,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equal signs4 ,footnote an*ors are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ aft] ! ,index at ! end ( ! book4 ,! tables 9 ?is book are be/ view$ us+ a monospace font4 ,basic fractions are display$ z etc2 o!r fractions are %[n 9 ! =m a-b_/c1 = example #a-h_/aj or #a_/ab4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,a ,,brief ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,process ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,brief ,c\rse ,s]ies 9 ,education ,,edit$ ,,by ,,paul ,,monroe1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,brief ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education4 ,,paul ,,monroe1 ,,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,brief ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,process4 ,,george ,d4 ,,/ray]1 ,,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,educational ,adm9i/ration1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,brief ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,education4 ,,john ,,dewey1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,9 prep>ation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,a ,,brief ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,process ,,by ,,george ,,drayton ,,/ray]1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,educational ,,adm9i/ration1 ,,=m]ly ,,adjunct ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,education ,,tea*]s ,,college1 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiaf ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aiaa4 ,repr9t$ ,janu>y1 ,m>*1 ,april1 ,septemb]1 #aiab2 ,janu>y1 ,july1 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 #aiac2 ,octob]1 ,decemb]1 #aiad2 ,may1 #aiae2 ,janu>y1 #aiaf4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,co4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,to ,,my ,,wife ,,preface ,?is book is ! direct outcome ( exp]i5ce 9 try+ to help tea*]s gr[ 9 skill 9 ! art ( tea*+ & 9 p[] to appreciate ! "w 9 :i* !y are engag$4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages h be5 treat$ z concretely z possible ! problems :i* ! tea*] faces day aft] day 9 ! classroom4 ,!ories ( education h n be5 discuss$ at any great l5g?1 b r ^? processes ?r\gh :i* ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples f9d _! expression 9 actual tea*+4 ,t]m9ology :i* x is difficult = tea*]s to und]/& has be5 avoid$4 ,al?\gh ! results ( /udies 9 educational psy*ology & 9 exp]im5tal p$agogy h be5 includ$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ! problems discuss$1 x has n be5 ?\ght advantage\s to discuss at any l5g? any "o ( ^! inve/igations4 ,_m ( ! books :i* h be5 writt5 = tea*]s h discuss$ !ories ( tea*+ me?od )\t indicat+ cle>ly ! application ( ^! pr9ciples 9 typical classroom ex]cises4 ,9 o!r volumes a s+le type ( tea*+ has be5 emphasiz$ to ! exclusion ( o!r equally valid me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,9 ?is book ea* ( ! sev]al typical me?ods ( in/ruction has be5 treat$1 & ! validity ( ! p>ticul> practice indicat$ 9 t]ms ( ! end to be accompli%$1 z well z ! te*nique to be us$4 ,s9ce ! te*nique ( tea*+ me?od is n ! only elem5t 9 det]m9+ ! effici5cy ( ! tea*]1 !re is includ$ 9 ?is book a discussion ( ^? o!r aspects ( ! tea*]'s "w :i* det]m9e ! contribution :i* %e makes to ! education ( ! *ildr5 ) :om %e works4 ,9 ! *apt] on lesson plans are giv5 a numb] ( illu/rations :i* con=m to ! types ( ex]cises discuss$ e>li] 9 ! book4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ne$s 9 work+ ) tea*]s is met by ?is v def9ite provision = demon/rat+ ! validity ( ! types ( tea*+ discuss$4 ,! ex]cises giv5 at ! end ( ea* *apt] are int5d$ to supplem5t ! discussions ( ! book by call+ = an int]pretation ( ! ?\ght !re pres5t$ 9 t]ms ( situations ) :i* tea*]s are commonly famili>4 ,to ,pr(essors ,f4 ,m4 ,mc,murry1 ,naomi ,norswor?y1 & ,l4 ,d4 ,c(fman1 ea* ( :om has read ! manuscript1 ,i am indebt$ = _m valuable sugge/ions4 ,to ,miss ,kir*wey ( ! ,horace ,mann ,s*ool1 ,miss ,/eele & ,miss ,wright ( ! ,spey] ,s*ool1 to ,miss ,tall1 ,sup]visor ( ,gramm> ,grades 9 ,baltimore ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 & to ,dr4 ,lida ,b4 ,e>h>t ( ! ,new ,york ,city ,s*ools1 ,i am indebt$ = lesson plans4 ,! outl9es = ! /udy ( ,engli%1 ari?metic1 geography1 & hi/ory :i* are giv5 9 ! app5dix are publi%$ ) ! p]mission ( ! au?ors & ( ! ,tea*]s ,college ,bureau ( ,publications4 ,,george ,,drayton ,,/ray]4 ,,tea*]s ,,college1 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity1 ,augu/ #aj1 #aiaa4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,education ,,pages ,education measur$ by diff]5ces br\ght ab\t 9 individuals-- ,v>i\s /atem5ts ( ! aim--,! individuali/ic po9t ( view has be5 emphasiz$--,! social aim ( education--,aim realiz$ 9 v>i\s types ( education--,v>i\s tea*+ processes contribute to ! realization ( ! aim--,te/ ( ! tea*]'s "w ! pres5t realization ( ! aim #a-aa ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,factors ,,condition+ ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,process ,success 9 realiz+ ! aim ( education dep5ds ^u a cle> realization ( ! condition+ factors--,! increas$ responsibility ( ! s*ool--,! necessity = k ( ! home life ( *ildr5--,! in/9ctive equipm5t ( *ildr5-- ,play--,con/ructiv5ess--,imitation--,emu lation--,pugnacity--,curiosity-- ,own]%ip--,! social in/9ct--,wond]--,! importance ( int]e/ 9 in/ruction--,! dang] ( divid$ int]e/--,int]e/ z means & z end--,h]$ity--,individual diff]5ces #ab-ca ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,process ,tea*+ a process ( controll+ adju/m5ts--,types ( adju/m5t--,! common elem5t 9 ^! situations1 satisfaction--,types ( att5tion correspond+ to types ( adju/m5t--,passive1 active1 & second>y passive att5tion-- ,illu/rations ( ! types ( att5tion--,! problem ( secur+ cont9u$ att5tion--,! importance ( ! problem 9 tea*+ #cb-dj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,drill ,,lesson ,! necessity = drill--,! "q ( motive--,cle> ideas ( ! habit to be =m$ ess5tial--,repetition ) att5tion ess5tial 9 drill "w--,att5tion held by initial motive1 by v>y+ ! proc$ure1 by plac+ "t limits1 & by appeal+ to emulation--,necessity = accuracy 9 practice--,! p]iods elaps+ betwe5 repetitions or s]ies ( repetitions %\ld be gradually l5g!n$--,dang] ( ! cramm+ me?od--,9 a s]ies ( responses to be made automatic ea* memb] ( ! s]ies mu/ be includ$--,drill especially on "w t pres5ts peculi> difficulty #da-ej ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,inductive ,,lesson ,! importance ( ?9k+--,prep>ation %\ld end ) /atem5t ( ! problem by *ildr5--,! ga!r+ ( data ! "w ( pupils 9 s f> z is possible--,sugge/ions = conduct+ excursions--,! hypo!sis 9 relation to comp>ison & ab/raction--,n ev]y?+ c be develop$--,respect = ! exp]t to be develop$--,dang] ( help+ *ildr5 too mu*--,! /eps ( ! process _c be %>ply diff]5tiat$--,tea*+ by types #ea-fi ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,d$uctive ,,lesson ,! complete process ( ?\ght involves bo? induction & d$uction--,! frequ5cy ( d$uctive ?9k+--,! tea*] 9 relation to ! ?9k+ ( *ildr5--,reflection--,! problem z ess5tial 9 d$uctive z 9 inductive ?9k+--,! se>* = ! pr9ciple or law :i* expla9s--,! mean+ ( inf]5ce--,! importance ( v]ification #gj-gg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,lesson ,,= ,,appreciation ,education %\ld enable "o to enjoy life--,p[] ( appreciation %\ld be develop$ 9 our s*ools--,necessity = p[] ( appreciation on ! "p ( ! tea*]--,! relation ( comm& ( te*nique involv$ 9 creation to p[] ( appreciation--,! necessity = a "r emotional attitude on "p ( *ildr5 at ! beg9n+ ( su* an ex]cise--,expression ( feel+ %\ld n be =c$--,! tea*] z int]pret]--,creative "w by *ildr5--,appreciation 9 fields o!r ?an ^? involv+ ! /hetic emotions #gh-he ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,/udy ,,lesson ,! importance ( indep5d5t "w--,*ildr5 mu/ become consci\s ( ! me?ods :i* c be mo/ effici5tly employ$--,/atem5t ( problem ess5tial = /udy--,assignm5ts--,*ildr5 mu/ be taught h[ to collect data--,tak+ notes--,critical attitude develop$--,reflection--,! importance ( ! habit ( v]ification-- ,tea*+ *ildr5 to memorize by :oles--,importance ( ?\ght 9 memory "w--,*ildr5 c be taught h[ to =m habits #hf-ajj ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,review ,,or ,,exam9ation ,,lesson ,an exam9ation involves a review--,a review a summ>y & a new view--,value ( reviews--,an ab/ract or topical outl9e a good review--,a review by application--,! only real te/ ( ! tea*]'s "w f\nd 9 *ildr5's ev]yday action--,exam9ations z a te/ ( ! success ( tea*+--,! ne$s = scales ( measurem5t #aja-ajf ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,recitation ,,lesson ,! weakness ( ?is type ( ex]cise z commonly conduct$--,! topical recitation--,! value ( outl9es prep>$ by pupils--,pupils %\ld le>n h[ to use books--,! dang] ( be+ satisfi$ ) words--,provision = supplem5t+ ! text--,dang] ( accept+ vague or incoh]5t answ]s--,! dang] 9 develop+ an ultra-individuali/ic attitude--,! recitation lesson n comp>able 9 importance to o!r types ( ex]cises discuss$ #ajg-aac ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,que/ion+ ,! importance ( good que/ions--,types ( que/ions--,a lack ( scope a common fault 9 que/ions--,c>eful plann+ necess>y--,! novelty ( ! =m 9 :i* ! "q is put important--,! me?od ( %ock--,! te*nique ( que/ion+--,! mi/ake ( ask+ que/ions 9 a def9ite ord]1 ( repeat+ que/ions1 ( repeat+ answ]s--,que/ion+ by pupils--,importance ( writ+ pivotal que/ions to be us$ 9 ! recitation #aad-abh ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,social ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,recitation ,social aim ( education realiz$ 9 ! classroom--,motives commonly op]at+ 9 s*ools--,*ildr5 naturally "w toge!r--,*anges 9 s*ool "w dem&$ by ! aim ( education--,illu/rations ( cop]ation 9 s*ools--,opportunity 9 manual "w = gr\p "w--,plan = individual contribution 9 all subjects--,all k9ds ( s*ool ex]cises may l5d !mselves to ! developm5t ( ! social _s--,ne$ = m purposeful "w = *ildr5-- ,! social motive important 9 /imulat+ intellectual activity #abi-ach ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,physical ,,welf>e ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,! importance ( physical effici5cy--,! tea*] %\ld "k some?+ ( ! /&>ds ( light+1 heat+1 & v5tilat+--,"r habits ( po/ure "u ! control ( tea*]s--,! s*oolroom & infecti\s diseases--,! tea*]'s responsibility = discov]+ defects ( sight1 he>+1 & ! l--,! tea*] & ! movem5t = bett] heal? conditions 9 ! community--,! tea*]'s "r to heal? #aci-add ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,moral ,,tra9+ ,intellectual & moral tra9+ _c be sep>at$--,s*ool conditions (f] advantages = moral tra9+--,increas$ responsibility ( s*ools = moral tra9+--,individual diff]5ces1 due to h]$ity1 environm5t1 & age important 9 moral tra9+--,physical condition & morality--,direct & indirect me?od ( moral in/ruction--,morality & ta/e-- ,importance ( call+ = an ex]cise ( ! moral judgm5t-- ,! re=m ( ! wrong do]--,! influ5ce ( ! tea*] #ade-aef ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,class ,,managem5t ,class managem5t z a means & z an end--,conditions "u :i* managem5t %\ld result 9 habit--,situations :i* dem& self-control--,pupil p>ticipation 9 s*ool gov]nm5t--,! daily program--,gr\p in/ruction--,*ildr5 %\ld be individualiz$--,individual in/ruction w n make *ildr5 equal 9 ability nor 9 accompli%m5t--,managem5t 9 relation to tea*+ #aeg-aff ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,lesson ,,plans ,necessity = plann+ "w--,tea*]'s lack ( int]e/ 9 "w (t5 repeat$--,*ange 9 subject matt]--,prep>ation1 n inspiration1 c\nts 9 tea*+--,importance ( good que/ions1 illu/rations & illu/rative mat]ial1 ref]5ce mat]ial1 plans = con/ructive "w--,! elem5ts 9 a good plan-- ,organization--,pivotal que/ions--,provision = summ>ies-- ,assignm5t #afg-bbc ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,tea*] ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,sup]vision ,! purpose ( sup]vision--,criticism1 its v>i\s types--,:5 to discuss "w ) sup]visors--,s*ool exhibits--,visit+ )9 & outside ( ! sy/em 9 :i* "o works--,exam9ations & sup]vision--,! function ( tea*]s' meet+s--,in/itutes1 ! bett] type--,sup]vision & gr[? #bbd-bca ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,tea*] ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy ,! c\rse ( /udy z a taskma/]--,! real purpose ( ! c\rse ( /udy--,provisions = m9imum1 alt]native1 & optional "w--,h[ ! c\rse ( /udy may help ! tea*]--,! tea*]'s contribution to ! mak+ ( ! c\rse ( /udy--,! int]pretation ( ! c\rse ( /udy to *ildr5--,! doctr9e ( =mal discipl9e--,! vitalization ( ! curriculum #bcb-bdf ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,measur+ ,,results ,,9 ,,education ,effici5cy dem&s t we evaluate our results--,progress by ! me?od ( trial & success--,reasons :y sci5tific "w 9 education has progress$ sl[ly--,results already a*iev$ 9 measur+ ! results ( our practice--,education means *ange1 & ^! *anges are measurable--,lack ( adequate units ( measurem5t n an argum5t aga9/ measurem5t--,! /eps 9 sci5tific inve/igation--,! tea*] 9 relation to sci5tific "w 9 education--,! s*ool a laboratory #bdg-bfe ,a ,,brief ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,process ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,education ,education is wor? j ! diff]5ce x makes 9 ! activities ( ! individual :o has be5 educat$4 ,! "q is n h[ _m books did we compel ! *ild to read2 h[ mu* does he "k ( ari?metic1 geography1 hi/ory1 music1 art1 & ! l3 b r :at use does he make ( ?is k2 h[ is he diff]5t f ! p]son :o does n possess ?is in=mation2 &1 /ill m important1 are ^! diff]5ces 9 8 activity desirable f ! po9t ( view ( ! gr\p 9 :i* he lives4 ,x is important1 !n1 t we %\ld consid]1 be=e we discuss ! function ( tea*] 9 br++ ab\t *anges 9 *ildr51 ! ends :i* x is desirable to atta94 ,! aim ( education has be5 v>i\sly /at$4 ,9 ! popul> m9d ! aim ( education is usually int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( k1 or ! ability to make a liv+4 ,! !ori/s h be5 m apt to def9e ! purpose ( education 9 t]ms ( ! developm5t ( ! abilities ( ! individual1 ( gr[?1 ( culture1 or ( morality4 ,x might be int]e/+ to exam9e ea* ( ! aims :i* has be5 advanc$ 9 "s detail4 ,x may be z significant to note ! elem5t common to all4 ,x is safe to assume t ! advocates ( ea* /atem5t ( aim believ$ t _! conception 0 broad en\gh to insure success = ! individual educat$ 9 accordance ) ! p>ticul> ideal embodi$ 9 _! /atem5t ( purpose4 ,no aim w\ld be at all acceptable :i* did n take acc\nt ( ! society 9 :i* ! individual mu/ "w4 ,! education 9 a tribal society1 :i* consi/$ 9 le>n+ h[ to protect "o's self & to provide = "o's physical ne$s1 ! acqua9tance ) tribal c]emonies & tribal lore1 q z truly z our mod]n education1 fitt$ ! individual to get on 9 life4 ,! individuali/ic po9t ( view has be5 con/antly emphasiz$4 ,x has be5 a case ( e>n+ a liv+ = "o's self1 ( gett+ culture = ! satisfaction t x might br+1 ( acquir+ k = ! sake ( ! advancem5t :i* 0 ?us made possible1 ( moral gr[? = ! sake ( individual salvation4 ,m rec5tly x has be5 common to /ate ! aim ( education 9 t]ms ( social effici5cy4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is discussion ( aim to exam9e ?is concept 9 ord] to make cle> its significance4 ,:5 society rea*es t /age ( developm5t 9 :i* progress is def9itely s\ght & plann$ =1 ! /age ( consci\s evolution1 x is n en\gh t ! individual be educat$ simply s t he may atta9 8 own selfi% ends4 ,ea* individual is a "p ( ! organic :ole1 & 9 8 function+ x is ! good ( ! :ole :i* is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,! aim ( education mu/1 !n1 be broad en\gh to include bo? ! welf>e ( ! individual & ! good ( society4 ,is !re any real opposition betwe5 ^! ends8 ,if we ?9k mo/ ( all ( ! welf>e ( ! :ole organism1 mu/ we sacrifice ! int]e/s ( ! con/itu5t p>ts8 ,no "o c d ! mo/ = ! gr\p ( :i* he is a memb] :o has n realiz$ 9 8 education ! developm5t ( ^? abilities ) :i* he is peculi>ly end[$4 ,! nurture ( ^? abilities ^u :i* society places a premium1 & ! inhibition ( non-social t5d5cies1 means great] opportunity = ! ex]cise ( :atev] /r5g? ! individual possesses1 great] individual gr[? & developm5t1 ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible4 ,x is only ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 social life t ! highe/ individual developm5t is possible1 & x is true t 8he :o lose? 8 life0 = ! good ( ! gr\p 8%all f9d x40 ,!re is1 !n1 no opposition betwe5 t view ( education :i* decl>es t ! welf>e ( society is ( p>am\nt importance1 & t :i* dem&s individual well-be+4 ,if we are successful 9 obta9+ ! =m]1 we mu/ h secur$ ! latt]4 ,if ! analysis ( ! relation ( ! individual to society is correct1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 claim+ t any adequate /atem5t ( ! aim ( education mu/ po9t unmi/akably to ! idea ( ! common good4 ,education aims s to adju/ ! individual to ! gr\p t ! welf>e ( society z a :ole may be advanc$4 ,?is adju/m5t c be br\ght ab\t only ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 social activities1 & ?us ! aim is con/antly realiz$ 9 ! process4 ,9 our democratic society1 :i* makes possible free education = all ( its memb]s1 !re c be no "q ( ! "r ( society to dem& t education aim to develop m5 & wom5 :o "w = ! common good4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 to analyze ?is aim ( social effici5cy 9 t]ms ( our society4 ,! equality ( opportunity :i* we pr(ess to (f] is to be ?\ght ( 9 t]ms ( possible s]vice :i* may be r5d]$4 ,9 any community ! contribution to ! g5]al welf>e :i* may be made by any "o ( its memb]s is condition$ by ! int]e/s :i* ! individual has 9 ! g5]al good4 ,! unsocial individual1 ! "o :o seldom responds to ! ne$s ( ! gr\p1 is out ( sympa?y ) social problems1 & contributes little to social welf>e4 ,b x is n en\gh t ! individual be int]e/$ 9 ! common welf>e4 ,int]e/ may lead him to d t :i* is h>mful r ?an helpful1 or x may be t 8 int]e/ may h no result except to give him c]ta9 pleasurable emotions4 ,!re mu/ be add$ to sympa?y1 k4 ,int]e/ or sympa?y 9 ! welf>e ( society may furni% ! propell+ =ce1 b k is necess>y = effective action4 ,! _w is full ( m5 & wom5 ) ! be/ int5tions :o h9d] r ?an advance ! common good4 ,s9ce ea* is responsible n only = 8 own conduct1 b also = ! welf>e ( ! :ole gr\p1 x is necess>y t our education provide opportunity = gr[? 9 intellig5ce4 ,our s*ools h always emphasiz$ ?is elem5t 9 education4 ,we h (t5 def9$ ! aim ( education 9 t]ms ( ! developm5t ( citiz5%ip4 ,usually ! *ief qualification ( ! citiz5 has be5 int]pret$ to be t k :i* w\ld enable him to ex]cise ! "r ( suffrage ) intellig5ce4 ,we d well1 h[ev]1 to rememb] t intellig5ce mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 all ( ! activities ( life4 ,our education mu/ /rive con/antly to develop m5 & wom5 :o w be rational at all times4 ,b we may n =get t our s*ools h be5 s mu* conc]n$ ) ! intellectual side ( education t !y h t5d$ to neglect o!r elem5ts :i* are equally significant f ! /&po9t ( social welf>e4 ,!re is /ill ano!r elem5t :i* mu/ be add$1 ! habit ( act+ on behalf ( ! gr\p4 ,we all "k p :o "k j :at is dem&$ 9 a giv5 social situation2 !y pr(ess to be int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! gr\p2 b !y nev] act4 ,:5 _! own private int]e/s are involv$ !y are quick to seize ! opportunity = improv+ _! condition2 b 9 social matt]s !y are inactive4 ,x is 9 ?is p>ticul>1 r ?an 9 any o!r1 t our s*ools fall %ort4 ,we d mu* to ar\se ! sympa?y ( *ildr5 9 ! g5]al welf>e2 we give !m ! k by :i* _! action may be guid$2 b we give !m little opportunity to =m ! habit ( social s]vice4 ,?is is due to ! fact t we s (t5 ?9k ( adult social activities z ! only ones t are wor? :ile1 =gett+ t = ! *ild ! important ?+ is social activity n[ & 9 8 society1 t ! only way to prep>e = adult social effectiv5ess is to secure social effici5cy on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,^! que/ions /ill rema93 h[ c we1 ?r\gh education1 produce ! individual :o1 because ( social sympa?y1 k1 & activity1 w t5d to advance ! welf>e ( all2 & :at k9ds ( education meet ! dem&s ( ! aim :i* we h set up4 ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ endeavor to produce ! individual :o is s\nd physically4 ,mod]n education recognizes ! fact t a man's usefulness is condition$ by 8 bodily condition1 & is also com+ to f9d t physical activity is n )\t its effect on ! m5tal developm5t & life ( ! individual4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 "o l>ge division ( our "w :i* we may call physical education4 ,on ! side ( m5tal developm5t1 education consi/s 9 pres]v+ & /imulat+ ! *ild's int]e/ 9 ! mat]ials & processes ) :i* he may come 9 contact4 ,intellectual tra9+ aims to develop ! man or woman :o is m5tally al]t1 active 9 inve/igation1 & controll$ by reason4 ,x is to ?is intellectual education t our s*ools h devot$ ! l>g] "p ( _! "t4 ,! s*ool is ! ag5cy set aside by society = transmitt+ culture1 & ! tea*] mu/ always conc]n h]self l>gely ) ! intellectual life ( *ildr54 ,our mod]n view ( education is lead+ u to /ress1 along ) physical & intellectual education1 a k9d ( tra9+ :i* aims to develop ! individual ^: moral /&>ds are positive r ?an negative4 ,moral-social education %\ld e/abli% ideals ( social s]vice z well z /&>ds ( individual righte\sness4 ,along ) physical1 moral-social1 & intellectual-cultural education1 !re is ne$ = t type ( tra9+ :i* w enable ea* individual to d "s p>ticul> "w ) a high degree ( effici5cy4 ,?is type ( education we commonly call vocational4 ,x is only rec5tly t we h come to realize t x is n en\gh to tra9 an individual ) respect to g5]al intellig5ce & morality1 b t x is also j z fundam5tal t our education provide ! tra9+ necess>y = success 9 ! p>ticul> call+ :i* ea* individual is to ent]4 ,= ! prep>ation ( cl]gym51 doctors1 lawy]s1 tea*]s1 & eng9e]s1 ^: vocations require a maximum ( intellectual a*ievem5t1 x is true t we h long _h our vocational s*ools4 ,we are com+ n[ to appreciate ! fact t equality ( opportunity dem&s t special tra9+ be giv5 to ^? :o are to ent] ! indu/ries4 ,inde$1 our vocational s*ools mu/ multiply until !re is tra9+ (f]$ = ea* & e call+ be=e we c claim to provide t tra9+ :i* is ess5tial = social effici5cy4 ,ano!r problem is t ( ! tra9+ = leisure4 ,9 society z at pres5t con/itut$1 x is possible = _m individuals1 & x %\ld ultimately be possible = all1 to h a consid]able am\nt ( leisure "t4 ,! contribution ( ea* individual 9 8 special l9e ( "w1 & 8 g5]al int]e/ 9 ! :ole community1 w dep5d 9 a consid]able degree ^u ! prop] use ( leisure "t4 ,our education mu/1 !re=e1 attempt to equip m5 ) int]e/s & ideals :i* make = ! nobl] enjoym5ts4 ,keep+ 9 m9d ! sympa!tic1 wise1 active social individual1 made s by ! process ( acquir+ exp]i5ce or mak+ ( adju/m5ts1 bo? physical & m5tal1 we h yet to r$uce our aim to ! t]ms ( s*oolroom practice4 ,:at c a tea*] hope to d 9 ?is h\r1 ) ?is gr\p ( *ildr5 to "w )8 ,fir/ ( all ! tea*] c "w = ! =mation ( habits :i* are socially desirable & = ! inhibition ( ^? :i* are undesirable4 8,education is = behavior1 & habits are ! /uff ( :i* behavior consi/s40#a ,! s*ool may be a v important factor 9 ! =mation ( habits 9 ea* ( ! fields ( education m5tion$ above4 ,if ! s*ool is organiz$ on a rational social basis1 x mu/ cont9ually pres5t opportunities = actions :i* %\ld become habitual1 & ! future effici5cy ( ! le>n] dep5ds ^u ga9+ su* control ( mu* ( ! k :i* we tea* t ! response desir$ becomes habitual4 ,! social virtues ( promptness1 regul>ity1 helpfulness1 indu/ry1 fidelity1 hone/y1 tru?fulness1 cleanl9ess1 bo? physical & m5tal1 patriotism1 & ! l1 %\ld be made habitual 9 connection ) ! situations :i* dem& _! ex]cise4 ,! physical habits acquir$ 9 *ildhood are ( ! utmo/ significance ?r\gh\t life4 ,mu* ( ari?metic1 spell+1 writ+1 geography1 hi/ory1 & ev5 ( lit]ature & art1 w be significant 9 proportion z we h r$uc$ our k to ! automatic basis ( habit4 ,"o _c /op to reason ev]y?+ out2 life is too %ort4 ,we ga9 "t & en]gy = ! high] activities ( life 9 proportion z we r$uce ! responses :i* occur frequ5tly to ! basis ( habits4 ,9 vocational s*ools "o ( ! *ief aims is ! =mation ( habits ( skill4 ,lat] we %all want to discuss 9 detail ! me?odology ( habit =mation4 ,e tea*] recognizes t "o ( ! ends :i* mu/ be a*iev$ by ! s*ool is k4 ,we %all n "h ent] into ! discussion ( ! problem ( :at k is ( mo/ wor?1 s9ce = ! tea*] ?is *oice is usually made & prescrib$ 9 ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,"o _c1 h[ev]1 refra9 f sugge/+ t mu* t is taught w\ld be elim9at$1 if we kept con/antly 9 m9d ! end = :i* we /rive4 ,! foll[+ crit]ia1 propos$ by ,pr(essor ,frank ,m4 ,mc,murry1 w be sugge/ive f ! /&po9t ( tea*+1 :e!r ! tea*] det]m9es ! curriculum or n4 8,we hold to ! foll[+ propositions 9 ! rejection ( subject matt]4#b 8#a4 ,:atev] _c be %[n to h a pla9 relation to "s real ne$ ( life1 :e!r /hetic1 e?ical1 or utilit>ian 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 mu/ be dropp$4 8#b4 ,:atev] is n reasonably )9 ! *ild's compreh5sion4 8#c4 ,:atev] is unlikely to appeal to 8 int]e/2 unless x is positively dem&$ = ! fir/ v weighty reason4 8#d4 ,:atev] topics & details are s isolat$ or irrelevant t !y fail to be a "p ( any s]ies or *a9 ( ideas1 & !re=e fail to be necess>y = ! appreciation ( any l>ge po9t4 ,?is /&>d1 h[ev]1 n to apply to ! ?ree ,r's & spell+40 ,^! crit]ia indicate cle>ly t k c nev] be 9 itself an end ( tea*+4 ,x is n t ! *ild may h k m]ely1 b t he %all h k :i* w function4 ,?is k :i* we seek to h ! *ild ma/] w conc]n 8 physical life1 8 social relation%ips1 8 vocation2 & 9 ea* field ! k he possesses w limit 8 intellectual activity4 ,! s*ool mu/ keep alive1 or1 9 "s cases1 awak5 ^? int]e/s :i* are socially desirable4 ,x is n en\gh t habits h be5 =m$ & k acquir$4 ,mu* ( ! usefulness ( ! individual aft] he leaves s*ool w dep5d on 8 int]e/s :i* lead him to acquire new k1 or to attempt "s new activity4 ,x has sometimes be5 ass]t$ t ! s*ool1 z at pres5t organiz$1 t5ds to kill r ?an to pres]ve ^? int]e/s :i* are common to little *ildr54 ,x is probable t ! pass+ int]e/s 9 ?+s due to curiosity mu/ disappe>1 reg>dless ( ! education :i* we give2 b x is a poor sort ( education :i* leaves ! *ild )\t abid+ int]e/s :i* w help him n only 9 mak+ a liv+1 b also 9 enjoy+ 8 life4 ,"h1 z else:]e 9 education1 we may be satisfi$ ) ! result only :5 we get ! correspond+ action4 ,t *ild has an int]e/ 9 good lit]ature :o reads good lit]ature4 ,we c be sure t ! boy is int]e/$ 9 natural ph5om5a :5 he is will+ to sp5d 8 leisure "t f9d+ out m ab\t nature's ways4 ,! only te/ t we h ( an abid+ int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( o!rs is ! fact t ! *ild is n[ active on behalf ( o!rs4 ,9 l mann] are we to judge ( our success 9 ar\s+ & ma9ta9+ ^? o!r int]e/s :i* are desirable4 ,judgm5ts ( fact are call$ = con/antly 9 acquir+ k & 9 our ev]yday activity2 b no less important 9 ! life ( individuals are judgm5ts ( wor?4 ,education mu/ conc]n itself ) ! ideals1 purposes1 & /&>ds :i* %\ld be acquir$ by *ildr54 ,!re is no field 9 :i* great] skill is dem&$ 9 tea*+ ?an 9 br++ *ildr5 to appreciate ^? ?+s :i* are good1 true1 & beautiful4 ,ideals1 or1 = ^? :o d n agree ) !m1 prejudices1 w always be ( trem5d\s importance4 ,!y det]m9e ! c\rse ( action a man w take4 ,because ( _! ideals m5 h be5 will+ to labor incessantly = a cause :i* !y consid]$ j1 to give up p]sonal good 9 ! pursuance ( public duty1 to lose all1 if !y might b reta9 _! honor1 yes1 ev5 to lose _! lives because !y felt t ?is extreme s]vice 0 dem&$ ( !m4 ,! awak5+ & nurtur+ ( ideals ( "w 7or indu/ry71 ( honor1 ( duty1 ( purity1 ( s]vice is ! greate/ contribution ( ! be/ tea*]4 ,!re is "o o!r aim :i* ! tea*] %\ld h con/antly 9 m9d1 includ$ possibly 9 ! above1 b :i* ne$s to be /at$ sep>ately = ! sake ( emphasis1 i4e4 t *ildr5 %\ld be taught h[ to "w indep5d5tly4 ,! be/ tea*] is ! "o :o is con/antly /riv+ to r5d] h] s]vices unnecess>y4 ,!re is no?+ t ! s*ool c d :i* w take ! place ( giv+ ! *ild k ( ! mo/ economical means to be employ$ 9 a*iev+ desirable ends4 ,is x a matt] ( k1 ! *ild %\ld be made consci\s ( ! me?ods :]eby tru? may be e/abli%$2 is x ! ne$ ( e/abli%+ a new habit1 or ! break+ up ( ! old "o1 we %\ld make available = ! pupil ! pr9ciples ( habit =mation s t he may apply !m to 8 own case2 9 matt]s ( "r & wrong1 ! s*ool %\ld h suppli$ /&>ds ( ref]5ce :i* w help 9 ! difficult situation4 ,possibly ! great weakness ( _m tea*]s 9 imp>t+ ?is k ( me?ods ( "w is be/ illu/rat$ by cit+ ! well-kn[n fact t *ildr5 ( high s*ool1 or ev5 college age1 are f\nd v frequ5tly :o d n "k h[ to read a book1 or /udy a lesson assign$4 ,?is problem w be treat$ 9 consid]able detail :5 we come to consid] ! /udy lesson4 ,pupils at "w =m+ habits ( ?\ght1 feel+1 & action2 acquir+ k ( nature & ( society2 =m+ ideals :i* make = social well-be+2 & le>n+ 9 all ( ?is "w to act indep5d5tly1 to function 9 ! society ( :i* !y are a "p3 ?is is education1 & ^! are ! goals :i* we %\ld /rive to a*ieve e day & e h\r t we tea*4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 ,! ,mean+ ( ,education1 ,*apt] ,i4 ,w4 ,c4 ,bagley1 ,! ,educative ,process1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,h[ w\ld y hope to contribute to ! realization ( ! aim ( education 9 ! tea*+ ( ,engli%1 ari?metic1 cook+1 geography1 or o!r s*ool subjects8 #b4 ,h[ w\ld y det]m9e :e!r or n ! *ildr5 9 y\r grade are socially effici5t8 #c4 ,:at are ! mo/ important subjects1 or p>ts ( subjects1 :i* y tea*8 ,:y8 #d4 ,h[ w\ld an application ( ! aim ( education z discuss$ 9 ?is *apt] modify ! "w commonly done 9 ari?metic8 ,9 nature /udy8 #e4 ,x has be5 claim$ t education %\ld provide = ! h>moni\s developm5t ( all ( ! p[]s4 ,criticize ?is /atem5t ( aim4 #f4 ,c\ld y def5d ! /atem5t t 8! aim ( education is to produce socially effici5t m5 & wom510 & at ! same "t d5y t ! greate/ individual good comes f work+ = ! g5]al welf>e8 #g4 ,:y %\ld education be free 9 a democracy8 #h4 ,is society ju/ifi$ 9 (f]+ special education to ! defici5t & ! del9qu5t8 ,to ! especially capable8 ,:y8 #i4 ,is ! excessive rivalry :i* we sometimes fo/] 9 our s*ools compatible ) ! aim ( social effici5cy8 #aj4 ,( ! sev]al types ( education1 physical1 intellectual1 moral-social1 vocational1 & education = leisure1 :i* is mo/ neglect$8 #aa4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! fact t _m *ildr5 cease to inquire1 to inve/igate1 or ev5 to ask que/ions1 al?