,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,,by ,,k5ne? ,,macg[an ,,! ,,!atre ,,( ,,to-,,morr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,r$\t5saal1 a great & spl5did eighte5?-c5tury ballroom 9 ! ,h(burg 9 ,vi5na1 ) an arrangem5t ( curv$ walls1 /aircases & plat=ms newly built into "o end4 ,"h1 "u ! light ( cry/al *&eli]s1 surr\nd$ by ! b>oque beauty ( ,m>ia ,!resa's palace1 audi5ce & play]s unite 9 a relation%ip fre$ f all ! associations ( mod]n /age-sett+1 a relation%ip ess5tially !atrical 9 ! newe/ & ! olde/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! /age is "h %[n cle>$ ( all b a few *airs = ! w$d+ sc5e 9 ,moz>t's ,! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o4 ,,cont95tal ,,/agecraft ,,k5ne? ,,macg[an ,,rob]t ,,edmond ,,jones ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,new ,,york ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company ,,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,to ,,! ,,playwrights ,,( ,,am]ica ,c]ta9 ( ! *apt]s & illu/rations ( ,cont95tal ,/agecraft h appe>$ 9 ,vanity ,fair1 ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,arts & ,decoration1 ,! ,bookman1 ,! ,!atre ,magaz9e1 ,h>p]'s ,baza>1 ,! ,!atre ,arts ,magaz9e1 ,! ,freeman1 & ,%ad[l&4 ,,prefatory ,,note ,?is book is a record ( impressions ga9$ f t5 weeks ( travel ?r\gh ! !at]s ( ,france1 ,sw$51 ,g]many1 ,cze*o-,slovakia1 & ,au/ria dur+ ,april1 ,may1 & ,june1 #aibb4 ,^! impressions are p>tly re9=c$1 p>tly ori5tat$1 ?r\gh previ\s visits to ,p>is & ,london1 & ?r\gh a long soj\rn ( ,mr4 ,jones 9 ,g]many j be=e ! w>4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is book1 ! j\rney exclud$ ,engl&1 because obs]vation & reliable report %[$ little !re t 0 n a fa9t e*o ( :at 0 to be f\nd on ! ,cont95t4 ,russia 0 regretfully exclud$ = reasons ( "t & ! difficulties ( travel2 b =tunately we 7 able to see 9 ,/ockholm a p]=mance by ! t\r+ company ( ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at]4 ,?\gh ! mo/ int]e/+ ev5+s ( our trip 7 sp5t 9 ! ,r$\t5saal 9 ,vi5na1 & 9 ! ,vieux-,colombi] & ! ,cirque ,m$rano 9 ,p>is1 ! l>g] "p ( our "t 0 pass$ 9 ,g]many1 & ! great] numb] ( illu/rations come f productions se5 !re4 ,9 ,b]l91 9 p>ticul>1 !re 7 ?+s to be se5 :i* _h be5 mu* discuss$ by ,am]ican visitors--,masse-,m5s*1 ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus1 & ! "w ( ,leopold ,jessn]1--& ^!1 we felt1 dem&$ l5g?y /udy & analysis4 ,9 our t5 weeks ,mr4 ,jones & ,i saw close to sixty p]=mances4 ,we _h expect$ to f9d x difficult1 if n impossible1 to see 9 ?is "t z mu* z we %\ld h lik$ ( ! really significant new "w ( ! ,cont95tal !at]4 ,b1 z x happ5$1 good =tune & ! great c\rtesy %[n u ev]y:]e enabl$ u to see almo/ ev]y?+ t we wi%$4 ,?r\gh special p]=mances arrang$ by ! managem5ts ( ! ,royal ,sw$i% ,op]a & ! ,b]l9 ,volksbhne1 & by ,jacques ,copeau1 director ( ! ,vieux-,colombi]1 we saw half a doz5 mo/ important productions :i* we might o!rwise h miss$4 ,luck & ! rep]tory sy/em f\nd u at v>i\s ,g]man !at]s 9 "t to witness ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & significant "w ( ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,f9ally1 we 7 =tunate en\gh to come ^u two !at]s--"o accompli%$1 ! o!r pot5tial--( extraord9>y int]e/ & importance1 :i* _h n z yet be5 se5 or discuss$ by ,am]ican visitors1 ! ,r$\t5saal 9 ,vi5na & ! ,cirque ,m$rano 9 ,p>is4 ,cont95tal ,/agecraft _c pret5d to be s exhau/ive a /udy z a ye>'s visit w\ld h made possible1 b1 9 view ( ! exceptional circum/ances1 ,i ?9k t x is m ?an proportionately repres5tative4 ,) ! exception ( "o sket* ( a supposititi\s production 9 ! ,cirque ,m$rano1 ! illu/rations %[ exactly :at we saw & no?+ else4 ,mr4 ,jones's draw+s are 9 !mselves a k9d ( criticism :i* ! mod]n !at] /&s mu* 9 ne$ (4 ,!y give ! actual visual quality ( ! be/ productions on ! ,cont95tal /age f> bett] ?an c\ld photographs ( sett+s & actors1 :i* are usually fla%lights innoc5t ( ! atmosph]e produc$ by ! /age light+1 or ! designs ( ! sc5ic arti/s1 :i* are sometimes imp]fectly realiz$ & sometimes bett]$ 9 actual production4 ,mr4 ,jones made 8 draw+s z soon z might be aft] ! p]=mance1 work+ f _m r\gh notes made dur+ ! progress ( ! play4 ,!y are1 ,i believe1 uncommonly true to ! impression ga9$ by ! audi5ce4 ,my only res]vation w\ld be t !y cat* ! sc5e & ! light+ always at ! be/ mom5t1 &1 ?r\gh ! quality ( ! draw+1 !y sometimes add a beauty t is p]haps a little flatt]+ to ! orig9al4 ,! text is a collaboration 9 ideas1 ?\gh n1 ) ! exception ( ! captions "u ! pictures1 9 writ+4 ,x is a compilation ( our impressions1 reactions1 & conclusions4 ,because ! words are my own1 ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( ! p]sonal pron\n 8,i0 :5 8we0 w\ld be editorially pomp\s or inexact4 ,! book began z an attempt to supplem5t ! ,int]national ,!at] ,exhibition held 9 ,am/]dam & ,london dur+ ! fir/ half ( #aibb4 ,?is l>ge1 v>i$1 & arre/+ collection ( sket*es & models %[$ ! art ( ! !at] l>gely z x exi/$ 9 ! imag9ations ( ! /age design]s4 ,_m ( ^! sket*es 7 = productions nev] made1 "s _h be5 greatly alt]$ = bett] or = worse 9 ! c\rse ( production4 ,x 0 our feel+ t we might be able to add some?+ to ! k :i* ?is important exhibition 0 spread+ abroad if we c\ld make "s record1 h[ev] incomplete1 ( ! actual accompli%m5t ( ! arti/s ^u ! /age1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! directors & actors1 :o1 aft] all1 h ! major %>e 9 ! art ( ! !at]4 ,we h se5 s mu* t is int]e/+1 s mu* t is significant1 & a few ?+s s /imulat+ & inspirit+1 t we h be5 tempt$ (t5 to pu% our report ( impressions into an anticipation ( future progress4 ,we h1 ,i fe>1 sub/itut$ our own imag9ations 9 _m places = ^? ( ! arti/s ( ! ,int]national ,exhibition4 ,,k5ne? ,,macg[an4 ,pelham ,manor1 ,n4 ,y41 #a ,augu/1 #aibb4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,prefatory ,,note vii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,beyond ,,realism #c ,"s dull def9itions4 ,realism ( ! fle% vs4 ,realism ( ! _s4 ,9 ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d ,t*eh(f & ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at] rea* reality4 ,a my/ic picture ( life beyond our ,realism4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,/age #ag ,! art t lies close/ to life4 ,because its mat]ials are liv+ m5 & wom51 x %\ld n seek ! illusion ( reality4 ,its object is to a*ieve ! ,=m ( life4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,! ,,play #bg ,f ,realism ?r\gh ,expressionism4 ,! attempts ( ,ibs51 ,t*eh(f1 ,w$ek9d1 & ,/r9db]g to reflect ! ,=m ( life4 ,! expressioni/ movem5t 9 ! ,g]man !at]2 its viol5ce1 morbidity & failure4 ,its arre/+ significance4 ,"s examples ( its vitality4 ,expressionism & ! unconsci\s ,?r\gh ,=m to beauty4 ,,iv4 ,,black ,,curta9s #dj ,! place ( ,g]many 9 ! !at]4 ,its pione]+ pa/ & its natural virtues & fail+s4 ,a beat5 & bruis$ p t /ill makes a f9e audi5ce4 ,b]l9 becomes ,broadway-iz$ & morbid4 ,economy bre$s simplicity4 ,a new day dawns on a black-curta9$ /age4 ,v4 ,,! ,,twilight ,,( ,,! ,,ma*9es #ed ,relics ( ! pa/ :i* 0 once ! future4 ,! abdication ( ! design]s1 ,/]n & ,roll]4 ,re9h>dt seeks a new way out4 ,l9neba*1 apo/le ( ! ma*9e1 turns apo/ate4 8,e9fa*0 & 8,podium0 ! cat*-words4 ,/age ma*9]y s9ks into its place4 ,! design] replaces ! me*anician4 ,,vi4 ,,light ,,z ,,sett+ #fh ,f ,appia's !ories ( ! 'n9eties to ! day ( project$ sc5]y4 ,lamps ( six ?\s& c&le-p[]4 ,color comes "u control4 ,! dome no long] a sky2 a neutral b\nd>y 9 ,jessn]'s ,o!llo1 a void 9 ,masse-,m5s*1 a wall to be pa9t$ ) light 9 a ,/ockholm ballet4 ,sett+s project$ by ,l9neba* & ,hasait4 ,light z a dramatic motif4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,actor #ha ,! effect ( ! w> on ! ,g]man play]s4 ,! break-up ( ,re9h>dt's exceptional company "u ! pressure ( w> & ! motion picture4 ,! ,fe/spiel br+s !m toge!r aga94 ,ensemble p]si/s 9 ,vi5na & ,muni*4 ,! ,s4 ,s4 ,t5acity z play$ at ! ,burg!at] 9 ,vi5na & at ! ,vieux-,colombi]4 ,! play]s ( ! ,muni* ,/ate !at]s4 ,teutonic vitality & int5sity :i* (t5 become viol5ce4 ,,viii4 ,,new ,,act+ ,,= ,,old #ia ,f\r /yles ( act+3 ,imp]sonation by wigs & _s1 z practic$ by ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at]4 ,imp]sonation by type-ca/+4 ,! exploitation ( p]sonality by great actors4 ,pres5tational act+1 & ! expository p]=mances ( ! ,vieux-,colombi]4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,re9h>dt ,,tradition #ajf ,9 ! se>* = ! director :o c fuse ! new act+ & ! new play we come fir/ ^u ,max ,re9h>dt4 ,8 pa/ & 8 pres5t4 ,8 virtues & 8 faults4 ,p[]ful !atricalism 9 ! be/ s5se possible 9 ! old !at]4 ,8 influ5ce & 8 foll[]s4 ,8 future4 ,x4 ,,! ,,arti/ ,,z ,,director #aah ,! adv5t ( ! arti/ 9 ! !at]1 a function>y unkn[n to ,molire or ,%akespe>e4 ,! design] z an orig9ator ( directional ideas4 ,! inevitable union ( director & arti/1 9 ! sc5]yless !at] ( ! future4 ,,xi4 ,a ,,new ,,adv5ture ,,9 ,,direction #acj ,! me?ods ( ! director ( ! ,/ate ,!at] 9 ,b]l94 ,! /eps & levels ^u :i* he moves 8 play]s 9 ?ree-dim5sional compositions4 ,h[ he creates effective pictures & significant gr\p+s 9 ,ri*>d ,,iii1 ,o!llo & ,napoleon4 ,di/ortion ( natural action to make po9ts4 ,! motionless actor4 ,arbitr>y light+4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 conceptions & limit$ vision4 ,,xii4 ,,masse-,,m5s*--,,mob-,,man #add ,jrg5 ,fehl+ ( ! ,volksbhne adds und]/&+ to ,jessn]'s fre$om & vigor4 ,a drama ( indu/rial revolution produc$ 9 ab/ract t]ms & made imm5sely mov+4 ,sc5]y almo/ disappe>s & a workm5's hall becomes a flight ( /eps surr\nd$ by blackness4 ,arbitr>y light & a *orus t speaks z "o4 ,audi5ce1 play]s & play pass ?r\gh ! black purgatory ( revolution>y ,g]many4 ,,xiii4 8,,! ,,!at] ,,( ,,! ,,five ,,?\s&0 #aeg ,re9h>dt's ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus1 ! gigantic compromise betwe5 ! ,greek ,!at]1 ! circus & ! reali/ic /age1 9 :i* he made 8 la/ ef=t t[>ds a new type ( production4 ,! failures ( ! build+ ar*itecturally4 ,its virtues & its possibilities1 :i* ! )drawal ( ,re9h>dt has left unrealiz$4 ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,!at] ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,hundr$ #aga ,jacques ,copeau's ,?tre du ,vieux-,colombi] 9 ,p>is4 ,! nak$ /one /age ) p]man5t sett+ :i* ,copeau & ,j\vet creat$ 9 _! se>* = a playh\se t %\ld give ! actor full fre$om4 ,?ree productions3 ,les ,frres ,k>amazov1 ,le ,paquebot ,t5acity1 ,twelf? ,night4 ,! quality ( writ] or expositor 9 ,copeau's p]=mances4 ,! future ( ?is !at]4 ,,xv4 ,,! ,,r$\t5saal--,a ,,playh\se ,,( ,,p]man5ce #ahd ,! ,r$\t5saal ( ,m>ie ,!resa conv]t$ by ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t into a !at] )\t prosc5ium1 ma*9]y or sc5]y4 ,audi5ce & actors lit by cry/al *&eli]s & surr\nd$ by ,gobel9s & a p]man5t sett+ ( b>oque ar*itecture4 ,moz>t & ,re9h>dt br+ to x an old & a new !atricalism4 ,! pr9ciple appli$ to ! /age & ! plays ( to-day4 ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,cirque ,,m$rano #aih ,! little circus on ,montm>tre z a presage ( a !at] 9 :i* ! audi5ce w surr\nd ! play]s & ga9 a new relation%ip ) ! play4 ,! attempts ( ,re9h>dt & ,gmi] at ! circus-!at]4 ,hamlet or ,masse-,m5s* 9 ! ,m$rano4 ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,old ,,_s--,,! ,,new ,,!at] #bac ,seek+ bo? ! new !at] & ! old _s1 ,re9h>dt invades ! *ur*4 ,! ,cuckoo ,!at]4 ,religion 9 ! t]ms ( ! !at] a ?+ ( vital & creative _s 9 ,greek times & 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,c ! arti/ ( ! !at] br+ x out ( our mat]ial age8 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,color ,! ,r$\t5saal 9 ,vi5na ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,he ,:o ,gets ,slapp$--,a ,pitoff ,production #bd ,die ,mei/]s+]--,sett+ by ,roll] #ef ,fau/--,a ,re9h>dt ,production ,design$ by ,/]n #ajh ,samson & ,delilah--,sett+ by ,grnewald #abj ,ri*>d ,,iii--,a ,jessn] ,production ,design$ by ,pir*an #adj ,masse-,m5s*--,a ,fehl+ ,production ,design$ by ,/rohba* #aef ,! ,r$\t5saal 9 ,vi5na--,sc5e f ,! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o #ahf ,,9 ,,half-,,tone ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d--,a ,/anislavsky ,production #aj ,mrd]1 ,h(fnung d] ,frau5--,sett+ by ,siev]t #cb ,d] ,traum1 e9 ,leb5--,sett+ by ,/rohba* #dd ,macbe?--,an ,&r ,production #ed ,d] ,s*atzgrb]--,sett+ by ,pir*an #fj ,das ,rhe+old--,sett+ by ,l9neba* & ,pasetti #fd ,das ,rhe+old3 ,valhalla #gf ,m>ia ,/u>t3 ,we/m9/]--,a ,wei*]t ,production ,design$ by ,siev]t #aab ,m>ia ,/u>t3 ,fo!r+ay #aad ,samson & ,delilah--,sett+ by ,grnewald #abb ,uncle ,vanya--,a ,pitoff ,production #abd ,napoleon--,a ,jessn] ,production ,design$ by ,kle9 #abf ,o!llo3 ,be=e ,brabantio's ,h\se--a ,jessn] ,production ,design$ by ,pir*an #abh ,o!llo3 ,! ,h&k]*ief #acj ,o!llo3 ,cyprus1 ! ,ca/le #acb ,o!llo3 ,rod]igo ,is ,w\nd$ #acd ,ri*>d ,,iii--,a ,jessn] ,production ,design$ by ,pir*an #acf ,ri*>d ,,iii3 ,ri*>d & ,8 ,%ad[ #ach ,ri*>d ,,iii3 ,ri*mond & ,8 ,army #adb ,ri*>d ,,iii3 ,ri*>d's ,soliloquy #add ,ri*>d ,,iii3 ,ri*mond's ,soliloquy #adf ,masse-,m5s*3 ,dream-picture1 a ,c\rty>d--,a ,fehl+ ,production ,design$ by ,/rohba* #adh ,masse-,m5s*3 ,! ,revolutioni/s' ,meet+ #aej ,masse-,m5s*3 ,! ,rally+ #aeb ,masse-,m5s*3 ,! ,ma*9e ,guns #aed ,! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus3 ,an ,impression #afd ,judi?--,at ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus #afh ,les ,frres ,k>amazov--,a ,copeau ,production ,design$ by ,j\vet #agd ,le ,c>rosse du ,sa9t-,sacrem5t--,a ,copeau ,production ,design$ by ,j\vet #ahj ,! ,r$\t5saal3 ,a ,sc5e f ,! ,b>b] ( ,seville #aij ,! ,cirque ,m$rano3 ,an ,impression #bjf ,! ,cirque ,m$rano3 ,a ,supposition #bjh ,,cont95tal ,,/agecraft ,,cont95tal ,,/agecraft ,,*apt] ,i ,,beyond ,,realism ,x is a pity to beg9 a book by be+ dull4 ,b a "t ( *ange is ^u u 9 ! !at]1 & a "t ( *ange is a "t = def9itions4 ,we h pass$ ?r\gh su* times be=e1 & we h come out aft] "s ye>s--a c5tury or s--) categories neatly fix$4 ,we c look back along ! hi/ory ( ,engli% lit]ature & place a judicial f+] !re & !re & !re & say ,middle ,engli%1 ,classicism1 ,romanticism4 ,all ?is is pretty well set4 ,!n we come to ,realism & its quagmires--quagmires ( balk$ creation & quagmires ( discussion--& we wall[ ab\t ge/iculat+ & %\t+ & spla%+ ! mud into our immortal eyes4 ,:at is ?is bog we h be5 s busy 98 ,& :at is ! fitful & r bl9d+ /orm ( illum9ation :i* plays ab\t ! horizon & calls itself ,expressionism8 ,( c\rse ^! ?+s are j :at we c>e to make !m4 ,v>i\s p>ties to ! argum5t *oose v>i\s def9itions--! k9ds t suit _! !mes4 ,i claim no m = m9e ?an t !y w make cle> :at ,i am talk+ ab\t1 & save a c]ta9 am\nt ( futile dispute4 ,!re are pl5ty ( s\rces ( confusion 9 discussions ab\t art4 ,to beg9 )1 x is n an easy ?+ to limit a dynamic organism by def9ition4 ,creative ef=ts 9 drama1 fiction or pa9t+ run out ( "o category & into ano!r ) di/ress+ ease4 ,m ?an t1 !re are apt to be _m p>ts to a :ole1 _m divisions to a category2 & ! p>ts or ! divisions c be extraord9>ily diff]5t4 ,f9ally1 fanatics & tea-table gossips are equally unscrupul\s :5 x comes to 8prov+0 a po9t4 ,!y make ! def9itions ( fri5ds & foes mean :at !y l4 ,!y take ! "p = ! :ole1 ! division = ! category4 ,!y p9 d[n a lively & me&]+ "w ( art at j ! place :]e !y want x4 ,two disputants1 b5t on exhibit+ ! m indec5t side ( human intellig5ce1 c make ! twilight ( discussion into a pit ( black confusion4 ,let u br+ ! ?+ d[n to ! pres5t qu>rel 9 ! !at]3 ! qu>rel ) ,realism1 :i* has mom5ts ( cl>ity2 ! qu>rel ) ,expressionism1 :i* is murky z hell4 ,:at are we go+ to mean :5 we talk ab\t ,realism8 ,s f> z ?is book goes1 ! ^w ,realism means a way ( look+ at life :i* came into vogue ab\t fifty ye>s ago4 ,x sees tru? z repres5tation4 ,x dem&s a m or less lit]al picture ( p & happ5+s4 ,x insi/s t human be+s ^u ! /age %all say or d only ^? ?+s t are reasonably plausible 9 life4 ,resemblance is n always its end1 b resemblance is a te/ t mu/ be satisfi$ be=e any o!r quality may be admitt$4 ,realism is n1 ( c\rse1 a matt] ( tr\s]s1 silk hats1 & ma*9]y4 ,! reali/ic attitude c invade ! sixte5? c5tury1 z x does 9 ,hauptmann's ,florian ,gey]4 ,tr\s]s1 silk hats1 & ma*9]y c be ! prop]ties ( a non-reali/ic play l ,o',neill's ,! ,hairy ,ape4 ,! te/ ( ,realism1 z ! t]m is "h employ$1 is ! te/ ( plausibility3 ,w\ld m5 & wom5 talk 9 ?is fa%ion 9 real life "u ! conditions ( "t1 place1 & action suppli$ by ! playwright8 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! reali/ic playwright to draw z mu* z possible ( inn] tru? to ! surface )\t di/ort+ ! resemblance to actuality4 ,!re %\ld n be a great deal to qu>rel ab\t 9 su* a def9ition ( ,realism1 ?\gh its adh]5ts may d5y hotly ! natural ass]tion t ! me?od ( ,realism is b>r5 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,at any rate1 p g5]ally und]/& :at ! r[ is ab\t1 & ! disputants c kick up only ab\t s mu* du/ on ?is battle-field4 ,non-realism is ano!r matt]4 ,t ! ?+ is ! opposite ( ,realism is obvi\s 9 j "o respect3 ,x does n admit ! te/ ( resemblance4 ,x d5ies 9 ! !at]1 z furi\sly z d ! works ( ,czanne or ,picasso 9 ! picture gall]y1 ! validity ( repres5tation4 ,b :at w x sub/itute = ! te*nique ( ,realism & :at w x call ! sub/itute8 ,x w g back to romantic p]iods = a free te*nique1 b x w look =w>d = its mat]ials along pa?s :i* psy*ological rese>* has lately op5$ to m5 & wom5 outside ! ranks ( true poetic g5ius4 ,by ?is x may arrive at ! inn] tru? ( ,%elley & ,goe!1 ,%akespe>e & s*ylus1 :ile x sacrifices ! out] tru? ( ,ibs5 & ,bataille1 ,p9]o & ,galswor?y4 ,! "q is bo? ( te*nique & ( mat]ials1 = an inn] tru? is to be f\nd 9 a /udy ( ! unconsci\s m9d :i* w n brook ! ob/ructions ( actuality & resemblance4 ,inn] tru? is s mu* m important ?an actuality t ! new type ( drama w n bo!r itself to a*ieve bo?1 & if "o mu/ infr+e on ! o!r--:i* mu/ happ5 9 almo/ e case--!n x *ooses quickly & fe>lessly ! inn] tru?4 ,to give ?is anti-,realism a "n involves confusions de> to ! he>t ( ! controv]siali/4 ,to give x ! "n ,expressionism multiplies ^! confusions4 ,yet x is h>d to see any alt]native at ! mom5t4 ,we mu/ embrace ! "n--& ! confusions4 ,! *ief confusion is due to ! fact t !re are two k9ds ( ,expressionism1 z !re are d\btless two k9ds ( ,realism4 ,!re is ! l>g] & !re is ! small]4 ,realism c be a m]e te*nique--resemblance2 & x c also be a resemblance ?r\gh :i* y cat* a vision ( ! s\l4 ,expressionism c be se5 by ! fri5ds ( ,realism only z ! n>r[1 neurotic1 viol5t1 & =mless art :i* displays itself 9 ! dramas ( ! new ,g]man writ]s l ,georg ,kais]4 ,i %\ld be prep>$ to def5d ?is sort ( ,expressionism aga9/ ! ,realism ( ,augu/us ,?omas or ev5 ( ,john ,galswor?y2 b ,i %\ld n admit t x 0 ! end ( ! reaction aga9/ resemblance4 ,expressionism may be appli$--& = ! purposes ( ?is book x %all be appli$--to ! :ole t5d5cy aga9/ ,realism1 j z ,romanticism is appli$ to ! :ole t5d5cy aga9/ ,classicism4 ,_m :o dislike ,realism & neurotic ,g]man ,expressionism equally1 pref] to give ! =m !y seek "s su* well-worn & in(f5sive label z ,poetry4 ,?is f9ick9ess doesn't matt]--except z x admits new confusions & dodges ! issue4 ,?is issue is pla9 & %\ld be kept pla94 ,realism1 9 any b a v extraord9>y s5se1 is a cramp ^u art4 ,in/9ctively arti/s ( ! !at] are beg9n+ to recognize ?is & to seek "s way out4 ,?is involves new qualities 9 ! play4 ,= practical purposes let u call ! way ( escape ,expressionism4 ,"s o!r t]m may e/abli% itself 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 b = ! mom5t ?is is all we h4 ,x is fairly easy to apply ^! t]ms & def9itions to ! curr5t !at]--if y are n too doctr9aire or too p>tizan4 ,realism yawn+ly enfolds n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ playwrights4 ,maet]l9ck & ,d',annunzio require a little special att5tion & ,%aw & ,b>rie raise nice po9ts4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 ! di/9ction holds2 resemblance %eph]ds ! reali/ic plays1 emanations ( ! unconsci\s guide u to ! expressioni/ic4 ,ev5 ! purely repres5tational p]=mances :i* mo/ ( our actors & directors give d n always succe$ 9 hid+ ! cleavage4 ,! mo/ />tl+ & di/urb+ exp]i5ce t any fri5d ( ,expressionism c h is to sit ?r\gh a p]=mance ( ,t*eh(f's ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d by ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at]--ev5 by t portion ( ,/anislavsky's celebrat$ company :i* 0 cut (f by ,wrangel's army :ile play+ 9 ,s\!rn ,russia & compell$ to t\r ,europe = two ye>s be=e repatriation 0 possible4 ,"h is a play ( a g5]ation ago writt5 by ! man ^: dramas 7 ! corn]/one ( success = ! _w's greate/ reali/ic !at]4 ,x is a g5re /udy almo/ )\t plot3 decay$ ari/ocrats1 old s]vants1 newly-ri* peasants & ! incid5t ( ! sale = debt ( an ance/ral prop]ty4 ,!re is no m viol5ce 9 x ?an ! viol5ce ( life :i* rots an oak4 ,!re is no m di/ortion ?an is to be expect$ 9 light reflect$ f ! tr\bl$ surface ( life4 ,& x is play$ ) an almo/ utt] p]fection ( reali/ic detail1 complete imp]sonation1 & r\nd$ ensemble4 ,yet if ?is is ,realism we h nev] kn[n ,realism 9 our !at]4 ,x c>ries u ?r\gh life & out on ! o!r side4 ,x dr5*es u ) a my/ic s5se ( exi/5ce4 ,& :5 we read ! text ( ! play & sep>ate x f ! extraord9>y emotional actuality ( ! p]=mance1 we discov] aga9 & aga9 & aga9 spee* t drives /raight at free expression in/ead ( resemblance1 & action & "* p]meat$ ) an almo/ religi\s symbolism4 ,all ?is fus$ by playwright & play]s into :at seems a "w ( ! mo/ p]fect resemblance1 b :at is actually only ! appe>ance ( appe>ance4 ,! surface ( ! play is ! surface ( life4 ,mme4 ,ranevsky has return$ to h] e/ates aft] a turmoil ( ye>s 9 ,france4 ,!re are ! usual app5dages3 a daught]1 an adopt$ daught]1 a gov]ness1 a h\semaid1 a major-domo1 & a man-s]vant :o h gr[n into ! life ( ! h\se1 a bro!r1 an old1 impov]i%$ fri5d1 a village cl]k ) 8 eye on ! maid-s]vant1 an up-&-com+ m]*ant ^: gr&fa!r 0 a s]f on ! e/ate4 ,^! p talk a great deal1 & 9 talk+ !y make c]ta9 matt]s pla94 ,"o ( ^! is t no "o c save ! e/ate1 ! beautiful *]ry or*>d1 f ! consequ5ces ( ! family temp]am5t4 ,madame & h] bro!r h always sp5t _! money z becomes g5tlefolk1 & "s "o has =gott5 ! secret ( h[ ! *]ries us$ to be dri$ & s5t to ! m>kets ( ! f> cities e ye>4 ,!y fl\nd] ab\t 9 self-deception1 always hop+ = succor1 nev] will+ to accept ! s*eme ( ! fri5dly m]*ant = cutt+ ! e/ate up into villa lots1 & nev] able to d any?+ !mselves to save x f ! auctione]4 ,ultimately ! m]*ant buys x 91 & 9 blissful call\sness puts ! ax to ! trees z ! family leave ! old h\se4 ,out ( ^! p & _! dilemma rises ! mo/ curi\s & mov+ symbolism4 ,a sugge/ion ( symbols1 r2 = !re is no?+ bald ab\t x4 ,tru?s ( ,russian temp]am5t1 ev5 ,russian politics1 are figur$ ) ! hidd5 yet reveal+ quality t s (t5 rises out ( life l an odor f old fields1 freight$ ) memories & anticipations4 ,p]haps ! simple/ & mo/ mov+ example ( ?is comes at ! v end ( ! play4 ,?r\gh x all has mov$ a mumbl+1 b5t old man :o has be5 ! lov+ gu>dian ( ! h\sehold = two g5]ations1 "o ( ^? r>e & anci5t s]vants :o1 by %e] s]vility1 h lift$ !mselves out ( s]vantage & into a %>e 9 ! family life4 ,9 ! end1 ! h\se is sold1 ! furniture remov$1 ! %utt]s clos$4 ,! family dep>t4 ,!n into ! dim room comes ! old man1 =gott54 ,he tott]s across to ! d]elict s(a t has be5 left beh9d4 ,he curls up on x l "s old leaf4 ,!re 9 ! d>kness he dies4 ,! s\l ( old ,russia4 ,illu/ration3 ,reali/ic production at its be/4 ,! f9al mom5t ( ,t*eh(f's ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d z produc$ by ! t\r+ company ( ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!atre4 ,! ance/ral h\se has be5 sold1 curta9s & pictures h be5 tak5 d[n1 ! furniture is %r\d$4 ,! %utt]s are clos$4 ,! lights are s dim t ! room is no long] a room b a vague1 brood+ pres5ce4 ,! old s]vant gropes 8 way ?r\gh ! d>kness1 crawls ^u ! c\* & dies4 ,z ! old man dies some?+ occurs t gives u all ! lic5se we ne$ 9 ord] to see 9 o!r portions ( ! play me?ods & attitudes f> inde$ f ,realism4 ,! /age directions read3 8,a di/ant s\nd is he>d1 z if f ! sky1 & ! s\nd ( a /r+ break+1 dy+ away1 melan*oly40 ,x is a s\nd t occurs also 9 ! second act1 unexpla9$1 om9\s4 ,symbolism4 ,arbitr>y & v expressive s\nds f heav54 ,is x at all surpris+ to f9d ! *>act]s ( ?is play indulg+ 9 l5g?y acc\nts ( _! lives )\t tak+ ! lea/ tr\ble to f9d "s /rang] :o might plausibly be ignorant ( x all8 ,p]haps ?is is ,realism1 p]haps n4 ,c]ta9ly x is bo? %>p ) actuality & my/ic ) life's int5sity z ^! ,russian play]s act x4 ,! company did n conta9 ! greate/ ( ! gr\p :i* ,/anislavsky has ga!r$ ab\t him s9ce he op5$ 8 !at] 9 #ahig4 ,! director himself 0 n !re to play ! maund]+ bro!r4 ,on ?is night ,ka*al(f 0 out ( ! ca/4 ,b ,mme4 ,knipp]1 ! wid[ ( ,t*eh(f1 play$ ,mme4 ,ranevsky1 & ,p4 ,a4 ,pavl(f play$ ! old s]vant4 ,h[ _m ( ! o!r play]s act$ p>ts long famili> to !m ,i _c say2 b _! "w gave ! impression n only ( exceptionally f9e individual p]=mances b ( an ensemble long & lov+ly built up into p]fection4 ,x is an old cli* z well z a sad comm5t on act+ z an art to say t a play] does n play a "* b lit]ally is ! "*4 ,9 ! case ( ?is company f ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at]1 !re is a deep int5sity 9 ! p]=mance & a frank desire = absolute imp]sonation :i* make su* a comm5t on _! play+ ( ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d ! obvi\s & reveal+ tru?4 ,x is a comm5t t applies to ! ensemble z mu* z to ! individual act+4 ,! w$d+ ( an utt]ly reali/ic p]=mance ) a play ( my/ic ov]tones is ju/ifi$ by ! s5se ( an old & complete life :i* bo? possess4 ,! intimacy ( ! actors ) "o ano!r is z evid5t z ! intimacy ( ! *>act]s !y play1 & ! intimacy ( ma/]s & s]vants 9 ?is ,russian family4 ,! welcome ( ! mi/ress on h] return may be a matt] ( ! clev] rehe>sal ( (f-/age noise--amaz+ly clev]1 y c believe2 b :5 ?is adoration comes out ( ! w+s & walks ^u ! /age1 x is se5 z ! p]fection ( emotion & imp]sonation4 ,a p]=mance 9 s =eign a tongue z ,russian ga9s because our eag] imag9ation is at "w to int]pret 9 ! act+ ! gaps left by ! lack ( words4 ,x also loses1 because ! mean+ ( ! play is n always !re to %[ ! l9k+ ( "* & "*1 & ( incid5t & incid5t2 great spaces ( action are blank & )\t emotion2 we c>ry away few] & %ort] memories4 ,h[ _m & h[ cont9u\s1 h[ev]1 are ! memories ( ?is p]=mance1 & h[ pi]c+ly ke5 are ! %>pe/ ( !m6 ,mme ,knipp]3 a well+ flood ( emotion at ! old nurs]y ( h] *ildhood2 bl9d affection = ! lovely1 anci5t or*>d2 *ildlike prodigality 9 h] ge/ure z %e scatt]s money t might once h sav$ ! e/ate1 foll[$ by *ildlike p5it5ce2 & !n ! mom5t :5 %e he>s at la/ t ! or*>d is sold1 :5 h] ability to ignore & =get slips f h] & %e turns old be=e our eyes4 ,pavl(f1 pr9ce ( imp]sonators ( old m51 hobbl+ ab\t ! room2 a b5t & %uffl+ figure et]nally mumbl+1 et]nally nurs+2 a wat]y-ey$ kiss = madame's h&1 a pat = ! twi/$ coll> ( ! bro!r1 a t\* to ! turn ( a curta92 an old1 old1 devot$ %ape speak+ its fullness ( "* 9 e movem5t4 ,o!r figures almo/ z fully felt & se54 ,ea* "o do+ ! lea/ little ?+ ) an arre/+ significance4 ,"h = once are actors :o realize ! importance ( cross+ a /age1 z a display n ( !mselves b ( _! *>act]s4 ,"h1 equally1 are actors :o h got by all ! small egoisms ( _! k9d4 ,x is said t ,/anislavsky f\nd 8 play]s among arti/s1 writ]s1 /ud5ts1 %opkeep]s1 any:]e b 9 8! pr(ession40 ,at any rate 9 tw5ty ye>s he has made !m into selfless b di/+ui%$ p>ts ( a new organism4 ,_! intimacy z p mu/ be z great z ! intimacy :i* !y give _! *>act]s on ! /age4 ,!y are an or*e/ra2 _! play+ is a music1 a h>mony4 ,!y seem to h liv$ into ?is play 9 ! eighte5 ye>s t !y h giv5 x until n[ !y are "p "o ( ano!r4 ,x does n matt] t "s may h _h _! rles only five ye>s1 p]haps only five mon?s4 ,!y are envelop$ 9 ! "m-liquor ( ?is mature1 well-ag$ p]=mance4 ,y recall ! /ew t ,anatole ,france describ$3 8,to be good x mu/ h be5 cook+ l5g?ily ^u a g5tle fire4 ,clem5ce's /ew has be5 cook+ = tw5ty ye>s4 ,%e puts into ! pot sometimes goose or bacon1 sometimes sausage or beans1 b x is always ! same /ew4 ,! f\ndation endures2 ?is anci5t & preci\s f\ndation gives ! /ew ! quality t 9 ! pictures ( old ,v5etian ma/]s y f9d 9 ! wom5's fle%40 ,su* ,realism z ?is ( ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at] comp>es mo/ curi\sly ) ! be/ we "k ( reali/ic act+ 9 ! productions ( ,david ,belasco & ,ar?ur ,hopk9s4 ,x has ! c>e & m9uti ( ,belasco %>p5$ by f> great] ability on ! "p ( play]s & director1 & mell[$ by "t4 ,x has ! naturalness ( ,hopk9s2 b1 because x is secur$ by delib]ate direction & n by ! indirection ( ! ,am]ican's me?od1 ! naturalness fits into a g5]al design & is nev] slip%od4 7,s f> ,/anislavsky d5ies life & its accid5ts67 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 worse ?an futile to comp>e su* act+ ) our own = any purpose b und]/&+4 ,we _c a*ieve a p]=mance ( ?is k9d s long z we h no p]man5t companies1 no rep]tory sy/em4 ,x is n alone a matt] ( ! leisurely me?od ( production :i* ,/anislavsky c employ1--mon?s sp5t 9 /udy ( ! script1 long read+s & discussions ov] e "*4 ,rep]tory keeps ! actors play+ a piece = ye>s4 ,!y are n repeat+ !mselves ev5+ aft] ev5+ ) me*anical devotion4 ,!y come back to ! play f o!r p>ts4 ,!y see x anew4 ,if x is su* a piece z ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d1 !y plunge into its dep?s ) a s5se ( refre%m5t4 ,!y are ! p>ts ( a :ole :i* !y c nev] greatly alt]1 b :i* !y c enri* by new contributions4 ,we h1 !n1 9 ?is p]=mance an almo/ p]fect example ( m9ute & ?or\gh ,realism1 fus$ into some?+ beyond ,realism ?r\gh its union ) a play di/9ctly expressioni/ic 9 c]ta9 qualities4 ,x w\ld be easy to see h[ frank1 non-reali/ic act+ c\ld be appli$ to ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d4 ,x is1 9 fact1 v h>d to see h[ ! play]s c act "s ( ! spee*es z !y d1 notably ! descriptions ( !mselves & _! lives :i* ! gov]ness & ,madame ,ranevsky furni% to fell[-*>act]s fully acqua9t$ ) all !y say1 *>act]s :o v rightly pay n ! slighte/ he$4 ,if ev] a play] _h an opportunity to bridge directly ! gap :i* has exi/$ betwe5 /age & audi5ce = ! pa/ fifty ye>s1 & to pres5t emotion z simply & hone/ly & !atrically z d ! grave/ones 9 ,spoon ,riv]1 x is ! actress :o plays ! gov]ness4 ,%e beg9s ! second act ) ! foll[+ spee*1 virtually a soliloquy1 to :i* none ( ! o!rs on ! /age pay ! lea/ att5tion1 ev5 ! att5tion ( bor$om3 ,i h no prop] passport4 ,i don't "k h[ old ,i am2 ,i always feel ,i am /ill "y4 ,:5 ,i 0 a little girl my fa!r & "m us$ to g ab\t f "o c\ntry fair to ano!r1 giv+ p]=mances1 & v good ones1 too4 ,i us$ to d ! salto mortale & all sorts ( tricks4 ,:5 papa & mamma di$1 an old ,g]man lady adopt$ me & educat$ me4 ,good6 ,:5 ,i grew up ,i became a gov]ness4 ,b :]e ,i come f & :o ,i am ,i hav5't a notion4 ,:o my p>5ts 7--v likely !y w]5't m>ri$--,i don't "k4 ,i don't "k any?+ ab\t x4 ,i long to talk s1 & ,i h no "o to talk to1 ,i h no fri5ds or relations4 ,is ?is ,realism8 ,is x ,expressionism8 ,is x some?+ betwe51 "s ,realism ( ! ,_s oppos$ to ! ,realism ( ,fle% :i* we "k8 ,c we say t we "k true ,realism ( ! ,fle% z yet8 ,ev5 if we d "k x 9 a few fugitive productions1 are we ready to give up n only su* ,realism b also ! possibility ( deeply mov+ p]=mances l ?is ( ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d1 & to g seek+ a fre% & debatable ?+ f> on ! o!r side ( exp]i5ce8 ,if we are1 x is because1 we see t su* p]fection z ?is ( ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d is a v r>e ?+ = :i* we pay ) h\rs ( ! commonplace1 & because we recognize t :5 a play rea*es su* spiritual quality x has travel$ s f> f ,realism t ! j\rney is almo/ ov]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,liv+ ,,/age ,!re is some?+ 9 ! nature ( ! !at] t makes ,realism a natural & a ?or\ghly unsatisfactory me?od ( expression4 ,its pr9cipal mat]ial1 ! actor1 is too ne> actuality4 ,x is no triumph ( art to make a fle%-&-blood man nam$ ,grant ,mit*ell into a fle%-&-blood man nam$ ,&rew ,lane4 ,especially :5 ! he>t ( ! :ole bus9ess is an elaborate pret5se t !re really isn't any actor1 & !re really isn't any !at]1 & we are really look+ ?r\gh ! f\r? wall ( a room 9 ! next village4 ,obvi\sly no o!r art is s close to life or s quick ) life's vitality4 ,lit]ature uses pr9t$ signs ( a v arbitr>y & =mal nature1 :i* we translate into words =m+ ideas & m5tal pictures1 :i*1 9 turn1 may sugge/ human be+s & _! emotions4 ,music employs s\nds "s ( :i* fa9tly sugge/ bird-notes or ! rumble ( ! heav5s1 b none ( :i* comes )9 %\t+ di/ance ( ! human voice4 ,pa9t+ has pieces ( canvas & lumps ( color$ clays1 & ^! x arranges 9 patt]ns1 ?r\gh :i*1 by cu/om & habit1 we are able to ga9 an impression ( a curi\sly flatt5$ life4 ,ev5 sculpture1 lit]al z its r\nd$1 ?ree-dim5sional %apes ord9>ily are1 mu/ use ! int]m$i>y ( clay or rock4 ,! !at] is ! "o art t works 9 ! mat]ials ( life itself4 ,x employs life to r5d] life4 ,pa9t+1 ar*itecture1 & sculpture may supply a backgr\nd to ! actor1 b ! actor is ! c5t] ( ! play1 & :5 he speaks ! words ( lit]ature he speaks !m z ! actual human be+ f :om !y are suppos$ to come4 ,! actor br+s ! !at] f> too close to life to please "s ( its great lov]s4 ,! actuality ( ! actor affrights !m4 ,gordon ,craig1 once an actor & always a true p>tizan ( ! !at]1 has felt ?is4 ,he has f\nd ! actor too mu* a piece ( life1 too mu* a creature ( ! emotions ( exi/5ce1 & too little an imp]sonal & dep5dable tool ( ! arti/4 8,! actions ( ! actor's body1 ! expression ( 8 face1 ! s\nds ( 8 voice1 all are at ! m]cy ( ! w9ds ( 8 emotions40 ,he is n clay1 he is n /one1 he is n curves ( ink1 he is n arbitr>y s\nds produc$ f wood or brass4 ,he is life itself1 & a v irregul> & undep5dable "p ( life4 ,!re=e1 says ,craig1 ! ?+ t ! actor gives u is n a "w ( art2 8x is a s]ies ( accid5tal confessions40 ,n[ ! contra/ betwe5 ! pliant & well-behav$ clay & ! intractable actor is int]e/+4 ,& !re is a c]ta9 significance 9 ! fact t :5 ,craig describes ! "w ( ! actor z a s]ies ( 8accid5tal confessions10 he uses a phrase :i* w\ld delight ! h>%e/ ( ! reali/s--! writ]s :o practis$ ,naturalism1 ! lit]al transcription ( ! irregul>ities ( life4 ,b ! issue goes deep]4 ,! actor is ess5tial to ! !at]4 ,he _c be turn$ out = a glorifi$ puppet1 an ,ub]m>ionette4 ,b p]haps he c be told t he is f> too ne> life & its accid5ts to sp5d 8 "t imitat+ !m4 ,to give u life & its significance ! dramati/1 l work]s 9 ! o!r arts1 ne$s an int]m$i>y4 ,if ! actor is n a true int]m$i>y1 because he is a "p ( life1 ! dramati/ has only to see t he c g beyond ! actuality ( ! physical actor to ,=m4 ,) ! creative vitality ( ! liv+ actor to awak5 u & make u s5sitive & responsive1 ! dramati/ may /rive to rea* beyond outw>d tru? to t inn] tru? :i* pres5ts itself to u 9 delib]ate & natural arrangem5ts ( life4 ,x is no easy ?+ to tell :at is meant by ! ^w ,=m :5 we take x pa/ ! idea ( ! design ( ?+s 9 a lit]al s5se1 & apply x to significance 9 ! design ( life4 ,b x is easy to say t ,=m has no?+ :atev] to d ) repres5tation or illusion4 ,z ,clive ,bell po9ts out 9 8 book ,art1 9 :i* he makes a brilliant plea = :at he calls 8significant =m0 z ! te/ ( visual art1 ! fact t a ?+ is repres5tative1 does n at all sugge/ ei!r ! pres5ce or ! abs5ce ( ,=m4 ,x does n preclude its hav+ ,=m j z x does n 9 ! lea/ assure x4 ,! !at] w always h ! physical body ( ! actor1 & to t ext5t x w always be repres5tational4 ,b t is c]ta9ly all x ne$ h ( illusion4 ,:at ! actor says & ! atmosph]e 9 :i* he appe>s may be absolutely non-repres5tational4 ,ev5 8 physical body1 z he uses x1 may take on qualities outside & beyond illusion4 ,x rema9s ! dramati/'s special bus9ess to ma/] ! extremely difficult task ( fight+ ?r\gh to ,=m :ile reta9+ ! reali/ic te*nique1 or else--:i* seems f> bett]--frankly to des]t ,realism1 repres5tation1 illusion1 & write directly 9 significant t]ms1 no matt] h[ unplausible !y may be4 ,aft] all1 common s5se sees t x is bett] to conc5trate all ( an arti/'s te*nical en]gies on ! major ?+ he wi%es to accompli%4 ,bell says ( ! m5 & wom5 ( ! future3 8,:5 !y ?9k ( ! e>ly tw5tie?-c5tury pa9t]s !y w ?9k only ( ! arti/s :o tri$ to create ,=m--! artisans :o tri$ to create illusions w be =gott540 ,x is equally true t ! arti/ :o tries to create illusion is m ?an likely to =get to create ,=m4 ,n[ creat+ ,=m does n mean hid+ ! actuality ( ! actor "u /range robes4 ,!re seems to be a curi\s notion abroad t ! alt]native to ,realism is ,romance4 ,x is true t 9 try+ to escape out ( ,realism a numb] ( playwrights h avoid$ reality & w&]$ into ! nev]-nev]-l& ( ,?alanna & ,kongros4 ,x is also true t mod]n sci5ces1 hi/ory1 ar*eology1 & psy*ology1 h made ! pa/ new & real & alive aga91 & t c]ta9 playwrights h se5 9 ! rejuv5at$ ages a *ance to escape ! reali/ic & to atta9 m p]man5t values4 ,b x is n true t ! pres5t (f]s small] opportunities4 ,expressioni/ playwrights h already %[n ?is conclusively en\gh2 witness ,eug5e ,o',neill's ,! ,hairy ,ape4 ,!atrical hi/ory has nev] be5 z popul> ) !atrical re=m]s z x %\ld be4 ,x %[s n only t ! reali/ic te*nique is a matt] ( ! la/ half c5tury1 & t ! greate/ p]iods ( ! !at]'s hi/ory 7 non-reali/ic4 ,b x %[s also t ev5 :5 ,realism 0 an impossible idea1 & :5 expressive1 significant ,=m 0 ! only ?+ at :i* ! playwright aim$1 ! !at] & its audi5ces usually liv$ frankly & heal?fully 9 ! pres5t4 ,greek trag$y1 to be sure1 0 n a ?