,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,plut>* ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,plut>* ,a ,,pagan ,,cre$ ,,( ,,apo/olic ,,times ,,an ,,essay ,,by ,,john ,,oakesmi?1 ,d4,,litt41 ,m4,a4 4 ,,ari/41 ,meta41 i4 #b4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,bombay #aijb ,all rights res]v$ ,,introductory ,,note ,! foll[+ pages are practically a repr9t ( a volume :i* 0 issu$ = private circulation "s twelve mon?s ago1 "u ! title 8,! ,religion ( ,plut>* z exp\nd$ 9 8 #8,e?ics4'0 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t volume & its pr$ecessor consi/s 9 ! translation or removal ( v>i\s quotations f ,greek & ,lat9 s\rces :i* 7 giv5 9 full 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! book4 ,! ref]5ces to ^! s\rces h1 ( c\rse1 be5 reta9$4 ,v]bal corrections h be5 made "h & !re1 & a few pages ( new matt] h be5 introduc$ into ! 8,preface40 ,9 o!r respects ! two impressions are sub/antially ! same4 ,i _c all[ ?is opportunity to pass )\t express+ my gratitude to ,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys1 ,esq41 ,litt4,d41 ,public ,orator 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 & ,exam9] 9 ,greek at ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 :o k9dly plac$ at my disposal 8 own copy ( ! orig9al essay1 9 :i* he _h made num]\s sugge/ions on po9ts ( /yle1 & on que/ions ( s*ol>%ip 9 g5]al4 ,^! sugge/ions h1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 adopt$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pres5t edition4 ,my ?anks are also ow+ to my colleagues 9 ! ,civil ,s]vice1 especially to ^? 9 ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice1 ,london1 to ^: enc\ragem5t x is l>gely due t ?is essay1 9 its pres5t =m1 is able to see ! light4 ,z ! ,a!num1 9 review+ ! orig9al edition 7,a!num1 #bnd ( ,augu/1 #aijb71 sugge/$ t 8! pres5t essay is probably ! =]unn] ( a l>g] & m elaborate book10 x may be desirable to expla9 t ! foll[+ pages d n con/itute 8! l>g] & m elaborate book0 :i* ! ,a!num is "r 9 =eca/+4 ,,john ,,oakesmi?4 ,,preface ,:5 ! /ud5t ( ,plut>* leaves ! famili> gr\nd ( ! 8,p>allel ,lives10 & turns1 = ! fir/ "t1 to ! less ?or\ghly explor$ region ( ! 8,e?ics10 he is /ruck ) wond] at ! _m-sid$ excell5ce ( ! writ] ^: special gift he has be5 accu/om$ to reg>d z consi/+ 9 ! composition ( biographies m rem>kable = ! pres5tation ( moral tru?s ?an = ! accurate n>ration ( hi/orical facts4 ,he le>ns ) surprise t ,plut>* has bequea!d to po/]ity a m9e ( in=mation respect+ ! p]iod 9 :i* he himself liv$1 z valuable & z int]e/+ z ! view pres5t$ 9 8 8,lives0 ( t high] antiquity 9 :i* 8 classic h]oes mov$ & work$4 ,ev5 ! actual bulk ( ,plut>*'s contribution to :at may be call$ 8g5]al lit]ature0 is notewor?y4 ,ap>t f ! 8,lives10 ! s-call$ 8,catalogue ( ,lamprias0 conta9s ! titles ( ne>ly two hundr$ works attribut$1 o/5sibly by 8 son1 to ,plut>*1#a & "s f\rscore ( ^! h be5 h&$ d[n to our "t "u ! g5]al1 b some:at mislead+1 title ( 8,e?ica0 or 8,moralia40 ,among ^! surviv+ essays are to be f\nd contributions1 ( a surpris+ vitality & fre%ness1 to ! discussion ( ,education1 ,politics1 ,art1 ,lit]ature1 ,music1 ,hygi5e2 s]i\s & /udi$ criticisms & appreciations ( ! great philosophic s*ools ( ,greece & _! f\nd]s2 %ort s]mons on m9or morals1 illu/rat$ by vivid sket*es ( "* bo? typical & individual2 conv]sations on ,love & ,m>riage1 & on o!r topics p]petually int]e/+ to civiliz$ societies4 ,! longe/ "w ( all1 ! 8,symposiacs10 or 8,table ,talk10 besides conta9+ a weal? ( mat]ial us$ by ,plut>* & 8 fri5ds 9 ! discussion ( curr5t problems ( sci5tific1 lit]>y1 & social int]e/1 gives a picture ( ,grco-,roman ,society 9 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury1 :i*1 bo? f its g5]al "* & f ! multitude ( details x conta9s on matt]s ( fact1 is ( ! utmo/ importance = ! accurate /udy ( ! p]iod & its complicat$ problems4 ,all ^! v>i\s works are int]p5etrat$ ) ! "* ( ! writ] to su* a vivid degree ( p]sonality t _! /udy1 f ?is po9t ( view alone1 w\ld probably ca/ m light ^u ,plut>*'s me?ods z a writ] ( hi/ory ?an innum]able m9ute & difficult inquiries into 8 8s\rces10 & ! mann] 9 :i* he us$ !m 9 writ+ 8 8,lives40 ,fasc9at+1 h[ev]1 z is ! /udy ( ! 8,e?ics0 9 ^! v>i\s aspects1 x soon becomes evid5t t ! po9t ( p>am\nt importance = a prop] appreciation ( ,plut>*'s attitude t[>ds life & its problems 9 g5]al1 is to be f\nd 9 ! position :i* he assum$ 9 face ( ! religi\s que/ions :i* p]plex$ ! ?9k+ m5 ( 8 "t & c\ntry4 ,:at 0 ,plut>*'s view ( t anci5t & h]$it>y fai? :i* 0 n only ! (ficial cre$ ( ! ,empire1 b :i* 0 /ill accept$ z a suffici5t spiritual satisfaction by _m millions ( ! ,empire's subjects8 ,0 x possible t a man s /eep$ 9 ! be/ lit]ature1 s ke5 a /ud5t ( ! greate/ philosophies1 c\ld be a believ]1 to any s]i\s ext5t1 9 ^? traditions :i* appe> s crude & impossible 9 ! light ( our high] mod]n ideals8 ,& if he c\ld ?9k !m wor?y ( cr$it1 by :at me?od ( int]pretation 0 ?is consummation facilitat$8 ,h[ c\ld he p]suade himself & o!rs to f9d 9 !m at once ! sanction & ! inspiration ( virtu\s conduct8 ,^! are "s ( ! que/ions :i* are con/antly be=e ! m9d ( ! read] z he turns ! pages ( ! 8,e?ics10 & !y are con/antly be=e ! m9d ( ! read] because ! au?or is con/antly supply+ mat]ials = answ]+ !m4 ,! mo/ important ( ,plut>*'s g5]al writ+s are devot$ to ! full discussion1 f a v>iety ( /&po9ts1 ( religi\s que/ions1 n only ^? h&$ d[n by ! popul> tradition1 or embodi$ 9 c]emonial obs]vances & legaliz$ wor%ips1 b also ^? m purely !ological conceptions pres5t$ 9 ! v>i\s sy/ems ( ,greek ,philosophy4 ,ar\nd ,plut>*'s ,religion revolves 8 conception ( life2 8 num]\s contributions to ! discussion ( o!r subjects ( human int]e/ unfold _! full significance only :5 reg>d$ 9 ! light suppli$ by a k ( 8 religi\s beliefs4 ,su*1 at any rate1 is ! exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t writ] aft] a close /udy ( ! 8,e?ics0 dur+ sev]al ye>s2 & x is ) ! hope ( contribut+ 9 "s degree to ! cle>] appreciation ( ,plut>*'s manifold activities 9 o!r directions1 t an inve/igation into 8 religi\s views has be5 made ! special object ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,! text :i* has be5 us$ = ! purposes ( ?is essay is t issu$ at int]vals betwe5 ! ye>s #ahhh & #ahif by ,mr4 ,g4 ,n4 ,b]n>dakis1 ! director ( ! ,gymnasium at ,mytil5e4#b ,! editor has po/pon$1 = discussion 9 a subsequ5t "w1 _m que/ions be>+ ^u ! au?ority ( 8 ,,mss41 & ! pr9ciples :i* he has appli$ to !m 9 ! *oice ( 8 read+s2 8 ef=ts 9 ! editio m9or hav+ be5 almo/ :olly conf9$ to pres5t+ ! results ( 8 lab\rs 9 ! %ape ( a complete & coh]5t text4 ,al?\gh1 z ,dr4 ,hold5 has said1 8until ! appe>ance ( ! promis$ editio major x is premature to pron\nce an op9ion on ! editor's qualifications z a textual critic10#c yet ,mr4 ,b]n>dakis has exhibit$ s mu* comb9$ accuracy & acum5 9 ! prelim9>y discussion ( v>i\s que/ions connect$ ) 8 collation ( ,,mss41 & has dispos$ s completely1 z ,dr4 ,hold5 admits1 ( ! *>ges ( inaccuracy br\ght aga9/ him by ,pr(essor von ,wilam[itz-,moell5dorff ( ,b]l91#d t ! m g5]al /ud5t ( ,classical ,lit]ature may1 p]haps1 feel "s am\nt ( confid5ce t 9 ?is edition he sees ! actual "w ( ,plut>* himself1 & n ! +5i\s & d>+ conjectures ( "s too brilliant critic4 ,?is feel+ ( confid5ce w n be dim9i%$ by ! evid5t anxiety display$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,paton1 an ,engli% s*ol> work+ 9 ! same field1 8to induce ,mr4 ,b]n>dakis to assi/ & correct0 him 9 edit+ a text ( ! 8,de ,cupiditate ,diviti>um10#e & x w be increas$ by ! discov]y t1 greatly diff]5t z ! text ( ,b]n>dakis is f t ( any o!r previ\s edition1 ! diff]5ce frequ5tly consi/s 9 ! sub/itution ( pla9 s5se = undilut$ absurdity1 or total want ( mean+4 ,indebt$ness to o!r s\rces ( criticism & in=mation is1 ! writ] hopes1 fully ackn[l$g$ 9 ! footnotes z occasion arises4 ,!re has yet be5 publi%$ no "w 9 ,engli% deal+ ) ,plut>*'s 8,e?ics0 at all simil> 9 scope & "* ei!r to ,volkmann's 8,leb51 ,s*rift5 und ,philosophie des ,plut>* von ,*ronea10#f or to ,grard's 8,la ,morale de ,plut>que40#g ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 :o speaks slight+ly ( ,grard's int]e/+ /udy1 has himself contribut$ "o or two 8,lectures0 to "s g5]al obs]vations on ?is sph]e ( ,plut>*'s activity1#h :ile ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy has giv5 two *apt]s to ! subject 9 8 8,greek ,_w "u ,roman ,sway40#i ,*ap4 xiii41 :i* is head$ 8,plut>* & ,8 ,times--,public ,life10 is devot$ p>tly to ,apuleius1 & p>tly to ,plut>* himself1 & exhibits1 9 cont9u\s =m1 a numb] ( t au?or's be/-kn[n & mo/ frequ5tly quot$ /atem5ts & op9ions on ! subjects ( ,politics & ,religion1 "s t5 pages be+ set ap>t = ! pres5tation & criticism ( 8 views on ! latt] topic4 ,*ap4 xiv4 is entitl$ 8,plut>* & ,8 ,times--,private ,life10 & int]sp]ses ) comm5ts a numb] ( extracts f ! evid5ce furni%$ by ,plut>* on v>i\s matt]s app]ta9+ to ! social & dome/ic life ( 8 epo*1 giv+ ! gi/ ( passages select$ f ! 8,table ,talk10 f v>i\s essays on ,education1 & f sev]al tracts on ,m9or ,morals & o!r !mes ( g5]al int]e/4 ,al?\gh ,pr(essor ,mahaffy's prolong$ & ext5sive rese>*es into e available sph]e ( ,greek life & ?\ght occasionally enable him to help out 8 au?or's descriptions by aptly *os5 illu/rations f o!r s\rces1 yet1 9 deal+ ) a writ] at once s volum9\s & s full ( int]e/ z ,plut>*1 ! hi/orian is hamp]$ by ! necess>y limits ( 8 appo9t$ task1 no less ?an by 8 own diffusive & gossip+ /yle4 ,mr4 ,mahaffy's ,clio has always appe>$ to u 9 ! light ( an amiable & cultur$ ho/ess presid+ at ,aft]noon ,tea1 glid+ graci\sly hi!r & ?i!r among h] gue/s1 & introduc+ topics ( conv]sation :i* h only a sup]ficial int]e/1 or :i* %e pres5ts only 9 _! sup]ficial aspects2 :ile1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 convey+ ! impression t %e res]ves = discussion among a few *os5 intimates ! m pr(\nd & sacr$ issues ( human life4 ,^! two *apt]s on ,plut>* furni% an excell5t example ( ,pr(essor ,mahaffy's me?od4 ,!y are ent]ta9+ 9 ! s5se t all well-conduct$ gossip is ent]ta9+4 ,a trait ( "* is *os5 "h2 a sm>t say+1 or a fooli% "o1 is select$ !re2 a piquant anecdote is retold else:]e3 b ! se>*light is nev] /ation>y1 & ! e>ne/ /ud5t :o tru/s solely to its assi/ance w va9ly attempt to see ,plut>* /eadily & see him :ole4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! fact1 z already sugge/$1 t1 9 ^! *apt]s1 ,pr(essor ,mahaffy is deal+ ) ,plut>* only s f> z he furni%es mat]ial illu/rative ( ! conception :i* ! hi/orian has =m$ z to ! "* ( ! age 9 :i* 8 subject liv$4 ,?is fact is conspicu\sly evid5t 9 ! brief acc\nt ( ,plut>*'s ,religion giv5 9 ! t5 pages f page #caa onw>ds1 :]e ,pr(essor ,mahaffy accepts ! belief ( s _m ( 8 pr$ecessors1 t ! age 0 an age ( religi\s decad5ce1 & n an age ( religi\s revival2 & t1 moreov]1 x 0 blamewor?y 9 ,plut>* t 8he nev] took pa9s to und]/&0 ,*ri/ianity4#aj ,fur!r1 x mu/ be add$1 t ! hi/orian's natural desire to illu/rate ,plut>*'s times1 r ?an to display ,plut>* himself1 has l$ him to commit s]i\s inju/ice by 8 uncritical acceptance ( c]ta9 spuri\s tracts z ! g5u9e workman%ip ( ,plut>*4 ,! conclusion at :i* ,pr(essor ,mahaffy arrives1 t ,plut>* 0 8a n>r[ & bigot$ ,hell5e10#aa is intelligible en\gh to ^? :o accept ! view :i* we h endeav\r$ to combat 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ( ! foll[+ essay1 a view :i* is simply a belat$ survival ( ! anci5t prejudice :i* consigns to et]nal p]dition ! foll[]s ( o!r ,religions1 because !y are wilfully bl9d to ! light ) :i* our own special ,belief has be5 bless$ 9 su* spl5d\r4 ,b ! man :o1 aft] ev5 ! mo/ casual /udy ( ,plut>*'s utt]ances on ,religion1 c s]i\sly describe him z 8n>r[ & bigot$0 w ma9ta91 ) equal s]5ity1 t x is ! practice ( ! sun to %9e at midnight4 ,pr(essor ,mahaffy1 inde$1 9 us+ su* expressions1 is at v>iance ) 8 own bett] judgm5t1 inasmu* z he else:]e conc$es t1 8_h ,plut>* be5 at ,a!ns :5 ,/4 ,paul came !re1 he w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to give ! ,apo/le a respectful he>+40#ab ,! subject ( ,plut>*'s 8,moralia0 has also be5 t\*$ 9 a few contributions to ! curr5t ,lit]ature ( ! ,reviews4 ,! article on 8,plut>*0 appe>+ ov] ,paley's initials 9 ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 & giv+ a brief /atem5t ( ! subjects dealt ) 9 ! diff]5t tracts 9 ! 8,moralia10 almo/ entirely exhau/s ! %ort li/ ( ,engli% lit]>y contributions to ! treatm5t ( ?is portion ( ,plut>*'s "w4 ,paley decl>$ 9 ! article 9 "q t ! 8,moralia0 7 8practically almo/ unkn[n to mo/ p]sons 9 ,brita91 ev5 to ^? :o call !mselves s*ol>s40 ,?is sweep+ ass]tion is n by any means true to-day1 al?\gh x is /ill ! case t1 s f> z ! lit]>y pres5tm5t ( results is conc]n$1 ! 8,e?ics0 ( ,plut>* are a neglect$ field ( rese>*4 ,volkmann1 9 ! 8,leb5 und ,s*rift50 "p ( 8 "w1 c>efully discusses ! au!nticity ( ea* tract 9 ! g5]ally recogniz$ li/ ( ,plut>*'s writ+s1 :ile 9 ! volume deal+ ) ! 8,philosophie0 he gives an exhau/ive analysis ( ! great] portion ( !m4 ,recogniz+ t ,plut>* _h no special philosophical sy/em ( 8 own1 ,volkmann endeav\rs to rem$y ?is defici5cy by ! application ( a sy/ematic me?od ( treatm5t ) regul> bran*es ( 8syn!tic0 & 8analytic0 inve/igation4 ,! 8syn!tic0 bran* ( ,volkmann's me?od is devot$ to a discussion ( ,plut>*'s philosophic /&po9t2 to an exam9ation ( 8 polemic aga9/ ! ,/oics & ,epicureans2 & to ! consid]ation ( 8 relation to ,plato1 :i* ,volkmann reg>ds z ! f\ndation ( ,plut>*'s ,philosophy4 ,! function ( ,volkmann's 8analytic0 me?od is to discov] h[1 on ! philosophic basis ?us laid d[n by ! 8syn!tic0 me?od1 ,plut>* arranges 8 positive conclusions 9 a coh]5t relation%ip ) 8 negative polemic4 ,x is1 accord+ to ,volkmann1 a natural result ( ! successful op]ation ( ?is tw(old sy/em1 t ! circum/ances ( ,plut>*'s life lose _! ext]nal "*1 & atta9 to an ess5tial connexion ) 8 philosophical conceptions4 ,?is la/ ass]tion is made by way ( criticism direct$ aga9/ ,grard's 8natural & simple0 me?od ( arrang+ ,plut>*'s philosophical utt]ances "u head+s descriptive ( ! v>i\s sph]es ( life to :i* !y seem appropriate--8la vie dome/ique10 8la cit10 8le temple10 c4 ,volkmann ?9ks t "u ?is arrangem5t ! s5se ( int]nal unity is lo/2 t ,plut>*'s views are pres5t$ 9 x z goodnatur$ & b5evol5t1 b some:at rambl+1 reflections on ! sep>ate aspects ( human life1 in/ead ( be+ treat$ z ! outcome ( a consi/5t philosophy tak+ e?ical ph5om5a into sy/ematic consid]ation4#ac ,?is criticism has consid]able =ce1 ?\gh x does n detract f ! tru? & *>m ( ,m4 ,grard's book4 ,volkmann himself und\bt$ly errs 9 ! opposite direction4 ,grard 0 q ju/ifi$ 9 retort+ on 8 critic1 8,il arrive mme qu'en v\lant tablir trop rationellem5t la philosophie de ,plut>que1 ,m4 ,volkmann se tr\ve conduit lui prt] une sorte de sy/me1 bi5 qu'il sa*e comme p]sonne que nul mo9s que le sage de ,*rone n'a port dans ses crits une p5se sy/matique40#ad ,volkmann1 9 our op9ion1 atta*es f> too mu* importance bo? to ,plut>*'s discipul> relation to ,plato1 & to 8 polemic aga9/ ! ,/oics & ,epicureans4 ,plut>*'s opposition to ,plato is frequ5tly z /rongly m>k$ z 8 opposition to ,/oics & ,epicureans2 & 8 indebt$ness to ,/oics & ,epicureans is frequ5tly z /rongly m>k$ z 8 indebt$ness to ,plato4 ,volkmann's "w _h be5 prec$$ 9 #ahed by an int]e/+ & well-writt5 ,!sis1 entitl$ 8,de ,apologetica ,plut>*i ,*ron5sis ,!ologia40#ae ,! au?or1 ,c4 ,g4 ,seib]t1 gives a brief review ( ,greek ,philosophy1 ) ! object ( %[+ ! attitude assum$ by ea* ( ! great s*ools to ! gods ( ! national tradition4 ,he demon/rates conclusively1 & ,volkmann foll[s 9 8 /eps1 t ,plut>* ow$ some?+ to all ! ,s*ools1 to ,/oics1 to ,p]ipatetics1 & to ,epicureans4 ,yet he1 too1 insi/s t ,plut>*'s attitude t[>ds ! popul> religion 0 id5tical ) t assum$ by ,plato--eadem ratione 7qua ,plato7 ,platonis discipuli !ologiam tract>unt1 e quibus pr ct]is ,plut>*us magi/ri div9i ve/igia secutus e/4 ,?is1 inde$1 is ! or?odox t5d5cy 9 ! appreciation ( ,plut>*1 & x has be5 c>ri$ to ! ext5t ( claim+ ,plut>* z ! f\nd] ( t special k9d ( ,platonism di/+ui%$ by ! epi!t 8,new40 8,plut>*10 says ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 80 a ,platoni/ ) an ori5tal t+e1 & ?us a =]unn] ( ! ,new ,platoni/s40--8,he might be describ$ ) great] tru? ?an ,ammonius z ! ,f\nd] ( ,neo-,platonism10 wrote ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,j4 ,?i]s*1 :o1 h[ev]1 _h n fre$ himself f ! idea 7! tru? ( :i* ev5 s e>ly a writ] z ,daci] _h d\bt$1 & ! leg5d>y "* ( :i* ,m4 ,grard has prov$ beyond a d\bt7 t ,plut>* receiv$ consul> hon\rs at ! h&s ( ,trajan4#af--8;,9 ?is essay0 7! ,de ,oraculorum ,defectu71 ?9ks ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,brodribb1 8,plut>* l>gely uses ! ,neo-,platonic ,philosophy40#ag ,ev5 ^? :o d n insi/ t ,plut>* is a ,neo-,platoni/1 or a 8=]unn]0 ( ,neo-,platonism1 are s anxi\s to label him ) "s designation1 t !y w h>dly all[ him to speak = himself4 ,x may1 p]haps1 argue presumption on ! "p ( an homo incognitus nulliusque auctoritatis to sugge/ t ,plut>* faces ! tea*+ ( 8 pr$ecessors ) an indep5d5t m9d2 t he is nullius addictus jur>e 9 v]ba magi/ri2 t he tries ,plato's tea*+s1 n f ,plato's po9t ( view1 b f 8 own4#ah ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! view ma9ta9$ 9 ! pages ( ! foll[+ essay4 ,x seems to u t1 9 ord] to discov] ! pr9ciple :i* gives coh]5ce & int]nal unity to ,plut>*'s innum]able philosophic utt]ances1 x is n necess>y to />t ) ! assumption t he belongs to any p>ticul> s*ool4 ,philosophy is to him "o ( ! recogniz$ s\rces ( ,religion & ,morality4 ,tradition is ano!r s\rce1 & ,law or recogniz$ cu/om ano!r4 ,plut>* assumes t ^! ?ree s\rces conjo9tly supply solid sanctions = belief & conduct4 ,!y are ! ?ree great records ( human exp]i5ce1 & ,plut>* w exam9e all _! contributions to ! criticism ( life ) a view to select+ ^? p>ts f ea* :i* w be/ aid him & 8 fell[ citiz5s to lead lives ( virtue & happ9ess4 ,! great philosophical s*ools ( ,greece are reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view--f ! po9t ( view ( a morali/ & a philosoph]1 n f ! po9t ( view ( a ,platoni/1 an anti-,/oic1 or an anti-,epicurean4 ,plut>* is indebt$1 z ev5 ,volkmann himself %[s1 to all ! ,s*ools alike4 ,!n :y call him a ,platoni/1 or a ,neo-,py?agoriz+ ,platoni/1 z ,zell] has done8 ,plut>*'s tea*+ is too full ( logical inconsi/5cies to be =maliz$ into a sy/em ( ,philosophy4 ,b ! dom9at+ pr9ciple ( 8 tea*+1 ! p>am\nt necessity ( f9d+ a sanction & an inspiration = conduct 9 :at ! wisdom ( ! pa/ _h already discov]$1 is s /rik+ly conspicu\s 9 all 8 writ+s t 8 logical inconsi/5cies appe>1 & are1 unimportant4 ,x is ?is desire ( mak+ ! wisdom & traditions ( ! pa/ available = e?ical usefulness :i* actuates 8 attempt to reconcile ! contradictions1 & remove ! crudities & inconsi/5cies1 9 ! ?ree s\rces ( religi\s k4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple :i* gives 8 tea*+ unity1 & n any ext]nal circum/ances ( 8 life1 or 8 attitude 9 fav\r ( or 9 opposition to ! t5ets ( any p>ticul> s*ool4 ,!re is no ,engli% translation ( ,plut>*'s 8,e?ics0 :i* c claim any?+ approa*+ ! "* ( an au?oriz$ v]sion4 ,almo/ e editor ( ,plut>* has felt x necess>y to f9d fault ) 8 pr$ecessors' attempts to express ,plut>*'s mean+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ano!r language4 ,amyot's translation is1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,comte ,joseph de ,mai/re1 repell5t to 8ladies & =eign]s40 ,wytt5ba*1 :o makes num]\s alt]ations ( ,xyl&]'s ,lat9 v]sion1 also says ( ,ric>d's ,fr5* translation1 t 8x skips ov] ! difficulties & corruptions 9 su* a mann] z to sugge/ t ! translator 0 cont5t m]ely to produce a v]sion :i* %\ld be intelligible to ,fr5* read]s40#ai ,wytt5ba* himself is repreh5d$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms by ! editor ( ! ,didot text ( ! 8,moralia0--8,( ! ,lat9 v]sion1 9 :i* we h made num]\s corrections1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ,xyl&] & ,wytt5ba*1 9 deal+ ) corrupt passages1 n infrequ5tly translat$ conjectures ( _! own1 or sugge/$ by o!r s*ol>s1 :i* we h be5 unable to adopt into ! ,greek ,text40 ,9 ! preface to 8 ,engli% translation ( ! 8,de ,iside et ,osiride10 ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,squire1 ,ar*deacon ( ,ba? 9 #agdd1 has "s excell5t critical rem>ks on ! /yle ( previ\s translators ( ,plut>*1 & he some:at pa!tically describes ! difficulties await+ ! au?or :o endeav\rs to translate t writ]--8,to ent] into ano!r man's ,s\l z x 71 :o liv$ sev]al hundr$ ye>s s9ce1 to g along ) 8 ?\ghts1 to trace1 pursue1 & connect 8 sev]al ideas1 to express !m ) propriety 9 a language diff]5t f t !y 7 conceiv$ 91 & la/ly to give ! copy ! air & _s ( an orig9al1 is n s easy a task z x may be p]haps deem$ by ^? :o h nev] made ! attempt4 ,! v few good translations ( ! le>n$ au?ors into our own language1 w suffici5tly ju/ify ! tru? ( ! obs]vation--b if any "o /ill d\bts x1 let him take ! fir/ section ( ! book be=e him1 & make ! exp]im5t himself40 ,m4 ,grard is brief] b equally emphatic--8,t\te traduction e/ une uvre dlicate1 celle de ,plut>que plus que t\te autre peut-tre40 ,:atev] may be ! cause ( ! p]petuation ( ?is ungraci\s tradition ( fault-f9d+1 :e!r ! g5]al difficulty specifi$ by ,ar*deacon ,squire1 or ! m p>ticul> ob/acle ( a corrupt text describ$ by o!r comm5tators1 we d n feel t we are call$ ^u to make any dep>ture f s long-e/abli%$ a cu/om4 ,! qua9t *>m ( mo/ ( ! translations =m+ ! basis ( ,dr4 ,goodw9's revision no "o w be incl9$ to d5y1 al?\gh ! revis]'s own rem>ks make x cle> t little dep5d5ce is to be plac$ ^u _! accuracy 9 any in/ance ( difficulty4#bj ,! two volumes conta9$ 9 ! well-kn[n 8,bohn0 s]ies ( translations are utt]ly mislead+1 n only z reg>ds ! col\r :i* !y infuse into ,plut>*'s /yle1 b also z reg>ds _! conspicu\s incorrectness 9 _m p>ticul> in/ances4#ba ,to o!r translations ( individual tracts ref]5ce has be5 occasionally made 9 ! notes4 ,9 view ( ! fact t no dep5d5ce 0 to be plac$ ^u ! accuracy ( any translation yet furni%$ ( t portion ( our au?or's "w ) :i* we 7 deal+1 x 0 necess>y1 be=e und]tak+ ?is essay1 to make full translations ( consid]able portions ( ! 8,e?ics0 f ! text ( ,b]n>dakis2 & ^! translations1 or p>aphrases bas$ ^u !m1 are l>gely employ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,m]e ref]5ces to ! text 9 support ( positions assum$1 or /atem5ts made1 w\ld h be5 useless & mislead+ 9 ! abs5ce ( cle> indications z to ! exact int]pretation plac$ ^u ! words ( ! text4 ,! writ] _c hope to h succe$$ :]e1 9 ! op9ion ( compet5t judges1 !re h be5 s _m failures4 ,b he has1 at any rate1 made a consci5ti\s attempt to und]/& 8 au?or1 & to give expression to 8 view ( 8 au?or's mean+1 )\t any prejudice born ( ! assumption t ,plut>* belong$ to a p>ticul> s*ool1 or devot$ 8 great p[]s ( criticism & rese>* to ! exposition & illu/ration ( ! doctr9es ( any s+le philosoph]4 ,,john ,,oakesmi?4 ,,batt]sea1 ,septemb]1 #aijb4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,g5]al "* ( ,mod]n ,european ,religions3 _! c>d9al appeal to ,emotion--,roman ,religion3 its sanctions *iefly rational3 ! causes ( its failure3 its place z a factor 9 ,morality tak5 by ,greek ,philosophy--,e>ly ,greek ,morality bas$ p>tly on ,religion1 p>tly on ,reason1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( ,philosophy1 ev5tually supplies ! ma9 inspiration to ,goodness--,gradual limitation ( ,philosophy to ,e?ics #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,importance ( ! e?ical t5d5cy 9 pre-,socratic ,philosophy g5]ally "u-e/imat$--,developm5t ( ?is t5d5cy f ,?ales to ! ,sophi/s1 & f ! ,sophi/s to ! ,/oics & ,epicureans--,special influ5ce ( ^! two ,s*ools1 aid$ by ! failure ( political int]e/1 9 e/abli%+ a practicable ideal ( ,,p]sonal virtue--,?is ideal1 conspicu\s 9 ,plut>*'s 8,e?ics10 & inculcat$ by ! philosoph]s ( ! e>ly ,grco-,roman ,empire g5]ally #bj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,e?ical aspect ( ,grco-,roman ,society 9 ! p]iod ( ,plut>*3 difficulty ( obta9+ an imp>tial view ( x--,revival ( moral e>ne/ness concurr5t ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire3 ! re=ms ( ,augu/us a =mal expression ( actual t5d5cies--,evid5ces ( ?is 9 philosophical & g5]al lit]ature--,! diff]5ces betwe5 v>i\s ,s*ools modifi$ by ! importance ( ! e?ical end to :i* all _! ef=ts 7 direct$--,endeav\r made to base morality on sanctions already consecrat$ by ! philosophies & religi\s traditions ( ! ,pa/--,plut>*'s 8,e?ics0 ! result ( su* an endeav\r #dc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,plut>*'s attitude t[>ds ,pagan beliefs m>k$ by a _s ( rev]5t rationalism--,! ?ree recogniz$ s\rces ( ,religion3 ,poetry1 ,philosophy1 & ,law or ,cu/om--,! contribution ( ea* to be exam9$ by ,reason ) ! object ( avoid+ bo? ,sup]/ition & ,a!ism3 ,reason ! 8,my/agogue0 ( ,religion--,provisional examples ( ,plut>*'s me?od 9 ! ?ree sph]es--,8 reluctance to press rationalism too f>--,8 piety p>tly expla9$ by 8 recognition ( ! div9e mission ( ,rome--,abs5ce ( dogmatism 9 8 tea*+ #fb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,plut>*'s ,!ology--,8 conception ( ,god n a pure metaphysical ab/raction1 8 pres5tm5t ( x n dogmatic--,g5]al acceptance ( ! attributes recogniz$ by ,greek philosophy z ess5tial to ! idea ( ,god--,god z ,,unity1 ,,absolute ,,be+1 ,,et]nity--,god z ,,intellig5ce3 ,,p]sonality ( ,plut>*'s ,god intimately associat$ ) 8 ,intellig5ce--,god's ,intellig5ce br+s him into contact ) humanity3 by x he kn[s ! ev5ts ( ! ,future & ! secrets ( ! human he>t--,f 8 k spr+s 8 ,provid5ce--,god z ,fa!r & ,judge--! ,,de ,,s]a ,,num9is ,,v9dicta--,immortality ( ! ,s\l #hg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,plut>*'s ,dmonology--,dmonology z a means ( reconciliation betwe5 ! traditional ,poly!ism & ,philosophic ,mono!ism--,dmonlore 9 ,greek philosoph]s & 9 ! popul> fai?--,gr[? ( a natural t5d5cy to id5tify ! gods ( ! poly!i/ic tradition ) ! ,dmons--,emphasis ?us giv5 to ! philosophic conception ( ! ,deity--,dmons responsible = all ! crude & cruel sup]/itions atta*+ to ! popul> gods--,function ( ! ,dmons z m$iators betwe5 ,god & man #abj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,necessity = a ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & ,man p>tly met by ,oracul> ,inspiration--,g5]al failure ( ,oracles 9 ! age ( ,plut>*--,plut>*'s 8,delphian ,essays0--,! ,,de ,,py?i ,,oraculis3 nature ( ,inspiration3 oracles n v]bally inspir$--,! ,,de ,,defectu ,,oraculorum--,v>i\s explanations ( ,inspiration--,plut>* incl9es to accept t :i* assumes an orig9al ,div9e afflatus plac$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,dmons1 ^: activities are subject to ! op]ation ( natural causes #ach ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,s9c]ity ( ,plut>*'s belief 9 ,dmons--,function ( ! ,dmons z ,m$iators n conf9$ to oracul> inspiration--,dmons 9 _! p]sonal relation%ip ) ! human s\l--,! ,,de ,d,,monio ,,socratis--,?is tract n a =mal treatise on ,dmonology--,v>i\s explanations ( ! ,socratic 8,dmon0--,e?ical value ( ! conception ( ,dmons z spiritual gu>dians ( individual m5--8,m5 may rise on /epp+-/ones ( _! dead selves to high] ?+s0--,dang]s ( ! conception--,sup]/ition3 ,plut>*'s g5]al attitude t[>ds t ,vice #afc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,relation betwe5 ,sup]/ition & ,a!ism3 ,a!ism an intellectual error3 ,sup]/ition an error involv+ ! passions3 ! ,,de ,,sup]/itione--,moral f]v\r ( ,plut>*'s attack on ,sup]/ition--,8 comp>ative tol]ance ( ,a!ism--,! greate/ safegu>d aga9/ bo? alike consi/s 9 an intellectual appreciation ( ! ,tru?--,! ,,de ,,iside ,,et ,,osiride--,! ,unity und]ly+ national diff]5ces ( religi\s belief #agi ,,*apt] ,x4 ,conclusions respect+ ! g5]al "* ( ,plut>*'s ,religion--,mono!ism & ,dmonology bo? ess5tial p>ts ( 8 ,!odicy--,8 /rong belief 9 ! p]sonality ( ,god--,metaphysical weakness b ,moral /r5g? ( 8 ,tea*+--,close connexion betwe5 8 ,religion & 8 ,e?ics--,plut>* n an 8,eclectic10 nor a ,neo-,platoni/--,contra/ betwe5 ,plut>*'s ,religion & ,philosophy & ! ,religion & ,philosophy ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s--,*ri/ianity & ,neo-,platonism--,! /ruggle betwe5 !m & its probable effect on lat] religi\s hi/ory--,conclusion #bja ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,plut>* ,,*apt] ,i4 ,g5]al "* ( ,mod]n ,european ,religions3 _! c>d9al appeal to ,emotion--,roman ,religion3 its sanctions *iefly rational3 ! causes ( its failure3 its place z a factor 9 ,morality tak5 by ,greek ,philosophy--,e>ly ,greek ,morality bas$ p>tly on ,religion1 p>tly on ,reason1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( ,philosophy1 ev5tually supplies ! ma9 inspiration to ,goodness--,gradual limitation ( ,philosophy to ,e?ics4 ,! v>i\s religi\s revivals :i* ! ,european _w has witness$ dur+ ! prolong$ c\rse ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 ! great attempts :i* ! mod]n consci5ce has made f "t to "t to br+ itself into a m intimate & fruitful relation ) ! pr9ciples t make = goodness ( "* & righte\sness ( life3 h1 9 g5]al1 tak5 ! =m less ( reason$ invocations to ! cultivat$ intellig5ce ?an ( emotional appeals to ! natural passions & prepossessions ( humanity4 ,! hope ( rew>d1 ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 a spontane\s love ( c]ta9 moral qualities1 & ( c]ta9 p]sonalities imag9$ z embody+ ^! qualities2 a he>tfelt hatr$ ( c]ta9 moral defects1 & ( c]ta9 p]sonalities imag9$ z embody+ ^! defects3--su* are ! feel+s t h =m$ ! /r5g? ( e movem5t :i* has 9 turn agitat$ ! religi\s life ( ! ,we/]n _w f ,/4 ,paul to ,wesley1 f ,/4 ,augu/9e to ,c>d9al ,newman4 ,:at is felt to be goodness is lov$ ) a p]sonal adoration :i* is conv9c$ t no?+ 9 ! _w is ( import comp>$ ) ! hope ( "o day t\*+ ! m]e hem ( t g>m5t ( hol9ess1 ! my/ic efflu5ce ( :i* has already p[] to irradiate life ) a /range beauty & mean+4 ,any sanction :i* imag9ative piety or leg5d>y au?ority c l5d to ,virtue is cr$it$1 n because x makes ,virtue natural1 intelligible1 & human1 b because x places h] on a p$e/al beyond ! rea* ( unaid$ mortal ef=t1 & ?us compels a /ill m det]m9$ rec\rse to emotional & sup]natural sanctions 9 ord] to ensure h] fruitful cultivation4 ,h5ce ,t]tullian w glory 9 ! ,crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 because 9 ! eyes ( reason x is %ameful2 & he w proclaim ! ,resurrection z c]ta91 because reason condemns x z impossible4#bb ,h5ce ,augu/9e w believe fir/1 po/pon+ ! grave "q :e!r belief is likely to be support$ by pro(4#bc ,h5ce t conception ( sa9tl9ess :i* ! _w owes to ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity1 a type ( "* :i*1 :ile ma9ta9+ a m>vell\s purity ( life1 is devoid ( t robu/ intellig5ce )\t :i* purity runs into asceticism2 :i* c>ries virtue to su* an extravagant pit* t its results may be m disa/r\s ?an ^? ( extravagant vice1 inasmu* z ! latt] may s]ve morality by demon/rat+ ! repulsiv5ess ( iniquity1 :ile ! =m] t5ds to evil by exhibit+ ! impossibility ( goodness4#bd ,?is 8extravagance du *ri/ianisme0#be is1 ( c\rse1 utt]ly at v>iance ) ! g5]al "* ( ! ef=ts by :i* ei!r a ,greek or a ,roman direct$ 8 /eps 9 ! ways ( goodness4 ,nei!r ,ari/otle nor ,horace1 nei!r ,plato nor ,s5eca1 w\ld h admitt$ _m ( ! mo/ laud$ virtues ( mod]n e?ical sy/ems to be virtues at all4 ,lea/ ( all w\ld !y h hail$ z a virtue t passionate excess ( en?usiasm :i* makes ,virtue indep5d5t ( ,reason1 & greets intellectual impossibilities z ! trials & te/s ( ! 8virtue0 ( ,belief4#bf ,speak+ 9 a g5]al s5se1 & ) a tacit recognition ( c]ta9 exceptions to be notic$ 9 _! prop] place1 x may be premis$ t ,pagan goodness ( "* f\nd its inspiration1 n 9 any k9d ( emotional en?usiasm1 b 9 me?ods ( ?\ght & action select$ & controll$ by ! op]ation ( reason & intellig5ce4#bg ,horace's op9ion respect+ ! vici\sness ( ! man :o indulges 9 a too excessive love ( virtue is ! op9ion1 if n ( a ,greek1 at any rate ( a ,roman :o is saturat$ ) ,greek philosophy2#bh b ! e>ly "* ( ! poet's c\ntrym51 z ev9c$ n less 9 _! ,religion ?an 9 _! g5]al outlook on life1 is z little dispos$ to extravagance z ! /ronge/ advocate ( aurea m$iocritas c\ld well desire4 ,roman ,religion1 influ5c$ to "s ext5t z x 0 by ! gloomy t]rors ( ,etruscan sup]/ition1 f\nd its value & its mean+1 f ! gods ( ! ,indigitam5ta d[nw>ds1 9 ! fact t x 0 an appeal to ! intellig5ce ( ! citiz54 ,t ?is appeal op]at$ 9 a n>r[ sph]e ( duties & 0 n unaffect$ by mean & sordid consid]ations does n militate aga9/ its g5]al "* z an address to ! reason r ?an an invocation to ! passions4 ,anci5t critics f\nd = ! ^w 8,religio0 a d]ivation :i* po9t$ to c>efulness & regul>ity z qualities inh]5t 9 its ess5tial mean+2#bi & t avoidance ( disord]$ excess1 :i* t5ds to compromise1 0 z conspicu\s 9 e>ly ,roman religi\s practice z x 0 9 ! /]ne/ ( ,greek philosophies :5 transplant$ to ,roman soil1 & int]p5etrat$ ) ! ,roman "*4#cj ,?is _s ( compromise 0 bas$ ^u a recognition t ! actual dem&s ( practical life 7 ( great] importance ?an ! ma9t5ance ( a rigid con=mity to ! lett] ( religi\s precepts4 ,virgil1 :o 0 a p>ticipant 9 ! "w ( religi\s re=m inaugurat$ by ,augu/us1 & :o ev]y:]e brea!s a _s ( ! mo/ c>eful rev]5ce t[>ds ! anci5t traditions ( ! national fai?1 gives emphatic expression to ?is view ( ! dom9ant claims ( practical life1 & ( ! tol]ant attitude :i* ,religion assumes ) reg>d to !m3-- 8,quippe etiam fe/is qudam ex]c]e diebus ,fas et jura s9unt2 rivos d$uc]e nulla ,relligio vetuit1 segeti prt5d]e spem1 ,insidias avibus moliri1 inc5d]e vepres1 ,balantumque gregem fluvio m]s>e salubri40#ca ,?is recognition ( ! pr9ciple t ,duty has claims :i* ev5 ,religion mu/ conc$e is prom95tly writt5 on e page ( ,roman ,hi/ory4 ,x indicates ! op]ation1 9 "o direction1 ( t influ5ce ( ,reason on ,religion :i*1 9 ano!r direction1 leads to ! admission ( a real div9ity 9 ! gods ador$ by =eign peoples4 ,! fam\s =mula ( ,roman ,religion1 :i* appeal$ to ! protect+ gods ( ,c>?age & its p to leave t city to its fate1 is an e>ly anticipation ( t hospitable tol]ance1 s /range to mod]n sects1 :i* welcom$ ,greek & b>b>ian deities to ! ,roman ,pan!on1 & nev] p]secut$ f religi\s motives4#cb ,?is _s _h its apo!osis 9 ! endeav\rs ( ! re=m]s ( ! age ( ,plut>* to e/abli% ! triumph ( ,reason 9 a g5]al recognition ( ! ,unity ( ,god b5ea? ! diff]5t names :i* express$ ,him to diff]5t peoples4#cc ,al?\gh we _c accept z actual hi/ory ! p>ticul>s giv5 by ,dionysius ,halic>nass5sis respect+ ! mann] 9 :i* ,romulus e/abli%$ ! pr9ciples ( ,roman religi\s & political adm9i/ration1 consid]able value may be conc$$ to su* an acc\nt1 because x is calculat$ to expla91 f ! writ]'s po9t ( view1 ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 actual *>act]i/ics ( ,roman civic & sacr$ polity4#cd ,romulus is record$ z subject+ ,religion to ! selective p[] ( reason & good ta/e4 ,reason decides :at x is becom+ = ! ,div9e ,nature to be1 & ev]y?+ inconsi/5t ) ?is salut>y notion is rigidly exclud$ f ! ,/ate ,religion4 ,romulus tea*es ! ,romans t ! gods are good1 & t _! goodness is ! cause ( man's happ9ess & progress2 he in/ructs !m 9 ,temp]ance & ,ju/ice1 z ! bases ( civic concord1 & ( ! advantages result+ !refrom2 he inculcates milit>y ,=titude z ! be/ means ( secur+ ! undi/urb$ practice ( ! o!r virtues1 & ! social bless+s spr++ f su* practice2 & he concludes t ,virtue is n a matt] ( *ance1 or ! result ( sup]natural inspirations1 b ! product ( reasonable laws :5 zeal\sly & fai?fully c>ri$ into practice by ! citiz5s4 ,reason is "h cle>ly repres5t$ z ! lawgiv] ( ,religion1 & ! cause & orig9 ( ! practical virtues4 ,dionysius may1 z we h sugge/$1 be endeav\r+ to expla91 by an ex po/ facto piece ( hi/ory1 ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! ,roman con/itution z exhibit$ 9 its lat] developm5ts1 b ^! features are n ! less evid5t & ess5tial p>ts ( ! sy/em because we _c accept any p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! "t & mann] 9 :i* !y 7 incorporat$ ) x4 ,fur!r1 ! ,roman adm9i/rative au?ority delib]ately repress$ ! exhibition ( religi\s en?usiasm z dang]\s to ! /ability ( ! ,republic2 ! ,/ate c\ld brook no rival 9 h] affections3 ! devotion ( ,regulus#ce & ! suppression ( ! ,bac*analia be> equal witness to a firm insi/5ce on ! control ( p]sonal emotion z a c>d9al pr9ciple ( ,roman adm9i/ration4#cf ,! app>5tly p>adoxical & casui/ical position assign$ 9 ! 8,de ,natura ,deorum0 to ,cotta1 :o believes 9 ! national religion z a ,roman :ile d5y+ x z a philosoph]1 is suffici5tly lucid & rational :5 reg>d$ 9 ! light ( ! religi\s adm9i/ration ( ,rome1 :i* _h nev] claim$ to enslave ! intellig5ces ( m51 s long z t elaborate ritual1 ) :i* ! safety ( ! ,/ate 0 involv$1 receiv$ due & rev]5tial att5tion4#cg ,! anci5t ,roman ,religion1 revolv+ r\nd ! ,/ate 9 ?is way1 & m\ld+ ! life ( e individual citiz5 into rigid ext]nal con=mity ) ! (ficial ideal1 %[$ its /r5g? 9 ! production ( a type ( moral "* :i* 0 p]fect )9 ! iron limits fix$ by ! civic au?ority4#ch ,x 0 dignifi$1 au/]e1 self-controll$1 self-rev]5t4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( great temptations1 su* z assail ! secret /rongholds ( ! human he>t & lie beyond ! influ5ce ( any ext]nal p[]1 ! anci5t ,virtus ,romana 0 equal to all ! dem&s :i* a some:at re/rict$ code ( e?ics made ^u x4 ,b1 :5 a wid] k ( ! _w br\ght ) x a weak5+ ( ! *a9 :i* b\nd ! citiz5 to ! c5tral p[]2 :51 at ! same "t1 a wid] possession ( ! _w & a ri*] enjoym5t ( its pleasures increas$ to an enorm\s ext5t ! temptations direct$ aga9/ ! purity & complet5ess ( ! moral "*3#ci !n x became al>m+ly cle> to ?\ghtful m5 t1 unless ! moral life 0 to run to se$ 9 vici\s we$s ( self-indulg5ce1 x 0 necess>y to invoke ! aid ( a subtl] & /rong] influ5ce ?an t ( ! ,/ate1 an influ5ce capable ( v>y+ its appeal 9 accordance ) ! inf9itely v>y+ moral ne$s ( individual m54#dj ,x 0 ) ! hope ( f9d+ inspiration ( ?is "* t ,lucretius & ,cic]o turn$ ! att5tion ( _! c\ntrym5 to ,greek ,philosophy2 x 0 !re t !y wi%$ to f9d an ampl] & m direct sanction 9 reason = cultivat+ a life ( virtue4 ,reason1 :i* _h n be5 devoid ( effect 9 ! n>r[ sph]e ( ,roman ,religion1 0 n[ to be made ! basis ( morality 9 g5]al2 b x 0 reason direct$ to ! purification & enl>gem5t ( ! spr+s ( p]sonal conduct1 & call+ into play qualities :i* _h la9 dormant1 or _h be5 re/rict$1 dur+ ! long dom9ance ( ! ,/ate ov] ! individual citiz54 ,to ,regulus1 8 religion 0 ! ,/ate2 to ,cic]o1 ! ,/ate & its dem&s =m b a small fraction ( ! moral life4 ,a revival ( ,religion 0 to ,cic]o a revival ( ,philosophy2 ,reason1 ! p>5t ( ,philosophy1 0 also to be ! p>5t ( ,conduct2 ! fir/ ( all virtues is ! virtue ( ,k1 ( intellig5t discrim9ation betwe5 ! ?+s t make = morality & happ9ess & ! ?+s t make = immorality & mis]y4#da ,/>t+ f ?is /&po9t1 ,cic]o1 ?\gh approa*+ ,greek ,philosophy m 9 ! _s ( ! /ud5t ?an 9 t ( ! religi\s re=m]1 ?\gh p>ticipat+1 z 8 ,lett]s %[1 9 t g5]al c>elessness on religi\s matt]s :i* m>k$ ,roman ,society dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ! ,republic1 01 nev]!less1 ! means ( giv+ a p[]ful /imulus to t movem5t 9 ! direction ( delib]ate p]sonal morality1 :i* became conspicu\s 9 ! ,grco-,roman _w ( ! ,e>ly ,empire1 & culm9at$ "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ,trajan & ! ,anton9es4 ,x !n became cle> t ,cic]o _h n look$ 9 va9 to ,greek ,philosophy to save 8 c\ntrym5 f t moral degradation & disord] :i*1 9 8 own words1 x dem&$ ! mo/ e>ne/ endeav\rs ( e individual citiz5 to *eck & re/ra94#db ,9 ,greece1 ,religion & ,philosophy _h e>ly enjoy$ mutual relations ( an intimate "*4 ,! =ce ( ! weighty invocations :i* ! poet ( ! 8,works & ,days0#dc addresses to 8 di%on\rable bro!r ,p]ses lies less 9 ! conv5tional !ology :i* alludes to ! wra? ( 8broad-sight$ ,zeus0 z track+ ! foot/eps ( ! wick$1 ?an 9 ! reason$ *oice :i* ! s9n] is invit$ to make betwe5 ,inju/ice z lead+ inevitably to ru91 & ,virtue lead+ z inevitably to prosp]ity2#dd & ! claims ( individual judgm5t1 ! "r ( e man to subject ev]y?+ to ! te/ ( 8 own intellig5ce1 nev] f\nd f9] expression ?an 9 ! v]se :i* assigns ! palm ( moral p]fection to him :o has ! c\rage to ?9k = himself4#de ,p9d>1 ! mo/ religi\s poet ( antiquity1 applies ! te/ ( reason to ! e/abli%$ my?s ( ,hellas :5 he refuses to cr$it su* leg5ds z depict ! gods 9 unseemly situations1 or "u ! influ5ce ( degrad+ passions4#df ,x5ophanes ?\ght t ! claims ( ,religion & ,morality c\ld be be/ advanc$ by cleans+ ! moral atmosph]e ( ! gods ^: record$ lives 7 s flagrantly 9 opposition to ! dictates ( purity1 reason1 & hon\r2 a /ra9 ( criticism :i* f\nd its mo/ /rik+ & notori\s expression 9 ! fam\s ,second & ,?ird ,books ( ,plato's 8,republic10 b :i* _h n be5 )\t its expon5ts among m :ole-he>t$ adh]5ts ( ! national ,religion4 ,b1 mean:ile1 ! national ,religion1 z embodi$1 at lea/1 9 ! national liturgy1 _h be5 com+ to t]ms ) ! gr[+ /r5g? ( ,philosophy1 & ! ve/ibules ( ! ,temple at ,delphi 7 inscrib$ ) ^? fam\s philosophical apoph!gms1 ^: pres5ce !re subsequ5tly enabl$ ,plut>* to claim t ,apollo 0 n only a ,god & a ,se]1 b a ,philosoph]4#dg ,! popul> morality ( ! days ( ,socrates1 :i* suppli$ 8 cross-exam9ees ) ready-made answ]s to que/ions on ! nature ( ,vice & ,virtue1 & ( ! vices & ! virtues1 0 compos$ z mu* ( ,philosophy z ( ,religion 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( ! t]m4#dh ,! ,!ogonies ( ,hom] & ,hesiod furni%$ ! ext]nal ma*9]y ( ! sup]natural _w1 b ! moral utt]ances ( ^! two poets1 & n ( ^! only1 b ( ,simonides & ,solon1 ( ,!ognis & ! 8,sev5 ,sages10 conta9$ _m /rik+ lessons1 & _m emphatic w>n+s1 t\*+ ! necessity & advantages ( a life ( virtue4 ,x became1 9 fact1 q evid5t1 ?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 explicitly ass]t$1 or p]haps ev5 consci\sly admitt$1 t ! gods1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems & z exi/+ 9 ! popul> imag9ation1 7 q impossible z a f\ndation = ,morality1 ?\gh surpass+ly spl5did z ! mat]ial ( ,art4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! great philosophic s*ools 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 all ! consci\s inspiration to a life ( ,virtue1 & all ! consolations :i* x is ! m usual function ( ,religion to adm9i/]1 7 suppli$ by ,philosophy4 ,sudd5 conv]sions f ,vice to ,philosophy m>k ! hi/ory ( ! philosophic movem5t 9 ,greece z religi\s movem5ts h be5 m>k$ among o!r peoples & 9 o!r p]iods4 ,an edify+ disc\rse "u a ,/oic ,portico1 or 9 an ,academic ,s*ool1 has be5 z effective 9 its practical results z a religi\s oration by ,bossuet1 or a village prea*+ by ,:itfield4#di ,religion & ,philosophy are id5tifi$1 because bo? are id5tical ) ,morality2 ! lives ( "s ,greek ,philosoph]s furni% ! ne>e/ p>allel atta9$ 9 antiquity to ! mod]n ideal ( sa9tl9ess4 ,?is application ( ,philosophy to ! spiritual requirem5ts ( ! individual man1 ?is indep5d5ce ( sup]natural sanctions = goodness1 0 aid$ by ! almo/ purely liturgical "* ( ! ,greek ,religion4 ,greek ,religion made no special appeal to ! individual consci5ce ) a view to awak5+ t s5se ( p]sonal responsibility = e "p ( "o's life & conduct :i* is ! v s\l & c5tre ( ,religion z und]/ood 9 mod]n days4 ,to att5d ! traditional religi\s fe/ivals2 to fulfil ! rites prescrib$ = c]ta9 occasions by ! sac]dotal laym5 :o repres5t$ ! ,/ate on its religi\s side2 to hold a vague conv5tional notion respect+ ! exi/5ce ( ! gods & ( _! sep>ate p]sonalities2 to li/5 quietly1 & respond rev]5tly1 :ile ! purple-rob$1 myrtle-cr[n$1 alt>-m9i/rant inton$ ) solemn resonance ! anci5t =mul embalm+ ! sacr$ leg5ds ( "s deity ^: 8,my/]ies0 7 specially fo/]$ & hon\r$ by ! ,/ate2 to aid 9 giv+ effect to ! dreadful imprecations pron\nc$ aga9/ ^? guilty ( sacrilege or p>ricide2 to respond1 9 a ^w1 to all ! ext]nal dem&s ( ! national fai? z a political in/itution3 repres5t$ ! religi\s duty ( a good & patriotic citiz54 ,a beautiful & impressive liturgy is1 inde$1 n )\t effect 9 surr\nd+ ) a quiet atmosph]e ( goodness a class ( m9ds ^: temptations are m]cifully proportion$ to _! weakness2 b real moral wor? mu/ spr+ f int]nal s\rces1 & ^! int]nal s\rces 7 n to be f\nd 9 ! ,greek national ,religion4 ,h5ce a wid] field = ,philosophy 9 ! lives ( a p ^: eag]ness 9 ! pursuit ( virtue 0 z m>k$1 if n s successful1 z _! aspirations aft] p]fection ( art & pr(undity ( k4 ,we d n ignore1 9 attribut+ ?is importance to ,philosophy z ! inspiration ( goodness1 ei!r t =tunate class ( p :o1 9 ,plato's beautiful expression1 are 8good by ! div9e inspiration ( _! own nature10#ej or t m num]\s section ( society :o 7 direct$ into a c]ta9 common conv5tional goodness by ! moral influ5ce ( ! pur] my?s1 & :o 7 taught1 l ! y\? 9 ,br[n+'s poem1 8^: ,fa!r 0 a s*ol> & knew ,greek10 t 8,_! aim %\ld be to loa!1 l ,peleus' son1 ,a lie z ,hell's ,gate1 love _! w$d$ wife1 ,l ,hector1 & s on ) all ! re/40#ea ,b !re 0 ano!r side to ! my?s1 a side less fav\rable to ! developm5t ( morals1 & "o :i* _h be5 br\ght =w>d s conspicu\sly 9 ! adv]se criticisms ( ! philosoph]s t no "o c\ld pret5d to ignore its exi/5ce4#eb ,! prevail+ t5d5cy ( ,greek my? 0 n moral1 & x 0 only aft] ! mo/ c>eful prun+1 su*1 = example1 z t :i* ,plut>* applies to x 9 8 educational essays1 t my? became safely available z a factor 9 e?ical progress4 ,! ma9spr+s ( ,conduct1 ( p]sonal & private ,morality1 are to be f\nd 9 ,philosophy1 & s great an importance did ,philosophy acquire z ! in/rum5t ( goodness1 t t p>ticul> bran* ( ,philosophy :i* ex]cis$ surveillance ov] ! realm ( ,conduct became ev5tually recogniz$ z ,philosophy p> excell5ce2 ! ov]:elm+ significance atta*$ by ,greek philosoph]s1 f ! ,sophi/s onw>ds1 to ! practical elem5t 9 _! tea*+1 l$ to a re/riction ( ! t]ms 8,philosophy0 & 8,philosoph]0 to an almo/ purely e?ical connotation4 ,! argum5t 9 ! 8,phd0 t1 )\t ,philosophy1 ,virtue is no?+ m ?an a m]e r\gh sket*1 is s /rongly emphasiz$ 9 o!r qu>t]s t !re is =m$ a g5]al conviction t ! sole sph]e ( ,philosophy is ! sph]e ( human conduct4#ec ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,importance ( ! e?ical t5d5cy 9 pre-,socratic ,philosophy g5]ally "u-e/imat$--,developm5t ( ?is t5d5cy f ,?ales to ! ,sophi/s1 & f ! ,sophi/s to ! ,/oics & ,epicureans--,special influ5ce ( ^! two ,s*ools1 aid$ by ! failure ( political int]e/1 9 e/abli%+ a practicable ideal ( ,,p]sonal virtue--,?is ideal1 conspicu\s 9 ,plut>*'s 8,e?ics10 & inculcat$ by ! philosoph]s ( ! e>ly ,grco-,roman ,empire g5]ally4 ,x w be int]e/+ & useful briefly to trace ! gr[? ( ! e?ical t5d5cy 9 ,greek ,philosophy1 n only z a prep>ation = ! /udy ( ,plut>*'s position z an e?ical & religi\s tea*]1 b also because ! prom95ce ( ?is t5d5cy 9 ! pre-,socratic sy/ems appe>s to h be5 greatly und]e/imat$4#ed ,x has be5 f\nd s easy1 = purposes ( hi/orical n>rative1 to describe a c]ta9 philosophical t5d5cy z 8physical10 & a c]ta9 o!r z 8metaphysical10 t ! purely g5]al "* ( ^! descriptions has be5 ov]look$4 ,?ales 0 a natural philosoph]1 an a/ronom]1 &1 if we may tru/ ! 