\gh !y are regul>ly taught 9 our s*ools8 #ab4 ,:y d y tea* s*ool8 ,:at d y hope to accompli%8 #ac4 ,c y "n specific in/ances ( *anges br\ght ab\t 9 *ildr5 "u y\r in/ruction :i* ju/ify y 9 believ+ t y h fulfill$ ! aim ( education 9 y\r tea*+8 #ad4 ,:at ju/ification is !re = music1 draw+1 or lit]ature 9 ! curriculum8 #ae4 ,/ate briefly ! aim ( education4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,factors ,,condition+ ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,process ,if x is ess5tial t ! tea*] approa* h] "w ) a cle> view ( ! ends :i* x is desirable = h] to a*ieve1 x is q z necess>y t %e be consci\s ( ! factors :i* condition ! tea*+ process4 ,! s*ool1 ) its limitations & its advantages1 ! community & home life ( ! *ild1 &1 above all else1 ! *ild himself1 8 in/9cts1 impulses1 & abilities mu/ be ! subject ( mo/ c>eful /udy4 ,mu* progress has be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s because ( a bett] und]/&+ & a m sympa!tic attitude t[>d *ildr54 ,tea*]s are beg9n+ to see t education has its beg9n+ 91 & t x is always condition$ by1 ! life ( ! *ild outside ( ! s*ool build+4 ,! possibilities ( ! s*ool z an in/itution = ! education ( *ildr5 are j beg9n+ to be realiz$4 ,:ile x is true t ! s*ool %>es ) ! home1 ! *ur*1 & ! community at l>ge ! education ( *ildr51 no "o c fail to recognize ! fact t ! responsibilities & ! activities ( ! s*ool h be5 v greatly augm5t$ dur+ ! pa/ few decades4 ,:]e o!r in/itutions h lo/ or h become less effective1 ! s*ool has ga9$1 or has be5 =c$ to accept new responsibilities4 ,*ang$ indu/rial conditions & life 9 cities h made x impossible = ! home to cont9ue to hold ! important place :i* x once occupi$ 9 prep>+ its memb]s = effici5t p>ticipation 9 ! productive activities4 ,:e!r we l x or n1 we are =c$ to admit t ! *ur* no long] ex]ts ! p[] ov] ! lives & conduct ( m5 t x once did4 ,along ) ! specialization ( function :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( our mod]n life1 citiz5%ip 9 our democracy has come to require less ( t type ( p>ticipation 9 public affairs :i* 0 once a great educative factor 9 our community life4 ,z ^! *anges 9 ! effectiv5ess ( o!r in/itutions h tak5 place1 m5 h look$ to ! s*ools to make good ! defici5cy4 ,! s*ools h respond$ to ! dem& made ^u !m4 ,our curriculum no long] consi/s ( ! ?ree ,r's4 ,cook+1 sew+1 g>d5+1 & _m o!r k9ds ( manual "w1 music1 physical tra9+1 & f9e art are already f\nd 9 our c\rses ( /udy4 ,we are com+ to recognize ! ne$ = m sy/ematic tra9+ 9 morals & civics1 & vocational tra9+ is be+ introduc$4 ,:at is ! significance ( ^! *anges = tea*]s8 ,is x n true t !y mu/ tea* :atev] is dem&$ by ! c\rse ( /udy2 & is n ?is ! only diff]5ce 9 ! tea*]'s function br\ght ab\t by *ang$ conditions8 ,! answ] is1 mo/ emphatically1 no4 ,! situation :i* has already made necess>y ! *ange 9 curriculum dem&s also *anges 9 me?od q z revolution>y4 ,x is m ess5tial to-day ?an ev] be=e t ! s*ool pres5t opportunities = cop]ation & = gr\p "w1 a *ance = pupils to "w toge!r = common ends1 because !re is s mu* less dem& ( ?is sort made ^u *ildr5 outside ( s*ool ?an 0 =m]ly ! case4 ,we ought to d m ?an we d to develop ! indep5d5ce & ! self-reliance :i* 7 s *>act]i/ic ( ! boy & girl :o liv$ 9 an environm5t :i* con/antly made heavy dem&s ^u _! /r5g?1 skill1 & +5uity4 ,! responsibility = tak+ ! initiative1 & ( measur+ ! success ( "o's ef=ts by ! results produc$1 is all too uncommon 9 ! lives ( our *ildr54 ,! s*ool mu/1 if x is to adequately meet its enl>g$ responsibility1 develop ^? habits ( ?\ght & action :i* enable "o to get along ) 8 fell[s4 ,! s*ool life ( ! *ild mu/1 9 s f> z ?is is possible1 pres5t su* opportunities1 make su* dem&s1 & judge results by /&>ds ess5tially social4 ,! *ild mu/ le>n 9 s*ool to s]ve1 to accept responsibility1 & to produce results socially valuable4 ,we c\ld d mu* to increase ! effici5cy ( ! s*ool if we plann$ m c>efully to h s*oolroom activities f9d _! application 9 ! homes ( *ildr54 ,s*ool education beg9s n ) ! ignorance ( *ildr51 b ) _! k4 ,*ildr5 come to u ) a great weal? ( exp]i5ce4 ,our "w z tea*]s is to enl>ge & to int]pret ?is exp]i5ce1 to give x great] mean+ & significance4 ,c any "o "q1 !n1 ! necessity = acqua9tance ) ! life ( ! *ild outside ( s*ool8 ,& ?is /udy ( ! out-(-s*ool environm5t mu/ cont9ue z long z ! *ild is 9 s*ool1 if ! tea*]'s "w is to be mo/ effective4 ,x makes a great deal ( diff]5ce :5 y wi% to tea* nature /udy t y\r *ildr5 h always liv$ 9 ! city1 at a consid]able di/ance f a p>k4 ,! problem ( tea*+ a great comm]cial c5t] to *ildr5 liv+ on f>ms pres5ts "s difficulty4 ,b x is n alone ^! m gross diff]5ces 9 ! lives ( *ildr5 :i* dem& our att5tion4 ,!re are diff]5ces 9 ideals1 diff]5ces 9 social cu/om1 9 %ort1 9 ways ( ?9k+1 feel+1 & act+1 :i* "o mu/ "k if "o w\ld claim any adequate k ( ! *ild to be taught4 ,probably ! be/ opportunity to ga9 ?is intimate k ( ! lives ( *ildr5 :om we tea* is to be _h 9 ! "w ) p>5ts & old] bro!rs & si/]s :i* %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 ! s*ool build+ :5 ! small] *ildr5 are n pres5t4 ,! s*ool :i* is a c5t] ( community life1 a place = /udy1 = recreation1 = physical developm5t1 & = social int]c\rse is ! s*ool t is fulfill+ its mission 9 ! life ( ! p2 & ! tea*] :o works 9 su* a s*ool w "k h] *ildr54 ,!re is "o o!r responsibility :i* we z tea*]s mu/ ackn[l$ge :i* aga9 leads u beyond ! s*oolroom4 ,we %\ld "w = ! welf>e ( our *ildr5 dur+ ! "t t !y are n ) u4 ,no o!r body ( m5 & wom5 kn[s ! ne$s ( ^! *ildr5 bett] ?an we d4 ,our "w is condition$ by ! life ( ! *ild be=e he comes "u our influ5ce4 ,our "w is (ttime ( no effect because ( ! adv]se conditions outside ( ! s*ool4 ,:at does x matt] t we try to develop morality 9 *ildr51 :5 ! =ces ( immorality 9 ! /reets m ?an c\nt]act our influ5ce8 :at does x matt] t we /rive e>ne/ly to provide hygi5ic conditions = "w dur+ five h\rs ( ! day1 :5 fil? & disease are do+ _! deadly "w outside ( ! s*ool = n9ete5 h\rs a day8 ,:o kn[s bett] ?an we t *ildr5 ) />v$ bodies _c d great ?+s intellectually8 ,if we 7 only organiz$ to improve ^! conditions1 we c\ld d mu* = ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,! "t is com+ :5 x w be consid]$ z legitimate = a body ( tea*]s to discuss ! problems ( impure food supply1 ( relief = ! poor1 ( means = ! suppression ( vice1 & ( bett] hygi5ic conditions = ! *ildr5 ( our cities1 z x is to discuss ! problems ( me?od or ! organization ( s*ool "w4 ,:at we ne$1 if we are to be effective 9 ! "w1 is bett] organization1 m craft consci\sness4 ,we n[ possess pot5tially great p[] = social bett]m5t4 ,we are ex]cis+ ?is p[] 9 ! s*ool1 &1 z individuals1 outside ( ! s*ool4 ,we w1 let u hope1 9 "t1 recognize ! l>g] social dem& & p]=m ! l>g] social s]vice4 ,! *ildr5 ) :om we "w come to u equipp$ ) _m native reactions or t5d5cies to behave4 ,9 any situation ! *ild w react 9 accordance ) "s native t5d5cy or habit :i* has gr[n out ( ! orig9al t5d5cy4 ,success 9 tea*+ dep5ds ^u a recognition ( ^! in/9ctive t5d5cies1 ! developm5t ( "s1 ! graft+ ( new b simil> reactions on o!rs1 & ! inhibition ( ! native reaction & sub/itution ( ano!r 9 /ill o!r cases4 ,! in/9cts :i* are ( importance 9 education h be5 v>i\sly nam$2 among ^! ^? ( greate/ significance = ! "w ( ! tea*] are play1 con/ructiv5ess1 imitation1 emulation1 pugnacity1 curiosity1 own]%ip1 includ+ ! collect+ in/9ct1 sympa?y1 wond]4 ,we %all deal briefly ) ea* ( ^! 9 relation to ! "w ( ! tea*]4 ,play3 ,possibly ! lesson :i* tea*]s ne$ mo/ to le>n is t play has real educative value4 ,be=e ! s*ool age has be5 rea*$1 ! *ild has le>n$ *iefly by play+4 ,9 play ! *ild gets 8 fir/ exp]i5ce 9 ^? activities :i* are lat] to make possible a happy1 useful life 9 ! community4 ,! numb] ( possible reactions possess$ by a *ild ( six is l>gely det]m9$ by ! opportunity he has _h to play4 ,?is is :y we value s mu* a life free f re/ra9t1 & 9 contact ) nature1 = little *ildr54 ,contact ) ! trees1 ! rocks1 ! birds1 ! fl[]s1 & association ) o!r *ildr5 mean possibilities ( le>n+ = ! *ild :i* no am\nt ( in/ruction or ex]cise ( au?ority c equal4 ,! *ild plays n[ ) ?is object & aga9 ) t2 & 9 consequ5ce comes to "k n only ! objects1 b 8 own p[]4 ,9 an imag9ative way he exp]i5ces all ( ! adult activities ab\t him1 s[+1 reap+1 build+1 cook+1 clean+1 haul+1 fight+2 & he is wis] & bett] prep>$ = ! p]iod ( /ruggle1 :i* mu/ come lat]1 because ( ^! activities4 ,nor %\ld ?is p]iod ( play end :5 ! *ild ent]s s*ool4 ,! skillful tea*] makes a game ( _m ( ! ex]cises ( ! s*ool1 :i* might be o!rwise drudg]y4 ,! desire to w9 is common to *ildr5 six ye>s ( age1 & _m a h>d task w become play1 if ! elem5t ( competition is introduc$ & suffici5t v>iety 9 proc$ure is provid$ =4 ,by play+1 *ildr5 may le>n to "w4 ,to a*ieve ! ends desir$ 9 a game may involve ! ov]com+ ( difficulties :i* require ! mo/ e>ne/ ef=t4 ,!re c be no bett] prep>ation = life ?an ! play+ ( games :]e team "w1 self-re/ra9t1 & fairness are dem&$4 ,we ne$ m c>eful /udy on ! "p ( tea*]s ( *ildr5's games1 & m plann+ t all may secure ! b5efits :i* come f ?is sort ( activity4 ,9 ! s*oolroom1 :]ev] x is possible1 ! _s ( play %\ld p]vade ! "w4 ,!re w be cases en\gh :]e results w dep5d ^u ! ex]cise ( au?ority4 ,let u nev] =get t ! reaction ( play may mean j z valuable results z ! reaction ( necessity1 & t ! ideal life is ! "o 9 :i* all "w is play4 ,con/ructiv5ess3 ,closely connect$ ) ! play in/9ct is ! in/9ct to make out ( ! mat]ial at "o's comm& t :i* w repres5t "s elem5t 9 ! play4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ge/ures1 s\nds1 & :atev] objects are pres5t suffice 9 ! make-believe _w ( ! *ild4 ,b soon ! mat]ials are re>rang$ or %ap$ into "s new =m 9 ord] to repres5t ! object desir$4 ,mat]ials become to ! *ild j :at he c make out ( !m4 ,& x is n simply 9 p[] to con/ruct or to repres5t t ! *ild gr[s because ( ?is activity4 ,to make some?+1 to "w out 9 mat]ials "o's idea1 means gr[? 9 def9it5ess & control ( ideas4 ,! "o adequate te/ ( ideas mu/ always be "s sort ( expression2 &1 = ! adult z well z = ! *ild1 con/ruction is "o ( ! mo/ important =ms ( expression4 ,we w\ld ga9 mu* 9 all ( our s*ool "w 9 cle>ness & def9it5ess1 if we resort$ (t5] to con/ruction z a te/4 ,( c\rse1 con/ruction is n to be limit$ to ! mak+ ( ?+s ( ?ree dim5sions4 ,! map1 plan1 or arti/ic repres5tation belongs to ! same gr\p1 & is develop$ f ! same in/9ctive t5d5cy4 ,j "o m ^w ( caution ne$s to be giv5 ) reg>d to "w ( ?is k9d4 ,9 con/ructive "w1 :e!r ) wood or clay1 or ) p5cil or bru%1 ! po9t ( dep>ture %\ld be ! *ild's idea1 n ! model or patt]n provid$ by an adult4 ,aft] ! *ild has made 8 attempt1 !n let him see :]e he has fail$ by ref]5ce to ! object :i* he has tri$ to repres5t4 ,& we c af=d to be satisfi$ 9 ! beg9n+ ) a crude product1 s long z x satisfies ! *ild4 ,z = te*nique1 !re w come a "t :5 ! desire = a bett] product w call = great] skill & w furni% ! v be/ possible motive = ! necess>y practice4 ,imitation3 ,9 bo? play & con/ructive "w a mo/ important elem5t is ! in/9ct to imitate4 ,! *ild con/antly imitates adult activities 9 play1 & 9 con/ruction he repres5ts ! objects ab\t him4 ,z has already be5 indicat$1 x is 9 ?is way t he cl>ifies 8 ideas1 t he ga9s exp]i5ce4 ,9 imitation1 :i* is truly in/ructive1 ! *ild does n consci\sly plan to imitate2 x is en\gh t ! model is pres5t4 ,?is k9d ( imitation is sometimes call$ spontane\s imitation1 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!r type ( imitation1 9 :i* ! individual p]si/5tly tries to reproduce ! activity ( ano!r4 ,9 ! latt] case he is consci\s ( ! process2 & ?is type is sometimes call$ volunt>y imitation4 ,?is di/9ction is important = tea*]s 9 _m phases ( s*ool "w4 ,!re are cases :]e ! only satisfactory response is t :i* accords ) ! model1 ! /&>d :i* society imposes4 ,we d n want a *ild to try to spell a ^w )\t be+ consci\s ( ! =m commonly accept$4 ,he w succe$ 9 spell+ because he has /udi$ ?is ^w1 or is able to build x up f 8 k ( its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]ev] creative "w is to be done1 :]ev] orig9ality is requir$1 ! educational value ( ! ex]cise is inv]sely proportion$ to ! degree 9 :i* consci\s imitation ( a model has ent]$ to produce ! result4 ,9 su* subjects z ,engli% composition1 con/ructive "w1 sci5ce "w involv+ obs]vation & exp]im5t1 :at we want above all else is ! attempt on ! "p ( ! le>n] to express 8 own ideas2 & x is only aft] ?is expression t any adequate appreciation ( model or ( criticism c be hop$ =4 ,!re is "o o!r factor 9 connection ) imitation :i* is ( great importance 9 tea*+2 namely1 t *ildr5 p]si/5tly imitate :at !y admire4 ,?is has a d\ble significance = ! tea*]4 ,^? ?+s :i* c be made less attractive w t5d to be less imitat$2 &1 conv]sely1 t :i* is held up z wor?y ( great respect w be mu* imitat$4 ,if we 7 only wise1 we w\ld devote our att5tion to ! lead] ( ! gr\p1 try+ to secure ! appropriate or desir$ reaction ^u 8 or h] "p1 r ?an devot+ ourselves equally to ! :ole gr\p4 ,we c dep5d ^u x1 ! cr[d w foll[ ! lead] :om !y admire4 ,our appeals (t5 mean little to *ildr51 & ! models :i* we set up h little effect1 because1 h[ev] admirable ^! /&>ds may seem to u1 !y are beyond ! p[] ( *ildr5 to compreh5d or admire4 ,in/ead ( giv+ a boy a lett] ( ,jeff]son z a model1 bett] give him ! "o writt5 by 8 classmate4 ,d n expect ! girl to imitate ! noble/ wom5 9 hi/ory1 b make y\r appeal on ! basis ( ! virtue ( ! girl %e likes4 ,emulation3 ,mu* t has be5 said above "u imitation might q z well h be5 writt5 "u ! head ( emulation4 ,z social be+s1 we t5d to d :at o!rs d4 ,consci\sness ( k9d compels u to lay great /ore ^u our ability to d z o!rs d4 ,:5 9 ,rome ! difficult ?+ is n to d 8z ,romans d10 b to d o!rwise4 ,! desire to d n only z well z o!rs1 b to accompli% m1 is responsible = mu* t is a*iev$ 9 ! _w4 ,if we did n h o!rs ) :om we are con/antly comp>+ ourselves1 few ( u w\ld d z well z we n[ d4 ,rivalry w always be "o ( ! greate/ means ( br++ ab\t improvem5t or advancem5t 9 social conditions4 ,9 s*ool1 z well z 9 ! _w at l>ge1 rivalry1 if kept free f jeal\sy & envy1 w ju/ify its exi/5ce by ! results produc$4 ,! boy or girl :o is anxi\s to di/ance 8 fell[s 9 s*ool is apt to be ! man ( ambition & ( success 9 lat] life4 ,pugnacity3 ,m prom95t 9 boys ?an 9 girls1 b pres5t 9 "s degree 9 e individual1 is ! in/9ct to fight1 ! desire n to be ov]come ei!r by p]sons or conditions :i* surr\nd u4 ,9 s f> z ?is in/9ct leads to physical enc\nt]1 = all except ! unusually /rong physically1 ! correction comes by way ( defeat4 ,= all1 ! sub/itution ( games :i* involve physical pr[ess = fight+1 & ! sub/itution ( victories ( intellect = ! victories ( physical combat1 po9t to ! utilization ( ?is in/9ct 9 education4 ,x is sometimes possible to appeal to ?is in/9ct :5 disc\ragem5t & defeat 9 s*ool tasks seem inevitable4 ,no boy likes to be told t he has be5 d[n$ by ! task 9 long division1 or t he has fail$ to make good 9 spell+ or geography4 ,! :ole _w hates a quitt]1 & normal1 heal?y *ildr5 are no exception to ! rule4 ,curiosity3 ,*ildr5 are prov]bially curi\s ab\t ?+s4 ,!y want to "k m1 to enl>ge & make m def9ite _! exp]i5ce4 ,?is desire %[s itself 9 _! actions 9 h&l+ mat]ials1 9 mak+ & unmak+1 9 que/ions ask$1 9 reason+1 9 play1 & 9 imitat+ o!rs4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic 9 ! m5tal life ( *ildr5 is ! bread? ( _! int]e/s1 due to ?is in/9ct ( curiosity4 ,mo/ adults ?9k along v n>r[ & re/rict$ l9es2 n s ) *ildr54 ,:ile x is true t !y d little ab/ract ?9k+1 !re is sc>cely an object or an action :i* comes )9 ! range ( _! s5ses t is n foll[$ by ! desire to f9d out m4 ,*ildr5 h ! _s ( inquiry1 h _m problems1 9 %ort1 are m5tally active to a degree mo/ uncommon among adults4 ,! problem ( ! tea*] is h[ to keep alive ?is _s ( inquiry1 h[ to insure a cont9uance ( ?is m5tal al]tness4 ,mu* ( our s*ool "w has c]ta9ly t5d$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,recit+ :at is writt5 9 books1 )\t ?\ght or "q1 has too (t5 be5 *>act]i/ic ( recitations4 ,! appeal to au?ority1 :e!r ( ! tea*] or ( ! book1 in/ead ( ! appeal to exp]i5ce1 to obs]vation & exp]im5t1 or to o!r me?ods ( e/abli%+ tru?1 t5ds to kill r ?an to /r5g!n ! _s ( inquiry4 ,we %\ld place great] value ^u ! intellig5t "q ?an ^u ! p>rot-l answ]4 ,respect = ! problems ( *ildr51 ev5 :5 !y seem ( little acc\nt to u1 r ?an ridicule or evasion1 w t5d to keep alive ?is mo/ preci\s h]itage4 ,( c\rse x is n wise to enc\rage ! scatt]-bra9$ boy or girl :o nev] ?9ks ab\t ! same ?+ = two m9utes 9 succession4 ,"o great function ( ! tea*] is to help *ildr5 to conc5trate ^u ! ma9 issue1 to %[ a *ild t 8 "q is irrelevant to ! problem "u consid]ation1 & to guide him on ! pa? :i* makes ?9k+ pleasant & pr(itable4 ,x w\ld be a good ?+ = e tea*] to ask h]self :e!r :ile "u h] direction ! *ildr5 :om %e tea*es are usually m5tally al]t1 ?9k+1 ask+ que/ions1 or :e!r !y conc]n !mselves only ) repeat+ ! ?\ghts ( o!rs4 ,if !re be any d\bt ) reg>d to ! *ildr5's natural aptitude1 let h] obs]ve !m :5 out ( s*ool & contra/ ! result4 ,m5tal laz9ess is a habit acquir$ 9 spite ( our initial advantage1 9 spite ( our desire = k & ! pleasure :i* comes f ?9k+4 ,! s*ool & ! tea*] mu/ always be judg$ by _! success 9 keep+ *ildr5 awake m5tally2 = x is p[] to le>n r ?an k :i* c\nts 9 lat] ye>s1 & le>n+ is mo/ ( all dep5d5t ^u ! initial impulses t[>d inquiry4 ,own]%ip3 ,v e>ly 9 ! life ( ! *ild ! idea ( p]sonal own]%ip develops4 ,!re c be no d\bt conc]n+ ! importance ( ?is in/9ct 9 its effect ^u ! a*ievem5ts ( m51 b we are conc]n$ *iefly1 9 deal+ ) *ildr51 ) "o aspect ( ?is t5d5cy :i* is commonly kn[n z ! collect+ in/9ct4 ,?is desire to h ! mo/ complete collection ( buttons1 po/age /amps1 pictures1 birds' eggs1 %ells1 arr[heads1 or :atev] else x may be1 may (t5 be utiliz$ to great advantage4 ,illu/rative mat]ial = "w 9 hi/ory1 geography1 nature /udy1 & to "s degree = o!r subjects c be _h 9 ?is way4 ,su* a collection w mean n only a mu* great] int]e/ 9 ! "w1 b also a liveli] appreciation ( ! subject1 m images ^u :i* to base its g5]alizations4 ,i h nev] se5 a class t le>n$ m geography 9 a %ort "t ?an 0 ma/]$ by a class :o foll[$ ! ,am]ican fleet ar\nd ! _w1 collect+ pictures1 products1 & /amps = ea* ( ! c\ntries visit$1 & writ+ a full acc\nt ( ! c\ntry visit$ to accompany ^! illu/rations4 ,ano!r class made mo/ int]e/+ collections 9 connection ) _! /udy ( colonial hi/ory4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t ready-made collections w answ] ! same purpose4 ,!y may illu/rate bett]1 b ! add$ int]e/ & en?usiasm gr[+ out ( ! ex]cise ( ! collect+ in/9ct w be want+4 ,! collect+ in/9ct may be utiliz$ 9 "w :i* deals ) ideas r ?an ?+s4 ,*ildr5 may be j z ke5 9 collect+ ideas ab\t a subject 9 :i* !y are mu* int]e/$ z 9 mak+ _! collection ( /ones1 or birds4 ,! transition f ! "o type ( collect+ to ! o!r is app>5t1 9 collections :i* are int]e/+ ma9ly = ! ideas :i* !y sugge/4 ,! ,social ,in/9ct3 ,! s*ool has (t5 ov]emphasiz$ ! individuali/ic po9t ( view4 ,competition is a legitimate motive2 b if all ( s*ool life c5t]s ar\nd ?is motive1 ! *ild has lo/ mu* 9 ! non-ex]cise ( t peculi>ly human in/9ct :i* dem&s cop]ation & sympa?y4 ,at ! f\ndation ( our society is ! idea ( work+ toge!r = ! common good4 ,boys & girls :o are to be mo/ useful to _! fell[s1 :o are to d ! mo/ = society1 i4e4 ^? :o are truly educat$1 mu/ h kept alive & develop$ ?is _s1 m ?an altrui/ic1 :i* sees 9 ! good ( society ! greate/ individual ga94 ,9 a lat] *apt] ?is topic w be dealt ) 9 consid]able detail2 suffice x to say "h t _m opportunities %\ld be f\nd = gr\p projects1 = s]vice on ! "p ( ea* memb] ( ! gr\p ( ! sort t he is p>ticul>ly qualifi$ to r5d]4 ,wond]3 ,! in/9ct ( wond] or awe1 closely relat$ to or possibly id5tifi$ ) ! religi\s in/9ct1 is "o t our mod]n critically sci5tific attitude t5ds to disc\rage4 ,no "o :o has _h ! exp]i5ce c d\bt ! value ( ?is elem5t 9 m5tal life4 ,to wond] at ! glory ( ! heav5s w d\btless make m diff]5ce 9 ! lives ( mo/ m5 & wom5 ?an ! smatt]+ ( a/ronomy !y may acquire4 ,! man :o wond]s at ! manife/ation ( ! p[] ( ! =ces ( nature may get m real joy out ( life ?an he :o feels t he has solv$ all ( h] my/]ies4 ,we are n z a p rem>kable = our rev]5ce4 ,x may be well urg$ t our s*ools h (t5 be5 responsible = ! opposite attitude4 ,?is in/9ct ( wond] w ?rive only 9 a sympa!tic atmosph]e4 ,no tea*] c directly inculcate or develop x4 ,only t tea*] :o has pres]v$ & nurtur$ ! in/9ct 9 h] own life c hope to be effective 9 keep+ alive ! same _s 9 *ildr54 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] x 0 claim$ t tea*]s %\ld "w to develop ! socially sympa!tic1 intellig5t1 & active individual1 & t ! ends to be expect$ f any ex]cises might be classifi$ z habits1 k1 int]e/s1 ideals or appreciations1 & me?ods ( "w4 ,9 our discussion ( ! native reactions ( *ildr51 we h endeavor$ to %[ t ! possibilities ( su* accompli%m5t are ! common possession ( normal *ildr54 ,x is = ! tea*] :o w\ld accompli% ^! ends mo/ economically to discov] ! in/9ctive basis = ! habit to be =m$1 ! k to be acquir$1 int]e/ to be awak5$1 or appreciation to be ar\s$4 ,! in/9ctive int]e/s ( *ildr5 w furni% ! mo/ p[]ful motives1 & w s]ve z a basis = ! mo/ la/+ results4 ,ev5 :5 ! native reaction is undesirable1 ! successful process may dep5d n m]ely ^u negation1 b ^u a graft+ ^u ! orig9al t5d5cy ( "o t is socially desirable2 or1 9 o!r cases1 ! sub/itution ( ano!r reaction bas$ ^u "s o!r in/9ctive t5d5cy4 ,we may n always foll[ :]e in/9ct seems to lead1 b we c nev] ignore ^! native t5d5cies4 ,:e!r we bl9dly ignore or attempt to "w aga9/ nature1 or wisely utilize ! in/9cts1 ! fact rema9s t all ( our "w is condition$ by ! native equipm5t4 ,x has become m or less ! fa%ion 9 rec5t ye>s to decry ! !ory ( ^? :o discuss ! tea*+ process f ! /&po9t ( ! *ild's native t5d5cies1 & ) due reg>d to 8 int]e/s4 ,! reaction>y :o cont9ually h>ks back to ! good old times is /ill ) u4 ,! t]m ( ridicule mo/ commonly us$ 9 lieu ( argum5t is 8s(t p$agogy40 ,we are told t ! only way to develop m5 & wom5 ( /r5g? is to beg9 by mak+ sure t we make our appeal on ! basis ( our sup]ior au?ority1 or ev5 brute /r5g?1 in/ead ( f9d+ ! f\ndation = our "w 9 ! in/9ctive curiosity & t5d5cy to m5tal activity ) :i* *ildr5 come to u4 ,x is presum$ by ^? :o argue on ! side ( ! importance ( au?ority t1 unless *ildr5 are compell$ by o!rs to d h>d tasks1 !y w nev] attempt any?+ t involves ef=t4 ,aga91 !y int]pret int]e/ to mean ! bl9d foll[+ ( ! *ild's in/9ctive t5d5cies4 ,9 our previ\s discussion we endeavor$ to %[ t education conc]ns itself q z mu* ) ! inhibition ( undesirable t5d5cies z ) ! enc\ragem5t ( ^? :i* lead to desirable activity4 ,! process is n "o ( foll[+ :]e *ildr5 lead1 b r ( avail+ ourselves ( ! native t5d5cies 9 ord] t ! ends we desire to a*ieve may be accompli%$ ) ! lea/ wa/e ( "t or en]gy4 ,9 reality1 ! *oice betwe5 ! two positions is n :e!r we w h reg>d = *ildi% in/9cts & capacities1 b r :e!r we %all approa* our task f ! /&po9t ( "o :o has fai? 9 an appeal to ! l[] motive ( fe>1 or :e!r we believe t *ildr5 are be/ prep>$ = lat] activity :o "w out _! own problems4 ,! be/ tea*+ c nev] consi/ 9 driv+ pupils to tasks :i* !y d n und]/& & :i* h little significance = !m4 ,! /&>d ( effici5cy is f\nd 9 ability to pres5t to ! *ild a ne$1 a purpose1 or a problem :i* solicits 8 att5tion4 ,x may be t we %all be b imp]fectly able to accompli% ?is result1 b1 nev]!less1 ?is mu/ be our ideal4 ,& x is n = reasons ( s5tim5t t we adopt x4 ,! le>n+ process is expla9$ 9 ?is way only4 ,we make a new adju/m5t1 recon/ruct our exp]i5ce only 9 a situation :i* makes su* a dem& ^u u4 ,:5 a *ild is compell$ to d a piece ( s*ool "w )\t realiz+ ! significance ( t :i* he does1 !re is sub/itut$ = ?is realization ( ne$ or problem an artificial ne$2 namely1 to avoid an unpleasant consequ5ce4 ,!re is ano!r important argum5t :i* mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,:5 a *ild works "u compulsion1 he usually gives j z little att5tion to 8 "w z may be necess>y to escape pa9ful results4 ,x is n uncommon = *ildr5 to divide _! att5tion mo/ skillfully betwe5 di/a/eful s*ool tasks & ! out-(-s*ool activities 9 :i* !y are vitally int]e/$4 ,?is lack ( undivid$ att5tion to ! "w 9 h& results 9 a habit ( "w :i* _c fail to be disa/r\s to ! highe/ intellectual atta9m5t4 ,x is true also t *ildr5 :o h be5 subject$ to su* treatm5t come to look ^u books & lessons z some?+ ( a nightm>e1 & are only too glad :5 ! opportunity pres5ts itself to leave s*ool & g to "w4 ,! *ild's attitude1 gr[+ out ( 8 s*ool exp]i5ce1 is q z important z any result :i* we may a*ieve 9 k4 ,pr(essor ,dewey's summ>y ( ! relation ( int]e/ & ef=t def9es mo/ adequately int]e/ 9 its true significance1 & indicates ! place ( ef=t 9 educative process4 ,he says3-- 8,g5u9e int]e/ 9 education is ! accompanim5t ( ! id5tification1 ?r\gh action1 ( ! self ) "s object or idea1 because ( ! necessity ( t object or idea = ! ma9t5ance ( self-expression4 ,ef=t1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x may be oppos$ to int]e/1 implies a sep>ation betwe5 ! self & ! fact to be ma/]$ or ! task to be p]=m$1 & sets up an habitual division ( activities4 ,ext]nally1 we h me*anical habits ) no psy*ical end or value4 ,int]nally1 we h r&om en]gy or m9d-w&]+1 a sequ5ce ( ideas ) no end at all because n br\ght to a focus 9 action4 ,int]e/1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is oppos$ to ef=t1 means simply an excitation ( ! s5se organ to give pleasure1 result+ 9 /ra9 on "o side & li/lessness on ! o!r4 8,b :5 we recognize !re are c]ta9 p[]s )9 ! *ild urg5t = developm5t1 ne$+ to be act$ ^u1 9 ord] to secure _! own due effici5cy & discipl9e1 we h a firm basis ^u :i* to build4 ,ef=t arises normally 9 ! attempt to give full op]ation1 & ?us gr[? & completion1 to ^! p[]s4 ,adequately to act ^u ^! impulses involves s]i\sness1 absorption1 def9it5ess ( purpose1 & results 9 =mation ( /ead9ess & p]si/5t habit 9 ! s]vice ( wor?y ends4 ,b ?is ef=t nev] deg5]ates into drudg]y1 nor m]e /ra9 ( dead lift1 because int]e/ abides--! self is conc]n$ ?r\gh\t40#c ,int]e/1 z ,pr(essor ,dewey def9es x1 is intr9sic4 ,! pupil does 8 "w n because he hopes to escape "s puni%m5t or get a high m>k1 b because ! "w ( itself comm&s 8 att5tion4 ,! tea*] mu/ con/antly *oose :e!r %e w "w = int]e/ ( ?is type1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! recognition ( ! wor? ( ! task to be p]=m$1 or resort to an int]e/ :i* has no relation to ! "w to be done4 ,%all %e appeal to ! *ild ?r\gh 8 in/9ctive delight 9 f9d+ out1 9 con/ructive "w1 or o!r =m ( expression1 or %all %e appeal to 8 in/9ct ( fe> ( a :ipp+ or dislike ( ridicule or nagg+8 ,x is true t1 aft] ! tea*] has done h] be/ to appeal on ! basis ( ! *ild's ne$s = gr[? & developm5t1 n all *ildr5 w respond equally1 & s1 z 9 ! l>g] society outside ( s*ool1 ! *ild w ne$ to be kept f int]f]+ ) o!rs1 & requir$ to d t :i* ^? :o are wis] h decid$ t x is advantage\s = him to d4 ,b ?is resort to au?ority1 an ackn[l$gm5t ( lack ( ability on our "p or ! result ( unfavorable conditions1 mu/ come la/2 x %\ld nev] be ! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,!re is "o o!r di/9ction :i* x is well to keep 9 m9d :5 we ?9k ( int]e/4 ,our discussion ?us f> has consid]$ int]e/ z a means = secur+ c]ta9 desirable ends4 ,we may n =get t to secure int]e/ :i* w p]si/ 9 _m ( ! types ( activity f\nd 9 ! s*ool %\ld be consid]$ z an end wor?y 9 itself4#d ,we may hope to h a boy int]e/$ 9 8 hi/ory lesson 9 ord] t he may ga9 ! k conta9$ 9 ?is subject4 ,int]e/ is ! means we employ to secure ! desir$ result4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may hope t ! boy we tea* w cont9ue to be int]e/$ 9 hi/ory ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,9 ?is latt] case ! int]e/ :i* we hope to secure 9 hi/ory becomes an end = :i* we "w4 ,z a result ( any sy/em ( education1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 expect+1 n only an increase 9 ! comm& ( facts & 9 a k ( ! be/ me?od ( proc$ure 9 work+ 9 subjects taught1 b also 9 hop+ = ! developm5t ( la/+ int]e/s :i* w make = a cont9uance ( ! p]iod ( education & = great] joy 9 life4 ,h]$ity 9 ,education3 ,an inquiry into oppos+ !ories ( h]$ity is n relevant to our ma9 purpose2 b we are conc]n$ ) c]ta9 facts1 commonly accept$1 :i* condition our "w4 ,no "o w dispute ! fact t ! *ildr5 assembl$ 9 any s*oolroom diff] 9 native capacity1 z well z 9 exp]i5ce4 ,:e!r g5ius or its lack are apt to be reproduc$ 9 ! *ildr5 ( gift$ or dull p>5ts is n ! "q ! tea*] has to solve4 ,= h] ! dem& is too (t5 t %e turn out a uni=m product f a gr\p ( individuals :o range f ! g5ius to ! dull>d or m5tal defective4 ,x is well = tea*]s to realize t 9 any non-select$ gr\p ! majority ( individuals may be expect$ to be ( ord9>y ability1 & t a few w range above ?is /&>d1 & a few w fall bel[4 ,! important ?