ,domestica8 ,mentioned
 in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #dba4 #ahhi4  
,bankalari's ,rote ,frh ,damascene #a4  

,banker's ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adg4 #ahca4 #b4     
,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4 #bjb4 #ahce4       
,originated in ,new ,york4 ,fruit large2
 flavor good2 adapted to drying4        
,bant ,spte ,reine ,claude4 ,domestica4 
,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4      
#dbb4 #ahhi4    ,bant's ,late ,green    
,gage4    ,baraboo4 ,americana4 #a4     
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3bh4 #ahig4 #b4    
,ia4 ,sta4  ,bul4 #df3bfb4 #aijj4       
,found wild near ,baraboo1 ,wisconsin1  
about #ahfj and introduced by ,william  
,toole of the same place in #ahig4 ,tree
 vigorous1 spreading1 symmetrical2      
fruit of medium size1 round1 dull       
yellow1 overlaid with red2 flesh firm1  
mild1 sweet2 quality fair2 mid-season2  
drops badly and is a poor keeper4       
,barbary4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson    
,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4 #b4 ,rea       
,flora #bjg4 #afgf4    ,barberry #b4    
,a large1 egg-shaped1 early1 productive1
 black plum4    ,barkhausen ,violette   
,reine ,claude4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned  

in ,mathieu ,nom4  ,pom4 #dbb4 #ahhi4   
,barkley4 ,americana8 #a4 ,letter from  
,kerr4    ,teeter #a4    ,from          
,pennsylvania2 fruit medium in size1    
green1 blushed with red2 good4          
,barnsback4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #hg3aa4 #aija4 #b4 ,s4  ,dak4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3i4 #aije4    ,barnsbeck 
#b4    ,originated at ,vermilion1 ,south
 ,dakota4 ,fruit large1 roundish2 suture
 a  line2 yellowish overspread with     
light red2 sparsely dotted2 heavy bloom2
  skin medium thick1 astringent until   
fully ripe2 flesh pale yellow or        
reddish1 juicy1 sweet2 good2 stone      
nearly free2 mid-season4    ,baronne    
,helen ,trauttenberg4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbb4  #ahhi4 #b4  
,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #ceb4 #ahie4    ,a  
variety said to resemble ,italian       
,prune4    ,basaricatta4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,gallesio ,pom4 ,ital4 #b3 ,pl4 #ahci4 
,collo-,torto #a4    ,an ,italian       
variety described by ,gallesio in his   
,pomona ,italiana4 ,fruit  long1        

prune-shaped1 necked2 skin              
golden-yellow2 flesh yellow1 firm1 sweet
  and agreeable2 a good shipper4        
,bastle4 ,species8 #a4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul4
 #cb3dij4 #ahii4    ,reported as very   
weak in growth and as having failed to  
produce fruit4    ,batchelor ,damson4   
,insititia4 #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,rpt4     
#ab3faa4 #ahic4    ,received for testing
 at the ,new ,york ,experiment ,station4
    ,bazalicza4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,le
 ,verger #f3aci4 #ahff-gc4 #b4          
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dda4   
#ahha4 #c4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbb4   
#ahhi4 #d4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4     
#djb4 #ahih4 #e4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4
  #b;d ,ser41 #c3ea4 #aijj4    ,quetsche
 de ,bazalicza #a4 ,bazalicza ,zwetsche 
#a4 ,bazalicza ,zwetsche #b1  #c4       
,bazalicza's ,grosse ,blaue ,zwetsche   
#c4 ,quetsche de ,bazalicza #c4         
,bazalicza's ,prune #d4 ,bazalicza      
,damson #e4    ,raised by ,liegel of    
,braunau1 ,germany1 from seed of ,red   
,magnum ,bonum4  ,tree vigorous1        

productive2 fruit above medium size1    
oblong-oval2 suture  shallow1 halves    
usually unequal2 skin free2 dark purple2
 bloom thin2  flesh yellow1 sweet2      
excellent2 clingstone2 early4    ,beach 
,plum4 ,maritima4    8,beach ,plum0 is  
the common name for ,prunus maritima4   
,beals4 ,domestica4    ,a seedling      
raised by ,george ,f4 ,beals1 of        
,viscalia1 ,california1 and  sent to    
,nelson ,smith of ,geneva1 ,new ,york1  
for testing4 ,fruit large1  egg-shaped1 
lop-sided2 suture shallow2 skin thick2  
blue1 often purplish2  dots yellow2     
flesh firm1 yellow1 juicy1 sweet2 stone 
large1 oval1 rough2  mid-season4        
,bean4 ,americana1 #a4 ,minn4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #abh4 #ahij4 #b4 ,wis4      
,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3bh4 #ahig4    ,found    
wild by ,h4 ,knudson1 ,springfield1     
,minnesota4 ,fruit below medium in      
size1 oblong2 apex flattened2 suture    
depressed2 pale yellow tinged with      
crimson2 dots faint2 skin astringent    
unless fully ripe2 flesh pale yellow  or

 reddish1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2 stone     
large1 oblong1 rough1 pointed1  grooved 
on the back2 mid-season4    ,beaty4     
,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,cornell     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3cf1 #fj4  #aijb4 #b4    
,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #dhi4 #ahig4 
#c4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #cb3dgh4 #ahii4  
#d4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aib4 #aija4    
,beauty's ,choice #a4 ,beaty ,choice #b4
 ,beauty #c4 ,beaty's ,choice #d4 ,el   
,paso #d4 ,el ,paso #a4    ,originated  
under cultivation with ,lee ,beaty1     
,luling ,county1 ,texas1 and  introduced
 by him in #ahgg4 ,tree irregular1      
spreading2 fruit of medium  size1       
roundish2 cavity shallow2 light red2    
bloom thin2 dots numerous2  flesh       
yellow2 good2 stone oval1 turgid1       
clinging4    ,bechstein ,spitzpflaume4  
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4  #dbb4 #ahhi4    ,blaue ,zipper4 
,prunus ,oxycarpa4 ,rosinen ,pflaume4   
,spitz ,pflaume4  ,spitzige ,rote       
,pflaume4 ,rote ,zwetsche incor4 ,rote  
,zipper4    ,bedford4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 

,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4    ,a   
seedling raised at ,indian ,head        
,experimental ,farm1 ,northwest         
,territory1  ,canada4 ,fruit of medium  
size4    ,beer ,plum4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hf4 #ahij4     
,one of the many ,domesticas imported   
from ,europe by ,professor ,j4 ,l4      
,budd4  ,this one is small and fit only 
for culinary purposes4    ,bell4        
,species8 #a4 ,tex4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,bul4  
#ab3ajb4 #aiaj4    ,bell's ,october #a4 
,a variety said to be of value near     
,plainview1 ,texas4    ,belle de ,hardy4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4   
#dbb4 #ahhi4 #b4  ,guide ,prat4 #afc1   
#ceb4 #ahie4    ,said to resemble ,agen4
    ,belle de ,louvain4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cib4 #aheg4  
#b4 ,ibid4 #hih4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,lucas      
,vollst4 ,hand4 ,obst4 #dga4 #ahid4 #d4 
,guide ,prat4 #aeg1 #ceb4 #ahie4        
,large ,black ,imperial8 #d4 ,plum of   
,louvain #a4 ,prune de ,louvain #b4     
,schne von ,lowen #c4 ,schne von ,lowen 

#d4    ,a seedling found in the nursery 
of ,van ,mons at ,louvain1 ,belgium1    
about  #ahdj4 ,tree vigorous1 a biennial
 bearer2 fruit large1 long-oval2 suture 
distinct2 deep purple with delicate     
bloom2 flesh firm1 yellowish1 juicy1    
rich2 mid-season2 valuable for culinary 
purposes4    ,belle de ,paris4          
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,can4 ,exp4   
,farm ,bul4 #b;d ,ser4  #c3di4 #aijj4   
,belle de ,riom4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #add4 #ahca4 #b4     
,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3hc4 #ahgc4    ,this 
variety is thought to have originated in
 the vicinity of the  ,french village of
 ,riom1 in the early part of the        
,nineteenth ,century4  ,tree vigorous1  
productive2 fruit medium1 oval2 suture  
indistinct2 skin  intense purple2 dots  
white2 flesh greenish-yellow1 melting1  
rich1 sweet1  aromatic2 very good2 stone
 oval1 free2 late4    ,belle de         
,schoeneberg4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu  
,nom ,pom4 #ddi4 #ahhi4  #b4 ,guide     
,prat4 #aeh1 #ceb4 #ahie4    ,belle de  

,schneberg4 #a4 ,gloire de ,schneberg4  
#a1 #b4 ,rotgefleckte  ,gold ,pflaume   
#a4 ,rothgefleckte ,goldpflaume #b4     
,schne von ,schneberg #a4  ,schne von   
,schneberg #b4    ,tree neither vigorous
 nor productive2 fruit large1 roundish1 
reddish-violet2 flesh yellow1 sweet1    
agreeable2 good2 early4    ,belsiana4   
,cerasifera4 #a4 ,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4     
,france #dga4 #ahhg4    ,a wild plum    
resembling ,myrobalan1 selected by the  
,arabs and introduced  into ,france in  
#ahgh by ,g4 ,luizet1 to whom it was    
sent by ,ferdinand  ,lombard1           
horticulturist at ,mustopha1 ,algieria4 
,fruit of medium size1  round2 suture   
indistinct2 cavity shallow2 skin papery2
 amber-yellow1 with  a rose tint on the 
sunny side2 flesh amber-yellow1 melting1
 sweet2 stone  slightly clinging2 early4
    ,belvoir4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg     
,fruit ,man4 #fhj1 #fhf4 #ahhd4         
,fruit above medium in size1 round2     
suture faint2 skin thin2 black with     
russet markings and dots2 flesh yellow1 

tender1 rich2 freestone2 late4          
,bender4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4    
#ahif-g4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4  #adc4 
#aija4 #c4 ,wis4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4     
#aba4 #aijb4 #d4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4  ,bul4 
#ic3aj4 #aije4    ,paul ,wolf #d4       
,reported to have been grown near       
,chaska1 ,minnesota1 by ,paul ,wolf4    
,tree  very vigorous1 productive2 fruit 
large1 oblong1 conical1 irregular2      
suture indistinct2 dark red with thick  
bloom2 dots numerous1 small2 skin       
thick1 tough2 flesh light yellow1 very  
firm1 meaty2 fair to good2 stone  long1 
pointed1 early4    ,benedetto4          
,domestica8 ,listed in ,mathieu ,nom4   
,pom4 #dbb4 #ahhi4    ,beni-,detto4     
,benedict4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4
 ,trees ,am4 #hii4 #ahfi4    ,originated
 in ,pennsylvania4 ,tree vigorous2 fruit
 small1 oval2 suture  distinct2 pale    
yellow1 dotted and splashed with red on 
the sunny side2  bloom thin2 flesh pale 
yellow1 juicy1 pleasant2 good2          
clingstone4    ,beni ,botan4 ,triflora4 

#a4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #abi3aaa4 #aija4   
,a variety imported by the ,department  
of ,agriculture4    ,benschoten4        
,domestica4    ,pits were left in the   
cellar of a ,mr4 ,benschoten of         
,woodstock1 ,ulster  ,county1 ,new      
,york1 by a ,german emigrant1 and from  
them the above variety  was grown4      
,fruit above medium in size1 oval1 cream
 color1 mottled with  crimson2 flesh    
golden-yellow1 sugary1 aroma like that  
of an apricot2  season late4    ,benson4
 ,hortulana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ad4 #ahih4
 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4  #dj4 #ahii4
 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #agg4 #aija4   
#d4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  #dbb4     
#aije4    ,moreman ,prune #a4 ,benson   
,market #d4    ,benson originated with  
,theodore ,williams of ,benson1         
,nebraska2 was first  called ,moreman   
,prune but was renamed and introduced by
 ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr in  #ahih4 ,tree         
vigorous2 fruit medium in size1         
roundish2 cavity shallow2  stem slender2
 suture distinct2 deep cherry-red1 with 

numerous1 yellowish  dots2 bloom thin2  
flesh yellow2 quality fair2 stone medium
 in size1 oval1  clinging2 season late4 
,berlepsch4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4  
,gen4 #b3age4 #ahgc4 #b4 ,mathieu  ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dbb4 #ahhi4    ,berlepsch's     
,grosse ,grne ,reine-,claude #b4        
,berlepchs ,renclode ,grosse  ,grne #a4 
,grosse ,reine-,claude de ,berlepsch #b4
 ,grosse ,reine-,claude ,verte  ,de     
,berlepsch #a4    ,a seedling raised by 
,liegel of ,braunau1 ,germany4 ,tree    
vigorous1 medium in  productiveness2    
fruit of the same flavor and quality as 
the ,reine ,claude1  of which it is     
probably a strain to be distinguished by
 earlier maturity1  slightly more       
depressed form and a paler-colored skin4
    ,berlet ,frh ,damascene4 ,domestica8
 ,listed in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbb4  
#ahhi4    ,bernsteinzwetsche4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    
#dbb4 #ahhi4 #b4  ,guide ,prat4 #afc1   
#cea4 #ahie4    ,ambre de ,provence #b4 
,ambre de ,provence #a4                 

,bernsteinzwetsche #b4    ,mentioned in 
the references cited without            
description4    ,berryhill4 ,americana4 
#a4 ,meneray ,cat4    ,originated with  
,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa2       
introduced by ,f4 ,w4 ,meneray1         
,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa4 ,tree          
productive2 fruit large1 red over a     
yellow  ground2 skin thin1 tender2 flesh
 firm2 good2 clingstone4    ,berry      
,plum4 ,species8 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4     
,bul4 #ch3gh4 #ahib4    ,mentioned as a 
variety growing on the grounds of the   
,new ,york ,state  ,college of          
,agriculture4    ,best ,black ,blood4   
,triflora4 #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #ei3fee   
fig4 #bde4 #aijj4    ,originated by     
,burbank and described by him as being  
productive and  vigorous2 leaves        
resembling ,simon2 fruit large2 flesh   
juicy and firm4    ,best of ,all4       
,hortulana mineri  ,triflora4 #a4 ,vt4  
,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3g4  #ahih4 #b4 ,rural   
,n4 ,y4 #fe3gcj4 #aijf4 ,bestovall #a4  
,this is a seedling of ,miner pollinated

 by ,abundance originating with ,t4  ,v4
 ,munson1 ,denison1 ,texas4 ,tree       
vigorous1 prolific2 fruit of medium     
size1  round1 dark red2 flesh firm1     
meaty2 good2 late4    ,beta4 ,maritima4 
#a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahii-aijj4    ,selected
 from wild plants by ,e4 ,w4 ,winsor of 
,new ,york4 ,fruit yellow1  small and   
round2 very prolific2 early4            
,betterave4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,noisette   
,man4 ,comp4 ,jard4 #b3dif4 #ahfj4      
,tree large and vigorous2 fruit large1  
round1 pale yellow1 juicy1 not          
pleasant4    ,beztercser ,grosse        
,zwetsche4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu     
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbb4  #ahhi4 #b4 ,guide    
,prat4 #afc1 #ceb4 #ahie4    ,mentioned 
in the preceding references2 said to    
resemble ,washington4    ,biconical4    
,triflora 8 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4   
#ad3bgj4 #aija4    ,a cross between     
,abundance and 8a ,chicasaw10           
originating with ,a4 ,l4  ,bruce1       
,texas4 ,leaves ,triflora-like with     
peculiar double1 crenulate1  glandular  

margins4 ,fruit conical1 of medium size2
 cavity shallow2 suture  faint2 skin    
thin2 bright red2 bloom moderate2 flesh 
soft1 yellow1  subacid2 quality fair2   
stone medium in size1 round-oval1       
clinging4    ,biery4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,u4 
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,rpt4 #de4 #ahie4     
,received from ,california by ,j4 ,j4   
,biery1 ,covington1 ,louisiana1 wrongly 
labeled ,long ,fruit4 ,fruit spherical1 
medium in size2 cavity deep2 suture     
indistinct2 color yellow1 blushed with  
red1 patched with russet and with       
minute1 russet dots1 skin thin1         
separating easily from the tender1      
juicy1  yellow flesh2 good2 stone medium
 in size1 oval1 clinging2 early4    ,big
 ,rose4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 
,div4 ,pom4 ,bul4 #aj3ba4 #aija4    ,a  
variety of ,english origin introduced   
into ,oregon about #aijj4    ,bilona4   
,triflora 8    ,bilona1 as yet          
unintroduced1 originated with ,h4 ,a4   
,biles1 ,roanoke1 ,texas1  and is       
thought by ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey of ,austin1  

,texas1 to be a seedling of  ,chabot    
probably crossed with some native       
variety4 ,tree resembles ,chabot2  fruit
 red1 coloring long before ripe2 quality
 said to be very good4    ,bingham4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,prince ,treat4 ,hort4  
#bg4 #ahbh4 #b4 ,prince  ,pom4 ,man4    
#b3aja4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees 
,am4 #bgb4 #ahde4 #d4  ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,rpt4 #hg4 #ahed4 #e4 ,mathieu ,nom4    
,pom4 #dbb4 #ahhi4    ,bingham's        
,pflaume #e4    ,originated in          
,pennsylvania4 ,fruit large1 oval1      
yellow1 occasionally with  carmine dots 
on the sunny exposure2 suture distinct2 
cavity narrow and  deep2 flesh          
yellowish1 juicy1 pleasant2 good2       
clingstone2 early2 at one  time highly  
esteemed4    ,biondeck4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,koch ,deut4 ,obst4 #egb4 #ahgf4 #b4    
,lauche  ,deut4 ,pom4 #aj1 ,pl4 ,,iv4   
#ahhb4 #c4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbb4   
#ahhi4    ,biondeck's ,frhzwetsche #a1  
#b1 #c4 ,biondeck's rothe ,frhzwetsche  
#b4  ,biondeck's ,rote ,frh ,zwetsche   

#c4 ,prcoce ,biondeck #c4 ,quetsche     
,prcoce de ,biondeck #c4    ,liegel     
produced this variety from a seed of    
,early ,yellow and named it  after his  
friend ,biondeck1 of ,baden1 near       
,vienna4 ,tree large1 productive2  fruit
 oval1 medium1 light red2 flesh         
yellowish1 sweet1 highly flavored2      
freestone2 early2 considered valuable   
for drying4    ,birchland4 ,americana4  
#a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d ,ser4  
#c3di4 #aijj4    ,a variety from        
,minnesota reported as unsatisfactory in
 ,british ,columbia4    ,bittern4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #bhi4 #ahhi4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4  ,d4 ,a4 
,pom4 ,rpt4 #be4 #ahid4 #c4 ,cornell    
,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahb4 #ahig4    ,biltern
 #c4    ,a seedling grown by ,francis   
,rivers1 ,sawbridgeworth1 ,england4     
,tree  productive2 fruit above medium or
 large1 oval1 purple1 with a heavy      
bloom2 dots few1 inconspicuous2 skin    
thick1 acid2 flesh greenish-yellow1     
firm1 juicy1 brisk subacid2 good2 stone 

long1 of medium size1 oval1  clinging2  
early4    ,bixby4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dcf4 #ahhh4 #b4 ,ia4
 ,sta4  ,bul4 #df3bfb4 #ahib4 #c4 ,wis4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3bi4 #ahig4    ,found on 
the homestead of ,rev4 ,n4 ,w4 ,bixby1  
,clayton ,county1 ,iowa1 in  #ahdg2     
introduced by ,c4 ,h4 ,true1 ,edgewood1 
,iowa1 in #ahhj4 ,tree spreading1       
vigorous2 fruit large1 roundish-oval2   
cavity narrow1 shallow2 suture a  line2 
apex rounded2 yellow more or less       
covered with bright red2 dots  numerous1
 small1 yellow2 skin thick1 tender2     
flesh yellow1 sweet but not  rich in    
flavor2 good2 stone large1 flattened1   
clinging2 mid-season4    ,black ,arabka4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 
#fa4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,ia4  ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4
 #hf4 #ahij4    ,tchernaya ,arabskaya   
#a4 ,mixed ,arab #b4 ,black ,arab #b4   
,black ,prune #b4    ,one of the foreign
 varieties tested by the ,iowa          
,agricultural ,college4    ,black ,ball4
 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,lond4 ,hort4

 ,soc4 ,cat4 #add4 #ahca4    ,black     
,damask4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,miller ,gard4 
,dict4 #aged4 #b4 ,am4  ,gard4 ,cal4    
#ehg4 #ahjf4 #c4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees   
,am4 #cgd4 #aheg4    ,small ,damas #a4  
,little ,black ,damask #a4 ,small ,black
 ,damask #b4    ,black ,damask has been 
confused by the old writers with the    
common ,damson4  ,this plum is a        
,domestica with a sweet1 pleasantly     
flavored flesh suitable  for dessert    
purposes and ripens much earlier than   
the ,damson4    ,black ,damask ,hasting4
 ,insititia4 #a4 ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4
 #fh4 #afii4    ,mentioned by ,quintinye
 as having a 8sharp and sourish taste40 
,black ,hawk4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4
 ,bul4 #d3ie4 #ahhi4 #b4 ,wis4  ,sta4   
,bul4 #fc3bi4 #ahig4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,cat4 #cg4 #ahii4 #d4 ,waugh      
,plum ,cult4 #adc4 #aija4    ,a wild    
variety found in ,black ,hawk ,county1  
,iowa4 ,tree hardy1 vigorous1  and      
productive2 fruit large1 flattened1 more
 convex on the ventral side2  suture    

distinct2 deep red2 skin thick1 tough2  
flesh yellow1 tender1 rich2  good2 stone
 free1 mid-season2 listed in the fruit  
catalog of the ,american  ,pomological  
,society in #ahii4    ,black ,hill4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #add4 #ahca4    ,cultivated in the
 ,gardens of the ,london ,horticultural 
,society4    ,black ,pear4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,rea ,flora #bjh4 #afgf4 #b4        
,langley  ,pomona #if4 #agbi4    ,a     
variety of early ,european origin now   
obsolete4 ,fruit pear-shaped2 skin  dark
 red or black2 juicy when fully ripe4   
,black ,perdrigon4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,abercrombie ,gard4 ,ass't #ac4 #aghf4  
#b4 ,willich ,dom4 ,enc4 #d3aid4 #ahjc4 
,probably a strain of ,blue ,perdrigon4 
,black ,prune4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ia4     
,agr4 ,col4 ,bul4 #ea4 #ahhf4 #b4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #fa4 #ahhg4 #c4 ,ia4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hf4 #ahij4 #d4 ,ia4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #ca3cdi4 #ahie4    ,arab    
,no4 #a 7,budd unpublished74 ,black     
,prune ,no4 #a #c4 ,black ,prune ,no4 #a

  #d4 ,black ,vengerka #b4 ,tchernaya   
vengerskaya #a1 #b4    ,black ,prune was
 imported by ,j4 ,l4 ,budd of the ,iowa 
,experiment ,station  from ,dr4 ,regel1 
,st4 ,petersburg1 ,russia1 in #ahha-b1  
under the name  8,tchernaya             
vengerskaya40 ,it was received at this  
,station for trial under  the name      
8,arab ,no4 #a40 ,it is a small prune of
 fair quality when eaten out  of hand1  
but becomes sour in cooking4    ,black  
,prunella4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,rea ,flora  
#bjg4 #afgf4 #b4 ,ray ,hist4  ,plant4   
#aebi4 #afhh4    ,an old ,european plum4
 ,fruit small1 black and very sour2 once
 valued in  ,england for preserves4     
,blaisdon4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,watkins     
,cat4 #ahib8    ,blaisdon's ,red #a4    
,fruit medium in size1 red2 mid-season4 
,blaue ,reine ,claude4 ,domestica4      
,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbc4
  #ahhi4    ,liegel's ,blaue ,reine     
,claude4 ,reine-,claude ,bleue4         
,reine-,claude  ,violette4 ,schwarze    
,reine-,claude4    ,blaugh4 ,americana4 

#a4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #f3df4 
#ahii4    ,a vigorous variety which     
originated in the ,allegheny ,mountains4
 ,fruit  above medium in size1 light    
purple2 bloom heavy2 flesh yellow1      
juicy2  good2 stone clinging2 late2     
promising4    ,bleeker ,large ,red4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,cultivator #a3cjf4     
#ahdd4    ,mrs4 ,bleeker's ,large ,red  
#a4    ,grown by a ,mrs4 ,bleeker of    
,new ,york from stones received from    
,germany4  ,fruit large1 bluish-red1    
melting and rich2 mid-season4 ,downing  
gave  ,bleecker's ,scarlet as a synonym 
of the ,lombard1 but he could not have  
had  this plum in mind4    ,bleue de    
,perse4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in       
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbc4 #ahhi4       
,blood ,plum4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,ga4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ed4 #ahib4 #b4 ,ibid4     
#if4 #ahie4    ,beni-,smono ,no4 #c 8#a4
 ,blood ,plum ,no4 #c #b4    ,tree open1
 straggling1 early blooming2 fruit      
small2 flesh deep red1  juicy1 sweet2   
middle of ,july4    ,blubenthal4        

,insititia8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4
 #dja4 #ahih4    ,blubenthal ,damson #a4
    ,according to the preceding         
reference the largest of the ,damsons4  
,fruit  heart-shaped1 deep purple2 bloom
 heavy2 flesh green1 juicy1 sprightly2  
mid-season4    ,blue ,apricot4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 
#b;d ,ser4 #c3di4  #aijj4    ,fruit     
above medium in size1 roundish1         
flattened at the ends2 suture well      
defined2 skin bluish-purple2 dots few2  
flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1  sweet2   
stone small1 roundish1 free2 early4     
,blue ,egg4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lange      
,allgem4 ,garten4 #b3dba4 #ahgi4 #b4    
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #djf4   
#ahha4 #c4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbb4   
#ahhi4    ,bamberger ,eier ,pflaume #c4 
,blaue ,eierpflaume #b1 #c4 ,blaue      
,kaiser  ,pflaume #c4 ,dame-,aubert     
,rouge #c4 ,eier ,pflaume #c4 ,grosse   
,blaue ,eier  ,pflaume #c4 ,violette    
,kaiser ,pflaume #c incor4    ,a        
,european variety similar to the ,german

 ,prune4 ,tree large2 fruit large1      
obovate to oval2 skin reddish-blue2     
flesh yellow1 aromatically sweet2       
freestone2 mid-season4    ,blue ,eye4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4      
,mentioned as of ,german origin by ,j4  
,w4 ,kerr1 who obtained the variety     
from ,charles ,luedloff1 ,carver1       
,minnesota4    ,blue ,matchless4        
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,forsyth      
,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #ba4  #ahjc4        
,bluemont4 ,angustifolia watsoni4 #a4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #abf4 #ahhi4  #b4
 ,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fruits #bbb4 #ahih4
    ,introduced by ,e4 ,gale of         
,manhattan1 ,kansas1 about #ahfj4 ,fruit
 of medium  size1 round1 flattened1 dull
 red with heavy bloom2 flesh yellow1    
coarse2  flavor fair2 clingstone2 early4
    ,blue ,moldavka4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,ont4 ,fr4 ,gr4 ,assoc4 #a3ag1 #gd4     
#ahid4  #b4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ca3cdg4   
#ahie4 #c4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aja3aai1  
#abj  fig4 #aija4 #d4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4
 ,hort4 ,man4 #b3cjf4 #aijc4 #e4 ,can4  

,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3ch4 #aijc4        
,moldavka #a1 #c4 ,voronesh ,blue #e4   
,blue ,moldavka was received from       
,russia by ,j4 ,l4 ,budd of the ,iowa   
,experiment ,station about #ahhb in a   
lot of sprouts labeled ,moldavka4 ,tree 
hardy and productive2 fruit large1      
oblong2 suture a line2 cavity of  medium
 size2 stem short2 dark purple2 bloom   
thick2 dots numerous1 russet2  flesh    
greenish-yellow1 firm1 dry2 flavor not  
high2 quality fair2 stone               
semi-clinging2 mid-season4    ,blue     
,plum4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,horticulturist  
#g3djd4 #aheb4 #b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees
 ,am4 #ijj4 #ahfi4    ,fruit of medium  
size1 roundish-oval2 suture obscure2    
skin dark blue  with light bloom2 flesh 
yellowish-green1 juicy1 sweet and       
refreshing2  clingstone2 early4    ,blue
 ,primordian4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson
 ,par4 ,ter4 #ege4 #afbi4 #b4  ,rea     
,flora #bjf4 #afgf4    ,an old variety  
of the same shape as the ,red           
,primordian but smaller and of  a       

violet-blue color2 of good taste2 ripens
 early1 productive4    ,blue ,prolific4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,flor4 and ,pom4 #hi4   
#ahgf4 #b4 ,hogg  ,fruit ,man4 #gbb4    
#ahhd4 #c4 ,guide ,prat4 #aef1 #cef4    
#ahie4    ,blue ,prolific #c4 ,fertile  
,bleue #c4 ,rivers' ,blue ,prolific #b4 
,rivers  ,no4 #d #a4    ,tree hardy1    
productive2 fruit below medium in size1 
oval1 slightly  narrowed at the stem    
end2 cavity and suture shallow2 dark    
purple1  with thin bloom2 flesh dull    
greenish-yellow1 juicy2 flavor brisk and
  agreeable2 a cooking plum2 stone      
clinging2 ripens early4    ,blue ,prune4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,hoffy ,orch4 ,comp4   
#b4 #ahdb4    ,hoffy published a colored
 engraving of this variety1 but did not 
describe  it4 ,fruit long-oval2 suture  
deep2 dark blue4    ,blue ,rock4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4
 #dbc4 #aijc4    ,a seedling from       
,thomas ,rivers1 ,england4 ,tree        
upright1 productive2 fruit  of medium   
size1 round2 cavity small2 suture       

distinct2 dark purple2 dots  small1     
gray2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2 
clingstone2 early4    ,blue ,tweens4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,horticulturist #be3bjd4
 #ahgj4 #b4 ,am4  ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #eb4
 #ahga4    ,a seedling1 raised by ,g4   
,p4 ,peffer of ,pewaukee1 ,wisconsin1   
about #ahee4  ,tree hardy1 slow in      
growth2 fruit in pairs1 giving rise to  
the name2  flesh yellowish-green1       
adhering to the stone on one side2      
flavor  sprightly subacid2 late4        
,blue ,violet4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in
 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4 #b3aebh4 #afhh4    
,blum4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,cultivator #c;d 
,ser4 #h3bhj fig4 #ahfj4 #b4  ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ijj4 #ahfi4    ,a     
seedling from ,north ,carolina          
resembling ,nelson's ,victory in color  
and  shape4 ,size above medium1 oval1   
dull orange with numerous small brown   
dots2 flesh yellowish-brown1 juicy2     
good2 early4    ,bohemian ,prune4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4      
,introduced by ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1 who       

secured plants from ,charles ,luedloff1 
,carver1 ,minnesota4 ,tree upright1     
vigorous1 productive2 fruit large1      
roundish-oval1 dark purple2 good4       
,bomberger4 ,americana4 #a4 ,terry ,cat4
 #aijj4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #hg3ab4  
#aija4    ,a variety grown by ,h4 ,a4   
,terry of ,crescent1 ,iowa1 from seed of
 ,harrison2  first fruited in #ahig4    
,tree upright1 vigorous1 productive2    
fruit large1  roundish2 suture faint2   
yellow overlaid with red2 flesh tender1 
sweet1  rich2 good2 stone round1 smooth1
 abruptly pointed2 mid-season4          
,bongoume4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,normand ,cat4
 #ahia4    ,sold by ,j4 ,l4 ,normand1   
,marksville1 ,louisiana1 as a ,japanese 
plum  resembling an apricot4    ,bonne  
,bouche4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,thompson      
,gard1 ,ass't #d3aef4 #aija4    ,of     
,french origin4 ,fruit medium1          
greenish-yellow2 flesh golden-yellow1   
tender1 juicy2 flavor delicious2        
mid-season2 valuable for dessert4       
,bonne de ,bry4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4   

,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d ,ser4 #c3ej4     
#aijj4 #b4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4     
#dhj4 #aijd4 #c4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hort4     
,france  ,pom4 #ebf fig4 #aijd4         
,originated in the valley of the ,marne 
near ,bry-sur-,marne1 ,france4 ,tree    
vigorous2 fruit below medium1 globular2 
suture shallow2 skin dark purple2  heavy
 bloom2 flesh greenish1 juicy1 sweet1   
tender2 good for canning2  stone very   
small2 very early4    ,bonnemain de la  
,digue4 ,domestica8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dbc4 #ahhi4    ,found in the     
reference given above and in ,journal de
 la ,societe  ,nationale et ,centrale   
d',horticulture de ,france #efb4 #ahge4 
,bonne ,rouge4 ,domestica4 ,listed in   
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #add4 #ahca4  
,bonnet d',eveque4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg
 ,fruit ,man4 #cec4 #ahff4 #b4  ,downing
 ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ijj4 #ahfi4 #c4      
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbb4 #ahhi4  #d4  
,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #ceb4 #ahie4        
,bischofsmtze #c4 ,bonnet d',eveque #c4 
,die ,bischofsmtze #d4    ,tree         

vigorous1 upright2 fruit medium1        
obovate1 dark purple2 flesh rich2       
freestone2 good2 late4    ,bossland4    
,hortulana mineri  7,domestica8         
,hortulana74 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4  ,bul4      
#df3bfc4 #aijj4    ,a cross between     
,miner and a seedling of ,quackenboss   
and ,wayland1  originating with         
,theodore ,williams1 ,benson1 ,nebraska1
 in #ahic4 ,tree  vigorous1 spreading2  
fruit medium1 dark red2 flesh coarse1   
dry2 stone  semi-clinging2 mid-season4  
,boulouf4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 
,trees ,am4 #ija4 #ahfi4 #b4 ,hogg      
,fruit ,man4 #fhh4 #ahhd4 #c4 ,n4 ,y4   
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ae3bia4 #ahif4        
,bouloff #c4    ,large1 roundish-oval2  
suture a line2 stem short and thick2 red
 covered  with thick bloom2 dots        
brownish2 flesh yellow1 juicy and sweet2
 good4    ,bouncer4 ,americana4 #a4     
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3bi4 #aijc4  
,a seedling of ,yosemite ,purple grown  
at the ,central ,experimental ,farm1    
,ottawa1 about #aijj4 ,fruit large1     

roundish2 suture a line2 uniform deep   
purplish-red2 dots numerous1 yellow1    
distinct2 moderate bloom2 flesh deep    
yellow1 juicy1 sweet and rich2 good2    
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,bower4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#abb4 #ahfj4 #b4 ,gard4  ,mon4 #c3cad4  
#ahfa4    ,bower's ,gage #a1 #b4    ,a  
seedling raised by a ,mr4 ,bower of     
,philadelphia about #ahej4 ,tree lacking
  in vigor2 fruit oblong1 yellow1 like  
,lawrence2 probably of ,reine ,claude   
parentage2 good4    ,bowle4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4 
#b4 ,rea  ,flora #bjg4 #afgf4    ,bole  
#b4    ,described by ,rea as of 8middle 
size1 black1 flat on one side and well  
tasted40    ,brackett4 ,americana4 #a4  
,terry ,cat4 #aijj4    ,one of ,h4 ,a4  
,terry's varieties coming from a seed of
 ,harrison4 ,tree  strong1 upright and  
productive2 fruit large1 pale yellow    
overspread with  dark red2 flesh yellow1
 firm2 good2 stone semi-clinging4       
,brahy4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit    

,man4 #cec4 #ahff4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4    
,trees ,am4 #ija4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,mathieu   
,nom4 ,pom4 #dde4 #ahhi4    ,brahy's    
,green ,gage #a1 #b4 ,brahy's ,green    
,gage #c4 ,reine-,claude de ,brahy  #a1 
#b1 #c4 ,reine-,claude von ,brahy #c4   
,supposed to have been raised by ,m4    
,brahay ,eckenholm1 at ,herstal1  near  
,liege1 ,belgium4 ,fruit very large1    
round2 suture distinct2 skin            
yellowish-green1 with fine bloom2 flesh 
rich yellow1 tender1 juicy1 very  rich  
flavor2 mid-season2 a trifle later than 
,reine ,claude1 which it  otherwise     
resembles4    ,brainerd4 ,americana4 #a4
 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3cf4 #ahib4 #b4
 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4 #add4 #aija4      
,brainerd's ,best #b4    ,a wild variety
 found in ,ramsay ,county1 ,minnesota1  
prior to #ahhd4 ,fruit  small2 poor2    
worthless4    ,brandon ,ruby4 ,nigra4   
,mentioned in ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4   
#dc3ci4 #aijc4    ,brandy ,gage4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cga4
 #ahff4 #b4 ,fell  ,cat4 #ahic4 #c4     

,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #ceb4 #ahie4 #d4    
,garden #fb3dcc4  #aijb4    ,impriale de
 ,mann #c4 ,mann's ,imperial #a1 #c4    
,mann's ,brandy ,gage #a1 #c4    ,a     
variety of ,european origin resembling a
 small ,golden ,drop4 ,fruit small1     
yellow1 with heavy bloom2 flesh melting 
and sweet2 good2 early4    ,brant of    
,naples4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ai3bec4  #ahif4       
,mentioned as hardy4 ,this variety may  
be the same as ,beauty of ,naples4      
,brauman4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4   
,farms ,rpt4 #edg4 #aija4    ,an        
unproductive ,german variety4 ,fruit    
medium in size1 globular2 stem  short2  
suture a line2 skin greenish-yellow2    
flesh green1 coarse1 dry1  sweet1       
pleasant2 stone clinging2 early4        
,braunauer ,damascenenartige ,pflaume4  
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dbc4 #ahhi4    ,breck4 ,triflora 
8 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3g4 #ahih4 #b4
 ,waugh ,plum  ,cult4 #bjd4 #aija4      
,first offered for sale in #ahii by ,f4 

,t4 ,ramsey of ,austin1 ,texas4 ,fruit  
oblong or slightly conical1 medium in   
size2 stem short2 suture lacking2       
bright red1 indistinctly striped2 dots  
many1 small1 white1 inconspicuous2      
bloom light2 flesh red1 fibrous2        
clingstone2 much like ,wild ,goose1 but 
somewhat firmer4    ,brevoort ,purple4  
,domestica4 #a4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4    
#bjc4 #ahce4 #b4  ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4
 #bbb1 #bdd4 #aheh4 #c4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees ,am4 #ija4  #ahfi4 #d4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #ddh4 #ahhi4    ,brevoorfs  
,purple #d4 ,brevoort's ,purple ,bolmar 
#a4 ,brevoort's ,purple  ,washington #a1
 #c1 #d4 ,brevorts #b4 ,brevort's       
,purple #c4 ,brevort's ,purple  #d4     
,brevorts' ,purple ,bolmar #d4 ,brevorts
 ,purple ,bolmar #c4 ,new ,york  ,purple
 #c1 #d4 ,rote ,washington #d4 ,rouge de
 ,brevoort #d4 ,washington #d4          
,washington ,purple #c1 #d4    ,a       
seedling grown by ,henry ,brevoort of   
,new ,york from a stone of ,washington  
planted in #ahai4 ,fruit large1 oval2   

suture distinct at the base2  skin      
reddish-purple2 flesh yellow1 soft1     
juicy1 vinous2 clingstone2  mid-season2 
rejected by the ,american ,pomological  
,society4    ,briancon4 ,domestica8 #a4 
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #add4 #ahca4  
#b4  ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3aje4 #ahcb4 
#c4 ,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4   
,de ,brianon #a1 #c4 ,prune de ,briancon
 #c4 ,prune de ,brigantiaca #b1 #c4     
,a variety indigenous to the ,alps in   
southeastern ,france4 ,trees grow to    
the height of eight or ten feet2 fruit  
small1 nearly round1 smooth1  yellow1   
with reddish tinge2 flesh yellow2       
freestone4 ,the stone contains a  bitter
 kernel1 from which is extracted a      
valuable oil4 ,prince considered  the   
tree a hybrid between the plum and the  
apricot4    ,brignole4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,miller ,gard4 ,dict4 #c4 #aged4 #b4    
,knoop  ,fructologie #b3ee4 #agga4 #c4  
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aea4 #ahca4  
#d4  ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3fg4 #ahcb4  
#e4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4 

#bie1 #chc4 #ahdf4    ,prune de         
,brignole #a4 ,brignole ,plum #a4       
,brignole ,jaune #b4 ,perdrigon de      
,brignole ,gros #c4 ,perdrigon de       
,brignole 8#d4 ,brignole ,jaune #e4     
,prune  de ,brignole #e4    ,the        
,brignole plum is named from ,brignoles1
 a town in ,france where it is  used    
with the ,white ,perdrigon for the      
famous ,brignoles ,prunes4 ,duhamel  and
 several others have confused the two   
varieties but they seem to be  distinct4
 ,the ,brignole is larger1 its skin less
 tough1 flesh more yellow  and the      
season later than ,white ,perdrigon4    
,brignole ,violette4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,knoop ,fructologie #b3ee4 #agga4  #b4  
,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fh1 #fi4 #afii4
 #c4 ,cal4 ,state ,bd4 ,hort4  ,rpt4    
#ajg4 #ahia4    ,brugnole #b4 ,brignole 
#b4 ,brignole #c4    ,this seems to be a
 purple strain of the ,brignole which   
has found its way  into ,california4    
,fruit oval1 medium in size1 violet2    
dots light yellow1  yellow spots on the 

sunny side2 flesh greenish-yellow1      
tender1 juicy1  sweet2 freestone2 best  
adapted to a warm climate4    ,brill4   
,cerasifera4 #a4 ,gard4 ,mon4 #ag3cje4  
#ahge4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4  ,rpt4       
#ac3cfh4 #aijj4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 
#bcj4 #aija4 #d4 ,ga4 ,sta4  ,bul4      
#fg3bgb4 #aijd4    ,this plum is thought
 to have originated in ,mississippi and 
was introduced  by ,j4 ,t4 ,whitaker1   
,tyler1 ,texas4 ,tree vigorous1 with an 
upright-spreading  habit2 fruit small1  
round2 cavity broad1 shallow2 stem long1
 slender2  suture a line2 bright red    
with yellow dots2 bloom thin2 skin thin2
 flesh  yellow1 soft1 juicy2 quality    
fair2 stone small1 clinging2 early2     
listed  in the ,american ,pomological   
,society catalog of fruits for #ahge but
  removed in #ahhc4    ,bristol4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4
 #bab4 #aijd4    ,bristol1 as tested in 
,illinois1 is very similar to1 if not   
identical with  the ,lombard4    ,briton
 ,seedling4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,montreal   

,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ib1 #ahhe4    ,an   
unproductive seedling of ,canadian      
origin4 ,fruit of medium size1 very     
dark blue2 bloom heavy2 flesh greenish1 
firm1 juicy1 sweet and pleasant2  late4 
,brittlewood4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3cj4 #ahig4 #b4 ,u4  ,s4 
,d4 ,a4 ,yearbook #dgg1 #dgh1 ,pl4      
,,lxii4 #aijb4    ,brittlewood ,no4 #a  
#b4    ,theodore ,williams of ,benson1  
,nebraska1 grew this variety from seed  
of  ,quaker pollinated by ,harrison4    
,tree large1 vigorous1 spreading2 fruit 
large1 nearly round1 symmetrical2 cavity
 small1 shallow2 stem medium2  suture   
shallow2 dark red when fully ripe2 dots 
numerous1 small2 bloom  thick2 skin     
thick1 tenacious2 flesh yellowish1      
meaty1 juicy1 mild  subacid1 rich2 good2
 stone oval1 large1 clinging2           
mid-season4    ,brittlewood ,no4 #c4    
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #e4 #ahih4  
,from the same source as ,brittlewood   
but from the reciprocal cross4 ,the  two
 varieties are similar in all respects  

except that ,brittlewood ,no4 #c  is    
about a week earlier4    ,britzer ,egg4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4
 #edh4 #aija4    ,originated in         
,germany4 ,tree productive2 fruit below 
medium size1  egg-shaped2 stem short2   
suture wide1 shallow2 yellow2 bloom     
thin2 flesh  yellow1 juicy1 sweet1      
pleasant2 stone large1 semi-clinging2   
mid-season4    ,brock4 ,species8 #a4    
,can4 ,hort4 #ah3cej4 #ahie4    ,general
 ,brock #a4    ,a seedling grown by ,j4 
,k4 ,gordon of ,whitby1 ,ontario4 ,said 
to be early and  attractive4    ,brodie4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4
 #dc3cc4 #aijc4    ,a seedling tree     
known in the family of ,r4 ,brodie1     
,montreal1 ,quebec1  for three          
generations4 ,fruit below medium1 almost
 round1 dark purple2  dots obscure2     
suture a line2 flesh greenish-yellow1   
sweet1 rich2 good2  mid-season4         
,brompton4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,cat4 #add4 #ahca4    ,an old    
variety formerly much used as a stock4  

,brooklyn4 ,americana4 #a4 ,terry ,cat4 
#aijj4    ,a seedling of ,harrison grown
 by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa4   
,tree  vigorous1 spreading1 productive2 
fruit large1 oblong1 dark red over a    
yellow ground2 flesh firm1 yellow2 good2
 stone semi-clinging4    ,brunner       
,zwetsche4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu     
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbd4 #ahhi4    ,undescribed
 by ,mathieu who took the name from     
,wiener ,garten-,zeitung  #bhf4 #ahhd4  
,brunswick4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,lovett    
,cat4 #dd4 #ahic4 #b4 ,budd-,hansen     
,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #bid4 #aijc4 #c4 ,ohio
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bde1 #bed1 #bee4      
#aije4    ,according to the ,lovett     
,nursery ,company1 this plum originated 
in ,missouri  and was introduced by     
them4 ,fruit above medium1              
roundish-oval2 stem of  medium length1  
slender2 bright red on a yellowish      
ground2 flesh yellow1  meaty1 sweet2    
good2 early4    ,brussels4 ,domestica4  
,mentioned in ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 
#add4 #ahca4    ,bryan4 ,americana4 #a4 

,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #add4 #aija4    ,w4 
,j4 ,bryan #a4 ,colonel ,bryan #a4      
,one of ,h4 ,a4 ,terry's numerous       
seedlings which fruited first in #ahif4 
,fruit large1 oblong1 rich1 dark red2   
flesh firm2 good4    ,buchanan4         
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,lond4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,cat4 #add4 #ahca4    ,buchner    
,konigspflaume4 ,domestica4 ,listed in  
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbd4  #ahhi4      
,braunauer ,knigs ,pflaume4 ,braunauer  
,violetter ,perdrigon4 ,royale de       
,braunau4    ,budd4 ,americana4 #a4     
,terry ,cat4 #aijj4    ,prof4 ,budd #a4 
,originated with ,h4 ,a4 ,terry of ,iowa
 and first fruited in #ahig4 ,tree      
upright1 productive2 fruit large1 bright
 red1 with numerous white dots2  flesh  
firm2 good2 mid-season4    ,buel4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #bgb4 #ahde4 #b4 ,ann4  ,pom4      
,belge #h3ei1 ,pl4 #ahfj4 #c4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbd4 #ahhi4    ,buel's     
,favorite #a4 ,buel's ,liebling's       
,zwetsche #c4 ,buel's ,favorite #c4     

,favorite de ,buel #c4 ,prune ,buel's   
,favorite #b4    ,raised about #ahdj by 
,isaac ,denniston of ,albany and named  
after the  distinguished agriculturist1 
,judge ,buel4 ,fruit large1 ovate1      
broadest  toward the stem2 stalk long   
and thick2 pale green1 thickly sprinkled
 with  lighter dots and speckled red    
near the stalk2 flesh greenish-yellow1  
firm1 juicy and rich2 good2 stone nearly
 free2 mid-season4    ,buffalo ,bill4   
,species8 #a4 ,letter from ,f4 ,t4      
,ramsey4    ,selected from the wild     
plums of ,texas4    ,buhl-,eltershofen4 
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dbd4 #ahhi4                     
,buhl-,eltershofen ,zwetsche4           
,buhler4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lucas ,vollst4
 ,hand4 ,obst4 #dgc4 #ahid4    ,buhler's
 ,early ,prune #a4    ,fruit of medium  
size1 egg-shaped1 beautiful blue2 table 
and market plum2  early4    ,bulah ,no4 
#d4 ,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #df3bfc4 #aijj4    ,a seedling    
from a ,miner tree pollinated by wild   

plums1 from ,j4 ,f4 ,wagner1  ,bennett1 
,cedar ,county1 ,iowa1 in #ahid4 ,fruit 
medium to large1 dark red2  late4       
,bullman4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4   
,farms ,rpt4 #dfd4 #aijj4    ,a vigorous
 variety from ,germany4 ,fruit above    
medium1 oval2 suture deep2  sides       
unequal2 yellow with red dots2 flesh    
greenish-yellow1 juicy1 sweet1          
pleasant2 freestone2 early4             
,bulgaria4 ,domestica8 #a4 ,mathieu     
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbd4 #ahhi4    ,mathieu    
refers this variety to ,pomologische    
,monatshetfe #cbc4 #ahhg4    ,bulgarian4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,cal4 ,sta4 ,bd4 ,hort4
 #bib4 #ahhe-f4 #b4  ,ibid4 #ajg fig4   
#ahia4 #c4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #ceg4 
#ahia4 #d4 ,n4  ,mex4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#bg3abf4 #ahih4    ,belgarian ,prune #a4
    ,a variety grown chiefly in the     
vicinity of ,haywards1 ,alameda ,county1
  ,california1 for drying4 ,tree        
vigorous1 bears early and regularly1    
productive2 fruit above medium1         
roundish-obovate1 having a short neck2  

suture shallow2 apex slightly           
compressed2 stem slender1 one inch long2
  cavity narrow and shallow2 dark       
purple2 flesh greenish-yellow1 sweet and
  rich with a pleasant flavor2 good2    
stone semi-clinging2 season early4      
,bullock4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,quintinye    
,com4 ,gard4 #fi4 #afii4    ,bullock's  
,heart #a4    ,described as an 8extream 
large plum40    ,bull ,plum4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fh4 #afii4
    ,mentioned by ,quintinye as a 8dry  
plum40    ,bunker ,hill4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,bailey ,ann4 ,hort4 #aif4 #ahia4 #b4  
,me4  ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3 #fd4 #ahif4 
#c4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #acd3da4 #aijb4    
,plattman's ,bunker ,hill #a4           
,originated at the ,yates ,county       
,nurseries near ,seneca ,lake1 ,new     
,york1 by  ,j4 ,h4 ,plattman1 from a    
seed of a plum which grew near a        
,washington and  a ,reine ,claude4 ,tree
 upright1 vigorous and productive2 fruit
 medium to  large1 blue2 good2          
mid-season4    ,bunte ,fruh ,pflaume4   

,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dbd4  #ahhi4    ,bunter         
,perdrigon4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lange      
,allgem4 ,garten4 #b3dai4  #ahgi4 #b4   
,lauche ,deut4 ,pom4 #ah1 ,pl4 #d4      
#ahhb4 #c4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #dbd4  
#ahhi4    ,der ,bunter ,perdrigon #b4   
,perdrigon ,bariole #c4    ,a ,european 
variety called ,bunter because of its   
variegated colored fruit4  ,tree large2 
fruit medium1 violet-blue on the sunny  
side1 red and green  on the shaded side2
 flesh greenish1 juicy1 sprightly2      
quality fair2  freestone2 recommended   
for table and drying purposes in        
,germany4    ,burbank ,first4 ,triflora4
 #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #fe3gcj4 #aijf4     
,burbank's ,first #a4    ,tree vigorous1
 productive2 fruit small1 red and       
yellow2 early2 inferior4    ,burbank    
,no4 #a4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4  
,bul4 #fb3bb4 #ahid4    ,one of         
,burbank's seedlings said to resemble   
,berckmans4    ,burbank ,no4 #g4        
,triflora  ,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 

,bul4 #aah3eb4  #ahie4 #b4 ,ibid4       
#afi3bdi4 #ahii4    ,tree vigorous1     
round-topped1 branches upright2 fruit   
roundish-ovate2  cavity narrow1 deep1   
suture broad1 shallow2 greenish-yellow2 
flesh  pale yellow1 sweet1 juicy1       
sprightly1 highly flavored2 stone       
turgid1  roundish-oval1 semi-clinging2  
mid-season4    ,burbank ,no4 #aa4       
,triflora  ,domestica8 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #abi3cb1  #cd4 #ahif4    ,both    
tree and fruit give indications of an   
admixture of ,domestica4 ,tree  not     
productive2 fruit large2 flavor good4   
,burbank  ,redick4 ,triflora            
,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 
#bbh4  #aiji4    ,a hybrid from         
,theodore ,williams1 ,benson1 ,nebraska1
 published in the  preceding reference  
under the name of its parents4 ,it      
resembles the  ,burbank very closely and
 is said to be somewhat more hardy than 
that  variety but inferior in quality4  
,burchardt ,gelbe ,fruh ,zwetsche4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    

#dbd4  #ahhi4    ,listed by ,mathieu    
from ,wiener ,garten-,zeitung #bhf4     
#ahhd4    ,burettes4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cgd4 #aheg4  
#b4 ,ann4  ,pom4 ,belge #e3dg1 ,pl4     
#aheg4 #c4 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3aae4     
#ahff-gc4    ,burrettes #a4 ,des        
,burettes #c4 ,prune ,des ,burettes #b4 
,originated by ,m4 ,gregoire of         
,burrettes1 ,belgium1 and first reported
 in  #ahdi4 ,tree vigorous1 hardy2 fruit
 large1 irregularly oval2 suture faint2 
dull greenish-yellow with rose-purple on
 the sunny exposure2 flesh green1  fine1
 melting2 juice abundant1 sweet1        
agreeably aromatic2 good2 freestone4    
,burford4 ,triflora  ,munsoniana4 #a4   
,munson ,cat4 #aijf-g4    ,a seedling of
 ,burbank crossed with ,clifford from   
,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,denison1  ,texas4     
,tree weeping2 branches more slender    
than those of ,burbank2 fruit  large1   
round1 light1 bright red2 stone small4  
,burgundy ,prune4 ,domestica4 #a4       
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cgd4 #aheg4  

#b4  ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbd4 #ahhi4  
#c4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #ceg4 #ahia4 
,burgunder ,zwetsche #b4 ,prune de      
,bourgoyne #a1 #b4 ,burgundy ,prune #b4 
,susina ,torla d' ,nova di ,borgogna #b 
incor4    ,fruit medium1 egg-shaped with
 a neck2 suture indistinct2             
reddish-black2  dots minute1 numerous2  
flesh juicy1 sugary1 pleasant2          
freestone2  mid-season4    ,burlington  
,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,goodrich ,n4    
,fr4 ,cult4 #hc4 #ahdi4 #b4  ,downing   
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ijb4 #ahfi4    ,raised
 from seed of some unknown 8,blue       
,gage10 brought from ,connecticut  about
 #ahjj1 and planted by ,mrs4 ,ozias     
,buel of ,burlington1 ,vermont4 ,tree   
hardy1 vigorous1 productive2 fruit      
medium in size1 roundish-oval1 dark     
purplish-blue1 with abundant bloom2     
flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1 rich2     
freestone2 early2 formerly considered   
valuable4    ,burnet4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #add4 #ahca4  
#b4 ,mag4  ,hort4 #i3afc4 #ahdc4        

,fruit small1 roundish1 purple2         
freestone2 mid-season2 similar to ,wine 
,sour4    ,bursoto4 ,triflora           
,americana4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4   
#aj3ajf4 #ahig4  #b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4
 #add4 #aija4    ,a hybrid of ,burbank  
with ,de ,soto1 grown and named by      
,theodore ,williams  of ,benson1        
,nebraska1 about #ahij4 ,tree of the    
,americana type2 fruit  large1 oblique1 
oval2 cavity lacking2 stem short1 thick2
 light red and  yellow2 dots small1     
white2 skin thick2 flesh yellow1 juicy2 
good2 stone  semi-clinging2 early4      
,byefield4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4
 ,trees ,am4 #bgb4 #ahde4    ,fruit     
small1 round2 suture a line2 light      
yellow1 with red spots around  the stem2
 flesh yellow2 clingstone2 good2 early2 
rejected by the ,american  ,pomological 
,society in #ahhh4    ,caddo ,chief4    
,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #afb4  #ahha4 #b4 ,cornell  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3fj1 #hf4 #ahib4 #c4     
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #cb3dgi4 #ahid4 #d4  

,n4 ,mex4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bg3abd4 #ahih4   
#e4 ,waugh ,plum  ,cult4 #aic4 #aija4   
,found wild in ,caddo ,parish1          
,louisiana1 and introduced by ,g4 ,w4   
,stones1  ,shreveport1 ,louisiana4 ,it  
is favorably reported from the ,south   
but not  generally recommended1 although
 the ,american ,pomological ,society    
included  it in their catalog of fruits 
in #ahig4 ,tree low-branching1 hardy and
  productive2 fruit of medium size1     
roundish-oblong2 suture shallow2 cavity 
medium deep2 skin thick1 tough2 bright  
red2 flesh reddish-yellow1 firm1  sweet 
and juicy2 poor2 stone large1 round1    
clinging2 season early4    ,caldwell    
,golden ,drop4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ijb4 #ahfi4           
,caldwell's ,golden ,drop #a4           
,possibly an ,american strain of the    
,golden ,drop4 ,fruit large1 oval1 sides
  often unequal2 suture distinct2 yellow
 marbled with crimson in the sun1  with 
thin bloom2 stem slender2 cavity small2 
flesh yellow1 juicy1 sugary1  rich2     

good2 clingstone2 early4    ,caldwell   
,white ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ijc4 #ahfi4           
,caldwell's ,white ,gage #a4    ,a      
productive variety of ,american origin4 
,fruit of medium size1  oval1 narrowing 
slightly at the apex2 suture shallow2   
apex pointed2  greenish-yellow1 dotted  
with purple in the sun2 bloom thick2    
stem  long2 flesh greenish-yellow1      
coarse1 juicy1 sugary2 good2 clingstone2
  mid-season4    ,california4           
,americana1 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4  
,waugh ,plum ,cult4  #ade4 #aija4       
,california ,seedling #b4 ,cal4         
,seedling #a4    ,fruit of medium size1 
slightly oblate2 cavity medium deep1    
flaring2 stem  long2 suture a line2     
bright red2 dots many1 minute2 skin     
thick1 tough2  flesh yellow2 good2 stone
 roundish1 flattened1 clinging2         
mid-season4    ,cambell4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ijc4 #ahfi4 
,cambell's ,seedling #a4 ,mc,cauley's   
,seedling #a4    ,fruit large1 oval2    

suture shallow2 pale yellow1 splashed   
with green1  dotted and marbled with    
crimson in the sun2 bloom light2 cavity 
small2  flesh pale yellow1 coarse1      
juicy1 sweet2 good2 semi-clinging2      
mid-season4    ,campbell4 ,species8 #a4 
,gard4 ,mon4 #be3di1 #hc4 #ahhc4    ,a  
seedling found growing on a ,mr4        
,campbell's farm near ,abingdon1        
,virginia4 ,very late and a long keeper4
    ,canada ,blue4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,lutts ,cat4 #ahij8    ,mentioned as a  
8small1 round1 early1 blue plum1 very   
productive and  excellent for           
preserving40    ,canada ,orleans4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #crd ,app4 #ahj4  #ahha4 #b4 ,mich4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dff4 #ahhc4 #c4     
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4  #aca3ahc4 #ahig4  
,canada ,egg 8#a4 ,canada ,egg #b4      
,probably originated in the vicinity of 
,hamilton1 ,ontario1 where it is        
chiefly grown4 ,fruit medium to large1  
reddish-purple1 with heavy bloom2  flesh
 yellow1 juicy1 melting1 sweet1 rich2   

early4    ,canadian ,apricot4 ,nigra4   
,the common wild plum of ,canada4       
,candelaria4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,clarke    
,prune ,industry #da4 #ahic4            
,candelaria ,prune #a4    ,about #ahha  
,w4 ,b4 ,simpson discovered that a      
supposed ,golden ,drop tree  on the farm
 of ,s4 ,a4 ,clarke1 ,salem1 ,oregon1   
was not true to name4 ,it  seemed of    
value and was named ,candelaria from the
 name of the farm4 ,fruit  large1       
yellow2 flesh solid1 subacid2 very good2
 has not been extensively  propagated4  
,caper4 ,triflora  ,cerasifera8 #a4 ,vt4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bba4 #ahii4       
,grown between #ahij and #ahie by ,j4   
,s4 ,breece1 of ,north ,carolina4 ,waugh
  states that the fruit and foliage     
suggest the species mentioned above4    
,fruit of medium size1 oval2 cavity     
shallow2 dark red2 dots many1 minute2   
skin thick1 tough2 flesh firm1 red1     
sprightly1 subacid2 fair in quality2    
stone large1 turgid1 clinging4          
,capitaine ,kirchhof4 ,domestica4 #a4   

,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbd1 #dcd4 #ahhi4 
#b4 ,guide ,prat4 #afa1 #cec4 #ahie4    
,capitaine ,kirckhof #a4 ,capitaine     
,kirckkof #b4 ,hauptmann ,kirchhof's    
,pflaume #a1 #b4 ,kirchhof's ,pflaume   
#a1 #b4 ,prune de ,kirchhof #a4         
,found by ,m4 ,oberdieck of ,schaferhof 
on the estate of a ,captain ,kirchhof   
near ,nienburg 7,hanover74 ,tree        
productive2 fruit of medium size1 round1
  purplish-brown2 bloom thick2 flesh    
yellow1 fine1 juicy2 sweet1 aromatic2   
good2 late4    ,captain4 ,hortulana8 #a4
 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 
,rpt4  #aa3bhc4 #ahih4    ,columbia #a4 
,columbia #b4    ,introduced about #ahib
 by ,a4 ,m4 ,ramsey and ,son of ,austin1
 ,texas1 under the  name ,columbia but  
changed by ,waugh in #ahih to ,captain  
to avoid confusion  with an older       
,columbia4 ,tree vigorous1 productive2  
fruit medium in  size1 spherical1 bright
 golden-yellow2 dots many1 conspicuous1 
whitish2  suture a line2 skin thin1     
tough2 flesh firm1 yellow2 good2 stone  

small1  clinging2 late4    ,capt4       
,bacon4 ,americana4 #a4 ,meneray ,cat4  
,a seedling of ,weaver grown by ,h4 ,a4 
,terry4 ,tree vigorous2 fruit large1    
red over yellow2 flesh yellow1 coarse1  
rich2 freestone2 a culinary  variety4   
,capt4 ,watrous4 ,americana4 #a4 ,terry 
,cat4 #aijj4    ,a seedling of ,harrison
 grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry who plucked the
 first fruit  in #ahig4 ,tree vigorous  
and productive2 fruit large1 roundish1  
yellow  overspread with bright red2     
good4    ,caro4 ,americana mollis4 #a4  
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3bi1 #ch4    
#aijc4    ,a seedling of ,wolf which    
originated at the ,central ,experimental
 ,farm1  ,ottawa1 ,canada1 in #ahie4    
,fruit large1 roundish2 suture distinct2
 bright  red1 showing yellow in patches2
 dots numerous1 yellow1 distinct2  bloom
 light2 skin thick2 flesh deep yellow1  
juicy1 sweet1 rich2 good2  mid-season4  
,caroline4 ,americana8 #a4 ,minn4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dab4 #ahii4 #b4 ,s4  ,dak4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3aa4 #aije4    ,a       

seedling grown by ,c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,heideman1
 ,new ,ulm1 ,minnesota4 ,fruit of       
medium size1 yellowish-red2 good2 season
 of ,forest ,garden2 subject to         
plum-pocket and unproductive4           
,carpenter4 ,species8 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3aa4 #aije4    ,a        
seedling from ,vermilion1 ,south        
,dakota4    ,carson4 ,domestica4        
,according to a letter from ,g4 ,b4     
,brackett of the ,united ,states        
,department  of ,agriculture1 ,carson is
 a strain of ,lombard4    ,carstesen4   
,nigra4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4     
#dc3bi4 #aijc4    ,a seedling grown by  
,h4 ,p4 ,carstesen1 ,billings ,bridge1  
,ontario4 ,tree  vigorous1 productive2  
fruit of medium size1 roundish2 cavity  
narrow2  suture obscure2 apex rounded2  
yellow1 nearly covered with deep red2   
dots  obscure2 bloomless2 skin thin1    
tender2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 sweet2     
good2  stone flat1 roundish1 nearly     
free2 early4    ,carver4 ,americana4 #a4
 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahif-aijj4 #b4 ,waugh     

,plum ,cult4  #ade4 #aija4              
,introduced by ,charles ,luedloff1      
,cologne1 ,minnesota4 ,fruit small1     
roundish-oval2 cavity shallow2 stem     
slender2 suture a line2 red1  sometimes 
mottled2 dots many1 small2 skin tough2  
flesh yellow2 quality  fair2 clingstone2
 late2 unpromising4    ,catalano4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,gallesio ,pom4 ,ital4  
#b3 ,pl4 #ahci4    ,susino ,catalano #a4
 ,prunus ,catalanica #a4                
,catalana-,susina #a4 ,catelane  #a4    
,this ,italian variety is much larger   
than the ,early ,yellow1 known also as  
the ,catalonia4 ,they may be related1   
however1 for ,gallesio says that there  
are many varieties from ,catalonia which
 are similar in shape and taste4  ,fruit
 large1 oblong1 slightly necked2 skin   
greenish and greasy2 pulp  green1 soft1 
tender1 juicy and pleasant4    ,catalana
 ,propria4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,gallesio    
,pom4 ,ital4 #b3 ,pl4 #ahci4            
,catalana ,toscana #a4    ,a good strain
 of ,catalano grown in ,italy4          

,catelano ,giallo4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,gallesio ,pom4 ,ital4 #b3 ,pl4 #ahci4  
,buon-,boccone #a4 ,buon-,bocconi #a4   
,this variety is figured under the name 
,buon-,boccone and described under      
,catelano ,giallo4 ,as early as #ahci it
 was well known in parts of ,italy  and 
was then ranked next to the ,reine      
,claude in quality4 ,fruit large1  oval1
 dull yellow1 tinged with red2 pulp     
yellow1 tender1 sweet and highly        
flavored4    ,catelano ,violaceo4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,gallesio ,pom4 ,ital4  
#b3 ,pl4 #ahci4    ,catelana ,morella8  
#a4 ,susina ,vecchietti #a4 ,susino     
,vecchietti #a4    ,gallesio described  
this plum as a strain of the ,catelano  
and adds that  it is grown in abundance 
at ,florence4 ,tree medium in size2     
fruit large1  oval2 suture distinct2    
violet2 pulp yellowish1 tender1 juicy1  
sweet and  highly flavored4             
,catherine4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 
,farm ,bul4 #b;d ,ser4 #c3ej4 #aijj4    
,tree strong1 moderately productive2    

fruit above medium size1 egg-shaped2    
suture a line2 cavity small2            
reddish-purple2 bloom thin2 flesh       
greenish-yellow1 firm1 juicy1 sweet2    
pleasant2 good2 stone large1  clinging2 
mid-season4    ,cel4 ,cerasifera        
7,triflora  ,simonii74 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #fg3h4  #ahih4    ,originated and 
named by ,luther ,burbank1 who states   
that it is a cross  between ,myrobalan  
and ,wickson4 ,fruit of medium size1    
egg-shaped2 cavity  rounded2 suture     
indistinct2 apex pointed2 bright1       
transparent yellow2  flavor resembling  
the ,americanas2 good2 stone of medium  
size1 clinging4    ,centennial4         
,species8 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4   
#cjh4 #ahhd4    ,originated in #ahgg by 
,george ,u4 ,oberholtzer1 ,sioux ,city1 
,iowa4 ,fruit of  medium size2 skin     
firm2 good2 ten days later than ,miner4 
,centralia4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,wild ,bros4
 ,cat4 #ahib8 #b4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm     
,bul4 #b;d ,ser4 #c3ej4 #aijj4    ,a    
vigorous variety from ,j4 ,b4 ,webster  

of ,centralia1 ,illinois4    ,cerney    
,perdrigon4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,quintinye  
,com4 ,gard4 #fi4 #afii4 #b4  ,langley  
,pomona #ic1 #ig4 #agbi4    ,cernay     
,perdrigon #b4    ,a variety long since 
obsolete4 ,fruit roundish1 slightly     
flattened1 red2  good4    ,ceur de      
,beuf4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,quintinye ,com4 
,gard4 #fi4 #afii4    ,mentioned by     
,quintinye in #afii as a violet-red     
plum4 ,its relationship to  ,coeur de   
,boeuf is unknown4    ,chabot ,blood4   
,triflora  ,simonii4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 
,bul4 #ajf3di4  #ahif4    ,fruit of     
medium size1 dull red or cinnabar2 flesh
 firm1 brick red1 very  juicy1 sweet1   
aromatic2 late4    ,champion4           
,americana4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4   
#cib4 #ahia4 #b4 ,terry  ,cat4 #aijj4   
#c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ade fig4 #aija4
    ,a seedling of ,hawkeye grown by ,h4
 ,a4 ,terry2 first fruited in #ahia4    
,fruit  large1 roundish2 suture a line2 
red over yellow2 dots many1 conspicuous2
  skin firm2 flesh yellow1 firm2 flavor 

not high2 quality fair2 stone  large1   
oval1 flattened1 clinging2 late4        
,chancellor ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adg4 #ahca4  
,fruit of medium size1 round1 yellow2   
quality fair2 a table plum4    ,chapin4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #ijc4 #ahfi4    ,grown by ,aaron   
,chapin1 ,hartford1 ,connecticut4 ,tree 
vigorous2 fruit of  medium size1 oval2  
suture shallow2 stem long1 slender2     
cavity deep2 light  reddish-purple2     
flesh yellow1 juicy1 vinous2 good2      
semi-clinging2 late4    ,chariot4       
,species8 #a4 ,harrison ,cat4 #ahig4    
,probably misnamed4    ,charity ,clark4 
,munsoniana  ,prunus persica4 #a4       
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4  #ch3gg4 #ahib4    
,blackman #a4    ,for a history of this 
variety see ,blackman4    ,charlotte4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,prince ,treat4 ,hort4  
#be4 #ahbh4 #b4 ,prince  ,pom4 ,man4    
#b3ei4 #ahcb4    ,tomlinson's ,charlotte
 #a1 #b4 ,charlotte #b4    ,prince says 
this is 8a seedling of ,yellow ,egg     

raised by ,judge ,tomlinson40  ,tree    
very vigorous2 fruit shaped like its    
parent1 yellow2 flesh sweet  with an    
agreeable flavor2 early4    ,charmer4   
,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4    
#dbf4 #aijj4    ,a seedling raised at   
,indian ,head ,experimental ,farm1      
,northwest ,territory1  ,canada4 ,fruit 
large1 red1 bitter2 early4              
,chautauqua4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4    
,farm ,bul4 #dc3ch4 #aijc4    ,a variety
 grown on the ,experimental ,farm at    
,ottawa1 ,canada4    ,chauviere4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #ece4      
#ahia4    ,reine-,claude ,chauviere #a4 
,belle de ,doue #a incor4    ,grown by  
,m4 ,chauviere1 a ,frenchman1 who had   
purchased it under the  false name of   
,belle de ,doue4 ,trees variable in     
productiveness2  fruit roundish-oblate2 
suture shallow2 skin changes from       
marbled  greenish-yellow to dark red1   
dotted and stained with cinnabar-red2   
flesh  yellowish-green1 soft1 juicy1    
honey-like1 very agreeable2 clingstone4 

,cheresoto4 ,prunus besseyi  ,americana4
 ,cir4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,exp4 ,sta4 #aiaj4     
,cheresoto originated with ,n4 ,e4      
,hansen of the ,south ,dakota           
,experiment  ,station as a result of a  
cross of ,prunus besseyi with ,de ,soto4
 ,after  fruiting for one year it was   
introduced in #aiaj4 ,fruit small1 oval2
 apex  pointed2 black2 bloom heavy2     
flesh yellowish-green1 sprightly2       
clingstone4    ,cherokee4 ,americana4   
#a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3gh4 #ahib4 
#b4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4 #ade4 #aija4   
,said to have been found wild in        
,kansas4 ,fruit medium in size1         
roundish-oblong2 skin blotched red1     
thick2 clingstone4    ,cherry4 ,nigra4  
#a4 ,n4 ,j4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ahf4    
#ahhe4 #b4 ,ia4 ,sta4  ,bul4 #df3bfd4   
#aijj4    ,found wild near ,chaseburg1  
,vernon ,county1 ,wisconsin1 in #ahgj by
 ,e4  ,markle of ,la,crosse1 ,wisconsin2
 introduced by the discoverer4 ,tree    
hardy1  productive1 an early bearer2    
fruit resembles that of ,de ,soto except

 that  it is larger and about twenty    
days earlier in ripening4    ,chester4  
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4
 #edg4 #aija4    ,an unimportant        
seedling from the ,british ,columbia    
,experiment ,station not  to be confused
 with the ,chester of ,forsyth4 ,tree   
vigorous1 unproductive2  fruit medium in
 size1 obovate2 cavity narrow1 deep2    
suture shallow2  reddish-pink with      
numerous golden dots2 flesh firm1 juicy1
 sprightly1  slightly coarse2 stone     
large1 clinging2 mid-season4            
,chester4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,forsyth      
,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #bj4 #ahjc4         
,mentioned by ,forsyth as very          
productive2 fruit rich2 season late4    
,chester ,county ,prune4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ijc4 #ahfi4 
,from ,chester ,county1 ,pennsylvania4  
,tree vigorous2 branches slender2  fruit
 of medium size1 oval2 suture faint2    
cavity small2 stem long1  slender2 black
 with thick bloom2 flesh greenish1      
sweet2 good2 freestone2  mid-season4    

,chestnut4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,cat4 #add4 #ahca4    ,fruit     
purple1 oblong2 size and quality medium2
 clingstone2 a table plum4              
,chicrigland4 ,species8 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #fg3i4 #ahih4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4  ,an4
 ,rpt4 #ad3bgj4 #aija4    ,grown by ,t4 
,v4 ,munson1 from seed of a plum grown  
by ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey1  ,lampasas ,county1 
,texas4 ,tree vigorous2 branches zigzag1
 drooping2 fruit  oval1 small2 cavity of
 medium depth1 rounded2 suture faint2   
dull red  over yellow2 surface a trifle 
fuzzy2 dots many2 bloom heavy2 skin     
thin1  tender1 not astringent2 flesh    
soft1 yellow1 mild acid1 aromatic2      
quality  fair2 stone clinging4          
,chinook4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms
 ,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4    ,a seedling      
raised at the ,experimental ,farm1      
,indian ,head1 ,northwest  ,territory1  
,canada4 ,fruit of medium size1 red2    
early4    ,chippewa4 ,americana4 #a4    
,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #he4 #ahij4 #b4 
,cornell  ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3cg4 #ahib4 #c4

 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ca3cdf4 #ahie4       
,chippeway #b4    ,a dwarf variety from 
,chippewa ,falls1 ,wisconsin1 often     
bearing when only  two feet in height4  
,fruit small1 deep red2 skin medium     
thick2 flesh firm1  sweet2 stone free1  
small1 pointed1 rough2 worthless4       
,choptank4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,bailey     
,ann4 ,hort4 #acc4 #ahic4 #b4 ,am4      
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #dj4 #ahii4 #c4 ,ohio 
,sta4 ,bul4 #aac3aed4 #ahii4 #d4  ,waugh
 ,plum ,cult4 #ahd4 #aija4    ,a        
seedling of ,wild ,goose grown by ,j4   
,w4 ,kerr1 ,denton1 ,maryland2          
introduced in #ahic2 listed in the      
,american ,pomological ,society  catalog
 of fruits in #ahii4 ,tree vigorous1    
prolific and hardy2 foliage  large1     
ornamental2 fruit above medium to large1
 variable in shape1  roundish-oblong to 
oval2 cavity shallow2 stem long2 suture 
distinct2 skin  thin1 tough2 bright red2
 dots numerous1 light colored2 bloom    
thin2 flesh  yellow1 firm1 rather acid  
but of good quality2 stone medium in    

size1  oval1 flattened1 clinging2 medium
 early4    ,christian4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4 #b4 
,rea  ,flora #bji4 #afgf4    ,nutmeg #a1
 #b4    ,shrubby in growth2 fruit small1
 dark red2 late2 obsolete4    ,christie4
 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#df3bfd4 #aijj4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4
 #ade4 #aija4    ,taken from the woods  
by ,w4 ,christie1 ,villisca1 ,iowa1 in  
#ahhg4 ,fruit  round1 truncate1 medium  
in size2 apex flattened2 cavity wide2   
suture  lacking2 yellow1 covered with   
red2 bloom light2 skin thick2 flesh     
yellow1  melting1 flavor sweet1         
luscious2 very good2 stone circular1    
thick1  semi-clinging4    ,churchill4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4
 #ab3faa4 #ahic4    ,a seedling found by
 ,g4 ,w4 ,churchill on the shores of    
,lake ,cayuga4 ,fruit  large1 blue2     
quality poor2 not valuable4    ,chypre4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4  
,fr4 #b3hb4 #agfh4 #b4  ,kraft ,pom4    
,aust4 #b3cg1 ,tab4 #ahg fig4 #b4 #agif4

 #c4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4  #b3if4 #ahcb4 
#d4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #fij4 #ahhd4     
,cyprian #c4 ,die ,pflaume aus ,cypern  
#b4 ,de ,chypre #c4 ,de ,chypre #d4     
,prune de  ,chypre #a4 ,prune de ,chypre
 #b1 #c4    ,chypre is an old variety of
 unknown origin4 ,fruit of medium size1 
round2  suture shallow2 cavity large2   
purple2 bloom thick2 flesh firm1        
greenish1  sweet when fully ripe2       
quality fair2 stone clinging2 early4    
,cinnamon4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ray ,hist4  
,plant4 #b4 #afhh4    ,an old and       
unimportant variety now obsolete4       
,cistena4 ,prunus besseyi  ,cerasifera4 
,cir4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,exp4 ,sta4 #aiaj4      
,introduced in #aiji by the originator1 
,n4 ,e4 ,hansen of ,south ,dakota       
,experiment ,station4 ,it shows the     
glossy1 purple foliage of the ,pissardi 
plum1 one of its parents1 and may be of 
some value as an ornamental4    ,city4  
,americana4 #a4 ,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #abh4 #ahij4 #b4 ,wis4  ,sta4     
,bul4 #fc3cb4 #ahig4 #c4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,gr4

 ,assoc4 ,rpt4 #add4 #aija4 #d4  ,waugh 
,plum ,cult4 #adf4 #aija4    ,this      
variety came from the seed of a wild    
plum growing one-half mile from         
,springfield1 ,minnesota2 introduced by 
,h4 ,knudson in #ahij4 ,tree upright    
when young but with a weeping tendency  
when older1 vigorous1 hardy and         
productive2 fruit large1 nearly round2  
cavity of medium width1 deep2  suture a 
distinct line2 dark dull red over       
yellow2 dots numerous1 small1  yellow1  
distinct2 bloom heavy2 skin thick1      
tough1 slightly astringent2  flesh      
yellow1 firm1 juicy1 sweet2 good2 stone 
of medium size1 oval1  flattened1       
semi-clinging2 medium to late4          
,clara4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,am4 ,gard4    
#ad3ea4 #ahic4 #b4 ,tex4 ,sta4  ,bul4   
#cb3dhb4 #ahid4    ,a large and         
attractive seedling of ,wild ,goose     
grown and introduced by ,g4  ,onderdonk1
 ,texas4    ,clarendon4 ,angustifolia   
watsoni4 #a4 ,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fruits 
#bbc4  #ahih4    ,one of several        

seedlings secured from northern ,texas  
by ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey4    ,clark4 ,species8
 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3dh4 #ahib4
 #b4  ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4   
#bid4 #aijc4    ,a wild seedling found  
in ,anne ,arundel ,county1 ,maryland4   
,tree moderately  vigorous1 not hardy in
 the ,north2 fruit of medium size1      
roundish1 bright  red2 dots numerous2   
stem short2 cavity broad1 deep2 skin    
tough2 flesh  yellow1 firm2 inferior4   
,cleavinger4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4    
,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt4 #bgd4 #ahed4 #b4      
,hoffy ,n4 ,am4 ,pom4 #ahfj4            
,originated about #ahde with a ,mr4     
,fernsler of ,philadelphia from the     
stone of an unnamed seedling2 introduced
 by ,wm4 ,s4 ,cleavinger of ,west       
,philadelphia4 ,tree vigorous2 fruit    
large1 oval2 suture distinct2 dark      
purple2 stem short1 thick1 surrounded by
 a fleshy ring2 flesh deep  yellow1     
coarse1 juicy1 vinous1 slightly subacid2
 good2 mid-season4    ,cleveland4       
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4      

#fc3di4 #ahig4 #b4 ,can4  ,exp4 ,farm   
,bul4 #b;d ,ser4 #c3ej4 #aijj4 #c4      
,terry ,cat4 #aijj4    ,mrs4 ,cleveland 
#a1 #c4    ,a seedling of ,wild ,goose  
grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1     
,iowa1 in #ahhc4  ,tree vigorous1       
spreading and productive2 fruit large1  
oblong1 slightly  pointed at the ends1  
light mottled red2 good2 clingstone2    
very early4    ,clifford4 ,munsoniana4  
#a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3hj4 #ahib4 
#b4 ,kerr  ,cat4 #ahid4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum
 ,cult4 #ahd4 #aija4    ,mrs4 ,clifford 
#a1 #c4 ,mrs4 ,clifford #b4    ,a       
seedling of ,wild ,goose grown by ,mrs4 
,clifford of ,denison1 ,texas1  and     
introduced by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson and ,son  
of the same place4 ,tree hardy1         
vigorous1 spreading1 productive2 fruit  
large1 pear-shaped1 sometimes with  a   
very distinct neck2 suture shallow2     
bright scarlet with very small  yellow  
dots2 flesh yellow1 firm1 sweet1        
aromatic2 good2 clingstone2 a  little   
later than ,wild ,goose4    ,climax's   

,brother4 ,triflora  ,simonii4 #a4      
,rural ,n4 ,y4 #ei3fee4 #aijj4    ,one  
of ,burbank's numerous crosses1 having  
the same parents as ,climax4 ,the  tree 
is an upright grower like ,simon and the
 fruit resembles this parent  in form   
and size2 not as highly colored as      
,climax2 unknown as yet by              
plum-growers4    ,clinton4 ,hortulana   
mineri4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #afb4
 #ahha4 #b4  ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4       
#ch3ee1 #hf4 #ahib4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4
 ,cat4 #bf4  #ahig4 #d4 ,waugh ,plum    
,cult4 #agb4 #aija4    ,fruit of medium 
size1 roundish2 cavity shallow2 stem    
slender2 suture a  line2 dull red2 dots 
numerous2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow2     
quality fair2  clingstone2 late4        
,mentioned in the ,american ,pomological
 ,society's ,catalog  from #ahig to     
#ahii4    ,cluck4 ,angustifolia varians4
 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahie4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4  ,cat4 #ch4 #ahii4 #c4 ,waugh     
,plum ,cult4 #aid4 #aija4 #d4 ,ga4 ,sta4
 ,bul4  #fg3bgc4 #aijd4    ,originated  

with ,george ,cluck1 ,austin1 ,texas2   
introduced in #ahif by ,f4  ,t4 ,ramsey4
 ,tree vigorous1 productive2 blooms very
 late2 fruit of medium  size1           
roundish-oblong2 cavity shallow2 bright 
red with many small1 yellow  dots2 skin 
tough2 flesh yellow1 soft2 quality fair2
 stone medium1 oval1  turgid1 clinging2 
mid-season4    ,cluster4 ,domestica4    
,mentioned in ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4       
#b3aebh4 #afhh4    ,cochet4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,lucas ,vollst4 ,hand4 ,obst4 #dga4 
#ahid4 #b4  ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d
 ,ser4 #c3ej4 #aijj4    ,cochets        
,pflaume #a4 ,cochet ,pre #a4    ,tree  
vigorous and productive2 fruit large1   
oval1 yellow with reddish  dots2 suture 
medium2 flesh yellowish1 rich1 sweet1   
pleasant2 early4    ,coeur de ,boeuf4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,div4 of
 ,pom4 ,bul4  #aj3ai4 #aija4    ,beef's 
,heart #a4 ,prunier de ,carcassone4     
,coeur de ,boeuf originated in #ahgi at 
,carcassonne1 ,france1 as a seedling  of
 a variety introduced from the province 

of ,lerida1 ,spain1 in #ahed4 ,the      
following description was made from a   
tree under test on the grounds  of this 
,station3 ,tree vigorous1 hardy2 fruit  
of medium size1 roundish2  cavity medium
 in size and depth2 stem slender2 suture
 medium2 dark  brownish-red1 covered    
with minute russet dots2 bloom heavy2   
skin medium  thick2 flesh yellowish1    
meaty1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2 good to very 
good2  stone small1 oval1 semi-clinging2
 mid-season4    ,coe ,violet4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #ije4 #ahfi4 #b4  ,cat4 ,cong4     
,pom4 ,france #cda4 #ahhg4 #c4 ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbe4 #ahhi4    ,coe  ,fruit
 ,violet #c4 ,coe's ,golden ,drop       
,violette #a1 #c4 ,coe's ,violet  #a1   
#c4 ,coe's ,violette #b4 ,coe ,violette 
#c4 ,goutte d',or ,violette #c4    ,a   
variation from ,golden ,drop4 ,tree     
vigorous2 fruit large1 oval2 suture     
distinct2 cavity small2 stem long1      
thick2 light reddish2 dots brown1       
numerous2 flesh yellowish1 sweet1 juicy2

 good2 clingstone4    ,coferer4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  
#egh4 #afbi4    ,coferers #a4           
,parkinson describes this plum as1      
8,flat like a ,peare ,plum1 early ripe  
and  black1 of a very good relish40     
,coinage4 ,americana4 #a4 ,terry ,cat4  
#aijj4    ,said by its originator1 ,h4  
,a4 ,terry1 to be a seedling of ,gold   
,coin4 ,fruit  large1 slightly oblong1  
pale yellow ground1 nearly covered with 
dark red2  flesh firm2 clingstone4      
,coletta4 ,angustifolia varians4 #a4    
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3fj1 #hf4       
#ahib4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aid4    
#aija4 #c4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bgc4    
#aijd4    ,this plum was grown by ,g4   
,onderdonk of ,texas2 introduced in     
#ahgd4 ,tree  slow in growth1 hardy1    
somewhat open and thorny2 leaves small1 
foliage  sparse2 fruit medium in size1  
round1 bright red2 skin tough2 flesh    
yellow1 soft2 poor2 clingstone2 very    
early4    ,coleus4 ,triflora            
,cerasifera8 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4       

#fg3aj4 #ahih4    ,originated with ,j4  
,s4 ,breece1 ,north ,carolina4 ,tree    
ornamental1 vigorous2  leaves large1    
reddish1 conspicuously veined2 fruit    
small1 globular2  suture faint2 dull    
deep red2 dots faint2 skin thick and    
tough2 flesh  medium firm1 red2 flavor  
flat2 quality very poor2 stone small1   
flattened1  clinging4    ,colman4       
,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4        
#df3bfd4 #aijj4 #b4 ,terry  ,cat4 #aijj4
    ,collman #a4    ,h4 ,a4 ,terry first
 fruited this variety in #ahie4 ,tree   
upright1 healthy1  fairly productive2   
fruit large1 round1 brilliant red2 good2
 clingstone2  mid-season4    ,colorado  
,queen4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4     
#ahid4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum  ,cult4 #adf4   
#aija4 #c4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bed1  
#bee4 #aije4    ,colorado #b4           
,introduced by ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1 ,denton1  
,maryland4 ,fruit of medium size1       
roundish2 cavity lacking2 suture a line2
 dull red with a light bloom2  flesh    
light yellow2 quality fair2 stone of    

medium size2 clinging2 early4           
,combination4 ,triflora 8 #a4 ,burbank  
,cat4 #aija4    ,grown by ,luther       
,burbank4 ,tree uniform in growth2 fruit
 large1 roundish2  cavity deep2 suture  
distinct2 stem short2 light crimson2    
flesh straw  color1 sweet with slight   
pineapple flavor2 early4    ,comfort4   
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid1 #b4  
,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #df3bfe4 #aijj4 #c4   
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3bi4 #aijc4  
,introduced by ,j4 ,wragg  ,sons1       
,waukon1 ,iowa1 in #ahgi4 ,fruit small1 
roundish2 cavity narrow1 shallow2 suture
 a line2 apex rounded2 red2 dots        
numerous2 bloom thin2 skin thick1 tough2
 flesh dark yellow1 firm1 juicy1  sweet2
 good2 stone semi-clinging2 mid-season2 
mentioned in the ,catalog of  the       
,american ,pomological ,society for     
#ahii4    ,communia4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hg4 #ahij4 #b4 
,ia4  ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bfe4 #aijj4 #c4   
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aja3aag1 #aah1 ,pl4  
,,iii  fig4 #aai4 #aija4 #d4            

,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #cji4   
#aijc4    ,introduced from ,denmark by a
 ,german colony located at ,communia1   
,clayton  ,county1 ,iowa4 ,it resembles 
the ,lombard so closely that they are   
often  confused4 ,the tree is said to be
 hardier and a slower grower than the   
,lombard1 and its fruit of deeper blue  
and of higher quality4 ,subject to  rot4
    ,compass4 ,prunus besseyi           
,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#fg3aj4 #ahih4 #b4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4   
,hort4 ,man4 #bid4 #aijc4 #c4 ,s4 ,dak4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3ac4 #aije4    ,compass  
,cherry #a4    ,a hybrid widely known in
 the ,west which originated in #ahia    
under  cultivation with ,h4 ,knudson of 
,springfield1 ,minnesota from a seed of 
,prunus besseyi pollinated by ,miner2   
introduced by ,c4 ,w4 ,sampson1         
,eureka1 ,minnesota1 in #ahig4 ,tree    
vigorous1 branches slender2 fruit small1
  roundish-oval1 slightly flattened2    
cavity distinct2 suture a line2         
brownish-red1 with light bloom2 skin    

tough2 flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1    
tender1 acid2 quality fair2 clingstone4 
,comptine4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4  
#ahid4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4  #adf4   
#aija4    ,originated at ,knoxville1    
,iowa4 ,tree low1 spreading2 fruit very 
small1  round1 light red2 dots many1    
minute2 flesh yellow2 very poor2 stone  
small1 oval1 clinging4 ,one authority   
states that the color is yellow4        
,comte ,gustave d',egger4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ije4     
#ahfi4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcb4   
#ahhi4    ,comte ,gustave d',egger #b4  
,egger'sche ,eier ,zwetsche #b4 ,graf   
,gustav von  ,egger #b4    ,an ,austrian
 variety grown by ,m4 ,liegel of        
,braunau from seed of ,abricote4  ,tree 
moderately vigorous2 fruit small1       
oblong-oval2 suture broad1 deep1        
distinct2 skin pale yellow1 bronzed in  
the sun and tinged with violet2  flesh  
yellowish1 fine1 sweet1 juicy1          
delicious2 freestone4    ,consul4       
,americana mollis4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm

 ,bul4 #dc3cj4 #aijc4    ,a seedling of 
,wolf grown at the ,central             
,experimental ,farm1 ,ottawa4 ,fruit    
roundish1 large2 cavity narrow1 medium  
in depth2 suture a line2 deep red2  dots
 moderately numerous1 yellow1 distinct2 
bloom light2 skin thick1  tough2 flesh  
deep yellow1 juicy1 sweet2 good2 stone  
semi-clinging2 late4    ,cooch4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,hort4 #ba3djf4   
#ahih4    ,a seedling grown by a ,mr4   
,cooch of ,ottawa1 ,canada1 in #ahhi4   
,fruit  large2 halves unequal2 suture   
distinct2 cavity shallow2 dark red2     
flesh  greenish-yellow1 juicy1 soft1    
sweet2 good2 late4    ,cook4            
,cerasifera4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aijj4     
,cook's ,early #a4    ,fruit medium1    
roundish to oblong1 red2 clingstone2    
early4    ,cook ,choice4 ,americana4 #a4
 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3gh4 #ahib4 #b4
  ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bgf4 #ahic4  
#c4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #abi3cd4 #ahif4  
,cook #c4 ,cook's ,choice #a4 ,cook's   
,favorite #c4 ,the ,cook's ,choice #b4  

,this is an accidental seedling grown by
 ,h4 ,a4 ,terry of ,iowa in #ahhe4 ,tree
  vigorous2 fruit medium1 round1 red2   
skin thin2 flesh yellow2 good2 stone    
clinging2 mid-season2 a good culinary   
variety4    ,cooper4 ,hortulana mineri  
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aj4 #aijj4
    ,a cross between ,forest ,garden and
 ,pottawattamie4 ,it is reported by ,j4 
,w4 ,kerr as being 8a large1 slightly   
oblong1 red1 clingstone variety1        
ripening mid-season40    ,cooper4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,mc,mahon ,am4 ,gard4   
,cal4 #ehg4 #ahjf4 #b4 ,coxe  ,cult4    
,fr4 ,trees #bcf4 #ahag4 #c4 ,prince    
,pom4 ,man4 #b3ig4 #ahcb4 #d4  ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bia4 #ahde4 #e4       
,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4     
#bhh1 #cjb1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #f4 ,mag4      
,hort4 #ad3aeb4 #ahdh4 #g4 ,elliott ,fr4
  ,book #dag4 #ahed4 #h4 ,hogg ,fruit   
,man4 #fia4 #ahhd4 #i4 ,guide ,prat4    
#afj1 #ceg4 #ahie4    ,cooper's #f4     
,cooper's ,grosse ,pflaume #i4 ,cooper's
 ,grosse ,rothe ,zwetsche  #i4 ,cooper's

 ,large #a1 #d1 #e1 #h4 ,cooper's ,large
 #c1 #f1 #i4 ,cooper's ,large  ,american
 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,cooper's      
,large ,red #c4 ,cooper's ,large ,red   
#d1  #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,cooper's      
,large ,red ,american #i4 ,coopers ,plum
 #b4 ,cooper's  ,plum #c1 #e4 ,cooper's 
,red #g4 ,grosse ,de ,cooper #i4 ,grosse
 rouge de  ,cooper #i4 ,la ,delicieuse  
#e4 ,la ,delicieuse 8#d1 #h1 #i4 ,lady  
,lucy #h4 ,red  ,magnum ,bonum #f incor4
 ,smith's ,orleans #f4 ,violet          
,perdrigon #f incor4    ,cooper is said 
to have originated at the beginning of  
the ,nineteenth  ,century from a seed of
 ,orleans planted by ,joseph ,cooper of 
,gloucester  ,county1 ,new ,jersey4 ,the
 variety was imported into ,england     
about #ahbj and  became known in ,europe
 under the name ,la ,delicieuse which   
was corrupted  into ,lady ,lucy4 ,this  
variety is so similar to the ,smith     
,orleans that it  is impossible to      
separate them4 ,they may be identical1  
or they may have  come true to seed from

 the same parent4    ,cope4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt4 #bgd4     
#ahed4 #b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees ,am4   
#ijf4 #ahfi4    ,cope's ,seedling #a4   
,a seedling raised by ,john ,cope of    
,southwark1 ,philadelphia1 some time    
prior to #ahej4 ,fruit large1 long-oval1
 dark purple2 stem long1 slender2  flesh
 dry1 somewhat acid2 good for cooking2  
freestone4    ,cornemuse4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ade4     
#ahca4    ,fruit medium in size1 purple1
 obovate2 quality fair2 freestone4      
,corymbus4 ,species8 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4
 ,rpt4 #ab3bbb1 #ahii4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum
 ,cult4 #bjg4 #aija4    ,the ,beauty #a4
    ,a variety first called 8,the       
,beauty0 by the originator1 ,a4 ,l4     
,bruce  of ,texas1 who gives the        
parentage as ,smelt ,cherry  ,abundance4
 ,fruit  small1 heart-shaped2 cavity    
shallow2 suture shallow2 apex pointed2  
dark  wine-red2 skin strong2 flesh soft1
 yellow1 rich1 sweet2 good2 stone       
small1 round1 smooth1 clinging4         

,cottrell4 ,americana4 #a4 ,cornell     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3cg4 #ahib4 #b4 ,am4     
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #cg4 #ahii4 #c4 ,waugh
 ,plum ,cult4 #adf4 #aija4 #d4 ,can4    
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3cj4 #aijc4        
,cottrell was raised as a seedling by   
,r4 ,t4 ,cottrell1 ,dover1 ,olmstead    
,county1 ,minnesota1 and was introduced 
by ,o4 ,m4 ,lord of the same state in   
#ahhh4 ,fruit large1 roundish2 suture a 
line2 cavity narrow2 apex rounded2  skin
 thin1 not adherent2 mottled red over   
yellow2 bloom medium2 dots  numerous1   
small2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 sweet2 good2
 stone flattened1  strongly and sharply 
margined1 clinging2 mid-season4         
,couler4 ,americana8 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #bce4 #ahhb4    ,a variety  
from ,william ,couler1 ,chickasaw       
,county1 ,iowa2 8a large plum of  fair  
quality1 but cracking badly before      
ripening2 season just before  ,miner40  
,coulommiers4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,rev4     
,hort4 #ia4 #ahfa4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4   
,pom4 #dbf4 #ahhi4    ,coulommiers      

,pflaume #b4 ,prune de ,coulommiers #b4 
,mentioned without a description4       
,coulon ,reine ,claude4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbf4 #ahhi4       
,coulon's ,reine ,claude #a4 ,reine     
,claude ,coulon #a4    ,tree vigorous1  
productive2 fruit of medium size1       
roundish2 cavity small2  suture         
distinct2 yellow2 bloom thin2 flesh     
yellowish1 firm1 sweet2 good2  early4   
,coul ,orleans4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned  
in ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aej4      
#ahca4    ,court ,royal4 ,domestica4    
,mentioned in ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 
#ade4 #ahca4    ,cowperthwait ,green    
,gage4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,lond4 
,hort4 ,soc4  ,cat4 #adh4 #ahca4        
,cox4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4     
,trees ,am4 #ijf4 #ahfi4    ,cox's      
,seedling #a4    ,a seedling from a     
,mrs4 ,cox1 ,york1 ,pennsylvania4 ,tree 
vigorous and  upright2 fruit very large1
 roundish-oval1 slightly compressed2    
suture  broad1 shallow2 yellow1         
sometimes splashed with green2 cavity   

narrow1  deep2 flesh greenish-yellow1   
coarse1 juicy1 sweet2 good2 freestone2  
early4    ,crable4 ,americana8 #a4      
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bcb4 #aija4    ,a  
variety from ,iowa4 ,fruit medium in    
size2 obovate2 cavity shallow2 stem     
long1 slender2 suture a line2 apex      
pointed2 orange with crimson blush2     
dots many1 minute1 white2 skin tough2   
flesh yellow2 good2 stone large1        
elliptical1 slightly winged1 clinging4  
,craig4 ,americana4 #a4 ,terry ,cat4    
#aijj4    ,prof4 ,craig #a4    ,a       
seedling of ,harrison1 grown by ,h4 ,a4 
,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa4 ,fruit  large1
 bright yellow tinged with red2 flesh   
yellow1 rich2 quality good2             
semi-clinging4    ,crescent4 ,hortulana 
mineri4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4     
#bhg4 #ahhg4 #b4  ,terry ,cat4 #aijj4   
#c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #agb4 #aija4    
,crescent ,city #a4    ,originated with 
,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa1 from  
seed of ,miner about  #ahhj2 first      
fruited in #ahhe4 ,fruit of medium size1

 oval2 cavity shallow2  suture a line2  
dull red2 dots many2 bloom thin2 flesh  
yellow2 quality  fair2 stone large1     
oval1 clinging2 mid-season4    ,crimson4
 ,nigra4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bff1  
#aijj4    ,introduced by ,h4 ,knudson1  
,springfield1 ,minnesota4 ,fruit above  
medium1  light red2 skin thin2 good2    
stone long1 large1 flattish2 very early4
    ,crimson ,beauty4 ,hortulana4 #a4   
,kerr ,cat4 #ahig4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4  
,rpt4 #aa3bhc4 #ahih4    ,fruit of      
medium size1 oblong1 cherry red2        
clingstone2 earlier and more  vigorous  
than ,golden ,beauty4    ,crimson ,drop4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,gard4 #bb3gfe4   
#aija4 #b4 ,rural  ,n4 ,y4 #fa3ced4     
#aijb4    ,brown's ,crimson ,drop #a1   
#b4    ,this variety is said to be a    
sport from ,golden ,drop1 which it      
resembles  closely except in color1     
which is a deep rich red4    ,croft     
,early4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,elliott ,fr4   
,book #dbe4 #ahed4    ,croft's ,early   
#a4    ,fruit small1 reddish-blue2 flesh

 yellow1 dry2 poor4 ,reported by        
,elliott  as unworthy of further        
culture4    ,cruger ,scarlet4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #a3cfe4    
#ahce4 #b4  ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4   
#bic4 #ahde4 #c4 ,elliott ,fr4 ,book    
#dag4 #ahee4  #d4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  
#dbf4 #ahhi4    ,cruger's #b1 #c4       
,cruger's ,frh ,pflaume #d4 ,cruger's   
,plum #d4 ,cruger's  ,rote ,pflaume #d4 
,cruger's ,scarlet #b1 #c4 ,cruger's    
,scarlet #d4 ,cruger's  ,scarlet ,gage  
#b1 #c1 #d4 ,cruger's ,seedling #b1 #c4 
,cruger's ,seedling #a1 #d4  ,kruger's  
,seedling4    ,raised by ,henry ,cruger1
 ,west ,point1 ,new ,york1 from a seed  
of ,washington4  ,fruit of medium size1 
roundish-oval1 compressed2 suture       
obscure2 red  in the sun1 lilac on the  
shaded side2 bloom light2 dots numerous1
  yellow2 cavity shallow2 stem short1   
stout2 flesh deep orange1 dry1 mild1    
agreeable2 good2 nearly free2           
mid-season4 ,mentioned in the ,american 
,pomological ,society ,catalog from     

#ahge to #ahig4    ,csaszar ,sziloa4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#aeb3bji4 #ahih4 #b4  ,mich4 ,sta4 ,sp4 
,bul4 #cj3ah4 #aije4    ,imported from  
,hungary4 ,fruit large1 roundish-ovate1 
compressed1 dark  purple2 flesh tender1 
juicy1 greenish-yellow1 mild1 vinous2   
quality fair2  clingstone4              
,culberson4 ,hortulana mineri           
,hortulana4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4   
#ab3bbc4 #ahii4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 
#bjh4 #aija4    ,mammoth ,july #a1 #b4  
,a cross between ,miner and ,crimson    
,beauty grown by ,a4 ,l4 ,bruce1 ,basin 
,springs1 ,texas1 and called ,mammoth   
,july1 but renamed by ,waugh in #ahii4  
,fruit above medium1 spherical or       
slightly pointed1 dark red2 dots        
numerous1 yellow2 skin thick1 tough2    
flesh yellow2 very good2 stone  small1  
round1 flattened1 clinging4             
,cumberland4 ,hortulana4 #a4 ,ga4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ej4 #ahhe4 #b4  ,cornell  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3dh1 #hf1 #ahib4 #c4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bf4  #ahig4 #d4     

,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #agh4 #aija4        
,cumberland originated with ,philip     
,schley1 who in #ahfd collected pits    
from  trees growing on the ,cumberland  
,mountains in ,tennessee and from them  
grew  this plum4 ,tree vigorous and     
productive2 fruit of medium size1       
oblong1  bright yellow2 dots            
conspicuous2 skin thick2 flesh firm1    
meaty2 good2  clingstone2 season late2  
this variety is similar to ,golden      
,beauty4    ,curlew4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahc4 #ahig4   
#b4  ,rivers ,cat4 #ce4 #ahih4          
,originated by ,thomas ,rivers at       
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england4 ,tree very   
productive1 not hardy in this vicinity2 
fruit medium in size1  roundish-oval1   
purple2 flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1   
sweet2 firm2 early4    ,curry4          
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#df3bff4 #aijj4 #b4  ,budd-,hansen ,am4 
,hort4 ,man4 #bie4 #aijc4    ,a seedling
 grown by ,s4 ,l4 ,curry1 ,welden1      
,iowa4 ,fruit large1 oval1  compressed2 

cavity deep2 dark purplish-red2 surface 
rough1 dull2 dots  small1 gray2 bloom   
heavy2 skin thick1 not astringent2 flesh
 yellow1 firm1  slightly astringent2    
good2 stone large1 flat1 winged2 early4 
,cyca ,mono4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,va4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #abi3aab4 #aija4    ,imported by  
the ,united ,states ,department of      
,agriculture4    ,cyclone4 ,americana4  
#a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahii4 #b4 ,terry ,cat4 
#aijj4    ,grown from seed of ,harrison 
by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa2    
first fruited  in #ahig4 ,tree vigorous1
 spreading1 fairly productive2 fruit    
large1 dark  red2 good2 mid-season4     
,cydemarine4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in  
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ade4 #ahca4  
,daisy4 ,munsoniana  ,triflora4 #a4 ,vt4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bbc4 #ahii4  #b4  
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bjh4 #aija4    ,a  
variety grown by ,j4 ,s4 ,breece1 ,north
 ,carolina4 ,fruit large1  heart-shaped2
 suture indistinct2 bright red1 with    
many minute yellow  dots2 flesh firm1   
yellow1 sprightly2 good4    ,dahlgreen4 

,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fc3ce4 #ahig4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4 
#adg4 #aija4    ,a variety introduced by
 ,chas4 ,luedloff1 ,cologne1 ,minnesota4
 ,fruit medium  in size1 oblong1 mottled
 red2 mid-season4    ,dakota4           
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aijj4      
,fruit medium in size1 round1 mottled   
with dull purplish-red2 clingstone2     
fruit cracks and is much injured by rot4
    ,dalrymple4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,hogg   
,fruit ,man4 #fie4 #ahhd4 #b4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbf4 #ahhi4 #c4 ,am4 ,gard4
 #ad3adf1 #adh fig4 #ahib4    ,dalrymple
 ,damson #b4    ,dalrymple closely      
resembles the ,shropshire ,damson but is
 hardier and the  tree is smaller4      
,damas ,ambre4 ,domestica8 ,mentioned in
 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ade4 #ahca4 
,damaschino ,estivo4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,gallesio ,pom4 ,ital4 #b3 ,pl4 #ahci4  
,damaschino d',estate #a4 ,zuccherino   
#a4    ,according to ,gallesio this is a
 strain of the ,damaschino ,settembrino 
and is common in parts of ,italy4       

,flowers small and white1 unfolding in  
clusters2 fruit obovate like the        
,settembrino1 but slightly larger and   
its  skin1 which is yellow1 is more     
easily removed4    ,damaschino          
,settembrino4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,gallesio 
,pom4 ,ital4 #b3 ,pl4  #ahci4    ,susino
 ,damaschino ,settembrino #a4    ,an old
 ,italian variety4 ,of the two plums    
which bear the name ,damaschino  this is
 the smaller and the more savory4 ,fruit
 small1 obovate1  golden-yellow2 pulp   
fleshy and sugary4    ,damas de         
,diffenbach4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 
,gen4 #b3afe4 #ahgc4  #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dbg4 #ahhi4    ,damas de        
,dieffenbach #b4 ,damas ,noir de        
,dieffenbach #b4 ,dieffenbachs          
,damascene #b4 ,dieffenbachs ,schwarze  
,damascene #b4 ,diffenbachs ,damascene  
#a4    ,liegel obtained this variety    
from a seed of the ,saint ,jean and     
dedicated  it to ,diffenbach1 head      
gardener of the ,botanical ,garden in   
,vienna1  ,austria4 ,tree of medium     

vigor1 small2 fruit small1              
roundish-ovate2 halves  often unequal2  
suture shallow2 purplish-black with a   
thick bloom2 stem  short2 cavity        
shallow2 flesh yellow1 tender1 juicy1   
sweet and slightly  aromatic2 freestone2
 mid-season4    ,damas de ,provence4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4     
#b3hf4 #ahcb4  #b4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4 
#beh4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 
#a3ahdf4  #d4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #ceg4  
#ahff4 #e4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4    
#ici4 #ahfi4  #f4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  
#ddc4 #ahhi4    ,damas de ,provence #e1 
#f4 ,damas de ,provence htif #a1 #d1 #e1
 #f4 ,damask  of ,provence #b4 ,early   
,damask of ,provence #a1 #e1 #f4        
,provence ,damask #a1  #f4 ,provence    
,damask #e4 ,provencer ,knigspflaume #f4
 ,prune ,damas de ,provence  #c4 ,prunus
 provincialis #c4    ,damas de ,provence
 is an old ,european variety2 fruit of  
medium size1  roundish2 suture deep2    
cavity small2 reddish-purple2 bloom     
thick2 flesh  greenish1 sweet2 quality  

poor2 freestone2 very early4    ,damas  
d',ete4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4
 #b3aac4 #ahgc4 #b4 ,guide  ,prat4 #cec4
 #ahie4    ,summer ,damson #a1 #b4      
,mas thought this variety was of        
,english or ,american origin but there  
seems to be no reason for this          
conclusion4 ,tree small1 very           
productive2  fruit small1 oval1         
purplish-black2 flesh greenish1 fine1   
juicy1 sweet1  highly flavored2         
clingstone2 early4    ,damas ,dronet4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4  
,fr4 #b3ge4 #agfh4  #b4 ,kraft ,pom4    
,aust4 #b3dj1 ,tab4 #aia fig4 #b4 #agif4
 #c4 ,prince ,pom4  ,man4 #b3hf4 #ahcb4 
#d4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iaj4     
#ahfi4 #e4 ,hogg  ,fruit ,man4 #fic4    
#ahhd4    ,damas ,dronet #b1 #d4 ,damson
 ,dronet #a4 ,die kleine langlichte     
,damaskuspflaume #a4 ,dronet ,damask #c4
    ,damas ,dronet is an old ,french    
variety4 ,fruit small1 oval2 suture a   
line2  stem slender2 cavity narrow1     
deep2 greenish-yellow2 bloom thin2 skin 

not adherent2 flesh greenish1 firm1     
sweet2 good2 stone small1 free2         
mid-season4    ,damas ,dronet de        
,merlet4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,duhamel       
,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4  #b3ge4 #agfh4       
,duhamel states that this is distinct   
from the ,damas ,dronet described by    
him on the same page4    ,damas ,jaune  
,musque4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4     
,gen4 #b3eg4 #ahgc4    ,muskirte ,gelbe 
,damascene #a4    ,a foreign variety    
first mentioned by ,christ1 a ,german   
writer4 ,tree  vigorous1 productive2    
fruit medium in size1 usually ovoid2    
suture shallow  or a mere line2 skin    
tender1 not adherent1 yellow1 with a    
thin bloom2  stem long1 slender2 cavity 
shallow2 flesh yellow1 tender1 firm1    
juicy1  sweet1 of musky flavor2         
freestone2 very early4    ,damas ,noir  
de ,tours4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,forsyth     
,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #ba4  #ahjc4        
,mentioned by ,forsyth in the preceding 
reference4 ,it may be the same as       
,prcoce de ,tours1 but we have no proof4

    ,damas ,rouge de ,biondeck4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,baltet ,cult4 ,fr4     
#dij4 #aijh4    ,mentioned by a ,french 
writer as early and good4    ,damas     
,rouge ,hatif4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu   
,nom4 ,pom4 #ddh4 #ahhi4 #b4  ,guide    
,prat4 #afc1 #ced4 #ahie4    ,damas     
,rouge ,htif #a4 ,haferkrieche #a1 #b4  
,rote ,frh ,damascene #a4 ,rothe  ,frh  
,damascene #b4    ,a variety of little  
merit4    ,damatie ,rouge4 ,domestica4  
,listed in ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4    
#ade4 #ahca4    ,damson ,royal4         
,insititia4 #a4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide   
,orch4 ,gard4 #bhb4  #ahdf4             
,described in the preceding reference as
 similar to 8,prune ,damson10 but       
larger4    ,damas ,violet4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3gj4  
#agfh4  #b4 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3dd1  
,tab4 #aii fig4 #a4 #agif4 #c4          
,quintinye  ,com4 ,gard4 #fh4 #afii4 #d4
 ,willich ,dom4 ,enc4 #ahj4 #ahjc4 #e4  
,mag4  ,hort4 #i3afc4 #ahdc4 #f4        
,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 #a3ahdf4 #g4     

,hogg  ,fruit ,man4 #gbi4 #ahhd4        
,damas ,violet #b1 #d1 #g4 ,damas       
,violet ,tardif 8#e4 ,die               
veilchenfarbige  ,damascenerpflaume #b4 
,ladies' ,plum #d4 ,long ,violet ,damask
 #c4 ,prune  ,gros-,damas ,violet #f4   
,violet ,damask #g4    ,an old variety  
of unknown origin concerning which there
 has been much  confusion4 ,parkinson1  
in #afbi1 and a few later writers have  
made it  synonymous to ,queen ,mother1  
but it differs from this variety in that
  ,damas ,violet has pubescent shoots   
and oval fruit1 while the ,queen ,mother
  has glabrous shoots and round fruit4  
,tree vigorous1 productive2 fruit       
medium1 purple2 flesh yellow1 firm1     
sweet and briskly flavored1 separates   
from the stone2 season early4    ,damson
 ,riley4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,stark ,cat4   
#bi4 #aiaj4    ,a variety from ,ohio    
said to have been grown for about twenty
 years4  ,introduced by ,stark          
,brothers1 ,louisiana1 ,missouri1 in    
#aiaj4    ,dana ,yellow ,gage4          

,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #bge4 #ahde4  #b4 ,cole ,am4 ,fr4  
,book4 #bae4 #ahdi4 #c4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4
 #b3aji4 #ahgc4    ,dana's ,gage #b4    
,dana's ,yellow ,gage #c4 ,reine-,claude
 ,jaune ,de ,dana #c4    ,dana ,yellow  
,gage was raised by a ,rev4 ,mr4 ,dana  
of ,ipswich1 ,massachusetts4  ,fruit of 
medium size1 oval1 pale yellow2 bloom   
thin2 flesh sweet1 juicy1  clingstone2  
mid-season4    ,daniel ,weeping4        
,species8 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3aj4  
#ahih4    ,a hybrid which originated    
with a ,dr4 ,daniel in ,louisiana2      
introduced  by ,j4 ,l4 ,normand4 ,tree  
bushy1 spreading and drooping2 leaves   
thick and  tough1 ovate1 acutely        
pointed1 glandular4    ,danish ,damson4 
,insititia4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #be4 #ahig4 
#b4 ,ia4 ,sta4  ,bul4 #df3bff4 #aijj4   
#c4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4     
#caj4 #aijc4 #d4  ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#ic3ae #aije4    ,kreger #a4 ,kreger #b4
 ,krueger #c4    ,h4 ,knudson1          
,springfield1 ,minnesota1 imported this 

variety in the spring  of #ahhd and     
introduced it a few years later4 ,it    
seems to be grown only  in ,iowa1       
,minnesota1 ,south ,dakota and adjoining
 states1 being practically  unknown in  
the ,east4 ,fruit small1 roundish1 dark 
blue2 good2 freestone2  mid-season4     
,darst4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4    
#aa3aab4 #ahde4    ,a seedling          
originated at ,dayton1 ,ohio1 in the    
garden of a ,mr4 ,darst4  ,fruit medium 
in size1 of excellent quality4    ,date4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 
#ege1 #egf4 #afbi4 #b4 ,rea  ,flora     
#bjh4 #afgf4 #c4 ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4
 #fh1 #fi4 #afii4 #d4 ,duhamel  ,trait4 
,arb4 ,fr4 #b3aac4 #agfh4 #e4 ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ijh4 #ahfi4  #f4 ,koch
 ,deut4 ,obst4 #efj4 #ahgf4    ,date    
,plum #e4 ,dattelpflaumen #f4           
,dattelzwetsche #e4 ,d',autriche #e4    
,great  ,date #c4 ,ienua #a4 ,prune     
,datte #d4 ,prune ,datte #e4 ,prune     
d',autriche #e4  ,quetsche ,datte #e4   
,quetsche de ,hongrie #e4 ,white ,date  

#b4 ,white ,date  ,plum #a4 ,yellow     
,date #b4    ,during the four centuries 
in which this variety has been          
cultivated in  ,europe numerous strains 
have arisen which have been designated  
by the  general term ,dattelpflaumen4   
,the group is characterized by roundish 
or  oval fruits1 yellow or greenish in  
color1 sometimes marked with red  on the
 sunny side2 flesh yellow1 soft2 poor in
 quality2 clingstone2  mid-season or    
later4 ,the original variety is probably
 obsolete4    ,datilles4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fh1 #gj4      
#afii4    ,little ,date #a4 ,little     
,date #a4    ,a long-shaped red plum1   
mentioned by ,quintinye1 which has      
either  disappeared or is now grown     
under a different name4    ,datte       
,hongroise ,jaune4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbg4 #ahhi4  #b4  
,guide ,prat4 #aei1 #ced4 #ahie4        
,this variety was sent into ,france by  
,m4 ,bereczki ,mate1 of ,hungary4 ,the  
tree is vigorous1 productive2 fruit     

large1 long1 greenish-yellow dotted     
with red2 flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy2 
good2 mid-season4    ,dauphine4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4  
#a3ahdf4    ,prune ,dauphine #a4        
,poiteau says1 8,duhamel regarded as    
synonyms the names ,reine ,claude and   
,dauphine4 ,since then a new plum has   
been shown1 and ,i know not who named   
it ,dauphine2 but it is under this name 
that it has been introduced and         
cultivated in the nursery of the ,jardin
 des ,plantes and of ,luxembourg40      
,davenport4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #df3bfh4 #aijj4 #b4  ,budd-,hansen
 ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #bie4 #aijc4    ,a   
seedling grown by ,n4 ,k4 ,fluke1       
,davenport1 ,iowa1 from seed of ,de     
,soto4  ,fruit medium in size1 oval1    
sometimes conical2 suture a line2 skin  
smooth1 clear yellow with pink blush on 
the sunny side2 flesh yellow1  firm1    
sugary2 very good2 freestone4    ,davies
 ,seedling4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in   
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adf4  #ahca4 

,davies' ,seedling4    ,davis4          
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#fc3ce4 #ahig4 #b4 ,terry  ,cat4 #aijj4 
,a variety grown from seed of ,wild     
,goose in #ahhe by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1      
,crescent1  ,iowa4 ,tree low1 spreading1
 vigorous and productive2 fruit large1  
bright  red2 quality fair4    ,dawson4  
,species8 #a4 ,gard4 ,mon4 #ag3add4     
#ahge4    ,at one time a profitable     
variety grown on the banks of the ,ohio4
    ,dawson ,city4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4    
,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4    ,a   
seedling raised at ,indian ,head        
,experimental ,farm1 ,northwest         
,territory1  ,canada4 ,fruit of medium  
size4    ,dean4 ,domestica4 #a4         
,mc,intosh ,bk4 ,gard4 #b3ecj4 #ahee4   
,dean's ,jedburgh ,seedling #a4    ,a   
seedling grown at ,dean's nursery1      
,jedburgh1 ,england4 ,fruit of medium   
size1 round1 purple2 freestone2 adapted 
for dessert or kitchen2  mid-season4    
,deaton4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #df3bfh4 #aijj4 #b4  ,budd-,hansen

 ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #caj4 #aijc4         
,tobe's ,gage #b4    ,grown from a      
sprout of ,reine ,claude planted near   
,des ,moines2 introduced  by ,j4 ,wragg 
,sons1 ,waukee1 ,iowa4 ,fruit medium in 
size1 oval1 truncate2  suture broad and 
shallow2 skin greenish-yellow2 dots     
small1 numerous2  bloom thin2 flesh     
greenish1 firm1 juicy2 good2 clingstone4
    ,deck4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,wild ,bros4 
,cat4 #aijh-ji4    ,decks ,damson #a4   
,an improved strain of ,damson          
introduced by ,wild ,brothers1          
,sarcoxie1  ,missouri4    ,decker4      
,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,minn4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #dja4 #ahif4 #b4  ,waugh    
,plum ,cult4 #agb4 #aija4    ,decker's  
,late ,seedling #a4 ,decker's ,seedling 
#b4    ,a seedling raised about #ahhe by
 ,h4 ,c4 ,decker of ,dresbach1          
,minnesota1  from pits of a variety     
substituted for ,german ,prune2         
introduced by ,w4 ,s4  ,widmoyer of the 
same place about #ahig4 ,fruit medium to
 large1 conical2  suture distinct2 red2 

dots many1 yellowish2 flesh yellow2     
flavor rich2  nearly free2 mid-season4  
,deep ,creek4 ,americana4 #a4 ,mich4    
,board ,agr4 ,rpt4 #aaa4 #ahhg4 #b4     
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3cg1 #hf4 #ahib4
 #c4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bed1  #bee4 
#aije4    ,deepcreek #c4    ,found      
growing wild in ,kansas2 introduced by  
,abner ,allen4 ,tree slow  and irregular
 in growth2 branches thorny2 fruit of   
medium size1  roundish-oval1 compressed2
 suture distinct2 cavity small2 stem    
short2  dull red2 skin thick2 flesh     
yellow1 firm1 sweet2 good2 stone rough1 
pointed1 free2 mid-season2 of little    
value4    ,de ,delice4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cfj4 #aheg4  
#b4  ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d ,ser4 
#c3ee4 #aijj4    ,prune de ,dlices #b4  
,tree vigorous and productive2 fruit of 
medium size1 roundish-oval2 suture      
small2 green1 marbled and shaded with   
violet2 bloom thin2 flesh orange        
yellow1 juicy1 sugary1 luscious2        
slightly clinging2 late4    ,defresne4  

,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    
#dbg4 #ahhi4 #b4 ,guide  ,prat4 #aeh1   
#ced4 #ahie4    ,a ,belgian variety both
 vigorous and productive2 fruit large1  
long1  purplish2 flesh greenish2 good2  
mid-season4    ,de ,gondin4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ia4 #ahgc4      
,grown by ,m4 ,vaubernier of ,laval1    
,mayenne1 and introduced in #ahfb by    
,m4 ,m4 ,bruant  ,company1 nurserymen at
 ,poiters1 ,france4 ,tree vigorous1     
productive2 fruit very large1 roundish2 
suture disappearing at maturity2  dark  
purple2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1       
tender1 juicy2 freestone4    ,de la     
,toussaint4 ,species8 #a4 ,guide ,prat4 
#afb1 #ced4 #ahie4    ,a very late and  
long keeping variety4    ,delaware4     
,triflora4 #a4 ,burbank ,cat4 #ah4      
#ahic4 #b4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4  #ei3fdb4     
#aijj4 #c4 ,ibid4 #fj3fid4 #aija4 #d4   
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #acd4  #aija4       
,burbank produced this variety by       
crossing ,satsuma with ,kelsey2 first   
offered for sale in #ahic2 disseminated 

in the ,east by ,j4 ,l4 ,childs1        
,floral ,park1 ,new ,york4 ,tree        
semi-dwarf1 productive but comes into   
bearing  late2 fruit of medium size1    
roundish-conical1 dark purple1 with     
thick  bloom2 flesh red1 juicy1 sweet   
and rich2 good2 stone clinging2         
mid-season4    ,de l',inde4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,horticulturist #f3efa4 #ahea4      
,described by ,baptiste ,desportes of   
,angers1 ,france1 in #ahea4 ,tree       
vigorous2 branches long1 upright2 fruit 
large1 obovate1 violet-reddish2  dots   
gray and blue2 flesh reddish-yellow1    
firm1 juicy1 melting2 quality  fair4    
,de ,montfort4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4    
,hort4 #ab3cda4 #ahdf4 #b4 ,pom4        
,france #b3 ,no4 #c4 #ahga4 #c4 ,hogg   
,fruit ,man4 #gac4 #ahhd4 #d4 ,lucas    
,vollst4 ,hand4 ,obst4 #dgj4 #ahid4     
,montfort ,pflaume #d4 ,prune de        
,montfort #b4    ,originated in the     
nurseries of ,madame ,ebert1            
,montfortin1 ,france2 named  and        
introduced by ,m4 ,prevost1 ,rouen1     

,france4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1     
productive2 fruit of medium size1       
roundish-oval2 suture distinct2 cavity  
shallow2 dark purple1 with russet dots2 
flesh green1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2  good2 
freestone2 mid-season4 ,mentioned in the
 ,american ,pomological  ,society's     
,catalog from #ahgg-ahig4    ,de        
,montmirail4 ,domestica8 #a4 ,guide     
,prat4 #aeh1 #ced4 #ahie4    ,tree of   
moderate vigor1 productive2 fruit medium
 in size1 long-oval2  yellow lightly    
blushed with red2 flesh yellow2 good2   
early4    ,denbigh4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adg4 #ahca4  
#b4 ,hogg  ,fruit ,man4 #ceg4 #ahff4 #c4
 ,gaucher ,pom4 ,prak4 ,obst4 ,no4 #ib4 
#ahid4  #d4 ,bartrum ,pears and ,plums1 
#fe1 #ga4 #aijc4    ,cox's ,emperor #b1 
#c4 ,cox's ,emperor #d4 ,denbigk #c4    
,denbigh-,pflaume #c4  ,denbigh         
,seedling #d4 ,emperor #a4 ,jemmy ,moore
 #d4    ,tree vigorous1 productive2     
fruit large1 roundish-oval1 bright red  
to  reddish-brown2 flesh golden-yellow1 

sweet1 melting1 pleasant flavor2        
freestone2 mid-season4    ,dennis4      
,americana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ch3gi4 #ahib4 #b4 ,ia4  ,hort4 ,soc4   
,rpt4 #bgf4 #ahic4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum     
,cult4 #adg4 #aija4    ,dr4 ,dennis #a1 
#b4 ,dr4 ,dennis #c4    ,originated with
 ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa1      
supposedly from seed of  ,hawkeye2 first
 fruited in #ahia4 ,fruit round to      
slightly oblong1 medium in  size2 suture
 a line2 bright red2 dots many1 minute1 
white2 flesh yellow2  good2 clingstone2 
early4    ,dennis ,seedling ,no4 #ac4   
,hortulana mineri4    ,grown at the     
,iowa ,experiment ,station4 ,the fruit  
is of medium size1  roundish1 dark red2 
dots conspicuous2 suture a line2 skin   
thick1 tough2  flesh firm1 juicy1       
tender1 sweetish2 good2 clingstone2     
mid-season4    ,denniston ,red4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #bif4 #ahde4 #b4  ,mag4 ,hort4     
#ac3ecb4 #ahdg4 #c4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit 
,cult4 #ccg4 #ahdi4  #d4 ,mas ,le       

,verger #f3acc4 #ahff-gc4 #e4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbg4 #ahhi4    ,denniston's
 ,red #a4 ,denniston's ,red #e4         
,dennison's ,red #e4 ,denniston's  ,rote
 ,pflaume #e4 ,rouge de ,denniston #d1  
#e4    ,grown by ,isaac ,denniston of   
,albany1 ,new ,york4 ,the parentage is  
not  known but ,thomas thinks it is a   
seedling of ,lombard4 ,fruit large1     
roundish-oval2 suture distinct2 cavity  
small2 light red with yellow dots2      
bloom thin2 flesh amber1 juicy1 rich1   
sprightly2 good2 stone small1 oval1     
compressed1 free2 mid-season4           
,denniston ,superb4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bge4 #ahde4  
#b4 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3aba4 #ahff-gc4  
#c4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbg4  #ahhi4  
#d4 ,bartrum ,pears and ,plums #fc4     
#aijc4    ,dennison's ,superb #c4       
,denniston's ,superb #b4 ,denniston's   
,superb ,gage #d4  ,madison #c4 ,superbe
 de ,denniston #b1 #c4    ,grown by     
,isaac ,denniston1 ,albany1 ,new ,york1 
about #ahce or #ahdj4 ,fruit  round1    

larger than ,reine ,claude of which it  
is probably a seedling1  slightly       
flattened2 suture distinct2 cavity      
shallow2 stem of medium  length2 pale   
yellow1 blotched with red2 bloom thin2  
flesh thick1 meaty1  moderately juicy1  
with a rich1 vinous flavor2 very good2  
stone small1  roundish1 thick1 free2    
mid-season2 catalogued by the ,american 
,pomological  ,society from #ahgg to    
#ahii4    ,d',ente ,imperiale4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,guide ,prat4 #afj1     
#cee4 #ahie4    ,a variety closely      
resembling the ,agen except that it is  
more vigorous in  tree growth4          
,denton4 ,angustifolia varians4 #a4     
,gard4 ,mon4 #ac3bgi4 #ahga4    ,a      
variety introduced many years ago by ,j4
 ,w4 ,kerr2 it closely resembles        
,yellow ,transparent1 but is a much     
smaller tree4    ,derbyshire ,green     
,gage4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,lond4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4  #adh4 #ahca4        
,deron4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,lond4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adf4 #ahca4        

,deron's4    ,de ,seigneur4 ,species8   
#a4 ,guide ,prat4 #afa1 #cee4 #ahie4    
,de ,prince 7en ,lorraine7 #a4    ,tree 
productive2 fruit small1 roundish1      
bluish2 bloom heavy2 flesh green1       
fine-grained1 juicy1 sweet2 good2 late4 
,des ,moines4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr     
,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4    
#adg4 #aija4    ,originated in ,iowa4   
,fruit small1 round-oval2 suture a line2
 dull red  over yellow2 dots many1      
minute2 flesh yellow2 quality poor2     
stone small1  semi-free2 mid-season4    
,dewey4 ,americana4 #a4 ,terry ,cat4    
#aijj4 #b4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4     
#acf4 #aijc4    ,admiral ,dewey #a1 #b4 
,a seedling of ,de ,soto grown by ,h4   
,a4 ,terry of ,crescent1 ,iowa4 ,fruit  
large1 round1 dark red on an orange     
ground2 clingstone2 tree productive4    
,diademe ,imperial-,isabelle4           
,domestica8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4  #dbg4 #ahhi4    ,diamond4       
,americana4 #a4 ,neb4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4
 #aba4 #ahij4    ,a seedling grown by   

,john ,a4 ,hogg1 ,shelton1 ,nebraska1   
about #ahhj from pits  of a wild plum   
found in ,buffalo ,county1 ,nebraska4   
,according to ,mr4 ,hogg1  the variety  
8grows fully as large as most of the    
tame varieties2 ripens  the last of     
,september and when fully ripe gets     
bright red on one side40    ,diana4     
,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fc3ce4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ia4 ,sta4  ,bul4    
#df3bfh4 #aijj4    ,a plum of the ,van  
,buren type grown from a seed of        
,hawkeye by ,h4 ,a4  ,terry1 ,crescent1 
,iowa2 first fruited in #ahic4 ,tree    
large1 vigorous1  upright-spreading2    
fruit truncate1 conical or oval2 suture 
distinct2  cavity small1 shallow2 stem  
short1 stout2 yellow1 washed and spotted
 with  purple-red2 dots indistinct2     
bloom thin2 skin thick and tough2 flesh 
yellow1 meaty1 sweet and rich2 good2    
stone large1 flat1 oval1 clinging2      
mid-season4    ,diapree ,blanche4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  
#egh4 #afbi4 #b4  ,langley ,pomona #ie1 

,pl4 ,,xxiv fig4 ,,iv4 #agbi4 #c4       
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4  ,fr4 #b3ajd1    
,pl4 ,,xx fig4 #aa4 #agfh4 #d4 ,kraft   
,pom4 ,aust4 #b3dd1 ,tab4  #aih fig4 #b4
 #agif4 #e4 ,noisette ,man4 ,comp4      
,jard4 #b3ejj4 #ahfj4 #f4  ,oberdieck   
,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dje4 #ahha4       
,diaper'd ,plumb #b4 ,diapre ,blanche   
#d4 ,diapre ,weisse #f4 ,die ,weisse    
,buntfarbige ,pflaume #d4 ,prune ,diapre
 ,blanche #e4 ,white ,diapred #a4       
,yellow  ,diapre #b4    ,this plum has  
been mentioned by ,european writers for 
three centuries4  ,fruit of medium size1
 roundish2 suture a line2 cavity nearly 
lacking2  skin tough2 yellow2 bloom     
thin2 flesh firm1 yellow1 sweet1 rich2  
quality  good2 mid-season4    ,diapree  
,nouvelle ,de ,kook4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3aee4  #ahgc4 #b4    
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dch4 #ahhi4       
,kook's ,gelbe ,diapre #b4 ,kooks ,neue 
,diapre #a4 ,kook's ,neue ,diapre #b4   
,this plum originated as a second       
generation seedling with a ,mr4 ,kook of

  ,new ,brauenfels1 ,texas1 and was     
named by ,liegel to whom he submitted   
the  variety4 ,the fruit is small1 oval2
 cavity small2 skin clear yellow2 flesh 
yellow1 tender1 aromatic2 quality good2 
stone free2 season early4    ,dictator4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #f3ib4     
#ahdj4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4  ,trees ,am4   
#djc4 #aheg4 #c4 ,montreal ,hort4 ,soc4 
,rpt4 #ee4 #ahgh4    ,corse's ,dictator 
#c4    ,a seedling raised by ,henry     
,corse of ,montreal about #ahcd4 ,tree  
hardy1  vigorous2 fruit large1          
brownish-purple2 flesh juicy1 rich2     
good2 stone  small4    ,diel ,grosse    
,weisse ,damascene4 ,insititia8 #a4     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbg4  #ahhi4      
,ak ,erik #a4 ,al ,erik #a4 ,dschau     
,erik #a4 ,frhe ,weisse                 
,aprikosenpflaume #a4 ,gros-,damas      
,blanc4    ,mentioned without           
description in the preceding reference4 
,dine4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 
,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4    ,fruit large1     
white2 dots numerous2 late4             

,dittisham4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4      
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adf4 #ahca4         
,mentioned as cultivated in the ,london 
,horticultural ,society ,gardens4       
,dixie4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,horticultural   
,gleaner #ahii4    ,grown about #ahid in
 the vicinity of ,whitesville1 ,georgia1
 from seed of  ,burbank1 open to cross  
pollination4 ,fruit the size of         
,burbank1 bright  red2 flesh juicy2     
good2 late4    ,dixie4 ,triflora4 #a4   
,hood ,cat4 #aijf4    ,an early         
,triflora variety4    ,dochnahl         
,damascene4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck  
,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #ddd4  #ahha4 #b4  
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbg4 #ahhi4       
,dochnahl's ,knigs ,pflaume #b4    ,as  
tested in ,germany1 very unproductive4  
,dojene4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,knoop         
,fructologie #b3eg4 #agga4    ,origin   
unknown4 ,tree productive2 fruit large1 
oval2 yellow2 flesh watery2  poor2 stone
 clinging4    ,dollaner4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dde4  
#ahha4 #b4  ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbg4  

#ahhi4    ,dollaner ,zwetsche #b4       
,quetsche de ,dollan #b4    ,a variety  
imported from ,france by the ,united    
,states ,department of  ,agriculture4   
,reported by ,oberdieck as 8a prune     
which has borne little  fruit since     
#ahef40    ,domina4 ,species8 #a4       
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbg4 #ahhi4       
,domino #a4    ,reference found by      
,mathieu in ,monatsschrift fr ,pomologie
 #g4 #aheh4    ,domine ,dull4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #adf4 #ahca4 #b4  ,downing ,fr4   
,trees ,am4 #bif4 #ahde4 #c4            
,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4     
#cjb1 #chc4 #ahdf4    ,domine ,dull's   
#a4 ,domine ,dull's ,plum #c4 ,dutch    
,prune #b4 ,dutch ,quetszen  #b1 #c4    
,german ,prune #b1 #c4    ,mr4 ,dull1 a 
,dutch domine1 brought a prune seed from
 ,holland and planted  it in ,kingston1 
,new ,york4 ,from this seed sprang the  
,domine ,dull1 a  variety often confused
 with the ,german ,prune4 ,fruit of     
medium size1  long-oval2 suture slight2 

stem long2 cavity small2 dark purple2   
bloom  thin2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 rich1 
sweet2 good2 clingstone2 late4          
,mentioned  in the ,catalog of the      
,american ,pomological ,society in      
#ahfg4    ,don4 ,americana mollis4 #a4  
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3cj4 #aijc4  
,a seedling of ,wolf raised at the      
,central ,experimental ,farm1 ,ottawa4  
,fruit  large1 roundish2 suture a line2 
uniformly bright red2 dots numerous1    
small1 distinct2 bloom moderate2 flesh  
deep yellow1 juicy2 sweet1 rich2  good2 
stone of medium size1 oval1 clinging2   
late4    ,don ,alteza4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4     
,according to ,parkinson 8a very good   
sort40    ,don ,carlos4 ,domestica4     
,mentioned in ,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4     
,trees #ba4 #ahjc4    ,don ,carlos'4    
,dora4 ,triflora  ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,vt4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ad3bgj4 #aija4    ,a  
seedling from ,a4 ,l4 ,bruce1 ,texas1   
said to be a cross between ,abundance   
and ,wild ,goose4 ,fruit medium to      

large1 cordate2 suture faint2 skin      
tender1 bright red2 dots minute2 bloom  
heavy2 flesh yellow1 firm1 sweet1  rich2
 good2 stone small1 oval1 clinging4     
,doree4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,le ,verger
 #f3ade4 #ahff-gc4    ,d',agen ,dore #a4
    ,found by ,lo d',ounous in an       
orchard planted by his father in ,arige1
  ,france2 published for the first time 
by ,mas in ,le ,verger4 ,tree  vigorous2
 fruit medium1 ovoid2 suture shallow2   
skin tender1 not adherent1              
golden-yellow tinged with rose-violet2  
stem slender1 rather short2 cavity      
shallow2 flesh yellow1 fine1 juicy1 very
 agreeably aromatic4    ,dorell4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #cic4 #aheg4 #b4 ,ann4  ,pom4      
,belge #h3ce1 ,pl4 #ahfj4 #c4 ,hogg     
,fruit ,man4 #cgd4 #ahff4 #d4 ,mas      
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3bg4 #ahgc4 #e4 ,oberdieck
 ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dji4 #ahha4  #f4 
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbg4 #ahhi4 #g4   
,lucas ,vollst4 ,hand4 ,obst4 #dgc4     
#ahid4    ,dorrel #b4 ,dorells ,grosse  

,zwetsche #d4 ,dorelle's ,neue ,grosse  
,zwetsche  #c1 #f4 ,dorell's ,neue      
,purpurzwetsche #e4 ,dorelle's ,new     
,purple ,prune #f4  ,dorells ,neue      
,grosse ,zwetsche #d1 #f4 ,dorells      
grosse neue ,zwetsche #g4  ,grosse      
,quetsche ,de ,dorell #d4 ,grosse       
,quetsche ,nouvelle #f4 ,nouvelle de    
,dorelle #c4 ,nouvelle ,de ,dorrel #f4  
,nouveau ,de ,dorrelle #f4 ,prune       
,grosse  ,quetsche ,nouvelle #b4 ,prune 
nouvelle de ,dorrel #b4 ,quetsche ,de   
,dorelle  #f4 ,quetsche ,de ,dorelle    
,nouvelle ,grand #a4 ,quetsche ,grosse  
,nouvelle ,de  ,dorrel #f4 ,quetsche ,de
 ,dorelle ,nouvelle ,grande #f4    ,a   
seedling raised by ,dr4 ,dorell1 of     
,kuttenberg1 ,bohemia4 ,tree vigorous1  
productive2 fruit large1 oval2 suture   
wide but shallow2 cavity small2  stem   
smooth1 reddish2 skin reddish-violet1   
marked with numerous russet  dots2 flesh
 yellowish1 juicy1 sweet1 aromatic1     
agreeable2 good for  drying2 late       
mid-season4    ,dorell                  

,aprikosenpflaume4 ,species8 ,mentioned 
in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbg4  #ahhi4   
,abricote ,nouvelle de ,drell4 ,dorell's
 ,neue ,aprikosen ,pflaume4  ,mirabelle 
de ,doerell4    ,doris4 ,species8 #a4   
,watkins  ,bros4 ,cat4 #bj4 #ahig-h4 #b4
 ,vt4 ,sta4  ,an4 ,rpt4 #ad3bga4 #aija4 
#c4 ,mass4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ag3afa4    
#aije4    ,a variety of doubtful        
parentage from ,burbank2 introduced by  
,stark  ,brothers in #ahie4 ,fruit      
small1 roundish-oblate2 suture faint2   
light red2  dots numerous2 flesh yellow1
 watery2 quality poor4    ,dorr4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,cultivator #h3cdf4     
#ahea4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4  ,trees ,am4   
#iji4 #ahfi4    ,dorr's ,favorite #a1   
#b4    ,a ,reine ,claude seedling grown 
by either ,isaac ,denniston or ,elisha  
,dorr1  both of ,albany1 ,new ,york4    
,fruit large1 oval2 suture broad2 cavity
 small2  apex sunken2 yellow with red   
dots2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1 coarse1 
juicy2 good2 clingstone2 late4    ,dorr 
,seedling4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu     