8g5]al belief ( ! ,greeks0 to :i* ,h]odotus alludes 9 8 acc\nt ( ! cross+ ( ! riv] ,halys by ,crsus1 a great me*anical eng9e] z well4#ee ,b he 0 some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ = great political insight1 & 0 ackn[l$g$ to be ! greate/ ( ! gr\p ( practical philosoph]s :o 7 kn[n z ! ,sev5 ,sages4#ef ,to ?is gr\p are assign$ ^? fam\s dicta :i*1 :e!r inscrib$ by prie/s on ! walls ( temples1 or embodi$ by philosoph]s 9 _! e?ical sy/ems1 convey$ a pr(\nd moral significance to e memb] ( a ,hell5ic community4 ,al?\gh no special "o ( ^! say+s is ascrib$ to ,?ales by "n1 x w\ld surely be absurd to suppose him defici5t 9 ^? v qualities :i* br\ght fame to ! m5 at ^: head he 0 univ]sally plac$4 ,a man :o 0 confess$ly a tru/$ c\nsellor 9 ,politics w\ld assur$ly1 9 ^? days1 h _h some?+ to say on t bran* ( ,politics :i* 0 de/9$ ev5tually to be sep>at$ f its p>5t /em1 & to become a di/9ct bran* ( philosophical inve/igation4 ,anaxim&] _c1 at ?is di/ance ( "t1 be directly associat$ ) ! practical problems ( human life1 b mu/ ev] rema9 wrapp$ up 9 8 8inf9ity10 :i* is nei!r ,air nor ,wat]1 nor any o!r elem5t1 b 8some?+ t is diff]5t f all ( !m40#eg ,x is n1 h[ev]1 )\t significance 9 ?is connexion1 t ! mo/ /rik+ fragm5t ( 8 ,philosophy t has rea*$ our times is c\*$ 9 e?ical phraseology3 8,t out ( :i* exi/+ ?+s h _! bir? mu/ also1 ( "r1 be _! grave :5 !y are de/roy$4 ,= !y mu/1 by ! disp5sation ( "t1 give a j comp5sation = _! inju/ice40#eh ,we are 9 equal ignorance ( any special e?ical tea*+ ( ,anaxim5es4 ,h]aclitus1 h[ev]1 has a di/9ctly e?ical aspect1 9 spite ( ! physical nature ( mo/ ( 8 philosophical speculations4 ,self-k1 :i* is ali5 to ! multitude1 :o are "u ! sway ( ! poets1#ei is already1 9 ,h]aclitus1 ! basis ( self-control1 z x is 9 ,socrates ! basis ( all moral excell5ce4#fj ,an ord]$ self-control is ! highe/ ( all virtues2 ev5 ! ,sun mu/ n transgress ! limits ( 8 sph]e1 or ! ,er9nyes1 ! ,m9i/]s ( ,ju/ice1 w f9d him out4#fa ,anaxagoras1 :om ,sextus ,empiricus w "o day describe z 8! mo/ physical0 ( all ! philosoph]s1 began 8 book on ,nature ) ! words 8,all ?+s 7 9 confusion toge!r2 !n came ,intellig5ce1 & gave !m ord] & arrangem5t20 ?us lay+ ! f\ndation ( 8 ,natural ,philosophy 9 a pr9ciple :i* c\ld n fail ( e>ly application to ! sph]e ( ,conduct4#fb ,! d5ial ( bl9d ,*ance1 or ( immutable ,fate1 9 ! realm ( physical ph5om5a easily leads to its repudiation 9 ! sph]e ( ,e?ics1 & to a recognition ( ! p]sonal responsibility ( ! individual m9d = ! consequ5ces ( its own decisions4#fc ,x 0 probably a conviction ( ! e?ical fruitfulness ( ! pr9ciple ?us laid d[n by ,anaxagoras 9 ! sph]e ( ,physics :i* induc$ ,ari/otle1 ! greate/ ( all e?ical philosoph]s1 to ass]t t its au?or1 z comp>$ ) 8 pr$ecessors1 0 a sob] ?9k] by ! side ( r&om babbl]s4#fd ,! physical inve/igations ( ,democritus 7 utiliz$ by ! ,epicureans to free man f sup]/iti\s fe>s ( ano!r _w1 9 ord] t he might direct all 8 p[]s to mak+ ! be/ ( ?is _w1 9 a moral1 inf9itely m ?an 9 a physical1 s5se4 ,he specifically discuss$ ,virtue1 & conclud$ t happ9ess consi/$ 9 ,temp]ance & ,self-,control4#fe ,9 a book :i* he wrote "u ! significant title ( 8,tritog5eia10 or 8,m9]va10 he appe>s to h appli$ ! pr9ciple ( ,intellig5ce to ! doma9 ( ,e?ics1 z ,anaxagoras _h appli$ x to ! realm ( ,physics1 po9t+ out t !re want$ ?ree ?+s to ! p]fection ( human society--8to reason well1 to speak well1 & to d "o's duty20 & t ^! ?ree p[]s all spr+ f ! direct+ influ5ce ( ,intellig5ce4 ,! au?or ( ! 8,magna ,moralia0 says t ,py?agoras 0 ! fir/ to discuss ,virtue1 & indicates 9 :at mann] ! ,py?agoreans attempt$ to apply _! !ory ( ,numb] to ! sph]e ( ,e?ics4 ,_! me?od 0 wrong1 accord+ to ! 8,magna ,moralia10 s9ce !re is a special & appropriate me?od = ! analysis & discussion ( ! virtues1 & 8,ju/ice is n a numb] ev5ly ev540#ff ,su* a def9ition1 ?us cru%$ by way ( a po9t-blank negative1 has1 ( c\rse1 no?+ b a metaphorical significance z appli$ to ,e?ics2 b ! metaphorical conception ( ,ju/ice z a p]fect numb] w n be totally devoid ( inspiration to ju/ice ( conduct 9 ! m9d ( "o :o loves p]fection ev5 :5 repres5t$ by an ari?metical ab/raction2 & if by ?is def9ition 8x 0 design$ to express ! correspond5ce betwe5 action & suff]+10#fg a fruitful1 ?\gh incomplete1 e?ical pr9ciple is embodi$ 9 _! ma!matical phras+4#fh ,9 a m g5]al s5se1 ,epi*>mus has sung h[ ! ,py?agorean ,doctr9e ( ,numb] may be appli$ to ! doma9 ( practice3-- 8,man's life ne$s greatly ,numb]'s ord]$ sway3 ,8 pa? is safe :o foll[s ,numb]'s way40#fi ,b ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( ,transmigration probably _h a great] e?ical value ?an ! metaphysical conceptions ( ,numb] :i* con/itut$ ! ,py?agorean 2 al?\gh x is n impossible t ! dogma1 :5 c>elessly held or unphilosophically int]pret$1 might h a vici\s r ?an a virtu\s effect4#gj ,! 8,gold5 ,v]ses ( ,py?agoras10 :e!r compos$ by any individual memb] ( ! s*ool1 or (ficially embody+ ! tea*+ ( ! sect1 or repres5t+ ! actual "w ( "s philosoph] n =mally a ,py?agorean1 h be5 univ]sally recognis$ to express a ,py?agorean ideal2#ga & ?us exhibit 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,italian ,s*ool a f> m vigor\s & fruitful e?ical t5d5cy ?an any /udy ( its (ficial doctr9es--s f> z !y are available = /udy--w\ld lead u to suppose4 ,&1 inde$1 ! foll[]s ( ?is ,philosophy 7 conspicu\s1 ev5 9 ,plato's "t1 = a special mann] ( life1 ! prep>ation = :i* involv$ a /r5u\s devotion to a /rict & l(ty e?ical ideal1 an ideal :i* subsequ5tly =m$ no small "p ( ! /r5g? ( t la/ s*ool ( ,greek ,philosophy :i* nom9ally %elt]$ "u ! gis ( ,plato4#gb ,among ! philosoph]s ( ! ,eleatic ,s*ool we f9d an equally m>k$ t5d5cy 9 ! direction ( ,e?ics4 ,! v basis ( ! anti-!i/ic propag&a ( ,x5ophanes is t ! gods 9 _! traditional "* d n display ^? virtues :i* are incumb5t on ev5 ord9>ily dec5t m54 ,to 8 /r5u\s s9c]ity ! removal ( ! gods f ! sph]e ( human conduct meant ! introduction ( a /rict] & bett] reason$ sanction = morality4 ,ev5 ,p>m5ides & ,melissus & ,z5o 7 n s absorb$ 9 ! creation ( ab/ract metaphysical conceptions b t ,plut>* is able to m5tion !m toge!r1 n only z di/+ui%$ = _! contributions to ! practical wisdom ( _! "t1 b z ev9c+ by ! mann] ( _! dea? _! con/ancy to a l(ty e?ical conception ( ! duties ( life4#gc ,emp$ocles is includ$ 9 ! same category z hav+ conf]r$ great mat]ial & political b5efits ^u 8 fell[-citiz5s1 to :om he also address$ a poem inculcat+ a pure & noble mann] ( life bas$ on ! doctr9e ( ,transmigration4 ,?is brief review ( ! pre-,socratic & pre-,sophi/ic ,philosoph]s appe>s to indicate t1 if _! e?ical doctr9es 7 n =mulat$ ) ! sci5tific detail & precision ( lat] s*ools1 _! speculations _h a /rongly e?ical ca/1 & t5d$ to "w out into practical morality 9 ! sph]e ( daily conduct4 ,9 spite ( ! num]\s sy/ems ( ,e?ics :i* h be5 prop\nd$ 9 anci5t & mod]n days1 a sci5tific basis ( ,morality has n yet be5 truly laid1 & x 01 p]haps1 a recognition ( ! difficulties m5ac+ attempts 9 ?is direction1 aid$ by a feel+ t 8moral progress has n to wait till an unimpea*able sy/em ( ,e?ics has be5 elaborat$10#gd :i* l$ ! e>ly ,greek ,s*ools to conf9e _! utt]ances on ,morals to 8rugg$ maxims hewn f life10 :i* comp5sat$ = _! lack ( sci5tific precision by ! inspiration !y appli$ to ! "w ( actual life4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t ) ! ,sophi/s ! conc]ns ( practical life began to assume t pr$om9ant place 9 philosophical speculations :i* !y aft]w>ds :olly usurp$2 & ! claim ( ! ,sophi/s 7:e!r or n ,socrates is to be reckon$ among !m7 to be reg>d$ z ! f\nd]s ( ,e?ical ,philosophy is n weak5$ by ! fact t1 :5 ,philosophy & ,e?ics 7 id5tifi$1#ge ! t]m ,sophi/ 0 assign$ to m5 ^: lives 7 9 diametrical opposition to ev]y?+ connot$ by ! designation philosoph]4#gf ,! ,sophi/s ( ! ,socratic age1 ^: v>i$ tea*+s 7 lack+ 9 any philosophical pr9ciple to give !m unity & dignity1 br\ght ! bus9ess ( common life into s m>k$ a prom95ce1 & recogniz$ ,conduct z s mu* l>g] a fraction ( life ?an x _h hi!rto be5 consci\sly recogniz$1 t ! necessity ( f9d+ a sci5tific basis = ,conduct became app>5t1 & a sph]e 0 ?us op5$ to ! g5ius ( ,socrates1 ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,x is n necess>y to l+] 9 demon/rat+ ! important "p play$ by ,e?ics f ?is po9t onw>d 9 ! developm5t ( ,greek ,philosophy4 8,i hold t ,socrates1 z all are agre$1 0 ! fir/ ^: voice *>m$ away philosophy f ! my/]i\s ph5om5a ov] :i* ,nature h]self has ca/ a veil1 & ) :i* all philosoph]s be=e 8 "t busi$ !mselves1 & br\ght x face to face ) social life1 s z to inve/igate virtue & vice1 & ! g5]al di/9ction betwe5 ,good & ,evil1 & l$ x to pron\nce its s5t5ce t ! heav5ly bodies 7 ei!r f> remov$ f ! sph]e ( our k1 or contribut$ no?+ to "r liv+1 h[ev] mu* ! k ( !m might be atta9$40#gg ,al?\gh ?is well-kn[n passage f ,cic]o's 8,academics0 has be5 criticiz$ = ! too great emphasis :i* x lays on ! ali5ation ( ,socrates f ,natural ,philosophy1 &1 moreov]1 z an attempt has be5 made to %[ above1 x lays 9 l mann] too mu* /ress on ! ali5ation ( previ\s ?9k]s f ,moral ,philosophy1 or1 at any rate1 f empirical ,e?ics1 x expresses ) great cle>ness ! surpass+ importance :i* ! common life ( humanity1 z illum9$ by ! light ( virtu\s ideals1 0 h5ce=w>d to assume z ! end & aim ( philosophical inve/igations & discussions4 ,! ov]:elm+ importance ( ,e?ics 9 ! philosophical sy/em ( ,plato is directly or indirectly app>5t 9 all 8 tea*+2 & :]e he1 too1 indulges 9 physical speculations1 x is ) ! w>n+ t probability is all t c be expect$ f su* inve/igations1 & t !y con/itute a wise & mod]ate recreation 9 ! c\rse ( sev]] & m legitimate /udies4#gh ,b x mu/ be conc$$ t1 :ile no writ] has compos$ m beautiful panegyrics 9 praise ( ,virtue2 :ile no tea*] has depict$ its surpass+ importance to humanity ) great] devotion ( _s or subtl] *>m ( language2 yet ! sev]ity ( ! intellectual processes :i* alone lead to a compreh5sion ( :at1 9 ! ,platonic sy/em1 ,virtue is1 has _h ! effect ( mak+ ,virtue h]self appe> almo/ 8too bright & good = human nature's daily food20 too l(ty & af> = ! common man to atta92 a m]e ab/raction to be pres]v$ z a field appropriate to ! gymna/ics ( metaphysicians1 & to be %ield$ f ! h>% contact ( ! common _w & common m5 by ! *evaux de frise ( dialectical subtlety4 ,excess ( ,reason 9 ,plato has produc$ a simil> result to t produc$ by excess ( ,emotion 9 mod]n ,religion1 & x is n )\t ,ju/ice t a great writ] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has describ$ ,plato z 8putt+ m5 (f ) />s in/ead ( s5se10 & z tea*+ !m to be any?+ b 8practical m51 hone/ m51 cont95t m51 unambiti\s m51 fe>ful to solicit a tru/1 sl[ to accept1 & resolute nev] to betray "o40#gi ,! accessibility ( ,virtue to ! common he>t is condition$ 9 ,plato's sy/em by its intelligibility to ! common reason4 ,! dialectic processes by :i* ! ,ideas ( ! ,good1 ! ,true1 ! ,beautiful are pursu$ are m]ely repell5t to ! av]age man1 :o does n c>e = ,metaphysics1 b wi%es to be good & pure & j 9 8 deal+s ) 8 fell[-m54#hj 8,plato ackn[l$ges t ! morality ( ! multitude mu/ be utilit>ian1 s9ce none o!r is atta9able save by ! highly tra9$ metaphysician40#ha ,ev5 :5 ! multitude accept ! tea*+s ( ! philosoph]1 x is n because !y are capable ( ! k ( ideal tru?1 b because ! philosoph] has compell$ !m to recognize1 f utilit>ian reasons1 t x is bett] to be virtu\s ?an to be vici\s4 ,b ?is ackn[l$gm5t ( ! inability ( ! multitude to be virtu\s 9 ! highe/ s5se1 & ! ass]tion t !y mu/ submit !mselves z clay to be m\ld$ by ! philosoph]1 :o alone has a k ( ideal goodness1 d n help 9 a _w :]e ! philosoph]s are n autocrats1 b :]e e tea*] mu/ submit 8 claims to ! intellig5ce ( ! multitude4 ,x may accord+ly be que/ion$ :e!r ,plato's ,e?ics h furni%$ inspiration = goodness except to ^? :o h already _h a pr$ilection = virtue z an appanage ( ! highe/ intellect1 or to ^? m g5]al lov]s ( ! ,beautiful ^: ta/e is gratifi$ by fasc9at+ descriptions ( a quality :i*1 9 itself1 has no special *>m = !m1 b :i*1 :5 depict$ by ?is 8ma/] ( ! />ry sph]es0 9 its atmosph]e ( cold b radiant spl5d\r1 has transfigur$ _! moral life ) beams t d n 8fade into ! common light ( day40 ,plato's tea*+1 inde$1 has some?+ mona/ic1 exclusive1 ari/ocratic 9 its import1 & ! 8esot]ic0 doctr9es :i* 7 taught 9 ! grove ( ,academus to /ud5ts already prep>$ by a special c\rse ( in/ruction to receive !m /& at ! v opposite pole ( ,philosophy to ^? homely conv]sations :i* ,socrates w\ld hold ) ! fir/ *ance pass]-by 9 ! /reets ( a busy city4 8,let no "o ent] "h :o has n /udi$ ,ma!matics0 0 a phrase :i* summ$ up 9 a dogmatic canon ( ! s*ool ! views ( ! ma/] t\*+ ! exclusion ( ! multitude f direct p>ticipation 9 ,virtue & ,philosophy4#hb ,ari/otle br+s u into a _w :]e !re is less ( poetry & beautiful imag]y1 b 9 :i* ! common man c see m cle>ly4 ,if ! l&scapes are n s lovely1 ! roadways are bett] laid & ! mile/ones are m legible4 ,! contra/ has be5 (t5 en\gh already elaborat$4 ,its ess5ce seems to lie 9 ! recognition by ,ari/otle t m5 are m51 & n ideal philosoph]s4 ,x h>dly ne$$ ^? fam\s passages 9 ! 8,e?ics10 9 :i* ,ari/otle subjects ! ,!ory ( ,ideas to a mo/ se>*+ criticism1 to emphasize t pr$ilection = ! practical conc]ns ( daily life1 z n only ! prop] sph]e ( ,e?ics1 b _! f\ndation & mat]ial1 :i* is conspicu\s 9 ! g5]al "* ( 8 "w4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 he insi/s t happ9ess dep5ds ^u action1 n contemplation2#hc & s conv9c$ is he t ,e?ics1 l e o!r sci5ce1 mu/ />t f k ( actual facts1 t he d5ies ! claim ( ^? to be /ud5ts ( ,moral ,philosophy :o are inexp]i5c$ 9 ! actions ( life4#hd ,& x is1 surely1 9 allusion to ! dem& ( ! ,platonic ,philosophy t ! multitude %all p]mit !mselves to be m\ld$ by ! ,platoni/ pott] ev5 into t inf]ior =m ( virtue ( :i* alone !y are capable1 t ,ari/otle rev]ts to ! fam\s say+ ( ,hesiod t he is second be/ only :o 8obeys "o :o speaks well10 :ile assign+ ! moral supremacy to ! man :o makes 8 own practical exp]i5ce ( life ! basis ( 8 e?ical !ories & ! ma9spr+ ( 8 moral progress4 ,?us x seems t ,ari/otle is ! true successor ( ,socrates1 inasmu* z ,philosophy1 :i* "u ! spells ( ,platonism _h )drawn aga9 to ! empyrean1 is *>m$ d[n once m by ! ,/ageirite to ! bus9ess & bosoms ( mank9d4 ,to use ! expressive metaphor ( ,ari/otle himself1 ?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 9 ?is connexion1 if ! creator ( ! 8,republic0 %9es z "o ( 8! mo/ beautiful & ! /ronge/0 pres5t at ! ,olympian ,games1 ! au?or ( ! 8,e?ics0 is "o ( ! 8,combatants0 :o h be5 cr[n$1 because !y h desc5d$ into ! ar5a1 & by "r action h secur$ :at is noble & good 9 life4#he ,aft] ,ari/otle1 x 0 improbable t ,philosophy w\ld ev] aga9 r5d] itself obnoxi\s to ! reproa* levell$ aga9/ ,plato by "s ( 8 contempor>ies t 8!y w5t to him expect+ to he> ab\t ! *ief good1 b he put !m (f ) a quantity ( rem>ks ab\t numb]s & ?+s !y c\ld n und]/&40#hf ,contempor>y ) ! "w ( ,ari/otle & 8 insi/5ce ^u ! necessity t ea* individual man %\ld seek = ! *ief good 9 ! sph]e ( 8 own actual exp]i5ce1 occurr$ ! relaxation ( ! dom9ant claims ( ! ,/ate to ! be/ "p ( ! en]gies & activities ( ! citiz54 ,! *ange 9 ! political condition ( ,greece consequ5t ^u ! ,mac$onian conque/ _h turn$ ! ,greek citiz5 back ^u 8 own s\l = inspiration to guide 8 /eps aright4 ,! philosophical t5d5cy 0 ?us aid$ by ext]nal conditions1 & ! jo9t op]ation ( bo? ^! influ5ces e/abli%$ 9 ,/oicism & ,epicureanism ! satisfaction ( ! moral requirem5ts ( ! individual man z ! aim & end ( ,philosophy4 ,:atev] importance ! lead]s ( ! ,/oics atta*$ to ,logic & ,physics--& diff]5t philosoph]s =m$ diff]5t e/imates ( _! value#hg--;all 7 agre$ t ^! p>ts ( ,philosophy 7 only useful 9 s f> z !y enabl$ mank9d to lead a virtu\s life2 a life 9 h>mony ) nature & its laws2 a life :i* plac$ !m above ! dom9ation ( 8,fe> & hope & phantasy & awe1 ,& wi/ful ye>n+ & unsat$ loves1 ,t /ra9 beyond ! limits ( ?is life40#hh ,! ,epicureans repudiat$ ,dialectic1#hi &1 z already /at$1 /udi$ ,physics ) a view only to free+ ! m9d ( man f ^? sup]natural fe>s :i* hamp]$ him 9 8 atta9m5t ( t]re/rial virtue & happ9ess3-- 8,nam veluti pu]i trepidant atque omnia ccis ,9 t5ebris metuunt1 sic nos 9 luce timemus ,int]dum nilo qu sunt metu5da magis quam ,qu pu]i 9 t5ebris pavitant f+untque futura4 ,hunc igitur t]rorem animi t5ebrasque necesse e/ ,non radii solis neque lucida tela diei ,discutiant1 s$ natur species ratioque40 ,lucretius1 ^: great poem is devot$ to an exposition ( ! physical side ( ,epicureanism1 i4e4 ( ! ,atomic ,philosophy ( ,democritus1#ij is only on ! same gr\nd ) ,epicurus himself :5 he makes x cle>1 n m]ely by ! g5]al complexion ( 8 argum5t1 b by a l>ge numb] ( p>ticul> passages1 & ^?1 too1 ! mo/ /rik+ly beautiful 9 ! poem1 t ! inve/igation ( natural ph5om5a is to s]ve only z a means ( free+ ! life ( humanity f ^? c>es & vices :i* are ho/ile to its peace3-- 8,d5ique av>ities et honorum cca cupido ,qu mis]os hom9es cogunt transc5d]e f9es ,juris et int]dum socios scel]um atque m9i/ros ,noctes atque dies niti pr/ante labore ,ad summas em]g]e opes1 hc vuln]a vit ,non m9imam p>tem mortis =mid9e aluntur40 ,! inve/igation ( nature ) a view to elim9at+ ! fe> ( dea? z a factor 9 human conduct1 cle>ly en\nc$ z x is 9 ! poem ( ! ,roman ,epicurean1 is /ill m emphatically express$ 9 a 8fundam5tal maxim0 ( ,epicurus himself3 8,if we did n all[ ourselves to be di/urb$ by suspici\s fe>s ( cele/ial ph5om5a2 if ! t]rors ( dea? 7 nev] 9 our m9ds2 & if we w\ld b c\rage\sly discuss ! limits ( our nature z reg>ds pa9 & desire3 we %\ld !n h no ne$ to /udy ,natural ,philosophy40#ia ,! exclusion ( ,dialectics1#ib & ! subord9ation ( ,physics to ,e?ics1 re/rict$--if1 inde$1 x 7 a re/riction--! scope ( "* & intellig5ce to ! sph]e ( conduct1 & x is 9 ! light ( ?is limitation t ! full significance ( ! ,epicurean def9ition ( ,philosophy lies--8,philosophy is an active pr9ciple :i* aims at secur+ ,happ9ess by ,reason & ,discussion40 ,"h we h 9 practical completion t id5tification ( ,philosophy ) ,e?ics t[>ds :i* ! :ole t5d5cy ( ,greek speculation _h be5 consci\sly or unconsci\sly work+1 & :i* 0 fully consummat$ 9 ! lat] developm5t ( ! ,/oic & ,epicurean sy/ems4 ,! comb9$ effect ( ?is pr9ciple ( ,epicureanism1 & ( ! contemporane\s failure ( political int]e/1 0 to direct att5tion to ^? less o/5tati\s1 b1 = happ9ess1 m effective virtues1 :i* fl\ri% 9 private society & 9 ! daily int]c\rse ( mank9d4 ,because x exclud$ ,dialectics1 & because x 0 exclud$ f ,politics1 ! gospel ( ! ,g>d5 e/abli%$ an ideal ( homely virtue :i* lay )9 ! rea* ( ! av]age man1 :o1 l ,epicurus himself1 0 repell$ by ,plato's di/ance f life1 & did n feel call$ ^u to *]i% impracticable s*emes ( ameliorat+ society "u ! dom9ion ( a ,demetrius ! ,lib]ator1 b 0 will+ to cont5t himself ) a humbl] range ( duty1 ) be+ temp]ate & *a/e 9 8 habits1 simple & heal?y 9 8 ta/es1 *e]ful & s]5e 9 8 p]sonal be>+1 amiable & sympa!tic ) 8 fri5ds1 & cultivat+ c\rte\s relations 9 ^? slightly m ext5d$ social circles :]e comity & tact take ! place ( ! m intimate & famili> virtues ( h\sehold life4#ic ,by ! me?od ( plac+ 9 cont9u\s ord] c]ta9 common & well-kn[n indications1 we h endeav\r$ to illu/rate ! view t ! natural developm5t ( ,greek ,philosophy l$ 9 ! direction ( ,e?ics1 & t ! natural developm5t ( ,e?ics l$ 9 ! direction ( a popul> s*eme ( conduct1 :i*1 fragm5t>y & incomplete z x might be 9 a sci5tific s5se1 _h yet ! advantage t x 0 f\nd$ ^u ! common daily life ( ! ord9>y man1 & plac$ be=e ! ord9>y man 9 8 common daily life an ideal ( virtue :i*1 by ef=ts n beyond 8 /r5g?1 he might realize & ma9ta94 ,?is type ( "*1 p>tly ! gr[? ( ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 b /r5g!n$ & exp&$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ,epicureanism adapt$ itself to ^? circum/ances1 react$ ^u ! /]n] conception ( ! ,/oic ideal ( private virtue1 & :5 we rea* ! revival ( ,religion & ,philosophy 9 ! ,grco-,roman _w ( ! ,empire1 x is ?is ideal :i* is ! aim & end ( e philosoph] f ,s5eca to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 f ,plut>* to ,apuleius1 no matt] :at ! p>ticul> label !y may atta* to _! doctr9es to indicate _! =mal adhesion to "o ( ! great classical s*ools4#id ,to take an extreme example ( a tru? :i* w subsequ5tly be illu/rat$ f ,plut>*1 ,s5eca1 :o is a ,/oic ( ! ,/oics1 is full ( praise = ! noble & humane simplicity ( ! ,epicurean ideal ( life1 & 9 ^? inspir+ lett]s ?r\gh :i* he directs ! consci5ce ( 8 fri5d ,lucilius into ! pure & pleasant ways ( tru? & virtue1 x is an exceptional occurr5ce = him to conclude "o ( 8 moral lessons )\t quot+ 9 its support ! au?ority ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,g>d54 ,! absorb+ int]e/ ( ,plut>* z a moral philosoph] lies ma9ly 9 ! fact t ?\gh1 z a polemical writ]1 he is an oppon5t1 & n always a fair or judici\s oppon5t1 bo? ( ! ,por* & ! ,g>d51#ie he collects f any qu>t] any k9d ( tea*+ :i* he hopes to f9d useful 9 inculcat+ t ideal ( conduct :i* he believes mo/ likely to "w out into virtue & happ9ess2 & ?\gh 8 mo/ rev]$ tea*] is ,plato1 ! ideal ( conduct :i* he inculcates is "o :i* ,epicurus w\ld h wi%$ 8 fri5d ,metrodorus to appropriate & exemplify4#if ,?is ideal ,plut>* ?\ght wor? pres]vation2 x is ! la/ intelligible & practicable ideal pres5t$ to u by ,paganism2 & ! attempts :i* ,plut>* made to pres]ve x are int]e/+ z ^? ( a man :o /ood at a crisis 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & endeav\r$ to f9d1 9 ! wisdom & /r5g? & spl5d\r ( ! ,pa/1 a sanction = purity & goodness1 :5 a sanction = purity & goodness 0 be+ my/]i\sly =m$1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! wisdom & /r5g? & spl5d\r ( ! ,pa/ 7 to be reg>d$ b z weakness & d>kness & folly4 ,! exp]im5t 0 n )\t success = a consid]able "t2 & _h ,paganism be5 def5d$ by ,julian 9 ! pliant =m :i* ,plut>* gave x1 & 9 ! _s ( tol]ance :i* he infus$ into 8 def5ce ( x1 x is probable t ! h>moni\s co-op]ation1 & p]haps ! complete union1 ( ! classical tradition & ! ,*ri/ian fai? w\ld h be5 ! e>ly & b5eficial result4#ig ,) a view to obs]v+ "s ( ! factors :i* contribut$ to ! success ( ,plut>*'s "w1 we propose to give a brief glance at ! e?ical condition ( ! epo* 9 :i* x 0 c>ri$ on4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,e?ical aspect ( ,grco-,roman ,society 9 ! p]iod ( ,plut>*3 difficulty ( obta9+ an imp>tial view ( x--,revival ( moral e>ne/ness concurr5t ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire3 ! re=ms ( ,augu/us a =mal expression ( actual t5d5cies--,evid5ces ( ?is 9 philosophical & g5]al lit]ature--,! diff]5ces betwe5 v>i\s ,s*ools modifi$ by ! importance ( ! e?ical end to :i* all _! ef=ts 7 direct$--,endeav\r made to base morality on sanctions already consecrat$ by ! philosophies & religi\s traditions ( ! ,pa/--,plut>*'s 8,e?ics0 ! result ( su* an endeav\r4 ,few ages h left to po/]ity a "* less easy to def9e1 or m subject$ to ! ravages ( mutually de/ructive s*ools ( criticism1 ?an t :i* gave ! ,religion ( ,*ri/ to ! ,we/]n _w1 & witness$ ! m\ld+ ( ,pagan ,religion & ,philosophy--or r ( ,pagan religions & philosophies--into t sy/ematiz$ %ape :i* !y aft]w>ds pres5t$ aga9/ ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,_m anci5t & "s mod]n apologi/s ( ,*ri/ianity h appe>$ to ?9k x ess5tial to ! hon\r & glory ( _! ,cre$ t ! _w1 be=e its rise1 %\ld be reg>d$ z sunk 9 iniquity to su* a dep? t no?+ b a ,div9e ,revelation c\ld s]ve to elevate & purify x4#ih ,x has be5 ma9ta9$1 on ! o!r h&1 & t too by ,*ri/ian writ]s1 t no epo* ( ,we/]n civilization has be5 s m>k$1 n only by ! mat]ial well-be+ ( ! mass ( mank9d1 b 8by virtue 9 ! highe/ places & by mod]ation & sobriety 9 ! ranks b5ea?10 z t dur+ :i* ! new ,cre$ 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z a base & sup]/iti\s sort ( ,a!ism4#ii ,x may be conc$$ t ! orig9al au?ors ( ?is p]iod :o h be5 mo/ read 9 mod]n times h easily be5 con/ru$ into vigor\s & effective te/imony 9 support ( ! =m] position4 ,! poets & rhetoricians ( ! ,empire h _h _! mo/ exagg]at$ phrases turn$ into evid5ce aga9/ ! morals ( _! own days1 & _! less emphatic expressions h be5 reg>d$ z h9t+ at ! p]petration ( vices too mon/r\s to be m cle>ly indicat$4 ,if1 by *ance an au?or has left writ+s m>k$ by a l(ty conception ( morality1 & brea?+ ! pure/ & mo/ dis9t]e/$ love ( virtue1 ?is v fact has be5 suffici5t to ju/ify a d5ial ( _! ,pagan orig91 & ! ass]tion t ! true s\rce ( _! inspiration mu/ h be5 ,juda4 ,h5ce ! curi\s /ruggles ( _m intellig5t m5 to e/abli% a p]sonal connexion betwe5 ,paul & ,s5eca1 & to demon/rate t ! ,e?ics ( ,plut>* are col\r$ by ,*ri/ian modes ( ?\ght4#ajj ,o!r au?ors ( ! p]iod :o furni% mat]ial = correct+ ?is "o-sid$ impression h be5 less kn[n to ! multitude & less consult$ by ! le>n$4 ,ev5 7 ! wor/ true t ,juv5al1 & ,tacitus1 & ,m>tial1 & ,suetonius1 & ,petronius h said ab\t ,roman c\rts & ,roman society2 ev5 7 x n possible to supply a corrective col\r+ to ! picture f ! pages ( ,s5eca1 & ,lucan1 & ,pl9y1 & ,p]sius1 & ev5 ,juv5al himself3 yet x %\ld be easy to rememb] t1 j z ! ,palace ( ! ,cs>s 0 n ! ,city1 s ! ,city 0 n ! ,empire4 ,exeat aula qui volet esse pius is a maxim t c\ld ) advantage be appli$ to ! sph]e ( hi/orical criticism z well z to t ( practical ,e?ics2 & if we leave ! factions & sc&als ( ! ,c\rt & ! ,city "u ! wor/ ( ! ,emp]ors1 & foll[ ,dion into ! huts ( lonely h]dsm5 on ! des]t$ hills ( ,euba1 or l+] ) ,plut>* at "s mode/ ga!r+ ( family fri5ds 9 ,a!ns or ! villages ( ,botia1 we %all f9d innum]able examples ( t virtue :i* ! ,republican poet s>ca/ically d5ies to ! highe/ rul]s4 ,ev5 aft] ! long reign ( ,*ri/ianity1 vice has be5 c5traliz$ 9 ! great capitals ( civilization2 & ,rome & ,alex&ria & ,antio* are n )\t _! p>allels among ! cities ( ,mod]n ,europe4 ,9 ,alex&ria itself1 ! populace :o c\ld li/5 to disc\rses l ^? ( ,dion mu/ h be5 end[$ ) a consid]able capacity = virtue2 ! tone ( ! orator1 inde$1 frequ5tly rem9ds u ( ^? mod]n prea*]s :o provoke an agreeable s5sation ( excitem5t 9 ! m9ds ( _! highly respectable audi5ces1 by depict+ !m z involv$ 9 su* wick$ness z only ! mo/ d>+ ( mank9d w\ld f9d c\rage to p]petrate4#aja ,we propose to deal else:]e ) ! te/imony ( ,plut>* z to ! moral "* ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 & at pres5t conf9e our obs]vations to ! ass]tion t 8 8,e?ical0 writ+s are cr[d$ ) examples ( ! pure/ & mo/ g5u9e virtue2 n su* virtue z %[s itself on /rik+ & public occasions only1 b su* also z irradiates ! daily life ( ! common p 9 _! homes & occupations4 ,& al?\gh he is1 p]haps1 9 "s ( 8 precepts1 a little 9 advance ( ! g5]al tr5d ( 8 times1 inculcat+1 9 ^! in/ances1 virtues :i*1 ?\gh n unpractis$ & unkn[n1 are /ill s f> limit$ 9 _! application t he wi%es to draw !m f _! %y seclusion 9 "s few bett] homes1 & to e/abli% !m 9 ! broad & popul> light ( recogniz$ cu/oms2#ajb yet x is cle> to e "o ( ! few /ud5ts ( 8 pages t ! virtues he depicts are ! common aim ( ! p he meets 9 ! /reets & h\ses ( ,*ronea1 & t ! fail+s he corrects are ! fail+s ( ! good p :o are n too good to h to /ruggle aga9/ ! temptations incid5t to humanity4 ,! indications convey$ by ,plut>* & ,dion respect+ ! moral progress ( obscure families & unkn[n villag]s po9t to ! widespread exi/5ce ?r\gh ! ,empire ( t same /r5u\s long+ aft] goodness1 :i* _h already receiv$ emphatic expression 9 ! writ+s ( philosoph]s & poets ^: activities _h be5 conf9$ to ,rome4 ,= !re c be no d\bt t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire _h be5 accompani$ by a /r5u\s moral e>ne/ness :i* is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! flippant c>elessness ( ! la/ days ( ! ,republican ,era4 ,! note ( despair--despair none ! less because its ext]nal aspect 0 gay & debonnaire--s frequ5tly rais$ by ,ovid & ,prop]tius & ,tibullus2 ! reckless cry1 ,int]ea1 dum fata s9unt1 jungamus amores2 ,iam v5iet t5ebris ,mors adop]ta caput1 is ! la/ ^w ( a dy+ epo*4#ajc ,^! ?ree great poets utt] ! swan song ( ! moribund ,republic4 ,_! beliefs are sceptical1 or frankly mat]iali/ic2 !y %ut _! eyes at ! prospect ( dea? to op5 !m on ! ne>] *>ms ( ! s5sual life3 devot+ _! days & _! g5ius to ! pleasures ( a passionately voluptu\s love ( wom54 ,9 _! high] moods !y turn to ! ,pa/1 b ) an antiqu>ian int]e/ only1 l ,ovid & ,prop]tius1 or1 l ,tibullus1 to delight 9 ! religi\s cu/oms t /ill l+] 9 ! rural p>ts ( ,italy1 ! relics ( a simpl] & dev\t] "t4 ,if !y turn _! ?\ghts to ! ,aft]world at all1 x is to depict 9 gl[+ v]ses ! conv5tional *>ms ( ! classic ,elysium1 or to f9d occasion = /rik+ description 9 ! fabl$ woes ( ,ixion & ,tantalus4#ajd ,ev5 ^! descriptions *ange by a natural gradation into an appeal = m passionate devotion on ! "p ( ,cor9na1 or ,delia1 or ,cyn?ia4#aje ,if ,prop]tius ?9ks ( dea?1 x is b to hope t ,cyn?ia w %[ h] reg>d = 8 memory by visit+ 8 tomb 9 h] old age2 to regret1 ) inf9ite pa?os1 ! ?\s&s ( 8de> dead wom50 :o h become ! prey ( ! ,inf]nal ,deities--sunt apud inf]nos tot milia =mos>um2 to lam5t t 8 des]t$ mi/ress w call 9 va9 ^u 8 scatt]$ du/2 or to po/pone all consid]ation ( su* matt]s until age %all h exhau/$ 8 capacity = m passionate enjoym5t4 ,if he m5tions ! mighty political ev5ts ( 8 "t1 x is ) ! air ( "o :o wat*es a triumphal procession :ile re/+ 8 head on 8 mi/ress's %\ld]4#ajf ,b ^! poets1 wrapp$ 9 all ! physical pleasures :i* _! age _h to supply1 are n ignorant ( ! malady f :i* x suff]s2 !y "k t _! despair & _! mat]ialism are born ( ! mis]y ( long ye>s ( sangu9>y /rife2 & ,tibullus1 9 "o ( ! sweete/ ( 8 ,elegies1 utt]s a wi% :i* is ! ,ave ( ! /orm-toss$ ,republic to ! approa*+ peace ( ! ,empire3--,at nobis1 ,pax alma1 v5i4#ajg ,cum dom9o ,pax i/a v5it4#ajh ,virgil & ,horace are poets ( ! ,empire1 & /rike ! dom9ant note ( ! new epo*4 ,x 0 n ! m]e c\rtly complaisance ( g5ius = its patrons t l$ ,virgil & ,horace to id5tify _! muse ) ! religi\s & moral re=ms ( ,augu/us4 ,x 0 r a consci\s recognition ( ! spiritual ne$s ( ! new age :i* l$ poets & /atesm5 alike to fur!r ?is jo9t "w4 ,x is ! cu/om to reg>d ! lab\rs ( ,augu/us z result+ 9 ! sup]imposition on ! social fabric ( m]e =ms & rituals :i* w\ld h be5 appropriate 7 society only a fabric1 b :i* 7 utt]ly inadequate to s]ve z any?+ bett] ?an a sup]ficial ornam5t to an exp&+ & develop+ organism4#aji ,b1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! poems ( ,virgil & ,horace1 !y %[ _! real "* z outw>d & visible signs ( an inw>d & spiritual grace4 ,x is true t ,horace at times attributes ! disa/]s f :i* 8 c\ntrym5 h suff]$ to _! disreg>d ( ! anci5t religi\s c]emonies2 to _! neglect ( ! templa desque lab5tes deorum et fda nigro simulacra fumo2#aaj b 9 ! six fam\s ,odes :i* /& at ! head ( ,book ,,iii he emphasizes ! national necessity ( *a/ity1 fidelity1 m]cy1 loyalty to duty2 & he utt]s n less emphatic w>n+s aga9/ ! g5]al dang] f av>ice1 ambition1 luxury4 ,! ess5tially religi\s "* ( ! neid is evid5t to e read]4 ,t is no m]e =malism :i* inspires ) moral vig\r ! spl5did melodies ( ! ,six? ,book4#aaa ,al?\gh ! ,poet uses ! conv5tional ma*9]y ( ,elysium & ,t>t>us to emphasize ! contra/ betwe5 ,virtue & ,vice by contra/+ ! fates t await !m h]eaft]2 yet ju/ice1 piety1 patriotism1 *a/ity1 self-devotion2 fidelity to fri5d & wife & cli5t2 filial & frat]nal love3 nev] receiv$ advocacy m /r5u\s & s9c]e1 nev] 7 sanction$ by praise m eloqu5t1 or repreh5sion m t]rible1 ?an 9 ^? immortal v]ses :i* x is an imp]t95ce to praise4 ,! "q :i* pres5t$ itself to ,augu/us1 to 8 m9i/]s & to 8 poets1 0 h[ to re-invigorate & pres]ve ^? qualities by h] practice ( :i* ,rome _h become pul*]rima r]um4 ,& we _c wond] t an important "p ( _! answ] to ?is "q lay 9 ! direction ( re/or+ ^? anci5t religi\s c]emonies & moral practices :i* _h be5 mo/ conspicu\sly display$ :5 ,rome 0 mak+ h] noble/ ef=ts to accompli% h] great de/9y4 ,! sanction ( antiquity is ! mo/ p]man5t ( all appeals t are ev] made to humanity2 &1 ev5 9 times ( revolution1 its au?ority has be5 invok$ by ^? mo/ eag] to sweep away exi/+ in/itutions4 ,pro magno te/e vetu/as cr$itur4#aab ,b if ,augu/us & 8 fri5ds appeal$ to antiquity1 x 0 n m]ely to recall ! %ad[s ( ! anci5t =ms & cu/oms1 b to revivify !m ) ! new life ( virtue t 0 well+ up 9 _! "t1 & :i*1 9 its turn1 receiv$ ext]nal grace & /r5g? by its embodim5t 9 ! ance/ral =ms4 ,! /rong *ord ( moral e>ne/ness /ruck by ,horace & ,virgil gr[s m resonant z ! new era advances1 until1 9 lit]ature at lea/1 x atta9s ! p]si/5ce ( a dom9ant4 ,juv5al is s passionately moral t he frequ5tly r5d]s himself liable to ,horace's c5sure ( ^? :o wor%ip virtue too mu*2 b1 9 8 be/ moods1 z 9 ! fam\s l9es :i* close ! ,t5? ,satire1 he depicts ! virtu\s man 9 a /yle :i* is n ! less e>ne/ & s9c]e because x is also dignifi$ & calm4 ,p]sius1 ^: disposition 0 m>k$ by maid5ly mode/y & g5tl5ess1 & :o is also describ$ z frugi et pudicus1 %[s1 ev5 :5 hamp]$ by a disjo9t$ /yle :i* only all[s him to utt] 8 ?\ght 9 fragm5ts1 t devotion to ! highe/ moral aims :i* we %\ld expect f a writ] br\ght up "u ! influ5ces :i* he enjoy$2#aac & ?\gh he1 too1 exhibits "s ( ! savage f]ocity ( ,juv5al 9 8 /rictures ( vice1 he yet pays1 9 8 ,fif? ,satire1 t tribute to virtue 9 ! p]son ( ,cornutus :i* 8proves ! goodness ( ! writ] & ! gracefulness ) :i* he c\ld write40#aad ,lucan1 too1 ^: y\?1 l t ( ,p]sius1 _h ! ine/imable advantage ( receiv+ a %>e ( ! wisdom :i* ,cornutus _h ga9$ by nights devot$ to philosophic /udies1 exhibits a _s ( ! l(tie/ morality "u ! rhetorical phras+ ( 8 great ,republican ,epic4#aae ,look+ back1 ) some?+ ( regret1 to ! days ( a dom9ant olig>*y1 he does n conceal ! lic5ti\sness :i* society h>b\r$ b5ea? ! sway ( ! lat] ,optimates1 & he turns mo/ly to ,cato z ! type :i* he w\ld fa9 accept z repres5tative ( ! true ,roman patrician3-- 8,nam cui cr$id]im ,sup]os arcana daturos ,dicturosque magis quam sancto v]a ,catoni80#aaf ,! noble l9es 9 :i* ,cato refuses to consult ! ,libyan oracle--,non exploratum populis ,ammona rel9qu5s--are well kn[n1 & express a highly e?ical view ( ! div9e adm9i/ration ( ! _w3-- 8,hremus cuncti sup]is1 temploque tac5te ,nil facimus non sponte ,dei3 nec vocibus ullis ,num5 agit3 dixitque semel nasc5tibus auctor ,quicquid scire licet3 /]iles nec legit ar5as ,ut can]et paucis1 m]sitque hoc pulv]e v]um4 ,e/ne ,dei s$es nisi t]ra et pontus et a] ,et clum et virtus8 ,sup]os quid qurimus ultra8 ,juppit] e/ quodcunque vides quocunque mov]is40#aag ,8 bit+ s>casms on ^? :o ex]cise ! art ( ,magic are conceiv$ 9 ! same _s ( l(ty rev]5ce = ! ,div9e ,nature1#aah & he w\ld fa9 believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l z a /imulus to virtue & self-abnegation 9 ! pres5t life4#aai ,! philosoph]s are m>k$ by ! same /r5u\s s]i\sness z ! poets4 ,! lett]s ( ,s5eca to ,lucilius are /ill an ,en*iridion = ^? t love virtue1 & ?\gh !re 71 d\btless1 9 ! ranks ( ! philosoph]s "s :o des]v$ ! f]ocity ( ,juv5al2 "s :o laid !mselves op5 to ! s>casms ( ,s5eca's fri5d1 ,m>cell9us2#abj "s l ,eux5us1 an e>ly tea*] ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 8:o did n c>e mu* to con=m ! actions ( 8 life0 to ! t5ets ( ! philosophy he pr(ess$2#aba "s :o resembl$ ! ,cynics :o haunt$ ! /reets & temple gates ( ,alex&ria1 & did no?+1 z ,dion said1 8b tea* fools to laugh at ,philosophy20#abb yet x is beyond controv]sy t philosoph]s at ?is "t 7 g5]ally recogniz$ z ! moral tea*]s ( society1 & contribut$ l>gely1 bo? z dome/ic *apla9s l ,fronto1 & evangeli/ic prea*]s l ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 to ! spread ( t virtue ^: praise & admiration are s conspicu\s & s9c]e 9 ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s ( ! p]iod4 ,! contra/ pres5t$ by ! ,sophi/s1 ) _! artificial graces & _! luxuri\s lives1 only s]v$ to emphasize ! wor? ( ! true philosoph]1 & :5 a ,sophi/ turn$ r\nd ^u 8 c>e]1 & det]m9$ to lead a virtu\s life1 he jo9$ ! ranks ( ^? :o pr(ess$ philosophy4#abc ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5tly recurr5t signs ( ! ess5tial love ( virtue exhibit$ by ?is age is ! con/ant & /r5u\s insi/5ce t practice mu/ con=m to pr(ession2 & t hypocrisy is almo/ 9 ! condition ( a c>d9al vice4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be ass]t$ t ! passionate eag]ness display$ t\*+ ! importance ( be+ true 9 act to ! explicit utt]ances ( ,philosophy is b a sign ( consci\s weakness 9 well-do+2 & t a tru] virtue w\ld h giv5 effect to itself )\t all ?is noisy prea*+4 ,b a recognition ( "o's own feebl5ess has subsequ5tly become "o ( ! mo/ laud$ elem5ts ( ! sa9tly "*1 & x is giv5 to v few to blossom g5tly & naturally into t goodness :i* does nei!r /rive nor cry4 ,juv5al's diatribes aga9/ ! ,egnatii ( ,rome are n v diff]5t 9 language1 & h>dly diff]5t at all 9 _s1 f ! attacks ( ,new ,te/am5t writ]s on hypocritical memb]s ( ! ,*ur*es4 ,s f> z ,greece 0 conc]n$1 ?is love ( s9c]ity 0 b a return--f a some:at di/ant lapse--to ! ideal ( p]sonal op5ness pres5t$ 9 ! fam\s words ( ,a*illes3-- 8,= l hell m\? ,i loa? ,:o holds n 9 8 words & ?\ghts "o indi/+ui%$ tro?40#abd ,& n only is practice reg>d$ z ! culm9ation ( !ory1 ! habit =m$ ^u ! active pr9ciple1 ,philosophy1 b ! "q ( p]sonal hon\r is involv$ 9 ! h>mony betwe5 cre$ & de$2 & "o m>k ( di/9ction betwe5 sophi/ & philosoph] is t ! ext]nal app>atus ( ! =m]--88 contract$ br[s & /udi$ gravity ( aspect0--d n indicate ! possession ( ! virtues :i* are ! pride ( ! latt]4#abe ,plut>* frequ5tly lays /r5u\s weight on ?is po9t2#abf ,s5eca1 ,dion1 ,aurelius1 ,epictetus1 ,apuleius1 are cr[d$ ) s]mons on its importance4#abg ,& if pure pr(essions are to be c>ri$ out into pure actions1 !re is a gr[+ s5se t nei!r may impure words be indulg$ 91 ev5 by ^? ^: lives are pure4 ,ev5 s f> z ! composition ( light v]se 0 conc]n$1 a new s5sitiv5ess 0 mak+ itself evid5t4 ,catullus _h said 9 ! old days t a *a/e & pi\s man might legitimately write v]ses ( a lic5ti\s "*1 & ! cat*word _h be5 repeat$ by all ! society poets d[n to ,m>tial4#abh ,b1 ev5 :5 address+ ,domitian1 ,m>tial1 :o ass]ts t 8 life is pure1 begs ! ,emp]or to reg>d 8 lighte/ epigrams ) ! tol]ation due to ! lic5ce ( a c\rt je/]4 ,pl9y1 ! excell5t & respectable ,pl9y1 c\ld n read 8 naughty h5decasyllables 8m]ely to a few fri5ds 9 my private *amb]0 )\t subject+ 8 compositions to s]i\s criticisms 9 ! homes ( ^! fri5ds1 criticisms :i* he /rives to meet by a long display ( great names :o h s9n$ 9 ! same direction2 b b5ea? ?is display 8 uneas9ess peeps =? at e ^w4#abi ,! moral re=mation (ficially inaugurat$ by ,augu/us appe>s1 9 ! light ( ^! indications1 z correspond+ to an increas$ t5d5cy to virtue actually leav5+ ,grco-,roman society4 ,! =mal acts ( ! ,cs>1 ! policy ( 8 m9i/]s1 ! religi\s s5tim5t ( ,horace & ,virgil1 ! ,/oic f]v\r ( ,s5eca & ,lucan1 ! m>tyr _s ( ! ,?raseas & ! ,arrias1 ! tyranniz+ morality ( ,juv5al1 ! k9dly humanity ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ! mission>y en?usiasm ( ,dion1 ! g5tle p]suasiv5ess ( ,plut>*1 are all common indications ( ! good t /ill int]fus$ ! ,roman _w2 all po9t1 z inde$1 _m o!r signs also po9t1 to ! exi/5ce ( a widespread belief t virtu\s ideals & virtu\s actions 7 an inh]itance ( :i* mank9d ought n to all[ itself to be easily depriv$4 ,philosoph]s & politicians1 z !y 7 at "o 9 recogniz+ ! value ( ?is h]itage1 s !y 7 also at "o t\*+ ! g5]al means by :i* its preci\s elem5ts 7 to be invigorat$ & ma9ta9$4 ,z we h already sugge/$1 x is a rem>kable *>act]i/ic ( ! philosophic writ]s ( ?is p]iod--( ,s5eca & ,dion1 ( ,plut>*1 & ev5 ( ,epictetus--t !re is 9 !m no p$antic adhesion to ! fix$ t5ets ( a p>ticul> s*ool4 ,! half-playful boa/ ( ,horace at "o end ( ! p]iod--nullius addictus jur>e 9 v]ba magi/ri#acj--;is reit]at$ ) some?+ ( s>ca/ic emphasis 9 ,epictetus at ! o!r3 8,virtue does n consi/ 9 hav+ und]/ood ,*rysippus40#aca ,s5eca gives expression to ?is preval5t _s ( compromise ) great c\rage & cle>ness4 ,aft] quot+ suo m a c]ta9 nobilis s5t5tia ( ,epicurus1 he says3 8,y mu/ n reg>d ^! expressions z peculi> to ,epicurus2 !y are common prop]ty4 ,! practice :i* obta9s 9 ! ,s5ate %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be adopt$ 9 ,philosophy4 ,:5 a speak] says some?+ ) :i* ,i p>tly agree1 ,i ask him to compromise1 & !n ,i g ) him40#acb ,any?+ 9 ! :ole ga!r$ weal? ( ! ,pa/ :i* promis$ support to a man 9 8 ef=ts to regulate 8 life 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( reason & virtue 0 welcom$ & made available = ! uses ( morality by ! selective p[] ( ,philosophy4 ,h5ce ,plut>* levies contributions on philosoph]s1 poets1 legislators2 on ,hell5ic & ,b>b>ian ,religions2 on ,my/]ies1 ,oracles1 private utt]ances2 on ! :ole complex civilization ( ! ,grco-,roman _w1 & ! civilizations :i* x _h absorb$ or dom9at$2 on ev]y?+1 9 fact1 :i*1 f its antiquity1 or its possession ( national or individual au?ority1 c\ld be made available = e/abli%+ ! practice ( virtue on ! sanction ( an anci5t & inali5able f\ndation4 ,! object ( ! foll[+ pages is to scrut9ize ! results ( ?is appeal to ! ,pa/1 z !y are pres5t$ 9 ! 8,e?ics0 ( ,plut>*1 & to arrange 9 "s k9d ( ord] ! v>i\s elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,plut>*'s attitude t[>ds ,pagan beliefs m>k$ by a _s ( rev]5t rationalism--,! ?ree recogniz$ s\rces ( ,religion3 ,poetry1 ,philosophy1 & ,law or ,cu/om--,! contribution ( ea* to be exam9$ by ,reason ) ! object ( avoid+ bo? ,sup]/ition & ,a!ism3 ,reason ! 8,my/agogue0 ( ,religion--,provisional examples ( ,plut>*'s me?od 9 ! ?ree sph]es--,8 reluctance to press rationalism too f>--,8 piety p>tly expla9$ by 8 recognition ( ! div9e mission ( ,rome--,abs5ce ( dogmatism 9 8 tea*+4 ,! "q :i* meets u on ! v ?re%old ( an inquiry into ! religi\s views & moral tea*+s ( ,plut>* is t involv$ 9 a def9ition ( 8 attitude t[>ds ! popul> fai?4 ,8 desire to =m a consi/5t body ( doctr9e out ( its het]og5e\s & *aotic elem5ts is n s int5se z to bl9d him to ! difficulties ( ! task4 ,poets1 legislators1 & philosoph]s h jo9tly contribut$ to ! =mation ( ! 8anci5t & h]$it>y ,fai?10 & ,philosophy1 ,law1 & ,poetry1 avoid reconciliation to z great a degree z1 9 ! days ( ,solon1 ! fam\s ,attic factions ( ! ,p>aloi1 ! ,epakrioi1 & ! ,p$ieis1 to ! pacification ( ^: int]nec9e animosities ! policy ( t /atesman 0 direct$4 ,! gods ( ! philosoph]s are l ! ,immortals ( ,p9d>3-- 8,n dea? !y "k1 nor age1 nor toil & pa91 ,& he> n ,a*]on's deep & solemn /ra940#acc ,philosophy1 too1 rejects ! ,/rifes1 ! ,pray]s1 ! ,t]rors1 & ! ,fe>s1 :i* ,hom]ic poesy elevates to ! div9e rank4#acd ,its tea*+s1 moreov]1 are (t5 at v>iance ) religi\s practices e/abli%$ or recogniz$ by ,law & ,prescription1 z :5 ,x5ophanes *id ! ,egyptians = lam5t+ ,osiris z a mortal1 :ile yet wor%ipp+ him z a god4 ,poets & legislators1 9 _! turn1 refuse to recognize ! metaphysical conceptions--8,ideas1 ,numb]s1 ,unities1 ,spirits0--:i* philosoph]s--,platoni/s1 ,py?agoreans1 & ,/oics--h put 9 ! place ( ,deity4#ace ,?is cla%+ ( discordant elem5ts 9 ! mass ( ! popul> tradition is audible 9 ,plut>*'s exposition ( 8 own views2 a fact :i* is less to be wond]$ at :5 we accept ! h9t furni%$ 9 ! allusion to ,osiris j quot$1 & note t ,plut>* w n conf9e 8 ef=ts1 z 8arbitrator betwe5 ! ?ree ,factions :i* dispute ab\t ! nature ( ! ,gods10 to ! sph]e ( ,grco-,roman ,my?ology4#acf ,b al?\gh he w sit 9 turn at ! feet ( poets1 philosoph]s1 & legislators1 borr[+1 f ,sci5ce1 ,cu/om1 ,tradition alike1 any tea*+ :i* promises e?ical usefulness1 he frequ5tly insi/s1 bo? 9 g5]al t]ms & 9 p>ticul> discussions on po9ts ( practical morals1 t ,reason mu/ be ! f9al judge ( :at is wor?y ( selection z ! basis ( moral action4 ,philosophy1 9 8 beautiful metaphor1 s full ( solemn mean+ to a ,greek e>1 mu/ be our ,my/agogue to ,!ology3 we mu/ borr[ ,reason f ,philosophy1 & take h] z our guide to ! my/]ies ( ,religion1 rev]5tly submitt+ e detail ( cre$ or practice to h] au?ority4#acg ,we %all !n avoid ! *>ge t we take ) our left h& :at our tea*]s--our legislative1 my?ological1 philosophic in/ructors--h (f]$ ) _! "r4 ,! select+ & controll+ p[] ( ,reason1 appli$ to philosophical discussions1 w enable u to atta9 to a becom+ conception ( ! nature ( ! ,deity2 appli$ to ! matt] ( ,my?ology1 x w enable u to reject ! n>ratives1 at once discr$itable & impossible1 :i* h become curr5t respect+ ! traditional gods2 &1 9 ! sph]e ( ,law & ,cu/om1 x w enable u correctly to int]pret ! legal ord9ances & e/abli%$ rules connect$ ) sacrifices & o!r religi\s celebrations4 ,! assumption :i* inspires all ,plut>*'s argum5ts on matt]s ( ,religion is t ^! ?ree s\rces supply a rational basis = belief & conduct3 b t sup]/ition on ! "o h&1 & a!i/ic misrepres5tation on ! o!r1 h done s mu* to obscure ! true pr9ciples ( belief t ,philosophy mu/ analyse ! :ole mat]ial ov] aga91 & dissociate ! rational & ! pure f crude exagg]ations & un9tellig5t accretions4#ach ,x mu/ be admitt$ t he applies no def9ite rules ( criticism1 con/ructs no sci5tifically exact sy/em ( analysis1 prop\nds no infallible dogmas4 ,8 canon is ! g5]al ta/e & good s5se ( ! educat$ man2 a canon :i*1 vague z x may seem1 is bas$ ^u an intellig5t k ( ! practical ne$s ( life1 & produces results :i* are applicable 9 a rem>kable degree to ! satisfaction ( su* ne$s4 ,z provisional illu/rations ( ,plut>*'s me?od 9 ! ?ree sph]es ( ,philosophy1 ,my?ology1 & ,national ,cu/om1 we may note ! discussion on ! nature ( ,god 9 ! 8,de apud ,delphos10 ! criticism ( ! great national poets ( ,greece 9 ! 8,quomodo adolesc5s poetas audire debeat10 & ! rem>ks 9 ! 