+ to rememb] is t a gr\p ( normal *ildr5 _c be rang$ 9 ability 9 two or ?ree di/9ct gr\ps ) cle>ly def9$ b\nd>ies1 b t if any adequate te/ be giv51 we w f9d t !y di/ribute !mselves ov] a wide range1 ) small r ?an l>ge diff]5ces betwe5 individuals4 ,= example3 if a se>*+ te/ 9 fundam5tal op]ations ( ari?metic is giv51 we "k t "s *ild w probably get ne>ly all ( ! "w done correctly1 &1 ev5 ) our c>e 9 grad+1 "s *ild 9 ! gr\p w probably fail 9 m ?an half ( ! "w2 & t betwe5 ^! two extremes we w h almo/ e grade ( ability repres5t$1 ) a t5d5cy = a consid]able numb] to gr\p !mselves at ab\t t po9t :i* we consid] ord9>y or av]age ability4#e ,n only is x true t individuals diff] 9 ability ( any p>ticul> sort1 b x is also true t ! *ild :o has little ability 9 "o direction may be up to ! av]age or h m ?an usual ability 9 "s o!r direction4 ,9 our tea*+ we %\ld h a m9imum /&>d ( effici5cy = all :o are n m5tally defective1 & we %\ld /rive e>ne/ly to h all rea* ?is goal4 ,if wisely select$1 ?is m9imum w include t :i* is absolutely necess>y = fur!r advancem5t along ! l9e ( "w pursu$4 ,! majority ( ! class %\ld a*ieve results beyond ?is m9imum1 & = ! exceptionally bright *ild ! maximum %\ld be fix$ only by ! *ild's ability & ! requirem5ts ( good heal?4 ,x is useless to attempt to make all alike2 x is wrong to limit ! accompli%m5t ( ! gift$ by ! capacity ( ! majority2 ^! are ! lessons :i* ! consid]ation ( ! capacities ( any gr\p ( *ildr5 %\ld tea*4 ,we _c furni% ability1 b we may create an attitude ( li/lessness & m5tal laz9ess1 if we d n give ! bright *ild en\gh to d4 ,education dem&s a recognition ( peculi> abilities & _! nurture4 ,we c nev] create g5ius f m$iocre ability1 & we may n assume t g5ius is irrepressible4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,e4 ,l4 ,?orndike1 ,pr9ciples ( ,tea*+1 ,*apt]s ,v & ,,vi4 ,e4 ,l4 ,?orndike1 ,individuality4 ,e4 ,a4 ,kirkpatrick1 ,fundam5tals ( ,*ild ,/udy1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:at in/itutions contribute to ! education ( *ildr58 #b4 ,:y has ! responsibility ( ! s*ool increas$ dur+ ! pa/ c5tury8 #c4 ,h[ w\ld y ju/ify compulsory education8 ,m$ical exam9ation8 ,compulsory d5tal treatm5t8 #d4 ,:y d *ang$ social conditions dem& *ang$ me?ods ( in/ruction z well z a diff]5t curriculum8 #e4 ,:y does ! tea*] ne$ to "k ! home life ( ! *ildr5 9 h] class8 #f4 ,:at is ! significance ( p>5ts' & mo!rs' clubs1 or any o!r organization ( ! tea*]s & ! patrons ( ! s*ool8 #g4 ,:y %\ld tea*]s p>ticipate 9 ! campaign aga9/ tub]culosis8 #h4 ,give in/ances f y\r own exp]i5ce ( ! educative value ( play4 #i4 ,:y c a boy write a bett] composition ab\t mak+ a kite ?an on 8,hone/y is ! be/ policy08 #aj4 ,:at is ! objection to provid+ *ildr5 ) model compositions & ask+ !m to write on closely relat$ !mes8 #aa4 ,give examples ( a prop] appeal to ! in/9ct ( emulation4 #ab4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! fact t 9 "s classes *ildr5 seldom ask que/ions8 #ac4 ,:at value is !re 9 a collection ( birds' ne/s1 fl[]s1 m9]als1 woods1 & ! l1 :i* "o f9ds 9 "s s*oolrooms8 #ad4 ,h[ w\ld y hope to develop ! social in/9ct 9 ! pupils y tea*8 #ae4 ,give ! *ildr5 9 y\r class t5 problems 9 addition1 score "o = ea* column add$ correctly1 & comp>e ! results4 ,c a tea*] create ability8 #af4 ,9 a city s*ool sy/em =ty p] c5t ( ! *ildr5 h be5 ret>d$ "o or m ye>s dur+ _! s*ool life4 ,d y ?9k t diff]5ces 9 ability ju/ify ! repeat+ ( "w "o or m ye>s by s l>ge a p]c5tage ( ! *ildr58 #ag4 ,%\ld we try to h *ildr5 develop equal ability 9 all ( _! /udies1 or r enc\rage !m to d especially well 9 "o or two subjects8 #ah4 ,%\ld a pupil :o receives only =ty p] c5t 9 8 ari?metic exam9ation be compell$ to repeat ! grade8 #ai4 ,/ate ! argum5t ( ^? :o believe t disagreeable1 un9t]e/+ "w is mo/ valuable 9 educat+ *ildr54 #bj4 ,:at reasons c y give = ! dem& t tea*]s secure ! int]e/ ( _! pupils 9 s*ool "w8 #ba4 ,:y is x bad intellectually = a *ild to divide 8 int]e/ betwe5 8 s*ool "w & "s o!r activity :ile do+ s*ool "w8 #bb4 ,!re is always "s motive pres5t :5 "w is accompli%$ 9 ! s*ool4 ,if ! pupil is n int]e/$ 9 8 "w1 :at motives w y be apt to f9d 9 op]ation8 #bc4 ,does ! dem& t *ildr5 take an int]e/ 9 _! "w mean t we w require !m to d only ! sort ( "w :i* is easy = !m8 #bd4 ,"n ?ree situations 9 s*ool "w 9 :i* y w\ld seek to use int]e/ z a means4 ,?ree cases 9 :i* y w\ld consid] int]e/s z ends4 #be4 ,9 :i* situation w a boy write ! bett] lett]3 :5 ask$ to write a lett] z a class ex]cise1 or :5 he writes to 8 uncle ab\t _! plans = 8 summ] vacation8 #bf4 ,! ends :i* we desire to atta9 may be relatively ne> or remote4 ,classify ! foll[+ aims pres5t$ to *ildr5 accord+ to 7#a7 ! remot5ess ( ! end to be a*iev$1 7#b7 ! int]e/ :i* y w\ld expect *ildr5 to take 9 ! "w = :i* ^! aims are suppos$ to furni% "s motive4 ,suppose ! class to be a sev5?-grade gr\p ( boys4 #a4 ,le>n h[ to build a boat4 #b4 ,become a writ] ( good ,engli%4 #c4 ,ga9 9 skill 9 ! process ( dovetail+4 #d4 ,write = a catalog ( sets ( tools = boys4 #e4 ,f9d out :y ,engl& ma9ta9s ! l>ge/ navy 9 ! _w4 #f4 ,prep>e a description ( ! build+ ( ! ,panama ,canal4 #g4 ,decide :y s _m ,russians come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #h4 ,make ! draw+s = a sl$ to be built = 8 own use4 #i4 ,make a rabbit trap f plans furni%$ by ! tea*]4 #aj4 ,/udy algebra to get ready to g to college4 #aa4 ,write a /ory ( an int]class basket-ball game = ! s*ool pap]4 #ab4 ,enjoy "o ( ,kipl+'s /ories4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,process ,education means *ange1 gr[?1 developm5t4 ,! process is "o ( adju/m5t 9 :i* ! individual is n only affect$ by 8 environm5t1 b is also capable1 9 turn1 ( *ang+ or ev5 9 a measure creat+ ! situation 9 :i* he lives4 ,! exp]i5ce ( any individual gr[s 9 mean+ & significance ?r\gh successive dem&s = new adju/m5ts4 ,among ! l[] animal =ms !re are ^? :o h v little p[] ( adju/m5t2 reg>dless ( ! situation pres5t$1 !y c react only 9 "o way1 or1 z ! animal /ructure increases 9 complexity1 9 a v few ways4 ,! p[] ( adju/m5t be+ small1 ! possibilities ( le>n+ & ( education are small4 ,z has already be5 indicat$ 9 our discussion ( in/9cts1 human be+s are equipp$ ) _m t5d5cies to react1 & ) p[] to react 9 a v great v>iety ( ways4 ,man has p[] beyond all o!r animals to pr(it by exp]i5ce1 & is di/+ui%$ f !m by 8 p[] to le>n by means ( ideas1 n simply by ! process ( trial & error4 ,our problem is1 !n1 to inquire conc]n+ ! conditions "u :i* a situation dem&s adju/m5t1 "u :i* exp]i5ce is recon/ruct$1 &1 fur!r1 to discuss ! mann] 9 :i* socially desirable reactions may be made ! p]man5t possession ( ! le>n]1 :ile ^? inimical to social welf>e are elim9at$4 ,9 g5]al adju/m5ts are made 9 response to "o ( ! foll[+ situations3 7#a7 :5 satisfaction ( "s in/9ctive ne$ results2 7#b7 :5 satisfaction ( an idea ( an end to be rea*$1 ! atta9m5t ( :i* w satisfy "s in/9ctive or acquir$ ne$1 results2 7#c7 :5 satisfaction ( an acquir$ ne$1 function+ at ! "t ! adju/m5t is made1 is ! imm$iate result4 ,9 ^! cases a type ( adju/m5t n in/9ctively dem&$ & n orig9ally 9 itself pleas+ rea*es a po9t :]e x is 9 itself satisfy+4 ,! value ( ! exp]i5ce is intr9sic4 ,little ne$ be said conc]n+ ! fir/ class ( adju/m5ts 9 addition to our discussion ( in/9cts 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,:5 "o f9ds himself 9 a situation :i* ?reat5s bodily h>m1 he in/9ctively tries to get out ( ! way4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( mat]ials1 *ildr5 in/9ctively h&le !m1 or make a noise ) !m1 or attempt to con/ruct some?+4 ,! s*oolboy1 ) 8 que/ions1 8 collection ( /amps1 8 adh]5ce to 8 gang1 is mak+ adju/m5ts :i* satisfy in/9ctive ne$s4 ,"u ! second class are includ$ reactions 9 :i* ! satisfaction ( ! in/9ctive ne$ is n ! imm$iate result1 & ^? cases :]e satisfaction may be expla9$ only by ref]5ce to an acquir$ ne$4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ?is class ( adju/m5ts is ! fact t ! idea int]v5es4 ,x is = ! satisfaction ( our idea ( an end :i* may be remote = :i* ! adju/m5t is made4 ,a pupil may try to read well because he has ! idea t read+ well pleases ! tea*]4 ,! end desir$ may be simply to get along ) ! tea*] )\t ! discom=t ( a scold+1 or because ( 8 in/9ctive desire = praise4 ,a boy may labor dilig5tly 9 build+ a sl$ because ( 8 idea ( ! pleasure :i* w result to himself or possibly to o!rs4 ,a gr\p ( *ildr5 may save _! p5nies to buy books1 in/ead ( satisfy+ _! desire = c&y1 because ( _! idea ( satisfaction to be d]iv$ f ! books to be b\ght4 ,a man may endure _m h>d%ips because ( 8 idea ( future weal?1 political pref]m5t1 fame1 or o!r good :i* he hopes w result4 ,aft] a "t activities :i* 7 /imulat$ by ! idea ( a satisfactory end to be a*iev$ may be repeat$ = _! own sake4 ,?is gives u our ?ird class ( adju/m5ts4 ,! boy may f9d x v difficult to sp5d five h\rs a day ) books1 :ile ! man f9ds 8 *ief delight 9 ?is =m ( activity1 altoge!r aside f a result beyond 8 pres5t satisfaction4 ,a *ild may beg9 to read because ( ! au?ority ( ! tea*] & 8 fe> ( unpleasant consequ5ces1 & yet may lat] come to f9d great delight 9 read+4 ,9 tea*+ we %\ld /rive to br+ z _m z possible ( ! adju/m5ts to be made "u ?is la/ category4 ,! boy or girl :o f9ds 8 greate/ satisfaction 9 mak+ ! adju/m5ts1 9 ga9+ ! exp]i5ce1 9 do+ ! "w t ! s*ool provides1 is gett+ ! be/ possible prep>ation = ! life ( ! man or woman :o f9ds 8 own greate/ joy 9 8 ev]yday activity4 ,we ne$ n be disc\rag$ because ( ! seem+ impossibility ( ! task1 s9ce its a*ievem5t w\ld indicate p]fection1 t[>d :i* we /rive1 & :i*1 because x is p]fection1 we nev] a*ieve4 ,adju/m5ts are to be made1 exp]i5ces mu/ be _h2 & our appeal1 :e!r bas$ ^u ! satisfaction ( in/9ctive t5d5cies1 ! idea ( ends ne> or remote1 or ! satisfaction ( acquir$ ne$s :i* are socially advantage\s1 mu/ be ! highe/ appeal :i* c n[ be made ) ! assurance t ! result+ reaction w be secur$4 ,!re is "o po9t :i* all ( ^! situations :i* call = adju/m5t h 9 common2 t is1 satisfaction4 ,?is fact is fundam5tal 9 tea*+4 ,n only are we limit$ 9 our "w by native t5d5cies & capacities1 b ! results mu/ give satisfaction1 else ! reaction induc$ w t5d n to be repeat$4 ,( c\rse satisfaction or pleasure is a relative t]m2 possibly x w\ld be fair] to say t ! individual reacts 9 ! way :i* w result 9 ! lea/ dissatisfaction or pa94 ,a boy may dislike to write 9 a copybook1 b he may pref] t to a :ipp+ or to be+ kept aft] s*ool4 ,!re is "o o!r possible misconception :i* mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,t :i* ! individual consid]s mo/ satisfactory may n be be/ = 8 well-be+1 nor = ! welf>e ( o!rs ) :om he associates4 ,x is ! "w ( ! tea*] to enc\rage adju/m5ts :i* are socially desirable1 & to make unpleasant ! results :i* are socially disadvantage\s1 ev5 ?\gh !y orig9ally gave satisfaction to ! individual4 ,correspond+ to ! types ( adju/m5t m5tion$ above are ! types ( att5tion4 ,:5 ! adju/m5t is made 9 response to an in/9ctive t5d5cy to react1 we h :at is call$ passive or involunt>y att5tion4 ,! boy :o looks at ! door :5 x op5s1 :o makes a pap] boat in/ead ( do+ 8 "w 9 ari?metic1 or :o talks to 8 neighbor ab\t ! ball game !y are to play aft] s*ool1 is passive s f> z any attempt to control 8 m5tal activities is conc]n$4 ,he is foll[+ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,he does n w to make ^! adju/m5ts1 or to att5d to ^! ?+s2 h5ce we say t he att5ds involunt>ily1 t he is passive 9 ! situation4 ,a second type ( att5tion is t 9 :i* ! individual makes an adju/m5t1 foll[s a giv5 l9e ( activity1 volunt>ily4 ,he is active 9 8 det]m9ation to accompli% c]ta9 ends1 & 9 ord] to secure ^! results he resi/s ! t5d5cy to w&]1 to give 8 att5tion to o!r elem5ts 9 ! situation :i* may be natively m attractive4 ,?is type ( att5tion we call active4 ,we h ?is type ( att5tion :]ev] ! individual works = ! satisfaction ( 8 idea ( an end wor?y to be accompli%$4 ,x corresponds to ! second class ( adju/m5ts m5tion$ above4 ,?r\gh ! ex]cise ( active att5tion ov] a consid]able p]iod1 ! necessity = ef=t1 = ! ex]cise ( ! w 9 ord] t we may n w&] f ! ma9 purpose1 becomes less & less1 until f9ally a passive attitude is aga9 rea*$4 ,?is type ( att5tion is designat$ z second>y passive att5tion4#f ,x corresponds to ! ?ird type ( adju/m5ts nam$ above4 ,9 tea*+1 we beg9 mo/ frequ5tly ) passive att5tion2 we "w mo/ e>ne/ly to secure & to hold active att5tion2 & if our "w is successful1 *ildr5 w rea* ! /age ( second>y passive att5tion1 at lea/ ) ref]5ce to "s ( ! activities f\nd 9 ! s*ool4 ,9 ! fir/ grade1 9 ! beg9n+ read+ class1 ! tea*] appeals to ! *ildr5 on ! basis ( _! in/9ctive delight 9 movem5t1 _! desire to be l or to excel o!rs1 _! pleasure 9 draw+ ) p5cil or crayon1 _! love ( a good /ory1 & o!r l in/9ctive t5d5cies to react4 ,! adju/m5ts made are 9 response to in/9ctive ne$s1 & ! att5tion is l>gely passive4 ,gradually1 z ! "w progresses1 ! ends to be a*iev$ w become m remote1 & in/ead ( imm$iate satisfaction ( in/9ctive ne$s1 ! *ildr5 w "w = ! satisfaction ( _! ideas ( ends :i* are desirable1 :e!r bas$ on in/9ctive or acquir$ ne$s4 ,!y may "w dilig5tly 9 ! phonic or ^w drill because !y h ! idea t ?is mu/ be done 9 ord] to read ! /ory1 & ! end ultimately to be satisfi$ may be to give pleasure to o!rs4 ,! adju/m5t is made "h 9 response to ! idea ( an end to be secur$1 :i* repres5ts ! satisfaction ( a ne$ :i* probably has be5 acquir$ 9 ! s*ool or at home4 ,lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! same *ildr5 !y may read1 ov]com+ :atev] difficulties may pres5t !mselves1 simply because ?is process is = !m 9 itself wor? :ile4 ,"h we h ! adju/m5t :i* gives imm$iate satisfaction ( an acquir$ ne$1 & ! type ( att5tion :i* has be5 designat$ z second>y passive4 ,! problem = ! tea*] is to secure cont9u$ att5tion to "o ?+4 ,almo/ any ex]cise :i* ! s*ool (f]s w be int]e/+ = a brief "t because x is some?+ new4 ,! difficult task is n to get att5tion1 b to hold x4 ,*ildr5 att5d to ! situation at h& j z long z x proves m attractive ?an "s o!r4 ,! boy :o is call$ inatt5tive may be mo/ att5tive to ! plan he is mak+ to e>n money to g to ! circus4 ,! tea*] mu/ endeavor to discov] ends suffici5tly attractive to comm& ! active att5tion ( *ildr5 = a consid]able p]iod4 ,! *ild mu/ be will+ to ex]t himself1 & ! motive = 8 ef=t mu/ be /rong en\gh to br+ him back to ! task 9 h& e "t t he t5ds to w&]4 ,(t5 ! success ( ! "w w dep5d ^u a recognition ( ! fact t x is v difficult to att5d = any consid]able p]iod to a situation 9 :i* ! elem5ts d n v>y4 ,we may secure cont9u$ conc5trat$ att5tion by recogniz+ ! fact t v>iety 9 proc$ure1 or 9 appeal1 w make x possible = ! *ild to keep 8 att5tion fix$4 ,take1 = example1 a topic 9 geography4 ,! tea*] w "q to br+ out diff]5t aspects ( a topic1 %[ ! *ildr5 pictures or use illu/rative mat]ials1 h *ildr5 read ! map1 tell a /ory or incid5t relat+ to ! situation "u consid]ation1 & 9 ?is mann] keep *ildr5 actively ?9k+ on "o topic = half an h\r4 ,we %all discuss at "s l5g? ! problem ( aim1 9 connection ) ! inductive developm5t lesson4 ,suffice to say "h t (t5 we fail to secure ! cont9u$ att5tion ( *ildr5 because we ask !m to att5d to t :i* = !m lacks int]e/ or significance4 ,*ildr5 "w h>de/ :5 ! problem to be solv$ is "o t !y recognize z _! own4 ,!y make adju/m5ts :i* mean imm$iate satisfaction1 or :i* !y believe w ultimately give satisfaction4 ,our difficulty is (t5 t ! end we set up is too remote4 ,! idea ( becom+ a well educat$ man w n ord9>ily be p[]ful en\gh to keep a boy at "w on a composition1 b ! desire to be ! au?or ( a p>agraph 9 ! s*ool pap]1 to write to a boy 9 ano!r city or c\ntry1 or to compose "p ( a drama :i* ! class w act = _! fri5ds1 may mean ! h>de/ sort ( "w1 ! mo/ conc5trat$ att5tion ( :i* he is capable4 ,! *ildr5 ) :om we "w come to u ) t5d5cies to react1 & are capable ( react+ 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,!y le>n by mak+ adju/m5ts to a great v>iety ( situations4 ,! tea*+ process consi/s 9 provid+ ! situations & ! /imuli to action1 9 guid+ ! individual 9 su* a way t ! undesirable reactions w be elim9at$ by disuse or because ! results are unpleasant1 9 mak+ p]man5t desirable native reactions or ^? :i* h be5 graft$ ^u or d]iv$ f !m by mak+ ! results pleasant4 ,! tea*+ process is1 9 g5]al1 z describ$ above2 b ! actual "w ( ! tea*] v>ies greatly z %e /rives n[ = "o end & aga9 = ano!r4 ,!re is a me?odology ( habit =mation :i* ! tea*] mu/ comm& if %e is to d successful "w 9 equipp+ h] pupils ) desirable habits4 ,if our problem is "o t l5ds itself to ! inductive me?od1 we h "o sort ( proc$ure2 :ile if ! ?9k+ involv$ is d$uctive1 c]ta9 o!r elem5ts ent]4 ,!re is a k9d ( "w 9 :i* we aim prim>ily = appreciation1 & at ano!r "t we are *iefly conc]n$ 9 tea*+ *ildr5 h[ to /udy4 ,! prop] conduct ( a review or exam9ation1 & ! type ( ex]cise commonly kn[n z a recitation lesson1 ne$ to be discuss$ 9 "s detail4 ,9 ! *apt]s :i* imm$iately foll[1 ea* ( ^! types ( s*oolroom ex]cises w be consid]$4 ,success 9 tea*+ consi/s q z mu* 9 work+ def9itely = well def9$ ends :i* may be accompli%$ 9 ?is fifte5 m9utes1 ?is half h\r1 or dur+ ?is week1 z 9 keep+ 9 m9d ! m g5]al aims ( education4 ,inde$1 ! only way 9 :i* we c secure ! l>g] ends is by successfully a*iev+ ! less] tasks4 ,! tea*] :o kn[s t %e has fix$ ?is desirable habit ( ?\ght1 feel+1 or action1 t ?is bit ( k has tak5 its place 9 a usable sy/em1 t ?is ideal or purpose has be5 awak5$1 t c]ta9 me?ods ( "w are available = ! gr\p ( *ildr5 :om %e is tea*+1--t tea*] c be sure t %e is fulfill+ h] mission4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,e4 ,j4 ,swift1 ,m9d 9 ! ,mak+1 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,e4 ,a4 ,kirkpatrick1 ,g5etic ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,x4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:5 a tea*] raps h] p5cil aga9/ a desk & ! *ildr5 look t[>d h]1 :at is ! type ( adju/m5t made8 ,:5 w !y cease to pay att5tion to ! rap ( ! p5cil8 ,:at sugge/ion w\ld y (f] conc]n+ ! dang] :i* may be f\nd 9 rapp+ ! p5cil aga9/ ! desk1 r++ a bell1 clapp+ ! h&s1 %\t+ 8be quiet08 #b4 ,"n "s ex]cises 9 ari?metic 9 :i* y may dep5d some:at ^u in/9ctive adju/m5ts to insure progress4 #c4 ,:]e d y ?9k y w f9d ! mo/ in/9ctive adju/m5ts1--9 geography1 ari?metic1 draw+1 ,engli% composition1 or physical tra9+8 #d4 ,a boy :o _h done poor "w 9 algebra improv$ greatly :5 *ang$ f a class taught by a man to "o taught by a woman4 ,h[ w\ld y acc\nt = ! *ange1 tak+ x = grant$ t ! tea*]s 7 equally compet5t8 ,:at type ( adju/m5t did ! boy make8 #e4 ,:y is x t any new subject w prove attractive = a %ort "t1 & *ildr5 w lat] %[ a lack ( int]e/ 9 ! "w8 #f4 ,is !re any diff]5ce betwe5 mak+ a class p]iod int]e/+ & f9d+ a motive :i* appeals to *ildr5 :i* w lead !m to desire to cov] ! mat]ial :i* y h assign$8 #g4 ,:i* is ! bett]1 to h a girl /udy h] geography lesson to please ! tea*] or to h h] at "w try+ to solve a problem 9 :i* %e is int]e/$8 #h4 ,:at sort ( results d tea*]s secure :o compel *ildr5 to le>n _! lessons ?r\gh fe> ( be+ ridicul$ or o!rwise puni%$8 ,if ^! *ildr5 "k z mu* z o!r *ildr5 ^: tea*] has !m at "w satisfy+ _! idea ( pleasure1--:i* w result 9 be+ able to read well to ! class1 prep>e _! "p ( ! class drama1 or inve/igate 9 fields 9 :i* !y are mu* int]e/$1--w\ld y1 !n1 consid] ! fir/ sort ( tea*+ z satisfactory z ! second8 #i4 ,to :at degree c y dep5d ^u ! awak5+ ( intellectual int]e/s to provide a motive = good "w on ! "p ( pupils8 #aj4 ,d y ?9k ! foll[+ li/ ( que/ions w\ld prove intellectually /imulat+ to a gr\p ( six?-grade pupils3-- 8,:]e is ,philadelphia8 ,:at is ! capital ( ,new ,york8 ,:at are ! pr9cipal riv]s ( ! ,middle ,atlantic /ates8 ,:]e is ,pittsburgh8 ,= :at is ,pittsburgh not$8 ,:at riv] =ms ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ,p5nsylvania8 ,b\nd ,virg9ia4 ,locate ! capitals ( ! /ates 9 ?is gr\p4 ,"n two valuable products rais$ ne> ! coa/4 ,describe ! surface ( ?is gr\p ( /ates40 #aa4 ,h[ _m *ildr5 9 y\r class f9d satisfaction 9 _! s*ool "w suffici5t to keep !m at x if no m>ks 7 giv5 & no "o compell$ !m to att5d s*ool8 ,are !re "s subjects or p>ts ( subjects :]e y secure ?is sort ( en?usiasm = s*ool "w8 ,:y d y succe$ bett] 9 ^! phases ( s*ool "w ?an 9 o!rs8 #ab4 ,:at is wrong ) ! boy :o is quiet dur+ ! recitation1 app>5tly absorb$ 9 ! "w1 b :o gets no?+ out ( x8 #ac4 ,:y does ! tea*] :o speaks 9 a l\d tone ( voice 9 ord] to compel att5tion h to speak l\d] & l\d] z ! day advances8 #ad4 ,:at is wrong ) a class :i* does good "w 9 long division at ! beg9n+ ( ! ari?metic p]iod1 & v poor "w at ! end ( ?irty m9utes8 #ae4 ,give examples ( passive att5tion1 active att5tion1 & second>y passive att5tion1 f y\r own classroom "w4 #af4 ,describe ! situations 9 :i* y believe y\r *ildr5 did ! be/ intellectual "w4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! excell5ce ( ?is "w8 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,drill ,,lesson ,_m responses ( ?\ght & action mu/ be r$uc$ to an automatic basis4 ,x is ! function ( ! drill lesson to accompli% ?is result4 ,9 "s s*ools ?is type ( "w has be5 ov]emphasiz$1 :ile 9 o!rs x has be5 neglect$4 ,x is a mi/ake to sp5d ! :ole ( a *ild's "t & en]gy drill+ him ^u t :i* "s "o else has ?\ght4 ,he mu/ ?9k = himself :ile a *ild1 if he is to %[ intellectual /r5g? z a man4 ,& x is j z mu* a mi/ake to believe t ! greate/ progress 9 ?\ght or action c be a*iev$ )\t c>eful att5tion to ! =mation ( desirable habits4 ,probably !re is little ne$ to-day to argue aga9/ ?is conception ( tea*+1 :i* makes ! tea*] simply & solely a drill ma/]4 ,our respect = ! native t5d5cies & = ! exp]i5ces ( *ildr51 our emphasis ^u do+1 our belief t ! be/ prep>ation = future effici5cy is to be f\nd 9 pres5t *ildi% effici5cy1 all refute any su* n>r[ view ( ! educative process4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 "s qu>t]s a dang] t ?is insi/5ce ^u ?9k+ & do+ may be con/ru$ to mean t drill "w is no long] necess>y4 ,!re are *ildr5 :o are t]ribly h&icapp$ 9 _! lat] "w because !y h n le>n$ to spell common words1 to write a legible h&1 to give )\t hesitation ! addition comb9ations1 to reproduce ! multiplication tables1 to use )\t mu* ?\ght ! processes commonly employ$ 9 ari?metic "w4 ,!y f9d difficulty 9 read+1 because !y lack t k ( phonetics :i* w\ld make easy ! recognition ( unfamili> words 9 _! read+2 !y /umble 9 geography1 fail 9 music1 lack ability to compreh5d _! "w 9 nature /udy or hi/ory1 all because facts ess5tial to fur!r progress1 once pres5t$ & und]/ood1 7 n r$uc$ to an automatic basis by c>efully conduct$ drill ex]cises4 ,if x is cle> t mu* ( ! k :i* *ildr5 acquire mu/ be r$uc$ to ! basis ( habit1 we may next inquire j h[ ?is drill "w is to be relat$ to ! o!r "p ( ! s*ool "w4 ,"q ( motive3 ,9 ! =mation ( habits n provid$ = by native t5d5cies to react1 ! occasion = mak+ ! adju/m5t is1 z 9 ! case ( our ?9k+1 ! recognition ( a ne$4 ,our fir/ attempts to talk or to use our limbs 7 due solely to ! compell+ =ce ( in/9ct1 b lat] we le>n$ a =eign language or a*iev$ success 9 ! high jump because we _h a def9ite aim 9 m9d4 ,s f> z ! tea*] is conc]n$ ) habit =mation1 %e c hope to utilize in/9ctive t5d5cies1 b may n dep5d ^u !m alone to secure ! result4 ,a motive mu/ be provid$ = ! "w4 ,! /rong] ?is inc5tive1 ! great] w be ! att5tion giv5 to ! "w 9 h& & ! soon] w ! desir$ result be secur$4 ,v mu* ( ! drill "w :i* is done is well-nigh futile because x is impos$ ^u *ildr54 ,!y d n see its significance1 & feel little int]e/ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! results dem&$4 ,ideally1 drill lessons %\ld come :5 ! *ildr5 see t _! future progress is condition$ by successful =mation ( ! habits involv$4 ,& ?is is n s impossible ( accompli%m5t z might appe> at fir/ sight4 ,if ! mat]ial giv5 to *ildr5 to read 9 ! fir/ grade is ( su* a nature t !y really c>e to read x1 !y are v quick to see t ^w drill1 & lat] phonetic drill1 w help !m to secure ! end desir$4 ,( c\rse ! reply may be made3 8,:at is ! use ( bo!r+ "o's self ) ?is attempt to make a rational appeal to *ildr58 ,!y w be completely satisfi$ if y simply keep !m at x4 ,x is a game = !m4 ,!y enjoy x simply because !y delight 9 accompli%m5t40 ,"o might reply to su* a /atem5t by call+ to m9d ! fact t ! s*ool exi/s to develop rationality4 ,y may be p]fectly sure t frequ5tly en\gh ! *ildr51 & lat] ! m5 & wom51 w be driv5 or l$ )\t any appeal to reason4 ,x w und\bt$ly be true t we %all h to appeal to motives o!r ?an rational2 b surely ?is appeal to reason %\ld be made1 &1 if our education is successful1 %\ld be increas+ly pot5t z we advance f grade to grade4 ,ev5 :5 a rational motive has be5 made ! po9t ( dep>ture1 we %all h to use _m devices to keep alive ! *ild's orig9al int5tion4 ,b let u frankly admit1 bo? to ourselves & to ! *ildr51 t ^! subsidi>y aims are m]ely aids 9 help+ u to a*ieve ! m wor?y aim4 ,if su* a /&>d ( motive 7 appli$ ?r\gh\t our "w1 we %\ld probably f9d x necess>y to po/pone c]ta9 activities :i* we insi/ ^u = no reason :i* a *ild c und]/&1 until !re 0 "s real use = ! habit to be =m$4 ,we might ev5 f9d ourselves compell$ to elim9ate mu* :i* f9ds no application 9 real life4 ,! occasion = drill is f\nd 9 ! dem& = automatic control ( ?\ght or action1 & mu* ( ! lat] success ( ! *ildr5 9 ?9k+ & do+ w be condition$ by ! quality ( ! "w done 9 ^! drill ex]cises4 ,kn[+ :at to d3 ,a cle> idea ( ! result to be accompli%$ is1 ( c\rse1 involv$ 9 ! notion or aim z x has be5 discuss$ above4 ,! importance ( ?is elem5t 9 habit =mation _c be ov]emphasiz$4 ,x may seem sup]flu\s to call att5tion to ! fact t e *ild %\ld h a cle> idea ( :at is to be done be=e ! drill "w beg9s2 b x sometimes happ5s t ! tea*] takes too mu* = grant$4 ,*ildr5 /umble & fail1 or d no?+ at all1 simply because !y d n "k :at x is all ab\t4 ,x w\ld seem impossible t any gr\p ( pupils %\ld be ask$ to commit to memory any?+ :i* !y did n und]/&1 & yet we are con/antly rem9d$ by _! lat] int]pretations t !y h n und]/ood4 ,su* logical organization is n always possible1 nor1 inde$1 ev5 desirable1 z1 = example1 9 le>n+ addition comb9ations4 ,9 su* a case ! value ( ! habit is l>gely due to ! fact t we no long] attempt to rationalize ! process nor attempt to fix x 9 a logical s]ies4 ,b :e!r ! task be ! memoriz+ ( a poem1 ! le>n+ ( addition comb9ations1 ! =mation ( ! habit ( neatness1 or ! ga9+ ( skill 9 h&l+ a saw1 x is ess5tial t ! *ild "k j :at is to be done & t he be provid$ ) an adequate motive = do+ x4 ,repetition ) att5tion3 ,aft] a *ild kn[s :at to d1 has ! "r idea1 & ! greate/ possible motive = do+ has be5 provid$1 ! tea*]'s problem consi/s 9 keep+ alive ! desire to a*ieve ! result :ile ! process ( repetition is go+ on4 ,a *ild le>ns to spell a ^w n simply because he repeats ! lett]s or writes !m 9 ! correct ord] a hundr$ times4 ,we all h k ( cases 9 :i* ?is sort ( repetition has seem+ly result$ 9 no advancem5t4 ,! mo/ economical me?od ( le>n+ to spell requires t ! maximum ( att5tion be giv5 :ile ! lett]s are repeat$4 ,! /ory ( ! boy :o1 aft] he _h writt5 aft] s*ool ! phrase 8,i h gone0 a hundr$ times1 wrote at ! bottom ( 8 pap] = ! in=mation ( ! tea*]1 :o _h left ! room1 8,i h w5t home10 is a case 9 po9t4 ,! tr\ble ) ?is boy 0 n t he _h n repeat$ ! correct =m (t5 en\gh1 b t he _h n att5d$ to x4 ,he _h fail$ to realize ! significance ( :at he 0 do+4 ,d\btless 8 att5tion1 in/ead ( be+ fix$ on ! "w 9 h&1 0 m l>gely giv5 to ! game ( baseball 8 companions 7 play+1 or to ! prospect ( ! delights ( ! swimm+ pool4 ,mu* ( ! conc]t "w t "o he>s %[s a lack ( att5tion on ! "p ( ! l>g] "p ( ! class except 9 s f> z is necess>y to foll[ ! lead]s4 ,su* "w is und\bt$ly helpful to ^? :o lead1 b x is ( little use to ! o!rs :o take "p4 ,x is a v good plan to te/ conc]t "w by li/5+ closely to di/+ui% ^? :o are c>ry+ ! burd51 h !m /op1 & measure ! success ( ! "w by ! result :i* c !n be _h4 ,means ( hold+ att5tion3 ,no matt] h[ /rong ! motive ) :i* we />t1 any "o ( u w gr[ we>y :5 ! task impos$ requires _m repetitions4 ,x is ev5 m difficult = *ildr5 to keep _! att5tion fix$ = any consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 plan c>efully to conduct ! drill 9 su* a way t ! maximum ( att5tion may be secur$4 ,among ! devices :i* are employ$1 "o ( ! mo/ important is v>iation 9 proc$ure4 ,suppose1 = example1 we wi% to sp5d t5 m9utes 9 drill+ *ildr5 on addition comb9ations4 ,! be/ results w n be secur$ by sp5d+ ! :ole "t 9 ei!r oral or writt5 "w4 ,probably ! maximum ( att5tion & consequ5tly ( result c\ld be secur$ by divid+ ! p]iod into ?ree p>ts3 "o devot$ to oral "w1 hold+ e "o responsible = e answ]2 "o to writt5 "w on a s]ies ( problems provid$ on numb] c>ds or mimeograph$ %eets2 & "o to "w ( ! same sort plac$ on ! blackbo>d4 ,( c\rse !re is no?+ peculi>ly good 9 ! ord] ( ex]cises sugge/$ above1 beyond ! fact t !y give v>iety4 ,! next day ! tea*] w\ld want to *ange ! ord] or to introduce a new type ( ex]cise4 ,ano!r means ( secur+ ! maximum ( att5tion is to place a "t limit4 ,h ! *ildr5 see h[ _m problems !y c solve1 h[ _m /anzas !y c commit to memory1 or h[ _m words !y c le>n to spell 9 a p]iod ( t5 m9utes4 ,x makes a v great diff]5ce :e!r ! tea*] says 8"w on ?is task = t5 m9utes10 or 8see h[ mu* y c get done 9 t5 m9utes40 ,?is leads u to consid] a ?ird means commonly employ$ to secure e>ne/ "w1 ! appeal to emulation4 ,! desire ( a pupil to d z well z o!r memb]s ( 8 class1 or ! desire ( a class to equal ! record ( ano!r class ( ! same grade1 w d mu* to keep att5tion fix$ on ! "w4 ,nei!r ! devices m5tion$ nor any o!rs w avail unless ! tea*] is wide-awake & al]t h]self4 ,! greate/ s+le reason = lack ( int]e/ & att5tion on ! "p ( ! class is f\nd 9 ! indiff]5ce & lack ( en]gy on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,x is useless to expect vigor\s action on ! "p ( pupils1 :5 ! tea*] is half asleep or o!rwise ei!r physically or m5tally incapacitat$ = good "w4 ,x is possible at times = a tea*] to ar\se h] own flagg+ int]e/ by j su* appeals z h be5 sugge/$ above z apply+ to *ildr54 ,necessity = accuracy 9 practice3 ,our n]v\s sy/em is s con/ruct$ t to d any?+ once leaves a t5d5cy to d ! same ?+ ! same way :5 next we are plac$ 9 a simil> situation4 ,x is bad to all[ c>eless "w or r&om guess+1 n simply because ! result 9 ?is "o case may be wrong1 b m especially because ! t5d5cy to ! wrong reaction is !re & mu/ be ov]come be=e ! correct action c be fix$ z a habit4 ,if a *ild1 ! day aft] he has /udi$ ! ^w =eign1 has occasion to write ! ^w & does n "k h[ to spell x1 x is a mi/ake to p]mit ! ^w to be writt5 incorrectly4 ,x w\ld be bett] to h ! *ild discov] = himself or f9d out f ! tea*] ! correct =m be=e attempt+ to write ! ^w4 ,x is well to insi/ on ! necessity = absolute accuracy4 ,bett] by f> discont9ue ! drill :ile e "o is /ill fre% en\gh to give close att5tion to ! "w 9 h& & :ile ! responses are accurate1 ?an to make ! s]i\s mi/ake ( all[+ ! "w to be done c>elessly or to flatt] "o's self t approximately accurate results are good en\gh4 ,bett] be sure t 9 ! drill "w on ! multiplication table to-day ! *ildr5 h inv>iably giv5 ! correct response :5 we h ask$ !m h[ _m are six times ?ree & six times f\r1 ?an to h attempt$ to tea* ! :ole table ) ! k t "o f\r? ( ! answ]s h be5 wrong4 ,we %\ld n be misl$2 ! *ild :o gave u a wrong answ] is n simply wrong ?is "t1 b1 :at = u is m important1 w t5d to be wrong ev] aft]4 ,we h m ?an d\bl$ ! task we set out to accompli%4 ,we mu/ n[ get rid ( ! t5d5cy to give ! wrong answ]1 & !n tea* ! correct "o4 ,9 our lat] consid]ation ( ! moral life ( ! *ild1 we %all h occasion aga9 to po9t out ! significance ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,! p]iods elaps+ betwe5 repetitions or s]ies ( repetitions %\ld be gradually l5g!n$3 ,! fix+ ( a habit s t x %all always !reaft] be available to det]m9e our ?