+ ( ! pres5t--except 9 ! reality ( its religi\s emotion4 ,its h]oes came out ( ! pa/4 ,!y did n talk or act l ! ,a!nians t wat*$ !m4 ,!y ev5 dress$ accord+ to a set conv5tion ( _! own4 ,9 e way ! ,greek tragic !at] embrac$ ,=m1 directly & naturally4 ,x 0 9 ! temp]am5t ( ! ,greeks4 ,_! sculpture 0 reali/ic to a degree nev] be=e rea*$ & n surpass$ 9 physical tru? to-day2 yet f ^! /atues we ga9 a s5se ( ,=m f> m significant ?an ! s5se ( life :i* !y give u4 ,repres5tation 0 n an end to ! ,greek arti/4 ,! dramati/ ( ,a!ns felt no desire to 8humanize0 8 h]oes or to make !m l ! p ab\t him 9 any p>ticul>4 ,! drama 0 religi\s 9 orig9 & _h n yet gr[n temporal4 ,s long z ! ,greek m9d _h its fondness = ,=m1 !re c\ld be no dem& = ! smalle/ actuality4 ,b man's natural fondness = 8humanness0 & 8recognition0 f\nd pl5ty ( opportunity = expression aft] ! pass+ ( ! great ,greeks4 ,& x 0 satisfi$ 9 almo/ e case )\t break+ 9 too %>ply on ! he>t ( ! drama1 expression ( ,=m4 ,! m$ieval religi\s drama 0 bo? religi\s & temporal4 ,! sa9ts 7 v mu* ( ! times 9 clo!s & 9 habits4 ,! ,bible *>act]s liv$ ! lives & wore ! g>m5ts & ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( p ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,%akespe>e dipp$ back into hi/ory & into romance1 too1 b 8 ,italian nobles dress$ l ,london]s1 8 ,roman 8me*anicals0 7 ,briti% workm51 & 8 ,a!nian yokels came out ( ! ,engli% c\ntryside4 ,molire 8mod]niz$0 ! ,roman rascal ,phormio into ! ,neapolitan rascal ,scap91 & ! ord9>y ,p>isian g5tleman s]v$ him = ,alce/e4 ,phdre & ,iphignie 7 n s v ,greek4 ,9 ,engl& trag$ians play$ ,%akespe>e 9 ! co/umes ( _! own day d[n ?r\gh ,g>rick1 ,siddons1 & ,kemble4 ,& d y imag9e t all ?is _h ! slighte/ effect on ! plays1 any be>+ on _! expression ( ! inn] ,=m r ?an ! outw>d %ape ( life8 ,9 spite ( ! fle%-&-blood actor1 clo!d 9 ! co/umes ( ! "t1 ! playwright 0 sav$ f m]e repres5tation1 f all ?is peep-hole bus9ess ( ,realism4 ,d\btless he 0 sav$ because ! temp] ( 8 "t 0 n corrupt$ & twi/$ & tortur$ by ! unholy union ( sci5ce & capitalism4 ,b x is r int]e/+ to rememb] t ! actors appe>$ 9 !at]s s utt]ly unreal1 s ess5tially !atrical1 t nobody c\ld imag9e = a mom5t t he 0 /&+ ) 8 eye glu$ to a *9k 9 ! f\r? wall4 ,! !at]s ( ! pa/ unit$ ! temporal & ! et]nal1 ! pass+ mom5t & ! p]man5t ,=m p>tly 9 innoc5ce1 & p>tly f a natural ability to und]/& ?+s bett] 9 _! own t]ms4 ,we1 too1 c grasp m ( ! ,=m ( life if we see x d]iv$ f ! life we "k4 ,b ?is does n mean t ! ,elizabe?ans _h ! slighte/ int]e/ 9 ! ?+ t has absorb$ our /age--plausibility1 repres5tation1 resemblance4 ,to-day we are beg9n+ aga9 to desire reality ( s\l in/ead ( m]e reality ( body4 ,we want to "k ab\t our own "t & our own p1 b we don't give a hang to le>n h[ imp]fectly1 h[ halt+ly1 a mod]n1 reali/ic ,hamlet w\ld express 8 ?\ghts on suicide4 ,x is easy en\gh to see h[ mu* ,%akespe>e's greate/ trag$y w\ld h lo/ if he _h writt5 l a ,galswor?y4 ,poetry ( ^w is n ! only ?+ t w\ld h gone by ! bo>d4 ,poetry ( idea w\ld h disappe>$1 too4 ,m ?an t1 ! ability ( a "* to express himself w\ld h be5 hide\sly conf9$ )9 ! =mula ( plausibility4 ,p]haps s great an arti/ c\ld h writt5 8 trag$y )\t p]mitt+ a s+le p]son to speak an inn] ?\ght t "t & circum/ance c\ld n br+ out1 b ,i am a little incl9$ to d\bt x4 ,& ,i am v mu* incl9$ to ass]t t ! vitality & ! effectiv5ess ( su* a "w ( unnatural & /ra9+ ef=t w\ld h be5 no?+ beside ! vitality & effectiv5ess ( ! ,hamlet we "k4 ,illu/ration3 ,george ,pitoff's arrangem5t ( ,he ,:o ,gets ,slapp$ 9 ,p>is4 ,! /age is drap$ 9 black curta9s4 ,n>r[ sc>let ribbons loop$ f ! prosc5ium ar* indicate a circus t5t4 ,! actors make _! entrances & exi/s f beh9d a huge circus po/]1 :i* is *ang$ f act to act4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ! ,european /age has /ruggl$ ov] ! problem ( plausibility & resemblance 9 sett+4 ,! ?+ call$ ! new movem5t 9 ! !at] has sp5t half ! "t devis+ me*anisms & te*nique = a*iev+ g5u9e repres5tation in/ead ( ! ba/>d ?+ t tri$ to make a d9+ room out ( badly pa9t$ & flimsy canvas4 ,& x has sp5t ab\t half ! "t try+ to get rid ( ?is ma*9]y & ?is te*nique 9 ord] to escape ! ,realism :i* dem&$ su* ?+s4 ,9 ,/ockholm y see ! t\r+ company ( ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at] play+ reali/ic plays 9 j ! sort ( ugly1 *eap1 old sett+ t ,craig1 ,re9h>dt & ,belasco equally set _! faces aga9/4 ,9 ,dresd5 y see ,%aw's ,pygmalion play$ at ! ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus 9 sett+s z solid & illusive z /one & wood4 ,9 ,p>is y see ! ,russian ,georges ,pitoff giv+ ,&reyeff's ,he ,:o ,gets ,slapp$ 9 black curta9s ) f\r ribbons loop$ up to indicate ! =m ( a circus t5t1 & ,t*eh(f's ,! ,seagull 9 sett+s :i* g back to ! old flapp+ canvas flats aga91 admitt+ t ! !at] is a place ( pret5se1 & :i* !n attempt--n v successfully--to give ^! flats1 9 color & outl9e1 ! ,=m ( ! play4 ,/ill fur!r along ! way f ,realism to an expressioni/ /age1 y f9d ,copeau's nak$ /age 9 ,p>is t unites frankly ) ! auditorium1 & *anges v little f ,! ,s4 ,s4 ,t5acity to ,les ,frres ,k>amazov4 ,f9ally 9 ,vi5na1 y f9d1 9 ! ,r$\t5saal made f ! ballroom ( ,m>ia ,!resa's palace1 a !at] )\t prosc5ium1 ma*9]y or sc5]y1 a !at] :]e ! actor is frankly ! actor4 ,"h y h ! culm9at+ expression ( ! gr[+ s5se 9 ,europe t1 because ! /age is s close to life 9 ! pres5ce ( ! liv+ actor1 x ne$ n & x mu/ n attempt to create ! illusion ( reality4 ,?r\gh su* a conception ! !at] is fre$ once m to seek ! ,=m ( life4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,! ,,play ,! /ory ( ! attempt ( ! !at] to escape f ,realism is a curi\s /ory4 ,z a delib]ate ef=t ( ! playwrights to see life 9 ! t]ms ( ,=m in/ead ( accid5tal actuality x goes back only half a doz5 ye>s ?r\gh ! dramas ( ! ,g]mans :o adopt$ ! ^w ,expressionism to describe _! aim & te*nique4 ,x has hung pot5tial = t5 or fifte5 ye>s 9 ! "w ( ! m advanc$ & philosophic design]s & directors ( ! new /agecraft1 a wait+ /imulus to ! playwrights4 ,z an unconsci\s impulse to rea* beyond ! limits ( ,realism its beg9n+s are to be trac$ back tw5ty1 ?irty1 almo/ =ty ye>s 9 ! "w ( "s ( ,europe's able/ reali/s4 ,! two greate/ figures 9 ! mod]n !at]--:i* is ! reali/ic !at]--give ! same demon/ration ( ! limitations ( ,realism1 & turn 9 ! same fa%ion away f actuality & t[>ds an int5se spiritual vitality4 ,bo? ,ibs5 & ,/r9db]g come out ( ,romanticism into ,realism1 & pass on into a ,symbolism t is f> on ! way t[>ds ,expressionism4 ,9 ,ibs5 ! new t5d5cy is cle>ly m>k$ 9 ,! ,wild ,duck 7#ahhd7 & develops gradually ?r\gh ,! ,ma/] ,build] 7#ahib7 to completion 9 ,:5 ,we ,dead ,awak5 7#ahii74 ,/r9db]g's ,t[>ds ,damascus 7#ahih7 c>ries /rong h9ts ( ! spiritual int5sity :i* ?reat5$ ! out] reality ( s _m ( ,/r9db]g's e>li] plays2 & by #aijb1 9 ,swan:ite & ,! ,dream ,play1 he is well emb>k$ on a type ( non-reali/ic drama :i* f9ds a biz>re culm9ation 9 ,! ,spook ,sonata 9 #aijg4 ,two o!r ,european playwrights ( di/9ction--,t*eh(f & ,w$ek9d--%[ a simil> dissatisfaction ) pure ,realism1 ?\gh nei!r passes ?r\gh ! ?ree /ages ( developm5t to be trac$ 9 ,ibs5 & ,/r9db]g4 ,! "w ( ,t*eh(f & ! "w ( ,w$ek9d is all pretty mu* ( a piece4 ,x is nev] :olly reali/ic 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se4 ,ea* has a peculi> quality & me?od ?r\gh\t4 ,t*eh(f1 beg9n+ 9 #ahif ) ,! ,seagull1 keeps to a ,realism ( su* int5se spiritual tru? t1 9 a p]=mance ( 8 ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d by ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at] su* z ,i h describ$1 its extraord9>y virtues are ! virtues ( ,expressionism4 ,w$ek9d's fir/ play1 ! !sis-drama ,! ,awak5+ ( ,spr+1 writt5 9 #ahia1 is /amp$ ) 8 curi\s & viol5t int5sity1 & 8 s5se ( ! spiritual ov]tones ( life4 ,9 #ahie & #aijc he produc$ 9 ! two p>ts ( ,lulu--,erdgei/ & ,p&ora's ,box--dramas horrifically actual 9 _! pictures ( sexual ab]ration & at ! same "t s int5se psy*ologically & s %>ply def9$ & apt 9 action t _! ,realism treads close on ! b\nd>ies :i* ,expressionism has ov]-pass$4 ,!re is a curi\s di/9ction 9 end & means betwe5 su* plays z ^! ( ,ibs51 ,/r9db]g1 ,t*eh(f1 & ,w$ek9d1 & ! new] expressioni/ dramas ( ,g]many & ,am]ica4 ,! e>li] plays indulge 9 symbolic1 fanta/ic1 deeply spiritual ideas1 b _! language is almo/ always highly reali/ic4 ,!y are /ill b\nd to ! pa/ ( _! au?ors & to ! pres5t ( _! !at]4 ,! new] expressioni/ dramas1 on ! o!r h&1 are z free 9 spee* z !y are 9 idea4 ,x is a fre$om t (t5 makes a h>moni\s w$d+ ( end & means4 ,sometimes1 z 9 plays ( ,d] ,/urm gr\p1 ! language is s completely free f ! bonds ( actuality t x approa*es ! onomatopoetic v]se ( ,mall>m dep5d+ on s\nd = its s5se4 ,9 ,eug5e ,o',neill's di/+ui%$ piece ( ,expressionism1 ,! ,hairy ,ape1 ! playwright /rikes a happy m$ium ) spee* :i* is reali/ic & *>act]i/ic 9 idiom b :i* is develop$ 9 idea1 int5sity & l5g? ( utt]ance clean pa/ ! possibilities ( ! p ( ! play4 ,occasionally y f9d a pseudo-expressioni/ piece l ,vat]mord1 by ,arnold ,bronn51 ^: action is naturali/ic--grossly naturali/ic--b ^: language is (t5 f> f natural4 ,?is piece 0 fir/ produc$ 9 ,b]l9 9 ! summ] ( #aibb :5 ! m9d ( ! ,g]man capital c\ld safely be describ$ z neurotic4 ,its subject matt]--! ince/ & patricide ( ! dipus complex1 ) a little adv5titi\s homosexuality1 all circl+ ab\t a boy 9 8 'te5s--produc$ a /ormy session betwe5 adh]5ts & oppon5ts1 a session f9ally end$ by ! ,s*utzpolizei ) rifles & ! comm&3 8,sei ruhig1 me9e ,h]rs*aft560 ,! run :i* foll[$ at "o ( ! !at]s =m]ly direct$ by ,max ,re9h>dt may be expla9$ by ! notori\s subject matt]1 b !re 7 critics to ass]t t ,bronn5 _h a /yle ( consid]able p[] z well z novelty4 ,! boy's f9al spee*1 z he /agg]s onto ! /age f an inn] room1 :]e he has kill$ 8 fa!r1 & rebuffs ! passionate entreaties ( 8 "m1 is translat$ f ! pr9t$ v]sion1 reta9+ ! "o =m ( punctuation us$1 ! slant+ da% to indicate ! end ( a l9e1 ?\gh n necess>ily ( a s5t5ce3 ,i'm ?r\gh ) y _/ ,i'm ?r\gh ) ev]y?+ _/ ,g bury y\r husb& y are old _/ ,i am "y _/ ,i don't "k y _/ ,i am free _/ ,nobody 9 front ( me nobody next to me nobody ov] me fa!r's dead _/ ,heav5 ,i spr+ up to y ,i fly _/ ,x p\nds %akes groans compla9s mu/ rise swells wells up spr+s up flies mu/ rise mu/ rise ,i ,i bloom ,be=e su* an arrangem5t ( words ,! ,spook ,sonata seems almo/ mid-,victorian4 ,! ,/ud5t speaks to ! gho/ly ,milkmaid 9 ! mo/ matt] ( fact fa%ion4 ,ev5 ! old ,mummy1 ! mad woman :o always sits 9 a closet1 talks l a mo/ reali/ic p>rot :5 %e is n talk+ l a mo/ reali/ic woman4 ,"h x is ! ideas t /agg] & affright y1 ! mold+ m9ds1 ! walk+ ,dead1 ! cook :o draws all ! n\ri%m5t out ( ! food be=e %e s]ves x1 ! t]rible relations ( "y & old2 all ( !m are ?+s hav+ fa9t patt]ns 9 actuality & rais$ by ,/r9db]g to a horrible cl>ity4 ,to foll[ ! bann] ( ,expressionism 9 playwrit+--,i say no?+ ( /age sett+1 = t is1 happily1 ano!r matt]--requires all ?ree ,graces & a /rong /oma*4 ,! biz>re morbidity1 ! nauseat+ sexuality1 ! lack ( any trace ( joy or beauty1 :i* *>act]ize ! "w ( mo/ ( ^? :o label$ !mselves expressioni/s 9 ,g]many dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 mat* ,/r9db]g at 8 unhappie/1 :ile ! vigor ) :i* !y drive _! ideas =? 9 spee* f> outdoes him4 ,expressionism1 9 ! n>r[ s5se 9 :i* su* plays def9e x1 is a viol5t /orm ( emotion beat+ up f ! unconsci\s m9d4 ,x is no m ?an ! waves :i* %att] !mselves on ! %ore ( our consci\s exi/5ce1 only a di/ort$ h9t ( ! deep & my/]i\s sea ( ! unconsci\s4 ,expressionism1 z we h s f> kn[n x1 is a meet+ ( ! fr+es ( ! consci\s & ! unconsci\s1 & ! meet+ is />tl+ inde$4 ,g]many's reception ( ! expressioni/ plays 0 op5-m9d$1 z is ,g]many's reception ( almo/ all new ef=t4 ,! dramas ( ! be/ ( ! expressioni/s--,georg ,kais] & ,walt] ,has5clev]--7 produc$ 9 lead+ !at]s1 on ! (ficial /ages ( ,dresd5 & ( ,frank=t1 & 9 ,re9h>dt's playh\ses1 = example4 ,b by ! summ] ( #aibb !y _h disappe>$ f ! v ca?olic & long-suff]+ rep]tories ( ^! h\ses1 & :ile ,w$ek9d & ,/r9db]g 7 produc$ f ,/ockholm to ,vi5na1 ! simon-pure expressioni/s1 ! playwrights ( :at ,i ?9k x is fair to call ! less] ,expressionism1 7 h>dly to be se54 ,only ! "o-act op]a1 ,mrd]1 ,h(fnung d] ,frau51 a composition by ,paul ,h9demi? on a playlet by ! arti/-au?or1 ,osk> ,kokos*ka1 0 be+ play$4 ,?is piece1 produc$ at ! ,city ,op]a ,h\se 9 ,frank=t1 po9ts an int]e/+ union & p>allel betwe5 at lea/ "o sort ( ,expressionism & music4 ,! action1 pass+ 9 "s indef9ite old5 "t1 is symbolically v difficult--q z difficult z its title1 ,murd]]1 ,hope ( ,wom54 ,! emotion ( ! sc5es1 on ! o!r h&1 is cle> en\gh1 & x receives f ! music a backgr\nd ( color1 a tonal re9=cem5t1 t is mo/ welcome2 at ! same "t ! compos] f9ds 9 ! vigor\s & int5se1 if some:at arbitr>y1 feel+ ( ! playwright a provocative *all5ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,a sett+ by ,ludwig ,siev]t = ,mrd]1 ,h(fnung d] ,frau51 an expressioni/ic op]a by ,kokos*ka4 ,ramps lead f ! c5t] ( ! /age to rais$ plat=ms "r & left4 ,d>k walls rise at ! back1 brok5 by triangul> entrances at ei!r side & by a grill$ doorway 9 ! c5t]1 flank$ by tall triangul> pylons ( r$-orange4 ,kokos*ka himself design$ a sett+ = ,mrd]1 ,h(fnung d] ,frau5 :5 x 0 fir/ produc$ at ! ,alb]t ,!at] 9 ,dresd5 z a play4 ,a photograph ( ! production betrays an uneasy sett+1 h>dly /age-wor?y 9 arrangem5t & composition1 & r badly execut$4 ,! pages ( ,die ,neue ,s*aubhne h %[n sev]al o!r expressioni/ /age designs z unsatisfactory1 b 9 ! m widely kn[n productions ^! pieces h be5 lucky en\gh to fall into ! h&s ( fir/-rate m5 l ,adolf ,l9neba* ( ,dresd5 & ,ludwig ,siev]t ( ,frank=t4 ,sket*es made f ,l9neba*'s production ( ,has5clev]'s ,j5seits 9 ,dresd5 %[ a simple & effective use ( light & %ad[ & ( little else1 ) c]ta9 necess>y elem5ts ( design project$ by a sort ( magic-lant]n te*nique ^u ! backgr\nd ( dome or curta94 ,9 actual p]=mance ,siev]t's sett+ = ! ,kokos*ka op]a is /rong & arre/+ ) d>k surfaces mass$ 9 triangles symbolic ( ! fem99e elem5t dom9ant 9 ! piece1 & ) a successful1 if n v subtle1 use ( r$ & r$-orange on ! pylon surfaces gu>d+ ! prison door4 ,! direction ( ! s+]s & *orus1 "u ! h& ( ,dr4 ,ern/ ,l]t1 is a ?or\ghly expressive "p ( music & sett+4 ,?\gh ! mo/ celebrat$ plays ( ! expressioni/ pione]s h fail$ to make a place = !mselves 9 ! ,g]man rep]tory1 !y h _h _! effect4 ,playwrights :o might h writt5 9 ! conv5tional mode h be5 turn$ t[>ds a fre] te*nique1 & !y h succe$$ 9 accompli%+ int]e/+ & promis+ ?+s4 ,! mo/ notable ( ! plays ?us produc$1 ,masse-,m5s*1 des]ves a *apt] to itself4 ,i %all write "h ( two less] works by ,k>el ,capek1 "o se5 9 ! ,cze* ,national ,!at]1 :]e x 0 fir/ produc$1 ! o!r read 9 a ,g]man translation4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,! ,insect ,com$y1 ,k>el ,capek's bro!r1 a sc5ic arti/1 has a %>e z collaborator4 ,x is a fanta/ic & picturesque piece ( satire provid+ excell5t opportunities = ! new] me?ods 9 production4 ,x is a comm5t on po/-w> conditions z symboliz$ 9 ! life ( butt]flies1 beetles1 & ants4 ,! prolog f9ds a "y man w&]+ 9 ! woods1 & puts him com=tably to sleep on a grassy bank aft] a little talk ) an absurdly p$antical entomologi/4 ,he sleeps ?r\gh ! ?ree succe$+ acts surr\nd$ & occasionally di/urb$ by figures ( insects gr[n life-size4 ,! fir/ act passes ) ! brilliant butt]flies1 :o /& = ! he$less1 unproductive m5 & wom5 ( ! social & pseudo-arti/ic worlds ) "t = only *att] & flirtation :ile disa/] rumbles b5ea? !m4 ,9 ! production ( ?is sc5e1 ! rgisseur1 ,k4 ,h4 ,hil>1 keeps ! play]s mov+ ceaselessly1 _! h&s & heads lightly undulat+1 ) ! re/lessness ( ! ant5ned _w1 :ile high ar\nd ! back ( ! sc5e v>i\s ( ! brightly co/um$ insects con/antly dance beh9d ! transluc5t curta9 ( ! woods4 ,9 ! second sc5e ! humble grubs crawl 9 & out ( _! burr[s on busy err&s ( accumulation4 ,^! are ! assidu\s pr(ite]s & mis]s ( w>-"t society4 ,! act ends 9 a broad t\* ( com$y4 ,a beetle has be5 murd]+ pass+ insects & dragg+ _! bodies d[n bel[ = 8 wife to ho>d4 ,!re ent]s ,! ,p>asite1 a tramp bug4 ,he does n "w4 ,:y %\ld he8 ,he has only to wait = ! busy capitali/s ( 8 _w to fill _! l>d]s4 ,!n1 :5 ! "t comes1 he w rise--or m accurately desc5d--& ! weal? ( ! _w w be 84 ,he ducks into ! beetle's hole1 & 9 a few mom5ts he comes up1 a swoll5 & jovial ,communi/1 danc+ 9 glee4 ,! ev]-pres5t prompt]'s box s]ves conv5i5tly = "o ( ! holes1 & ! backgr\nd ( gre5 & black woods is project$ in/ead ( pa9t$2 o!rwise !re is little ( int]e/ 9 ! /ag+ ( ?is sc5e4 ,! ?ird act c>ries u to ! ants4 ,"h are ! et]nal labor]s1 tramp+ 9 an endless circle ^u _! "w1 "u ! eye ( sup]iors v l (fic]s & to a rhy?m beat5 out by a m privileg$ "o ( _! own numb]4 ,! ,capeks co/ume ! army ( ants 9 khaki1 puttees & all1 & provide a desolate hill = a backgr\nd4 ,x might be bla/$ by ei!r w> or comm]ce4 ,into its surface desc5d %afts t might lead to ei!r m9es or dug\ts4 ,a gl[]+ backgr\nd ( crazy *imneys & telegraph poles & smoke--all project$ on ! cyclorama--completes ! picture4 ,pres5tly !re come %\t+ & a c\ri]4 ,m c\ri]s4 ,w> ?reat5s4 ,! ants drop _! burd5s = rifles & cont9ue _! m>*4 ,! (fic]-ants assume a high] /ation & ev5 l(ti] phrases ( comm&2 f ! back !y philosophize & give ord]s 9 good old ,kais]-fa%ion4 ,! act culm9ates ) a conflict & ! lord%ip ( a new race ( ants4 ,! epilog is divid$ betwe5 ! appe>ance f h] *rysalis ( an ephem]a ( :om ! sleep+ man has be5 dimly & hopefully consci\s 9 ! la/ two sc5es1 h] dea? aft] a dance ) o!r %ort-liv$ mayflies1 & ! despair+ end ( ! human visitor4 ,?is end is comm5t$ ^u 9 a half satiric & half aspir+ ve9 ?r\gh ! introduction ( a gr\p ( w&]]s :o come ^u ! dead body1 gaze at x 9 a/oni%m5t & sadness = a mom5t1 & !n pass on1 s++1 ^u ! ev]-creative way ( ! peasant4 ,r4 ,u4 ,r41 ,k>el ,capek's o!r play 79 ,g]man1 ,w4 ,u4 ,r47 is a tale ( a ,frank5/e9 su* z ,h4 ,g4 ,wells might h writt5 9 8 e>li] days4 ,x seems bo? gruesomely effective & at times philosophic4 ,! lett]s 8,r4 ,u4 ,r40 are an abbreviation ( ! "n ( a firm engag$ 9 manufactur+ 8,robot]s10 or workm5 /amp$ out & giv5 life by a ma*9e4 ,aft] a n v skilful exposition ( ! nature ( ?is new device = light5+ ! _w's "w1 ! play passes on to %[ ! deg5]at+ effect ^u mank9d ( ceas+ to labor4 ,! 8,robot]s0 are giv5 pa9 9 ord] to rem9d !m n to be c>eless & break _! legs & arms4 ,!reupon !y acquire some?+ n unlike a s\l4 ,pres5tly comes a consci\sness ( _! /ation & _! p[]4 ,!y rise & kill all mank9d--except "o man4 ,lat] !y f9d to _! dismay t ! secret =mula ( ! mat]ials f :i* !y 7 /amp$ out has be5 de/roy$4 ,!y we> out 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,& !re w be an end4 ,! la/ act %[s _! frantic appeal = a way to p]petuate !mselves4 ,! "o man f9ds x at la/ :5 he recognizes love awak5+ 9 a male & a female 8,robot]40 ,! process ( mank9d w beg9 once m4 ,r ! sort ( end t ,anatole ,france w\ld h put to ! /ory--,frank5/e9 turn$ man4 ,none ( ?is1 ( c\rse--ei!r ,kais] or ,capek--is ,expressionism v f> on its way4 ,"s ( x is trivial4 ,"s is int]e/+ en\gh4 ,mu* is decad5t or unc]ta94 ,b x is n difficult to believe t !re is some?+ ( ! future 9 x4 ,x is a sign4 ,!re is a />like gleam 9 ev5 ! wor/ ( ! mire4 ,vitality1 ?\gh (t5 a morbid vitality1 animates x4 ,:5 we see ,eug5e ,o',neill say+ ,nay to ,realism 9 ! same fa%ion1 & turn+ out s /rong & significant a play z ,! ,hairy ,ape--a play t gr[s great] 9 ! p]spective ( ,europe--x is n v difficult to hope & to look =w>d4 ,9 ! arti/s :o give ,expressionism a physical =m & a pictorial atmosph]e ^u ! /age we f9d /ill m ( hope4 ,!y h gone m quickly & m securely t[>ds _! goal4 ,!y h _h a discipl9>y practice ^u ! plays ( an e>li] "t1 a "t be=e ,realism4 ,!y are fre$ f ! moral problems ( ! writ]2 & :]e _! "w is di/emp]$ ) ! morbidity1 ! unheal?9ess1 ( s mu* ( our "t1 ! result is less obvi\s 9 color or design ?an x w\ld be if x took ! =m ( words4 ,& !y h _h beh9d !m ! hi/ory & ! example ( ! movem5t 9 art :i* we once call$ ,po/-,impressionism1 b :i* foll[s logically into ,expressionism1 ! movem5t ( ,czanne1 ,van ,gogh1 ,matisse1 ,picasso1 ,du*amp4 ,! problem = ! expressioni/ play is ! problem ( music4 ,& yet n its problem2 = music1 be+ s m>k$ly ap>t f actuality 9 its mat]ials1 has made few & n v successful attempts at ! ,realism :i* has swamp$ our /age4 ,music has be5 by v nature expressioni/ic4 ,x has fail$ :5ev]1 z program music1 x approa*$ ! sugge/ion ( ! actual4 ,= ! re/1 x has so>$1 so>$ easily1 surely1 t[>ds direct expression ( spiritual reality4 ,expressionism 9 ! !at] has to seek ! way ( music1 ! way t[>ds beauty & ec/asy4 ,! difficulty ( ! playwright is t he mu/ always feel ! pull ( ! actual life ab\t him2 he mu/ make 8 drama out ( human be+s & n out ( pure vision or pure emotional response4 ,! _w ab\t him is corrupt & corrupt+ outw>dly1 z well z beautiful & wond]ful )94 ,he _c1 l ! musician1 leap away f its entanglem5ts by putt+ 8 h&s to an in/rum5t ( ab/ract art4 ,b he c ga9 a c]ta9 release by =swe>+ z mu* z possible ! reproduction ( ! actual4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,black ,,curta9s ,to-day we are ?9k+ m & m ( ! future ( ! !at]1 ! future ( ! play & ! playwright1 ! future ( production1 ( direction & ! actor4 ,if we are to ?9k ( ! future to any effect1 we mu/ ?9k ( ! pa/ z well z ! pres5t4 ,! pa? ( to-morr[ /rikes (f f ! maze ( to-day4 ,to guess at its direction ) mu* *ance ( success1 we mu/ look n[ & !n at ! map ( ! settl$ roads ( ye/]day4 ,if we want to e/imate ! *ances ( ! non-reali/ic play to advance beyond its expressioni/ beg9n+s 9 ,g]many1 we mu/ try to und]/& ! pres5t /ate ( ! art ( !atrical production1 & ! pa/ ( play & play]s1 ! !at] & its /agecraft4 ,a %>e ( ! future--a v l>ge %>e1 ,i believe--may lie ) ,am]ica2 b ! pa/ is ,cont95tal4 ,& a surpris+ am\nt ( ! pa/ is ,g]man4 ,! pa/ ( ! play %[s "o int]e/+ peculi>ity4 ,! great plays ( ! romantic movem5t 7 develop$ :]e !re 7 great !at]s1 9 ,france & 9 ,g]many4 ,q o!rwise ) ,realism4 ,its greate/ works--! plays ( ,ibs5 & ,/r9db]g--7 creat$ 9 small c\ntries almo/ outside ! consci\sness ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !at]4 ,?is 0 natural en\gh4 ,reali/ic plays 71 9 ! la/ analysis1 lonely lit]>y rationalizations4 ,!y 7 n !atrical4 ,!y did n spr+ out ( ! !at]4 ,in/ead !y alt]$ ! !at] to suit _! ne$s4 ,! !at] t !y alt]$ mo/ 0 ! ,g]man !at]1 & !re ! dramas ( ! ,sc&9avians f\nd _! be/ audi5ce4 ,b ! ,g]man !at]1 be+ a heal?y !at]1 c\ld n /op at ! po9t :]e x became an almo/ p]fect me*anism = pres5t+ ^! plays4 ,its directors & its arti/s w5t on exp]im5t+4 ,!y _h old plays to m\nt1 also1 plays out ( ! romantic & classic p]iods4 ,!y put _! bra9s & _! ma*9es at "w ^u ^! pieces1 z well z ^u ! reali/ic1 & soon !y _h develop$ me?ods ( production = non-reali/ic plays q z admirable = ! purpose z any ( _! tricks = lift+ ! f\r? wall be=e our v eyes4 ,! ,g]man !atrical organization became m & m re/ive "u ! reali/ic plays & ! old 8classics40 ,x 0 prep>+ = some?+ new4 ,! ,zeitgei/ 0 work+4 ,soon x began to "w ^u ! playwrights4 ,!re came abortive beg9n+s 9 ! expressioni/ plays ,i h writt5 ab\t 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,& ! ,g]man !at] w5t on--& goes on--exp]im5t+4 ,let u look at ?is !at] a little m closely4 ,= x is ! ,cont95tal !at] to-day z x 0 ye/]day2 ,france has only ,copeau1 ,engl& exp]im5ts 9 little !at]s z ,am]ica exp]im5t$ t5 ye>s ago4 ,& :]e ! ,cont95tal !at] is1 !re we are v likely inde$ to f9d ! ,cont95tal play ( ! future4 ,! expressioni/ drama1 l e s*ool ( drama except ! reali/ic1 is a product ( ! !at] 9 =m & vitality1 q z mu* z x is a product ( society 9 its m9d & mat]ials4 ,! /ory ( ! arti/ic developm5t ( ! ,g]man !at] pa/ ! reali/ic /age is famili> en\gh4 ,x began 9 #aije1 x 0 fairly complete by #aiad4 ,x 0 f\nd$ ^u ,gordon ,craig & ,adolphe ,appia1 & x is symboliz$ 9 ! "n ( ,max ,re9h>dt4 ,x made ,realism /ill = ,ibs5 & ,/r9db]g2 b x pl[$ pa/ ! ,realism ( ,otto ,brahm--:i* is ! ,realism ( ,belasco--& x a*iev$ a pregnant actuality s direct & simple t x soon gave bir? to a new imag9ation4 ,! new me?ods ( production are fairly easy to grasp4 ,!y re/ on a few g5]al pr9ciples4 ,! pret5ses ( ! !at] _h to be successful pret5ses4 ,to beg9 )1 c]ta9 tricks ( ! old !at] 7 =sworn1 tricks 9 ! ma9 t fail$ to succe$4 ,su* an obvi\s pret5se z pa9t$ p]spective _h to g4 ,footlights _h to be curb$2 = ! illum9ation mu/ be bo? m natural & m beautiful4 ,b1 beyond ^! negative ?+s1 ! directors s\ght to a*ieve positive effects = :i* !y _h to call into ! !at] arti/s ( fir/-rate ability4 ,! bus9ess ( ^! arti/s1 :e!r work+ on a reali/ic play or an imag9ative "o1 0 to evoke ! atmosph]e ( ! piece 9 sett+ & 9 lights4 ,!y fell back on ?ree g5]al pr9ciples to aid _! s5se ( l9e & color 9 visually dramatiz+ ! action4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y simplifi$ ! /age picture4 ,!y subord9at$ or elim9at$ detail4 ,!y put z little z possible on ! /age t might di/ract ! spectator f ! mean+ ( ! g5]al design 7:i* 0 ! mean+ ( ! play71 or f ! actions & spee*es ( ! *>act]s4 ,!n1 by an adroit use ( simple mat]ials & =ms1 !y enri*$ ! sett+--along ! l9es ( ! play--?r\gh sugge/ion4 ,"o detail sugge/$ ! nature ( ! :ole4 ,! base ( a huge column made ! audi5ce visualize = itself ! size ( ! build+4 ,half an ar* spr++ (f into d>kness creat$ ! impression ( a great vault$ /ructure4 ,f9ally came a syn!sis ( all ! available & appropriate =ces ( ! !at]1 & ( all ! qualities ( ! play2 ?is imply+ = ! director ! e/abli%m5t ( a c]ta9 apt rhy?m 9 ! p]=mance4 ,?is pictorial re=m1 back$ by su* direction & act+ z ! ,g]man !at] alone 0 able to supply1 & utiliz+ all mann] ( me*anical devices = sc5e-%ift+ & light+1 has /ood to u = "s t5 ye>s z ! s-call$ new movem5t 9 ! !at]4 ,x has be5 famili> ?r\gh ! names ( ,craig & ,appia z pione] !ori/s1 ( ,re9h>dt1 & ( arti/s l ,ern/ ,/]n & ,alfr$ ,roll]2 ?r\gh an occasional production f abroad1 l ,re9h>dt's ,sumurn2 &1 at la/1 ?r\gh ! exceptional "w ( our own arti/s 9 ,am]ica & ! m5--f ,ar?ur ,hopk9s to directors ( little !at]s--:o h giv5 !m _! opportunities or amplifi$ _! conceptions4 ,fr++ ! outside ( all ?is 9 ! pa/ h be5 ba/>d m+l+s ( old te*nique & new _s1 su* z ,bak/ & ! ,ballets ,russes display$1 & ! beg9n+s ( !ory & exp]im5t lead+ t[>ds a new--or a v old--sort ( !at]1 a !at] cut (f f ! :ole peep-hole conv5tion ( ! prosc5ium & ! f\r? wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,palace3 a sett+ by ,hans ,/rohba* = ,d] ,traum1 e9 ,leb51 a fantasy by ,cald]on4 ,columns ( dull gold1 pa9t$ to sugge/ a spiral %ape1 are spac$ aga9/ a black curta91 :i* is lat] drawn aside to reveal a blood-r$ sky4 ,9 ! =egr\nd a gr\p ( plott+ ,ori5tals4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is movem5t 9 ,g]many lay p>tly 9 a v few tal5t$ directors l ,re9h>dt & arti/s l ,/]n1 b v greatly 9 ! vigor\s & heal?y organization ( ! ,g]man !at]4 ,because ( ! division ( ,g]many 9 small k+doms & du*ies1 !re _h always be5 _m c5t]s ( arti/ic life1 ea* ab\t a c\rt 9 ! capital4 ,9 a score ( cities1 enri*$ by indu/rial developm5t1 !re 7 !at]s end[$ by ! /ate or ! city1 & direct$ t[>ds ! highe/ arti/ic accompli%m5t4 ,9 ! l>g] cities privately own$ !at]s foll[$ ! lead ( ! public in/itutions4 ,! /r5g? ( ^! h\ses lay 9 _! end[m5t1 _! ideals1 & _! sy/em ( organization4 ,?is 0 ! rep]tory sy/em4 ,"h1 z n[h]e 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica & only "h or !re 9 ,france1 7 !at]s direct$ by a s+le m9d1 employ+ a p]man5t company ( play]s1 ma9ta9+ a rep]tory ( plays1 old & new1 giv5 9 recurr+ succession night aft] night1 !at]s reta9+ !re=e a p]man5t audi5ce1 dep5dable bo? 9 pocketbook & 9 ta/e4 ,supplem5t+ ^! !at]s 7 organizations ( playgo]s among ! middle & l[] classes1 su* z ! ,freie ,volksbhne 9 ,b]l91 :i* wid5$ ! audi5ce ( subscrib]s to good "w 9 ! !at]4 ,betwe5 end[m5t & ! security ( a p]man5t audi5ce1 x 0 possible = ^! ,g]man !at]s to give uncommonly f9e p]=mances at uncommonly l[ prices4 ,along ) ! developm5t ( new me?ods 9 production w5t a good deal ( activity 9 !at] build+4 ,9 practice1 z well z 9 !ory1 ,max ,littmann & ,osk> ,kaufmann1 foll[+ ,s*9kel & ,semp]1 :o _h work$ ) ,goe! & ,wagn]1 did mu* to improve ! auditoriums ( ,g]man !at]s4 ,! result is n s m>k$ z 9 ! case ( ! sc5ic arti/s4 ,mo/ ( ! !at]s are old inde$ & awkw>dly %ap$1 & too _m ( ! new ones cont9ue ! tradition ( a p>quet surr\nd$ & surm\nt$ by ?ree or f\r %all[1 horse%oe-%ap$ balconies4 ,^! balconies are n s good to see or he> f z our own4 ,a realization ( ! awkw>dness ( ^! %elves or ,rang51 z !y are t]m$ 9 ,g]man1 produc$ an opposition1 head$ by ,littmann1 t call$ = _! elim9ation & = ! sub/itution ( an amphi!at] type ( h\se ) no balconies & ) a /eep] floor to all[ ( bett] sight-l9es4 ,! fight ( ,r+ vs4 ,rang has result$ 9 sev]al auditoriums design$ by ,littmann1 ! ,pr9zreg5t5 ,!at] & ! ,kn/l]1 = example1 9 ,muni*1 ! slant ( ^: floors is f> too %>p2 f ! upp] r[s1 ! play]s are se5 z 9 "s f>-(f pit4 ,! slant is great] ?an necess>y1 & absolutely /raight2 ! practice ( ! ,am]ican ar*itect1 ,h4 ,c4 ,+alls1 ( grad+ ! floor 9 a gradually increas+ curve1 produces a f> bett] effect4 ,a compromise betwe5 ,rang & ,r+ might be f\nd 9 a developm5t ( ! ,am]ican h\se ) only "o balcony2 a m /eeply slant+ floor ?an we ord9>ily h w\ld ?us br+ two amphi!at]s or ,r+s into a s+le auditorium4 ,g]many possesses1 h[ev]1 "s admirable playh\ses 9 ! ,kamm]spielhaus =m]ly direct$ by ,re9h>dt 9 ,b]l91 9 ! ,volksbhne design$ by ,osk> ,kaufmann1 & 9 _m features ( ! ,kn/l] ,!at]4 ,! seat+ arrangem5ts h =m$ "o ( ! be/ features ( ! ,g]man h\ses4 ,! *airs are almo/ always too ?9ly padd$2 b ! elim9ation ( aisles m ?an comp5sates4 ,! :ole audi5ce is unit$ 9 a s+le responsive body4 ,& because ea* r[ is a little wid] ?an ours & ! side walls ( ! auditoriums are lib]ally suppli$ ) doors1 ! audi5ce empties out m quickly ?an ours & 9 an ord]ly mann] t puts ,am]ican fire-regulations to %ame4 ,i h se5 ! ?ree ?\s& spectators ( ! ,volksbhne walk out 9 a s+le m9ute4 ,x takes f ?ree to f\r = a small !at] 9 ,new ,york1 seat+ only six hundr$1 to cle> itself4 ,a factor t has done a great deal = ! progress ( ! ,g]man !at] & ! reputation ( ! new /agecraft1 is ! lib]al attitude ( ! ,g]man p]iodicals & publi%+ h\ses t[>ds new ?+s 9 ! !at]4 ,editors & writ]s h be5 s eag] to pres5t to ! public e smalle/ re=m 9 sett+ or !at] t ! _w has ga9$ r an optimi/ic view ( ! ext5t ( production progress 9 ,g]many4 ,j z x is a fact t only 9 a few !at]s w y f9d model auditoriums 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 9 a simil> way y discov] t ! out/&+ "w ( design be=e ! w> 0 done by two m51 ,/]n & ,roll]1 & t ! o!r m5 ^: names decorate ! records ( ! new /agecraft 7 ea* responsible = only a few productions4 ,"o ?+ fur!r y may le>n ab\t ! pa/ ( ! ,g]man movem5t1 ev5 9 an inve/igation s late z ! summ] ( #aibb4 ,& t is t ! color 9 a great majority ( ! /age sett+s has be5 v f> f good4 ,! ,g]man has an e>1 a v m>vel\s e>2 only ! ,russian c approa* him 9 music1 & x is n a ne> approa*4 ,b 8 eye is bad4 ,g]many has produc$ no fir/-rate arti/s except ,dr]1 ,s*ongau] & p]haps ,crana*1 & ,dr] & ,s*ongau] are celebrat$ z et*]s r ?an z pa9t]s4 ,t %\ld h be5 caution en\gh = ^? ( u :o _h to /udy ! ,g]man /age at ! di/ance ( ! half-tone4 ,! fact ( ! matt] is t ! ,g]man is a spl5did !ori/1 a man ( l>ge conceptions1 & t !re=e 9 ! !at] he has be5 able to design sett+s ( simple & excell5t proportions1 :i* create a good effect 9 black-&-:ite4 ,x is 8 s5se ( color t is at fault4 ,/]n1 ) ! mixture ( ! ,ori5tal 9 8 blood :i* did s mu* = ,bak/1 & "s ( ! arti/s f ,vi5na & ! ,s\? br\ght some?+ to ! /age besides dramatic imag9ation & s5se ( proportion4 ,! te/ ( color d[ns ! re/4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! future ( ! ,g]man !at] we mu/ naturally ?9k ( ! pres5t also1 & x is a black pres5t4 ,g]many has be5 %att]$ spiritually z well z economically4 ,x has fall5 f dreams ( _w-dom9ion to bankruptcy & enslavem5t4 ,! effect ( ?is ^u ! m9d ( ! citiz5 :o has come ?r\gh f\r ye>s ( dang] & privation1 is /agg]+4 ,"o incid5t ( ! fall1 :i* y le>n ^u visit+ ,g]many1 is %>ply significant4 ,until ! soldi]s f ! brok5 ,g]man armies began to /ream back into ! ,rh9e prov9ces 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 ! m5 & wom5 beh9d ! front believ$ t _! =ces 7 victori\s4 ,x is possible = ! !at] to g on physically "u almo/ any conditions ( privation2 b y mu/ reckon spiritually ) an extraord9>y /ate ( ! public m9d :5 y prophesy ! future ( ! ,g]man !at]4 ,two ?+s1 p]haps1 make optimism possible4 ,"o3 ,g]many & ! ,g]man p h gone ?r\gh t]rible ?+s be=e2 !re 0 ! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w>4 ,two3 ,g]many /ill has ! wond]fully tra9$ audi5ce ( pre-w> days2 x 0 a broad democratic audi5ce1 & no %ift 9 economic circum/ances c de/roy s l>ge a "p ( ! cultur$ playgo]s z w>-pov]ty has done 9 ,engl&1 9 ,france1 & ev5 to "s ext5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,w>--back$ by ! movies--has done its wor/ 9 ! ,b]l9 !at]4 ,"h we f9d ano!r example ( ! ex*ange ( ideals & p]sonalities :i* has (t5 be5 not$ betwe5 victor & vanqui%$4 ,j z ,am]ica has be5 ,prussianiz$ 9 its attitude t[>ds ! =eign] & ! lib]al or radical m9ority1 ,b]l9 has adopt$ _m ( ! mo/ evil features ( ! ,am]ican !atrical sy/em4 ,)9 ?ree ye>s ( ! close ( ho/ilities ,b]l9 0 be+ rapidly ,broadway-iz$4 ,rep]tory 0 practically dead at all b ?ree or f\r !at]s4 ,fac+ economic difficulties & ! competition ( ! movies = ! s]vices ( ! actors1 ,b]l9 f\nd x 0 a l>ge en\gh city to support long runs = exceptionally great or exceptionally m$iocre plays4 ,ev5 ! ?ree !at]s t ,re9h>dt =m]ly direct$ broke f rep]tory1 & :]e !y _h once %[n t5 or a doz5 productions 9 two weeks1 !y %[$ only ?ree or 7c\nt+ ,sunday mat9ees ( "s old favorites7 f\r4 ,outside ,b]l91 rep]tory cont9ues 9 ! ,/ate & ,city !at]s & ev5 9 private v5tures2 b _m arti/ic playh\ses are badly crippl$ by ! economic tr\bles ( ! nation1 & "s are =c$ to close d[n4 ,!re are c]ta9 good signs4 ,! !at]s 7 full 9 #aibb4 ,9 fifty or sixty visits to ! !at] x 0 only at musical com$ies t ,i saw m ?an "o r[ ( vacant seats2 9 all b half a doz5 cases e seat 0 sold & occupi$4 ,! prices 7 n high4 ,9 ,frank=t1 an av]age city ( ! l>g] size1 ! highe/ prices rang$ f sixty m>ks 7at t "t tw5ty c5ts7 to "o hundr$ & tw5ty m>ks1 dep5d+ on ! exp5siv5ess or ! popul>ity ( ! production2 :ile ! l[e/ prices = seats 7 tw5ty m>ks to sev5ty m>ks1 ) /&+ room at six m>ks4 ,at su* prices ev5 full h\ses d n make budgets easy to balance4 ,! !at] ( po/-w> ,g]many mu/ be economical 9 its exp5ditures4 ,t is n1 h[ev]1 su* an arti/ic h>d%ip z mu* ( ! talk ( elaborate ma*9]y & h&some productions 9 pre-w> days might sugge/4 ,rigor\s physical simplicity & a reliance on ! g5ius ( design in/ead ( elaboration ( me*anics are ! vital ne$s 9 /age sett+ to-day4 ,g]many has done f9e ?+s 9 ! simplify+ ( production1 & x has done !m 9 spite ( ! temptations ( bulg+ pocketbooks4 ,:at x may be =c$ to d n[ ?r\gh pov]ty is a matt] = real hope4 ,! dang]--= !re is a dang]--is t small] m9ds may f9d an excuse = a mean sort ( simplicity1 a b>5ess & b>r5ness ( _s4 ,!re has always be5 a t5d5cy among ! mod]n directors & design]s to economize spiritually z well z economically4 ,! results h be5 se5 9 "s ( our dry1 meag] 8little !at]0 productions1 full ( b>e =malism--a sort ( 8simplism0 t has no place 9 any art1 let alone 9 ! live1 v>i$1 ri*1 & vigor\s !at]4 ,occasionally a ,g]man arti/ ( real tal5t falls into ?is ?9 mann]2 ,ludwig ,siev]t has m\nt$ ,t[>ds ,damascus at ! ,frank=t ,s*auspielhaus ^u a s*eme :i* is physically int]e/+1 b he has giv5 8 sett+s a mean1 arid1 spiritually pov]ty-/rick5 appe>ance :i* is nev] beautiful1 & does n express 9 ! lea/ ! int5se quality ( ,/r9db]g's play4 ,! movies break up ensemble 9 ,g]many1 & be> d[n on rep]tory4 ,!y (f] sal>ies t ! actor1 impov]i%$ q z mu* z ! work]1 _c resi/4 ,moreov] !y dem& f him ! daylight h\rs :i* mu/ be giv5 to rehe>sals ( old & new pieces if rep]tory is to exi/4 ,! ,g]man actor _c appe> 9 a rep]tory !at] 9 ! ev5+s1 z our actor c appe> ^u ,broadway1 & put 9 8 days 9 front ( ! cam]a1 z ours (t5 does4 ,b--& ?is is highly important--! ,g]man actor has be5 tra9$ 9 a s*ool ( ideals & self-expression :i* makes him dem& m ?an ! movies c give him4 ,he mu/ h "s sort ( s]i\s "w 9 ! !at]1 & he is f9d+ x m & m 9 special summ] engagem5ts or ,fe/spiele4 ,?us _m ( ! greate/ ( ! nation's play]s are (t5 assembl$ at sal>ies :i*1 by comp>ison ) _! motion picture e>n+s1 are h>dly sal>ies at all4 ,!re rema9s ! _s ( ! ,g]man p4 ,! audi5ces are intact & intellig5t1 b :at ab\t _! _s8 ,c ^! p live d[n _! suff]+s or lift !m up to some?+ great outside !mselves8 ,! prospect is n s d>k 9 ! s\!rn p>ts1 9 ,bav>ia1 p]haps2 x is c]ta9ly bright 9 ,au/ria1 :]e hung] & economic mis]y are ! reale/ & :]e ! div9ity ( ! human _s is ass]t$ aga9 & aga9 9 e happy ge/ure ( ?is lovely p4 ,9 ,b]l9 x is ano!r matt]4 ,spiritual dejection & gnaw+ mis]y are 9 ! face ( e "o4 ,!y are to be se5 on ! /age1 too4 ,b]l9 does n g to ! !at] to be tak5 out ( itself2 x seems to neglect ! prime use ( art4 ,b]l9 dem&s an e*o+ mis]y f its playh\ses4 ,x goes to see a black] & m despicable ,ri*>d ,,iii ?an ,%akespe>e ev] imag9$4 ,x suff]s ! torm5ts ( disillusion$ revolution 9 ,masse-,m5s* at ! work+ p's !at]4 ,x ?rongs ! gl[]+ cav]ns ( ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus4 ,& ev]y:]e ! /age is hung 9 black curta9s4 8,w>um imm] die s*w>z5 ,vorhnge80 we ask aga9 & aga94 ,p]haps !y are only an accid5t ( ! attempt to get a backgr\nd ( empt9ess2 b !y become a yawn+ gulf ( spiritual blackness4 ,! only colors to break ! pall are ! r$ ( blood1 & ! blue t /rikes across ! black a symbol ( a s9i/] cruelty4 ,( c\rse1 black curta9s are no ,teuton monopoly4 ,:5 ! ,russian ,pitoff uses !m 9 ,p>is1 :5 we see !m on ,broadway & 9 our 8little !at]s10 we d n look = ! words 8,made 9 ,g]many0 on ! selvage4 ,b 9 ,g]many !y seem num]\s & m significant4 ,if ! curta9s 7 sometimes dappl$ ) gray or if !y 7 opalesc5t ) hidd5 lights1 !y might be significant ( no?+ m ?an ! ,g]mans' imm5sely active exp]im5ts ) a =mal /age4 ,p]haps bunte ,vorhnge are com+4 ,p]haps x is always a little d>k be=e dawn4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,twilight ,,( ,,! ,,ma*9es ,!re are _m ?+s ^u ! ,g]man /age besides black dawn4 ,! twilight ( ! ma*9es1 = in/ance1 & all ! pa/ ( ! new /agecraft lagg+ sup]flu\s4 ,ev5 ! pa/ ( ! old /agecraft4 ,9 ! same !at] 9 ,frank=t :]e "o ( ! ?ree significant pairs ( ,g]man directors & arti/s labors1 ,i h se5 ,pe] ,gynt giv5 z incompet5tly z any patron ( an ,am]ican small-t[n /ock company c\ld dem&4 ,! sett+s 7 hide\s2 ! same badly pa9t$ backdrop s]v$ = two or ?ree sc5es 9 diff]5t localities2 ! revolv+ /age rumbl$ noisily & did no?+ to %ort5 int]missions4 ,:ile ! or*e/ra play$ ,grieg's introductory music 9 ! w+s & ! /age 0 d>k1 wait+ actors1 :o imag9$ t !reby e>s z well z eyes 7 dimm$1 re/lessly %ift$ f "o foot to ano!r 9 squeaky %oes4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ea* sc5e ! lights came up l ?und]4 ,?r\gh z _m sc5es z c\ld be endur$1 ! same play]s :o gave a %>p1 almo/ electric p]=mance ( ,m>ia ,/u>t ! next night1 act$ ,pe] ,gynt dully & sloppily to a runn+ fire ( assi/ance f ! prompt]'s box4 ,x is wor? rem>k+1 incid5tally1 t ! s\ffleur1 z he is euphemi/ically call$1 is no necessity 9 ! rep]tory !at]4 ,he may give a complete & /udi$ read+ ( ! text "o lap ahead ( ! actors 9 ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus1 ! ,frank=t ,s*auspielhaus1 ! ,burg!at] 9 ,vi5na1 ! ,less+ ,!at] 9 ,b]l91 & a doz5 o!r fir/-class !at]s2 b y don't he> 8 voice 9 ! ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus ( ,b]l9 "u ,jessn]1 9 ,copeau's ,vieux-,colombi] 9 ,p>is1 or dur+ a p]=mance ( ,masse-,m5s* at ! ,volksbhne4 ,illu/ration3 ,! sleep-walk+ sc5e f ,macbe? z produc$ by ,h>ald ,&r at ! ,royal ,op]a 9 ,/ockholm4 ,moonlight slants d[n ?r\gh f\r tall w9d[s mak+ alt]nate b>s ( light & %ad[1 ?r\gh :i* moves ! :ite-rob$ figure ( ,lady ,macbe?4 ,! ,doctor & ! ,g5tlewoman are half-hidd5 at "o side 9 ! d>kness ( ! =egr\nd4 ,! pa/ ( ! ,g]man /age is seldom slov5ly1 b x is (t5 di/urb+4 ,to see 9 #aibb a sett+ by ,roll] = ,die ,mei/]s+] is l enc\nt]+ at a fa%ionable ,new ,york ? dansant ! girl y us$ to take to high s*ool dances 9 ,/4 ,l\is 9 #aijg4 ,! ,g]man /age is full ( su* disquiet+ rem9d]s ( juv5ile infatuations2 ,sw$5 is n exempt4 ,! "w ( ! pione]s & imitations ( ! "w ( ! pione]s are /ill to be se54 ,v]di's ,macbe? la ,craig at ! ,/ockholm ,op]a2 ,! ,sunk5 ,bell at ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus ) ,/]n's hill f ,p5!silea2 ,re9h>dt effects 9 ,m>ia ,/u>t 9 ,frank=t2 good old ,russian pa9t+ 9 fak$ p]spective 9 ,florian ,gey] 9 ,muni*2 a w$d+ ( ,he9ri* ,leffl] & ,maxfield ,p>ri% at ,dresd5 9 ! ,v]di op]a :i* ! ,g]mans s *e]fully translate z ,d] ,tr\bad\r2 ! /yle1 if y c call x t1 ( ! ,wa%+ton ,squ>e ,play]s 9 ,t[>ds ,damascus 9 ,frank=t4 ,ev]y:]e traces ( ,re9h>dt & ,craig & ,roll]4 ,roll]1 alone ( ! arti/s :o 7 new fifte5 ye>s ago1 is /ill busy 9 ! !at]4 ,! mood he ar\ses is mix$4 ,x is ?or\ghly annoy+ to f9d him s unable to grasp ! problem ( sett+ 9 ! rem>kable new !at] 9 ! ,r$\t5saal 9 ,vi5na1 unable to see t ! ,gobel9s & ! cry/al1 ! gold5 mold+s & ! ri* b>oque ornam5t ( t m>vel\s room :i* is bo? /age & auditorium1 mu/ set ! /yle & color ( ! scre5s & =mal set pieces ( ! /age4 ,x is a little sad to see ,roll] try+ 9 ,ka9 at ! ,burg!at] to adopt ! /eps & black curta9s & ! "o or two pla/ics ( ! new] & y\ng] m54 ,:5 he is deck+ out "s w>-horse l ,die ,mei/]s+] 9 ! good old /yle ( ! revolutioni/s ( #aiaj1 y h to =give him mu*1 ev5 :ile y wond] at ! limitations ( s _m ( ! /age design]s outside ,russia4 ,take ! fir/ sc5e1 = example4 ,dramatically ! ?+ is "r 9 proportion & arrangem5t4 ,x is an int]e/+ composition ( wall spaces & doors1 :i* becomes all ! m int]e/+ :5 ! director has arrang$ ! _m co/um$ *>act]s 9 waves t ripple along ! %ore ( ! picture & roll up "h & !re ab\t "s promontory ( ! design4 ,b :5 y look away f composition to color1 y see a lack4 ,x is n ! difficulty ( bad color1 :i* besets mo/ ( ! ,g]mans2 ,roll] & ,/]n g5]ally escape t4 ,! fact ( ! matt] is t !re simply isn't any color--9 spite ( a furnace ( dull$ orange smold]+ on ! walls1 & "s gray-gre5s damp+ x d[n = contra/4 ,?is is n color 9 ! s5se t ! ,russians "k x4 ,roll] does n ?9k 9 color z does ,nicolas ,ro]i*4 ,:at ,we/]n] does--or ev] has8 ,roll] ?9ks 9 l9e & mass & proportion4 ,!n he goes to 8 pa9t-box1 & selects two nicely contra/+ tones1 m or less appropriate to a l>ge m$ieval build+4 ,he nev] bo!rs 8 head ov] ! dramatic problem ( :e!r !y mean any?+ 9 relation to ! action1 or ! arti/ic problem ( :e!r he has made "o ( ^? subtle arrangem5ts ( _m curi\sly h>moniz+ colors1 :i*1 9 ! al*emy ( ! eye1 take on a psy*ic significance4 ,illu/ration3 ,a sett+ by ,alfr$ ,roll] = ! fir/ act ( ,die ,mei/]s+] at ! ,/ate ,op]a 9 ,vi5na4 ,an example ( ! purely decorative sett+ at its be/4 ,su* lagg>d ?+s--! relics ( ,craig-ideas & ! "w ( v>i\s ( ! eld] directors & arti/s--play a m or less normal "p 9 ! life ( ! ,g]man /age4 ,!y w\ld f9d a p>allel 9 any age4 ,!y "k _! place & keep to x4 ,some?+ t is only j beg9n+ to le>n its prop] & subord9ate "p 9 ! advance ( ! !at] is ! f>-fam$ /age ma*9]y ( ,g]many4 ,x 0 ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w t ! ,g]mans %\ld turn _! /age into a ma*9e %op4 ,:5 !y build "o ( _! great five-/ory (fice build+s !y beg9 by lay+ a railroad along two sides on ! /reet level & ano!r up 9 ! air above x1 & putt+ 9 a travel+ elevator1 dump-c>t1 & crane t runs along on ! tracks2 aft] !y h ?is gigantic app>atus 9 ord]1 build+ ! build+ is m]e *ild's play4 ,d] v]rckte ,krieg 0 all t prev5t$ ! developm5t ( a mo/ +5i\s me*anism = erect+ ! erector t builds ! build+4 ,! ,g]man /age ma*9e is a ,frank5/e9 /age-h&4 ,x is int5d$ to d ! "w ( sc5e %ift+ at great economy ( ef=t & "t4 ,actually ! ,g]man !at]s seem to employ m /age h&s ?an ! ,am]ican !at]s1 & ! waits are no %ort] on ! :ole ?an ^? we are able to manage if we want to4 ,!re are two ma9 divisions to ! species4 ,lewis ,c>roll1 li/+ ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ,sn>ks1 suppli$ a =mula4 ,!re are ^?1 x is said1 t are r\nd & revolve1 & ^? t h roll]s & slide4 ,! revolv+ /age--made fam\s by ! cohorts ( ,re9h>dt--& ! slid+ /age--:i* includes a s9k+ v>iety4 ,! revolv+ /age has its furi\s adh]5ts4 ,!y include ,re9h>dt1 ,/]n1 :o utiliz$ its %ortcom+s q z m>vel\sly z its good po9ts 9 8 productions = ,re9h>dt1 & ! ho/ ( ,re9h>dt disciples4 ,x came f ,japan 9 #ahif ?r\gh ,laut5s*lg] ( ,muni*4 ,x is a great circle cut out ( ! /age floor & m\nt$ on :eels s t x may be freely turn$ by h& or p[]4 ,! circle is f =ty to sixty feet across1 & usually occupies ! great] "p ( ! /age space4 ,on x ! diff]5t sett+s are plac$ back to back1 any:]e f two to t5 fitt+ snugly toge!r4 ,"o aft] ano!r ( ^! sett+s is pres5t$ 9 ! op5+ ( ! prosc5ium z ! /age revolves4 ,x reta9s its reputation because x is ! simple/ & h&ie/ sc5e-%ift+ ma*9e to use ) ! great solid pla/] dome :i* ,re9h>dt & s _m o!r directors f\nd ess5tial z a sub/itute = ! flapp+ & wr9kl+ canvas sky4 ,! slid+ /age pure & simple is j a c\ple ( l[ plat=ms ! size ( t "p ( ! /age usually act$ on4 ,^! c>ry ! sett+s & slide out sideways into ! w+s4 ,:ile "o plat=m is 9 front ( ! prosc5ium ) ! actors giv+ ! play 9 its sett+1 ! o!r is be+ reset at ! "r or ! left4 ,x is easy to see t ^! plat=ms _c slide pa/ ei!r end ( ! pla/] dome if x is f> en\gh d[n front to be ( any use4 ,! ,deuts*es ,op]nhaus 9 ,*>lott5burg1 ,b]l91 gets ar\nd ?is by hav+ ! :ole gigantic dome slide1 too2 hung f tracks & c>ry+ its lights ) x1 ! dome is pu%$ back into ! dep?s ( ! /age :5 ! plat=ms at ! front h to slide4 ,! amus+ feature is t ! pres5t director ( ! !at] has s little notion ( :at x is all = t 9 ,don ,giovanni he makes a numb] ( *anges by rigg+ 8 flats & drops on l9es1 z we might d1 & hoi/+ !m into ! flies 9 full view ( ! audi5ce on :at is by a polite fiction call$ a d>k /age4 ,all ?is :irl+ ( palaces & scuttl+ ( skies is *ild's play beside ! s9k+ /age4 ,z develop$ by ,adolf ,l9neba*1 te*nical director ( ! ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus 9 ,dresd51 x almo/ defies und]/&+ or description4 ,! simple/ v>iety is to be f\nd across ! ,national ,gall]y & ! ,!at]platz "u ! guid+ & inv5tive h& ( ,max ,hasait ( ! ,/ate ,op]a ,h\se1 ,l9neba*'s great me*anical rival4 ,! /age ( ! ,op]a is divid$ into sev5 sections f ! prosc5ium op5+ to ! spot a hundr$ feet back :]e ! ,h9t]bhne or auxili>y re>-/age beg9s4 ,^! sev5 sections c rise "s feet above ! /age level or s9k into ! basem5t4 ,:ile ! front sections are 9 ! basem5t1 c>ry+ a sett+ t has already be5 us$1 ! re> sections1 ) ano!r sett+ on !m1 c1 by a complicat$ arrangem5t1 be roll$ d[n on tracks to take ! place ( ! front sections 9 ! prosc5ium op5+4 ,:ile ! front sections are 9 ! basem5t ! sett+ ^u !m is *ang$2 ! same ?+ happ5s to ! re> sections :5 !y are roll$ back aga94 ,! /age ( ! ,s*auspielhaus is f> m complicat$4 ,x is divid$ 9 only ?ree sections1 b :5 ! two =w>d sections are 9 ! basem5t1 slid+ /ages ( ! ord9>y sort1 :i* re/ ^u !m1 c be slid out to ! sides = *anges ( sc5e4 ,on ^! slid+ /ages small 8wagon /ages0 or me*anical /age h&s op]ate1 c>ry+ l>ge pieces su* z /airs & mantels into place4 ,"u ! or*e/ra pit at ! front is ano!r contrivance1 l a small /age on /ilts1 :i* c be trundl$ onto ! fir/ s9k+ /age /raddl+ ! sett+4 ,?us two /ages are sup]-impos$1 & a sort ( elevator /age produc$1 su* z ,/eele ,mac,kaye once inv5t$4 ,hasait is nurs+ a s*eme = re>rang+ 8 s9k+ & slid+ /ages s t ! sev5 /ages may run =w>d1 s9k to ! basem5t1 slide back1 rise1 & run =w>d aga9 9 rapid succession l an endless *a94 ,! prospect is di/9ctly />tl+4 ,oppon5ts ( ! new /agecraft h (t5 claim$ t ! sc5]y ignores ! actor4 ,) ! slid+ & s9k+ /age a little fur!r advanc$1 y c imag9e ! sc5]y tak+ a really furi\s int]e/ 9 ! actor1 pursu+ him f floor to basem5t & back aga94 ,y c imag9e "s new director work+ out a drama 9 :i* a ca!dral *ases an apo/ate prie/ ab\t ! /age1 or a phallic column pursues ! h]o9e into ! d>kness ( ! cell> only to lose h] z %e rises triumphantly on ! la/ ( ! sev5 my/ic /ages guid$ & bless$ by t unique function>y ( ! ,g]man !at]1 ! ,ob]mas*959spektor4 ,illu/ration3 ,d] ,s*atzgrb]3 ! cottage ( ! epilogue 9 ,s*reck]'s op]a4 ,an extreme conv5tionalization ( ! old sc5ic mat]ials4 ,! arti/1 ,emil ,pir*an1 has indicat$ a cottage by ! %ape ( ! op5+ 9 ! flat drop4 ,"h1 design replaces ma*9]y 9 secur+ a quick *ange ( sc5e4 ,!re are peculi> disadvantages to ^! exp5sive me*anisms4 ,! revolv+ /age simply c't h&le c]ta9 sc5es )\t ceas+ to be a revolv+ /age4 ,x is impossible to use ! entire wid? or dep? ( ! /age = an ext]ior )\t %ov+ all ! o!r sc5es (f ! 8revolv]10 & giv+ up its use4 ,all ext]ior sc5es on ! revolv+ /age h to g up ov] ! rooms set at ! back4 ,! we/]n prairies & ! ,nor? ,g]man sea coa/ are equally unpopul> ) ! fri5ds ( ! revolv+ /age4 ,! exceptionally f9e production ( ,masse-,m5s*--) its v>i\s great /eps ! :ole wid? & half ! height ( ! /age1 alt]nat+ ) flat op5 sc5es--receiv$ almo/ no assi/ance f ! 8revolv]0 at ! ,volksbhne 9 ,b]l94 ,! te*nical director1 putt+ ?is /age ?r\gh its paces & exhibit+ su* amus+ tricks z its ability to rise or s9k "s six feet at ei!r end1 ?us produc+ a slant+ floor1 confess$ t he mu* pref]r$ "s o!r type ( /age4 ,! slid+ & s9k+ /age has few] disadvantages2 b x is an elaborate1 exp5sive1 & cumb]some ma*9e to d ! "w t design]s & /age h&s might q z well accompli%4 ,on ! matt] ( exp5se1 x is disquiet+ to he> at a sc5e-rehe>sal ( ,das ,rhe+old t "o hundr$ & fifty m51 includ+ electricians1 are busy ) ?is labor-sav+ device4 ,x is /ill m di/urb+ to ! ma*9e-wor%ip] to "t ! int]missions 9 ,g]man !at]s1 & to f9d t waits ( f two to five m9utes are q z frequ5t z 9 ,am]ica4 ,! explanation1 ( c\rse1 is ! co/umes4 8,! /age 0 all set 9 half a m9ute1 b we _h to wait = ! t5or to get into 8 blue tights40 ,x looks v mu* z if ! ,mas*959spektor5 %\ld h introduc$ slid+ w>drobes or adapt$ ! h>ness+ devices ( fire-h\ses be=e !y put ?\s&s ( doll>s into slid+ /ages4 ,! ,g]man te*nical m5 are beg9n+ to *afe at ! limitations ( ! ma*9es1 to be cont5t to pu% !m into second place4 ,if y talk to ,l9neba*1 at ,dresd51 once high prie/ ( ! slid+ /age1 y w note ) "s surprise t ! ^w e9fa* has a ,c>ol9ian way ( gett+ into ! conv]sation4 ,?+s mu/ be simpl]4 ,no big solid sets2 in/ead1 "s curta9s & lights & a dome on :i* to project pa9t$ designs4 ,! ^w ,podium also crops out4 ,l almo/ all =w>d-look+ arti/s & directors 9 ,g]many1 ,l9neba* wants to put ! actor on a sort ( tribune ?ru/ out into ! audi5ce4 ,he wants to give him back ! vital h]itage ( ! ,greek & ! m$ieval /ages4 ,l9neba* is cont5t me*anically ) ! devices ( ! electrician2 :5 he m\nt$ ,has5clev]'s expressioni/ drama1 ,j5seits1 he made ! sett+ out ( light & %ad[1 a few *airs & tables1 only "o or two set pieces1 & "s project$ backgr\nds4 ,ma*9]y l ! s9k+ /age has advantages ap>t f its ability to *ange heavy reali/ic sets4 ,x is difficult to see h[ ! op5+ sc5e ( ,%aw's ,pygmalion1 look+ out to ! /reet f "u ! portico ( ,cov5t ,g>d51 c\ld be bett] creat$ or m quickly %ift$ ?an 9 ,l9neba*'s production4 ,c]ta9ly )\t ! ability to s9k ) ease ! re> "p ( ! /age ?ree or f\r feet1 he c\ld n h giv5 u ! natural effect ( ! /reet level bel[ ! eyes ( ! audi5ce & ! actors4 ,! great virtue ( a me*anical /age ( ?is k9d is n to %ift sc5]y1 s mu* z to supply economically & quickly diff]5t levels = ! actors to play ^u4 ,! use ( levels is "o ( ! important advances ( ! ,cont95tal !at] s9ce ! w>1 & ! s9k+ /age helps greatly ) ?is4 ,) a few inn] prosc5iums & simple backgr\nds1 x c supply1 z x 71 an inf9ite v>iety ( =mal /ages su* z ! ,cont95tal !at] seems sl[ly to be t5d+ t[>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,das ,rhe+old3 ,alb]i*'s ,cave4 ,a sett+ by ,l9neba* & ,pasetti at ! ,national ,!at] 9 ,muni*4 ,an atmosph]ic sc5e produc$ by lights play+ across a frankly pa9t$ backgr\nd :i* emphasizes ! rocky conv]g+ l9es ( a cav]n4 ,b>r+ ! reali/ic & ! =mal1 !re is a middle gr\nd 9 :i* ! ma*9e is ( little value comp>$ ) ! design]4 ,9 ,l9neba*'s !at]--?\gh n f 8 designs--a ,h9du romance1 ,vasantas5a1 0 m\nt$ frankly & fre%ly aga9/ flat sett+s 9 ! /yle ( ,indian m9iatures4 ,?is 0 accompli%$1 )\t ! aid ( /age ma*9]y1 by ! use ( a p]man5t sett+ or portal ( ,indian design1 ) /eps & a plat=m1 on :i*1 fram$ )9 an inn] prosc5ium1 drops & pr(iles 7 *ang$ mu* z we w\ld *ange !m4 ,! arti/1 ,otto ,hettn]1 suppli$ a /yle1 z well z a =mal /age1 :i* made ! ma*9e taboo4 ,work+ ) ,pasetti at ! ,national ,!at] 9 ,muni*1 ,l9neba* accompli%$ ! *anges ( ,das ,rhe+old q z easily4 ,9 an old] production at ,dresd51 "u ,hasait1 ! fields ( ! gods opposite ,valhalla 7 made ( bulky plat=ms & pla/ic rocks1 :i* w5t roll+ back beh9d ! cyclorama :ile up f ! basem5t came 9 "o piece ! cave ( ! ,nibelung5 ) its nooks & corn]s1 its ov]hang+ ceil+1 & its :ole equipm5t ( pla/ic canvas rocks1 :i* might h come out ( "s cav]n on a sc5ic railway4 ,9 ,muni* ! simpl] levels ( ! fields 9 ! second sc5e s]v$ 9 ! cave sc5e also4 ,!y 7 lo/ 9 ! %ad[s1 along ) ! side walls1 :i* 7 h>dly m ?an mask+ curta9s4 ,! rocky cave 0 sugge/$ :olly by ! backdrop4 ,?is 0 pa9t$ 9 brok51 conv]g+ l9es ( rock =mations4 ,because ( ! magic ( light1 x did n seem l "s conv5tional old backdrop4 ,! _s ( ! !at] z x has develop$ s9ce ! w> seems to call ^u ! design] & rgisseur in/ead ( ! me*anician4 ,:5 arti/s 7 build+ heavy & cumb]some sett+s1 elaborate 9 physical proportions if n 9 design1 slid+ & revolv+ /ages 7 unque/ionably necess>y1 ?\gh we may well ask h[ mu* ! pres5ce ( ! me*anisms tempt$ ! arti/s into su* excess4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 ! sett+ is be+ /yliz$1 ! /age itself made =mal4 ,ma*9]y becomes irrelevant4 ,copeau does n ne$ x ev5 = ! reali/ic ,les ,frres ,k>amazov2 ! ,r$\t5saal is almo/ too innoc5t to suspect its exi/5ce4 ,rgisseurs ( ! new sort want some?+ m !atrical ?an a turntable t any r\nd-h\se might boa/4 ,! playwright works ) ! rgisseur & ! arti/ to ?is same end4 ,:ile ,doro?y ,ri*>dson1 ,waldo ,frank1 & ,james ,joyce are busy tak+ ! ma*9]y out ( ! novel1 ! playwrights are mak+ ma*9]y unnecess>y = drama4 ,!y drop 8atmosph]e10 & take up ! s\l4 ,!y seek ! subjective in/ead ( ! physical4 ,!y want to ?rill u ) ! my/]ies & cl>ities ( ! unconsci\s1 in/ead ( coz5+ u ) photographic detail or romantic color4 ,= all ?is !y ne$ imag9ation 9 sett+1 n actuality4 ,=m c>ries ! _s up & out4 ,indications speak to x l\d] ?an actualities4 ,design1 :i* is ( ! _s1 drives out me*anism1 :i* is ( ! bra94 ,! day ( ! ma*9e is ov] 9 ! !at]1 ! day ( its dom9ation at any rate4 ,= a "t x look$ z ?\gh ! "n ( ! old !at] 9 ! ,tuil]ies w\ld h to be pa9t$ ov] e /age door 9 ,g]many--,la ,salle des ,ma*9es4 ,n[ ! /age ma*9e is s9k+ into its prop] place--! cell>4 ,a new device is lord+ x 9 ! !at]1 b x _c be call$ a ma*9e4 ,! electric light is n a me*anical ?+4 ,x is miracul\sly animat$ by some?+ v l ! ,life ,=ce1 & night by night its liv+ rays are direct$ to new & un=ese5 ends4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,light ,,z ,,sett+ ,9 ! 'eighties & ! 'n9eties1 :5 electricity came into ! !at] to take ! place ( gas1 light 0 only illum9ation4 ,by ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury x _h become atmosph]e4 ,to-day x is tak+ ! place ( sett+ 9 _m ,cont95tal !at]s4 ,to-morr[ x may be "p ( drama itself4 ,9 #ahic a ,swiss doctor nam$ ,adolphe ,appia publi%$ a little book 9 ,fr5* on ! production ( ,wagn]'s music-dramas2 six ye>s lat] he elaborat$ 8 ideas 9 a volume publi%$ 9 a ,g]man translation z ,die ,musik und die ,insc5i]ung1 ! fir/ & p]haps ! greate/ book ( !ory on ! new art ( ! !at]4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he discuss$ light+ at great l5g?4 ,he made a v important obs]vation4 ,he not$ t ! light+ ( ! /age ( 8 day 0 h>dly m ?an m]e illum9ation--some?+ to make all objects equally bright & visible4 ,x 0 q z necess>y1 he believ$1 to make c]ta9 objects m visible ?an o!rs1 & to make !m m liv+1 m dramatic4 ,at ! "t ! light+ app>atus ( ! !at] 0 crude1 because ! electric light 0 9 its infancy4 ,!re 7 only small electric bulbs1 arrang$ 9 r[s = footlights bel[ & bord]lights ov]head1 to supply flat illum9ation1 & arc lights1 :i* 7 movable & c\ld be made to 8spot0 out figures m brilliantly4 ,appia recogniz$ 9 ^! la/ ! means = mak+ ! figure ( ! actor brilliant & dynamic4 ,) 8 eye on ^! spotlights he made an unhe>d-( dem&4 ,he ask$ = %ad[s4 ,he said t light & %ade gave ?ree dim5sions to ! play] & ?ree dim5sions to ! sett+ 7provid$1 z he sugge/$1 ! sett+ be made pla/ic in/ead ( flat74 ,by means ( light he want$ to l9k ! liv+ actor & ! dead sett+4 ,he w5t fur!r ?an us+ %ad[s & animat+ ! backgr\nd4 ,he propos$ t ! play ( light ?r\gh\t an act %\ld express ! mood & action4 ,he want$ x to *ange ) ! developm5t ( ! play4 ,he made elaborate analyses ( ! ,wagn] music-dramas to %[ h[ ! light c\ld play a "p--an active "p--9 ! sett+ & ! action4 ,dur+ ! next decade1 ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 an ,italian nam$ ,=tuny began ! fir/ practical "w ( progress 9 /age light+4 ,n v p]man5t "w1 p]haps1 b c]ta9ly valuable because x /ruck out 9 new directions4 ,8 devices h all b disappe>$ f ! ,g]man !at]2 b only because !y h be5 replac$ by improvem5ts along ! l9es he indicat$4 ,=tuny tri$ to improve ! quality ( ! light by us+ indirect illum9ation4 ,he ?rew light f p[]ful arcs aga9/ color$ b&s ( silk1 :i* reflect$ x onto ! /age4 ,?is _h two advantages4 ,! light 0 diffus$ & brok5 up4 ,! color c\ld be controll$ at a di/ance by cords t mov$ ! v>i\s silk b&s pa/ ! light4 ,=tuny also tri$ to improve ! surface on :i* ! light fell4 ,he devis$ a dom$ silk sky or ,kuppelhorizont1 into :i* ! great] "p ( 8 diffus$ light 0 ?r[n1 to be diffus$ /ill fur!r4 ,incid5tally he hop$ to a*ieve a bett] sky-effect4 ,disadvantages hamp]$ bo? 8 devices4 ,indirect light+ requir$ f> m curr5t ?an direct & creat$ a great deal ( heat4 ,! dome 0 produc$ by exhau/+ air f betwe5 two curv$ surfaces ( silk1 ! out] "o fa/5$ to a fold+ frame ( /eel2 creases & jo9ts %[$ 9 ! silk & air 0 likely to leak 9 & collapse ! sky4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ano!r t5 ye>s eng9e]+ +5uity suppli$ sub/itutes = bo? ^! elem5ts ( ! ,=tuny ,sy/em4 ,mo/ important 0 ! discov]y ( h[ to manufacture inc&esc5t bulbs almo/ z p[]ful z arc lights4 ,su* bulbs1 equipp$ ) fro/$ glass & glass m$iums or color scre5s1 c\ld n only supply light suffici5tly diffus$ 9 tone & "u easy control1 b !y also produc$ ! %ad[s1 z well z ! light1 :i* ,appia want$4 ,! sky-dome became lit]ally a fixture 9 ! ,g]man !at] :5 "s "o decid$ to make x out ( pla/] in/ead ( silk4 ,to-day ! high-p[]$ bulb & ! pla/] sky are ev]y:]e 9 ! ,g]man !at]4 ,s*wabe 9 ,b]l9 & ,phillips 9 ,holl& h succe$$ 9 mak+ bulbs ( ! enorm\s p[] ( #c1jjj watts or #f1jjj c&le-p[]1 bulbs ab\t ?ree times z /rong z any inc&esc5t lights us$ 9 ,am]ica 9 #aibb4 ,! dome1 or "s v>iety ( x1 is f\nd 9 practically e ,g]man !at]4 ,l9neba* e/imates t !re are tw5ty true ,kuppelhorizonts1 cupp+ ! :ole /age ) a curv+ dome2 t5 p]man5t ,rundhorizonts1 pla/] cycloramas curv+ l a great semi-circul> wall ar\nd ! /age2 & ?irty canvas cycloramas :i* are q z l>ge z ! ,rundhorizont1 & "s ( :i* are s hung z to make a mo/ conv5i5t & effici5t sub/itute = ei!r v>iety ( pla/] sky4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & significant dep>tures 9 ! use ( light on ! ,cont95tal /age h to d ) ?is sub/itute = ! old backdrop4 ,x began z an imitation ( ! sky1 an attempt to put "o m piece ( ,realism into ! !at]4 ,x has got to ! po9t n[ :]e its really int]e/+ & important uses h no?+ :atev] to d ) reali/ic fake-heav5s4 ,x is be+ employ$ z a =mal elem5t 9 a /age design1 or else z a surface on :i* to pa9t sc5]y ) light4 ,p]haps x 0 economy1 p]haps a fla% ( g5ius1 b x occurr$ to ! ,g]mans t !re 0 no p>ticul> necessity ( light+ ! dome or cyclorama4 ,9 ^! huge /ages x /&s at lea/ sixty or sev5ty feet back ( ! footlights4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 to make x a dim empt9ess by m]ely turn+ (f ! lights t ord9>ily %9e ^u x1 or to give x "s vague neutral quality f ! light ^u ! /age :i* is reflect$ onto ! ,horizont4 ,9 ,o!llo at ! ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus 9 ,b]l91 ,jessn] uses 8 cyclorama1 an ord9>y canvas "o1 z a =mal backgr\nd b\nd+ ! space 9 :i* 8 /rictly conv5tionaliz$ indications ( sett+s are plac$4 ,?us x is 9 "s sc5es a pale neutral wall1 9 "s a curi\s violet empt9ess1 9 o!rs a fa9tly salmon backgr\nd1 9 /ill ano!r a yell[ light aga9/ :i* figures move 9 t9y silh\ettes4 ,at ! ,volksbhne 9 ,masse-,m5s* ! dome becomes a mi/y void 9 "o ( ! dream-sc5es2 & !n ^u ?is void move va/1 my/]i\s %ad[s 9 circl+ procession4 ,%ad[s on ! dome c>ry u to a f9al developm5t ( light+ 9 ,g]many--! 8projection0 ( sc5]y1 ! sub/itution ( light = pa9t z a means ( expression4 ,_m m9ds h work$ & are work+ on devices to be us$ = ?is purpose1 b ! mo/ important me*anisms f9d _! home 9 ,dresd5 at ! !at]s ( ,l9neba* & ( ,hasait4 ,z might be expect$1 ,l9neba*'s is ! simpl]4 ,he has a dome 9 8 !at]1 ! ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus1 & ^u ?is dome or ?r\gh v>ni%$ silk f ! back1 he ?r[s1 by means ( a v simple lant]n conta9+ an arc light b no l5ses1 ! designs pa9t$ on glass4 ,?is lant]n & ! transp>5t me?od ( projection 7 us$ 9 ,am]ica ) mu* success by ,lee ,simonson :5 ! ,new ,york ,!at] ,guild m\nt$ ,%aw's ,back to ,me?uselah 9 ! spr+ ( #aibb4 ,l9neba* has made ! m\nta9s ( ,wilhelm ,tell ) projection & ! sett+s ( ,grabbe's ,kais] ,he9ri* ,,vi1 & ( ! expressioni/ dramas ,das ,bi/ ,du1 ,gas1 & ,j5seits4 ,hasait's simple/ me?od ( projection br+s y up %>p aga9/ ! true orig9s ( ! ?+1 & !y are almo/ z old z drama4 ,! puppete]s ( old ,java _h %ad[-m>ionettes c5turies be=e ! te*nical director ( ! ,dresd5 ,/ate ,op]a made %ad[-sett+s4 ,= ,web]'s ,ob]on & = ,moz>t's ,zaub]flte1 ,hasait provides a pla/ic arrangem5t ( inn] prosc5ium & /eps1 ) a transluc5t curta9 at ! back4 ,f "o side ( ! curta9 he projects a design 9 %ad[s by means ( a frame h>dly two feet wide across :i* are fa/5$ v>i\s ?icknesses ( gauze4 ,! light t comes ?r\gh ! cle>] portions ( ! gauze is "o color1 :ile f a light on ! o!r side ( ! transluc5t curta9 he /a9s ! %ad[s ) a second color4 ,! hue ( bo? ^! lights c be *ang$ quickly or sl[ly z desir$1 produc+ h>monies & contra/s ( color4 ,! o!r devices us$ by ,hasait = projection are embodi$ 9 a s*eme ( /age equipm5t call$ ! ,ars ,sy/em by ! ,sw$i% company t controls ! pat5ts = its exploitation abroad4 ,! basis ( ! sy/em is a canvas cyclorama4 ,?is cyclorama runs on a semi-circul> track hung f ! gridiron high above ! /age4 ,at "o end ( ! track is a great roll] ^u :i* ! cyclorama may be w\nd up1 to get x out ( ! way dur+ an elaborate *ange ( sc5e4 ,x takes only half a m9ute = ! cyclorama to be run out on ! track ready = use4 ,! track itself may be swung d[nw>d f its two front corn]s to p]mit p>ticul>ly l>ge drops to be hoi/$ or l[]$2 b x is wide en\gh & deep en\gh n to int]f]e ) ! ord9>y use ( ! gridiron4 ,! cyclorama is made ( common light canvas1 b x is s cut & jo9$1 & hung on a slight slant t x takes up ( itself ! bulges & wr9kles ord9>ily produc$ 9 our cycloramas by a *ange 9 wea!r4 ,! inv5tion ( ?is cyclorama is 9 dispute betwe5 ^? anci5t b c\rte\s rivals1 ,hasait & ,l9neba*4 ,) ?is cyclorama goes an elaborate sy/em ( light+ manufactur$ by ,s*wabe4 ,!re are floor lamps1 conta9$ 9 :eel$ *>iots1 to illum9ate ! bottom ( ! cyclorama4 ,above ! prosc5ium op5+ hangs a batt]y ( diff]5t color$ lights--sev5ty-two 9 ! ,/ockholm ,/ate ,op]a--:i* play directly ^u ! cyclorama1 & ?ree high-p[]$ bulbs to light ! /age floor4 ,besides ^!1 ! ,ars ,sy/em1 z in/all$ at ,/ockholm1 includes ?ree special projection devices also hung above ! prosc5ium1 all ! adju/m5ts ( :i* are controll$ electro-magnetically f ! swit*bo>d4 ,"o ( ^! is ! l>ge cl\d-ma*9e1 an arrangem5t ( two ti]s ( eight lamps ea*1 ray+ out f a common axis4 ,^! ti]s c move at diff]5t spe$s & 9 diff]5t directions1 :ile ea* lamp c be turn$ up & d[n & sideways at w4 ,^! projectors ea* h\se a #f1jjj c&le-p[] bulb & hold a photograph or draw+ ( a cl\d4 ,! complex motion ( ^! /atic cl\ds :5 project$ on ! cyclorama gives an effect ( e-v>y+ cl\d =mations4 ,almo/ absolute ,realism c ?us be obta9$4 ,a second & small] & less flexible cl\d-ma*9e ) a s+le c5tral lamp & reflect+ mirrors is1 = "s reason1 includ$ 9 ! equipm5t4 ,besides ^! cl\d-ma*9es !re is a batt]y ( ?ree high-p[]$ bulbs & l5ses1 by means ( :i* designs pa9t$ on glass slides may be project$ aft] ! fa%ion ( a magic lant]n ^u ! cyclorama or any object on ! /age4 ,?is is ! really important feature ( ! ,ars ,sy/em f an arti/ic /&po9t4 ,its possibilities are extraord9>y4 ,h>ald ,&r1 *ief rgisseur ( ! ,/ockholm ,op]a1 has exp]im5t$ little z yet ) ?is device1 utiliz+ x only 9 "o ballet4 ,b he has speculat$ mu* on ! opportunities t x pres5ts = unit+ a l>ge gr\p ( !at]s1 simil>ly equipp$1 9 ! ex*ange ( sc5ic designs = ! productions 9 _! rep]tory4 ,&r believes t ! economy ( project$ sc5]y is important arti/ically1 z well z f9ancially1 because x w p]mit ( exp]im5t ) _m new works at slight exp5se1 & ( ! rapid reproduction ( ! successful pieces 9 _m cities at once4 ,f ! absolute1 arti/ic viewpo9t ( ! effect obta9$1 projection is mo/ satisfactory1 ?\gh z yet almo/ undevelop$4 ,am]icans :o saw ! transluc5t projections ( ,simonson's designs 9 ,back to ,me?uselah realiz$ h[ little ^! drops _h ! visual disadvantages ( ! pa9t$ v>iety4 ,!y enjoy$ a c]ta9 incorporeal quality4 ,! l&scapes 7 n def9$ l huge oil pa9t+s 9 false p]spective4 ,!y w5t into "s new category :i*1 = ! mom5t1 defeat$ our analysis4 ,su* projections may 9 "t take on ! %all[ pret5se ( pa9t$ backdrops1 ?\gh ,i am incl9$ to d\bt x4 ,illu/ration3 ,das ,rhe+old3 ,valhalla4 ,a sett+ by ,l9neba* & ,pasetti4 ,! gods are gr\p$ 9 deep %ad[ on a conv5tionaliz$ arrangem5t ( rocky levels 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! ca/le becomes sl[ly visible 9 ! sky beyond1 built ( beams ( light1 hang+ 9 ! air l a great cumulus cl\d4 ,at ! ,national ,!at]1 ,muni*4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,valhalla ( ,das ,rhe+old1 z project$ 9 ,l9neba*'s production at ! ,national ,!at] 9 ,muni*1 ! e!real quality ( ?is k9d ( 8pa9t+0 aga9 /&s out4 ,! sc5e is mo/ successful :5 ! light+ is dimme/4 ,9 ! c5tral portions ( ! second & f\r? sc5es1 :5 ! /age is fully light$1 ! image ( ,valhalla holds its own aga9/ ! illum9ation ( ! =egr\nd1 b ! =egr\nd itself fails dismally to mat* ! beauty ( ! gods' ca/le4 ,:5 ! pla/ic =egr\nd is n to be se51 ,valhalla hangs 9 ! heav5s l "o ( ! %apes ( ,wilfr$'s ,color ,organ1 a ?+ t seems to h ?ree dim5sions4 ,:5 ! lights ^u ! /age floor br+ out ! rocks ( ! =egr\nd1 ,valhalla loses ! reality ( ?ree dim5sions4 ,x /ill seems tru]1 z well z m beautiful1 ?an ! rocks 9 front4 ,9 fact x %[s up pitilessly ! trivial canvas life ( ^? b\ld]s4 ,b x loses ! impression ( dep?1 :i* x _h at fir/ creat$4 ,?is 0 d\btless a false impression1 a fooli% illusion4 ,! project$ sett+ is c]ta9ly 9 ano!r dim5sion spiritually f ^? two ord9>ily employ$ 9 old-fa%ion$ sc5e pa9t+4 ,x is n 9 any ( ! planes ( /age-rocks or h\ses4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 w> ) ! human figure1 curi\sly en\gh4 ,x seems likely t ! arti/ or director us+ project$ design mu/ =malize 8 =egr\nd1 z ,simonson did1 or else hide its commonplace actuality 9 %ad[4 ,ord9>y /age pret5ses _c /& beside ! spiritual pla/ics produc$ by light4 ,z = ! cl\d-ma*9e1 s long z x is try+ m]ely to reproduce nature x is utt]ly unimportant4 ,some?+ imag9ative mu/ be done ) x be=e x c expect s]i\s consid]ation4 ,9 ! productions ( ,&r at ! ,/ockholm ,op]a !re are at lea/ two h9ts t ! cl\d-ma*9e c be us$ = ! purposes ( art4 ,"o ( ^!1 r poorly manag$1 is ! use ( design$ cl\ds in/ead ( natural cl\ds 9 "o ( ! sc5es ( ,samson & ,delilah4 ,! o!r1 n p]fectly execut$ by any means1 b mo/ sugge/ive1 occurs 9 ,v]di's ,macbe?4 ,!re 9 ! fir/ sc5e ,&r sets a wild /orm sky 9 motion4 ,he uses negative or black photographs ( cl\ds in/ead ( positive or :ite1 & he />ts !m mov+ f on high & at ! sides1 sweep+ 9 & d[n ^u ! wit*es4 ,z ^! d>k %apes desc5d 9 tumult1 x seems z ?\gh ! black e>? 7 dr9k+ black cl\ds1 curi\s & evil port5t ( ! p[]s ( ! inf]nal4 ,movem5t 9 projection has obvi\sly great possibilities z "p ( ! action ( new drama4 ,9 ,kais]'s expressioni/ play ,f ,morn to ,midnight1 produc$ by ! ,!at] ,guild1 ,simonson us$ ,l9neba*'s lant]n to make ! tree 9 ! sn[ sc5e *ange into a skeleton1 an effect t ,kais] 0 able to =esee only z a %ift+ ( sn[flakes ^u nak$ b\ghs4 ,light itself seems de/9$ to assume a l>g] & l>g] "p 9 ! drama4 ,x is a play+ =ce1 q z mu* z ! actors4 ,x c be a motivator ( action z well z an illum9ator ( x4 ,jessn] at ! ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus 9 ,b]l9 uses x z an arbitr>y accompanim5t & int]pret] ( action4 ,lights fla% on or (f z "s mood *anges4 ,!y create %ad[s to dramatize a relation ( two m54 ,!y seem to control or to be controll$ by ! action4 ,! ext5t to :i* a *ange ( light may express ! dramati/'s conception is mo/ int]e/+ly sugge/$ 9 ! sc5e ( ,macbe?'s dea? 9 ,&r's production ( ! op]a4 ,x is an uncommonly well h&l$ sc5e 9 all respects1 p]haps ! be/ example ( ?is director's f9e imag9ation4 ,! fight betwe5 ! armies beg9s 9 a gray light be=e ! walls ( ,duns9ane4 ,!re is no absurd ef=t ( sup]s to look l dea?-craz$ w>riors4 ,! quality ( pursuit & conflict is caught 9 ! pose ( ! b&s ( ! soldi]s z !y run pa/ ! walls b5t d[n l dogs ^u a blood-sc5t4 ,macbe? & ,macduff meet = a cle> mom5t ( conflict1 !n !y are surr\nd$ & cov]$ by ! troops t ru% to see _! *ampions d battle4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ,macbe? falls1 ! cr[d cle>s = a mom5t4 ,& !n ! grayness ( morn+ breaks %>ply into dawn z evil goes out ( ! play4 ,an obvi\s symbolism1 p]haps1 b obvi\sness is n s great a fail+ 9 ! !at]4 ,! fault ( ! sc5e is only 9 ,&r's ov]-emphasis ^u ! light1 or r 8 "u-emphasis ^u ! cause ( ! light--! dea? ( ,macbe?4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! light goes on1 !re %\ld come "s supreme1 arre/+ ge/ure1 some?+ to absorb e atom ( our att5tion s t we may wond]+ly discov] ! light z a ?+ caus$ by ,macbe?1 n by an electrician4 ,su* a sc5e sugge/s wide possibilities4 ,light z ! compell+ =ce ( a play2 light z a motivator ( action2 light & sett+1 n z a backgr\nd to action1 b z "p ( x1 z some?+ mak+ *>act]s exi/ & act2 light z an almo/ physical aura ( human bodies2 light1 !re=e1 9 conflict4 ,physical contacts are n a necessity ( ! !at]4 ,"u ,jessn]1 ! murd]] ( ,cl>5ce 9 ,ri*>d ,,iii does n try to seem to /ab him2 he simply plunges ! dagg] at him4 ,t is en\gh4 ,9 ,francesca da ,rim9i z ,duse sometimes gave x1 ,i h he>d t :5 ! husb& kill$ ,paola ) 8 sword ! space ( ! :ole room sep>at$ !m4 ,x 0 z if ! sword possess$ an aura1 & z if ! aura slew4 ,9 ,masse-,m5s* ! cr[d ( revolution>ies g d[n to ! m]e rattle ( ma*9e guns be=e ! curta9s are drawn to %[ ! soldi]s4 ,if light c d su* ?+s1 ev5 if x c d no m ?an signal ! d[nfall ( evil or set ,valhalla gl[+ 9 ! heav5s1 x w take a place 9 ! !at] t no o!r product ( inv5tive +5uity c rea*4 ,light1 at ! v lea/1 is ma*9]y spiritualiz$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,g]man ,,actor ,f\r ye>s ( w> left ! elaborate ma*9]y ( ! ,g]man !at]s intact4 ,f\r ye>s ( ! purgatory call$ peace h ev5 se5 a %>p advance 9 electrical equipm5t4 ,critics & manag]s ( ! victori\s nations & ( ! neutrals t enjoy a s\nd ex*ange may compla9 ( ! quantity & quality ( !at]-go]s2 b ! vanqui%$ h suff]$ less4 ,at =ty p]=mances 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria we saw h>dly two r[s ( vacant seats all told 9 ! dramatic !at]s1 ?\gh "o or two musical %[s 7 no m ?an two-?irds full4 ,! ,g]man !at] has suff]$1 h[ev]1 9 "o spot4 ,! un=tunate tru? is t x is a vital spot--act+4 ,only ! ri*ness ( tra9$ tal5t 9 its po/-w> companies enables x to suff] ! dra9 ( ! pa/ ye>s & /ill give p]=mances f> bett] ?an we see 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica4 ,w> affect$ ! ,g]man actor less ?an x did ! actor 9 ! alli$ c\ntries2 ,g]many kept h] play]s on ! home front fight+ di%e>t5m5t4 ,peace & ! movies1 h[ev]1 br\ght disp]sal4 ,companies 7 scatt]$1 play]s exil$4 ,! spectacul> collapse1 ( c\rse1 0 ! dissolution ( ,max ,re9h>dt's fam\s company t fill$ 8 two ,b]l9 !at]s4 ,moissi1 ,bass]mann1 ,pall5b]g1 ,kon/ant91 ,eib5s*tz1 ,weg5]1 ,dietri*1 ,arnold1 ,lehman1 ,eysoldt1 ,b]t5s1 ,diegelmann1 ,heims1 ,jann+s1 ,s*ildkraut--n "o ( ^! names appe>s on ! ,zettel outside ! old ,re9h>dt h\ses4 ,"s are 9 ! movies & "s are />s1 b all are gone4 ,if ,am]ican films c\ld h ent]$ ,g]many 9 ! face ( ! depreciat$ m>k1 ,re9h>dt's !at]s might /ill be giv+ true rep]tory1 ,re9h>dt himself might /ill be !re1 & c]ta9ly _m ( ! old company w\ld be play+ toge!r 9 ,b]l94 ,o!r factors1 p]sonal1 f9ancial1 & arti/ic1 gradually drew ,re9h>dt out ( production1 b he himself decl>$ ) mu* tru? t rep]tory 0 impossible :5 actors _h to give _! days to ! movies1 in/ead ( to rehe>sals1 & t ! !at] 0 impossible = him )\t rep]tory & actors4 ,z = ! play]s !mselves1 ) ! m>k at a c5t & pomade at two hundr$ m>ks1 x _h to be ei!r ! movies or />dom4 ,! /> sy/em ( ,engl& & ,am]ica1 import$ into ,g]many1 has done little to keep ev5 ! popul> play]s 9 ,b]l94 ,! audi5ce is exhau/$ soon] ?an 9 ,new ,york or ,london1 & !n t\rs mu/ come4 ,alex&] ,moissi knocks ab\t ,switz]l& & ,au/ria4 ,leopold9e ,kon/ant91 ! fla%+ slave girl ( ,sumurn1 is suppos$ to be />r+ 9 ,vi5na1 b y f9d h] "o night at ,d] ,blaue ,vogel1 ! imitation ,*auve-,s\ris :i* "o ( ,balieff's assi/ants in/all$ 9 ,b]l94 ,pall5b]g goes up & d[n ! c\ntry ) ,d] ,wauwau1 ! ,g]man edition ( ,grumpy4 ,ev5 ! y\ng] />s are w&]]s4 ,t fre% exotic1 ,m>ia ,orska1 competes ) ! travel+ tr\pe ( ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at] = ! patronage ( ,/ockholm4 ,%e plays 9 ! cosmopolitan ,g]man ( a ,russian1 aga9/ ! ,sw$i% ( a resid5t company4 ,! play is ,w$ek9d's ,erdgei/1 fir/ half ( t /agg]+ duology ( sex :i* ends ) ,p&ora's ,box & ,jack ! ,ripp]1 & goes "u ! "n ( ,lulu4 ,9 ,b]l9 ,mme4 ,orska is ?\ght a little s5sational4 ,h] ,lulu is any?+ b t4 ,%e does n dwell on ! corporeality ( ?is daught] ( e>?'s joy4 ,h] ,lulu is n a human be+ made hide\s & fasc9at+ ) et]nal lures4 ,%e is a k9d ( mask1 a ?9 mask1 a %ell ( t9t$ & :it5$ silks ov] a face suck$ dry ( all b passion & ! %runk5 *>ms ( decad5ce4 ,%e is a sort ( doll--a ,pritzelpuppe--) h] long black legs & h] pale face ?ru/ out f ei!r end ( a pi]rot's co/ume4 ,v mu* ( a doll :5 ! play is mo/ bitt]ly cruel4 ,dr4 ,goll flops to ! floor1 dead1 :5 he f9ds h] ) ,s*w>tz4 ,orska tiptoes /iffly t[>ds him1 manuv]s pa/ 8 body l "s m>ionette1 pokes him ) a /iff toe & squeaks ! squeak ( a doll4 ,is x fe> or pleasure or bo?8 ,a clev] way to d ,w$ek9d4 ,b1 9 ! end1 night aft] night ) only self-display to rememb]4 ,b ,b]l9--or ,/ockholm--is n ,g]many4 ,!re is ensemble left 9 "s ( ! less] cities--!re is ev5 ensemble 9 ,b]l9 at ! ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus1 if !re is no great individual play+ !re4 ,! illu/ri\s old ,burg!at] 9 ,vi5na /ill has a company1 if x lacks a di/+ui%$ director4 ,!y manage portions ( ,tol/oi's ,! ,liv+ ,corpse v well4 ,!y give ! episode ( ! gypsies' s++ to ,f$ya & ,mas*a z x 0 nev] giv5 9 our own ,r$emption4 ,9 ! ,burg!at] x is no discreet cab>et turn4 ,! wom5 & ! m5 hang ov] ! lov]s4 ,_! song is a frank & t\*+ celebration ( ! love t _! ,mas*a has won4 ,x is an op5 display ( s5tim5tal int]e/ 9 love-mak+1 :i* p only admit :5 w9e or p]haps gypsy blood h /ill$ inhibitions4 ,b all ?is is d\btless m a matt] ( direction ?an ( act+4 ,x is 9 ! old "m ( ,frau ,s5d]s1 ! ari/ocrats ( ,frau ,wilbr& & ,h]r ,h]t]i*1 n q s mu* s 9 ! ,f$ya ( ,h]r ,treszl] t y f9d real play+4 ,x is h>dly possible t ! p]=mance ( ,vildrac's ,! ,s4 ,s4 ,t5acity is ! be/ t ! ,burg!at] gives2 b x is a mo/ excell5t p]=mance4 ,x is peculi>ly excell5t1 because1 :ile x is n ,fr5*1 x seems s little ,g]man 9 a racial s5se4 ,arti/ically1 ( c\rse1 x is mo/ decid$ly ,teuton4 ,x has ! h>d1 firm quality ( ,g]man act+4 ,copeau's production 9 ,p>is is a rational ?+2 x is almo/ l a read+1 a v intellig5t1 s5sitive read+4 ,9 ,new ,york we play$ x 9 fla%es ( misgiv+ & det]m9ation2 x 0 unctu\s 9 ,augu/9 ,duncan's r\/ab\t & 9 ,claude ,coop]'s ,engli% sailor1 & f9e & s5sitive 9 ,m>gu]ite ,=re/'s r ladylike b>maid2 b ! re/ dropp$ 9 & out ( illusion4 ,! ,vi5nese actors play = a bright & firm actuality1 :i* !y imag9e is ,fr5*4 ,x isn't precisely ,g]man1 b te*nically x is z ,teuton 9 ?or\gh-go+ emotionalism z ! passionate kiss ) :i* ! ,vi5nese play]s replac$ ! salute on ! nape ( ! neck ) :i* ! ,fr5* ,ba/i5 beg9s 8 woo+4 ,individual act+ z well z ensemble fl\ri%es 9 ! l>ge company t s]ves ! f\r ,/ate !at]s ( ,muni*4 ,x is a piece ( good =tune t bo? op]a & drama are "u a s+le managem5t1 & t pieces may be giv5 9 any "o ( f\r h\ses--! small mod]ni/ ,kn/l] ,!at] ( ,max ,littmann 9 ! ,aus/ellungsp>k1 ! t9y1 wick$ly *e]ful old ,resid5z ,!at]1 ! re=mi/ 8amphi!at]0 :i* ,littmann creat$ 9 ! ,pr9zreg5t5 ,!at]1 or ! ,national ,!at]1 j z mu* ! conv5tional old-fa%ion$ ,g]man op]a h\se z :5 x 0 call$ ! ,h(!at]4 ,! l>ge company & ! bread? ( rep]tory :i* ^! !at]s p]mit to be giv5 effici5tly & prop]ly1 provides "s exceptional play]s exceptionally well-tra9$ & 9 an int]e/+ v>iety ( p>ts4 ,! ,muni* gr\p c give t %ock ( virtuosity :i* ! ,g]man rep]tory !at]s provide1 & give x to y at highe/ voltage4 ,on "o ev5+1 = example1 y discov] 9 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew a mo/ exceptional ,grumio4 ,8 "n is ,ri*>d ,kell]hals1 & he is ! sort ( cl[n t happ5s once 9 t5 ye>s 9 ,am]ica4 ,he is n a ,*>lie ,*apl91 because t is a little too mu* to ask4 ,b he outdoes any o!r movie-comic t ,i c recall4 ,he is n a ,jim ,b>ton1 because he does n drive ahead at j "o ?