,,the ,,doctor1 c4 ,there is a kind of physiognomy in the titles of books no less than in the faces of men1 by which a skilful observer will as well know what to expect from the one as the other4 ,,butler',s ,,remains4 ,,the ,,doctor1 c4 ,illustration3 a tetrahedron ,,vol4 ,,vi4 ,,london3 ,,longman1 ,,brown1 ,,green1 ,,and ,,longmans4 #ahdg4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,w4 ,,nicol1 ,,pall-,,mall4 ,,preface4 ,,invenias ,,etiam ,,disjecti ,,membra ,,poet4 ,in the distribution of the lamented ,southey's literary property1 the ,history of the ,brazils1 his much treasured ,,ms4 ,history of ,portugal1 the ,doctor1 c4 and the ,,ms4 materials for its completion1 fell to the share of ,edith ,may ,warter1 his eldest child1 and1 as he used to call her1 his right hand1--to whom he addressed the ,dedication of the ,tale of ,paraguay1 and to whom he commenced a little ,poem of which the lines following are almost the last1 if not the very last1 he ever wrote in verse4 ,o daughter dear1 who bear'st no longer now ,thy ,father's name1 and for the chalky flats ,of ,sussex hast exchanged thy native land ,of lakes and mountains1--neither change of place ,condition1 and all circumstantial things1 ,nor new relations1 and access of cares ,unfelt before1 have alienated thee ,nor wean'd thy heart from this beloved spot1 ,thy birth place1 and so long thy happy home6 ,the present ,volume is drawn up from the ,,ms4 materials alluded to1 as nearly as possible in the order the ,author had intended1 and the seventh and concluding volume is in the press and will shortly be published4 ,the whole of the ,,ms4 sheets1 previous to being sent to the press1 were cautiously examined by his no less amiable and excellent1 than highly gifted ,widow1 who1 at the time1 was staying with us on a visit at ,west-,tarring4 ,had the lamented ,southey continued the work1 it was his intention1 in this volume1 to have advanced a step in the story1--and the ,interchapters1 no doubt1 would have been enlarged1 according to custom4 ,his habit was1 as he said1 8to lay the timbers of them1 and to jot down1 from time to time1 remarks serious or jocose1 as they occurred to him40 ,full readily would this holy and humble man of heart have acceded to the truth conveyed in these lines from ,martin ,tupper's ,proverbial philosophy1--and none the less for their dactylic cadence4 ,there is a grave-faced folly1 and verily a laughter loving wisdom2 ,and what1 if surface judges1 account it vain frivolity8 ,there is indeed an evil in excess1 and a field may lie fallow too long2 ,yet merriment is often as a froth1 that mantleth on the strong mind3 ,and note thou this for a verity1--the subtlest thinker when alone1 ,from ease of thoughts unbent1 will laugh the loudest with his fellows3 ,and well is the loveliness of wisdom mirrored in a cheerful countenance1 ,justly the deepest pools are proved by dimpling eddies2 ,for that1 a true philosophy commandeth an innocent life1 ,and the unguilty spirit is lighter than a linnet's heart2 ,yea1 there is no cosmetic like a holy conscience2 ,the eye is bright with trust1 the cheek bloomed over with affection1 ,the brow unwrinkled with a care1 and the lip triumphant in its gladness4#a ,footnote #a3 ,of ,ridicule1 #ast ,series4 ,on my acquainting ,mrs4 ,southey with my intention of quoting these lines1 she wrote me word back3 8,that very passage ,i had noted1 as singularly applicable to him we knew so well1--whom the world1 the children of this generation1--knew so little60 ,the only liberty taken with the original ,,ms4 is the omission of1 now and then a name1 or even a paragraph1 which might have given pain to the living4 ,such passages were thrown off playfully1 and were1 as ,mrs4 ,southey can testify1 erased by the author continually4 ,it was no custom of ,southey to cast 8fire-brands1 arrows1 and death10 and to say1 8,am ,i not in sport80 7,proverbs1 xxvi4 #ah1 #ai47 ,it only remains to add that the ,editor has carefully verified all references1--that he is responsible for the headings of the chapters 7some few excepted17--for the ,mottoes to cc4 clxxx4 and clxxxi41--and for the casual foot notes4 ,,john ,,wood ,,warter4 ,vicarage ,house1 ,west-,tarring1 ,nov4 #beth4 ,,prelude ,,of ,,mottoes4 ,two thyngys owyth every clerk ,to advertysyn1 begynnyng a werk1 ,if he procedyn wyl ordeneely1 ,the fyrste is what1 the secunde is why4 ,in wych two wurdys1 as it semyth me ,the ,foure causys comprehendyd be ,wych as our philosofyrs us do teche1 ,in the begynnyng men owe to seche ,of every book2 and aftyr there entent1 ,the fyrst is clepyd cause efficyent3 ,the secunde they clepe cause materyal1 ,formal the thrydde2 the fourte fynal4 ,the efficyent cause is the auctour1 ,wych aftyr hys cunnyng doth hys labour ,to a complyse the begunne matere1 ,wych cause is secunde2 and the more clere ,that it may be1 the formal cause ,settyth in dew ordre clause be clause4 ,and these thre thyngys1 longyn to what1 ,auctour1 matere and forme ordinat1 ,the fynal cause declaryth pleynly ,of the werk begunne the cause why2 ,that is to seyne what was the entent ,of the auctour fynally1 and what he ment4 ,,osbern ,,bokenam4 ,look for no splendid painted outside here1 ,but for a work devotedly sincere2 ,a thing low prized in these too high-flown days3 ,such solid sober works get little praise4 ,yet some there be ,love true solidity4 ,and unto such brave noble souls ,i write1 ,in hopes to do them and the subject right4 ,i write it not to please the itching vein ,of idle-headed fashionists1 or gain ,their fond applause2 ,i care for no such noise4 ,i write it only for the sober sort1 ,who love right learning1 and will labour for't2 ,and who will value worth in art1 though old1 ,and not be weary of the good1 though told ,tis out of fashion ,by nine-tenths of the nation4 ,i writ it also out of great good will ,unto my countrymen2 and leave my skill ,behind me for the sakes of those that may ,not yet be born2 but in some after day ,may make good use ,of it1 without abuse4 ,but chiefly ,i do write it1 for to show ,a duty to the ,doctor which ,i owe4 ,,thomas ,,mace4 ,physicians are many times forced to leave such methods of curing as themselves know to be the fittest1 and being overruled by their patient's impatiency are fain to try the best they can in taking that way of cure1 which the cured will yield unto3 in like sort1 considering how the case doth stand with this present age1 full of tongue and weak of brain1 behold we yield to the stream thereof3 into the causes of goodness we will not make any curious or deep inquiry2 to touch them now and then it shall be sufficient1 when they are so near at hand that easily they may be conceived without any far removed discourse4 ,that way we are contented to prove1 which being the worse in itself1 is notwithstanding now1 by reason of common imbecility1 the fitter and likelier to be brooked4 ,,hooker4 ,qui lit beaucoup et jamais ne medite1 ,semble celuy qui mange avidement1 ,et de tous mets surcharge tellement ,son estomach que rien ne luy profit4 ,,quatraine ,,de ,,pibrac4 thus englished by ,sylvester1 ,who readeth much and never meditates1 ,is like a greedy eater of much food1 ,who so surcloys his stomach with his cates ,that commonly they do him little good4 ,je say qu'en ce discours l'on me pourra reprendre1 que j'ay mis beaucoup de particularitez qui sont fort superflus4 ,je le crois3 mais1 je say1 que si elles desplaisent aucuns1 elles plairont aux autres3 me semblant1 que ce n'est pas assez1 quand on lou des personnes1 dire qu'elles sont belles1 sages1 vertueuses1 valeureuses1 vaillantes1 magnanimes1 librales1 splendides et trs-parfaites4 ,ce sont loanges et descriptions genrales1 et lieux-communs empruntez de tout le monde4 ,il en faut specifier bien le tout1 et descrire particulirement les perfections1 afin que mieux on les touche au doigt3 et telle est mon opinion4 ,,brantome4 ,non sai se l'arte1 o il caso abbia fornita ,cosi bell' opra1 o siano entrambi a parte2 ,perocch l'arte tal che il caso imita1 ,e'l caso tal che rassomiglia all' arte3 ,e questo a quella1 e quella a questo unita1 ,quanto pu1 quanto sa1 mesce e comparte4 ,un la materia al bel lavor dispose1 ,l'altra meglio adornolla1 e poi s'ascose4 ,,metastasio4 ,tous ceux qui ont quelquesfois pes le grand travail et le labeur de l'imagination1 l'ont jug pour le plus grand qui se puisse trouver1 et ont eu raison2 d'autant que celuy lequel veut et desire en contenter plusieurs1 doit aussi chercher des moyens differens1 afin que ce qui est ennuyeux l'un1 l'autre le trouve doux et agreable2 car de le donner tous1 il est impossible2 veu1 qu' entre trois personnes seulement que l'on aura convies1 il se trouvera une grande diference de gouts1 ainsi que l'a dit ,horace1 luy1 dis-je qui l'avoit si bien experiment3 par ainsi il n'est pas possible qu'en une si longue histoire que celle dont je vay traictant1 que je ne donne de la peine par la diversit des chapitres4 ,toutetfois si le jugement s'en faict par des personnes privees et libres de toute passion1 ils diront que c'est le vray moyen d'entretenir les esprits curieux4 ,l',,histoire ,,du ,,chevalier ,,du ,,soleil4 ,be rather wise than witty1 for much wit hath commonly much froth2 and 'tis hard to jest and not sometimes jeer too2 which many times sinks deeper than was intended or expected2 and what was designed for mirth1 ends in sadness4 ,,caleb ,,trenchfield4 7probably a fictitious name47 ,,restituta4 ,in some passages you will observe me very satirical4 ,writing on such subjects ,i could not be otherwise4 ,i can write nothing without aiming1 at least1 at usefulness4 ,it were beneath my years to do it1 and still more dishonourable to my religion4 ,i know that a reformation of such abuses as ,i have censured is not to be expected from the efforts of an author2 but to contemplate the world1 its follies1 its vices1 its indifferences to duty1 and its strenuous attachment to what is evil1 and not to reprehend1 were to approve it4 ,from this charge1 at least1 ,i shall be clear2 for ,i have neither tacitly1 nor expressly flattered either its characters or its customs4 ,,cowper4 ,nemo eo sapientius desipuisse1 nemo stultius sapuisse videtur4 ,said of ,cardan by ,i know not who4 ,il y en a qui pensent que les lecteurs reoivent peu d'instruction1 quand on leur reprsente des choses qui n'ont pas est acheves1 qu'eux appellent uvres imparfaites2 mais je ne suis pas de leur advis2 car quand quelque fait est descrit la verit1 et avec ses circonstances1 encor qu'il ne soit parvenu qu' mychemin1 si peut-on tousjours en tirer du fruict4 ,,la ,,noue4 ,authors1 you know of greatest fame1 ,thro' modesty suppress their name2 ,and would you wish me to reveal ,what these superior wits conceal8 ,forego the search1 my curious friend1 ,and husband time to better end4 ,all my ambition is1 ,i own1 ,to profit and to please unknown1 ,like streams supplied from springs below ,which scatter blessings as they flow4 ,,dr4 ,,cotton4 ,thus have ,i1 as well as ,i could1 gathered a posey of observations as they grew1--and if some rue and wormwood be found amongst the sweeter herbs1 their wholesomeness will make amends for their bitterness4 ,,adam ,,littleton4 ,this worthy work in which of good examples are so many1 ,this orchard of ,alcinous1 in which there wants not any ,herb1 tree1 or fruit that may mans use for health or pleasure serve2 ,this plenteous horn of ,acheloy1 which justly doth deserve ,to bear the name of ,treasury of ,knowledge1 ,i present ,to your good worships once again1--desiring you therefore ,to let your noble courtesy and favour countervail ,my faults1 where art or eloquence on my behalf doth fail1 ,for sure the mark whereat ,i shoot is neither wreaths of bay1 ,nor name of author1 no1 nor meed2 but chiefly that it may ,be liked well of you and all the wise and learned sort2 ,and next1 that every wight that shall have pleasure for to sport ,him in this garden1 may as well bear wholesome fruit away ,as only on the pleasant flowers his retchless senses stay4 ,,golding4 ,doubtless many thoughts have presented1 and are still presenting themselves to my mind1 which once ,i had no idea of4 ,but these1 in ,i believe every instance1 are as much the growth of former rooted principles1 as multiplied branches grow from one and the same main stem4 ,of such an inward vegetation ,i am always conscious2 and ,i equally seem to myself to perceive the novelty of the fresh shoot1 and its connexion with what had been produced before4 ,,alexander ,,knox4 ,the extensive argument and miscellaneous nature of the work led him to declare his sentiments on a multitude of questions1 on which he thought differently from other writers1 and of course1 to censure or confute their opinions4 ,whole bodies of men1 as well as individuals of the highest reputation1 were attacked by him1 and his manner was to speak his sense of all with freedom and force4 ,so that most writers1 and even readers1 had some ground of complaint against him4 ,not only the free-thinkers and unbelievers1 against whom the tenour of his book was directed1 but the heterodox of every denomination were treated without much ceremony1 and of the orthodox themselves1 some tenet or other1 which till then they had held sacred1 was discussed and reprobated by him4 ,straggling heresies1 or embodied systems1 made no difference with him2 as they came in his way1 no quarter was given to either1 8his end and manner of writing10 as ,dr4 ,middleton truly observed1 8being to pursue truth wherever he found it40 ,,hurd',s ,,life ,,of ,,warburton4 ,thou art like my rappee1 here1 a most ridiculous superfluity2 but a pinch of thee now and then is a more delicious treat4 ,,clandestine ,,marriage4 ,yea--but what am ,i8 ,a scholar1 or a schoolmaster1 or else some youth8 ,a lawyer1 a student1 or else a country clown8 ,a brumman1 a basket-maker1 or a baker of pies8 ,a flesh1 or a fishmonger1 or a sower of lies8 ,a louse1 or a louser1 a leek or a lark1 ,a dreamer1 a drommell1 a fire or a spark8 ,a caitiff1 a cut-throat1 a creeper in corners1 ,a hairbrain1 a hangman1 or a grafter of horners8 ,a merchant1 a maypole1 a man or a mackarel1 ,a crab or a crevise1 a crane or a cockerell8 ,,apius ,,and ,,virginia4 ,it may appear to some ridiculous ,thus to talk knave and madman1 and sometimes ,come in with a dried sentence1 stuft with sage4 ,,webster4 ,etsi ver1 qu in isto opere desiderentur1 rectis forsan qum quivis alius1 perspiciam2 et si meo plan voto standum fuisset1 id1 in tant1 qu hodie est librorum copi1 vel plan suppressissem1 vel in multos annos adhuc pressissem2 tamen aliquid amicis1 aliquid tempori dandum2 et cum iis qui aliquid fructus ex eo sperant1 illud communicandum putavi4 ,hunc itaque meum qualemcunque laborem1 ,lector candide1 boni consule2 quod te facil facturum confido1 si eum animum ad legendum attuleris1 quem ego ad scribendum1 veritatis nimirum aliisque inserviendi cupidum4 ,,sennertus4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,,clxxii4--p4 #a4 ,,descartes' ,,notion ,,concerning ,,the ,,prolongation ,,of ,,life4 ,a ,,sicilian ,,proposal ,,for ,,breeding ,,up ,,children ,,to ,,be ,,immortal4 ,,asgill',s ,,argument ,,against ,,the ,,necessity ,,of ,,dying4 ,o harmless ,death6 whom still the valiant brave1 ,the wise expect1 the sorrowful invite2 ,and all the good embrace1 who know the ,grave ,a short dark passage to eternal light4 ,,sir ,,william ,,davenant4 ,,chapter ,,clxxiii4--p4 #cj4 ,,more ,,concerning ,,asgill4 ,,his ,,defence ,,in ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,commons1 ,,his ,,expulsion1 ,,farther ,,speculations ,,and ,,death4 ,let not that ugly ,skeleton appear6 ,sure ,destiny mistakes2 this ,death's not mine6 ,,dryden4 ,,chapter ,,clxxiv4--p4 #dh4 ,,the ,,doctor ,,indulges ,,in ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,fantastic ,,and ,,typical ,,speculation ,,on ,,his ,,own ,,name1 ,,and ,,on ,,the ,,powers ,,of ,,the ,,letter ,d41 ,,whether ,,as ,,regards ,,degrees ,,and ,,distinctions1 ,,gods ,,and ,,demigods1 ,,princes ,,and ,,kings1 ,,philosophers1 ,,generals ,,or ,,travellers4 ,my mouth's no dictionary2 it only serves as the needful interpreter of my heart4 ,,quarles4 ,,chapter ,,clxxv4--p4 #ef4 ,,the ,,doctor ,,follows ,,up ,,his ,,meditations ,,on ,,the ,,letter ,d4 ,,and ,,expects ,,that ,,the ,,reader ,,will ,,be ,,convinced ,,that ,,it ,,is ,a ,,dynamic ,,letter1 ,,and ,,that ,,the ,,hebrews ,,did ,,not ,,without ,,reason ,,call ,,it ,,daleth--,,the ,,door--,,as ,,though ,,it ,,were ,,the ,,door ,,of ,,speech4--,,the ,,mystic ,,triangle4 ,more authority dear boy1 name more2 and sweet my child let them be men of good repute and carriage4-- ,,love',s ,,labour ,,lost4 ,,chapter ,,clxxvi4--p4 #ff4 ,,the ,,doctor ,,discovers ,,the ,,antiquity ,,of ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,dove ,,from ,,perusing ,,jacob ,,bryant',s ,,analysis ,,of ,,ancient ,,mythology4--,,christopher ,,and ,,ferdinand ,,columbus4--,,something ,,about ,,pigeon-,,pie1 ,,and ,,the ,,reason ,,why ,,the ,,doctor ,,was ,,inclined ,,to ,,think ,,favourably ,,of ,,the ,,samaritans4 ,an ,i take the humour of a thing once1 ,i am like your tailor's needle2 ,i go through4 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,,chapter ,,clxxvii4--p4 #gc4 ,,something ,,on ,,the ,,science ,,and ,,mystery ,,of ,,numbers ,,which ,,is ,,not ,,according ,,to ,,cocker4--,,reveries ,,of ,,jean ,d',,espagne1 ,,minister ,,of ,,the ,,french-,,reformed ,,church ,,in ,,westminster1 ,,and ,,of ,,mr4 ,,john ,,bellamy4--,a ,,pithy ,,remark ,,of ,,fuller',s ,,and ,,an ,,extract ,,from ,,his ,,pisgah ,,sight ,,of ,,palestine1 ,,to ,,recreate ,,the ,,reader4 ,none are so surely caught1 when they are catch'd ,as wit turn'd fool3 folly1 in wisdom hatch'd ,hath wisdom's warrant1 and the help of school1 ,and wit's own grace to grace a learned fool4 ,,love',s ,,labour ,,lost4 ,,chapter ,,clxxviii4--p4 #he4 ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,numbers ,,pursued1 ,,and ,,certain ,,calculations ,,given ,,which ,,may ,,remind ,,the ,,reader ,,of ,,other ,,calculations ,,equally ,,correct--,,anagrammatizing ,,of ,,names1 ,,and ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,success ,,therein4 8,there is no efficacy in numbers1 said the wiser ,philosophers2 and very truly10--saith ,bishop ,hacket in repeating this sentence2 but he continues1--8some numbers are apt to enforce a reverent esteem towards them1 by considering miraculous occurrences which fell out in holy ,scripture on such and such a number4--,non potest fortuit fieri1 quod tam spe fit1 says ,maldonatus whom ,i never find superstitious in this matter4 ,it falls out too often to be called contingent2 and the oftener it falls out1 the more to be attended40 ,,chapter ,,clxxix4--p4 #ic4 ,,the ,,subject ,,of ,,anagrams ,,continued2 ,a ,,true ,,observation ,,which ,,many ,,for ,,want ,,of ,,observation ,,will ,,not ,,discover ,,to ,,be ,,such1 ,,viz41 ,,that ,,there ,,is ,a ,,latent ,,superstition ,,in ,,the ,,most ,,rational ,,of ,,men4--,,lucky ,,and ,,unlucky--,,fitting ,,and ,,unfitting--,,anagrams1 ,,and ,,how ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,taste ,,in ,,this ,,line ,,was ,,derived ,,from ,,our ,,old ,,acquaintance ,,joshua ,,sylvester4 ,ha gran forza una vecchia opinione2 ,e bisogna grand' arte1 e gran fatica1 ,a cavarla del capo alle persone4 ,,bronzino ,,pittore4 ,,chapter ,,clxxx4--p4 #aja4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,ideas ,,of ,,luck1 ,,chance1 ,,accident1 ,,fortune ,,and ,,misfortune4--,,the ,,duchess ,,of ,,newcastle',s ,,distinction ,,between ,,chance ,,and ,,fortune ,,wherein ,,no-,,meaning ,,is ,,mistaken ,,for ,,meaning4--,,agreement ,,in ,,opinion ,,between ,,the ,,philosopher ,,of ,,doncaster ,,and ,,the ,,philosopher ,,of ,,norwich4--,,distinction ,,between ,,unfortunately ,,ugly1 ,,and ,,wickedly ,,ugly4--,,danger ,,of ,,personal ,,charms4 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,,constant4 ,,orat4 ,,ad ,,sanct4 ,c,t4 ,c4 ,,vii4 8,deformity is either natural1 voluntary1 or adventitious1 being either caused by ,god's unseen ,providence1 7by men nick-named1 chance17 or by men's cruelty40 ,,fuller',s ,,holy ,,state1 ,b4 iii4 ,c4 #ae4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxi4--p4 #ajh4 ,,no ,,degree ,,of ,,ugliness ,,really ,,unfortunate4--,,fidus ,,cornelius ,,compared ,,to ,a ,,plucked ,,ostrich4--,,wilkes' ,,claim ,,to ,,ugliness ,,considered ,,and ,,negatived ,,by ,,dr4 ,,johnson1 ,,notwithstanding ,,hogarth',s ,,portrait4--,,cast ,,of ,,the ,,eye ,,la ,,montmorency4--,,st4 ,,evremond ,,and ,,turenne4--,,william ,,blake ,,the ,,painter1 ,,and ,,the ,,welsh ,,triads4--,,curious ,,extract ,,from ,,that ,,very ,,curious ,,and ,,rare ,,book1 ,,the ,,descriptive ,,catalogue ,,of ,,his ,,own ,,pictures1--,,and ,a ,,painful ,,one ,,from ,,his ,,poetical ,,sketches4 8,if thou beest not so handsome as thou wouldest have been thank ,god thou art not more unhandsome than thou art4 ',tis ,his mercy thou art not the mark for passenger's fingers to point at1 an ,heteroclite in nature1 with some member defective or redundant4 ,be glad that thy clay cottage hath all the necessary forms thereto belonging1 though the outside be not so fairly plaistered as some others40 ,,fuller',s ,,holy ,,state1 ,b4 iii4 ,c4 #ae4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxii4--p4 #abh4 ,,an ,,improvement ,,in ,,the ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,human ,,leg ,,suggested ,,by ,a ,,physician4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,cure ,,of ,a ,,broken ,,shin ,,and ,,invention ,,of ,a ,,shin-,,shield4 ,res fisci est1 ubicunque natat4 ,whatsoever swims upon any water1 belongs to this exchequer4 ,,jeremy ,,taylor4 ,preface to the ,duct4 ,dub4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxiii4--p4 #acc4 ,,views ,,of ,,old ,,age4 ,,montagne1 ,,daniel ,,corneille1 ,,languet1 ,,pasquier1 ,,dr4 ,,johnson1 ,,lord ,,chesterfield1 ,,st4 ,,evremond4 ,what is age ,but the holy place of life1 the chapel of ease ,for all men's wearied miseries8 ,,massinger4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxiv4--p4 #adh4 ,,further ,,observations ,,concerning ,,old ,,age4 ,,bishop ,,reynolds4 ,,opinion ,,of ,,the ,,doctor ,,concerning ,,beasts ,,and ,,men4 ,m4 ,,de ,,custine4 ,,the ,,world ,,is ,,too ,,much ,,with ,,us4 ,,wordsworth4 ,,sir ,,walter ,,raleigh4 ,in these reflections1 which are of a serious1 and somewhat of a melancholy cast1 it is best to indulge2 because it is always of use to be serious1 and not unprofitable sometimes to be melancholy4 ,,freeman',s ,,sermons4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxv4--p4 #aeg4 ,,evolvements4 ,,analogies4 ,,anticipations4 ,i have heard1 how true ,i know not1 most physicians as they grow ,greater in skill1 grow less in their religion2 ,attributing so much to natural causes1 ,that they have little faith in that they cannot ,deliver reason for3 this ,doctor steers ,another course4 ,,massinger4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxvi4--p4 #afc4 ,,leone ,,hebreo',s ,,dialogi ,,de ,,amore4--,,the ,,elixir ,,of ,,life ,,no ,,obstacle ,,to ,,death4--,,paracelsus4--,,van ,,helmont ,,and ,,jan ,,mass4--,,dr4 ,,dove',s ,,opinion ,,of ,a ,,biographer',s ,,duties4 ,there's a lean fellow beats all conquerors6 ,,old ,,fortunatus4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxvii4--p4 #agd4 ,,van ,,helmont',s ,,works1 ,,and ,,certain ,,specialities ,,in ,,his ,,life4 ,voil mon conte4--,je ne say s'il est vray2 mais1 je l'ay ainsi ouy conter4--,possible que cela est faux1 possible que non4--,je m'en rapporte ce qui en est4 ,il ne sera pas damn qui le croira1 ou dcroira4 ,,brant,,me4 ,,interchapter ,,xx4--p4 #aha4 ,,st4 ,,pantaleon ,,of ,,nicomedia ,,in ,,bithynia--,,his ,,history1 ,,and ,,some ,,further ,,particulars ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,found ,,elsewhere4 ,non dicea le cose senza il quia2 ,che il dritto distingueva dal mancino1 ,e dicea pane al pane1 e vino al vino4 ,,bertoldo4 ,,arch-,,chapter4--p4 #aih4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxviii4--p4 #bjg4 ,,folly ,,in ,,print1 ,,referred ,,to1 ,,but 7,n4,b47 ,,not ,,exemplified4 ,,the ,,fair ,,maid ,,of ,,doncaster4 ,,doubts ,,concerning ,,the ,,authenticity ,,of ,,her ,,story4 ,,thevenard1 ,,and ,,love ,,on ,a ,,new ,,footing4 ,,stars ,,and ,,garters1 ,a ,,monitory ,,anecdote ,,for ,,our ,,sex1 ,,and ,a ,,wholesome ,,novelty ,,in ,,dress ,,recommended ,,to ,,both4 ,they be at hand1 ,sir1 with stick and fiddle1 ,they can play a new dance1 ,sir1 called hey1 diddle1 diddle4 ,,king ,,cambyses4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxix4--p4 #bag4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,opinion ,,of ,,late ,,hours4 ,,dancing4 ,,fanatical ,,objection ,,of ,,the ,,albigenses2 ,,injurious ,,effect ,,of ,,that ,,opinion ,,when ,,transmitted ,,to ,,the ,,french ,,protestants4 ,,sir ,,john ,,davies ,,and ,,burton ,,quoted ,,to ,,show ,,that ,,it ,,can ,,be ,,no ,,disparagement ,,to ,,say ,,that ,,all ,,the ,,world',s ,a ,,stage1 ,,when ,,all ,,the ,,sky',s ,a ,,ball-,,room4 ,i could be pleased with any one ,who entertained my sight with such gay shows1 ,as men and women moving here and there1 ,that coursing one another in their steps ,have made their feet a tune4 ,,dryden4 ,,chapter ,,cxc4--p4 #bbi4 ,,dancing ,,proscribed ,,by ,,the ,,methodists4 ,,adam ,,clarke4 ,,burchell',s ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,universality ,,of ,,this ,,practice4 ,,how ,,it ,,is ,,regarded ,,in ,,the ,,columbian ,,philosophy4 ,non vi par adunque che habbiamo ragionato a bastanza di questo8 ,a bastanza parmi1 rispose il ,signor ,gasparo2 pur desidero io d'intendere qualche particolarit anchor4 ,,il ,,cortegiano4 ,,chapter ,,cxci4--p4 #bdb4 ,a ,,serious ,,word ,,in ,,sad ,,apology ,,for ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,many ,,foolish ,,ways ,,in ,,which ,,time ,,is ,,mis-,,spent4 ,time as he passes us1 has a dove's wing1 ,unsoil'd1 and swift1 and of a silken sound2 ,but the ,world's ,time1 is ,time in masquerade6 ,their's1 should ,i paint him1 has his pinions fledged1 ,with motley plumes2 and where the peacock shews ,his azure eyes1 is tinctured black and red ,with spots quadrangular of diamond form1 ,ensanguined hearts1 clubs typical of strife1 ,and spades1 the emblem of untimely graves4 ,,cowper4 ,,chapter ,,cxcii4--p4 #bdi4 ,,more ,,of ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,philosophy1 ,,which ,,will ,,and ,,will ,,not ,,be ,,liked ,,by ,,the ,,ladies1 ,,and ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,author',s ,,which ,,will ,,and ,,will ,,not ,,by ,,the ,,gentlemen4 ,,the ,,reader ,,is ,,introduced ,,to ,,count ,,castiglione1 ,,and ,,to ,,sir ,,john ,,cheke4 ,ou tend l'auteur cette heure8 ,que fait'il8 ,revient-il8 ,va-t-il8 ,ou s'il demeure8 ,l',,auteur4 ,non1 je ne reviens pas1 car je n'ai pas t2 ,je ne vais pas aussi1 car je suis arrt2 ,et ne demeure point1 car1 tout de ce pas mme ,je pretens m'en aller4 ,,moliere4 ,,chapter ,,cxciii4--p4 #bfe4 ,,master ,,thomas ,,mace1 ,,and ,,the ,,two ,,historians ,,of ,,his ,,science1 ,,sir ,,john ,,hawkins ,,and ,,dr4 ,,burney4 ,,some ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,lutanist ,,and ,,of ,,his 8,,music',s ,,monument40 ,this ,man of ,music hath more in his head ,than mere crotchets4 ,,sir ,w4 ,,davenant4 ,,chapter ,,cxciv4--p4 #bhi4 ,a ,,music ,,lesson ,,from ,,master ,,thomas ,,mace ,,to ,,be ,,played ,,by ,,lady ,,fair3--,a ,,story1 ,,than ,,which ,,there ,,is ,,none ,,prettier ,,in ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,music4 ,what shall ,i say8 ,or shall ,i say no more8 ,i must go on6 ,i'm brim-full1 running o'er4 ,but yet ,i'll hold1 because ,i judge ye wise2 ,and few words unto such may well suffice4 ,but much--much more than this ,i could declare2 ,yet for some certain reasons ,i'll forbear4 ,but less than this ,i could not say2 because1 ,if saying less1 ,i should neglect my cause1 ,for 'tis the ,doctor's cause ,i plead so strong for1 ,and 'tis his cause compleated that ,i long for1 ,and 'tis true doctrine certainly ,i preach1 ,and 'tis that doctrine every priest should teach4 ,,thomas ,,mace1 ,,to ,,all ,,divine ,,readers4 ,,chapter ,,cxcv4--p4 #cjj4 ,,another ,,lesson ,,with ,,the ,,story ,,and ,,manner ,,of ,,its ,,production4 1 1 ------1 4 ,,sophocles4 ,,chapter ,,cxcvi4--p4 #cje4 ,,further ,,account ,,of ,,master ,,thomas ,,mace1--,,his ,,light ,,heart1 ,,his ,,sorrows1 ,,and ,,his ,,poverty1--,,poorly1 ,,poor ,,man1 ,,he ,,lived1 ,,poorly1 ,,poor ,,man1 ,,he ,,died--,,phineas ,,fletcher4 ,the sweet and the sour1 ,the nettle and the flower1 ,the thorn and the rose1 ,this garland compose4 ,,small ,,garland ,,of ,,pious ,,and ,,godly ,,songs4 ,,chapter ,,cxcvii4--p4 #cbb4 ,,question ,,proposed1 ,,whether ,a ,,man ,,be ,,magnified ,,or ,,minified ,,by ,,considering ,,himself ,,under ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,heavenly ,,bodies1 ,,and ,,answered ,,with ,,learning ,,and ,,discretion4 ,i find by experience that ,writing is like ,building1 wherein the undertaker1 to supply some defect1 or serve some convenience which at first he foresaw not1 is usually forced to exceed his first model and proposal1 and many times to double the charge and expence of it4 ,,dr4 ,,john ,,scott4 ,,chapter ,,cxcviii4--p4 #cce4 ,,peter ,,hopkins' ,,views ,,of ,,astrology4 ,,his ,,skill ,,in ,,chiromancy1 ,,palmistry1 ,,or ,,manual ,,divination ,,wisely ,,tempered4--,,spanish ,,proverb ,,and ,,sonnet ,,by ,,bartolome ,,leonardo ,,de ,,argensola4--,,tippoo ,,sultan4--,,mahometan ,,superstition4--,w4 ,y4 ,,playtes' ,,prospectus ,,for ,,the ,,horn ,,book ,,for ,,the ,,remembrance ,,of ,,the ,,signs ,,of ,,salvation4 ,seguite dunque con la mente lieta1 ,seguite1 ,monsignor1 che com' io dico1 ,presto presto sarete in su la meta4 ,,ludovico ,,dolce4 ,,chapter ,,cxcix4--p4 #cdg4 ,,concerning ,,the ,,great ,,honours ,,to ,,which ,,certain ,,horses ,,have ,,attained1 ,,and ,,the ,,royal ,,merits ,,of ,,nobs4 ,siento para contarlas que me llama ,el mi1 yo mi pluma1 ella la fama4 ,,balbuena4 ,,chapter ,,cc4--p4 #cee4 ,a ,,chapter ,,of ,,kings4 ,,fimbul-,,fambi heitr ,s er fatt kann segia1 ,that er snotvrs athal4 ,fimbul-fambi 7fatuus7 vocatur ,qui pauca novit narrare3 ,ea est hominis insciti proprietas4 ,,edda1 ,hva ,ml4 ,,interchapter ,,xxi4--p4 #cgb4 ,,measure ,,for ,,measure4 ,le ,plebe bestia ,di cento teste1 e non rinchiude in loro ,pur oncia di saper4 ,,chiabrera4 ,,interchapter ,,xxii4--p4 #cgh4 ,,variety ,,of ,,stiles4 ,qualis vir1 talis oratio4 ,,erasmi ,,adagia4 ,,interchapter ,,xxiii4--p4 #chc4 ,a ,,little ,,advice ,,bestowed ,,upon ,,the ,,scornful ,,reader ,,in ,a ,,short ,,interchapter4 ,no man is so foolish1 but may give another good counsel sometimes2 and no man is so wise1 but may easily err1 if he will take no other counsel but his own4 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,,the ,,doctor1 c4 ,,chapter ,,clxxii4 ,,descartes' ,,notion ,,concerning ,,the ,,prolongation ,,of ,,life4 ,a ,,sicilian ,,proposal ,,for ,,breeding ,,up ,,children ,,to ,,be ,,immortal4 ,,asgill',s ,,argument ,,against ,,the ,,necessity ,,of ,,dying4 ,o harmless ,death6 whom still the valiant brave1 ,the wise expect1 the sorrowful invite2 ,and all the good embrace1 who know the ,grave ,a short dark passage to eternal light4 ,,sir ,,william ,,davenant4 ,sir ,kenelm ,digby went to ,holland for the purpose of conversing with ,descartes1 who was then living in retirement at ,egmont4 ,speculative knowledge1 ,digby said to him1 was no doubt a refined and agreeable pursuit1 but it was too uncertain and too useless to be made a man's occupation1 life being so short that one has scarcely time to acquire well the knowledge of necessary things4 ,it would be far more worthy of a person like ,descartes1 he observed1 who so well understood the construction of the human frame1 if he would apply himself to discover means of prolonging its duration1 rather than attach himself to the mere speculation of philosophy4 ,descartes made answer that this was a subject on which he had already meditated2 that as for rendering man immortal1 it was what he would not venture to promise1 but that he was very sure he could prolong his life to the standard of the ,patriarchs4 ,saint-,evremond to whom ,digby repeated this1 says that this opinion of ,descartes was well known both to his friends in ,holland and in ,france4 ,the ,abb ,picot1 his disciple and his martyr1 was so fully persuaded of it that it was long before he would believe his master was dead1 and when at length unwillingly convinced of what it was no longer possible to deny or doubt1 he exclaimed1 que c'en toit fait et que la fin du ,genre humain alloit venir6 ,a certain ,sicilian physician who commented upon ,galen was more cautious if not more modest than ,descartes4 ,he affirmed that it was certainly possible to render men immortal1 but then they must be bred up from the earliest infancy with that view2 and he undertook so to train and render them1--if they were fit subjects4--,poor children6 if it had indeed been possible thus to divest them of their reversionary interest in ,heaven4 ,a much better way of abolishing death was that which ,asgill imagined1 when he persuaded himself from ,scripture that it is in our power to go to ,heaven without any such unpleasant middle passage4 ,asgill's is the worst case of intolerance that has occurred in this country since persecution has ceased to affect life or member4 ,this remarkable man was born about the middle of the seventeenth century and bred to the ,law in ,lincoln's ,inn under ,mr4 ,eyre a very eminent lawyer of those days4 ,in #afih he published a treatise with this title--8,several assertions proved1 in order to create another species of money than ,gold and ,silver10 and also an 8,essay on a ,registry for ,titles of ,lands40 ,both subjects seem to denote that on these points he was considerably advanced beyond his age4 ,but the whole strength of his mind was devoted to his profession1 in which he had so completely trammelled and drilled his intellectual powers that he at length acquired a habit of looking at all subjects in a legal point of view4 ,he could find flaws in an hereditary title to the crown4 ,but it was not to seek flaws that he studied the ,bible2 he studied it to see whether he could not claim under the ,old and ,new ,testament something more than was considered to be his share4 ,the result of this examination was that in the year #agjj he published 8,an ,argument proving that according to the ,covenant of ,eternal ,life revealed in the ,scriptures ,man may be translated from hence into that ,eternal ,life without passing through death1 although the ,human ,nature of ,christ himself could not be thus translated till he had passed through death40 ,that1 the old motto1 7says he7 worn upon tomb-stones1 8,death is the ,gate of ,life10 is a lie1 by which men decoy one another into death1 taking it to be a thorough-fare into ,eternal ,life1 whereas it is just so far out of the way4 ,for die when we will1 and be buried where we will1 and lie in the grave as long as we will1 we must all return from thence and stand again upon the ,earth before we can ascend into the ,heavens4 8,hinc itur ad astra40 ,he admitted that 8this custom of the world to die hath gained such a prevalency over our minds by prepossessing us of the necessity of death1 that it stands ready to swallow his argument whole without digesting it40 ,but the dominion of death1 he said1 is supported by our fear of it1 by which it hath bullied the world to this day4 ,yet 8the custom of the ,world to die is no argument one way or other20 however1 because he knew that custom itself is admitted as an evidence of title1 upon presumption that such custom had once a reasonable commencement and that this reason doth continue1 it was incumbent upon him to answer this ,custom by shewing the time and reason of its commencement and that the reason was determined4 8,first then10 says he1 8,i do admit the custom or possession of ,death over the world to be as followeth3 that ,death did reign from ,adam to ,moses by an uninterrupted possession over all men women and children1 created or born1 except one breach made upon it in that time by ,enoch2 and hath reigned from ,moses unto this day by the like uninterrupted possession1 except one other breach made upon it in this time by ,elijah4 ,and this is as strong a possession as can be alledged against me4 8,the religion of the ,world now is that ,man is born to die4 ,but from the beginning it was not so1 for ,man was made to live4 ,god made not ,death till ,man brought it upon himself by his delinquency4 ,adam stood as fair for ,life as ,death1 and fairer too1 because he was in the actual possession of ,life1--as ,tenant thereof at the ,will of ,god1 and had an opportunity to have made that title perpetual by the ,tree of ,life1 which stood before him with the ,tree of ,knowledge of ,good and ,evil4 ,and here 'tis observable how the same act of man is made the condition both of his life and death3 #8put forth thy hand and pull and eat and die1' or #8put forth thy hand and pull and eat and live for ever4' ',tis not to be conceived that there was any physical virtues in either of these ,trees whereby to cause life or death2 but ,god having sanctified them by those two different names1 he was obliged to make good his own characters of them1 by commanding the whole ,creation to act in such a manner as that ,man should feel the effects of this word1 according to which of the ,trees he first put forth his hand4 ,and it is yet more strange1 that man having life and death set before him at the same time and place1 and both to be had upon the same condition1 that he should single out his own death and leave the ,tree of ,life untouched4 ,and what is further strange1 even after his election of death he had an interval of time before his expulsion out of ,paradise1 to have retrieved his fate by putting forth his hand to the ,tree of ,life2 and yet he omitted this too6 8,but by all this it is manifest that as the form or person of man in his first creation was capable of eternal life without dying1 so the fall of man which happened to him after his creation hath not disabled his person from that capacity of eternal life4 ,and therefore durst ,man even then have broken through the ,cherubim and flaming sword1 or could he now any way come at the ,tree of ,life1 he must yet live for ever1 notwithstanding his sin committed in ,paradise and his expulsion out of it4 ,but this ,tree of ,life now seems lost to ,man2 and so he remains under the curse of that other ,tree1 #8in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt die4' ,which sentence of the ,law is the cause of the death of ,man1 and was the commencement of the ,custom of ,death in the ,world1 and by the force of this ,law ,death has kept the possession 7before admitted7 to this day4 8,by his act of delinquency and the sentence upon it1 ,adam stood attainted and became a dead man in law1 though he was not executed till about nine hundred years afterwards40 ,lawyer as ,asgill was1 and legally as he conducts his whole extraordinary argument1 he yet offers a moral extenuation of ,adam's offence4 ,eve after her eating and ,adam before his eating1 were1 he says1 in two different states1 she in the state of ,death1 and he in the ,state of ,life2 and thereby his was much the harder case4 ,for she by her very creation was so much a part of himself that he could not be happy while she was miserable4 ,the loss of her happiness so much affected him by sympathy that all his other enjoyments could do him no good2 and therefore since he thought it impossible for her to return into the same state with him1 he chose1 rather than be parted from her1 to hazard himself in the same state with her4 ,asgill then resumes his legal view of the case3 the offence he says was at last joint and several2 the sentence fell upon ,mankind as descendants from these our common ancestors1 and so upon ,christ himself4 ,and this is the reason why in the genealogy of our ,saviour as set down by two ,evangelists his legal descent by ,joseph is only counted upon1 8because all legal descents are accounted from the father40 ,as he was born of a ,virgin to preserve his nature from the defilement of humanity1 so was he of a ,virgin espoused to derive upon himself the curse of the ,law by a legal father3 for which purpose it was necessary that the birth of ,christ should1 in the terms of the ,evangelist1 be on this wise and no otherwise4 ,and hence the ,genealogy of ,christ is a fundamental part of ,eternal ,life4 ,the reader will soon perceive that technically as ,asgill treated his strange argument1 he was sincerely and even religiously convinced of its importance and its truth4 8,having shewn10 he proceeds1 8how this ,law fell upon ,christ1 it is next incumbent on me to shew that it is taken away by his death1 and consequently that the long possession of ,death over the ,world can be no longer a title against ,life4 ,but when ,i say this ,law is taken away1 ,i don't mean that the words of it are taken away2 for they remain with us to this day and being matter of ,record must remain for ever2 but that it is satisfied by other matter of ,record1 by which the force of it is gone4 ,law satisfied is no ,law1 as a debt satisfied is no debt4 ,now the specific demand of the ,law was ,death2 and of a man2 and a man made under the ,law4 ,christ qualified himself to be so3 and as such suffered under it1 thus undergoing the literal sentence4 ,this he might have done and not have given the ,law satisfaction1 for millions of men before him had undergone it and yet the ,law was nevertheless dissatisfied with them and others1 but ,he declared ,it is finished before he gave up the ghost4 ,by the dignity of his person he gave that satisfaction which it was impossible for mankind to give40 ,for the ,law1 he argues1 was not such a civil contract that the breach of it could be satisfied2 it was a ,law of ,honour1 the breach whereof required personal satisfaction for the greatest affront and the highest act of ingratitude to ,god1 inasmuch as the slighter the thing demanded is1 the greater is the affront in refusing it4 8,man by his very creation entered into the labours of the ,creator and became ,lord of the ,universe which was adapted to his enjoyments4 ,god left him in possession of it upon his parole of honour1 only that he would acknowledge it to be held of ,him1 and as the token of this tenure that he would only forbear from eating of one tree1 withal telling him that if he did eat of it1 his life should go for it4 ,if man had had more than his life to give1 ,god would have had it of him4 ,this was rather a resentment of the affront1 than any satisfaction for it2 and therefore to signify the height of this resentment ,god raises man from the dead to demand further satisfaction from him4 ,death is a commitment to the prison of the ,grave till the ,judgement of the ,great ,day2 and then the grand ,habeas ,corpus will issue to the ,earth and to the ,sea1 to give up their dead3 to remove the ,bodies1 with the cause of their commitment4 8,yet was this a resentment without malice2 for as ,god maintained his resentment under all his love1 so ,he maintained his love under all his resentment4 ,for his love being a love of kindness flowing from his own nature1 could not be diminished by any act of man2 and yet his honour being concerned to maintain the truth of his word1 he could not falsify that to gratify his own affection4 ,and thus he bore the passion of his own love1 till he had found out a salvo for his honour by that ,son of ,man who gave him satisfaction at once by the dignity of his person4 ,personal satisfactions by the ,laws of ,honour are esteemed sufficient or not1 according to the equality or inequality between the persons who give or take the affront4 ,therefore ,god to vindicate his honour was obliged to find out a person for this purpose equal to ,himself3 the invention of which is called the manifold wisdom of ,god1 the invention itself being the highest expression of the deepest love1 and the execution of it1 in the death of ,christ1 the deepest resentment of the highest affront4 8,now inasmuch as the person of our ,saviour was superior to the human nature1 so much the satisfaction by his death surmounted the offence4 ,he died under the ,law but he did not arise under it1 having taken it away by his death4 ,the life regained by him in his resurrection was by ,conquest1 by which1 according to all the ,laws of ,conquest1 the ,law of ,death is taken away4 ,for by the ,laws of ,conquest the ,laws of the conquered are ipso facto taken away1 and all records and writings that remain of them are of no more force than waste paper4 ,hence the title of ,christ to ,eternal ,life is become absolute1--by absolute0--says this theologo-jurist1--8,i mean discharged from all tenure or condition1 and consequently from all forfeiture4 ,and as his title to life is thus become absolute by ,conquest1 so the direction of it is become eternal by being annexed to the ,person of the ,godhead3 thus ,christ ever since his resurrection did1 and doth1 stand seized of an absolute and indefeazable ,estate of ,eternal ,life1 without any tenure or condition or other matter or thing to change or determine it for ever40 8,i had reason0 says ,asgill 8thus to assert the title of ,christ at large2 because this is the title by and under which ,i am going to affirm my argument and to claim ,eternal ,life for myself and all the world40 8,and first ,i put it upon the ,profession of ,divinity to deny one word of the fact as ,i have repeated it4 ,next ,i challenge the ,science of the ,law to shew such another ,title as this is4 ,and then ,i defy the ,logicians to deny my ,argument3 of which this is the abstract3 ,that the ,law delivered to ,adam before the ,fall is the original cause of ,death in the ,world3 ,that this ,law is taken away by the ,death of ,christ3 ,that therefore the legal power of death is gone4 ,and ,i am so far from thinking this ,covenant of ,eternal ,life to be an allusion to the forms of ,title amongst men1 that ,i rather adore it as the precedent for them all2 believing with that great ,apostle that the things on ,earth are but the patterns of things in the ,heavens where the ,originals are kept40 ,this he says because he has before made it appear that in the ,covenant of ,eternal ,life all things requisite to constitute a legal instrument are found1 to wit1 the date1 the parties1 the contents1 and consideration1 the sealing1 and execution1 the witnesses1 and the ,ceremony required of ,man1 whereby to execute it on his part and take the advantage of it4 ,by the sacrifice which our ,lord offered of himself1 this technical but sincere and serious enthusiast argues1 more than an atonement was made4 8,and that this superabundancy might not run to waste1 ,god declared that ,man should have ,eternal ,life absolute as ,christ himself had it2 and hence ,eternal ,life is called the ,gift of ,god through our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ1 over and above our redemption4 ,why then10 he asks1 8doth ,death remain in the ,world8 ,why because ,man knows not the ,way of ,life--#8the way of ,life they have not known4' ,because our faith is not yet come to us--#8when the ,son of ,man comes shall he find faith upon the earth8' ,because ,man is a beast of burden that knows not his own strength in the virtue of the ,death and the power of the ,resurrection of ,christ4 ,unbelief goes not by reason or dint of argument1 but is a sort of melancholy madness1 by which if we once fancy ourselves bound1 it hath the same effect upon us as if we really were so4 ,death is like ,satan1 who appears to none but those who are afraid of him3 ,resist the ,devil and he will flee from you4 ,because ,death had once dominion over us1 we think it hath and must have it still4 ,and this ,i find within myself1 that though ,i can't deny one word ,i have said in fact or argument1 yet ,i can't maintain my belief of it without making it more familiar to my understanding1 by turning it up and down in my thoughts and ruminating upon some proceedings already made upon it in the ,world4 8,the ,motto of the ,religion of the ,world is ,mors ,janua ,vit2 if we mean by this the ,death of ,christ1 we are in the right2 but if we mean our own ,death then we are in the wrong4 ,far be it from me to say that ,man may not attain to ,eternal ,life1 though he should die2 for the ,text runs double4 #8,i am the ,resurrection and the ,life2 he that liveth and believeth on me1 shall never die2 and though he were dead he shall live4' ,this very ,text shows that there is a nearer way of entering into ,eternal ,life than by the way of ,death and ,resurrection4 ,whatever circumstances a man is under at the time of his death1 ,god is bound to make good this ,text to him1 according to which part of it he builds his faith upon2 if he be dead there's a necessity for a resurrection2 but if he be alive there's no occasion for ,death or ,resurrection either4 ,this text doth not maintain two religions1 but two articles of faith in the same religion1 and the article of faith for a present life without dying is the higher of the two4 8,no man can comprehend the heights and depths of the ,gospel at his first entrance into it2 and in point of order1 #8the last enemy to be destroyed is ,death4' ,the first essay of ,faith is against ,hell1 that though we die we may not be damned2 and the full assurance of this is more than most men attain to before ,death overtakes them1 which makes ,death a terror to men4 ,but they who attain it can sing a requiem #8,lord now lettest thou thy ,servant depart in peace6' and if ,god takes them at their word1 they lie down in the faith of the ,resurrection of the ,just4 ,but whenever he pleases to continue them1 after that attainment1 much longer above ground1 that time seems to them an interval of perfect leisure1 till at last espying ,death itself1 they fall upon it as an enemy that must be conquered1 one time or other1 through faith in ,christ4 ,this is the reason why it seems intended that a respite of time should be allotted to believers after the first ,resurrection and before the dissolution of the ,world1 for perfecting that faith which they began before their death but could not attain to in the first reach of life3 for ,death being but a discontinuance of ,life1 wherever men leave off at their death1 they must begin at their resurrection4 ,nor shall they ascend after their resurrection1 till they have attained to this faith of translation1 and by that very faith they shall be then convinced that they need not have died4 8,when ,elijah courted death under the juniper tree in the wilderness1 and #8said--now ,lord1 take away my life1 for ,i am not better than my fathers1' that request shews that he was not educated in this faith of translation1 but attained it afterwards by study4 ,paul tells #8we shall not all die but we shall all be changed2' yet though he delivered this to be his faith in general1 he did not attain to such a particular knowledge of the way and manner of it as to prevent his own death3 he tells us he had not yet attained the ,resurrection of the dead1 but was pressing after it4 ,he had but a late conversion1 and was detained in the study of another part of divinity1 the confirming the ,new ,testament by the ,old and making them answer one another1--a point previous to the faith of translation1 and which must be learned before it--in order to it4 ,but this his pressing 7though he did not attain17 hath much encouraged me10 