\ght or action requires t we d m ?an arrive at a po9t :]e ! response c be readily secur$ 9 a giv5 situation4 ,! ^w :i* y\r pupils spell s readily1 ! table :i* !y recite s glibly1 ! poem :i* !y h s completely ma/]$1 w app>5tly h completely disappe>$ next week or next mon?4 ,( c\rse ! "w y h done is n )\t effect4 ,x w be easi] to le>n ! ^w1 table1 or poem aga94 ,b ! *ild %\ld comm& ^! results = :i* we labor$ n[4 ,!re is a body ( k1 a gr\p ( actions1 :i* ought to be available automatically at any "t4 ,if we are to succe$ 9 fix+ ?is body ( habits1 if !y are to be made p]man5tly available1 we mu/ recognize ! fact t :5 we h fir/ secur$ ! result desir$ we h only begun ! process4 ,! boy :o recites ,l9coln's ,gettysburg ,address )\t any mi/akes to-day has made a good beg9n+2 b if t address is wor? rememb]+ always1 he mu/ recite x sev]al times dur+ ! next week1 & g ov] x aga9 next mon?1 next t]m1 & next ye>4 ,!re w come a "t1 dep5d+ ^u 8 native ret5tiv5ess & ^u 8 me?od ( memoriz+1 :5 x w no long] be necess>y to repeat x = ! sake ( fix+ ! address 9 memory4 ,x w n take a great deal ( "t to recall t :i* we believe we h fix$ p]man5tly la/ week or la/ mon?1 & by do+ ?is we %all add greatly to ! probability ( possible recall a ye> or t5 ye>s f n[1 & incid5tally discov]1 mu* to our surprise1 h[ mu* has already escap$4 ,tea*]s (t5 unconsci\sly foll[ ! cramm+ me?od 9 _! attempt to h *ildr5 advance rapidly2 &1 z is always ! case :5 ?is me?od is employ$1 :at has app>5tly be5 le>n$ is soon =gott54 ,=tunately = all conc]n$1 _m ( ! responses :i* ne$ to be r$uc$ to an automatic basis are dem&$ ov] & ov] aga9 z ! *ild progresses f grade to grade1 & are ?us provid$ =4 ,b mu* t is n[ lo/ c\ld be reta9$1 & ea* succe$+ tea*] c\ld accompli% m ?an is n[ cu/om>y1 if only ?is pr9ciple ( habit =mation 7 commonly obs]v$4 ,9 ! case ( a s]ies ( responses to be made automatic1 be c>eful to include ea* memb] ( ! s]ies3 ,mu* ( our "w is weak because x lacks sy/em4 ,if we are engag$ 9 tea*+ addition comb9ations1 we %\ld be absolutely c]ta9 t we h taught e possible comb9ation4 ,if we want to be sure t *ildr5 "k h[ to write numb]s up to "o million1 we mu/ h giv5 !m drill on all ( ! possible difficulties4 ,if *ildr5 are always to respond correctly :5 problems involv+ two /eps 9 reason+ are pres5t$1 we mu/ h be5 c>eful to provide = ! purpose ( drill all ( ! comb9ations ( situations involv+ addition1 multiplication1 subtraction1 & division :i* c occur4 ,= any o!r simil> field1 ! same c>e mu/ be ex]cis$4 ,! great] "p ( ! "t %\ld be sp5t 9 drill+ ^u t "p ( ! "w :i* pres5ts special difficulty4 ,!re is no use 9 sp5d+ "o's "t equally on all ( ! words includ$ 9 any li/4 ,"s ( !m c probably be spell$ ) little or no drill1 :ile o!rs may require v c>eful /udy & _m repetitions4 ,9 any o!r field ! same situation w be f\nd4 ,_m ( ! responses desir$ w be r$uc$ to ! basis ( habit readily1 & a few w require cont9u$ att5tion4 ,x is ! function ( ! tea*] to discov] ^! special difficulties z soon z possible1 to cle> up any obscurity 9 ideas :i* may /& 9 ! way1 & !n to drill ) special ref]5ce to ^! special cases4 ,briefly summ>iz$1 x is ! function ( ! tea*] 9 guid+ pupils 9 ! =mation ( habits to see to x t !y h ! correct idea ( ! ?+ to be done2 to secure ! maximum ( motive & to ma9ta9 ! maximum ( att5tion dur+ ! process2 to gu>d aga9/ c>elessness & lapses by insi/+ ^u ! accuracy or ! adequacy ( ! responses2 to provide occasion = repetitions f "t to "t ) gradually l5g!n$ int]vals2 to be c>eful n to omit any ( a gr\p or s]ies ( responses equally important2 to sp5d ! great] "p ( ! "t & en]gy ( bo? h]self & pupils ^u ^? cases :i* pres5t special difficulty4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,w4 ,c4 ,bagley1 ,! ,educative ,process1 ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,s4 ,h4 ,r[e1 ,habit ,=mation & ! ,sci5ce ( ,tea*+1 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,"n ! subjects or p>ts ( subjects 9 :i* drill "w is ess5tial4 #b4 ,:at 0 !re ( value 9 ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( *oos+ sides & 8spell+ d[n08 #c4 ,"n "s ( ! devices :i* y h us$ 9 drill "w1 & ju/ify _! use4 #d4 ,:at argum5t c y advance = po/pon+ ! beg9n+ ( writ+ lessons until ! middle ( ! fir/ ye> or lat]8 #e4 ,:i* w\ld be bett]3 to pres5t ! multiplication table 9 regul> s]ies 7#c #a #c2 #c #b #f2 #c #c #i1 etc471 or 9 "s o!r ord]8 7#c #e #ae2 #c #b #f2 #c #g #ba2 #c #d #ab1 etc47 #f4 ,if a boy 0 writ+ a composition & want$ to use a ^w t he did n "k h[ to spell1 :at w\ld y expect him to d8 #g4 ,:at are ! objections to le>n+ rules ( spell+8 #h4 ,9 a drill lesson 9 ari?metic1 :i* w\ld y consid] ! bett]3 to h ! *ildr5 "w z individuals = ! highe/ score1 or to divide !m into gr\ps & h "o gr\p try to d bett] ?an ! o!r8 #i4 ,criticize ! foll[+ lesson1 z a f\r?-grade ex]cise 9 spell+4 ,! tea*] plac$ ! foll[+ li/ ( words on ! bo>d1 & told ! pupils to /udy !m4 believe conduct h =get agriculture manufacture /ore pl[ wagon cultivate h>ness exports crops dairy freight dr\ght f]tiliz] transport depot :eat #aj4 ,a tea*] :o sp5t a l>ge "p ( h] "t hav+ ! class recite ! multiplication tables 9 conc]t 0 di/ress$ to f9d t a majority ( ! class did n "k ! tables :5 exam9ation "t came4 ,:at 0 ! explanation8 #aa4 ,9 a s*ool :]e ! *ildr5 _h a =ty-m9ute p]iod = a writ+ lesson1 ! results dur+ ! la/ t5 m9utes 7 inv>iably poor] ?an dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! p]iod4 ,h[ c\ld y hope to *ange ! result8 #ab4 ,9 "s s*ools ! tea*]s always sp5d two weeks be=e ! exam9ation p]iod 9 review ( ! t]m's "w4 ,:y are su* reviews necess>y 9 "s cases1 :ile *ildr5 d j z well 9 exam9ations 9 o!r s*ools :i* d n h ?is review p]iod8 #ac4 ,a tea*] taught *ildr5 t !y c\ld always tell h[ mu* n9e times any numb] 0 by subtract+ "o f t numb] = ! t5s place1 !n add+ a numb] :i* w make n9e = ! units place 7e4g4 #e #i 8 #e - #a #d 7t5s72 #d #e #i4 #e is ! numb] ( units1 & #e #i #de74 ,is ?is a good way to tea* ?is table8 #ad4 ,h[ c y "k :5 x is wise to discont9ue drill "w8 #ae4 ,d y ?9k x necess>y to plan = a drill lesson8 #af4 ,c\ld y plan y\r "w s t y\r pupils w "k at ! end ( ! ye> all ( ! poems y h taught dur+ ! previ\s eight or t5 mon?s8 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,inductive ,,lesson ,we are skeptical to-day ( t sort ( tea*+ :i* aims ma9ly to equip *ildr5 ) a body ( accept$ k 9 ord] t !y may "s "t f9d use = ?is body ( in=mation 9 lat] life4 ,we emphasize1 r1 ! control ( m5tal activity :i* makes = ! discov]y ( tru? & ! avoidance ( error4 ,?9k+ ( ?is sort is purposeful4 ,we control or direct our ideas t[>d "s end1 t[>d ! solution ( "s problem4 ,"o great purpose ( tea*+ mu/ be to provide ! opportunity & ! /imulus = ?is k9d ( ?9k+4 ,we may n be able to lay d[n any fix$ ord] ( proc$ure1 nor to devise any set ( rules :]eby *ildr5 may be tra9$ to be good reason]s2 b we c consid] :at is involv$ 9 ! process1 po9t out ! possibilities ( int]f]5ce1 & sugge/ "s ( ! means to be employ$ 9 enc\rag+ ?is type ( m5tal activity on ! "p ( *ildr54 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all conf9e ourselves to t type ( reason+ :i* we call inductive4 ,?is type ( s*oolroom ex]cise has usually be5 treat$ z compos$ ( five /eps2 namely1 prep>ation1 pres5tation1 comp>ison & ab/raction1 g5]alization1 & application4 ,we %all employ ?is classification to guide u 9 our discussion ( ! process4 ,prep>ation3 ,to prep>e a *ild to reason 9 a giv5 situation f ! data 9 h& to ! conclusions :i* mu/ ( necessity foll[1 x is fir/ ( all necess>y t he %\ld see t ! situation pres5ts a problem4 ,we reason only :5 we h "s aim or purpose :i* c be satisfi$ by ! process4 ,b if consci\sness ( aim or problem is at ! f\ndation ( ?is type ( ?9k+1 & if we are to deal ) *ildr5 9 gr\ps1 x is ess5tial t ! situation :i* involves ! problem be made ! common possession ( all4 ,! /ep ( prep>ation pres5ts ^! two problems to ! tea*]3 7#a7 to f9d a basis 9 exp]i5ce already _h1 or to provide ! exp]i5ce :i* involves ! problem to be consid]$2 7#b7 to make ! *ildr5 feel ! necessity = ! solution1 i4e4 to make ! problem vital to !m4 ,9 consid]+ ! necessity = common exp]i5ce z a basis = discov]+ ! problem to *ildr51 we are deal+ ) ! pr9ciple ( app]ception4 ,briefly /at$1 x is ?is1--t any object or situation has mean+ = u only z x connects itself ) & is int]pret$ by our previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,suppose1 = example1 t a gr\p ( fir/-grade *ildr5 7 ask$ to tell :at made se$s gr[4 ,x is possible t "s ( !m w\ld n "k1 c\ld n int]pret f pa/ exp]i5ce1 ! mean+ ( se$s4 ,if ! class 7 at "w 9 a l>ge city1 we c\ld be sure t _m _h nev] be5 consci\s t gr[+ plants _h any connection ) se$s1 & !re w\ld be few1 if any1 :o _h ev] notic$ ! conditions "u :i* su* gr[? takes place4 ,! fir/ problem = ! tea*] 9 ?is case w\ld be solv$ only :51 ?r\gh recall ( pa/ exp]i5ces1 obs]vations1 or exp]im5ts1 ! exp]i5ce 8se$s gr[+0 became ! common possession ( ! gr\p4 ,?is is an extreme case1 "o 9 :i* ! exp]i5ce :i* involves ! problem is entirely want+4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! s]ies1 we may h a problem = consid]ation1 ! basis = :i* is f\nd 9 exp]i5ces common to all *ildr54 ,b ev5 ?\gh ?is be ! case1 !re w /ill be ne$ = ! recall ( ! exp]i5ce & = mak+ prom95t "s factor h]et(ore unnotic$ be=e ! *ildr5 w be ready to reason4 ,we may suppose t all *ildr5 h _h exp]i5ce ) /reets or roads1 b we %all want to recall _m ( ^! exp]i5ces 9 ord] to make significant ! problem ( transportation :i* we wi% to consid] 9 ! class 9 home geography4 ,! /ep ( prep>ation has only p>tially accompli%$ its purpose :5 ! exp]i5ce necess>y to ! realization ( ! problem has be5 recall$ or provid$4 ,/ill great] skill is requir$ 9 mak+ ! *ild consci\s ( ! problem4 ,inde$1 x may well be argu$ t 9 ! curriculum z x is at pres5t organiz$1 v _m ( ! problems t we ask *ildr5 to solve are problems = !m only because we1 z tea*]s1 require t t c]ta9 piece ( "w be done4 ,(t5 ! *ild's problem consi/s ma9ly 9 avoid+1 z f> z possible1 ! "w :i* we require1 :i* has little or no significance = him4 ,*ildr5 w\ld d mu* m ?9k+ if we 7 only m c>eful to give !m *ildi% problems to solve4 ,too frequ5tly ! organization ( k :i* we impose is influ5c$ exclusively by our adult logical conceptions4 ,n t *ildr5 %\ld be illogical1 b r t *ild logic & ! *ild's ability to reason dep5d ^u 8 ability to appreciate problems1 ^u 8 exp]i5ce1 & ^u 8 ability to int]pret t exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we impose our adult po9t ( view ^u him1 :5 we ask him to take our problem & ) ! data t we supply ask him to "w out our solution1 :atev] else may be said ( ! ex]cise1 x may n be call$ an ex]cise 9 reason+ by *ildr54 ,if we d respect ! *ild's exp]i5ce & po9t ( view1 ! task /ill rema9s ( mak+ all ( ! gr\p ( *ildr5 we tea* consci\s ( ! aim z _! problem4 ,!re is no great] te/ ( tea*+ skill ?an ?is4 ,c ! tea*]1 aft] hav+ br\ght to m9d ! exp]i5ces :i* are relevant to ! "w %e wi%es ! *ildr5 to d1 make !m consci\s ( a lack 9 ?is exp]i5ce2 c %e awak5 ! ne$ = fur!r consid]ation ( pa/ exp]i5ce & a desire to recon/ruct & to amplify x8 ,9 proportion z %e is able to accompli% ?is result1 we may be sure t *ildr5 are reason+ ^u problems :i* are vital to !m1 & t ! motive has be5 provid$ :i* w secure ! maximum ( controll$ intellectual activity on _! "p4 ,! be/ s+le te/ ( ! accompli%m5t ( ?is ideal is to require t ! /atem5t ( aim be made by ! *ildr5 !mselves z a result ( ! guidance we h giv54 ,?is conception ( ! mean+ & significance ( ! aim sugge/s ! solution ( ! difficulty :i* "s p f9d 9 h>moniz+ ! idea ( in/ruction ) ! doctr9e ( self-activity4 ,in/ruction1 :5 prop]ly conduct$1 does n impose ! ideas1 ! problems1 or ! conclusions ( adults ^u *ildr54 ,r we are conc]n$ 9 in/ruction ) ! *ild's exp]i5ce1 8 t5d5cy to react1 8 ne$ ( adju/m5t2 & our function z tea*]s is to guide him1 to /imulate him to 8 own be/ ef=ts1 to insure ! maximum ( self-activity :ile we guide ?is activity t[>d ! accompli%m5t ( ends :i* are desirable4 ,! difficulty is1 ( c\rse1 t ! problem = solution at any giv5 "t may n be equally vital to e memb] ( ! gr\p4 ,"h is :]e ! elem5t ( control ent]s some:at 9 opposition to ! self-activity ( ! individual4 ,b ?is condition ( affairs is necess>ily true bo? 9 s*ool & out ( x1 = society sets up = u c]ta9 norms or /&>ds ( exp]i5ce :i* mu/ be realiz$ by all1 & we mu/ = ! sake ( economy h&le *ildr5 9 gr\ps4 ,if ! problem is n beyond ! *ild's compreh5sion1 if x deals ) situations :i* are significant to him1 if ! solution d]iv$ has "s be>+ on 8 future action1 if he has c>efully scrut9iz$ 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! light ( ! problem /at$ & has br\ght to be> ^? elem5ts :i* are significant = its solution1 we may be confid5t t ! activity result+ is closely ak9 to t :i* is f\nd 9 ! controll$ ?9k+ ( m5 ! _w ov]4 ,9 ord] t x may be m easy = *ildr5 to focus _! att5tion ^u ! problem 9 h&1 !re is consid]able advantage 9 a cle>1 concise1 concrete1 & pref]ably a brief /atem5t ( ! aim4#g ,a problem is half solv$ :5 "o c /ate x cle>ly4 ,s long z ! problem is n suffici5tly well def9$ to admit ( accurate /atem5t on ! "p ( pupils1 !re is dang] t !re may be mu* w&]+ 9 its consid]ation4 ,"o ( ! great lessons to be taught 9 "w ( ?is sort is ! ne$ ( exam9+ ! ideas z !y sugge/ !mselves to see :e!r or n !y are relevant4 ,! argum5t z x has be5 /at$ above po9ts to ! /atem5t ( aim z ! culm9ation ( ! /ep ( prep>ation4 ,?is does n mean t a consid]able p]iod mu/ always elapse 9 ! conduct ( an ex]cise ( ?is type be=e ! aim c be /at$4 ,!re are occasions1 & :5 ! tea*+ has be5 good !y %\ld be frequ5t1 :5 ! lesson %\ld beg9 ) ! /atem5t ( ! problem discov]$ 9 a previ\s lesson & made cle> 9 ! assignm5t ( "w4 ,9 o!r cases ! same aim may hold = sev]al days2 i4e4 until ! problem is solv$4 ,9 g5]al1 z we advance ?r\gh ! grades1 ! ends = :i* *ildr5 "w %\ld become relatively m remote1 & ! a*ievem5t ( ^! ends %\ld require a long] p]iod ( "w4 ,!re is an advantage 9 sett+ up subsidi>y aims :i* w make /eps ( progress 9 ! realization ( ! l>g] purpose4 ,ano!r di/9ction t x is well to keep 9 m9d conc]ns ! developm5t ( intellectual int]e/s on ! "p ( *ildr54 ,! *>act]i/ic aim = a fir/-grade *ild may make its appeal *iefly to 8 desire = satisfaction1 :i* has little intellectual significance2 b education fails if x does n make = an increase ( int]e/ 9 intellectual activity4 ,= example1 a fir/-grade boy may be l$ to c\nt because he wants to be able to tell h[ _m m>bles he has1 or h[ to measure ! mat]ials he uses 9 con/ructive "w2 :ile ! ma!matician may "w night & day ^u a problem ( ma!matics because ( a purely speculative int]e/ 9 ! result4 ,we may n hope to produce ! great ma!matician 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 b we may hope aft] a c]ta9 po9t has be5 rea*$ 9 our /udy ( ari?metic t a boy w recognize ! necessity = drill 9 addition simply because he realizes t 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life ?is k is requir$4 ,pres5tation3 ,! full realization ( ! problem to be solv$ involves a consid]ation ( data already at h& 9 exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we h ! problem cle>ly 9 m9d1 we exam9e ?is exp]i5ce m c>efully to see :at be>+ x may h ^u ! solution1 or we ga!r fur!r data1 obs]ve m critically or m ext5sively1 or exp]im5t 9 su* a mann] z to involve ! solution ( our problem4 ,:at is ! function ( ! tea*] dur+ ?is "p ( ! process8 ,!re is no s+le answ] to ?is "q4 ,sometimes ! "w ( ! tea*] w consi/ almo/ :olly 9 help+ *ildr5 to recall _! pa/ exp]i5ce & to apply x to ! "q at h&4 ,at ano!r "t1 :5 exp]i5ce is lack+1 ! tea*] mu/ direct *ildr5 to ! s\rces ( data1 guide !m 9 _! obs]vations or exp]im5ts1 or ev5 give !m outright all ( ! data t %e c br+ to be> on ! situation4 ,x w n always be economical to wait = *ildr5 to ga!r ! data = !mselves1 j z x is n always feasible to require !m to rea* conclusions = !mselves4 ,!re are times :5 ! be/ tea*+ consi/s 9 demon/ration1 & occasions arise :5 ! only feasible c\rse = ! tea*] is to lit]ally flood ! *ildr5 ) data f :i* !y may draw _! conclusions4 ,aga9 ! problem ( ga!r+ data becomes ! problem ( memory4 ,we want *ildr5 to ?9k1 & we %\ld insi/ t !y ga!r facts ) ref]5ce to ! solution ( "s problem2 b ! solution may n always be imm$iate4 ,we may susp5d judgm5t :ile we ga!r fur!r facts & organize !m4 ,! facts ga!r$ = "o purpose1 :5 re>rang$ ) ref]5ce to a new problem1 take on a new mean+4 ,if ?is be true1 we may n 9 our zeal = cle> ?9k+ neglect ! tools ) :i* we "w4 ,!re may be "s p :o h a great _m facts & :o reason little1 b no "o c reason )\t data4 ,our ability to ?9k logically ^u any topic is condition$ by our ability to see facts 9 new relations1 to reorganize our data ) ref]5ce to new problems2 b facts we mu/ h1 & a memory /or$ ) facts is "o ( ! greate/ aids to ?9k+4 ,"o ( ! means m5tion$ above = ! ga!r+ ( data 0 obs]vation4 ,x is necess>y t we appreciate ! fact t obs]vation involves some?+ m ?an hav+ ! ?+ pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,our obs]vations are significant = our ?9k+ :5 we h cle>ly 9 view ! problem :i* ! obs]vations are to help solve4 ,tea*]s sometimes make ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t :5 *ildr5 h objects ) :i* to "w !y h a problem4 ,x is n unusual to he> tea*]s speak ( objective "w z concrete "w4 ,n[ ! concret5ess ( a situation is n at all dep5d5t ^u ! pres5ce ( objects4 ,logically a situation may be concrete1 & yet pres5t no objects to ! s5ses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 objects may be pres5t1 *ildr5 may be direct$ to use !m1 & yet 9 ! abs5ce ( any real problem ! "w done may be ( ! mo/ ab/ract sort4 ,objects help to make a situation concrete :5 ! problem "u consid]ation dem&s _! pres5ce1 or :5 !y help to make cle> ! situation "u consid]ation4 ,= example1 *ildr5 may h peas or beans 9 solv+ problems 9 addition2 !y s]ve to pres5t objectively ! reality :i* is symboliz$ by ! tea*] or pupils 9 _! writt5 "w1 b ?is does n make ! "w 9 addition concrete4 ,! concret5ess ( ^! ex]cises w dep5d ^u ! ne$ :i* *ildr5 feel ( ! ability to f9d ! sum ( two or m numb]s4 ,! beans w be significant1 beyond _! use z objects1 to illu/rate ! "o-to-"o correspond5ce betwe5 symbolic repres5tation & reality1 only if ! problem ( summation :i* at t "t engages _! att5tion conc]ns ! sum ( c]ta9 numb]s ( beans4 ,inde$1 x may be claim$ t ! use ( "o set ( objects cont9u\sly to illu/rate a process 9 ari?metic h9d]s r ?an helps ! *ild 9 8 ability to reason 9 ?is situation1 s9ce he may come to consid] ?is *ance relation%ip ( beans & addition z ess5tial4 ,he may ?9k t he ought always to add :5 he is giv5 beans4 ,a good illu/ration ( ! necessity = a well def9$ problem = guidance :5 obs]vations are to be made is f\nd 9 ! futility ( mu* "w t is done1 or r left undone1 :5 *ildr5 are tak5 on excursions4 ,! directions :i* foll[ = ! conduct ( excursions are ^? :i* %\ld be foll[$ :5ev] "w 9 obs]vation is requir$1 ^? :i* h ref]5ce to ! h&l+ ( a l>ge gr\p ( *ildr5 9 ! field be+ add$4 #a4 ,! tea*] mu/ h cle>ly def9$ 9 h] own m9d ! purpose ( ! obs]vation4 ,if ! tea*] has n def9itely =mulat$ ! problem1 ! obs]vation ( ! *ildr5 w surely be purposeless4 #b4 ,x is n en\gh t ! tea*] "k j :at data %e expects ! *ildr5 to ga!r t[>d ! solution ( a p>ticul> problem2 %e mu/ "k exactly :at data are available "u ! conditions gov]n+ ! obs]vation4 #c4 ,! prelim9>y "w mu/ h prep>$ *ildr5 = _! obs]vations by giv+ !m v def9ite problems to solve4 ,(t5 x w be advantage\s to h ^! problems writt5 9 notebooks4 #d4 ,*ildr5 n only ne$ to want to see1 b also ne$ to be direct$ :ile !y are obs]v+4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to look & n see t :i* is ess5tial4 #e4 ,x is always advisable to te/ ! success ( ! obs]vations :ile !y are be+ made4 ,!re is no?+ m difficult ?an to correct a misconception gr[+ out ( c>eless or inadequate obs]vations4 #f4 ,x is well to rememb] t n m]ely numb] ( obs]vations c\nts 9 ! solution ( a problem4 ,x is r obs]vations "u v>y+ conditions :i* give weight to our conclusions4 ,"o int5sive obs]vation may be wor? a ?\s& c>eless ones4 #g4 ,:5 *ildr5 are tak5 on excursions1 great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to keep !m "u prop] guidance & control4 ,! organization ( *ildr5 into small] gr\ps ) lead]s :o are made responsible = _! prop] obs]vance ( directions w help4 ,^! lead]s %\ld h be5 ov] ! gr\nd ) ! tea*] be=e ! excursion4 ,! assi/ance ( p>5ts1 tea*]s1 or ( old] pupils w at times be necess>y4 #h4 ,!re %\ld be def9ite "w p]iods dur+ ! excursion1 j z 9 ! s*oolroom or laboratory4 #i4 ,a :i/le1 z a signal = assembl+ at "o po9t1 w help 9 out-(-door "w1 provid$ x is cle>ly und]/ood t ?is signal mu/ be obey$ imm$iately1 & "u all circum/ances4 ,comp>ison & ab/raction3 ,) ! problem cle>ly def9$ & ! data provid$1 ! next /ep consi/s ( comp>ison & ! result+ ab/raction ( ! elem5t pres5t 9 all ( ! cases :i* makes = ! solution ( ! problem4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( our ?9k+ ! sequ5ce is z foll[s3 ,we f9d ourselves 9 a situation :i* pres5ts a problem :i* dem&s an adju/m5t2 we make a guess or =mulate an hypo!sis :i* furni%es ! basis = our "w 9 attempt+ to solve ! problem2 we ga!r data 9 ! light ( ! hypo!sis assum$1 :i*1 ?r\gh comp>ison & ab/raction1 leads u to believe our hypo!sis correct or false2 if ! hypo!sis seems ju/ifi$ by ! data ga!r$1 x is fur!r te/$ or v]ifi$ by an appeal to exp]i5ce2 i4e4 we endeavor to see :e!r our conclusion holds 9 all cases2 if ?is te/ proves satisfactory1 we g5]alize or def9e2 & la/ly ?is g5]alization or def9ition is us$ z a po9t ( ref]5ce or tru? to guide 9 lat] ?9k+ or activity4 ,!re is dang] t we may ov]look ! v great importance ( inf]5ce 9 ?is process4 ,we _c say j :5 ?is /ep 9 ! process w be possible1 b x is possibly ! mo/ significant ( all4 ,a situation pres5ts a problem4 ,our success 9 solv+ ! problem dep5ds ^u our ability to inf] f ! facts at our comm&4 ,(t5 _m inf]5ces w be necess>y be=e we succe$ 9 f9d+ ! "o t w /& ! te/4 ,aga9 ) ! problem 9 m9d we may be consci\s ( a great lack ( data & may po/pone our inf]5ce :ile we collect ! ne$$ in=mation4 ,!re is "o fallacy t mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ 9 deal+ ) *ildr51 z also ) adults2 namely1 ! t5d5cy once ! inf]5ce has be5 made to admit only su* data z are f\nd to support ?is p>ticul> hypo!sis4 ,x is ?is ability to inf]1 to =mulate a workable hypo!sis1 :i* di/+ui%es ! g5ius f ! man ( m$iocre ability4 ,x is ! ability to see facts 9 new relations1 ! giv+ ( new mean+ to facts :i* may be ! common possession ( all1 t *>act]izes ! great ?9k]4 ,o!r p knew _m ( ! facts2 b x took ! m9d ( a ,newton to discov] ! relation%ip exi/+ among ^! data :i* he =mulat$ 9 ! law t all bodies attract ea* o!r directly 9 proportion to _! weight & inv]sely 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance sep>at+ !m4 ,z we tea* *ildr5 we %\ld enc\rage ! intellig5t guess4 ,we w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 enc\rage m]e r&om guess+1 :i* may be engag$ 9 by *ildr5 to h some?+ to say or to bl9d ! tea*]4 ,a *ild :o (f]s a guess or hypo!sis %\ld be ask$ to give 8 gr\nd = ! inf]5ce1 %\ld %[ t 8 guess has gr[n out ( 8 consid]ation ( ! data 9 h&4 ,x is fallaci\s to suppose t ?is k9d ( ?9k+ is beyond ! p[] ( *ildr54 ,!y h be5 =m+ _! inf]5ces & te/+ !m 9 action f ! "t t !y began to act indep5d5tly4 ,!re is "o elem5t 9 ! consid]ation ( ! /ep ( comp>ison :i* _c be too mu* emphasiz$1 & t is t x is n ! comp>ison ( ?+s or situations :i* pres5t /rik+ lik5esses :i* gives rise to ! highe/ type ( ?9k+4 ,to look at a doz5 horses & !n to conclude t all horses h f\r legs is m]ely a matt] ( classification2 to obs]ve t ! sun1 *emical action1 electricity1 & friction produce heat1 & to arrive at ! g5]alization f ^! cases1 app>5tly s unlike1 t heat is a mode ( motion is ! "w ( a g5ius4 ,9 g5]al1 x is safe to say t we w\ld greatly /r5g!n our tea*+ if we 7 only m c>eful to see to x t our basis = g5]alization is f\nd 9 situations pres5t+ z _m v>iations z possible4 ,= example1 if we want to tea* a pr9ciple 9 ari?metic1 ! way to fix x & to make x available = fur!r use by our pupils is n to get a numb] ( problems all ( :i* are alike 9 =m & /atem5t2 b r we %\ld seek z great a v>iety z is possible 9 ! language us$ or symbols employ$ t is compatible ) ! application ( ! pr9ciple to be taught4 ,9 an int]e/+ article on reason+ 9 prim>y ari?metic1 ,pr(essor ,suzzallo has po9t$ out ! fact t *ildr5's difficulty 9 reason+ is (t5 "o ( language4#h ,! tr\ble has be5 t tea*]s h always us$ a set =m1 or a v few =ms ( expression1 :5 !y describ$ situations :i* involv$ any "o ( ! ari?metical processes4 ,lat] :5 ! *ild is call$ ^u to solve a problem involv+ ?is process he does n "k :i* process to apply because he is unfamili> ) ! =m ( expression us$4 ,to succe$ 9 tea*+ *ildr5 :5 to add involves ! pres5tation ( ! situations :i* call = addition ) z great a v>iation z is possible1 i4e4 by us+ n "o =m1 b all ( ! words or phrases :i* may be us$ to indicate summation4 ,9 l mann] 9 o!r fields ! examples = comp>ison w be valuable 9 proportion z !y pres5t v>iety r ?an uni=mity 9 ^? elem5ts :i* are n ess5tial4 ,equally good illu/ration c be _h f any o!r field4 ,if we want pupils to get any adequate conception ( ! function ( adjectives1 we %\ld use examples :i* involve a v>iety ( adjectives 9 diff]5t p>ts ( s5t5ces4 ,9 geography ! concept 8riv]0 w be cle> only :5 ! diff]5t types ( riv]s h be5 consid]$ & ! non-ess5tial elem5ts disreg>d$4 ,g5]alization3 ,:5 we feel t we h solv$ ! problem1 we are ready to /ate our g5]alization4 ,!re is consid]able advantage 9 mak+ su* a /atem5t4 ,"o c nev] be q sure t he has solv$ 8 problem until he f9ds himself able to /ate cle>ly ! results ( 8 ?9k+4 ,to attempt to def9e or to g5]alize is (t5 to realize ! inadequacy ( our ?\ght on ! problem4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be enc\rag$ to give _! own def9ition or g5]alization be=e ref]r+ to t :i* is provid$ by ! tea*] or ! book4 ,inde$1 ! significance ( a g5]alization = fur!r ?9k+ or lat] action dep5ds n simply ^u "o's ability to repeat words1 b r ^u adequate realization ( ! significance ( ! conclusion rea*$4 ,! be/ te/ ( su* compreh5sion is f\nd 9 ! ability ( ! pupil to /ate ! g5]alization = himself4 ,!re is v great dang]1 if def9itions or g5]alizations are giv5 ready-made to *ildr51 t !y w le>n to juggle ) words4 ,! p>rot-l repetition ( rules ( syntax1 or pr9ciples ( ari?metic1 nev] indicates real grasp ( ^! subjects4 ,*ildr5 ?9k mo/ :5 ! requirem5t = ?9k+ is greate/1 & none are readi] ?an !y to take advantage ( laxness on ! "p ( ! tea*] 9 ?is respect4 ,x is n only :5 ! =mal /atem5t ( pr9ciples or def9itions is call$ = t ! tea*] ne$s to be on h] gu>d4 ,at any /age ( ! process1 if ! tea*] w only take _! words & read mean+ into !m1 "s *ildr5 w be f\nd ready to sub/itute words = ?\ght4 ,x is really a mi/ake to tell a *ild t y "k :at he means ev5 ?\gh he did n say x4 ,language is ! in/rum5t :i* he employs 9 ?9k+1 &1 if 8 /atem5t lack$ cle>ness or def9it5ess1 ! *ances are v great t 8 ?9k+ has fail$ 9 ^! same p>ticul>s4 ,in/ead ( enc\rag+ *ildr5 9 loose ?9k+ by accept+ any /atem5t (f]$1 x w\ld be mu* bett] to raise ! "q ( ! real significance ( ! /atem5t1 to inquire j :at 0 meant by ! words us$4 ,su* proc$ure w help to make *ildr5 m c>eful 9 express+ !mselves1 & w inevitably t5d to cle>] ?9k+4 ,application3 ,:atev] conclusions we h rea*$1 :atev] tru?s we h satisfactorily e/abli%$1 influ5ce u 9 our lat] ?\ght & action4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ?is is true1 !re is a decid$ advantage 9 provid+ = a def9ite application ( ! results ( ! ?9k+ :i* *ildr5 h done z soon z possible & 9 z _m diff]5t ways z is feasible4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 su* application makes cle>] ! tru? itself1 & helps to fix x 9 m9d4 ,aga91 ! conclusion arriv$ at to-day is *iefly significant z a basis = our ?9k+ ( to-morr[1 & x is z we apply our conclusions t new problems arise to /imulate u to fur!r ?\ght4 ,!n1 too1 ! satisfaction :i* comes :5 "o feels 8 p[] ov] situations z a result ( ?9k+ is ! v be/ possible /imulus to fur!r intellectual activity4 ,f9ally1 we ne$ to %[ *ildr5 ! application ( t :i* !y h le>n$ to ! life :i* !y live outside ( ! s*ool4 ,we are n apt to err on ! side ( too frequ5t or too v>i$ application ( ! g5]alizations we h l$ *ildr5 to make4 ,r we %all h to /udy dilig5tly to provide en\gh applications to fix = ! *ild ! habit ( v]ification by an appeal to exp]i5ce4 ,a few words by way ( caution conc]n+ ! inductive lesson may n be out ( place4 ,fir/3 ,n all s*ool "w c be und]tak5 on ?is g5]al plan4 ,!re are times :5 ! end to be accompli%$ is di/9ctly n ! discov]y ( "s new tru?1 b r ! fix+ ( "s habit4 ,!re are ex]cises :i* are di/9ctively d$uctive1 "s :i* aim to produce habits1 & o!rs :i* seek to secure appreciation4 ,b m ( ?is is 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,second3 ,ev5 :5 we seek to e/abli% tru?1 we _c always develop x by an appeal to ! exp]i5ce ( *ildr5 nor to obs]vations :i* !y c make4 ,we %all h1 on "s occasions1 to supply ! data1 & 9 /ill o!r cases x w be mo/ economical to demon/rate ! tru? ( ! position :i* we desire to h !m take4 ,!re are occasions :5 ! solution ( ! problem is n possible = *ildr54 ,9 ?is la/ in/ance we %all h to provide ! au?oritative /atem5t4 ,inde$1 x may be argu$ t "o ( ! lessons :i* we all ne$ to le>n is respect = ! exp]t4 ,we _c settle all ( ! problems :i* arise1 b we may *oose f among ^? :o pr(ess to h f\nd a solution4 ,our education ought to help u to avoid ! quack & ! *>latan4 ,! habit ( logical ?9k+ on ! "p ( *ildr51 & exp]t k 9 "s field1 h[ev] small1 is ! only protection :i* ! s*ool c give aga9/ ! pret5sions ( ^? :o repres5t !mselves z ! disp5s]s ( tru?4#i ,?ird3 ,!re is a grave dang] t we may help *ildr5 too mu*4 ,"s tea*]s int]pret ! inductive developm5t lesson to mean t ea* /ep 9 ! ?9k+ requir$ mu/ be c>efully prep>$ = & quickly pass$4 ,!y consid] t !y h taught ! be/ lesson :5 !re has be5 no hit* 9 ! progress f ! /atem5t ( aim to ! word+ ( ! g5]alization4 ,! sugge/ive "q :i* makes ?9k+ on ! "p ( *ildr5 unnecess>y is a favorite measure employ$4 ,if we /op to consid] :at ?9k+ means1 we _c fail to see ! fallacy ( su* "w4 ,we all d our be/ ?9k+1 n :5 ! problem to be solv$ is expla9$ by "s "o else & all ( ! difficulties remov$1 b r :5 we f9d ! problem mo/ difficult ( solution4 ,if *ildr5 are at "w on problems :i* are vital to !m1 we may expect !m to cont9ue to "w ev5 ?