+--,g>gantuan burlesque4 ,kell]hals plays ,grumio ) 8 face & 8 legs & 8 bra94 ,8 odd1 wiz5$ little face1 inord9ately simple1 j a bit loony2 8 acrobatic legs1 quick & comic1 gett+ him into all mann] ( /range places2 8 bra91 always al]t beh9d ! mask ( ! loon1 work+ out a doz5 amus+ twi/s ( bus9ess4 ,x seems a highly orig9al p]=mance1 ?\gh p]haps x is m]ely tradition 9 ,g]many t ,grumio %\ld sniff ! clo!s ( ,biondello1 & be sniff$ at1 all )9 ! b\nds ( dec5cy1 b v l two dogs ( _! ma/]s4 ,at any rate1 orig9al or n1 x is ! sort ( %>p1 brilliant fool+ t w\ld make ,kell]hals a musical com$y speciali/ 9 ,am]ica1 p]haps a />4 ,an ev5+ or two lat]1 out at ! ,aus/ellungsp>k y see ,hauptmann's play ( ! ,peasants' ,rebellion1 ,florian ,gey]4 ,almo/ ! fir/ figure y notice among ! peasants :o are try+ desp]ately to make !mselves f>-see+ lead]s 9 ! fight aga9/ ! tra9$ nobles1 is a gaunt fell[ ) 8 head 9 a bloody b&age1 & ) fev] 9 8 eyes4 ,?is is ,gey]'s bro!r-9-law & secret>y 9 ! field1 a boy almo/ on ! po9t ( dea? :o looks l a sick5$ man ( ?irty4 ,! desp]ate impati5ce ( ! worn is m+l$ 9 8 face ) ! fanatical devotion ( ! m5 :o w9 lo/ causes4 ,! cause is lo/ 9 ! end1 & aft] he has wat*$ ?is disillusion pile ^u qu>rels & jeal\sies & treasons1 he crumples up & dies4 ,e ^w ( 8 trag$y y c read 9 8 face4 ,:5 y look at y\r program y f9d t ! "n ( ! actor is ,ri*>d ,kell]hals4 ,9 ,am]ica--if ,kell]hals _h act$ ?is "p be=e ,grumio--he w\ld be compet+ ) ,william ,b4 ,mack 9 ! play+ ( tortur$ gunm5 ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,q z good act+ & almo/ z v>i$ imp]sonations are to be se5 9 ! "w ( ,fri$ri* ,ulm] z ,petru*io & z ,gey]4 ,8 ,gey]--/rong1 simple1 desp]ate 9 ang]--is easy to imag9e on our /age2 ,lionel ,b>rymore c\ld d x4 ,b 8 ,petru*io--a co>se1 bull-neck$1 & mo/ amus+ devil--is ano!r matt]4 ,x s9s aga9/ ! pretty romance ( our ,van ,dyk$ ,%akespe>e4 ,& x is fam\sly good fun1 along ) ! :ole riot\s %[4 ,dresd5 has a company t makes no difficulty ov] play+ ,%aw's ,pygmalion "o night1 9 ,g]man prov9cial acc5ts t are suppos$ to approximate ! ,engli% dialects pursu$ & record$ by ,pr(essor ,higg9s "u ! portico ( ,cov5t ,g>d51 & ov] play+ ! next night a comic & poetic romance ( ,india call$ ,vasantas5a by a k+ call$ ,sudraka4 ,"h ! wom5 come out r m %>ply ?an mo/ ( ! m51 two f9e p]=mances 9 p>ticul> by ,melitta ,lei?n] z ,eliza1 ! fl[] girl1 & ,alice ,v]d5 z ,vasantas5a4 ,! company _c escape1 h[ev]1 a beefy ,g]man t5or-h]o1 "o ( ! sort t seems 9 dang] any mom5t ( turn+ into a lead+ woman ) a heavy be>d4 ,frank=t has p]haps less real act+ tal5t ?an is to be f\nd 9 any ( ! ,/ate !at]s ( ! l>g] cities4 ,x %[s an atroci\s p]=mance ( ,pe] ,gynt4 ,yet1 giv5 direction su* z ,ri*>d ,wei*]t furni%es 9 ,s*ill]'s ,m>ia ,/u>t1 & x seems a company ( g5ius4 ,c>l ,eb]t1 a bad ,pe] ,gynt1 manages a ,leice/] ( real subtlety2 ! ,elizabe? ( ,g]da ,mll] seems a tempe/u\s horror1 & ! :ole ?+ is light$ by _m excell5t small bits ( act+4 ,!re seems to be a c]ta9 h>d1 uncompromis+ insi/5ce 9 all ,g]man act+4 ,x is a ?+1 p]haps1 ( n>r[ _s & deep int5sity4 ,x has unque/ion$ vitality4 ,9 ,grabbe's old drama1 ,napoleon1 :i* ,jessn] gives at ! ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus 9 ,b]l91 ?is vitality leaps to union mo/ happily ) ! intoxication t ,bonap>te spread ab\t him always1 & nev] m extraord9>ily ?an 9 ! ,hundr$ ,days :i* ?is play *ronicles4 ,x is all vitality1 ! impati5t vitality ( ! soldi]s ( ,wolfgang ,he9z & ,lo?> ,m!l1 :o await ,napoleon's return1 ! besott$ & s9i/] vitality ( ! new mob ( ! c>magnole1 ! en]giz+ vitality ( ,rudolf ,=/]'s ,well+ton1 ! sob]1 sl[ b pot5t vitality ( ,ar?ur ,krauszneck's ,bl*]1 & t font ( indomitable self-ass]tion ,napoleon himself1 play$ by ,ludwig ,h>tau4 ,ev5 ! old ,humpty-,dumpty ,l\is ( ,leopold von ,l$ebur1 & ! c\rti]s :o prop him up on 8 ?rone take on a c]ta9 fixity ( purpose--p]haps a dea?ly fixity--f ! vitality fl[+ r\nd !m4 ,9 o!r p]=mances ( ,jessn]'s company ?is vitality fl[s ov] into m]e vigor1 ev5 into viol5ce4 ,t is ! besett+ s9 ( ! ,g]man actor4 ,fritz ,kortn]1 celebrat$ = 8 ,ri*>d ,,iii & 8 ,o!llo1 ranges f unnatural suppression ( feel+1 f /udi$ & almo/ :isp]$ re/ra9t1 to mad scree*+s4 ,an almo/ neurotic viol5ce crops up some:]e 9 e o!r p]=mance 9 ,g]many4 ,ev5 ! wom5 fall into x4 ,g]da ,mll]'s ,elizabe?1 aft] an ev5+ ( excell5t1 ma/]$ p[]1 breaks out into ! ho>se-voic$ rav+ t seems m a m>k ( ! male play]s4 ,sudd5 spurts ( lay+ x on too ?ick appe> 9 "s ( ! second>y play]s ( ,florian ,gey]4 ,! comic villa9 ( ,vasantas5a plays ! :ole ?+ 9 a knot ( petty passion4 ,x is rant+1 ?is sort ( ?+1 no matt] h[ f> x may be f ! orotund m\?+s ( our old-s*ool play]s1 no matt] h[ mu* %>p *>act]ization & g5u9e passion may be =c$ into x4 ,! p]=mance ( ,masse-,m5s* at ! ,volksbhne 9 ,b]l9 /&s out because x manages to c>ry int5sity ( feel+ to a po9t j %ort ( viol5ce1 & !n1 ) e excuse provid$ 9 ?is desp]ate /ory ( ?w>t$ revolution1 to br+ x up %ort at ! "r mom5t into high-pit*$ b beautiful vehem5ce4 ,! out/&+ impression mu/ be ! a/\nd+ diction ( ! mob t speaks cle>ly1 rhy?mically1 & mo/ mov+ly ) a s+le common voice2 x gives y a sudd5 vision ( :at ! ,greek *orus may h be51 & :y ?irty ?\s& p li/5$4 ,b ! p[] ( ,m>y ,dietri* z ! ,*ri/-figur$1 ,*ri/-tortur$ woman is almo/ z un=gettable4 ,look+ back across ^! =ty-odd p]=mances1 ,i f9d t a v simple & v brief bit ( act+ /&s out z %>ply z any4 ,x is ! quiet1 sadly amus+1 little ,buddhi/ prie/ 9 ,vasantas5a z play$ by ,eri* ,ponto4 ,x is n a ?+ ! ,g]man /age (t5 discloses1 ?is delicate m+l+ ( humor & rev]5ce4 ,if x 71 ! p f ,mosc[ :o play$ ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d w\ld n h seem$ to come f ! "o l& :]e act+ is a r\nd$ & temp]$ p]fection4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,new ,,act+ ,,= ,,old ,act+ is ! olde/ ?+ 9 ! !at]4 ,x comes be=e ! play1 because 9 ! beg9n+ ! actor & ! playwright are "o4 ,drama orig9ates :5 two or ?ree p are seiz$ ) a desire to give an old leg5d or an old ritual a liv+ =m4 ,!y want to act4 ,z !y act !y make up _! play4 ,! !at] becomes ! spot t seems a good place--ei!r spiritually1 physically1 or by =ce ( tradition--9 :i* to give ! play4 ,9 "t comes a division ( labor4 ,"o ( ! actors beg9s to specialize on ! play4 ,?is actor /udies h[ he c develop ! =m ( ! play to make bett] use ( ! !at]2 & !n1 ) "s lead] among ! actors1 he beg9s to speculate on h[ to *ange ! !at] 9 ord] to give m scope to ! playwright & to ! play] :o int]prets him4 ,t is ! hi/ory ( ! !at] ?r\gh tw5ty-five c5turies4 ,x beg9s ) ! actor1 & x comes v close to end+ ) him4 ,x is r a good ?+ to und]/& ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! !at]4 ,x gives y a c]ta9 respect = ! actor :i* actors d n always inspire4 ,x makes y pati5t ) ! difficulties ( writ+ any?+ intelligible on ?is mo/ anci5t & mo/ complex & mo/ unsub/antial ( all ! ?+s ( ! !at]4 ,x makes y realize ! dang]s ( dogmatiz+ on ! subject4 ,&1 if y c look back ) imag9ation to ! day ( ,g>rick & 8 great apron /age & 8 ,hamlet 9 knick]bock]s1 back to ! day ( ,burbage & 8 sunlit plat=m 9 ! mid/ ( an ,elizabe?an mob1 back to s*ylus answ]+ ! *orus ( ! ,furies 9 ! half circle ( ,a!nians t pil$ up ! hillside ( ! ,acropolis2 p]haps1 !n1 y w see t ! actor 0 n always a fell[ ) a false be>d or ! mann]s ( a soda wat] cl]k1 :o expects y to believe t he is no actor at all1 b a family doctor or an employee ( ,mr4 ,liggett :o has tak5 to liv+ 9 a room ) "o side gone4 ,at any rate a little h9t ( !atrical hi/ory1 full ( amaz+ surprises1 might make y tol]ant ( su* speculations z ! foll[+ on ! f\r types ( act+ to be se5 9 ! !at] to-day & on :at is to come ( !m4 ,! art ( act+ is a miscellane\s sort ( art4 ,i imag9e t types ( act+ :i* we ?9k v new & mod]n 7 to be f\nd 9 e age except ! fir/4 ,probably "s fam\s ,greek com$ian made 8 entrance 9 ,! ,frogs look+ s amaz+ly l ! /atue ( ,h]akles on ! ,acropolis t = half a m9ute nobody c\ld be sure t ?is 0 really ! actor :om !y _h expect$ to see4 ,9 ,%akespe>e's day x is n unlikely t ! man :o play$ ,caliban got toge!r a collection ( false hair & wood5 tusks :i* made e "o wond] :o ! new memb] ( ! company c\ld be4 ,& probably among ! ,greeks & ! ,elizabe?ans !re 7 play]s s amaz+ly l s]vants or k+s 9 face & c>riage t !y nev] play$ any?+ else4 ,yet x is safe to say1 nev]!less1 t ! actor's trick ( try+ to look l a diff]5t human be+ 9 ea* new play & nev] at all l himself1 & 8 o!r trick ( nev] look+ l any?+ b himself & always play+ exactly ! same k9d ( "p1 are hi/rionic symptoms ( ! disease call$ ,realism4 ,!re 0 nev] s mu* lit]al & delib]ate imp]sonation z 9 ,europe to-day1 & s mu* 8type ca/+0 z along ,broadway4 ,^! are two v diff]5t me?ods ( "w1 b !y bo? rea* ! same end--absolute resemblance--& nei!r has necess>ily any?+ to d ) art4 ,! fir/--= :i* ! ^w 8imp]sonation0 is commonly & v loosely us$--is pretty g5]ally e/eem$ to-day4 ,x is consid]$ to m>k (f ! actor1 ev5 ! arti/1 f ! cr[d ( clev] mumm]s4 ,x is h>d to d5y an in/ant & he>ty int]e/ 9 any play] :o c look l & act l a tramp "o night1 & l a b>b>ic k+ ! next4 ,! emotion he creates z a k+1 or ! arti/'s vision he displays 9 select+ 8 mat]ial & mak+ ,=m out ( x1 may be great or small4 ,b 8 +5uity 9 masqu]ade w always w9 admiration4 ,9 fact we are pretty sure to sp5d our "t prais+ su* an actor z ,b5-,ami = look+ l a neurotic arti/ 9 ,samson & ,delilah1 & l a husky "y horse-?ief 9 ,! ,idle ,inn1 in/ead ( recogniz+ ! arti/ic di/9ction ^! imp]sonations %[4 ,exam9$ 9 cold blood1 ! virtue ( ?is sort ( act+ is ! virtue ( ! wig-mak]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,van ,dyke & a pair ( mutton *ops2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,fle% ,color ,no4 #a & ,fle% ,color ,no4 #c2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a wait]'s dress suit b\ght on ! ,b[]y1 & a d\blet design$ by ,james ,reynolds & made by ,mme4 ,freis+]--t is ! secret ( ?is k9d ( act+4 ,n ! :ole secret1 ( c\rse1 = ! pose ( ! actor's body1 ! grace or awkw>dness ( 8 c>riage1 ! lift ( an eyebr[1 or ! droop ( a lip is q z important4 ,su* ?+s1 h[ev]1 h no m ( art or emotion 9 !m ?an ! tricks ( make-up4 ,!y c give u recollections ( real p]sons or figures 9 lit]ature1 9 pa9t+1 or 9 o!r plays1 ab\t :om we h felt emotion4 ,b x is n until ! actor puts ,=m ( 8 own into ?is lay figure1 by ! movem5t ( 8 body1 & ! emotion ( 8 voice1 t any?+ approa*+ art c be said to exi/4 ,/anislavsky may look l a colonel 9 ,! ,?ree ,si/]s1 & l a sp9eless g5tleman 9 ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d2 b t is n ! measure ( 8 art4 ,/anislavsky might ev5 be a colonel on leave :o took a fancy to act+1 or a sp9eless g5tleman :o lo/ 8 patrimony & fell back on 8 univ]sity reputation z an amateur actor2 & he w\ld /ill h to prove himself an arti/4 ,!re is an amus+ simil>ity & contra/ betwe5 ! two v>ieties ( reali/ic actors4 ,! fir/ imp]sonates a diff]5t "* 9 e play1 & nev] himself4 ,! second imp]sonates ! same "* 9 e play & always himself4 ,! fir/ imp]sonates by *ang+2 ! second by rema9+ ! same4 ,provid$ t !re is a l>ge & v>i$ supply ( types--milit>y m51 b>-keeps1 politicians1 arti/-neurotics1 crim9al-neurotics1 he-m51 %e-m51 rabbit-m51 n to m5tion all sorts ( wom5--! result on a play %\ld n be s v diff]5t :i*ev] sy/em ( act+ is adopt$4 ,if a play-go] 7 to see only "o play1 he c\ldn't detect any diff]5ce4 ,if he 7 to see two1 he w\ld be likely to get "s add$ pleasure out ( ! k t ! same p 7 act+ bo?1 & he w\ld probably use up on ! bus9ess ( spy+ out ! tricks ( x all a good deal ( ! en]gy & att5tion t he ought to give to ! play4 ,!re is "o practical diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 9 ^! two ways ( ca/+ a play4 ,y _c make a rep]tory company out ( types4 ,9 spite ( ! old j>gon ab\t ,lead+ ,man1 ,lead+ ,woman1 ,juv5ile1 ,old ,man1 ,+5ue1 ,heavy1 ,"* ,man1 & s =?1 no p]man5t company giv+ reali/ic plays c get along )\t actors :o c a*ieve "s sort ( diff]5tiation4 ,s9ce ! ,g]man !at] & mo/ ( ! ,european !at] is run on ! rep]tory sy/em1 ! ,cont95tal actor is g5]ally a man adept 9 masqu]ade4 ,because ,am]ica has no rep]tory !at]1 because produc]s 9 ,new ,york pick new actors out ( ! apple b>rel = e new play1 & because almo/ all ! legitimate actors ( ,am]ica make ,new ,york _! headqu>t]s1 ! sy/em ( ca/+ by type is ! natural1 workable sy/em = u4 ,type act+ ne$ n mean t ! type ! actor plays is absolutely id5tical ) 8 own p]sonality 9 private life4 ,x usually isn't4 ,b x does mean t1 because ( 8 own p]sonality1 8 physical & m5tal equipm5t1 ! actor is able to play a v simil> type to 8 own4 ,two excell5t examples ( ?is are ,frank ,crav5 & ,erne/ ,truex4 ,9 real life !y are nev] ,tommy ,tuck] ( ,! ,fir/ ,ye> or ! h]o ( ,six ,cyl9d] ,love1 b on ! /age !y are nev] any?+ else4 ,x is j possible t !y c\ld be some?+ else1 b !y began ?is way1 & ?is way ! manag]s & ! public w probably make !m cont9ue4 ,all ( :i* br+s up a s+le arti/ic po9t ^u :i* v>i$ imp]sonations & ! rep]tory !at] defeat type ca/+4 ,type ca/+ is apt to tie a man to ! k9d ( "p he fir/ acts ) any ability1 & n ! k9d he c act be/4 ,he may be able to play t5 diff]5t sorts ( *>act]s1 & "o or two ( ^! may release some?+ 9 him t p]mits him to be a true arti/ 9 8 imp]sonation4 ,b if he happ5s to play "s o!r ( ! t5 *>act]s fir/1 & play x reasonably well1 our ca/+ sy/em may keep him f ev] rea*+ ^? *>act]s 9 :i* he might excel4 ,= ano!r ?+1 ! con/ant *ange ( p>ts 9 a rep]tory !at] gives an actor practice t he _c get if he repeats type p>ts 9 few] plays1 z he mu/ d 9 ,am]ica4 ,?r\gh ?is practice ) v>y+ p>ts1 he may come to add some?+ ( arti/ic significance to 8 "w4 ,a nice e/hetic po9t arises if y f9d a type-actor--say ,crav5--giv+ an extraord9>ily good p]=mance4 ,he is play+ himself1 we w say2 yet )9 t famili> p]sonality1 he is a*iev+ j z int]e/+ emotion z "s o!r actor ( a diff]5t p]sonality1 b possess+ ! knack ( v>i$ imp]sonation1 c\ld a*ieve2 he is ev5 rea*+ a s5se ( ,=m1 select+ out ( 8 own p]sonality1 exp]i5ce1 & emotion1 & comb9+ ^! into a %ape t moves u e/hetically--:e!r to laught] or to te>s4 ,is ?is art8 ,w\ld x be art if ! actor 7 ,georgie ,price imitat+ ,crav51 or somebody f ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at] imp]sonat+ ,crav58 ,w\ld x be art if ,crav5 play$ a "* s diff]5t f himself z ! savant 9 ,he ,:o ,gets ,slapp$1 & play$ x z successfully z he has play$ ,tommy ,tuck]8 ,unque/ionably ! answ] to ! la/ "q w\ld be ,yes4 ,z = ! o!rs1 !re is legitimate room = argum5t4 ,?is bus9ess ( v>i$ imp]sonation v]sus self-imp]sonation ar\ses a great deal ( dispute4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! squabble is t usually ! oppon5t ( self-imp]sonation or type-act+ po9ts back ) m\rnful pride to "s ( ! great actors ( ! pa/ l ,boo? or ,=re/4 ,:5 he does ?is1 he passes clean outside ( reali/ic act+4 ,moreov]1 he br+s into ! argum5t actors1 :o1 :ile !y play$ a wide v>iety ( p>ts1 nev] took ! tr\ble to hide beh9d ! wig-mak] or to pret5d to be anybody else physically ?an ! great ,edw9 ,boo? or ! celebrat$ ,edw9 ,=re/4 ,to-day we h ?is same k9d ( act+1 ,i imag9e--& ?is is ! ?ird k9d t ,i want to li/--9 ! "w ( ,s>ah ,b]nh>dt1 ,giovanni ,grasso1 ,m>g>et ,angl91 or ,cl>e ,eames4 ,if y />t$ out to li/ ! play]s :o use _! own mask frankly = e "p1 a*iev+ imp]sonation & emotion by _! use ( features & voice z in/rum5ts1 y w\ld f9d _m m names ( wom5 ?an ( m52 = ! actress has f> few] opportunities ?an ! actor to employ ! +5uities ( make-up4 ,y w\ld also f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t y\r li/ 0 n s v long1 & t x conta9$ ! names ( mo/ ( ! play]s ( great di/9ction f ,eleanora ,duse to ,*>lie ,*apl94 ,!re is magic 9 ! s\l ( su* play]s1 n 9 _! make-up boxes4 ,!y create _! imp]sonations be=e y\r eyes1 n 9 _! dress+ rooms4 ,y may1 p]haps1 be tempt$ to say t _! art lies 9 ! voice1 t ! face is a mask4 ,b ! face is obvi\sly n a p]man5t mask2 x *anges n only f "* to "* 9 _m subtle ways1 b f sc5e to sc5e1 & emotion to emotion4 ,also1 !re is ,*apl91 ! voiceless2 8 face speaks4 ,x seems a mask1 too1 b x is articulate4 ,su* act+ may be giv5--& usually is giv5--to ! int]pretation ( reali/ic drama4 ,x belongs at he>t to ano!r ?+1 to almo/ ano!r age1 pa/ or to come4 ,x a*ieves ! necess>y resemblance ?r\gh ! inn] tru? ( its art4 ,b x nev] submits to subm]g5ce4 ,x rea*es out t[>ds a k9d ( act+ t we us$ to h & t we w h aga91 :ile x meets ! necessities ( ,realism4 ,?is f\r? k9d ( act+ may be call$ pres5tational--a ^w t d]ives its pres5t use f a di/9ction set up by ,alex&] ,bak%y 9 8 ,! ,pa? ( ! ,russian ,/age4 ,pres5tational act+1 l pres5tational production1 /&s 9 opposition to repres5tational4 ,! di/9ction is cle> en\gh 9 pa9t+1 :]e a piece ( "w t aims to report an anecdote1 or to photograph objects1 is repres5tational1 & a piece ( "w /riv+ to %[ ! relation ( =ms :i* may or may n be ( ! ev]yday _w1 is pres5tational4 ,9 ! !at] ,bak%y makes a p>allel di/9ction betwe5 a sc5ic backgr\nd t attempts to repres5t ) canvas & pa9t actual objects ( wood or rock or :atnot1 & a backgr\nd t pres5ts itself frankly z :at x is--curta9s1 = in/ance1 or an ar*itectural wall4 ,! di/9ction applies to act+ z well4 ,a ,broadway actor 9 a bald wig or an actor naturally bald1 :o is try+ to pret5d t he is 9 a room (f 9 ,budape/1 & :o refuses to admit t he kn[s x is all a %am1 & t a ?\s& p are wat*+ him1 is a repres5tational actor1 or a reali/4 ,an actor :o admits t he is an actor1 & t he has an audi5ce be=e him1 & t x is 8 bus9ess to *>m & move ?is audi5ce by ! brilliance ( 8 art1 is a pres5tational actor4 ,! diff]5ce des]ves bett] t]ms1 b !y d n yet exi/4 ,x is obvi\s en\gh t ! fir/ actors 7 pres5tational4 ,! ,greek m5 :o %\t$ village gossip f ! wa9s1 & made plays ( x1 7 villag]s kn[n to e "o4 ,! actors 9 ! fir/ dramatic rituals may h worn masks1 b !y 7 frankly actors or prie/s1 n ! gods & h]oes !mselves4 ,roscius 0 ,roscius1 ,molire 0 ,molire2 ev5 ! ,baconians _c d5y t ,%akespe>e 0 ,%akespe>e :5 he appe>$ z old ,adam4 ,i w\ld ma9ta9 t ,g>rick & ,siddons1 ,talma & ,ra*el 7 frankly actors2 did !y n see ! audi5ce out !re "u ! light ( ! same *&eli]s t lit _! /age8 ,to-day our greate/ play]s re/abli% to "s ext5t ! bond ) ! audi5ce :5 !y ab&on any attempt to repres5t _! *>act]s ?r\gh wigs & make-up1 & pres5t _! own faces frankly z vehicles ( expression4 ,9 com$y & 9 trag$y pres5tational act+ comes out mo/ easily4 ,!re is some?+ 9 really great sorr[--n ! emotions ( ! ?w>t$ defectives ( our reali/ic trag$ies--t leaps out to an audi5ce4 ,hecuba mu/ speak h] sorr[ to ! *orus & ov] ! *orus to ! p :o h come to ! !at] = ! s+le purpose ( he>+ x4 ,!re c be no fitt+ communion ) ! *>act]s :o h caus$ ! trag$y or be5 /rick5 by x4 ,! suff]] mu/ c>ry h] cup ( sorr[ to ! gods2 !y alone c dr9k ( x & make x less4 ,& ! great fact ( ! !at] is t ! audi5ce are gods4 ,x is a heal?y in/9ct t causes _m an actress 9 a mod]n trag$y to turn h] back on ! o!r *>act]s ( ! play1 & make h] lam5tation to ! audi5ce z ?\gh x 7 a soliloquy or an aside4 ,!re are gods & gods1 ( c\rse1 & x is to ,dionysus & ,pan t ! com$ian turns :5 he %\ts 8 jokes out across ! footlights4 ,9 fact he takes good c>e1 if he is a wise cl[n1 t ! footlights %an't be !re to int]f]e4 ,if he is ,al ,jolson1 he insi/s on a runway or a little plat=m t w br+ him out ov] ! footlights & into ! lap ( ! audi5ce4 ,if he is a com$ian 9 burlesque l ,bobbie ,cl>k1 he has ! h\se lights turn$ up z soon z he beg9s a com$y sc5e4 ,he mu/ make contact someh[ ) 8 audi5ce4 ,if ! fun-mak] is ,fanny ,brice1 ! me?od is a little less obvi\s1 & x draws u clos] to ! sort ( pres5tational act+ :i* w dom9ate _m !at]s 9 ! future1 ! sort ( act+ t pres5ts an imp]sonation1 & at ! same "t /&s (f ) ! audi5ce1 & wat*es x4 ,if ! play] is ,ru? ,drap] or ,beatrice ,h]=d1 y h some?+ t seems to me almo/ id5tical ) ! k9d ( act+ ,i am try+ to def9e4 ,i pres5t ^! f\r categories ( act+ = :at !y are wor?4 ,!y are frankly two-dim5sional4 ,!y are divisions 9 a s+le plane4 ,o!r planes cut across !m1 & ! categories 9 ^! planes int]sect ! ones ,i h def9$4 ,consid] almo/ any play]1 & y w f9d a confusion ( me?ods & results :i* w ne$ m explanation ?an ,i h provid$4 ,!re is ,ri*>d ,kell]hals1 = in/ance1 ! ,muni* play] ^: /rik+ly diff]5t "w 9 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew & ,florian ,gey] ,i h describ$4 ,?is is n imp]sonation a*iev$ ) make-up4 ,x is a ?+ ( expression1 a spiritual ?+4 ,take ! actors ( ! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at]4 ,!y use make-up to ! la/ degree1 b !re is always a spiritual diff]5tiation f> m significant ?an ! physical1 & !re is always a s5se ( ! ,=m ( life m important ?an ei!r4 ,h>ry ,laud] has "o imp]sonation--,! ,safte/ ( ! ,family--:i* is s diff]5t f 8 o!rs 9 almo/ e way t = ! mom5t he might be a diff]5t play]4 ,"h is a pres5tational actor indulg+ 9 ! tricks ( ! reali/ic imp]sonator1 & %[+ t1 :ile ! fields ( reali/ic imp]sonation & pres5tational act+ are n absolutely exclusive1 at lea/ !y are some:at incongru\s or at any rate mutually hamp]+4 ,l\is ,j\vet ( ! ,?tre du ,vieux-,colombi] pres5ts an opposite ph5om5on :5 he appe>s 9 ! reali/ic drama ,les ,frres ,k>amazov z ! horrific old fa!r1 ,feodor1 & 9 ,twelf? ,night z ,ague*eek4 ,^! are absolutely contradictory imp]sonations4 ,9 ea* case ,j\vet completely disguises 8 own p]sonality4 ,! int]e/+ po9t is t ! physical imp]sonation :i* he br+s to ! ,russian play is ess5tially unreali/ic4 ,x is all v c>efully design$ 9 co/ume1 make-up1 & ge/ure z a broad & /rik+ expression1 b n z a repres5tation1 ( r\gh dom9ance4 ,! r$ face & ! gre5 coat mix 9 ! olive-bronze hat4 ,8 hair & 8 hat1 8 coat & 8 elb[s fl>e out 9 l9es ( almo/ comic viol5ce4 ,he is v close to c>icature 9 a ?or\ghly reali/ic play4 ,"h is a curi\s mixture ( me?ods & ends--planes & categories cutt+ across "o ano!r & creat+ new figures4 ,copeau's ,vieux-,colombi] is to-day ! mo/ int]e/+ =c+ b$ ( ! new act+ 9 ,europe--unless ! ,kam]ny ,!at] ( ! ,russian expressioni/s is n\ri%+ m ?an sc5]y4 ,copeau's !at]1 ) its nak$ /age & almo/ p]man5t ar*itectural sett+1 its lack ( prosc5ium & footlights1 & its /eps & =e/age lead+ d[n to ! audi5ce1 makes unque/ionably = pres5tational act+4 ,! illusion ( ,realism & repres5tation is extremely difficult to atta94 ,9 f\r plays1 ,les ,frres ,k>amazov1 ,twelf? ,night1 ,! ,s4 ,s4 ,t5acity1 & ,le ,c>rosse du ,/4-,sacrem5t1 v>i$ z !y are1 we see no great am\nt ( ! sort ( masqu]ad+ :i* ,j\vet does s well 9 ! fir/ two4 ,9 ! ma91 ! actors keep _! own normal appe>ance ?r\gh\t2 b !y are n1 ( c\rse1 play+ types4 ,to "s ext5t1 !re=e1 !y are work+ 9 ! ve9 ( ,b]nh>dt & ,grasso1 /riv+ = imp]sonation 9 emotion r ?an 9 physique4 ,except = a g\ty foot & a simple *ange 9 co/ume1 ,copeau's ,p]uvian gov]nor 9 ! com$y ,le ,c>rosse du ,/4-,sacrem5t1 & 8 imp]sonation ( ! intellectual bro!r ( ! h\se ( ,k>amazov are outw>dly v mu* alike4 ,x is 9 ! mood alone t he regi/]s ! diff]5ce4 ,9 bo?1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! comic gov]nor1 !re is a t\* ( ! pres5tational attitude :i* fills ! re/ ( ! company 9 v>y+ degrees & in=ms mo/ ( ,twelf? ,night4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is act+ & :at we are accu/om$ to1 is p>ticul>ly pla9 9 a comp>ison ( ! ,engli% sailor z play$ 9 ! ,new ,york production ( ,! ,s4 ,s4 ,t5acity1 & 9 ! ,p>is production--! oily reality ( ,claude ,coop]'s imp]sonation aga9/ ! r bra%1 c]ta9ly v dry v]sion ( ,rob]t ,all>d4 ,all>d's p]=mance has ! /amp ( almo/ all ! act+ at ! ,vieux-,colombi]4 ,x is some?+ intellectually settl$ ^u z an expression ( an emotion1 & !n convey$ to ! audi5ce almo/ z if read & expla9$4 ,9 ! s*ool ( ,copeau1 :o 0 once j\rnali/ & critic1 !re is ev] some?+ ( ! exp\nd]4 ,x is a read+1 an explanation1 9 ! t]ms ( a !atrical p]=mance4 ,x is1 to a c]ta9 degree1 pres5tational1 because 9 e read+1 9 e explanation1 !re mu/ be an aw>5ess ( ! exi/5ce ( ! audi5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,re9h>dt ,,tradition ,plays ( a new expressioni/ quality--pr(\nd1 grave1 ec/atic1 & z f> f ! neurotic z f ! reali/ic--may be writt5 9 ! next few ye>s )\t ! /imulus ( a great expressioni/ !at] or a great expressioni/ director4 ,h[ !y are go+ to get !mselves prop]ly produc$ is ano!r matt]4 ,!y may be conceiv$ out ( ! _s ( ! "t1 "u ! /imulus ( ! expressioni/ sett+s ( ! sc5e design]s2 b ! acc\*em5t w dem& a r exp]t midwife4 ,expressioni/ act+1 on ! contr>y1 w nev] a*ieve m ?an a h9t ( exi/5ce )\t a director to call x =?4 ,a ,copeau is necess>y to br+ out ! fre%ness ( ! company ( ! ,vieux-,colombi]1 & ! h9ts x gives ( ! new act+4 ,a r extraord9>y director w be ne$$ to bani% repres5tational act+1 & to put 9 its place a pres5tational ensemble1 & to fuse x ) ! new play4 ,is !re su* a man 9 ,europe to-day8 ,is !re already an indication ( 8 com+ 9 ! modifications t o!r m5 h wr\ght 9 act+1 9 sett+1 & ev5 9 !at]8 ,we may z well beg9 ) ,re9h>dt4 ,he has be5 ! greate/ man ( ! !at] ( ?is c5tury4 ,he fl$ f 8 ,b]l9 !at]s 9 #aibj1 to f9d 9 ,salzburg a retreat f disillusion & a place ( new beg9n+s4 ,we f\nd him !re 9 ! summ] ( #aibb prep>+ to issue =? f ! b>oque beauty ( ! lovelie/ palace ( ?is lovely city to ! conque/ ( ,am]ica1 & to an exp]im5t 9 ,vi5na :i* may make him aga9 ! "o figure ( ! !at]--! director we seek4 ,& "h & !re ab\t ,europe we came on spasmodic signs ( 8 cont9u$ activity--extraord9>y plans = a ,fe/spielhaus 9 ,salzburg or 9 ,g5eva1 & productions ( ,orpheus 9 ! ,und]world & ,/r9db]g's ,! ,dream ,play 9 ,/ockholm4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 p]haps1 to call ,orpheus & ,! ,dream ,play effici5t pot-boil]s1 & to let !m g at t4 ,!y give no true measure ( ! man ^: /r5g? & vision grew f art-cab>ets to :i* ,balieff owes ! inspiration = 8 ,*auve-,s\ris1 & naturali/ic beg9n+s ) ,gorky & ,w$ek9d1 until he _h assembl$ ! mo/ /rik+ company & rep]tory we/ ( ,mosc[1 & c5t]$ ab\t himself ! :ole !atrical movem5t :i* ,craig & ,appia began4 ,! ,sw$i% productions are wor? a mom5t's att5tion only1 = !y %[ "s ( ,re9h>dt's faults1 & h9t at a virtue4 ,i write ( ,orpheus alone1 because ! qualities ( ! ,/r9db]g drama 7 only to be guess$ at f photographs & reports1 all unit+ 9 dispraise4 ,!re 7 lovely ?+s 9 ?is p]=mance ( ,(f5ba*'s op]etta = :i* nei!r director nor compos] c\ld claim cr$it--! light1 cle>1 night+ale voices ( ! wom5 ( ! ,sw$i% ,op]a1 _! sup]b figures1 & ! icy beauty ( blue eyes & a%5 hair4 ,b ! ?+s ,i rememb] f ,orpheus 9 :i* ,re9h>dt _h a %>e are (t5 disappo9t+ ?+s1 sc5es slight$1 episodes badly lit1 above all c>elessness ( detail4 ,x has be5 ,re9h>dt's major fault1 ?is failure to br+ e feature ( a production to ! highe/ po9t ( p]fection )9 8 grasp4 ,he has always be5 satisfi$ to slight "o "p if ! :ole c\ld be 8put ov]0 by emphasis on ano!r "p4 ,^? :o rememb] ,sumurn w recall ?+s 9 ?is brilliantly excit+ pantomime t /ruck !m z impossibly slack--bad pa9t+ on ! canvas flats1 a bald contra/ betwe5 ! flimsy front sc5es & ! solid /ructure ( ! c\rt ( ! h>em beh9d4 ,9 ,orpheus 8 neglig5ce seems to h begun 9 ! *oice ( a design]4 ,a ,dane1 ,max ,re1 makes a mess ( ! sc5e on ,olympus1 & gets to no?+ bett] else:]e ?an a gold5 gate f a *apel 9 ,nancy set aga9/ a blue night2 ,cupid aga9/ a gray sky1 &1 = ! desc5t into ,hades1 :ite rays f out a great cl\d1 d[n "o ( :i* ! company dances aga9/ ! velvet black ( ! back drop4 ,be=e n[1 ,re9h>dt has let himself w&] f 8 fir/ in/9cts & desires--:i* are usually ! in/9cts ( ,ern/ ,/]n1 8 notable design]2 !re are ! horrors ( ,poelzig's decoration ( ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus to te/ify to ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ca!dral ,sc5e f ,fau/4 ,a ,re9h>dt production ( #aiab1 design$ by ,ern/ ,/]n4 ,two huge columns t[] up aga9/ black empt9ess4 ,crimson light f ! unse5 alt> at "o side /reams on ! congregation & ?r[s quiv]+ %ad[s ( a cross on ! ne>] column4 ,! ?ree mom5ts ( ,orpheus :i* electrifi$ ,sw$i% audi5ces are common en\gh 9 conception1 b !y h some?+ ( ! simple directness & sma% :i* *>act]iz$ ,re9h>dt's e>li] "w4 ,! ?ree episodes are closely l9k$ & make ! climax ( ! piece4 ,!re aga9 y c see ,re9h>dt's me?od--! exp5diture ( s mu* ( 8 c>e & en]gy ^u ! mo/ important action ( ! play4 ,9 ,orpheus ! place = su* emphasis is ! revolt on ,mt4 ,olympus1 & ! desc5t ( ,jupit] & ! gods to ,hades4 ,re9h>dt beg9s ) ! c>magnole ( ! revolutioni/s1 ) _! r$ bann]s ^u long poles riot+ ab\t 9 ! light blue ( ! cele/ial regions4 ,= ! beg9n+ ( ! desc5t into ,hades1 ,re9h>dt sees to x t !re %all be a high po9t at ! v back ( ! /age1 & f "h1 cle> d[n to ! footlights & ov] !m on a runway beside ! boxes1 he s5ds 8 gods & goddesses cakewalk+ two at a "t d[n into ! dep?s ( ! or*e/ra pit4 ,aft] a v brief d>kness1 :ile ! cl\d & its rays ( light are in/all$ d[n /age1 ,re9h>dt sets ! gods pranc+ d[n ?is :ite & black pa? into ! flam+ silk m\? ( hell4 ,by recogniz+ an opportunity = an effect at ! crucial po9t ( ! piece1 & conc5trat+ ^u x :atev] en]gies he has = ,orpheus1 he makes ! desc5t ( ! gods f> m memorable ?an x c h be5 9 any o!r production4 ,yet x all seems a trivial & half-he>t$ ef=t = ! man :o made ,%akespe>e s trem5d\sly vital at ! ,deuts*es ,!at]1 & lift$ ,sophocles' dipus into cra%+ popul>ity at ! ,circus ,s*umann4 ,9 8 day ,re9h>dt 0 all ?+s to all m54 ,he began ) ! great naturali/ director ,brahm ( ! ,freie ,volksbhne4 ,he made a ,night ,lodg+ ( utt] ,realism4 ,he put on ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream 9 a =e/ ( papi]-m*4 ,he br\ght an au/]e symbolic quality to ,hamlet1 clos+ ! play ) ^? tall1 tall spe>s t %eph]d$ ! body ( ! ,dane ^u its %ield4 ,he made ! /ory ( ,si/] ,beatrice into a gigantic & glori\s spectacle 9 ,! ,miracle4 ,he *ampion$ intimacy 9 ! !at]1 took ! actor out ^u a runway ov] ! heads ( ! audi5ce 9 ,sumurn & f9ally1 at ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus1 he put ! spectators half ar\nd ! play]s1 & ?ru/ ! play]s 9 among ! spectators 9 ! la/ sc5e ( ,roll&'s ,danton4 ,in/9ct l$ him to ! he>t ( plays1 z x l$ him f ,realism & ! prosc5ium frame back to ! ,greek or*e/ra & ! actor z a !atrical figure4 ,he grasp$ ! emotional he>t ( a drama ) almo/ un]r+ judgm5t1 & he b5t a trem5d\s en]gy to ! task ( mak+ ! he>t ( ! audi5ce beat ) x4 ,occasionally he ignor$ or c\ld n animate "s second>y b important phase ( a play4 ,9 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 ?\gh he made ,%ylock rightly ! c5t] ( ! play & built up a c\rt sc5e ( intol]able excitem5t1 8 ,portia & 8 ,n]issa 7 tawdry figures4 ,b 8 successes 7 f> great] & f> m significant ?an 8 failures4 ,romeo & ,juliet he made into a ?+ ( y\?ful passion t 0 almo/ too deep1 too intimate = ! eyes ( /rang]s4 ,hamlet ) ,moissi 0 an exp]i5ce ( life itself1 ass]t+ aga9 ! emotional quality ( ,re9h>dt z aga9/ ! e/hetic quality ( ,craig4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to speak ( ! "p t ,re9h>dt play$ 9 e/abli%+ ! vogue ( ! design] 9 ! !at]1 ( 8 attempt to br+ ,craig to 8 /age1 ( 8 exp]im5ts ) /age ma*9]y & light+ equipm5t1 or ( ! extraord9>y p]sonal en]gy :i* made s mu* "w possible4 ,! ,g]man !at] te/ifies cont9ually to 8 influ5ce4 ,doz5s ( y\ng] m5 mu/ be work+ 9 8 ve9 to-day4 ,z f> nor? z ,go!nburg1 ! comm]cial city ( ,sw$51 & z f> s\? z ,vi5na 8 influ5ce spreads4 ,9 ,go!nburg works a "y director1 ,p] ,l9db]g1 :o is z pat5tly a disciple z he 0 once a /ud5t ( ,re9h>dt4 ,!re 9 ! ,lor5sb]g ,!at] is ! revolv+ /age1 ) sett+s by a "y ,sw$e1 ,knut ,/rm1 :i* might h be5 se5 at ! ,deuts*es ,!at] t5 ye>s ago4 ,a l>ge rep]tory br+s =? sc5]y (t5 9 ! heavily simplifi$ fa%ion ( t5 ye>s ago1 b sometimes fre% & ambiti\s4 ,romeo & ,juliet appe>s aga9/ sc5es l e>ly ,italian pa9t+s1 ) "o p]man5t backgr\nd ( hill & cypresses & a numb] ( nave arrangem5ts ( ar*$ arcades f "s ,fra ,angelico4 ,! arti/ turns rgisseur also 9 ,ev]yman1 & manages a p]=mance fre% 9 its arrangem5t ( sett+1 plat=ms1 & /eps1 if a little rem9isc5t 9 co/umes & poses & movem5ts4 ,9 ,ri*>d ,wei*]t1 ( ! ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus 9 ,frank=t1 y f9d a rgisseur :o sugge/s ! influ5ce ( ,re9h>dt )\t los+ di/9ction z "o ( ! ?ree really significant directors ( ,g]many to-day4 ,x is n s mu* an influ5ce 9 an imitative s5se1 z a resemblance 9 effectiv5ess along r simil> l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>ia ,/u>t3 ! ?rone-room at ,we/m9/]4 ,tall scre5s ( blue & gold are rang$ beh9d a dais surm\nt$ by a high1 po9t$ ?rone ( dull gold4 ,at ei!r side curta9s ( silv]y blue4 ,que5 ,elizabe? we>s a g[n ( gleam+ gold4 ,a ,wei*]t production 9 ,frank=t design$ by ,siev]t4 ,wei*]t1 l s _m ( ! out/&+ directors ( ,g]many1 has a s+le arti/ ) :om he works on t]ms ( ! close/ cop]ation--,ludwig ,siev]t4 ,x is a little h>d1 !re=e1 to divide ! cr$it 9 ,m>ia ,/u>t = _m ( ! dramatic effects ( p aga9/ sett+s & 9 light4 ,y might put d[n ! sc5ic ideas :olly to ,siev]t1 s9ce ,wei*]t has p]mitt$ ! use ( a p>ticul>ly poor sett+ = ! sc5e ( ,que5 ,m>y's tirade aga9/ ,elizabe?2 a sett+ :i* is a sloppy attempt at lyricism 9 keep+ ) ,m>y's spee* at ! beg9n+ ( ! sc5e1 b q out ( t\* ) ! dramatic end4 ,if ,wei*]t c\ld dictate ! f9e prison sc5e reproduc$ 9 ?is book1 he w\ld h>dly all[ ,siev]t to include ! gre5]y-yall]y ext]ior to :i* ,i h tak5 exception4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c x be only an accid5tal use t ,wei*]t makes ( ! curta9s 9 ! ?rone room sc5e8 ,! act beg9s ) a curi\s arrangem5t ( squ>e blue columns 9 an angle ( :i* ! ?rone is set4 ,:5 ! audi5ce is ov]1 pages draw blue curta9s f ea* side ( ! prosc5ium diagonally backw>d to ! columns by ! ?rone4 ,?is cuts d[n ! room to t]ms ( intimacy = ! c\ncil sc5e4 ,! po9t at :i* ,wei*]t mu/ ent] def9itely z rgisseur comes :5 ,elizabe? /eps to "o side ( ! room away f h] gr\p ( c\ncilors to read "s docum5t2 !n ! d[n-/age edge ( ! curta9 at ! side by ! c\ncilors is drawn back f> en\gh = a flood ( amb] light to /rike across 9 front ( ! m51 & cat* ! :ite figure ( ! que54 ,"h 9 ?is light %e dom9ates ! room2 & ,leice/]1 :5 he /eps into x = a sc5e ) ,mortim]1 does ! same4 ,x is a device ( great use to ! actor 9 build+ up ! p[] & atmosph]e ( ! mom5t4 ,! dramatic vigor ( ,wei*]t nev] goes s high 9 ,m>ia ,/u>t z ,re9h>dt's1 b he is nev] s c>eless ( detail or ( subord9ate sc5es4 ,almo/ e in* ( ! play seems pa9/ak+ly p]fect$4 ,n only are ! actors :o give s sloppy a p]=mance 9 ,pe] ,gynt "u ano!r director1 /rung up con/antly to _! be/ ef=t2 b e detail1 f contra/s 9 co/um+ & ! arrangem5t ( co/um$ figures1 to ! motion ( h&s & bodies1 seems calculat$ to height5 ! play's emotion4 ,take ! fir/ sc5e1 = example1 ! prison 9 :i* ,que5 ,m>y is conf9$ ) h] few reta9]s4 ,! draw+ %[s ! int]e/+ arrangem5t ( ! sc5e ) b>s to indicate a prison b n to ob/ruct action4 ,x pictures ! f9al sc5e 9 a lat] act1 :5 ! que5 receives h] fri5ds & says good-by be=e go+ to h] dea?4 ,! contra/ ( ! que5 9 :ite & ! o!rs 9 black is excell5t4 ,9 ! fir/ act1 ev5 ! que5 is 9 black2 ! only note ( color1 a deep r$1 is giv5 to ! h]oic boy1 ,mortim]1 :o is to br+ some?+ l hope to ,m>y4 ,! long sc5e betwe5 ,mortim] & ! que5 is h&l$ ) great dignity1 & at ! same "t int5sity4 ,x is /udi$ out to ! la/ details4 ,! h&s alone are wor? all y\r att5tion4 ,wei*]t's direction passes on f atmosph]e & movem5t to ! expression t ! play]s !mselves give ( _! *>act]s4 ,x is "h p]haps t ! resemblance to ,re9h>dt is close/4 ,y cat* x 9 _m places3 ! contra/ betwe5 ,mortim]'s t5se "y f]vor1 & ! ma/]ful1 play-act+ non*alance ( ,leice/]2 ?is r$ & gre5 horror ( an ,elizabe?1 look+ someh[ z bald b5ea? h] wig z hi/ory says %e 01 & bur/+ ) p5t en]gies & passions2 t[>ds ! end ( ! play1 ,leice/]1 ! delib]ate fop1 lean+ aga9/ ! wall l "s wilt$ violet1 ,mortim] exhau/$ b /ill /rong beside him2 !n ! dea? ( ! boy1 ! quick /abb+1 & ! spe>s ( ! soldi]s ray+ t[>ds 8 body on ! floor4 ,x is all %>p1 firm1 pois$--& v1 v c>eful4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>ia ,/u>t3 a room 9 ! ca/le :]e ,que5 ,m>y is imprison$4 ,high black grills fill ! prosc5ium ar* on ei!r side4 ,beh9d1 a flat wall ( silv]y gray4 ,! sket* %[s ! mom5t :5 ,m>y1 g[n$ & veil$ 9 :ite1 bids f>ewell to h] att5dants4 ,a ,wei*]t production 9 ,frank=t design$ by ,siev]t4 ,?is is ! pa/ ( ,re9h>dt--cont9u$ into ! pres5t & ! future by o!r m54 ,:at ( 8 own cont9uation ( x8 ,"s h ?\ght him f9i%$4 ,fifte51 tw5ty ye>s ( su* accompli%m5t 9 ! !at] are likely to dra9 any man4 ,& inde$ ,re9h>dt does seem to h run ?r\gh 8 "w 9 ,b]l91 & f9i%$ ) x4 ,no "o w "k j h[ mu* 0 p]sonal1 h[ mu* pr(essional1 h[ mu* philosophic1 9 ! =ce t drove him to give up ! lead]%ip ( 8 great organization1 & see x de/roy$4 ,! difficulties ( managem5t1 ) increas+ co/s & actors lo/ to ! movies1 und\bt$ly weigh$ heavily4 ,b x is c]ta9 t he felt ! failure ( 8 big1 pet v5ture1 ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus4 ,x 0 to h be5 ! cr[n ( 8 ef=ts & beliefs--! 8!at] ( ! five ?\s&10 z he _h call$ x f ! days :5 he a/\nd$ ! _w ) dipus4 ,9 /ructure & design x 0 badly h&l$2 x prov$ a ba/>d ?+ & won ! sev]e condemnation ( ! critics4 ,add$ to ?is 0 a desire1 unque/ionably1 to %ake loose1 to get a fre% prospect on ! !at]1 to /rike out aga9 if possible t[>ds a f9al1 sure goal4 ,g]mans spoke ( ,re9h>dt z vacillat+ & unc]ta9 9 8 fir/ ye>s 9 ,salzburg4 ,b is any?