8,de ,iside et ,osiride0 conc]n+ c]ta9 religi\s practices 9 ! wor%ip ( ^! two ,egyptian deities4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$ tract ! o/5sible subjects ( discussion are ! nature & attributes ( ,apollo2 b x soon becomes q cle> t ! argum5t is conc]n$ ) ! nature ( ,deity itself r ?an ) ! functions ( ! traditional god4 8,we con/antly he> !ologians ass]t+ & repeat+ 9 v]se & 9 prose t ! nature ( ,god is et]nal & incorruptible1 b t ?is nature1 by ! op]ation ( an intellig5t & inevitable law1 effects c]ta9 *anges 9 its own =m4 ,at "o "t ,god r$uces all nature to uni=mity by *ang+ ,8 sub/ance to fire2 &1 aga91 9 a great v>iety ( ways1 "u _m =ms1 ent]s into ! ph5om5al _w4#aci 444 ,philosoph]s1 9 _! desire to conceal ^! high matt]s f ! common h]d1 call ,god's transmutation into fire by two names--,apollo1 to express ,8 unity2 ,phbus1 to describe ,8 cle>-%9+ purity4 ,to d5ote ,god's suff]+ ! *ange ( ,8 nature into air & wat] & e>? & />s1 & ! v>i\s species ( plants & animals1 !y figuratively tell ( #8te>+s asund]' & #8dismemb]+s1' & 9 ^! aspects ,he is v>i\sly call$ ,dionysus1 ,zagru1 ,nyktelius1 & ,isodaites1 & ,8 #8de/ructions' & #8disappe>ances1' ,8 #8dea?' & ,8 #8resurrection1' are inv5tions1 enigmas1 & my?s1 fitt+ly express+1 = ! g5]al e>1 ! true nature ( ! *anges 9 ,god's ess5ce 9 ! =mation ( ! _w40#adj ,plut>* "h repres5ts himself z ! speak]2 & :ile ,ammonius1 :o 0 ,plut>*'s ma/]1#ada & is always spok5 ( by him ) ! greate/ rev]5ce1 is subsequ5tly introduc$ z tak+ a diff]5t view ( ! processes by :i* ,god produc$ ! _w ( ph5om5a1 yet nei!r does he dep>t f ! rational /&po9t 9 8 view ( ! t]ms "u discussion4#adb ,9 allusion to ^! t]ms1 z expla9$ by ,plut>* f ! ,/oical view ( ! ,div9e ,nature1#adc he says1 8,surely ,god w\ld be a less dignifi$ figure ?an ! *ild 9 ! poem1#add s9ce ! pa/ime :i* ! *ild plays ) m]e s&1 build+ ca/les to ?r[ !m d[n aga91 ,god w\ld ?us be ev] play+ ) ! univ]se4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,god has my/]i\sly cem5t$ ! univ]se toge!r1 ov]com+ t natural weakness 9 x :i* t5ds p]petually to annihilation4 ,x is ! function ( "s o!r god1 or1 r1 ( "s dmon1 appo9t$ to direct nature 9 ! processes ( g5]ation & de/ruction1 to d & suff] ^! *anges40 ,9 bo? ^! views ! lit]al acceptation ( ! my?ological names is repudiat$1 & ! two diff] only 9 t ! ,/oics quot$ 9 ,plut>*'s spee* make ! ,supreme ,rul] modify ,8 ess5ce to ! production ( ph5om5a1 :ile ,ammonius relegates t function to a subord9ate p[]2 keep+ 8 ,platonic ,demiurgus pure f ^! undignifi$ metamorphoses4 ,x w subsequ5tly appe>1 :5 we come to deal ) ! ,dmonology ( ,plut>*1 t ! latt] view is ! "o he also actually accept$4 ,! discussion1 at any rate1 furni%es a capital in/ance ( :at ,plut>* means by 8 ass]tion t ,reason mu/ be ,my/agogue to ,!ology4 ,my?ological t]ms mu/ be exam9$ by ,reason be=e _! mean+ c be accept$ z an elem5t 9 religi\s tea*+4 ,! p>ticul> view tak5 ( ! expressions is left to ! ta/e or philosophic b5t ( ! individual critic3 to ,academic or ,/oic reason+s2 ! only ess5tial is t ! crude lit]al mean+ ( ! t]ms %all be repudiat$ z discordant ) a rational e/imate ( ! ,div9e ,nature4#ade ,9 ! critical essay1 8,quomodo adolesc5s poetas audire debeat10 ! same me?od is appli$ to ! :ole religi\s & moral tea*+ ( ! national poets4 ,h[ev] great ,plut>*'s admiration = ,plato z man & philosoph] may be1 8 s\nd s5se ( :at is practicable 9 common life prev5ts him f subject+ ! anci5t poetry ( ,greece1 z an elem5t 9 e?ical culture1 to ! impossible /&>d ( ! 8,republic10 & he !re=e1 on ?is "q1 opposes ,/oic & ,p]ipatetic wisdom to ! tea*+ ( a ,ma/] ) ^: sublime views he (t5 f9ds himself 9 agreem5t4#adf ,?r\gh\t ! :ole "w he applies ! t\*/one ( common s5se to all ! beauties & all ! b>b>ities ( ! traditional leg5ds z embodi$ 9 ,epic & ,tragic poetry4 ,reason & common s5se admit ! high value ( imag9ative lit]ature 9 e?ical education1 & reason & common s5se decide :at practical advice %all be giv5 to y\?ful /ud5ts ( fiction1 9 ord] t moral lessons may be driv5 home1 immoral incid5ts1 descriptions1 & *>act]s made h>mless1 or ev5 b5eficial1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ev5 purely /hetic consid]ations are n neglect$4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! 8,de ,iside et ,osiride0 ,plut>* deals fully ) num]\s examples ( religi\s practices com+ "u 8 ?ird description ( ! s\rces ( religi\s belief1 t1 namely1 ( ,law or e/abli%$ ,cu/om4 ,he discusses _! mean+ 9 ! light ( a pr9ciple :i* he /ates z foll[s3--8,9 ! religi\s in/itutions 7connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,osiris7 no?+ has become e/abli%$ :i*1 h[ev] x may appe> irrational1 my?ical1 sup]/iti\s1 has n "s moral or salut>y reason1 or "s +5i\s hi/orical or physical explanation40#adg ,he is n always successful 9 8 se>* aft] a moral mean+1 or ev5 an +5i\s hi/orical or physical explanation1 9 ! cu/oms :i* he subjects to analysis4 ,! rational attitude1 h[ev]1 is unmi/akable1 & ^! introductory rem>ks1 p]sonal z !y may be to ! prie/ess ,clea1 & deta*$ f ! ma9 body ( ! "w1 yet /& 9 a true h>mony ) :at we %all h]eaft] see to be its ess5tial purpose1 to %[1 namely1 t :ile ,philosophy c grasp ! ,highe/ )\t ! int]v5tion ( my? or in/itution1 x c also aid a pure conception ( ! ,highe/ by /udy+ ! my?s & in/itutions :i* =eign peoples h discov]$ & creat$ z int]m$i>ies betwixt !mselves & ! ,highe/4 ,b 9 spite ( ! important "p ?us assign$ to ,reason 9 settl+ disput$ matt]s ( fai?1 & arbitrat+ on po9ts ( national & individual e?ics1 ,plut>* makes x cle> t ,piety & ,patriotism h claims 9 ?is matt] :i* are actually en=c$ by ,reason 9 h] select+ & purify+ rle4 ,if he _h se51 z 8 age c\ld n see1 & z we c see1 t ,reason c only be ! ,my/agogue to ,religion 9 a v limit$ degree1 he w\ld probably h be5 patriot fir/ & philosoph] aft]w>ds1 or w\ld1 p]haps1 h accept$ ! compromise ( ,cotta1 & play$ ea* "p 9 turn z public or private necessities dictat$4 ,b ! crux does n arise1 & ,plut>*'s position nev] really has ! inconsi/5cy :i*1 c>elessly consid]$1 x appe>s to h1 because he is hone/ly conv9c$ t :at ,reason rejects 9 ! national fai?1 x is good = ! national fai? t x %\ld be depriv$ (4 ,h5ce x is possible to give examples ( ,plut>*'s views 9 ?is direction )\t assum+ t he =got :at prospect lay 9 exactly ! opposite direction4 ,h5ce he c quote ,ammonius z beautifully t5d] 9 8 expressions t[>ds ^? :o are b\nd up 9 ! lit]al realisms ( ! ,hell5ic fai?4 8,yet mu/ we ext5d gratitude & love to ^? :o believe t ,apollo & ! ,sun are ! same1 because !y atta* _! idea ( ,god to t :i* !y mo/ hon\r & desire ( any?+ !y "k4 ,!y n[ see ! ,god z 9 a mo/ beautiful dream3 let u awak5 !m & summon !m to take an upw>d flight1 s t !y may behold 8 real vision & 8 ess5ce1 ?\gh /ill !y may rev]e 8 type1 ! ,sun1 & wor%ip ! life-giv+ pr9ciple 9 t type2 :i*1 s f> z c be done by a p]ceptible object on behalf ( an invisible ess5ce1 by a transi5t image on behalf ( an et]nal orig9al1 scatt]s ) my/]i\s spl5d\r ?r\gh ! univ]se "s radiance ( ! grace & glory t abide 9 ,8 pres5ce40#adh ,n only ?r\gh ! dramatic m$ium ( ano!r p]sonality1 b also :5 speak+ 8 own ?\ght directly1 ,plut>* alludes ) a s9c]e & t\*+ sympa?y to ! duties & practices ( ! anci5t fai?4 ,! fir/ h9t ( consolation convey$ to 8 fri5d ,apollonius on ! dea? ( 8 son is giv5 9 words :i* feel+ly depict ! y\? z embody+ ! anci5t ,hell5ic ideals 9 8 attitude t[>ds ! gods1 & 8 conduct t[>ds 8 p>5ts & fri5ds4#adi ,! conv]se ( ?is attitude is indicat$ 9 _m passages :]e he deprecates a too inquisitive be>+ 9 ! face ( que/ions naturally involv$ 9 ! d\bt cl\d+ _m anci5t traditions ( a religi\s "*4 ,! great discussion on 8,! ,cessation ( ! ,oracles0 comm5ces ) a repro( direct$ at ^? :o 8w\ld te/ an anci5t religi\s tradition l a pa9t+1 by ! t\*0 & 9 ! 8,amatorius0 full play is all[$ to ! exposition ( a simil> view1 a view1 inde$1 :i* dom9ates ! :ole ( ?is fasc9at+ dialogue4 ,pemptides1 "o ( ! speak]s1 :o rails lightly at love z a disease1 is will+ to le>n :at 0 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o fir/ proclaim$ t passion z a god4 ,he is answ]$ by ! mo/ important speak] 9 ! conv]sation1 a speak] ^: "n is n giv5 9 ! report1 :i* is repres5t$ z furni%$ by "o ( ?is speak]'s sons f _! fa!r's acc\nt4 8,our fa!r1 address+ ,pemptides by "n1 said1 #8,y are1 9 my op9ion1 comm5c+ ) great ra%ness to discuss matt]s :i* ought n to be discuss$ at all1 :5 y ask a reason = e detail ( our belief 9 ! gods4 ,our anci5t h]$it>y fai? is suffici5t1 & a bett] argum5t ?an ?is c\ld n be discov]$ or describ$4 ,b if ?is f\ndation & support ( all piety be %ak51 & its /ability & ! hon\r$ beliefs t cl+ to x be di/urb$1 x w be und]m9$ & no "o w reg>d x z secure4 ,& if y dem& pro(s ab\t e "o ( ! gods1 lay+ a pr(ane h& on e temple1 & br++ sophi/ical sm>tness to be> on e %r9e1 no?+ w be safe f y\r pe]+ eyes & pry+ f+]s4 ,:at an abyss ( ,a!ism op5s b5ea? u1 if we resolve e deity into a passion1 a p[]1 or a virtu\s activity6'0#aej ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 an extreme conv5tional view1 b ! fact1 t x is put s fully1 at lea/ argues ,plut>*'s sympa?y ) x1 ?\gh he w\ld n1 9 8 own p]son1 h p9n$ himself d[n to s unqualifi$ an expression ( x4 ,x w be not$ t 9 ?is "p ( ! dialogue ! gods only are "u discussion1 :]eas 9 reg>d to tradition on o!r elem5ts 9 ! anci5t fai? ! same speak] subsequ5tly repres5ts himself z nei!r altoge!r a believ] nor a disbeliev]1 & he proce$s to se>*1 9 ,plut>*'s own special way1 = 8fa9t & dim emanations ( tru? disp]s$ ab\t among ! my?ologies ( ! ,egyptians40#aea ,plut>*'s l(ty idea ( ! passion ( ,love may h induc$ him 9 ?is1 z 8 /r5u\s moral aim did 9 s _m o!r in/ances1 to emphasize = ! mom5t any p>ticul> aspect ( ! anci5t fai? :i* appe>$ likely to furni% inspiration to ! realization ( noble e?ical ideals4 ,he is anxi\s1 at all ev5ts1 t 8 purely rational argum5ts %all n c>ry him too f>1 z1 on "o occasion1 aft] a long disquisition1 ! und\bt$ purport ( :i* is to ref] oracul> inspiration to subt]rane\s fumes & exhalations1 or1 z "o ( ! speak]s says1 8to accid5t & natural means10 ,plut>* 78,lamprias0 "h is cle>ly a ?9 disguise ( ,plut>* himself7 is di/urb$ & confus$ t he %\ld be ?\ght desir\s ( refut+ any 8true & religi\s0 op9ions recogniz$ ) respect to ! ,deity2 & he =?) proce$s to prove t x is q possible to inve/igate natural ph5om5a = second>y causes1 :ile recogniz+ a f9al cause 9 ! creative ,deity4#aeb ,n only does ,plut>* sympa?ize ) ^? :o accept ) pi\s simplicity ! t5ets ( ! 8anci5t & h]$it>y ,fai?20 n only does he deprecate too sev]e a h&l+ ( religi\s que/ions2 b he is also eag] to support 8 view ( a subject by %[+ t x is n out ( h>mony ) ! traditions or prescriptions ( ! national belief4 ,conclud+ t consolatory lett] to 8 wife ^u ! dea? ( _! little daught]1 :i* is ! mo/ humane & natural expression ( sympa?y left u by antiquity1 he tries to %[ t ^? :o die "y w e>li] feel at home 9 ! o!r _w ?an ^? ^: long life on e>? has habituat$ _! s\ls to a condition s diff]5t f t :i* exi/s 8beyond ! gates ( ,hades10 & he says t ?is is a tru? :i* becomes cle>] 9 ! light ( ! anci5t & h]$it>y cu/oms4#aec ,no libations are p\r$ = ! "y t are dead4 ,!y h no %>e 9 e>?1 nor 9 ! ?+s ( e>?4 ,! laws d n all[ m\rn+ = *ildr5 ( su* t5d] ye>s1 8because !y h gone to dwell 9 a bett] l&1 & to %>e a div9] lot40 ,& he adds1 8,i "k t ^! que/ions are involv$ 9 great unc]ta9ty2 b s9ce to disbelieve is m difficult ?an to believe1 9 ext]nal matt]s let u act z ! laws enjo91 :ile )9 we become m *a/e1 & holy1 & undefil$40#aed ,x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ,plut>* 0 long a prie/ ( ! ,delphian ,apollo1 & t ! duties ( ?is position respond$ to "s int]nal ne$ ( 8 s\l1 & 7 n reg>d$ by him z a m]ely (ficial dignity1 is prov$ by ! mann] 9 :i* he alludes to ! subject4 ,he is speak+ on "o occasion ( ! _m indications :i* ! %r9e gives ( resum+ its =m] 8weal?1 & spl5d\r1 & hon\r10 & he congratulates himself on ! zeal\s & useful "p he has tak5 9 aid+ ! "w ( ?is revival4#aee ,he m5tions two fri5ds z co-work]s 9 ! sacr$ task1 & appe>s also to felicitate a c]ta9 ,roman ,gov]nor ( ,a*aia on simil> gr\nds4 ,b he rev]5tly proce$s to make x q cle> t x is ! god himself :o is ! ultimate cause ( ^! return+ bless+s4 8,b x is n possible t s great a trans=mation %\ld h tak5 place 9 s %ort a "t ?r\gh human activity1 unless ! god 7 pres5t & cont9u+ to inspire 8 oracle10 & he concludes by c5sur+ ^? :o1 9 _! inability to disc]n ! motive actuat+ ! div9e me?ods ) mank9d1 8dep>t condemn+ ! god1 in/ead ( blam+ u or !mselves1 t !y _c1 by reason1 discov] ! int5tion ( ! god40#aef ,plut>*'s attitude ( m ?an tol]ance to ! 8anci5t & h]$it>y ,fai?10 an attitude :i* is1 ( c\rse1 n inconsi/5t ) 8 desire to place t ,fai? on a rational basis1 is p>tly explicable 9 ! light ( 8 emphatic gratitude to ! exi/+ political con/itution ( ! ,grco-,roman _w4 ,he w\ld h be5 an admirable co-work] ) ,mc5as-- #aeg--;9 c>ry+ out ! religi\s re=ms ( ,augu/us4 ,he reg>d$ ! welf>e ( ,society & ! ,/ate1 ( ! family & ! individual citiz51 z b\nd up ) a belief 9 ! gods ^: ag5cy 0 s cle>ly visible 9 br++ ! _w to t /ate ( p]fection :i* x n[ enjoy$1 & :i* promis$ to be et]nal4 ,no "o n[ ev5 dream$ ( d\bt+ ! id5tity ( ! gods ( ,rome ) ^? ( ,greece1 & ,plut>* c>ries ! id5tification to ! ext5t ( includ+ ! gods ( almo/ e p con/itut+ ! ,roman ,empire4#aeh ,^! univ]sal p[]s _h ! _w 9 _! provid5tial c>e1 & ,rome 0 ! div9ely *os5 in/rum5t ( _! b5efic5t purposes4 ,! ,emp]or is ! depository ( ! sacr$ gov]n+ p[] ( ! _w4#aei ,:5 ,tib]ius %ut himself up 9 ,capre1 ?is div9e pot5cy nev] left him4 ,& ?\gh expressions ( ?is k9d may be int]pret$ z a m]ely =mal recognition ( ! (ficial dignity ( ! ,head ( ! ,_w1 ,plut>*'s _m eloqu5t descriptions ( ! bless+s ( ! ,pax ,romana leave u 9 no d\bt respect+ ! "* ( 8 views on ?is subject4 8,i welcome & approve10 says ,!on1 8! pres5t position ( affairs1 & ! subjects ab\t :i* we n[ consult ! oracle4 ,= !re n[ reigns among u a great peace & calm4 ,w> has ceas$4 ,expulsions1 s$itions1 tyrannies1 are no m1 & _m o!r diseases & disa/]s :i* torm5t$ ,greece1 & dem&$ p[]ful rem$ies1 are n[ heal$4 ,h5ce ! oracle is no long] consult$ on matt]s difficult1 secret1 & my/]i\s1 b on common que/ions ( ev]yday life4 ,ev5 ! mo/ important oracles address$ to cities are conc]n$ ) crops & h]ds1 & matt]s affect+ ! public heal?40#afj ,9 ! 8,prcepta ,g]5d ,reipublic0 he is /ill m outspok5 9 8 praise ( ! ,roman adm9i/ration1 & 9 8 recognition ( ! opportunities :i* x gives = ! culture ( ! individual "* )9 ! limits ( a greatly g5]\s sway4 ,plut>*1 z is well kn[n1 0 gift$ ) a patriotic reg>d = ! old a*ievem5ts ( ! ,hell5ic "n1 b he recognizes ) s ke5 an insight ! great "w be+ accompli%$ by ,rome 9 ! fo/]+ ( municipal in/itutions1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a peace :i* meant ! undi/urb$ happ9ess ( millions ( obscure families1#afa t1 9 ! sph]e ( practical politics1 he delib]ately turns away f ! gr\p ( inspir+ ideas connect$ ) anci5t ,hell5ic patriotism4 ,he alludes coldly1 p]haps ev5 sne]+ly1 to su* ( 8 contempor>ies z fanci$ !y c\ld apply ! anci5t traditions ( glory to ^? late & unseasonable times1 l little *ildr5 :o w\ld try to we> _! fa!r's s&als2#afb c\nsels a complete submission to ! duly appo9t$ ,roman au?orities2 fully p]suad$ t )9 ! limits ( _! supremacy !re is z mu* fre$om z a reasonable man c\ld desire to enjoy2 & hone/ly claims to f9d scope1 9 a little ,botian t[n%ip1 = su* political ambition z c\ld be safely & wisely indulg$4#afc ,x is n difficult to sne] at ! prud5tial limitation ( patriotism to su* petty1 insignificant1 & meagre ef=ts z ! sup]9t5d5ce ( bricks & mort> & ! c>t+ ( municipal rubbi%2 b ! wis] ?+ is to note t ,plut>*'s opposition to va9 fancies ( ! revival ( ! anci5t ,hell5ic spl5d\r1 except p]haps 9 su* a =m z a ,hadrian might be incl9$ to revive x 9 an artificial ,panhell5ium1 is bas$ on ! conviction t happ9ess dep5ds ^u ! free developm5t ( individual "*1 ! unre/rict$ enjoym5t ( dome/ic peace1 ! undi/urb$ int]c\rse ( social life2 & he knew t ! ,roman sway made x possible1 = ,greeks at any rate1 to enjoy ^! bless+s to a degree nev] previ\sly kn[n 9 _! *equ]$ hi/ory4#afd ,) a cle> recognition ( ! hi/orical causes ( ! political decad5ce ( ,hell5ism1 he reg>ds civic discord z ! evil :i* mo/ dem&s ! att5tion ( ^? :o /ill seek opportunities = public action1 & he is p>ticul>ly grateful to ! /rong h& ( ,rome = controll+ ! int]nec9e animosities ( ,greek cities4 8,consid]10 says he1 8our position ) reg>d to ^? bless+s :i* are c\nt$ z ! greate/ t a city c enjoy3 ,peace1 ,fre$om1 ,f]tility ( ,soil1 ,increase ( ,population1 ,dome/ic ,concord4 ,z reg>ds ,peace1 our peoples h no pres5t ne$ ( politicians4 ,e ,greek w>1 e ,b>b>ian w>1 has vani%$ f among u4 ,= ,fre$om1 our peoples enjoy z mu* z _! rul]s all[ !m1 & a great] %>e w\ld p]haps n be any bett] = !m4 ,= f9e seasons & pl5tiful h>ve/s1 = families ( #8*ildr5 l _! sires1' & = graci\s aid to ! new-born *ild1 ! good man 9 8 pray]s w invoke ! gods on behalf ( 8 fell[-citiz5s40#afe ,z = civic concord1 t1 he says1 is 9 our own p[]1 & ^? :o desire a life ( political activity c\ld n d bett] ?an devote !mselves to ! task ( spread+ h>mony & fri5d%ip among _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,! peace :i* ! ,romans h e/abli%$ 9 ! _w makes x possible to develop "* on ^! social l9es1 & he recognizes1 9 a pregnant comp>ison1 t ! fre$om :i* ! ,greeks enjoy is suffici5t to all[ ! fulle/ play to ! developm5t ( _! own moral "*4 ,! drama is compos$ & /ag$3 ! prompt] /&s beh9d ! sc5e ready ) ! cue3 b ! play] c give 8 own int]pretation ( ! "* he repres5ts1 ?\gh rememb]+ t a slip may meet ) a worse fate ?an m]e hiss+ 9 ! audi5ce4#aff ,plut>* is cle>ly ( op9ion t ?is /ate ( ?+s is be/ = 8 fell[-c\ntrym54 ,he is z firmly conv9c$ ( ! div9e mission ( ,rome z ev] 0 ,virgil or any o!r patriotic ,roman4#afg ,9 8 tract 8,de ,=tuna ,romanorum10 he discusses ! "q :e!r ! greatness ( ,rome 0 due to or 1 or1 z he expresses ! anti!sis 9 ano!r place1 to or --to ,*ance or to ,provid5ce1 we may translate1 if we recognize t "h ,*ance is ! div9e elem5t1 & ,provid5ce ! human4#afh ,9 o!r words1 is ! gr&eur ( ,rome ! result ( human virtue & =e?\ght1 or is x a direct gift ( ! ,deity to mank9d8 ,he decides 9 ! latt] s5se1 ?\gh conc$+ mu* to ! val\r ( individual ,romans2 & 8 incid5tal expressions ( op9ion be> z mu* evid5ce to ! div9ely inspir$ & div9ely guid$ "* ( ,roman adm9i/ration z is borne by 8 def9ite conclusion4 ,he says t1 :i*ev] way ! "q is decid$1 x c only r$\nd to ! glory ( ,rome to be ! subject ( a discussion :i* has hi!rto be5 conf9$ to ! great natural ph5om5a ( ! univ]se--! e>?1 ! sea1 ! heav5s1 & ! />s4 ,8 v words are curi\sly rem9isc5t ( ,virgil's r]um pul*]rima1 ,roma 7 71#afi z he tells h[ ,"t1 9 conc]t ) ! ,deity1 laid ! f\ndations ( ,rome1 h>moniz+ to t end ! influ5ce ( ,=tune & ,virtue alike1 ?us e/abli%+ = all ! nations ( mank9d a sacr$ he>?1 a h>b\r & a re/+-place1 8an an*orage f ! w&]+ seas0 ( human /ress & turmoil1 a pr9ciple ( et]nity amid ! evanesc5ce & mutability ( o!r ?+s4 ,he describes ) great vig\r ( language ! in/ability ( ! _w "u ! dom9ation ( o!r ,empires1 until ,rome acquir$ h] full /r5g? & spl5d\r1 & br\ght peace & security & p]man5ce among ^! w>r+ elem5ts4#agj ,be+ s satisfi$ ) ! con/itution ( ! _w1 x is natural t ,plut>* %\ld h no?+ b rev]5t words = ! et]nal p[]s ^: guidance _h l$ to s happy a disposition ( human affairs4 ,h[ev] mu* ,philosophy %\ld endeav\r to free ! m9d f ! crude & vulg> elem5ts 9 ! 8anci5t & h]$it>y ,fai?10 %e mu/ nev] be tempt$ to pr(ess o!r ?an ! mo/ pi\s belief 9 its fundam5tal tru? & "r2 & ! ultimate aim ( ,philosophy mu/ be to /r5g!n & revive ! anci5t ,religion by free+ x f inconsi/5cies & crudities :i*1 s long z !y appe>$ to be an ess5tial "p ( ! sy/em1 only exi/$ to %ock ! pi\s & to enc\rage a!ism4 ,plut>*'s attitude t[>ds ! anci5t ,fai? may ?us be def9$ z "o ( patriotic acceptance modifi$ by philosophic criticism2 n t criticism :i* tries ev]y?+ f ! fix$ /&po9t ( a set ( rules logically irrefutable3 b t :i* is really ! _s ( rationalism p]vad+ all philosophies alike4 ,if ,plut>*'s attitude is t ( a ,platoni/1 x is t ( a ,platoni/ ^: exp]i5ce ( ord9>y human affairs1 & ^: recognition ( _! importance 9 ,philosophy1 h compell$ him to modify ! g5u9e tea*+ ( ! ,ma/] into some?+ l ! _s ( compromise *>act]iz+ ! lat] ,academics4 ,8 tea*+ is n ! philosophic despotism ( ,plato2 x might easily be *>act]iz$ z 8plebeian10#aga z ,epicureanism 0 by ,cic]o1 or 8commonplace10 z ,ari/otle has be5 describ$ by ,platoni/s4 ,x brea!s t free _s ( tru? :i* bids e man1 :e!r he is a practis$ philosoph] or n1 or ev5 if he has n /udi$ ma!matics1 to give a reason = ! fai? t is 9 him3 to apply ! t\*/one ( 8 own practical exp]i5ce & native intellig5ce to ! doma9 ( ,e?ics & ,religion z to ! doma9 ( e-day life1 because1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! doma9 ( e-day life is ! doma9 ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 ,! dictum ( ,hesiod1 en=c$ by ,ari/otle & appli$ 9 practice by ! ,epicureans1 & by ! ,/oics1 is ! keynote ( ! tea*+ ( ,plut>*3--8,he is mo/ excell5t ( all1 :o judges ( all ?+s = himself40 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,plut>*'s ,!ology--,8 conception ( ,god n a pure metaphysical ab/raction1 8 pres5tm5t ( x n dogmatic--,g5]al acceptance ( ! attributes recogniz$ by ,greek philosophy z ess5tial to ! idea ( ,god--,god z ,,unity1 ,,absolute ,,be+1 ,,et]nity--,god z ,,intellig5ce3 ,,p]sonality ( ,plut>*'s ,god intimately associat$ ) 8 ,intellig5ce--,god's ,intellig5ce br+s him into contact ) humanity3 by x he kn[s ! ev5ts ( ! ,future & ! secrets ( ! human he>t--,f 8 k spr+s 8 ,provid5ce--,god z ,fa!r & ,judge--! ,,de ,,s]a ,,num9is ,,v9dicta--,immortality ( ! ,s\l4 ,x w readily be und]/ood t on no "q ( ,religion is ,plut>* m will+ to act z 8,arbitrator0 ?an on t conc]n$ ) ! ,nature & ,attributes ( ! ,deity4 ,he kn[s &1 z we h se51 recognizes to ! full ! discordant nature ( ! elem5ts :i*1 by =ce ( circum/ances1 h be5 driv5 into "s k9d ( cohesion 9 ! =mation ( ! popul> belief1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t 8 ef=ts to h>monize !m into a rational consi/5cy are n completely successful4 ,8 own conception ( ! ,div9e nature resembles ! popul> notion 9 be+ a comp\nd ( philosophy1 my?1 & legaliz$ tradition4 ,f ,philosophy he accepts ! ,unity ( ,god2 f popul> ,my?ology he accepts c]ta9 names ( deities1 & c]ta9 traditional expressions1 :i* he und]/&s1 h[ev]1 9 a s5se q diff]5t f any int]pretation curr5t 9 ! popul> views1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 he nev] uses ^! names & expressions )\t an air & attitude ( ! mo/ pi\s reg>d4 ,! philosophical "p ( 8 tea*+ on ! nature ( ,god is l>gely ,greek1 b by no means entirely s1 & nei!r is x ! tea*+ ( any p>ticul> s*ool ( ,greek philosophy4 ,! ,demiurgus ( ! ,timu3 ! ,"o & ,absolute ( ! ,py?agoreans3 ! 1 ! 1 ( ,ari/otle2 ! mat]ial imman5t ,_w-,s\l--! --( ! ,/oics3--"o & all contribute qualities to ! ,plut>*ic ,deity1 & %[ h[ irresi/ible ! necessity = unity _h become 9 ! spiritual1 z 9 ! political1 _w4 ,! metaphysical ,deity ?us creat$ f ^! div]se elem5ts is made p]sonal by ! direct e?ical relation into :i* ,he is br\ght ) mank9d 7z 9 ! puni%m5t ( s971 :ile ! sugge/ion ( p]sonality is aid$ by ! use ( ! ,greek popul> names ( ! deities to describe ! attributes ( ! ,"o ,supreme ,god4 ,?us x has already be5 not$ t :ile ,plut>* is o/5sibly discuss+ ! attributes ( ,apollo he is actually def9+ 8 position ) ref]5ce to ab/ract ,deity4 ,?is ill-h>moniz+ comb9ation ( metaphysics & popul> belief is fur!r plac$ 9 contact ) views orig9at$ by ,ori5tal cre$s1 ) ,zoroa/rianism1 ) ,mani*ism1 ) 8c]ta9 slight & obscure h9ts ( ! tru?1 :i* are to be f\nd scatt]$ "h & !re 9 ,egyptian ,my?ology10#agb ! :ole pres5t+ a /range conglom]ation1 :i* appe>s to defy any attempt to make a consi/5t !ology ( x1 until we see ,plut>*'s me?od conspicu\sly em]g+ ) its tw(old aim1 ( prov+ t all ^! diff]5t views ( ,god are m]ely diff]5t ways ( /riv+ aft] belief 9 ! same ,supreme ,p[]1 & ( inculcat+ a sympa!tic & lib]al attitude ( m9d1 :i* is f> m conducive to unity ?an a detail$ agreem5t on po9ts ( m9or importance4#agc ,?is endeav\r aft] unity is support$ by a /r5u\s & s9c]e belief 9 :at at fir/ sight appe>s to be a pr9ciple ( div]sity--! belief1 namely1 9 ,dmons--b :i* ,plut>* uses to great effect 9 8 attempts aft] unity1 by assign+1 ) ,py?agoras1#agd e recogniz$ tradition unwor?y ( ! ,highe/ to ^! subord9ate be+s ^: influ5ce is ev]y:]e felt 9 nature & 9 human life1 & ^: pres5ce1 at any rate1 int]p5etrates & ov]runs ! :ole ( ,plut>*'s views on religion4#age ,x is no unfitt+ circum/ance 9 a prie/ ( ,apollo t 8 noble/ utt]ances respect+ ! nature ( ,god %\ld be conta9$ 9 disc\rses connect$ m or less ) ! temples & traditions ( ! god4 ,9 ! discussion1 = in/ance1 on ! syllable 8,e0 writt5 ov] ! n>r[ entrance ( ! ,amphictyonic ,temple at ,delphi1 ,ammonius is repres5t$ z express+ views ( ! ,div9e ,nature :i* are unsurpass$ = sublimity 9 any o!r "p ( ,plut>*'s writ+s1 or ev5 9 ,greek lit]ature g5]ally4 ,we quote !m "h z embody+ ,plut>*'s beliefs on ! ,unity1 ,et]nity1 & ,absolut5ess ( ! ,div9e ,nature4 8,n !n a numb]1 nor an arrangem5t1 nor a conjunction or any o!r "p ( spee*1 d ,i ?9k ! inscription signifies4 ,x is r a complete & concise =m ( address1 an invocation ( ! ,god1 br++ ! speak] ) ! v ^w1 into a consci\s recognition ( ,8 p[]4 ,! ,god salutes ea* ( u1 z we approa* ,8 %r9e1 ) ! great text1 #8,"k ?yself1' :i* is ,8 way ( say+ to u2 & we 9 our turn1 reply+ to ! ,god1 say --#8,?\ art1' ?us express+ our belief 9 ,8 true & pure & incommunicable virtue ( absolute be+4#agf444 ,n[ we mu/ admit t ,god absolutely is2 n t he is ) ref]5ce to any p]iod ( "t1 b ) ref]5ce to an immovable1 immutable1 timeless et]nity1 be=e :i* !re 0 no?+1 aft] :i* !re is no?+1 9 respect to :i* !re is nei!r future nor pa/1 ?an :i* !re is no?+ old] or y\ng]4 ,b be+ ,unity1 ! ,unity t he is n[ is ! same ,unity ) :i* he occupies et]nity2 & no?+ really exi/s b t :i* is end[$ ) ! same absolute exi/5ce z he--nei!r any?+ t has come into exi/5ce1 nor %all come into exi/5ce1 nor any?+ :i* _h a beg9n+1 or %all h an end4 ,9 wor%ipp+ him1 !re=e1 we ought assur$ly to salute & address him 9 a mann] correspond+ to ?is view ( him2 z1 e4g41 9 ! phrase already us$ by "s anci5t philosoph]s1 ! phrase1 #8,?\ art "o4' ,= ! ,div9e pr9ciple is n _m1 z we are1 ea* ( u compact$ ( c\ntless diff]5t passions1 a m+l$ & v>y+ conglom]ate ( assembl$ atoms4 ,b ,be+ mu/ necess>ily be ,unity1 & ,unity mu/ be ,be+4 ,x is ,div]sity--t is1 ! pr9ciple ( discrepancy f ,unity--:i* issues to ! production ( non-,be+1 :5ce ! ?ree names ( ! ,god are "o & all appropriate4 ,he is ,apollo 7 71 because he repudiates & excludes ! _m 7 72 ,ieius 7 7 because he is ,unity & ,solitude2 & ,phbus1 ( c\rse1 0 ! "n giv5 by ! anci5ts to any?+ t 0 pure & unsulli$4444 ,n[ ,unity is pure & unsulli$2 defilem5t comes by be+ mix$ ) o!r elem5ts1 z ,hom] says t ivory dipp$ 9 purple dye #8is defil$1' & dy]s say t col\rs mix$ are col\rs #8corrupt$1' ! process be+ call$ #8corruption4' ,a pure & incorruptible sub/ance mu/ !re=e be "o & :ole40#agg--8,! ,inscription seems to me to be1 z x 71 at once ! anti!sis & ! completion ( ! inscription1 #8,"k ?yself4' ,! "o is address$ 9 rev]5ce & wond] to ! ,god z et]nally exi/5t1 ! o!r is a rem9d] to mortality ( ! frail nature t encompasse? x40#agh ,n[h]e is ! necessity :i* ,plut>* feels = believ+ 9 "o supreme rul] ( all ! imag9able univ]se m app>5t ?an 9 a passage 9 :i* he is seek+ a regulat+ ,intellig5ce = an admitt$ plurality ( worlds1 to acc\nt = ^: adm9i/ration a ,greek ( almo/ any p]iod w\ld h be5 con/ra9$ to resort to ! hypo!sis ( a plurality ( gods1 supreme z ea* individual god might be 9 8 own individual _w4 ,! passage 9 "q initiates a discussion on ?is subject some:at episodical to ! ma9 argum5t ( ! 8,de ,defectu ,oraculorum40 ,plut>* himself is ! speak]1 ?\gh he repres5ts 8 int]locutors z address+ him by ! "n ( ,lamprias4#agi ,he is incl9$ to agree t !re may be m worlds ?an "o1 ?\gh repudiat+ an inf9ity ( worlds4 8,x is m consonant ) reason to ass]t t ,god has made m ?an "o _w4 ,= ,he is p]fectly good1 & defici5t 9 no virtue :atsoev]1 lea/ ( all 9 ^? virtues t are associat$ ) ,ju/ice & ,fri5d%ip1 :i* are ! faire/ ( all virtues1 & ^? mo/ appropriate to ! div9e nature4 ,& z ,god is n want+ 9 any respect1 s also ,he possesses no r$undant or sup]flu\s *>act]i/ics4 ,!re mu/ exi/1 !re=e1 o!r gods & o!r worlds ?an ours1 ^: companion%ip furni%es a sph]e = ! ex]cise ( ^! social virtues4 ,= x is n ^u ,himself1 nor ^u a "p ( ,himself1 b ^u o!rs1 t ,he dis*>ges ! claims ( ju/ice1 k9dl9ess1 goodness4 ,h5ce x is n probable t ,he is unneighb\r$ & unfri5d$1 or t ?is _w ( ours floats alone 9 ! empt9ess ( inf9ite space40#ahj ,plut>*1 h[ev]1 is m]ely on t5tative gr\nd "h2 ! plurality ( worlds 0 an ab/ract academic "q no less 9 ^? days ?an 9 ^!4 ,admitt+ a plurality ( worlds1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t ea* %\ld be "u ! dom9ion ( a sep>ate ,deity4 8,:at objection10 he asks1 9 answ] to ! ,/oics1 8:at objection is !re to our ass]t+ t all ! worlds are b5ea? ! sway ( ! ,fate & ,provid5ce ( ,zeus1 & t ,he be/[s ,8 sup]9t5d5ce & direction among !m all1 implant+ 9 !m ! pr9ciples & se$s & ideas ( all ?+s t are br\ght ab\t !re98 ,surely x is no m impossible t t51 or fifty1 or a hundr$ worlds %\ld be animat$ by ! same rule ( ,reason1 or %\ld be adm9i/]$ 9 accordance ) "o & ! same pr9ciple ( action1 ?an t a public assembly1 an army1 or a *orus1 %\ld obey ! same co-ord9at+ p[]4 ,nay1 an arrangem5t ( ?is k9d is 9 special h>mony ) ! ,div9e ,"*40#aha ,plut>* _c get away f 8 fix$ belief 9 ! absolute ,unity ( ,god1 & ) ,god's ,unity1 z we h already se51 8 ,et]nity & ,immutability are involv$4 ,b ,plut>* re-ass]ts ?is tru? 9 v>i\s places & =ms4 ,9 ! tract 8,de ,/oicorum ,repugnantiis10 ?\gh *iefly deal+ polemically ) ! inconsi/5cies & self-contradictions ( ,*rysippus & o!r e>ly ,/oics1 he cle>ly exhibits 8 own views 9 sev]al passages4 ,9 "o place#ahb he ass]ts t ev5 ^? :o d5y ! b5evol5ce ( ,god1 z ! ,jews & ! ,syrians1 d n imag9e him z o!r ?an et]nally & immutably exi/5t1 & quotes ) approval a s5t5ce f ,antipat] ( ,t>sus1 to ! effect t ,god is univ]sally reg>d$ z uncreate & et]nal4 ,a little lat] 9 ! developm5t ( ! argum5t#ahc he adopts ! ,/oic position--:i* ,*rysippus is repres5t$ z contradict+--t ! idea ( ,god includes ! ideas ( happ9ess1 bless$ness1 self-suffici5cy1 :i* qualities are else:]e %[n to exi/ absolutely & indep5d5tly ( all conceivable causes ( opposition4#ahd 8,!y are wrong :o ass]t t ! ,div9e ,nature is et]nal because x avoids & repels any?+ t might t5d to its de/ruction4 ,immutability & ,et]nity mu/ necess>ily exi/ 9 ! v nature ( ! ,bless$ ,"o1 requir+ no ex]tion on 8 "p to pres]ve & def5d !m40 ,! int]m+l+ ( ! doctr9es ( v>i\s philosophic sects is int]e/+ly conspicu\s ?r\gh\t ^! discussions on ! nature ( ,god2 & n less ?an else:]e 9 ! noble obs]vations ( ! ,platoni/ ,ammonius1 :i* h be5 quot$ f ! 8,de apud ,delphos40 ,x is equally int]e/+ to note t all ! speak]s 9 t dialogue1 :ile look+ ) _! m9d's eye f> beyond any individual memb] ( ! ,olympian ,pan!on to t div9e p[] ^: functions correspond ) ! ess5tial requirem5ts ( ! l(tie/ mono!ism1 yet use ! "n ( ,apollo z ! pr(ess$ nucleus ( _! religi\s beliefs1 & ?us br+ !mselves into =mal h>mony ) ! dem&s ( ! 8anci5t & h]$it>y ,fai?40 ,! same t5d5cy1 at once or?odox & unify+1 is visible 9 ! philosophic import atta*$1 9 accordance ) ! ,/oic practice1 to ! popul> names = ! god 9 8 v>i\s functions4 ,9 o!r tracts & essays ! same aim is conspicu\s1 ! same me?od ( treatm5t is appli$4 ,9 8 fasc9at+ acc\nt ( ! ,egyptian my? ( ,isis & ,osiris--:i* w be dealt ) lat] f ! mat]ial :i* x furni%es = inve/igat+ ,plut>*'s attempts to id5tify =eign gods ) ! gods ( ,greece--he uses bo? ^! div9e names z a means ( approa* to ! ,div9e ,nature1 t ,"o ,et]nal1 ,absolute ,be+1 :i* is ! real object ( ! philosoph]'s cl>ifi$ insight-- 4#ahe ,! true object ( ! s]vice ( ,isis1 = example1 is 8! k ( t ,fir/ & ,supreme ,p[] :i* is compact ( ,intellig5ce2 t ,p[] :om ! goddess 7,isis7 bids h] s]vants seek1 s9ce ,he abides by h] side & is unit$ ) h]4 ,! v "n ( h] temple expressly promises ! k & ! und]/&+ ( ,be+1 inasmu* z x is call$ ! ,ision 7--71 indicat+ t we %all "k ,be+ if we ent] ) piety & intellig5ce into ! sacr$ rites ( ! goddess40#ahf ,! passage j quot$ %[s ! intimate connexion betwe5 ,be+ & ,intellig5ce--! 8,supreme ,p[] is compact ( ,intellig5ce20 & we are left 9 little d\bt respect+ ,plut>*'s views on ?is second aspect ( ! ,div9e ,nature4 ,! conception ( ! ,deity z 1 an anci5t ab/raction 9 ,greek philosophy1 is at once /r5g!n$ & br\ght ne>] to ! intellig5ce ( humanity by ,plut>*'s simple treatm5t ( x1 & by 8 connect+ x1 :]ev] possible1 ) ! traditions ( ! popul> cre$4 ,god is n only ,intellig5ce1 b intellig5t4 8,! ,div9e ,nature10 says he1 8is n bless$ 9 ! possession ( silv] & gold1 nor mighty ?r\gh ! wield+ ( ?und]s & ?und]bolts1 b 9 ! enjoym5t ( k & und]/&+2 & ( all ! ?+s t ,hom] has said conc]n+ ! gods1 ?is is 8 f9e/ pron\ncem5t3-- #8,yet bo? "o goddess =m$ ,& "o soil br$1 b ,jupit] prec$5ce took 9 bir? ,& _h m k'#ahg --a pron\ncem5t 9 :i* he gives ! palm = dignity & hon\r to ! sov]eignty ( ,jove1 inasmu* z he is old] 9 k & wisdom4 ,& ,i am ( op9ion t ! bless$ness ( t et]nal life :i* belongs to ,god consi/s 9 ! k :i* gives ,him cognizance ( all ev5ts2 = take away k ( ?+s1 & ! und]/&+ ( !m1 & immortality is no long] life1 b m]e duration40#ahh ,! free1 unfett]$ ex]cise ( intellig5ce is !re=e a function ( ! ,div9e ,nature2 b al?\gh ,plut>* is cle>ly ?9k+ ( ! ( ,anaxagoras z embodi$ by ,plato 9 8 conception ( ! ,*ief ,good1 yet he succe$s 9 br++ ! ,div9e ,nature1 by ! ex]cise ( intellig5ce1 into an intimate relation ) humanity :i* ! ,platonic ,demiurgus nev] atta9s4 ,! true successors ( ,plato 9 ! realm ( ,idealism 7 ! neo-,platoni/s1 :o ma9ta9$ t 8! sum total ( ! ,ideas exi/s 9 ! ,div9e n\s1 n outside ( x1 #8l gold5 /atues1' :i* ,god mu/ se>* & look up to be=e ,he c ?9k4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ,he mu/ ne$s run ab\t 9 se>* ( notions1 p]haps n f9d+ !m at all1 p]haps n recogniz+ !m :5 f\nd4 ,?is is ! lot ( man1 ^: life is sp5t (t5 9 ! se>*1 sometimes 9 ! va9 se>*1 aft] tru?4 ,b to ! ,deity all k is always equally pres5t40#ahi ,! vici\s weakness ( ,platonism1 :e!r ,old or ,new1 lies 9 ! fact t no real reason exi/s :y ,god %\ld ev] leave ! contemplation ( 8worlds n realiz$0 to create ?is _w aft] an et]nally exi/+ patt]n1 9 ! intellectual contemplation ( :i* he 0 already happy4#aij ,! 8abs5ce ( envy0 is n a philosophic reason3 x is a ,platonic leap ov] an unbridg$ *asm4 ,! alo(ness ( ! ,epicurean gods 9 _! s$es quiet is ! logical outcome ( ?is aspect ( ,platonism4 ,plut>* gives ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce an int]e/ 9 ! be+s ,he has creat$4 ,apollo 7"h aga9 ! popul> "n is us$ = ! ,div9e ,be+7 kn[s all ! difficulties t tr\ble ! public & private lives ( humanity1 & he kn[s _! solutions also4 8,9 private matt]s we inquire ( ,apollo z a se]1 9 public matt]s we pray to him z a god4 ,9 ! philosophic nature ( ! s\l he is ! au?or & inspir] ( intellectual difficulties & problems1 ?us creat+ !re9 t crav+ :i* has its satisfaction 9 ! discov]y ( ,tru?20#aia e4g41 8:5 ! oracle 0 giv5 out t ! alt> ( ,delos %\ld be d\bl$1 ! god1 z ,plato says1 n only convey$ a p>ticul> comm&1 b also indicat$ 8 desire t ! ,greeks %\ld /udy geometry2 ! task assign$ involv+ an op]ation ( ! mo/ advanc$ geometrical "*40#aib ,9 ano!r place ?is pat]nal int]e/ 9 ! do+s ( mank9d is attribut$ to ! ,deity direct )\t ! intrusion ( any traditional "n = a p>ticul> god4 8,x is n1 z ,hesiod supposes1#aic ! "w ( human wisdom1 b ( ,god's1 to discrim9ate & di/+ui% pr$ilections & antipa?ies 9 "* be=e !y become conspicu\s to ! _w by break+ out into gross evil-do+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! passions4 ,= ,god is assur$ly cognizant ( ! natural disposition ( e individual man1 be+1 by ,8 nature1 m fitt$ to p]ceive s\l ?an body3 nor does ,he await ! outbreak ( actual s9 be=e ,he puni%es viol5ce1 pr(anity1 obsc5ity40#aid ,?us1 al?\gh ,plut>* accepts ! philosophic phras+ curr5t respect+ ! nature ( ! ,deity1 8 ard5t1 sympa!tic temp]am5t br+s d[n ! philosoph]s' ,deity f its maje/ic isolation1 & makes x 8meet halfway0 ! gods ( ! popul> fai?1 s t bo? may be ( s]vice to humanity1 ! latt] be+ purifi$ & elevat$1 ! o!r actualiz$ & humaniz$4 ,we disc]n ) sympa?y ,plut>*'s attempt to satisfy ! et]nal crav+ ( m5 = a m$iator betwe5 !mselves & ! unapproa*abl5ess ( ! ,highe/2 & we are prep>$ = 8 exposition ( ! doctr9es ( ,dmonology4 ,?is t5d5cy to give w>m? & life to philosophic ab/ractions is occasionally visible 9 an unconsci\s attempt to assimilate ! qualities possess$ by ! ,deity to ^? display$ 9 a less degree by mank9d4 ,?us1 he implicitly accepts ! ,platonic position t ,et]nity is all pres5t to ,god1#aie a position :i* is also accept$ by mod]n ,european ,!ology3 b he else:]e reg>ds ! ,deity 7=mally us+ ! "n ( ,apollo7 z a sci5tific obs]v]1 ) infallibly acute reason+ p[]s direct$ ^u ph5om5a reta9$ 9 an un%akable memory4 ,8 pr$ictions ( ev5ts are1 !re=e1 really pr$ictions1 n /atem5ts ( pres5t facts2 & ! 8rigor\s c]ta9ty & univ]sality0 :i* !y possess are ! c]ta9ty & univ]sality atta*+ to ! human discov]ies ( ! laws ( geometry & ! law ( causation1 & n to a div9e insight :i* is omnisci5ce because x is always reg>d+ ev5ts z pres5t1 :e!r !y are actually pa/1 pres5t1 or to come4 8,apollo is a prophet1 & prophecy is ! art ( asc]ta9+ ! future f ! pres5t or ! pa/4 ,n[ no?+ exi/s )\t a cause1 & pr$iction1 !re=e1 dep5ds ^u reason4 ,! pres5t spr+s inevitably f ! pa/1 ! future f ! pres5t4 ,! "o foll[s naturally ^u ! o!r by a succession :i* is unbrok5 f beg9n+ to end1 &1 accord+ly1 he :o kn[s ! natural causes ( pa/1 pres5t1 & future ev5ts1 & c connect _! mutual relation%ips1 c pr$ict ! future1 kn[+1 9 ! words ( ,hom]1 #8?+s t are n[1 ?+s t %all be1 & ?+s t are ov]4' ,! :ole art ( ,dialectics consi/s 9 ! k ( ! ,consequ5t40#aif ,already 9 ^! passages1 :i* repres5t philosoph]s z discuss+ ,god 9 ! t]ms famili> 9 ,greek philosophy1 we c disc]n a gradual break+ d[n ( t metaphysical exclusiv5ess :i* _h hi!rto m>k$ ! philosophic conception ( ! ,deity4 ,we see ,god aga9 becom+ p]sonal1 & rev]t+ to t int]e/ 9 ! affairs ( mank9d f :i* ! philosoph]s1 />t+ ) ,x5ophanes1 _h1 9 _! revulsion f ! an?ropomorphic realisms ( ! ,epic traditions1 exclud$ him4 ,we c already note t ,plut>* believes 9 ! 8goodness0 ( ,god 9 a s5se q di/9ct f ! 8abs5ce ( envy0 di/+ui%+ ! ,platonic ,creator1 or ev5 f ! s5se involv$ 9 ,plato's admission t ! gods love ! j1 s9ce "o always loves t :i* is made 9 "o's own image4#aig ,we c see him go+ fur!r1 inde$1 ?an ,ari/otle1 :o comp>es ! love ( m5 = ! gods to ! love ( *ildr5 = _! p>5ts1 a love :i* is bas$ ^u a recognition ( _! goodness & sup]iority1 & ( _! hav+ be5 ! au?ors ( ! greate/ b5efits to humanity4#aih ,b we are n left )\t _m explicit texts ass]t+ ! goodness ( ,god to mank9d 9 emphatic phrases4 ,plut>* agrees ) ^? /atesm5 & philosoph]s :o ass]t t ! maje/y ( ! ,div9e ,nature is accompani$ by goodness1 magnanimity1 graci\sness & b5ignity 9 its attitude t[>ds mank9d4#aii ,we h already se5 t ,ju/ice & ,love are reg>d$ by ,plut>* z ! mo/ beautiful ( all virtues1 & ^? mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! ,div9e ,nature1#bjj & _m isolat$ s5t5ces c\ld be quot$ to demon/rate h[ firmly ! belief 9 ,god's goodness to man 0 fix$ 9 ,plut>*'s m9d4 ,we are =tunate1 h[ev]1 9 possess+ a special tract 9 :i* ! p]sonal "* ( ! ,div9e ,goodness is s cle>ly exhibit$ t a mod]n translator ( ! tract1 writ+ f a 8,!ological ,in/itution10 is able to say1 8,i am n aw>e1 inde$1 t ev5 ,*ri/ian writ]s :o h attempt$ to def5d ! same tru? )9 ! same limits ( natural !ology1 h be5 able to d any?+ bett] ?an to reaffirm 8 position1 & p]haps amplify & illu/rate 8 argum5t40#bja ,! tract ref]r$ to is1 ( c\rse1 ! fam\s production kn[n z ! 8,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta40 ,x is a bold & beautiful attempt to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( an actively b5evol5t ,deity ) ! long-cont9u$1 (t5 p]man5t1 impunity ( wick$ness 9 ?is _w2 an endeav\r to solve ! "q rais$1 especially by ,epicureans1 b n unfraught ) solicitude = philosoph]s ( o!r s*ools1 respect+ ! pat5t fact t human virtue & human vice h no natural & necess>y connexion ) human happ9ess on ! "o h& & human mis]y on ! o!r4 ,*ri/ian translators ( ! piece1 f ,amyot d[n to ! writ]s j quot$1 h hail$ x z an effective v9dication ( ! ways ( ,god to man1 & ,comte ,joseph de ,mai/re1 ^: p>aphrase is design$1 z he says1 to please 8ladies & =eign]s10 is q conv9c$ t su* a ju/ification c\ld n possibly h be5 writt5 by "o :o 0 n a ,*ri/ian4#bjb ,ev5 ,wytt5ba*1 :om de ,mai/re attacks = repudiat+ ?is view1 is will+1 ) all 8 s*ol>ly caution1 to admit t ,plut>*1 9 ?is tract1 t\*es ! excell5ces ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4#bjc ,! position :i* ,plut>* sets himself to ov]?r[ is t :i* is express$ mo/ concisely 9 ! fam\s v]ses ( ,ennius3-- 8,ego deum g5us esse semp] dixi et dicam clitum1 ,s$ eos non cur>e op9or quid agat humanum g5us2 ,nam si cur5t1 b5e bonis sit1 male malis1 quod nunc abe/0 --a s5tim5t 9 exact h>mony ) ! ,epicurean view ( ! matt]4#bjd ,:ile1 h[ev]1 e/abli%+ ! provid5ce & goodness ( ,god z aga9/ ! practical ,a!ism ( ! ,epicureans1 x w be se5 t he is equally temp]ate1 & equally consi/5t ) himself1 9 avoid+ ! exagg]at$ zeal ( ^? ,/oics :o1 9 _! eag] desire to d some?+ = ! hon\r ( ,provid5ce1 _h subject$ ! m9ute/ & commone/ actions ( life to ! jeal\s wat*+ ( an arbitr>y omnisci5ce1 s t1 z ,wytt5ba* puts x1 8t mo/ graci\s "n ( ,provid5ce 0 expos$ to ridicule & contempt1 be+ alt]nately reg>d$ z a =tune-tell+ old crone1 & z a dreadful spectre to al>m & t]rify mank9d40 ,let u see 9 :at way ,plut>* e/abli%es ! provid5tial b5evol5ce ( ,god )\t detract+ f 8 maje/y4 ,a company ( philosophic /ud5ts1 ,plut>* himself2 ,patrocleas1 8 son-9-law2#bje ,timon1 8 bro!r2 & ,olympi*os1 a fri5d2#bjf are f\nd1 at ! op5+ ( ! dialogue1 reg>d+ ea* o!r 9 sil5ce b5ea? a ,portico ( ! ,delphic ,temple1 9 wond] at ! disc\rtesy ( an ,epicurean :o has sudd5ly disappe>$ f ! p>ty1 aft] exp\nd+ ! doctr9es ( 8 s*ool 9 ! mann]1 d\btless1 ( ,velleius 9 ! 8,de ,natura ,deorum10 ?\gh ) a m limit$ scope z express$ by ! fam\s l9e ( ,ennius already quot$4 ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 he _h 8ga!r$ toge!r1 f v>i\s s\rces1 an undige/$ mass ( confus$ obs]vations1 & _h !n scatt]$ !m 9 "o contemptu\s /ream ( sple5 & ang] ^u ,provid5ce40 ,! company1 depriv$ ( _! legitimate opportunity = reply1 det]m9$ to discuss ! "q ( ,provid5ce z if ! dep>t$ oppon5t 7 /ill pres5t1 al?\gh x _c be d\bt$ t 8 abs5ce1 & ! consequ5t want ( direct necessity to 8score (f0 him1 lead to a m ?or\gh & imp>tial discussion ( ! topic4 ,patrocleas1 at any rate1 /ates ! difficulty ) almo/ ,epicurean boldness4 8,! delay ( ! ,deity 9 puni%+ ! wick$ seems to me to be a /range & my/]i\s ?+4 ,! wick$ are s eag] & active 9 _! wick$ness1 t !y1 lea/ ( all1 ought to be ! object ( inactivity on ! "p ( ,god4 ,?ucydides rightly said t ! advantage ( delay 0 on ! side ( evil-do]s4#bjg ,pres5t immunity f ! puni%m5t due to crime enc\rages ! crim9al1 & depresses ! innoc5t suff]]4 ,bias knew t a c]ta9 reprobate ( 8 days w\ld be puni%$1 b fe>$ t he w\ld n live to see x4 ,^? :om ,ari/ocrates betray$ at ! ,battle ( ,taphrus 7 all dead :5 8 trea*]y 0 puni%$ tw5ty ye>s aft]4 ,s ) ,lyciscus & ! ,or*om5ians4#bjh ,?is delay enc\rages ! wick$4 ,! fruit ( inju/ice rip5s e>ly & is easily pluck$1 b puni%m5t matures long aft] ! fruit ( evil has be5 enjoy$40 ,?is dem& ( ! natural man to see _! des]ts met$ out to ! wick$ is re9=c$ 9 a m philosophical mann] by ,olympi*os1 :o ma9ta9s t delay 9 ! puni%m5t ( s9 deprives x ( t salut>y effect :i* its imm$iate infliction w\ld h ^u ! s9n]1 :o reg>ds x z accid5tal1 & n necess>ily connect$ ) 8 crimes4 ,! fault ( a horse is correct$ if bit & la% be appli$ at once2 b all ! beat+ & back+ & %\t+ 9 ! _w at a lat] "t w only injure 8 physique )\t improv+ 8 "*4 8,s t ,i am q unable to see :at good is done by ^? ,mills ( ,god#bji :i* are said to gr9d s late1 s9ce _! delay br+s ju/ice to naught1 & ?us deprives vice ( its re/ra9+ fe>40#baj ,plut>*1 be=e reply+ to ^! weighty argum5ts1 prea*es a %ort & eloqu5t s]mon on ! text1 8,god moves 9 a my/]i\s way40 ,8 ?\ghts are n z our ?\ghts1 nor ,8 ways our ways4 ,we mu/ imitate ! philosophic caution ( ! ,academy4 ,m5 :o nev] saw a battle may talk ( milit>y affairs1 or discuss music :o nev] play$ a note2 8b x is a diff]5t ?+ = m]e m5 l ourselves to pe] too closely into matt]s t conc]n ,div9e ,natures2 j z if unskill$ laym5 7 to try to p5etrate ! int5tion ( an arti/1 ! mean+ ( a physician's treatm5t1 ! inn] significance ( a legal enactm5t1 by fanciful guesses & surmises4444 ,x is easi]#baa = a mortal to make no def9ite ass]tion ab\t ! gods1 b j ?is--t ,he#bab kn[s be/ ! prop] "t to apply ,8 treatm5t to wick$ness4 ,he c truly discrim9ate 9 ! "* ( ! puni%m5t requir$ by ea* (f5ce40 ,^! prelim9>y obs]vations are 9 ! prop] ,academic /yle2 !y are design$ to indicate t ! end ( a disc\rse on su* intricate matt]s c only be ! modification ( d\bt by probability1 n its settlem5t by absolute logical c]ta9ty4#bac ,! assumption ( ! ,platonic attitude is appropriately foll[$ by a ,plut>*ic read+ ( ! tea*+ ( ,plato1 :o is und]/ood z ass]t+ t ,god1 :5 he made ,himself ! univ]sal patt]n = all beautiful & noble ?+s1 grant$ human virtue to ^? :o are able to foll[ ,him1 9 ord] t !y might ?us 9 somewise gr[ l unto ,him4#bad ,fur!r1 z ,plato says1#bae ! univ]sal nature took on ord] & arrangem5t by assimilation to & p>ticipation 9 ! ,idea & 9 ! ,virtue ( ! ,div9e ,nature4 ,aga91 accord+ to ,plato1 ,nature gave u eyes t our s\l might behold ! ord] & h>mony ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & become h>moni\s & ord]$ h]self1 free f flighty passions & rov+ prop5sities4#baf ,becom+ l ,god 9 ?is way1 we %all emulate ! mildness & =be>ance ) :i* ,he treats ! wick$2 %all eradicate f our m9ds ! bruti% passion = rev5ge2 & %all wait to inflict our puni%m5ts until long consid]ation has exclud$ e possibility t we may rep5t aft] ! de$ is done4 ,! purport ( ?is argum5t1 & ( ! examples :i* ,plut>*1 always ri* 9 illu/ration1 furni%es 9 support ( x1 is cle>] ?an ! ne$ ( atta*+ x to ! ,platonic s*eme ( creation4 ,plut>* believes t 8,god is sl[ to ang]02 because g5tl5ess & pati5ce are "p ( ,8 nature1 & because by spe$y puni%m5t1 ,he w\ld save a few1 b by delay+ ,8 ju/ice ,he gives help & admonition to _m4 ,god1 moreov]1 kn[s h[ mu* virtue ,he orig9ally implant$ 9 ! he>t ( e man4 ,he kn[s ! "* & incl9ation ( e guilty s\l2 & ,8 puni%m5ts are1 !re=e1 diff]5t f human p5alties1 9 t ! latt] reg>d ! law ( retaliation only1 :ile ! =m] are bas$ on a k ( "* :i* does n qu5* ! smok+ flax1 b gives "t & opportunity = a rep5tant return to ! pa? ( virtue4#bag ,! _w1 too1 w\ld h be5 depriv$ ( _m a virtu\s "*1 lo/ ! advantage ( _m a noble de$1 _h prompt puni%m5t = e>ly s9s be5 inflict$4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a s\l ( good 9 ?+s evil2 ! c>e]s ( great tyrants h be5 prolong$1 & ! _w has be5 ! bett] = ! movem5ts :i* _! tyranny compell$4 ,evil is a 8disp5sation ( ,provid5ce0 9 ,plut>*'s eyes1 z 9 ^? ( _m mod]n ,*ri/ians4 8,z ! gall ( ! hyna1 & ! r5net ( ! seal1 bo? disgu/+ animals 9 o!r respects1 possess qualities useful = m$ic9al purposes1 s ^u c]ta9 peoples :o ne$ sev]e correction ,god inflicts ! implacable h>%ness ( a tyrant or ! intol]able sev]ity ( a magi/rate1 & does n take away _! tr\ble & di/ress until !y are purifi$ ( _! s9s40 ,sometimes1 too1 ! ,deity delays ,8 v5geance 9 ord] t x may take effect 9 a m /rik+ly appropriate mann]4#bah ,b ^! ext]nal puni%m5ts are n ! mo/ t]rible t c be inflict$ on ! s9n]4 ,x w\ld be difficult1 ev5 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 to f9d s /rik+ a tribute to ! p[] ( consci5ce 9 inflict+ its immat]ial tortures on ! crim9al :o has escap$ mat]ial recomp5se4 ,plut>* bases 8 obs]vations on ?is head on a repudiation ( ,plato's /atem5t#bai 8t puni%m5t is a /ate t foll[s ^u inju/ice10 ass]t+1 z he f9ds 9 ,hesiod1 t ! two are contemporane\s & spr+ up f ! same soil & root2 a view :i* he supports by _m conspicu\s & t]rible examples f hi/ory1 ! =ce ( :i* may be summ>iz$ 9 ! f9e & tru?ful phrase--! anti!tical effect ( :i* w\ld be de/roy$ by translation-- ' 4#bbj ,! conclusion :i* ,plut>* arrives at by consid]+ ?is aspect ( ! case is t 8!re is no necessity = any god1 or any man1 to inflict puni%m5t on evildo]s1 b x is suffici5t t _! :ole life is torm5t$ & de/roy$ by _! s5se ( _! impiety20 & t ! "t _c b come :5 ! glam\r & ! t9sell$ glory ( successful crime w be torn away1 & no?