says ,asgill1 8to make this enquiry1 being well assured that he would not have thus pursued it1 had he not apprehended more in it than the vulgar opinion4 8,we don't think ourselves fit to deal with one another in human affairs till our age of one and twenty4 ,but to deal with our offended ,maker1 to counterplot the malice of fallen ,angels1 and to rescue ourselves from eternal ruin1 we are generally as well qualified before we can speak plain1 as all our life-time after4 ,children can say over their religion at four or five years old1 and their parents that taught them can do no more at four or five and fifty4 ,the common ,creed of the ,christian religion may be learned in an hour3 and one days philosophy will teach a man to die4 ,but to know the virtue of the ,death and ,power of the ,resurrection of ,christ1 is a science calculated for the study of ,men and ,angels for ever4 8,but if man may be thus changed without death1 and that it is of no use to him in order to ,eternal ,life2 what then is ,death8 ,or1 whereunto serveth it8 ,what is it8 ,why 'tis a misfortune fallen upon man from the beginning1 and from which he has not yet dared to attempt his recovery3 and it serves as a ,spectre to fright us into a little better life 7perhaps7 than we should lead without it4 ,though ,god hath formed this ,covenant of ,eternal ,life1 ,men have made an agreement with ,death and ,hell1 by way of composition to submit to ,death1 in hope of escaping ,hell by that obedience2 and under this allegiance we think ourselves bound never to rebel against it6 ,the study of ,philosophy is to teach men to die1 from the observations of ,nature2 the profession of ,divinity is to enforce the doctrine from ,revelation3 and the science of the ,law is to settle our civil affairs pursuant to these resolutions4 ,the old men are making their last ,wills and ,testaments2 and the young are expecting the execution of them by the death of the testators2 and thus ,mortis ad exemplum totus componitur orbis4 ,i was under this ,law of ,death once2 and while ,i lay under it1 ,i felt the terror of it1 till ,i had delivered myself from it by those thoughts which must convince them that have them4 ,and in this thing only1 ,i wish1 for their sakes1 that all men were as ,i am4 ,the reason why ,i believe that this doctrine is true1 is1 because ,god hath said it3 yet ,i could not thus assert it by argument1 if ,i did not conceive it with more self-conviction than ,i have from any maxims or positions in human science4 ,the ,covenant of ,eternal ,life is a ,law of itself and a science of itself1 which can never be known by the study of any other science4 ,it is a science out of ,man's way1 being a pure invention of ,god4 ,man knows no more how to save himself than he did to create himself2 but to raise his ambition for learning this1 ,god graduates him upon his degree of knowledge in it1 and gives him badges of honour as belonging to that degree1 upon the attainment whereof a man gains the title of a ,child of the ,resurrection3 to which title belongs this badge of honour1 to die no more but make our exit by translation1 as ,christ1 who was the first of this ,order1 did before us4 ,and this world being the academy to educate ,man for ,heaven1 none shall ever enter there till they have taken this degree here4 8,let the ,dead bury the ,dead6 and the ,dead lie with the ,dead6 ,and the rest of the ,living go lie with them6 ,i'll follow him that was dead1 and is alive1 and living for ever4 ,and though ,i am now single1 yet ,i believe that this belief will be general before the general change1 of which ,paul speaks1 shall come2 and that then1 and not before1 shall be the ,resurrection of the ,just1 which is called the first ,resurrection2 and after that the ,dead so arisen1 with the ,living1 then alive1 shall have learned this faith1 which shall qualify them to be caught up together in the air1 then shall be the ,general ,resurrection1 after which ,time shall be no more4 8,the beginning of this faith1 like all other parts of the ,kingdom of ,heaven will be like a grain of mustard seed1 spreading itself by degrees till it overshadow the whole earth4 ,and since #8the things concerning ,him must have an end1' in order to this they must have a beginning4 ,but whoever leads the van will make the world start1 and must expect for himself to walk up and down1 like ,cain1 with a mark on his forehead1 and run the gauntlet for an ,ishmaelite1 having every man's hand against him because his hand is against every man2 than which nothing is more averse to my temper4 ,this makes me think of publishing with as much regret as he that ran way from his errand when sent to ,niniveh3 but being just going to cross the water--7he was going to ,ireland1--7 ,i dared not leave this behind me undone1 lest a ,tempest send me back again to do it4 ,and to shelter myself a little1 7though ,i knew my speech would betray me7 ,i left the ,title page anonymous4 ,nor do ,i think that any thing would now extort my name from me but the dread of the sentence1 #8he that is ashamed of me and of my words1 of him will ,i be ashamed before my ,father and his ,angels3' for fear of which ,i dare not but subscribe my argument1 though with a trembling hand2 having felt two powers within me all the while ,i have been about it1 one bids me write1 and the other bobs my elbow4 ,but since ,i have wrote this1 as ,pilate did his inscription1 without consulting any one1 ,i'll be absolute as he was2 #8what ,i have written1 ,i have written4' 8,having pursued that command1 #8,seek first the ,kingdom of ,god1' ,i yet expect the performance of that promise1 #8to receive in this life an hundred fold1 and in the world to come life everlasting4' ,i have a great deal of business yet in this world1 without doing of which ,heaven itself would be uneasy to me3 but when that is done ,i know no business ,i have with the dead1 and therefore do depend that ,i shall not go hence by #8returning to the dust1' which is the sentence of that law from which ,i claim a discharge3 but that ,i shall make my exit by way of translation1 which ,i claim as a dignity belonging to that ,degree in the ,science of ,eternal ,life of which ,i profess myself a graduate4 ,and if after this ,i die like other men1 ,i declare myself to die of no religion4 ,let no one be concerned for me as a desperade3 ,i am not going to renounce the other part of our religion1 but to add another article of faith to it1 without which ,i cannot understand the rest4 ,and if it be possible to believe too much in ,god1 ,i desire to be guilty of that sin4 8,behold ye despisers and wonder6 ,wonder to see ,paradise lost1 with the ,tree of ,life in the midst of it6 ,wonder and curse at ,adam for an original fool1 who in the length of one day never so much as thought to put forth his hand1 for him and us1 and pull and eat and live for ever6 ,wonder at and damn ourselves for fools of the last impression1 that in the space of seventeen hundred years never so much as thought to put forth our hands1 every one for himself1 and seal and execute the ,covenant of ,eternal ,life4 8,to be even with the ,world at once1 he that wonders at my faith1 ,i wonder at his unbelief4 ,the ,blood of ,christ hath an incident quality which cleaneth from sin2 and he that understands this never makes any use of his own personal virtues as an argument for his own salvation1 lest ,god should overbalance against him with his sins2 nor doth ,god ever object a man's sins to him in the day of his faith2 therefore till ,i am more sinful than ,he was holy1 my sins are no objection against my faith4 ,and because in ,him is all my hope1 ,i care not 7almost7 what ,i am myself4 8,it is observed in the mathematics that the practice doth not always answer the theory2 and that therefore there is no dependence upon the mere notions of it as they lie in the brain1 without putting them together in the form of a tool or instrument1 to see how all things fit4 ,this made me distrust my own thoughts till ,i had put them together1 to see how they would look in the form of an argument4 ,but in doing this1 ,i thank ,god ,i have found every joint and article to come into its own place and fall in with and suit one another to a hair's breadth1 beyond my expectation3 or else ,i could not have had the confidence to produce this as an engine in ,divinity to convey man from ,earth to ,heaven4 ,i am not making myself wings to fly to ,heaven with1 but only making myself ready for that conveyance which shall be sent me4 ,and if ,i should lose myself in this untrodden path of ,life1 ,i can still find out the beaten ,road of ,death blindfold4 ,if therefore1 after this1 #8,i go the way of my fathers' ,i freely waive that haughty epitaph1 magnis tamen excidit ausis1 and instead knock under table that ,satan hath beguiled me to play the fool with myself1 in which however he hath shewed his masterpiece2 for ,i defy the whole clan of ,hell to produce another lye so like to truth as this is4 ,but if ,i act my motto1 and go the way of an ,eagle in the air1 then have ,i played a trump upon ,death and shewn myself a match for the ,devil4 8,and while ,i am thus fighting with ,death and ,hell1 it looks a little like foul play for ,flesh and ,blood to interpose themselves against me4 ,but if any one hath spite enough to give me a polt1 thinking to falsify my faith by taking away my life1 ,i only desire them first to qualify themselves for my executioners1 by taking this short test in their own consciences3 whoever thinks that any thing herein contained is not fair dealing with ,god and ,man1 let him--or her--burn this book1 and cast a stone at him that wrote it40 ,,chapter ,,clxxiii4 ,,more ,,concerning ,,asgill4 ,,his ,,defence ,,in ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,commons1 ,,his ,,expulsion1 ,,farther ,,speculations ,,and ,,death4 ,let not that ugly ,skeleton appear6 ,sure ,destiny mistakes2 this ,death's not mine6 ,,dryden4 ,the substance of ,asgill's argument has been given in his own words1 but by thus abstracting and condensing it his peculiar manner is lost4 ,this though it consisted more perhaps in appearance than in reality1 is characteristic of the author1 and may be well exemplified in the concluding passage of one of his political pamphlets3 8,but ,i shall raise more choler by this way of writing1 ,for writing and reading are in themselves commendable things1 ,but 'tis the way of writing at which offence is taken1 ,and this is the misfortune of an ,author1 ,that unless some are angry with him1 none are pleased4 ,which puts him under this dilemma1 ,that he must either ruin himself or his ,printer4 8,but to prevent either1 as far as ,i can1 ,i would rather turn ,trimmer and compound too4 ,and to end all quarrels with my readers 7if they please to accept the proposal1 ,and to shew withal that ,i am no dogmatical ,author17 ,i now say to them all1 in print1 what ,i once did to one of them1 by word of mouth4 ,whoever meets with any thing in what ,i publish1 which they don't like1 ,let 'em strike it out4 ,but to take off part of the ,odium from me1 ,they say others write like me1 ,in short paragraphs3 7,an easy part of a mimick17 ,but with all my heart6 ,i don't care who writes like me1 ,so ,i do'nt write like them40 ,many a book has originated in the misfortunes of its ,author4 ,want1 imprisonment1 and disablement by bodily infirmity from active occupation1 have produced almost as many works in prose or rhyme1 as leisure1 voluntary exertion1 and strong desire4 ,asgill's harmless heresy began in an involuntary confinement to which he was reduced in consequence of an unsuccessful speculation2 he had engaged in this adventure 7by which better word our forefathers designated what the ,americans call a spec17 with the hope of increasing his fortune1 instead of which he incurred so great a loss that he found it necessary to keep his chamber in the ,temple for some years4 ,there he fell to examining that 8,book of ,law and ,gospel10 both which we call the ,bible2 and examining it as he would have perused an old deed with the hope of discovering in it some clause upon which to ground a claim at law1 this thought1 he says1 first came into his head2 but it was a great while coming out4 ,he was afraid of his own thoughts1 lest they were his own only1 and as such a delusion4 ,and when he had tried them with pen1 ink and paper1 and they seemed to him plainer and plainer every time he went over them1 and he had formed them into an ,argument1 8to see how they would bear upon the proof10 even then he had no intention of making them public4 8,but writing an ill hand10 says he1 8,i resolved to see how it would look in print4 ,on this ,i gave the ,printer my ,copy1 with money for his own labour1 to print off some few for myself1 and keep the press secret4 ,but ,i remember before he got half way through1 he told me his men fancied ,i was a little crazed1 in which ,i also fancied he spoke one word for them and two for himself4 ,however ,i bid him go on2 and at last it had so raised his fancy that he desired my leave to print off one edition at the risque of his own charge1 saying he thought some of the ,anabaptists would believe it first4 ,i being just then going for ,ireland1 admitted him1 with this injunction1 he should not publish them 'till ,i was got clear out of ,middlesex2 which ,i believe he might observe2 though by what ,i heard afterwards1 they were all about town by that time ,i got to ,st4 ,albans3 and the book was in ,ireland almost as soon as ,i was1 7for a man's works will follow him17 with a noise after me that ,i was gone away mad40 ,asgill was told in ,ireland that the cry which followed him would prevent his practice2 it had a contrary effect1 for 8people went into ,court to see him as a ,monster and heard him talk like a man40 ,in the course of two years he gained enough by his profession to purchase ,lord ,kenmure's forfeited estate1 and to procure a seat in the ,irish ,house of ,commons4 ,the purchase made him enemies2 as he was on the way to ,dublin he met the news that his book had been burnt by ,order of the ,house4 ,he proceeded however1 took the oaths and his seat1 and the ,book having been condemned and executed without hearing the author in its defence1 nothing more was necessary than to prove him the ,author and expel him forthwith1 and this was done in the course of four days4 ,after this he returned to ,england and obtained a seat for ,bramber1 apparently for the mere sake of securing himself against his creditors4 ,this borough he represented for two years2 but in the first ,parliament after the ,union some of the ,scotch ,members are said to have looked upon it as a disgrace to the ,house of ,commons that a man who enjoyed his liberty only under privilege should sit there1 and instead of attempting to remedy a scandal by straight forward means1 they took the easier course of moving for a ,committee to examine his book4 ,their report was that it was profane and blasphemous1 highly reflecting upon the ,christian ,religion4 ,he was allowed however to make his defence1 which he thus began4 8,mr4 ,speaker1 this day calls me to something ,i am both unapt and averse to--,preaching4 ,for though1 as you see1 ,i have vented some of my thoughts in religion1 yet ,i appeal to my conversation1 whether ,i use to make that the subject of my discourse4 ,however that ,i may not let this accusation go against me by a ,nihil dicit1 ,i stand up to make my defence4 ,i have heard it from without doors that ,i intended to withdraw myself from this day's test and be gone2 which would have given them that said it an opportunity to boast that they had once spoken truth4 ,but quo me fata trahunt1 ,i'll give no man occasion to write fugam fecit upon my grave-stone40 ,he then gave the history of his book and of his expulsion in ,ireland1 and thanked the ,house for admitting him to a defence before they proceeded to judgement4 8,i find10 said he1 8the ,report of the ,committee is not levelled at the argument itself which ,i have advanced1 nor yet against the treatise ,i have published to prove it1 but against some expressions in that proof1 and which ,i intend to give particular answers to4 ,but there is something else laid to my charge as my design in publishing that argument1 of higher concern to me than any expressions in the treatise1 or any censure that can fall on me for it2 as if ,i had wrote it with a malicious intention to expose the scriptures as false1 because they seemed to contain what ,i asserted2 and that therefore if that assertion did not hold true1 the ,scripture must be false4 ,now whether this was my intention or no1 there is but one ,witness in ,heaven or ,earth can prove1 and that is ,he that made me1 and in whose presence ,i now stand1 and ,who is able to strike me dead in my place2 and to ,him ,i now appeal for the truth of what ,i protest against3 that ,i never did write or publish that argument with any intention to expose the ,scriptures2 but on the contrary1 7though ,i was aware that ,i might be liable to that censure1 which ,i knew not how to avoid7 ,i did both write and publish it1 under a firm belief of the truth of the ,scriptures3 and with a belief1 7under that7 that what ,i have asserted in that argument is within that truth4 ,and if it be not1 then ,i am mistaken in my argument and the ,scripture remains true4 ,let ,god be true and every man a lyar4 ,and having made this protestation1 ,i am not much concerned whether ,i am believed in it or not2 ,i had rather tell a truth than be believed in a lie at any time40 ,he then justified the particular passage which had been selected for condemnation1 resting his defence upon this ground1 that he had used familiar expressions with the intent of being sooner read and more readily understood4 ,there was indeed but a single word which savoured of irreverence1 and certainly no irreverence was intended in its use3 no one who fairly perused his argument but must have perceived that the levity of his manner in no degree detracted from the seriousness of his belief4 8,yet10 said he1 8if by any of those expressions ,i have really given offence to any well-meaning ,christian1 ,i am sorry for it1 though ,i had no ill intention in it3 but if any man be captious to take exceptions for exception sake1 ,i am not concerned4 ,i esteem my own case plain and short4 ,i was expelled one ,house for having too much land2 and ,i am going to be expelled another for having too little money4 ,but if ,i may yet ask one question more2 pray what is this blasphemous crime ,i here stand charged with8 ,a belief of what we all profess1 or at least what no one can deny4 ,if the death of the body be included in the ,fall1 why is not the life of the body included in the ,resurrection8 ,and what if ,i have a firmer belief of this than some others have8 ,am ,i therefore a blasphemer8 ,or would they that believe less take it well of me to call them so4 ,our ,saviour in his day took notice of some of little faith and some of great faith1 without stigmatizing either of them with blasphemy for it4 ,but ,i do not know how 'tis1 we are fallen into such a sort of uniformity that we would fain have ,religion into a ,tyrant's bed1 torturing one another into our own size of it only4 ,but it grows late1 and ,i ask but one saying more to take leave of my friends with4 ,i do believe that had ,i turned this ,defence into a ,recantation1 ,i had prevented my ,expulsion3 but ,i have reserved my last words as my ultimate reason against that ,recantation4 ,he that durst write that book1 dares not deny it60 8,and what then80 said this eccentric writer1 when five years afterwards he published his ,defence4 8,why then they called for candles2 and ,i went away by the light of 'em3 and after the previous question and other usual ceremonies1 7as ,i suppose7 ,i was expelled the ,house4 ,and from thence ,i retired to a ,chamber ,i once had in the ,temple2 and from thence ,i afterwards surrendered myself in discharge of my bail1 and have since continued under confinement4 ,and under that confinement ,god hath been pleased to take away1 #8the ,desire of mine ,eyes with a stroke1' which hath however drowned all my other troubles at once2 for the less are merged in the greater2 ,qui venit hic fluctus1 fluctus supereminet omnes4 ,and since ,i have mentioned her1 ,i'll relate this of her4 ,she having been educated a ,protestant of the ,church of ,england1 by a ,lady her ,grandmother1 her immediate parents and other relations being ,roman ,catholics1 an honest ,gentleman of the ,romish persuasion1 who knew her family1 presented her1 while she was my fellow-prisoner1 with a large folio volume1 being the history of the ,saints canonized in that ,church1 for her reading2 with intention1 as ,i found1 to incline her that way4 ,with which1 delighting in reading1 she entertained herself 'till she shad gone through it2 and some time after that she told me that she had before some thoughts towards that religion1 but that the reading that history had confirmed her against it4 8,and yet she would never read the book ,i was expelled for 'till after my last expulsion2 but then reading it through1 told me she was reconciled to the reasons of it1 though she could not say she believed it4 ,however she said something of her own thoughts with it1 that hath given me the satisfaction that she is #8dead in ,christ1' and thereby sure of her part in the first ,resurrection3 the ,dead in ,christ shall arise first4 ,and this pars decessa mei leaving me half dead while she remains in the grave1 hath since drawn me1 in diving after her1 into a nearer view and more familiar though more unusual thoughts of that first ,resurrection than ever ,i had before4 ,from whence ,i now find that nothing less than this fluctus decumanus would have cast me upon1 or qualified me for1 this theme1 if yet ,i am so qualified4 ,and from hence ,i am advancing that common ,article in our ,creed1 the ,resurrection of the ,dead1 into a professed study2 from the result of which study ,i have already advanced an assertion1 which 7should ,i vent alone7 perhaps would find no better quarter in the world than what ,i have advanced already4 ,and yet1 though ,i say it that perhaps should not1 it hath one quality we are all fond of1--it is ,news2 and another we all should be fond of1 it is good ,news3 or at least1 good to them that are so1 #8for to the froward all things are froward4' 8,having made this ,discovery1 or rather collected it from the ,word of ,life2 ,i am advancing it into a ,treatise whereby to prove it in special form1 not by arguments of wit or sophistry1 but from the evidence and demonstration of the truth as it is in ,jesus3 which should ,i accomplish ,i would not be prevented from publishing that edition to gain more than ,i lost by my former2 nor for more than ,balak ever intended to give1 or than ,balaam could expect to receive1 for cursing the people of ,israel1 if ,god had not spoilt that bargain4 ,i find it as old as the ,new ,testament1 #8if by any means ,i may attain the ,resurrection of the ,dead4' ,and though ,paul did not then so attain1 7not as if ,i had already attained17 yet he died in his calling1 and will stand so much nearer that mark at his ,resurrection4 ,but if ,paul1 with that effusion of the ,spirit upon him in common with the other ,apostles1 and that superabundant revelation given him above them all1 by that rapture unto things unutterable1 did not so attain in that his day2 whence should ,i a mere ,lay1 7and that none of the best neither7 without any function upon me1 expect to perfect what he left so undone8--,in pursuit of this study ,i have found1 7what ,i had not before observed7 that there are some means since left us towards this attainment1 which ,paul had not in his day2 for there now remain extant unto the world1 bound up with that now one entire record of the ,bible1 two famous ,records of the ,resurrection that never came to ,paul's hands2 and for want whereof1 perhaps1 he might not then so attain4 ,but having now this intelligence of them1 and fearing that in the day of ,account ,i may have a special surcharge made upon me for these additional ,talents and further ,revelations2 and bearing in mind the dreadful fate of that cautious insuring servant who took so much care to redeliver what he had received in statu quo as he had it that it might not be said to be the worse for his keeping1 ,i have rather adventured to defile those ,sacred ,records with my own study and thoughts upon them1 than to think of returning them wrapt up in a napkin clean and untouched4 8,whether ever ,i shall accomplish to my own satisfaction what ,i am now so engaged in1 ,i do not yet know2 but 'till ,i do1 ,i'll please myself to be laughed at by this cautious insuring world1 as tainted with a frenzy of dealing in ,reversions of ,contingencies4 ,however in the mean time ,i would not be thought to be spending this interval of my days by myself in beating the air1 under a dry expectancy only of a thing so seemingly remote as the ,resurrection of the ,dead3 like ,courtiers-,extraordinary fretting out their soles with attendances in ante-rooms for things or places no more intended to be given them than perhaps they are fit to have them4 ,for though ,i should fall short of the attainment ,i am attempting1 the attempt itself hath translated my ,prison into a ,paradise2 treating me with food and enamouring me with pleasures that man knows not of3 from whence1 ,i hope1 ,i may without vanity say1 ,deus nobis hc otia fecit40 ,what the farther reversion might be to which ,asgill fancied he had discovered a title in the ,gospels1 is not known4 ,perhaps he failed in satisfying himself when he attempted to arrange his notions in logical and legal form1 and possibly that failure may have weakened his persuasion of the former heresy3 for though he lived twenty years after the publication of his ,defence and the announcement of this second discovery in the ,scriptures1 the promised argument never appeared4 ,his subsequent writings consist of a few pamphlets in favour of the ,hanoverian succession4 ,they were too inconsiderable to contribute much towards eking out his means of support1 for which he was probably chiefly indebted to his professional knowledge4 ,the remainder of his life was past within the ,rules of the ,king's ,bench ,prison1 where he died in #agch at a very advanced age1 retaining his vivacity and his remarkable powers of conversation to the last4 ,if it be true that he nearly attained the age of an hundred 7as one statement represents7 and with these happy faculties unimpaired1 he may have been tempted to imagine that he was giving the best and only convincing proof of his own argument4 ,death undeceived him1 and ,time has done him justice at last4 ,for though it stands recorded that he was expelled the ,house of ,commons as being the ,author of a ,book in which are contained many profane and blasphemous expressions1 highly reflecting upon the ,christian ,religion6 nothing can be more certain than that this censure was undeserved1 and that his expulsion upon that ground was as indefensible as it would have been becoming1 if1 in pursuance of the real motives by which the ,house was actuated1 an ,act had been past disqualifying from that time forward any person in a state of insolvency from taking or retaining a seat there4 ,in the year #agfj ,i find him mentioned as 8the celebrated gentleman commonly called #8translated ,asgill4'0 ,his name is now seen only in catalogues1 and his history known only to the curious3--8,mais1 c'est assez parl de luy1 et encore trop1 ce diront aucuns1 qui pourront m'en blasmer1 et dire que j'estois bien de loisir quand j'escrivis cecy2 mais ils seront bien plus de loisir de la lire1 pour me reprendre40#a ,footnote #a3 ,,brantome4 ,,chapter ,,clxxiv4 ,,the ,,doctor ,,indulges ,,in ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,fantastic ,,and ,,typical ,,speculation ,,on ,,his ,,own ,,name1 ,,and ,,on ,,the ,,powers ,,of ,,the ,,letter ,d41 ,,whether ,,as ,,regards ,,degrees ,,and ,,distinctions1 ,,gods ,,and ,,demigods1 ,,princes ,,and ,,kings1 ,,philosophers1 ,,generals ,,or ,,travellers4 ,my mouth's no dictionary2 it only serves as the needful interpreter of my heart4 ,,quarles4 ,there were few things in the way of fantastic and typical speculation which delighted the ,doctor so much as the contemplation of his own name3 ,,daniel ,,dove4 ,d4 ,d4 it was upon his linen and his seal4 ,d4 ,d4 he used to say1 designated the highest degree in the highest of the sciences1 and he was ,d4 ,d4 not by the forms of a ,university1 but by ,nature or ,destiny4 ,besides1 he maintained1 that the letter ,d was the richest1 the most powerful1 the most fortunate letter in the alphabet1 and contained in its form and origin more mysteries than any other4 ,it was a potential letter under which all powerful things were arranged2 ,dictators1 ,despots1 ,dynasties1 ,diplomas1 ,doctors1 ,dominations2 ,deeds and ,donations and ,decrees2 ,dioptrics and ,dynamics2 ,dialectics and ,demonstrations4 ,diaphragm1 ,diathesis1 ,diet1 ,digestion1 ,disorder1 ,disease1 ,diagnosis2 ,diabrosis1 ,diaphragmatis1 ,diaphthora1 ,desudation1 ,defluxions1 ,dejection1 ,delirium1 ,delivery1 ,dyspepsy1 ,dysmenorrha1 ,dysorxia1 ,dyspna1 ,dysuria1 ,dentition1 ,dropsy1 ,diabetes1 ,diarrha1 ,dysentery2 then passing almost in unconscious but beautiful order from diseases to remedies and their consequences1 he proceeded with ,dispensation1 ,diluents1 ,discutients1 ,deobstruents1 ,demulcents1 ,detergents1 ,desiccatives1 ,depurantia1 ,diaphoretics1 ,dietetics1 ,diachylon1 ,diacodium1 ,diagrydium1 ,deligations1 ,decoctions1 ,doses1 ,draughts1 ,drops1 ,dressings1 ,drastics1 ,dissolution1 ,dissection4 ,what indeed he would say1 should we do in our profession without the ,ds8 ,or what would the ,divines do without it--,danger1 ,despair1 ,death1 ,devil1 ,doomsday1 ,damnation2 look to the brighter side1 there is the ,doxology1 and you ascend to 1 and ,deus and ,deity4 ,what would become of the farmer without ,dung1 or of the ,musician without the ,diapason8 ,think also of ,duets in music and ,doublets at ,backgammon4 ,and the soldier's toast in the old ,play1 8the two ,ds ,drink and your ,duty40#a ,footnote #a3 ,shirley1 ,honoria and ,mammon4 ,look at the moral evils which are ranged under its banners1 ,dissentions1 ,discord1 ,duels1 ,dissimulation1 ,deceit1 ,dissipation1 ,demands1 ,debts1 ,damages1 ,divorce1 ,distress1 ,drunkenness1 ,dram-drinking1 ,distraction1 ,destruction4 ,when the ,poet would describe things mournful and calamitous1 whither doth he go for epithets of alliterative significance8 where but to the letter ,d8 there he hath ,dim1 ,dusky1 ,drear1 ,dark1 ,damp1 ,dank1 ,dismal1 ,doleful1 ,dolorous1 ,disastrous1 ,dreadful1 ,desperate1 ,deplorable4 ,would we sum up the virtues and praise of a perfect ,woman1 how should we do it but by saying that she was devout in religion1 decorous in conduct1 domestic in habits1 dextrous in business1 dutiful as a wife1 diligent as a mother1 discreet as a mistress1 in manner debonnaire1 in mind delicate1 in person delicious1 in disposition docile1 in all things delightful4 ,then he would smile at ,mrs4 ,dove and say1 ,i love my love with a ,d4 and her name is ,deborah4 ,for degrees and distinctions1 omitting those which have before been incidentally enumerated1 are there not ,dauphin and ,dey1 ,dux1 ,duke1 ,doge4 ,dominus1 with its derivatives ,don1 the ,dom of the ,french and ,portugueze1 and the ,dan of our own early language2 ,dame1 ,damsel1 and ,damoisel in the untranslated masculine4 ,deacons and ,deans1 those of the ,christian ,church1 and of ,madagascar whose title the ,french write ,dian1 and we should write ,deen not to confound them with the dignitaries of our ,establishment4 ,druids and ,dervises1 ,dryads1 ,demigods and ,divinities4 ,regard the ,mappa ,mundi4 ,you have ,denmark and ,dalecarlia1 ,dalmatia and the fertile ,delta1 ,damascus1 ,delos1 ,delphi and ,dodona1 the ,isles of ,domingo and ,dominica1 ,dublin and ,durham and ,dorchester and ,dumfries1 the shires of ,devon1 ,dorset and ,derby and the adjoining ,bishoprick4 ,dantzic and ,drontheim1 the ,dutchy of ,deux ,ponts2 ,delhi the seat of the ,great ,mogul1 and that great city yet unspoiled1 which ,geryon's sons ,call ,el ,dorado1-- the ,lakes ,dembea and ,derwentwater1 the rivers ,dwina1 ,danube and ,delawar1 ,duero or ,douro call it which you will1 the ,doubs and all the ,dons1 and our own wizard ,dee1--which may be said to belong wholly to this letter1 the vowels being rather for appearance than use4 ,think also1 he would say of the worthies1 heroes and sages in ,d4 ,david1 and his namesake of ,wales4 ,diogenes1 ,ddalus1 ,diomede1 and ,queen ,dido1 ,decebalus the ,dacian ,king1 ,deucalion1 ,datames the ,carian whom ,nepos hath immortalized1 and ,marshal ,daun who so often kept the ,king of ,prussia in check1 and sometimes defeated him4 ,nay if ,i speak of men eminent for the rank which they held1 or for their exploits in war1 might ,i not name the ,kings of ,persia who bore the name of ,darius1 ,demaratus of ,sparta1 whom the author of ,leonidas hath well pourtrayed as retaining in exile a reverential feeling toward the country which had wronged him3 and ,deodatus1 a name assumed by1 or given to ,lewis the #adth1 the greatest actor of greatness that ever existed4 ,dion who lives for ever in the page of ,plutarch2 the ,demetrii1 the ,roman ,decii1 ,diocletian1 and ,devereux ,earl of ,essex1 he by whom ,cadiz was taken1 and whose execution occasioned the death of the repentant ,elizabeth by whom it was decreed4 ,if of those who have triumphed upon the ocean shall we not find ,dragat the far-famed corsair1 and our own more famous and more dreadful ,drake4 ,dandolo the ,doge who at the age of #b triumphed over the perfidious ,greeks1 and was first chosen by the victorious ,latins to be the ,emperor of ,constantinople3 ,doria of whom the ,genoese still boast4 ,davis who has left his name so near the ,arctic ,pole4 ,dampier of all travellers the most observant and most faithful4#c ,diaz who first attained that ,stormy ,cape1 to which from his time the happier name of ,good ,hope hath been given2 and ,van ,diemen the ,dutchman4 ,if we look to the learned1 are there not ,duns ,scotus and ,descartes4 ,madame ,dacier and her husband4 ,damo the not-degenerate daughter of ,pythagoras1 and though a woman renowned for secrecy and silence2 ,dante and ,davila1 ,dugdale and ,dupin2 ,demosthenes1 ,doctor ,dee1 7he also like the wizard stream all our own7 and ,bishop ,duppa to whom the whether truly or not1 hath been ascribed3 ,sir ,kenelm ,digby by whom it hath been proved that ,dogs make syllogisms2 and ,daniel ,defoe4 ,here the ,doctor always pronounced the christian name with peculiar emphasis1 and here ,i think it necessary to stop1 that the ,reader may take breath4 ,footnote #b3 ,the blank is in the original ,,ms4 ,qure1 ninety-five8 ,footnote #c3 8,one of the most faithful1 as well as exact and excellent of all voyage writers40 ,vindici ,eccl4 ,angl4 p4 #aae4 ,unhappily ,southey's wish to continue this work was not responded to4 ,the continuation would have proved invaluable now2 for who1 so well as he1 knew the wiles of the ,romish ,church1 and the subtilties of the ,jesuit8 ,,chapter ,,clxxv4 ,,the ,,doctor ,,follows ,,up ,,his ,,meditations ,,on ,,the ,,letter ,d4 ,,and ,,expects ,,that ,,the ,,reader ,,will ,,be ,,convinced ,,that ,,it ,,is ,a ,,dynamic ,,letter1 ,,and ,,that ,,the ,,hebrews ,,did ,,not ,,without ,,reason ,,call ,,it ,,daleth--,,the ,,door--,,as ,,though ,,it ,,were ,,the ,,door ,,of ,,speech4--,,the ,,mystic ,,triangle4 ,more authority dear boy1 name more2 and sweet my child let them be men of good repute and carriage4-- ,,love',s ,,labour ,,lost4 ,the ,doctor as ,i have said in the last ,chapter pronounced with peculiar emphasis the christian name of ,daniel ,defoe4 ,then taking up the auspicious word4--,is there not ,daniel the prophet1 in honour of whom my baptismal name was given1 ,daniel if not the greatest of the prophets1 yet for the matter of his prophecies the most important4 ,daniel the ,french historian1 and ,daniel the ,english poet2 who reminds me of other poets in ,d not less eminent4 ,donne1 ,dodsley1 ,drayton1 ,drummond1 ,douglas the ,bishop of ,dunkeld1 ,dunbar1 ,denham1 ,davenant1 ,dyer1 ,durfey1 ,dryden1 and ,stephen ,duck2 ,democritus the wise ,abderite1 whom ,i especially honour for finding matter of jest even in the profoundest thought1 extracting mirth from philosophy1 and joining in delightful matrimony wit with wisdom4 ,is there not ,dollond the ,optician4 ,dalembert and ,diderot among those ,encyclopedists with whose renown all ,europe rings from side to side1 ,derham the ,astro-,physico--and ,christo--,theologian1 ,dillenius the botanist1 ,dion who for his eloquence was called the golden-mouthed2 ,diagoras who boldly despising the false ,gods of ,greece1 blindly and audaciously denied the ,god of ,nature4 ,diocles who invented the cissoid1 ,deodati1 ,diodorus1 and ,dion ,cassius4 ,thus rich was the letter ,d even before the birth of ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 and the catastrophe of ,doctor ,dodd3 before ,daniel ,mendoza triumphed over ,humphreys in the ring1 and before ,dionysius ,lardner1 ,professor at the ,st ---- 'niversity of ,london1 projected the ,cabinet ,cyclopdia1 ,daniel ,o',connell fought ,mr4 ,peel1 triumphed over the ,duke of ,wellington1 bullied the ,british ,government1 and changed the ,british ,constitution4 ,if we look to the fine arts1 he pursued1 the names of ,douw1 and ,durer1 ,dolce and ,dominichino instantly occur4 ,in my own profession1 among the ancients1 ,dioscorides2 among the moderns ,dippel1 whose marvellous oil is not more exquisitely curious in preparation than powerful in its use2 ,dover of the powder2 ,dalby of the ,carminative2 ,daffy of the ,elixir2 ,deventer by whom the important art of bringing men into the world has been so greatly improved2 ,douglas who has rendered lithotomy so beautiful an operation1 that he asserteth in his motto it may be done speedily1 safely1 and pleasantly2 ,dessault now rising into fame among the ,continental surgeons1 and ,dimsdale who is extending the blessings of inoculation4 ,of persons eminent for virtue or sanctity1 who ever in friendship exceeded ,damon the friend of ,pythias8 ,is there not ,st4 ,john ,damascenus1 ,dr4 ,doddridge1 ,deborah the ,nurse of ,rebekah1 who was buried beneath ,beth-el under an ,oak1 which was called ,allon-bachuth1 the ,oak of ,weeping1 and ,deborah the wife of ,lapidoth1 who dwelt under her palm-trees between ,ramah and ,beth-el in ,mount ,ephraim1 where the children of ,israel came up to her for judgment1 for she was a mother in ,israel2 ,demas for whom ,st4 ,paul greets the ,colossians1 and whom he calleth his fellow labourer2 and ,dorcas which being interpreted is in ,hebrew ,tabitha and in ,english ,doe1 who was full of good works and alms-deeds1 whom therefore ,peter raised from the dead1 and whom the ,greeks might indeed truly have placed among the 2 ,daniel already named1 but never to be remembered too often1 and ,dan the father of his tribe4 ,grave writers there are1 the ,doctor would say1 who hesitate not to affirm that ,dan was the first ,king of ,denmark more properly called ,danmark from his name1 and that he instituted there the military order of ,dannebrog4 ,with the pretensions of these ,danish ,antiquaries he pursued1 ,i meddle not4 ,there is surer authority for the merits of this my first namesake4 8,dan shall judge his people1 as one of the tribes of ,israel4 ,dan shall be a serpent by the way1 an adder in the path1 that biteth the horse's heels1 so that his rider shall fall backward40 ,daniel quoth the ,doctor1 is commonly abbreviated into ,dan1 from whence doubtless it taketh its root2 and the ,daniel therefore who is not wise as a serpent1 falsifieth the promise of the patriarch ,jacob4 ,that this should have been the ,dan who founded the kingdom of ,denmark he deemed an idle fancy4 ,king ,dans in that country however there have been1 and among them was ,king ,dan called ,mykelati or the ,magnificent1 with whom the ,bruna ,olld1 or age of ,combustion1 ended in the ,north1 and the ,hougs ,olld or age of barrows began1 for he it was who introduced the custom of interment4 ,but he considered it as indeed an honour to the name1 that ,death should have been called by the ,macedonians1 not as a dialectic or provincial form of but from the ,hebrew ,dan1 which signifies1 says ,jeremy ,taylor1 a ,judge1 as intimating that ,judges are appointed to give sentence upon criminals in life and death4 ,even if we look at the black side of the shield we still find that the ,d preserves its power3 there is ,dathan1 who with ,korah and ,abiram went down alive into the pit1 and the earth closed upon them2 ,dalila by whom ,sampson was betrayed2 ,dionysius the acoustical tyrant2 ,domitian who like a true vice-gerent of ,beelzebub tormented flies as well as men2 ,decius the fiercest of the persecutors2 the inhuman ,dunstan1 and the devilish ,dominic1 after whom it seems all but an anticlimax to name the ipsissimus ,diabolus1 the ,devil himself4 ,and here let us remark through how many languages the name of the author of evil retains its characteristic initial1 1 ,diabolus1 ,diavolo1 ,diablo1 ,diabo1 ,diable1 in ,dutch ,duival1 in ,welsh ,diawl1 and though the ,germans write him ,teufel1 it is because in their coarser articulation the ,d passes into the cognate sound of ,t1 without offending their obtuser organs of hearing4 ,even in the appellations given him by familiar or vulgar irreverence1 the same pregnant initial prevails1 he is the ,deuce1 and ,old ,davy and ,davy ,jones4 ,and it may be noted that in the various systems of false religion to which he hath given birth1 the ,delta is still a dominant inchoative4 ,witness ,dagon of the ,philistines1 witness the ,daggial of the ,mahommedans1 and the forgotten root from whence the of the ,greeks is derived4 ,why should ,i mention the ,roman ,diespiter1 the ,syrian ,dirceto1 ,delius with his sister ,delia1 known also as ,dictynna and the great ,diana of the ,ephesians4 ,the ,sicyonian ,dia1 ,dione of whom ,venus was born1 ,deiphobe the ,cuman ,sybil who conducted neas in his descent to the infernal regions4 ,doris the mother of the ,nereids1 and ,dorus father of the race of ,pygmies4 ,why should ,i name the ,dioscuri1 ,dice and ,dionysus1 the ,earth1 ,mother ,demeter1 the ,demiourgos1 gloomy ,dis1 ,demogorgon dread and ,daphne whom the ,gods converted into a ,laurel to decorate the brows of ,heroes and ,poets4 ,truly he would say it may be called a dynamic letter2 and not without mystery did the ,hebrews call it ,daleth1 the door1 as though it were the door of speech4 ,then its form6 how full of mysteries6 ,the wise ,egyptians represented it by three stars disposed in a triangle3 it was their hieroglyphic of the ,deity4 ,in ,greek it is the ,delta4 ,in this form were the stupendous ,pyramids built1 when the sage ,egyptians are thought to have emblematised the soul of man1 which the divine ,plato supposed to be of this shape4 ,this is the mysterious triangle1 which the ,pythagoreans called ,pallas1 because they said it sprang from the brain of ,jupiter1 and ,tritogeneia1 because if three right lines were drawn from its angles to meet in the centre1 a triple birth of triangles was produced1 each equal to the other4 ,figure3 a tetrahedron ,i pass reverently the diviner mysteries which have been illustrated from hence1 and may perhaps be typified herein4 ,nor will ,i do more than touch upon the mechanical powers which we derive from a knowledge of the properties of the figures1 and upon the science of ,trigonometry4 ,in its ,roman and more familiar form1 the ,letter hath also sublime resemblances or prototypes4 ,the ,rainbow resting upon the earth describes its form4 ,yea1 the ,sky and the ,earth represent a grand and immeasurable ,d2 for when you stand upon a boundless plain1 the space behind you and before in infinite longitude is the straight line1 and the circle of the firmament which bends from infinite altitude to meet it1 forms the bow4 ,for himself1 he said1 it was a never failing source of satisfaction when he reflected how richly his own destiny was endowed with ,ds4 ,the ,d was the star of his ascendant4 ,there was in the accident of his life1--and he desired it to be understood as using the word accident in its scholastic acceptations1--a concatenation1 a concentration4 ,yea he might venture to call it a constellation of ,ds4 ,dove he was born2 ,daniel he was baptized2 ,daniel was the name of his father2 ,dinah of his mother1 ,deborah of his wife2 ,doctor was his title1 ,doncaster his dwelling place2 in the year of his marriage1 which next to that of his birth was the most important of his life1 ,d was the ,dominical letter2 and in the amorous and pastoral strains wherein he had made his passion known in the magazines1 he had called himself ,damon and his mistress ,delia4 ,,chapter ,,clxxvi4 ,,the ,,doctor ,,discovers ,,the ,,antiquity ,,of ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,dove ,,from ,,perusing ,,jacob ,,bryant',s ,,analysis ,,of ,,ancient ,,mythology4--,,christopher ,,and ,,ferdinand ,,columbus4--,,something ,,about ,,pigeon-,,pie1 ,,and ,,the ,,reason ,,why ,,the ,,doctor ,,was ,,inclined ,,to ,,think ,,favourably ,,of ,,the ,,samaritans4 ,an ,i take the humour of a thing once1 ,i am like your tailor's needle2 ,i go through4 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,dove also was a name which abounded with mystical significations1 and which derived peculiar significance from its mysterious conjunction with ,daniel4 ,had it not been said 8,be ye wise as serpents and harmless as ,doves80 ,to him the text was personally applicable in both parts4 ,dove he was by birth4 ,daniel by baptism or the second birth1 and ,daniel was ,dan1 and ,dan shall be a serpent by the way4 ,but who can express his delight when in perusing ,jacob ,bryant's ,analysis of ancient ,mythology1 he found that so many of the most illustrious personages of antiquity proved to be ,doves1 when their names were truly interpreted or properly understood6 ,that erudite interpreter of hidden things taught him that the name of the ,dove was ,in and ,inah1 whence in immediate descent the ,on and ,oannes of ,berosus and ,abydenus1 and in longer but lineal deduction neas1 ,hannes1 ,hanno1 ,ionah1 1 ,johannes1 ,janus1 ,eanus among the elder ,romans1 ,giovanni among the later ,italians1 ,juan1 ,joam1 ,jean1 ,john1 ,jan1 ,iwain1 ,ivan1 ,ewan1 ,owen1 ,evan1 ,hans1 ,ann1 ,hannah1 ,nannette1 ,jane1 ,jeannette1 ,jeanne1 ,joanna and ,joan2 all who had ever borne these names1 or any name derived from the same radical1 as doubtless many there were in those languages of which he had no knowledge1 nor any means of acquiring it1 being virtually ,doves4 ,did not ,bryant expressly say that the prophet ,jonah was probably so named as a messenger of the ,deity1 the mystic ,dove having been from the days of ,jonah regarded as a sacred symbol among all nations where any remembrance of the destruction and renovation of mankind was preserved6 ,it followed therefore that the prophet ,jonah1 ,hannibal1 ,st4 ,john1 ,owen ,glendower1 ,joan of ,arc1 ,queen ,anne1 ,miss ,hannah ,more1 and ,sir ,watkin ,williams ,wynn1 were all of them his namesakes1 to pretermit or pass over ,pope ,joan1 ,little ,john1 and ,jack the ,giantkiller4 ,and this followed1 not like the derivation of ,king ,pepin from 1 by a jump in the process1 such as that from to napkin2 nor like the equally well known identification of a ,pigeon with an ,eel ,pye1 in the logic of which the ,doctor would have detected a fallacy1 but in lawful etymology1 and according to the strict interpretation of words4 ,if he looked for the names through the thinner disguise of language there was ,semiramis who having been fed by ,doves1 was named after them4 ,what was ,zurita the greatest historian of ,arragon1 but a young stock ,dove8 ,what were the three ,palominos so properly enumerated in the ,bibliotheca of ,nicolas ,antonio4 ,pedro the ,benedictine in whose sermons a more than ordinary breathing of the spirit might not unreasonably be expected from his name2 ,francisco who translated into ,castillian the ,psychomachia of the ,christian poet ,aurelius ,prudentius1 and ,diego the ,prior of ,xodar1 whose ,liber de mutatione aeris1 in quo assidua1 et mirabilis mutationis temporum historia1 cum suis causis1 enarratur1 he so greatly regretted that he had never been able to procure3 what were these ,palominos8 what but ,doves8--,father ,colombiere who framed the service for the ,heart of ,jesus which was now so fashionable in ,catholic countries1 was clearly of the ,dove genus4 ,st4 ,columba was a decided ,dove2 three there were certainly1 the ,senonian1 the ,cordovan and the ,cornish3 and there is reason to believe that there was a fourth also1 a female ,dove1 who held a high rank in ,st4 ,ursula's great army of virgins4 ,columbo the ,anatomist1 deservedly eminent as one of those who by their researches led the way for ,harvey1 he also was a ,dove4 ,lastly1--and the ,doctor in fine taste always reserved the greatest glory of the ,dove name1 for the conclusion of his discourse--lastly1 there was ,christopher ,columbus1 whom he used to call his famous namesake4 ,and he never failed to commend ,ferdinand ,columbus for the wisdom and piety with which he had commented upon the mystery of the name1 to remark that his father had conveyed the grace of the ,holy ,ghost to the ,new ,world1 shewing to the people who knew him not who was ,god's beloved son1 as the ,holy ,ghost had done in the figure of a ,dove at the baptism of ,st4 ,john1 and bearing like ,noah's ,dove the ,olive ,branch1 and the ,oil of ,baptism over the waters of the ocean4 ,and what would our onomatologist have said if he had learned to read these words in that curious book of the c4 family1 the ,oriental fragments of ,major ,edward ,moor3 8,in respect to ,st4 ,columba1 or ,colomb1 and other superstitious names and things in close relationship1 ,i shall have in another place something to say4 ,i shall try to connect ,col-omb1 with ,kal-,o'm1--those infinitely mysterious words of ,hindu mythology3 and with these1 divers ,myth1 converging into or diverging from ,o',m--,a ,u ,m1--the ,irish ,ogham1--,i ,a ,m1--,amen1 1--,il-,kolmkill1 c4 c4 c40 ,surely had the onomatologist lived to read this passage1 he would forthwith have opened and corresponded with the benevolent and erudite etcterarist of ,bealings4 ,these things were said in his deeper moods4 ,in the days of courtship he had said in song that ,venus's car was drawn by ,doves1 regretting at the time that an allusion which came with such peculiar felicity from him1 should appear to common readers to mean nothing more than what rhymers from time immemorial had said before him4 ,after marriage he often called ,mrs4 ,dove his ,turtle1 and in his playful humours when the gracefulness of youth had gradually been superseded by a certain rotundity of form1 he sometimes named her his ring-dove4 ,then he would regret that she had not proved a stock-dove1--and if she frowned at him1 or looked grave1 she was his pouting pigeon4 ,one inconvenience however ,mrs4 ,dove felt from his reverence for the name4 ,he never suffered a pigeon-pie at his table4 ,and when he read that the ,samaritans were reproached with retaining a trace of ,assyrian superstition because they held it unlawful to eat this bird1 he was from that time inclined to think favourably of the schismatics of ,mount ,gerizim4 ,,chapter ,,clxxvii4 ,,something ,,on ,,the ,,science ,,and ,,mystery ,,of ,,numbers ,,which ,,is ,,not ,,according ,,to ,,cocker4--,,reveries ,,of ,,jean ,d',,espagne1 ,,minister ,,of ,,the ,,french-,,reformed ,,church ,,in ,,westminster1 ,,and ,,of ,,mr4 ,,john ,,bellamy4--,a ,,pithy ,,remark ,,of ,,fuller',s ,,and ,,an ,,extract ,,from ,,his ,,pisgah ,,sight ,,of ,,palestine1 ,,to ,,recreate ,,the ,,reader4 ,none are so surely caught1 when they are catch'd ,as wit turn'd fool3 folly1 in wisdom hatch'd ,hath wisdom's warrant1 and the help of school1 ,and wit's own grace to grace a learned fool4 ,,love',s ,,labour ,,lost4 ,it may easily be supposed that the ,doctor was versed in the science of numbers2 not merely that common science which is taught at schools and may be learnt from ,cocker's ,arithmetic1 but the more recondite mysteries which have in all ages delighted minds like his2 and of which the richest specimens may be seen in the writings of the ,hugonot ,minister ,jean de l',espagne1 and in those of our contemporary ,mr4 ,john ,bellamy1 author of the ,ophion1 of various papers in the ,classical ,journal1 and defender of the ,old and ,new ,testament4 ,cet auteur est assez digne d'etre lu1 says ,bayle of ,jean de l',espagne1 and he says it in some unaccountable humour1 too gravely for a jest4 ,the writer who is thus recommended was ,minister of the ,reformed ,french ,church in ,westminster1 which met at that time in ,somerset ,chapel1 and his friend ,dr4 ,de ,garencieres1 who wrote commendatory verses upon him in ,french1 ,latin and ,greek1 calls him ,belle lumiere des ,pasteurs1 ,ornement du ,siecle ou nous sommes1 ,qui trouve des admirateurs ,par tout ou il y a des hommes4 ,he was one of those men to whom the ,bible comes as a book of problems and riddles1 a mine in which they are always at work1 thinking that whatever they can throw up must needs be gold4 ,among the various observations which he gave the world without any other order1 as he says1 than that in which they presented themselves to his memory1 there may be found good1 bad and indifferent4 ,he thought the ,english ,church had improperly appointed a ,clerk to say ,amen for the people4 ,amen being intended1 among other reasons1 as a mark whereby to distinguish those who believed with the officiating ,priest from ,idolaters and ,heretics4 ,he thought it was not expedient that ,jews should be allowed to reside in ,england1 for a ,jew would perceive in the number of our tolerated sects1 a confusion worse than that of ,babel2 and as the multitude here are always susceptible of every folly which is offered1 and the more monstrous the faith1 to them the better mystery1 it was to be feared1 he said1 that for the sake of converting two or three ,jews we were exposing a million ,christians to the danger of ,judaizing2 or at least that we should see new religions start up1 compounded of ,judaism with ,christianity4 ,he was of opinion1 in opposition to what was then generally thought in ,england that one might innocently say ,god bless you1 to a person who sneezed1 though he candidly admitted that there was no example either in the ,old or ,new ,testament1 and that in all the ,scriptures only one person is mentioned as having sneezed1 to wit the ,shunamite's son4 ,he thought it more probable from certain texts that the ,soul at death departs by way of the nostrils1 than by way of the mouth according to the vulgar notion3--had he previously ascertained which way it came in1 he would have had no difficulty in deciding which way it went out4 ,and he propounded and resolved a question concerning ,jephtha which no person but himself ever thought of asking3 ,pourquoy ,dieu voulant delivrer les ,israelites1 leur donna pour liberateur1 voire pour ,chef et ,gouverneur perpetuel1 un fils d'une paillarde8 8,o ,jephtha1 ,judge of ,israel10 that a ,frenchman should call thee in filthy ,french fils d'une putain6 ,but the peculiar talent of the ,belle ,lumiere des ,pasteurs was for cabalistic researches concerning numbers1 or what he calls ,l',harmonie du ,temps4 ,numbers1 he held1 7and every generation1 every family1 every individual was marked with one17 were not the causes of what came to pass1 but they were marks or impresses which ,god set upon his works1 distinguishing them by the difference of these their cyphers4 ,and he laid it down as a rule that in doubtful points of computation1 the one wherein some mystery could be discovered was always to be preferred4 ,,quoy8--7think how triumphantly his mouth opened and his nose was erected and his nostrils were dilated1 when he pronounced that interrogation7--,,quoy8 la variet de nos opinions qui provient d'imperfection1 aneantira-t-elle les merveilles de ,dieu8 ,in the course of his ,scriptural computations he discovered that when the ,sun stood still at the command of ,joshua1 it was precisely #beee years after the ,creation1 that is seven years of years1 a solar week1 after which it had been preordained that the ,sun should thus have its sabbath of rest3 ,ceci n'est il pas admirable8 ,it was on the tenth year of the tenth year of the years that the ,sun went back ten degrees1 which was done to show the chronology3 ou est le stupide qui ne soit ravi en admiration d'une si celeste harmonie8 ,with equal sagacity and equal triumph he discovered how the generations from ,adam to ,christ went by twenty-twos2 and the generations of ,christ by sevens1 being #gg in all1 and that from the time the promise of the ,seed was given till its fulfilment there elapsed a week of years1 seven times seventy years1 seventy weeks of years1 and seven times seventy weeks of years by which beautiful geometry1 if he might be permitted to use so inadequate a term1 the fullness of time was made up4 ,what wonderful significations also hath ,mr4 ,bellamy in his kindred pursuits discovered and darkly pointed out6 ,doth he not tell us of seven steps1 seven days1 seven priests1 seven rams1 seven bullocks1 seven trumpets1 seven shepherds1 seven stars1 seven spirits1 seven eyes1 seven lamps1 seven pipes1 seven heads1 four wings1 four beasts1 four kings1 four kingdoms1 four carpenters2 the number three he has left unimproved1--but for two1-- which number ,nature framed ,in the most useful faculties of man1 ,to strengthen mutually and relieve each other1 ,two eyes1 two ears1 two arms1 two legs and feet1 ,that where one failed the other might supply1 for this number ,mr4 ,bellamy has two cherubims1 two calves1 two turtles1 two birds alive1 two #a1 two baskets of figs1 two olive trees1 two women grinding1 two men in the fields1 two woes1 two witnesses1 two candlesticks2 and when he descends to the unit1 he tells us of one tree1 one heart1 one stick1 one fold1 one pearl1--to which we must add one ,mr4 ,john ,bellamy the ,pearl of ,commentators4 ,footnote #a3 ,the blank is in the ,,ms4 ,but what is this to the exquisite manner in which he elucidates the polytheism of the ,greeks and ,romans1 showing us that the inferior ,gods of their mythology were in their origin only men who had exercised certain departments in the state1 a discovery which he illustrates in a manner the most familiar1 and at the same time the most striking for its originality4 ,thus1 he says1 if the ,greeks and ,romans had been ,englishmen1 or if we ,englishmen of the present day were ,greeks and ,romans1 we should call our ,secretary at ,war1 ,lord ,bathurst for instance1 ,mars2 the ,lord ,chancellor 7,lord ,eldon to wit7 ,mercury1--as being at the head of the department for eloquence4--7,but as ,mercury is also the ,god of thieves may not ,mr4 ,bellamy1 grave as he is1 be suspected of insinuating here that the ,gentlemen of the ,long ,robe are the most dextrous of pickpockets87--,the first ,lord of the ,admiralty1 ,neptune4 ,the ,president of the ,college of ,physicians1 ,apollo4 ,the ,president of the ,board of ,agriculture1 ,janus4 ,because with one face he looked forward to the new year1 while at the same time he looked back with the other on the good or bad management of the agriculture of the last1 wherefore he was symbolically represented with a second face at the back of his head4 ,again ,mr4 ,bellamy seems to be malicious1 in thus typifying or seeming to typify ,sir ,john ,sinclair between two administrations with a face for both4 ,the ranger of the forests he proceeds1 would be denominated ,diana4 ,the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 ,minerva2--,minerva in a ,bishop's wig6 ,the first ,lord of the ,treasury1 ,juno2 and the ,society of ,suppression of ,vice1--,reader1 lay thy watch upon the table1 and guess for three whole minutes what the ,society for the ,suppression of ,vice would be called upon this ingenious scheme1 if the ,greeks and ,romans were ,englishmen of the present generation1 or if we of the present generation were heathen ,greeks and ,romans4 ,i leave a carte blanche before this1 lest thine eye outrunning thy judgement1 should deprive thee of that proper satisfaction which thou wilt feel if thou shouldst guess aright4 ,but exceed not the time which ,i have affixed for thee1 for if thou dost not guess aright in three minutes1 thou wouldest not in as many years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,venus4 ,yes ,reader4 ,by ,cyprus and ,paphos and the ,groves of ,idalia4 ,by the little ,god ,cupid1--by all the ,loves and ,doves1--and by the lobbies of the ,london theatres--he calls the ,society for the ,suppression of ,vice1 ,,venus6 ,fancy1 says ,fuller1 runs riot when spurred with superstition4 ,this is his marginal remark upon a characteristic paragraph concerning the ,chambers about ,solomon's ,temple1 with which ,i will here recreate the reader4 8,as for the mystical meaning of these chambers1 ,bede no doubt1 thought he hit the very mark--when finding therein the three conditions of life1 all belonging to ,god's ,church3 in the ground chamber1 such as live in marriage2 in the middle chamber such as contract2 but in the excelsis or third story1 such as have attained to the sublimity of perpetual virginity4 ,rupertus in the lowest chamber lodgeth those of practical lives with ,noah2 in the middle--those of mixed lives with ,job2 and in the highest--such as spend their days with ,daniel in holy speculations4 ,but is not this rather lusus1 than allusio1 sporting with1 than expounding of scriptures8 ,thus when the gates of the ,oracle are made five square1 ,ribera therein reads our conquest over the five senses1 and when those of the door of the ,temple are said to be four square1 therein saith he is denoted the quaternion of ,evangelists4 ,after this rate1 ,hiram 7though no doubt dexterous in his art7 could not so soon fit a pillar with a fashion as a ,friar can fit that fashion with a mystery4 ,if made three square1 then the ,trinity of ,persons3 four square1 the cardinal virtues3 five square1 the ,pentateuch of ,moses3 six square1 the ,petitions or the ,lord's ,prayer3 seven square1 their ,sacraments3 eight square1 the ,beatitudes3 nine square1 the ,orders of ,angels3 ten square1 the ,commandments3 eleven square1 the moral virtues3 twelve square1 the articles of the creed are therein contained4 ,in a word--for matter of numbers--fancy is never at a loss--like a beggar1 never out of her way1 but hath some haunts where to repose itself4 ,but such as in expounding scriptures reap more than ,god did sow there1 never eat what they reap themselves1 because such grainless husks1 when seriously thrashed out1 vanish all into chaff40#b ,footnote #b3 ,pisgah ,sight of ,palestine1 ,book iii4 c4 vii4 ,,clxxviii4 ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,numbers ,,pursued1 ,,and ,,certain ,,calculations ,,given ,,which ,,may ,,remind ,,the ,,reader ,,of ,,other ,,calculations ,,equally ,,correct--,,anagrammatizing ,,of ,,names1 ,,and ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,success ,,therein4 8,there is no efficacy in numbers1 said the wiser ,philosophers2 and very truly10--saith ,bishop ,hacket in repeating this sentence2 but he continues1--8some numbers are apt to enforce a reverent esteem towards them1 by considering miraculous occurrences which fell out in holy ,scripture on such and such a number4--,non potest fortuit fieri1 quod tam spe fit1 says ,maldonatus whom ,i never find superstitious in this matter4 ,it falls out too often to be called contingent2 and the oftener it falls out1 the more to be attended40#a ,footnote #a3 ,on referring to ,bishop ,hacket's ,sermons ,i find this ,motto it not copied out ,verbatim4 ,see p4 #bde4 ,this choice morsel hath led us from the science of numbers4 ,great account hath been made of that science in old times4 ,there was an epigrammatist who discovering that the name of his enemy ,damagoras amounted in numerical letters to the same sum as the plague1 inferred from thence that ,damagorus and the ,plague were one and the same thing2 a stingless jest serving like many satires of the present age to show the malice and not the wit of the satirist4 ,but there were those among the ancients who believed that stronger influences existed in the number of a name1 and that because of their arithmetical inferiority in this point1 ,patroclus was slain by ,hector1 and ,hector by ,achilles4 ,diviners grounded upon this a science which they called ,onomantia or ,arithmomantia4 ,when ,maurice of ,saxony to the great fear of those who were most attached to him1 engaged in war against ,charles ,v1 some one encouraged his desponding friends by this augury1 and said that if the initials of the two names were considered1 it would be seen that the fortunes of ,maurice preponderated over those of ,charles in the proportion of a thousand to a hundred4 ,a science like this could not be without attractions for the ,doctor2 and it was with no little satisfaction that he discovered in the three ,ds with which his spoons and his house linen were marked1 by considering them as so many capital ,deltas1 the figures #ddd1 combining the complex virtues of the four thrice told4 ,but he discovered greater secrets in the names of himself and his wife when taken at full length4 ,he tried them in ,latin and could obtain no satisfactory result1 nor had he any better success in ,greek when he observed the proper orthography of and 4#b ,but anagrammatists are above the rules of orthography1 just as ,kings1 ,divines and ,lawyers are privileged1 if it pleases them1 to dispense with the rules of grammar4 ,taking these words therefore letter by letter according to the common pronunciation 7for who said he pronounces them ,danieel and ,deboarah87 and writing the surname in ,greek letters instead of translating it1 the sum which it thus produced was equal to his most sanguine wishes1 for thus it proved ,daniel and ,deborah ,dove4 4 #d #a #ej #aj #e #cj ---- ,daniel #ajj #d #e #b #gj #ajj #a ---- ,deborah #ahb #d #gj #djj #e ---- ,dove #dgi ,the whole being added together gave the following product ,daniel #ajj ,deborah #ahb ,dove #dgi ---- #gfa ,footnote #b3 ,gen4 xxxv4 #h41 ,judges iv4 #d4 ,the double will not affect the mystery6 ,here was the number #gfa found in fair addition1 without any arbitrary change of letters1 or licentious innovation in orthography4 ,and herein was mystery4 ,the number #gfa is a prime number2 from hence the ,doctor inferred that as the number was indivisible1 there could be no division between himself and ,mrs4 ,dove2 an inference which the harmony of their lives fully warranted4 ,and this alone would have amply rewarded his researches4 ,but a richer discovery flashed upon him4 ,the year #agfa was the year of his marriage1 and to make up the deficient thousand there was ,m for marriage and matrimony4 ,these things he would say must never be too explicit2 their mysterious character would be lost if they lay upon the surface2 like precious metals and precious stones you must dig to find them4 ,he had bestowed equal attention and even more diligence in anagrammatizing the names4 ,his own indeed furnished him at first with a startling and by no means agreeable result2 for upon transposing the component letters of ,daniel ,dove1 there appeared the words ,leaden void6 ,nor was he more fortunate in a ,latin attempt1 which gave him ,dan vile ,deo4 ,vel dona ,dei as far as it bore a semblance of meaning was better2 but when after repeated dislocations and juxta positions there came forth the words ,dead in love1 ,joshua ,sylvester was not more delighted at finding that ,jacobus ,stuart made justa scrutabo1 and ,james ,stuart ,a just ,master1 than the ,doctor1--for it was in the ,may days of his courtship4 ,in the course of these anagrammatical experiments he had a glimpse of success which made him feel for a moment like a man whose lottery ticket is next in number to the #bj1jjj prize4 ,dove failed only in one letter of being ,ovid4 ,in old times they did not stand upon trifles in these things1 and ,john ,bunyan was perfectly satisfied with extracting from his name the words ,nu hony in a ,b1--a sentence of which the orthography and the import are worthy of each other4 ,but although the ,doctor was contented with a very small sufficit of meaning1 he could not depart so violently from the letters here4 ,the disappointment was severe though momentary3 it was1 as we before observed1 in the days of his courtship2 and could he thus have made out his claim to be called ,ovid1 he had as clear a right to add ,naso as the ,poet of ,sulmo himself1 or any of the ,nasonic race1 for he had been at the promontory1 8and why indeed ,naso10 as ,holofernes has said8--,why not merely for that reason #8looking toward ,damascus' which may be found in the second volume of this work in the sixty-third chapter and at the two hundred and thirtieth page1 but also 8for smelling out the odoriferous flowers of fancy1 the jerks of invention80#c ,footnote #c3 ,love's ,labour ,lost1 ,act iv4 ,sc4 ii4 ,thus much for his own name4 ,after marriage he added his wife's with the conjunction copulative1 and then came out ,dear ,delia had bound one3 nothing could be more felicitous1 ,delia as has already been noticed1 having been the poetical name by which he addressed the object of his affections4 ,another result was ,i hadden a dear bond-love1 but having some doubts as to the syntax of the verb1 and some secret dislike to its obsolete appearance1 he altered it into ,ned1 ,i had a dear bond-love1 as though he was addressing his friend ,dr4 ,miller the organist1 whose name was ,edward4 ,,clxxix4 ,,the ,,subject ,,of ,,anagrams ,,continued2 ,a ,,true ,,observation ,,which ,,many ,,for ,,want ,,of ,,observation ,,will ,,not ,,discover ,,to ,,be ,,such1 ,,viz41 ,,that ,,there ,,is ,a ,,latent ,,superstition ,,in ,,the ,,most ,,rational ,,of ,,men4 ,,lucky ,,and ,,unlucky--,,fitting ,,and ,,unfitting--,,anagrams1 ,,and ,,how ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,taste ,,in ,,this ,,line ,,was ,,derived ,,from ,,our ,,old ,,acquaintance ,,joshua ,,sylvester4 ,ha gran forza una vecchia opinione2 ,e bisogna grand' arte1 e gran fatica1 ,a cavarla del capo alle persone4 ,,bronzino ,,pittore4 ,anagrams are not likely ever again to hold so high a place among the prevalent pursuits of literature as they did in the seventeenth century1 when ,louis ,,xiii4 appointed the ,provenal ,thomas ,billen to be his ,royal ,anagrammatist1 and granted him a salary of #abjj livres4 ,but no person will ever hit upon an apt one without feeling that degree of pleasure and surprize with which any odd coincidence is remarked4 ,has any one who knows ,johnny the ,bear heard his name thus anagrammatized without a smile8 we may be sure he smiled and growled at the same time when he first heard it himself4 ,might not ,father ,salvator ,mile1 and ,father ,louis ,almerat1 who were both musicians1 have supposed themselves as clearly predestined to be musical1 as ever seventh son of a ,septimus thought himself born for the medical professions1 if they had remarked what ,penrose discovered for them1 that their respective names1 with the ,f4 for ,friar prefixed1 each contained the letters of the six musical notes ut1 re1 mi1 fa1 sol1 la1 and not a letter more or less8 ,there is1 and always hath been1 and ever will be1 a latent superstition in the most rational of men4 ,it belongs to the weakness and dependence of human nature4 ,believing as the scriptures teach us to believe1 that signs and tokens have been vouchsafed in many cases1 is it to be wondered at that we seek for them sometimes in our moods of fancy1 or that they suggest themselves to us in our fears and our distress8 ,men may cast off religion and extinguish their conscience without ridding themselves of this innate and inherent tendency4 ,proper names have all in their origin been significant in all languages4 ,it was easy for men who brooded over their own imaginations1 to conceive that they might contain in their elements a more recondite1 and perhaps1 fatidical signification2 and the same turn or twist of mind which led the ,cabbalists to their extravagant speculations have taken this direction1 when confined within the limits of languages which have no supernatural pretensions4 ,but no serious importance was attached to such things1 except by persons whose intellects were in some degree deranged4 ,they were sought for chiefly as an acceptable form of compliment1 sometimes in self-complacency of the most offensive kind1 and sometimes for the sting which they might carry with them4 ,lycophron is said to have been the inventor of this trifling4 ,the ,rules for the true discovery of perfect anagrams1 as laid down by ,mrs4 ,mary ,fage1#a allowed as convenient a license in orthography as the ,doctor availed himself of in ,greek4 ,e may most--what conclude an ,english word1 ,and so a letter at a need afford4 ,h is an aspiration and no letter2 ,it may be had or left which we think better4 ,i may be ,i or ,y as need require2 ,q ever after doth a ,u desire2 ,two ,vs may be a double ,u2 and then ,a double ,u may be two ,vs again4 ,x may divided be1 and ,s and ,c ,may by that letter comprehended be4 ,z a double ,s may comprehend3 ,and lastly an apostrophe may ease ,sometimes a letter when it doth not please4 ,footnote #a3 ,in her ,fames ,roule1 or the names of ,king ,charles1 his ,queen and his most hopeful posterity2 together with the names of the ,dukes1 ,marquisses1 c41 anagrammatized1 and expressed by acrostick lines on their lives4 ,london1 #afcg1 ,r4 ,s4 ,two of the luckiest hits which anagrammatists have made were on the ,attorney ,general ,william ,noy1 ,i moyl in law2 and ,sir ,edmundbury ,godfrey ,i find murdered by rogues4 ,before ,felton's execution it was observed that his anagram was ,no1 flie not4 ,a less fortunate one made the ,lady ,davies mad1 or rather fixed the character of her madness4 ,she was the widow of ,sir ,john ,davies1 the statesman and poet1 and having anagrammatized ,eleanor ,davies into ,reveal ,o ,daniel1 she was crazy enough to fancy that the spirit of the ,prophet ,daniel was incorporated in her4 ,the ,doctor mentioned the case with tenderness and a kind of sympathy4 8,though the anagram says ,dr4 ,heylyn1 had too much by an ,l and too little by an ,s1 yet she found ,daniel and ,reveal in it1 and that served her turn40 ,setting up for a ,prophetess upon this conceit1 and venturing upon political predictions in sore times1 she was brought before the ,court of ,high ,commission1 where serious pains were preposterously bestowed in endeavouring to reason her out of an opinion founded on insanity4 ,all1 as might have been expected1 and ought to have been foreseen1 would not do1 8till ,lamb1 then ,dean of the ,arches1 shot her through and through with an arrow borrowed from her own quiver40 ,for while the ,divines were reasoning the point with her out of scripture1 he took a pen into his hand1 and presently finding that the letters of her name might be assorted to her purpose1 said to her1 ,madam1 ,i see that you build much on anagrams1 and ,i have found out one which ,i hope will fit you3 ,dame ,eleanor ,davies1--,never so mad a ,ladie6 ,he then put it into her hands in writing1 8which happy fancy brought that grave ,court into such a laughter1 and the poor woman thereupon into such a confusion1 that afterwards she either grew wiser1 or was less regarded40--,this is a case in which it may be admitted that ridicule was a fair test of truth4 ,when ,henri ,,iv4 sent for ,marshal ,biron to court1 with an assurance of full pardon if he would reveal without reserve the whole of his negociations and practices1 that rash and guilty man resolved to go and brave all dangers1 because certain ,astrologers had assured him that his ascendant commanded that of the ,king1 and in confirmation of this some flattering friend discovered in his name ,henri de ,bourbon this anagram ,de ,biron ,bonheur4 ,comme ainsi fust1 says one of his contemporaries1 qu'il en fist gloire1 quelque ,gentilhomme bien advis l present--dit tout bas l'oreille d'un sien amy1 s'il le pense ainsi il n'est pas sage1 et trouvera qu'il y a du ,robin dedans ,biron4 ,robin was a name used at that time by the ,french as synonymous with simpleton4 ,but of unfitting anagrams none were ever more curiously unfit than those which were discovered in ,marguerite de ,valois1 the profligate ,queen of ,navarre2 ,salve1 ,virgo ,mater ,dei2 ou1 de vertu royal image6 ,the ,doctor derived his taste for anagrams from the poet with whose rhymes and fancies he had been so well embued in his boyhood1 old ,joshua ,sylvester1 who as the translator of ,du ,bartas1 signed himself to the ,king in anagrammatical ,french ,voy ,sire ,saluste1 and was himself addressed in anagrammatical ,latin as ,vere ,os ,salustii4 8,except ,eteostiques10 say ,drummond of ,hawthornden1 8,i think the ,anagram the most idle study in the world of learning4 ,their maker must be homo miserrim patienti1 and when he is done1 what is it but magno conatu nugas magnas agere6 you may of one and the same name make both good and evil4 ,so did my ,uncle find in ,anna ,regina1 ,ingannare1 as well as of ,anna ,britannorum ,regina1 ,anna ,regnantium ,arbor3 as he who in ,charles de ,valois1 found ,chass la dure loy1 and after the massacre found ,chasseur desloyal4 ,often they are most false1 as ,henri de ,bourbon1 ,bonheur de ,biron4 ,of all the anagrammatists and with least pain1 he was the best who1 out of his own name1 being ,jacques de la ,chamber1 found ,la ,chamber de ,jacques1 and rested there3 and next to him1 here at home1 a ,gentleman whose mistress's name being ,anna ,grame1 he found it an ,anagrame already40 ,,chapter ,,clxxx4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,ideas ,,of ,,luck1 ,,chance1 ,,accident1 ,,fortune ,,and ,,misfortune4--,,the ,,duchess ,,of ,,newcastle',s ,,distinction ,,between ,,chance ,,and ,,fortune ,,wherein ,,no-,,meaning ,,is ,,mistaken ,,for ,,meaning4--,,agreement ,,in ,,opinion ,,between ,,the ,,philosopher ,,of ,,doncaster ,,and ,,the ,,philosopher ,,of ,,norwich4--,,distinction ,,between ,,unfortunately ,,ugly1 ,,and ,,wickedly ,,ugly4--,,danger ,,of ,,personal ,,charms4 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,,constant4 ,,orat4 ,,ad ,,sanct4 ,c,t4 ,c4 ,,vii4 8,deformity is either natural1 voluntary1 or adventitious1 being either caused by ,god's unseen ,providence1 7by men nick-named1 chance17 or by men's cruelty40 ,,fuller',s ,,holy ,,state1 ,b4 iii4 c4 #ae4 ,it may readily be inferred from what has already been said of our ,philosopher's way of thinking1 that he was not likely to use the words luck1 chance1 accident1 fortune or misfortune1 with as little reflection as is ordinarily shown in applying them4 ,the distinction which that fantastic--and yet most likeable person--,margaret ,duchess of ,newcastle1 makes between ,chance and ,fortune was far from satisfying him4 8,fortune10 says her ,grace1 7she might have been called her ,beauty too7 8is only various corporeal motions of several creatures--designed to one creature1 or more creatures2 either to that creature1 or those creatures advantage1 or disadvantage2 if advantage1 man names it ,good ,fortune2 if disadvantage1 man names it ,ill ,fortune4 ,as for ,chance1 it is the visible effects of some hidden cause2 and ,fortune1 a sufficient cause to produce such effects2 for the conjunction of sufficient causes1 doth produce such or such effects1 which effects could not be produced--if any of those causes were wanting3 so that ,chances are but the effects of ,fortune40 ,the ,duchess had just thought enough about this to fancy that she had a meaning1 and if she had thought a little more she might have discovered that she had none4 ,the ,doctor looked more accurately both to his meaning and his words2 but keeping as he did1 in my poor judgement1 the golden mean between superstition and impiety1 there was nothing in this that savoured of preciseness or weakness1 nor of that scrupulosity which is a compound of both4 ,he did not suppose that trifles and floccinaucities of which neither the causes nor consequences are of the slightest import1 were predestined2 as for example--whether he had beef or mutton for dinner1 wore a blue coat or a brown--or took off his wig with his right hand or with his left4 ,he knew that all things are under the direction of almighty and omniscient ,goodness2 but as he never was unmindful of that ,providence in its dispensations of mercy and of justice1 so he never disparaged it4 ,herein the ,philosopher of ,doncaster agreed with the ,philosopher of ,norwich who saith1 8let not fortune--which hath no name in ,scripture1 have any in thy divinity4 ,let providence1 not chance1 have the honour of thy acknowledgements1 and be thy dipus on contingences4 ,mark well the paths and winding ways thereof2 but be not too wise in the construction1 or sudden in the application4 ,the hand of ,providence writes often by abbreviatures1 hieroglyphics or short characters1 which like the laconism on the wall1 are not to be made out but by a hint or key from that spirit which indicted them40#a ,footnote #a3 ,the ,readers of ,jeremy ,taylor will not fail to remember the passage following from his ,great ,exemplar4 8,god's ,judgments are like the writing upon the wall1 which was a missive of anger from ,god upon ,belshazzar4 ,it came upon an errand of revenge1 and yet was writ in so dark characters that none could read it but a prophet40--,,disc4 xviii4 ,of the ,causes and ,manner of the ,divine ,judgments4 ,some ill1 he thought1 was produced in human affairs by applying the term unfortunate to circumstances which were brought about by imprudence4 ,a man was unfortunate1 if being thrown from his horse on a journey1 he broke arm or leg1 but not if he broke his neck in steeple-hunting1 or when in full cry after a fox2 if he were impoverished by the misconduct of others1 not if he were ruined by his own folly and extravagance2 if he suffered in any way by the villainy of another1 not if he were transported1 or hanged for his own4 ,neither would he allow that either man or woman could with propriety be called1 as we not unfrequently hear in common speech1 unfortunately ugly4 ,wickedly ugly1 he said1 they might be1 and too often were2 and in such cases the greater their pretensions to beauty1 the uglier they were4 ,but goodness has a beauty of its own1 which is not dependent upon form and features1 and which makes itself felt and acknowledged however otherwise ill-favoured the face may be in which it is set4 ,he might have said with ,seneca1 errare mihi visus est qui dixit ,gratior est pulchro veniens e corpore virtus2 nullo enim honestamento eget2 ipsa et magnum sui decus est1 et corpus suum consecret4 ,none1 he would say with great earnestness1 appeared so ugly to his instinctive perception as some of those persons whom the world accounted handsome1 but upon whom pride1 or haughtiness or conceit had set its stamp1 or who bore in their countenances what no countenance can conceal1 the habitual expression of any reigning vice1 whether it were sensuality and selfishness1 or envy1 hatred1 malice and uncharitableness4 ,nor could he regard with any satisfaction a fine face which had no ill expression1 if it wanted a good one3 he had no pleasure in beholding mere formal and superficial beauty1 that which lies no deeper than the skin1 and depends wholly upon 8a set of features and complexion40 ,he had more delight1 he said in looking at one of the statues in ,mr4 ,weddel's collection1 than at a beautiful woman if he read in her face that she was as little susceptible of any virtuous emotion as the marble4 ,while therefore he would not allow that any person could be unfortunately ugly1 he thought that many were unfortunately handsome1 and that no wise parent would wish his daughter to be eminently beautiful1 lest what in her childhood was naturally and allowably the pride of his eye--should when she grew up become the grief of his heart4 ,it requires no wide range of observation to discover that the woman who is married for her beauty has little better chance of happiness than she who is married for her fortune4 8,i have known very few women in my life10 said ,mrs4 ,montagu1 8whom extraordinary charms and accomplishments did not make unhappy40 ,,chapter ,,clxxxi4 ,,no ,,degree ,,of ,,ugliness ,,really ,,unfortunate4--,,fidus ,,cornelius ,,compared ,,to ,a ,,plucked ,,ostrich4--,,wilkes' ,,claim ,,to ,,ugliness ,,considered ,,and ,,negatived ,,by ,,dr4 ,,johnson1 ,,notwithstanding ,,hogarth',s ,,portrait4--,,cast ,,of ,,the ,,eye ,,la ,,montmorency4--,,st4 ,,evremond ,,and ,,turenne4--,,william ,,blake ,,the ,,painter1 ,,and ,,the ,,welsh ,,triads4--,,curious ,,extract ,,from ,,that ,,very ,,curious ,,and ,,rare ,,book1 ,,the ,,descriptive ,,catalogue ,,of ,,his ,,own ,,pictures1--,,and ,a ,,painful ,,one ,,from ,,his ,,poetical ,,sketches4 8,if thou beest not so handsome as thou wouldest have been thank ,god thou art not more unhandsome than thou art4 ',tis ,his mercy thou art not the mark for passenger's fingers to point at1 an ,heteroclite in nature1 with some member defective or redundant4 ,be glad that thy clay cottage hath all the necessary forms thereto belonging1 though the outside be not so fairly plaistered as some others40 ,,fuller',s ,,holy ,,state1 ,b4 iii4 c4 #ae4 ,i asked him once if there was not a degree of ugliness which might be deemed unfortunate1 because a consciousness of it affected the ill-favoured individual so as to excite in him discontent and envy1 and other evil feelings4 ,he admitted that in an evil disposition it might have this tendency2 but he said a disposition which was injuriously affected by such a cause1 would have had other propensities quite as injurious in themselves and in their direction1 evolved and brought into full action by an opposite cause4 ,to exemplify this he instanced the two brothers ,edward ,,iv4 and ,richard ,,iii4 ,fidus ,cornelius burst into tears in the ,roman ,senate1 because ,corbulo called him a plucked ostrich3 adversus alia maledicta mores et vitam convulnerantia1 frontis illi firmitas constitit2 adversus hoc tam absurdum lacrim prociderunt2 tanta animorum imbecillitas est ubi ratio discessit4 ,but instances of such weakness1 the ,doctor said1 are as rare as they are ridiculous4 ,most people see themselves in the most favourable light4 8,ugly60 a very ugly1 but a very conceited fellow exclaimed one day when he contemplated himself in a looking-glass2 8ugly6 and yet there's something genteel in the face60 ,there are more coxcombs in the world than there are vain women2 in the one sex there is a weakness for which time soon brings a certain cure1 in the other it deserves a harsher appellation4 ,as to ugliness1 not only in this respect do we make large allowances for ourselves1 but our friends make large allowances for us also4 ,some one praised ,palisson to ,madame de ,sevign for the elegance of his manners1 the magnanimity1 the rectitude and other virtues which he ought to have possessed2 h bien she replied1 pour moi je ne connois que sa laideur2 qu'on me le dedouble donc4 ,wilkes1 who pretended as little to beauty1 as he did to public virtue1 when he was off the stage used to say1 that in winning the good graces of a lady there was not more than three days difference between himself and the handsomest man in ,england4 ,one of his female partizans praised him for his agreeable person1 and being reminded of his squinting1 she replied indignantly1 that it was not more than a gentleman ought to squint4 ,so rightly has ,madame de ,villedieu observed that ,en mille occasions l'amour a seu prouver ,que tout devient pour luy1 matiere sympathie1 ,quand il fait tant que d'en vouloir trouver4 ,she no doubt spoke sincerely1 according to the light wherein1 in the obliquity of her intellectual eyesight she beheld him4 ,just as that prince of republican and unbelieving bigots1 ,thomas ,holles said of the same person1 8,i am sorry for the irregularities of ,wilkes2 they are however only as spots in the sun60 8,it is the weakness of the many10 says a once noted ,journalist 8that when they have taken a fancy to a man1 or to the name of a man they take a fancy even to his failings40 ,but there must have been no ordinary charm in the manners of ,john ,wilkes1 who in one interview overcame ,johnson's well-founded and vehement dislike4 ,the good nature of his countenance1 and its vivacity and cleverness made its physical ugliness be overlooked2 and probably his cast of the eye1 which was a squint of the first water1 seemed only a peculiarity which gave effect to the sallies of his wit4 ,hogarth's portrait of him he treated with characteristic good humour1 and allowed it 8to be an excellent compound caricature1 or a caricature of what ,nature had already caricatured4 ,i know but one short apology said he1 to be made for this gentleman1 or to speak more properly1 for the person of ,mr4 ,wilkes2 it is1 that he did not make himself2 and that he never was solicitous about the case 7as ,shakespeare calls it7 only so far as to keep it clean and in health4 ,i never heard that he ever hung over the glassy stream1 like another ,narcissus admiring the image in it2 nor that he ever stole an amorous look at his counterfeit in a side mirror4 ,his form1 such as it is1 ought to give him no pain1 while it is capable of giving so much pleasure to others4 ,i believe he finds himself tolerably happy in the clay cottage to which he is tenant for life1 because he has learned to keep it in pretty good order4 ,while the share of health and animal spirits which heaven has given out1 should hold out1 ,i can scarcely imagine he will be one moment peevish about the outside of so precarious1 so temporary a habitation2 or will ever be brought to our ,ingenium ,galb mal habitat3--,monsieur est mal log40 ,this was part of a note for his intended edition of ,churchill4 ,squinting1 according to a ,french writer1 is not unpleasing1 when it is not in excess4 ,he is probably right in this observation4 ,a slight obliquity of vision sometimes gives an archness of expression1 and always adds to the countenance a peculiarity1 which when the countenance has once become agreeable to the beholder1 renders it more so4 ,but when the eye-balls recede from each other to the outer verge of their orbits1 or approach so closely that nothing but the intervention of the nose seems to prevent their meeting1 a sense of distortion is produced1 and consequently of pain4 ,il y a des gens1 says ,vigneul ,marville1 qui ne sauroient regarder des louches sans en sentir quelque douleur aux yeux4 ,je suis des ceux-la4 ,this is because the deformity is catching1 which it is well known to be in children2 the tendency to imitation is easily excited in a highly sensitive frame--as in them2 and the pain felt in the eyes gives warning that this action which is safe only while it is unconscious and unobserved1 is in danger of being deranged4 ,a cast of the eye la ,montmorency was much admired at the ,court of ,louis ,,xiii4 where the representative of that illustrious family had rendered it fashionable by his example4 ,descartes is said to have liked all persons who squinted for his nurse's sake1 and the anecdote tells equally in favour of her and of him4 ,st4 ,evremond says in writing the ,eulogy of ,turenne4 ,je ne m'amuserai point depeindre tous les traits de son visage4 ,les caractres des ,grands ,hommes n'ont rien de commun avec les portraits des belles femmes4 ,mais je puis dire en gros qu'il avoit quelque chose d'auguste et d'agrable2 quelque chose en sa physionomie qui faisoit concevoir je ne sai quoi de grand en son ame1 et en son esprit4 ,on pouvoit juger le voir1 que par un disposition particuliere la ,nature l'avoit prpar faire tout ce qu'il a fait4 ,if ,turenne had not been an ill-looking man1 the skilful eulogist would not thus have excused himself from giving any description of his countenance2 a countenance from which indeed1 if portraits belie it not1 it might be inferred that nature had prepared him to change his party during the civil wars1 as lightly as he would have changed his seat at a card-table1--to renounce the ,protestant faith1 and to ravage the ,palatinate4 ,ne souvenez-vous pas de la physionomie funeste de ce grand homme1 says ,bussy ,rabutin to ,madame de ,sevign4 ,an ,italian bravo said che non teneva specchio in camera1 perche quando si crucciava diveniva tanto terribile nell' aspetto1 che veggendosi haria fatto troppo gran paura a se stesso4#a ,footnote #a3 ,,il ,,cortegiano1 #bg4 ,queen ,elizabeth could not endure the sight of deformity2 when she went into public her guards it is said removed all misshapen and hideous persons out of her way4 ,extreme ugliness has once proved as advantageous to its possessor as extreme beauty1 if there be truth in those ,triads wherein the ,three ,men are recorded who escaped from the battle of ,camlan4 ,they were ,morvran ab ,teged1 in consequence of being so ugly1 that every body thinking him to be a ,demon out of ,hell fled from him2 ,sandde ,bryd-,angel1 or ,angel-aspect1 in consequence of being so fine of form1 so beautiful and fair1 that no one raised a hand against him--for he was thought to be an ,angel from ,heaven3 and ,glewlwyd ,gavaelvawr1 or ,great-grasp 7,king ,arthur's porter7 from his size and strength1 so that none stood in his way1 and every body ran before him2 excepting these three1 none escaped1 from ,camlan1--that fatal field where ,king ,arthur fell with all his chivalry4 ,that painter of great but insane genius1 ,william ,blake1 of whom ,allan ,cunningham has written so interesting a memoir1 took this ,triad for the subject of a picture1 which he called the ,ancient ,britons4 ,it was one of his worst pictures1--which is saying much2 and he has illustrated it with one of the most curious commentaries in his very curious and very rare descriptive ,catalogue of his own ,pictures4 ,it begins with a translation from the ,welsh1 supplied to him no doubt by that good simple-hearted1 ,welsh-headed man1 ,william ,owen1 whose memory is the great store-house of all ,cymric tradition and lore of every kind4 8,in the last battle of ,king ,arthur only ,three ,britons escaped2 these were the ,strongest ,man1 the ,beautifullest ,man1 and the ,ugliest ,man4 ,these ,three marched through the field unsubdued as ,gods2 and the ,sun of ,britain set1 but shall arise again with tenfold splendour1 when ,arthur shall awake from sleep1 and resume his dominion over earth and ocean4 8,the three general classes of men10 says the painter1 8who are represented by the most ,beautiful1 the most ,strong1 and the most ,ugly1 could not be represented by any historical facts but those of our own countrymen1 the ,ancient ,britons1 without violating costumes4 ,the ,britons 7say historians7 were naked civilised men1 learned1 studious1 abstruse in thought and contemplation2 naked1 simple1 plain in their acts and manners2 wiser than after ages4 ,they were overwhelmed by brutal arms1 all but a small remnant4 ,strength1 ,beauty and ,ugliness escaped the wreck1 and remain for ever unsubdued1 age after age4 8,the ,british ,antiquities are now in the ,artist's hands2 all his visionary contemplations relating to his own country and its ancient glory1 when it was1 as it again shall be1 the source of learning and inspiration4 ,he has in his hands poems of the highest antiquity4 ,adam was a ,druid1 and ,noah4 ,also ,abraham was called to succeed the ,druidical age1 which began to turn allegoric and mental signification into corporeal command2 whereby human sacrifice would have depopulated the earth4 ,all these things are written in ,eden4 ,the artist is an inhabitant of that happy country2 and if every thing goes on as it has begun1 the work of vegetation and generation may expect to be opened again to ,heaven1 through ,eden1 as it was in the beginning4 8,the ,strong ,man represents the human sublime4 ,the ,beautiful ,man represents the human pathetic1 which was in the ban of ,eden divided into male and female4 ,the ,ugly ,man represents the human reason4 ,they were originally one man1 who was fourfold3 he was self divided and his real humanity drawn on the stems of generation2 and the form of the fourth was like the ,son of ,god4 ,how he became divided is a subject of great sublimity and pathos4 ,the ,artist has written it1 under inspiration1 and will if ,god please1 publish it4 ,it is voluminous1 and contains the ancient history of ,britain1 and the world of ,satan and of ,adam4 8,in the mean time he has painted this picture1 which supposes that in the reign of that ,british ,prince1 who lived in the fifth century1 there were remains of those naked heroes in the ,welsh mountains4 ,they are now4 ,gray saw them in the person of his ,bard on ,snowdon2 there they dwell in naked simplicity2 happy is he who can see and converse with them1 above the shadows of generation and death4 ,in this picture1 believing with ,milton the ancient ,british history1 ,mr4 ,blake has done as all the ancients did1 and as all the moderns who are worthy of fame1 given the historical fact in its poetical vigour2 so as it always happens2 and not in that dull way that some historians pretend1 who being weakly organised themselves1 cannot see either miracle or prodigy4 ,all is to them a dull round of probabilities and possibilities2 but the history of all times and places is nothing else but improbabilities and impossibilities1--what we should say was impossible1 if we did not see it always before our eyes4 8,the antiquities of every nation under ,heaven are no less sacred than those of the ,jews1 they are the same thing1 as ,jacob ,bryant and all antiquaries have proved4 ,how other antiquities came to be neglected and disbelieved1 while those of the ,jews are collected and arranged is an enquiry1 worthy of both the ,antiquarian and the ,divine4 ,all had originally one language1 and one religion1 this was the religion of ,jesus1 the everlasting ,gospel4 ,antiquity preached the ,gospel of ,jesus1 the reasoning historian1 turner and twister of courses and consequences1 such as ,hume1 ,gibbon1 and ,voltaire1 cannot with all their artifice1 turn or twist one fact1 or disarrange self evident action and reality4 ,reasons and opinions concerning acts are not history4 ,acts themselves alone are history1 and they are neither the exclusive property of ,hume1 ,gibbon1 and ,voltaire1 ,echard1 ,rapin1 ,plutarch1 nor ,herodotus4 ,tell me the acts ,o historian1 and leave me to reason upon them as ,i please2 away with your reasoning and your rubbish4 ,all that is not action is not worth reading4 ,tell me the ,what2 ,i do not want you to tell me the ,why1 and the ,how2 ,i can find that out myself1 as well as you can1 and ,i will not be fooled by you into opinions1 that you please to impose1 to disbelieve what you think improbable1 or impossible4 ,his opinion1 who does not see spiritual agency1 is not worth any man's reading2 he who rejects a fact because it is improbable1 must reject all ,history1 and retain doubts only4 8,it has been said to the ,artist1 take the ,apollo for the model of your beautiful man1 and the ,hercules for your strong man1 and the ,dancing ,fawn for your ugly man4 ,now he comes to his trial4 ,he knows that what he does is not inferior to the grandest antiques4 ,superior they cannot be1 for human power cannot go beyond either what he does1 or what they have done1 it is the gift of ,god1 it is inspiration and vision4 ,he had resolved to emulate those precious remains of antiquity4 ,he has done so1 and the result you behold4 ,his ideas of strength and beauty have not been greatly different4 ,poetry as it exists now on earth1 in the various remains of ancient authors1 ,music as it exists in old tunes or melodies1 ,painting and ,sculpture as it exists in the remains of antiquity and in the works of more modern genius1 is ,inspiration1 and cannot be surpassed2 it is perfect and eternal3 ,milton1 ,shakspeare1 ,michael ,angelo1 ,rafael1 the finest specimens of ancient ,sculpture and ,painting1 and ,architecture1 ,gothic1 ,grecian1 ,hindoo and ,egyptian are the extent of the human mind4 ,the human mind cannot go beyond the gift of ,god1 the ,holy ,ghost4 ,to suppose that ,art can go beyond the finest specimens of ,art that are now in the world1 is not knowing what ,art is2 it is being blind to the gifts of the ,spirit4 8,it will be necessary for the ,painter to say something concerning his ideas of ,beauty1 ,strength and ,ugliness4 8,the beauty that is annexed and appended to folly1 is a lamentable accident and error of the mortal and perishing life2 it does but seldom happen2 but with this unnatural mixture the sublime ,artist can have nothing to do2 it is fit for the burlesque4 ,the beauty proper for sublime ,art1 is lineaments1 or forms and features that are capable of being the receptacle of intellect2 accordingly the ,painter has given in his beautiful man1 his own idea of intellectual ,beauty4 ,the face and limbs 787 that deviates or alters least1 from infancy to old age1 is the face and limbs 787 of greatest ,beauty and ,perfection4 8,the ,ugly likewise1 when accompanied and annexed to imbecillity and disease1 is a subject for burlesque and not for historical grandeur2 the artist has imagined the ,ugly man2 one approaching to the beast in features and form1 his forehead small1 without frontals2 his nose high on the ridge1 and narrow2 his chest and the stamina of his make1 comparatively little1 and his joints and his extremities large2 his eyes with scarce any whites1 narrow and cunning1 and everything tending toward what is truly ugly2 the incapability of intellect4 8,the ,artist has considered his strong man as a receptacle of ,wisdom1 a sublime energizer2 his features and limbs do not spindle out into length1 without strength1 nor are they too large and unwieldy for his brain and bosom4 ,strength consists in accumulation of power to the principal seat1 and from thence a regular gradation and subordination2 strength in compactness1 not extent nor bulk4 8,the strong man acts from conscious superiority1 and marches on in fearless dependence on the divine decrees1 raging with the inspirations of a prophetic mind4 ,the ,beautiful man acts from duty1 and anxious solicitude for the fates of those for whom he combats4 ,the ,ugly man acts from love of carnage1 and delight in the savage barbarities of war1 rushing with sportive precipitation into the very teeth of the affrighted enemy4 8,the ,roman ,soldiers rolled together in a heap before them3 #8like the rolling thing before the whirlwind3' each shew a different character1 and a different expression of fear1 or revenge1 or envy1 or blank horror1 or amazement1 or devout wonder and unresisting awe4 8,the dead and the dying1 ,britons naked1 mingled with armed ,romans1 strew the field beneath4 ,amongst these1 the last of the ,bards who were capable of attending warlike deeds1 is seen