+ b unc]ta9ty to be expect$ :5 a man has giv5 up a long l9e ( ef=t1 & is seek+ a new "o8 ,x is a virtue !n to be unsure1 to be te/+ & try+ ! m9d1 to be seek+ "s sort ( tru? & repeat$ly reject+ error4 ,c]ta9ty began to creep 9 ) ,re9h>dt's plan = a ,fe/spielhaus 9 ,salzburg--a ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus ( simpl] & m cons]vative patt]n built tru] on a k ( ! mi/akes ( ! fir/4 ,x 0 to unite ,re9h>dt1 ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 ! compos]1 & ,hugo von ,h(mann/hal1 ! playwright4 ,x rea*$ "s sort ( t5tative plan at ! h&s ( ,poelzig1 :o mis-design$ ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus1 & ,adolf ,l9neba*1 !n pass$ on to ,max ,hasait1 :o laid out a /age s*eme = "s new ar*itect to build 8 plans ar\nd4 ,?is s*eme call$ = a semi-circul> =e/age1 ) a revolv+ /age 9 its c5t]1 a travel+ cyclorama ( ! ,ars patt]n beh9d ?is revolv+ /age1 a l>g] cyclorama tak+ 9 /ill a deep] /age1 & ano!r & a l>g] cyclorama beh9d t4 ,! prosc5ium 0 to be n>r[$ or wid5$ to suit ! size ( production & cyclorama4 ,! h\se itself 0 to be z adju/able1 ) a ceil+ t let d[n 9 su* a way z to cut ! seat+ capacity f ?ree or f\r ?\s& to fifte5 hundr$4 ,:ile ?is project wait$ on capital1 an almo/ hopeless condition 9 ,au/ria1 & h9ts began to come t ! ,fe/spielhaus w\ld h to be built 9 ,g5eva in/ead1 a new opportunity came to ,re9h>dt's h&s ?r\gh ,presid5t ,vett]1 head ( ! ,au/rian ,/ate !at]s1 an opportunity ( work+ 9 a playh\se t agre$ ) mu* t ,re9h>dt _h felt ab\t ! relations ( audi5ce & actor4 ,he 0 invit$ to produce five or six plays 9 ! fall ( #aibb 9 ! new !at] 9 ! ,r$\t5saal 9 ,vi5na4 ,"h1 ^u a /age practically )\t sett+1 & )9 a room t holds actors & audi5ce 9 a matrix ( b>oque ri*ness1 ,re9h>dt w h produc$1 by ! "t ?is book appe>s1 ! foll[+ plays3 ,tur&ot1 ,gozzi's ,italian com$y1 ,clavigor & ,/ella by ,goe!1 ,molire's ,le ,misan?rope1 & ,dame ,cobalt by ,cald]on4 ,"h he w h to "w 9 an absolutely non-reali/ic ve91 he w h to explore to ! fulle/ ! possibilities ( ! new & curi\s sort ( act+ :i* ,i h call$ pres5tational4 ,?is adv5ture 9 ,m>ia ,!resa's ballroom w measure ,re9h>dt aga9/ ! future4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,arti/ ,,z ,,director ,! director ( ! future may n be a director ( to-day4 ,he may n be a director at all4 ,he may be "o ( ^? arti/s ^: appe>ance has be5 su* a di/9ctive & int]e/+ ph5om5on ( ! tw5tie? c5tury !at]4 ,:ile we exam9e ,max ,re9h>dt to discov] if he is likely to be ! flux :i* w fuse ! expressioni/ play & ! pres5tational actor1 x may be t ! man we seek is 8 =m] design] ( sett+s1 ,ern/ ,/]n4 ,! relation ( arti/ & director 9 ! mod]n !at] has be5 a curi\s "o1 q z intimate z t ( pilot-fi% & %>k1 & n s dissimil>4 ,atta*$ to ! %>k1 ! pilot-fi% has 8 way ?r\gh life made easy & secure2 he is c>ri$ com=tably f "o hunt+ gr\nd to ano!r4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 :5 ! "t comes to f9d food1 x is ! pilot-fi% t seeks out ! prov5d]1 & prep>es ! gr\nd1 z x 71 = ! attack ( ! %>k4 ,!n !y bo? fea/1 & ! pilot-fi% resumes 8 subord9ate position4 ,we may %ift ! figure to pleasant] gr\nd by grace ( ,samuel ,butl]1 ! ,ere:onian4 ,?is brilliant1 odd old g5tleman1 a bit ( a sci5ti/ z well z a lit]>y man1 _h a passion = transf]r+ ! t]ms & conceptions ( biology to ma*9]y & to man's social relation%ips4 ,dep>t+ f ! cru/aceans1 :i* gr[ new legs or tails z fa/ z ! old are cut (f1 he said3 8,:at 444 c be m di/9ct f a man ?an 8 bank] or 8 solicitor8 ,yet ^! are commonly s mu* p>ts ( him t he c no m cut !m (f & gr[ new ones ?an he c gr[ new legs or arms2 nei!r mu/ he w\nd 8 solicitor2 a w\nd 9 ! solicitor is a v s]i\s ?+4 ,z = 8 bank1--failure ( 8 bank's action may be z fatal to a man z failure ( 8 he>t4444 ,we c1 inde$1 gr[ but*]s1 bak]s1 & gre5groc]s1 almo/ ad libitum1 b ^! are l[ developm5ts & correspond to sk91 hair1 or f+] nails40 ,i d n "k :e!r x w\ld be "r to say t directors h gr[n arti/s ) great assiduity 9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 or t ! greate/ ( ! directors h become z closely associat$ ) p>ticul> arti/s z a well-to-d ,engli%man is ) 8 bank] or 8 solicitor4 ,at any rate ! "n ( ,re9h>dt is intimately associat$ ) ! "n ( ,/]n2 ,jessn] has 8 ,pir*an1 ,fehl+ 8 ,/rohba*2 ,i h spok5 ( ! close relation%ip ( ,wei*]t & ,siev]t1 & ,i c\ld po9t out simil> id5tifications 9 ,am]ica4 ,an arti/ ( a c]ta9 type has come into a v def9ite1 creative connection ) ! art ( production1 & he has usually br\ght 8 contribution to ! !at] ( a p>ticul> director4 ,! design] is a mod]n product4 ,he 0 unkn[n to ,molire or ,%akespe>e2 ! tailor 0 _! only arti/4 ,except = incid5tal music1 co/ume is ! "o field 9 :i* ano!r tal5t ?an t ( actor or director invad$ ! !at] f ,greek days until ! la/ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 design]s ( sc5]y 9 ! ,r5aissance1 b !y kept to ! c\rt masques4 ,inigo ,jones w\ld h be5 z a/oni%$ & z %ock$ z ,%akespe>e if anybody _h sugge/$ t he try to "w ^u ! /age ( ! ,globe ,!at]4 ,! adv5t ( ,italian op]a--a developm5t easy to trace f ! c\rt masques--& ! build+ ( elaborate !at]s to h\se its sc5]y1 br\ght ! pa9t] ^u ! /age4 ,! names ( ! flamboyant bro!rs ,galli-,bibi5a are ! fir/ great names to be met ) 9 ! annals ( sc5e pa9t+4 ,& !y 7 ! la/ great names until ,s*9kel1 ! ,g]man ar*itect1 began 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury to seek a way ( ridd+ ! /age ( ! dull devices ( ! curr5t sc5e pa9t]s4 ,sc5]y 0 n an inv5tion ( ,realism2 x 0 a mu* old] ?+4 ,i d\bt if any "o m tal5t$ ?an a good c>p5t] or an int]ior decorator 0 ne$$ to a*ieve ! actuality :i* ! reali/s dem&$4 ,:5 arti/s ( di/9ction1 or design]s ) a flair = ! !at] appe>$ at ! /age door1 x 0 because !y saw ,%akespe>e or ,goe!1 von ,h(mann/hal or ,maet]l9ck s5d+ 9 _! c>ds to ,irv+ or ,re9h>dt or ,/anislavsky4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,des]t3 a sett+ by ,isaac ,grnewald f ! op]a1 ,samson & ,delilah4 ,a vi/a ( hills & sky1 pa9t$ & lit 9 tones ( burn+ orange1 is brok5 at ei!r side by high1 lean+ walls ( h>% gray rock4 ,! director1 ,h>ald ,&r1 has gr\p$ 8 play]s s z to cont9ue ! triangul> =m ( ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* !y are se54 ,at ! ,royal ,op]a 9 ,/ockholm4 ,n[ :at are ! relations t ?is mod]n ph5om5on has e/abli%$ ) ! !at] ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! director8 ,ord9>ily !y diff] v mu* f ! attitude t exi/$ betwe5 ! old-fa%ion$ sc5ic arti/ & ! director1 & ! attitude t /ill exi/s 9 ! case ( mo/ sc5ic /udios4 ,?is is ! relation ( %opkeep] & buy]4 ,! director ord]s s _m sett+s f ! /udio4 ,p]haps he specifies t !y are to be arrang$ 9 ?is or t fa%ion1 ?\gh usually1 if ! director hasn't ! intellig5ce to employ a ?or\ghly creative design]1 he hasn't ! int]e/ to c>e :at ! sett+ is l s long z x has en\gh doors & w9d[s to satisfy ! dramati/4 ,occasionally y f9d a ke51 mod]n director :o1 = "o reason or ano!r1 has to employ an arti/ ( inf]ior quality4 ,!n x is ! director's ideas & conceptions & ev5 8 r\gh sket*es & plans t are execut$1 n ! arti/'s4 ,9 ,/ockholm1 = example1 ,h>ald ,&r s dom9ates ! (ficial sc5e pa9t] ( ! ,op]a t ! sett+s = ,macbe? are l>gely ,&r's 9 design ?\gh !y are ,?orolf ,jansson's 9 execution4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! exceptionally tal5t$ arti/1 ,isaac ,grnewald1 ) :om ,&r associat$ himself = ! production ( ,samson & ,delilah1 ! director's ideas c\ld dom9ate 9 c]ta9 sc5es4 ,= example1 9 ! beautiful & effective episode ( ! ,jews 9 ! des]t :i* ,&r inject$ into ! fir/ act--a sc5e = :i* ! director requir$ a symbolic picture ( ! fall ( ! walls ( ,phili/ia to accompany ! or*e/ral music :i* he us$ = ?is int]lude4 ,! brilliance ) :i* ,grnewald execut$ ! conception may be judg$ f ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,! commone/ relation%ip ( ! director & ! design] has be5 cop]ative4 ,! arti/ has br\ght a s*eme ( production to ! director z (t51 p]haps1 z ! director has br\ght su* a s*eme to ! arti/4 ,! director has !n criticiz$1 revis$1 ev5 amplifi$ ! arti/'s designs1 & has br\ght !m to realization on ! /age4 ,& ! arti/ & ! director1 arrang+ lights at ! f9al rehe>sals1 h come to a la/ cop]ation :i* may be m important to ! play ?an any t has gone be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,samson & ,delilah3 ! mill4 ,a rem>kable example ( an ess5tially ornam5tal !atrical sett+1 design$ by ,isaac ,grnewald = ! ,royal ,op]a 9 ,/ockholm4 ,black empt9ess4 ,a slant+ %aft ( light /rikes ! mill/one 9 a vivid cresc5t4 ,z ! :eel travels 9 its track ?is cresc5t wid5s to a disk ( bl9d+ light1 & !n %r9ks aga94 ,! actual =ms ( ?is sett+ are sublimat$ into an arre/+ composition ( %ift+ ab/ract %apes ( light4 ,y f9d1 h[ev]1 con/ant evid5ce ( ! arti/ runn+ ahead ( ! director 9 ! creation ( details ( production :i* h a l>ge be>+ on ! action z well z on ! atmosph]e ( ! play4 ,grnewald br\ght a sett+ to ! mill sc5e 9 ,samson & ,delilah :i* 0 n only /rik+ly orig9al & dramatic1 b :i* =c$ ! direction into a s+le c\rse4 ,! usual arrangem5t is ! flat mill/one ) a long pole1 aga9/ :i* ,samson pu%es1 tread+ out a l>ge circle z ! /one revolves4 ,! actor is always m or less visible1 & !re is no p>ticul> impression ( a cruel ma*9e dom9at+ a human be+4 ,grnewald *ang$ all ?is by us+ a primitive type ( v]tical mill/one4 ,! sket* %[s ! /age 9 d>kness except = "o %aft ( light /rik+ sideways across4 ,! great :eel is set well d[n front )9 a l[ circul> wall4 ,along ! wall ,samson walks1 pu%+ aga9/ a %ort pole t /icks out f ! c5t] ( "o face ( ! high n>r[1 mill/one4 ,z he pu%es1 ! /one sw+s ab\t & also revolves4 ,?is all[s ! beam ( light to cat* fir/ a ?9 cresc5t at ! top ( ! curv+ edge ( ! :eel1 !n a wid] & wid] curve1 until sudd5ly1 z ,samson comes into view1 ! light br+s out ! flat face ( ! :eel l a full moon4 ,aga9/ ?is ! actor is outl9$ = 8 aria4 ,!n1 :ile ! or*e/ra plays1 he pu%es ! :eel once m ar\nd4 ,?is arrangem5t is extraord9>ily f9e z a liv+ picture & z an expression ( ! mood ( ! sc5e4 ,moreov]1 x is a triumph = ! arti/1 because x is an idea 9 direction z well z sett+4 ,x dictates ! movem5t ( ! play] & manages x 9 ! be/ possible way4 ,no o!r action = ,samson is possible 9 ?is set1 & no o!r action c\ld be s appropriate & effective4 ,examples ( simil> dictation by ! arti/--?\gh none s /rik+--come to m9d4 ,9 ,frank=t ,siev]t arrang$ ! sett+s = ,/r9db]g's ,t[>ds ,damascus 9 a way t contribut$ dramatic significance to ! movem5t ( ! play]s4 ,! piece is 9 sev5te5 sc5es2 x proce$s ?r\gh eight diff]5t sett+s to rea* ! n9?1 a *ur*1 & f ! n9? ! h]o passes back ?r\gh ! eight 9 rev]se ord] until he arrives at ! spot :]e ! action began4 ,siev]t saw an opportunity to use ! revolv+ /age1 z well z elem5ts ( design1 9 a way int]pret+ & unify+ ! play4 ,he plac$ all n9e sc5es on ! 8revolv]10 & he made ! act+ floor ( ea* successive sett+ a little high] ?an ! la/4 ,?is results 9 r n>r[ rooms & a sea %ore b\nd$ by =mal yell[ walls1 b x p]mits an obvi\s unity1 x %[s visually ! pa? t ! h]o has to foll[1 & x symbolizes 8 progress z a /eady upw>d movem5t t[>ds ! *ur*4 ,! arti/ dictat+ a p>ticul> k9d ( direction is obvi\s en\gh 9 ,*\t 7,le ,b\ffon71 ! fanta/ic comic ballet by ,prok(ieff :i* ,gont*>ova design$ = ! ,ballets ,russes4 ,gont*>ova's sett+s are n p>ticul>ly good1 b at lea/ !y h a def9ite & individual "*4 ,!y are expressioni/ aft] a fa%ion relat$ m or less to ,cubism4 ,!y pres5t ,russian sc5es 9 wildly di/ort$ p]spective4 ,log h\ses & wood5 f5ces %att] ! backdrop 9 a w> ( s]ri$ timb]s4 ,a table is pa9t$ on a w+1 ! top tipp+ up at an al>m+ angle1 "o plate drawn securely ^u x1 & ano!r1 ( papi]-m*1 p9n$ to x4 ,all ?is sort ( ?+ enjo9$ ^u ! rgisseur a k9d ( direction q z biz>re1 mann]$1 & comic4 ,*\t seems to h _h no direction at all 9 any creative s5se4 ,! rgisseur fail$ to meet ! *all5ge ( ! arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ sc5e ( ,t*eh(f's ,uncle ,vanya4 ,"h ,pitoff indicates a ,russian c\ntry side by a ru/ic b5* & sl5d] bir* trees =mally spac$ aga9/ a flat gray curta94 ,x is ord9>ily v h>d to say :at %>e ! arti/ or ! director has _h 9 ! s*eme ( a sett+1 or :e!r ! director has bo!r$ 8 head at all ab\t ! sett+ aft] confid+ x to :at he consid]s compet5t h&s4 ,x is an int]e/+ speculation j h[ mu* ! physical %ape ( ,re9h>dt's productions has be5 ! sole creation ( 8 arti/1 ,/]n4 ,c]ta9ly ,/]n delight$ 9 ! problems :i* ! use ( ! revolv+ /age pres5t$1 & only 9 a s+le m9d c\ld ! complexities ( ^! sets1 ne/+ toge!r l "s cut-out puzzle1 be organiz$ to a def9ite end4 ,x is entirely possible t1 except = a conf]5ce on ! g5]al tone ( ! production1 & criticisms ( ! s*eme devis$ by ,/]n1 ,re9h>dt may h giv5 no ?\ght at all to ! sc5]y4 ,/]n 0 a ma/] 9 8 own l9e1 & = ,re9h>dt !re 0 always ! ?+ he delight$ mo/ 91 ! emotional mood produc$ by ! voices & movem5ts ( ! actors4 ,8 c>elessness ( detail ev5 9 ! act+1 sugge/s t = him !re 7 only ! bigge/ mom5ts1 ! important elem5ts & climaxes1 t put ov] ! emotion ( ! play4 ,sometimes arti/ & director are ! same1 z ) ,pitoff 9 ,g5eva & ,p>is1 or ) ,knut ,/rm 9 ,go!nburg4 ,9 su* a case sett+1 direction1 & act+ are "o4 ,b ord9>ily !re is a division ( responsibility1 & an opportunity = ! arti/ to play a "p 9 ! production ( a drama f> m important ?an ,bibi5a's4 ,j h[ important x may prove to be is b\nd up1 ,i ?9k1 ) ! future ( ! !at] z a physical ?+1 & ) ! temp]am5t ( ! arti/4 ,work+ z a design] ( picture-sett+s1 ! arti/ c only sugge/ action1 b n dictate x1 ?r\gh ! %apes & atmosph]es he creates4 ,! important ?+ is t almo/ all ! design]s ( real di/9ction 9 ,europe are t5d+ /eadily away f ! picture-sett+4 ,!y are con/antly at "w ^u plans = break+ d[n ! prosc5ium-frame type ( production1 & = rea*+ a simple plat=m /age or podium ^u :i* ! actor %all pres5t himself frankly z an actor4 ,?is means1 curi\sly en\gh1 t ! design]s ( sc5]y are try+ to elim9ate sc5]y1 to aboli% _! vocation4 ,& ?is 9 turn %\ld indicate t ! arti/ has 8 eye on some?+ else besides be+ an arti/4 ,! director :o works 9 su* a new !at] z ! arti/s desire--9 ! ,r$\t5saal 9 ,vi5na1 = example1--requires an arti/ to "w ) him :o sees art 9 t]ms ( ! arrangem5t ( action ^u /eps1 & aga9/ prop]ties or scre5s4 ,?is is ord9>ily ! bus9ess ( ! director 9 our picture-frame !at]2 ) ! "w ( ! arti/ en*ant+ly visible 9 ! sett+ beh9d ! actors1 ! director c get away reasonably well ) ! e/hetic problems ( ! relations ( actors & furniture & ( actors & actors4 ,nobody notes 8 %ortcom+s 9 ?is reg>d4 ,put him ^u an almo/ nak$ /age1 & he mu/ n only make 8 actors f> m expressive 9 voice & feature1 b he mu/ also d f9e ?+s ) _! bodies & _! meag] surr\nd+s4 ,?is is f> easi] = a pictorial arti/ ?an = ! director1 :o is usually an actor )\t a well-tra9$ eye4 ,! director mu/ !re=e employ an arti/ ev5 9 ! sc5]yless !at]1 & employ him to d :at is really a "w ( direction4 ,! two mu/ try to fuse _! individualities & abilities1 & br+ out a composite director-arti/1 a d\ble man possess+ ! tal5ts t appe> toge!r 9 ,pitoff4 ,illu/ration3 ,a sc5e f ,grabbe's ,napoleon4 ,! ,place de ,grve 9 ,p>is is indicat$ by a great /reet lamp set boldly on a rais$ plat=m 9 ! c5t] ( ! /age4 ,a ,jessn] production design$ by ,ces> ,kle94 ,! imm$iate "q is obvi\sly ?is3 ,if ! director _c acquire ! tal5ts ( ! arti/1 :y _c ! arti/ acquire ! tal5ts ( ! director8 ,if ! knack ( visual design1 & ! ke5 appreciation ( physical relation%ips _c be cultivat$ 9 a man :o does n possess !m by bir?1 is x likewise impossible = ! man :o possesses !m to acquire ! faculty ( und]/&+ & ( draw+ =? emotion 9 ! actor8 ,! problem n>r[s d[n to ! temp]am5t ( ! arti/ v]sus ! temp]am5t ( ! director4 ,!re is a diff]5ce2 x is no use d5y+ x4 ,! director is ord9>ily a man s5sitive en\gh to und]/& human emotion deeply & to be able to recognize x1 summon x1 & guide x 9 actors4 ,b he mu/ also be call\s en\gh to meet ! contacts ( direction--(t5 v difficult contacts--& to organize n only ! p]=mance ( ! play]s1 b also a great deal ( bo!rsome detail involv+ m5 & wom5 :o mu/ be manag$ & cajol$1 comm&$1 & worn d[n1 & g5]ally treat$ z no arti/ c>es to treat o!rs1 or to treat himself 9 ! process ( treat+ o!rs4 ,! director mu/ be an executive1 & ?is implies a cold ability to dom9ate o!r human be+s1 :i* ! arti/ does n ord9>ily h4 ,! arti/ is ess5tially a lonely work]4 ,he is n greg>i\s 9 8 labor4 ,s f> z ! future goes1 ! hope = ! arti/ is t he w be able to rev]se ! ,butl]ian process :i* held 9 ! relations ( director & design]4 ,he mu/ be able to 8gr[ a director40 ,?is may n be s v difficult4 ,x may v well happ5 t an arti/ w employ a /age manag]1 z an a/ute director n[ employs an arti/1 to d a "p ( 8 "w = him4 ,he w expla9 to ! /age manag] ! g5]al s*eme ( production t he wants1 mu* z a director expla9s to an arti/ ! sort ( sett+s he desires4 ,! /age manag] w rehe>se ! movem5ts ( ! actors t[>ds ?is end4 ,:5 ! arti/ sees opportunities = fur!r developm5t ( action & bus9ess1 he w expla9 ?is to ! /age manag]1 & p]haps to ! play]s involv$1 & ! /age manag] w aga9 see t ! ideas ( 8 sup]ior are c>ri$ out4 ,some?+ ( ! k9d occurs ev5 n[ :]e a director employs a subdirector to 8break 90 ! company4 ,bo? ,re9h>dt & ,ar?ur ,hopk9s1 ?\gh ?or\ghly capable ( 8wad+ into0 a gr\p ( play]s1 & en=c+ action by m9ute direction & imitation1 g5]ally use ! quiet me?od ( consult+ ) play]s1 & sugge/+ *anges to !m1 n dur+ ! actual rehe>sal1 b aft]w>ds 9 ! protection ( a w+ or ! privacy ( a dress+ room4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ sc5e f ,o!llo z /ag$ by ,leopold ,jessn] 9 ,b]l94 ,on long curv$ /eps :i* rema9 ?r\gh\t1 & aga9/ ! neutral backgr\nd ( ! cyclorama1 ! arti/1 ,emil ,pir*an1 puts ! b>e/ indications ( place4 ,"h1 ,brabantio's h\se gleams l a moon/one aga9/ a backgr\nd ( neutral-t9t$ di/ance4 ,! pres5ce ( ! arti/ z director 9 "s future !at] )\t sc5]y1 implies a decid$ influ5ce on ! type ( act+4 ,su* a /age itself1 ?ru/ boldly at ! spectators1 if n actually plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 t5ds to dictate a frank1 direct contact betwe5 play]s & audi5ce4 ,9 su* a h\se an actor w be all b =c$ to des]t ! purely repres5tational /yle ( to-day1 & to pres5t himself & 8 emotions 9 an op51 ass]tive1 mascul9e mann] z objects ( art & ( emotion4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! arti/ t[>ds ?is k9d ( !at] implies1 ,i ?9k1 a t5d5cy t[>ds pres5tational act+4 ,c]ta9ly ,i h talk$ ) few :o 7 n receptive to x4 ,put toge!r a /age t t5ds t[>ds pres5tational act+ & an arti/ ^: in/9cts run to ! same ends1 & ! outcome is n difficult to =esee4 ,! problem at pres5t is1 :at arti/8 ,& :]e8 ,& h[ soon8 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,a ,,new ,,adv5ture ,,9 ,,direction ,! out/&+ director 9 ! ,g]man !at] to-day is also ! mo/ radical director4 ,& ! mo/ radical director is at ! head ( ! ,prussian ,/ate ,!at]1 ! ,s*auspielhaus1 9 ,b]l94 ,8 "n is ,leopold ,jessn]1 & he is ! only man :o has ?reat5$ to fill ! place made vacant by ,re9h>dt's retirem5t4 ,"s say t he has already fill$ x1 &--) dis>m+ logic--t ,re9h>dt 0 only a m\ntebank anyh[4 ,"s ?9k ,jessn] a clev] ecc5tric4 ,c]ta9ly he is ! mo/ discuss$ p]sonality 9 ! ,g]man !at]1 & 8 me?ods are ! mo/ debat$4 ,"o ^w crops up :5ev] 8 "n is m5tion$--,jessn]trepp54 ,! ,g]man language has boil$ d[n into a s+le ^w an idea t we w\ld h to phrase z 8^? crazy /eps ( ,leopold ,jessn]40 ,x makes a h&y /one = ! anti-,jessn]ites to ?r[ at ! director's fri5ds4 ,jessn]'s fri5ds are beg9n+ to h ! good s5se to pick up ! /one & ?r[ x back4 ,= ! ^w ,jessn]trepp5 hits (f a virtue--p]haps1 ! ma9 virtue ( ! man4 ,illu/ration3 ,o!llo3 act ,,iii1 sc5e #c4 ,a t[]+ column1 ) its l[] end %>p5$ l ! po9t ( a lead p5cil1 is seem+ly driv5 into "o end ( ! c5tral plat=m4 ,o!llo & ,iago /& at ! base4 ,,iago3 ,h y n sometimes se5 a h&k]*ief ,spott$ ) /rawb]ries 9 y\r wife's h&s8 ,jessn] fills 8 /age ) /eps4 ,he seems unable to get along )\t !m4 ,he mu/ h plat=ms1 levels1 walls1 t]races4 ,!y are to him :at scre5s1 t[]+ %apes1 great curta9s are to ,gordon ,craig4 ,9 e production ,jessn]1 ?r\gh 8 arti/1 ,emil ,pir*an1 provides "s p]man5t f\ndation besides ! /age-floor = ! actor to play ^u1 "s arrangem5t ( diff]5t levels4 ,9 8 ,ri*>d ,,iii x is a wall all across ! /age1 ) a plat=m along ! top at ! base ( ano!r wall1 & = c]ta9 sc5es a flight ( /eps l a pyramid plac$ aga9/ ! l[] wall4 ,9 ,o!llo ,jessn] uses two plat=ms1 "o on top ( ! o!r1 ea* rea*$ by two or ?ree /eps1 ! l[] a long ellipse almo/ z l>ge z ! /age1 ! upp] "o small] & proportionately broad]2 ^u ! upp] plat=m ,jessn] places c]ta9 indications ( sett+4 ,= ,grabbe's ,napoleon he uses f\r or five /eps ris+ %>ply to a plat=m p]haps f\r feet high4 ,sometimes ?is plat=m is supplem5t$ by a high "o pull$ ap>t 9 ! middle to make oppos+ hills1 r$\bts1 vantage po9ts 9 ! battle sc5es4 ,! ,jessn]trepp5 are ! key to ! physical ?+s 9 ?is director's productions4 ,!y give ! /age "o g5]al %ape = ea* play4 ,!y e/abli% a =mal quality4 ,!y t5d to bani% repres5tation 9 sc5]y1 s9ce only indications ( sett+ h>monize ) _! frank artificiality4 ,&--_! ma9 purpose--!y provide ! director ) mo/ int]e/+ opportunities = manuv]+ 8 actors4 ,"o ( ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s ( ^! is a new way ( mak+ entrances4 ,su* /eps z are us$ 9 ,o!llo & ,napoleon g d[n at ! back z f> z !y rise 9 ! front1 & bel[ t ! director op5s a trap or two 9 ! floor4 ,?us he is able to h an actor walk /raight up out ( ! back ( ! /age1 & appe> 9 a dom9at+ position 9 ! middle ( ! action4 ,jessn] uses ?is novel means ( entrance aga9 & aga9 9 ,o!llo1 & x is always fre% & effective4 ,= ! return to ,cyprus ! ,moor m>*es triumphantly up ^! /eps1 to ! welcome ( 8 wife4 ,f> m important1 h[ev]1 is :at ,jessn] does ) ! front ( ! /eps4 ,!y may be !re to help a =mal /age ) v little sc5]y to seem /eadily int]e/+ ev5 to audi5ces t expect ! conv5tional gauds ( ! !at]4 ,b _! true (fice is to make possible a sort ( ?ree-dim5sional direction = :i* ,jessn] has become r5[n$4 ,ord9>ily ! actor moves 9 only two directions ^u ! /age--"r & left1 & t[>ds ! footlights & away f !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! latt] movem5t is s unsatisfactory f ! po9t ( view ( any spectators except ^? 9 ! balconies1 t ! actor really has only "o plane 9 :i* he c move visibly & expressively4 ,jessn] does m ?an add a ?ird dim5sion :5 he s5ds 8 actors up & d[n ! /eps4 ,he also gives a great deal m significance to ! movem5t t[>ds & away f ! audi5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,o!llo3 act #d1 sc5e #b4 ,cyprus4 ,! ca/le4 ,on ! c5tral plat=m are set two curv$ scre5s ( dull salmon p9k4 ,beh9d1 ! quiv]+ d>kness ( ! unlight$ cyclorama4 ,emilia1 dress$ 9 deep crimson1 /&s 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,beside ! s5se ( movem5t--always an intrigu+ ?+ 9 ! !at]--,jessn] provides 9 8 /eps a me*anism = solv+ _m dramatic problems4 ,8 actors d n sp5d _! "t gett+ out ( ! way ( ! actors beh9d !m4 ,!y are n %uttl+ back & =? 9 an ef=t to let ! audi5ce see all ! play]s at ! same "t4 ,"o actor _c 8cov]0 ano!r if he /&s on /eps4 ,ev5 a v l>ge cr[d c appe> on su* a /age )\t ! individual speak]s be+ lo/4 ,z ,lee ,simonson %[$ 9 8 use ( diff]5t levels = ! ,!at] ,guild's production ( ,he ,:o ,gets ,slapp$1 ) ! prop] sort ( elevations on ! /age a l>ge numb] ( actors c play a v complicat$ sc5e )\t confus+ _! relation%ips or assum+ awkw>d positions4 ,b a great deal m important ?an ?is negative virtue is ! positive contribution ( /eps 9 p]mitt+ _m m & mu* f9] compositions ?an ! flat floor p]mits4 ,jessn] composes freely 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,he composes bo? = e/hetic & = dramatic effect4 ,!re are times :5 y c see him arrang+ 8 actors ) no?+ b ! e/hetic aim 9 m9d4 ,take ! fir/ sc5e 9 :i* ,napoleon himself appe>s 9 ,grabbe's drama4 ,x is n a p>ticul>ly good sett+ 9 "s ways2 x is a r obvi\s & ugly silh\ette ( a ba/ion & a slant+ p>apet lead+ up to x4 ,! sc5e %[s ,napoleon receiv+ reports f an (fic] & giv+ ord]s4 ,jessn] delib]ately places ,napoleon on top ( ! ba/ion aga9/ ! sky & /&s ! (fic] /iffly on ! p>apet bel[2 ! relation ( ! two m5 z *>act]s 9 ! play is ?us e/abli%$ visually z well z ?r\gh ! text4 ,! relation ( ! two m5 z a composition--n z *>act]s--has to be di/urb$ by ! entrance ( a second (fic]4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible = ,napoleon & ! fir/ (fic] bo? to reta9 _! positions if ! second (fic] is to fit into a composition4 ,accord+ly ! fir/ moves j en\gh to e/abli% a new e/hetic relation embrac+ all ?ree4 ,jessn] is free ) 8 dramatic compositions & occasionally altoge!r too obvi\s4 ,he keeps 8 dom9ant p at ! top ( ! ,jessn]trepp51 or br+s !m d[n z !y lose comm&4 ,he h&les ! accession ( ,ri*>d ,,iii z ,%akespe>e did1 & z v few directors h s9ce done4 ,:5 ! burgh]s come to ask ,ri*>d to be k+1 !y f9d him 8al(t1 betwe5 two bi%ops10 9 compliance ) ,buck+ham's advice3 8,g1 g up to ! leads40 ,jessn] has ,ri*>d walk ^u ! plat=m above ! wall2 x is 8 fir/ appe>ance on high & he ma9ta9s 8 place until ! battle at ! end4 ,at ! close ( ,napoleon1 ! emp]or1 :o has appe>$ hi!rto only at ! top ( ! /eps1 is se5 seat$1 brok5 & disconsolate1 on ! l[e/ /ep ( all1 ) a s9k+ sun beh9d him1 & ! soldi]s above4 ,illu/ration3 ,o!llo3 act #d1 sc5e #b4 ,iago lurks 9 ! %ad[ ( a great black %ape di/ort$ l ! trunk ( "s fanta/ic tree4 ,cassio pursues ,rod]igo along a n>r[ pa? :i* skirts ! base ( ! cyclorama2 y see _! runn+ figures1 f> away & small4 ,x w\ld seem safe to inf] f all ?is t ,jessn] is n a reali/ic produc]4 ,he might1 ( c\rse1 h a*iev$ _m ( ^! effects )9 a natural sett+1 b only at ! co/ ( a great deal ( labori\s plann+ & manuv]+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,jessn] doesn't use "o ounce ( en]gy try+ to be ei!r natural or plausible4 ,8 me?od is op5ly expressioni/ic4 ,jessn] di/orts ! natural 9 a hundr$ ways to a*ieve some?+ expressive ( ! drama4 ,! fir/ sc5e 9 ,napoleon1 z he gives x1 is suppos$ accord+ to ! text to pass 9 ! arcades ( ! ,palais ,royal1 l9$ ) boo?s4 ,v>i\s episodes1 dialogues1 & h>angues take place betwe5 diff]5t speak]s & diff]5t knots ( ! cr[d4 ,! usual me?od ( h&l+ su* a sc5e is to turn on & (f ! spee* ( ! diff]5t gr\ps ( actors at w1 mak+ c]ta9 speak]s & p>ts ( ! cr[d oblig+ly inaudible to ! audi5ce4 ,!re is little en\gh ( nature 9 su* a bus9ess1 b ,jessn] bani%es ev5 t4 ,he keeps ! /age empty except = small cr[ds t ru% out1 along ) ! speak]s or %[-b>k]s1 = p>ticul> episodes4 ,jessn] h&les cr[ds ev5 m arbitr>ily at times4 ,lat] 9 ,napoleon1 dur+ a riot prec$+ ! news ( ,napoleon's return f exile1 a revolutioni/ kills a tailor4 ,z 8 body s9ks to ! /eps1 ! cr[d ( r$-clo!d m5 & wom5 falls ^u him1 almo/ z if to dev\r ! corpse1 & cov]s ! /eps z ) a great blood-r$ /a94 ,9 ,ri*>d ,,iii1 :5 ,gl\ce/] appe>s z k+ 9 a r$ cloak ^u ! top ( ! r$ /eps1 :i* are plac$ = ?is purpose aga9/ ! wall1 8 eight reta9]s1 also 9 r$1 s9k d[n 9 a heap bel[ him l a pile ( bloody skulls4 ,9 ,o!llo1 :5 ! ,moor returns 9 triumph to ,cyprus a *e]+ cr[d comes ) him up ! /eps f ! back4 ,:5 he has rea*$ ! top & c g no high]1 ! cr[d s9ks pro/rate4 ,= a mom5t he seems to gr[ 9 /ature1 & 8 triumph to t[] upw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,! prison sc5e f ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,a triangul> pat* ( light discloses a l[ ar*$ op5+ 9 ! ne>] wall ( ! p]man5t sett+ :]e ,cl>5ce sits 9 *a9s4 ,,cl>5ce3 ,w$ges ( gold1 great an*ors1 heaps ( pe>l1 ,ine/imable /ones1 unvalu$ jewels4444 ,^! are all compositions 9 ?ree dim5sions1 z well z violations ( ord9>y human conduct4 ,jessn] c also create symbolic action out ( unnatural action )\t any p>ticul> aid f ! /eps4 ,! sc5e ( ,napoleon's entrance into ! ?rone room ( ,l\is ,,xviii is an int]e/+ example4 ,! /eps give prom95ce to ! ?rone1 & enable ! audi5ce to see bett]2 b ,jessn]'s symbolism has no?+ to d ) ! /eps4 ,! sc5e is made up ( "s curta9s mask+ ea* side1 two w+s cut 9 rococo curves & ornam5t$ ) lilies 9 rococo patt]ns4 ,a flat backdrop ( ! same design & colors--n a v good design or v ,fr5* colors--completes ! room4 ,9 ?is room 9 an e>li] sc5e ,l\is has held audi5ce1 a fat1 yell[-&-:ite egg ( a man1 l "s ,humpty-,dumpty caught 9 a flood ( ! fi]ce :ite light t is suppos$ to beat ab\t a ?rone1 & all too seldom does any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,b n[ ,l\is is gone1 & ! lilies ( ! wall are %ad[$ by curta9s ( ,napoleonic blue1 :i* h1 = "s unacc\ntable reason1 got !mselves hung 9 ! room4 ,napoleon ent]s ?r\gh ! gap 9 ! curta9s1 rea*es up1 seizes ! edge ( "o ( !m1 & pulls x d[n ov] ! glory t 0 ,b\rbon4 ,!n he turns & faces ! audi5ce :ile two files ( soldi]s m>* /iffly pa/ him to ! opposite side f :i* ea* ent]$4 ,! ge/ure to ! curta9s1 & ! /accato m>* ( ! soldi]s back ( ,napoleon1 set out ! drama ( 8 return+ p[]4 ,naturally ,%akespe>e1 ev5 m ?an ,grabbe1 gives ,jessn] exceptional opportunities to symbolize & =malize 9 direction4 ,he is quick to seize !m--p>ticul>ly 9 ! soliloquies4 ,he beg9s ,ri*>d ,,iii ) ,gl\ce/] speak+ to ! audi5ce z ,prologue2 he ends x ) ,ri*mond z ,epilogue4 ,jessn] always fl+s asides directly at ! spectators4 ,:5 he comes ^u soliloquies--z 9 ,brak5bury's mus+s aft] ,cl>5ce has fall5 asleep 9 8 cell--he cuts !m (f %>ply f ! previ\s action by alt]+ ! light+1 & br++ ! actor d[n-/age to speak full at ! audi5ce4 ,he places ! murd]]s squatt+ on ! prompt]'s box = mu* ( _! *att]4 ,he has ! scriv5] read ,ha/+s' condemnation to ! audi5ce f ! same vantage po9t1 & ^u ?is relic1 9 poses fa%ion$ a little aft] ,rod9's ,burgh]s ( ,calais1 he places ! ?ree citiz5s :o disc\rse ( ! old k+'s dea? & ! sorry /ate ( ! realm4 ,jessn] is q z arbitr>y 9 8 h&l+ ( light z 9 8 h&l+ ( p4 ,he does n use light m]ely to illum9e ! /age1 z directors did ?irty ye>s ago4 ,he does n use light & %ad[ m]ely to def9e action by mak+ faces & figures m dynamic1 z ,appia set mod]n produc]s do+4 ,he uses light & %ad[ z a p>allel expression to ! play4 ,light & %ad[ act ! drama almo/ z mu* z d ! play]s4 ,! light is n 9 ! lea/ 8natural40 ,x suits ! mood ( ! sc5e4 ,x waxes & wanes ) ! progress or ! action4 ,:5 ! little pr9ces ent] 9 ,ri*>d ,,iii ! light %9es out m brightly4 ,:5 ,o!llo dies1 x gr[s dim1 !n a %>p %aft ( light %oots out f ! prompt]'s box1 & ?r[s ! %ad[ ( ,iago ov] ! trag$y he has caus$1 & ! %ad[ ( ! great canopi$ b$ spreads out ov] ! cyclorama1 :i* has /ood z a sort ( limit ( space ab\t ! play4 ,jessn] is p>ticul>ly fond ( %ad[s4 ,:5 "o rival meets ano!r & vanqui%es him1 ,jessn] w h him lit]ally 8?r[ him into ! %ade40 ,spotlights1 fla%+ on1 create mean+ful %ad[s4 ,an amus+ example occurs 9 ! soliloquy ( ,ri*>d end+3 ,%9e out1 fair sun1 till ,i h b\ght a glass1 ,t ,i may see my %ad[ z ,i pass4 ,z ,ri*>d says ?is1 ! lights on ! /age g d[n1 & a spotlight f ! prompt]'s box ?r[s 8 hump$ %ad[ on ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,ri*>d ,,iii3 ,gl\ce/] & 8 %ad[4 ,a high gre5-gray wall ext5ds /raight across ! /age2 9 front1 a l[] wall4 ,z ,gl\ce/] speaks1 ,%9e out1 fair sun1 till ,i h b\ght a glass1 ,t ,i may see my %ad[ z ,i pass1 a spotlight conceal$ 9 ! prompt]'s box is sudd5ly turn$ on & 8 %ad[ looms up1 huge & s9i/]4 ,jessn] has 8 play]s "u unusual control1 & he p]mits v little ( ! accid5tal expression ( feel+ :i* ,gordon ,craig inveighs aga9/ 9 ! actor4 ,he ev5 =bids ! little %ift+s & motions ( ! h&s :i* are natural to anybody1 actor or layman1 :ile li/5+ to a long spee* f ano!r4 ,jessn]'s actors1 if !y are n speak+1 & if _! emotions are n be+ v m>k$ly play$ ^u1 are held motionless4 ,!y d n move a limb4 ,i h he>d t1 9 a ball room sc5e1 ,jessn] kept doz5s ( play]s absolutely immobile 9 ! poses ( ! dance :ile ! two pr9cipals talk$4 ,jessn]'s company1 z x appe>s 9 ,ri*>d ,,iii1 ,napoleon1 & ,o!llo1 displays no extraord9>y tal5t4 ,! director has in/ill$ a vitality z %>p z ! sil5ce & immobility :i* he frequ5tly dem&s2 & !y play ) t drive & t %>pness ( acc5t :i* are inh]5tly ,g]man4 ,b !re is no g5ius "h1 no ,moissi4 ,fritz ,kortn]1 :o plays ,ri*>d & ,o!llo1 is ! out/&+ figure1 b he seems a play] ( limit$ vision & n v great te*nical range4 ,he plays bo? p>ts on ! same two notes3 a s(t1 precise1 & almo/ :isp]+ voice1 & ano!r t rasps & all b squalls4 ,bo? are a little monoton\s 9 tempo & acc5t4 ,he uses ! voice ( ! dove a great deal 9 ,o!llo1 bo? to e/abli% ! ,moor's k9d & noble nature1 & also z a base ^u :i* to re> ! contra/ ( 8 ang]4 ,! dove is a s]p5t 9 ,ri*>d4 ,physically1 ,kortn]'s ,ri*>d is odd & /rik+4 ,! actor is n v tall1 & he is decid$ly ?ick 9 figure4 ,8 attitudes1 ! apelike sw+ ( 8 arms1 8 pudgy face1 twi/$ by an evil gr91 give him an odd appe>ance t con/antly sugge/s o!r images ?an ,ri*>d himself4 ,a hump$ toad1 a fat1 cross monkey1 a gr9n+ ,japanese mask1 ! mask ( a ,greek com$ian--f9ally ! tru? /rikes home3 x is ! ,balzac ( ,rod94 ,illu/ration3 ,ri*>d ,,iii3 ,gl\ce/] becomes ,k+4 ,rob$ 9 sc>let1 he /&s at ! head ( a flight ( blood-r$ /eps4 ,bel[ him1 a d\ble r[ ( kneel+1 sc>let-clad c\rti]s4 ,beh9d1 a high gray wall4 ,above1 a blood-r$ sky4 ,!re is a mom5t 9 ,ri*>d :5 ?is curi\s figure is =gott54 ,x is ! dream ( ! k+ ! night be=e ! battle ( ,boswor? ,field4 7,:y is x1 by ! way1 t no produc] seems to h ! g5ius & navet to produce ?is sc5e z ,%akespe>e wrote x1 to place ! t5ts ( ,ri*>d & ( ,ri*mond on ei!r side ( ! /age1 & to let ! gho/s bless ,ri*mond & curse ,ri*>d alt]nately z !y d 9 ! text87 ,jessn] %e>s away ! bless+s1 & lets ! gho/s curse 9 ! w+s4 ,^u ! slant ( ! blood-r$ /eps lies ,ri*>d sleep+4 ,z ! voices call1 he wri!s & twi/s ^u 8 uneasy c\*4 ,! voices rise & race1 8 agitation gr[s m & m horrible1 until at ! end 8 hump$ body is beat+ a fe>some tattoo to ! rhy?m ( ! curs+ gho/ly voices4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is really effective & f9e sc5e1 comes ! extraord9>y1 mu* talk$ ( & q ludicr\s end ( ,ri*>d4 ,he has 8 sc5e ) ! g5]als1 !n goes (f to battle--or is x m]ely to te> (f 8 coat ( mail & 8 %irt8 ,at any rate he is on ! /age a few mom5ts lat]1 /agg]+ along ! top ( ! wall1 nak$ to ! wai/4 ,he cries3 8,a horse6 a horse6 my k+dom = a horse60 ,!n he m\nts 8 sword &1 z if on a hobby horse1 hops d[n ! /eps until exhau/ion ov]comes him & he falls4 ,p]haps ?is indicates ! fault t at pres5t keeps ,jessn] f be+ a great director4 ,8 judgm5t & 8 ta/e--:i* mean ! s\l ) :i* he int]prets & animates 8 "w--are v1 v faulty4 ,!re is no au/]ity & almo/ no true beauty 9 8 ,o!llo1 only /r5g?4 ,!re is no dignity 9 8 ,ri*>d ,,iii1 only horror4 ,he has made ,ri*>d t]rible1 b only ) ! t]ror ( wormy gravey>ds4 ,!re is no?+ ( #ae? c5tury ,engl& 9 x1 none ( ! beauty & fla% ( ! "t to make ! hide\sness ( ,gl\ce/] ! d>k]4 ,! play is dr[n$ 9 black--dirty1 mean black4 ,f> worse1 x is /ripp$ ( ! qualities t are ,%akespe>e4 ,wor/ ( all1 !re is no %r$ ( poetry 9 ! :ole l5g? ( ! production1 unless x is ! f9al mom5t4 ,if y c =get ! "q ( ta/e--if y d n c>e :at int]pretation a man puts on a great "w ( art--y mu/ admit ,jessn] to a v high place z a director4 ,he has orig9ality1 +5uity1 brav]y1 an uncommon te*nical ability4 ,he is indu/ri\s1 & indefatigably c>eful4 ,8 s9s are n ! s9s ( ,re9h>dt4 ,no detail escapes him2 s small a ?+ z (f-/age noise he h&les ) ! greate/ skill4 ,b ,jessn] is no poet4 ,) ! "q ( ta/e goes also ano!r fault1 n s grave1 yet important & p]haps significant4 ,jessn] appe>s to wor%ip ! obvi\s1 to believe t ! !at] is a place ( ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 impressions & reactions4 ,he is d>+ en\gh 9 8 te*nique b n 9 8 ideas4 ,he fl+s out symbols "r & left1 b !y are ! symbols ( ! prim]4 ,he directs 9 words ( "o syllable4 ,ri*>d ,,iii is an explanation 9 black & :ite1 :i* occasionally v5tures to lisp 9 :ite & r$4 ,ri*>d beg9s ! play 9 black aga9/ a black curta91 speak+ ! soliloquy ( 8,n[ is ! w9t] ( our discont5t40 ,ri*mond ends x 9 :ite aga9/ a :ite curta9 ) 8 spee* to ,/anley & 8 soldi]s conv]t$ into a soliloquy to ! audi5ce4 ,! troops ( ,ri*>d are r$-clo!d figures cross+ ! r$ /eps4 ,! troops ( ,ri*mond cross x 9 :ite4 ,?is is symbolism 9 baby-talk1 pres5tational production 9 k9d]g>t5 t]ms4 ,x is n impossible t an audi5ce is up to m ?an t4 ,illu/ration3 ,ri*>d ,,iii3 on ! blood-r$ /eps ( ,ri*>d's coronation /&s ,ri*mond1 a :ite-rob$ g5]al at ! head ( an army all 9 :ite4 ,x may be1 ( c\rse1 t ,jessn] is feel+ 8 way & t to-morr[ he w v5ture ^u subtlety--if x is 9 him4 ,at any rate1 "h is a pres5tational director1 a man :o =swe>s resemblance & ! picture frame1 & :o sets actors & _! movem5ts1 ! sett+ & its lights1 talk+ directly to ! audi5ce4 ,?is is an advance 9 ! me?ods ( production :i* makes ! new movem5t ( tw5ty ye>s ago look l an aft]noon /roll1 a revolt :i* makes t mu*-hail$ revolution seem a pleasant little excursion4 ,x is an advance & a revolt1 h[ev]1 /ill look+ = a lead]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,masse-,,m5s*--,,mob-,,man ,prophecy is a risky bus9ess 9 ! !at]1 especially :5 prophecy conc]ns itself ) p]sonalities r ?an t5d5cies4 ,i f9d x v difficult to br+ myself to say t ! man :o w become ! lead] ( ! new =ces 9 ! ,cont95tal !at] is ,jrg5 ,fehl+1 director ( ,masse-,m5s*4 ,& yet--on ! basis ( a s+le production--! temptation to believe some?+ ( ! k9d is /rong inde$4 ,fehl+'s "w is closely associat$ ) two /rik+ ph5om5a4 ,"o is ! ,volksbhne1 ! work+man's !atrical organization ( ,b]l91 :i* ma9ta9s ! h&some/ & be/ devis$ !at] 9 ! ,g]man capital2 & ! o!r is ! play :i* has be5 giv5 !re ) su* uncommon success1 ,masse-,m5s*1 a /range & p[]ful trag$y ( ! 8social revolution ( ! tw5tie? c5tury0 writt5 by a communi/ lead]1 ,ern/ ,toll]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ mom5t ( ,jessn]'s ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,gl\ce/]1 a grotesque1 twi/$ figure 9 black1 /&s silh\ett$ aga9/ a black curta94 ,9 contra/ to ?is ,ri*mond speaks ! f9al l9es ( ! play dress$ 9 :ite aga9/ a :ite curta94 ,,gl\ce/]3 ,n[ is ! w9t] ( our discont5t ,made glori\s summ]4444 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes ( black on black & :ite on :ite ! play takes its c\rse4 ,! ,b]l9 ,volksbhne is int]e/+ en\gh 9 itself4 ,z ! only organization t has be5 able to produce successfully ?is expressioni/ trag$y ( communism1 its p[] & position seem highly significant4 ,?is society ( prolet>ian playgo]s 0 f\nd$ m ?an ?irty ye>s ago z a spr\t+ b$ = naturali/ic drama & ! social !sis-play4 ,to-day x /ill cultivates ! be/ 9 ,realism & 9 ! social drama1 b x looks condesc5d+ly on ! !sis-play1 & x gives ! mo/ completely arti/ic & successful example to be se5 9 ,g]many ( an expressioni/ play & an expressioni/ production4 ,! ,volksbhne has always _h a d\ble policy--t ( buy+ out p]=mances ( good plays & retail+ ! seats to its memb]s = mu* less ?an ! box (fice prices1 & t ( produc+ plays itself4 ,x began ) a few ,sunday p]=mances ( bo? k9ds1 & /eadily grew 9 memb]%ip to ! po9t :]e x buys all ! ,sunday mat9ees at a numb] ( !at]s1 has two playh\ses ( its own1 ! ,volksbhne & ! ,neues ,volk/heat]1 & is organiz+ an op]a h\se1 ! ,volksop]4 ,"o hundr$ & eighty ?