\gh !y make mi/akes4 ,inde$1 ! be/ recitation may be ! "o t leaves ! *ildr5 n ) a solution skillfully suppli$ = !m by ! tea*]1 b r ) a ke5 realization ( ! problem1 & ) a some:at cle>] idea ( ! direction 9 :i* ! solution may be s\ght4 ,x is ! tea*]'s "w to help ! *ild to see ! problem1 &1 see+ ! problem h]self f ! *ild's po9t ( view1 to /imulate ! *ild to 8 be/ ef=t4 ,! tea*] mu/ "k n only ! pupil's attitude ( m9d t[>d ! problem & h[ 8 m9d is mo/ likely to react1 b also ! m5tal activity requir$ to ma/] prop]ly ! issue t has be5 rais$4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! tea*]'s equipm5t consi/s ( a k ( ! m9ds ( ! *ildr5 :om %e tea*es1 & on ! o!r a k ( ! subject to be taught1 n simply z a body ( k m or less classifi$ or organiz$1 b z a mode ( m5tal gr[?4#aj ,:at ! tea*] ne$s is a cle> realization ( ! difficulties :i* ! pupils mu/ meet1 & ! way 9 :i* *ildi% m9ds may be/ ov]come ^! ob/acles4 ,:5 su* sympa?y exi/s betwe5 tea*] & pupil1 we may expect t pupils w con/antly gr[ /rong] 9 _! ability to ?9k logically1 in/ead ( becom+ m & m dep5d5t ^u ! tea*]4 ,& ?is is our great "w z tea*]s1 to r5d] our s]vices unnecess>y4 ,f\r?3 ,no tea*] %\ld attempt to outl9e h] "w on ! basis ( ! /eps indicat$ 9 ! discussion ( ! inductive me?od )\t a cle> realization ( ! fact t ^! /eps _c be %>ply diff]5tiat$1 t !y are n mutually exclusive4 ,to def9e a problem adequately may mean t we h pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole process4 ,at any /ep 9 ! process aft] ! problem is def9$1 & "s hypo!sis =m$1 we may wi% to v]ify our guess by an appeal to kn[n facts1 & (t5 we %all f9d x necess>y to ab&on ! hypo!sis already =m$ & provide ano!r z a basis = fur!r ?9k+4 ,x is true t ! natural movem5t ( ! m9d is r\ghly indicat$ by ! /eps nam$2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t no m9d c possibly arrive at ! solution ( a real problem by adh]+ to a fix$ ord] ( proc$ure4 ,we d n by our tea*+ create ! p[] ( logical ?\ght2 we r guide a m9d t naturally op]ates logically4 ,we c nev] tea* *ildr5 to reason1 b we c provide ! occasion = logical ?9k+1 & c gu>d aga9/ ! common fallacies4 ,our success w dep5d ^u a cle> realization ( ! possibilities ( ! *ild m9d & ( ! subjects we tea* z "p ( _! gr[? & developm5t4 ,tea*+ by ,types3 ,tea*+ by means ( types is sometimes discuss$ z a sep>ate me?od1 :ile 9 reality x is simply "o =m ( ! inductive process4 ,z 0 indicat$ 9 our discussion ( obs]vation above1 !re are times :5 ! consid]ation ( a s+le situation or object 9 detail may be wor? m ?an a ?\s& c>eless obs]vations4 ,x is especially true t a ?or\ghly adequate k ( "o object or case ( a class prep>es 9 ! be/ possible way = future obs]vations ( memb]s ( ! same class4 ,famili>ity ) ! life hi/ory ( "o animal or plant w help u greatly to und]/& o!r animals & plants1 because t :i* is mo/ ess5tial 9 all has be5 c>efully obs]v$ 9 ! case consid]$4 ,n[ let u suppose t sev]al plants & animals h be5 /udi$4 ,if ! cases :i* are consid]$ are truly typical1 x may be possible = ! /ud5t to appreciate n simply ! individuals belong+ to ! classes /udi$1 b also some?+ ( ! int]relation ( ! sev]al classes4 ,?is illu/ration1 giv5 because x repres5ts 9 a g5]al way some?+ ( ! me?od foll[$ 9 ! /udy ( sci5ce1 repres5ts a v common me?od ( proc$ure 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life4 ,none ( u c hope to support our conclusions by a c>eful scrut9y ( all possible cases4 ,we take some?+ on au?ority2 namely1 t ! individual case consid]$ is repres5tative ( a l>ge gr\p1 !n aft] we h inve/igat$ ! "o case we apply our conclusions to ! :ole gr\p4 ,( c\rse !re is "o great dang]4 ,we may be ov]ha/y 9 our g5]alizations4 ,no fallacy is m common ?an ! emphasis plac$ ^u non-ess5tials by ^? ^: obs]vations h be5 limit$4 ,! /ories ( ! travel] :o g5]alizes1 aft] see+ "o r$-head$ *ild or aft] eat+ at "o hotel1 conc]n+ ! *ildr5 & hotels ( ! c\ntry visit$1 are too common to ne$ repetition "h4 ,:]e obs]vations are necess>ily limit$1 ! important consid]ation is to get cases t seem z diff]5t z possible 9 ord] t t :i* is ess5tial may be diff]5tiat$ f ! non-ess5tial or accid5tal4 ,tea*+ by types 9 our ord9>y s*ool "w has be5 appli$ mo/ frequ5tly to ! subject ( geography4 ,apply+ ! pr9ciple /at$ above1 we %all be c>eful 9 tea*+ riv]s1 m\nta9s1 cities1 comm]ce1 or any o!r geographical notion to see to x t ! individual cases consid]$ are z widely diff]5t z possible4 ,to tea* ,new ,york ,city1 ,philadelphia1 & ,*icago only w\ld give *ildr5 a v errone\s idea ( ! concept 8city40 ,!y are all exceptionally l>ge1 all ,am]ican1 all mod]n4 ,!re are cities small]1 ) peculi>ities due to age1 to location1 & to ! ideas & res\rces ( ! p build+ !m4 ,a bett] selection w\ld be ,new ,york ,city1 ,london1 ,tokyo1 ,v5ice1 ,cairo1 & ,muni*4 ,objection c\ld /ill v well be (f]$ t ?is li/ is too %ort to include all classes4 ,!re c be no d\bt t to h taught any city c>efully w aid greatly 9 und]/&+ ! notion 8city0 & 9 appreciat+ o!r cities1 b manife/ly any f9al g5]alization conc]n+ cities mu/ wait until our k ( geography has be5 widely ext5d$4 ,! same conclusion w\ld be rea*$ 7 any o!r notion ( geography1 or any o!r /udy1 subject$ to ! same te/4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no h>m 9 =m+ t5tative judgm5ts4 ,inde$1 we mu/ all d ?is e day ( our lives4 ,! ma9 issue is to see to x t !re is no mi/ake z to ! t5tative "* ( ! conclusions rea*$1 t ! op5-m9d$ attitude be pres]v$4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,c4 ,a4 & ,f4 ,m4 ,mc,murry1 ,! ,me?od ( ! ,recitation1 ,*apt]s ,,vi to ,,ix inclusive4 ,john ,dewey1 ,h[ ,we ,?9k1 ,*apt]s ,,xii to ,,xv inclusive4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! /ep ( prep>ation 9 ! inductive lesson8 ,:5 w\ld y beg9 an inductive lesson ) a /atem5t ( aim or problem8 ,:at value is !re 9 hav+ *ildr5 /ate ! aim ( a lesson8 ,:5 dur+ ! lesson %\ld ! aim be ref]r$ to8 #b4 ,h[ w\ld y hope to h c\ntry *ildr5 get a cle> idea ( a city8 ,c\ld y develop ?is idea ) suffici5t def9it5ess by ask+ que/ions8 #c4 ,:at prep>ation w\ld y ?9k necess>y = a class t 7 tak+ _! fir/ trip to a dairy8 #d4 ,:at 0 wrong 9 ! class :]e1 aft] a trip to ! c\ntry1 a small *ild said1 8,a c[ is a small animal ) f\r legs t likes to live 9 ! mud & grunt08 #e4 ,w\ld y all[ a boy to p]=m an exp]im5t 9 nature /udy t y knew w\ld result unsatisfactorily8 #f4 ,a tea*] us$ ! foll[+ s5t5ces 9 h] attempt to tea* ! function ( an adjective2 criticize ! li/ giv54 ,! r$ apple is sweet4 ,! gre5 grass is s(t4 ,! yell[ h\se is l>ge4 ,! tall man is sick4 ,! l>ge/ horse is fa/4 ,sugge/ a bett] li/ ( s5t5ces = ! purpose indicat$4 #g4 ,9 :at s5se is x true t an induction beg9s ) a g5]alization8 ,h[ d y proce$ :5 y modify a g5]alization :i* y once held z true8 #h4 ,a pupil def9$ a riv] z a /ream ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ! l&4 ,h[ w\ld y hope to secure a m accurate g5]alization f him8 #i4 ,:at is ! function ( a lecture on ,g]many to a gr\p ( *ildr5 /udy+ ! geography ( ,europe8 ,d y ?9k su* a lecture w\ld be z valuable z a lesson 9 :i* ! pupils are ask$ to f9d out :y ,g]man comm]ce has develop$ s rapidly dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s8 #aj4 ,"u :at conditions w\ld y require *ildr5 to commit to memory ! def9itions f\nd 9 _! textbooks8 #aa4 ,if y\r pupils 7 read+ ,kipl+'s ,jungle ,book1 w\ld y try to make y\r lessons inductive8 #ab4 ,:at difficulties w\ld y enc\nt] 9 try+ to tea* *ildr5 :o live 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley ! mean+ ( ! t]m m\nta98 ,h[ c\ld y hope to ov]come ^! difficulties8 #ac4 ,! foll[+ illu/rative problems 7 us$ by a tea*] :o 0 pres5t+ ! subject ( p]c5tage to a class = ! fir/ "t4 ,c y improve ! li/8 ,a man :o _h #aj1jjj lo/ #be p] c5t ( 8 money4 ,h[ mu* did he lose8 ,a horse :i* co/ #bej 0 sold at a loss ( #aj p] c5t4 ,h[ mu* did ! own] lose8 ,a h\se :i* co/ #be1jjj 0 burn$4 ,x 0 insur$ = #ej p] c5t ( its value4 ,h[ mu* did ! own] receive f ! insurance company8 ,a suit ( clo!s :i* co/ ! deal] #ah 0 sold at a ga9 ( #be p] c5t4 ,h[ mu* did ! deal] ga9 on ! suit8 #ad4 ,:i* w\ld be bett]1 to tell a gr\p ( *ildr5 ( a trip :i* y took to a cattle ran*1 %[ !m pictures1 & possibly read a description ( ran* life1 or sp5d ! same am\nt ( "t que/ion+ ^! same *ildr5 9 ! hope ( develop+ "s adequate idea ( ?is type ( life8 ,if y foll[ ! fir/ me?od1 c\ld y be sure t *ildr5 _h d]iv$ accurate ideas f y\r description8 #ae4 ,write a s]ies ( que/ions :i* y w\ld use 9 develop+ ! g5]alization1 8,m5 :o live 9 cities are dep5d5t ^u ^? :o live 9 ! c\ntry = ! necessities ( life40 #af4 ,h[ w\ld y def5d ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,x is m important t a pupil %\ld h work$ out ! solution ( a s+le problem 9 :i* he is int]e/$1 ?an t he %\ld h le>n$1 )\t solv+ ! problems = himself1 ! answ]s to a doz5 problems f books :i* he is ask$ to read4 #ag4 ,:y d mo/ lessons 9 :i* pupils recite f ! mat]ial assign$ 9 textbooks require little ?9k+8 ,h[ c su* lessons be made to /imulate ?9k+8 #ah4 ,w\ld y ev] all[ *ildr5 to accept an incomplete g5]alization z a result ( _! own exp]i5ce & ?\ght8 ,an incorrect g5]alization8 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,d$uctive ,,lesson ,! complete process ( ?\ght involves bo? induction & d$uction4 ,e g5]al pr9ciple1 unless x is self-evid5t1 mu/ ei!r be arriv$ at ?r\gh ! process ( induction1 or be accept$ )\t any attempt at v]ification4 ,hav+ =m$ our g5]alizations1 we use !m z a basis = fur!r ?9k+4 ,if we f9d t ! pr9ciple always holds1 we are satisfi$ ) its validity4 ,9 ?is te/+ ( ! g5]alization t5tatively made1 ! process ( ?\ght is d$uctive4 ,! fact is t 9 ! process :i* we designate z induction1 d$uction ent]s to v]ify our inf]5ce4 ,9 ! face ( ! problem :i* c be settl$ only by ref]5ce to "s e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 we f9d ourselves que/ion+ ! g5]alizations =m]ly accept$1 & ! process ( ?\ght 9 solv+ our problem w involve induction z well z d$uction4 ,= conv5i5ce we treat ! problems ( tea*+ "u ! two heads1 ! inductive & ! d$uctive lesson1 accord+ z "o or ! o!r type ( ?\ght seems to pr$om9ate 9 reason+ requir$ to solve ! problem involv$4 ,e "o ?9ks d$uctively :o has _h suffici5t exp]i5ce to =m any g5]alizations4 ,9 ! e>ly life ( ! *ild we f9d ! psy*ological basis = d$uction 9 ! t5d5cy to act 9 accordance ) ideas4 ,*ildr5 def9e ?+s 9 t]ms ( _! function4 ,?us a hat is some?+ to we> on ! head2 a draw] some?+ to pull out & pu% 92 a %ovel some?+ to move ! s& )2 & s = ! o!r objects 9 ! *ild _w4 ,a *ild makes a dog 9 clay1 draws a picture ( a fl[]1 makes a h\se ( 8 blocks--& 9 ?is way te/s 8 ideas4 ,n all d$uctive ?9k+ ends 9 motor activity2 b we c nev] be satisfi$ ) our d$uctions until we h e/abli%$ !m exp]im5tally4 ,! "q conc]n+ our ideas always is1 w !y "w8 ,:5ev] we (f] an explanation ( our ideas or ( our actions1 ! process ( ?\ght is d$uctive4 ,n t ei!r adults or *ildr5 (t5 /ate ! g5]al pr9ciple ^u :i* !y base _! /atem5t or action4 ,we are all only too prone to assume ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,! fooli% answ]s :i* *ildr5 give may be logical en\gh4 ,f 8 v limit$ exp]i5ce a boy may h g5]aliz$ t grass is some?+ to look at & n to be walk$ on1 & t p always live 9 h\ses f f\r to t5 /ories high1 ) _m families 9 a h\se4 ,n[1 if su* errone\s g5]alizations h be5 develop$1 ! way to h&le ! boy is n to laugh at 8 d$uctions f ^! premises1 b r to require him to /ate ! g5]alizations ^u :i* he has bas$ 8 ?9k+1 & to lead him to discov] _! inadequacy4 ,x matt]s n :at gr\p ( *ildr5 "o works )1 ?is same ne$ = a decl>ation ( ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! argum5t is bas$1 ! g5]alization :i* cov]s ! situation "u consid]ation1 w be f\nd ess5tial4 ,t tea*] does mu* = ! *ildr5 :o frequ5tly pu%es !m back to a /atem5t ( :at !y assume to be true4 ,?is /atem5t is n always easy to make4 ,ev5 ) adults x is v common to expla9 action by ref]5ce to "s feel+ or attitude :i* x is assum$ has "s basis 9 reason4 ,"s in/9ctive t5d5cy1 or a mode ( feel+1 ?9k+1 or act+ :i* has become habitual1 frequ5tly expla9s1 b fails to ju/ify our actions4 ,! ability to /ate cle>ly :at "o assumes1 & to claim z valid only su* conclusions z are bas$ on premises :i* are admitt$ to be true1 is ! m>k ( ! man ( unusual rationality4 ,!re is no set ( rules :i* a tea*] may foll[ 9 ord] to make ! *ildr5 %e tea*es logically m9d$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ( h] activity t5ds 9 "s degree to enc\rage or to elim9ate ! logical habit ( m9d4 ,! tea*] :o dogmatizes cont9ually 9 h] tea*+ c d little to ov]come a l t5d5cy 9 ! *ildr5 by conduct+ ex]cises logically correct4 ,! wrong emphasis on correctness ( ! result1 in/ead ( correctness ( ! me?od employ$ 9 gett+ ! result1 enc\rages mu* illogical "w & develops c>eless habits ( ?\ght4 ,& x is j z true t an op5-m9d$ attitude on ! "p ( ! tea*] w be reflect$ 9 ! *ildr54 ,! tea*] :o insi/s ^u ! v]ification ( g5]alizations1 :o asks *ildr5 frequ5tly to give ! gr\nd = ! /atem5ts :i* !y make1 & :o enc\rages reflection1 w eng5d] logical habits ( ?\ght4 ,to recognize ! wide application ( ! d$uctive me?od 9 our ?9k+1 "o has only to consid] :at is meant by reflection4 ,x is well also 9 ?is connection to rememb] t ! habit ( reflection di/+ui%es ! educat$ f ! un$ucat$ man4 ,x is n ! numb] ( exp]i5ces :i* makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 m51 b r ! use t has be5 made ( ^? exp]i5ces4 ,:5 we reflect1 we ?9k ov]1 organize1 & relate our pa/ exp]i5ces4 ,suppose1 = example1 t "s "o makes ! /atem5t t corporal puni%m5t %\ld be bani%$ f all s*ools4 ,if y reflect ^u su* a !sis1 y br+ to be> y\r exp]i5ces1 :e!r ( action1 obs]vation1 or ?\ght /imulat$ by read+ :at "s "o else has said2 &1 z a result ( y\r ?9k+1 y consci\sly or unconsci\sly assume a g5]al pr9ciple "u :i* y feel satisfi$ t ?is "q ( discipl9e falls2 & !n y w ref] all ( y\r exp]i5ces to ?is pr9ciple1 te/+ its validity by see+ :e!r or n x does uni=mly hold4 ,! process ( ?9k+ :i* y h employ$ is ess5tially d$uctive4 ,if /at$ 9 ! =m ( a syllogism1 x might be express$ some:at z foll[s3-- #a4 ,any action :i* t5ds to brutalize ei!r pupil or tea*] %\ld n be p]mitt$ 9 any s*ool4 #b4 ,corporal puni%m5t t5ds to brutalize bo? tea*] & pupil4 #c4 ,h5ce corporal puni%m5t %\ld be bani%$ f all s*ools4 ,! process ( ?\ght employ$ has l$ y to se>* = a g5]al pr9ciple :i* y accept z true & :i* (f]s an explanation ( ! position :i* y take 9 agree+ t corporal puni%m5t %\ld be bani%$4 ,if y are really reflect+1 y w n /op ) ?is ref]5ce to a g5]alization app>5tly true4 ,r y w inquire :e!r 9 y\r exp]i5ce ! infliction ( corporal puni%m5t has t5d$ to brutalize y4 ,y w also ask y\rself :e!r ?is is true ( o!rs1 & to :at degree4 ,y w recall specific cases ( puni%m5t ( ?is sort1 & w try to decide :e!r ! disadvantages or evil outweigh$ ! good4 ,only aft] su* c>eful ?\ght is ! process ( reflection complete1 & x is only !n t y c feel satisfi$ ( ! s\ndness ( ! position :i* y h tak54 ,x w be not$ t ! process ( ?\ght has be5 bo? inductive & d$uctive4 ,if *ildr5 are to le>n to reflect1 !y mu/ h leisure to ?9k ov] _! pa/ exp]i5ces4 ,!re is dang] t 9 our desire = m k & m activity on ! "p ( our pupils1 we may give !m little "t = reflection4 ,to ask a *ild to /ate ! significance ( :at he has done1 to enc\rage him to exam9e e assum$ tru? 9 ! light ( 8 exp]i5ce1 & to /ate some:at =mally ! result ( 8 reflection is wor? mu* m ?an ! new exp]i5ces :i* might h be5 ga9$ 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,! habit ( reflection w be develop$ only :5 suffici5t "t is giv5 = *ildr5 to /op & take acc\nt ( ! exp]i5ce :i* !y h _h1 :5 respect is accord$ ! exp]i5ces ( ! individual1 & :5 ! tea*] requires su* "w & guides *ildr5 9 ! process4 ,an attempt has be5 made 9 ! prec$+ pages to indicate 9 a g5]al way ! significance ( ! d$uctive me?od 9 our s*ool "w4 ,x rema9s to indicate briefly ! me?od ( proc$ure 9 ! conduct ( class ex]cises :i* are ess5tially d$uctive 9 _! nature4 ,su* ex]cises w be f\nd 9 any subject 9 :i* !re is develop$ a body ( g5]al pr9ciples4 ,= example1 ! real te/ ( a pupil's k ( a pr9ciple ( ari?metic is f\nd1 n 9 famili>ity ) ! process ( induction by :i* ! pr9ciple is d]iv$1 nor 9 8 ability to apply ?is pr9ciple to ! problems giv5 9 ! book1 imm$iately foll[+ ! rule1 all ( :i* fit ! g5]alization1 b r 9 8 ability1 :5 a miscellane\s li/ ( problems is giv51 to pick out ! pr9ciple :i* applies to ?is "o case4 ,! te/ ( "o's k ( geography is f\nd n simply 9 ! facts :i* he kn[s1 b also 9 8 ability to expla9 ph5om5a or to anticipate situations by ref]5ce to a body ( g5]al pr9ciples4 ,! problem3 ,f :at has already be5 said x is cle> t 9 d$uctive ?9k+1 z well z :5 ! process is inductive1 ! occasion = ?\ght is f\nd 9 a problem to be solv$4 ,we wi% to "k :y a c]ta9 region is arid or :at ! possibilities ( agriculture are 9 ano!r1 & we1 !re=e1 recall our k ( ! pr9ciples ( geography 9 ord] to solve our problem4 ,a moral situation confronts u2 we ne$ to act2 & 9 response to ?is necessity we endeavor to ref] ! situation to "s norm or /&>d ( conduct :i* we accept z fundam5tal4 ,! success ( our "w 9 secur+ cle> ?9k+ by *ildr5 w always be condition$ by our success 9 enabl+ !m to realize ! significance ( ! problem pres5t$ = solution4 ,f9d+ ! g5]alization or pr9ciples :i* fit ! situation to be acc\nt$ = or expla9$ is ! next /ep4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is "p ( ! process successfully "o mu/ be able to discov] t :i* is ess5tial & to neglect ! non-ess5tial 9 ! problem to be solv$4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! problem is3 ,:y has ! great] "p ( ,africa n be5 settl$ by civiliz$ m58 ,! factor :i* is significant is ! climate ( ?is region1 & x w be ( no use = ! pupil to recall ! size ( ! cont95t1 ! color ( its inhabitants1 ! fact t ,liv+/one made a j\rney across x1 except t by elim9at+ ^! facts he may be br\ght to realize t none ( !m det]m9e ! situation1 & h5ce he ne$ no long] pay any att5tion to !m4 ,x is ! function ( ! tea*] to sugge/ to ! pupil a numb] ( alt]natives & !n to guide him 9 8 se>* = ! det]m9+ factor4 ,= example1 ! tea*] might ask3 ,is x because ( ! savage inhabitants1 because ( a lack ( means ( transportation1 because ! c\ntry is ov]run by dang]\s wild animals1 or because ( climate8 ,ea* ( ^! classes ( facts may be kn[n to ! pupils1 & ea* 9 turn may be elim9at$ z non-det]m9+ factors until he comes f9ally to ! la/4 ,he mu/ !n1 provid$ he decides t climate may det]m9e ! availability ( a region z a habitation = civiliz$ man1 discov] "u :at condition ( climate civiliz$ man fails to make advance4 ,he has ?us fitt$ 8 situation1 8 problem1 to ! g5]alization "u :i* x falls1 & has1 9 fact1 tak5 ! next /ep 9 ! process4 ,inf]5ce3 ,! inf]5ce t ! great] "p ( ,africa is n inhabit$ by civiliz$ m5 because ( adv]se climatic conditions is arriv$ at j z soon z ! pupil settles ^u climate z ! ess5tial factor4 ,j z 9 ! inductive process we pass imm$iately f ! /ep ( comp>ison & ab/raction to ! /atem5t ( ! g5]alization1 s 9 ! d$uctive lesson1 :5 once we h relat$ ! p>ticul> case "u consid]ation to ! pr9ciple :i* expla9s ! situation1 we are ready to /ate our inf]5ce4 ,!re is real value 9 mak+ su* a /atem5t4 ,! fur!r process ( v]ification dep5ds ^u a cle> & def9ite /atem5t ( ! inf]5ce2 & ! be/ te/ we h ( ! completion ( ! prec$+ /ep is ! ability :i* ! pupil %[s to /ate 8 inf]5ce4 ,v]ification3 ,:5 ! inf]5ce has be5 made1 we h yet to satisfy ourselves conc]n+ ! validity ( our reason+ by an appeal to kn[n facts4 ,foll[+ ! illu/ration already us$1 we %\ld ask ourselves :at has happ5$ 9 ! pa/ to civiliz$ m5 :o h gone to ,c5tral ,africa4 ,we w be satisfi$ t our reason+ has be5 correct1 only if all ( ! facts we are able to discov] po9t unmi/akably to ! conclusion t ! climate ( ! l>g] "p ( ,africa is un5durable by civiliz$ m54 ,! elem5t :i* ne$s mo/ emphasis 9 d$uctive tea*+ is ! realization on ! "p ( ! tea*] t ! success ( ! process is directly proportional to ! indep5d5ce ) :i* ! pupil discov]s = himself t :i* is ess5tial 9 ! situation "u consid]ation1 8 attempt to fit or relate ! p>ticul> case to ! pr9ciple or g5]alization by :i* x w be expla9$1 & 8 will+ness1 :5 he discov]s 8 error by an attempt$ v]ification1 to repeat ! process4 ,we d n ?9k logically by hav+ "s "o else d our ?9k+ = u1 nor is our gr[? measur$ by ! uni=mity ) :i* we hit ^u ! correct solution ( ! problem at ! fir/ attempt4 ,r we may measure success by ! p[] ( our pupils to criticize ! reason+ :i* appe>s plausible until c>efully scrut9iz$1 & by _! read9ess to retrace _! /eps & to se>* = firm] gr\nd :5 !y h ( _! own accord giv5 up a s*eme ( reason+ :i* has prov$ invalid4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,w4 ,c4 ,bagley1 ,! ,educative ,process1 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,i4 ,e4 ,mill]1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,?9k+1 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,a class is engag$ 9 d]iv+ inductively ! g5]alization t multiply+ ! num]ator ( a fraction by any numb] multiplies ! fraction by t numb]2 w !re be any occasion = d$uctive ?9k+ z ! "w proce$s8 #b4 ,a hi/ory tea*] has tri$ to develop ! g5]alization t taxation )\t repres5tation is tyranny4 ,a girl 9 ! class says t ?is proves t wom5 %\ld h ! "r to vote4 ,analyze ! process ( ?\ght by :i* ! girl arriv$ at h] conclusion4 ,0 ! process ess5tially inductive or d$uctive8 #c4 ,"s p pride !mselves ^u ! fact t !y nev] *ange _! m9ds4 ,:at comm5t w\ld y feel ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ conc]n+ _! processes ( ?\ght8 #d4 ,:y c ! lead] ( a mob influ5ce 8 foll[]s to mo/ unreasonable action8 #e4 ,an eigh?-grade boy rem>k$ t he ?\ght t we %\ld =bid all =eign]s to come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h[ w\ld y lead su* a boy to *ange 8 po9t ( view by means ( 8 own ?\ght on ! subject8 #f4 ,a class 9 gramm> 0 requir$ to commit to memory fifty rules ( syntax & lat] to correct s5t5ces 9 :i* ! mi/akes 9 syntax 7 cov]$ by ! rules already le>n$4 ,c\ld y sugge/ a bett] way to tea* ,engli% syntax8 #g4 ,:at is ! value ( ! miscellane\s problems giv5 at ! end ( ea* section ( ! ari?metic8 ,a tea*] ( ari?metic w5t ?r\gh "o ( ^! li/s & _h ! class indicate opposite ea* problem ! case1 or rule1 :i* 0 involv$4 ,0 ?is a good ?+ to d8 #h4 ,:at sort ( reason+ is dem&$ ( a class 9 p>s+8 #i4 ,d y consid] y\r tea*+ ( ari?metic1 9 s f> z x involves reason+1 ma9ly inductive or d$uctive8 #aj4 ,9 :at s5se is x true t 9 d$uction we beg9 ) a p>ticul> r ?an ) a g5]alization8 ,comp>e ! significance ( ! problem 9 induction & d$uction4 #aa4 ,9 "s textbooks 9 geometry1 ! problem is /at$1 & !n ! pro( is pres5t$ /ep by /ep ) a ref]5ce :]ev] ne$ be to ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 develop+ ! pro(2 :at is ! weakness ( ?is sort ( an ex]cise8 #ab4 ,h[ c ! tea*] be/ help *ildr5 :o are unable to ref] a problem 9 ari?metic to any "o ( ! pr9ciples :i* h be5 le>n$8 #ac4 ,*ildr5 (t5 make mi/akes 9 reason+ :i* seem ridicul\s to tea*]s2 h[ c tea*]s be mo/ helpful 9 su* situations8 #ad4 ,d y ?9k x possible to tea* *ildr5 ! mean+ & significance ( reflection8 ,h[ w\ld y attempt to secure su* insight8 #ae4 ,:y w\ld x be valuable = u _m times to write ! reasons = our action be=e c>ry+ into effect our plans8 #af4 ,:at c y d z a tea*] t w /imulate *ildr5 to d _! be/ ?9k+8 ,is x possible t y may actually int]f]e or disc\rage !m 9 ?is "p ( _! "w8 ,h[8 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,lesson ,,= ,,appreciation ,education aims n only to enable "o to avoid error1 to discov] tru?1 & to equip him ) desirable habits1 b also to develop ! p[] to appreciate & to enjoy t :i* is beautiful1 :e!r 9 lit]ature1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 art1 or music4 ,x is n en\gh t a man be able to make a liv+2 he ought1 z a result ( 8 education1 to be able to enjoy life4 ,mat!w ,arnold's def9ition ( culture1 8! acqua9t+ ourselves ) ! be/ t has be5 kn[n & said 9 ! _w10 embodies mu* t is ess5tial 9 mod]n education4 ,! ability to enjoy a drama ( ,%akespe>e1 a picture ( ,millet1 or an op]a ( ,wagn]1 means ! possibility ( noble pleasure1 ( leisure "t sp5t 9 su* a way t inspiration & /r5g?1 in/ead ( possible wa/e1 or1 ev5 worse1 degradation & weakness1 result4 ,x is1 !n1 a vital "p ( our s*ool "w to give opportunity = & to enc\rage 9 e way possible ! developm5t ( p[] ( appreciation4 ,"s ( our s*oolroom ex]cises ought to aim prim>ily to develop p[] ( appreciation 9 ! sev]al fields m5tion$ above4 ,n t appreciation c be taught directly1 b because !re are conditions :i* are negative 9 _! influ5ce4 ,no "o w ev] le>n to appreciate music or lit]ature or art because "s "o tells him t he ought & t ?is is wor?y & t unwor?y4 ,?is sort ( tea*+ w result 9 hypocrisy & cant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! be/ gu>antee ( developm5t along ^! l9es is f\nd 9 association ) ^? :o d g5u9ely appreciate4 ,x is 9 ?is fact t we f9d our fir/ sugge/ion = "w ( ?is k9d4 ,d n try to tea* any "o else to enjoy t :i* y d n fully appreciate y\rself4 ,! fundam5tal qualification = ! tea*] is p[] to appreciate4 ,%e mu/ enjoy to ! full t :i* %e hopes to make appe> beautiful 9 ! eyes ( h] pupils4 ,x is useless to ask *ildr5 to enjoy "o ( ,/ev5son's *ild rhymes1 if y f9d y\rself unable to ent] into ! _s ( ! poem4 ,pictures may be hung on ! wall & religi\sly taught2 b *ildr5 w n want to buy good pictures1 nor are !y apt to frequ5t ! art gall]ies1 unless !y h associat$ ) ^? = :om pictures are a g5u9e s\rce ( pleasure4 ,! be/ prep>ation = ! tea*] :o feels t h] tea*+ is inadequate 9 ^? phases ( h] "w :i* involve appreciation is to plan to d :at %e c to insure h] own gr[? 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,read m poetry1 & especially read x ) ^? :o d]ive great pleasure !refrom1 if y wi% to tea* poetry bett]4 ,if y are famili> ) ! great musicians1 & h ?r\gh y\r acqua9tance ) _! "w develop$ "s measure ( appreciation = ?is type ( expression & = ! me?od by :i* ! musician has be5 able to build up 8 wond]ful composition1 !n y may re/ assur$ t y\r pupils w n f9d music un9t]e/+4 ,! "q mo/ frequ5tly ask$ conc]n+ ! tea*+ ( ^? subjects 9 :i* we seek to develop appreciation is :e!r "o mu/ comm& ! te*nique involv$ 9 creation 9 ord] to gr[ 9 p[] to enjoy ! "w ( ! ma/]s4 ,= example1 mu/ "o be able to read music 9 ord] to appreciate music2 mu/ "o be able to /ate ! rhetorical excell5ce ( ,/ev5son's n>ratives 9 ord] to enjoy 8 /ories2 is x ess5tial t "o fully appreciate ! te*nique ( pa9t+ 9 ord] to get ! mo/ out ( ,corot8 ,9 g5]al1 ! answ] is t su* k ( te*nique may ei!r help or h9d] "o 9 8 actual p[] ( appreciation4 ,x w h9d]1 if ! consid]ation ( te*nique is con/antly upp]mo/ 9 "o's m9d2 x w help 9 s f> z k ( te*nique gives "o ! feel+ ( excell5ce or p]fection ( =m1 provid$ always t x is ?is beauty ( ! product :i* mo/ engages ! att5tion1 & t int]e/ 9 te*nique is subsidi>y4 ,to express ! same idea 9 ano!r way3 if "o's k ( te*nique makes him ov]critical or ov]s5sitive1 he is apt to lose all enjoym5t 9 8 conc5tration ^u ! te*nique1 9 look+ = weaknesses1 or 9 8 feel+ ( discom=t because ( imp]fection4 ,:at significance1 x may be ask$1 has ?is = our tea*+8 ,ma9ly ?is1 t we mu/ rememb] t appreciation is 9 l>ge measure a matt] ( ! emotions1 & t any attempt to ov]9tellectualize ! process w defeat ! end we desire to secure4 ,!re is no o!r k9d ( "w 9 :i* ! attitude ( ! individual at ! beg9n+ ( ! ex]cise is z important4 ,!re is a /ory told ( a tea*] :o wi%$ to tea* a beautiful poem1 ! burd5 ( :i* 0 ! beauty ( k9dness to birds4 ,%e began ) ! birds t ! *ildr5 knew--sp>r[s4 ,9 a %ort "t ! *ildr5 develop$ ! notion1 & v ju/ly1 t sp>r[s 7 a pe/1 t !y _h driv5 away our song birds1 & t x w\ld be a good ?+ to ext]m9ate !m4 ,! *ildr5 7 ready to g =? to ! slaught]2 & !n came ! poem ) its admonition to k9dness t[>d birds4 ,^! *ildr5 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 m impress$ _h ?is prep>atory "w be5 omitt$ entirely4 ,v frequ5tly = "w ( ?is k9d1 ! v be/ prep>ation is f\nd 9 plac+ *ildr5 directly 9 contact ) t :i* y hope to h !m appreciate4 ,read ! poem1 play ! music1 expose ! picture to view1 & all[ !m to d _! "w4 ,lat] a some:at m detail$ treatm5t1 possibly involv+ _m repetitions1 w give opportunity = increas$ appreciation4 ,*ildr5 %\ld n be =c$ to give expression to ! feel+ awak5$4 ,! tea*] may accept gladly su* expression z comes spontane\sly4 ,%e may at times ask = a selection ( ! "p mo/ enjoy$4 ,especially to be avoid$ are expressions su* z3 8,don't y ?9k ?is beautiful80 8,don't y enjoy ?is80 & ! l4 ,*ildr5 "u su* /imulation are apt to say t !y enjoy :e!r !y d or n4 ,!y are j z anxi\s to d ! "r ?+ z are "s ( _! eld]s4 ,to be con/antly direct$1 always told :at to admire1 means lack ( confid5ce 9 "o's own ability to judge ( excell5ce1 or1 ev5 worse1 ! attitude ( ! hypocrite :o admires t :i* he ?9ks x fa%ionable to favor4 ,x is probably saf] to judge ( ! success ( "w ( ?is k9d by ! expression on ! faces ( ! *ildr5 ?an by ! words y may p]suade !m to use4 ,9 a lesson ( ?is type ! tea*] does ! be/ "w :5 %e acts z int]pret]4 ,success dep5ds n s mu* ^u initiative on ! "p ( ! *ildr5 z ^u ! ability ( ! tea*] to sympa?ize ) ! *ildi% po9t ( view1 & to lead !m to great] heights by ! =ce ( sugge/ion gr[+ out ( h] own joy 9 t :i* %e pres5ts4 ,x is by voice1 by ge/ure1 by sugge/ion1 & by explanation1--9 all1 by provid+ ! mo/ favorable opportunity possible = appreciation1 keep+ h]self z mu* z possible 9 ! backgr\nd1--t ! tea*] makes provision = ! developm5t ( ?is p[] by *ildr54 ,mu* is ga9$ 9 p[] ( appreciation by giv+ opportunity = creative "w on ! "p ( *ildr54 ,! gr\p ( *ildr5 :o h compos$ a song1 & :o h labor$ dilig5tly to make ! music :i* !y h writt5 fit ! _s & rhy?m ( ! words1 w f9d a new mean+ 9 ! lullaby :i* !y are ask$ to le>n to-morr[4 ,music w mean s mu* m ?an pit*1 "t1 notes ( diff]5t value1 & ! l4 ,?r\gh _! own attempt !y w h realiz$ 9 ! be/ possible way ! fact t ! music ( ! song is int5d$ to express feel+ 9 h>mony ) ! words t !y s+4 ,! *ild :o has attempt$ to draw a l&scape w by virtue ( t fact gr[ 9 p[] to enjoy ! l&scape plac$ on ! wall = 8 enjoym5t4 ,& s = any o!r field 9 :i* we seek to develop p[] ( appreciation2 to attempt to create = himself w give ! *ild a bett] und]/&+ ( ! elem5ts :i* g to make up excell5ce1 & ! contra/ betwe5 8 own ef=t & t ( ! ma/] w greatly enhance ! value ( ! latt] 9 8 eyes4 ,?us f> 9 our discussions ( ! lesson = appreciation we h int]pret$ x to mean ! developm5t ( ! /hetic emotions4 ,!re is ano!r sort ( appreciation :i* involves r m ( ! intellectual elem5t1 b :i*1 s f> z tea*+ me?od is conc]n$1 may probably be treat$ to greate/ advantage 9 ?is same connection4 ,inde$1 !re are cases1 z 9 lit]ature1 :]e bo? elem5ts are involv$4 ,9 ! /udy ( a drama ( ,%akespe>e we are conc]n$ n only ) ! beauty ( expression1 b q z mu* ) ! portrayal ( ! lives ( m5 & wom5 z !y h act$ & react$ on ea* o!r 9 _! common environm5t4 ,9 hi/ory we h ?is drama ext5d$ to include a nation or ! nations ( ! _w 9 _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,9 ei!r case we h ! record ( cause & effect1 an acc\nt ( social exp]i5ce fundam5tally ak9 to our own4 ,appreciation "h involves ! ability to foll[ ! logical relations :i* are record$4 ,9 proportion z "o becomes aw>e ( ! motives :i* h actuat$ m51 ! relation%ips :i* h exi/$ among !m1 ! organization & outcome ( _! activities1 he has wid5$ 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,?is possibility ( a vic>i\s ext5sion ( ! *ild's social exp]i5ce is "o ( ! reasons = giv+ hi/ory & lit]ature a place 9 our s*ool curriculum4 ,let u inquire :at is involv$ 9 secur+ appreciation ( ?is type4 ,take1 = example1 ! appreciation ( ! p]iod j prec$+ ! ,civil ,w>4 ,h[ are we to und]/& ?is remote situation8 ,we _c obs]ve directly2 we _c1 z is ! case 9 ! solution ( a problem 9 our pres5t exp]i5ce1 ga!r data by means ( obs]vation2 nor c we te/ our conclusions by exp]im5t4 ,our fir/ great ne$ is to h pres5t$ all ( ! facts possible4 ,we may read ! hi/orian's acc\nt1 or h x read to u2 we may get hold ( ! newspap]s publi%$ at t "t2 read ! debates :i* took place 9 ,congress2 p]use ! lett]s ( m5 & wom5 :o liv$ & wrote at t "t2 make inquiry conc]n+ ! numb] ( slaves1 & ! value ( ! ,s\!rn plantations work$ by !m2 try to f9d out :y slav]y _h be5 aboli%$ 9 ! ,nor?1 & by e means possible famili>ize ourselves ) :at m5 said & did & ! conditions "u :i* !y work$ at t "t4 ,we mu/ h ?is mat]ial made accessible to ! *ildr5 ?r\gh books or by ^w ( m\? be=e we ask !m to foll[ ! logical relations e/abli%$ among ^! facts by ! hi/orian4 ,appreciation has its beg9n+ 9 ! abundance ( data suppli$ :i* makes possible ! imag]y ) :i* ! *ildr5 are to "w1 & is consummat$ :5 ! *ild has1 ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts & by foll[+ ! developm5t ( ano!r1 come to und]/& ! play ( cause & effect1 ! organization & relation%ip exi/+ among ^! human activities4 ,"w ( ?is sort has 9 ! la/ /ep some?