,nom4 ,pom4 #dbh4 #ahhi4    ,semis de   
,dorr #a4    ,this may be identical with
 ,dorr4    ,dorsett4 ,munsoniana4 #a4   
,meneray ,cat4    ,a chance seedling    
from ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa2  
introduced by ,f4 ,w4  ,meneray of      
,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa4 ,fruit large1  
yellow blotched with red2  skin thin2   
good2 clingstone2 early4    ,dosch4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#aej4 #ahie4 #b4 ,oregon  ,sta4 ,bul4   
#dj3gc4 #ahif4 #c4 ,ibid4 #de3cj4 #ahig4
 #d4 ,washington  ,cat4 #bb4 #aijf4 #e4 
,chico ,nur4 ,co4 ,cat4 #be4 #aiji4 #f4 
,oregon ,cat4  #ce4 #aijf4    ,the      
,dosch #b4    ,the ,dosch prune grew on 
the farm of ,henry ,e4 ,dosch1          
,hillsdale1 ,oregon1  from a sprout     
below the union on a ,washington plum   
tree grafted on plum  roots4 ,tree      
vigorous1 round-topped1 prolific1       
similar to ,italian2 fruit  large1      
roundish-oval2 apex flattened1 base     
acute2 suture shallow2 stem  medium2    
skin firm2 dark purple2 flesh greenish1 

firm1 sweet2 good2  freestone4          
,double4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,knoop         
,fructologie #b3fj4 #agga4    ,prune de 
,double #a4    ,double differs from     
,paisin ,blanche in that it is a little 
larger1 less  yellow in color1 and      
poorer in flavor4    ,double ,plum4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,hort4 #af3aic    
fig4 #eda4 #ahic4    ,a novelty growing 
in the gardens of ,chernigow1 ,russia1  
in which the fruit  consists of two     
plums joined together1 but easily       
separated at maturity2  fruit           
bluish-red1 sometimes yellow2 flesh     
orange colored1 sweet1 juicy2  quality  
fair2 two stones1 clinging4    ,dougall 
,best4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4   
#dc3ggi4 #ahhd4    ,dougall's ,best #a4 
,a chance seedling raised by ,james     
,dougall of ,windsor1 ,canada4 ,tree    
productive2 fruit oblong1 tapering to   
the stalk2 suture distinct2 clear       
yellow1 touched with carmine toward the 
sun2 good2 stone partially free4        
,douglass4 ,americana4 #a4 ,meneray     

,cat4    ,grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1      
,crescent1 ,iowa1 from seed of          
,harrison2 introduced  by ,f4 ,w4       
,meneray1 ,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa4      
,fruit large1 oblong1 yellow  blushed   
with red2 flesh yellow1 sweet1 rich1    
firm2 semi-clinging4    ,dove ,bank4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #ceh4
 #ahff4 #b4 ,garden  #ec3bfe4 #ahih4    
,caledonian #b incor4    ,hogg could see
 no difference between this variety and 
the ,goliath1 but  ,h4 ,a4 ,pearson in  
the ,journal of the ,royal              
,horticultural ,society1 for  #ahig1    
says that they are distinct4 ,pearson   
adds1 further2 8,the true  variety was  
grown and distributed by ,spencer1 of   
,ilkeston1 444 and is  said to have been
 found growing on the banks of the      
,derbyshire ,dove2 it  differs from     
,caledonian 7,goliath7 in growth1 and   
whereas the leaf glands  of that variety
 are well developed and red in color1   
,dove ,bank has small  ill-developed    
glands of a pale color2 with regard to  

the fruit there is  no comparison       
between the two4 ,caledonian is a       
somewhat coarse cooking  plum4 ,dove    
,bank is a splendid cooking plum1 and   
good enough for dessert40    ,downing   
,early4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees ,am4 #iaj4 #ahfi4    ,downing's  
,early #a4    ,originated at ,newburgh1 
,new ,york4 ,tree moderately vigorous2  
branches  short-jointed2 fruit medium1  
oval1 yellow with slight blush1 and     
crimson  dots2 flesh yellow1 sweet1     
slightly adherent to the stone2 good2   
mid-season4    ,downton ,imperatrice4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4    
#bei4 #ahcb4  #b4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees  
,am4 #bgd4 #ahde4 #c4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4
 #ceh4 #ahff4  #d4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 
#dbh4 #ahhi4    ,downton ,impratrice #d4
 ,downton's ,kaiserin #d4 ,downtoner    
,kaiserin #d4    ,grown by the famous   
horticulturist1 ,thomas ,a4 ,knight1    
from pits produced  by pollinating      
,yellow ,egg with ,blue ,imperatrice4   
,fruit medium1 oval2  suture slightly   

marked2 skin thin1 tender1 pale yellow2 
flesh yellow1  juicy1 melting1 agreeably
 subacid2 good for preserving2 stone    
clinging2  late4    ,drake ,seedling4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,hort4 #bd3djf4   
#aija4    ,drake's ,seedling #a4    ,a  
seedling raised in the orchard of       
,george ,drake1 ,clarksburg1 ,ontario4  
,skin yellow1 dull red on the sunny     
side2 flesh yellow2 a good cooking      
plum4    ,drouth ,king4 ,munsoniana4 #a4
 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum    
,cult4  #aid4 #aija4    ,of unknown     
origin4 ,fruit small1 oval1 bright red2 
dots many1 conspicuous2  flesh yellow2  
good2 stone of medium size1 oval1       
clinging2 mid-season4    ,dr4 ,uff4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#aah3ea4 #ahie4 #b4 ,mich4  ,sta4 ,sp4  
,bul4 #bg3ad4 #aijd4    ,imported by the
 ,united ,states ,department of         
,agriculture from ,hungary4  ,fruit     
medium to large1 roundish-ovate1 dark   
purple2 bloom light2 flesh  medium firm1
 juicy1 yellow2 good2 clingstone2 early4

    ,dr4 ,uff ,szilvaja4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aeb3bji4 #ahih4    
,imported from ,hungary as ,dr4 ,uff but
 it differs markedly from this  variety4
 ,fruit small to medium1                
roundish-oblong2 skin greenish-yellow   
with a faint red tinge2 stem one-half   
inch long2 flesh greenish-yellow1       
tender1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2 good2       
freestone4    ,dry ,seedling4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,gard4 ,chron4 #bi3hih4 
#ahfi4 #b4 ,hogg  ,fruit ,man4 #fih4    
#ahhd4 #c4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d4
 ,ser4 #c3ea4 #aijj4  #d4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dbh4 #ahhi4    ,dry's ,seedling 
#a1 #b4 ,semis de ,dry #b4    ,a        
seedling raised by a ,mr4 ,dry1 at      
,hayes1 ,middlesex1 ,england2 awarded a 
first class certificate by the ,royal   
,horticultural ,society in #ahfi4 ,fruit
  large1 roundish-oval2 suture slight2  
reddish-purple2 bloom thin2 flesh  dull 
greenish-yellow1 firm yet juicy2        
freestone2 early4    ,duke4 ,munsoniana 
8 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aijj4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 

,an4 ,rpt4  #ad3bga4 #aija4    ,a       
supposed cross between ,pottawattamie   
and the ,duke ,cherry1 originating  with
 ,theodore ,williams1 ,nebraska4 ,tree  
vigorous1 productive2 fruit  larger than
 ,wild ,goose1 of nearly the same form2 
cavity narrow1 deep2  suture a line2    
bright red2 flesh yellow1 firm1 mild    
subacid2 clingstone2  mid-season4 ,waugh
 states that this variety resembles a   
,wild ,goose crossed  with an ,americana
 and that he is unable to detect any    
cherry characters4    ,duke of          
,devonshire4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in  
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4  #adf4 #ahca4 
,duke of ,edinburgh4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,jour4 ,hort4 #ba3baf4 #ahfi4 #b4       
,flor4  ,pom4 #g3aic4 #ahga4 #c4 ,hogg  
,fruit ,man4 #fih4 #ahhd4 #d4  ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbh4 #ahhi4 ,duc           
d',edinbourg #d4    ,a variety raised by
 a ,mr4 ,dry1 ,hayes1 ,middlesex1       
,england4 ,fruit large1                 
roundish-obovate2 suture shallow2 skin  
thin1 light purple2 flesh               

reddish-yellow1 juicy1 richly flavored2 
freestone2 good culinary plum4          
,dumberline4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adf4 #ahca4    ,a   
variety under test in the ,london       
,horticultural ,society ,gardens in     
#ahca4    ,dummer4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg
 ,fruit ,man4 #fih4 #ahhd4    ,raised in
 #ahcg by a ,mr4 ,dummer at ,canterbury1
 ,england4 ,fruit large1 red2  like ,red
 ,magnum ,bonum4    ,dumiron4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,cal4 ,nurs4 ,co4 ,cat4 
#aa4 #ahig4    ,imported from ,transon  
,bros41 ,orleans1 ,france1 by the late  
,john ,rock of  ,california2 not        
introduced4    ,dunkelblaue ,kaiserin4  
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dbh4  #ahhi4    ,violette       
,kaiserin incor4    ,dunlap4 ,hortulana4
 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3gi4 #ahib4
 #b4 ,wis4  ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3cf4 #ahig4  
#c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ahe4 #aija4    
,dunlap ,no4 #b #c4 ,dunlap's ,no4 #b   
#b4    ,originated and introduced by ,j4
 ,p4 ,dunlap of ,nebraska4 ,fruit large1

  oval2 cavity shallow2 suture a line2  
surface smooth1 glossy1 bright  red2    
dots many2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1    
soft1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2  good2        
clingstone2 mid-season2 reported in the 
catalog of the ,american  ,pomological  
,society for #ahii4    ,dunlap ,no4 #a4 
,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fc3cf4 #ahig4 #b4  ,ibid4 #hg3ac4      
#aijj4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #adh4    
#aija4    ,dunlap #b4 ,dunlap 7,no4 #a7 
#c4 ,dunlap's ,no4 #a #a4    ,another   
variety produced by ,j4 ,p4 ,dunlap of  
,nebraska4 ,fruit medium  in size1      
oblong2 suture a line2 greenish-yellow  
covered with dull  purplish-red2 bloom  
heavy2 flesh tender1 juicy1 rich1 sweet2
 freestone4    ,dunlop ,nut4 ,americana4
 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #cje4     
#ahic4    ,a hardy variety tested at the
 ,experimental ,farm at ,ottawa4        
,dunmore4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4  
#i3afc4 #ahdc4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4  ,trees
 ,am4 #chj4 #aheg4 #c4 ,hogg ,fr4 ,man4 
#cei4 #ahff4 #d4 ,mathieu ,nom4  ,pom4  

#dbh4 #ahhi4    ,dunmore #d4    ,fruit  
medium in size1 oval2 skin thick1       
greenish-yellow becoming golden2  stem  
half an inch long2 flesh yellow1 tender1
 juicy1 sweet2 good2  freestone2 late4  
,durazen ,zwetsche4 ,domestica8 #a4     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbh4 #ahhi4       
,reference taken by ,mathieu from the   
,pomologische ,monatshefte #b4 #ahhb4   
,eagle4 ,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,kerr
 ,cat4 #aijb-c4 #b4 ,ohio ,sta4  ,bul4  
#afb3bed1 #bee4 #aije4    ,originated in
 ,texas2 tree low1 spreading2 fruit of  
medium size1 round2  suture slight2 skin
 light red2 flesh yellow2 good2 stone   
clinging2 early4    ,early4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #fa4 #ahhg4  
,skorospielka #a4    ,from ,russia4     
,early ,amber4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,forsyth 
,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #ba4 #ahjc4 #b4     
,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4     
#big4 #ahdf4    ,fruit small1           
roundish-oblong1 pale greenish-yellow   
with crimson specks2  flesh             
greenish-yellow1 juicy2 stone clinging2 

early4    ,early ,apricot4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3gj4 #ahcb4   
#b4  ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ba4 #ahgc4 #c4 
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcj4 #ahhi4       
,abricote ,htive #a1 #c4 ,abricote      
,htive #b4 ,abricote ,htif #a4          
,abricote ,prcoce #c4 ,early ,apricot   
,plum #a4 ,frhe ,aprikosenpflaume #b4   
,frhe ,aprikosenpflaume #c4 ,oberdiecks 
,frhe ,aprikosenpflaume #b1 #c4    ,the 
fruit of ,early ,apricot is small1      
roundish2 suture shallow2 cavity        
distinct2 pale red1 darker in the sun2  
dots small1 numerous2 flesh             
yellowish-green1 slightly juicy1 firm2  
quality fair2 clingstone2 season  early4
    ,early ,blue4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ont4 
,fr4 ,growers ,assoc4 #hg4 #ahif4 #b4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #eb4 #ahig4    ,a
 ,domestica of ,american origin4 ,fruit 
the size of ,lombard2 very early4       
,early ,blue4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,miller   
,gard4 ,dict4 #b4 #ahjg4 #b4  ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #hii4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,mas  
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ac4 #ahgc4  #d4 ,hogg    

,fruit ,man4 #fih4 #ahhd4    ,azure     
,htive #c4 ,azure ,htive #b1 #d4 ,black 
,perdrigon #b1 #d4 ,blue ,gage  #c1 #d4 
,blue ,gage #a1 #b4 ,cooper's ,blue     
,gage #b1 #d4 ,early ,blue #c4 ,little  
,blue ,gage #b4    ,an old ,european    
variety2 rejected by the ,american      
,pomological ,society in  #aheh4 ,fruit 
of medium size1 roundish1 dark purple2  
flesh greenish-yellow1  juicy2 flavor   
brisk and rich2 freestone2 early4       
,early ,cherry4 ,cerasifera 8 #a4 ,kerr 
,cat4 #ba4 #ahig4    ,from ,california2 
fruit small1 round1 red2 clingstone2    
early4    ,early ,cluster4 ,species8 #a4
 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbh4 #ahhi4 #b4  
,guide  ,prat4 #afc1 #cee4 #ahie4       
,mentioned in the preceding references4 
,early ,cross4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #chj4 #aheg4           
,originated with a ,mr4 ,cross1 ,salem1 
,massachusetts4 ,tree vigorous1         
productive2 fruit below medium1         
roundish1 reddish-purple2 bloom thick2  
flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1 sweet2    

clingstone2 early4    ,early ,favorite4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #cad4 #ahde4 #b4  ,elliott ,fr4    
,book #dai4 #ahed4 #c4 ,downing ,fr4    
,trees ,am4 #cie4 #aheg4  #d4 ,mas ,le  
,verger #f3aa4 #ahff-gc4 #e4 ,mathieu   
,nom4 ,pom4 #ddg4 #ahhi4  #f4 ,guide    
,prat4 #aeb1 #cef4 #ahie4 #g4 ,rev4     
,hort4 #edh1 ,pl4 #aiji4    ,early      
,favorite #d1 #e1 #f4 ,early ,favourite 
#f4 ,early ,favourite #d4  ,favorite    
,htive #g4 ,favorite ,prcoce #d1 #e1 #g4
 ,favorite ,prcoce #f4  ,favorite       
,prcoce de ,rivers #e1 #f4 ,prcoce de   
,rivers #e4 ,prune ,early  ,favorite #g4
 ,rivers ,early #e1 #f4 ,rivers ,early  
,favorite #e4 ,river's  ,early          
,favourite #e1 #f4 ,river's ,early      
,favourite #c4 ,river's ,early ,no4 #a  
#a4  ,river's ,early ,no4 #a #b4 ,rivers
 ,frh ,pflaume #e4 ,rivers ,frhpflaume  
#f4  ,river's ,no4 #a #c1 #e4    ,a     
seedling of ,prcoce de ,tours raised by 
,thomas ,rivers1 ,sawbridgeworth1       
,england1 about #ahcd4 ,tree vigorous1  

productive2 fruit small1  roundish-oval2
 suture shallow2 bluish-black2 dots     
russet2 flesh  greenish-yellow1 juicy1  
sweet2 good2 freestone2 very early4     
,mentioned in  the catalog of the       
,american ,pomological ,society from    
#aheb to #ahia4    ,early ,genesee4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,gen4 ,farmer #i3bcb4   
#ahdh4    ,originated in ,brighton1     
,monroe ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,fruit of  
medium size1  long-ovate1 golden-yellow2
 very early4    ,early ,golden ,drop4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits  
#ceb4 #ahia4  #b4 ,cal4 ,nur4 ,cat4     
#ahih4    ,early ,golden #b4    8,small1
 bright yellow1 sugary and rich2 pit    
free2 ripens early40    ,early ,honey4  
,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,cornell     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3gi4 #ahib4  #b4 ,waugh  
,plum ,cult4 #aie4 #aija4    ,from      
,grayson ,county1 ,texas4    ,early     
,mirabelle4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit
 ,man4 #cfj1 #cgf4 #ahff4 #b4  ,mas ,le 
,verger #f3a4 #ahff-gc4 #c4 ,oberdieck  
,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #daj4  #ahha4 #d4  

,guide ,prat4 #aeb1 #cfj4 #ahie4        
,frhe von ,bergthold #c4 ,mirabelle     
,prcoce #a4 ,mirabelle ,prcoce #d1  #e4 
,prcoce de ,bergthold #a1 #b4 ,mirabelle
 de ,berthold #d4 ,prcoce de  ,bergthold
 #d4    ,thought to be of ,english      
origin2 first noted by ,hogg4 ,resembles
 the  ,mirabelle very closely1 with     
which it is confused4 ,tree medium in   
vigor1 very productive2 shoots downy2   
fruit small1 nearly round2 suture       
indistinct2 skin pale yellow1 specked   
with red on the sunny side2 flesh       
yellowish1 sweet1 juicy1 agreeably      
aromatic2 freestone2 early4    ,early   
,minnesota4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #fc3cf4 #ahig4 #b4 ,s4  ,dak4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3ag4 #aije4    ,found    
wild by ,joseph ,wood of ,windom1       
,minnesota4 ,tree low1 spreading1       
hardy1 very productive2 fruit small1    
round1 yellowish-red2 flesh sweet1      
juicy2 stone free2 very early4    ,early
 ,normandy4 ,domestica4 #a4             
,horticulturist #cj3bef4 #ahge4 #b4 ,le 

,bon ,jard4 #cdj4 #ahhb4    ,normande   
prcoce #b4    ,noted in the             
,horticulturist as originating in       
,france4 ,tree vigorous2  fruit as large
 as a ,reine ,claude1 purple on the     
sunny side1 light  flesh-colored on the 
shady side2 bloom light2 flesh greenish1
 fine and  melting1 juicy1 sweet2 good2 
early4    ,early ,pale4 ,species8       
,letter from ,burbank4    ,originated   
with ,luther ,burbank and sold to ,judge
 ,s4 ,f4 ,lieb in #ahig4    ,early      
,pear4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 
,ter4 #egg fig4 #afbi4 #b4  ,rea ,flora 
#bji4 #afgf4    ,prunum ,pyrinum praecox
 #a4    ,an early strain of ,white      
,pear4    ,early ,perdrigon4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aea4    
#ahca4  #b4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3fe4  
#ahcb4 #c4 ,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4 #a4   
#ahdf4  #d4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cge4    
#ahff4 #e4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4    
#icf4 #ahfi4  #f4 ,mas ,le ,verger      
#f3adg4 #ahff-gc4 #g4 ,mathieu ,nom4    
,pom4 #dca4 #ahhi4  #h4 ,guide ,prat4   

#aec1 #cfa4 #ahie4    ,frher ,perdrigon 
#g4 ,frher ,violetter ,perdrigon #g4    
,moyeu de ,bourgogne  8#g1 #h4          
,perdrigon htif #a4 ,perdrigon htif #b1 
#g1 #h4 ,perdrigon htive  #b4 ,perdrigon
 ,violet ,htif #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h4      
,prune ,perdrigon htif #c4 ,prunus      
,calvellana #c4    ,there are two plums 
known under this name4 ,both are small1 
oval1 purplish  and are covered with a  
thick bloom4 ,one1 however1 which seems 
to have  been earliest known1 is sweet1 
rich and of very good quality1 ripening 
about the middle of ,august4 ,the second
 variety was named by ,calvel4 ,it  is  
vastly inferior in quality to the first 
and ripens in ,july4 ,neither  variety  
is well known in ,america4    ,early    
,red4 ,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #afj1 #afb4  #ahha4   
#b4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #hj3fb4 #ahib4 
#c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aie4  #aija4   
,grown by ,g4 ,onderdonk of ,mission    
,valley1 ,victoria ,county1 ,texas2     
introduced by the originator in #ahgi4  

,fruit small1 roundish2 cavity  large2  
suture lacking2 red2 dots few1 white2   
skin thin2 flesh soft1  yellow1         
sprightly2 quality fair2 clingstone2    
early4    ,early ,red4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #fa4 #ahhg4 #b4  
,ia4  ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hf4 #ahij4 #c4
 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm4 ,bul4 #dc3cc4 #aijc4
  #d4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4   
#caj4 #aijc4    ,early ,red ,russian #c4
 ,early ,red ,russian ,no4 #c #c4       
,krasnaya  ,skorospielkaya #a4 ,mixed   
,arab #b1 #c4 ,no4 #c #b4    ,early ,red
 was imported by ,j4 ,l4 ,budd from ,dr4
 ,regel1 ,st4 ,petersburg1  ,russia1 in 
the winter of #ahha-hb4 ,the following  
season it was  disseminated with a mixed
 lot of varieties1 all of which became  
badly  confused4 ,fruit large1 oval2    
cavity small2 suture shallow2 dark red2 
bloom thick2 dots white2 flesh firm1    
meaty2 quality fair2 clingstone2  early4
    ,early ,royal of ,nikita4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #chj4  #aheg4 #b4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 

#b3be fig4 #ac4 #ahgc4 #c4 ,mathieu     
,nom4 ,pom4  #dbi1 #dcj1 #dda1 #ddi4    
#ahhi4    ,early ,royal of ,nikita #c4  
,frhe ,knigspflaume ,pflaume von ,nikita
  #c4 ,frhe ,nikitaer ,knigspflaume #c4 
,nikitaner ,frhe ,knigspflaume  #b4     
,nikitaer ,frhe ,knigspflaume #c4       
,nikita's ,frhe ,knigs ,pflaume #c4     
,royale ,htive de ,nikita #c4 ,royal    
,htive de ,nikita #c4 ,royale ,htive de 
,nikita #b4    ,according to ,mas this  
variety originated in ,nikita1 ,crimea4 
,fruit small1  roundish1 reddish-purple2
 bloom thick2 flesh yellow1 sweet1      
juicy2 good2  semi-clinging2 early4     
,early ,st4 ,john4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iab4 #ahfi4  
,prune de ,st4 ,jean #a4 ,st4 ,jean #a4 
,st4 ,john #a4    ,tree vigorous2 fruit 
medium in size1 roundish-oblong1        
reddish-purple2  flesh green1 sweet1    
sprightly2 freestone2 mid-season4       
,early ,transparent ,gage4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,jour4 ,hort4 ,n4 ,s4 #ag3bhf4      
#ahfi4 #b4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gbb4     

#ahhd4 #c4 ,guide ,prat4 #aec1 #cfd4    
#ahie4 #d4 ,rivers ,cat4 #cd4 #ahih4 #e4
 ,bartrum ,pears and ,plums #fc4  #aijb4
    ,early ,apricot #c4 ,early          
,transparent #d4 ,early ,transparent    
,gage #b1 #c4  ,new ,transparent ,gage  
#a4 ,reine-,claude ,diaphane ,htive #c4 
,rivers' ,early  ,apricot #b4 ,rivers'  
,early ,transparent ,gage #e4    ,this  
seedling of ,transparent ,gage was      
raised by ,thomas ,rivers1              
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england1 in #ahff4    
,tree hardy1 productive1 compact2       
branchlets pubescent2 fruit medium in   
size1 roundish-oblate2 suture  shallow2 
stem slender2 yellowish-green1 mottled  
with crimson2 flesh  greenish-yellow1   
firm1 juicy2 quality high2 freestone2   
early4    ,early ,yellow ,gage4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 ,app4  #b3aef4 #ahgf4              
,originated with ,asahel ,foote1        
,williamstown1 ,massachusetts4 ,tree    
vigorous1  upright1 productive2 fruit of
 medium size1 roundish-oval2 suture     

shallow2 cavity small2 stem slender2    
pale yellow2 bloom thin2 flesh          
greenish-yellow1 rather coarse1 juicy1  
sweet2 semi-clinging2 early4    ,early  
,yellow ,prune4 ,domestica4 #a4         
,horticulturist #h3ecf4 #ahec4  #b4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hf4 #ahed4          
,originated in ,bedford ,county1        
,pennsylvania4 ,tree vigorous1 prolific2
  fruit medium1 oval2 skin yellow2 very 
good2 stone free4    ,eason4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egh4 #afbi4
    ,described by ,parkinson as 8small1 
red and well tasted40    ,eberly4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#ace4 #aije4    ,eberly's ,plum #a4     
,a seedling brought to notice by ,w4 ,v4
 ,eberly of the ,california ,nursery    
,company4 ,fruit large1 oval2 cavity    
small2 yellow1 occasionally slightly    
russeted2 dots numerous1 silvery2 flesh 
yellowish1 translucent2 sweet1  rich2   
good2 stone long1 flat1 free2 late4     
,ebon4 ,cerasifera 8 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4    
#af4 #ahii4    ,described by ,kerr in   

#ahii4 ,tree upright1 with distinct     
foliage4 ,fruit  medium in size1 round  
to round-oblong1 very dark red2 flesh   
red2  clingstone4    ,ecully4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4      
,france #cfd4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,guide  ,prat4 
#aec1 #cfd4 #ahie4 #c4 ,can4 ,exp4      
,farms ,rpt4 #dcc4 #aije4               
,reine-,claude d',ecully #a1 #b1 #c4    
,a chance seedling grown by ,m4 ,luizet1
 at ,ecully-les-,lyon1 ,france2 first   
fruited in #ahff4 ,tree vigorous1 very  
productive2 fruit large1 roundish2      
suture deep2 halves unequal2 cavity deep
 and rather wide2 stem medium in        
length2 skin yellow1 slightly tinged    
with red2 flesh yellowish1 fine1  rather
 firm1 juicy1 sweet1 ,reine ,claude     
aroma2 good2 stone nearly free2         
mid-season4    ,eddie4 ,species8 ,letter
 from ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr4    ,originated by  
,theodore ,williams of ,benson1         
,nebraska4    ,edith4 ,americana4 #a4   
,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bfi4 #aijj4    ,a  
seedling of ,iowa ,beauty grown by ,e4  

,l4 ,hayden1 ,oakville1 ,iowa1 about    
#ahie4 ,tree upright1 vigorous2 fruit   
medium in size1 globular2 suture        
indistinct2 dark red2 dots numerous2    
bloom thick2 good2 stone of medium      
size2 mid-season4    ,edle ,early4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4
 ,sort4 #daa4 #ahha4  #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dbh4 #ahhi4    ,edle ,frhpflaume
 #a1 #b4 ,noble ,prcoce #b4    ,found in
 a garden in ,brunswick1 ,germany4 ,tree
 large1 productive2 fruit  small1 oval2 
suture a line2 brownish-red1 with       
gold-colored dots2 flesh  golden-yellow1
 tender1 juicy1 sweet2 freestone2 early4
    ,edouard ,seneclauze4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cfa4 #ahff4     
,fruit very small1 obovate1             
golden-yellow2 flesh sweet1 richly      
flavored2  freestone2 early4    ,eggles4
 ,triflora  ,hortulana4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4  
,an4 ,rpt4 #ad3bga4 #aija4    ,sent out 
by ,a4 ,l4 ,bruce1 ,texas4 ,fruit large1
 round2 suture indistinct2  bright red2 
dots many1 minute1 yellow2 flesh yellow2

 stone oval1  compressed1 clinging2     
poor4    ,eldora4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ccc4 #ahid4 #b4     
,waugh  ,plum ,cult4 #adh4 #aija4    ,a 
seedling raised by ,judge ,samuel       
,miller of ,missouri4 ,tree rapid in    
growth2 fruit medium to large4          
,eldorado4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #df3bfi4 #aijj4 #b4 ,ill4  ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt4 #ace4 #aijc4 #c4 ,ibid4     
#dbf4 #aije4    ,a seedling grown by ,h4
 ,a4 ,terry of ,crescent1 ,iowa1 who    
introduced it in  #ahii4 ,fruit small1  
round2 suture lacking2 yellow overlaid  
with red2 dots  small1 grayish2 bloom   
thin2 skin thick2 flesh firm1 yellow1   
subacid2  clingstone2 late4             
,eldridge4 ,americana4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,cat4 #db4 #ahhc4    ,a variety   
from ,wisconsin listed for eight years  
by the ,american  ,pomological ,society4
    ,elfrey4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,coxe      
,cult4 ,fr4 ,trees #bcd4 #ahag4 #b4     
,prince  ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ih4 #ahcb4 #c4  
,horticulturist #g3djc4 #aheb4 #d4      

,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbi4 #ahhi4       
,elfrey's ,prune #b4 ,elfreth's ,prune  
#b4 ,elfry's ,plum #d4    ,of unknown   
origin2 quite widely disseminated and   
highly recommended in  the ,south about 
fifty years ago4 ,tree vigorous2 fruit  
medium in size1  oval1 blue2 flesh      
greenish1 firm1 rich1 slightly dry2     
mid-season4    ,elisabeth ,pflaume4     
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dbi4  #ahhi4    ,elisabeth      
d',elsner4 ,elsner's ,elisabeth         
,pflaume4    ,ella4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d ,ser4      
#c3eb4 #aijj4    ,a seedling of the     
,peach plum grown at the ,british       
,columbia ,experimental  ,station2 not  
introduced2 closely resembles the       
parent4    ,ellis4 ,munsoniana          
,hortulana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ch3gi4 #ahib4  #b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 
#bca4 #aija4    ,ellis is said to be a  
cross between ,wild ,goose and ,golden  
,beauty1 and  to have originated in     
northern ,texas2 introduced by ,t4 ,l4  

,ellis4 ,fruit  large1 round2 skin very 
thin1 red2 good2 semi-clinging4         
,ellwood4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,col41 ,o41   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ca4 #ahib4 #b4      
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bed1 #bee4 #aije4
    ,elwood #a4    ,introduced by       
,augustine and ,company1 ,normal1       
,illinois2 very similar to  ,lombard if 
not identical with it4    ,elmore4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,gard4  ,for4 #g3bdc4   
#ahid4    ,an early variety from        
,shasta1 ,sacramento ,county1           
,california4    ,elsner ,grne ,zwetsche4
 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,mathieu     
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbi4  #ahhi4    ,elsner's  
,von ,gronow ,grne ,zwetsche4 ,prune    
,celeste4    ,elton4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adg4 #ahca4  
,grown on the grounds of the ,london    
,horticultural ,society4    ,emerald4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,hort4 #ab3bfe4   
#ahhi4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aja4
 #ahia4 #c4 ,smith ,cat4 #ce4 #ahih4 #d4
 ,can4 ,hort4  #bb3cdj4 #ahii4    ,early
 ,green #a1 #b1 #d4    ,originated with 

,warren ,holton1 ,hamilton1 ,ontario2   
supposedly a seedling  of ,reine        
,claude4 ,it was first called ,early    
,green but was introduced by  ,e4 ,d4   
,smith of ,winona1 ,ontario1 under the  
name ,emerald4 ,tree hardy and          
productive2 fruit large1 roundish2 stem 
slender2 suture medium deep2            
yellowish-green2 very good2 stone free1 
smooth2 very early4    ,emerald4        
,triflora  ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #df3bgj4 #aijj4  #b4 ,waugh ,plum 
,cult4 #bji4 #aija4 #c4 ,budd-,hansen   
,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #bif4  #aijc4 #d4 ,ia4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aad3acc4 #aiaj4           
,burwood #d4    ,emerald came from a    
cross between ,brittlewood and ,burbank 
made by  ,theodore ,williams1 ,benson1  
,nebraska1 in #ahie4 ,tree resembles an 
,early  ,richmond cherry1 hardy1        
productive2 buds conspicuous2 fruit     
large1  roundish1 yellow marbled with   
coppery-red2 flesh yellowish1 tender1   
fibrous1 juicy1 mild subacid2 good4     
,emerald ,drop4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing

 ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bge4 #ahde4 #b4      
,ibid4 #iac4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,mas ,le ,verger
 #f3abe4 #ahff-gc4    ,goutte ,emeraude 
#c4    ,emerald ,drop is a seedling of  
,washington grown sometime previous to  
#ahde by ,a4 ,j4 ,downing1 ,newburgh1   
,new ,york4 ,tree moderately vigorous1  
productive2 fruit of medium size1 oval2 
cavity small2 suture distinct1  sides   
unequal2 yellowish-green2 flesh         
greenish-yellow1 juicy2 good2           
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,emerson4    
,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,kan4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #aja3aca4 #aija4  #b4 ,cornell    
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3fc4 #ahib4 #c4 ,waugh   
,plum ,cult4 #aie4 #aija4    ,emerson's 
,early #c4    ,found wild in northern   
,texas2 introduced by ,a4 ,l4 ,bruce4   
,fruit small1  round to oval1 bright    
red1 with many white dots2 flesh yellow1
 soft2  stone rough1 clinging2 early4   
,emerson4 ,americana4 #a4 ,minn4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt4 #abg4 #ahij4    ,originated 
near ,dubuque1 ,iowa4 ,tree productive2 
fruit large1 roundish1  red1 thickly    

dotted with small gray spots2 flesh     
firm2 valuable for  preserving4         
,emerson ,yellow4 ,angustifolia varians4
 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #bj4 #ahig4 #b4  ,waugh
 ,plum ,cult4 #aie4 #aija4    ,a        
seedling of the ,emerson from ,texas4   
,fruit of medium size1 round1  yellow2  
inferior4    ,emigrant4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #abf4 #ahhi4 #b4 
,am4  ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #be4 #ahig4     
,a seedling of ,lombard4 ,fruit large1  
oval1 purple2 quality fair2  mid-season4
    ,emily ,may4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ia4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bfi4 #aijj4    ,a large 
attractive plum of the ,pond type grown 
by ,lillian ,a4 ,trotter1  ,owen ,sound1
 ,ontario1 ,canada4 ,fruit large1 oval2 
suture well marked2 clear  light yellow2
 bloom thin2 flesh firm1 juicy1         
delicate2 good2 stone small1  rough1    
free4    ,emma4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4    
,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bfi4 #aijj4 #b4 ,terry  
,cat4  #aijj4    ,grown by ,h4 ,a4      
,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa1 in #ahif4     
,fruit medium in size1  almost round2   

skin thin1 reddish color2 good2 stone   
large1 clinging4    ,engle4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,mich ,sta4 ,bul4 #abi3cb1 #cc4     
#ahif4 #b4  ,ibid4 #ahg3gg1 #gh4 #aija4 
#c4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4     
#caa4 #aijc4    ,fruit below medium     
size1 roundish-oval2 suture obscure2    
skin yellow2  flesh firm1 yellow1 flavor
 rich2 very good2 very early4           
,empereur4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,le     
,verger #f3fc4 #ahff-gc4 #b4 ,mathieu   
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbi4 #ahhi4    ,empereur de
 ,mas #b4    ,grown by ,m4 ,mas1        
,france1 from a seed of ,golden ,drop   
sown in #ahej2  reported in #ahfa under 
the name ,empereur4 ,fruit large1       
obovate2 suture  indistinct2 skin       
tender1 purple1 streaked with deeper    
purple2 flesh clear  yellow1 melting1   
juicy1 sweet2 stone small1 clinging2    
early4    ,emperor of ,japan4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    
#dbi4 #ahhi4    ,empereur du ,japan #a4 
,emperor of ,japan #a4 ,kaiser ,von     
,japan #a4    ,mathieu found reference  

to it in ,pomologische ,monatshefte     
#acd4 #ahhb and  ,obst-,garten #cbb4    
#ahhb4    ,esjum ,erik4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,pom4 ,bul4 #aj3ba4
 #aija4    ,esjum ,erik is an ,old      
,world variety imported by the ,united  
,states  ,department of ,agriculture in 
#aijj4 ,as tested at this ,station it   
appears  to be of little value for ,new 
,york growers4 ,tree vigorous1          
unproductive2  fruit small1 obovate1    
necked2 cavity nearly lacking2 suture a 
line2  purplish-black2 bloom thick2 dots
 inconspicuous2 flesh greenish-yellow1  
juicy1 firm1 sweetish1 mild2 quality not
 high2 stone small1 oval1 dark  colored1
 clinging2 mid-season4    ,essex        
,bullace4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,cat4 #add4 #ahca4 #b4  ,hogg     
,fruit ,man4 #fhi4 #ahhd4 #c4 ,rivers   
,cat4 #cg4 #aiji4    ,new ,large        
,bullace #a1 #c4 ,new ,large ,bullace   
#b4    ,tree vigorous1 very productive2 
fruit large1 roundish1 greenish-yellow2 
flesh juicy2 late4    ,esslinger        

,fruhzwetsche4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbi4  #ahhi4 #b4 ,lucas    
,vollst4 ,hand4 ,obst4 #dgc4 #ahid4     
,quetsche ,prcoce  d',esslingen #a4     
,tree vigorous2 an early and abundant   
bearer2 fruit of medium size1           
bluish-black2 bloom light2 valuable for 
dessert and drying4    ,esther4         
,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #bhg4 #ahhg4 #b4  ,cornell ,sta4 
,bul4 #ch3gi4 #ahib4 #c4 ,terry ,cat4   
#aijj4 #d4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4 #agc4   
#aija4    ,a seedling of ,miner1 grown  
by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa2    
first fruited  in #ahhe4 ,fruit medium  
in size1 round-oval2 suture a line2 dark
 red2 dots  numerous2 bloom thin2 flesh 
yellow2 good2 stone oval1 clinging2     
late4    ,etopa4 ,prunus besseyi        
,triflora4 ,cir4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,exp4 ,sta4  
#aiaj4    ,introduced in #aijh by the   
originator1 ,n4 ,e4 ,hansen of the      
,south ,dakota  ,experiment ,station4   
,it is a cross of ,occident with ,prunus
 besseyi in  which the dark purplish    

flesh of the male parent is conspicuous4
    ,etta4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4  
#aijj4 #b4 ,terry ,cat4 #aijj4 #c4      
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #he3ac4 #aija4    ,a  
seedling first fruited in #ahie by ,h4  
,a4 ,terry1 ,iowa4 ,fruit large1  nearly
 round2 suture distinct2 skin yellow1   
striped and splashed with  red2 flesh   
sweet1 rich2 good2 stone oval1 free2    
mid-season4    ,eureka4 ,nigra4 #a4 ,ia4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bgj4 #aijj4    ,grown  
in #ahif by ,theodore ,williams1        
,benson1 ,nebraska1 from seed of        
,cheney4 ,tree upright1 vigorous1       
unproductive2 fruit large2 roundish1    
yellowish-red to purple2 flesh firm1    
juicy2 good2 clingstone2 very early4    
,eureka4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,am4 ,jour4   
,hort4 #e3adh4 #ahfi4    ,similar to    
,wild ,goose4    ,eva4 ,nigra4 #a4 ,can4
 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4        
,from ,manitoba2 tested at the ,indian  
,head ,experimental ,farm1 ,northwest   
,territory1 ,canada4 ,fruit small1 red2 
excellent2 mid-season4    ,evelyn4      

,domestica4 #a4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,gr4 ,assoc4 
,rpt4 #gc4 #ahid4 #b4 ,can4  ,exp4      
,farms ,rpt4 #acg4 #ahid4    ,a seedling
 grown in the neighborhood of ,owen's   
,sound1 ,canada2 of local  reputation4  
,excelsior ,damson4 ,insititia4 #a4     
,green ,river ,cat4 #ahii4    ,a        
freestone introduced in #ahib by the    
,green ,river ,nursery ,company and     
described in their catalog as being a   
particularly fine strain of the         
,damson4    ,fairchild4 ,americana4 #a4 
,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bga4 #aijj4 #b4    
,waugh  ,plum ,cult4 #adh4 #aija4    ,a 
seedling of ,de ,soto supposed to have  
been fertilized by a wild plum2  grown  
by ,j4 ,h4 ,fairchild1 ,iowa1 in #ahid  
and offered for sale in #ahii by        
,snyder and ,son1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa4
 ,fruit above medium1 roundish-oval1    
yellowish-red with whitish dots2 flesh  
yellow1 firm1 juicy2 quality fair2      
mid-season4    ,fancy4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 
,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bga4 #aijj4        
,from a sprout of ,wild ,goose1         

originating with ,john ,brown1          
,oakville1  ,louisa ,county1 ,iowa1 in  
#ahhe4 ,tree vigorous1 very prolific2   
fruit large1  oblong1 yellow with       
shading of red2 bloom thin2 flesh sweet1
 juicy2 good2  stone small1 clinging2   
mid-season4    ,fanning4 ,munsoniana4   
#a4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ahe4 #aija4    
,a chance seedling found in the yard of 
a ,mr4 ,fanning1 ,rockdale1 ,texas4     
,fruit medium in size1 round-oval1      
bright red2 dots numerous2 flesh        
yellow2 quality fair2 stone oval1       
clinging2 mid-season4    ,fawn4         
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4    
#bca4 #aija4    ,a variety first grown  
by ,david ,miller of ,camp ,hill1       
,cumberland ,county1  ,pennsylvania4    
,fruit of medium size1 roundish2 suture 
a line2 bright red2  dots numerous1     
large1 yellow1 giving a dappled or fawn 
color2 bloom very  thin2 flesh yellow2  
quality fair2 stone oval1 clinging4     
,femmonzi4 ,species8 #a4 ,coates ,cat4  
#aiaj-aa4    ,a variety first grown by  

,frank ,femmons of ,ahwahnee1           
,california1 and  introduced by the     
,leonard ,coates ,nursery ,company1     
,morganhill1 ,california1  in the fall  
of #aiaj4 ,said to be large and         
handsome4    ,field ,marshall4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4    
#beg4 #ahcb4 #b4  ,downing ,fr4 ,trees  
,am4 #bic4 #ahde4 #c4 ,elliott ,fr4     
,book #dbf4 #ahed4    ,corse's ,field   
,marshall #a1 #b4 ,corse's ,field       
,marshal #c4    ,a seedling raised by   
,henry ,corse of ,montreal1 ,canada4    
,fruit large1 oval1  bright             
purplish-red2 cavity shallow2 flesh     
greenish-yellow1 juicy1  subacid2 stone 
long1 pointed1 clinging4    ,figue      
,grosse ,rouge4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adg4 #ahca4         
,wilmots ,early #a4    ,fruit large1    
obovate2 purple2 freestone2 quality     
medium2 mid-season4    ,fin de ,siecle4 
,nigra4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4    
#dbf4 #aijj4    ,a seedling raised at   
,indian ,head ,experimental ,farm1      

,northwest ,territory1  ,canada4 ,tree  
productive2 fruit large2 red2 flavor    
fair2 early4    ,fine ,bonte4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #iac4 #ahfi4 #b4 ,mas  ,le ,verger 
#f3ce4 #ahff-gc4 #c4 ,mathieu ,nom4     
,pom4 #dbi4 #ahhi4    ,feine und ,gute  
#c4 ,fine ,bonte #c4    ,originated in  
the nurseries of ,simon ,louis1         
,moselle1 ,france4 ,fruit small1        
irregularly ovate2 suture indistinct2   
purple2 bloom thin2 stem very  short1   
thick2 flesh greenish yellow2 very good2
 stone small1 free2 very  early4        
,fine ,early ,plum4 ,domestica4         
,mentioned in ,forsyth ,treat ,fr4      
,trees #ba4  #ahjc4    ,firba           
,konigspflaume4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned  
in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbi4  #ahhi4   
,firbas ,frhe ,schuttenhoferin4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    
#dbi4  #ahhi4    ,mathieu found mention 
of it in ,wiener ,garten-,zeitung #bhg4 
#ahhd4    ,first4 ,species8 #a4 ,burbank
 ,cat4 #ahii4 #b4 ,ibid4 #aija4 #c4 ,ga4

  ,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3cf4 #aije4    ,no4    
#ca1bhh #a4    ,according to the        
originator1 ,luther ,burbank1 this      
variety is one of the  second generation
 of a combination cross of ,hawkeye1    
,hammer1 ,milton1  ,wyant1 ,wayland and 
,burbank4 ,it was introduced in #ahii   
under the breeding  number #ca1bhh1 but 
grafting wood was not offered for sale  
until #aijj4  ,this is probably one of  
the earliest plums1 ripening in         
,california about  three weeks before   
,red ,june4 ,fruit medium in size1      
roundish2 stem short1  slender2 yellow  
with faint blush2 flesh yellow1 sweet1  
juicy2 earliest4    ,first ,best4       
,species8 #a4 ,childs ,cat4 #acf4 #aiaj4
    ,first ,best was grown by ,r4 ,d4   
,hoyt of ,clearwater1 ,florida1 in #ahid
 from  seed marked 8,hill ,plum0        
received from ,w4 ,gollen of            
,saharanfur1 ,india4  ,the tree first   
fruited in #aijd and was introduced in  
the spring of #aiaj  by ,john ,lewis    
,childs1 ,floral ,park1 ,new ,york1 who 

states that it is an  unusually early1  
yellow variety4    ,first ,sweet4       
,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4    
#dbf4 #aijj4    ,a seedling raised at   
the ,experimental ,farm1 ,northwest     
,territory1 ,canada4  ,tree productive2 
fruit of medium size2 skin red1 thin2   
flavor excellent2  early4    ,fitzroy4  
,americana4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4
 #aai4 #aijd4    ,a seedling of         
,rollingstone grown at the ,central     
,experimental ,farm1  ,canada4 ,fruit   
above medium1 roundish1 slightly        
heart-shaped2 suture a  line2 skin      
yellow washed with red2 dots many2 bloom
 moderate2 flesh pale  yellow1 juicy1   
sweet2 good2 stone nearly free2 cracks  
when ripe4    ,flora ,plena4 ,americana 
#a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid-ig4    ,j4 ,w4    
,kerr1 the introducer1 found this plum  
in the yard of a friend in  ,york       
,county1 ,pennsylvania1 it having been  
brought from ,iowa4 ,tree dwarf2  blooms
 profusely with beautiful pure white1   
very double flowers2 no fruit4          

,flushing ,bulleis4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4     
,noted by ,parkinson as a variety       
producing fruit in clusters like a bunch
  of grapes4    ,foote4 ,insititia4 #a4 
,mich4 ,sta4 ,sp4 ,bul4 #ce3ba4 #aijf4  
,fruit small1 roundish-oblong2 skin     
black2 flesh rather dry1                
greenish-yellow2 stone small1 oval1     
clinging2 mid-season4    ,foote4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,horticulturist #bj3cbd4
 #ahfe4 #b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees ,am4  
#iac4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3gg4
 #ahgc4    ,foote's ,early ,orleans #c4 
,foote's ,early ,orleans #a1 #b1 #c4    
,monsieur ,htif  de ,foote #c4    ,a    
seedling of ,wilmot's ,early ,orleans   
raised in #aheb by ,asahel ,foote of    
,williamstown1 ,massachusetts4 ,tree    
large and vigorous2 fruit of medium     
size1 roundish-oval2 suture absent2 very
 black2 flesh greenish1 juicy2  good2   
stone oval1 flattened1 clinging2 very   
early4    ,foote ,golden ,gage4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    

,am4 #iad4 #ahfi4    ,raised by ,asahel 
,foote1 ,williamstown1 ,massachusetts4  
,tree very vigorous2  shoots slightly   
downy2 fruit large1 nearly round2 suture
 shallow2 stalk  slender2 cavity small2 
skin golden-yellow1 obscurely splashed  
with green  and tinged with red2 flesh  
yellow1 juicy1 sweet1 slightly vinous2  
very  good2 stone slightly adherent2    
mid-season4    ,forest ,rose ,improved4 
,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4
  #aac3aed4 #ahii4    ,an improved      
strain of ,forest ,rose somewhat larger 
than the original4    ,forewattamie4    
,hortulana mineri  ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,vt4
 ,sta4 ,bul4  #fg3aa4 #ahih4 #b4 ,kerr  
,cat4 #aijj4    ,a cross between ,forest
 ,garden and ,pottawattamie grown by    
,theodore  ,williams1 ,benson1          
,nebraska4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1 after testing 
it1 states that it  disclosed no special
 merits2 fruit below medium1 oval1 dull 
red2 flesh  watery2 poor4    ,formosa4  
,triflora 8 #a4 ,fancher ,creek ,nur4   
,cat4 #g4 #aijg-h4 #b4  ,fancher ,creek 

,nur4 ,cat41 ,burbank's ,late           
,introductions4 fig4 #aiji4    ,wickson 
,challenge #a4    ,grown by ,luther     
,burbank1 who states that it is of mixed
 parentage1  including probably from    
fifteen to eighteen varieties4 ,tree    
very vigorous  and productive2 fruit    
large1 oval to slightly cordate2 suture 
very  prominent2 cavity medium2 rich    
yellow with light bloom turning to clear
  red at maturity2 flesh pale yellow1   
firm1 sweet1 rich1 apricot flavor2      
good2 stone semi-clinging2 mid-season4  
,forward ,damask4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned
 in ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #gj4 #afii4 
,frankfort ,peach4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,koch
 ,deut4 ,obst4 #egb4 #ahgf4 #b4         
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #crd ,app4    
#ahj4 #ahha4 #c4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4   
#dcj4  #ahhi4    ,francfort ,peach #c4  
,frankfurter ,pfirschen ,zwetsche #c4   
,kuchen ,pflaume  #c4 ,quetsche de      
,francfort #c4 ,quetsche-,pche de       
,francfort #c4    ,tree spreading1      
productive2 fruit of medium size1 oval1 

compressed2  suture shallow2 cavity     
small2 black2 bloom thick2 flesh yellow1
 coarse1  juicy1 sweet1 good2 stone     
oval1 thin1 free2 mid-season4           
,franklin4 ,triflora 8 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4   
,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bbc4 #ahii4 #b4  ,waugh  
,plum ,cult4 #baj1 #baa fig4 #aija4     
,originated with ,a4 ,l4 ,bruce1 ,texas1
 from ,abundance crossed with an        
unknown variety4 ,fruit of medium size1 
oblate2 suture a line2 bright  crimson  
over yellow2 dots numerous2 bloom thin2 
flesh yellow2 good2  clingstone4        
,fraser4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,gard4    
#bb3fjf4 #aija4 #b4 ,gard4 ,chron4      
#cj3abj4 #aija4    ,fraser's ,early     
,yellow #a4    ,raised in the nursery of
 ,john ,fraser1 ,woodford1 ,england1    
about #ahie4 ,tree  small2 fruit very   
small1 oval2 skin bright yellow2 flesh  
soft2 flavor  poor2 freestone2 valuable 
because of its earliness4    ,freeman4  
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4
 #bgf4 #ahic4 #b4 ,wis4  ,sta4 ,bul4    
#hg3ac4 #aija4    ,freeman's ,favorite  

#a4    ,originated in #ahhe with ,h4 ,a4
 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa1 from seed of 
,wild ,goose4 ,tree vigorous1 fairly    
productive2 fruit above medium1         
roundish-oblong2 suture distinct2 bright
 crimson1 numerous dots on the  lower   
half2 flesh very tender1 sprightly2     
good2 clingstone2 early4    ,freestone4 
,species8 #a4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#dbd4 #aije4    ,an inferior native     
variety2 fruit small2 clingstone2       
mid-season4    ,freestone4 ,americana4  
#a4 ,terry ,cat4 #aijj4    ,a seedling  
grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry from seed of    
,harrison4 ,fruit large1 pale  yellow   
becoming light red at full maturity2    
good2 stone semi-clinging4    ,freestone
 ,goose4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,stark ,cat4  
#bi4 #aiaj4    ,originated by ,theodore 
,williams1 ,benson1 ,nebraska1 and      
introduced by  ,stark ,brothers1        
,louisiana1 ,missouri1 in #aiaj4 ,the   
fruit is said to be  larger and darker  
colored than the ,wild ,goose4          
,freestone ,quetsche4 ,domestica4 #a4   

,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aeb3bji4 #ahih4     
,imported by the ,department of         
,agriculture and noted as vigorous4     
,friedheim ,damascene4 ,species8        
,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcj4
  #ahhi4    ,friedheim's ,rote ,frh     
,damascene4 ,damas ,rouge de ,friedheim4
    ,fritze ,herrnpflaume4 ,domestica4  
,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcj4
  #ahhi4    ,frostproof4 ,cerasifera4   
#a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ac3cfi4      
#aijj4 #b4  ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bca4   
#aija4    ,grown and introduced by ,j4  
,h4 ,g4 ,jenkins1 ,spring ,garden1      
,missouri1 about  #ahif4 ,fruit small1  
spherical2 suture a fine line2 dark     
crimson2 dots  minute2 bloom thin2 flesh
 yellow2 good2 clingstone2 very early2  
blossoms  resistant to frosts4    ,frhe 
,englische ,zwetsche4 ,domestica4       
,listed in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcj4   
#ahhi4    ,frhe ,gelbe ,reine ,claude4  
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4  #dcj4 #ahhi4    ,frhe ,gelbe    
,kaiser ,pflaume4    ,frhe ,grne        

,zwetsche4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck   
,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4  #dde4 #ahha4 #b4  
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcj4 #ahhi4       
,bischtin ,erik #b4 ,herr ,pflaume #b4  
,a ,german variety said to be suitable  
for moist soils4    ,frhe ,leipziger    
,damascene4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dcj4 #ahhi4    ,damas de        
,leipsick #a4 ,fondante ,noire #a4      
,mathieu suggests that this may possibly
 be identical with ,prcoce de  ,tours4  
,fuller4 ,species8 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4
 #fc3cg4 #ahig4    ,fuller's ,egg #a4   
,reported by ,b4 ,a4 ,matthews1         
,knoxville1 ,iowa1 as a large1 oval     
plum4    ,fulton4 ,domestica4 #a4       
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #chb4 #aheg4  
#b4  ,cultivator #e3cgc4 #aheg4    ,a   
variety of uncertain origin found at    
,johnstown1 ,fulton ,county1 ,new       
,york4 ,tree vigorous and productive2   
fruit of medium size1 oval2 suture      
distinct2 bright yellow2 juicy2 good2   
late and hangs to the tree well4        
,funk4 ,triflora 8 #a4 ,munson ,cat4 #h4

 #aijb4 #b4 ,tex4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,rpt4    
#ab3ajb4 #aiaj4    ,funk's ,early #b4   
,an accidental cross of ,abundance      
raised by ,j4 ,m4 ,funk1 ,grayson       
,county1  ,texas4 ,tree vigorous1       
upright1 prolific2 fruit medium1        
heart-shaped1  bright red2 clingstone2  
very early4    ,frst ,damson4           
,insititia4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cfa4
 #ahff4 #b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees ,am4  
#iac4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4    
#abg1 #abi4 #aija4 #d4  ,can4 ,exp4     
,farm ,bul4 #b;d ,ser4 #c3ea4 #aijj4    
,eugene ,frst #a1 #b4 ,eugen ,frst #c4  
,frst's ,damson #d4 ,quetsche ,prcoce de
  ,frst #b4 ,sweet ,damson #a1 #b4      
,this plum is frequently confused with  
the ,furst4 ,the origin of the name  and
 variety is unknown4 ,according to      
,waugh1 it is a ,german variety         
introduced in ,america about sixty years
 ago4 ,foliage ,damson-like2 fruit      
small1 pear-shaped1 with a neck2 cavity 
shallow1 abrupt2 stem slender2  suture  
obsolete2 apex slightly pointed2 skin   

tough1 purplish-black2 flesh            
greenish-yellow1 juicy1 slightly acid2  
quality fair to good2 stone nearly      
free4    ,gabriel ,combes4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #ccb1 ,pl4 #ahie4      
,prune ,reine-,claude ,gabriel ,combes  
#a4    ,of ,french origin1 probably a   
seedling of the ,reine ,claude2 first   
mentioned in #ahie4 ,tree vigorous1     
productive2 fruit spheroidal-ovoid1     
large1 purple2 cavity very small2 suture
 slight2 apex pointed2 flesh            
amber-yellow1 fine1 juicy1 sweet1       
aromatic1 excellent2 stone small1 free2 
ripens after ,reine ,claude4            
,galbraith4 ,domestica4 #a4             
,horticulturist #h3ecf4 #ahec4 #b4      
,downing  ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #chb4 #aheg4 
,said to have originated with a ,mr4    
,galbraith near ,boalsburg1             
,pennsylvania4 ,tree straggling2 fruit  
of medium size1 oval1 purple2 flesh     
tender1 juicy2 good2 clingstone2 early4 
,gale4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4      
#ahig-aijj4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       

#fc3cg4 #ahig4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4  
#adi4 #aija4    ,gale ,seedling #b4     
,gale ,seedling #c4 ,gale's ,no4 #c #a4 
,introduced about #ahij by ,i4 ,gale    
,son1 ,waukesha1 ,wisconsin4 ,tree      
overbears2 fruit below medium1 roundish1
 compressed2 suture distinct2  apex     
slightly truncate2 dull red2 skin thin2 
flesh yellow1 soft2 quality  fair2 stone
 thick1 rounded1 nearly free2 very      
early4    ,galena4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3cg4 #ahig4 #b4 ,waugh  
,plum  ,cult4 #adi4 #aija4              
,introduced by ,charles ,luedloff1      
,cologne1 ,minnesota4 ,fruit large1     
oval2  yellow ground covered with red4  
,galopin4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,guide ,prat4 
#afj1 #cfg4 #ahie4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum     
,cult4 #ajb4 #aija4    ,violette de     
,galopin #b4 ,violette ,galopin #a4     
,a ,european variety4 ,tree poor2 fruit 
of medium size1 roundish2 cavity        
shallow2 stem short1 thick2 suture      
shallow2 blue2 many conspicuous dots2   
flesh yellow2 quality medium2 stone of  

medium size1 oval1 slightly  necked1    
nearly free4    ,garden ,king4          
,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4        
#df3bgc4 #aijj4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4
 #adi4 #aija4    ,found wild in #ahec2  
in #ahfa it was put under cultivation by
 ,judge ,elias  ,topliff of ,de ,soto1  
,wisconsin1 and subsequently turned over
 to ,a4 ,r4  ,prescott1 ,postville1     
,iowa1 who introduced it in #ahif4 ,tree
 vigorous1  productive2 fruit medium1   
oval1 scarlet2 flesh sweet1 juicy2      
freestone4    ,garfield4 ,hortulana4 #a4
 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3dh1 #hf4      
#ahib4 #b4  ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #agi4   
#aija4 #c4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bed1  
#bee4 #aije4    ,reported to have been  
found wild in ,ohio2 introduced by ,leo 
,welz1  ,wilmington1 ,ohio1 in #ahhg4   
,tree unproductive1 lacking in          
hardiness2  fruit small1 oval2 stem     
slender2 cavity shallow2 suture a line2 
bright  red2 bloomless2 flesh yellow1   
juicy1 acid2 quality fair2 stone small1 
long-oval1 pointed1 clinging2 late4     

,garlick4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,cat4 #adg4 #ahca4 #b4 ,mag4      
,hort4 #i3afd4 #ahdc4    ,garlick's     
,early #a1 #b4    ,fruit small1 obovate1
 purple2 good2 freestone2 obsolete4     
,garnet4 ,triflora  ,cerasifera4 #a4 ,u4
 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 ,pom4 #de4 #ahie4    
#b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #baa4 #aija4    
,found by ,j4 ,l4 ,breece1              
,fayetteville1 ,north ,carolina1 under a
 ,kelsey tree  which was probably       
pollinated from a ,pissardi growing     
near1 the foliage  showing the reddish  
color of the ,pissardi2 first fruited in
 #ahib4 ,fruit  large1 roundish-oval1   
dark garnet-red with minute russet dots2
 cavity  small2 suture indistinct2 skin 
thin and bitter2 flesh yellow with a    
tinge  of red2 flavor mild2 stone       
medium1 oval1 clinging2 more valuable as
 an  ornamental than for its fruit4     
,gates4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #fc3ch4 #ahig4    ,originated at  
,owatonna1 ,minnesota4 ,fruit medium in 
size1 flattened2  suture distinct2 very 

dull red2 dots numerous1 yellow2 skin   
thick2 flesh  yellow2 quality fair2     
stone distinctly margined2 late4        
,gaunt4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4
 ,ter4 #egf1 #egg fig4 #afbi4 #b4  ,rea 
,flora #bjh4 #afgf4    ,described in    
#afbi by ,parkinson as 8large1 reddish1 
waterish1 late40    ,gaviota4 ,triflora 
,americana4 #a4 ,fancher ,creek ,nur4   
,cat4 #aijg4  #b4 ,fancher ,creek ,nur4 
,cat41 ,burbank's ,late ,introductions4 
fig4 #aiji4    ,rice ,seed #a4          
,originated with ,luther ,burbank about 
#aijj2 probably contains admixtures  of 
other species than the ones mentioned   
above4 ,tree vigorous1  productive1 late
 blooming2 fruit very large1 oval2      
suture shallow2 cavity  medium2 dark red
 over yellow ground2 flesh yellow1 firm1
 sweet1 aromatic2  good2 stone extremely
 small2 mid-season4    ,gaylord4        
,americana4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4   
#dda4 #ahhi4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4  ,bul4     
#fc3bd1 #ch fig4 #ahig4 #c4 ,ia4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #df3bgc4 #aijj4    ,found growing 

wild by ,david ,hardman1 ,nora ,springs1
 ,iowa1 in #ahed2  introduced by ,edson 
,gaylord of the same place about #ahij4 
,tree vigorous  with a tendency to      
overbear2 fruit of medium size1 oval2   
cavity small2  stem short2 suture a     
line2 apex slightly pointed2 dull red   
over yellow2  bloom thin2 dots numerous1
 minute2 skin thick1 bitter2 flesh      
yellow1  melting2 good2 stone large1    
oval1 flat1 semi-clinging2 mid-season4  
,gaylord ,gold4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4    
,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bgc4 #aijj4    ,found   
wild in ,rock ,grove1 ,iowa1 about #ahgj
 by ,john ,henry1 ,nora ,springs1       
,iowa2 cions subsequently distributed by
 ,edson ,gaylord4 ,fruit of medium      
size1 golden yellow2 good2 stone small1 
free2 mid-season4    ,gelbe ,damascener 
,pflaume4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dca4 #ahhi4    ,reference taken  
by ,mathieu from ,obst-,garten #cae4    
#ahhc4    ,gelbe ,jerusalempflaume4     
,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dca4
 #ahhi4    ,jaune de ,jerusalem #a4     

,prune de ,jerusalem #a4    ,a variety  
of doubtful merit and different from    
,yellow ,jerusalem4    ,gelbe           
,kirschpflaume4 ,cerasifera4 ,mentioned 
in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcb4  #ahhi4   
,cerisette ,blanche4 ,myrobalan ,jaune4 
,prunus ,cerasifera ,zanthocarpa4       
,serdali ,irek4    ,gelbe ,spatzwetsche4
 ,species8 ,listed in ,mathieu ,nom4    
,pom4 #dcb4 #ahhi4    ,reitzensteiner   
,gelbe ,zwetsche incor4 ,quetsche ,jaune
 ,tardive4    ,gem4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iae4 #ahfi4  
,originated near ,albany1 ,new ,york4   
,fruit small1 round2 suture and cavity  
shallow2 mottled with purple2 flesh     
yellow1 juicy1 sweet2 clingstone4       
,gem4 ,americana4 #a4 ,meneray ,cat4    
,the ,gem #a4    ,a seedling of ,lottie 
grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry2 introduced by  
,p4 ,w4 ,meneray1  ,council ,bluffs1    
,iowa4 ,fruit of medium size1 oblong1   
red and yellow1 with  whitish bloom2    
good2 freestone4    ,gemeiner ,gelbe    
,spilling4 ,species8 ,mentioned in      

,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcb4  #ahhi4      
,bauern ,pflaume4 ,gelber ,bidling4     
,krieke4 ,prunus ,lutea4 ,spelge4       
,spilge4 ,spindel ,pflaume4             
,gentleman4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4  
,gen4 #b3da4 #ahgc4    ,probably of     
,american origin as it was sent by      
,downing to ,m4 ,mas1 but  was not      
described by the ,american author4 ,tree
 vigorous1 productive2  fruit medium1   
oval2 suture indistinct2 skin thick1    
intense purple2 bloom  abundant2 stem   
short2 flesh yellowish1 juicy1 vinous2  
good2 freestone2  early4    ,georgia4   
,triflora 8 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4    
#age3aec4 #ahii4 #b4  ,waugh ,plum      
,cult4 #bab4 #aija4    ,normand ,no4 #bj
 #a1 #b4    ,one of the several         
seedlings sent out by ,j4 ,l4 ,normand1 
,marksville1  ,louisiana4 ,named by ,l4 
,h4 ,bailey in #ahii4 ,fruit small1     
oval1  greenish-yellow covered with     
bright red2 flesh yellow1 watery1       
fibrous1  sweet2 stone large1 strongly  
clinging2 fruit drops while green2      

worthless4    ,gerishes ,seedling4      
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,johnson ,cat4
    ,early ,bradshaw4    ,gersepflaume4 
,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dca4
 #ahhi4    ,reference taken by ,mathieu 
from ,wiener ,garten-,zeitung #bhg4     
#ahhd4    ,ghiston4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bgf4 #ahde4  
#b4 ,am4  ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bbb1 #bdd4 
#aheh4    ,ghiston's ,early #a1 #b4     
,fruit large1 oval1 yellow2 bloom thin2 
flesh yellow2 quality poor2  freestone2 
season early2 rejected by the ,american 
,pomological ,society in  #aheh4        
,gibson4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,horticulturist
 #be3cai4 #ahgj4    ,gibson's ,seedling4
    ,a seedling from ,w4 ,l4 ,gibson of 
,elmira1 ,new ,york4 ,tree vigorous1    
productive2 fruit of medium size1 deep  
amber color2 bloom slight2 skin  thick1 
very astringent2 flesh sweet1 juicy1    
mild2 good4    ,gill4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #id3eh4 #aiji4        
,introduced by ,s4 ,r4 ,gill1 ,port     
,clinton1 ,ohio1 who received it in     

#ahhb  from a nursery with ,golden ,drop
 trees4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading and   
productive2 fruit medium in size1 round1
 reddish-purple2 bloom light2  flesh    
firm1 sweet1 rich2 good2 mid-season2    
excellent for canning4    ,gisborne4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #adg4 #ahca4 #b4  ,horticulturist 
#aj3af4 #ahee4 #c4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen44    
#b3di4 #ahgc4 #d4  ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 
#dcb4 #ahhi4    ,de ,gisborne #c4       
,gisborne's #a4 ,gisborne's #c4         
,gisborne's ,early #b4  ,gisborne's     
,early #b1 #d4 ,gisborne's ,zwetsche #c4
 ,gisbornes ,zwetsche #d4  ,ovalrunde   
,spreckel ,pflaume #d4 ,paterson's #a1  
#d4    ,tree vigorous1 productive2 fruit
 of medium size1 oval2 suture           
indistinct2  skin golden-yellow1 dotted 
with cherry-red on the sunny side1 with 
pale  bloom2 flesh bright yellow1 juicy1
 sweet2 stone large1 oval1 free2        
mid-season4    ,glaister4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #ceh4 #ahia4 
,a variety from ,california introduced  

by ,leonard ,coates of ,napa1           
,california4 ,fruit very similar to     
,yellow ,egg1 but two weeks earlier4    
,gloire d',epinay4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,rev4
 ,hort4 #ddd4 #ahih4 #b4 ,ibid4  #hf4   
#ahii4    ,a sucker from a chance       
seedling found about #ahej by ,m4 ,donon
 of ,epinay1  ,france2 named and        
presented to the ,national ,society of  
,horticulture  in #ahih by ,m4 ,gorion4 
,fruit above medium size1 roundish-oval2
 suture  shallow2 deep blue2 similar to 
,monsieur1 but is later and ripens over 
a  period of nearly two months4         
,gloire de ,louveciennes4 ,insititia4   
#a4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #fej4 #aijj4 #b4       
,ibid4 #dgf1 fig4 #aija4    ,mirabelle  
,gloire de ,louveciennes #a1 #b4        
,noted in the ,revue ,horticole as a    
,mirabelle introduced in #aijj by ,m4   
,lecointe4 ,fruit similar to ,mirabelle 
de ,nancy in shape and form1 but        
larger2 skin citron-yellow1 dotted and  
shaded with red on the sunny side2      
flesh firm1 very sweet1 like the        

,apricot in flavor4    ,gloria4         
,americana mollis4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4      
,farms ,rpt4 #aai4 #aijd4    ,a seedling
 of ,wolf2 fruit large1 oval2 cavity    
narrow2 suture a line2  bright red or   
yellow mottled with red2 dots few2 bloom
 light2 skin thick1  tough2 flesh       
yellow1 juicy1 sweet2 good2 stone large1
 nearly free2  variety promising4       
,gloucestershire ,violet4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,jour4 ,hort4 #ag3bhe4 #ahhh4       
,minsterworth #a4 ,prince #a4    ,a very
 old variety first known as ,prince2 it 
is grown largely on the  banks of the   
,severn1 ,england1 where it is          
propagated from seed or from            
root-suckers4 ,fruit small1 oval1 with  
slight tendency to a neck2 suture       
distinct2 dark mahogany2 bloom thin2    
flesh greenish1 tender1 sweet1          
pleasant2 stone small2 free4    ,glow4  
,maritima  ,subcordata  ,americana      
,nigra4 #a4 ,burbank ,cat4  #ad4 #aiaa4 
,from crosses of the species named      
,burbank grew this variety4 ,tree of    

medium size2 branches slender and       
drooping4 ,fruit large1 round1 crimson1 
dotted with yellow2 flesh orange color1 
rich2 good2 freestone2 late4    ,g4 ,no4
 #d4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,rpt4
 #i3cdg4 #ahij4 #b4 ,mich4  ,sta4 ,bul4 
#agg3db1 #dc4 #ahii4    ,g4 ,no4 #dd    
,jones 7unpublished74    ,in #ahij1     
,herbert ,a4 ,jones1 ,himrods1 ,new     
,york1 sent this variety to a  few      
experiment stations for testing4 ,fruit 
of medium size1 roundish2  suture very  
shallow2 cavity medium deep2 stem       
slender2 skin thin2 dark  purple2 bloom 
thick2 dots numerous1 sometimes         
irregular1 russet2 flesh                
greenish-yellow1 juicy1 firm1 sourish2  
poor2 clingstone2 mid-season2  variety  
not worth propagating4    ,goff4        
,americana4 #a4 ,meneray ,cat4    ,prof4
 ,goff #a4    ,a seedling of ,hawkeye   
grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry2 introduced by  
,f4 ,w4 ,meneray1  ,council ,bluffs1    
,iowa4 ,fruit large1 red over yellow2   
good2 clingstone4    ,gold4 ,americana4 

#a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,ia4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #df3bgc4  #aijj4 #c4 ,terry ,cat4 
#aijj4    ,golden #c4    ,a variety from
 ,h4 ,a4 ,terry not to be confused with 
the ,golden of ,burbank  7,gold of      
,stark ,brothers74 ,fruit of medium     
size1 roundish2 cavity shallow1  small2 
orange-yellow and red2 bloom thin2 skin 
rather thick1 astringent2  flesh yellow1
 firm1 meaty1 subacid2 good2 clingstone4
    ,gold ,coin4 ,americana4 #a4 ,terry 
,cat4 #aijj4    ,an unknown variety     
mentioned by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 
,iowa1 as the  parent of ,coinage4      
,gold ,colored4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3ci4 #ahig4 #b4  ,waugh  
,plum ,cult4 #aej4 #aija4    ,from      
,edson ,gaylord1 ,gaylord1 ,iowa4 ,fruit
 of medium size1 bright yellow2  stone  
small1 free4    ,golden ,cluster4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,montreal ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt4 #ic4 #ahhe4    ,a seedling from   
,henry ,corse of ,montreal4 ,tree slow  
in growth1 with long  internodes2 fruit 
of medium size1 egg-shaped2 hanging in  

dense clusters  by firmly adherent      
stems2 gold1 tinged with brown2 flesh   
firm1 pleasant2  ripening season long4  
,golden ,gage4 ,domestica4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4
 ,rpt4 #ab3faa4 #ahic4    ,golden ,gage 
is a seedling of ,golden ,drop grown by 
,j4 ,t4 ,macomber1 ,grand  ,isle1       
,vermont4 ,fruit small1 oval2 cavity    
shallow2 suture a line2 apex  round2    
skin thin2 pale yellow with red specks2 
bloom thin2 dots small2  flesh yellow1  
very sweet2 good2 stone oval1 slightly  
necked2 free2  mid-season2 of little    
commercial importance because of        
inferior size and  color4    ,golden    
,gem4 ,species8    ,a variety           
originating from seed with ,p4 ,p4      
,dawson1 ,payette1 ,idaho4    ,golden   
,prolific4 ,species8 #a4 ,ont4 ,fr4     
,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #e3aaf4 #ahih4        
,tree vigorous1 productive2 fruit       
medium1 yellow2 very good2 clingstone2  
poor shipper4    ,golden ,prune4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits  
#cfj4 #ahia4 #b4  ,cal4 ,sta4 ,bd4      

,hort4 #aab4 #ahia4 #c4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 
,rpt4 #bia4 #ahic4 #d4  ,waugh ,plum    
,cult4 #aje4 #aija4    ,golden #b4      
,grown by ,seth ,lewelling1 ,milwaukee1 
,oregon1 from a seed of the ,italian    
,prune2 mentioned in the last two       
catalogs of the ,american ,pomological  
,society4 ,fruit large1 oval2 cavity    
small1 round1 shallow1 abrupt2 stem     
short2 suture shallow2 apex depressed1  
sometimes cracking2 light yellow2  bloom
 thin2 dots numerous1 yellow2 skin thin2
 flesh yellow1 firm1 tender1  juicy2    
good2 stone of medium size1 long-oval1  
nearly free2 mid-season4    ,golden     
,queen4 ,americana4 #a4 ,terry ,cat4    
#aijj4 #b4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4  ,rpt4    
#dbf4 #aije4    ,originated with ,h4 ,a4
 ,terry2 first fruited in #ahig4 ,tree  
characterized by  its luxuriant foliage2
 fruit large1 roundish-oblong1          
golden-yellow2 good2  said to be        
valuable for dessert4    ,golden        
,transparent4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,gard4    
,world #aj3ddh4 #ahic4 #b4  ,rivers     

,cat4 #cd4 #ahih4 #c4 ,thompson ,gard4  
,ass't #aeg4 #aija4    ,from ,thomas    
,rivers1 ,sawbridgeworth1 ,england2     
closely allied to the  ,transparent     
,gage1 but is distinctly later and more 
golden in color2 an  excellent dessert  
plum4    ,goldsmith4 ,domestica4        
,mentioned in ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 
#adg4 #ahca4    ,goldsmith's ,vienna4   
,gondin4 ,domestica8 ,mentioned in      
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcb4 #ahhi4       
,pflaume ,von ,gondin4 ,prune de        
,gondin4    ,gonne4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,ann4 ,pom4 ,belge #f3ae1 ,pl4 #aheh4   
#b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iag4    
#ahfi4 #c4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4     
,sort4 #dji4 #ahha4    ,gonne's ,rothe  
,pflaume #c4 ,prune ,gonne #a4 ,prune   
,gonne #b4    ,originated by ,dr4 ,gonne
 of ,fleurus1 ,belgium4 ,oberdieck gives
 the ,gonne's  ,rothe ,pflaume1 which is
 evidently the same variety1 as a       
seedling of  the ,red ,egg4 ,tree       
vigorous1 productive2 fruit large1      
obovate1 sometimes  spherical2 suture   

shallow to deep2 carmine-red1 dotted    
with russet2 flesh  yellow1 juicy1      
melting1 sweet2 the pit lies in a large 
cavity1 nearly  free2 mid-season4       
,goose-,dye4 ,species8 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4  
#aa4 #aijj4    ,a supposed hybrid       
between the ,wild ,goose plum and       
,dyehouse cherry grown  by ,theodore    
,williams4 ,tree vigorous1 productive2  
fruit larger than ,wild  ,goose1 oval1  
cherry-red2 clingstone2 mid-season2 said
 to be free from rot4    ,goose-,o4     
,munsoniana  ,triflora4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 
#aa4 #aijj4    ,a cross between ,wild   
,goose and ,ogon made by ,theodore      
,williams1 ,benson1  ,nebraska4 ,tree   
suckers badly2 fruit of medium size1    
roundish1 red on a  yellow ground2      
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,gordon4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#df4 #ahig4    ,gordon ,no4 #c #a4    ,a
 seedling of ,imperial ,gage4 ,fruit of 
medium size1 roundish2 yellow           
overspread with coppery-red2 bloom      
profuse2 skin acid2 flesh rich1  yellow1

 meaty1 juicy1 subacid2 good2 freestone2
 mid-season4    ,gordon ,castle4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,gard4 ,chron4 #bf3cfd4 
#ahff4 #b4  ,garden #ed3cah4 #ahih4     
,a plum of the ,reine ,claude type which
 originated at ,gordon ,castle1         
,england4 ,fruit large1 obovate2        
greenish-yellow overspread with a       
reddish  blush2 flesh firm1 sweet2 good2
 mid-season4    ,gorman4 ,species8      
,mentioned in ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4   
#afi4 #aiji4    ,govalle4 ,triflora 8   
#a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ad4 #ahih4 #b4 
,waugh  ,plum ,cult4 #bae4 #aija4       
,grown by ,joseph ,breck1 ,texas1       
supposedly from the ,kelsey4 ,introduced
 by  ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey in #ahih4 ,fruit   
medium1 oval2 cavity shallow2 bright    
red2  flesh slightly soft1 fibrous1     
sprightly2 good2 clingstone2 early4     
,grace4 ,americana4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 
,rpt4 #bfc4 #ahib4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #gd4 #ahie4    ,originated with  
,w4 ,r4 ,grace1 ,garden ,city1 ,kansas4 
,fruit of medium size1  oblong1 yellow  

striped with red1 mottled and washed    
with dull purple2  flesh yellow1        
melting1 juicy2 flavor rich1 sweet2     
good2 clingstone2  mid-season4    ,grand
 ,prcoce4 ,domestica8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dcb4 #ahhi4 #b4  ,guide ,prat4  
#afc1 #ceg4 #ahie4    ,mentioned in the 
preceding references4    ,graugrne      
,frhpflaume4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu     
,nom4 ,pom4 #dcb4 #ahhi4    ,mathieu    
found the variety referred to in ,wiener
 ,garten-,zeitung #bhg4  #ahhd4    ,gray
 ,damask4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,quintinye    
,com4 ,gard4 #fh1 #gj4 #afii4           
,mentioned by ,quintinye as 8a round    
plum of a gray color40    ,grayson4     
,munsoniana  ,americana4 #a4 ,sherman   
,cat4 #ahig4 #b4 ,vt4  ,sta4 ,rpt4      
#ab3bbe4 #ahii4    ,a seedling of ,wild 
,goose crossed with some ,americana2    
from ,a4 ,l4 ,bruce1  ,basin ,springs1  
,texas1 about #ahic4 ,fruit of medium   
size1 roundish2 suture  a line2 clear   
red2 dots many1 conspicuous1 yellow2    
bloom heavy2 flesh  yellow1 soft2 good2 

clingstone2 season follows ,wild ,goose4
    ,great ,bearer4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,montreal ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ef4 #ahgh4
    ,corse's ,great ,bearer #a4         
,undoubtedly originated with ,henry     
,corse of ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,fruit    
small1  light blue2 flavor fair2 very   
prolific4    ,greely4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,me4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #acj4 #ahhh4 #b4 
,ibid4  #add4 #ahhi4 #c4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 
#ee3eab4 #ahif4    ,greeley #a1 #c4     
,captain ,eliphalet ,greely of          
,portland1 ,maine1 secured the original 
tree  from ,montreal2 introduced by ,o4 
,k4 ,gerrish of ,portland4 ,a large1    
purple  plum so closely resembling      
,bradshaw that some growers believe them
 to be  identical2 its season seems to  
be earlier than ,bradshaw4              
,greenfield4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,montreal  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ea4 #ahgh4    ,a    
seedling of ,red ,magnum ,bonum raised  
by ,mr4 ,greenfield of ,canada4 ,tree   
hardy1 productive2 fruit large1 red4    
,green ,indian4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,willich

 ,dom4 ,enc4 #aie4 #aijc4    ,white     
,indian #a4    ,reported in #ahjc as a  
very desirable variety4    ,green       
,italian4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 
,trees ,am4 #c;d ,app4 #aha4  #ahfi4    
,from ,germany2 tree moderately         
vigorous1 fairly productive2 fruit      
medium1 oval2 suture a line2            
greenish-yellow splashed with green2    
bloom  thin2 cavity small2 flesh green1 
coarse1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2 good2       
semi-clinging2 mid-season4    ,green    
,oysterly4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson   
,par4 ,ter4 #egg fig41 #egh4  #afbi4 #b4
 ,rea ,flora #bjg4 #afgf4    ,described 
as roundish1 of medium size1 greenish1  
juicy1 flavor  8reasonably good40       
,green ,perdrigon4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,rea 
,flora #bjh4 #afgf4    ,described by    
,rea nearly two hundred and fifty years 
ago as 8a round plum1  of medium size1  
green2 flavor good40    ,green ,pescod4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  
#egf4 #afbi4    ,parkinson states that  
8this plum is of medium size1 pointed2  

mid-season40    ,grelck4 ,cerasifera4   
#a4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #ceh4 #ahia4 
,supposedly a seedling grown by ,john   
,grelck of ,los ,angeles1 ,california1  
who gave it to ,o4 ,s4 ,chapin of ,san  
,diego ,county about #ahhc4 ,fruit      
small1  round1 light yellow with reddish
 shade1 sprightly2 good2 season before  
,myrobalan2 decidedly superior to       
,myrobalan4    ,gros ,damas de ,tours4  
,domestica4 #a4 ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 
#gj4 #afii4  #b4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 
,fr4 #b3fi4 #agfh4 #c4 ,knoop           
,fructologie  #b3ef4 #agga4 #d4 ,forsyth
 ,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #ai4 #ahjc4 #e4    
,willich  ,dom4 ,enc4 #d3cjj4 #ahjc4 #f4
 ,miller ,gard4 ,dict4 #c4 #ahjg4 #g4   
,lond4  ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ade1 #adg4  
#ahca4 #h4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3hf4   
#ahcb4  #i4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4   
#iag4 #ahfi4 #aj4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  
#dcc4  #ahhi4    ,damas de ,tours #aj4  
,damas de ,tours ,gros #g4 ,damas de    
,tours ,gros #h1 #i1  #aj4 ,damas gros  
de ,tours #c4 ,damas ,violet of ,tours  

#d4 ,great ,violet ,damask  de ,tours   
#e4 ,great ,damask ,violet of ,tours #f1
 #aj4 ,great ,damask ,violet of  ,tours 
#i4 ,great ,plum of ,tours #g4 ,great   
,violet ,tours ,damask #a4 ,gros ,damas 
#f4 ,grosse ,damascene von ,tours #aj4  
,gros ,damas de ,tours #h1 #i1 #aj4     
,gros  ,damas ,violet de ,tours #f4     
,largest ,damask of ,tours #h4 ,largest 
,damask of  ,tours #i1 #aj4    ,for     
historical notes and description see    
,prcoce de ,tours4    ,gros ,damas      
,noir4 ,domestica8 #a4 ,noisette ,man4  
,comp4 ,jard4 #b3ejj4  #ahfj4    ,a     
small mediocre plum mentioned by        
,noisette as ripening the last of ,july4
    ,grosse ,htive de ,rodt4 ,domestica8
 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4     
#dcc4  #ahhi4    ,grosse ,marange4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    
#dcc4 #ahhi4 #b4  ,guide ,prat4 #aef1   
#ceg4 #ahie4    ,htive d',augny #a1 #b4 
,this variety was grown by ,m4          
,chabardin of ,augny near ,metz1        
,france1  where it is considered very   

promising because of its high quality   
and earliness4 ,fruit medium in size1   
roundish2 purplish2 flesh               
yellowish-green1 sweet2 quality best of 
its season2 very early4    ,grosse      
,rosspauke4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dcd4 #ahhi4    ,mathieu found it
 noted in ,wiener ,garten-,zeitung #bhg4
 #ahhd4    ,grosse ,surpasse4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 
#b;d ,ser4 #c3eb4  #aijj4 #b4 ,can4     
,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dcb4 #aije4    ,a   
small round plum tested at ,british     
,columbia ,experimental ,farm2 yellow2  
flesh yellow1 tender1 sweet1 pleasant2  
stone small1 clinging2 mid-season4      
,grosse ,violette de ,grugliasco4       
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dcd4 #ahhi4    ,grne ,dattel     
,zwetsche4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck   
,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4  #ddd4 #ahha4 #b4  
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcd4 #ahhi4       
,berliner ,pflaume #b4 ,datte ,verte #b4
 ,grne ,dattelzwetsche #a4 ,grne  ,insel
 ,pflaume #b incor4 ,susina ,verdachia  

,longa #b4 ,weisse ,indische  ,pflaume  
#b4    ,mentioned in the preceding      
references4 ,grnliche ,dattelpflaume von
  ,besanon is given by ,guide ,pratique1
 #ahie1 as a synonym of the ,yellow     
,egg4    ,grne ,herzformige4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3cj1 ,tab4   
#agf  fig4 #a4 #agif4    ,die grne      
herzfrmige ,pflaume #a4 ,prune coeur de 
pigeon verd #a4    ,an old ,european    
variety4 ,flowers small2 fruit          
heart-shaped1  greenish-yellow2 flesh   
yellow1 firm2 stone uncommonly rough and
 uneven4    ,grne ,zwetsche ,von        
,monrepos4 ,species8 ,listed in ,mathieu
 ,nom4 ,pom4  #dcd4 #ahhi4    ,guilford 
,no4 #b4 ,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,ill4   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ace4 #aijc  #b4     
,ibid4 #dbb4 #aije4    ,a seedling of   
,miner from ,illinois4 ,tree moderately 
vigorous1 productive2  fruit yellow1    
with a pink cheek2 good2 freestone2     
mid-season4    ,guimaraen4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adh4     
#ahca4    ,fruit medium in size1 oval1  

yellow2 good2 clingstone2 mid-season4   
,guinea ,egg4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4
 ,bul4 #df3bfc4 #aijj4    ,found wild   
about #aheg by ,frederick ,albright1    
near ,bangor1 ,marshall  ,county1 ,iowa2
 not introduced4 ,tree vigorous1 hardy2 
fruit large1 dark  red2 skin thin2 flesh
 firm2 good2 stone small4    ,gundaker4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,horticulturist #f3ebd4 
#ahea4 #b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees ,am4   
#chc4 #aheg4    ,a large1 heart-shaped1 
purple plum grown from seed by ,samuel  
,e4 ,gundaker1  ,lancaster1             
,pennsylvania1 about #ahbj2 of good     
quality4    ,gundaker ,prune4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,horticulturist #f3ebd4 
#ahea4 #b4  ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4   
#chb4 #aheg4    ,groundacre #a1 #b4     
,a seedling grown by ,samuel ,e4        
,gundaker1 ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania1   
about  #ahbj2 sent out by ,samuel       
,carpenter of ,lancaster1 ,ohio1 as     
,groundacre4  ,tree productive2 fruit   
large1 oval1 light yellow2 good4        
,guthrie ,apricot4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4

 ,hort4 #ab3cda4 #ahdf4 #b4 ,u4  ,s4    
,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt4 #b3ddi4 #ahdi4 #c4    
,mc,intosh ,bk4 ,gard4 #b3eca4  #ahee4  
#d4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iah4     
#ahfi4 #e4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #dcd4  
#ahhi4    ,abricot de ,guthrie #e4      
,guthrie's ,apricot ,plum #b4 ,guthrie's
 ,apricot #e4  ,guthrie's ,golden #d4   
,guthrie's ,golden #e4 ,guthrie's ,new  
,apricot #c4    ,a seedling raised by   
,charles ,guthrie of ,taybank1 ,dundee1 
,scotland4 ,fruit  of medium size1      
roundish2 suture slight2 cavity small2  
yellow2 bloom  thin2 dots red2 flesh    
yellow1 coarse1 juicy1 sweet2 good2     
clingstone2  mid-season4    ,guthrie    
,russet4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4  
,trees ,am4 #iai4 #ahfi4 #b4  ,mas ,pom4
 ,gen4 #b3afg4 #ahgc4    ,rousse ,de    
,guthrie #b4 ,guthrie's ,russet #b4     
,a seedling of ,reine ,claude grown by  
,charles ,guthrie1 ,taybank1 ,dundee1   
,scotland4 ,fruit large1 oval2 suture   
distinct2 cavity small2 stem slender2   
yellow1 sometimes marbled with red2     

bloom thin2 flesh yellow1 juicy1  sweet2
 good2 clingstone2 mid-season4          
,guthrie ,topaz4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4  
,hort4 #ab3cda4 #ahdf4 #b4  ,downing    
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iai4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,hogg 
,fruit ,man4 #gbh4 #ahhd4 #d4  ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #dcd4 #ahhi4    ,guthrie's  
,topaz #d4 ,guthrie's ,topaz #c1 #d4    
,topaz #c4 ,topaze de ,guthrie #d4      
,grown by ,charles ,guthrie1 ,taybank1  
,dundee1 ,scotland1 probably from seed  
of ,reine ,claude4 ,tree hardy1         
productive2 fruit of medium size1 oval1 
necked1 suture distinct2 cavity small2  
stem slender2 yellow1 with thin  bloom2 
flesh yellow1 juicy1 sweet2 flavor not  
high but pleasant2 good2  clingstone2   
mid-season4    ,gwalsh4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adh4 #ahca4  
#b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cja4    
#ahde4 #c4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4   
#cdc4 #ahdi4    ,from ,thomas ,hancock1 
,burlington1 ,new ,york4 ,fruit large1  
obovate2 suture  indistinct2 dark       
purple2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 sprightly2 

quality fair2  clingstone2 mid-season4  
,haag4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4
 #fc3bd1 #ci4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ia4  ,sta4    
,bul4 #df3bgd4 #aijj4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum  
,cult4 #aej4 #aija4    ,purchased from a
 nurseryman of ,minneapolis and         
introduced as ,haag by  ,j4 ,s4 ,haag1  
,hosper1 ,sioux ,county1 ,iowa4 ,tree   
moderately vigorous1  spreading2 fruit  
above medium size1 roundish2 suture     
distinct2 flesh  greenish-yellow1       
tender1 sweet2 good2 stone oval1        
clinging2 mid-season4    ,hackl ,grosse 
,zwetsche4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 
,pom4 #dcd4 #ahhi4    ,reference to this
 variety found by ,mathieu in ,wiener   
,garten-,zeitung  #bhg4 #ahhd4          
,haferpflaume4 ,insititia8 ,mentioned in
 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcd4 #ahhi4      
,blaue ,krieche4 ,echte ,hafer ,pflaume4
 ,echte ,hafer ,zwetsche4    ,haffner   
,herbstpflaume4 ,domestica8 ,mentioned  
in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcd4  #ahhi4   
,haffner ,knigspflaume4 ,domestica8     
,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcd4

  #ahhi4    ,royale de ,haffner4        
,haku ,botan4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,va4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #abi3aac4 #aija4    ,imported by  
the ,united ,states ,department of      
,agriculture4    ,hallenbeck4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,cultivator #h3cji4     
#ahfj4 #b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees ,am4   
#ibj4 #ahfi4    ,originated with ,henry 
,hallenbeck1 ,east ,greenbush1          
,rensselaer ,county1  ,new ,york4 ,fruit
 large1 roundish-oval1 one side often   
enlarged1  reddish-purple2 numerous     
minute dots2 flesh greenish-yellow1 very
 juicy1  sugary1 brisk flavor2 good2    
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,halcyon4    
,triflora  ,munsoniana8 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4  
,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bbe4  #ahii4 #b4 ,waugh  
,plum ,cult4 #bae4 #aija4    ,grown by  
,j4 ,s4 ,breece1 ,north ,carolina4      
,fruit heart-shaped2 suture faint2      
bright red2 dots few2 flesh yellow2     
quality fair2 stone large1 oval1        
clinging4    ,hanford4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ga4 #ahfh4    
,hanford's ,orleans #a4    ,mentioned in

 #ahfh by ,lucius ,c4 ,frances in the   
report of the ,illinois  ,horticultural 
,society4    ,hanska4 ,americana        
,simonii4 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4     
#ajh3 ,pl4 #e4  #aijh4    ,originated by
 ,n4 ,e4 ,hansen of the ,south ,dakota  
,experiment ,station2 first  fruited in 
#aijf on two-year-old trees4 ,tree very 
vigorous1 fruit of  medium size1        
roundish-oblate1 halves unequal2 suture 
shallow2 bright red2  bloom heavy2 flesh
 firm1 reddish2 stone very small2       
semi-free4    ,hanson4 ,americana4 #a4  
,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum     
,cult4 #aea4  #aija4    ,said to be of  
value in the ,south4 ,fruit of medium   
size2 nearly spherical2  suture shallow2
 skin very thick2 bright red over       
yellow2 dots numerous2  flesh yellow2   
sweet2 good2 stone round1 slightly      
flattened1 clinging2  early4            
,happiness4 ,triflora 8 #a4 ,griffing   
,bros4 ,cat4 #aijf-aiji4    ,a chance   
seedling found by ,joseph ,breck about  
#ahii2 introduced by ,f4 ,t4  ,ramsey1  

,austin1 ,texas2 fruit large1 bright    
red2 good4    ,harlow4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 #bfc4 #ahib4 #b4  
,am4 ,pom4  ,soc4 ,rpt4 #gd4 #ahie4     
,supposed to be a seedling of ,bradshaw2
 raised by ,s4 ,c4 ,harlow1 ,bangor1    
,maine4 ,tree vigorous1 hardy1          
productive2 fruit large1 oblong-oval2   
skin  smooth1 reddish-purple2 dots      
numerous1 fawn-colored2 bloom light2    
flesh  greenish-amber1 melting1 mildly  
subacid2 mid-season4    ,harney4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4   
,rpt4 #de4 #ahie4    ,specimens of this 
plum from ,h4 ,c4 ,cook1 ,white ,salmon1
 ,washington1 were  described by the    
,division of ,pomology1 ,department of  
,agriculture4 ,fruit  large1 roundish2  
cavity large1 regular1 deep1 abrupt2    
suture shallow2  purplish-red2 dots     
large and small1 russet2 bloom thin2    
skin thin1 tough2  flesh pale yellow1   
tender1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2 very good2  
stone medium1  roundish1 nearly free2   
mid-season4    ,harper4 ,munsoniana8 #a4

 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bh4 #ahgf4 #b4
 ,ibid4  #bd4 #ahha4    ,harper's #a4   
,originated about #ahgj4 ,fruit red2    
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,harriet4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,gard4 ,chron4 #ah3dda4 
#ahhb4 #b4 ,hogg  ,fruit ,man4 #gje4    
#ahhd4    ,grown by ,thomas ,rivers1    
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england1 about #ahgj4 
,fruit of the  ,reine ,claude type1     
medium in size2 roundish-oblate2 cavity 
deep2 suture  slight2 skin thin but     
rather tough2 golden yellow sometimes   
specked with  red2 bloom thin2 flesh    
yellow1 juicy1 firm1 very good2 stone of
 medium  size1 oval1 turgid1 clinging2  
mid-season4    ,harris4 ,hortulana      
mineri4 #a4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4    
#bbe4 #ahgg4    ,tree and fruit much    
resemble ,miner1 but the ripening season
 is four weeks  earlier2 freestone4     
,harrison4 ,americana4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #abc4 #ahge4 #b4 ,cornell   
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ch1 #hf4 #ahib4 #c4     
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3ci1 #dj4 #ahig4   
#d4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #agj4 #aija4    

,harrison's ,peach #a1 #b1 #c4          
,harrison's ,peach #d4    ,found growing
 wild in ,minnesota4 ,tree unproductive2
 fruit of medium size1  oval2 suture a  
line2 cavity shallow2 dots small2 dull  
red2 bloom thick2  flesh yellow1 tender1
 juicy1 sweet2 quality fair2 stone oval1
 pointed1  flattened1 semi-clinging2    
mid-season4 ,harrison is the parent of a
 great  number of varieties4    ,hart4  
,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fc3dj4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ia4 ,sta4  ,bul4    
#df3bgd4 #aijj4 #c4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #ic3ai4 #aije4    ,hart's ,de     
,soto #a4 ,hart's ,de ,soto #b1 #c4     
,a sprout taken from a tree bought for  
,de ,soto by ,h4 ,hart1 ,sioux ,county1 
,iowa1 about #ahij2 widely distributed  
by the ,iowa ,agricultural ,college4    
,the fruit resembles ,de ,soto in color 
and shape1 but ripens from ten days  to 
two weeks earlier2 somewhat larger in   
size but inferior in quality4           
,hartwick4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4  
#ahid4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4  #aea4   

#aija4    ,noted as of little value4    
,hartwiss4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4
 ,trees ,am4 #chc4 #aheg4 #b4 ,mas      
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3abc4 #ahgc4 #c4 ,lauche  
,deut4 ,pom4 ,no4 #c4 ,pl4 #ahhb4 #d4   
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dec4 #ahhi4       
,hartwiss ,gelbe ,zwetsche #b1 #c4      
,hartwiss ,yellow ,prune #a4 ,quetsche  
,jaune  de ,hartwiss #b4 ,quetsche      
,jaune de ,hartwiss #d4 ,von ,hartwiss' 
,gelbe  ,zwetsche #d4    ,obtained by   
,liegel from a pit of ,quetsche ,jaune  
,prcoce and dedicated  by him to the    
,director of the ,imperial ,gardens at  
,nikita1 ,crimea4 ,tree  large1         
productive2 fruit medium in size1       
irregularly oval2 suture broad  and     
shallow2 halves unequal2 skin           
canary-yellow1 rather adherent2 bloom   
thin2 flesh yellow1 tender1 sweet2      
freestone2 mid-season4    ,harvest4     
,americana4 #a4 ,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #abg4 #ahij4    ,brought in from  
the wild by ,h4 ,knudson1 ,springfield1 
,minnesota4 ,fruit  large1              

roundish-ovate2 skin thin1 red2 quality 
fair2 early4    ,hattie4 ,cerasifera4   
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #fg4 #ahge4  
#b4 ,cornell  ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ge1 #hf4  
#ahib4 #c4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4        
#ac3cfi4 #aijj4    ,cultivated in the   
,south4 ,tree dwarfish2 branches stiff  
and rough2 leaves  small1 folded upward1
 finely serrate2 petioles glandless2    
flowers small  and clustered2 fruit     
small1 roundish2 suture a line2 cavity  
small2 stem  slender2 dull red2 bloom   
thin2 dots many1 conspicuous2 skin thin1
 tough2  flesh yellow1 soft1 watery2    
quality fair2 clingstone2 early4        
,hayo-,simoni4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,n4 ,mex4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #bg3abd4 #ahih4    ,an      
upright1 vasiform tree2 fruit above     
medium1 roundish-oblate2 suture         
distinct2 dark red2 dots minute1 yellow2
 bloom abundant2 flesh dull  yellow1    
firm1 juicy1 subacid2 good2 clingstone2 
early4    ,hazard4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,john
 ,watkins ,cat4    ,mentioned by ,john  
,watkins1 nurseryman1 ,withington1      

,england4    ,heaton4 ,americana4 #a4   
,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4    ,received by ,j4  
,w4 ,kerr about #ahid from ,h4 ,a4      
,terry1 ,iowa4 ,fruit medium to  large1 
oblong-oval1 dark purplish-red2         
freestone2 early4    ,hector4           
,domestica4    ,a chance seedling found 
about #ahij by ,edward ,smith on his    
farm at ,hector1  ,new ,york2 introduced
 by ,e4 ,smith and ,sons1 ,geneva1 ,new 
,york4 ,tree  vigorous1 hardy and       
productive2 fruit one and three-quarters
 inches in  diameter1 roundish2 cavity  
deep2 suture shallow2 stem short1 thick2
 skin  tender2 dark reddish-purple2     
bloom thick2 dots inconspicuous2 flesh  
light  yellow1 juicy1 tender1 sweet1    
mild2 quality good2 stone semi-clinging1
  oval1 turgid1 slightly winged and     
necked2 mid-season4    ,heep4           
,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,waugh ,plum 
,cult4 #aie4 #aija4    ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey1 
,austin1 ,texas1 offered this sort in   
his #ahig catalog as an  old variety    
found in the orchard of a ,mr4 ,heep4   

,tree very vigorous and  productive2    
fruit above medium size1 red2 quality   
fair4    ,heikes4 ,triflora4 #a4        
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #fb3bc4 #ahid4 #b4 
,ibid4  #aci3ch1 #db4 #ahig4    ,burbank
 ,no4 #d #a4    ,imported by ,luther    
,burbank1 ,santa ,rosa1 ,california1 in 
#ahhe1 and named  for ,w4 ,f4 ,heikes of
 the ,huntsville ,nurseries1            
,huntsville1 ,alabama4 ,as  tested at   
the ,cornell ,experiment ,station       
similar to ,satsuma if not  identical   
with it4    ,heine ,superbe4 ,domestica4
 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4     
#dcd4 #ahhi4    ,helen4 ,species8 #a4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #cf4 #ahge4      
,helen's ,seedling #a4    ,listed in    
,american ,pomological ,society catalog 
for eight years4    ,hendrick4          
,munsoniana8 #a4 ,ala4 ,sta4 ,bul4 ,n4  
,s4 #aa3ab4 #ahij4    ,hendrick's #a4   
,tree vigorous2 fruit of medium size1   
spherical1 yellow1 blushed with red2    
flesh tender2 good2 early4    ,henrietta
 ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,gen4 ,farmer   

#i3bcb4 #ahdh4 #b4  ,downing ,fr4 ,trees
 ,am4 #ibj4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 
#b3afi4 #ahgc4    ,early ,genesee #b4   
,henrietta ,gage #c4 ,reine-,claude     
,d',henrietta #c4    ,originated about  
#ahdj on the farm of a ,mr4 ,brown1     
,henrietta1 ,monroe  ,county1 ,new      
,york4 ,similar to ,reine ,claude but   
much earlier4    ,henry ,clay4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,cultivator #c3bj4      
#ahee4 #b4 ,mas ,pom4  ,gen4 #b3ie4     
#ahgc4    ,a seedling of ,howard raised 
by ,elisha ,dorr1 ,albany1 ,new ,york2  
named by  ,dr4 ,warder of ,cincinnati1  
,ohio2 first fruited in #aheb4 ,fruit   
large1 oval2  suture broad and shallow2 
stem long1 rather thick2 skin clear     
yellow1  often washed and dotted with   
red on the sunny exposure2 flesh clear  
yellow1 sweet1 vinous2 good2 stone      
small1 clinging2 mid-season4    ,herbst 
,kriecke4 ,insititia8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dce4 #ahhi4    ,mention of the  
variety found by ,mathieu in ,wiener    
,garten-,zeitung #bhh4  #ahhd4          

,herbstpflaume4 ,domestica4 #a4         
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dde4   
#ahha4    ,a ,german variety2           
unproductive in dry soils4    ,hereford 
,damson4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,watkins ,cat4 
#dh4 #ahib8    ,mentioned in the        
preceding reference as a favorite and   
very productive4    ,herefordshire      
,prune4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,thompson ,gard4
 ,ass't #d3afj4  #aija4    ,fruit large1
 obovate2 flesh firm1 yellowish-green4  
,heron4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 
,pom4 ,rpt4 #bf4 #ahid4 #b4 ,cornell    
,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahg4 #ahig4 #c4 ,rivers
 ,cat4 #ce4 #ahih4    ,originated and   
introduced by ,thomas ,rivers1          
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england4  ,popular in 
,england but on account of its poor     
foliage it is of little  value in this  
country4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 dark   
purplish-red2 dots  small2 skin sour2   
flesh greenish-yellow1 firm1 meaty1     
moderately juicy1  subacid2 good2 stone 
large1 oval1 semi-free2 early4          
,heroy4 ,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu

 ,nom4 ,pom4 #dce4 #ahhi4    ,herren4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 
#b;d ,ser4 #c3eb4 #aijj4    ,a vigorous 
variety of the ,reine ,claude type grown
 in ,germany4 ,fruit of  medium size1   
roundish1 slightly flattened at both    
ends2 suture distinct2  sides often     
unequal2 dull yellow2 flesh yellowish1  
firm1 coarse1 sweet1  juicy1 pleasant2  
freestone2 mid-season4    ,herzformige  
,pflaume4 ,species8 ,mentioned in       
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dce4  #ahhi4      
,prune ,cordiforme4    ,heupflaume4     
,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dce4
 #ahhi4    ,reference obtained by       
,mathieu in ,wiener ,garten-,zeitung    
#bhh4 #ahhd4    ,hiawatha4 ,americana4  
#a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4  
,bul4  #fc3da4 #ahig4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum  
,cult4 #aeb4 #aija4    ,introduced by   
,c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,heideman1 ,new ,ulm1       
,minnesota1 as an example  of a         
staminate-flowered plum2 rarely         
productive4 ,fruit very large1          
roundish-oblong1 purplish-red2          

clingstone2 early4    ,highland4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,cal4 ,state ,bd4 ,hort4
 ,rpt4 #h3dg4 #ahig4    ,a seedling of  
,agen1 grown by ,luther ,burbank1 ,santa
 ,rosa1 ,california4 ,tree  vigorous and
 productive2 fruit large1 long-oval1    
purplish-crimson2 flesh  yellow1 firm1  
sweet2 flavor excellent2 stone nearly   
free4    ,highlander4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #chd4 #aheg4  
,fruit large1 irregularly ovate1 deep   
blue2 bloom thin2 dots brown1  numerous2
 yellow1 juicy1 vinous2 semi-clinging2  
late4    ,hilda ,no4 #e4 ,hortulana     
mineri 8 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bgd4  
#aijj4    ,originated under cultivation 
with ,j4 ,f4 ,wagner1 ,bennett1 ,iowa1  
in #ahid1  from seed of ,miner          
pollinated by a wild plum2 not          
introduced4 ,fruit above  medium size1  
dark red2 used for jellies4             
,hillside4 ,americana4 #a4 ,minn4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #abh4 #ahij4    ,selected  
from wild plants by ,h4 ,knudson1       
,springfield1 ,minnesota4 ,fruit of     

medium size2 skin thick1 deep red1      
astringent4    ,hilltop4 ,americana4 #a4
 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4     
,bul4  #fc3db4 #ahig4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum  
,cult4 #aeb4 #aija4    ,fruit small1    
round-oval2 suture a line2 skin deep    
red2 dots very minute2  thick bloom2    
flesh yellow2 quality fair2 stone large1
 half-free4    ,hilman4 ,americana4 #a4 
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hg3ac4 #aija4        
,fruit small1 oblong2 skin yellow1      
two-thirds covered with purple2 dots    
conspicuous2 flesh yellow1 firm1 sweet2 
stone small1 oval2 mid-season4          
,hinkley4 ,americana4 #a4 ,meneray ,cat4
    ,a seedling of ,harrison grown by   
,h4 ,a4 ,terry and introduced by ,f4 ,w4
  ,meneray1 ,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa4    
,fruit large1 yellow with a red cheek2  
flesh yellow1 rich1 sweet1              
semi-clinging2 good4    ,hlubeck        
,aprikosenpflaume4 ,domestica4          
,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4      
#dce4 #ahhi4    ,hoag's ,seedling4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,rpt4     

#h3cef4 #ahhi4    ,received for testing 
at the ,new ,york ,experiment ,station  
in #ahhi4    ,hoffman4 ,munsoniana8 #a4 
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3fc4 #ahib4 #b4 
,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #dib4 #ahig4 
,a wild variety from southwestern       
,missouri4 ,fruit of medium size1       
roundish1 purplish-red2 mid-season4     
,hofinger ,mirabelle4 ,insititia4       
,listed in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dce4   
#ahhi4    ,hofinger's ,rote ,mirabelle4 
,roter ,spilling incor4    ,hog4    ,a  
common name variously applied to ,p4    
americana1 ,p4 umbellata1 ,p4  hortulana
 and ,p4 gracilis4    ,holland4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,coxe ,cult4 ,fr4 ,trees
 #bci4 #ahag4 #b4 ,prince  ,pom4 ,man4  
#b3gh4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees  
,am4 #cja4 #ahde4 #d4  ,mathieu ,nom4   
,pom4 #dce4 #ahhe4    ,blue ,holland #b1
 #c1 #d4 ,holland ,plum #a1 #c4 ,holland
 ,prune #d4  ,kensington ,prune #b4     
,large ,holland #b1 #c4    ,an old      
variety supposed to have been brought   
into this country from  ,holland by the 

early ,dutch settlers4 ,tree vigorous1  
productive2 fruit  roundish1 slightly   
compressed1 blue2 stem very adherent2   
flesh juicy1  melting1 sweet1 rich2     
freestone2 mid-season4    ,holland4     
,triflora  ,angustifolia varians4 #a4   
,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ad4  #ahih4 #b4    
,kerr ,cat4 #aijj4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum     
,cult4 #bae4 #aija4    ,a cross between 
,lone ,star and ,kelsey1 grown by ,d4   
,h4 ,watson1 ,brenham1  ,texas2         
introduced by ,w4 ,a4 ,yates in #ahig4  
,fruit resembles ,abundance in  shape   
and size2 yellowish-green splashed with 
red2 flesh firm1 juicy1  vinous2        
semi-clinging2 mid-season4    ,holister4
 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #bge4 #ahic4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum    
,cult4 #ahe4 #aija4    ,holister #a4    
,a variety said to have originated with 
a ,mr4 ,holister of ,cedar ,county1     
,iowa4 ,tree productive2 fruit of medium
 size1 roundish-oblong2 cavity  shallow2
 suture faint2 clear bright red2 flesh  
soft1 yellow1 sweet2 good2  clingstone2 

mid-season4    ,holman ,prune4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,sarcoxie ,nur4 ,cat4   
#ahib4 #b4 ,can4  ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d
 ,ser4 #c3eb4 #aijj4    ,a seedling     
grown by ,d4 ,s4 ,holman1 ,springfield1 
,maine4 ,fruit of medium  size1 oblong1 
pointed2 greenish-yellow2 flesh yellow1 
firm1 sweet1 juicy2  stone small1       
pointed1 free2 mid-season4    ,holme4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,peachland ,nur4 ,cat4  
,holmes ,early ,blue #a4    ,introduced 
by ,j4 ,van ,lindley1 ,pomona1 ,north   
,carolina4 ,tree hardy1  productive2    
fruit large1 dark blue2 good2 early4    
,holt4 ,americana4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4  
,rpt4 #cib4 #ahia4 #b4 ,colo4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #ej3cg4 #ahih4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum   
,cult4 #aeb4 #aija4    ,originated with 
,b4 ,j4 ,holt of ,rutland1 ,ohio4 ,tree 
vigorous1 spreading2  fruit large1      
roundish1 yellow shaded with red2 flesh 
yellow1 melting1  juicy1 mild subacid2  
good2 clingstone2 mid-season4           
,homestead4 ,americana4 #a4 ,minn4      
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #abh4 #ahij4 #b4     

,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3db4 #ahig4        
,originated with ,h4 ,knudson1          
,springfield1 ,minnesota4 ,fruit small1 
round1  deep red2 skin not at all       
adherent2 flavor rich1 somewhat         
resembling a  peach2 stone small1 free4 
,honey4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4     
#ahid4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hg3ac4    
#aija4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aec4    
#aija4    ,tree unproductive2 fruit     
small1 oblate2 cavity shallow2 suture a 
line2  yellow washed and shaded with    
red2 flesh sweet2 quality fair2         
clingstone2  early4    ,honey ,julian4  
,domestica4 ,listed in ,lond4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,cat4 #adh4 #ahca4    ,hoo ,green 
,gage4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,lond4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adh4  #ahca4        
,hoosier4 ,hortulana4 #a4 ,sarcoxie     
,nur4 ,cat4 #aijj4    ,from ,greene     
,county1 ,missouri2 introduced by ,wild 
,brothers ,nursery4  ,tree vigorous1    
spreading2 fruit above medium size1     
roundish2 suture a  line2 dark          
cherry-red2 bloom thin2 dots distinct2  

flesh yellow2 good2  clingstone2 late4  
,horemoritzer ,reine ,claude4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    
#dce4  #ahhi4    ,reference found by    
,mathieu in ,pomologische ,monatshefte  
#cc4 #ahhi4    ,horrigan4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm4 ,bul4 #dc3ch4    
#aijc4    ,mentioned as being tested4   
,horse4 ,species8 #a4 ,knoop            
,fructologie #fb4 #agga4 #b4 ,lond4     
,hort4  ,soc4 ,cat4 #adh4 #ahca4 #c4    
,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3hg4 #ahcb4 #d4   
,kenrick  ,am4 ,orch4 #bfc4 #ahcb4 #e4  
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cja4 #ahde4  
#f4  ,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4
 #cjc4 #ahdf4 #g4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 
#ac3cce4 #ahii4    ,early ,damson #c4   
,horse ,plum #c1 #d4 ,irish ,horse ,plum
 #b4 ,large ,early  ,damson #c4 ,large  
,early ,damson #e4 ,large ,sweet ,damson
 #d4 ,prune de ,cheval  #a4 ,ros-pruim  
,double #a4 ,sweet ,damson #c1 #e4      
,plums from at least two and possibly   
three species are known as the  8,horse 
,plum40 ,in ,new ,york the ,horse ,plum 

used by nurserymen as a stock is        
undoubtedly ,prunus cerasifera4 ,the    
plum referred to by ,waugh1 in the      
preceding reference1 is a variety of    
,prunus domestica4 ,it is difficult  to 
determine the species referred to by the
 older writers1 but from the  frequency 
with which the word ,damson appears as a
 synonym1 it would seem  that some at   
least had in mind ,prunus insititia4    
,the ,horse plum brought into this      
country by the early ,dutch or ,french  
settlers1 propagated by seedlings or    
suckers was probably an ,insititia4     
,during the first half of the last      
century1 this plum was extensively      
raised in this ,state and large         
quantities were sold in the ,new ,york  
market4 ,it is described as follows3--  
,fruit of medium size1 oval2 suture     
distinct2 reddish-purple2 flesh         
greenish1 firm1 sweet1 dry2 poor2       
usually freestone2 mid-season4    ,horse
 ,jag4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,cat4 #adh4 #ahca4 #b4  ,mag4     

,hort4 #i3afd4 #ahdc4    ,horse ,gage   
#a1 #b4    ,fruit small1 round or       
slightly oval1 red2 stone clinging2     
mid-season4    ,hoskins4 ,americana4 #a4
 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3db4 #ahig4 #b4   
,ia4  ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aaj4 #ahii4   
#c4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bge4 #aijj4    
,originated by a ,mr4 ,hoskins of       
,pleasant ,plain1 ,jefferson ,county1   
,iowa2  and introduced by ,j4 ,wragg and
 ,sons1 ,waukee1 ,iowa1 in #ahii4 ,tree 
productive2 fruit of medium size1       
yellow2 skin thin1 tough2 freestone2    
mid-season4    ,houston ,county4        
,species8 ,mentioned in ,cornell ,sta4  
,bul4 #ch3gi4 #ahib4    ,how ,amber4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #ab3cih1   
#cii fig4 #ahdf4 #b4  ,elliott ,fr4     
,book #dai4 #ahed4 #c4 ,downing ,fr4    
,trees ,am4 #chd4 #aheg4    ,how's      
,amber #a1 #b1 #c4    ,a seedling       
selected from several hundred brought   
from ,new ,hampshire and  grown by ,hall
 ,j4 ,how of ,south ,boston in #ahch4   
,tree vigorous1 productive2  fruit of   

medium size1 round2 suture shallow2     
amber1 spotted and mottled  with rose2  
flesh coarsely veined1 yellow1 melting1 
juicy1 rich2 good2  clingstone2         
mid-season4    ,howard4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,cultivator #a3caf4 #ahec4 #b4 ,ibid4   
#c3bj4 #ahee4 #c4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4      
#b3ahe4 #ahgc4    ,howard's ,favorite   
#a1 #b4 ,howard's ,favorite #c4         
,favorite d',howard #c4    ,a seedling  
of unknown parentage produced by ,elisha
 ,dorr1 ,albany1 ,new  ,york4 ,fruit    
large1 necked1 yellow1 dotted and shaded
 with carmine2  stem very adherent2 skin
 thick2 flesh coarse1 sweet1 rich2      
clingstone2  mid-season4    ,howe4      
,triflora 8 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#bdh4 #aijc4 #b4 ,griffing  ,bros4 ,cat4
 #aijf4 #c4 ,ibid4 #aiji4    ,stumpe #c4
 ,stumpy #a4    ,a seedling of ,kelsey  
grown in the yard of a ,mrs4 ,stumpe1   
,putnam ,county1  ,florida2 introduced  
by ,griffing ,brothers in #aijf4 ,fruit 
large1 roundish1  red2 bloom delicate2  
suture a line2 skin thin1 leathery2     

flesh yellow1  firm1 juicy2 good2 stone 
small1 oval1 clinging2 early4           
,howell4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4  
,trees ,am4 #cjb4 #ahde4 #b4            
,horticulturist #g3djb4 #aheb4 #c4      
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iba4 #ahfi4  
,chapin's ,early #c4 ,early ,purple #b1 
#c4 ,howell's ,early #a4 ,sea #b4 ,sea  
#c4    ,this variety derives its name   
from ,b4 ,howell of ,newburgh1 ,new     
,york1 who  brought the original tree   
from ,virginia as a sucker4 ,it was     
supposed to  have been introduced into  
the ,southern ,states by cions from     
,germany4 ,tree  of slow growth2 fruit  
below medium1 oval2 suture indistinct2  
red2 flesh  juicy1 rich1 sweet2 good2   
freestone2 very early4    ,hoyo ,smomo4 
,triflora4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4     
#fb3bc4 #ahid4    ,a name used by ,j4   
,l4 ,normand1 ,marksville1 ,louisiana2  
probably a synonym4    ,h4 ,t4 ,s4      
#hd1gfa4 ,species8 #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4   
#fa3fgd4 #aijb4    ,one of ,burbank's   
plums4 ,fruit large1 yellow with crimson

 blush2 flesh  yellow1 firm1 sweet1     
vinous1 juicy2 clingstone2 a good       
shipper4    ,huankume4 ,triflora4 #a4   
,n4 ,mex4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ci3abb4 #aija4   
,reported from ,new ,mexico as weak in  
growth2 fruit small1 roundish1 downy2   
yellowish-red2 slightly acid2           
clingstone2 resembles the apricot in    
flavor  and appearance4    ,hudson      
,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4    
,trees ,am4 #bgg4 #ahde4 #b4  ,hogg     
,fruit ,man4 #cfe4 #ahff4 #c4 ,guide    
,prat4 #afc1 #cfd4 #ahie4    ,hudson #b4
 ,hudson #c4 ,hudson ,gage #b1 #c4      
,hudson's gelbe ,frhpflaume #c4         
,reine-,claude d',hudson #c4    ,hudson 
,gage is one of several good varieties  
originated by ,l4 ,v4 ,lawrence  of     
,hudson ,new ,york4 ,fruit of medium    
size1 oval2 suture slight2 yellow1      
obscurely streaked with green2 bloom    
thin2 flesh greenish1 juicy1  melting1  
sprightly2 good2 freestone2 early2      
placed in the catalog of the  ,american 
,pomological ,society in #ahgg4         

,hughes4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #aff4 #ahhe4 #b4 ,waugh     
,plum ,cult4 #aie-f4 #aija4 #c4 ,ga4    
,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bge4 #aijd4             
,originated in northeastern ,mississippi
 where it is said to be one of  the best
 of its species4 ,fruit of medium size1 
roundish2 stem long1  slender2 cavity   
shallow2 suture a line2 bright red1     
striped with yellow2  dots large1 white2
 skin thin2 flesh yellow1 fibrous1      
watery1 sprightly1  subacid quality     
fair2 stone of medium size1 turgid1     
clinging2 late4    ,hungarian ,musk     
,prune4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,guide ,prat4   
#aeh1 #cfc4 #ahie4  #b4 ,can4 ,exp4     
,farms ,rpt4 #dcb4 #aije4    ,basilic   
#a4 ,musque de ,besztercze #a4 ,proune  
bissioque 7,roumanie7 #a4  ,quetsche    
musque de ,hongrie #a4    ,hungarian    
,musk ,prune is very similar to the     
,german ,prune2 fruit of  medium size1  
necked2 cavity small2 suture shallow2   
deep purple2 bloom  thick2 flesh yellow1
 juicy1 sweet1 musky1 aromatic2 stone   

small1 free2  mid-season4    ,hungarian 
,no4 #a4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #ca3cdi4 #ahie4    ,j4 ,l4 ,budd  
of the ,iowa ,experiment ,station       
received this plum from ,europe  with   
sprouts of his ,ungarish4 ,fruit of     
medium size1 prune-shape1 bright        
yellow2 freestone4    ,hungarian ,no4   
#b4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4   
,rpt4 #hf4 #ahij4    ,imported by ,j4   
,l4 ,budd from ,russia2 of little value4
    ,hunn4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4
 ,bul4 #aci3dc4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ibid4       
#age3adg4 #ahii4    ,burbank ,no4 #a #a1
 #b4    ,a small1 round plum named for  
,c4 ,e4 ,hunn of the ,new ,york ,state  
,college of  ,agriculture2 apex pointed2
 suture shallow2 deep red2 dots many1   
yellow2  flesh soft1 yellow1 aromatic2  
quality fair2 clingstone2 mid-season4   
,hunt4 ,munsoniana  ,americana4 #a4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #gh4 #ahig4 #b4  ,ia4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bge4 #aijj4 #c4 ,waugh 
,plum ,cult4 #aec4 #aija4    ,originated
 about #ahhj by ,henry ,hunt1 ,de ,soto1

 ,dallas ,county1 ,iowa1 from  seed of  
,wild ,goose probably pollinated by the 
,de ,soto1 trees of which  stood near4  
,it was supposed at one time that       
,lombard was the male parent  but no    
traces of ,domestica blood can be       
detected in either tree or fruit2       
introduced in #ahig by ,m4 ,j4 ,graham1 
,odel1 ,iowa4 ,fruit of medium size1    
roundish-oval2 cavity shallow2 suture a 
line2 dark red2 bloom heavy2 dots       
large1 conspicuous2 skin thin1 not      
astringent2 flesh yellow1 firm1 mild2   
quality fair2 stone large1 ovate1       
winged4    ,hunt ,de ,soto4 ,americana4 
#a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3bj4 #aije4
    ,hunt's ,de ,soto #a4    ,introduced
 by ,j4 ,l4 ,budd of the ,iowa          
,experiment ,station2 closely  resembles
 ,de ,soto1 differing from it in being a
 little larger1 darker red  and a better
 keeper4    ,ida4 ,americana4 #a4       
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ch4 #ahib4 #b4 
,colo4  ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3cg4 #ahih4 #c4  
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aec4 #aija4        

,originated with ,d4 ,b4 ,wier of       
,illinois4 ,tree very thorny1 of slow1  
irregular growth2 fruit medium1         
roundish-oblong2 cavity shallow2 stem   
medium1 stout1 dull2 red over yellow2   
bloom thick2 skin thick2 flesh pale     
yellow2 quality fair2 stone roundish1   
rather flat1 clinging2 mid-season4      
,ida ,green ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,cole
 ,am4 ,fr4 ,book #bab4 #ahdi4    ,a     
seedling of ,reine ,claude originating  
near ,mount ,ida1 ,new ,york4 ,it very  
closely resembles its parent except that
 it is more strongly blushed and  is a  
few days later2 obsolete4    ,idall4    
,munsoniana  ,hortulana mineri4 #a4     
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ef4  #ahib4 #b4
 ,am4 ,gard4 #ai3bcd4 #ahih4 #c4 ,waugh 
,plum ,cult4 #agc4 #aija4    ,idal #b4  
,idol #a4 ,idol #a1 #b4    ,according to
 the originator1 ,d4 ,b4 ,wier1 of      
,illinois1 the ,idall is a  cross       
between ,wild ,goose and ,miner4 ,fruit 
large1 roundish-oval2 cavity  shallow2  
suture a line2 red2 dots many2 skin     

tough2 flesh yellow2 good2  stone of    
medium size1 oval1 clinging2 late4      
,imperial4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #df3bgf4 #aijj4    ,a small plum  
of the ,de ,soto type brought to notice 
by ,c4 ,b4 ,ginrich1  ,laporte1 ,iowa4  
,fruit round1 conical2 cavity broad1    
deep2 suture a line2  yellow with red   
markings2 bloom thin2 flesh clear       
yellow1 firm1 brisk1  acid2 good2       
clingstone4    ,impriale ,alexandrina4  
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dcf4  #ahhi4    ,impriale de     
,milan4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,cat4 #adi4 #ahca4  #b4 ,hogg     
,fruit ,man4 #cfe4 #ahff4 #c4 ,mas ,le  
,verger #f3fg4 #ahff-gc4    ,mailndische
 ,kaiserpflaume #c4 ,prune de ,milan #b1
 #c4    ,originated near the city of    
,milan1 ,italy4 ,tree large1 vigorous1  
spreading2 fruit medium1 oval2 suture   
distinct2 stem short1 rather thick2     
skin tough1 dark purple2 bloom heavy2   
flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1 firm1     
sweet2 good2 usually freestone2         

mid-season4    ,imperial ,ottoman4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #adi4 #ahca4  #b4 ,horticulturist 
#a3aa fig4 #ahdf4 #c4 ,elliott ,fr4     
,book #dac4  #ahed4 #d4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4
 #b3acg4 #ahgc4 #e4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4
 #ddb4  #ahhi4    ,impriale de ,turquie 
#d4 ,impriale ,ottomane #e4 ,imperial   
,ottoman #c1 #d1  #e4 ,ottoman #c4      
,ottomanische ,kaiserpflaume #e4        
,ottomanische ,kaiserpflaume  #d4       
,trkische ,gelbe ,pflaume #e4           
,supposed to have been brought into this
 country from ,turkey by ,william       
,prince4 ,tree vigorous1 productive2    
fruit medium1 roundish-oval2 suture     
indistinct2 stem of medium length1      
slender2 greenish-yellow1 clouded and   
mottled with darker shades2 bloom thin2 
flesh yellow1 juicy1 pleasant2  good2   
clingstone2 very early4    ,imperial    
,purple4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4  
,trees ,am4 #ibc4 #ahfi4  #b4 ,mas ,pom4
 ,gen4 #b3de4 #ahgc4    ,imperial       
,purple #b4 ,pourpre ,imprial #b4       

,raised by ,william ,prince1 ,flushing1 
,long ,island4 ,tree vigorous1          
productive1 fruit medium in size1       
roundish-oval2 suture barely indicated2 
stem of medium length1 slender2 intense 
purple2 flesh yellowish1 juicy1  sweet2 
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,imperial    
,violet4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,duhamel       
,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3ii4  #agfh4 #b4   
,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3cc1 ,tab4 #aha   
fig4 #a4 #agif4 #c4 ,prince  ,pom4 ,man4
 #b3fj4 #ahcb4 #d4 ,noisette ,man4      
,comp4 ,jard4 #b3dig4 #ahfj4    ,die    
violete ,kaiserpflaume mit scheckichten 
,blattern #b4 ,impriale  ,petit  ,fruit 
,violet #d4 ,impriale ,violette         
feuilles panachees #a4 ,impriale        
violette  feuilles panachees #b1 #c4    
,a variety with variegated leaves and   
fruit1 cultivated as an ornamental4     
,imperial ,washington4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,horticulturist #be3bjd4 #ahgj4    ,a   
seedling of ,lombard grown by ,g4 ,p4   
,peffer of ,pewaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,tree 
vigorous and productive2 fruit large1   

roundish1 slightly oblate2 suture       
faint2 cavity lacking or small2         
brownish-red2 dots yellow2 skin thin1   
tender2 flesh greenish-yellow1 firm1    
juicy1 rich2 late4    ,improved ,french 
,prune4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,coates ,cat4   
#aijh4    ,miller #a4    ,a seedling of 
,agen grown by ,luther ,burbank and sold
 in #ahih under the  name ,miller to    
,leonard ,coates1 ,morganhill1          
,california1 who introduced it  under   
the name given above about #aijh4 ,very 
similar to its parent but  larger and   
more uniform in size4    ,incomparable4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #ibd4 #ahfi4 #b4  ,mathieu ,nom4   
,pom4 #dea4 #ahhi4    ,incomparable #b4 
,incomparable ,prune #a4 ,nonpareil #a1 
#b4  ,unvergleichliche #b4    ,probably 
a seedling of the ,german ,prune4 ,tree 
vigorous2 fruit of medium  size1        
long-oval2 suture shallow2 cavity small2
 deep purplish-black2 bloom  heavy2     
flesh yellow1 sweet2 good2 clingstone2  
late4    ,indian4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,kraft

 ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3cf1 ,tab4 #ahf fig4 #a4
  #agif4    ,die grosse indianische     
braunrothe ,pflaume #a4 ,grosse prune   
d',inde rouge  #a4    ,fruit large1     
obovate1 brownish-red2 suture distinct2 
flesh yellow1 firm2  good2 obsolete4    
,indiana4 ,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,mich4 
,sta4 ,rpt4 #aaa4 #ahhg4 #b4  ,cornell  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ef1 #hf4 #ahib4 #c4     
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #agc4 #aija4        
,indiana ,red #c4 ,indiana ,red #a1 #b4 
,supposed to have been found wild in    
,indiana2 introduced by ,dr4 ,i4        
,cramer4  ,tree tender in severe        
climates2 fruit medium in size1 oval2   
cavity  shallow2 stem slender2 suture a 
line2 red2 bloom thin2 dots minute1     
small2 flesh yellow1 firm2 quality fair2
 stone large2 oval1 clinging2  season   
late4    ,indian ,chief4 ,munsoniana4   
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #cf4 #ahge4  
#b4  ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3di1 #hf4  
#ahib4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ahf4    
#aija4    ,a southern variety of which  
the place of origin is not certainly    

known2  ,munson says southern ,texas1   
,onderdonk thinks ,georgia1 others      
consider  ,arkansas as its birthplace4  
,tree vasiform1 open2 leaves short1     
broad1  finely serrate2 petiole short1  
glandular2 fruit of medium size1 oval2  
stem short1 slender2 cavity shallow2    
suture a line2 dots numerous1 white2    
bright red2 skin thick2 flesh yellow1   
melting1 insipid2 poor2 stone           
long-oval1 flattened1 clinging2 early4  
,inkpa4 ,americana  ,simonii4 ,cir4 ,s4 
,dak4 ,exp4 ,sta4 #aiaj4    ,inkpa is a 
cross between ,prunus simonii and       
,prunus americana made by  ,n4 ,e4      
,hansen of the ,south ,dakota           
,experiment ,station1 who introduced the
  variety in #aiaj4    ,iola4 ,species8 
#a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3gi4 #ahib4 
,originated by ,d4 ,b4 ,wier1 ,illinois4
 ,fruit large1 oblong1 yellow covered   
with red2 flesh firm2 freestone2 late4  
,iona4 ,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,cornell  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ci4 #ahib4 #b4  ,thomas 
,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #dij4 #ahig4 #c4     

,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aec4 #aija4        
,originated with ,d4 ,b4 ,wier1 from    
seed taken from a wild bush in          
southwestern ,wisconsin4 ,tree vigorous1
 upright2 fruit of medium size1  oval2  
cavity shallow2 suture a line2 flesh    
yellow1 firm1 sweet2 quality  fair2     
freestone2 late4    ,iowa4 ,americana4  
#a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3dc4 #ahig4 #b4
 ,minn4  ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #daa4 #ahii4
 #c4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3bj4      
#aije4  ,from ,allamakee ,county1 ,iowa4
 ,fruit medium1 oval2 red over yellow2  
skin  astringent2 early4    ,iowa       
,beauty4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4    
#ahih4 #b4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4  ,rpt4     
#aaa4 #ahii4 #c4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#df3bgf4 #aijj4    ,taken from the woods
 about #ahfj by ,hugo ,beyer1 ,new      
,london1 ,iowa4 ,fruit  of medium size1 
oval1 mottled yellow2 flesh melting1    
juicy1 sweet2 good2  early4    ,irby4   
,hortulana4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4   
#aa3bhd4 #ahih4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4
 #aha4 #aija4 #c4 ,tex4 ,nur4 ,cat4     

#aijg4    ,erby ,september #a1 #b4 ,irby
 ,september #c4    ,found by ,dan ,irby 
of ,texas growing on the grounds of an  
old ,indian  settlement4 ,fruit of      
medium size1 bright red2 late2 similar  
to ,wayland4    ,ireland4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,can4 ,hort4 #ba3cia4 #ahih4        
,ireland's ,seedling  #a4    ,fruit of  
medium size1 dark blue2 stem slender2   
cavity deep2 suture  distinct2 flesh    
green1 tender1 juicy2 good2 early4      
,ireland ,golden4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ont4 
,fr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #c3abj4 #ahif4   
,ireland's ,golden ,gage #a4    ,tree   
vigorous1 hardy1 productive2 good2      
early4    ,irene4 ,hortulana mineri4 #a4
 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3gi4 #ahib4 #b4
  ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aed4 #aija4      
,originated by ,d4 ,b4 ,wier1 ,illinois4
 ,fruit of medium size1 oval2 bright    
red2 skin thick2 flesh yellow1 firm2    
clingstone2 late4    ,iris4 ,hortulana  
mineri4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ef4
 #ahib4 #b4  ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #agc4  
#aija4    ,originated and introduced by 

,d4 ,b4 ,wier of ,illinois4 ,fruit      
medium in  size1 oval2 cavity shallow2  
suture a line2 red2 bloom thin2 flesh   
yellow2  poor2 clingstone2 late4        
,ironclad4 ,americana4 #a4 ,cornell     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ch4 #ahib4 #b4 ,ia4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bge4 #aijj4 #c4 ,waugh  
,plum ,cult4 #aed4 #aija4    ,illinois  
,ironclad #a1 #b4 ,illinois ,ironclad   
#c4    ,a wild variety from ,illinois   
introduced by ,stark ,brothers in #ahij4
 ,tree  dwarf2 fruit of medium size1    
roundish-oval2 stem slender2 cavity of  
medium depth1 flaring2 suture shallow2  
dots many1 small1 yellow2 dark  red2    
bloom thick2 skin thick2 flesh yellow1  
firm1 meaty1 sweet2 quality  fair2 stone
 oval1 smooth1 flattened1 clinging2     
mid-season4    ,iroquois4 ,hortulana    
mineri8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4     
#dc3ci4 #aijc4    ,from ,charles        
,luedloff1 ,cologne1 ,minnesota4 ,fruit 
of medium size1  roundish-heart-shaped2 
cavity narrow2 suture a line2 dark red2 
dots  numerous1 small1 yellow2 bloom    

thin2 skin thick1 tough2 flesh yellow1  
juicy1 sweet2 quality fair2 stone oval1 
slightly flattened1 clinging4    ,isaac4
 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahig4 #b4 
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aed4  #aija4       
,brought to notice by ,m4 ,s4 ,hubbell  
from a wild tree near ,lincoln1         
,nebraska4 ,fruit small1 roundish1 red  
over a green ground2 clingstone4        
,isabella4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,pom4 ,mag4  
#c3aej4 #ahcj4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4  ,trees
 ,am4 #cje4 #ahde4 #c4 ,ann4 ,pom4      
,belge #f3ic1 ,pl4 #aheh4 #d4 ,hogg     
,fruit ,man4 #cff4 #ahff4 #e4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #dcf4 #ahhi4    ,die        
,isabelle #e4 ,prune ,isabelle #c4      
,an ,english variety popular sixty-five 
years ago2 said to produce three  crops 
a year4 ,tree vigorous2 fruit large1    
oval2 suture distinct2 deep1  dull red1 
paler in the shade2 dots many1 dark     
colored2 flesh yellow1  rich1 juicy1    
brisk2 good2 clingstone2 mid-season4    
,isabella4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4  
#aijj4 #b4 ,terry ,cat4 #aijj           

,originated with ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,iowa1 
in #ahic4 ,tree low1 spreading1         
productive2 fruit of medium size1       
roundish2 dark red on a yellow ground2  
good2 clingstone2 mid-season4           
,isle-,verte4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,quintinye
 ,com4 ,gard4 #fh1 #gj4 #afii4 #b4      
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3ajg4     
#agfh4 #c4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3id4   
#ahcb4 #d4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ci4      
#ahgc4    ,grosse ,grne ,pflaume #d4    
,grne ,inselpflaume #d4 ,ilevert #b1 #d4
 ,ile  ,vert #c4 ,ile verte #c4 ,ille   
verte #c4 ,illvert #a4 ,inselpflaume    
,grne  #d4 ,isle ,vert #c4 ,isle ,verte 
#b4 ,prune de ,savoye #c4 ,prune        
,ileverte #d4  ,savoy #c4    ,tree very 
prolific2 fruit of medium size1 oval2   
suture a line2 stem of  medium length2  
skin yellowish-green1 reddish on the    
sunny side2 flesh  clear yellow1 juicy1 
sweet2 clingstone2 used for preserves   
and pickles4    ,italian ,damask4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4  
,fr4 #b3ge4 #agfh4  #b4 ,kraft ,pom4    

,aust4 #b3db1 ,tab4 #aie fig4 #a4 #agif4
 #c4 ,prince ,pom4  ,man4 #b3hc4 #ahcb4 
#d4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cjb4     
#ahde4 #e4 ,poiteau  ,pom4 ,franc4      
#ahdf4 #f4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cff4     
#ahff4 #g4 ,guide ,prat4  #aeg1 #cec4   
#ahie4    ,damas d',italie #a1 #g4      
,damas d',italie #b1 #c1 #d1 #f4 ,die   
wlsche  ,damascenerpflaume #b4 ,prune   
,damas d',italie #e4 ,prunus italica #e4
    ,supposed to have originated in     
,italy4 ,tree productive1 doing         
especially  well in the ,south2 fruit of
 medium size1 roundish2 cavity small2   
suture distinct2 dark purple2 bloom     
heavy2 dots small1 light2 flesh         
yellowish-green1 juicy1 firm1 sweet2    
good2 stone thick1 free2 mid-season4    
,italienische ,damascene 7,diel's74     
,species8 ,listed in ,mathieu ,nom4     
,pom4  #dcf4 #ahhi4    ,damas d',italie4
    ,italienische ,damascene            
7,liegel's74 ,species8 ,mentioned in    
,mathieu ,nom4  ,pom4 #dcf4 #ahhi4      
,damas d',italie4    ,itasca4 ,nigra4   

#a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #aaa4 #ahhg4
 #b4 ,cornell ,sta4  ,bul4 #ch3ci4      
#ahib4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aga4    
#aija4    ,itaska #a1 #b4    ,an        
inferior variety from ,minnesota2       
introduced by ,p4 ,m4 ,gideon1          
,excelsior1 ,minnesota1 and ,w4 ,f4     
,heikes1 ,huntsville1 ,alabama4 ,tree   
dense  and stocky2 fruit of medium size1
 oblong1 dull purple-red2 skin thick2   
flesh firm2 quality fair2 clingstone2   
mid-season4    ,ithaca4 ,species8 #a4   
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3gi4 #ahib4     
,supposed to have originated with ,peter
 ,m4 ,gideon1 ,minnesota4    ,ivason4   
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahig4      
,from ,iowa4 ,tree vigorous2 fruit      
large1 roundish1 purplish-red2          
semi-clinging2 mid-season4    ,ives4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #ae3aah4   
#ahdi4 #b4 ,cole ,am4 ,fr4  ,book #baa4 
#ahdi4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bad4 
#ahef4 #d4 ,downing ,fr4  ,trees ,am4   
#ibd4 #ahfi4    ,ive's ,seedling #a1 #d4
 ,ive's ,washington #d4 ,ives'          