\s& m5 & wom5 ( ! l[] & l[]-middle classes subscrib$ 9 #aibb = eight productions1 ei!r at ! society's !at]s or at ! playh\ses ) :i* x deals4 ,! ,volksbhne itself is r an extraord9>y !at]4 ,its /rik+ front1 ) ! words ,die ,kun/ dem ,volke ^u its p$im5t1 rises across a /reet t cuts ?r\gh ! work+m5's qu>t] ( ,b]l91 &1 aft] a slight b5d1 crosses ! ,spree & becomes ,unt] d5 ,l9d54 ,f above its little triangle ( p>k1 ! ,volksbhne />es ironically &1 d\btless1 a little pr\dly d[n ! long /reet t passes ! hide\s art gall]ies ( ! ,prussian gov]nm5t1 ! palaces once occupi$ by ! ,hoh5zoll]ns1 ! ,/ate ,op]a1 :]e royalty turn$ its back ^u ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 & runs on to ! ,br&5burg] ,tor ( ,imp]ial memories4 ,! !at] has ! grimly noble air ( ! be/ ( ,g]man ar*itecture4 ,9 its auditorium ,osk> ,kaufmann has turn$ f ! au/]ity ( gray /one to ! ri*ness ( r$ mahogany4 ,! work+ class audi5ces ( ! ,volksbhne f9d !mselves seat$1 !re=e1 9 ! h&some/ & d\btless ! mo/ co/ly auditorium ( ,b]l9 :5 !y come to see ! play :i* might almo/ be ! /ory ( _! own defeat 9 ! communi/ ris+s ( #aiai4 ,masse-,m5s* itself is a play1 half dream & half reality1 9 :i* is pictur$ ! conflict ( ,masse1 ! masses1 aga9/ ,m5s*1 ! individual1 ( viol5t revolution aga9/ passive /rike4 ,its drama pleads pite\sly = ! sacr$ness ( human life & ! equal guilt ( ! ,/ate or ! revolution t takes x4 ,because x 0 writt5 by ,ern/ ,toll]1 :o1 z he wrote x1 lay 9 a ,muni* jail s]v+ a tw5ty-ye> s5t5ce = 8 "p z ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice 9 ! r$ rebellion :i* foll[$ ! assass9ation ( ,kurt ,eisn] by ! reaction>ies1 ,masse-,m5s* is pretty g5]ally taboo 9 ,g]man !at]s4 ,9 ! fir/ six mon?s aft] its premire at ! ,volksbhne 7#bi? ,septemb]1 #aiba7 x 0 play$ ab\t sev5ty times1 a v great numb] ( p]=mances 9 rep]tory4 ,b ^u its production 9 ,nuremb]g riots int]rupt$ ! fir/ p]=mance1 & x 0 nev] repeat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,ri*>d ,,iii3 ! f9al mom5t4 ,:ite virtue triumphs4 ,,ri*mond3 ,n[ civil w\nds are /opp'd1 ,peace lives aga93 ,t %e may long live "h1 ,god say ,am56 ,to ! significance ( ! play itself & ! prolet>ian organization :i* fl+s x 9 ! face ( a ,g]many :]e mon>*i/s & republicans1 sociali/s & communi/s1 ,/ate & cabals1 murd] ) almo/ equal recklessness1 mu/ be add$ a truly rem>kable type & quality ( production4 ,x be>s a c]ta9 relation to ! "w ( ,jessn] at ! ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus1 :]e1 by ! way1 ,fehl+ is n[ to be employ$4 ,x is absolutely free ( ,realism & repres5tation--z all expressioni/ production mu/ be4 ,x r$uces sett+ to less ?an symbol1 to :at is h>dly m ?an a conv5i5t plat=m = ! actor4 ,x uses light arbitr>ily4 ,masse-,m5s* is a piece 9 sev5 sc5es4 ,! fir/1 ?ird1 fif? & sev5? are actual2 ! o!rs are dream-pictures4 ,9 ! fir/ sc5e ,toll]'s /age directions call = 8,! re> room ( a work+man's meet+ hall4 ,on ! :ite-wa%$ walls1 portraits ( lead]s ( ! p & photographs ( union delegates4 ,9 ! c5t] a heavy table1 at :i* a woman & two workm5 are seat$40 ,! /age directions = ! second sc5e1 or fir/ dream-picture1 read3 8,indicat$3 ,! hall ( a /ock ex*ange4 ,at ! desk1 a cl]k2 ab\t him1 bank]s & brok]s40 ,! playwright felt ke5ly ! possibilities ( ! mod]n1 subjective me?ods ( productions1 or he w\ld n h us$ ! ^w1 8indicat$40 ,he did n feel !m cle>ly en\gh1 h[ev]1 to risk m ?an _! application to ! dream-pictures4 ,b1 tak+ 8,indicat$0 z a key-^w1 ,fehl+ has boldly v5tur$ to apply ab/ract & expressioni/ me?ods to ! :ole ( ?is ?or\ghly expressioni/ play4 ,9 ! fir/ sc5e1 = in/ance1 z y see x at ! ,volksbhne1 !re is no hall1 !re is no desk1 !re are no portraits4 ,!re is no?+ b a deep box ( high black curta9s1 & 9 ! c5t] a v l[1 broad plat=m4 ,^u ?is plat=m1 spott$ out ) ?ree %afts ( light1 are ! two m5 & ! woman 9 ! taut attitudes ( wre/l]s z !y clasp h&s1 ! woman 9 ! middle4 ,= ! dream sc5e1 ! /age is aga9 9 black curta9s1 b ^? at ! re> are occasionally op5$ to %[ a cl]k on an impossibly high /ool1 writ+ on an impossibly high desk1 almo/ 9 silh\ette aga9/ ! yell[-light$ dome4 ,a few /eps lead d[n into ! d>kness ( ! front /age4 ,fehl+ & 8 /age design]1 ,hans ,/rohba*1 pursue ! same g5]al me?od 9 ! succe$+ sc5es4 ,! 8real0 episodes are set 9 black curta9s & ) /eps ( "o sort or ano!r2 !y are lit by obvi\s beams ( light1 & !y are giv5 no m color ?an %[s 9 ! woman's sev]e blue dress & "o glimpse ( ! yell[ dome4 ,! dream-pictures are m elaborately /ag$1 ?\gh !y seem q b>e by ! /&>d ( our productions4 ,! curi\s "p is t ! sc5es ( reality are m expressioni/ic1 consid]+ _! purpose1 ?an ! dream-pictures4 ,reality is made ( no?+ b ab/ract pla/ic %apes1 h>%1 & h>%ly lit4 ,dreaml& is sometimes pa9t$ & %ap$ 9 ! slightly decorative _s ( ,expressionism1 & x is lit ) beauty & atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,masse-,m5s*3 dream-picture4 ,a c\rty>d4 ,t[]+ d>k walls lean inw>d2 a gre5 night sky2 gu>ds ) lant]ns seat$ on ! floor at ei!r side4 ,a man /&s 9 ! c5t] play+ a conc]t9a4 ,! effective arrangem5t ( ,/rohba*'s sc5es1 & ! p[]ful use :i* ,fehl+ makes ( !m /amp ! physical side ( ?is production ) di/9ction4 ,spiritually x is ev5 m di/+ui%$ because ( ! rightness ( vision ) :i* ,fehl+ int]prets ! play1 & ! brilliance ) :i* he h&les1 n only ! individual act+1 b a *orus ( unit$ voices1 :i* speaks ?r\gh _m sc5es ) an extraord9>y cl>ity & emotion4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ sc5e ! actors /rike ! note ( int5sity & conviction1 bo? z play]s & z *>act]s1 :i* !y are to c>ry ?r\gh ! :ole p]=mance4 ,m>y ,dietri*1 once ( ,re9h>dt's company1 plays sup]bly ! woman protagoni/ ( ! /rike & ( humanity4 ,f ! mom5t :5 h] husb& comes to h] 9 ! "n ( love to ask h] to give up ! lead]%ip ( ! /rike1 :i* w beg9 next day1 ,dietri* drives ) su* furi\s precision at ! mean+ ( ?is woman t %e /&s out imm$iately z a sort ( ,*ri/-figure4 ,9 ! beg9n+ %e mu/ give up all2 %e mu/ leave home & love1 to foll[ h] call4 ,9 ! end %e mu/ g to ! scaffold reject+ all means ( escape4 ,x is "o ( ! di/9ctions ( ?is play1 z well z ( ,dietri*'s play+1 t ?is ref]5ce to ,*ri/ is s beautiful & s sure1 yet s retic5t4 ,! second sc5e1 ! dream-picture ( a /ock ex*ange1 is a =ebod+ & dread satire4 ,! bank]s & brok]s bid up human s\ls 9 ! w> t is "u way1 & make plans = an int]national corporation1 :i*1 pos+ z a f\nd] ( homes = convalesc5t soldi]s1 w op5 bro!ls = ! troops4 ,! woman appe>s 9 h] dream1 & makes a va9 appeal to ! humanity ( ^! m54 ,! bank]s he> only ! ann\ncem5t ( a m9e accid5t & plan a b5efit dance1 beg9n+ ) a fox-trot by ! brok]s ar\nd ! /age4 ,! ?ird sc5e is ! labor meet+ at :i* a decision is to be tak5 on action to /op ! mak+ ( munitions & end ! w>4 ,"h aga91 ,fehl+ ?r[s ! au?or's reali/ic /age directions ov]bo>d 7mu*1 be x said1 to ! au?or's pleasure74 ,in/ead ( a hall1 !re is aga9 blackness1 empt9ess4 ,out ( ! empt9ess speaks a m>vel\s *oral voice1 ! voice ( ! masses1 measur$1 vibrant1 int5se3 ,wir ewig e+ekeilt ,9 ,s*lu*t5 /eil] ,hus]4 ,wir preisgegeb5 ,d] ,me*anik hhnis*] ,sy/eme4 ,wir antlitzlos 9 ,na*t d] ,trn54 ,wir ewig losgel/ von ,mtt]n1 ,aus ,tief5 d] ,fabrik5 ruf5 wir3 ,wann w]d5 ,liebe wir leb58 ,wann w]d5 ,w]k wir wirk58 ,wann wird ,erlsung uns8 ,illu/ration3 ,masse-,m5s*3 ! revolutioni/s' meet+4 ,on a broad flight ( /eps ris+ /eeply f ! footlights1 m5 & wom5 are gr\p$ 9 an irregul> loz5ge1 arbitr>ily lit by %>p beams ( light f ! top & sides ( ! prosc5ium ar*4 ,a ,fehl+ production design$ by ,/rohba*4 ,no?+ l ?is voice1 com+ out ( a d>kness 9 :i* faces vaguely beg9 to hov]1 has be5 imag9$1 mu* less attempt$1 9 our !at]4 ,! lights rise--or x w\ld be m accurate to say1 %oot d[n--^u ! m5 & wom5 work]s /&+ 9 an irregul> loz5ge %ape ^u /eep /eps1 :i* spread to ! curta9s at ea* side4 ,out ( ?is cr[d1 9 *orus & s+ly1 come pleas = action1 & visions ( suff]+ :i* sweep ! audi5ce ) emotion4 ,! woman cries = a /rike aga9/ w> & aga9/ capital4 ,beh9d h] rises ,! ,nameless ,"o1 ! ba/>d ( ,w>1 to cry = arm$ revolt4 ,8 passion sweeps ! masses1 & ! woman submits4 ,! f\r? sc5e1 ano!r dream-picture1 envisages h] fe>s = ! c\rse ( ! revolution1 h] intuition t x w only bre$ a new viol5ce1 ! viol5ce ( ! prolet>iat4 ,bel[ great1 crook$1 t[]+ walls1 gu>ds hang ov] gre5 lant]ns4 ,!y s+ ribald songs ( _! mis]ies4 ,! ,nameless ,"o ent]s1 &1 /&+ 9 ! middle1 plays wildly on a conc]t9a1 :ile ! gu>ds & ! condemn$ dance ! dance ( dea? ab\t him4 ,! sky lights up on a sudd5 9 crimson1 !n pulses 9 & out2 colors flood d[n ov] ! mov+ figures 9 waves t ?rob ) ! music4 ,among ! condemn$ is ! husb& ( ! woman4 ,%e tries to save him1 z %e w\ld save all m5 f viol5ce4 ,h] pleas are useless4 ,%e /&s ) him be=e ! fir+ squad z ! curta9 falls4 ,! fif? sc5e1 ! trem5d\s sc5e ( ! play & ! production1 is ! rally at ! work]s' headqu>t]s 9 ! face ( defeat4 ,! /age is aga9 box$ 9 black4 ,!re are /eps l ! corn] ( a pyramid ris+ up to ! "r ( ! audi5ce4 ,^u ^! /eps ga!r ! work+ p4 ,y see a ho/1 affright$ & c[]+1 9 ! tw5ty-f\r m5 & wom5 :o /agg] ^u ! /eps s++ ,! ,m>seillaise4 ,z !y sway1 lock$ toge!r h& 9 h&1 l m5 on a s9k+ %ip1 & ! old song m\nts up aga9/ ! di/ant rattle ( ma*9e guns1 ! sc5e br+s ! cold sweat ( desp]ate excitem5t to ! audi5ce t fills ! ,volksbhne1 & to com=table1 purse-pr\d ,am]icans z mu* z to m5 :o h f\ght 9 ! /reets ( ,b]l94 ,sudd5ly !re is a l\d] rattle ( arms4 ,! noise sweeps ?r\gh ! air4 ,x drives into ! s\ls ( ! huddl+ m5 & wom54 ,!y collapse1 g d[n1 fall 9 a tangl$ heap4 ,! curta9s at ! left loop up sudd5ly4 ,!re 9 ! gap aga9/ ! yell[ sky /& ! soldi]s4 ,!y arre/ ! woman1 ! woman :om ! rebels 7 ab\t to condemn = h] opposition to _! slaught]4 ,illu/ration3 ,masse-,m5s*3 ! rally+4 ,a pyramid ( /eps slant+ to ! "r ( ! /age4 ,at its apex1 a gr\p ( t5se revolutioni/s s+ ,! ,m>seillaise1 ! woman-h]o9e opposite !m 9 ! c5t]4 ,sudd5ly ma*9e-guns attack ! meet+4 ,! six? sc5e is a dream-picture ( ! woman 9 prison4 ,!re is a void1 a mi/y1 swimm+ empt9ess4 ,^u a plat=m is ! woman's cell1 a sc>let cage 9 :i* %e c only kneel4 ,ab\t h] /& gu>ds1 bank]s1 ! gho/s ( dead enemies4 ,!y accuse h]4 ,%e answ]s4 ,at la/1 out ( ! void rise ! %apes ( ! masses1 ! imprison$ masses :o h be5 betray$ by viol5ce & by ! woman :o des]t$ !m & ca/ h] lot ) viol5ce4 ,!y move 9 a great circle ( t[]+ %ad[s t seem to hang 9 ! empt9ess ( ! sky1 z !y pass across ! dome at ! back ( ! /age4 ,! guilt ( ! masses1 ! guilt ( ! individual1 ! guilt ( ! woman--!y h fill$ ! air ) recrim9ation4 ,! figures ( ! imprison$ masses /op sudd5ly 9 _! r\nd4 ,!y raise _! arms4 ,!y cry3 8,we accuse60 ,!re is only ! f9al sc5e left4 ,x is 9 h] cell4 ,aga9 ! black curta9s2 "s n>r[ /eps4 ,! husb& comes to br+ h] fre$om4 ,! ,nameless ,"o also1 ) a plan ( escape ?r\gh murd]+ ! gu>ds4 ,%e rejects bo?4 ,%e rejects ! prie/1 accus+ m5 ( primeval s94 ,%e goes to h] dea?4 ,& z %e goes1 two wom5 prison]s sneak out into ! light--to divide ! clo!s ( ?is new ,*ri/4 ,s*uldig6 ,guilty6 ,guilty6 ,! ^w e*oes ?r\gh ! play1 e*oes 9 ! auditorium ( ! ,volksbhne4 ,all are guilty4 ,all are sick ) guilt4 ,& none m ?an ^! suff]]s 9 ! slums ( ,b]l9 :o mu/ g to ! !at] to see 9 black curta9s ! picture ( _! guilt4 ,! _w goes ?r\gh capitalism1 debas+ itself1 driv+ t]ror1 gre$1 cruelty into ! place ( love & und]/&+4 ,x comes out 9 revolution1 a corruption ( ! ?+ x cures4 ,! ,g]mans h be5 ?r\gh capitalism ) a v5geance1 ?r\gh mat]ialism1 ?r\gh w>1 & ?r\gh a revolution t bla/$ half ! p & did n satisfy ! re/4 ,"h is ! mis]y ( capitalism1 ! mis]y ( abortive revolution1 ! mis]y ( defeat & black hung]4 ,b]l9 is 9 purgatory4 ,& ,b]l9 goes to ,masse-,m5s*4 ,be=e ?is play sit hundr$s ( q ord9>y m51 :o h only to he> "s ^w %\t$ at !m ) ! passion ( ?is play1 & !y w leave ! sl[ & lov$ r\t9e ( homes1 & lie aga9 beh9d s&bags on ,unt] d5 ,l9d54 ,all ?is is a /range1 t]rible1 & sweet ?+ to feel z y sit look+ at ! purgatory ( ^? black curta9s4 ,toll] & ,fehl+ h made possible ! realization ( ?is int5se situation betwe5 play & audi5ce2 ,toll] by writ+ /raight at ! he>t ( 8 public4 ,8 dialogue makes no pret5se to ! accid5tal rhy?ms ( life4 ,x speaks out pla9ly & simply & beautifully ! passion ( ea* "*1 ! passions ( ! _w4 ,fehl+ has driv5 ,toll]'s spee*es j z directly at ! public4 ,he has made no pret5se at actuality4 ,he has put 8 actors =w>d z actors on an ab/ract /age2 & y ?9k ( !m only z liv+1 intimate pres5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,masse-,m5s*3 ! ma*9e-guns4 ,! black curta9s at ! back are ?r[n op54 ,soldi]s & (fic]s are se5 envelop$ 9 a ?9 haze ( smoke4 ,! gr\p %r9ks back & falls toge!r4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ,fehl+ & ,jessn] is inevitable4 ,!y are bo? work+ ^u ! newe/ problem ( production1 ! problem ( escap+ f ,realism to reality & to ! !at]4 ,!y bo? ?r[ ov]bo>d e %r$ ( actuality t /&s 9 ! way ( inn] emotional tru?4 ,te*nically1 ,fehl+ is z insi/5t z ,jessn] on ! ab/ract1 ! =mal production z ! means ( giv+ ! actor & 8 emotion vividly & completely to ! audi5ce4 ,fehl+ realizes z ke5ly z ,jessn] does h[ diff]5t play+-levels c help him 9 deploy+ & emphasiz+ 8 actors4 ,he does n1 l ,jessn]1 use ! same levels ?r\gh\t a play4 ,he creates new pla/ics z he ne$s !m4 ,8 production is =mal 9 pr9ciple1 b he does n rely ^u a /age ( c]ta9 p]man5t =ms4 ,8 light+ is ab/ract1 l ,jessn]'s1 pay+ no att5tion at all to actuality2 b x is n s free or s wilful 9 *anges4 ,! lights make a def9ite patt]n 9 ea* sc5e & /ick to x ?r\gh\t4 ,! only %>p exception is ! sc5e ( ! dance ( ! condemn$4 ,fehl+ does n try to make 8 light+ a runn+ gloss to ! words ( ! play4 ,fehl+ may be mu* ov]-prais$ by ! emotion ( ,masse-,m5s*2 p]haps !re is a some?+ 9 ! passion ( ! play :i* lights up ^! play]s & ^! playgo]s ( ! ,volksbhne1 & br+s =? a unique & unwill$ emotion4 ,b !re seem to be c]ta9 qualities 9 ?is production :i* /amp ! director z a man ( imag9ation & p[]4 ,c]ta9ly ,fehl+ has a l>ge & heal?ful simpl5ess4 ,he isn't f9ick+ ov] rudim5t>y explanations ) lights & %ad[s & prim>y colors4 ,he isn't miss+ ! quality ( ! play 9 an endeavor to create a ?+ ( a s+le />tl+ or novel tone4 ,he is c]ta9ly w9n+ f 8 actors a spiritual cop]ation f9] ?an any t we saw 9 ,g]many4 ,he is unmi/akably "o ( ! lead]s along new pa?s--a sure & *all5g+ =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,masse-,m5s*3 ,a woman dress$ 9 blue 9 a dream-prison ( twi/$ sc>let b>s1 surr\nd$ by motionless d>k figures4 ,beh9d1 gigantic spectral %ad[-%apes m>* across a fa9tly lum9\s void4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii 8,,! ,,!at] ,,( ,,! ,,five ,,?\s&0 ,ov] "s fifte5 ye>s a gr[+ numb] ( m9ds h be5 m or less actively seek+ a way t[>ds a new type ( !at]4 ,!y h be5 abus+ ! picture-frame /age1 /amp+ on ! footlights1 pull+ out ! front ( ! apron1 pu%+ ! actors into ! loges1 d[n ! or*e/ra pit1 onto ! prompt]'s box1 out ^u runways or up ! aisles4 ,!y h ev5 gone cle> out ( ! playh\se & into circuses1 op5 air !at]s1 & public p>ks4 ,all to set up a new & mutual relation%ip betwe5 ! actor & ! audi5ce4 ,y might almo/ say to set up any mutual relation%ip at all2 = ! play]s ( ! peep-hole !at] ( ,realism1 ! picture-frame !at]1 ! f\r? wall !at]1 c h>dly be said to h any?+ resembl+ a relation%ip to ! spectator4 ,! ?+ peep$ at c't be aw>e ( ! peep]4 ,a picture does n "k t x has an audi5ce4 ,walls may h e>s1 b ! f\r? wall has no eyes4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( ,realism & ( reali/ic act+ t !y h _! ju/ification 9 ! ?+ !y resemble1 n 9 ! p :o may or may n be able to recognize ! resemblance4 ,a p]fect reali/ic p]=mance is a ?+ s close to life t x _c p]mit itself to be aw>e ( ev5 its own exi/5ce4 ,its p]fection is s mu* m relat$ to ! ?+ x imitates ?an to ! audi5ce :i* looks at x1 t x w\ld be no less p]fect if !re 7 no "o at all to look4 ,! f\r? wall is a f\r? wall4 ,x might j z well be z real z ! o!r ?ree4 ,alex&] ,bak%y wrote ( ,/anislavsky's company3 8,x w\ld h made sc>cely an atom ( diff]5ce to ! adequacy & complet5ess ( ! ,art ,!at]'s p]=mance if ! audi5ce _h be5 entirely remov$40 ,su* p]=mances c be v int]e/+ 9 _! way1 extraord9>ily int]e/+1 9 fact1 :5 su* play]s z ,/anislavsky's br+ spiritual di/9ction to _! ,realism4 ,b !re is ano!r sort ( ?+ t c be int]e/+1 too4 ,"s ?9k x c be m int]e/+2 at any rate !y want to f9d out :at x 0 t kept ! !at] cont5t$ = ! tw5ty-five c5turies be=e x knew ,realism4 ,!y want to draw out ! actor & ! spectator2 ! actor out ( ! picture frame & ! spectator--if ! actor is good en\gh--out ( 8 seat4 ,!y want to make ! actor an actor once m4 ,& !y ?9k t a new sort ( !at]--or a v old sort--might h some?+ to d ) x4 ,directors h ?\ght ab\t x1 & playwrights1 danc+ tea*]s1 ar*itects1 sc5ic arti/s1 actors1 & critics4 ,max ,re9h>dt put a runway ov] ! audi5ce 9 ,sumurn m ?an a doz5 ye>s ago & /ag$ ,sophocles 9 a circus4 ,p]cy ,mac,kaye develop$ ! community masque z a new =m ( outdoor !atrical p]=mance ?r\gh ,! ,masque ( ,/4 ,l\is & ,caliban1 & br\ght x indoors ) ,! ,ev]gre5 ,tree & ,! ,w ( ,song4 ,jaques-,dalcroze1 devis] ( ! eury?mic sy/em ( dance-education1 creat$ 9 ,hell]au-bei-,dresd51 be=e ! w>1 a hall hold+ ! /age & ! spectators )9 transluc5t walls lit by t5 ?\s& lights1 & !re1 ) ! aid ( ,adolphe ,appia1 he gave ,paul ,claudel's drama ,l',annonce faite ,m>ie4 ,frank ,lloyd ,wright1 design+ a !at] = ,al9e ,b>nsdall ( ,los ,angeles1 creat$ a model %[+ an adju/able prosc5ium1 :i* 0 h>dly a prosc5ium1 a dom$ /age :i* curv$ into ! l9es ( ! auditorium1 & a p]man5t ar*itectural sett+ consi/+ ( a wall twelve feet high runn+ across ! /age4 ,h]man ,rosse1 ! sc5ic arti/1 took to sket*+ !at]s ) all mann] ( odd =e/ages & portals4 ,norman-,bel ,g$des ?rew (f 9 #aiad a plan = a !at] ) /age & audi5ce h\s$ "u a s+le dome1 & 9 #aiba design$ a magnific5t project = ! production ( ,dante's ,! ,div9e ,com$y 9 ,madison ,squ>e ,g>d5 9 a p]man5t sett+ ( r+$ /eps1 t[]+ pl9?s1 & light4 ,gmi]1 ! ,fr5* actor1 introduc$ ! ,re9h>dt circus-!at] to ,p>is4 ,jacques ,copeau left 8 review+ ( plays to create 9 ! ,vieux-,colombi] a !at] )\t a prosc5ium1 & ) a =e/age & a p]man5t sett+1 9 ord] to give 8 tr\pe ( actors a fre% & truly !atrical relation to _! audi5ce4 ,! fir/ attempts to escape f ! reali/ic !at] 7 ,g>gantuan4 ,x seems z if !re 7 some?+ s ess5tially small ab\t our !at] t a huge ?+ 0 ! natural alt]native4 ,max ,re9h>dt & ,p]cy ,mac,kaye1 ! two m5 :o began ! break ) ! reali/ic !at]1 & :o c>ri$ _! conceptions fur!/1 plung$ imm$iately to ! huge1 ! magnific5t4 ,!y c\ld h f\nd inspiration 9 ,gordon ,craig1 z practically e innovator 9 our playh\se has done4 ,= ,gordon ,craig1 too1 saw a gigantic vision ( ! break betwe5 ?is peep%[ ( ours & ! next !at]3 8,i see a great build+ to seat _m ?\s&s ( p4 ,at "o end rises a plat=m ( h]oic size on :i* figures ( a h]oic mold %all move4 ,! sc5e %all be su* z ! _w %[s u1 n z our own p>ticul> little /reet %[s u4 ,! movem5ts ( ^! sc5es %all be noble & great3 all %all be illum9at$ by a light su* z ! sph]es give u1 n su* z ! footlights give u1 b su* z we dream (40 ,mac,kaye _h a family tradition to urge him t[>ds l>ge exp]im5ts4 ,8 fa!r1 ,/eele ,mac,kaye1 irritat$ no d\bt by ! limitations ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !at] z we are irritat$ by ! limitations ( ! !at] ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 conceiv$ & all b laun*$ a gr&iose & extraord9>y s*eme = a playh\se at ! ,*icago ,_w's ,fair4 ,! ,spectatorium1 :i* 0 to seat t5 ?\s& p & give a spectacle ( music & drama1 movem5t & light1 danc+ & action1 on l& & on wat]1 0 burn$1 h[ev]1 be=e x c\ld be complet$4 ,! dom9at+ idea 9 ! y\ng] ,mac,kaye 0 to create a dramatic =m ( & = ! p4 ,x 0 to celebrate ! works ( humanity2 ,! ,masque ( ,/4 ,l\is commemorat$ ! f\nd+ ( ! we/]n city1 & ,caliban ! t]c5t5>y ( ,%akespe>e's dea?4 ,! ,mac,kaye masque 0 to be act$ & danc$ by ! community ) ! assi/ance ( a few tra9$ play]s1 & x 0 to be se5 by z _m z possible2 9 ,/4 ,l\is #g1jjj took "p & #bjj1jjj look$ on4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ^! community masques l$ ,mac,kaye to want ! active p>ticipation ( ! citiz5s z audi5ce z well z ( ! citiz5s z actors1 & 9 ,! ,ev]gre5 ,tree he arrang$ a ,*ri/mas fe/ival1 to be giv5 ei!r out ( doors or )91 9 :i* ! spectators sang ) ! *orus & ! actors1 :o pass$ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( !m4 ,ano!r desire ( ,mac,kaye's 0 ! enl>g+ ( ! *>act]s ( 8 masques to gigantic size4 ,he did ?is lit]ally 9 ,! ,masque ( ,/4 ,l\is ) ! huge figure :i* /ood = ,cahokia4 ,9 ,! ,w ( ,song1 giv5 its fir/ production indoors1 he began to "w ^u ! idea ( ! 8gr\p be+10 a s+le dramatic entity visualiz$ ?r\gh a mass ( play]s4 ,:e!r or n ,re9h>dt began 8 fir/ great circus-production1 ,sophocles' dipus ,rex1 ) an e/hetic philosophy1 he _h "o be=e he 0 f9i%$ ) ,ore/es1 ,hauptmann's ,fe/spiel1 & ,ev]yman1 ! productions :i* foll[$4 ,?is 0 visible 9 8 works z well z 9 ! outgiv+s ( 8 ,bltt] des ,deuts*5 ,!at]s4 ,l ,mac,kaye1 ,re9h>dt f\nd a trem5d\s fasc9ation 9 ! relation%ip ( ?is sort ( production to man 9 ! mass4 ,9 ! 8!at] ( ! five ?\s&10 z he call$ x1 audi5ces are no long] audi5ces4 ,!y are ! p4 8,_! emotions are simple & primitive1 b great & p[]ful1 z becomes ! et]nal human race40 ,?is foll[s f ! nature ( ! !at] & ! relation ( ! actors to ! audi5ce4 ,monum5tality is ! key note ( su* great spaces4 ,x is only ! /ronge/ & deepe/ feel+s--! et]nal elem5ts--t c move ^! great ga!r+s4 ,! small & ! petty disappe>4 ,yet ! emotion is direct & poignant1 accord+ to ,re9h>dt1 because ( a spiritual intimacy e/abli%$ by ! new relation ( actors & audi5ce4 ,9 ! ,circus ,s*umann 9 ,b]l9 ,re9h>dt reviv$ ! ,greek or*e/ra4 ,at "o end ( ! build+ 0 ! front ( a temple4 ,! actors came out 9 great mobs be=e ! temple1 ^u an act+ floor surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by banks ( spectators4 ,9 ! !ory & ! practice ( ,re9h>dt !re %\ld be no curta9 to conceal ! sett+4 ,:5 ! spectator ent]s he f9ds himself 9 ! mid/ ( great spaces1 confront$ by ! :ole sc5e1 & himself a "p ( x4 ,:5 he is seat$ & ! play beg9s he f9ds t 8! *orus rises & moves 9 ! mid/ ( ! audi5ce2 ! *>act]s meet ea* o!r amid ! spectators2 f all sides ! he>] is be+ impress$1 s t gradually he becomes "p ( ! :ole1 & is rapidly absorb$ 9 ! action1 a memb] ( ! *orus1 s to speak40 ,?is is a po9t t ,re9h>dt has always /ress$ 9 8 big productions4 ,?is desire to make ! spectators feel !mselves p>ticipants is ! same desire t ,mac,kaye has c>ri$ to ! po9t ( actually mak+ !m s4 ,re9h>dt /ress$ ! importance ( ! actors be+ made "o ) ! audi5ce ?r\gh appe>+ 9 _! mid/4 ,?is ma9ta9$ ! intimacy :i*1 he felt1 0 ! mo/ valuable contribution ( ! reali/ic movem5t 9 ! !at]--an intimacy produc$ 9 ! ma9 by ! small auditoriums requir$ if conv]sational act+ 7 to be audible4 ,gigantic conceptions & trem5d\s emotional emphasis c\ld ?us be br\ght home to ! spectator4 ,te*nically ! circus-!at] made int]e/+ dem&s4 ,f ! rgisseur & ! sc5e design] x requir$ ! utmo/ simplicity4 ,only ! bigge/ & sev]e/ =ms c\ld be us$4 ,light 0 ! ma9 s\rce ( decoration2 x emphasiz$ ! important & hid ! uness5tial4 ,act+1 too1 und]w5t ! same te/4 ,! play] _h to develop a simple & trem5d\s p[]4 ,he _h to dom9ate by int5sity & by dignity1 by ! vital & ! great4 ,!re _h to be music 9 him1 z !re _h to be music 9 ! action itself4 ,! w> prev5t$ ,re9h>dt f cont9u+ 8 exp]im5ts 9 mass-production1 & br++ !m to fruition 9 a !at] built especially = ! purpose4 ,) ! com+ ( peace he 0 able to remodel & re-op5 ! old ,circus ,s*umann z ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus4 ,b 9 less ?an two ye>s ,re9h>dt _h left x 9 disc\ragem5t1 8 great dream %att]$4 ,by ! summ] ( #aibb x c\ld def9itely be /amp$ an arti/ic failure--cr[d$ to ! doors e night4 ,illu/ration3 ,an impression ( ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus 9 ,b]l94 ,9 ! c5t] rises ! great dome1 dimly lit4 ,at ! left ( ! picture ! loom+ %ad[ ( ! hood above ! =e/age4 ,a %aft ( light f ! dome /rikes across ! space to ! figure ( ,judi?1 /&+ lonely & brave4 ,beyond1 r[ aft] r[ ( faces j visible 9 ! d>kness4 ,x is n easy to trace ! cause ( failure1 b x seems to lie 9 ! curi\s fact t "h ,re9h>dt 0 bo? c>eless & too c>eful4 ,physically ! !at] 0 wrong1 if ! !ory 0 "r1 & its physical mi/akes c be trac$ to ,re9h>dt4 ,he 0 too c>eful 9 plann+ x & n c\rage\s en\gh4 ,because he fe>$ = its future z a f9ancial und]tak+1 he seems to h compromis$ x 9 =m1 9 ord] t x c\ld be us$ z an ord9>y1 ?\gh huge playh\se if x fail$ z a new k9d ( !at]4 ,he put 9 ! ,greek or*e/ra surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by spectators4 ,he made ! floor flexible 9 its levels1 & l$ x up by adju/able plat=ms to a /age at "o side ( ! h\se4 ,?is mu* 0 "r en\gh4 ,b !n he made ! ?+ a compromise betwe5 ! ,greek !at]1 a circus1 & ! mod]n playh\se1 by slapp+ a prosc5ium ar* into ! side wall & in/all+ beh9d x a huge /age ) all ! me*anical fold]ols ( ! day--great dome1 cl\d-ma*9e1 revolv+ /age4 ,x 0 beyond human nature to resi/ ! temptation ( play+ ) ! :ole gigantic toy4 ,nei!r ,re9h>dt nor ! directors :o succe$$ him c\ld be cont5t1 z !y %\ld h be51 to l[] ! curta9 across ! prosc5ium1 to pla/] up ! f\r? wall4 ,p]haps !re 7 n en\gh great dramas l dipus to draw = mon?s ! gigantic audi5ces ne$$ to support ! v5ture2 b ?is only meant t su* a !at] mu/ be ma9ta9$ = fe/ival p]=mances1 n t x mu/ be fill$ ) ba/>d productions requir+ a picture /age & l>gely inaudible across ! spaces ( ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus4 ,re9h>dt 0 z c>eless 9 8 selection ( an ar*itect z he 0 c>eful 9 compromise4 ,8 orig9al conception ( ! place 0 excell5t4 ,he want$ x primitive & gr&4 ,he want$ x to so>4 ,& he ?\ght ( e>ly ,go?ic4 ,betwe5 ! pill>s t _h to be !re to support ! ro( ( ! old circus1 he want$ a d>k blue backgr\nd1 a backgr\nd ( empt9ess4 ,! dome ov] ! middle 0 to vani% into a deep pres5ce1 lit sometimes by dim />s4 ,"s "o got to ,re9h>dt1 & p]suad$ him t he mu/ be 8mod]n20 he mu/ assume a lead]%ip 9 ar*itecture2 he mu/ give a *ance to ! greate/ ( ! new ar*itects1 ,hans ,poelzig4 ,re9h>dt cons5t$4 ,& ,poelzig produc$ a v /range affair4 ,"s ( ! mi/akes ( ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus may be laid to ! old build+4 ,! banks ( seats are r close aga9/ ! ro(1 :ile ! middle ( ! h\se is bridg$ by a gigantic dome4 ,^! conditions might h be5 m9imiz$ by giv+ ! l[ portion l9es t seem$ to m\nt1 & p]haps by clos+ 9 a l>ge "p ( ! dome or d>k5+ x4 ,in/ead ,poelzig has made ! dome ! only lovely & aspir+ "p ( ! ar*itecture4 ,x is a dream ( so>+ circles4 ,if ! build+ c\ld only be turn$ upside d[n1 & ! actors c\ld play 9 ?is fla%+ b[l1 :ile ! audi5ce look$ d[n ^u !m--6 ,! :ole h\se1 its innum]able corridors1 its foy]s & prom5ades1 ! walls ( ! auditorium1 ! ceil+1 ! capitals ( ! columns t support ! dome1 ! dome itself--e in* ( ! :ole is dom9at$ by a s+le decorative motif1 a v %oddy1 *eap motif4 ,?is is a p5dant1 /alactite ar*1 borr[$ f ! ,moori% ar*itecture ( ,spa91 & r$uc$ to ! l[e/ t]ms ( me*anical rud5ess4 ,! !at] is ( concrete & /ucco1 & ?is dull %ape is repeat$ endlessly & t$i\sly1 z if x _h be5 scallop$ out by a ma*9e4 ,only 9 ! dome1 or :5 x is no m ?an h9t$ at 9 c]ta9 wall surfaces1 does ?is %ape d any?+ b bore & depress4 ,on top ( ?is1 ,poelzig _h /a9$ ! walls ( _m corridors & rooms 9 a yawp+ r$1 & turn$ ! ma9 foy] into a gha/ly sea-gre5 cav]n4 ,! !at] is n]v\s1 horrific1 clangor\s1 gl[]+4 ,!re is no?+ f\nta9-l4 ,no _s wells up 9 beauty4 ,!re is no dignity & no glory4 ,! fault may n be ,poelzig's1 b ! light+ ( ! /age & or*e/ra seems un=tunately h&l$4 ,"s ( ! lights = ! inn] /age are plac$ 9 front ( ! ar* ( ! prosc5ium in/ead ( beh9d x1 & ?us !y illum9ate x1 & emphasize some?+ t ought n to be !re at all1 let alone po9t$ out4 ,! lights = ! or*e/ra orig9ally came :olly f ! l[] edge ( ! dome4 ,x 0 necess>y1 h[ev]1 to supply m1 & !y h be5 plac$ 9 an ugly r$ hood1 :i* /icks out f ! prosc5ium ) no relation to ! re/ ( ! h\se4 ,! lights 9 ! dome /ab ) a glori\s brilliance2 ! great beams seem to desc5d un5d+ly be=e !y rea* ! t9y figures ( ! actors1 & spot !m out ( ! d>kness4 ,b ^! lights make ! fir/ mi/ake ( try+ to hide !mselves1 & ! second mi/ake ( n succe$+ 9 do+ s4 ,h[ mu* bett] x w\ld be if !y 7 treat$ frankly z "p ( ! !at]2 if _! s\rce 7 admitt$2 if ^! lamps 7 hung 9 great =mal *&eli]s made a "p ( ! decorative design ( ! production4 ,= ,roma9 ,roll&'s ,danton ! a/ute ,ern/ ,/]n hung huge lant]ns ov] ! sc5e ( ! revolution>y tribunal2 x 0 a me?od t %\ld h be5 p]petuat$4 ,! productions t ,re9h>dt made are no long] to be se5 9 ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus1 = rep]tory vani%$ f 8 !at]s along ) ,re9h>dt4 ,y he>1 h[ev]1 ( _m int]e/+ & beautiful ?+s 9 ,danton1 9 dipus1 9 ,hamlet1 9 ,julius ,cs>1 9 ,hauptmann's ,florian ,gey]4 ,b y see no su* ?+s n[1 or at lea/ we did n see !m :5 we 7 9 ,b]l94 ,we saw ! or*e/ra fill$ ) seats--p]haps to swell ! meag] seat+ capacity ( ?ree ?\s& :i* 0 all ,poelzig c\ld include aft] he _h wa/$ front space on r[s ( boxes & wide-spac$ *airs1 & p]haps because ! new directors fe>$ to use t glori\s & t]rible play+ floor4 ,we saw ! =e/age %runk to a plat=m jutt+ out p]haps tw5ty feet4 ,we saw a t$i\s p]=mance ( ,die ,v]sunk5e ,glocke1 ) ! action %ov$ into ! reali/ic prosc5ium1 ) ! sc5ic arti/ fool+ ab\t ) sloppily expressioni/ =ms1 & ) ! m\nta9 _s hopp+ d[n ! hillside ) a res\nd+ wood5 ?ump4 ,we saw ,hebbel's ,judi? done ) mu* m effectiv5ess1 ?\gh )\t real d>+ or vision4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,inn] ,/age ( ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus z set = ! gates ( ,hol(]nes' palace4 ,design$ by ,ern/ ,s*tte4 ,judi?1 h[ev]1 %[s "s ( ! possibilities ( su* a !at]4 ,! beg9n+ /rikes 9 on ! imag9ation ) ! impact ( ! %aft ( light t beats d[n on ,hol(]nes1 sitt+ l "s idol on 8 ?rone4 ,?\gh he is almo/ back to ! curta9 l9e1 in/ead ( out 9 ! mid/ ( ! p1 he drives home ! effect ( see+ life 9 ! r\nd :i* su* a !at] c give4 ,"h is talk+ sculpture4 ,! co/um]1 z well z ! actor1 is giv5 a new problem3 ! problem ( clo!s & ! body t1 l a /atue1 mu/ mean some?+ f e angle1 mu/ h beauty & significance f ! back z mu* z f ! front4 ,! co/ume ( ,hol(]nes1 at lea/1 a*iev$ ?is4 ,! actor has ano!r problem1 ! problem ( a diff]5t movem5t & a diff]5t spee*1 movem5t sl[] & gr&]1 or else long & swift1 spee* t is m sonor\s1 m elaborately spac$4 ,! actor's "p--9 spite ( r second-rate play]s--is ! "p be/ done at ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus4 ,!re is a natural aptitude 9 ! ,g]man play] = ! gr&1 sl[ spee*1 ! ro>+ tempe/4 ,x is l ! aptitude ( ! ,g]man p = ! gr& sl[ play4 ,!y l drive1 r ?an spe$4 ,!y want to he> dull sonor\s platitudes driv5 out by %e] belly-muscle4 ,!re is "o ?+ v beautiful 9 ,judi? & 9 ?is !at]4 ,x is ! way a play] c come =w>d to ! edge ( ! =e/age1 & /& !re alone1 /abb$ at by a great :ite light1 surr\nd$ fir/ by empt9ess1 & beyond t by cr[ds1 a brave figure alone 9 a great dim space4 ,t is some?+ y _c feel 9 ! *ummy conf9es ( a picture-frame4 ,! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus is a gigantic failure if y look at x ) vision--& also a great port5t4 ,! place is ugly1 & its purpose n[ debas$1 yet x h9ts at h[ beautiful a great1 =mal !at] c\ld be1 h[ mov+ & inspir+ its drama4 ,ev5 9 ! wreckage1 ! idea /ill lives4 ,& if y try to br+ a little ( t same vision to ! spectacle ( ! man :o made ?is failure1 & :o ran away1 y _c d5y an admiration = ! c\rage to give up1 to admit defeat1 & !n to g to ! *ur*1 & to try to d !re1 9 ! sanctifi$ bir?place ( ! mod]n !at]1 some?+ to lift ! _s z high z ! !at] ( ! five ?\s& 0 to h lift$ x4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,!at] ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,hundr$ ,size is no mania ) ! ,fr5*4 ,!y d n insi/ on build+s t are tall] ?an ^? ( any o!r nation1 an empire t is l>g]1 ambitions & dreams mighti] & m t]rible4 ,s p]haps x 0 only natural t :5 a ,fr5*man want$ to pres5t actors 9 a new relation%ip to _! audi5ce1 he %\ld *oose = 8 !at] a little hall 9 ! ,/reet ( ! ,old ,dovecot in/ead ( a circus or a p>k4 ,d\btless !re 7 _m reasons :y ,jacques ,copeau's !at] _h to be small4 ,a pot5t "o may h be5 economy1 a ?+ t acc\nts = ! little !at] movem5t f> m ?an any !ories ( intimacy4 ,! "q ( rep]tory also may h _h weight4 ,!re are _m sizes ( drama1 & !re are special rep]tories = special !at]s2 b _m m plays are possible = a !at] ( five hundr$ seats ?an = a !at] ( five ?\s&4 ,! ,trojan ,wom5 c be play$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e p 9 ! ,toy ,!at] ( ,bo/on1 z ,maurice ,br[ne prov$2 b ,le ,misan?rope is impossible 9 ! ,yale ,b[l4 ,copeau's !at] _h to be small1 n only because he _h little money & a great love ( all sorts ( plays1 b also because--& ?is c\nt$ m ?an ev5 ! ,fr5* lik+ = ! mod]ate & ! exact--! ?+ he 0 int]e/$ 9 0 ! actor & n a gr&iose idea4 ,he end$ by creat+ ! fir/ pres5tational playh\se 9 ! mod]n _w1 by ma9ta9+ = a long "t ! mo/ radical1 & by a*iev+ aft] "s ye>s ! mo/ successful4 ,b he began by look+ = "s place = 8 actors to act4 ,!y 7 to be a company ( fre%1 s5sitive1 intellig5t spirits br++ an int5se & hone/ art to ^? :o might c>e = x4 ,copeau _h f\nd 8 actors 9 all mann] ( places besides ! r\t9e !at]s4 ,he _h talk$ to !m ab\t ev]y?+ b make-up1 curta9 calls1 & h[ to be natural on ! /age4 ,he _h play$ ) !m & work$ ) !m 9 ! c\ntry1 rehe>s+ ! fir/ pieces ( ! rep]tory 9 a b>n4 ,he did n int5d to dump !m d[n into "o ( ! ord9>y !at]s ( ,p>is4 ,copeau propos$ to take ! hall t 8 res\rces p]mitt$1 & to make x ov] to suit ! _s ( 8 company4 ,he c\ld build no ideal !at]1 b he c\ld make "o 9 :i* 8 actors w\ld escape ! realisms & ! pret5ses ( ! mod]n !at]1 & w\ld play to & ) ! audi5ce z _! _s dem&$4 ,& s we h ! ,?t] du ,vieux-,colombi]4 ,x is n at all l ! hide\s !at]-hall t 0 !re be=e4 ,x is n q z x 0 :5 ,copeau clos$ 8 fir/ season be=e ! w>4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ l ! ,g>rick ,!at]1 :i* he remade 9 ,new ,york 9 #aiag2 z a matt] ( fact x is n s good4 ,x is n v *>m+ 9 its %ape or its decorations1 & ,copeau is z c>eless z ,re9h>dt ab\t ?+s l good pa9t+ & clean walls4 ,b ?is ,vieux-,colombi] is a di/+ui%$ & a jolly place all ! same1 ! happie/ & ! heal?ie/ !at] we/ ( ,vi5na4 ,x is h>d to "k :]e to beg9 a description ( ?is curi\s playh\se4 ,suppose y _h nev] be5 to ! ,vieux-,colombi]1 b suppose y knew t ?is 0 a !at] )\t ! illusion ( ,realism1 & suppose y s\ght = ! ?+ t w\ld tell y ?is ! quicke/4 ,:at w\ld y see8 ,probably ! /eps t lead f ! /age to ! =e/age1 & ev5 f ! =e/age to ! seats ( ! audi5ce4 ,!re are no footlights1 & s y h ! pleasure ( see+ ! squ>e1 firm edge :]e ! /age floor ends4 ,?is edge b5ds into a l>ge curve 9 ! middle1 ) ?ree curv$ /eps bel[1 & x angles out at ! sides to :]e small] /eps jo9 ^? ( ! middle on an ample =e/age4 ,^! /eps & ! edge ( ! /age d m ?an any "o ?+ 9 ! !at] to signal t y are n look+ into a picture-frame4 ,ev5 :5 !y are n us$1 z 9 ,les ,frres ,k>amazov1 ^! /eps keep y w>ily alive to t fact4 ,:5 y exam9e ! !at] m closely y discov] t !re is no prosc5ium4 ,! ne>e/ ?+ to x is ! la/ ( ! ar*es :i* hold up ! ro( ( ! auditorium4 ,!re is a curta91 to be sure1 b x does n fall beh9d pill>s1 & x does n cov] ! =e/age4 ,x desc5ds at t po9t :]e ! walls ( ! auditorium become ! walls ( ! /age1 & x m]ely s]ves to hide "o end ( ?is long room :ile ! /age h&s make small *anges 9 ! p]man5t sett+4 ,! p]man5t sett+1 l ! !at] itself1 is an exp]im5tal product ( ! attempt to provide :at ! actors ne$4 ,x is really no m ?an a balcony plac$ aga9/ ! back wall1 ) an ar*$ op5+ 9 ! middle1 & ) walls at ! sides t let ! actors1 :o h gone out ?r\gh ! ar*1 get (f /age unse54 ,?is balcony is s solidly built t x _c be tak5 out1 b c]ta9 portions are alt]able4 ,! *anges 9 sett+ are manag$ by *ang+ ! wid? ( ! ar* or ! l9e ( ! top ( ! balcony1 by add+ doors1 /eps at "o side1 or rail+s1 & p>ticul>ly by plac+ significant prop]ties or scre5s ^u ! /age4 ,l\is ,j\vet1 /age director z well z ,copeau's be/ actor1 has done _m +5i\s ?+s to make 8 sett+s v>i$ en\gh & *>act]i/ic en\gh )\t los+ ! p]man5t ?+ t is common to !m all1 & t aids 9 bani%+ reali/ic illusion4 ,a detail t %[s ! work+ ( 8 m9d is to be f\nd 9 ! scre5s t he uses to create a room 9 ,les ,frres ,k>amazov2 by giv+ !m two or ?ree in*es ( ?ickness & a c]ta9 am\nt ( mold+1 he has escap$ ! impression ( ! b>e1 ! unsub/antial1 & ! un!atrical :i* ! scre5s ( o!r design]s produce4 ,illu/ration3 ,les ,frres ,k>amazov3 ! ,gypsy ,inn4 ,?is sket* & ! foll[+ "o %[ ! p]man5t skeleton-sett+ ( ,copeau's ,?tre du ,vieux-,colombi] 9 ,p>is4 ,"h1 9 an arrangem5t ( panel$ scre5s ,l\is ,j\vet has caught ! mood ( ! sc5e )\t ref]5ce to details ( 8atmosph]e40 ,! balcony is a mo/ useful feature4 ,x 0 n accid5t t put a balcony 9 ! ,elizabe?an !at] or made ! ,greeks use ! !ologium4 ,x s]ves a practical purpose1 ( c\rse1 9 any s*eme ( p]man5t sett+1 = x makes x unnecess>y to build balconies = sc5es t especially call = !m4 ,a good deal m important to ! director is ! movem5t up & d[n1 z well z sideways & back & =?1 :i* x gives him4 ,) ! =e/age1 ! ma9 /age1 & ! balcony1 ,copeau has almo/ z useful a base = compos+ action 9 ?ree dim5sions z ,jessn] has 9 ! /eps :i* he uses 9 v>i\s productions 9 ,b]l94 ,%eldon ,*5ey has call$ ,copeau's /age a 8nak$ /age40 ,x is a happy accid5t ( language t1 :5 y call x a concrete /age1 y describe ! mat]ial ( :i* x is made & ! feel+ ( %>p1 def9ite /atem5t :i* resides 9 ev]y?+ done ^u x4 ,! wall at ! "r ( ! audi5ce is solid1 ! wall at ! back1 too2 ! ceil+ ( ! /age has "s op5+s betwe5 /eel gird]s1 b x is m l ! floor ?an ! 