+ %all rema9 b ! base & dreadful memory to torture awak5+ consci5ce ) ! pangs ( an unqu5*able remorse4#bba ,a fre% p]plexity z to ! goodness & ju/ice ( ,god is "h rais$ by ,timon1 :o _c see t x is 9 h>mony ) ^! div9e qualities t ! s9s ( ! fa!rs %\ld1 z ,euripides compla9$1 be visit$ ^u ! *ildr54#bbb ,! puni%m5t ( ! innoc5t is no comp5sation = ! escape ( ! guilty4 ,god1 9 ?is case1 w\ld be l ,aga?ocles1 ! tyrant ( ,syracuse1 :o ravag$ ,corcyra because ! ,hom]ic ,corcyreans _h giv5 a welcome to ,odysseus1 & retort$ ! bl9d+ ( ! my?ical ,cyclops ^u ! ,i?ac5sians :5 !y compla9$ t 8 soldi]s _h loot$ _! %eepfolds4 8,:]e1 inde$10 asks ,timon1 8is ! reason & ju/ice ( ?is80#bbc ,plut>* c only reply t1 if ! desc5dants ( ,h]cules & ,p9d> are held 9 hon\r on acc\nt ( ! de$s ( _! prog5itors1 !re is no?+ illogical 9 ! desc5dants ( a wick$ /ock be+ puni%$4 ,b he kn[s t he is on difficult gr\nd1 & repeats ! ,academic caution aga9/ too mu* dogmatism 9 ^! intricate matt]s4 ,he falls back ^u natural causes "h1 z if seek+ to exon]ate ! ,deity f direct responsibility = a /rik+ inju/ice4 ,an h]$it>y t5d5cy to physical disease is possible1 & may be transmitt$ f ance/ors :o liv$ f> back 9 antiquity4 ,:y %\ld we m>vel m at a cause op]at+ ?r\gh a long int]val ( "t1 ?an ?r\gh a long int]val ( space8 ,if ,p]icles di$1 & ,?ucydides fell sick1 ( a plague t orig9at$ 9 ,arabia1 :y is x /range t ! ,delphians & ,syb>ites %\ld be puni%$ = ! (f5ces ( _! ance/ors8#bbd ,moreov]1 a city is a cont9u\s entity ) an abid+ p]sonality2 j z *ild1 & boy1 & man are n diff]5t p]sons1 b are unifi$ by ! consci\sness ( id5tity2--nay1 less m>k$ *anges take place 9 a city ?an 9 an individual4 ,a man w\ld "k ,a!ns aga9 aft] ?irty ye>s ( abs5ce1 b a f> %ort] p]iod s]ves to oblit]ate ! lik5esses ( our p]sonal acqua9tance4 ,a city rejoices 9 ! glory & spl5d\r ( its anci5t days2 x mu/ also be> ! burd5 ( its anci5t ignom9ies4 ,& if a city has ?is endur+ p]sonality :i* makes x a responsible ag5t ?r\gh\t its exi/5ce1 ! memb]s ( ! same family are mu* m intimately connect$4 ,!re w\ld1 !re=e1 h be5 less inju/ice inflict$ _h ! po/]ity ( ,dionysius be5 puni%$ by ! ,syracusans ?an 0 p]petrat$ by _! ejection ( 8 dead body f _! t]ritories4 ,= ! s\l ( ,dionysius _h left 8 body1 b ! sons ( wick$ fa!rs are (t5 dom9at$ by a good deal ( _! p>5ts' _s4#bbe ,we are consci\s ( "s artificial /ra9+ ( ! argum5t 9 ?is place1 & %ortly p]ceive t ! m5tion ( ! s\l ( ,dionysius is int5d$ to prep>e ! way = a discussion on ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,plut>* _c believe t ! gods w\ld %[ s mu* protective c>e = man--w\ld give s _m oracles1 enjo9 s _m sacrifices & hon\rs = ! dead--if !y knew t ! s\ls ( ! dead p]i%$ /raightway1 leav+ ! body l a wrea? ( mi/ or smoke1 z ! ,epicureans believ$4#bbf ,he %r9ks f ! ?\ght t ! ,deity w\ld take s mu* acc\nt ( u1 if our s\ls 7 z brief 9 _! bloom z ! =c$ & delicate plants t wom5 gr[ 9 _! fragile fl[]-pots1 _! %ort-liv$ ,g>d5s ( ,adonis4 ,he is conv9c$ t ! belief 9 ! aft]-exi/5ce ( ! s\l /&s or falls ) ! belief 9 ! ,provid5ce ( ,god4#bbg ,if !re is a ,provid5ce1 !re is exi/5ce aft] dea?2 & if !re is exi/5ce aft] dea?1 !n !re is /rong] reason = suppos+ t e s\l receives its due rew>d or puni%m5t = its life on ,e>?4 ,b "h ,plut>*1 aft] j t\*+ "o ( ! c>d9al pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian tea*+1 ! dogma ( ,heav5 & ,hell1 />ts away f ! consequ5ce :i* almo/ seems inevitable1 & :i* ,*ri/ianity accept$ to ! full--! belief t our life "h %\ld be modell$ 9 relation to ! joys & p5alties t await u 9 ! o!r _w4 ,he cle>ly believ$ t _! e?ical effect ^u life is small4#bbh ,! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ! s\l h]eaft] are no?+ to u "h4 ,p]haps we d n believe !m1 & 9 any case we _c be c]ta9 t !y w come4 ,?is is ! position at :i* ,plut>* arrives 9 ! c\rse ( rational argum5t1 & he at once returns to ! sph]e ( our pres5t life to f9d sur] sanctions = goodness4 ,su* puni%m5ts z are inflict$ 9 ?is _w on ! desc5dants ( an evil race are conspicu\s to all t come h]eaft]1 & det] _m f wick$ness4 ,besides1 ,god does n puni% indiscrim9ately4 ,he has a wat*ful c>e ev5 ov] ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o h be5 notori\s = evildo+1 & in/ead ( delay+ ! puni%m5t 9 _! case1 e>ly *ecks _! h]$it>y disposition to vice by appropriate re/ra9ts born ( ,8 intimate k ( ! "* & incl9ation ( ! human he>t4 ,b if1 9 spite ( ?is1 a man p]si/s 9 ! s9ful c\rses ( 8 ance/ors1 x is "r t he %\ld inh]it _! puni%m5t z he has inh]it$ _! crimes4 ,! dialogue concludes ) a my? ( ! type ( ,er ! ,arm5ian1 9 :i*1 aft] ! mann] ( ,plato1 ,plut>* embodies views on ! /ate ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 = :i* no place c\ld be f\nd 9 ! rational argum5tation ( m]e prose4 ,!spesius ( ,soli1 an ab&on$ pr(ligate1 has an accid5t :i* plunges him into unconsci\sness = ?ree days4 ,9 ?is p]iod 8 s\l visits ! int]/ell> spaces1 :]e ! s\ls ( ! dead are borne along 9 v>i\s motion2 "s wail+ & t]ror-/ruck2 o!rs joy\s & delight$2 "s l ! full moon = brightness2 o!rs ) fa9t blemi%es or black spots l snakes4 ,"h1 9 ! highe/ place1 0 ,adra/ea1 ! daught] ( ,zeus & ,ananke1 f :om no crim9al c\ld hope ev] to escape4 ,?ree k9ds ( ju/ice are h] in/rum5ts4 ,po5a is swift to puni%1 *a/is+ ^? ^: s9 c be expiat$ :ile !y are /ill on e>?4 ,^? ^: wick$ness dem&s sev]] p5alties are res]v$ = ,ju/ice 9 ! aft]world4 ,! ?ird class ( s9n]s1 ! irretrievably bad1 are ca/ by ,ju/ice into ! h&s ( ,er9nys1 8! ?ird & mo/ t]rible ( ! s]vants ( ,adra/ea10 :o pursues !m z !y w&] hi!r & ?i!r 9 reckless flight1 & f9ally ?ru/s !m all ) pitiless sev]ity into a place ( unspeakable d>kness4#bbi ,9 ^! acts ( immortal ju/ice ! s\l is b>$ utt]ly1 & h] s9s & crimes are rel5tlessly expos$4 ,all ?is is expla9$ to ,!spesius by a k9sman :o recognizes him4 ,he is !n %[n v>i\s wond]s ( ! aft]world3 ! place ( ,oblivion1 a deep *asm by :i* ,dionysus & ,semele _h asc5d$ into heav51 above :i* ! s\ls hov]$ 9 rapture & mir?1 caus$ by ! fragrance ( ! od\rs :i* 7 brea!d by a s(t & g5tle air t issu$ f ! 8pleas+ v]dure ( v>i\s h]bs & plants0 :i* adorn$ ! sides ( ?is wond]ful *asm4 ,he sees ! light ( ! ,tripod ( ! ,delphic oracle1 or w\ld h se5 x _h he n be5 dazzl$ ) ! excess ( its brightness2 & he>s ! voice ( ! ,py?ia utt]+ v>i\s oracles4 ,!n foll[ ,dantesque sc5es ( ! puni%m5ts allott$ to v>i\s k9ds ( wick$ness1 among :i* x is int]e/+ to note t hypocrisy is tortur$ ) great] sev]ity ?an op5 vice4 ,a lake ( boil+ gold1 a lake ( froz5 lead1 a lake ( iron1 ) att5dant ,dmons to p]=m ! usual functions1 are allott$ to ! puni%m5t ( av>ice4#bcj ,b ! mo/ t]rible fate is t ( ^? ^: puni%m5t nev] ends1 :o are con/antly retak5 into ! h&s ( ,ju/ice2 & ^!1 x is important to note1 9 ! light ( ! argum5t :i* prec$$ ! /ory1 are ^? ^: po/]ity h be5 puni%$ = _! transgressions4 ,we c see h[ little ,plut>* is satisfi$ ) 8 own reason+s on ?is po9t2 !y are1 z ,wytt5ba* says1 acutius quam v]ius dicta3 ! puni%m5t ( ! *ildr5 = ! s9s ( ! fa!rs cle>ly leaves ! advantage1 s f> z conc]ns ?is _w1 on ! side ( ! transgressors4 ,plut>*1 ) 8 firmly pi\s belief 9 ! ju/ice & goodness ( ,god1 feels driv5 to ass]t t ! balance mu/ be r$ress$ some:]e1 & he invokes ! aid ( ,my? to c>ry him1 9 ?is case1 :i!r ,reason refuses to g2 & tak+ ! my? z a :ole1 & 9 relation to ! tract 9 :i* x is embodi$1 we _c d\bt t its object is to en=ce t doctr9e ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ! ,h]eaft]1 f :i* ,plut>*1 z we h se51 %r9ks :5 an occasion arises = press+ x f ! /&po9t ( ,reason4 ,! puni%m5ts :i* ,!spesius has witness$ 9 8 visit to ! ,aft]world h ! effect ( turn+ him into a righte\s man 9 ?is _w1 & ,plut>* cle>ly hopes t ! /ory w likewise conv9ce ^? :o are n conv9c$ by 8 reasons4 ,we may ga!r1 h[ev]1 t incl9$ z he 0 to believe t ! provid5ce ( ,god ext5d$ into ! ,aft]world1 8 attitude1 z fix$ by reason & probability1 is summ$ up 9 ! words already ref]r$ to--8,su* rew>ds or puni%m5ts z ! s\l receives = ! actions ( its previ\s c>e] are no?+ to u :o are yet alive1 be+ disreg>d$ or disbeliev$40#bca ,b :atev] may be ! condition ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 & its relation to ! ,deity 9 t condition1 ,plut>* has made x q c]ta9 t he believes 9 ! goodness ( ,god z safegu>d+ ! int]e/s ( humanity 9 ?is _w4 ,x is cle> 9 e "p ( ?is int]e/+ dialogue t ! ,god :om ,plut>* believes 9 is a p]sonal deity1 a deity full ( t5d] c>e = mank9d1 supreme1 inde$1 by virtue ( 8 omnipot5ce & ju/ice1 b supreme also by virtue ( 8 inf9ite pati5ce & m]cy4#bcb ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,plut>*'s ,dmonology--,dmonology z a means ( reconciliation betwe5 ! traditional ,poly!ism & philosophic ,mono!ism--,dmonlore 9 ,greek philosoph]s & 9 ! popul> fai?--,gr[? ( a natural t5d5cy to id5tify ! gods ( ! poly!i/ic tradition ) ! ,dmons--,emphasis ?us giv5 to ! philosophic conception ( ! ,deity--,dmons responsible = all ! crude & cruel sup]/itions atta*+ to ! popul> gods--,function ( ! ,dmons z m$iators betwe5 ,god & man4 ,h[1 !n1 does ,plut>* reconcile ?is l(ty conception ( a ,deity :o is ,unity1 ,et]nity1 & ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 ) ! multitude ( individual deities :i* =m s ess5tial a "p ( ! 8h]$it>y ,fai?0 ( ,grco-,roman civilization1 & :i* are univ]sally admitt$ z display+ qualities discrepant f ev5 a f> l[] notion ( ,god ?an t :i* ,plut>* actually ma9ta9$8 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! ,empire includes o!r nationalities ?an ! ,greeks1 & ! ,roman ,pan!on is n ! exclusive habitation ( native-born deities1 h[ %all he f9d a place 9 8 !ological s*eme = ! gods ( o!r peoples1 s t !re may be t ,ca?olic ,unity 9 fai? :i* %all correspond to ! "o political dom9ion "u :i* ! _w dwells 9 s great a peace & concord8 ,! difficulty ( reconcil+ ,poly!ism ) philosophic ,mono!ism 01 ( c\rse1 n new4 ,9 e>li] days x _h be5 necess>y = philosoph]s to secure _! mono!i/ic speculations f ! *>ge ( ,a!ism by f9d+ 9 _! sy/ems a dignifi$ position = ! popul> gods4 ,& ev5 ^? philosoph]s :o s9c]ely believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( be+s correspond+ to ! popul> conceptions felt ! ne$ ( acc\nt+1 9 "s m or less speci\s way1 = ! ill de$s t 7 traditionally attribut$ to s _m ( !m4 ,! anci5t doctr9e ( ,dmons1 emanat+ f "s obscure s\rce 9 ,antiquity1#bcc _h be5 adopt$ by ! ,py?agoreans 9 ! latt] s5se1#bcd :ile ,plato1 :o believ$ 9 none ( ^! ?+s1 _h1 on "o or two occasions1 by ! use ( philosophic 8my?0 replete ) m ?an ,socratic irony1 describ$ ^! be+s z play+ a "p betwe5 ,god & man :i* might be tol]antly reg>d$ z n greatly dissimil> f t popul>ly assign$ to ! less] deities ( ! ,hell5ic ,olympus4#bce ,9 ! 8,/atesman10 ! creation-my?1 to :i* ! ,/rang] invites ! y\ng] ,socrates to give 8 entire att5tion1 8l a *ild to a /ory10 describes h[ ! ,deity himself t5d$ m5 & 0 _! protector1 :ile ,dmons _h a %>e1 aft] ! mann] ( %eph]ds1 9 ! sup]9t5d5ce ( animals accord+ to g5]a & h]ds4#bcf ,ano!r /ory :i* ,socrates1 9 ! 8,banquet10 says t he he>d f ,diotima1 t wond]ful p]son :o po/pon$ ! ,a!nian plague = t5 ye>s1 tells h[ ,eros is a great ,dmon2 h[ ,dmons are int]m$iate betwe5 gods & mortals2 h[ ! race ( ,dmons int]pret & transmit to ! gods ! pray]s & sacrifices ( m51 & int]pret & transmit to m5 ! answ]s & comm&s ( ! gods4#bcg ,= ,god1 we are told1 is n directly associat$ ) man2 b x is ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! ,dmons1 :o are _m & v>i\s1 t all communion & conv]se take place betwe5 ! human & ! ,div9e4 ,b ap>t altoge!r f ! philosophic use ( ,dmonology1 !re are evid5ces t ! belief 9 ,dmons 0 held 9 "s sort ( loose comb9ation ) ! popul> poly!i/ic fai?4 ,! ,hesiodic poems 7 a comp5dium ( e>ly ,hell5ic !ology1#bch & ,hesiod1 accord+ to ,plut>* himself1 0 ! fir/ to indicate ) cle>ness & di/9ctness ! exi/5ce ( f\r species ( rational be+s--gods1 dmons1 h]oes1 & m54#bci ,9 ! passage ( ,hesiod ref]r$ to 7,works & ,days1 #aji sqq47 two k9ds ( ,dmons are describ$4 ,! dwell]s 9 ! ,gold5 ,age are trans=m$1 aft] _! sleep-l dea? on e>?1 into ,t]re/rial ,dmons3-- 8,:5 e>?'s d>k brea/ _h clos$ ?is race ar\nd1 ,great ,jove z demons rais$ !m f ! gr\nd2 ,e>?-hov]+ spirits1 !y _! *>ge began1 ,! m9i/]s ( good1 & gu>ds ( man4 ,mantl$ ) mi/ ( d>kl+ air !y glide1 ,& compass e>? & pass on e side2 ,& m>k1 ) e>ne/ vigilance ( eyes1 ,:]e j de$s live1 or crookd wrongs arise40#bdj ,!y are virtu\s1 holy be+s1 end[$ ) immortality--8,jove's immortal gu>dians ov] mortal m540#bda ,! races ( ! ,silv] ,age become ,subt]ranean p[]s1 bless$ be+s1 b inf]ior 9 hon\r to ! =m] class1 & di/9ctly describ$ z mortal4#bdb ,hesiod says no?+ ab\t ,evil ,dmons1 al?\gh ! disappe>ance ( ! ,braz5 ,race furni%$ an opportunity = _! introduction into 8 s*eme ( sup]natural be+s4 ,b once ! exi/5ce ( be+s inf]ior to ! gods 9 ! cele/ial hi]>*y obta9$ a recognition 9 popul> tradition1 h[ev] vague ! recognition might be1 ! conception w\ld t5d to ga!r /r5g? & def9it5ess f ! necessity1 fir/ express$ by ! philosoph]s1 b d\btless widely spread among ! p1 ( safegu>d+ ! sanctity ( ! gods1 :ile at ! same "t recogniz+ ! sub/antial validity ( tradition4 ,?is t5d5cy w\ld be also probably aid$ by ! fact t 9 ,hom]1 z ,plut>* po9ts out1 & 9 ! dramati/s & prose writ]s g5]ally1 z is well kn[n1 ! designations ( 8gods0 & 8dmons0 7 mutually int]*ang$4#bdc ,plut>*1 at all ev5ts1 :o boldly uses ! ,dmons to p]=m su* functions1 & to be> ! blame = su* actions1 z 7 inappropriate to ! div9e "*1 is enabl$ to make "o ( 8 dramatis p]son--,cleombrotus1 ! travell]1 :o 0 specially devot$ to ! /udy ( su* matt]s--ass]t t 8x c be demon/rat$ by unexceptionable te/imony f antiquity t !re d exi/ be+s ( a nature int]m$iate betwe5 t ( ,god & man1 be+s subject to mortal passions & liable to inevitable *anges1 b :om we mu/1 9 accordance ) ! e/abli%$ cu/om ( our fa!rs1 reg>d & invoke z ,dmons1 giv+ !m all due rev]5ce40#bdd ,x is natural1 !re=e1 9 ! light ( ^! indications1 to believe t1 side by side ) ! popul> gods1 !re exi/$1 9 ! popul> imag9ation1 subord9ate be+s ( two k9ds1 bo? describ$ z ,dmons3 ! fir/ class compris+ ! good & b5evol5t ,dmons ( ,hesiod1 ! second includ+ ,dmons ( an evil "* & disposition1 ! belief 9 :i* _h develop$ naturally out ( ! ,hesiodic conception1 f ! necessity ( fix+ ! responsibility ( evil de$s on sup]natural be+s diff]5t 9 nature f ! purity & goodness ( ,deity4#bde ,su* a classification ( sup]natural be+s--gods1 ,dmons1 & evil ,dmons--c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be rigidly ma9ta9$2 ! m ! good ,dmons 7 discrim9at$ f _! evil bre?r51 ! m !y w\ld t5d to become id5tifi$ ) ! gods ( ! popul> tradition1 & ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! div9e & ! dmonic nature w\ld be brok5 d[n1#bdf ,dmons & gods w\ld be id5tifi$1 & ! spl5d\r & purity ( ! ,supreme ,god ( all w\ld %9e out m fully :5 contra/$ ) ^? o!r gods1 :o1 aft] all1 7 only ,dmons4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! process :i* appe>s to be tak+ place 9 ! num]\s contributions :i* ,plut>* makes to ! subject ( ,dmonology4 ,he is evid5tly a s9c]e believ] 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,dmons1 n a believ] 9 ! ,platonic s5se1 & n a believ] m]ely because he wi%es to come to t]ms ) popul> ideas4 ,b ! f9al result1 s x appe>s to u1 is t ! popul> gods become id5tifi$ ) ,dmons1 & are prep>$1 ev5 9 ,pagan times1 to take t position :i* 0 assign$ to !m ) su* :ole-he>t$ s9c]ity by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs2#bdg to become ! fi5ds & devils & sprites ( ano!r disp5sation2 to aid ,salad9 9 exclud+ ! ,crusad]s f ! ,holy ,l&2 to 8dr9k be] in/ead ( nect>0 z day lab\r]s 9 ,g]man =e/s2 or to %9e ) a s9i/] spl5d\r on ! lives ( monks & peasants 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,france4#bdh ,plut>* gives emphatic indications ( 8 own attitude on ! subject by draw+ att5tion to su* expressions ( ! e>li] philosoph]s z po9t$ to ! recognition ( two opposite descriptions ( ,dmons--! virtu\s & ! vici\s4 ,9 "o place1 z we h se51 he admits t ,hom] does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! t]ms 8,gods0 & 8,dmons10 & 9 8 hi/orical rsum ( ,dmonology 9 ! 8,isis & ,osiris10#bdi he is compell$ to make a p>allel admission t ! ,hom]ic epi!t d]iv$ f ,dmons is indiscrim9ately appli$ to good & bad actions4 ,he makes ?is admission1 h[ev]1 ! basis ( a subtle conclusion to ! effect t ,hom] wi%$ to imply t ! ,dmons _h a confus$ & ill-def9$ "*1 involv+ ! exi/5ce ( bo? good & bad specim5s ( ! race4 ,no?+ def9itely di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! two sorts ( ,dmons is to be obta9$ f ,plato1#bej & ,plut>* accord+ly dwells ) special emphasis ^u ! views ( ,emp$ocles & ,x5ocrates1 :o ma9ta9$1 ! "o1 t ,dmons :o _h be5 guilty ( s9s ( commission or omission 7 driv5 ab\t betwe5 e>? & sky & sea & sun1 until ?is purify+ *a/isem5t re/or$ !m to _! natural position 9 ! dmonic hi]>*y2#bea ! o!r1 t c]ta9 disgraceful & ill-om5$ sacrificial obs]vances 8are n prop]ly connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! gods or ( good ,dmons1#beb b t !re are surr\nd+ u c]ta9 be+s1 great & pot5t1 b malignant too1 & hateful1 :o rejoice 9 su* repulsive c]emonies1 & are !reby re/ra9$ f ! p]petration ( great] evils40 ,democritus & ,*rysippus are else:]e quot$ z support]s ( ! same view4#bec ,plut>*1 accord+ly1 fai?ful to 8 pr9ciple ( mak+ ,philosophy ,my/agogue to ,religion1 has obta9$ f ! philosoph]s a conviction t !re are two k9ds ( dmonic be+s1 two sets ( sup]natural *>act]s ) attributes inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 & yet sup]ior to ^? display$ by ! human family4 ,x has already be5 %[n h[ naturally ! good ,dmons w\ld t5d to become id5tifi$ ) ! gods3 a passage has j be5 quot$ 9 :i* we c see ?is process ( id5tification tak+ place4 ,b ,plut>* furni%es /ill m emphatic te/imony to ! necessity ( su* a consummation4 ,! gr\p ( philosoph]s ga!r$ toge!r at ,delphi to discuss ! cessation ( ! oracles h fall5 into an argum5t on ! nature ( ,dmons1 & c]ta9 consid]ations h be5 introduc$ :i* indicate a liability to vice & dea? z inh]5t 9 _! nature4 ,?is conclusion %ocks "o ( ! speak]s1 b ! pi\s ,cleombrotus wants to "k 9 :at respect ,dmons w diff] f gods if !y are end[$ ) immortality & immunity f s94#bed ,x is mo/ significant1 h[ev]1 t ! fam\s & beautiful /ory :i* ,cleombrotus tells 9 support ( 8 belief 9 ! mortality ( ,dmons1 ! /ory ( ! dea? ( 8! great ,pan10 is actually conc]n$ ) an ann\ncem5t ( ! dea? ( "o :om ! popul> fai? accept$ z a deity4#bee ,demetrius1 :o _h j come f ,brita91 ne> :i* 7 _m scatt]$ des]t isl&s1 "s ( !m nam$ aft] ,dmons & h]oes1 gives an au!ntic acc\nt ( ! dea? ( a ,dmon 9 ! isl& ( ,anglesea4#bef ,cleombrotus !n %[s h[ a belief 9 ! nativity & mortality ( ! ,dmons is n unkn[n 9 ,greek philosophy1 8= ! ,/oics10 says he1 8ma9ta9 ?is view1 n only ) reg>d to ! ,dmons b also ) reg>d to ! gods--hold+ "o = ! ,et]nal & ,immutable1 :ile reg>d+ ! rema9d] to h be5 born1 & to be subject to dea?40#beg ,! :ole c\rse ( ! argum5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! speak]s are repres5t$ z unconsci\s ( ! fact1 leads to ! id5tification ( ! popul> deities ) ! ,dmons4 ,?is /ra9 ( ?\ght else:]e loses ! unconsci\s quality1 & becomes z def9itely dogmatic z ,plut>*'s ,academic b5t ( m9d w\ld all[4 ,9 ! 8,isis & ,osiris10 = example1 he argues = ! probability ( ! view :i* assigns ! leg5ds ( ^! two deities n to gods or m51 b to ,dmons2#beh & proce$s /ill fur!r to brea* ! p>tition wall betwe5 ! two natures by introduc+ into 8 ,dmonology su* leg5ds z h rais$ ,osiris & ,isis1 on acc\nt ( _! virtue1 f ! rank ( good ,dmons to t ( ! gods1#bei & describes !m z receiv+ ev]y:]e ! comb9$ hon\rs ( gods & ,dmons2 & he appropriates ! argum5t to ,greek religion by comp>+ ?is promotion to ^? ( ,h]akles & ,dionysus2 by id5tify+ ,isis ) ,pros]p9e1 & subsequ5tly ,osiris ) ,dionysus4#bfj ,b :atev] may h be5 ! views explicitly ma9ta9$ by ,plut>* 9 ?is connexion1 x is 8 con/ant practice to %ift on to ! %\ld]s ( ! ,dmons ! responsibility = all ^? leg5ds1 c]emonies1 & practices1 :i*1 h[ev] appropriate & necess>y p>ts ( ! national fai? !y may be1 are yet inconsi/5t ) ! qualities rightly attributable to ,deity4#bfa ,we h already notic$ 8 unwill+ness to impugn ! immutability ( ! ,creator by reg>d+ ,8 ess5ce z capable ( metamorphosis into ! ph5om5a ( ! creat$ _w4#bfb 8,x is10 says ,ammonius1 8! function ( "s o!r god to d & suff] ^! *anges--or1 r1 ( "s ,dmon appo9t$ to direct ,nature 9 ! processes ( g5]ation & de/ruction40 ,?is relation%ip ( ! ,dmons to ! supreme p[] z conceiv$ by philosophy is m completely /at$ 9 ! %ort tract1 8,de ,fato10#bfc :]e we are told t 7#a7 !re is a fir/ & supreme ,provid5ce :i* is ! intellig5ce ( ! ,fir/ ,deity1 or1 z "o may reg>d x1 ,8 b5evol5t w t[>ds all creatures1 9 accordance ) :i* all div9e ?+s univ]sally receiv$ ! mo/ admirable & p]fect ord]2 7#b7 ! second ,provid5ce is t ( ! second gods1 :o move ?r\gh ! sky1 by :i* human affairs are duly ord]$1 includ+ ^? relat+ to ! p]man5ce & pres]vation ( ! v>i\s species2 7#c7 ! ?ird ,provid5ce may prop]ly be reg>d$ z ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,dmons :o are situat$ ne> ! e>?1 obs]v+ & direct+ ! actions ( m54 ,b1 z we h already not$1 ?is =mal di/9ction betwe5 7#b7 & 7#c7 is n ma9ta9$ 9 practice4 ,cleombrotus1 :o kn[s m ab\t ^! ?+s ?an mo/ p1 insi/s t x is n possible t ! gods c\ld h be5 pleas$ ) fe/ivals & sacrifices1 8at :i* !re are banquets ( raw fle% & victims torn 9 pieces1 z well z fa/+s & l\d lam5tations1 & (t5 #8f\l language1 mad %rieks1 & toss+ ( di%evell$ hair1'0 b t all su* dread obs]vances mu/ h _h ! object ( pacify+ ! ang] ( ! mis*iev\s ,dmons4#bfd ,x 0 n to ! gods t human sacrifices 7 welcome2 x 0 n ,artemis :o dem&$ ! slaught] ( ,iphig5ia2#bfe ^! 7 ! de$s ( 8fi]ce & viol5t ,dmons10 :o also p]petrat$ ^? _m rapes1 & inflict$ ^? pe/il5ces & fam9es :i* are anci5tly attribut$ to ! gods4 8,all ! rapes "h1 & ! w&]+s !re1 t are celebrat$ 9 leg5ds & sacr$ hymns1 all ! hid+s & flights & s]vitudes1 d n belong to ! gods1 b repres5t ! *ances & *anges incid5t to ! c>e]s ( ,dmons40 ,x 0 n 8holy ,apollo0 :o 0 bani%$ f ,heav5 to s]ve ,admetus2--b "h ! spee* comes to an end ) a rapid *ange ( subject1 z if ,cleombrotus %r9ks f ! ass]tion t a ,dmon 0 ! real h]o ( an episode ) :i* s _m beautiful & fam\s leg5ds ( ! 8h]$it>y ,fai?0 7 connect$4 ,:5 "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ national my?s conc]n+ ! gods are assign$ to ,dmons1 we are n f> away f ! id5tification ( ! =m] ) ! latt]1 & ! consequ5t degradation ( ! gods to ! l[] rank4 ,x is true t ! v>i\s speak]s on ! subject d n1 9 s _m words1 id5tify ! ,dmons ) ! gods ( ! ,my?ology4#bff ,!y deprive ! gods ( _m ( _! attributes1 & give !m to ! ,dmons2 !y deprive !m ( o!rs1 & give !m to ! ,"o ,et]nal ,deity4 ,x is difficult to see h[ ! ,gods c\ld ma9ta9 _! exi/5ce "u ?is tw(old t5d5cy ( deprivation1 support$ z !y might be by =mal classifications :i* assign$ !m a sup]ior place4 ,ev5 ! ,fa!r ( ,gods & ,m5--! ,zeus ( ,hom]--turns 8 eyes 8no v great way ahead f ,troy to ,?race & ! nomads ( ! ,danube1 b ! true ,zeus gazes ^u beaute\s & becom+ trans=mations 9 _m worlds40#bfg ,to contra/ ! ,zeus 8( ,hom]0 ) ! 8true0 ,zeus is to d little else ?an to place ! =m] 9 t subord9ate rank prop] n to ! ,div9e1 b to ! ,dmonic "*4 ,plut>* is p]fectly consi/5t 9 apply+ ?is me?od ( int]pretation to ! gods ( o!r nations no less ?an to ! gods ( ,greece4 ,9 ! 8,isis & ,osiris10 he incl9es to ! belief t ^! great ,egyptian ,deities are !mselves only ,dmons1 al?\gh he refuses to dogmatize on ! po9t1 & gives a s]ies ( m or less recogniz$ explanations ( ! ,egyptian my?4 ,he _c refra91 h[ev]1 f us+ s appropriate an occasion ( d5\nc+ ! absurdity ( ! ,greeks 9 imput+ s _m t]rible actions & qualities to _! gods--8,= ! leg5ds ( ,giants & ,titans1 h&$ d[n among ! ,greeks1 ! mon/r\s de$s ( ,cronus1 ! battle betwe5 ,py?o & ,apollo1 ! flight ( ,dionysus1 ! w&]+s ( ,demet]1 fall n beh9d ! /ories told ( ,osiris & ,typhon1 & o!r leg5ds t "o may he> rec\nt$ by my?ologi/s )\t re/ra9t40#bfh ,su*1 !n1 is ! relation 9 :i* ! ,dmons /& to ! ,div9e nature3 !y are made ! scapegoat = ev]y?+ obsc5e1 cruel1 selfi%1 traditionally imput$ to ! gods2 & ! ,supreme ,deity rises m conspicu\sly l(ty = its fre$om f ev]y?+ t c t5d to drag x d[n to ! bas5ess ( human passions4 ,= ,plut>* makes x v cle> t x is ! human elem5t 9 ^! mix$ natures t orig9ates _! disord]ly appetites4 ,al?\gh ! ,dmons 8exce$ mank9d 9 /r5g? & capacity1 yet ! div9e elem5t 9 _! composition is n pure & unalloy$1 inasmu* z x p>ticipates 9 ! faculties ( ! s\l & ! s5sations ( ! body1 is liable to pleasure & pa91 & to su* o!r conditions z are involv$ 9 ^! vicissitudes ( feel+1 & br+ di/urbance ^u all 9 a great] or less degree40#bfi ,x is by virtue ( ?is p>ticipation 9 ! 8di/urb+0 elem5ts ( human nature t !y are fitt$ to play t "p betwe5 ,god & man :i* ,plut>*1 aft] ,plato1 calls ! 8int]pretative0 & ! 8communicative40#bgj ,?is enables ! ,dmons to play a l(ti] "p ?an t hi!rto assign$ !m2 to respond1 9 fact1 to t univ]sal crav+ ( humanity = "s m$iator betwe5 _! weakness & ! et]nal spl5d\r & p]fection ( ! ,highe/4 ,! :ole "q ( inspiration & revelation1 bo? oracul> & p]sonal1 is b\nd up ) ! ,dmonic function1 & to bo? ^! sph]es ( its op]ation1 ! public & ! private1 ,plut>* gives ! fulle/ & mo/ e>ne/ consid]ation4 ,previ\s1 !re=e1 to discuss+ ?is aspect ( ! ,dmonic "* & influ5ce1 x w be necess>y to asc]ta9 :at 7 ,plut>*'s views on ! subject ( inspiration & prophecy1 & :at 0 8 attitude to t "q ( ,div9ation :i* ex]cis$ s great a fasc9ation on ! m9d ( antiquity4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,necessity = a ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & ,man p>tly met by ,oracul> ,inspiration--,g5]al failure ( ,oracles 9 ! age ( ,plut>*--,plut>*'s 8,delphian ,essays0--,! ,,de ,,py?i ,,oraculis3 nature ( ,inspiration3 oracles n v]bally inspir$--,! ,,de ,,defectu ,,oraculorum--,v>i\s explanations ( ,inspiration--,plut>* incl9es to accept t :i* assumes an orig9al ,div9e afflatus plac$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,dmons1 ^: activities are subject to ! op]ation ( natural causes4 ,an age :i* attempts to re9vigorate its own e?ical life by draughts ( inspiration f spr+s hall[$ by _! duration f an immemorial antiquity1 w naturally regret t curr5ts1 :i* once ran full1 n[ fl[ no long] 9 _! e>ly /r5g?1 b h dw9dl$ to insignificant rills1 or are dri$ up altoge!r 9 _! c\rses4 ,& !re is no s\rce ( religi\s inspiration s greatly held 9 hon\r z t :i* comes f ! communication ( mank9d ) ! ,div9e ,be+4#bga ,visions1 dreams1 incantations1 inspir$ writ+s1 om5s1 & prophecies h be5 valu$ z means ( br++ man into communication ) ,god1 & z furni%+ an un]r+ way ( indicat+ ! ,div9e w to humanity4 ,b x w\ld be difficult to m5tion any in/itution or practice hav+ ?is o/5sible aim :i* has _h su* absolute sway ov] ! m9ds ( ^? :o came )9 rea* ( its influ5ce1 z ! gr\p ( oracles :i* 7 celebrat$ 9 ! anci5t ,hell5ic _w4 ,x is no wond]1 !re=e1 t 9 ! age ( ,plut>* ! pres5t sil5ce ( ! oracles 0 a common topic ( speculation1 ( anxi\s al>m to ! pi\s1 ( ribald s>casm to ! pr(ane4 ,juv5al#bgb satirically describes ! mean] me?ods :i* ! cessation ( ! ,oracle at ,delphi has impos$ ^u ^? :o yet wi% to pe] ?r\gh ! gloom t hides ! future4 ,lucan lam5ts ! loss :i* 8 deg5]ate "t suff]s f ?is cause3 8non ullo secula dono ,no/ra c>5t majore ,deum1 quam ,delphica s$es ,quod siluit20#bgc & speculates z to ! probable reason = ! failure ( ! anci5t inspiration4#bgd ,t ,plut>* %\ld h %[n solicitude on ?is aspect ( ! anci5t fai? is natural1 & "o _c b be grateful t ! *ances ( "t h pres]v$ ! exhau/ive tracts 9 :i* he & 8 fri5ds are repres5t$ z discuss+ v>i\s que/ions connect$ ) ! inspiration ( ! ,delphic ,oracle1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ?is inspiration 0 convey$ to humanity4 ,no extant "w gives u s intelligible & natural an explanation ( ! significance :i* oracul> in/itutions possess$ = ! anci5t _w1 nor s close an insight into ! work+s ( ! m9ds ( educat$ m5 at "o ( ! mo/ important p]iods ( human hi/ory1 9 face ( "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ &1 p]haps1 mo/ appall+ ( human problems4 ,we h already made copi\s quotations f ! two tracts 9 "q2 we n[ propose to use !m ma9ly = ! light :i* !y ca/ on ! "q ( oracul> inspiration4 ,we ref] to ! tracts kn[n z ! 8,de ,py?i ,oraculis0 & ! 8,de ,defectu ,oraculorum40 ,^! two tracts 7toge!r ) ! "o entitl$ ! 8,de apud ,delphos07#bge purport to be reports ( conv]sations held by philosophical fri5ds & acqua9tances ( ,plut>* at ! %r9e ( ,apollo at ,delphi4 ,! dialogue1 briefly call$ 8,on ! ,py?ian ,responses10 deals1 z ! ,greek title indicates1 ) ! fact t ! ,py?ia at ,delphi no long] uses v]se z ! in/rum5t ( h] inspir$ utt]ances4 ,x takes ! =m ( a conv]sation 9 ! ,delphic temple1 betwe5 ,phil9us1 ,diog5ianus1 ,!on1 ,s]apion1 & ,boe?us--! fir/ ( :om reports ! conv]sation to 8 fri5d ,basilocles1 :o has gr[n q we>y ( wait+ :ile ! re/ ( ! p>ty conduct ,diog5ianus1 a visitor1 on a t\r ( inspection among ! sacr$ (f]+s 9 ! ,temple4#bgf ,phil9us#bgg tells h[ 8aft] ! ,cic]oni 7 7 _h gone ?r\gh _! wont$ programme1 disreg>d+ our reque/s t !y w\ld cut %ort _! =mal n>ratives & _! explanations ( mo/ ( ! inscriptions10 ! conv]sation _h turn$ by a s]ies ( natural gradations f ! int]e/+ objects1 t s /rongly attract$ ! att5tion ( visitors1 to ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! oracles ( ! ,god _h be5 convey$ to humanity4#bgh ,diog5ianus _h not$ t 8! majority ( ! oracul> utt]ances 7 cr[d$ ) faults ( inelegance & incorrectness1 bo? ( composition & metre40 ,s]apion1 to :om previ\s ref]5ce has be5 made1 & :o is "h describ$ z 8! poet f ,a!ns10 w n admit ! correctness ( ?is impi\s indictm5t4#bgi 8,y are ( op9ion1 !n10 said he1 8t1 believ+ ^! v]ses to be ! "w ( ! god1 we may ass]t t !y are inf]ior to ^? ( ,hom] & ,hesiod8 ,%all we n r reg>d !m z be+ ! be/ & mo/ beautiful ( all compositions1 & recon/itute1 by ! /&>d :i* !y supply1 our own ta/e & judgm5t1 s long corrupt$ by an evil tradition80 ,boe?us1 8! geometrician10 :o has lately jo9$ ! ,epicureans1 uses a neat =m ( ! argum5tum ad hom9em 9 refutation ( ,s]apion1 pay+ him a poli%$ complim5t at ! same "t4#bhj 8,y\r own poems10 says he1 8grave1 inde$1 & philosophic 9 matt]1 are1 9 p[] & grace & f9i%1 mu* m aft] ! model ( ,hom] & ,hesiod ?an ( ! ,py?ia20 & he gives concise expression to ! two oppos+ m5tal attitudes 9 :i* que/ions ( ?is k9d are univ]sally approa*$4 8,"s w ma9ta9 t ! oracles are f9e poems because !y are ! god's1 o!rs t !y _c be ! god's because !y are n f9e poems40 ,s]apion emphatically re-ass]ts ! =m] ( ^! two views1 ma9ta9+ t 8our eyes & our e>s are diseas$4 ,we h become accu/om$1 by long indulg5ce 9 luxury & effem9acy1 to reg>d sweetness z id5tical ) beauty40#bha ,!on#bhb is ! expon5t ( a compromise n unkn[n 9 mod]n discussions on ! 8,inspiration ( ! ,scriptures0--8,s9ce ^! v]ses are inf]ior to ^? ( ,hom]1 x _c be ma9ta9$ t ! god is _! au?or4 ,he supplies ! prim>y inspiration to ! prophetess1 :o gives expression !reto 9 accordance ) h] natural aptitude & capacity4 ,he only sugge/s ! images1 & makes ! light ( ! future %9e 9 h] s\l40 ,! conv]sation !n turns ^u c]ta9 ev5ts :i* _h accompani$1 or be5 prec$$ by1 port5ts & wond]s happ5+ to /atues & o!r gifts consecrat$ 9 ! ,temple4 ,on ?is subject ,phil9us ass]ts 8 firm belief t 8all ! sacr$ (f]+s at ,delphi are specially mov$ by div9e =e?\ght to ! indication ( futurity1 & t no fragm5t ( !m is dead & irresponsive1 b all are fill$ ) div9e p[]40 ,boe?us1 z a newly conv]t$ ,epicurean1 makes a mock ( ?is view1 ?is 8id5tification ( ,apollo ) brass & /one1 z if *ance 7 n q compet5t to acc\nt = su* co9cid5ces10 & he subsequ5tly enl>ges 8 view z foll[s3--8,:at possible condition ( temporal affairs1 my fri5d1 _c be assign$ to natural causes8 ,:at /range & unexpect$ ev5t1 occurr+ by sea or by l&1 to cities or to individual m51 c\ld "o pr$ict )\t "s *ance ( hitt+ ! m>k8#bhc ,yet y w\ld h>dly call ?is pr$iction2 x w\ld be m]ely ass]tion1 or1 r1 ! dissem9ation at r&om1 into ! abyss ( inf9ity1 ( b>e words )\t any guid+ pr9ciple lead+ !m to a p>ticul> end1 words :i*1 z !y w&] ab\t1 are sometimes met by *ance ev5ts :i* correspond ) !m40 ,& ,boe?us cont9ues to insi/ t1 ?\gh "s pr$ictions may h by accid5t come true1 ! orig9al ass]tions 7 n ! less false on t acc\nt4 ,s]apion admits t ?is may be true ab\t vague pr$ictions1 b ma9ta9s t su* detail$ prophecies z ^? he proce$s to quote f hi/ory d n owe _! accompli%m5t to *ance4#bhd ,! att5tion ( ! disputants--if ^! calm & dignifi$ colloquies c be call$ disputes--is "h aga9 attract$ to ! objects ( arti/ic & hi/orical int]e/ surr\nd+ !m1 among :i* ! guide takes occasion to po9t out ! place :]e =m]ly _h repos$ ! iron spits d$icat$ by ! c\rtezan ,rhodopis "u ! circum/ances detail$ by ,h]odotus4#bhe ,diog5ianus w>mly prote/s aga9/ su* (f]+s hav+ ev] be5 admitt$ into ! ,temple1 b ,s]apion draws 8 att5tion to ! gold5 /atue ( ! m notori\s ,phryne1 8t trophy ( ,greek incont95ce10--z ,crates _h call$ x--& condemns ! inconsi/5cy ( ^! objections 9 p :o see1 )\t a prote/1 ! temple cr[d$ ) (f]+s made by ! ,greek cities = victories 9 _! int]nec9e w>f>e4 8,x 7 fitt+10 exclaims he1 8t k+s & magi/rates %\ld consecrate to ! god (f]+s ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & magnanimity1 & n tributes ( a gold5 & luxuri\s weal?1 :i* ! mo/ evil liv]s (t5 ab\nd 940#bhf ,! conclud+ portion ( ?is some:at discursive tract is devot$ to a spee* by ,!on on ! "q ) :i* ! title only has s f> dealt1 ! cessation ( ! oracle to use v]se4 ,!on1 z we h se51 believes t ! god inspires ! ?\ght1 & n ! expression1 ( ! ,py?ia1 & 8 explanation ( ! *ange ( m$ium is purely natural1 be+ bas$ ^u ! g5]al t5d5cy t[>ds prose :i* e>ly became evid5t 9 ,greek ,lit]ature & ,philosophy4 ,besides1 ! matt]s on :i* ! oracle is n[ consult$ are n su* z to require ! my/]y & magnific5ce ( v]se4#bhg 8,9 ^! cases x w\ld be absurd to employ ! diction1 metre1 & imag]y ( poetry1 :5 :at is requir$ is a simple & concise reply4 ,x w\ld be l a va9 ,sophi/ to turn an oracle f9ely = ! sake ( %[4 ,! ,py?ian prie/ess1 moreov]1 is noble & virtu\s 9 h] own "*1 & :5 %e m\nts ! tripod & approa*es ! god1 %e is m int5t on tru? ?an appe>ance1 m reg>dful ( ! god's message ?an ( ! praise or blame ( m540#bhh 8,9 old days10 cont9ues ,!on1 87 n want+ ^? :o accus$ ! oracles ( unc]ta9ty & ambiguity1 & !re are n[ ^? :o accuse !m ( excessive simplicity4 ,b ! ways ( su* p]sons are *ildi% & silly3 = j z *ildr5 take m delight 9 look+ at ra9b[s & aureoles & comets ?an at ! sun & moon1 s d ^! desire enigmas & allegories & metaphors to fill ! he>t ( man ) wond] & my/]y4 ,9 _! ignorance ( ! true reason ( ! *ange 79 ! oracle's mode ( expression71 !y dep>t1 blam+ ! god in/ead ( *>g+ ! defect to ! weakness ( our human intellect1 :i* _c compreh5d ! purposes ( ! ,deity40#bhi ,9 ?is def5ce ( ! ,deity ,!on has app>5tly committ$ himself to a view ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! process ( inspiration takes place4 8,! body employs _m organs1 :ile ! s\l employs ! body & its p>ts4 ,! s\l1 9 l mann]1 is ,god's in/rum5t4 ,n[ ! virtue ( an in/rum5t consi/s 9 imitat+1 subject to its natural limitations1 ! p[] t makes use ( x1 & 9 exhibit+ ! ?\ght ( t p[] 9 op]ation4 ,?is x _c d to ! ext5t ( reproduc+ ! purity & p]fection ( ! ,div9e ,creator1 b its "w is mix$ ) ali5 matt]4 ,! ,moon reproduces ! spl5d\r ( ! ,sun1 b 9 a dim & weak =m4 ,^! images are repres5tations ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,py?ia reproduces = ! s]vice ( mank9d ! ?\ghts ( ,god40#bij ,we may be tempt$1 :ile read+ ?is explanation1 to ass]t t ,plut>* wi%es to ma9ta9 t ! inspiration ( ! ,py?ia by ! ,deity is direct4 ,b ^! illu/rations are int5d$ only to expla9 :y ! ,py?ian v]ses are n div9ely p]fect4 ,!y come ?r\gh a human s\l1 :i* has ! weakness ( an in/rum5t1 & is prev5t$ by its limitations f express+ ! purity & beauty ( ! div9e ?\ght4 ,! mann] ( ?is inspiration is m fully discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ dialogue1 ! 8,de ,defectu ,oraculorum40 ,?is tract is 9 ! =m ( a lett] address$ to ,t]5tius ,priscus1 & al?\gh ! p]son speak+ z 8,i0 9 ! dialogue is allud$ to z 8,lamprias0#bia by ! o!r speak]s1 x is cle>ly ,plut>* himself :o is mode/ly repres5t$ "u ?is guise4 ,aft] a w>n+1 *>act]i/ic ( ,plut>* bo? z reg>ds its purport & ! mann] 9 :i* x is convey$ 7by means ( a hi/orical rem9isc5ce71 t ^! que/ions are n to be te/$ 8l a pa9t+ by ! t\*10 ! writ] br+s a p>ty ( philosoph]s toge!r at ,delphi 8%ortly be=e ! ,py?ian games held "u ,calli/ratus40 ,two ( ^! philosoph]s are already kn[n to u4 ,l ! eagles or swans ( ! anci5t leg5d !y _h met at ,delphi com+ f opposite qu>t]s ( ! globe2#bib ,demetrius1 ( ,t>sus1 return+ home f ,brita91 & ,cleombrotus1 ( ,lac$mon1 f prolong$ j\rney+s by l& & sea1 9 ,egypt & ! ,ea/4 ,cleombrotus1 be+ possess$ ( a compet5ce1 employ$ 8 means & 8 leisure 9 travel1 = ! purpose ( accumulat+ evid5ce to =m ! basis ( t bran* ( philosophy ^: end & aim1 z he express$ x1 0 ,!ology4#bic ,a prelim9>y discussion takes place respect+ ! 8ev]la/+ lamp0 :i* ,cleombrotus _h be5 %[n 9 ! ,temple ( ,ammon1 a discussion involv+ ab/ract consid]ation ( ,ma!matics & ,a/ronomy4 ,9 ?is conv]sation1 ,plut>*'s ?ree fav\rite *>act]s1 d\btlessly repres5t+ ?ree common types ( ! day1 are aga9 depict$ 9 ! pi\s belief ( ,cleombrotus1 ! scepticism ( ,demetrius1 & ! judicial pose ( ! ,academic ,ammonius4 ,! m5tion ( ! ,temple ( ,ammon naturally leads ,plut>* to raise ! "q ( ! pres5t sil5ce ( t fam\s oracle4#bid ,demetrius div]ts ?is p>ticul> topic into a g5]al inquiry respect+ ! comp>ative failure ( oracles all ! _w ov]4#bie ,botia1 = example1 once s r5[n$ 9 ?is respect1 suff]s f an almo/ total dr\ght ( oracul> inspiration4 ,:ile ,demetrius is speak+1 ! p>ty--,demetrius1 ,cleombrotus1 ,ammonius1 & ,plut>*--_h walk$ f ! %r9e t[>ds ! 8doors ( ! ,hall ( ! ,cnidians1#bif &10 proce$s ,plut>*1 8ent]+ !re9 we came ^u our fri5ds sitt+ d[n & wait+ = u40 ,demetrius playfully sugge/s t _! li/less attitude & idle expression d n indicate att5tion to any important subject ( discussion2 b ,h]acleon ( ,meg>a retorts %>ply ^u ! gramm>ian t p :o try to solve trifl+ que/ions ( gramm> & philology naturally contract _! br[s & contort _! features2#big b !re are subjects ( importance :i* p discuss ) _! eyebr[s compos$ 9 _! natural way4 8,su*10 amiably replies ,cleombrotus1 8su* is ! subject we n[ propose to discuss20 &1 ! two gr\ps hav+ jo9$ company1 he proce$s to expla9 ! topic to 8 he>]s4 ,8 obs]vations excite ! cynic ,didymus1 surnam$ ,planetiades1 9 a rem>kable mann]4#bih ,/rik+ 8 cynic's /aff ^u ! gr\nd1 he inveighs aga9/ ! wick$ness ( ! times1 & wond]s t ! ,div9e ,provid5ce has n ga!r$ up its oracles on e side & tak5 its dep>ture long ago1 l ! ,aidos & ,nemesis ( ,hesiod4 8,i w\ld sugge/ = y\r discussion ! "q :y "s god has n repeat$ ! feat ( ,h]cules & %att]$ ! tripod1 fill$ to ov]fl[+1 z x has be51 ) disgraceful & a!i/ical reque/s4 ,"s ( u h que/ion$ ! god z if he 7 a sophi/1 anxi\s to %[ (f 8 rhetorical skill4 ,"s ( u h appeal$ to him ab\t ri*es & treasures2 "s ab\t legacies2 "s ab\t unlawful m>riages4 ,surely ,py?agoras 0 utt]ly wrong :5 he said t m5 7 at _! be/ :5 approa*+ ! gods4 ,d we n expose1 nak$ & una%am$1 to ! eyes ( ! god su* vices & diseases ( ! s\l z we %\ld %un m5tion+ ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( an old & exp]i5c$ man80#bii ,he 0 go+ to add m1 :5 ,h]acleon twit*$ 8 cloak1 8b ,i10 writes ,plut>*1 8be+ on m famili> t]ms ) him ?an 7 ! o!rs1 said to him1 #8,my de> ,planetiades1 cease y\r ef=ts to provoke a god :o is really amiable & g5tle1 & :o has be51 z ,p9d> says1 8,adjudg$ exce$+ mild to mortal m540 ,& :e!r he is ! sun1 or "l & fa!r ( ! sun & ( ! :ole p]ceptible _w1 x is n "r to believe t he w\ld deprive ! m5 ( to-day ( ! help ( 8 utt]ances1 = he is ! au?or & support] ( our life1 & ! ma/] ( our intellig5ce4 ,nor is x reasonable to suppose t ,provid5ce1 :i*1 l a k9d & t5d] "m1 has giv5 u all t we possess1 %\ld wi% to puni% u 9 "o s+le po9t alone--by tak+ away f u t prophetic aid :i* 0 once giv5 to u4 ,j z if ! wick$ 7 n z num]\s :5 ! oracles 7 firmly e/abli%$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! e>?6 ,sit d[n aga91 &1 9 hon\r ( ! ,py?ian games1 make a truce = once ) vice1 :i* y are always eag] to *a/ise1 & help u to f9d out ! cause ( ! failure ( ! oracles4' ,! only result ( my rem>ks 0 t ,planetiades w5t out-(-doors 9 sil5ce4#cjj ,aft] a brief sil5ce1 ,ammonius turn$ to me & said1 #8,come1 ,lamprias1 we mu/ be c>eful n to deprive ! god ( all ag5cy 9 ?is matt]4 ,= if we ma9ta9 t ! cessation ( ! oracles is due to any o!r cause ?an ! w ( ,god1 we c h>dly escape ! conclusion t _! f\ndation also 0 n ,8 "w4 ,if ! prophetic p[] ( ! oracles is1 inde$1 ! "w ( ,god1 we c imag9e no great] or /rong] p[] ?an t requir$ to de/roy x4 ,planetiades' rem>ks 7 displeas+ to me1 p>ticul>ly on acc\nt ( ! incon/ancy :i* he attributes to ,god 9 ,8 attitude t[>ds m5's wick$ness1 n[ puni%+ & n[ protect+ x1 z if ,god 7 "s k+ or tyrant exclud+ vici\s m5 at "o door :ile welcom+ & rew>d+ !m at ano!r4 ,we ought to />t ) ! pr9ciple t ,god's action is always m>k$ by an adaptation ( means to ends1 t ,he does n furni% an excess ( :at is n requir$1 & %\ld !n obs]ve t ,greece has %>$ 9 a p>ticul> degree t g5]al depopulation :i* w>s & revolutions h effect$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 to su* an ext5t1 inde$1 t ! :ole ( ,greece c\ld n[ b>ely furni% ! #cjjj hoplites :i* 7 ,meg>a's cont+5t to ,plata4#cja ,if we 7 to d ?is we %\ld accurately display our own judgm5t2 = h[ c\ld ! god leave 8 oracles ) u = ! m]e purpose ( m>k+ ! desolation ( our l&8 ,= :o w\ld be ! bett] if its anci5t oracle 7 /ill left to ,tegyra1 or at ,pt\m1 :]e aft] se>*+ :ole days y c h>dly f9d a s+le h]dsman t5d+ 8 cattle8 ,ev5 ?is mo/ anci5t & fam\s oracle at ,delphi is relat$ to h be5 = a long p]iod r$uc$ to a /ate ( desolation & inaccessibility by a t]rible mon/] 9 ! %ape ( a s]p5t4 ,b ?is desolation is n rightly expla9$4 ,! solitude br\ght ! s]p5t1 n ! s]p5t ! solitude4 ,b :51 9 ! great purpose ( ,god1 ,greece aga9 grew /rong 9 its cities1 & ! l& 0 repl5i%$ ) mank9d1 ! temple 0 s]v$ by two prie/esses1 :o took alt]nate duties on ! tripod1 & a ?ird 0 appo9t$ to be available 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,b n[ !re is b "o ,py?ia2 & h] we f9d en\gh = all our ne$s4 ,= ! prophetic inspiration t yet rema9s is suffici5t to s5d all com]s away ) _! requirem5ts satisfi$4 ,agamemnon employ$ n9e h]alds2 & ev5 s he 0 h>d put to x to control ! assembly ( ! ,greeks1 s num]\s x 04 ,b )9 a few days y w h an opportunity ( obs]v+ t "o voice w easily rea* ! e>s ( ev]ybody 9 ! ,!atre "h4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! prophetic influ5ce ( ! god issu$ by a great] numb] ( voices :5 ! population 0 great]4 ,b z ?+s at pres5t are1 ! real cause = a/oni%m5t w\ld be t ! god %\ld all[ ! prophetic ag5cy to wa/e l wat]1 or 8 voice to s\nd 9 va9 l ! cries ( %eph]ds & %eep re-e*o+ among ! rocky solitudes4'#cjb ,ammonius ceas$1 & ,i rema9$ sil5t4 ,b ,cleombrotus1 turn+ to me1 said3 #8,0 x n y :o1 j n[1 ma9ta9$ t x is ! god himself :o n only gives1 b also takes away ! oracles8' #8,no1 inde$1' repli$ ,i1 #8on ! contr>y1 ,i ass]t t ! god has tak5 away nei!r oracle nor sacr$ %r9e4 ,b j z ! god be/[s ^u u _m o!r ?+s :i* are subject to decay & de/ruction by natural processes--or1 r1 ! orig9al sub/ance1 conta9+ a pr9ciple ( *ange & movem5t 9 its own nature1 (t5 dissolves itself & re%apes itself )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! orig9al creator--s 9 l mann]1 ,i ?9k1 ! oracles und]go d>k5+s & decl9es1 be+ includ$ 9 ! tru? ( ! /atem5t t ! god be/[s _m fair gifts on m51 b n "o ( !m to la/ = ev]2 or1 z ,sophocles has x1 8! gods immortal are1 b n _! works0'0--8,! f\ndation ( oracles is rightly assign$ to ,god10 cont9ues ,plut>*1 8b ! law ( _! exi/5ce & its op]ation we mu/ seek = 9 nature & 9 matt]4 ,= x is no?+ b ! mo/ *ildi% folly to look ^u ,god z a sort ( v5triloqui/3 l ! fell[s once call$ ,eurycleis & n[adays ,py?ons1 ins]t+ ,himself into ! bodies ( ! prophets1 us+ _! m\?s & vocal *ords z in/rum5ts ( ,8 messages4 ,= he :o puts ,god into ?is p]sonal contact ) human weaknesses & necessities1 s9s aga9/ ,8 glory1 & deprives ,him ( ! excell5ce & gr&eur ( ,8 ,virtue40 ,?is /rong insi/5ce ^u ! spl5d\r ( ! ,div9e ,nature is1 z we "k1 "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic elem5ts ( ,plut>*'s philosophy1 &1 s long z he c pres]ve ?is intact1 he is n c>eful ( consi/5cy 9 8 argum5ts on less important po9ts ( doctr9e4 ,we h se5 him %r9k+ 9 conv]sation f too close an id5tification ) ,rationalism2 & we are also prep>$ to f9d him giv+ importance to a view :i* introduces a sup]natural elem5t ev5 into ! op]ation ( second>y causes4 ,h5ce ,cleombrotus is repres5t$ z say+ h[ difficult x is to draw ! l9e exactly at ! direct int]position ( ,provid5ce 9 human affairs2 s9ce ^? :o exclude ,god f second causes1 & ^? :o see ,him ev]y:]e1 are equally 9 error4 ,h5ce ! pi\s /ud5t ( ,!ology is p]mitt$ to give a full exposition ( ! doctr9es ( ,dmonology z appli$ to ! "q ( ,oracles & ,inspiration4 8,plato deliv]$ ,philosophy f _m difficulties :5 he discov]$ ,matt] z ! sub/ratum ( ph5om5al qualities2 b ^? :o inv5t$ ! sci5ce ( ,dmonology h solv$ great] difficulties /ill40 ,we are already famili> ) ! nature & activities ( ! ,dmons2 x rema9s to see h[ _! exi/5ce is appli$ to ! "q "u discussion4 8,let u n li/510 says ,cleombrotus1 8to ^? :o say t oracles are n div9ely inspir$1 or t religi\s rites & c]emonies are disreg>d$ by ! gods3 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 let u approve ( ! view t ,god is actively1 p]sonally1 & directly conc]n$ 9 ^! matt]s2 b let u believe t ! ,dmons are sup]9t5d5ts (1 & p>ticipators 91 ! sacr$ sacrifices & my/]ies1 ju/ly assign+ ^! functions to ,lieut5ants ( ! gods1 z x 7 to ,s]vants & ,secret>ies1 :ile o!rs g ab\t & puni% great & notori\s acts ( inju/ice40#cjc ,?is belief1 9 ! op9ion ( ,cleombrotus1 furni%es an explanation ( ! sil5t p]iods ( ! oracles4 8,i am n afraid to say1 z _m o!rs h said be=e me1 t :5 ! ,dmons :o h be5 appo9t$ to adm9i/] prophetic %r9es & oracles leave !m f9ally1 !n ! %r9es & oracles f9ally decl9e4 ,if ^! gu>dians flee & g else:i!r1 & !n return aft] a long int]val1 ! oracles1 sil5t dur+ _! abs5ce1 become aga91 z ( old1 ! means ( convey+ responses to ^? :o come to consult !m40 8,b10 says ,demetrius1 8x is impossible to ass]t t ! oracles are sil5t ow+ to _! des]tion by ! ,dmons1 unless we are fir/ reassur$ respect+ ! me?od by :i* ! ,dmons1 :5 9 actual sup]9t5d5ce ( ! oracles1 make !m actively inspir$40#cjd ,plut>* "h introduces a rationali/ic argum5t imput+ prophetic inspiration to subt]re/rial exhalations1 & draws d[n ^u himself ! repro( f ,ammonius t he has foll[$ up ! ab/raction ( ,div9ation f ! gods by n[ depriv+ ! ,dmons ( t p[] & ref]r+ x to 8exhalations1 w9ds1 & vap\rs40 ,plut>*1 h[ev]1 ?