,washington ,seedling #c4  ,washington  
,seedling #b4    ,a seedling of         
,washington raised by ,j4 ,m4 ,ives of  
,salem1 ,massachusetts2  named by ,c4   
,m4 ,hovey2 first fruited in #ahde4     
,tree very vigorous2 fruit  large1      
roundish-oblong2 distinct suture2 skin  
yellow1 mottled and dotted  with red2   
bloom thin2 stem short and slender2     
flesh amber1 melting1 rich2  excellent2 
stone medium1 ovate1 free4    ,ives4    
,insititia4 #a4 ,am4 ,gard4 #ad3adh4    
#ahic4    ,ives ,damson #a4    ,grown   
locally in southern ,connecticut4 ,tree 
productive2 fruit purple1  sour2        
clingstone2 unusually late4    ,j4 ,h4  
,rue4 ,species8 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#fc3dc4 #ahig4    ,first noted by ,j4   
,l4 ,budd of ,iowa4 ,tree productive2   
fruit the size of  ,stoddard2 flesh     
firm4    ,j4 ,parks4 ,species8 #a4 ,ill4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dbj4 #aije4        
,fruit small1 light red2 flesh meaty1   
firm2 good2 freestone2 not troubled     
with rot4    ,jacinthe4 ,domestica4 #a4 

,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3ajj1 ,pl4
 ,,xvi4  #agfh4 #b4 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 
#b3bh1 ,tab4 #agc fig4 #b4 #agif4 #c4   
,coxe  ,cult4 ,fr4 ,trees #bch4 #ahag4  
#d4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3id4 #ahcb4   
#e4  ,mas ,le ,verger #f3abc4 #ahff-gc4 
,die ,hyacinthenpflaume #b4 ,hyacinth   
#d4 ,hyacinthe ,pflaume #e4 ,jacinthe   
#b4  ,prune ,jacinthe #e4    ,an old    
variety imported from ,england by       
,william ,coxe4 ,fruit large1           
elongated2 suture indistinct2 clear     
purple2 flesh yellow1 firm1 juicy2      
good2 stone oval1 semi-clinging2        
mid-season4    ,jacob4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ibe4 #ahfi4  
,described only by ,downing4 ,fruit of  
medium size1 oval1 necked1 sides        
unequal2 suture large2 violet2 flesh    
greenish1 juicy1 sweet2 good2           
freestone2 mid-season4    ,jap ,no4 #d4 
,americana  ,triflora4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #df3bgf4 #aijj4  #b4 ,ibid4       
#aad3ach4 #aiaj4    ,japan ,hybrid ,no4 
#d #b4    ,a seedling from ,de ,soto    

pollinated with some ,japanese variety2 
sent  out by the ,iowa ,experiment      
,station about #ahie4 ,fruit of medium  
size1  long-oval2 suture distinct2      
mottled red over a yellow ground2 dots  
none2  skin thin1 tender2 flesh yellow1 
sweet2 good2 freestone4    ,japan ,no4  
#a4 ,americana  ,triflora4 #a4 ,kerr    
,cat4 #ahii4    ,a hybrid grown by ,h4  
,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa4    ,japan 
,no4 #c4 ,americana  ,triflora4 #a4     
,kerr ,cat4 #ahii4    ,another of ,mr4  
,terry's hybrids4    ,japan ,hybrid ,no4
 #b4 7a74 ,americana  ,triflora4 #a4    
,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #aad3acg4 #aiaj4      
,one of a number of hybrids produced by 
the late ,j4 ,l4 ,budd of the ,iowa     
,experiment ,station4 ,this one is of   
the ,americana type2 fruit medium in    
size1 oval1 dark red over yellow2 flesh 
yellow1 tender1 sweet2 good2  freestone2
 mid-season4    ,japan ,hybrid ,no4 #b  
7b74 ,americana  ,triflora4 #a4 ,ia4    
,sta4 ,bul4  #aad3ach4 #aiaj4    ,from  
the same lot of hybrids as ,japan       

,hybrid ,no4 #b 7a74 ,fruit resembles   
,prunus americana2 large1 oval1 red over
 yellow2 skin thick1 tough1  bitter2    
flesh juicy1 coarse1 pulpy1 sweet2 fair 
in quality2 mid-season4    ,japanese    
,plum ,seedling4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,am4    
,gard4 #ad3eae4 #ahic4    ,a seedling   
from ,luther ,burbank produced by       
pollinating ,kelsey with  ,satsuma4     
,outwardly resembles ,kelsey2 flesh red1
 pleasant1 juicy1 meaty2  vinous2 stone 
small1 clinging4    ,jaspisartige       
,pflaume4 ,species8 ,mentioned in       
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcf4  #ahhi4      
,lieflandische ,grne ,zwetsche4 ,weisse 
,violen ,pflaume4    ,jaune d',este4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,flor4  ,pom4 #ahf4     
#ahgb4    ,jean d',este #a4    ,an old  
variety deserving of notice because of  
its earliness4    ,jaune ,tardive4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 
#b;d4 ,ser #c3ec4  #aijj4 #b4 ,baltet   
,cult4 ,fr4 #dia4 #aijh4    ,tree       
vigorous2 fruit of medium size1 oval1   
amber-yellow2 flesh sweet2  good4       

,jaune ,tres ,htive ,baboud4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d ,ser4 
#c3eb4 #aijj4    ,tree vigorous1        
productive2 fruit below medium1 oval2   
suture shallow2  cavity small2 clear    
yellow2 flesh yellow1 tender1 juicy1    
sweet1 pleasant2  good2 freestone2 very 
early4    ,jean ,morceau4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adi4     
#ahca4    ,a variety grown at one time  
in the ,london ,horticultural ,society  
gardens4    ,jennie ,lucas4             
,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #afj1 #afb4  #ahha4 #b4     
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aif4 #aija4 #c4    
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bef1  #beg4      
#aije4    ,jennie ,lucas is a seedling  
grown by ,g4 ,onderdonk1 ,mission       
,valley  ,nurseries1 ,victoria ,county1 
,texas2 introduced by the originator in 
#ahge4 ,fruit of medium size1 roundish2 
cavity shallow2 suture a line2  dots    
numerous1 large1 white2 light yellow2   
skin thin2 flesh yellow1  soft1         
sweetish2 quality fair2 stone large1    

round1 flattened1 clinging2  mid-season4
    ,jerusalem4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,prince 
,treat4 ,hort4 #bg4 #ahbh4 #b4 ,prince  
,pom4 ,man4 #b3ie4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,poiteau  
,pom4 ,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4 #d4  ,noisette 
,man4 ,comp4 ,jard4 #b3dig4 #ahfj4 #e4  
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4  #ibf4 #ahfi4 
#f4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcc4 #ahhi4   
#g4 ,lucas ,vollst4 ,hand4  ,obst4 #dga4
 #ahid4 #h4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #cfg4   
#ahie4    ,blaue ,eierpflaume #f1 #h4   
,de ,bordeaux #a1 #b1 #e4 ,de ,jerusalem
 #d4  ,jerusalem #f4 ,oeil de ,boeuf #a1
 #b1 #d1 #e4 ,oeuil-de-,boeuf #f4 ,prune
  de ,bordeaux #f4 ,prune de ,jerusalem 
#c4 ,prune ,violet de ,jerusalem #e4    
,prunier de ,jerusalem #b1 #e1 #f4      
,violette de ,jerusalem #f4 ,violette   
,jerusalem #e4 ,violette ,jerusalems    
pflaume #f4 ,violette ,jerusalemspflaume
  #g4 ,wahre blaue ,eierpflaume #f1 #h4 
,the tree and fruit of this variety     
resemble the ,german ,prune of which it 
is probably an offspring4 ,fruit large1 
oval2 suture a line2 dark purple2  flesh

 yellowish1 prune-like1 firm1 sweet2    
good2 stone long1 flat1 free2           
mid-season4    ,jessie4 ,americana4 #a4 
,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 #bfc4 #ahib4 #b4  
,waugh ,plum  ,cult4 #aed4 #aija4    ,a 
seedling introduced from the wild by the
 ,martin ,nursery ,company1  ,winfield1 
,kansas1 about #ahib4 ,tree productive1 
vigorous1 suckers badly2  fruit of      
medium size1 oval2 cavity shallow2      
suture a line2 wine-red2  flesh yellow1 
melting1 fibrous1 slightly subacid2     
good2 clingstone2 early4    ,jewell4    
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ch3gi4 #ahib4 #b4 ,wis4  ,sta4 ,bul4   
#hg3ad4 #aija4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4  
#ahf4 #aija4    ,a seedling of ,wild    
,goose from ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1  
,iowa2 first fruited  in #ahhe4 ,fruit  
of medium size1 round2 cavity shallow2  
suture indistinct2  red over a yellow   
ground2 bloom light2 dots numerous2 skin
 thin1 not  adherent to the pulp2 flesh 
yellow1 tender2 quality fair2           
clingstone2  mid-season4    ,jodoigne4  

,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cfg4
 #ahff4 #b4 ,ibid4  #gjh4 #ahhd4 #c4    
,lucas ,vollst4 ,hand4 ,obst4 #dgb4     
#ahid4    ,boulouf 8#a4 ,jodoigne ,green
 ,gage #a1 #b4 ,reine-,claude de        
,jodoigne #a1 #b4  ,reine-,claude von   
,jodoigne #c4 ,royal de ,vilvorde #a1   
#b4    ,probably a ,reine ,claude       
seedling2 tree large1 vigorous2 shoots  
smooth2  fruit large1 round1 inclining  
to oblate1 greenish-yellow1 with        
brownish-red cheek2 suture shallow2     
flesh whitish-yellow1 firm1 juicy1      
tender1 sweet1 rich2 mid-season4    ,joe
 ,hooker4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4   
#ahid4 #b4 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #ej3ch4  
#ahih4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aed4    
#aija4    ,tree dwarfish2 fruit of      
medium size1 roundish-oval2 cavity      
shallow2  suture faint2 red on a yellow 
ground2 skin thick2 flesh yellow2       
clingstone2 late4    ,john ,a4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4
 #acg4 #ahid4 #b4 ,ont4  ,fr4 ,gr4      
,assoc4 ,rpt4 #gb4 #ahid4 #c4 ,ia4 ,sta4

 ,bul4 #df3bgf4 #aijj4    ,a cross      
between ,evelyn and ,italian ,prune2    
originated with ,richard  ,trotter1     
,owen ,sound1 ,ontario4 ,tree vigorous2 
fruit large1 oval or  egg-shape2 cavity 
narrow2 bronze-red2 bloom heavy2 flesh  
greenish-yellow1  firm1 juicy1 subacid2 
stone large2 clinging2 hangs well4      
,johnny ,roe4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,garden   
#ec3bfc4 #ahih4    ,an ,english variety 
propagated from suckers in              
,nottinghamshire4    ,jones4 ,americana8
 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3gi4 #ahib4
 #b4 ,ia4  ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ccd4     
#ahid4 #c4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bgg4    
#aijj4    ,originated in #ahhj with     
,mrs4 ,owen ,jones1 ,crescent1 ,iowa1   
who planted the  pits from a quart of   
8,california plums0 she had purchased2  
introduced by  ,h4 ,a4 ,terry about     
#ahie4 ,tree upright1 spreading1        
productive2 fruit of  medium size1 oval2
 suture indistinct2 dark red2 bloom     
light2 skin thick1  tender2 flesh firm1 
meaty2 quality fair2 stone smooth1 not  

margined2  clinging2 mid-season4        
,jones ,late4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr     
,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#fc3dc4 #ahig4    ,introduced by ,h4 ,a4
 ,terry4 ,tree productive2 fruit large1 
oval1 red2 flesh  firm2 clingstone4     
,jordan ,seedling4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4
 ,hort4 #ad3cbi4 #ahia4    ,supposed to 
be a seedling of ,yellow ,egg2          
originated with ,f4 ,jordan of          
,goderich1 ,ontario4 ,the variety       
resembles ,hulings so closely as to be  
almost indistinguishable4    ,judson4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fr4 ,cult4
 #cdb4 #ahdi4 #b4 ,elliott  ,fr4 ,book  
#dbg4 #ahed4    ,originated in          
,lansingburgh1 ,new ,york1 some time in 
the early 8forties40  ,fruit small1     
roundish2 suture indistinct2 cavity     
small2 attractive pink2  flesh juicy1   
rich1 vinous2 quality high2 freestone2  
season just before  ,reine ,claude4     
,julia4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4
 #df3bgg4 #aijj4 #b4 ,terry  ,cat4      
#aijj4    ,edith of ,terry #a4    ,a    

seedling from ,h4 ,a4 ,terry in #ahif4  
,tree productive2 fruit large1 round1   
yellow striped with light red2 flesh    
firm2 clingstone2 mid-season4           
,julian4 ,triflora4 ,noted in ,sweet    
,cat4 #aijg4    ,julien ,gros  ,feuilles
 ,panachees4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in  
,lond4 ,hort4  ,soc4 ,cat4 #adi4 #ahca4 
,july ,fourth4 ,domestica8  ,triflora   
,americana4 #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4  #ei3fee 
fig4 #aijj4    ,a second generation     
seedling from ,luther ,burbank2 said to 
rank very high  in quality4    ,july    
,green ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,jour4    
,hort4 #i3abh4 #ahfe4 #b4 ,hogg  ,fruit 
,man4 #cfj1 #cfg4 #ahff4 #c4 ,downing   
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ibf4 #ahfi4 #d4  ,mas 
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ii4 #ahgc4 #e4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #dcg4 #ahhi4 #f4  ,guide    
,prat4 #aeb1 #cfc4 #ahie4    ,bavay's   
,early ,gage8 #a4 ,bavay's ,frhe        
,reine-,claude #d1 #f4 ,early ,bavay    
#c1 8#e4 ,early ,green ,gage8 #b4 ,frhe 
,reine-,claude #f4 ,juli ,reine-,claude 
#e4  ,julius ,reine-,claude #e4 ,july   

,green ,gage #d1 #e4 ,reine-,claude     
,davion #d1  #f4 ,reine-,claude de      
,bavay ,htive #b1 #c1 #d1 #f4           
,reine-,claude de ,juillet  #f4         
,reine-,claude ,htive #e1 of some #f4   
,reine-,claude ,htive d',avion #f4      
,reine-,claude ,htive de ,bavay #f4     
,reine-,claude ,bavay ,htive8 #e4       
,july ,green ,gage was introduced into  
,france from ,normandy about the  middle
 of the last century by a ,m4 ,davion4  
,tree productive2 fruit  of medium size1
 roundish2 suture slight2 stem short2   
cavity narrow1  deep2 yellowish-green   
sometimes spotted with red2 bloom thin2 
flesh  greenish-yellow1 juicy1 aromatic1
 sweet2 very good2 freestone2 very      
early4    ,jumelles4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dcb4 #aije4   
,fruit of medium size1 roundish2 suture 
distinct2 greenish streaked with        
yellow2 flesh juicy1 sweet1 rich2 stone 
small1 semi-clinging2 early4            
,jumelles de ,liegel4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4 #b4   

,guide ,prat4 #afj1 #ceh4 #ahie4        
,jumelles de ,liegel #a4 ,liegel's      
,zwillingspflaume #a4 ,liegel's         
,zwillingspflaume #b4    ,tree          
productive2 fruit large1 roundish1 red2 
flesh yellow1 juicy1 sweet1  vinous2    
good2 late4    ,kaga4 ,americana        
,simonii4 #a4 ,circ4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,exp4    
,sta4 #aiaj4    ,introduced in #aiaj by 
the originator1 ,n4 ,e4 ,hansen1 of the 
,south ,dakota  ,experiment ,station4   
,it is a cross between ,prunus simonii  
and some  ,americana4    ,kaiser        
,wilhelm4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck    
,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #djg4  #ahha4 #b4  
,gard4 ,chron4 #bf3gag4 #ahhf4 #c4      
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbh4  #ahhi4      
,bamberger ,eier ,pflaume #c incor4     
,blaue ,eier #c incor4 ,dark ,blue ,egg 
#b4 ,dunkelblaue ,eierpflaume #a4       
,dunkleblaue ,eierpflaume #c4 ,liegel's 
,marokko8 #c4 ,rodt's ,grosse ,frh      
,pflaumen-,zwetsche #c4 ,ungarische     
,blaue  ,eier #c4    ,a plum very well  
known in ,germany4 ,tree large1         

productive2 fruit large1  oval2 skin    
thick1 not adherent1 tough1 somewhat    
sour1 bluish-black2 flesh  yellowish1   
juicy1 slightly sweet2 clingstone4      
,kampeska4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4  
#ahid4 #b4 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #ej3ch4  
#ahih4    ,tree productive1 slow and    
stocky in growth2 fruit small to medium1
 round2  stem of medium length1 thick2  
skin thick1 purplish-red2 bloom heavy2  
of  medium quality2 clingstone4         
,kanawha4 ,hortulana4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #acf4 #ahge4 #b4 ,ga4       
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bd4 #ahha4 #c4 ,rev4
 ,hort4 #ece4 #ahic4 #d4 ,waugh ,plum   
,cult4 #ahj1 #aha4 #aija4    ,canawa #a4
 ,peach-leaved #b4 ,prune ,kanawa #c4   
,rains #a4    ,introduced by ,p4 ,j4    
,berckmans who had received it from ,j4 
,s4 ,downer of  ,kentucky in #ahga4     
,fruit of medium size1 oval2 suture a   
line2 dots many1  white2 bright red with
 a thin bloom2 skin firm2 flesh firm1   
meaty1  sprightly2 good2 clingstone2    
season late2 mentioned in the catalogs  

of  the ,american ,pomological ,society 
from #ahge to #ahii4    ,kazan4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #aaa4
 #ahhg4    ,a foreign plum listed by the
 ,michigan ,experiment ,station4        
,keindt4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck     
,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #ddd4 #ahha4       
,keindt's ,frhdamascene #a4    ,a       
,german variety noted as unproductive on
 dry soil4    ,keith4 ,americana4 #a4   
,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dcf4 #ahhh4 #b4
 ,ia4 ,sta4  ,bul4 #df3bgg4 #aijj4 #c4  
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aee4 #aija4        
,kieth #c4    ,of the ,de ,soto type1   
from ,delaware ,county1 ,iowa1 previous 
to #ahhh4 ,fruit  large1                
roundish-oblong2 cavity shallow2 stem   
short1 thick2 skin thin2  orange        
overlaid with red2 bloom thin2 flesh    
yellow1 firm1 sweet1 not  juicy2 good to
 best2 stone large1 flattened1 clinging2
 mid-season2 does  not thrive in the    
,south4    ,kelbalan4 ,triflora         
,cerasifera4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahii4     
,kelsey ,no4 #c4    ,grown by ,theodore 

,williams of ,benson1 ,nebraska1 from a 
seed of ,kelsey  pollinated with ,early 
,cherry4 ,tree somewhat like ,myrobalan2
 fruit large1  roundish-conic1 yellow   
shaded with red2 clingstone2 good4      
,kelley4 ,species8 #a4 ,van ,lindley    
,cat4 #ahii4    ,originated in ,south   
,carolina2 introduced by ,r4 ,bates of  
,jackson1 ,south  ,carolina4 ,tree      
prolific2 fruit medium in size1 yellow2 
good2 early4    ,kelmyro4 ,triflora     
,cerasifera4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahii4     
,kelsey ,no4 #a4    ,from ,theodore     
,williams of ,benson1 ,nebraska2 from   
seed of ,kelsey1  pollinated with ,early
 ,cherry4 ,very productive2 fruit       
medium1 round1  pointed1 dark red on a  
yellow ground2 stone small1 clinging2   
mid-season4    ,kelroba4 ,triflora      
,cerasifera4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahii4     
,kelsey ,no4 #b4    ,the same origin as 
,kelmyro4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1      
productive2 fruit  above medium1 round1 
pointed1 yellow overlaid with light red2
 high  flavor2 stone small1 clinging4   

,kelsaw4 ,triflora  ,munsoniana4 #a4    
,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ad3bga4 #aija4   
,an accidental cross between ,kelsey and
 a 8,chicasaw20 from ,a4 ,m4            
,augustine1 ,west ,point1 ,mississippi4 
,tree a rapid and thrifty grower4       
,fruit the size of ,abundance1          
round-oval2 stem an inch long2 suture   
shallow2 apex rounded2 brilliant        
transparent red2 dots minute2 bloom     
thin2 skin thin and tough2 flesh yellow 
with pink markings1 firm1 sweet  and    
rich2 good to very good2 clingstone2    
early4    ,kelsey ,prune4 ,domestica4   
,mentioned in ,wild ,bros4 ,cat4 #ahib4 
,kelso4 ,domestica8 #a4 ,vandevoort     
,cat4    ,kelso is a yellow plum found  
about #ahgj on the farm of ,philip      
,cline of  ,sabina1 ,ohio4 ,peter       
,kelso1 who afterwards purchased the    
,cline farm1  brought the plum to ,j4   
,m4 ,vandevoort1 who introduced it about
 twenty-five  years ago4    ,kenellan4  
,domestica4 ,listed in ,lond4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,cat4 #adi4 #ahca4    ,kennedy    

,red4 ,species8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm   
,bul4 #b;d ,ser4 #c3ec4 #aijj4    ,a    
weak-growing and unproductive variety   
tested in ,british ,columbia4 ,fruit    
small1 long-oval2 suture distinct2      
cavity small2 dull red with a thin      
white bloom and golden dots2 flesh      
yellow1 sweet1 coarse1 moderately       
juicy2 pleasant2 clingstone2 of no      
value4    ,kent4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg  
,fruit ,man4 #fhi4 #ahhd4 #b4 ,mathieu  
,nom4  ,pom4 #dbd4 #ahhi4 #c4 ,garden   
#ef3cee4 #ahii4 #d4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm   
,bul4  #b;d ,ser4 #c3ej4 #aijj4    ,bush
 #a4 ,bush #b4 ,bush ,plum of ,kent #d4 
,kentish ,bush #c4 ,waterloo #a1  #b4   
,waterloo of ,kent #b4    ,found in a   
hedge at ,boben1 ,england in #ahcf4     
,tree hardy1 strong1 very  productive1  
fruit large1 round2 skin dark maroon2   
flesh firm2 flavor  fair2 fruit keeps   
three weeks after being gathered2       
valuable for market4    ,kenyon4        
,species8 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #aaa4  
#ahhg4    ,listed as a native plum being

 tested at the ,michigan ,experiment    
,station4    ,kester ,green ,gage4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #ibf4 #ahfi4    ,kester's ,green   
,gage #a4    ,originated with a ,mr4    
,weaver of ,mt4 ,pleasant1              
,pennsylvania4 ,fruit small1  nearly    
round1 one side enlarged2 suture large2 
pale yellowish-green1  splashed with    
deeper green2 bloom thin2 stem medium in
 length2 cavity  large2 flesh greenish1 
juicy1 sweet1 rich2 very good2          
semi-clinging4    ,kester ,yellow ,gage4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees   
,am4 #ibf4 #ahfi4    ,kester's ,yellow  
,gage #a4    ,of the same origin as     
,kester ,green ,gage4 ,tree vigorous1   
upright with  smooth branches2 fruit    
medium in size1 roundish-oval2 suture   
broad  and shallow2 light yellow        
overspread with thick bloom2 stem       
medium2  cavity small2 flesh            
greenish-yellow1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2    
very good2  semi-clinging4    ,kicab4   
,species8 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4     

,rpt4 #de4 #ahie4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  ,soc4 
,rpt4 #df4 #ahig4    ,a seedling grown  
by ,benjamin ,buckman1 ,farmingdale1    
,illinois4 ,fruit  medium1              
roundish-oval2 skin thick1 crimson with 
dark purplish stripes1  covered with    
thick bloom2 dots numerous1 variable2   
flesh yellow1 tender1  melting1 juicy1  
mild subacid2 good to very good2 stone  
large1 oval1  clinging2 early4          
,kickapoo4 ,americana4 #a4 ,penn4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #eb4 #ahib4 #b4  ,cornell  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ci1 #hf4 #ahib4 #c4     
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bef1  #beg4      
#aije4    ,tree an open1 straggling     
grower1 very productive2 fruit of medium
 size1  oblong to oval2 cavity medium2  
stem short to medium1 stout2 suture     
faint2  dull red mottled with deeper    
shades2 bloom heavy2 flesh yellow1 firm2
  good2 stone of medium size1 clinging2 
mid-season2 recommended for market4     
,king4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,am4 ,jour4     
,hort4 #e3adh4 #ahfi4    ,king of ,plums
 #a4    ,a seedling of the ,wild ,goose 

which it closely resembles4             
,kingston4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ellwanger   
,barry ,cat4 #ahhh-ahid4 #b4  ,waugh    
,plum ,cult4 #aab4 #aija4    ,smith's   
,prune #a4    ,kingston closely         
resembles ,diamond2 its origin in       
,ontario1 ,canada1 is  about all that   
distinguishes it4    ,kleine ,blaue     
,frhzwetsche4 ,domestica8 ,mentioned in 
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #dcg4 #ahhi4      
,kleine ,gelbe ,eierpflaume4 ,domestica4
 ,listed in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcg4  
#ahhi4    ,kleine ,kirschpflaume4       
,cerasifera4 ,mentioned in ,mathieu     
,nom4 ,pom4 #dcg4  #ahhi4    ,prunus    
,cerasifera ,fructu ,minore4    ,kleine 
,rosspauke4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dcg4 #ahhi4    ,mathieu records 
this variety as mentioned in ,wiener    
,garten-,zeitung #bhh4  #ahhd4          
,klondike4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #fc3dd4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ill4  ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt4 #bdb4 #ahih4 #c4 ,ia4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #df3bgg4 #aijj4    ,klondyke #b1  
#c4    ,grown by ,john ,wragg  ,sons1   

,waukee1 ,iowa1 from seed of ,de ,soto2 
introduced in #ahig by ,w4 ,f4 ,heikes1 
,huntsville1 ,alabama4 ,tree productive2
  fruit medium to small1 roundish-oval2 
cavity narrow1 deep2 suture a  broad    
line2 skin thin1 bright yellow shading  
into red2 bloom thin2 dots  numerous1   
small2 flesh yellowish1 sweetish1       
watery2 quality fair2 stone  small1     
clinging2 early4    ,knudson4           
,americana4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#afb4 #ahia4 #b4 ,n4 ,dak4  ,sta4 ,bul4 
#b3ah4 #ahia4 #c4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4     
#fc3dd4 #ahig4    ,kniedsen's ,peach #a4
 ,knudson's ,peach #c4 ,peach #b4       
,grown by ,h4 ,knudson1 ,springfield1   
,minnesota4 ,tree unproductive2 fruit   
drops before ripe2 of medium size1      
roundish1 purplish-red2 flesh sweet2    
clingstone2 mid-season4 ,subject to     
plum-pocket4    ,koa4 ,domestica4       
,mentioned in ,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4     
,trees #ba4 #ahjc4    ,koa's ,imperial4 
,kober4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #bbh4 #aiji4    ,kober      

originated with ,n4 ,k4 ,fluke1         
,davenport1 ,iowa4 ,fruit large1 mottled
  and blushed with red2 bloom rather    
thick2 flesh moderately firm1  sweetish2
 fair in quality2 clingstone2           
mid-season4    ,koch ,knigspflaume4     
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dcg4 #ahhi4    ,karl ,koch's     
,knigs ,pflaume4 ,royale de ,koch4      
,royale du ,dr4 ,koch4    ,koch ,spte   
,damascene4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4  
,gen4 #b3afa4 #ahgc4  #b4 ,oberdieck    
,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #djc4 #ahha4 #c4   
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #dcg4 #ahhi4      
,damas ,jaune ,tardif de ,koch #c4      
,damas ,tardif de ,kock #a4 ,koch's     
,gelbe  ,spt ,damascene #c4 ,koch's     
,spte ,aprikosen #c4 ,koch's ,spte      
,damascene  #b4 ,koch's ,spte ,damascene
 #c4    ,liegel grew this variety from  
seed of ,bricette and dedicated it to   
,koch1  secretary of a horticultural    
society at ,gotha4 ,tree medium1        
round-topped2  fruit below medium1      
roundish-oval2 suture a line2 cavity    

shallow2 stem  short1 slender1 glabrous2
 skin free1 yellow spotted with red on  
the sunny  side2 flesh yellow1 fine1    
firm1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2 freestone2    
late4    ,koepher4 ,species8 #a4 ,gard4 
,mon4 #aj3ah4 #ahfh4    ,noted as       
productive and free from curculio4      
,kohlenkamp4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,gard4     
,mon4 #b3cac4 #ahfj4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #abb4 #ahfj4    ,kohlen     
,kamp #a4    ,a seedling raised by ,w4  
,kohlenkamp1 ,philadelphia1             
,pennsylvania4 ,tree  vigorous1 very    
productive2 fruit borne in clusters1    
large1 oval2 stem  short2 cavity deep2  
reddish2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1 firm1
 dry2 good2  freestone2 late4    ,kopp4 
,americana4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4   
#dda4 #ahhi4 #b4 ,colo4 ,sta4  ,bul4    
#ej3ci4 #ahih4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4  
#aee4 #aija4    ,introduced by ,o4 ,m4  
,lord1 ,minnesota ,city1 ,minnesota4    
,tree vigorous1  productive2 fruit      
large1 round2 skin thick2 purplish-red2 
flesh firm1  sweet2 clingstone2         

mid-season4    ,korai4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,rpt4 #bf4 #ahid4 
#b4 ,am4 ,pom4  ,soc4 ,rpt4 #agf4 #ahie4
    ,quetsche #a1 #b4    ,received from 
,hungary by the ,united ,states         
,department of ,agriculture in  #ahic4  
,tree vigorous2 fruit below medium1     
oblong-ovate2 sides unequal2  skin      
thick1 tough2 purple with numerous      
small1 brown dots2 flesh                
yellowish-green1 coarse1 melting2       
subacid2 good2 stone of medium size1    
narrow1 pointed1 clinging2 mid-season4  
,kroos-,pruim4 ,species8 #a4 ,knoop     
,fructologie #b3eh4 #agfa4              
,originated in ,holland4 ,fruit of      
varying colors and sizes1 round2        
insipid1  watery4 ,propagated by pits4  
,useful only as a stock4    ,kume4      
,triflora4 #a4 ,am4 ,gard4 #ab3ddi4     
#ahia4    ,an early variety4            
,lachine4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4   
,farm ,bul4 #dc3ch4 #aijc4    ,similar  
to ,yellow ,egg2 hardy2 productive2     
good2 clingstone4    ,lady4 ,insititia4 

#a4 ,cultivator #c3bj4 #ahee4    ,lady  
,plum #a4    ,a seedling of ,mirabelle  
from ,isaac ,denniston1 ,albany1 ,new   
,york4 ,tree  slender1 vigorous1        
productive2 fruit small1 oval2 stem     
short1 stout2  light yellow1 with red   
spots2 stone small1 free2 mid-season4   
,lakeside ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b4          
,hortulana4 ,letter from ,kerr4    ,two 
seedlings from ,theodore ,williams1     
,benson1 ,nebraska4    ,lallinger       
,knigspflaume4 ,domestica4 ,listed in   
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dch4  #ahhi4      
,lambert4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4   
#ahig4 #b4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4  #b;d
 ,ser4 #c3ec4 #aijj4    ,labert #a4     
,labert's ,red #a4 ,lambert's ,red #b4  
,a seedling from ,ontario1 ,canada4     
,tree weak2 foliage poor2 fruit small1  
heart-shaped2 stem short2 cavity        
lacking2 suture a line2 reddish2  bloom 
thin2 flesh reddish-orange1 juicy2 poor2
 stone large1 clinging2  mid-season4    
,lammas4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ray ,hist4    
,plant4 #b3aebi4 #afhh4 #b4 ,lond4      

,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adi4 #ahca4         
,mentioned by ,ray as being one of the  
best sorts of his time4    ,lancaster4  
,munsoniana  ,hortulana mineri8 #a4     
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ahf4  #aija4       
,grown by ,charles ,b4 ,camp of ,cheney1
 ,nebraska1 from a seed of ,wild ,goose 
supposed to have been crossed with      
,miner4    ,lang4 ,americana4 #a4 ,s4   
,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3ba4 #aije4        
,rang #a4    ,sent to the ,south ,dakota
 ,station by ,c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,heideman of   
,minnesota4 ,tree  vigorous1 straggling 
in growth2 fruit large1 yellowish2 skin 
thin2 flesh  sweet1 juicy2 good2 stone  
small2 keeps well2 mid-season4          
,langdon4 ,domestic4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4   
#ai3dfa fig4 #cf4 #ahec4 #b4  ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #chf4 #aheg4 #c4 ,ibid4
 #ibg4 #ahfi4    ,langdon's ,seedling   
#b4 ,langdon's ,seedling #c4            
,originated with ,reuben ,langdon of    
,hartford1 ,connecticut2 believed to be 
a  seedling of ,washington4 ,tree       
vigorous1 spreading2 shoots strong1     

smooth2  leaves large2 fruit large1     
roundish-oval2 suture a line2           
purplish-red to  light green in the     
shade with some mottling2 bloom thick2  
dots small2  stem of medium length1     
stout1 hairy2 cavity deep2 flesh yellow1
 melting1  juicy1 sweet1 acid next to   
the skin2 semi-clinging2 early4         
,lange ,violette ,damascene4 ,species8  
,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4      
#dch4 #ahhi4    ,blaue ,damascenerin4   
,damas ,violet84 ,damas ,violet         
,allonge4 ,damas  ,violet ,longuet4 ,das
 ,blaue ,auge4 ,langliche ,blaue        
,damascene84 ,the  ,great ,damask ,plum4
    ,langsdon4 ,hortulana mineri4 #a4   
,am4 ,jour4 ,hort4 #e3add4 #ahfi4 #b4   
,barry ,fr4 ,garden #dah4 #ahhc4 #c4    
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ef4 #ahib4     
,illinois ,plum #a4 ,langdon #b4        
,grown in ,illinois previous to #ahfi4  
,tree medium in vigor2 leaves  obovate  
or elliptic-obovate1 pointed1 with small
 glands2 fruit small1  roundish-oblong1 
light red2 bloom thin2 skin thick2 flesh

 firm2 quality  fair2 stone clinging1   
small1 nearly smooth1 turgid1 short1    
pointed2  mid-season or later4          
,lannix4 ,triflora  ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,u4
 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,rpt4 #de4 #ahie4    
#b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ae4 #ahih4     
,supposed to have been produced from    
,abundance crossed with ,wild ,goose4   
,leaves large1 oval1 pointed1 leathery2 
petiole short1 stout1 usually           
glandless2 fruit oval1 of medium size1  
coppery-red2 bloom light2 skin  thin1   
tough1 bitter2 flesh yellowish1         
translucent1 tender1 juicy1  slightly   
fibrous1 mild subacid1 rich1 slightly   
bitter at the center2  good2 stone      
large1 oval1 clinging4    ,la ,prairie4 
,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fc3dd4 #ahig4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4 
#aee4 #aija4    ,taken from the woods   
about #ahdd at ,shopiere1 ,wisconsin2   
brought to notice  by ,b4 ,h4 ,smith4   
,tree productive2 fruit large1 golden1  
slightly astringent4    ,large ,english 
,damson4 ,insititia4 ,mentioned in ,can4

 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d  ,ser4 #c3ea4   
#aijj4    ,large ,golden ,prolific4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 
#b;d ,ser4  #c3ec4 #aijj4 #b4 ,albertson
  ,hobbs ,cat4 #aijd4 #c4 ,stone        
,wellington  ,cat4 #aijg4    ,vail's    
,seedling #c4    ,originated in ,canada2
 a seedling of ,yellow ,egg4 ,tree      
vigorous1 spreading2  fruit above medium
 size1 oblong1 golden-yellow2 flesh     
yellow1 juicy1  sweet1 pleasant2 early4 
,large ,green ,drying4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adi4 #ahca4  
#b4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #f3id4 #ahdj4 #c4      
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #eah4 #ahei4    
#d4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ibg4     
#ahfi4 #e4 ,mas4 ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3aia4    
#ahgc4 #f4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #cff4    
#ahie4    ,grosse  scher de ,knight #f4 
,knight's ,green ,drying #e1 #f4        
,knight's  ,large ,drying #d1 #f4       
,knight's ,large ,green ,drying #c4     
,large ,green ,drying  #f4 ,verte       
,secher de ,knight #e1 #f4    ,raised by
 ,thomas ,knight2 first fruited in      

#ahch4 ,fruit large1 round2  suture     
shallow2 greenish-yellow2 bloom thin2   
flesh yellowish1 firm1  medium juicy1   
sweet and well flavored2 excellent for  
dessert2 clingstone2  mid-season4       
,large ,queen4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4  
,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,rpt4 #bf4 #ahid4 #b4     
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #agf4 #ahie4     
,imported from ,hungary by the ,united  
,states ,department of ,agriculture  in 
#ahic and fruited by ,e4 ,c4 ,hoskins of
 ,springbrook1 ,oregon4 ,fruit of       
medium size1 roundish-oblate1 dark wine 
color2 bloom light2 dots many1          
conspicuous2 skin thick2 flesh          
greenish-yellow1 coarse1 mild subacid2  
good2 clingstone2 mid-season4    ,large 
,sugar ,prune4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,koch    
,deut4 ,obst4 #egb4 #ahgf4 #b4  ,lange  
,allgem4 ,garten4 #b3dba4 #ahgi4 #c4    
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4  #ddj4  
#ahha4 #d4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcd4   
#ahhi4    ,ananas ,zwetsche #d incor4   
,bely ,zwetsche #d4 ,blaue ,eier        
,pflaume  #d4 ,drell's ,grosse          

,ungarische ,pflaume #d4 ,grosse        
,zuckerzwetsche #c1 #d4  ,herrenhuser   
,blaue ,eier ,pflaume #d4 ,jacobi       
,zwetsche #d4 ,kladrauer  ,pflaume #d4  
,quetsche ,sucree #d4    ,an early      
,german prune used for table1 market and
 drying4 ,tree large1  broad-headed1    
productive2 shoots pubescent1 straight1 
dark brown2 fruit  large1 oval1         
sometimes ovate2 suture shallow2 sides  
unequal2 stem long1  glabrous2 skin     
free1 sour1 bluish-black2 bloom thick2  
flesh yellow1 firm1  juicy1 rich1 sweet2
 freestone4    ,large ,white ,damson4   
,insititia4 #a4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4  
,fr4 #b3gb1  ,pl4 #c fig4 #b4 #agfh4 #b4
 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3hh4 #ahcb4 #c4  
,downing  ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ieb4 #ahfi4 
#d4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gji4 #ahhd4 #e4 
,guide  ,prat4 #afa1 #ceg4 #ahie4       
,damas ,blanc #c1 #d4 ,damas ,blanc     
,gros #b1 #c4 ,damas ,blanc ,htif ,gros 
#c1  #d4 ,damas ,blanc ,tres ,htif #d4  
,damas ,gros ,blanc #e4 ,gros ,damas    
,blanc  #b1 #d4 ,gros ,damas ,blanc #a1 

#e4 ,large ,white ,damask #d4 ,large    
,white ,damask  #b4 ,white ,damask #c4  
,probably of ,french origin2 resembles  
the ,small ,white ,damson closely but   
is larger and longer4 ,branches smooth2 
fruit below medium1 roundish-oval1      
greenish-yellow2 bloom thin2 flesh      
medium in sweetness and flavor2  adapted
 for cooking2 freestone2 late4    ,late 
,black ,damson4 ,insititia4 #a4         
,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #gj4 #afii4  #b4
 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3gc4     
#agfh4 #c4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4  #b3hi4  
#ahcb4 #d4 ,noisette ,man4 ,comp4 ,jard4
 #b3die4 #ahfj4    ,black ,damson #c4   
,damas ,noir #c4 ,damas ,noir ,tardif   
#b1 #d4 ,damas ,noir  ,tardif #c4 ,late 
,damask8 #a4    ,fruit small1 elongated1
 purplish-black2 cavity shallow2 suture 
a line2  flesh yellowish-green1 acid    
until thoroughly ripe2 nearly freestone4
    ,late ,blood4 ,triflora4 #a4        
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #fb3bc4 #ahid4 #b4 
,ibid4 #ajf3ef4 #ahif4    ,burbank ,no4 
#c #a1 #b4 ,hale #b4 ,hale #a4          

,luther ,burbank imported this variety  
in #ahhe2 ,bailey named it ,hale in     
#ahid but changed it to ,late ,blood two
 years later4 ,similar to ,satsuma2     
later1 blooms earlier1 is less pointed  
and differs in leaf-characters4    ,late
 ,bolmer4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 
,trees ,am4 #djd4 #aheg4 #b4  ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4    ,winter     
,bolmar #b4    ,fruit of medium size1   
roundish1 yellow1 mottled with red in   
the sun2  flesh yellow1 firm1 sweet but 
not rich2 freestone2 mid-season4        
,late ,chalons4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,prince 
,pom4 ,man4 #b3ii4 #ahcb4 #b4  ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #dej4 #ahhi4    ,tardif de  
,chalons #a4 ,tardive de ,chalons #a1   
#b4 ,spte von ,chalons #b4    ,fruit of 
medium size1 oval1 light yellow with red
 blush1 deepening to  violet2 flesh     
yellowish1 melting1 juicy1 sweet2 stone 
rough1 clinging2  very late4    ,late   
,conical4 ,triflora  ,simonii4 #a4 ,vt4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3af fig4  #ahih4         
,originated by ,burbank2 named in #ahih4

 ,tree of rapid growth2 leaves  medium  
to large1 broadly oval1 abruptly        
pointed1 tapering at the base1  rather  
stiff1 margins coarsely                 
double-crenulate2 petiole large1 set    
with glands2 fruit strongly conical1    
large2 cavity shallow1 abrupt2  stem    
short2 suture shallow2 yellow overlaid  
with purple and red2 dots  numerous1    
large2 bloom heavy2 skin medium in      
thickness2 flesh yellow1  firm1 sweet   
and agreeable2 very good2 stone of      
medium size1 flattened1  pointed1 free4 
,late ,goose4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,stark   
,bros4 ,cat4 #aiji4    ,from ,theodore  
,williams of ,nebraska4 ,fruit very     
large2 handsome4    ,late ,orange4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,gard4 ,chron4 #ab3eic4 
#ahib4 #b4  ,garden #fd3bfb4 #aijc4 #c4 
,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dbc4 #aijc4   
,late ,orange originated with ,thomas   
,rivers1 ,sawbridgeworth1 ,england1     
first  fruiting in #ahhh2 introduced by 
the originator in #ahig4 ,tree vigorous2
  fruit similar to ,reine ,claude in    

size and appearance2 flesh yellow1      
juicy1 sweet2 very good2 season very    
late4    ,late ,prolific4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,fish ,hardy ,fr4 ,bk4 #b3ef4 #ahhb4
 #b4  ,rivers ,cat4 #ce4 #ahih-ii4 #c4  
,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dbc4 #aijc4   
,river's ,late ,prolific #a4    ,a      
seedling of ,early ,prolific4 ,tree     
vigorous2 fruit below medium size1      
round2 suture shallow2 stem of medium   
size2 cavity lacking2 dark purple2      
bloom heavy2 flesh greenish-yellow1     
juicy2 flavor pleasant2 stone small2    
early to mid-season4    ,late ,red      
,damask4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,prince ,pom4  
,man4 #b3he4 #ahcb4 #b4  ,kenrick ,am4  
,orch4 #bfa4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,poiteau ,pom4  
,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4    ,damas rouge      
tardif #a4 ,gros ,damas rouge tardif #a4
 ,gros ,damas ,rouge  ,tardif #b1 #c4   
,large ,late ,red ,damask #b4 ,late ,red
 ,damson #a4    ,according to ,kenrick  
and ,prince this variety was described  
in the #ahbe  edition of ,duhamel's     
,trait des ,arbres ,fruitiers4 ,its     

description  resembles that of ,orleans 
very closely but its season is evidently
 later4  ,tree vigorous1 productive2    
fruit large1 oval2 skin thick1 adherent 
to  the flesh1 light purple2 flesh      
yellow1 melting1 slightly coarse1 juicy1
  sweet2 good2 late4    ,late ,reine    
,claude4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,cat4 #adh4 #ahca4  #b4           
,horticulturist #b3dgi4 #ahdg4 #c4      
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cie4  #aheg4 
#d4 ,ibid4 #ice4 #ahfi4 #e4 ,guide      
,prat4 #afb1 #cfd4 #ahie4    ,late ,gage
 #d4 ,late ,green ,gage #a4 ,late ,green
 ,gage #d4 ,october ,green  ,gage 8#b4  
,october ,green ,gage #d4 ,reine-,claude
 d',octobre 8#b1 #d4  ,reine-,claude    
d',october #c4 ,reine-,claude ,tardive  
#d4 ,reine-,claude ,tardive  #b1 #d4    
,first mentioned in the ,london         
,horticultural ,society catalog in      
#ahca4  ,origin unknown4 ,tree vigorous2
 shoots smooth1 stout1 short-jointed2   
fruit  small1 roundish2 apex dimpled2   
skin greenish-yellow1 mottled with red  

on the sunny side2 bloom thin2 flesh    
green1 juicy1 rich1 sugary2 good2       
freestone2 late4    ,late ,rivers4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cfi4
 #ahff4 #b4  ,nicholson ,dict4 ,gard4   
#c3aff4 #c4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't     
#d3aeh4  #aija4 #d4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4
 #dci4 #ahhi4    ,tardive de ,rivers #d4
    ,a seedling from ,thomas ,rivers of 
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england2 first fruited
  in #ahfe4 ,branches smooth2 fruit of  
medium size1 round2 suture shallow2     
stem long1 slender2 dark purple2 flesh  
yellow1 rich1 sweet1 sugary2  flavor    
pleasant2 clingstone2 very late4        
,late ,rollingstone4 ,americana4 #a4    
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ci1 #db4       
#ahib4 #b4 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3ci4   
#ahih4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aee4    
#aija4    ,a seedling of ,rollingstone1 
grown by ,o4 ,m4 ,lord of ,minnesota4   
,tree  medium in vigor1 with a round1   
compact head2 leaves obovate-oblong1    
short-acuminate1 irregularly crenate2   
shoots red1 smooth1 glossy2  petioles   

glandular1 pubescent2 fruit medium in   
size1 roundish-oblate2  cavity shallow2 
suture faint2 yellow background overlaid
 with red2 stem  of medium length2 dots 
numerous1 yellow2 bloom thick2 skin     
thick2 flesh  yellow1 firm2 fair to     
good2 stone of medium size1 broad-oval1 
smooth1  flattened2 late4    ,late      
,transparent4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,nicholson
 ,dict4 ,gard4 #c3afg4 #b4  ,cornell    
,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3ahh4 #ahig4 #c4        
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #d3aeh4  #aija4 
,late ,transparent ,gage #a4    ,a      
seedling of ,transparent from ,thomas   
,rivers of ,sawbridgeworth1 ,england4   
,tree dwarf1 hardy1 productive2 fruit   
large1 round1 greenish-yellow1 with     
purplish blush in the sun2 flesh        
yellowish1 firm1 tender1 juicy1 sweet2  
high quality2 stone very small2 season  
ten days later than its parent4         
,laubinger ,sugar ,prune4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4     
#dda4 #ahha4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4   
#dci4 #ahhi4    ,laubinger's ,catharinen

 ,pflaume #b4 ,laubinger's              
,zuckerzwetsche #a1 #b4    ,from        
,germany4 ,a true prune of value for    
table1 compotes and drying4  ,tree      
vigorous1 productive2 shoots glabrous1  
violet-brown2 fruit large1  long-oval2  
suture shallow or lacking1 divides the  
plum equally2 stem not  hairy2 skin     
free1 sourish2 violet-brown to          
bluish-black2 bloom thin2  flesh yellow1
 firm1 rather juicy1 slightly tart2     
mid-season4    ,laura4 ,species8 #a4    
,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ad3bga4 #aija4   
,from ,theodore ,williams1 ,nebraska2   
said to be a cross between ,quackenboss 
and ,red ,glass4 ,tree apparently a pure
 ,americana according to ,mr4 ,williams4
    ,lawrence ,early4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adi4 #ahca4  
#b4  ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ibh4    
#ahfi4 #c4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4   
#ahhi4    ,lawrence #a4 ,lawrence's     
,early #a4 ,lawrence's ,early #b1 #c4   
,lawrence's ,frh  ,rote ,pflaume #c4    
,this plum differs from the well-known  

,american variety1 ,lawrence1 in that   
it is smaller1 of poorer quality1 purple
 and earlier4    ,lawson4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,mc,intosh ,bk4 ,gard4 #b3eca4      
#ahee4 #b4  ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4   
#ibh4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,mas ,le ,verger       
#f3ada4 #ahff-gc4  #d4 ,lange ,allgem4  
,garten4 #dba4 #ahgi4 #e4 ,hogg ,fruit  
,man4 #gaj4 #ahhd4    ,anna ,lawson #c4 
,anna ,lawson #d4 ,damas ,lawson #b1 #e4
 ,dore de ,lawson  #c4 ,golden ,gage    
,lawson #b4 ,lawson's ,golden #a1 #e4   
,lawson's ,golden #c4  ,lawson's ,golden
 ,gage #a4    ,a seedling of ,reine     
,claude pollinated with ,golden ,drop1  
grown in #ahdb by  ,archibald ,gorrie of
 ,annat ,gardens1 ,errol1 ,perthshire1  
,scotland2 named  in honor of ,charles  
,lawson a nurseryman of ,edinburgh4     
,tree hardier than  either parent2 fruit
 of medium size1 oval2 suture a line2   
cavity small2  yellow with dull reddish 
blush2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1 sweet1 
juicy2  good2 clingstone2 mid-season4   
,le ,duc4 ,americana4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4    

,soc4 ,rpt4 #acd4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,waugh     
,plum ,cult4 #aef4 #aija4 #c4 ,ohio     
,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bef1 #beg4 #aije4 ,la  
,duc #a4    ,le ,duc was found growing  
wild at ,hasting1 ,minnesota2 introduced
 by ,w4  ,g4 ,le ,duc4 ,fruit of medium 
size1 roundish2 suture faint2 cavity    
small2  bright red2 bloom thin2 flesh   
yellow1 sweet1 pleasant2 quality fair2  
stone large1 semi-clinging2 mid-season4 
,legal ,tender4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4    
,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bgg4 #aijj4             
,originated under cultivation with ,h4  
,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa in #ahif2  
first fruited in #ahii2 parentage       
unknown4 ,tree vigorous1 productive2    
fruit large1 round1 golden-yellow       
blotched with dark red2 skin thin2 fine 
quality2 semi-clinging2 mid-season4     
,leib ,sour4 ,simonii  ,triflora4 #a4   
,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ad3bgb4 #aija4   
,one of ,burbank's hybrids2 of the type 
of ,wickson4 ,fruit large1 round or     
slightly oblate2 stem strong2 cavity    
wide2 suture shallow2 apex slightly     

depressed2 light red with thin bloom2   
dots many1 prominent2 flesh yellow1     
firm1 meaty2 flavor peculiar1 aromatic1 
subacid2 good to very good2 stone       
medium1 oval1 flattened1 clinging4      
,leonard4 ,americana4 #a4 ,montreal     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ij4 #ahhe4 #b4      
,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3dj4 #ahih4 #c4   
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aef4 #aija4        
,originated with ,charles ,gibb1        
,montreal1 ,canada1 in #ahgc from a wild
 plum  root obtained from ,wisconsin4   
,fruit medium1 round2 cavity shallow2   
stem  slender2 dull dark red1 mottled2  
dots small2 flesh yellow1 not firm1     
acid2 quality fair2 stone small1        
round-oval1 smooth1 semi-clinging2      
mid-season4    ,leopard4 ,triflora 8 #a4
 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ad3bgb4 #aija4  
,from ,theodore ,williams1 of ,nebraska1
 from a 8,botan pit pollinated  with    
,red ,glass40 ,fruit large1 round-oval2 
stem medium long1 set in a  shallow     
cavity2 skin thick2 light rich red2     
flesh yellow1 firm2 flavor  ,miner-like1

 rich and sweet2 good to very good4     
,lepine4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,koch ,deut4   
,obst4 #egj4 #ahgf4 #b4 ,lange  ,allgem4
 ,garten4 #b3dbj4 #ahgi4    ,a variety  
of the ,damson type raised by ,lepine in
 ,belgium2 probably not  known in this  
country2 very similar to ,norbet and by 
some said to be  the same4 ,tree large1 
productive2 fruit of medium size1 round1
 somewhat  compressed2 suture shallow2  
skin removable1 not sourish2 dark blue2 
flesh  greenish-yellow1 firm1 sweet1    
wine-like2 stone free2 late4            
,leptune4 ,hortulana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4
 ,bul4 #ch3ef1 #hf4 #ahib4 #b4  ,bailey 
,ev4 ,nat4 ,fr4 #bjc1 #bjf1 #bjh4 #ahih4
 #c4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4  #aa3bhd4    
#ahih4    ,introduced by ,j4 ,d4 ,morrow
  ,sons of ,arkansas4 ,leaves           
elliptic-ovate to  elliptic-obovate1    
very long-pointed and coarsely serrate2 
stalks either  glandless or glandular2  
fruit of medium size1 round2 skin thick1
 dark  red2 dots yellow2 flesh yellow1  
meaty2 stone medium1 nearly smooth1     

short-pointed1 clinging4    ,letta4     
,species8 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4    
#acc4 #ahia4    ,found in ,buchanan     
,county1 ,iowa2 introduced by ,j4 ,wragg
  ,son of ,waukee1  ,iowa4 ,fruit as    
large as ,hawkeye4    ,lewis4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4   
,rpt4 #df4 #ahie4    ,received by the   
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture from ,h4 ,c4 ,cook1  ,white
 ,salmon1 ,washington4 ,fruit large1    
roundish-oval2 stem short1 set  in a    
moderately deep1 abrupt cavity2 red1 a  
little darker than ,lombard2  bloom     
thin2 dots numerous2 flesh pale yellow2 
good to very good2 stone  large1 oval1  
free2 late4    ,lewiston ,egg4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #djd4 #aheg4 #b4  ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,cat4 #bbb1 #bdd4 #aheh4    ,lewiston's 
,egg #b4    ,according to ,downing1 from
 ,lewiston1 ,new ,york4 ,tree vigorous1 
productive2  fruit medium1 oval1 pale   
yellow2 flesh yellow1 not very sweet2   
flavor  medium2 clingstone2 mid-season4 

,rejected by the ,american ,pomological 
,society in #aheh4    ,lex ,plum4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4    
#bfc4 #ahcb4    ,noted as a large blue  
plum with rich1 sweet1 yellow flesh2    
very  productive4    ,liegel ,rote      
,damascene4 ,species8 ,mentioned in     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4  #ahhi4      
,runde ,rote ,damascene4    ,liegel     
,apricot4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit  
,man4 #cfi4 #ahff4 #b4  ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4 #c4 ,guide ,prat4    
#afc1 #cea4 #ahie4    ,abricote de      
,braunau ,nouvelle #a1 #b4 ,abricote de 
,liegel #c4 ,new ,apricot  of ,braunau  
#b4    ,liegel ,apricot was grown by    
,dr4 ,liegel of ,braunau1 ,germany4     
,fruit  of medium size1 roundish2 suture
 deep2 yellowish2 bloom thin2 flesh     
greenish-yellow1 melting1 juicy1        
sprightly2 good2 freestone2 late4       
,liegel ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4 #b4 ,guide     
,prat4 #afa1 #cei4 #ahie4    ,a variety 
said to have been imported into ,france 

from ,england4 ,fruit of  medium size1  
roundish1 greenish2 bloom thin2 flesh   
yellow1 juicy1 rich2  very good2 late4  
,liegel ,unvergleichliche4 ,domestica8  
#a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4   
#b4 ,guide ,prat4 #afb1 #cei4 #ahie4    
,received in ,france from ,bohemia4     
,lillian ,augusta4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ont4
 ,fr4 ,gr4 ,assoc4 ,rpt4 #gb4 #ahid4    
#b4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #acf4      
#ahid4    ,grown by ,richard ,trotter1  
,owen ,sound1 ,ontario4 ,tree hardy1    
productive2  fruit large1 egg-shaped2   
cavity small and shallow2 stem nearly   
long2  suture a line2 greenish-yellow   
with a few broken stripes of deeper     
shade2  flesh light yellow1 firm1 meaty1
 juicy1 slightly acid2 good to very     
good2  stone medium to small1 oval1     
turgid1 roughened1 partly free4         
,lillie4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #bgf4 #ahic4 #b4 ,waugh     
,plum ,cult4 #aef4 #aija4    ,a seedling
 of ,hawkeye1 grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1  
,crescent1 ,iowa2 first  fruited in     

#ahic4 ,tree vigorous and upright2 fruit
 of medium size1 round  sometimes       
conical2 cavity broad1 shallow2 stem    
slender2 apex rounded2  yellow          
overspread with mottled light and dark  
red2 dots numerous2  bloom thick2 flesh 
sweet1 melting2 quality best2 stone     
pointed1 free2  mid-season4             
,lindow'sche ,frhe ,werder'sche         
,pflaume4 ,species8 ,mentioned in       
,mathieu  ,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4      
,lindsay4 ,species8 #a4 ,can4 ,hort4    
#bg3bb4 #aijd4    ,lindsay's ,seedling  
#a4    ,reported as a new plum from     
,guelph1 ,canada2 large2 good4          
,little4 ,americana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 
,bul4 #ch3ci4 #ahib4 #b4 ,wis4  ,sta4   
,bul4 #fc3de4 #ahig4    ,little         
,seedling #a1 #b4    ,introduced by     
,charles ,leudloff1 ,carver1 ,minnesota1
 but discarded by him  on account of its
 size4 ,fruit small1 red2 stone small1  
rough1 cherry-like4    ,livland4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#fa4 #ahhg4    ,livlandscher bierpflaume

 #a4    ,a ,russian variety imported by 
the ,iowa ,agricultural ,college in     
#ahhb4    ,lizzie4 ,americana4 #a4      
,meneray ,cat4    ,a seedling of        
,harrison1 grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry2     
introduced by ,f4 ,w4  ,meneray of      
,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa4 ,tree vigorous1
 spreading2 fruit large1  pale yellow1  
with a red blush2 flesh yellow1 rich1 no
 acidity2 good2  semi-clinging4         
,lockey4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4    
#ahid4    ,tree dwarfish1 lacks in      
adaptability1 blights badly1            
short-lived2 fruit  of medium size1     
greenish-yellow overlaid with red2 good2
 clingstone4    ,lone ,star4            
,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #aed4 #ahhc4  #b4 ,cornell  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3fc1 #hf4 #ahib4 #c4     
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aif4  #aija4       
,grown by ,e4 ,w4 ,kilpatrick1 ,texas1  
from wild seed produced in eastern      
,texas4 ,fruit of medium size1 oval2    
cavity broad1 shallow2 stem slender2    
suture lacking2 red2 bloom thin2 dots   

numerous1 white2 skin thin2 flesh  soft1
 yellow1 sweet2 good2 stone oval1       
clinging2 early4 ,mentioned in the      
,american ,pomological ,society catalog 
in #ahig4    ,long ,blue4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hf4 #ahij4 
#b4 ,mich4  ,sta4 ,bul4 #aah3ed4 #ahie4 
#c4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ac3bad4     
#ahif4 #d4  ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aja3aba4 
#aija4    ,orel ,no4 #bj #b1 #c4 ,orel  
,no4 #bj #a4    ,one of the ,russian    
varieties imported by ,j4 ,l4 ,budd     
about #ahhb4 ,tree  hardy1 vigorous1    
unproductive2 fruit medium to large1    
oblong-oval2  purplish-red with light   
bloom2 dots numerous1 small2 flesh      
yellow1 juicy1  subacid1 pleasant2      
quality fair2 stone rough and strongly  
margined1  semi-clinging4    ,long ,leaf
 ,wonderful4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,n4 ,y4    
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3faa4  #ahic4       
,long ,leaf ,wonderful was sent out in  
#ahic by ,luther ,burbank2 no           
description is available and the variety
 is probably extinct4    ,long ,red4    

,domestica4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 
#hf4 #ahij4 #b4 ,can4  ,exp4 ,farms     
,rpt4 #dja4 #ahih4 #c4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul4
 #aja3aai1 #abb fig4  #aija4    ,orel   
,no4 #ai #b1 #c4 ,orel #ai #a4          
,introduced from ,russia by ,j4 ,l4     
,budd of ,iowa about #ahhb4 ,tree hardy1
  vigorous2 fruit medium to large1      
roundish-oblong1 purplish-red2 flesh    
greenish-yellow1 juicy1 sweet1 pleasant2
 excellent for culinary use2  stone     
semi-clinging4    ,long ,scarlet4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #a3cfe4    
#ahce4 #b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees ,am4   
#cjc4 #ahde4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 
#cf4 #ahge4    ,red ,gage 7incorrectly  
of some7 #b4 ,scarlet ,gage #b1 #c4     
,scarlet ,gage #a1  #b4    ,downing     
states that the original tree was first 
noted in the vicinity  of ,newburgh     
about #ahbc and that the variety was    
disseminated by him4  ,tree very hardy1 
an abundant bearer2 shoots downy2 fruit 
medium1  oblong-obovate2 cavity narrow1 
very shallow2 stem three-fourths of an  

inch long2 bright red or                
purplish-crimson on the sunny side1 pale
  yellowish-red on the shaded side2     
flesh deep yellow1 juicy1 becoming  rich
 and sweet if allowed to hang2          
clingstone2 mid-season4 ,listed in the  
catalog of the ,american ,pomological   
,society in #ahge1 but dropped in #ahig4
    ,long ,violet ,damascene4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4
 ,sort4  #ddd4 #ahha4    ,unproductive  
on dry soil as tested in ,jeinsen1      
,germany4    ,longworth4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 #cib4 #ahia4 #b4 
,am4 ,pom4  ,soc4 ,rpt4 #gd4 #ahie4     
,said to have originated many years ago 
with ,nicholas ,longworth1  ,cincinnati1
 ,ohio4 ,resembles ,lombard and is      
better in quality4 ,fruit of  medium    
size1 roundish-oval1 purplish-red2 flesh
 yellow1 sweet1 pleasant2  mid-season to
 late4    ,lot d',ente4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #cef fig4 #ahia4 
,d',ente #a4    ,this variety is of the 
same type if not the same as the ,agen4 

,lottie4 ,americana mollis4 #a4 ,terry  
,cat4 #aijj4 #b4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms     
,rpt4 #abj4 #aijd4 #c4 ,ill4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #dbd4 #aije4    ,lotta #c4  
,originated with ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1        
,crescent1 ,iowa1 from seed of ,van     
,buren4  ,fruit large1 white or pale    
yellow2 good2 freestone4    ,louisa4    
,americana4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #icj4 #ahfi4 #b4 ,am4  ,pom4 ,soc4 
,cat4 #cg4 #ahii4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum      
,cult4 #aef4 #aija4    ,found growing   
wild in ,missouri about #ahfj2          
introduced by ,samuel ,miller1          
,bluffton1 ,missouri4 ,fruit of medium  
size1 roundish2 suture a line2 cavity   
small2 stem short2 dull red2 bloom      
thick2 dots numerous2 flesh firm1       
yellow2 quality fair2 stone large1 flat1
 clinging2 mid-season4                  
,louise-,brune4 ,insititia8 #a4 ,mas    
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ga4 #ahgc4 #b4  ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4    ,louise     
,brune #b4 ,louisen's ,braune ,damascene
 #b4    ,raised by ,m4 de ,maraise1 a   

,belgian pomologist4 ,tree vigorous1    
productive2  fruit round-oval2 suture   
narrow and very shallow2 skin purple2   
bloom  thick2 flesh yellowish-green1    
firm1 rather sweet2 good2 stone oval1   
thick1 free2 type of the ,damsons4      
,louisiana4 ,triflora 8 #a4 ,cornell    
,sta4 ,bul4 #aci3dc4 #ahig4 #b4  ,waugh 
,plum ,cult4 #bag4 #aija4    ,normand   
,no4 #ae #a4    ,one of the several     
seedlings sent out by ,j4 ,l4 ,normand1 
,marksville1  ,louisiana1 who states    
that it is the offspring of a ,triflora 
variety  crossed with a native2 named by
 ,bailey in #ahig4 ,tree spreading1 weak
  and slender in habit2 fruit of medium 
size1 heart-shaped2 suture faint2       
cavity shallow2 greenish with dull      
blush2 dots many1 whitish2 flesh        
yellow1 fibrous1 sprightly subacid2     
quality fair2 clingstone2 fruit drops   
before ripe4    ,lovett4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,gard4 ,mon4 #bi3dg4 #ahhg4    ,a      
seedling of ,reine ,claude from ,york   
,county1 ,pennsylvania1 about #ahfg4    

,tree very vigorous and productive2     
fruit very large1 roundish2 suture      
slight2 cavity shallow2 dark red2 dots  
minute1 yellow2 flesh yellow1  firm1    
sweet2 semi-clinging2 very early4       
,lovett4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,lovett ,cat4   
#ahih4    ,fourth of ,july #a4    ,a    
chance seedling from the ,lovett        
homestead in ,pennsylvania2 introduced  
in #ahih by ,j4 ,t4 ,lovett1 ,little    
,silver1 ,new ,jersey4 ,fruit of medium 
size1  roundish2 suture indistinct2     
bright red2 bloom light2 flesh yellow1  
firm1 rich1 sweet1 vinous1 highly       
aromatic2 good2 freestone2 very early4  
,lovett ,late4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,cole    
,am4 ,fr4 ,book #bah4 #ahdi4            
,lovett's ,late ,long ,red #a4    ,an   
excellent long-keeping variety mentioned
 by ,cole in #ahdi4    ,lowry4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,smith ,cat4 #ahii4     
,lowry's ,gage #a4    ,a chance seedling
 found growing in a fence corner at ,st4
 ,davids1 ,ontario2  introduced by ,e4  
,d4 ,smith in #ahii4 ,fruit of medium   

size1 yellow2 good2  early4    ,lucas   
,knigspflaume4 ,domestica4 #a4          
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dba4   
#ahha4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4   
#ahhi4    ,royale de ,lucas #b4    ,a   
table and market variety in ,germany4   
,tree vigorous1 productive in  moist    
soils2 fruit large1 oval2 suture        
shallow1 divided unequally2 skin        
somewhat sourish1 easily removed1       
bluish-red to dark blue on the sunny    
side2 dots fine1 yellowish1 numerous2   
flesh soft1 golden-yellow1 sweet1       
highly flavored2 stone not always free2 
ripens before the ,reine ,claude4       
,luedloff4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #fc3df4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ibid4  #hg3ad4
 #aija4    ,luedloff's ,seedling #a1 #b4
    ,from ,charles ,luedloff1 ,cologne1 
,minnesota4 ,fruit medium in size1      
oblong2  suture distinct2 yellow        
overspread with bright red2 dots small1 
numerous2  quality hardly fair2 stone   
oval1 sharply pointed1 nearly free4     
,luedloff ,green4 ,americana4 #a4       

,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3dj4 #ahib4 #b4 
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3df4 #ahig4        
,luedloff's ,green #a1 #b4    ,from     
,charles ,luedloff1 ,cologne1           
,minnesota1 about #ahhi2 discarded by   
him  later4 ,tree regular and abundant  
in bearing2 fruit medium to small1      
oblong1 flattened2 skin thick1 mottled  
with deep red2 flesh firm1 sweet2  fair 
quality2 stone small1 nearly free2      
medium late4    ,luedloff ,red4         
,americana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ch3dj4 #ahib4 #b4  ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#fc3df4 #ahig4    ,luedloff's ,red #a1  
#b4    ,much like ,luedloff ,green but  
red in color4 ,tree moderately          
productive2  fruit very good2 medium    
season4 ,good for culinary purposes4    
,lunn4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm
 ,bul4 #dc3ce4 #aijc4 #b4 ,quebec  ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #i4 #aije4    ,montreal    
,no4 #fj #a4    ,from ,w4 ,w4 ,dunlop1  
,outremont1 ,quebec4 ,fruit large1 oval2
 cavity shallow2  suture a distinct     
line2 dark purple2 dots indistinct1     

brownish2 skin  tough2 flesh            
yellowish-green1 firm1 juicy1 sweet1    
rich2 very good2  clingstone2           
mid-season4    ,luscombe4 ,domestica4   
,mentioned in ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 
#adi4 #ahca4    ,luscombe's ,seedling4  
,lutts4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4   
,bul4 #age3aca fig41 #acb4 #ahii4  #b4  
,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #a3ajf4 #aijj4
 #c4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3e  fig41 #ca4 
#aijd4    ,wasse-,botankio #a1 #b1 #c4  
,sent out under the name                
,wasse-,botankio but renamed in #ahii by
 ,bailey  after ,henry ,lutts of        
,youngstown1 ,new ,york4 ,tree vigorous1
 productive2  fruit small1 roundish1    
dark red with numerous fine1 golden1    
dots2 bloom  heavy2 flesh yellow1 soft1 
with a slight almond flavor2 good2      
clingstone2  one of the earliest4       
,lyon4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #ajd3ajj4 #ahid4 #b4 ,mich4       
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #cfg4 #ahif4 #c4     
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdf4 #ahii4     
,bailey #a4 ,bailey #b1 #c4    ,brought 

to notice by ,s4 ,s4 ,bailey of ,grand  
,rapids1 ,michigan1 and grown  for a    
number of years by the ,michigan        
sub-station at ,south ,haven under  the 
name ,bailey2 renamed ,lyon by the      
,michigan ,horticultural ,society  in   
#ahif4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1         
spreading1 productive2 fruit large1     
roundish2 suture slight2 cavity shallow2
 clear yellow with light bloom2  flesh  
yellow1 tender1 rich1 sweet1 moderately 
juicy2 good2 semi-clinging2  mid-season4
    ,lyon ,apricot4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d ,ser4      
#c3ec4  #aija4    ,received by the      
,british ,columbia ,experiment ,station 
at ,agassiz from a ,mr4  ,spaath of     
,berlin1 ,germany4 ,fruit above medium  
in size2 roundish2 suture  shallow2     
bright red2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1   
firm1 juicy1 sprightly2  good2 stone    
slender1 free2 early4    ,m4 ,j4 ,de    
,wolf4 ,species8 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #ic3be1 #eb fig4 #aije4    ,the   
most promising from a lot of seedlings  

grown by ,m4 ,j4 ,de ,wolf1  ,letcher1  
,south ,dakota1 from seed taken from the
 orchard of ,h4 ,j4 ,gurney1  ,elk      
,point1 ,south ,dakota4 ,fruit large1   
roundish2 cavity wide1 shallow2  suture 
a line2 red marbled on the shady side   
with yellow2 dots many1  large1         
conspicuous2 flesh dark yellow1 tender1 
sweet1 juicy2 good2  freestone2         
mid-season4    ,macedonia4 ,munsoniana4 
#a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ai4 #ahig4 #b4 ,waugh  
,plum  ,cult4 #ahf4 #aija4              
,transparent #b4    ,fruit of medium    
size1 roundish-oval2 suture faint2      
cavity shallow2 light  red2 bloom thin2 
flesh yellow2 quality fair2 clingstone2 
mid-season4    ,mackland4 ,americana4   
#a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahii4    ,tree         
vigorous2 fruit above medium size1 red  
over yellow2 clingstone2 rots  badly4   
,macomber4 ,domestica4 ,listed in ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ci4 #ahii4           
,macomber ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b4          
,americana4 ,letter from ,kerr4    ,two 
inferior seedlings from a ,mr4 ,macomber

 of ,vermont4    ,madame ,henri         
,deschars4 ,insititia8 #a4 ,mathieu     
,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4    ,mirabelle  
,tardive ,mme4 ,h4 ,deschars #a4        
,mathieu's notice refers to ,journal de 
la ,societe ,nationale et ,centrale     
d',horticulture de ,france #fjh4 #ahgh4 
,madame ,nicolle4 ,domestica4 #a4       
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4 #b4   
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #b;d ,ser4      
#c3ec4 #aijj4 ,souvenir de ,madame      
,nicolle  #a4    ,a ,european variety   
tested on the grounds of the ,british   
,columbia  ,experimental ,station2      
inferior4    ,madam ,leeds4 ,species8   
#a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bgi4 #aijj4    
,a seedling unintroduced and of unknown 
parentage grown by ,george ,temple1     
presumably of ,iowa4 ,tree resembles    
,poole ,pride1 productive2 fruit the    
size of ,wild ,goose1 bright red2 drops 
easily2 late4    ,madeleine4 ,domestica8
 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4  
#b4 ,guide  ,prat4 #aef1 #cei4 #ahie4   
,tree vigorous1 moderately productive2  

fruit large1 oval2 yellow with  reddish 
spots2 good2 early4    ,madison4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,cultivator #f3cee4     
#ahdi4 #b4  ,horticulturist #d3bad4     
#ahdi4 #c4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4   
#cee4 #ahfg4    ,a chance seedling from 
the garden of ,isaac ,denniston1        
,albany1 ,new ,york2  first fruiting in 
#ahdg and supposed to be a cross between
 ,bleeker and  ,blue ,gage4 ,tree       
vigorous1 productive2 fruit of medium   
size1 oval2 suture  shallow2 cavity     
small2 yellow with reddish blush2 bloom 
thin2 flesh  yellow1 firm1 juicy1 rich1 
sweet1 pleasant2 good2 freestone2 very  
late4    ,mainzer ,frhzwetsche4         
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dci4  #ahhi4    ,majestic        
,damson4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,stone         
,wellington ,cat4 #aijg4    ,introduced 
by ,stone and ,wellington of ,toronto1  
,ontario4 ,fruit large1  purple2 bloom  
heavy2 freestone2 early4    ,mallard4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #bhi4 #ahhi4 #b4  ,cornell ,sta4  

,bul4 #aca3ahi4 #ahig4 #c4 ,rivers ,cat4
 #cd4 #ahih4    ,a seedling from ,thomas
 ,rivers1 ,sawbridgeworth1 ,england4    
,tree of moderate  vigor and hardiness2 
fruit large1 oval2 suture distinct2 deep
 purple2  flesh yellow1 rich1 juicy2    
good2 freestone2 early2 said to rot but 
little2 not hardy4    ,mamelonne4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,gen4 ,farmer #aj3bda4  
#ahdi4 #b4 ,hogg  ,fruit ,man4 #cga4    
#ahff4 #c4 ,guide ,prat4 #aeg1 #cei4    
#ahie4    ,die ,brustwarzenpflaume #c4  
,mamelon #c4 ,mamelon ,sageret #b4      
,raised by ,m4 ,sageret of ,paris1      
,france4 ,tree of medium size2 fruit    
roundish-oval1 strongly necked1         
yellowish-green1 mottled with red2 light
  bloom2 flesh yellowish1 firm1 juicy1  
sweet2 similar to ,reine ,claude  except
 in shape4    ,manitoba4 ,americana4 #a4
 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4    ,fruit of medium 
size1 roundish-oval1 clear red2         
freestone4    ,manitoba ,no4 #a4        
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahig4 #b4  
,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4  ,bul4 #ic3bb4 #aije4   

,a wild variety from ,manitoba1 ,canada4
 ,fruit of medium size1 bright red2     
skin thick and bitter2 very early4      
,manitoba ,seedlings4 ,americana4 #a4   
,kerr ,cat4 #ahig-aijj4 #b4 ,s4  ,dak4  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3bb4 #aije4    ,several  
seedlings bearing the numbers #b1 #d1   
#e1 #f and #g were grown by ,n4  ,e4    
,hansen of the ,south ,dakota ,station  
from seed obtained in ,manitoba4  ,early
 bearing and productivity are their     
chief desirable characters4    ,mankato4
 ,americana4 #a4 ,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4    
,rpt4 #ccb1 #dha4 #ahif4 #b4  ,waugh    
,plum ,cult4 #aeg4 #aija4 #c4 ,minn4    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bbh4 #aijc4         
,german ,prune ,seedling #c4            
,originated on the farm of ,louis ,j4   
,eider1 four miles north of ,mankato in 
,nicollet ,county1 ,minnesota2          
introduced by ,s4 ,d4 ,richardson and   
,son of  ,winnebago ,city1 ,minnesota1  
in #ahij4 ,tree vigorous1 fairly        
productive2  fruit above medium size1   
oval2 cavity shallow2 suture faint2 skin

 free  from the pulp2 dull red2 dots    
yellow2 flesh yellow1 sometimes red next
  the stone1 sweet1 rich2 good2         
semi-clinging2 late4    ,manning4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,manning ,book of       
,fruits #ajc4 #ahch4 #b4  ,thomas ,am4  
,fruit ,cult4 #cce4 #ahdi4 #c4 ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #icj4  #ahfi4    ,large
 ,long ,blue #a4 ,large ,long ,blue #b1 
#c4 ,manning's ,long ,blue #b1 #c4      
,manning's ,long ,blue #c4 ,mannings    
,long ,blue ,prune #c4 ,manning's ,long 
,blue  ,prune #b4 ,manning's ,prune #c4 
,received by ,robert ,manning from      
,landreth's ,nursery1 ,philadelphia1    
,pennsylvania1 without a name2 probably 
a seedling of the ,german ,prune4  ,tree
 vigorous2 fruit large1 long-oval2      
suture obscure2 cavity small2  dark     
purple2 bloom thick2 flesh              
greenish-yellow1 firm1 juicy1 sweet1    
sprightly1 pleasant2 good2 stone long1  
pointed1 free2 mid-season2  ripening    
period long4    ,marais des ,cygne4     
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #e4 #aijj4  

,introduced by ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr in #aijj4  
,tree vigorous and productive2 fruit of 
medium size1 roundish1 purplish-red2    
good2 clingstone2 subject to rot2       
mid-season4    ,marange4 ,species8 #a4  
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddj4 #ahhi4 #b4   
,guide  ,prat4 #aef1 #cei4 #ahie4       
,petit-,monsieur8 #a1 #b4    ,tree      
small1 very productive2 fruit small1    
round1 reddish-violet2 skin  unusually  
free2 flesh yellow2 very good for its   
season2 very early4    ,marble4         
,hortulana mineri  ,hortulana4 #a4 ,vt4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4  #ab3bbe4 #ahii4 #b4   
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bag4 #aija4        
,fourth of ,july #a4    ,grown by ,a4   
,l4 ,bruce of ,texas1 who states that it
 is a cross between  ,weaver and        
,crimson ,beauty1 but ,waugh considers  
,mr4 ,bruce's ,weaver to be  ,miner4    
,fruit small1 heart-shaped2 cavity      
medium deep2 suture shallow2  dark      
wine-red2 skin tough2 flesh yellow1     
sweet1 rich2 good2 stone small1         
clinging4    ,marble4 ,species8 #a4     

,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dab4 #ahii4  
,originated in ,brown ,county1          
,minnesota2 tree vigorous and           
productive2  fruit small1 round1 mottled
 red2 good2 mid-season2 subject to rot4 
,marbled-,plum4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,rea    
,flora #bjg4 #afgf4 #b4 ,ray ,hist4     
,plant4 #aebi4 #afhh4    ,marble ,plum  
#b4    ,fruit mottled yellow and red at 
full maturity becoming a uniform red2   
flesh firm2 good4    ,marcellus4        
,americana mollis4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #i4  
#ahih4 #b4 ,s4 ,dak4  ,sta4 ,bul4       
#ic3bd1 #ej1 #ea fig4 #aije4 #c4 ,ohio  
,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bef1  #beg4 #aije4     
,grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry of ,crescent1  
,iowa from seed of ,van ,buren2 first   
fruited in #ahic4 ,tree vigorous1       
upright-spreading2 fruit of medium size1
  roundish2 cavity small2 suture        
lacking2 light red2 bloom light2 flesh  
yellow2 quality fair2 clingstone2       
mid-season4    ,marcus4 ,americana4 #a4 
,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ccc4 #ahid4 #b4
 ,wis4  ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3dg4 #ahig4 #c4  

,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3bd1 #ej fig4  
#aije4    ,originated with ,m4 ,e4      
,hinckley1 ,marcus1 ,iowa1 from seed    
gathered from a  grove of wild plums on 
the ,little ,sioux ,river in #ahgj4     
,tree vigorous1  upright2 fruit large1  
round1 dark red1 resembling ,miner2     
flesh firm1  meaty2 good2 early4        
,mardy4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ohio ,hort4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #i4 #ahij4    ,a seedling   
from ,west ,virginia grown by a ,mr4    
,mardy4 ,fruit large1 oval1  red4       
,margate4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson    
,par4 ,ter4 #egh4 #afbi4    ,parkinson  
says of it 8the worst of a hundred40    
,marietta4 ,triflora 8 #a4 ,ga4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #fg3bfd fig4 #aijd #b4  ,ibid4    
#fh3g fig41 #cf4 #aije4    ,a chance    
seedling found growing on the grounds of
 the ,kennesau ,wholesale  ,nursery     
,company1 in #aijj1 at the edge of a    
block of ,triflora varieties4  ,tree    
very vigorous1 productive2 fruit of     
medium size1 broadly conical1  yellow   
overlaid with red2 dots yellow2 skin    

slightly waxy2 flesh soft1  juicy1      
pleasant2 quality fair2 clingstone2 free
 from rot4    ,marjorie4 ,americana4 #a4
 ,terry ,cat4 #aijj4    ,a seedling of  
,lottie grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1        
,crescent1 ,iowa4 ,fruit large1  round1 
light yellow partly overspread with red2
 dots small2 flesh yellow1  rich1 sweet2
 semi-clinging4    ,marigan4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,quebec ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #i4      
#aije4    ,tree productive4 ,fruit      
large1 round1 greenish-yellow with a    
blush2 good4    ,marion4 ,americana4 #a4
 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahig4 #b4 ,colo4 ,sta4    
,bul4  #ej3dj4 #ahih4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum  
,cult4 #aeg4 #aija4    ,tree productive2
 fruit of medium size1 roundish1        
flattened at the apex2  suture a line2  
cavity shallow2 stem long1 slender2 red 
on a yellow  ground2 bloom thin2 skin   
thick2 flesh sweet1 juicy2 good2        
clingstone2  mid-season4    ,marketman4 
,triflora4 #a4 ,burbank ,cat4 #ahic4 #b4
 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4  #ach4 #aija4      
,shipper #a1 #b4    ,a seedling of      

,satsuma grown by ,luther ,burbank and  
sold under the name  ,shipper but       
changed by ,waugh to prevent confusion  
with an older ,shipper4  ,tree moderate 
in growth1 sturdy and upright2 fruit    
oval1 light red2 bloom  light2 flesh    
firm1 sweet1 juicy2 fruit keeps and     
ships well4    ,marmorierte             
,eierpflaume4 ,domestica4 ,listed in    
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddj4  #ahhi4      
,prune d',oeuf ,marbre4    ,marster4    
,domestica8 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#if4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,brown  ,bros4 ,cat4    
#aijj4    ,marster's #b4    ,supposed to
 have originated in ,south ,carolina    
about #ahhc2 reported four  years later 
by ,j4 ,r4 ,hart from ,nova ,scotia2    
introduced by ,brown ,brothers  of      
,ontario4 ,tree hardy1 productive2 fruit
 of medium size1 oval1 dark  purple2    
flesh fine-grained1 rich2 good2         
mid-season4    ,marten4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,horticulturist #f3acc4 #ahea4 #b4      
,cultivator #f3bfh4 #aheh4 #c4 ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ica4 #ahfi4           

,marten's ,seedling #c4 ,marten's       
,seedling #a1 #b4    ,a chance seedling 
found growing in the garden of a ,mr4   
,marten1  ,schenectady1 ,new ,york1 by  
,professor ,jackson of ,union ,college4 
,tree very  vigorous1 productive2 fruit 
large1 roundish-oblong2 suture deep2    
cavity  small2 yellow1 streaked with    
green and dotted with red in the sun2   
flesh yellow1 slightly coarse1 juicy1   
sprightly2 very good2 freestone2        
mid-season4    ,mary4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,gard4  ,for4 #g3ai4 #ahid4 #b4 ,storrs 
,harrison ,cat4 #ahih4    ,a supposed   
cross between ,duane and ,yellow ,gage  
grown by ,r4 ,a4 ,hunt1  ,euclid1 ,ohio1
 about #ahhb2 introduced by ,storrs     
,harrison in #ahih4 ,tree  very         
productive2 fruit of medium size1       
yellow2 bloom delicate2 flesh  yellow2  
good2 mid-season4    ,mary4 ,americana  
mollis4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aijj4 #b4      
,terry ,cat4 #aijj4    ,grown from seed 
of ,van ,buren in #ahic by ,h4 ,a4      
,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa4  ,tree        

productive1 spreading2 fruit light red  
on a yellow ground2 good2  mid-season4  
,maryland4 ,angustifolia watsoni        
7,prunus besseyi  ,angustifolia         
watsoni74 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4    
,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3da4 #ahih4  #c4  
,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ag4 #ahih4         
,grown by ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr from seed of    
,utah ,hybrid2 introduced by the        
originator in #ahid4 ,tree larger than  
the parent2 fruit small1 round2  suture 
lacking2 dark brownish-red2 flesh soft1 
watery1 sweet1 pleasant2  quality fair2 
clingstone4    ,mas4 ,domestica8 #a4    
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddj4 #ahhi4 #b4   
,guide ,prat4  #afc1 #cei4 #ahie4       
,similar to ,de ,montfort4    ,mason4   
,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4  
#ahig4 #b4 ,can4 ,exp4  ,farms ,rpt4    
#dfd4 #aijj4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4    
#aif4 #aija4    ,originated near        
,leander1 ,williamson ,county1 ,texas1  
with a ,mr4 ,mason2  introduced about   
#ahif by ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey4 ,tree         
vigorous2 fruit of medium  size1        

heart-shaped1 red2 flesh firm2 good2    
clingstone2 very early4    ,matchless4  
,domestica4 #a4 ,rea ,flora #bjh4 #afgf4
 #b4 ,langley ,pomona  #ic1 #ig1 ,pl4   
#bd fig4 #a4 #agbi4    ,white ,matchless
 #b4    ,fruit yellow2 bloom white2     
excellent flavor2 very productive4      
,mathews4 ,hortulana4 #a4 ,stark ,bros4 
,cat4 #aijb4 #b4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #baa4 #aijf4 #c4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#aad3aci4 #aiaj4    ,matthews #b4       
,grown by ,b4 ,a4 ,mathews of           
,knoxville1 ,iowa1 as a sport from      
,peach ,leaf2  introduced by ,stark     
,brothers1 ,missouri4 ,tree hardy2 fruit
 small1  ruby-red2 recommended for      
jellies and preserves4    ,mauchete4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4     
#b3ic4 #ahcb4    ,mouchete #a4    ,a    
,french variety of the ,reine ,claude   
type4 ,fruit small1 oval2 suture a      
line2 cavity minute2 greenish2 bloom    
heavy2 flesh green1 firm1 sweet2        
freestone2 mid-season4    ,maude ,lacy4 
,americana4 #a4 ,terry ,cat4 #aijj4     

,a seedling of ,hawkeye grown by ,h4 ,a4
 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa2 fruit large2 
bright yellow with a red cheek2 flesh   
firm2 semi-clinging4    ,maugeron4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4  
,fr4 #b3gf4 #agfh4 #b4  ,knoop          
,fructologie #b3eb1 #eg4 #agga4 #c4     
,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3db1  ,tab4 #aie  
fig4 #b4 #agif4 #d4 ,poiteau ,pom4      
,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4 #e4 ,prince  ,pom4   
,man4 #b3ha4 #ahcb4 #f4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees ,am4 #ica4 #ahfi4 #g4  ,hogg     
,fruit ,man4 #fid4 #ahhd4 #h4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbf4 #ahhi4    ,damascene  
,maugeron #f1 #h4 ,damascene von        
,mangeron #h4 ,damascene von  ,maugeron 
#h4 ,damas de ,mangeron #f1 #h4 ,damas  
de ,mangeron #g4 ,damas de  ,maugeron   
#c1 #e1 #h4 ,damas de ,maugerou #a1 #d4 
,damas de ,maugerou #h4 ,damas  de      
,maugiron #h4 ,damas ,violet #b4 ,die   
,damascenerpflaume von ,maugeron #c4    
,knigs ,pflaume von ,maugerou #h4       
,mangeron #f1 #g1 #h4 ,maugeron #d1 #h4 
,maugeron ,damask #e4 ,maugeron ,damask 

#f1 #h4 ,maugiron #b4    ,an old        
variety1 probably of ,french origin4    
,tree vigorous2 fruit large1            
roundish-oblate2 stem slender2 cavity   
shallow2 suture a line2 purplish2  bloom
 thick2 flesh greenish-yellow1 firm1    
sweet and agreeable2  freestone2        
,september4 ,prince states that there   
are two varieties under  this name1     
differing in size1 but no other writer  
mentions the two4    ,mayerboeck        
,zwetsche4 ,species8 ,mentioned in      
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddj4  #ahhi4      
,mayerboeck's ,rote ,zwetsche4    ,mayer
 ,hellrote4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #ddj4 #ahhi4 #b4  ,guide ,prat4  
#afc1 #cei4 #ahie4    ,mayer's          
,hellrothe ,damascene4    8,a variety of
 little merit40    ,mayer ,knigspflaume4
 ,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 
,pom4 #ddj4  #ahhi4    ,royale8 ,die    
,knigin8 ,royale de ,mayer4    ,mayers  
,rothe ,damascene4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas 
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3hg4 #ahgc4  #b4 ,guide   
,prat4 #afc1 #cei4 #ahie4    ,damas     

,rouge de ,mayer #a4 ,damas ,rouge de   
,mayer #b4 ,damas ,rouge de ,moyer #a4  
,mayers ,braunrothe ,knigspflaume #b4   
,mayers ,rothe ,damascene #a4    ,a     
seedling of ,red ,magnum ,bonum raised  
by ,liegel and dedicated to  his        
colleague1 ,a4 ,j4 ,mayer4 ,tree of     
normal vigor2 fruit large1              
thick-ellipsoid1 slightly truncated2    
suture wide1 shallow2 stem medium  in   
length and size2 cavity shallow2 skin   
tender1 not adherent2 purple2  flesh    
yellowish1 fine1 melting1 juicy1 sweet  
and aromatic2 clingstone2  mid-season4  
,mc,cartney4 ,angustifolia varians4 #a4 
,munson ,cat4 #ahih4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum  
,cult4 #aig4 #aija4    ,brought to      
notice by ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey1 ,austin1     
,texas2 fruit of medium size1  roundish2
 suture visible2 dots whitish2          
golden-yellow2 flesh sweet1  melting2   
very good2 clingstone4    ,mc,gillivray4
 ,species8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 
#dbd4 #ahig4    ,tree vigorous1         
unproductive2 fruit small1 oval1 light  

red2 flesh yellow1  juicy1 slightly     
astringent2 clingstone2 early4          
,mc,pherson4 ,species8 #a4 ,tex4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #cb3dgi4 #ahii4    ,tree low1     
bushy1 thorny1 hardy2 fruit small1      
round1 golden-yellow2 flesh  yellow2    
quality fair2 clingstone4    ,mc,rea4   
,triflora4 #a4 ,glen ,st4 ,mary ,cat4   
#ba4 #aiaa4    ,mc,rea was grown near   
,lake ,city1 ,columbia ,county1         
,florida1 from seed of  ,kelsey2        
introduced in the fall of #aiaj by the  
,glen ,saint ,mary ,nursery  ,company4  
,fruit of medium size1 roundish2 yellow1
 washed with dull red in  the sun2 dots 
numerous2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1     
firm1 juicy1 subacid2  good2 mid-season4
    ,meads4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,rural ,n4   
,y4 #fd3gaa4 #aije4    ,meads ,seedling 
,plum #a4    ,a seedling grown by ,h4   
,o4 ,mead1 ,lunenburg1 ,massachusetts4  
,fruit  large1 light reddish-purple2    
flesh yellow1 firm1 juicy2 good2 stone  
semi-clinging2 mid-season4              
,mediterranean4 ,domestica4 #a4         

,horticulturist #f3acc4 #ahea4 #b4      
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #ica4 #ahfi4  
,originated in central ,new ,york4 ,tree
 vigorous1 hardy1 productive2 fruit     
medium in size1 ovate1 necked2 cavity   
small2 light crimson2 flesh yellow1     
sweet1 sprightly2 good2 freestone2      
mid-season4    ,meigs4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cdb4 #ahfg4 
,fruit large1 roundish-oval2 suture     
indistinct2 dull reddish-purple1 with   
numerous gray dots2 stalk long1 slender1
 curved2 cavity small2 flesh            
greenish-yellow1 rich1 excellent2       
clingstone2 late4    ,melnicker         
,zwetsche4 ,species8 ,mentioned in      
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddj4 #ahhi4       
,melon4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4     
#ahih4 #b4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhj4    
#aijj4 #c4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hg3ad4    
#aija4    ,from ,iowa4 ,fruit medium in 
size1 roundish2 cavity lacking2 suture  
slight2  yellowish-red2 bloom thin2     
flesh fibrous2 quality fair2 freestone2 
mid-season4    ,meneray4 ,species8 #a4  

,meneray ,cat4    ,a seedling of unknown
 parentage from ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1         
,crescent1 ,iowa2  introduced by ,f4 ,w4
 ,meneray of ,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa4   
,fruit and foliage  indicate a fusion of
 ,americana and ,triflora blood4 ,fruit 
large1 oblong1  pear-shaped1 yellow     
tinged with red2 good4    ,mereton4     
,species8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4   
#b;d ,ser4 #c3ed4 #aijj4 #b4  ,can4     
,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dcb4 #aije4         
,mereton's ,egg4 #a4 ,merton's ,egg #b4 
,fruit small1 oval2 cavity small2       
yellow2 flesh yellowish2 poor2 of no    
value4    ,meroldt4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dcf4   
#ahha4 #b4  ,lauche ,deut4 ,pom4 ,pl4   
,,iv1 #ac4 #ahhb4 #c4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4
 #gab4 #ahhd4  #d4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 
#ddj4 #ahhi4    ,meroldt's ,gelbe       
,reine-,claude #d4 ,meroldt's ,golden   
,gage #c4 ,meroldt's  ,golden ,gage #d4 
,meroldt's ,reineclaude #a1 #b1 #d4     
,reine-,claude de ,meroldt  #d4    ,this
 variety was grown by ,dr4 ,meroldt1    

,lischnitz1 ,bohemia1 probably  from the
 seed of the ,apricot plum4 ,tree grows 
quickly1 medium in size2  fruit medium1 
roundish2 suture shallow2 skin adherent2
 yellow1 sometimes  with reddish spots2 
cavity shallow2 stem extremely short1   
finely hairy2  flesh yellow1 firm1      
juicy1 sweet1 with ,reine ,claude       
flavor2 freestone2  mid-season4         
,merryweather4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,garden  
#gd3ebg1 ,col4 ,pl4 #aiaj4    ,this plum
 originated with ,h4 ,merryweather and  
,sons of ,southwell1  ,notts1 ,england1 
and received an award of merit in #aijg 
from the ,royal  ,horticultural         
,society4 ,tree vigorous1 productive2   
fruit large1 juicy1  purple2            
,damson-like flavor2 good2 excellent for
 preserving4    ,merunka4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aeb4     
#ahca4 #b4 ,am4  ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #fa4 
#ahhg4 #c4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hf4 
#ahij4 #d4 ,u4  ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,rpt4 
#df4 #ahie4 #e4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4        
#df3bgi1 #bhj4 #aijj4    ,leipsic #b1   

#e4 ,leipzig #c4 ,leipzig ,early        
,quetsche #a4 ,marunka #d4 ,quetsche de 
,leipzig #b4 #aac ,riga #c4 ,zwetsche   
,leipziger #b4    ,in #ahhd ,j4 ,l4     
,budd of the ,iowa ,experiment ,station 
introduced several  plums from ,russia4 
,among these the ,merunka and ,leipsic  
proved to be  identical4 ,the name      
,merunka is retained because ,leipsic   
has been used  as a synonym of ,german  
,prune4 ,fruit of ,lombard type1 medium 
in size1  oval2 cavity deep1 narrow2    
suture faint2 apex depressed2           
purplish-red2  bloom thin2 skin thin2   
flesh yellow1 tender1 sweet2 good2      
clingstone2  mid-season4    ,merville   
d',automne4 ,domestica8 #a4 ,mathieu    
,nom4 ,pom4 #ddj4 #ahhi4 #b4  ,guide    
,prat4 #afb1 #cei4 #ahie4    ,a large   
yellow variety of good quality ripening 
about mid-season4    ,meyer4 ,americana4
 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid-aijj4    ,tree   
vigorous and productive2 fruit large1   
round2 cavity small2  purplish-red over 
yellow2 clingstone2 mid-season4         

,miama4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4     
#ahid4 #b4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4  #afb3bef1 
#beg4 #aije4    ,miami #a4    ,miama as 
tested at the ,ohio ,experiment ,station
 proved to be identical  with ,lombard4 
,j4 ,w4 ,kerr of ,denton1 ,maryland1 who
 introduced the variety  in #ahid       
writes3 8,when ,i first received cions  
from the ,west1 ,i thought it  was a    
native2 but finding it to be a          
,domestica1 dropped it at once40        
,mignonne4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adi4 #ahca4    ,reported  
by the ,london ,horticultural ,society  
as growing on their grounds4    ,miles4 
,species8 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4      
#ch3gi4 #ahib4 #b4 ,ill4  ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt4 #ace4 #aijc4 #c4 ,ibid4 #dbd4     
#aije4    ,said to have originated in   
,illinois from seed secured in ,north   
,carolina4  ,tree productive2 fruit     
small1 light red2 quality fair2         
clingstone4    ,miller4 ,americana4 #a4 
,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4    ,tree vigorous and
 productive2 fruit large1 round1 red on 

an orange  ground2 clingstone2          
mid-season4    ,miller4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bda1 #bef1 #beg4 
#aije4    ,fruit very large1 roundish1  
sides unequal2 cavity narrow1 deep2 stem
  short1 stout2 suture distinct2 dark   
purple on a dark green ground2 dots     
numerous1 bronze2 bloom heavy2 flesh    
greenish-yellow1 rich1 sweet2 good2     
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,miller4     
,species8 #a4 ,glen ,st4 ,mary ,nur4    
,cat4 #aijg4    ,introduced by the ,glen
 ,st4 ,mary ,nursery ,company of        
,florida in #aijg4 ,fruit  of medium    
size1 greenish-yellow2 very good4       
,miller ,no4 #a4 ,domestica4    ,miller 
,no4 #a is an unintroduced seedling of  
,german ,prune supposedly  crossed with 
,jefferson2 grown by ,d4 ,j4 ,miller of 
,millersburg1 ,ohio4 ,fruit  of medium  
size1 long-oval tapering to both ends2  
suture a line2 cavity  shallow2 deep    
yellow2 bloom thin2 dots conspicuous2   
flesh yellow1 tender1  sweet1 good2     
stone large1 long-oval1 semi-clinging1  

pointed2 mid-season2  resembles the     
,german ,prune in shape and size4       
,miller ,no #e4 ,munsoniana4 ,letter    
from ,kerr4    ,grown by ,david ,miller1
 ,camp ,hill1 ,pennsylvania4 ,tree      
productive2 fruit of  medium size1 red2 
clingstone4    ,millett4 ,americana4 #a4
 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3be4 #aije4   
,millett's ,wild ,plum #a4    ,from     
,south ,dakota4 ,tree vigorous1         
productive2 fruit small4    ,millett    
,early ,red4 ,americana4 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3be4 #aije4    ,millett's
 ,early ,red #a4    ,a variety found    
growing wild near ,pierre1 ,south       
,dakota4 ,trees low and  bushy1 hardy1  
unproductive2 fruit small1 red on a     
yellow ground2 skin  thick2 flesh firm1 
sweet2 quality fair2 stone large2 early4
    ,millett ,t4 ,t4 ,americana4 #a4 ,s4
 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3be4 #aije4       
,from ,south ,dakota2 fruit very small4 
,millett ,very ,early ,red4 ,americana4 
#a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3be4       
#aije4    ,millett's ,very ,early ,red  

#a4    ,not as early as ,millett ,early 
,red4    ,mills4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,waugh 
,plum ,cult4 #aaf4 #aija4    ,fruit     
medium in size1 oval2 cavity shallow2   
suture faint2 purplish-red2  dots       
prominent1 white2 flesh greenish2       
quality fair2 freestone2 late4    ,mills
 ,seedling4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4     
,farm ,bul4 #dc3ci4 #aijc4    ,fruit    
roundish heart-shaped1 below medium in  
size2 cavity narrow1  moderately deep2  
suture a line2 deep red2 dots obscure2  
bloom light2  skin moderately thick1    
tender2 flesh deep yellow1 juicy1       
slightly sweet1  astringent2 poor2 stone
 of medium size1 oval1 flattened1 nearly
 free4    ,milton ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,mag4 ,hort4 #f3id4 #ahdj4    ,reported
 by ,c4 ,m4 ,hovey as fruiting in the   
nursery of ,charles ,downing1           
,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 seventy years    
ago4    ,minco4 ,hortulana mineri       
,hortulana4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4   
#ad3bgb4  #aija4 #b4 ,munson ,cat4      
#aijb4    ,a cross between ,miner and   

,wayland from ,t4 ,v4 ,munson in #ahif4 
,tree  vigorous and productive2 fruit of
 medium size1 roundish-oval2 cavity     
lacking2 suture a line2 bright1 dark red
 faintly striped2 dots many1  distinct2 
bloom light2 flesh yellow1 firm1 rich1  
sweet1 meaty2 very good2  freestone2    
late4    ,minion4 ,domestica4 #a4       
,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fi4 #afii4     
,mentioned by ,quintinye as a           
8yellowish-white0 plum4    ,minnesota4  
,domestica4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4        
#ca3cdh4 #ahie4 #b4  ,budd-,hansen ,am4 
,hort4 ,man4 #b3cai4 #aijc4    ,a       
,european variety introduced into       
,minnesota from ,denmark4 ,tree         
vigorous1  very hardy2 fruit large1     
ovate2 suture distinct2 cavity deep1    
narrow2  dark blue2 flesh yellow1 juicy1
 subacid2 very good2 stone small1 free4 
,minnesota ,seedling4 ,americana4       
,letter from ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr4    ,an      
inferior variety from a ,mr4 ,macomber  
of ,vermont4    ,minnetonka4 ,americana4
 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3dj4 #ahib4

 #b4  ,kerr ,cat4 #ahig4 #c4 ,colo4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3da4 #ahih4              
,introduced by ,peter ,gideon of        
,minnesota4 ,tree small1 slow-growing1  
bushy  top2 fruit small1 oval1 red on a 
yellow ground2 skin thick2 flesh firm1  
acid2 clingstone2 mid-season4           
,minnie4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #df3bhj4 #aijj4    ,from ,h4      
,knudson1 ,springfield1 ,minnesota1 who 
raised it from the seed of a  large blue
 ,domestica plum4 ,tree vigorous1       
upright2 fruit medium in size1  necked1 
greenish-yellow2 good2 late4    ,minnie4
 ,triflora  ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #fg3ag4 #ahih4 #b4  ,waugh ,plum  
,cult4 #bai4 #aija4    ,originated in   
,north ,carolina with ,j4 ,s4 ,breece1  
who considers it an  offspring of       
,abundance pollinated with ,wild ,goose4
 ,the foliage resembles  that of        
,abundance4    ,mirabelle ,de ,bohn4    
,insititia4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3agg4
 #ahgc4 #b4  ,lucas ,vollst4 ,hand4     
,obst4 #dgb4 #ahid4 #c4 ,mathieu ,nom4  

,pom4 #dbc4 #ahhi4    ,bohns ,gestreifte
 ,mirabelle #a1 #c4 ,bohns ,mirabelle   
#b1 #c4 ,bohns  ,mirabelle #a4          
,mirabelle de ,bohn #c4 ,mirabelle      
,rayee #c4    ,liegel received this     
variety from ,henry de ,bohn of ,upper  
,austria4 ,tree  of medium vigor1       
productive2 fruit small1 roundish2      
suture a line2 skin  tender1 yellow1    
marbled with red2 stem slender2 flesh   
yellow1 tender1  melting1 juicy1 sweet1 
aromatic2 freestone2 mid-season4        
,mirabelle de ,flotow4 ,insititia4 #a4  
,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3aje1 fig4  #ahgc4   
#b4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #dgf4 #aija4           
,flotows ,allerfrheste ,mirabelle #a4   
,mirabelle ,la ,plus ,htive de ,flotow  
#a4 ,von ,fltows ,mirabelle #a4         
,according to ,mas1 8this variety was   
obtained from a seed of ,perdrigon      
,violet by ,liegel and dedicated by him 
to ,m4 de ,flotow1 of ,dresden1 one of  
the first collaborators of ,the         
,illustrirtes ,handbuch40 ,tree         
vigorous1  very productive2 fruit small1

 spherical1 yellow1 dotted with red on  
the  sunny side2 stem medium in length  
and size2 cavity shallow2 flesh yellow1 
tender1 soft1 sweet1 of ,apricot flavor1
 very pleasant2 early4    ,mirabelle de 
,ronvaux4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,guide ,prat4 
#afc1 #cei4 #ahie4    8,a variety of    
little merit40    ,mirabelle ,double de 
,herrenhausen4 ,insititia4 #a4          
,oberdieck ,deut4  ,obst4 ,sort4 #dbf4  
#ahha4 #b4 ,guide ,prat4 #aee1 #cfj4    
#ahie4 #c4 ,rev4  ,hort4 #dgf4 #aija4   
,herrnhauser ,doppelte ,mirabelle #a4   
,herrnhauser doppelte ,mirabelle #b4    
,tree vigorous1 very productive2 fruit  
small to medium1 yellow mottled  with   
red2 flesh yellow1 sweet2 good2 late1   
following ,drap d',or4    ,mirabelle    
,prcoce de ,flaford4 ,insititia4 #a4    
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddj4  #ahhi4 #b4  
,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #cfj4 #ahie4        
,reported as being similar to ,early    
,mirabelle4    ,mirabelle ,verte4       
,insititia4 #a4 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3ia4 
#ahff-gc4 #b4  ,guide ,prat4 #afb1 #cfj4

 #ahie4    ,grne ,mirabelle #a1 #b4     
,from a ,herr ,commans of ,cologne1     
,prussia4 ,tree moderately vigorous2    
fruit  small1 roundish-oblate2 suture   
deep2 cavity deep1 wide2 skin tender1   
free2 green marbled with yellow2 stem   
short2 flesh green1 fine1 soft1  sweet1 
aromatic2 freestone4 ,resembles ,reine  
,claude and may contain  ,domestica     
blood4    ,mission ,prune4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,bailey ,cyc4 ,hort4 #c3acgf4 #aija4
    ,a large number of plums were       
planted over a century ago around the   
old  ,mission at ,santa ,clara1         
,california2 after the abandonment of   
the ,mission  this variety was found    
propagating itself by suckers and was   
cultivated  as late as #ahgj4           
,mississippi4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,ga4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ej4 #ahhe4 #b4      
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ahg1 #ahh fig4     
#aija4    ,mississippi ,red #b4         
,introduced by ,j4 ,m4 ,shell of        
,georgetown1 ,texas1 about #ahge4 ,fruit
 large1  oval2 cavity very shallow2     

suture lacking2 clear red2 dots many1   
yellow2  skin thin1 tough2 flesh soft1  
yellow2 good2 clingstone2 mid-season4   
,missouri4 ,munsoniana8 #a4 ,ga4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt4 #ci1 #da1 #ii4 #ahhi4 #b4   
,ala4 ,col4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aa3ab4 #ahij4  
,an unimportant variety occasionally    
found in ,alabama and ,georgia4 ,fruit  
of medium size1 oblong1 red2 flesh firm2
 good2 clingstone2 late4    ,missouri   
,green ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,bailey   
,ann4 ,hort4 #aif4 #ahia4  #b4 ,ohio    
,sta4 ,bul4 #aac3afj4 #ahii4 #c4 ,ibid4 
#afb3bci1 #bef4 #aije4    ,introduced in
 #ahia by ,stark ,brothers1 ,louisiana1 
,missouri4 ,as tested  by the ,ohio and 
,new ,york ,experiment ,stations it     
appears to be either  identical with or 
a strain of the ,imperial ,gage4        
,mistake4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #aeb3baj4 #ahih4 #b4 ,can4  ,exp4 
,farms ,rpt4 #edh4 #aija4    ,fruit     
above medium size1 oblong-oval2 suture  
distinct2 sides unequal2  purple2 flesh 
yellow1 coarse1 juicy1 sweet1 pleasant2 

mid-season4    ,mitchelson4 ,insititia4 
#a4 ,gard4 ,chron4 #hib1 #hid4 #ahfj4   
#b4 ,flor4   ,pom4 #aeb4 #ahfb4 #c4     
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #icb4 #ahfi4  
#d4 ,mas ,pom4  ,gen4 #b3fe4 #ahgc4     
,de ,mitchelson #d4 ,mitchelson #c4     
,mitchelson's #a1 #b4 ,mitchelson's #d4 
,raised by a ,mr4 ,mitchelson1 at       
,kingston on the ,thames1 ,england2 a   
seedling of a ,damson4 ,fruit above     
medium size1 oval2 suture indistinct2   
dark purple2 dots few1 fawn-colored2    
bloom thin2 flesh yellow1 tender1  very 
juicy and sweet2 freestone2 excellent   
for culinary purposes4    ,mivian4      
,domestica4 ,listed in ,lond4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,cat4 #aej4 #ahca4    ,mollie4    
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aijj4 #b4  
,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  #dbb1 #dbd4   
#aije4    ,molly #b4    ,originated with
 ,theodore ,williams of ,benson1        
,nebraska4 ,fruit small1  round1 red1   
watery2 clingstone2 mid-season4         
,monon4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aa4
 #ahig4    ,tree very productive2 fruit 

small1 greenish with dull red blotches2 
poor2  clingstone2 subject to rot4      
,monona4 ,species8 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4
 #fc3bd1 #dh4 #ahig4    ,from ,christian
 ,steinman1 ,mapleton1 ,iowa2 said to be
 the size of ,miner but  two weeks      
earlier4    ,monolith4 ,triflora8       
,munsoniana8 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4  
,rpt4 #df4  #ahie4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 
#fg3ag4 #ahih4    ,originated by ,j4 ,s4
 ,breece of ,north ,carolina2 thought to
 be a cross  between ,abundance and     
,wild ,goose although it does not show  
,triflora  characters4 ,fruit of medium 
size1 roundish2 cavity medium2 suture   
shallow2 coppery-red1 striped with      
darker red2 skin thin1 bitter2 flesh    
yellowish1 translucent1 meaty1 tender1  
juicy1 fibrous1 mild1 subacid1  rich2   
good2 stone semi-clinging4    ,monsieur 
,fruit ,vert4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu    
,nom4 ,pom4 #dda4 #ahhi4    ,mathieu    
found it referred to in ,journal de la  
,societie ,nationale et  ,centrale      
d',horticulture de ,france #bha4 #ahhc4 

,mont ,barbat d',ente4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits #cef4 #ahia4     
,an improved type of ,agen coming from  
the ,mont ,barbat orchard in the ,lot   
,valley1 ,france4    ,montgomery4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,horticulturist #f3ahg1 
#bid1 #ebd4 #ahea4    ,montgomery ,prune
 #a4    ,found by ,e4 ,w4 ,carpenter of 
,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania1 growing on   
the  premises of a ,mr4 ,montgomery     
about #ahcj4 ,tree very productive2     
fruit  large1 oval1 purple2 quality very
 good4    ,montmorency4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3ce4 #aijc4  
#b4  ,quebec ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #i1 #ff1 
#fh4 #aije4    ,reine-,claude de        
,montmorency #b4 ,reine-,claude de      
,montmorency #a4    ,montmorency is     
thought to be a seedling of the ,reine  
,claude1 imported  into ,canada in #agij
 by ,lord ,dorchester2 extensively      
cultivated in the  eastern part of      
,quebec but unknown in the ,united      
,states4 ,tree very hardy1  productive2 
fruit medium in size1 roundish2 cavity  

narrow1 shallow2 stem  medium in length2
 suture indistinct2 skin tough1         
greenish-yellow1 blushed  with red2     
flesh yellow1 very juicy1 moderately    
firm1 sweet1 rich2 very  good2 stone    
small1 oval1 nearly free4    ,montreal4 
,species8 #a4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,exp4 ,sta4    
,rpt4 #fd4 #ahig4    ,mentioned by      
,harold ,jones of ,martland1 ,ontario1  
in the report of the  ,fruit            
,experimental ,station for #ahig4       
,moody4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4    
,sp4 ,bul4 #bg3ae4 #aijd4    ,tree      
productive2 fruit large1 reddish-purple1
 good2 mid-season4    ,moon4 ,americana4
 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,colo4 ,sta4
 ,bul4 #ej3db4  #ahih4    ,fruit of     
medium size1 round2 no suture2 deep red 
over a yellow ground2  skin thin2 flesh 
moderately firm1 subacid2 clingstone2   
mid-season4    ,moore ,early4           
,insititia4 #a4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,exp4 ,sta4  
,rpt4 #e3aaf4 #ahih4    ,moore's ,early 
#a4    ,an extremely hardy variety of   
the ,damson type4 ,tree spreading2 fruit

 of  medium size2 grows in clusters2    
dark purple2 good2 nearly freestone2    
desirable for jellies and preserves4    
,moreman4 ,hortulana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4   
#ac4 #ahii-aijj4    ,moreman ,cherry #a4
    ,originated by ,theodore ,williams1 
,benson1 ,nebraska4 ,tree vigorous2     
fruit  large1 bright red2 clingstone4   
,morines4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,quintinye    
,com4 ,gard4 #gj4 #afii4    ,a red plum 
noted only by ,quintinye4    ,morin     
,htif4 ,cerasifera8 #a4 ,knoop          
,fructologie #b3ei4 #agga4    ,fruit of 
medium size1 round1 red2 resembles the  
,myrobalan plum except  that its leaves 
are larger and its season a little      
later4    ,mountain4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3ce4 #aijc4  
,a promising variety from ,w4 ,w4       
,dunlop1 ,outremont1 ,quebec4 ,fruit of 
medium  size1 roundish2 cavity medium2  
suture distinct2 greenish-yellow more or
  less overspread with dull coppery-red2
 dots yellow1 distinct2 bloom thin2     
flesh yellowish-green1 sweet1 rich2 very

 good2 clingstone2 mid-season4          
,mountain ,plum4 ,munsoniana8 #a4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hf4 #ahga4 #b4       
,gard4 ,mon4 #bj3agg4 #ahgh4    ,a late 
variety of the 8,chicasaw0 group4       
,mount ,royal4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4    
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3ce4 #aijc4        
,dunlop #ed #a4    ,a seedling from ,w4 
,w4 ,dunlop1 ,outremont1 ,quebec4 ,fruit
 of medium size1  roundish2 cavity      
medium deep2 suture distinct2 dark      
purple2 dots  numerous1 distinct2 flesh 
greenish-yellow1 juicy1 firm1 sweet2    
good2  clingstone2 mid-season4          
,moyen4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,quintinye ,com4
 ,gard4 #fh4 #afii4    ,pitch ,plum #a4 
,mentioned by ,quintinye as 8a dry plum 
having a sharp and sourish taste40      
,moyen de ,bourgoyne4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ie4 #ahcb4       
,moyen de ,bourgogne #a4    ,probably   
not the same as the ,moyen of           
,quintinye4 ,according to ,prince it  is
 a large1 oval1 yellow plum1 of         
indifferent quality2 late4 ,this name   

applied to a purple variety is a synonym
 of ,early ,perdrigon4    ,moyer4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 
#b;d ,ser4 #c3ed4 #aijj4    ,tree       
vigorous1 unproductive4 ,fruit of medium
 size1 roundish2 stem short2  cavity    
small1 shallow2 suture shallow2 dark    
reddish-purple2 flesh  greenish-yellow1 
firm1 juicy1 sweet1 pleasant2           
clingstone4    ,moyret4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,mas ,le ,verger #f3ca fig4 #af4        
#ahff-gc4 #b4  ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4
 #icc4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  
#dda4 #ahhi4    ,moyret's ,gage #b4     
,moyrets ,gage #c4 ,moyret's ,reine     
,claude #c4 ,reine-,claude  ,moyret #a4 
,reine-,claude ,moyret #b1 #c4    ,a    
chance seedling of the ,reine ,claude   
obtained on ,m4 ,moyret's place  at     
,neuville-sur-,ain1 ,france4 ,tree      
vigorous1 productive2 fruit medium1     
roundish1 reddish to violet-purple2     
suture wide1 shallow2 cavity wide1      
deep2 stem rather short2 flesh green1   
fine1 a little firm1 juicy1 sweet1      

aromatic2 of high quality2 freestone2   
mid-season4    ,mudson4 ,angustifolia   
varians8 #a4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4    
#ac4 #aije4    ,a productive variety    
recommended for family use by the       
,georgia  ,horticultural ,society2 fruit
 yellowish-red1 juicy2 clingstone2 very 
early4    ,mulberry4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bhb4 #ahde4  
#b4 ,mag4  ,hort4 #ac3ecj4 #ahdg4 #c4   
,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #ccb4 #ahdi4 
,originated in the garden of ,isaac     
,denniston1 ,albany1 ,new ,york4 ,tree  
moderately vigorous2 fruit large1 oval1 
strongly necked1 pale with a few        
crimson spots2 dots white2 bloom thin2  
flesh greenish-yellow1 coarse1  melting1
 juicy1 rich1 sugary2 good2 clingstone2 
mid-season4    ,muldraugh4 ,americana4  
#a4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort4 #e3adf4 #ahfi4   
,muldraugh's-hill ,plum #a4    ,found   
growing wild on ,muldraugh's ,hill1     
,harden ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,tree       
vigorous1 large1 unproductive2 the      
clusters of flowers which appear  before

 the leaves are mostly staminate2 fruit 
large1 light red4    ,mule4 ,munsoniana 
,prunus persica4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ah4   
#ahii4 #b4  ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bai4   
#aija4    ,a hybrid produced by ,j4 ,w4 
,kerr from seed of ,wild ,goose plum    
pollinated  by the ,troth ,early peach2 
introduced by the originator in #ahif4  
,tree  resembles the plum2 foliage very 
much like that of the peach2 worthless1 
inasmuch as the buds do not open and    
contain only deformed anthers and no    
pistil4    ,muncy4 ,americana4 #a4      
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3hj4 #ahib4 #b4 
,kerr  ,cat4 #ahid4 #c4 ,tex4 ,dept4    
,agr4 ,bul4 #ab3ajc4 #aiaj4    ,muncey  
#c4    ,tree vigorous2 fruit medium in  
size2 dull red2 clingstone2 mid-season4 
,munson4 ,angustifolia varians4 #a4     
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3hj4 #ahib4  #b4
 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dgi4 #ahid4 #c4  
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ch4 #ahii4  #d4 
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aig4 #aiaj4        
,originated under cultivation by ,g4    
,onderdonk1 ,victoria1 ,texas2          

introduced  by the originator in #ahhh4 
,tree not hardy as far north as ,ames1  
,iowa2  fruit of medium size1 oval2     
cavity shallow2 stem slender2 suture a  
line2  bright red2 bloom thin2 dots     
many2 skin thin2 flesh yellow1 soft2    
quality  fair2 stone oval1 flattened1   
clinging2 early4    ,murdy4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdg4 #ahii4 
#b4 ,ohio  ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bef1 #beg4  
#aije4    ,the ,murdy as tested by the  
,ohio ,experiment ,station is considered
  identical with the ,pond1 but as      
tested at the ,michigan ,experiment     
,station1 it ripens two weeks later1 has
 a deeper cavity1 finer texture  and    
lighter colored spots on its skin4      
,muscat ,free4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #aah3eb4 #ahie4 #b4  ,mich4 
,sta4 ,sp4 ,bul4 #bg3ae4 #aijd4         
,evidently a strain of the ,italian     
,prune2 imported from ,hungary in #ahid 
by the ,department of ,agriculture and  
tested at the ,michigan ,experiment     
,station4 ,tree low1 spreading1         

slow-growing2 fruit of medium size1     
long-oval1 flattened on one side2 suture
 broad1 distinct2 black with  thick     
bloom2 flesh greenish-yellow1 moderately
 firm1 juicy2 very good2  freestone2 not
 as sweet as ,italian ,prune and a week 
later4    ,muscle4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egf1 #egg fig4  
#afbi4 #b4  ,rea ,flora #bjg4 #afgf4 #c4
 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4 #aebi4 #afhh4 #d4  
,prince  ,pom4 ,man4 #b3aje4 #ahcb4 #e4 
,watkins ,cat4    ,red ,mussell #a4     
,black ,muscle #d4 ,black ,mussell #a4  
,mussel #d4 ,mussell #e4  ,mussell ,plum
 #a4 ,red ,muscle #b1 #c4 ,white        
,mussell #a4    ,of very early ,european
 origin1 once considered of value but   
now only used  as a stock2 the old      
writers described both a red and a black
 form4 ,fruit  small1 oval1 dark red2   
flesh not juicy2 poor2 stone large4     
,musk ,damson4 ,insititia8 #a4          
,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fh1 #gj4 #afii4
 #b4  ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3gd4
 #agfh4 #c4 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3cc1  

,tab4 #ahj fig4 #b4 #agif4 #d4 ,noisette
 ,man4 ,comp4 ,jard4 #b3die4 #ahfj4  #e4
 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #icc4 #ahfi4 
#f4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbe4  #ahhi4  
,christ's ,damascene #f4 ,damas ,fin #f4
 ,damas ,musque #b1 #c1 #d4 ,damas      
,musque  #e1 #f4 ,damasquine #f4 ,de    
,chypre #e4 ,die musquat                
,damaskuspflaume #c4  ,feine ,damascene 
#f4 ,musk ,damask #f4 ,musk'd ,damask   
#a4 ,muskierte  ,damascene #f4 ,musque  
de ,malta 8#e1 #f4 ,prune de ,chypre #b1
 #e1 #f4 ,prune  de ,malte #b1 #f4      
,prune de ,malthe #e4 ,schwarze         
,muskateller ,pflaume #f4  ,spte        
,schwarze ,damascene #f4 ,suisina       
,grossella ,piccola #f4    ,noisette    
suggests ,damascus1 ,syria1 as the      
probable place of origin of  ,musk      
,damson4 ,fruit small1 roundish2 suture 
distinct2 cavity small2  dark purple2   
bloom thick2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 sweet1
 musky2 good2  semi-clinging2           
mid-season4    ,musk ,perdrigon4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,langley ,pomona #ib1   

,pl4 #bc fig4 #c4  #agbi4    ,fruit     
nearly black1 with a bloom2 freestone2  
early4    ,mussey4 ,americana4 #a4      
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3dj4 #ahib4     
,found wild in ,kansas2 introduced by   
,abner ,allen4 ,fruit large1            
roundish-oblong1 yellow1 mottled with   
red2 flesh firm1 good2  semi-clinging2  
very late4    ,nagate-,maru4 ,triflora4 
#a4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #abi3aad4 #aija4   
#b4 ,ga4  ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #ac4 #aijd4
 #c4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3ac fig41 #ca4 
#aije4    ,nagatus maru #b4             
,nagats-,maru #b4    ,resembles         
,abundance but is three weeks later4    
,fruit large1  oblate-conical1 red over 
yellow2 dots numerous2 flesh yellow1    
firm2 good4    ,naples4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,wild ,bros4 ,cat4 #bf4 #ahib4 #b4 ,w4  
,t4 ,smith  ,nur4 ,cat4 #bd4 #ahig4 #c4 
,storrs  ,harrison ,cat4 #ach4 #ahic-ih4
    ,beauty of ,naples #a1 #b1 #c4      
,naples as catalogued by nurserymen is  
of the ,yellow ,egg type although       
,lyon#bbh and ,thomas#bbi knew a purple 

variety of this name4 ,tree  vigorous   
and productive2 fruit of medium size1   
oval2 cavity small2 skin  thin1 tender2 
golden yellow mottled with red in the   
sun2 bloom thin2  flesh light yellow1   
firm1 sweet1 mild2 good2 stone oval1    
rough1 clinging2  late4    ,native ,red4
 ,species8 #a4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,gr4 ,assoc4  
,rpt4 #hg4 #ahif4    ,received by the   
,fruit ,growers' ,association of        
,ontario from ,w4 ,n4 ,snelling  of     
,ottawa4 ,a very attractive bright red  
plum of medium size4    ,nebraska4      
,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4      
#ahid4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum  ,cult4 #agd4   
#aija4 #c4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bgh4    
#aijd4    ,tree spreading1 vigorous1    
short-lived1 productive2 fruit medium in
 size1  roundish-oval2 cavity shallow2  
red with numerous yellow dots2 skin     
thick1  tough2 flesh yellow1 juicy1     
melting2 fair to good2 stone medium in  
size1  oval1 clinging2 late4            
,nebraska ,seedling4 ,species8 #a4      
,country ,gent4 #bf3bch4 #ahfe4         

,reported in #ahfe by ,r4 ,o4 ,thompson 
of ,nebraska as a freestone plum of     
great excellence2 trees very productive 
and free from curculio4    ,nebraska    
,wonder4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #df3bha4 #aijj4    ,found wild in 
#ahib by ,a4 ,webster1 ,golden1 ,burt   
,county1 ,nebraska2  introduced by ,h4  
,p4 ,sayles1 ,ames1 ,iowa1 in #ahig4    
,tree dwarf1 spreading1  prolific1 bears
 early2 fruit large1 round1 slight      
yellow tinge1 mottled  red when         
over-ripe1 without astringency when     
fully ripe2 ships well2  early4         
,neils4 ,species8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm 
,bul4 #b;d ,ser4 #c3ed4 #aijj4    ,under
 test at the ,canadian ,experimental    
,farm at ,agassiz1 ,british ,columbia4  
,nellie4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4    
#ahid4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #fc3di4   
#ahig4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aeh4    
#aija4    ,nelly #a1 #b4    ,fruit      
large1 oblate2 suture faint2 stem       
medium2 yellow blushed with pink2  flesh
 firm1 yellow2 good2 stone of medium    

size1 round1 semi-clinging2  medium to  
late4    ,nellie ,blanche4 ,americana4  
#a4 ,terry ,cat4 #aijj4 #b4 ,rural ,n4  
,y4  #fe3gbf fig41 #gcj4 #aijf4 #c4 ,ia4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aad3ada4 #aiaj4           
,blanche #c4    ,grown by ,h4 ,a4       
,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa2 fruited first 
in #ahig4 ,tree  vigorous1 upright1     
productive1 bears early2 fruit large1   
oblong2 stem  medium1 set in a small    
cavity2 skin thick2 yellow mottled with 
red2 flesh  meaty1 very sweet and rich2 
good2 stone large1 clinging2 mid-season4
    ,nelson4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aej4 #ahca4 #b4     
,hogg  ,fruit ,man4 #cgc4 #ahff4 #c4    
,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ee4 #ahgc4 #d4 ,w4  
,n4 ,y4  ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ba3bj4     
#ahgf4    ,knevett's ,late ,orleans #b1 
#c4 ,monsieur tardif de ,knevett #c4    
,nelson's  ,victory #a1 #b1 #d4         
,nelson's ,victory #c4 ,victoire de     
,nelson #c4    ,an old variety renamed  
in honor of the famous ,english admiral4
 ,fruit of  medium size1 round1 deep    

purple2 flesh sweet and pleasant2       
freestone2  mid-season2 suitable for    
culinary purposes4    ,never ,fail4     
,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4        
#df3bha4 #aijj4    ,purchased of an     
,eastern nurseryman for ,wolf but proved
 not true to  name2 introduced by ,j4   
,s4 ,haag1 ,hosper1 ,iowa4 ,tree        
vigorous1 slightly  spreading2 fruit    
large1 round1 red2 good2 ripe with ,de  
,soto4    ,new ,american4 ,americana4   
#a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bf3ad4 #ahia4
 #b4  ,ibid4 #ic3bf4 #aije4    ,of no   
value in ,south ,dakota because of its  
lateness4    ,new ,goderich4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #d3ff1
 #ajb1  #aaj4 #ahig4    ,thought to be a
 seedling of ,lombard4 ,tree vigorous1  
spreading1 hardy1  productive2 fruit    
medium to large1 round2 stem short1     
inserted in a  shallow cavity2 suture   
distinct2 brownish-red with heavy bloom2
 flesh  yellow1 coarse2 quality poor4   
,new ,green ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adh4 #ahca4  

,mentioned2 probably obsolete4    ,new  
,large ,bullace4 ,insititia8 ,mentioned 
in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcc4  #ahhi4   
,grosse ,prunelle ,nouvelle4 ,new ,large
 ,bullace4    ,newton4 ,americana4 #a4  
,munson ,cat4 #h4 #ahid4 #b4 ,ohio ,sta4
 ,bul4  #afb3bef1 #beg4 #aije4 #c4 ,am4 
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bc4 #aije4           
,received by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson from       
,theodore ,young of ,wichita ,falls1    
,kansas4  ,munson says this variety is  
distinct from ,newtown ,egg4 ,tree      
vigorous1  healthy1 productive2 fruit   
large1 oblong1 irregular2 stem short and
  stout1 set in a small cavity2 suture  
indistinct2 dull red2 bloom thin2  flesh
 yellow2 good2 freestone2 late4         
,newtown ,egg4 ,americana4 #a4 ,cornell 
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3dj4 #ahib4 #b4  ,waugh  
,plum ,cult4 #aec4 #aija4    ,newton    
,egg #b4    ,originated with ,charles   
,luedloff1 ,carver1 ,minnesota4 ,tree   
open1  straggling1 productive2 fruit    
medium to large1 oblong-oval1           
purplish-red  over yellow1 thickly      

sprinkled with many yellow dots2 flesh  
yellow1 firm2  good2 stone long1 nearly 
flat1 smooth1 semi-clinging2 mid-season4
    ,new ,wine ,sour4 ,domestica4       
,listed in ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4    
#aed4 #ahca4    ,nienburger ,egg ,plum4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ahc4
 #ahgc4  #b4 ,koch ,deut4 ,obst4 #egj4  
#ahgf4 #c4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4     
,sort4  #djh4 #ahha4 #d4 ,can4 ,exp4    
,farms ,rpt4 #edh4 #aija4    ,niemburg  
,egg #d4 ,nienburger ,eierpflaume #a4   
,nienburger ,eierpflaume #c4  ,oeuf de  
,nienburg #a4    ,found in the garden of
 a priest at ,nienburg1 ,hanover1       
,germany1 by ,m4  ,oberdieck4 ,tree     
vigorous1 an early and abundant bearer2 
fruit large1  obovate2 suture broad and 
deep2 dark brownish-red2 bloom thin2    
flesh  yellow1 firm1 sweet2 stone small1
 free2 mid-season4 ,good for dessert and
  drying4    ,nikitaer ,blaue           
,fruhzwetsche4 ,species8 ,mentioned in  
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #dda4 #ahhi4 ,bal 
,erik4 ,blauer ,spilling4 ,gus ,erik4   

,nikitaer ,dattelzwetsche4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4     
#ddd4 #ahha4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4   
#dda4 #ahhi4    ,bardak ,erik #b4       
,mentioned as unproductive in dry soil  
at ,jeinsen1 ,germany4    ,nikitaer     
,hahnenpflaume4 ,species8 ,mentioned in 
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dda4  #ahhi4      
,hahnenhode4 ,nikitaner ,hahnenhode4    
,rognon-de-,coq de ,nikita4    ,nikko4  
,species8 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ah4  
#ahih4    ,originated by ,burbank and   
introduced in #ahih2 parentage unknown4 
,said to  be 8a good1 dark red1         
red-fleshed1 conical plum40    ,nimon4  
,hortulana  ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,munson    
,cat4 #g4 #ahif4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum      
,cult4 #aha4 #aija4 #c4 ,ia4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #afg4 #aije4    ,a seedling 
of ,wayland pollinated by ,wild ,goose2 
from ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1  ,denison1 ,texas4
 ,tree moderately hardy1 vigorous2 fruit
 medium in size1  ovate2 cavity shallow2
 crimson2 dots numerous1 white2 flesh   
yellow1 firm1  meaty1 sweet2 good2 stone

 small1 clinging2 mid-season4    ,noire 
,americaine4 ,species8 ,mentioned in    
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dda4 #ahhi4       
,noire de ,montreuil4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3fh4      
#agfh4 #b4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ib4   
#ahcb4 #c4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gad4     
#ahhd4 #d4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcg4   
#ahhi4    ,bieler ,pflaume #d4 ,damas   
,noir ,htif #d4 ,early ,large ,black #a4
 ,frhe  ,schwarze ,pflaume #d4 ,frhe    
,grosse ,schwarze ,pflaume #d4 ,grosse  
,frh  ,pflaume #d4 ,grosse noir de      
,montreuil #b4 ,grosse noire htive #b1  
#c1  #d4 ,grosse ,noire htive #a4 ,large
 ,early ,montreuil #b4 ,johannispflaume 
#d4  ,large early black #b4 ,la         
,madeleine #c4 ,morocco ,pflaume 7of    
some7 #d4  ,montreuil #b4 ,noire de     
,montreuil #a1 #b1 #d4 ,prune de        
,saint-,jean #d4  ,saint-,jean #d4      
,waran ,erik #d4    ,according to       
,duhamel1 this name is used for two     
varieties4 ,one is of  medium size1     
elongated1 purplish-black1 strongly     

resembling ,gros ,damas  de ,tours2     
flesh firm1 yellowish with a rather     
agreeable flavor2 nearly  freestone2    
early4 ,the other is large1 round1 of   
the same color as the  first1 but its   
season is later and its flesh is coarse 
and insipid4 ,for  historical notes see 
,prcoce de ,tours4    ,nolan4           
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort4     
#e3adh4 #ahfi4    ,probably a seedling  
of ,wild ,goose which it resembles very 
closely4    ,nolton ,ungarische4        
,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dda4
 #ahhi4    ,reference found by ,mathieu 
in ,monatsschrift fr ,pomologie #i4     
#ahfa4    ,nome4 ,americana4 #a4        
,meneray ,cat4    ,from ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 
,crescent1 ,iowa4 ,tree vigorous2 fruit 
large1 round1 red  over yellow2 good4   
,nona4 ,triflora8  ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,vt4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bbf4 #ahii4  #b4  
,ibid4 #ad3bgd1 #bgg4 #aija4 #c4 ,ohio  
,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3beb4 #aije4            
,originated with ,d4 ,h4 ,watson1       
,brenham1 ,texas2 introduced by ,w4 ,a4 

,yates1  #ahig4 ,tree healthy1 upright2 
foliage healthy1 abundant2 fruit medium 
to  large1 oval2 cavity abrupt2 stem    
short2 suture obscure2 apex slightly    
pointed2 dark red1 obscurely striped2   
dots numerous1 small1 yellow2 bloom     
light2 skin thick1 somewhat astringent2 
flesh yellow mottled with red1  fibrous1
 juicy2 good2 stone medium1             
roundish-oval1 flattened1 clinging2     
early4    ,norbert4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cgc4 #ahff4 #b4 ,mas
 ,pom4  ,gen4 #b3gc4 #ahgc4 #c4 ,mathieu
 ,nom4 ,pom4 #dda4 #ahhi4 #d4 ,guide    
,prat4 #afa1 #cfj4 #ahie4    ,de ,prince
 #d4 ,lepine #c and #d incor4 ,norbert  
#c4 ,norbert's ,pflaume #c4  ,prune de  
,lepine #a1 #c4 ,prune de ,prince #a1   
#c4 ,schwarze ,mirabelle #c4    ,found  
wild in the woods of ,halanzy1          
,luxembourg1 ,france4 ,mas distinguishes
  ,prune de ,lepine as a separate       
variety4 ,fruit very small1 round2      
suture  obscure2 dark purple2 bloom     
thick2 flesh greenish-yellow1 firm1     

sweet2  stone small1 free4 ,useful for  
drying4    ,norby4 ,americana4 #a4      
,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #b3bih4 
#aijc4    ,originated with ,a4 ,norby1  
,madison1 ,south ,dakota2 ,no4 #ac of   
his seedlings4  ,fruit large1 roundish2 
sides unequal2 dark red2 stone round1   
flat2  mid-season4    ,norby ,no4 #a4   
,americana4 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ic3bh4 #aije4    ,originated with ,a4  
,norby1 ,madison1 ,south ,dakota4 ,under
 test at the ,south  ,dakota ,experiment
 ,station4 ,the variety bears large1    
fine fruit of good  quality2 mid-season4
    ,norby ,no4 #aa4 ,americana4 #a4    
,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhc4 #aijj4 #b4 ,s4
  ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3bh4 #aije4      
,no4 #aa #a4    ,another of ,a4 ,norby's
 seedlings2 grown from seed of selected 
varieties  in #ahie4 ,reported by the   
,south ,dakota ,experiment ,station to  
be worthy of  propagation4 ,tree        
upright1 hardy1 productive2 fruit above 
medium size1  oval to roundish-oblong2  
rich yellow overspread with red2 bloom  

thin2  dots small1 white1 numerous2     
flesh yellow1 firm2 good2 stone long1   
oval1  nearly free2 early4    ,norman4  
,munsoniana8 #a4 ,gard4 ,mon4 #bj3agg4  
#ahgh4    ,mentioned by ,w4 ,s4         
,carpenter of ,rye1 ,new ,york1 in #ahgh
 as an improved  variety of the         
8,chicasaw0 group4    ,normand          
,perdrigon4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,duhamel    
,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3hg4  #agfh4 #b4   
,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3cj1 ,tab4 #agg   
fig4 #a4 #agif4 #c4 ,prince  ,pom4 ,man4
 #b3fe4 #ahcb4 #d4 ,poiteau ,pom4       
,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4 #e4  ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dda4 #ahhi4    ,der blaue        
,rebhuhn aus der ,normandie #b4         
,normannischer ,perdrigon #e4 ,norman   
,perdrigon #e4 ,norman ,perdrigon #c4   
,perdrigon de ,normandie #e4 ,perdrigon 
,normand #a4 ,perdrigon ,normand #b1 #c1
 #e4 ,prune ,perdrigon ,normand #d1 #e4 
,prunus neustriensis #d4 ,schwarzer     
,perdrigon #e4    ,a very good ,french  
variety4 ,fruit of medium size1         
roundish2 suture  shallow2 cavity small2

 reddish-purple2 bloom heavy2 flesh     
yellow1  melting1 sweet2 good2          
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,normand's   
,seedlings4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4    
#age3aea4 #ahii4    ,j4 ,l4             
,normand1#bcj ,marksville1 ,louisiana1  
disseminated twenty hybrid  seedlings1  
numbered from one to twenty1 which were 
selected from over  #cj1jjj seedlings2  
most of these are crosses between       
,triflora and selected  native sorts4   
,normand ,no4 #e4 ,see ,alabama4        
,normand ,no4 #aa4 ,triflora 8    ,fruit
 above medium size1 oval to             
oblong-conic2 apex pointed2 stem medium1
  set in a small cavity2 yellow         
overspread with bright red2 dots        
numerous1  yellow2 flesh yellow1 firm1  
juicy1 aromatic1 sweet1 good2 stone long
 and  narrow1 clinging2 late4 ,drops    
before ripe4    ,normand ,no4 #ab4      
,triflora 8    ,inferior to ,no4 #aa in 
color1 flesh-characters and keeping     
quality4 ,drops  before ripe and has a  
tendency to crack4    ,normand ,no4 #ae4

 ,see ,louisiana4    ,normand ,no4 #af4 
,triflora 8    ,fruit resembles ,no4    
#ab2 greenish-white with red blush2     
flesh pale yellow1  soft1 juicy1 bitter2
 clingstone2 drops before fully ripe4   
,normand ,no4 #ag4 ,triflora 8    ,fruit
 the size of ,burbank1 somewhat similar 
in shape but less pointed1              
greenish-yellow thinly covered with dark
 red1 spattered with dots and  broken   
lines of paler color2 flesh greenish1   
tinged with yellow1 very  juicy1        
somewhat acid2 poor2 clingstone2 drops  
before ripe4    ,normand ,no4 #ah4      
,triflora 8    ,equal to ,no4 #aa in    
size but inferior in quality2 keeps and 
ships well4    ,normand ,no4 #ai4       
,triflora 8    ,fruit about the size of 
,wild ,goose1 but not as regular in     
form2 color and  bloom much the same as 
that variety2 flesh of the same color   
but firmer  and of better quality than  
,wild ,goose2 stone medium1 clinging2   
late4    ,normand ,no4 #bj4 ,see        
,georgia4    ,north4 ,domestica4 #a4    