8flies0 ( ! av]age !at]4 ,only 9 ! left wall ( ! /age are !re any op5+s4 ,?r\gh ^! ! actors manage to exit into ! next build+4 ,! floor ( ! /age1 except at ! edges1 is ev5 m adamant4 ,x w n yield to pleas = atmosph]e1 illusion or any ( ! gewgaws ( our !at]4 ,x is solid concrete4 ,copeau want$ to give ! actor's feet a s5se ( support :i* !y _c get f yield+ & res\nd+ wood4 ,at ! sides is a small section 9 timb] :i* p]mits ! use ( a /airway to a l[] room z 9 ,! ,s4 ,s4 ,t5acity or ,les ,frres ,k>amazov4 ,9 ! =e/age are two o!r op5+s1 cov]$ by wood5 & concrete slabs4 ,j\vet's light+ sy/em is +5i\s & philosophically s\nd1 if n altoge!r p]fect4 ,practically all ! light comes f f\r l>ge lamps hung 9 ! auditorium4 ,!y replace footlights1 bord]lights1 & floods f ! sides4 ,illum9ation f ! auditorium itself is ess5tial to good /age light+2 ! footlights are an unhappy make%ift4 ,david ,belasco v wisely uses a batt]y ( lamps hidd5 9 ! face ( ! fir/ balcony4 ,9 ,g]man !at]s1 ! huge #fjjj-;c&lep[] bulbs develop$ s9ce ! w>1 tempt directors to ineffici5t & di/ract+ light+ f ! v5tilator above ! ma9 *&eli] 9 ! ro( ( ! auditorium4 ,nei!r ! latt] me?od nor ,belasco's is :olly satisfactory 9 a !at] t =swe>s repres5tation1 a !at] l ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus or ! ,vieux-,colombi] or ! ,r$\t5saal 9 ,vi5na4 ,electric light on ! /age beg9s z an imitation ( ! real4 ,if a table is illum9at$ by a l>ge light 9 ! fir/ bord]1 !re mu/ be a lamp above ! table 9 su* a position z to sugge/ t x is do+ all ! "w4 ,! next /ep is to use light = illum9ation & composition--= beauty1 9 fact--)\t bo!r+ to try to make x seem to come f "s natural s\rce 9 ! sett+4 ,:5 su* light comes f ! auditorium we may get composition1 b we also get a ?r[-back to ! s\rce ( ! light itself4 ,! ray c>ries our eye up to "s l5s-lamp try+ unsuccessfully to hide 9 ! bottom ( ! dome ( ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus1 or 9 ! top ( ! ceil+ ( ! ,burg!at]4 ,a new problem arises4 ,x %\ld be answ]$ by mak+ ! s\rce frankly visible4 ,! hoods !mselves ( l>ge bulbs h a %ape t w\ld make !m int]e/+ & n )\t significance 9 ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus2 or a new %ape c\ld be suppli$ to h>monize ) ar*itecture or sett+4 ,9 ! ,r$\t5saal we f9d glori\s old cry/al *&eli]s light+ ! /age--an accid5tal result ( ! fact t ! ,vi5nese gov]nm5t conv]t$ ,m>ia ,!resa's ballroom into a playh\se4 ,9 ! ,vieux-,colombi] ,j\vet makes no bones ab\t admitt+ :]e 8 light is com+ f4 ,he places ! bulbs 9 octagonal lant]ns1 :i*1 by revolv+ on an axis1 pres5t diff]5t color$ sides = ! light to pass ?r\gh2 ! lant]ns may also be mov$ 9 su* directions z to ?r[ ! light ^u any desir$ "p ( ! /age4 ,^! lant]ns are frankly visible2 &1 ?\gh !y are n a pleas+ %ape1 !y fit e/hetically ) ! !ory ( ?is !at]4 ,"h is electric light+ pres5t$ at la/ z ! ?+ x really is1 n z an imitation ( some?+ else4 ,! greate/ faults ( ! ,vieux-,colombi] ov] :i* ,copeau _h control1 & :i* he c\ld easily h avoid$1 lie 9 ! color & quality ( pa9t+ on ! /age4 ,! concrete & ! cream ( ! auditorium take w>m lights2 b 9 portions ( ! /age itself1 ,copeau has us$ a cold gray t is surely un=tunate4 ,mu* t y see is %oddy4 ,if ! pa9t *ips (f a corn]1 nobody bo!rs to replace x4 ,rivet heads & /ructural iron %[ :5 !y h no relation to ! %apes on ! /age4 ,n[ x is a good ?+ n to sp5d too mu* en]gy on ! physical side ( ! !at]1 b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 au/]ity & slov5l9ess4 ,actual productions1 animat$ by ! actors & grac$ ) "s ( ,j\vet's sc5ic arrangem5ts1 d a great deal to make ! /age :olly attractive4 ,! ,s4 ,s4 ,t5acity1 a reali/ic play ) a ,fr5* caf = its sett+1 makes int]e/+ dem&s on ?is non-reali/ic /age4 ,! dem&s are met1 & met successfully4 ,!re is a c\nt] at "o side ) racks = bottles1 a wood5 door 9 ! ar* at ! back1 a table 9 ! c5t]1 & above x--! m>k ( ,realism--a %ad$ lamp1 f :i* a great deal ( ! /age light comes4 ,) ! actors giv+ u ! s5se ( ,fr5* life :i* 0 miss+ 9 ! ,new ,york & ,vi5nese productions1 we h "h a p]=mance :i* might almo/ be enclos$ 9 a prosc5ium frame4 ,b !re is 9 ! act+1 z 9 ! sett+1 mu* t is non-reali/ic1 mu* t seems repres5tational only by contra/ ) ! dom9at+ _s & physique ( ! !at] & its p4 ,9 ! playlet t goes ) ,! ,s4 ,s4 ,t5acity1 ,mrime's ,le ,c>rosse du ,/4-,sacrem5t1 we are back 9 a piece f ! romantic p]iod1 a com$y ( cle> & artificial vigor4 ,a scre5 & "s hang+s ) a s\!rn fla% to !m set ! /age = eighte5?-c5tury ,p]u4 ,copeau himself has ! same ,pun*-l visage t he pres5ts to y 9 8 own /udy1 b n[ he manages to make y ?9k him a ,spani% puppet1 an exasp]at$ & wily doll4 ,! same ,pun* appe>s 9 ,les ,frres ,k>amazov1 b a ,pun* ( ! intellect1 a tragic m>ionette dangl+ on ! /r+s ( rationalism4 ,at ! end1 :5 ,ivan goes mad1 y may see mo/ cle>ly ! subtle exagg]ation :i* is at ! he>t ( ! act+ ( ,copeau's company4 ,! :irl+ body1 ! legs t beat a crazy tattoo on ! floor1 ! twi/+ head & ! boggl+ eyes1 are none ( !m copi$ f a c&idate = ! asylum4 ,!y are all an explanation ( :at sort ( l9es 9 ! figure ( a crazy man w\ld /rike ! imag9ation1 :at angles & movem5ts w\ld mo/ %>ply indicate lunacy4 ,k>amazov is effectively compos$ on ?is /age by a few drap]ies = ! fir/ sc5e1 a l9e ( curta9s hid+ ! :ole /age & begg+ ! "q 9 ! second sc5e1 a flight ( /eps = ! hall ( ! ,k>amazovs1 & two heavy scre5s = ! inn4 ,!re is no?+ s f9e z ! int]m9able /eps t lead up f ! balcony at ! ,g>rick to ! wret*$ room ( ,sm]diakov2 b !re is en\gh improvem5t 9 ! v excell5t act+ se5 9 ,new ,york1 to make up = ?is4 ,j\vet's fa!r is gigantically good2 set beside 8 ,ague*eek1 x puts ?is "y man among ! mo/ int]e/+ actors ( ,europe4 ,paul ttly1 z ! elde/ bro!r1 plays ! /rik+ sc5e 9 ! inn ( ! gypsies ) uncommon vigor1 & ! /age direction sweeps ! sc5e along to a burn+ climax4 ,! int5sity ( ! actors 9 ?is play1 add$ to ! int5sity ( ! play itself1 demon/rates h[ completely a =mal !at] ( ?is k9d1 & a type ( act+ :i* is a reason$ sort ( explanation1 r ?an a ?+ ( life or ( act+1 c /& up beside ! ,realism ( our directors :5 x is at its be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,la ,c>rosse du ,sa9t-,sacrem5t at ! ,vieux-,colombi]3 ano!r arrangem5t ( ,copeau's p]man5t sett+4 ,9 ,twelf? ,night y f9d ! company cle> out ( ! %ackles ( reali/ic or semi-reali/ic plays1 & happy 9 ! beautiful playh\se ( fantasy4 ,& "h ! quality ( exposition--:i* y may trace back to ,copeau's pr(ession ( critic1 & =w>d ?r\gh ! days giv5 to ! read+ & /udy & analysis ( ea* new play--has almo/ altoge!r disappe>$4 ,! play+ is spontane\s1 or x is no?+4 ,suzanne ,b+'s ,viola is a-quiv] ) radiance & wond]4 ,jean ,le ,g(f's ,ors9o is no su* ,god-favor$ p]=mance1 b 8 eyes are lit ) an ec/asy ( love-sickness4 ,! com$ians are f> f ,engli%m52 b _! creations are imm5sely funny3 ,j\vet's g5tly gawk+ ,ague*eek1 ,roma9 ,b\quet's %av5-head$1 almo/ ,ori5tal ,sir ,toby1 ,rob]t ,all>d's extraord9>y cl[n1 ! f9e/ ei!r ( u _h ev] se54 ,x is int]e/+1 = once1 to see ,malvolio put 9 8 place z a "*1 & n giv5 ! />'s spotlight to pre5 92 x might be a m satisfactory arrangem5t if ,alb]t ,savry c\ld be funni] 9 8 dry ,puritanism4 ,twelf? ,night triumphs at ! ,vieux-,colombi] by virtue ( ! _s ( ! actors1 & ! vision ( ! director4 ,! co/um+ is bad--an unsuccessful attempt to make ,illyria1 z x might well be1 a l& ( no "t or place b ,poetry2 & ! sett+ is no m ?an bright & freaki% 9 a ,gre5wi* ,village way4 ,b 9 ! co/umes & up & d[n ! sett+ ^! play]s frisk1 weav+ patt]ns ( beauty & fun t l9k !m into ! true _s ( ! play4 ,! curta9 is !re at conv5i5t times to make ! =e/age into a neutral zone = duke or sea capta91 & betwe5 ?is =e/age & ! balconi$ space beh9d !re is room = all ( ,%akespe>e's play to race along j z he wrote x4 ,) ! trap door 9 ! =e/age to act z cell>1 ,malvolio c be inc>c]at$ bel[-/airs & happily out ( sight--mu* z ,%akespe>e int5d$4 ,copeau is a believ] 9 gymna/ics4 7,he is also a believ] 9 improvisation1 a s*ool ( playwrights1 & o!r ?+s ^: abs5ce makes him gr[ impati5t ) 8 !at]74 ,?r\gh mon?s & ye>s ( /r5u\s labor1 he is tra9+ half a doz5 "y p ( 8 own s*ool to h bodies t are z well "u control z a gymna/'s4 ,! p]=mances ( ! ,vieux-,colombi] draw on play]s n s well tra9$1 b !y %[ :at physical comm& c accompli%4 ,"h y see act+ t makes y ?9k aga9 ( sculpture & its relation to ! new !at]4 ,copeau's p c meet ! te/ :i* ! !at] ) a ,greek or*e/ra1 l ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus1 exacts4 ,!y c play 89 ! r\nd40 ,_! bodies c be se5 f all sides1 & /ill keep expressiv5ess & beauty4 ,!y h le>n$ to ma/] _! bodies1 z well z _! voices1 & !y are able to make ! l9es ( arms & torsos & knees speak directly to ! audi5ce4 ,:5 ,j\vet %>ply und]l9es & almo/ c>icatures ! sali5t %ape ( old ,k>amazov he is able to escape f ord9>y repres5tation1 :i* may or may n make its po9t1 & he is able to pu% 8 conception ( ! wick$1 vital old man into almo/ direct physical contact ) ! audi5ce4 ,i h (t5 wond]$ :5 ! actor w\ld le>n ! lesson ( sculpture4 ,!re 7 c5turies ( almo/ lit]al repres5tation1 ) ! inn] expression ( ! arti/ & ! arti/'s s5se ( ,=m /ruggl+ furi\sly to impose itself ^u ,reality1 & fail+ m (t5 ?an succe$+4 ,!n1 ) ,rod9 came ! s5se t sculpture c\ld make repres5tation a di/9ctly second>y matt]4 ,!re c\ld be expression fir/1 & resemblance aft]w>ds1 if at all4 ,idea1 :i* is "o sort ( ,=m1 ent]s ! clay ) ,/anislas ,szukalsky4 ,expression & idea1 pois$ 9 ! human body1 beg9 to in=m act+ directly & op5ly 9 ! company ( ! ,vieux-,colombi]4 ,! fir/ pres5tational !at] adds ! m$ium ( ! body to ! m$ium ( ! voice4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,r$\t5saal--,a ,,playh\se ,,( ,,p]man5ce ,9 ,vi5na on ,*ri/mas ,day1 #aiba1 !re 7 no mat*es 9 ! mat*-/&s ( ! cafs & no pap] 9 ! hotel writ+ rooms4 ,"s ( ! well-to-d & ! recklessly s(t-he>t$ _h begun to feel t !y c\ld af=d to keep pet dogs aga92 b !re 7 no silk /ock+s on ^? mo/ un-,teuton ankles t p>ad$ ! ,burgr+4 ,y may guess1 !re=e1 t !re 0 no butt] on ! tables ( ! middle classes1 & no milk 9 ! h\ses ( ^? :o1 by a curi\s clairvoyance ( language1 are call$ ! work+ p4 ,two nights lat] ?ree or f\r hundr$ citiz5s1 ) bits ( bread & meat wrapp$ 9 pap] & /[$ 9 _! pockets1 c\ld be se5 seat$ 9 a great & spl5did ballroom ( ,m>ia ,!resa's palace1 "u ! light ( cry/al *&eli]s & ! gl[ ( priceless ,gobel9s1 wat*+ ! fir/ p]=mance1 ,! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o1 9 a !at] a /ride ahead ( any 9 ,europe4 ,!y _h paid good money at "o ( ! doors ( t extraord9>y old build+1 ! ,h(burg1 :i* rambles f ! ,op]a to ! ,burg!at] half across ! %opp+ di/rict ( ,vi5na4 ,aft] !y _h p>t$ f two or ?ree ?\s& cr[ns apiece1 !y _h w\nd up /one /airways betwe5 :ite walls & twi/s ( old ironwork1 pass$ ?r\gh cloakrooms :]e pr9cesses once left _! wraps1 & a supp] room :]e arti/s may *e]fully g mad ov] mold+1 p$im5t & mirror1 & rea*$ at la/ ! ,!at] 9 dem ,r$\t5saal4 ,!y f\nd "o ( ! h&some/ b>oque rooms 9 ,europe hold+ )9 its beauty bo? a /age & an auditorium4 ,a r[ ( ,gobel9 tape/ries fill$ ! l[] rea*es ( ! walls4 ,above 7 mold+s & pila/]s1 cornices & p>get+1 sp&rels & p$im5ts1 fillets & panell+1 an ord]$ ri*ness ( ornam5t t held susp5d$ 9 its gray & gold5 haze mirrors t e*o$ beauty1 & *&eli]s radiant ) light4 ,at "o end ( ! room1 b5ea? great doors & a balcony :i* ! ar*itect _h plann$ 9 #agdd1 0 a new /ructure2 x broke ! l9e ( ! ,gobel9s1 b cont9u$ ! panell+1 fre%5$ to cream & gold1 9 a curv+ wall across a plat=m & 9 d\ble /airs lead+ to ! balcony4 ,) man's unfail+ in/9ct = ! ess5ce ( life1 ! audi5ce promptly id5tifi$ ?is ro(less %ell z a /age4 ,!re 0 a plat=m1 ( c\rse1 b !re 0 no prosc5ium4 ,!re 7 doors & w9d[s 9 ! curv+ wall1 b no woodw+s1 bord]s1 flats1 or backdrops4 ,!re 0 ev5 a some?+ along ! front ( ! plat=m :i* might conceal footlights1 b !re 0 no?+ to be se5 t look$ m l sc5]y ?an a r[ ( scre5s4 ,su* is ! room 9 :i* ! =ces ( ! ,au/rian ,/ate ,op]a ,h\se h be5 giv+ ,! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o & ,! ,b>b] ( ,seville1 & 9 :i* ,re9h>dt began late 9 #aibb ! mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5t ( 8 mo/ exp]im5tal life--! pres5tation ( plays "u a unique condition ( !atrical intimacy betwe5 actor & audi5ce4 ,x is an odd spectacle1 ?is ( ,vi5na1 ! bankrupt1 go+ ligh!>t$ly out on ! mo/ advanc$ exp]im5t 9 production yet attempt$ 9 ,europe4 ,"o ( its odde/ angles is t ! man :o made an empress's ballroom ov] into a !at] is a sociali/--,presid5t ,vett] ( ! ,/aat/heat]v]waltung1 ! bureau "u ! republic :i* controls ! ,/ate playh\ses4 ,! conv]sion 0 n an easy matt]4 ,oppon5ts rose up inside ! ,/ate !at]s & outside !m4 ,vi5na 0 engag$ = mon?s ^u "o ( ^? arti/ic qu>rels f :i* x is always draw+ new heal? & _s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,r$\t5saal 9 ,vi5na z arrang$ = ! fir/ sc5e ( ,! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o4 ,! room call$ = 9 ! text is indicat$ by a r[ ( crimson scre5s set /raight across ! /age & pi]c$ 9 ! c5t] by a door4 ,9 ! s*eme ( production indicat$ by ?is unique environm5t su* a m]e indication is suffici5t to e/abli% sett+ & mood4 ,:5 ,presid5t ,vett] _h won 8 po9t he plung$ briskly ahead at ! "w ( mak+ ov] ! ballroom into a v special k9d ( !at] )\t m>r+ its beauty4 ,"p ( ! old balcony came out1 mirrors replac$ doors & w9d[s d[n ! sides ( ! hall1 & ,ob]baurat ,seba/i5 ,he9ri* set to "w on ! problem ( creat+ a p]man5t ar*itectural sett+ = ! /age :i* %\ld h>monize ) ! lovely room1 yet /& out f x significantly en\gh to c5t] att5tion on ! act+ space4 ,meantime ,presid5t ,vett] took ano!r look at ! ,gobel9s :i* _h satisfi$ ,m>ia ,!resa1 & decid$ t !y w]5't q good en\gh2 o!rs _h to be f\nd4 ,ev5 n[ he is a little d\btful ab\t ^? on ! "r h& wall4 ,! "w ( ! ,ob]baurat is admirable4 ,he has cont9u$ ! mold+ above ! ,gobel9s1 & made x ! top ( ! curv+ wall :i* is ! backgr\nd = ! /age4 ,?is %ell is brok5 at ea* side by a casem5t1 :i* holds ei!r a door or a w9d[1 & two mask$ op5+s4 ,?r\gh "o ( ^!1 close to ! front ( ! /age1 a curta9 ! height ( ! wall is run out to hide *anges 9 ! scre5s & furniture ^u ! /age4 ,at ! back1 :]e ! %ell curves close to ! old balcony ( ! ballroom1 ! ,/ate ar*itect has plac$ a pair ( graceful /eps1 :i* meet at ! top1 & provide1 und]nea?1 an exit to ! re>4 ,= light+1 !re are ! foots 9 _! unobtrusive tr\gh1 & small floods plac$ 9 ! gap :]e ! curta9 moves2 b by f> ! l>g] "p ( ! illum9ation comes f ! sev5 *&eli]s 9 ! ceil+ ( ! hall4 ,! *&eli]s t[>ds ! re> are sometimes turn$ half d[n or ev5 (f1 b ess5tially x is ! same light :i* illum9es bo? play]s & audi5ce4 ,?is light & ! =mal & p]man5t "* ( ! /age /amp ! ,r$\t5saal ) a "* z old z x is fre%4 ,?is !at] goes beyond ,copeau's ,vieux-,colombi] 9 ! attempt to re-e/abli% 9 our c5tury t active relation%ip betwe5 actor & spectator :i* exi/$ 9 ! great !at]s ( o!r c5turies1 & t[>ds :i* ! f9e/ m9ds ( ! !at] h be5 /riv+4 ,"h is a /age fre$ f all ! associations ( mod]n /age-sett+1 innoc5t ( ma*9]y or illusions1 ess5tially !atrical4 ,actors mu/ be actors ^u its bo>ds4 ,!y _c try to repres5t actual p2 !y c only pres5t !mselves to ! audi5ce z arti/s :o w give !m a vision ( reality4 ,?is is comp>atively easy 9 op]a4 ,!re is no reali/ic illusion ab\t a valet :o s+s a soliloquy on 8 ma/]'s m intimate habits4 ,p :o qu>rel 9 v]se to a m]ry tune are mo/ unlikely to be mi/ak5 = ! neighbors next door4 ,) music & ! /age ( ! ,r$\t5saal to aid !m1 ! s+]s ( ! ,/ate ,op]a manage to give a r\ghly pres5tational p]=mance4 ,9 direction !re is no?+ notable to be se51 unless x is ! w$d+ sc5e ( ,fig>o ) ! ,c\nt /rid+ up & d[n across ! front ( ! /age1 oppos$ 9 figure & 9 action to ! plagu+ wom5 above ^u ! /airs4 ,! act+ possibilities ( ?is /age1 h[ev]1 are v great4 ,re9h>dt saw !m vividly 9 ! summ] ( #aibb1 :ile he 0 mak+ prep>ations = 8 five productions 9 ,septemb]3 ,tur&ot by ,gozzi1 ,/ella & ,clavigor by ,goe!1 ,le ,misan?rope by ,molire1 & ,dame ,cobalt by ,cald]on4 ,he saw ! possibilities & ! difficulties ( act+ also1 & he rejoic$ t he 0 to h old & tri$ associates l ,moissi1 ,pall5b]g & ,krauss ) him once m :5 he began 8 exp]im5t ) a !at] f> m exact+ ?an ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus1 & a te*nique ( act+ v h>d to rega9 aft] s _m ye>s ( ,realism4 ,s f> z !re mu/ be indications ( "t & place ^u ?is /age1 a beg9n+ 9 exp]im5t has be5 made4 ,x has n be5 a p>ticul>ly good beg9n+1 b x %[s ! opportunities = ! arti/1 & also ! limitations4 ,!y are v ne>ly id5tical4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! sc5e design] :o works "h to draw f ! ,r$\t5saal itself ! motifs & colors :i* he %all add to ! p]man5t sett+4 ,x is 8 privilege1 us+ only ^! ?+s1 to give ! sc5e j ! fillip ( int]e/ :i* ! play dem&s4 ,alfr$ ,roll]1 a vet]an ( ! sc5ic revolt ( fifte5 ye>s ago1 &1 next to ,re9h>dt's arti/1 ,ern/ ,/]n1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,g]man sc5ic design] ( 8 "t1 has made ! scre5s & set pieces = ,! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o & ,! ,b>b] ( ,seville4 ,!re is little or no good to be said ( 8 "w 9 ! latt] piece4 ,! scre5s ) :i* he indicates a room 9 ! fir/ act1 & ! bulky gate :i* he sets d[n across ! /airs 9 ! second act1 are bad z to color1 & q at odds ) ! ,r$\t5saal4 ,obvi\sly he c\ld h made s mu* m amus+ a gate out ( ! p]man5t /airs1 & giv5 8 sc5e a ,spani% /amp by a circle ( vivid1 tight-pack$ fl[]s 9 ! c5t]4 ,! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o is mu* bett]1 ?\gh "h aga9 ,roll] c\ld h done f> bett] if he _h turn$ 8 eyes up to ! walls above him4 ,! fir/ sc5e1 ! s]vant's room1 is made by a r[ ( antique scre5s ( fad$ crimson plac$ well d[n /age4 ,?r\gh a door 9 ! c5tral "o1 y see gre5 scre5s1 :i*1 9 ! second sc5e are to def9e ! room ( ! wife4 ,) an excell5t s5se ( climax1 ,roll] proce$s f ! %all[ /age ( ! fir/ sc5e to ! deep] /age ( ! second1 & f9ally sweeps 9 ! :ole p]man5t sett+ = ! w$d+ 9 ! ?ird sc5e4 ,m ?an t1 he calls ! /airs & balcony into play1 & f9ally op5s ! great doors above ! balcony to let u see beyond to a room ( crimson hang+s & m cry/al4 ,! la/ sc5e1 ! g>d51 is %oddily conceiv$1 ) a few un9t]e/+ pott$ trees1 a bad pa9t+ ( ,s*nbrunn 9 ! exit "u ! /eps1 & a sickly attempt at moonlight f ! floodlights & foots4 ,:y n1 y wond]1 delicate1 artificial1 gild$ h$ges along ! walls1 & fruit trees flatt5$ on espali]s aga9/ ! /eps8 ,unque/ionably ! light+ problem 9 ! ,r$\t5saal is n yet solv$4 ,re9h>dt looks to solve x ) a l>ge light or two conceal$ 9 ! =w>d *&eli]s4 ,?is may make ! illum9ation ( ! /age a little m flexible & expressive2 b x is q z likely t ! way to light ! /age is )\t ! lea/ pret5se at illusion4 ,at any rate footlights & lights f ! side are di/ress+ rem9d]s ( ! conv5tional !at]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ sc5e ( ,! ,b>b] ( ,seville z giv5 9 ! ,r$\t5saal4 ,a n altoge!r successful attempt by ,pr(essor ,roll] to create an ar*itectural unit :i* %\ld sugge/ a ,spani% ext]ior :ile h>moniz+ ) ! decorations ( ! ballroom4 ,almo/ z rem9isc5t is ! curta9 :i* slides out betwe5 acts :ile ! /age h&s move ! scre5s4 ,:y a curta9 at all--unless ! curta9 ( d>kness8 ,:y n uni=m$ att5dants manag+ ! simple matt] ( scre5s or small set pieces ) ! aplomb ( actors8 ,or if !re mu/ be a curta91 :y a crimson %eet2 :y n a hang+ ^: folds cont9ue ! motif ( ! ,gobel9s at ea* side8 ,p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s "q conc]n$ ) ! physical arrangem5ts ( ?is /age is :e!r !re %\ld n be "s s*eme ( levels o!r ?an floor & balcony4 ,a l[] =e/age w\ld aid ! director 9 compos+ 8 p1 & gett+ movem5t & v>iety out ( ?is fix$ & !re=e limit$ sett+4 ,x w\ld also aid an audi5ce t is seat$ almo/ on a flat floor4 ,! sceptic may f9d o!r limitations 9 ! ,r$\t5saal4 ,& he w be "r if he po9ts out t its atmosph]e is too %>ply artificial 9 its di/9ction to p]mit e sort ( play to be giv5 "h4 ,gorky's ,night ,lodg+ might be play$ 9 ! ,r$\t5saal z a lit]ally trem5d\s t\r de =ce1 b x w\ld be 9 ! face ( spiritual w> betwe5 ! backgr\nd ( ! /age & ! physical horrors ( ! slums :i* ! play describes4 ,plays = ! ,r$\t5saal mu/ h "s quality ( di/9ction ab\t !m1 a great1 cle> emotion free f ! bonds ( physical detail1 a fantasy or a poetry z %9+ z cry/al1 "s artificiality ( mood1 or else an agreem5t 9 p]iod ) ! b>oque4 ,y c imag9e ,rac9e or ,corneille done p]fectly "h1 ,euripides only by great g5ius1 ,! ,weav]s n at all4 ,no?+ c\ld suit ,molire bett]1 or ,beaum>*ais or ! ,re/oration dramati/s4 ,%akespe>e c\ld contribute ,twelf? ,night & ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 p]haps ,romeo & ,juliet1 b nev] ,hamlet4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 is a p]fect /age = ,osc> ,wilde1 a good /age = ,som]set ,maugham1 ,a4 ,a4 ,milne1 "s ( ,cl>e ,kumm]4 ,! ,mosc[ ,art ,!at] w\ld h no tr\ble ) ,! ,*]ry ,or*>d4 ,m or less at r&om1 y ?9k ( ,bahr's ,joseph9e1 ,! ,s*ool = ,sc&al1 ,! ,sab9e ,wom51 ,lysi/rata1 ,! ,mollusc1 ,a ,m>riage ( ,conv5i5ce1 ,! ,tru?1 ,prunella1 ,! ,begg>'s ,op]a4 ,! "o impossible b>ri] to p]=mance 9 ! ,r$\t5saal is ,atmosph]e4 ,if a play is dr5*$ 9 ! emotions ( firesides1 poppy fields1 moonlit g>d5s or natural physical ?+s1 x is impossible "h4 ,^! are ! limitations ( ! ,r$\t5saal1 n ( its idea4 ,! p]man5t sett+ & its enclos+ hall c take ! %apes ( o!r p]iods & meet almo/ e dem& ( ! drama except atmosph]e4 ,ideally ! hall %\ld h "s sob] yet arre/+ ar*itecture common to _m p]iods4 ,a neutral ord] ( ?is sort might be ! blank ,roman ar*es & pla9 pila/]s :i* are se5 s (t5 9 mod]n build+s4 ,! *&eli]s might take a =m less ornate & less blaz+2 nuances ( light+1 if desirable1 might !n be a*iev$4 ,m important1 h[ev]1 w\ld be to h ?ree int]*angeable %ells & /eps4 ,"o set ( walls %\ld be classical & sev]e1 suit$ to ,greek trag$y1 ,julius ,cs>1 &1 ) a bit ( bright5+1 to ,%aw's ,cs> & ,cleopatra4 ,ano!r %ell %\ld /rike ! note ( artificial di/9ction ) :i* ! ,r$\t5saal n[ e*oes4 ,! ?ird %\ld be ( d>k1 panel$ wood1 to suit ,%akespe>ean trag$y1 ! com$y ( ,goldsmi?1 & mod]n pieces f ,rosm]%olm to ,gett+ ,m>ri$ & f ,alice ,sit-by-!-,fire to ,magda4 ,! idea ( a p]man5t room 9 :i* to act a relat$ rep]tory is ?or\ghly applicable ev5 to our peep%[ playh\ses ) _! prosc5iums4 ,x w\ld be possible to in/all a %ell or room on ! /age ( any reasonably pres5table !at]1 su* z ,h5ry ,mill]'s1 ! ,little1 ! ,boo?1 ! ,plym\?1 ! ,selwyn 9 ,new ,york1 ! ,kn/l] 9 ,muni*1 ! ,volksbhne1 ! ,kamm]spiele 9 ,b]l91 ! ,comdie des ,*amps-,elyses 9 ,p>is1 ,/4 ,m>t9's 9 ,london4 ,! room w\ld h to be =mal1 probably )\t a ceil+1 & c]ta9ly f> m l a wall ?an a room4 ,su* a compromise seems ! only *ance ,am]ica may h ( exp]im5t+ ) ! idea ( ! ,r$\t5saal4 ,!re is n[h]e 9 ?is c\ntry a room s naturally fitt$ to ! purpose by its beauty z 0 ! ballroom ( ! ,hapsburgs4 ,! build+ ( a fre% /ructure is a little too mu* to ask2 = we h h>dly ! directors or actors to laun* unpractis$ ^u su* a co/ly & critical te/4 ,x might be risk$ p]haps1 z ,frank ,lloyd ,wright propos$ risk+ x1 9 a !at] ( a purely arti/ic nature f> f ,broadway4 ,wright design$ = ,al9e ,b>nsdall a playh\se to be erect$ 9 ,cali=nia1 ) an adju/able prosc5ium1 a /age ) a dome t all b cont9u$ ov] ! auditorium1 &1 ^u ! /age1 a pla9 curv+ wall "s t5 feet high1 foll[+ ! %ape ( ! dome4 ,! ne>e/ analogy to ! ,r$\t5saal t has be5 actually attempt$ 9 ,am]ica is probably ! adaptation :i* ,director ,sam ,hume & ! arti/s ,rudolph ,s*aeff] & ,norman ,edw>ds made ( ! ,greek ,!at] 9 ,b]keley1 ,cali=nia1 = ,romeo & ,juliet & ,twelf? ,night4 ,!re is a c]ta9 significance1 h[ev]1 9 ! pleasure :i* our sc5ic arti/s seem to get out ( a play :i* gives !m only "o sett+ to design1 b :i* requires !m to wr+ f x1 by means ( lights1 _m moods & a v>iety ( visual impressions4 ,lee ,simonson's circus gre5room = ,he ,:o ,gets ,slapp$ & ,norman-,bel ,g$des' sitt+ room = ,! ,tru? ,ab\t ,blayds %[$ h[ s$uctive to ! arti/ ( ! !at] may be ! game ( play+ ) lights 9 a p]man5t sett+4 ,approa*$ purely f ! po9t ( view ( sc5ic art1 or ! s-call$ new /agecraft1 ! ,r$\t5saal pres5ts excell5t reasons = its exi/5ce4 ,hi/orically x c\ld be def5d$ by a /udy ( ! !at] f ! ,greeks1 ) _! day-lit1 ar*itectural backgr\nd1 to ,georgian times :5 ! /age & ! h\se 7 bo? light$ by ! same *&eli]s1 & ! wide apron1 ! boxes1 & ! prosc5ium made a sort ( p]man5t sett+ :i* 0 v>i$ by ! %ift+ backclo?s4 ,b if we g no fur!r back ?an ! days :5 ,craig & ,appia 7 beg9n+ to write1 & be=e _! voices & _! p5cils _h won an audi5ce among !at] directors1 we %all f9d ! />t ( an evolution>y developm5t = :i* ! idea ( ! ,r$\t5saal provides a plausible climax4 ,9 ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ! 8flat0 0 flat inde$1 & ! pa9t$ w+ & backdrop rul$4 ,if !re 0 any dep?1 x 0 ! space betwe5 w+ & w+1 or ! false space ( pa9t$ p]spective4 ,!n ! ideas ( ,craig & ,appia1 mak+ a curi\s alliance ) ,realism1 =c$ ! pla/ic ^u ! /age4 ,! solid1 ?ree-dim5sional sett+ dom9at$4 ,:5 directors & arti/s began to discov] ! physical & spiritual limitations ( 8real0 sett+s :i* c\ld pres5t no?+ bigg] ?an ! actual /age space1 _m w5t back to ! pa9t$ flat4 ,x 0 a diff]5t flat1 h[ev]1 "o pa9t$ ) dynamic & expressive design4 ,! ?ird me?od is seldom q satisfactory4 ,! liv+ actor1 ) 8 ?ree-dim5sional be+1 cla%es ) ! two-dim5sional pa9t+4 ,! result is bad f a reali/ic or illusioni/ic po9t ( view2 &1 z soon z we ?9k ( ! /age 9 t]ms ( a frank conv5tion1 we f9d t we want ! emphasis ?r[n ^u ! actor z ! m int]e/+ & ! m difficult elem5t4 ,we want a def9$ & p]man5t artificiality t %all give ! actor scope1 s]ve z a pi$--t]re1 n jo9 9 a fanta/ic competition4 ,we c escape pla/ic & limit$ reality 9 ! ,r$\t5saal1 :ile we supply ! actor ) a backgr\nd t h>monizes ) ! liv+ "* ( 8 body4 ,at ! same "t we c secure ! vivid indication ( mood or "t or place :i* we seek1 & a*ieve x m vividly because ( ! p]man5ce ( ! ma9 fabric ( ! /age1 & its contra/ ) ! m]ely indicat$ sett+4 ,g]man sc5e design]s & directors move 9 !ory /eadily t[>ds :at !y call ! podium1 ! plat=m pure & simple1 f :i* ! play] addresses ! audi5ce op5ly z a play]4 ,9 practice !y t5d /eadily to try to approa* ?is by driv+ out z mu* ( *ang+ sc5ic backgr\nd z possible4 ,!y place some?+ 9 ! middle ( ! /age1 a table1 a flight ( /eps1 a pill>1 a b$1 & !y try to elim9ate ! re/ ( ! /age4 ,jessn] does ?is 9 ,b]l9 by us+ 8 cyclorama z a neutral b\nd>y )\t "* 9 itself4 ,fehl+1 ! director ( ,masse-,m5s*1 uses black curta9s1 & ! arti/ ,krehan by ! same means tries to c5t] our att5tion on small set pieces plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! /age & design$ to repres5t corn]s ( rooms or a s(a by a w9d[4 ,black curta9s appe> ev]y:]e 9 ,g]many--p]haps z an expression ( ! mood ( ! beat5 nation1 b also unque/ionably f a desire to drive out bo? ,realism & pret5se & to leave z little z possible ^u ! /age except ! actor & ! b>e/ & mo/ ess5tial indication ( sett+4 ,! ,g]man uses black curta9s to a*ieve no?+ness4 ,in/ead he gets desolation1 spiritual negation4 ,9 ! ,r$\t5saal1 ! actor is back$ up by space4 ,x is a positive pres5ce in/ead ( a negative backgr\nd4 ,yet x does n obtrude1 ?is spl5did room1 ) its gold & gray1 its mirrors & its tape/ries4 ,^! ?+s float 9 ! back ( consci\sness1 fill+ :at might be a disquiet+ void or a depress+ d>kness4 ,always ! cream walls dom9ate ! gray1 & always ! liv+ actor1 driv+ 8 message directly at ! spectator1 dom9ates !m all4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,cirque ,,m$rano ,p]haps ! gladiators gave x a bad "n4 ,at any rate = tw5ty c5turies m5 h hesitat$ to put any?+ m s]i\s ?an a cl[n or an a?lete 9 ! middle ( an audi5ce4 ,! ,romans c\ld h>dly be call$ a timor\s1 a s5sitive or a conv5tional p1 yet ev5 !y nev] ?\ght ( pres5t+ a play 9 an amphi!at]4 ,c4 ,curio1 ri* & reckless1 celebrat$ ! dea? ( 8 fa!r by build+ two great wood5 !at]s back to back1 giv+ p]=mances 9 bo? at ! same "t1 !n :irl+ ! spectators ab\t on turn tables1 until !y fac$ ea* o!r1 & ! two semicircles ( seats jo9$ & made "o huge ar5a4 ,b1 ?\gh ,curio 0 reckless ( money & ( ! lives ( 8 gue/s1 he 0 c>eful ( ! e/hetic proprieties4 ,! actors p]=m$ 9 ! !at]s1 & ! animals 9 ! ar5a4 ,s f> z ! feel+s ( ! ,drama c be le>n$1 %e did n approve ( ! way ! ,romans %ov$ h] actors out ( ! old ,greek or*e/ra1 & cramm$ !m into a %all[ little box1 :i* !y call$ a /age4 ,! fir/ *ance t ! ,drama _h1 %e climb$ d[n close to ! p aga91 & play$ on ! /one floor ( ! m$ieval *ur*es4 ,ev5 ,%akespe>e did n h ! tem]ity to try to put h] back 9 a box4 ,x is said t !re 7 r>e times1 z 9 "s ( ! outdoor my/]ies ( ! ,middle ,ages & :ile ! pageant wagons c>ri$ ! actors & _! sc5es into ! squ>es ( ! ,engli% t[ns1 :5 y might h f\nd ! ,drama entirely surr\nd$ by ! ho/s ( h] admir]s4 ,b "s curi\s & p]v]se p[] seems to h s*em$ ?r\gh ! c5turies to seize a decad5t "t l ! ,roman days or ! la/ fifty ye>s 9 mod]n ,europe1 & clap ! ,drama 9 a box4 ,& to-day1 :5 ! ,drama is bravely insi/+ on a little air & light1 ! p[] is /ill /rong en\gh to keep ! ,drama's lib]ators f plac+ h] nak$ & una%am$ 9 ! c5t] ( h] fell[s4 ,%e is no long] a peep%[ lure1 b we /ill hesitate to treat h] z a goddess4 ,occasionally a !ori/1 :o is z sick z ! re/ ( u ( ! f\r? wall conv5tion1 comes =w>d ) "s extraord9>y proposal to put ! audi5ce 9 ! middle ( ! drama4 ,furtt5ba* 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury laid out a squ>e !at] ) a /age 9 ea* corn]4 ,osk> ,/rnad ( ,vi5na wants to place a d\ghnut /age two ?irds r\nd ! audi5ce2 & "s ,fr5*man has advocat$ :irl+ ! d\ghnut4 ,any?+ to di/ract ! spectator f ! drama2 no?+ to conc5trate him ^u x4 ,9 ! 8,!at] ( ! ,five ,?\s&0 devis$ by ,max ,re9h>dt 9 ,b]l91 & 9 ! imitation :i* ,firm9 ,gmi] laun*$ at ! ,cirque d',hiv] 9 ,p>is1 ! audi5ce & ! drama at la/ met 9 ! circus4 ,b = "s curi\s reason--at :i* ,i h only guess$ 9 a m or less absurd fa%ion--nei!r ,re9h>dt nor ,gmi] 0 c\rage\s or f>-see+ en\gh to use ! circus z a circus4 ,nei!r d>$ put ! play]s 9 ! c5t]1 & =get ! old /age4 ,at "o side !re always l+]$ a palace or a prosc5ium4 ,re9h>dt might make ! excuse t = su* a s*eme he ne$$ a r\nd circus1 & t a r\nd circus w\ld be f> too big = ! drama4 7,he w\ld n be absurd en\gh to say t ,moissi or ,pall5b]g c\ld n act unless all ! audi5ce saw all 8 face all ! "t74 ,!re are r\nd circuses 9 ,europe1 h[ev]1 & small1 r\nd circuses1 & if ,re9h>dt c\ld n f9d "o 9 ,b]l91 he c\ld h built "o = half ! money he put into recon/ruct+ ! ,circus ,s*umann into ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus4 ,up on ,montm>tre1 j "u ! la/ heights on :i* p]*es ,sacr ,cur1 !re is su* a circus4 ,an intimate circus1 a little circus1 j ! place to beg9 ! la/ exp]im5t ) ! !at]4 ,copeau c\ld g /raight !re f ! ,vieux-,colombi]1 & ?r[ 8 ,scap9 into ! r+ )\t a second's hesitation4 ,x w\ld b[l ov] ,p>is & half ! !atrical _w4 ,copeau c\ld g /raight !re1 b ,i ?9k ! audi5ce %\ld be requir$1 = a "t1 to make a det\r via ! top ( ,montm>tre4 ,c]ta9ly t is ! only way to approa* ! ,cirque ,m$rano to-day4 ,a fiacre to ! funicul>4 ,! funicul> to ! base ( ! ca!dral4 ,a /roll all r\nd t bo>d$-up curiosity4 ,a look-(f at ,p>is swimm+ 9 ! ebb-tide ( ! summ] sun4 ,!n supp] 9 ! ,place du ,t]tre4 ,n = ! food1 :i* is z good z any cuis9e b\rgeoise2 nor = ! trees & w9d[-gr\ps out ( ,manet2 nor = ! tubby wid[ ( =ty-five :o s+s3 ,je le proclame1 ,les ma9s de femme ,sont les bij\x ,dont je suis f\4444 or ! anci5t ) ! two brass buttons 9 ! back ( 8 surt\t & ! pati5ce ( an ,engli% politician1 :o recites inaudible & probably un9telligible poetry be=e pass+ ! hat4 ,supp] 9 ! ,place du ,t]tre is an appropriate prelude to ! ,cirque ,m$rano because ( ! dog t wat*es all ev5+ f ! t9 ro( ( an impossibly ru9$ h\se1 & ! wom5 /raight out ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! days ( '#dh & ! ,commune1 :o /& ab\t ) _! great nak$ arms akimbo1 & _! /rong %>p *9s1 high *eek bones1 & eagle eyes wait+ = ! lib]ty cap to cr[n !m4 ,! dog & ! wom51 !y are ! audi5ce & ! %[4 ,!y are ! ,cirque ,m$rano4 ,?is circus is a gold5 b[l4 ,at ! bottom1 no sawdu/ b a c>pet ( hemp1 a great 8welcome0 doormat )\t ! lett]+2 we take ! de$ = ! ^w4 ,outside ! r+ is a p>apet nicely c>pet$ 9 yell[2 "o ( ! cl[ns f9ds x amus+ to roll r\nd ?is track on 8 %\ld]s4 ,above ! p>apet rise /eep r[s ( seats1 half ( !m 9 bright orange = ! spectators ) fifty or sixty c5ts to sp5d4 ,high] up ! ?9 & graceful pill>s :i* support ! ro( cut across ! vision a little2 "h !re are only b5*es & ! dvots4 ,at opposite sides ( ! r+1 wall$ passages lead out to ! gre5room & public entrances :i* circle und]nea? ! seats4 ,exits = ! audi5ce pi]ce ! r[s at ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,f ! disk ( ! dome above1 sixte5 great lamps blaze d[n on ! r+1 & sometimes a spotlight or two punctuate ! d>kness4 ,if y l to take y\r pleasure s5tim5tally1 a p]=mance at ! ,cirque ,m$rano is l op5+ old lett]s--) a comic val5t9e n[ & !n = tonic4 ,huck ,f9n saw a "o-r+ circus2 b ,g5try's ,dog & ,pony ,%[ is ! f>!/ t ! pres5t g5]ation ev] get f ! ?ree-r+-&-two-/age mon/rosity :i* deaf5s our e>s & dulls our eyes4 ,! ,cirque ,m$rano is ! prop] place = arti/s & connoisseurs4 ,! fifte5 hundr$ p t x holds c /udy--& d /udy--) ! m9ute int5sity ( an anatomical cl9ic1 ,m4 ,grossi & ,coquette1 z ! horseman1 q z pr\d z 8 m>e1 puts h] ?r\gh five m9utes ( m>*+ to music4 ,!y turn _! eyes ) j z mu* appreciation to wat* ! a]iali/s1 plung+ into _! dang]\s pa/imes "u ! lights4 ,"h ,m4 ,lionel1 ,roi du ,v]tige1 gets ! sort ( att5tion he c\ld nev] w9 on ! vaudeville /age2 x mu/ seem to him sometimes1 z he manuv]s g+]ly on a *air balanc$ by its "r h9d leg 9 ! neck ( a bottle :i* is p]*$ 9 turn on a t5 foot pole1 t ! t[]+ r[s ( seats are ab\t to topple ov] on ! /range c>e] :i* he has made ( himself4 ,!re is no "q1 !n1 ab\t ! sight-l9es ( ! !at] :i* ,copeau %\ld make out ( ! ,cirque ,m$rano4 ,!re nev] 0 su* an auditorium = %e] visibility4 ,! la/ r[s are bett] ?an ! fir/2 !y take 9 ! :ole audi5ce z well z ! %[1 :ile all y c say = ! front seats is t !y w\ld %[ y half ( ! laugh+ or cry+ cr[d ( m5 & wom51 hang+ ov] ! actors 9 f> f mute adoration4 ,! slant ( ^! seats is great] ?an ! slant 9 ,max ,littmann's !at]s 9 ,muni*1 b1 because ! r[s sw+ all r\nd1 y nev] get t feel+ ( awful vacancy & gap :i* comes to spectators 9 ! upp] r[s ( ! ,pr9zreg5t5 & ! ,kn/l] ,!at]s 9 ,muni*4 ,& !re is no prosc5ium ar* to press d[n ^u ! poor midgets at ! bottom ( ! playh\se4 8,b _! backs8 ,h[ ab\t ! actors' backs80 ,t is a fooli% "q f any "o :o has ev] se5 ,copeau's play]s1 :o has wat*$ ,j\vet's back play ! co>se1 imm5se ,k>amazov1 or se5 8 legs & buttocks s5d ,ague*eek %uffl+ across ! /age1 or caught ! :ole quick poise ( ,suzanne ,b+'s ,viola 9 h] %\ld]s & hips4 ,x is no?+ %ort ( ! rav+s ( a mad man if ! que/ion] has be5 to ! ,cirque ,m$rano1 & look$ ^u ! cl[ns4 ,p h wond]$ h[ ! actors ( ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus c\ld play to ?ree audi5ces at once1 ! "o 9 front1 ! "o at ! "r1 & ! "o at ! left2 "h are ! cl[ns play+ to f\r4 ,x is n all slap/ick ei!r4 ,!re is almo/ no :ack+ 9 ! cl[ns' own turns4 ,9 ^! sc5es !y "w out broad little com$y skits su* z ,ray & ,johnny ,dooley1 ,leon ,errol & ,walt] ,catlett1 ,eddie ,cantor & ,george ,le ,maire1 ,willie & ,eug5e ,h[>d1 or ,web] ,fields might (f] 9 our revues4 ,! diff]5ce at ! ,m$rano is t ! actors seem to h consci\sly develop$ _! ge/ures & _! poses z supplem5t>y expression to _! faces4 ,also !y w>ily "w r\nd dur+ _! sc5es1 & give ea* "p ( ! audi5ce ! b5efit ( bo? back & face4 ,! com$y ( ! ,m$rano is f> funni] ?an ! com$y ( ,! ,follies or ! com$y ( ! ,r$\t5saal 9 ,vi5na2 & n because ! turns are broad]4 ,x is funni] because x is s intimately alive1 because x is made ) all ! actor's body1 & because x is always direct$ at an audi5ce4 ,f\r audi5ces at once6 ,x is a priceless advantage4 ,! actor has always "s "o to press 8 art ^u4 ,9 our !at] half an actor's body is dead1 or else va9ly talk+ to ! sc5]y4 ,t is an und]/atem5t1 if any?+4 ,! only way ! actor c get directly at our audi5ce1 regi/] ^u x ! impact ( 8 art1 8 p]sonality1 8 emotion1 is to turn away f ! sc5e & make 8 spee* into a monologue4 ,t is ! *ief difficulty :i* /&s 9 way ( ! sort ( act+ :i* deals directly & frankly ) ! audi5ce1 :i* admits t x is art & n reality1 :i* says t ! actor is an actor & ! audi5ce is an actor1 too2 ! k9d ( act+1 9 %ort1 :i* is call$ pres5tational 9 contra/ to ! reali/ic me?od ( repres5tation :i* rules our !at]4 ,on any /age t is surr\nd$ by its audi5ce1 ! play] c speak to 8 fell[-actor & to 8 audi5ce at ! same "t4 ,9 ! ,m$rano x is no "q ( backs or faces4 ,! :ole man plays1 & e in* ( him has an audi5ce4 ,!re rema9s1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( sett+4 ,cl[ns ne$ no atmosph]e1 b ,hamlet mu/ speak to a gho/4 ,an acrobat is 8 own sc5]y1 b ,juliet ne$s a balcony4 ,c ! ,m$rano manage su* ?+s8 ,c ?is op5 r+ d :at ! /age ( ! ,r$\t5saal balks at8 ,! ,m$rano c d almo/ any?+ t our !at] c d--& a great _m ?+s m--because x c use ! ?ree ess5tials ( sett+ & atmosph]e3 light1 human bodies1 & indications ( place4 ,light4444 ,x is ! fif? turn 9 ! ,cirque ,m$rano4 ,lydia et ,h5ry1 8,babies ,danc]s10 two pitiable little *ildr51 :o h be5 taught to d v bad imitations ( _! eld]s 9 ! banal dances ( ! revues4 ,aft] !y h hopp$ & %ak5 _! way unc]ta9ly ?r\gh two or ?ree fox trots & %immies1 ! great lights 9 ! ro( g out4 ,blackness1 !n a /a9 ( amb] 9 ! c5t] ( ! r+4 ,! light bright5s & ! /a9 l5g!ns4 ,x might fall ^u ! /one ( an old ci/]n1 if "s "o _h ?\ght to put x !re4 ,!n1 :5 ! figure ( ,salome crawls out along ! /a91 x w\ld be _m mom5ts be=e we c\ld see t x 0 ! body ( a f\r-ye>-old1 :om "s "o _h togg$ out ) brea/-plates4 ,or aga9 d>kness1 & sl[ly a blue-gre5 light f on high1 & 9 ! mid/ ( x an ,apa*e & a girl4 ,x ne$s no curb1 no lamp-po/1 no brick corn]1 to make ! r+ a moonlit /reet4 ,aft] light1 !re comes ! human body4 ,! ,m$rano z a circus does no?+ to %[ h[ ! actors !mselves c make a sett+4 ,:y %\ld x8 ,b ,i rememb] ! project ( an ,am]ican arti/1 9 #aiad1 to put ,! ,c5ci ^u ! /age ( a prize r+1 & ,i rememb] h[ ! sket*es %[$ a *orus ( human figures 9 co/umes & ) /aves1 circl+ ab\t ! p ( ,%elley's play & =m+ a doz5 frames to ! drama )94 ,illu/ration3 ,an impression ( ! ,cirque ,m$rano 9 ,p>is4 ,aft] light & a sett+ ( bodies comes j z mu* ( ! ord9>y pla/ic sc5]y ( ! /age z y ne$1 & j z little z y c get along )4 ,if y c>e to dig a bit "u ! r+1 & in/all ma*9]y t w l[] ! floor 9 sections1 pile up hills 9 conc5tric circles or ev5 lift a ?rone or a well or an alt> into ! middle ( ! circus :ile ! lights are out--well1 !re is no?