falling1 outstretched among the dead and the dying2 singing to his harp in the pains of death4 8,distant among the mountains are ,druid ,temples1 similar to ,stone ,henge4 ,the sun sets behind the mountains1 bloody with the day of battle4 8,the flush of health in flesh1 exposed to the open air1 nourished by the spirits of forests and floods1 in that ancient happy period1 which history has recorded1 cannot be like the sickly daubs of ,titian or ,rubens4 ,where will the copier of nature1 as it now is1 find a civilized man1 who has been accustomed to go naked4 ,imagination only can furnish us with colouring appropriate1 such as is found in the frescoes of ,rafael1 and ,michael ,angelo3 the disposition of forms always directs colouring in works of true art4 ,as to a modern man1 stripped from his load of clothing1 he is like a dead corpse4 ,hence ,rubens1 ,titian1 ,correggio1 and all of that class1 are like leather and chalk2 their men are like leather1 and their women like chalk1 for the disposition of their forms will not admit of grand colouring2 in ,mr4 ,b's ,britons1 the blood is seen to circulate in their limbs2 he defies competition in colouring40 ,my regard for thee1 dear ,reader1 would not permit me to leave untranscribed this very curious and original piece of composition4 ,probably thou hast never seen1 and art never likely to see either the 8,descriptive ,catalogue0 or the 8,poetical ,sketches0 of this insane and erratic genius1 ,i will therefore end the chapter with the ,mad ,song from the latter1--premising only ,dificultosa provincia es la que emprendo1 y muchos parecer escusada2 mas para la entereza desta historia1 ha parecido no omitir aguesta parte4#b ,the wild winds weep1 ,and the night is a-cold2 ,come hither1 ,sleep1 ,and my griefs unfold3 ,but lo6 the morning peeps ,over the eastern steep2 ,and the rustling birds of dawn ,the earth do scorn4 ,lo6 to the vault ,of paved heaven1 ,with sorrow fraught ,my notes are driven3 ,they strike the ear of night ,make weep the eyes of day2 ,they make mad the roaring winds ,and with tempests play4 ,like a fiend in a cloud ,with howling woe1 ,after night ,i do croud ,and with night will go2 ,i turn my back to the east1 ,from whence comforts have increas'd2 ,for light doth seize my brain ,with frantic pain4 ,footnote #b3 ,,luis ,,mu,,oz4 ,,vida ,,del ,p4 ,l4 ,,de ,,granada4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxii4 ,,an ,,improvement ,,in ,,the ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,human ,,leg ,,suggested ,,by ,a ,,physician4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,cure ,,of ,a ,,broken ,,shin ,,and ,,invention ,,of ,a ,,shin-,,shield4 ,res fisci est1 ubicunque natat4 ,whatsoever swims upon any water1 belongs to this exchequer4 ,,jeremy ,,taylor4 ,preface to the ,duct4 ,dub4 ,some ,dr4 ,moreton is said to have advanced this extraordinary opinion in a treatise upon the beauty of the human structure1 that had the calf of the leg been providentially set before1 instead of being preposterously placed behind1 it would have been evidently better1 for as much as the shin-bone could not then have been so easily broken4 ,i have no better authority for this than a magazine extract4 ,but there have been men of science silly enough to entertain opinions quite as absurd1 and presumptuous enough to think themselves wiser than their ,maker4 ,supposing the said ,dr4 ,moreton has not been unfairly dealt with in this statement1 it would have been a most appropriate reward for his sagacity if some one of the thousand and one wonder-working ,saints of the ,pope's ,calendar had reversed his own calves for him1 placed them in front1 conformably to his own notion of the fitness of things1 and then left him to regulate their motions as well as he could4 ,the ,gastrocnemius and the ,solus would have found themselves in a new and curious relation to the ,rectus femoris and the two ,vasti1 and the anatomical reformer would have learnt feelingly to understand the term of antagonizing muscles in a manner peculiar to himself4 ,the use to which this notable philosopher would have made the calf of the leg serve1 reminds me of a circumstance that occurred in our friend's practice4 ,an old man hard upon threescore and ten1 broke his shin one day by stumbling over a chair2 and although a hale person who seemed likely to attain a great age by virtue of a vigorous constitution1 which had never been impaired through ill habits or excesses of any kind1 the hurt that had been thought little of at first became so serious in its consequences1 that a mortification was feared4 ,daniel ,dove was not one of those practitioners who would let a patient die under their superintendence secundum artem1 rather than incur the risque of being censured for trying in desperate cases any method not in the regular course of practise3 and recollecting what he had heard when a boy1 that a man whose leg and life were in danger from just such an accident1 had been saved by applying yeast to the wound1 he tried the application4 ,the dangerous symptoms were presently removed by it2 a kindly process was induced1 the wound healed1 and the man became whole again4 ,dove was then a young man2 and so many years have elapsed since old ,joseph ,todhunter was gathered to his fathers1 that it would now require an antiquarian's patience to make out the letters of his name upon his mouldering headstone4 ,all remembrance of him 7except among his descendants1 if any there now be7 will doubtless have past away1 unless he should be recollected in ,doncaster by the means which ,dr4 ,dove devised for securing him against another such accident4 ,the ,doctor knew that the same remedy was not to be relied on a second time1 when there would be less ability left in the system to second its effect4 ,he knew that in old age the tendency of ,nature is to dissolution1 and that accidents which are trifling in youth1 or middle age1 become fatal at a time when ,death is ready to enter at any breach and ,life to steal out through the first flaw in its poor crazy tenement4 ,so1 having warned ,todhunter of this1 and told him that he was likely to enjoy many years of life1 if he kept a whole skin on his shins1 he persuaded him to wear spatterdashes1 quilted in front and protected there with whalebone1 charging him to look upon them as the most necessary part of his clothing1 and to let them be the last things which he doffed at night1 and the first which he donn'd in the morning4 ,the old man followed this advice2 lived to the great age of eighty-five1 enjoyed his faculties to the last2 and then died so easily1 that it might truly be said he fell asleep4 ,my friend loved to talk of this case2 for ,joseph ,todhunter had borne so excellent a character through life1 and was so cheerful and so happy1 as well as so venerable an old man1 that it was a satisfaction for the ,doctor to think he had been the means of prolonging his days4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxiii4 ,,views ,,of ,,old ,,age1 ,,montagne1 ,,daniel ,,corneille1 ,,languet1 ,,pasquier1 ,,dr4 ,,johnson1 ,,lord ,,chesterfield1 ,,st4 ,,evremond4 ,what is age ,but the holy place of life1 the chapel of ease ,for all men's wearied miseries8 ,,massinger4 ,montagne takes an uncomfortable view of old age4 ,il me semble1 he says1 qu'en la vieillesse1 nos ames sont subjectes des maladies et imperfections plus importunes qu'en la jeunesse4 ,je le disois estant jeune1 lors on me donnoit de mon menton par le nez2 je le dis encore cette heure1 que mon poil gris me donne le credit4 ,nous appellons sagesse la difficult de nos humeurs1 le desgoust des choses presentes3 mais la verit1 nous ne quittons pas tant les vices1 comme nous les changeons2 et1 mon opinion1 en pis4 ,outre une sotte et caduque fiert1 un babil ennuyeux1 ces humeures espineuses et inassociables1 et la superstition1 et un soin ridicule des richesses1 lors que l'usage en est perdu1 j'y trouve plus d'envie1 d'injustice1 et de malignit4 ,elle nous attache plus de rides en l'esprit qu'au visage3 et ne se void point d'ames ou fort rares1 qui en vieillissant ne sentent l'aigre1 et le moisi4 ,take this extract1 my worthy friends who are not skilled in ,french1 or know no more of it than a ,governess may have taught you1--in the ,english of ,john ,florio1 ,reader of the ,italian tongue unto the ,sovereign ,majesty of ,anna1 ,queen of ,england1 ,scotland1 c4 and one of the gentlemen of her ,royal privy chamber1 the same ,florio whom some commentators upon very insufficient grounds1 have supposed to have been designed by ,shakespere in the ,holofernes of ,love's ,labour's ,lost4 8,methinks our souls in age are subject unto more importunate diseases and imperfections than they are in youth4 ,i said so being young1 when my beardless chin was upbraided me1 and ,i say it again1 now that my gray beard gives me authority4 ,we entitle wisdom1 the frowardness of our humours1 and the distaste of present things2 but in truth we abandon not vices so much as we change them2 and in mine opinion for the worse4 ,besides a silly and ruinous pride1 cumbersome tattle1 wayward and unsociable humours1 superstition1 and a ridiculous carking for wealth1 when the use of it is well nigh lost4 ,i find the more envy1 injustice and malignity in it4 ,it sets more wrinkles in our minds than in our foreheads1 nor are there any spirits1 or very rare ones1 which in growing old taste not sourly and mustily40 ,in the same spirit1 recollecting perhaps this very passage of the delightful old ,gascon1 one of our own poets says1 ,old age doth give by too long space1 ,our souls as many wrinkles as our face2 and the same thing1 no doubt in imitation of ,montagne has been said by ,corneille in a poem of thanks addressed to ,louis ,,xiv41 when that ,king had ordered some of his plays to be represented during the winter of #afhe1 though he had ceased to be a popular writer1 ,je vieillis1 ou du moins1 ils se le persuadent2 ,pour bien crire encor j'ai trop long tems crit1 ,et les rides du front passent jusqu' l'esprit4 ,the opinion proceeded not in the poet ,daniel from perverted philosophy1 or sourness of natural disposition1 for all his affections were kindly1 and he was a tender-hearted1 wise1 good man4 ,but he wrote this in the evening of his days1 when he had out lived the date ,of former grace1 acceptance and delight1 when1 those bright stars from whence ,he had his light1 were set for evermore2 and when he complained that years had done to him this wrong1 ,to make him write too much1 and live too long2 so that this comfortless opinion may be ascribed in him rather to a dejected state of mind1 than to a clear untroubled judgement4 ,but ,hubert ,languet must have written more from observation and reflection than from feeling1 when he said in one of his letters to ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 8you are mistaken if you believe that men are made better by age2 for it is very rarely so4 ,they become indeed more cautious1 and learn to conceal their faults and their evil inclinations2 so that if you have known any old man in whom you think some probity were still remaining1 be assured that he must have been excellently virtuous in his youth40 ,erras si credis homines fieri tate meliores2 id nam est rarissimum4 ,fiunt quidem cautiores1 et vitia animi1 ac pravos suos affectus occultare discunt3 quod si quem senem novisti in quo aliquid probitatis superesse judices1 crede eum in adolescenti fuisse optimum4 ,languet spoke of its effects upon others4 ,old ,estienne ,pasquier in that uncomfortable portion of his ,jeux ,potiques which he entitles ,vieillesse ,rechigne writes as a self-observer1 and his picture is not more favourable4 ,je ne nourry dans moy qu'une humeur noire1 ,chagrin1 fascheux1 melancholic1 hagard1 ,grongneux1 despit1 presomptueux1 langard1 ,je fay l'amour au bon vin et au boire4 ,but the bottle seems not to have put him in good humour either with others or himself4 ,tout la monde me put2 je vy de telle sort1 ,que je ne fay meshuy que tousser et cracher1 ,que de fascher autruy1 et d'autruy me fascher2 ,je ne supporte nul1 et nul ne me supporte4 ,un mal de corps je sens1 un mal d'esprit je porte2 ,foible de corps je veux1 mais je ne puis marcher2 ,foible de esprit je n'oze mon argent toucher1 ,voil les beaux effects que la vieillesse apporte6 ,o combien est heureux celuy qui1 de ses ans ,jeune1 ne passe point la fleur de son printans1 ,ou celuy qui venu s'en retourne aussi vite6 ,non3 je m'abuze2 ainois ces maux ce sont appas ,qui me feront un jour trouver doux mon trespas1 ,quand il plaira a ,dieu que ce monde je quitte4 ,the miserable life ,i lead is such1 ,that now the world loathes me and ,i loathe it2 ,what do ,i do all day but cough and spit1 ,annoying others1 and annoyed as much6 ,my limbs no longer serve me1 and the wealth ,which ,i have heap'd1 ,i want the will to spend4 ,so mind and body both are out of health1 ,behold the blessings that on age attend6 ,happy whose fate is not to overlive ,the joys which youth1 and only youth can give1 ,but in his prime is taken1 happy he6 ,alas1 that thought is of an erring heart1 ,these evils make me willing to depart ,when it shall please the ,lord to summon me4 ,the ,rustic1 in ,hammerlein's curious dialogues de ,nobilitate et ,rusticitate1 describes his old age in colours as dark as ,pasquier's2 plenus dierum1 he says1 ymmo senex valde1 id est1 octogenarius1 et senio confractus1 et heri et nudiustercius1 ymmo plerisque revolutionibus annorum temporibus1 corporis statera recurvatus1 singulto1 tussito1 sterto1 ossito1 sternuto1 balbutio1 catharizo1 mussico1 paraleso1 gargariso1 cretico1 tremo1 sudo1 titillo1 digitis spe geliso1 et insuper 7quod deterius est7 cor meum affligitur1 et caput excutitur1 languet spiritus1 fetet anhelitus1 caligant oculi et facillant#a articuli1 nares confluunt1 crines defluunt1 tremunt tactus et deperit actus1 dentes putrescunt et aures surdescunt2 de facili ad iram provocor1 difficili revocor1 cito credo1 tarde discedo4 ,footnote #a3 ,facillant is here evidently the same as vacillant4 ,for the real meaning of facillo the reader is referred to ,du ,cange in v4 or to ,martinii ,lexicon4 ,the effects of age are described in language not less characteristic by the ,conte ,baldessar ,castiglione in his ,cortegiano4 ,he is explaining wherefore the old man is always 8laudator temporis acti20 and thus he accounts for the universal propensity2--gli anni fuggendo se ne portan seco molte commodit1 e tra l' altre levano dal sangue gran parte de gli spiriti vitali2 onde la complession si muta1 e divengon debili gli organi1 per i quali l' anima opera le sue virt4 ,per de i cori nostri in quel tempo1 come allo autunno le fogli de gli arbori1 caggiono i soavi fiori di contento2 e nel loco de i sereni et chiari pensieri1 entra la nubilosa e turbida tristitia di mille calamit compagnata1 di modo che non solamente il corpo1 ma l' animo anchora infermo2 ne de i passati piaceri reserva altro che una tenace memoria1 e la imagine di quel caro tempo della tenera eta1 nella quale quando ci troviamo1 ci pare che sempre il cielo1 e la terra1 e ogni cosa faccia festa1 e rida intorno gli occhi nostri e nel pensiero1 come in un delitioso et vago giardino1 fiorisca la dolce primavera d' allegrezza3 onde forse saria utile1 quando gia nella fredda stagione comincia il sole della nostra vita1 spogliandoci de quei piaceri1 andarsene verso l' occaso1 perdere insieme con essi anchor la lor memoria1 e trovar 7come disse ,temistocle7 un' arte1 che a scordar insegnasse2 perche tanto sono fallaci i sensi del corpo nostro1 che spesso ingannano anchora il giudicio della mente4 ,per parmi che i vecchi siano alla condition di quelli1 che partendosi dal porto1 tengon gli occhi in terra1 e par loro che la nave stia ferma1 e la riva si parta2 e pur il contrario2 che il porto1 e medesimamente il tempo1 e i piaceri restano nel suo stato1 e noi con la nave della mortalit fuggendo n' andiamo1 l' un dopo l' altro1 per quel procelloso mare che ogni cosa assorbe et devora2 ne mai piu pigliar terra ci concesso2 anzi sempre da contrarii venti combattuti1 al fine in qualche scoglio la nave rompemo4 ,take this passage1 gentle reader1 as ,master ,thomas ,hoby has translated it to my hand4 8,years wearing away carry also with them many commodities1 and among others take away from the blood a great part of the lively spirits2 that altereth the complection1 and the instruments wax feeble whereby the soul worketh his effects4 ,therefore the sweet flowers of delight vade#b away in that season out of our hearts1 as the leaves fall from the trees after harvest2 and instead of open and clear thoughts1 there entereth cloudy and troublous heaviness1 accompanied with a thousand heart griefs3 so that not only the blood1 but the mind is also feeble1 neither of the former pleasures retaineth it any thing else but a fast memory1 and the print of the beloved time of tender age1 which when we have upon us1 the heaven1 the earth and each thing to our seeming rejoiceth and laugheth always about our eyes1 and in thought 7as in a savoury and pleasant garden7 flourisheth the sweet spring time of mirth3 ,so that peradventure1 it were not unprofitable when now1 in the cold season1 the sun of our life1 taking away from us our delights beginneth to draw toward the ,west1 to lose therewithall the mindfulness of them1 and to find out as ,themistocles saith1 an art to teach us to forget2 for the senses of our body are so deceivable1 that they beguile many times also the judgement of the mind4 ,therefore1 methinks1 old men be like unto them that sailing in a vessel out of an haven1 behold the ground with their eyes1 and the vessel to their seeming standeth still1 and the shore goeth2 and yet is it clean contrary1 for the haven1 and likewise the time and pleasures1 continue still in their estate1 and we with the vessel of mortality flying away1 go one after another through the tempestuous sea that swalloweth up and devoureth all things1 neither is it granted us at any time to come on shore again2 but1 always beaten with contrary winds1 at the end we break our vessel at some rock40 ,footnote #b3 #8,vade' is no doubt the true word here4 ,the double sense of it1--that is1 to fade1 or to go away1--may be seen in ,todd's ,johnson and in ,nares' ,glossary4 ,neither of them quote the following lines from the ,earl of ,surrey's ,poems4 ,they occur in his ,ecclesiastes4 ,we1 that live on the earth1 draw toward our decay1 ,our children fill our place awhile1 and then they vade away4 ,and again1 ,new fancies daily spring1 which vade1 returning mo4 8,why ,sir10 said ,dr4 ,johnson1 8a man grows better humoured as he grows older4 ,he improves by experience4 ,when young he thinks himself of great consequence1 and every thing of importance4 ,as he advances in life1 he learns to think himself of no consequence1 and little things of little importance1 and so he becomes more patient and better pleased40 ,this was the observation of a wise and good man1 who felt in himself as he grew old1 the effect of ,christian principles upon a kind heart and a vigorous understanding4 ,one of a very different stamp came to the same conclusion before him2 ,crescit tate pulchritudo animorum1 says1 ,antonio ,perez1 quantum minuitur eorundem corporum venustas4 ,one more of these dark pictures4 8,the heart0 says ,lord ,chesterfield1 8never grows better by age2 ,i fear rather worse2 always harder4 ,a young liar will be an old one2 and a young knave will only be a greater knave as he grows older4 ,but should a bad young heart1 accompanied with a good head1 7which by the way1 very seldom is the case7 really reform1 in a more advanced age1 from a consciousness of its folly1 as well as of its guilt2 such a conversion would only be thought prudential and political1 but never sincere40 ,it is remarkable that ,johnson1 though1 as has just been seen1 he felt in himself and saw in other good men1 that the natural effect of time was to sear away asperities of character ,till the smooth temper of their age should be ,like the high leaves upon the ,holly ,tree1 yet he expressed an opinion closely agreeing with this of ,lord ,chesterfield4 8,a man1 he said1 commonly grew wicked as he grew older1 at least he but changed the vices of youth1 head-strong passion and wild temerity1 for treacherous caution and desire to circumvent40 ,these he can only have meant of wicked men4 ,but what follows seems to imply a mournful conviction that the tendency of society is to foster our evil propensities and counteract our better ones3 8,i am always1 he said1 on the young people's side when there is a dispute between them and the old ones2 for you have at least a charm for virtue1 till age has withered its very root40 ,alas1 this is true of the irreligious and worldly-minded1 and it is generally true because they composed the majority of our corrupt contemporaries4 ,but ,johnson knew that good men became better as they grew older1 because his philosophy was that of the ,gospel4 ,something of a philosopher ,lord ,chesterfield was1 and had he lived in the days of ,trajan or ,hadrian1 might have done honour to the school of ,epicurus4 ,but if he had not in the pride of his poor philosophy shut both his understanding and his heart against the truths of revealed religion1 in how different a light would the evening of his life have closed4 ,une raison essentielle1 says the ,epicurean ,saint ,evremond1 qui nous oblige nous retirer quand nous sommes vieux1 c'est qu'il faut prevenir le ridicule o l'age nous fait tomber presque toujours4 ,and in another place he says1 certes le plus honnte-homme dont personne n'a besoin1 a de la peine a s'exempter du ridicule en vieillissant4 ,this was the opinion of a courtier1 a sensualist1 and a ,frenchman4 ,i cannot more appositely conclude this chapter than by a quotation ascribed1 whether truly or not1 to ,st4 ,bernard4 ,maledictum caput canum et cor vanum1 caput tremulum et cor emulum1 canities in vertice et pernicies in mente3 facies rugosa et lingua nugosa1 cutis sicca et fides ficta2 visus caligans et caritas claudicans2 labium pendens et dens detrahens2 virtus debilis et vita flebilis2 dies uberes et fructus steriles1 amici multi1 et actus stulti4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxiv4 ,,further ,,observations ,,concerning ,,old ,,age4 ,,bishop ,,reynolds4 ,,opinion ,,of ,,the ,,doctor ,,concerning ,,beasts ,,and ,,men4 ,m4 ,,de ,,custine4 ,,the ,,world ,,is ,,too ,,much ,,with ,,us4 ,,wordsworth4 ,,sir ,,walter ,,raleigh4 ,in these reflections1 which are of a serious1 and somewhat of a melancholy cast1 it is best to indulge2 because it is always of use to be serious1 and not unprofitable sometimes to be melancholy4 ,,freeman',s ,,sermons4 8,as usurers10 says ,bishop ,reynolds1 8before the whole debt is paid1 do fetch away some good parts of it for the loan1 so before the debt of death be paid by the whole body1 old age doth by little and little1 take away sometimes one sense sometimes another1 this year one limb1 the next another2 and causeth a man as it were to die daily4 ,no one can dispel the clouds and sorrows of old age1 but ,christ who is the sun of righteousness and the bright morning star40 ,yet our ,lord and ,saviour hath not left those who are in darkness and the shadow of death1 without the light of a heavenly hope at their departure1 if their ways have not wilfully been evil1--if they have done their duty according to that law of nature which is written in the heart of man4 ,it is the pride of presumptuous wisdom 7itself the worst of follies7 that has robbed the natural man of his consolation in old age1 and of his hope in death1 and exacts the forfeit of that hope from the infidel as the consequence and punishment of his sin4 ,thus it was in heathen times1 as it now is in countries that are called christian4 ,when ,cicero speaks of those things which depend upon opinion1 he says1 hujusmodi sunt probabilia2 impiis apud inferos pnas esse prparatas2 eos1 qui philosophi dent operam1 non arbitrari ,deos esse4 ,hence it appears he regarded it as equally probable that there was an account to be rendered after death2 and that those who professed philosophy would disbelieve this as a vulgar delusion1 live therefore without religion1 and die without hope1 like the beasts that perish6 8,if they perish10 the ,doctor1 used always reverently to say when he talked upon this subject4 ,oh ,reader1 it would have done you good as it has done me1 if you had heard him speak upon it1 in his own beautiful old age6 8,if they perish10 he would say4 8,that the beasts die without hope we may conclude2 death being to them like falling asleep1 an act of which the mind is not cognizant6 ,but that they live without religion1 he would not say1--that they might not have some sense of it according to their kind2 nor that all things animate1 and seemingly inanimate did not actually praise the ,lord1 as they are called upon to do by the ,psalmist1 and in the ,benedicite60 ,it is a pious fancy of the good old lexicographist ,adam ,littleton that our ,lord took up his first lodging in a stable amongst the cattle1 as if he had come to be the ,saviour of them as well as of men2 being by one perfect oblation of himself1 to put an end to all other sacrifices1 as well as to take away sins4 ,this1 he adds the ,psalmist fears not to affirm speaking of ,god's mercy4 8,thou savest10 says he1 8both man and beast40 ,the text may lead us further than ,adam ,littleton's interpretation4 8,qu'on ne me parle plus de ,,nature ,,morte1 says ,m4 de ,custine1 in his youth and enthusiasm1 writing from ,mont-,auvert2 on sent ici que la ,divinit est partout1 et que les pierres sont pntres comme nous-mmes d'une puissance cratrice6 ,quand on me dit que les rochers sont insensibles1 je crois entendre un enfant soutenir que l'aiguille d'une montre ne marche pas1 parce qu'il ne la voit pas se mouvoir40 ,do not1 said our ,philosopher1 when he threw out a thought like this1 do not ask me how this can be6 ,i guess at every thing1 and can account for nothing4 ,it is more comprehensible to me that stocks and stones should have a sense of devotion1 than that men should be without it4 ,i could much more easily persuade myself that the birds in the air1 and the beasts in the field have souls to be saved1 than ,i can believe that very many of my fellow bipeds have any more soul than1 as some of our divines have said1 serves to keep their bodies from putrefaction4 8,god forgive me1 worm that ,i am6 for the sinful thought of which ,i am too often conscious1--that of the greater part of the human race1 the souls are not worth saving60--,i have not forgotten the look which accompanied these words1 and the tone in which he uttered them1 dropping his voice toward the close4 ,we must of necessity1 said he1 become better or worse as we advance in years4 ,unless we endeavour to spiritualize ourselves1 and supplicate in this endeavour for that ,grace which is never withheld when it is sincerely and earnestly sought1 age bodilizes us more and more1 and the older we grow the more we are embruted and debased3 so manifestly is the awful text verified which warns us that 8unto every one which hath shall be given1 and from him that hath not1 even that he hath shall be taken away from him40 ,in some the soul seems gradually to be absorbed and extinguished in its crust of clay2 in others as if it purified and sublimed the vehicle to which it was united4 ,viget animus1 et gaudet non multum sibi esse cum corpore2 magnam oneris partem sui posuit4#a ,nothing therefore is more beautiful than a wise and religious old age2 nothing so pitiable as the latter stages of mortal existence--when the ,world and the ,flesh1 and that false philosophy which is of the ,devil1 have secured the victory for the ,grave6 ,footnote #a3 ,,seneca4 8,he that hath led a holy life10 says one of our old ,bishops1 8is like a man which hath travelled over a beautiful valley1 and being on the top of a hill1 turneth about with delight1 to take a view of it again40 ,the retrospect is delightful1 and perhaps it is even more grateful if his journey has been by a rough and difficult way4 ,but whatever may have been his fortune on the road1 the ,pilgrim who has reached the ,delectable ,mountains looks back with thankfulness and forward with delight4 ,and wherefore is it not always thus8 ,wherefore1 but because as ,wordsworth has said1 ,the ,world is too much with us1 late and soon ,getting and spending1 we lay waste our powers4 8,though our own eyes10 says ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 8do every where behold the sudden and resistless assaults of ,death1 and ,nature assureth us by never failing experience1 and ,reason by infallible demonstration1 that our times upon the earth have neither certainty nor durability1 that our bodies are but the anvils of pain and diseases1 and our minds the hives of unnumbered cares1 sorrows and passions2 and that when we are most glorified1 we are but those painted posts against which ,envy and ,fortune direct their darts2 yet such is the true unhappiness of our condition1 and the dark ignorance which covereth the eyes of our understanding1 that we only prize1 pamper1 and exalt this vassal and slave of death1 and forget altogether1 or only remember at our cast-away leisure1 the imprisoned immortal ,soul1 which can neither die with the reprobate1 nor perish with the mortal parts of virtuous men2 seeing ,god's justice in the one1 and his goodness in the other1 is exercised for evermore1 as the everliving subjects of his reward and punishment4 ,but when is it that we examine this great account8 ,never1 while we have one vanity left us to spend6 ,we plead for titles till our breath fail us2 dig for riches whilst our strength enableth us2 exercise malice while we can revenge2 and then when time hath beaten from us both youth1 pleasure and health1 and that ,nature itself hateth the house of ,old ,age1 we remember with ,job that #8we must go the way from whence we shall not return1 and that our bed is made ready for us in the dark4' ,and then ,i say1 looking over-late into the bottom of our conscience1 which ,pleasure and ,ambition had locked up from us all our lives1 we behold therein the fearful images of our actions past1 and withal this terrible inscription that #8,god will bring every work into judgement that man hath done under the ,sun4' 8,but what examples have ever moved us8 what persuasions reformed us8 or what threatenings made us afraid8 ,we behold other mens tragedies played before us2 we hear what is promised and threatened2 but the world's bright glory hath put out the eyes of our minds2 and these betraying lights1 with which we only see1 do neither look up towards termless joys1 nor down towards endless sorrows1 till we neither know1 nor can look for anything else at the world's hands4--,but let us not flatter our immortal ,souls herein6 ,for to neglect ,god all our lives1 and know that we neglect ,him2 to offend ,god voluntarily1 and know that we offend ,him1 casting our hopes on the peace which we trust to make at parting1 is no other than a rebellious presumption1 and that which is the worst of all1 even a contemptuous laughing to scorn1 and deriding of ,god1 his laws and precepts4 ,frustr sperant qui sic de misericordi ,dei sibi blandiuntur2 they hope in vain1 saith ,bernard1 which in this sort flatter themselves with ,god's mercy40 ,,chapter ,,clxxxv4 ,,evolvements4 ,,analogies4 ,,anticipations4 ,i have heard1 how true ,i know not1 most physicians as they grow ,greater in skill1 grow less in their religion2 ,attributing so much to natural causes1 ,that they have little faith in that they cannot ,deliver reason for3 this ,doctor steers ,another course4 ,,massinger4 ,i forget what poet it is1 who1 speaking of old age1 says that ,the ,soul's dark mansion1 battered and decayed1 ,lets in new light through chinks that time has made2 a strange conceit1 imputing to the decay of our nature that which results from its maturation4 ,as the ancients found in the butterfly a beautiful emblem of the immortality of the ,soul1 my true philosopher and friend looked1 in like manner1 upon the chrysalis as a type of old age4 ,the gradual impairment of the senses and of the bodily powers1 and the diminution of the whole frame as it shrinks and contracts itself in age1 afforded analogy enough for a mind like his to work on1 which quickly apprehended remote similitudes1 and delighted in remarking them4 ,the sense of flying in our sleep1 might probably1 he thought1 be the anticipation or forefeeling of an unevolved power1 like an aurelia's dream of butterfly motion4 ,the tadpole has no intermediate state of torpor4 ,this merriest of all creatures1 if mirth may be measured by motion1 puts out legs before it discards its tail and commences frog4 ,it was not in our outward frame that the ,doctor could discern any resemblance to this process2 but he found it in that expansion of the intellectual faculties1 those aspirations of the spiritual part1 wherein the ,soul seems to feel its wings and to imp them for future flight4 ,one has always something for which to look forward1 some change for the better4 ,the boy in petticoats longs to be drest in the masculine gender4 ,little boys wish to be big ones4 ,in youth we are eager to attain manhood1 and in manhood matrimony becomes the next natural step of our desires4 8,days then should speak1 and multitude of years should teach wisdom20 and teach it they will1 if man will but learn1 for nature brings the heart into a state for receiving it4 ,jucundissima est tas devexa jam1 non tamen prceps2 et illam quoque in extrem regul stantem1 judico habere suas voluptates2 aut hoc ipsum succedit in locum voluptatum1 nullis egere4 ,quam dulce est1 cupiditates fatigasse ac reliquisse6#a ,this was not ,dr4 ,dove's philosophy3 he thought the stage of senescence a happy one1 not because we outgrow the desires and enjoyments of youth and manhood1 but because wiser desires1 more permanent enjoyments1 and holier hopes succeed to them1--because time in its course brings us nearer to eternity1 and as earth recedes1 ,heaven opens upon our prospect4 ,footnote #a3 ,,seneca4 8,it is the will of ,god and nature10 says ,franklin1 8that these mortal bodies be laid aside when the soul is to enter into real life4 ,this is rather an embryo state1 a preparation for living4 ,a man is not completely born until he be dead4 ,why1 then1 should we grieve that a new child is born among the immortals1 a new member added to their happy society8 ,we are spirits4 ,that bodies should be lent us1 while they can afford us pleasure1 assist us in acquiring knowledge1 or in doing good to our fellow-creatures1 is a kind and benevolent act of ,god4 ,when they become unfit for these purposes1 and afford us pain instead of pleasure1 instead of an aid become an encumbrance1 and answer none of the intentions for which they were given1 it is equally kind and benevolent1 that a way is provided by which we may get rid of them4 ,death is that way40 8,god10 says ,fuller1 8sends his servants to bed1 when they have done their work40 ,this is a subject upon which even ,sir ,richard ,blackmore could write with a poet's feeling4 ,thou dost1 ,o ,death1 a peaceful harbour lie ,upon the margin of ,eternity2 ,where the rough waves of ,time's impetuous tide ,their motion lose1 and quietly subside3 ,weary1 they roll their drousy heads asleep ,at the dark entrance of ,duration's deep4 ,hither our vessels in their turn retreat2 ,here still they find a safe untroubled seat1 ,when worn with adverse passions1 furious strife1 ,and the hard passage of tempestuous life4 ,thou dost to man unfeigned compassion show1 ,soothe all his grief1 and solace all his woe4 ,thy spiceries with noble drugs abound1 ,that every sickness cure and every wound4 ,that which anoints the corpse will only prove ,the sovereign balm our anguish to remove4 ,the cooling draught administered by thee1 ,o ,death6 from all our sufferings sets us free4 ,impetuous life is by thy force subdued1 ,life1 the most lasting fever of the blood4 ,the weary in thy arms lie down to rest1 ,no more with breath's laborious task opprest4 ,hear1 how the men that long life-ridden lie1 ,in constant pain1 for thy assistance cry1 ,hear how they beg and pray for leave to die4 ,for vagabonds that o'er the country roam1 ,forlorn1 unpitied and without a home1 ,thy friendly care provides a lodging-room4 ,the comfortless1 the naked1 and the poor1 ,much pinch'd with cold1 with grievous hunger more1 ,thy subterranean hospitals receive1 ,assuage their anguish and their wants relieve4 ,cripples with aches and with age opprest1 ,crawl on their crutches to the ,grave for rest4 ,exhausted travellers that have undergone ,the scorching heats of life's intemperate zone1 ,haste for refreshment to their beds beneath ,and stretch themselves in the cool shades of death4 ,poor labourers who their daily task repeat1 ,tired with their still returning toil and sweat1 ,lie down at last2 and at the wish'd for close ,of life's long day1 enjoy a sweet repose4 ,thy realms1 indulgent ,death1 have still possest ,profound tranquillity and unmolested rest4 ,no raging tempests1 which the living dread1 ,beat on the silent regions of the dead3 ,proud ,princes ne'er excite with war's alarms ,thy subterranean colonies to arms4 ,they undisturbed their peaceful mansions keep1 ,and earthquakes only rock them in their sleep4 ,much has been omitted1 which may be found in the original1 and one couplet removed from its place2 but the whole is ,blackmore's4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxvi4 ,,leone ,,hebreo',s ,,dialogi ,,de ,,amore4--,,the ,,elixir ,,of ,,life ,,no ,,obstacle ,,to ,,death4--,,paracelsus4--,,van ,,helmont ,,and ,,jan ,,mass4--,,dr4 ,,dove',s ,,opinion ,,of ,a ,,biographer',s ,,duties4 ,there's a lean fellow beats all conquerors6 ,,old ,,fortunatus4 ,in ,leone ,hebreo's ,dialogi de ,amore1 one of the interlocutors says1 8,vediamo che gli huomini naturalmente desiano di mai non morire2 lagual cosa impossibile1 manifesta1 e senza speranza40 ,to which the other replies1 8,coloro chel desiano1 non credeno interamente che sia impossibile1 et hanno inteso per le historie legali1 che ,enoc1 et ,elia1 et ancor ,santo ,giovanni ,evangelista sono immortali in corpo1 et anima3 se ben veggono essere stato per miracolo3 onde ciascuno pensa che loro ,dio potria fare simil miracolo4 ,e per con questa possibilita si gionta qualche remota speranza1 laquale incita un lento desiderio1 massimamente per essere la morte horribile1 e la corruttione propria odiosa chi si vuole1 et il desiderio non d' acquistare cosa nuova1 ma di non perdere la vita1 che si truova2 laquale havendosi di presente1 facil cosa ingannarsi l'huomo desiare che non si perda2 se ben naturalmente impossibile3 chel desiderio di ci talmente lento1 che pu essere di cosa impossibile et imaginabile1 essendo di tanta importantia al desiderante4 ,et ancora ti dir chel fondamento di questo desiderio non vano in se1 se bene alquanto ingannoso1 per chel desiderio dell' huomo d'essere immortale veramente possibile2 perche l'esentia dell' huomu1 7come rettamente ,platon vuole7 non altro che la sua anima intellettiva1 laquale per la virtu1 sapientia1 cognitione1 et amore divino si fa gloriosa et immortale40 ,paracelsus used to boast that he would not die till he thought proper so to do1 thus wishing it to be understood that he had discovered the ,elixir of life4 ,he died suddenly1 and at a time when he seemed to be in full health2 and hence arose a report1 that he had made a compact with the ,devil1 who enabled him to perform all his cures1 but came for him as soon as the term of their agreement was up4 ,wherefore indeed should he have died by any natural means who so well understood the mysteries of life and of death4 ,what1 says he1 is life8 ,nihil mehercl vita est aliud1 nisi ,mumia qudam ,balsamita conservans mortale corpus mortalibus vermibus1 et eschara cum impress liquoris salium commistur4 ,what is ,death8 ,nihil certe aliud quam ,balsami dominium1 ,mumi interitus1 salium ultima materia4 ,do you understand this1 ,reader8 ,if you do1 ,i do not4 ,but he is intelligible when he tells us that ,life may be likened to ,fire1 and that all we want is to discover the fuel for keeping it up1--the true ,lignum ,vit4 ,it is not against nature1 he contends1 that we should live till the renovation of all things2 it is only against our knowledge1 and beyond it4 ,but there are medicaments for prolonging life2 and none but the foolish or the ignorant would ask why then is it that ,princes and ,kings who can afford to purchase them1 die nevertheless like other people4 ,the reason says the great ,bombast von ,hohenheim is that their physicians know less about medicine than the very boors1 and moreover that ,princes and ,kings lead dissolute lives4 ,and if it be asked why no one except ,hermes ,trismegistus has used such medicaments2 he replies that others have used them1 but have not let it be known4 ,van ,helmont was once of opinion that no metallic preparation could contain in itself the blessing of the ,tree of ,life1 though that the ,philosopher's stone had been discovered was a fact that consisted with his own sure knowledge4 ,this opinion however was in part changed1 in consequence of some experiments made with an aurific powder1 given him by a stranger after a single evening's acquaintance2 7vir peregrinus1 unius vesperi amicus37 these experiments convinced him that the stone partook of what he calls ,zoophyte life1 as distinguished both from vegetative and sensitive4 ,but the true secret he thought1 must be derived from the vegetable world1 and he sought for it in the ,cedar1 induced1 as it seems1 by the frequent mention of that tree in the ,old ,testament4 ,he says much concerning the cedar1--among other things1 that when all other plants were destroyed by the ,deluge1 and their kinds preserved only in their seed1 the ,cedars of ,lebanon remained uninjured under the waters4 ,however when he comes to the main point1 he makes a full stop1 saying1 ,ctera autem qu de ,cedro sunt1 mecum sepelientur3 nam mundus non capax est4 ,it is not unlikely that if his mysticism had been expressed in the language of intelligible speculation1 it might have been found to accord with some of ,berkeley's theories in the ,siris4 ,but for his reticence upon this subject1 as if the world were not worthy of his discoveries1 he ought to have been deprived of his two remaining talents4 ,five he tells us he had received for his portion1 but because instead of improving them1 he had shown himself unworthy of so large a trust1 he by whom they were given had taken from him three4 8,ago illi gratias1 quod cum contulisset in me quinque talenta1 fecissemque me indignum1 et hactenus repudium coram eo factus essem1 placuit divin bonitati1 auferre me tria1 et relinquere adhuc bina1 ut me sic ad meliorem frugem exspectaret4 ,maluit1 inquam1 me depauperare et tolerare1 ut non essem utilis plurimis1 mod me salvaret ab hujus mundi periculis4 ,sit ipsi terna sanctificatio40 ,he has however informed posterity of the means by which he prolonged the life of a man to extreme old age4 ,this person whose name was ,jan ,mass1 was in the service of ,martin ,rythovius1 the first ,bishop of ,ypres1 when that prelate1 by desire of the illustrious sufferers1 assisted at the execution of ,counts ,egmond and ,horn4 ,mass was then in the twenty-fifth year of his age4 ,when he was fifty-eight1 being poor1 and having a large family of young children1 he came to ,van ,helmont1 and entreated him to prolong his life if he could1 for the sake of these children1 who would be left destitute in case of his death1 and must have to beg their bread from door to door4 ,van ,helmont1 then a young man1 was moved by such an application1 and considering what might be the likeliest means of sustaining life in its decay1 he called to mind the fact that wine is preserved from corruption by the fumes of burnt brimstone2 it then occurred to him that the acid liquor of sulphur1 acidum sulfuris stagma1 7it is better so to translate his words than to call it the sulphuric acid17 must of necessity contain the fumes and odour of sulphur1 being1 according to his chemistry1 nothing but those fumes of sulphur1 combined with1 or imbibed in1 its mercurial salt4 ,the next step in his reasoning was to regard the blood as the wine of life2 if this could be kept sound1 though longevity might not be the necessary consequence1 life would at least be preserved from the many maladies which arose from its corruption1 and the sanity1 and immunity from such diseases1 and from the sufferings consequent thereon1 must certainly tend to its prolongation4 ,he gave ,mass therefore a stone bottle of the distilled liquor of sulphur1 and taught him also how to prepare this oil from burnt sulphur4 ,and he ordered him at every meal to take two drops of it in his first draught of beer2 and not lightly to exceed that2 two drops1 he thought1 contained enough of the fumes for a sufficient dose4 ,this was in the year #afjj2 and now1 says ,helmont1 in #afda1 the old man still walks about the streets of ,brussels4 ,and what is still better1 7quodque augustius est17 in all these forty years1 he has never been confined by any illness1 except that by a fall upon the ice he once broke his leg near the knee2 and he has constantly been free from fever1 remaining a slender and lean man1 and always poor4 ,jan ,mass had nearly reached his hundredth year when this was written1 and it is no wonder that ,van ,helmont1 who upon a fantastic analogy had really prescribed an efficient tonic1 should have accounted by the virtue of his prescription for the health and vigour1 which a strong constitution had retained to that extraordinary age4 ,there is no reason for doubting the truth of his statement2 but if ,van ,helmont relied upon his theory1 he must have made further experiments2 it is probable therefore that he either distrusted his own hypothesis1 or found upon subsequent trials that the result disappointed him4 ,van ,helmont's works were collected and edited by his son ,francis ,mercurius1 who styles himself ,philosophus per ,unum in quo ,omnia ,eremita peregrinans1 and who dedicated the collection as a holocaust to the ineffable ,hebrew ,name4 ,the ,vita ,authoris which he prefixed to it relates to his own life1 not to his father's1 and little can be learnt from it1 except that he is the more mystical and least intelligible of the two4 ,the most curious circumstances concerning the father are what he has himself communicated in the treatise entitled his ,confession1 into which the writer of his life in ,aikin's ,biography seems not to have looked1 nor indeed into any of his works1 the articles in that as in our other ,biographies1 being generally compiled from compilations1 so as to present the most superficial information1 with the least possible trouble to the writer and the least possible profit to the reader1--skimming for him not the cream of knowledge1 but the scum4 ,dr4 ,dove used to say that whoever wrote the life of an author without carefully perusing his works acted as iniquitously as a ,judge who should pronounce sentence in a cause without hearing the evidence2 nay he maintained1 the case was even worse1 because there was an even chance that the ,judge might deliver a right sentence1 but it was impossible that a life so composed should be otherwise than grievously imperfect1 if not grossly erroneous4 ,for all the ordinary business of the medical profession he thought it sufficient that a practitioner should thoroughly understand the practice of his art1 and proceed empirically3 ,god help the patients1 he would say1 if it were not so6 and indeed without ,god's help they would fare badly at the best4 ,but he was of opinion that no one could take a lively and at the same time a worthy interest in any art or science without as it were identifying himself with it1 and seeking to make himself well acquainted with its history3 a ,physician therefore1 according to his way of thinking ought to be as curious concerning the writings of his more eminent predecessors1 and as well read in the most illustrious of them1 as a general in the wars of ,hannibal1 ,csar1 the ,black ,prince1 the ,prince of ,parma1 ,gustavus ,adolphus1 and ,marlborough4 ,how carefully he had perused ,van ,helmont was shown by the little landmarks whereby after an interval of--alas how many years1--,i have followed him through the volume1--haud passibus quis4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxvii4 ,,van ,,helmont',s ,,works1 ,,and ,,certain ,,specialities ,,in ,,his ,,life4 ,voil1 mon conte4--,je ne say s'il est vray2 mais1 je l'ay ainsi ouy conter4--,possible que cela est faux1 possible que non4--,je m'en rapporte ce qui en est4 ,il ne sera pas damn qui le croira1 ou dcroira4 ,,brant,,me4 8,the works of ,van ,helmont10 ,dr4 ,aikin says1 8are now only consulted as curiosities2 but with much error and jargon1 they contain many shrewd remarks1 and curious speculations40 ,how little would any reader suppose from this account of them1 or indeed from any thing which ,dr4 ,aikin has said concerning this once celebrated person1 that ,van ,helmont might as fitly be classed among enthusiasts as among physicians1 and with philosophers as with either2 and that like most enthusiasts it is sometimes not easy to determine whether he was deceived himself or intended to deceive others4 ,he was born at ,brussels in the year #aegg1 and of noble family4 ,in his ,treatise entitled ,tumulus ,pestis 7to which strange title a stranger#a explanation is annexed7 he gives a sketch of his own history1 saying1 8imitemini1 si quid forte boni in e occurrerit40 ,he was a devourer of books1 and digested into common places for his own use1 whatever he thought most remarkable in them1 so that few exceeded him in diligence1 but most1 he says1 in judgement4 ,at the age of seventeen1 he was appointed by the ,professors ,thomas ,fyenus1 ,gerard de ,velleers1 and ,stornius1 to read surgical lectures in the ,medical ,college at ,louvain4 ,eheu1 he exclaims1 prsumsi docere1 qu ipse nesciebam6 and his presumption was increased because the ,professors of their own accord appointed him to this ,lectureship1 attended to hear him1 and were the ,censors of what he delivered4 ,the writers from whom he compiled his discourses were ,holerius1 ,tagaultius1 ,guido1 ,vigo1 gineta1 and 8the whole tribe of ,arabian authors40 ,but then he began1 and in good time1 to marvel at his own temerity and inconsiderateness in thinking that by mere reading1 he could be qualified to teach what could be learnt only by seeing1 and by operating1 and by long practice1 and by careful observation3 and this distrust in himself was increased when he discovered that the ,professors could give him no further light than books had done4 ,however at the age of twenty-two he was created ,doctor of ,medicine in the same ,university4 ,footnote #a3 ,lector1 titulus quem legis1 terror lugubris1 foribus affixus1 intus mortem1 mortis genus1 et hominum nunciat flagrum4 ,sta1 et inquire1 quid hoc8 ,mirare4 ,quid sibi vult ,tumuli ,epigraphe ,pestis8 ,sub anatome abii1 non obii2 quamdiu malesuada invidia ,momi1 et hominum ignara cupido1 me fovebunt4 ,ergo heic ,non funus1 non cadaver1 non mors1 non sceleton non luctus1 non contagium4 ,,terno ,,da ,,gloriam ,quod ,pestis jam desiit1 sub ,anatomes proprio supplicio4 ,very soon he began to repent that he1 who was by birth noble1 should have been the first of his family to choose the medical profession1 and this against the will of his mother1 and without the knowledge of his other relations4 8,i lamented1 he says1 with tears the