,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #icd4 #ahfi4  
#b4 ,mas  ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3adc4 #ahgc4    
,north's ,seedling #a4    ,raised by    
,professor ,north1 ,clinton1 ,new ,york4
 ,tree vigorous1 bears  early1          
productive2 fruit large1 roundish-oval2 
suture broad and shallow2               
reddish-purple2 bloom thin2 flesh       
yellow1 melting1 juicy1 sweet2 good2    
clingstone2 early4    ,north ,carolina4 
,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4      
#ahid4 #b4 ,wis4  ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3ej4   
#ahig4 #c4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahig4    ,n4 ,c4
 ,seedling #a4 ,north ,carolina         
,seedling #b1 #c4    ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr says 
this variety is subject to twig-blight2 
reported of value  in ,iowa2 fruit      
large1 deep red4    ,north ,star4       
,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fc3ej4 #ahig4 #b4  ,ibid4 #hg3ad4      
#aija4    ,originated with ,martin      
,penning1 ,sleepy ,eye1 ,minnesota1 from
 seed of  ,surprise2 resembles its      
parent very closely4 ,tree hardy1       
dwarfish2 fruit  large1 juicy1 sweet2   

clinging2 mid-season4    ,nota ,bene4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4    
#beg4 #ahcb4 #b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees  
,am4 #bic4 #ahde4 #c4 ,mathieu ,nom4    
,pom4 #dbe4 #ahhi4    ,corse's ,nota    
,bena #a4 ,corse's ,nota ,bene #b1 #c4  
,nota ,bene de ,corse #c4    ,one of the
 best of the seedlings raised by ,henry 
,corse1 ,esq41 ,montreal1  ,canada4     
,tree very vigorous1 productive and     
hardy1 short-lived2 fruit  large1 round1
 pale brown sometimes shading to green2 
flesh greenish1  firm1 juicy1 sweet and 
rich2 good2 freestone4    ,november     
,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4     
#f3ib4 #ahdj4    ,raised by ,henry      
,corse of ,montreal and distributed at  
the same time as his  ,nota ,bene4      
,noyes4 ,americana8 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4     
#ahig4 #b4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhc4    
#aijj4 #c4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hg3ad4    
#aija4    ,noyes' ,seedling #a4 ,noyes  
,seedling #b4    ,originated with a     
,mrs4 ,noyes1 ,springville1 ,iowa1 about
 #ahha1 from pits  purchased for        

,california plums2 introduced by a ,mr4 
,osborn about #ahhh4  ,craig places     
,noyes in ,prunus hortulana and ,waugh1 
while classifying  it with the          
,americanas1 suggests that it is        
,hortulana mineri4 ,tree  vigorous1     
productive2 fruit large1 roundish to    
oblong2 apex sometimes  flattened or    
depressed2 cavity shallow2 suture       
distinct2 skin thick1  tough1 rather    
acid2 yellow nearly overspread with red2
 dots numerous1  yellow2 flesh tinged   
with red1 melting1 rich and sweet2 good2
 stone  large1 clinging2 early to       
mid-season4    ,nutmeg4 ,insititia4 #a4 
,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4 #b4 
,rea  ,flora #bji4 #afgf4    ,fruit the 
shape of a nutmeg1 no larger than a     
,damson1 greenish-yellow2  good2 late2  
obsolete4    ,oakley ,park ,wild4       
,species8 ,listed in ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,cat4 #aej4 #ahca4    ,oatey4          
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4      
,in answer to an inquiry ,kerr states   
that 8,the ,oatey is above medium to    

large1 dull purplish-red when fully     
matured2 clinging4 ,tree does not       
succeed here40    ,oberdieck ,gestreifte
 ,eierpflaume4 ,domestica8 #a4 ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4  #ddb4 #ahhi4 #b4 ,guide    
,prat4 #aeg1 #cfj4 #ahie4    ,introduced
 into ,france by ,m4 ,oberdieck1 the    
,german pomologist4 ,fruit  large1      
long-oval1 yellow blushed with red2     
flesh yellow1 juicy1 sweet2  good2      
early4    ,oberley4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,gard4 ,mon4 #b3abj4 #ahfj4 #b4 ,downing
 ,fr4  ,trees ,am4 #icd4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,mas
 ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3aca4 #ahgc4             
,oberley's ,greenwood #b4 ,oberley's    
,greenwood #a4    ,originated in        
,northampton ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 on 
the farm of a ,mr4  ,oberley4 ,tree     
thrifty1 very productive2 fruit medium  
in size1 round2  suture distinct2 skin  
amber1 but nearly covered with rosy red2
 bloom  thin2 flesh juicy2 quality fair2
 clingstone4    ,october4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,can4 ,hort4 #bj3ded fig4 #abeg4    
#ahig4    ,sent to the office of the    

,canadian ,horticulturist by ,a4 ,m4    
,smith of ,st4  ,catherines4 ,fruit     
medium in size1 roundish2 skin thin1    
dark purple2 flesh  yellow1 tender1     
juicy1 rich1 sweet and very agreeable4  
,oddy4 ,domestica4 ,listed in ,lond4    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aej4 #ahca4         
,oddy's4    ,odegard4 ,nigra4 #a4 ,wis4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3ej4 #ahig4 #b4 ,minn4   
,hort4  ,soc4 ,rpt4 #daa4 #ahii4 #c4 ,s4
 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3bh1 #di fig4     
#aije4    ,odegaard #b4    ,originated  
about #ahhh near ,brookings1 ,south     
,dakota2 found among a lot of  seedlings
 grown from wild plum pits sent from    
,minnesota2 bought by ,h4 ,t4  ,odegard 
of ,brookings2 introduced by ,a4 ,norby 
of ,madison1 ,south ,dakota4  ,tree very
 productive1 hardy and vigorous2 foliage
 large2 fruit large1  oblong2 suture    
very shallow from basin to apex2 dark   
red2 flesh yellow1  juicy1 sweet2 good2 
early4    ,odell4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,col41
 ,o41 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ca4 #ahib4 #b4
 ,ohio  ,sta4 ,bul4 #aac3afj4 #ahii4 #c4

 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,sp4 ,bul4 #cj3aai4 #aije4
    ,according to the introducers1      
,augustine and ,company1 ,normal1       
,illinois1  this variety was found as a 
seedling growing in a fence corner at   
,odell1  ,illinois2 introduced about    
#ahij4 ,resembles and may be identical  
with  ,lombard2 ripens at the same time4
    ,ogeechee4 ,angustifolia varians4   
#a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3fd4 #ahib4 
,found wild in ,georgia2 introduced by  
,g4 ,bourquin4 ,fruit of medium size1   
round1 red2 clingstone2 early4          
,oglesby4 ,species8 #a4 ,ill4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #ace4 #aijc4 #b4 ,ibid4     
#dbd4 #aije4    ,reported by ,h4 ,t4    
,thompson of ,marengo1 ,illinois1 as a  
small1 handsome red  plum2 freestone2   
very late4    ,ohio4 ,munsoniana4 #a4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aed4 #ahhc4 #b4 
,waugh ,plum  ,cult4 #ahg4 #aija4 #c4   
,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bgi4 #aijd4        
,ohio ,prolific #b4 ,ohio ,prolific #a1 
#c4    ,tree vigorous1 productive1      
irregular in growth2 foliage dense2     

fruit  medium in size1 roundish1 yellow 
overspread with bright red2 dots        
numerous1 yellow2 flesh yellow1 juicy1  
melting2 fair in quality2  clingstone2  
mid-season4    ,okaw4 ,species8 ,noted  
in ,bailey ,ann4 ,hort4 #age4 #ahij4    
,oku ,botan4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,va4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #abi3aad4 #aija4    ,a variety    
sent out by the ,united ,states         
,department of ,agriculture4    ,old    
,gold4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4      
#ahid4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #hg3ad4   
#aija4 #c4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3cj4
 #aije4    ,introduced by ,c4 ,w4 ,h4   
,heideman of ,minnesota4 ,tree hardy1   
productive1  subject to shot-hole       
fungus2 fruit medium in size1 round to  
slightly  oblong2 cavity shallow2 stem  
slender2 clear yellow with a dark red   
blush2 dots small2 skin thick1 tough2   
flesh yellow2 quality fair2 stone       
roundish-oval1 smooth1 clinging2        
mid-season4    ,olive4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egh4 #afbi4     
,noted by ,parkinson as 8shrubby2 fruit 

like an olive in color and size2  very  
good2 late40    ,ollie4 ,hortulana      
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4  
#ab3bbf4 #ahii4    ,grown by ,a4 ,l4    
,bruce1 ,basin ,springs1 ,texas2 from   
seed of ,wayland crossed  with ,wild    
,goose4 ,fruit medium1 oval2 cavity     
shallow2 suture obscure2 dark  red2     
flesh yellow with some red2 stone       
medium1 round1 flattened1 clinging4     
,olson4 ,species8 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #ic3cj4 #aije4    ,found on the   
,vermilion ,river1 near ,vermilion1     
,south ,dakota4 ,tree  productive2 fruit
 of fair size2 stone very large2 late4  
,omaha4 ,triflora  ,americana4 #a4 ,vt4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ad3bgb4 #aija4  #b4   
,ibid4 #ae3bff4 #aijb4    ,from         
,theodore ,williams1 ,benson1 ,nebraska2
 a cross between ,abundance and         
,brittlewood4 ,fruit variable in size1  
nearly spherical2 cavity deep1  rounded2
 stem long2 suture faint2 apex rounded2 
light red1 a shade darker  than ,wild   
,goose2 dots many1 small2 bloom         

considerable2 flesh moderately  firm1   
yellow1 juicy1 rich and sweet2 stone    
rather large1 oval1 flattened2  early2  
not introduced4    ,omega4 ,americana4  
#a4 ,terry ,cat4 #aijj4 #b4 ,ill4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4  #dbd4 #aije4              
,originated by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry of ,iowa4 
,tree vigorous1 productive2 fruit       
large1 slightly oblong1 red over yellow 
with numerous light dots2 good2  late4  
,onderka ,damascene4 ,species8          
,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddb4
 #ahhi4    ,damas d',onderka4 ,onderka4 
,ontario4 ,species8 #a4 ,mich4 ,pom4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #ch4 #ahgd4 #b4 ,can4 ,exp4 
,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3ed4 #aijj4    
,tree vigorous1 very productive2 fruit  
medium to large1 roundish-oval1  marbled
 yellow2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 sweet2    
good2 clingstone2 early to  mid-season4 
,opata4 ,prunus besseyi  7,munsoniana   
,triflora74 #a4 ,circ ,s4 ,dak4  ,exp4  
,sta4 #aiaj4    ,opata was grown by ,n4 
,e4 ,hansen of the ,south ,dakota       
,experiment ,station  from a cross      

between ,golden and ,prunus besseyi2    
introduced in a small  way in #aijh4    
,tree productive2 fruit of medium size1 
roundish2 cavity  wide2 dark red2 bloom 
rather heavy2 flesh green2 said to be   
good2 stone  small2 very early4         
,orange4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,knoop         
,fructologie #b3ei4 #agga4    ,prune de 
,orange #a4    ,fruit of medium size1   
oval1 yellow blushed with red2 flesh    
soft and  juicy2 good2 freestone4       
,orange ,cherry4 ,species8 #a4 ,kerr    
,cat4 #ah4 #ahii4    ,orange's ,cherry  
,plum #a4    ,originated in ,florida    
where it is grown as a substitute for   
the cherry4    ,orel ,no4 #ba4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ic3cj4 #aije4    ,introduced from      
,russia by ,professor ,j4 ,l4 ,budd of  
,iowa about #ahhb4  ,unproductive and   
deficient in hardiness4    ,orenge4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  
#egf1 #egg fig4 #afbi4    ,mentioned by 
,parkinson as 8a yellowish plum1 moist  
and somewhat sweetish40    ,oriental4   

,triflora4 #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #fd3gdc4  
#aije4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bcd4
 #aijg4    ,perry's ,seedling #a4       
,introduced by ,f4 ,l4 ,perry of        
,bridgeport1 ,connecticut1 as a cross   
between  ,burbank and ,satsuma4 ,tree   
hardy1 vigorous2 fruit large2 skin thin2
 flesh  dark1 sweet2 good2 ripens two or
 three weeks earlier than ,satsuma and  
hangs a month after ripening4           
,orillia4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,hort4  
#bf3dbb4 #aijc4    ,a seedling shown at 
the ,orillia fruit exhibit in #aijc2    
grown from a  ,lombard seed by ,frank   
,kean4 ,tree vigorous1 bears regularly2 
fruit similar  in size and appearance to
 ,quackenboss with a smaller stone and  
heavier  bloom4    ,osage4 ,munsoniana4 
#a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,me4 ,sta4   
,an4 ,rpt4  #ab3ff4 #ahif4 #c4 ,waugh   
,plum ,cult4 #ahh4 #aija4 #d4 ,tex4     
,dept4 ,agr4  ,bul4 #ab3ajc4 #aiaj4     
,osage #dh #b4 ,wonder #d4    ,tree     
productive1 tender2 fruit medium in     
size1 round to oval2 cavity  shallow2   

stem slender2 bright red with numerous  
light dots flesh yellow2  quality fair2 
stone medium1 oval1 flattened1 clinging2
 mid-season4    ,ottoman ,seedling4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,rpt4     
#i3cdg4 #aijj4    ,received by this     
,station for testing in #ahij from ,l4  
,m4 ,macomber1 ,north  ,ferrisburgh1    
,vermont1 as a seedling of ,imperial    
,ottoman4 ,tree productive2  fruit      
medium to large1 oval1 suture slight or 
lacking2 stem an inch long1  slender1   
inserted with scarcely a depression2    
dull red or greenish-red2  bloom thin2  
flesh yellowish-green1 juicy1 sweet2    
very good2 stone medium1  oval1 small   
wing2 early to mid-season4              
,outremont4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 
,farm ,bul4 #dc3ch4 #aijc4    ,under    
test at the ,central ,experimental      
,farm1 ,ottawa4    ,overall4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gaf4 #ahhd4    
,fruit large1 oval2 suture faint2 stem  
three-quarters of an inch long  inserted
 without a depression2 dark purple2     

flesh coarse1 pleasantly  flavored2     
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,owatona4    
,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fc3eb4 #ahig4 #b4 ,wis4  ,hort4 ,so4   
,rpt4 #acg4 #ahii4 #c4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #ic3ca4 #aije4    ,a wild variety 
from ,owatonna1 ,minnesota4 ,trees      
hardy1 productive2 fruit  medium in     
size1 oblong2 suture distinct2 red2     
flesh yellow1 tender1  bitter2 lacking  
in flavor2 mid-season4    ,owen ,sound4 
,species8 #a4 ,can4 ,hort4 #aa3bei4     
#ahhh4 #b4 ,ibid4  #ad3cej4 #ahia4      
,owen ,sound ,beauty #a1 #b4    ,a      
seedling grown by ,r4 ,trotter of ,owen 
,sound1 ,ontario1 from pits of  an      
unnamed plum4 ,tree strong1 healthy2    
fruit large1 roundish-oblong2  suture   
distinct1 dividing the plum into unequal
 parts2 brownish-purple2  dots light1   
numerous2 bloom thick2 flesh orange1    
very juicy1 rich and  excellent2        
freestone2 late4    ,oxford4 ,nigra4 #a4
 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3eb4 #ahig4 #b4   
,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4  ,bul4 #ic3cj4 #aije4   

,this variety is from ,minnesota and    
resembles ,aitken1 but is more          
vigorous2 lacks productiveness2 fruit   
large1 roundish-oval1 deep red2  flesh  
orange-yellow2 good2 stone large1 thin1 
clinging2 very early4    ,oyama4        
,triflora4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 
#aai4 #aijd4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  ,soc4 ,rpt4
 #ff4 #aije4    ,a seedling of the ,red 
,june grown at the ,central             
,experimental ,farm1  ,ottawa1 ,canada1 
from seed planted in #ahie4 ,fruit of   
medium size1 roundish  to broad-oval2   
cavity narrow1 of medium depth1 abrupt2 
suture a distinct  line1 not depressed2 
apex rounded2 deep red2 dots obscure2   
bloom thin2  flesh yellow1 firm1 juicy2 
sweet1 not rich2 quality medium2 stone  
small1  oval1 clinging4    ,paddock     
,magnum ,bonum4 ,domestica4 #a4         
,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4     
#dbj4 #ahdf4    ,originated from a pit  
brought from ,russia in #ahje by a      
,captain ,paddock4  ,closely resembles  
the ,red ,magnum ,bonum of which it may 

be a seedling2  clingstone4    ,paine4  
,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort4      
#c3ig4 #ahfh4    ,paine's ,seedling #a4 
,a chance seedling raised by ,a4 ,w4    
,paine of ,bangor1 ,maine4 ,fruit medium
  to large2 oval2 cavity shallow1       
one-sided with a small lip2 stem long1  
stout2 suture slight2 golden-yellow1    
blotched with red2 bloom thin2 flesh    
yellow1 coarse1 rich1 sweet2 clingstone2
 early4    ,paisan ,blanche4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,knoop ,fructologie #b3fj4 #agga4  
,paisan ,blanche et ,double #a4 ,prune  
de ,paisan blanche and simple #a4       
,fruit large1 round2 suture large1 deep2
 greenish-yellow2 flesh soft1  juicy2   
good2 clingstone2 very productive4      
,paisan ,noire4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,knoop  
,fructologie #b3fj4 #agga4    ,prune de 
,paisan ,noire #a4    ,said to resemble 
8,paisan ,blanche0 in form1 size and    
productiveness but is  purple and the   
suture is a little deeper1 flesh more   
watery and inferior  in flavor4         
,palmer4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 

,pom4 ,rpt4 #df4 #ahie4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,rpt4 #dg4 #ahig4    ,probably a  
seedling of ,abundance1 grown by ,j4 ,s4
 ,breece of ,fayetteville1  ,north      
,carolina1 about #ahib4 ,fruit of medium
 size1 roundish-conical1  coppery-red   
with numerous russet dots2 bloom light2 
skin thin1 bitter2  flesh yellowish1    
translucent with yellow veins1 meaty1   
tender1 juicy1  fibrous1 mild subacid1  
rich2 good to very good2 stone large1   
long1 oval1  clinging2 very early4      
,pander4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #dg4 #ahig4    ,a seedling of    
,abundance grown by ,j4 ,s4 ,breece1    
,fayetteville1 ,north  ,carolina4 ,fruit
 large1 roundish1 light to dark crimson2
 dots minute  russet1 raised2 bloom     
slight2 skin thin1 slightly bitter2     
flesh yellow1  translucent1 rather firm1
 meaty1 juicy1 sugary vinous1 rich2 very
 good2  stone oval1 medium in size1     
clinging2 season with ,wild ,goose4     
,pappaconi4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,noisette   
,man4 ,comp4 ,jard4 #b3dii4 #ahfj4      

,imported into ,france from the ,royal  
,gardens of ,naples4 ,fruit larger than 
,dame ,aubert1 brilliant yellow1 ripens 
in ,september4    ,papeleu4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gaf4 #ahhd4     
,fruit medium in size1 round1           
symmetrical2 stem moderately long1 set  
in a  narrow depression2 suture very    
shallow2 golden-yellow when ripe1       
mottled  with pale straw color2 dots    
small1 crimson2 bloom light2 flesh      
yellow1  tender and juicy1 rich1 sugary 
and highly flavored2 freestone2         
mid-season4    ,paquet4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,rpt4 #bf1 ,col4  
,pl4 #ahid4    ,originated in #ahhi with
 ,peter ,paquet1 ,oregon ,city1 ,oregon4
 ,fruit very  large1 oval2 cavity large1
 deep1 regular2 stem about an inch long1
 rather  stout1 curved2 suture moderate2
 apex truncated2 yellow washed with red2
  dots many1 yellow2 skin thick2 flesh  
yellow2 very good2 stone oval1          
semi-clinging2 early4    ,park4         
,domestica 8 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 

,ibid4 #be4 #ahig4 #c4  ,ohio ,sta4     
,bul4 #afb3bef1 #beg4 #aije4    ,kerr   
says this is reputed to be a hybrid of  
,prunus domestica with  a native        
variety4 ,tree upright-spreading2 fruit 
above medium size1  oblong-oval2 cavity 
broad and deep2 stem of medium length1  
stout2  greenish-yellow2 flesh yellow2  
good2 stone of medium size1 clinging2   
mid-season4    ,parker4 ,species8 #a4   
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3eb4 #ahig4        
,reported as very productive and regular
 in bearing2 fruit large2 good2  early4 
,parrott4 ,species8 #a4 ,kan4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #cj3fc4 #aijh-ji4           
,parrott originated with ,a4 ,h4        
,griesa1 ,lawrence1 ,kansas4 ,fruit     
small1  bright red2 bloom thin2 stone   
small2 very late4    ,parsonage4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #cfg4 #aheg4    ,originated at     
,rhinebeck1 ,dutchess ,county1 ,new     
,york4 ,tree very vigorous1  upright1   
productive2 fruit medium to large1 oval2
 stem medium2 cavity  small2 pale yellow

 splashed with green2 flesh yellow1     
juicy1 rich2  freestone2 mid-season4    
,partridge4 ,species8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4   
,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3ed4 #aijj4    
#b4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #edh4      
#aija4    ,grown at the ,experimental   
,farm1 ,agassiz1 ,british ,columbia4    
,tree vigorous2  fruit medium1 round2   
suture distinct2 red with white bloom2  
flesh  yellowish1 sweet1 pleasant2      
early4    ,pasqua4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4    
,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4    ,sent
 out by ,thomas ,frankland1 ,stonewall1 
,manitoba4 ,fruit large1 red2 late4     
,pathfinder4 ,triflora  7,triflora      
,simonii87 #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4  #fh3geb4 
#aiji4    ,pathfinder1 a cross between  
,chabot and ,wickson1 was grown by      
,william  ,strong ,arkansas4 ,fruit     
heart-shaped1 strongly pointed1 dark    
colored2  flesh firm1 fine-grained and  
sweet4    ,patten ,a4 ,munsoniana4 #a4  
,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhf4 #aijj4        
,received by the ,iowa ,experiment      
,station from ,c4 ,g4 ,patten1 ,charles 

,city1 ,iowa1 with whom the variety     
originated4 ,fruit medium in size1      
ellipsoidal1 flattened at both ends2    
cavity deep2 suture a well-marked       
groove2 bright red to purplish-red2 dots
 small1 numerous2 bloom thin2  flesh    
firm1 meaty2 good2 stone of medium size1
 winged1 flat1 clinging2  not           
introduced4    ,patten ,b4 ,americana4  
#a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhf4 #aijj4    
,of the ,stoddard type1 from ,c4 ,g4    
,patten1 ,charles ,city1 ,iowa4 ,fruit  
medium  to large1 conical1 somewhat     
pointed2 cavity shallow2 stem long2     
suture  clearly outlined2 apex pointed2 
dark purplish-red2 dots numerous1 small2
  bloom thick2 skin thick1 brittle2     
flesh yellow-brown2 good2 stone large1  
flat1 clinging4    ,peach ,leaf4        
,hortulana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fc3eb4 #ahig4 #b4 ,vt4  ,sta4 ,an4     
,rpt4 #aa3bhe4 #ahih4    ,peachleaf #b4 
,a variety of unknown origin grown for  
many years by ,b4 ,a4 ,mathews of       
,iowa4 ,given as synonymous to ,kanawha 

by the ,american ,pomological ,society4 
,waugh says this is an error4 ,fruit    
medium in size1 round2 cavity slight2   
suture a faint line2 deep wine red2 dots
 many1 small2 flesh yellow1 firm2  good2
 stone medium1 rough4    ,peach-plum4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4     
#b3aebi4 #afhh4 #b4 ,rea  ,flora #bjh4  
#afgf4    ,peach ,plum #a4    ,a yellow 
variety grown in the ,seventeenth       
,century4    ,peake4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egh4 #afbi4     
,parkinson says of it1 8long1 whitish   
and very good40    ,pearl4 ,americana   
mollis4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aa4 #ahih4 #b4 
,terry ,cat4  #e4 #aijj4 #c4 ,ill4      
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dbd4 #aije4    ,from
 ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa2 grown
 from seed of ,van ,buren planted  about
 #ahia4 ,tree very productive1 vigorous1
 upright2 fruit large1 white  becoming  
pale red2 of best quality2 ripens last  
of ,august4    ,pear ,plum4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3de1 ,tab4    
#aii fig4 #b4  #agif4 #b4 ,n4 ,e4       

,farmer ,dict4 #bff4 #agig4    ,die     
veilchenfarbige ,birnpflaume #a4 ,prune 
poire grosse violette #a4    ,kraft in  
#agif described a little-known ,pear    
plum4 ,tree medium in size1             
unproductive2 fruit very large1         
pear-shaped2 suture distinct2 stem long2
  reddish-purple2 flesh juicy1          
unpleasant2 freestone4 ,this may or may 
not  be the same as the ,new ,england   
variety of this name mentioned in the   
references4    ,peasant4 ,species8 #a4  
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4      
#c3ee4 #aijj4    ,tested by the         
,experimental ,farm at ,agassiz1        
,british ,columbia4 ,tree  vigorous2    
fruit small1 roundish1 purple2 flesh    
yellowish1 juicy1 sweet2  mid-season4   
,peerless4 ,americana4 #a4 ,meneray     
,cat4    ,a seedling of ,harrison grown 
by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry and introduced by ,f4 
,w4  ,meneray1 ,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa4 
,fruit large1 oblong1 dark red2 skin    
thin2  flesh yellow1 firm2 good2        
freestone4    ,pekin4 ,species8 ,letter 

from ,kerr4    ,originated by ,theodore 
,williams1 ,benson1 ,nebraska4          
,pendent4 ,munsoniana  ,hortulana       
mineri4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ai4 #ahih4 #b4 
,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ah4 #ahih4    ,a   
cross between ,pottawattamie and ,forest
 ,garden from ,theodore ,williams of    
,benson1 ,nebraska2 introduced by ,j4   
,w4 ,kerr in #ahih4 ,tree slender1 a    
rapid  grower1 productive2 fruit medium 
to large1 roundish inclined to oblong1  
red2 semi-clinging2 mid-season4         
,penning4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4   
#aa4 #ahig4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4     
#afj4 #aija4    ,penning's ,free #b4    
,penning's ,free #a4    ,originated with
 ,martin ,penning of ,minnesota2 a      
perfect freestone4    ,penning ,peach4  
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #g4 #ahif4  
#b4 ,wis4 ,sta4  ,bul4 #fc3eb4 #ahig4   
#c4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aa4 #ahii4    ,c4 ,w4  
,h4 ,heideman of ,minnesota says this   
variety was introduced about  thirty    
years ago as the ,peach plum and was    
sold under that name by  ,northwestern  

nurserymen2 he added the name ,penning  
to avoid confusion2 it  closely         
resembles ,harrison and is by some      
considered identical with that  variety4
 ,tree hardy and healthy1 a shy bearer2 
fruit medium to large1  oblong1         
purplish-red2 flesh sweet2              
semi-clinging2 mid-season4              
,penobscot4 ,domestica4 #a4             
,horticulturist #a3aif4 #ahdf4 #b4      
,elliott  ,fr4 ,book #dbh4 #ahed4 #c4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #bbb1 #bdd4      
#aheh4    ,originated about #ahdj with  
,james ,mc,laughlin of ,bangor1 ,maine4 
,rejected  by the ,american ,pomological
 ,society in #aheh4 ,tree productive2   
fruit  large1 oval2 suture distinct2    
cavity small2 stem of medium length2    
greenish-yellow with a red blush in the 
sun2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1  sweet2  
flavor pleasant2 stone long1 pointed at 
both ends1 clinging2 early4    ,pennock4
 ,prunus besseyi  ,domestica8 #a4 ,vt4  
,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ah4  #ahih4 #b4 ,colo4  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3dc4 #ahih4    ,pennock's

 ,hybrid #b4    ,pennock was raised in  
#ahic by ,c4 ,e4 ,pennock of ,fort      
,collins1 ,colorado1  from seed of      
,prunus besseyi supposed to have been   
pollinated by  ,arctic4 ,tree dwarfish1 
upright2 leaves of medium size1 ovate1  
coarsely  serrate1 thickish1 finely     
tomentose on either side2 petiole short1
 stiff1  sometimes with one gland at the
 base of the blade2 fruit small1        
roundish2  suture slight2 deep blue2    
bloom heavy2 flavor intermediate between
 the  plum and cherry2 stone small1     
round and cherry-like4    ,peoly ,early 
,blue4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4    
,trees ,am4 #cji4 #ahde4  #b4 ,thomas   
,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cdf4 #ahdi4    ,from
 ,massachusetts4 ,fruit medium in size1 
oblong2 stem short2 suture  obscure2    
dark blue2 bloom light2 flesh yellow2   
pleasant2 fair quality2  semi-clinging2 
early4    ,perdrigon des ,alpes4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #aea4 #ahca4    ,the ,london      
,horticultural ,society listed          

,perdrigon des ,alpes and ,perdrigon    
,violet des ,alpes as distinct varieties
 but there seems to be little           
difference between them4    ,perdrigon  
of ,cernay4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,quintinye  
,com4 ,gard4 #fh1 #fi4  #afii4          
,cernay ,perdrigon #a4    ,mentioned in 
the preceding reference as round or     
oblate1 with a dry and  mealy flesh4    
,perdrigon ,tardif4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fg4 #afii4 #b4 
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aea4 #ahca4  
#c4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3abe4 #ahgc4  #d4
 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dej4 #ahhi4      
,damas de ,septembre #d incor4 ,knigs   
,pflaume aus ,paris #d4 ,knigspflaume   
von ,paris #c4 ,later ,perdrigon #a4    
,royale de ,paris ,tardive #d4          
,september  ,damascene #d incor4 ,spte  
,herrn ,pflaume #d4 ,spte ,knigs        
,pflaume  #d4 ,spte ,knigs ,pflaume aus 
,paris #d4 ,spter ,perdrigon #d4 ,spter 
,perdrigon #c4    ,quintinye1 in #afii1 
mentioned a ,later ,perdrigon which is  
probably this  variety4 ,duhamel        

confused this variety with the          
,impratrice but they are  distinct4 ,in 
,america this ,perdrigon is unknown4    
,tree small2 leaves small1  obovate2    
flowers very small2 fruit small1        
roundish-ellipsoid2 suture  distinct2   
skin thick1 purplish-black2 stem short2 
cavity shallow2 flesh  yellowish1 fine1 
firm1 sweet2 freestone2 late4           
,pershore4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit 
,man4 #cge4 #ahff4 #b4 ,mas ,pom4  ,gen4
 #b3aaa4 #ahgc4 #c4 ,garden #di3bbe4    
#ahif4    ,pershore ,yellow ,egg #c4    
,grown largely in the ,pershore         
district1 ,worcester ,county1 ,england4 
,tree vigorous1 productive2 fruit       
medium1 obovate2 suture indistinct2     
golden-yellow2 flesh clear yellow1      
neither juicy nor sweet2 quality fair2  
stone small1 clinging2 fit only for     
culinary purposes2 propagated by        
suckers4    ,petite ,quetsche ,sucre4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3aha4
 #ahgc4  #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcg4 
#ahhi4    ,ananas ,zwetsche #b4 ,kleine 

,zuckerzwetsche #b4 ,kleine ,zucker     
,zwetsche #a4    ,a ,german variety     
produced from seed of ,violette ,diaper4
 ,fruit small1  oval2 suture shallow2   
cavity small2 stem slender2 dark purple2
 bloom  thick2 flesh yellow1            
fine-grained1 juicy1 sweet2 freestone2  
mid-season4    ,phiolenartige ,gelbe    
,zwetsche4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 
,pom4 #ddb4  #ahhi4    ,mathieu found   
the name of this variety in ,wiener     
,garten-,zeitung #bhh4  #ahhd4          
,pilot4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #fc3bd1 #eb4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ibid4    
#hg3ae4 #aija4 #c4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ic3ca4 #aijd4    ,originated with ,m4  
,e4 ,hinckley at ,marcus1 ,iowa1 from   
seed of a wild plum  gathered on the    
,little ,sioux ,river near ,cherokee1   
,iowa2 seed planted  in #ahgj4 ,tree    
open1 spreading1 drooping2 fruit large1 
oblong-oval with  rounded apex2 suture  
distinct2 yellow mottled with light and 
dark red2  skin thick1 tough2 flesh     
firm1 rich and sweet2 good2 stone       

long-oval1  pointed1 margined2          
mid-season2 cracks and rots in wet      
seasons4    ,pink ,damson4 ,insititia8  
#a4 ,montreal ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ic4   
#ahhe4    ,fruit small1 pinkish-red2    
flesh light pink1 soft2 quality fair2   
very  early4    ,pioneer ,prune4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,pioneer ,nur4 ,cat4    
#aijj4    ,a variety grown for several  
years by the ,pioneer ,nursery ,company1
 ,salt  ,lake ,city1 ,utah2 discarded   
because of its close resemblance to the 
,italian ,prune4    ,piper4 ,americana4 
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #afb4 #ahia4 
#b4 ,wis4 ,sta4  ,bul4 #fc3eb4 #ahig4   
#c4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhg4 #aijj4 #d4
 ,wis4 ,sta4  ,bul4 #hg3ae1 #af fig4 #d4
 #aija4    ,piper's ,peach #a1 #b1 #c4  
,piper's ,peach #d4    ,found wild near 
,mankato1 ,blue ,earth ,county1         
,minnesota1 about #ahhg by  ,j4 ,s4     
,harris of ,crescent1 ,minnesota4 ,tree 
vigorous1 upright1 hardy1  productive2  
fruit large1 round1 bright red2 flesh   
orange-yellow1  sweet and rich2 good2   

stone roundish1 slightly margined1      
nearly free2  mid-season2 mentioned in  
the catalog of the ,american            
,pomological ,society  in #ahii4        
,piram4 ,angustifolia varians4 #a4      
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3hj4 #ahib4  #b4
 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dij1 #dia4 #ahid4
 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aig4  #aija4  
,a seedling from ,goliad ,county1       
,texas1 originated by ,g4 ,onderdonk2   
named  after ,piram ,hall about #ahge4  
,tree hardy1 productive2 fruit medium to
  large1 roundish2 suture indistinct2   
light yellow2 dots white2 bloom  thin2  
skin thin and tender2 flesh yellow1     
soft1 sweet2 fair to good2  clingstone2 
mid-season4    ,pissardi4 ,cerasifera4  
#a4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #aia4 #ahha4 #b4 ,gard4
 ,mon4  #be3cfg4 #ahhc4 #c4 ,rural ,n4  
,y4 #dd3dgi4 #ahhe4 #d4 ,gard4 and ,for4
  #a3agh4 #ahhh4 #e4 ,garden #ee3cad4   
#ahii4 #f4 ,bailey ,cyc4 ,hort4  #addg4 
#aija4    ,prunus ,cerasifera           
,atropurpurea #e4 ,prunus ,pissardi #e4 
,prunus  ,pissardii #c4 ,purple-leaved  

,plum #c4 ,the ,purple ,myrobalan #e4   
,prunus  ,pissardi #a1 #b1 #d4    ,see  
,prunus cerasifera1 p4 #jjj4 ,tree      
large2 shoots purplish2 foliage  while  
unfolding tinged with red1 later        
becoming dark purple2 fruit medium  in  
size2 skin purplish1 showing color in   
unripe stage1 thin1 tough2  suture      
obscure2 flesh firm1 juicy1 moderately  
acid1 inferior in quality2  clingstone4 
,plantz4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,cal4 ,state   
,bd4 ,hort4 ,rpt4 #abi1 #acj fig4 #ahia4
    ,plantz's ,seedling #a4    ,a chance
 seedling found by ,w4 ,a4 ,plantz of   
,new ,castle1 ,california1 about  #ahhc4
 ,tree thrifty1 productive2 fruit large1
 oval1 tapering towards the  stem1      
reddish-purple2 flesh yellow1 sugary1   
rich1 juicy and sweet2 ripens  in       
,california about three weeks before the
 ,hungarian ,prune4    ,plunk4          
,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fc3dd4 #ahig4 #b4 ,kerr ,cat4  #i4     
#ahig4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #afj4    
#aija4    ,large ,red ,sweet #c4 ,large 

,red ,sweet #a1 #b4    ,introduced by   
,charles ,luedloff1 ,cologne1           
,minnesota4 ,tree a rapid grower  with  
good foliage2 fruit large1 round1 dark  
red or purplish-red2 flesh  reddish1 not
 juicy1 very sweet2 good2 clingstone2   
early4    ,pomaria4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ahi4 #ahfg4    ,a   
seedling of the ,reine ,claude from     
,south ,carolina1 about #ahfg4 ,tree    
productive2 fruit medium in size1 blue2 
bloom heavy2 superior to its  parent in 
flavor4    ,pomona4 ,americana          
,hortulana mineri8 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #ic3ca4  #aijd4    ,originated by 
,e4 ,d4 ,cowles1 ,vermilion1 ,south     
,dakota2 under test at the  ,south      
,dakota ,experiment ,station4 ,said to  
be 8a natural cross of ,forest  ,garden 
and ,miner40    ,pond ,purple4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4    
#bji4 #ahce4 #b4  ,downing ,fr4 ,trees  
,am4 #cji4 #ahde4 #c4 ,thomas ,am4      
,fruit ,cult4 #cdd fig4  #cfh4 #ahfg4   
,pond's ,purple #b4 ,pond's ,seedling   

#b1 #c4    ,grown in the garden of      
,henry ,hill1 ,boston2 introduced by    
,samuel ,pond of  ,cambridge1           
,massachusetts4 ,as it resembles the    
well-known ,pond1 it has  been confused 
with that variety4 ,young branches      
downy2 fruit of medium  size1 roundish2 
stem short2 purple2 flesh yellowish1    
rather dry1 sweet1  mingled with acid2  
quality fair2 freestone2 early4         
,pontbriant4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,pom4      
,france #g3cj fig4 #ahga4 #b4 ,cat4     
,cong4 ,pom4 ,france #cdd4 #ahhg4    ,de
 ,pontbriant #b4 ,prune ,de ,pontbriant 
#a4    ,raised by ,m4 ,f4 ,morel1       
,lyons1 ,france1 from seed of the       
,purple ,gage  planted in #ahea4 ,tree  
of medium vigor2 fruit large1 round1 a  
little more  truncated at the base than 
at the apex2 cavity narrow1 shallow2    
stem long  and stout2 suture shallow and
 wide2 reddish-purple1 deeper on the    
sunny  side2 bloom heavy2 flesh pale    
yellow1 medium fine grained1 melting1   
very  juicy1 with a very sweet and      

aromatic flavor2 freestone4             
,pontford4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,watkins     
,cat4 #df4 #ahib8    ,tree very         
productive2 fruit of medium size1       
purple2 mid-season2 suitable  for       
market4    ,pontotoc4 ,hortulana4 #a4   
,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #aa3bhf4 #ahih4   
,mentioned in the catalog of ,f4 ,t4    
,ramsey in #ahih as not yet well tested4
    ,porsch ,rote ,zwetsche4 ,species8  
,listed in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddc4   
#ahhi4    ,potter4 ,americana8 #a4      
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bcc4 #aija4        
,mentioned by ,waugh who says it        
originated in ,cherokee ,county1 ,iowa1 
and  is probably an ,americana4         
,poupart4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit  
,man4 #gag4 #ahhd4    ,poupart's #a4    
,mr4 ,poupart1 market gardener at       
,brompton1 grew this variety1 according 
to  ,hogg1 who says it is an enormous   
bearer and an excellent preserving plum4
  ,fruit medium1 nearly round1          
resembling ,purple ,gage2 light purple1 
dotted  and streaked with darker shades2

 flesh reddish1 firm1 sweet1 with a     
,sloe  flavor2 freestone4    ,powell    
,damson4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,watkins ,cat4 
#dh4 #ahib8    ,mentioned in the        
preceding reference as a new variety4   
,tree vigorous1  productive and large4  
,prairie ,flower4 ,hortulana mineri4 #a4
 ,col41 ,o41 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  #e3aj4 
#ahij4 #b4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bgf4
 #ahic4 #c4 ,mich4 ,sta4  ,bul4 #aah3ed4
 #ahie4 #d4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #age4   
#aija4    ,prairie #c4 ,prairie ,flower 
#c4    ,prairie ,flower1 a supposed     
seedling of ,miner1 originated in       
,adrian  ,county1 ,missouri2 introduced 
by ,stark ,brothers about #ahhd4 ,fruit 
of  medium size1 roundish-oval2 suture a
 line2 cavity shallow2 skin thick1  red 
over yellow2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow2  
good2 stone oval1 slightly  flattened1  
clinging2 season late4 ,mentioned in the
 last two issues of the  catalog of the 
,american ,pomological ,society4        
,prairie ,rose4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 
,farms ,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4    ,a seedling

 raised at the ,experimental ,farm at   
,indian ,head1 ,northwest  ,territory1  
,canada4 ,fruit of medium size1 red2    
good2 mid-season4    ,prcoce ,defresne4 
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #ddc4 #ahhi4    ,prcoce de        
,freudenberg4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #dcj4 #ahhi4  #b4 ,guide    
,prat4 #aef1 #cfa4 #ahie4               
,freudenberger ,frh ,pflaume #a4        
,freudenberger ,frh ,pflaume #b4 ,prcoce
 de  ,freudenberg #a4    ,this variety  
is of ,german origin4 ,fruit of medium  
size1 oval1  reddish-brown2 flesh       
yellow1 firm2 good2 early4    ,prcoce de
 ,lucas4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4  
,trees ,am4 #b;d ,app4 #aef4  #ahgf4 #b4
 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4 #c4  
,lucas ,vollst4 ,hand4  ,obst4 #dgd4    
#ahid4    ,lucas ,frhzwetsche #b1 #c4   
,prcoce de ,lucas #b4 ,quetsche ,prcoce 
de  ,lucas #b4    ,of foreign origin2   
tree vigorous1 an early and abundant    
bearer2 fruit  large1 oval2 stem long1  
slender2 dark blue2 bloom heavy2 flesh  

greenish1  juicy1 sweet2 freestone2     
mid-season4    ,prcoce de ,reutlinger4  
,domestica4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4    
#dcc4 #aije4    ,prcoce de ,reutlinger  
,prune #a4    ,tested at the            
,experimental ,farm at ,agassiz1        
,british ,columbia4 ,fruit below  medium
 size1 oval2 stem short2 cavity small2  
suture well defined and one  side       
enlarged2 deep purple2 flesh yellowish1 
tender1 sweet1 juicy1 rich2  stone      
small1 free2 mid-season4    ,premium4   
,americana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ch3da4 #ahib4 #b4 ,colo4  ,sta4 ,bul4  
#ej3dc4 #ahih4 ,peffer's ,premium #a1   
#b4    ,introduced by ,george ,p4       
,peffer of ,pewaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,tree 
vigorous with  an open top1 productive2 
leaves of medium size1 broad-ovate2     
fruit medium  in size1 round or         
inclining to oblate2 cavity very        
shallow2 stem medium2  suture nearly    
obsolete2 deep red over orange-yellow2  
dots numerous1  small2 bloom thin2 flesh
 yellow1 firm2 fair to good2 stone      

circular1  smooth1 clinging2 mid-season4
    ,preserver4 ,triflora  ,angustifolia
 varians4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ah4  
#ahih4 #b4 ,kerr ,cat4 #aa4 #aijj4    ,a
 supposed cross between ,kelsey and     
,early ,red2 from ,d4 ,h4 ,watson1      
,brenham1 ,texas2 introduced by ,william
 ,a4 ,yates in #ahig4 ,tree vigorous1   
compact2 fruit of medium size1 roundish1
 dark red2 flesh red1 firm2  mid-season4
    ,president4 ,americana4 #a4 ,meneray
 ,cat4 ,the ,president #a4    ,a        
seedling of ,harrison grown by ,h4 ,a4  
,terry1 and introduced by ,f4 ,w4       
,meneray1 ,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa4 ,tree
 productive2 fruit large1 yellow1       
covered with red2 flesh yellow1 sweet1  
rich1 firm2 semi-clinging4              
,president4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,gard4      
,world #ab3abc4 #ahie4 #b4 ,garden      
#eh3bid4 #aijj4 #c4 ,ibid4 #fd3bfb4     
#aijc4    ,raised by ,thomas ,rivers of 
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england2 first fruited
 in #ahid  and introduced in #aija by   
the originator4 ,tree compact1          

productive2 fruit  large1 oval1 deep    
purple almost black2 bloom heavy2 flesh 
with a sweet1  rich flavor2 freestone2  
late4 ,recommended for culinary and     
market use4    ,president4 ,triflora    
,simonii4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4     
#ab3bbf4 #ahii4    ,grown by ,luther    
,burbank as a seedling of ,wickson2     
named by ,waugh in #ahii4  ,fruit large1
 heart-shaped2 cavity deep1 rounded2    
stem short1 very stout2  suture shallow2
 apex pointed2 dark1 fire-red2 dots     
many1 minute2 bloom  thin2 skin thin2   
flesh firm1 meaty1 yellow2 flavor       
peculiar1 a trifle  like musk-melon2    
quality poor2 stone large1 oval1        
pointed1 flattened1  semi-clinging4     
,president ,courcelles4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,guide ,prat4 #afb1 #cfa4 #ahie4  #b4   
,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dja4 #ahih4   
#c4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd  ,ser4 
#c3ee4 #aijj4    ,president ,courcelle  
#c4    ,tested at the ,experimental     
,farm at ,agassiz1 ,british ,columbia4  
,tree  vigorous2 fruit of medium size1  

globular or sometimes heart-shaped2     
suture shallow2 purple2 flesh pale      
yellow or greenish1 juicy1 sweet1       
pleasant2 mid-season4    ,presley4      
,hortulana mineri  ,hortulana4 #a4 ,vt4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4  #ab3bbg4 #ahii4       
,from ,a4 ,l4 ,bruce1 ,basin ,springs1  
,texas4 ,waugh says its parentage is    
probably ,miner by ,wayland4 ,fruit of  
medium size1 inclined to oval2 cavity   
shallow2 bright red2 dots numerous1     
indistinct2 flesh yellow2 good2 stone   
small1 round1 flattened1 clinging4      
,price4 ,americana4 #a4 ,meneray ,cat4  
,prof4 ,price #a4    ,a seedling grown  
by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry2 introduced by ,f4 ,w4
 ,meneray1 ,council  ,bluffs1 ,iowa4    
,fruit large1 oblong1 yellow1 tinged    
with red2 good2  clingstone4    ,pride  
of ,waterloo4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #crd ,app4 #ahb  fig4  
#ahha4 #b4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt4 #dd3ib4 #ahii4    ,pride of       
,waterloo8 #b4    ,raised by ,a4 ,h4    
,doles1 ,waterloo1 ,new ,york1 from seed

 of ,smith ,orleans2  distinct from     
,pond with which it is sometimes        
confused4 ,tree upright1  vigorous1 very
 productive2 branches smooth1           
reddish-brown2 fruit large1  oval1      
narrowing towards the stem2 suture      
indistinct2 cavity large2  stem medium  
in length and thickness2 reddish-purple2
 bloom thin2 flesh  deep yellow1 coarse1
 juicy1 sweet1 sprightly1 not rich2     
stone slightly  adherent2 mid-season4   
,primate4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,rivers ,cat4 
#ce4 #ahih-i4 #b4 ,thompson ,gard4      
,ass't #d3aei4 #aija4 #c4 ,can4 ,exp4   
,farms ,rpt4 #dcc4 #aije4    ,a seedling
 first fruited by ,thomas ,rivers1      
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england1 in  #ahij1   
and introduced by him in #ahig4 ,fruit  
large1 round2 stem short1 set  in a     
medium cavity2 suture distinct2 sides   
often unequal2 purplish-red2  dots      
numerous1 small1 golden2 bloom thin2    
flesh yellowish1 juicy1 sweet2  good2   
stone small1 free2 ripens late and hangs
 well after maturing4    ,prince4       

,domestica4 #a4 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4     
#b3aebi4 #afhh4    ,ray mentions a      
variety by this name4 ,it may be the    
same as  ,gloucestershire ,violet4      
,prince ,early ,damson4 ,insititia4 #a4 
,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3hg4 #ahcb4       
,prince's ,early ,purple #a4    ,a      
seedling raised by ,william ,prince4    
,fruit of medium size1 ovate1 dark      
purple1 pleasant2 freestone2 early4     
,prince ,orange ,egg4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cib4 #aheg4  
#b4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ahg4 #ahgc4     
,oeuf ,orange ,de ,prince #b4 ,prince's 
,orange ,egg #b4    ,grown by ,william  
,prince4 ,tree vigorous1 productive2    
fruit large1  globular2 cavity medium2  
stem short1 stout2 reddish-purple2 dots 
brownish-yellow2 bloom thick2 flesh     
greenish-yellow1 a little coarse1       
juicy1 sweet and sprightly1 not rich2   
semi-clinging2 mid-season4    ,prince   
,orange ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #dje4 #aheg4    ,noted 
only by ,downing1 who describes it as   

follows3 8,fruit medium1  roundish-oval2
 suture moderate2 skin yellow2 stalk    
long1 set in an open  cavity2 flesh     
light yellow1 coarse1 juicy1 pleasant1  
but not rich2  adheres to the stone2    
first of ,september40    ,prince        
,primordian4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,prince    
,treat4 ,hort4 #be4 #ahbh4 #b4  ,prince 
,pom4 ,man4 #b3gi4 #ahcb4    ,prince's  
,blue ,primordian #a4 ,prince's ,blue   
,primordian #b4    ,a seedling of ,white
 ,primordian1 grown by ,william ,prince4
 ,a very early  variety1 of about the   
same size as its parent1 oval in shape1 
blue2 flesh  pleasantly flavored4       
,pringle4 ,insititia8 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4   
,a4 ,rpt4 #ejc1 ,pl4 #fc4 #aije4        
,pringle is a ,damson-like variety      
originating as a sprout from the stock  
of a ,lombard tree in the orchard of ,a4
 ,c4 ,pringle1 ,mears1 ,michigan2       
introduced by ,e4 ,hawley  ,sons of     
,hart1 ,michigan1 about #ahif4          
,pringle ,blue4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,n4 ,y4 
,sta4 ,rpt4 #ab3fab4 #ahic4    ,received

 by the ,new ,york ,experiment ,station 
in #ahij from ,l4 ,m4  ,macomber1 ,north
 ,ferrisburg1 ,vermont4 ,tree very      
productive2 fruit large1                
irregular-oval2 cavity medium2 suture   
shallow2 skin thin1 tender2             
purplish-black2 bloom thick2 dots small1
 numerous2 flesh pale yellow1  dry1     
firm2 flavor flat2 fair2 stone          
semi-clinging2 mid-season2 of no  value4
    ,pringle ,purple4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #i3cdg4 #ahij4      
,received by the ,new ,york ,experiment 
,station in #ahij from ,l4 ,m4          
,macomber1  ,north ,ferrisburg1         
,vermont4 ,tree productive2 fruit of    
medium size1  roundish1 compressed2     
cavity small2 suture a line2 skin thin1 
tender2  reddish-purple1 unattractive2  
bloom thinnish2 dots small1 numerous2   
flesh  light yellow1 moderately juicy1  
slightly fibrous1 firm1 mild2 good2     
stone  nearly free2 mid-season2 of no   
value4    ,procureur4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3fc4 #ahgc4          

,platte ,hellrothe ,knigspflaume #a4    
,probably of ,french origin4 ,tree      
vigorous1 early1 productive2 fruit      
large1  round1 flattened at the ends2   
suture well defined2 dull yellow1 almost
  covered with bright purple2 bloom     
thin2 flesh pale yellow1 juicy1 sweet1  
aromatic2 quality fair2 stone small1    
free2 mid-season4    ,profuse4 ,species8
 ,letter from ,kerr4    ,originated by  
,theodore ,williams1 ,benson1 ,nebraska4
    ,prof4 ,wittmack4 ,insititia8       
,domestica8 #a4 ,gard4 ,chron4 #c3cfd4  
#ahhh4    ,the parentage of this variety
 is not definitely known but it is      
thought  to be a ,mirabelle crossed with
 ,italian ,prune2 grown by ,herr        
,ulhorn1  ,grevenbroich1 ,lower ,rhenish
 ,prussia4 ,a sweet plum of the prune   
type2  freestone2 good for either       
dessert or drying4    ,pruneau4         
,species8 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4    
#aag4 #ahge4    ,reported from ,quebec1 
,canada1 in #ahge2 commonly grown from  
suckers4    ,prune d',agen ,double4     

,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dbj4  #ahhi4    ,prune d',amour4
 ,domestica4 ,listed in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dba4 #ahhi4    ,prune d',automne4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3i4 
#ahgc4    ,herbstpflaume #a4    ,raised 
by ,dr4 ,dorell of ,kuttenberg1         
,bohemia4 ,tree of capricious growth2   
fruit small1 globular2 suture           
indistinct2 purplish-black2 flesh       
greenish-yellow1 juicy2 good2 freestone2
 late4    ,prune de ,laghouat4          
,domestica8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dch4  #ahhi4    ,prune d',ente  
,impriale4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in    
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #dbi4 #ahhi4      
,prune de ,rudolphe4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ahi4 #ahgc4         
,rudolph's ,pflaume #a4    ,liegel      
received this variety in #ahdb from     
,count ,bressler of ,hungary4  ,origin  
uncertain4 ,tree vigorous1 an early and 
prolific bearer2 fruit  medium in size1 
obovate2 suture indistinct2             
golden-yellow1 dotted with  red2 flesh  

clear yellow1 sweet1 juicy2 good2 stone 
obovate1 clinging2  mid-season4         
,prune de ,seigneur4 ,species8          
,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dej4
 #ahhi4    ,prune de ,prince4    ,prune 
,tardive4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 
,trees ,am4 #bnd ,app4 #aeg4  #ahgf4    
,tree vigorous1 very productive2 fruit  
below medium size1 oval2 stem  long1    
slender1 set in a small cavity2 black2  
bloom thick2 flesh  greenish-yellow1    
juicy1 sweet2 freestone2 very late4     
,pseudo ,mirabelle4 ,insititia4         
,mentioned in ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 
#aeb4  #ahca4    ,purple ,favorite4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #cjg4 fig4  #abf4 #ahde4 #b4 ,n4   
,y4 ,agr4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bic fig4 #ahdh4  
#c4 ,mag4 ,hort4  #af3dee1 #def fig4    
#bg4 #ahej4 #d4 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3hc1 
fig4 #db4  #ahff-gc4    ,favorite       
,pourpre #d4 ,purple ,favourite #d4     
,the original tree of ,purple ,favorite 
was planted at ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1   
by the father of ,a4 ,j4 ,downing2 from 

whence it came is not known4 ,fruit  of 
medium size1 roundish2 cavity slight2   
suture lacking2 brownish-purple2  bloom 
thin2 flesh pale yellow1 tender1 juicy1 
sweet2 quality very good2  stone small1 
round1 free2 mid-season4 ,listed in the 
,american ,pomological  ,society catalog
 since #aheb4    ,purple ,flesh4        
,triflora4 #a4 ,stark ,bros4 ,cat4      
#aiji4    ,a purple-fleshed variety     
introduced by ,stark ,brothers and      
recommended by  them as being hardy4    
,purple-leaved ,hybrid4 ,triflora       
,cerasifera4 #a4 ,burbank ,cat4 #af     
fig4 #ahic4    ,k4 ,p4 #aic #a4    ,a   
seedling of ,kelsey pollinated by       
,pissardi2 from ,luther ,burbank1 ,santa
  ,rosa1 ,california4 ,resembles the    
male parent in wood1 bark1 leaves1      
flowers and fruit2 very ornamental on   
account of its large purple leaves4     
,fruit larger than ,pissardi1 dark      
purple with many white dots2 bloom thin2
  flesh reddish-purple throughout1 firm1
 subacid2 good2 ripens several  weeks   

before ,kelsey4    ,purple ,panhandle4  
,angustifolia watsoni4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4  
#ahid4 #b4  ,ibid4 #ba4 #ahig4 #c4      
,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fruits #bbb1 #bbc4  
#ahih4 #d4  ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bcc4   
#aija4    ,introduced from the          
,panhandle of ,texas by ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey1
 ,austin1 ,texas4  ,tree small1 rapid in
 growth2 fruit below medium in size1    
round-oblong1  inclining to conic1      
purplish-red2 quality poor2 clingstone2 
early to  mid-season4    ,purple        
,yosemite4 ,species8 #a4 ,gard4 ,mon4   
#bj3agf4 #ahgh4 #b4  ,penin4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #fe4 #ahia4 #c4 ,can4 ,exp4 
,farm ,bul4 #dc3cb4  #aijc4    ,yosemite
 #a4 ,yosemite ,purple #c4              
,introduced by ,w4 ,s4 ,carpenter of    
,rye1 ,new ,york1 who secured it from   
the 8,rocky ,mountains40 ,fruit large1  
roundish2 cavity shallow2 suture a      
line2 skin thick1 deep1 dull red2 dots  
yellow1 distinct2 bloom medium  thick2  
flesh yellow1 juicy1 sweet2 quality     
fair2 stone oval1 flattened1  clinging2 

mid-season4    ,puymirol d',ente4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits  
#cef4 #ahia4    ,originated at ,puymirol
 in the southwest of ,france2 introduced
 into  ,california2 a type of the ,agen4
 ,tree productive2 fruit large1 inclined
 to  oblong2 flesh very sweet2 ripens a 
little earlier than ,agen4    ,quaker4  
,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 
#cjh4 #ahhd4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4   
#afj4 #aija4    ,found in the wild by   
,joseph ,bundy of ,springville1 ,linn   
,county1 ,iowa2  introduced about #ahfb 
by ,h4 ,c4 ,raymond1 ,council ,bluffs1  
,iowa4 ,fruit  large1 roundish2 cavity  
shallow2 suture a line2 stem long2 skin 
thick1  dark red2 bloom thick2 dots     
many2 flesh yellow1 sweet1 pleasant2    
good2  stone large1 oblique-oval1       
flattened1 semi-clinging2 mid-season4   
,quality4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #fc3bd1 #ee4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ia4      
,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhg4 #aijj4 #c4 ,wis4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #hg3ae4 #aijg4    ,gaylord  
,quality #b4    ,of unknown origin2     

top-grafted about #ahhj by ,edson       
,gaylord of ,nora  ,springs1 ,iowa1 who 
afterwards distributed the variety4     
,fruit below medium  in size1 round1    
dull purplish-red2 dots white2 bloom    
heavy2 flesh soft2  quality fair2 stone 
turgid2 mid-season4    ,quebec4         
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,can4 ,exp4   
,farm ,bul4 #dc3ch4 #aijc4    ,queen4   
,americana4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 
#dc3ca4 #aijc4    ,golden ,queen #a4    
,from ,h4 ,a4 ,terry coming from unknown
 parents and bearing its first crop  in 
#ahig4 ,tree upright2 fruit large1      
round1 bright golden-yellow2 very  good2
 said to be excellent for canning or    
dessert4    ,queen ,may4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3cf4 #aijc4 
,first grown by ,thomas ,clark1         
,chateaugay1 ,quebec4 ,tree strong and  
productive2 fruit large1 round2 cavity  
narrow2 suture indistinct2              
greenish-yellow2 bloom thin2 dots       
indistinct2 flesh greenish-yellow1      
juicy1 firm1 sweet1 rich2 very good2    

clingstone4    ,queen ,mother4          
,domestica8 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  
#egf1 #egg1 #egh4  #afbi4 #b4 ,rea      
,flora #bjg4 #afgf4 #c4 ,ray ,hist4     
,plant4 #b3aebi4 #afhh4  #d4 ,quintinye 
,com4 ,gard4 #fi1 #gj4 #afii4 #e4       
,langley ,pomona #id1 ,pl4  ,,xxiv fig4 
#c4 #agbi4 #f4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4      
#b3hg4 #ahcb4 #g4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees 
,am4 #caj4 #ahde4 #h4 ,floy-,lindley    
,guide ,orch4 ,gard4 #bia4  #ahdf4 #i4  
,mas ,le ,verger #f3da4 #ahff-gc4 #aj4  
,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gai4  #ahhd4 #aa4   
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcg1 #ddh4 #ahhi4 
#ab4 ,guide ,prat4 #afj1  #cfa4 #ahie4  
,cherry of some 8#a1 8#c4 ,coeur de     
,pigeon #aa4 ,damaske ,violet 8#a4      
,damas  ,violet #g1 #aa1 #ab4 ,knigin   
,mutter #aa4 ,moschatelle of some #c4   
,muscadine  8#a4 ,petit ,damas ,rouge   
#i1 #ab4 ,petit ,damas ,rouge #f1 #aa4  
,pigeon's ,heart  #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4    
,pigeons ,heart #d4 ,queene ,mother of  
some #a4 ,queen ,mother  #i1 #aa1 #ab4  
,red ,queen ,mother #g1 #aa4 ,rotes     

,taubenherz #aa4 ,rotes  ,taubenherz    
#aa4 ,small ,red ,damask #f4 ,small ,red
 ,damson #f4    ,queen ,mother and      
,damas ,violet have been confused for   
nearly three  centuries1 yet they are   
distinct1 as our descriptions show4     
,hogg thought  the ,queen ,mother       
mentioned by ,ray and pictured as a     
cordate-shaped fruit  by ,parkinson1 was
 the ,myrobalan4 ,tree medium in size1  
compact1 spherical2  fruit small1 nearly
 round2 suture slightly pronounced1     
halves equal2  cavity nearly lacking2   
stem medium in length2 skin red to      
violet on the  sunny side2 flesh yellow1
 firm1 juicy1 sweet2 good2 freestone2   
mid-season4    ,queen of ,arkansas4     
,species8 ,mentioned in ,tex4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #cb3dij4  #ahid4    ,quetsche     
feuille argentee4 ,species8 #a4 ,guide  
,prat4 #afb1 #cfb4 #ahie4               
,frhzwetsche mit ,silberblatt #a4       
,silberblattrige ,zwetsche #a4    ,a    
variety from ,hungary having            
silvery-colored leaves2 said to ripen   

two  weeks before the ,german ,prune4   
,quetsche ,aplatie4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas
 ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3bc4 #ahgc4 #b4  ,mathieu
 ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbc4 #ahhi4               
,breitgedrckte ,zwetsche #b4            
,breitgedrckte ,kaiser ,zwetsche #b4    
,breitgedrckte ,zwetsche #a4 ,donauers  
,zusammen ,gedrckte ,zwetsche #a1 #b4   
,plattrunde ,zwetsche #a1 #b4 ,quetsche 
,aplatie #b4    ,found in a garden by   
,m4 ,donauer of ,saxe-,cobourg1 ,gotha4 
,fruit of medium  size1 obovate1        
compressed2 suture broad1 shallow2 dark 
purple2 bloom  thick2 flesh green1      
sweet1 aromatic2 good2 stone rough1     
free2 mid-season4    ,quetsche          
,buhl-,eltershofen4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas
 ,le ,verger #f3aei4  #ahff-gc4    ,a   
seedling raised by ,m4 ,liegel of       
,germany and named in honor of ,m4      
,buhl-,eltershofen4 ,fruit above medium 
size1 long-ovate2 suture distinct2  deep
 purple2 bloom light2 flesh             
greenish-white1 juicy2 quality good2    
stone large4    ,quetsche ,datte des    

,allemands4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,guide      
,prat4 #afj1 #cfb4  #ahie4    ,fruit    
large1 irregular-oval1 darker color than
 ,german ,prune2 flesh  yellow1 sweet2  
good2 late4    ,quetsche de ,dobrowitz4 
,species8 #a4 ,guide ,prat4 #afj1 #cfb4 
#ahie4    ,dobrowitzer ,frhzwetsche #a4 
,quetsche de ,doubrawie #a4    ,a       
,hungarian variety maturing about       
fifteen days earlier than ,german       
,prune4    ,quetsche de ,kreuter4       
,domestica8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    
#dch4 #ahhi4  #b4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1   
#cfc4 #ahie4    ,kreuter's ,zwetsche #a4
 ,kreuters ,zwetsche #b4 ,quetsche de   
,kreuter #a4    ,a variety of little    
merit4    ,quetsche de ,millot4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,baltet ,cult4 ,fr4     
#dif4 #aijh4    ,mentioned by ,baltet as
 a better variety than the ,german      
,prune4    ,quetsche ,de ,ransleben4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3aec4
 #ahgc4    ,ranslebens ,pflaume #a4     
,ranslebens ,zwetsche #a4    ,a seedling
 of ,reine ,claude raised by ,m4        

,ransleben of ,berlin1 ,germany4  ,tree 
vigorous1 an early and abundant bearer2 
fruit small1 long-oval2  suture         
indistinct2 purplish-brown2 thick bloom2
 flesh green1 juicy2 stone  rough1 free4
    ,quetsche de ,transylvanie4         
,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dej4
 #ahhi4  #b4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #cfb4  
#ahie4    ,quetsche de ,transilvanie #b4
 ,siebenburger ,zwetsche #a4            
,siebenburger  ,zwetsche #b4            
,mentioned as 8of very doubtful value40 
,quetsche ,dr4 ,ltricourt4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,le ,bon ,jard4 ,preface ,,xlvii4   
#ahhb4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dee4   
#ahhi4 #c4 ,guide ,prat4 #afa1 #cfb4    
#ahie4    ,de ,pologne #c4 ,impriale    
,blanche8 #b1 #c4 ,prune de ,pologne #b4
  ,quetsche de ,ltricourt #b4 ,quetsche 
de ,ltricourt #c4 ,quetsche ,jaune #b1  
#c4 ,zwetsche ,von ,ltricourt #b4       
,fruit elliptical1 elongated at both    
ends2 skin yellow1 sometimes washed     
red2 flesh yellowish1 very juicy1 sweet4
    ,quetsche ,freestone4 ,domestica4   

#a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bje3cg4 #aijc4  
#b4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,sp4 ,bul4 #bg3ae4     
#aijd4    ,probably a seedling of       
,german ,prune imported by the ,united  
,states  ,department of ,agriculture in 
#ahid4 ,fruit small1 oval2 suture       
distinct2  dark blue2 flesh yellow1     
juicy1 tart2 late2 inferior to ,german  
,prune4    ,quetsche ,htive4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,baltet ,cult4 ,fr4 #did4 #aijh4   
,a medium sized1 long-oval1 dark purple 
prune2 good2 early4    ,quetsche ,jaune 
,prcoce4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,le       
,verger #f3ii1 fig4  #ej4 #ahff-gc4 #b4 
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dca4 #ahhi4       
,gelbe ,frhzwetsche #a4 ,gelbe          
,frhzwetsche #b4 ,quetsche ,jaune       
,prcoce #b4    ,fruit of medium size1   
oval1 yellow2 flesh yellow1 sprightly1  
tender1  juicy2 said to make good       
prunes2 early4    ,quetsche ,longue     
,prcoce4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4   
,pom4 #ddd4 #ahhi4  #b4 ,guide ,prat4   
#afc1 #cfb4 #ahie4    ,a variety of     
little merit4    ,quetsche ,maraichre4  

,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ajg4
 #ahgc4  #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dca4 
#ahhi4 #c4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #cfb4    
#ahie4    ,die ,gartenzwetsche #c4      
,gartenpflaume #b1 #c4 ,garten ,pflaume 
#a4 ,garten  ,zwetsche #a1b4 ,maraichre 
#c4 ,prune ,maraichre #a1 #b4 ,quetsche 
,maraichre #b4    ,from ,m4 ,m4 ,bauman 
,sons1 ,bollwiller1 ,germany4 ,tree of  
medium vigor1 an  early and abundant    
bearer2 fruit medium1 ellipsoidal2      
suture indistinct2  skin dark purple2   
bloom thin2 flesh yellow1 sweet1        
aromatic2 freestone2  excellent for     
drying4    ,quetsche ,pointue4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ea4 
#ahgc4 #b4  ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dej4  
#ahhi4    ,provinz ,zwetsche #b4        
,quetsche de ,province #a4              
,spitszwetsche #a4  ,spitzzwetsche #b4  
,liegel received this variety in #ahaf  
from ,m4 ,grob of ,eichelstadt1         
,bavaria1 under the name of ,quetsche de
 ,province4 ,tree vigorous1 an early    
and productive bearer2 fruit large1     

long-ovate1 obtuse at the stem end1     
acute-pointed at the apex2 suture broad1
 deep2 deep purple2 bloom thick2  flesh 
yellowish1 sweet2 good for culinary     
purposes2 stone long1 narrow1  clinging4
    ,quetsche ,prcoce de ,buhlerthal4   
,domestica8 #a4 ,guide ,prat4 #afd1     
#cfc4  #ahie4    ,frhzwetsche von       
,buhlerthal #a4 ,zwetsche ,frhe ,von    
,buhlerthal #a4    ,a new variety from  
,germany maturing very early4           
,quetsche ,prcoce ,de ,frauendorf4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ig4 
#ahgc4    ,frauendorfer ,frhe ,zwetsche 
#a4    ,introduced by ,eugene ,furst1   
,frauendorf1 ,bavaria2 distinguished    
from the  ,german ,prune by its larger  
size1 earlier maturity and superior     
quality4    ,quetsche ,prcoce ,liegel4  
,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ec4 
#ahgc4  #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dci4  
#ahhi4    ,liegels ,frhzwetsche #a4     
,liegels ,frhzwetsche #b4 ,quetsche     
,htive de  ,liegel #b4 ,quetsche ,prcoce
 de ,liegel #b4    ,found growing among 

,german ,prune trees by ,m4 ,liegel2    
differs from the  ,german ,prune only in
 that its fruit matures a few days      
earlier4    ,quetsche ,prcoce ,de       
,schamal4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4    
,gen4 #b3e4  #ahgc4    ,schamals        
,frhzwetsche #a4    ,originated by ,m4  
,schamal of ,jungbunzlau1 ,bohemia4     
,fruit small1 obovate2  suture narrow1  
shallow2 dark purple2 flesh yellow1     
sweet1 perfumed2 good2  freestone4      
,quetsche ,ronde4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,knoop
 ,fructologie #b3fb4 #agga4    ,a strain
 of the ,german ,prune4    ,quetsche    
,verte ,d',italie4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3cd1  ,tab4 #ahb  
fig4 #b4 #agif4 #b4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 
,cat4 #aeb4 #ahca4 #c4 ,mas4  ,le       
,verger #f3ig4 #ahff-gc4 #d4 ,guide     
,prat4 #afb1 #cfc4 #ahie4    ,die lange1
 grne und grosses welsche ,pflaume8 #a4 
,grne ,eierpflaume  #d4 ,grne ,zwetsche 
#d4 ,italienische ,grne ,zwetsche #c1   
#d4 ,verdage  ,d',italie #c1 #d4        
,vertage d',italie tres-grosse #a4    ,a

 ,european plum of unknown origin4 ,tree
 large2 fruit large1 ellipsoidal2       
suture very shallow2 skin tender1 not   
adherent1 greenish-yellow1 specked  with
 red2 stem short2 flesh greenish-yellow1
 melting1 juicy1 aromatic2 of  first    
quality2 clingstone2 mid-season4        
,quitique4 ,species8 ,letter from ,f4   
,t4 ,ramsey4    ,selected from the wild 
near ,quitique1 ,texas4    ,rachel4     
,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4   
,bul4 #ch3eh1 #hf4 #ahib4  #b4 ,waugh   
,plum ,cult4 #age4 #aija4 #c4 ,ga4 ,sta4
 ,bul4 #fg3bhj4 #aijd4    ,fruit small1 
roundish2 suture a line2 cavity shallow2
 bright red2  dots yellow1 conspicuous2 
blue2 flesh yellow1 melting2 quality    
fair2  clingstone2 mid-season4          
,rademakers4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu   
,nom4 ,pom4 #ddd4 #ahhi4 #b4 ,can4      
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3ec4     
#aijj4    ,brugnon de ,neerveteren #a4  
,rademaker's ,prune #a4    ,under test  
at the ,british ,columbia ,experimental 
,station4    ,ragland4 ,triflora        

,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #fg3ai4  #ahih4 #b4 ,kerr ,cat4   
#aa4 #aijj4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4     
#bbc4 #aija4    ,a hybrid grown by ,d4  
,h4 ,watson1 ,brenham1 ,texas1          
supposedly from seed  of ,kelsey        
pollinated by ,yellow ,transparent2     
introduced by ,w4 ,a4 ,yates  in #ahig4 
,fruit of medium size1 oblate2 cavity   
broad1 rounded2 suture  lacking2 bright 
clear yellow2 dots yellow2 bloom white2 
flesh yellow1  firm1 juicy1 sweet1 rich2
 very good2 stone small1 clinging2      
early4    ,raisin4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aeb4 #ahca4  
#b4 ,mag4  ,hort4 #i3afe4 #ahdc4    ,an 
old ,european variety now obsolete4     
,fruit small1 round1 greenish2 of       
medium quality2 clingstone4    ,ramsey  
,last4 ,munsoniana4 ,letter from ,kerr4 
,originated with ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey1       
,austin1 ,texas4 ,fruit small2 good2    
late for  its group4    ,ranette4       
,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddd4
 #ahhi4 #b4 ,guide  ,prat4 #afj1 #cfc4  

#ahie4    ,fruit large1 roundish-oval1  
reddish-brown2 flesh yellow1 juicy1     
good2  freestone2 late4    ,rangheri4   
,insititia4 #a4 ,koch ,deut4 ,obst4     
,sort4 #ega4 #ahgf4 #b4  ,lange ,allgem4
 ,garten #b3dbj4 #ahgi4 #c4 ,mas ,le    
,verger #f3aee4  #ahff-gc4 #d4 ,lauche  
,deut4 ,pom4 ,pl4 ,,iv4 #ad4 #ahhb4 #e4 
,mathieu ,nom4  ,pom4 #ddd4 #ahhi4 #f4  
,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dfe4 #aijj4   
,mirabelle de ,rangheri #c4 ,mirabelle  
,htive de ,rangheri #e4 ,mirabelle      
,rangheri #e4 ,mirabelle de ,rangheri   
#e4 ,mirabelle ,rangheris #b4           
,rangheri's ,aprikosen ,pflaume #e4     
,rangheri's ,frhe ,gelbe ,mirabelle  #d1
 #e4 ,rangheri's ,frhe ,mirabelle #e4   
,rangheri's ,gelbe ,mirabelle #e4       
,rangheris ,mirabelle #a4 ,rangheris    
,mirabelle #c4 ,rangheri's ,mirabelle   
#d1  #e1 #f4    ,raised by ,liegel from 
the stone of the ,abricote de ,braunau  
plum1 and  dedicated by him to ,m4      
,henri ,rangheri1 a merchant at ,prague1
 ,bohemia4  ,tree of medium vigor2 fruit

 medium1 roundish-oval2 suture          
indistinct2  cavity shallow2 skin       
golden-yellow with red spots on the     
sunny side2  flesh yellow1 juicy1       
tender1 sweet1 aromatic2 of first       
quality2  freestone2 mid-season2        
valuable for table and household        
purposes4    ,rareripe4 ,americana4 #a4 
,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #bf3ad4 #ahia4 #b4
  ,ibid4 #ic3cb4 #aije4    ,rare ,ripe  
#a4    ,tree hardy and productive2 fruit
 small1 dark red2 flesh sweet2          
clingstone2 inferior to ,harrison but   
better than ,de ,soto2 mid-season4      
,ray4 ,hortulana mineri  ,munsoniana4   
#a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bbg4      
#ahii4    ,a supposed cross between     
,miner and ,wild ,goose from ,a4 ,l4    
,bruce of ,basin  ,springs1 ,texas4     
,fruit small to medium1 oval to         
roundish2 cavity medium  deep2 suture   
faint2 dark red2 flesh yellow2          
clingstone4    ,raymond4 ,species8 #a4  
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3hj4 #ahib4     
,mentioned by ,bailey in #ahib in an    

unclassified list of plums4    ,raynes4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 
#dc3cf4 #aijc4 #b4 ,am4  ,pom4 ,soc4    
,rpt4 #ff4 #aije4    ,dunlop #ec #a4    
,disseminated by ,w4 ,w4 ,dunlop1       
,outremont1 ,quebec4 ,fruit of the prune
 type1  above medium size1 oval2 suture 
distinct2 dark reddish-purple2 bloom    
moderate2 flesh yellowish-green1 firm1  
sweet2 good2 freestone2 mid-season4     
,reagan4 ,hortulana  ,americana4 #a4    
,tex4 ,cat4 #aijg4    ,an offspring of  
,wayland crossed with an ,americana2    
introduced by the  ,texas ,nursery      
,company in #aijg4 ,fruit large1 red1   
rich2 good2 very late4    ,reagles      
,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,cultivator      
#f3bfi4 #aheh4 #b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees
 ,am4 #ida4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,hogg ,fruit     
,man4 #gbj4 #ahhd4    ,reagles' ,gage   
#a1 #b4    ,a seedling of ,washington   
raised by ,c4 ,reagles1 ,schenectady1   
,new ,york4  ,tree vigorous1 upright2   
fruit of medium size1 spherical2 suture 
broad1  shallow2 greenish-yellow1       

splashed with darker green2 bloom light2
 flesh  greenish-yellow1 juicy1 sweet1  
vinous2 good2 freestone2 mid-season4    
,rebecca4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4   
#ahid-aijj4    ,fruit above medium in   
size1 roundish-oblong1 purplish-red2    
clingstone2  mid-season4    ,reche4     
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid-aija4 
,tree strong and productive2 fruit large
 for the species1 globular2 dull        
purplish-red2 clingstone4    ,red       
,cloud4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4     
#ahig-aijj4    ,fruit small1 roundish1  
mottled red2 inferior2 clingstone4      
,red ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,gard4 
,cal4 #ehh4 #ahjf4 #b4 ,n4 ,y4 ,agr4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #bib fig4 #ahdh4 #c4 ,hooper
 ,w4 ,fr4 ,book #bea4 #aheg4 #d4        
,mathieu  ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddc4 #ahhi4 #e4  
,guide ,prat4 #aeg1 #afb1 #cfd4 #ahie4  
,auserlesene ,rote ,reine-,claude #d4   
,auserlesene rothe ,reineclaude  #e4    
,lombard #c incor4 ,prince's ,red ,gage 
#b1 #d1 #e4 ,prince's ,rote             
,reine-,claude #d4 ,prinzens rothe      

,reineclaude #e4 ,red ,gage #d1 #e4     
,reine-,claude ,rouge ,americaine #e4   
,reine-,claude rouge de ,prince #e4     
,reine-,claude ,rouge de ,prince #d4    
,red ,gage was grown from a seed of     
,reine ,claude in #agij by ,william     
,prince1  ,flushing1 ,long ,island1 ,new
 ,york4 ,fruit of medium size1 oval2    
suture  lacking2 stem short2 dark red in
 the sun ranging to pale red in the     
shade2 flesh greenish1 tender1 juicy1   
sweet2 very good2 stone small1  free2   
mid-season4    ,red ,gage of ,dutchess  
,county4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4  
,trees ,am4  #idb4 #ahfi4    ,originated
 in ,dutchess ,county1 ,new ,york4      
,fruit of medium size1  roundish-oval1  
slightly compressed2 suture distinct2   
cavity large2 color  yellow overlaid    
with a light reddish-purple2 dots       
numerous2 flesh yellow1  juicy2 good2   
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,red ,glass4 
,hortulana mineri  ,domestica4 #a4 ,vt4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4  #ad3bgb4 #aija4 #b4   
,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aad3adc4 #aiaj4       

,red ,glass originated with ,theodore   
,williams of ,benson1 ,nebraska1 as a   
seedling of ,miner pollinated by        
,quackenboss4 ,fruit large1 oval1 red2  
bloom thick2 flesh firm1 meaty1 tender1 
sweet2 good2 mid-season4    ,red ,glass 
,junior4 7,hortulana mineri  ,domestica7
  ,domestica4 #a4 ,am4  ,br4 ,assoc4    
,rpt4 #b3ahe4 #aijf4    ,a hybrid from  
,theodore ,williams of ,benson1         
,nebraska1 from seed of ,red  ,glass    
crossed with ,quackenboss4 ,the variety 
is hardy and gives promise of  value in 
,nebraska4    ,red ,horse4 ,americana4  
#a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahig4    ,fruit of     
medium size1 roundish-oblong1 dull red2 
inferior2 clingstone4    ,redick4       
,americana4 ,mentioned in ,ia4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #bbh4 #aiji4    ,red        
,magdalene4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in   
,watkins ,cat4 #ahib4    ,red ,may4     
,triflora  ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,sherman    
,cat4 #ahih4 #b4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4   
#bbd1 #aija4    ,a seedling of          
,abundance fertilized by ,wild ,goose   

from ,a4 ,l4 ,bruce#bca1  ,texas2       
introduced by ,j4 ,s4 ,kerr1 ,sherman1  
,texas1 in #ahih4 ,fruit of  medium     
size1 oblong1 pointed1 deep red2 similar
 to ,red ,june but ten days  earlier4   
,red ,october4 ,species8 #a4 ,tex4      
,dept4 ,agr4 ,bul4 #ab3ajc4 #aiaj4    ,a
 variety reported as worthless in ,hale 
,county1 ,texas4    ,red ,panhandle4    
,angustifolia watsoni4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4  
#ahid4 #b4  ,ibid4 #ahig4 #c4 ,bailey   
,ev4 of ,nat4 ,fr4 #bbb1 #bbc4 #ahih4   
#d4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4 #bcc4 #aija4   
,of the same origin as ,purple          
,panhandle4 ,tree irregular and         
straggling  in habit1 very productive2  
fruit small to medium1 irregular-oval or
  oblong1 dull dark red with scattering 
dots2 bloom thick2 skin tough2  flesh   
reddish-yellow2 very poor2 stone large1 
roundish-oval1 slightly  flattened1     
clinging2 early4    ,red ,pear4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  
#egf4 #afbi4 #b4 ,rea  ,flora #bjh4     
#afgf4 #c4 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4 #b3aebh4 

#afhh4    ,mentioned as poor in quality4
 ,may be identical with the ,pear ,plum4
    ,red ,peascod4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egf1 #egg4      
#afbi4 #b4  ,rea ,flora #bjh4 #afgf4 #c4
 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4 #b3aebi4 #afhh4    
,red ,pescod #a4    ,cultivated in the  
,seventeenth ,century4 ,fruit elongated1
 watery2 poor in  quality2 very late4   
,red ,perdrigon4 ,domestica4 #a4        
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3hf4      
#agfh4  #b4 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3bg1  
,tab4 #agb fig4 #b4 #agif4 #c4 ,willich 
,dom4 ,enc4 #d3bii4 #ahjc4 #d4 ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cab4 #ahde4 #e4       
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dde4   
#ahha4 #f4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddh4   
#ahhi4    ,die rothe ,rebhuhnpflaume #b4
 ,perdrigon rouge #a4 ,perdrigon rouge  
#b1 #d1  #f4 ,podiebrader ,pflaume #f4  
,red ,perdrigon #f4 ,roter ,perdrigon   
#f4 ,rother  ,perdrigon #e4    ,red     
,perdrigon was first described by       
,duhamel2 probably introduced into      
,america during the latter part of the  

,eighteenth ,century4 ,tree very        
productive2 fruit small1 oval2 cavity   
small2 suture lacking2 dark red2  dots  
small2 bloom heavy2 flesh yellow1 firm1 
juicy1 sweet1 aromatic2  freestone2 late
 mid-season4    ,red ,primordian4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  
#ege4 #afbi4 #b4  ,floy-,lindley ,guide 
,orch4 ,gard4 #bhf1 #chb4 #ahdf4 #c4    
,downing ,fr4 ,trees  ,am4 #idc4 #ahfi4 
#d4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 #b3adi1 fig4 #ge4  
#ahgc4    ,early ,red ,primordian #b4   
,red ,primordian #b1 #d4 ,rouge ,htive  
#d4    ,common in ,europe nearly three  
centuries ago4 ,fruit of medium size1   
pear-shaped1 reddish1 pleasant2 good2   
early4 ,downing and ,mas described a    
variety under this name supposed to have
 originated with ,william ,prince4  ,it 
is very similar to the older variety of 
which it may be a seedling4    ,red     
,prune4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,horticulturist 
#h3ecf4 #ahec4    ,bottle ,plum #a4     
,from ,pennsylvania4 ,fruit             
long-pyriform1 with a slender neck2     

suture  distinct2 pale red2 good2 it    
closely resembles the ,red ,date4       
,red ,skin4 ,munsoniana4 ,letter from   
,kerr4    ,originated by ,theodore      
,williams1 ,benson1 ,nebraska4    ,red  
,violet4 #a4 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4        
#b3aebh4 #afhh4    ,mentioned by ,ray in
 the preceding reference together with  
blue and amber  sorts but without       
description4    ,red ,virginal4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #aec4 #ahca4 #b4  ,prince ,pom4   
,man4 #b3gd4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,elliott ,fr4   
,book #dbi4 #ahed4 #d4  ,downing ,fr4   
,trees ,am4 #iej4 #ahfi4 #e4 ,mathieu   
,nom4 ,pom4 #ddh4 #ahhi4    ,rote       
,jungfernpflaume #e4 ,virgin #b4 ,virgin
 #c1 #d4 ,virginal  ,fruit ,blanc  #d   
incor4 ,virginal  gros ,fruit blanc #d  
incor4 ,virginal ,blanc #d incor4       
,virginale #c4 ,virginale  ,fruit ,rouge
 #e4 ,virginale ,blanc #d incor4        
,virginale ,rouge #b1 #e4 ,virginal     
,rouge #a4 ,white ,virginale #d incor4  
,fruit of medium size1 roundish1        

reddish-purple2 bloom thick2 flesh      
greenish-yellow1 juicy2 good2 semi-free4
    ,red ,winter4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #fa4 #ahhg4           
,krasnaya osimaya #a4    ,imported by   
the ,iowa ,agricultural ,college4       
,reed4 ,hortulana4 #a4 ,n4 ,j4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #ab4 #ahhb4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4  
,an4 ,rpt4 #aa3bhf fig4 #ahih4          
,originated with ,p4 ,h4 ,reed of       
,hightstown1 ,new ,jersey1 from pits    
brought  from ,illinois2 introduced by  
,charles ,black of the same place4 ,tree
  vigorous2 leaves large1 dark green2   
fruit small1 round2 suture a faint      
line2 skin thick2 dark red2 dots yellow2
 flesh yellow1 meaty2 quality  fair2    
stone turgid1 semi-clinging2 late4      
,reel4 ,americana mollis4 #a4 ,kerr     
,cat4 #ahih4 #b4 ,terry ,cat4 #aijj4    
,grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry of ,crescent1  
,iowa2 a seedling of ,van ,buren2 first 
fruited in #ahif4 ,tree vigorous1       
productive2 fruit large1 pale yellow    
with  a red cheek2 good4    ,regina4    

,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4    
#dbf4 #aijj4    ,a seedling raised at   
,indian ,head ,experimental ,farm1      
,northwest ,territory1  ,canada4 ,fruit 
small1 red2 skin thick2 good4           
,reine-,claude ,abricotine4 ,domestica4 
#a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dde4 #ahhi4   
#b4 ,guide ,prat4 #aef1 #cfc4 #ahie4    
,fruit small1 whitish2 flesh light      
yellow1 sweet2 good2 early4    ,reine   
,claude d'cully4 ,domestica4 #a4        
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dde4 #ahhi4  #b4  
,guide ,prat4 #aec1 #cfd4 #ahie4        
,tree vigorous2 fruit large1 round2     
cavity small2 suture distinct2          
greenish-yellow2 bloom thin2 flesh firm1
 sweet1 juicy2 good2 freestone2         
mid-season4    ,reine ,claude           
d',oberdieck4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in 
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #ddf4 #ahhi4      
,reine ,claude de ,brignais4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #deb4  #ahhi4 
#b4 ,guide ,prat4 #afb1 #cfd4 #ahie4    
,reine-,claude de ,brignais #a4         
,violette ,reine-,claude ,von ,brignais 

#a4    ,said to be superior to ,reine   
,claude4    ,reine ,claude de           
l',echoisier4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4     
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd  ,ser4 #c3ee4    
#aijj4    ,of ,french origin4 ,not hardy
 in ,canada4    ,reine ,claude de       
,mezel4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4     
,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4  #c3ee4 #aijj4   
,of ,french origin4 ,tree vigorous2     
fruit medium1 globular2 suture shallow2 
skin greenish-yellow2 flesh yellow1     
juicy1 sweet2 early4    ,reine ,claude  
de ,razaimbaut4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu
 ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddf4  #ahhi4 #b4 ,can4    
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3ee4     
#aijj4    ,reine-,claude de ,razaimbaut 
#a4 ,reine-,claude de ,razimbaud #a4    
,reine-,claude ,prcoce de ,razimbaud #a4
    ,imported from ,france by the       
,canadian ,experimental ,farm at        
,agassiz1  ,british ,columbia4 ,tree    
vigorous2 fruit small1 roundish2 skin   
green2 flesh  green1 juicy1 sweet2      
mid-season4    ,reine ,claude de        
,saint-,avertin4 ,domestica4 #a4        

,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddf4  #ahhi4 #b4  
,guide ,prat4 #aee1 #cfd4 #ahie4        
,fruit rather large1 roundish1          
greenish-yellow blushed with red2 flesh 
yellow1 juicy1 sweet1 aromatic2 very    
good2 late4    ,reine ,claude de        
,vandenbrok4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in  
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #ddf4 #ahhi4      
,reine ,claude de ,wazon4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,guide ,prat4 #afj1 #cfd4 #ahie4    
#b4 ,baltet ,cult4 ,fr4 #dia4 #aijh4    
,tree vigorous1 productive2 fruit nearly
 large1 obovate1 greenish-yellow1       
washed with red2 flesh juicy1 sweet and 
acidulated2 very good2 mid-season4      
,reine ,claude ,descarde4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dde4 #ahhi4   
#b4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #cfd4 #ahie4    
,an inferior variety of the ,reine      
,claude type4    ,reine ,claude         
,hamaitre4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu     
,nom4 ,pom4 #ddf4 #ahhi4  #b4 ,guide    
,prat4 #afc1 #cfd4 #ahie4    ,a variety 
of the ,reine ,claude type of doubtful  
value4    ,reine ,claude ,monstrueuse de

 ,mezel4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in      
,mathieu  ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddf4 #ahhi4      
,reine ,claude ,sagot4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4      
#c3ef4 #aijj4    ,probably of ,french   
origin2 as tested in ,canada1 tree weak2
 foliage small1  scanty2 fruit medium in
 size1 globular2 stem one-half inch     
long2 cavity  small2 suture distinct2   
skin whitish-yellow2 flesh yellowish1   
rather dry1  tender1 fine-grained1 very 
sweet2 stone small1 roundish1 free2     
mid-season4    ,reine ,claude ,von      
,bollwiller4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in  
,mathieu ,nom4  ,pom4 #dde4 #ahhi4      
,reine des ,mirabelles4 ,insititia      
,domestica4 #a4 ,guide ,prat4 #afd1     
#cfd4 #ahie4 #b4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #dgf4     
#aija4    ,knigin der ,mirabellen #a4   
,produced by crossing the ,mirabelle and
 the ,reine ,claude4 ,tree vigorous  and
 productive2 fruit large1 yellow1 dotted
 with red on the sunny side1  juicy2    
good2 mid-season4    ,reine ,victoria4  
,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #chj4

 #ahff4    ,according to ,hogg this is a
 ,french variety distinct from          
,victoria4 ,fruit  roundish-oval1       
reddish-purple2 flesh juicy1 rich1      
agreeable1 freestone2  similar to ,kirke
 but two or three weeks later4          
,reisenzwetsche4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #ddg4 #ahhi4                
,reine-,claude ,geante #a4    ,mathieu  
gives reference to ,monatsschrift fr    
,pomologie #bha4 #aheh4    ,reizenstein 
,yellow ,prune4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing
 ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #idc4  #ahfi4 #b4 ,mas
 ,le ,verger #f3aai4 #ahff-gc4 #c4      
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #ddf4 #ahhi4 #d4  
,guide ,prat4 #afa1 #cfb4 #ahie4    ,de 
,reizeinstein #d4 ,jaune de ,reizenstein
 #d4 ,pruneau ,jaune de  ,reizenstein   
#b1 #c4 ,prune de ,reizenstein #b1 #c4  
,quetsche ,jaune de  ,reizenstein #c4   
,quetsche ,jaune de ,reizenstein #b1 #d4
 ,reizensteiner ,gelbe  ,zwetsche #c4   
,reizensteiner ,gelbe ,zwetsche #b1 #d4 
,reizensteiner ,pflaume  #b1 #c1 #d4    
,reizensteiner ,zwetsche #c1 #d4        

,reizenstein's ,yellow ,prune #b1  #c1  
#d4 ,susina ,settembrica ,quialla #c1   
#d4    ,probably originated in ,italy4  
,tree of medium vigor1 very prolific1   
not  hardy2 fruit of medium size1       
irregularly ovate2 suture indistinct2   
skin  golden-yellow2 flesh yellow1      
juicy1 sweet2 stone rough1 free4        
,reutlinger ,frhzwetsche4 ,domestica8   
#a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddg4 #ahhi4   
#b4 ,guide ,prat4 #afb1 #cfc4 #ahie4    
,quetsche ,prcoce de ,reutlingen #b4    
,reutlinger ,frhzwetsche #b4    ,an     
attractive variety ripening in early    
mid-season4    ,rhinebeck ,yellow ,gage4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees   
,am4 #dje4  #aheg4    ,rhinebeck ,yellow
 ,gage #a4    ,originated at ,rhinebeck1
 ,new ,york4 ,tree vigorous2 fruit      
large1 oval2  suture deep2 cavity       
shallow2 yellow2 flesh coarse1 juicy1   
sweet1  pleasant2 clingstone2           
mid-season4    ,rhodes4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 #fh1 #fi4 #afii4
    ,mentioned by ,quintinye 8as long   

and black40    ,rhue4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #idd4 #ahfi4  
,rhue's ,seedling #a4    ,a seedling    
from ,pennsylvania4 ,fruit large1 oval2 
suture broad1 shallow2  cavity deep2    
reddish-purple2 flesh greenish-yellow1  
coarse1 juicy1 sweet1  vinous2          
semi-clinging2 good2 early4    ,richard 
,trotter4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4   
,farms ,rpt4 #ih4 #ahih4    ,reported as
 one of the hardiest of the ,european   
varieties tested by the  ,experimental  
,farm at ,ottawa1 ,canada4    ,richland4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,gard4 ,mon4 #a3b1 #aed
 fig4 #ahei4 #b4  ,ibid4 #e3ah4 #ahfc4  
#c4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #idd4     
#ahfi4 #d4 ,can4  ,exp4 ,farm4 ,bul4    
#dc3cf4 #aijc4    ,copper #b4           
,originated on the farm of ,randall     
,elden1 ,richland1 ,bucks ,county1      
,pennsylvania1 about #ahbj4 ,tree hardy1
 vigorous1 productive and said to  be   
resistant to the curculio2 fruit medium 
in size1 oval2 cavity small2  suture a  
line2 skin thick1 bluish2 dots small2   

flesh greenish-yellow1  firm1 slightly  
sweet2 quality fair2 stone large1 oval1 
flat1 clinging2  mid-season2 listed in  
the catalog of the ,american            
,pomological ,society in  #ahge4        
,riga #aa4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 
,rpt4 #aaa4 #ahhg4    ,imported from    
,russia by ,j4 ,l4 ,budd of the ,iowa   
,experiment ,station4    ,rigny4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #fhc4
 #ahhd4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4  ,pom4 #dbj4 
#ahhi4    ,admiral ,rigny #b4 ,admiral  
de ,rigny #a4 ,amiral de ,rigny #b4     
,georg ,,iv #b4  ,jackson8 #b4          
,described as of medium size1           
roundish-oval2 suture shallow2          
yellowish-green flaked and striped with 
darker green1 with a few crimson  dots  
on the sunny side2 stem of medium       
length2 cavity shallow2 flesh  yellow1  
tender1 melting1 juicy and rich2 nearly 
freestone2 early4    ,rising ,sun4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,kenrick ,am4 ,orch4    
#beh4 #ahcb4    ,corse's ,rising ,sun   
#a4    ,originated by ,henry ,corse1    

,montreal1 ,canada4 ,fruit large1 bright
 yellow1  tinged with red next to the   
sun2 good2 productive4    ,rivers       
,early4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,jour4 ,hort4   
,n4 ,s4 #bi3agg4 #ahge4 #b4  ,hogg      
,fruit ,man4 #fie4 #ahhd4 #c4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #ddg4 #ahhi4 #d4  ,rivers   
,cat4 #ce4 #ahih4    ,damas ,prcoce de  
,rivers #c4 ,rivers' ,early ,damson #a1 
#c1 #d4    ,grown by ,thomas ,rivers1   
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england1 from a seed  
of ,st4  ,etienne4 ,fruit of medium     
size1 sweet and juicy2 good4    ,robert4
 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#hg3ae4 #aija4    ,robert's ,freestone  
#a4    ,fruit of medium size1 oblong1   
flattened2 suture a line2 light         
greenish-yellow overlaid with           
purplish-red2 skin thick1 tough2 flesh  
moderately firm1 sweet but not rich2    
stone nearly free4    ,roby ,yellow4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #idd4 #ahfi4    ,a seedling raised 
by ,h4 ,r4 ,roby1 ,fredericksburg1      
,virginia4 ,tree  moderately vigorous2  

fruit small1 round2 suture broad1       
shallow2 cavity  small2 greenish-yellow2
 bloom heavy2 flesh greenish-yellow1    
juicy1 sweet2  good2 clingstone2        
mid-season4    ,rockford4 ,americana4   
#a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 #cib4 #ahia4  
#b4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4 #afa fig4      
#aija4 #c4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #abh4
 #aijf4    ,introduced in #ahhi by ,c4  
,g4 ,patten of ,charles ,city1 ,iowa1   
who found the  variety in #ahga on the  
farm of ,o4 ,j4 ,green who1 in turn1 had
 brought it  as a young tree from a     
grove near ,rockford4 ,tree productive2 
fruit medium  in size1 roundish2 cavity 
medium2 suture shallow2 skin thick1     
tough2  dark and somewhat purplish-red2 
bloom thick2 dots small2 flesh yellow2  
good2 stone large1 oval1 flattened1     
clinging2 mid-season2 listed by the     
,american ,pomological ,society since   
#ahig4    ,rocky ,mountain4 ,species8   
#a4 ,can4 ,hort4 #ae3aeg4 #ahib4 #b4    
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3hj4 #ahib4     
,rocky ,mountain ,seedling #b4          

,reported in the ,canadian              
,horticulturist as a 8heavy cropper and 
of first  quality40 ,bailey mentions a  
8,rocky ,mountain ,seedling0 in an      
unclassified  list4 ,the ,rocky         
,mountain described by ,waugh is not to 
be confused with  these two varieties as
 it is undoubtedly a ,sand ,cherry4     
,rodney4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,cat4 #aeb4 #ahca4    ,rodney     
,gage #a4    ,described in the ,london  
,horticultural ,society catalog as      
large1 oval1  purple2 quality fair2     
clingstone4    ,rodt ,blaue ,zwetsche4  
,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddg4
 #ahhi4 #b4  ,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #cfe4  
#ahie4    8,a variety of little merit40 
,rodt ,frhe ,grosse ,pflaumenzwetsche4  
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #ddg4 #ahhi4    ,grosse ,htive de 
,rodt4    ,rognon ,d',ane4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ajj4 #ahcb4  
,fruit large1 oval1 dark purple2        
mid-season2 similar to ,yellow ,egg     
except  in color4    ,rognon de ,coq4   

,domestica4 #a4 ,quintinye ,com4 ,gard4 
#fh4 #afii4 #b4  ,miller ,gard4 ,dict4  
#c3aged4 #c4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4  
#aeb4 #ahca4    ,quetsche ,rognon de    
,coq #c4    ,mentioned only by the      
earlier writers4 ,fruit long2 suture    
deep1  prominent2 light yellow streaked 
with red2 clingstone2 late4    ,rollande
 ,galloppi4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing    
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #idd4 #ahfi4    ,fruit 
of medium size1 long-oval1 necked2      
suture distinct2 cavity small2          
yellowish-green1 dotted with crimson in 
the sun2 bloom light2 flesh             
yellowish-green1 juicy1 sweet2 good2    
clingstone2 late4    ,ronald ,fancy4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #ide4 #ahfi4    ,fruit of medium   
size1 oval2 suture distinct2 cavity     
medium deep2 yellow1  striped with      
green2 bloom thin2 flesh                
greenish-yellow1 juicy1 sugary1  vinous1
 sprightly2 good2 freestone2 very late4 
,roselle4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #df3bhg4 #aijj4    ,hoffman       

,seedling #a4    ,a chance seedling     
grown by ,ernest ,hoffman1 ,roselle1    
,carroll ,county1 ,iowa1  in #ahib4     
,fruit large1 roundish-oval1 yellow     
blushed with red2 sweet2  semi-free2    
mid-season4    ,ros-,pruim ,double4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,knoop ,fructologie     
#b3fb4 #agga4    ,similar to the ,horse 
plum except that it is smaller4         
,ross4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,hort4     
#bc3dch4 #aijj4    ,ross ,seedling #a4  
,a seedling1 supposedly of ,bradshaw1   
grown by ,j4 ,t4 ,ross1 ,hamilton1      
,canada4 ,fruit of much the same        
appearance as ,bradshaw but inferior in 
quality2 earlier in season4    ,rossy   
,frhe ,zwetsche4 ,species8 ,listed in   
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddg4 #ahhi4       
,rossy's ,frh ,zwetsche4    ,rostrave   
,bell4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4    
,trees ,am4 #ide4 #ahfi4    ,originated 
with ,john ,d4 ,stephens1 ,westmoreland 
,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,tree  vigorous1
 productive2 fruit large1 roundish-oval2
 suture broad1 shallow2  cavity deep2   

reddish-purple2 dots brown2 flesh       
yellow1 coarse1 rather  dry1 vinous2    
good2 semi-clinging2 mid-season4        
,rote ,mirabelle4 ,species8 ,mentioned  
in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddh4 #ahhi4    
,damasine ,kleine ,kirsch ,pflaume4     
,mirabelle ,rouge4    ,rotes ,zeiberl4  
,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddh4
 #ahhi4    ,rote ,herbst ,zeiberl #a4   
,referenced by ,mathieu from ,wiener    
,garten-,zeitung #bhh4 #ahhd4    ,rote  
,zwetsche4 ,species8 ,mentioned in      
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddh4 #ahhi4       
,rosinen ,pflaume4 ,spitzige ,rote      
,pflaume4 ,spitz ,pflaume4    ,rothe    
,jungfernpflaume4 ,domestica4 #a4       
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4  #dde4  
#ahha4    ,a ,german variety said to be 
unproductive in dry soil4    ,rouge     
,htive de ,nitka4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #if4 #ahgg4           
,mentioned in the preceding reference as
 of medium size1 purple1 juicy1  rich2  
good2 mid-season4    ,roulette4         
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4   

#ch3ej1 #hf4 #ahib4 #b4  ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #adb4 #ahig4 #c4 ,waugh     
,plum ,cult4 #ahh4 #aija4    ,rowlett   
#b4    ,supposed to have originated in  
,texas4 ,fruit of medium size1 oval2    
cavity  small2 suture a line2 skin thin2
 bright red2 dots numerous2 bloom thin2 
flesh yellow2 quality fair2 stone oval1 
flattened1 clinging2 mid-season4        
,listed in the catalog of the ,american 
,pomological ,society since #ahii4      
,round4 ,species8 #a4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #hc4 #ahhh4    ,j4 ,webster of   
,centralia1 ,illinois1 states that he   
received this variety  from a ,mr4      
,spears of ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa4 ,of   
high quality2 especially  adapted for   
canning4    ,round ,leaf ,wonderful4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,rpt4     
#ab3fab4 #ahic4    ,an obscure variety  
found only in a few collections4 ,fruit 
of medium size1  long-oval2 suture a    
line2 cavity small2 dark purple2 bloom  
thick2 dots  small2 flesh yellow1       
fine-grained1 tender1 sweet1 mild2 very 

good2 stone  flattened1 oval1 free2     
mid-season4    ,rowley4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3cf4 #aijc4  
,originated with ,jos4 ,rowley1         
,cummings ,bridge1 ,ontario4 ,tree very 
productive2 fruit above medium size1    
round2 suture a line2 purplish-red2     
flesh yellow1 moderately juicy1 firm1   
sweet1 rich2 good2 clingstone2          
mid-season4    ,royal4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,rea ,flora #bjg4 #afgf4 #b4 ,quintinye 
,com4  ,gard4 #fi4 #afii4 #c4 ,langley  
,pomona #ib1 ,pl4 ,,xx fig4 #h4 #agbi4  
#d4  ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3dj1 ,tab4   
#aia fig4 #a4 #agif4 #e4 ,downing ,fr4  
,trees  ,am4 #ide4 #ahfi4 #f4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #dch4 #ahhi4    ,die        
,knigliche grosse ,pflaume #d4 ,french  
,royal #d1 #e1 #f4 ,kings ,plum #a4     
,knigspflaume #f4 ,la ,royale #e1 #f4   
,la ,royal #b4 ,prune ,royale #e1 #f4   
,royal tres-grosse #d1 #f4 ,royal ,red  
#e1 #f4 ,royal #e1 #f4 ,royal #b4 ,royal
  ,plumb #c4 ,royale #e4 ,royale #f4    
,sir ,charles ,worsley's #c1 #e1 #f4    

,wahre  ,knigspflaume #f4    ,royal is  
an ,old ,world variety supposed to have 
originated in ,france4  ,tree a slow    
grower2 top bushy2 shoots pubescent2    
fruit medium in size1  roundish2 suture 
distinct2 cavity narrow2 reddish-purple2
 dots small1  brownish2 bloom thick2    
flesh yellow1 melting1 juicy1 rich1     
subacid2  quality very good2 stone      
small1 roundish1 pointed1 free2         
mid-season4    ,royal ,bullace4         
,insititia4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #fhi4
 #ahhd4    ,royal ,bullace is the       
largest of the ,bullaces4 ,fruit round2 
suture faint2  cavity wide1 deep2 stem  
short1 slender2 greenish-yellow1 mottled
 with  red2 bloom thin2 flesh green1    
sprightly2 good2 freestone2 late4       
,royal ,dauphine4 ,domestica4 #a4       
,miller ,gard4 ,kal4 #ahd4 #agcd4 #b4   
,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #ba4 #ahjc4
    ,royal ,dauphin #b4 ,royale ,dauphin
 #a4    ,fruit large1 oval1 dark red    
shading to light red1 mottled2 bloom    
thick2  flesh greenish-yellow1 sweet2   

good2 freestone2 mid-season4    ,royal  
de ,braunac4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing   
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bnd ,app4 #aeg4       
#ahgf4    ,fruit of medium size1        
roundish-oval2 suture very slight2 light
 red  with dark purple blush2 dots      
numerous1 brown2 bloom heavy2 flesh     
greenish-yellow1 coarse1 rather firm1   
juicy1 rich2 clingstone2 mid-season4    
,royale de ,behrens4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbb4 #ahhi4 #b4   
,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #cfe4 #ahie4        
,behren's ,knigspflaume #a4 ,behrens    
,knigspflaume #b4 ,royale de ,behrens   
#a4    ,listed in the preceding         
references4    ,royale de ,siebenfreud4 
,domestica8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    
#dej4 #ahhi4  #b4 ,guide ,prat4 #aeh1   
#cfe4 #ahie4    ,royale de ,siebenfreund
 #a4 ,siebenfreund's ,knigspflaume #a4  
,siebenfreud's ,knigspflaume #b4        
,grown by ,liegel and named by him in   
honor of ,m4 ,siebenfreud1 of ,tyrnau1  
,hungary4 ,fruit large1 long-oval1      
brownish-red2 flesh pale yellow1 juicy2 

good2 mid-season4    ,royale ,htive de  
,liegel4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck     
,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4  #dbj4 #ahha4 #b4  
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcj4 #ahhi4 #c4   
,guide ,prat4 #afc1  #cfe4 #ahie4       
,frhe ,knigspflaume #b4 ,frhe           
,knigspflaume #c4 ,knigspflaume ,frhe   
#a4  ,rouge de ,liegel #b4 ,royale      
,htive de ,liegel #b4 ,royale ,htive #b4
    ,similar to the ,royal ,htive but   
inferior in quality4    ,royale         
,violette de ,keindl4 ,species8 #a4     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcg4 #ahhi4  #b4  
,guide ,prat4 #aeg1 #cfe4 #ahie4        
,keindl's ,violette ,knigspflaume #b4   
,keindt's ,violette ,knigspflaume #a4   
,royale ,violette de ,keindt #a4        
,originated by ,liegel and named after  
,mr4 ,keindl1 a ,german pomologist4     
,fruit large1 oval1 violet2 flesh       
greenish-yellow1 firm1 juicy2 good2     
early4    ,royal ,pea4 ,domestica4      
,mentioned in ,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4     
,trees #ba4 #ahjc4    ,royer ,aprikosen 
,pflaume4 ,domestica4 ,listed in        

,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddi4  #ahhi4      
,abricote de ,royer4 ,prune-,abricot de 
,royer4    ,ruben ,burgunder ,zwetsche4 
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4  #ddi4 #ahhi4    ,ruby4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,gard4 and ,for4 #g3bdc4
 #ahid4    ,charles ,h4 ,shinn of       
,berkeley1 ,california1 describes this  
variety as a  dark red prune coming from
 ,lake ,county1 ,california4    ,ruby4  
,triflora  ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 
,a4 ,pom4 ,rpt4 #df4 #ahie4  #b4 ,vt4   
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bbh4 #ahii4 #c4    
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bbd4  #aija4       
,originated by ,j4 ,s4 ,breece1         
,fayetteville1 ,north ,carolina1 from   
seed  of ,abundance pollinated with     
,wild ,goose2 fruit borne in #ahid4     
,fruit  of medium size1 oval2 suture    
faint2 dark1 wine-red2 skin thick2 flesh
  yellow1 firm1 meaty1 slightly fibrous1
 sweet1 rich2 good2 clingstone4         
,ruby4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,orchard ,home  
,nur4 ,cat4 #g4 #ahia4 #b4 ,terry  ,cat4
 #h4 #aijj4    ,a seedling of ,wild     

,goose introduced by ,l4 ,t4 ,sanders of
 the ,orchard ,home  ,nursery1 ,plain   
,dealing1 ,louisiana1 in #ahia4 ,fruit  
slightly smaller than  the parent1      
round1 red with small dots2 flesh solid2
 good2 a good shipper4    ,rudolph4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4
 ,sort4 #dch4 #ahha4 #b4  ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #ddi4 #ahhi4    ,frankfurter     
,pflaume #b4 ,rudolphspflaume #a4       
,rudolph ,pflaume #b4    ,in ,germany   
considered valuable for dessert1        
compotes and market4 ,tree  quick in    
growth1 large2 shoots almost glabrous1  
dark brownish-red2 fruit  large1 of     
prune shape2 suture shallow2 halves     
usually equal2 stem hairy2  cavity      
shallow2 skin easily removed1 yellow    
often flecked with red1  sometimes      
reddish2 flesh yellow1 tender1 juicy1   
very sweet1 sprightly2  nearly          
freestone2 mid-season4    ,rue4         
,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4        
#df3bhh4 #aijj4 #b4 ,budd-,hansen  ,am4 
,hort4 ,man4 #cjj4 #aijc4 #c4 ,s4 ,dak4 

,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3cd4 #aije4    ,j4 ,b4   
,rue #a1 #b1 #c4    ,originated with ,j4
 ,b4 ,rue1 ,pottawattamie ,county1      
,iowa2 distributed by  ,professor ,j4   
,l4 ,budd4 ,the fruit closely resembles 
,stoddard except in the  stone1 that of 
the latter being large and flat1 while  
that of the former  is small and round4 
,ruff ,choice4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,tex4    
,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dhd4 #ahid4    ,under   
test at the ,texas ,experiment ,station4
    ,ruff ,spanish4 ,species8 #a4 ,tex4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dij4 #ahid4    ,under   
test at the ,texas ,experiment ,station4
    ,russian ,mirabelle4 ,insititia4 #a4
 ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #cbd4  
#aijc4    ,described by ,budd and       
,hansen as a ,russian plum2 hardier than
 the  ,mirabelle of western ,europe and 
differing in tree and fruit4 ,fruit     
small1  roundish-oblate1 bright yellow2 
suture indistinct to distinct at the    
apex2 cavity narrow2 stem medium in     
length and thickness2 flesh yellow1     
juicy1 rich2 quality best2 freestone4   

,russian ,no4 #b4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4
 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #aaa4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,colo4    
,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3de4 #ahih4    ,imported 
from ,russia4 ,fruit of medium size1    
irregular in shape2 suture a  line2 deep
 purple with heavy bloom2 flesh firm1   
subacid2 quality fair2  freestone4      
,russian ,no4 #c4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4
 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #aaa4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,s4  ,dak4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3ce4 #aije4    ,said to 
be unproductive and not hardy4    ,sada4
 ,americana mollis4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #fc3ei4 #ahig4 #b4  ,ibid4 #hg3ae4
 #aija4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #afc4   
#aija4    ,a seedling of ,van ,buren    
grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1     
,iowa2 first  fruited in #ahic4 ,fruit  
large1 round2 suture a line2 cavity     
shallow2 red  over a yellow ground with 
many conspicuous dots2 skin thick1      
tough1  astringent2 flesh dark yellow1  
mushy2 quality fair2 semi-clinging2     
mid-season4    ,saffold4 ,species8 #a4  
,am4 ,gard4 #ad3ea4 #ahic4 #b4 ,bailey  
,ev4 ,nat4  ,fruits #age4 #ahih4    ,a  

variety brought into ,texas from        
,alabama about #ahec by ,general        
,saffold  of ,sequin1 ,texas1 where for 
years it was the only cultivated plum4  
,although inferior to later             
introductions1 it is excellent for      
preserves  and still retains a place    
among ,texan varieties4    ,sagetsuna4  
,triflora4 #a4 ,normand ,sp4 ,cir4      
#ahie4 #b4 ,kerr ,cat4 #h4  #aija4 #c4  
,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3f1 #cc4 #aije4     
,sagetsuma #c4 ,wasse ,botankyo #b4     
,a variety imported from ,japan by ,j4  
,l4 ,normand1 ,marksville1 ,louisiana4  
,in #aija1 ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr fruited        
,sagetsuna and ,wasse ,botankyo and     
found them  identical4 ,tree vigorous   
with straggling habit2 fruit large1     
conic1 red  over a yellow ground1 with  
numerous dots2 flesh yellow1 firm2 good2
  clingstone2 earlier than ,abundance4  
,st4 ,anne4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,cat4 #dj4 #ahii4    ,bonne ,st4  
,ann #a4    ,originated in ,vermont2    
catalogued by the ,american ,pomological

 ,society in  #ahii and #aija4 ,fruit   
blue2 good4    ,saint ,antoine4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,trait ,prat4 ,sech4    
,fruits #agb4 #ahic4    ,prune de       
,bordeaux #a4    ,a plum found in the   
neighborhood of ,gironde1 ,france4 ,the 
prunes from this  variety are know as   
,prunes de ,bordeaux4 ,the fruits are   
less esteemed than  those of the ,agen4 
,saint ,antonio4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned 
in ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aec4      
#ahca4    ,st4 ,aubert4 ,domestica4 #a4 
,gard4 ,chron4 #cf3abje4 #ahgc4 #b4     
,guide  ,prat4 #aeg1 #cfe4 #ahie4       
,saint ,aubert #b4    ,of ,belgian      
origin2 resembles ,golden ,drop but is a
 month earlier and is  superior in      
quality and productiveness2 fruit oval1 
rounded at both ends1  greenish spotted 
and marked with a crimson blush2 color  
and flavor of the  flesh like ,reine    
,claude4    ,sainte ,therese4 ,species8 
#a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddi4 #ahhi4   
#b4  ,guide ,prat4 #afj1 #cfe4 #ahie4   
,tree vigorous1 productive2 fruit large1

 long-oval1 reddish-purple2 flesh       
fine-grained2 good2 clingstone2         
mid-season4    ,st4 ,etienne4           
,insititia4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #cha4
 #ahff4 #b4  ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4   
,sort4 #dca4 #ahha4 #c4 ,gard4 ,chron4  
#bd3ahg4  #ahhe4 #d4 ,guide ,prat4 #afj1
 #cfe4 #ahie4 #e4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms    
,rpt4 #dhj4  #aijd4    ,mamelonnee8 #d4 
,pflaume von ,st4 ,etienne #d4 ,pflaume 
von ,st4 ,etienne #b4    ,tree vigorous2
 fruit globular or frequently           
roundish-oval2 suture  distinct dividing
 the sides equally2 stem medium2 cavity 
narrow2 skin not  adherent2 yellow      
blushed and spotted with red on the     
sunny side2 flesh  yellow1 tender1      
melting1 juicy1 sweet with a fine       
flavor2 stone small2  free2 early4      
,st4 ,james4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aeb4 #ahca4 #b4     
,mag4 ,hort4 #i3afe4 #ahdc4 #c4 ,downing
 ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #caa4 #ahde4    ,st4  
,james' ,quetsche #a1 #b1 #c4    ,a     
strain of the ,german ,prune2 tree very 

productive2 fruit of medium size1       
oblong1 purple2 good2 clingstone2       
mid-season4    ,st4 ,john4 ,domestica4  
#a4 ,willich ,dom4 ,enc4 #d3aie4 #ahjc4 
#b4  ,horticulturist #c3cif4 #ahdh4 #c4 
,elliott ,fr4 ,book #dbi4 #ahed4        
,prune de ,st4 ,jean #c4 ,prune de ,st4 
,jean #b4    ,a foreign variety of      
unknown origin4 ,tree very productive2  
fruit of  medium size1 round1           
purplish-blue2 flesh greenish-yellow2   
early4    ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ch4 #ahgd4
 #b4  ,barry ,fr4 ,garden #daf4 #ahhc4  
#c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #abb4 #aija4    
,a seedling of ,smith ,orleans grown on 
the grounds of ,ellwanger  ,barry1      
,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,tree vigorous  
and productive2 fruit variable in  size1
 averages medium1 roundish-oval2 cavity 
deep1 rounded2 stem short2  suture      
shallow2 dark reddish-purple2 bloom     
heavy2 flesh yellow1 juicy1  melting1   
sweet2 quality poor to fair2 clingstone2
 mid-season4    ,saint ,martin          

,quetsche4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aeb4  #ahca4 #b4 ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bhc4 #ahde4 #c4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4  #ee4 #aheb4 #d4      
,elliott ,fr4 ,book #dad4 #ahed4 #e4    
,mas ,le ,verger #f3di4  #ahff-gc4      
,coe's ,late ,red #e4 ,prune ,violette  
,d',octobre #e4 ,rouge ,tardive ,de     
,coe #e4 ,saint-,martin #e4 ,saint      
,martin's #d4 ,saint ,martin's ,quetsche
 #d4  ,violette ,october ,pflaume #e4   
,of ,german origin2 introduced into this
 country during the second quarter  of  
the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,fruit of     
medium size1 ovate1 yellow1 sometimes   
blushed2 covered with a thin bloom2     
flesh yellowish1 juicy1 rich2 good2     
late2 fruit hangs to the tree long after
 maturity4    ,saint ,pierre4 ,species8 
#a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddi4 #ahhi4   
#b4 ,guide  ,prat4 #aef1 #cff4 #ahie4   
,fruit resembles ,mirabelle1 though it  
is larger2 yellow marbled with red2     
flesh yellow2 good2 stone nearly free2  
very early4    ,st4 ,remo4 ,domestica4  

#a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aec4     
#ahca4    ,cultivated in the garden of  
the ,horticultural ,society of ,london4 
,sandalls4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,jour4 ,hort4
 ,n4 ,s4 #ae3bdg4 #ahfh4 #b4  ,gard4    
,chron4 #cj3acaa1 #acdg4 #ahgj4         
,sandall's ,plum #b4    ,originated     
about #ahjj with a ,mr4 ,sandall at     
,crab ,tree1 ,fulton1 ,england4  ,tree  
vigorous and attains great size2 fruit  
of medium size1 round1 dark  purple2    
flesh firm1 reddish-yellow1 juicy1      
pleasant2 good2 clingstone2  very late4 
,sanders4 ,angustifolia varians8 #a4    
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bjj4 #aija4        
,honey ,grove #a4    ,introduced by ,j4 
,s4 ,kerr1 ,sherman1 ,texas1 in #ahih4  
,fruit small1  purplish-red2 quality    
fair2 very early4    ,sanderson4        
,americana4 #a4 ,budd-,hansen ,am4      
,hort4 ,man4 #cjj4 #aijc4    ,originated
 in ,minnesota4 ,fruit large1           
roundish-oval1 light red over a  yellow 
ground2 skin slightly astringent2 good2 
semi-clinging4    ,sandle4 ,domestica4  

,mentioned in ,watkins ,cat4 #ahib8     
,sandoz4 ,species8 #a4 ,crete ,cat4     
#aijf4    ,introduced by ,e4 ,f4        
,stephens of the ,crete ,nursery1       
,crete1 ,nebraska4 ,tree  hardy2        
productive2 fruit red2 early4    ,sand  
,plum4 ,angustifolia watsoni4 #a4       
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #hhi4  #ahfi4 
#b4 ,neb4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #agc4      
#ahie4 #c4 ,kansas 8,the ,plum0 #bj1    
#de4 #aijj4    ,sand ,plum is the common
 name for ,prunus angustifolia watsoni4 
,sannois4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4   
,a4 ,div4 ,pom4 ,bul4 #aj3bj4 #aija4    
,sannois ,quetsche #a4    ,originated in
 ,sannois1 ,france4 ,a rather           
unattractive plum in appearance1  but   
with a fine flavor and high quality4 ,as
 grown at this ,station  the tree is    
small1 vigorous1 upright-spreading2     
fruit above medium  to large1           
roundish-oblate1 slightly compressed2   
suture shallow2 stem  medium in         
thickness and length2 cavity wide1 deep2
 apex flattened2 dull1  reddish-purple  

with darker shades in the sun2 bloom    
moderate2 dots  numerous1 brownish2 skin
 thick1 tough2 flesh dark               
coppery-yellow1 juicy1  rather coarse1  
very fibrous1 tough1 firm1 sweet2 very  
good2 stone medium1  irregular-oval1    
turgid1 rough1 clinging2 very late4     
,sansoto4 ,prunus besseyi  ,americana4  
#a4 ,cir4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 #aiaj4        
,sansoto originated in #aijg as a cross 
between ,de ,soto and ,prunus  besseyi  
made by ,n4 ,e4 ,hansen of the ,south   
,dakota ,experiment ,station2           
introduced in #aiaj4 ,tree productive2  
fruit small1 round1 black2 bloom  heavy2
 flesh yellowish-green1 sprightly2      
clingstone4    ,santa ,rosa4 ,triflora4 
#a4 ,fancher ,creek ,nur4 ,cat4 #aijg4  
#b4 ,ibid4  #aiji4    ,originated by    
,burbank2 introduced by the ,fancher    
,creek ,nursery ,company in  #aijg4     
,fruit very large1 round1 suture        
distinct2 cavity medium deep2 dark      
purplish crimson with thin bloom2 flesh 
reddish near the skin shading to  amber 

near the center2 good2 clingstone2 keeps
 and ships well4    ,sapa4 ,prunus      
besseyi  ,triflora4 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #ajh4 #aijh4    ,grown by ,hansen 
of the ,south ,dakota ,experiment       
,station from a cross of  ,sultan and a 
selected seedling of the ,prunus        
besseyi2 fruited in #aijg4  ,fruit      
small1 round1 glossy1 dark purple2 flesh
 dark red4    ,saratoga4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,bailey ,ann4 ,hort4 #ajc4 #ahhi4 #b4  
,am4 ,pom4  ,soc4 ,cat4 #be4 #ahig4 #c4 
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #afi3bdc1 #bdg4      
#ahii4 #d4  ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aba4   
#aija4 #e4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4 #afb3bef1  
#beg4 #aije4    ,introduced by ,green's 
,nursery ,company in #ahhi4 ,found in a 
garden at  ,saratoga ,springs1 ,new     
,york1 in #ahig4 ,the ,american         
,pomological ,society  placed it on its 
fruit catalog list4 ,as tested at this  
,station it is  identical to the        
,lombard in fruit-characters but differs
 in foliage4 ,it  is safe to assume that
 it is a seedling of the ,lombard4      

,saskatchewan4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4  
,farms ,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4    ,taken from
 the wild by ,thomas ,stonewall1        
,manitoba2 tested at the ,indian  ,head 
,experimental ,farm1 ,northwest         
,territory4 ,fruit of medium size1 red2 
good2 early4    ,satin4 ,hortulana      
,triflora4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4    
#ab3bbh4 #ahii4    ,grown by ,j4 ,s4    
,breece1 ,fayetteville1 ,north          
,carolina1 supposedly from a  cross     
between ,moreman and some ,japanese     
variety4 ,fruit of medium size1         
roundish-oval2 suture a line2 red with  
numerous large1 yellow dots2 skin       
thick1 tough2 flesh firm1 yellow2 good2 
clingstone4    ,satsugon4 ,triflora4 #a4
 ,rural ,n4 ,y4 #fd3fgg4 #aije4         
,originated in #aijj with ,levi ,bell1  
,sparkill1 ,new ,york1 from a cross     
between ,ogon and ,satsuma4 ,fruit      
large1 roundish2 cavity deep2 dark  red2
 flesh red1 firm1 meaty2 freestone2     
quality good2 mid-season4 ,the          
originator states that this variety will

 keep in an ordinary cellar for  two    
months after picking4    ,satsuland4    
,triflora  ,domestica8 #a4 ,rural ,n4   
,y4 #fd3fgg4 #aije4    ,a cross between 
,satsuma and ,richland grown by ,levi   
,bell1 ,sparkill1 ,new  ,york1 about    
#aijj4 ,fruit below medium size1 oval1  
cavity lacking2 stem  long2             
purplish-red2 clingstone4    ,sauvageon4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,montreal ,hort4 ,soc4 
,rpt4 #id4 #ahhe4    ,corse's ,sauvageon
 #a4    ,raised from seed by ,henry     
,corse of ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,tree     
strong1  vigorous1 hardy1 productive2   
fruit dark blue2 flesh reddish tinged1  
firm1  sweet and pleasant2 late4        
,sayer ,favorite4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #id4 #ahgg4    ,in    
#ahgg ,j4 ,e4 ,johnson in a report to   
the ,american ,pomological ,society     
mentioned this as a very fine seedling  
variety growing in ,utah4               
,scaldatone4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in  
,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aec4 #ahca4  
,scanarda4 ,species8 ,mentioned in      

,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddi4 #ahhi4       
,die ,scanarda4 ,scanarda4              
,scaudatella4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aec4 #ahca4 #b4     
,gallesio ,pom4 ,ital4 #b3 ,pl4 #ahci4  
,scaldatello #a4 ,susino ,scaudatella   
#b4    ,an old variety well known in    
,italy4 ,fruit medium1 obovate1 yellow2 
flesh  yellow1 meaty1 juicy and sweet4  
,schamal4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ann4 ,pom4   
,belge #g3ca1 ,pl4 #ahei4 #b4  ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #hig4 #ahfi4 #c4 ,le   
,bon ,jard4 ,,lii4 #ahhd4 #d4  ,guide   
,prat4 #afa1 #ced4 #ahie4    ,automne de
 ,schamali #b4 ,damascena ,schamali #a1 
#b1 #d4 ,d',automne de  ,schamal #b4    
,prune d',automne de ,schamal #a1 #c1   
#d4 ,prune d',automne de  ,schamali #b4 
,schamal #d4 ,schamals ,herbstpflaume   
#d4    ,obtained by ,m4 ,schamal1       
nurseryman and pomologist at            
,jungbunzlau1  ,bohemia2 first noted by 
,liegel in #ahdd4 ,tree vigorous1       
productive2 young  branches smooth1     
brownish-red2 fruit large1 pear-shaped2 

suture deep2  halves unequal2 stem      
slender1 smooth2 purplish-red2 flesh    
yellowish1  juicy1 tender1 sweet1       
vinous2 stone oval1 free2 mid-season4   
,schenectady4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4     
,hort4 #ddf4 #ahdg4 #b4 ,thomas  ,am4   
,fruit ,cult4 #cdb4 #ahdi4 #c4 ,elliott 
,fr4 ,book #dad4 #ahed4 #d4  ,cultivator
 #f3eb1 #bfi4 #aheh4 #e4 ,downing ,fr4  
,trees ,am4 #idg4 #ahfi4  #f4 ,oberdieck
 ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #djb4 #ahha4      
,catharinenpflaume von ,schenectady #f4 
,schenectady ,catharine #d4             
,schenectady ,catherine ,plum #a1 #b1   
#e4 ,schenectady ,catherine #c4         
,originated at ,schenectady1 ,new ,york1
 about #ahjj2 introduced by ,dr4        
,herman ,wendell4 ,it was described in  
the ,american ,pomological ,society's   
catalog for twenty-two years4 ,tree     
vigorous1 productive2 fruit small1      
roundish-oval2 suture shallow2 cavity   
small2 reddish-purple2 bloom thin2      
flesh greenish-yellow1 melting1 juicy1  
rich1 sweet2 very good2 freestone2      

mid-season2 said to reproduce itself    
from seed4    ,schieblers ,eier         
,pflaume4 ,domestica4 ,mentioned in     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #ddi4 #ahhi4      
,schiebler ,luisante4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dji4   
#ahha4    ,a seedling of the ,red ,egg  
plum1 similar1 but not an improvement4  
,schlachter ,frh ,zwetsche4 ,domestica8 
#a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ddi4  #ahhi4  
#b4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1 #cff4 #ahie4    
,a variety resembling ,german ,prune4   
,schley4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4
 ,bul4 #ch3fe1 #hg4 #ahib4 #b4  ,waugh  
,plum ,cult4 #ahh4 #aija4    ,schley's  
,large ,red #a1 #b4    ,originated near 
,augusta1 ,georgia2 introduced by ,j4   
,w4 ,k4 ,nelson of that  state4 ,fruit  
of medium size1 roundish-oval2 suture   
slight2 cavity of  medium depth2 bright 
red with numerous dots2 skin tough2     
flesh yellow2  poor2 clingstone2        
mid-season4    ,schmidt ,rote ,zwetsche4
 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4   
#ddi4 #ahhi4    ,quetsche ,rouge de     

,schmidt #a4    ,mathieu found it       
referred to in ,wiener ,garten-,zeitung 
#bhi4 #ahhd4    ,schoenthal4 ,americana4
 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid-aijj4    ,fruit  
of medium size1 globular1 dull red2     
stone semi-clinging4    ,schne von      
,riom4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck ,deut4
 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dde4  #ahha4            
,mentioned as an unproductive variety on
 dry soils4    ,schuyler ,gage4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #adg4 #ahca4 #b4  ,cultivator     
#a3cjf4 #ahdd4 #c4 ,ibid4 #c3ai4 #ahee4 
#d4 ,downing ,fr4  ,trees ,am4 #idg4    
#ahfi4 #e4 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3ajc4     
#ahff-gc4    ,reine-,claude de ,schuyler
 #e4 ,schuyler ,gage #e4    ,a seedling 
of ,reine ,claude grown at ,albany1 ,new
 ,york1 by ,general ,schuyler  of       
revolutionary fame1 who refused to      
disseminate it4 ,his successor  in the  
ownership of the tree1 ,john ,bryan1    
also guarded the variety  jealously1 so 
that it was not until about #ahdg when  
,e4 ,c4 ,mc,intosh came  into possession

 of the estate that the variety was     
introduced4 ,fruit of  medium size1     
oval2 suture shallow2 cavity small2     
yellow splashed with  green and dotted  
with red2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1     
juicy1 rich1 sweet2  very good2         
freestone2 late4    ,scioto4 ,insititia4
 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,yearbook #ejb4    
#aije4    ,mussel #a4 ,chickasaw #a4    
,cultivated for nearly eighty years in  
the noted ,damson district at           
,chillicothe1 ,ohio4 ,it was brought    
there in #ahca by ,miss ,palace ,hill   
from  the nursery of her brother1       
,joseph ,c4 ,hill1 ,petersburg1         
,virginia1 who  in turn had found it on 
the farm of ,thomas ,hill near ,bollings
 ,bridge1  ,north ,carolina4 ,the       
variety is of the ,damson type and the  
seed of it was  probably brought from   
,europe by the early colonists4 ,fruit  
small1 oval1  necked2 suture slight2    
cavity lacking2 dark blue2 bloom heavy2 
good4    ,scribner4 ,triflora           
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4  

,rpt4 #df1 ,col4  ,pl4 #ahie4 #b4 ,vt4  
,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ai4 #ahih4 #c4 ,waugh   
,plum ,cult4  #bbe4 #aija4    ,from ,j4 
,s4 ,breece1 ,fayetteville1 ,north      
,carolina1 supposedly from a cross  of  
,abundance pollinated by ,wild ,goose4  
,fruit large1 roundish-oval2 suture     
faint2 cavity large2 stem short1 stout2 
dark red with many small dots2  bloom   
heavy2 flesh yellow1 firm1 meaty2       
quality very poor2 clingstone4          
,sea-,egg4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4
 ,bul4 #ajf3fb4 #aijf4    ,bailey       
mentions this variety as coming from    
,burbank and describes it  as2 8globular
 heart shaped in outline and mottled    
red2 flesh very thick  and meaty2       
orange-yellow1 sweet and excellent1 with
 a slight muskiness1  cling40           
,semiana4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,forsyth      
,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #ba4 #ahjc4 #b4     
,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #cdd1 #cdf4  
#ahdi4 #c4 ,cole ,am4 ,fr4 ,book #bag4  
#ahdi4 #d4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4    
#idg4 #ahfi4    ,blue ,impratrice #b1   

#c1 #d4 ,semiana of ,boston #d4 ,semina 
#a4 ,simiana #b4    ,at one time grown  
extensively around ,boston2 often       
confused with ,blue  ,impratrice and the
 ,semiana or ,suisse of ,europe4 ,it is1
 however1 much  inferior to either of   
the above4 ,tree vigorous1 very         
productive2 fruit  of medium size1 oval1
 necked2 cavity very small2 deep purple2
 flesh  greenish1 juicy1 subacid1 not   
rich2 clingstone2 very late4    ,seper4 
,nigra8 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahig-aijj4 #b4 
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aga4  #aija4       
,seper's ,peach #b4 ,seper's ,peach #a4 
,introduced by ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1 ,denton1  
,maryland4 ,fruit large1                
roundish-oblong1  dark red2 quality     
poor2 clingstone4    ,september4        
,americana #a4 ,meneray ,cat4    ,one of
 ,h4 ,a4 ,terry's numerous varieties2   
introduced by ,f4 ,w4 ,meneray of       
,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa4 ,fruit large1  
round1 bright red2 fair quality4        
,september ,damask4 ,insititia4 #a4     
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3gg4      

#agfh4 #b4 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3de1   
,tab4 #bjj fig4 #a4 #agif4 #c4 ,prince  
,pom4 ,man4 #b3hd4 #ahcb4 #d4 ,poiteau  
,pom4 ,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4 #e4 ,hogg      
,fruit ,man4 #ceg4 #ahff4 #f4 ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #idg4 #ahfi4 #g4 ,mas  
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3a4 #ahgc4 #h4 ,mathieu   
,nom4 ,pom4 #dea4 #ahhi4    ,damas de   
,septembre #a1 #b1 #e1 #g4 ,damas de    
,septembre #c1 #f1 #h4 ,die spte  oder  
,september ,damaskpflaume #b4 ,michaelis
 ,pflaume #h4 ,mnchenpflaume  #h4 ,prune
 ,damas de ,septembre #d4 ,prune de     
,vacance #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h4
  ,prunier des ,vacances #c1 #f1 #h4    
,sankt-,michel's ,pflaume #h4 ,september
  ,damascene #h4 ,september ,damask #c4 
,september ,damask #g1 #h4 ,september   
,damson #a4 ,vakanzpflaume #h4    ,an   
old variety probably of ,french origin4 
,tree of medium vigor1  productive2     
shoots downy2 fruit small1 roundish to  
slightly elongated2  suture shallow2    
stem short2 cavity shallow2 skin tender1
 purplish-black1  covered with a thick  

bloom2 flesh greenish1 fine1 melting1   
sweet1  agreeable when well ripened2    
freestone2 late4    ,shaker4 ,americana8
 #a4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hj4      
#ahhj4    ,grown in ,iowa from seed     
brought from ,ohio4 ,fruit red1 coloring
 a month  before maturity2 ripening     
period very long4    ,shaw4 ,species8   
#a4 ,bailey ,ann4 ,hort4 #ajc4 #ahhi4   
,mentioned by ,bailey in the ,annals of 
,horticulture as introduced by ,lovett  
in #ahhi2 not listed in ,lovett's       
catalogs4    ,shedd ,cluster4           
,munsoniana8 ,letter from ,f4 ,t4       
,ramsey4    ,a prolific variety         
resembling ,robinson selected from the  
wild on the line  between ,lampasas and 
,coryelle counties1 ,texas1 by a ,mr4   
,shedd4    ,sheldon4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #idh4 #ahfi4  
,originated on the farm of ,wareham     
,sheldon1 ,huron1 ,wayne ,county1 ,new  
,york4 ,tree vigorous and prolific2     
fruit large1 oval2 suture a line2       
cavity small2 purplish-black2 bloom     

thick2 flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1    
aromatic2 good2 freestone2 mid-season4  
,shepherd ,bullace4 ,insititia4 #a4     
,watkins ,nur4 ,cat4 #dh4 #ahib8 #b4    
,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't #d3afj4 #aija4  
,shepherd's ,white #b4    ,a large      
,bullace mentioned without description  
in the preceding references4    ,shepway
 ,bulleis4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,parkinson   
,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4    ,parkinson  
mentions under this name a large 8dark  
bluish-brown0 plum of  the ,bullace type
 inferior to the common variety4        
,shilling4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4  
#ahid4 #b4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4  #afb3bef1 
#beg4 #aije4    ,a variety introduced by
 ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr in #ahid4 ,fruit of      
medium size1  oblong-oval1 pointed at   
the apex2 cavity shallow2 suture a line2
 stem  short1 stout2 dull red2 bloom    
light2 flesh yellow2 quality poor2      
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,shipper4    
,triflora4 #a4 ,burbank ,cat4 #ah4      
#ahic4 #b4 ,childs ,cat4 #fb4  #ahif4   
,a seedling of ,satsuma grown by        