+ to prev5t y4 ,juliet's balcony may hang above "o ( ! entrances2 or 9 ! c5t] ( ! /age ?r\gh\t ! :ole action ( ,les ,f\rb]ies de ,scap9 may /& ! trteau or block1 :i* ,copeau makes ! c5t] ( ! action at ! ,vieux-,colombi]4 ,sc5ically ! problem ( ! ,m$rano is ! mo/ fasc9at+ problem ( ! /age arti/1 ! creation ( a s+le p]man5t /ructure1 l>ge or small1 :i* c /& ?r\gh\t a play & give significant aid to ! v>i\s sc5es4 ,x is no su* difficult task to imag9e productions 9 ! ,m$rano z x is to f9d plays = ! ,r$\t5saal4 ,! accompany+ sket* %[s an arrangem5t = ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,gl[+ ,v5etian lant]ns are hung 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! ar*es at ! top ( ! !at]4 ,! f\r entrances = ! public are made entrances = ! play]s z well4 ,bel[ ea* gate is a d\ble /air1 rail$ at ! top ) ,v5etian iron4 ,betwe5 ! /airs are b5*es1 aga9 9 ! %ape ( ! p]iod4 ,! rail+s become ! cop+s ( ! ,rialto4 ,! casket sc5es are play$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! ar5a1 :ile ,portia & ,n]issa wat* ! proce$+s f a b5* at "o side2 ano!r b5* seats ! judges 9 ! c\rtroom4 ,jessica leans out f an entrance to flirt ) h] lov]1 & ! c>nival mob *ases old ,%ylock up & d[n ! little /airs1 ov] ! b5*es1 r\nd ab\t & out "o ( ! two l[] gates to ! r+4 ,! gho/ sc5e 9 ,hamlet8 ,imag9e ! s5t9el's companions moonlit 9 ! c5t]4 ,imag9e a gall]y beh9d ! ar*es light$ ) a dim & gho/ly radiance4 ,& imag9e ,m>cellus sudd5ly & fe>fully po9t+ to ! figure ( ! dead man :]e x moves above ! la/ r[ ( spectators4 ,no mix+ ( actors & audi5ce1 b :at a ?rill to see ! gho/ across a gulf ( turn$ & /ra9+ faces1 :at a horror to see him ov] y\r own %\ld]6 ,lat] ,hamlet climbs /one by /one to meet & speak ) ! gho/ f a plat=m above "o ( ! great entrances4 ,! ,je/--its prison sc5e8 ,a block 9 ! middle ( ! r+1 a s+le gl>+ light f /raight above1 & ! figure ( ,n]i *a9$ to ! block4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice z x might be giv5 9 ! ,cirque ,m$rano4 ,masse-,m5s*8 ,b a mob-play is too easy4 ,! sc5e ( ! defeat1 = in/ance2 light ^u ! /eps 9 ! middle ( ! r+1 work]s pil$ up on x1 mess5g]s & refugees runn+ 9 f gate aft] gate1 f all f\r entrances1 fl++ !mselves back on ! cr[d 9 ! c5t] z ! news ( fre% disa/] comes4 ,! rattle ( fire>ms2 lights aga9/ ! back ( ! high gall]y1 & ! silh\ettes ( a score ( ma*9e guns tra9$ on ! actors & ! audi5ce4 ,x w\ld be fooli% to d5y t ! ,m$rano is n a !at] = e play4 ,x c\ld n hold "s t ! artificiality ( ! ,r$\t5saal w\ld make welcome--,osc> ,wilde's1 = in/ance--along ) mo/ ( ! conv]sational ,realism ( ! pa/ ?irty ye>s4 ,b x c\ld h\se all t ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus is fitt$ =--,greek trag$y & com$y1 ,%akespe>e's greate/ plays1 dramas l ,florian ,gey]1 ,! ,weav]s1 & ,danton4 ,"s ( ! sc5es ( su* pieces1 ! intimate episodes :i* ,re9h>dt's circus balks at1 c\ld be done excell5tly 9 ! ,m$rano4 ,x has all ! intimacy ( ,copeau's !at]1 & x c\ld br+ into its r+ _m dramas ( to-day1--,! ,emp]or ,jones1 ,/rife1--:i* are impossible 9 ! ,vieux-,colombi]4 ,! ,m$rano has its limitations1 ( c\rse1 b !y are n ! limitations ( size1 emotion1 or p]iod4 ,! plays t x c\ld n d w\ld be ! plays lea/ wor? do+1 at _! be/ ! plays :i* give to a read] almo/ all t !y h to give4 ,if y %\ld try to make a comp>ison ( me?od1 r ?an ( limitations1 betwe5 ! ?ree active pres5tational !at]s ( ,europe1 & ! f\r? t might be1 x w\ld run1 ,i ?9k some?+ l ?is3 ,! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus tries to deceive y 9 curi\s ways1--) dome & sc5]y & cl\d ma*9e4 ,! ,vieux-,colombi] c>efully expla9s to y t ?is is a !at]1 & t ?is is also life4 ,! ,r$\t5saal asks y to dress up & see some?+ arti/ic4 ,! ,m$rano unites y & ov]:elms y4 ,! ?+ t impresses any "o :o /udies ! ,m$rano f ! po9t ( view ( play production--x may ev5 impress ! read] :o tries to und]/& & sympa?ize ) ^! attempts to sugge/ h[ plays might be produc$ !re--is ! great v>iety :i* su* a !at] (f]s & always ! s5se ( unity :i* x creates4 ,f e angle relation%ips c5t] ^u ! actor1 or cut across "o ano!r z he moves ab\t1 makes entrances or exits1 or appe>s 9 ! back ( ! audi5ce4 ,all ^! relation%ips "w to a f9e1 natural unity4 ,!re is ! actor 9 ! c5t] ) ! audi5ce ab\t him2 !re is ! actor on ! rim draw+ ! audi5ce out & across to him4 ,!re are ?ree circles ( action )9 "o ano!r 9 a s+le unity4 ,& !re is ! s5se ( all ?is :i* ! audi5ce has z x looks d[n1 ,olympian1 f its banks ( seats4 ,some?+ ( ! vision ( ! a]oplane invades ! ,m$rano4 ,we see life anew4 ,we see x cut across on a fre% plane4 ,patt]ns appe> ( :i* we _h no k4 ,relation%ips become cle> t 7 once confusion4 ,we cat* a s5se ( ! r\ndness & rightness ( life4 ,& 9 ! ,m$rano1 :ile we w9 ?is vision 9 a new dim5sion1 we d n lose ! feel ( ! old4 ,su* a !at] e/abli%es bo? = u4 ,x gives u ! ?ree unities ( space 9 all _! fulness4 ,!y cut across "o ano!r l ! planes ( a hyp]cube4 ,& ! deep] !y cut1 ! deep] gr[s ! unity4 ,! ,m$rano seems to solve two problems ( ! mod]n !at]4 ,^! arise f two desires 9 ! lead+ directors & arti/s4 ,"o is to ?r[ out ! actor into %>p relief1 /ripp$ ( ev]y?+ b ! ess5tial 9 sett+4 ,?is motivates a production l ,masse-,m5s*1 ) black curta9s blott+ out all b ! c5t] ( ! /age1 & a !at] l ! ,r$\t5saal1 ) ! actor plac$ amid/ a backgr\nd ( =mal & p]man5t beauty4 ,! ,m$rano supplies a liv+ backgr\nd1 ! backgr\nd ( ! audi5ce itself4 ,x is ! backgr\nd ( life in/ead ( dea?1 a fulness ( liv+ ?+s in/ead ( ! morbid empt9ess ( black curta9s4 ,x is a backgr\nd m envelop+ & animat+ ?an ! ballroom ( ,m>ia ,!resa4 ,x is a backgr\nd t accords ) e mood1 & is itself a unity4 ,! o!r problem is a psy*ological & a physical problem1 ! problem ( life-pr9ciples 9 art4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! !at] 0 mascul9e4 ,its ess5ce 0 a ?ru/4 ,! phallus 0 borne 9 ! processional ritual at ! op5+ ( ! ,!at] ( ,dionysus ea* spr+2 & its pres5ce 0 significant4 ,! greate/ & ! heal?ie/ ( ! !at]s h always plung$ _! actors into ! mid/ ( ! audi5ce4 ,x is only decad5ce1 :e!r ,roman or ,victorian1 t has )drawn ! actor into a %ea?1 a cave1 a m\?1 & has tri$ to drag ! _s ( ! spectator 9 ) him4 ,! peep %[ is ess5tially evil4 ,i w n say x is fem99e1 b ,i w say t ! art ( ! !at] is a mascul9e art1 t x is ass]tive & n receptive4 ,its bus9ess is to imbue ! audi5ce4 ,x is n too difficult to see 9 ! prosc5ium ar* ! reason = ! b>r5ness ( ! reali/ic !at]4 ,directors & arti/s :o h felt ?is h tri$ to f9d a playh\se t lies ne>] to ! mascul9e vigor ( s*ylus & ,%akespe>e4 ,i ?9k !y c f9d x 9 ! ,cirque ,m$rano4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,old ,,_s--,,! ,,new ,,!at] ,x is h>d to escape ! belief t ?is f]m5t 9 ! !at] means some?+4 ,some?+ = life & f life2 some?+ = art & f art4 ,some?+ imm5sely important to ! s5se ( godhead 9 man :i* is life & art toge!r1 life & art fecundat+ "o ano!r4 ,x seems peculi>ly cle> t ! new =ces 9 ! !at] h be5 work+ t[>ds a spiritual *ange f> m novel1 f> m int]e/+1 & naturally f> m important ?an any ( ! te*nical *anges :i* !y h br\ght ab\t4 ,! te*nical *anges h be5 confus+4 ,fir/ ?is bus9ess ( sc5ic design]s & revolv+ /ages & all mann] ( %[ & me*anism2 & n[ ! 8nak$ /age10 abdication ( ! arti/1 scrapp+ ( ! ma*9es1 ! actor alone1 on a podium or 9 a circus r+4 ,all 9 ! "n ( drama4 ,!re is only "o explanation4 ,^! *anges h come z "p ( an attempt to re/ore ! !at] to its old functions4 ,!y are two v extraord9>y functions4 ,"o may be debau*$ into titillation1 or may rise to t fulness ( vitality1 t excitation1 ^u :i* ! second function ( ! !at] is bas$1 ! function ( exaltation4 ,betwe5 ! old] !at]1 9 :i* ^! functions work$ z pot5tly z !y work$ seldom1 & ! !at] 9 :i* !y may "w aga91 lay ! !at] ( ,realism4 ,x 0 a product ( a trem5d\s =ce1 a =ce = evil z well z good--! =ce ( n9ete5? c5tury sci5ce4 ,sci5ce made ! !at] reali/ic & ,realism made ! drama sci5tific4 ,x ceas$ to be a %[4 ,x became a photograph4 ,! drama 0 made 8tru]10 b only 9 ! s5se t a photograph may be tru] to fact ?an a draw+ by ,picasso4 ,x a*iev$ resemblance to life4 ,& !n x ceas$ to h excitem5t or exaltation1 because excitem5t1 9 ! vivid s5se 9 :i* ,i use x "h1 is mo/ uncommon 9 mod]n life1 & because exaltation is a r>e & hidd5 ?+ %[+ seldom 9 outw>d relations4 ,bo? are too exceptional = ,realism4 ,! re/oration ( excitem5t to ! !at] may appe> to degrade x f ! exact & au/]e report ( life :i* ,realism dem&s4 ,b ! ?rill ( movem5t & ev5t is ! elem5t 9 ! !at] :i* lifts our spirits to ! po9t :]e exaltation is possible4 ,! p[] ( ! !at] lies 9 j ?is ability to raise u to ec/asy ?r\gh ! love ( vitality :i* is ! commone/ sign ( div9ity 9 life4 ,& :5 ! !at] gives u ec/asy1 :at becomes ( sci5ce8 ,& :o c>es8 ,! new =ces 9 ! !at] h /ruggl$ m or less bl9dly t[>d ?is end4 ,!y h tri$ beauty1 ri*ness1 novelty1 to w9 back excitem5t4 ,!y h only j begun to see t ! livelie/ excitation 9 ! playh\se may come f ! art ( ! actor & ! art ( ! rgisseur :5 !y are /ripp$ to ! task ( provid+ exaltation4 ,pres5t ! actor z an actor1 & ! backgr\nd z an hone/1 mat]ial backgr\nd1 & y are ready = :at glories ! playwright & ! peculi> g5ius ( ! !at] c provide4 ,! drama is free aga9 = its et]nal task--! %[+ ( ! s\l ( life4 ,j h[ mu* ?is may mean is p]haps ! te/ ( y\r belief 9 ! !at]4 ,x is ! conviction ( "s ( u t !re has resid$ 9 ! !at]--& our hope t !re may reside once m--some?+ ak9 to ! religi\s _s4 ,a def9ition ( ?is _s is difficult4 ,x is c]ta9ly n religion4 ,x goes beh9d religion4 ,x is ! exaltation ( :i* =mal cre$s are a product4 ,x is ! vitality :i* in=ms life1 & begets art4 ,out ( ! int5sity ( spiritual feel+ :i* rises f ! et]nal processes ( ! univ]se & 9 turn becomes consci\s ( !m1 ! ?+ is born :i* made ,greek trag$y noble & :i* call$ drama back to life 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!n x 0 ! _s ( religion4 ,to-day we might call x ! _s ( life4 ,bo? consci\sly & unconsci\sly m5 ( ! !at] h s\ght to w9 back ?is exaltation4 ,! late/ attempt is 9 "s ways ! mo/ d>+ & ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,max ,re9h>dt1 leav+ ! playh\se1 has tri$ to f9d x 9 a w$d+ ( ! drama & ! *ur*4 ,be=e ?is book is publi%$1 ,re9h>dt w h produc$ ,cald]on's my/ic drama1 ,! ,!at] ( ! ,_w1 "u ! high alt> ( ! ,collegi5kir*e 9 ,salzburg4 ,x is impossible n[ to speak ( h[ f> he has be5 able to effect an e/hetic union betwe5 ! h&some rococo edifice & ! plat=m = 8 play]s2 x is only possible to speculate on ! spiritual feel+ :i* spectators may ga9 ?r\gh look+ up at ! actors f a flat floor1 in/ead ( look+ d[n ^u !m4 ,i _c speak ( ! actual pres5ce ( exaltation 9 ! audi5ce1 b we c speculate toge!r on ! possibilities ( w9n+ back spiritual vitality = ! drama by union ) ! *ur*4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re comes ! disquiet+ ?\ght t ! !at] pres5ts ! spectacle ^! days ( a bird t lays eggs 9 ano!r bird's ne/4 ,x isn't cont5t ) ! "o x has us$ = "s c5turies4 ,x mu/ g snoop+ ab\t look+ = a new hav5 = ! drama4 ,x tries ! circus4 ,x tries ! ballroom4 ,x %[s u ! ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus & ! ,r$\t5saal4 ,x ev5 seems to h got a notion ( lay+ its eggs on ! f\r? wall4 ,z ?is 0 ! only ?+ t wasn't ?or\ghly real 9 ! reali/ic !at]1 ! result--! motion picture--is a bit ( a scramble4 ,& n[ ! cuckoo !at] has its eye on ! *ur*4 ,a tru] *>ge might be t ! human animal has a p]v]se lik+ = novelty2 b ev5 t c\ld be c\nt]$ ) ! ass]tion t out ( ! /imulation ( novelty1 z out ( almo/ any /imulation1 man c make art--if he has x 9 him4 ,z to t /range bird1 ! !at]1 x has nev] _h good home-keep+ habits4 ,x laid its eggs on ,greek alt>s1 & 9 ! mang]s ( ,*ri/ian *apels4 ,x ne/$ 9 ! inn y>d 9 ,engl&1 & ! t5nis c\rt 9 ,france4 ,! fact t ! !at] has a habit ( roam+ is wor? ab\t z mu* 9 ?is discussion ( its *ance 9 ! mod]n *ur* z ! fact t x once f\nd ec/asy by ! ,greek alt> & produc$ little approa*+ dramatic lit]ature :ile x 0 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,jacques ,copeau compla9s t ! drama has no home to-day1 & ass]ts t betwe5 ! only *oices op5 to x--! *ur* & ! /reet--he mu* pref]s ! /reet4 ,! *ur* doesn't want ! drama2 its cre$ doesn't want ! drama2 its _s repels ! drama4 ,9 ?is relation ( ! *ur* & ! !at] !re seems to be a problem = ,europe & a problem = ,am]ica4 ,! possibility ( ! two unit+ appe>s mu* great] 9 ,europe4 ,europe--p>ticul>ly c5tral & s\!rn ,europe1 :]e ,ca?olicism fl\ri%es--holds f> m ( g5u9e religi\s _s ?an does ,am]ica4 ,moreov]1 ! *ur* !re has ! /r5g? ( tradition & ( art beh9d x4 ,! e/hetic-emotional grip ( ! *ur*es !mselves1 _! ar*itecture1 _! atmosph]e1 ! s5se ( cont9uity t lives 9 !m1 holds m5 & wom5 ^: m9ds h reject$ or ignor$ ! au?ority ( dogma4 ,ev5 an ,am]ican cut (f f ! traditional side ( ?is life w\ld feel a ?rill 9 a drama 9 ! ,collegi5kir*e 9 ,salzburg or 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres t no p]=mance 9 a !at] c\ld give him4 ,! beauty ( ! ages w\ld bless ! drama 9 almo/ any ,european build+ except a !at]4 ,b come to ,am]ica1 & try to imag9e ,ev]yman 9 ,tr9ity ,*ur* at ! head ( ,wall /reet1 or ,! ,!at] ( ! ,_w 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,john ! ,div9e1 n to br+ x d[n to ! level ( a ,me?odi/ meet+ h\se4 ,! !at] c always make religion m dramatic2 witness ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,rev]5d ,william ,norman ,gu?rie & ,claude ,bragdon ) light+ & dance 9 ,/4 ,m>k's-9-!-,b\w]ie4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t any ,am]ican *ur* %ort ( "s ,spani%-,indian mission 9 ! ,s\?we/ c make ! drama m religi\s4 ,= ,am]ica--&1 ,i suspect1 = ,europe1 too--! problem is to f9d a way to ! religi\s _s indep5d5t ( ! *ur*4 ,x is n a "q ( produc+ plays 9 ca!drals1 b ( produc+ ! _s ( life 9 plays4 ,x is n3 ,c religion make itself !atrical8 ,b3 ,c ! !at] make itself--9 a new s5se--religi\s8 ,if mod]n life1 p>ticul>ly ! life ( ,am]ica1 7 spiritual 9 any degree1 all ?is w\ld be simple4 ,*ur* & !at] w\ld bo? m9i/]--z nei!r ( !m does n[--to ! life ( ! _s4 ,am]ica has no art & no religion :i* c make drama religi\s4 ,am]ica does n believe1 9 any deep s5se4 ,sci5ce has %att]$ dogma1 & =mal religion has n be5 able to absorb an arti/ic or a philosophic _s great en\gh to recreate ! religi\s _s 9 m54 ,! ?+ is /ill m difficult because !re is n[h]e 9 ?is c\ntry--unless1 aga91 x is 9 ! ,s\?we/--a s5se ( ! age-long processes ( life1 :i* are "p ( ! soil & :i* leave _! m>k on m5 & wom5 ?r\gh ! physical ?+s t h always cradl$ !m4 ,9 ,europe ev5 ! cities hold ?is anci5t & natural aspect2 !y are %ap$ by man & "t1 ev5 z ! fields & ! hills are %ap$ by "t & man4 ,^! cities bask1 & lie easy4 ,!re is a s5se ( long1 sl[ gr[? 9 ! v /ones4 ,9 ,am]ica1 x is n only t our cities are new & bra%4 ,our c\ntryside is ! same4 ,ev5 our f>mh\ses /ick out ( ! l& l squ>e boxes4 ,z simple a h\se 9 ,europe has a bread? t reconciles x ) ! sweep ( ! fields4 ,! ,am]ican f>mh\se is symbol ( our sep>ation f ! soil4 ,we are out ( t\* ) ! e>?y vitality ( life :i* might br+ u at lea/ a little s5se ( ! et]nal4 ,if ! man ( ! !at] gives up ! ,am]ican *ur* z a pa? to ! _s ( life1 & if he f9ds no religion 9 mod]nity f :i* to br+ religion to ! /age1 :at c he d8 ,is x possible t he c create ! spiritual 9 ! p by creat+ x 9 ! !at]8 ,c he see ! vision himself2 &1 if he sees x & embodies x1 c x make ov] ! p8 ,clive ,bell1 writ+ 9 ,art1 has describ$ h[ su* arti/s z ,william ,blake & a v few o!rs h rea*$ ! spiritual reality ( exi/5ce--! ?+ we %\ld call religion--directly1 by pure intuition3 8,"s arti/s seem to h come at x by %e] =ce ( imag9ation1 unaid$ by any?+ )\t !m2 !y h ne$$ no mat]ial ladd] to help !m out ( matt]4 ,!y h spok5 ) reality z m9d to m9d40 ,vision ( ?is sort is s inord9ately r>e1 t x seems z ?\gh "s o!r way mu/ be f\nd to op5 spiritual tru? to ! arti/ ( ! !at]4 ,! only o!r way is ?r\gh ! deepe/ und]/&+ ( life itself4 ,:at c ! arti/ f9d 9 ,am]ican life to br+ ! vision8 ,no?+1 surely1 on ! surface4 ,our ar*itects h rea*$ a m notewor?y expression ?an p]haps any ( our pa9t]s1 because !y h someh[ manag$ to id5tify !mselves ) a _s ( affirmation beh9d ^? indu/rial =ms t our comm]cial imp]ialism pres5ts to view 9 our m5 ( position l ,morgan & ,=d1 our p]iodicals l ,! ,am]ican ,magaz9e & ,! ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/1 our subways & our cig>ette ads1 our pat5t m$ic9es & our ,kupp5heim] clo!s4 ,! arti/ ( ! !at] :o is to create ec/asy by f9d+ x1 mu/ see deep] ?an ! ar*itects beh9d ! %ams ( ,am]ican life4 ,he mu/ grasp ! ,_s ( ,am]ica 9 a s5se s extraord9>y t ! use we ord9>ily make ( t phrase w seem impossibly & blasphem\sly *eap4 ,we h h9ts ( :at ! arti/ mu/ see & und]/& 9 ,s&burg's s5se ( ,*icago1 9 ,va*el ,l9dsay's s5se ( ! ,middle ,we/1 9 ,waldo ,frank's s5se ( ,new ,mexico4 ,:5 !atrical g5ius has grasp$ ! tru? ( ,am]ica1 x mu/ be 8 bus9ess to make ( himself & 8 !at] a magnify+ glass = ! re/ ( 8 fell[s4 ,:at he has be5 able to seize by %e] intuition1 he mu/ put 9 su* =m t x c seize all ,am]ica4 ,x is ! hope ( ! !at] t x c make ! vision ( "o man become ! vision ( _m4 ,!re is no reason :y a man ( ! !at] %\ld n h ! vision2 x has come to o!r arti/s4 ,!y h be5 able to transf] "s %>e ( x to ! s5sitive1 ! develop$1 ! intellectual4 ,! arti/ ( ! !at] c p]haps transf] x to millions1 to ! un$ucat$ & ! dull1 z well z to ! receptive4 ,9 ! !at] he has a v extraord9>y in/rum5t4 ,x is ! art ne>e/ to life2 its mat]ial is almo/ life itself4 ,?is physical id5tity :i* x has ) our v exi/5ce is ! ?+ t c enable ! arti/ to visualize ) amaz+ int5sity a religi\s _s ( :i* he has s5s$ only ! fa9te/ indications 9 life4 ,he c create a _w :i* %9es ) exaltation & :i* seems--z x inde$ is--a _w ( reality4 ,he c give ! _s a p]vad+ pres5ce 9 ! !at] :i* x once _h 9 ! life ( ! ,greeks & ( ! p ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& :5 m5 & wom5 see et]nal _s 9 su* a =m1 :o c say t !y w n take x to !m8 ,,! ,,end ,,index ,,index ,9 ! case ( a numb] ( plays li/$ 9 ?is index1 ! names ( ! director & ! arti/ responsible = ! p>ticul> production 9 "q are c\pl$ 9 a p>5!sis prec$+ ! numb]s ( ! pages on :i* ! production is m5tion$2 a semi-colon sep>ates ref]5ces to su* special productions f ref]5ces to ! play alone4 ,9 ! case ( !at]s li/$1 ! "n ( ! city 9 :i* ea* is locat$ appe>s 9 p>5!sis4 ,ars ,sy/em1 #gc-gf1 #aaf4 ,&r1 ,h>ald1 opp4 #ed1 #ge1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 opp4 #abj1 #aba-abb1 opp4 #abb4 s*ylus1 #f1 #ib1 #bab4 ,alb]t ,!at] 7,dresd571 #cc4 ,alice ,sit-by-!-,fire1 #aic4 ,all>d1 ,rob]t1 #aje1 #aha4 ,am]ican ,magaz9e1 ,!1 #bbj4 ,amphi!at]1 #df4 ,&reyeff1 ,leonid1 #be4 ,angl91 ,m>g>et1 #ih4 ,annonce faite ,m>ie1 ,l'1 7,dalcroze-,appia71 #aei4 ,appia1 ,adolphe1 #db1 #dd1 #fh-fi1 #gj1 #ajg1 #ach1 #aei1 #aie4 ,arnold1 ,victor1 #hb4 ,art1 #ai1 #bbj4 ,au/rian ,/ate ,op]a ,h\se1 see ,vi5na ,op]a ,h\se4 ,awak5+ ( ,spr+1 ,!1 #bh4 ,back to ,me?uselah1 7,simonson71 #gc1 #gf4 ,bahr1 ,h]mann1 #aib4 ,bak%y1 ,alex&]1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aeh4 ,bak/1 ,leon1 #dd1 #dh4 ,balieff1 ,n4 ,f41 #ajg4 ,ballets ,russes1 #dd4 ,b>b] ( ,seville1 ,!1 #ahf1 #ahi-aij1 opp4 #aij4 ,b>nsdall1 ,al9e1 #aei1 #aid4 ,b>rie1 ,sir ,j4 ,m41 #h4 ,b>rymore1 ,lionel1 #hg4 ,b>ton1 ,jim1 #hf4 ,bass]mann1 ,alb]t1 #hb4 ,bataille1 ,h5ry1 #f4 ,beaum>*ais1 #aib4 ,begg>'s ,op]a1 ,!1 #aib4 ,belasco1 ,david1 #ad1 #be1 #db1 #agf4 ,bell1 ,clive1 #ai-bj1 #bbj4 ,b5-,ami1 ,jacob1 #id4 ,b]l9 ,/ate ,op]a ,h\se1 opp4 #fj1 #adf4 ,b]l9 ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus1 #ee1 #gb1 #gh1 #hd2 7,act+ company71 #hh-hi1 #aci-adj2 7,jessn]'s productions !re71 #acj-adc2 see illus41 ,napoleon1 ,o!llo1 & ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,b]l9 ,volksbhne1 see ,volksbhne4 ,b]nh>dt1 ,s>ah1 #ih1 #ajd4 ,b]t5s1 ,rosa1 #hb4 ,bibi5a1 see ,galli-,bibi5a4 ,b+1 ,suzanne1 #ahj1 #bjd4 ,blake1 ,wm41 #bbj4 ,bltt] des ,deuts*5 ,!at]s1 #afb4 ,blaue ,vogel1 ,d]1 #hc4 ,boo?1 ,edw91 #ih4 ,boo? ,!at] 7,new ,york71 #aic4 ,b\quet1 ,roma91 #aha4 ,bragdon1 ,claude1 #bah4 ,brahm1 ,otto1 #db1 #aaj4 ,brice1 ,fanny1 #ajb4 ,bronn51 ,arnold1 #bi4 ,burbage1 #ib4 ,burgh]s ( ,calais1 #acg4 ,burg!at] 7,vi5na71 #ee1 #ef1 #hd1 #agg4 ,butl]1 ,samuel1 #aah4 ,cs> & ,cleopatra1 #aic4 ,cald]on1 #aag1 #ahh1 #baf4 ,caliban 7,mac,kaye-,ordynski-,urban-,jones71 #aei1 #afa4 ,cantor1 ,eddie1 #bjd4 ,capek1 ,k>el1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,c>roll1 ,lewis1 #eh4 ,c>rosse du ,/4-,sacrem5t1 ,le1 7,copeau-,j\vet71 #ajd1 #agi1 opp4 #ahj4 ,catlett1 ,walt]1 #bjd4 ,c5ci1 ,!1 #bjf4 ,czanne1 #f1 #ch4 ,*auve-,s\ris1 #hc1 #ajg4 ,*apl91 ,*>lie1 #hf1 #ii4 ,*5ey1 ,%eldon1 #age4 ,*]ry ,or*>d1 ,!1 7,/anislavsky71 #h-af1 opp4 #aj1 #bh1 #ij1 #ie1 #aib4 ,*\t 7le ,b\ffon71 7,gont*>ova71 #abd-abe4 ,*ur* ,!at]1 #agj1 #baf-bah4 ,circus ,s*umann 7,b]l971 #aaj1 #afb1 #afd1 #bjj4 ,circus ,!at]1 #aaj1 #aeg1 #afb-agj1 #aih-bab1 #bac1 #baf4 ,cirque d',hiv] 7,p>is71 #bjj4 ,cirque ,m$rano 7,p>is71 viii1 #aih-bab1 opp4 #bjf1 opp4 #bjh4 ,cl>k1 ,bobbie1 #ajb4 ,claudel1 ,paul1 #aei4 ,clavigor1 #aag1 #ahh4 ,cl\d-ma*9e1 #ge-gf1 #gg4 ,collegi5kir*e 7,salzburg71 #baf1 #bah4 ,color ,organ1 #gf4 ,comdie des ,*amps-lyses 7,p>is71 #aic1 see illus41 ,he ,:o ,gets ,slapp$ & ,uncle ,vanya4 ,coop]1 ,claude1 #he1 #aje4 ,copeau1 ,jacques1 viii1 #be1 #db1 #ee1 #he1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aei1 #aga-ahc1 opp4 #agd1 opp4 #ahj1 #ahh1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #bji1 #bag4 ,corneille1 #aib4 ,craig1 ,gordon1 #ah1 #ai1 #be1 #db1 #dd1 #ef1 #eg1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aca1 #aci1 #afj1 #aie4 ,crav51 ,frank1 #if1 #ig-ih4 ,curio1 ,c41 #aih4 ,cyclorama1 #ga1 #gb1 #gd1 #aaf4 ,cze* ,national ,!at] 7,prague71 #cd4 ,dalcroze1 ,jaques-1 #aei4 ,dame ,cobalt1 #aag1 #ahh4 ,d',annunzio1 ,gabriele1 #h4 ,dante1 #aei4 ,danton1 7,re9h>dt-,/]n71 #aaj1 #afg1 #afh2 #bji4 ,das ,bi/ ,du1 7,l9neba*71 #gc4 ,deuts*es ,op]nhaus 7,*>lott5burg71 #ei4 ,deuts*es ,!at] 7,b]l971 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,diegelmann1 ,wilhelm1 #hb4 ,dietri*1 ,m41 #hb1 #ij1 #adi-aej4 ,div9e ,com$y1 ,!1 #aei4 ,dome1 #gj-gb1 #aec4 ,don ,giovanni1 #ei4 ,dooley1 ,johnny1 #bjd4 ,dooley1 ,ray1 #bjd4 ,drap]1 ,ru?1 #ajb4 ,dream ,play1 ,!1 #bh2 7,re9h>dt71 #ajg4 ,drehbhne1 see ,revolv+ /age4 ,dresd5 ,op]a ,h\se1 #fj1 #gc4 ,dresd5 ,s*auspielhaus1 #be1 #fj-fa1 #gb2 7,act+ company71 #hg-hh4 ,du*amp1 ,m>cel1 #ch4 ,duncan1 ,augu/91 #he4 ,dr]1 ,a41 #dh4 ,duse1 ,eleanora1 #hj1 #ii4 ,eames1 ,cl>e1 #ih4 ,eb]t1 ,c>l1 #hh4 ,edw>ds1 ,norman1 #aid4 ,eib5s*tz1 ,camilla1 #hb4 ,emp]or ,jones1 ,!1 #bji4 ,erdgei/1 #bh1 #hc4 ,errol1 ,leon1 #bjd4 ,euripides1 #aib4 ,ev]gre5 ,tree1 ,!1 #aei1 #afa4 ,ev]yman1 7,l9db]g71 #aab2 7,re9h>dt71 #afb2 #bah4 ,eysoldt1 ,g]trud1 #hb4 ,fau/1 7,re9h>dt-,/]n71 opp4 #ajh4 ,fehl+1 ,jrg51 #aai1 #add1 #adh-aef1 opp4 #adh1 opp4 #aej1 opp4 #aeb1 opp4 #aed1 opp4 #aef1 #aif4 ,fe/spiel1 7,re9h>dt71 #afb4 ,fields1 ,lew1 #bjd4 ,fir/ ,ye>1 ,!1 #if4 ,florian ,gey]1 #e2 7,/iel]-,golds*midt71 #ee1 #hf1 #hi1 #ajb2 7,re9h>dt71 #afh2 #bji4 ,follies1 ,!1 #bjd4 ,=d1 ,h5ry1 #bbj4 ,=e/age1 #aaf1 #aei1 #afb-afc1 #afh1 #afi1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #aha1 #aia4 ,=mal /age1 #fd1 #fe1 #ajd1 #aei1 #agc1 #agf4 ,=re/1 ,edw91 #ih4 ,=re/1 ,m>gu]ite1 #he4 ,=/]1 ,rudolf1 #hi4 ,=tuny1 ,m41 #fi1 #gj4 ,=tuny ,sy/em1 #fi-gj4 ,f\rb]ies de ,scap91 ,les1 #bjj1 #bjg4 ,france1 ,anatole1 #ad1 #cg4 ,francesca da ,rim9i1 7,duse71 #hj4 ,frank1 ,waldo1 #ff1 #bba4 ,frank=t ,op]a ,h\se1 #cb1 opp4 #cb4 ,frank=t ,s*auspielhaus1 #ea1 #ee2 7,act+ company71 #hh-hi2 #aab1 opp4 #aab1 opp4 #aad4 ,freie ,volksbhne1 #aaj2 see ,volksbhne4 ,frres ,k>amazov1 ,les1 7,copeau-,j\vet71 #be1 #ff1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #agc1 #agd1 opp4 #agd1 #agf1 #agi4 ,frogs1 ,!1 #ib4 ,f ,morn to ,midnight1 7,simonson71 #gh4 ,furtt5ba*1 ,joseph1 #aii4 ,galli-,bibi5a1 #abj1 #abf4 ,galswor?y1 ,john1 #f1 #g1 #bd4 ,g>rick1 ,david1 #bc1 #ib1 #ajj4 ,g>rick ,!at] 7,new ,york71 #agc1 #ahj4 ,gas1 7,l9neba*71 #gc4 ,g$des1 ,norman-,bel1 #aei1 #aid4 ,gmi]1 ,firm91 #aei1 #bjj4 ,gett+ ,m>ri$1 #aic4 ,globe ,!at] 7,london71 #abj4 ,goe!1 #f1 #de1 #aag1 #aba1 #ahh4 ,goldsmi?1 ,oliv]1 #aic4 ,gont*>ova1 ,natalia1 #abd4 ,gorky1 ,maxim1 #ajg1 #aia4 ,gozzi1 ,c41 #aag1 #ahh4 ,grabbe1 ,c4 ,d41 #gc1 #hh1 #aca1 #acc1 #acg4 ,grasso1 ,giovanni1 #ih1 #ajd4 ,greek ,!at] 7,b]keley1 ,cal471 #aid4 ,grieg1 ,edw>d1 #ed4 ,grosses ,s*auspielhaus 7,b]l971 vii1 #ec1 #ee1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aae1 #aaf1 #afd-agj1 opp4 #afd1 opp4 #afh1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahb1 #ahi1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #bji-baj1 #baf4 ,grossi & ,coquette1 #bjc4 ,grumpy1 #hc4 ,grnewald1 ,isaac1 #aba-abc1 opp4 #abj1 #abb4 ,gu?rie1 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,n41 #bah4 ,hairy ,ape1 ,!1 #e1 #ba1 #bi1 #ch4 ,hamlet1 #bd2 7,re9h>dt-,/]n71 #aaj1 #aaa1 #afh2 #aib1 #bjh4 ,h>tau1 ,ludwig1 #hi4 ,hasait1 ,max1 #fj1 #fa1 #fe1 #gb1 #gd1 #aaf4 ,has5clev]1 ,walt]1 #cb1 #cc1 #fc4 ,hauptmann1 ,g]h>t1 #e1 #hf1 #afb4 ,he ,:o ,gets ,slapp$1 7,pitoff71 opp4 #bd1 #be2 #ih2 7,simonson71 #acc4 ,hebbel1 #afh4 ,heims1 ,elsa1 #hb4 ,he9ri*1 ,seba/i51 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,he9z1 ,wolfgang1 #hi4 ,h]=d1 ,beatrice1 #ajb4 ,h]t]i*1 #hd4 ,hettn]1 ,otto1 #fe4 ,hil>1 ,k4 ,h41 #cd4 ,h9demi?1 ,paul1 #cb4 ,h(mann/hal1 ,hugo von1 #aaf1 #aba4 ,h(!at] 7,muni*71 see ,muni* ,national ,!at]4 ,hopk9s1 ,ar?ur1 #ad1 #dd1 #abi4 ,h[>d1 ,eug5e1 #bjd4 ,h[>d1 ,willie1 #bjd4 ,hume1 ,sam1 #aid4 ,ibs51 ,h5rik1 #f1 #bg1 #bi1 #da4 ,idle ,inn1 ,!1 #id4 ,+alls1 ,h4 ,c41 #df4 ,inn] prosc5ium1 #fd1 #gc4 ,insect ,com$y1 ,!1 7,hil>-,capek71 #cd-cf4 ,int]national ,!at] ,exhibition 7,am/]dam & ,london71 ix1 x4 ,irv+1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #aba4 ,jann+s1 ,emil1 #hb4 ,jansson1 ,?orolf1 #aba4 ,jaques-,dalcroze1 see ,dalcroze4 ,j5seits1 7,l9neba*71 #cc1 #fc1 #gc4 ,jessn]1 ,leopold1 vii1 #gh1 #hj1 #hh1 #hi1 #aai1 opp4 #abf1 opp4 #abh1 opp4 #acj1 opp4 #acb1 opp4 #acd1 #acj-adc1 opp4 #acf1 opp4 #ach1 opp4 #adj1 opp4 #adb1 opp4 #add1 opp4 #adf1 #adg1 #aed-aee1 #age1 #aif4 ,je/1 ,!1 #bjh4 ,jolson1 ,al1 #aja4 ,jones1 ,inigo1 #abj4 ,joseph9e1 #aib4 ,j\vet1 ,l\is1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #agd1 opp4 #agd1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahj1 opp4 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb1 #bjd4 ,joyce1 ,james1 #ff4 ,judi?1 #afh-afi1 opp4 #afh4 ,julius ,cs>1 7,re9h>dt-,/]n71 #afh2 #aic4 ,ka91 7,roll]71 #ef4 ,kais]1 ,georg1 #g1 #cb1 #gh4 ,kais] ,he9ri* ,,vi1 7,l9neba*71 #gc4 ,kam]ny ,!at] 7,mosc[71 #ajd4 ,kamm]spielhaus 7,b]l971 #df4 ,kat*al(f1 ,v4 ,i41 #aa4 ,kaufman1 ,osk>1 #de1 #df1 #adf4 ,kell]hals1 ,ri*>d1 #hf1 #hg1 #ajb4 ,kemble1 ,*as41 #bc4 ,kle91 ,ces>1 opp4 #abf4 ,knipp]1 ,mme4 ,o4 ,l41 #aa1 #ab-ac4 ,kokos*ka1 ,osk>1 #cb-cc4 ,kon/ant91 ,leopold9e1 #hb4 ,kortn]1 ,fritz1 #hi1 #aci-ada4 ,krauss1 ,w]n]1 #ahi4 ,kraussneck1 ,ar?ur1 #hi4 ,krehan1 ,h]mann1 #aif4 ,kumm]1 ,cl>e1 #aib4 ,kn/l] ,!at] 7,muni*71 #df1 #he1 #aic1 #bjc4 ,kuppelhorizont1 see ,dome4 ,laud]1 ,h>ry1 #ajc4 ,laut5s*lg]1 ,k>l1 #eh4 ,l$ebur1 ,leopold von1 #hi4 ,leffl]1 ,he9ri*1 #ee4 ,lehman1 ,elsa1 #hb4 ,lei?n]1 ,melitta1 #hh4 ,le ,maire1 ,geo41 #bjd4 ,l]t1 ,ern/1 #cc4 ,le ,g(f1 ,jean1 #ahj4 ,less+ ,!at] 7,b]l971 #ee4 ,l9db]g1 ,p]1 #aaa4 ,l9dsay1 ,va*el1 #bba4 ,l9neba*1 ,adolf1 #cc1 #fj1 #fc1 #fd1 opp4 #fd1 #fe1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 opp4 #gf1 #gh1 #aaf4 ,lionel1 #bjc4 ,little ,!at] 7,new ,york71 #aic4 ,littmann1 ,max1 #de1 #df1 #he1 #bjc4 ,liv+ ,corpse1 ,!1 #hd4 ,lor5sb]g ,!at] 7,go!nburg71 #aaa4 ,lulu1 #bh1 #hc2 see also ,erdgei/ & ,p&ora's ,box4 ,lydia et ,h5ry1 #bjf4 ,lysi/rata1 #aib4 ,macbe?1 ! op]a1 7,&r-,jansson71 opp4 #ed1 #ee1 #gh1 #gi1 #aba4 ,mack1 ,wm4 ,b41 #hg4 ,mac,kaye1 ,p]cy1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc4 ,mac,kaye1 ,/eele1 #afj-afa4 ,madison ,squ>e ,g>d5 7,new ,york71 #aei4 ,maet]l9ck1 ,maurice1 #h1 #aba4 ,magda1 #aic4 ,mall>m1 ,/ephane1 #bi4 ,manet1 ,e41 #bja4 ,m>ia ,/u>t1 7,wei*]t-,siev]t71 #ed1 #ee1 #hh1 #aab1 opp4 #aab1 opp4 #aad4 ,m>riage ( ,conv5i5ce1 ,a1 #aib4 ,m>riage ( ,fig>o1 ,!1 frontispiece1 #ahd1 #ahf1 opp4 #ahf1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,m>ionettes1 #gc4 ,masque ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,!1 7,mac,kaye-,smi?71 #aei1 #afa4 ,masse-,m5s*1 7,fehl+-,/rohba*71 vii1 #cd1 #ec1 #ee1 #fb1 #gb1 #hj1 #ij1 #add-aef1 opp4 #adh1 opp4 #aej1 opp4 #aeb1 opp4 #aed1 opp4 #aef1 #aif1 #bjh-bji1 #baa4 ,ma/] ,build]1 ,!1 #bh4 ,matisse1 ,h5ri1 #ch4 ,maugham1 ,som]set1 #aib4 ,m$rano1 see ,cirque ,m$rano4 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 ,!1 7,re9h>dt71 #aaa2 #bjg-bjh1 opp4 #bjh4 ,mei/]s+]1 ,die1 7,roll]71 #ee1 #ef1 opp4 #ef4 ,mrime1 ,prosp]1 #agi4 ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 ,a1 7,re9h>dt71 #aaj1 #aib4 ,mill]'s ,!at]1 ,h5ry 7,new ,york71 #aic4 ,milne1 ,a4 ,a41 #aib4 ,miracle1 ,!1 7,re9h>dt-,/]n71 #aaj4 ,misan?rope1 ,le1 #aag1 #aga1 #ahh4 ,mit*ell1 ,grant1 #ag4 ,moissi1 ,alex&]1 #hb1 #aaa1 #aci1 #ahi1 #bjj4 ,molire1 #bc1 #ajj1 #aag1 #abj1 #ahh1 #aib4 ,molluso1 ,!1 #aib4 ,mrd] ,h(fnung d] ,frau51 7,l]t-,siev]t71 #cb-cc1 opp4 #cb4 ,morgan1 ,j4 ,p41 #bbj4 ,mosc[ ,art ,!at]1 vii1 #h1 opp4 #aj1 #aa-af1 #be1 #bh1 #hc1 #ij1 #ig1 #ajb1 #aeh1 #aib4 ,motion ,pictures1 #baf4 ,moz>t1 #gc4 ,mll]1 ,g]da1 #hh1 #hi4 ,muni* ,national ,!at]1 opp4 #fd1 #fe1 #gf1 opp4 #gf1 #he2 7,act+ company7 #hf-hg4 ,murd]]1 ,hope ( ,wom51 see ,mrd]1 ,h(fnung d] ,frau54 ,musik und die ,insc5i]ung1 ,die1 #fh4 ,m!l1 ,lo?>1 #hi4 ,napoleon1 7,jessn]-,kle971 #hh1 opp4 #abf1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc-acd1 #ace-acf1 #acf-acg1 #aci4 ,national ,!at] 7,muni*71 see ,muni* ,national ,!at]4 ,night ,lodg+1 #aaj1 #aia4 ,neue ,s*aubhne1 ,die1 #cc4 ,neues ,volk/heat] 7,b]l971 #ade4 ,new ,york ,!at] ,guild1 see ,!at] ,guild4 ,ob]on1 7,hasait71 #gc4 dipus-,rex1 7,re9h>dt-,/]n71 #aaj1 #aae1 #afb1 #afe1 #afh4 ttly1 ,paul1 #ahj4 ,o',neill1 ,eug5e1 #e1 #ba1 #bi1 #cg4 ,ore/es1 7,re9h>dt71 #afb4 ,orska1 ,m>ie1 #hc4 ,orpheus 9 ! ,und]world1 7,re9h>dt-,re71 #ajg-aaj4 ,o!llo1 7,jessn]-,pir*an71 #gb1 opp4 #abh1 opp4 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 opp4 #acb1 opp4 #acd1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada4 ,pall5b]g1 ,max1 #hb1 #hc1 #ahi1 #bjj4 ,p&ora's ,box1 #bh1 #hc4 ,p>ri%1 ,maxfield1 #ee4 ,pasetti1 ,leo1 opp4 #fd1 #fe1 opp4 #gf4 ,pa? ( ! ,russian ,/age1 ,!1 #ii4 ,pavl(f1 ,p4 ,a41 #aa1 #ac4 ,pe] ,gynt1 #ed1 #ee1 #hh1 #aac4 ,p5!silea 7,re9h>dt-,/]n71 #ee4 ,p]man5t sett+1 #fd1 #ajd1 #aei1 #ahd-aig1 #bjg4 ,phillips1 #ga4 ,picasso1 ,pablo1 #f1 #ch1 #bad4 ,p9]o1 ,sir ,a4 ,w41 #f4 ,pir*an1 ,emil1 opp4 #fj1 #aai1 #aca1 opp4 #abf1 opp4 #abh1 opp4 #acj1 opp4 #acb1 opp4 #acd1 opp4 #acf1 opp4 #ach1 opp4 #adj1 opp4 #adb1 opp4 #add1 opp4 #adf4 ,pitoff1 ,georges1 opp4 #bd1 #be1 #ec1 #abe1 opp4 #abd1 #abg4 ,plym\? ,!at] 7,new ,york71 #aic4 ,podium1 #fc1 #abf1 #aif1 #bac4 ,poelzig1 ,hans1 #aji1 #aaf1 #aff-afg1 #afh4 ,ponto1 ,eri*1 #ij4 ,portal1 see ,inn] prosc5ium4 ,price1 ,georgie1 #ig4 ,prices ( admission1 #ej4 ,pr9zreg5t5 ,!at] 7,muni*71 #df1 #he1 #bjc4 ,project$ sc5]y1 #gb-gh4 ,prunella1 #aib4 ,prussian ,/ate ,op]a ,h\se1 see ,b]l9 ,/ate ,op]a ,h\se4 ,prussian ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus1 see ,b]l9 ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus4 ,pygmalion1 7,l9neba*71 #be1 #fd1 #hh4 ,ra*el1 ,elisa1 #ajj4 ,rac9e1 #aib4 ,r$emption1 7,hopk9s-,jones71 #hd4 ,r$\t5saal 7,vi5na71 frontispiece1 vii1 viii1 #be1 #ef1 #ff1 #aag1 #abf1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahd-aig1 opp4 #ahf1 opp4 #aij1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjg1 #baj1 #baa1 #baf4 ,re1 ,max1 #ajh4 ,re9h>dt1 ,max1 #be1 #cj1 #cb1 #db1 #dd1 #df1 #ej1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei1 #hb1 #ajg-aaa1 opp4 #ajh1 #aab1 #aac1 #aae-aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba1 #abe1 #abi1 #acj1 #adi1 #aei1 #afj1 #afb-agj1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bji1 #baf4 ,religion & ! !at]1 #agj1 #bae-bbb4 ,rep]tory sy/em1 #di-ej4 ,resid5z ,!at] 7,muni*71 #he4 ,revolv+ /age1 #eh-ei1 #fa-fb1 #bac4 ,rhe+old1 ,das1 7,hasait71 #fb1 #fe2 7,l9neba*-,pasetti71 opp4 #fd1 #fe1 #gf1 opp4 #gf4 ,ri*>d ,,iii 7,jessn]-,pir*an71 #ec1 #hj1 #aca1 #acd1 #acf1 opp4 #acf1 #acg-adb1 opp4 #ach1 opp4 #adb1 opp4 #add1 opp4 #adf4 ,ri*>dson1 ,doro?y1 #ff4 ,r+ vs4 ,rang1 #df4 ,rod91 ,augu/1 #acg1 #adj1 #ahb4 ,ro]i*1 ,nicolas1 #eg4 ,roll&1 ,roma91 #aaj1 #afg4 ,roll]1 ,alfr$1 #dd1 #dg1 #ee1 #ef1 opp4 #ef1 #eg1 #ahi-aij4 ,romeo & ,juliet1 7,re9h>dt71 #aaa2 7,l9db]g71 #aab1 #aib1 #aid4 ,roscius1 #ajj4 ,rosm]%olm1 #aic4 ,rosse1 ,h]man1 #aei4 ,royal ,sw$i% ,op]a1 see ,sw$i% ,op]a4 ,r4 ,u4 ,r4 7,hil>-,capek71 #cf-cg4 ,rundhorizont1 #ga4 ,sab9e ,wom51 ,!1 #aib4 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,!at] 7,london71 #aic4 ,salle des ,ma*9es1 ,la 7,p>is71 #ff4 ,salzburg ,fe/spielhaus1 #ajg1 #aaf4 ,samson & ,delilah1 7,&r-,grnewald71 #gg1 #aba-abc1 opp4 #abj1 opp4 #abb4 ,samson & ,delilah 7! play71 #id4 ,s&burg1 ,c>l1 #bba4 ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,!1 #bbj4 ,savry1 ,alb]t1 #aha4 ,saxon ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus1 see ,dresd5 ,s*auspielhaus4 ,s*aeff]1 ,rudolph1 #aid4 ,s*atzgrb]1 ,d]1 opp4 #fj4 ,s*auspielhaus 7,b]l971 see ,b]l9 ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus4 ,s*auspielhaus 7,dresd571 see ,dresd5 ,s*auspielhaus4 ,s*auspielhaus 7,frank=t71 see ,frank=t ,s*auspielhaus4 ,s*iebebhne1 see ,slid+ /age4 ,s*ildkraut1 ,rudolf1 #hb4 ,s*9kel1 ,c4 ,f41 #de1 #abj4 ,s*ool = ,sc&al1 ,!1 #aib4 ,s*wabe1 #ga1 #gd4 ,seagull1 ,! 7,pitoff71 #be1 #bh4 ,selwyn ,!at] 7,new ,york71 #aic4 ,semp]1 ,g41 #de4 ,s5d]s1 #hd4 ,%ad[-m>ionettes1 #gc4 ,%akespe>e1 ,wm41 #f1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #ec1 #hg1 #ic1 #ajj1 #aaj1 #abj1 #aba1 #acd1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada1 #afa1 #aha1 #aib1 #aic1 #aii1 #bji1 #bab4 ,%aw1 ,g4 ,b41 #h1 #be1 #gc1 #aic4 ,%elley1 #f1 #bjg4 ,siddons1 ,mrs41 #bc1 #ajj4 ,siev]t1 ,ludwig1 opp4 #cb1 #cc1 #ea1 #aab-aai1 opp4 #aab1 opp4 #aad1 #abc-abd4 ,simonson1 ,lee1 #gc1 #gf1 #gg1 #acc1 #aid4 ,s9k+ /age1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc-fd1 #fe1 #ff4 ,six ,cyl9d] ,love1 #if4 ,sky-dome1 see ,dome4 ,slid+ /age1 #eh1 #ei-fa1 #fe4 ,sophocles1 #aaj1 #aei1 #afb4 ,spectatorium 7,*icago71 #afa4 ,spook ,sonata1 ,!1 #bh2 7,muni*71 #cj-ca4 ,s4 ,s4 ,t5acity1 ,!1 7,copeau71 #be1 #hd1 #ajd1 #aje1 #agh1 #agi4 ,/aatsop] 7,b]l971 see ,b]l9 ,/ate ,op]a ,h\se4 ,/aatsop] 7,vi5na71 see ,vi5na ,op]a ,h\se4 ,/anislavsky1 ,c4 ,s41 #h1 opp4 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #id1 #ie1 #aba1 #aeh4 ,/ate ,op]a ,h\se 7,dresd571 see ,dresd5 ,op]a4 ,/ate ,op]a ,h\se 7,b]l971 see ,b]l9 ,/ate ,op]a ,h\se4 ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus 7,b]l971 see ,b]l9 ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus4 ,/ate ,s*auspielhaus 7,dresd571 see ,dresd5 ,s*auspielhaus4 ,/ella1 #aag1 #ahh4 ,/]n1 ,ern/1 #dd1 #dg1 #dh1 #ee1 #eg1 #eh1 opp4 #ajh1 #aji1 #aah1 #aai1 #abe1 #afg1 #ahi4 ,/rauss1 ,ri*>d1 #aaf1 #adf4 ,/rife1 #bji4 ,/r9db]g1 ,augu/1 #bg-bh1 #bi1 #ca1 #cb1 #db1 #ea1 #ajg4 ,/rnad1 ,osk>1 #aii4 ,/rohba*1 ,hans1 opp4 #dd1 #aai1 #adh1 opp4 #adh1 #adi1 opp4 #aej1 opp4 #aeb1 opp4 #aed1 opp4 #aef4 ,/rm1 ,knut1 #aaa1 #abe4 ,/urm1 ,d]1 #bi4 ,sudraka1 #hh4 ,sumurn1 7,re9h>dt-,/]n71 #dd1 #hb1 #ajh1 #aei4 ,sunk5 ,bell1 ,!1 #ee4 ,swan:ite1 #bh4 ,sw$i% ,op]a 7,/ockholm71 viii1 opp4 #ed1 #ee1 #gd1 #ge1 #ajh1 opp4 #abj1 opp4 #abb4 ,szukalsky1 ,/anislas1 #ahc4 ,talma1 ,f4 ,j41 #ajj4 ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew1 ,!1 #hf1 #ajb4 ,t*eh(f1 ,anton1 #h1 #aa1 #be1 #bh1 #bi4 ,?tre du ,vieux-,colombi] 7,p>is71 viii1 #ee2 7,act+ company71 #ajc-aje1 #ajf1 #aei1 #aga-ahc2 opp4 #agd2 opp4 #ahj2 7,act+ company71 #agh-ahc2 #ahh1 #bjj1 #bjg1 #bji1 #baj4 ,!at] ,guild 7,new ,york71 #gc1 #gh1 #acc4 ,!at] 9 dem ,r$\t5saal 7,vi5na71 see ,r$\t5saal4 ,!at] ( ,dionysus 7,a!ns71 #baa4 ,!at] ( ! ,five ,?\s&1 ,!1 #aae1 #afb1 #agj1 #aii4 ,!at] ( ! ,_w1 ,!1 #baf1 #bah4 ,?omas1 ,augu/us1 #g4 ,?ree ,si/]s1 ,!1 #id4 ,toll]1 ,ern/1 #add1 #adf1 #adg1 #aed1 see ,masse-,m5s*4 ,t[>ds ,damascus1 #bh2 7,k]b-,siev]t71 #ea1 #ef1 #abc-abd4 ,toy ,!at] 7,bo/on71 #aga4 ,treszl]1 #hd4 ,traum1 e9 ,leb51 ,d]1 opp4 #dd4 ,trojan ,wom51 ,! 7,br[ne71 #aga4 ,tr\bador1 ,d]1 #ef4 ,truex1 ,erne/1 #if4 ,tru?1 ,!1 #aib4 ,tru? ,ab\t ,blayds1 ,!1 #aid4 ,tur&ot1 #aag1 #ahh4 ,twelf? ,night 7,copeau-,j\vet71 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ahj-aha1 #aib1 #aid4 ,ub]m>ionette1 #ai4 ,ulm]1 ,fri$ri*1 #hg4 ,uncle ,vanya1 opp4 #abd4 ,van ,gogh1 ,v9c5t1 #ch4 ,vasantas5a1 7,hettn]71 #fd1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij4 ,vat]mord1 #bi-cj4 ,v]d51 ,alice1 #hh4 ,v]di1 ,g41 #ee1 #gh4 ,v]sunk5e ,glocke1 ,die1 #afh4 ,vett]1 ,presid5t1 #aag1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,vi5na ,op]a ,h\se1 opp4 #ef1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahh4 ,vieux-,colombi]1 see ,?t] du ,vieux-,colombi]4 ,vildrac1 ,*>les1 #hd4 ,volksbhne 7,b]l971 viii1 opp4 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #ee1 #fb1 #gb1 #ij1 #add-adf1 #adh1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aee1 see illus4 ( ,masse-,m5s*4 ,volksop] 7,b]l971 #ade4 ,wagn]1 ,r41 #de1 #fh1 #fi4 ,wagon /age1 #fa4 ,wa%+ton ,squ>e ,play]s1 #ef4 ,wauwau1 ,d]1 #hc4 ,weav]s1 ,!1 #aib1 #bji4 ,web]1 #gc4 ,web]1 ,joe1 #bjd4 ,w$ek9d1 ,frank1 #bh-bi1 #cb1 #hc1 #hd1 #ajg4 ,weg5]1 ,paul1 #hb4 ,wei*]t1 ,ri*>d1 #hh1 #aab-aae1 opp4 #aab1 opp4 #aad1 #aai4 ,:5 ,we ,dead ,awak51 #bh4 ,wilbr&1 #hd4 ,wild ,duck1 ,!1 #bh4 ,wilde1 ,osc>1 #aib1 #bji4 ,wilfr$ ,?omas1 #gf4 ,wilhelm ,tell1 7,l9neba*71 #gc4 ,w ( ,song1 ,!1 7,mac,kaye-,b>h>t-,jones71 #aei1 #afa4 ,wright1 ,frank ,lloyd1 #aei4 ,w4 ,u4 ,r41 see ,r4 ,u4 ,r4 ,zaub]flte1 7,hasait71 #gc4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes pg xv ,*ang$3 ,a ,pitoff ,produtction to3 ,a ,pitoff ,production pg #aaa ,*ang$3 ,go!nburg1 ! comm]ical city ( ,sw$5 to3 ,go!nburg1 ! comm]cial city ( ,sw$5 pg #abe ,*ang$3 = ,r9eh>dt !re 0 always to3 = ,re9h>dt !re 0 always pg #ahh ,*ang$3 :ile he 0 makng prep>ations to3 :ile he 0 mak+ prep>ations