+ 9 common ) ! inductive lesson1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! *ildr5 are 9 ! ma9 conc]n$ ) appreciation ( facts & ( ! relation%ips e/abli%$ among !m by "s "o else1 presumably ! exp]t hi/orian4 ,x is m a matt] ( und]/&+ ?an ! discov]y ( new tru?4 ,( c\rse1 !re are lessons 9 hi/ory 9 :i* ! problem is j z di/9ct z 9 any sci5ce1 & :]e ! "w c be be/ describ$ z inductive or d$uctive reason+4 ,& s likewise = lit]ature4 ,! au?or pres5ts ! situation1 & draws 8 conclusions1 suppos$ly true to ! logic ( human action4 ,! tea*] may ne$ to supply details :i* are miss+1 may ne$ to guide ! *ildr5 9 _! attempt to foll[ ! int]pretation ( ! au?or1 b x mu/ be ma9ly int]pretation ( facts provid$2 & presumably1 if great lit]ature is /udi$1 ! appreciation ( ! au?or's int]pretation ( ! human relations is ( va/ly great] importance ?an ! attempt at int]pretation :i* ! *ildr5 may make4 ,appreciation does n mean quiesc5ce1--f> f x4 ,nei!r does x conc]n itself prim>ily ) ! discov]y ( new tru? or excell5ce4 ,r we aim to und]/&1 & to enjoy1 :5 ! /hetic emotions are involv$1 ! "w ( ! ma/]s4 ,if we c1 ev5 9 "s degree1 lead *ildr5 to ?9k _! ?\ghts1 to int]pret human activity & human feel+ z !y h int]pret$ x1 we %all h mo/ signally wid5$ & enri*$ _! exp]i5ce1 & %all h made available = !m = all _! lives a s\rce ( recreation & enjoym5t1 a /oreh\se ( wisdom1 :i* may con/itute _! greate/ indebt$ness to our ef=ts 9 _! behalf4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,e4 ,l4 ,?orndike1 ,pr9ciples ( ,tea*+1 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,e4 ,a4 ,kirkpatrick1 ,! ,fundam5tals ( ,*ild ,/udy1 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:y is x wor? :ile to tra9 *ildr5 to enjoy lit]ature1 music1 or pa9t+8 #b4 ,d ^? :o look at ! pictures 9 ! art gall]y :i* h be5 specially m5tion$ 9 ! catalogue or guide book necess>ily %[ any p[] ( appreciation ( good pictures8 ,:at w\ld be a bett] te/ ( su* p[]8 #c4 ,:y is x ess5tial t y %\ld enjoy a poem :i* y try to tea* to *ildr58 #d4 ,:at advantage is !re 9 *ang+ ! pictures on ! walls ( ! s*oolroom f "t to "t8 #e4 ,is !re any good argum5t = hav+ *ildr5 write poetry8 #f4 ,:at c\ld y d to gr[ 9 ability to tea* art appreciation8 #g4 ,does y\r te*nical k ( music int]f]e ) y\r enjoym5t ( good music8 #h4 ,:at advantage is !re 9 hav+ *ildr5 compose ! music = a song :i* !y h writt58 #i4 ,:y is x important t we arrange our poetry1 music1 & pictures ) ref]5ce to ! seasons8 #aj4 ,h[ w\ld y hope to discov] :e!r or n *ildr5 enjoy$ a new picture8 #aa4 ,:y ask *ildr5 to *oose f among ?ree or f\r poems ! "o t !y w commit to memory1 in/ead ( requir+ t !y all memorize ! same "o8 #ab4 ,:at value is !re 9 read+ great lit]ature to *ildr5 )\t comm5t8 #ac4 ,9 :at way may a good hi/ory lesson diff] f an inductive lesson 9 geography8 #ad4 ,d y ?9k x ess5tial t *ildr5 %\ld always h problems to solve 9 _! lessons 9 lit]ature8 #ae4 ,*oose a poem :i* y tea* 9 y\r grade4 ,tell :at x means to y4 ,:at may x mean to ! *ildr58 ,write f\r que/ions :i* y w\ld ask to help br+ out mean+ :i* might escape ! pupils4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,/udy ,,lesson ,t x is ! ma9 bus9ess ( ! tea*] to r5d] h] s]vices unnecess>y _c be too (t5 reit]at$4 ,to be able to reason cle>ly "o's self2 to h control ( "o's habits2 9 %ort1 to "k h[ to use "o's en]gies to be/ advantage :5 ! problems ( life are enc\nt]$1 is ! greate/ b5efit to be d]iv$ f education4 ,we %all conc]n ourselves 9 ?is discussion ) /udy z x involves controll$ ?9k+1 :e!r inductive or d$uctive2 ) ! mo/ economical me?od ( mak+ k m available = use by increas+ ! possibility ( recall2 & ) ! possibility ( r$uc+ c]ta9 k or responses1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 to ! basis ( habit4 ,9 g5]al1 our problem 9 tea*+ *ildr5 to /udy consi/s 9 mak+ !m consci\s ( ! be/ me?ods to be employ$ 9 logical ?9k+1 or 9 ! =mation ( habits1 & !n 9 giv+ suffici5t practice 9 ! use ( ^! me?ods to make !m ! habitual mann] ( reaction1 z f> z ?is is possible4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t "o :o applies ! logical me?od to a "q ( ma!matics or geography may be sway$ by prejudice :5 ! "q conc]ns politics or religion2 & t ! man :o kn[s be/ h[ to =m desirable habits may be s b\nd by "s o!r t he w fail to a*ieve t :i* he kn[s to be desirable4 ,be ?is z x may1 if ! s*ool makes ! *ild consci\s ( ! mo/ economical me?ods ( "w1 ! *ances = lat] effici5cy are greatly increas$4 ,/rangely en\gh1 :at we h be5 prone to call good tea*+ has n always accompli%$ ?is desir$ result4 ,x has too (t5 happ5$ t ! direction & help (f]$ by ! tea*] h t5d$ to make ! *ild dep5d5t1 utt]ly unable to d a piece ( "w = himself4 ,ev5 :5 *ildr5 h suppos$ly be5 requir$ to d mu* ?9k+1 ! tea*] has sometimes weak5$ h] "w by cont9ually /epp+ 9 to propose ! next /ep :5ev] a critical po9t has be5 rea*$4 ,! argum5t :i* proves conclusively t *ildr5 d n le>n to "w indep5d5tly is f\nd 9 _! inability 9 ! upp] grades1 9 ! high s*ool1 & ev5 9 ! college to use _! "t to good advantage4#aa ,9 tea*+ *ildr5 h[ to /udy1 ! fir/ /ep involves a cle> /atem5t ( ! problem to be solv$4 ,! tea*] :o says 8take ! next five pages0 _c expect t ! *ildr5 w d any?+ m1 s f> z le>n+ h[ to /udy is conc]n$1 ?an wa/e "t 9 fulfill+ h] dem&s4 ,we ?9k h>d :5 we h a problem to solve4 ,if x be true t *ildr5 ne$ to h an aim cle>ly 9 m9d :5 !y are at "w ) ! tea*]1 x is mu* m ess5tial t !y %\ld h cle>ly 9 m9d ! goal t[>d :i* !y are /riv+ :5 !y "w alone4 ,:5ev] *ildr5 are expect$ to d any "w at _! seats or at home1 ! type ( assignm5t becomes a det]m9+ factor4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t a m9ute or two at ! end ( a recitation w be suffici5t to make cle> to ! pupils ! problem involv$ 9 ! "w to be accompli%$ dur+ ! /udy h\r4 ,! be/ "t to make assignm5ts is :51 z ! subject is develop$1 a problem arises :i* _c !n be solv$4 ,a good recitation ought to culm9ate 9 ! /atem5t ( ! que/ions yet to be answ]$ q z mu* z 9 a /atem5t ( :at has be5 accompli%$4 ,if ! class has be5 kept intellectually al]t1 !re ought to be rais$ by ! *ildr5 _m que/ions1 :i* may be assign$ ei!r to ! :ole class or to individuals = report at a succe$+ recitation4 ,a v good inc5tive to /udy is f\nd 9 mak+ assignm5ts to individuals or gr\ps = report to ! :ole class4 ,ev5 if ! problem itself is n ( surpass+ int]e/1 ! desire to contribute "o's %>e to ! gr\p project1 & ! wi% to d z well z "o's neighbor1 w /imulate to great] ef=t4 ,x w\ld be well if tea*]s te/$ _! own "w & ! *ildr5's compreh5sion ( ! assignm5ts made by ask+ frequ5tly dur+ ! /udy p]iod = a /atem5t ( ! problem4 ,to read a book intellig5tly1 to p]=m an exp]im5t to advantage1 *ildr5 mu/ "k :at !y seek4 ,! attitude :i* we hope to develop %\ld lead a *ild to ask1 :5 9 d\bt1 su* que/ions z ^!3 8,:at am ,i to try to f9d out f read+ ?is *apt]80 8,:at am ,i to look = on ! excursion80 8,:at is ! problem :i* we are n[ discuss+80 8,is ! report :i* has j be5 made to ! po9t80 8,did ,john's answ] h any?+ to d ) ! "q we are discuss+80 & ! l4 ,:5 *ildr5 h le>n$ to expect to "w t[>d ! accompli%m5t ( "s def9ite result 9 ?\ght z well z 9 action1 :5 !y hold to ! ma9 issue reg>dless ( ! allurem5ts ( subsidi>y problems :i* %\ld be held = lat] inve/igation1 :5 !y become critical ( ! contributions (f]$ by books or by _! companions1 !n1 & n until !n1 h !y tak5 ! fir/ /ep 9 le>n+ to /udy4 ,:5 *ildr5 h become consci\s ( ! mean+ ( ! aim or problem z an elem5t 9 successful /udy1 & :5 _! practice is guid$ by ?is consci\sness1 !y w meet ) ano!r difficulty 9 le>n+ h[ to secure ! data adequate = ! solution ( ! problem4 ,be=e leav+ ! elem5t>y s*ool1 *ildr5 %\ld "k h[ to use diction>ies1 encyclop$ias1 gazette]s1 ye> books1 & ! l4 ,x is pass+ /range t college /ud5ts (t5 seem n to "k ! purpose ei!r ( ! table ( cont5ts or ( ! index 9 ! books :i* !y use4 ,x is pitiful to see a p]son leaf+ ?r\gh a book try+ to f9d in=mation on "s "q at issue1 :5 9 a m9ute he c\ld f9d 9 ! index j ! page or section 9 :i* ?is topic is treat$1 & s sp5d ! "t ga!r+ data in/ead ( wa/+ x 9 a r&om se>* = ! in=mation desir$4 ,x is necess>y to tea* *ildr5 to consult ! indices & tables ( cont5ts ( books1 & to give !m frequ5t practice 9 "w ( ?is k9d1 if !y are commonly to employ ?is device or me?od4 ,ano!r help to ! collection ( data might v well beg9 to be us$ 9 ! int]m$iate grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ool2 x is ! practice ( not+1 :5 m ?an "o book or s\rce ( in=mation is us$1 j :]e ! in=mation is to be f\nd1 & some?+ ( its nature4 ,if ! pupil consults m ?an "o au?ority1 ! "o read la/ may raise que/ions :i* mu/ be answ]$ by a return to ^? us$ e>li]1 & "o ought to be able to turn directly to ! s\rces =m]ly consult$4 ,or x may be t a simil> problem1 or "o hav+ mu* 9 common ) x1 w arise a week or a mon? lat]1 :5 a record ( ! s\rces ( in=mation consult$ be=e w light5 ! "w by half4 ,a record ( ?is sort c\ld be kept 9 notebooks1 or1 z is done by old] p :o "k h[ to "w1 9 a c>d index4 ,( c\rse "w ( ?is k9d presupposes ! use ( "s books o!r ?an a s+le textbook2 & to g v f> 9 giv+ *ildr5 ! comm& ( ! te*nique ( /udy we %all h to provide ourselves ) m ?an a s+le book = a subject4 ,ano!r way by :i* *ildr5 c be greatly help$ is tea*+ !m h[ to take notes & h[ to annotate4 ,!re is no ex]cise m valuable to ! /ud5t1 s f> z 8 future "w is conc]n$1 ?an practice 9 writ+ 9 a v few words ! gi/ ( a p>agraph or page4 ,z !y reflect lat]1 !y may want to "k ! argum5t ( ?is au?ority or t1 b !y mu/ h x 9 cond5s$ =m or !y w be little bett] (f ?an :5 !y began _! "w4 ,a v helpful ex]cise is to h *ildr5 to ab/ract1 ei!r orally or 9 writ+1 a page or two ( a book :i* !y are /udy+1 & to comp>e results4 ,9 ?is "w ! problem is t :i* confronts ! ?9k] at e /age ( 8 "w1 ! selection ( t :i* is relevant & ! disc>d+ ( t :i* is less significant4 ,if we ?9k logically1 among ! mass ( possible data we mu/ always *oose t :i* 9 our judgm5t is relatively mo/ valuable = our purpose4 ,! tea*] 9 ! organization ( mat]ial = pres5tation 9 any subject is confront$ con/antly ) ! problem ( relative values4 ,n all c be pres5t$1 ev5 ?\gh relevant to ! issue involv$2 h5ce1 *oice mu/ be made4 ,& j s1 if ! *ild le>ns to /udy1 to conduct 8 own inve/igations1 he mu/ be made consci\s ( ?is ne$ ( discrim9ation1 & he mu/ be giv5 practice 9 its ex]cise4 ,adequate /udy dem&s n simply t an abundance ( data :i* be> on ! problem be secur$1 b t ! validity ( ! data be br\ght into "q4 ,*ildr5 ought n to accept bl9dly ! /atem5ts ( books or ev5 ( ! tea*]4 ,! "o ?+ :i* *>act]izes ! /ud5t is 8 se>* = tru?1 8 attitude ( inquiry z oppos$ to an appeal to au?ority4 ,x is well = *ildr5 at times to "q ! /atem5ts f\nd 9 _! books :5 exp]i5ce sugge/s ! d\bt4 ,x is equally important1 ( c\rse1 t !y be will+ to ackn[l$ge _! mi/ake1 %\ld pro( be =?com+ 9 support ( ! book4 ,if a *ild really /udies1 he mu/1 ev5 z an adult1 f9d /atem5ts ( fact1 ! records ( obs]vations or exp]im5ts1 :i* are at v>iance ) ! evid5ce :i* he already possesses4 ,x is j 9 ?is p>ticul> t ! /ud5t diff]s f ord9>y m5 :o all[ o!rs to d _! ?9k+ = !m4 ,! /ud5t may n be able to settle ! "q1 & s =ms a judgm5t :i* is frankly t5tative4 ,*ildr5 ought to h ! exp]i5ce ( f9d+ t !re are "s que/ions to :i* a def9ite answ] _c1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 be giv54 ,!y %\ld be %[n1 :]ev] possible1 h[ ! conclusions ( m5 on "s ( ! mo/ important problems t h be5 /udi$ h *ang$ f "t to "t4 ,!y c at times be made to realize ! folly ( ov]ha/y g5]alization4 ,no "o has le>n$ h[ to /udy :o has n be5 tra9$ to reflect ^u 8 exp]i5ce1 :e!r ! exp]i5ce has be5 rec5tly acquir$ ) ! express purpose ( solv+ 8 problem1 or is "s m remote elem5t 9 exp]i5ce :i* may %$ light on ! "q 9 h&4 ,a skillful tea*] c guide 9 ?is process ( reflection1 & w lat] tell !m :at is meant1 & demon/rate = !m some?+ ( ! value ( ! practice4 ,x is q wor? :ile = a /ud5t to "k :5 he has conc5trat$ 8 att5tion ^u a problem1 & j :at is meant by reflection4 ,_m old] p deceive !mselves into ?9k+ t !y are ex]cis+ !mselves 9 ^! directions :5 a slight acqua9tance ) ! elem5ts involv$ 9 fix+ att5tion or 9 reflection might awak5 !m to ! futility ( _! practices4 ,!re ne$ be no?+ occult or h>d to und]/& ab\t ! practice ( /udy4 ,x is n a matt] ( t]m9ology nor ( a sy/ematic c\rse 9 psy*ology1 b r consi/s 9 guid+ ! individual 9 8 practice ( ! art1 & !n mak+ kn[n to him ! elem5ts 9 8 exp]i5ce :i* h meant success or failure4 ,x may be enlight5+ to comp>e ! emphasis ^u c>eful exam9ation ( data1 ! =mation ( t5tative r ?an fix$ judgm5ts1 ! gu>d+ aga9/ ha/y g5]alizations1 & ! emphasis ^u reflection ) ! /eps ( pres5tation1 ( comp>ison & ab/raction1 & ( g5]alization 9 ! inductive lesson1 & ) ! correspond+ /eps ( ! d$uctive lesson4 ,! conviction w probably be deep5$ t :5 ! tea*] in/ructs ! /ud5t 9 ! art ( /udy %e is mak+ available = him ! me?od :i* %e employs 9 in/ruction4 ,?is mu/ be ! relation%ip2 = ! tea*] c d no?+ m ?an take acc\nt ( ! way ! *ild le>ns1 & adapt h] me?od to 8 possibilities4 ,! habit ( v]ification is "o ( ! mo/ important f ! po9t ( view ( le>n+ h[ to /udy4 ,! que/ions :i* ! /ud5t mu/ con/antly ask himself are3 8,c ! conclusions be appli$80 8,d !y always hold80 8,does x "w80 ,f9e-spun !ories are ( little avail1 h[ev] mu* satisfaction ! orig9ator ( !m may h f\nd 9 d]iv+ !m4 ,at e /ep 9 ! progress ( 8 ?\ght ! conclusions mu/ be te/$ by an appeal to kn[n facts4 ,! tea*] _c too frequ5tly insi/ ^u ?is /ep z ! crit]ion ( ! wor? ( ! ?9k+ :i* has be5 done4 ,& ! insi/5ce w be necess>y1 = x seems natural = human be+s to become s enamor$ ( _! !ories t !y hesitate to expose !m to ! te/ :i* may prove !m false4 ,tea*+ *ildr5 to memorize3 ,?r\gh\t ! s*ool life ( ! *ild1 memoriz+ is a regul> "p ( 8 "w4 ,if practice alone 7 necess>y1 e *ild %\ld soon le>n h[ to d ?is k9d ( "w 9 ! mo/ economical mann]4 ,! great difficulty is t (t5 nei!r tea*] nor pupil has giv5 any ?\ght to ! me?od employ$1 _! att5tion hav+ be5 :olly engross$ ) success or failure 9 a*iev+ ! result4 ,x is a well e/abli%$ pr9ciple ( psy*ology t ! possibility ( recall is condition$ by ! sy/em ( ideas ) :i* t :i* we wi% to recall has be5 id5tifi$4 ,! m associations made1 or ! m p]fect our control ( any sy/em ( ideas :i* involves t :i* we wi% to rememb]1 ! great] ! probability ( br++ to m9d ! fact :5 we ne$ x4 ,z ,pr(essor ,james puts x3 8,( two m5 ) ! same outw>d exp]i5ce1 ! "o :o ?9ks ov] 8 exp]i5ces mo/1 & weaves !m into ! mo/ sy/ematic relations ) ea* o!r1 w be ! "o ) ! be/ memory40 ,& along ) ?is fact is ano!r equally important = ! tea*]3 t we may n hope to increase ! native p[] ( ret5tiv5ess4 ,! *ild :om we tea* may be end[$ by nature ) little or mu* p[] ( ?is sort1 & we _c *ange x2 b we c improve 8 me?od ( memoriz+4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 memoriz+ is to und]/&4 ,if we try to commit to memory ! words ( a book :5 we d n fully compreh5d ! mean+1 we are dep5d+ v l>gely on our desultory memory1 i4e4 ^u our ability to rememb] ! ?+s because !y h be5 once pres5t 9 m9d2 & our effici5cy w dep5d :olly ^u our quality ( native ret5tiv5ess4 ,b1 un=tunately1 = want ( k ( a bett] me?od1 *ildr5 are frequ5tly satisfi$ t !y are do+ adequate "w :5 !y are repeat+ ov] & ov] aga9 ! words :i* !y h made little attempt to compreh5d4 ,ev5 :5 ! s5se ( ! words to be memoriz$ is fairly cle>1 x is uneconomical to employ ?is me?od ( accretion4 ,! *ild :o /udies ! poem by say+ fir/ ! fir/ l9e1 !n ! second1 !n ! fir/ & second1 !n ! ?ird1 !n ! fir/1 ! second1 & ! ?ird1 dep5ds ^u m]e repetition1 n ^u ?9k+1 = ! p]si/5ce ( ! impression4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t on ! basis ( ! am\nt ( "t requir$ ?is me?od is uneconomical4 ,add to ?is ! fact t aft] ! fir/ complete repetition1 lat] successful recall dep5ds ^u ! effici5cy ( ! sy/em ( associat$ ideas :i* h be5 e/abli%$2 & !re c be no d\bt ( ! folly ( su* a me?od ( proc$ure4 ,x is no wond] t *ildr5 :o commit to memory 9 ?is way =get s readily4 ,!y may h und]/ood :at !y said :5 !y fir/ repeat$ ! poem2 b ! me?od !y employ$ almo/ precludes ! build+ up ( a sy/em ( associat$ ideas on ! basis ( c>eful ?9k+4 ,if ! *ild has read al\d & und]/&s ! selection to be memoriz$1 ! next ?+ to be done is to analyze x into its pr9cipal ?\ght units2 & !n ea* ( ^! l>ge units ( ?\ght may be aga9 c>efully scrut9iz$ until a full appreciation ( ! ?\ght has be5 accompli%$4 ,! ?\ght ( ! :ole may !n be /at$1 us+ z f> z possible ! words ( ! au?or1 & !n ea* ( ! subdivisions or ?\ght units may be exam9$ 9 m detail 9 ord] to get ! %ade ( mean+ t is br\ght out by ?is or t ^w1 by relation%ip ( cord9ation or subord9ation ( clause1 or ! modification indicat$ by ?is ^w or phrase4 ,x w be necess>y1 z ! "w progresses on ! l>ge ?\ght units into :i* ! selection has be5 divid$1 to return con/antly to ! :ole ?\ght 9 ord] to keep cle> ! relation%ip ( ! "p to ! :ole1 & to e/abli% ! "p 9 ! sy/em ( ideas :i* we seek to build up4 8,all ! evid5ce we h goes to %[ t ! me?od ( memoriz+ by :oles is mo/ economical40#ab ,if *ildr5 7 taught to "w 9 ?is way1 !re w\ld be little drudg]y ab\t memoriz+4 ,! c>eful1 ?\ghtful /udy once complet$1 memorization has be5 accompli%$4 ,! en]gy & att5tion ( ! *ild h n be5 c5t]$ ^u a m]ely te*nical process1 b he has be5 conc]n$ ma9ly 9 try+ to appreciate fully ! ?\ght t he is to make 8 own4 ,memory "w ( ?is k9d is highly educative1 n m]ely because ( ! product1 b also because ( ! process employ$4 ,suppose1 = example1 y wi% *ildr5 to memorize ,/ev5son's ,b$ 9 ,summ]3-- ,9 w9t] ,i get up at night ,& dress by yell[ c&le-light4 ,9 summ]1 q ! o!r way1 ,i h to g to b$ by day4 ,i h to g to b$ & see ,! birds /ill hopp+ on ! tree1 ,or he> ! gr[n-up p's feet ,/ill go+ pa/ me 9 ! /reet4 ,& does x n seem h>d to y1 ,:5 all ! sky is cle> & blue1 ,& ,i %\ld l s mu* to play1 ,to h to g to b$ by day8 ,y w\ld beg9 by read+ ! :ole poem1 call+ to m9d ! exp]i5ces ( ! *ildr5 9 go+ to b$ be=e d>k on ! long summ] ev5+s & ( ! cold1 d>k w9t] morn+s :5 !y may h dress$ be=e x 0 light4 ,! numb] & ! k9d ( explanations :i* w ne$ to be made w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! previ\s exp]i5ce ( ! *ildr5 & ! "t ( ! ye>4 ,!n ! poem might be read aga9 a "t or two4 ,aft] ?is prelim9>y "w has be5 done1 y might ask "s "o to tell y ! /ory4 ,let u suppose t ! reply 0 ab\t z foll[s3 8,a little boy _h to get up be=e x 0 light 9 ! w9t]1 & g to b$ be=e x 0 d>k 9 ! summ]4 ,9 summ] :5 he w5t to b$ he he>d ! birds hopp+ on ! trees & ! p walk+ pa/ him 9 ! /reet4 ,he ?\ght x 0 h>d to h to g to b$ :5 x 0 /ill daylight1 :5 he want$ s mu* to play40 ,if ! ma9 facts 7 less well told1 or if !re 7 notable omissions1 x w\ld be necess>y to get at lea/ an outl9e ( ! ma9 ?\ght be=e proce$+4 ,n[ we are ready to call ! att5tion ( ! *ildr5 to ?ree ma9 ?\ghts1 ea* told 9 a /anza4 ,fir/1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 gett+ up 9 w9t] & go+ to b$ 9 summ]4 ,second1 :at did ! boy 9 ! /ory see & he> :5 he w5t to b$ be=e d>k8 ,?ird1 h[ d y feel :5 y h to g to b$ 9 summ] :ile ! sky is /ill s cle> & blue1 & y w\ld l s mu* to play8 ,x w be v easy to get ! ?\ght ( ! fir/ /anza impress$ 9 ! words ( ! au?or4 ,x w help to read ! :ole poem aga91 ! tea*] mean:ile ask+ ! *ildr5 to pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! way ! au?or says x4 ,possibly !re w be "s difficulty ) 8q ! o!r way10 b skillful que/ion+ w get ! correct =m4 ,& s = ! second & ?ird /anzas2 if ! ?\ght is cle>1 ! words w foll[ v easily4 ,aft] ea* ?\ght has be5 ?us c>efully develop$1 ) ! :ole /ory always 9 m9d1 & ! words ( ! au?or h be5 made ! vehicle ( express+ ! ?\ght by ! *ildr51 x w be advantage\s to h ! poem repeat$ sev]al times by individual memb]s ( ! class4 ,9 ?is repetition ! dramatic elem5t %\ld ent] z f> z possible4 ,to suit ! action to ! ^w1 to really feel :at "o recites1 helps greatly to /r5g!n ! impression1 & ?us aids recall4 ,x may be ?\ght t ! illu/ration us$ 0 p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to illu/rate ! !ory advanc$4 ,or "s tea*] may say t *ildr5 w\ld memorize ,b$ 9 ,summ] )\t tea*+4 ,x may1 !re=e1 n be out ( place to sugge/ t ! be/ way to discov] = "o's self ! value ( ! me?od is to try x4 ,x w "w equally well if ! subject is ,l9coln's ,gettysburg ,address1 a selection f ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,psalm1 or any o!r ma/]piece ( ,engli%4 ,! pr9ciples to be appli$ are ess5tially ! same ev5 :5 v]batim memorization is n requir$4 ,to get la/+ control ( ! facts ( geography or ( hi/ory1 "o mu/ h r$uc$ !m to a sy/em4 ,!re mu/ be a relat+ ( less important facts to m important1 a clu/]+ ( important po9ts ( ref]5ce to any o!r facts :i* are logically relat$4 ,?is1 inde$1 is j :at sci5tific organization means1 & ! ma9 purpose ( su* organization is to r5d] facts m available1 to save labor4 ,! memory is reliev$ ( mu* ( its burd5 :5 once we h e/abli%$ ! relation%ip ( cause & effect1 ( equival5ce1 ( simil>ity1 or ( analogy among facts4 ,x is ?is association ( ideas on a logical basis :i* c\nts mo/ 9 ! possibility ( recall4 ,x is q possible = *ildr51 v e>ly 9 _! s*ool life1 to beg9 to apply ^! pr9ciples & to become consci\s ( ! fact t ! way !y d _! "w has an important be>+ ^u ! ease ) :i* x is accompli%$ & ! p]man5cy ( ! results ga9$4 ,! "w ( ! tea*] is n done by m]ely dictat+ ! me?od1 ev5 ?\gh t may help greatly to e/abli% "r habits ( /udy2 our be/ assurance t ! me?od w be employ$ :5 ! tea*] is n pres5t to direct ! "w is f\nd 9 our k t ! *ildr5 n only habitually1 b also :5 a "q arises or !re is a sugge/ion ( ano!r way1 consci\sly employ ! "r me?od4 ,tea*+ *ildr5 h[ to =m habits3 ,our next problem is to inquire h[ *ildr5 may be l$ consci\sly to employ ! pr9ciples ( habit =mation :5 _! s*ool "w involves "w ( ?is type4 ,!y c be taught ! function ( drill or repetition1 & c be l$ to see "u :at conditions su* "w w prove mo/ successful4 ,x is n difficult to prove to a boy t 8 li/less1 half-he>t$ "w 9 repeat+ ! spell+ ( ! words he has miss$ is mak+ little improvem5t 9 8 ability to spell !m4 ,a boy c be l$ to see by an illu/ration 9 :i* he himself is ! *ief actor t conc5trat$ att5tion w make mu* diff]5ce4 ,let him see h[ mu* he c accompli% 9 t5 m9utes1 & ?us get him 9 ! habit ( us+ ?is means :5 he f9ds t he is n work+ up to 8 normal capacity4 ,%[ him t a new impetus w be giv5 & t att5tion w be easi] if he rev]ses ! ord]1 writes in/ead ( spell+ orally1 or closes 8 eyes & attempts to visualize ! words4 ,no matt] :at motive ! boy has = ! attempt he is mak+1 he w welcome ! sugge/ions :i* make ! task easi]4 ,lat] y c tea* ?is same boy ! ne$ ( v]ification be=e drill+ himself :5ev] a "q ( fact is rais$4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ( c\rse1 ! d\bt or "q w be rais$ by ! tea*]1 & x w be ! *ief "w ( ! *ild to f9d an au?ority & assure himself t he has ! "r idea or =m be=e proce$+4 ,a big /ep 9 ! education ( a *ild has be5 tak5 :5 he is able to say1 8,i "k ,i am "r1 because ,i h consult$ ! commonly accept$ au?ority40 ,occasions w arise con/antly 9 ! /udy ( any subject :]e1 in/ead ( ask+ ! tea*] or be+ satisfi$ ) in=mation :i* is ( que/ionable validity1 ! *ild %\ld1 z a matt] ( habit1 turn to ! au?ority = v]ification4 ,x is n at all unusual = *ildr5 to h misgiv+s1 b !y too frequ5tly end by go+ ahead & ignor+ _! d\bt4 ,to respect "o's d\bts1 to be some:at critical1 is significant = education only :5 "o is l$ !reby to endeavor to discov] ! tru?4 ,*ildr5 w "w to advantage :5 !y realize t ^! /eps ( d\bt1 v]ification1 repetition1 ) undivid$ att5tion1 are ess5tial to good "w4 ,*ildr5 c be taught ! necessity ( accuracy 9 practice4 ,any day's "w 9 a s*oolroom w furni% illu/rations ( ! dang] ( lapses & ! necessity ( gu>d+ aga9/ !m4 ,! fallacy ( ! notion t 8?is "o doesn't c\nt0 c be made j z cle> to *ildr5 z to adults4 ,s1 too1 ! mi/ak5 notion t cramm+ may be sub/itut$ = sy/ematic "w day 9 & day out c be br\ght to ! att5tion ( pupils4 ,x w\ld be a good plan = e tea*] to ask h]self que/ions l ! foll[+3 8,:at w\ld ! *ildr5 d if ,i did n c>efully direct _! "w80 8,h[ mu* bett] able are !y n[ to "w indep5d5tly ?an !y 7 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>80 8,c !y take a book & f9d 9 x ! "p :i* be>s ^u ! topic assign$ = /udy1 & d !y d x ) ! lea/ possible wa/e ( "t & en]gy80 8,d !y "k h[ to memorize2 :at x means to conc5trate _! att5tion2 h[ to reflect80 8,are !y m op5-m9d$ or m dogmatic on acc\nt ( ! ye> sp5t ) me80 8,h !y e/abli%$ ! habit ( v]ification80 8,d !y appreciate ! me?od to be employ$ 9 habit =mation80 ,to answ] ^! que/ions hone/ly w give ! tea*] "s idea ( h] success z a tea*]1 = ! tea*]'s goal is realiz$ 9 proportion z h] pupils h advanc$ 9 p[] to "w indep5d5tly ( h] guidance or control4 ,9 tea*+ *ildr5 h[ to /udy1 x w be well to devote :ole p]iods to ?is type ( ex]cise4 ,! tea*] w ga9 mu* 9 ! progress :i* h] class w make by tak+ a p]iod frequ5tly dur+ :i* %e /udies ) ! *ildr54 ,by example r ?an by precept1 by guid+ *ildr5 9 correct me?ods ( /udy & !n mak+ !m consci\s t !y h done _! "w to ! be/ possible advantage1 r ?an by tell+ !m :at to d1 %e w secure ! maximum ( results 9 h] endeavor to tea* *ildr5 h[ to /udy4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,f4 ,m4 ,mc,murry1 ,h[ to ,/udy4 ,lida ,b4 ,e>h>t1 ,tea*+ ,*ildr5 to ,/udy1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 a k ( ! pr9ciples ( tea*+ & ! attempt to tea* *ildr5 h[ to /udy8 #b4 ,h[ w\ld y tea* a boy to /udy 8 spell+ lesson8 #c4 ,:at ex]cises w\ld y give y\r pupils to make !m able to use books to ! be/ advantage8 #d4 ,/ate five problems :i* y h assign$ to y\r pupils :i* seem to y to h furni%$ a suffici5t motive = /udy4 #e4 ,:i* w\ld be bett] z an assignm5t = a class 9 hi/ory3 8,/udy ! topic ( slav]y = to-morr[02 or1 8,try to f9d out :y slaves 7 n kept 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates02 or1 8,did all ( ! p 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates believe t slav]y %\ld be aboli%$80 #f4 ,:at is ! advantage 9 individual or gr\p assignm5ts8 ,give a li/ ( su* assignm5ts :i* y h rec5tly giv5 to y\r class4 #g4 ,:y is x necess>y 9 /udy+ to re/ate ! problem "u consid]ation at frequ5t int]vals8 #h4 ,:5 *ildr5 /udy1 %\ld !y try to rememb] all t !y read 9 _! books8 #i4 ,is x wise to h *ildr5 critical ( ea* o!r's contributions dur+ a recitation8 #aj4 ,h[ c\ld y hope to tra9 *ildr5 to discrim9ate betwe5 ! mat]ial ( great] & ( less importance :5 !y read books to f9d ! answ]s to _! problems8 #aa4 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! success ( a /udy p]iod :]e t5 problems are giv51 ea* indep5d5t ( ! o!rs8 #ab4 ,h[ w\ld y expect *ildr5 to v]ify ! conclusions :i* !y rea* 9 solv+ _! problems 9 geography1 nature /udy1 or ari?metic8 #ac4 ,take any poem ( f f\r to t5 /anzas1 & h y\r pupils commit x to memory z a :ole by read+ x ov] & discuss+ ! ?\ght z (t5 z may be necess>y4 ,take ano!r poem ( equal l5g? & ( equal difficulty1 accord+ to y\r judgm5t1 & h !m commit x to memory l9e by l9e & /anza by /anza4 7,a good plan w\ld be to take f\r /anzas = ea* te/ f ! same long poem47 ,?ree weeks aft] ea* selection is le>n$1 )\t sugge/+ to ! pupils t ! selection is to be call$ = aga91 f9d out :at "p ( ea* selection c be recall$4 #ad4 ,h[ c\ld y tea* y\r pupils t ! repetitions :i* c\nt :5 /udy+ a spell+ lesson are ! ones :i* are made ) att5tion conc5trat$ ^u ! "w 9 h&8 #ae4 ,is a /udy p]iod 9 ! s*oolroom prop]ly reg>d$ z a re/ p]iod = tea*]s & pupils8 #af4 ,are ! *ildr5 y tea* bett] able to get along )\t a tea*] ?an !y 7 :5 !y came to y8 ,:at evid5ce c y give to %[ t !y c "w indep5d5tly8 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,review ,,or ,,exam9ation ,,lesson ,! review or ! exam9ation1 9 s f> z me?ods ( tea*+ are conc]n$1 pres5t ! same problem4 ,we seek by means ( ex]cises ( ?is type to br+ ab\t a bett] organization ( k1 to te/ ! effici5cy ( our "w by f9d+ out :e!r or n pupils c1 :5 put to ! te/1 utilize ! k or habits :i* we h labor$ to make available = !m1 :e!r !y are actuat$ by ! ideals & purposes :i* we h s\ght to inculcate1 :e!r !y d actually employ ! mo/ economical me?ods ( "w :5 !y meet a situation :i* *all5ges _! /r5g?4 ,x w be recogniz$ at once t "w ( ?is sort is a "p ( e recitation4 ,b = our own satisfaction1 &1 possibly1 9 ord] to meet ! requirem5ts :i* may be impos$ by ^? high] 9 au?ority1 we may at times feel ! ne$ = a /at$ ex]cise ( ?is sort4 ,a review %\ld mean a new view1 a plac+ ( facts 9 _! true relation%ip4 ,x %\ld mean a cle>] view ( ! topic or ! subject :i* ! *ildr5 h be5 /udy+4 ,x avails little to g ov] ! gr\nd t has already be5 cov]$ m rapidly4 ,! purpose to be accompli%$ is n to fix 9 m9d a s]ies ( unrelat$ facts4 ,9 our discussion ( memory we _h occasion to call att5tion to ! fact t recall ( pa/ exp]i5ces 0 condition$ by ! numb] & ! quality ( ! associations :i* _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,& x is n simply a matt] ( recall4 ,! use t we c make ( a fact dep5ds ^u our ability to relate x logically to o!r facts4 ,x is q possible t a man ( great native ret5tiv5ess might be able to recall ?