,burbank2 introduced in #ahif by ,john  
,lewis  ,childs1 ,floral ,park1 ,new    
,york4 ,fruit oval1 light red2 flesh    
very firm1  juicy1 sweet2 keeps and     
ships well2 mid-season4    ,shirata     
,bene4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,lovett ,cat4     
#ahib4 #b4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4  #afb3bef1 
#beg4 #aije4    ,introduced as a crimson
 plum but described at the ,ohio        
,experiment ,station  as yellow4        
,shviata ,bene4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,gard4   
,mon4 #cfg4 #ahhg4    ,uwase #a4 ,blood 
,plum #a4    ,h4 ,h4 ,berger states that
 the above name and synonyms were       
applied to a  red-fleshed variety       
indigenous to ,japan4 ,probably a class 
name4    ,siamese4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #bhd4 #ahde4  
,fruit in pairs firmly attached on one  
side and hanging from a single  stem4   
,the original tree grew in the garden of
 ,wm4 ,roe1 ,newburgh1 ,new  ,york4     
,fruit of medium size1 obovate2 cavity  
small2 skin pale yellow2  flesh yellow1 
juicy1 sprightly2 quality fair2         

clingstone2 mid-season4    ,sidone4     
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dej4 #ahhi4    ,siebenburger     
,pflaume4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dej4 #ahhi4 #b4  ,guide ,prat4   
#afc1 #cff4 #ahie4    8,a variety of    
little merit40    ,sierra4 ,subcordata4 
#a4 ,can4 ,hort4 #ai3dje4 #ahif4        
,sierra ,crimson #a4    ,reported in the
 preceding reference by ,s4 ,s4         
,watkins1 ,grizzly ,flats1  ,california1
 as a very good wild plum growing high  
up in the ,sierra ,nevada  ,mountains4  
,said to bear beautiful crimson fruit   
about the size of the  ,reine ,claude1  
of good quality2 highly recommended for 
jelly4    ,silassy4 ,domestica4 #a4     
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aah3eb4 #ahie4 #b4  
,ibid4  #aeb3baa4 #ahih4    ,imported   
from ,hungary by the ,michigan          
,experiment ,station4    ,silas ,wilson4
 ,americana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ch3hj4 #ahib4 #b4  ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms  
,rpt4 #aje4 #aijj4 #c4 ,terry ,cat4     
#aijj4    ,grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 from

 seed of ,hawkeye2 first fruited in     
#ahia4 ,fruit  large1 oval2 cavity      
shallow2 suture a line2 red over a      
yellow ground2  dots numerous2 flesh    
yellow1 juicy2 good2 clingstone2        
mid-season4    ,silva ,koning ,claudie4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,wickson ,cal4 ,fruits  
#ceh4 #ahia4    ,miller's ,early #a4    
,described by ,wickson as an            
undetermined variety brought from       
,germany by  ,dr4 ,l4 ,e4 ,miller1 of   
,california1 in #ahed2 introduced by ,c4
 ,m4 ,silva  ,son  of ,newcastle1       
,california1 in #ahhg4 ,fruit           
purplish-black2 fine flavor2  similar in
 size to the ,early ,royal1 and about a 
month earlier4    ,sirocco4 ,triflora 8 
#a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,rpt4 #dg4    
#ahie4 #b4 ,vt4  ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ai4    
#ahie4    ,j4 ,s4 ,breece1 of           
,fayetteville1 ,north ,carolina grew    
this variety  as a cross between        
,abundance and ,marianna4 ,fruit of     
medium size1  roundish-oval2 cavity     
small2 suture a line2 coppery-red with  

streaks  of yellow2 dots minute1 russet2
 flesh reddish near the skin but yellow 
towards the stone1 juicy2 good4         
,sisson4 ,subcordata kelloggii4 #a4     
,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fruits #baf1 #bag4  
#ahih4    ,fruit larger than the wild   
,subcordata2 yellow or red2 flesh soft  
and  palatable4 ,see the discussion of  
,prunus subcordata1 page #gd4    ,sixby4
 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#hg3ae4 #aija4    ,sent out by ,edson   
,gaylord1 ,nora ,springs1 ,iowa4 ,fruit 
small2 suture  distinct2 bright red with
 conspicuous dots2 skin adherent2 flesh 
deep  yellow tinged with red1 crisp1    
rich2 stone oval4    ,six ,weeks4       
,triflora  ,angustifolia varians8 #a4   
,kerr ,cat4 #aj4  #aija-b4 #b4 ,tex4    
,nur4 ,cat4 #h4 #aijg4 #c4 ,tex4 ,dept4 
,agr4 ,bul4  #ab3ajb4 #aiaj4    ,early  
,six ,weeks4    ,grown from seed of     
,abundance crossed with an early        
8,chicasaw20 named  and introduced by   
,j4 ,s4 ,kerr of ,texas4 ,tree vigorous1
 upright1 rapid in  growth1 resembles   

the native variety more than ,triflora2 
fruit large1  oblong1 yellow tinged red2
 early4    ,skuya4 ,triflora            
,americana4 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ajh4 #aijh4    ,a cross between ,de    
,soto and ,red ,june made by ,hansen of 
the ,south ,dakota  ,experiment ,station
 resulted in eight seedlings of which   
the above was  the first to fruit4      
,fruit large1 dark1 dull red and yellow1
 sweet2 good2  stone small4    ,sloe4   
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid-aijj4 
#b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #fc3ei4 #ahig4   
,sloe is a small native variety that has
 been given the common name  of the wild
 ,european plum4 7,see the following    
name47 ,fruit small1  roundish-oblong2  
skin thick1 dark red2 clingstone2       
mid-season4 ,the name  is also applied  
in one locality or another to nearly all
 of the ,american  species of plums as  
they grow wild4    ,sloe4 ,spinosa4 #a4 
,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4 #b4 
,ray ,hist4  ,plant4 #aebi4 #afhh4 #c4  
,knoop ,fructologie #b3fc4 #agga4 #d4   

,prince  ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ajf4 #ahcb4     
,blackthorn #d4 ,black ,prunella #b4    
,common ,sloe #d4 pine noire  #d4 ,petit
 prunallier #d4 ,pruneola #a4 ,prunelle 
#c4 ,prune ,sauvage  #c4 ,prunus        
silvestris #c4 ,prunus spinosa1 foliis  
lanceolatis #c4  ,prunelier #d4 ,prunus 
spinosa #d4 ,prunier pineux #d4         
,prunallier #d4  ,slee-,pruim #c4 ,white
 ,prunella #b4 ,white ,blossomed ,sloe  
#d4    ,see ,prunus spinosa4    ,small  
,green ,drying4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aec4 #ahca4    ,a   
variety under test in the garden of the 
,london ,horticultural ,society4        
,small ,white ,damson4 ,insititia4 #a4  
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3ha4      
#agfh4 #b4 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3dd1   
,tab4 #aih fig4 #a4 #agif4 #c4          
,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4     
#cjj4 #ahdf4 #d4 ,noisette ,man4 ,comp4 
,jard4 #b3dif4 #ahfj4 #e4 ,mas ,le      
,verger #f3abg4 #ahff-gc4 #f4 ,hogg     
,fruit ,man4 #gbf4 #ahhd4 #g4 ,mathieu  
,nom4 ,pom4 #dbg4 #ahhi4    ,damas blanc

 petit #f1 #g4 ,damascenen ,mirabelle   
#g4 ,die ,kleine ,weisse                
,damascenerpflaume #b4 ,kleine ,weisse  
,damascene #g4 ,klein ,weisse           
,damassener ,pflaume #e4 ,petit ,damas  
,blanc #a1 #e4 ,petit ,damas ,blanc #b1 
#c1 #g4 ,prune ,petit ,damas ,blanc #e4 
,prunier ,damas  petit fruit blanc #d4  
,small ,white ,damask #f4 ,small ,white 
,damask #g4 ,white ,damask #c4          
,probably a ,french variety4 ,tree of   
medium productiveness2 shoots smooth2   
fruit small1 roundish1 inclining to     
ovate2 stem medium in length1  slender2 
skin yellowish1 tinged with red on the  
sunny side2 flesh yellow1  firm1 juicy1 
sweet and well flavored2 freestone2     
mid-season2 culinary4    ,smiley4       
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ch3hj4 #ahib4 #b4 ,am4  ,pom4 ,soc4    
,cat4 #dj4 #ahii4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum      
,cult4 #ahh4 #aija4 #d4 ,ga4  ,sta4     
,bul4 #fg3bha1 #bhb4 #aijd4    ,thought 
to have originated in ,alabama4 ,tree   
vigorous with an open and  spreading    

habit1 very productive2 fruit medium or 
above1 roundish-oval  to                
roundish-oblong2 cavity shallow1        
rounded2 suture a line2 red with        
numerous small1 yellow dots2 skin tough2
 flesh yellow1 soft2 quality fair  to   
good2 stone medium1 oval1 somewhat      
flattened1 clinging2 mid-season4        
,smith4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4     
#ahid4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hg3ah4    
#aija4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #afd4    
#aija4    ,a seedling of ,quaker grown  
by ,c4 ,a4 ,smith1 ,caroline ,county1   
,maryland4  ,tree of straggling1 open   
growth1 vigorous and productive2 fruit  
large1  sometimes very large1           
roundish-oval to roundish-oblong2 suture
 a line2  apex rounded2 cavity shallow1 
narrow2 stem short and stout2 yellow    
overspread with dark red2 dots small1   
yellow2 bloom heavy2 skin thick1  tough2
 flesh deep yellow1 juicy1 firm1 sweet2 
good to best2 stone large1  oval1 nearly
 free2 medium early4 ,waugh says1 8,one 
of the best ,americanas  ,i ever saw40  

,smith ,october4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4  
,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #adf4 #ahif4    ,a   
seedling grown by ,a4 ,m4 ,smith1 ,st4  
,catherines1 ,ontario4 ,fruit of medium 
size1 slightly one-sided2 suture        
obscure2 black1 somewhat mottled2 bloom 
light2 flesh dark yellow1 firm1 subacid2
 quality fair2 stone small1  globular   
with a deep hollow alongside a thickened
 margin4    ,smith ,prolific4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 
#bnd ,ser4 #c3ef4  #aijj4 #b4 ,can4     
,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dcc4 #aije4         
,under test at the ,experimental ,farm  
at ,agassiz1 ,british ,columbia4 ,fruit 
medium in size1 globular2 cavity deep2  
stem short2 suture distinct and         
terminating in a depression2 yellowish  
with a purple-red cheek2 bloom  thin2   
flesh yellowish1 juicy1 sprightly2 stone
 of medium size1 clinging2  mid-season4 
,smith ,red4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4    
,rpt4 #aa3cde4 #ahid4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #fc3ei1 #fj4 #ahig4 #c4 ,waugh    
,plum ,cult4 #aga4 #aija4    ,smith's   

,red #a1 #b4    ,sent to the ,wisconsin 
,experiment ,station in #ahij by ,i4 ,f4
 ,gale   ,son1 ,waukesha1 ,wisconsin4   
,tree vigorous1 productive2 fruit large1
  round-oval2 suture a line2 stem short 
and stout1 set in a shallow cavity2     
purplish-red1 shading to orange2 dots   
minute2 bloom thin2 skin thick with  a  
very slight harshness2 flesh yellow1    
firm1 sweet2 fair to good2 stone  large1
 oval1 thin1 clinging2 mid-season4      
,snelling4 ,nigra4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4      
,farms ,rpt4 #acf4 #ahid4 #b4 ,can4     
,exp4  ,farm ,bul4 #dc3ci4 #aijc4       
,grown by ,w4 ,h4 ,snelling1 ,new       
,edinburgh1 ,ontario1 about #ahhj from a
 sprout  of an old tree growing at      
,gatineau ,point1 ,quebec4 ,fruit medium
 to large1  usually round2 stem an inch 
long1 set in a round cavity2 suture     
distinct2  yellowish-red1 mostly covered
 with darker red2 bloom light2 skin     
thin1  tender1 apt to crack when fully  
ripe1 slightly astringent2 flesh soft1  
very juicy1 sweet2 good2 stone large1   

flat2 mid-season4    ,snyder4           
,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4        
#df3bhh4 #aijj4 #b4  ,budd-,hansen ,am4 
,hort4 ,man4 #cja4 #aijc4    ,a seedling
 of ,de ,soto2 originated in #ahic with 
,j4 ,a4 ,fairchild1 ,coggon1  ,linn     
,county1 ,iowa4 ,tree vigorous1 upright2
 fruit large1 roundish1                 
oblique-truncate2 suture a line2 apex   
depressed2 stem stout set in a  shallow 
cavity2 light red with darker shades of 
red2 dots large2 bloom  thin2 flesh     
yellow1 firm1 brisk subacid2 fair to    
good2 stone large1 oval1  flat1         
clinging4    ,souris4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 
,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4         
,under test at ,indian ,head1 ,northwest
 ,territory1 ,canada4    ,south         
,cumberland4 ,species8 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #aea4 #ahia4    ,p4 ,j4     
,berckmans of ,augusta1 ,georgia1 says  
in the above reference that  this       
variety has been known for twenty-six or
 twenty-seven years in his  section4    
,fruit golden yellow2 very good4        

,southern ,beauty4 ,species8 #a4 ,wild  
,bros4 ,cat4 #ahib4 #b4 ,kerr ,cat4     
#ahid4    ,tree peach-like in growth and
 general appearance2 wholly barren2     
possibly  the ,blackman renamed2        
worthless4    ,southern ,golden4        
,species8 #a4 ,ala4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aa3ab4 
#ahij4    ,noted in the preceding       
reference as a feeble grower2 fruit     
medium in  size1 oblong1 yellow1 tender2
 quality best2 early4    ,spanish       
,damask4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,kraft ,pom4   
,aust4 #b3abi1 ,tab4 #age  fig4 #b4     
#agif4 #b4 ,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees 
#ba4 #ahjc4 #c4 ,willich  ,dom4 ,enc4   
#d3cjj4 #ahjc4 #d4 ,poiteau ,pom4       
,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4 #e4  ,hogg ,fruit    
,man4 #fic4 #ahhd4 #f4 ,mathieu ,nom4   
,pom4 #dci4 #ahhi4    ,damas d',espagne 
#a1 #f4 ,damas ,d',espagne #e4 ,die     
,damaskpflaume aus ,spanien  #a4        
,liegel's ,spanische ,damascene #f4     
,prune ,damas ,d',espagne #d4 ,prunus   
hispanica #d4 ,spanish ,damascene #b4   
,spanish ,damask #f4 ,spanish ,red      

,damask  #c4    ,fruit small1 roundish2 
suture shallow2 cavity small2 stem      
short2  purplish-black2 bloom thick2    
flesh yellow1 tender1 juicy1 not rich2  
quality fair2 freestone2 mid-season4    
,spanish ,king4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ia4    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #cee4 #ahgh4 #b4     
,ibid4 #ade4 #ahhj4 #c4 ,mich4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #afi3bdc1 #bdg4 #ahii4 #d4 ,ia4   
,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bgi4 #aijj4 #e4         
,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #cbf4   
#aijc4    ,rex #a1 #b4 ,spanish #c4     
,introduced into ,marion ,county1 ,iowa1
 by ,john ,laike1 a ,german1 under the  
name ,rex1 through cions obtained in    
#ahgb from a ,spanish consul4 ,several  
tests show this variety to be identical 
with the ,lombard4 ,if the origin  given
 is correct1 the belief that the        
,lombard is an old ,european variety  is
 substantiated4    ,spte ,zwetsche ,von 
,karlstadt4 ,species8 ,mentioned in     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #dej4 #ahhi4      
,speckled ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,n4 ,y4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #g3ib4 #ahhh4         

,originated as a sucker from trees      
secured in ,montreal by ,james ,tobias4 
,fruit small1 round1 purplish1 speckled 
with conspicuous dots2 very sweet2      
good4    ,speer4 ,americana4 #a4        
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3db4 #ahib4 #b4 
,colo4  ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3de4 #ahih4 #c4  
,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #cje4 #ahih4   
,found wild by ,j4 ,a4 ,speer1 ,cedar   
,falls1 ,iowa4 ,tree small1 very hardy1 
spreading1 productive1 apt to overbear2 
fruit medium or below1  irregular-oval  
to oblong2 suture distinct2 cavity      
shallow2 stem short1  slender2          
purplish-red on a yellow ground2 dots   
numerous1 small2 bloom  heavy2 flesh    
yellow1 firm and sweet2 good2 stone     
large1 oval1 flat1 ends  blunt1         
semi-clinging2 medium late4    ,spicer4 
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4
 #bnd ,ser4 #c3ef4 #aijj4    ,originated
 with ,charles ,luedloff of ,minnesota2 
according to the above  reference of no 
value in ,british ,columbia4            
,spilling ,jaune-double4 ,insititia4 #a4

 ,knoop ,fructologie #b3fc4 #agga4      
,except in its larger size and poorer   
quality this variety closely  resembles 
the ,white ,wheat4    ,splendid4        
,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4        
#df3bhh4 #aijj4 #b4 ,kerr  ,cat4 #f4    
#aijj4    ,found wild by ,i4 ,k4 ,teeter
 near ,magnolia1 ,harrison ,county1     
,iowa1 in #ahgh2  introduced by ,j4 ,w4 
,kerr in #aijj4 ,tree dwarfish1 bears   
early1 productive2  fruit medium in     
size1 dark red2 skin tough2 flesh       
yellow1 very firm1  sweet2 good2        
semi-clinging2 medium to late4          
,splendor4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,burbank     
,cat4 #ae fig4 #ahic4 #b4 ,cal4 ,state  
,bd4 ,hort4 ,rpt4 #dg4 #ahig-ih4 #c4    
,am4 ,gard4 #ba3cf4 #aijj4 #d4 ,u4 ,s4  
,d4 ,a4 ,yearbook #bgd1 ,pl4 ,,xxxvi4   
#aijc4    ,cross-bred ,prune ,a4,p4-#cah
 #a4    ,splendor was originated by     
,luther ,burbank in #ahhf from a cross  
between  ,pond and ,agen4 ,in #ahic it  
was sold under the name ,cross-bred     
,prune  ,a4,p4-#cah to ,stark ,brothers 

of ,louisiana1 ,missouri1 who introduced
 it the  following year under its       
present name4 ,the fruit is twice the   
size of  ,agen1 ovoid1 compressed1 dark 
purple2 bloom heavy2 flesh yellow1 rich1
  sweet2 freestone2 hangs well to the   
tree and ripens its crop all together4  
,spotted ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing
 ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #idi4 #ahfi4    ,tree 
vigorous1 very productive2 fruit medium 
or above1 oval2 suture  shallow2        
greenish-yellow shaded1 mottled and     
splashed with crimson and  lilac2 dots  
numerous1 light2 bloom thin2 flesh      
coarse1 yellow1 sugary1  juicy1 a little
 vinous2 good2 semi-clinging2           
mid-season4    ,springer4 ,americana4   
#a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hg3h4 #aija4 #b4 
,wis4  ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ia1 #id4     
#aija4    ,found wild by ,wm4 ,a4       
,springer of ,fremont1 ,wisconsin2 sent 
to the  ,wisconsin ,experiment ,station 
in #ahij and named by ,professor ,e4 ,s4
 ,goff4  ,tree productive2 fruit of     
large size1 deep purplish-red shading to

  yellow2 dots numerous1 yellow2 bloom  
moderate2 skin thick1 tender1 not       
harsh2 flesh deep yellow1 sweet and     
rich2 stone large1 thick margined1      
clinging2 mid-season4    ,stabeler      
,seedling4 ,species8 #a4 ,elliott ,fr4  
,book #dbi4 #ahed4    ,according to     
,elliott1 an ,american variety2 fruit   
medium in size1 oval1  greenish-yellow  
with white specks2 flesh yellowish1     
adhering to the  stone2 mid-season4     
,standard4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,gard4       
,chron4 #ac3fjj4 #ahec4 #b4 ,mc,intosh  
,bk4 ,gard4 #b3ecc4 #ahee4 #c4 ,ann4    
,pom4 ,belge #h3be1 ,pl4 #ahfj4 #d4     
,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #chb4 #ahff4 #e4     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dbi4 #ahhi4       
,etendard d',angleterre #e4 ,l',etendard
 ,de ,l',angleterre #c4 ,standard of    
,england #e4 ,standard of ,england #a1  
#b1 #d4    ,an ,english variety raised  
from seed about #ahde by ,henry ,dowling
 of  ,woolston4 ,fruit above medium     
size1 obovate2 suture shallow2 stem     
medium2  cavity small2 bright red1      

shading to purplish-red2 dots yellow2   
bloom  thin1 violet2 flesh greenish1    
firm1 juicy1 brisk flavor2 good2 stone  
small1 oval1 nearly free2 mid-season4   
,standard4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,burbank     
,cat4 #aa4 #aiaa4    ,this ,standard is 
a cross between ,tragedy and ,sugar     
recently sent out by  ,luther ,burbank4 
,professor ,e4 ,j4 ,wickson of the      
,college of ,agriculture at  ,berkeley1 
,california1 describes it as follows3   
8,freestone1 pit small   inch by  inch4 
,flesh yellowish1 melting1 fine-grained2
 very juicy and  sweet2 skin dark blue1 
sub-color dark red1 medium texture40    
,stark ,green ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,bailey ,ann4 ,hort4 #aif4 #ahia4 #b4   
,stark ,bros4 ,cat4 #ahia4    ,stark    
,green ,gage is said to be a seedling of
 ,missouri ,green ,gage2  introduced by 
,stark ,brothers in #ahia4 ,as tested at
 this ,station both of  these varieties 
are identical with ,imperial ,gage4     
,steinman4 ,americana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #fc3ei4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ia4  ,sta4    

,bul4 #df3bhh4 #aijj4 #c4 ,ibid4        
#aad3add4 #aiaj4    ,steinman ,no4 #b1  
#c4    ,of the type of ,stoddard1       
originated in #ahhc by ,c4 ,steinman1   
,mapleton1  ,iowa1 from a mixed lot of  
seed of ,de ,soto1 ,quaker and ,forest  
,garden4 ,tree  productive2 fruit of    
medium size1 oval1 conical1 one-sided2  
stem short2  suture distinct2 apex      
pointed2 crimson with numerous dots2    
bloom thick2  skin thin2 flesh yellow1  
watery1 sweet2 good to very good2 stone 
medium1  oval1 pointed2 late4           
,stella4 ,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #f4
 #aijj4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4  #afd4  
#aija4    ,grown by ,theodore ,williams 
of ,benson1 ,nebraska4 ,tree spreading1 
very  productive2 fruit large1 globular1
 purplish-red2 season medium4           
,steptoe4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,oregon ,sta4 
,bul4 #de3ca4 #ahig4 #b4 ,mich4  ,sta4  
,bul4 #aeb3baa4 #ahih4 #c4 ,can4 ,exp4  
,farms ,rpt4 #edh4 #aija4    ,originated
 with ,calvin ,throop near ,steptoe     
,butte1 ,washington2 introduced  by     

,george ,purdy1 ,colfax1 ,washington4   
,tree upright1 vigorous1 bears every    
year2 fruit resembles ,italian ,prune   
very much but is larger and ripens  two 
weeks earlier2 ovate1 purple2 bloom     
thin2 flesh yellowish1 juicy1  sweet1   
pleasant4    ,sterling4 ,americana4 #a4 
,kerr ,cat4 #ab4 #ahih4    ,cataloged by
 ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr for three years2 not     
described4    ,stickney4 ,species8 #a4  
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3fj4 #ahig4    ,a  
tender-fleshed variety of the season and
 size of ,rollingstone1 grown by        
,franklin ,johnson of ,baraboo1         
,wisconsin4    ,stint4 ,domestica4 #a4  
,garden #eb3bfa4 #ahig4 #b4 ,can4 ,exp4 
,farm  ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3ef4 #aijj4   
#c4 ,garden #fb3acc4 #aijb4 #d4 ,mathieu
  ,nom4 ,pom4 #dej4 #ahhi4              
,stintpflaume #d4    ,introduced by     
,thomas ,rivers of ,sawbridgeworth1     
,england1 in #ahhe4 ,tree  dwarfish1    
very productive2 fruit small1 roundish1 
red or reddish-purple2  flesh orange1   
juicy1 sweet1 fine2 good2 stone free2   

early4    ,stonewood4 ,domestica4 #a4   
,mag4 ,hort4 #i3afe4 #ahdc4    ,listed  
in the catalog of the ,london           
,horticultural ,society4 ,fruit of      
medium size1 roundish1 purple2 good2    
freestone2 mid-season4    ,stout4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4      
,an inferior blue variety originated by 
,mr4 ,stout of ,kent ,county1           
,delaware2 tested by ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr4     
,strawberry4 ,angustifolia watsoni4 #a4 
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3fe4  #ahib4 #b4
 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bcd4 #aija4       
,tree dwarf1 symmetrical1 much subject  
to twig-blight4 ,fruit small1  roundish2
 cavity shallow2 stem slender2 skin     
thin1 red2 bloom thin2 flesh  yellow1   
soft2 quality poor2 stone roundish1     
clinging4    ,striped-leaved4           
,domestica8 #a4 ,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4   
,trees #ba4 #ahjc4    ,mentioned by     
,forsyth as one of the sorts commonly   
grown in ,england in his  time4         
,sucker ,state4 ,hortulana4 #a4 ,cornell
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ej1 #hg4 #ahib4  #b4   

,col41 ,o41 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #hb4     
#ahib4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #ahb4    
#aija4    ,the origin of this variety is
 not known1 but it is thought to have   
come  from ,illinois4 ,tree vigorous1   
fairly productive2 fruit medium or      
above1  round-oblong2 suture a line2    
cavity shallow2 stem slender2 dark red2 
dots  numerous1 small1 yellow2 bloom    
very thin or lacking2 skin thick2 flesh 
yellow1 firm2 good2 stone of medium     
size1 clinging2 late4    ,suisse4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4  
,fr4 #b3hb4 #agfh4 #b4  ,forsyth ,treat4
 ,fr4 ,trees #ba4 #ahjc4 #c4 ,prince    
,pom4 ,man4 #b3fc4  #ahcb4 #d4 ,downing 
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #idi4 #ahfi4 #e4 ,hogg 
,fruit ,man4 #gbf4  #ahhd4 #f4 ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #dej4 #ahhi4    ,altesse #c1
 #e1 #f4 ,la ,prune ,suisse #b4         
,monsieur ,tardif #d1 #e1 #f4  ,monsieur
 ,tardive #c1 #d4 ,prune d',altesse #d1 
#f4 ,prune de ,monsieur  ,tardive #c4   
,prune ,suisse #a4 ,prune ,suisse #c1   
#d4 ,swiss ,plum #c1 #d1 #f4  ,semiana  

#f4 ,simiana #d4 ,schweizer ,pflaume #f4
 ,switzer's ,plum #d1 #e1 #f4    ,an old
 ,european variety known under many     
names4 ,in the ,french nurseries1  it   
has been badly confused with the ,blue  
,impratrice so common in  ,england4     
,tree vigorous and productive2 fruit    
small1 oval1 dark purple  shading to    
dark red2 bloom heavy2 flesh            
greenish-yellow1 juicy and  melting2    
good2 clingstone2 late4    ,sultan4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,jour4 ,hort4 #ba3bdc4  
#ahga4 #b4 ,flor4 and  ,pom4 #ade4 ,pl4 
#ahge4 #c4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gbg4     
#ahhd4    ,raised by ,thomas ,rivers1   
,sawbridgeworth1 ,england1 from seed of 
,belle1  about #ahga4 ,tree vigorous1   
very productive2 fruit medium to large1 
round  with a deep suture2 stem medium2 
cavity wide2 deep red2 bloom thick2     
flesh greenish-yellow1 firm1 juicy1     
brisk and pleasant2 clingstone2 early   
mid-season2 said to be an excellent     
culinary plum4    ,sultaneck ,erick4    
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  

,pom4 #dea4 #ahhi4    ,sunrise4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#gh4 #ahig4    ,exhibited by ,c4 ,c4    
,stirling1 ,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan1 at
 the meeting of  the ,american          
,pomological ,society in #ahig4 ,fruit  
of medium size1 round1  yellow and      
lilac2 of the ,reine ,claude type4      
,sunrise4 ,americana4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4   
,farms ,rpt4 #ajb4 #aijb4 #b4 ,can4     
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #dc3cb4 #aijc4    ,a  
seedling of ,de ,soto from the ,central 
,experimental ,farm1 ,ottawa1 ,canada4  
,fruit large1 oval2 cavity narrow1      
shallow1 abrupt2 suture distinct1 but   
not depressed2 apex rounded2 yellow more
 or less covered with bright red2  dots 
few1 yellow1 distinct2 bloom medium2    
skin thick1 moderately tough2  flesh    
deep yellow1 juicy1 sweet2 good2 stone  
large1 flat1 oval1 free or  nearly so2  
late4    ,sunset4 ,americana4 #a4 ,colo4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3df4 #ahih4 #b4 ,ia4    
,sta4  ,bul4 #df3bhi4 #aijj4            
,originated by ,charles ,e4 ,pennock of 

,bellevue1 ,colorado1 in #ahib4 ,tree   
vigorous1 hardy1 very productive2 fruit 
large1 oval or oblong2 suture  distinct2
 stem rather long1 slender2 deep red on 
a yellow ground1  beautifully shaded2   
flesh firm1 of excellent quality2       
mid-season4    ,surpasse ,monsieur4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4     
#b3fc4 #ahcb4  #b4 ,noisette ,man4      
,comp4 ,jard4 #b3dih4 #ahfj4 #c4 ,le    
,bon ,jard4 #cda4  #ahhb4    ,a hybrid  
between ,monsieur and ,jerusalem raised 
by ,m4 ,noisette of  ,paris2 first      
fruited in #ahai4 ,tree very vigorous2  
fruit above medium  size1 round1        
purplish-black2 flesh yellow1 a trifle  
harsh2 excellent2  mid-season4          
,svedske ,tidlig ,leipziger4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #aec4    
#ahca4    ,grown in the gardens of the  
,london ,horticultural ,society prior to
 #ahca4    ,svedske ,ungersk4           
,domestica4 ,listed in ,lond4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,cat4 #aec4 #ahca4    ,swan4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,rivers ,cat4 #ce4      

#ahih4 #b4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm  ,bul4 #bnd
 ,ser4 #c3ef4 #aijj4    ,raised by      
,thomas ,rivers of ,sawbridgeworth1     
,england4 ,tree very productive2  fruit 
large1 red2 freestone2 mid-season4      
,swan ,golden4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4    
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3ef4     
#aijj4 #b4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4     
#edh4 #aija4 #c4 ,ibid4 #dcc4 #aije4    
,swan #c4 ,swan's ,yellow #b4    ,found 
only in the preceding reports4 ,fruit of
 medium size1 roundish2  suture         
distinct2 cavity small2 stem short2     
yellow2 flesh yellow1 juicy1  sweet1    
tender2 stone small1 mid-season4        
,sweet ,damson4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,lond4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 #adf4 #ahca4 #b4     
,mag4 ,hort4 #i3afc4 #ahdc4    ,an      
,english variety similar to ,shropshire 
except in its sweetness4    ,swift4     
,americana4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4
 #aai4 #aijd4    ,a seedling of ,de     
,soto grown at the ,central             
,experimental ,farm1 ,ottawa1  ,canada4 
,fruit large1 broad-oval1 much          

flattened2 cavity narrow1 shallow2      
suture a line2 apex slightly flattened2 
yellow1 mottled and washed with  deep   
red2 dots obscure2 bloom light2 skin    
thick1 moderately tough2 flesh  pale    
yellow1 juicy1 sweet1 pleasant2 stone   
above medium1 oval1 almost  free4       
,szillassy ,piros4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aeb3baa4 #ahih4     
,noted in the preceding reference as a  
variety imported from ,hungary4         
,tardive de ,corny4 ,species8 #a4       
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dea4 #ahhi4 #b4   
,guide ,prat4 #aee1 #cff4 #ahie4        
,this variety is a seedling grown by    
,victor ,simon of ,corny1 ,metz1        
,france4  ,tree rather small in trunk1  
but forms a large head1 regularly       
productive2  fruit of medium size1      
roundish1 clear yellow blushed with red2
 bloom  thin2 flesh yellow1 firm1 juicy1
 sweet and aromatic2 good2 late4        
,tardive de ,fourqueux4 ,species8 #a4   
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dea4 #ahhi4       
,mathieu took his references from the   

,journal de la ,socit ,nationale et     
,centrale d',horticulture de ,france    
#afi4 #ahhe4    ,tardive de ,genes4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    
#dea4 #ahhi4 #b4  ,guide ,prat4 #afb1   
#cff4 #ahie4    ,an ,italian variety    
noted for its size1 lateness and color4 
,tree vigorous1  productive2 fruit very 
large1 roundish-oval1 yellow2 flesh     
firm1 sour2  very late4    ,tardive     
,musquee4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas ,pom4    
,gen4 #b3adg4 #ahgc4 #b4  ,cat4 ,cong4  
,pom4 ,france #cgj4 #ahhg4 #c4 ,rev4    
,hort4 #ecf1 #efa4 #ahic4  #d4 ,lucas   
,vollst4 ,hand4 ,obst4 #dgj4 #ahid4     
,spte ,muskateller ,pflaume #d4         
,originated by ,m4 ,m4 ,baltet1 a       
nurseryman at ,troyes1 ,france1 about   
#ahei4 ,tree weak1 productive2 fruit    
medium to above1 round-oval with  an    
indistinct suture1 very deep purple2    
bloom thick2 flesh greenish1  melting1  
with aroma of musk2 good2 mid-season4   
,this may be the ,late  ,muskatelle of  
,lucas4    ,tarleton4 ,cerasifera4 #a4  

,kerr ,cat4 #ba4 #ahig4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4  
,an4  ,rpt4 #ac3cgj4 #aijj4    ,waugh   
says this variety1 which comes from     
,georgia1 is very similar to  ,early    
,cherry4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading and  
irregular in growth2 fruit  small1      
round2 suture indistinct2 stem medium1  
set in a shallow cavity2  red2 bloom    
thin2 flesh yellow1 soft1 sweet2 quality
 fair2 stone small1  clinging2 very     
early4    ,tatge4 ,domestica4 #a4       
,penin4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ab4 #ahib4  
#b4 ,ia4  ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #gf4 #ahie4
 #c4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #df3bhi4 #aijj4   
#d4  ,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4    
#cbf4 #aijc4 #e4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4      
#afb3beh4  #aije4    ,tatge is said to  
have originated at ,belle ,plains1      
,benton ,county1 ,iowa4  ,in #ahib1 ,j4 
,w4 ,kerr of ,maryland mentioned this   
plum as a new variety1  brought to      
notice about #ahij4 ,tatge is so similar
 to the ,lombard that  many authorities 
have noted them as identical4 ,j4 ,l4   
,budd of ,iowa  considered it somewhat  

hardier and less subject to rot4        
,tawny4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ray ,hist4     
,plant4 #b3aebh4 #afhh4    ,given by    
,ray in a list of the best sorts of     
plums cultivated in his time4           
,taybank4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4  
#ab3cda4 #ahdf4 #b4 ,mc,intosh  ,bk4    
,gard4 #b3ecb4 #ahee4 #c4 ,hogg ,fruit  
,man4 #gbg4 #ahhd4    ,guthries ,taybank
 #a1 #b1 #c4    ,grown by ,charles      
,guthrie1 of ,taybank1 ,dundee1         
,scotland2 probably an  offspring of    
,reine ,claude4 ,fruit nearly large1    
ovate2 suture faint2 stem  medium1      
inserted almost without a depression2   
greenish-yellow with specks  of         
russety-red on the sunny side2 flesh    
yellow1 juicy1 tender1 melting1  very   
sweet1 approaching ,reine ,claude in    
flavor but not equal to that  variety2  
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,tecumseh4   
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ac4 #ahig4 
#b4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm  ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 
#c3eb4 #aijj4    ,hughes ,late #a4      
,j4 ,w4 ,pool of ,indiana who introduced

 this plum named it ,hughes ,late but   
later changed the name to avoid         
confusion with the variety named        
,hughes4  ,fruit medium in size1 round1 
yellow mottled with bright red changing 
to  coppery-red when fully ripe2        
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,temple4     
,species8 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat4    
#ahge-ahii4    ,listed by the ,american 
,pomological ,society in its catalog    
from #ahge to  #ahii4    ,tenneha4      
,species8 ,mentioned in ,cornell ,sta4  
,bul4 #ch3hj4 #ahib4    ,tennessee4     
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort4     
#e3adh4 #ahfi4    ,tennessee ,plum #a4  
,a strain of ,wild ,goose4    ,terrell4 
,triflora 8 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#bdi4 #aijc4 #b4 ,glen4  ,st4 ,mary     
,nur4 ,cat4 #aijd4    ,a seedling of    
,excelsior from ,jay ,terrell1          
,hastings1 ,florida2 introduced  by the 
,glen ,st4 ,mary ,nurseries1 ,glen ,st4 
,mary1 ,florida4 ,tree healthy1         
vigorous1 similar to ,excelsior1 bears  
heavy crops annually2 fruit medium  to  

large1 nearly round2 suture a line2 apex
 blunt2 cavity medium in  depth2 stem   
short and slender2 reddish-yellow1      
somewhat mottled and  deepening to      
wine-red2 dots minute1 yellowish2 skin  
thin1 tough2 flesh  greenish-yellow1    
meaty1 subacid1 rich2 excellent2 stone  
small1 broadly  oval1 turgid1 clinging2 
ripens in ,june in the ,south4          
,terry4 ,americana mollis4 #a4 ,stark   
,bros4 ,cat4 #ahif4 #b4 ,ia4 ,sta4      
,bul4 #df3bga4 #aijj4 #c4 ,ia4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #bbd4 #aijb4 #d4 ,s4 ,dak4  
,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3dj4 #aije4    ,free     
,silver #b4 ,free ,silver #a1 #c1 #d4   
,h4 ,a4 ,terry of ,crescent1 ,iowa grew 
this variety from seed of ,van ,buren2  
first fruited about #ahif4 ,tree        
vigorous1 upright1 open2 fruit large1   
regular1 oval2 cavity small1 shallow2   
suture indistinct2 dark red2 dots       
small1 gray2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1  
firm but melting2 good2 stone  large1   
oval1 clinging2 mid-season2 ripens very 
evenly4    ,terry ,de ,soto4 ,americana4

 #a4 ,terry ,cat4 #aijj4 #b4 ,ia4 ,sta4 
,bul4  #df3bhi4 #aijj4    ,terry's      
,desota #a4    ,a seedling of ,de ,soto1
 grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry4 ,tree         
vigorous1 upright1  productive2 fruit   
large1 golden-yellow overspread with    
light crimson1  mottled with darker     
shades2 flesh yellow1 rich and sweet2   
clingstone2  early4    ,texas ,belle4   
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,ga4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4
 #cd1 #eg4 #ahhh4 #b4  ,cornell ,sta4   
,bul4 #ch3ej4 #ahib4 #c4 ,tex4 ,sta4    
,bul4 #cb3dha4 #ahid4    ,belle #b4     
,paris ,belle #a1 #c4    ,grown by      
,stephen ,h4 ,turner of ,texas2         
introduced by ,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,steele of   
,paris1 ,texas4 ,tree small1 drooping1  
hardy and productive2 fruit medium  to  
large1 roundish1 light red2 flesh       
yellow1 firm1 sweet and pleasant2  stone
 short and turgid1 clinging2 last of    
,june in ,texas4 ,mentioned in the      
catalog of the ,american ,pomological   
,society in #ahig4    ,texas ,gage4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul4       

#cb3dhd4 #ahid4    ,noted in the        
preceding reference as having been grown
 at the ,texas  ,experiment ,station4   
,thanksgiving4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,green   
,cat4 #h4 #aijb4 #b4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4  ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #be4 #aijd4                
,thanksgiving ,prune #a4                
,thanksgiving originated with a ,mr4    
,gridley of ,chili1 ,new ,york2         
introduced  in #aijb by ,charles ,a4    
,green of ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,fruit
 of medium size1  oval2 suture distinct2
 purplish-black2 sweet2 good2 late2     
shrivels and  keeps for some time after 
picking4    ,theresa4 ,domestica8 #a4   
,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4 #bfd4 #ahib4 #b4  
,am4 ,pom4  ,soc4 ,rpt4 #gd4 #ahie4     
,originated at ,bloomingburgh1 ,ohio2   
named for ,mrs4 ,theresa ,m4 ,morris of 
that place4 ,tree bears heavily and     
regularly1 hardy2 fruit of medium  size1
 roundish-oval1 reddish-purple2 bloom   
heavy2 flesh yellowish-green1  very     
mild1 sweet2 good2 early4    ,thomas4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #g3chh4    

#ahda4 #b4 ,downing ,fr4  ,trees ,am4   
#cae4 #ahde4 #c4 ,mag4 ,hort4 #ad3aee4  
#ahdh4 #d4 ,hovey ,fr4  ,am4 #a3ie4     
#ahea4 #e4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4     
,sort4 #dci4 #ahha4    ,thomaspflaume   
#e4    ,found in the garden of ,wm4     
,thomas of ,boston for whom it was named
 by  the ,massachusetts ,horticultural  
,society2 first fruited about #ahdj4    
,tree  vigorous1 productive1 bears      
early2 fruit large1 roundish-oval       
inclined to  oblong2 suture shallow with
 sides unequal2 cavity small and narrow2
 stem  medium1 rather stout2 deep amber 
mottled and shaded with soft red2 dots  
white1 numerous1 bloom thin2 flesh      
yellow2 juicy1 somewhat coarse with a   
mild pleasant flavor2 quality medium2   
stone rather large1 roundish-ovate1     
light in color1 free2 mid-season4       
,thomas ,october4 ,domestica8 #a4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #he4 #ahed4    ,said  
to have originated in ,upper ,dublin    
,township1 ,montgomery ,county1         
,pennsylvania4 ,fruit medium in size1   

pale red2 good4    ,thompsons ,golden   
,green4 ,species8 #a4 ,country ,gent4   
#bf3bch4 #ahfe4    ,from ,r4 ,o4        
,thompson1 ,nebraska4 ,fruit bronze or  
gold in color1 dotted with  red in the  
sun2 very sweet1 juicy2 freestone4      
,thorndyke ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4       
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iej4 #ahfi4  
,originated near ,newburgh1 ,new ,york4 
,tree moderately vigorous2 fruit below  
medium size1 roundish2 suture slight2   
pale green2 flesh greenish1 juicy1      
sweet1 pleasant2 clingstone2 good2      
mid-season4    ,thousand-and-one4       
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 
,waugh ,plum  ,cult4 #ahi4 #aija4       
,origin unknown4 ,fruit small1 round2   
suture indistinct2 cavity small2  bright
 red with many small1 conspicuous dots2 
flesh yellow1 soft2 stone  small1 oval1 
clinging2 mid-season or earlier4        
,thresher4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,pioneer     
,nur4 ,cat4 #aijj4    ,an improved      
strain of ,agen grown by a ,mr4         
,thresher of ,california4    ,throop4   

,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#aeb3baa4 #ahih4 #b4 ,can4  ,exp4 ,farms
 ,rpt4 #edg4 #aija4 #c4 ,mich4 ,sta4    
,sp4 ,bul4 #bg3af4 #aijd4    ,from      
,george ,e4 ,ruedy1 ,colfax1            
,washington1 in #ahif4 ,tree vigorous1  
upright1 productive2 fruit of medium    
size1 ovate2 cavity small2 suture       
shallow2 dark purple2 bloom thin2 flesh 
yellow1 firm1 coarse1 sweet1  pleasant2 
quality fair2 freestone2 mid-season4    
,throop ,no4 #a4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,can4  
,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3eg4     
#aijj4    ,tree vigorous1 productive2   
fruit large1 oval2 suture broad1        
distinct2  cavity usually lacking2 red  
with thin bloom2 flesh yellow1 firm1    
juicy1  sweet1 rich2 stone roundish1    
free2 early4    ,throop ,no4 #b4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,sp4 ,bul4 
#bg3af4 #aijd4    ,tree vigorous1       
unproductive2 fruit large1 roundish2    
sides unequal2 suture  broad2 cavity    
small2 reddish-purple2 bloom heavy2 dots
 few1 yellow2 flesh  greenish-yellow1   

firm1 a little coarse1 sweet2 good2     
stone semi-clinging2  mid-season4       
,throssel4 ,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #df3bij4 #aijj4    ,found wild on 
the ,des ,moines ,river by a ,mr4       
,throssel1 ,pierson1 ,woodbury  ,county1
 ,iowa4 ,tree vigorous1 hardy2 fruit    
large2 suture distinct2 late4           
,tillemond4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,prince     
,pom4 ,man4 #b3ic4 #ahcb4    ,belle     
,tillemond #a4 ,prunier de ,tillemond   
#a4    ,fruit very large1 oval2 cavity  
slight2 stem large2 light purple1 with  
a darker cheek2 flesh greenish1 somewhat
 melting1 sharp and acid1 not  pleasant2
 late4    ,tobias ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #ab3fab4 #ahic4    
,tobias ,gage is a supposed seedling of 
,reine ,claude received for testing  at 
this ,station in #ahhh from ,j4 ,t4     
,macomber1 ,grand ,isle1 ,vermont4 ,tree
  moderately vigorous and productive2   
fruit below medium in size1 oblate2     
suture and cavity shallow2 dark         
coppery-yellow with a dull mottled red  

blush2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1        
slightly fibrous1 firm1 sweet2 quality  
good2 stone small1 semi-clinging2 not   
equal to ,reine ,claude in appearance   
or quality4    ,togo4 ,triflora4 #a4    
,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #aai4 #aijd4   
,a seedling of ,red ,june from the      
,central ,experimental ,farm1 ,ottawa1  
,canada1 from seed planted in #ahie2    
named in honor of ,admiral ,togo4       
,fruit above medium1 roundish2 suture   
usually indistinct2 cavity narrow1      
medium in depth1 abrupt2 yellow overlaid
 with deep red1 with many small1        
inconspicuous dots2 flesh yellow1 firm1 
juicy1 sweet2 good2 stone of  medium    
size1 oval1 flattened1 clinging4        
,tokeya4 ,prunus besseyi  ,simonii4 #a4 
,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ajh4 #aijh4      
,one of a lot of hybrids originated at  
the ,south ,dakota ,experiment          
,station1 first fruiting in #aijf4      
,fruit one and three-eighths inches in  
diameter1 flat1 dark red2 flesh green1  
sprightly subacid1 intermediate  between

 that of the two parents2 good2 stone   
very small2 early4    ,tomato4          
,cerasifera4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4  
#ac3cgj4 #aijj4    ,according to ,waugh1
 a seedling of ,pissardi1 from ,a4 ,l4  
,bruce1 ,basin  ,springs1 ,texas4 ,fruit
 small to medium1 spherical2 cavity     
shallow2 stem  short1 slender2 dark red2
 dots very minute2 bloom thin2 flesh    
soft1  yellow2 poor to fair2 stone      
large1 oval1 flattened1 clinging2       
mid-season4    ,tomlingson4 ,species8   
#a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3hj4 #ahib4 
,given by ,bailey in a list of native   
plums4    ,towakong4 ,rivularis4 #a4    
,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fruits #bbc4 #ahih4 
,creek #a4 ,rivularis #a4    ,the       
,indian name of ,prunus rivularis4      
,trabesche4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #bh3bca4 #ahie4 #b4 ,ibid4        
#ca3cdh4 #ahie4    ,trabeshe #b4    ,a  
,russian variety introduced into this   
country by ,charles ,gibb2 tested at    
the ,iowa ,agricultural ,experiment     
,station4 ,tree hardy1 bears early2     

fruit  large1 oval1 blue2 quality best2 
freestone2 mid-season4    ,transparente4
 ,species8 #a4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 
,sort4 #djf4 #ahha4  #b4 ,guide ,prat4  
#aeg1 #cff4 #ahie4    ,durchsichtige #a4
 ,die ,durchsichtige #b4 ,frhe ,gelbe   
,reine ,claude #b4    ,distinct from the
 ,english variety1 ,transparent4 ,fruit 
of medium size1  oval clear             
greenish-yellow2 flesh yellow1 firm1    
juicy1 aromatic2 good2  clingstone2     
early4    ,trapps ,knigspflaume4        
,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4
 ,sort4  #dbc4 #ahha4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4 #dea4 #ahhi4    ,knigspflaume von
 ,trapp's #a4 ,royale de ,trapp #b4 ,von
 ,trapp's ,knigs  ,pflaume #b4          
,produced by ,liegel4 ,tree vigorous2   
fruit medium in size1 oblate2 suture    
shallow2 halves equal or nearly so2 stem
 with short hairs2 cavity wide1  deep2  
skin easily removed1 sourish2           
bluish-black2 dots fine1 numerous1      
golden2 bloom thick2 flesh              
greenish-yellow1 fine1 juicy1 sprightly1

  pleasant2 freestone2 ripens before the
 ,reine ,claude4    ,traubenpflaume4    
,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dea4
 #ahhi4    ,usum ,erreck #a4            
,reference found by ,mathieu in         
,obst-,garten #dg4 #ahhe4               
,trauttenberg4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mas     
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ha4 #ahgc4 #b4  ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #dec4 #ahhi4    ,die        
,zuckerssse #b4 ,knig ,zwetsche #b4     
,sucree de ,trauttenberg #b4            
,sucree-,douce ,de ,trauttenberg #a1 #b4
 ,trauttenberg ,zuckerssse #a4 ,von     
,trauttenberg's ,zuckerssse #b4         
,originated in ,bohemia2 named in honor 
of ,baron ,trauttenberg1 a zealous      
pomologist4 ,fruit medium in size1      
obovate and flattened2 suture a line2   
skin brownish-purple2 bloom thick2 flesh
 yellowish-green1 juicy1 very  rich1    
aromatic2 excellent for dessert2 stone  
rough1 free2 mid-season4    ,trianon4   
,domestica4 ,listed in ,lond4 ,hort     
,soc4 ,cat4 #aec4 #ahca4    ,trinkle    
,no4 #d4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4

 ,rpt4 #ace4 #aije4    ,john ,w4        
,trinkle of ,madison1 ,indiana1 grew    
this plum from seed of ,burbank  about  
#ahig4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading2 fruit 
large2 suture medium2 apex  small2      
cavity large1 regular1 deep2 yellowish2 
dots small1 yellow2 skin  thick1        
tenacious1 bitter2 flesh yellowish1     
slightly translucent1 meaty1  moderately
 juicy1 mild subacid2 good to very good2
 mid-season4    ,trostle4 ,species8 #a4 
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bcd4 #aija4        
,known only in the vicinity of          
,kingsley1 ,iowa4 ,fruit dark red4      
,trouve de ,vouche4 ,species8 #a4       
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #cih4 #aheg4  
#b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dea4 #ahhi4   
,trouve de ,vaunge #b4 ,trouve de       
,vonche #b4    ,found wild by ,gregoire 
7probably of ,belgium7 and introduced by
 him4 ,tree  moderately vigorous2 fruit 
medium to small1 oval1 regular1         
reddish-violet  with a darker cheek2    
bloom violet2 flesh juicy1 sweet2 very  
good2  mid-season4    ,truro4 ,americana

  ,hortulana mineri4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4
 ,pom4 ,rpt4 #dg4  #ahie4 #b4 ,waugh    
,plum ,cult4 #afd4 #aija4    ,from ,ezra
 ,w4 ,tucker1 ,williamsfield1 ,illinois1
 about #ahie4 ,a seedling of  ,weaver   
crossed with ,miner4 ,tree upright1     
hardy2 fruit large1 oblong2  suture     
shallow2 cavity small1 shallow2 red with
 many1 small1 russet dots2  flesh       
yellowish with yellow veins1 tender1    
melting1 juicy1 mild subacid2  very     
good2 stone medium1 oval1 clinging2     
late4    ,tucker4 ,species8 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 
,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,rpt4 #bf4 #ahid4         
,another seedling from ,ezra ,w4        
,tucker2 said to be grown from seed     
taken  from a cluster of trees          
containing ,weaver1 ,miner1 ,wild ,goose
 and two  prune trees2 first fruited in 
#ahid4 ,tree resembles ,wild ,goose2    
fruit  medium to large1 pyriform1       
greenish-yellow1 overspread with light  
purplish-red2 dots many1 small2 skin    
thick1 tender1 almost sweet2 very  good2
 stone large1 angular1 clinging2        

mid-season4    ,tudor4 ,munsoniana8 #a4 
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dha4 #ahid4       
,tested at the ,texas ,experiment       
,station4 ,tree vigorous and productive2
  fruit above medium size1 oblong1 light
 red2 skin very thin2 flesh acid  unless
 fully ripe4    ,turkey4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egf1 #egg4     
#afbi4 #b4 ,rea  ,flora #bjh4 #afgf4 #c4
 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4 #b3aebi4 #afhh4 #d4
 ,langley  ,pomona #ie1 #ig1 ,pl4 ,,xxv 
fig4 ,v4 #agbi4 #e4 ,abercrombie ,gard4 
,ass't #ac4  #aghf4    ,turkie #a4      
,turky #b4 ,turkey ,plumb #d4    ,from  
the brief descriptions of the           
,seventeenth ,century writers1 it       
appears that ,turkey was a large blue   
plum of the ,german ,prune type but  the
 variety has either long since been     
buried under the hosts of new  sorts    
that have been developed or a new name  
has been given it4    ,turkish ,prune4  
,domestica4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #aeb4 #ahca4 #b4  ,r4 ,g4 ,chase  
,cat4 #c4 ,rice ,bros4 ,cat4 #aijh4     

,quetsche ,turkish #a4    ,the name     
8,turkish ,prune10 although sometimes   
applied to the ,italian  ,prune does not
 seem to be connected with any          
particular variety4 ,it may  be a       
synonym of the 8,jerusalem ,prune0 or it
 may have developed1 as a  corruption of
 the still older 8,turkey0 plum         
mentioned by ,parkinson and  other      
writers in the ,seventeenth ,century4   
,twice ,bearing4 ,domestica4 #a4        
,duhamel ,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4 #b3aac4     
#agfh4  #b4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3ajc4 
#ahcb4 #c4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4    
#add4  #ahca4 #d4 ,poiteau ,pom4 ,franc4
 #a3ahdf4 #e4 ,mas ,le ,verger #f3gi4   
#ahff-gc4 #f4 ,nicholson ,dict4 ,gard4  
#c3bce4 #g4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4  #dee4 
#ahhi4    ,bifere #b1 #g4 ,bifere #e4   
,bon deux fois l'an8 #b4 ,bonne deux    
fois l'an  #c4 ,de ,deux ,saison #e4    
,deux fois l'an #b4 ,p4 biferum #f4     
,prune bifere  #b4 ,prune de ,deux      
,saisons #b1 #g4 ,prune qui fructifie   
deux fois l'an #e1  #g4 ,prunier bifere 

#d4 ,prunier ,fleurissant et ,poussant  
,deux ,fois #e1 #g4  ,prunier qui       
fructifie deux fois par an #a1 #b4      
,prunus bifera #a4 ,zweimal  ,blhende   
und ,zweimal ,tragende ,bunte ,pflaume  
#e1 #g4 ,zweimal ,tragende #g4    ,a    
,domestica of ancient origin grown more 
as a curiosity and an ornamental  than  
for utility4 ,fruit long1 almost        
olive-form2 suture faint2 skin          
reddish-yellow1 heavily tinged with     
brown2 bloom heavy2 flesh coarse1       
yellow1 green beneath the suture1 juice 
insipid2 stone almost smooth1  acutely  
pointed1 clinging4 ,the first crop is   
borne the beginning of  ,august2 the    
second very late2 both worthless4       
,twins4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,montreal ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ee4 #ahgh4    ,corse's    
,twins #a4    ,a curious double plum    
which originated with ,henry ,corse1    
,montreal1  ,canada2 inferior4          
,tzaueron4 ,insititia8 #a4 ,rev4 ,hort4 
#ceg4 #ahia4    ,le ,prunier ,tzaneron  
#a4 ,tzaneron #a4    ,very generally    

grown throughout southeastern ,europe4  
,tree below medium  size2 branches      
upright2 leaves small2 glabrous1 oval1  
deep green in  color2 fruit grows in    
clusters1 small1 pale yellow2 flesh     
firm1 juicy1  sprightly1 refreshing4    
,this variety is an important commercial
 sort in  the country where it is grown4
    ,ulysses4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing  
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iej4 #ahfi4    ,from  
western ,new ,york2 fruit above medium  
size1 roundish-oval1 whitish1  shaded   
and mottled with violet-purple2 bloom   
thin2 flesh yellow1 juicy1  sweet2 good2
 clingstone2 mid-season4    ,uncle ,ben4
 ,domestica8 #a4 ,gard4 and ,for4       
#g3bdc4 #ahid4 #b4 ,kansas  8,the ,plum0
 #bi4 #aijj4    ,originated in          
,stanislaus ,county1 ,napa ,valley1     
,california2 fruit medium to  large1    
golden-yellow1 spotted with red2 flesh  
sweet1 juicy1 very good2  freestone2    
late4    ,ungarische ,dattel ,zwetsche4 
,domestica8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4
 ,pom4  #dea4 #ahhi4    ,ungarische     

,spte ,bouteillen ,zwetsche4    ,union4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,cultivator #f3bfi fig4 
#ahie4 #b4 ,ont4 ,fr4  ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rpt4
 #abj4 #ahih4 #c4 ,ohio ,sta4 ,bul4     
#aac3afa4 #ahii4 #d4  ,waugh ,plum      
,cult4 #abd4 #aija4    ,reagles' ,union 
,purple #a4 ,union ,purple #b1 #c4      
,union ,purple #d4    ,union originated 
about #ahej with ,c4 ,reagles of        
,schenectady1 ,new ,york4  ,tree hardy1 
productive2 fruit medium in size1       
roundish-oval1 dark purple2  bloom      
thick2 stem adheres strongly to the     
fruit2 flesh dark yellow1  firm1 tender1
 sweet1 mild2 quality fair2 stone oval1 
turgid1 clinging2  mid-season4          
,uryany4 ,domestica4    ,introduced from
 ,ammassia1 ,turkey1 by the ,united     
,states ,department  of ,agriculture in 
#aijd and sent to this ,station for     
testing4 ,tree  vigorous1 upright with a
 dense top2 fruit variable in size1     
roundish  to roundish-ovate2 suture a   
line2 cavity narrow1 deep1 abrupt2 stem 
rather thick1 short2 dark purple2 dots  

numerous1 very small1 yellowish2  bloom 
heavy2 skin thin1 tough1 astringent2    
flesh yellow1 tender1 very  juicy1      
sweet1 pleasant2 good2 stone of medium  
size1 somewhat flattened1  clinging2    
season late4    ,u4 ,s4 ,americana4 #a4 
,kerr ,cat4 #f4 #aijj4 #b4 ,waugh ,plum 
,cult4 #afe4  #aija4 #c4 ,wis4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt4 #aji4 #aijc4    ,brittlewood
 ,no4 #b #c4 ,united ,states #c4        
,originated by ,theodore ,williams of   
,benson1 ,nebraska4 ,tree vigorous and  
productive2 fruit large1 spherical1 dark
 purplish-red2 flesh a trifle  coarse2  
good2 clingstone2 medium to late4       
,valence4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4  
#i3afc4 #ahdc4 #b4 ,lond4 ,hort4  ,soc4 
,cat4 #ade1 #aec4 #ahca4    ,damas de   
,valence #a1 #b4 ,saint ,loo #b4        
,fruit small1 roundish1 purple2         
clingstone2 late4    ,valentia4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,forsyth ,treat4 ,fr4   
,trees #ba4 #ahjc4    ,mentioned as a   
plum of value by ,forsyth4              
,valienciennes4 ,species8 ,mentioned in 

,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dea4 #ahhi4       
,die ,valienciennes4 ,edle ,knigs       
,pflaume4    ,value4 ,americana4 #a4    
,kerr ,cat4 #f4 #aijb-c4 #b4 ,can4 ,exp4
 ,farm  ,bul4 #dc3ci4 #aijc4            
,originated by ,theodore ,williams of   
,benson1 ,nebraska2 introduced in #aijb 
by ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1 ,denton1 ,maryland4   
,tree vigorous1 healthy and productive2 
fruit large1 round or sometimes inclined
 to oblong1 dark red2 good2  clingstone2
 mid-season4    ,van ,benschoten4       
,domestica4    ,van ,benschoten was     
introduced by a ,mr4 ,snyder of         
,kingston1 ,new ,york4  ,fruit of medium
 size1 roundish1 greenish-yellow with   
russet spots2 good2  stone small1 free4 
,van ,buren4 ,americana mollis4 #a4 ,ia4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bhf4 #ahhg4 #b4    
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3db4 #ahib4 #c4 
,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3df1 ,pl4  ,,xv4  
#ahih4 #d4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4      
#dc3cb4 #aijc4    ,van ,buren came from 
a wild seedling in ,van ,buren ,county1 
,iowa2 introduced  by ,j4 ,thacher4     

,tree spreading1 moderately productive  
and slow growing2  fruit of medium size1
 roundish2 cavity small2 suture a line2 
skin thick2  red over yellow2 bloom     
thin2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 firm1 sweet2 
quality  good2 clingstone2 season late4 
,van ,deman4 ,americana4 #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4
 ,a4 ,rpt4 #cib4 #ahia4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,rpt4 #hh4 #ahie4 #c4 ,terry ,cat4
 #aijj4 #d4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #afe4   
#aija4    ,van ,dieman #b4    ,van      
,deman is a seedling of ,hawkeye grown  
by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa2    
first fruited in #ahia4 ,fruit large1   
oval2 cavity small2 suture a line2  skin
 thick2 dark red2 bloom thick2 flesh    
yellow2 quality fair2 stone  oval1      
flattened1 clinging2 season late4       
,van ,houten4 ,species8 #a4 ,terry ,cat4
 #e4 #aijj4    ,a plum of unknown       
parentage from ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1          
,crescent1 ,iowa2 first  fruited in     
#ahie2 dwarfish2 productive2 fruit very 
large1 round1 bright  red2 mid-season4  
,venetianische ,zweimal ,tragende4      

,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #deb4 #ahhi4    ,la ,bonne ,deux  
,fois ,l',an4 ,la ,venitienne4          
,venus4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,terry ,cat4   
#h4 #aijj4    ,from ,h4 ,a4 ,terry2 of  
unknown parentage4 ,tree upright1       
productive2 fruit  very large1 yellow   
overspread with light pinkish-red       
becoming darker  red2 dots numerous1    
white2 flesh yellow1 very sweet and     
rich2 good2  clingstone2 early4         
,verdacchio4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson 
,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4 #b4 ,rea       
,flora #bjh4 #afgf4 #c4 ,gallesio ,pom4 
,ital4 #b3 fig4 #ahci4    ,verdock #a1  
#b4    ,an old ,italian variety4 ,a few 
of the modern writers hold it to be the 
,reine ,claude but according to         
,gallesio1 it is a distinct plum4 ,fruit
  medium in size1 obovate1 greenish2    
flesh crisp1 sweet1 agreeable2 very     
good4    ,verdache4 ,species8 #a4       
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dea4 #ahhi4 #b4   
,guide  ,prat4 #afa1 #cff4 #ahie4       
,tree very productive2 fruit small1     

oval1 yellowish olive-green with flesh  
the same color1 sweet2 late2 said to be 
excellent for making prunes or  for     
cooking4    ,vermilion4 ,americana4 #a4 
,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4
  #fc3dd4 #ahig4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4
 #afe4 #aija4    ,le ,duc ,vermillion   
#a1 #b4 ,le ,duc ,vermillion #c4        
,grown for some years by ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1 
but dropped in #aija4 ,fruit medium in  
size1 roundish-oblong1 bright red2 flesh
 yellow1 very good2 clingstone2  late4  
,vermilon ,htif4 ,species8 ,mentioned in
 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #deb4 #ahhi4      
,vesuvius4 ,cerasifera 8 #a4 ,fancher   
,creek ,nur4 ,cat4 #aijg-h4 #b4  ,ibid4 
#aiji4    ,foliage ,plum #a1 #b4        
,grown by ,luther ,burbank from a cross 
between ,pissardi and some native  or   
,triflora sort2 introduced by the       
,fancher ,creek ,nurseries in #aijg4    
,tree vigorous1 elm-like in habit of    
growth1 not productive2 fruit small1    
roundish1 purplish-red2 flesh yellow2   
quality fair2 stone small2 valuable     

only as an ornamental4    ,vick4        
,munsoniana  ,americana8 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bhg4 #ahhg4  #b4 ,ibid4   
#bgf4 #ahic4 #c4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#hg3ad4 #aija4    ,james ,vick #a1 #b1  
#c4    ,supposed to be a seedling of    
,wild ,goose crossed with some          
,americana2  originated by ,h4 ,a4      
,terry1 ,crescent1 ,iowa1 about #ahhj4  
,fruit of medium  size1 roundish-oval2  
dots numerous2 suture distinct2 bright  
red2 bloom  light2 flesh                
yellowish-green1 tender2 quality fair2  
stone small1  clinging2 mid-season4     
,victor4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms 
,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4    ,a seedling raised
 at ,indian ,head ,experimental ,farm1  
,northwest ,territory1  ,canada4 ,fruit 
of medium size2 mid-season4             
,victoria4 ,species8 ,letter from ,kerr4
    ,originated by ,theodore ,williams1 
,benson1 ,nebraska2 fruit large1 firm2  
poor4    ,violet4 ,domestica4 #a4       
,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egh4 #afbi4 #b4 
,langley  ,pomona #ib1 fig4 ,,vii4      

#agbi4 #c4 ,garden #ej3bbc4 #ahig4 #d4  
,mich4  ,sta4 ,sp4 ,bul4 #bg3af4 #aijd4 
,early ,violet #c4 ,violette #d4 ,violet
 ,plumb #b4    ,this variety is possibly
 the same as ,prcoce de ,tours but we   
are unable  to identify it positively   
with this or any other known variety4   
,the  8,violette0 mentioned in the      
fourth reference above may not be       
identical  with the ,violet of the older
 writers but it seems to be similar4    
,according to ,parkinson the ,violet is 
8a small and long blackish blew  plum1  
ripe about ,bartholomew tide1 a very    
good dry eating plum40    ,victor ,sand 
,cherry4 7,prunus besseyi  ,munsoniana7 
,domestica4 #a4  ,am4 ,br4 ,assoc4 ,rpt4
 #b3ahd4 #aijf4    ,theodore ,williams  
of ,benson1 ,nebraska pollinated ,prunus
 besseyi with  ,wild ,goose and the     
resulting seedling was fertilized with  
pollen from  ,quackenboss4 ,this final  
cross resulted in the variety under     
discussion4  ,fruit nearly two inches in
 diameter2 apparently of value4         

,violet ,imperial4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,horticulturist #d3aif4 #ahdi4    ,die  
,violette ,kaiserpflaume #a4 ,impriale  
,violette #a4    ,violet ,imperial is   
usually considered the same as ,red     
,magnum ,bonum but  ,liegel describes it
 as distinct in that its leaves are     
shorter1 its fruit  smaller1 darker and 
ripening period three or four weeks     
later4    ,violet ,royal4 ,domestica4   
,mentioned in ,miller ,gard4 ,kal4 #aee4
 #agcd4    ,violette ,americaine4       
,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #deb4
 #ahhi4    ,mathieu found reference in  
,revue ,horticole #cea4 #ahfi4          
,virgata4 ,species8 #a4 ,ga4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #ea4 #ahhi4    ,a tender    
shrub of value only as an ornamental4   
,flowers semi-double1 rose  colored2    
fruit of medium size1 oblong1 yellow2   
flesh yellow1 juicy1  subacid2 quality  
fair2 clingstone2 very early4           
,virgie4 ,hortulana mineri  ,hortulana4 
#a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4  #ab3bbi4     
#ahii4    ,originated with ,a4 ,l4      

,bruce of ,texas2 a cross between ,miner
 and ,crimson  ,beauty4 ,fruit medium1  
nearly round2 suture a line2 cavity very
 shallow2  deep crimson with many yellow
 dots2 flesh yellow2 good2 stone small1 
round1 slightly flattened1 clinging4    
,virginia ,damson4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,am4 
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #aea4 #ahia4          
,mentioned in the preceding reference as
 doing well in ,virginia4    ,von       
,berlepsch ,zwetsche4 ,domestica4       
,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4      
#dec4 #ahhi4    ,berlepsch's ,violette  
,zwetsche4    ,von ,bose ,rote          
,zwetsche4 ,species8 ,mentioned in      
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dec4  #ahhi4      
,von ,lade ,spte ,mirabelle4 ,insititia4
 ,listed in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dec4  
#ahhi4    ,von ,moro ,reine ,claude4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    
#dec4 #ahhi4    ,mathieu's reference    
taken from ,pomologische ,monatshefte   
#a4 #ahgh4    ,voslauer ,zwetsche4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4    
#dec4 #ahhi4 #b4  ,guide ,prat4 #afc1   

#cfg4 #ahie4    ,similar to the ,italian
 ,prune4    ,vulcan4 ,triflora 8 #a4    
,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bbi4 #ahii4   
,a hybrid grown by ,luther ,burbank2    
much like ,wickson4 ,fruit very large1  
oval1 with sides unequal2 cavity large1 
abrupt2 stem short1 very stout2  suture 
deep at the top2 purple with darker     
shades2 dots numerous1 yellow2  flesh   
red next the skin1 sweet and pleasant2  
excellent2 stone large1  elliptical1    
slightly flattened1 clinging4           
,wabash4 ,species8 #a4 ,ind4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt4 #gb4 #ahfh4    ,noted as a  
native variety grown in ,gibson and     
,posey ,counties1 ,indiana4  ,tree low  
and shrubby1 bearing early2 fruit large1
 conical4    ,wady4 ,species8 #a4 ,ia4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bhf4 #ahhg4 #b4     
,cornell ,sta4  ,bul4 #ch3hj4 #ahib4 #c4
 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3fb4 #ahig4       
,wady's ,early #a1 #b1 #c4    ,reported 
as of little value except for early     
ripening and productiveness2  fruit     
small2 good for canning4    ,wagner4    

,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4        
#df3bia4 #aijj4    ,wagner ,no4 #i #a4  
,a seedling of ,weaver fertilized with a
 wild variety2 grown by ,j4 ,f4         
,wagner1 ,bennett1 ,iowa1 in #ahid4     
,fruit small1 ovate2 cavity broad1      
shallow2 suture clearly defined2        
yellowish-red2 bloom thin2 flesh        
brownish-yellow1 sugary1 sweet2 quality 
best2 stone large1 flattened1  clinging2
 mid-season4    ,wahre ,frhzwetsche4    
,domestica4 #a4 ,lucas ,vollst4 ,hand4  
,obst4 #dgc4  #ahid4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 
,pom4 #dec4 #ahhi4    ,august ,zwetsche 
#b4 ,couetsche ,prcoce #b4 ,couetsche   
,prcoce ,la ,vraie  #b4 ,diel's ,august 
,zwetsche #b4 ,frhe ,gemeine ,zwetsche  
#b4 ,frhe ,haus  ,zwetsche #b4 ,frhe    
,zwetsche #b4 ,prcoce ,veritable #b4    
,tree large1 a quick grower2 fruit      
medium1 oval1 dark blue2 stone          
completely free2 valuable for dessert   
and drying4    ,wahre ,weisse ,diapre4  
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dec4  #ahhi4    ,dorell's ,neue  

,weisse ,diapre4    ,wakapa4 ,triflora  
,americana4 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ajh4 #aijh4    ,a hybrid between ,de   
,soto and ,red ,june reported by        
,hansen1 the originator1  in the        
preceding reference as worthy of further
 testing4    ,walker ,seedling4         
,domestica4 #a4 ,can4 ,hort4 #ba3cij4   
#ahih4    ,a seedling raised by ,a4 ,w4 
,walker1 ,clarksburg1 ,ontario4 ,fruit  
of medium  size1 dark maroon2 flesh     
greenish1 tender1 moderately juicy1     
sweet1  pleasant2 freestone2 early4     
,wallace4 ,americana4 #a4 ,meneray ,cat4
    ,a seedling of ,harrison grown by   
,h4 ,a4 ,terry2 introduced by ,f4 ,w4   
,meneray1  ,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa4     
,tree healthy1 vigorous and productive2 
fruit large1  inclined to oblong1 bright
 yellow overspread with red2 flesh firm2
 good2  semi-clinging2 mid-season4      
,walter4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,oberdieck     
,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dca4 #ahha4       
,produced by ,herr ,walter in           
,altenburg1 ,germany2 valuable for table

 and  market purposes4 ,tree vigorous2  
shoots glabrous2 fruit roundish-oval1   
medium2 suture deep2 halves usually     
equal2 stem thick1 straight1 strongly   
hairy2 skin not adherent1 dark brown2   
bloom thick2 flesh yellow1 tender1  very
 juicy2 like ,reine ,claude in flavor2  
early4    ,walther ,pflaume4 ,species8  
#a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dec4 #ahhi4   
,the reference by ,mathieu came from    
,monatsschrift fr ,pomologie #bha4      
#aheh4    ,ward ,october ,red4          
,rivularis 8 #a4 ,munson ,cat4 #aj4     
#aijb-c4    ,found in ,clay ,county1    
,texas1 by ,robert ,ward2 introduced by 
,t4 ,v4 ,munson1  ,denison1 ,texas4     
,tree very vigorous and hardy1 spreading
 habit1 very  productive2 fruit dark    
bright red with meaty flesh2 excellent  
quality2  stone small2 ripens in ,texas 
in ,september and ,october4    ,warner4 
,domestica4 #a4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt4 #ca3fj4 #ahhf4 #b4  ,cornell     
,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3aic4 #ahig4            
,warner's ,late #a4 ,warner's ,late ,red

 #b4    ,warner originated in ,schoharie
 ,county1 ,new ,york1 and was introduced
  by ,s4 ,d4 ,willard1 ,geneva1 ,new    
,york4 ,it is a late variety too small  
and unattractive for commercial         
purposes4 ,fruit below medium in size1  
roundish2 cavity shallow2 suture a line2
 stem three-quarters of an inch  long2  
skin moderately thick1 dull             
greenish-red2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow1 
juicy1 firm1 sweet1 mild2 quality fair  
to good2 stone oval1 slightly           
flattened1 clinging2 season very late4  
,warren4 ,americana4 #a4 ,terry ,cat4   
#e4 #aijj4    ,grown from seed of       
,hawkeye by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry2 first       
fruited in #ahig4 ,fruit  large1 mottled
 light red1 with thin bloom2 late4      
,wastesa4 ,species8 #a4 ,cir4 ,s4 ,dak4 
,exp4 ,sta4 #aiaj4    ,state ,fair ,no4 
#af #a4    ,a seedling of some native   
plum2 grown and sent out by ,n4 ,e4     
,hansen of the  ,south ,dakota          
,experiment ,station4    ,waterloo      
,pflaume4 ,domestica8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4

 ,pom4 #dec4 #ahhi4    ,duc de ,waterloo
 #a4 ,prune de ,waterloo #a4    ,this   
may be identical with ,golden ,drop     
although ,mathieu separates them4       
,watson4 ,triflora  ,angustifolia       
varians8 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3ba4   
#ahih4    ,a seedling of ,kelsey thought
 to have been pollinated by ,lone ,star2
  originated with ,d4 ,h4 ,watson1      
,brenham1 ,texas2 introduced by ,w4 ,a4 
,yates  in #ahig4 ,tree vigorous1 open2 
fruit large1 pointed1 red when fully    
ripe2  flesh yellow1 juicy1 melting2    
stone nearly free1 small4    ,watts4    
,species8 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4    
#aff4 #ahhe4    ,mentioned as grown by  
,dr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,watts of ,madison ,county1
 ,mississippi4    ,waugh4 ,triflora     
,hortulana4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4   
#ad3bgc4 #aija4  #b4 ,rural ,n4 ,y4     
#fa3feh4 #aijb4 #c4 ,ibid4 #fe3gcj4     
#aijf4    ,grown by ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1      
,denton1 ,maryland1 from seed of ,chabot
 fertilized  with ,wayland2 introduced  
in #aija4 ,favorably reported where     

tested4 ,tree  vigorous1 rapid and      
shapely in growth2 fruit medium to      
large1 roundish  inclining to oblong2   
cavity shallow2 stem slender2 dark      
purplish-red2  dots few and indistinct2 
flesh yellow1 firm1 meaty2 very good2   
stone  small1 semi-clinging2 mid-season 
or early4    ,wax4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,cultivator #c3ai4 #ahee4 #b4 ,mathieu  
,nom4  ,pom4 #dbe4 #ahhi4    ,cire #b4  
,wax ,plum #b4    ,raised by ,elisha    
,dorr of ,albany1 ,new ,york2 thought to
 be a cross  between ,bleeker and       
,denniston ,superb2 resembles ,bleeker  
in growth and  productiveness of tree2  
fruit large1 slightly oval2 stem very   
long2 deep  yellow overspread with      
carmine2 flesh greenish-yellow1 juicy1  
firm1 sweet  with a sprightly flavor2   
clingstone2 late4    ,wazata4 ,nigra8   
#a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3db4 #ahib4 
#b4 ,bailey ,ev4  ,nat4 ,fruits #aij4   
#ahih4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aga4    
#aija4    ,found wild in ,minnesota2    
introduced by ,p4 ,m4 ,gideon and ,w4   

,f4 ,heikes4  ,tree upright1 very       
ornamental in bloom2 fruit small to     
medium1 round1  dull red2 flesh yellow2 
inferior2 clingstone2 mid-season to     
late4    ,webster ,gage4 ,domestica4 #a4
 ,watkins ,cat4 #ahib4 #b4 ,guide ,prat4
  #aeg1 #cfd4 #ahie4 #c4 ,garden        
#ef3cdd4 #ahii4    ,reine-,claude de    
,webster #b4 ,webster ,gage #b4         
,webster's ,gage #a1 #c4    ,tree bears 
regularly but sparsely2 fruit larger    
than ,reine ,claude1 a  little more oval
 in shape1 yellowish-green2 flesh       
yellowish1 tender1  soft1 juicy1 rich2  
mid-season4    ,weeping ,blood4         
,triflora4 #a4 ,hill ,side ,nursery ,sp4
 ,cir4 #ahie-f4    ,from ,j4 ,l4        
,normand of ,marksville1 ,louisiana2    
produces blood-red plums of  good       
quality2 valuable only as an ornamental4
    ,weisses oder ,grnes ,zeiberl4      
,species8 #a4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ded4
  #ahhi4    ,weisse ,zeiberl #a4        
,mathieu found reference to this variety
 in ,wiener ,garten-,zeitung #bij4      

#ahhd4    ,welch4 ,americana4 #a4       
,meneray ,cat4    ,grown by ,h4 ,a4     
,terry from seed of ,hammer2 introduced 
by ,f4 ,w4 ,meneray1  ,council ,bluffs1 
,iowa4 ,tree upright1 vigorous2 fruit   
large1 bright red on  a yellow ground2  
flesh yellow1 rich2 clingstone2         
mid-season4    ,welcome4 ,americana4 #a4
 ,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #ajj4 #aijc4  
,a handsome seedling of ,de ,soto grown 
by the ,central ,experimental ,farm1    
,ottawa1 ,canada4 ,tree vigorous and    
productive2 fruit above medium size1    
oval1 flattened2 cavity narrow1 shallow2
 rich yellow1 more or less  washed with 
red2 dots very small1 yellow1           
indistinct2 bloom thin2 skin  moderately
 thick1 tough2 flesh yellow1 juicy1     
sweet1 pleasant2 good2  mid-season4     
,weisse ,kaiserin4 ,domestica4 #a4      
,oberdieck ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4 #dah4   
#ahha4 #b4 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dca4   
#ahhi4    ,datte ,jaune #b4 ,gelbe      
,marunke #b4 ,grosse ,gelbe ,dattel     
,pflaume #b4  ,grosse ,gelbe ,dattel    

,zwetsche #b4 ,imperial ,jaune #b4      
,prune ,datte #b4  ,weisse ,kaiserin #b4
    ,probably of ,german origin2 tree   
medium in size1 a rapid grower1         
productive2 fruit medium in size1       
roundish-oval2 suture shallow2 stem     
short1 glabrous2 skin not adherent1     
whitish-yellow1 the sunny side dull     
red1 sometimes dotted with red2 dots    
numerous1 fine1 yellowish2 bloom  thin2 
flesh whitish-yellow1 firm1 very juicy1 
highly flavored2 good for  dessert and  
cooking2 clingstone2 late4              
,werder'sche ,frhzwetsche4 ,species8    
,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4      
#ded4 #ahhi4    ,stengel ,pflaume4      
,wetherell4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,mag4 ,hort4
 #f3ib4 #ahdj4    ,col4 ,wetherell #a4  
,originated by ,henry ,corse1 ,montreal1
 ,canada1 about #ahcj4 ,spoken of highly
  at the time of its origin2 valuable   
for commercial purposes4    ,wetherill's
 ,sweet4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,prince ,treat4
 ,hort4 #bg4 #ahbh4 #b4  ,lond4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,cat4 #aed4 #ahca4    ,a          

,damson-like plum2 small1 sweet and     
delicious2 clingstone2 early4           
,whatisit4 ,prunus besseyi  ,americana4 
#a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ah4 #ahii-aijj4        
,grown by ,theodore ,williams of        
,nebraska from seed of ,prunus besseyi  
pollinated by an ,americana2 introduced 
by ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr4 ,tree upright and     
vigorous1 bears early1 productive2 fruit
 small1 spherical inclining to  oblong1 
dark purplish-red4    ,wheat4           
,insititia4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  
#egf4 #afbi4 #b4 ,rea  ,flora #bji4     
#afgf4 #c4 ,ray ,hist4 ,plant4 #b3aebi4 
#afhh4 #d4 ,lond4  ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4   
#aed4 #ahca4 #e4 ,floy-,lindley ,guide  
,orch4 ,gard4 #bic1  #chc4 #ahdf4 #f4   
,downing ,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #iac4 #ahfi4  
#g4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4  #gcj4 #ahhd4    
,english ,wheat #f4 ,great ,whitton #d4 
,nutmeg #b4 ,nutmeg #d1 #e1 #f4 ,red    
,wheate #a4 ,wheaten #c4 ,wheaten #d1   
#e4 ,whitton #d1 #e4 ,wheat ,plum #e4   
,wheat  ,plum #f4 ,wheaton #f4 ,whitlow 
#f4    ,during the ,seventeenth ,century

 this name was applied to all ,insititia
  plums and is still so used in parts of
 ,europe4    ,whitaker4 ,munsoniana4 #a4
 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3ea1 #hf4      
#ahib4 #b4  ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #gd4 
#ahie4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #aij4    
#aija4 #d4  ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4    
#bab4 #aijd4    ,whitacre #d4           
,whitaker is a seedling of ,wild ,goose 
raised and introduced by ,j4 ,t4        
,whitaker of ,tyler1 ,texas4 ,fruit of  
medium size1 oval2 cavity shallow2      
suture a line2 skin thin2 bright red2   
bloom thin2 dots many1 distinct2  flesh 
yellow1 sweet2 quality fair2 stone      
small1 long-oval1 pointed1 flat1        
clinging2 mid-season4 ,listed in the    
catalog of the ,american ,pomological   
,society since #ahii4    ,whitby4       
,species8 #a4 ,can4 ,hort4 #ah3cej4     
#ahie4    ,a seedling exhibited at the  
,toronto ,industrial ,fair in #ahie by  
the  originator1 ,j4 ,k4 ,gordon1       
,whitby1 ,canada4    ,white ,corn4      
,domestica4 ,mentioned in ,lond4 ,hort4 

,soc4 ,cat4 #aed4 #ahca4    ,white      
,diaper4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4  
,trees ,am4 #ieb4 #ahfi4    ,diapre     
,blanc #a4 ,diapre ,blanche #a4    ,this
 variety seems to have been known only  
by ,downing who says it is a  small1    
round plum with a whitish-green skin    
covered with bloom2 flesh  rather firm1 
pale yellow1 sweet2 good2 mid-season4   
,white ,honey ,damson4 ,insititia4 #a4  
,wild ,bros4 ,cat4 #ahib4    ,a sweet   
yellow ,damson4    ,white ,muscle4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  
#egf4 #afbi4    ,white ,mussell #a4     
,a strain of the ,muscle plum differing 
from it only in its greenish-white      
color4    ,white ,otschakoff4           
,domestica4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4  
#fa4 #ahhg4 #b4  ,bailey ,ann4 ,hort4   
#ah4 #ahhi4    ,bielaya ,otschakorskaya 
#a4    ,one of the numerous varieties   
imported from ,east ,europe by the ,iowa
  ,agricultural ,college about #ahhb4   
,at one time recommended for the prairie
  states by ,professor ,budd4    ,white 

,pear4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 
,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4 #b4  ,langley ,pomona
 #if1 #ig4 #agbi4 #c4 ,lond4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,cat4 #aed4 #ahca4  #d4 ,prince   
,pom4 ,man4 #b3ajd4 #ahca4    ,late     
,white ,pear #a4    ,a variety of       
ancient and unknown origin4 ,fruit      
medium in size1 obovate2  flesh adhering
 to the stone4    ,white ,peascod4      
,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  
#egf4 #afbi4 #b4  ,rea ,flora #bjh4     
#afgf4    ,peascod ,plum #b4 ,white     
,pescod #a4    ,mentioned by the early  
writers2 similar to the ,green and ,red 
,peascod4    ,white ,prune4 ,americana4 
#a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #bbh4 #aiji4
    ,grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1 ,crescent1
 ,iowa2 not yet introduced4 ,fruit      
long-oval1 yellow1 partly over-spread   
with red2 bloom thick1 conspicuous2     
skin thick1 tough1 acrid2 flesh very    
firm1 meaty1 sweetish2 good2  freestone4
    ,white ,queen4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,ann4
 ,pom4 ,belge #g3ie1 ,pl4 #ahei4 #b4    
,mas ,le ,verger #f3aja1 fig4 #ahff-gc4 

#c4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gba4 #ahhd4  #d4
 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ded4 #ahhi4 #e4  
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #agg3db1 #dc4  #ahii4
    ,neue ,weisse ,kaiserin #d4 ,prune  
,reine ,blanche #a4 ,reine ,blanche #b1 
#c4  ,reine ,blanche #b1 #d4 ,reine     
,blanche de ,galopin #d4 ,weisse ,knigin
 #b4  ,weisse ,knigin #d4    ,raised by 
,m4 ,galopin1 a nurseryman of ,liege1   
,belgium1 about #ahdd2  introduced into 
,america by the ,united ,states         
,department of ,agriculture  about      
#ahij4 ,tree vigorous1 upright2 fruit   
medium in size1 roundish-ovate1         
flattened at the ends1 yellowish-white1 
sometimes tinged with red2 suture       
shallow2 cavity shallow1 wide2 flesh    
greenish-yellow1 juicy1 aromatic2  good2
 stone small1 oval1 clinging2 late4     
,white ,sweet ,damson4 ,insititia4 #a4  
,mag4 ,hort4 #f3abc4 #ahdj4             
,originated as a seedling in ,essex     
,county1 ,new ,york1 sometime previous  
to  #ahdj4    ,white ,wheat4 ,insititia4
 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4 #egf4 #afbi4

 #b4  ,knoop ,fructologie #b3fc4 #agga4 
,spilling ,jaune-simple #b4 ,white      
,wheate #a4    ,a yellow variety of the 
,wheat plum of ,europe4 ,fruit small1   
oval1 yellow2  fair quality4    ,white  
,virginal4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,prince ,pom4
 ,man4 #b3gc4 #ahca4 #b4  ,poiteau ,pom4
 ,franc4 #a4 #ahdf4 #c4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4   
,off4 ,rpt4 #cjf4 #ahed4  #d4 ,bridgeman
 ,gard4 ,ass't #acj4 #aheg4 #e4 ,mas ,le
 ,verger #f3abi4  #ahff-gc4 #f4 ,mathieu
 ,nom4 ,pom4 #ded4 #ahhi4 #g4 ,guide    
,prat4 #aeh1 #cfg4  #ahie4    ,altesse  
,blanche8 #f1 #g4 ,double ,beurre       
,witte8 #f1 #g4 ,peach #c4  ,prcoce #g4 
,prune ,prcoce8 #f4 ,prune ,virginale   
#b4 ,virginal  gros  fruit blanc #a4    
,virginal blanc #a4 ,virginale #d4      
,virginale  ,fruit  ,blanc #f1 #g4      
,virginale  gros fruit blanc #e1 #f1 #g4
 ,virginal ,blanche  #f4 ,virginale     
blanche #c1 #e1 #g4 ,virgin #f4 ,white  
,virginal #d4 ,white  ,virginale #f4    
,weisse ,jungfernpflaume #f4 ,weisse    
,jungfernpflaume #e1 #g4    ,a variety  

confused by ,downing with the ,red      
,virginal4 ,fruit medium in  size1      
roundish-oblate2 suture a line2         
greenish-yellow2 bloom heavy2  flesh    
pale greenish1 juicy1 melting1 sweet1   
pleasant2 good2 clingstone2  mid-season4
    ,whyte4 ,nigra4 #a4 ,can4 ,exp4     
,farm4 ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4 #c3eg4 #aijj4   
#b4  ,ibid4 #dc3ci4 #aijc4    ,whyte's  
,red ,seedling #a4    ,grown by ,r4 ,b4 
,whyte1 ,ottawa1 ,canada2 under test at 
the ,central  ,experimental ,farm1 under
 the name 8,whyte ,r4 ,b41 ,no4 #c40    
,fruit medium in  size1 roundish2 cavity
 narrow2 suture a line2 apex rounded2   
deep red2  dots and bloom lacking2 skin 
thin1 tender2 flesh yellow1 juicy1      
sweet2  good2 stone long1 semi-clinging2
 mid-season4    ,whitley4 ,domestica4   
#a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gca4 #ahhd4     
,whitley's #a4    ,fruit below medium   
size1 round2 suture faint2 stem on a    
slight elevation1  of medium length1    
slender2 red with yellow dots1 darker on
 the side next  the sun2 flesh yellow   

with white veins1 juicy1 sweet and well 
flavored2  clingstone2 late4    ,wier4  
,americana4 #a4 ,am4 ,gard4 #ac3dfj4    
#ahib4 #b4 ,cornell ,sta4  ,bul4 #ch3de1
 #hf4 #ahib4 #c4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#fc3fc4 #ahig4    ,wier ,large ,red #a4 
,wier's ,large ,red #b1 #c4             
,originated by ,d4 ,b4 ,wier of         
,illinois2 resembles ,miner1 but is no  
better  than that variety4 ,fruit large1
 round2 skin thin1 red2 flesh yellow1   
moderately firm2 fair to good2          
clingstone4    ,wier ,no4 #ej4          
,americana4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4  
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4  #fc3fc4 #ahig4       
,wier's ,no4 #ej1 #a1 #b4    ,from ,d4  
,b4 ,wier of ,illinois4 ,tree vigorous1 
healthy1 productive1 bears  annually2   
fruit large1 round1 dark red over       
yellow2 good2 clingstone2  mid-season4  
,wilde4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,horticulturist 
#g3djb4 #aheb4 #b4 ,downing  ,fr4 ,trees
 ,am4 #iec4 #ahfi4    ,wilde's #a4      
,raised by a ,mr4 ,comack from a stone  
brought from ,italy by ,r4 ,h4 ,wilde4  

,tree productive2 fruit medium to large1
 oval-oblong1 greenish-yellow2  flesh   
yellowish-green1 firm1 dry1 sweet2      
clingstone2 early4    ,wilder4          
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ch3gh4 #ahib4 #b4 ,terry  ,cat4 #ahii4 
#c4 ,ala4 ,coll4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aab3agh4  
#aijj4 #d4 ,waugh  ,plum ,cult4 #age4   
#aija4    ,col4 ,wilder #a1 #b4 ,colonel
 ,wilder #d4 ,president ,wilder #c4     
,wilder was grown from seed of ,wild    
,goose in #ahhe by ,h4 ,a4 ,terry1      
,crescent1 ,iowa4 ,fruit of medium size1
 roundish-oval2 suture a line2 skin     
firm1 dark red2 bloom thin2 dots        
distinct2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 sweet2   
quality good2 stone large1 oval1        
clinging2 mid-season4    ,wild ,goose   
,improved4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,stark ,cat4
 #bi4 #aiaj4    ,an improved strain of  
,wild ,goose introduced by ,stark       
,brothers1 ,louisiana1  ,missouri1 in   
#aiaj4    ,wildrose4 ,americana4 #a4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #acd4 #ahhg4 #b4 
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3de1 #hf4 #ahib4

 #c4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3fd4  #ahig4  
,a wild seedling found in ,minnesota2   
introduced in #ahhj by ,a4 ,w4 ,sias1   
,rochester1 ,minnesota4 ,fruit large1   
round1 yellow blushed with red2 flesh   
firm2 clingstone2 early to mid-season4  
,wilkinson4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing    
,fr4 ,trees ,am4 #djj4 #aheg4    ,tree  
vigorous2 branches smooth1 rather       
slender2 fruit of medium size1  oval1   
slightly necked2 skin reddish-purple2   
bloom thick2 stalk medium1  set in a    
small cavity2 flesh dark yellow1 firm1  
sweet1 not rich2  semi-clinging2 late4  
,willamette4 ,domestica4    ,for a      
discussion of this plum see the         
,pacific4    ,williams4 ,nigra8 #a4     
,kerr ,cat4 #ahid4 #b4 ,ibid4 #ae4      
#ahig4 #c4  ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3fd4   
#ahig4    ,tree vigorous1 healthy1      
moderately productive2 fruit large1     
oblong1  pointed1 red2 clingstone2      
early4    ,wilmeth ,late4 ,species8 #a4 
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dij4 #ahid4       
,noticed in the preceding reference as  

on trial4    ,wilson4 ,americana4 #a4   
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3fd4 #ahig4        
,noted in the preceding reference as a  
very early fine plum4    ,wine ,plum4   
,domestica4 #a4 ,coxe ,cult4 ,fr4 ,trees
 #bcg4 #ahag4 #b4  ,prince ,pom4 ,man4  
#b3aja4 #ahcb4    ,much like the ,yellow
 ,egg in appearance but smaller1 oblong1
 pale green2  stem long2 flesh rich1    
juicy and well flavored2 early4         
,winesour4 ,insititia4 #a4 ,forsyth     
,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees #ba4 #ahjc4 #b4     
,prince ,pom4 ,man4 #b3aja4 #ahcb4 #c4  
,floy-,lindley ,guide ,orch4 ,gard4     
#bid1 #chc4 #ahdf4 #d4 ,mas ,pom4 ,gen4 
#b3ag4 #ahgc4 #e4 ,mathieu ,nom4  ,pom4 
#dec4 #ahhi4 #f4 ,guide ,prat4 #afc1    
#cfg4 #ahie4    ,rotherham #c1 #e1 #f4  
,sauere ,weinpflaume #d4 ,sauere ,wein  
,pflaume ,von  ,yorkshire #e1 #f4 ,sour 
,wine ,plum of ,yorkshire #e1 #f4       
,vineuse acidule  #d1 #e4               
,vineuse-,acidule #f4 ,vinisour #f4     
,weinsauerliche ,pflaume #e4            
,weinsauerliche ,zwetsche #d1 #f4       

,winesour #f4 ,winesour ,plum #e4       
,yorkshire  ,winesour #e1 #f4    ,an old
 ,english variety from ,rotherham in    
,yorkshire1 where it is highly  esteemed
 for making preserves4 ,fruit of the    
,damson type1 small1  oval2 stem        
one-half inch long2 dark purple2 dots   
dark colored2 flesh  greenish-yellow1   
sometimes tinged with red towards the   
stone1 sour2 stone  long1 slender1      
pointed1 clinging2 late4    ,winnebago4 
,americana4 #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 
#bhf4 #ahhg4 #b4 ,wis4  ,sta4 ,bul4     
#fc3fd4 #ahig4 #c4 ,colo4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#ej3dg4 #ahih4    ,from ,minnesota2 tree
 vigorous1 rigid and thorny1 moderately 
productive2  fruit medium in size1      
round1 irregular2 stem long1 slender2   
cavity deep2  yellow overspread with    
deep red2 skin thin2 flesh yellowish1   
soft1 of  inferior flavor2 stone        
elliptical1 somewhat oblique1 rather    
flat1 rounded  at both ends1 clinging2  
mid-season4    ,winter ,creke4          
,domestica4 #a4 ,parkinson ,par4 ,ter4  

#egf4 #afbi4    ,noted by ,parkinson as 
very late4    ,winter ,damson4          
,insititia4 #a4 ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,cat4 #adf4 #ahca4 #b4  ,prince ,pom4   
,man4 #b3hi4 #ahcb4 #c4 ,downing ,fr4   
,trees ,am4 #big4 #ahde4  #d4 ,hooper   
,w4 ,fr4 ,book #bdd4 #aheg4 #e4 ,mas    
,pom4 ,gen4 #b3ade4 #ahgc4    ,black    
,damson #c4 ,blue ,damson #b4 ,blue     
,damascene #b4 ,common ,blue  ,damson   
#b4 ,common ,damson #c4 ,damas d',hiver 
#e4 ,damson #b4 ,damson #b1 #c4  ,damson
 ,winter #d4 ,early ,damson #c4 ,late   
,damson #b4 ,late ,purple ,damson #b4   
,purple ,damson #c4 ,purple ,winter     
,damson #b4 ,winter ,damson #b1 #e4     
,mas thought that this variety          
originated in ,america1 but since it was
  first noted in ,england it is probably
 an importation to the ,new ,world  from
 that country4 ,downing distinguished it
 from the common ,damson by its  extreme
 lateness4 ,tree medium in size2 fruit  
roundish1 small2 suture a  line2        
purplish-black2 bloom thick2 flesh      

greenish-yellow1 juicy1 acid1  with a   
slight astringency2 good for preserving2
 clingstone4    ,wiseman4 ,domestica4   
,mentioned in ,wild ,bros4 ,cat4 #aijh4 
,wiseman's ,prune4    ,wohanka4         
,triflora  ,americana4 #a4 ,s4 ,dak4    
,sta4 ,bul4 #ajh4 #aijh4    ,a hybrid   
between ,de ,soto and ,red ,june grown  
by ,hansen of the ,south ,dakota        
,experiment ,station who considers it   
worthy of trial4    ,wolf and ,japan4   
,triflora  ,americana mollis4 #a4 ,ill4 
,hort4 ,soc4  ,rpt4 #dbd4 #aije4        
,listed with a number of plums which    
were tested by ,h4 ,t4 ,thompson1       
,marengo1 ,illinois4    ,wolf           
,clingstone4 ,americana mollis4 #a4     
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hg3ah4 #aija4  #b4   
,s4 ,dak4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ic3ac4 #aije4    
,clingstone ,wolf4 ,wolf ,cling #a4     
,propagated and sent out in many cases  
as the true ,wolf which it much         
resembles except that it is darker in   
color and is a clingstone4 ,it seems  to
 be more resistant to diseases and      

insects than ,wolf4    ,woolston4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,mc,intosh ,bk4 ,gard4  
#b3ec4 #ahee4 #b4  ,horticulturist      
#ac3afh4 #aheh4 #c4 ,mas ,le ,verger    
#f3aec1 fig4 #gg4  #ahff-gc4 #d4        
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ded4 #ahhi4 #e4   
,can4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4  #dcc4 #aije4  
,reine-,claude de ,woolston #e4         
,reine-,claude ,noire de ,woolston #c4  
,woolston  ,black #d4 ,woolston ,black  
,gage #a4 ,woolston ,gage #b4           
,woolston's ,black ,gage  #c1 #d4       
,woolston's ,violette ,reine-,claude #d4
    ,raised by a ,mr4 ,dowling of       
,southampton1 ,england4 ,tree vigorous1 
productive2 fruit medium in size1       
roundish1 purplish-black2 suture not    
pronounced2 cavity deep and wide2 stem  
medium in length1 slender2 flesh        
yellow1 juicy1 sweet1 sugary1 tender1   
aromatic2 very good2 freestone2         
mid-season4    ,wooster4 ,munsoniana4   
#a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3fe4 #ahig4    
,mentioned in the preceding reference as
 not being hardy in ,minnesota4         

,wooten4 ,munsoniana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4
 ,bul4 #ch3fe4 #ahib4 #b4 ,thomas  ,am4 
,fruit ,cult4 #dib4 #ahig4 #c4 ,waugh   
,plum ,cult4 #aia4 #aija4    ,wootton   
#b4    ,wooten was found growing wild in
 ,burnet ,county1 ,texas1 in #ahgf1 by  
,f4 ,t4  ,ramsey2 introduced by ,a4 ,n4 
,ramsey  ,son4 ,fruit oval2 cavity      
shallow2  suture a line2 skin thin2     
bright red2 bloom thin2 flesh yellow2   
quality  good2 stone large1 clinging2   
mid-season4    ,worth4 ,americana4 #a4  
,kerr ,cat4 #g4 #aijb-c4    ,originated 
by ,theodore ,williams of ,nebraska2    
named and introduced by ,j4  ,w4 ,kerr  
in #aijb4 ,tree vigorous1 healthy and   
productive2 fruit large1  round-oblong1 
purplish-red on a greenish-yellow       
ground2 semi-clinging2  mid-season4     
,wragg4 ,americana4 #a4 ,meneray ,cat4  
,a seedling of ,hawkeye grown by ,h4 ,a4
 ,terry2 introduced by ,f4 ,w4 ,meneray1
  ,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa4 ,tree        
vigorous1 healthy1 productive2 fruit    
very  large1 yellow blotched with dark  

red2 flesh yellow1 firm1 rich2 good2    
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,wragg       
,freestone4 ,species8 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #hg3ah4 #aija4    ,received by the
 ,wisconsin ,experiment ,station from   
,edson ,gaylord1 ,nora  ,springs1 ,iowa4
 ,fruit medium to small1 roundish1 dark 
purplish-red with  numerous elongated   
yellowish markings2 bloom heavy2 stem   
long1 slender2  skin tender1 not harsh2 
flesh greenish-yellow1 crisp1 very rich 
but harsh  near the center2 stone round1
 grooved1 semi-clinging4    ,wunder von 
,new ,york4 ,species8 ,mentioned in     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #ded4  #ahhi4      
,merville de ,new ,york4    ,wyandotte4 
,species8 #a4 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 
#bij4 #ahhi4    ,professor ,budd of     
,iowa mentioned this plum as hardy and  
as bearing  continuously4    ,wyant and 
,japan4 ,triflora  ,americana4 #a4 ,ill4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #dbj4  #aije4       
,mentioned in a list of varieties under 
test by ,h4 ,t4 ,thompson1 ,marengo1    
,illinois4 ,said to be a hybrid         

seedling2 fruit light red2 fair quality2
  freestone2 mid-season4    ,wyckoff4   
,munsoniana4 #a4 ,linn ,county ,nur4    
,cat4    ,wyckoff was found growing wild
 along the ,cedar ,river1 ,iowa1 by a   
,mr4  ,wyckoff2 introduced by ,snyder   
,brothers1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa4       
,wyedale4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit  
,man4 #gcb4 #ahhd4 #b4 ,garden  #eh3cie4
 #aijj4 #c4 ,thompson ,gard4 ,ass't     
#d3aei4 #aija4    ,from ,yorkshire1     
,england2 much grown in the northern    
parts of ,england4  ,tree very          
productive1 strong and upright in       
growth2 fruit small1 oval2  cavity      
small2 dark purple1 almost black2 flesh 
greenish-yellow1 brisk1  juicy1         
agreeably flavored2 clingstone2 late4   
,wyzerka4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,kan4 ,sta4   
,bul4 #gc3aia4 #ahig4 #b4 ,ibid4        
#aja3aba1 ,pl4 #f fig4 #a4 #aija4 #c4   
,budd-,hansen ,am4 ,hort4 ,man4 #cbh4   
#aijc4    ,wiezerka #a1 #b4    ,wyzerka 
is one of the numerous ,russian         
varieties imported by ,j4 ,l4 ,budd  of 

the ,iowa ,experiment ,station4 ,there  
seems to have been some confusion  in   
the distribution of this plum1 for ,budd
 and ,hansen1 in reference  three1      
describe ,wyzerka as a large1 oval1     
yellow plum with a fine  peach-like     
flavor2 the variety sent to this        
,station under this name  bears a small1
 purplish-black1 ,damson-like fruit1    
long-oval in form1  cavity shallow2     
suture a line2 skin thin2 bloom very    
heavy2 flesh yellow1  juicy1 slightly   
fibrous1 sweet1 mild2 flavor good2 stone
 oval1 small1  free2 mid-season4        
,yates4 ,triflora  ,angustifolia        
varians4 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bb4   
#ahih4 #b4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4        
#ad3bge4 #aija4    ,from seed of ,kelsey
 thought to have been pollinated with   
,lone ,star2  originated with ,d4 ,h4   
,watson1 ,brenham1 ,texas2 introduced by
 ,w4 ,a4 ,yates1  #ahig4 ,tree thrifty1 
healthy2 fruit large1 roundish1 red when
 fully ripe2  clingstone2 mid-season4   
,yellow ,americana4 ,species8 ,letter   

from ,kerr4    ,originated by ,theodore 
,williams1 ,benson1 ,nebraska4          
,yellow ,egg4 ,species8 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #fc3ff4 #ahig4    ,goff mentions a
 variety under this name which differs  
from the older  plum of the same name4  
,tree of weeping habit1 productive2     
fruit long2  freestone4    ,yellow1 #dc 
,fischer4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,bailey ,ann4 
,hort4 #ah4 #ahhi4    ,introduced into  
this country from ,russia by ,professor 
,j4 ,l4 ,budd of ,ames1  ,iowa4         
,yellow ,impratrice4 ,domestica4 #a4    
,ann4 ,pom4 ,belge #ee1 ,pl4 #ahec4  #b4
 ,pom4 ,france #g3 ,no4 #aa4 #ahga4 #c4 
,mas ,le ,verger #f3aac1 fig4  #ahff-gc4
 #d4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gcb4 #ahhd4 #e4
 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dca4  #ahhi4 #f4 
,cat4 ,cong4 ,pom4 ,france #dfa4 #aijf4 
,altesse ,blanche #d1 #e4 ,d',altesse   
,blanche #f4 ,de ,monsieur ,jaune #c4   
,gelbe ,herrn ,pflaume #e4 ,impratrice  
,jaune #c1 8#e4 ,jaune de ,monsieur  #b4
 ,jaune de ,monsieur #e1 #f4 ,monsieur  
,fruits ,jaune #d1 #e4 ,monsieur        

,fruits ,jaunes #c4 ,monsieur  ,fruits  
,jaunes #e1 #f4 ,monsieur ,jaune  #f4   
,prune de ,monsieur ,jaune #e4 ,prune de
 ,monsieur ,jaune #a4 ,prune de         
,monsieur1 ,variet ,jaune #e4 ,prune    
,monsieur ,jaune #b4 ,prune d',altesse  
,blanche #b1 #e4 ,virginale ,blanche #d1
 8#e4 ,yellow ,impratrice 8#c1 #e4      
,m4 ,jacquin1 nurseryman of ,paris1     
,france1 obtained this plum from seed   
of a cross between the ,orleans and the 
,reine ,claude planted about #ahbj2     
brought to notice in #ahde4 ,mas        
considered ,hogg's and ,downing's       
,yellow  ,impratrice as different from  
the ,french variety4 ,tree medium in    
vigor2  fruit medium in size1 usually   
roundish-oval2 suture broad2 halves     
unequal2 skin not adhering1             
golden-yellow1 dotted and streaked with 
carmine-red2 flesh yellow1 juicy1 very  
sweet and aromatic2 freestone2          
mid-season4    ,yellow ,imperial4       
,domestica4 #a4 ,prince ,pom4 ,man4     
#b3ei4 #ahcb4    ,imperial jaune #a4    

,impriale jaune #a4    ,described by    
,prince as distinct from ,yellow ,egg   
which it much resembles  but differing  
in that it is somewhat smaller1 about   
two weeks earlier and  slightly more    
acid4    ,yellow ,jack4 ,domestica4     
,mentioned in ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 
#aed4 #ahca4    ,yellow ,jerusalem4     
,domestica4 #a4 ,hogg ,fruit ,man4 #gcb4
 #ahhd4 #b4  ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dcf4 
#ahhi4    ,jahns ,gelbe ,jerusalems     
,pflaume #b4 ,jahn's ,jerusalems        
,pflaume #b4  ,jerusalem ,jaune #a1 #b4 
,jahn's ,gelbe ,jerusalems-pflaume #a4  
,yellow  ,jerusalem #b4    ,fruit of    
medium size1 roundish-oval2 suture a    
line2 cavity deep2 deep  yellow with    
crimson specks next the sun2 flesh      
yellow1 with white veins1  tender1      
juicy1 brisk1 sweet1 very good2         
clingstone2 mid-season4    ,yellow      
,magnum ,bonum4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,jour4  
,hort4 ,n4 ,s4 #ag3bbh4 #ahfi4          
,according to the preceding reference   
this variety is distinct from the       

,yellow ,egg 7,white ,magnum ,bonum74   
,fruit medium in size1 oval1 dull yellow
  sprinkled with red dots2 rich2        
clingstone2 young shoots smooth4        
,yellow ,nagate4 ,triflora4 #a4 ,am4    
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ajf4 #ahia4 #b4      
,can4 ,exp4 ,farm ,bul4 #bnd ,ser4      
#c3eg4 #aijj4    ,a little known        
,triflora very closely resembling if not
 identical with  some of the standard   
yellow ,trifloras4    ,yellow ,oregon4  
,hortulana4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4       
#fc3ff4 #ahig4 #b4  ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4     
,rpt4 #aa3bhg4 #ahih4    ,described by  
,waugh from specimens received by him   
from ,b4 ,a4 ,matthews1  ,iowa4 ,fruit  
small1 nearly spherical2 suture a faint 
line2 bright  golden-yellow2 dots many1 
whitish2 skin thick and strong2 flesh   
yellow  and not very firm2 quality      
medium2 stone large1 smooth1 clinging2  
inferior in size and quality to ,captain
 or ,cumberland4    ,yellow ,panhandle4 
,angustifolia watsoni4 #a4 ,wis4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #fc3ff4  #ahig4 #b4 ,bailey ,ev4  

,nat4 ,fruits #bbb1 #bbc4 #ahih4 #c4    
,waugh ,plum  ,cult4 #bcd4 #aija4 #d4   
,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fg3bhe4 #aijd4    ,a  
variety from the ,panhandle of ,texas2  
introduced by ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey  of       
,austin1 ,texas4 ,tree forms a close    
symmetrical head2 fruit small1          
roundish-oblong1 yellow overspread with 
clear bright red2 dots few1  indistinct2
 skin tough2 flesh yellow1 hard2 quality
 poor2 stone medium1  oval1 turgid1     
clinging4    ,yellow ,roman ,bullace4   
,insititia4 ,mentioned in ,lond4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,cat4  #add4 #ahca4    ,yellow    
,sweet4 ,americana4 #a4 ,cornell ,sta4  
,bul4 #ch3df4 #ahib4 #b4  ,colo4 ,sta4  
,bul4 #ej3dg4 #ahih4 #c4 ,waugh ,plum   
,cult4 #afh4 #aija4    ,thought to have 
originated in ,minnesota4 ,tree small2  
fruit large1 round  inclining to oblong2
 suture distinct2 stem short and stout2 
yellow more  or less mottled and shaded 
with red2 bloom thin2 flesh firm1 juicy1
 rich1  sweet2 good2 stone round1 flat1 
clinging4    ,yellow ,transparent4      

,angustifolia varians4 #a4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,rpt4  #afb4 #ahha4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,cat4 #be4 #ahig4 #c4 ,ohio ,sta4
 ,bul4  #aac3aef4 #ahii4 #d4 ,waugh     
,plum ,cult4 #bjj4 #aija4               
,transparent #d incor4 ,transparent     
,yellow #b4    ,selected from a seedling
 orchard of two thousand trees planted  
near  ,denison1 ,texas1 by ,j4 ,l4      
,freeman4 ,tree vigorous1 forming a     
handsome top1  productive2 fruit medium 
in size1 oblong1 bright yellow2 skin    
thin and  tough1 reported to crack badly
 in some localities2 flesh soft and     
watery1  sweet and good2 clingstone2    
early4    ,yellow ,wildgoose4           
,munsoniana8 #a4 ,van ,lindley ,cat4    
#db4 #ahii4    ,said to have been       
introduced by ,r4 ,bates of ,jackson1   
,south ,carolina4  ,fruit large1 equal  
in size to ,wild ,goose with better     
quality2 ripens at  the same time4      
,yellow ,yosemite4 ,species8 #a4 ,gard4 
,mon4 #bj3agf4 #ahgh4 #b4 ,mich4  ,sta4 
,bul4 #aah3eb1 #ee4 #ahie4    ,yosemite 

#a4 ,yosemite ,yellow #b4    ,yellow    
,yosemite came from the 8,rocky         
,mountains0 about #ahgj with the        
,purple ,yosemite2 introduced by ,w4 ,s4
 ,carpenter1 ,rye1 ,new ,york4 ,fruit   
roundish2 suture a line2 skin thick1    
tough1 yellow1 with reddish tinge2      
flesh yellow1 sweet1 tender2 stone      
roundish-ovate1 clinging2 mid-season4   
,yohe4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4    
,trees ,am4 #ied4 #ahfi4    ,yohes      
,eagle #a4    ,noticed by ,downing who  
says it is an accidental seedling in the
 garden of  ,caleb ,yohe1 ,bethlehem1   
,pennsylvania4    ,york ,state ,prune4  
,domestica4 #a4 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit     
,cult4 #ejd1 #eje4  #ahig4 #b4 ,greene  
,cat4 #ahig4 #c4 ,sweet ,cat4 #ac4      
#ahig4 #d4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4  ,hort4 ,soc4    
,rpt4 #dd3ib4 #ahii4    ,large ,german  
,prune #c4 ,york ,state ,prune #c4    ,a
 seedling grown near ,dansville1 ,new   
,york4 ,as tested at this ,station and  
by many fruit-growers it is identical   
with ,italian ,prune4    ,young4        

,domestica4 #a4 ,downing ,fr4 ,trees    
,am4 #iee4 #ahfi4    ,young's ,seedling 
#a4    ,from ,pennsylvania4 ,tree       
vigorous2 fruit medium in size1         
roundish-oval1  deep reddish-purple2    
flesh yellow1 sweet2 good2 freestone2   
mid-season4    ,yukon4 ,nigra8 #a4 ,can4
 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt4 #dbf4 #aijj4    ,a  
seedling grown at ,indian ,head         
,experimental ,farm1 ,canada4 ,fruit of 
medium size1 red2 skin thick2 good2     
early4    ,yuteca4 ,species8 #a4 ,cir4  
,s4 ,dak4 ,exp4 ,sta4 #aiaj4    ,south  
,dakota ,no4 #h #a4    ,a very early    
ripening seedling of some native plum   
grown by ,n4 ,e4 ,hansen  of the ,south 
,dakota ,experiment ,station2 sent out  
in #aijg4    ,zahlbruckner ,damascene4  
,species8 ,mentioned in ,mathieu ,nom4  
,pom4 #dee4  #ahhi4    ,zahlbruckner's  
,violette ,damascene4    ,zekanta4      
,species8 #a4 ,cir4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,exp4     
,sta4 #aiaj4    ,a large yellow seedling
 of some native plum grown and          
introduced by ,n4 ,e4  ,hansen of the   

,south ,dakota ,experiment ,station4    
,zucchetta ,gialla4 ,species8 ,listed in
 ,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dee4 #ahhi4      
,zulu4 ,species8 #a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4    
,rpt4 #ab3bcj4 #ahii4    ,grown by      
,luther ,burbank who says in regard to  
its parentage 8,it is a  mystery1 being 
three or four generations from          
innumerable crosses1 and  resembles no  
other known species or variety40 ,fruit 
medium in size1 round  or somewhat      
oblate2 suture shallow2 cavity broad1   
open2 stem short1  strong2 very dark    
dull red1 almost black2 dots many1      
minute1 whitish2  bloom thick2 skin thin
 and tender2 flesh firm1 juicy1 red1    
rich and  sweet2 quality good to best2  
stone medium large1 rounded1 only       
slightly  flattened1 clinging4          
,zuzac4 ,domestica4 #a4 ,kerr ,cat4 #be4
 #ahig4    ,similar in appearance to    
,townsend4    ,zwergpflaume4 ,domestica4
 #a4 ,kraft ,pom4 ,aust4 #b3ce1 ,tab4   
#ahc fig4  #b4 #agif4    ,die kleine    
,zwergpflaume #a4 ,prune nain #a4       

,tree low2 leaves lance-shaped1         
short-stemmed2 flowers small1 fragrant2 
petals long1 not widely opened2 fruit   
hanging on a long stem1 the size  and   
appearance of a cherry except that it is
 more elongated2 pleasant2  sometimes   
sourish and flat4    ,zwetsche          
,professor ,wittmack4 ,species8 #a4     
,mathieu ,nom4 ,pom4 #dee4  #ahhi4      
,referenced by ,mathieu from            
,garten-flora #adb4 #ahhh4    ,zwetsche 
,von der ,worms4 ,species8 #a4 ,mathieu 
,nom4 ,pom4 #dee4 #ahhi4  #b4 ,guide    
,prat4 #afc1 #cfh4 #ahie4    ,grosse    
,blaue ,zwetsche ,von der ,worms #a1 #b4
 ,quetsche ,grosse ,blaue de la  ,worms 
#a1 #b4    ,tree vigorous1 productive2  
fruit large1 oval1 bluish-black2 flesh  
greenish-yellow1 juicy1 firm2           
mid-season4          ,,bibliography     
,,and ,,references1 ,,with              
,,abbreviations ,,used4      ,in this   
list it is hoped that there will be     
found all horticultural books  in       
,america dealing with the plum4 ,no     

attempt has been made to include        
botanical works4 ,only such ,european   
books are recorded as were found  useful
 in preparing the volume4 ,all the      
agricultural and horticultural          
periodicals to which references are to  
be found in the preceding pages  are    
given1 but no more4 ,the reports and    
bulletins of experiment stations  and   
horticultural societies are not included
 since the abbreviations  used for such 
publications are readily recognized4    
,the date of copyright  has been        
preferred to that of publication though 
sometimes it has been  necessary to use 
the latter1 as when there were several  
editions from the  same copyright4      
,abercrombie1 ,gard4 ,ass't        ,the 
,gardeners ,daily ,assistant4 ,by ,john 
,abercrombie4 ,london3      #aghf4      
,am4 ,gard4        ,american ,gardening4
 ,new ,york3 #ahib-aijd4 7,before its   
union with      ,popular ,gardening in  
#ahib1 was known as ,american ,garden4  
,both      ,popular ,gardening and      

,american ,garden resulted from the     
union      or absorption of several     
other horticultural periodicals47       
,am4 ,gard4 ,mag4        ,american      
,gardener's ,magazine4 ,see ,mag4 ,hort4
    ,am4 ,hort4 ,an4        ,american   
,horticultural ,annual4 ,a ,year ,book  
of ,horticultural      ,progress1 etc41 
under the general editorial care of ,dr4
 ,george      ,thurber4 ,new ,york3     
#ahfg-ahga4    ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort4       
,the ,american ,journal of ,horticulture
 and ,florist's ,companion4             
,boston3 #ahfg-ahfi4 ,continued as      
,tilton's ,journal of      ,horticulture
 and ,floral ,magazine1 #ahfi-ahga4     
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4        ,american 
,pomological ,society ,report4 ,issued  
usually biennially      from #aheb to   
date4    ,ann4 ,hort4        ,annals of 
,horticulture and yearbook of           
information on practical      gardening4
 ,london3 #ahdf-ej4 #e vols4    ,ann4   
,pom4 ,belge        ,annales de         
,pomologie ,belge et trangre2 publies   

par la      ,commission royale de       
,pomologie1 institue par ,s4 ,m4 le ,roi
 des      ,belges4 #h vols4 ,bruxelles3 
#ahec-ahfj4      ,bailey1 ,ann4 ,hort4  
,annals of ,horticulture in ,north      
,america4 ,a record of                  
,horticultural ,progress1 appearing     
annually from #ahhi-ahic4 ,by      ,l4  
,h4 ,bailey4 ,new ,york4    ,bailey1    
,cyc4 ,hort4        ,cyclopedia of      
,american ,horticulture4 ,by ,l4 ,h4    
,bailey1 assisted      by ,wilhelm      
,miller4 ,in ,four ,volumes4 ,new ,york3
 #aijj4    ,bailey1 ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fruits  
,a sketch of the ,evolution of ,our     
,native ,fruits4 ,by ,l4 ,h4            
,bailey4 ,new ,york3 #ahih4    ,bailey1 
,sur4 ,unlike        ,the ,survival of  
,the ,unlike4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,new 
,york3 #aijf4    ,baltet1 ,cult4 ,fr4   
,trait de la ,culture ,fruitire         
,commerciale et ,bourgeoise4 ,par       
,charles ,baltet4 ,quatrime dition4     
,paris3 #aijh4    ,barry1 ,fr4 ,garden  
,the ,fruit ,garden4 ,by ,p4 ,barry4    

,new ,york3 #ahea4 ,revised edition1    
#ahhc4    ,bartrum1 ,pears  ,plums      
,the ,book of ,pears and ,plums4 ,by ,e4
 ,bartrum4 ,london and      ,new ,york3 
#aijc4 ,being ,volume ,,xi of ,handbooks
 of ,practical      ,gardening1 edited  
by ,harry ,roberts4    ,bradley1 ,gard4 
,new ,improvements of ,planting and     
,gardening1 both ,philosophical      and
 ,practical4 ,in three parts4 ,by       
,richard ,bradley4 ,seventh             
edition1 ,london3 #agci4    ,bridgeman1 
,gard4 ,ass't        ,the ,young        
,gardener's ,assistant4 ,three parts4   
,by ,thomas      ,bridgeman4 ,new ,york3
 #aheg4    ,brookshaw1 ,pom4 ,brit4     
,pomona ,brittanica or a collection of  
the ,most ,esteemed ,fruits      at     
,present cultivated in ,great ,britain4 
,by ,george ,brookshaw4      ,london3   
#ahag4    ,budd-,hansen1 ,am4 ,hort4    
,man4        ,american ,horticultural   
,manual1 etc4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,budd and ,n4 
,e4      ,hansen4 ,in #b vols2 vol4 #b4 
,new ,york and ,london3 #aijc4          

,cal4 ,fr4 ,grower        ,the          
,california ,fruit-,grower4 ,san        
,francisco3 #ahhh to date4    ,can4     
,hort4        ,canadian ,horticulturist4
 ,toronto3 #ahgh to date4    ,cat4      
,cong4 ,pom4 ,france        ,socit      
,pomologique de ,france4 ,catalogue     
descriptif des fruits      adopts par le
 ,congrs pomologique4 ,lyon3 #ahhg4     
,ibid43 #aijf4    ,cole1 ,am4 ,fr4 ,book
        ,the ,american ,fruit ,book4 ,by
 ,s4 ,w4 ,cole4 ,boston3 #ahdi4         
,country ,gent4        ,country         
,gentleman4 ,albany3 #ahec-ahfe4 ,the   
,cultivator and      ,country           
,gentleman4 ,albany3 #ahff-ahig4 ,the   
,country ,gentleman4      ,albany3 #ahih
 to date4    ,coxe1 ,cult4 ,fr4 ,trees  
,a ,view of the ,cultivation of ,fruit  
,trees4 ,by ,william ,coxe4             
,philadelphia3 #ahag4    ,cultivator    
,albany3 #ahcd-ahfe4 ,in #ahff united   
with the ,country ,gentleman4           
,decaisne  ,naudin1 ,man4 ,am4 des      
,jard4        ,manuel de ,l',amateur des

 ,jardins4 ,by ,jh4 ,decaisne and ,ch4  
,naudin4 ,tome quatrime4 ,paris4    ,de 
,candolle1 ,or4 ,cult4 ,plants          
,origin of ,cultivated ,plants4 ,by     
,alphonse ,de ,candolle4 ,geneva        
,switzerland3 #ahhb4 ,new ,york3 #ahhe4 
,downing1 ,fr4 ,trees4 ,am4        ,the 
,fruits and ,fruit ,trees of ,america4  
,by ,a4 ,j4 ,downing4 ,new      ,york   
and ,london3 #ahde4 ,second edition1    
same text1 with colored      plates1    
#ahdg4 ,first revision1 by ,charles     
,downing4 ,new ,york3      #aheg4       
,second revision1 by ,charles ,downing4 
,new ,york3 #ahfi4      ,first appendix1
 #ahgb4 ,second appendix1 #ahgf4 ,third 
appendix1      #ahha4    ,duhamel1      
,trait4 ,arb4 ,fr4        ,trait des    
,arbres ,fruitiers4 ,par ,m4 ,duhamel du
 ,monceau4 ,tomes      #a et #b4 ,paris3
 #agfh4 ,edition publie en #aghb en     
trois tomes4      ,nouvelle ,edition en 
six tomes1 #ahjg-ahce4      ,elliott1   
,fr4 ,book        ,elliott's ,fruit     
,book3 or the ,american ,fruit-,growers'

 ,guide4 ,by      ,f4 ,r4 ,elliott4 ,new
 ,york3 #ahed4 ,revised edition1 #ahei4 
,fish1 ,hardy-,fr4 ,bk4        ,the     
,hardy-,fruit ,book4 ,by ,d4 ,t4 ,fish4 
,two volumes4 ,london3      probably    
#ahhb4    ,flor4  ,pom4        ,the     
,florist and ,pomologist4 ,a ,pictorial 
,monthly ,magazine of      ,flowers1    
,fruits and ,general ,horticulture4     
,conducted at first by      ,robert     
,hogg and ,john ,spencer1 later by      
,thomas ,moore and ,william      ,paul4 
,london3 #ahfb-hd4    ,floy-,lindley1   
,guide ,orch4 ,gard4        ,a ,guide to
 the ,orchard and ,fruit ,garden4 ,by   
,george ,lindley2      edited by ,john  
,lindley4 ,american edition by ,michael 
,floy4 ,new      ,york3 #ahcc4 ,new     
edition with an appendix1 #ahdf4        
,forsyth1 ,treat4 ,fr4 ,trees        ,a 
,treatise on the ,culture and           
,management of ,fruit ,trees4 ,by       
,william ,forsyth4 ,london3 #ahjb4 ,same
 with ,introduction and      ,notes1 by 
,william ,cobbett4 ,albany3 #ahjc4      

,seventh edition      ,english ,london3 
#ahbd4      ,gallesio1 ,pom4 ,ital4     
,pomona ,italiana ,ossia ,trattato      
,degli ,alberi ,fruttiferi ,di          
,giorgio ,gallesio4 ,tomo ,secondo4     
,pisa3 #ahci4 ,volume #b includes       
two large books1 ,testo #b1 which       
contains the fruit descriptions      and
 ,tavole #b1 which contains the plates4 
,gard4 and ,for4        ,garden and     
,forest4 ,charles ,s4 ,sargent1 editor4 
,new ,york3      #ahhh-ahig4    ,gard4  
,chron4        ,gardeners' ,chronicle1  
etc4 ,london3 #ahda to date4    ,garden 
,garden4 ,london3 #ahgb to date4        
,gardening        ,gardening4 ,chicago3 
#ahic to date4    ,gard4 ,mon4          
,gardener's ,monthly1 etc4 ,thomas      
,meehan1 editor4 ,philadelphia3         
#ahei-ahhg4    ,gard4 ,world            
,gardening ,world1 illustrated4 ,a      
weekly paper exclusively      devoted to
 all the branches of practical          
gardening4 ,london3      #ahhd-aiji4 ,in
 ,vol4 #bj1 #aijc1 the title was changed

 to ,the      ,gardening ,world1 an     
illustrated journal for country         
gentlemen      and professional         
gardeners4 ,the editor from ,may1 #ahie1
 has been      ,john ,fraser2 previously
 the editor had been ,brian ,wynne1 but 
in      the earlier years the editor's  
name is not given4    ,gaucher1 ,pom4   
,prak4 ,obst4        ,pomologie der     
,praktischen ,obstbaumzchters4 ,von ,n4 
,gaucher4      ,stuttgart3 #ahid4       
,gen4 ,farmer        ,genesee ,farmer4  
,edited by ,luther ,tucker4 ,rochester3 
#ahca-ahci4      ,then consolidated with
 the ,cultivator4 ,another periodical of
      the same name was published in    
,rochester from #ahde to #ahfe4         
,also ,new ,genesee ,farmer and ,monthly
 ,genesee ,farmer4    ,gerard1 ,herball 
,the ,herball or ,generall ,historie of 
,plantes4 ,by ,john ,gerard4            
,enlarged and amended by ,thomas        
,johnson4 ,london3 #afcf4    ,goodrich1 
,n4 ,fr4 ,cult4        ,the ,northern   
,fruit ,culturist1 or ,farmers' ,guide4 

,by ,chauncey      ,goodrich4           
,burlington1 ,vt43 #ahdi4    ,guide     
,prat4        ,guide ,pratique de       
,l',amateur de ,fruits4 ,description et 
,culture      des ,varits de ,fruits    
,classes ,par ,sries de ,mrite4         
,composant      les ,collections        
,pomologiques de ,l'tablissement        
,horticole      ,simon-,louis ,frres4 ,a
 ,plantires-ls-,metz4 7,lorraine        
,annexe7      ,deuxime dition4 ,revue et
 ,corrige par les ,chefs de ,culture de 
,l'tablissement4 ,paris and ,nancy3     
#ahie4      ,hoffy1 ,n4 ,am4 ,pom4      
,hoffy's ,north ,american ,pomologist4  
,edited by ,william ,d4      ,brinckle4 
,book ,no4 #a4 ,philadelphia3 #ahfj4    
,hoffy1 ,orch4 ,com4        ,hoffy's    
,orchardist's ,companion or ,fruits of  
the ,united ,states4      ,a quarterly  
journal4 ,vol4 #a1 #ahda-b1 ,vol4 #b1   
#ahdb-c4 ,alfred      ,hoffy1 ,editor   
and ,publisher4 ,philadelphia4    ,hogg1
 ,fruit ,man4        ,the ,fruit        
,manual4 ,by ,robert ,hogg4 ,first      

edition1 ,london3 #ahfj4      ,second   
edition1 #ahfa4 ,third edition1 #ahff4  
,fourth edition1      #ahgc4 ,fifth     
edition1 #ahhd4    ,hooper1 ,w4 ,fr4    
,book        ,hooper's ,western ,fruit  
,book4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,hooper4 ,cincinnati3
 #aheg4    ,horticulturist        ,the  
,horticulturist and ,journal of ,rural  
,art and ,rural ,taste4      ,albany1   
,philadelphia and ,new ,york3           
#ahdf-ahge4 ,founded by ,a4 ,j4         
,downing4 ,other editors were ,barry1   
,smith1 ,mead1 ,williams and      the   
,woodwards4    ,hovey1 ,fr4 ,am4        
,the ,fruits of ,america4 ,two ,volumes4
 ,c4 ,m4 ,hovey4 ,boston3 #ahea4        
,jour4 ,hort4        ,journal of        
,horticulture began as3 ,the ,cottage   
,gardener2 or      ,amateurs' and       
,cottagers' guide to out-door gardening 
and spade      cultivation4 ,london3    
#ahdi-ahfa4 #be vols4 7,edited ,vols4   
#a-ac      by ,g4 ,w4 ,johnson1 vols4   
#ad-be by ,g4 ,w4 ,johnson and ,r4      
,hogg47      ,continued as ,the ,journal

 of ,horticulture1 ,cottage ,gardener   
and      ,country ,gentleman4444 ,new   
,series4 ,london3 #ahfa-ahhj4 #ch vols4 
7edited by ,g4 ,w4 ,johnson and ,r4     
,hogg7--continued under the same        
title as 444 ,third ,series4 ,london3   
#ahhj-aiji4 #ei vols4 7edited      by   
,r4 ,hogg74    ,jour4 ,roy4 ,hort4 ,soc4
        ,journal of the ,royal          
,horticultural ,society4 ,london3 #ahdf 
to      date4 ,vols4 #a-i2 #ahdf-ee1    
bear the title of ,journal of the       
,horticultural ,society of ,london4     
,kenrick1 ,am4 ,orch4        ,the ,new  
,american ,orchardist4 ,by ,wilham      
,kenrick4 ,boston3 #ahcb4      ,second  
edition revised1 #ahce4 ,seventh        
edition1 enlarged and      improved1    
with a supplement1 #ahdd4    ,knoop1    
,fructologie        ,part ,i4 ,pomologie
 ou ,description ,meilleures ,sortes de 
,pommes      et de ,poires4 ,part ,,ii4 
,fructologie ou ,description des ,arbres
      ,fruitiers4 ,par ,jean ,herman    
,knoop4 ,amsterdam3 #agga4    ,koch1    

,deut4 ,obst4        ,die ,deutschen    
,obstgeholze4 ,by ,karl ,koch4 ,two     
,parts4 ,stuttgart3      #ahgf4         
,kraft1 ,pom4 ,aust4        ,pomona     
,austriaca4 ,abhandlung von dem         
,obstbaumen4 ,by ,johann      ,kraft4   
,wein3 #agib4      ,lange1 ,allgem4     
,garten4        ,allgemeines            
,gartenbuch4 ,by ,theodore ,lange4 ,two 
,volumes4 ,second      ,edition1        
,leipsic3 #ahgi4    ,langley1 ,pomona   
,pomona2 or the ,fruit ,garden          
,illustrated4 ,by ,batty ,langley4      
,london3 #agbi4    ,lauche1 ,deut4 ,pom4
        ,deutsche ,pomologie4 ,von ,w4  
,lauche4 ,berlin3 #ahhb4    ,le ,bon    
,jard4        ,le ,bon ,jardinier4      
#abfth ,edition ,almanach ,horticole1   
#ahhb and      the #abith ,edition1     
#ahhd4 ,paris4    ,lond4 ,hort4 ,soc4   
,cat4        ,a ,catalogue of the       
,fruits ,cultivated in the ,garden of   
the      ,horticultural ,society of     
,london4 ,london3 #ahbf4 ,second        
edition1      #ahca4 ,third edition1    

#ahdb4 ,a supplement was published in   
#ahec4    ,london1 ,arb4 ,frut4 ,brit4  
,arboretum et ,fruticetum ,britannicum4 
,by ,j4 ,c4 ,loudon4 ,second            
,edition1 ,volume #b4 ,london3 #ahdd4   
,loudons ,enc4 ,gard4        ,an        
,encyclopedia of ,gardening1 etc4 ,by   
,j4 ,c4 ,loudon4 ,new      edition4     
,london3 #ahcd4    ,lucas1 ,vollst4     
,hand4 ,obst4        ,vollstndiges      
,handbuch der ,obstkultur4 ,von ,ed4    
,lucas4      ,stuttgart3 ,first edition1
 #ahhj2 second edition1 #ahhf2 third    
edition1 #ahic4 ,third edition edited by
 ,fr4 ,lucas4 #ahid4      ,mag4 ,hort4  
,magazine of ,horticulture4 ,boston3    
#ahcg-ahfh4 ,first published      under 
name ,american ,gardener's ,magazine1   
#ahce-f4 ,edited by ,c4      ,m4 ,hovey 
with ,p4 ,b4 ,hovey1 ,jr41 associate    
editor during #ahce-f4    ,manning1     
,book of ,fruits        ,book of        
,fruits4 ,by ,robert ,manning4 ,salem3  
#ahch4 ,second edition      with title1 
,new ,england ,fruit ,book4 ,revised by 

,john ,m4 ,ives4      ,salem3 #ahdd4    
,mas1 ,le ,verger        ,le ,verger4   
,par ,m4 ,mas4 ,tomes #h4 ,paris3       
#ahff-ahgc4 ,tome #f4      ,prunes4     
,mas1 ,pom4 ,gen4        ,pomologie     
,gnrale4 ,par ,m4 ,mas4 ,tomes #ab4     
,paris3 #ahgb-hc4 ,tome      #b1 #ahgc4 
,prunes4    ,mathieu1 ,nom4 ,pom4       
,nomenclator ,pomologicus4 ,von ,carl   
,mathieu4 ,berlin3 #ahhi4    ,miller1   
,gard4 ,dict4        ,gardener's        
,dictionary4 ,by ,philip ,miller4       
,london3 #aged4 ,revised      edition1  
,volumes ,i and ,,ii4 ,by ,thomas       
,martyn4 ,london3 #ahjg4    ,miller1    
,gard4 ,kal4        ,gardener's         
,kalendar4 ,by ,philip ,miller4 ,london3
 #agcd4      ,mc,intosh1 ,bk4 ,gard4    
,the ,book of the ,garden4 ,by ,charles 
,mc,intosh4 ,two ,volumes4      ,london3
 #ahee4    ,mc,mahon1 ,am4 ,gard4 ,cal4 
,the ,american ,gardener's ,calendar4   
,by ,bernard ,mc,mahon4                 
,philadelphia3 #ahjf4    ,nat4 ,hist4   
,n4 ,y4        ,natural ,history of ,new

 ,york4 ,part ,v4 ,agriculture4 ,by     
,ebenezer      ,emmons4 ,vol4 ,,iii     
devoted to fruits4 ,albany3 #ahea4      
,nat4 ,nur4        ,national            
,nurseryman4 ,edited by ,r4 ,t4 ,olcott 
and later by ,john      ,craig4         
,rochester3 #ahic to date4    ,n4 ,e4   
,farmer ,dict4        ,the ,new ,england
 ,farmer or ,georgical ,dictionary4 ,by 
,samuel      ,deane4 ,second ,edition4  
,worcester1 ,mass43 #agig4              
,nicholson1 ,dict4 ,gard4        ,the   
,illustrated ,dictionary of ,gardening4 
,by ,george ,nicholson1      assisted by
 ,j4 ,w4 ,h4 ,trail and ,j4 ,garrett4   
,four volumes1      ,london4 ,supplement
 to same4 ,by ,george ,nicholson et al4 
,london3      #aijj4      ,noisette1    
,man4 ,comp4 ,jard4        ,manuel      
,complet du ,jardinier4 ,par ,m4 ,louis 
,noisette4 ,paris3 #ahfj4               
,oberdieck1 ,deut4 ,obst4 ,sort4        
,deutschlands beste ,obst-,sorten4 ,von4
 ,f4 ,g4 ,c4 ,oberdieck4      ,leipzig3 
#ahha4    ,oregon ,agric4        ,oregon

 ,agriculturist4 ,edited by ,w4 ,e4     
,williamson4 ,portland3      #ahia to   
date4      ,parkinson1 ,par4 ,ter4      
,paradisi in ,sole4 ,paradisus          
,terrestris4 ,by ,john ,parkinson4      
,london3 #afbi4    ,phillips1 ,com4     
,orch4        ,the ,companion ,for the  
,orchard4 ,by ,henry ,phillips4 ,new    
,edition4      ,london3 #ahca4          
,poiteau1 ,pom4 ,franc4                 
,pomologie ,francaise4 ,recueil des     
,plus ,beaux ,fruits ,cultivs en        
,france4 ,par ,antoine ,poiteau4 ,tomes 
#a-d4 ,paris3 #ahdf4    ,pom4 ,france   
,pomologie de la ,france4 ,ou ,histoire 
et ,description ,de ,tous ,les          
,fruits ,cultivs ,en ,france4 ,ouvrage  
,public avec le concours des            
,socits d',agriculture et               
d',horticulture ,francaises4 ,tome      
,,vii4      ,lyon3 #ahga4    ,pom4 ,mag4
        ,pomological ,magazine4 ,three  
,volumes4 ,london3 #ahbh-cj4 ,this work 
has also been published under the title 
,pomona ,brittanica4    ,popular ,gard4 

,popular ,gardening4 ,an illustrated    
periodical devoted to      ,horticulture
 in all its branches4 ,vol4 ,i1         
,buffalo3 #ahhf4      ,continued as     
,popular ,gardening and ,fruit ,growing4
 ,an      illustrated periodical devoted
 to ,horticulture in all its            
branches1 ,vols4 ,,ii-,,vi4 ,buffalo3   
#ahhg-ia4 ,all six volumes edited       
by ,e4 ,a4 ,long2 these consolidated    
with ,american ,garden and              
continued as ,american ,gardening4 ,new 
,york3 #ahib-aijd4    ,prince1 ,treat4  
,hort4        ,a ,short ,treatise on    
,horticulture4 ,by ,william ,prince4    
,new ,york3      #ahbh4    ,prince1     
,pom4 ,man4        ,the ,pomological    
,manual1 or a ,treatise on ,fruits4 ,by 
,william      ,robert ,prince1 aided by 
,william ,prince4 ,second edition4      
,parts ,i      and ,,ii4 ,new ,york3    
#ahcb4      ,quintinye1 ,com4 ,gard4    
,the ,complete ,gard'ner2 or ,directions
 for ,cultivating and ,right            
,ordering of ,fruit ,gardens and        

,kitchen ,gardens4 ,by ,monsieur ,de    
la ,quintinye4 ,second edition4 ,london3
 #afii4      ,ray1 ,hist4 ,plant4       
,historia ,plantarum4 ,by ,john ,ray4   
,london3 #afhh4    ,rea1 ,flora         
,flora3 ,seu1 ,de ,florum ,cultura2 or  
,a ,complete ,florilege4 ,by ,john      
,rea1 ,gent4 ,london3 #afgf4    ,rec4   
,hort4        ,woodward's ,record of    
,horticulture4 ,edited by ,a4 ,s4       
,fuller4 7,an      annual47 ,new ,york3 
#ahff-ahfh4    ,rev4 ,hort4             
,revue ,horticole4 ,paris3 #ahbi to     
date4    ,rural ,n4 ,y4        ,rural   
,new ,yorker4 ,rochester and ,new ,york3
 #ahej to date4      ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hort4 
,france ,pom4        ,socit ,nationale  
d',horticulture de ,france4 ,section    
,pomologique4 ,les ,meilleurs ,fruits au
 dbut du ,x,xe ,sicle4      ,paris3     
#aijd4    ,sou4 ,cult4        ,southern 
,cultivator4 ,augusta1 ,ga43 #ahdc4     
,thomas1 ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4             
,american ,fruit ,culturist4 ,by ,john  
,j4 ,thomas4 ,first edition1            

,geneva and ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y43 #ahdf4    
,edition of #ahdi1 ,auburn1 ,n4      ,y4
 ,edition of #ahfg1 #ahge-ahhe1 ,new    
,york4 ,twentieth edition1      revised 
and enlarged by ,william ,h4 ,s4 ,wood4 
,new ,york3 #ahig4    ,thompson1 ,gard4 
,ass't        ,the ,gardener's          
,assistant4 ,by ,robert ,thompson4 ,two 
volumes4      ,london3 #ahei4 ,same1    
revised by ,william ,watson4 ,six       
volumes4      ,london3 #aija4    ,trait 
,prat4 ,sech4 ,fruits        ,trait     
,pratique du ,schage des ,fruits et des 
,lgumes4 ,par ,j4      ,nanot et ,l4    
,tritschler4 ,paris3 #ahic4      ,u4 ,s4
 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4        ,reports of the   
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture3 #ahfb to      #ahid4      
,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,yearbook               
,reports of the ,united ,states         
,department of ,agriculture3 #ahid to   
date4    ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt4      
,reports of the ,agricultural section of
 the ,united ,states ,patent            
,office3 #ahcg to #ahfa4      ,waugh1   