\gh adh]+ to ,rationalism to ! ext5t ( insi/+ on ! op]ation ( second>y causes1 saves 8 piety by explicitly plac+ !m "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,dmons4 8,!re are two causes ( g5]ation3 ! ,zeus ( ! anci5t poets & !ologians1 & ! physical causes ( ! natural philosoph]s4 ,! /udy ( ei!r ( ^! sets ( causes1 to ! exclusion ( ! o!r1 leads to defective philosophy4 ,b he :o fir/ made use ( bo? ^! pr9ciples1 comb9+ creative ,reason ) creat$ ,matt]1 fre$ u f fe> ( criticism ei!r on ! gr\nd ( impiety or unreason4 ,= we deprive prophetic inspiration nei!r ( ,god nor ( ,reason :5 we all[ z its mat]ial ! human s\l1 & assign z its in/rum5t ! inspir+ exhalation4#cje ,! ,e>?1 inde$1 bre$s ^! exhalations1 b he t implants 9 ! e>? its temp]+ & trans=m+ p[]--,i mean ! ,sun--is reg>d$ z a god 9 our ance/ral religion4 ,!n1 if we leave ! ,dmons z presid5ts & att5dants & gu>dians1 to secure ! due h>moniz+ ( ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ! inspir+ exhalation1 n[ slack5+ & n[ tight5+ x1 n[ re/ra9+ its excessive p[] ( phr5sy & confusion1 & g5tly temp]+ its /imulat+ =ce s t x becomes h>mless & pa9less to ^? "u its influ5ce--if we adopt ^! views1 we %all be 9 p]fect h>mony ) reason & possibility40#cjf ,! "o ?+ t is conspicu\sly evid5t ?r\gh\t ^! discussions on important que/ions ( ,religion is ! e>ne/ s9c]ity ) :i* !y are univ]sally approa*$4 ,we notice ev]y:]e t comb9ation ( piety ) philosophy1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,plut>*'s own g5ius1 & :i* appe>s to be no less *>act]i/ic ( ! society 9 :i* he con/antly moves4 ,ev5 ! ,epicurean ,boe?us1 an excell5t man ) 8 witty /ories & c\rtly complim5ts1 f9ds x someh[ 9 8 p[] to def5d ! dignity ( ! prophetic ,god aga9/ ^? :o w\ld 8mix ,him up ) e piece ( /one or brass10 :ile ^? :o are mo/ solicit\sly incl9$ to a pi\s rev]5ce ( ! anci5t fai?--,s]apion = a prom95t example--nev] = long =get t _s ( critical deta*m5t prop] to ! inquir+ philosoph]4#cjg 8,!re is no "o "h pres5t10 says ,h]acleon18:o is pr(ane & un9itiat$1 & holds views ( ! gods inconsi/5t ) our own2 b we mu/ take c>e t we ourselves d n unconsci\sly admit absurd & f>-rea*+ hypo!ses 9 support ( our argum5ts40#cjh ,b x is ,plut>* himself :o1 %unn+ ! 8falsehood ( extremes10 mo/ conspicu\sly repres5ts ?is _s ( compromise4 ,x is ,!on-,plut>* :o f9ds a middle way betwe5 ! views ( ,boe?us & ^? ( ,s]apion on ! subject ( prophecy1 & x is ,lamprias-,plut>* :o1 kn[+ t ^! ?+s involve _m cont5tions & are op5 to num]\s contradictions1 comb9es ! belief 9 an orig9al div9e inspiration1 ) a recognition ( ! sci5tific importance ( subsidi>y causes1 mov+ un*eck$ 9 ! sph]e ( ,nature4 8,! p[] ( ! exhalation :i* inspires ! ,py?ia is 9 tru? div9e & dmonic1 b x is n exempt f ! op]ation ( causes t br+ sil5ce1 age1 decay & de/ruction on all t lives betwe5 ! e>? & moon40#cji ,plut>* "h /rikes ) cle> emphasis a note n out ( h>mony ) ! _s ( mod]n ,!ology2 & _h he pu%$ ?is view to its logical conclusion1 z ! ,epicurean ,boe?us#caj did1 ! ,dmons w\ld h disappe>$1 & _! places w\ld h be5 :olly occupi$ by natural causes op]at+ "u ! ,div9e impetus inspir$ by ! great ,fir/ ,cause4 ,b ! necessity = a p]sonality1 human on "o aspect1 ,div9e on ! o!r1 to /& betwe5 ,god & man1 0 too /rongly felt by ,plut>* to enable him to accept )\t qualification ! conclusions ( pure rationalism4 ,! blank betwe5 ! ,creator & ,8 creatures is occupi$1 !re=e1 p>tly by natural causes1 p>tly by ! ,dmons1 ^: exi/5ce & mode ( op]ation are n[ involv$ 9 ! work+ ( natural causes reg>d$ z "u _! sup]9t5d5ce1 & n[ appe> z sup]natural ag5cies vaguely dep5d5t ^u ! w ( ! ,supreme ,p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,s9c]ity ( ,plut>*'s belief 9 ,dmons--,function ( ! ,dmons z ,m$iators n conf9$ to oracul> inspiration--,dmons 9 _! p]sonal relation%ip ) ! human s\l--,! ,,de ,d,,monio ,,socratis--,?is tract n a =mal treatise on ,demonology--,v>i\s explanations ( ! ,socratic 8,dmon0--,e?ical value ( ! conception ( ,dmons z spiritual gu>dians ( individual m5--8,m5 may rise on /epp+-/ones ( _! dead selves to high] ?+s0--,dang]s ( ! conception--,sup]/ition3 ,plut>*'s g5]al attitude t[>ds t ,vice4 ,! evid5t s9c]ity ( ,plut>*'s piety--8 attitude ( m ?an tol]ation t[>ds ev]y?+ consecrat$ by ! religi\s tradition ( 8 age & c\ntry--r5d] x impossible = u to reg>d 8 sy/em ( ,dmonology z a m]e concession made by ,rationalism to ,sup]/ition4#caa ,b x is n ! less cle> t ,plut>* ?9ks he has f\nd 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,dmons n only a means ( communication betwe5 ,god & man1 b a means ( reconciliation betwe5 ,philosophy & ,piety1 betwe5 ,boe?us & ,s]apion4 ,x is a v happy circum/ance = a man's moral progress :5 he f9ds ,religion & ,reason 9 an agreem5t s plausible2 & :5 ,reason has 9 "s way furni%$ ! v means ( agreem5t--= 0 x n ,plato himself to :om mo/ p _h gone = _! ,dmonology8--! result+ t5d5cy w h ! /r5g? ( two h>moniz+ influ5ces1 in/ead ( ! halt+ weakness ( a compromise betwe5 two mutually conflict+ elem5ts4#cab ,plato's ,dmonology is a trick ( f5ce3 an ironical pose ( sympa!tic agreem5t ) popul> ideas3 b ,plut>* does n see ?is1 & c hone/ly ?9k himself a ,platoni/1 a philosoph]1 ev5 on a "q ^: settlem5t dem&s philosophical concessions all along ! l9e4 ,x is true t !re 0 "o ga9 = ,philosophy :i*1 9 ,plut>*'s m9d1 w\ld comp5sate = ev5 great] sacrifices ?an x 0 actually call$ ^u to make3 ! ga91 namely1 t ea* concession to ! belief 9 ,dmons w\ld br+ into great] prom95ce ! pure spl5d\r & nak$ simplicity ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,z ,god 0 )drawn n only f p>ticipation 9 ! ignoble adv5tures ( ! ,hom]ic leg5ds1 b also f ! direct inspiration ( oracul> & prophetic phr5sy1 ,8 "* w\ld become m wor?y ( ! adoration ( ! ,be/1 :ile ,8 omnipot5ce w\ld be ma9ta9$ by virtue ( ! controll+ p[] ex]cis$ by ,him ov] all subord9ate p[]s4 ,! ga9 = a philosophic conception ( ! ,deity 0 s great 9 ?is direction1 t we are )\t surprise 9 see+ ,plut>* proce$ /ill fur!r on ! same pa?4 ,! ,dmons by _! div9e alloy come into close contact ) ! nature ( ,god3 !y p]=m _m functions z int]pret]s ( ! ,div9e ,w to humanity4 ,b by virtue ( ! human elem5t 9 _! "*1 !y are fitt$ = assum+ a p]sonal relation%ip ) individual m51 & = becom+ ! in/rum5ts by means ( :i* ,god ent]s into ^? e?ical relations ) humanity :i* we h se5 describ$ 9 ! 8,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta40 ,! h9t = ?is aspect ( _! "w & influ5ce ,plut>* has f\nd 9 ! ,hesiodic p ( ! gold5 age1 ^: dea? promot$ !m to ! duty ( keep+ wat* ov] ! actions ( m54 ,we h se5 him already develop ?is h9t 9 an ass]tion t ! ,dmons1 9 addition to att5d+ on %r9es & religi\s c]emonies1 are end[$ ) punitive au?ority ov] great s9n]s2 & ! e?ical value ( ! doctr9e is en=c$ 9 a passage 9 :i* ! love ( ju/ice1 ! fe> ( di%on\r1 ! adoration ( virtue1 ! am5ities & graces ( civiliz$ life1 are intimately associat$ ) ! belief t good deities & ,dmons keep a wat* ^u our c>e]4#cac ,?is belief 9 an intimate p]sonal relation betwe5 m5 & ,dmons receiv$ its mo/ notori\s expression 9 ! fam\s philosophic tradition ( ! ,dmon ( ,socrates1 & x is naturally 9 a tract ) ?is title t we h ! fulle/ in=mation respect+ ,plut>*'s view ( ! p]sonal connexion betwe5 ,dmons & m54 ,! essay1 8,on ! ,dmon ( ,socrates10 does n1 h[ev]1 conta9 an exhau/ive & sci5tific discussion ( ?is int]e/+ aspect ( ,!ology simil> to t giv5 by ,apuleius 9 8 tract ) ! same designation4 ,at fir/ we f9d ourselves plung$ into ! mid/ ( a mo/ dramatically told piece ( hi/ory--! fam\s ,return ( ! ,!ban ,exiles "u ,pelopidas aft] ! trea*]\s seizure ( ! ,cadmea by ! ,sp>tans4 ,9 ! pauses ( ! plot ! ,!bans--av]se f su* /udies z _! "* is suppos$ to h be5--disc\rse on ^! high que/ions ( religi\s philosophy1 & "o w\ld almo/ guess t ,plut>*'s subsidi>y int5tion 0 to indicate1 by ! brok5 "* ( ! discussion1 ! difficulty ( atta9+ to a complete & f9al view ( ! subject4 ,v>i\s rational & sup]natural explanations ( ! well-kn[n ,socratic expression are sugge/$1 explanations :i* v>y 9 h>mony ) ! diff]5t types ( "*1 or m5tal attitude1 already famili> 9 ,plut>*4 ,galaxidorus takes ! extreme rationali/ic view4 ,he rebukes ,philosophy = promis+ to pursue sci5tific me?ods 9 ! inve/igation ( 8! ,good & ! ,exp$i5t10 & !n1 9 contempt ( ,reason1 fall+ back ^u ! gods z pr9ciples ( action1 ?us rely+ on dreams in/ead ( demon/rations4#cad ,he ?9ks ! ,dmon ( ,socrates 0 no?+ b ! 8la/ /raw0 :i* incl9es1 9 "o direction or ! o!r1 a man ^: close & exp]i5c$ /udy ( e aspect ( ! case has n enabl$ him to come to a practical decision4 ,a sneeze might be ! gra9 :i* turn$ ! balance4 ,phidolaus w n all[ s 8great a ph5om5on ( prophetic inspiration0 to be expla9$ by a sneeze1 a me?od ( div9ation :i* 8is only je/+ly us$ by common p 9 small matt]s40#cae ,a /atem5t ( ,simmias to ! effect t he _h he>d ,socrates (t5 inveigh+ aga9/ ^? :o ass]t$ !y _h se5 a div9e vision1 :ile he always li/5$ sympa!tically to ^? :o said !y _h he>d a voice1 leads to a g5]al surmise t ! ,dmon may h be5 8n an app>ition1 b ! p]ception ( a voice or ! int]pretation ( a ^w1 :i* _h occurr$ to him "u extraord9>y circum/ances1 j z 9 a dream !re is no actual voice1 b we h fancies & notions ( words1 & imag9e t we c he> p speak+40#caf ,ar*idamas1 :o is n>rat+ ! dialogue & its ev5ts to ,caphisias1 "h exp\nds 8 own views on ! subject 9 ! light ( ! =ego+ explanation4 ,he ?9ks t ! voice1 or ! p]ception ( a voice1 :i* influ5c$ ,socrates1 0 ! spee* ( a ,dmon1 :o1 )\t ! int]m$iation ( audible s\nd1 made ?is direct appeal to ! m9d ( ! pure & passionless sage2#cag x 0 ! influ5ce ( a sup]ior intellig5ce & ( a div9] s\l1 op]at+ ^u ! s\l ( ,socrates1 ^: calm & holy temp] fitt$ him 8to he> ?is spiritual spee* :i*1 ?\gh fill+ all ! air ar\nd1 is only he>d by ^? ^: s\ls are fre$ f passion1 & its p]turb+ influ5ce40#cah ,"h we h ! extreme religi\s view plac$1 z usual1 9 contra/ ) ! sceptical rationalism ( ,galaxidorus1 :i* has also be5 indirectly oppos$ by a n>rative ( ! ev5ts1 involv+ ! he>+ ( a ,dmonic voice1 connect$ ) ! dea? & burial ( a ,py?agorean philosoph]1 ,lysis1 f :i* x appe>s t ! ,py?agoreans believ$ t a few m5 only 7 "u ! gu>dian c>e ( ! ,dmons4#cai ,^! two oppos+ views hav+ be5 fully exp\nd$ by _! respective def5d]s1 we %\ld n[ expect ! dialogue to be conclud$1 9 ! usual mann] ( ,plut>*1 ) a compromise betwe5 ! rationali/ic & ! religi\s attitudes4 ,b on ?is occasion we are disappo9t$4 ,plut>* ab&ons ! rle ( rationali/ & gives himself up entirely to ! view ( ,dmonic influ5ce exp\nd$ by ,ar*idamas1 tak+ ,my? = 8 guide aga9 :i!r ,philosophy refuses to g4 ,he is c>eful1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! p>allel case 9 ! 8,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta10 at once to /ill ! suspicion ( ! philosoph] & to put ! pi\s read] on 8 gu>d1 by sugge/+ a contra/ betwe5 ,my? & ,reason be=e ent]+ on ! n>rative1 a w>n+ :i* is /rongly emphasiz$ by ! fact t ev5 ,!ocritus1 8! ,soo?say]10 c only claim = ,my?1 t x is n to be dep5d$ ^u = sci5tific accuracy1 b only sometimes comes 9 contact ) ,tru?4#cbj ,! ,my? 9 ?is case describes ! exp]i5ces 9 ! ,cave ( ,trophonius ( ! "y philosoph] ,tim>*us1 a fri5d ( ,socrates1 :o desir$ to asc]ta9 ! true nature ( ! 8,dmon0 ( t great man4 ,! /ory is told ) consid]able beauty ( imag]y1 an example ( ,plut>*'s skill 9 :i* we h already se5 9 ! simil> /ory ( ,!spesius ( ,soli4 ,! s\l ( ! philosoph] leaves 8 body ?r\gh ! sutures ( ! cranium4 ,9 ! subt]ranean regions he /ays two nights & a day1 receiv+ f an invisible _s mu* in=mation conc]n+ ! aft]world & ! be+s :o inhabit x4 ,! ma9 object ( ! /ory seems to be to e/abli% & elucidate ! e?ical value ( ! doctr9e ( ,dmonology1 :ile at ! same "t we note t a my/ical significance n[ beg9s to be atta*$ to c]ta9 pr9ciples long ! topic ( discussion 9 ! s*ools4 ,tim>*us is in=m$ by ! invisible _s t !re are f\r pr9ciples :i* op]ate ?r\gh\t ! univ]se3 ! fir/ ( ,life1 ! second ( ,motion1 ! ?ird ( ,g5]ation1 ! f\r? ( ,corruption4 ,! sph]e ( ,life is unit$ to ! sph]e ( ,motion by ! ,monad 9 ! _w ( invisibility2 ! sph]e ( ,motion is unit$ to ! sph]e ( ,g5]ation by ,n\s 9 ! ,sun2 ! sph]e ( ,g5]ation is unit$ to ! sph]e ( ,corruption by ,nature 9 ! ,moon4 ,ov] ea* ( ^! unions a ,fate presides4 ,! o!r 8isl&s0 are peopl$ by gods3 b ! ,moon is inhabit$ by ,epi*?onian ,dmons1 be+ rais$ only a little above ,/yx1 :i* is 8! way to ,hell40#cba ,/yx p]iodically seizes ^u _m ( ^! s\ls 9 ! ,moon1 & !y are swall[$ up 9 ,hell4 ,o!r s\ls1 at ! end ( _! p>ticipation 9 ! life ( g5]ation1 are receiv$ into ! ,moon f bel[1 except su* z are 8pollut$ & unpurifi$10 ^! be+ driv5 away f h] by ?und] & lightn+ to und]go ano!r p]iod ( g5]ation4 ,z 9 ! my? ( ,!spesius1 !re is a *asm ?r\gh :i* ! s\ls pass & repass to & f ! life ( e>?4 8,:at10 asks ,tim>*us1 8are ^! />s t d>t ab\t ! *asm1 "s desc5d+ into its dep?s1 o!rs aris+ f x80 8,^! are ,dmons10 he is told2 & we c only conclude t !y are id5tical ) ! s\ls already describ$ z inhabit+ ! ,moon4 ,^! ,dmons are inc>nat$ 9 mank9d4 ,"s are altoge!r dom9at$ by ! passions & appetites ( ! body1 o!rs ent] into x only p>tly1 reta9+ ! pure/ portion ( _! sub/ance unm+l$ ) ! human frame4 8,x is n dragg$ d[n1 b floats above ! top ( ! head ( a man1 :o is1 z x 71 s9k+ 9 ! dep?s1 b ^: s\l is support$ by ! connexion s long z x is submissive to ?is influ5ce1 & is n controll$ by its bodily passions4 ,! "p b5ea? ! waves 9 ! body is call$ ! s\l2 b ! et]nal1 uncorrupt$ "p is call$ ! m9d1 by ^? :o ?9k x is )9 ! body4--,^? :o rightly judge1 "k x to be outside1 & describe x z a ,dmon40 ,! po9t ( ?is n>rative is emphasiz$ by ,!anor1 :o expresses 8 belief t 8!re are v few m5 :om ,god hon\rs by address+ 8 comm&s directly to !m4 ,! s\ls ( su* m51 fre$ f ! dom9ation ( passion & e>?ly desires1 become ,dmons1 :o act z gu>dian angels to c]ta9 m51 ^: long-cont9u$ /ruggles aft] ! good excite _! att5tion1 & at la/ obta9 _! assi/ance40 ,ea* ( ^! ,dmons loves to help ! s\l confid$ to its c>e1 & to save x by its inspirations4 ,! s\l :o adh]es to ! ,dmon1 & li/5s to its w>n+s1 atta9s a happy end+2 ^? :o refuse to obey are ab&on$ by x1 & may expect no happ9ess4#cbb 8,! connexion :i* atta*es ! ,dmon to ! s\l is1 z x 71 a re/ra9t ^u ! irrational "p !re(4 ,:5 ,reason pulls ! *a9 x gives rise to rep5tance = ! s9s :i* ! s\l has committ$ "u ! influ5ce ( passion1 %ame = illicit & immod]ate indulg5ces1 & f9ally produces a t5d5cy to submit 9 quiet pati5ce to ! bett] influ5ce ( ! ,dmon4 ,! condition ( absolute submission does n come all at once1 b ^? :o h be5 ob$i5t to _! ,dmon f ! v beg9n+ con/itute ! class ( prophets & god-inspir$ m540 ,! ,dmons h "h assign$ to !m a protective c>e ( humanity2 !y assi/ ! s\ls :o /ruggle aft] goodness1 & des]t ^? :o refuse to obey _! injunctions4 ,a few good m51 specially hon\r$ by ! deity1 may !mselves become ,dmons1 & act z gu>dian angels to o!rs4 ,plut>* repeats ?is view m sy/ematically else:]e1 giv+ x a m g5]al application4 8,x is ma9ta9$ by "s t 444 j z wat] is p]ceiv$ to be produc$ f e>?1 f wat]1 air1 & f air1 fire1 9 a con/antly asc5d+ process1 s also ! bett] s\ls und]go a trans=mation f m5 to h]oes1 f h]oes to dmons1 & f dmons1 "s few s\ls1 be+ purifi$ ?r\gh prolong$ practice ( virtue1 are br\ght to a p>ticipation 9 ! div9e nature itself40#cbc ,?is exam9ation ( ! /ory ( ,tim>*us l5ds a /rong support to ! /atem5t already made respect+ ,plut>*'s use ( my?4 ,9 ! 8,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta0 we saw t he c\ld n accept z a subject ( rational demon/ration ! !ory ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 a future life2 b s conv9c$ is he ( ! e?ical value ( t belief t he has rec\rse to a mo/ solemn my?1 :i* he cle>ly hopes w op]ate = goodness ?r\gh ! imag9ation if n ?r\gh ! intellect4 ,! my? embodi$ 9 ! 8,de ,dmonio ,socratis0 has a simil> orig9 & an id5tical aim4 ,h[ important to a man 9 8 ef=ts aft] ,goodness to "k t he is "u ! obs]vation ( a ,be+ ^: half-human1 half-div9e nature1 fits him equally to feel sympa?y & adm9i/] aid6 ,t is an aspect ( ,plut>*'s tea*+ :i* requires no emphasis to-day4444 ,) ! ,plut>*ean doctr9e ( ,dmons is also involv$ ! sublimely moral notion ( et]nal endeav\r aft] a high] & m p]fect goodness4 ,! human be+ :o e>ne/ly /rives to be good )9 ! limits ( 8 pres5t opportunities w h a l>g] sph]e ( activity ?r[n op5 to him z a ,dmon 9 ! ,aft]world4 ,! human s\l transfigur$ into ! /r5g? & spl5d\r ( ?is high] nature has "w to p]=m :i* may develop su* qualities z w br+ _! own] into clos] proximity ) ! ,highe/ ,div9e4 ,! doctr9e ( ,dmons1 z exp\nd$ by ,plut>*1 involves ! pr(\nd moral tru? t !re is no limit to ! p]fectibility ( human nature2 & we c surely =give mu* t is irrational & fanta/ic 9 a s*eme :i* embodies s effective an inspiration to goodness4#cbd ,b ! value & moral dignity ( any pr9ciple dep5d ^u ! me?od ( its int]pretation & application4 ,t s5se ( p]sonal dep5d5ce ^u a b5evol5t sup]natural p[] :i* ,plut>* associates ) ! tea*+s ( ,dmonology may be id5tical ) ! pure/ & l(tie/ religion1 or may deg5]ate into ! meane/ & mo/ degrad+ sup]/ition1 accord+ to its developm5t 9 ! m9d ( ! individual believ]4 ,if ?is int]c\rse is reg>d$ z spiritual only1 ! communion ( s\l ) s\l 9 ! 8sessions ( sweet1 sil5t ?\ght10 high religi\s possibilities issue :i* no =m ( fai? c disp5se )4 ,any attempt to degrade ?is int]c\rse to mat]ial ends1 or to appeal to x ?r\gh mat]ial *annels1 involves rec\rse to magical rites1 & sup]/iti\s practices ( ! grosse/ description4 ,x is necess>y1 too1 t ev5 :]e !re is no rec\rse to mat]iali/ic av5ues ( access to ! spiritual _w1 ! m9d %\ld cultivate a belief 9 ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,high] ,p[]s s t x may ma9ta9 a rational dignity & fe>lessness 9 its communion ) !m4 ,plut>* is aw>e ( ^! clang]s4 ,he kn[s t ,dmonology1 & ev5 ,!ology1 may involve ,sup]/ition1 & he takes pa9s to close ^? av5ues to its approa*1 :i* a misund]/&+ ( ! subject1 a mi/ak5 m5tal attitude t[>ds x1 may easily ?r[ widely op54 ,he seldom misses an opportunity ( inculcat+ ! prop] attitude ( m9d to assume 9 face ( que/ions ( ,religion1 or ( plac+ su* que/ions 9 an atmosph]e ( cle> & rational daylight1 :i* is equally unlike ! dim gloom ( ,sup]/ition1 & ! bl9d+ gl>e ( ,a!ism4 ,9 a ^w1 he cont9ues to make ,reason 8 ,my/agogue to ,religion4 ,polemically1 z aga9/ ! ,epicureans1 he is incl9$ to argue t ,a!ism is an unmix$ evil1 s9ce x deprives mank9d ( ,hope1 ,c\rage1 & ,pleasure1 & leaves u no refuge 9 ,god f ! sorr[s & tr\bles ( life4#cbe ,he adds t ,sup]/ition %\ld be remov$ z a dimm+ rheum f be=e our eyes2 b1 if t is impossible1 we mu/ n knock ! eye out = ! sake ( remov+ ! rheum1 or turn ! sight ( ,fai? to ! bl9dness ( ,a!ism 9 ord] to de/roy false ideas ( ! ,deity4 ,al?\gh he admits t !re are "s m5 = :om x is be/ to be 9 fe> ( ,god2 al?\gh he kn[s t a mu* great] numb] comb9e ) _! hon\r & wor%ip ( ! ,deity a c]ta9 sup]/iti\s fe> & dread ( ,him2 yet he insi/s mo/ /rongly t ^! feel+s are totally eclips$ by ! hope & joy t att5d _! communion ) ,god4#cbf ,he draws a beautiful picture ( ! happ9ess accompany+ p>ticipation 9 div9e s]vices1 ass]t+1 9 a l(ty /ra9 ( religi\s feel+1 t x is f a recognition ( ! pres5ce ( ,god 9 ^! s]vices t ! s5se ( happ9ess proce$s4 8,he t d5ies ! ,provid5ce ( ,god has no %>e 9 ?is exce$+ joy4 ,= x is n abundance ( w9e & well-cook$ meats t gladd5 our he>ts 9 a religi\s fe/ival2 x is our good hope & belief t ,god ,himself is graci\sly pres5t & approv+ our acts40 ,)\t ?is conviction1 he insi/s1 ! religi\s value ( ! c]emony is utt]ly lo/4#cbg ,to approa* ! gods ) *e]fulness & c\rage & op5ness is ! s\l ( ,plut>*'s religion1 & he is fai?ful to ?is pr9ciple on ! mo/ div]se occasions4 ,fond ( ,lit]ature z he is1 !re are _m fam\s passages ( classical v]se :i* he w n p]mit y\?ful /ud5ts to c>ry away into _! lives z factors 9 e?ical progress until !y h be5 h>moniz$ ) ! claims ( a rational criticism4 ,?us he quotes a v]se ( ,sophocles--8,god is a cause ( fe> to prud5t m50--& insi/s t 8fe>0 %\ld be *ang$ to 8hope10 le/ ^? %\ld be ju/ifi$ :o reg>d 8) suspicion & dread z ! cause ( injury ! p[] t is ! pr9ciple & orig9 ( all good40#cbh ,& :5 deal+ ) ! sanctities ( dome/ic life he insi/s t "o important elem5t ( conjugal happ9ess lies 9 ! avoidance ( sep>ate wor%ip on ! "p ( ! wife1 & 9 a clos+ ( ! door on sup]flu\s m9i/rations & ! practices ( =eign sup]/ition4 8,=10 says he1 8!re is no god :o takes delight 9 /ol5 & secret sacrifices on ! "p ( a wife40#cbi ,^! passages1 select$ f v>i\s portions ( ,plut>*'s e?ical tea*+s1 %[ h[ /rongly x is 8 practice to emphasize a note ( *e]ful & op5 c\rage 9 wor%ip z an ess5tial "p ( religi\s belief4 ,b x is 9 ! well-kn[n essay 8on ,sup]/ition0 t he mo/ ?or\ghly exp\nds ?is aspect ( 8 philosophy1 & no endeav\r to und]/& ,plut>*'s m5tal attitude 9 face ( a problem :i* always affects humanity w\ld be successful )\t a c>eful analysis ( t treatise4 ,! 8,de ,iside et ,osiride0 attempts to safegu>d ! m9d f ! attacks ( ,sup]/ition on ! side ( ! ,intellect1 z ! 8,de ,sup]/itione0 does on ! side ( ! ,imag9ation1 & ! two tracts h !re=e an organic connexion :i* r5d]s x necess>y to treat !m toge!r z exp\nd+ diff]5t aspects ( ! same "q4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,relation betwe5 ,sup]/ition & ,a!ism3 ,a!ism an intellectual error3 ,sup]/ition an error involv+ ! passions3 ! ,,de ,,sup]/itione--,moral f]v\r ( ,plut>*'s attack on ,sup]/ition--,8 comp>ative tol]ance ( ,a!ism--,! greate/ safegu>d aga9/ bo? alike consi/s 9 an intellectual appreciation ( ! ,tru?--,! ,,de ,,iside ,,et ,,osiride--,! ,unity und]ly+ national diff]5ces ( religi\s belief4 8,! pr(\nde/1 ! mo/ ess5tial & p>am\nt !me ( human int]e/10 says ,goe!1 8is ! et]nal conflict betwe5 ,a!ism & ,sup]/ition40#ccj ,plut>*'s tract1 8,de ,sup]/itione10 is a classical s]mon on ?is text1 al?\gh 9 8 pres5tm5t ( ! subject ! mutual antagonism ( ! two pr9ciples receives less emphasis ?an ! ho/ility :i* bo? alike direct aga9/ ! int]e/s ( true ,religion4 ,he has no sympa?y ) any notion simil> to t curr5t s9ce 8 days1 9 _m religi\s m9ds1 t ,sup]/ition is b a mi/ak5 =m ( ,piety1 des]v+ t5d]ness r ?an repreh5sion1 & he ma9ta9s t absolute disbelief 9 ,god is less mis*iev\s 9 its effects ^u human conduct & "* ?an its opposite extreme ( sup]/iti\s devotion4 ,) ?is h9t ( ,plut>*'s po9t ( view we proce$ to a brief analysis ( ! tract 9 :i* 8 view is ma9ly exp\nd$4 ,at ! v comm5cem5t he describes ! two evils z spr++ f an id5tical s\rce4 ,ignorance ( ! ,div9e ,nature has a tw(old aspect3 9 p ( /]n dispositions x appe>s z ,a!ism2 9 m9ds ( m yield+ & submissive m\ld x %[s itself z ,sup]/ition4 ,m]ely intellectual errors1 su* z ! ,epicurean ,!ory ( ,atoms & ! ,void1 or ! ,/oic notion t virtue & vice are corporeal sub/ances1 are unaccompani$ by any passionate m5tal di/urbance3 !y are silly blund]s1 b n wor? te>s4 ,b is a man conv9c$ t weal? is ! highe/ good8 or does he reg>d virtue z a m]e empty "n8--^! are errors t _c be di/+ui%$ f moral disord]s4 ,a!ism is an intellectual error3 ,sup]/ition a moral disord]--an intellectual error 8t\*$ ) emotion40#cca ,! moral disord] ( ,sup]/ition is depict$ 9 a few p>agraphs ( /rik+ p[]1 opul5t ) hi/orical & lit]>y allusion4 ,! effect ( ! description is to leave a conviction ( ! utt] inability ( ! sup]/iti\s man to free any portion ( 8 life f ! influ5ce ( 8 awful fe> ( ! gods4 8,he does n dread ! sea :o nev] sails2 nor he a w> :o nev] goes to camp2 nor he a robb] :o keeps 8 home2 nor he an in=m] :o has no weal?2 nor he envy :o lives retir$2 nor he an e>?quake :o dwells 9 ,gaul2 nor he a ?und]bolt :o inhabits ?iopia4 ,b !y :o fe> ! gods fe> all ?+s--l&1 sea1 air1 sky1 d>kness1 light1 s\nd1 sil5ce1 dream4#ccb ,by day z well z night !y live 9 prey to dreadful dreams1 & fall a ready victim to ! fir/ =tune-tell+ *eat !y come ^u4 ,!y dip !mselves 9 ! sea3 !y pass all day 9 a sitt+ po/ure3 !y roll !mselves on dunghills3 cov] !mselves ) mud3 keep ,sabba?s3#ccc ca/ !mselves on _! faces3 /& 9 /range attitudes1 & adopt /range me?ods ( adoration4--,^? :o ?\ght x important to ma9ta9 ! recogniz$ laws ( ,music1 us$ to in/ruct _! pupils to #8s+ ) a j m\?'2 & we ma9ta9 t ^? :o approa* ! gods %\ld address !m ) a j m\? & a righte\s1 le/1 9 our anxiety to h ! tongue ( ! victim pure & free f fault1 we twi/ & defile our own ) /range b>b>ian names & expressions1 & ?us disgrace ! dignifi$ piety ( our national ,fai?40#ccd ,n only is ?is life full ( torture to ! ,sup]/iti\s1 b _! t]rifi$ imag9ation leaps ! limits ( ! ,aft]world1 & adds to dea? ! conception ( dea?less woes4 ,hell-gate yawns = !m2 /reams ( flame & ,/ygian cat>acts ?reat5 !m2 ! gloom is horrid ) spectral %apes1 & pite\s sights & s\nds1 ) judges & execution]s1 & *asms cr[d$ ) a myriad woes4 ,! condition ( ! ,a!i/ is f> to be pref]r$4 ,x 0 bett] = ,tiresias to be bl9d ?an x 0 = ,a?amas & ,agave to see _! *ildr5 9 ! %ape ( lions & /ags4 ,! ,a!i/ does n see ,god at all3 ! sup]/iti\s man sees ,him t]rible in/ead ( b5ign1 a tyrant in/ead ( a fa!r1 h>% in/ead ( t5d]4 ,! tr\bles ( actual life are assign$ by ! ,a!i/ to natural causes1 to defects 9 himself or 8 circum/ances2 & he endeav\rs to mitigate or remove !m by great] c>e4 ,b to ! victim ( ,sup]/ition 8 bodily ailm5ts1 8 pecuni>y mis=tunes1 8 *ildr5's dea?s1 8 public failures1 are ! /rokes ( a god or ! attacks ( a dmon1 & _c !re=e be rem$i$ by natural means1 :i* w\ld h ! appe>ance ( opposition to ! w ( ,god4#cce ,h5ce light mis=tunes are (t5 all[$ to become fatal disa/]s4#ccf ,?us1 ,midas 0 fright5$ to dea? by 8 dreams2 ,ari/odemus ( ,mess5e committ$ suicide because ! soo?say]s _h al>m$ him ab\t a trifl+ om52#ccg ,nicias lo/ 8 life & 8 great army because he 0 afraid :5 a %ad[ crept ov] ! moon4 ,let u pray to ! gods1 b let u n neglect reasonable human endeav\r4 8,:ile ! ,greeks 7 pray+ = ,ajax1 ,ajax 0 putt+ on 8 arm\r2 = ,god is ! hope ( brav]y1 n ! pretext = c[>dice40#cch ,p>ticipation 9 religi\s c]emonies1 :i* %\ld be ! mo/ *e]ful & happy act ( life1 is an additional cause ( dread to ! ,sup]/iti\s1 ^: case is worse ?an t ( ! ,a!i/ :o smiles s>ca/ically at ! :ole bus9ess4 ,! ,a!i/1 true1 is guilty ( impiety3 b is n ,sup]/ition m op5 to ?is *>ge8 8,i1 = my "p1 w\ld greatly pref] t m5 %\ld say ab\t me t !re 0 n1 & nev] _h be51 su* a man z ,plut>*1 ?an t !y %\ld say t ,plut>* is a fickle1 irascible1 v9dictive fell[1 :o w pay y out = n invit+ him to supp]1 or = omitt+ to call ^u him1 or = pass+ him 9 ! /reet )\t speak+ to him1 by committ+ a viol5t assault ^u y1 giv+ "o ( y\r *ildr5 a ?or\gh can+1 or turn+ a bea/ into y\r cornfield40#cci ,! fact ( ! matt] is1 t ! ,a!i/ believes !re are no gods1 :ile ! sup]/iti\s man wi%es !re 7 none2#cdj ! =m] is an ,a!i/ pure & simple1 :ile ! latt] is an ,a!i/ :o pr(esses to believe because he has n ! moral c\rage to utt] 8 secret desires4 ,&1 z 9 ! individual m9d ,sup]/ition involves ,a!ism1 s hi/orically ! latt] has develop$ out ( ! =m]4 ,! ,epicureans 7 ,a!i/s1 n because !y did n p]ceive ! spl5d\r & p]fection ( ! univ]se1 b because !y desir$ to deliv] humanity f ! ?raldom :i* ,sup]/ition _h ca/ ab\t x--f its ridicul\s passions & actions1 its spells ( spee* & motion1 its magic & wit*craft1 its *>m$ circles & drum-beat+1 its impure purifications & its fil?y cleans+s1 its b>b>ic & unlawful p5ances & its self-tortur+s at holy %r9es4 ,if ^! practices are pleasant to ! gods1 mank9d is no bett] (f ?an if ! adm9i/ration ( ! _w 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,typhons or ! ,giants4 ,b no disease is s difficult to cope ) z ,sup]/ition4 ,we mu/ fly f x1 b we mu/ s fly f x t we d n run into ! o!r extreme4 8,aussi y en a il qui fuyans la ,sup]/ition1 se vont ru] et precipit] en la rude et pi]reuse impiet de l'a!isme1 en sautant p> dessus la vraye ,religion1 qui e/ assise au milieu entre les deux40 ,su* is a brief acc\nt ( ! cont5ts ( ?is fam\s tract4 ,"o ?+ becomes cle> f its p]usal1 ! fact t ! advantage is altoge!r reg>d$ z on ! side ( ,a!ism4 ,amyot1 f ^: translation we h tak5 its conclud+ s5t5ce1 s\nds a note ( s]i\s al>m 9 a prefatory note to 8 v]sion3 8,ce traict e/ dang]eux lire1 et conti5t une doctr9e fausse3 ,c> il e/ c]ta9 que la ,sup]/ition e/ mo9s mauvaise1 et appro*e plus pres du milieu de la vraye ,religion1 que ne fait l',impiet et ,a!isme40 ,o!rs h foll[$ ,amyot 9 8 view ( ?is 8dang]\s0 treatise2 :ile ,plut>* has n be5 )\t 8 *ampions aga9/ ^? :o h ?us accus$ him ( irreligion4#cda ,s f> z conc]ns ! views exp\nd$ 9 ! treatise1 x appe>s to u t ! al>m ( ,amyot is ju/ifi$4 ,b ,amyot1 :o knew 8 ,plut>* well1 %\ld h obs]v$ t !re is a note ( rhetoric 9 ?is "w :i* is totally diff]5t f ! tea*]'s usually quiet & unimpassion$ me?od ( argum5t4 ,!re is an emphasis1 an exagg]ation1 ( ev]y?+ t tells aga9/ ! victim ( ,sup]/ition1 a re/ra9t1 a g5tl5ess 9 m9imiz+ ! faults :i* c\ld h be5 made into a s]i\s indictm5t aga9/ ,a!ism4 ,?is1 z we "k1 is n ,plut>*'s fav\rite me?od ( discussion4 ,9 ord9>y circum/ances an ,epicurean w\ld h attack$ ,sup]/ition1 a ,/oic w\ld h inveigh$ aga9/ ,a!ism1 & an ,academic fri5d ( ,plut>*'s w\ld h tak5 ! judicial mean4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ,plut>*--& he connects 8 own "n ) ! argum5t 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann]--assumes a position 9 ?is tract sc>cely discrepant f ! peculi>ly ,epicurean attitude4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ,wytt5ba*'s epi!t ( v]e ,plut>*eus appli$ to ! tract is incorrect1 & ev5 ,wytt5ba* admits ! possibility t ,plut>* may h writt5 ano!r tract1 89 :i* ! cause ( ,sup]/ition 0 def5d$ aga9/ ,epicurus40#cdb ,h[ ,plut>* c\ld h accompli%$ a successful def5ce )\t go+ back on all ! argum5ts 9 ! treatise 8on ,sup]/ition0 w n be cle> to a mod]n read]4 ,x appe>s to u t ,plut>*1 hav+ an acute p]ception ( ! gross evils inh]5t 9 ! _m sup]/iti\s practices ( ! day1 has be5 di/urb$ f 8 usual philosophic pose1 & has be5 c>ri$1 by a feel+ ( almo/ p]sonal res5tm5t1 to draw a picture :i* 0 int5d$ to be "o-sid$1 because x 0 int5d$ to be al>m+4 ,plut>*'s ,philosophy1 8 ,religion1 "h t\* ! vital int]e/s ( life1 & come to close combat ) a gigantic moral evil4 ,:at is lo/ 9 philosophic deta*m5t is ga9$ 9 moral f]v\r1 a *ange ( balance :i* gives q o!r ?an a !oretical int]e/ to ^? _m %ort s]mons 9 :i* ,plut>* is aux prises ) ! s9s & vices & follies ( 8 day4 ,! ma9 importance ( ! 8,de ,sup]/itione0 is its contact ) practical affairs1 & its translation ( philosophic & religi\s conceptions into t]ms ( ev]yday life4 ,philosophy & ,religion h display$ to ,plut>* ! ,purity1 ! ,unity1 ! ,b5evol5ce ( ,god2 x is a "q ( ,e?ics to expose & de/roy practices :i* are repell5t to ?is conception ( ! ,div9e ,nature4 ,plut>*'s way ( solv+ t "q 9 "o direction is exp\nd$ 9 ! tract 8,de ,sup]/itione40#cdc ,:ile ,plut>*1 9 8 anxiety to safegu>d ! emotional aspects ( ,religion f ! incursions ( ,sup]/ition1 dep>ts 9 ?is tract f 8 ord9>y attitude ( intellectual mod]ation1 he rev]ts v m>k$ly to 8 usual mann] 9 8 treatise on ! two ,egyptian div9ities1 ,isis & ,osiris4 ,k ( ! ,tru? is "h depict$ z ! v he>t ( devotion1 & ! pursuit ( ?is is reg>d$ z ! only means ( hold+ a middle pa? betwe5 ! bog ( ,sup]/ition & ! precipice ( ,a!ism4 ,! ma9 object ( ?is treatise is to %[ h[ pr9ciples ( rational inquiry may be appli$ to religi\s my?s1 s t ,reason & ,piety may bo? be satisfi$ ) ! result4 ,wytt5ba* expla9s ?is purpose 9 a few words ( t]se ,lat9ity :i* might safely be quot$ z descriptive ( ,plut>*'s attitude t[>ds ,religion 9 g5]al4 8,consilium scriptoris videtur fuisse1 ut amicam de horum gyptiorum num9um ortu et cultu saniora1 quam qu vulgo f]r5tur1 doc]et1 religionemque fabul>um deliriis crimoni>umque ineptiis mirifice de=matam et apud prud5tiores hom9es 9 contemtum adductam1 i/is quoad ejus fi]i posset sordibus purg>et1 omnique lit]>um et philosophi in/rum5to ad hi/ori fidem1 natur rationem dignamque div9itate speciem re=m>et40 ,b :ile s]v+ z an example ( ,plut>*'s g5]al me?od ( inquiry1 a p>ticul> motive = ! *oice ( ?is special my? z subject w\ld d\btless be furni%$ by ! great preval5ce & popul>ity ( ! wor%ip ( ,isis dur+ ! ,grco-,roman ,empire ( ?is p]iod4 ,its passionate excitem5ts 7 ho/ile to ! calm cultivat$ by ! ,roman 9 matt]s ( ,religion1 & ,isis _h und]gone a prolong$ /ruggle be=e h] temples 7 all[$ to /& erect 9 ,rome4 ,! patrician indignation ( ,lucan--nos 9 templa tuam ,romana accepimus ,is96#cdd--;express$1 h[ev]1 r ! s5tim5t ( ! ,republic ?an ! conviction ( ! ,empire4 ,juv5al alludes to ! ,isiac sacr>ia l5--! fanum ,isidis--! temple ( ! goddess 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 9 t]ms :i*1 h[ev] sev]e f ! moral /&po9t1 leave no hi/orical d\bt z to ! e/abli%$ "* ( ! cult & its in/itutions4 ,9 ! lat] romance ( ,apuleius1 ! h]o ,lucius owes 8 re-trans=mation into human %ape to ! p[] ( ,isis1 & makes a pilgrimage ( gratitude to ! v temple to :i* ,juv5al makes s sca?+ an allusion4 ,! detail$ description giv5 by ,apuleius ( ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! goddess 9 s important a place z ,c5*re1 ! port ( ,cor9?1 be>s emphatic witness to ! e/abli%$ popul>ity ( h] rites4#cde ,ev5 9 ,plut>*'s tract ! fact is ev]y:]e indirectly evid5t4 ,clea1 to :om x is address$1 0 (ficially & intimately associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus at ,delphi1 b %e _h also be5 in/ruct$ f h] *ildhood 9 ! rites app]ta9+ to ! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,osiris4#cdf ,x is only 9 accordance ) ,plut>*'s well-kn[n "* t he %\ld be anxi\s to expla9 any?+ 9 ! ,isiac c]emonies & traditions1 ! misund]/&+ ( :i* 0 likely to g5]ate sup]/iti\s & lic5ti\s practices & lead indirectly to ,a!ism4 ,& if1 by expla9+ absurdities1 excis+ crudities1 refut+ false int]pretations1 he c\ld at ! same "t demon/rate ! unity ( ,god1 ! id5tity ( religi\s basis ly+ b5ea? ^! v>i\s beliefs ( o!r peoples1 we c recognize 9 ! task "o em95tly suit$ to ! "* & aims ( ,plut>*4 ,9 ! 8,isis & ,osiris0 ,plut>* has1 !re=e1 a tw(old object4 ,he endeav\rs to expla91 f a rationali/ic po9t ( view1 ! mean+ ( ,isiac & ,osirian c]emonies & leg5ds2 & he develops 8 !ories on ^! matt]s into an exposition ( 8 attitude t[>ds ,my? 9 g5]al1 %[+ t ! v>i\s beliefs ( o!r nations are n1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 mutually de/ructive & opposite1 b simply diff]5t ways ( envisag+ ! same ess5tial & et]nal tru?4 ,we proce$ to expla9 ^! ass]tions by an exam9ation ( ! treatise4 ,plut>* gives e>ly indication ( 8 po9t ( view4 8,! philosophy ( ! ,egyptian prie/s 0 g5]ally conceal$ 9 my?s & n>ratives conta9+ dim h9ts & sugge/ions ( tru?40 ,x 0 to indicate ?is 8enigmatic0 "* ( _! !ological wisdom t !y erect$ ,sph9xes be=e _! temples2 t1 too1 is ! mean+ ( _! inscription on ! %r9e ( ,a!ne-,isis at ,sais1 8,i am all t 01 & all t is1 & all t %all be1 & my veil ha? yet no mortal rais$40#cdg ,x foll[s f ?is t we mu/ on no acc\nt atta* a lit]al significance to _! n>ratives4#cdh ,?us !y repres5t ! sun z a newborn *ild sitt+ on a lotus fl[]1 b ?is is an enigma tea*+ ! d]ivation ( ! sol> heat f moi/ure4#cdi 8,x is 9 ?is way10 says he1 cle>ly indicat+ ! tw(old object he has 9 view ?r\gh\t ?is "w1 8x is 9 ?is way t y are to he> & accept traditions ( ! gods1 tak+ _! mean+ f su* z int]pret !m 9 a _s at once pi\s & philosophic4 ,?is _s ( rev]5t inquiry mu/ be accompani$ by a con/ant obs]vance ( ! recogniz$ =ms ( wor%ip1 & by a conviction t no religi\s or o!r action is m grateful to ! gods ?an ! acceptance ( true op9ions conc]n+ !m4 ,?is h>moni\s co-op]ation ( ,piety & ,philosophy saves equally f ,a!ism & its cognate evil1 ,sup]/ition40#cej ,x is 9 ?is _s--! _s 9 :i* e ,religion ju/ly claims t x %\ld be approa*$--t ,plut>* gives an acc\nt ( ! ,egyptian my? 89 ! briefe/ possible t]ms1 d5ud$ ( su* p>ticul>s z are q useless & sup]flu\s02 d5ud$ also1 z we are told lat]1 8( its mo/ blasphem\s features10#cea 8su* z ! dismemb]m5t ( ,horus & ! decapitation ( ,isis40 ,piety absolutely rejects ^! tales conc]n+ be+s :o p>ticipate 89 t bless$ & et]nal nature :i* m>ks our conception ( ! ,div9e02 al?\gh ,philosophy w n be equally sev]e on ^! leg5ds1 reg>d+ !m n solely z unsub/antial tales & empty fictions spun1 l spid]s' webs1 by poets & romanc]s out ( _! own imag9ation1 b also z indirectly reflect+ ! pure light ( "s anci5t n>rative ^: mean+ has n[ be5 utt]ly brok5 up z are ! sun's rays :5 reproduc$ 9 ! multitud9\s hues ( ! ra9b[4#ceb ,plut>* cle>ly reg>ds x z a pi\s duty to accept ! ,osirian leg5d z conta9+ a sub/ratum ( tru?1 embody+ ! religi\s lore ( ! ,egyptian prie/hood1 b he res]ves to himself ! "r ( int]pret+ ! expression ( ?is tru? 9 ! light ( 8 own philosophy4 ,8 attitude is id5tical ) t assum$ by ! au?ors ( ! v>i\s explanations ( ! my? :i* he reports z curr5t 9 antiquity4 8,^! int]pretations10 9 ! lively expression ( ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 8are ! int]pretations ( civiliz$ m51 ^: me?od is to ask !mselves3 #8,n[1 if ,i _h told su* a tale z ?is1 or inv5t$ su* a my/]y play ( div9e misadv5tures1 :at mean+ c\ld ,i h int5d$ to convey 9 :at is app>5tly blasphem\s nons5se8'0#cec ,x w be se5 t ,plut>* does n himself f9ally adopt any special int]pretation1 al?\gh he emphatically rejects ^? :i* are n pi\s z well z philosophic4 ,he is desir\s r ( %[+ 9 :at way ! inve/igation ( su* que/ions %\ld be approa*$1 ?an ( impos+ any def9ite conclusion on ! und]/&+2 ( cultivat+ an aptitude = rational & rev]5t inquiry1 ?an ( e/abli%+ a f9al & inflexible dogma4 ,he deals fir/ ) ! ,euhem]i/s1 or 8,exan?ropiz]s40 ,euhem]us ( ,tegea1 or1 z ,plut>* "h calls him1 ,euhem]us#ced ( ,mess5e1 fir/ treat$ ) sci5tific precision t t5d5cy to reg>d ! gods z k+s & rul]s ^: surpass+ greatness & m]it _h be5 rew>d$ by an imag9>y apo!osis4 ,he _h embodi$ ! result ( 8 rese>*es1 :i* he claims to h made dur+ an exp$ition s5t by ,cass&] to ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 a "w call$ ! 8,sacr$ ,record40 ,he ass]t$1 accord+ to ,lactantius1 t he _h se5 9 ! ,isl& ( ,pan*aia 7,plut>* calls x ,pan*on7 a column ( gold ) an inscription indicat+ its erection by ,zeus himself1 9 qua columna ge/a sua p]scripsit ut monim5tum esset po/]is r]um su>um4 ,?is 8humaniz+0 ( ,zeus 0 ext5d$ to o!r deities2 & ,plut>*1 :o s>ca/ically d5ies t ^! inscriptions _h ev] be5 se5 by anybody else1 :e!r ,greek or ,b>b>ian1 ass]ts t ! pr9ciples ( ,euhem]us _h be5 appli$ to ! explanation ( ! tombs & o!r monum5ts commemorat+ 9 ,egypt ! ev5ts embodi$ 9 ! ,osirian my?4 ,al?\gh x has be5 ass]t$ t ,euhem]us admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( ! elem5tal deities1 su* z ! sun & ! heav5s1 ! a!i/ical t5d5cy ( 8 !ory is evid5t1 & ! au?or ( ! tract 8,de ,placitis ,philosophorum10 ^: bias is di/9ctly ,epicurean & a!i/ic1 says t ,euhem]us absolutely d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! gods1 associat+ him 9 ?is connexion ) ,diagoras ! ,melian1 & ,!odorus ( ,cyr5e4#cee ,plut>* himself has no d\bts z to ! t5d5cy ( ,euhem]ism4 ,^? :o h rec\rse to ^! !ories18transf]r+ great names f heav5 to e>?1 almo/ entirely uproot & de/roy ! rev]5ce & fai? implant$ 9 all ( u at our bir?1 & op5 wide ! temple doors to ! pr(ane & a!i/ical mob40#cef--8,!y br+ div9ity to ! level ( humanity1 & fair occasion ( unfett]$ spee* to ! impo/ures ( ,euhem]us1 :o scatt]$ ,a!ism ! wide _w ov]1 degrad+ all ! recogniz$ deities alike to ! names ( g5]als1 admirals1 k+s ( a pret5d$ eld40 ,good & great k+s are rew>d$ ) ! gratitude ( po/]ity1 :ile disgrace & obloquy h be5 ! portion ( ^? ^: insol5ce has l$ !m to assume ! titles & temples ( gods4#ceg ,! hypo!sis ( ,dmonic natures1 next appli$ by ,plut>* to ! explanation ( ! leg5d1 we h already exam9$4 ,naturally he expresses a pref]5ce = ?is !ory ov] t ( ! ,euhem]i/s1 b w /ill proce$ to discuss ) philosophic deta*m5t ! hypo!ses ( o!r s*ools1 tak+1 z he says1 ! simple/ fir/4#ceh ,^! are ! ,physical ,allegori/s4 8,j z ! ,greeks ass]t t ,cronus is an allegorical symbol = ,"t1 ,h]a = ,air1 ! bir? ( ,hephai/os = ! trans=mation ( ,air into ,fire1 s also among ! ,egyptians !re are ^? :o ma9ta9 t ,osiris symbolizes ! ,nile1 ,isis ! ,e>?1 fecundat$ 9 8 embrace1 ,typhon ! ,sea1 into :i* ! ,nile falls to disappe> & be scatt]$1 except su* "p ( him z has be5 ab/ract$ by ! ,e>? to make h] fruitful40#cei ,he %[s h[ ?is id5tification ( ,typhon ) ! sea expla9s c]ta9 say+s1 beliefs1 & practices ( ! ,egyptians1 b he reg>ds x z r crude & sup]ficial1#cfj & passes on to an explanation giv5 by ! m le>n$ prie/s1 :o1 ) a m philosophic application ( ! pr9ciples ( allegorical int]pretation1 id5tify ,osiris ) ! ,moi/ ,pr9ciple ( ! ,univ]se1 & ,typhon ) ! ,dry ,pr9ciple1 ! =m] be+ ! cause ( ,g5]ation1 ! latt] be+ ho/ile to x4#cfa ,! simil>ity ( ^! views to e>ly ,greek speculation is po9t$ out by a /atem5t t ! ,egyptians held t ,hom]1 l ,?ales1 _h le>nt f !m t ,wat] is ! g5]ative pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 ,hom]'s ,ocean be+ ,osiris1 & 8 ,te?ys1 ,isis4 ,?is anci5t !ory is fully discuss$ by ,plut>*1 %[+ h[ ! ,egyptians appli$ x to ! my?1 b also indicat+ simil>ities ( detail & id5tities ( pr9ciple betwe5 ! ,egyptian & ,greek my?ologies4#cfb 8,^? :o comb9e ) ^! physical explanations c]ta9 po9ts borr[$ f a/ronomical speculation10 are next dealt )4 ,^! ,a/ronomical ,allegori/s ma9ta9$ t ,osiris is ! ,lun> ,_w & ,typhon ! ,sol>3 ! ,moon's light be+ reg>d$ z fav\rable to ! reproductiv5ess ( plants & animals1 f its great] moi/5+ t5d5cy1 :ile ! light ( ! ,sun is p>*+1 & s ho/ile to life & vegetation t 8a consid]able portion ( ! e>? is r5d]$ by 8 heat totally un9habitable40#cfc ,aft] a brief description ( ano!r class ( a/ronomical ,allegori/s :o reg>d ! my? z an enigmatical description ( ,eclipses1#cfd he puts ! :ole ( ^! p>ticul> explanations ( ! ,physical & ,a/ronomical ,allegori/s 9 _! prop] place z m]ely p>tial & di/ort$ expressions ( ! anci5t & univ]sal belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( two oppos+ pr9ciples1 two mutually ho/ile influ5ces :i* op]ate ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 giv+ ,nature its mix$ & unc]ta9 & fluctuat+ "*4#cfe ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s features 9 ,plut>*'s ,!ology1 z already exam9$ 9 ^! pages1 is 8 anxiety to avoid any k9d ( ,dualism 9 8 conception ( ,deity2 & x is a necess>y coroll>y ( 8 religi\s & philosophical conviction on ?is po9t t !re %\ld be no place 9 ! con/itution ( ! _w = a ,be+ reg>d$ z a coequal rival to ! ,"o ,supreme ,omnipot5ce4 ,z ,plut>*1 h[ev]1 himself po9ts out1 if no?+ c be conceiv$ z orig9at+ )\t a cause1 & ,good _c be reg>d$ z furni%+ ! cause ( ,evil1 x foll[s t ,evil z well z ,good mu/ h an orig9at+ pr9ciple ( its own4#cff ,b nei!r on ! religi\s nor on ! purely philosophic side does he c>ry ?is admission to ! ext5t ( accept+ an ,evil p]sonality or pr9ciple equival5t 9 p[] to ! ,deity4 ,on ! "o h&1 he accepts ! doctr9e ( subord9ate ,dmons1 ^: evil prop5sities are ultimately "u ! control ( ! ,omnipot5t ,au?or ( ,good1 inasmu* z !y are liable to pa9s & p5ances = _! infraction ( ! laws ,he has impos$ ^u !m2 & on ! o!r1 he has le>n$ f ,greek philosophy ! conception ( 1 t inf9ite1 =mless 8,matt]10 out ( :i* ! ,demiurgus1 mak+ x ! nurse & receptacle ( ! ideas1 _h creat$ ! ,univ]se4 ,he insi/s1 inde$1 t ! two conceptions are famili> to ,greek philosoph]s3 ,emp$ocles oppos$ to 2 ! ,py?agoreans _h two well-kn[n li/s ( contr>y expressions4#cfg ,anaxagoras express$ ! anti!sis by & 2 ,ari/otle by & 4 ,9 all ^! philosophical di/9ctions ! inf]iority ( ! second t]m is impli$1 & ,plut>* ass]ts ?is inf]iority 9 unmi/akable t]ms4 8,! creation & =mation ( ?is _w arose out ( oppos+1 b n equal1 ,pr9ciples1 ! supreme sway be+ ! portion ( ! ,bett]40#cfh ,x is cle> f ^! consid]ations t ,plut>*'s own m9d is made up on ! subject2 b he _c refra9 f giv+ sympa!tic consid]ation to s anci5t1 widespread1 & respectable a belief z t involv$ 9 ! my? ( ,osiris & ,typhon1 ( ,ormuzd & ,ahriman2 & he devotes consid]able space1 & displays consid]able +5uity1 9 connect+ ! ,egyptian & ,zoroa/rian beliefs ) ! leg5ds ( ,greek ,my?ology & ! pr9ciples ( ,greek ,philosophy4#cfi ,b 8 object1 ev5 :5 he makes indulg5t concessions to an opposite view1 is nev] lo/ sight (1 & t[>ds ! conclusion ( 8 se>* = p>allelisms & simil>ities1 he expresses 8 aim 9 unmi/akable & peculi>ly ,plut>*ean language4 ,aft] pass+ sev]e criticism on ! impiety ( ^? :o give ! names ( gods to ! productions ( ,nature1 ass]t+ t ,dionysus is ,w9e1 & ,hephai/os ,flame 7:i*1 says he1 is l id5tify+ sail & cable & an*or ) ! pilot1 ! ?read ) ! weav]1 or ! draught ) ! physician71 he adds1 8,god is n lifeless1 un9tellig5t1 subject to man1 z ^! ?+s are4 ,b x is f ^! bless+s t we conclude t ^? :o be/[ !m ^u u = our use1 & give u a con/ant & nev]-fail+ supply !re(1 are gods1 n diff]5t gods among diff]5t peoples1 n ,b>b>ian gods1 nor ,greek gods1 n gods ( ! s\? nor gods ( ! nor?2 b j z ! sun1 ! moon1 ! e>?1 ! sky1 & ! sea are common to all1 b receive diff]5t names among diff]5t peoples1 s likewise are diff]5t hon\rs assign$ & diff]5t invocations address$ to ! gods 9 diff]5t places accord+ to ! cu/oms !re e/abli%$4 ,yet is x "o ,reason :i* admoni%es1 & "o ,provid5ce :i* directs1 :ile subord9ate p[]s h be5 appo9t$ ov] all ?