sin of my disobedience1 and regretted the time and labour which had been thus vainly expended3 and often with a sorrowful heart ,i intreated the ,lord that he would be pleased to lead me to a vocation not of my own choice1 but in which ,i might best perform his will2 and ,i made a vow that to whatever way of life he might call me1 ,i would follow it1 and do my utmost endeavour therein to serve him4 ,then1 as if ,i had tasted of the forbidden fruit1 ,i discovered my own nakedness4 ,i saw that there was neither truth nor knowledge in my putative learning2 and thought it cruel to derive money from the sufferings of others2 and unfitting that an art founded upon charity1 and conferred upon the condition of exercising compassion1 should be converted into a means of lucre40 ,these reflections were promoted if not induced by his having caught a disorder which as it is not mentionable in polite circles1 may be described by intimating that the symptom from which it derives its name is alleviated by what ,johnson defines tearing or rubbing with the nails4 ,it was communicated to him by a young lady's glove1 into which in a evil minute of sportive gallantry he had insinuated his hand4 ,the physicians treated him1 secundum artem1 in entire ignorance of the disease2 they bled him to cool the liver1 and they purged him to carry off the torrid choler and the salt phlegm1 they repeated this clearance again and again1 till from a hale strong and active man they had reduced him to extreme leanness and debility without in the slightest degree abating the cutaneous disease4 ,he then persuaded himself that the humours which the ,galenists were so triumphantly expelling from his poor carcase had not preexisted there in that state but were produced by the action of their drugs4 ,some one cured him easily by brimstone1 and this is said to have made him feelingly perceive the inefficiency of the scholastic practice which he had hitherto pursued4 ,in this state of mind he made over his inheritance to a widowed sister1 who stood in need of it1 gave up his profession1 and left his own country with an intention of never returning to it4 ,the world was all before him1 and he began his travels with as little fore-knowledge whither he was going1 and as little fore-thought of what he should do1 as ,adam himself when the gate of ,paradise was closed upon him2 but he went with the hope that ,god would direct his course by ,his good pleasure to some good end4 ,it so happened that he who had renounced the profession of medicine as founded on delusion and imposture was thrown into the way of practising it1 by falling in company with a man who had no learning1 but who understood the practical part of chemistry1 or pyrotechny1 as he calls it4 ,the new world which ,columbus discovered did not open a wider or more alluring field to ambition and rapacity than this science presented to ,van ,helmont's enthusiastic and enquiring mind4 8,then0 says he1 8when by means of fire ,i beheld the penetrale1 the inward or secret part of certain bodies1 ,i comprehended the separations of many1 which were not then taught in books1 and some of which are still unknown40 ,he pursued his experiments with increasing ardour1 and in the course of two years acquired such reputation by the cures which he performed1 that because of his reputation he was sent for by the ,elector of ,cologne4 ,then indeed he became more ashamed of his late and learned ignorance1 and renouncing all books because they sung only the same cuckoo note1 perceived that he profited more by fire1 and by conceptions acquired in praying4 8,and then10 says he1 8,i clearly knew that ,i had missed the entrance of true philosophy1 on all sides obstacles and obscurities and difficulties appeared1 which neither labour1 nor time1 nor vigils1 nor expenditure of money could overcome and disperse1 but only the mere goodness of ,god4 ,neither women1 nor social meetings deprived me then of even a single hour1 but continual labour and watching were the thieves of my time2 for ,i willingly cured the poor and those of mean estate1 being more moved by human compassion1 and a moral love of giving1 than by pure universal charity reflected in the ,fountain of ,life40 ,,interchapter ,,xx4 ,,st4 ,,pantaleon ,,of ,,nicomedia ,,in ,,bithynia--,,his ,,history1 ,,and ,,some ,,further ,,particulars ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,found ,,elsewhere4 ,non dicea le cose senza il quia2 ,che il dritto distingueva dal mancino1 ,e dicea pane al pane1 e vino al vino4 ,,bertoldo4 ,this ,interchapter is dedicated to ,st4 ,pantaleon1 of ,nicomedia in ,bithynia1 student in medicine and practitioner in miracles1 whose martyrdom is commemorated by the ,church of ,rome1 on the #bgth of ,july4 ,sancte ,pantaleon1 ora pro nobis6 ,this ,i say to be on the safe side2 though between ourselves reader1 ,nicephorus1 and ,usuardus1 and ,vincentius and ,st4 ,antoninus 7notwithstanding his sanctity7 have written so many lies concerning him1 that it is very doubtful whether there ever was such a person1 and still more doubtful whether there be such a ,saint4 ,however the body which is venerated under his name1 is just as venerable as if it had really belonged to him1 and works miracles as well4 ,it is a tradition in ,corsica that when ,st4 ,pantaleon was beheaded1 the executioner's sword was converted into a wax taper1 and the weapons of all his attendants into snuffers1 and that the head rose from the block and sung4 ,in honour of this miracle the ,corsicans as late as the year #agge used to have their swords consecrated1 or charmed1--by laying them on the altar while a mass was performed to ,st4 ,pantaleon4 ,but what have ,i1 who am writing in ,january instead of ,july1 and who am no papist1 and who have the happiness of living in a protestant country1 and was baptized moreover by a right old ,english name1--what have ,i to do with ,st4 ,pantaleon8 ,simply this1 my new pantaloons are just come home1 and that they derive their name from the aforesaid ,saint is as certain1--as that it was high time ,i should have a new pair4 ,st4 ,pantaleon though the tutelary ,saint of ,oporto 7which city boasteth of his relics7 was in more especial fashion at ,venice3 and so many of the grave ,venetians were in consequence named after him1 that the other ,italians called them generally ,pantaloni in derision1--as an ,irishman is called ,pat1 and as ,sawney is with us synonymous with ,scotchman1 or ,taffy for a son of ,cadwallader and votary of ,st4 ,david and his leek4 ,now the ,venetians wore long small clothes2 these as being the national dress were called ,pantaloni also2 and when the trunk-hose of ,elizabeth's days went out of fashion1 we received them from ,france1 with the name of pantaloons4 ,pantaloons then as of ,venetian and ,magnifico parentage1 and under the patronage of an eminent ,saint1 are doubtless an honourable garb4 ,they are also of honourable extraction1 being clearly of the ,bracc family4 ,for it is this part of our dress by which we are more particularly distinguished from the ,oriental and inferior nations and also from the abominable ,romans whom our ancestors1 ,heaven be praised6 subdued4 ,under the miserable reign of ,honorius and ,arcadius1 these ,lords of the ,world thought proper to expel the ,braccarii1 or breeches-makers1 from their capitals1 and to prohibit the use of this garment1 thinking it a thing unworthy that the ,romans should wear the habit of ,barbarians3--and truly it was not fit that so effeminate a race should wear the breeches4 ,the ,pantaloons are of this good ,gothic family4 ,the fashion having been disused for more than a century was re-introduced some five and twenty years ago1 and still prevails so much--that ,i who like to go with the stream1 and am therefore content to have fashions thrust upon me1 have just received a new pair from ,london4 ,the coming of a box from the ,great ,city is an event which is always looked to by the juveniles of this family with some degree of impatience4 ,in the present case there was especial cause for such joyful expectation1 for the package was to contain no less a treasure than the story of the ,lioness and the ,exeter ,mail1 with appropriate engravings representing the whole of that remarkable history1 and those engravings emblazoned in appropriate colours4 ,this adventure had excited an extraordinary degree of interest among us when it was related in the newspapers3 and no sooner had a book upon the subject been advertised1 than the young ones one and all were in an uproar1 and tumultuously petitioned that ,i would send for it1--to which1 thinking the prayer of the petitioners reasonable1 ,i graciously assented4 ,and moreover there was expected among other things ejusdem generis1 one of those very few perquisites which the all-annihilating hand of ,modern ,reform has not retrenched in our public offices1--an ,almanac or ,pocket-,book for the year1 curiously bound and gilt1 three only being made up in this magnificent manner for three magnificent personages1 from one of whom this was a present to my lawful ,governess4 ,poor ,mr4 ,bankes6 the very hairs of his wig will stand erect1 ,like quills upon the fretful porcupine1 when he reads of this flagrant misapplication of public money2 and ,mr4 ,whitbread would have founded a motion upon it1 had he survived the battle of ,waterloo4 ,there are few things in which so many vexatious delays are continually occurring1 and so many rascally frauds are systematically practised1 as in the carriage of parcels4 ,it is indeed much to be wished that ,government could take into its hands the conveyance of goods as well as letters1 for in this country whatever is done by ,government is done punctually and honourably2--what corruption there is lies among the people themselves1 among whom honesty is certainly less general than it was half a century ago4 ,three or four days elapsed on each of which the box ought to have arrived4 ,will it come to day ,papa8 was the morning question3 why does not it come8 was the complaint at noon2 and when will it come8 was the query at night4 ,but in childhood the delay of hope is only the prolongation of enjoyment2 and through life indeed1 hope if it be of the right kind1 is the best food of happiness4 8,the ,house of ,hope10 says ,hafiz1 8is built upon a weak foundation40 ,if it be so1 ,i say1 the fault is in the builder3 ,build it upon a ,rock1 and it will stand4 ,expectata dies1--long looked for1 at length it came4 ,the box was brought into the parlour1 the ripping-chissel was produced1 the nails were easily forced1 the cover was lifted1 and the paper which lay beneath it was removed4 ,there's the pantaloons6 was the first exclamation4 ,the clothes being taken out1 there appeared below a paper parcel1 secured with string4 ,as ,i never encourage any undue impatience1 the string was deliberately and carefully untied4 ,behold1 the splendid ,pocket-,book1 and the history of the ,lioness and the ,exeter ,mail1--had been forgotten6 ,o ,st4 ,peter6 ,st4 ,peter6 8,pray1 ,sir10 says the ,reader1 8as ,i perceive you are a person who have a reason for every thing you say1 may ,i ask wherefore you call upon ,st4 ,peter on this occasion40 ,you may ,sir4 ,a reason there is and a valid one4 ,but what that reason is1 ,i shall leave the commentators to discover2 observing only1 for the sake of lessening their difficulty1 that the ,peter upon whom ,i have called is not ,st4 ,peter of ,verona1 he having been an ,inquisitor1 one of the ,devil's ,saints1 and therefore in no condition at this time to help any body who invokes him4 8,well ,papa1 you must write about them1 and they must come in the next parcel10 said the children4 ,job never behaved better1 who was a scriptural ,epictetus2 nor ,epictetus who was a heathen ,job4 ,i kissed the little philosophers2 and gave them the ,bellman's verses1 which happened to come in the box1 with horrific cuts of the ,marriage at ,cana1 the ,ascension and other portions of gospel history1 and the ,bellman himself1--so it was not altogether a blank4 ,we agreed that the disappointment should be an adjourned pleasure1 and then ,i turned to inspect the pantaloons4 ,i cannot approve the colour4 ,it hath too much of the purple2 not that imperial die by which ranks were discriminated at ,constantinople1 nor the more sober tint which ,episcopacy affecteth4 ,nor is it the bloom of the plum2--still less can it be said to resemble the purple light of love4 ,no6 it is rather a hue brushed from the raven's wing1 a black purple2 not ,night and ,aurora meeting1 which would make the darkness blush2 but ,erebus and ,ultramarine4 ,doubtless it hath been selected for me because of its alamodality1--a good and pregnant word1 on the fitness of which some ,german whose name appears to be erroneously as well as uncouthly written ,geamoenus1 is said to have composed a dissertation4 ,be pleased ,mr4 ,todd to insert it in the interleaved copy of your dictionary6 ,thankful ,i am that they are not like ,jean de ,bart's full dress breeches2 for when that famous sailor went to court he is said to have worn breeches of cloth of gold1 most uncomfortably as well as splendidly lined with cloth of silver4 ,he would never have worn them had he read ,lampridius1 and seen the opinion of the ,emperor ,alexander ,severus as by that historian recorded3 8in line autem aurum mitti etiam dementiam judicabat1 cum asperitati adderetur rigor40 ,the word breeches has1 ,i am well aware1 been deemed ineffable1 and therefore not to be written--because not to be read4 ,but ,i am encouraged to use it by the high and mighty authority of the ,anti-,jacobin ,review4 ,mr4 ,stephens having in his ,memoirs of ,horne ,tooke used the word small-clothes is thus reprehended for it by the indignant ,censor4 8,his breeches he calls small-clothes2--the first time we have seen this bastard term1 the offspring of gross ideas and disgusting affectation in print1 in any thing like a book4 ,it is scandalous to see men of education thus employing the most vulgar language1 and corrupting their native tongue by the introduction of illegitimate words4 ,but this is the age of affectation4 ,even our fishwomen and milkmaids affect to blush at the only word which can express this part of a man's dress1 and lisp small-clothes with as many airs as a would-be woman of fashion is accustomed to display4 ,that this folly is indebted for its birth to grossness of imagination in those who evince it1 will not admit of a doubt4 ,from the same source arises the ridiculous and too frequent use of a ,french word for a part of female dress2 as if the mere change of language could operate a change either in the thing expressed1 or in the idea annexed to the expression6 ,surely1 surely1 ,english women1 who are justly celebrated for good sense and decorous manners1 should rise superior to such pityful1 such paltry1 such low-minded affectation40 ,here ,i must observe that one of these redoubtable critics is thought to have a partiality for breeches of the ,dutch make4 ,it is said also that he likes to cut them out for himself1 and to have pockets of capacious size1 wide and deep2 and a large fob1 and a large allowance of lining4 ,the ,critic who so very much dislikes the word small-clothes1 and argues so vehemently in behalf of breeches1 uses no doubt that edition of the scriptures that is known by the name of the ,breeches ,bible4#a ,footnote #a3 ,the ,bible here alluded to was the ,genevan one1 by ,rowland ,hall1 ,a4,d4 #aefj4 ,it was for many years the most popular one in ,england1 and the notes were great favorites with the religious public1 insomuch so that they were attached to a copy of ,king ,james' ,translation as late as #agae4 ,from the peculiar rendering of ,genesis1 iii4 #g1 the ,editions of this translation have been commonly known by the name of 8,breeches ,bibles40--,see ,cotton's ,various ,editions of the ,bible1 p4 #ad1 and ,ames and ,herbert1 ,ed4 ,dibdin1 vol4 iv4 p4 #daj4 ,i ought to be grateful to the ,anti-,jacobin ,review4 ,it assists in teaching me my duty to my neighbour1 and enabling me to live in charity with all men4 ,for ,i might perhaps think that nothing could be so wrong-headed as ,leigh ,hunt1 so wrong-hearted as ,cobbett1 so foolish as one1 so blackguard as the other1 so impudently conceited as both1--if it were not for the ,anti-,jacobin4 ,i might believe that nothing could be so bad as the coarse1 bloody and brutal spirit of the vulgar ,jacobin1--if it were not for the ,anti-,jacobin4 ,blessings on the man for his love of pure ,english6 ,it is to be expected that he will make great progress in it1 through his familiarity with fishwomen and milk-maids2 for it implies no common degree of familiarity with those interesting classes to talk to them about breeches1 and discover that they prefer to call them small-clothes4 ,but wherefore did he not instruct us by which monosyllable he would express the female garment1 8which is indeed the sister to a shirt10--as an old poet says1 and which he hath left unnamed1--for there are two by which it is denominated4 ,such a discussion would be worthy both of his good sense1 and his decorous stile4 ,for my part1 instead of expelling the word chemise from use ,i would have it fairly naturalized4 ,many plans have been proposed for reducing our orthography to some regular system1 and improving our language in various ways4 ,mr4 ,elphinstone1 ,mr4 ,pinkerton1 and ,mr4 ,spence1 the founder of the ,spensean ,philanthropists1 have distinguished themselves in these useful and patriotic projects1 and ,mr4 ,pytches is at present in like manner laudably employed1--though that gentleman contents himself with reforming what these bolder spirits would revolutionize4 ,i also would fain contribute to so desirable an end4 ,we agree that in spelling words it is proper to discard all reference to their etymology4 ,the political reformer would confine the attention of the ,government exclusively to what are called truly ,british objects2 and the philological reformers in like manner are desirous of establishing a truly ,british language4 ,upon this principle1 ,i would anglicize the orthography of chemise2 and by improving upon the hint which the word would then offer in its ,english appearance1 we might introduce into our language a distinction of genders--in which it has hitherto been defective4 ,for example1 ,hemise and ,shemise4 ,here without the use of an article1 or any change of termination we have the needful distinction made more perspicuously than by and 1 hic and hc1 le and la1 or other articles serving for no other purpose4 ,again4 ,in letter-writing1 every person knows that male and female letters have a distinct sexual character1 they should therefore be generally distinguished thus1 ,hepistle and ,shepistle4 ,and as there is the same marked difference in the writing of the two sexes ,i would propose ,penmanship and ,penwomanship4 ,erroneous opinions in religion being promulgated in this country by women as well as men1 the teachers of such false doctrines may be divided into ,heresiarchs and ,sheresiarchs1 so that we should speak of the ,heresy of the ,quakers the ,sheresy of ,joanna ,southcote's people4 ,the troublesome affection of the diaphragm1 which every person has experienced1 is upon the same principle to be called according to the sex of the patient ,hecups or ,shecups1 which upon the principle of making our language truly ,british is better than the more classical form of ,hiccups and ,hccups4 ,in its objective use the word becomes ,hiscups or ,hercups1 and in like manner ,histerics should be altered into ,herterics1 the complaint never being masculine4 ,so also instead of making such words as agreeable1 comfortable1 c4 adjectives of one termination1 ,i would propose1 ,masculine agreabeau1 ,feminine agreabelle comfortabeau comfortabelle miserabeau miserabelle1 c4 c4 ,these things are suggested as hints to ,mr4 ,pytches1 to be by him perpended in his improvement of our ,dictionary4 ,i beg leave also to point out for his critical notice the remarkable difference in the meaning of the word misfortune1 as applied to man1 woman1 or child3 a peculiarity for which perhaps no parallel is to be found in any other language4 ,but to return from these philological speculations to the ,anti-,jacobin by whom we have been led to them1 how is it that this critic1 great master as he is of the vulgar tongue1 should affirm that breeches is the only word by which this part of a man's dress can be expressed4 ,had he forgotten that there was such a word as galligaskins8--to say nothing of inexpressibles and dont-mention 'ems4 ,why also did he forget pantaloons8--and thus the ,chapter like a rondeau comes round to ,st4 ,pantaleon with whom it began1 ,sancte ,pantaleon1 ora pro nobis6 8,here is another ,chapter without a heading10--the ,compositor would have said when he came to this part of the ,manuscript1 if he had not seen at a glance1 that in my great consideration ,i had said it for him4 ,yes1 ,mr4 ,compositor6 ,because of the matter whereon it has to treat1 we must1 if you please1 entitle this an ,,arch-,,chapter4 ,a ,frenchman once1 who was not ashamed of appearing ignorant on such a subject1 asked another who with some reputation for classical attainments had not the same rare virtue1 what was the difference between ,dryads and ,hamadryads2 and the man of erudition gravely replied that it was much the same as that between ,bishops and ,archbishops4 ,i have dignified this ,arch-,chapter in its designation1 because it relates to the ,king4 ,dr4 ,gooch1 you are hereby requested to order this book for his ,majesty's library1 ,c'est une rare pice1 et digne sur ma foi1 ,qu'on en fasse prsent au cabinet d'un roi4#a ,footnote #a3 ,,moliere4 ,dr4 ,gooch ,i have a great respect for you4 ,at the time when there was an intention of bringing a bill into ,parliament for emancipating the ,plague from the ,quarantine ,laws1 and allowing to the people of ,great ,britain their long withheld right of having this disease as freely as the small pox1 measles and any other infectious malady1 you wrote a paper and published it in the ,quarterly ,review1 against that insane intention2 proving its insanity so fully by matter of fact1 and so conclusively by force of reasoning1 that your arguments carried conviction with them1 and put an end1 for the time1 to that part of the emancipating and free trade system4 ,dr4 ,gooch1 you have also written a volume of medical treatises of which ,i cannot speak more highly than by saying1 sure ,i am that if the excellent subject of these my reminiscences were living1 he would1 for his admiration of those treatises have solicited the pleasure and honour of your acquaintance4 ,dr4 ,gooch1 comply with this humble request of a sincere1 though unknown admirer1 for the sake of your departed brother-in-physic1 who1 like yourself1 brought to the study of the healing art1 a fertile mind1 a searching intellect and a benevolent heart4 ,more1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,i might say1 and more ,i would say1 but-- ,should ,i say more1 you well might censure me 7,what yet ,i never was7 a flatterer4#b ,footnote #b3 ,,beaumont ,,and ,,fletcher4 ,when the ,king 7,god bless his ,majesty67 shall peruse this book and be well-pleased therewith1 if it should enter into his royal mind to call for his ,librarian1 and ask of him what honour and dignity hath been done to the author of it1 for having delighted the heart of the ,king1 and of so many of his liege subjects1 and you shall have replied unto his ,majesty1 8there is nothing done for him20 then ,dr4 ,gooch when the ,king shall take it into consideration how to testify his satisfaction with the book1 and to manifest his bounty toward the author1 you are requested to bear in mind my thoughts upon this weighty matter1 of which ,i shall now proceed to put you in possession4 ,should he generously think of conferring upon me the honour of knighthood1 or a baronetcy1 or a peerage1 7,lord ,doncaster the title17 or a step in the peerage1 according to my station in life1 of which you ,dr4 ,gooch can give him no information2 or should he meditate the institution of an ,order of ,merit for men of letters1 with an intention of nominating me among the original members1 worthy as such intentions would be of his royal goodness1 ,i should nevertheless1 for reasons which it is not necessary to explain1 deem it prudent to decline any of these honours4 ,far be it from me1 ,dr4 ,gooch1 to wish that the royal apparel should be brought which the ,king useth to wear1 and the horse that the ,king rideth upon1 and the crown royal which is set upon his head2 and that this apparel and horse should be delivered to the hand of one of the ,king's most noble princes1 that he might array me withal2 and bring me on horseback through the streets of ,london1 and proclaim before me1 thus shall it be done to the man whom the ,king delighteth to honour6 ,such an exhibition would neither accord with this age1 nor with the manners of this nation1 nor with my humility4 ,as little should ,i desire that his ,majesty should give orders for me to be clothed in purple1 to drink in gold and to sleep upon gold1 and to ride in a chariot with bridles of gold1 and to have an head-tire of fine linen1 and a chain about my neck1 and to eat next the ,king1 because of my wisdom1 and to be called the ,king's cousin4 ,for purple garments1 ,dr4 ,gooch are not among the propria qu maribus in ,england at this time2 it is better to drink in glass than in gold1 and to sleep upon a feather bed than upon a golden one2 the only head-tire which ,i wear is my night-cap1 ,i care not therefore for the fineness of its materials2 and ,i dislike for myself chains of any kind4 ,that his ,majesty should think of sending for me to sit next him because of my wisdom1 is what he in his wisdom will not do1 and what1 if he were to do1 would not be agreeable to me1 in mine4 ,but should the ,king desire to have me called his ,cousin1 accompanying that of course with such an appanage as would be seemly for its support1 and should he notify that most gracious intention to you his ,librarian1 and give order that it should be by you inserted in the ,gazette1--to the end that the secret which assuredly no sagacity can divine1 and no indiscretion will betray1 should incontinently thereupon be communicated through you to the royal ear2 and that in future editions of this work1 the name of the thus honoured author should appear with the illustrious designation1 in golden letters of1 8by special command of his ,majesty1 ,,cousin ,,to ,,the ,,king40 ,a gracious mandate of this nature1 ,dr4 ,gooch1 would require a severe sacrifice from my loyal and dutiful obedience4 ,not that the respectful deference which is due to the royal and noble house of ,gloucester should withhold me from accepting the proffered honour3 to that house it could be nothing derogatory2 the value of their consanguinity would rather be the more manifest1 when the designation alone1 unaccompanied with rank1 was thus rendered by special command purely and singularly honourable4 ,still less should ,i be influenced by any apprehension of being confounded in cousinship with ,olive1 calling herself ,princess of ,cumberland4 ,nevertheless let me say1 ,dr4 ,gooch1 while ,i am free to say it1--while ,i am treating of it paulo-post-futuratively1 as of a possible case1 not as a question brought before me for my prompt and irrevocable answer1--let me humbly say that ,i prefer the incognito even to this title4 ,it is not necessary1 and would not be proper to enter into my reasons for that preference2 suffice it that it is my humour 7speaking be it observed respectfully1 and using that word in its critical and finer sense71 that it is the idiosyncrasy of my disposition1 the familiar way in which it pleases me innocently to exercise my privilege of free will4 ,it is not a secret which every body knows1 which nobody could help knowing and which was the more notoriously known because of its presumed secresy4 ,incognito ,i am and wish to be1 and incognoscible it is in my power to remain3 ,he deserves small trust1 ,who is not privy councillor to himself1 but my secret1 7being my own7 is1 like my life 7if that were needed7 at the ,king's service1 and at his alone2 4#c ,footnote #c3 ,,sophocles4 ,be pleased therefore ,dr4 ,gooch1 if his ,majesty most graciously and most considerately should ask1 what may be done for the man 7--meaning me1--7 whom the ,king delighteth to honour2--be pleased1 good ,dr4 ,gooch1 to represent that the allowance which is usually granted to a retired ,envoy1 would content his wishes1 make his fortunes easy1 and gladden his heart2--7,dr4 ,gooch you will forgive the liberty thus taken with you67--that 8where the word of a ,king is1 there is power10--that an ostensible reason for granting it may easily be found1 a sealed communication from the unknown being made through your hands2--that many ,envoys have not deserved it better1 and many secret services which have been as largely rewarded have not afforded to the ,king so much satisfaction2--finally that this instance of royal bounty will not have the effect of directing public suspicion toward the object of that bounty1 nor be likely to be barked at by ,joseph ,hume1 ,colonel ,davies1 and ,daniel ,whittle ,harvey6 ,,chapter ,,clxxxviii4 ,,folly ,,in ,,print1 ,,referred ,,to1 ,,but 7,n4,b47 ,,not ,,exemplified4 ,,the ,,fair ,,maid ,,of ,,doncaster4 ,,doubts ,,concerning ,,the ,,authenticity ,,of ,,her ,,story4 ,,thevenard ,,and ,,love ,,on ,a ,,new ,,footing4 ,,stars ,,and ,,garters1 ,a ,,monitory ,,anecdote ,,for ,,our ,,sex1 ,,and ,a ,,wholesome ,,novelty ,,in ,,dress ,,recommended ,,to ,,both4 ,they be at hand1 ,sir1 with stick and fiddle1 ,they can play a new dance1 ,sir1 called hey1 diddle1 diddle4 ,,king ,,cambyses4 ,you have in the earlier chapters of this ,opus1 gentle ,reader1 heard much of the musical history of ,doncaster2 not indeed as it would have been related by that thoroughly good1 fine-ear'd1 kind-hearted1 open-handed1 happiest of musicians and men1 ,dr4 ,burney the first2 and yet ,i hope thou mayest have found something in this relation which has been to thy pleasure in reading1 and which1 if it should be little to thy profit in remembrance1 will be nothing to thy hurt4 ,from music to dancing is an easy transition1 but do not be afraid that ,i shall take thee to a ,ball1--for ,i would rather go to the ,treading ,mill myself4 ,what ,i have to say of ,doncaster dancing relates to times long before those to which my reminiscences belong4 ,in a collection of ,poems entitled 8,folly in ,print0--7which title might be sufficiently appropriate for many such collections7--or a ,book of ,rhymes1 printed in #affg1 there is a ,ballad called the ,northern ,lass1 or the ,fair ,maid of ,doncaster4 ,neither book or ballad has ever fallen in my way1 nor has that comedy of ,richard ,broome's1 which from its name ,oldys supposed to have been founded upon the same story4 ,i learn however in a recent and voluminous account of the ,english ,stage from the ,revolution 7by a gentleman profoundly learned in the most worthless of all literature1 and for whom that literature seems to have been quite good enough17 that ,broome's play has no connection with the ballad1 or with ,doncaster4 ,but the note in which ,oldys mentions it has made me acquainted with this ,fair ,maid's propensity for dancing1 and with the consequences that it brought upon her4 ,her name was ,betty ,maddox2 a modern ballad writer would call her ,elizabeth1 if he adopted the style of the ,elizabethan age2 or ,eliza if his taste inclined to the refinements of modern euphony4 ,when an hundred horsemen wooed her1 says ,oldys1 she conditioned that she would marry the one of them who could dance her down2 ,you shall decide your quarrel by a dance1#a but she wearied them all2 and they left her a maid for her pains4 ,legiadria suos fervabat tanta per artus1 ,ut qucunque potest fieri saltatio per nos ,humanos1 agili motu fiebat ab ill4#b ,footnote #a3 ,,dryden4 ,footnote #b3 ,,macaronica4 ,at that dancing match they must have footed it till1 as is said in an old ,comedy1 a good country lass's capermonger might have been able to copy the figure of the dance from the impressions on the pavement4 ,for my own part ,i do not believe it to be a true story2 they who please may4 ,was there one of the horsemen but would have said on such occasion1 with the dancing ,peruvians in one of ,davenant's operatic dramas1 ,still round and round and round1 ,let us compass the ground4 ,what man is he who feels ,any weight at his heels1 ,since our hearts are so light1 that1 all weigh'd together1 ,agree to a grain1 and they weigh not a feather4 ,i disbelieve it altogether1 and not for its want of verisimilitude alone1 but because when ,i was young there was no tradition of any such thing in the town where the venue of the action is laid2 and therefore ,i conjecture that it is altogether a fictitious story1 and may peradventure have been composed as a lesson for some young spinster whose indefatigable feet made her the terror of all partners4 ,the ,welsh have a saying that if a woman were as quick with her feet as her tongue1 she would catch lightning enough to kindle the fire in the morning2 it is a fanciful saying1 as many of the ,welsh sayings are4 ,but if ,miss ,maddox had been as quick with her tongue as her feet1 instead of dancing an hundred horsemen down1 she might have talked their hundred horses to death4 ,why it was a greater feat than that of ,kempe the actor1 who in the age of odd performance danced from ,london to ,norwich4 ,he was nine days in dancing the journey and published an account of it under the title of his 8,nine ,day's ,wonder40#c ,it could have been no 8light fantastic toe0 that went through such work2 but one fit for the roughest game at football4 ,at sight of the aweful foot to which it belonged1 ,cupid would have fled with as much reason as the ,dragon of ,wantley had for turning tail when ,moor of ,moor ,hall with his spiked shoe-armour pursued him4 ,he would have fled before marriage1 for fear of being kicked out of the house after it4 ,they must have been feet that instead of gliding and swimming1 and treading the grass so trim1 went as the old ,comedy says lumperdee1 clumperdee4#d ,footnote #c3 ,webster's ,westward ,ho4 ,act4 v4 ,sc4 i4--,anno #afjj4 ,footnote #d3 ,,ralph ,,roister ,,doister4 ,the ,northern ,lass was in this respect no ,cinderella4 ,nor would any one1 short of an ,irish ,giant have fallen in love with her slipper1 as ,thevenard the singer did with that which he saw by accident at a shoe-maker's1 and enquiring for what enchanting person it was made1 and judging of this earthly ,venus as the proportions of ,hercules have been estimated ex pede1 sought her out1 for love of her foot1 commenced his addresses to her1 and obtained her hand in marriage4 ,the story of ,thevenard is true1 at least it has been related and received as such2 this of the ,fair ,maid of ,doncaster is not even ben trovato4 ,who indeed shall persuade me1 or who indeed will be persuaded1 that if she had wished to drop the title of spinster and take her matrimonial degree1 she would not have found some good excuse for putting an end to the dance when she had found a partner to her liking8 ,a little of that wit which seldom fails a woman when it is needed1 would have taught her how to do this with a grace1 and make it appear that she was still an invincible dancer1 though the ,stars had decreed that in this instance she should lose the honour of the dance4 ,some accident might have been feigned like those by which the ancient epic poets1 and their imitators contrive in their ,games to disappoint those who are on the point of gaining the prize which is contended for4 ,if the ,stars had favoured her1 they might have predestined her to meet with such an accident as befel a young lady in the age of minuets4 ,she was led out in a large assembly by her partner1 the object of all eyes2 and when the music began and the dance should have began also1 and he was in motion1 she found herself unable to move from the spot1 she remained motionless for a few seconds1 her colour changed from rose to ruby1 presently she seemed about to faint1 fell into the arms of those who ran to support her1 and was carried out of the room4 ,the fit may have been real1 for though nothing ailed her1 yet what had happened was enough to make any young woman faint in such a place4 ,it was something far more embarrassing than the mishap against which ,soame ,jenyns cautions the ladies when he says1 ,no waving lappets should the dancing fair1 ,nor ruffles edged with dangling fringes wear2 ,oft will the cobweb ornaments catch hold ,on the approaching button1 rough with gold2 ,nor force nor art can then the bonds divide ,when once the entangled ,gordian knot is tied4 ,so the unhappy pair1 by ,hymen's power ,together joined in some ill-fated hour1 ,the more they strive their freedom to regain1 ,the faster binds the indissoluble chain4 ,it was worse than this in the position in which she had placed herself according to rule1 for beginning the minuet1 she was fastened not by a spell1 not by the influence of her malignant ,stars1 but by the hooks and eyes of her garters4 ,the ,countess of ,salisbury's misfortune was as much less embarrassing as it was more celebrated4 ,no such misfortunes could have happened to that ,countess who has been rendered illustrious thereby1 nor to the once fair danceress1 who would have dreaded nothing more than that her ridiculous distress should become publicly known1 if they had worn genouillres1 that is to say1 knee-pieces4 ,a necessary part of a suit of armour was distinguished by this name in the days of chivalry2 and the article of dress which corresponds to it may be called kneelets1 if for a new article we strike a new word in that mint of analogy1 from which whatever is lawfully coined comes forth as the ,king's ,english4 ,dress and cookery are both great means of civilization1 indeed they are among the greatest2 both in their abuse are made subservient to luxury and extravagance1 and so become productive of great evils1 moral and physical2 and with regard to both the physician may sometimes interfere with effect1 when the moralist would fail4 ,in diet the physician has more frequently to oppose the inclinations of his patient1 than to gratify them2 and it is not often that his advice in matters of dress meets with willing ears1 although in these things the maxim will generally hold good1 that whatever is wholesome is comfortable1 and that whatever causes discomfort or uneasiness is more or less injurious to health4 ,but he may recommend kneelets without having any objection raised on the score of fashion1 or of vanity2 and old and young may be thankful for the recommendation4 ,mr4 ,ready-to-halt would have found that they supported his weak joints and rendered him less liable to rheumatic attacks2 and his daughter ,much-afraid1 if she had worn them when she 8footed it handsomely10 might have danced without any fear of such accidents as happened to the ,countess of old1 or the heroine of the minuet in later times4 ,begin therefore forthwith1 dear ,lady-readers1 to knit genouillres for yourselves1 and for those whom you love4 ,you will like them better ,i know by their ,french name1 though ,english comes best from ,english lips2 but so you knit and wear them1 call them what you will4 ,,chapter ,,clxxxix4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,opinion ,,of ,,late ,,hours4 ,,dancing4 ,,fanatical ,,objection ,,of ,,the ,,albigenses2 ,,injurious ,,effect ,,of ,,that ,,opinion ,,when ,,transmitted ,,to ,,the ,,french ,,protestants4 ,,sir ,,john ,,davies ,,and ,,burton ,,quoted ,,to ,,show ,,that ,,it ,,can ,,be ,,no ,,disparagement ,,to ,,say ,,that ,,all ,,the ,,world',s ,a ,,stage1 ,,when ,,all ,,the ,,sky',s ,a ,,ball-,,room4 ,i could be pleased with any one ,who entertained my sight with such gay shows1 ,as men and women moving here and there1 ,that coursing one another in their steps ,have made their feet a tune4 ,,dryden4 ,the ,doctor was no dancer4 ,he had no inclination for this pastime even in what the song calls 8our dancing days10 partly because his activity lay more in his head than in his heels1 and partly perhaps from an apprehension of awkwardness1 the consequence of his rustic breeding4 ,in middle and later life he had strong professional objections1 not to the act of dancing1 but to the crowded and heated rooms wherein it was carried on1 and to the late hours to which it was continued4 ,in such rooms and at such assemblies1 the ,devil1 as an old dramatist says1 8takes delight to hang at a woman's girdle1 like a rusty watch1 that she cannot discern how the time passes40#a ,bishop ,hall in our friend's opinion spake wisely when drawing an ideal picture of the ,christian1 he said of him1 8in a due season he betakes himself to his rest4 ,he presumes not to alter the ordinance of day and night2 nor dares confound1 where distinctions are made by his ,maker40 ,footnote #a3 ,,webster4 ,concerning late hours indeed he was much of the same opinion as the man in the old play who thought that 8if any thing was to be damned1 it would be ,twelve o'clock at night40 ,these should be hours for necessities1 ,not for delights2 times to repair our nature ,with comforting repose1 and not for us ,to waste these times4#b ,he used to say that whenever he heard of a ball carried on far into the night1 or more properly speaking1 far into the morning1 it reminded him with too much reason of the ,dance of ,death4 ,rise with the lark1 and with the lark to bed3 ,the breath of night's destructive to the hue ,of ev'ry flow'r that blows4 ,go to the field1 ,and ask the humble daisy why it sleeps ,soon as the sun departs8 ,why close the eyes ,of blossoms infinite1 long ere the moon ,her oriental veil puts off8 ,think why1 ,nor let the sweetest blossom ,nature boasts ,be thus exposed to night's unkindly damp4 ,well may it droop1 and all its freshness lose1 ,compell'd to taste the rank and pois'nous steam ,of midnight theatre1 and morning ball4 ,give to repose the solemn hour she claims ,and from the forehead of the morning steal ,the sweet occasion4 ,o there is a charm ,which morning has1 that gives the brow of age ,a smack of earth1 and makes the lip of youth ,shed perfume exquisite4 ,expect it not1 ,ye who till noon upon a down-bed lie1 ,indulging feverous sleep4#c ,footnote #b3 ,,shakespeare4 ,footnote #c3 ,,hurdis' ,,village ,,curate4 ,the reader need not be told that his objections were not puritanical1 but physical4 ,the moralist who cautioned his friend to refrain from dancing1 because it was owing to a dance that ,john the ,baptist lost his head1 talked1 he said1 like a fool4 ,nor would he have formed a much more favourable opinion of the ,missionary in ,south ,africa1 who told the ,hottentots that dancing is a work of darkness1 and that a fiddle is ,satan's own instrument4 ,at such an assertion he would have exclaimed a fiddlestick6#d--,why and how that word has become an interjection of contempt1 ,i must leave those to explain who can4 ,the ,albigenses and the ,vaudois are said to have believed that a dance is the ,devil's procession1 in which they who dance break the promise and vow which their sponsors made for them at their baptism that they should renounce the ,devil and all his works1 the pomps and vanities of this wicked world1--7not to proceed further17--this being one of his works1 and undeniably one of the aforesaid vanities and pomps4 ,they break moreover all the ten commandments1 according to these fanatics2 for fanatics they must be deemed who said this2 and the manner in which they attempted to prove the assertion by exemplifying it through the decalogue1 shows that the fermentation of their minds was in the acetous stage4 ,footnote #d3 ,the explanation following is given in ,grose's ,classical ,dictionary of the ,vulgar ,tongue4 ,,fiddlestick',s ,,end4 ,nothing3 the ends of the ancient fiddlesticks ending in a point3 hence metaphorically used to express a thing terminating in nothing4 ,unfortunately for ,france1 this opinion descended to the ,huguenots2 and the progress of the ,reformation in that country was not so much promoted by ,marot's psalms1 as it was obstructed by this prejudice1 a prejudice directly opposed to the temperament and habits of a mercurial people4 8,dancing10 says ,peter ,heylyn1 8is a sport to which they are so generally affected1 that were it not so much enveighed against by their straight-laced ,ministers1 it is thought that many more of the ,french ,catholicks had been of the ,reformed ,religion4 ,for so extremely are they bent upon this disport1 that neither ,age nor ,sickness1 no nor poverty itself1 can make them keep their heels still1 when they hear the ,music4 ,such as can hardly walk abroad without their ,crutches1 or go as if they were troubled all day with a ,sciatica1 and perchance have their rags hang so loose about them1 that one would think a swift ,galliard might shake them into their nakedness1 will to the ,dancing ,green howsoever1 and be there as eager at the sport1 as if they had left their several infirmities and wants behind them4 ,what makes their ,ministers 7and indeed all that follow the ,genevian ,discipline7 enveigh so bitterly against ,dancing1 and punish it with such severity when they find it used8 ,i am not able to determine1 nor doth it any way belong unto this discourse4 ,but being it is a ,recreation which this people are so given unto1 and such a one as cannot be followed but in a great deal of company1 and before many witnesses and spectators of their carriage in it2 ,i must needs think the ,ministers of the ,french ,church more nice than wise1 if they choose rather to deter men from their ,congregations1 by so strict a ,stoicism1 than indulge any thing unto the jollity and natural gaiety of this people1 in matters not offensive1 but by accident only40#e ,sweet recreation barr'd1 what doth ensue1 ,but moody and dull melancholy1 ,kinsman to grim and comfortless despair2 ,and at their heels1 a huge infectious troop ,of pale distemperatures and foes to life4#f ,footnote #e3 ,the ,rector of a ,parish once complained to ,fenelon of the practice of the villagers in dancing on ,sunday evenings4 8,my good friend10 replied the prelate1 8you and ,i should not dance1 but allowance must be made to the poor people1 who have only one day in the week to forget their misfortunes40 ,footnote #f3 ,,shakespeare4 ,it is a good natured ,roman ,catholic who says1 8that the obliging vices of some people are better than the sour and austere virtues of others40 ,the fallacy is more in his language than in his morality2 for virtue is never sour1 and in proportion as it is austere we may be sure that it is adulterated4 ,before a certain monk of ,st4 ,gal1 ,iso by name1 was born1 his mother dreamt that she was delivered of a hedge-hog2 her dream was fulfilled in the character which he lived to obtain of being bristled with virtues like one4 ,methinks no one would like to come in contact with a person of this description4 ,yet among the qualities which pass with a part of the world for virtues1 there are some of a soft and greasy kind1 from which ,i should shrink with the same instinctive dislike4 ,i remember to have met somewhere with this eulogium past upon one dissenting minister by another1 that he was a lump of piety6 ,i prefer the hedge-hog4 ,a dance1 according to that teacher of the ,albigenses whose diatribe has been preserved1 is the service of the ,devil1 and the fiddler1 whom ,ben ,jonson calls ,tom ,ticklefoot1 is the ,devil's minister4 ,if he had known what ,plato had said he would have referred to it in confirmation of this opinion1 for ,plato says that the ,gods compassionating the laborious life to which mankind were doomed1 sent ,apollo1 ,bacchus and the ,muses to teach them to sing1 to drink1 and to dance4 ,and the old ,puritan would to his own entire satisfaction have identified ,apollo with ,apollyon4 8,but shall we make the welkin dance indeed80#g ,footnote #g3 ,,shakspeare4 ,sir ,john ,davies1 who holds an honourable and permanent station among ,english statesmen and poets deduces ,dancing1 in a youthful poem of extraordinary merit1 from the ,creation1 saying that it then began to be ,when the first seeds whereof the world did spring1 ,the fire1 air1 earth1 and water did agree1 ,by ,love's persuasion1 ,nature's mighty king1 ,to leave their first disordered combating2 ,and in a dance such measure to observe1 ,as all the world their motion should preserve4 ,he says that it with the world in point of time begun2 ,yea ,time itself1 7whose birth ,jove never knew1 ,and which indeed is elder than the ,sun7 ,had not one moment of his age outrun1 ,when out leapt ,dancing from the heap of things ,and lightly rode upon his nimble wings4 ,for that brave ,sun1 the father of the day1 ,doth love this ,earth1 the mother of the ,night1 ,and like a reveller in rich array1 ,doth dance his galliard in his leman's sight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,who doth not see the measures of the ,moon1 ,which thirteen times she danceth every year8 ,and ends her pavin thirteen times as soon ,as doth her brother1 of whose golden hair ,she borroweth part1 and proudly doth it wear2 ,then doth she coyly turn her face aside1 ,that half her cheek is scarce sometimes descried4 ,and lo the ,sea that fleets about the land ,and like a girdle clips her solid waist1 ,music and measure both doth understand4 ,for his great crystal eye is always cast ,up to the ,moon1 and on her fixed fast2 ,and as she danceth in her pallid sphere1 ,so danceth he about the centre here4 ,this is lofty poetry1 and one cannot but regret that the poet should have put it in the mouth of so unworthy a person as one of ,penelope's suitors1 though the best of them has been chosen4 ,the moral application which he makes to matrimony conveys a wholesome lesson3 ,if they whom sacred love hath link'd in one1 ,do1 as they dance1 in all their course of life2 ,never shall burning grief1 nor bitter moan1 ,nor factious difference1 nor unkind strife1 ,arise betwixt the husband and the wife2 ,for whether forth1 or back1 or round he go1 ,as the man doth1 so must the woman do4 ,what if1 by often interchange of place ,sometimes the woman gets the upper hand8 ,that is but done for more delightful grace2 ,for on that part she doth not ever stand2 ,but as the measure's law doth her command1 ,she wheels about1 and ere the dance doth end1 ,into her former place she doth transcend4#h ,footnote #h3 ,it is remarkable that ,sir ,john ,davies should have written this ,poem1 which he entitled the ,orchestra1 and that very remarkable and beautiful one on the ,immortality of the ,soul4 ,this poem of ,sir ,john ,davies's could not have been unknown to ,burton1 for ,burton read every thing2 but it must have escaped his memory1 otherwise he who delighted in quotations and quoted so well1 would have introduced some of his stanzas1 when he himself was treating of the same subject and illustrated it with some of the same similitudes4 8,the ,sun and ,moon1 some say10 7says he7 8dance about the earth2 the three upper planets about the ,sun as their centre1 now stationary1 now direct1 now retrograde1 now in apogo1 then in perigo1 now swift1 then slow2 occidental1 oriental1 they turn round1 jump and trace symbol for venus and symbol for mercury about the ,sun1 with those thirty-three ,macul or ,burbonian planets1 circa ,solem saltantes cytharedum1 saith ,fromundus4 ,four ,medicean stars dance about ,jupiter1 two ,austrian about ,saturn1 c4 and all belike to the music of the spheres40 ,sir ,thomas ,browne had probably this passage in his mind1 when he said 8acquaint thyself with the choragium of the stars40 8,the whole matter of the ,universe and all the parts thereof10 says ,henry ,more1 8are ever upon motion1 and in such a dance as whose traces backwards and forwards take a vast compass2 and what seems to have made the longest stand1 must again move1 according to the modulations and accents of that ,music1 that is indeed out of the hearing of the acutest ears1 but yet perceptible by the purest minds1 and the sharpest wits4 ,the truth whereof none would dare to oppose1 if the breath of the gainsayer could but tell its own story1 and declare through how many ,stars and ,vortices it has been strained1 before the particles thereof met1 to be abused to the framing of so rash a contradiction40 ,,chapter ,,cxc4 ,,dancing ,,proscribed ,,by ,,the ,,methodists4 ,,adam ,,clarke4 ,,burchell',s ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,universality ,,of ,,this ,,practice4 ,,how ,,it ,,is ,,regarded ,,in ,,the ,,columbian ,,philosophy4 ,non vi par adunque che habbiamo ragionato a bastanza di questo8 ,a bastanza parmi1 rispose il ,signor ,gasparo2 pur desidero io d'intendere qualche particolarit anchor4 ,,il ,,cortegiano4 ,the ,methodist ,preachers in the first ,conference 7that is ,convocation or ,yearly ,meeting7 after ,mr4 ,wesley's death1 past a law for the public over which their authority extends1 or in their own language made a rule1 that 8schoolmasters and schoolmistresses who received dancing-masters into their schools1 and parents also who employed dancing-masters for their children1 should be no longer members of the ,methodist ,society40 ,many arguments were urged against this rule1 and therefore it was defended in the ,magazine which is the authorized organ of the ,conference1 by the most learned and the most judicious of their members1 ,adam ,clarke4 ,there was however a sad want of judgement in some of the arguments which he employed4 ,he quoted the injunction of ,st4 ,paul1 8whatsoever ye do in word or deed1 do all in the name of the ,lord ,jesus1 giving thanks to ,god and the ,father by him10 and he applied the text thus4 ,can any person1 can any ,christian dance in the name of the ,lord ,jesus8 ,or1 through him1 give thanks to ,god the ,father for such an employment8 ,another text also appeared to him decisive against dancing and its inseparable concomitants2 8woe unto them who chaunt unto the sound of the viol1 and invent unto themselves instruments of music1 as did ,david40 ,the original word which we translate chaunt1 signifies according to him1 to quaver1 to divide1 to articulate1 and may1 he says1 as well be applied to the management of the feet1 as to the modulations of the voice4 ,this interpretation is supported by the ,septuagint1 and by the ,arabic version2 but suppose it be disputed1 he says1 8yet this much will not be denied1 that the text is pointedly enough against that without which dancing cannot well be carried on1 ,i mean1 instrumental music40 ,he might have read in ,burton that 8nothing was so familiar in ,france as for citizens wives1 and maids to dance a round in the streets1 and often too for want of better instruments to make good music of their own voices and dance after it40 ,ben ,jonson says truly 8that measure is the soul of a dance1 and ,tune the tickle-foot thereof10 but in case of need1 the mouth can supply its own music4 ,it is true the ,scripture says 8there is a time to dance20 but this he explains as simply meaning 8that human life is a variegated scene40 ,simple readers must they be who can simply understand it thus1 to the exclusion of the literal sense4 ,adam ,clarke has not remembered here that the ,psalms enjoin us to praise the ,lord with tabret and harp and lute1 the strings and the pipe1 and the trumpet and the loud cymbals1 and to praise his name in the dance1 and that ,david danced before the ,ark4 ,and though he might argue that ,jewish observances are no longer binding1 and that some things which were permitted under the ,jewish dispensation are no longer lawful1 he certainly would not have maintained that any thing which was enjoined among its religious solemnities1 can now in itself be sinful4 ,i grant1 he says1 8that a number of motions and steps1 circumscribed by a certain given space1 and changed in certain quantities of time1 may be destitute of physical and moral evil4 ,but it is not against these things abstractedly that ,i speak4 ,it is against their concomitant and consequent circumstances2 the undue1 the improper mixture of the sexes2 the occasions and opportunities afforded of bringing forth those fruits of death which destroy their own souls1 and bring the hoary heads of their too indulgent parents with sorrow to the grave40 ,so good a man as ,adam ,clarke is not to be suspected of acting like an ,advocate here1 and adducing arguments which he knew to be fallacious1 in support of a cause not tenable by fair reasoning4 ,and how so wise a man could have reasoned so weakly1 is explained by a passage in his most interesting and most valuable autobiography4 8,mal ave1 when about twelve or thirteen years of age1 ,i learned to dance4 ,i long resisted all solicitations to this employment1 but at last ,i suffered myself to be overcome2 and learnt1 and profited beyond most of my fellows4 ,i grew passionately fond of it1 would scarcely walk but in measured time1 and was continually tripping1 moving and shuffling1 in all times and places4 ,i began now to value myself1 which1 as far as ,i can recollect1 ,i had never thought of before2 ,i grew impatient of control1 was fond of company1 wished to mingle more than ,i had ever done with young people2 ,i got also a passion for better clothing1 than that which fell to my lot in life1 was discontented when ,i found a neighbour's son dressed better than myself4 ,i lost the spirit of subordination1 and did not love work1 imbibed a spirit of idleness1 and in short1 drunk in all the brain-sickening effluvia of pleasure2 dancing and company took the place of reading and study2 and the authority of my parents was feared indeed1 but not respected2 and few serious impressions could prevail in a mind imbued now with frivolity1 and the love of pleasure2 yet ,i entered into no disreputable assembly1 and in no one case1 ever kept any improper company2 ,i formed no illegal connection1 nor associated with any whose characters were either tarnished or suspicious4 ,nevertheless dancing was to me a perverting influence1 an unmixed moral evil2 for although by the mercy of ,god1 it led me not to depravity of manners1 it greatly weakened the moral principle1 drowned the voice of a well instructed conscience1 and was the first cause of impelling me to seek my happiness in this life4 ,every thing yielded to the disposition it had produced1 and every thing was absorbed by it4 ,i have it justly in abhorrence for the moral injury it did me2 and ,i can testify1 7as far as my own observations have extended1 and they have had a pretty wide range17 ,i have known it to produce the same evil in others that it produced in me4 ,i consider it therefore as a branch of that worldly education1 which leads from heaven to earth1 from things spiritual to things sensual1 and from ,god to ,satan4 ,let them plead for it who will2 ,i know it to be evil1 and that only4 ,they who bring up their children in this way1 or send them to these schools where dancing is taught1 are consecrating them to the service of ,moloch1 and cultivating the passions1 so as to cause them to bring forth the weeds of a fallen nature1 with an additional rankness1 deep rooted inveteracy1 and inexhaustible fertility4 ,nemo sobrius saltat1 #8no man in his senses will dance1' said ,cicero1 a heathen2 shame on those ,christians who advocate a cause by which many sons have become profligate1 and many daughters have been ruined40 ,such was the experience of ,adam ,clarke in dancing1 and such was his opinion of the practice4#a ,footnote #a3 ,it is old ,fuller's observation1 that 8people over strait-laced in one part will hardly fail to grow awry in another40 ,over against the observations of ,adam ,clarke may be set the following1 from the life of that excellent man--,sir ,william ,jones4 8,nor was he so indifferent to slighter accomplishments as not to avail himself of the instructions of a celebrated dancing master at ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,he had before taken lessons from ,gallini in that trifling art40--,carey's ,lives of ,english ,poets4 ,sir ,william ,jones1 p4 #cei4 ,an opinion not less unfavourable is expressed in homely old verse by the translator of the ,ship of ,fools1 ,alexander ,barclay4 ,than it in the earth no game is more damnable2 ,it seemeth no peace1 but battle openly1 ,they that it use of minds seem unstable1 ,as mad folk running with clamour1 shout and cry ,what place is void of this furious folly8 ,none2 so that ,i doubt within a while ,these fools the holy ,church shall defile4 ,of people what sort or order may we find1 ,rich or poor1 high or low of name ,but by their foolishness and wanton mind1 ,of each sort some are given unto the same4 ,the priests and clerks to dance have no shame4 ,the friar or monk1 in his frock and cowl1 ,must dance in his dortour1 leaping to play the fool4 ,to it comes children1 maids1 and wives1 ,and flattering young men to see to have their prey2 ,the hand-in-hand great falsehood oft contrives4 ,the old quean also this madness will assay2 ,and the old dotard1 though he scantly may ,for age and lameness stir either foot or hand1 ,yet playeth he the fool1 with others in the band4 ,then leap they about as folk past their mind1 ,with madness amazed running in compace2 ,he most is commended that can most lewdness find1 ,or can most quickly run about the place1 ,there are all manners used that lack grace1 ,moving their bodies in signs full of shame1 ,which doth their hearts to sin right sore inflame4 ,do away your dances1 ye people much unwise6 ,desist your foolish pleasure of travayle6 ,it is methinks an unwise use and guise ,to take such labour and pain without avayle4 ,and who that suspecteth his maid or wives tayle1 ,let him not suffer them in the dance to be2 ,for in that game though size or cinque them fayle ,the dice oft runneth upon the chance of three4 ,the principle upon which such reasoning rests is one against which the ,doctor expressed a strong opinion1 whenever he heard it introduced4 ,nothing1 he thought1 could be more unreasonable than that the use of what is no ways hurtful or unlawful in itself1 should be prohibited because it was liable to abuse4 ,if that principle be once admitted1 where is it to stop8 ,there was a ,persian tyrant1 who having committed some horrible atrocity in one of his fits of drunkenness1 ordered all the wine in his dominions to be spilt as soon as he became sober1 and was conscious of what he had done2 and in this he acted rightly1 under a sense of duty as well as remorse1 for it was enjoining obedience to a law of his religion1 and enforcing it in a manner the most effectual4 ,but a ,christian government which because drunkenness is a common sin shall prohibit all spirituous liquors1 would by so doing subject the far greater and better part of the community to an unjust and hurtful privation1 thus punishing the sober1 the inoffensive and the industrious1 for the sake of the idle1 the worthless and the profligate4 ,jones of ,nayland regarded these things with no puritanical feeling4 8,in joy1 and thanksgiving10 says that good and true minister of the ,church of ,england1 8the tongue is not content with speaking1 it must evoke and utter a song1 while the feet are also disposed to dance to the measures of music1 as was the custom in sacred celebrities of old among the people of ,god1 before the ,world and its vanities had engrossed to themselves all the expressions of mirth and festivity4 ,they have now left nothing of that kind to religion2 which must sit by in gloomy solemnity1 and see the ,world with the ,flesh and the ,devil assume to themselves the sole power of distributing social happiness40 8,dancing10 says ,mr4 ,burchell1 8appears to have been in all ages of the world1 and perhaps in all nations1 a custom so natural1 so pleasing1 and even useful1 that we may readily conclude it will continue to exist as long as mankind shall continue to people the earth4 ,we see it practised as much by the savage as by the civilized1 as much by the lowest1 as by the highest classes of society2 and as it is a recreation purely corporeal1 and perfectly independent of mental qualification1 or refinement1 all are equally fitted for enjoying it3 it is this probably which has occasioned it to become universal4 ,all attempts therefore at rendering any exertion of the mind necessary to its performance1 are an unnatural distortion of its proper and original features4 ,grace and ease of motion are the extent of its perfection2 because these are the natural perfections of the human body4 ,every circumstance and object by which man is surrounded may be viewed in a philosophical light2 and thus viewed1 dancing appears to be a recreative mode of exercising the body and keeping it in health1 the means of shaking off spleen1 and of expanding one of the best characters of the heart1--the social feeling4 ,when it does not affect this1 the fault is not in the dance1 but in the dancer2 a perverse mind makes all things like itself4 ,dancing and music1 which appears to be of equal antiquity1 and equally general among mankind1 are connected together only by a community of purpose3 what one is for the body1 the other is for the mind40 ,the ,doctor had come to a conclusion not unlike this traveller's concerning dancing1--he believed it to be a manifestation of that instinct by which the young are excited to wholesome exercise1 and by which in riper years harmless employment is afforded for superfluous strength and restless activity4 ,the delight which girls as well as boys take in riotous sports were proof enough1 he said1 that ,nature had not given so universal an inclination without some wise purpose4 ,an infant of six months will ply its arms and legs in the cradle1 with all its might and main1 for joy1--this being the mode of dancing at that stage of life4 ,nay1 he said1 he could produce grave authorities on which casuists would pronounce that a probable belief might be sustained1 to prove that it is an innate propensity and of all propensities the one which has been developed in the earliest part of mortal existence2 for it is recorded of certain ,saints1 that on certain holidays1 dedicated either to the mystery1 or to the heavenly patron under whose particular patronage they were placed1 they danced before they were born1 a sure token or presage of their future holiness and canonization1 and a not less certain proof that the love of dancing is an innate principle4 ,lovest thou ,music8 ,oh1 'tis sweet6 ,what's dancing8 ,e'en the mirth of feet4#b ,footnote #b3 ,from a ,masque quoted by ,d',,israeli4 ,,chapter ,,cxci4 ,a ,,serious ,,word ,,in ,,sad ,,apology ,,for ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,many ,,foolish ,,ways ,,in ,,which ,,time ,,is ,,mis-,,spent4 ,time as he passes us1 has a dove's wing1 ,unsoil'd1 and swift1 and of a silken sound2 ,but the ,world's ,time1 is ,time in masquerade6 ,their's1 should ,i paint him1 has his pinions fledged1 ,with motley plumes2 and where the peacock shews ,his azure eyes1 is tinctured black and red ,with spots quadrangular of diamond form1 ,ensanguined hearts1 clubs typical of strife1 ,and spades1 the emblem of untimely graves4 ,,cowper4 ,hunting1 gaming and dancing are three propensities to which men are inclined equally in the savage and in the civilized1--in all stages of society from the rudest to the most refined1 and in all its grades2 the ,doctor used to say they might be called semi-intellectual4 ,the uses of hunting are obvious wherever there are wild animals which may be killed for food1 or beasts of prey which for our own security it is expedient to destroy4 ,indeed because hunting1 hawking and fishing 7all which according to ,gwillim and ,plato are comprised in the term ,venation7 tend to the providing of sustenance for man1 ,farnesius doth therefore account them all a species of agriculture4 ,the great heraldic author approves of this comprehensive classification4 ,but because the more heroic hunting in which danger is incurred from the strength and ferocity of the animals pursued1 hath a resemblance of military practice1 he delivers his opinion that 8this noble kind of venation is privileged from the title of an ,illiberal ,art1 being a princely and generous exercise2 and those only1 who use it for a trade of life1 to make sure thereof1 are to be marshalled in the rank of mechanics and illiberal artizans40 ,the ,doctor admired the refinement of these authors1 but he thought that neither lawful sporting1 nor poaching could conveniently be denominated agricultural pursuits4 ,he found it not so easy to connect the love of gaming with any beneficial effect2 some kind of mental emotion however1 he argued1 was required for rendering life bearable by creatures with whom sleep is not so compleatly an act of volition1 that like dogs they can lie down and fall asleep when they like4 ,for those persons therefore who are disposed either by education1 capacity1 or inclination to make any worthier exertion of their intellectual faculties1 gaming1 though infinitely dangerous as a passion1 may be useful as a pastime4 ,it has indeed a strong tendency to assume a dangerous type1 and to induce as furious an excitement as drunkenness in its most ferocious form1 but among the great card-playing public of all nations1 long experience has produced an effect in mitigating it analogous to what the practice of inoculation has effected upon the small-pox4 ,vaccination would have afforded our philosopher a better illustration if it had been brought into notice during his life4 ,pope has assigned to those women who neither toil or spin1 8an old age of cards10 after 8a youth of pleasure40 ,this perhaps is not now so generally the course of female life1 in a certain class and under certain circumstances1 as it was in his days and in the ,doctor's4 ,the ,doctor1 certainly was of opinion that if the senescent spinsters and dowagers within the circle of his little world1 had not their cards as duly as their food1 many of them would have taken to something worse in their stead4 ,they would have sought for the excitement which they now found at the whist or quadrille table1 from the bottle1 or at the ,methodist ,meeting4 ,in some way or other1 spiritual or spirituous they must have had it2#a and the more scandalous of these ways was not always that which would occasion the greatest domestic discomfort1 or lead to the most injurious consequences4 ,others would have applied to him for relief from maladies which by whatever names they might be called1 were neither more nor less than the effect of that tdium vit which besets those who having no necessary employment have not devised any for themselves4 ,and when he regarded the question in this light he almost doubted whether the invention of cards had not been more beneficial than injurious to mankind4 ,footnote #a3 ,it happened during one of the lamented ,southey's visits here at the ,vicarage1 ,west-,tarring1 that a cargo of spirits was run close by4 ,his remark was--8,better spirituous smuggling than spiritual pride40 ,it was not with an unkind or uncharitable feeling1 still less with a contemptuous one that ,anne ,seward mentioning the death of a lady 8long invalid and far advanced in life10 described her as 8a civil social being1 whose care was never to offend2 who had the spirit of a gentlewoman in never doing a mean thing1 whose mite was never withheld from the poor2 and whose inferiority of understanding and knowledge found sanctuary at the card-table1 that universal leveller of intellectual distinctions40 ,let not such persons be despised in the pride of intellect6 ,let them not be condemned in the pride of self righteousness6 8,our law10 says the ,puritan ,matthew ,mead1 8supposes all to be of some calling1 not only men but women1 and the young ladies too2 and therefore it calls them during their virgin state spinsters4 ,but alas1 the viciousness and degeneracy of this age hath forfeited the title4 ,many can card1 but few can spin2 and therefore you may write them carders1 dancers1 painters1 ranters1 spenders1 rather than spinsters4 ,industry is worn out by pride and delicacy2 the comb and the looking-glass possess the place and the hours of the spindle and the distaff2 and their great business is to curl the locks1 instead of twisting wool and flax4 ,so that both male and females are prepared for all ill impressions by the mischief of an idle education40 8,there is something strange in it10 says ,sterne1 8that life should appear so short in the gross1 and yet so long in the detail4 ,misery may make it so1 you'll say2--but we will exclude it1--and still you'll find1 though we all complain of the shortness of life what numbers there are who seem quite overstocked with the days and hours of it1 and are constantly sending out into the highways and streets of the city1 to compel guests to come in1 and take it off their hands3 to do this with ingenuity and forecast1 is not one of the least arts and business of life itself2 and they who cannot succeed in it1 carry as many marks of distress about them1 as bankruptcy itself could wear4 ,be as careless as we may1 we shall not always have the power1--nor shall we always be in a temper to let the account run thus4 ,when the blood is cooled1 and the spirits which have hurried us on through half our days before we have numbered one of them1 are beginning to retire2--then wisdom will press a moment to be heard1--afflictions1 or a bed of sickness will find their hours of persuasion3--and should they fail1 there is something yet behind3--old age will overtake us at the last1 and with its trembling hand1 hold up the glass to us40 ,,chapter ,,cxcii4 ,,more ,,of ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,philosophy1 ,,which ,,will ,,and ,,will ,,not ,,be ,,liked ,,by ,,the ,,ladies1 ,,and ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,author',s ,,which ,,will ,,and ,,will ,,not ,,by ,,the ,,gentlemen4 ,,the ,,reader ,,is ,,introduced ,,to ,,count ,,castiglione1 ,,and ,,to ,,sir ,,john ,,cheke4 ,ou tend l'auteur cette heure8 ,que fait-il8 ,revient-il8 ,va-t-il8 ,ou s'il demeure8 ,l',,auteur4 ,non1 je ne reviens pas1 car je n'ai pas t2 ,je ne vais pas aussi1 car je suis arrt2 ,et ne demeure point1 car1 tout de ce pas mme ,je pretens m'en aller4 ,,moliere4 ,the passage with which the preceding ,chapter is concluded1 is extracted from ,sterne's ,sermons1 one of those discourses in which he tried the experiment of adapting the style of ,tristram ,shandy to the pulpit2--an experiment which proved as unsuccessful as it deserved to be4 ,gray however thought these sermons were in the style which in his opinion was most proper for the pulpit1 and that they showed 8a very strong imagination and a sensible head4 ,but you see him1 he adds1 often tottering on the verge of laughter1 and ready to throw his perriwig in the face of his audience40 ,the extract which has been set before the reader is one of those passages which bear out ,gray's judgement2 it is of a good kind1 and in its kind so good1 that ,i would not weaken its effect1 by inserting too near it the following ,epigram from an old ,magazine1 addressed to a lady passionately fond of cards4 ,thou1 whom at length incessant gaming dubs1 ,thrice honourable title6 ,queen of ,clubs1 ,say what vast joys each winning card imparts1 ,and that1 too justly1 called the ,king of ,hearts4 ,say1 when you mourn of cash and jewels spoil'd1 ,may not the thief be ,knave of ,diamonds stil'd8 ,one friend1 howe'er1 when deep remorse invades1 ,awaits thee ,lady2 'tis the ,ace of ,spades6 ,it has been seen that the ,doctor looked upon the love of gaming as a propensity given us to counteract that indolence which if not thus amused1 would breed for itself both real and imaginary evils4 ,and dancing he thought was just as useful in counteracting the factitious inactivity of women in their youth1 as cards are for occupying the vacuity of their minds at a later period4 ,of the three semi-intellectual propensities1 as he called them which men are born with1 those for hunting and gaming are useful only in proportion1 as the earth is uncultivated1 and those by whom it is inhabited4 ,in a well ordered society there would be no gamblers1 and the ,nimrods of such a society1 must like the heroes in ,tongataboo1 be contented with no higher sport than rat-catching3 but dancing will still retain its uses4 ,it will always be the most graceful exercise for children at an age when all that they do is graceful2 and it will always be that exercise which can best be regulated for them1 without danger of their exerting themselves too much1 or continuing in it too long4 ,and for young women in a certain rank1 or rather region of life1--the temperate zone of society1--those who are above the necessity of labour1 and below the station in which they have the command of carriages and horses1--that is for the great majority of the middle class2--it is the only exercise which can animate them to such animal exertion as may suffice 8,to give the blood its natural spring and play40#a ,footnote #a3 ,,southey4 ,mr4 ,coleridge says 7in his ,table ,talk7 8that the fondness for dancing in ,english women is the reaction of their reserved manners3 it is the only way in which they can throw themselves forth in natural liberty40 ,but the women are not more fond of it in this country1 than they are in ,france and ,spain4 ,there can be no healthier pastime for them1 7as certainly there is none so exhilarating1 and exercise unless it be exhilarating is rarely healthful7--provided1--and upon this the ,doctor always insisted1--provided it be neither carried on in hot rooms1 nor prolonged to late hours4 ,they order these things1 he used to say1 better in ,france2 they order them better indeed anywhere than in ,england1 and there was a time when they were ordered better among ourselves4 8,the youth of this city10 says the honest old chronicler and historian of the metropolis his native place1 8used on holidays1 after evening prayers1 to exercise their basters and bucklers1 at their master's doors2 and the maidens1 one of them playing on a timbrel1 to dance for garlands hanged athwart the streets1 which open pastimes in my youth1 being now suppressed1 worser practises within doors are to be feared40 ,every one who is conversant with the ,middle ,ages1 and with the literature of the reigns of ,elizabeth1 ,james and ,charles ,i4 must have perceived in how much kindlier relations the different classes of society existed toward each other in those days than they have since done4 ,the very word independence had hardly found a place in the ,english language1 or was known only as denoting a mischievous heresy4 ,it is indeed1 as one of our most thoughtful contemporaries has well said1 an 8unscriptural word10--and 8when applied to man1 it directly contradicts the first and supreme laws of our nature2 the very essence of which is universal dependence upon ,god1 and universal interdependence on one another40 ,the ,great ,rebellion dislocated the relations which had for some centuries thus happily subsisted2 and the money getting system which has long been the moving principle of ,british society1 has1 aided by other injurious influences1 effectually prevented the recovery which time1 and the sense of mutual interest1 and mutual duty1 might otherwise have brought about4 ,it was one characteristic of those old times1 which in this respect deserve to be called good1 that the different classes participated in the enjoyments of each other4 ,there were the religious spectacles1 which1 instead of being reformed and rendered eminently useful as they might have been1 were destroyed by the brutal spirit of puritanism4 ,there were the ,church festivals1 till that same odious spirit endeavoured to separate1 and has gone far toward separating1 all festivity from religion4 ,there were tournaments and city pageants at which all ranks were brought together3 they are now brought together only upon the race-course4 ,christmas ,mummers have long ceased to be heard of4 ,the ,morris dancers have all but disappeared even in the remotest parts of the kingdom4 ,i know not whether a ,may-pole is now to be seen4 ,what between manufactures and methodism ,england is no longer the merry ,england which it was once a happiness and an honour to call our country4 ,akenside's words 8,to the ,country ,gentlemen of ,england10 may be well remembered4 ,and yet full oft your anxious tongues complain ,that lawless tumult prompts the rustic throng2 ,that the rude ,village-inmates now disdain ,those homely ties which rul'd their fathers long4 ,alas1 your fathers did by other arts ,draw those kind ties around their simple hearts4 ,and led in other paths their ductile will2 ,by succour1 faithful counsel1 courteous cheer1 ,won them their ancient manners to revere1 ,to prize their countries peace and heaven's due rites fulfil4 ,my friend saw enough of this change in its progress to excite in him many melancholy forebodings in the latter part of his life4 ,he knew how much local attachment was strengthened by the recollection of youthful sports and old customs2 and he well understood how little men can be expected to love their country1 who have no particular affection for any part of it4 ,holidays he knew attached people to the ,church1 which enjoined their observance2 but he very much doubted whether ,sunday ,schools would have the same effect4 ,in ,beaumont and ,fletcher's ,play of the ,prophetess1 the countrymen discourse concerning the abdicated ,emperor who has come to reside among them4 ,one says to the other1 ,do you think this great man will continue here8 the answer is ,continue here8 what else8 he has bought the great farm2 ,a great man#b with a great inheritance ,and all the ground about it1 all the woods too ,and stock'd it like an ,emperor4 ,now all our sports again ,and all our merry gambols1 our ,may ,ladies1 ,our evening dances on the green1 our songs1 ,our holiday good cheer2 our bagpipes now1 boys1 ,shall make the wanton lasses skip again1 ,our sheep-shearings and all our knacks4 ,footnote #b3 ,southey has inserted a query here4 8,qy ,manor or ,mansion40 ,it is usually printed as in the text4--,see ,act v4 ,sc4 iii4 ,it is said however in the ,cortegiano1 che non saria conveniente che un gentilhuomo andasse ad honorare con la persona sua una festa di contado1 dove i spettatori1 et i compagni fussero gente ignobile4 ,what follows is curious to the history of manners4 ,disse allhor' il ,s4 ,gasparo ,pallavicino1 nel paese nostro di ,lombardia non s'hanno queste rispetti3 anzi molti gentil'huomini giovani trovansi1 che le feste ballano tuttol' di nel ,sole co i villani1 et con esti giocano a lanciar la barra1 lottare1 correre et saltare2 et io non credo che sia male1 perche ivi non si fa paragone della nobilt1 ma della forza1 e destrezza1 nelle quai cose spesso gli huomini di villa non vaglion meno che i nobili2 et par che que quella domestichezza habbia in se una certa liberalit amabile4--,an objection is made to this2 ,quel ballar nel ,sole1 rispose ,m4 ,federico1 a me non piace per modo alcuno2 ne so che guadagno vi si trovi4 ,ma chi vuol pur lottar1 correr et saltar co i villani1 dee 7al parer mio7 farlo in modo di provarsi1 et 7come si suol dir7 per gentilezza1 non per contender con loro1 et dee l'huomo esser quasi sicuro di vincere2 altramente non vi si metta2 perche sta troppo male1 et troppo brutta cosa1 et fuor de la dignit vedere un gentilhuomo vinto da un villano1 et massimamente alla lotta2 per credo io che sia ben astenersi almano in presentia di molti1 perche il guadagno nel vincere pochissimo1 et la perdita nell' esse vinto grandissima4 ,that is1 in the old version of ,master ,thomas ,hoby2 8it were not meet that a gentleman should be present in person1 and a doer in such a matter in the country1 where the lookers-on and the doers were of a base sort4 ,then said the ,lord ,gasper ,pallavicino1 in our country of ,lombardy these matters are not passed upon2 for you shall see there young gentlemen1 upon the holydays1 come dance all the day long in the sun with them of the country1 and pass the time with them in casting the bar1 in wrestling1 running and leaping4 ,and ,i believe it is not ill done2 for no comparison is there made of nobleness of birth1 but of force and slight2 in which things many times the men of the country are not a whit inferior to gentlemen3 and it seemeth this familiar conversation containeth in it a certain lovely freeness40 8,the dancing in the sun10 answered ,sir ,frederick1 8can ,i in no case away withal2 and ,i cannot see what a man shall gain by it4 ,but whoso will wrestle1 run and leap with men of the country1 ought1 in my judgement1 to do it after a sort2 to prove himself1 and 7as they are wont to say7 for courtesy1 not to try mastery with them4 ,and a man ought 7in a manner7 to be assured to get the upper hand1 else let him not meddle withal2 for it is too ill a sight1 and too foul a matter1 and without estimation1 to see a gentleman overcome by a carter1 and especially in wrestling4 ,therefore ,i believe it is well done to abstain from it1 at the leastwise in the presence of many2 if he be overcome1 his gain is small1 and his loss in being overcome very great40 ,this translation is remarkable for having a ,sonnet1 or more correctly speaking1 a quatorzain by ,sackville prefixed to it1 and at the end of the volume a letter of ,sir ,john ,cheke's to the translator1 curious for its peculiar spelling1 and for the opinion expressed in it that our language ought as much as possible to be kept pure and unmixed4 8,i have taken sum pain10 he says1 8at your request1 cheflie in your preface2 not in the reading of it1 for that was pleasaunt unto me1 boath for the roundnes of your saienges and welspeakinges of the saam1 but in changing certein wordes which might verie wel be let aloan1 but that ,i am verie curious in mi freendes matters1 not to determijn1 but to debaat what is best4 ,whearin ,i seek not the bestnes haplie bi truth1 but bi mijn own phansie and sheo of goodnes4 8,i am of this opinion that our own tung shold be written cleane and pure1 unmixt and unmangeled with borowing of other tunges2 wherein if we take not heed bi tijm1 ever borowing and never payeng1 she shall be fain to keep her house as bankrupt4 ,for then doth our tung naturallie and praiseablie utter her meaning1 when she boroweth no conterfectness of other tunges to attire her self withall1 but useth plainlie her own with such shift as nature1 craft1 experiens1 and folowing of other excellent doth lead her unto2 and if she went at ani tijm 7as being unperfight she must7 yet let her borow with suche bashfulnes1 that it mai appear1 that if either the mould of our own tung could serve us to fascion a woord of our own1 or if the old denisoned wordes could content and ease this neede1 we wold not boldly venture of unknoven wordes4 ,this ,i say1 not for reproof of you1 who have scarslie and necessarily used1 whear occasion serveth1 a strange word so1 as it seemeth to grow out of the matter and not to be sought for2 but for mijn our defens1 who might be counted overstraight a deemer of thinges1 if ,i gave not thys accompt to you1 my freend and wijs1 of mi marring this your handiwork4 8,but ,i am called awai4 ,i prai you pardon mi shortnes2 the rest of my saienges should be but praise and exhortacion in this your doinges1 which at moar leisor ,i shold do better4 ,from my house in ,wood street the #af of ,july #aeeg4 ,yours assured ,,joan ,,cheek40 ,sir ,john ,cheke died about two months after the date of this letter3 and ,hoby's translation was not published till #aefa1 because 8there were certain places in it1 which of late years being misliked of some that had the perusing of it1 the ,author thought it much better to keep it in darkness a while1 then to put it in light1 imperfect1 and in piecemeal1 to serve the time40 ,the book itself had been put in the list of prohibited works1 and it was not till #aegf that the ,conte ,camillo ,castiglione1 the author's son1 obtained permission to amend the obnoxious passages and publish an expurgated edition4 ,it would have vexed ,sir ,john if he had seen with how little care the printer1 and his loving friend ,master ,hoby observed his system of orthography1 in this letter4 ,for he never used the final e unless when it is sounded1 which he denoted then by doubling it2 he rejected the y1 wrote u when it was long1 with a long stroke over it1 doubled the other vowels when they were long1 and threw out all letters that were not pronounced4 ,no better system of the kind has been proposed1 and many worse4 ,little good would have been done by its adoption1 and much evil1 if the translators of the ,bible had been required to proceed upon his principle of using no words but such as were true ,english of ,saxon original4 ,his dislike of the translation for corrupting as he thought the language into vocables of foreign growth1 made him begin to translate the ,new ,testament in his own way4 ,the ,manuscript in his own hand1 as far as it had proceeded1 is still preserved at ,bene't ,college1#c and it shows that he found it impracticable to observe his own rule4 ,but though as a precisian he would have cramped and impoverished the language1 he has been praised for introducing a short and expressive style1 avoiding long and intricate periods1 and for bringing 8fair and graceful writing into vogue20 he wrote an excellent hand himself1 and it is said that all the best scholars in those times followed his example1 8so that fair writing and good learning seemed to commence together40 ,footnote #c3 ,this has been since printed with a good ,glossary by the ,rev4 ,james ,goodwin1 ,fellow and ,tutor of ,corpus ,christi ,coll4 ,cambridge1 and is very curious4 ,all that remains is the ,gospel according to ,st4 ,matthew4 ,as an instance of ,cheke's ,englishisms ,i may refer to the rendering of in c4 xxiij4 v4 #ae1 by freschman4 ,some little of the ,,ms4 is lost4--,see ,preface1 p4 #aj4 ,o ,soul of ,sir ,john ,cheke1 thou wouldst have led me out of my way1 if that had been possible1--if my ubiety did not so nearly resemble ubiquity1 that in ,anywhereness and ,everywhereness ,i know where ,i am1 and can never be lost till ,i get out of ,whereness itself into ,nowhere4 ,,chapter ,,cxciii4 ,,master ,,thomas ,,mace1 ,,and ,,the ,,two ,,historians ,,of ,,his ,,science1 ,,sir ,,john ,,hawkins ,,and ,,dr4 ,,burney4 ,,some ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,lutanist ,,and ,,of ,,his 8,,music',s ,,monument40 ,this ,man of ,music hath more in his head ,than mere crotchets4 ,,sir ,w4 ,,davenant4 ,thou wast informed1 gentle ,reader1 in the third ,volume and at the two hundred and sixth page of this much-hereafter-to-be-esteemed ,opus1 that a ,tattle de ,moy was a new-fashioned thing in the ,year of our ,lord #afgf4 ,this was on the authority of the good old ,lutanist1 whom1 ,i then told you1 ,i took leave of but for a while1 bethinking me of ,pope's well known lines1 ,but all our praises why should ,lords engross8 ,rise1 honest ,muse6 and sing the ,,man ,,of ,,ross4 ,and now gentle reader1 seeing that whether with a consciousness of second sight or not1 ,master ,mace1 praiseworthy as the ,man of ,ross1 has so clearly typified my ,preludes and ,voluntaries1 my grave ,pavines and graver ,galliards1 my ,corantoes and ,serabands1 my ,chichonas1 and above all my ,tattle-de-,moys1 am ,i not bound in gratitude to revive the memory of ,master ,mace2 or rather to extend it and make him more fully and more generally known than he has been made by the two historians of his science ,sir ,john ,hawkins and ,dr4 ,burney4 ,it is to the honour of both these eminent men1 who have rendered such good services to that science1 and to the literature of their country1 that they should have relished the peculiarities of this simple-hearted old lutanist4 ,but it might have been expected from both2 for ,dr4 ,burney was as simple-hearted himself1 and as earnestly devoted to the art3 and ,sir ,john who delighted in ,ignoramus and in ,izaak ,walton1 could not fail to have a liking for ,thomas ,mace4 8,under whom he was educated10 says ,sir ,john1 8or by what means he became possessed of so much skill in the science of music1 as to be able to furnish out matter for a folio volume1 he has no where informed us2 nevertheless his book contains so many particulars respecting himself1 and so many traits of an original and singular character1 that a very good judgement may be formed both of his temper and ability4 ,with regard to the first1 he appears to have been an enthusiastic lover of his art2 of a very devout and serious turn of mind2 and cheerful and good humoured under the infirmities of age1 and the pressure of misfortunes4 ,as to the latter his knowledge of music seems to have been confined to the practice of his own instrument2 and so much of the principles of the science as enabled him to compose for it2 but for his style in writing he certainly never had his fellow40 ,this is not strictly just as relating either to his proficiency in music1 or his style as an author4 ,mace says of himself1 8having said so much concerning the lute1 as also taken so much pains in laying open all the hidden secrets thereof1 it may be thought ,i am so great a lover of it1 that ,i make light esteem of any other instrument besides2 which truly ,i do not2 but love the viol in a very high degree2 yea close unto the lute2 and have done much more1 and made very many more good and able proficients upon it1 than ever ,i have done upon the lute4 ,and this ,i shall presume to say1 that if ,i excel in either1 it is most certainly upon the viol4 ,and as to other instruments1 ,i can as truly say1 ,i value every one that is in use1 according to its due place2 as knowing and often saying1 that all ,god's creatures are good2 and all ingenuities done by man1 are signs1 tokens1 and testimonies of the wisdom of ,god bestowed upon man40 ,so also though it is true that ,thomas ,mace stands distinguished among the writers on ,music1 yet it could be easy to find many fellows for him as far as regards peculiarity of style4 ,a humourist who should collect odd books might form as numerous a library1 as the man of fastidious taste who should confine his collection to such works only as in their respective languages were esteemed classical4 8,the singularity of his style10 says ,sir ,john1 8remarkable for a profusion of epithets and words of his own invention1 and tautology without end1 is apt to disgust such as attend less to the matter than manner of his book2 but in others it has a different effect2 as it exhibits1 without the least reserve all the particulars of the author's character1 which was not less amiable than singular40--8,the vein of humour that runs through it presents a lively portraiture of a good-natured1 gossipping old man1 virtuous and kind-hearted40--,the anxious 8precision with which he constantly delivers himself1 is not more remarkable than his eager desire to communicate to others all the knowledge he was possessed of1 even to the most hidden secrets40--8,the book breathes throughout a spirit of devotion2 and1 agreeable to his sentiments of music is a kind of proof that his temper was improved by the exercise of his profession40--,there is no pursuit by which1 if it be harmless in itself1 a man may not be improved in his moral as well as in his intellectual nature1 provided it be followed for its own sake3 but most assuredly there is none however intrinsically good1 or beneficial to mankind1 from which he can desire any moral improvement1 if his motive be either worldly ambition1 or the love of gain4-- 4#a ,footnote #a3 ,,iamblichus4 ,to give an account of 8,music's ,monument10 which ,dr4 ,burney calls a matchless book1 not to be forgotten among the curiosities of the seventeenth century6 will be to give the character of ,thomas ,mace himself1 for no author ever more compleatly embodied his own spirit in his writings4 ,it is introduced with an ,epistle ,dedicatory1 which by an easy misrepresentation has been made to appear profane4 ,to ,thee1 ,one-,only-,oneness1 ,i direct ,my weak desires and works4 ,thou only art ,the ,able ,true ,protector2 ,oh be my shield1 defender and director1 ,then sure we shall be safe4 ,thou know'st1 ,o ,searcher of all hearts how ,i1 ,with right1 downright1 sincere sincerity1 ,have longed long to do some little good1 7,according to the best ,i understood7 ,with thy rich talent1 though by me made poor1 ,for which ,i grieve1 and will do so no more1 ,by thy good ,grace assisting1 which ,i do ,most humbly beg for4 ,oh1 adjoin it to ,my longing ardent soul2 and have respect ,to this my weak endeavour1 and accept1 ,in thy great mercy1 both of it and me1 ,even as we dedicate ourselves to ,thee4 ,an ,epistle1 in verse1 follows 8to all ,divine ,readers1 especially those of the ,dissenting ,ministry1 or ,clergy1 who want not only skill1 but good will to this most excelling part of divine service1 viz4 singing of psalms1 hymns and spiritual songs1 to the praise of the ,almighty1 in the public ,assemblies of his ,saints3 and yet more particularly1 to all great and high ,persons1 ,supervisors1 ,masters1 or ,governors of the ,church1 7if any such there should be7 wanting skill1 or good will thereunto40 ,he says to those 8high men of honour10 that ,example is the thing2 ,there's but one way1 which is yourselves to sing4 ,this sure will do it2 for when the vulgar see ,such worthy presidents their leaders be1 ,who exercise therein and lead the van1 ,they will be brought to't1 do they what they can4 ,but otherwise for want of such example1 ,tis meanly valued1 and on it they trample2 ,and by that great defect1 so long unsought1 ,our best ,church ,music's well-nigh brought to nought4 ,besides1 ,no robes adorn high persons like to it2 ,no ornaments for pure ,divines more fit4 ,that ,counsel given by the ,apostle ,paul ,does certainly extend to ,christians all4 ,colossians the third1 the sixteenth verse2 7,turn to the place37 that text will thus rehearse1 ,let the word of ,christ dwell in you plenteously1 7,what follows8 ,music in its excellency47 ,admonishing yourselves1 in sweet accord1 ,in singing psalms with grace unto the ,lord1 ,sed sine arte1 that cannot be done1 ,et sine arte1 better let alone4 ,having thus 8fronted this ,book with the divine part1 and preached his little short sermon0 upon the last of ,st4 ,paul1 he says that his first and chief design in writing this book was only to discover the occult mysteries of the noble lute1 and to shew the great worthiness of that too much neglected and abused instrument1 and his good will to all the true lovers of it1 in making it plain and easy1 giving the true reasons why it has been formerly a very hard instrument to play well upon1 and also why now it is become so easy and familiarly pleasant4 8,and ,i believe10 says he1 8that whosoever will but trouble himself to read those reasons1--and join his own reason1 with the reasonableness of those reasons1 will not be able to find the least reason to contradict those reasons40 ,he professed that by his directions 8any person1 young or old1 should be able to perform so much and so well upon it1 in so much or so little time1 towards a full and satisfactory delight and pleasure1 7yea1 if it were but only to play common toys1 jigs or tunes17 as upon any instrument whatever2 yet with this most notable and admirable exception1 7for the respectable commendation of the lute17 that they may1 besides such ordinary and common contentments1 study and practice it all the days of their lives1 and yet find new improvements1 yea doubtless if they should live unto the age of ,methusalem1 ten times over2 for there is no limitation to its vast bounds and bravery40 ,it appears that the merit of this book in this respect is not overstated1 one of his sons attained to great proficiency on this instrument by studying the book without any assistance from his father2 and ,sir ,john ,hawkins affirms on his own knowledge that ,mr4 ,john ,immyns1 lutanist to the ,chapel ,royal1 has the like experience of it4 8,this person who had practised on sundry instruments for many years1 and was able to sing his part at sight1 at the age of forty took to the lute1 and by the help of ,mace's book alone1 became enabled to play thorough base1 and also easy lessons on it2 and by practice had rendered the tablature as familiar to him1 as the notes of the scale40 ,the notation called the tablature is minutely explained in the work4 ,it has not the least relation to the musical character2 the six strings of the lute are represented by as many lines1 8and the several frets or stops by the letters a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 h1 y 7a preference to i as being more conspicuous7 k2 the letter a ever signifying the open string in all positions40 ,many persons have been good performers on the lute1 and at the same time totally ignorant of the notes of the ,gamut4 ,his printer1 he said1 8had outdone all music work in this kind ever before printed in this nation2 and was indeed the only fit person to do the like1 he only having those new materials1 the like to which was never had made before in ,england40 ,they might have been more distinct1 and more consistent2--five being common ,english characters1 the c more resembling the third letter in the ,greek alphabet than any thing else1 the b reversed serving for g1 and the d in like manner for e4 ,the characters for the time of notes he compares to money1 as supposing that most people would be ready enough to count them the better for that4 ,considering therefore the semi-breve as a groat1 the minim becomes two pence1 the crotchet a penny1 the quaver a half-penny1 and the semi-quaver a farthing4 ,trouble not yourself for the demi-quaver1 he says1 till you have a quick hand1 it being half a semi-quaver4 ,but besides these1 there are marks in his notation for the fifteen graces which may be used upon the lute1 though few or none used them all4 ,they are the ,shake1 the ,beat1 the ,back-fall1 the ,half-fall1 the ,whole-fall1 the ,elevation1 the ,single ,relish1 the ,double ,relish1 the ,slur1 the ,slide1 the ,spinger1 the ,sting1 the ,tutt1 the ,pause and the ,soft and ,loud ,play1 8which is as great and good a grace as any other whatever40 8,some10 says ,master ,mace1 8there are1 and many ,i have met with1 who have such a natural agility in their nerves1 and aptitude to that performance1 that before they could do any thing else to purpose1 they would make a shake rarely well4 ,and some again can scarcely ever gain a good shake1 by reason of the unaptness of their nerves to that action1 but yet otherwise come to play very well4 ,i1 for my own part1 have had occasion to break both my arms2 by reason of which1 ,i cannot make the nerve-shake well1 nor strong2 yet by a certain motion of my arm1 ,i have gained such a contentive shake1 that sometimes my scholars will ask me1 how they shall do to get the like8 ,i have then no better answer for them1 than to tell them1 they must first break their arm1 as ,i have done2 and so possibly after that1 by practice1 they may get my manner of ,shake40 ,rules are given for all these graces1 but observe he says 8that whatever your grace be1 you must in