,plum ,cult4        ,plums and ,plum    
,culture4 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,waugh4 ,new      
,york3 #aija4    ,wickson1 ,cal4 ,fruits
        ,california ,fruits4 ,by ,edward
 ,j4 ,wickson4 ,second ,edition4 ,san   
,francisco3 #ahia4 ,same1 ,fourth       
edition4 ,los ,angeles3 #aiji4          
,willich1 ,dom4 ,enc4        ,domestic  
,encyclopedia or a ,dictionary of       
,facts1 etc4 ,by ,a4 ,f4      ,m4       
,willich4 ,first ,american edition with 
additions by ,james      ,mease4 ,in    
five volumes4 ,vol4 #d1 ,philadelphia3  
#ahjc4          ,,index4      7,names of
 varieties in this index1 if accepted   
names1 appear in ,roman  type2 if       
synonyms1 in italics47        ,abbaye   
d',arton1 #cia      ,abricot ,blanc1    
,blanche1 de ,france2 ,abricot          
ordinaire2 ,abricote2                   
,abricote2 ,abricote ,blanc1 ,blanche1  
de ,tours1          ,perdrigon 7,syns4  
of ,apricot71 #adh      ,abricot de     
,guthrie 7syn4 of ,guthrie ,apricot71   
#deg      ,abricote de ,braunau1 #cia   

,abricote de ,braunau 7syn4 of ,abricote
 de ,braunau71 #cia      ,abricote de   
,braunau ,nouvelle 7syn4 of ,liegel     
,apricot71 #dhd      ,abricote de       
,lange1 #cia      ,abricote de ,liegel  
7syn4 of ,liegel ,apricot71 #dhd        
,abricote de ,royer 7syn4 of ,royer     
,aprikosen ,pflaume71 #ece              
,abricote de ,trauttenberg1 #cia        
,abricote de ,trauttenberg 7syn4 of     
,abricote de ,trauttenberg71 #cia       
,abricote ,htif2 ,abricote ,htive1 or   
,prcoce 7syns4 of ,early                
,apricot71 #dcg      ,abricote ,nouvelle
 de ,drell 7syn4 of ,dorell             
,aprikosenpflaume71 #dcd      ,abricot1 
,abricote or ,abricote ,rouge 7syns4 of 
,red ,apricot71 #cba      ,abricote     
,rouge de ,trauttenberg 7syn4 of        
,abricote de          ,trauttenberg71   
#cia      ,abricote ,sageret 7syn4 of   
,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,abricot     
,princesse1 #cia      ,abricot ,verd or 
,vert 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg    
,abundance1 #acf      ,abundance 7syn4  

of ,abundance71 #acf      ,adair1 ,d4   
,l41 var4 orig4 by1 #bib                
,admirable1 #cia      ,admiral1 #cia    
,admiral ,rigny or de ,rigny 7syn4 of   
,rigny71 #ecb      ,admiral ,dewey 7syn4
 of ,dewey71 #dcb      ,admiral ,schley1
 #cia      ,advance1 #cib      ,aechte  
,gelbe ,eierpflaume 7syn4 of ,yellow    
,egg71 #chf      ,a ,fleur ,double 7syn4
 of ,red ,date71 #cbb      ,african1    
#cib      ,agen1 #ach      ,agen ,date  
or ,prune2 ,agen ,datte2 ,agener        
,kaiserzwetsche or          ,pflaume    
7syns4 of ,agen71 #ach      ,aitken     
7syn4 of ,aitkin71 #adj      ,aitkin1   
#adj      ,ak ,erik 7syn4 of ,diel      
,grosse ,weisse ,damascene71 #dcb       
,alabama1 #cib      ,albany ,beauty1    
#cib      ,alberta1 #cic      ,albert's 
,damascene2 ,albertus ,damen ,pflaume   
7syns4 of ,yellow ,egg71          #chf  
,alderton 7syn4 of ,victoria71 #cfc     
,alderton 7syn4 of ,sharp71 #cdj        
,al ,erik 7syn4 of ,diel ,grosse ,weisse
 ,damascene71 #dcb      ,alexander1 #cic

      ,alexander's ,late 7syn4 of       
,alexander71 #cic      ,alhambra1 #ada  
,alibuchari1 #cic      ,alice1 #cic     
,allen1 #cic      ,allfruit1 #cic       
,allie1 #cic      ,aloe1 #cic           
,aloise's ,green ,gage 7syn4 of ,reine  
,claude71 #cbg      ,alois              
,reine-,claude1 #cic      ,alois' ,reine
 ,claude 7syn4 of ,alois ,reine         
,claude71 #cic      ,aloo ,bokhara1 #cic
      ,alpha1 #cic                      
,alpha-,americana1 #cid      ,altesse   
7syn4 of ,suisse71 #edi      ,altesse   
,blanche8 7syn4 of ,white ,virginal71   
#efe      ,altesse ,blanche 7syn4 of    
,yellow ,impratrice71 #efi      ,altesse
 ,double 7syn4 of ,italian ,prune71 #bec
      ,altesse du ,roi 7syn4 of ,early  
,orleans71 #aih      ,altesse ordinaire 
7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai          
,althahn's ,rote ,reine-,claude2        
,althan's or ,althann's ,reine ,claude  
7syns4 of ,altham71 #ada      ,altham1  
#ada      ,amalia ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,red
 ,diaper71 #cbc      ,amaryllis1 #cid   

,amber1 #cid      ,amber ,primordian1   
#cid      ,amber ,primordian 7syn4 of   
,early ,yellow71 #bjc      ,ambre de    
,provence 7syn4 of ,bernsteinzwetsche71 
#djb      ,ambre ,tardif1 #cid          
,ambre ,tardive 7syn4 of ,ambre         
,tardif71 #cid      ,amelie ,blanche1   
#cid      ,amelie ,noire1 #cid          
,ameliore1 #cid      ,america1 #adb     
,american1 #adc      ,american ,cherry  
,plum 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij        
,american ,damson 7syn4 of ,frost       
,gage71 #baf      ,american ,eagle1 #add
      ,american ,golden1 #cid           
,american ,magnum ,bonum1 #cid          
,american ,prune1 #cid      ,american   
,prune 7syn4 of ,dawson71 #ahf          
,american ,seedling 7syn4 of ,american71
 #adc      ,american ,violet1 #cid      
,american ,wheat1 #cie      ,american   
,wheat 7syn4 of ,american ,wheat71 #cie 
,american ,yellow ,gage2 ,american      
,yellow ,gage 7syns4 of ,yellow ,gage71 
#chh      ,amiral de ,rigny 7syn4 of    
,rigny71 #ecb      ,ames1 #add          

,ananas ,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,petite      
,quetsche ,sucre71 #eae      ,ananas    
,zwetsche 7incor47 7syn4 of ,large      
,sugar ,prune71 #dhj      ,ancient      
,city1 #cie      ,anderson1 #cie        
,anderson's ,early ,red 7syn4 of        
,anderson71 #cie      ,angelina         
,burdett1 #cie      ,anglaise ,noire    
7syn4 of ,orleans71 #cjb      ,anglesio 
7syn4 of ,washington71 #cfh             
,angloise ,noire 7syn4 of ,orleans71    
#cjb      ,angouleme1 #cie      ,anna1  
#cie      ,anna ,lawson 7syn4 of        
,lawson71 #dhb      ,anna ,maria1 #cie  
,anna ,spaeth 7syn4 of ,anna ,spath71   
#cie      ,anna ,spath1 #cie            
,annual ,bearer1 #cie      ,apple1 #cif 
,apple1 #adf      ,apple ,plum 7syn4 of 
,apple71 #cif      ,apricock ,plum1     
,apricocke1 ,apricot1 ,apricot ,plum1   
,apricot ,plum of          ,tours 7syns4
 of ,apricot71 #adh      ,apricot1 #adg 
,apricot 7syn4 of ,duane71 #aif         
,apricot1 #cif      ,apricot ,plum 7syn4
 of ,peach71 #cji      ,apricot ,plum   

7syn4 of ,simon71 #cdf      ,apricot    
,plum 7syn4 of ,red ,apricot71 #cba     
,aprikosenartige ,mirabelle1 #cif       
,aprikosenartige ,mirabelle 7syn4 of    
,mirabelle71 #bhd      ,aprikosenartige 
,pflaume or ,aprikosen ,perdrigon 7syns4
 of          ,apricot71 #adh      ,arab1
 #cif      ,arab ,no4 #a 7syn4 of ,black
 ,prune71 #djd      ,arab ,no4 #b 7syn4 
of ,nicholas71 #bie      ,arabische     
,kirsche 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij     
,arch ,duke1 #adh      ,arctic1 #aej    
,arctic1 #cif      ,arkansas1 #aeb      
,arkansas ,lombard 7syn4 of ,arkansas71 
#aeb      ,arris1 ,john1 var4 orig4 by1 
#cci      ,ashes ,seedling1 #cif        
,ashridge ,black1 #cif      ,asiatische 
,kirsche 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij     
,askew's ,golden or ,golden ,egg 7syn4  
of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,askew's    
,purple ,egg 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum      
,bonum71 #cbe      ,assiniboia1 #cif    
,aston1 #cif      ,aston ,green ,gage1  
#cif      ,atkins1 #cif      ,a-#bdh1   
#cig      ,aubert1 #cig      ,aubertiana

 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf           
,auburn1 #cig      ,auchtertyre1 #cig   
,august1 #cig      ,auguste ,zwetsche   
7syn4 of ,italian ,prune71 #bec         
,augustine1 ,a4 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #dge
      ,august ,pflaume 7syn4 of         
,damson71 #ahf      ,august ,red 7syn4  
of ,august71 #cig      ,august          
,zwetsche1 #cig      ,august ,zwetsche  
7syn4 of ,wahre ,frhzwetsche71 #efj     
,august ,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,italian     
,prune71 #bec      ,aunt ,ann1 #cig     
,aunt ,ann 7syn4 of ,aunt ,ann71 #cig   
,aurora1 #cig      ,auserlesene ,gelbe  
,reine-,claude 7syn4 of ,yellow ,gage71 
#chh      ,auserlesene ,rote            
,reine-,claude or rothe ,reineclaude    
7syn4 of ,red          ,gage71 #ebg     
,austrian ,quetsche1 #cig      ,automne 
de ,schamali 7syn4 of ,schamal71 #edj   
,autriche ,violette 7,pr4 d47 7syn4 of  
,hungarian71 #bdf      ,autumn ,beauty  
7syn4 of ,belle71 #aeh      ,autumn     
,compote 7syn4 of ,autumn ,compote71    
#aec      ,autumn ,compote1 #aec        

,autumn ,gage 7syn4 of ,autumn ,gage71  
#cih      ,autumn ,gage1 #cig           
,avant ,prune blanche 7syn4 of ,early   
,yellow71 #bjc      ,azure1 #cih        
,azure ,htive 7syn4 of ,early ,blue71   
#dch        ,babcock 787 7syn4 of       
,abundance71 #acf      ,babcock 7syn4 of
 ,chabot71 #agb      ,backpflaume 7syn4 
of ,german ,prune71 #bai      ,bailey1  
#cih      ,bailey 7syn4 of ,chabot71    
#agb      ,bailey 7syn4 of ,lyon71 #dhh 
,bailey1 ,liberty ,hyde1 plum           
investigations of1 #fd2      quoted1    
#fc1 #fe1 #ii1 #eda      ,baker1 #cih   
,baker1 var4 orig4 by1 #cih      ,baker 
7syn4 of ,stoddard71 #ceb      ,baker   
,damson 7syn4 of ,baker71 #cih          
,baker's ,german ,prune 7syn4 of        
,baker71 #cih      ,baldwin1 #cih       
,bal ,erik 7syn4 of ,nikitaer ,blaue    
,frhzwetsche71 #ejd      ,ballonartige  
,gelbe ,zwetsche1 #cih                  
,ballonartige ,rote ,damascene1 #cih    
,baltet1 ,m4 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #eea   
,bamberger ,eier ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,blue

 ,egg71 #dje      ,bamberger ,eier      
,pflaume 7incor47 7syn4 of ,kaiser      
,wilhelm71 #dgd      ,bankalari ,frh    
,damascene1 #cih      ,bankalari's ,rote
 ,frh ,damascene 7syn4 of ,bankalari    
,frh ,damascene71          #cih         
,banker's ,gage1 #cii      ,bant ,spte  
,reine ,claude1 #cii      ,bant's ,late 
,green ,gage 7syn4 of ,bant ,spte ,reine
 ,claude71 #cii      ,baraboo1 #cii     
,barbary1 #cii      ,barberry 7syn4 of  
,barbary71 #cii      ,bardak ,erik 7syn4
 of ,nikitaer ,dattelzwetsche71 #ejd    
,barkhausen ,violette ,reine ,claude1   
#cii      ,barkley1 #cii                
,barnsback1 #cii      ,barnsbeck 7syn4  
of ,barnsback71 #cii      ,baronne      
,helen ,trauttenberg1 #cii      ,barry1 
quoted1 #afg      ,bartlett1 #aed       
,bartlett 7syn4 of ,oren71 #cjj         
,basaricatta1 #cii      ,basilic 7syn4  
of ,hungarian ,musk ,prune71 #dfe       
,bassett1 #aee      ,bassett's ,american
 7syn4 of ,bassett71 #aee      ,bastle1 
#cii      ,batchelor ,damson1 #cii      

,battle ,monument 7syn4 of ,blue        
,perdrigon71 #afd      ,bauern ,pflaume 
7syn4 of ,gemeiner ,gelbe ,spilling71   
#dea      ,bauernpflaume 7syn4 of       
,german ,prune71 #bai      ,bavay1 #aee 
,bavay's ,early ,gage or ,bavay's ,frhe 
,reine-,claude 7syns4 of ,july          
,green ,gage71 #dgd      ,bavay's ,green
 ,gage1 ,reine ,claude or renkloie2     
,bavays          ,reine-,claude 7syns4  
of ,bavay71 #aee      ,bazalicza1 #cii  
,bazalicza ,damson or ,zwetsche2        
,bazalicza's ,grosse ,blaue ,zwetsche   
or ,prune 7syns4 of ,bazalicza71 #cii   
,beach ,plum1 #djj      ,beals1 #djj    
,beals1 ,george ,f41 var4 orig4 by1 #djj
      ,bean1 #djj      ,beatty 7syn4 of 
,aitkin71 #adj      ,beatty1 ,james1    
var4 orig4 by1 #cif      ,beaty1 #djj   
,beaty1 ,lee1 var4 orig4 by1 #djj       
,beaty ,choice2 ,beaty's ,choice2       
,beauty1 ,beauty's ,choice 7syn4 of     
,beaty71 #djj      ,beauty of ,naples   
7syn4 of ,naples71 #ejb      ,bechstein 
,spitzpflaume1 #djj      ,bedford1 #djj 

,beef's ,heart 7syn4 of ,coeur de       
,boeuf71 #dbj      ,beekman's ,scarlet  
7syn4 of ,lombard71 #bfh      ,beer     
,plum1 #djj      ,behren's              
,knigspflaume2 ,behrens ,knigspflaume   
7syns4 of ,royale de          ,behrens71
 #ece      ,bjonnires1 #aeg             
,belgarian ,prune 7syn4 of ,bulgarian71 
#daa      ,belgian ,purple1 #aeg        
,belgian ,purple 7syn4 of ,belgian      
,purple71 #aeg      ,belgische          
,damascene 7syn4 of ,belgian ,purple71  
#aeg      ,bell1 #djj      ,bell1 ,levi1
 var4 orig4 by1 #eci      ,belle1 #aeh  
,belle 7syn4 of ,texas ,belle71 #eeb    
,belle d',albany 7syn4 of ,albany       
,beauty71 #cib      ,belle de ,doue     
7syn4 of ,chauviere71 #dag      ,belle  
de ,hardy1 #djj      ,belle de ,louvain1
 #djj      ,belle de ,paris1 #dja       
,belle de ,riom1 #dja      ,belle de    
,schneberg1 #dja      ,belle de         
,schneberg 7syn4 of ,belle de           
,schneberg71 #dja      ,belle de        
,septembre 7syn4 of ,belle71 #aeh       

,belle ,tillemond 7syn4 of ,tillemond71 
#eed      ,bell's ,october 7syn4 of     
,bell71 #djj      ,belsiana1 #dja       
,belvoir1 #dja      ,bely ,zwetsche     
7syn4 of ,large ,sugar ,prune71 #dhj    
,bender1 #dja      ,benedict1 #dja      
,beni ,botan1 #dja      ,beni-,smono    
,no4 #c 7syn4 of ,blood ,plum71 #dje    
,beni ,smono ,no4 #d 7syn4 of ,satsuma71
 #ccg      ,benschoten1 #dja            
,benson1 #dja      ,benson ,market 7syn4
 of ,benson71 #dja      ,berckmans1 #aei
      ,berckmans1 ,p4 ,j41 life of1     
#aei-afj2      var4 orig4 by1 #aei      
,berger1 #afj      ,berlepsch1 #djb     
,berlepsch's ,grosse ,grne              
,reine-,claude 7syn4 of ,berlepsch71    
#djb      ,berlepchs ,renclode ,grosse  
,grne 7syn4 of ,berlepsch71 #dib        
,berlet ,frh ,damascene1 #djb           
,berliner ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,grne       
,dattel ,zwetsche71 #def                
,bernsteinzwetsche1 #djb                
,bernsteinzwetsche 7syn4 of             
,bernsteinzwetsche71 #djb      ,berry   

,plum1 #djb      ,berryhill1 #djb       
,best1 var4 orig4 by1 #cjg      ,best   
,black ,blood1 #djb      ,best of ,all1 
#djb      ,bestovall 7syn4 of ,best of  
,all71 #djb      ,beta1 #djb            
,betterave1 #djb      ,beverly1 quoted1 
#ba1 #hd      ,beztercser ,grosse       
,zwetsche1 #djb      ,biconical1 #djb   
,bielaya ,nicholskaya 7syn4 of          
,nicholas71 #bie      ,bielaya          
,otschakorskaya 7syn4 of ,white         
,otschakoff71 #efd      ,bieler ,pflaume
 7syn4 of ,noire de ,montreuil71 #ejd   
,biery1 #djc      ,bifere 7syn4 of      
,twice ,bearing71 #eef      ,big ,blue  
7syn4 of ,gueii71 #bcd      ,big ,rose1 
#djc      ,bilboa 7syn4 of ,early       
,yellow71 #bjc      ,biles1 ,h4 ,a41    
var4 orig4 by1 #djc      ,bilona1 #djc  
,biltern 7syn4 of ,bittern71 #djc       
,bingaman 7syn4 of ,oren71 #cjj         
,bingham1 #djc      ,bingham 7syn4 of   
,jefferson71 #bee      ,bingham's       
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,bingham71 #djc       
,biondeck1 #djc      ,biondeck's        

,frhzwetsche2 ,biondeck's rothe         
,frhzwetsche 7syns4 of                  
,biondeck71 #djc      ,birchland1 #djc  
,bischofsmtze 7syn4 of ,bonnet          
d',eveque71 #djg      ,bischtin ,erik   
7syn4 of ,frhe ,grne ,zwetsche71 #ddh   
,bittern1 #djc      ,bixby1 #djc        
,black ,arab 7syn4 of ,black ,arabka71  
#djd      ,black ,arabka1 #djd          
,black ,ball1 #djd      ,black ,bullace1
 #afa      ,black ,bulleis 7syn4 of     
,black ,bullace71 #afa      ,black      
,damask1 #djd      ,black ,damask 7syn4 
of ,morocco71 #bhh      ,black ,damask  
,hasting1 #djd      ,black ,damosine    
7syn4 of ,damson71 #ahf      ,black     
,damson 7syn4 of ,damson71 #ahf         
,black ,damson 7syn4 of ,late ,black    
,damson71 #dhj      ,black ,damson 7syn4
 of ,winter ,damson71 #efg      ,black  
or ,blacke ,damascene 7syn4 of ,damson71
 #ahf      ,black ,damask 7syn4 of      
,morocco71 #bhh      ,black ,diamond    
7syn4 of ,diamond71 #aia      ,black    
,diapred 7syn4 of ,violet ,diaper71 #cfe

      ,black ,hawk1 #djd      ,black    
,hill1 #djd      ,black ,imperial 7syn4 
of ,bradshaw71 #aff      ,black-knot1   
discussion of1 #abf1 #abg      ,blackman
 7syn4 of ,charity ,clark71 #dag        
,blackman1 ,dr41 var4 orig4 by1 #afc    
,black ,morocco 7syn4 of ,morocco71 #bhh
      ,black ,muscle 7syn4 of ,muscle71 
#eja      ,black ,mussell 7syn4 of      
,muscle71 #eja      ,black ,orleans     
7syn4 of ,late ,orleans71 #bfe          
,black ,pear1 #djd      ,black          
,perdrigon1 #djd      ,black ,perdrigon 
7syn4 of ,early ,blue71 #dch      ,black
 ,prune1 #djd      ,black ,prune 7syn4  
of ,black ,arabka71 #djd      ,black    
,prunella1 #djd      ,black ,prunella   
7syn4 of ,sloe71 #edd      ,black ,prune
 ,no4 #a 7syn4 of ,black ,prune71 #djd  
,black ,utah ,hybrid 7syn4 of ,utah71   
#cfb      ,black ,vengerka 7syn4 of     
,black ,prune71 #djd      ,blackman1    
#afc      ,blackthorn 7syn4 of ,sloe71  
#edd      ,blaisdon1 #djd               
,blaisdon's ,red 7syn4 of ,blaisdon71   

#djd      ,blanche ,grosse ,espce 7syn4 
of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,blaue    
,damascenerin 7syn4 of ,lange ,violette 
,damascene71 #dgi      ,blaue ,dattel   
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,hungarian71 #bdf     
,blaue ,diapre 7syn4 of ,violet         
,diaper71 #cfe      ,blaue ,eier        
7incor47 7syn4 of ,kaiser ,wilhelm71    
#dgd      ,blaue ,eierpflaume 7syn4 of  
,blue ,egg71 #dje      ,blaue ,eier     
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,large ,sugar ,prune71
 #dhj      ,blaue ,eier ,pflaume 7syn4  
of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe           
,blaue ,eierpflaume 7syn4 of            
,jerusalem71 #dgb      ,blaue ,fasanen  
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,blue ,perdrigon71    
#afd      ,blaue ,herzformige ,pflaume  
7syn4 of ,violet ,diaper71 #cfe         
,blaue ,kaiserin 7syn4 of ,imperatrice71
 #bdi      ,blaue ,kaiser ,pflaume 7syn4
 of ,blue ,egg71 #dje      ,blaue       
,kaiserpflaume 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum    
,bonum71 #cbe      ,blaue ,krieche 7syn4
 of ,haferpflaume71 #deh      ,blaue    
,reine ,claude1 #dje      ,blaue        

,reine-,claude 7syn4 of ,purple ,gage71 
#cah      ,blaue ,riesenzwetsche 7syn4  
of ,italian ,prune71 #bec      ,blauer  
,perdrigon 7syn4 of ,blue ,perdrigon71  
#afd      ,blauer ,spilling 7syn4 of    
,nikitaer ,blaue ,frhzwetsche71 #ejd    
,blaue von ,belgien 7syn4 of ,belgian   
,purple71 #aeg      ,blaue ,zipper 7syn4
 of ,bechstein ,spitzpflaume71 #djj     
,blaugh1 #dje      ,bleecker's2         
,bleecker's ,gage1 ,german ,gage1       
,yellow1 or ,yellow          ,gage2     
,blecker's2 ,bleeker's ,gage1 ,gelbe    
,reine-,claude1          ,gelbe         
,renklode1 ,gelbe ,zwetsche1 ,yellow1 or
 ,yellow ,gage          7syns4 of       
,bleeker71 #afc      ,bleecker's ,rothe 
,pflaume2 ,bleecker's ,scarlet2         
,bleeker's          ,rotepflaume or     
,scarlet2 ,bleeker's ,rothe ,pflaume    
7syns4 of          ,lombard71 #bfh      
,bleeker1 #afc      ,bleeker1 ,mrs41    
var4 orig4 by1 #afd1 #dje      ,bleeker 
,large ,red1 #dje      ,bleu de         
,belgique2 ,bleu de ,bergues or de      

,pergue2 ,bleue de          ,belgique1  
de ,bergues1 de ,peck or de ,perk 7syns4
 of          ,belgian ,purple71 #aeg    
,bleue de ,perse1 #dje      ,bleue      
d',italie 7syn4 of ,italian ,prune71    
#bec      ,blew ,damask or ,damson 7syn4
 of ,damson71 #ahf      ,blew ,perdrigon
 7syn4 of ,blue ,perdrigon71 #afd       
,blood ,plum1 #dje      ,blood ,plum    
7syn4 of ,satsuma71 #ccg      ,blood    
,plum 7syn4 of ,shviata ,bene71 #edc    
,blood ,plum ,no4 #c 7syn4 of ,blood    
,plum71 #dje      ,blood ,plum ,no4 #d  
7syn4 of ,satsuma71 #ccg                
,blubenthal1 #dje      ,blubenthal      
,damson 7syn4 of ,blubenthal71 #dje     
,blucher's ,gage 7syn4 of ,bleeker71    
#afc      ,blue ,apricot1 #dje          
,blue ,damascene 7syn4 of ,winter       
,damson71 #efg      ,blue ,damson 7syn4 
of ,damson71 #ahf      ,blue ,damson    
7syn4 of ,winter ,damson71 #efg         
,blue ,egg1 #dje      ,blue ,egg-,plum  
7syn4 of ,hungarian71 #bdf      ,blue   
,eye1 #dje      ,blue ,gage 7syn4 of    

,early ,blue71 #dch      ,blue ,holland 
7syn4 of ,holland71 #dfb      ,blue     
,imperatrice 7syn4 of ,imperatrice71    
#bdi      ,blue ,imperatrice 7syn4 of   
,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe      ,blue   
,impratrice 7syn4 of ,semiana71 #eda    
,blue ,imperial 7syn4 of ,bradshaw71    
#aff      ,blue ,magnum ,bonum 7syn4 of 
,gueii71 #bcd      ,blue ,matchless1    
#dje      ,blue ,moldavka1 #dje         
,bluemont1 #dje      ,blue ,perdrigon   
7syn4 of ,imperatrice71 #bdi      ,blue 
,perdrigon1 #afd      ,blue ,perdrigon  
7syn4 of ,blue ,perdrigon71 #afd        
,blue ,perdrigon 7syn4 of ,early        
,tours71 #bjb      ,blue ,plum1 #djf    
,blue ,prolific1 #djf      ,blue        
,prolific 7syn4 of ,blue ,prolific71    
#djf      ,blue ,primordian1 #djf       
,blue ,prune1 #djf      ,blue ,rock1    
#djf      ,blue ,tweens1 #djf      ,blue
 ,violet1 #djf      ,blum1 #djf         
,bocksdutten or ,bockshoden 7syns4 of   
,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe              
,boddaert1 #afe      ,boddaert's ,green 

,gage or ,reine ,claude2 ,boddart's     
,green ,gage 7syns4 of                  
,boddaert71 #afe      ,bohemian ,prune1 
#djf      ,bohns ,mirabelle or          
,gestreifte ,mirabelle 7syns4 of        
,mirabelle ,de          ,bohn71 #dif    
,bole 7syn4 of ,bowle71 #djg            
,bolmar2 ,bolmer2 ,bolmar's or ,bolmer's
 or ,bolmore's          ,washington     
7syns4 of ,washington71 #cfh            
,bomberger1 #djf      ,bon deux fois    
l'an 7syn4 of ,twice ,bearing71 #eef    
,bongoume1 #djg      ,bonne ,bouche1    
#djg      ,bonne de ,bry1 #djg          
,bonnemain de la ,digue1 #djg           
,bonne ,rouge1 #djg      ,bonne ,st4    
,ann 7syn4 of ,st4 ,anne71 #ecg         
,bonnet d',eveque1 #djg      ,bonnet    
d',eveque 7syn4 of ,bonnet d',eveque71  
#djg      ,bonne ,verte 7syn4 of ,reine 
,claude71 #cbg      ,bonum ,magnum 7syn4
 of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe          
,bonum ,magnum 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71  
#chf      ,bossland1 #djg      ,botan   
7syn4 of ,abundance71 #acf      ,botan  

7syn4 of ,berckmans71 #aei      ,botan  
7syn4 of ,red ,june71 #cbd      ,botan  
7syn4 of ,willard71 #cgi      ,botan    
,no4 #bf 7syn4 of ,willard71 #cgi       
,botan ,white 7syn4 of ,berckmans71 #aei
      ,botankin 7syn4 of ,kelsey71 #beh 
,botankio 7syn4 of ,abundance71 #acf    
,bottle ,plum 7syn4 of ,red ,prune71    
#ebi      ,boulouf 7syn4 of ,jodoigne71 
#dgb      ,bouloff 7syn4 of ,boulouf71  
#djg      ,boulouf1 #djg      ,bouncer1 
#djg      ,bourgeois1 ,m41 var4 orig4   
by1 #agd      ,bower1 #djg      ,bower1 
var4 orig4 by1 #djg      ,bower's ,gage 
7syn4 of ,bower71 #djg      ,bowle1 #djg
      ,brackett1 #djh      ,bradford    
,gage1 ,green ,gage or ,queen ,gage     
7syns4 of ,reine          ,claude71 #cbg
      ,bradley's ,king or ,king of      
,damsons 7syns4 of ,king ,damson71 #bei 
,bradshaw1 #aff      ,bradshaw 7syn4 of 
,bradshaw71 #aff      ,bradshaw 7syn4 of
 ,gueii71 #bcd      ,bradshaw 7syn4 of  
,nectarine71 #bia      ,brahy1 #djh     
,brahy's ,green ,gage 7syn4 of ,brahy71 

#djh      ,brainerd1 #djh               
,brainerd's ,best 7syn4 of ,brainerd71  
#djh      ,brandon ,ruby1 #djh          
,brandy ,gage1 #djh      ,brant of      
,naples1 #djh      ,brauman1 #djh       
,braunauer ,aprikosenartige2 ,braunauer 
,aprikosenartige ,damascene or          
,neue ,kernfrucht 7syns4 of ,abricote de
 ,braunau71 #cia      ,braunauer        
,damascenenartige ,pflaume1 #djh        
,braunauer ,knigs ,pflaume or ,violetter
 ,perdrigon 7syns4 of ,buchner          
,knigspflaume71 #daj      ,breck1 #djh  
,breck1 ,joseph1 var4 orig4 by1 #ded    
,breece1 ,j4 ,s41 var4 orig4 by1 #dad1  
#dba1 #dbe1 #deh1 #dif1 #dih1 #eaa1     
#eab1          #ece1 #eci1 #eda1 #edd   
,breitgedrckte ,kaiser ,zwetsche or     
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche            
,aplatie71 #ebc      ,bremen ,prune     
7syn4 of ,austrian ,quetsche71 #cig     
,brevoort1 ,henry1 var4 orig4 by1 #djh  
,brevoort ,purple1 #djh      ,brevoort's
 ,purple1 ,purple ,bolmar or ,purple    
,washington2 ,brevorts2                 

,brevort's ,purple2 ,brevorts ,purple   
,bolmar2 ,brevorts' ,purple             
,bolmar 7syns4 of ,brevoort ,purple71   
#djh      ,brianon1 #dji      ,bricet   
7syn4 of ,late ,mirabelle71 #bfc        
,bricet 7syn4 of ,saint ,catherine71    
#ccd      ,bricetta or ,bricette 7syns4 
of ,late ,mirabelle71 #bfc              
,bricette 7syn4 of ,saint ,catherine71  
#ccd      ,brignole1 #dji      ,brignole
 7syn4 of ,brignole ,violette71 #dji    
,brignole 7syn4 of ,orleans71 #cjb      
,brignole or ,brignolle 7syns4 of ,white
 ,perdrigon71 #cge      ,brignole ,jaune
 7syn4 of ,brignole71 #dji              
,brignole ,plum 7syn4 of ,brignole71    
#dji      ,brignole ,violette1 #dji     
,brignole ,violette 7syn4 of ,blue      
,perdrigon71 #afd      ,brignole        
,violette 7syn4 of ,orleans71 #cjb      
,brill1 #dji      ,brisette 7syn4 of    
,late ,mirabelle1 #bfc2 of ,saint       
,catherine1 #ccd7      ,bristol1 #dji   
,briton ,seedling1 #dji                 
,brittlewood1 #dji      ,brittlewood    

,no4 #a 7syn4 of ,brittlewood71 #dji    
,brittlewood ,no4 #b 7syn4 of ,u4 ,s471 
#eeg      ,brittlewood ,no4 #c1 #daj    
,britzer ,egg1 #daj      ,brock1 #daj   
,brodie1 ,r41 var4 orig4 by1 #daj       
,brodie1 #daj      ,brompton1 #daj      
,brooklyn1 #daj      ,brown1 var4 orig4 
by1 #dfa      ,brown1 ,john1 var4 orig4 
by1 #dde      ,brown-rot1 discussion of1
 #abg      ,brown's ,crimson ,drop 7syn4
 of ,crimson ,drop71 #dbd4      ,bruce1 
,a4 ,l41 life of1 #ebg-ebh2      var4   
orig4 by1 #djb1 #dbc1 #dbe1 #dcd1 #ddg1 
#dee1 #dij1 #eji1 #eai1 #ebf1 #ebg1     
#eed1 #efj      ,bruce1 ,philip         
,alexander1 quoted1 #hd1 #he            
,brugnole 7syn4 of ,brignole ,violette71
 #dji      ,brugnole 7syn4 of ,orleans71
 #cjb      ,brugnon de ,neerveteren     
7syn4 of ,rademakers71 #ebe             
,brugnon ,gage 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71
 #cbg      ,brugnon ,green ,gage 7syn4  
of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,brnner   
,zwetsche1 #daj      ,brunswick1 #daj   
,brussels1 #daj                         

,brustwarzenpflaume1 ,die 7syn4 of      
,mamelonne71 #dhi      ,bruyn ,gage     
7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg          
,bryan1 #daj      ,bryanston1 #afh      
,bryanston ,gage2 ,bryanstone2          
,bryanstone ,gage2 ,bryanston's ,gage   
7syns4          of ,bryanston71 #afh    
,buchanan1 #daj      ,buchner           
,knigspflaume1 #daj      ,buckman1      
,benjamin1 var4 orig4 by1 #dgf          
,budd1 #daj      ,budd1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,l41 
life of1 #ade2      quoted1 #ade1 #bfi2 
var4 orig4 by1 #ade1 #cfb1 #dga         
,buel1 #daa      ,buel1 ,judge1 var4    
orig4 by1 #bef      ,buel's ,favorite2  
,buel's ,liebling's ,zwetsche 7syns4 of 
,buel71 #daa      ,buffalo ,bill1 #daa  
,buhl-,eltershofen1 #daa                
,buhl-,eltershofen ,zwetsche 7syn4 of   
,buhl-,eltershofen71 #daa      ,buhler1 
#daa      ,buhler's ,early ,prune 7syn4 
of ,buhler71 #daa      ,bulah ,no4 #d1  
#daa      ,bulgaria1 #daa               
,bulgarian1 #daa      ,bullace 7syn4 of 
,white ,bullace71 #cgc      ,bullace    

7syn4 of ,damson71 #ahf      ,bullace   
group1 #dj      ,bullesse 7syn4 of      
,black ,bullace71 #afa      ,bullman1   
#daa      ,bullock1 ,jesse1 var4 orig4  
by1 #age      ,bullock1 #daa            
,bullock's ,heart 7syn4 of ,bullock71   
#daa      ,bull ,plum1 #daa      ,bunker
 ,hill1 #daa      ,bunte ,frh ,pflaume1 
#daa      ,bunte ,herzformige ,pflaume  
7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc            
,bunter ,perdrigon1 #dab                
,buntfarbige ,violette ,pflaume 7syn4 of
 ,violet ,diaper71 #cfe                 
,buon-,boccone 7syn4 of ,catelano       
,giallo71 #dae      ,burbank1 #afi      
,burbank ,first1 #dab      ,burbank1    
,luther1 life of1 #agj-aga2      quoted1
 #gf1 #gg1 #ie1 #if1 #adf1 #adg1 #ccc1  
#ega2      var4 orig4 by1 #ada1 #adb1   
#adf1 #adg1 #aed1 #agj1 #aga1 #agi1     
#bbb1 #bbe1 #bcg1          #beg1 #bge1  
#bhe1 #bif1 #big1 #ccc1 #ccg1 #cdc1     
#ced1 #cgg1 #cic1 #djb1 #daf1           
#dbj1 #dba1 #dci1 #ddf1 #ddg1 #dej1     
#deb1 #dfa1 #dfe1 #dfg1 #dga1 #dgc1     

#dhj1          #dhc1 #dhe1 #dia1 #ejd1  
#eah1 #eba1 #eci1 #edc1 #edg1 #edh1     
#eei1 #efj1 #ega      ,burbank's ,first 
7syn4 of ,burbank ,first71 #dab         
,burbank ,no4 #a1 #dab      ,burbank    
,no4 #b 7syn4 of ,abundance71 #acf      
,burbank ,no4 #c 7syn4 of ,late ,blood71
 #dhj      ,burbank ,no4 #d 7syn4 of    
,heikes71 #dfj      ,burbank ,no4 #g1   
#dab      ,burbank ,no4 #aa1 #dab       
,burbank  ,redick1 #dab      ,burbank's 
,sultan 7syn4 of ,occident71 #bie       
,burchardt ,gelbe ,frh ,zwetsche1 #dab  
,burettes1 #dab      ,burford1 #dab     
,burgnon ,gage 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71
 #cbg      ,burgunder ,zwetsche 7syn4 of
 ,burgundy ,prune71 #dab      ,burgundy 
,prune1 #dab      ,burgundy ,prune 7syn4
 of ,burgundy ,prune71 #dab             
,burlington ,gage1 #dac      ,burnet1   
#dac      ,burrettes 7syn4 of           
,burettes71 #dab      ,bursoto1 #dac    
,burwood 7syn4 of ,emerald71 #ddb       
,bury ,seedling 7syn4 of ,golden ,drop71
 #bbh      ,bush2 ,bush ,plum of ,kent  

7syns4 of ,kent71 #dgf      ,byefield1  
#dac        ,caddo ,chief1 #dac         
,caldwell ,golden ,drop1 #dac           
,caldwell's ,golden ,drop 7syn4 of      
,caldwell ,golden ,drop71 #dac          
,caldwell's ,white ,gage 7syn4 of       
,caldwell ,white ,gage71 #dac           
,caldwell ,white ,gage1 #dac            
,caledonian 7syn4 of ,dove ,bank1 #dce2 
of ,goliath1 #bca2 of ,nectarine1       
#bca2 of ,peach1 #cji7      ,california 
7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach      ,california1 
#dac      ,california ,seedling2 ,cal4  
,seedling 7syns4 of ,california71 #dac  
,calvels ,pfirschenpflaume 7syn4 of     
,peach71 #cji      ,cambell1 #dad       
,cambell's ,seedling 7syn4 of ,cambell71
 #dad      ,camp1 ,charles ,b41 var4    
orig4 by1 #dgh      ,campbell1 #dad     
,canada ,blue1 #dad      ,canada ,egg   
7syn4 of ,canada ,orleans71 #dad        
,canada ,orleans1 #dad      ,canadian   
,apricot1 #dad      ,canawa 7syn4 of    
,kanawha71 #dgd      ,candelaria1 #dad  
,candelaria ,prune 7syn4 of             

,candelaria71 #dad      ,cant's ,late   
,green ,gage 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71  
#cbg      ,caper1 #dad      ,capitaine  
,kirchhof1 #dad      ,capitaine         
,kirckhof or ,kirckkof 7syns4 of        
,capitaine ,kirchhof71 #dad             
,captain1 #dad      ,capt4 ,bacon1 #dae 
,capt4 ,watrous1 #dae      ,caradeuc    
7syn4 of ,de ,caradeuc71 #ahh           
,caro1 #dae      ,caroline1 #dae        
,carpenter1 #dae      ,carrire1 quoted1 
#ccf      ,carson1 #dae      ,carstesen1
 ,h4 ,p41 var4 orig4 by1 #dae           
,carstesen1 #dae      ,cartier1         
,jacques1 quoted1 #gj      ,carver1 #dae
      ,castelane2 ,castellan 7syns4 of  
,early ,yellow71 #bjc      ,catalana    
,propria1 #dae      ,catalana-,susina   
7syn4 of ,catalano71 #dae      ,catalana
 ,toscana 7syn4 of ,catalana ,propria71 
#dae      ,catalane2 ,catalonia2        
,catalonian2 ,catalonische ,kricke or   
,pflaume2 ,catalonischer ,spilling      
7syns4 of ,early ,yellow71 #bjc         
,catalano1 #dae      ,catelana ,morella 

7syn4 of ,catelano ,violaceo71 #daf     
,catelane 7syn4 of ,catalano71 #dae     
,catelane ,giallo1 #dae      ,catelano  
,violaceo1 #daf      ,catharinenpflaume 
7syn4 of ,saint ,catherine71 #ccd       
,catharinenpflaume von ,schenectady     
7syn4 of ,schenectady71 #edj            
,catherine1 #daf      ,catherine 7,prune
 de ,ste47 7syn4 of ,saint ,catherine71 
#ccd      ,catherine violette 7syn4 of  
,saint ,martin71 #ccf      ,cavel's     
,pfirschenpflaume 7syn4 of ,nectarine71 
#bia      ,cel1 #daf      ,centennial1  
#daf      ,centralia1 #daf      ,cerasus
 nigra1 #fi      ,cerasus umbellata1 #gh
      ,cerasus pubescens1 #ib           
,cerise2 ,cerisette2 ,cerisette         
,blanche2 ,cerizette 7syns4 of          
,myrobalan71 #bij      ,cerisette       
,blanche 7syn4 of ,gelbe ,kirschpflaume1
 #dej2 of ,early          ,yellow1 #bjc7
      ,cernay ,perdrigon 7syn4 of       
,perdrigon of ,cernay71 #ead            
,cernay ,perdrigon 7syn4 of ,cerney     
,perdrigon71 #daf      ,cerney          

,perdrigon1 #daf      ,ceur de ,beuf1   
#daf      ,chabardin1 ,m41 var4 orig4   
by1 #def      ,chabot 7syn4 of ,chabot71
 #agb      ,chabot1 #agb      ,chabot   
,blood1 #daf      ,chalco1 #agd         
,chambourcy1 #agd      ,champion1 #age  
,champion1 #daf      ,champion ,prune   
7syn4 of ,champion71 #age               
,chancellor ,gage1 #daf      ,chapin1   
,aaron1 var4 orig4 by1 #daf             
,chapin1 #daf      ,chapin's ,early     
7syn4 of ,howell71 #dfe      ,chapman1  
var4 orig4 by1 #cfg      ,chapman's     
,prince of ,wales2 ,chapman's ,prince of
 ,wales' ,plum 7syns4          of       
,wales71 #cff      ,chariot1 #dag       
,charity ,clark1 #dag      ,charles     
,downing 7syn4 of ,downing71 #aic       
,charlotte 7syn4 of ,charlotte71 #dag   
,charlotte1 #dag      ,charmer1 #dag    
,chase 7syn4 of ,abundance71 #acf       
,chautauqua1 #dag      ,chauviere1 ,m41 
var4 orig4 by1 #dag      ,chauviere1    
#dag      ,cheney1 #agf      ,cheresoto1
 #dag      ,cherokee1 #dag      ,cherry1

 #dag      ,cherry 7syn4 of ,cheney1    
#agf2 of ,myrobalan1 #bij2 of ,queen    
,mother1          #ebb7      ,cherry    
,plum 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij        
,chester1 #dag      ,chester ,county    
,prune1 #dah      ,chestnut1 #dah       
,cheston2 ,cheston ,matchless2          
,cheston's ,plumb 7syns4 of ,violet     
,diaper71 #cfe      ,chicasaw ,chief    
7syn4 of ,miner71 #bha      ,chickasaw  
7syn4 of ,scioto71 #eda                 
,chicrigland1 #dah      ,chili 7syn4 of 
,pond71 #cad      ,chinook1 #dah        
,chippewa1 #dah      ,chippeway 7syn4 of
 ,chippewa71 #dah      ,choptank1 #dah  
,christian1 #dah      ,christie1 #dah   
,christ's ,damascene 7syn4 of ,musk     
,damson71 #eja      ,churchill1 #dai    
,chypre1 #dah      ,cinnamon1 #dai      
,cire 7syn4 of ,wax71 #efb              
,ciriselle 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij   
,cistena1 #dai      ,city1 #dai         
,clairac ,mammoth 7syn4 of ,imperial    
,epineuse71 #bej      ,clara1 #dai      
,clarendon1 #dai      ,clark1 ,thomas1  

var4 orig4 by1 #ebb      ,clark1 #dai   
,claudia 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg 
,cleavinger1 #dai      ,cleveland1 #dai 
,clifford1 ,mrs41 var4 orig4 by1 #dbj   
,clifford1 #dai      ,climate1 effects  
of1 #aja-aji      ,climax1 #agh         
,climax's ,brother1 #dbj                
,clingstone ,wolf 7syn4 of ,wolf        
,clingstone71 #efg      ,cling ,stem1   
#agi      ,clinton1 #dbj      ,cloth of 
,gold2 ,cloth of ,gold ,plum 7syn4 of   
,drap d',or71 #aid      ,cloth of ,gold2
 ,cloth of ,gold ,esperen 7syn4 of      
,esperen71 #bjf      ,cluck1 #dbj       
,cluck1 ,george1 var4 orig4 by1 #dbj    
,cluster 7syn4 of ,crittenden71 #ahd    
,cluster1 #dbj      ,cluster ,damson    
7syn4 of ,crittenden71 #ahd             
,clyman1 #ahj      ,clyman1 ,mrs4       
,hannah1 var4 orig4 by1 #ahd            
,cochet1 #dbj      ,cochet ,pre2        
,cochets ,pflaume 7syns4 of ,cochet71   
#dbj      ,coe 7syn4 of ,golden ,drop71 
#bbh      ,coe1 ,jervaise1 var4 orig4   
by1 #bbi4      ,coe  ,fruit ,violet     

7syn4 of ,coe ,violet71 #dbj      ,coe  
,golden ,drop 7syn4 of ,golden ,drop71  
#bbh      ,coe 7,pr4 de72 ,coe's2 ,coe's
 ,golden ,drop2 ,coe's ,golden ,drop    
,plum2          ,coe's ,imperial2 ,coe's
 ,plum2 ,coe's ,rotgefleckte ,pflaume2  
,coe's ,rothgefleckte ,pflaume2 ,coe's  
,seedling 7syns4 of          ,golden    
,drop71 #bbh      ,coe's ,fine ,late    
,red 7syn4 of ,saint ,martin71 #ccf     
,coe's ,golden ,drop ,violette 7syn4 of 
,coe ,violet71 #dbj      ,coe's ,late   
,red 7syn4 of ,saint ,martin ,quetsche71
 #ech      ,coe's ,late ,red 7syn4 of   
,saint ,martin71 #ccf      ,co's sehr   
spte rothe ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,saint     
,martin71 #ccf      ,coe ,violette2     
,coe's ,violet2 ,coe's ,violette 7syns4 
of ,coe          ,violet71 #dbj         
,coe ,violet1 #dbj      ,coeur de       
,boeuf1 #dbj      ,coeur de ,pigeon     
7syn4 of ,queen ,mother71 #ebb          
,coferer1 #dba      ,coferers 7syn4 of  
,coferer71 #dba      ,coinage1 #dba     
,col4 ,wetherell 7syn4 of ,wetherell71  

#efc      ,col4 ,young's ,seedling 7syn4
 of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,coletta1  
#dba      ,coleus1 #dba      ,collman   
7syn4 of ,colman71 #dba                 
,collo-,torto 7syn4 of ,basaricatta71   
#cii      ,colman1 #dba      ,colonel   
,bryan 7syn4 of ,bryan71 #daj           
,colonel or ,col4 ,wilder 7syns4 of     
,wilder71 #efe      ,colorado 7syn4 of  
,colorado ,queen71 #dba      ,colorado  
,queen1 #dba      ,columbia1 #aha       
,columbia 7syn4 of ,captain71 #dad      
,columbia ,gage2 ,columbia ,pflaume2    
,columbian ,gage 7syns4 of              
,columbia71 #aha      ,columella1       
quoted1 #bh1 #cf      ,combination1 #dba
      ,comfort1 #dba      ,common ,blue 
,damson 7syn4 of ,winter ,damson71 #efg 
,common ,damson 7syn4 of ,damson1 #ahf2 
of ,winter ,damson1 #efg7      ,common  
,orleans 7syn4 of ,orleans71 #cjb       
,common ,quetsche 7syn4 of ,german      
,prune71 #bai      ,common ,saint       
,julien 7syn4 of ,saint ,julien71 #cce  
,common ,sloe 7syn4 of ,sloe71 #edd     

,communia1 #dba      ,compass1 #dbb     
,compass1 #ahb      ,compass ,cherry    
7syn4 of ,compass71 #ahb      ,compass  
,cherry 7syn4 of ,compass71 #dbb        
,compote d',automne 7syn4 of ,autumn    
,compote71 #aec      ,comptine1 #dbb    
,comte ,gustavo d',egger1 #dbb          
,consul1 #dbb      ,cope1 ,john1 var4   
orig4 by1 #dbc      ,cooch1 #dbb        
,cooch1 var4 orig4 by1 #dbb      ,cook1 
#dbb      ,cook 7syn4 of ,cook ,choice71
 #dbb      ,cook ,choice1 #dbb          
,cook's ,choice2 ,cook's ,favorite      
7syns4 of ,cook ,choice71 #dbb          
,cook's ,early 7syn4 of ,cook71 #dbb    
,cooper1 #dbb      ,cooper1 ,joseph1    
var4 orig4 by1 #dbc      ,cooper's 7syn4
 of ,smith ,orleans71 #cdh              
,cooper's 7syn4 of ,cooper71 #dbc       
,cooper's ,blue ,gage 7syn4 of ,early   
,blue71 #dch      ,cooper's ,grosse     
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,cooper71 #dbc        
,cooper's ,grosse ,rothe ,zwetsche 7syn4
 of ,cooper71 #dbc      ,cooper's ,large
 7syn4 of ,cooper1 #dbc2 of ,golden     

,drop1 #bbh2 of ,smith                  
,orleans1 #cdh7      ,cooper's ,large   
,american 7syn4 of ,cooper71 #dbc       
,cooper's ,large ,red 7syn4 of ,cooper1 
#dbc2 of ,smith ,orleans1 #cdh7         
,cooper's ,large ,red ,american 7syn4 of
 ,cooper71 #dbc      ,coopers ,plum     
7syn4 of ,cooper71 #dbc      ,cooper's  
,plum 7syn4 of ,cooper71 #dbc           
,cooper's ,red 7syn4 of ,cooper1 #dbc2  
of ,smith ,orleans1 #cdh7      ,cope1   
#dbc      ,cope's ,seedling 7syn4 of    
,cope71 #dbc      ,copper 7syn4 of      
,copper1 #ahc2 of ,richland1 #eca7      
,copper1 #ahc      ,copper ,plum 7syn4  
of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe           
,cornell1 ,j4 ,r41 quoted1 #bdd         
,cornemuse1 #dbc      ,corse1 ,henry1   
var4 orig4 by1 #cia1 #dcb1 #dde1 #dec1  
#dee1 #ejg1 #ecb1 #edj1          #eeg1  
#efc      ,corse's ,admiral 7syn4 of    
,admiral71 #cia      ,corse's ,dictator 
7syn4 of ,dictator71 #dcb      ,corse's 
,field ,marshal2 ,corse's ,field        
,marshall 7syns4 of ,field              

,marshall71 #dde      ,corse's ,great   
,bearer 7syn4 of ,great ,bearer71 #dee  
,corse's ,nota ,bena or ,nota ,bene     
7syn4 of ,nota ,bene71 #ejg             
,corse's ,rising ,sun 7syn4 of ,rising  
,sun71 #ecb      ,corse's ,sauvageon    
7syn4 of ,sauvageon71 #eci      ,corse's
 ,twins 7syn4 of ,twins71 #eeg          
,corymbus1 #dbc      ,cottrell1 #dbc    
,cottrell1 ,r4 ,t41 var4 orig4 by1 #dbc 
,couetch2 ,couetche2 ,couetsche 7syns4  
of ,german ,prune71 #bai      ,couetsche
 d',italie2 ,couetsche ,fellenberg      
7syns4 of ,italian ,prune71             
#bec      ,couetsche ,ordinaire 7syn4 of
 ,german ,prune71 #bai      ,couetsche  
,prcoce2 ,couetsche ,prcoce ,la ,vraie  
7syns4 of ,wahre          ,frhzwetsche71
 #efj      ,couler1 #dbc      ,couler1  
,william1 var4 orig4 by1 #dbc           
,coulommiers1 #dbc      ,coulommiers    
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,coulommiers71 #dbc   
,coulon ,reine ,claude1 #dbc            
,coulon's ,reine ,claude 7syn4 of       
,coulon ,reine ,claude71 #dbc      ,coul

 ,orleans1 #dbc      ,count ,althann's  
,gage 7syn4 of ,altham71 #ada           
,court ,royal1 #dbd      ,cover-crops1  
value of1 #aba      ,covetche 7syn4 of  
,german ,prune71 #bai      ,covetsche   
7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai          
,cowles1 ,e4 ,d41 var4 orig4 by1 #eaf   
,cowperthwait ,green ,gage1 #dbd        
,cox1 ,mrs41 var4 orig4 by1 #dbd        
,cox1 #dbd      ,coxe1 ,william1 quoted1
 #be      ,cox's ,emperor 7syn4 of      
,denbigh71 #dcj      ,cox's ,seedling   
7syn4 of ,cox71 #dbd      ,crable1 #dbd 
,craig1 #dbd      ,crescent1 #dbd       
,crescent ,city 7syn4 of ,crescent71    
#dbd      ,crimson1 #dbd      ,crimson  
,beauty1 #dbd      ,crimson ,drop1 #dbd 
,crittenden1 #ahd      ,crittenden1     
,james1 var4 orig4 by1 #ahd             
,crittenden's ,damson 7syn4 of          
,crittenden71 #ahd      ,crittenden's   
,prolific2 ,crittenden's ,prolific      
,damson 7syns4 of          ,crittenden71
 #ahd      ,croft ,early1 #dbd          
,croft's ,early 7syn4 of ,croft ,early71

 #dbd      ,cross1 var4 orig4 by1 #dch  
,cross-bred ,prune ,a4,p4-#cah 7syn4 of 
,splendor71 #edg      ,cruger1 ,henry1  
var4 orig4 by1 #dbd      ,cruger        
,scarlet1 #dbd      ,cruger's2 ,cruger's
 ,frh ,pflaume1 ,plum1 ,rote ,pflaume1  
,scarlet1          ,scarlet ,gage1 or   
,seedling 7syns4 of ,cruger ,scarlet71  
#dbd      ,csaszar ,sziloa1 #dbe        
,culberson1 #dbe      ,cumberland1 #dbe 
,curlew1 #dbe      ,curry1 #dbe         
,curry1 ,s4 ,l41 var4 orig4 by1 #dbe    
,cyca ,mono1 #dbe      ,cyclone1 #dbe   
,cydemarine1 #dbe      ,cyprian 7syn4 of
 ,chypre71 #dah      ,cyprische ,pflaume
 7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc           
,czar1 #ahd        ,d',abricot of       
,streets of ,paris 7syn4 of ,peach71    
#cji      ,d',agen 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach
      ,d',agen ,ameliore 7syn4 of       
,ameliore71 #cid      ,d',agen ,dore    
7syn4 of ,dore71 #dcd      ,dahlgreen1  
#dbe      ,daisy1 #dbe      ,dakota1    
#dbe      ,d',allemagne 7syn4 of ,german
 ,prune71 #bai      ,dalrymple1 #dbf    

,dalrymple ,damson 7syn4 of ,dalrymple71
 #dbf      ,d',altesse ,blanche 7syn4 of
 ,yellow ,impratrice71 #efi      ,damas 
,ambre1 #dbf      ,damas ,aubert 7syn4  
of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf                  
,damas-,ballon ,jaune 7syn4 of          
,ballonartige ,gelbe ,zwetsche71 #cih   
,damas-,ballon ,rouge 7syn4 of          
,ballonartige ,rote ,damascene71 #cih   
,damas-,ballon ,panache ,variete 7syn4  
of ,ballonartige ,gelbe                 
,zwetsche71 #cih      ,damas ,blanc1    
,blanc ,gros1 ,blanc ,htif ,gros1 ,blanc
 ,tres ,htif          7syns4 of ,large  
,white ,damson71 #dhj      ,damas blanc 
petit 7syn4 of ,small ,white ,damson71  
#edd      ,damas ,commun 7syn4 of       
,damson71 #ahf      ,damas de           
,dieffenbach 7syn4 of ,damas de         
,diffenbach71 #dbf      ,damas de       
,diffenbach1 #dbf      ,damas de        
,leipsick 7syn4 of ,frhe ,leipziger     
,damascene71 #ddh      ,damas de        
,mangeron2 ,damas de ,mangeron1 de      
,maugeron1 de ,maugerou2          or de 

,maugiron1 ,damascene ,maugeron1 von    
,mangeron or von          ,maugeron     
7syns4 of ,maugeron71 #dib      ,damas  
de ,provence1 #dbf      ,damas de       
,provence or de ,provence ,htif 7syns4  
of ,damas de          ,provence71 #dbf  
,damas de ,septembre 7syn4 of ,perdrigon
 ,tardif1 #eae2 of ,september           
,damask1 #edb7      ,damas d',espagne   
7syn4 of ,spanish ,damask71 #edf        
,damas d',ete1 #dbf      ,damas de      
,tours 7syn4 of ,royal ,tours71 #ccb    
,damas de ,tours 7syn4 of ,early        
,tours71 #bjb      ,damas de ,tours or  
de ,tours ,gros 7syns4 of ,gros ,damas  
de ,tours71          #def      ,damas de
 ,valence 7syn4 of ,valence71 #eeg      
,damas d',hiver 7syn4 of ,winter        
,damson71 #efg      ,damas d',italie    
7syn4 of ,italian ,damask71 #dgj        
,damas d',onderka 7syn4 of ,onderka     
,damascene71 #eji      ,damas ,dronet1  
#dbf      ,damas ,dronet 7syn4 of ,damas
 ,dronet71 #dbf      ,damas ,dronet de  
,merlet1 #dbg      ,damas ,fin 7syn4 of 

,musk ,damson71 #eja      ,damas ,gris  
7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg          
,damas ,gros 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71  
#bai      ,damas gros de ,tours 7syn4 of
 ,gros ,damas de ,tours71 #def          
,damas ,htif 7syn4 of ,morocco71 #bhh   
,damas ,jaune 7syn4 of ,drap d',or71    
#aid      ,damas ,jaune ,musque1 #dbg   
,damas ,jaune ,tardif de ,koch 7syn4 of 
,koch spte ,damascene71 #dgg      ,damas
 ,lawson 7syn4 of ,lawson71 #dhb        
,damas ,long 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71  
#bai      ,damas ,musque 7syn4 of ,musk 
,damson71 #eja      ,damas ,noir 7syn4  
of ,morocco71 #bhh      ,damas noir     
7syn4 of ,late ,black ,damson71 #dhj    
,damas ,noir 7syn4 of ,damson71 #ahf    
,damas ,noir de ,dieffenbach 7syn4 of   
,damas de ,diffenbach71 #dbf      ,damas
 ,noir de ,tours1 #dbg      ,damas ,noir
 ,htif 7syn4 of ,noire de ,montreuil71  
#ejd      ,damas ,noir ,hatif 7syn4 of  
,morocco71 #bhh      ,damas ,noir       
,tardif 7syn4 of ,late ,black ,damson71 
#dhj      ,damas ,prcoce de ,rivers     

7syn4 of ,rivers ,early71 #ecb          
,damas ,rouge 7syn4 of ,orleans71 #cjb  
,damas ,rouge de ,biondeck1 #dbg        
,damas ,rouge de ,friedheim 7syn4 of    
,friedheim ,damascene71 #ddh      ,damas
 ,rouge de ,mayer or de ,moyer 7syns4 of
 ,mayers ,rothe ,damascene71            
#dic      ,damas ,rouge ,htif1 #dbg     
,damas ,rouge ,htif 7syn4 of ,damas     
,rouge ,htif71 #dbg      ,damas rouge   
tardif 7syn4 of ,late ,red ,damask71    
#dha      ,damas ,tardif de ,kock 7syn4 
of ,koch ,spte ,damascene71 #dgg        
,damas ,verd or ,vert 7syns4 of ,reine  
,claude71 #cbg      ,damas ,vert 7syn4  
of ,mirabelle71 #bhd      ,damas        
,violet1 #dbg      ,damas ,violet 7syn4 
of ,damas ,violet1 #dbg2 of ,german     
,prune1 #bai2 of          ,maugeron1    
#dib2 of ,orleans1 #cjb2 of ,queen      
,mother1 #ebb7      ,damas ,violet      
,allonge 7syn4 of ,lange ,violette      
,damascene71 #dgi      ,damas ,violet   
,gros 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai    
,damas ,violet ,longuet 7syn4 of ,lange 

,violette ,damascene71 #dgi      ,damas 
,violet of ,tours 7syn4 of ,gros ,damas 
de ,tours71 #def      ,damas ,violet    
,tardif 7syn4 of ,damas ,violet71 #dbg  
,damascena ,armeniaca or ,armeniacea    
7syns4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd             
,damascena ,dominicalis ,praecox 7syn4  
of ,early ,orleans71 #aih               
,damascena ,schamali 7syn4 of ,schamal71
 #edj      ,damascene 7syn4 of ,damson71
 #ahf      ,damascene 7syn4 of          
,shropshire71 #cdd      ,damascene      
,maugeron1 von ,mangeron or von         
,maugeron 7syns4 of          ,maugeron71
 #dib      ,damascenen ,mirabelle 7syn4 
of ,small ,white ,damson71 #edd         
,damaschino d',estate 7syn4 of          
,damaschino ,estivo71 #dbf              
,damaschino ,estivo1 #dbf               
,damaschino ,settembrino1 #dbf          
,damascus 7syn4 of ,damson71 #ahf       
,damasine 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij    
,damasine 7syn4 of ,rote ,mirabelle71   
#ecc      ,damask 7syn4 of ,german      
,prune71 #bai      ,damask ,violet 7syn4

 of ,queen ,mother71 #ebb      ,damask  
of ,provence 7syn4 of ,damas de         
,provence71 #dbf      ,damasquine 7syn4 
of ,musk ,damson71 #eja      ,damatie   
,rouge1 #dbg      ,dame ,ambert1 ,ambert
 ,blanche or ,ambert ,jaune1 ,aubert1   
,aubert          ,blanche1 ,aubert      
,grosse ,luisante1 or ,aubert ,jaune    
7syns4 of          ,yellow ,egg71 #chf  
,dame ,aubert1 ,aubert ,rouge or ,aubert
 ,violette 7syns4 of ,red               
,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe      ,dame ,aubert
 ,jaune 7syn4 of ,aubert71 #cig         
,dame ,aubert ,rouge 7syn4 of ,red      
,diaper71 #cbc      ,dame-,aubert ,rouge
 7syn4 of ,blue ,egg71 #dje      ,dame  
,aubert ,violet 7syn4 of ,duane71 #aif  
,d',amerique ,rouge 7syn4 of            
,myrobalan71 #bij      ,damson 7syn4 of 
,damson1 #ahf2 of ,winter ,damson1 #efg7
      ,damson1 #ahe      ,damson        
,cluster 7syn4 of ,crittenden71 #ahd    
,damson group1 description of1 #ci-dj   
,damson ,plum 7syn4 of ,shropshire71    
#cdd      ,damson ,riley1 #dbg          

,damson ,royal1 #dbg      ,damson       
,winter 7syn4 of ,winter ,damson71 #efg 
,dana1 ,rev41 var4 orig4 by1 #dbh       
,dana's ,gage2 ,dana's ,yellow ,gage    
7syns4 of ,dana ,yellow ,gage71 #dbh    
,dana ,yellow ,gage1 #dbg      ,daniel1 
,dr41 var4 orig4 by1 #dbh      ,daniel  
,weeping1 #dbh      ,danish ,damson1    
#dbh      ,dark ,blue ,egg 7syn4 of     
,kaiser ,wilhelm71 #dgd      ,darst1    
#dbh      ,darst1 var4 orig4 by1 #dbh   
,darwin ,peach 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71  
#chf      ,das ,blaue ,auge 7syn4 of    
,lange ,violette ,damascene71 #dgi      
,d',ast 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach           
,date1 #dbh      ,date 7syn4 of ,agen71 
#ach      ,date de ,hongrie2 ,date      
,plum2 ,datte de ,hongrie or ,hungrie2  
,datte          ,violette2              
,dattelzwetsche 7syns4 of ,hungarian71  
#bdf      ,date ,plum 7syn4 of ,date71  
#dbh      ,datilles1 #dbh      ,datte   
,hongroise ,jaune1 #dbh      ,datte     
,jaune 7syn4 of ,weisse ,kaiserin71 #efc
      ,dattel ,pflaume or ,zwetsche     

7syns4 of ,red ,date71 #cbb             
,dattelpflaumen2 ,dattelzwetsche 7syns4 
of ,date71 #dbh      ,datte ,verte 7syn4
 of ,grne ,dattel ,zwetsche71 #def      
,datte ,violette 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach  
,dauphin 7syn4 of ,victoria71 #cfc      
,dauphin 7syn4 of ,sharp71 #cdj         
,dauphin  ,fleurs doubles2 ,dauphin     
,fleurs semi-doubles 7syns4 of          
,double ,flowering ,gage71 #aib         
,dauphine1 #dbh      ,dauphine2         
,dauphiny 7syns4 of ,reine ,claude71    
#cbg      ,d',automne de ,schamal 7syn4 
of ,schamal71 #edj      ,d',autriche    
7syn4 of ,hungarian71 #bdf              
,d',autriche 7syn4 of ,date71 #dbh      
,davenport1 #dbi      ,davies ,seedling1
 #dbi      ,davies' ,seedling 7syn4 of  
,davies ,seedling71 #dbi      ,davis1   
#dbi      ,d',avoine 7syn4 of ,early    
,yellow71 #bjc      ,dawson1 #ahf1 #dbi 
,dawson1 ,p4 ,p41 var4 orig4 by1 #ahg   
,dawson ,city1 #dbi      ,dawson        
,seedling 7syn4 of ,dawson71 #ahf       
,de ,bavay 7syn4 of ,bavay71 #aee       

,de ,besanon 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71    
#chf      ,de ,bordeaux 7syn4 of        
,jerusalem71 #dgb      ,de ,brianon     
7syn4 of ,brianon71 #dji      ,de       
,briancon 7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc  
,de ,brignole 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach     
,de,caisne1 #ahg      ,decaisnes        
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,de,caisne71 #ahg     
,de ,caradeuc1 #ahh      ,de ,caradeuc1 
,a41 var4 orig4 by1 #ahh      ,de       
,catalogue 7syn4 of ,early ,yellow71    
#bjc      ,de ,chypre 7syn4 of ,chypre1 
#dah2 of ,red ,diaper1 #cbc2 of ,musk   
,damson1 #eja7      ,de ,coe 7syn4 of   
,golden ,drop71 #bbh      ,de ,dlice1   
#dbi      ,de ,deux ,saison 7syn4 of    
,twice ,bearing71 #eef      ,de         
,gisborne 7syn4 of ,gisborne71 #dea     
,de ,gondin1 #dcj      ,de ,jerusalem   
7syn4 of ,jerusalem71 #dgb      ,de     
,kirke 7syn4 of ,kirke71 #bfj      ,de  
la ,toussaint1 #dcj      ,de la         
,saint-,martin 7syn4 of ,saint ,martin71
 #ccf      ,delaware1 #dcj      ,de     
l',inde1 #dcj      ,de ,mirabelle 7syn4 

of ,mirabelle71 #bhd      ,de           
,mitchelson 7syn4 of ,mitchelson71 #dih 
,de ,monsieur 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg1    
#chf2 ,early ,tours1 #bjb2 ,orleans1    
#cjb2 ,early ,orleans1 #aih7      ,de   
,monsieur ,htive 7syn4 of ,early        
,orleans71 #aih      ,de ,monsieur      
,jaune 7syn4 of ,yellow ,impratrice71   
#efi      ,de ,montfort1 #dcj      ,de  
,montmirail1 #dcj      ,de ,pologne     
7syn4 of ,quetsche ,dr4 ,ltricourt71    
#ebd      ,de ,pontbriant 7syn4 of      
,pontbriant71 #eag      ,de ,prince     
7syn4 of ,norbert71 #eje      ,de       
,prince 7en ,lorraine7 7syn4 of ,de     
,seigneur71 #dca      ,de ,reizeinstein 
7syn4 of ,reizenstein ,yellow ,prune71  
#eca      ,de ,sainte-,catherine 7syn4  
of ,saint ,catherine71 #ccd      ,de    
,seigneur1 #dca      ,de ,soto1 #ahi    
,de ,soto  ,oregon ,no4 #c 7syn4 of     
,ames71 #add      ,de ,virginie 7syn4 of
 ,myrobalan71 #bij      ,de ,wangenheim 
7syn4 of ,wangenheim71 #cfh      ,de    
,wolf1 ,m4 ,j41 var4 orig4 by1 #dih     

,dean1 #dbi      ,deane1 ,samuel1 ,d4   
,d41 quoted1 #ba1 #ch      ,dean's      
,jedburgh ,seedling 7syn4 of ,dean71    
#dbi      ,deaton1 #dbi      ,deck1 #dbi
      ,decks ,damson 7syn4 of ,deck71   
#dbi      ,decker1 #dbi      ,decker1   
,h4 ,c41 var4 orig4 by1 #dbi            
,decker's ,late ,seedling 7syn4 of      
,decker71 #dbi      ,decker's ,seedling 
7syn4 of ,decker71 #dbi      ,deep      
,creek1 #dbi      ,deepcreek 7syn4 of   
,deep ,creek71 #dbi      ,defresne1 #dcj
      ,denbigh1 #dcj                    
,denbigh-,pflaume2 ,denbigh ,seedling2  
,denbigh 7syns4 of ,denbigh71 #dcj      
,dennie 7syn4 of ,violet ,diaper71 #cfe 
,dennis1 #dca      ,dennison's ,red2    
,denniston's ,red2 ,denniston's ,rote   
,pflaume 7syns4          of ,denniston  
,red71 #dca      ,dennison's ,superb    
7syn4 of ,denniston ,superb71 #dca      
,dennis ,seedling ,no4 #ac1 #dca        
,denniston1 ,isaac1 var4 orig4 by1 #cic1
 #daa1 #dca1 #dgh1 #ejj      ,denniston 
,red1 #dca      ,denniston's ,albany or 

,albany ,beauty 7syns4 of ,albany       
,beauty71 #cib      ,denniston ,superb1 
#dca      ,denniston's ,superb or       
,superb ,gage 7syns4 of ,denniston      
,superb71 #dca      ,d',ente 7syn4 of   
,lot d',ente71 #dhf      ,d',ente2      
,d',ente d',agen 7syns4 of ,agen71 #ach 
,d',ente ,impriale1 #dca      ,denton1  
#dca      ,denyer's ,victoria 7syn4 of  
,sharp1 #cdj2 of ,victoria1 #cfc7       
,der blaue ,rebhuhn aus der ,normandie  
7syn4 of ,normand ,perdrigon71 #eje     
,der ,bunter ,perdrigon 7syn4 of ,bunter
 ,perdrigon71 #dab      ,derbyshire     
,green ,gage1 #dca      ,deron1 #dca    
,deron's 7syn4 of ,deron71 #dca         
,des ,bjonnires 7syn4 of ,bjonnires71   
#aeg      ,des ,burettes 7syn4 of       
,burettes71 #dab      ,des ,moines1 #dca
      ,deutsche ,blaue ,herbstzwetsche  
7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai          
,deux fois l'an 7syn4 of ,twice         
,bearing71 #eef      ,dewey1 #dcb       
,diademe2 ,diademe ,imperial or         
,imperiale 7syns4 of ,red ,diaper71     

#cbc      ,diademe ,imperial-,isabelle1 
#dcb      ,diamant2 ,diamantpflaume     
7syns4 of ,diamond71 #aia      ,diamant2
 ,diamantpflaume 7syns4 of ,pond71 #cad 
,diamond1 #aia1 #dcb      ,diamond1 var4
 orig4 by1 #aia      ,diana1 #dcb       
,diaper2 ,diaper ,rouge2 ,diapre ,rouge1
 ,diaprea rubra2 ,diapre de             
,roche ,corbon2 ,diapre ,rouge 7syns4 of
 ,red ,diaper71 #cbc      ,diaper'd     
,plumb 7syn4 of ,diapre ,blanche71 #dcb 
,diaphane 7syn4 of ,transparent71 #cfj  
,diaphane ,laffay 7syn4 of              
,transparent71 #cfj      ,diapre ,blanc 
7syn4 of ,white ,diaper71 #efd          
,diapre ,blanche2 ,diapre ,weisse 7syns4
 of ,diapre ,blanche71 #dcb      ,diapre
 ,blanche 7syn4 of ,white ,diaper1 #efd2
 of ,white ,perdrigon1 #cge7            
,diapre ,blanche1 #dcb      ,diapre     
noire2 ,diapre ,violet2 ,diapre         
,violette 7syns4 of ,violet             
,diaper71 #cfe      ,diapree ,nouvelle  
,de ,kook1 #dcb      ,dictator1 #dcb    
,die ,abrikosenartige ,pflaume 7syn4 of 

,apricot71 #adh      ,die ,albertus     
,damenpflaume 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71   
#chf      ,die ,aprikosenpflaume 7syn4  
of ,red ,apricot71 #cba      ,die       
,bischofsmtze 7syn4 of ,bonnet          
d',eveque71 #djg      ,die ,blaue       
,dattelpflaume 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach    
,die ,blutfarbege ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,red
 ,diaper71 #cbc      ,die ,brisette     
7syn4 of ,late ,mirabelle71 #bfc        
,die ,brustwarzenpflaume 7syn4 of       
,mamelonne71 #dhi      ,die             
,damascenerpflaume von ,maugeron 7syn4  
of ,maugeron71 #dib      ,die           
,damaskpflaume aus ,spanien 7syn4 of    
,spanish ,damask71 #edf      ,die       
,durchsichtige 7syn4 of ,transparente71 
#eee      ,die frhe ,pflaume von ,tours 
7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb      ,die 
,gartenzwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche      
,maraichre71 #ebd      ,die gelbe       
frhzeitige ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,early     
,yellow71 #bjc      ,die grosse         
indianische braunrothe ,pflaume 7syn4 of
 ,indian71 #dfh      ,die grosse ,knigin

 ,claudiapflaume1 die grne ,abrikose    
7syn4 of          ,reine ,claude71 #cbg 
,die grosse ,knigin ,klaudia ,pflaume   
mit halbgefullter ,bluthe 7syn4         
of ,double ,flowering ,gage71 #aib      
,die grosse rothe ,feigenpflaume 7syn4  
of ,red ,date71 #cbb      ,die grosse   
,weisse ,glanzende 7syn4 of ,yellow     
,egg71 #chf      ,die grne herzfrmige   
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,grne ,herzformige71  
#def      ,die ,hauszwetsche 7syn4 of   
,german ,prune71 #bai      ,die         
,herrnpflaume 7syn4 of ,orleans71 #cjb  
,die ,hyacinthenpflaume 7syn4 of        
,jacinthe71 #dga      ,die ,isabelle    
7syn4 of ,isabella71 #dfi      ,die     
,kaiserliche veilchenfarbige ,pflaume   
7syn4 of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71          
#cbe      ,die ,kaiserliche ,weisse     
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf   
,die kleine ,knigin ,claudia 7syn4 of   
,small ,reine ,claude71 #cdg      ,die  
kleine langlichte ,damaskuspflaume 7syn4
 of ,damas ,dronet71 #dbf      ,die     
kleine ,zwergpflaume 7syn4 of           

,zwergpflaume71 #ega      ,die ,kleine  
,weisse ,damascenerpflaume 7syn4 of     
,small ,white ,damson71          #edd   
,die ,knigin 7syn4 of ,mayer            
,konigspflaume71 #dic      ,die ,knigin 
,klaudia 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg 
,die ,knigliche grosse ,pflaume 7syn4 of
 ,royal71 #ecd      ,die knigliche      
,pflaume von ,tours 7syn4 of ,royal     
,tours71 #ccb      ,die lange1 grne und 
grosses welsche ,pflaume8 7syn4 of      
,quetsche          ,verte ,d',italie71  
#ebe      ,die ,morillenpflaume 7syn4 of
 ,apricot71 #adh      ,die musquat      
,damaskuspflaume 7syn4 of ,musk         
,damson71 #eja      ,die ,pflaume aus   
,cypern 7syn4 of ,chypre71 #dah         
,die ,pflaume ohne ,stein 7syn4 of      
,stoneless71 #cec      ,die ,rothe      
,eierflaume 7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc
      ,die ,rothe ,eierflaume 7syn4 of  
,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe      ,die    
,rothe ,kaiserpflaume 7syn4 of ,red     
,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe      ,die rothe   
,rebhuhnpflaume 7syn4 of ,red           

,perdrigon71 #ebh      ,die ,scanarda   
7syn4 of ,scanarda71 #edj      ,die spte
 oder ,september ,damaskpflaume 7syn4 of
 ,september ,damask71          #edb     
,die ,valienciennes 7syn4 of            
,valienciennes71 #eeh      ,die         
veilchenfarbige ,birnpflaume 7syn4 of   
,pear ,plum71 #eac      ,die            
veilchenfarbige ,damascenerpflaume 7syn4
 of ,damas ,violet71 #dbg      ,die     
,veischenfarbige ,kaiserinnpflaume 7syn4
 of ,imperatrice71 #bdi      ,die       
violete ,kaiserpflaume mit scheckichten 
,blattern 7syn4 of          ,imperial   
,violet71 #dfg      ,die ,violette      
,diapre 7syn4 of ,violet ,diaper71 #cfe 
,die ,violette ,kaiserpflaume 7syn4 of  
,violet ,imperial71 #eei      ,die      
,violette ,knigin ,claudia 7syn4 of     
,purple ,gage71 #cah      ,die ,violette
 ,knigin ,claudie 7syn4 of ,purple      
,gage71 #cah      ,die ,violette oder   
,blaue ,reneclode 7syn4 of ,purple      
,gage71 #cah      ,die ,violette oder   
,blaue ,renoclode 7syn4 of ,purple      

,gage71 #cah      ,die wlsche ,damascene
 pflaume 7syn4 of ,italian ,damask71    
#dgj      ,die ,wangenheim 7syn4 of     
,wangenheim71 #cfh      ,die ,weisse    
,buntfarbige ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,diapre  
,blanche71 #dcb      ,die weisse        
,duranzen pflaume 7syn4 of ,white       
,perdrigon71 #cge      ,die ,weisse     
,kaiserinnpflaume2 ,die ,weisse         
,kaiserpflaume 7syns4 of          ,white
 ,imperatrice71 #cge      ,die          
,zuckerssse 7syn4 of ,trauttenberg71    
#eee      ,dieffenbachs ,damascene2     
,dieffenbachs ,schwarze ,damascene 7syn4
 of          ,damas de ,diffenbach71    
#dbf      ,diel ,grosse ,weisse         
,damascene1 #dcb      ,diel's ,august   
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,wahre ,frhzwetsche71
 #efj      ,diels ,knigpflaume or       
,diel's ,knigspflaume 7syns4 of ,royal  
,tours71 #ccb      ,diffenbachs         
,damascene 7syn4 of ,damas de           
,diffenbach71 #dbf      ,dine1 #dcc     
,d',italie 7syn4 of ,italian ,prune71   
#bec      ,dittisham1 #dcc      ,dixie1 

#dcc      ,dobrowitzer ,frhzwetsche     
7syn4 of ,quetsche de ,dobrowitz71 #ebc 
,dochnahl ,damascene1 #dcc              
,dochnahl's ,knigs ,pflaume 7syn4 of    
,dochnahl ,damascene71 #dcc      ,dodd1 
,william1 var4 orig4 by1 #bhb           
,d',o,euf2 ,d',o,euf ,blanche 7syns4 of 
,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,d',oeuf       
,violette 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71
 #cbe      ,dojene1 #dcc      ,doles1   
,a4 ,h41 var4 orig4 by1 #eai            
,dollaner1 #dcc      ,dollaner ,zwetsche
 7syn4 of ,dollaner71 #dcc      ,dolphin
 7syn4 of ,sharp1 #cdj2 of ,victoria1   
#cfc7      ,domina1 #dcc      ,domine   
,dull1 #dcc      ,domine ,dull's2       
,domine ,dull's ,plum 7syns4 of ,domine 
,dull71 #dcc      ,domino 7syn4 of      
,domina71 #dcc      ,don1 #dcc      ,don
 ,alteza1 #dcc      ,donauers ,zusammen 
,gedrckte ,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche  
,aplatie71 #ebc      ,don ,carlos1 #dcc 
,don ,carlos' 7syn4 of ,don ,carlos71   
#dcc      ,doppelte ,mirabelle 7syn4 of 
,drap d',or71 #aid      ,dora1 #dcc     

,dore1 #dcd      ,dore de ,lawson 7syn4 
of ,lawson71 #dhb      ,dorell1 #dcd    
,dorell1 ,dr41 var4 orig4 by1 #dcd1 #ebj
      ,dorell ,aprikosenpflaume1 #dcd   
,dorell's ,neue ,aprikosen ,pflaume     
7syn4 of ,dorell ,aprikosenpflaume71    
#dcd      ,dorelle's ,neue ,grosse      
,zwetsche or ,new ,purple ,prune2       
,dorells          grosse neue ,zwetsche1
 or ,grosse ,zwetsche1 or ,neue ,grosse 
,zwetsche2 ,dorell's ,neue ,purpur      
,zwetsche2 ,dorrel 7syns4 of            
,dorell71 #dcd      ,drell's ,grosse    
,ungarische ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,large    
,sugar ,prune71 #dhj      ,dorell's     
,neue ,weisse ,diapre 7syn4 of ,wahre   
,weisse ,diapre71 #efa      ,doris1 #dcd
      ,dorr1 #dcd      ,dorr1 ,elisha1  
var4 orig4 by1 #dfa1 #dfd1 #efb         
,dorr ,seedling1 #dcd      ,dorr's      
,favorite 7syn4 of ,dorr1 #dcd2 of      
,pond1 #cad7      ,dorsett1 #dcd        
,dosch1 #dce      ,dosch1 ,henry ,e41   
var4 orig4 by1 #dce      ,double1 #dce  
,double ,blackpruim 7syn4 of ,italian   

,prune71 #bec      ,double-blossomed2   
,double-blossomed ,plum 7syns4 of       
,double ,flowering          ,gage71 #aib
      ,double ,beurre ,witte8 7syn4 of  
,white ,virginal71 #efe      ,double    
,drap d',or 7syn4 of ,drap d',or71 #aid 
,double ,flowering ,gage1 #aib          
,double ,imperial ,gage 7syn4 of        
,washington71 #cfh      ,double         
,mirabelle 7syn4 of ,drap d',or71 #aid  
,double ,plum1 #dce      ,dougall1      
,james1 var4 orig4 by1 #dce             
,dougall ,best1 #dce      ,dougall's    
,best 7syn4 of ,dougall ,best71 #dce    
,douglas 7syn4 of ,abundance71 #acf     
,douglas 7syn4 of ,chabot71 #agb        
,douglass1 #dce      ,dove ,bank1 #dce  
,dowling1 ,henry1 var4 orig4 by1 #cie1  
#edh1 #efg      ,downing1 ,a4 ,j41      
quoted1 #eai2      var4 orig4 by1 #ddc  
,downing1 #aic      ,downing ,early1    
#dce      ,downing's ,early 7syn4 of    
,downing ,early71 #dce      ,downton    
,impratrice1 #dce      ,downton's       
,kaiserin2 ,downtoner ,kaiserin 7syns4  

of ,downton          ,impratrice71 #dce 
,drake1 ,george1 var4 orig4 by1 #dcf    
,drake ,seedling1 #dcf      ,drake's    
,seedling 7syn4 of ,drake ,seedling71   
#dcf      ,drap d',or 7syn4 of ,drap    
d',or71 #aid      ,drap d',or 7syn4 of  
,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,drap d',or1 
#aid      ,drap d',or d',esperen2       
,esperen1 of ,esperen1 or of ,esperin   
7syns4          of ,esperen71 #bjf      
,drap d',or ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,drap     
d',or71 #aid      ,dr4 ,dennis 7syn4 of 
,dennis71 #dca      ,dronet ,damask     
7syn4 of ,damas ,dronet71 #dbf          
,drouth ,king1 #dcf      ,dr4 ,uff1 #dcf
      ,dr4 ,uff ,szilvaja1 #dcf         
,dry1 var4 orig4 by1 #dcf      ,dry     
,seedling1 #dcf      ,dry's ,seedling   
7syn4 of ,dry ,seedling71 #dcf          
,dschau ,erik 7syn4 of ,diel ,grosse    
,weisse ,damascene71 #dcb      ,duane1  
#aif      ,duane1 ,james1 var4 orig4 by1
 #aig      ,duane's ,french ,purple1    
,large ,orleans1 ,large ,purple1 or     
,purple          ,french 7syns4 of      

,duane71 #aif      ,duane's ,purple     
7syn4 of ,duane1 #aif2 of ,peach1 #cji2 
of ,smith          ,orleans1 #cdh7      
,duboise1 var4 orig4 by1 #baf      ,duc 
d',edinbourg 7syn4 of ,duke of          
,edinburgh71 #dcf      ,duc de ,waterloo
 7syn4 of ,waterloo ,pflaume71 #efa     
,duke1 #dcf      ,duke of ,devonshire1  
#dcf      ,duke of ,edinburgh1 #dcf     
,dull1 var4 orig4 by1 #dcc              
,dumberline1 #dcf      ,dumiron1 #dcg   
,dummer1 #dcf      ,dummer1 var4 orig4  
by1 #dcg      ,dunkelblaue ,eierpflaume 
7syn4 of ,kaiser ,wilhelm71 #dgd        
,dunkelblaue ,kaiserin1 #dcg            
,dunlap1 #dcg      ,dunlap1 ,j4 ,p41    
var4 orig4 by1 #dcg      ,dunlap 7syn4  
of ,dunlap ,no4 #a71 #dcg      ,dunlap  
7,no4 #a7 7syn4 of ,dunlap ,no4 #a71    
#dcg      ,dunlap ,no4 #a1 #dcg         
,dunlap ,no4 #b 7syn4 of ,dunlap71 #dcg 
,dunlap's ,no4 #a 7syn4 of ,dunlap ,no4 
#a71 #aid      ,dunlap's ,no4 #b 7syn4  
of ,dunlap71 #dcg      ,dunlop1 ,w4 ,w41
 var4 orig4 by1 #dii1 #ejj      ,dunlop 

,nut1 #dcg      ,dunlop #ec 7syn4 of    
,raynes71 #ebf      ,dunlop #ed 7syn4 of
 ,mount ,royal71 #ejj      ,dunmore1    
#dcg      ,dumore 7syn4 of ,dunmore71   
#dcg      ,dupuis1 ,august1 var4 orig4  
by1 #cid      ,durand1 var4 orig4 by1   
#ahg      ,durazen ,zwetsche1 #dcg      
,durchscheinende ,reineclaude 7syn4 of  
,transparent71 #cfj      ,durchsichtige 
7syn4 of ,transparente71 #eee           
,durham1 ,miss1 var4 orig4 by1 #bhg     
,du ,roi 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach      ,du 
,roi 7syn4 of ,early ,orleans71 #aih    
,dutch ,plum or ,plumb 7syns4 of ,yellow
 ,egg71 #chf      ,dutch ,prune 7syn4 of
 ,domine ,dull1 #dcc2 of ,german ,prune1
 #bai7      ,dutch ,quetszen 7syn4 of   
,domine ,dull71 #dcc      ,dymond 7syn4 
of ,diamond71 #aia        ,eagle1 #dcg  
,earley's ,november 7syn4 of ,black     
,bullace71 #afa      ,earliest of ,all  
7syn4 of ,earliest of ,all71 #aih       
,earliest of ,all1 #aih      ,early1    
#dcg      ,early ,amber1 #dcg           
,early ,apricot 7syn4 of ,early         

,transparent ,gage71 #ddj      ,early   
,apricot1 #dcg      ,early ,apricot     
,plum 7syn4 of ,early ,apricot71 #dcg   
,early ,bavay 7syn4 of ,july ,green     
,gage71 #dgd      ,early ,black ,damask 
7syn4 of ,morocco71 #bhh      ,early    
,black ,morocco 7syn4 of ,morocco71 #bhh
      ,early ,blue1 #dch      ,early    
,blue 7syn4 of ,early ,blue71 #dch      
,early ,bradshaw 7syn4 of ,gerishes     
,seedling1 #dea2 of ,field1 #bjh7       
,early ,cherry1 #dch      ,early        
,cluster1 #dch      ,early ,cross1 #dch 
,early ,damask 7syn4 of ,morocco71 #bhh 
,early ,damask of ,provence 7syn4 of    
,damas de ,provence71 #dbf      ,early  
,damson 7syn4 of ,damson1 #ahf2 of      
,horse1 #dfd2 of ,morocco1 #bhh2        
of ,winter ,damson1 #efg7      ,early   
,damson 7syn4 of ,morocco71 #bhh        
,early de ,tours 7syn4 of ,early        
,tours71 #bjb      ,early ,favorite1    
#dch      ,early ,favorite1 or          
,favourite 7syns4 of ,early ,favorite71 
#dch      ,early ,forcing 7syn4 of ,red 

,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe      ,early       
,fruchtbare 7syn4 of ,early ,rivers71   
#bjj      ,early ,genesee 7syn4 of      
,henrietta ,gage71 #dfa      ,early     
,genesee1 #dch      ,early ,golden 7syn4
 of ,early ,golden ,drop71 #dch         
,early ,golden ,drop1 #dch      ,early  
,green 7syn4 of ,emerald71 #ddb         
,early ,green ,gage8 7syn4 of ,july     
,green ,gage71 #dgd      ,early ,honey1 
#dci      ,early ,john 7syn4 of ,early  
,yellow71 #bjc      ,early ,large ,black
 7syn4 of ,noire de ,montreuil71 #ejd   
,early ,minnesota1 #dci      ,early     
,mirabelle1 #dci      ,early ,monsieur  
7syn4 of ,early ,orleans71 #aih         
,early ,morocco 7syn4 of ,morocco71 #bhh
      ,early ,normandy1 #dci      ,early
 ,orleans 7syn4 of ,early ,orleans71    
#aih      ,early ,orleans1 #aih         
,early ,pale1 #dci      ,early ,pear1   
#dci      ,early ,perdrigon1 #dci       
,early ,prolific 7syn4 of ,early        
,rivers71 #bjj      ,early ,purple 7syn4
 of ,howell71 #dfe      ,early ,red1    

#dci1 #ddj      ,early ,red ,primordian 
7syn4 of ,red ,primordian71 #ebh        
,early ,red ,russian2 ,early ,red       
,russian ,no4 #c 7syns4 of ,early ,red71
 #ddj      ,early ,rivers 7syn4 of      
,early ,rivers71 #bjj      ,early       
,rivers1 #bjj      ,early ,royal1 #bja  
,early ,royal 7syn4 of ,early ,royal71  
#bja      ,early ,royal of ,nikita 7syn4
 of ,early ,royal of ,nikita71 #ddj     
,early ,royal of ,nikita1 #ddj          
,early ,russian 7syn4 of ,german        
,prune71 #bai      ,early ,scarlet 7syn4
 of ,myrobalan71 #bij      ,early ,six  
,weeks 7syn4 of ,six ,weeks71 #edd      
,early ,st4 ,john1 #ddj      ,early     
,tours1 #bjb      ,early ,tours 7syn4 of
 ,early ,tours71 #bjb      ,early       
,transparent2 ,early ,transparent ,gage 
7syns4 of ,early          ,transparent  
,gage71 #ddj      ,early ,transparent   
,gage1 #ddj      ,early ,violet 7syn4 of
 ,early ,tours1 #bjb2 of ,violet1 #eei7 
,early ,white ,plum 7syn4 of ,early     
,yellow71 #bjc      ,early ,yellow1 #bjc

      ,early ,yellow 7syn4 of ,early    
,yellow71 #bjc      ,early ,yellow      
,gage1 #ddj      ,early ,yellow ,prune1 
#ddj      ,eason1 #dda      ,eberly1    
#dda      ,eberly's ,plum 7syn4 of      
,eberly71 #dda      ,ebert1 ,madame1    
var4 orig4 by1 #dcj      ,ebon1 #dda    
,echte ,gelbe ,eier ,pflaume 7syn4 of   
,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,echte ,grosse 
,reine-,claude 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71
 #cbg      ,echte ,hafer ,pflaume or    
,zwetsche 7syns4 of ,haferpflaume71 #deh
      ,eckenholm1 ,m4 ,brahay1 var4     
orig4 by1 #djh      ,ecully1 #dda       
,eddie1 #dda      ,edith1 #dda          
,edith of ,terry 7syn4 of ,julia71 #dgc 
,edle ,early1 #dda      ,edle           
,frhpflaume 7syn4 of ,edle ,early71 #dda
      ,edle ,gelbe ,eger ,pflaume2 ,edle
 ,gelbe ,eier ,pflaume 7syns4 of ,yellow
          ,egg71 #chf      ,edle ,knigs 
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,valienciennes71 #eeh 
,edouard ,seneclauze1 #dda      ,eggles1
 #dda      ,egg ,plum 7syn4 of ,yellow  
,egg71 #chf      ,egger'sche ,eier      

,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,comte ,gustave      
d',egger71 #dbb      ,eier ,pflaume     
7syn4 of ,blue ,egg1 #dje2 of ,yellow   
,egg1 #chf7      ,eldora1 #dda          
,eldorado1 #dda      ,eldridge1 #ddb    
,elfreth's ,prune 7syn4 of ,elfrey71    
#ddb      ,elfrey1 #ddb      ,elfrey's  
,prune2 ,elfry's ,plum 7syns4 of        
,elfrey71 #ddb      ,elisabeth ,pflaume1
 #ddb      ,elisabeth d',elsner 7syn4 of
 ,elisabeth ,pflaume71 #ddb      ,ella1 
#ddb      ,elliott1 quoted1 #bef        
,ellis1 #ddb      ,ellwood1 #ddb        
,elmore1 #ddb      ,el ,paso 7syn4 of   
,beaty71 #djj      ,elsner ,grne        
,zwetsche1 #ddb      ,elsner's          
,elisabeth ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,elisabeth 
,pflaume71 #ddb      ,elsner's ,von     
,gronow ,grne ,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,elsner
 ,grne ,zwetsche71          #ddb        
,elton1 #ddb      ,elwood 7syn4 of      
,ellwood71 #ddb      ,emerald1 #ddb     
,emerald ,drop1 #ddc      ,emerson1 #ddc
      ,emerson's ,early 7syn4 of        
,emerson71 #ddc      ,emerson ,yellow1  

#ddc      ,emigrant1 #ddc      ,emily   
,may1 #ddc      ,emma1 #ddc             
,empereur1 #ddc      ,empereur de ,mas  
7syn4 of ,empereur71 #ddc      ,empereur
 de ,sharp 7syn4 of ,sharp71 #cdj       
,empereur du ,japan 7syn4 of ,emperor of
 ,japan71 #ddc      ,emperor 7syn4 of   
,denbigh1 #dcj2 of ,goliath1 #bca7      
,emperor of ,japan1 #ddc      ,emperor  
of ,japan 7syn4 of ,emperor of ,japan71 
#ddc      ,empire1 #bjc      ,empire    
,state 7syn4 of ,empire71 #bjc          
,empress 7syn4 of ,imperatrice71 #bdi   
,engre1 #bjf      ,engle1 #ddc          
,englebert1 #bjd      ,englebert 7syn4  
of ,englebert71 #bjd      ,englische    
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,large ,english71    
#bfb      ,english ,orleans 7syn4 of    
,orleans71 #cjb      ,english ,pond's   
,seedling 7syn4 of ,pond71 #cad         
,english ,pond's ,seedling 7syn4 of     
,duane71 #aif      ,english ,wheat 7syn4
 of ,wheat71 #efc      ,english ,yellow 
,gage 7syn4 of ,small ,reine ,claude71  
#cdg      ,enkelde ,backspruim2 ,enkelde

 ,blackpruim 7syns4 of ,german ,prune71 
#bai      ,epine noire 7syn4 of ,sloe71 
#edd      ,erby ,september 7syn4 of     
,irby71 #dfh      ,esjum ,erik1 #ddc    
,esperen1 #bjf      ,esperen's          
,goldpflaume 7syn4 of ,esperen71 #bjf   
,esperin1 ,major1 var4 orig4 by1 #aef1  
#bjg      ,essex ,bullace1 #ddd         
,esslinger ,frhzwetsche1 #ddd           
,esther1 #ddd      ,etendard d'         
,angleterre 7syn4 of ,standard71 #edh   
,etopa1 #ddd      ,etta1 #ddd           
,eugen ,frst2 ,eugene ,frst 7syns4 of   
,frst ,damson71 #ddh      ,eugen ,frsts 
,frhzwetsche 7syn4 of ,furst71 #bag     
,eureka1 #ddd      ,eureka 7syn4 of     
,wickson71 #cgf      ,european ,cherry  
,plum 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij        
,eva1 #ddd      ,evelyn1 #ddd           
,excelsior1 #bjg      ,excelsior        
,damson1 #ddd      ,exoascus1 diseases  
caused by1 #abg1 #abh        ,fairchild1
 #ddd      ,fairchild1 ,j4 ,a41 var4    
orig4 by1 #edf      ,fair's ,golden or  
,golden ,drop 7syn4 of ,golden ,drop71  

#bbh      ,farleigh ,prolific 7syn4 of  
,crittenden71 #ahd      ,fancy1 #dde    
,fanning1 #dde      ,farleigh 7syn4 of  
,crittenden71 #ahd      ,farleigh       
,castle 7syn4 of ,pond71 #cad           
,farleigh ,damson 7syn4 of ,crittenden71
 #ahd      ,fausse ,altesse 7syn4 of    
,italian ,prune71 #bec      ,favorite de
 ,buel 7syn4 of ,buel71 #daa            
,favorite de ,lawrence 7syn4 of         
,lawrence71 #bff      ,favorite         
d',howard 7syn4 of ,howard71 #dfd       
,favorite ,htive1 ,prcoce1 ,prcoce de   
,rivers 7syns4 of ,early                
,favorite71 #dch      ,favorite ,pourpre
 7syn4 of ,purple ,favorite71 #eba      
,fawn1 #dde      ,feine ,damascene 7syn4
 of ,musk ,damson71 #eja      ,feine    
,und ,gute 7syn4 of ,fine ,bont71 #dde  
,fell1 quoted1 #chg      ,fellemberg    
7syn4 of ,german ,prune1 #bai2 of       
,italian ,prune1 #bec7      ,fellenberg2
 ,fellenberg ,quetsche2 ,fellenberger   
,zwetsche2          ,fellenburg2        
,feltemberg 7syns4 of ,italian ,prune71 

#bec      ,femmons1 ,frank1 var4 orig4  
by1 #dde      ,femmonzi1 #dde           
,fertheringham 7syn4 of ,belgian        
,purple71 #aeg      ,fertile ,bleue     
7syn4 of ,blue ,prolific71 #djf         
,fertile ,prcoce 7syn4 of ,early        
,rivers71 #bjj      ,fertilizers1 use   
and value of1 #aba1 #abb      ,field1   
#bjg      ,field ,marshall1 #dde        
,figue ,grosse ,rouge1 #dde      ,figue 
,grose ,rouge 7syn4 of ,red ,date71 #cbb
      ,figue ,grosse ,rouge 7syn4 of    
,red ,date71 #cbb      ,fin de ,siecle1 
#dde      ,fine ,bont1 #dde      ,fine  
,early ,plum1 #dde      ,firba          
,knigspflaume1 #dde      ,firbas ,frhe  
,schuttenhoferin1 #ddf      ,first1 #ddf
      ,first ,best1 #ddf      ,first    
,sweet1 #ddf      ,fisher1 ,j4 ,e41 var4
 orig4 by1 #cfe      ,fitze1 ,charles   
,g41 var4 orig4 by1 #bgd      ,fitzhugh1
 ,william1 quoted1 #he      ,fitzroy1   
#ddf      ,flora ,plena1 #ddf           
,florence 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71
 #cbe      ,flotows ,allerfrheste       

,mirabelle 7syn4 of ,mirabelle de       
,flotow71 #dig      ,fluke1 ,n4 ,k41    
var4 orig4 by1 #cid1 #dbi1 #dgg         
,flushing ,bulleis1 #ddf      ,flushing 
,gage 7syn4 of ,imperial ,gage71 #bea   
,foderingham2 ,foderingham ,plum 7syns4 
of ,fotheringham71 #bab      ,foliage   
,plum 7syn4 of ,vesuvius71 #eei         
,fondante ,noire 7syn4 of ,frhe         
,leipziger ,damascene71 #ddh            
,fonthill 7syn4 of ,pond71 #cad         
,foote1 #ddf      ,foote1 ,asahel1 var4 
orig4 by1 #ddj1 #ddf      ,foote's      
,early ,orleans 7syn4 of ,foote71 #ddf  
,foote ,golden ,gage1 #ddf      ,forest 
,garden1 #bji      ,forest ,rose1 #baj  
,forest ,rose ,improved1 #ddg           
,forewattamie1 #ddg      ,formosa1 #ddg 
,forward ,damask1 #ddg      ,fotheringay
 7syn4 of ,fotheringham71 #bab          
,fotheringham1 #bab      ,fourth of     
,july 7syn4 of ,lovett71 #dhf           
,fourth of ,july 7syn4 of ,marble71 #dij
      ,francfort ,peach2 ,frankfurter   
,pfirschen ,zwetsche 7syns4 of          

,frankfort          ,peach71 #ddg       
,frankfort ,peach1 #ddg                 
,frankfurter ,pflaume 7syn4 of          
,rudolph71 #ecf      ,frankland1        
,thomas1 var4 orig4 by1 #cif            
,franklin1 #ddg      ,franklin 7syn4 of 
,washington71 #cfh      ,fraser1 #ddg   
,fraser1 ,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #ddg     
,fraser's ,early ,yellow 7syn4 of       
,fraser71 #ddg      ,frauendorfer ,frhe 
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,prcoce ,de
          ,frauendorf71 #ebd            
,freeman1 #bab1 #ddg      ,freeman1 var4
 orig4 by1 #bab      ,freeman's         
,favorite 7syn4 of ,freeman71 #ddg      
,free ,silver 7syn4 of ,terry71 #eeb    
,freestone1 #bac1 #ddg1 #ddh4           
,freestone ,damson 7syn4 of ,freestone71
 #bac      ,freestone ,goose1 #ddh      
,freestone ,quetsche1 #ddh      ,french1
 #bad      ,french 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach
      ,french ,apricot 7syn4 of         
,apricot71 #adh      ,french ,copper    
7syn4 of ,copper71 #ahc      ,french    
,damson 7syn4 of ,french71 #bad         

,french ,orleans 7syn4 of ,orleans71    
#cjb      ,french ,prune 7syn4 of       
,agen71 #ach      ,french ,royal 7syn4  
of ,royal71 #ecd      ,french ,st4      
,julien 7syn4 of ,saint ,julien71 #cce  
,freudenberger ,frh ,pflaume 7syn4 of   
,prcoce de ,freudenberg71 #eag          
,friars 7syn4 of ,violet ,diaper71 #cfe 
,friar's ,plum 7syn4 of ,violet         
,diaper71 #cfe      ,friedheim          
,damascene1 #ddh      ,friedheim's ,rote
 ,frh ,damascene 7syn4 of ,friedheim    
,damascene71 #ddh      ,fritze          
,herrnpflaume1 #ddh      ,frogmore1 #bae
      ,frogmore ,damson2 ,frogmore      
,prolific ,damson 7syns4 of ,frogmore71 
#bae      ,froment ,american 7syn4 of   
,american ,wheat71 #cie      ,frost     
,gage1 #baf      ,frost ,plum 7syn4 of  
,frost ,gage1 #baf2 of ,white ,damson1  
#cgd7      ,frostproof1 #ddh      ,frhe 
,aprikosenpflaume 7syn4 of ,early       
,apricot71 #dcg      ,frhe              
,dattelzwetsche 7syn4 of ,hungarian71   
#bdf      ,frhe ,englische ,zwetsche1   

#ddh      ,frhe ,fruchtbare 7syn4 of    
,early ,rivers71 #bjj      ,frhe ,gelbe 
,kaiser ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,apricot71    
#adh      ,frhe ,gelbe ,kaiser ,pflaume 
7syn4 of ,frhe ,gelbe ,reine ,claude71  
#ddh      ,frhe ,gelbe ,reine ,claude1  
#ddh      ,frhe ,gelbe ,reine ,claude   
7syn4 of ,transparente71 #eee      ,frhe
 ,gemeine ,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,wahre     
,frhzwetsche71 #efj      ,frhe ,grosse  
,schwarze ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,noire de   
,montreuil71 #ejd      ,frhe ,grne      
,zwetsche1 #ddh      ,frhe ,haus        
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,wahre ,frhzwetsche71
 #efj      ,frhe ,herrnpflaume 7syn4 of 
,early ,orleans71 #aih      ,frhe ,herrn
 ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,royal ,tours71 #ccb 
,frhe ,herrnpflaume 7syn4 of ,early     
,orleans71 #aih      ,frhe ,herrnpflaume
 7syn4 of ,early ,orleans71 #aih        
,frhe ,herzogspflaume 7syn4 of ,early   
,orleans71 #aih      ,frhe ,knigspflaume
 7syn4 of ,royale ,htive de ,liegel71   
#ece      ,frhe ,knigspflaume von       
,nikita 7syn4 of ,early ,royal of       

,nikita71 #ddj      ,frhe ,leipziger    
,damascene1 #ddh      ,frhe ,nikitaer   
,knigspflaume 7syn4 of ,early ,royal of 
,nikita71 #ddj      ,frhe ,platte       
,damascene 7syn4 of ,morocco71 #bhh     
,frhe ,reine-,claude 7syn4 of ,july     
,green ,gage71 #dgd      ,frher         
,perdrigon2 ,frher ,violetter ,perdrigon
 7syns4 of ,early          ,perdrigon71 
#dci      ,frhe ,schwarze ,pflaume 7syn4
 of ,noire de ,montreuil71 #ejd         
,frhe ,schwarze ,pflaume 7syn4 of       
,morocco71 #bhh      ,frhe              
,treibzwetsche2 ,frhe ,treib ,zwetsche  
7syns4 of ,red ,magnum          ,bonum71
 #cbe      ,frhe von ,bergthold 7syn4 of
 ,early ,mirabelle71 #dci      ,frhe    
,weisse ,aprikosenpflaume 7syn4 of ,diel
 ,grosse ,weisse          ,damascene71  
#dcb      ,frhe ,zwetsche 7syn4 of      
,wahre ,frhzwetsche71 #efj      ,frh    
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,red ,date71 #cbb    
,frhzwetsche mit ,silberblatt 7syn4 of  
,quetsche  feuille argente71            
#ebc      ,frhzwetsche von ,buhlerthal  

7syn4 of ,quetsche ,prcoce de           
,buhlerthal71 #ebd      ,fuller1 #ddh   
,fuller's ,egg 7syn4 of ,fuller71 #ddh  
,fulton1 #ddh      ,funk1 #ddh          
,funk1 ,j4 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #ddh     
,funk's ,early 7syn4 of ,funk71 #ddh    
,furst1 #bag      ,frst ,damson1 #ddh   
,frstenzeller ,pflaume2 ,frstenzeller   
,reine-,claude 7syns4 of ,red           
,apricot71 #cba      ,frsten ,zwetsche2 
,frstenzwetsche 7syns4 of ,imperatrice71
 #bdi      ,frst's ,damson 7syn4 of     
,frst ,damson71 #ddh      ,frst's       
,frhzwetsche 7syn4 of ,furst71 #bag     
,furugiya 7syn4 of ,chabot71 #agb       
,gabriel ,combes1 #ddi      ,gage ,verte
 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg         
,galbraith1 #ddi      ,galbraith1 var4  
orig4 by1 #ddi      ,gale1 #ddi         
,galena1 #ddi      ,gale ,seedling 7syn4
 of ,gale71 #ddi      ,gale's ,no4 #c   
7syn4 of ,gale71 #ddi      ,gallesio1   
quoted1 #bh      ,galopin1 #ddi         
,galopin1 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #efd      
,garden ,king1 #ddi      ,garfield1 #ddi

      ,garlick1 #dej      ,garlick's    
,early 7syn4 of ,garlick71 #dej         
,garnet 7syn4 of ,occident71 #bie       
,garnet1 #dej      ,garriel1 var4 orig4 
by1 #cea      ,garten ,pflaume or       
,zwetsche 7syns4 of ,quetsche           
,maraichre71 #ebd      ,gates1 #dej     
,gaunt1 #dej      ,gaviota1 #dej        
,gaylord1 #dej      ,gaylord1 ,edson1   
var4 orig4 by1 #cie1 #dec      ,gaylord 
,gold1 #dej      ,gelbe ,apricosenartige
 ,pflaume2 ,gelbe ,aprikosenpflaume2    
,gelbe          ,dauphins 7syns4 of     
,apricot71 #adh      ,gelbe             
,catharinenpflaume 7syn4 of ,saint      
,catherine71 #ccd      ,gelbe           
,damascener ,pflaume1 #dej      ,gelbe  
,eger ,pflaume2 ,gelbe ,egg2 ,gelbe     
,eierpflaume 7syns4 of          ,yellow 
,egg71 #chf      ,gelbe frhe ,pflaume2  
,gelbe ,frhzeitige 7syns4 of ,early     
,yellow71          #bjc      ,gelbe     
,frhzwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,jaune  
,prcoce71 #ebd      ,gelbe ,herrn       
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,yellow ,impratrice71 

#efi      ,gelbe ,jerusalempflaume1 #dej
      ,gelbe ,katharinenpflaume 7syn4 of
 ,saint ,catherine71 #ccd      ,gelbe   
,kirschpflaume1 #dej      ,gelbe        
,malonke 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf   
,gelbe ,marunke 7syn4 of ,weisse        
,kaiserin1 #efc2 of ,yellow ,egg1 #chf7 
,gelbe ,mirabelle 7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 
#bhd      ,gelber ,bidling 7syn4 of     
,gemeiner ,gelbe ,spilling71 #dea       
,gelbe ,reine-,claude 7syn4 of          
,apricot71 #adh      ,gelbe ,reneclode  
,mit ,gefullter ,bluthe 7syn4 of ,double
 ,flowering          ,gage71 #aib       
,gelbe ,spatzwetsche1 #dea      ,gelbe  
,ungarische ,eier ,pflaume2 ,gelbe      
,ungarische ,eyerpflaume          7syns4
 of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,gem1 #dea 
,gemeine ,hauszwetsche 7syn4 of ,german 
,prune71 #bai      ,gemeiner ,gelbe     
,spilling1 #dea      ,gemeine ,zwetsche 
7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai          
,general ,brock 7syn4 of ,brock71 #daj  
,gen4 ,hand2 ,general ,hand2 ,genl4     
,hand 7syns4 of ,hand71 #bci            

,general ,jackson 7syn4 of ,miner71 #bha
      ,gentleman1 #dea      ,georgeson1 
#bag      ,georgeson1 ,c4 ,c41 quoted1  
#ee      ,georg ,,iv 7syn4 of ,rigny71  
#ecb      ,georgia1 #dea      ,geperlte 
,mirabelle 7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd   
,gerard1 quoted1 #afb      ,gerishes    
,seedling1 #dea      ,german ,gage 7syn4
 of ,bleeker71 #afc      ,german ,plum  
7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai          
,german ,prune1 #bai      ,german ,prune
 7syn4 of ,domine ,dull1 #dcc2 of       
,german ,prune1 #bai2 of                
,italian ,prune1 #bec7      ,german     
,prune ,seedling 7syn4 of ,mankato71    
#dhi      ,german ,quetsche 7syn4 of    
,german ,prune71 #bai                   
,gersepflaume1 #dea      ,geuii 7syn4 of
 ,gueii71 #bcd      ,ghiston1 #dea      
,ghiston's ,early 7syn4 of ,ghiston71   
#dea      ,giant1 #bbb      ,giant      
,prune 7syn4 of ,giant71 #bbb           
,gibb1 ,charles1 var4 orig4 by1 #cie1   
#dhc      ,gibson1 #dea      ,gibson1   
,w4 ,l41 var4 orig4 by1 #dea            

,gideon1 ,peter ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #dgj
      ,gifford1 var4 introduced by1 #bfa
      ,gifford's ,lafayette 7syn4 of    
,lafayette71 #bfa      ,gill1 #dea      
,gillett 7syn4 of ,miner71 #bha         
,gisborne1 #dea      ,gisborne's2       
,gisborne's ,early2 ,gisborne's         
,zwetsche 7syns4 of          ,gisborne71
 #dea      ,glaister1 #deb              
,glanzende ,gelbe ,mirabelle 7syn4 of   
,drap d',or71 #aid      ,glass1 #bbc    
,glass1 ,alexander1 var4 orig4 by1 #bbd 
,glass ,seedling 7syn4 of ,glass71 #bbc 
,gloire de ,louveciennes1 #deb          
,gloire de ,new ,york 7syn4 of          
,hulings71 #bde      ,gloire de         
,schneberg 7syn4 of ,belle de           
,schneberg71 #dja      ,gloire          
d',epinay1 #deb      ,gloria1 #deb      
,gloucestershire ,violet1 #deb          
,glow1 #deb      ,gluhende ,kohle 7syn4 
of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc      ,g4 ,no4 #d1
 #deb      ,g4 ,no4 #dd ,jones          
7unpublished7 7syn4 of ,g4 ,no4 #d71    
#deb      ,goff1 #deb      ,goff1       

,emmett ,stull1 life of1 #cee-cef       
,gold1 #deb      ,gold 7syn4 of         
,golden71 #bbd      ,gold ,coin1 #dec   
,gold ,colored1 #dec      ,golden1 #bbd 
,golden 7syn4 of ,golden ,prune71 #dec  
,golden 7syn4 of ,gold71 #deb           
,golden ,beauty1 #bbf      ,golden      
,cherry1 #bbh      ,golden ,cherry ,plum
 7syn4 of ,golden ,cherry71 #bbh        
,golden ,cluster1 #dec      ,golden     
,drop1 #bbh      ,golden ,drop2 ,golden 
,drop ,plum2 ,golden ,gage 7syns4 of    
,golden          ,drop71 #bbh           
,golden ,esperen 7syn4 of ,esperen71    
#bjf      ,golden ,esperen ,plum 7syn4  
of ,esperen71 #bjf      ,golden ,gage1  
#dec      ,golden ,gage ,lawson 7syn4 of
 ,lawson71 #dhb      ,golden ,gem1 #dec 
,golden ,prolific1 #dec      ,golden    
,prune1 #dec      ,golden ,queen1 #dec  
,golden ,transparent1 #dec      ,gold   
,pflaume2 ,goldfarbige ,pflaume 7syns4  
of ,drap d',or71 #aid      ,goldsmith1  
#ded      ,goldsmith's ,vienna 7syn4 of 
,goldsmith71 #ded      ,goldstoff 7syn4 

of ,drap d',or71 #aid      ,goldzeng    
7syn4 of ,drap d',or71 #aid             
,goliath 7syn4 of ,goliath1 #bca2 of    
,nectarine1 #bia7      ,goliath1 #bca   
,gondin1 #ded      ,gonne1 #ded         
,gonne1 ,dr41 var4 orig4 by1 #ded       
,gonne's ,green ,gage 7syn4 of ,small   
,reine ,claude71 #cdg      ,gonne's     
,rothe ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,gonne71 #ded  
,gonzales 7syn4 of ,gonzales71 #bcb     
,gonzales1 #bcb      ,goose-,dye1 #ded  
,goose-,o1 #ded      ,goose ,plum1 #ei  
,gordon1 #ded      ,gordon1 ,j4 ,k41    
var4 orig4 by1 #daj1 #efd      ,gordon  
,castle1 #ded      ,gordon ,no4 #c 7syn4
 of ,gordon71 #ded      ,goring's       
,golden ,gage 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 
#cbg      ,gorman1 #ded      ,gorrie1   
,archibald1 var4 orig4 by1 #dhb         
,gough1 quoted1 #afd      ,goutte d',or1
 #bbh2 ,goutte d',or de ,coe1 #bbi      
7syns4 of ,golden ,drop7      ,goutte   
d',or ,violette 7syn4 of ,coe ,violet71 
#dbj      ,goutte ,emeraude 7syn4 of    
,emerald ,drop71 #ddc      ,govalle1    

#ded      ,grace1 #ded      ,grace1 ,w4 
,r41 var4 orig4 by1 #ded      ,graf     
,althann's ,reine-,claude2 ,graf        
,althan's ,reine-,claude 7syns4 of      
,altham71 #ada      ,graf ,gustav von   
,egger 7syn4 of ,comte ,gustave         
d',egger71 #dbb      ,grand-,duc 7syn4  
of ,grand ,duke71 #bcc      ,grand      
,duke1 #bcc      ,grand ,prcoce1 #ded   
,graugrne ,frhpflaume1 #dee      ,gray1 
quoted1 #ii      ,gray ,damask1 #dee    
,grayson1 #dee      ,great ,bearer1 #dee
      ,great ,damask ,violet of ,tours  
7syn4 of ,gros ,damas de ,tours71 #def  
,great ,date 7syn4 of ,date71 #dbh      
,great ,green ,damask2 ,great ,green    
,damaski 7syns4 of ,reine ,claude71     
#cbg      ,great ,imperial ,plum 7syn4  
of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe           
,great ,mogul 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71   
#chf      ,great ,plum of ,tours2 ,great
 ,violet ,damask de ,tours2 ,great      
,violet ,tours          ,damask 7syns4  
of ,gros ,damas de ,tours71 #def        
,great ,queen ,claudia 7syn4 of ,reine  

,claude71 #cbg      ,great ,whitton     
7syn4 of ,wheat71 #efc      ,greeley    
7syn4 of ,greely71 #dee      ,greely1   
#dee      ,greely1 ,captain ,eliphalet1 
var4 orig4 by1 #dee      ,green ,damask 
7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd      ,greene1
 quoted1 #gg      ,greenfield1 #dee     
,greenfield1 var4 orig4 by1 #dee        
,green ,gage 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71  
#cbg      ,green ,gage 7syn4 of ,reine  
,claude ,group71 #bg      ,green        
,indian1 #dee      ,green ,italian1 #dee
      ,green ,oysterly1 #dee      ,green
 ,perdrigon1 #dee      ,green ,pescod1  
#dee      ,green ,spanish 7syn4 of      
,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,gregoire1   
,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #dab      ,grelck1  
,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #dee      ,grelck1
 #dee      ,gridley1 var4 orig4 by1 #eec
      ,griesa1 ,a4 ,h41 var4 orig4 by1  
#eab      ,grimwood ,early ,orleans2    
,grimwood's ,early ,orleans 7syns4 of   
,early          ,orleans71 #aih         
,groot1 ,s4 ,c41 var4 introduced by1    
#cbj      ,gros ,damas2 ,gros ,damas de 

,tours2 ,gros ,damas ,violet de ,tours  
7syns4 of ,gros ,damas de ,tours71 #def 
,gros ,damas ,blanc 7syn4 of ,large     
,white ,damson71 #dhj      ,gros ,damas 
de ,tours 7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb 
,gros ,damas de ,tours1 #def      ,gros 
,damas ,noir1 #def      ,gros ,damas    
rouge tardif 7syn4 of ,late ,red        
,damask71 #dha      ,gros ,damas ,vert  
7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg          
,gros ,luisante 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71 
#chf      ,gros ,prune 7syn4 of ,pond71 
#cad      ,gros ,reine-,claude 7syn4 of 
,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,gros ,rouge 
de ,septembre 7syn4 of ,belle71 #aeh    
,gros ,saint-,julien 7syn4 of ,saint    
,julien71 #cce      ,gros-,damas ,blanc 
7syn4 of ,diel ,grosse ,weisse          
,damascene71 #dcb      ,grosse  scher de
 ,knight 7syn4 of ,large ,green         
,drying71 #dgi      ,grosse ,blaue ,eier
 ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,blue ,egg71 #dje    
,grosse ,blaue ,zwetsche ,von der ,worms
 7syn4 of ,zwetsche ,von der            
,worms71 #egb      ,grosse ,damascene   

von ,tours 7syn4 of ,gros ,damas de     
,tours71 #def      ,grosse ,datte 7syn4 
of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,grosse ,de 
,cooper 7syn4 of ,cooper71 #dbc         
,grosse ,englische ,pflaumen ,zwetsche2 
,grosse ,englische ,zwetsche            
7syns4 of ,large ,english71 #bfb        
,grosse ,frh ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,noire de
 ,montreuil71 #ejd      ,grosse ,frh    
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,hungarian1 #bdf2 of 
,italian ,prune1          #bec2 of ,red 
,magnum ,bonum1 #cbe7      ,grosse      
,gelbe ,dattel ,pflaume2 ,grosse ,gelbe 
,dattel ,zwetsche 7syns4 of             
,weisse ,kaiserin71 #efc      ,grosse   
,gelbe ,eier ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,yellow  
,egg71 #chf      ,grosse ,german ,prune 
7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai          
,grosse ,glanzende2 ,grosse ,glanzende  
,alberts ,pflaume2 ,grosse              
,glanzende ,pflaume 7syns4 of ,yellow   
,egg71 #chf      ,grosse ,grne ,pflaume 
7syn4 of ,isle-,verte71 #dgj            
,grosse ,grne ,reine-,claude 7syn4 of   
,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,grosse      

,htive de ,rodt1 #def      ,grosse      
,htive de ,rodt 7syn4 of ,rodt ,frhe    
,grosse ,pflaumenzwetsche71             
#ecc      ,grosse ,hauspflaume 7syn4 of 
,german ,prune71 #bai      ,grosse      
,knigin ,claudiapflaume 7syn4 of ,reine 
,claude71 #cbg      ,grosse-,luisante   
7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf            
,grosse ,marange1 #def      ,grosse     
,maronke2 ,grosse ,marouk2 ,grosse      
,marunke 7syns4 of ,yellow              
,egg71 #chf      ,grosse ,mirabelle     
7syn4 of ,drap d',or71 #aid      ,grosse
 ,mirabelle ,drap d',or 7syn4 of ,drap  
d',or71 #aid      ,grosse noir de       
,montreuil2 ,grosse ,noire htive 7syns4 
of ,noire de          ,montreuil71 #ejd 
,grosse ,prune ,blanche 7syn4 of ,yellow
 ,egg71 #chf      ,grosse ,prune d',agen
 7syn4 of ,pond71 #cad      ,grosse     
prune d',inde rouge 7syn4 of ,indian71  
#dfh      ,grosse ,prunelle ,nouvelle   
7syn4 of ,new ,large ,bullace71 #ejc    
,grosse ,quetsche ,de ,dorell2 ,grosse  
,quetsche ,nouvelle 7syns4 of           

,dorell71 #dcd      ,grosse ,reine2     
,grosse ,reine-,claude 7syns4 of ,reine 
,claude71 #cbg      ,grosse             
,reine-,claude ,verte ,de ,berlepsch    
7syn4 of ,berlepsch71 #djb      ,grosse 
,rosspauke1 #def      ,grosse ,rote     
,feigen ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,red ,date71  
#cbb      ,grosse rouge de ,cooper 7syn4
 of ,cooper71 #dbc      ,grosse         
,schwarze ,kaiser ,pflaume 7syn4 of     
,bradshaw71 #aff      ,grosse ,surpasse1
 #def      ,grosse u4 ,lange ,frh       
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,hungarian71 #bdf    
,grosse ,ungarische ,zwetsche 7syn4 of  
,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe      ,grosse 
,violette de ,grugliasco1 #def          
,grosse ,weisse ,glanzende 7syn4 of     
,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,grosse        
,zuckerzwetsche 7syn4 of ,large ,sugar  
,prune71 #dhj      ,grosse ,zwetsche    
7syn4 of ,large ,english71 #bfb         
,grossherzog's ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,grand 
,duke71 #bcc      ,groundacre 7syn4 of  
,gundaker ,prune71 #deg      ,grove     
,house ,purple 7syn4 of ,fotheringham71 

#bab      ,grne ,abrikose or ,aprikose  
7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg          
,grne ,dattelzwetsche 7syn4 of ,grne    
,dattel ,zwetsche71 #def      ,grne     
,dattel ,zwetsche1 #def      ,grne      
,eierpflaume 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,verte  
,d',italie71 #ebe      ,grne            
,herzformige1 #def      ,grne           
,inselpflaume 7syn4 of ,isle-,verte71   
#dgj      ,grne ,insel ,pflaume 7syn4 of
 ,grne ,dattel ,zwetsche71 #def         
,grne ,mirabelle 7syn4 of ,mirabelle    
,verte71 #dig      ,grne ,reineclaude   
7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg          
,grne ,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche      
,verte ,d',italie71 #ebe      ,grne     
,zwetsche ,von ,monrepos1 #def          
,grnliche ,dattel ,pflaume von ,besanon 
7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf            
,gueii1 #bcd      ,gueii2 ,guii 7syns4  
of ,gueii71 #bcd      ,guilford ,no4 #b1
 #def      ,guimaraen1 #deg      ,guinea
 ,egg1 #deg      ,gundaker1 #deg        
,gundaker1 ,samuel ,e41 var4 orig4 by1  
#deg      ,gundaker ,prune1 #deg        

,gus ,erik 7syn4 of ,nikitaer ,blaue    
,frhzwetsche71 #ejd      ,gute ,grne    
7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg          
,gute ,kathe 7syn4 of ,saint            
,catherine71 #ccd      ,guthries        
,taybank 7syn4 of ,taybank71 #eea       
,guthrie1 ,charles1 var4 orig4 by1 #bcf1
 #cig1 #deg1 #eea      ,guthrie         
,apricot1 #deg      ,guthrie ,green     
7syn4 of ,guthrie ,late71 #bcf          
,guthrie ,late1 #bcf      ,guthrie      
,russet1 #deg      ,guthrie ,topaz1 #deg
      ,guthrie's ,apricot2 ,guthrie's   
,apricot ,plum2 ,guthrie's ,golden2     
,guthrie's ,new ,apricot 7syns4 of      
,guthrie ,apricot71 #deg      ,guthrie's
 ,aunt ,ann 7syn4 of ,aunt ,ann71 #cig  
,guthrie's ,late ,green2 ,guthrie's     
,minette 7syns4 of ,guthrie ,late71 #bcf
      ,guthrie's ,russet 7syn4 of       
,guthrie ,russet71 #deg      ,guthrie's 
,topaz 7syn4 of ,guthrie ,topaz71 #deg  
,gwalsh1 #deg      ,gweii 7syn4 of      
,gueii71 #bcd        ,haag1 #deh        
,haber ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,damson71 #ahf 

,hackl1 ,prof4 ,pater1 var4 orig4 by1   
#bag      ,hackl ,grosse ,zwetsche1 #deh
      ,haferpflaume1 #deh      ,hafer   
,schlehe 7syn4 of ,damson71 #ahf        
,haferkrieche 7syn4 of ,damas ,rouge    
,htif71 #dbg      ,haffner              
,herbstpflaume1 #deh      ,haffner      
,knigspflaume1 #deh      ,hagaman1 var1 
orig4 by1 #bce      ,hahnenhode 7syn4 of
 ,nikitaer ,hahnenpflaume71 #ejd        
,hakluyt1 quoted1 #afd      ,haku       
,botan1 #deh      ,hale1 #bcf      ,hale
 7syn4 of ,late ,blood71 #dhj           
,hallenbeck1 #deh      ,hallenbeck1     
,henry1 var4 orig4 by1 #deh             
,halcyon1 #deh      ,hammer1 #bch       
,hammond1 quoted1 #ge      ,hampton     
,court 7syn4 of ,early ,orleans71 #aih  
,hancock1 ,thomas1 var4 orig4 by1 #deg  
,hand1 #bci      ,hand1 ,general1 var4  
orig4 by1 #bdj      ,hanford1 #deh      
,hanford's ,orleans 7syn4 of ,hanford71 
#deh      ,hanska1 #deh      ,hanson1   
#deh      ,hanson1 ,n4 ,e41 quoted1     
#aaf1 #aag2      var4 orig4 by1 #dag1   

#dai1 #ddd1 #deh1 #dfh1 #dgd1 #dhi1     
#eji1 #eci1 #edd1 #efa1            #efg1
 #ega      ,happiness1 #deh             
,hardow1 ,p4 ,l41 var4 orig4 by1 #bif   
,hare1 ,thomas1 var4 orig4 by1 #bji     
,harlow1 #deh      ,harlow1 ,s4 ,c41    
var4 orig4 by1 #deh      ,harney1 #dei  
,harper1 #dei      ,harper 7syn4 of     
,imperial ,gage71 #bea      ,harper's   
7syn4 of ,harper71 #dei      ,harriet1  
#bda1 #dei      ,harris1 #dei           
,harrison1 #dei      ,harrison's ,peach 
7syn4 of ,harrison71 #dei      ,hart1   
#dei      ,hart1 ,h41 var4 orig4 by1    
#dei      ,hart ,prune 7syn4 of         
,bradshaw71 #aff      ,hart's ,de ,soto 
7syn4 of ,hart71 #dei      ,hartwick1   
#dei      ,hartwiss1 #dei      ,hartwiss
 ,gelbe ,zwetsche2 ,hartwiss ,yellow    
,prune 7syns4 of ,hartwiss71            
#dei      ,harvest1 #dfj      ,harvest  
,gage 7syn4 of ,yellow ,gage71 #chh     
,hathen's ,red ,gage 7syn4 of ,altham71 
#ada      ,htive d',augny 7syn4 of      
,grosse ,marange71 #def      ,htive de  

,tours 7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb    
,hattan2 ,hattankin ,no4 #b2 ,hattonkin2
 ,hattonkin ,no4 #b2                    
,hattankio2 ,hattankio ,no4 #b2         
,hattankio ,oblong2                     
,hytan-,kayo2 ,hytankio 7syns4 of       
,kerr71 #bei      ,hattankin ,no4 #a    
7syn4 of ,georgeson71 #bah              
,hattonkin 7syn4 of ,georgeson71 #bah   
,hattankio 7syn4 of ,abundance71 #acf   
,hattonkin ,no4 #a 7syn4 of ,georgeson71
 #bah      ,hattankio 7syn4 of          
,georgeson71 #bah      ,hattankio 7syn4 
of ,abundance71 #acf      ,hattankio    
7syn4 of ,kelsey71 #beh      ,hattankio 
,no4 #a 7syn4 of ,georgeson71 #bah      
,hattie1 #dfj      ,hauptmann           
,kirchhof's ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,capitaine
 ,kirchhof71 #dad      ,hauspflaume2    
,hauszwetsche 7syns4 of ,german ,prune71
 #bai      ,hawkeye1 #bdb      ,hayden1 
,e4 ,l41 var4 orig4 by1 #dda            
,hayo-,simoni1 #dfj      ,hazard1 #dfj  
,hazelton1 ,d4 ,c41 var4 orig4 by1 #adj 
,heaton1 #dfj      ,hector1 #dfj        

,heep1 #dfj      ,heideman1 ,c4 ,w4 ,h41
 var4 orig4 by1 #bid1 #dae              
,heideman ,sand ,cherry 7syn4 of        
,compass71 #ahb      ,heikes1 #dfj      
,heine ,superbe1 #dfj      ,helen1 #dfj 
,helen's ,seedling 7syn4 of ,helen71    
#dfj      ,hendrick1 #dfj               
,hendrick's 7syn4 of ,hendrick71 #dfj   
,henrietta ,gage 7syn4 of ,henrietta    
,gage71 #dfa      ,henrietta ,gage1 #dfa
      ,henry ,clay1 #dfa      ,herbst   
,kriecke1 #dfa      ,herbstpflaume1 #dfa
      ,herbstpflaume 7syn4 of ,prune    
d',automne71 #ebj      ,herbst ,reine   
,claude 7syn4 of ,autumn ,gage71 #cih   
,hereford ,damson1 #dfa                 
,herefordshire ,prune1 #dfa      ,heron1
 #dfa      ,heroy1 #dfa      ,herren1   
#dfa      ,herrnpflaume 7syn4 of        
,orleans71 #cjb      ,herrenhuser ,blaue
 ,eier ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,large ,sugar  
,prune71 #dhj      ,herrnhauser         
,doppelte ,mirabelle 7syn4 of ,mirabelle
 ,double de          ,herrenhausen71    
#dig      ,herzformige ,pflaume1 #dfa   

,herzog von ,orleans 7syn4 of ,orleans71
 #cjb      ,heupflaume1 #dfa      ,herr 
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,frhe ,grne           
,zwetsche71 #ddh      ,hiawatha1 #dfa   
,hick's large ,egg8 7syn4 of ,yellow    
,egg71 #chf      ,higginson1 ,francis1  
quoted1 #bj1 #ic      ,highland1 #dfa   
,highlander1 #dfb      ,hilda ,no4 #e1  
#dfb      ,hillside1 #dfb      ,hilltop1
 #dfb      ,hilman1 #dfb      ,hinckley1
 ,m4 ,e41 var4 orig4 by1 #dij1 #eae     
,hinckley 7syn4 of ,miner71 #bha        
,hinkley1 #dfb      ,hlubeck            
,aprikosenpflaume1 #dfb      ,hoag's    
,seedling1 #dfb      ,hoffman1 #dfb     
,hoffman1 ,ernest1 var4 orig4 by1 #ecc  
,hofinger ,mirabelle1 #dfb              
,hofinger's ,rote ,mirabelle 7syn4 of   
,hofinger ,mirabelle71 #dfb      ,hog1  
#dfb      ,hogg1 ,john ,a41 quoted1     
#bjj1 #bfj1 #cfc1 #cfd1 #dcb2      var4 
orig4 by1 #dcb      ,hog ,plum1 #ei     
,hoheitspflaume 7syn4 of ,imperatrice71 
#bdi      ,hoheits ,pflaume 7syn4 of    
,red ,diaper71 #cbc      ,holister 7syn4

 of ,hollister71 #dfc      ,holister1   
var4 orig4 by1 #dfc      ,holland1 #dfb1
 #dfc      ,holland ,plum2 ,holland     
,prune 7syns4 of ,holland71 #dfb        
,hollister1 #dfc      ,holman1 ,d4 ,s41 
var4 orig4 by1 #dfc      ,holman ,prune1
 #dfc      ,holme1 #dfc      ,holmes    
,early ,blue 7syn4 of ,holme71 #dfc     
,holt1 ,b4 ,j41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfc     
,holt1 #dfc      ,holton1 ,warren1 var4 
orig4 by1 #ddb      ,homestead1 #dfc    
,honey1 #dfc      ,honey ,drop 7syn4 of 
,golden ,beauty71 #bbf      ,honey      
,grove 7syn4 of ,sanders71 #ech         
,honey ,julian1 #dfc      ,honsmomo     
7syn4 of ,berger1 #afj2 of ,satsuma1    
#ccg7      ,hon-smomo 7syn4 of ,chabot71
 #agb      ,hoo ,green ,gage1 #dfc      
,hooker1 quoted1 #cg      ,hoosier1 #dfc
      ,horemoritzer ,reine ,claude1 #dfc
      ,horrigan1 #dfc      ,horse1 #dfd 
,horse ,gage 7syn4 of ,horse ,jag71 #dfd
      ,horse ,jag1 #dfd      ,horse     
,plum1 #ei      ,horse ,plum 7syn4 of   
,horse71 #dfd      ,hoskins1 #dfd       

,hoskins1 var4 orig4 by1 #dfd           
,houston ,county1 #dfd      ,hovey1 ,c4 
,m41 quoted1 #afg1 #bbi      ,how1 ,hall
 ,j41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfd      ,howard1 
#dfd      ,howard's ,favorite 7syn4 of  
,howard71 #dfd      ,howe1 #dfd         
,howell1 #dfe      ,howell's ,early     
7syn4 of ,howell71 #dfe      ,howell's  
,large 7syn4 of ,nectarine1 #bia2 of    
,peach1 #cji7      ,howel's 7syn4 of    
,nectarine71 #bia      ,how ,amber1 #dfd
      ,how's ,amber 7syn4 of ,how       
,amber71 #dfd      ,hoyo ,smomo1 #dfe   
,hoyt1 ,r4 ,d41 var4 orig4 by1 #ddf     
,h4 ,t4 ,s4 #hd1gfa1 #dfe               
,huankume1 #dfe      ,hudson1 #bdc      
,hudson1 quoted1 #ic      ,hudson2      
,hudson ,gage2 ,hudson's gelbe          
,frhpflaume 7syns4 of          ,hudson  
,gage71 #dfe      ,hudson ,gage1 #dfe   
,hudson ,river ,purple2 ,hudson ,river  
,purple ,egg 7syns4 of ,hudson71 #bdc   
,hughes1 #dfe      ,hughes ,late 7syn4  
of ,tecumseh71 #eeb      ,hulings1 #bde 
,huling's ,reine ,claude 7syn4 of ,reine

 ,claude71 #cbg      ,huling's          
,reine-,claudia 7syn4 of ,reine         
,claude71 #cbg      ,huling's ,superb   
7syn4 of ,hulings71 #bde                
,hungarian1 #bde      ,hungarian 7syn4  
of ,pond71 #cad      ,hungarian 7syn4 of
 ,ungarish71 #cfa      ,hungarian ,date 
7syn4 of ,hungarian71 #bdf              
,hungarian ,musk ,prune1 #dfe           
,hungarian ,no4 #a1 #dfe      ,hungarian
 ,no4 #b1 #dff      ,hungarian ,plum    
7syn4 of ,hungarian71 #bdf              
,hungarian ,prune 7syn4 of ,hungarian1  
#bdf2 of ,pond1 #cad2 of ,ungarish1     
#cfa7      ,hungarica 7syn4 of          
,hungarian71 #bdf      ,hungary 7syn4 of
 ,ungarish71 #cfa      ,hunn1 #dff      
,hunt1 #dff      ,hunt1 ,henry1 var4    
orig4 by1 #dff      ,hunt1 ,r4 ,a41 var4
 orig4 by1 #dia      ,hunt ,de ,soto1   
#dff      ,hunt's ,de ,soto 7syn4 of    
,hunt ,de ,soto71 #dff      ,hyacinth2  
,hyacinthe ,pflaume 7syns4 of           
,jacinthe71 #dga      ,hytankayo 7syn4  
of ,abundance71 #acf      ,hytankayo    

7syn4 of ,chabot71 #agb      ,hytankayo 
7syn4 of ,red ,june71 #cbd              
,hytan-,kayo 7syn4 of ,kerr71 #bei      
,hytankio 7syn4 of ,kerr71 #bei         
,ickworth1 #bdg      ,ickworth          
,imperatrice 7syn4 of ,ickworth71 #bdg  
,ida1 #dff      ,ida ,gage2 ,ida ,green 
,gage 7syns4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg   
,ida ,green ,gage1 #dff      ,idal 7syn4
 of ,idall71 #dff      ,idall1 #dff     
,idol 7syn4 of ,idall71 #dff      ,ienua
 7syn4 of ,date71 #dbh      ,ilevert2   
,ile ,vert2 ,ile vert2 ,ille verte2     
,illvert 7syns4 of                      
,isle-,verte71 #dgj      ,illinois      
,ironclad 7syn4 of ,ironclad71 #dfi     
,illinois ,plum 7syn4 of ,langsdon71    
#dgi      ,impratrice1 #bdh             
,impratrice 7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc
      ,impratrice2 ,impratrice ,blue2   
,impratrice ,violette 7syns4 of         
,impratrice71 #bdi      ,impratrice     
,blanche 7syn4 of ,white ,impratrice71  
#cge      ,impratrice group1 #cc        
,impratrice ,ickworth 7syn4 of          

,ickworth71 #bdg      ,impratrice ,jaune
 7syn4 of ,yellow ,impratrice71 #efi    
,impratrice ,jckworth 7syn4 of          
,ickworth71 #bdg      ,impratrice       
,violette 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai
      ,impratrice ,violette ,grosse     
7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai          
,imperial 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71
 #cbe      ,imperial1 #dff              
,imperial ,blanc2 ,imperiale ,blanche2  
7syns4 of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf           
,imperial de ,sharp 7syn4 of ,sharp1    
#cdj2 of ,victoria1 #cfc7      ,imperial
 ,diadem2 ,imperial ,diademe 7syns4 of  
,red ,diaper71 #cbc      ,imperial      
,jaune 7syn4 of ,weisse ,kaiserin71 #efc
      ,imperial ,epineuse1 #bej         
,imperial ,epineux 7syn4 of ,imperial   
,epineuse71 #bej      ,imperial ,gage1  
#bea      ,imperial ,gage 7syn4 of      
,washington71 #cfh      ,imperial ,gage2
 ,imperial ,green ,gage 7syns4 of       
,imperial ,gage71 #bea      ,imperial   
jaune 7syn4 of ,yellow ,imperial71 #efi 
,imperiall 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum        