+s4 ,c]ta9 peoples make use ( sacr$ symbols :i*1 ) great] or less cle>ness1 direct ! und]/&+ to div9e k1 & yet n )\t dang]1 s9ce "s 9 _! desire to %un ! swamp ( ,sup]/ition h unconsci\sly slipp$ ov] ! precipice ( ,a!ism40#cgj ,"h we h1 comb9$ 9 "o s5t5ce1 ,plut>*'s belief 9 ! ,unity ( ,god1 8 acceptance ( ! !ory ( ,dmons1 8 recognition ( ! tru? ( =eign cre$s1 8 desire1 s frequ5tly express$1 & s consi/5tly act$ ^u1 to foll[ ! guidance ( a rev]5t yet inquir+ philosophy on a pa? :i* is equally di/ant f ! two great moral evils :i* loom s l>ge 9 8 m5tal vision4 ,h5ce ?is tract is organically connect$ ) ! treatise on ,sup]/ition2 ! =m] aims at secur+ by purely intellectual & rational processes :at ! latt] attempts by appeal+ to ! ,intellect ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,imag9ation4#cga ,,*apt] ,x4 ,conclusions respect+ ! g5]al "* ( ,plut>*'s ,religion--,mono!ism & ,dmonology bo? ess5tial p>ts ( 8 ,!odicy--,8 /rong belief 9 ! p]sonality ( ,god--,metaphysical weakness b ,moral /r5g? ( 8 ,tea*+--,close connexion betwe5 8 ,religion & 8 ,e?ics--,plut>* n an 8,eclectic10 nor a ,neo-,platoni/--,contra/ betwe5 ,plut>*'s ,religion & ,philosophy & ! ,religion & ,philosophy ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s--,*ri/ianity & ,neo-,platonism--,! /ruggle betwe5 !m & its probable effect on lat] religi\s hi/ory--,conclusion4 ,we h endeav\r$ 9 ! prec$+ pages to asc]ta91 f ,plut>*'s own acc\nt ( 8 views1 ! pr9ciples1 ! me?od & ! "* ( 8 ,religion2 to le>n 9 :at mann] he conceives ! sup]natural _w & its relation to ! human m9d & to human int]e/s2 to discov] & illu/rate ! processes by :i* ^! results are atta9$2 to note _! philosophic be>+ & t5d5cy2 & to exemplify _! application 9 ! sph]e ( practical e?ics4 ,we h se5 h[ cle>ly he recognizes ! exi/5ce1 & demon/rates ! attributes1 ( a ,supreme ,be+1 & h obs]v$ h[ he raises ! humility ( mank9d ne>] to ! ,maje/y ( ! ,highe/ by admitt+ ! activities ( an int]m$iate & m$iatory race ( sup]natural be+s1 ^: m+l$ nature allies !m equally to ,god & ,man1 & =ms a *annel ( communication betwe5 human wants & div9e b5evol5ce4 ,^! are ! two fundam5tal tru?s ( ! religion ( ,plut>*4 ,! :ole ( 8 exegesis1 9 :atsoev] direction op]at+1 :e!r exam9+ ! doctr9es ( ,philosophy1 ! leg5ds ( popul> ,my?1 or ! traditions embodi$ 9 c]emonial obs]vances1 is involv$ ) a recognition ( ?is tw(old conception z ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( a religi\s attitude ( m9d4 ,^?1 inde$1 :o h emphasiz$ too exclusively t elem5t 9 ,plut>*'s ,religion :i* he owes to ,philosophy1 h conclud$ t 8 religi\s beliefs 7 purely ,mono!i/ic3 j z a misund]/&+ ( 8 ,dmonology has result$ 9 ! ass]tion t he 0 trammell$ 9 ! me%es ( a sup]/iti\s ,poly!ism4#cgb ,x c\ld1 if necess>y1 be plausibly argu$1 aga9/ ^? :o h ma9ta9$ ?is latt] view1 t ! elaboration ( ! belief 9 ,dmons1 & ! multiplication ( ! functions ( ^! less] div9e be+s1 are factors :i* t5d to emphasize ! unity & purity ( ! ,supreme ,god2 & t ,plut>*'s ,mono!ism is no m de/roy$ by ! recognition ( a ,dmonic ,race ?an is ! ,ca?olic ,tr9ity ov]?r[n by ! ,*ur*'s acceptance ( ! ,cele/ial ,hi]>*y ( ,dionysius 8! ,areopagite10 ) its ?rice-repeat$ triplets ( ,?rones1 ,*]ubim1 ,s]aphim2 ,p[]s1 ,dom9ions1 ,mights2 ,angels1 ,ar*angels1 ,pr9cipalities4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,plut>* does n keep 8 ,religion & 8 ,philosophy 9 sep>ate m5tal comp>tm5ts3 !y are fus$ into "o op]ation 9 8 ?\ght2 & we %\ld adopt a false me?od ( int]pretation 7 we to sep>ate ! result z exp\nd$ 9 8 writ+s4 ,fur!r1 we %\ld obta9 a totally mislead+ view ( ,plut>*'s tea*+ 7 we to insi/ t he 0 fully consci\s ( all ! conclusions t by a /rict use ( logic c\ld conceivably be d$uc$ f 8 t5ets4 ,an exam9ation ( ! op9ions & beliefs :i* he /ates t he actually ma9ta9$ leads inevitably to ! conviction t 8 ,dmonology 0 z s9c]e z 8 ,!ology4 ,!re c1 we ?9k1 be no d\bt t 8 rev]5ce = ! national tradition gave him z real a belief 9 ! poly!i/ic activities ( ! ,dmons z 8 love ( ,philosophy gave him 9 ! ,unity1 ,p]fection & ,et]nity ( ! ,deity4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is belief 0 increas$ by 8 recognition ( ! important "p x might play1 9 "o direction by solv+ p]plexities & remov+ /umbl+-blocks f ! national tradition1 9 ano!r by respond+ to t et]nal crav+ ( humanity = a god-man1 a m$iator1 :i* _h already begun to receive a pur]1 a simpl]1 & a m p]fect satisfaction4 ,! consci\s expression1 !re=e1 :i* ,plut>* gives 9 8 writ+s to ! belief 9 ,dmons1 we are b\nd to accept z correspond+ ) a conviction actually exi/+ 9 8 m9d1 q z mu* z we admit ! s9c]ity ( 8 reit]at$ belief 9 a ,supreme & ,univ]sal ,deity4 ,b x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ suspects ( ,plut>*'s ,!ology--n ! less int]e/+1 p]haps1 because x has a c]ta9 inconsi/5cy ) o!r p>ts ( 8 ,religion--t1 ev5 7 we to conf9e our inve/igations to ! philosophic elem5ts ( 8 idea ( ! ,div9e ,nature3 ev5 if we c\ld totally exclude f consid]ation all ! functions :i* he ascribes to ! ,dmonic "*3 we %\ld /ill f9d ourselves face to face ) a ,god diff]5t1 9 "o ( ! qualities n[ reg>d$ z ess5tial to a complete conception ( ,deity1 f any ( ! !ological repres5tations curr5t 9 ! s*ools ( ,greek ,philosophy4 ,! ess5tial basis ( all ^! repres5tations is ! ,god ( ,plato1 p>tly reg>d$ z ! creative ,demiurgus ( ! 8,timu20 p>tly z ! ,_w-,s\l1 t 8bless$ god0 produc$ by ! op]ation ( ! ,creator's 8,intellig5ce02 & p>tly z t ultimate ideal ,unity1 ! f9al ab/raction rea*$ by a supreme ef=t ( dialectic subtlety4 ,! la/ ( ^! ?ree conceptions is ess5tially & truly t ( ,plato2 x is ! native & unalloy$ product ( ,dialectic1 ow+ naught ( its exi/5ce to ! illu/rative or ironical use ( ,my?1 out ( :i* ! o!r two conceptions spr+4 ,! elem5t ( p]sonality is totally abs5t f ?is conception1#cgc nor did ! ,/oics introduce ?is elem5t into _! adoption ( ! ,s\l ( ! ,univ]se z ,deity4#cgd ,b ,plut>*'s ,god is a p]sonal ,god4 ,! ,god ( ! 8,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta0 approa*es ne>] to ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ,god z a ,fa!r ?an ! ,deity z conceiv$ by any ,fai? :i* has n be5 p]meat$ by ,*ri/ian feel+1 & ! ,god ( ! 8,de ,sup]/itione0 pres5ts ! same *>act]i/ics z ! ,god ( ! 8,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta40 ,plut>*'s feel+ ( ! intimate relation exi/+ betwe5 ! ,div9e ,k & ! secret weaknesses & s9s1 & ! feeble /riv+s aft] virtue 9 ! human he>t1 does n require an elaborate & cont5ti\s process ( ratioc9ation be=e we c disc]n its pres5ce4 ,x is ! basis ( 8 f9e/ argum5ts1 & ! inspiration ( 8 mo/ e>ne/ & fruitful tea*+s4 ,?is weakness ( ,plut>* on ! side ( ,metaphysics1 ?is revolt ( 8 nature aga9/ ! coldness & di/ance ( ! ,deity ( ! ,platonic ,dialectic1 con/itutes 8 /r5g? z a religi\s & moral tea*]4 ,?is inconsi/5cy makes him ! type ( c]ta9 mod]n !ologians :o w exp\nd to a =mal ,congregation ! ,et]nity1 ,self-,exi/5ce1 ,necessity1 & ,unity ( ,god ! ,fir/ ,cause1 :ile 9 _! private devotions _! he>ts & _! lips turn naturally to ! simple & t\*+ petitions ( 8,our ,fa!r1 :i* art 9 ,heav520 or1 :ile compos+ a s]mon 9 :i* ! p>ticul> attributes ( ! ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity & _! mutual relation%ips are def9$ & enum]at$ ) m ?an s*ola/ic precision1 w turn & tea* _! *ildr5 to pray to ,god z ! 8g5tle ,jesus40 ,9 a simil> mann]1 !re is ! ,plut>* ( ! 8,de apud ,delphos10 ! ,plut>* ( ! 8,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta10 & ! ,plut>* ( ! ,dmonology4 ,he contributes 8 %>e to ! discussions ( philosophic !ologians2 he depicts ,god 9 direct spiritual relation%ip ) 8 human *ildr52 & he describes ! ,dmons z aid+ mank9d 9 _! int]nal /ruggles t[>ds p]fection ( moral "*4 ,he w all[ nei!r ,reason nor ,emotion to run away ) him2 he is z f> remov$ f ! dialectic sev]ities ( ,plato1 z he is f ! sup]/iti\s beliefs & practices ( ! lat] ,platoni/s4 ,he has no special & peculi> message ei!r to ! !ologian 9 ! pulpit1 or to ! *ild at its "m's knee4 ,he appeals to humanity at l>ge2 to ! p :o h "w to d1 & :o want to get x done ) hone/y & dignity2 to /ud5ts1 tea*]s1 politicians1 memb]s ( a busy society2 to p :o are liable to all ! temptations1 & capable ( all ! virtues1 :i* naturally arise 9 ! ord9>y life ( highly civiliz$ communities4 ,he analyses & illu/rates su* common vices z ang]1 av>ice1 envy1 hate1 flatt]y2#cge he p5etrates & exposes su* ord9>y fail+s z g>rulity1 gau*]ie1 p]sonal extravagance1 & int]f]+ curiosity4#cgf ,8 sympa!tic p51 z ( "o :o kn[s ! value ( su* ?+s1 depicts ) r>e *>m ! lovel9ess ( fri5d%ip1 & ( affection = bro!r1 *ild1 & wife2 :ile he applies a m religi\s consolation to ^? :o are suff]+ "u ! bitt]ness ( exile1 ! sadness ( b]eavem5t by dea?4#cgg ,to connect ,plut>*'s ,religion ) 8 ,e?ics at all ^! po9ts ( contact w\ld c>ry u beyond ! natural limits ( our pres5t aim4#cgh ,z an illu/ration ( 8 me?od z op]at+ 9 ?is direction1 we may recall h[ intimately ,plut>*'s conception ( ! ,div9e ,nature is int]wov5 ) 8 e?ical aim 9 face ( s s]i\s a moral evil z ,sup]/ition4 ,we may also add t he is consi/5t ) himself 9 con/ruct+ no sci5tifically accurate sy/em ( ,e?ics any m ?an he ma9ta9s a dialectically impeccable s*eme ( ,!ology4 ,he criticizes ! e?ical results atta9$ by v>i\s ,s*ools ( ,philosophy1 & selects f ?is "o & t "o su* elem5ts z promise to give great] cle>ness & /r5g? to 8 own convictions4#cgi ,he quotes ,plato & ,ari/otle to %[ t ,reason & ,passion are bo? necess>y elem5ts 9 ! production ( practical virtue4 ,sup]ior p[] z ,reason is 9 ! con/itution ( man1 %e _c act by h]self t[>ds ! accompli%m5t ( h] own virtu\s aims4 ,al?\gh he refuses to agree ) ,ari/otle t all ,virtue is a mean betwe5 two extremes1 s9ce ! virtue ( ,intellig5ce z employ$1 = example1 9 ! contemplation ( a ma!matical problem1 be+ an activity ( ! pure & dispassionate "p ( ! s\l1 ne$s no admixture ( ! unreason+ elem5t to make x effective2 he yet insi/s t ! virtues ( practical life dem& = _! realization ! in/rum5tal ag5cy ( ! passions1 & are ?us1 9 effect1 a mean1 correct+ excess or defect ( ei!r ( ! co-op]at+ ag5cies4#chj ,ref]r+ to a fav\rite illu/ration1 he ma9ta9s t ! passions are n to be uproot$ & de/roy$ z ,lycurgus uproot$ & de/roy$ ! v9ey>ds ( ,?racia1 b are to be treat$ ) ! fo/]+ g5tl5ess ( a god :o w\ld prune ! wild1 trim ! rank1 & c>efully cultivate ! heal?y & productive portions ( ! plant4#cha ,if we wi% to avoid drunk5ness we ne$ n ?r[ our w9e away2 we mu/ temp] x ) wat]4 ,9 l mann]1 ,reason w n act 8by h>% & ob/9ate me?ods1 b by g5tle means1 :i* convey p]suasion & secure submission m effectively ?an any sort ( compulsion40#chb ,x is q 9 h>mony ) ?is ess5tially practical view ( life t he holds t ,virtue c be taught1 & t x is ?r\gh ! p]suasion1 & by ! guidance1 ( ,reason & ,philosophy t a happy life c be secur$1 inasmu* z _! ef=ts are direct$ at c\nt]balanc+ ! exagg]at$ picture :i* passion draws ( all ! circum/ances ( life1 :e!r !y are =tunate or ! rev]se4#chc ,x is ?is pr9ciple :i* he applies to ! discussion ( topics ( practical morality1 z he applies x to ! discussion ( que/ions ( ,religion4 ,! practice ( ! virtues bas$ ^u ?is pr9ciple is mo/ vividly exhibit$ 9 8 8,symposiacs10 a "w :i* is ( consid]able value = ! light x ?r[s ^u ! family & private habits ( ! ,grco-,roman empire ( t age1 b :i* is *iefly int]e/+ because x %[s to :at an ext5t ! simple & humane moralities ( ,epicureanism _h p]meat$ ,society1 & br\ght a calm & g5tle happ9ess 9 _! tra94 ,x may be admitt$ t ! positive additions made by ,plut>* to ! intellectual & moral weal? ( 8 age 7 small & unimportant4 ,he made no great discov]ies 9 any ( ! great bran*es ( philosophical activity :i* _h s long be5 ! special pride & pr]ogative ( ! ,hell5ic ,race4 ,!re 0 n a t5d5cy ( ,greek ,philosophy ) ^: hi/ory & results he 0 n famili>ly acqua9t$2 !re 0 n a ,s*ool f :i* he did n borr[ some?+ = introduction into ! texture ( 8 own ?\ght4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t he is1 z he has be5 call$1 an ,eclectic2 b 8 tea*+ surr\nds 8 appropriat$ ?\ghts ) none ( ! weakness s (t5 atta*+ to great & orig9al utt]ances :5 torn out ( ! sy/ems 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally embodi$4 ,nor 0 8 ,eclecticism t spuri\s ,eclecticism ( ! lat] ,platoni/s1 :i* imag9$ x _h h>moniz$ discordant sy/ems :5 x _h ti$ !m toge!r ) ! )es ( an artificial classification4 ,plut>*'s ,eclecticism 0 unifi$ by ! ,e?ical aim :i* con/antly inspir$ 8 *oice1 & gave to old say+s ( philosoph]s1 old l9es ( v]se1 old notions ( ! p1 a new & ri*] significance 9 8 application ( !m to ! uses ( practical life4 ,?us1 if ,plut>* did n add to ! ga!r$ weal? ( ,hellas1 he taught 8 c\ntrym5 new ways ( pass+ _! anci5t acquisitions into ! curr5cy4 ,!re are p]iods 9 ! intellectual & moral progress ( humanity :5 ! _w is exhau/$ ) ! accumulation ( its ri*es2 :5 its appetite = acquisition is satiat$2 :5 x ne$s to f9d :at its possessions are1 & h[ be/ !y c be put to _! legitimate uses4 ,at ^! p]iods ! cultivation ( a m5tal attitude is ( great] s]vice to humanity ?an ! accumulation ( m5tal /ores4 ,plut>* came at su* a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,hell5ic race2 & we1 :o are once aga9 beg9n+ to recognize t ! end ( education %\ld n be ! m]e accumulation ( facts1 b r ! /r5g!n+ ( ! intellect & ! =mation ( ! "*1 c prop]ly e/imate ! value ( ! "w accompli%$ by "o :o1 on ! side ( intellect1 inculcat$ ! necessity ( sympa!tically wat*+ = signs ( a rational basis 9 beliefs h[ev] prim facie /range & abhorr5t1 & on ! side ( "*1 t a man c\ld become virtu\s by le>n+ :at 8 faults 71 & endeav\r+ to *eck !m by practice & habit4 ,9 him ,religion & ,philosophy w5t h& 9 h&1 op]at+ on ! same body ( tru?1 & direct+ _! en]gies to ! realization ( ! same end4 ,t rational influ5ce :i* we saw work+ 9 ! sph]e ( e>ly ,roman ,religion3 :i* subsequ5tly gave ,roman ,morality a s\rce ( inspiration 9 ,greek ,philosophy3 :i* associat$ ,greek ,religion & ,greek ,philosophy z factors 9 ,e?ics1 until ! latt] became ! pr$om9at+ p[]3 ?is influ5ce _h its f9al classical expression 9 ,plut>* & 9 ! o!r ?9k]s & work]s ( 8 epo* & t imm$iately succe$+1 9 ,s5eca1 9 ,dion1 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,^! m5 avoid$ extravagance 9 ,religion1 z !y avoid$ x 9 _! philosophical /udies & 9 ! practical affairs ( life4 ,!y are ! la/ legitimate outcome ( ! ,greek _s 9 ,pagan times4 ,plut>* collect$ ! wisdom1 & fix$ ! emotions1 ( ,antiquity1 9 a mann] :i* ! be/ m5 ( _m ,*ri/ian ages h f\nd efficaci\s = goodness4 ,9 8 own m imm$iate age 8 _s pr$om9at$ = a c5tury1 & 0 !n absorb$ to =m a ?9 ve9 ( common s5se 9 t m+l$ mass ( ,ori5tal my/]y & ,hell5ic metaphysics :i* 0 kn[n z ,neo-,platonism4#chd ,neo-,platonism1 :i* claim$ to repres5t ! p]fect h>mony ( ,religion & ,philosophy1 sub/antiat$ its claim by annihilat+ ! hi/oric f\ndations ( bo?1 & by ?us compell+ ,*ri/ianity to disp5se ) ! accumulat$ wisdom ( ages 9 its reorganization ( human relation%ips ) ! et]nal4 ,9 ,plut>*'s tea*+1 ea* elem5t ( ! comb9ation 0 at once assi/$ & re/ra9$ by ! o!r1 & ! fusion 0 natural & effective4 ,9 ,neo-,platonism1 ,reason1 ! pr9ciple ( ,philosophy1 & ,emotion1 ! inspiration ( ,religion1 7 ea* c>ri$ to an impossible ext5t ( extravagance2 & x 0 only ! exi/5ce ( ! two elem5ts 9 ! m9ds ( a few /r5u\s & orig9al *>act]s1 :o 7 assi/$ 9 _! attempts at unity by ! ref9em5ts ( an ultra-,platonic ,dialectic1 :i* secur$ ev5 ! appe>ance ( h>mony betwe5 ! discrepant conceptions :i* !y borr[$ f v>i\s diff]+ & ev5 mutually ho/ile s*ools4 ,ev5 9 ,plato ! conspicu\sness ( ! ,e?ical elem5t comp5sates to "s ext5t = ! ab/ractness ( 8 conception ( ! ,deity4 ,b ,neo-,platonism =c$ ! idealism ( ,plato to a m extravagant metaphysic2 &1 al?\gh ^u ,dialectics ! rational "p ( _! doctr9e 0 nom9ally bas$1 ! ab/ractness ( its processes l5t itself to my/icism z effectively z ! purely religi\s elem5t :i* lo/ itself 9 ! vag>ies ( ,ori5tal rapture1 & debas$ itself by its miracul\s me?ods ( int]c\rse ) ! spiritual _w4 ,reason1 9 ! pursuit ( ! ,"o1 0 att5uat$ to ,ma!matics4 ,ma!matics1 hav+ arriv$ at ! conception ( ! ,"o1 & f9d+ x )\t any qualities1 gave way to ! raptures ( ! 8p]fect vision40 ,h[ f> ?is tw(old extravagance 0 due to ! p]sonality ( ! f\nd]s ( ! new ,sy/em1 & h[ f> to its express object ( rivall+ ,*ri/ianity1 is a d\btful problem4 ,maximus 0 a ,tyrian2 ,num5ius came f ,apamea 9 ,syria2 ,ammonius ,saccas1 ! fir/ great ,neo-,platoni/1 0 ( ,alex&ria4 ,plot9us came f ,lycopolis 9 ,egypt1 & 0 p]haps a ,copt2 ,porphyry & ,iambli*us 7 ,syrians4 ,plut>*1 z ,bi%op ,!odoret said1 0 a ,hell5e ( ! ,hell5es4#che ,b ! necessity ( compet+ ) ! ris+ ,fai? d\btless op]at$ v /rongly 9 develop+ ! my/ical t5d5cies always tacitly inh]5t 9 ,platonism1 & proclaim$ by ! ,neo-,platoni/s at ! v comm5cem5t4 ,?is rivalry emphasiz$ t out-,platoniz+ ( ,plato :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,alex&rian ,tr9ity1 & t competition ) ! ,*ri/ian miracles :i* issu$ 9 ! triple folly ( ,magic1 ,!urgy1 & ,!osophy4 ,plut>*1 kn[+ t ! necessity ( confut+ an adv]s>y is liable to cause exagg]ation & di/ortion1 remov$ 8 ,epicurean f ! sc5e :5 he wi%$ to discuss ! provid5tial disp5sation ( human affairs4 ,! circum/ances ( 8 "t1 & ! b5t ( 8 own "*1 :i* incl9$ him to seek po9ts ( agreem5t r ?an to emphasize po9ts ( diff]5ce1 sav$ him f ! prejudices ( ! odium !ologicum4 ,b 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,*ri/ianity c\ld n be dispos$ ( by contemptu\s phrases1 or equally contemptu\s sil5ce4 ,! ,neo-,platoni/s came into direct contact ) ! new ,religion1 bo? 9 its lit]ature & 9 its practice4 ,ammonius ,saccas1 ! tea*] :o satisfi$ all ! ye>n+ aspirations ( ,plot9us1 _h be5 a ,*ri/ian 9 ! days :5 he 0 "y & c>ri$ a port]'s knot on ! quays4#chf ,porphyry in=ms u t he _h met ,orig51 & ,socrates1 ! ,*ur* hi/orian1 ass]ts t ,porphyry _h himself be5 a ,*ri/ian4 ,! evid5ce ( ,bi%op ,!odoret1 :i* _c be accept$ z reg>ds ,plut>*1 may easily be admitt$ z reg>ds ,plot9us4#chg ,porphyry wrote fifte5 books aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 :i* 7 publicly burn$ by ,!odosius #bjj ye>s lat]4 ,he demon/rat$ t ! prophecies ( ,daniel 7 compos$ aft] ! ev5t1 & 9 ! ,?ird ,book ( 8 ,collection ( ,oracles1 he devotes a *apt] to 8! fooli%ness ( ! ,*ri/ians10 & f9ds a place = ,*ri/ 9 8 l[e/ rank ( sup]natural be+s4 ,plut>*'s ?\ghts 7 n di/urb$ ei!r by anti-,*ri/ian polemic1 or by ! necessity ( f9d+ a place = ,*ri/ 9 8 spiritual _w4 ,! modifications :i* ^! influ5ces wr\ght 9 t body ( ,hell5ic wisdom :i* _h be5 ! mat]ial ( ,plut>*'s "w 7 mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! ,!ology & ,dmonology ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s4 ,plut>* _h be5 cont5t to /ate ! ,unity1 ,et]nity1 ,absolut5ess ( ,god4 ,he ne$$ su* a conception to make ! _w intelligible2 b he def9$ 8 conception ) a r>e simplicity :i* satisfies ! practical m9d z well z meets ! ess5tial requirem5ts ( ,philosophy4 ,b ! ,neo-,platoni/ !ology ref9es & subdivides & ab/racts to an ext5t :i* puzzles & bewild]s its mo/ e>ne/ /ud5ts1 & removes ,god inf9itely fur!r f mank9d ?an ev5 ! ,ideas ( ,plato are remov$4 8,accord+ to ,plot9us1 ,god is ,goodness )\t ,love4 ,man may love ,god1 b ,god _c love man40 ,ev5 ! 8,div9e ,s\l10 ! ?ird ,hypo/asis ( ! ,neo-,platoni/ ,tr9ity1 t :i* lies ne>e/ ! compreh5sion ( ! common intellect1 8is ( little intellectual or religi\s significance 9 ! m9d ( ,plot9us40 ,dogmatism w\ld be unbecom+ on a subject :]e ,kir*n] & ,zell] are at v>iance1 & :]e ! ,fr5* lucidity ( ,va*]ot & ,saisset ca/s little m light ?an ! close & c>eful analysis ( ,dr4 ,bigg4#chh ,b x is necess>y to a full und]/&+ ( ,plut>*'s position to consid] 8 relation to 8 successors z well z to 8 pr$ecessors1 & we are !re=e compell$ to a brief analysis ( ! ,neo-,platonic ,!ology & ,dmonology1 putt+ ourselves "u m compet5t guidance ?an we c ourselves hope to supply4 8,! ,supreme ,cause10 says ,dr4 ,bigg1 8,god1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 444 embraces 9 ,himself a unity ( ,?ree ,hypo/ases4444 ,hypo/asis signifies ! und]ly+ cause ( ! ph5om5al manife/ation4 ,h5ce x c be appli$ to all ?ree ,p]sons ( ! ,platonic ,tr9ity1 :ile ,be+ c\ld only be us$ ( ! second & ?ird4--,ea* ,hypo/asis is a p]son1 b a purely intellectual p]son4 ,all ?ree are "o1 l ?ree mutually enfold+ ?\ghts1 & :]e "o is !re is ! ,all 9 ! fullness ( its p[]4 ,all are et]nal1 b ! second is inf]ior to ! fir/1 because #8begott51' & ! ?ird to ! second1 = ! same reason40 8,god10 says ,m4 ,saisset1 8is ?reefold1 & yet a :ole4 ,! div9e nature1 conceiv$ z absolutely simple1 admits ( division2 at ! p9nacle ( ! scale so>s ,unity2 b5ea? x ,intellig5ce1 id5tical ) ,be+1 or ! ,logos2 9 ! ?ird rank1 ! ,univ]sal ,s\l1 or ! ,_s4 ,we h n "h ?ree gods1 b ?ree hypo/ases ( ! same ,god4 ,an ,hypo/asis is n a sub/ance1 x is n an attribute1 x is n a mode1 x is n a relation4 ,unity is above ,intellig5ce & ,be+1 x is above ,reason2 x is incompreh5sible & ineffable2 )\t ,intellig5ce itself1 x g5]ates ,intellig5ce2 x gives bir? to ,be+1 & is n itself ,be+4 ,intellig5ce1 9 its turn1 )\t motion or activity z x is1 produces ! ,s\l1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( activity & motion4 ,god conceiv$ z a p]fect type ( :i* ! human s\l is a copy1 ! inf9ite & univ]sal ,s\l1 is ! ?ird hypo/asis4 ,god conceiv$ z absolute1 et]nal1 simple1 motionless ,?\ght1 sup]ior to space & "t1 is ! second hypo/asis40 ,b s\l & ?\ght & be+ are t]ms relative to ! human m9d4 8,god is above ?\ght1 above ,be+3 ,he is1 !re=e1 indivisible & inconceivable4 ,he is ! ,"o1 ! ,good1 grasp$ by ,ec/asy4 ,?is is ! ?ird hypo/asis40 ,m4 ,saisset cont9ues3 8,su* are ! ?ree t]ms :i* compose ?is obscure & pr(\nd ,tr9ity4 ,human reason1 reason /ill imp]fectly free f ! me%es ( s5se1 /ops ) ! conception ( ! ,univ]sal ,s\l1 ! active pr9ciple ( motion2 ! reason ( ! ,philosoph]s rises high]1 to ! ,motionless ,intellig5ce1 ! depository ( ! ess5ces & types ( all ?+s2 x is love & ec/asy alone t c c>ry u to ! conception ( ,absolute ,unity40 ,almo/ ! only ?+ t is easy to und]/& 9 ! ,neo-,platonic !ology is its adoption ( ! conceptions ( v>i\s s*ools ( ,greek ,philosophy4 ,?is ,eclecticism has a sup]ficial resemblance to t ( ,plut>*3 b x is ,eclecticism =mally enum]at+ & classify+ its results1 n h>moniz+ & unify+ !m4 ,! ?ird hypo/asis is ! ( ! ,/oics2 ! second hypo/asis is ! ,intellig5ce1 ! et]nal1 absolute1 & motionless ( ,ari/otle1 :ile ! fir/ has /rik+ aff9ities ) ! ,py?agorean ,"o4 ,b1 by a =c$ process ( int]pretation1 all ! ?ree ,hypo/ases are f\nd 9 ,plato4 ,9 ! 8,laws0 & ! 8,phdrus0 ,plato /opp$ ) ! conception ( ! ,?ird ,hypo/asis1 ! ,_w ,s\l1 ! orig9 & cause ( movem5t 9 ! creat$ _w1 :i* 9 ! 8,timu0 is repres5t$ z a creation ( ! ,demiurgus4 ,9 ! ,god ( ! 8,banquet0 & ! 8,republic10 :o is ! s\rce ( ,be+ & ,intellig5ce1 ,plato 0 anticipat+ ! ,second ,hypo/asis2 :ile 9 ! 8,p>m5ides0 he describes ! ,fir/ ,hypo/asis1 t absolute ,unity :i* has no relation ) ei!r ,be+ or ,reason1 or ) any?+ else ei!r actual or conceivable4 ,! plac+ ( ^! ?ree diff]5t conceptions ( ,god 9 ?ree diff]5t comp>tm5ts ( ?\ght1 9 ?ree diff]5t ,scales ( ,exi/5ce1 is n to unify !m3 nor is t process made any ! m feasible by ! inv5tion ( ! t]m ,emanation1 by :i* ! ,second ,hypo/asis proce$s f ! ,fir/1 & ! ,?ird f ! ,second4#chi ,plut>*'s ,eclecticism is bas$ ^u ! ne$s ( ! moral life3 t ( ,neo-,platonism 0 actuat$ by a desire = =mal h>mony1 & 0 /eep$ 9 a my/icism :i* op]at$ 9 draw+ ! s\l away f action to a div9e contemplation4 ,! ,p]fect ,vision1 ! revelation ( ! ,fir/ ,hypo/asis1 is ! culm9ation ( ! s\l's progress4 ,! ,second & ,?ird ,hypo/ases1 be+ subject to relations & conditions1 are susceptible ( approa* ?r\gh ! ,reason2 b ! ,fir/ ,hypo/asis1 be+ uncondition$1 _c be grasp$ by ,reason1 :i* moves 9 ! sph]e ( conditions & relations4 ,h5ce1 ! ,p]fect ,vision repudiates t ,reason ( :i* x is ! culm9ation3 8= ?\ght is a k9d ( movem5t1 b 9 ! ,vision is no movem5t40 ,9 ! ,revelation ( ! ,p]fect ,vision1 z well z 9 ! =mal developm5t ( ! ,tr9ity1 we see ! influ5ce ( a desire to compete ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is ec/atic contemplation ( ! highe/ conception ( _! ,!ology exhibit$ a my/icism :i* _h a m degrad+ side1 "o :i* is specially conspicu\s 9 ! ,neo-,platoni/ ,dmonology4 ,!re also ! ,my/icism is 9 comb9ation ) ref9em5ts ( logical def9ition4 ,plot9us takes ! float+ conceptions ( ,dmonology & makes !m submit to a rigid classification 9 =mal h>mony ) ! trip>tite "* ( ! ,div9e ,nature4 ,div9e ,p[]s he divides into ?ree classes4 ,! fir/ ,p[] is t :i* dwells 9 ! _w ( ,ideas1 ap>t f ! p]ception ( man & 9 close t\* ) ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce4 ,! next is ! race ( visible ,gods1 ! ,/>s1 ,nature1 ,e>?3 ! ?ird is t ( ! ,dmons4 ,! ,dmons are aga9 subdivid$ into ?ree ranks3 ,gods1 ,loves1 & ,dmons4 ,porphyry insi/s on a simil> classification4 ,9 "o ( ! oracles collect$ by him & pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 ! be+s ( ! ,dmonic hi]>*y are classifi$ ) equal /rictness1 b ) great] simplicity ?an t %[n by ,plot9us4 ,8 highe/ rank corresponds ) t ( 8 ,ma/]4 ,! second rank corresponds ) ,plot9us' ?ird class1 b does n "h und]go a trip>tite subdivision4 ,8 ?ird class1 unlike ! fir/1 :i* moves 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 is f> away f communion ) ,him1 & corresponds ) ! creat$ & visible gods 9 ! second class ( ,plot9us4 ,he is n always fai?ful to ?is simplicity4 ,9 ! ?ird book ( 8 8,de ,philosophia ex ,oraculis0 he admits ano!r class ( ,dmons call$ ,h]oes1 admitt+ ,*ri/ to _! numb]4 ,else:]e he divides ! ,dmons into ar*angels1 angels1 & dmons4 ,proclus w h six ranks3 & ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 :o classifi$ ?is ,dmonlore = ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 w h n9e4 ,we c equally disc]n "h ! op]ation ( t spuri\s ,eclecticism :i* fits its !fts into ! clamps ( a preconceiv$ sy/em4 ,! simple notion ( ,be+s int]m$iate betwe5 ,god & ,man1 break+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! two by p>ticipat+ 9 ! ,div9e & ,human nature1 is r5d]$ absurd & impossible by its compulsory h>moniz+ ) ! dem& ( ! ,alex&r9e ,tr9ity4 ,plot9us ?\ght he _h made ,ari/otle agree ) ,plato1 b ! h>mony 0 ( ! same "* z t secur$ betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,neo-,platonism by mak+ ! ,*ri/ian ,god-man a ,neo-,platoni/ ,dmon4 ,! ,ideas ( ,plato1 ! ( ,ari/otle1 & ! ,_w ,s\l ( ! ,/oics3 h[ easy to reconcile ^! diff]5t conceptions ( ! ,deity1 if !y are plac$ 9 diff]5t sph]es ( ?\ght1 & connect$ by ! my/]i\s process ( ,emanation6 ,! ,neo-,platoni/ s*ool 0 damn$ by its fatal proclivity = tr9ities4 ,!re 7 ?ree k9ds ( gods1 ?ree k9ds ( dmons1 & ?ree me?ods ( approa* to ! sup]natural _w4 ,^! ?ree me?ods 7 ( c\rse sy/ematic1 almo/ sci5tific1 con/ructions4 ,be=e ,porphyry !re 7 ,magic 77 & ,!osophy 774 ,t philosoph] introduc$ a ?ird & middle t]m ,!urgy 774 ,!osophy 0 ! process by :i* ! philosoph] atta9$ ! ,p]fect ,vision1 arriv$ at ! consummation ( 4 ,magic 0 ! process by :i* ! evil ,dmons1 :om ,porphyry puts "u ! dom9ion ( ,s]apis & ,hecate1 7 approa*$4 ,! object ( ,!urgy 0 communion ) ! good ,dmons4 ,aid$ by ,ori5tal f]v\r1 we "k ! absurdities :i* ^! sy/ems develop$ 9 ! _w ( practice4 ,b ! developm5t ( ^! sci5ces on ! !oretical side 0 en\gh to drag !m d[n ) _! own weight4 ,9 ,proclus ! practical & ! !oretic sides ( ,neo-,platonism are bo? driv5 to a culm9ation :i* passes ! intellig5ce ( humanity4 8,f ! ,incommunicable ,"o spr+--"o kn[s n h[--a ho/ ( ,h5ads4 ,ea* has ! "* ( absolute be+1 yet ea* has di/9ctive qualities4 ,! ,h5ads run d[n 9 long l9es2 ! ,intelligible are foll[$ by ! ,intellectual1 ^! by ! ,ov]worldly1 ^! aga9 by ! ,inworldly4 ,f ! ,intelligible spr+s ! family ( ,be+1 f ! ,intellectual t ( ,intellig5ce1 f ! ,ov]worldly t ( ,s\l1 f ! ,inworldly t ( ,nature4 ,^! pr9cipal #8*a9s' are ma9ly l brooks fall+ into "o riv]2 t :i* has a body may also h a s\l & an intellig5ce2 b !y subdivide z !y g d[n1 !re are diff]5t k9ds ( intellig5ces & diff]5t k9ds ( s\ls dep5d5t on !m1 s t ! riv] is p]petually bran*+ (f into o!r riv]s4 ,yet1 fur!r1 ! pr9cipal *a9s h to be multipli$ by ! numb] ( ,h5ads1 = ea* *a9 is a family dep5d+ on a ,god1 & exhibit+ ?r\gh\t ! *>act]i/ic ( t ,god4 ,x includes n only ,angels1 ,h]oes1 ,demons1 & human be+s1 b /ones1 plants1 animals1 :i* be> ! signature ( ! deity1 & h sacram5tal virtues ) respect to him40 ,if ,proclus believ$ all ?is1 we c und]/& 8 be+ a victim to ! grosse/ sup]/ition1 bo? 9 belief & 9 practice4 ,9 ! life ( ,proclus1 second ,ari/otle z he 01 we see ! natural culm9ation ( t excess ( ,reason & t exagg]ation ( ,emotion :i* _h m>k$ ! ,neo-,platonic attitude f ! beg9n+4 ,:5 ,ju/9ian clos$ ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns 9 ! ,six? ,c5tury its pr(essors1 ! la/ repres5tatives ( ,neo-,platonism1 7 be+ hunt$ d[n z practition]s ( magic ( ! meane/ description4 ,! 8,de ,sup]/itione0 ( ,plut>* m>k$ a /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d :i* ! ,neo-,platoni/s left beh9d1 & :i* ! ,european _w has only j atta9$ aga9 aft] c5turies ( horrible crimes born ( a s9c]e belief 9 wit*craft4#cij ,x is a natural subject ( speculation to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is p]iod1 h[ f> ! "* ( mod]n civilization w\ld h be5 modifi$1 _h n ! free & tol]ant traditions ( ,greece be5 clamp$ into ! sy/ematiz$ absurdities ( ,neo-,platonism4 ,! /ruggle = social & political asc5dancy react$ also ^u ! lib]al & g5tle _s ( ! ,man ( ,naz>e?1 ^: tea*+s 7 ?us emb$d$ 9 a !ological =malism :i* robb$ !m ( half _! mean+ & all _! inspiration4 ,*ri/ianity f\ght ! enemy ) its own weapons1 & ! sci5tific t]m9ology ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s gave def9it5ess to ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,tr9ity & ! cele/ial hi]>*y1 :ile ! :ole sy/em ( ,dmonology1 :i* has play$ s s9i/] a "p 9 mod]n civilization1 0 to be f\nd entire 9 ! works ( ,porphyry & ,proclus4 ,x has ev5 be5 ass]t$ t ! *ief m]it ( ! ,neo-,platoni/ s*ool lay 9 ! fact t x prep>$ ! educat$ circles ( ,pagan ,society = ! acceptance ( ! ,gospel1 & laid ! f\ndations = ! con/ruction ( ,*ri/ian ,!ology4#cia ,b x is conceivable t _h ,*ri/ianity come face to face ) ! calm rationalism & g5tle piety ( ,pagan ,religion & ,philosophy z !y appe> 9 ,plut>*1 m ( ! _s1 if less ( ! =m1 ( ! old tradition might h pass$ into ! tea*+s ( ! new ,fai?4 ,we %\ld1 p]haps1 !n h be5 sp>$ ! m>tyrdom ( ,*ri/ians at ! h&s ( ,*ri/ians1 ! ,inquisition1 & ! :ole t]rible consequ5ces ( ! ,odium ,!ologicum4 ,plut>* sugge/$ a frame ( m9d r ?an inculcat$ a body ( dogma1 & 9 t he resembl$ ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity a great deal m ?an ! mo/ hon\r$ !ologians ( ! ,*ur* h done4 ,b ,paganism girt on its arm\r 9 direct ho/ility to ! new ,cre$1 & f ^! cl5*$ antagonisms sprang t acc5tuation ( po9ts ( diff]5ce :i* broke ! cont9uity ( civilization1 & sep>at$ ! mod]n f ! classical _w by a *asm :i* ! ef=ts ( f\r c5turies h n succe$$ 9 bridg+ ov]4#cib ,is x n possible t ,paganism1 :i* out ( ! multitude ( sep>ate gods _h evolv$ ! idea ( ! ,"o ,pure & ,p]fect ,deity1 might also1 out ( ! _m-sid$ activities ( ! half-human1 half-div9e ,dmons1 h arriv$ at ! belief 9 a s+le m$iatory p[]1 &1 ) a p]ception unbl9d$ by polemic bitt]ness1 h be5 prep>$ to m]ge ?is conception 9 ! ,div9e ,man ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*8#cic ,b ?\gh ! _s ( ,plut>* 0 n de/9$ 9 ?is way to pass directly on to ! believ] 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ! "t 0 to come :51 among ! be/ & pure/ adh]5ts ( t fai?1 8 tea*+s w\ld be reg>d$ z efficaci\s = ! s9c]e/ goodness4 8,! works ( ,j]emy ,taylor10 says ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 8conta9 no less ?an two hundr$ & fifty-six allusions or direct ref]5ces made by him to ! writ+s ( ,plut>*40 ,b direct indebt$ness ( ?is k9d does n necess>ily imply simil>ity ( _s1 & =tunately ! m5tal attitude ( ,plut>* is "o :i* appe>s ess5tial to human progress1 & does n dep5d ^u ! cont9uity ( a tradition4 8,plut>*10 wrote ,em]son1 8w be p]petually r$iscov]$ f "t to "t z long z books la/40#cid ,he w be p]petually r$iscov]$ because !re w be a p]petually recurr+ necessity to look at life f 8 po9t ( view4 ,b he w be p]petually r$iscov]$ because he is p]petually all[$ to disappe>4 ,!re w always be ^? among ! disciples ( ,religion & ! foll[]s ( ,sci5ce :o ma9ta9 t !re c be no truce1 no tol]ation betwe5 ! two1 & ! hi/ory ( ! human race w be =mulat$ into an indictm5t aga9/ ! ,sup]/ition ( ! "o1 & ! mo/ t]rible ana!mas ( ! ,*ur* w be fulm9at$ aga9/ ! ,a!ism ( ! o!r4 ,mean:ile ^? :o take a middle c\rse & recognize ! 8immortal vitality ( ,philosophy & ! et]nal necessity ( ,religion10#cie & w\ld leave ! individual m9d to select its appropriate support f ! dogmas ( ! "o or ! discov]ies ( ! o!r1 )\t dress+ ,philosophy 9 ! fanta/ic g>b ( ,religion1 z ! ,neo-,platoni/s did1 or turn+ ,religion into a matt] ( rules & regulations z ! ,cl]ical ,rationali/s ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury did1 w be reg>d$ by ! extremi/s z traitors at once to ! cause ( progress & ! cause ( morality1 & w be plac$ among !-- 8,anime tri/e di coloro ,*e viss] s5za infamia1 e s5za lodo4 ,mis*iate sono a quel cattivo coro ,degli ,angeli1 *e non furon ribelli ,n fur f$eli a ,dio1 ma p] s =o40#cif ,b s long z human nature is composite3 s long z x is compell$ to feel an int]e/ 9 ! home joys ( e>?1 & is end[$ ) an imag9ation :i* so>s beyond ! actual realities ( life to ! possibilities t lie beyond its limits3 s long w ! _s :i* dom9at$ ,plut>* op]ate 9 induc+ m5 8to borr[ ,reason f ,philosophy1 mak+ x _! ,my/agogue to ,religion30 s long w x be recogniz$ t ! mo/ subtle ,dialectic & ! mo/ spiritualiz$ rapture are dang]\s at once to ,reason & ,religion unless !y are br\ght into contact ) ! necessities ( daily life1 & made to subs]ve ! ends ( practical goodness 9 ! sph]e ( man's natural & imm$iate int]e/s4 ,?is recognition ( ,e?ics z ! dom9at+ end ( all ,?\ght & ,emotion w lead m5 on t firm pa? ( reasonable happ9ess :i*1 9 ,plut>*'s own fav\rite expression1 lies midway betwe5 ! headlong precipice ( ,a!ism & ! engulf+ quagmire ( ,sup]/ition4 ,,f9is4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,beccles4 ,,footnotes #a ,see ! ,head+ ( ! ,lamprian ,catalogue3 ,,b]n>dakis4 vol4 vii4 p4 #dgc4 #b ,,plut>*i ,,*,,ron5sis ,moralia recognovit ,,gregorius ,n4 ,,b]n>dakis 7,leipzig4 ,teubn]4 #g vols4 & ,app5dix74 #c ,classical ,review1 vol4 iv4 7#ahij71 p4 #cjf4 #d 7,!n ( ,goett+547 ,see ! ,prfatio to ,,b]n>dakis' ,second ,volume4 #e ,! ,treatise ( ,,plut>*1 ,de ,cupiditate ,diviti>um1 edit$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,,paton4 7,david ,nutt4 #ahif47 ,we h also consult$ ,mr4 ,paton's ,plut>*i ,py?ici ,dialogi tres 7,b]l91 #ahic74 7,an em5dation ( ,mr4 ,paton's is not$ infra1 p4 #ij47 #f ,leb51 ,s*rift5 und ,philosophie des ,plut>* von ,*ronea1 von ,r4 ,,volkmann 7,b]l91 #ahfi74 #g ,de la ,morale de ,plut>que1 p> ,,octave ,,gr,,ard 7,p>is1 #ahff74 #h ,plut>*1 8 ,life1 8 ,p>allel ,lives1 & 8 ,morals4 ,five ,lectures by ,,ri*>d ,,*5evix ,,tr5*1 ,d4,d41 c4 7,london1 #ahgc74 #i ,! ,greek ,_w "u ,roman ,sway1 f ,polybius to ,plut>*1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,,mahaffy1 ,d4,d41 c4 7,london1 #ahij74 #aj ,,mahaffy1 p4 #cba4 ,h[ ,plut>* c\ld possibly h 8tak5 pa9s to und]/&0 ,*ri/ianity :51 9 ,pr(essor ,mahaffy's own words 7p4 #cdi71 he 8seems nev] to h he>d ( x10 we mu/ leave x to ,pr(essor ,mahaffy to expla94 #aa ,ibid4 p4 #cba4 #ab ,ibid4 p4 #cdi4 #ac ,,volkmann1 vol4 ii4 cap4 #a4 #ad ,,gr,,ard1 ,preface to ,?ird ,edition1 p4 iii4 #ae ,de ,apologetica ,plut>*i ,*ron5sis ,!ologia 7,m>burg1 #ahed74 ,seib]t ref]s to two o!r au?ors :o _h dealt ) "s aspects ( 8 own subject--,absolute demum opusculo ,s*reit]i comm5tationem de doctr9a ,plut>*i !ologica et morali scriptam 444 necnon ,nitz*ii ,kili5sis de ,plut>*o !ologo et philosopho popul>i disquisitionem #ahdi editam conf]re licuit4--,we h be5 unable to see a copy ( ei!r ( ^! diss]tations1 al?\gh ,tr5* also alludes to ,s*reit]'s "w4 ,!y did n1 9 ,seib]t's op9ion1 r5d] 8 "w unnecess>y2 b he enjoy$ ! ine/imable advantage ( ! fri5d%ip ( ,zell]1 :o help$ him 8libris consilioque40 #af ,politik und ,philosophie 9 ihrem ,v]hltniss1 c41 by ,h4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,?i]s* 7,m>burg1 #ahec74--;,damals /& ,plut>*1 dem b]eits ,trajan consul>is*e ,ehr5 bewilligt hatte1 auf d] h*/5 ,/ufe des ,anseh5s4 7,= ,m4 ,grard's de/ruction ( ?is ,leg5d see 8 fir/ *apt]4--,lg5de de ,plut>que47 #ag ,! ,essays ( ,plut>*1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,,brodribb4 ,=tnightly ,review1 vol4 #bj1 p4 #fbi4 #ah 8,he c>$ n = ! "n ( any sect or lead]1 b plead$ ! cause ( moral beauty 9 ! int]e/s ( tru? only40--,m]ivale's 8,romans "u ! ,empire10 cap4 #fj1 :]e !re is an excell5t1 b un=tunately too brief1 acc\nt ( our au?or4 #ai uvres ,morales de ,plut>que1 traduites du grec p> ,,dom9ic ,,ric>d 7#aghc-agie74--8,rappro*e un texte1 la v]sion de ,ric>d e/1 dans sa t5eur gnrale1 d'une lgance sup]ficielle et d'une fidlit peu appr(ondie40--,,gr,,ard4 ,,tr5* also sev]ely condemns "s ( ! translations 9 ! edition issu$ 9 ,dryd5's "n4 #bj ,plut>*'s ,morals1 translat$ f ! ,greek by sev]al h&s1 correct$ & revis$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,,goodw91 ,ph4,d4 7,london1 #ahgj74--8;,x may h be5 a =tunate ?+ = "s ( our translators t ,b5tley 0 too mu* occupi$ ) ! wise heads ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* to notice ! blund]s ( m5 :o c\ld write notes say+ t ! ,p>!non is a #8,promontory %oot+ into ! ,black ,sea1 :]e /ood a *appel d$icat$ to "s virg9 godhead1 & fam\s = "s ,victory !reab\t obta9'd4'0--,editor's ,preface4 #ba ,plut>*'s ,morals4 ,!osophical ,essays4 ,translat$ by ! late ,c4 ,w4 ,,k+1 ,m4,a4 7,london1 #ahhi74 ,e?ical ,essays translat$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,,%illeto1 ,m4,a4 7,london1 #ahhh74 #bb ,,t]tullian3 ,de ,c>ne ,*ri/i1 #e4--8;,crucifixus e/ ,dei filius2 non pudet1 quia pud5dum e/4 ,et mortuus e/ ,dei filius2 prorsus cr$ibile e/1 quia ineptum e/4 ,et sepultus resurrexit2 c]tum e/1 quia impossibile e/40 #bc ,,/4 ,,augu/9e3 ,confessiones1 vi4 #e4--8;,ex hoc tam5 quoque jam prpon5s doctr9am ,ca?olicam1 mode/ius ibi m9imeque fallacit] s5tiebam jub]i ut cr$]etur quod non demon/rabatur 7sive esset quid demon/r&um1 s$ cui =te non esset1 sive nec quid esset71 quam illic tem]>ia pollicitatione sci5ti cr$ulitatem irrid]i2 et po/ea tam multa fabulosissima et absurdissima1 quia demon/r>i non pot]ant1 cr$5da imp]>i40--,! pr9ciple inh]5t 9 ! five italiciz$ words is id5tical ) t :i* ! writ] exposes z an example ( ! absurd cr$ulity ( ! ,mani*ans4 ,! diff]5ce is m]ely "o ( degree4 #bd ,attempts h1 ( c\rse1 be5 made at v>i\s times to rationalize a ,religion ^: c>d9al pr9ciple is ,fai?4 ,paley & ,butl] are conspicu\s examples 9 ! hi/ory ( ,anglican ,*ri/ianity b nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r suppli$ any widespread inspiration to ! religi\s life ( ! day4 ,butl]1 8:o _h made x 8 bus9ess1 ev] s9ce he ?\ght himself capable ( su* sort ( reason+1 to prove to himself ! be+ & attributes ( ,god10 :o 8f\nd x impossible to dissociate philosophy f religion 9 8 own m9d10 & 8w\ld h agre$ ) ,s\? t :at is nons5se ^u a pr9ciple ( ,reason w nev] be s5se ^u a pr9ciple ( ,religion10 0 yet compell$ to admit t 8x 0 too late = him to try to support a fall+ ,*ur*20 & x is a matt] ( national hi/ory t ,wesley1 ) 8 direct appeal to ! pr9ciple ( 8ju/ification by fai?10 did m to re9vigorate ! religi\s life ( ,engl& ?an all ! cultur$ rationali/s :o adorn$ ! ,engli% ,*ur* 9 ^? days4 ,& 9 ^! lat] days ,butl] has n escap$ ! *>ge ( 8hav+ furni%$1 ) a design directly contr>y1 "o ( ! mo/ t]rible ( ! p]suasives to ,a!ism t has ev] be5 produc$40 7,butl]1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,lucas ,coll9s1 ,m4,a47 ,paley likewise ?\ght x a j op9ion 8t :atev] r5d]s religion m rational r5d]s x m cr$ible10 & devot$ 8 g5ius to ! task ( mak+ religion m rational1 b has done little m ?an furni% a s*ool text-book = !ological /ud5ts4 ,fur!r1 :at ,*ri/ian1 9 8 he>t ( he>ts1 & at ^? mom5ts :i* he w\ld reg>d z 8 be/1 does n respond m readily to ! sublime s5tim5t ( ,t]tullian ?an to ! ratioc9ations ( ! ,analogy or ! ,evid5ces8 #be ,m4 ,,con/ant ,,m>?a',s tudes morales sur l',antiquit1 f :i* we h tak5 ?is j & /rik+ phrase ( ,bossuet1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! passionate & angui%$ mann] 9 :i* ! calm precepts ( ! fam\s 8,gold5 ,v]ses ( ,py?agoras0 7 appli$ by ,*ri/ianity3--8,le philosophe1 si svre qu'il ft1 se traitait t\j\rs en ami2 444 le *rti5 au contraire1 444 passe s\v5t p> des inquitudes inconnues la s]e9e antiquit40 7,l',exam5 de ,consci5ce *ez les ,anci5s47 #bf 8,belief is a virtue1 ,d\bt is a s940--,quot$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,fr\de1 ,%ort ,/udies1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdc4 #bg ,c]ta9 emotional aspects ( ,greek ,religion are dealt ) 9 ! subsequ5t analysis ( ,plut>*'s tea*+4 #bh ,,horace3 ,epi/4 i4 #f1 #ae1 #af4 #bi ,,ga/on ,,boissi]3 ,de la ,religion ,roma9e1 vol4 i4 p4 #ba4 ,cf4 ,,cic]o3 ,de ,natura ,deorum1 ii4 #bh4 #cj ,cf4 ! rem>k ( ,,s5eca3 ,epi/ol ad ,lucilium1 i4 #ba4--8,quod fi]i 9 s5atu solet1 faci5dum ego 9 philosophia quoque exi/imo4 ,quum c5suit aliquis1 quod ex p>te mihi placeat1 jubeo illum divid]e s5t5tiam1 et sequor40--,= a summ>y ( int]e/+ examples ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is _s ( compromise work$ out 9 practical religi\s que/ions1 see ,boissi]1 pp4 #bb1 sqq4 #ca ,,virgil3 ,georgics1 #a4 #bfh-bgb4--;,cf4 ! note ( ,s]vius on ?is passage3 8,scimus necessitati religionem c$]e40 ,on ! g5]al "* ( ,roman ,religion1 cf4 ,,con/ant ,,de ,,rebecque3 ,du ,poly?isme ,roma94--8,on dirait que les dieux ont abjur les erreurs d'une jeunesse f\gueuse p\r se livr] aux occupations de l'ge mr4 ,la religion de ,rome e/ l'ge mr des dieux1 comme l'hi/oire de ,rome e/ la maturit de l'espce huma9e40 #cb ,,macrobius3 ,saturnalia1 iii4 #i4--8,si deus1 si dea e/1 cui populus civitasque ,c>?ag9i5sis e/ 9 tutela1 teque maxime ille10 etc4 #cc ,,plut>*3 ,de ,iside et ,osiride4 7,passages subsequ5tly quot$47 ,cf4 ,,dion ,,*ryso/om3 ,de ,cognitione ,dei4 7,vol4 i4 p4 #bbe1 ,d9dorf's ,text47 #cd ,,dionysius ,,( ,,halic>nassus3 ,de ,antiquitatibus ,romanorum1 ii4 #ah4--,?\gh ,livy's acc\nt ( ! adm9i/rative measures ( ,numa is writt5 9 a totally diff]5t _s f t ( ,dionysius1 x may be not$ t ,numa is depict$ z introduc+ religion z an aid to political /ability4--8,ne luxuri>5tur otio animi1 quos metus ho/ium discipl9aque milit>is cont9u]at1 omnium primum1 rem ad multitud9em imp]itam et illis sculis rudem efficacissimam ,deorum metum injici5dum ratus e/40 7,,livy1 i4 #ai47 ,cic]o confesses t ! auspices _h be5 reta9$ = ! same reason4 7,de ,div41 ii4 #cc47 #ce ,! indignant phrases ) :i* ,horace sca!s ! deg5]acy ( 8 own times 9 ?is respect cle>ly indicate ! religi\s aspect ( ! patriotic self-immolation ( ,regulus3-- 8,milesne ,crassi conjuge b>b>a ,turpis m>itus vixit et ho/ium 7,proh curia inv]sique mores67 ,cons5uit soc]orum 9 armis ,sub rege ,m$o ,m>sus et ,apulus ,anciliorum et nom9is et tog ,oblitus t]nque ,ve/ ,incolumi ,jove et urbe ,roma80 7,od41 iii4 #e47 #cf ,cf4 ,,boissi]3 ,de la ,religion ,roma9e1 vol4 i4 p4 #ag4--8,nonseulem5t la religion roma9e n'enc\rage pas la dvotion1 mais on peut dire qu'elle s'en mfie4 ,c'e/ un peuple fait p\r agir2 la rv]ie1 la contemplation my/ique lui sont trangres et suspectes4 ,il e/ avant t\t ami du calme1 de l'ordre1 de la regul>it2 t\t ce qui excite et tr\ble les mes lui dplat40 ,boissi] quotes z ! rem>k ( ,s]vius on ,georgics1 #c4 #def1 ! words1 8,majores religionem totam 9 exp]i5tia collocabant20 b :at ,s]vius really wrote 01 8,majores enim expugnantes religionem1 totum 9 exp]i5tia collocabant10 & he gives an apt ref]5ce to ,cato's spee* on ! ,catil9>ian conspiracy z report$ by ,sallu/3--8,non votis neque suppliciis muliebribus auxilia deorum p>antur3 vigil&o1 ag5do1 b5e consul5do1 prosp]e omnia c$unt40 ,prop]tius 7iii4 #bb7 boa/s t ,rome is free f ! m extravagantly emotional leg5ds ( ,greek my?ology4 #cg ,,cic]o3 ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 lib4 iii4--,cf4 ! 8!ory ( ,tw(old ,tru?10 :i* 0 8accept$ )\t hesitation by all ! =emo/ tea*]s 9 ,italy dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury10 :o 87 c>eful to po9t out1 !y 7 philosoph]s1 & n !ologians40--,! ,skeptics ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 by ,john ,ow5 7p4 #ahf1 second edition74 #ch ,,cic]o3 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #a4--8;,iam illa qu natura1 non lit]is1 adsecuti sunt1 neque cum ,grcia neque ulla cum g5te sunt conf]5da2 qu enim tanta gravitas1 qu tanta con/antia1 magnitudo animi1 probitas1 fides1 qu tam excell5s 9 omni g5]e virtus 9 ullis fuit1 ut sit cum majoribus no/ris comp>&a80 #ci ,a situation =eca/ 9 ! well-kn[n passage ( ,plato's ,republic1 #fai ,c1 9 ref]5ce to ! s\l :o has *os5 = 8 lot 9 life 8! mo/ absolute despotism he c\ld f9d40--8,he 0 "o ( ^? :o _h liv$ dur+ 8 =m] life "u a well-ord]$ con/itution1 & h5ce a measure ( virtue _h fall5 to 8 %>e1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( habit1 unaid$ by philosophy40 7,davis & ,vaughan's translation47 ,:at c\ld m accurately describe ! "* ( e>ly ,roman morality ?an ^! words8 #dj ,x 0 inability to grasp ?is tru? t expla9$ ! 8patriotic0 opposition ( ! ,eld] ,cato to ! lectures ( ,c>neades1 ,critolaus1 & ,diog5es4 ,he 0 8unwill+ t ! public policy ( ,rome1 :i* = ! ,roman y\? 0 ! supreme norm ( judgm5t & action1 & 0 possess$ ( unconditional au?ority1 %\ld1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( =eign philosoph]s1 become subord9at$1 9 ! consci\sness ( ^! y\?s1 to a m univ]sal e?ical norm40 ,,ueb]weg3 ,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie 7,morris & ,port]'s translation1 p4 #ahi1 vol4 i474 7,cf4 ,m4 ,,m>?a3 ,le ,philosophe ,c>nade ,rome47 #da ,,cic]o3 ,de ,(ficiis1 i4 #dc4--8,pr9cepsque omnium virtutum illa sapi5tia quam ,grci vocant--prud5tiam enim1 quam ,grci 1 aliam qu&am intellegimus1 qu e/ r]um expet5d>um fugi5d>umque sci5tia2 illa autem sapi5tia quam pr9cipem dixi r]um e/ div9>um et human>um sci5tia1 9 qua cont9etur deorum et hom9um communitas et societas int] ipsos--ea si maxima e/1 ut e/ c]te1 necesse e/ quod a communitate ducatur (ficium id esse maximum40--,he is "h emphasiz+ ! social duties ( ! individual man4 #db ,de ,div9atione1 ii4 #b4--8,quod enim munus reipublic aff]re majus meliusve possumus1 quam si docemus atque erudims juv5tutem8 8 prs]tim moribus atque temporibus1 quibus ita prolapsa e/1 ut omnium opibus refrn5da ac corc5da sit40--,we %all v5ture to believe t p]sonally ,cic]o 0 n a religi\s man1 9 spite ( ! religi\s usefulness ( 8 philosophic "w1 & also not)/&+ ,trollope's cont5tion t 8_h ,cic]o liv$ a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,i %\ld h suspect$ him ( "s hidd5 k ( ,*ri/ian tea*+40 7,,trollope',s ,life ( ,cic]o1 *apt] on 8,cic]o's ,religion407 ,cic]o's ,lett]s h z mu* religion 9 !m z ,"l ,*e/]field's--& no m4 #dc ,,h]od4 ii4 #ec4 #dd ,,hesiod3 ,works & ,days1 #bhj sqq4 7cf4 #bic-cbf74 ,"h also is to be f\nd t fam\s description ( ! h>d & easy roads ( ,virtue & ( ,vice4 ,! rew>d held out to progress 9 ,virtue is t ?is road1 too1 becomes pleasant & easy at la/4 #de 4 7,,hesiod3 ,works & ,days1 #bic47--;,x is n surpris+ t ,ari/otle quotes ?is v]se ) approval1 or t x comm5d$ itself to ! g5ius ( ,roman writ]s4 7,cf4 ,,livy1 xxii4 #bi2 ,,cic]o3 ,pro ,clu5tio1 c4 #ca47 #df ,p9d>3 ,olymp41 #a1 v4 #bh1 sqq4 7,*ri/'s ,teubn] ,edition74 #dg ,,plut>*3 ,de apud ,delphos1 #che ,b4,d4 #dh ,see ,! ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 by ,sir ,,alex&] ,,grant1 ,essay ,,ii4 #di ,horace's 8,mutatus ,polemon0 is well kn[n4 ,! details ( ! /ory are giv5 9 practically ! same =m by ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,val]ius ,maximus 7vi4 #f4 #ae71 & by ,lucian 9 8 dramatic v]sion 9 ! ,bis ,accusatus 7#af1 #ag74 ,philo/ratus--,lives ( ! ,sophi/s1 i4 #bj--;gives an int5sely mod]n acc\nt ( ! conv]sion ( ! sophi/ ,isu4 7,see also ,note on p4 #bh47 #ej ,,plato3 ,laws1 #fdb ,c4 7,j[ett's translation47 #ea ,,br[n+',s ,asol&o1 8,developm5t40 7,p4 #abi1 fir/ edition47 #eb ,= ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek ,my?s 9 ?is direction1 cf4 ,,prop]tius1 ,book iii4 #cb4 8,ipsa ,v5us1 quamvis corrupta libid9e ,m>tis1 ,nec m9us 9 clo semp] hone/a fuit1 ,quamvis ,ida palam pa/orem dicat amasse ,atque int] pecudes accubuisse deam4 444 ,dic mihi1 quis potuit lectum s]v>e pudicum1 ,qu dea cum solo viv]e sola deo80 ,/4 ,augu/9e's criticism ( ! fam\s passage 9 ! ,eunu*us ( ,t]5ce 7,act iii4 sc4 #e71 :]e ,*rea is enc\rag$ 9 8 cl&e/9e am\r by a picture ( ,jupit] & ,dana1 is1 ( c\rse1 pa9fully ju/ifi$ by ! facts z report$ by ! dramati/4 7,confessiones1 lib4 i47 #ec ,,plato3 ,phd1 #fi ,b4 #ed 8,be=e ! fif? c5tury1 philosophy _h be5 entirely physical or metaphysical40--,sir ,a4 ,,grant3 ,ari/otle4 7,essay already quot$47 ,! ^w italiciz$ is surely too sweep+4 7,! ?\ght is repeat$ ) "s qualification on page #fg47 ,cf4 ,,diog5es ,,la]tius3 i4 #ah1 & i4 #ac4 ,,cic]o3 ,tusc4 ,qu/41 v4 #d2 ,acad41 i4 #d1 #ae4 ,,ari/otle speaks ) great] tru? & mod]ation4--,metaph41 i4 #f4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,socrates & previ\s philosoph]s lies n s mu* 9 ! fact t !y 7 n e?ical philosoph]s z t he 0 n a physical philosoph]4 #ee ,,h]od4 i4 #ge4 ,cf4 ! amus+ /ory told by ,plut>* 7,de ,soll]tia ,animalium1 #iga ,b1 ,c71 9 :i* a mule lad5 ) salt light5s its load 9 cross+ a riv] by soak+ its packages well "u ! wat]4 ,?ales ent]s ! ranks aga9/ ! clev] mule1 & comes (f easy w9n] by giv+ him a load ( sponges & wool4 #ef ,,h]od4 i4 #agj4 ,cf4 ,,plut>*3 ,cum ,pr9cipibus ,viris ,philosopho esse diss]5dum1 #ggi ,a4 #eg ,,ritt] & ,,prell]1 p4 #aj4 7,quot+ ,,simplicius3 ,physica1 #f1 a47 #eh ,,simplicius3 ,physica4 7,quot$ by ,,ritt] & ,,prell]1 p4 #aj47 #ei 8,h]aclitus us$ to say t ,hom]1 & ,ar*ilo*us z well1 ought to be expell$ f ! ,conte/s & cudgell$40--,d4 ,l41 ix4 #a4 #fj ,see ,,plut>*3 ,adv]sus ,colot51 #aah ,c2 & ,,/ob,,u3 ,an?ologion1 v4 #aai1 & iii4 #hd4 7,vol4 i4 pp4 #id & #ajd4--,tau*nitz ,edition47 #fa ,,plut>*3 ,de ,exilio1 #fjd ,a4 #fb ,,diog5es ,,la]tius1 ii4 #f4 #fc ,,alex4 ,,aphrod3 ,de ,fato1 ii41 quot$ by ,,ritt] & ,,prell]1 p4 #bh4 ,cf4 ,,pseudo-,,plut>*3 ,de ,placitis ,philosophorum1 #hhe ,c1 ,d4 #fd ,,ari/otle3 ,metaphysics1 i4 #c4 #fe ,,ritt] & ,,prell]1 p4 #eb4--;,cf4 ,,ueb]weg on ,leucippus & ,democritus1 8,! e?ical end ( man is happ9ess1 :i* is atta9$ ?r\gh ju/ice & culture40 #ff ,magna ,moralia1 i4 #a1 & i4 #cd4 ,cf4 ,,ari/otle3 ,e?4 ,ni*41 v4 #e4--8,! ,py?agoreans def9$ ! j to be simply retaliation--& ,rhadaman?us 79 s*ylus7 appe>s to ass]t t ju/ice is ?is3 #8t ! puni%m5t w be equitable :5 a man suff]s ! same ?+ z he has done4'0 7,?omas ,taylor's translation ( ,! ,works ( ,ari/otle47 #fg ,,ueb]weg1 p4 #dg4 ,see also citations 9 la/ note4 #fh ,h[ fruitful1 ! :ole ,attic ,trag$y demon/rates4 #fi ,,ritt] & ,,prell]1 p4 #gi 7f ,,clem5s ,,alex&r9us74 #gj ,cf4 ,,m>l[e',s ,dr4 ,fau/us3-- 8,:y w]t ?\ n a creature want+ s\l8 ,or :y is ?is immortal t ?\ ha/8 ,ah1 ,py?agoras' metempsy*osis1 7 t true ,?is s\l %\ld fly f me1 & ,i be *ang$ ,unto "s bruti% bea/6 ,all bea/s are happy1 ,= :5 !y die1 ,_! s\ls are soon dissolv$ 9 elem5ts2 ,b m9e mu/ live /ill to be plagu$ 9 hell40 #ga ,,m>?a3 ,l',exam5 de ,consci5ce *ez les ,anci5s 78tudes morales sur l',antiquit074--8,ce pome1 attribu p> les uns ,py?agore lui-mme1 p> d'autres ,lysis1 son disciple1 p> d'autres encore ou ,philolas ou ,empdocle1 ne remonte pas sans d\te une si haute antiquit1 mais il e/ c]ta9em5t antrieur au *ri/ianisme1 puisque des criva9s qui ont vcu avant notre re1 entre autres le ,/oci5 ,*rysippe1 y ont fait quelquefois allusion 444 ,hi]ocls dit =mellem5t que les ,v]s d'or ne sont pas l'uvre d'un homme1 mais celle de t\t le sacr collge py?agorici540--,! au?or ( ! v]ses is1 d\btless1 unkn[n1 b _! g5]al attribution 9 antiquity to a ,py?agorean s\rce is 9 h>mony ) ! univ]sal recognition t !y coh]e ) ! e?ical doctr9e ( ! s*ool4 ,m4 ,m>?a subjects anci5t philosoph]s & critics to a sev]e repreh5sion on ! gr\nd t !y saw 9 ^! v]ses a m]e inculcation ( ! practice ( ! memory--8,un c]ta9 nombre d'anci5s sont tombs dans la plus trange mprise4 ,ils ont cru qu'il s'agissait ici d'un ex]cice de mmoire40 ,b1 giv+ all ! =ce :i* ,m4 ,m>?a assigns to ! passages he quotes 9 support ( ?is view1 we mu/ n leave out ( consid]ation ! important "p :i* a good memory 0 believ$ to subs]ve 9 practical e?ics4 ,see ! pseudo-,plut>*ic tract ,de ,educatione ,lib]orum1 #i ,f4 ,cf4 ,,epictetus1 lib4 iii4 cap x4 ,,s5eca 7,de ,ira1 #c1 cap4 #cf7 le>n$ ! practice inculcat$ by ! gold5 v]ses f ,sextus1 :o 0 claim$ z a ,py?agorean 7,,ritt] & ,,prell]1 #dcg74 #gb ,,plato3 ,republic1 #fjj ,b4 #gc ,,plut>*3 ,adv]sus ,colot51 #aabf2 cf4 ,d4 ,l41 ix4 #bc4 ,see also ,,plato',s ,p>m5ides1 & cf4 ,,ueb]weg on ,p>m5ides4 #gd ,,leslie ,,/eph53 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics 7conclud+ s5t5ce74 #ge ,= a brief expression ( ?is id5tity1 see ,,dion4 ,,*4 ,de ,exilio1 xiii4 p4 #bdi4--8,to seek & /rive e>ne/ly aft] ,virtue--t is ,philosophy40 ,cf4 ,,s5eca3 ,epi/41 i4 #cg2 et passim4 #gf ,see ,,m>?a3 ,la prdication morale populaire 78,les morali/es s\s l'empire roma910 pp4 #bdj1 #bda74--8;,a cette poque la philosophie tait une espce de religion qui imposait ses adeptes au mo9s l'extrieur de la v]tu4 ,les sophi/es se reconnaiss5t leur murs lic5cieuses et leurs manires arrogantes1 les philosophes la dignit de leur conduite et de leur ma9ti54 ,on entrait dans la philosophie p> une sorte de conv]sion difiante3 on ne p\vait en sortir que p> une apo/asie sc&aleuse40 ,see ! passages ref]r$ to by ,m4 ,,m>?a1 &1 9 addition1 ,,dion',s acc\nt ( 8 8conv]sion0 9 ,oratio xiii4 7,de ,exilio71 & 8 comp>isons betwe5 ! sophi/ & ! peacock1 & ! philosoph] & ! owl1 9 ,oratio xii4 7,de ,dei ,cognitione74 #gg ,,cic]o3 ,acad4 ,po/]41 i4 #d4 7,reid's translation47 ,cf4 ,,ritt] & ,,prell]3 sec4 #bjd1 note 8a0 on ,,x5ophon3 ,memorabilia1 iv4 #c4 #a1 & i4 #d4 #d4--8,socratem quodam modo natur /uduisse vel ex no/ro loco lucul5t] c]nitur1 ubi depreh5dis eum teleologicam qu dicitur viam +ressum1 qu ratio transiit ad ,socraticos4 ,inde corrig5dus ,cic]o ,acad4 ,po/]41 i4 #d40 ,cf4 ,,b5well',s ,preface to 8 edition ( ! ,memorabilia3 8,quam gravit] de ,dei provid5tia et de admirabili corporis humani /ructura ,socratem diss]5tem inducit60--,x mu/ be conc$$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,x5ophon's acc\nt ,socrates is describ$ z discuss+ natural ph5om5a /ill ) a view to e?ical edification4 7,memorab41 iv4 #c47 #gh ,,plato3 ,timu1 #ei ,c4 #gi ,w4 ,s4 ,,l&or3 ,diog5es & ,plato 7,imag9>y ,conv]sations74--8,draw ?y robe ar\nd !e2 let ! folds fall gracefully1 & look maje/ic4 ,t s5t5ce is an admirable "o1 b n = me4 ,i want s5se1 n />s40 ,cf4 ,dr4 ,,m>t9eau3 ,plato 7,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory74--8,! p]fection :i* consi/s 9 contemplation ( ! absolute1 or ! attempt to copy x1 may be ! consummation ( ,reason1 b n ( "*40 #hj ,cf4 ,,l&or3 loc4 cit4--8,! bird ( wisdom flies l[1 & seeks h] food "u h$ges2 ! eagle himself w\ld be />v$ if he always so>$ al(t & aga9/ ! sun4 ,! sweete/ fruit gr[s ne> ! gr\nd1 & ! plants t be> x require v5tilation & lopp+40 #ha ,,ar*]-,,h9d3 ,! ,phd ( ,plato1 ,app5dix ,i4 #hb ,cf4 ,,m>t9eau3 8,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory03 ,plato1 p4 #ig1 vol4 i4--8,= ! s\l 9 its own ess5ce1 & = great & good s\ls among mank9d1 ,plato c]ta9ly _h ! deepe/ rev]5ce2 b he _h no %>e 9 ! religi\s s5tim5t ( democracy :i* dignifies man z man1 & reg>ds ) indiff]5ce ! highe/ p]sonal qualities 9 comp>ison ) ! ess5tial attributes ( common humanity4--,he rat$ s high ! difficulty ( atta9+ g5u9e insight & goodness t he ?\ght x mu* if !y c\ld be realiz$ ev5 9 a few2 & _h no hope t ! mass ( m51 ov]borne by ! pressure ( mat]ial necessity & un*a/5$ desires1 c\ld be br\ght1 "u ! actual conditions ( ?is _w1 to m ?an ! m]e beg9n+s ( wisdom40 #hc ,,ari/otle3 ,e?ics1 i4 cap4 #c4 ,cf4 i4 #f & i4 #h4 #hd ,e?ics1 i4 #c1 #d1 :]e also ! v]se f ! ,works & ,days is quot$2 cf4 sec4 #f4 #he ,e?ics1 i4 #h4 #hf ,,grant',s ,ari/otle1 vol4 i4 p4 #aee4 #hg ,see ,,ritt] & ,,prell]1 sec4 #cib1 = ! au?orities on ?is head4 #hh ,a ,voice f ! ,nile1 by ,,james ,,?omson4 ,an ,epicurean w\ld h he>tily respond$ to ! v]se foll[+ ^? quot$ 9 ! text f ?is f9e poem--8,& !re=e ,gods & ,demons1 ,heav5 & ,hell40 #hi ,,diog5es ,,la]tius 7,,ritt] & ,,prell]1 #chj4 ,cf4 ,,cic43 ,de ,f9ibus1 i4 #g74 #ij ,cf4 ,,pseudo-,,plut>*3 ,de ,placitis ,philosophorum4 #hgg ,d4 #ia ,,diog5es ,,la]tius1 x4 #adb4 ,cf4 ,,cic43 ,de ,f9ibus1 i4 #ai4--8;,d5ique etiam morati melius erimus quum didic]imus quid natura desid]et40 7,,ritt] & ,,prell]1 p4 #cdc74 #ib ,cf4 ! /atem5t ( ,,s5eca 7,epi/41 #hi1 #i74--8;,epicurei duas p>tes philosophi putav]unt esse1 naturalem atque moralem3 rationalem remov]unt40 #ic 8,?r\gh ! great weight :i*1 bo? 9 !ory & 9 _! actual life ) ea* o!r1 0 laid by ! ,epicureans on ,fri5d%ip 7a social developm5t :i* only became possible aft] ! dissolution ( ! bond :i* _h s closely unit$ ea* individual citiz5 to ! ,civil ,community71 ,epicureanism aid$ 9 s(t5+ d[n ! asp]ity & exclusiv5ess ( anci5t mann]s1 & 9 cultivat+ ! social virtues ( companionabl5ess1 compatibility1 fri5dl9ess1 g5tl5ess1 b5efic5ce1 & gratitude1 & s p]=m$ a "w ^: m]it we %\ld be c>eful n to "u-e/imate40--,,ueb]weg3 ,grundriss4 ,cf4 ,,horace3 ,sat41 ,i4 iv4 #ace--8;dulcis amicis40 ,! o!r elem5ts ( ! ,epicurean ideal are also realiz$ 9 ,horace's "*1 z 8 writ+s h left x to u4 #id ,?is break+ away ( ! b>ri]s betwe5 ! tea*+ ( v>i\s s*ools 01 d\btless1 l>gely due to ! increas+ importance :i* !y univ]sally atta*$ to ,e?ics4 ,! fact1 at any rate1 is indisputable4 ,e hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy1 f ! ,?ird ,c5tury onw>d1 is freely scatt]$ ) su* phrases z ^! f ,ueb]weg3--8,! new ,academy return$ to ,dogmatism4 ,x comm5c$ ) ,philo ( ,l>issa1 f\nd] ( ! ,f\r? ,s*ool4444 ,8 pupil1 ,antio*us ( ,ascalon1 f\nd$ a ,fif? ,s*ool1 by comb9+ ! doctr9es ( ,plato ) c]ta9 ,ari/otelian1 & m p>ticul>ly ) c]ta9 ,/oic !ses1 ?us prep>+ ! way = ! transition to ,neo-,platonism40--8,9 _m ( ! ,p]ipatetics ( ?is late p]iod we f9d an approximation to ,/oicism40 #ie ,z reg>ds ,epicureanism1 see ! ,adv]sus ,colot51 ! ,de lat5t] viv5do1 & ! ,non posse suavit] viri secundum ,epicurum4 ,plut>*'s polemic aga9/ ,/oicism is specially develop$ 9 ! ?ree tracts1 ,/oicos absurdiora ,poetis dic]e1 ,de ,/oicorum ,repugnantiis1 & ,de communibus ,notitiis4 ,plut>*'s attitude is purely critical3 he is by no means con/ructive4 ,8 criticism has be5 sev]ely dealt ) by ,h4 ,baz9 9 8 diss]tation1 ,de ,plut>*o ,/oicorum ,adv]s>io4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ,plut>* deals entirely ) ! f\nd]s ( ! two s*ools1 n ) ! lat] developm5ts ( _! tea*+s4 #if ,?i]s*1 :o reg>ds ,plut>* z ! inaugurator ( t moral re=mation :i*1 z we attempt to %[ 9 ! next *apt]1 0 op]at+ be=e he 0 born1 ass]ts t at ! "t :5 ,plut>* began 8 "w1 ! prevail+ mann] ( life 0 bas$ ^u an ,epicurean ideal4 7,d] ,epikureismus w> die ,popul>philosophie des ,tages1 d5n 9 ihr f& die h]rs*5de ,leb5sweise ihr5 begriffli*5 ,ausdruck4--,,?i]s*3 ,politik und ,philosophie 9 ihrem ,v]hltniss1 etc41 ,m>burg1 #ahec47 ,if ?is be s1 & we will+ly make ! admission1 !re 0 little ne$ = re=m "h1 al?\gh1 z ,s5eca f\nd 7,ad ,lucilium1 xxi4 #i71 x may h be5 necess>y to expla9 to a misund]/&+ _w :at ,epicureanism really 04 ,:atev] ,plut>*1 z nom9al ,platoni/1 may polemically advance aga9/ ,epicureanism1 ! ideal ( ,epicurus & ,metrodorus is realiz$ 9 ! conduct ( ! gr\p ( p ^: mann] ( life is repres5t$ 9 ! ,symposiacs4 #ig ,= "s consid]ations on ?is subject see ! conclud+ *apt]4 #ih ,e4g41 ,dr4 ,augu/ ,?oluck4--,at ! t]m9ation ( an article1 8,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss des ,heid5?ums aufs ,leb510 9 :i* he ransacks classical au?ors & ,*ri/ian fa!rs = any?+ :i* may s]ve to exhibit ! degradation ( ,pagan society1 he quotes ! words ( ,a?anasius to give expression to ! conclusion ref]r$ to 9 ! text4 ,! :ole ( ,*ampagny's brilliant & fasc9at+ "w on ! ,cs>s is dom9at$ by ! same _s1 a _s utt]ly inconsi/5t ) t attitude ( philosophical deta*m5t 9 :i* hi/ory %\ld be writt51 7tudes sur l',empire ,roma91 tome iii41 8,les ,cs>s407 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 too1 says ( our p]iod t x 80 ! h\r & p[] ( d>kness2 ( a d>kness :i* !n1 imm$iately be=e ! dawn ( a new day1 0 ! ?icke/40 7,miracles1 p4 #afb47 ,pr(4 ,mahaffy1 9 ! same uncritical _s1 ref]s to ! 8s+ul>0 & 8melan*oly0 spectacle pres5t$ by ,plut>* 9 8 religi\s "w1 8cl++ to ! s9k+ %ip1 or r1 try+ to /op ! leak & decl>e h] seawor?y40 7,greeks "u ,roman ,sway1 p4 #cba47 #ii ,see ,dean ,m]ivale1 ,romans "u ! ,empire1 vol4 vii4 #ajj ,see 8,/4 ,paul & ,s5eca0 7,diss]tation ii4 9 ,lightfoot on 8,philippians07 = a full acc\nt ( ! "q f ! hi/orical & critical /&po9ts4 ,! le>n$ & imp>tial ,bi%op has no difficulty 9 prov+ t ! resemblances betwe5 ,/oicism & ,*ri/ianity 7 due to ,/4 ,paul's acqua9tance ) ,/oic tea*+1 & n to ,s5eca's k ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,!odoret1 bi%op ( ,cyrus1 9 ,syria 7consecrat$ ,a4,d4 #dbj71 appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to ass]t ! op]ation ( ,*ri/ian influ5ces on ,plut>*3--8,plot9us1 ,plut>*1 & ,num5ius1 & ! re/ ( _! tribe1 :o liv$ aft] ! ,manife/ation ( our ,savi\r to ! ,g5tiles1 ins]t$ into _! own writ+s _m po9ts ( ,*ri/ian ,!ology40 7,!odoretus1 ,grc>um affectionum curatio--,oratio ii41 ,de ,pr9cipio47 ,9 ano!r place he makes a /ill m def9ite ass]tion3 8,plut>* & ,plot9us und\bt$ly he>d ! ,div9e ,gospel40 7,oratio x41 ,de ,oraculis47 ,rualdus1 9 ! n9? *apt] ( 8 ,vita ,plut>*i1 giv5 t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,p>is edition ( #afbd1 d>e n be s emphatic z ,!odoret3--8,!re are1 9 ! writ+s ( ,plut>*1 num]\s ?\ghts1 drawn f ,i _c say :at hidd5 s\rce1 :i*1 f _! tru? & importance1 c\ld be tak5 = ! utt]ances ( a ,*ri/ian oracle4 ,i d n hesitate1 !re=e1 to say ( him1 z ,t]tullian said ( ,s5eca1 t he is #8(t5 our own man4'0 ,& he ev5 goes s f> z to admit t1 ?\gh ,plut>* nev] attack$ ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & might h read ! ,new ,te/am5t z well z ! ,old1 x is q impossible to claim him z a believ]4--,bruck]1 9 a slight acc\nt ( ,plut>* 9 8 ,hi/oria ,critica ,philosophi1 takes a m critical view4--8,! fact t ,plut>*1 9 8 num]\s writ+s1 n[h]e alludes to ! ,*ri/ians1 ,i d n "k :e!r to attribute to 8 s5se ( fairness1 or ev5 to actual fav\r1 or :e!r to reg>d x z an indication ( m]e neglect & contempt40 ,t ,bruck] is incl9$ to ! alt]native ( contempt is %[n by a comm5t 9 a footnote on ,tillemont's ass]tion 7,hi/oire des ,emp]eurs71 t ,plut>* ignor$ ! ,*ri/ians1 8n d>+ to speak well1 n wi%+ to speak ill40 8,x appe>s to me10 says ,bruck]1 8t ! real reason 0 contempt = ! ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 look$ ^u z illit]ate40 ,( mod]n examples ( ?is t5d5cy "o may be suffici5t4 ,9 ! introduction to an ,am]ican translation ( ! ,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta1 ! editor1 aft] enum]at+ ! argum5ts aga9/ any connexion betwe5 ,plut>* & ,*ri/ianity1 concludes3--8,yet ,i _c d\bt t an infusion ( ,*ri/ianity _h someh[ infiltrat$ itself into ,plut>*'s e?ical op9ions & s5tim5t1 z into ^? ( ,s5eca40 78,plut>* on ! ,delay ( ! ,div9e ,ju/ice10 translat$1 ) an introduction & notes1 by ,,&rew ,p4 ,,peabody1 ,bo/on1 #ahhe47 #aja ,see ,,dion3 ,ad ,alex&r9os1 p4 #daj 7,d9dorf74 ,see also p4 #djb4 ,cf4 ,,philo/ratus3 ,vit ,sophi/>um1 i4 #f4 #ajb ,e4g41 ,conjugalia ,prcepta1 #adj ,a4--8,^? :o d n associate *e]fully ) _! wives1 nor %>e _! recreations ) !m1 tea* !m to seek _! own pleasures ap>t f ^? ( _! husb&s40 #ajc ,,tibullus3 ,eleg41 i4 #a4 ,cf4 ,,prop]tius3 ,eleg41 iii4 #ae4 8,dum nos fata s9unt1 oculos satiemus amore3 ,nox tibi longa v5it1 nec r$itura dies40 #ajd ,,tibullus3 ,eleg41 i4 #c4 8,quod si fatales iam nunc explevimus annos10 to ! end ( ! ,elegy4 #aje ,,tib4 i4 #c 7sub f9em74 #ajf ,,prop]tius3 ,eleg41 ii4 #ac1 #bh2 iv4 #e1 #bc sqq42 iv4 #d4 #ajg ,,tib41 i4 #aj4 #ajh ,,lucan3 ,ph>salia1 i4 #fgj4 #aji ,! basis ( ! "w ( ,augu/us1 & ( ! religi\s re=ms inaugurat$ or develop$ by him1 is laid 9 ! recognition ( a fact not$ by ,balbus 9 ,,cic41 ,de ,nat4 ,deorum1 lib4 ii4 #c4 8,eorum imp]iis rempublicam amplificatam qui religionibus p>uiss5t4 ,et si conf]re volumus no/ra cum ext]nis1 cet]is rebus aut p>es aut etiam inf]iores rep]iemur2 religione1 id e/1 cultu deorum1 multo sup]iores40 ,cf4 ,,horace3 ,od41 iii4 #f1 vv4 #a-d2 ,,livy1 xlv4 #ci4 #aaj ,,hor43 ,od41 iii4 #f4 #aaa ,see ,,boissi]3 ,religion ,roma9e1 vol4 i4 cap4 #e4--,le ,sixime ,livre de l',enide4 ,/4 ,augu/9e mu/ surely h felt ! religi\s influ5ce ( ! neid :5 he exp]i5c$ ! emotion :i* he describes 9 ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,confessions--plor>e ,didonem mortuam 7cogeb>71 quia se occidit ob amorem3 cum int]ea meipsum mori5tem1 ,deus ,vita mea1 siccis occulis f]rem mis]rimus4 7,lib4 i4 cap4 xiii47 #aab ,,ovid3 ,fa/i1 #d1 #bjc2 cf4 ,meta41 i4 sec4 #h4 #aac ,see ! ,life ( ,p]sius1 includ$1 ) ! ,lives ( ,t]5ce1 ,horace1 ,juv5al1 ,lucan1 & ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 9 ! writ+s ( ,suetonius4 #aad ,,macleane',s ,p]sius4--,introduction4 #aae ,,p]sius3 ,sat41 v4 #fb-fd4--;,at te nocturnis juvat impallesc]e *>tis1 ,cultor enim juv5um purgatas ins]is aures ,fruge ,clean!a4 #aaf ,ph>salia1 ix4 #eed-eee4 #aag ,ph>salia1 ix4 #egj4 ,we h n be5 able to refra9 f quot+ ^!--z o!r--well-kn[n v]ses 9 ! text4 ,!y are ! highe/ expression ( ! ,/oic ,pan!ism4 8,virtus0 has ! appe>ance ( a rhetorical climax2 b has x be5 notic$ t ! great mod]n poet ( ,pan!ism--= :at else 0 ,wordswor?8--also makes humanity ! highe/ embodim5t ( t 8pres5ce 444 ,^: dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1 ,& ! r\nd ocean & ! liv+ air1 ,& ! blue sky1 & 9 ! m9d ( man80 #aah ,quis labor hic sup]is1 c41 vi4 #dij1 et passim4 #aai ,felices errore suo1 c41 i4 #dei4 #abj ,scrutabitur s*olas no/ras1 et obiiciet philosophis congi>ia1 amicas1 gulam3 o/5det mihi alium 9 adult]io1 alium 9 pop9a1 alium 9 aula4--,,s5eca3 ,epi/41 i4 #bi4 #aba ,,philo/ratus1 i4 #g4 ,! qua9t turn ( ! v]sion 9 ! text is f ,,bl\nt',s #afha translation ( ! ,life ( ,apollonius4 #abb ,,dion3 ,oratio #cb1 pp4 #djb-c 7,d9dorf74 #abc ,see ,,dion3 ,de ,cognitione ,dei 7pp4 #bac-d7 = an int]e/+ comp>ison betwe5 ! owl & ! philosoph] on ! "o h&1 & ! sophi/ & ! peacock on ! o!r4 7,cf4 ,ad ,alex&r9os1 p4 #djf1 :]e ! suff]+s ( ! fai?ful philosoph] are 9 impli$ contra/ to ! rew>ds t await ! brilliant sophi/47 #abd ,iliad1 ix4 #cab-c 7,*apman's translation74 ,?is actual text is quot$ 9 ,,philo/ratus' ,lives ( ! ,sophi/s 7i4 #be7 z a criticism on "s ( ! false & fanta/ic ex]cises ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,! 8di/ant lapse0 ref]r$ to 9 ! text is con/antly evid5t 9 ! dramas ( ! be/ ,a!nian p]iod4 ,& hi/ory %[s t !re 0 a /rong t5d5cy 9 ! ,hell5ic "* agree+ ) t indicat$ by ! evid5ce ( ! dramati/s1 not)/&+ ! outcry rais$ :5 ,euripides summ$ up ! :ole matt] 9 8 fam\s l9e 9 ! ,hippolytus 7,hipp4 #fab74 #abe ,,philo/ratus3 ,vit ,sophi/>um1 lib4 i4 sec4 #bd4 #abf ,e4g41 ,de ,/oic4 ,repug41 #ajcc ,a1 ,b2 ,de ,audi5do1 #dc ,f4 #abg ,see frequ5t passages 9 ,s5eca's lett]s to ,lucilius1 e4g4 ,ep4 i4 #af1 #bj4 ,cf4 ,de ,vita ,beata1 cap4 #ah1 :]e ,s5eca def5ds himself & o!r philosoph]s aga9/ ! *>ge 8alit] loqu]is3 alit] vivis40 ,he w n be det]r$ f ! pursuit ( virtue by any tru? human weakness may h to admit 9 ! *>ge4 ,?is note is well m>k$ 9 bo? ,aurelius & ,epictetus 7ii4 #ai4 ,cf4 ,,aulus ,,gellius1 xvii4 #ai74 ,! praise ( ,ulysses at ! end ( ! ,de ,deo ,socratis ( ,apuleius is c\*$ 9 ! same /ra94 #abh ,,catullus1 xvi4 #d1 #e2 ,,ovid3 ,tri/ia1 ii4 #cec-d2 ,,m>tial1 i4 #e4 #abi ,,pl9y3 ,ep4 v4 #c4 ,plut>*1 also1 is legitimately (f5d$ at ! loose language ( ! f\nd]s ( ,/oicism 7see ,de ,/oic4 ,repug41 #ajdd ,b71 & 8 expressions1 z are ^? ( ,pl9y's fri5ds1 are q 9 h>mony ) ! mod]n attitude on ! "q4 ,apuleius def5ds himself aga9/ a simil> *>ge to t br\ght aga9/ ,pl9y by a simil> display ( great names4--8,fec]e tam5 et alii talia0 7,de ,deo ,socratis74 #acj ,,horace3 ,ep4 i4 #a1 #ad4 #aca ,,epictetus3 ,en*eir41 #di2 ,disc\rses1 iii4 #b2 i4 #ag4 #acb ,,s5eca3 ,epi/4 ad ,lucilium1 i4 #ba4 ,"h are a few ( ! egregia dicta :i* ,s5eca takes f ! tea*+s ( ,epicurus1 or ,metrodorus1 or alicujus ex illa (fic9a4--8,hone/a res e/ lta paup]tas10 8,satis magnum alt] alt]i !atrum sumus10 8,philosophi s]vias oportet ut tibi cont+at v]a lib]tas10 8,si cui sua non vid5tur amplissima1 licet totius mundi dom9us sit1 tam5 mis] e/10 8,quid e/ turpius1 quam s5ex viv]e incipi5s80 8,is maxime divitiis fruitur1 qui m9ime divitiis indiget10 8,immodica ira gignit insaniam10 8,sic fac omnia1 tanquam spectet ,epicurus10 8,initium e/ salutis1 notitia peccati10 c4 ,yet ,s5eca 0 ! ac]rimus ,/oicus ( ,lactantius 7,div4 ,in/41 i4 #e74 #acc ,fragm5t #abj 9 ,b]gk's ?ird edition1 #add 9 8 f\r? edition1 & #ajg 9 ,bckh's edition4 ,w4 ,*ri/ includes x 9 8 selections-- 7,no4 #d74 #acd ,iliad1 ix4 #dih2 xi4 #c1 #gc2 iv4 #ddj4 #ace ,amatorius1 #gfc ,c1 sqq42 cf4 ,de ,placitis ,philosoph41 lib4 i4 #hgi-hhj ,a4 ,?is tract _c be quot$ z au?ority = ,plut>*'s views2 x is 9 sev]al places di/9ctly1 ev5 grossly1 anti-,platonic1 & 9 o!r places ev5 m di/9ctly ,epicurean4 ,z an example ( ! rev]5ce ) :i* ,plut>* con/antly alludes to ,plato1 ! fir/ conv]sation 9 ! ,eigh? ,book ( ! ,symposiacs may be quot$4 ,! conv]sation arises out ( a celebration ( ,plato's bir?day1 & ,plut>* gives a sympa!tic report ( ! rem>ks ( ,me/rius ,florus1 :o is ( op9ion t ^? :o impute ! philosoph]'s pat]nity to ,apollo d n di%on\r ! ,god4 ,cf4 ?is & hundr$s ( o!r simil> examples ) ! bitt]ly contemptu\s expressions 9 ! ,de ,placitis1 #hha ,a1 a section :i* concludes ) an emphatic exposition ( t ,epicurean view :i* ,plut>* ex]ts himself s /r5u\sly to confute 9 ! ,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta4 ,b]n>dakis 8/>s0 ! ,de ,placitis1 ?\gh ,zimm]man quotes x z evid5ce aga9/ ! s9c]ity ( ,plut>*'s piety 7,epi/ola ad ,nicolaum ,nonn51 cap4 #g3 8ap]te negat provid5tiam074 ,wytt5ba* says ! ,de ,placitis 0 8e p]ditis quibusdam g]manis libris compilatum40 ,*ri/oph] ,me9]s 7,hi/oria ,doctr9 de ,v]o ,deo1 p4 #bdf7 attacks ! boldness ( ! writ]1 8qu deorum num5 et provid5tiam impugnavit1 quque a ,plut>*i pietate et moribus longe abhorret40 ,cors9i seems to ?9k t ! incr$ible lab\r involv$ 9 ! compilation makes x wor?y ( ,plut>*4 ,8 edition1 ) notes1 translation1 & diss]tations1 makes a v h&some qu>to1 :i* is a monum5t ( comb9$ indu/ry & simplicity4 ,he makes no comm5t on ! anti-,platonic expressions allud$ to above 7,,cors9us3 ,plut>*i ,de ,placitis ,philosophorum1 libri v41 ,flor5ce1 #agei71 nor does ,mahaffy ei!r1 :o reg>ds ! ,de ,placitis z g5u9e1 ?\gh he calls x jejune4 ,i h be5 unable to see a copy ( ,beck's #aghg edition1 :i* ,volkmann highly praises4 ,x may be obs]v$ ) reg>d to ! passage ref]r$ to at ! head ( ?is note t ,plut>* w\ld nev] h limit$ ! contribution ( philosophy to ! k ( ,god to 4 ,dion ,*ryso/om 7,de ,dei ,cognitione1 #cic1 sqq47 m5tions ! same ?ree s\rces ( ! k ( ! ,div9e nature z ,plut>*1 b also po/ulates a primeval & innate cognition ( ,god4 #acf ,cf4 ! ,pseudo-,plut>*ic ,de ,placit4 ,phil41 #hhj ,a4 #acg 4 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #cgh ,a1 ,b4 8,un li5 pieux se =mait entre le my/e et son my/agogue1 li5 qui ne p\vait plus se rompre sans crime40--,maury1 vol4 ii4 cap4 xi4 ,= ! say+ ( ,!odorus ab\t 8tak+ ) ! left h& :at is (f]$ ) ! "r10 see ,de ,tranquillitate ,animi1 #dfg ,b4 #ach ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 & ,de ,sup]/itione1 passim4 #aci ,cf4 ,,diog4 ,,la]t4 vii4 #acd 7,,ritt] & ,,prell]1 sect4 #djd74--8;,god1 by trans=mation ( ,8 own ess5ce1 makes ! _w40--,grant's ,ari/otle1 ,essay vi41 8,! ,anci5t ,/oics40 ,cf4 ,,plut3 ,de ,/oic4 ,repugn4 #ajec4 #adj ,de apud ,delphos1 #chh ,f4 #ada ,quomodo ,adulator1 #gh ,e4 ,cf4 ,,eunapius on ,hi/orians ( ,philosophy4 8,no "o has writt5 any c>eful acc\nt ( ! lives ( philosoph]s1 among :om we c\nt n only ,ammonius1 tea*] ( div9e/ ,plut>*1 b also ,plut>* himself1 ! d>l+ & delight ( all ,philosophy40 ,eunapius ?9ks t ! ,p>allel ,lives 7 ,plut>*'s f9e/ "w1 b adds t 8all 8 writ+s are ?ickly s[n ) orig9al ?\ghts ( 8 own1 z well z ) ! tea*+s ( 8 ,ma/]40 #adb #cic ,e4 #adc ,plut>* else:]e comm5ts ^u ! ( ! ,/oics 9 f9d+ explanations ( ! v>i\s names ( ! popul> ,deities 7,quomodo ,adolesc5s1 #ca ,e74 ,,cic]o 7,de ,natura ,deorum1 iii4 #bd7 repres5ts ,cotta z *>g+ ! ,/oics ) support+ ! crude/ sup]/itions ( ! popul> fai? by ! skill :i* !y display$ 9 f9d+ a my/]i\s significance 9 ! curr5t names & leg5ds3-8,atque hc quidem et ejusmodi ex vet]e ,grcia fama collecta sunt2 quibus intelligis resi/5dum esse1 ne p]turb5tur religiones4 ,ve/ri autem non modo hc non repellunt1 v]um etiam confirmant1 int]pret&o quorsum quidque p]t9eat40 #add ,iliad1 xv4 #cfb-d4 #ade ,9 ano!r place ,plut>* expresses ! view t ! orig9al ,creator ( ! _w be/[$ ^u ! /uff ( ! ph5om5al _w a pr9ciple ( *ange & movem5t by :i* t /uff (t5 dissolves & re%apes itself "u ! op]ation ( natural causes )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! orig9al ,creator 7,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dce-f74 #adf ,plut>*1 9 ?is ,essay1 di/9ctly places himself 9 opposition to ,plato1 ^: views1 = ! purposes ( contra/1 may be summ>iz$ f two well-kn[n passages ( ! ,republic4 ,9 #ccg ,b1 ,c1 ! great] "p ( ! my?s curr5t 9 ! popul> poets are repudiat$4 ,!n1 aft] t fam\s s]ies ( criticisms appli$ to p>ticul> passages tak5 f ,hom] & ,hesiod & o!r poets1 aft] 8 analysis ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( 8n>ration10 & 8 implicit inclusion ( ! great poets ( ,greece among ! ma/]s ( t k9d ( imitative n>ration :i* a man w ! m indulge 91 ! m contemptible he is1 ,plato concludes ) t ironical description ( ! reception :i* a ,hom] or a ,hesiod w\ld h to meet 9 a /ate f\nd$ on ! ,platonic ideal4 8,we %all pay him rev]5ce z a sacr$1 admirable1 & *>m+ p]sonage2 we %all p\r p]fum$ oil ^u 8 head & cr[n him ) wooll5 fillets2 b we %all tell him t our laws exclude su* *>act]s z he1 & %all s5d him away to "s o!r city ?an ours40--#cih ,a1 ,b 7,davies & ,vaughan's translation74 ,plut>*1 h[ev]1 takes ! _w z x is4 ,he admits t poetry is a sir51 b refuses to /op ! e>s ( ! "y p :o li/5 to h] fasc9at+ /ra9s4 ,lycurgus 0 mad 9 ?9k+ he c\ld cure drunk5ness by cutt+ d[n ! v9ey>ds2 he %\ld r h br\ght ! wat]-spr+s ne>] to ! v9es4 ,x is bett] to utilize ! v9e ( poetry by *eck+ & prun+ its 8fanciful & !atrical exub]ance0 ?an to uproot x altoge!r4 ,we mu/ m+le ! w9e ) ! pure wat] ( philosophy1 or1 to use ano!r image1 poetry & philosophy mu/ be plant$ 9 ! same soil1 j z ! m&ragora1 :i* mod]ates ! native /r5g? ( ! w9e1 is plant$ 9 v9ey>ds 7,quomodo ,adolesc5s1 #ae ,e74 ,augu/ ,s*lemm1 9 8 ,de fontibus ,plut>*i ,comm5tationum ,de ,aud4 ,poetis et de ,=tuna 7,gtt+51 #ahic71 subjects ! /ructure ( ! ,de ,audi5dis to a v close & c>eful analysis1 & comes to ! conclusion t ! ma9 s\rces ( ,plut>*'s mat]ial are to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,/oic & ,p]ipatetic philosoph]s4 ,he notes t ,plut>*'s examples are tak5 f ! same ,hom]ic1 v]ses z ,plato's1 & adds1 8,qu cum ita s9t1 quomodo h ,plut>*um int] et ,platonem similitud9es ort s9t dubium jam esse non pote/4 ,plut>*us1 ut 9 eis qu antec$unt1 ita etiam hic1 usus e/ libro ,p]ipatetici cujusdam1 qui1 ut crim9ationes a ,platone poetis factas repell]et1 hujus modi fictiones 9 natura artis poetic positas esse demon/ravit et comm5tationi su ins]uit poet>um v]sus a ,platone vitup]atos40 ,*rysippus _h compos$ a "w on ,h[ to /udy ,poetry1 ,z5o "o entitl$ ,on ,poetical ,/udy1 & ,clean!s ano!r1 call$ ,on ! ,poet4 ,! op9ion ( s consci5ti\s a s*ol> on ,plut>*'s 8appropriations0 is wor? quot+3--8t55dum e/ 444 ,plut>*um non eum fuisse qui m compilatorum libros aliorum ad v]bum exscrib]et s$ id egisse ut ea qu legisset atque collegisset ref]ret1 s$ ita ut modo sua int]misc]et1 modo nonnulla omitt]et vel mut>et40 #adg ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #cec ,e4 #adh ,de apud ,delphos1 #cic ,d4 ,cf4 ,de ,defectu1 #dcc ,e4 ,ammonius is "h evid5tly ref]r+ to a rem>k made 7#chf ,b7 by 8"o ( ^? pres5t0 to ! effect t 8practically all ! ,greeks id5tify ,apollo ) ! ,sun40 ,! words ( ,ammonius quot$ 9 ! text are /rik+ly simil> 9 _s to ! fam\s v]ses 9 ! 8,9 ,memoriam30-- 8,o ?\ t aft] toil & /orm ,may'/ seem to h rea*$ a pur] air1 ,^: fai? has c5tre ev]y:]e1 ,nor c>es to fix itself to =m1 8,leave ?\ ?y si/] :5 %e prays1 ,h] e>ly ,heav51 h] happy views2 ,nor ?\ ) %ad[$ h9t confuse ,a life t leads melodi\s days4 8,h] fai? ?r\gh =m is pure z ?9e1 ,h] h&s are quick] unto good3 ,oh1 sacr$ be ! fle% & blood ,to :i* %e l9ks a tru? div9e60 #adi ,consolatio ad ,apollonium1 #ajb ,a4--8,he 0 a v sage & virtu\s y\?1 conspicu\s = ! rev]5ce :i* he paid to ! gods1 to 8 p>5ts1 & to 8 fri5ds40 ,?is is ne>ly ! old ,hell5ic ideal z express$1 e4g41 9 ! l9es f ! 8,antiope0 ( ,euripides1 pres]v$ by ,/obu1 8,on ,virtue0-- 8,!re be ?ree virtues = ?y practice1 *ild3 ,hon\r ! gods1 rev]e ?y lov+ p>5ts1 ,respect ! laws ( ,greece40 #aej ,amatorius1 #gef ,b4 #aea ,amatorius1 #gfb ,a4 #aeb ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dce ,e4 #aec ,consolatio ad ,uxorem1 #fab4 ,cf4 ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dcg ,a4 #aed ,supply+1 z ,b]n>dakis does aft] ,wytt5ba*1 4 #aee ,de ,py?i ,orac41 #dji ,c4 ,cf4 ,de ,rep4 ,g]41 #gib ,f4 #aef ,plut>* puts ^! words into ! m\? ( ,!on1 a lit]>y man1 & a mo/ intimate fri5d ( 8 own4 ,b ,!on is "h a m]e mode/ disguise ( ,plut>*1 j z 8,lamprias0 is 9 ! ,de ,defectu ,oraculorum4 ,! argum5t is1 9 any case1 n affect$--! /atem5t is cle>ly ,plut>*'s own4 7,see ! note on t dialogue 9 a subsequ5t *apt]47 #aeg ,de ,py?i ,orac41 #dji ,b4 #aeh ,! antiqu>ian regret ( ,prop]tius = ! old simple wor%ips ( ,rome--8,nulli cura fuit ext]nos qur]e divos ,cum trem]et patrio p5dula turba sacro0 7,eleg41 v4 #a7--t\*$ a *ord :i* v few ,romans w\ld h respond$ to 9 ,plut>*'s "t4 #aei ,de ,exilio1 #fjb ,e4 ,?is recognition ( ! sacr$ "* ( ! ,emp]or does n preclude criticisms ( individual rul]s1 e4g41 ,n]o3 ,de ,s]a ,num4 ,v9dicta1 #efg ,f2 & ,vespasian3 ,amatorius1 #gga ,c4 #afj ,de ,py?i ,orac41 #djh ,b4 #afa ,cf4 ! fate ( ,*roneia "u ,antony1 z told by ,plut>*'s gr&fa!r 7see ,life ( ,antony1 #idh ,a1 ,b74 #afb #had ,a4 #afc ,prcepta ,reip4 ,g]41 #hac1 et passim3--,he insi/s1 h[ev] 7#had ,e1 ,f71 t subs]vi5ce mu/ n g too f>1 & he is also c>eful to po9t out su* brilliant op5+s = political ambition z are left by ! peculi> conditions ( ! "t 7#hje ,a1 ,b74 #afd ,plut>* /ates t ! aim ( 8 political advice is to enable a man n only to become 8a useful citiz510 b also 8to ord] 8 dome/ic affairs ) safety1 hon\r1 & ju/ice0 7,de ,unius 9 ,repub41 c41 #hbf ,c74 #afe ,prcepta ,reip41 #hbd ,c4 #aff ,prcepta ,reip41 #hac ,f4 #afg ,,prop]tius1 iv4 #aa4 8,hc ,di condid]ant1 hc ,di quoque mnia s]vant40 ,plut>*'s essay reads l an exposition ( ?is text ( ! ,roman poet4 #afh 8,et hoc v]bo mon]e satis e/1 nom9e cont9]i omnem r]um actionumque effici5tiam1 qu a ,virtute disjuncta1 nec 9 hom9is pote/ate posita e/2 sive illa ut casus et tem]itas1 sive ut div9a provid5tia in=metur40--,,wytt5ba*4 ,s*lemm says t ?is tract & ! ,de ,alex&ri sive virtute sive =tuna are 8m] ex]citationes rhetoric 9 quibus c]tam qu&am philosophiam p]sequi 9 animo non habebat40 ,yet ! rhetoric ( ! ,de ,=tuna ,romanorum is 9 wond]ful h>mony ) ,plut>*'s mature op9ion z delib]ately express$ 9 ! ,de ,republica ,g]5da4 #afi ,,virgil3 ,georgics1 ii4 #ecd2 ,,plut3 ,de ,=tuna ,romanorum1 #caf ,e4 ,?is may be a consci\s rem9isc5ce ( ,virgil's l9e4 ,if ,plut>* _h n read ,virgil1 he may h he>d s fam\s a v]se quot$ by 8 fri5ds at ,rome4 ,he himself translates a passage f 8! poet ,flaccus0 9 8 ,life ( ,lucullus 7#eah ,c--,,horace3 ,ep41 i4 #f1 #de74 ,! "q ( ,plut>*'s acqua9tance ) ,lat9 is v important = inve/igations into ! hi/orical s\rces ( 8 8,lives20 b x lies beyond our pres5t limits4 ,x is fully dealt ) by ,,weiss5b]g] 9 8 ,die ,spra*e ,plut>*s 7#ahie74 ,he exculpates ,plut>* f "s ( ! gross] mi/akes 9 ,lat9ity imput$ to him by ,volkmann4 #agj #cag ,b1 ,c4 #aga ,,cic]o3 ,qu/4 ,tusc41 i4 #bc4 #agb ,amatorius1 #gfb ,a4 #agc ,"o ne$ sc>cely g s f> z ,pr(essor ,lewis ,campbell1 :o says t ! ma9 result ( ! 8,e?ics0 ( ,plut>* is to %[ 8h[ difficult x 0 = a common-s5se man ( ! _w to =m di/9ct & reasonable op9ions on matt]s ( religion 9 t /rangely complicat$ "t0 7,religion 9 ,greek ,lit]ature1 #ahih74 ,b ,pr(essor ,campbell is also ( op9ion t 8! conv5i5t di/9ction betwe5 gods & demons1 :i* he 7i4e4 ,plut>*7 & o!rs probably ow$ to _! read+ ( ,plato1 is wor? dwell+ on because x 0 tak5 up = apologetic purposes by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs40 ,surely its religi\s value to an age :i* did n anticipate ! com+ ( 8! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs0 makes ! di/9ction wor? /udy f a po9t ( view q diff]5t f t repres5t$ 9 ,*ri/ian apologetics4 #agd ,see ,,maury1 vol4 i4 p4 #ceb4--8,py?agore admet l'exi/5ce de dmons bons et mauvais comme les hommes1 et t\t ce qui lui p>aissait indigne de l'ide qu'on devait se faire des dieux1 il en faisait l'uvre des dmons et des hros40 7,= a full] discussion ( ?is "q see ! *apt]s on ,dmonology47 #age ,plut>* devotes s mu* ( 8 "w to an exposition ( 8 views ( ! ,div9e "*1 t "o feels incl9$ to reg>d him less z a philosoph] 9 ! g5]al s5se ?an z a !ologian4 ,a k9dly piece ( description ( 8 own 7see ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #daj ,a71 9 :i* he m5tions ,cleombrotos ( ,lac$emon z 8a man :o made _m j\rneys1 n = ! sake ( traffic1 b because he wi%$ to see & to le>n10 & says t z a result ( 8 travels & rese>*es he 0 compil+ a practically complete corpus ( philosophical mat]ial1 ! end & aim ( philosophy be+1 z he us$ to put x1 8,!ology0--may be spok5 ) equal tru? ( ,plut>* himself4 ,we _c1 p]haps1 d bett] ?an apply ! t]m to him1 & support ! appellation ) an int]e/+ passage f ,m4 ,maury1 9 :i* he deals ) ! di/9ction betwe5 !osophs & philosoph]s 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ,greek philosophy & religion3--8,les uns s\mettant t\s les faits l'apprciation rationelle1 et p>tant de l'obs]vation individuelle1 p\r expliqu] la =mation de l'univ]s sub/ituai5t aux croyances populaires un sy/me cr p> eux1 et plus ou mo9s en contradiction avec les op9ions du vulgaire3 c'tai5t les philosophes proprem5t dits4 ,les autres acceptai5t la religion de leurs contempora9s1 444 ils entrepr5ai5t au nom de la sagesse div9e1 dont ils se donnai5t p\r les int]prtes1 non de r5v]s] mais de r=m] les notions ?ologiques et les =mes religieuses1 de faon les mettre d'accord avec leurs pr9cipes philosophiques0 7,,maury1 vol4 i4 p4 #cci74 ,cf4 ,c4 ,g4 ,,seib]t1 ,de ,apologetica ,plut>*i ,!ologia 7#ahed73-8;,f9is autem ad quem t5debat ipsa erat religio a majoribus accepta1 qua philosophi ope purgata qualium animos d5uo impl]e /udebat40 ,he ?9ks ,plut>* 0 a !ologian fir/ & a philosoph] aft]4 7,9 ! passage quot$ above f ! ,de ,defectu x is difficult n to reg>d ,mr4 ,paton's em5dation ( z m 9 accordance ) ! "* ( ,cleombrotos ?an ! ( ,b]n>dakis' text1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 he 0 a great travell] & an ard5t /ud5t47 #agf ,de ,e1 #cib ,a4 ,cf4 ,,plato3 ,la*es1 #bdj ,c4 #agg #cic ,a-,d4 #agh #cid ,c4 #agi ,de ,defectu1 #dac ,d4 #ahj #dcc ,d1 ,e4 #aha #dbf ,b4 #ahb #ajea ,e4 #ahc #ajeb ,e4 #ahd ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dbj ,e4 #ahe ,,s*ylus3 ,prome!us ,v9ctus1 #baj4 #ahf ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #ceb ,a4 ,we ne$ n "h tr\ble ) ,plut>*'s fanciful philology1 almo/ z fanciful z t ( "s mod]n ,aryani/s4 ,8 mean+ is cle>--,absolute ,be+ is ! object ( ! wor%ip ( ,isis--cf4 ,,max ,m,,ll]3 ,select$ ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #dfg3 8,comp>ative philologi/s h n yet succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! true etymology ( ,apollo40 7,plato's d]ivations are giv5 9 ! ,cratylus1 #bff ,c47 #ahg ,iliad1 xiii4 #ced4 7,*apman's translation47 #ahh ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #cea ,e4 #ahi ,neoplatonism1 by ,c4 ,,bigg1 ,d4,d4 78,*ief ,anci5t ,philosophies071 p4 #baf4 #aij ,cf4 ! ,de ,placitis ,philosophorum1 #hha ,b4 #aia ,de apud ,delphos1 #chd ,f4 #aib #chf ,e4 #aic ,allud+ to ,,hesiod--,works & ,days1 #gce sq4 #aid ,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta1 #efb ,b4 #aie ,de 1 #cic ,a4 #aif ,de 1 #chg ,b1 ,c4 #aig ,,plato3 ,philebus1 #ci ,e4 #aih ,,ari/otle3 ,e?ics1 viii4 #ab4 #aii ,de ,sup]/itione1 #afg ,e4 #bjj ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dbc ,e4 #bja ,,plut>* on ,! ,delay ( ! ,deity 9 ,puni%+ ! ,wick$3 revis$ edition1 ) notes1 by ,pr(essors ,h4 ,b4 ,hackett & ,w4 ,s4 ,tyl]4 7,new ,york1 #ahfg47 #bjb ,sur les ,dlais de la ,ju/ice ,div9e dans la punition des c\pables1 p> le ,comte ,,joseph ,,de ,,mai/re4 7,lyons et ,p>is1 #ahef47--8;,j'ai pris10 says de ,mai/re1 8j'ai pris quelques lib]ts dont j'espre que ,plut>que n'aura po9t se pla9dre20 &1 speak+ ( ! jeunesse suranne ( ,amyot's /yle1 he adds3 8,son or?ographe g>e l'il1 l'oreille ne supporte pas ses v]s3 les dames surt\t et les trang]s le gt5t peu40 ,ano!r ,fr5* critic ju/ly rem>ks on ^! 8lib]ties0 ( de ,mai/re3 8,c'e/ trop de lic5ce4 ,plut>que n'e/ pas un de ces criva9s qui laiss5t leurs p5ses en b\ton0 7,grard1 p4 #bgd74 ,yet x is ^u de ,mai/re's 8p>aphrase0 t ,grard bases 8 own analysis6 #bjc ,,wytt5ba*3 ,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta 7,prfatio74 ,x is pleasant to repeat ! praise :i* ,*ri/ian writ]s h p\r$ on ?is tract4 8,diese ,s*rift0 says ,volkmann1 8gehrt me9es ,era*tungs unb$+t mit zu dem s*n/51 0 aus d] gesammt5 na*classis*5 ,litt]atur d] ,grie*5 b]haupt auf uns gekomm5 i/40 7,,volkmann1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfe47 ,"o may wond] a little1 p]haps1 at ! limitation convey$ 9 ! na* ( na*classis*54--,tr5* says t "s ( ,plut>*'s argum5ts 8w\ld h gone f> to satisfy ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & to meet ! dem&s ( 8 !ology40 #bjd ,! ,epicurean au?or ( ! ,de ,placitis1 /ill inveigh+ aga9/ 8t tall talk]1 ,plato10 is bitt]ly emphatic on ?is po9t4--8,if !re is a ,god1 & human affairs are adm9i/]$ by ,8 ,provid5ce1 h[ comes x t b>5ess prosp]s1 :ile ! ref9$ & good fall into adv]sity80 ,& he in/ances ! murd] ( ,agamemnon 8at ! h&s ( an adult]] & an adultress10 & ! dea? ( ,h]cules1 t b5efactor ( humanity1 8done to dea? by ,dejaniras drugs40 7#hha ,d47 #bje ,symposiacs1 #fdb ,c1 #gjj ,e4 #bjf ,symposiacs1 #fed ,c4 #bjg ,,?ucyd41 iii4 #ch4 ,cleon's fam\s spee* on ! ,mytil5ean "q4 #bjh 8,hujus rei aut omn9o ,lycisci ne ve/igium quidem uspiam rep]i40--,,wytt5ba*4 #bji ,9 allusion1 ( c\rse1 to ! fam\s v]se ( an unkn[n poet3-- 1 4 #baj #edj ,e4 #baa ,delet+ aft] ) ,,b]n>dakis4 #edi ,f4 #bab ,note ! *ange ( numb]3 --4 #bac ,cf4 ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! ,timu 7,timu1 #bi ,c1 ,d74 #bad #eej ,d4 8,etsi hc s5t5tia dis]tis v]bis 9 ,platone1 quod sciam1 non ex/et1 ejus tam5 ubique sp>sa sunt ve/igia40 ,,wytt5ba* adds3 8,summam autem hom9um virtutem et beatitud9em 9 eo consi/]e1 ut imitatione ,deorum eis similes evadant1 communis f]e omnium ,philosophorum fuit s5t5tia40 #bae ,plut>* has ano!r well-kn[n passage ( ! ,timu 9 8 memory "h4--,timu1 #bi ,d4 #baf 8,neque hoc dis]tis v]bis 9 ,platone leg]e me mem9i2 s$ cum v>iis locis 444 conf]40--,,wytt4 #bag #eea ,d4 #bah #eec ,a1 #eec ,f4 #bai ,laws1 #gbh ,c4 ,! ref]5ce is to ,,hesiod3 ,works & ,days1 #bfe1 #bff1 ?\gh ,plut>* quotes v]se #bfe 9 a =m diff]5t f ! vulgate4 ,,goettl+ 7,ap4 ,paley7 ?9ks ,plut>*'s v]sion 8sav\rs m ( antiquity40 ,,ari/otle3 ,rhetoric1 iii4 #i1 quotes ! vulgate4 #bbj #eed ,d4 ,lit]ally1 8!y 7 n puni%$ :5 !y grew old1 b grew old 9 puni%m5t40 #bba #eee ,e1 ,f4 #bbb ,,/ob,,u3 ,an?ologion1 ,tit4 #gi1 #ae4 #bbc #eeg ,d4 ,cf4 ! s>casm ( ! ,academic ,,cotta 9 ! ,de ,natura ,deorum1 iii4 #ch3 8,dicitis eam vim ,deorum esse ut1 etiam si quis morte pnas scel]is effug]it1 expetantur e pn a lib]is1 a nepotibus1 a po/]is4 ,o miram quitatem ,deorum60 #bbd #eeh ,f4 #bbe #eei ,e4 #bbf #efj ,c4 ,,wytt5ba* quotes ,,lucretius1 iii4 #dcg & #def3 8,ergo dissolvi quoque conv5it omnem animai ,naturam ceu fumus 9 altas a]is auras40 ,he might h add$1 iii4 #egi1 sqq43 8,d5ique1 cum corpus nequeat p]f]re animai ,discidium1 qu9 id tetro tabescat odore1 ,quid dubitas qu9 ex imo p5itusque corta1 ,eman>it uti fumus diffusa anim vis80 ,plut>* is probably ?9k+ ( ,plato's 8intellig5t g>d5]0 7,,ph,,drus1 #bgf ,b71 al?\gh1 z ,wytt5ba* says1 8,horti ,adonidis prov]bii vim hab5t40 ,! ,engli% read] w ?9k ( ,%akespe>e's beautiful l9es-- 8,?y promises are l ,adonis' g>d5s1 ,t "o day bloom'd1 & fruitful 7 ! next40 ,h5ry ,,vi41 ,pt4 #a1 act i4 sc4 #f4 #bbg #efj ,f4 #bbh #efa ,a4 #bbi #efd ,c4 #bcj ,cf4 ,timon ( ,a!ns1 act iii4 sc4 #a3 8,let molt5 co9 be ?y damnation40 #bca #efa ,a4--,9 ! long extract1 pres]v$ by ,/obu1 f ,plut>*'s ,de ,anima 7,an?ologion3 ,tit4 #abj1 #bh4--,! ,tau*nitz edition ( #ahch1 h[ev]1 ascribes ?is passage to ,!mi/ius1 p]haps by confusion ) extract ,no4 #be71 ,plut>* all[s 8 imag9ation to play freely ) ! =tunes ( ! s\l 9 ! aft]world4 ,9 a beautiful passage1 ,timon comp>es dea? to initiation into ! ,great ,my/]ies--an initiation 9 :i* gloom & we>9ess & p]plexity & t]ror are foll[$ by ! %9+ ( a wondr\s light1 :i* beams on lovely mead[s1 ^: atmosph]e res\nds ) sacr$ voices t tell u all ! secret ( ! my/]y1 & ^: pa?s are trod by pure & holy m54 ,timon concludes ) ,h]aclitus t1 if ! s\l became assur$ly conv9c$ ( ! fate await+ x h]eaft]1 no p[] w\ld be able to reta9 x on e>?4 ,b ,plut>* himself is n conv9c$3 he is *>m$ & s$uc$1 b ,reason holds him back f accept+ z c]ta9ties ! 8airy subtleties & w+y my/]ies0 ( ,imag9ation4 ,"u ! /ress ( a desire to console 8 wife = ! loss ( h] little daught]1 he rem9ds h] t ! 8h]$it>y acc\nt0 & ! ,my/]ies ( ,dionysus--9 :i*1 he says1 bo? ( !m 7 initiat$--equally repudiate ! notion t ! s\l is )\t s5sation aft] dea? 7,consolatio ad ,uxorem1 #faa ,d74 ,9 8 polemic aga9/ ! ,epicureans he *iefly emphasizes ! emotional aspect ( ! desire = immortality2--! ,epicurean d5ial ( immortality de/roys 8! sweete/ & greate/ hopes ( ! majority ( mank9d0--"o ( ^! 8sweete/ & greate/ hopes0 be+ t ( see+ retribution met$ out to ^? ^: weal? & p[] h enabl$ !m to fl\t & insult bett] m5 ?an !mselves2 x robs ( its satisfaction t ye>n+ ( ! ?\ghtful m9d = un/9t$ communion ) ! great ma/]s ( contemplation2 & deprives ! b]eav$ he>t ( ! pleasant dream ( meet+ its lov$ & lo/ ones 9 ano!r _w 7,non posse suav41 #aaje ,e74 ,!re is no d\bt t ,plut>* wi%$ to believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 b ! evid5ce is n conclusive t he did2 at ! mo/ x is ) him a 8c\nsel ( p]fection10 n an 8article ( fai?40 #bcb 8,x x n cle> f ! writ+s ( ,plut>* to :at ext5t he 0 a mono!i/40 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,*>les ,w4 ,sup]1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 & x is support$ by ! irrefragable pro( t ,plut>* 8uses bo? ) & )\t ! article40 ,?is judgm5t is giv51 ( all places 9 ! _w1 at ! conclusion ( a translation 7a v indiff]5t "o1 by ! way7 ( ! ,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta4 78,betwe5 ,hea!nism & ,*ri/ianity3--,be+ a ,translation ( ,s5eca's ,de ,provid5tia & ,plut>*'s ,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta40 by ,*>les ,w4 ,sup]1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,*icago1 #ahii47 #bcc ,plut>* himself is ignorant ( its orig91 & does n "k :e!r x 0 ,magian1 ,orphic1 ,egyptian1 or ,phrygian4 7,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dae ,a4 ,cf4 ,isis & ,osiris1 #cfj ,e1 8foll[+ ! ,!ologians ( old407 ,^? :o believ$1 l ,rualdus1 t ,plato _h read ! ,old ,te/am5t 7see note1 page #de71 _h no difficulty 9 assign+ ! doctr9e ( ,dmons to a ,jewi% s\rce4 ,wolff1 speak+ ( ! sy/ematic dmonology con/ruct$ by ! neo-,platoni/s1 alludes to ?is passage 9 ,plut>*1 & says3--8,hc omnia artificiosa int]pretatione ex ,platonis flux]unt fabulis2 ex ori5te f]e nihil assumebatur4 ,namque ,judi aliis pr9cipiis1 ac reliqui1 pr(ecti decem dmonum g5]a con/itu]ant2 ,*aldi vetu/iores non dmonum g5]a1 s$ septem ar*angelos planetis prfectos colebant2 nec cr$5dum ,plut41 ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dae ,a4 ,/udebat enim ,plut>*us1 prs]tim 9 ,comm3 de ,iside et de ,socratis dmonio1 ,grcorum placita ad gypti ,asique revoc>e sapi5tiam1 et quum ab ,orpheo et ,atti sancta qudam my/]ia dic]5tur pr(ecta esse1 arcanis 8 ritibus summam de diis doctr9am signific>i suspicabatur0 7,wolff1 op4 cit474--,volkmann1 :o _h c>efully /udi$ ,plut>*'s relation%ip bo? to 8 philosophical pr$ecessors & to =eign =ms ( religi\s fai?1 _h previ\sly arriv$ at a diff]5t conclusion f t embodi$ 9 ! words italiciz$ above4--8,er w> d>um ke9 ,eklektik] od] ,synkreti/1 und 0 man nun g> von se9] ,vorliebe fr ,ori5talis*e ,philosophie und ,!ologie gesagt hat gehrt l$egli* 9 das ,gebiet d] ,fabel4 ,plut>*s philosophis*-allegoris*e ,auslegung ab] d] gyptis*5 ,my!n von ,isis und ,osiris geht von d] ausdrckli*5 ,voraussetzung aus dass diese ,got!it5 wes5tli* ,hell5is*e s9d0 7,volkmann1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bc74 ,b ^! v>y+ views are simply two diff]5t ways ( reg>d+ ! real fact1 :i* is t ,plut>* reg>ds =eign my?s & ,greek alike z diff]5t expressions ( ! conception ( ,div9e ,unity--su* ,unity n be+ ei!r ,hell5ic or ,egyptian1 b simply absolute 7see subsequ5t analysis ( ! ,de ,iside et ,osiride74 #bcd ,,diog5es ,,la]tius1 viii4 #cb4 ,,ritt] & ,,prell] also ref] to ,,apuleius' ,de ,deo ,socratis3 8,at5im ,py?agoricos mir>i oppido solitos1 si quis se neg>et unquam vidisse ,dmonem1 satis1 ut reor1 idoneus auctor e/ ,ari/oteles40 7,bel[ ?is passage 9 my edition ( ,apuleius 7! ,delph91 ( #afhh7 appe>s ! note 8,idem scribit ,plut>*1 9 libello 40 ,?is libellus ,i _c id5tify ) any enum]at$ 9 ! catalogue ( ,lamprias47 #bce 8,plato1 ne ,anaxagor aut ,socratis modo impietatis reus succumb]et1 prt]ea ne sanctam animis hebetioribus religionem turb>et1 intactos reliquit ritus publicos et communem de diis dmonibusque op9ionem2 qu ipse s5tiat1 significat quidem1 s$1 ut solet 9 rebus m9us c]tis et a m]a dialectica ali5is1 obvoluta fabulis0 7,,wolff1 ,de ,dmonibus1 loc4 cit474 ,is x p]missible to suppose t ! ?ird consid]ation--t express$ 9 ! italiciz$ words--op]at$ m /rongly on ,plato ?an ei!r or bo? ( ! fir/ two8 ,ari/otle1 at any rate1 takes up a mu* firm] attitude 9 face ( ! popul> my?ology1 :i* he reg>ds z fabul\sly introduc$ = ! purpose ( p]suad+ ! multitude1 en=c+ ! laws1 & b5efit+ human life 7,metaphysics1 xi4 7xii47 #h1 ,t4 ,taylor's translation74 ,?is fam\s passage is z outspok5 z ,epicureanism4 #bcf ,,plato3 ,politicus1 #bga ,d4 ,a simil> 8disp5sation0 is provid$ 9 ! ,laws1 #gag ,a4 #bcg ,,plato3 ,symposium1 #bjb ,e4 #bch ,,h]odotus3 ii4 #ec4 #bci ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dae ,b4 #bdj ,,hesiod3 ,works & ,days1 #abb-abe 7,elton's translation74 #bda ,works & ,days1 #bec4 ,cf4 ! beautiful fragm5t f ,m5&] pres]v$ by ,plut>*1 ,de ,tranquillitate ,animi1 #dgd ,b3-- 8,by e man1 ! mom5t he is born1 ,!re /&s a gu>dian ,dmon1 :o %all be ,8 my/agogue ?r\gh life40 #bdb ,works & ,days1 #ada-b4 #bdc ,de ,defectu ,oraculorum1 #dde ,b4--,pluto1 too1 ?