your farewell express the true note perfectly1 or else your pretended grace1 will prove a disgrace40 8,the ,spinger is a grace very neat and curious1 for some sort of notes1 and is done thus3 ,after you have hit your note1 you must just as you intend to part with it1 dab one of your rest fingers lightly upon the same string1 a fret or two frets below1 7according to the air17 as if you did intend to stop the string1 in that place1 yet so gently1 that you do not cause the string to sound1 in that stop1 so dab'd2 but only so that it may suddenly take away that sound which you last struck1 yet give some small tincture of a new note1 but not distinctly to be heard as a note2 which grace1 if well done and properly is very taking and pleasant40 ,the ,sting is 8another very neat and pretty grace10 it makes the sound seem to swell with pretty unexpected humour1 and gives much contentment upon cases4 ,the ,tut is easily done1 and always with the right hand4 8,when you would perform this grace1 it is but to strike your letter which you intend shall be so graced1 with one of your fingers1 and immediately clap on your next striking finger upon the string which you struck2 in which doing1 you suddenly take away the sound of the letter2 and if you do it clearly1 it will seem to speak the word1 ,tut1 so plainly1 as if it were a living creature1 speakable60 ,while however the pupil was intent upon exhibiting these graces1 the zealous master exhorted him not to be unmindful of his own1 but to regard his postures1 for a good posture is comely1 creditable and praiseworthy1 and moreover advantageous as to good performance4 8,set yourself down against a table1 in as becoming a posture1 as you would choose to do for your best reputation4 ,sit upright and straight2 then take up your lute1 and lay the body of it in your lap across4 ,let the lower part of it lie upon your right thigh1 the head erected against your left shoulder and ear2 lay your left hand down upon the table1 and your right arm over the lute1 so that you may set your little finger down upon the belly of the lute1 just under the bridge1 against the treble1 or second string3 and then keep your lute stiff1 and strongly set with its lower edge against the table-edge2 and so1 leaning your breast something hard against its ribs1 cause it to stand steady and strong1 so that a bystander cannot easily draw it from your breast1 table1 and arm4 ,this is the most becoming1 steady and beneficial posture40 8,your left hand thus upon the table1 your lute firmly fixed1 yourself and it in your true postures1--bring up your left hand from the table1 bended1 just like the balance of a hook1 all excepting your thumb1 which must stand straight and span'd out2 your fingers also1 all divided out from the other in an equal and handsome order2 and in this posture1 place your thumb under the neck of the lute1 a little above the fret1 just in the midst of the breadth of the neck2 all your four-fingers in this posture1 being held close over the strings on the other side1 so that each finger may be in a readiness to stop down upon any fret4 ,and now in this lively and exact posture1 ,i would have your posture drawn1 which is the most becoming posture ,i can direct unto for a lutanist40 8,know that an old lute is better than a new one40 ,old instruments indeed1 are found by experience to be far the best1 the reasons for which ,master ,mace could no further dive into than to say1 he apprehended1 8that by extreme age1 the wood and those other adjuncts1 glue1 parchment1 paper1 linings of cloth1 7as some used7 but above all the varnish1 are by time very much dried1 limped1 made gentle1 rarified1 or to say better1 even airified2 so that that stiffness1 stubbornness1 or clunguiness which is natural to such bodies1 are so debilitated and made pliable1 that the pores of the wood1 have a more free liberty to move1 stir or secretly vibrate2 by which means the air 7which is the life of all things both animate and inanimate7 has a more free and easy recourse to pass and repass1 c4 ,whether ,i have hit upon the right cause1 ,i know not1 but sure ,i am that age adds goodness to instruments40 ,the ,venice lutes were commonly good2 and the most esteemed maker was ,laux ,malles1 whose name was always written in text letters4 ,mace had seen two of his lutes1 8pitiful1 old1 battered1 cracked things20 yet for one of these1 which ,mr4 ,gootiere1 the famous lutanist in his time showed him1 the ,king paid an hundred pounds4 ,the other belonged to ,mr4 ,edward ,jones1 one of ,gootiere's scholars2 and he relates this 8true story0 of it2 that a merchant bargained with the owner to take it with him in his travels1 on trial2 if he liked it1 he was on his return to give an hundred pounds for it2 otherwise he was to return it safe1 and pay twenty pounds 8for his experience and use of it40--,he had often seen lutes of three or four pounds a piece 8more illustrious and taking to a common eye40 ,the best shape was the ,pearl mould1 both for sound and comeliness1 and convenience in holding4 ,the best wood for the ribs was what he calls air-wood1 this was absolutely the best2 ,english maple next4 ,there were very good ones however of plum1 pear1 yew1 rosemary-air1 and ash4 ,ebony and ivory1 though most costly and taking to a common eye were the worst4 ,for the belly the finest grained wood was required1 free from knots or obstructions2 cypress was very good1 but the best was called ,cullen's-cliff1 being no other than the finest sort of fir1 and the choicest part of that fir4 ,to try whether the bars within1 to strengthen and keep it straight and tight1 were all fast1 you were gently to knock the belly all along1 round about1 and then in the midst1 with one of your knuckles2 8if any thing be either loose in it1 or about it1 you may easily perceive it1 by a little fuzzing or hizzing2 but if all be sound1 you shall hear nothing but a tight plump and twanking knock40 ,among the aspersions against the lute which ,master ,mace indignantly repelled1 one was that it cost as much in keeping as a horse4 8,i do confess10 said he1 8that those who will be prodigal and extraordinary curious1 may spend as much as may maintain two or three horses1 and men to ride upon them too if they please4 ,but he never charged more than ten shillings for first stringing one1 and five shillings a quarter for maintaining it with strings40 ,the strings were of three sorts1 minikins1 ,venice ,catlins1 and ,lyons1 for the basses2 but the very best for the basses were called ,pistoy ,basses2 these1 which were smooth and well-twisted strings1 but hard to come by1 he supposes to be none others than thick ,venice ,catlins1 and commonly dyed of a deep dark red4 ,the red strings however were commonly rotten1 so were the yellow1 the green sometimes very good2 the clear blue the best4 ,but good strings might be spoilt in a quarter of an hour1 if they were exposed to any wet1 or moist air4 ,therefore they were to be bound close together1 and wrapt closely up either in an oiled paper1 a bladder1 or a piece of sere cloth1 8such as often comes over with them10 and then to be kept in some close box1 or cupboard1 but not amongst linen 7for that gives moisture17 and in a room where is usually a fire4 ,and when at any time you open them for your use1 take heed they lie not too long open1 nor in a dark window1 nor moist place2 for moisture is the worst enemy to your strings4 8,how to choose and find a true string1 which is the most curious piece of skill in stringing1 is both a pretty curiosity to do1 and also necessary4 ,first1 draw out a length1 or more2 then take the end1 and measure the length it must be of1 within an inch or two1 7for it will stretch so much at least in the winding up17 and hold that length in both hands1 extended to reasonable stiffness3 then1 with one of your fingers strike it2 giving it so much liberty in slackness as you may see it vibrate1 or open itself4 ,if it be true1 it will appear to the eye1 just as if they were two strings2 but if it shows more than two1 it is false1 and will sound unpleasantly upon your instrument1 nor will it ever be well in tune1 either stopt or open1 but snarl40 ,sir ,john ,hawkins observes that this direction is given by ,adrian ,le ,roy in his instructions for the lute1 and is adopted both by ,mersennus and ,kircher4 ,indeed this experiment is the only known test of a true string1 and for that reason is practised by such as are curious at this day4 ,in his directions for playing1 ,master ,mace says1 8take notice that you strike not your strings with your nails1 as some do1 who maintain it the best way of play2 but ,i do not2 and for this reason2 because the nail cannot draw so sweet a sound from the lute as the nibble end of the flesh can do4 ,i confess in a concert it might do well enough1 where the mellowness1 7which is the most excellent satisfaction from a lute7 is lost in the crowd2 but alone1 ,i could never receive so good content from the nail as from the flesh40 ,mace considered it to be absolutely necessary that all persons who kept lutes should know how to repair them2 for he had known a lute 8sent fifty or sixty miles to be mended of a very small mischance1 7scarce worth twelve pence for the mending7 which besides the trouble and cost of carriage1 had been broken all to pieces in the return1 and so farewell lute and all the cost40 ,one of the necessary tools for this work is 8a little working knife1 such as are most commonly made of pieces of broken good blades1 fastened into a pretty thick haft of wood or bone1 leaving the blade out about two or three inches20 8grind it down upon the back10 he says1 8to a sharp point1 and set to a good edge2 it will serve you for many good uses1 either in cutting1 carving1 making pins1 c40 ,his directions for this work are exceedingly minute2 but when the lute was in order1 it was of no slight importance to keep it so1 and for this also he offers some choice observations4 8,you shall do well1 ever when you lay it by in the day-time1 to put it into a bed that is constantly used1 between the rug and blanket1 but never between the sheets1 because they may be moist40 8,this is the most absolute and best place to keep it in always40 8,there are many great commodities in so doing2 it will save your strings from breaking1 it will keep your lute in good order1 so that you shall have but small trouble in tuning it2 it will sound more brisk and lively1 and give you pleasure in the very handling of it2 if you have any occasion extraordinary to set up your lute at a higher pitch1 you may do it safely1 which otherwise you cannot so well do1 without danger to your instrument and strings3 it will be a great safety to your instrument1 in keeping it from decay1 it will prevent much trouble in keeping the bars from flying loose and the belly from sinking3 and these six conveniences considered all together1 must needs create a seventh1 which is1 that lute-playing must certainly be very much facilitated1 and made more delightful thereby4 ,only no person must be so inconsiderate as to tumble down upon the bed whilst the lute is there1 for ,i have known1 said he1 several good lutes spoilt with such a trick40 ,i will not say of the reader1 who after the foregoing specimens of ,music's ,monument has no liking for ,master ,mace and his book that he ,is fit for treasons1 stratagems and spoil1 but ,i cannot but suspect that he has no taste for caviare1 dislikes laver1 would as willingly drink new hock as old1 and more willingly the base compound which passes for champagne1 than either4 ,nay ,i could even suspect that he does not love those 8three things which persons loving1 love what they ought1--the whistling of the wind1 the dashing of the waves1 and the rolling of thunder30 and that he comes under the commination of this other triad1 8let no one love such as dislike the scent of cloves1 the taste of milk and the song of birds40 ,my ,welsh friends shall have the pleasure of reading these true sayings1 in their own ancient1 venerable and rich language4 ,tri dyn o garu tri pheth garant ddylaint2 gorddyan y gwgnt1 boran y tnau1 ac angerdd y daran4 ,tri pheth ma chared neb a 'u hanghara3 rhogleu y meillion1 bls llaeth1 a chn adar4 ,,chapter ,,cxciv4 ,a ,,music ,,lesson ,,from ,,master ,,thomas ,,mace ,,to ,,be ,,played ,,by ,,lady ,,fair3--,a ,,story1 ,,than ,,which ,,there ,,is ,,none ,,prettier ,,in ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,music4 ,what shall ,i say8 ,or shall ,i say no more8 ,i must go on6 ,i'm brim-full1 running o'er4 ,but yet ,i'll hold1 because ,i judge ye wise2 ,and few words unto such may well suffice4 ,but much--much more than this ,i could declare2 ,yet for some certain reasons ,i'll forbear4 ,but less than this ,i could not say2 because1 ,if saying less1 ,i should neglect my cause1 ,for 'tis the ,doctor's cause ,i plead so strong for1 ,and 'tis his cause compleated that ,i long for1 ,and 'tis true doctrine certainly ,i preach1 ,and 'tis that doctrine every priest should teach4 ,,thomas ,,mace1 ,,to ,,all ,,divine ,,readers4 ,o ,lady fair1 before we say1 ,now cease my lute2 this is the last ,labour that thou and ,i shall waste1 ,and ended is that we begun2 ,my lute be still1 for ,i have done3#a before we say this1 ,o ,lady fair1 play ,i pray you the following lesson by good ,master ,mace4 ,it will put you in tune for the story 8not impertinent0 concerning it1 which he thought fit to relate1 although1 he said1 many might chuse to smile at it4 ,you may thank ,sir ,john ,hawkins for having rendered it from tablature into the characters of musical notation4 ,illustration3 music score4 ,footnote #a3 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,wyat4 8,this ,lesson10 says ,master ,mace1 8,i call my ,mistress1 and ,i shall not think it impertinent to detain you here a little longer than ordinary in speaking something of it1 the occasion of it1 and why ,i give it that name4 ,and ,i doubt not1 but the relation ,i shall give may conduce to your advantage in several respects1 but chiefly in respect of ,invention4 8,you must first know1 ,that it is a lesson1 though old2 yet ,i never knew it disrelished by any1 nor is there any one lesson in this ,book of that age1 as it is2 yet ,i do esteem it 7in its kind7 with the best ,lesson in the ,book1 for several good reasons1 which ,i shall here set down4 8,it is1 this very winter1 just forty years since ,i made it--and yet it is new1 because all like it1--and then when ,i was past being a suitor to my best beloved1 dearest1 and sweetest living ,mistress1 but not married1 yet contriving the best1 and readiest way towards it2 ,and thus it was1 8,that very night1 in which ,i was thus agitated in my mind concerning her1 my living ,mistress1--she being in ,yorkshire1 and myself at ,cambridge1 close shut up in my chamber1 still and quiet1 about ten or eleven o'clock at night1 musing and writing letters to her1 her ,mother1 and some other ,friends1 in summing up and determining the whole matter concerning our ,marriage4 ,you may conceive ,i might have very intent thoughts all that time1 and might meet with some difficulties1 for as yet ,i had not gained her ,mother's consent1--so that in my writings ,i was sometimes put to my studyings4 ,at which times1 my ,lute lying upon my table1 ,i sometimes took it up1 and walked about my chamber1 letting my fancy drive which way it would1 7for ,i studied nothing1 at that time1 as to ,music17--yet my secret genius or fancy1 prompted my fingers1 do what ,i could1 into this very humour4 ,so that every time ,i walked1 and took up my ,lute1 in the interim1 betwixt writing and studying1 this ,air would needs offer itself unto me continually2 insomuch that1 at the last1 7liking it well1 and lest it should be lost17 ,i took paper and set it down1 taking no further notice of it at that time4 ,but afterwards it passed abroad for a very pleasant and delightful ,air amongst all4 ,yet ,i gave it no name till a long time after1 nor taking more notice of it1 in any particular kind1 than of any other my ,composures of that nature4 8,but after ,i was married1 and had brought my wife home to ,cambridge1 it so fell out that one rainy morning ,i stay'd within1 and in my chamber my wife and ,i were all alone1 she intent upon her needlework1 and ,i playing upon my ,lute1 at the table by her4 ,she sat very still and quiet1 listening to all ,i played without a word a long time1 till at last1 ,i hapned to play this lesson2 which1 so soon as ,i had once played1 she earnestly desired me to play it again1 #8for1' said she1 #8,that shall be called my ,lesson4' 8,from which words1 so spoken1 with emphasis and accent1 it presently came into my remembrance1 the time when1 and the occasion of its being produced1 and ,i returned her this answer1 viz4 ,that it may very properly be called your ,lesson1 for when ,i composed it you were wholly in my fancy1 and the chief object and ruler of my thoughts2 telling her how1 and when it was made4 ,and therefore1 ever after1 ,i thus called it ,,my ,,mistress1 and most of my scholars since call it ,,mrs4 ,,mace1 to this day4 8,thus ,i have detained you 7,i hope not too long17 with this short relation2 nor should ,i have been so seemingly vain1 as to have inserted it1 but that ,i have an intended purpose by it1 to give some advantage to the reader1 and doubt not but to do it to those who will rightly consider what here ,i shall further set down concerning it4 8,now in reference to the occasion of it1 c4 ,it is worth taking notice1 ,that there are times and particular seasons1 in which the ablest ,master of his ,art1 shall not be able to command his ,invention or produce things so to his content or liking1 as he shall at other times2 but he shall be 7as it were17 stupid1 dull1 and shut up1 as to any neat1 spruce1 or curious ,invention4 8,but again1 at other times1 he will have ,inventions come flowing in upon him1 with so much ease and freedom1 that his greatest trouble will be to retain1 remember1 or set them down1 in good order4 8,yet more particularly1 as to the occasion of this ,lesson1 ,i would have you take notice1 that as it was at such a time1 when ,i was wholly and intimately possessed with the true and perfect idea of my living ,mistress1 who was at that time1 lovely1 fair1 comely1 sweet1 debonair1 uniformly-neat1 and every way compleat2 how could1 possibly1 my fancy run upon anything at that time1 but upon the very simile1 form1 or likeness1 of the same substantial thing4 8,and that this ,lesson doth represent1 and shadow forth such a true relation1 as here ,i have made1 ,i desire you to take notice of it1 in every particular2 which ,i assure myself1 may be of benefit to any1 who shall observe it well4 8,first1 therefore1 observe the two first ,bars of it1 which will give you the ,fugue2 which ,fugue is maintained quite through the whole lesson4 8,secondly1 observe the ,form1 and ,shape of the whole lesson1 which consists of two uniform1 and equal strains2 both strains having the same number of ,bars4 8,thirdly1 observe the humour of it2 which you may perceive 7by the marks and directions7 is not common4 8,these three terms1 or things1 ought to be considered in all compositions1 and performances of this nature1 viz4 ,ayres1 or the like4 8,the ,fugue is lively1 ayrey1 neat1 curious1 and sweet1 like my ,mistress4 8,the ,form is uniform1 comely1 substantial1 grave1 and lovely1 like my ,mistress4 8,the ,humour is singularly spruce1 amiable1 pleasant1 obliging1 and innocent1 like my ,mistress4 8,this relation to some may seem odd1 strange1 humorous1 and impertinent2 but to others 7,i presume7 it may be intelligible and useful2 in that ,i know1 by good experience1 that in ,music1 all these significations1 7and vastly many more17 may1 by an experienced and understanding ,artist1 be clearly1 and most significantly expressed2 yea1 even as by language itself1 if not much more effectually4 ,and also1 in that ,i know1 that as a person is affected or disposed in his temper1 or humour1 by reason of what object of his mind soever1 he shall at that time produce matter1 7if he be put to it17 answerable to that temper1 disposition1 or humour1 in which he is4 8,therefore ,i would give this as a caveat1 or caution1 to any1 who do attempt to exercise their fancies in such matters of ,invention1 that they observe times1 and seasons1 and never force themselves to anything1 when they perceive an indisposition2 but wait for a fitter1 and more hopeful season1 for what comes most compleatly1 comes most familiarly1 naturally1 and easily1 without pumping for1 as we use to say4 8,strive therefore to be in a good1 cheerful1 and pleasant humour always when you would compose or invent1 and then1 such will your productions be2 or1 to say better1 chuse for your time of ,study1 and ,invention1 if you may1 that time wherein you are so disposed1 as ,i have declared4 ,and doubtless1 as it is in the study and productions of ,music1 so must it needs be in all other studies1 where the use and exercise of fancy is requirable4 8,i will therefore1 take a little more pains than ordinary1 to give such directions1 as you shall no ways wrong1 or injure my ,mistress1 but do her all the right you can1 according to her true deserts4 8,first1 therefore1 observe to play soft1 and loud1 as you see it marked quite through the ,lesson4 8,secondly1 use that ,grace1 which ,i call the ,sting1 where you see it set1 and the ,spinger after it4 8,and then1 in the last four strains1 observe the ,slides1 and ,slurs1 and you cannot fail to know my ,mistress's ,humour1 provided you keep true time1 which you must be extremely careful to do in all lessons3 ,,for ,,time ,,is ,,the ,,one ,,half ,,of ,,music4 8,and now1 ,i hope ,i shall not be very hard put to it1 to obtain my pardon for all this trouble ,i have thus put you to1 in the exercise of your patience2 especially from those1 who are so ingenious and good-natured1 as to prize1 and value1 such singular and choice endowments1 as ,i have here made mention of in so absolute and compleat a subject40 ,,my ,,mistress ,,or ,,mrs4 ,,mace4 ,illustration3 musical score4 ,,thomas ,,mace4 ,there is no prettier story in the history of ,music than this2 and what a loving1 loveable1 happy creature must he have been who could thus in his old age have related it6 ,,chapter ,,cxcv4 ,,another ,,lesson ,,with ,,the ,,story ,,and ,,manner ,,of ,,its ,,production4 1 1 ------1 4 ,,sophocles4 ,master ,mace has another lesson which he calls ,hab-,nab2 it 8has neither fugue1 nor very good form10 he says1 8yet a humour1 although none of the best20 and his 8story of the manner and occasion of ,hab-,nab's production10 affords a remarkable counterpart to that of his favourite lesson4 8,view every bar in it10 he says1 8and you will find not any one ,bar like another1 nor any affinity in the least kind betwixt strain and strain1 yet the ,air pleaseth some sort of people well enough2 but for my own part1 ,i never was pleased with it2 yet because some liked it1 ,i retained it4 ,nor can ,i tell how it came to pass that ,i thus made it1 only ,i very well remember1 the time1 manner1 and occasion of its production1 7which was on a sudden17 without the least premeditation1 or study1 and merely accidentally2 and1 as we use to say1 ex tempore1 in the tuning of a lute4 8,and the occasion1 ,i conceive1 might possibly contribute something towards it1 which was this4 8,i had1 at that very instant1 when ,i made it1 an agitation in hand1 viz4 ,the stringing up1 and tuning of a ,lute1 for a person of an ununiform1 and inharmonical disposition1 7as to ,music17 yet in herself well proportioned1 comely1 and handsome enough1 and ingenious for other things1 but to ,music very unapt1 and learned it only to please her friends1 who had a great desire she should be brought to it1 if possible1 but never could1 to the least good purpose2 so that at the last we both grew weary2 for there is no striving against such a stream4 8,i say1 this occasion possibly might be the cause of this so inartificial a piece1 in regard that that person1 at that time1 was the chief object of my mind and thoughts4 ,i call it inartificial1 because the chief observation 7as to good performance17 is wholly wanting4 ,yet it is true ,music1 and has such a form and humour1 as may pass1 and give content to many4 ,yet ,i shall never advise any to make things thus by hab-nab1#a without any design1 as was this4 ,and therefore ,i give it that name40 ,footnote #a3 ,hab-,nab is a good old ,english word1 derived from the ,anglo-,saxon4 ,skinner is correct enough4 8,temer1 sine consilio ab ,,as4 ,habban ,habere1 ,nabban1 non ,habere1 addito scilicet na1 non1 cum apostropho40 ,will-nill1 i4e4 ,will ye1 or will ye not1 is a parallel form4 ,every one will recollect the lines of ,hudibras1 7,part ii4 ,canto iii47 ,with that he circles draws1 and squares1 ,with cyphers1 astral characters3 ,then looks 'em o'er to understand 'em ,although set down1 hab nab1 at random4 ,dr4 ,grey illustrates the expression from ,don ,quixote1 8,let every man10 says ,sancho ,pancha1 8take care what he talks or how he writes of other men1 and not set down at random1 hab-nab1 higgledy-piggledy1 what comes into his noddle40 ,part ii4 c4 iii4 ,on referring to the original it will be seen that the ,translator has used three words for one4 8,cada uno mire como habla o' como escriba de las presonas1 y no ponga troche moche lo primero que le viene al magin40 8,there are abundance of such things to be met with1 and from the hands of some1 who fain would pass for good composers2 yet most of them may be traced1 and upon examination1 their things found only to be snaps and catches2 which they1--having been long conversant in ,music1 and can command an ,instrument1 through great and long practice1 some of them very well1--have taken here and there 7hab-nab17 from several airs and things of other men's works1 and put them handsomely together1 which then pass for their own compositions4 8,yet ,i say1 it is no affront1 offence1 or injury1 to any ,master1 for another to take his ,fugue1 or ,point to work upon1 nor dishonour for any ,artist so to do1 provided he shew by his ,workmanship1 a different ,discourse1 ,form1 or ,humour4 ,but it is rather a credit and a repute for him so to do2 for by his works he shall be known4 ,it being observable1 ,that great ,master ,composers may all along be as well known by their ,compositions1 or their own compositions known to be of them1 as the great and learned writers may be known by their styles and works40 ,,chapter ,,cxcvi4 ,,further ,,account ,,of ,,master ,,thomas ,,mace1--,,his ,,light ,,heart1 ,,his ,,sorrows1 ,,and ,,his ,,poverty1--,,poorly1 ,,poor ,,man1 ,,he ,,lived1 ,,poorly1 ,,poor ,,man1 ,,he ,,died--,,phineas ,,fletcher4 ,the sweet and the sour1 ,the nettle and the flower1 ,the thorn and the rose1 ,this garland compose4 ,,small ,,garland ,,of ,,pious ,,and ,,godly ,,songs4 ,little more is known of ,thomas ,mace than can be gathered from his book4 ,by a good portrait of him in his sixty-third year1 it appears that he was born in #afac1 and by his arms that he was of gentle blood4 ,and as he had more subscribers to his book in ,york than in any other place1 7,cambridge excepted7 and the name of ,henry ,mace1 ,clerk1 occurs among them1 it may be presumed that he was a native of that city1 or of that county4 ,this is the more likely1 because when he was established at ,cambridge in his youth1 his true love was in ,yorkshire2 and at that time his travels are likely to have been confined between the place of his birth and of his residence4 ,the price of his book was twelve shillings in sheets2 and as he obtained about three hundred subscribers1 he considered this fair encouragement to publish4 ,but when the work was compleated and the accounts cast up1 he discovered that 8in regard of his unexpected great charge1 besides his unconceivable care and pains to have it compleatly done1 it could not be well afforded at that price1 to render him any tolerable or reasonable requital40 ,he gave notice therefore1 that after it should have been published three months1 the price must be raised2 8adding thus much1 7as being bold to say7 that there were several pages1 yea several lessons in this book1 7according to the ordinary value1 esteem1 or way of procuring such things7 which were every one of them of more value than the price of the whole book by far40 ,it might be truly said of him1 that ,poorly1 poor man1 he lived1 poorly1 poor man he died4#a for he never attained to any higher preferment than that of being 8one of the ,clerks of ,trinity ,college40 ,but it may be doubted whether any of those who partook more largely of the endowment of that noble establishment1 enjoyed so large a portion of real happiness4 ,we find him in the sixty-third year of his age1 and the fortieth of his marriage1 not rich1 not what the world calls fortunate1 but a contented1 cheerful old man2 even though 8,time had done to him this wrong0 that it had half deprived him of his highest gratification1 for he had become so deaf that he could not hear his own lute4 ,when ,homer says of his own blind bard that the ,muse gave him good and evil1 depriving him of his eyes1 but giving him the gift of song1 we understand the compensation2 1 1 1 but what can compensate a musician for the loss of hearing6 ,there is no inward ear to be the bliss of solitude4 ,he could not like ,pythagoras 1 by an effort of ineffable and hardly conceivable divinity retire into the depths of his own being1 and there listen to that heavenly harmony of the spheres which to him alone of all the human race was made audible2 4#b ,master ,mace had no such supernatural faculty1 and no such opinion of himself4 ,but the happy old man devises a means of overcoming to a certain degree his defect by inventing what he called a ,dyphone1 or ,double ,lute of fifty strings1 a representation of which is given in his book1 as 8the one only instrument in being of that kind1 then lately invented by himself1 and made with his own hands in the year #afgb40 ,footnote #a3 ,,phineas ,,fletcher4 ,footnote #b3 ,,iamblichi ,liber de ,pythagoric1 ,vit c4 xv4 8,the occasion of its production was my necessity2 viz4 my great defect in hearing2 adjoined with my unsatiable love and desire after the ,lute4 ,it being an instrument so soft1 and past my reach of hearing1 ,i did imagine it was possible to contrive a louder ,lute1 than ever any yet had been2 whereupon1 after divers casts and contrivances1 ,i pitched upon this order1 the which has 7in a great degree7 answered my expectation1 it being absolutely the lustiest or loudest ,lute that ,i ever yet heard4 ,for although ,i cannot hear the least twang of any other ,lute1 when ,i play upon it1 yet ,i can hear this in a very good measure1 yet not so loud as to distinguish every thing ,i play1 without the help of my teeth1 which when ,i lay close to the edge of it1 7there1 where the lace is fixed17 ,i hear all ,i play distinctly4 ,so that it is to me 7,i thank ,god67 one of the principal refreshments and contentments ,i enjoy in this world4 ,what it may prove to others in its use and service1 7if any shall think fit to make the like17 ,i know not1 but ,i conceive it may be very useful1 because of the several conveniences and advantages it has of all other ,lutes40 ,this instrument was on the one side a theorbo1 on the other lute1 having on the former part twenty-six strings1 twenty-four on the latter4 ,it had a fuller1 plumper and lustier sound1 he said1 than any other lute1 because the concave was almost as long again1 being hollow from neck to mouth4 8,this is one augmentation of sound2 there is yet another2 which is from the strange and wonderful secret1 which lies in the nature of sympathy1 in unities1 or the uniting of harmonical sounds1 the one always augmenting the other4 ,for let two several instruments lie asunder at any reasonable distance1 when you play upon one1 the other shall sound1 provided they be both exactly tuned in unisons to each other2 otherwise not4 ,this is known to all curious inspectors into such mysteries4 ,if this therefore be true1 it must needs be granted1 that when the strings of these two twins1 accordingly put on1 are tuned in unities and set up to a stiff lusty pitch1 they cannot but more augment and advantage one the other40 ,some allowances he begged for it1 because it was a new-made instrument and could not yet speak so well as it would do1 when it came to age and ripeness1 though it already gave forth 8a very free1 brisk1 trouling1 plump and sweet sound10 and because it was made by a hand that never before attempted the making of any instrument4 ,he concludes his description of it1 with what he calls a ,recreative ,fancy3 saying1 8because it is my beloved darling1 ,i seemed1 like an old doting body1 to be fond of it2 so that when ,i finished it1 ,i bedecked it with these five rhymes following1 fairly written upon each belly4 8,first1 round the ,theorboe knot1 thus1 ,i am of old1 and of ,great ,britain's fame1 ,theorboe was my name4 ,then next1 about the ,french ,lute knot1 thus1 ,i'm not so old2 yet grave1 and much acute2 ,my name was the ,french lute4 ,then from thence along the sides1 from one knot to the other1 thus1 ,but since we are thus joined both in one1 ,henceforth our name shall be the ,lute ,dyphone4 ,then again cross-wise under the ,theorboe-knot1 thus1 ,lo here a perfect emblem seen in me1 ,of ,england and of ,france1 their unity2 ,likewise that year they did each other aid1 ,i was contrived1 and thus compleatly made4 viz4 ,when they united both against the ,dutch and beat them soundly1 ,a4,d4 #afgb4 8,then lastly1 under the ,french ,lute knot1 thus1 ,long have we been divided1 now made one1 ,we sang in sevenths2 now in full unison4 ,in this firm union1 long may we agree1 ,no unison is like ,lute's harmony4 ,thus in its body1 tis trim1 spruce and fine ,but in its sp'rit1 tis like a thing divine40 ,poor ,mace formed the plan of a ,music-room1 and hoped to have erected it himself2 8but it pleased ,god10 says he1 8to disappoint and discourage me several ways1 for such a work2 as chiefly by the loss of my hearing1 and by that means the emptiness of my purse1 7my meaning may easily be guessed at17 ,i only wanted money enough but no good will thereunto40 ,however he engraved his plan1 and annexed a description of it1 8in hopes that at one time or other1 there might arise some honourable and truly nobly-spirited person1 or persons1 who may consider the great good use and benefit of such a necessary convenience1 and also find in his heart to become a benefactor to such an eminent good work1--for the promotion of the art and encouragement of the true lovers of it2 there being great need of such a thing1 in reference to the compleating and illustrating of the ,university ,schools40 ,what he designed was a room six yards square1 having on each side three galleries for spectators1 each something more than three yards deep4 ,these were to be one story from the ground1 8both for advantage of sound1 and also to avoid the moisture of the earth1 which is very bad1 both for instrument and strings20 and the building was to be 8in a clear and very delightful dry place1 both free from water1 the overhanging of trees1 and common noises40 ,the room was for the performers1 and it was to be 8one step higher on the floor than the galleries the better to convey the sound to the auditors30--8being thus clear and free from company1 all inconvenience of talking1 crowding1 sweating and blustering1 c4 are taken away2 the sound has its free and uninterrupted passage2 the performers are no ways hindered2 and the instruments will stand more steadily in tune1 7for no lutes1 viols1 pedals1 harpsicons1 c4 will stand in tune at such a time2 no1 nor voices themselves27 ,for ,i have known10 says he1 8an excellent voice1 well prepared for a solemn performance1 who has been put up in a crowd1 that when he has been to perform his part1 could hardly speak1 and by no other cause but the very distemper received by that crowd and overheat40 ,the twelve galleries1 though but little1 would hold two hundred persons very well2 and thus the uneasy and unhandsome accommodation1 which has often happened to persons of quality1 being crowded up1 squeezed and sweated among persons of an inferior rank1 might be avoided1 8which thing alone1 having such distinct reception for persons of different qualities1 must needs be accounted a great conveniency40 ,but there was a scientific convenience included in the arrangement2 for the lower walls were to be 8wainscoted1 hollow from the wall1 and without any kind of carved1 bossed1 or rugged work1 so that the sound might run glib and smooth all about1 without the least interruption4 ,and through that wainscot there must be several conveyances all out of the room--by grooves1 or pipes to certain auditor's seats1 where the hearer1 as he sate1 might at a small passage1 or little hole1 receive the pent-up sound1 which let it be never so weak in the music-room1 he1 7though at the furthest end of the gallery7 should hear as distinctly as any who were close by it40 ,the inlets into these pipes should be pretty large1 a foot square at least1 yet the larger the better1 without all doubt1 and so the conveyance to run proportionably narrower1 till it came to the ear of the auditor1 where it need not be above the wideness of one's finger end4 8,it cannot10 says he1 8be easily imagined1 what a wonderful advantage such a contrivance must needs be1 for the exact and distinct hearing of music2 without doubt far beyond all that ever has yet been used4 ,for there is no instrument of touch1 be it never so sweet1 and touched with the most curious hand that can be1 but in the very touch1 if you be near unto it1 you may perceive the touch to be heard2 especially of viols and violins3 but if you be at a distance1 that harshness is lost1 and conveyed unto the air1 and you receive nothing but the pure sweetness of the instrument2 so as ,i may properly say1 you lose the body1 but enjoy the soul or spirit thereof40 ,such a necessary1 ample and most convenient erection would become1 he thought1 any nobleman1 or gentleman's house2 and there might be built together with it as convenient rooms for all services of a family1 as by any other contrivance whatever1 and as magnificently stately4 ,were it but once experienced1 he doubted not1 but that the advantages would apparently show themselves1 and be esteemed far beyond what he had written1 or that others could conceive4 ,the last notice which we have of good ,master ,mace is an advertisement1 dated ,london1 #afij1 fourteen years after the publication of his book4 ,dr4 ,burney found it in the ,british ,museum1 in a collection of title-pages1 devices and advertisements4 ,it is addressed 8to all ,lovers of the best sort of ,music40 ,men say the times are strange2--tis true2 ',cause many strange things hap to be4 ,let it not then seem strange to you ,that here one strange thing more you see4 ,that is1 in ,devereux ,court1 next the ,grecian ,coffee ,house1 at the ,temple back gate1 there is a deaf person teacheth music to perfection2 who by reason of his great age1 viz4 seventy-seven1 is come to town1 with his whole stock of rich musical furniture2 viz4 instruments and books1 to put off1 to whomsoever delights in such choice things2 for he has nothing light or vain1 but all substantial and solid ,,music4 ,some particulars do here follow4 8,first1 ,there is a late invented ,organ1 which1 for private use1 exceeds all other fashioned organs whatever2 and for which1 substantial artificial reasons will be given2 and1 for its beauty1 it may become a nobleman's dining-room4 8,second1 ,there belongs to it a pair of fair1 large-sized consort viols1 chiefly fitted and suited for that1 or consort use2 and 'tis great pity they should be parted4 8,third1 ,there is a pedal harpsicon1 7the absolute best sort of consort harpsicon that has been invented2 there being in it more than twenty varieties1 most of them to come in with the foot of the player2 without the least hindrance of play17 exceedingly pleasant4 8,fourth1 ,is a single harpsicon4 8,fifth4 ,a new invented instrument1 called a ,dyphone1 viz4 a double lute2 it is both theorboe and ,french lute compleat2 and as easy to play upon as any other lute4 8,sixth1 ,several other theorboes1 lutes and viols1 very good4 8,seventh1 ,great store of choice collections of the works of the most famous composers that have lived in these last hundred years1 as ,latin1 ,english1 ,italian and some ,french4 8,eighth1 ,there is the publishers own ,music's ,monument2 some few copies thereof he has still by him to put off1 it being a subscribed book1 and not exposed to common sale4 ,all these will be sold at very easy rates1 for the reasons aforesaid2 and because1 indeed1 he cannot stay in town longer than four months1 exactly40 ,he further adds1 8if any be desirous to partake of his experimental skill in this high noble art1 during his stay in town1 he is ready to assist them2 and haply1 they may obtain that from him1 which they may not meet withal elsewhere4 ,he teacheth these five things2 viz4 the theorboe1 the ,french lute1 and the viol1 in all their excellent ways and uses2 as also composition1 together with the knack of procuring invention to young composers1 7the general and greatest difficulty they meet withal27 this last thing not being attempted by any author1 7as he knows of17 yet may be done1 though some have been so wise1 or otherwise to contradict it3 ,sed experientia docuit4 8,any of these five things may be learned so understandingly1 in this little time he stays1 by such general rules as he gives1 together with ,music's ,monument1 7written principally to such purposes17 as that any1 aptly inclined1 may1 for the future1 teach themselves1 without any other help40 ,this is the last notice of poor ,mace3 poor he may be called1 when at the age of seventy-seven he is found in ,london upon the forlorn hope of selling his instruments and his books1 and getting pupils during this stay4 ,it may be inferred that he had lost the son of whose musical proficiency he formerly spoke with so much pleasure2 for otherwise this professional collection and stock in trade would hardly have been exposed to sale1 but it appears that the good old man retained his mental faculties1 and his happy and contented spirit4 ,dr4 ,burney recommends the perusal of what he calls his matchless book 8to all who have taste for excessive simplicity and quaintness1 and can extract pleasure from the sincere and undissembled happiness of an author1 who with exalted notions of his subject and abilities1 discloses to his readers every inward working of self-approbation in as undisguised a manner1 as if he were communing with himself in all the plenitude of mental comfort and privacy40 ,,chapter ,,cxcvii4 ,,question ,,proposed1 ,,whether ,a ,,man ,,be ,,magnified ,,or ,,minified ,,by ,,considering ,,himself ,,under ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,heavenly ,,bodies1 ,,and ,,answered ,,with ,,learning ,,and ,,discretion4 ,i find by experience that ,writing is like ,building1 wherein the undertaker1 to supply some defect1 or serve some convenience which at first he foresaw not1 is usually forced to exceed his first model and proposal1 and many times to double the charge and expence of it4 ,,dr4 ,,john ,,scott4 ,is man magnified or minified by considering himself as under the influence of the heavenly bodies1--not simply as being ,moved round in earth's dismal course ,with rocks and stones and trees2#a but as affected by them in his constitution bodily and mental1 and dependent on them for weal or woe1 for good or evil fortune2 as subjected1 that is1 according to astrological belief to ,the ,stars1 who1 by ,i know not what strange right1 ,preside o'er mortals in their own despite1 ,who without reason1 govern those who most1 7,how truly1 judge from thence67 of reason boast2 ,and by some mighty magic1 yet unknown1 ,our actions guide1 yet cannot guide their own4#b ,apart from what one of our ,platonic divines calls 8the power of astral necessity1 and uncontrollable impressions arising from the subordination and mental sympathy and dependence of all mundane causes10 which is the ,platonist's and ,stoic's 8proper notion of fate20#c apart1 ,i say1 from this1 and from the ,calvinist's doctrine of predestination1 is it a humiliating1 or an elevating consideration1 that the same celestial movements which cause the flux and reflux of the ocean1 should be felt in the pulse of a patient suffering with a fever3 and that the eternal laws which regulate the stars in their courses1 should decide the lot of an individual8 ,footnote #a3 ,,wordsworth4 ,footnote #b3 ,,churchill4 ,footnote #c3 ,,john ,,smith4 ,here again a distinction must be made1--between the physical theory and the pseudo-science4 ,the former is but a question of more or less2 for that men are affected by atmospherical influence is proved by every endemic disease2 and invalids feel in themselves a change of weather as decidedly as they perceive its effect upon the weather-glass1 the hygrometer1 or the strings of a musical instrument4 ,the sense of our weakness in this respect1--of our dependence upon causes over which we have no controul1 and which in their operation and nature are inexplicable by us1 must have a humbling and therefore a beneficial tendency in every mind disposed to goodness4 ,it is in the order of ,providence that we should learn from sickness and adversity lessons which health and prosperity never teach4 ,some of the old theoretical physicians went far beyond this4 ,sachs von ,lewenheimb compared the microcosm of man with the macrocosm in which he exists4 ,the heart in the one1 he said1 is what the ocean is in the other1 the blood has its ebbing and flowing like the tide1 and as the ocean receives its impulse from the moon and the winds1 the brain and the vital spirits act in like manner upon the heart4 ,baillet has noticed for censure the title of his book in his chapter ,des prejugs des ,titres des ,livres2 it is ,oceanus ,macro-,micro-cosmicus4 ,peder ,severinsen carrying into his medical studies a fanciful habit of mind which he might better have indulged in his younger days when he was a ,professor of ,poetry1 found in the little world of the human body1 antitypes of every thing in the great world1 its mountains and its vallies1 its rivers and its lakes1 its minerals and its vegetables1 its elements and its spheres4 ,according to him the stars are living creatures1 subject to the same diseases as ourselves4 ,ours indeed are derived from them by sympathy1 or astral influence1 and can be remedied only by those medicines1 the application of which is denoted by their apparent qualities1 or by the authentic signature of nature4 ,this fancy concerning the origin of diseases is less intelligible than the mythology of those ,rosicrucians who held that they were caused by evil demons rulers of the respective planets1 or by the ,spirits of the ,firmament and the ,air4 ,a mythology this may more properly be called than a theory2 and it would belong rather to the history of ,manicheism than of medicine1 were it not that in all ages fanaticism and imposture have1 in greater or less degree1 connected themselves with the art of healing4 ,but however dignified1 or super-celestial the theoretical causes of disease1 its effect is always the same in bringing home1 even to the proudest heart1 a sense of mortal weakness3 whereas the belief which places man in relation with the ,stars1 and links his petty concerns and fortunes of a day with the movements of the heavenly bodies1 and the great chain of events1 tends to exalt him in his own conceit4 ,the thriftless man in middle or low life who says1 in common phrase1 that he was born under a threepenny planet1 and therefore shall never be worth a groat1 finds some satisfaction in imputing his unprosperity to the ,stars1 and casting upon them the blame which he ought to take upon himself4 ,in vain did an old ,almanack-maker say to such men of the ,creator1 in a better strain than was often attained by the professors of his craft4 ,he made the ,stars to be an aid unto us1 ,not 7as is fondly dream'd7 to help undo us2 ,much less without our fault to ruinate ,by doom of irrecoverable ,fate4 ,and if our best endeavours use we will1 ,these glorious ,creatures will be helpful still ,in all our honest ways3 for they do stand ,to help1 not hinder us1 in ,god's command1 ,who doth not only rule them by his powers ,but makes their glory servant unto ours4 ,be wise in ,him1 and if just cause there be ,the ,sun and ,moon shall stand and wait on thee4 ,on the other hand the lucky adventurer proceeds with superstitious confidence in his ,fortune2 and the ambitious in many instances have devoted themselves1 or been deceived to their own destruction4 ,it is found accordingly that the professors of astrology generally in their private practice addressed themselves to the cupidity or the vanity of those by whom they were employed4 ,honest professors there were who framed their schemes faithfully upon their own rules2 but the greater number were those who consulted their own advantage only1 and these men being well acquainted with human nature in its ordinary character1 always took this course4--,their character has changed as little as human nature itself in the course of two thousand years since ,ennius expressed his contempt for them1 in a passage preserved by ,cicero4 ,non habeo denique nauci ,marsum augurem1 ,non vicanos haruspices1 non de circo astrologos1 ,non ,isiacos conjectores1 non interpretes somnium4 ,non enim sunt ii aut scienti aut arte1 divini1 ,sed superstitiosi vates1 impudentesque harioli1 ,aut inertes1 aut insani1 aut quibus egestas imperat3 ,qui sibi semitam non sapiunt1 alteri monstrant viam4 ,quibus divitias pollicentur1 ab iis drachmam ipsi petunt4 ,de his divitiis sibi deducant drachmam1 reddant ctera4 ,pompey1 ,crassus1 and ,csar were each assured by the ,chaldeans that he should die in his own house1 in prosperity1 and in a good old age4 ,cicero tells us this upon his own knowledge3 ,quam multa ego ,pompeio1 quam multa ,crasso1 quam multa huic ipsi ,csari ,chaldeis dicta memini1 neminem eorum nisi senectute1 nisi domi1 nisi cum claritate esse moriturum6 ut mihi permirum videatur1 quemquam extare1 qui etiam nunc credat iis1 quorum prdicta quotidie videat re et eventis refelli4 ,and before the age of ,ennius1 ,euripides had in the person of ,tiresias shewn how surely any such profession1 if the professor believed in his own art1 must lead to martyrdom1 or falsehood4 ,when the blind old ,prophet turns away from ,creon1 he says1 in words worthy of ,milton's favourite poet1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 ,the sagacity of the poet will be seen by those who are versed in the history of the ,old ,testament2 and for those who are not versed in it1 the sooner they cease to be ignorant in what so nearly concerns them1 the better it may be for themselves4 ,jeremy ,taylor says that he reproves those who practised judicial astrology1 and pretended to deliver genethliacal predictions1 8not because their reason is against religion1 for certainly1 said he1 it cannot be2 but because they have not reason enough in what they say2 they go upon weak principles which they cannot prove2 they reduce them to practice by impossible mediums2 they argue about things with which they have little conversation4 ,although the art may be very lawful if the stars were upon the earth1 or the men were in heaven1 if they had skill in what they profess1 and reason in all their pretences1 and after all that their principles were certain1 and that the stars did really signify