,bonum71 #cbe      ,imperial ,ottoman1  
#dfg      ,imperial ,ottoman 7syn4 of   
,imperial ,ottoman71 #dfg      ,imperial
 ,purple1 #dfg      ,imperial ,purple   
7syn4 of ,imperial ,purple71 #dfg       
,imperial ,rouge2 ,imperial ,violet     
7syns4 of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe    
,imperial ,violet1 #dfg      ,imperial  
,washington1 #dfg      ,impriale 7syn4  
of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe           
,impriale ,alexandrina1 #dff            
,impriale  ,petit ,fruit ,violet 7syn4  
of ,imperial ,violet71 #dfg             
,impriale ,blanche 7syn4 of ,quetsch1   
,dr4 ,ltricourt1 #ebd2 of ,yellow       
,egg1 #chf7      ,impriale de ,mann     
7syn4 of ,brandy ,gage71 #djh           
,impriale de ,milan1 #dfg      ,impriale
 ,ottomane 7syn4 of ,imperial ,ottoman71
 #dfg      ,imperiale de ,sharp 7syn4 of
 ,sharp71 #cdj      ,impriale de        
,turquie 7syn4 of ,imperial ,ottoman71  
#dfg      ,impriale ,htive 7syn4 of ,red
 ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbe      ,impriale   
jaune 7syn4 of ,yellow ,imperial71 #efi 

,impriale ,rouge2 ,impriale ,violette   
7syns4 of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71         
#cbe      ,impriale ,violette 7syn4 of  
,violet ,imperial71 #eei      ,impriale 
,violette  feuilles panachees 7syn4 of  
,imperial ,violet71 #dfg      ,improved 
,french ,prune1 #dfg      ,incomparable1
 #dfg      ,incomparable de ,lucombe    
7syn4 of ,lucombe71 #bga                
,incomparable ,prune 7syn4 of           
,incomparable71 #dfg      ,indian1 #dfh 
,indian ,chief1 #dfh      ,indiana1 #dfh
      ,indiana ,red 7syn4 of ,indiana71 
#dfh      ,infertility1 causes of1 in   
plums1 #aaj-aab      ,inkpa1 #dfh       
,inselpflaume ,grne 7syn4 of            
,isle-,verte71 #dgj      ,iola1 #dfh    
,iona1 #dfh      ,iowa1 #dfh      ,iowa 
,beauty1 #dfh      ,irby1 #dfh          
,irby ,september 7syn4 of ,irby71 #dfh  
,ireland1 #dfi      ,ireland ,golden1   
#dfi      ,ireland's ,golden ,gage 7syn4
 of ,ireland ,golden71 #dfi             
,ireland's ,seedling 7syn4 of ,ireland71
 #dfi      ,irene1 #dfi      ,iris1 #dfi

      ,irish ,horse ,plum 7syn4 of      
,horse71 #dfd      ,ironclad1 #dfi      
,iroquois1 #dfi      ,irving's ,bolmar  
or ,bolmer 7syns4 of ,washington71 #cfh 
,isaac1 #dfi      ,isabel 7syn4 of      
,miner71 #bha      ,isabella1 #dfi      
,isle ,vert2 ,isle ,verte 7syns4 of     
,isle-,verte71 #dgj      ,isle-,verte1  
#dfi      ,isleworth ,green ,gage 7syn4 
of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,italian  
,damask1 #dgj      ,italian ,damask     
7syn4 of ,morocco1 #bhh2 of ,orleans1   
#cjb7      ,italian ,guetsche 7syn4 of  
,italian ,prune71 #bec                  
,italianische blanc ,zwetsche1 blaue    
,zwetsche1 ,zwetsche2 ,italian          
,prune or ,quetsche2 ,italienische      
,zwetsche 7syns4 of ,italian            
,prune71 #bec      ,italienische        
,damascene 7,diel's71 #dgj              
,italienische ,damascene 7,liegel's71   
#dgj      ,italienische ,blaue ,zwetsche
 or ,pflaumen ,zwetsche 7syns4 of       
,italian ,prune71 #bec      ,italian    
,prune1 #beb      ,italienische ,grne   

,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,verte     
,d',italie71 #ebe      ,itasca 7syn4 of 
,aitkin71 #adj      ,itasca1 #dgj       
,itaska 7syn4 of ,itasca71 #dgj         
,ithaca1 #dgj      ,ivason1 #dgj        
,ives1 #dgj      ,ives1 ,j4 ,m41 var4   
orig4 by1 #dgj      ,ives ,damson 7syn4 
of ,ives71 #dgj      ,ive's ,seedling   
7syn4 of ,ives71 #dgj      ,ive's       
,washington 7syn4 of ,ives71 #dgj       
,ives' ,washington ,seedling 7syn4 of   
,ives71 #dgj        ,jacinthe 7syn4 of  
,jacinthe71 #dga      ,jacinthe1 #dga   
,jackson8 7syn4 of ,rigny1 #ecb2 of     
,washington1 #cfh7      ,jacob1 #dga    
,jacobi ,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,large ,sugar
 ,prune71 #dhj      ,jahns ,gelbe       
,jerusalems-,pflaume 7syn4 of ,yellow   
,jerusalem71 #efi      ,jahn's          
,jerusalems ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,yellow   
,jerusalem71 #efi      ,jakobs ,pflaume 
7syn4 of ,damson71 #ahf      ,james     
,vick 7syn4 of ,vick71 #eei      ,jamin1
 var4 orig4 by1 #ahg      ,japan ,blood 
,plum 7syn4 of ,satsuma71 #ccg          

,japanese ,plum ,seedling1 #dga         
,japanese ,seedling ,x 7syn4 of ,japex71
 #bee      ,japan ,hybrid ,no4 #c 7syn4 
of ,ames71 #add      ,japan ,no4 #a1    
#dga      ,japan ,no4 #c1 #dga          
,japan ,hybrid ,no4 #b 7a71 #dga        
,japan ,hybrid ,no4 #b 7b71 #dga        
,japex1 #bee      ,jap ,no4 #d1 #dga    
,jaspisartige ,pflaume1 #dga      ,jaune
 de ,bleeker 7syn4 of ,bleeker71 #afc   
,jaune de ,catalogne 7syn4 of ,early    
,yellow71 #bjc      ,jaune de ,jerusalem
 7syn4 of ,gelbe ,jerusalempflaume71    
#dej      ,jaune de ,monsieur 7syn4 of  
,yellow ,impratrice71 #efi      ,jaune  
de ,reizenstein 7syn4 of ,reizenstein   
,yellow ,prune71 #eca      ,jaune       
d',este1 #dga      ,jaune ,htive 7syn4  
of ,early ,yellow71 #bjc      ,jaune    
prcoce 7syn4 of ,early ,yellow71 #bjc   
,jaune ,tardive1 #dga      ,jaune ,tres 
,htive ,baboud1 #dga      ,jckworth     
,imperatrice 7syn4 of ,ickworth71 #bdg  
,jean d',este 7syn4 of ,jaune d',este71 
#dga      ,jean ,htive 7syn4 of ,early  

,yellow71 #bjc      ,jean ,morceau1 #dgb
      ,jean ,morceau 7syn4 of           
,stoneless71 #cec      ,jean ,white     
7syn4 of ,early ,yellow71 #bjc          
,jefferson1 #bee      ,jemmy ,moore     
7syn4 of ,denbigh71 #dcj      ,jenkins1 
,j4 ,h4 ,g41 var4 orig4 by1 #ddh        
,jenkin's ,imperial 7syn4 of ,nectarine1
 #bia2 of ,peach1 #cji7                 
,jenkinson's ,imperial 7syn4 of         
,imperial ,gage71 #bea      ,jennie     
,lucas1 #dgb      ,jerusalem1 #dgb      
,jerusalem 7syn4 of ,jerusalem71 #dgb   
,jerusalem ,jaune 7syn4 of ,yellow      
,jerusalem71 #efi      ,jessie1 #dgb    
,jewell1 #dgb      ,j 7syn4 of ,hale71  
#bcg      ,j4 ,b4 ,rue 7syn4 of ,rue71  
#ecf      ,j4 ,h4 ,rue1 #dgb            
,jodoigne1 #dgb      ,jodoigne ,green   
,gage 7syn4 of ,jodoigne71 #dgb         
,joe ,hooker1 #dgc      ,johannispflaume
 7syn4 of ,noire de ,montreuil71 #ejd   
,john ,a1 #dgc      ,johnny ,roe1 #dgc  
,john's ,gelbe ,jerusalems-,pflaume     
7syn4 of ,yellow ,jerusalem71 #efi      

,johnson1 ,franklin1 var4 orig4 by1 #edh
      ,johnson1 ,j4 ,e41 var4 orig4 by1 
#cfb      ,jones1 #dgc      ,jones1     
,herbert ,a41 var4 orig4 by1 #deb       
,jones1 ,mrs4 ,owen1 var4 orig4 by1 #dgc
      ,jones ,late1 #dgc      ,jordan1  
,f41 var4 orig4 by1 #dgc      ,jordan   
,seedling1 #dgc      ,josselyn1 ,john1  
quoted1 #bj      ,j4 ,parks1 #dgc       
,judson1 #dgc      ,juicy1 #beg         
,julia1 #dgc      ,julian1 #dgc         
,julien ,gros  ,feuilles ,panachees1    
#dgc      ,juli ,reine-,claude2 ,julius 
,reine-,claude 7syns4 of ,july ,green   
,gage71          #dgd      ,july        
,fourth1 #dgc      ,july ,green ,gage1  
#dgc      ,july ,green ,gage 7syn4 of   
,july ,green ,gage71 #dgd               
,jumelles1 #dgd      ,jumelles de       
,liegel1 #dgd      ,jumelles de ,liegel 
7syn4 of ,jumelles de ,liegel71 #dgd    
,kaga1 #dgd      ,kaiser ,von ,japan    
7syn4 of ,emperor of ,japan71 #ddc      
,kaiser ,wilhelm1 #dgd      ,kalm1      
,peter1 quoted1 #bj      ,kampeska1 #dgd

      ,kanawha1 #dgd      ,karl ,koch's 
,knigs ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,koch          
,knigspflaume71 #dgg      ,kazan1 #dgd  
,keindl's ,violette ,knigspflaume 7syn4 
of ,royale ,violette de                 
,keindl71 #ece      ,keindt1 #dge       
,keindt's ,frhdamascene 7syn4 of        
,keindt71 #dge      ,keindt's ,violette 
,knigspflaume 7syn4 of ,royale ,violette
 de ,keindl71          #ece      ,keith1
 #dge      ,keiser 7syn4 of ,hulings71  
#bde      ,kelley1 #dge      ,kelbalan1 
#dge      ,kelmyro1 #dge      ,kelroba1 
#dge      ,kelsaw1 #dge      ,kelsey1   
#beh      ,kelsey ,no4 #a 7syn4 of      
,kelmyro71 #dge      ,kelsey ,no4 #b    
7syn4 of ,kelroba71 #dge      ,kelsey   
,no4 #c 7syn4 of ,kelbalan71 #dge       
,kelsey ,prune1 #dge      ,kelsey's     
,japan 7syn4 of ,kelsey71 #beh          
,kelso1 #dge      ,kenellan1 #dge       
,kennedy ,red1 #dge      ,kensington    
,prune 7syn4 of ,holland71 #dfb         
,kent1 #dge      ,kentish ,bush 7syn4 of
 ,kent71 #dgf      ,kentish ,diamond    

7syn4 of ,diamond71 #aia      ,kenyon1  
#dgf      ,kerr1 #bei      ,kerr1 ,j4   
,w41 life of1 #cdi-cej2      quoted1    
#ih1 #aae1 #aah1 #aga1 #dbb1 #die1 #ejh2
      var4 orig4 by1 #cdi1 #dah1 #ddf1  
#dib1 #eja1 #eei1 #efb      ,kester     
,green ,gage1 #dgf      ,kester's ,green
 ,gage 7syn4 of ,kester ,green ,gage71  
#dgf      ,kester's ,yellow ,gage 7syn4 
of ,kester ,yellow ,gage71 #dgf         
,kester ,yellow ,gage1 #dgf             
,keyser1 var4 orig4 by1 #bde            
,keyser's ,plum 7syn4 of ,hulings71 #bde
      ,kibitzenei 7syn4 of ,small ,reine
 ,claude71 #cdg      ,kicab1 #dgf       
,kickapoo1 #dgf      ,kieth 7syn4 of    
,keith71 #dge      ,kilpatrick1 ,e4 ,w41
 var4 orig4 by1 #dhe      ,king1 #dgf   
,king ,damson1 #bei      ,king of       
,damsons 7syn4 of ,king ,damson71 #bei  
,king of ,plums 7syn4 of ,golden ,drop1 
#bbi2 of ,reine ,claude1 #cbg7          
,king of ,plums 7syn4 of ,king71 #dgf   
,kings ,plum 7syn4 of ,royal71 #ecd     
,kings ,plum of ,tours 7syn4 of ,royal  

,tours71 #ccb      ,kingston 7syn4 of   
,diamond71 #aia      ,kingston1 #dgf    
,kirchhof's ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,capitaine
 ,kirchhof71 #dad      ,kirke1 #bfj     
,kirke 7syn4 of ,kirke71 #bfj           
,kirke's2 ,kirke's ,pflaume2 ,kirke's   
,plum2 ,kirk's ,plum 7syns4 of          
,kirke71 #bfj      ,kirke's ,stoneless  
7syn4 of ,stoneless71 #cec              
,kirschpflaume 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71    
#bij      ,kladrauer ,pflaume 7syn4 of  
,large ,sugar ,prune71 #dhj      ,klein 
,weisse ,damassener ,pflaume 7syn4 of   
,small ,white ,damson71 #edd            
,kleine ,blaue ,frhzwetsche1 #dgf       
,kleine ,blaue ,julians ,pflaume 7syn4  
of ,damson1 #ahf2 of ,saint ,julien1    
#cce7      ,kleine ,brisette 7syn4 of   
,late ,mirabelle71 #bfc      ,kleine    
,dauphine 7syn4 of ,small ,reine        
,claude71 #cdg      ,kleine ,gelbe      
,eierpflaume1 #dgf      ,kleine gelbe   
,frh ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,early ,yellow71 
#bjc      ,kleine ,grne ,reine-,claude  
7syn4 of ,small ,reine ,claude71 #cdg   

,kleine ,kirschpflaume1 #dgf            
,kleine ,kirschpflaume 7syn4 of         
,myrobalan71 #bij      ,kleine ,kirsch  
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,rote ,mirabelle71    
#ecc      ,kleine ,mirabelle 7syn4 of   
,mirabelle71 #bhd      ,kleine          
,reine-,claude 7syn4 of ,small ,reine   
,claude71 #cdg      ,kleine ,rosspauke1 
#dgf      ,kleine ,weisse ,damascene    
7syn4 of ,small ,reine ,claude1 #cdg2 of
 ,small          ,white ,damson1 #edd7  
,kleine ,zucker ,zwetsche 7syn4 of      
,petite ,quetsche ,sucre71 #eae         
,kleinste ,mirabelle 7syn4 of           
,mirabelle71 #bhd      ,klondike1 #dgg  
,klondyke 7syn4 of ,klondike71 #dgg     
,knevett's ,late ,orleans 7syn4 of      
,nelson71 #ejc      ,kniedsen's ,peach  
7syn4 of ,knudson71 #dgg      ,knight1  
var4 orig4 by1 #bdh1 #dcf1 #dgi         
,knight's ,green ,drying1 ,large ,drying
 or ,large ,green ,drying               
7syns4 of ,large ,green ,drying71 #dgi  
,knight's ,no4 #f 7syn4 of ,ickworth71  
#bdg      ,knudson1 #dgg      ,knudson1 

,h41 var4 orig4 by1 #ahb1 #dbb1 #dfj1   
#dfb1 #dfc1 #dgg1 #dif      ,knudson's  
,peach 7syn4 of ,knudson71 #dgg         
,koa1 #dgg      ,koa's ,imperial 7syn4  
of ,koa71 #dgg      ,kober1 #dgg        
,koch1 quoted1 #ag1 #ah      ,koch's    
,gelbe ,spt ,damascene 7syn4 of ,koch   
,spte ,damascene71 #dgg      ,koch      
,knigspflaume1 #dgg      ,koch ,spte    
,damascene1 #dgg      ,koch's ,spte     
,aprikosen2 ,koch's ,spte ,damascene    
7syns4 of ,koch          ,spte          
,damascene71 #dgg      ,koepher1 #dgg   
,koetsche 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai
      ,kohlenkamp1 #dgg                 
,kohlenkamp1 ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #dgg   
,kohlen ,kamp 7syn4 of ,kohlenkamp71    
#dgg      ,knigin ,claudia or ,klaudia  
7syns4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg         
,knigin der ,mirabellen 7syn4 of ,reine 
des ,mirabelles71 #ecj      ,knigin     
,mutter 7syn4 of ,queen ,mother71 #ebb  
,knigin ,victoria 7syn4 of ,victoria71  
#cfc      ,knigin von ,tours 7syn4 of   
,royal ,tours71 #ccb      ,knigliche    

,grosse ,pflaume2 ,knigliche ,pflaume   
von ,tours2 ,knigs          ,pflaume2   
,knigspflaume von ,tours 7syns4 of      
,royal ,tours71 #ccb      ,knigspflaume 
7syn4 of ,early ,orleans71 #aih         
,knigspflaume 7syn4 of ,royal71 #ecd    
,knigs ,pflaume aus ,paris2             
,knigspflaume von ,paris 7syns4 of      
,perdrigon ,tardif71 #eae               
,knigspflaume ,frhe 7syn4 of ,royale    
,htive de ,liegel71 #ece      ,knigs    
,pflaume von ,maugerou 7syn4 of         
,maugeron71 #dib      ,knigspflaume von 
,trapp's 7syn4 of ,trapps               
,knigspflaume71 #eee      ,knig         
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,trauttenberg71 #eee 
,kook1 var4 orig4 by1 #dcb      ,kook's 
,gelbe ,diapre2 ,kooks ,neue ,diapre    
7syn4 of ,diapre ,nouvelle          ,de 
,kook71 #dcb      ,kopp1 #dgg           
,korai1 #dgh      ,k4 ,p4 #aic 7syn4 of 
,purple-leaved ,hybrid71 #eba           
,krasnaya osimaya 7syn4 of ,red         
,winter71 #ebi      ,krasnaya           
,skorospielkaya 7syn4 of ,early ,red71  

#ddj      ,kreger 7syn4 of ,danish      
,damson71 #dbh      ,kreke 7syn4 of     
,damson71 #ahf      ,kreuters ,zwetsche 
7syn4 of ,quetsche de ,kreuter71 #ebc   
,krieche 7syn4 of ,damson71 #ahf        
,krieke 7syn4 of ,gemeiner ,gelbe       
,spilling71 #dea      ,kroh1 ,p4 ,h41   
var4 orig4 by1 #caf      ,kroh 7syn4 of 
,poole ,pride71 #cae      ,kroos-,pruim1
 #dgh      ,krueger 7syn4 of ,danish    
,damson71 #dbh      ,kruger's ,seedling 
7syn4 of ,cruger ,scarlet71 #dbd        
,kuchen ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,frankfort    
,peach71 #ddg      ,kume1 #dgh          
,la ,bonne ,deux ,fois l',an 7syn4 of   
,venetianische ,zweimal ,tragende71     
#eeh      ,la ,bricette 7syn4 of ,late  
,mirabelle71 #bfc      ,la ,courbon     
7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc      ,la   
,delicieuse 7syn4 of ,cooper1 #dbc2 of  
,smith ,orleans1 #cdh7      ,la ,duc    
7syn4 of ,le ,duc71 #dhc      ,la       
,grosse ,reine-,claude 7syn4 of ,reine  
,claude71 #cbg      ,la ,madeleine 7syn4
 of ,noire de ,montreuil71 #ejd      ,la

 ,mirabelle 7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd  
,la ,prairie1 #dgi      ,la ,prune      
,suisse 7syn1 of ,suisse71 #edi      ,la
 ,roche-,corbon 7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 
#cbc      ,la ,royal 7syn4 of ,royal71  
#ecd      ,la ,royale 7syn4 of ,royal71 
#ecd      ,la ,venitienne 7syn4 of      
,venetianische ,zweimal ,tragende71 #eeh
      ,la ,victorine 7syn4 of           
,victoria71 #cfc      ,labert 7syn4 of  
,lambert71 #dgh      ,labert's ,red     
7syn4 of ,lambert71 #dgh      ,lachine1 
#dgh      ,ladies' ,plum 7syn4 of ,damas
 ,violet71 #dbg      ,lady1 #dgh        
,lady ,lucy 7syn4 of ,cooper71 #dbc     
,lady ,plum 7syn4 of ,lady71 #dgh       
,lafay1 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #cfj        
,lafayette1 #bfa      ,laire1 #bfb      
,lakeside ,no4 #a  ,no4 #b1 #dgh        
,lallinger ,knigspflaume1 #dgh          
,lambert1 #dgh      ,lambert's ,red     
7syn4 of ,lambert71 #dgh      ,lammas1  
#dgh      ,lancaster1 #dgh      ,lang1  
#dgh      ,langdon1 #dgh      ,langdon1 
,reuben1 var4 orig4 by1 #dgh            

,langdon 7syn4 of ,langsdon71 #dgi      
,langdon's ,seedling 7syn4 of ,langdon71
 #dgh      ,langes ,aprikosenpflaume    
7syn4 of ,abricote de ,lange71 #cia     
,lange ,violette ,damascene1 #dgi       
,lange ,violette ,dattel ,pflaume2      
,lange ,violette ,dattel ,zwetsche      
7syns4 of ,red ,date71 #cbb      ,lange 
,violette ,dattel ,zwetsche 7syn4 of    
,hungarian71 #bdf      ,langley1 quoted1
 #cjb      ,langsdon1 #dgi              
,langliche ,blaue ,damascene8 7syn4 of  
,lange ,violette ,damascene71 #dgi      
,lannix1 #dgi      ,large ,black        
,imperial8 7syn4 of ,belle de ,louvain1 
#djj2 of ,bradshaw1          #aff7      
,large ,early ,black 7syn4 of           
,nectarine71 #bia      ,large early     
black 7syn4 of ,noire de ,montreuil71   
#ejd      ,large ,early ,damson 7syn4 of
 ,horse71 #dfd      ,large ,english1    
#bfb      ,large ,english ,damson1 #dgi 
,large ,german ,prune 7syn4 of ,york    
,state ,prune71 #ega      ,large ,german
 ,prune 7syn4 of ,german ,prune1 #bai2  

of ,italian ,prune1          #bec7      
,large ,golden ,prolific1 #dgi          
,large green claudia 7syn4 of ,reine    
,claude71 #cbg      ,large ,green       
,drying1 #dgi      ,large ,green ,drying
 7syn4 of ,large ,green ,drying71 #dgi  
,large ,holland 7syn4 of ,holland71 #dfb
      ,large ,late ,red ,damask 7syn4 of
 ,late ,red ,damask71 #dha      ,large  
,long ,blue 7syn4 of ,manning71 #dhi    
,large ,orlean 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum    
,bonum1 #cbf2 of ,smith ,orleans1 #cdh7 
,large ,peach 7syn4 of ,peach71 #cji    
,large ,peach ,plum 7syn4 of ,peach71   
#cji      ,large ,purple 7syn4 of ,smith
 ,orleans71 #cdh      ,large ,queen1    
#dgi      ,large ,queen ,claude2 ,large 
,queen ,claudia 7syns4 of ,reine        
,claude71 #cbg      ,large ,red ,orleans
 7syn4 of ,orleans71 #cjb      ,large   
,red ,sweet 7syn4 of ,plunk71 #eaf      
,large ,saint ,julien 7syn4 of ,saint   
,julien71 #cce      ,largest ,damask of 
,tours 7syn4 of ,gros ,damas de ,tours71
 #def      ,large ,sugar ,prune1 #dhj   

,large ,sweet ,damson 7syn4 of ,horse71 
#dfd      ,large ,white ,damask 7syn4 of
 ,large ,white ,damson71 #dhj           
,large ,white ,damson1 #dhj      ,large 
,yellow ,egg 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71    
#chf      ,late ,black ,damson1 #dhj    
,late ,black ,orleans 7syn4 of ,late    
,orleans71 #bfe      ,late ,blood1 #dhj 
,late ,bolmer1 #dhj      ,late ,chalons1
 #dhj      ,late ,cluster 7syn4 of      
,white ,damson71 #cgd      ,late        
,conical1 #dhj      ,late ,damask8 7syn4
 of ,late ,black ,damson71 #dhj         
,late ,damson 7syn4 of ,winter ,damson71
 #efg      ,late ,diamond 7syn4 of ,arch
 ,duke71 #adh      ,late ,gage2 ,late   
,green ,gage 7syns4 of ,late ,reine     
,claude71 #dha      ,late ,goose1 #dha  
,late ,green ,gage 7syn4 of ,late ,reine
 ,claude71 #dha      ,late ,klondike    
7syn4 of ,golden71 #bbd      ,late      
,klondike 7syn4 of ,shiro71 #cdb        
,late ,mirabelle1 #bfc      ,late       
,monsieur 7syn4 of ,orleans71 #cjb      
,late ,muscatel 7syn4 of ,late          

,muscatelle71 #bfd      ,late           
,muscatelle1 #bfd      ,late ,orange1   
#dha      ,late ,orleans 7syn4 of ,late 
,orleans71 #bfe      ,late ,orleans1    
#bfe      ,late ,prolific1 #dha         
,late ,purple ,damson 7syn4 of ,winter  
,damson71 #efg      ,late ,red ,damask1 
#dha      ,late ,red ,damson 7syn4 of   
,late ,red ,damask71 #dha      ,late    
,red ,imperial 7syn4 of ,imperatrice71  
#bdi      ,late ,reine ,claude1 #dha    
,late ,rivers1 #dha      ,late          
,rollingstone1 #dhb      ,late          
,transparent1 #dhb      ,late           
,transparent ,gage 7syn4 of ,late       
,transparent71 #dhb      ,late ,violet  
7syn4 of ,imperatrice1 #bdi2 of ,late   
,transparent1 #dhb7      ,late ,white   
,damson 7syn4 of ,white ,damson71 #cgd  
,late ,white ,pear 7syn4 of ,white      
,pear71 #efd      ,late ,yellow ,damson 
7syn4 of ,white ,damson71 #cgd          
,later ,perdrigon 7syn4 of ,perdrigon   
,tardif71 #eae      ,latz ,german       
,prune--,see ,german ,prune1 #bbj       

,laubinger ,sugar ,prune1 #dhb          
,laubinger's ,catharinen ,pflaume 7syn4 
of ,laubinger ,sugar ,prune71 #dhb      
,laubinger's ,zuckerzwetsche 7syn4 of   
,laubinger ,sugar ,prune71 #dhb         
,lauche1 quoted1 #bba1 #bed      ,laura1
 #dhb      ,lawrence1 #bff              
,lawrence1 ,l4 ,v41 var4 orig4 by1 #ahb1
 #bff1 #dfe      ,lawrence2 ,lawrence's 
,early2 ,lawrence's ,frh ,rote ,pflaume 
7syns4          of ,lawrence ,early71   
#dhb      ,lawrence ,early1 #dhb        
,lawrence ,early 7syn4 of ,belle71 #aeh 
,lawrence or ,lawrence's ,favorite2     
,lawrence ,gage2 ,lawrence's            
,gage2 ,lawrences ,reine ,claude 7syns4 
of ,lawrence71 #bff      ,lawson1 #dhb  
,lawson1 ,john1 quoted1 #hd1 #ic        
,lawson's ,golden 7syn4 of ,lawson71    
#dhb      ,lawson's ,golden ,gage 7syn4 
of ,lawson71 #dhb      ,le ,czar 7syn4  
of ,czar71 #ahd      ,le ,duc1 #dhc     
,le ,duc ,vermillion 7syn4 of           
,vermilion71 #eeh      ,le ,prunier     
,tzaneron 7syn4 of ,tzaueron71 #eeg     

,l',etendard ,de ,l',angleterre 7syn4 of
 ,standard71 #edh      ,legal ,tender1  
#dhc      ,leib ,sour1 #dhc             
,leipsic 7syn4 of ,merunka71 #did       
,leipzic 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai 
,leipzig 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai 
,leipzig ,early ,quetsche 7syn4 of      
,merunka71 #did      ,leipziger         
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai
      ,leonard1 #dhc      ,leopard1 #dhc
      ,lepine1 #dhc      ,lepine1 var4  
orig4 by1 #dhc      ,lepine 7syn4 of    
,norbert71 #eje      ,leptune1 #dhc     
,lerchenei 7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd   
,leroy1 ,andr1 var4 orig4 by1 #aeg      
,letta1 #dhc      ,lewelling1 ,seth1    
var4 orig4 by1 #dec      ,lewis1 #dhc   
,lewiston ,egg1 #dhd      ,lewiston's   
,egg 7syn4 of ,lewiston ,egg71 #dhd     
,lex ,plum1 #dhd      ,lieflander ,gelbe
 ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,apricot71 #adh      
,lieflandische ,grne ,zwetsche 7syn4 of 
,jaspisartige ,pflaume71 #dga           
,liegal's ,august ,zwetsche 7syn4 of    
,august ,zwetsche71 #cig      ,liegel   

,rote ,damascene1 #dhd      ,liegel     
,apricot1 #dhd      ,liegel1 ,dr41 var4 
orig4 by1 #cia1 #cii1 #djb1 #djc1 #dbb1 
#dgg1 #dhd1 #dic1          #ebc1 #ebf1  
#ece1 #eee      ,liegel ,gage1 #dhd     
,liegel's ,blaue ,reine ,claude 7syn4 of
 ,blaue ,reine ,claude71 #dje           
,liegels ,frhzwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche
 ,prcoce ,liegel71 #ebe      ,liegel's  
,marokko 7syn4 of ,kaiser ,wilhelm71    
#dgd      ,liegel's ,spanische          
,damascene 7syn4 of ,spanish ,damask71  
#edf      ,liegel's ,zwillingspflaume   
7syn4 of ,jumelles de ,liegel71 #dgd    
,liegel ,unvergleichliche1 #dhd         
,lillian ,augusta1 #dhd      ,lillie1   
#dhd      ,lincoln1 #bff      ,lindley1 
quoted1 #bbi      ,lindow'sche ,frhe    
,werder'sche ,pflaume1 #dhd             
,lindsay1 #dhd      ,lindsay's ,seedling
 7syn4 of ,lindsay71 #dhd      ,little1 
#dhe      ,little ,black ,damask 7syn4  
of ,black ,damask71 #djd      ,little   
,blue ,gage 7syn4 of ,early ,blue71 #dch
      ,little ,date 7syn4 of ,datilles71

 #dbh      ,little ,mirabelle 7syn4 of  
,mirabelle71 #bhd      ,little ,queen   
,claude or ,claudia2 ,little ,reine     
,claude 7syns4 of          ,small ,reine
 ,claude71 #cdg      ,little ,seedling  
7syn4 of ,little71 #dhe      ,livingston
 ,manor 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg  
,livlandscher bierpflaume 7syn4 of      
,livland71 #dhe      ,livland1 #dhe     
,lizzie1 #dhe      ,lockey1 #dhe        
,lombard1 #bfh      ,lombard group1 #cc1
 #cd      ,lombard ,plum 7syn4 of       
,lombard71 #bfh      ,lombard 7syn4 of  
,lombard71 #bfh      ,lombard 7syn4 of  
,red ,gage71 #ebg      ,london ,plum or 
,plumb 7syn4 of ,early ,yellow71 #bjc   
,lone ,star1 #dhe      ,long ,blue1 #dhe
      ,long ,damson 7syn4 of            
,shropshire71 #cdd      ,long ,fruit1   
#bgj      ,long ,fruit 7syn4 of ,red    
,june71 #cbd      ,long ,fruited 7syn4  
of ,long ,fruit71 #bgj      ,long ,leaf 
,wonderful1 #dhe      ,long ,red1 #dhe  
,long ,scarlet1 #dhe      ,long ,violet 
,damascene1 #dhf      ,long ,violet     

,damask 7syn4 of ,damas ,violet71 #dbg  
,longworth1 #dhf      ,longworth1       
,nicholas1 var4 orig4 by1 #dhf          
,lord1 ,orville ,morell1 life of1 #cca2 
var4 orig4 by1 #cca1 #dhb      ,lot     
d',ente1 #dhf      ,lot d',ente 7syn4 of
 ,agen71 #ach      ,lotta 7syn4 of      
,lottie71 #dhf      ,lottie1 #dhf       
,louis1 ,simon1 var4 orig4 by1 #dde     
,louisa1 #dhf      ,louis ,brun 7syn4 of
 ,reine ,claude71 #cbg                  
,louise-,brune1 #dhf      ,louise ,brune
 7syn4 of ,louise-,brune71 #dhf         
,louisen's ,braune ,damascene 7syn4 of  
,louise-,brune71 #dhf      ,louisiana1  
#dhf      ,louis ,philipp or ,philippe  
7syns4 of ,washington71 #cfh      ,louis
 ,philippe 7syn4 of ,nectarine71 #bia   
,lovett1 #dhf      ,lovett ,late1 #dhg  
,lovett's ,late ,long ,red 7syn4 of     
,lovett ,late71 #dhg      ,lowry1 #dhg  
,lowry's ,gage 7syn4 of ,lowry71 #dhg   
,lucas ,frhzwetsche 7syn4 of ,prcoce de 
,lucas71 #eah      ,lucas ,knigspflaume1
 #dhg      ,luccombe's ,nonesuch 7syn4  

of ,lucombe71 #bga      ,lucombe1 #bga  
,lucombe1 var4 orig4 by1 #bga           
,lucombe's ,nonesuch 7syn4 of ,lucombe71
 #bga      ,lucombe's ,nonsuch 7syn4 of 
,lucombe71 #bga      ,lucombe's         
,unvergleichliche 7syn4 of ,lucombe71   
#bga      ,luedloff1 #dhg               
,luedloff1 ,charles1 var4 orig4 by1     
#djf1 #dfi1 #dhg1 #ejc1 #edg            
,luedloff ,green1 #dhg      ,luedloff   
,red1 #dhg      ,luedloff's ,green 7syn4
 of ,luedloff ,green71 #dhg             
,luedloff's ,red 7syn4 of ,luedloff     
,red71 #dhg      ,luedloff's ,seedling  
7syn4 of ,luedloff71 #dhg      ,luizet1 
,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #dda      ,lunn1    
#dhg      ,luscombe1 #dhg               
,luscombe's ,seedling 7syn4 of          
,luscombe71 #dhg      ,lutts1 #dhg      
,lyon1 #dhh      ,lyon ,apricot1 #dhh   
,macedonia1 #dhh      ,mackland1 #dhh   
,mac,langlin 7syn4 of ,mc,laughlin71    
#bgf      ,mac,laughlin 7syn4 of        
,mc,laughlin71 #bgf      ,macomber1 #dhh
      ,macomber1 ,j4 ,t41 var4 orig4 by1

 #dec      ,macomber1 ,l4 ,m41 var4     
orig4 by1 #ahj1 #eaj1 #ebj              
,macomber ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b1 #dhh     
,madame ,henri ,deschars1 #dhh          
,madame ,nicolle1 #dhh      ,madam      
,leeds1 #dhh      ,madeleine1 #dhh      
,madeleine 7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb
      ,madison 7syn4 of ,denniston      
,superb71 #dca      ,madison1 #dhh      
,magnum ,bonum 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71  
#chf      ,mailndische ,kaiserpflaume   
7syn4 of ,impriale de ,milan71 #dfg     
,mainzer ,frhzwetsche1 #dhi      ,matre 
,claude 7syn4 of ,white ,perdrigon71    
#cge      ,majestic ,damson1 #dhi       
,mallard1 #dhi      ,mamelon 7syn4 of   
,mamelonne71 #dhi      ,mamelonne 7syn4 
of ,st4 ,etienne71 #ecg      ,mamelonne1
 #dhi      ,mamelon ,sageret 7syn4 of   
,mamelonne71 #dhi      ,mammola 7syn4 of
 ,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,mammoth    
,july 7syn4 of ,culberson71 #dbe        
,mangeron 7syn4 of ,maugeron71 #dib     
,manitoba1 #dhi      ,manitoba ,no4 #a1 
#dhi      ,manitoba ,seedlings1 #dhi    

,mankato1 #dhi      ,manning1 #dhi      
,manning's ,long ,blue2 ,manning's ,long
 ,blue ,prune2 ,manning's ,prune        
7syns4 of ,manning71 #dhi      ,mann's  
,brandy ,gage2 ,mann's ,imperial 7syns4 
of ,brandy ,gage71 #djh      ,maquoketa1
 #bga      ,maraichre 7syn4 of ,quetsche
 ,maraichre71 #ebd      ,marais des     
,cygne1 #dij      ,marange1 #dij        
,marble1 #dij      ,marbled-,plum1 #dij 
,marble ,plum 7syn4 of ,marbled-,plum71 
#dij      ,marcellus1 #dij      ,marcus1
 #dij      ,mardy1 #dij      ,margate1  
#dij      ,marian 7syn4 of ,early       
,royal71 #bja      ,marianna1 #bgc      
,marietta1 #dij      ,marigan1 #dia     
,marion1 #dia      ,marjorie1 #dia      
,marketman1 #dia      ,market ,plum     
7syn4 of ,golden ,cherry71 #bbh         
,markle1 ,e41 var4 orig4 by1 #agg       
,marmorierte ,eierpflaume1 #dia         
,marokko ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,morocco71   
#bhh      ,marshall1 quoted1 #eh1 #hc1  
#hd      ,marster1 #dia      ,marster's 
7syn4 of ,marster71 #dia      ,marten1  

#dia      ,marten's ,seedling 7syn4 of  
,marten71 #dia      ,maru1 #bge         
,marunka 7syn4 of ,merunka71 #did       
,mary1 #dia      ,maryland1 #dia        
,mas1 #dib      ,mas1 ,m41 quoted1 #dig2
      var4 orig4 by1 #ddc      ,mason1  
#dib      ,mason1 var4 orig4 by1 #dib   
,massot 7syn4 of ,oullins71 #cjc        
,matchless 7syn4 of ,red ,diaper1 #cbc2 
of ,violet ,diaper1 #cfe7               
,matchless1 #dib      ,mathews1 #dib    
,mathews1 ,b4 ,a41 var4 orig4 by1 #dib  
,matthews 7syn4 of ,mathews71 #dib      
,mauchete1 #dib      ,maude ,lacy1 #dib 
,maugeron1 #dib      ,maugeron2         
,maugeron ,damask 7syn4 of ,maugeron71  
#dib      ,maugiron 7syn4 of ,maugeron71
 #dib      ,mayerboeck ,zwetsche1 #dib  
,mayerboeck's ,rote ,zwetsche 7syn4 of  
,mayerboeck ,zwetsche71 #dib      ,mayer
 ,hellrote1 #dic      ,mayer            
,knigspflaume1 #dic      ,mayers        
,braunrothe ,knigspflaume 7syn4 of      
,mayers ,rothe ,damascene71             
#dic      ,mayer's ,hellrothe ,damascene

 7syn4 of ,mayer ,hellrote71 #dic       
,mayers ,rothe ,damascene1 #dic         
,mayers ,rothe ,damascene 7syn4 of      
,mayers ,rothe ,damascene71 #dic        
,maynard1 #bge      ,mc,cance1 ,m4 ,e41 
var4 orig4 by1 #cgh      ,mc,cartney1   
#dic      ,mc,cauley's ,seedling 7syn4  
of ,cambell71 #dad      ,mc,gillivray1  
#dic      ,mc,laughlin1 #bgf            
,mc,laughlin1 ,james1 var4 orig4 by1    
#bgg1 #ead      ,mc,laughlin's ,gage    
,plum 7syn4 of ,mc,laughlin71 #bgf      
,mc,mahon1 ,bernard1 quoted1 #cj1 #ch   
,mc,pherson1 #dic      ,mc,rea1 #dic    
,mead1 ,h4 ,o41 var4 orig4 by1 #dic     
,meads1 #dic      ,meads ,seedling ,plum
 7syn4 of ,meads71 #dic                 
,mediterranean1 #dic      ,meigs1 #dic  
,melon1 #dic      ,melnicker ,zwetsche1 
#dic      ,meneray1 #did      ,mereton1 
#did      ,mereton's ,egg 7syn4 of      
,mereton71 #did      ,meroldt1 #did     
,meroldt1 ,dr41 var4 orig4 by1 #did     
,meroldt's ,gelbe ,reine-,claude2       
,meroldt's ,golden ,gage2 ,meroldt's    

,reineclaude 7syn4 of ,meroldt71 #did   
,merryweather1 #did      ,merryweather1 
,h41 var4 orig4 by1 #did      ,merton's 
,egg 7syn4 of ,mereton71 #did           
,merunka1 #did      ,merville           
d',automne1 #did      ,meyer1 #did      
,miama1 #did      ,miami 7syn4 of       
,miama71 #did      ,michaelis ,pflaume  
7syn4 of ,september ,damask71 #edb      
,middleburg1 #bgh      ,middleburgh     
7syn4 of ,middleburg71 #bgh             
,mignonne1 #die      ,mikado 7syn4 of   
,georgeson71 #bah      ,miles1 #die     
,miller 7syn4 of ,improved ,french      
,prune71 #dfg      ,miller1 #die        
,miller1 ,colonel ,charles1 var4 orig4  
by1 #bgi      ,miller1 ,david ,j41 var4 
orig4 by1 #dde1 #die      ,miller ,no4  
#a1 #die      ,miller ,no4 #e1 #die     
,miller's ,early 7syn4 of ,silva ,kning 
,claudie71 #edc      ,miller ,superb1   
#bgi      ,millett1 #die      ,millett  
,early ,red1 #die      ,millett's ,early
 ,red 7syn4 of ,millett ,early ,red71   
#die      ,millett1 ,t4 ,t41 #die       

,millett ,very ,early ,red1 #die        
,millett's ,very ,early ,red 7syn4 of   
,millett ,very ,early ,red71 #die       
,millett's ,wild ,plum 7syn4 of         
,millett71 #die      ,mills1 #dif       
,mills ,seedling1 #dif      ,milton1    
#bhj      ,milton ,gage1 #dif           
,mimms2 ,mimms ,pflaume2 ,mimms ,plum   
7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc            
,minco1 #dif      ,miner1 #bha          
,minette 7syn4 of ,guthrie ,late71 #bcf 
,minion1 #dif      ,minner 7syn4 of     
,miner71 #bha      ,minnesota1 #dif     
,minnesota ,seedling1 #dif              
,minnesota 7syn4 of ,rollingstone71 #ccj
      ,minnetonka1 #dif      ,minnie1   
#dif      ,minsterworth 7syn4 of        
,gloucestershire ,violet71 #deb         
,mirababelle2 ,mirabel2 ,mirabelle2     
,mirabelle abricote1          ,blanche1 
de ,metz1 de ,vienne1 ,jaune1 ,perle1   
,perle1          ,petite1 prcoce1       
,simple1 ,verte 7syns4 of ,mirabelle71  
#bhd      ,mirabelle1 #bhc              
,mirabelle 7syn4 of ,drap d',or71 #aid  

,mirabelle ,abricote 7syn4 of           
,aprikosenartige ,mirabelle71 #cif      
,mirabelle de ,berthold 7syn4 of ,early 
,mirabelle71 #dci      ,mirabelle de    
,bohn1 #dif      ,mirabelle de ,bohn    
7syn4 of ,mirabelle de ,bohn71 #dif     
,mirabelle de ,doerell 7syn4 of ,dorell 
,aprikosenpflaume71 #dcd      ,mirabelle
 de ,flotow1 #dig      ,mirabelle de    
,metz 7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd        
,mirabelle de ,nancy 7syn4 of ,drap     
d',or71 #aid      ,mirabelle de         
,rangheri 7syn4 of ,rangheri71 #ebf     
,mirabelle de ,ronvaux1 #dig            
,mirabelle d',octobre 7syn4 of ,late    
,mirabelle71 #bfc      ,mirabelle       
,double1 ,double de ,metz1 ,drap d',or1 
,grosse1 ,grosse          de ,nancy1    
grosse double de ,metz1 la grosse1      
,perle2          ,mirabellen 7syns4 of  
,drap d',or71 #aid      ,mirabelle      
,double de ,herrenhausen1 #dig          
,mirabelle ,gloire de ,louveciennes     
7syn4 of ,gloire de ,louveciennes71 #deb
      ,mirabelle group1 discussion of1  

#dj1 #da      ,mirabelle ,htive de      
,rangheri 7syn4 of ,rangheri71 #ebf     
,mirabelle ,la ,plus ,htive de ,flotow  
7syn4 of ,mirabelle de ,flotow71        
#dig      ,mirabelle ,prcoce 7syn4 of   
,early ,mirabelle71 #dci      ,mirabelle
 ,prcoce de ,flaford1 #dig              
,mirabelle ,rangheri2 ,mirabelle        
,rangheris 7syns4 of ,rangheri71 #ebf   
,mirabelle ,rayee 7syn4 of ,mirabelle de
 ,bohn71 #dif      ,mirabelle ,rouge    
7syn4 of ,myrobalan1 #bij2 of ,rote     
,mirabelle1 #ecc7      ,mirabelle       
,tardive 7syn4 of ,late ,mirabelle1     
#bfc2 of ,saint ,catherine1             
#ccd7      ,mirabelle ,tardive ,mme4 ,h4
 ,deschars 7syn4 of ,madame ,henri      
,deschars71          #dhh               
,mirabelle ,vert ,double 7syn4 of ,reine
 ,claude71 #cbg      ,mirabelle ,verte1 
#dig      ,mirabelle von ,metz 7syn4 of 
,drap d',or71 #aid      ,mirabilon2     
,mirabolan2 ,mirabolane2                
,mirabolanenpflaume2 ,mirobalan         
7syns4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij             

,miracle1 #bhe      ,miriam 7syn4 of    
,early ,royal71 #bja      ,mirian 7syn4 
of ,early ,royal71 #bja      ,miser2    
,miser ,plum 7syns4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij
      ,mission ,prune1 #dig             
,mississippi1 #dig      ,mississippi    
,red 7syn4 of ,mississippi71 #dig       
,missouri1 #dig      ,missouri ,apricot 
7syn4 of ,golden ,beauty71 #bbf         
,missouri ,green ,gage1 #dih            
,mistake1 #dih      ,mitchelson1 #dih   
,mitchelson2 ,mitchelson's 7syns4 of    
,mitchelson71 #dih      ,mitchelson1    
var4 orig4 by1 #dih      ,miviam2       
,mivian 7syns4 of ,early ,royal71 #bja  
,mivian1 #dih      ,mixed ,arab 7syn4 of
 ,early ,red71 #ddj      ,mixed ,arab   
7syn4 of ,black ,arabka71 #djd      ,m4 
,j4 ,de ,wolf1 #dih      ,m',laughlin   
7syn4 of ,mc,laughlin71 #bgf      ,mogol
 ,plum2 ,mogule ,pflaume2 ,mogol2 ,mogul
 ,plum2 ,mogul's          ,pflaume2     
,mogule2 ,mogule ,plumb 7syns4 of       
,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,mogul 7syn4 of
 ,morocco71 #bhh      ,mogul ,rouge     

7syn4 of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbf     
,moldavka 7syn4 of ,blue ,moldavka71    
#dje      ,moldavka 7syn4 of ,voronesh71
 #cfe      ,mollie1 #dih      ,molly    
7syn4 of ,mollie71 #dih      ,monarch1  
#bhf      ,monarque 7syn4 of ,monarch71 
#bhf      ,monolith1 #dih      ,monon1  
#dih      ,monona1 #dih      ,monroe1   
#bhg      ,monroe ,egg2 ,monroe ,gage   
7syns4 of ,monroe71 #bhg      ,monsieur 
7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb           
,monsieur  ,fruit ,vert1 #dih           
,monsieur2 ,monsieur ,ordinaire 7syns4  
of ,orleans71 #cjb      ,monsieur2      
,monsieur ,htif2 ,monsieur ,htif de     
,montmorency2          ,monsieur ,htive 
7syns4 of ,early ,orleans71 #aih        
,monsieur2 ,monsieur's ,plum 7syns4 of  
,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,monsieur      
,fruits ,jaune2 ,monsieur  ,fruits      
,jaunes 7syns4 of          ,yellow      
,imperatrice71 #efi      ,monsieur de   
,smith 7syn4 of ,smith ,orleans71 #cdh  
,monsieur ,htif de ,foote 7syn4 of      
,foote71 #ddf      ,monsieur ,jaune     

7syn4 of ,early ,yellow71 #bjc          
,monsieur ,jaune 7syn4 of ,yellow       
,imperatrice71 #efi      ,monsieur ,noir
 ,tardif 7syn4 of ,late ,orleans71 #bfe 
,monsieur ,tardif 7syn4 of ,suisse71    
#edi      ,monsieur tardif 7syn4 of     
,german ,prune71 #bai      ,monsieur    
tardif de ,knevett 7syn4 of ,nelson71   
#ejc      ,monsieur ,tardive 7syn4 of   
,suisse71 #edi      ,monstreuse de      
,bavay2 ,monstrueuse de ,bavay 7syns4 of
 ,bavay71 #aee      ,monstrueuse        
d',oullins 7syn4 of ,oullins71 #cjc     
,mont ,barbat d',ente1 #dii             
,montfort ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,de         
,montfort71 #dcj      ,montgomery 7syn4 
of ,hand71 #bci      ,montgomery1 #dii  
,montgomery ,prune 7syn4 of ,lombard1   
#bfh2 of ,montgomery1 #dii7             
,montmorency1 #dii      ,montreuil 7syn4
 of ,noire de ,montreuil71 #ejd         
,montreal ,no4 #fj 7syn4 of ,lunn71 #dhg
      ,montreal1 #dii      ,moon1 #dii  
,moody1 #dii      ,mooney 7syn4 of      
,bradshaw71 #aff      ,moore1 ,a4 ,t41  

var4 orig4 by1 #aea      ,moore ,early1 
#dii      ,moore's ,early 7syn4 of      
,moore ,early71 #dii      ,mooreman     
7syn4 of ,moreman71 #bhh      ,moore's  
,arctic2 ,moore ,arctic 7syns4 of       
,arctic71 #aej      ,morel1 ,m4 ,f41    
var4 orig4 by1 #eag      ,moreman1 #bhh1
 #dii      ,moreman ,cherry 7syn4 of    
,moreman71 #dii      ,moreman ,prune    
7syn4 of ,benson71 #dja      ,moreman's 
,cherry 7syn4 of ,aurora71 #cig         
,morillen ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,apricot71  
#adh      ,morines1 #dii      ,morin    
,htif1 #dii      ,morocco1 #bhh         
,morocco 7syn4 of ,morocco71 #bhh       
,morocco 7syn4 of ,royal ,tours71 #ccb  
,morocco ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,noire de    
,montreuil71 #ejd      ,moroccopflaume  
7syn4 of ,royal ,tours71 #ccb           
,morocco ,plumb 7syn4 of ,morocco71 #bhh
      ,morton1 ,thomas1 quoted1 #ic     
,moschatelle 7syn4 of ,queen ,mother71  
#ebb      ,mottled ,prune1 #bhi         
,mouchete 7syn4 of ,mauchete71 #dib     
,mountain1 #dii      ,mountain ,plum1   

#ejj      ,mount ,royal1 #ejj           
,moyen1 #ejj      ,moyen de ,bourgogne  
7syn4 of ,moyen de ,bourgoyne71 #ejj    
,moyen de ,bourgoyne1 #ejj      ,moyer1 
#ejj      ,moyeu de ,bourgogne 7syn4 of 
,early ,perdrigon71 #dci      ,moyret1  
#ejj      ,moyret's ,gage2 ,moyret's    
,reine ,claude 7syns4 of ,moyret71 #ejj 
,mrs4 ,cleveland 7syn4 of ,cleveland71  
#dai      ,mrs4 ,bleeker's ,large ,red  
7syn4 of ,bleeker ,large ,red71 #dje    
,mrs4 ,clifford 7syn4 of ,clifford71    
#dai      ,mudson1 #ejj      ,mulberry1 
#ejj      ,muldraugh1 #ejj              
,muldraugh's-hill ,plum 7syn4 of        
,muldraugh71 #ejj      ,mule1 #ejj      
,muncey 7syn4 of ,muncy71 #eja          
,mnchenpflaume 7syn4 of ,september      
,damask71 #edb      ,muncy1 #eja        
,munson1 #eja      ,munson1 ,thomas     
,volney1 plum investigations of1 #hh1   
#hi2      var4 orig4 by1 #djb1 #dab1    
#dif      ,munson 7syn4 of ,abundance71 
#acf      ,murdy1 #eja      ,murray's   
,reine ,claude or ,claudia 7syns4 of    

,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,muscadine   
7syn4 of ,myrobalan1 #bij2 of ,queen    
,mother1 #ebb7      ,musk ,damask 7syn4 
of ,musk ,damson71 #eja      ,musk      
,damson1 #eja      ,musk'd ,damask2     
,muskierte ,damascene 7syns4 of ,musk   
,damson71 #eja      ,muskirte ,gelbe    
,damascene 7syn4 of ,damas ,jaune       
,musque71 #dbg      ,muscat ,free1 #eja 
,musk ,perdrigon1 #ejb      ,muscle1    
#eja      ,mussel 7syn4 of ,scioto71    
#eda      ,mussel2 ,mussell2 ,mussell   
,plum 7syns4 of ,muscle71 #eja          
,mussey1 #ejb      ,musque de ,malta    
7syn4 of ,musk ,damson71 #eja           
,musque de ,besztercze 7syn4 of         
,hungarian ,musk ,prune71 #dfe          
,myrobalan2 ,myrobalane2 ,myrobolan2    
,myrobalans 7syns4 of                   
,myrobalan71 #bij      ,myrobalan1 #bij 
,myrobalan ,jaune 7syn4 of ,gelbe       
,kirschpflaume71 #dej                   
,nagate-,maru1 #ejb      ,nagate no     
,botankyo 7syn4 of ,red ,june71 #cbd    
,nagats-,maru 7syn4 of ,nagate-,maru71  

#ejb      ,nagatus maru 7syn4 of        
,nagate-,maru71 #ejb      ,naples1 #ejb 
,native ,red1 #ejb      ,n4 ,c4         
,seedling 7syn4 of ,north ,carolina71   
#ejg      ,nebraska1 #ejb      ,nebraska
 ,seedling1 #ejb      ,nebraska ,wonder1
 #ejb      ,nectarine1 #bia             
,nectarine 7syn4 of ,goliath1 #bca2 of  
,nectarine1 #bia2 of ,peach1 #cji7      
,nectarine ,plum 7syn4 of ,nectarine71  
#bia      ,nectarine ,rouge 7syn4 of    
,peach71 #cji      ,neils1 #ejb         
,nellie1 #ejb      ,nellie ,blanche1    
#ejc      ,nelly 7syn4 of ,nellie71 #ejb
      ,nelson1 #ejc      ,nelson's      
,victory 7syn4 of ,nelson71 #ejc        
,neue ,weisse ,kaiserin 7syn4 of ,white 
,queen71 #efd      ,new ,orleans 7syn4  
of ,early ,orleans71 #aii      ,never   
,fail1 #ejc      ,new ,american1 #ejc   
,new ,apricot of ,braunau 7syn4 of      
,liegel ,apricot71 #dhd      ,newark1   
#bia      ,new ,early ,orleans 7syn4 of 
,early ,orleans71 #aih      ,new        
,goderich1 #ejc      ,new ,golden ,drop 

7syn4 of ,golden ,drop71 #bbi      ,new 
,green ,gage1 #ejc      ,new ,large     
,bullace1 #ejc      ,new ,large ,bullace
 7syn4 of ,new ,large ,bullace71 #ejc   
,newman1 #bib      ,new ,orleans 7syn4  
of ,early ,orleans71 #aii      ,newton1 
#ejc      ,newton ,egg 7syn4 of ,newtown
 ,egg71 #ejc      ,newtown ,egg1 #ejc   
,new ,transparent ,gage 7syn4 of ,early 
,transparent ,gage71 #ddj      ,new     
,ulm1 #bic      ,new ,washington 7syn4  
of ,washington71 #cfh      ,new ,wine   
,sour1 #ejd      ,new ,york ,purple     
7syn4 of ,brevoort ,purple71 #djh       
,niagara 7syn4 of ,bradshaw71 #aff      
,nicholas1 #bie      ,niemburg ,egg2    
,nienburger ,eierpflaume 7syns4 of      
,nienburger ,egg          ,plum71 #ejd  
,nienburger ,egg ,plum1 #ejd            
,nikitaer ,blaue ,frhzwetsche1 #ejd     
,nikitaer ,dattelzwetsche1 #ejd         
,nikitaer ,frhe ,knigspflaume2          
,nikitaner ,frhe ,knigspflaume2         
,nikita's ,frhe ,knigs ,pflaume 7syns4  
of ,early ,royal of          ,nikita71  

#ddj      ,nikitaer ,hahnenpflaume1 #ejd
      ,nikitaner ,hahnenhode 7syn4 of   
,nikitaer ,hahnenpflaume71 #ejd         
,nikko1 #ejd      ,nimon1 #ejd          
,noble ,prcoce 7syn4 of ,edle ,early71  
#dda      ,noire ,americaine1 #ejd      
,noire de ,montreuil 7syn4 of ,noire de 
,montreuil71 #ejd      ,noire de        
,montreuil1 #ejd      ,noire ,htif 7syn4
 of ,morocco71 #bhh      ,noire ,htive  
7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb           
,noisette1 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #eej     
,nolan1 #ejd      ,nolen ,plum 7syn4 of 
,wild ,goose71 #cgh      ,nolton        
,ungarische1 #eje      ,nome1 #eje      
,nona1 #eje      ,nonesuch2 ,nonsuch    
7syns4 of ,lucombe71 #bga               
,nonpareil 7syn4 of ,incomparable71 #dfg
      ,norbert1 #eje      ,norbert2     
,norbert's ,pflaume 7syns4 of ,norbert71
 #eje      ,norby1 #eje      ,norby1    
,a41 var4 orig4 by1 #eje      ,norby    
,no4 #a1 #eje      ,norby ,no4 #aa1 #eje
      ,norman1 #eje      ,normand1      
,joseph ,l41 life of1 #ejf2      var4   

orig4 by1 #dea1 #dhf1 #ejf              
,normand2 ,normand ,japan2 ,normand's   
,japan2 ,normand ,yellow 7syns4         
of ,georgeson71 #bah      ,normande     
prcoce 7syn4 of ,early ,normandy71 #dci 
,normand ,no4 #e 7syn4 of ,alabama71    
#cib      ,normand ,no4 #ae 7syn4 of    
,louisiana71 #dhf      ,normand         
,perdrigon1 #eje      ,normand ,no4 #e1 
#ejf2 ,no4 #aa1 #ejf2 ,no4 #ab1 #ejf2   
,no4 #ae1 #ejf2 ,no4 #af1          #ejf2
 ,no4 #ag1 #ejf2 ,no4 #ah1 #ejg2 ,no4   
#ai1 #ejg2 ,no4 #bj1 #ejg               
,normand's ,seedlings1 #ejf             
,normannischer ,perdrigon2 ,norman      
,perdrigon 7syns4 of ,normand           
,perdrigon71 #eje      ,north1 #ejg     
,north1 ,professor1 var4 orig4 by1 #ejg 
,north ,carolina1 #ejg      ,north      
,carolina ,seedling 7syn4 of ,north     
,carolina71 #ejg      ,north's ,seedling
 7syn4 of ,north71 #ejg      ,north     
,star1 #ejg      ,nota ,bene1 #ejg      
,nota ,bene de ,corse 7syn4 of ,nota    
,bene71 #ejg      ,nouvelle2 ,nouvelle  

,de ,dorrel2 ,nouvelle ,de ,dorelle2    
,nouveau ,de          ,dorrelle 7syns4  
of ,dorell71 #dcd      ,nouvelle ,goutte
 d',or 7syn4 of ,golden ,drop71 #bbi    
,november ,gage1 #ejg      ,noyes1 #ejg 
,noyes1 ,mrs41 var4 orig4 by1 #ejg      
,noyes' ,seedling 7syn4 of ,noyes71 #ejg
      ,no4 #c 7syn4 of ,early ,red71    
#ddj      ,no4 #aa 7syn4 of ,norby ,no4 
#aa71 #eje      #aac ,riga 7syn4 of     
,merunka71 #did      #aaf ,riga 7syn4 of
 ,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbf      ,no4   
#ca1bhh 7syn4 of ,first71 #ddf          
,nurseries1 commercial1 early origin of1
 #cbc-cbe      ,nutmeg 7syn4 of         
,christian1 #dah2 of ,wheat1 #efc7      
,nutmeg1 #ejh        ,oakley ,park      
,wild1 #ejh      ,oatey1 #ejh           
,oberdieck1 quoted1 #bfc1 #dcc          
,oberdieck ,gestreifte ,eierpflaume1    
#ejh      ,oberdiecks ,frhe             
,aprikosenpflaume 7syn4 of ,early       
,apricot71 #dcg      ,oberholtzer1      
,george ,u41 var4 orig4 by1 #daf        
,oberley1 #ejh      ,oberley's          

,greenwood 7syn4 of ,oberley71 #ejh     
,occident1 #bie      ,ocheda 7syn4 of   
,ocheeda71 #bif      ,ocheeda1 #bif     
,october1 #big1 #ejh      ,october ,gage
 7syn4 of ,frost ,gage71 #baf           
,october ,green ,gage 7syn4 of ,late    
,reine ,claude71 #dha      ,october     
,mirabelle 7syn4 of ,late ,mirabelle71  
#bfc      ,october ,purple 7syn4 of     
,october71 #big      ,oddy1 #ejh        
,oddy's 7syn4 of ,oddy71 #ejh           
,odegaard 7syn4 of ,odegard71 #ejh      
,odegard1 #ejh      ,odell1 #ejh        
,oeil de ,boeuf2 ,oeuil-de-,boeuf 7syns4
 of ,jerusalem71 #dgb      ,oeuf ,rouge 
7syn4 of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbf     
,ogan 7syn4 of ,ogon71 #bih      ,ogden 
7syn4 of ,ogon71 #bih      ,ogeechee1   
#ejh      ,oglesby1 #ejh      ,ogon1    
#bih      ,ogon 7syn4 of ,ogon71 #bih   
,o-,hatankyo2 ,o-hattankio 7syn4 of     
,chabot71 #agb      ,ohio1 #eji         
,ohio ,prolific 7syn4 of ,ohio71 #eji   
,okaw1 #eji      ,oktoberpflaume 7syn4  
of ,saint ,martin71 #ccf      ,oku      

,botan1 #eji      ,old ,apricot 7syn4 of
 ,apricot71 #adh      ,old ,gold1 #eji  
,old ,hickory 7syn4 of ,miner71 #bha    
,old ,orleans 7syn4 of ,orleans71 #cjb  
,olive1 #eji      ,ollie1 #eji          
,olson1 #eji      ,omaha1 #eji          
,omega1 #eji      ,onderdonk1 ,gilbert1 
life of1 #cib2      var4 orig4 by1 #cib1
 #dba1 #dci1 #dgb1 #eja1 #eaf           
,onderka ,damascene1 #eji      ,onderka 
7syn4 of ,onderka ,damascene71 #eji     
,ontario1 #eji      ,opata1 #eji        
,orange1 #cjj1 #eaj      ,orange2       
,orange ,gage 7syns4 of ,orange71 #cjj  
,orange ,cherry1 #eaj      ,orange's    
,cherry ,plum 7syn4 of ,orange ,cherry71
 #eaj      ,orel #ai2 ,orel ,no4 #ai    
7syn4 of ,long ,red71 #dhe      ,orel   
,no4 #bj 7syn4 of ,long ,blue71 #dhe    
,orel ,no4 #ba1 #eaj      ,oren1 ,j4    
,k41 var4 orig4 by1 #cja      ,oren1    
#cjj      ,orenge1 #eaj      ,orient    
7syn4 of ,chabot71 #agb      ,oriental1 
#eaj      ,orillia1 #eaj      ,oriole   
7syn4 of ,abundance71 #acf              

,orleans1 #cjb      ,orleans 7syn4 of   
,early ,orleans71 #aii      ,orleans2   
,orleans ,red ,damask 7syns4 of         
,orleans71 #cjb      ,orleans ,late     
,black 7syn4 of ,late ,orleans71 #bfe   
,osage1 #eaj      ,osage #dh 7syn4 of   
,osage71 #eaj      ,osterreichische     
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,hungarian71 #bdf     
,oswego 7syn4 of ,pond71 #cad           
,ottoman2 ,ottomanische ,kaiserpflaume  
7syns4 of ,imperial ,ottoman71 #dfg     
,ottoman ,seedling1 #eaj      ,ouillin's
 ,gage1 ,golden1 ,golden ,gage or ,green
 ,gage 7syns4 of          ,oullins71    
#cjc      ,oullins1 #cjc                
,outremont1 #eaj      ,oval ,blood 7syn4
 of ,occident71 #bie      ,ovalrunde    
,spreckel ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,gisborne71 
#dea      ,overall1 #eaj      ,owatonna1
 #eaj      ,owen1 #eaa      ,owen ,sound
 ,beauty 7syn4 of ,owen71 #eaa          
,oxford1 #eaa      ,oyama1 #eaa         
,pacific1 #cje      ,pacific2 ,pacific  
,prune 7syns4 of ,pacific71 #cje        
,paddock1 ,captain1 var4 orig4 by1 #eaa 

,paddock ,magnum ,bonum1 #eaa           
,paine1 #eaa      ,paine1 ,a4 ,w41 var4 
orig4 by1 #eaa      ,paine's ,seedling  
7syn4 of ,paine71 #eaa      ,paisan     
,blanche1 #eaa      ,paisan ,blanche et 
,double 7syn4 of ,paisan ,blanche71 #eaa
      ,paisan ,noire1 #eaa              
,palatine1 #cjg      ,palmer1 #eaa      
,pander1 #eaa      ,papeleu1 #eab       
,pappaconi1 #eab      ,paquet1 #eab     
,paquet1 ,c4 ,g41 var4 orig4 by1 #eac   
,paragon 7syn4 of ,chabot71 #agb        
,pardee1 ,s4 ,d41 var4 orig4 by1 #cie   
,paris ,belle 7syn4 of ,texas ,belle71  
#eeb      ,park1 #eab      ,parker1 #eab
      ,parker's ,mammoth 7syn4 of       
,washington71 #cfh      ,parkinson1     
,john1 quoted1 #bh1 #cb1 #cgc1 #cid1    
#dba1 #dcc1 #dda1 #dej1 #dee1           
#dij1 #eji1 #eaj1 #eac1 #edc1 #eei      
,parmentier 7syn4 of ,golden ,drop71    
#bbi      ,parrott1 #eab                
,parsonage1 #eab      ,parsons 7syn4 of 
,miner71 #bha      ,partridge1 #eab     
,pasqua1 #eab      ,paterson's 7syn4 of 

,gisborne71 #dea      ,pathfinder1 #eab 
,patten1 ,a41 #eac      ,patten1 ,b41   
#eac      ,patten1 ,c4 ,g41 var4 orig4  
by1 #eac      ,patten ,no4 #dj 7syn4 of 
,apple71 #cif      ,paul1 ,j4 ,m41 var4 
orig4 by1 #cjh      ,paul ,early1 #cjh  
,paul's ,earliest 7syn4 of ,paul        
,early71 #cjh      ,paul ,wolf 7syn4 of 
,bender71 #dja      ,p4 biferum 7syn4 of
 ,twice ,bearing71 #eef      ,p4        
,damascena ,armeniacea 7syn4 of         
,mirabelle71 #bhd      ,peach 7syn4 of  
,knudson71 #dgg      ,peach 7syn4 of    
,nectarine1 #bia2 of ,peach1 #cji2 of   
,white ,virginal1          #efe7        
,peach1 #cji      ,peach ,leaf1 #eac    
,peachleaf 7syn4 of ,peach ,leaf71 #eac 
,peach-leaved 7syn4 of ,kanawha71 #dgd  
,peach ,plum 7syn4 of ,nectarine1 #bia2 
of ,peach1 #cji7      ,peach ,plum 7syn4
 of ,peach-plum71 #eac      ,peach-plum1
 #eac      ,peake1 #eac      ,pearl1    
#caj1 #eac      ,pear ,plum1 #eac       
,pearson1 ,h4 ,a41 quoted1 #cdj1 #dce   
,peasant1 #eac      ,peascod ,plum 7syn4

 of ,white ,peascod71 #efd      ,pche2  
,pche de ,calvel 7syns4 of ,nectarine1  
#bia2 of ,peach1 #cji7      ,peerless1  
#eac      ,peffer1 ,g4 ,p41 var4 orig4  
by1 #djf1 #dfg      ,peffer's ,premium  
7syn4 of ,premium71 #eah      ,pekin1   
#eac      ,pendent1 #ead      ,penn1    
,william1 quoted1 #bj      ,penning1    
#ead      ,penning1 ,martin1 var4 orig4 
by1 #cef1 #ejg1 #ead      ,penning      
,peach1 #ead      ,penning's ,free 7syn4
 of ,penning71 #ead      ,pennock1 #ead 
,pennock1 ,c4 ,e41 var4 orig4 by1 #ead1 
#eej      ,pennock's ,hybrid 7syn4 of   
,pennock71 #ead      ,penobscot1 #ead   
,peoly ,early ,blue1 #ead               
,perdigevena2 ,perdigon2 ,perdrigon2    
,perdrigon ,violet or          ,violette
 7syns4 of ,blue ,perdrigon71 #afd      
,perdrigon ,bariole 7syn4 of ,bunter    
,perdrigon71 #dab      ,perdrigon blanc 
7syn4 of ,white ,perdrigon71 #cge       
,perdrigon de ,brignole2 ,perdrigon de  
,brignole ,gros 7syns4 of               
,brignole71 #dji      ,perdrigon de     

,normandie 7syn4 of ,normand            
,perdrigon71 #eje      ,perdrigon des   
,alpes1 #ead      ,perdrigon group1 #ca1
 #cb      ,perdrigon ,htif 7syn4 of     
,drap d',or71 #aid      ,perdrigon htif 
or htive 7syns4 of ,early ,perdrigon71  
#dci      ,perdrigon ,jaune 7syn4 of    
,drap d',or71 #aie      ,perdrigon      
,normand 7syn4 of ,normand ,perdrigon71 
#ejf      ,perdrigon of ,cernay1 #ead   
,perdrigon rouge 7syn4 of ,red          
,perdrigon71 #ebh      ,perdrigon       
,tardif1 #eae      ,perdrigon ,violet   
7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb           
,perdrigon ,violet ,htif 7syn4 of ,early
 ,perdrigon71 #dci      ,perfection     
7syn4 of ,wickson71 #cgf      ,perry's  
,seedling 7syn4 of ,oriental71 #eaj     
,pershore1 #eae      ,pershore ,yellow  
,egg 7syn4 of ,pershore71 #eae          
,persing ,nos4 #a1 #b 7syn4 of          
,burbank71 #agj      ,peters1 #cab      
,peter's ,large ,yellow2 ,peter's       
,yellow ,gage2 ,peters' ,yellow ,gage2  
,peters ,yellow ,gage 7syns4 of         

,peters71 #cab      ,peterson1 var4     
orig4 by1 #adc      ,petit ,bricette    
7syn4 of ,late ,mirabelle71 #bfc        
,petit ,damas ,blanc 7syn4 of ,small    
,white ,damson71 #ede      ,petit ,damas
 ,rouge 7syn4 of ,queen ,mother71 #ebb  
,petit ,damas ,vert 7syn4 of ,small     
,reine ,claude71 #cdg      ,petit ,drap 
d',or 7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd        
,petite 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach           
,petite ,bricette 7syn4 of ,saint       
,catherine1 #ccd2 of ,late ,mirabelle1  
#bfc7      ,petite d',agen 7syn4 of     
,agen71 #ach      ,petite ,mirabelle    
7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd      ,petite 
,prune or ,prune d',agen 7syns4 of      
,agen71 #ach      ,petite ,quetsche     
,sucre1 #eae      ,petite ,reine-,claude
 7syn4 of ,small ,reine ,claude71 #cdg  
,petit-,monsieur 7syn4 of ,marange71    
#dij      ,petit prunallier 7syn4 of    
,sloe71 #edd      ,petit ,saint ,julien 
7syn4 of ,saint ,julien71 #cce          
,pfirschenpflaume 7syn4 of ,goliath71   
#bca      ,pflaume ,mit dem             

,pfirsichblatt or mit dem               
,pfirschenblatt 7syns4 of               
,italian ,prune71 #bec      ,pflaume    
,ohne ,steine 7syn4 of ,stoneless71 #cec
      ,pflaume ,von ,gondin 7syn4 of    
,gondin71 #ded      ,pflaume von ,st4   
,etienne 7syn4 of ,st4 ,etienne71 #ecg  
,philippe ,i 7syn4 of ,washington71 #cfh
      ,phillips1 ,henry1 quoted1 #bi    
,phiolenartige ,gelbe ,zwetsche1 #eae   
,pickett1 var4 orig4 by1 #cbi           
,pickett's ,july 7syn4 of ,early        
,yellow71 #bjc      ,pigeon's ,heart    
7syn4 of ,queen ,mother71 #ebb          
,pilot1 #eae      ,pink ,damson1 #eae   
,pioneer ,prune1 #eae      ,piper1 #eae 
,piper's ,peach 7syn4 of ,piper71 #eae  
,piram1 #eaf      ,pissardi1 #eaf       
,pitch ,plum 7syn4 of ,moyen71 #ejj     
,pitless 7syn4 of ,stoneless71 #cec     
,plantz1 #eaf      ,plantz's ,seedling  
7syn4 of ,plantz71 #eaf      ,platt1    
,judge1 var4 orig4 by1 #bfi      ,platte
 ,hellrothe ,knigspflaume 7syn4 of      
,procureur71 #ebj      ,plattman1 ,j4   

,h41 var4 orig4 by1 #daa                
,plattman's ,bunker ,hill 7syn4 of      
,bunker ,hill71 #daa      ,plattrunde   
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,aplatie71 
#ebc      ,pliny1 quoted1 #af1 #ag1 #bh1
 #cf      ,plumcot 7syn4 of ,rutland    
,plumcot71 #ccc      ,plum crop1        
production of1 in ,u4 ,s4 in #ahii1 #ajj
      ,plum culture1 #ajj      ,plum de 
l',inde 7syn4 of ,pond71 #cad      ,plum
 growing1 location of1 in ,new ,york1   
#ajj      ,plum of ,louvain 7syn4 of    
,belle de ,louvain71 #djj      ,plums1  
blooming dates and season of ripening   
of1 #aje-aji2      characteristics of1  
#f-i2      conspectus of species of1    
#i-aa2      cultivation of1 #abj-aba2   
discussion of insects detrimental to1   
#aca-ace2      diversity of kinds of1   
#d-f2      hardiness of1 #ajb-ajd2      
harvesting and marketing of1 #abb-abe2  
locations and soils for1 #aac1 #aad2    
minor diseases of1 #abi-aca2            
pollination of1 #aaj2      setting of   
trees of1 #abj2      sexual affinities  

of varieties of1 #aab-aac2              
subjection of1 to diseases1 #abe2       
varieties of1 grown in ,new ,york1 #aja 
,plum ,simon 7syn4 of ,simon71 #cdf     
,plunk1 #eaf      ,podiebrader ,pflaume 
7syn4 of ,red ,perdrigon71 #ebh         
,poiteau1 quoted1 #dbh      ,pomology1  
origin of1 in ,america1 #ah-bf          
,pomona1 #eaf      ,pomaria1 #eaf       
,pomeranzen ,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,orange71
 #cjj      ,pond1 #cac      ,pond1 var4 
orig4 by1 #cad      ,pond ,seedling2    
,pond's ,purple2 ,pond's ,samling2      
,pond's ,seedling          7syns4 of    
,pond71 #cad      ,pond ,purple1 #eaf   
,pond's ,purple 7syn4 of ,pond ,purple71
 #eaf      ,pond's ,seedling 7syn4 of   
,pond ,purple71 #eaf      ,pond's       
,seedling 7,english7 7syn4 of ,pond71   
#cad      ,pontbriant1 #eag             
,pontford1 #eag      ,pontotoc1 #eag    
,poole2 ,poole's ,pride 7syns4 of ,poole
 ,pride71 #cae      ,poole ,pride1 #cae 
,porsch ,rote ,zwetsche1 #eag           
,pottawattamie1 #eag      ,potter1 #eag 

,poupart1 #eag      ,poupart's 7syn4 of 
,poupart71 #eag      ,pourpre ,de       
,duane2 ,pourpr ,duane 7syns4 of        
,duane71 #aif      ,pourpre de ,pond    
7syn4 of ,pond71 #cad      ,pourpre     
,impriale 7syn4 of ,imperial ,purple71  
#dfg      ,powell ,damson1 #eag         
,prairie 7syn4 of ,prairie ,flower71    
#eag      ,prairie ,flower1 #eag        
,prairie ,flower 7syn4 of ,prairie      
,flower71 #eag      ,prairie ,rose1 #eag
      ,pratt1 ,d4 ,u41 var4 orig4 by1   
#cif      ,prcoce 7syn4 of ,white       
,virginal71 #efe      ,prcoce ,biondeck 
7syn4 of ,biondeck71 #djc      ,prcoce  
,de ,bergthold 7syn4 of ,early          
,mirabelle71 #dci      ,prcoce          
,defresne1 #eag      ,prcoce de         
,freudenberg1 #eag      ,prcoce de      
,freudenberg 7syn4 of ,prcoce de        
,freudenberg71 #eag      ,prcoce de     
,lucas1 #eah      ,prcoce de ,lucas     
7syn4 of ,prcoce de ,lucas71 #eah       
,prcoce de ,reutlinger1 #eah            
,prcoce de ,reutlinger ,prune 7syn4 of  

,prcoce de ,reutlinger71 #eah           
,prcoce de ,rivers 7syn4 of ,early      
,favorite71 #dch      ,prcoce de ,tours 
7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb           
,prcoce ,veritable 7syn4 of ,wahre      
,frhzwetsche71 #efj      ,premium1 #eah 
,preserver1 #eah      ,president1 #eah  
,president ,courcelle 7syn4 of          
,president ,courcelles71 #eah           
,president ,courcelles1 #eah            
,president ,wilder 7syn4 of ,wilder71   
#efe      ,presley1 #eai      ,price1   
#eai      ,pride 7syn1 of ,shipper71    
#cda      ,pride of ,waterloo 7syn4 of  
,pond71 #cad      ,pride of ,waterloo8  
7syn4 of ,pride of ,waterloo71 #eai     
,pride of ,waterloo1 #eai      ,primate1
 #eai      ,primordian 7syn4 of ,early  
,yellow71 #bjc      ,prince 7syn4 of    
,gloucestershire ,violet71 #deb         
,prince1 #eai      ,prince1 ,william1   
life of1 #chi2      quoted1 #bc1 #bd1   
#cj1 #ch1 #bca1 #caj1 #cfi1 #dag2       
var4 orig4 by1 #beb1 #cfi1 #chi1 #dfg1  
#eai1 #ebj1 #ebg      ,prince1 ,william 

,robert1 life of1 #bd2      quoted1 #ca 
,prince ,albert8 7syn4 of ,wales71 #cff 
,prince ,de ,galles 7syn4 of ,wales71   
#cff      ,prince ,engelbert2 ,prince   
,englebert 7syns4 of ,englebert71 #bjd  
,prince of ,wales 7syn4 of ,wales71 #cff
      ,prince's ,blue ,primordian 7syn4 
of ,prince ,primordian71 #ebj           
,prince ,early ,damson1 #eai            
,prince's ,early ,purple 7syn4 of       
,prince ,early ,damson71 #eai           
,prince's ,gage 7syn4 of ,yellow ,gage71
 #chh      ,prince's ,gage 7syn4 of     
,imperial ,gage71 #bea      ,prince's   
,gelbe ,reine-,claude 7syn4 of ,yellow  
,gage71 #chh      ,prince's ,imperial   
,gage 7syn4 of ,imperial ,gage71 #bea   
,prince's ,kaiser ,reine-,claude 7syn4  
of ,imperial ,gage71 #bea      ,prince  
,orange ,egg1 #eai      ,prince's       
,orange ,egg 7syn4 of ,prince ,orange   
,egg71 #eai      ,prince ,orange ,gage1 
#eai      ,prince ,primordian1 #ebj     
,prince's ,red ,gage 7syn4 of ,red      
,gage71 #ebg      ,prince's ,rote       

,reine-,claude 7syn4 of ,red ,gage71    
#ebg      ,prince's ,white ,gage 7syn4  
of ,imperial ,gage71 #bea      ,prince's
 ,yellow ,gage 7syn4 of ,yellow ,gage71 
#chh      ,pringle1 #ebj      ,pringle  
,blue1 #ebj      ,pringle ,purple1 #ebj 
,prinz ,engelbert 7syn4 of ,englebert71 
#bjd      ,prinzens ,kaiser ,reine      
,claude 7syn4 of ,imperial ,gage71 #bea 
,prinzens rothe ,reineclaude 7syn4 of   
,red ,gage71 #ebg                       
,prinzessinpflaume 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum
 ,bonum71 #cbf      ,prinzessin ,pflaume
 7syn4 of ,imperatrice1 #bdi2 of ,red   
,diaper1 #cbc7      ,prinz ,von ,wales  
7syn4 of ,wales71 #cff      ,prochaska1 
,herr1 var4 orig4 by1 #adb              
,procureur1 #ebj      ,prof4 ,budd 7syn4
 of ,budd71 #daj      ,prof4 ,craig     
7syn4 of ,craig71 #dbd      ,prof4 ,goff
 7syn4 of ,goff71 #deb      ,prof4      
,price 7syn4 of ,price71 #eai           
,prof4 ,wittmack1 #ebj      ,profuse1   
#ebj      ,prolific 7syn4 of            
,crittenden1 #ahd2 of ,hale1 #bcg7      

,prolific ,damson 7syn4 of ,crittenden71
 #ahd      ,prolifique ,htive 7syn4 of  
,early ,rivers71 #bjj      ,proune      
bissioque 7,roumanie7 7syn4 of          
,hungarian ,musk ,prune71 #dfe          
,provence ,damask 7syn4 of ,damas de    
,provence71 #dbf      ,provencer        
,knigspflaume 7syn4 of ,damas de        
,provence71 #dbf      ,provinz ,zwetsche
 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,pointue71 #ebd     
,pruine ,damson8 7syn4 of ,shropshire71 
#cdd      ,prunallier 7syn4 of ,sloe71  
#edd      ,prune 7syn4 of ,shropshire71 
#cdd      ,prune-,abricot2 ,prune       
,abricote1 ,abricote1 ,abricote         
,blanche1          ,abricote de ,tours  
7syns4 of ,apricot71 #adh               
,prune-,abricot de ,royer 7syn4 of      
,royer ,aprikosen ,pflaume71 #ece       
,prune ,abricote ,rouge 7syn4 of ,red   
,apricot71 #cba      ,prune  ,fleurs    
,doubles or  fleurs semi-doubles 7syns4 
of ,double          ,flowering ,gage71  
#aib      ,prune ,allemand 7syn4 of     
,german ,prune71 #bai      ,pruneau1    

#ebj      ,pruneau de ,tours 7syn4 of   
,saint ,catherine71 #ccd      ,pruneau  
,jaune de ,reizenstein 7syn4 of         
,reizenstein ,yellow ,prune71 #eca      
,prune ,autumn ,gage 7syn4 of ,autumn   
,gage71 #cih      ,pruneaux de ,tours   
7syn4 of ,saint ,catherine71 #ccd       
,prune ,bleue de ,belgique 7syn4 of     
,belgian ,purple71 #aeg      ,prune     
bifere 7syn4 of ,twice ,bearing71 #eef  
,prune ,buel's ,favorite 7syn4 of       
,buel71 #daa      ,prune ,celeste 7syn4 
of ,elsner ,grne ,zwetsche71 #ddb       
,prune ,cerise1 ,ceriset1 ,cerisette or 
,cerizette 7syns4 of                    
,myrobalan71 #bij      ,prune coeur de  
pigeon verd 7syn4 of ,grne              
,herzformige71 #def      ,prune         
,cordiforme 7syn4 of ,herzformige       
,pflaume71 #dfa      ,prune d',abricos  
7syn4 of ,red ,apricot71 #cba           
,prune d',abricot 7syn4 of ,nectarine71 
#bia      ,prune d',abricot1 d',abricot 
bigarree1 ,blanch1 de ,france or        
,ordinaire 7syns4 of ,apricot71 #adh    

,prune d',abricot rouge 7syn4 of ,red   
,apricot71 #cba      ,prune d',agen     
7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach      ,prune       
d',agen ,double1 #ebj      ,prune       
d',allemagne2 d',allemagne la commune   
7syns4 of ,german          ,prune71 #bai
      ,prune d',altesse 7syn4 of ,german
 ,prune1 #bai2 of ,suisse1 #edi7        
,prune de ,altesse 7syn4 of             
,imperatrice71 #bdi      ,prune         
d',altesse blanche 7syn4 of ,early      
,yellow71 #bjc      ,prune d',altesse   
,blanche 7syn4 of ,yellow ,impratrice71 
#efi      ,prune d',amerique ,rouge     
7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij      ,prune  
d',amour1 #ebj      ,prune ,damas       
d',italie 7syn4 of ,italian ,damask71   
#dgj      ,prune ,damas de ,provence    
7syn4 of ,damas de ,provence71 #dbf     
,prune ,damas de ,septembre 7syn4 of    
,september ,damask71 #edb      ,prune   
,damas ,d',espagne 7syn4 of ,spanish    
,damask71 #edf      ,prune ,dame ,aubert
 or d',aubert 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71   
#chf      ,prune ,damson 7syn4 of       

,shropshire71 #cdd      ,prune d',ante  
or d',ast 7syns4 of ,agen71 #ach        
,prune ,datte 7syn4 of ,date1 #dbh2 of  
,red ,date1 #cbb2 of ,weisse            
,kaiserin1 #efc7      ,prune-,datte     
7syn4 of ,hungarian71 #bdf      ,prune  
,datte ,violette 7syn4 of ,hungarian71  
#bdf      ,prune ,dauphine 7syn4 of     
,dauphine71 #dbh      ,prune d',automne1
 #ebj      ,prune d',automne de         
,schamal2 ,prune d',automne de ,schamali
 7syns4 of          ,schamal71 #edj     
,prune d',autriche 7syn4 of ,date1 #dbh2
 of ,hungarian1 #bdf2 of ,red           
,date1 #cbb7      ,prune d',avoine 7syn4
 of ,early ,yellow71 #bjc      ,prune de
 ,bavay 7syn4 of ,bavay71 #aee          
,prune ,de ,besanon 7syn4 of ,yellow    
,egg71 #chf      ,prune de ,bordeaux    
7syn4 of ,jerusalem71 #dgb      ,prune  
de ,bordeaux 7syn4 of ,saint ,antoine71 
#ecg      ,prune de ,bourgoyne 7syn4 of 
,burgundy ,prune71 #dab      ,prune ,de 
,brianon 7syn4 of ,brianon1 #dji2 of    
,red ,diaper1 #cbc7      ,prune de      

,brigantiaca 7syn4 of ,brianon71 #dji   
,prune de ,brignole 7syn4 of ,brignole71
 #dji      ,prune de ,brignole 7syn4 of 
,agen71 #ach      ,prune ,decaisne 7syn4
 of ,de,caisne71 #ahg      ,prune de    
,catalogne 7syn4 of ,early ,yellow71    
#bjc      ,prune de ,cheval 7syn4 of    
,horse71 #dfd      ,prune de ,chypre    
7syn4 of ,chypre1 #dah2 of ,musk        
,damson1 #eja2 of ,red          ,diaper1
 #cbc7      ,prune de ,coulommiers 7syn4
 of ,coulommiers71 #dbc      ,prune de  
,dlices 7syn4 of ,de ,dlice71 #dbi      
,prune de ,deux ,saisons 7syn4 of ,twice
 ,bearing71 #eef      ,prune de ,double 
7syn4 of ,double71 #dce      ,prune de  
,gaillon 7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb  
,prune de ,gondin 7syn4 of ,gondin71    
#ded      ,prune de ,jerusalem 7syn4 of 
,gelbe ,jerusalempflaume1 #dej2 of      
,jerusalem1 #dgb7      ,prune de        
,kirchhof 7syn4 of ,capitaine           
,kirchhof71 #dad      ,prune de ,kirke  
7syn4 of ,kirke71 #bfj      ,prune de   
,laghouat1 #ebj      ,prune de la       

,gallissioniere 7syn4 of ,p4 americana71
 #ei      ,prune de la ,madeleine 7syn4 
of ,early ,tours71 #bjb      ,prune de  
la ,st4 ,martin 7syn4 of ,saint         
,martin71 #ccf      ,prune de ,lepine   
7syn4 of ,norbert71 #eje      ,prune de 
,louvain 7syn4 of ,belle de ,louvain71  
#djj      ,prune de ,malte or de ,malthe
 7syns4 of ,musk ,damson71 #eja         
,prune de ,milan 7syn4 of ,impriale de  
,milan71 #dfg      ,prune de ,mirabelle 
7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd      ,prime  
de ,monsieur 7syn4 of ,early ,tours1    
#bjb2 of ,orleans1 #cjb2 of             
,yellow ,egg1 #chf7      ,prune de      
,monsieur ,htif or ,htive 7syns4 of     
,early ,orleans71 #aii      ,prune de   
,monsieur ,jaune or ,variet ,jaune      
7syns4 of ,yellow          ,impratrice71
 #efi      ,prune de ,monsieur ,tardive 
7syn4 of ,suisse71 #edi      ,prune de  
,montfort 7syn4 of ,de ,montfort71 #dcj 
,prune d',ente 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach    
,prune d',ente 7syn4 of ,sergeant71 #cci
      ,prune d',ente ,impriale1 #eba    

,prune de ,orange 7syn4 of ,orange71    
#eaj      ,prune de ,paisan blanche and 
simple 7syn4 of ,paisan ,blanche71 #eaa 
,prune de ,paisan ,noire 7syn4 of       
,paisan ,noire71 #eaa      ,prune de    
,pologne 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,dr4        
,ltricourt71 #ebd      ,prune ,de       
,pontbriant 7syn4 of ,pontbriant71 #eag 
,prune de ,prince 7syn4 of ,norbert71   
#eje      ,prune de ,prince 7syn4 of    
,prune de ,seigneur71 #eba      ,prune  
de ,reine ,claude 7syn4 of ,reine       
,claude71 #cbg      ,prune de ,rudolphe1
 #eba      ,prune de ,reizenstein 7syn4 
of ,reizenstein ,yellow ,prune71 #eca   
,prune de ,st4 ,barnabe 7syn4 of ,early 
,yellow71 #bjc      ,prune de ,sainte   
,catherine 7syn4 of ,saint ,catherine71 
#ccd      ,prune de ,st4 ,jean 7syn4 of 
,early ,st4 ,john71 #ddj      ,prune de 
,saint-,jean 7syn4 of ,noire de         
,montreuil71 #ejd      ,prune de ,st4   
,jean 7syn4 of ,st4 ,john71 #ecg        
,prune de ,savoye 7syn4 of              
,isle-,verte71 #dgj      ,prune des     

,bjonnieres 7syn4 of ,bjonnires71 #aeg  
,prune ,des ,burettes 7syn4 of          
,burettes71 #dab      ,prune de         
,seigneur1 #eba      ,prune de ,vacance 
7syn4 of ,september ,damask71 #edb      
,prune de ,virginie 7syn4 of            
,myrobalan71 #bij      ,prune de        
,wangenheim 7syn4 of ,wangenheim71 #cfh 
,prune de ,waterloo 7syn4 of ,waterloo  
,pflaume71 #efa      ,prune ,diademe    
7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc      ,prune
 ,diaphane or ,diaphane ,laffay 7syns4  
of ,transparent71 #cfj      ,prune      
,diapre ,blanche 7syn4 of ,diapre       
,blanche71 #dcb      ,prune ,diapre     
,rouge 7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc     
,prune d',inde ,blanc or ,blanche1      
d',oeuf1 or d',oeuf blanche 7syns4      
of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,prune      
d',italie 7syn4 of ,italian ,prune71    
#bec      ,prune d'oeuf or d',oeuf      
,violette 7syns4 of ,red ,magnum        
,bonum71 #cbf      ,prune d',oeuf       
,marbre 7syn4 of ,marmorierte           
,eierpflaume71 #dia      ,prune         

d',orleans 7syn4 of ,orleans71 #cjb     
,prune du ,roi 7syn4 of ,agen1 #ach2 of 
,early ,orleans1 #aii7      ,prune      
,early ,favorite 7syn4 of ,early        
,favorite71 #dch      ,prune ,eugene    
,simon 7syn4 of ,simon71 #cdf           
,prune-figue 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum      
,bonum71 #cbf      ,prune ,figue2 ,prune
 figue grosse rouge2 7syns4 of ,red     
,date71 #cbb      ,prune ,gonne 7syn4 of
 ,gonne71 #ded      ,prune ,goutte d',or
 ,de ,coe 7syn4 of ,golden ,drop71 #bbi 
,prune ,gros-,damas ,violet 7syn4 of    
,damas ,violet71 #dbg      ,prune       
,grosse ,quetsche ,nouvelle 7syn4 of    
,dorell71 #dcd      ,prune group1       
history of1 in ,america1 #cj1 #ca2      
origin of1 #cj2      specific characters
 of1 #ca2      typical varieties of1 #ca
      ,prune ,ileverte 7syn4 of         
,isle-,verte71 #dgj      ,prune         
,impratrice 7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc
      ,prune ,impratrice ,blanche 7syn4 
of ,white ,impratrice71 #cge      ,prune
 ,impratrice ,violette 7syn4 of ,german 

,prune71 #bai      ,prune ,impriale de  
,sharp 7syn4 of ,sharp71 #cdj           
,prune ,impriale ,violette 7syn4 of ,red
 ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbf      ,prune      
,isabelle 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #dfi     
,prune ,jacinthe 7syn4 of ,jacinthe71   
#dga      ,prune ,kanawa 7syn4 of       
,kanawha71 #dgd      ,prune ,kirke 7syn4
 of ,kirke71 #bfj      ,prune           
,lawrence's ,gage 7syn4 of ,lawrence71  
#bff      ,prunelier 7syn4 of ,sloe71   
#edd      ,prunelle 7syn4 of ,orleans1  
#cjb2 of ,sloe1 #edd7                   
,prune-making1 growth of1 #ca           
,prune ,maraichre 7syn4 of ,quetsche    
,maraichre71 #ebd      ,prune-,massot   
7syn4 of ,oullins71 #cjc      ,prune    
,monarque 7syn4 of ,monarch71 #bhf      
,prune ,monsieur 7syn4 of ,orleans71    
#cjb      ,prune ,monsieur ,jaune 7syn4 
of ,early ,yellow1 #bjc2 of ,yellow     
,impratrice1 #efi7      ,prune nain     
7syn4 of ,zwergpflaume71 #ega           
,prune noire htive 7syn4 of ,early      
,tours71 #bjb      ,prune nouvelle de   

,dorrel 7syn4 of ,dorell71 #dcd         
,prune ,o,euf 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71   
#chf      ,prune-oeuf 7syn4 of ,red     
,magnum ,bonum71 #cbf      ,pruneola    
7syn4 of ,sloe71 #edd      ,prune-,pche 
7syn4 of ,white ,perdrigon71 #cge       
,prune ,pche 7syn4 of ,nectarine1 #bia2 
of ,peach1 #cji7      ,prune-,pche 7syn4
 of ,goliath71 #bca      ,prune-,pche   
,de ,calvel 7syn4 of ,peach71 #cji      
,prune ,perdrigon htif 7syn4 of ,early  
,perdrigon71 #dci      ,prune ,perdrigon
 ,normand 7syn4 of ,normand ,perdrigon71
 #ejf      ,prune ,petit ,damas ,blanc  
7syn4 of ,small ,white ,damson71 #ede   
,prune ,plum 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71  
#bai      ,prune poire grosse violette  
7syn4 of ,pear ,plum71 #eac      ,prune 
de ,pologne 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,dr4     
,ltricourt71 #ebd      ,prune ,prcoce8  
7syn4 of ,white ,virginal71 #efe        
,prune ,prince of ,whales 7syn4 of      
,wales71 #cff      ,prune qui fructifie 
deux fois l'an 7syn4 of ,twice          
,bearing71 #eef      ,prune ,quetsch    

7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai          
,prune ,reine ,blanche 7syn4 of ,white  
,queen71 #efd      ,prune ,reine-,claude
 ,gabriel ,combes 7syn4 of ,gabriel     
,combes71 #ddi      ,prune ,reine       
,claude ,violette 7syn4 of ,purple      
,gage71 #cah      ,prune ,reine         
,victoria 7syn4 of ,victoria71 #cfc     
,prune ,rouge ,de ,bleeker 7syn4 of     
,lombard71 #bfh      ,prune ,royale     
7syn4 of ,royal71 #ecd      ,prune      
,royale de ,tours 7syn4 of ,royal       
,tours71 #ccb      ,prunes1 definition  
of1 #cj2      process of making1        
#abd-abf      ,prune ,sainte-,catherine 
or ,sainte-,catherine ,jaune 7syns4 of  
,saint          ,catherine71 #ccd       
,prune ,sans-,noyau 7syn4 of            
,stoneless71 #cec      ,prune ,sauvage  
7syn4 of ,sloe71 #edd      ,prune       
,semi-double 7syn4 of ,double ,flowering
 ,gage71 #aib      ,prune ,suisse 7syn4 
of ,italian ,prune1 #bec2 of ,suisse1   
#edi7      ,prune ,violet de ,jerusalem 
7syn4 of ,jerusalem71 #dgb      ,prune  

,violette ,d',octobre 7syn4 of ,saint   
,martin ,quetsche71 #ech      ,prune    
,virginale 7syn4 of ,white ,virginal71  
#efe      ,prune ,wangenheim ,htive     
7syn4 of ,wangenheim71 #cfh      ,prune 
,washington ,jaune 7syn4 of             
,washington71 #cfh      ,prune          
,zwetschen 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71    
#bai      ,prunier  fleur semi-double   
7syn4 of ,double ,flowering ,gage71 #aib
      ,prunier ,allemand 7syn4 of       
,german ,prune71 #bai      ,prunier     
bifere 7syn4 of ,twice ,bearing71 #eef  
,prunier d',agen 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach  
,prunier ,damas  petit fruit blanc 7syn4
 of ,small ,white ,damson71 #ede        
,prunier ,datte 7syn4 of ,sergeant71    
#cci      ,prunier de ,jerusalem 7syn4  
of ,jerusalem71 #dgb      ,prunier de   
,saint ,martin 7syn4 of ,saint ,martin71
 #ccf      ,prunier de ,simon 7syn4 of  
,simon71 #cdf      ,prunier des         
,vacances 7syn4 of ,september ,damask71 
#edb      ,prunier de ,tillemond 7syn4  
of ,tillemond71 #eed      ,prunier de   

,virginie 7syn4 of ,p4 americana71 #ei  
,prunier epineux 7syn4 of ,sloe71 #edd  
,prunier ,fleurissant et ,poussant ,deux
 ,fois 7syn4 of ,twice ,bearing71       
#eef      ,prunier ,myrobolan 7syn4 of  
,myrobalan71 #bij      ,prunier qui     
fructifie deux fois par l'an 7syn4 of   
,twice ,bearing71          #eef         
,prunier ,sainte-,catherine 7syn4 of    
,saint ,catherine71 #ccd      ,prunier  
,saint-,julien 7syn4 of ,saint ,julien71
 #cce      ,prunum ,pyrinum praecox     
7syn4 of ,early ,pear71 #dci            
,prunus1 differences between fruits of1 
#b1 #c2      genus1 species included1   
#a2      history of1 #a1 #b2            
horticultural value of1 #d2             
variability of1 #c1 #d      acutifolia1 
#dh      alleghaniensis1 characters of1 
#gb1 #gc2        comparison of1 with ,p4
 americana1 #gc2        habitat of1 #gc1
 #gd2        specific description of1   
#gb-gd      ,americana 7syn4 of ,p4     
hortulana71 #fd2        7syn4 of ,p4    
nigra71 #fi2        adaptation of1 to   

cross-pollination1 #fb1 #fc2            
characters of1 #ef1 #eg2        history 
of1 #eh-fa2        introduction of1 into
 ,europe1 #ei2        natural habitat   
of1 #eg1 #eh2        specific           
description of1 #ef-fc2        tree and 
fruit characters of1 #fa1 #fb           
,americana lanata 7syn4 of ,p4 americana
 mollis71 #fc      ,americana ,mollis1  
specific description of1 #fc1 #fd       
,americana ,nigra 7syn4 of ,p4 nigra71  
#fi      angustifolia1 characters of1   
#hb2        original habitat of1 #hb1   
#hc2        specific description of1    
#hb-he      angustifolia varians1       
characters1 #hg1 #hh2        specific   
description of1 #hg1 #hh                
angustifolia watsoni1 characters of1    
#he1 #hf2        habitat of1 #hf2       
specific description of1 #he-hg         
armeniaca dasycarpa1 #dh      bifera    
7syn4 of ,twice ,bearing71 #eef         
bokhariensis1 #ej      ,calvellana 7syn4
 of ,early ,perdrigon71 #dci            
,catalana 7syn4 of ,early ,yellow71 #bjc

      ,catalanica 7syn4 of ,catalana71  
#dae      ,catalonica 7syn4 of ,early   
,yellow71 #bjc      ,catelana 7syn4 of  
,early ,yellow71 #bjc      cerasifera   
7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij2             
characters of1 #de1 #df2        early   
history of1 #df1 #dg2        specific   
description of1 #de-dh2        tree and 
fruit characters of1 #dg1 #dh           
cerasifera atropurpurea1 #dh            
,cerasifera ,atropurpurea 7syn4 of      
,pissardi71 #eaf      ,cerasifera fructu
 majore 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij      
,cerasifera ,fructu ,minore 7syn4 of    
,kleine ,kirschpflaume71 #dgf           
,cerasifera ,zanthocarpa 7syn4 of ,gelbe
 ,kirschpflaume71 #dej      chicasa     
7syn4 of ,p4 augustifolia71 #hb         
chicasa var4 normalis 7syn4 of ,p4      
gracilis71 #ih      cocomilia1          
characters of1 #dd1 #de2        specific
 description of1 #dd1 #de      cocomilia
 brutia1 #de      cocomilia puberula1   
#de      cocomilia typica1 #de          
communis 7syn4 of ,p4 insititia71 #cd2  

7syn4 of ,p4 triflora71 #di             
communis domestica 7syn4 of ,p4         
domestica71 #ab      contorta1 #dh      
curdica1 specific description of1 #dd   
damascena dominicalis praecox 7syn4 of  
,early ,orleans71 #aii      dasycarpa1  
#dh      divaricata1 #df1 #dg           
domestica 7syn4 of ,p4 triflora71 #di2  
characters of1 #ab2        division of  
and how divided1 #bf2        history of1
 in ,america1 #ah-bf2        origin of1 
#ab-ah2        specific description of1 
#ab-cd      ,domestica ,cereola 7syn4 of
 ,reine ,claude71 #cbg      domestica   
insititia 7syn4 of ,p4 insititia71 #cd  
,domestica ,juliana 7syn4 of ,saint     
,julien71 #cce      domestica myrobalan 
7syn4 of ,p4 cerasifera71 #de           
,domestica var4 cereola 7syn4 of ,reine 
,claude71 #cbg      ,domestica var4     
,claudiana 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71    
#cbg      elegans1 #dh      exigua1 #ac 
fruticans1 #dc      gigantea1 #dh       
gracilis1 characters of1 #ih2           
natural habitat of1 #ih2        specific

 description of1 #ih1 #ii      gravesii1
 comparison of1 with ,p4 maritima1 #if1 
#ig2        characters of1 #if2         
specific description of1 #if1 #ig       
hattan ,tamari 7syn4 of ,p4 triflora71  
#di      hispanica 7syn4 of ,spanish    
,damask71 #edf      hortulana 7syn4 of  
,p4 munsoniana71 #hh2        characters 
of1 #fd1 #fe2        groups of hybrids  
included in1 #fe1 #ff2        habitat   
of1 #ff1 #fg2        specific           
description of1 #fd-fh2        value of1
 to ,american pomology1 #fg             
hortulana mineri1 specific description  
of1 #fh1 #fi      hortulana robusta1    
#bcb      hortulana robusta1 discussion 
of group of1 #fg1 #fh      ichangana1   
#ej      injucunda 7syn4 of ,p4         
umbellata injucunda71 #gi      insititia
 7syn4 of ,damson71 #ahf2               
characters of1 #cd2        comparison   
of1 with ,p4 domestica1 #ce1 #cf2       
discussion as to sub-species included   
in1 #cd1 #ce2        groups included in1
 #ci2        habitat of1 in the ,old    

,world1 #cg2        history of1 in      
,america1 #cg-ci2        specific       
description of1 #cd-db      insititia   
glaberrima1 #cf      ,insititia var4    
7syn4 of ,saint ,julien71 #cce          
italica 7syn4 of ,italian ,damask71     
#dgj2        7syn4 of ,p4 domestica71   
#ab      japonica 7syn4 of ,p4          
triflora71 #di      lanata 7syn4 of ,p4 
americana mollis71 #fc      littoralis  
7syn4 of ,p4 maritima71 #ib      lutea1 
#ac2        7syn4 of ,gemeiner ,gelbe   
,spilling71 #dea      maritima1         
characters of1 #ib2        habitat of1  
#ic1 #id2        specific description   
of1 #ib-if2        value of1 #id1 #ie   
mitis1 characters of1 #hj2              
specific description of1 #hj1 #ha       
mollis 7syn4 of ,p4 nigra71 #fi         
monticola1 characters of1 #di2          
specific description of1 #di            
munsoniana1 characters of1 #hh1 #hi2    
comparison of1 with ,p4 augustifolia1   
#ij2        habitat of1 #ij2            
horticultural value of1 #ia2            

leading varieties of1 #ia1 #ib2         
specific description of1 #hh-ib         
,myrobalan 7syn4 of ,p4 cerasifera71 #de
      ,myrobalana 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 
#bij      ,myrobolana 7syn4 of          
,myrobalan71 #bij      neustriensis     
7syn4 of ,normand ,perdrigon71 #ejf     
nigra1 characters of1 #fi1 #gj2         
comparison of1 with ,p4 americana1 #ga1 
#gb2        habitat of1 #gj1 #ga2       
specific description of1 #fi-gb         
conomica 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai2
        7syn4 of ,p4 domestica71 #ab    
orthosepala1 characters of1 #ig2        
specific description of1 #ig-ih         
oxycarpa1 #ac2        7syn4 of          
,bechstein ,spitzpflaume71 #djj         
pendula1 #dh      ,pissardi 7syn4 of    
,pissardi71 #eaf      ,pissardii 7syn4  
of ,pissardi71 #eaf      planteriensis1 
#dh      pomarium1 #cf      provincialis
 7syn4 of ,damas de ,provence71 #dbf    
pseudoarmeniaca1 #de      pubescens     
7syn4 of ,p4 maritima71 #ib             
rivularis1 characters of1 #ii2          

specific description of1 #ii            
rubella1 #ac      silvestris 7syn4 of   
,sloe71 #edd      ,simoni 7syn4 of      
,simon71 #cdf      ,simonii 7syn4 of    
,simon71 #cdf2        characters of1    
#ee2        history of1 #ef2            
specific description of1 #ee1 #ef       
,spinosa 7syn4 of ,sloe71 #edd2         
characters of1 #db2        general      
discussion of1 #dc1 #dd2        specific
 description of1 #db-dd      ,spinosa   
coatanea1 #db      ,spinosa dasyphylla1 
#db      ,spinosa flore-pleno1 #db1 #dc 
,spinosa1 foliis lanceolatis 7syn4 of   
,sloe71 #edd      ,spinosa macrocarpa1  
#dc      ,spinosa praecox1 #db          
,spinosa purpurea1 #dc      spinosa     
sessiliflora1 #db      spinosa typica1  
#db      subcordata1 characters of1 #gd2
        habitat of1 #gd1 #ge2           
specific description of1 #gd-gg2        
typical form of1 #gf      subcordata    
kelloggii1 specific description of1 #gg1
 #gh      subrotunda1 #ac               
subsylvestris1 #cf      sylvestris1 #ac 

syriaca1 #cf      tarda1 characters of1 
#ha2        specific description of1    
#ha1 #hb      thibetica1 #ej            
triflora1 botanical differences of1 #ec1
 #ed2        characters of1 #di1 #ej2   
early history of1 #ej-eb2               
introduction of1 into ,america1 #eb2    
natural habitat of1 #ea2        specific
 description of1 #di-ee2        value of
 fruit of1 #eb1 #ec2        variability 
of1 #ed1 #ee      umbellata1 characters 
of1 #gh2        habitat of1 #gi2        
specific description of1 #gh1 #gi       
umbellata injucunda1 characters of1 #gi1
 #hj2        specific description of1   
#gi1 #hj      ursina1 #de      ursina   
flava1 #de      vinaria1 #ac            
watsoni 7syn4 of ,p4 augustifolia       
watsoni71 #he      ,pseudo ,mirabelle1  
#eba      ,purple ,damson 7syn4 of      
,damson1 #ahf2 of ,winter ,damson1 #efg7
      ,purple ,diaper 7syn4 of ,violet  
,diaper71 #cfe      ,purple ,egg 7syn4  
of ,red ,magnum ,bonum1 #cbf7           
,purple ,egg 7syn4 of ,hudson71 #bdc    

,purple ,egg 7syn4 of ,duane2 of ,red   
,magnum ,bonum1 #cbf7      ,purple      
,favorite1 #eba      ,purple ,favourite 
7syn4 of ,purple ,favorite71 #eba       
,purple ,flesh1 #eba      ,purple ,gage1
 #cah      ,purple-leaved ,hybrid1 #eba 
,purple-leaved ,plum 7syn4 of           
,pissardi71 #eaf      ,purple ,magnum   
,bonum 7syn4 of ,duane1 #aif2 of ,red   
,magnum ,bonum1 #cbf2          of ,smith
 ,orleans1 #cdh7      ,purple           
,panhandle1 #eba      ,purple winter    
,damson 7syn4 of ,winter ,damson71 #efg 
,purple ,yosemite1 #eba      ,purpur    
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,red ,date71 #cbb     
,puymirol d',ente1 #ebb      ,p4        
violette americaine 7syn4 of ,american  
,violet71 #cid        ,quackenbos 7syn4 
of ,quackenboss71 #cai                  
,quackenboss1 #cai      ,quaker1 #ebb   
,quality1 #ebb      ,quastche 7syn4 of  
,german ,prune71 #bai      ,quebec1 #ebb
      ,queen1 #ebb      ,queen ,claude  
or ,claudia 7syns4 of ,reine ,claude71  
#cbg      ,queen ,claude of ,bavay 7syn4

 of ,bavay71 #aee      ,queene ,mother  
7syn4 of ,myrobalan1 #bij2 of ,queen    
,mother1 #ebb7      ,queen ,may1 #ebb   
,queen ,mother 7syn4 of ,queen ,mother71
 #ebb      ,queen ,mother1 #ebb         
,queen of ,arkansas1 #ebc      ,queen   
,victoria 7syn4 of ,sharp1 #cdj2 of     
,victoria1 #cfc7      ,quetsch2 ,quetsch
 ,allemande 7syns4 of ,german ,prune71  
#bai      ,quetsch ,hongroise 7syn4 of  
,german ,prune71 #bai      ,quetsch     
,longue 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai  
,quetsche 7syn4 of ,german ,prune1 #bai2
 of ,italian ,prune1 #bec2 of           
,korai1 #dgh7      ,quetsche  feuille   
argente1 #ebc      ,quetsche ,aplatie1  
#ebc      ,quetsche ,bleue d',italie    
7syn4 of ,italian ,prune71 #bec         
,quetsche ,rognon de ,coq 7syn4 of      
,rognon de ,coq71 #ecc      ,quetsche   
,buhl-,eltershofen1 #ebc      ,quetsche 
,commune2 ,quetsche ,d',allemagne2      
,quetsche d',allemagne          ,grosse 
7syns4 of ,german ,prune71 #bai         
,quetsche ,datte 7syn4 of ,date1 #dbh2  

of ,hungarian1 #bdf7      ,quetsche     
,datte des ,allemands1 #ebc             
,quetsche ,datte ,violette 7syn4 of     
,hungarian71 #bdf      ,quetsche de     
,bazalicza 7syn4 of ,bazalicza71 #cii   
,quetsche de ,breme 7syn4 of ,austrian  
,quetsche71 #cig      ,quetsche de      
,dobrowitz1 #ebc      ,quetsche de      
,dollan 7syn4 of ,dollaner71 #dcc       
,quetsche ,de ,dorelle2 ,de ,dorelle    
,nouvelle ,grand2 ,de ,dorelle          
,nouvelle ,grande 7syns4 of ,dorell71   
#dcd      ,quetsche de ,doubrawie 7syn4 
of ,quetsche de ,dobrowitz71 #ebc       
,quetsche de ,francfort 7syn4 of        
,frankfort ,peach71 #ddg      ,quetsche 
de ,hongrie 7syn4 of ,date1 #dbh2 of    
,hungarian1 #bdf2 of          ,ungarish1
 #cfa7      ,quetsche de ,kreuter1 #ebc 
,quetsche de ,kreuter 7syn4 of ,quetsche
 de ,kreuter71 #ebc      ,quetsche de   
,ltricourt 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,dr4      
,ltricourt71 #ebd      ,quetsche de     
,leipzig 7syn4 of ,merunka71 #did       
,quetsche de ,lorraine1 de ,malogne1 or 

de ,metz 7syns4 of ,german              
,prune71 #bbj      ,quetsche de ,millot1
 #ebc      ,quetsche de ,province 7syn4 
of ,quetsche ,pointue71 #ebd            
,quetsche ,de ,ransleben1 #ebc          
,quetsche des ,allemands 7syn4 of       
,german ,prune71 #bbj      ,quetsche de 
,transylvanie1 #ebc      ,quetsche de   
,transilvanie 7syn4 of ,quetsche de     
,transylvanie71 #ebc      ,quetsche     
d',italie 7syn4 of ,italian ,prune71    
#bec      ,quetsche ,domestique 7syn4 of
 ,german ,prune71 #bbj      ,quetsche   
,dr4 ,ltricourt1 #ebd      ,quetsche    
,freestone1 #ebd      ,quetsche ,grosse 
7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bbj          
,quetsche ,grosse ,blaue de la ,worms   
7syn4 of ,zwetsche von der ,worms71     
#egb      ,quetsche ,grosse ,nouvelle   
,de ,dorrel 7syn4 of ,dorell71 #dcd     
,quetsche ,htive1 #ebd      ,quetsche   
,htive de ,liegel 7syn4 of ,quetsche    
,prcoce ,liegel71 #ebe      ,quetsche   
,hongroise 7syn4 of ,hungarian71 #bdf   
,quetsche ,jaune 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,dr4

 ,ltricourt71 #ebd      ,quetsche ,jaune
 de ,hartwiss 7syn4 of ,hartwiss71 #dei 
,quetsche ,jaune de ,reizenstein 7syn4  
of ,reizenstein ,yellow ,prune71        
#eca      ,quetsche ,jaune ,prcoce1 #ebd
      ,quetsche ,jaune ,prcoce 7syn4 of 
,quetsche ,jaune ,prcoce71 #ebd         
,quetsche ,jaune ,tardive 7syn4 of      
,gelbe ,sptzwetsche71 #dea              
,quetsche ,longue ,prcoce1 #ebd         
,quetsche ,maraichre1 #ebd              
,quetsche musque de ,hongrie 7syn4 of   
,hungarian ,musk ,prune71 #dfe          
,quetsche-,pche de ,francfort 7syn4 of  
,frankfort ,peach71 #ddg      ,quetsche 
,pointue1 #ebd      ,quetsche ,prcoce de
 ,buhlerthal1 #ebd      ,quetsche       
,prcoce ,de ,frauendorf1 #ebd           
,quetsche ,prcoce de ,biondeck 7syn4 of 
,biondeck71 #djc      ,quetsche ,prcoce 
de ,frst 7syn4 of ,frst71 #bag          
,quetsche ,prcoce de ,frst 7syn4 of     
,frst ,damson71 #ddh      ,quetsche     
,prcoce ,liegel1 #ebe      ,quetsche    
,prcoce de ,liegel 7syn4 of ,quetsche   

,prcoce ,liegel71 #ebe      ,quetsche   
,prcoce de ,lucas 7syn4 of ,prcoce de   
,lucas71 #eah      ,quetsche ,prcoce de 
,reutlingen 7syn4 of ,reutlinger        
,frhzwetsche71 #eca      ,quetsche      
,prcoce ,de ,schamal1 #ebe              
,quetsche ,prcoce d',esslingen 7syn4 of 
,esslinger ,frhzwetsche71 #ddd          
,quetsche ,prcoce de ,wangenheim 7syn4  
of ,wangenheim71 #cfh      ,quetsche    
,ronde1 #ebe      ,quetsche ,rouge de   
,schmidt 7syn4 of ,schmidt ,rote        
,zwetsche71 #eda      ,quetsche ,sucree 
7syn4 of ,large ,sugar ,prune71 #dhj    
,quetsche ,turkish 7syn4 of ,turkish    
,prune71 #eef      ,quetsche ,verte     
,d',italie1 #ebe      ,quetschen 7syn4  
of ,german ,prune71 #bai      ,quetzen  
7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bbj          
,quintinye1 quoted1 #dee1 #dif1 #ejj1   
#eca      ,quitique1 #ebe               
,rachel1 #ebe      ,rademakers1 #ebe    
,rademaker's ,prune 7syn4 of            
,rademakers71 #ebe      ,ragland1 #ebe  
,rainfall1 effects of1 #ajd      ,rains 

7syn4 of ,kanawha71 #dgd      ,raisin1  
#ebe      ,ramsey1 ,f4 ,t41 var4 orig4  
by1 #ebe      ,ramsey ,last1 #ebe       
,ranette1 #ebf      ,rang 7syn4 of      
,lang71 #dgh      ,rangheri1 #ebf       
,rangheri's ,aprikosen ,pflaume2        
,rangheri's ,frhe ,gelbe ,mirabelle2    
,rangheri's ,frhe ,mirabelle2           
,rangheri's ,gelbe ,mirabelle2          
,rangheris ,mirabelle2 ,rangheris       
,mirabelle 7syns4 of ,rangheri71        
#ebf      ,ranslebens ,pflaume or       
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,de        
,ransleben71          #ebc              
,rareripe1 #ebf      ,rare ,ripe 7syn4  
of ,rareripe71 #ebf      ,ray1 #ebf     
,raymond1 #ebf      ,raynes1 #ebf       
,rea1 ,john1 quoted1 #cb1 #djg1 #dee    
,reagan1 #ebf      ,reagles1 ,c41       
quoted1 #cbj2      var4 orig4 by1 #cie1 
#ebf1 #eeg      ,reagles' ,ancient ,city
 7syn4 of ,ancient ,city71 #cie         
,reagles' ,gage 7syn4 of ,reagle ,gage71
 #ebf      ,reagle ,gage1 #ebf          
,reagles' ,union ,purple 7syn4 of       

,union71 #eeg      ,rebecca1 #ebf       
,reche1 #ebg      ,red ,apricot1 #cba   
,red ,apricot 7syn4 of ,apricot71 #adh  
,red ,apricot2 ,red ,apricot ,plum      
7syns4 of ,red ,apricot71 #cba      ,red
 ,aubert 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71 
#cbf      ,red ,bonum ,magnum 7syn4 of  
,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbf      ,red    
,cloud1 #ebg      ,red ,damask 7syn4 of 
,orleans71 #cjb      ,red ,date1 #cbb   
,red ,date-plum 7syn4 of ,red ,date71   
#cbb      ,red ,diaper1 #cbb      ,red  
,diaper2 ,red ,diaper ,plum2 ,red ,egg  
,plum 7syns4 of ,red          ,diaper71 
#cbc      ,red ,egg2 ,red ,egg ,plum    
7syns4 of ,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbf    
,red ,fotheringham 7syn4 of             
,fotheringham71 #bab      ,red ,gage1   
#ebg      ,red ,gage 7syn4 of ,long     
,scarlet71 #dhe      ,red ,gage 7syn4 of
 ,red ,gage71 #ebg      ,red ,gage of   
,dutchess ,county1 #ebg      ,red       
,glass1 #ebg      ,red ,glass ,junior1  
#ebg      ,red ,gold 7syn4 of           
,gonzales71 #bcb      ,red ,horse1 #ebg 

,redick1 #ebg      ,red ,imperial 7syn4 
of ,impratrice1 #bdi2 of ,red ,diaper1  
#cbc7      ,red ,imperial 7syn4 of ,red 
,magnum ,bonum71 #cbf      ,red ,june1  
#cbc      ,red ,june 7syn4 of ,red      
,june71 #cbd      ,red ,magdalene1 #ebg 
,red ,magnum 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum      
,bonum71 #cbf      ,red ,magnum ,bonum1 
#cbe      ,red ,magnum ,bonum 7syn4 of  
,cooper1 #dbc2 of ,impratrice1 #bdi2 of 
,red          ,magnum ,bonum1 #cbf2 of  
,smith ,orleans1 #cdh7      ,red ,magnum
 ,bonum 7syn4 of ,duane71 #aif      ,red
 ,may1 #ebg      ,red ,mirabelle 7syn4  
of ,myrobalan71 #bij      ,red          
,mirobalane 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij  
,red ,muscle2 ,red ,mussell 7syns4 of   
,muscle71 #eja      ,red ,nagate 7syn4  
of ,berger1 #afj2 of ,chabot1 #agb2 of  
,red ,june1 #cbd7      ,red ,october1   
#ebh      ,red ,orleans 7syn4 of ,early 
,orleans71 #aii      ,red ,orleans2 ,red
 ,orleans ,plum 7syns4 of ,orleans71    
#cjb      ,red ,panhandle1 #ebh         
,red ,pear1 #ebh      ,red ,peascod1    

#ebh      ,red ,perdrigon1 #ebh         
,red ,perdrigon 7syn4 of ,red           
,perdrigon71 #ebh      ,red ,pescod     
7syn4 of ,red ,peascod71 #ebh      ,red 
,plum1 #ei      ,red ,primordian1 #ebh  
,red ,primordian 7syn4 of ,red          
,primordian71 #ebh      ,red ,prune1    
#ebi      ,red ,queen ,mother 7syn4 of  
,queen ,mother71 #ebb      ,red ,saint  
,martin or ,st4 ,martin 7syns4 of ,saint
 ,martin71 #ccf      ,red ,skin1 #ebi   
,red ,violet1 #ebi      ,red ,virginal1 
#ebi      ,red ,wheate 7syn4 of ,wheat71
 #efc      ,red ,winter1 #ebi           
,reed1 #ebi      ,reed1 ,p4 ,h41 var4   
orig4 by1 #ebi      ,reel1 #ebi         
,reeves1 ,samuel1 var4 orig4 by1 #bbh   
,regina1 #ebi      ,regina nova2 ,reina 
,nova 7syns4 of ,belle71 #aeh           
,reina ,nova or ,reine ,nova 7,berre7   
7syns4 of ,belle71 #aeh      ,reine     
,blanche2 ,reine ,blanche de ,galopin   
7syns4 of ,white ,queen71          #efd 
,reine ,claud2 ,reine-,claude 7syns4 of 
,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,reine       

,claude1 #cbf      ,reine ,claude 7syn4 
of ,bavay1 #aee2 of ,small ,reine       
,claude1 #cdg7      ,reine-,claude      
,abricotine1 #ebi      ,reine-,claude   
,fleurs ,semi-double or fleur           
semi-double 7syns4 of          ,double  
,flowering ,gage71 #aib                 
,reine-,claude ,alex4 ,dumas 7syn4 of   
,purple ,gage71 #cah      ,reine-,claude
 ,aloise 7syn4 of ,alois ,reine         
,claude71 #cic      ,reine-,claude      
,althan's 7syn4 of ,altham71 #ada       
,reine-,claude ,ancienne1 ,blanche1     
,blanche ,grosse ,espece1 ,blanche      
la ,grosse 7syns4 of ,reine ,claude71   
#cbg      ,reine-,claude ,azure 7syn4 of
 ,azure71 #cih      ,reine-,claude      
,bavay ,htive 7syn4 of ,july ,green     
,gage71 #dgd      ,reine-,claude        
,blanche 7syn4 of ,small ,reine         
,claude71 #cdg      ,reine-,claude      
,blanche de ,boston 7syn4 of ,imperial  
,gage71 #bea      ,reine-,claude        
,blanche ,petite ,espece 7syn4 of ,small
 ,reine ,claude71 #cdg                  

,reine-,claude ,bleue 7syn4 of ,blaue   
,reine ,claude71 #dje                   
,reine-,claude ,boddaert 7syn4 of       
,boddaert71 #afe      ,reine-,claude    
,braunau 7syn4 of ,abricote de          
,braunau71 #cia      ,reine-,claude     
,bryanston 7syn4 of ,bryanston71 #afh   
,reine-,claude ,chauviere 7syn4 of      
,chauviere71 #dag      ,reine-,claude   
,comte ,althan or d',althan2            
,reine-,claude d',althan2               
,reine ,claude d',althann 7syns4 of     
,altham71 #ada      ,reine ,claude      
,coulon 7syn4 of ,coulon ,reine         
,claude71 #dbc      ,reine-,claude      
d',alois 7syn4 of ,alois ,reine         
,claude71 #cic      ,reine-,claude      
d',angouleme 7syn4 of ,angouleme71 #cie 
,reine-,claude d',automne 7syn4 of      
,autumn ,gage71 #cih      ,reine-,claude
 ,davion 7syn4 of ,july ,green ,gage71  
#dgd      ,reine ,claude de ,bavay 7syn4
 of ,bavay71 #aee      ,reine-,claude de
 ,bavay ,htive 7syn4 of ,july ,green    
,gage71 #dgd      ,reine-,claude ,de    

,berger 7syn4 of ,peach71 #cji          
,reine-,claude de ,bleecker or de       
,bleeker 7syns4 of ,bleeker71 #afc      
,reine-,claude de ,boddaert 7syn4 of    
,boddaert71 #afe      ,reine-,claude de 
,brahy 7syn4 of ,brahy71 #djh           
,reine ,claude de ,brignais1 #ebi       
,reine-,claude de ,brignais 7syn4 of    
,reine ,claude de ,brignais71 #ebi      
,reine-,claude de ,chambourcy 7syn4 of  
,chambourcy71 #agd      ,reine-,claude  
de ,comte ,hathen 7syn4 of ,altham71    
#ada      ,reine ,claude d',ecully1 #ebi
      ,reine-,claude de ,flushings 7syn4
 of ,imperial ,gage71 #bea              
,reine-,claude ,de ,guigne 7syn4 of     
,transparent71 #cfj      ,reine-,claude 
d',ecully 7syn4 of ,ecully71 #dda       
,reine-,claude de ,jodoigne 7syn4 of    
,jodoigne71 #dgb      ,reine-,claude de 
,juillet 7syn4 of ,july ,green ,gage71  
#dgd      ,reine-,claude de ,lawrence   
7syn4 of ,lawrence71 #bff      ,reine   
,claude de l',echoisier1 #ecj           
,reine-,claude de ,meroldt 7syn4 of     

,meroldt71 #did      ,reine ,claude de  
,mezel1 #ecj      ,reine-,claude de     
,monroe 7syn4 of ,monroe71 #bhg         
,reine-,claude de ,montmorency 7syn4 of 
,montmorency71 #dii      ,reine ,claude 
de ,razaimbaut1 #ecj      ,reine-,claude
 de ,razaimbaut 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude 
de ,razaimbaut71 #ecj      ,reine       
,claude de ,saint-,avertin1 #ecj        
,reine ,claude ,descarde1 #ecj          
,reine-,claude de ,schuyler 7syn4 of    
,schuyler ,gage71 #eda      ,reine      
,claude de ,vandenbrok1 #ecj      ,reine
 ,claude de ,wazon1 #ecj                
,reine-,claude de ,webster 7syn4 of     
,webster ,gage71 #efb                   
,reine-,claude de ,woolston 7syn4 of    
,woolston71 #efg      ,reine-,claude    
,d',henrietta 7syn4 of ,henrietta       
,gage71 #dfa      ,reine-,claude        
d',hudson 7syn4 of ,hudson ,gage71 #dfe 
,reine-,claude ,diaphane 7syn4 of       
,transparent71 #cfj      ,reine-,claude 
,diaphane ,htive 7syn4 of ,early        
,transparent ,gage71 #ddj      ,reine   

,claude d',oberdieck1 #ecj              
,reine-,claude d',october2              
,reine-,claude d',octobre 7syns4 of     
,late ,reine          ,claude71 #dha    
,reine-,claude ,dore2 ,reine ,claude    
,dore2 ,reineclaude d'oree              
7syns4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg         
,reine-,claude d',oullins 7syn4 of      
,oullins71 #cjc      ,reine-,claude du  
,comte d',althan or ,hathem 7syns4 of   
,altham71 #ada      ,reine-,claude      
,geante 7syn4 of ,reisenzwetsche71 #eca 
,reine-,claude ,grosse 7syn4 of ,reine  
,claude71 #cbg      ,reine ,claude      
group1 #bg-bi2      origin of1 #bg-bi2  
character of1 #bi2      leading         
varieties of1 #bi      ,reine-,claude   
,htive 7syn4 of ,july ,green ,gage71    
#dgd      ,reine ,claude ,hamaitre1 #ecj
      ,reine-,claude ,htive d',avion    
7syn4 of ,july ,green ,gage71 #dgd      
,reine-,claude ,htive de ,bavay 7syn4 of
 ,july ,green ,gage71 #dgd              
,reine-,claude ,impriale or ,impriale de
 ,prince 7syns4 of ,imperial            

,gage71 #bea      ,reine-,claude ,jaune 
,de ,dana 7syn4 of ,dana ,yellow ,gage71
 #dbh      ,reine-,claude ,jaune ,de    
,prince 7syn4 of ,yellow ,gage71 #chh   
,reine-,claude ,latinois 7syn4 of       
,chambourcy71 #agd      ,reine-,claude  
mit ,halbgefullter ,bluthe 7syn4 of     
,double ,flowering          ,gage71 #aib
      ,reine-,claude ,monot 7syn4 of    
,bavay71 #aee      ,reine-,claude       
,monstreuse de ,bavey 7syn4 of ,bavay71 
#aee      ,reine ,claude ,monstrueuse de
 ,mezel1 #ecj      ,reine-,claude       
,moyret 7syn4 of ,moyret71 #ejj         
,reine-,claudenartige ,aprikosen        
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,apricot71 #adh       
,reine-,claude ,noire de ,woolston 7syn4
 of ,woolston71 #efg      ,reine-,claude
 ,petite or ,petite ,espce 7syns4 of    
,small ,reine          ,claude71 #cdg   
,reine ,claude ,prcoce 7syn4 of         
,oullins71 #cjc      ,reine-,claude     
,prcoce de ,razimbaud 7syn4 of ,reine   
,claude de          ,razaimbaut71 #ecj  
,reine-,claude ,rouge 7syn4 of ,belle71 

#aeh      ,reine-,claude ,rouge         
,americaine 7syn4 of ,red ,gage71 #ebg  
,reine-,claude ,rouge ,comte ,althan2   
,rouge de ,hathen2 rouge du comte       
,hethan2 ,rouge du ,comte ,hethan 7syns4
 of ,altham71 #ada      ,reine-,claude  
,rouge de ,prince 7syn4 of ,red ,gage71 
#ebg      ,reine-,claude ,rouge de      
,septembre 7syn4 of ,belle71 #aeh       
,reine-,claude ,rouge de ,van ,mons     
7syn4 of ,belle71 #aeh                  
,reine-,claude ,rouge of ,september2    
,reine-,claude ,rouge ,van ,mons 7syns4 
of ,belle71 #aeh      ,reine ,claude    
,sagot1 #ecj      ,reine-,claude        
,semi-,double 7syn4 of ,double          
,flowering ,gage71 #aib                 
,reine-,claude tardive 7syn4 of         
,chambourcy71 #agd      ,reine-,claude  
,tardive 7syn4 of ,late ,reine ,claude71
 #dha      ,reine-,claude ,tardive de   
,chambourcy2 ,reine-,claude ,tardive    
,latinois          7syns4 of            
,chambourcy71 #agd      ,reine ,claude  
,transparent2 ,reine-,claude            

,transparente 7syns4 of                 
,transparent71 #cfj      ,reine-,claude 
,verde ,perdrigon 7syn4 of ,reine       
,claude71 #cbg      ,reine-,claude      
,verte 7syn4 of ,chambourcy1 #agd2 of   
,reine ,claude1 #cbg7                   
,reine-,claude ,verte ,impriale or      
,verte ,superieure 7syns4 of            
,imperial ,gage71 #bea                  
,reine-,claude ,verte ,tiquete 7syn4 of 
,reine ,claude71 #cbg                   
,reine-,claude ,violette 7syn4 of ,blaue
 ,reine ,claude1 #dje2 of ,purple       
,gage1 #cah7      ,reine-,claude von    
,bavays 7syn4 of ,bavay71 #aee          
,reine-,claude von ,boddaert 7syn4 of   
,boddaert71 #afe      ,reine ,claude von
 ,bollwiller1 #ecj      ,reine ,claude  
,von ,brahy 7syn4 of ,brahy71 #djh      
,reine-,claude von ,jodoigne 7syn4 of   
,jodoigne71 #dgb      ,reine-,claude von
 ,oullins 7syn4 of ,oullins71 #cjc      
,reine-,claudia2 ,reine-,claudia        
,blanche ,la ,grosse 7syns4 of ,reine   
,claude71 #cbg      ,reine de ,chypre   

7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc      ,reine
 des ,mirabelles1 #ecj      ,reinette   
,claude d',althan or ,comte d',althan   
7syns4 of ,altham71 #ada      ,reine    
,victoria1 #eca      ,reine ,victoria   
7syn4 of ,victoria71 #cfc               
,reisenzwetsche1 #eca                   
,reitzensteiner ,gelbe ,zwetsche 7syn4  
of ,gelbe ,sptzwetsche1 #dea2 of        
,reizenstein ,yellow ,prune1 #eca7      
,reizenstein ,yellow ,prune1 #eca       
,reizenstein's ,yellow ,prune 7syn4 of  
,reizenstein ,yellow ,prune71 #eca      
,ransleben1 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #ebc    
,rensselaar1 ,rensselaer or ,rensselvar 
,gage 7syns4 of ,reine                  
,claude71 #cbg      ,reutlinger         
,frhzwetsche1 #eca      ,reutlinger     
,frhzwetsche 7syn4 of ,reutlinger       
,frhzwetsche71 #eca      ,rex 7syn4 of  
,spanish ,king71 #edf      ,rhinebeck   
,yellow ,gage1 #eca      ,rhodes1 #eca  
,rhue1 #eca      ,rhue's ,seedling 7syn4
 of ,rhue71 #eca      ,rice ,seed 7syn4 
of ,gaviota71 #dej      ,richard        

,trotter1 #eca      ,richland1 #eca     
,riga #aa1 #ecb      ,riga #aae 7syn4 of
 ,aubert71 #cig      ,rigny1 #ecb       
,rising ,sun1 #ecb      ,rivers1        
,francis1 var4 orig4 by1 #djc           
,rivers1 ,thomas1 var4 orig4 by1 #adi1  
#aec1 #ahe1 #bjj1 #bcc1 #bda1 #bhf1     
#djf1 #dbe1 #dch1 #ddj1 #dec1 #dei1     
#dfa1 #dha1 #dhb1 #dhi1 #eah1 #ecb1     
#edi1 #eej      ,rivers' ,blue          
,prolific2 ,rivers' ,no4 #d 7syns4 of   
,blue ,prolific71 #djf      ,rivers'    
,blue ,prolific2 ,rivers' ,early2       
,rivers' ,early ,no4 #b2                
,rivers' ,early ,prolific or ,early     
,prolific ,plum1 ,rivers' ,frhe         
,fruchtbare2 ,rivers ,frhpflaume2       
,rivers' ,no4 #b 7syns4 of ,early       
,rivers71 #bjj      ,rivers ,early1 #ecb
      ,rivers ,early2 ,rivers ,early    
,favorite2 ,river's ,early ,favourite2  
,river's ,early ,no4 #a2 ,rivers        
,frhpflaume2 ,rivers ,frh               
,pflaume2 ,river's ,no4 #a ,fruhpflaume2
 ,rivers' ,no4 #b 7syns4 of             

,early ,favorite71 #dch      ,rivers'   
,early ,apricot 7syn4 of ,early         
,transparent ,gage71 #ddj      ,rivers' 
,early ,damson 7syn4 of ,rivers ,early71
 #ecb      ,rivers' ,early ,transparent 
,gage 7syn4 of ,early ,transparent      
,gage71 #ddj      ,river's ,late        
,prolific 7syn4 of ,late ,prolific71    
#dha      ,rivularis 7syn4 of           
,towakong71 #eed      ,robe de ,sargent 
or ,sergent 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach       
,robe de ,sergeant or ,sergent 7syn4 of 
,sergeant71 #cci      ,robert1 #ecb     
,robert's ,freestone 7syn4 of ,robert71 
#ecb      ,robinson 7syn4 of ,miner71   
#bha      ,robinson1 #cbi      ,roby1   
,h4 ,r41 var4 orig4 by1 #ecb      ,roby 
,yellow1 #ecb      ,roch-courbon2       
,roche-,carbon2 ,roche ,corbon2 ,roche  
,courbon 7syns4          of ,red        
,diaper71 #cbc      ,rockford1 #ecb     
,rocky ,mountain1 #ecb      ,rocky      
,mountain ,seedling 7syn4 of ,rocky     
,mountain71 #ecb      ,rodney1 #ecb     
,rodney ,gage 7syn4 of ,rodney71 #ecb   

,rodt ,blaue ,zwetsche1 #ecc      ,rodt 
,frhe ,grosse ,pflaumenzwetsche1 #ecc   
,rodt's ,grosse ,frhe                   
,pflaumen-,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,kaiser    
,wilhelm71 #dgd      ,roe1 ,william1    
var4 orig4 by1 #cih      ,roe's ,autumn2
 ,roe's ,autumn ,gage 7syns4 of ,autumn 
,gage71 #cih      ,rognon ,d',ane1 #ecc 
,rognon de ,coq1 #ecc                   
,rognon-de-,coq de ,nikita 7syn4 of     
,nikitaer ,hahnenpflaume71 #ejd         
,roi 7syn4 of ,royal ,tours71 #ccb      
,roi-,claude 7syn4 of ,oullins71 #cjc   
,roi d',agen 7syn4 of ,agen71 #ach      
,rollande ,galloppi1 #ecc               
,rollingstone1 #ccj      ,rolling ,stone
 7syn4 of ,rollingstone71 #ccj          
,ronald ,fancy1 #ecc      ,rood 7syn4 of
 ,empire71 #bjc      ,rood1 ,ezra1 var4 
orig4 by1 #bjd      ,ros-,pruim ,double1
 #ecc      ,ros-pruim ,double 7syn4 of  
,horse71 #dfd      ,roselle1 #ecc       
,rosinen ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,bechstein   
,spitzpflaume1 #djj2 of ,rote           
,zwetsche1 #ecd7      ,ross1 #ecc       