\gh p]haps n q ) ! innoc5t purpose ( ,hom]1 gives 8dmons0 z an alt]native to 8gods0--,timu1 ,sec4 #af4 7,a passage *>g$ ) ! mo/ mordant irony aga9/ ! national religi\s tradition47 #bdd ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #daf ,c4 #bde ,cf4 ,,wolff3 8,neque discrepat hac 9 re communis religio3 multi enim dmones mali ,grcorum animos t]rebant1 velut ,acco1 ,alphito1 ,empusa1 ,lamia1 ,mormo1 sive ,mormolyce10 c4--,consid]+ ! num]\s ref]5ces made to ! subject ( ,dmonology by ,greek poets & philosoph]s f ,hesiod & ,emp$ocles d[nw>ds1 ) all ( :i*1 z is cle> f ! citations made 9 our text1 ,plut>* is p]fectly famili>1 ,pr(4 ,mahaffy's note on ?is po9t is a little my/]i\s4--8,mr4 ,purs] po9ts out to me t ,plut>* r popul>iz$ ?an orig9at$ ?is doctr9e1 & himself ref]s x to v>i\s old] philosoph]s40 7,mahaffy1 p4 #cac47--;,x ne$s no v close /udy ( ,plut>* to see = "o's self t he does n claim to h orig9at$ ! doctr9e1 & t he kn[s himself to be deal+ ) a long-/&+ & widespread tradition4 #bdf ,= a simil> process1 cf4 ! quotation f ,dr4 ,,jackson's ,treatise on ,unbelief1 giv5 by ,sir ,,walt] ,,scott 9 ,demonology & ,wit*craft1 p4 #age1 note3 8,?us are ! ,fayries1 f diff]5ce ( ev5ts ascrib$ to !m1 divid$ into good & bad1 :5 x is b "o & ! same malignant fi5d t m$dles 9 bo?40 #bdg ,cf4 ,g,,tte3 ,das ,delphis*e ,orakel3 8,9 ,zeit51 wo dasselbe ke9e ,b$eutung mehr hatte1 wo es nur dazu di55 konnte1 d5 f9/]/5 ,ab]glaub5 =tzupflanz5 und zu erhalt51 und die ,m5s*5 b] die wahre ,leitung d] ,d+e 9 d] ,welt1 b] die wahr5 ,mittel1 dur* wel*e si* ,j$] se9 ,glck b]eitet1 zu tus*51 wurde das ,orakelwes5 von d5 fromm5 ,vt]n uns]] ,kir*e fr die ,ausgeburt des ,teufels angeseh510 c4--,cf4 also1 #a ,cor9?ians x4 #bj-bb4 #bdh ,see1 = ^! illu/rations1 ,,scott's ,demonology & ,wit*craft1 ,,pat]'s ,apollo 9 ,pic>dy1 & ,,he9e's ,gods 9 ,exile4 78,unt] sol*5 ,um/nd5 mus/e ,man*]1 dess5 heilige ,ha9e konfisci]t w>51 bei uns 9 ,deuts*l& als ,holzhck] taglhn]n und ,bi] tr9k5 /att ,nekt>407 #bdi #cfa ,a4 sqq4 #bej ,! au?or ( ! ,de ,placitis 7#hhb ,b47 gives a v vague & slight acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ,dmonology1 probably f motives ( ,epicurean contempt1 if "o may judge f ! curt s5t5ce :i* concludes 8 brief note3--8,epicurus admits none ( ^! ?+s40--,he m]ely says t ,?ales1 ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 & ! ,/oics ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( spirits call$ 8,dmons10 & adds t ! same philosoph]s also ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( ,h]oes "s good1 "s bad4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 good & bad does n apply to ! ,dmons4 ,! id5tical words ( ?is passage 9 ! ,de ,placitis are us$ by ,a!nagoras 7,legat3 pro ,*ri/41 cap4 #ba7 to express a def9ite /atem5t ab\t ,?ales1 :o is ass]t$ to h be5 ! fir/ :o made ! division into ,god1 dmons1 h]oes4 #bea ,plut>* has "h pres]v$ "s v beautiful v]ses ( ,emp$ocles1 9 :i* ?is puni%m5t is describ$4 ,ano!r fragm5t ( v]se f ,emp$ocles 7,de ,exilio1 #fjg ,c7 depicts ) equal =ce & beauty ! puni%m5t by ! ,dmons ( "o :o has be5 h&$ ov] to !m to atone = 8 crimes4 #beb ,"h %\ld be not$ ! t5d5cy to assimilate ! good ,dmons to ! gods--a t5d5cy to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 #bec ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dai ,a4 #bed ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dai ,a4 #bee #dai4--,mrs4 ,br[n+ c\ld h>dly h read ! ,de ,defectu :5 %e /at$ t h] f9e poem 8,! ,dead ,pan0 0 8p>tly f\nd$ on a well-kn[n tradition m5tion$ 9 a treatise ( ,plut>* 7#8,de ,oraculorum ,defectu'71 accord+ to :i*1 at ! h\r ( ! ,savi\r's agony1 a cry ( #8,great ,pan is dead6' swept across ! waves 9 ! he>+ ( c]ta9 m>9]s1--& ! oracles ceas$40 7,x 0 "o ( ! m>9]s :o utt]$ ! cry1 8,! great ,pan is dead60 hav+ be5 ?rice reque/$ by a sup]natural voice to d s4 ,b su* errors ( detail are unimportant 9 view ( ! fact t ! :ole _s ( ! /ory is misund]/ood by ! poetess47 #bef ,s "o may conjecture f ! description giv5 by ,demetrius1 :o 8sail$ to ! lea/ di/ant ( ^! lonely isl&s1 :i* _h few inhabitants1 & ^! all held sacr$ & inviolable by ! ,britons40 ,plut>*'s ,demetrius has be5 id5tifi$ ) 8,demetrius ! ,cl]k0 :o d$icat$1 8to ! gods ( ! imp]ial ,palace10 a bronze tablet n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,york4--,see ,k+'s translation ( ! ,!osophical ,essays 9 ! 8,bohn0 s]ies1 p4 #bb4 #beg #dbj ,b4 #beh #cfj ,d4 #bei #cfa ,e4 ,we %all see else:]e t1 j z a good ,dmon may be promot$ to ! rank ( a god1 s a good man may be lift$ to ! /atus ( a ,dmon1 l ,hesiod's p ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 7,de ,dmonio ,socratis1 #eic ,d4 ,cf4 ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dae ,b47 #bfj #cfa ,f4 #cfd ,e4 #bfa ,cf4 ,,apuleius1 ,de ,deo ,socratis4--8,neque enim pro maje/ate ,dem cle/ium fu]it1 ut eorum quisquam vel ,annibali somnium p+at1 vel ,flam9io ho/iam conroget1 vel ,accio ,nvio avem velificet1 vel sibyll fatiloquia v]sificet1 etc4 ,non e/ op] ,diis sup]is ad hc desc5d]e4 ,quad cuncta0 7he says else:]e7 8cle/ium voluntate et num9e et auctoritate1 s$ ,dmonum obsequio et op]a et m9i/]io fi]i arbitr&um e/40 #bfb ,de apud ,delphos1 #cid ,a4 #bfc ,de ,fato1 #egb ,f1 sqq4--,b]n>dakis 8/>s0 ?is tract z d\btfully ,plut>*'s4 ,b ! passage quot$1 at any rate1 is n discrepant f ,plut>*'s views else:]e1 ?\gh express+ !m m concisely1 & ) m appe>ance ( sy/em ?an usual ) him4 ,! simil>ity to ,plato's trip>tite division ( ! heav5ly p[]s 9 ! ,timu is1 ( c\rse1 evid5t1 b ! text has a note ( s9c]ity :i* is lack+ 9 ! ,platonic passage4 #bfd ,de ,defectu1 #dag ,c4 7,= ! v]se quot$ 9 ! orig9al1 cf4 ,w4 ,,*ri/'s ,p9d>1 p4 #bcb47 #bfe #dag ,d4 #bff ,! ne>e/ approa* to ?is id5tification is made by ! my/]i\s /rang] :om ,cleombrotus f9ds ne> ! ,r$ ,sea1 :o appe>$ once e ye> among ! p liv+ 9 t neighb\rhood1 & :o gave ! pi\s travell] mu* in=mation conc]n+ ,dmons & _! ways2 :i* he 0 well fitt$ to d1 z he sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t 9 _! company & t ( ! pa/oral nymphs4 ,he said t ,py?on 7:om ,apollo slew7 0 a dmon2 t ! ,titans 7 dmons2 t ,saturn may h be5 a dmon4 ,he !n adds ! significant words1 8,!re is no?+ to wond] at if we apply to c]ta9 ,dmons ! traditional titles ( ! gods1 s9ce a ,dmon :o is assign$ to a p>ticul> god1 d]iv+ f him 8 au?ority & pr]ogatives1 is usually call$ by ! "n ( t same god0 7#dba ,e74 ,b ?is some:at d>+ te/imony is1 we are n surpris$ to f9d1 prec$$ by a h9t t 9 ^! matt]s we are to dr9k f a goblet ( m+l$ fact & fancy4--7#dba ,a47 #bfg ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dbf ,d4 #bfh ,isis & ,osiris1 #cfj ,e4 #bfi ,isis & ,osiris1 #cfj ,f4 #bgj ,isis & ,osiris1 #cfa ,c4 ,! passage 9 ! 8,banquet0 ref]r$ to has be5 already quot$ 7see p4 #abc74 #bga ,x w\ld be otiose to illu/rate by examples ! univ]sal & spl5did fame ( ! ,delphic oracle4 ,"o may p]haps be giv5 :i* is n commonly quot$4 ,pl9y ! eld]1 :o 9 "o passage sne]+ly includes ! oraculorum prscita among ! fulgurum monitus1 auruspicum prdicta1 atque etiam p>va dictu1 9 auguriis /]nutam5ta et (f5siones p$um1 by means ( :i* m5 h endeav\r$ to discov] h9ts ( div9e guidance1 nev]!less1 9 ano!r passage1 quotes two wise oracles z hav+ be5 8velut ad ca/ig&am hom9um vanitatem a ,deo emissa40 7,lib4 ii4 cap4 #e1 & vii4 cap4 #dg47--,! political1 religi\s1 & moral influ5ce ( ! ,delphic oracle has be5 exhau/ively dealt ) by ,wilhelm ,gtte 9 ! "w already cit$ 7see p4 #abg1 note71 & by ,b\*-,lecl]q 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 8,hi/oire de la ,div9ation dans l',antiquit40 ,on ! g5]al "q ( div9ation x w\ld1 p]haps1 be sup]flu\s to consult any?+ beyond ?is monum5tal "w1 ) its exhau/ive ref]5ces & its philosophic /yle ( criticism4 #bgb ,,juv5al3 ,sat4 vi4 #eee4 #bgc ,,lucan1 v4 #aaa1 sq4 #bgd --8,muto ,p>nassus hiatu ,conticuit1 pressitque ,deum3 seu spiritus i/as ,de/ituit fauces1 mundique 9 devia v]sum ,duxit it]3 seu b>b>ica cum lampade ,py?o ,arsit1 9 imm5sas c9]es abi]e cav]nas1 ,et ,phbi t5u]e viam3 seu sponte ,deorum ,cirrha silet fatique sat e/ arcana futuri ,c>m9e longv vobis commissa ,sibyll3 ,seu ,pan solitus templis arc]e noc5tes1 ,ora quibus solvat no/ro non inv5it vo40 #bge ,! ma9 argum5t ( ! ?ird & %orte/ ( ! ,delphic tracts has be5 already giv54 ,a brief description ( its cont5ts is add$ by way ( note1 to %[ its connexion ) ! two l>g] tracts4 ,! tract takes ! =m ( a lett] f ,plut>* to ,s]apion1 :o acts z a means ( communication betwe5 ,plut>* & o!r common fri5ds4 ,its object is to asc]ta9 :y ! lett] 0 held 9 su* rev]5ce at ! ,delphic %r9e4 ,a s]ies ( explanations is prop\nd$1 probably repres5t+ views curr5t on ! subject1 v>y+1 z !y d1 f ^? prop] to ! common p to ^? :i* c\ld only h be5 ! views ( logicians or ma!maticians4 ,!on1 a close fri5d ( ,plut>*'s1 ma9ta9s t ! syllable is ! symbol ( ! logical attributes ( ! ,god1 ,logic1 ^: basis is 78if071 be+ ! process by :i* philosophical tru? is arriv$ at4 8,if1 !n1 ,philosophy is conc]n$ ) ,tru?1 & ! light ( ,tru? is ,demon/ration1 & ! pr9ciple ( ,demon/ration is ,connexion1 x is ) good reason t ! faculty :i* includes & gives effect to ?is process has be5 consecrat$ by philosoph]s to ! god ^: special *>ge is ,tru?40444 8,:5ce1 ,i w n be dissuad$ f ! ass]tion t ?is is ! ,tripod ( ,tru?1 namely1 ,reason1 :i* recogniz+ t ! consequ5t foll[s f ! antec$5t1 & !n tak+ into consid]ation ! orig9al basis ( fact1 ?us arrives at ! conclusion ( ! demon/ration4 ,h[ c we be surpris$ if ! ,py?ian ,god1 9 8 pr$ilection = ,logic1 is specially att5tive to ?is aspect ( ,reason1 to :i* he sees philosoph]s are devot$ 9 ! highe/ degree80 ,?is connexion ( ,reason ) ,religion1 a famili> process 9 ,plut>*1 is foll[$ by a 8li/ ( ! ari?metical & ma!matical praises ( ! lett] 0 involv+ ,py?agorean speculations1 & ! culm9ation ( ! :ole piece lies 9 ! spl5did v9dication by ,ammonius ( ! ,unity & ,self-,exi/5ce & ,et]nity ( ! ,deity4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ aspect ( 8 argum5t is ! assignation to ,apollo ( ! functions ( ! ,supreme ,deity3 an easy me?od ( br++ ,philosophy & ,my?ology to t]ms2 a mode ( op]ation p]haps n unaffect$ by t ,mi?raic wor%ip :i*1 on its classical side1 0 to culm9ate 9 ,julian's fam\s pray] to ,helios4 ,! tract also furni%es1 z already /at$1 a cle> example ( ! me?od by :i* ! lit]al t]ms kn[n 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus & ,apollo are ref9$ f _! gross] elem5ts & idealiz$ by ! subtleties ( ! philosophic intellect1 :i* !n accepts !m z appropriate designations = ! v>i\s functions ( ! ,god4 ,! pleasant s]i\sness1 too1 ( all ! int]locutors is wor?y ( note1 z pres5t+ a type ( religi\s discussion ( ^: calmness & dignity ! mod]n _w kn[s little4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 = example1 to he> a gr\p ( classical philosoph]s discuss ! excommunication ( ,pr(essor ,miv>t by ,c>d9al ,vaughan1 or ( ,tol/oi by ,pob$ono/zeff4 #bgf ,?is ,diog5ianus does n appe> to be id5tical ) ! ,diog5ianus ( ,p]gamos1 twice m5tion$ 9 ! ,symposiacs1 al?\gh ,b]n>dakis does n di/+ui% !m 9 8 ,index4 #bgg ,phil9us 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,plut>*'s 7,symposiacs1 #gbg ,b2 ,de ,soll]tia ,animalium1 #igf ,b72 &1 except 9 ?is ,dialogue & 9 ! ,de ,soll4 ,anim41 appe>s only z tak+ 8 "p 9 ! social int]c\rse ( ! ,symposiacs1 & z contribut+ 8 %>e to ! discussion ( ! v>i\s qua9t & curi\s problems =m+ s l>ge a portion ( ! 8,table ,talk0 ( ,plut>* & 8 fri5ds4 ,he has ,py?agorean t5d5cies2 eats no fle% 7#gbg ,b72 objects to a ri* & v>i$ diet1 be+ ( op9ion t simple food is m easily dige/ible 7#ffj ,f72 expla9s some:at crudely :y ,hom] calls salt 7#fhe ,d72 proves t ,alex&] ! ,great 0 a h>d dr9k] 7#fbc ,e72 expla9s :y ,py?agoras advis$ 8 foll[]s to ?r[ _! b$clo!s into confusion on gett+ up 7#gbh ,b1 ,c72 & tells a /ory ( a wond]ful tame crocodile :i* lay 9 b$ l a human be+ 7,de ,soll4 ,anim41 #igf ,b74 ,a v *>m+ acc\nt ( ,plut>*'s fri5ds has be5 giv5 by ,m4 ,a4 ,*5evire1 9 8 8,de ,plut>*i famili>ibus10 writt5 z a ,litt4,d4 !sis = a ,fr5* ,univ]sity 9 #ahhf4 #bgh #cie ,a4 #bgi #cif ,d4 ,cf4 ,symposiacs1 #fbh ,a4 #bhj #cif ,e4 ,boe?us1 a g5ial & witty man1 ) :om1 not)/&+ 8 ,epicureanism1 ,plut>* lives on t]ms ( intimate social int]c\rse4 ,9 ,symposiacs1 #fgc ,c1 ,boe?us1 n[ describ$ z an ,epicurean sans phrase1 ent]ta9s1 9 ,a!ns1 ,plut>*1 ,sossius ,s5ecio1 & a numb] ( m5 ( 8 own sect4 ,aft] d9n] ! company discuss ! int]e/+ "q :y we take pleasure 9 a dramatic repres5tation ( passions ^: exhibition 9 real life w\ld %ock & di/ress u4 ,at ano!r "t he appe>s1 toge!r ) ,plut>* & a few o!r fri5ds1 at a d9n] giv5 by ,ammonius1 !n ,/rategos at ,a!ns = ! ?ird "t1 & expla9s1 ^u pr9ciples ( ,epicurean ,sci5ce 7,symposiacs1 #gbj ,f71 :y s\nds are m audible at night ?an by day4 #bha #cif ,f4 #bhb ,see note1 p4 #adi4 #bhc ,cf4 ,,cic]o3 ,de ,div9atione1 ii4 #ej4--8,quis e/ enim1 qui totum diem jaculans1 non aliqu&o coll9eet8 ,totas noctes dormimus2 neque ulla f]e e/1 qua non somniemus3 et miramur1 aliqu&o id1 quod somni>imus1 evad]e8 ,quid e/ tam inc]tum quam talorum jactus8 tam5 nemo e/ qu91 spe jactans1 v5]eum jaciat aliqu&o1 nonnumquam etiam it]um1 ac t]tium10 c4 ,also ii4 #iga4--8;,casus autem innum]abilibus pne seculis 9 omnibus plura mirabilia quam 9 somniorum visis effec]it40 #bhd #cii4 #bhe ,cf4 ,,h]odotus3 ii4 #ace4 #bhf #dja ,e4 #bhg 8,pyrrhi temporibus iam ,apollo v]sus fac]e desi]at40--,,cic]o3 ,de ,div41 ii4 #ef4 ,plut>*1 h[ev]1 is able to say1 8,ev5 n[adays "s oracles are publi%$ 9 v]se10 & to cite a v int]e/+ in/ance 7,de ,py?4 ,orac41 #djd ,a74 #bhh #djh ,c1 ,d4 #bhi #dji ,d4 #bij #djd ,c4 #bia ,lamprias4 ,! writ] ( ?is lett] to 8,t]5tius ,priscus0 is address$ by ! "n ( 8,lamprias0 9 ! c\rse ( ! dialogue 7#dac ,e74 ,?is ,t]5tius is n m5tion$ else:]e by ,plut>*1 b "o may v5ture ! guess t he 0 "o ( ! fri5ds :om1 z 9 ! case ( ,lucius ! ,etrurian1 & ,sylla ! ,c>?ag9ian1 ,plut>* _h met at ,rome 7,symposiacs1 #gbg ,b74 ,sylla & ,lucius1 :om we "k to h be5 on intimate t]ms ) ,plut>*1 are int]locutors 9 ! dialogue ,de ,facie 9 ,orbe ,lun1 & "o ( !m uses ! same =m ( address to ! writ] ( t dialogue z is employ$ by ,ammonius 9 ?is passage 7#idj ,f74 ,!re is n ! fa9te/ d\bt z to ! g5u95ess ( ei!r ( ^! two dialogues1 & x is1 !re=e1 reasonable to suppose t ,plut>*1 desir+ p]haps to pay a complim5t to a relative1 veils 8 own p]sonality 9 ?is way3 8,omnium famili>ium et prop9quorum ante cet]os omnes ,lampriam fratrem1 et ejusdem nom9is avum ,lampriam1 eos imprimis fuisse qui ,plut>*i amicitiam memoriamque obt9u]9t1 nobis app>et0 7,de ,plut>*i ,famili>ibus--,,*5evi,,re74 ,he pays a simil> complim5t to 8 fri5d ,!on1 :o sums up & concludes ! argum5t ( ! ,de ,py?i ,oraculis4 7,= ! clos5ess ( ,!on's intimacy ) ,plut>*1 see especially ,consolatio ad ,uxorem1 #faj ,b1 & ,symposiacs1 #gbe ,f47 ,cf4 ,,gr,,ard',s ,la ,morale de ,plut>que1 p4 #cjc3 8,plut>que a ses procds1 qu'on arrive connatre4 ,d'ord9aire ils consi/5t accord] successivem5t la p>ole aux df5seurs des sy/mes extrmes et rs]v] la conclusion au pr9cipal p]sonnage du dialogue4 ,or ce p]sonnage e/ presque t\j\rs celui qui a pos la ?se2 et le plus s\v5t il se tr\ve avoir avec ,plut>que lui-mme un li5 de p>5t40--,plut>* delights to su* an ext5t to br+ 8 fri5ds into 8 works1 t x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ t no "w is au!ntic )\t ?is di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,read]s ( ,plut>* "k t "o *>act]i/ic ( 8 /yle is ! avoidance ( hiatus1 & t he puts himself to all k9ds ( tr\ble to secure ?is object4 ,9 ?is connexion1 ,*5evire rem>ks3 8,mirum nobis visum e/ quod1 ne 9 uno quidem librorum quos hiatus causa ,g4 ,b5sel] ,plut>*o abjudicavit1 nullius amici nom5 (f5ditur4 ,scripta autem qu nullo hiatu fdata demon/rat1 vel amico cuidam dicata1 vel nom9ibus amicorum sunt di/9cta40 7,! "w by ,b5sel] ref]r$ to is1 ( c\rse1 8 ,de ,hiatu 9 ,oratoribus ,atticis et ,hi/oricis ,grcis47 #bib ,plut>* does n1 ( c\rse1 wi% to convey ! sugge/ion t ,apollo's %r9e is /ill ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & t ,brita9 is z f> away 9 "o direction z ! ,r$ ,sea is 9 ano!r4 ,! oracle's repulse ( ,epim5ides1 :o wi%$ to be c]ta9 on ! po9t1 indicates t ! "q is "o surr\nd$ ) difficulty1 & t ! wise man w d be/ to leave x alone4 ,b\*-,lecl]q has a />tl+ comm5t3 8,plut>que aj\te que1 de son temps1 la mesure avait t v]ifie p> deux voyageurs p>tis l'un de la ,gr&e ,bretagne et l'autre du fond de la m] ,r\ge0 7,la ,div9ation1 iii4 p4 #hj74 #bic #daj ,a1 ,b4 ,cf4 note1 p4 #ij4 #bid #daa ,e4 #bie ,! cessation ( ! oracles 0 only comp>ative4 ,,wolff1 9 8 ,de ,novissima ,oraculorum tate1 exam9es ! hi/ory ( ea* oracle sep>ately1 & comes to a conclusion t ! oracles 7 n sil5t ev5 9 ! age ( ,porphyry 7born ,a4,d4 #bcb73 8,nondum obmutuisse num9a fatidica ,porphyrii tempore4 ,v]a enim ille deorum responsa c5suit2 qu ,*ri/ianis opposuit1 ne soli doctr9am div9itus accepisse vid]5tur40 ,/rabo alludes to ! failure ( ! oracle at ,dodona1 & adds t ! re/ 7 sil5t too 7,,/rabo3 vii4 #f1 #i74 ,cic]o alludes ) great contempt to ! sil5ce ( ! ,delphic oracles 9 8 own times3 8,s$1 quod caput e/1 cur i/o modo jam oracula ,delphis non eduntur1 non modo no/r tate1 s$ jamdiu2 ut modo nihil possit esse contemtius8 ,hoc loco quum urg5tur evanuisse aiunt vetu/ate vim loci ejus1 unde anhelitus ille t]r fi]et1 quo ,py?ia1 m5te incitata1 oracula ed]et4444 ,qu&o autem i/a vis evanuit8 ,an po/quam hom9es m9us cr$uli esse cp]unt0 7,de ,div41 ii4 #eg74 ,:5 ,cic]o wrote ?is passage he _h probably =gott5 ! excell5t advice :i* ! oracle _h once giv5 him :5 he w5t to ,delphi to consult x 7,,plut43 ,cic]o1 cap4 #e74 #bif #dab ,d4 #big ,"s ( ^! po9ts ( gramm> :i* attract$ ! scorn ( ,h]acleon 7 :e!r loses a 9 ! future2 & :at 7 ! positives f :i* ! comp>atives & 1 & ! sup]latives & 7 =m$ 7#dab ,e74--8,quelques annes aprs les gu]res mdiques1 le p9ceau de ,polygnote c\vrit la ,les* des ,cnidi5s ,delphes de scnes empruntes au monde inf]nal40 7,b\*-,lecl]q3 iii4 #aec47--;,x w\ld h be5 m int]e/+ to a mod]n /ud5t if ,h]acleon _h repli$ t ! pictures ( ,polygnotus 7 q suffici5t to keep "o m5tally al]t1 & _h seiz$ ! opportunity to give u an exact description ( ! sc5es depict$ & ! mean+ !y convey$ to ! m5 ( 8 "t4 8#8,n all ! treasures1' z ,hom] has x1 #8:i* ! /one ?re%old ( ! ,f>-d>t] holds safe )91 w\ld n[1' z ,mr4 ,my]s says1 #8be s preci\s to u z ! p[] ( look+ = "o h\r on ! greate/ "w by ! greate/ pa9t] ( antiquity1 ! picture by ,polygnotus 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,cnidians at ,delphi1 ( ! desc5t ( ,odysseus among ! dead4'0 #bih ,didymus1 8surnam$ ,planetiades10 is a picturesque figure1 evid5tly drawn f life4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e 8 attitude ) t impos$ ^u ! ideal cynic ( ,epictetus3 8,x is 8 duty !n to be able ) a l\d voice1 if ! occasion %\ld arise1 & appe>+ on ! tragic /age to say1 l ,socrates1 #8,m51 :i!r are y hurry+8 :at are y do+1 wret*es8 ,l bl9d p y are w&]+ up & d[n3 y are go+ by ano!r road1 & h left ! true road3 y seek = prosp]ity & happ9ess :]e !y are n1 & if ano!r %[s y :]e !y are y d n believe him'0 7,,long's ,epictetus1 p4 #bea74 ,planetiades c]ta9ly endeav\rs to play ?is rle on ! occasion 9 "q1 ?\gh he is d\btless z f> bel[ ! /oic ideal z he is above ! soi-disant cynics :om ,dion met at ,,alex&ria4 #bii ,cf4 ,,bl\nt3 ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 p4 #cg4 ,bl\nt collects a numb] ( anci5t & mod]n p>allels to ! ?\ght ( ,plut>* "h4 ,,horace1 ,epi/4 i4 #af4 #ei1 readily occurs to ! memory4 7,= ! ,p9d>ic fragm5t1 see ,w4 ,*ri/1 p4 #bbe47 #cjj #dac ,d4 #cja 8,plut>* does n mean to say t ,greece 0 n able at all to furni% #cjjj m5 capable ( arms1 b t if burgess armies ( ! old sort 7 to be =m$ !y w\ld n be 9 a position to set on foot #cjjj #8hoplites4'0--,,momms54 #cjb #dad ,c4 #cjc #dag ,a1 ,b4 ,cf4 ,de ,facie 9 ,orbe ,lun1 #idd ,c1 ,d4 #cjd #dca ,b4 #cje #dcf ,f4 #cjf #dcg ,f4 #cjg ,de ,py?i ,orac41 #cih ,b4 #cjh ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dah ,e4 #cji ,de ,defectu ,orac41 #dch ,d4 #caj ,plut>*1 9 reply to ,boe?us ! ,epicurean1 uses an int]e/+ example to illu/rate ! two opposite views ma9ta9$ on ?is po9t4 8,ev5 y y\rself "h are b5eficially influ5c$1 x w\ld seem1 by :at ,epicurus wrote & spoke ?ree c5turies ago2 & yet y are ( op9ion t ,god c\ld n supply a ,pr9ciple ( ,motion or a ,cause ( ,feel+1 unless ,he took & %ut ,himself up 9 ea* individual ?+ & became an int]m+l$ portion ( its ess5ce0 7#cih ,b1 ,c74 #caa 8,z to ,plut>*'s !ology1 he 0 c]ta9ly a mono!i/4 ,he probably _h "s vague belief 9 inf]ior deities 7demons he w\ld h call$ !m7 z hold+ a place l t fill$ by angels & evil spirits 9 ! cre$ ( mo/ ,*ri/ians2 yet x is entirely conceivable t 8 occasional ref]5ces to ^! deities are due m]ely to ! conv5tional rhetoric ( 8 age0 7,,&rew ,p4 ,,peabody3 ,introduction to a translation--already ref]r$ to--( ! ,de ,s]a ,num9is ,v9dicta74 ,x is a little difficult to be pati5t ) ! ignorance display$ 9 ! italiciz$ "p ( ?is citation4 ,t ,plut>*'s 8ref]5ces to ^! deities0 are n 8occasional0 is a matt] ( fact2 t !y are n 8due m]ely to conv5tional rhetoric0 x is hop$ t ! analysis 9 ! text--incomplete z x may be 9 o!r respects--has at lea/ made suffici5tly cle>4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 gratify+ to f9d t ?is ,am]ican translator1 unlike ,dr4 ,sup]1 ( ,*icago1 recognizes t ,plut>* 80 c]ta9ly a mono!i/40 #cab ,plut>* f\nd ! exi/5ce ( ! ,dmons recogniz$ 9 ea* ( ! ?ree sph]es :i* contribut$ to ! =mation ( religi\s beliefs--9 philosophy1 9 popul> tradition1 & 9 law4 ,,/ob,,u3 ,tit4 #dd1 #bj 78,on ,laws & ,cu/oms0--,tau*nitz edition ( #ahch1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afd7 has an int]e/+ quotation1 head$ 8,preamble ( ! ,laws ( ,zaleucus10 9 :i* ! foll[+ passage occurs3--8,if an ,evil ,dmon come to any man1 tempt+ him to ,vice1 let him sp5d 8 "t ne> temples1 & alt>s1 & sacr$ %r9es1 flee+ f ,vice z f an impi\s & cruel mi/ress1 & let him pray ! gods to deliv] him f h] p[]40 ,zaleucus may1 ( c\rse1 h be5 embody+ ! tea*+ ( 8 ,py?agorean colleagues1 b ! fact rema9s t ! belief 9 ! influ5ce ( ,dmons on human life receiv$ ! au?ority ( a celebrat$ sy/em ( law1 unless we are to be m incr$ul\s ?an ,cic]o himself--,quis ,zaleucum leges scripsisse non dixit8 7,ad ,atticum1 vi4 #a74--78;,8 code is /at$ to h be5 ! fir/ collection ( writt5 laws t ! ,greeks possess$40--,small] ,classical ,diction>y1 ,smi? & ,m>9d91 #ahih47 #cac ,adv]sus ,colot51 #aabd ,d4 ,! religi\s value ( ! belief 9 ,dmonology is indicat$ 9 an int]e/+ passage 9 ! 8,de ,iside et ,osiride0 9 :i* ,isis1 by h] suff]+s1 is describ$ z 8hav+ giv5 a sacr$ lesson ( consolation to m5 & wom5 involv$ 9 simil> sorr[s40 #cfa ,e4 7,9 ! next s5t5ce %e & ,osiris are rais$ f ! dmonic rank to ! div9e47 #cad ,accept+ ,b]n>dakis' fir/ em5dation-- 4 #ehj ,a4 #cae #eha ,f4--,phidolaus w\ld n h be5 at home among ,x5ophon's troops 7,anabasis1 iii4 #b1 #i74 #caf #ehh ,c1 ,d4 #cag #ehh ,e4 #cah #ehi ,d4 #cai #ehf ,a4 #cbj #ehi ,f4 #cba #eia ,a4 #cbb #eid4 #cbc ,de ,defectu1 #dae ,b1 ,c4 ,9 ! ,de ,facie qu app>et ! connexion betwe5 mank9d & ! dmons 9 describ$ 9 simil> t]ms to ^? employ$ 9 ! ,de ,dmonio ,socratis4 ,! ,dmons d n sp5d all _! "t on ! moon2 !y take *>ge ( oracles1 assi/ at initiatory rites1 puni% evildo]s1 help m5 9 battle & at sea1 & = any want ( fairness or compet5ce 9 ! dis*>ge ( ^! duties !y are puni%$ by be+ driv5 aga9 to e>? to ent] human bodies once m 7#idd ,d2 cf4 #idd ,c74 #cbd ,t ?is tru? is "o :i* appeals to ! ,imag9ation m cog5tly ?an to ! ,reason1 resembl+ 9 t respect ! belief 9 ! s\l's immortality1 is evid5t to ,plut>*4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t he illu/rates x by ,my? in/ead ( argu+ x by ,reason1 & takes e precaution to prev5t 8 read]s f reg>d+ x z a complete & f9al pres5tation ( a logically irrefutable belief4 #cbe ,non posse suavit]1 c41 #aaja ,b1 ,c4 #cbf #aaja ,d4 #cbg #aajb ,b4 #cbh ,de ,audi5dis ,poetis #cd ,b4 #cbi ,conjugalia ,prcepta1 #adj ,d4 ,*ampagny sees a ref]5ce "h to ,*ri/ianity4 ,b :y n also 9 ,,plato's ,laws1 #fgd ,f1 & #ffa ,c8--,x is q 9 h>mony ) ,plut>*'s love ( op5ness 9 ,religion t to ! g5]al retic5ce display$ by ! ,greeks on ! subject ( _! religi\s ,my/]ies1 he seems to add a p]sonal retic5ce peculi>ly 8 own4 ,consid]+ h[ anxi\sly he hov]s ab\t ! "q ( ! s\l's immortality 7see above1 p4 #aah1 & cf4 ,consolatio ad ,apollonium1 #abj ,b1 ,c3 8,if1 z is probable1 !re is any tru? 9 ! say+s ( anci5t poets & philosoph]s 444 !n mu/ y *]i% fair hopes ( y\r de> dep>t$ son0--a passage curi\sly simil> 9 =m & ?\ght to ,,tacitus1 ,agric4 #df3 8,si quis piorum manibus locus1 si1 ut sapi5tibus placet10 c471 x is rem>kable t only once--& !n "u ! /ress ( a bitt] dome/ic b]eavem5t--does he specifically quote ! ,my/]ies 7^? ( ,dionysus7 z inculcat+ t doctr9e 7,ad ,uxorem1 #faa ,d74 ,8 adoption ( an unkn[n writ]'s beautiful comp>ison ( ,sleep to ! ,less] ,my/]ies ( ,dea? 7,consol4 ad ,apoll41 #ajg ,e71 & 8 repetition ( ! same idea else:]e 7see above1 p4 #aah71 may also be indications h[ naturally ! tea*+ ( ! ,my/]ies sugge/$ ! idea ( immortality4 ,b he mo/ frequ5tly alludes to ! ,my/]ies z secret s\rces ( in=mation = ! id5tification ( nom9ally diff]5t deities 7,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #cfd ,e71 or = ! assignation ( _! prop] functions to ! ,dmons 7,de ,defectu1 #dag ,c71 :o are reg>d$ z responsible = :at ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang 78,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion10 passim7 calls 8! b>b>ic & lic5ti\s "p ( ! p]=mances0 7,de ,iside et ,osiride1 #cfj ,e1 ,f74 ,we %\ld p]haps conclude1 f ! few indications :i* ,plut>* gives ( 8 views on ?is subject1 t he reg>d$ ! ,my/]ies 9 a tw(old light2 !y 7 a s\rce ( religi\s in/ruction1 or consolation1 respect+ ! future /ate ( ! s\l1 & !y 7 also a means ( expla9+ & ju/ify+ ! crude leg5ds :i* s l>gely int]m+l$ ) ! pur] elem5ts ( ,greek religion4 ,?\gh1 z ,plut>* h9ts1 _m ( ^! b>b>ic leg5ds 7 n suit$ to discussion by ! pr(ane1 yet ! m9d1 :5 purifi$ by sacr$ rites1 & educat$ to ! appreh5sion ( sacr$ mean+s1 c\ld grasp ! high & pure significance ( ?+s :i* 7 a /umbl+-block to ! un9itiat$1 & c\ld make !m an aid to a l(ti] moral life4 #ccj 8,das eig5tli* e9zige und tief/e ,!ma d] ,welt- und ,m5s*5ges*i*te1 dem alle brig5 unt]geordnet s9d1 bleibt d] ,conflict des ,unglaub5s und des ,ab]glaub5s40--,,goe!1 ,we//li*] ,divan 7quot$ by ,,?oluck74 #cca #afe ,c4 #ccb #afe ,d4 #ccc ,,b]n>dakis adopts ,b5tley's em5dation 1 :i* might be an allusion to ,*ri/ianity1 b w\ld m probably ref] to su* a process z t already describ$ 9 ! words 4 ,we h previ\sly discuss$ ! g5]al "q involv$ 7see p4 #de71 b may "h add ! op9ion ( s unprejudic$ a ,*ri/ian writ] z ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 8/range to say4 ,*ri/ianity is to him 7,plut>*7 utt]ly unkn[n40--7,see also note1 p4 #bjb74 #ccd #aff ,b4 #cce #aff ,b4 #ccf #afh ,f4 #ccg ,bello primo1 ,ari/odemum ,mess5iorum regem p] sup]/itionem animum ac spes omnes despondisse1 seque ipsum int]fecisse1 n>rat etiam ,pausanias1 iv4 #c4--,,wytt5ba*4 #cch #afi ,c4 ,iliad1 vii4 #aic1 #aid4 #cci #agj ,a4 ,tr5* quotes ,s5eca ,epi/41 #abc--8,quid enim int]e/ utrum deos neges1 an infames80 #cdj #agj ,f4 #cda ,to ! num]\s citations made by ,grard 7p4 #bji71 we may add an expression ( op9ion by ,dr4 ,?oluck1 giv5 ) special ref]5ce to ,plut>*'s views on ,sup]/ition3--8,wir hab5 9 ,alt]?um e95 hoh5 ,gei/1 ,plut>*1 wel*] dem1 0 das ,alt]?um ,ab]glaube nannte1 viele ,betra*tung5 gewidmet hat1 dem ,geg5/&e zw> ni*t auf d5 ,grund gekomm51 ab] 9 d] ,betra*tuug desselb5 do* s tiefe religise ,wahrheit5 ausgespro*51 dass wir ni*t umh9 knn51 ihn hi] ausfhrli*] dem ,les] vorzufhr50 7,ueb] ,ab]glaub5 und ,unglaub574 #cdb ,,wytt5ba* bases ?is possibility on ! #aej? entry 9 ! ,lamprian catalogue1 8,on ,sup]/ition1 aga9/ ,epicurus40 7,entry ,no4 #aee 9 ! catalogue z giv5 9 ,,b]n>dakis1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #dgc-g47 ,b ! discussion on ?is po9t 9 ! ,non posse suavit] =ms s important a "p ( t tract t ! title 8,on ,sup]/ition1 aga9/ ,epicurus0 w\ld be no inapt title = ! :ole treatise4 #cdc ,! view tak5 9 ! text z to ! "* ( ?is /r5u\s & noble s]mon on ,sup]/ition is1 ( c\rse1 q at v>iance ) ! op9ion ( ,pr(4 ,mahaffy1 :o reg>ds x z 8"o ( ^? sophi/ical ex]cises practis$ by e "o 9 t age--,i mean1 ! def5ce ( a p>adox ) subtlety & +5uity1 tak+ little acc\nt ( sob] tru? 9 comp>ison ) dialectical plausibility40--,greeks "u ,roman ,sway1 p4 #cah4 #cdd ,ph>salia1 viii4 #hca4 #cde ,,apuleius1 ,meta3 ,lib4 xi4 ,lucius 7a desc5dant ( ,plut>*1 by ! way71 9 8 pi\s gratitude1 ent]s ! s]vice ( ! goddess :o _h un*>m$ him4--,rursus donique1 quam raso capillo1 collegi vetu/issimi et sub illis ,sull temporibus conditi munia1 non obumbrato vel obtecto calvitio1 s$ quoquov]sus obvio1 gaud5s obibam4 #cdf #cfd ,e4 #cdg #ced ,c4 #cdh #cee ,b4 #cdi ,cf4 ,de ,py?4 ,orac41 #djj ,a4 #cej #cee ,d4 #cea #ceh ,e4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang ju/ly rem>ks1 8,:y ^! my?s %\ld be consid]$ #8m blasphem\s' ?an ! re/ does n appe>0 7,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aaf1 #aag74 #ceb #ceh ,f4 ,?is is a difficult passage4 ,x seems necess>y to read = 7cf4 1 ,amatorius1 #gfe ,e71 b ev5 !n ! mean+ is difficult to elicit1 & x is n confid5tly claim$ t ! r5d]+ 9 ! text has elicit$ x4 ,?ree translations are app5d$3 8,= z ma!maticians assure u t ! ra9b[ is no?+ else b a v>iegat$ image ( ! sun1 ?r[n ^u ! sight by ! reflexion ( 8 beams f ! cl\ds1 s ought we to look ^u ! pres5t /ory z ! repres5tation1 or reflexion r1 ( some?+ real z its true cause0 7,plut>*i ,de ,iside et ,osiride ,lib]3 ,grce et ,anglice1 by ,,samuel ,,squire1 ,a4,m41 ,cambridge1 #agdd74--8,und s wie die ,natur=s*] d5 ,reg5bog5 fr e9 ,geg5bild d] ,sonne erklr51 das dur* das ,zurcktret5 d] ,ers*e9ung an die ,wolke bunt wird1 s i/ hi] die ,sage das ,geg5bild e9] ,wahrheit1 wel*e ihre ,b$eutung auf etwas &]es h9 abspiegelt0 7,plut>* b] ,isis und ,osiris h]ausgegeb5 von ,g4 ,,p>!y1 ,b]l91 #ahej74--,leg5dum vel 1 ut ,reisk4 8,et quemadmodum ma!matici arcum cle/em ,solis tradunt esse imag9em v>iatam visus ad nubem reflexu3 ,sic fabula hoc loco indicium e/ orationis alio reflect5tis intellectum40--,,wytt5ba*4 #cec ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abj4 #ced ,9 our spell+ ( ?is "n we use ! fre$om ( *oice s graci\sly accord$ by ,xyl&]--,si ,euhem]us mavis1 non repugno4 #cee ,de ,placitis ,philosophorum1 #hhj ,d4 ,cf4 ,,cic]o1 ,de ,natura ,deorum4 i4 #db4 8,ab ,euhem]o autem et mortes et sepultur demon/rantur deorum4 ,utrum igitur hic confirmasse videtur religionem1 an p5itus totam su/ulisse80 ,see ,,mayor's note on ?is passage4 ,! ref]5ces to ,lactantius & ,eusebius & _m o!rs be>+ on ! "q are collect$ by ,cors9i 9 8 fir/ diss]tation on ! ,de ,placitis4 ,zimm]man is v indignant ) ,plut>* on acc\nt ( ! *>ge "h br\ght aga9/ ,euhem]us & ,diagoras1 & has def5d$ !m aga9/ our au?or ) great en]gy & _s4 7,epi/ola ad ,nicolaum ,nonn5 qua ,euem]us ,mess5ius et ,diagoras ,melius ab ,a!ismo contra ,plut>*um aliosque def5duntur47 #cef #cfj ,a4 #ceg ,! language "h seems curi\sly outspok5 9 view ( ! n[ e/abli%$ apo!osis ( ! ,emp]ors4 #ceh #cfj ,d4 #cei #cef1 #ceg4 ,cf4 ,de ,ddalis ,platensibus4 #cfj #cfd ,a4 #cfa #cff ,c4 #cfb #cfd ,d4 #cfc #cfg ,d4 #cfd #cfh ,d4 #cfe #cfi ,c4 ,x is cle> f a c>eful exam9ation ( ! text t ,plut>* gives only a critical exam9ation ( ?is !ory3 he does n adopt x z 8 own1 z has frequ5tly be5 ass]t$4 #cff #cfi ,d4 8,x is impossible10 argu$ ^! anci5t ?9k]s1 8t moral life & dea?1 t good & evil1 c fl[ f a s+le s\rce4 ,x is impossible t a ,holy ,god c h be5 ! au?or ( evil4 ,evil1 !n1 mu/ be ref]r$ to "s o!r orig93 x mu/ h _h an au?or ( its own40--8,"s ,elem5ts ( ,religion10 by ,canon ,,liddon 7,lecture iv4 sect4 i474 #cfg #cgj ,e4 #cfh #cga ,a4 #cfi ,see especially ! quotations f ,plato 9 #cgj ,f1 & ! application ( ,platonic t]ms 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,isiac & ,osirian my? 9 #cgb ,e1 ,f1 #cgc & #cgd4 ,hesiod1 too1 is made to agree ) ?is ,platonic explanation ( ! ,egyptian leg5d 7#cgd ,c71 & ! ,platonic notion ( matt] is /ra9$ to all[ ( its be+ id5tifi$ ) ,isis 7#cgb ,e1 #cgd ,f74 ,9 #cfg ,c1 a p>allelism is po9t$ out betwe5 ,/oic !ology & an int]pretation ( ! my?2 & 9 #cfg ,e ! dea? ( ,osiris on ! #ag? ( ! mon? is us$ to illu/rate1 if n to expla91 ! ,py?agorean ( t numb]4 ,z reg>ds ! id5tification ( p>ticul> deities 9 ?is tract1 ref]5ce may be made to #cfd ,e1 ,f & #cfe ,a1 ,b1 :]e ,dionysus is id5tifi$ ) ,osiris2 & to #cfe ,f1 :]e ,mnaseas ( ,pat>a is m5tion$ ) approval z associat+ ) ,epaphus1 n only ,dionysus1 b ,s]apis & ,osiris also4 ,anticleides is also ref]r$ to z ass]t+ t ,isis 0 ! daught] ( ,prome!us & ! wife ( ,dionysus4 ,9 #cgb ,d1 ,osiris is id5tifi$ ) ! ,sun "u ! "n ( ,sirius1 & ,isis ) ! ,moon1 9 #cge1 a fanciful philology is call$ 9 to aid a fur!r id5tification ( ,greek & ,egyptian deities2 b n mu* importance is atta*$ to simil>ities d]iv$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 ! next s5t5ce ,isis is /at$ to h be5 id5tifi$ ) ,a!ne by ! ,egyptians2 & ! g5]al pr9ciple ( id5tity is boldly /at$ 9 #cgg ,c3--8,x is q legitimate to reg>d ^! gods z common possessions & n ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! ,egyptians--,isis & ! deities t g 9 h] tra9 are univ]sally kn[n & wor%ipp$4 ,! names1 inde$1 ( c]ta9 ( !m h be5 borr[$ f ! ,egyptians1 n s long ago2 b _! div9ity has be5 kn[n & recogniz$ = ages40 #cgj #cgh ,a4 #cga ,!re is a /ra9 ( my/icism 9 ! ,de ,osiride :i* is ali5 f ! *e]ful common s5se :i* usually m>ks ,plut>*2 a rem>k :i* also applies to ! ,de ,facie qu app>et 9 ,orbe ,lun4 ,b ! same /ra9 appe>s 9 o!rs ( 8 au!ntic tracts1 ?\gh mo/ly op]at+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,platonic dreams & my?s1 e4g4 ! /ory ( ,!spesius 9 ! ,s]a ,num4 ,v9dic41 & t ( ,tim>*us 9 ! ,de ,dmonio ,socratis4 ,besides1 "o w\ld n cet]is p>ibus d5y ! au!nticity ( ,br[n+'s 8,*ilde ,rol&0 because he _h writt5 8,! ,gu>dian ,angel10 or t ( 8,! ,antiqu>y0 because ,scott 0 also ! au?or ( 8,! ,mona/]y40 ,! tract 0 probably compos$ aft] t return f ,alex&ria to :i* ,plut>* s *>m+ly alludes 9 ,sympos41 #fgh ,c4 ,moreov]1 ! v nature ( ! subject1 & ! prie/ly "* ( ! lady to :om x 0 address$1 z well z ! my/]i\s nature ( ! goddess ^: m9i/rant %e 01 are all p>ts ( a natural inducem5t to my/icism4 ,we mu/ admit t ,plut>* "h p>ticipates 9 t _s ( my/icism :i*1 always inh]5t 9 ,platonism1 0 kept 9 *eck by 8 acutely practical b5t1 to be reviv$ & exagg]at$ to ! de/ruction ( practical e?ics 9 ! dreams & ab/ractions ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s4 #cgb ,a v slight acqua9tance ) ,plut>*'s writ+s w s]ve to dispose ( ! *>ge ( ,a!ism br\ght aga9/ him by ,zimm]man1 ! pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ! ,gymnasium ( ,zuri*3--,cr$o equidem ,plut>*um int] eos fuisse qui cum ,cic]one cr$id]9t eos qui dant philosophi op]am non arbitr>i ,deos esse4--,x is true t ,zimm]man supports 8 case by quot+ ! pseudo-,plut>*ean ,de ,placitis 7,idem de provid5tia non m9us male loquitur quam ipsi ,epicurei71 & seems himself afraid to accept ! conclusion ( 8 own demon/rations3--,a!um eum fuisse non cr$o1 s$ quomodo ass]]e potu]it ,sup]/itione ,a!ismum tol]abiliorem esse1 simul tam5 eos1 quos a!os fuisse m9ime prob>e potuit1 ,sup]/itioni autem inimicissimos1 omnem malorum mundum intulisse1 consoci>e nequeo4--,b ! le>n$ au?or is too int5t on exculpat+ ,no/] ,euhem]us f ,plut>*'s 8inju/ice0 to h ju/ice to sp>e = ,plut>* himself4--7,j4 ,j4 ,,zimm]man1 ,epi/ola ad ,nonn574 ,grard quotes o!r au?ors ( ?is *>ge aga9/ ,plut>* 7p4 #bfi74--,we _c all[ ?is opportunity to pass ( prote/+ aga9/ ! attitude ( ^? :o assum$1 ev5 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 t x 0 a sign ei!r ( moral depravity1 or m5tal incapacity1 9 ,plut>* n to h be5 a believ] 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,ev5 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 :o admits1 conc]n+ su* writ]s z our au?or1 t 8_m 7 by !m enabl$ to live _! lives aft] a f> high] & nobl] fa%ion ?an else !y w\ld h atta9$0 _c rid himself ( ! notion t _h ,plut>* actively oppos$ ,*ri/ianity he w\ld h committ$ an (f5ce :i* our g5]osity might h p>don$1 ?\gh our ju/ice mu/ recognize t x ne$$ p>don4 8,plut>* himself may be entirely acquitt$ ( any consci\s attempt to fight aga9/ t tru? :i* 0 high] ?an any :i* he _h0 7p4 #ac74--8;,i h already m5tion$ t1 ?r\gh no fault ( 8 own1 he /ood remov$ f all ! imm$iate influ5ces ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*0 7p4 #hi74 ,b suppose ! facts to h be5 j ! opposite ( ^? indicat$ 9 ! words we h italiciz$1 x w\ld involve ! loss ( all s5se ( hi/orical p]spective to draw ! conclusion :i* w\ld cle>ly h be5 drawn by ,tr5* himself4 ,! use ( simil> language by ,pr(4 ,mahaffy has already be5 not$4 7,pref4 p4 xii47 ,! position assum$ by writ]s :o ma9ta9 ?is view1 is "o q inappropriate = hi/orical discussion1 & its natural expression1 if x mu/ be express$ at all1 is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( su* poetical aspirations z t brea!d 9 ! epigram ( ,john1 ! ,metropolitan ( ,eu*aita3-- 8,if any ,pagans1 ,"l1 ,?y grace %all save ,f wra? div9e1 ?is boon ,i humbly crave1 ,plato & ,plut>* save3 ,?9e 0 ! cause ,_! spee* support$3 ,?9e1 too1 7 ! laws ,_! he>ts obey$2 & if _! eyes 7 bl9d ,to recognize ,!e ,"l ( human k9d1 ,ne$s only t ,?y gift ( grace be %[n ,to br+ !m1 & br+ all m51 to ! ,?rone40 #cgc ,dr4 ,m>t9eau 7,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 vol4 i4 p4 #ia7 ?9ks t 8we mu/ g a little fur!r ?an ,zell]1 :o decides t ,plato usually conceiv$ ( ,god z if p]sonal1 yet 0 re/ra9$ by a doctr9e inconsi/5t ) su* conception f approa*+ x closely or sett+ x delib]ately on any sci5tific gr\nd10 & devotes sev]al closely-reason$ pages to %[ t1 al?\gh !re 0 no room = a p]sonal god 9 ,plato's philosophy1 ,plato himself 0 9 di/9ct opposition to 8 own views z sy/ematically exp\nd$ 9 8 writ+s4 8,we may reg>d him z fully aw>e ( ! conditions ( ! problem1 &1 ?\gh unable to solve x )\t lesion ( 8 dialectic1 yet delib]ately pron\nc+ judgm5t on ! side ( 8 religi\s feel+40 ,b pace tantorum virorum x w be admitt$ t ! p]sonality ( ,god is n v evid5t 9 ,plato :5 ^? :o und]/& him be/ c only ma9ta9 t x is n ess5tially int]wov5 ) 8 philosophy1 hav+ only an indirect & accid5tal exi/5ce :i* is n possible 8)\t lesion ( 8 dialectic40 #cgd 8,ab/ract$ly1 ! !ology ( ! ,/oics appe>s z a mat]iali/ic pan!ism2 ,god is repres5t$ z a fire1 & ! _w z a mode ( ,god40 7,,grant1 ,! ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfe47 ,9 ! fam\s 8hymn ( ,clean!s10 pres]v$1 l s _m o!r ( ! great wond]s ( classical lit]ature1 by ,/obu1 ,grant sees an emphatic recognition ( ! p]sonality ( ,god1 b x is equally natural to reg>d ! hymn z a m detail$ expression ( t necessity ( submitt+ to ,de/9y--( liv+ 9 accordance ) nature--:i* ,clean!s en\nces 9 t o!r fam\s fragm5t :i* ,epictetus w\ld h u hold ready to h& 9 all ! circum/ances ( life3-- 8,lead me1 ,o ,zeus1 & ?\ ,o ,de/9y1 ,! way t ,i am bid by y to g3 ,to foll[ ,i am ready4 ,if ,i *oose n1 ,i make myself a wret*1 & /ill mu/ foll[40 --,,epictetus1 ,en*eir4 lii4 7,long's translation47 ,epictetus1 inde$1 & ,s5eca1 late com]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,/oicism1 h und\bt$ly atta9$ to a cle> recognition ( ! p]sonality ( ,god4 #cge ,see ! 8,de cohib5da ira10 8de cupiditate diviti>um10 8de invidia et odio10 8de adulatore et amico40 #cgf 8,de g>rulitate10 8de vitioso pudore10 8de vit&o a]e ali5o10 8de curiositate40 #cgg 8,de amicorum multitud9e10 & 8de adulatore et amico02 8de frat]no amore10 8de amore prolis02 8conjugalia prcepta10 8de exilio10 8consolatio ad uxorem10 8consolatio ad ,apollonium40 78,i c easily believe10 says ,em]son1 8t an anxi\s s\l may f9d 9 ,plut>*'s #8,lett] to 8 ,wife ,timox5a1' a m sweet & reassur+ argum5t on ! immortality ?an 9 ! ,phd ( ,plato407 #cgh ,zell] says t 8! mo/ *>act]i/ic m>k ( ! ,plut>*ian ,e?ics is _! connexion ) religion40--7,greek ,philosophy1 translat$ by ,alleyne & ,abbott47 #cgi ,de ,virtute ,morali1 #ddj ,e4 #chj #ddd ,c1 ,d4 7,cf4 #dea47 #cha #ddd ,d4 ,cf4 ,quomodo adolesc5s poetas audire debeat1 #ae ,e4 #chb #dde ,c4 #chc 8,an virtus doc]i possit10 8de virtute et vitio10 #aja1 ,c1 ,d4 #chd ,tr5* foll[s ,zell] 9 reg>d+ ,plut>* z a =]unn] ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s3--8,plut>* 0 a ,platoni/1 ) an ori5tal t+e1 & ?us a =]unn] ( ! new ,platoni/s1 :o ev] reg>d$ him ) ! highe/ hon\r4 ,_! prop] f\nd]1 inde$1 he1 m ?an any o!r man1 des]ves to be call$1 ?\gh cle> ( _m ( ! unheal?y excesses into :i*1 at a lat] date1 _m ( !m ran0 7,tr5*1 p4 #ij74 ,we hope our pages h done some?+ t[>ds putt+ ,plut>* 9 a diff]5t light f t :i* surr\nds him "h4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 did ! 8new ,platoni/s reg>d him ev] ) ! highe/ hon\r80 ,! te/imony ( ,eunapius we h already quot$ 7p4 #fg1 note74 ,him]ius is equally laudatory4 8,plut>*1 :o is ! s\rce ( all ! in/ruction y convey40--,eclog1 vii4 #d4 8,i weep = "o :o1 ,i fondly hop$1 w\ld be gift$ ) spee* excell+ ,m9ucianus 9 =ce1 ,nicagoras 9 /atel9ess1 ,plut>* 9 sweetness0 7,orat4 xliii4 #ba--,monody on 8 son's dea?74 ,b ?is is r late 9 ! hi/ory ( ,neo-,platonism4 ,:at ab\t ,plot9us1 & ,porphyry1 & ,proclus8 ,tr5* gives no ref]5ces 9 pro( ( 8 /atem5t1 & we h be5 unable to f9d any4 #che ,!odoretus3 ,de ,oraculis1 #iea4--8,plut>* ( ,*ronea1 a man :o 0 n ,hebrew1 b ,greek--,greek by bir? & 9 language1 & enslav$ to ,greek ideas40 ,cf4 ,,momms53 ,! ,prov9ces1 f ,cs> to ,diocletian1 ,lib4 viii4 cap4 vii4--8,9 ?is ,*ronean ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,hell5es & ! ,hell5iz$ f\nd expression2 su* a type ( ,greek life 0 n possible 9 ,smyrna or 9 ,antio*2 x belong$ to ! soil l ! honey ( ,hymettus4 ,!re 7 m5 en\gh ( m p[]ful tal5ts & ( deep] natures1 b h>dly any second au?or has kn[n h[1 9 s happy a measure1 to reconcile himself s]5ely to necessity1 & h[ to impress ^u 8 writ+s ! /amp ( 8 tranquillity ( _s1 & ( 8 bless$ness ( life40 #chf ,dr4 ,bigg calls him a r5egade1 z ! ,*ur* has call$ ,julian an apo/ate4 ,a comm5t ( ,m4 ,m>?a's on ?is un*>itable practice is wor?y ( frequ5t repetition3--8,a9si donc1 que l'on donne ,juli5 t\s les noms qu'il plaira1 qu'on l'appelle ins5s1 fanatique1 mais qu'on cesse de lui inflig] durem5t ce nom d'apo/at1 de peur qu'un hi/ori51 trop t\* de ses malheurs1 ne s'avise un j\r de pr\v] que l'apo/asie tait excusable40 78,un *rti5 dev5u paen40--tudes ,morales47 #chg ,see note1 p4 #de4 #chh ,?\gh hav+ also c>efully /udi$ bo? ,zell] & ,va*]ot 7,,zell]3 ,die ,philosophie d] ,grie*51 vol4 iii42 ,,va*]ot3 ,hi/oire critique de l',ecole d',alex&rie71 we h specially us$ = ! purposes ( ! text ! close analysis ( ! v>i\s aspects ( ,neo-,platonism pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,bigg 9 8 8,neo-,platonism10 & ! int]e/+ acc\nt giv5 by ,m4 ,saisset 9 8 article 8,de l',ecole d',alex&rie10 writt5 = ! 8,revue des ,deux ,mondes10 ( ,septemb]1 #ahdd1 z a review ( ,jules ,simon's "w on ! ,alex&rian ,s*ool4--,= ! ,neo-,platoni/ ,dmonology we h l>gely consult$ ,wolff4 #chi 8,9 s f> z ! ,deity is ! orig9al =ce1 x mu/ create ev]y?+4 ,b z x is rais$ above ev]y?+ 9 its nature1 & ne$s no?+ ext]nal1 x _c communicate itself sub/antially to ano!r1 nor make ! creation ( ano!r its object4 ,creation _c1 z ) ! ,/oics1 be reg>d$ z ! communication ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 z a p>tial transf]5ce ( x into ! d]ivative creature2 nor c x be conceiv$ z an act ( w4 ,b ,plot9us _c succe$ 9 unit+ ^! det]m9ations 9 a cle> & consi/5t conception4 ,he has rec\rse1 !re=e1 to metaphors40--,,zell]4 #cij 8,9 ! ye> #agbb1 a ,%]iff-depute ( ,su!rl&1 ,capta9 ,david ,ross1 ( ,littl$ean1 took x ^u him to pron\nce ! la/ s5t5ce ( dea? = wit*craft :i* 0 ev] pass$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,! victim 0 an insane old woman :o _h s little idea ( h] situation z to rejoice at ! sight ( ! fire :i* 0 de/9$ to consume h]40--,sir ,w4 ,,scott3 8,demonology & ,wit*craft10 cap4 #i4 #cia ,see ,volkmann1 vol4 i4 cap4 i4 #cib ,cf4 ,m4 ,,m>?a1 8,un *rti5 dev5u paen10 9 8 tudes ,morales3 8,la philosophie prit t\t c\p des allures my/iques et inspires1 elle ent\ra de savantes tnbres la claire my?ologie compromise p> sa cl>t2 ses explications symboliques elle mla les pratiques my/rieuses des cultes ori5taux1 sa ?ologie subtile et confuse les r$\tables secrets de la magie3 elle eut ses initiations cl&e/9es et t]ribles1 ses en?\siasmes extatiques1 ses v]tus n\velles s\v5t empruntes au *ri/ianisme1 ses bonnes uvres1 ses miracles mme4 ,en un mot1 elle dev9t la ?urgie1 cet art sublime et suspect qui prt5d p\voir voqu] ,dieu sur la t]re et dans les mes4 ,le *ri/ianisme r5contrait donc non plus un culte surann1 facile r5v]s]1 mais une religion vivante1 puisant son n]gie dans sa dfaite1 df5du p> des fanatiques savants dont le sombre f]veur et l'loqu5ce illum9e tai5t capables d'entran] aussi une arme de proslytes40 #cic ,z x 01 ! lat] ,neo-,platoni/s _h to cont5t !mselves ) ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 in/ead ( ,jesus ,*ri/4--8,apollonius ( ,tyana1 :o 0 no long] a m]e philosoph]1 b a be+ half-human1 half-div9e0 7,,eunapius1 op4 cit474 #cid ,see ,em]son's 8,introduction0 to ,goodw9's translation ( ! 8,morals40 #cie ,saisset1 op4 cit4 #cif ,,dante3 ,inf]no1 ,canto iii4