\s&s ( facts1 & yet be /upid1 utt]ly unable to d ! ?9k+ requir$ = effective action4 ,to br+ ab\t su* an organization ( ideas dem&s t f day to day ! new facts or pr9ciples t are le>n$ be consci\sly relat$ to ! old4 ,x w n be economical to put (f all review+ until ! end ( ! mon?1 or qu>t]1 or t]m4 ,! /ep tak5 9 advance to-day c be prop]ly appreciat$ only :5 x is se5 9 relation to t :i* has gone be=e2 & ! "w ( ! pa/ week or mon? w1 9 turn1 by ?is additional ef=t be se5 9 tru] p]spective4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 conv5i5t units into :i* subjects naturally divide !mselves2 & :5 "o ( ^! units has be5 complet$1 x may be well to take a p]iod or two = ! express purpose ( review4 ,we may !n cle> up any misconceptions1 give a *ance = additional v]ification & application ( ! k ?us f> ga9$4 ,x _c be too /rongly emphasiz$ t ! review :i* really c\nts is "o 9 :i* ! tea*] works ) ! *ildr51 guides !m & in/ructs !m1 r ?an sits 9 judgm5t ov] !m4 ,!re is no?+ m disa/r\s to ! be/ type ( "w ?an ! idea on ! "p ( *ildr5 t ! review lesson is ! tea*]'s opportunity to ask cat* que/ions1 or to ov]emphasize unimportant details4 ,*ildr5 respond v quickly 9 su* a situation by _! endeavor to cram1 ) little or no ef=t at organization1 all ( ! facts t !y h be5 taught4 ,a conv5i5t /imulus to ! prop] sort ( review is f\nd 9 ! requirem5t t pupils prep>e an ab/ract or topical outl9e ( ! gr\nd :i* has be5 cov]$1 & submit x1 pref]ably f memory1 = class criticism & discussion4 ,if ! tea*] asks que/ions1 %e %\ld be v c>eful to see t !y are que/ions ( l>ge scope :i* dem& organization1 or /ill bett] ! application ( organiz$ k4 ,?is br+s u to ! problem ( te/+4 ,! only adequate te/ ( s*ool education1 z ( all o!r education1 is action4 ,! ne>] we c 9 our te/s reproduce ! conditions :i* w confront ! *ild 9 actual life1 ! bett]4 ,n t we c always h him actually pres5t 9 ! situation2 b :5 t is impossible1 we c pres5t = 8 consid]ation ideal situations :i* correspond to ^? :i* he w lat] f9d4 ,! possibilities ( pres5t+ precisely ! te/ :i* he w meet & is meet+ 9 life are1 ,i believe1 mu* great] ?an mo/ exam9]s suspect4 ,we h discov]$ aft] _m ye>s t ! be/ te/ ( a *ild's ability to spell 9 ! only situation 9 :i* he w ev] ne$ to spell is to te/ him 9 t situation2 i4e4 by judg+ 8 ability 9 writ+ words 9 connect$ disc\rse4 ,! way to discov] :e!r "o c speak or write grammatically is to li/5 to him speak+ or read+ :at he has writt51 & n to ask him to recite rules ( gramm>4 ,! only real te/ ( a *ild's ability to give adequate oral expression to ! /ory or poem is to see :e!r or n he c make cle> ! ?\ght & furni% enjoym5t to o!rs1 pref]ably to ^? :o h n be=e he>d ! selection :i* he reads4 ,we c assure ourselves t we h awak5$ an int]e/ 9 lit]ature & hi/ory1 :5 we "k t *ildr5 read good books o!r ?an ^? :i* we compel !m to read4 ,! success ( manual "w1 ! "t sp5t 9 art or music1 ought c]ta9ly to be measur$ by ability to make & to decorate1 ! s++ ( songs1 & ! desire to he> music1 or to see pictures4 ,! m occasions t c be f\nd = ! application ( ! ari?metic we tea* 9 actual measurem5ts & computations :i* h real significance to *ildr51 ! bett] w *ildr5 und]/& _! "w1 & ! m c]ta9 we c be ( _! future effici5cy4#ac ,x is com+ to be a recogniz$ pr9ciple ( nature /udy t ! common ?+s1 ! animals & plants :i* are significant = our liv+1 are ! ones :i* %\ld engage our att5tion2 & we expect t *ildr5 w1 on acc\nt ( ! tea*+1 enjoy m1 take bett] c>e (1 & utilize to bett] advantage ! plant & animal life ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,ev5 9 su* subjects z hi/ory & geography1 "o c hope to f9d j su* applications :ile ! *ild is /udy+ z are apt to occur 9 8 lat] life4 ,! pres5tation ( ! results ( ! /udy ( a c\ntry to a s*ool assembly ) ! aid ( pictures & a lant]n1 or ! int]pretation ( curr5t ev5ts 9 ! light ( _! geographic sett+ w af=d no mean te/ ( ! *ildr5's k ( geography4 ,! comp>ison ( to-day's happ5+s 9 ! light ( ! ev5ts ( a decade or a c5tury ago2 ! explanation ( ! hi/orical ref]5ce 9 ! p]iod devot$ to lit]ature2 ! writ+ & pres5tation ( a hi/orical drama1 w af=d z great application ( "o's k z mo/ ( u ev] make4 ,"w ( ! sort indicat$ above w n only s]ve to te/ ! value ( ! "w t *ildr5 h done1 b w also add greatly to ! int]e/ & en?usiasm ) :i* *ildr5 d _! "w4 ,we c sc>cely hope t all exam9ations w satisfy ?is ideal2 b ( ?is we c be sure1 ! m "w ( ?is k9d we d ) our pupils1 ! firm] w be _! grasp ^u _! "w & ! great] is apt to be _! p[] to satisfy ev5 less adequate te/s4 ,exam9ations h ano!r function :i* we z tea*]s %\ld n ov]look4 ,any adequate te/ ( *ildr5's abilities is also a te/ ( our tea*+4 ,x w probably n be be/ = u to try to def5d ourselves by plead+ ! inadequacy ( ! te/1 nor ! backw>dness ( ! pupils :5 !y come to u1 nor _! p>5tage1 nor any o!r less common reason4 ,if *ildr5 d n write z well z !y %\ld1 if !y misspell words !y commonly use 9 _! writt5 "w1 if !y _c tell ! /ory1 recite ! poem1 solve ! problem1 describe ! geographical area1 or relate ! ev5ts ( ! hi/oric p]iod1 we _h bett] inquire :e!r we h help$ !m to "w to be/ advantage1 :e!r we h cle>ly diff]5tiat$ ! sev]al aspects ( our "w & h !n appli$ ! me?ods suitable to accompli% ! desir$ result4 ,!re may be mi/akes made1 b1 all ?+s else be+ equal1 ! tea*] :o gets results is ! be/ tea*]4 ,we %all d bett] "w1 *ildr51 tea*]s1 & sup]visors1 :5 we h provid$ = our use m def9ite /&>ds or scales by :i* to measure our results4 ,!re is no reason :y we %\ld n h a scale :i* w\ld enable u to tell ) a fair degree ( accuracy j :at ! /&+ ( ?is gr\p ( *ildr5 is 9 writ+1 9 ability to p]=m ! fundam5tal op]ations 9 ari?metic1 9 spell+1 9 writ+ compositions1 9 discuss+ ! geography ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 decorat+ a cov] = a notebook1 or 9 any o!r subject or aspect ( _! s*ool "w4 ,beg9n+s h be5 made 9 ?is direction1 & we may hope = m z "t passes4#ad ,z ^! units ( measure are p]fect$ & appli$ 9 exam9+ ! results ( s*ool "w1 we w1 ( c\rse1 he> ! cry ( ^? :o w tell u t ! be/ ?+s t a tea*] does _c be measur$4 ,! obvi\s reply w be t effici5cy 9 accompli%+ results :i* c be measur$ ne$ n 9 any way prev5t a tea*] f ex]cis+ t influ5ce or do+ t sort ( "w :i* is n record$ on exam9ation %eets4 ,r x w be f\nd1 ,i v5ture1 t ! effici5t tea*]s1 z measur$ by ! results :i* we c te/1 are1 on ! :ole1 ! tea*]s t are do+ ! noble/ "w4 ,/r5g? ( p]sonality1 appreciation ( *ild nature1 a life :i* by its example makes = tru? & beauty 9 o!r lives1 are qualities n uncommon 9 ! tea*] :o is glad to be judg$ by ! results :i* pupils c demon/rate4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,w4 ,c4 ,bagley1 ,! ,educative ,process1 ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,w4 ,w4 ,*>t]s1 ,me?ods ( ,tea*+1 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:at is ! purpose ( an exam9ation8 #b4 ,w\ld y be will+1 9 a review ( a l>ge topic 9 hi/ory1 to dem& few] details ?an 9 ! orig9al /udy ( ! topic8 #c4 ,:at is ! value ( an outl9e prep>$ by pupils z a "p ( _! review "w8 #d4 ,:i* is ! bett] te/ ( a boy's ability 9 ,engli%1 a high m>k 9 an exam9ation 9 gramm>1 or a well writt5 /ory ( a fi%+ trip writt5 = a s*ool pap]8 #e4 ,prep>e a s]ies ( que/ions :i* y ?9k might be us$ to advantage 9 ! exam9ation ( a class t has be5 /udy+ ! geography ( ,europe4 #f4 ,give z _m illu/rations z y c ( ! application ( ! k ga9$ 9 s*ool to situations 9 :i* ! pupils use _! in=mation or skill to satisfy ne$s comp>able to ^? :i* "o meets 9 ev]yday life4 #g4 ,:at is meant by say+ t a review %\ld mean a new view8 #h4 ,d *ildr5 commonly fail 9 exam9ations :5 !y h be5 well taught8 #i4 ,%\ld *ildr5 be promot$ solely ^u ! m>ks made 9 exam9ations8 #aj4 ,a boy's av]age 9 an exam9ation 0 #fg p] c5t4 ,an exam9ation ( ! m>ks he receiv$ %[$ ! foll[+ results3 geography #hj p] c5t1 hi/ory #ajj p] c5t1 composition #hj p] c5t1 spell+ #gj p] c5t1 ari?metic #dj p] c5t1 gramm> #dj p] c5t1 & draw+ #fj p] c5t4 ,! pass+ m>k 0 #gj p] c5t2 w\ld y h promot$ ! boy8 #aa4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld reviews be conduct$8 #ab4 ,%\ld *ildr5 be notifi$ 9 advance t exam9ations w be held on c]ta9 days or weeks ( ! t]m8 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,recitation ,,lesson ,! recitation lesson z commonly conduct$ consi/s 9 hav+ *ildr5 tell :at !y h read 9 _! textbooks4 ,sometimes ! tea*] accepts or ev5 dem&s t ! pupils recite by repeat+ ! words ( ! book4 ,bett] tea*+ requires r t !y r5d] ! ?\ght ( ! au?or 9 _! own language4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all discuss "s ( ! wor?y ends :i* may be accompli%$ by su* an ex]cise1 "s ( ! common defici5cies 9 "w ( ?is type1 & ! modifications :i* are advisable 9 ! light ( ! pr9ciples already enunciat$4 ,! recitation lesson commonly te/s ! pupil's memory = facts4 ,! que/ions ask$ & answ]$ s]ve to reveal to ! tea*] ! k or lack ( x on ! "p ( ! pupil4 ,9 a way ?is te/+ also gives ! tea*] "s idea ( ! am\nt ( "w done by ! pupil4 ,! great weakness ( "w ( ?is k9d is f\nd 9 ! t5d5cy to dem& & to accept words1 ! rehe>s+ ( facts unrelat$ & unorganiz$4 ,( c\rse ?is ne$ n be true1 s9ce x is entirely )9 ! p[] ( ! tea*] to frame h] que/ions 9 su* a way t ! pupil's grasp on ! :ole topic r ?an 8 memory = isolat$ facts is te/$4 ,! recitation :i* te/s ! pupil's ability to pres5t 9 ord]ly fa%ion ! sub/ance ( ! ?\ght f\nd 9 ! sections assign$ 9 ! book = /udy is ( g5u9e value4 ,! topical recitation af=ds an opportunity to develop on ! "p ( *ildr5 ! ability to /& on _! feet & speak to a "q = "s m9utes4 ,& x may be sugge/$ 9 ?is connection t we %\ld develop m p[] ( ?is sort ?an is commonly f\nd 9 our s*ools4 ,! ability to express "o's self adequately on ! topic "u consid]ation w always make = effectiv5ess 9 social life4 ,x w\ld be well to te/ ! progress ( our pupils f grade to grade by _! ability to speak m effectively & = a long] p]iod z !y advance ?r\gh ! s*ool1 on "s topic connect$ ) _! s*ool "w4 ,:5 pupils are requir$ n simply to recite on "s topic :i* is pres5t$ = _! consid]ation1 b are requir$ to furni% _! own outl9e & to recite on ! basis ( _! own organization ( ! selections :i* !y h read1 ! recitation may become a valuable ex]cise 9 ?9k+4 ,! success ( "w ( ?is k9d w dep5d ^u ! def9it5ess ) :i* ! problem or aim ( ! "w has be5 provid$4 ,x w n require mu* ?\ght simply to foll[ ! p>agraph head+s or m>g9al notes ( ! au?or & to pres5t ! organization z a basis = recitation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a problem has be5 sugge/$ ! solution ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ! pages assign$ = /udy1 !n ! recitation may te/ ! pupil's p[] to analyze & organize ! mat]ial :i* ! book provides4 ,& ?is is ! only te/ ( a ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! book4 ,we d n read to f9d out ev]y?+ t an au?or says4 ,our ne$s may dem& a v diff]5t ord]+ ( facts1 we may use facts 9 entirely new relations1 & may ignore mu* t 0 ess5tial f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,*ildr5 h read _! textbooks ?or\ghly :5 !y h d]iv$ f ^! texts ! facts or ideas :i* are ess5tial 9 ! solution ( _! problem1 ! satisfaction ( ! aim :i* !y hope to realize4 ,?is ability to use to be/ advantage a book is a v valuable accompli%m5t4 ,:5 ! recitation lesson accompli%es ?is result1 x ju/ifies its use4 ,too frequ5tly we f9d adults :o seem to feel t !y mu/ try to ga!r all ( ! k & mu/ try to foll[ none o!r ?an ! au?or's po9t ( view 9 _! read+4 ,^! p]sons read "o book1 &1 z a result1 believe "o !ory4 ,x seems n to di/urb !m greatly t ! next book !y read takes ! opposite po9t ( view & t !y range !mselves on t side ( ! "q4 ,books are1 or at lea/ ought to be1 our s]vants1 n our ma/]s1 & 9 ! h&l+ ( books 9 8 regul> s*ool "w ! *ild ought to come to realize _! true function4 ,!re is no great] pro( ( a lack ( ?\ght ?an ! ready acceptance ( :atev] "o f9ds 9 pr9t4 ,!re is great dang] 9 ! use ( textbooks t *ildr5 & tea*]s w become satisfi$ ) words1 t !y w come to ?9k t ! repetition ( ! =mula ( ! textbook is pro( ( k4 ,textbooks are all too (t5 m]ely books ( texts4 ,!y h be5 made frequ5tly en\gh by ^? :o possess a v wide k ( ! field 9 :i* !y write2 & by "s /range process ( ?\ght !y h app>5tly rea*$ ! conclusion t ! way to make a subject simple is to cond5se x4 ,_m ( our mo/ us$ textbooks are m]ely summ>ies or outl9es ( ! subject treat$4 ,!y lack ri*ness ( detail1 & /ate conclusions in/ead ( furni%+ a l>ge numb] ( exp]i5ces1 f :i* "o may1 ?r\gh processes ( logical ?\ght1 d]ive ! g5]alizations ( ! subject4 ,take1 = example1 mo/ ( ! textbooks 9 hi/ory = elem5t>y s*ools1 & read c>efully ^u any topic select$ at r&om1 & !n ask y\rself j :at ^! words mean to twelve-ye>-old *ildr52 or1 bett] /ill1 ask ^! *ildr5 :o repeat s glibly ! words or reproduce ! /atem5ts ( ! book j :at !y mean by ! words !y use4 ,try to discov] :e!r !y h any adequate k ( facts1 or any comm& ( images1 :i* w\ld make possible ! g5]alizations :i* !y give z a result ( ! process ( ?\ght4 ,rememb] t a textbook is n logical = *ildr5 because x has be5 logically arrang$ by ! s*ol>4 ,! te/ is r to be f\nd 9 ! pupil's ability to reproduce 9 8 own ?9k+ ! /eps :i* h made possible ! conclusions ( ! au?or4 ,any wide-awake tea*] c make h] "w m int]e/+ & m significant = *ildr51 if %e w c>efully provide = ! enri*m5t ( ! text4 ,! s\rces f :i* data c be ga!r$1 reg>dless ( ! subject "u consid]ation1 are almo/ )\t numb]4 ,especially to be recomm5d$ are ! /&>d works 9 ! subjects4 ,x w be int]e/+ to discov] t *ildr5 w\ld r read ,p>kman ?an to /udy ! text 9 :i* "s less compet5t p]son has endeavor$ to tell 8 /ory 9 a few p>agraphs :i* mean absolutely no?+ to ! *ild4 ,! magaz9es :i* publi% articles ( wide social int]e/ w furni% mu* helpful mat]ial4 ,!re is no s*ool t may n greatly enri* its "w by an appeal to ! actual exp]i5ces ( ! *ildr5 & by c>efully direct$ obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 ,we ne$ our textbooks z a summ>y1 z a conv5i5t cond5s$ outl9e1 or z books ( ref]5ce2 b we mu/ provide z be/ we c o!r books ( ref]5ce :i* w furni% ! details :i* are impossible 9 ! limit$ numb] ( pages all[$ to ! text4 ,9 e room ( e s*ool a libr>y ( books1 pamphlets1 magaz9e articles1 & illu/rative mat]ial %\ld be f\nd1 & e tea*] %\ld expect to increase ?is collection & to improve its quality z ! ye>s g by4 ,x w give new mean+ to notebooks & note-tak+1 if bo? tea*] & *ildr5 realize t ! books ?us prep>$ are a real addition to ! texts us$4 ,a comp>ison ( ! "w done by diff]5t memb]s ( ! class w add int]e/ 9 ! "w4 ,"o ( ! greate/ defici5cies ( ! recitation lesson is ! dang] t no?+ new w be pres5t$4 ,x is n intellectually /imulat+ to li/5 to o!rs :o repeat simply ! ?\ght ) :i* y are already famili>4 ,:]e good notebook "w is done & report$ ^u1 ! *ance = new ideas1 ! /imulus to ?\ght1 ?r\gh ! pres5tation ( new mat]ial1 w greatly /r5g!n ! "w4 ,a t5d5cy 9 "w ( ?is type to accept vague & indef9ite answ]s is ano!r argum5t aga9/ ! recitation lesson :i* consi/s m]ely 9 rehe>s+ ! words ( ! book4 ,/atem5ts are apt to be vague :5 ideas are vague1 & we may n expect ideas to be v cle> :5 ! *ild lacks exp]i5ce4 ,! *ild's p[] ( expression1 aside f ! diff]5ce 9 orig9al tal5t 9 ?is direction1 is condition$ fir/ ( all by 8 acqua9tance ) ?+s & processes4 ,! recitation lesson1 z x is ord9>ily conduct$1 gives little opportunity = ?is sort ( fir/h& k4 ,to "w at ! s& table1 to con/ruct ) wood1 clay1 pap]1 or y>n1 to exp]im5t1 & to obs]ve c>efully ! work+ ( nature may mean m = ! comm& ( language ?an mu* m "t devot$ to s-call$ language lessons4 ,b ! effective use ( su* exp]i5ce = language gr[? dep5ds 9 a measure ^u ! requirem5t t ! tea*] makes = adequate expression4 ,! tea*] :o accepts ! vague & indef9ite answ] enc\rages slov5ly habits ( expression & incid5tally slov5ly habits ( ?\ght4 ,x is usually a mi/ake to say to a *ild3 8,i "k :at y mean ev5 ?\gh y h n said x40 ,*ildr5 are (t5 lazy en\gh to all[ ! tea*] to d _! ?9k+ = !m1 if ! tea*] will+ly accepts ! burd54 ,?9k+ is necess>y = expression2 language is ! tool ( ?\ght2 we c d no great] s]vice to *ildr5 ?an to hold !m = :at !y say1 give !m cr$it = ! ?\ght :i* !y express & no m4 ,words = *ildr51 z well z = adults1 are us$ to conceal ignorance z well z to reveal ?\ght4 ,a *ild is quick to take advantage ( ! tea*] :o w accept any sort ( an answ] & int]pret x z a /atem5t conta9+ ?\ght4 ,inde$1 x is possible t a *ild may ev5 come to ?9k t 8 incoh]5t /atem5ts1 8 ^w juggl+1 really repres5t ?\ght4 ,ano!r dang] 9 ! recitation lesson is f\nd 9 ! t5d5cy to develop ! purely individuali/ic attitude4 ,if excell5ce consi/s 9 endeavor+ to repeat m ( ! book /atem5t ?an any "o else1 manife/ly x is y\r advantage to h9d] r ?an to help o!rs 9 _! "w4 ,! attitude ( excessive competition on ! "o h&1 & ( indiff]5ce on ! o!r1 are bo? avoid$ :5 *ildr5 "w toge!r = common ends4 ,! /&>d ( ! s*ool %\ld be cop]ation & helpfulness4 ,! recitation lesson 9 its lea/ desirable aspects w n disappe> until all ( our tea*]s realize t tea*+ does n consi/ 9 he>+ lessons4 ,! broad] ! tra9+ ( ! tea*]1 ! bett] h] und]/&+ ( *ild nature & ( ! mean+ ( education1 ! less likely is %e to resort to ?is me?od to any consid]able degree4 ,we %all1 x is true1 s long z we use textbooks1 take occasion to discov] :at use *ildr5 h made ( !m2 b ?is te/+ w be incid5tal to our tea*+1 & n ! sum & sub/ance ( x4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,w4 ,c4 ,bagley1 ,! ,educative ,process1 ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:y is a recitation 9 :i* ! tea*] asks fifty que/ions :i* te/ ! pupil's k ( ! facts record$ 9 ! book n p>ticul>ly valuable8 #b4 ,:y ask pupils to recite by topics r ?an ask que/ions :i* w br+ out ! facts conc]n+ ea* topic treat$ 9 ! book8 #c4 ,discuss ! use ( ! textbook 9 tea*+ f ! po9t ( view ( bo? tea*] & pupil4 #d4 ,:5 h y read a book ?or\ghly8 ,ought we ev] to try to rememb] all t ! book tells8 #e4 ,x is ess5tial 9 a democracy t p ?9k = !mselves2 h[ w\ld y develop ?is indep5d5t attitude 9 *ildr58 #f4 ,:5 *ildr5 say t !y "k b _c tell1 h[ well d !y "k2 h[ cle>ly h !y ?\ght8 #g4 ,if a pupil recites ! words ( ! book1 does he "k ! subject8 ,h[ w\ld y te/ fur!r ! ext5t ( 8 k8 #h4 ,f9d examples 9 "s textbook :i* y use ( /atem5ts :i* mean little to *ildr5 :o use ! books4 #i4 ,h[ w\ld y plan to supplem5t ! textbooks :i* y use8 ,give examples8 #aj4 ,:y d *ildr5 %[ a lack ( int]e/ 9 recitations :]e ! tea*] te/s ! class on _! k ( ! facts record$ 9 ! text8 ,h[ c ! situation be improv$8 #aa4 ,:y is x g5]ally a mi/ake to int]pret to ! class ! answ]s giv5 by ! pupil recit+8 #ab4 ,"u :at conditions is x bett] to h books op5 9 class ?an to te/ pupils on _! k ( ! facts record$ 9 ! text8 #ac4 ,if a pupil reproduces accurately a l9e ( reason+ record$ 9 8 book1 has he necess>ily ?\ght ?r\gh ! situation = himself8 #ad4 ,:at d ! foll[+ p>agraphs mean to a class ( pupils f twelve to f\rte5 ye>s ( age8 ,h !y def9ite images8 ,d !y fully und]/& :at ! au?or means8 8,! ,puritans4--,! ,new ,engl& colonies 7 f\nd$ by ,engli% ,puritans :o left ,engl& because !y c\ld n d z !y wi%$ 9 ! home l&4 ,all ,puritans 7 agre$ 9 wi%+ = a fre] gov]nm5t ?an !y _h _h 9 ,engl& "u ! ,/u>t k+s1 & 9 /ate matt]s 7 really ! lib]als ( _! "t4 ,9 religi\s matt]s1 h[ev]1 !y 7 n all ( "o m9d4 ,"s ( !m wi%$ to make only a few *anges 9 ! *ur*4 ,^! 7 call$ ,non-,con=mi/s4 ,o!rs wi%$ to make s _m *anges 9 religion t !y c\ld n /ay 9 ! ,engli% ,/ate ,*ur*4 ,^! 7 call$ ,sep>ati/s4 ,! settl]s ( ,plym\? 7 ,sep>ati/s2 ! settl]s ( ,bo/on & neighbor+ t[ns 7 ,non-,con=mi/s40 8,unlike ! poor humble ,pilgrims 7 ! f\nd]s ( ,massa*usetts4 ,!y 7 m5 ( weal? & social position1 z1 = in/ance1 ,john ,w9?rop & ,sir ,ri*>d ,salton/all4 ,!y left com=table homes 9 ,engl& to f\nd a ,puritan /ate 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y got a tract ( l& ext5d+ f ! ,m]rimac to ! ,*>les1 & we/w>d across ! cont95t4 ,hundr$s ( coloni/s came ov] 9 ! ye> #afbi-afcj4 ,!y settl$ ,bo/on1 ,salem1 & neighbor+ t[ns4 ,9 ! next t5 ye>s ?\s&s m jo9$ !m4 ,f ! beg9n+ ,massa*usetts 0 /rong & prosp]\s4 ,among s _m p !re 7 "s :o did n get on well ) ! rul]s ( ! colony40#ae ,pr(essor ,johnson asks1 8,d ! *ildr5 see or feel any?+ b words8 ,d !y see ,puritans8 ,d !y see any?+ t ! ,puritans might *ange or any reason = *ang+ x8 ,d !y see any?+ t happ5$ 9 ,am]ica8444 ,b :at d ! words actually tell ab\t ! circum/ances ( ! ,puritans8444 ,c any "o ?9k t su* /atem5ts really convey in=mation ab\t ! ,puritans to "o :o is be+ introduc$ to !m = ! fir/ "t80#af ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,que/ion+ ,9 all tea*+ mu* dep5ds ^u ! skill ) :i* ! tea*] /imulates & guides ! class by means ( ! que/ions :i* %e asks4 ,occasionally "o f9ds a tea*] :o seems to ?9k t ! sole purpose ( que/ion+ is to te/ ! k ( h] pupils4 ,%e asks hundr$s ( que/ions :i* c be answ]$ m]ely by an appeal to ! memory4 ,?is sort ( te/+ is valuable = review1 b x does n necessitate ?\ght4 ,:5 a tea*] habitually asks ^! fact que/ions1 ! *ildr5 respond by try+ to rememb] ! words or ! facts giv5 9 _! books4 ,a type ( "q /ill less wor?y is ! direct "q1--! "o t c be answ]$ by yes or no4 ,! tea*] :o asks1 8,is ,albany on ! ,hudson ,riv]80 does n expect ! *ildr5 to ?9k4 ,if !y are fairly bright1 !y w probably guess f h] inflection :e!r ! answ] is yes or no4 ,9 any ev5t1 aft] "o guess has be5 made !re is only "o alt]native1 & ! pupil :o answ]s second (t5 deceives bo? ! tea*] & himself into ?9k+ t he really knew ! answ]4 ,! "q :i* sugge/s an alt]native is 9 effect ! same z a direct "q ) its alt]native answ] ( yes & no4 8,does ! e>? turn on its axis f ea/ to we/ or f we/ to ea/80 is no bett] ?an to ask1 8,does ! e>? turn on its axis f we/ to ea/80 ,inde$1 ! alt]native "q 9 ! example giv5 is worse ?an ! direct =m1 s9ce x sugge/s a wrong answ] :i* may make suffici5t impression to confuse ! pupils :5 ! "q arises aga94 ,! lead+ or sugge/ive "q is mu* us$ by tea*]s :o attempt to develop ) *ildr5 g5]alizations = :i* !y h no basis 9 k4 ,x is p]fectly possible to h *ildr5 give "s sort ( expression to ! mo/ pr(\nd g5]alizations ( sci5ce or philosophy1 if "o is only skillful 9 sugge/+ ! answ]s :i* !y are to give4 ,z an example ( ?is sort ( que/ion+1 ! foll[+ is tak5 almo/ v]batim f a tea*] :o ?\ght %e 0 hav+ h] *ildr5 ?9k ab\t ! gr[? ( plants4 8,did y plant y\r fl[]s :]e ! sun w\ld %9e on !m8 ,d y ?9k plants w\ld gr[ 9 a v d>k place8 ,:at d plants ne$ to help !m to gr[8 ,:5 ! gr\nd gets dry1 :at w y spr9kle on ! gr\nd to help ! plants to gr[8 ,:at d plants ne$ besides light to make !m gr[8 ,w\ld y\r plants gr[ if x 0 v cold8 ,:at d plants ne$ besides light & moi/ure to make !m gr[80 ,if su* a s]ies ( sugge/ive que/ions is ask$1 ! responses w be prompt & ! wav+ ( h&s mo/ vigor\s1 b surely !re has be5 v little necessity = ?9k+ on ! "p ( ! *ildr54 ,?is br+s u to ! crux ( ! :ole problem4 ,a "q 9 ord] to be mo/ /imulat+ mu/ be ( suffici5t scope to dem& t ! exp]i5ce ( ! *ildr5 be organiz$ anew ) ref]5ce to ! problem "u consid]ation4 ,! tea*] :o wants to te/ ! quality ( h] que/ions ought frequ5tly to ask h]self :e!r h] que/ions are ( suffici5t scope4 ,if all ! *ildr5 c answ] e "q ask$ imm$iately1 ! que/ions h n be5 v successful f ! /&po9t ( provok+ ?\ght4 ,x takes "t to ?9k4 ,! "q ( l>ge scope w be foll[$1 n by a wild wav+ ( h&s1 b r by a p]iod ( quiet reflection4 ,! tea*] :o 0 try+ to h h] pupils ?9k ab\t ! conditions ( plant gr[? %\ld h ask$ "o or two ?\ght-provok+ que/ions in/ead ( ! l>g] numb] ( sugge/ive que/ions4 ,%e might h put ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,:at h y kn[n any "o to d to get good1 /rong1 heal?y plants8 ,w\ld x be possible to *ange any ( ^! conditions & /ill h ! be/ plants8 ,:at is necess>y = ! gr[? ( plants8 ,if que/ions simil> to ! above are ask$1 "o might naturally expect *ildr5 to relate & to comp>e exp]i5ces1 9 fact1 to solve ! problem by br++ to be> z be/ !y c\ld ! facts conc]n+ plant gr[? :i* _h be5 obs]v$ 9 _! exp]i5ce4 ,if ! tea*] wants ! *ildr5 to get "s adequate idea ( a m\nta91 9 _! "w 9 home geography %e might tell !m ab\t x or read !m a description2 b ev5 aft] ! be/ description %e w\ld want to "q !m 9 ord] to h !m ?9k ab\t ! facts :i* _h be5 giv54 ,%e might ask3 ,h[ long d y ?9k x w\ld take a man to walk to ! top ( a m\nta98 ,:at w\ld be ! difficulties 9 gett+ to ! top8 ,if y /ood on ! top & ?rew a /one1 h[ f> d[n ! m\nta9 d y ?9k x w\ld g8 ,to ask good que/ions takes c>eful ?\ght & plann+ on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,a half doz5 ?or\ghly good que/ions (t5 make a recitation a mo/ /imulat+ ex]cise 9 ?9k+1 :ile ! abs5ce ( ?is prep>ation on ! "p ( ! tea*] n infrequ5tly results 9 ! ord9>y li/less class p]iod1 :i* may actually be h>mful f ! /&po9t ( ! *ild's intellectual gr[?4 ,x w\ld be well = e tea*] to ask h]self ! foll[+ que/ions :5 %e is dissatisfi$ ) ! results ( h] tea*+3 ,7 my que/ions cle> & concise8 ,did !y *all5ge ! att5tion ( all ! memb]s ( ! class8 ,did ! *ildr5 ne$ to ?9k1 to organize _! exp]i5ce ) ref]5ce to ! problem 9 h& be=e !y answ]$8 ,0 ! sequ5ce good8 ,0 x possible = e *ild to answ] "s ( ! que/ions8 ,did ea* *ild h a *ance to answ]8 ,did ! *ildr5 ask que/ions8--,:5 *ildr5 are active m5tally1 !y w h que/ions to ask4 ,9 ask+ que/ions mu* dep5ds ^u ! novelty ( ! =m 9 :i* ! "q is put or ( ! issue :i* is pres5t$4 ,! writ] has enjoy$ ask+ sev]al gr\ps ( tea*]s :y !y tea*4 ,! answ]s h be5 mo/ v>i$1 & on ! :ole indicate ! real attitude ( ^! m5 & wom5 t[>d _! "w4 ,a v diff]5t response is secur$1 h[ev]1 :5 y ask ! same gr\ps to def9e ! aim ( education4 ,!y w all pr(ess t !y hope to realize ! aim ( education 9 _! tea*+1 & t x is because !y hope to p>ticipate 9 ! developm5t ( socially effici5t m5 & wom5 t !y tea*2 always provid$ y h ask$ a "q conc]n+ ! aim ( education4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two situations is acc\nt$ = by ! diff]5ce 9 ! word+ ( ! "q4 ,9 ! "o case ^! tea*]s really ask$ !mselves ! "q--:y d ,i tea*8 ,!y answ]$ 9 t]ms ( _! exp]i5ce4 ,"s taught = money1 "s because x 0 a respectable call+1 "s = want ( any?+ bett] to d1 "s because !y lik$ *ildr51 & "s because ( _! appreciation ( ! significance ( education 9 our mod]n democratic society4 ,9 ! o!r case1 ! answ]s 7 giv5 9 words convey+ ideas :i* 7 suppos$ to be ^? mo/ acceptable to ! tea*]4 ,x is (t5 helpful to /ate ! opposite ( ! common expression ( a g5]alization & to sugge/ t y are will+ to ma9ta9 ?is po9t ( view4 ,! be/ lesson t ! writ] ev] conduct$ on induction & d$uction 0 begun ) ! /atem5t3 8,induction always beg9s ) a g5]alization & moves to ! consid]ation ( p>ticul>s4 ,d$uction always beg9s ) a p>ticul> & moves to a g5]alization40 ,! class 0 excit$ because ! usual =m ( expression _h be5 rev]s$1 &1 be=e ! p]iod 0 ov]1 did "s ?9k+ ab\t ! commonly accept$ def9itions ( induction & d$uction4 ,^! def9itions _h really be5 no?+ b a lot ( words to juggle )1 r ?an ! embodim5t ( cle> ideas4 ,?is me?od ( %ock ?r\gh ! unfamili> =m ( ! "q1 or by means ( a /atem5t :i* *all5ges att5tion because x is seem+ly contr>y to ! accept$ =mula1 is "o ( ! sure/ means available to ! tea*] :o w\ld /imulate ?\ght4 ,x may be object$ by "s tea*] t ! =m ( "q indicat$ above gives little or no place to ! necess>y recit+ f books2 t :5 "o wants to discov] :e!r ! pupils h /udi$ c>efully ! cont5t ( a text1 ! "o way to be sure is to ask ! fact "q4 ,9 reply1 x may be said t que/ions :i* call = ! use or organization ( facts dem& n only ! k dem&$ by ! fact "q1 b ! m significant use ( ^! data4 ,x is true t "s tea*]s /ill he> lessons4 ,on ! :ole1 !re is too mu* tell+ ( :at ! book says & too little tea*+4 ,! skillful tea*]1 9 ! assignm5t ( h] lesson1 w give ! *ildr5 problems conc]n+ :i* !y c f9d in=mation 9 _! books4 ,! recitation w dem& ! answ] to ! que/ions t h be5 put previ\sly1 z well z to su* o!r que/ions z may be necess>y 9 ! developm5t ( ^! problems4 ,if ! book is to be giv5 a l>g] place1 ! recitation may be topical4 ,"h1 aga91 ! l>ge topics :i* are assign$ %\ld dem& n a repetition ( ! head+s & p>agraphs ( ! book1 b r ! outl9e furni%$ by ! tea*]1 or1 bett] /ill1 made by ! class2 %\ld necessitate a reorganization ( ! mat]ial ( ! text4 ,!re is little use 9 try+ to furni% *ildr5 ) ! k ( an encyclop$ia4 ,!y w =get all except t :i* has become "p ( a sy/em or s*eme ( ideas :i* h mean+ & significance because ( _! organization4 ,x is true t facts are ! raw mat]ial ( ?9k+1 & x is equally true t ^? facts :i* h _h "s place 9 our ?9k+ are ! ones :i* we reta9 = future use4 ,aside f ! =m ( ! "q1 ! tea*] mu/ consid] ! te*nique ( que/ion+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common mi/akes is to call on ! bright *ildr5 almo/ to ! exclusion ( ! less capable4 ,! writ] has repeat$ly foll[$ closely ! di/ribution ( que/ions among ! memb]s ( a class1 only to discov] t (t5 f "o f\r? to two ?irds ( ! class 7 n call$ ^u at all1 & t g5]ally ?ree f\r?s or m ( ! que/ions 7 address$ to a v small numb] ( *ildr54 ,mo/ tea*]s w\ld f9d x int]e/+ to keep a record = a few days ( ! numb] ( que/ions assign$ to ea* *ild4 ,su* a score w\ld help to expla9 ! lack ( int]e/ & backw>dness ( "s pupils4 ,"o hesitates to sugge/ t que/ions %\ld n be giv5 to ! pupils 9 any regul> ord] f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! class by r[s ( seats or o!rwise4 ,( c\rse ! tea*] :o does ?is notifies ! memb]s ( ! class t !y ne$ n be tr\bl$ ab\t ! "w until _! turn comes4 ,almo/ z bad1 f ! /&po9t ( ma9ta9+ ! feel+ ( responsibility by ! :ole class1 is ! me?od ( ask+ que/ions :i* prefixes ! "q ) ! "n ( ! *ild :o is to answ]4 ,:5 ! tea*] says1 8,george1 w y summ>ize ! po9ts :i* h j be5 made10 ,john1 ,h5ry1 ,m>y1 ,ca!r9e1 & all ! re/ realize t !re is no?+ = !m to d4 ,! tea*] %\ld r ann\nce h] "q1 & !n wait long en\gh = all to be active be=e call+ on any "o4 ,ano!r s\rce ( lack ( att5tion is f\nd 9 ! "q :i* is repeat$4 ,*ildr5 soon come to "k :e!r !y mu/ li/5 :5 ! "q is fir/ put1 or :e!r !y may wait until ! second or ?ird /atem5t be=e !y w be call$ ^u4 ,!re is ano!r weakness (t5 %[n 9 repeat+ que/ions1 viz43 ! "q is v>i$ 9 =m1 :i*1 9 "s cases1 leads to confusion 9 ! m9ds ( att5tive pupils1 or ! diff]5t =ms us$ enable ! *ild to guess ! answ] :i* is desir$4 ,to repeat que/ions is to ackn[l$ge ei!r t ! =m 9 :i* x 0 fir/ put 0 n good or t ! *ildr5 7 n expect$ to att5d to ! fir/ /atem5t ( ! problem4 ,ei!r alt]native w be avoid$ by a ?