,ross1 ,j4 ,t41 var4 orig4 by1 #ecc     
,ross ,seedling 7syn4 of ,ross71 #ecc   
,rossy ,frhe ,zwetsche1 #ecc            
,rossy's ,frh ,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,rossy 
,frhe ,zwetsche71 #ecc      ,rostrave   
,bell1 #ecc      ,rote ,aprikosenpflaume
 or ,aprikosenzwetsche 7syns4 of ,red   
,apricot71          #cba      ,rote     
,claude 7syn4 of ,belle71 #aeh          
,rote ,cyprische ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,red 
,diaper71 #cbc      ,rote               
,dattelzwetsche 7syn4 of ,red ,date71   
#cbb      ,rote ,diapre2 ,rote ,eier    
,pflaume2 ,rote ,marunke2 ,rote ,masche2
          ,rote ,osterei2 ,rote ,ross   
,pflaume2 ,rothe ,diapre or             
,diapre2 ,rothe ,eierpflaume2 ,rothe    
,marunke2 ,rothe ,ssse                  
,pflaume2 ,rothe ,violen ,pflaume2      
,rouge ,corbon 7syns4 of ,red           
,diaper71 #cbc      ,rote ,eier         
,pflaume2 ,rote ,kaiserpflaume2 ,rote   
,kaiser ,zwetsche2          ,rothe      
,kaiserpflaume2 ,rothe ,kaiserzwetsche  
7syns4 of ,red          ,magnum ,bonum71

 #cbf      ,rote ,feigen ,pflaume 7syn4 
of ,red ,date71 #cbb      ,rote ,frh    
,damascene 7syn4 of ,damas ,rouge       
,htif71 #dbg      ,rote ,herbst ,zeiberl
 7syn4 of ,rotes ,zeiberl71 #ecc        
,rote ,jungfernpflaume 7syn4 of ,red    
,virginal71 #ebi      ,rote             
,kirschpflaume 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71    
#bij      ,rote ,mirabelle1 #ecc        
,rote ,nectarine 7syn4 of ,nectarine71  
#bia      ,rote ,washington 7syn4 of    
,brevoort ,purple71 #djh      ,rote     
,zipper2 ,rote ,zwetsche 7syns4 of      
,bechstein ,spitzpflaume71 #djj         
,rote ,zwetsche1 #ecd      ,roter       
,perdrigon2 ,rother ,perdrigon 7syns4 of
 ,red ,perdrigon71 #ebh      ,roter     
,spilling 7syn4 of ,hofinger            
,mirabelle71 #dfb      ,rotes           
,taubenherz 7syn4 of ,queen ,mother71   
#ebb      ,rotes ,zeiberl1 #ecc         
,rothgefleckte ,goldpflaume 7syn4 of    
,belle de ,scheneberg71 #dja      ,rothe
 ,aprikosenpflaume 7syn4 of ,red        
,apricot71 #cba      ,rothe             

,frhdamascene 7syn4 of ,damas ,rouge    
,htif71 #dbg      ,rothe                
,jungfernpflaume1 #ecd      ,rothe      
,knigspflaume 7syn4 of ,royal ,tours71  
#ccb      ,rothe ,mirabelle 7syn4 of    
,myrobalan71 #bij      ,rothe ,nectarine
 7syn4 of ,nectarine71 #bia      ,rothe 
,nektarine 7syn4 of ,peach71 #cji       
,rotherham 7syn4 of ,winesour71 #eff    
,rotgefleckte ,gold ,pflaume 7syn4 of   
,belle de ,scheneberg71 #dja      ,rouge
 ,corbon 7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc   
,rouge de ,bleecker 7syn4 of ,lombard71 
#bfh      ,rouge de ,brevoort 7syn4 of  
,brevoort ,purple71 #djh      ,rouge de 
,denniston 7syn4 of ,denniston ,red71   
#dca      ,rouge de ,liegel 7syn4 of    
,royale ,htive de ,liegel71 #ece        
,rouge ,htive 7syn4 of ,red             
,primordian71 #ebh      ,rouge ,htive de
 ,nitka1 #ecd      ,rouge tardive de    
,coe 7syn4 of ,saint ,martin71 #ccf     
,rouge ,tardive ,de ,coe 7syn4 of ,saint
 ,martin ,quetsche71 #ech               
,roulette1 #ecd      ,round1 #ecd       

,round ,black ,damson 7syn4 of ,damson71
 #ahf      ,round ,damson 7syn4 of      
,damson71 #ahf      ,round ,leaf        
,wonderful1 #ecd      ,rousse ,de       
,guthrie 7syn4 of ,guthrie ,russet71    
#deg      ,rowlett 7syn4 of ,roulette71 
#ecd      ,rowley1 ,jos41 var4 orig4 by1
 #ecd      ,rowley1 #ecd      ,roxburgh1
 quoted1 #ea      ,royal1 #ecd          
,royal 7syn4 of ,climax1 #agh2 of       
,royal1 #ecd7      ,royal ,bullace1 #ecd
      ,royal ,dauphin 7syn4 of ,royal   
,dauphin71 #ecd      ,royal ,dauphin1   
#ecd      ,royal ,dauphine 7syn4 of     
,sharp1 #cdj2 of ,victoria1 #cfc7       
,royal de ,braunac1 #ece      ,royal de 
,vilvorde 7syn4 of ,jodoigne71 #dgb     
,royale 7syn4 of ,mayer ,knigspflaume1  
#dic2 of ,royal1 #ecd2 of ,royal        
,tours1 #ccb7      ,royale ,dauphin     
7syn4 of ,royal ,dauphin71 #ecd         
,royale de ,behrens1 #ece      ,royale  
de ,behrens 7syn4 of ,royale de         
,behrens71 #ece      ,royale de ,braunau
 7syn4 of ,buchner ,knigspflaume71 #daj 

,royale de ,haffner 7syn4 of ,haffner   
,knigspflaume71 #deh      ,royale de    
,koch 7syn4 of ,koch ,knigspflaume71    
#dgg      ,royale de ,lucas 7syn4 of    
,lucas ,knigspflaume71 #dhg      ,royale
 de ,mayer 7syn4 of ,mayer              
,knigspflaume71 #dic      ,royale de    
,paris ,tardive 7syn4 of ,perdrigon     
,tardif71 #eae      ,royale de          
,siebenfreud1 #ece      ,royale de      
,siebenfreund 7syn4 of ,royale de       
,siebenfreud71 #ece      ,royale de     
,tours 7syn4 of ,royal ,tours71 #ccb    
,royale de ,trapp 7syn4 of ,trapps      
,knigspflaume71 #eee      ,royale du    
,dr4 ,koch 7syn4 of ,koch               
,knigspflaume71 #dgg      ,royale ,htive
 7syn4 of ,early ,royal71 #bja          
,royale ,htive or ,htive de ,liegel     
7syns4 of ,royale ,htive de             
,liegel71 #ece      ,royale ,htive de   
,liegel1 #ece      ,royal ,htive de     
,nikita 7syn4 of ,early ,royal of       
,nikita71 #ddj      ,royale tres-grosse 
7syn4 of ,royal71 #ecd      ,royale     

,violette de ,keindl1 #ece      ,royale 
,violette de ,keindt 7syn4 of ,royale   
,violette de ,keindl71 #ece      ,royal 
,green ,gage 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71  
#cbg      ,royal ,htive 7syn4 of ,early 
,royal71 #bja      ,royale ,htive de    
,nikita 7syn4 of ,early ,royal of       
,nikita71 #ddj      ,royal of ,tours    
7syn4 of ,royal ,tours71 #ccb           
,royal ,pea1 #ece      ,royal ,plumb2   
,royal ,red 7syns4 of ,royal71 #ecd     
,royal red ,plum2 ,royal ,tours 7syns4  
of ,royal ,tours71 #ccb      ,royal     
,tours1 #ccb      ,royer ,aprikosen     
,pflaume1 #ece      ,ruben ,burgunder   
,zwetsche1 #ece      ,ruby1 #ece        
,rudolph1 #ecf      ,rudolph's ,pflaume 
7syn4 of ,prune de ,rudolphe71 #eba     
,rudolphspflaume 7syn4 of ,rudolph71    
#ecf      ,rue1 #ecf      ,rue1 ,j4 ,b41
 var4 orig4 by1 #ecf      ,ruff ,choice1
 #ecf      ,ruff ,spanish1 #ecf         
,runde ,brisette 7syn4 of ,late         
,mirabelle71 #bfc      ,runde ,rote     
,damascene 7syn4 of ,liegel ,rote       

,damascene71 #dhd      ,runyon1 ,o4 ,r41
 var4 orig4 by1 #cei      ,russian      
,mirabelle1 #ecf      ,russian ,no4 #b1 
#ecf      ,russian ,no4 #c1 #ecf        
,russian plum #bj ,m4 7syn4 of          
,burbank71 #agj      ,rutland ,plumcot1 
#ccc        ,sabel ,pflaume 7syn4 of    
,hungarian71 #bdf      ,sada1 #ecf      
,saffold1 #ecf      ,sagetsuma 7syn4 of 
,sagetsuna71 #ecf      ,sagetsuna1 #ecf 
,st4 ,anne1 #ecg      ,saint ,antoine1  
#ecg      ,saint ,antonio1 #ecg         
,saint ,aubert 7syn4 of ,st4 ,aubert71  
#ecg      ,st4 ,aubert1 #ecg            
,sainte ,barnab2 ,st4 ,barnabe 7syns4 of
 ,early ,yellow71 #bjc      ,saint      
,catherine1 #ccd      ,st4 ,catharine2  
,saint ,catherine2 ,sainte ,catherine2  
,sainte-,catherine2 ,sainte-,catherine  
jaune1 ordinaire or          de ,tours2 
,st4 ,katharine 7syns4 of ,saint        
,catherine71 #ccd                       
,sainte-,catherine 7,belgien7 7syn4 of  
,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbf      ,saint  
,clair2 ,st4 ,claire2 ,saint ,claire2   

,sainte-,claire 7syns4          of      
,bavay71 #aee      ,saint ,cloud 7syn4  
of ,goliath71 #bca      ,saint ,cyr     
7syn4 of ,morocco71 #bhh      ,st4      
,etienne1 #ecg      ,st4 ,james1 #ecg   
,st4 ,james' ,quetsche 7syn4 of ,st4    
,james71 #ecg      ,saint-,jean 7syn4 of
 ,noire de ,montreuil71 #ejd      ,saint
 ,jean 7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb    
,st4 ,jean 7syn4 of ,early ,st4 ,john71 
#ddj      ,st4 ,john1 #ecg      ,st4    
,julian2 ,st4 ,julien2 ,saint ,julien2  
,saint ,julien ,petit 7syns4          of
 ,saint ,julian71 #cce      ,saint      
,julien1 #cce      ,st4 ,julien group1  
discussion of1 #da1 #db      ,st4       
,lawrence1 #ecg      ,saint ,loo 7syn4  
of ,valence71 #eeg      ,saint ,martin1 
#ccf      ,saint 7or ,st47 ,martin or   
,martin ,rouge 7syns4 of ,saint         
,martin71 #ccf      ,saint-,martin2     
,saint ,martin's2 ,saint ,martin's      
,quetsche 7syns4 of          ,saint     
,martin ,quetsche71 #ech      ,saint    
,martin ,quetsche1 #ech      ,saint     

,maurin2 ,st4 ,maurin2 ,saint           
,mauriniana 7syns4 of ,agen71 #ach      
,saint ,pierre1 #ech      ,st4 ,remo1   
#ech      ,sainte ,theresa1 #ecg        
,sandall1 var4 orig4 by1 #ech           
,sandall1 #ech      ,sandall's ,plum    
7syn4 of ,sandall71 #ech      ,sanders1 
#ech      ,sanderson1 #ech      ,sandle1
 #ech      ,sandoz1 #ech      ,sand     
,plum1 #ech      ,sanguine 7syn4 of     
,satsuma71 #ccg      ,sankt-,julians    
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,damson71 #ahf        
,sankt-,michel's ,pflaume 7syn4 of      
,september ,damask71 #edb      ,sannois1
 #ech      ,sannois ,quetsche 7syn4 of  
,sannois71 #ech      ,sans ,noyau 7syn4 
of ,stoneless71 #cec      ,sans-,noyau  
7syn4 of ,stoneless71 #cec              
,sansoto1 #eci      ,santa ,rosa1 #eci  
,sapa1 #eci      ,saratoga1 #eci        
,sargent1 quoted1 #ig                   
,saskatchewan1 #eci      ,satin1 #eci   
,satsugon1 #eci      ,satsuland1 #eci   
,satsuma1 #ccg      ,satsuma 7syn4 of   
,berger71 #afj      ,satsuma ,blood     

7syn4 of ,satsuma71 #ccg      ,sauere   
,weinpflaume 7syn4 of ,winesour71 #eff  
,sauere ,wein ,pflaume ,von ,yorkshire  
7syn4 of ,winesour71 #eff               
,saunders1 #cci      ,saunders ,seedling
 7syn4 of ,saunders71 #cci              
,sauvageon1 #eci      ,savoy 7syn4 of   
,isle-,verte71 #dgj      ,sayer         
,favorite1 #edj      ,scaldatello 7syn4 
of ,scaudatella71 #edj      ,scaldatone1
 #edj      ,scanarda1 #edj              
,scanarda 7syn4 of ,scanarda71 #edj     
,scarlet ,gage 7syn4 of ,long ,scarlet71
 #dhe      ,scaudatella1 #edj           
,schamal1 #edj      ,schamal1 ,m41 var4 
orig4 by1 #ebe1 #edj      ,schamal 7syn4
 of ,schamal71 #edj      ,schamals      
,frhzwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,prcoce 
,de ,schamal71 #ebe      ,schamals      
,herbstpflaume 7syn4 of ,schamal71 #edj 
,scheidweiler1 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #bje 
,schenectady1 #edj      ,schenectady    
,catharine1 ,catherine or ,catherine    
,plum 7syns4 of          ,schenectady71 
#edj      ,schieblers ,eier ,pflaume1   

#edj      ,schiebler ,luisante1 #edj    
,schlachter ,frh ,zwetsche1 #edj        
,schlehen ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,damson71   
#ahf      ,schley1 #edj      ,schley1   
,philip1 var4 orig4 by1 #dbe            
,schley's ,large ,red 7syn4 of ,schley71
 #edj      ,schmidt ,rote ,zwetsche1    
#eda      ,schneider1 quoted1 #dd       
,schoenthal1 #eda      ,schne ,september
 ,knigspflaume 7syn4 of ,belle71 #aeh   
,schne von ,lowen 7syn4 of ,belle de    
,louvain71 #djj      ,schne von ,riom1  
#eda      ,schne von ,schneberg 7syn4 of
 ,belle de ,scheneberg71 #dja           
,schuyler1 ,general1 var4 orig4 by1 #eda
      ,schuyler ,gage1 #eda             
,schuyler ,gage 7syn4 of ,schuyler      
,gage71 #eda      ,schuyler or          
,schuyler's ,gage 7syns4 of ,reine      
,claude71 #cbg      ,schwarze ,mirabelle
 7syn4 of ,norbert71 #eje      ,schwarze
 ,muskateller ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,musk   
,damson71 #eja      ,schwarze           
,reine-,claude 7syn4 of ,blaue ,reine   
,claude71 #dje      ,schwarzer          

,perdrigon 7syn4 of ,normand            
,perdrigon71 #ejf      ,schweizer       
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,suisse71 #edi        
,schweizer ,zwetsche2 ,schweizerzwetsche
 7syns4 of ,italian ,prune71            
#bec      ,schweizer ,zwetsche 7incor47 
7syn4 of ,large ,english71 #bfb         
,scioto1 #eda      ,scott  ,co41 var4   
orig4 by1 #baa      ,scribner1 #eda     
,sea 7syn4 of ,howell71 #dfe            
,sea-,egg1 #eda      ,semiana1 #eda     
,semiana 7syn4 of ,suisse71 #edi        
,semiana 7syn4 of ,italian ,prune71 #bec
      ,semiana of ,boston 7syn4 of      
,semiana71 #eda      ,semi-double       
flowering ,reine ,claude 7syn4 of       
,double ,flowering ,gage71          #aib
      ,semina 7syn4 of ,semiana71 #eda  
,semis de ,bury 7syn4 of ,golden ,drop71
 #bbi      ,semis de ,dorr 7syn4 of     
,dorr ,seedling71 #dcd      ,semis de   
,dry 7syn4 of ,dry ,seedling71 #dcf     
,semis de ,pond 7syn4 of ,pond71 #cad   
,seper1 #edb      ,seper's ,peach 7syn4 
of ,seper71 #edb      ,september1 #edb  

,september ,damascene 7syn4 of          
,perdrigon ,tardif71 #eae               
,september ,damascene1 ,damask or       
,damson 7syns4 of ,september            
,damask71 #edb      ,september ,damask1 
#edb      ,serdali ,irek 7syn4 of ,gelbe
 ,kirschpflaume71 #dej      ,sergeant1  
#cci      ,shailer's ,white ,damson     
7syn4 of ,white ,damson71 #cgd          
,shaker1 #edb      ,sharp1 #cdj         
,sharp2 ,sharpe's ,emperor2 ,sharp's    
,emperor2 ,sharps ,kaiserpflaume        
7syns4 of ,sharp71 #cdj      ,sharp2    
,sharpe's ,emperor2 ,sharpe's ,emperor2 
,sharp's          ,kaiserpflaume 7syns4 
of ,victoria71 #cfc      ,shaw1 #edb    
,shedd ,cluster1 #edb      ,sheen 7syn4 
of ,fotheringham71 #bab      ,sheldon1  
#edb      ,sheldrake1 #cdj              
,shepherd ,bullace1 #edb                
,shepherd's ,white 7syn4 of ,shepherd   
,bullace71 #edb      ,shepler 7syn4 of  
,red ,magnum ,bonum71 #cbf      ,shepway
 ,bulleis1 #edb      ,shilling1 #edc    
,shipper1 #cda1 #edc      ,shipper 7syn4

 of ,marketman71 #dia      ,shipper     
,pride2 ,shipper's ,pride2 ,shippers'   
,pride 7syns4 of          ,shipper71    
#cda      ,shirata ,bene1 #edc          
,shiro1 #cdb      ,shiro ,smomo 7syn4 of
 ,berger1 #afj2 of ,ogon1 #bih2 of ,red 
,june1 #cbd7      ,shropshire1 #cdd     
,shropshire ,damson 7syn4 of            
,shropshire71 #cdd      ,shviata ,bene1 
#edc      ,siamese1 #edc      ,sidone1  
#edc      ,siebenbrger ,pflaume1 #edc   
,siebenburger ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,early  
,yellow71 #bjc      ,siebenburger       
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,quetsche de         
,transylvanie71 #ebc      ,siebenfreud's
 ,knigspflaume2 ,siebenfreund's         
,knigspflaume 7syns4 of          ,royale
 de ,siebenfreud71 #ece      ,sierra1   
#edc      ,sierra ,crimson 7syn4 of     
,sierra71 #edc      ,silassy1 #edc      
,silas ,wilson1 #edc                    
,silberblattrige ,zwetsche 7syn4 of     
,quetsche  feuille argente71 #ebc       
,silva ,kning ,claudie1 #edc            
,silver ,prune 7syn4 of ,golden ,drop71 

#bbi      ,simiana 7syn4 of ,semiana1   
#eda2 of ,suisse1 #edi7      ,simon1    
#cde      ,simon1 ,victor1 var4 orig4   
by1 #eea      ,simon2 ,simon's ,chinese 
,apricot ,plum2 ,simon's ,peach2        
,simon's ,plum          7syns4 of       
,simon71 #cdf      ,simpson1 #cdf       
,simpson1 ,w4 ,b41 var4 orig4 by1 #dad4 
,sinomo 7syn4 of ,kelsey71 #beh         
,sir ,charles ,worsley's 7syn4 of       
,royal71 #ecd      ,sirocco1 #edd       
,sisson1 #edd      ,sixby1 #edd         
,six ,weeks1 #edd      ,skorospielka    
7syn4 of ,early71 #dcg      ,skuya1 #edd
      ,slee-,pruim 7syn4 of ,sloe71 #edd
      ,sloe1 #edd      ,sloe ,plum1 #ei 
,small1 quoted1 #hj      ,small ,black  
,damask 7syn4 of ,black ,damask71 #djd  
,small ,damas 7syn4 of ,black ,damask71 
#djd      ,small ,green ,drying1 #edd   
,small ,green ,gage 7syn4 of ,small     
,reine ,claude71 #cdg      ,small       
,mirabelle 7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd   
,small ,queen ,claude 7syn4 of ,small   
,reine ,claude71 #cdg      ,small ,red  

,damask2 ,small ,red ,damson 7syns4 of  
,queen ,mother71 #ebb      ,small ,reine
 ,claude1 #cdg      ,small ,round       
,damson 7syn4 of ,damson1 #ahf2 of      
,white ,damson1 #cgd7      ,small ,white
 ,damask 7syn4 of ,small ,white         
,damson71 #ede      ,small ,white       
,damson1 #edd      ,smiley1 #ede        
,smith1 ,captain ,john1 quoted1 #hd1 #ic
      ,smith1 var4 orig4 by1 #cdh       
,smith1 #ede      ,smith1 ,a4 ,m41 var4 
orig4 by1 #ede      ,smith1 ,c4 ,a41    
var4 orig4 by1 #ede      ,smith1 ,e4    
,f41 quoted1 #aca      ,smith1 ,w4  ,t4 
,co41 quoted1 #aah      ,smith ,october1
 #ede      ,smith ,orleans1 #cdh        
,smith ,prolific1 #ede      ,smith      
,prune 7syn4 of ,diamond71 #aia         
,smith ,red1 #ede      ,smith's ,herrn  
,pflaume2 ,smith's large ,orleans2      
,smith's ,orleans2          ,smith's    
,orleans ,pflaume 7syns4 of ,smith      
,orleans71 #cdh      ,smith's large     
,october 7syn4 of ,impratrice71 #bdi    
,smith's ,orleans 7syn4 of ,cooper71    

#dbc      ,smith's ,prune 7syn4 of      
,diamond71 #aia      ,smith's ,prune    
7syn4 of ,kingston71 #dgf      ,smith's 
,red 7syn4 of ,smith ,red71 #ede        
,snelling1 #ede      ,snelling1 ,w4 ,h41
 var4 orig4 by1 #edf      ,snooks 7syn4 
of ,new ,ulm71 #bic      ,snyder1 #edf  
,sophie1 #cdi      ,souris1 #edf        
,sour ,wine ,plum of ,yorkshire 7syn4 of
 ,winesour71 #eff      ,south           
,cumberland1 #edf      ,southern        
,beauty1 #edf      ,southern ,golden1   
#edf      ,souvenir de ,madame ,nicolle 
7syn4 of ,madame ,nicolle71 #dhh        
,spanish 7syn4 of ,spanish ,king71 #edf 
,spanish ,damascene2 ,spanish ,damask2  
,spanish ,red ,damask 7syns4 of         
,spanish ,damask71 #edf      ,spanish   
,damask1 #edf      ,spanish ,king1 #edf 
,spanish ,king 7syn4 of ,lombard71 #bfh 
,spte ,dattel ,pflaume 7syn4 of         
,hungarian71 #bdf      ,spte ,herrn     
,pflaume2 ,spte ,knigs ,pflaume2 ,spte  
,knigs ,pflaume          aus ,paris2    
,spter ,perdrigon 7syns4 of ,perdrigon  

,tardif71 #eae      ,spte ,mirabelle    
7syn4 of ,late ,mirabelle1 #bfc2 of     
,saint ,catherine1          #ccd7       
,spte ,muskateller2 ,spte               
,muskatellerpflaume 7syns4 of ,late     
,muscatelle71 #bfd      ,spte           
,muskateller ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,tardive 
,musque71 #eea      ,spte ,schwarze     
,damascene 7syn4 of ,musk ,damson71 #eja
      ,spte von ,chalons 7syn4 of ,late 
,chalons71 #dhj      ,spte ,zwetsche    
,von ,karlstadt1 #edf      ,spath1 ,m41 
var4 orig4 by1 #cie      ,spaulding1    
#cej      ,speckled ,gage1 #edf         
,speer1 #edg      ,spelge 7syn4 of      
,gemeiner ,gelbe ,spilling71 #dea       
,spicer1 #edg      ,spilge 7syn4 of     
,gemeiner ,gelbe ,spilling71 #dea       
,spilling ,jaune-double1 #edg           
,spilling ,jaune-simple 7syn4 of ,white 
,wheat71 #efe      ,spindel ,pflaume    
7syn4 of ,gemeiner ,gelbe ,spilling71   
#dea      ,spitszwetsche 7syn4 of       
,quetsche ,pointue71 #ebd      ,spitzige
 ,rote ,pflaume2 ,spitz ,pflaume 7syns4 

of ,rote ,zwetsche71 #ecd      ,spitzige
 ,rote ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,bechstein     
,spitzpflaume71 #djj      ,spitz        
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,bechstein            
,spitzpflaume71 #djj      ,spitzzwetsche
 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,pointue71 #ebd     
,splendid1 #edg      ,splendor1 #edg    
,spotted ,gage1 #edg      ,springer1    
#edg      ,stabeler ,seedling1 #edg     
,stambul ,erik oder ,irek 7syn4 of      
,myrobalan71 #bij      ,standard1 #edh  
,standard of ,england 7syn4 of          
,standard71 #edh      ,stanton1 #ceb    
,stanton's ,seedling 7syn4 of ,stanton71
 #ceb      ,stark ,brothers1 quoted1    
#aaf1 #bac      ,stark ,green ,gage1    
#edh      ,starnes1 ,h4 ,n41 quoted1    
#aca1 #cgf      ,steer's ,emperor2      
,steers' ,emperor 7syns4 of ,goliath71  
#bca      ,steinlose ,zwetsche 7syn4 of 
,stoneless71 #cec      ,steinman1 #edh  
,steinman1 ,c41 var4 orig4 by1 #edh     
,stella1 #edh      ,stengel ,pflaume    
7syn4 of ,werder'sche ,frhzwetsche71    
#efc      ,stephens1 ,john ,d41 var4    

orig4 by1 #ecc      ,steptoe1 #edh      
,sterling1 #edh      ,stickney1 #edh    
,stint1 #edh      ,stintpflaume 7syn4 of
 ,stint71 #edh      ,stocks1 varieties  
of1 #aad-abj      ,stoddard1 #ceb       
,stoddart 7syn4 of ,stoddard71 #ceb     
,stoneless1 #cec      ,stoneless 7syn4  
of ,stoneless71 #cec      ,stonewood1   
#edi      ,stout1 var4 orig4 by1 #edi   
,stout1 #edi      ,strachey1 quoted1 #hd
      ,strawberry1 #edi      ,strawberry
 7syn4 of ,berger71 #afj                
,striped-leaved1 #edi      ,strong1     
,william1 var4 orig4 by1 #eab           
,stumpe 7syn4 of ,howe71 #dfd           
,stumpe1 ,mrs41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfe     
,stumpy 7syn4 of ,howe71 #dfd           
,sucker ,state1 #edi      ,sucree de    
,trauttenberg1 or ,sucree-,douce ,de    
,trauttenberg 7syns4 of                 
,trauttenberg71 #eee      ,sucrin ,vert 
7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg          
,sugar1 #ced      ,sugar ,prune 7syn4 of
 ,sugar71 #ced      ,suisina ,grossella 
,piccola 7syn4 of ,musk ,damson71 #eja  

,suisse1 #edi      ,sultan1 #edi        
,sultan 7syn4 of ,occident71 #bie       
,sultaneck ,erick1 #edi      ,sultaneck 
,erik 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg    
,summer ,damson 7syn4 of ,damas d',ete71
 #dbf      ,sunrise1 #edi1 #eej         
,sunset1 #eej      ,superbe de          
,denniston 7syn4 of ,denniston ,superb71
 #dca      ,superbe de ,huling 7syn4 of 
,hulings71 #bde      ,superior ,gage2   
,superiour or ,superior ,green ,gage    
7syns4 of          ,imperial ,gage71    
#bea      ,superior ,gage2 ,superior    
,green ,gage 7syns4 of ,washington71    
#cfh      ,supreme 7syn4 of ,yellow     
,egg71 #chf      ,surpasse ,monsieur1   
#eej      ,surprise1 #cee      ,susina  
,di ,santa ,caterina 7syn4 of ,saint    
,catherine71 #ccd      ,susina ,massina 
,piccola 7syn4 of ,apricot71 #adh       
,susina ,regina 7syn4 of ,reine         
,claude71 #cbg      ,susina ,settembrica
 ,quialla 7syn4 of ,reizenstein ,yellow 
,prune71 #eca      ,susina ,torla       
d',nova di ,borgogna 7incor47 7syn4 of  

,burgundy ,prune71 #dab      ,susina or 
,susino ,vecchietti 7syns4 of ,catelano 
,violaceo71 #daf      ,susina ,verdachia
 ,longa 7syn4 of ,grne ,dattel          
,zwetsche71 #def      ,susino ,catalano 
7syn4 of ,catalano71 #dae      ,susino  
,damaschino ,settembrino 7syn4 of       
,damaschino ,settembrino71 #dbf         
,susino ,scaudatella 7syn4 of           
,scaudatella71 #edj      ,suwanee 7syn4 
of ,wild ,goose71 #cgh      ,svedske    
,tidlig ,leipziger1 #eej      ,svedske  
,ungersk1 #eej      ,swan1 #eej         
,swan 7syn4 of ,swan ,golden71 #eej     
,swan ,golden1 #eej      ,swan's ,yellow
 7syn4 of ,swan ,golden71 #eej          
,sweet ,botan 7syn4 of ,abundance1 #acf2
 of ,berckmans1 #aei7      ,sweet       
,damson1 #eej      ,sweet ,damson 7syn4 
of ,frst ,damson1 #ddh2 of ,horse1 #dfd7
      ,sweet ,prune 7syn4 of ,german    
,prune71 #bbj      ,swift1 #eej         
,swiss or ,switzer's ,plum 7syns4 of    
,suisse71 #edi      ,swiss ,prune 7syn4 
of ,italian ,prune71 #bec      ,syrische

 ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd    
,szillassy ,piros1 #eej        ,tabor1  
,g4 ,l41 var4 orig4 by1 #bjg      ,tante
 ,anne 7syn4 of ,aunt ,ann71 #cig       
,tardif or ,tardive de ,chalons 7syns4  
of ,late ,chalons71 #dhj      ,tardive  
de ,chambourcy 7syn4 of ,chambourcy71   
#agd      ,tardive de ,corny1 #eea      
,tardive de ,fourqueux1 #eea            
,tardive de ,genes1 #eea      ,tardive  
de ,rivers 7syn4 of ,late ,rivers71 #dha
      ,tardive ,musque1 #eea            
,tarleton1 #eea      ,tatge1 #eea       
,tawny1 #eea      ,taybank1 #eea        
,tchernaya ,arabskaya 7syn4 of ,black   
,arabka71 #djd      ,tchernaya          
vengerskaya 7syn4 of ,black ,prune71    
#djd      ,tecumseh1 #eeb               
,temperature1 phases of1 #ajb           
,temple1 #eeb      ,tenant or ,tennant  
,prune 7syns4 of ,tennant71 #ceg        
,tennant1 #ceg      ,tennant1 ,rev4     
,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #ceg              
,tenneha1 #eeb      ,tennessee1 #eeb    
,tennessee ,plum 7syn4 of ,tennessee71  

#eeb      ,terrell1 #eeb      ,terry1   
#eeb      ,terry1 ,h4 ,a41 life of1     
#bdb2      var4 orig4 by1 #aic1 #bch1   
#bdb1 #bhj1 #cia1 #cic1 #djb1 #djf1     
#djh1 #daj1          #dae1 #daf1 #dai1  
#dba1 #dbb1 #dbd1 #dbe1 #dbi1 #dca1     
#dcb1 #dcd1 #dce1          #dda1 #ddc1  
#ddd1 #ddg1 #ddh1 #dea1 #dec1 #dfb1     
#dfi1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dgc1          #dhc1  
#dhd1 #dhe1 #dhf1 #dij1 #dia1 #dib1     
#did1 #ejc1 #eji1 #eac1 #eah1           
#eai1 #ebb1 #ebi1 #ecf1 #edb1 #edc1     
#eeb1 #eeh1 #eei1 #efa1 #efb1 #efd1     
#eff1 #efh      ,terry ,de ,soto1 #eeb  
,terry's ,desota 7syn4 of ,terry ,de    
,soto71 #eeb      ,teutsche blaue       
,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bbj
      ,texas ,belle1 #eeb      ,texas   
,gauge1 #eeb      ,thanksgiving1 #eec   
,thanksgiving ,prune 7syn4 of           
,thanksgiving71 #eec      ,the ,beauty  
7syn4 of ,corymbus71 #dbc      ,the     
,coe's ,plum 7syn4 of ,golden ,drop71   
#bbi      ,the ,cook's ,choice 7syn4 of 
,cook ,choice71 #dbb      ,the ,czar    

7syn4 of ,czar71 #ahd      ,the ,dosch  
7syn4 of ,dosch71 #dce      ,the ,gem   
7syn4 of ,gem71 #dea      ,the ,great   
,damask ,plum 7syn4 of ,lange ,violette 
,damascene71 #dgi      ,the ,green      
,damosine ,plum 7syn4 of ,mirabelle71   
#bhd      ,the ,impratrice ,plum 7syn4  
of ,impratrice71 #bdi      ,the         
,imperial ,plum 7syn4 of ,red ,magnum   
,bonum71 #cbf      ,the ,myrobalane     
,plum 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij        
,the ,nectarine ,plum 7syn4 of          
,nectarine71 #bia      ,the ,new        
,apricot ,plum 7syn4 of ,apricot71 #adh 
,the ,purple ,myrobalan 7syn4 of        
,pissardi71 #eaf      ,the ,st4 ,julian 
,plum 7syn4 of ,saint ,julien71 #cce    
,the ,washington ,plum 7syn4 of         
,washington71 #cfh      ,the ,white     
,impratrice ,plum 7syn4 of ,white       
,impratrice71 #cge      ,theresa1 #eec  
,thomas1 #eec      ,thomas ,october1    
#eec      ,thomaspflaume 7syn4 of       
,thomas71 #eec      ,thompson's ,golden 
,green1 #eec      ,thorndyke ,gage1 #eec

      ,thousand-,and-,one1 #eec         
,thresher1 #eec      ,throop1 #eec      
,throop1 ,calvin1 var4 orig4 by1 #edh   
,throop ,no4 #a1 #eed      ,throop ,no4 
#b1 #eed      ,throssel1 #eed           
,tillemond1 #eed      ,tinsley1 ,j4 ,h41
 var4 orig4 by1 #chc      ,tobe's ,gage 
7syn4 of ,deaton71 #dbi      ,tobias    
,gage1 #eed      ,togari 7syn4 of       
,kelsey71 #beh      ,togo1 #eed         
,tokeya1 #eed      ,tomato1 #eed        
,tomlingson1 #eed      ,tomlinson's     
,charlotte 7syn4 of ,charlotte71 #dag   
,topaz 7syn4 of ,guthrie ,topaz71 #deg  
,topaze de ,guthrie 7syn4 of ,guthrie   
,topaz71 #deg      ,torlo d',ovo or     
d',uovo 7syns4 of ,saint ,catherine71   
#ccd      ,towakong1 #eed      ,townsend
 7syn4 of ,miner71 #bha      ,trabesche1
 #eee      ,trabeshe 7syn4 of           
,trabesche71 #eee      ,tragedy1 #ceh   
,traer 7syn4 of ,de ,soto71 #ahi        
,tradescant1 ,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #cbf 
,tragedy ,prune 7syn4 of ,tragedy71 #ceh
      ,transparent1 #cfj                

,transparent 7syn4 of ,macedonia1 #dhh2 
of ,yellow ,transparent1 #egj7          
,transparente1 #eee      ,transparent   
,gage1 ,gage ,plum or ,green ,gage      
7syns4 of ,transparent71          #cfj  
,transparent ,yellow 7syn4 of ,yellow   
,transparent71 #egj      ,trapps        
,knigspflaume1 #eee                     
,traubenpflaume1 #eee                   
,trauttenberg1 #eee      ,trauttenbergs 
,aprikosenpflaume 7syn4 of ,abricote de 
,trauttenberg71          #cia           
,trauttenberg ,zuckerssse 7syn4 of      
,trauttenberg71 #eee      ,trayer 7syn4 
of ,de ,soto71 #ahi      ,trianon1 #eee 
,trinkle1 ,john ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #eee
      ,trinkle ,no4 #d1 #eee            
,triomphe ,garcon or ,valet2 ,trompe    
,garcon or ,valet2                      
,tromp-,valet 7syns4 of ,reine ,claude71
 #cbg      ,trostle1 #eee      ,trotter1
 ,lillian ,a41 var4 orig4 by1 #ddc      
,trotter1 ,richard1 var4 orig4 by1 #dgc1
 #dhd1 #eaa      ,trouve de ,vaunge or  
,vonche 7syns4 of ,trouve de ,voueche71 

#eee      ,trouve de ,voueche1 #eee     
,true ,large ,german ,prune 7syn4 of    
,german ,prune71 #bbj      ,true ,sweet 
,botan 7syn4 of ,berckmans71 #aei       
,truro1 #eef      ,tucker1 #eef         
,tucker1 ,ezra ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #eef 
,tudor1 #eef      ,tupper1 var4 orig4   
by1 #aij      ,turkey1 #eef      ,turkey
 ,plumb 7syn4 of ,turkey71 #eef         
,turkie 7syn4 of ,turkey71 #eef         
,trkische ,gelbe ,pflaume 7syn4 of      
,imperial ,ottoman71 #dfg      ,trkische
 ,kirsche 7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij    
,trkische ,zwetsche 7syn4 of ,hungarian1
 #bdf2 of ,red ,date1 #cbb7             
,turkish ,prune 7syn4 of ,italian       
,prune71 #bec      ,turkish ,prune1 #eef
      ,turkish ,quetsche 7syn4 of       
,german ,prune71 #bbj      ,turky 7syn4 
of ,turkey71 #eef      ,turner1 ,stephen
 ,h41 var4 orig4 by1 #eeb      ,twice   
,bearing1 #eef      ,twins1 #eeg        
,tzaueron1 #eeg        ,uchi ,bene2     
,uchi-,beni 7syns4 of ,berger71 #afj    
,uchi ,beni 7syn4 of ,chabot71 #agb     

,ulysses1 #eeg      ,uncle ,ben1 #eeg   
,ungarische 7syn4 of ,ungarish71 #cfa   
,ungarische ,blaue ,eier 7syn4 of       
,kaiser ,wilhelm71 #dgd      ,ungarische
 ,dattelzwetsche 7syn4 of ,hungarian71  
#bdf      ,ungarische ,dattel ,zwetsche1
 #eeg      ,ungarische ,pflaume1 ,sabel 
,pflaume or ,zwetsche 7syns4 of         
,hungarian71 #bdf      ,ungarische ,spte
 ,bouteillen ,zwetsche 7syn4 of         
,ungarische ,dattel          ,zwetsche71
 #eeg      ,ungarische ,zwetsche 7syn4  
of ,red ,date71 #cbb      ,ungarish1    
#cfa      ,ungarish ,prune 7syn4 of     
,ungarish71 #cfa      ,union1 #eeg      
,union ,purple 7syn4 of ,union71 #eeg   
,united ,states 7syn4 of ,u4 ,s471 #eeg 
,ura-,beni 7syn4 of ,berger71 #afj      
,uryany1 #eeg      ,u4 ,s41 #eeg        
,usum ,erreck 7syn4 of ,traubenpflaume71
 #eee      ,utah1 #cfb      ,utah       
,hybrid 7syn4 of ,utah71 #cfb           
,uwase 7syn4 of ,shviata ,bene71 #edc   
,vail's ,seedling 7syn4 of ,large       
,golden ,prolific71 #dgi                

,vakanzpflaume 7syn4 of ,september      
,damask71 #edb      ,valence1 #eeg      
,valentia1 #eeh      ,valienciennes1    
#eeh      ,value1 #eeh      ,van        
,benschoten1 #eeh      ,van ,buren1 #eeh
      ,van ,deman1 #eeh      ,van       
,dieman 7syn4 of ,van ,deman71 #eeh     
,van ,houten1 #eeh      ,van ,mons1 var4
 orig4 by1 #aeh      ,van ,mons         
,knigspflaume 7syn4 of ,belle71 #aeh    
,van ,mons' ,red2 ,van ,mons ,red ,gage 
7syns4 of ,belle71 #aeh      ,variegated
 ,plum 7syn4 of ,lombard71 #bfh         
,veilchen ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,violet     
,diaper71 #cfe      ,venetianische      
,zweimal ,tragende1 #eeh      ,venus1   
#eeh      ,verdacchia rotonda 7syn4 of  
,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,verdacchio1 
#ehh      ,verdache1 #eeh      ,verdacia
 7syn4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg         
,verdage ,d',italie 7syn4 of ,quetsche  
,verte ,d',italie71 #ebe      ,verdoch2 
,verdochia2 ,verdochio2 ,verducia 7syns4
 of ,reine          ,claude71 #cbg      
,verdock 7syn4 of ,verdacchio71 #eeh    

,veritable ,imperatrice 7syn4 of        
,imperatrice71 #bdi      ,vermilion1    
#eeh      ,vermilon ,htif1 #eei         
,vertage d',italie tres-grosse 7syn4 of 
,quetsche ,verte ,d',italie71 #ebe      
,vert or ,verte ,bonne2 ,verte          
d',espagne2 ,verte ,tiquete 7syns4      
of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg      ,verte    
,secher de ,knight 7syn4 of ,large      
,green ,drying71 #dgi      ,verte       
,tardive de ,guthrie 7syn4 of ,guthrie  
,late71 #bcf      ,vesuvius1 #eei       
,vick1 #eei      ,victoire de ,nelson   
7syn4 of ,nelson71 #ejc      ,victor1   
#eei      ,victoria1 #cfb1 #eei         
,victoria 7syn4 of ,sharp1 #cdj2 of     
,victoria1 #cfc7                        
,victoria-,pflaume2 ,victoria's         
,kaiserzwetsche 7syns4 of ,victoria71   
#cfc      ,victor ,sand ,cherry1 #eei   
,vilmot's ,green ,gage1 ,late ,green    
,gage 7syns4 of ,reine ,claude71 #cbg   
,vineuse acidule 7syn4 of ,winesour71   
#eff      ,vinisour 7syn4 of ,winesour71
 #eff      ,violet 7syn4 of ,early      

,tours71 #bjb      ,violet1 #eei        
,violet ,damask 7syn4 of ,damas         
,violet71 #dbg      ,violet de ,tours   
7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb           
,violet ,diaper1 #cfe      ,violet      
,diaper 7syn4 of ,violet ,diaper71 #cfe 
,violet ,empress 7syn4 of ,imperatrice71
 #bdi      ,violet ,gage 7syn4 of       
,purple ,gage71 #cah      ,violet       
,imperial1 #eei      ,violet ,perdrigon 
7syn4 of ,blue ,perdrigon1 #afd2 of     
,cooper1 #dbc2 of          ,smith       
,orleans1 #cdh7      ,violet ,plumb     
7syn4 of ,violet71 #eei      ,violet    
,queen ,claude 7syn4 of ,purple ,gage71 
#cah      ,violet ,royal1 #eei          
,violette ,htive 7syn4 of ,early        
,tours71 #bjb      ,violette 7syn4 of   
,imperatrice71 #bdi      ,violette 7syn4
 of ,violet71 #eei      ,violette       
,americaine1 #eei      ,violette        
,dattelzwetsche 7syn4 of ,agen1 #ach2 of
 ,hungarian1 #bdf7      ,violette de    
,galopin 7syn4 of ,galopin71 #ddi       
,violette de ,jerusalem 7syn4 of        

,jerusalem71 #dgb      ,violette de     
,tours 7syn4 of ,early ,tours71 #bjb    
,violette ,diapre 7syn4 of ,violet      
,diaper71 #cfe      ,violette d',octobre
 7syn4 of ,saint ,martin71 #ccf         
,violette ,fasanenpflaume1 ,fasanen     
,pflaume1 ,huhnerpflaume1               
,huhner ,pflaume1 or ,rebhuhn ,pflaume2 
,violetter ,perdrigon2                  
,violettes ,rebhhnerei 7syns4 of ,blue  
,perdrigon71 #afd      ,violette        
,galopin 7syn4 of ,galopin71 #ddi       
,violette ,htive 7syn4 of ,early        
,tours71 #bjb      ,violette ,jerusalem 
7syn4 of ,jerusalem71 #dgb              
,violette ,jerusalemspflaume 7syn4 of   
,jerusalem71 #dgb      ,violette        
,kaiserin 7syn4 of ,dunkelblaue         
,kaiserin1 #dcg2 of                     
,impratrice1 #bdi7      ,violette       
,kaiser ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,blue ,egg71  
#dje      ,violette ,knigspflaume 7syn4 
of ,early ,royal71 #bja      ,violette  
,october ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,saint       
,martin ,quetsche71 #ech      ,violette 

,octoverpflaume 7syn4 of ,saint         
,martin71 #ccf      ,violette oder      
,blaue ,kaiserpflaume 7syn4 of ,red     
,magnum ,bonum71 #cbf      ,violette    
,oktoberpflaume 7syn4 of ,saint         
,martin71 #ccf      ,violette ,queen    
,claude2 ,violette ,reine-,claude 7syns4
 of ,purple          ,gage71 #cah       
,violette ,reine-,claude ,von ,brignais 
7syn4 of ,reine ,claude de              
,brignais71 #ebi      ,violetter        
,perdrigon 7syn4 of ,smith ,orleans71   
#cdh      ,violette ,violen ,pflaume    
7syn4 of ,violet ,diaper71 #cfe         
,virgata1 #eei      ,virgie1 #efj       
,virgin 7syn4 of ,red ,virginal1 #ebi2  
of ,white ,virginal1 #efe7              
,virginal  ,fruit ,blanc or ,rouge1     
gros ,fruit blanc1 ,blanc2              
,virginale2 ,virginale  ,fruit ,rouge2  
,virginale ,blanc or          ,rouge    
7syns4 of ,red ,virginal71 #ebi         
,virginal  gros fruit blanc2 ,virginal  
blanc2 ,virginale2          ,virginale  
,fruit ,blanc1  gros fruit blanc1       

,virginale          blanche 7syns4 of   
,white ,virginal71 #efe      ,virginale 
7syn4 of ,apricot71 #adh      ,virginale
 7syn4 of ,red ,virginal71 #ebi         
,virginale ,blanche 7syn4 of ,yellow    
,impratrice71 #efi      ,virginia       
,damson1 #efj      ,virginian ,cherry   
7syn4 of ,myrobalan71 #bij              
,virginische ,ludwig's ,pflaume 7syn4 of
 ,hungarian71 #bdf      ,virginische    
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,red ,diaper71 #cbc   
,von ,flotows ,mirabelle 7syn4 of       
,mirabelle de ,flotow71 #dig      ,von  
,berlepsch ,zwetsche1 #efj      ,von    
,bose ,rote ,zwetsche1 #efj      ,von   
,lade ,spte ,mirabelle1 #efj      ,von  
,hartwiss' ,gelbe ,zwetsche 7syn4 of    
,hartwiss71 #dei      ,von ,moro ,reine 
,claude1 #dfj      ,von ,trapp's ,knigs 
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,trapps               
,knigspflaume71 #eee      ,von          
,trauttenberg's ,aprikosenpflaume 7syn4 
of ,abricote de          ,trauttenberg71
 #cia      ,von ,trauttenberg's         
,zuckerssse 7syn4 of ,trauttenberg71    

#eee      ,von ,wangenheim ,pflaume     
7syn4 of ,wangenheim71 #cfh             
,voronesh1 #cfe      ,voronesh ,blue    
7syn4 of ,blue ,moldavka71 #dje         
,voronesh ,yellow 7syn4 of ,voronesh71  
#cfe      ,voslauer ,zwetsche1 #efj     
,vulcan1 #efj        ,wabash1 #efj      
,wady1 #efj      ,wady's ,early 7syn4 of
 ,wady71 #efj      ,wager 7syn4 of      
,orange71 #cjj      ,wagner1 #efj       
,wagner1 ,j4 ,f41 var4 orig4 by1 #daa1  
#dfb1 #efj      ,wagner ,no4 #i 7syn4 of
 ,wagner71 #efj      ,wahre ,aprikosen  
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,apricot71 #adh       
,wahre blaue ,eierpflaume 7syn4 of      
,jerusalem71 #dgb      ,wahre           
,caledonian 7syn4 of ,goliath71 #bca    
,wahre ,frhzwetsche1 #efj      ,wahre   
,knigspflaume 7syn4 of ,royal71 #ecd    
,wahre ,schlehen ,damascene 7syn4 of    
,damson71 #ahf      ,wahre ,weisse      
,diapre1 #efa      ,wahre ,zwetsche     
7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bbj          
,wakapa1 #efa      ,walker ,seedling1   
#efa      ,wallace1 #efa      ,wales1   

#cff      ,walker1 ,a4 ,w41 var4 orig4  
by1 #efa      ,walter1 #efa             
,walter1 ,herr1 var4 orig4 by1 #efa     
,walther ,pflaume1 #efa                 
,wangenheim1 #cfg      ,wangenheim      
,htive1 ,wangenheims ,frhzwetsche 7syns4
 of          ,wangenheim71 #cfh         
,wangenheims ,frh ,zwetsche 7syn4 of    
,wangenheim71 #cfh      ,waran ,erik    
7syn4 of ,noire de ,montreuil71 #ejd    
,ward ,october ,red1 #efa      ,warner1 
#efa      ,warner's ,late or ,late ,red 
7syns4 of ,warner71 #efa      ,warren1  
#efa      ,warren 7syn4 of ,newman71    
#bib      ,washington1 #cfh             
,washington2 ,washington ,bolmar1 ,gage1
 ,jaune1 ,mammot1 or          ,yellow   
7syns4 of ,washington71 #cfh            
,washington or ,washington ,purple      
7syns4 of ,brevoort ,purple71 #djh      
,washington ,seedling 7syn4 of ,ives71  
#dgj      ,wasse-,botankio 7syn4 of     
,lutts71 #dhg      ,wasse ,botankyo     
7syn4 of ,sagetsuna71 #ecf      ,wasse  
,sumomo 7syn4 of ,earliest of ,all71    

#aih      ,wassu 7syn4 of ,burbank71    
#agj      ,wastesa1 #efa      ,waterloo 
,pflaume1 #efa      ,waterloo 7syn4 of  
,golden ,drop1 #bbi2 of ,kent1 #dgf2 of 
,reine ,claude1          #cbg7          
,waterloo of ,kent 7syn4 of ,kent71 #dgf
      ,watson1 #efb      ,watson1 ,d4   
,h41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfc1 #eje1 #eah1   
#ebe1 #efb1 #efi      ,watts1 #efb      
,watts1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,s41 var4 orig4 by1    
#efb      ,waugh1 #efb      ,waugh1     
,frank ,a41 life of1 #he-hf2            
quoted1 #fe1 #ff1 #hf1 #hg1 #ii1 #ada1  
#cic      ,wax1 #efb      ,wax ,plum    
7syn4 of ,wax71 #efb      ,wayland1 #cgj
      ,wayland1 ,dr41 var4 orig4 by1    
#bhh      ,wayland1 ,prof4 ,h4 ,b41 var4
 orig4 by1 #cga      ,wazata1 #efb      
,weaver1 #cgb      ,weaver1 var4 orig4  
by1 #cgb1 #dgf      ,webster1 ,j4 ,b41  
var4 orig4 by1 #daf      ,webster ,gage2
 ,webster's ,gage 7syns4 of ,webster    
,gage71 #efb      ,webster ,gage1 #efb  
,weedsport ,german ,prune1 #bbj         
,weeping ,blood1 #efb      ,weichharige 

,schlehen ,damascene 7syn4 of ,saint    
,julien71 #cce      ,weinsauerliche     
,pflaume or ,zwetsche 7syns4 of         
,winesour71 #eff      ,weisse ,aprikosen
 ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,apricot71 #adh      
,weisse ,diapre 7syn4 of ,white         
,perdrigon71 #cge      ,weisse          
,hollandische ,pflaume2 ,weisse         
,kaiserin or ,magnum ,bonum2            
,weisser ,kaiser 7syns4 of ,yellow      
,egg71 #chf      ,weisse ,indische      
,pflaume 7syn4 of ,grne ,dattel         
,zwetsche71 #def      ,weisse           
,jungfernpflaume 7syn4 of ,white        
,virginal71 #efe      ,weisse           
,kaiserpflaume 7syn4 of ,white          
,imperatrice71 #cge      ,weisse ,kaiser
 ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf  
,weisse ,kaiserin1 #efc      ,weisse    
,kaiserin 7syn4 of ,weisse ,kaiserin71  
#efc      ,weisse ,knigin 7syn4 of      
,white ,queen71 #efd      ,weisser      
,perdrigon2 ,weisses ,rebhuhnerei 7syn4 
of ,white ,perdrigon71          #cge    
,weisse ,zeiberl 7syn4 of ,weisses oder 

,grnes ,zeiberl71 #efb      ,weisses    
oder ,grnes ,zeiberl1 #efb      ,weisse 
,violen ,pflaume 7syn4 of ,jaspisartige 
,pflaume71 #dga      ,welch1 #efb       
,welcome1 #efb      ,wentworth2         
,wentworth ,plumb 7syns4 of ,yellow     
,egg71 #chf      ,werder'sche           
,frhzwetsche1 #efc      ,wetherell1 #efc
      ,wetherill's ,sweet1 #efc         
,wetschen 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 #bbj
      ,whatisit1 #efc      ,wheat1 #efc 
,wheaten2 ,wheaton2 ,wheat ,plum 7syns4 
of ,wheat71 #efc      ,whitacre 7syn4 of
 ,whitaker71 #efc      ,whitaker1 #efc  
,whitby1 #efc      ,white ,apricot or   
,apricot ,plum 7syns4 of ,apricot71 #adh
      ,white ,bonum ,magnum 7syn4 of    
,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,white         
,blossomed ,sloe 7syn4 of ,sloe71 #edd  
,white ,bullace1 #cgc      ,white       
,bulleis 7syn4 of ,white ,bullace71 #cgc
      ,white ,corn1 #efd      ,white    
,damascene or ,damson2 ,white ,damask   
7syns4 of ,white ,damson71          #cgd
      ,white ,damask 7syn4 of ,large    

,white ,damson1 #dhj2 of ,small ,white  
,damson1          #ede7      ,white     
,damson1 #cgd      ,white ,date or ,date
 ,plum 7syn4 of ,date71 #dbh      ,white
 ,diaper1 #efd      ,white ,diapred     
7syn4 of ,diapre ,blanche71 #dcb        
,white ,egg or ,egg ,plum1 ,holland1    
,imperial or ,imperial ,bonum           
,magnum1 ,magnum ,bonum1 ,mogul 7syns4  
of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf      ,white      
,empress 7syn4 of ,white ,imperatrice71 
#cge      ,white-fleshed ,botan 7syn4 of
 ,berckmans71 #aei      ,white ,gage    
7syn4 of ,small ,reine ,claude71 #cdg   
,white ,gage 7syn4 of ,yellow ,gage71   
#chh      ,white ,gage 7syn4 of         
,imperial ,gage71 #bea      ,white ,gage
 of ,boston 7syn4 of ,imperial ,gage71  
#bea      ,white ,honey ,damson1 #efd   
,white ,imperatrice1 #cge      ,white   
,imperatrice 7syn4 of ,white            
,imperatrice71 #cge      ,white ,indian 
7syn4 of ,green ,indian71 #dee          
,white ,kelsey 7syn4 of ,georgeson71    
#bah      ,white ,matchless 7syn4 of    

,matchless71 #dib      ,white ,mirabelle
 or ,mirable 7syns4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd
      ,white ,mirobalane 7syn4 of       
,myrobalan71 #bij      ,white ,muscle1  
#efd      ,white ,mussell 7syn4 of      
,white ,muscle71 #efd      ,white       
,mussell 7syn4 of ,muscle71 #eja        
,white ,nicholas 7syn4 of ,nicholas71   
#bie      ,white ,otschakoff1 #efd      
,white ,pear1 #efd      ,white ,peascod1
 #efd      ,white ,perdrigon1 #cge      
,white ,perdrigon 7syn4 of ,white       
,perdrigon71 #cge      ,white ,pescod   
7syn4 of ,white ,peascod71 #efd         
,white ,prune1 #efd      ,white ,prune  
,damson 7syn4 of ,white ,damson71 #cgd  
,white ,prunella 7syn4 of ,sloe71 #edd  
,white ,queen1 #efd      ,white ,sweet  
,damson1 #efd      ,white ,virginal1    
#efe      ,white ,virginale 7syn4 of    
,red ,virginal1 #ebi2 of ,white         
,virginal1 #efe7      ,white ,wheat1    
#efe      ,white ,wheate 7syn4 of ,white
 ,wheat71 #efe      ,white ,winter      
,damson 7syn4 of ,white ,damson71 #cgd  

,whitley1 #efe      ,whitlow2 ,whitton  
7syns4 of ,wheat71 #efc      ,whyte1    
#efe      ,whyte1 ,r4 ,b41 var4 orig4   
by1 #efe      ,whyte's ,red ,seedling   
7syn4 of ,whyte71 #efe      ,wickson1   
#cgf      ,wickson1 ,e4 ,j41 quoted1    
#ge1 #gf1 #edh      ,wickson ,challenge 
7syn4 of ,formosa71 #ddg      ,wiener   
,mirabelle 7syn4 of ,mirabelle71 #bhd   
,wier1 #efe      ,wier1 ,d4 ,b41 var4   
orig4 by1 #dff1 #dfh1 #dfi1 #efe        
,wier ,large ,red 7syn4 of ,wier71 #efe 
,wier ,no4 #ej1 #efe      ,wier's ,no4  
#ej 7syn4 of ,wier ,no4 #ej71 #efe      
,wier's ,large ,red 7syn4 of ,wier71    
#efe      ,wiezerka 7syn4 of ,wyzerka71 
#efh      ,wilder1 #efe      ,wilde1    
#efe      ,wild ,goose1 #cgh      ,wild 
,goose ,improved1 #eff      ,wildrose1  
#eff      ,wilkinson1 #eff              
,willamette 7syn4 of ,pacific71 #cje    
,willamette1 #eff      ,willamette      
,prune 7syn4 of ,pacific71 #cje         
,willard1 #cgi      ,willard1 ,samuel   
,d41 life of1 #adi2      quoted1 #bjh2  

var4 orig4 by1 #bad      ,willard       
,japan2 ,willard ,plum 7syns4 of        
,willard71 #cgi      ,william ,dodd     
7syn4 of ,miner71 #bha      ,williams1  
#eff      ,williams1 ,theodore1 var4    
orig4 by1 #cib1 #cig1 #djb1 #djg1 #dji1 
#dab1 #dac1          #dcf1 #dda1 #ddb1  
#ddd1 #ddg1 #ddh1 #ded1 #dge1 #dgh1     
#dha1 #dhb1 #dhc1          #dih1 #dii1  
#eji1 #eac1 #ead1 #ebj1 #ebg1 #ebi1     
#edh1 #eeg1 #eeh1 #eei1          #efc1  
#efh1 #efi      ,williamson1 ,h4 ,m41   
quoted1 #cje      ,wilmeth ,late1 #eff  
,wilmot's ,early ,orleans1 ,large       
,orleans1 ,late ,orleans1 ,new ,early   
,orleans or ,orleans 7syns4 of ,early   
,orleans71 #aii      ,wilmot's ,green   
,gage1 ,late ,green ,gage or ,new ,green
 ,gage 7syns4          of ,reine        
,claude71 #cbg      ,wilmot's ,late     
,orleans 7syn4 of ,goliath71 #bca       
,wilmot's ,russian 7syn4 of ,red ,date71
 #cbb      ,wilson1 #eff      ,wine     
,plum1 #eff      ,winesour 7syn4 of     
,winesour71 #eff      ,winesour1 #eff   

,winesour ,plum 7syn4 of ,winesour71    
#eff      ,winnebago1 #eff              
,winslow1 ,edward1 quoted1 #ic          
,winsor1 ,e4 ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #cic1  
#djb      ,winter ,creke1 #efg          
,winter ,damson1 #efg      ,winter      
,damson 7syn4 of ,winter ,damson71 #efg 
,wiseman1 #efg      ,wiseman's ,prune   
7syn4 of ,wiseman71 #efg      ,w4 ,j4   
,bryan 7syn4 of ,bryan71 #daj           
,wohanka1 #efg      ,wolf1 #chj         
,wolf1 ,d4 ,b41 var4 orig4 by1 #chj     
,wolf and ,japan1 #efg      ,wolf ,cling
 7syn4 of ,wolf ,clingstone71 #efg      
,wolf ,clingstone1 #efg      ,wolf ,free
 or ,freestone 7syns4 of ,wolf71 #chj   
,wonder 7syn4 of ,osage71 #eaj          
,wood1 #cha      ,wood1 ,joseph1 var4   
orig4 by1 #chb      ,woolston1 #efg     
,woolston ,black2 ,woolston ,black      
,gage2 ,woolston's ,black ,gage2        
,woolston's ,violette ,reine-,claude    
7syns4 of ,woolston71 #efg              
,woolston ,gage 7syn4 of ,woolston71    
#efg      ,wooster1 #efg      ,wooten1  

#efh      ,wootton 7syn4 of ,wooten71   
#efh      ,world ,beater1 #chc          
,worth1 #efh      ,worth 7syn4 of ,royal
 ,tours71 #ccb      ,wragg1 #efh        
,wragg1 ,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #dgg      
,wragg ,freestone1 #efh      ,wunder von
 ,new ,york1 #efh      ,wyandotte1 #efh 
,wyant1 #chd      ,wyant1 ,j4 ,b41 var4 
orig4 by1 #chd      ,wyant and ,japan1  
#efh      ,wyckoff1 #efh      ,wyedale1 
#efh      ,wyzerka1 #efh        ,yates1 
#efi      ,yeddo 7syn4 of ,georgeson71  
#bah      ,yellow ,americana1 #efi      
,yellow ,apricot 7syn4 of ,apricot71    
#adh      ,yellow ,aubert 7syn4 of      
,aubert71 #cig      ,yellow ,bonum      
,magnum 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71 #chf    
,yellow ,damask 7syn4 of ,drap d',or71  
#aie      ,yellow ,damson 7syn4 of      
,white ,damson71 #cgd      ,yellow ,date
 7syn4 of ,date71 #dbh      ,yellow     
,diapre 7syn4 of ,diapre ,blanche71 #dcb
      ,yellow ,egg1 #che1 #efi          
,yellow ,egg 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71    
#chf      ,yellow ,egg group1 #cb2      

origin of1 #cb2      specific characters
 of1 #cb      ,yellow ,fleshed ,botan   
7syn4 of ,abundance71 #acf      ,yellow 
,gage1 #chh      ,yellow ,gage 7syn4 of 
,drap d',or1 #aie2 of ,small ,reine     
,claude1 #cdg7      ,yellow ,impratrice1
 #efi      ,yellow ,impratrice 7syn4 of 
,yellow ,impratrice71 #efi      ,yellow 
,imperial1 #efi      ,yellow ,jack1 #efi
      ,yellow ,japan 7syn4 of           
,abundance1 #acf2 of ,chabot1 #agb7     
,yellow ,jerusalem1 #efi      ,yellow   
,magnum ,bonum1 #egj      ,yellow       
,magnum ,bonum 7syn4 of ,yellow ,egg71  
#chf      ,yellow ,moldavka 7syn4 of    
,voronesh71 #cfe      ,yellow ,nagate1  
#egj      ,yellow ,nagate 7syn4 of      
,ogon71 #bih      ,yellow ,oregon1 #egj 
,yellow ,panhandle1 #egj      ,yellow   
,perdrigon 7syn4 of ,drap d',or71 #aie  
,yellow ,plum1 #ei      ,yellow ,roman  
,bullace1 #egj      ,yellow ,st4        
,catharine 7syn4 of ,saint ,catherine71 
#ccd      ,yellow ,sweet1 #egj          
,yellow ,transparent1 #egj      ,yellow 

,voronesh 7syn4 of ,voronesh71 #cfe     
,yellow ,wildgoose1 #egj      ,yellow   
,yosemite1 #egj      ,yellow1 #dc       
,fischer1 #efi      ,yohe1 #ega         
,yohes ,eagle 7syn4 of ,yohe71 #ega     
,yonemomo2 ,yonesmomo 7syns4 of         
,satsuma71 #ccg      ,yorkshire         
,winesour 7syn4 ,winesour71 #eff        
,york ,state ,prune1 #ega      ,york    
,state ,prune 7syn4 of ,york ,state     
,prune71 #ega      ,yosebe 7syn4 of     
,earliest of ,all71 #aih      ,yosemite 
7syn4 of ,purple ,yosemite1 #eba2 of    
,yellow ,yosemite1 #egj7      ,yosemite 
,purple 7syn4 of ,purple ,yosemite71    
#eba      ,yosemite ,yellow 7syn4 of    
,yellow ,yosemite71 #egj      ,yosete   
7syn4 of ,earliest of ,all71 #aih       
,yosobe 7syn4 of ,earliest of ,all71    
#aih      ,young1 #ega      ,youngken   
,golden2 ,younken's ,golden ,cherry2    
,yunkin ,golden 7syns4 of               
,golden ,cherry71 #bbh      ,young's    
,seedling 7syn4 of ,young71 #ega        
,young's ,superior ,egg 7syn4 of ,yellow

 ,egg71 #chf      ,yukon1 #ega          
,yuteca1 #ega        ,zahlbruckner      
,damascene1 #ega      ,zahlbruckner's   
,violette ,damascene 7syn4 of           
,zahlbruckner ,damascene71          #ega
      ,zekanta1 #ega      ,zipperle or  
,zipperlein 7syns4 of ,damson71 #ahf    
,zuccherino 7syn4 of ,damaschino        
,estivo71 #dbf      ,zucchetta ,gialla1 
#ega      ,zucker ,zwetsche 7syn4 of    
,red ,date71 #cbb      ,zulu1 #ega      
,zuzac1 #ega      ,zweimal ,blhende und 
,zweimal ,tragende ,bunte ,pflaume 7syn4
 of ,twice          ,bearing71 #eef     
,zweimal ,tragende 7syn4 of ,twice      
,bearing71 #eef      ,zwergpflaume1 #ega
      ,zwespe 7syn4 of ,german ,prune71 
#bbj      ,zwetsche1 ,zwetschen or      
,zwetschke 7syns4 of ,german ,prune71   
#bbj      ,zwetsche ,frhe ,von          
,buhlerthal 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,prcoce  
de          ,buhlerthal71 #ebd          
,zwetsche ,leipziger 7syn4 of ,merunka71
 #did      ,zwetsche ,professor         
,wittmack1 #egb      ,zwetsche          

,ungarische 7syn4 of ,ungarish71 #cfa   
,zwetsche von ,dtlikon 7syn4 of ,italian
 ,prune71 #bec      ,zwetsche ,von der  
,worms1 #egb      ,zwetsche ,von        
,ltricourt 7syn4 of ,quetsche ,dr4      
,ltricourt71 #ebd          ,,footnotes  
#a ,bailey1 ,l4 ,h4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4
 #ch3dc4 #ahib4    #b ,heideman1 ,c4 ,w4
 ,h4 ,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt4 #ahg4    
#ahie4    #c ,waugh1 ,f4 ,a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 
,bul4 #ec4 #ahif4    #d ,bechstein      
,forstbot4 ,ed4 #e4 #dbd4 #ahdc4    #e  
,schneider1 ,c4 ,k4 ,hand4 ,laub4 #fca4 
#aijf4    #f ,bailey1 ,l4 ,h4 ,cyc4 ,am4
 ,hort4 #addg4 #aija2 ,hudson ,fl4      
,anglic4 #bab4  #aggh4    #g ,heer      
,pflanz4 ,pfahlb4 #bg1 fig4 #af4    #h  
,bostock and ,riley ,nat4 ,hist4 of     
,pliny4 #c3bid4 #ahib4    #i ,koch1 ,k4 
,dend4 #a3id1 #if4 #ahfi4 ,ledebour4    
,fl4 ,ross4 #b3e4 #ahbi4  ,boissier4    
,fl4 ,orient4 #b3feb4    #aj ,koch1 ,k4 
,deut4 ,obst4 #adf4 #ahgf4    #aa ,kalm1
 ,peter ,travels into ,north ,america   
#c3bdj4 #agga4    #ab ,watson's ,annals 

of ,philadelphia #a3ag4 #ahdd4    #ac   
,mass4 ,hist4 ,soc4 ,collections1 #ast  
,ser4 #a3aah4    #ad ,josselyn1 ,john1  
,gent4 ,new ,england ,rarities ,london4 
#afgb4    #ae ,samuel ,deane1 ,d4,d4    
,the ,new ,england ,farmer or ,georgical
 ,dictionary  #bfe4 #agig4    #af       
,beverly1 ,robert ,history of ,virginia 
#bgi4 #agbb4 ,reprint #ahee4    #ag     
,lawson1 ,john ,history of ,north       
,carolina #aaj4 #agad4    #ah ,ramsey's 
,history of ,south ,carolina #b3abh1    
#abi1 ,ed4 #aheh4    #ai ,forbes1 ,james
 ,grant ,sketches of the ,floridas #hg1 
#ia1 #agj4 #ahba4    #bj ,in #agfc ,dr4 
,andrew ,turnbull established a colony  
of fifteen hundred  ,greeks and         
,minorcans at ,new ,smyrna1 ,florida1   
for the cultivation of sugar  and       
indigo4 ,but they cultivated other      
plants as well1 among the fruits  grown 
there being the grape1 peach1 plum1 fig1
 pomegranate1 olive and  orange4        
,forbes1 ,james ,grant ,sketches of the 
,floridas #ia4 #ahba4    #ba ,bartram1  

,william ,travels ,through ,north and   
,south ,carolina1 ,georgia1  ,east and  
,west ,florida1 etc4 ,dublin3 #agic4    
#bb ,prince1 ,william ,treatise of      
,horticulture #bd4 #ahbh4    #bc ,ibid4 
p4 #bh4    #bd ,prince1 ,william        
,treatise of ,horticulture #bc4 #ahbh4  
#be ,the frontispiece of ,the ,plums of 
,new ,york1 showing a likeness of       
,william ,robert ,prince1 dedicates the 
book to this distinguished ,american    
pomologist4 ,it is appropriate that the 
following biographical sketch of  ,mr4  
,prince1 written for ,the ,grapes of    
,new ,york1 should be reprinted  here4  
8,william ,robert ,prince1 fourth       
proprietor of the ,prince ,nursery and  
,linnaean ,botanic ,garden1 ,flushing1  
,long ,island1 was born in #agie and    
died  in #ahfi4 ,prince was without     
question the most capable horticulturist
 of  his time and an economic botanist  
of note4 ,his love of horticulture and  
botany was a heritage from at least     
three paternal ancestors1 all noted  in 

these branches of science1 and all of   
whom he apparently surpassed  in mental 
capacity1 intellectual training and     
energy4 ,he was a prolific  writer1     
being the author of three horticultural 
works which will always  take high rank 
among those of ,prince's time4 ,these   
were3 ,a ,treatise  on the ,vine1       
,pomological ,manual1 in two volumes1   
and the ,manual of  ,roses1 beside which
 he was a lifelong contributor to the   
horticultural  press4 ,all of ,prince's 
writings are characterized by a clear1  
vigorous  style and by accuracy in      
statement4 ,his works are almost wholly 
lacking  the ornate and pretentious     
furbelows of most of his contemporaries 
though it must be confessed that he fell
 into the then common fault of          
following ,european writers somewhat    
slavishly4 ,during the lifetime of      
,william ,r4 ,prince1 and that of his   
father1 ,william ,prince1 who died in   
#ahdb1 the ,prince ,nursery at ,flushing
 was the center of the horticultural    

nursery interests of the country2 it was
 the clearing-house for foreign  and    
,american horticultural plants1 for new 
varieties and for information  regarding
 plants of all kinds40    #bf ,manning1 
,robert ,hist4 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 #cc4 
#ahhj4    #bg ,coxe1 ,william ,a ,view  
of the ,cultivation of ,fruit ,trees #f4
 #ahag4    #bh ,landreth's ,rural       
,register and ,almanac4 #ahgb and #ahgd4
    #bi ,bulletin of the ,essex         
,institute #b3bc4    #cj ,downing1 ,a4  
,j4 ,hovey's ,mag4 #c3e4 #ahcg4    #ca  
,boston ,palladium1 ,sept4 #i1 #ahbb4   
#cb ,the horticultural books published  
in ,america between #aggi and  #ahbe    
were3 ,the ,gardener's ,kalender by     
,mrs4 ,martha ,logan1 ,charleston3      
#aggi2 ,the ,american ,gardener by ,john
 ,gardiner and ,david ,hepburn1         
,washington3 #ahjd2 ,the ,american      
,gardener's ,calendar by ,bernard       
,mc,mahon1  ,philadelphia3 #ahjf2 ,a    
,view of the ,cultivation of ,fruit     
,trees by ,william  ,cox1 ,philadelphia3

 #ahag2 ,the ,american ,practical       
,gardener by an ,old  ,gardener1        
,baltimore3 #ahai2 ,the ,gentleman's and
 ,gardener's ,kalendar by  ,grant       
,thorburn1 ,new ,york3 #ahba2 ,american 
,gardener by ,william ,cobbett1  ,new   
,york3 #ahai2 and ,the ,american        
,orchardist by ,james ,thacher1 ,m4 ,d41
  ,boston3 #ahbb4    #cc ,during the    
quarter ending in #ahbe two agricultural
 publications were  in existence in the 
,united ,states3 ,the ,american ,farmer1
 established  in ,baltimore in #ahai1   
and the ,new ,england ,farmer1 founded  
in ,boston  in #ahbb4 ,to these should  
be added the ,massachusetts             
,agricultural  ,repository1 not a       
journal in the strict sense of the word 
but published  by the ,massachusetts    
,society for ,promoting ,agriculture1   
established in  #agic1 and continued    
until the ,new ,england ,farmer was     
started in #ahbb4  ,the ,repository was 
the first agricultural periodical of the
 ,new ,world4    #cd ,at least three    

agricultural societies were founded soon
 after  the close of the ,revolution2   
the ,philadelphia ,society for          
,promoting  ,agriculture and the        
,agricultural ,society of ,south        
,carolina were founded  in #aghe1 and   
the ,massachusetts ,society for         
,promoting ,agriculture in  #agib1 while
 the first strictly horticultural       
society1 the ,new ,york  ,horticultural 
,society1 was not established until     
#ahah4    #ce ,p4 domestica cereola ,l4 
7,sp4 ,pl4 #dge4 #agec71 ,p4 claudiana  
,poir4 7,lam4 ,encycl4 #e3fgg4 #ahjd71  
,p4 italica ,borkh4 7,handb4  ,forstb4  
#aa3adji4 #ahjc74    #cf ,for a         
bibliography of this group see an       
article by ,waugh in ,gard4  ,chron4    
#bd3dfe4 #ahih4    #cg ,koch1 ,k4 ,deut4
 ,obst4 #adi4 #ahgf4    #ch ,schneider1 
,c4 ,k4 ,hand4 der ,laub4 #fcj4 #aijf4  
#ci ,columella #aj3 lines #djd-djf4     
#dj ,the ,natural ,history of ,pliny4   
,translated by ,john ,bostock and ,h4   
,t4  ,riley #c3bid4 ,london3 #ahib4     

#da ,hogg1 ,robert ,the ,fruit ,manual  
,ed4 #e3gjd4 #ahhd4    #db              
,targioni-,tozzetti1 ,antonio1 ,cenni   
storici sulla introduzione di  varie    
piante nell' agricoltura ed horticultura
 ,toscana4 ,florence3 #ahej4    #dc     
,parkinson1 ,john ,paradisus ,terrestris
 #egf4 #afbi4    #dd ,rea1 ,john ,a     
,complete ,florilege #bjh4 #afgf4    #de
 ,ray ,historia ,plantarum #b3aebi4     
#afhh4    #df ,gallesio1 ,giorgio #b3   
7,pages not numbered74 #ahci4    #dg    
,phillips1 ,henry ,comp4 ,orch4 #cjf4   
#ahca4    #dh ,these are the plums which
 ,linnaeus called ,prunus domestica     
galatensis 7,sp4 ,pl4 #dge4 #agec72     
,seringe1 ,prunus domestica             
pruneayliana 7,,dc4 ,prodr4 #b3ecc4     
#ahbe72 and ,borkhausen1 ,prunus        
conomica 7,handb4 ,forstb4 #b3adja4     
#ahjc74    #di ,prince1 ,william ,a     
,short ,treatise on ,horticulture #bg4  
#ahbh4    #ej 8,of the prune1 or1 as    
they are termed in ,german1             
#8,quetsche1' there  are a number of    

varieties1 all which are of fine size1  
and considered as  the best plums for   
drying as prunes2 this is one of the    
largest of the  varieties2 the principal
 characteristic of these plums is that  
the flesh  is sweet and agreeable when  
dried4 ,i am informed that the          
#8,italian ,prune'  ranks highest as a  
table fruit when plucked from the tree4 
,the process  of drying prunes seems to 
be so very easy that ,i should suppose  
it might  be undertaken in this country 
with a certainty of success1 and so as  
to  totally supersede the importation of
 that article40 ,ibid4    #ea ,united   
,states ,patent ,office ,report3 xxix4  
#ahed4 ,the following  description of   
this distribution is of interest3 8,the 
scions of two  varieties of prunes1     
#8,prunier d',agen1' and #8,prunier     
,sainte ,catherine1'  have been imported
 from ,france1 and distributed          
principally in the states  north of     
,pennsylvania1 and certain districts    
bordering on the range of  the ,allegany

 ,mountains1 in order to be engrafted   
upon the common plum4  ,these regions   
were made choice of in consequence of   
their being freer  from the ravages of  
the curculio1 which is so destructive to
 the plum  tree in other parts as often 
to cut off the entire crop4 ,it has been
  estimated that the ,state of ,maine1  
alone1 where this insect is rarely      
seen1 is capable of raising dried prunes
 sufficient to supply the wants  of the 
whole ,union40    #eb ,wickson1 ,e4 ,j4 
,california ,fruits ,ed4 #b3hb4 #ahia4  
#ec ,hedrick1 ,u4 ,p4 in ,bailey's      
,cyclopedia ,american ,horticulture     
#addj4  #aija4    #ed ,miller says in   
his ,gardener's ,dictionary of the      
variety ,perdrigon1  8,hakluyt in #aehb1
 says1 of later time the plum called the
 ,perdigwena was  procured out of       
,italy1 with two kinds more1 by the     
,lord ,cromwell1 after  his travel40    
,miller1 ,philip ,gardener's            
,dictionary4 ,edited by ,thomas         
,martyn1 #b3 7no page74 #agjg4    #ee   

,in the first edition of ,species       
,plantarum ,linnaeus called these  plums
 ,prunus domestica pernicona2 in the    
second edition the varietal  name was   
changed to 8,pertizone40 ,in the        
,prodromus ,seringe designates the      
group as ,prunus domestica touronensis4 
#ef ,the ,prunus domestica aubertiana of
 ,seringe4 7,,dc4 ,prodr4 #b3ecc4       
#ahbe47    #eg ,rea1 ,john ,a ,complete 
,florilege #bji4 #afgf4    #eh          
,parkinson1 ,john ,paradisus ,terrestris
 #egf4 #afbi4    #ei ,koch1 ,k4 ,deut4  
,obst4 #efj4 #ahgf4    #fj ,bauhin ,pin4
 #ddc n #bc4    #fa ,bul4 ,soc4 ,dauph4 
fasc4 ,,viii4 #ahha4    #fb ,ibid4      
#fc ,dendrol4 #caf4 #ahic4    #fd       
,rhein4 ,reise-,fl4 #fg4 #aheg4    #fe  
,handb4 ,laubh4 #a3 #fca4 #aijf4    #ff 
,pickering1 ,charles ,chron4 ,hist4     
,plants4 #bah4 #ahgi4    #fg ,heer      
,pflanz4 ,pfahl4 #bg1 fig4 #af;c4    #fh
 ,hooker ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind4 #b3 #cae4    
#ahgi4    #fi ,the reader who desires   
fuller information regarding the botany 

of  this species should consult the     
references given with the botanical     
description of ,prunus insititia4    #gj
 ,mc,mahon1 ,bernard ,gardener's        
,calendar #ehg4 #ahjf4    #ga ,samuel   
,deane1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,england ,farmer    
#bfe4 #agig4    #gb ,koch1 ,karl ,deut4 
,obst4 #aej4 #ahgf4    #gc ,this subject
 is well discussed in an article by ,e4 
,a4 ,carrire in  ,revue ,horticole #dch4
 #ahib4    #gd ,handb4 ,laubh4 #fbh4    
#aijf4    #ge ,fl4 ,siles4 #a3b1 #aj4   
#ahbi4    #gf ,fl4 ,nied4 ,ostr4 #hai4  
#ahij4    #gg ,fl4 ,siles4 #a3b1 #aj4   
#ahbi4    #gh ,enum4 ,pl4 ,trans4 #agh4 
#ahff4    #gi ,handb4 ,laubh4 #a3fcj4   
#aijf4    #hj ,flora #i3gdh4 #ahbf4     
#ha ,sched4 ,crit4 #bag4 #ahbb4    #hb  
,boiss4 ,diag4 #bnd ,ser4 #if4 #ahef4   
#hc ,verh4 ,zool4 ,bot4 ,ges4 ,wien4    
#dce4 #ahfd4    #hd ,flor4 ,or4 #aa3fbe4
 #ahgb4    #he ,in pre-,linnaean        
literature ,prunus cerasifera is        
mentioned by  ,clusius as ,prunus       
myrobalanus 7,rar4 ,plant4 ,hist4 #df   

fig4 #afja71 and  by ,tournefort under  
the same name 7,inst4 ,rei ,herb4 #fbb4 
#agjj74    #hf ,ledebour ,ind4 ,hort4   
,dorp4 ,suppl4 #f4 #ahbd4    #hg        
,schneider ,handb4 ,laubh4 #fcb4 #aijf4 
#hh ,dippel ,handb4 ,laubh4 #c3fcc4     
#ahic4    #hi ,jack ,gar4 and ,for4     
#e3fd4 #ahib4    #ij ,bailey ,cornell   
,sta4 ,bul4 #ch3cd4 #ahib4    #ia       
,handb4 ,laubh4 #a3fcc4 #aijf4    #ib   
,beitr4 ,nat4 #f3ij4 #agia4    #ic      
,handb4 ,forstb4 #aa3acib4 #ahjc4    #id
 ,fedde ,repert4 #a3ej4 #aije4    #ie   
,pl4 ,david #b3cc4 #ahhh4    #if ,ill4  
,bot4 ,his4 ,mountains and ,fl4 of      
,cash4 #a3bci4 #ahci4    #ig ,several   
apricots and the loquat of southern     
,japan are also called  ,japanese plums4
 ,the name ,triflora for common usage   
avoids this confusion  and conforms with
 the growing usage in horticulture of   
using the specific  name alone4    #ih  
,bailey says1 7,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4     
#fb3f4 #ahid7 speaking of these         
specimens3 8,i have no hesitation in    

saying that our ,japanese plums are  the
 same40 ,the writer examined the        
specimens in the summer of #aiji and    
recognized them at once to be the same  
as the cultivated ,triflora plums4      
#ii ,february #bc1 #aiji4    #ajj pp4   
#aj1 #de4    #aja ,march #ab1 #aiji4    
#ajb ,fl4 ,indica #eja4 #ahbd4    #ajc  
,forbes and ,hemsley ,jour4 ,linn4 ,soc4
 #bc3bai4 #ahhf-hh4    #ajd ,cornell    
,sta4 ,bul4 #fb3c4 #ahid4    #aje       
,berckmans1 ,l4 ,a4 ,rpt4 ,ga4 ,hort4   
,soc4 #ae4 #ahhi4    #ajf ,bailey1 ,l4  
,h4 ,cornell ,sta4 ,buls4 #fb1 #ajf1    
#aci1 #age4    #ajg ,waugh1 ,f4 ,a4     
,plum ,cult4 #aija4    #ajh ,georgeson1 
,c4 ,c4 ,amer4 ,gard4 #ab3gd4 #ahia4    
#aji ,for references and synonymy see   
the ,simon plum4    #aaj ,carrire1 ,e4  
,a4 ,rev4 ,hort4 #aeb4 #ahia4    #aaa   
,the ,new ,york ,agricultural           
,experiment ,station stands on the site 
of the old ,indian village of           
,kanadasaga1 founded by the ,seneca     
,indians4  ,the records of ,sullivan's  

raid just after the ,revolution show    
that when  this village was destroyed by
 the ,whites there were orchards of     
apples  and plums 7see ,conover's       
,kanadasaga and ,geneva 7,mss47 ,hobart 
,college7  crudely cultivated4 ,on the  
adjoining farm of ,mr4 ,henry ,loomis   
descendants  of these old trees still   
grow4 ,the plums are ,americanas1 and   
,mr4 ,loomis1  now in his #idth year1   
says that when a boy the ,indians and   
,whites alike  gathered them1 soaked    
them in lye to remove the astringency of
 the skins  and then cooked1 dried or   
otherwise preserved them4    #aab       
,poiteau #a3 7,unpaged74 #ahdf4    #aac 
,waugh1 ,f4 ,a4 ,plum ,cult4 #ea1       
#bhb-cjg4 #aija4    #aad ,goff1 ,e4 ,s4 
,wis4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fc3d4 #ahig4    #aae 
,the ,prunus mollis of ,torrey 7,fl4 ,u4
 ,s4 #a3dgj4 #ahbd7 was  ,prunus nigra1 
as ,torrey's specimen1 now in the       
herbarium of ,columbia  ,university1    
plainly shows4    #aaf ,a brief account 
of the life of ,liberty ,hyde ,bailey   

appeared in ,the  ,grapes of ,new ,york 
7page #adb71 but his work with plums    
deserves further  mention4 ,the         
foundation of our present knowledge of  
the cultivated  species and races of    
,american and ,triflora plums was laid  
by the  comprehensive study of these    
fruits made by ,bailey in the closing   
decade  of the ,nineteenth ,century4    
,his examination of plums may be said to
 have  begun in #ahhf with the setting  
of an orchard of native plums--probably 
the first general collection of these   
plums planted--on the grounds of  the   
,michigan ,agricultural ,college1       
,lansing1 ,michigan4 ,the results of    
his studies have largely appeared in the
 publications of the ,cornell           
,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 the 
first of which was ,the ,cultivated     
,native ,plums and ,cherries published  
in #ahib2 ,the ,japanese ,plums1  #ahid2
 ,revised ,opinions of the ,japanese    
,plums1 #ahif2 ,third ,report upon      
,japanese ,plums1 #ahig2 ,notes upon    

,plums1 #ahig4 ,beside these bulletins  
a monograph of the native plums was     
published in ,the ,evolution of our     
,native ,fruits in #ahih and a brief but
 complete monograph of the ,genus       
,prunus in the ,cyclopedia of ,american 
,horticulture in #aija4 ,these are  but 
the chief titles under which his studies
 of plums have appeared1  several minor 
contributions having been printed from  
time to time in  the horticultural      
press4 ,while ,dr4 ,bailey has given    
especial attention  to all fruits grown 
in eastern ,america1 it is probable that
 pomology is  most indebted to him for  
his long and painstaking work with the  
difficult  ,genus ,prunus with which he 
has done much to set the varieties and  
species  in order4    #aag ,bot4 ,gaz4  
#bd3dfb4 #ahif2 ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4    
#agj4 #ahig2 ,ev4  ,nat4 ,fruits        
#aid-bjh4 #ahih4    #aah ,gar4 and ,for4
 #aj3cdj1 #cej4 #ahig4 ,plum ,cult4     
#fj-ff4 #aija4    #aai ,waugh1 ,f4 ,a4  
,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ad3bgg4 #aijj-ja4

    #abj ,hakluyt ,voyages #c3beh4      
#aba ,torrey ,bot4 ,club ,bul4 #ba3cja4 
#ahid4    #abb ,silva of ,north ,america
 #d3bh4 #ahic4    #abc ,jack1 ,j4 ,g4   
,gard4 and ,for4 #g3bjf4 #ahid4    #abd 
,gar4 and ,for4 #c3fbe4 #ahij4    #abe  
,sandberg1 ,j4 ,h4 ,cont4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 
,herb4 #c3bba4 #ahie4    #abf ,coville1 
,f4 ,v4 ,cont4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,herb4     
#e3ii4 #ahig2 and ,chestnut1  ,v4 ,k4   
,cont4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,herb4 #g3cef4     
#aijb4    #abg ,wickson1 ,e4 ,j4        
,california ,fruits #eb4 #ahia4    #abh 
,wickson1 ,e4 ,j4 ,calif4 ,fruits ,ed4  
#d3ce4 #aiji4    #abi ,pittonia #c3ba4  
#ahif4    #acj ,the first published     
account of this plum is a brief         
non-technical  description of it by ,dr4
 ,kellogg in ,hutching's ,mag4 #e3g4    
#ahei4    #aca ,torrey ,bot4 ,club ,bul4
 #be3adi4 #ahih4    #acb ,the writer has
 examined the type specimen of          
,michaux's ,prunus  chicasa in the      
herbarium of the ,jardin des ,plants in 
,paris and  found it1 though incomplete 

and poorly preserved1 plainly not       
,prunus  angustifolia but more likely   
some form of ,prunus umbellata4         
,undoubtedly1 however1 the references   
which follow ,michaux's are to  ,prunus 
angustifolia4    #acc 8,the ,chicasaw   
plumb ,i think must be excepted1 for    
though certainly  a native of ,america1 
yet ,i never saw it wild in the forest1 
but always in  old deserted ,indian     
plantations3 ,i suppose it to have been 
brought from  the ,s4 ,w4 beyond the    
,mississippi1 by the ,chicasaws40       
,bartram ,travels  ,through ,north and  
,south ,carolina1 ,georgia1 ,east and   
,west ,florida1 etc4  #ch4 #agic4       
#acd ,bailey ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fr4 #aic4      
#ahih4    #ace 8,the wild ,plums of     
,america are of several sorts4 ,those   
which ,i can  give an account of from my
 own ,knowledge1 ,i will1 and leave the 
others  till a farther ,discovery4 ,the 
most frequent is that which we call the 
common ,indian ,plum1 of which there are
 two sorts1 if not more4 ,one of  these 

is ripe much sooner than the other1 and 
differs in the bark2 one  of the barks  
being very scaly1 like our ,american    
,birch4 ,these ,trees1  when in         
,blossom1 smell as sweet as any         
,jessamine1 and look as white as a      
,sheet1 being something prickly4 ,you   
may make it grow to what ,shape you     
please2 they are very ornamental about a
 ,house1 and make a wonderful fine      
,shew at a ,distance1 in the ,spring1   
because of their white ,livery4 ,their  
,fruit is red1 and very palatable to the
 sick4 ,they are of a quick ,growth1    
and will bear from the ,stone in five   
years1 on their ,stock40 ,lawson1 ,john 
,history of ,carolina #aje4 #agad4      
#acf 8,the third was known among the    
later colonists as the ,indian cherry   
and was the product of a tree hardly    
exceeded by the ,english peach tree  in 
girth and height1 and showing an        
inclination for the soil of the  valleys
 of the rivers1 and of the narrow       
bottoms of the smaller streams4  ,this  

variety was considered to be of         
extraordinary excellence in flavor2     
when ripe it was colored a dark purple1 
and there was only a single  cherry to  
the stalk4 ,there were two varieties of 
plums1 resembling1 both  in size and    
taste1 the ,english ,damson40 ,bruce1   
,philip ,alexander ,economic  ,history  
of ,virginia in the ,seventeenth        
,century #a3id4 #ahif4    #acg ,frank   
,a4 ,waugh was born in ,sheboygan       
,falls1 ,wisconsin1 ,july #h1  #ahfi4   
,on his father's side he is of ,scotch  
descent1 though the family  has long    
been in ,america2 his mother came from  
,germany4 ,he was educated  in the      
public schools of ,kansas and in the    
,kansas ,state ,agricultural  ,college1 
graduating from the latter place in     
#ahia4 ,in #ahic he became  professor of
 horticulture in the ,oklahoma          
,agricultural ,college and              
horticulturist at the ,experiment       
,station1 a place which he held for     
nearly three years1 going late in #ahie 

to take the same position in the        
,university of ,vermont4 ,after eight   
years of arduous service in ,vermont1   
during which time he became well known  
by his writings on horticultural1       
botanical and agricultural subjects1 he 
left ,vermont to take charge of         
horticulture in the ,massachusetts      
,agricultural ,college and the ,hatch   
,experiment ,station4 ,professor        
,waugh's study of plums began in the    
,west1  ,kansas and ,oklahoma1 but his  
reports in regard to this fruit have    
come  from ,vermont where his work has  
been mainly done4 ,the chief titles     
under  which his studies have been      
published in the bulletins and annual   
reports  of the ,vermont ,station are3  
,the ,pollination of ,plums1            
,classification  of ,plums1 ,a          
,monograph of the ,wayland ,group of    
,plums1 ,hybrid ,plums1  ,types of      
,european ,plums1 ,propagation of       
,plums1 ,the ,myrobalan ,plums1  ,a     
,review of the ,americana ,plums and    

,the ,grouping of ,japanese-,hybrid     
,plums4 ,in #aija he published ,plums   
and ,plum ,culture1 a popular           
presentation of the various phases of   
his botanical and horticultural  work   
with this fruit4 ,the titles given do   
not represent the extent of  his studies
 with this fruit for there were third   
and fourth reports upon  several of the 
subjects mentioned4 ,in particular he   
has been helpful  to ,american pomology 
in the classification of native plums1  
in his  study of sex in plums and in    
setting forth the hardiness of the      
various  species and groups4 ,besides   
his papers on plums1 ,professor ,waugh's
  chief contributions to horticulture   
have been a book entitled ,fruit        
,harvesting1 ,storing1 ,marketing1      
another under the title ,systematic     
,pomology and two works on apples4 ,he  
has also published two books on         
,landscape ,gardening which have given  
him high standing in this division  of  
horticulture4 ,professor ,waugh will    

long be remembered in horticulture  for 
the great extent of his work1 for his   
versatility in the profession  and for  
his ability to present well to both     
readers and hearers1 either  technically
 or popularly1 horticultural knowledge4 
#ach 8,the ,sand ,plums0 ,country       
,gentleman1 ,jan4 #bg1 #ahih4    #aci   
,thomas ,volney ,munson1 after whom it  
has been a pleasure to name  this       
species1 though best known as a         
viticulturist1 has also rendered        
invaluable service to plum-culture4 ,a  
sketch of his life appeared in  ,the    
,grapes of ,new ,york 7page #abb7 in    
which his services to viticulture  were 
briefly mentioned4 ,while his name is   
not commonly connected with  the study  
of plums1 it is not too much to say that
 without his aid the  publications of   
those who have written during the last  
quarter century on  native plums would  
have lacked much of the information they
 contain in  regard to the species of   
the ,southwest4 ,he has an intimate     

knowledge of  the wild plums of ,texas  
and has freely given of it to all who   
have asked1  often supplementing        
information with herbarium specimens or 
plants4 ,the  authors of ,the ,plums of 
,new ,york wish to give him credit for  
much of  the information1 furnished     
directly or indirectly1 in regard to the
 wild  and cultivated plums of the      
region in which he lives1 in recognition
 of  which his name is given to one of  
the most important species of native    
plums4 ,mr4 ,munson has grown and       
introduced a number of hybrid plums of  
note1 chief of those of his own growing 
being ,nimon1 ,minco and ,burford4      
,many of his experiments in hybridizing 
plums1 though unproductive of new       
varieties1 are of much value as a guide 
to other workers with this fruit4       
#adj ,lawson1 ,john ,history of         
,carolina #aje4 #agad4    #ada ,waugh   
,vt4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #ab3bce4 #ahii4   
,bailey ,cyc4 ,am4 ,hort4  #addi4 #aija4
    #adb ,cont4 ,bot4 ,lab4 ,university 

of ,pa4 #b3baf4 #ahii-aijj4    #adc     
,de,vries1 ,hugo ,species and           
,varieties1 etc4 #eg4 #aije4    #add    
,the references given contain these     
quotations4    #ade ,waugh1 ,f4 ,a4 ,vt4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #aa3bgc4 #ahig-ih4    
#adf ,hedrick4 ,u4 ,p2 ,the ,relation of
 ,weather to the ,setting of ,fruit4    
,bul4 #bii4 #aijh4    #adg ,waugh1 ,f4  
,a4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ec3ea4 #ahif4     
#adh ,goff1 ,e4 ,s4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,an4    
,rpt4 #ah3cjb4 #aija4    #adi ,waugh1   
,f4 ,a4 ,plum ,cult4 #big-cjj4 #aija4   
#aej ,hansen1 ,n4 ,e4 ,s4 ,d4 ,sta4     
,bul4 #ic3fg4 #aije4    #aea ,carrire1  
,e4 ,a4 ,prunier ,saint ,julien4 ,revue 
,horticole #dch-dci4  #ahib4    #aeb    
,waugh ,plum ,cult4 #bdg4 #aija4    #aec
 ,hansen1 ,n4 ,e4 ,s4 ,d4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#hg4 #aijd4 ,ibid4 #ic3fh4 #aije4       
#aed ,wickson1 ,e4 ,j4 ,california      
,fruits #cdh4 #ahia4    #aee ,a prune is
 a dried plum4 ,the requisite for a     
prune-making plum  is that it have a    
large proportion of solids1 particularly

 sugar4  ,comparatively few varieties of
 plums bear sufficient amounts of solids
 so  that they may be successfully cured
 into a firm1 long-keeping product4     
,only varieties of the ,domesticas are  
used in making prunes1 though  possibly 
some of the ,insititias might be so     
used4 ,prunes are chiefly  used in      
cookery though some of the finer grades 
from ,france are sold as  confections4  
,prunes are either dried in the sun as  
in ,california2 partially cooked  in    
ovens and the curing completed indoors1 
as in ,european countries2 or  wholly   
dried in evaporators1 as in the ,pacific
 ,northwest4 ,sun-drying is  the most   
economical method where the climate     
permits4 ,the half cooking  does not    
make so attractive a product but when   
skillfully done the prunes  are possibly
 more palatable1 as the cooked flavor is
 liked by consumers4  ,beyond question  
the best prunes are made1 however1 all  
things considered1  in well-managed     
evaporators4 ,in evaporators the changes

 of curing take  place most perfectly   
and uniformly so that1 as a rule1 the   
prune looks  better1 keeps longer1 is   
not so tough and has a more natural     
taste of the  green fruit4    ,in       
prune-making the fruit is allowed to    
remain on the trees until ripe  enough  
to fall to the ground1 as the maximum   
proportion of solids is thus  obtained4 
,after picking1 the plums are passed    
over graders to remove  rubbish and to  
secure uniformity in size1 this being   
essential to obtain  evenness in curing1
 since the small fruits dry more rapidly
 than large  ones4 ,usually before      
evaporation begins the fruit is dipped  
in boiling  lye or pricked by needles in
 a pricking machine to make tender the  
tough  skin and so allow the moisture to
 escape more readily4 ,the dipping      
consists of immersing the fruit for a   
minute or less in a solution of  lye in 
the proportion of #a pound of           
concentrated lye to from #aj to #ej     
gallons of water maintained at the      

boiling point4 ,the fruit is carried    
mechanically through the lye vat and a  
rinser by a modified endless  chain1 or 
it may be dipped in wire baskets4 ,after
 rinsing the plums are  ready for       
curing4    ,exposure to the sun in      
curing varies from five to twelve days1 
depending  upon the heat of the sun and 
the size and the variety of the plum4   
,curing  in evaporators varies with the 
fruit and with the make of the machine4 
,in general the temperature in the      
evaporator is from #abj to #adj at the  
start1 increasing to from #afj to #ahj  
and decreasing when the prunes  are     
taken out4 ,too much heat at first      
causes the cells of the fruit to  burst1
 thereby producing drip and             
discoloration4 ,important factors in    
evaporating in machines are the         
circulation of air1 convenience1 cost of
  fuel and power4 ,the time required for
 curing ranges from twelve hours for  a 
small plum to forty-eight hours for a   
large1 juicy one4 ,if not cured  enough 

fermentation and molding result2 if     
cured too much the weight is  lessened1 
the quality is injured1 the prune is    
harsh and coarse and has a  dried up    
appearance4    ,when sufficiently dried 
the prunes are put in bins or piles to  
sweat1  a process taking from one to    
three weeks1 after which they are       
graded1  processed and packed4 ,in      
grading1 the prunes are separated into  
sizes  indicating the number of prunes  
required to make a pound1 as #cj's to   
#dj's1 #dj's to #ej's and so on to the  
smallest size1 #abj's to #acj's4 ,the   
processing is done by dipping the prunes
 in boiling water and glycerine  or by  
steaming or by using some special       
preparation in the final dipping  or by 
rattling in a revolving cylinder4       
,processing is reputable if it  adds    
beauty to the color1 or kills insects'  
eggs or sterilizes the  prunes4 ,it is  
disreputable when the aim is to add to  
the weight4 ,the best  prunes are packed
 in boxes1 in which process lining with 

paper1 filling  facing1 pressing and    
labeling are important details4 ,a well 
cured prune  is soft and spongy1 the pit
 is loose but does not rattle1 the skin 
is  bright1 the product is free from    
drippings or exudation1 the flesh is    
meaty1 elastic1 and of a bright1 lively 
color4    ,the custom has been to bleach
 light colored prunes with sulphur      
fumes4  ,this process injures the       
quality and possibly makes the product  
somewhat  poisonous4 ,sulphuring is now 
regulated by the ,federal ,pure ,food   
,law4    ,if poorly managed or if the   
plums are not of the best1 several      
difficulties are encountered in curing  
prunes4 ,thus1 a syrupy liquid          
sometimes oozes from the prunes1        
besmearing and making unattractive the  
final product4 ,again1 the finished     
prunes may be covered with globules of  
sugar1 rendering them sticky and        
destroying the lustre4 ,fruit grown on  
poor soils1 on unhealthy trees or picked
 green may cure into small prunes  of an

 abnormal shape called 8,frogs0 or they 
may ferment and swell up in  large soft 
prunes called 8,bloaters40    ,the plum 
chiefly used in ,california in making   
prunes is the ,agen1 usually  called    
,petite1 a prune curing into a bright   
amber-colored product4  ,this plum is   
easily cured1 and the prune from it     
needs little sugar in  cooking4 ,in the 
states north of ,california the ,italian
 ,prune is the  favorite1 producing a   
dark red1 almost black product1 more    
tart but  on the whole rather better    
flavored than the prune from the        
preceding  variety4 ,other varieties    
more or less used are ,golden ,drop1 the
 product  from which is known as the    
,silver ,prune2 ,reine ,claude1 which   
makes a  fancy product often used as a  
confection2 ,yellow ,egg1 which sells as
 the  ,silver ,prune when evaporated2   
the ,german ,prune1 making a product    
much  like the ,italian ,prune2         
8,hungarian ,prune10 from a very large  
plum and  making a fancy product but    

very difficult to cure2 the ,tragedy    
,prune1 an  early plum of the ,italian  
type2 ,golden ,prune1 much like the     
,silver and  possibly better2 and the   
,champion1 ,willamette1 ,pacific1       
,tennant1 ,steptoe  and ,dosch1 all of  
the ,italian type4    #aef ,farlow1 ,w4 
,g4 ,the ,black ,knot1 ,bulletin ,bussey
 ,institution  #ddj-dec4 #ahgf4         
,halsted1 ,b4 ,d4 ,destroy the ,black   
,knot1 etc4 ,n4 ,j4 ,sta4  ,bul4        
#gh3a-ad4 #ahia4    #aeg ,smith1 ,e4 ,f4
 ,peach ,rot and ,peach ,blight ,journ4 
,myc4 #e3abc-acd4  #ahhi4 ,quaintance1  
,a4 ,l4 ,the ,brown ,rot1 etc4 ,ga4     
,sta4 ,bul4 #ej3bcg-bfi1  figs4 #a-i4   
#aijj4    #aeh ,atkinson1 ,g4 ,f4 ,leaf 
,curl and ,plum ,pockets ,cornell ,sta4 
,bul4  #gc3cai-cee1 ,pls4 #a-bj4 #ahid4 
#aei ,ibid4    #afj ,sturgis1 ,w4 ,c4 ,a
 ,leaf ,curl of the ,plum ,conn4 ,sta4  
,rpt4 #ai3ahc1  ,pl4 #b4 #ahie4    #afa 
,arthur1 ,j4 ,c4 ,plum ,leaf ,fungus ,n4
 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt4 #e3bgf-bha1  ,pls4
 #f-aj4 #ahhg4    #afb ,duggar1 ,b4 ,m4 

,fungous ,diseases of ,plants #cad1     
figs4 #adg1 #adh4  #aiji4 ,pierce1 ,n4  
,b4 ,a ,disease of ,almond ,trees ,jour4
 ,myc4 #g3ff-fg1  ,pls4 #aa-ad4 #ahib4  
#afc ,scribner1 ,f4 ,l4 ,leaf ,rust of  
the ,cherry1 etc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4  
,rpt4 #cec-cee4 ,pl4 #c4 #ahhg4         
,hedrick1 ,u4 ,p4 ,prune ,rust ,oreg4   
,sta4 ,bul4  #de3fg4 #ahig4    #afd     
,stewart1 ,f4 ,c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,bul4   
#aia3cbc-cbd4 #aijj4 ,rolfs1 ,f4 ,m4    
,die ,back of ,peach ,trees ,science    
#bf3hg4 #aijg4    #afe ,duggar1 ,b4 ,m4 
,fungous ,diseases of ,plants #bbf4     
#aiji4    #aff ,smith1 ,e4 ,f4 and      
,townsend1 ,c4 ,o4 ,a ,plant ,tumor of  
,bacterial ,origin  ,science            
#be3fga-fgc4 #aijg4 ,toumey1 ,j4 ,w4    
,cause and ,nature of ,crown  ,gall     
,ariz4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cc3a-fd1 figs4      
#a-ca4 #aijj4 ,hedgcock1 ,g4 ,c4 ,crown 
,gall1 etc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,bur4  
,pl4 ,ind4 ,bul4 #ij3ae-ag1 ,pls4 #c-e4 
#aijf4    #afg ,smith1 ,e4 ,f4 ,science 
#ag3def-g4 #aijc4 ,ibid4 #ba3ejb4 #aije4

  ,clinton1 ,g4 ,p4 ,report of ,botanist
 ,conn4 ,sta4 ,rpt4 #bgc4 #aije4    #afh
 ,hedrick1 ,u4 ,p4 ,gumming of the      
,prune ,tree ,oreg4 ,sta4 ,bul4         
#de3fh-gb4 #ahig4    #afi ,stewart1 ,f4 
,c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aia3cbd-cbf4   
#aijj4    #agj ,pammel1 ,l4 ,h4 ,new    
,fungous ,diseases of ,iowa ,jour4 ,myc4
 #g3ii-ajj4  #ahib4    #aga ,jones1 ,l4 
,r4 ,studies upon ,plum ,blight ,vt4    
,ex4 ,sta4 ,rpt4  #ae3bca-bci4 #aijb4   
#agb ,smith1 ,e4 ,f4 ,the ,peach        
,rosette ,jour4 ,myc4 #f3add4 #ahia4    
#agc ,waugh1 ,f4 ,a4 ,plum ,cult4 #cbi4 
#aija4    #agd ,ibid4    #age ,starnes1 
,h4 ,n4 ,japan and ,hybrid ,plums ,ga4  
,sta4 ,bul4 #fh3bb-bd4  #aije4    #agf  
,hedrick1 ,u4 ,p4 ,curl-leaf of the     
,italian ,prune ,oreg4 ,sta4 ,bul4      
#de3gb-gd4 #ahig4    #agg ,smith1 ,e4   
,f4 ,field ,notes ,jour4 ,myc4 #f3ajh4  
#ahia4    #agh ,riley1 ,c4 ,v4 ,an4     
,rpt4 ,state ,entomol4 ,mo4 #a3ej-ef4   
#ahfi2  #c3aa-bi4 #ahga4    #agi ,ibid4 
#c3ci-db4 #ahga4    #ahj ,beutenmller1  

,w4 ,sesiidae of ,america1 etc4         
#bff-bga4 #aija4    #aha ,ibid4         
#bia-bib4 #aija4    #ahb ,riley1 ,c4 ,v4
 ,an4 ,rpt4 ,state ,entomol4 ,mo4       
#a3df-dg4 #ahfi4    #ahc ,lowe1 ,v4 ,h4 
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ahj3abb-abh4 #aijj4
    #ahd ,wilson1 ,h4 ,f4 ,the          
,peach-tree ,barkbeetle ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 
,bur4 ,ent4  ,bul4 #fh3ia-ajh4 #aiji4   
#ahe ,hunter1 ,w4 ,d4 ,the ,aphidid of  
,n4 ,a4 ,ia4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #fj3ajc4 #aija4
    #ahf ,ibid4 #ajg1 #ajh4    #ahg     
,ibid4 #ajh1 #aji4    #ahh ,gillette1   
,c4 ,p4 ,a ,few ,orchard ,plant ,lice   
,col4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #acc3da4  #aijh4      
#ahi ,ibid4 #ci4    #aij ,marlatt1 ,c4  
,l4 ,the ,san ,jose or ,chinese ,scale  
,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,bur4 ,ent4  ,bul4      
#fb3a-hi4 #aijf4    #aia ,lowe1 ,v4 ,h4 
,the ,new ,york ,plum ,lecanium ,n4 ,y4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #acf3ehc4  #ahig4    #aib   
,for references to these scales see     
,fernald1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,coccidae of    
the ,world ,mass4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hh3a-cfj4
 #aijc4    #aic ,lowe1 ,v4 ,h4 ,the     

,apple-tree ,tent ,caterpillar ,n4 ,y4  
,sta4 ,bul4  #aeb3bgi-bic4 #ahih4       
#aid ,riley1 ,c4 ,v4 ,an4 ,rpt4 ,state  
,entom4 ,mo4 #b3id-ajc4 #ahgj4    #aie  
,ibid4 #g3hc-ij4 #ahge4    #aif         
,saunders1 ,w4 ,insects ,injurious to   
,fruits #ie1 #if4 #ahhc4    #aig ,riley1
 ,c4 ,v4 and ,marlatt1 ,c4 ,l4 ,the     
,clover ,mite ,insect ,life  #c3de-ec4  
#ahij4    #aih ,saunders1 ,w4 ,insects  
,injurious to ,fruits #aei4 #ahhc4      
#aii ,ibid4 #aej-aec4 #ahhc4    #bjj    
,lowe1 ,v4 ,h4 ,the ,pistol ,case-bearer
 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #abb3bba-bcb4      
#ahig4    #bja ,riley1 ,c4 ,v4 ,insect  
,life #a3acc4 #ahhi4    #bjb ,cornell   
,sta4 ,bul4 #fb3bg4 #ahid4    #bjc ,tex4
 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cb3dhh4 #ahid4    #bjd    
,professor ,joseph ,lancaster ,budd was 
a native of ,new ,york1 having  been    
born ,july #c1 #ahce1 at ,peekskill1    
,westchester ,county4 ,on his father's  
side he was of ,french ancestry1 but his
 mother was of ,english descent1 a      
member of the ,lancaster family1 early  

settlers on the ,hudson ,river4 ,he  was
 educated in the public schools of      
,monticello1 ,monticello ,academy and   
at ,hiram ,college1 though he did not   
finish at the last named institution    
because of financial distress at home4  
,in #aheg the young man moved west  and 
for a year taught in an academy at      
,rockford1 ,illinois1 and in the        
,wheaton schools of the same state4 ,in 
#aheh he moved to ,benton ,county1      
,iowa1 where he established the ,benton 
,county ,orchards and ,nurseries4 ,he   
soon became identified with horticulture
 in ,iowa1 especially through its       
,state ,horticultural ,society1 an      
organization of which he was secretary  
from #ahgc to #ahhe and from #ahib to   
#ahie1 serving in all seventeen years4  
,in #ahgf he was elected to the chair of
 ,horticulture and ,forestry in the     
,iowa ,agricultural ,college1 a position
 which he held until #ahii1 when he     
retired as professor emeritus1 having   
spent twenty-two years in pioneer  work 

in this college4 ,in #ahhb ,professor   
,budd visited ,russia to study the      
hardy plants of that country and        
imported from there many varieties of   
fruit1 as well as other plants1 which he
 thought suited to the climate  of the  
,northwest4 ,after his return his work  
was largely given up to  originating and
 testing varieties which he thought     
would prove of value  to the ,states of 
the ,plains4 ,he was preeminent in      
,america for his work  with ,russian    
fruits and was one of the first to see  
the possibilities  of our native plums4 
,the frequency with which his name is   
mentioned  in this book as a breeder of 
hardy fruits indicates his interest in  
securing plums adapted to the region in 
which he lived4 ,the horticultural      
library of ,charles ,downing1 by the    
wish of the owner1 was given to the     
,iowa ,agricultural ,college with the   
expectation that ,professor ,budd  would
 revise ,downing's famous ,fruits and   
,trees of ,america4 ,ill health         

prevented the accomplishment of this    
task1 although as senior author  he     
published1 in #aijb1 the ,american      
,horticultural ,manual in two  volumes4 
,during the greater part of his active  
life he was a constant  correspondent of
 the horticultural press4 ,professor    
,budd was a teacher as  well as a       
pomologist and did much for ,american   
pomology in imparting to  the men who   
came in contact with him both knowledge 
and enthusiasm4 ,he  died in ,phoenix1  
,arizona1 ,december #bf1 #aijd4    #bje 
,samuel ,d4 ,willard was born ,august   
#bd1 #ahce1 near ,cayuga1 ,new  ,york4  
,he was educated in the district school1
 ,canandaigua ,academy1 and  ,temple    
,hall1 ,geneseo1 having been graduated  
at the last named place  in #ahed4      
,after a successful business career of a
 decade and a half  following his       
schooling1 ,mr4 ,willard engaged in the 
nursery business  in ,geneva1 ,new      
,york4 ,he prospered in tree-growing and
 soon embarked in  fruit-growing as     

well1 rapidly attaining distinction as a
 nurseryman and  as a fruit-grower4 ,he 
early began to specialize in plum       
culture and soon  became one of the     
leading growers of plums1 one of the    
chief authorities  on varieties1 and one
 of the largest importers of new sorts4 
,in #ahig1  with ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey as
 co-author1 ,mr4 ,willard prepared      
,bulletin #aca1  ,notes upon ,plums1 of 
the ,cornell ,university ,agricultural  
,experiment  ,station4 ,in this bulletin
 ,mr4 ,willard put on record the results
 of  his long experience in growing     
plums and gave descriptions of seventy  
varieties1 nineteen of which he had     
imported from ,europe4 ,besides  this   
bulletin he has published but little on 
plums1 but his spoken  words regarding  
them may be found in nearly every report
 of the two  horticultural societies of 
,new ,york since #ahhj1 as they are also
 to be  found in the reports of         
horticultural societies in neighboring  
states and  the provinces of ,canada4   

,besides his work in horticultural      
societies1  ,mr4 ,willard was one of the
 earliest and foremost institute        
speakers in  ,new ,york4 ,he was1 too1  
for many years active in the development
 of the  state fair in ,new ,york1      
having charge of the horticultural      
department1  a position which he also   
held at the ,pan-,american ,exposition  
in ,buffalo  in #aija4 ,for nearly a    
half-century ,mr4 ,willard has been     
prominent in  his profession in the     
state and nation2 he is known by all    
eastern  fruit-growers and his vigorous 
and enthusiastic utterances in the      
press1  from the platform and in        
conversation have made him a favorite   
authority  with the fruit-growers of    
this generation4    #bjf ,prosper       
,julius ,a4 ,berckmans was one of the   
noted horticulturists  and pomologists  
of the generation just passing4 ,he was 
born at ,aerschat1  near ,antwerp1      
,belgium1 ,october #ac1 #ahcj1 his      
father being ,dr4 ,louis  ,edouard      

,berckmans1 author of the splendid      
pomological work1 ,album  de ,pomologie1
 and as noted in ,europe as was the son 
in ,america1 in  horticulture and       
pomology4 ,the younger ,berckmans was   
educated in ,tours1  ,belgium and       
,paris1 attaining distinction as a      
student in botany4 ,in  #ahej father and
 son came to ,america and the following 
year settled  at ,plainfield1 ,new      
,jersey4 ,six years later the son moved 
to ,augusta1  ,georgia1 and established 
near that place a horticultural         
plantation1  which he called            
8,fruitlands10 the nursery of which has 
become famous  throughout the world4    
,soon after locating in ,georgia1 ,mr4  
,berckmans  became interested in        
horticultural organizations and later   
his activities  were extended to the    
promotion of horticulture in the        
,nation4 ,in #ahei  he became a member  
of the first horticultural society in   
,georgia4 ,in  #ahgf he helped to       
organize and was the first president of 

the ,georgia  ,state ,horticultural     
,society1 a position which he held until
 his death4  ,in #ahfj he became a      
member of the ,american ,pomological    
,society and was  at once intrusted with
 important committee work in that       
organization4  ,his work here was done  
so well that in #ahhg he was elected    
president of  the society and later was 
four times re-elected4 ,mr4 ,berckmans  
was a  member of a number of state and  
national horticultural and scientific   
organizations other than those named and
 was an honorary member of many  similar
 societies in ,europe4 ,in #ahic he was 
chosen to make the opening  address of  
the ,horticultural ,congress held at the
 ,world's ,fair in ,chicago  that year4 
,mr4 ,berckmans was eminent in          
entomology as well as in botany  and    
horticulture and was interested in all  
the sciences4 ,through much  reading1   
study and travel he became versed in    
literature and art as well  as science4 
,mr4 ,berckmans' fellow-workers in      

horticulture1 his business  associates  
and the patrons of his nursery1 justly  
esteemed him for his  amiability1       
integrity and public spiritedness4 ,at  
his death1 ,november #h1  #aiaj1 a well 
spent life was ended4    #bjg ,luther   
,burbank1 known the world over for his  
work in bringing into  being new plant  
forms1 was born in ,lancaster1          
,massachusetts1 ,march #g1  #ahdi4 ,he  
was educated in the common schools and  
in the local academy1 his               
school-training being supplemented by   
much reading in the well-stocked        
library of which every ,new ,england    
town boasts4 ,after leaving school1     
some time was spent in a factory in     
,worcester1 ,massachusetts1 but1        
following a strong natural inclination  
to work with plants1 he left the        
factory to grow vegetables and seeds4   
,it was while so engaged that he  grew  
the ,burbank potato1 most widely known  
and most valuable1 if gauged  by the    
monetary value of the crops produced1 of

 all of his new plants4  ,in #ahge ,mr4 
,burbank went to ,california and a few  
years later began in a  small way the   
plant-breeding nursery at ,santa ,rosa  
in which most of his  work has since    
been done4 ,the years preceding this    
beginning and several  following it     
constitute a time of hard labor1        
sickness and of financial  distress     
through which only a man of remarkable  
strength of character  could have lived 
and kept the desire to continue his     
work4 ,following a  decade1 more or     
less1 of difficulties after the start at
 ,santa ,rosa1 ,mr4  ,burbank's career  
as a world-wide figure in plant-breeding
 may be said to  have begun4 ,one cannot
 briefly catalog the new forms of plants
 that have  gone forth from his private 
place in ,california2 they must number  
well  into the hundreds2 his biographer1
 in #aije1 said that ,mr4 ,burbank has  
worked with over two thousand five      
hundred distinct species 7,harwood1  ,w4
 ,s41 ,new ,creations in ,plant ,life   

#a4 #aije74 ,among these have been      
practically all of the species of plums 
now under cultivation1 from which  have 
been obtained1 according to ,mr4        
,burbank1 hundreds of thousands of      
plum-seedlings of which the breeder has 
selected a score or more of very        
distinct sorts1 all interesting and a   
few of them very valuable4 ,the many    
other fruits1 flowers and forage plants 
which ,mr4 ,burbank has sent out1  each 
involving the handling of countless     
seedlings1 cannot be mentioned  here4   
,nor can his methods and results be     
discussed1 except to say that  in them  
he is a unique figure in plant-breeding 
and that they have been  such that he   
has exercised a powerful influence      
toward the improvement of  plants4 ,the 
practical results of ,mr4 ,burbank's    
work have been as great  or greater than
 those secured by any other person in   
plant-breeding1  yet they have been     
magnified out of all bounds in the      
popular press and  his work has been    

caricatured by calling the man a wizard 
and ascribing  to him occult knowledge4 
,of the plants introduced by ,mr4       
,burbank the  proportion of really      
valuable commercial ones seems now to be
 small1 but  what he has done cannot be 
measured by money values2 he has        
awakened  universal interest in         
plant-breeding2 has demonstrated that   
things  unheard of before his time can  
be done with plants2 and1 all in all1   
his  contributions in new forms of      
plants to horticulture and agriculture1 
in  their intrinsic and educational     
value1 make him the master worker of the
  times in improving plants4    #bjh    
,statement in a letter from ,mr4        
,burbank4    #bji ,mr4 ,kerr in a letter
 written in #aiji says3 8,wassu1 as ,i  
have it1 is  radically different from   
descriptions of both ,waugh and ,bailey4
 ,the tree  is as slovenly in habit as  
is that of the ,burbank--there all      
resemblance  ceases40    #baj ,this     
,french plum proved to be the well-known

 ,peach4 ,see  ,horticulturist #a3aae4  
#ahdf4    #baa ,mas ,le ,verger #f3fa4  
#ahff-gc4    #bab ,mr4 ,kerr writes3    
8,as ,i have them here1 ,yeddo and      
,white ,kelsey  are the same4 ,if there 
is a difference between ,georgeson and  
,mikado1 ,i  have failed to discover it1
 but ,georgeson and ,white ,kelsey or   
,yeddo are  plainly distinct4 ,the      
former is larger1 rounder and more      
greenish in skin  color40    #bac       
,introduced by ,wiley and ,company of   
,cayuga1 ,new ,york in #ahib4 ,see      
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #aca3aic1 fig4 #dg4
 #ahih4    #bad ,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4    
#ajf3eb4 #ahif4    #bae ,pom4 ,mag4     
#c3adh4 #ahcj4    #baf ,can4 ,hort4     
#ah3aag4 #ahie4    #bag ,h4 ,a4 ,terry  
was born in ,cortland ,county1 ,new     
,york1 ,july #abth1 #ahbf4  ,his parents
 were from ,new ,england having come as 
pioneers to ,new ,york  from ,worcester1
 ,massachusetts4 ,the spirit of         
pioneering seems to have  been strong in
 the ,terry family for in #ahcf the     

parents moved again to  ,livingston     
,county1 ,michigan4 ,the son1 leaving   
his parents in #ahde1 again  went       
westward to ,knox ,county1 ,illinois1   
and still again in #ahdf farther  west  
to ,pottawattamie ,county1 ,iowa4 ,after
 this there were still more  wanderings 
in which ,mr4 ,terry and his family1 he 
having married in #ahdh1  were as far   
east as ,new ,haven1 ,connecticut1 for  
two years and again west  to several    
places in ,iowa4 ,he finally engaged in 
the nursery business at  ,crescent1     
,iowa in #aheg2 he lived here for over  
fifty years1 giving to the  world his   
best services in the production of new  
fruits and flowers1 and  here his death 
occurred ,february #adth1 #aiji4 ,mr4   
,terry was noted as a  peony and a plum 
specialist4 ,of plums he is the         
originator of over fifty  sorts nearly  
all from the native species--a record   
unsurpassed in point  of numbers for new
 varieties by any other plum-breeder4   
,several of ,mr4  ,terry's plums are of 

surpassing merit for varieties of their 
species2  among these may be named such 
well-known sorts as ,gold1 ,hammer1     
,hawkeye1  ,nellie ,blanche1 ,crescent  
,city1 ,downing and ,milton4 ,most of   
his varieties  are offspring of ,prunus 
americana but there are a few from      
,prunus  munsoniana and ,prunus         
hortulana4 ,unfortunately there is      
little in  regard to ,mr4 ,terry's      
method of breeding plums on record for  
he seems to  have written or spoken     
little for publication4 ,he was long a  
prominent  member of the ,iowa ,state   
,horticultural ,society and for a number
 of years  had charge of one of the     
experiment stations of this society4 ,of
 his work  with peonies1 of which he    
produced more than one hundred named    
sorts1 and  with other plants1 space    
does not permit discussion4 ,the last   
half of his  life of more than four     
score years was a tireless effort to    
improve the  fruits and flowers of the  
,mississippi ,valley4    #bah ,lauche   

,deut4 ,pom4 ,no4 #b4 #ahhb4    #bai    
,cornell ,sta4 ,bul4 #ajf3ec4 #ahif4    
#bbj ,orville ,morell ,lord was born in 
,china1 ,wyoming ,county1 ,new ,york1   
,april #bj1 #ahbf4 ,when he was eleven  
years of age the ,lord family moved to  
,lapeer1 ,michigan1 where the subject of
 this sketch attended the district      
school and then for a time was in a     
private school at ,pontiac1 ,michigan4  
,in #aheb ,mr4 ,lord moved to ,winona   
,county1 ,minnesota1 where he built a   
saw mill1 and for some years owned and  
managed a lumber yard4 ,it was  only    
after middle life that he became        
interested in horticulture and he  then 
chose the native plums as fruits with   
which to work4 ,he was not a  breeder of
 plums and the ,rollingstone1 brought in
 from the wild and sent  out by him in  
#ahhb1 is the only addition to pomology1
 in the way of a  new variety1 made by  
him4 ,the work with this fruit which has
 given him  a name as a plum specialist 
was in testing hardy varieties4 ,he     

tried  thoroughly all the native plums  
to be obtained1 and much of the present 
information as to the hardiness of plums
 for the cold northwest is due  to      
knowledge gained from ,mr4 ,lord's      
experimental orchard4 ,he became a      
member of the ,minnesota ,state         
,horticultural ,society in #ahhd and in 
#ahhi  was made an honorary life member 
of this organization4 ,for some years   
he was a ,farmers' ,institute lecturer  
on horticulture and was for a time      
horticultural editor of ,farm1 ,stock   
and ,home4 ,he was not only known  in   
the ,northwest as a plum specialist but 
carried on correspondence  with plum    
growers throughout the whole country    
giving much valuable  information       
regarding this fruit4 ,beside giving    
attention to plums he  tested many      
apples for his region and was the       
originator of one or two  varieties now 
very generally grown in his ,state4     
,during his life he  filled several     
places of public trust1 being a member  

of the ,territorial  ,legislature in    
#ahec-d and of the ,state ,legislature  
in #ahgc-d4 ,he also  served at various 
times in minor offices in his ,county   
and in his ,state  being at the time of 
his death a member of the ,forest       
,reserve ,board of  ,minnesota4 ,with   
,peter ,gideon he was one of the pioneer
 fruit-growers  in the ,northwest and   
while he has left few fruits of his own 
breeding  and few records in print of   
the work he did1 yet his long and       
faithful  service in developing         
fruit-growing in the ,northwest makes   
him one of the  men of note in ,american
 pomology4 ,mr4 ,lord died ,july #ba1   
#aijf4    #bba ,of this fruit ,burbank  
writes to this ,station under date of   
,december  #f1 #aiji1 as follows3    8,i
 have this season also about #fe1jjj or 
#ge1jjj ,plumcot seedlings1--a  wholly  
new fruit which promises great things   
for localities where it  can be grown4  
,these ,plumcots vary more astonishingly
 from seed than  anything which ,i have 

ever produced4 ,no pure ,apricots or    
pure ,plums are  produced1 but every    
possible variety and every possible     
combination  and all qualities are      
brought out strongly4 ,the range of     
colors is  astonishing1--some new       
combinations of colors never before seen
 in fruits  have been produced4 ,the    
best ,california judges of fruits--the  
great  growers and shippers--have       
pronounced some of these varieties the  
best  fruit ever produced on this earth4
 ,most of these fruits have a beautiful 
downy skin--many of them smooth--flesh  
orange1 yellow1 white1 crimson or       
green2 pits peculiar4 ,the fruits vary  
from about the size of a medium  peach  
down to the size of ,green ,gage plums1 
though the various ones are  of every   
possible size1 form1 flavor1 color1 time
 of ripening1 etc4 ,the  trees1 in some 
cases1 grow faster than any other fruit 
tree4 ,sometimes  branches grow on even 
quite young trees twelve feet in length 
and an inch  in diameter in a single    

season4 ,others are quite slow growers  
or even  dwarfs40    #bbb ,am4 ,pom4    
,soc4 ,rpt4 #aje4 #ahia4    #bbc ,j4 ,w4
 ,kerr1 one of the best informed and    
most enthusiastic  cultivators of native
 and ,triflora plums1 was born in ,york 
,county1  ,pennsylvania1 ,january #bc1  
#ahdb4 ,he is of ,scotch-,irish lineage 
paternally  and of ,english ancestors   
maternally4 ,his education at the       
village school  was supplemented by     
several years teaching and much reading 
and study  in horticultural literature1 
fondness for which seems to have been   
inborn4 ,in his early manhood ,mr4 ,kerr
 engaged in growing trees for sale1  a  
business with which he soon combined a  
fruit plantation in which he  collected 
and tested all the plums that could be  
grown in his climate1  comprising the   
great majority of the varieties of      
,american species and  of the ,oriental 
plums4 ,this work began in #ahgj1 since 
which time no man  has done more to     
popularize and improve native plums than

 ,mr4 ,kerr4 ,his  most valuable work   
has been in testing varieties1 where his
 knowledge  of this fruit1 his judgment 
and his sense of discrimination have    
made  his opinion1 as set forth in his  
nursery catalog and in the reports of   
horticultural societies1 authoritative4 
,he has1 too1 done considerable  work in
 breeding plums1 ,choptank1 ,sophie and 
,maryland probably  representing the    
best of his endeavors in originating new
 plums4 ,it is a  duty and a pleasure to
 acknowledge here the great services    
rendered by  ,mr4 ,kerr in the          
preparation of ,the ,plums of ,new      
,york4    #bbd ,emmett ,stull ,goff was 
born at ,elmira1 ,new ,york1 ,sept4 #c1 
#aheb4  ,he was educated in the public  
schools and in the ,elmira ,free        
,academy1  graduating from the last     
named place in #ahfi4 ,the following    
years were  spent on his father's farm  
until in #ahhj he became ,associate     
,editor of an  agricultural paper1 but  
finding the work uncongenial he returned

 to the  farm for a short time leaving  
again to accept in #ahhb a position at  
the  ,new ,york ,agricultural           
,experiment ,station which had just been
 established4  ,here for seven years    
,professor ,goff gave his attention to  
vegetables4 ,his  classification of a   
number of vegetables1 the pea1 tomato1  
cabbage and  onion in particular1 are   
still standard in ,american vegetable   
culture4  ,during his work at this      
,station he did much pioneer work in    
spraying  plants and invented a device  
for mixing kerosene and water4 ,in #ahhi
  ,professor ,goff moved to ,madison1   
,wisconsin1 where he became professor   
of horticulture in the ,university of   
,wisconsin and horticulturist of  the   
,wisconsin ,experiment ,station4 ,here  
for fourteen years he gave his          
attention to various phases of          
fruit-growing and vegetable-growing4    
,his bulletin #hg on 8,native ,plums0 is
 the outcome of several years'          
experiments in testing and breeding     

plums of such of our native species  as 
will grow in ,wisconsin4 ,his work with 
plums is particularly valuable1  as he  
was able1 in his location1 to do much to
 ascertain the degree  of hardiness of  
many varieties of the species of        
cultivated plums4  ,from his work with  
sterility and fertility of varieties    
came valuable  recommendations regarding
 the cross-pollination of such varieties
 as  are self-sterile4 ,he is the author
 of ,principles of ,plant ,culture and  
,lessons on ,fruit-growing1 text books  
much used in high schools and           
agricultural colleges4 ,professor ,goff 
was a modest and retiring man but       
singularly independent of view in all   
things regarding his work and all       
things that concerned men--a serene1    
lofty-minded1 unselfish man4 ,his  death
 occurred at ,madison1 ,june #fth1      
#aijc4    #bbe ,aug4 ,royer ,annales ,de
 ,pomologie ,belge et ,etrangere #fc4   
#ahei4    #bbf ,william ,prince1 born in
 #agbe1 was the second proprietor of the

  famous ,prince nursery at ,flushing1  
,long ,island1 a nursery established by 
his father1 ,robert ,prince1 about      
#agcj4 ,the first of the ,american      
,princes  was one of the ,huguenots who 
settled at ,new ,rochelle and on the    
north  shore of ,long ,island1 bringing 
with them a great number of ,french     
fruits  and the love of the ,french     
people for horticulture4 ,the nursery1  
one  of the first1 and certainly the    
most important one in ,america at this  
time1 grew rapidly until the            
,revolutionary ,war4 ,the establishment 
was of  such public importance that     
during a part of the war the ,british   
placed  a guard over it to protect it   
from depredation4 ,with the             
establishment  of peace came an         
increased trade and the nursery soon    
attained even  greater prominence than  
before the war4 ,an effort was made by  
,william  ,prince1 then in charge1 to   
import all of the valuable ,european    
fruits  beside which he grew many       

seedlings1 selecting carefully from them
 new  varieties4 ,thus in #agij         
twenty-five quarts of ,reine ,claude    
plum pits  were planted from which came 
,yellow ,gage1 ,imperial ,gage and      
probably the  ,washington plum4 ,prince 
died in #ahjb1 his business having been 
divided  between two sons2 ,benjamin    
,prince keeping the original place under
 the  name ,the ,old ,american ,nursery 
and ,william ,prince occupying a new    
place  called the ,linnean ,botanic     
,garden and ,nursery4 ,william ,prince  
seems not  to have had the inclination  
to write as did his son and grandson but
  had1 even more than they1 business    
energy4 ,his ,european exportations  and
 importations made his name famous in   
horticulture abroad as well  as at home4
 ,to him ,americans owe the introduction
 of many varieties of  foreign fruits   
and ornamental plants2 his was the first
 of the great  nurseries of the country1
 soon to be followed by others1 to      
import and  exchange plants with foreign

 countries2 his is the first recorded   
attempt  to breed fruits in ,america on 
an extensive scale and the fact that the
  three plums sent out by him are still 
valuable varieties indicates his        
judgment as to worth in fruits4 ,the    
reputation made by his son1 ,william    
,prince1 the second1 and by ,william    
,robert ,prince1 a grandson1 as writers 
on horticultural subjects1 is in large  
measure due to the information  acquired
 for them and the training given them by
 the ,william ,prince of  this sketch4  
#bbg ,gilbert ,onderdonk was born in    
,sharon1 ,new ,york1 ,september #cj1    
#ahbi4  ,as a boy he showed a taste for 
horticulture and while a lad planted    
seeds  of potatoes1 made selections and 
developed several varieties more or     
less widely grown in the middle of the  
last century4 ,mr4 ,onderdonk was       
educated in the ,cortland ,academy at   
,cortland1 ,n4 ,y41 and in the ,state   
,normal ,college at ,albany4 ,after     
having taught in the district schools of

  ,new ,york for a few years1 he found  
it necessary to go to a warmer climate  
because of bronchial trouble and in     
#ahea moved to ,texas1 where he became  
a cowboy1 a rancher and finally a       
fruit-grower4 ,in the region in which   
he had settled there were wild grapes   
and wild plums in abundance4 ,the       
luxuriance of growth and the number of  
these fruits so impressed him with  the 
possibilities of fruit culture in       
southwestern ,texas that he began       
planting fruit trees4 ,of necessity     
these came from the north and for most  
part failed4 ,not to be discouraged1    
,mr4 ,onderdonk began the improvement   
of the wild varieties about his home4   
,from #ahee to the present time his     
work has been the testing for the region
 in which he lives1 of every  variety of
 fruit to be had in ,europe and         
,america1 and the improvement of  the   
wild fruits growing about him4 ,the     
plum1 in particular1 has received       
attention from ,mr4 ,onderdonk1 and his 

chief work with this fruit has  been the
 hybridization of ,triflora and         
,munsoniana varieties from the  crossing
 of which he has grown some valuable    
plums4 ,in #ahhg1 the ,united  ,states  
,department of ,agriculture employed    
,mr4 ,onderdonk to work with  plums1    
grapes and peaches in the southwest1 the
 results of which are to  be found in   
the reports of the ,department          
immediately following the year          
mentioned4 ,he has also done            
considerable work for the ,french in    
sending  resistant vines to ,france4    
,mr4 ,onderdonk is one of several       
workers in  horticulture who have       
unremittingly served ,texas and the     
southwest in the  production of new     
varieties of fruits and in testing      
varieties from other  regions4 ,the     
value of the foundation these men have  
laid for horticulture  in the southwest 
cannot now be estimated4    #bbh ,mich4 
,sta4 ,bul4 #aah3eb1 #ed4 #ahie4    #bbi
 ,thomas ,am4 ,fruit ,cult4 #dic4 #ahig4

    #bcj ,joseph ,l4 ,normand was born  
at ,marksville1 ,louisiana1 ,january    
#ad1  #ahec4 ,he was educated in the    
public schools of the parish in which he
  lived4 ,after leaving school he       
followed the vocation of a printer for a
  number of years1 though from childhood
 horticulture had been an avocation     
with him4 ,before middle life he gave up
 office work to begin actively  the     
growing of nursery and fruit trees4 ,his
 work in horticulture early  developed  
into plant-breeding and towards the     
close of his life all of  his energies  
were devoted to the production of new   
types of plants4 ,in  his plant-breeding
 ,mr4 ,normand became noted as a        
hybridizer and a great  majority of the 
fruits and ornamentals sent out by him  
were hybrids4  ,among these may be named
 the ,carnegie ,orange1 a hybrid more or
 less  frost resistant1 which he        
obtained by crossing the ,louisiana     
,sweet  ,orange with ,citrus trifoliata4
 ,mr4 ,normand also devoted much time to

  the testing of figs and sent out the  
,new ,french ,fig1 selected from some   
seventy varieties which he had grown4   
,pears1 apples and plums received  his  
attention and in all these fruits he    
developed original types by             
hybridization4 ,possibly his most       
meritorious work with the plum has been 
in testing ,triflora and native         
varieties1 although he has sent out not 
a few hybrids of this fruit most of     
which1 however1 do not thrive in        
northern climates4 ,mr4 ,normand did for
 his region what ,kerr1 ,munson1        
,terry1 ,lord and ,williams have done in
 other parts of ,north ,america  in     
testing plums4 ,all who knew ,mr4       
,normand say that in this day of        
commercialism he worked almost wholly   
for the love of plants--to improve  them
 for his fellow fruit-growers regardless
 of the money to be made  in his        
calling4 ,he lived and worked in a      
region where his achievements  were at  
first little known and little           

understood1 quite content to work  for  
his work's sake1 but in the end he      
gained distinction among the            
fruit-growers of his ,state and         
attracted the attention of              
plant-breeders  all over the ,united    
,states4 ,mr4 ,normand died in the town 
of his birth1  ,april #ag1 #aiaj4       
#bca ,a4 ,l4 ,bruce1 whose name appears 
so frequently in the pages of ,the      
,plums of ,new ,york as a breeder of    
native plums1 is of ,scotch descent4    
,his father1 however1 came from         
,illinois to ,texas1 settling at ,basin 
,springs1 ,grayson ,county1 in #ahde1   
where he planted the first orchard in   
that part of ,texas4 ,the son1 subject  
of this sketch1 was born ,october #f1   
#ahfa1 and was educated in the common   
schools at ,basin ,springs1 ,texas4 ,his
  work in growing and breeding trees    
began in his youth1 for in #ahgg he     
established himself as a grower and     
collector of native plums to which  he  
added many of the ,triflora varieties   

that were soon after introduced  from   
,japan4 ,mr4 ,bruce's first definite    
problem in breeding plums was to  find  
extra early and extra late sorts for    
,texas2 his ,six ,weeks1 ,red ,may1     
,dayton and several other plums were the
 results of these efforts4 ,in #aijb    
,mr4 ,bruce moved to ,donley ,county in 
the ,panhandle of ,texas from which     
place he has sent out and continues to  
send out ,triflora1 native and  hybrid  
plums of unusual merit4 ,beside working 
with plums ,mr4 ,bruce is a  breeder of 
peaches1 pears1 raspberries1 dewberries 
and apples1 to all of  which fruits he  
has made more or less notable           
contributions4 ,mr4 ,bruce is  still in 
the prime of life1 has many             
plant-breeding problems projected  and  
his work promises much for horticulture 
in the ,southwest and in the  country at
 large4          ,transcriber's ,notes  
,words surrounded by  are italicized4   
,words surrounded by  are bold4         
,illustrations were relocated to        

correspond to their references in the   
text4    ,the illustration 8,october0   
was apparently omitted from the book    
7three  different copies checked74      
,obvious printer errors corrected and   
inconsistent spellings have been  kept1 
including inconsistent use of hyphen1   
accents1 capitalisation1 and  proper    
names4    ,index entries that do not    
match their referenced text corrected   
7except  where the text is an obvious   
printer error74 ,index entries that     
refer to  non-existent text have been   
deleted4