future events1 and that those events were not overruled by every thing in heaven and in earth1 by ,god1 and by our own will and wisdom1--yet because here is so little reason and less certainty1 and nothing but confidence and illusion1 therefore it is that religion permits them not2 and it is not the reason in this art that is against religion1 but the folly or the knavery of it2 and the dangerous and horrid consequents which they feel that run a-whoring after such idols of imagination40 ,in our days most of those persons who can afford to employ the greater part of their thoughts upon themselves1 fall at a certain age under the influence either of a physical or a spiritual director1 for ,protestantism has its ,directeurs as well as ,popery1 less to its advantage and as little to its credit4 ,the spiritual professors have the most extensive practice1 because they like their patients are of all grades1 and are employed quite as much among the sound as the sick4 ,the astrologer no longer contests the ascendancy with either4 ,that calling is now followed by none but such low impostors1 that they are only heard of when one of them is brought before a magistrate for defrauding some poor credulous creature in the humblest walks of life4 ,so low has that cunning fallen1 which in the seventeenth century introduced its professors into the cabinets of kings1 and more powerful ministers4 ,an astrologer was present at the birth of ,louis ,,xiv1 that he might mark with all possible precision the exact moment of his nativity4 ,after the massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew's day1 ,catherine de ,medici1 deep in blood as she was1 hesitated about putting to death the king of ,navarre and the prince of ,cond1 and the person of whom she took counsel was an astrologer1--had she gone to her ,confessor their death would have been certain4 ,cosmo ,ruggieri was an unprincipled adventurer1 but on this occasion he made a pious use of his craft1 and when the ,queen enquired of him what the nativities of these ,princes prognosticated1 he assured her that he had calculated them with the utmost exactness1 and that according to the principles of his art1 the ,state had nothing to apprehend from either of them4 ,he let them know this as soon as he could1 and told them that he had given this answer purely from regard for them1 not from any result of his schemes1 the matter being in its nature undiscoverable by astrology4 ,the ,imperial astrologers in ,china excused themselves once for a notable failure in their art1 with more notable address4 ,the error indeed was harmless1 except in its probable consequences to themselves2 they had predicted an eclipse1 and no eclipse took place4 ,but instead of being abashed at this proof of their incapacity the ready rogues complimented the ,emperor1 and congratulated him upon so wonderful and auspicious an event4 ,the eclipse they said portended evil1 and therefore in regard to him the ,gods had put it by4 ,an ,asiatic ,emperor who calls himself ,brother to the ,sun and ,moon1 might well believe that his relations would go a little out of their way to oblige him1 if the ,queen of ,navarre could with apparent sincerity declare her belief that special revelations are made to the ,great1 as one of the privileges of their high estate1 and that her mother1 that ,catherine de ,medici1 whose name is for ever infamous1 was thus miraculously forewarned of every remarkable event that befell her husband and her children1 nor was she herself1 without her share in this privilege1 though her character was not more spotless in one point than her mother's in another4 ,de ces divins advertissemens1 she says1 je ne me veux estimer digne1 toutesfois pour ne me taire comme ingrate des graces que j'ay recees de ,dieu1 que je dois et veux confesser toute ma vie1 pour luy en rendre grace1 et que chacun le loue aux merveilles des effets de sa puissance1 bont1 et misericorde1 qu'il luy a pl faire en moy1 j'advoueray n'avoir jamais est proche de quelques signalez accidens1 ou sinistres1 ou heureux1 que j'en aye eu quelque advertissement ou en songe1 ou autrement2 et puis bien dire ce vers1 ,de mon bien ou mon mal1 mon esprit m'est oracle4 ,,chapter ,,cxcviii4 ,,peter ,,hopkins' ,,views ,,of ,,astrology4 ,,his ,,skill ,,in ,,chiromancy1 ,,palmistry1 ,,or ,,manual ,,divination ,,wisely ,,tempered4--,,spanish ,,proverb ,,and ,,sonnet ,,by ,,bartolome ,,leonardo ,,de ,,argensola4--,,tippoo ,,sultan4--,,mahometan ,,superstition4--,w4 ,y4 ,,playtes' ,,prospectus ,,for ,,the ,,horn ,,book ,,for ,,the ,,remembrance ,,of ,,the ,,signs ,,of ,,salvation4 ,seguite dunque con la mente lieta1 ,seguite1 ,monsignor1 che com' io dico1 ,presto presto sarete in su la meta4 ,,ludovico ,,dolce4 ,peter ,hopkins had believed in astrology when he studied it in early life with his friend ,grey2 his faith in it had been overthrown by observation and reflection1 and the unperceived influence of the opinions of the learned and scientific public2 but there was more latent doubt in his incredulity than had ever lurked at the root of his belief4 ,he was not less skilled in the kindred1 though more trivial art of ,chiromancy1 ,palmistry1 or ,manual ,divination1 for the divine origin of which a verse in the ,book of ,job was adduced as scriptural proof2 8,he sealeth up the hand of every man1 that all men may know his work40 ,the text appears more chiromantical in the ,vulgate4 ,qui in manu omnium hominum signa posuit4 ,who has placed signs in the hand of all men4 ,the uses of the science were represented to be such1 as to justify this opinion of its origination3 8,for hereby10 says ,fabian ,withers1 8thou shalt perceive and see the secret works of ,nature1 how aptly and necessarily she hath compounded and knit each member with other1 giving unto the hand1 as unto a table1 certain signs and tokens whereby to discern and know the inward motions and affections of the mind and heart1 with the inward state of the whole body2 as also our inclination and aptness to all our external actions and doings4 ,for what more profitable thing may be supposed or thought1 than when a man in himself may foresee and know his proper and fatal accidents1 and thereby to embrace and follow that which is good1 and to avoid and eschew the evils which are imminent unto him1 for the better understanding and knowledge thereof80 ,but cautioning his readers against the error of those who perverted their belief in palmistry and astrology1 and used it as a refuge or sanctuary for all their evil deeds1 8we ought10 said he1 8to know and understand that the ,stars do not provoke or force us to anything1 but only make us apt and prone2 and being so disposed1 allure as it were1 and draw us forward to our natural inclination4 ,in the which if we follow the rule of ,reason1 taking it to be our only guide and governor1 they lose all the force1 power and effect which they by any means may have in and upon us3 contrariwise1 if we give ourselves over to follow our own sensuality and natural dispositions1 they work even the same effect on us--that they do in brute beasts40 ,farther he admonishes all 8which should read or take any fruit of his small treatise1 to use such moderation in perusing of the same that they do not by and by take in hand to give judgement either of their own1 or other men's estates or nativities1 without diligent circumspection and taking heed2 weighing and considering how many ways a man may be deceived2 as by the providence and discretion of the person on whom he gives judgement1 also1 the dispensation of ,god1 and our fallible and uncertain speculation40 8,wherefore10 he continues1 8let all men in seeking hereby to foresee their own fortune1 take heed that by the promise of good1 they be not elate1 or high-minded1 giving themselves over to otiosity or idleness1 and trusting altogether to the ,natural ,influences2 neither yet by any signs or tokens of adversity1 to be dejected or cast down1 but to take and weigh all things with such equality and moderation1 directing their state of life and living to all perfectness and goodness1 that they may be ready to embrace and follow all that which is good and profitable2 and also not only to eschew and avoid1 but to withstand and set at nought all evil and adverse fortune1 whensoever it may happen unto them40 ,whoever studies the history of opinions1 that is1 of the aberrations1 caprices and extravagancies of the human mind1 may find some consolation in reflecting upon the practical morality which has been preached not only by men of the most erroneous faith1 but even by fanatics1 impostors and hypocrites1 as if it were in the order of ,providence that there should be no poison which had not also some medicinal virtue4 ,the books of palmistry have been so worn by perusal that one in decent preservation is now among the rarities of literature2 and it may be hoped that of the credulous numbers who have pored over them1 many have derived more benefit from the wholesome lessons which were thus unexpectedly brought home to them1 than they suffered detriment from giving ear to the profession of a fallacious art4 ,the lesson was so obvious that the ,spaniards expressed it in one of their pithy proverbs1 es nuestra alma en nuestra palma4 ,the thought has been expanded into a sonnet by ,bartolome ,leonardo de ,argensola1 a poet whose strains of manly morality have not been exceeded in that language4 ,fabio1 pensar que el ,padre soberano ,en esas rayas de la palma diestra 7,que son arrugas de la piel7 te muestra ,los accidentes del discurso humano2 ,es beber con el vulgo el error vano ,de la ignorancia1 su comun maestra4 ,bien te confieso1 que la suerte nuestra1 ,mala1 o buena1 la puso en nuestra mano4 ,di1 quin te estorvar el ser ,rey1 si vives ,sin envidiar la suerte de los ,reyes1 ,tan contento y pacifico en la tuya1 ,que estn ociosas para ti sus leyes2 ,y qualquier novedad que el ,cielo influya1 ,como cosa ordinaria la recibes8 ,fabius1 to think that ,god hath interlined ,the human hand like some prophetic page1 ,and in the wrinkles of the palm defined ,as in a map1 our mortal pilgrimage1 ,this is to follow1 with the multitude ,error and ,ignorance1 their common guides1 ,yet ,heaven hath placed1 for evil or for good1 ,our fate in our own hands1 whate'er betides ,being as we make it4 ,art thou not a king ,thyself my friend1 when envying not the lot ,of thrones1 ambition hath for thee no sting1 ,laws are to thee as they existed not1 ,and in thy harmless station no event ,can shake the calm of its assured content4 8,nature0 says a ,cheirologist1 8was a careful workman in the creation of the human body4 ,she hath set in the hand of man certain signs and tokens of the heart1 brain and liver1 because in them it is that the life of man chiefly consists1 but she hath not done so of the eyes1 ears1 mouth1 hands and feet1 because those parts of the body seem rather to be made for a comeliness or beauty1 than for any necessity40 ,what he meant to say was that any accident which threatened the three vital parts was betokened in the lines of the palm1 but that the same fashioning was not necessary in relation to parts which might be injured without inducing the loss of life4 ,therefore every man's palm has in it the lines relating to the three noble parts1 the more minute lines are only found on subjects of finer texture1 and if they originally existed in husbandmen and others whose hands are rendered callous by their employments1 they are effaced4 ,it was only cheirologically speaking that he disparaged what sailors in their emphatic language so truly call our precious eyes and limbs1 not that he estimated them like ,tippoo ,sultan1 who in one of his letters says1 that if people persisted in visiting a certain person who was under his displeasure1 8their ears and noses should be dispensed with40 ,this strange tyrant wrote odes in praise of himself1 and describes the effect of his just government to be such1 that in the security of his protection 8the deer of the forest made their pillow of the lion and the tyger1 and their mattress of the leopard and the panther40 ,tippoo did not consider ears and noses to be superfluities when in that wanton wickedness which seldom fails to accompany the possession of irresponsible power he spoke of dispensing with them4 ,but in one instance arms and legs were regarded as worse than superfluous4 ,some years ago a man was exhibited who was born without either1 and in that condition had found a woman base enough to marry him4 ,having got some money together1 she one day set this wretched creature upon a chimney-piece1 from whence he could not move1 and went off with another man1 stripping him of every thing that she could carry away4 ,the first words he uttered1 when some one came into the room and took him down1 were an imprecation upon those people who had legs and arms1 because1 he said they were always in mischief6 ,the ,mahommedans believe that every man's fate is written on his forehead1 but that it can be read by those only whose eyes have been opened4 ,the ,brahmins say that the sutures of the skull describe in like manner the owner's destined fortune1 but neither can this mysterious writing be seen by any one during his life1 nor decyphered after his death4 ,both these notions are mere fancies which afford a foundation for nothing worse than fable4 ,something more extraordinary has been excogitated by ,w4 ,y4 ,playtes1 ,lecturer upon the ,signs of the light of the ,understanding4 ,he announces to mankind that the prints of the nails of the ,cross which our ,lord shewed ,thomas1 are printed in the roots of the nails of the hands and feet of every man that is born into the world1 for witnesses1 and for leading us to believe in the truth of all the signs1 and graven images and pictures that are seen in the ,heavenly ,looking ,glass of ,reflection1 in the ,sun and the ,moon and the ,stars4 ,this ,theosophist has published a short ,prospectus of his intended work entitled the ,horn ,book for the remembrance of the ,signs of ,salvation1 which ,horn ,book is 7should subscriptions be forthcoming7 to be published in one hundred and forty-four numbers1 forming twelve octavo volumes of six hundred pages each1 with fifty plates1 maps and tables1 and #cfe1jjj marginal references1--being one thousand for every day in the year4 ,wonder not reader at the extent of this projected work2 for1 says the author1 8the ,cow of the ,church of ,truth giveth abundance of milk1 for the ,babes of ,knowledge40 ,but for palmistry there was a plausible theory which made it applicable to the purposes of fraud4 ,among the odd persons with whom ,peter ,hopkins had become acquainted in the course of his earlier pursuits1 was a sincere student of the occult sciences1 who1 being a more refined and curious artist1 whenever he cast the nativity of any one1 took an impression from the palm of the hand1 as from an engraved plate1 or block4 ,he had thus a fac-simile of what he wanted4 ,according to ,sir ,thomas ,browne1 the variety in the lines is so great1 that there is almost no strict conformity4 ,bewick in one of his works has in this manner printed his own thumb4 ,there are ,french deeds of the #aeth century which are signed by the imprint of five fingers dipt in ink1 underwritten ,ce est la griffe de monseigneur4#a ,footnote #a3 ,the ,reader1 who is curious in such matters1 may turn to ,ames and ,herbert1 7,dibdin1 ii4 #chj47 for the hands in ,holt's ,lac ,puerorum1 emprynted at ,london by ,wynkyn de ,worde4 ,hopkins himself did not retain any lurking inclination to believe in this art4 ,you could know without it1 he said1 whether a person were open-handed1 or close-fisted1 and this was a more useful knowledge than palmistry could give us4 ,but the ,doctor sometimes made use of it to amuse children1 and gave them at the same time playful admonition1 and wholesome encouragement4 ,,chapter ,,cxcix4 ,,concerning ,,the ,,great ,,honours ,,to ,,which ,,certain ,,horses ,,have ,,attained1 ,,and ,,the ,,royal ,,merits ,,of ,,nobs4 ,siento para contarlas que me llama ,el mi1 yo mi pluma1 ella la fama4 ,,balbuena4 ,there have been great and good horses whose merits have been recorded in history and in immortal song as they well deserved to be4 ,who has not heard of ,bucephalus8 of whom ,pulteney said that he questioned whether ,alexander himself had pushed his conquests half so far1 if ,bucephalus had not stooped to take him on his back4 ,statius hath sung of ,arion who when he carried ,neptune left the winds panting behind him1 and who was the best horse that ever has been heard of for taking the water1 ,spe per ,ionium ,libycumque natantibus ire ,interjunctus equis1 omnesque assuetus in oras ,cruleum deferre patrem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tramp1 tramp across the land he went1 ,splash1 splash across the sea4 ,but he was a dangerous horse in a gig4 ,hercules found it difficult to hold him in1 and ,polynices when he attempted to drive him made almost as bad a figure as the ,taylor upon his ever memorable excursion to ,brentford4 ,the virtues of ,caligula's horse1 whom that ,emperor invited to sup with him1 whom he made a ,priest1 and whom he intended to make ,consul1 have not been described by those historians who have transmitted to us the account of his extraordinary fortune2 and when we consider of what materials1 even in our days1 both ,priests and ,senators are sometimes made1 we may be allowed to demur at any proposition which might include an admission that dignity is to be considered an unequivocal mark of desert4 ,more certain it is that ,borysthenes was a good horse1 for the ,emperor ,adrian erected a monument to his memory1 and it was recorded in his epitaph that he used to fly over the plains and marshes and ,etrurian hills1 hunting ,pannonian boars2 he appears by his name to have been like ,nobs1 of ,tartaric race4 ,bavieca was a holy and happy horse1--,i borrow the epithets from the ,bishop of ,chalons's sermon upon the ,bells4 ,gil ,diaz deserved to be buried in the same grave with him4 ,and there is an anonymous ,horse1 of whom honorable mention is made in the ,roman ,catholic ,breviary1 for his religious merits1 because after a ,pope had once ridden him1 he never would suffer himself to be unhallowed by carrying a woman on his back4 ,these latter are both ,roman ,catholic ,houyhnhnms1 but among the ,mahometans also1 quadrupedism is not considered an obstacle to a certain kind of canonization4 ,seven of the ,emperor of ,morocco's horses have been ,saints1 or ,marabouts as the ,moors would call it2 and some there were who enjoyed that honour in the year #agba when ,windus was at ,mequinez4 ,one had been thus distinguished for saving the ,emperor's life3 8and if a man10 says the ,traveller1 8should kill one of his children1 and lay hold of this horse1 he is safe4 ,this horse has saved the lives of some of the captives1 and is fed with cuscuru and camel's milk4 ,after the ,emperor has drank1 and the horse after him1 some of his favourites are suffered to drink out of the same bowl40 ,this was probably the horse who had a ,christian slave appointed to hold up his tail when he was led abroad1 and to carry a vessel and towel--8for use unmeet to tell40 ,i have discovered only one ,houyhnhnm who was a martyr1 excepting those who are sometimes burnt with the rest of the family by ,captain ,rock's people in ,ireland4 ,this was poor ,morocco1 the learned horse of ,queen ,elizabeth's days3 he and his master ,banks1 having been in some danger of being put to death at ,orleans1 were both burnt alive by the ,inquisition at ,rome1 as magicians4--,the word martyr is here used in its religious acceptation3 for the victims of avarice and barbarity who are destroyed by hard driving and cruel usage are numerous enough to make a frightful account among the sins of this nation4 ,fabretti the antiquary had a horse who when he carried his master on an antiquarian excursion1 assisted him in his researches2 for this sagacious horse had been so much accustomed to stop where there were ruins1 and probably had found so much satisfaction in grazing1 or cropping the boughs among them at his pleasure1 that he was become a sort of antiquary himself2 and sometimes by stopping and as it were pointing like a setter1 gave his master notice of some curious and half-hidden objects which he might otherwise have past by unperceived4 ,how often has a drunken rider been carried to his own door by a sure-footed beast1 sensible enough to understand that his master was in no condition either to guide him1 or to take care of himself4 ,how often has a stage coach been brought safely to its inn after the coachman had fallen from the box4 ,nay was there not a mare at ,ennis races in ,ireland 7,atalanta was her name7 who having thrown her rider1 kept the course with a perfect understanding of what was expected from her1 looked back and quickened her speed as the other horses approached her1 won the race1 trotted a few paces beyond the post1 then wheeled round1 and came up to the scale as usual8 ,and did not ,hurleyburley do the same thing at the ,goodwood races8 ,that ,nobs was the best horse in the world ,i will not affirm4 ,best is indeed a bold word to whatever it be applied1 and yet in the shopkeeper's vocabulary it is at the bottom of his scale of superlatives4 ,a haberdasher in a certain great city is still remembered1 whose lowest priced gloves were what he called ,best1 but then he had five degrees of optimism2 ,best1 ,better than ,best1 ,best of all1 ,better than ,best of all1 and the ,real ,best4 ,it may be said of ,nobs then that he was one of the ,real ,best3 equal to any that ,spain could have produced to compare with him1 though concerning ,spanish horses1 the antiquary and historian ,morales1 7properly and as it were prophetically baptized ,ambrosio1 because his name ought ever to be in ambrosial odour among his countrymen7 concerning ,spanish horses1 ,i say1 that judicious author has said1 la estima que agora se hace en todo el mundo de un caballo ,espaol es la mas solemne cosa que puede haber en animales4 ,neither will ,i assert that there could not have been a better horse than ,nobs1 because ,i remember how ,roger ,williams tells us1 8one of the chiefest ,doctors of ,england was wont to say concerning strawberries1 that ,god could have made a better berry1 but he never did40 ,calling this to mind1 ,i venture to say as that chiefest ,doctor might1 and we may believe would have said upon the present occasion1 that a better horse than ,nobs there might have been1--but there never was4 ,the ,duchess of ,newcastle tells us that her ,lord1 than whom no man could be a more competent judge1 preferred barbs and ,spanish to all others1 for barbs1 he said1 were like gentlemen in their kind1 and ,spanish horses like ,princes4 ,this saying would have pleased the ,doctor1 as coinciding entirely with his own opinions4 ,he was no believer in equality either among men or beasts2 and he used to say1 that in a state of nature ,nobs would have been the king of his kind4 ,and why not8 if ,i do not show you sufficient precedents for it call me ,,fimbul ,,fambi4 ,,chapter ,,cc4 ,a ,,chapter ,,of ,,kings4 ,,fimbul-,,fambi heitr ,s er fatt kann segia1 ,that er snotvrs athal4 ,fimbul-fambi 7fatuus7 vocatur ,qui pauca novit narrare3 ,ea est hominis insciti proprietas4 ,,edda1 ,hva ,ml4 ,there are other monarchies in the inferior world1 besides that of the ,bees1 though they have not been registered by ,naturalists1 nor studied by them4 ,for example1 the ,king of the ,fleas keeps his court at ,tiberias1 as ,dr4 ,clarke discovered to his cost1 and as ,mr4 ,cripps will testify for him4 ,the ,king of the ,crocodiles resides in ,upper ,egypt2 he has no tail1 but ,dr4 ,southey has made one for him4 ,the ,queen ,muscle may be found at the ,falkland ,islands4 ,the ,oysters also have their ,king1 according to ,pliny4 ,theirs seems to be a sort of patriarchical monarchy1 the ,king1 or peradventure the ,queen1 ,oyster being distinguished by its size and age1 perhaps therefore the parent of the bed2 for every bed1 if ,pliny err not1 has its sovereign4 ,in ,pliny's time the diver made it his first business to catch the royal ,oyster1 because his or her ,majesty being of great age and experience1 was also possessed of marvellous sagacity1 which was exercised for the safety of the commonweal2 but if this were taken the others might be caught without difficulty1 just as a swarm of ,bees may be secured after the ,queen is made prisoner4 ,seeing1 however1 that his ,oyster ,majesty is not to be heard of now at any of the ,oyster shops in ,london1 nor known at ,colchester or ,milton1 it may be that liberal opinions have1 in the march of intellect1 extended to the race of ,oysters1 that monarchy has been abolished among them1 and that republicanism prevails at this day throughout all ,oysterdom1 or at least in those parts of it which be near the ,british shores4 ,it has been observed also by a judicious author that no such ,king of the ,oysters has been found in the ,west ,indian ,pearl fisheries4 ,the ,king of the ,bears rules over a territory which is on the way to the desert of ,hawaida1 and ,hatim ,tai married his daughter1 though the said ,hatim was long unwilling to become a ,mac ,mahon by marriage4 8,i was told by the ,sheikh ,othman and his son1 two pious and credible persons10 says the traveller ,ibn ,batista1 8that the monkies have a leader whom they follow as if he were their ,king1 7this was in ,ceylon74 ,about his head is tied a turban composed of the leaves of trees1 7for a crown27 and he reclines upon a staff1 7which is his sceptre74 ,at his right and left hand are four ,monkies with rods in their hands1 7gold sticks71 all of which stand at his head whenever the leading ,monkey1 7his ,majesty7 sits4 ,his wives and children are daily brought in on these occasions1 and sit down before him2 then comes a number of ,monkies 7his privy council7 which sit and form an assembly about him4 ,after this each of them comes with a nut1 a lemon or some of the mountain fruit1 which he throws down before the leader4 ,he then eats 7dining in public1 like the ,king of ,france7 together with his wives1 and children1 and the four principal ,monkies3 they then all disperse4 ,one of the ,jogres also told me1 that he once saw the four ,monkies standing in the presence of the leader1 and beating another ,monkey with rods2 after which they plucked off all his hair40 ,the ,lion is the ,king of ,beasts4 ,hutchinson1 however1 opines that ,bulls may be ranked in a higher class2 for helmets are fortified with their horns1 which is a symbol of pre-eminence4 ,certainly he says1 both the ,bull and ,lion discover the ,king1 but the ,bull is a better and more significant representative of a ,king than the ,lion4 ,but neither ,bull nor ,lion is ,king of all ,beasts1 for a certain person whose name being anagrammatized rendereth ,johnny the ,bear1 is notoriously the ,king of the ,bears at this time3 even ,ursa ,major would not dispute his title4 ,and a certain honourable member of the ,house of ,commons would by the tottle of that whole ,house be voted ,king of the ,bores4 ,the ,king of the ,codfish frequents the shores of ,finmark4 ,he has a sort of chubbed head1 rising in the shape of a crown1 his forehead is broad1 and the lower jaw bone projects a little1 in other parts he resembles his subjects1 whom he leads and directs in their migrations4 ,the ,laplanders believe that the fisherman who takes him1 will from that time forth be fortunate1 especially in fishing2 and they shew their respect for his ,cod-,majesty when he is taken1 by hanging him up whole to dry1 instead of cutting off his head as they do to the common fish4 ,in ,japan the ,tai1 which the ,dutch call ,steenbrassem1 is the ,king of ,fish1 because it is sacred to their sea-god ,jebis1 and because of its splendid colours1 and also1 perhaps1 because of its exorbitant price1 it being so scarce1 that for a court entertainment1 or on other extraordinary occasions1 one is not to be had under a thousand cobangs4 ,among the ,gangas or ,priests of ,congo1 is one whose official title is ,mutuin1 and who calls himself ,king of the ,water1 for by water alone he professes to heal all diseases4 ,at certain times all who need his aid are assembled on the banks of a river4 ,he throws an empty vessel in1 repeats some mysterious words1 then takes it out full and distributes the water as an universal medicine4 ,the ,herring has been called the ,king of ,fish1 because of its excellence1 the ,herring1 as all ,dutchmen know1 and as all other men ought to know1 exceeding every other fish in goodness4 ,therefore it may have been that the first dish which used to be brought to table in this country on ,easter ,day1 was a ,red ,herring on horseback1 set in a corn sallad4 ,others have called the ,whale1 ,king of ,fish4 ,but ,abraham ,rees1 ,d4,d4 and ,f4,r4,s4 of ,cyclopedian celebrity1 assures us that the whale notwithstanding its piscine appearance1 and its residence in the waters1 has no claim to a place among fishes4 ,uncle ,toby would have whistled ,lillabullero at being told that the ,whale was not a fish4 ,the said ,abraham ,rees1 however1 of the double ,dees1 who is1 as the advertisement on the cover of his own ,cyclopedia1 informs us1 8of acknowledged learning and industry1 and of unquestionable experience in this 7the ,cyclopedian7 department of literary labour10 candidly admits that the ,ancients may surely be excused for thinking ,whales were fish4 ,but how can ,abraham ,rees be excused for denying the ,whale's claim to a place among the inhabitants of the ,great ,deep1--which was appointed for him at the ,creation4 ,but the ,great ,fish who is undoubtedly the ,king of ,fish1 and of all creatures that exist in the sea1 ,whales1 ,mermen-and-,maids included1 is the fish ,arez1 which ,ormuzd created1 and placed in the water that surrounds ,hom1 the ,king of ,trees1 to protect that sacred arboreal ,majesty against the ,great ,toad sent there by ,ahriman to destroy it4 ,it is related in the same archives of cosmogony that the ,king of the ,goats is a ,white ,goat1 who carries his head in a melancholy and cogitabund position1 regarding the ground1--weighed down perhaps by the cares of royalty2 that the ,king of the ,sheep has his left ear white1--from whence it may appear that the ,royal ,mutton is a black sheep1 which the ,royal ,ram of the ,fairy ,tales is not3 that the ,king of the ,camels has two white ears3 and that the ,king of the ,bulls is neither ,apis1 nor ,john ,bull1 but a ,black ,bull with yellow ears4 ,according to the same archives1 a ,white ,horse with yellow ears and full eyes is ,king of the ,horses2--doubtless the ,mythological ,horse ,king would acknowledge ,nobs for his ,vicegerent4 ,the ,ass ,king is also white3 his ,asinine ,majesty has no ,vicegerent4 ,the number of competitors being so great that he has appointed a regency4 ,the ,king of ,dogs is yellow4 ,the ,king of ,hares red4 ,there are ,kings among the ,otters in the ,highland waters1 and also among their relations the ,sea ,otters4 ,the royal ,otter is larger than his subjects1 and has a white spot upon the breast4 ,he shuns observation1 which it is sometimes provident for ,kings to do1 especially under such circumstances as his1 for his skin is in great request1 among soldiers and sailors2 it is supposed to ensure victory1 to secure the wearer from being wounded1 to be a prophylactic in times of contagious sickness1 and a preservative in shipwreck4 ,but it is not easy to find an ,otter ,king1 and when found there is danger in the act of regicide1 for he bears a charmed life4 ,the moment in which he is killed proves fatal to some other creature1 either man or beast1 whose mortal existence is mysteriously linked with his4 ,the nature of the ,otter monarchy has not been described1 it is evident1 however1 that his ministers have no loaves to dispose of1--but then they have plenty of fishes4 ,the ,ant1 who1 when ,solomon entered the ,valley of ,ants with his armies of ,genii and men and birds1 spoke to the nation of ,ants1 saying1 ,o ,ants1 enter ye not your habitations1 lest ,solomon and his host tread you under foot1 and perceive it not1--that wise pismire is said by certain commentators upon the ,koran to have been the ,queen of the ,ants4 ,men have held the ,eagle to be the ,king of ,birds2 but notwithstanding the authority of ,horace1 the ,gods know otherwise1 for they appointed the ,tchamrosch to that dignity1 at the beginning4 ,some writers indeed would have the ,eagle to be ,queen1 upon the extraordinary ground that all ,eagles are hens2 though in what manner the species is perpetuated these persons have not attempted to shew4 ,the ,carrion ,crows of ,guiana have their ,king1 who is a ,white ,crow 7rara avis in terris7 and has wings tipt with black4 ,when a flight of these birds arrive at the prey which they have scented from afar1 however ravenous they may be1 they keep at a respectful distance from the banquet1 till his ,carrion ,majesty has satisfied himself4 ,but there is another ,bird1 in ,south ,america1 whom all the ,birds of prey of every species acknowledge for their natural sovereign1 and carry food to him in his nest1 as their tribute4 ,the ,king of the ,elks is so huge an elk that other elks look like pismires beside him4 ,his legs are so long1 and his strength withal such1 that when the snow lies eight feet deep it does not in the least impede his pace4 ,he has an arm growing out of his shoulder1 and a large suite who attend upon him wherever he goes1 and render him all the service he requires4 ,i have never heard anything concerning the ,king of the ,crickets except in a rodomontade of ,matthew ,merrygreeks1 who1 said ,ralph ,roister ,doister1 bet him on ,christmas day ,that he crept in a hole1 and had not a word to say4 ,among the many images of ,baal1 one was the form or representation of a ,fly1 and hence1 says ,master ,perkins1 he is called ,baalzebub the ,lord of ,flies1 because he was thought to be the chiefest ,fly in the world4 ,that is he was held to be the ,king of the ,flies4 ,i wish the ,king of the ,spiders would catch him4 ,the ,king of the ,peacocks may be read of in the ,fairy ,tales4 ,the ,japanese name for a crane is ,tsuri and the common people in that country always give that bird the same title which is given to their first secular ,emperor1 ,tsiri-sama--my great ,lord ,crane4 ,the ,basilisk1 or crowned ,cockatrice1 who is the chick of a ,cock's egg1 is accounted the ,king of ,serpents4 ,and as it has been said that there is no ,cock ,eagle1 so upon more probable cause it is affirmed that there is no female ,basilisk1 that is no ,henatrice1 the ,cock laying only male eggs4 ,but the most venomous of this kind is only an earthly and mortal vicegerent1 for the true ,king of ,serpents is named ,sanc-ha-naga1 and formerly held his court in ,chacragiri1 a mountain in the remote parts of the ,east1 where he and his serpentine subjects were oppressed by the ,rational ,eagle ,garuda4 ,in the spirit of an imperial ,eagle1 ,garuda required from them a serpent every day for his dinner1 which was regarded by the serpents as a most unpleasant tribute1 especially by such as were full grown and in good condition2 for the ,rational ,eagle being large and strong enough to carry ,vishnu on his back1 expected always a good substantial snake sufficient for a meal4 ,sanc-ha-naga1 like a ,patriot ,king endeavoured to deliver his liege subjects from this consuming tyranny2 the attempt drew upon him the wrath of ,garuda1 which would soon have been followed by his vengeance1 and the ,king of ,serpents must have been devoured himself1 if he and all the snakes had not retired1 as fast as they could wriggle to ,sanc-ha-vana1 in ,sanc-ha-dwip1 which is between ,cali and the ,sea2 there they found an asylum near the palace of ,carticeya1 son of the mountain goddess ,parvats1 and ,commander of the ,celestial ,armies4 ,carticeya is more powerful than ,garuda1 and therefore the divine ,eagle is too rational to invade them while they are under his protection4 ,it would have been more fortunate for the world if the ,king of ,serpents had not found any one to protect him2 for whatever his merits may be towards his subjects1 he is a most pestilent ,potentate1 the breath of his nostrils is a fiery wind which destroys and consumes all creatures and all herbs within an hundred yojanas of his abode1 and which in fact is the ,simoom1 so fatal to those who travel in the deserts4 ,the sage ,agastya for a time put a stop to this evil1 for he1 by the virtue of his self-inflection1 obtained such power1 that he caught ,sanc-ha-naga1 and carried him about in an earthen vessel4 ,that vessel however must have been broken in some unhappy hour1 for the fiery and poisonous wind is now as frequent as ever in the deserts4 ,the ,hindoos say that whoever performs yearly and daily rites in honour of the ,king of the ,serpents1 will acquire immense riches4 ,this ,king of the ,serpents1 ,i say1 to wit ,sanc'-ha-naga1--7or ,sanc' ha-mucha1 as he is also called from the shape of his mouth resembling that of a shell7--because there is another ,king of the ,serpents1 ,karkotaka by name1 whom the sage ,narada for deceiving him1 punished once by casting him into a great fire1 and confining him there by a curse till he was delivered in the manner which the reader may find related in the #adth book of ,nela and ,damarante1 as translated by ,mr4 ,milman from the ,sanscrit4 ,the ,locusts according to ,agur in the ,book of ,proverbs have no ,king1 although they go forth all of them by bands4 ,perhaps their form of government has changed1 for the ,moors of ,morocco inform us that they have a sovereign1 who leads forth their innumerable armies2 and as his nation belongs to the ,mahometan world1 his title is ,sultan ,jereed4 ,the ,rose is the ,queen of the ,garden plebei cedite flores2 ,hortorum regina suos ostendit honores4#a ,footnote #a3 ,,rapin4 ,bampfield ,moore ,carew was ,king of the ,beggars2 and ,james ,bosvill1 was ,king of the ,gypsies4 ,he lies buried in ,rossington ,churchyard1 near ,doncaster1 and for many years the gypsies from the south visited his grave annually1 and among other rites poured a flagon of ale upon it4 ,there was a personage at ,oxford who bore in that ,university the distinguished title of ,rex ,rafforum4 ,after taking his degree he exchanged it for that of the ,reverend4 ,the ,scurr1--7we have no word in our language which designates men who profess and delight in indulging an ill-mannered and worse-minded buffoonery17--the ,scurr also have their ,king4 ,he bears a ,baron's coronet4 ,the throne of the ,dandies has been vacant since the resignation of the personage dignified and distinguished by the title of ,beau ,brummel4 ,by an advertisement in the ,times of ,friday1 ,june #ah1 #ahcj1 ,i learn that the beautiful and stupendous ,bradwell ,ox1 is at present the 8truly wonderful ,king of the ,pastures10 the said ,king ,ox measuring fourteen feet in girth1 and sixteen feet in length1 being eighteen hands high1 and five years and a half old1 and weighing four thousand five hundred pounds1 or more than five hundred and sixty stone1 which is nearly double the size of large oxen in general4 ,under the ,twelve ,csars1 7and probably it might deserve the title long after them17 the ,via ,appia was called the ,queen of ,roads4 ,that from ,hyde ,park ,corner is ,regina viarum in the #aith century4 ,easter ,sunday has been called the ,king of ,days1 though ,christmas ,day might dispute the sovereignty1 being in ,greek the ,queen day of the ,kalendar4 ,justin ,martyr calls it4 ,who is ,king of the ,booksellers8 ,there is no ,king among them at this time1 but there is a ,directory of five ,members1 ,longman1 ,rees1 ,orme1 ,brown and ,green in the ,east2 the ,emperor ,murraylemagne1 whom ,byron used to call the ,grand ,murray1 reigned alone in the ,west1 till ,henry ,colburn divided his empire1 and supported the station which he had assumed by an army of trumpeters which he keeps in constant pay4 ,if the ,books had a ,king that monarchy must needs be an elective one1 and the reader of these volumes knows where the election would fall4 ,but literature being a ,republic1 this cannot be the ,king of ,books4 ,suffice it that it is a ,,book ,,for ,a ,,king1 or1 for our ,,sovereign ,,lady ,,the ,,queen4 ,,interchapter ,,xxi4 ,,measure ,,for ,,measure4 ,le ,plebe bestia ,di cento teste1 e non rinchiude in loro ,pur oncia di saper4 ,,chiabrera4 ,the ,public1 will1 ,i very well know1 make free with me more suo1 as it thinks it has a right to do with any one who comes before it with anything designed for its service1 whether it be for its amusement1 its use1 or its instruction4 ,now my ,public1 ,i will more meo make free with you--that we may be so far upon equal terms4 4#a ,you have seldom or never had the truth spoken to you when you have been directly addressed4 ,you have been called the enlightened ,public1 the generous ,public1 the judicious ,public1 the liberal ,public1 the discerning ,public1 and so forth4 ,nay your bare title ,,the ,,public1 oftentimes stands alone par excellence in its plain majesty like that of the king1 as if needing no affix to denote its inherent and pre-eminent importance4 ,but ,i will speak truth to you my ,public4 ,be not deceived6 ,i have no bended knees1 ,no supple tongue1 no speeches steep'd in oil1 ,no candied flattery1 nor honied words6#b ,footnote #a3 ,,euripides4 ,footnote #b3 ,,randolph',s ,,aristippus4 ,i must speak the truth to you my ,public1 ,sincera verit non vuol tacersi4#c ,where your enlightenedness 7if there be such a word7 consists and your generosity1 and your judgement1 and your liberality1 and your discernment1 and your majesty to boot1--to express myself as ,whitfield or ,rowland ,hill would have done in such a case 7for they knew the force of language7--,i must say1 it would puzzle the ,devil to tell4 ,il faut librement avec verit francher ce mot1 sans en estre repris2 ou si l'on est1 c'est trs-mal propos4#d ,footnote #c3 ,,chiabrera4 ,footnote #d3 ,,brantome4 ,i will tell you what you are2 you are a great1 ugly1 many headed beast1 with a great many ears which are long1 hairy1 ticklish1 moveable1 erect and never at rest4 ,look at your picture in ,southey's ,hexameters1--that poem in which his laureated ,doctorship writes verses by the yard instead of the foot1--he describes you as 8many headed and monstrous10 with numberless faces1 ,numberless bestial ears1 erect to all rumours1 and restless1 ,and with numberless mouths which are fill'd with lies as with arrows4 ,look at that ,picture my ,public6--,it is very like you6 ,for individual readers ,i profess just as much respect as they individually deserve4 ,there are a few persons in every generation for whose approbation1--rather let it be said for whose gratitude and love1--it is worth while 8to live laborious days10 and for these readers of this generation and the generations that are to follow1--for these ,such as will join their profit with their pleasure1 ,and come to feed their understanding parts2-- ,for these ,i'll prodigally spend myself1 ,and speak away my spirit into air2 ,for these ,i'll melt my brain into invention1 ,coin new conceits1 and hang my richest words ,as polished jewels in their bounteous ears4#e ,footnote #e3 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,such readers1 they who to their learning add knowledge1 and to their knowledge wisdom and to their wisdom benevolence1 will say to me 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 4#f ,but such readers are very few4 ,walter ,landor said that if ten such persons should approve his writings1 he would call for a division and count a majority4 ,to please them is to obtain an earnest of enduring fame2 for which1 if it be worth any thing1 no price can be too great4 ,but for the aggregate any thing is good enough4 ,yes my ,public1 ,mr4 ,hume's arithmetic and ,mr4 ,brougham's logic1 ,lord ,castlereagh's syntax1 ,mr4 ,irving's religion and ,mr4 ,carlisle's irreligion1 the politics of the ,edinburgh ,review and the criticism of the ,quarterly1 ,thames water1 ,brewer's beer1 ,spanish loans1 old jokes1 new constitutions1 ,irish eloquence1 ,scotch metaphysics1 ,tom and ,jerry1 ,zimmerman on ,solitude1 ,chancery ,equity and ,old ,bailey ,law1 ,parliamentary wit1 the patriotism of a ,whig ,borough-monger1 and the consistency of a ,british cabinet2 ,et s'il y a encore quelque chose dire1 je le tiens pour dit2-- ,footnote #f3 ,,aristophanes4 ,yes my ,public1 ,nor would ,i you should look for other looks1 ,gesture1 or compliment from me4#g ,footnote #g3 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,minus dico quam vellem1 et verba omnin frigidiora hc quam ut satis exprimant quod concipio3#h these and any thing worse than these1--if worse than what is worst can be imagined1 will do for you4 ,if there be any thing in infinite possibility more worthless than these1 more floccical-naucical1 nihilish-pilish1 assisal-teruncial1 more good for nothing than good for nothingness itself1 it is good enough for you4 ,footnote #h3 ,,picus ,,mirandula4 ,,interchapter ,,xxii4 ,,variety ,,of ,,stiles4 ,qualis vir1 talis oratio4 ,,erasmi ,,adagia4 ,authors are often classed1 like painters1 according to the school1 in which they have been trained1 or to which they have attached themselves4 ,but it is not so easy to ascertain this in literature as it is in painting2 and if some of the critics who have thus endeavoured to class them1 were sent to school themselves and there whipt into a little more learning1 so many silly classifications of this kind would not mislead those readers who suppose in the simplicity of their own good faith1 that no man presumes to write upon a subject which he does not understand4 ,stiles may with more accuracy be classed1 and for this purpose metals might be used in literature as they are in heraldry4 ,we might speak of the golden stile1 the silver1 the iron1 the leaden1 the pinchbeck and the bronze4 ,others there are which cannot be brought under any of these appellations4 ,there is the ,cyclopean stile1 of which ,johnson is the great example2 the sparkling1 or micacious1 possessed by ,hazlitt1 and much affected in ,reviews and ,magazines2 the oleaginous1 in which ,mr4 ,charles ,butler bears the palm1 or more appropriately the olive branch3 the fulminating--which is ,walter ,landor's1 whose conversation has been compared to thunder and lightning2 the impenetrable--which is sometimes used by ,mr4 ,coleridge2 and the ,jeremy-,benthamite1 which cannot with propriety be distinguished by any other name than one derived from its unparellelled and unparallellable author4 ,ex stilo1 says ,erasmus1 perpendimus ingenium cujusque1 omnemque mentis habitum ex ips dictionis ratione conjectamus4 ,est enim tumidi1 stilus turgidus2 abjecti1 humilis1 exanguis2 asperi1 scaber2 amarulenti1 tristis ac maledicus2 deliciis affluentis1 picturatus ac dissolutus2 ,breviter1 omne vit simulacrum1 omnis animi vis1 in oratione perinde ut in speculo reprsentatur1 ac vel intima pectoris1 arcanis quibusdam vestigiis1 deprehenduntur4 ,there is the lean stile1 of which ,nathaniel ,lardner1 and ,william ,coxe may be held up as examples2 and there is the larded one1 exemplified in ,bishop ,andrews1 and in ,burton1 the ,anatomist of ,melancholy2 ,jeremy ,taylor's is both a flowery and a fruitful stile3 ,harvey the ,meditationist's a weedy one4 ,there are the hard and dry2 the weak and watery2 the manly and the womanly2 the juvenile and the anile2 the round and the pointed2 the flashy and the fiery2 the lucid and the opaque2 the luminous and the tenebrous2 the continuous and the disjointed4 ,the washy and the slap-dash are both much in vogue1 especially in magazines and reviews2 so are the barbed and the venomed4 ,the ,high-,slang stile is exhibited in the ,court ,journal and in ,mr4 ,colburn's novels2 the ,low ,slang in ,tom and ,jerry1 ,bell's ,life in ,london1 and most ,magazines1 those especially which are of most pretensions4 ,the flatulent stile1 the feverish1 the aguish1 and the atrabilious are all as common as the diseases of body from which they take their name1 and of mind in which they originate2 and not less common than either is the dyspeptic stile1 proceeding from a weakness in the digestive faculty4 ,learned1 or if not learned1 ,dear ,reader1 ,i had much to say of stile1 but the under written passage from that beautiful book1 ,xenophon's ,memorabilia ,socratis1 has induced me1 as the ,latins say1 stilum vertere1 and to erase a paragraph written with ink in which the gall predominated4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,,interchapter ,,xxiii4 ,a ,,little ,,advice ,,bestowed ,,upon ,,the ,,scornful ,,reader ,,in ,a ,,short ,,interchapter4 ,no man is so foolish1 but may give another good counsel sometimes2 and no man is so wise1 but may easily err1 if he will take no other's counsel but his own4 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,i will now bestow a little advice upon the scornful reader4 ,and who1 the ,devil1 are you exclaims that reader1 who are impertinent enough to offer your advice1 and fool enough to suppose that ,i shall listen to it8 ,whatever your opinion may be1 ,sir1 concerning an ,evil ,principle1 whether you hold with the thorough-paced ,liberals1 that there is no ,principle at all1 7and in one sense1 exemplify this in your own conduct17 or with the ,unitarians that there is no ,evil one2 or whether you incline to the ,manichean scheme of ,two ,principles1 which is said to have its advocates1--in either case the diabolical expletive in your speech is alike reprehensible3 you deserve a reprimand for it2 and you are hereby reprimanded accordingly4--,having discharged this duty1 ,i answer your question in the words of ,terence1 with which ,i doubt not you are acquainted1 because they are to be found in the ,eton grammar3 ,homo sum1 nihil humani me alienum puto4 ,and what the ,devil have the words of ,terence to do with my query8 ,you are again reprimanded ,sir4 ,if it be a bad thing to have the ,devil at one's elbow1 it cannot be a good one to have him at ones tongue's end4 ,the sentence is sufficiently applicable4 ,it is a humane thing to offer advice where it is wanted1 and a very humane thing to write and publish a book which is intended to be either useful or delightful to those who read it4 ,a humane thing to write a book6--,martin of ,galway's humanity is not a better joke than that6 ,martin of ,galway's humanity is no joke1 ,sir4 ,he has began a good work1 and will be remembered for it with that honour which is due to all who have endeavoured to lessen the sum of suffering and wickedness in this wicked world4 ,answer me one question1 ,mr4 ,author1 if you please4 ,if your book is intended to be either useful or delightful1 why have you filled it with such a parcel of nonsense8 ,what you are pleased to call by that name1 ,mr4 ,reader1 may be either sense or nonsense according to the understanding which it meets with4 ,quicquid recipitur1 recipitur in modum recipientis4 ,look in the seventh ,chapter of the second book of ,esdras1 and at the twenty-fifth verse you will find the solution of your demand4 ,and do you suppose ,i shall take the trouble of looking into the ,bible to please the humour of such a fellow as you8 ,if you do not1 ,sir1 there are others who will2 and more good may arise from looking into that book1--even upon such an occasion1--than either they or ,i can anticipate4 ,and so1 scornful reader1 wishing thee a better mind1 and an enlightened understanding1 ,i bid thee gladly and heartily farewell6 ,,end ,,of ,,vol4 ,,vi4 ,w4 ,nicol1 #fj1 ,pall ,mall4