\ghtful1 well prep>$ tea*]4 ,! besett+ s9 ( mo/ tea*]s is ! practice ( repeat+ ! answ]s giv5 by *ildr54 ,if ! recitation is a place :]e *ildr5 are to discuss _! problems toge!r1 !n e answ] %\ld be address$ to ! :ole class1 n to ! tea*]4 ,! tea*] :o repeats ea* answ] _c expect ! *ildr5 ei!r to recite to ! class or to pay att5tion to ! "o :o is speak+4 ,"h is ano!r *ance = an int]e/+ exp]im5t4 ,score "o e "t y repeat an answ]1 & !n try to see h[ soon y c elim9ate ?is bad habit4 ,x is (t5 helpful to /& or sit 9 "s "p ( ! room n directly 9 front ( ! class4 ,! fact t ! tea*] is among ! class1 "o ( !m at lea/ 9 position 9 ! room1 w make x some:at easi] = *ildr5 to talk to ! :ole gr\p4 ,?is habit ( repeat+ ! answ] really gr[s out ( ! feel+ :i* s _m tea*]s h t ! function ( que/ions is to te/ = facts1 & t 9 ! recitation ! answ] %\ld be address$ to ! tea*] & giv5 by h] to ! class s t all may be made aw>e ( ! correct answ]4 ,! position :i* has be5 ma9ta9$ is t ! ma9 purpose ( que/ion+ is to /imulate ?\ght4 ,ev5 if que/ions 7 ma9ly useful z a means ( te/+ = facts1 x w\ld /ill be unwise to repeat ! answ]s4 ,que/ion+ by ! tea*] :i* does n lead to ! ask+ ( que/ions by pupils is unsatisfactory4 ,if ! *ildr5 are ?9k+1 really try+ to solve ! problem at issue1 !y w h que/ions ( _! own4 ,if any s+le te/ 7 to be appli$ to ! /r5g? ( ! tea*]'s que/ions1 ?is w\ld probably be be/4 ,ne$less to say1 ! que/ions :i* *ildr5 ask %\ld1 z a rule1 be address$ to ! class1 or to "s "o memb] ( ! class1 & n to ! tea*]4 ,"s ( ! be/ lessons are ^? :i* end ) *ildr5's que/ions /ill unansw]$1 ^! problems furni%+ ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! /udy :i* is to prec$e ! next day's "w4 ,if any "o ?9ks t que/ion+ is a simple matt]1 "o t des]ves less consid]ation ?an has be5 giv5 to x1 let him sit d[n & write f\r or five good que/ions :i* might be us$ 9 tea*+ a fir/-grade lesson on ! dog2 a fif?-grade lesson on ! ,s\!rn /ates2 a sev5?-grade lesson on mak+ jelly2 or a high s*ool class on ! law ( gravity4 ,! tea*] :o w get "s "o to write d[n = h] ! que/ions :i* %e asks 9 a s+le recitation w be surpris$ bo? at ! numb] 7x w be almo/ unbelievably l>ge7 & ! quality ( ! product4 ,!re is no?+ m se>*+ ?an to attempt to write d[n be=eh& ! half doz5 or m pivotal que/ions :i* are to be us$ 9 a recitation4 ,:5 ! attempt is made1 any weakness 9 k1 9 organization ( subject matt]1 or 9 appreciation ( ! pupil's po9t ( view ) relation to ! mat]ial to be pres5t$1 w become app>5t4 ,!re is no "o ?+ t a tea*] c d :i* w br+ a great] rew>d 9 increas$ tea*+ p[]1 ?an sy/ematically to prep>e que/ions = "o or m recitations ea* day4 ,if ! writ] c\ld be sure t any gr\p ( tea*]s w\ld try consci5ti\sly to improve 9 ! art ( que/ion+1 he w\ld be j z sure t ^! same tea*]s w\ld be rat$ by any imp>tial critic z sup]ior to ^? :o are will+ to tru/ to inspiration 9 ?is mo/ important "p ( ! tea*]'s "w4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,j4 ,a4 ,h4 ,kei?1 ,elem5t>y ,education1 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:at is ! *ief function ( que/ion+8 #b4 ,:y is ! direct "q ( little value 9 tea*+8 #c4 ,give examples ( lead+ que/ions4 ,:y %\ld a tea*] avoid que/ions ( ?is class8 #d4 ,write ! que/ions :i* y w\ld ask a class :o _h read a description ( a glaci]1 9 ord] to /imulate _! ?\ght & te/ _! k ( ?is topic4 #e4 ,h[ _m que/ions did y ask dur+ "o h\r's "w8 ,obs]ve "s o!r tea*]1 & score ! numb] ( que/ions4 #f4 ,:y is x important to consid] ! =m or ! word+ ( ! "q y ask8 #g4 ,h[ c y *all5ge ! att5tion ( e memb] ( y\r class by ! que/ions :i* y ask8 #h4 ,:y is x poor me?od to repeat ! answ] giv5 by "o ( ! pupils8 #i4 ,d y\r pupils recite to y1 or to ! class8 #aj4 ,:5 w\ld y expect *ildr5 to ask que/ions8 ,to :om %\ld su* que/ions be address$8 #aa4 ,criticize ! que/ions us$ by ! tea*] 9 ! foll[+ /5ographic report ( a high s*ool recitation 9 ,engli%4 ,a lesson on ! old ballads has be5 giv5 be=e4 ,! text us$ 0 ,sew>d1 ,n>rative & ,lyric ,poems1 pp4 #bj-ce4 ,tea*]3 ,be=e we beg9 to talk ab\t mod]n ballads1 let's see :at y got f y\r fir/ impression ( ! old ballads la/ "t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 give f\r or five subjects t ! old ballad writ]s 7 especially int]e/$ 94 ,pupil3 ,fight+1 pr9cipally1 & "s romance4 ,tea*]3 ,:at d y mean by romance8 ,pupil3 ,romance--t is all4 ,tea*]3 ,p meant diff]5t ?+s--fight+1 or love--d y mean love8 ,pupil3 ,no1 fight+--romance4 7,tea*] writes on bo>d 8romance407 ,t is ab\t all ,i "k1 9 ! fir/--old ballads2 oh1 yes1 "o gruesome "o1 ab\t c--4 ,tea*]3 ,corbies8 ,pupil3 ,yes4 ,tea*]3 ,horror1 p]haps4 ,pupil3 ,yes4 ,tea*]3 ,elswor?8 ,elswor?3 ,x only happ5$ once1--lov]s sep>at$ & met aga94 ,tea*]3 ,yes4 7,writes 8,fight+1 ,tales ( ,horror1 ,%ipwreck1 ,p>t$ ,lov]s407 ,is t a fair li/8 ,i %\ld ?9k s4 ,let u see ab\t ! _s 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 t is1 ! k9d ( qualities ! p 9 ^? ballads %[$1 & ! k9d ( qualities 9 human nature p ( t day lik$4 ,pupil3 ,i ?9k brav]y4 ,tea*] 7writ+ 8brav]y073 ,any?+ else8 ,pupil3 ,a h]o & a villa94 ,tea*]3 ,h]o & villa92 9 o!r words1 y take sides8 ,pupil3 ,yes4 ,tea*]3 ,:at o!r qualities besides brav]y8 ,pupil3 ,trea*]y1 ( ! k9d 9 ! ballad ( ,johnnie ,arm/rong4 ,tea*]3 ,yes1 & ! h]o %[s :at quality8 ,pupil3 ,he believes 9 ! k+ ev5 :5 he is summon$ be=e him4 ,tea*]3 ,good fai? on "o side1 & trea*]y on ! o!r4 ,any?+ else8 ,pupil3 ,honor4 ,tea*]3 ,honor1 yes4 7,writes 8honor407 ,pupil3 ,a great deal ( honor among !mselves4 ,tea*]3 ,loyalty to ea* o!r2 & z reg>ds _! enemies1 :at8 ,pupil3 ,!y us$ to fight = fun1 & !y _h c]ta9 rules2 !y 7 n really angry1 !y _h to keep c]ta9 rules4 ,tea*]3 ,9 o!r words8 ,pupil3 ,!y c\ldn't d j z !y want$ to4 ,tea*]3 ,!re 7 rules ( honor ev5 t[>d y\r enemy1 a sort ( amateur _s4 ,pupil3 ,c\rtesy to _! enemies4 ,tea*]3 ,c\rtesy1--& p]haps we might say ?is includes be+ true to ! rules4 ,c\ld we say any?+ ab\t ! /yle 9 :i* ^! poems 7 writt51 k9d ( language1 & k9d ( v]se =m8 ,pupil3 ,c\ld be put to music4 ,tea*]3 ,easy to s+1 = "o ?+8 ,pupil3 ,yes4 ,tea*]3 ,complicat$ tunes1 or simple8 ,pupil3 ,simple4 ,tea*]3 ,h[ ab\t ! words1 ! ,engli%8 ,pupil3 ,old ,engli% & ,scot*4 ,tea*]3 ,old ,engli% & ,scot*2 easy or h>d to und]/&8 ,pupil3 ,aft] y h read two or ?ree1 ,i don't ?9k x is h>d4 ,tea*]3 ,if y _h be5 an old ,scot*man ( ^? times1 %\ld y say !y 7 writt5 9 h>d or easy language8 ,pupil3 ,simple1--qua9t4 ,tea*]3 ,simple & qua9t--old-fa%ion$4 ,let u turn to ! ballads y _h = to-day2 see h[ !y comp>e ) ^! old ones4 ,! fir/ "o1 ,"l ,ull9's ,daught]--z reg>ds ! subject matt]1 is x ! k9d ( /ory y ?9k w\ld appeal to anci5t writ]s8 ,pupil3 ,x seems s2 ?is "o 0 ab\t an elopem5t1 !y seem to write t k9d ( /ory4 ,tea*]3 ,any?+ else8 ,pupil3 ,%ipwreck4 ,tea*]3 ,d y ?9k ! old ballad writ]s w\ld h be5 satisfi$ ) ! way ! /ory came out8 ,pupil3 ,i don't ?9k s2 !y lik$ to see _! side w92 ! lov]s won 9 ?is case1 b 7 dr[n$2 ,i don't ?9k !y w\ld h lik$ x t way4 ,tea*]3 ,if !y are go+ to get away f ! fa!r1 !y ought to get away cle>4 ,i ?9k t is true2 ?+s end simply 9 ! old ballads1 x is an out-&-out trag$y or a happy end+4 ,pupil3 ,!y _h "s dea?1 l ,johnnie ,arm/rong1 :]e ! h]o 0 kill$4 ,tea*]3 ,h[ 0 he kill$8 ,pupil3 ,by trea*]y4 ,tea*]3 ,0 !re any "h8 ,pupil3 ,no4 ,tea*]3 ,7 !y kill$ ?r\gh anybody's fault1 or by accid5t8 ,pupil3 ,by accid5t4 ,tea*]3 ,h[ is x 9 ! old ballads8 ,pupil3 ,9 ! fir/ /ories !y 7 n1--a %ipwreck4 ,tea*]3 ,b 9 mo/ cases x is a matt] ( somebody's trea*]y4 ,9 ,sir ,patrick ,sp5ce :o gets dr[n$8 ,pupil3 ,! ,scot* nobles4 ,tea*]3 ,!re x is ! lords & all ^? o!r f9e noblem54 ,z f> z ! /yle goes 9 ,"l ,ull9's ,daught]1 %\ld y say t ! /ory goes rapidly1 z rapidly z possible1 or %\ld y say t if an old ballad s+] 7 tell+ ! /ory1 !re is some?+ t c\ld be left out8 ,pupil3 ,i ?9k s4 ,tea*]3 ,c y see any gr\p ( v]ses t c\ld be left out )\t break+ ! /ory up8 ,pupil3 ,i ?9k :]e x describ$ ! boat 7reads73-- 8,! boat has left a /ormy l&1 ,a /ormy sea be=e h]-- ,:51 oh6 too /rong = human h&1 ,! tempe/ ga!r'd o'er h]40 ,^? descriptions c\ld be left out2 & 7reads73-- 8,= sore dismay'd1 ?r\gh /orm & %ade1 ,8 *ild he did discov]3-- ,"o lovely h& %e /ret*'d = aid1 ,& "o 0 r\nd h] lov]40 ,tea*]3 ,y ?9k ! picture ( h[ %e look$ 9 ! boat does n c\nt8 ,pupil3 ,i l x1 b x c\ld h be5 left out4 ,tea*]3 ,! old ballad s+]s w\ld h left out t "p4 ,are !re ?+s 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! poem t c\ld be left out if y j want$ ! /ory8 ,pupil3 ,! fir/ v]se4 ,tea*]3 ,bett] if !y got />t$ at once1 p]haps4 ,miss ,weiss8 ,miss ,w43 ,! ?ird v]se3-- 8,& fa/ be=e h] fa!r's m5 ,?ree days we've fl$ toge!r1 ,= %\ld he f9d u 9 ! gl51 ,my blood w\ld /a9 ! hea!r40 ,he says "r aft] t t ! horses are "r beh9d him1 s he c\ld h left t out4 ,tea*]3 ,he sp5ds too mu* "t 9 talk+ to ! boatman1 t is true4 ,pupil3 ,! sev5? v]se4 8,by ?is ! /orm grew l\d apace1 ,! wat]-wrai? 0 %riek+2 ,& 9 ! sc[l ( ,heav5 ea* face ,grew d>k z !y 7 speak+40 ,tea*]3 ,y c't help wond]+ :y !y didn't get 9 ! boat1 & /op talk+4 ,! old ballad writ]s p>$ x all d[n to no?+ b ! /ory4 ,turn to ! next "o1--,lady ,cl>e2 w\ld t h pleas$ ! old ballad writ]s8 ,pupil3 ,i ?9k x w\ld h4 ,x is j ! k9d ( love /ory !y lik$1--x all turn$ out well4 ,tea*]3 ,turns out well 9 ! end2 & 9 x ! lov]s %[ :at k9d ( qualities8 ,pupil3 ,fai?ful4 ,tea*]3 ,y l t8 ,pupil3 ,yes4 ,tea*]3 ,! sort ( ?+s anybody w\ld l1 all ! admirable qualities ( a good love /ory4 ,i wond] if any "o notic$ ! language ( ?is poem1 any?+ t w\ld %[ t ,t5nyson 0 try+ to imitate ! language ( ! old ballads8 ,pupil3 8,i tr[ !y did n "p 9 scorn40 ,tea*]3 8,i tr[0--t s\nds old-fa%ion$4 ,any?+ else8 ,pupil3 ,! way he br+s 9 ! nurse3-- 8,9 !re came old ,alice ! nurse1 ,said1 #8,:o 0 ?is t w5t f !e8' #8,x 0 my c\s91' said ,lady ,cl>e2 #8,to-morr[ he w$s ) me4'0 ,& 8!e0 & 8?\40 ,tea*]3 ,h[ ab\t ! ^w 8,said02 has t any subject8 ,pupil3 8,alice ! nurse0 is subject ( bo? came & said4 ,tea*]3 ,yes3 any?+ else8 ,pupil3 ,! la/ ( t v]se1 8,to-morr[ he w$s ) me40 ,tea*]3 ,t s\nds old-fa%ion$2 any?+ else8 ,pupil3 ,"s ( ! repetition4 ,tea*]3 ,:at l9e8 ,pupil3 8,are ye out ( y\r m9d1 my nurse1 my nurse80 ,tea*]3 ,& 8,yet "h's a kiss = my "m de>1 ,my "m de>1 if ?is be s10 s\nds l ! k9d ( repetition a man w\ld make on a guit>1 or some?+ l t4 8#8,play me no tricks1' said ,"l ,ronald1 #8,= ,i am y\rs 9 ^w & 9 de$4 ,play me no tricks1' said ,"l ,ronald1 #8,y\r riddle is h>d to read4'0 ,x comes aga9 & aga94 ,:5 y come to ,lucy ,gray1 a poem :i* 0 v fam\s1 & :i* is1 p]haps1 a little h>d to get ! real _s ( at fir/2 did any "o feel especially attract$ by t8 ,miss ,graves8 ,:at did y l ab\t x8 ,miss ,g43 ,x 0 entirely diff]5t f ! o!rs1--! way x turn$ out1--well1 j ! description 9 ev]y?+1--! sn[1--!n1 x seem$ to g easi] ?an ! o!rs4 ,tea*]3 ,we h r tak5 x = grant$ all along t all ^! 7 v easy1--easy to s+4 ,pupil3 ,i don't ?9k ! lat] ballads are ne>ly z easy to s+ z o!rs4 ,tea*]3 ,y ?9k ?is ,lucy ,gray is diff]5t1 y l ! descriptive v]ses 9 x8 ,any special phrases or description t p>ticul>ly /ruck y1 ,miss ,graves8 ,miss ,g43 ,i don't see any j n[-- ,tea*]3 ,any "o happ5 to rememb] any8 ,pupil3 8,! m9/]-clock has j /ruck two40 ,tea*]3 ,miss ,?ibaut8 ,miss ,t43 8,h] feet disp]se ! p[d]y sn[1 ,t rises up l smoke40 ,tea*]3 8,h] feet disp]se ! p[d]y sn[1 ,t rises up l smoke40 ,w\ld t be 9 place 9 "o ( ! old ballads8 ,!y w]5't int]e/$ 9 ! appe>ance ( ! sn[ v mu*4 ,miss ,weiss8 ,miss ,w43 ,i ?9k ,i l ?is ballad because x leaves some?+ to ! imag9ation1 ! re/ tell y ev]y?+2 x doesn't say surely t %e is /ill alive1 x leaves x to y to ?9k ab\t x4 ,tea*]3 ,d y ?9k ,wordswor? himself ?9ks %e is /ill alive8 ,pupil3 ,i ?9k he does2 ,i don't "k if he does1 b ,i ?9k he does4 ,tea*]3 ,9 ?is remote c\ntry region1 ! p :o w\ld ma9ta9 t %e 0 alive w\ld be--8 ,pupil3 ,! c\ntry p4 ,tea*]3 ,:at is ,wordswor?'s attitude8 ,pupil3 ,i don't ?9k he cr$its x v mu*2 ,i ?9k he respects x1 b ,i don't ?9k he cr$its x4 ,tea*]3 ,he doesn't tell y :e!r he expects y to believe x or n2 b at any rate1 !re is a f95ess ( feel+ t[>d ! c\ntry p t makes him respect ! c\ntry sup]/ition4 ,pupil3 ,i ?9k %e mu/ h be5 lo/1 because if %e hadn't1 %e might h come back to h] "m & fa!r4 ,tea*]3 ,( c\rse1 y\r imag9ation !re is piec+ x out2 ,wordswor? doesn't tell y out & out t %e 0 dr[n$4 ,pupil3 ,i ?9k he does2 he says h] foot/eps /opp$ 9 ! middle ( ! plank1 & some?+ mu/ h happ5$ !re4 ,tea*]3 ,! actual dr[n+ 0 n describ$2 y _c help feel+ t 9 ! old ballads !y w\ld h giv5 y a full description1 l ,sir ,patrick ,sp5ce2 ! ballad ends h[8 ,pupil3 ,wordswor? 0 n try+ to imitate ! old ballads1 0 he8 ,tea*]3 ,no2 x is a good deal fur!r away f ! old ballads ?an ! o!rs we h _h2 x is a m imag9ative poem1 m beauty ( phras+ & ?\ght4 ,any o!r que/ions or comm5ts ab\t ,lucy ,gray8 ,pupil3 ,i l ?is v]se3-- 8,!y foll['d f ! sn[y bank ,^? footm>ks1 "o by "o1 ,into ! middle ( ! plank2 ,& fur!r !re 7 none40 ,tea*]3 ,y ?9k t is because ( ! ?+s ,wordswor? does n say1 ! fact t he keeps a c]ta9 am\nt to himself8 ,pupil3 ,yes4 ,tea*]3 ,t quality ( retic5ce1 isn't x8 ,h[ is x 9 mod]n times2 h y notic$ h[ y respect p :o d n say q all !y feel2 !y keep _! deepe/ feel+s l>gely to !mselves1 & y c only guess at x by :at is left unsaid8 ,are ! k9d ( p :o are repres5t$ 9 ?is poem ! sort ( p y ord9>ily enc\nt] 9 ! old ballads8 ,pupil3 ,i don't ?9k we d2 ! *ief *>act]s 7 ! nobles & b>ons1 ! highe/ p 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,tea*]3 ,^! p 7 :at8 ,pupil3 ,common p4 ,tea*]3 ,y get t f :at phrase 9 ! poem8 ,any "o8 ,pupil3 ,j aft] he ask$ h] to g = h] "m3 8,at ?is ! fa!r rais$ 8 hook02 he w\ldn't h done t if he hadn't be5 a work+ man4 ,pupil3 ,i don't ?9k he w\ld h s5t ,lucy ,gray aft] h] "m 9 ! sn[2 !y w\ld h be5 rid+ 9 a coa* & f\r4 ,tea*]3 ,h[ is x ) "s ( ! o!r e>ly writ]s8 ,0 ,%akespe>e m int]e/$ 9 common p or weal?y8 ,pupil3 ,weal?y4#ag ,! que/ions & answ]s quot$ repres5t ab\t two ?irds ( ! "w ( a p]iod4 ,note ! numb] ( que/ions1 _! scope1 ! am\nt ( ?\ght necess>y on ! "p ( ! pupils1 ! explanations (f]$ by ! tea*]1 & ! relative am\nt ( talk+ done by tea*] & pupils4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,social ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,recitation ,emphasis has already be5 giv5 to ! social aim 9 education4 ,?is *apt] w discuss 9 "s detail ! possibility ( realiz+ ?is aim ?r\gh ! conduct ( ! recitation4 ,! real advantage to be d]iv$ f gr\p+ *ildr5 9 classes is f\nd 9 ! opportunity :i* is af=d$ = ex*ange ( ideas4 ,a gr\p ( *ildr5 seat$ ) faces to ! front respond+ to ! tea*]'s que/ions & anxi\s only = h] approval is an educational anomaly4 ,! recitation is m ?an a place = ! tea*] to te/ ! k ( ! *ildr51 or to expla9 to !m z a gr\p "s phase ( _! "w ) :i* !y h _h difficulty4 ,x may be well to inquire conc]n+ ! motives :i* op]ate1 ! activities pres5t1 & ! results commonly a*iev$ by ! recitation4 ,9 _m classes *ildr5 seem to feel t ! ma9 purpose ( ! recitation is to please ! tea*]4 ,nor is ! tea*]'s attitude diff]5t4 ,%e praises or blames 9 proportion z ! *ildr5 answ] h] que/ions or foll[ h] directions4 ,( c\rse !re are times :5 x is ! ma9 bus9ess ( ! tea*] to te/ *ildr5 or to direct _! activity2 b m commonly x is ! (fice ( ! tea*] to "w z a memb] ( a gr\p :o are work+ toge!r = ! realization ( "s wor?y end4 ,bo? tea*] & pupil %\ld be pleas$ :5 progress is be+ made 9 ! "w at h& because ( ! active p>ticipation ( all ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,!re are o!r motives commonly op]at+ :i* are ev5 less wor?y ?an t ( pleas+ ! tea*]4 ,*ildr5 n infrequ5tly are some:at att5tive to ! "w ( ! class because !y fe> ! puni%m5t :i* foll[s failure4 ,! m ambiti\s1 on ! o!r h&1 come to look ^u ! recitation z an opportunity to display _! sup]iority4 ,!y believe1 & too (t5 !y are "r1 t ! *ief end ( s*ool "w is to get ahead ( "s "o else1--to get a high] m>k4 ,9 ea* ( ! cases m5tion$1 ! motive is ess5tially individuali/ic4 ,bett] h ! boy at "w 9 ord] to please ! tea*] ?an to h him idle2 bett] use puni%m5ts & rew>ds & secure "s results 9 k & habits ?an to fail ( ^! desirable ends3 b ! socialization ( ! boy & ! maximum ( intellectual activity = ea* memb] ( ! gr\p c only be br\ght ab\t 9 a situation :i* is g5u9ely social4 ,:at c\ld be m natural ?an t *ildr5 %\ld ask ea* o!r que/ions2 t !y %\ld ex*ange exp]i5ces2 t !y %\ld "w 9 cop]ation = ! satisfaction ( a common end8 ,?is presupposes t !y h a problem or purpose :i* is g5u9e4 ,b t is only to assume t !re is "s real reason = intellectual activity4 ,or let u suppose t ! *ildr5 are at "w 9 ord] t ! product ( _! ef=t may be us$ 9 "s social situation4 ,x is n p>ticul>ly difficult "u su* conditions to get ! livelie/ k9d ( discussion1 to secure ! mo/ e>ne/ cop]ation1 or to h pupils !mselves accept 9 a consid]able measure ! responsibility = progress 9 _! "w4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 attitude t[>d s*ool "w1 if once e/abli%$1 is app>5t 9 all subjects4 ,! "w ( a class 9 read+ or lit]ature w be trans=m$ :5 *ildr5 "w toge!r to und]/& & appreciate its cont5t4 ,in/ead ( ! compla9t t ,john has lo/ ! place1 x w be discov]$ t he n infrequ5tly has a "q to ask1 or t he c contribute an explanation4 ,! writ] has se5 a class ( ?ird-grade *ildr5 z active 9 que/ion+ ea* o!r conc]n+ a read+ lesson z !y 7 on ! playgr\nd 9 inquir+ conc]n+ ! games !y play$ or ! novel exp]i5ces 9 :i* !y 7 int]e/$4 ,! tea*] _h atta9$ ?is result by mak+ ! *ildr5 und]/& t !y ought to ask ea* o!r que/ions :5 !y did n und]/& ! ?\ght express$ 9 _! books1 & t "o ( ! be/ ways to expla9 0 to tell ( a simil> exp]i5ce :i* !y _h _h4 ,9 a class 9 nature /udy 9 a f\r? grade a boy told a wond]ful /ory ( ! activities ( a squirrel4 ,ord9>ily ! tea*] might h be5 expect$ to tell ! boy t ! /ory 0 untrue & t %e did n want t k9d ( /ories4 ,9 ?is class1 h[ev]1 ! *ildr5 felt responsible = ! contributions :i* 7 made4 ,! /ory _h no soon] be5 told ?an ! n>rator 0 pli$ ) que/ions4 ,:]e _h he se5 ! squirrel8 ,on :at k9d ( a tree8 ,:at 0 ! color ( ! squirrel8 ,j :5 did ! ev5ts relat$ happ58 ,! boy c\ld n answ] ^! que/ions satisfactorily1 & f9ally admitt$ t 8 /ory _h a v slight basis 9 fact4 ,! rebuke ?us adm9i/]$ by 8 classmates probably did m t[>d giv+ ?is boy respect = tru? ?an a doz5 /atem5ts by ! tea*] t 8 contribution 0 unsatisfactory4 ,9 an eigh?-grade class ! *ildr5 7 discuss+ ! panic ( '#gc4 ,"o ( ! boys ma9ta9$ t ! causes ( panics 71 9 g5]al1 ! same1 reg>dless ( ! activities ( a few individuals occupy+ important positions 9 gov]nm5t or 9 ! comm]cial _w4 ,8 cont5tion 0 ma9ly t x 0 unfair to *>ge a presid5t or a political p>ty ) ! di/ress occasion$ by a panic1 :5 9 reality ! cause 0 to be f\nd 9 economic conditions ov] :i* nei!r presid5t nor p>ty _h control4 ,"o ( ! girls 9 ! class object$1 & cit$ z pro( ! panic ( '#cg1 :i* %e claim$ 0 caus$ by ,presid5t ,jackson4 ,! tea*] c\ld h settl$ ! "q imm$iately by an au?oritative /atem5t1 :i* mo/ classes ( *ildr5 w\ld h accept$4 ,9 ?is class1 h[ev]1 ! tea*] enc\rag$ ! class to p>ticipate 9 ! discussion4 ,9 ! end ! memb]s ( ! class consult$ textbooks & o!r m complete hi/ories1 & rea*$ _! own decision ) comp>atively little help f ! tea*]4 ,! value ( ?is "w 9 hi/ory consi/$ ma9ly 9 ! fact t ! *ildr51 hav+ once discov]$ ! problem1 felt responsible = its solution4 ,!y 7 engag$ 9 ! livelie/ k9d ( ?9k+ & discussion4 ,!y 7 le>n+ :]e to g1 & :at mat]ials to use 9 ! solution ( ?is k9d ( problem4 ,possibly "w 9 ! indu/rial arts (f]s ! v be/ *ance = gr\p "w4 ,at e turn 9 "w ( ?is k9d !re is ! dem& = c>eful plann+ involv+ discussion ( ways & means1 & = cop]ation 9 ! execution ( ! plan4 ,a gr\p ( second-grade *ildr5 7 occupi$ mo/ pr(itably ) ! p>tial furni%+ & daily c>e ( ! tea*]'s re/ room4 ,!y _h fir/ ( all to decide :at !y c\ld d to make ! room m com=table or m beautiful4 ,!y decid$ t !y c\ld make pill[1 table1 & c\* cov]s1 & w9d[ curta9s1 & t !y c\ld keep ! room clean4 ,9 det]m9+ mat]ials & design1 z well z 9 ! execution ( ! "w itself1 !re 0 ne$ = cop]ation4 ,! *ildr5 ga9$ n only 9 appreciation ( "s ( ! elem5ts ( home-mak+1 b also 9 ability to plan & to "w toge!r4 ,!y 7 be+ socializ$ bo? by ! cont5t ( _! "w & by ! me?od employ$ 9 execut+ x4 ,ano!r gr\p ( *ildr51 fif? grade1 sp5t a numb] ( weeks work+ toge!r 9 plann+ & build+ a playh\se = ! fir/ grade4 ,a wide-awake tea*] enli/$ ! cop]ation ( ?ree grades 9 ! mak+ & sell+ ( c&y 9 ord] to get money en\gh to buy pictures = ! s*ool4 ,! prep>ation ( a picnic lun*eon1 or meal = gue/s invit$ by ! cook+ class1 ! mak+ ( a l>ge rug f _m small] rugs wov5 9 su* a way z to contribute to ! patt]n ( ! f9al product1 ! build+ ( w9d[ boxes1 ! writ+ ( ! acc\nt ( an excursion or o!r s*ool ex]cise 9 ord] t ! be/ results may be br\ght toge!r 9 ! f9al acc\nt :i* is to be us$ 9 a s*ool pap]1 are examples ( ! k9d ( "w :i* may involve ! k9d ( activity :i* makes = pres5t social effici5cy1 &1 !re=e1 = t social effici5cy :i* x is ! ultimate purpose ( education to a*ieve4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways to trans=m ! recitation f a place :]e lessons are he>d to an active social gr\p is to plan def9itely = a v>iety ( contributions f ! individual memb]s or small gr\ps ( ! class4 ,:5 ea* memb] ( ! class /udies ! same pages ( ! same book1 !re is little inc5tive ei!r to try to tell well :at ! book contributes to ! problem 9 h&1 or to li/5 to ! recitation ( "o's classmates4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o gr\p ( *ildr5 h be5 ref]r$ to "o book1 ano!r to a second book1 & /ill ano!r to a magaz9e article1 to pictures1 or o!r objective repres5tation1 !re is "s reason :y ea* %\ld d 8 be/ 9 report+1 & a g5u9e motive = foll[+ closely ! contribution ( ea* memb] ( ! class dur+ ! recitation is provid$4 ,"w ( ?is sort is easily available 9 hi/ory1 geography1 nature /udy1 or manual tra9+4 ,9 ! subjects :i* seem to l5d !mselves less easily to v>iety 9 assignm5t1 _m possibilities w be f\nd by ! tea*] :o is anxi\s to prove ! effici5cy ( ?is me?od4 ,! be/ read+ t ! writ] has ev] se5 9 a ?ird grade 0 done by *ildr5 :o read to ea* o!r4 ,!y us$ ! read]s 9 ! s*ool & books f home & f ! public libr>y4 ,ea* *ild 0 p]mitt$ to make a selection & submit x to ! tea*] = approval4 ,!n came ! p]iod ( prep>ation1 ext5d+ (t5 ov] two or ?ree days or ev5 a week4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! *ild 0 suppos$ to /udy ! selection c>efully1 le>n ! pronunciation ( difficult words1 & practice read+ ! selection s t he might give pleasure to ^? = :om ! read+ 0 done4 ,! "o good reason = read+ al\d is to read to an audi5ce :o c>es to he> :at y h to (f]4 ,^! *ildr5 7 p>ticipat+ 9 a social situation :i* dem&$ mu* ( !m1 & !y enjoy$ ! h>d "w :i* 0 necess>y because ! motive back ( x all 0 g5u9e4 ,9 ari?metic1 if ari?metic deals ) ! quantitative aspect ( ! exp]i5ces :i* ! *ildr5 are hav+1 x w be possible to all[ = "s v>iety 9 ! "w :i* is assign$4 ,if ! problems are real1 !re w be a consid]able int]e/ manife/$ by ! *ildr5 9 ! solution ( ! problem & ! results :i* are secur$4 ,suppose a class 7 giv5 a li/ ( ! articles :i* are to be put 9 a ,?anksgiv+ basket1 ) in/ructions to f9d ! co/ ( ! basket s t a fri5d may pay = "o ( ! donations :i* ! class plans to di/ribute4 ,9 su* a situation ! *ildr5 w be mo/ eag] to comp>e prices & total co/ :5 ! class next meets = ! ari?metic lesson4 ,( c\rse ! c>p+ critic w say t x is easy to devise a few cases ( ! sort li/$ above1 b t 9 real s*ool "w y hav5't "t to make su* plans4 ,! only answ] is t ! diff]5ce betwe5 sup]ior tea*+ & ! k9d t "o sees all too commonly is f\nd 9 ! ability & will+ness ( ! arti/ic tea*] to be m ne>ly true to h] ideals ?an are o!rs4 ,any tea*]1 :o is suffici5tly int]e/$1 c f9d _m situations 9 :i* %e c v>y ! "w ( ! class 9 su* a way t ! recitation p]iod %all become a place :]e ea* memb] ( ! class br+s 8 individual contribution4 ,possibly ! greate/ ne$ 9 our s*ools to-day is = m purposeful "w = *ildr54 ,we are s mu* conc]n$ ab\t ! _m ?+s :i* *ildr5 ought to "k t we are tempt$ to sp5d mo/ ( ! "t drill+ *ildr5 on facts :i* h v little mean+ = !m4 ,! dem& t ! s*ool be socializ$ is only ano!r way ( say+ t ! "w ( s*ool *ildr5 %\ld function 9 ! s*ool itself & 9 _! lives outside ( s*ool4 ,x has seem$ possible1 9 a few s*ools1 to give *ildr5 opportunity 9 ! indu/rial arts to "w at mak+ some?+ :i* !y really want = !mselves1 or ^u a project :i* may involve ! welf>e ( ! gr\p1 z1 = example1 :5 !y "w ^u s*ool app>atus or furniture4 ,an eigh?-grade gr\p ( boys made ! furniture = ! pr9cipal's (fice2 ! *ildr5 at ,hyannis1 ,massa*usetts1 make baskets1 brooms1 hammocks1 raise vegetables1 build a boat or a f5ce1 z occasion dem&s4#ah ,at ,tuskegee ! m mature /ud5ts h ev5 burnt ! bricks & con/ruct$ ! build+s = ! s*ool4 ,if a significant project 9 ! indu/ries is und]tak51 x may furni% ! motive = do+ "w along _m l9es4 ,! rais+ ( vegetables may involve ari?metic 9 ! measur+ ( b$s & ! buy+ ( se$s1 9 f9d+ ! value ( ! product1 &1 if ! product be sold1 9 ! keep+ ( a bank acc\nt4 ,! /udy ( dairy+ might v well involve a visit to a f>m2 ! measur+ ( an acre2 ! e/imat+ ( ! co/ ( production ( milk & butt]2 & ! return f ! inve/m5t4 ,! co/ & means ( transportation might be /udi$2 a *urn1 butt] b[l1 & paddle might be con/ruct$2 & f9ally a complete acc\nt ( ^! _m exp]i5ces might be writt5 & pr9t$4 ,if *ildr5 are engag$ 9 activities ( ?is sort1 !re w be no "q ( socializ+ ! s*ool4 ,by ! v nature ( _! activities *ildr5 w be l$ to "q ea* o!r & _! tea*]s2 !y w ( necessity cop]ate 9 ^? phases ( ! "w :i* involve team "w4 ,b x is n 9 ! indu/rial arts alone t s*ool "w may deal ) g5u9e situations4 ,a good tea*] f9ds a hundr$ situations 9 :i* *ildr5 c write = an audi5ce4 ,! writ] rec5tly att5d$ ! clos+ ex]cises ( an elem5t>y s*ool :]e ! graduat+ class _h compos$ a play :i* !y pres5t$4 ,! ma9 plot ( ! /ory c5t]$ 9 a prize essay conte/1 &1 z might be inf]r$1 ! essays :i* 7 read 7 ^? :i* ! *ildr5 _h writt5 dur+ ! regul> class "w4 ,9 geography ! memb]s ( a six?-grade class prep>$ talks to accompany pictures ?r[n on ! scre5 f a lant]n4 ,9 hi/ory c]ta9 incid5ts ( ! p]iod :i* a class 0 /udy+ 7 dramatiz$ & pres5t$ to ! :ole s*ool4 ,! presid5t ( a wat] company 9 a middle-we/]n city told ! writ] t !y kept ?+s 9 bett] %ape at ! wat] works s9ce !y _h agre$ to all[ ! *ildr5 to come to visit ! wat]works :5ev] a tea*] *ose to br+ a class4 ,9 ! same city !re is an unusual numb] ( pianos 9 ! s*ools1 s*ool playgr\nds are be+ e/abli%$1 p>5ts' associations are active 9 cop]ation ) ! tea*]s to improve s*ool conditions4 ,if "o 7 ask$ to expla9 :y ! s*ools 9 ?is city are bett]1 :y !y are s loyally support$ & s pr\dly spok5 ( by all classes ( p1 ! answ] w\ld be f\nd1 ,i believe1 9 ! fact t !re is a clos] relation%ip betwe5 ! s*ool & activities outside ! s*ool 9 home & city ?an 9 mo/ o!r places4 ,if tea*]s m commonly _h 9 m9d ! ne$s ( ! *ildr5 dur+ ! "t !y are n 9 ! s*ool1 x w\ld be easi] to f9d situations 9 :i* ! s*ool activities w\ld be significant because ( ! g5u9e ne$s :i* are felt by ! *ildr54 ,if !re 7 no?+ ga9$ t[>d socializ+ *ildr5 ?r\gh activities involv+ ! cop]ation ( ! :ole gr\p1 ! fact w\ld rema9 t ! be/ type ( intellectual activity c be secur$ only ) ?is mo/ g5u9e ( all inc5tives4 ,mo/ p1 ev5 z adults1 ?9k bett] :5 !y h "s "o ) :om to discuss ! problem 9 h&4 ,x is true1 too1 t (t5 ! be/ tea*] is "o ^: exp]i5ce is some:at simil> to our own & ^: attitudes & difficulties are simil> to ours4 ,*ildr5 c (t5 int]pret :]e tea*]s fail4 ,x _c be too (t5 reit]at$ t x is ! *ief bus9ess ( e tea*] to r5d] h] s]vices unnecess>y4 ,if ! *ildr5 taught are n at ! end ( any t]m's "w bett] able to "w = !mselves1 m ready to take ! initiative1 m capable 9 def9+ _! problems1 9 ga!r+ data1 & 9 f9d+ solutions ?an !y 7 at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod1 !n ! "w has be5 a failure4 ,creative "w#ai is n done :5 "s "o /&s ov] ! *ild & dictates 8 e /ep1 nor does ?9k+ consi/ 9 answ]+ ! que/ions :i* a tea*] may put conc]n+ ! facts record$ 9 a text4 ,!re is entirely too mu* tru? 9 ! *>ge :i* is sometimes br\ght aga9/ our s*ools1 t !y fail to keep alive ! intellectual activity :i* is natural to *ildhood4 ,we mu/ nev] lose sight ( ! fact t a *ild :o is vigor\s intellectually1 actively sympa!tic ) ^? causes :i* make = ! g5]al welf>e1 & able & will+ to "w 9 cop]ation ) o!rs1 ev5 ?\gh ?is may mean t he subord9ate himself to o!rs = ! "t be+1 is ! type ( individual ^u :i* our democracy dep5ds = its p]petuation & = its future progress4 ,x is necess>y to emphasize ! social side ( s*ool life because we h1 9 our anxiety to imp>t in=mation & =m habits1 neglect$ ?is aspect ( s*ool life4 ,! pity ( x all is t 9 neglect+ ! *ild's social developm5t we h done less effici5t "w 9 ! fields we s\ght to emphasize because ( ! lack ( g5u9e motive4 ,:e!r we are conc]n$ ) habits1 ) ! acquisition ( k1 ) developm5t 9 cle> ?9k+1 or 9 fix+ ideals1 ! maximum ( return w be secur$ 9 ! g5u9ely social situation4 ,*ildr5 work+ toge!r on real problems are be+ socializ$ ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 social activities4 ,!re is no o!r way 9 :i* ! s*ool c contribute s c]ta9ly to ! accompli%m5t ( ! aim ( all education4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,john ,dewey1 ,moral ,pr9ciples 9 ,education1 & ,! ,s*ool & ,society4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:at are ! advantages to be d]iv$ f tea*+ a gr\p r ?an an individual8 #b4 ,:at is ! ideal relation%ip betwe5 tea*] & pupils8 #c4 ,:y %\ld a pupil face 8 classmates :5 he recites8 #d4 ,h[ c\ld y provide = class discussions ) ! pupils y tea*8 #e4 ,"n class projects :i* y\r class has und]tak5 :i* involve cop]ation & end 9 a product :i* *ildr5 consid] wor? work+ =4 #f4 ,:y d ! h\sehold & indu/rial arts l5d !mselves especially well to ! developm5t ( ! social phases ( ! recitation8 #g4 ,:5 %\ld x be wrong = "o pupil to help ano!r8 ,"n z _m occasions z y c :]e y w\ld enc\rage cop]ation & helpfulness4 #h4 ,give an illu/ration ( "o project :i* may furni% an adequate motive = "w 9 sev]al s*ool subjects4 #i4 ,( :at value are associations ( p>5ts & tea*]s f ! /&po9t ( increas+ ! effici5cy ( s*ool "w8 #aj4 ,:y is a g5u9ely social situation ! be/ = ! developm5t ( intellectual vigor8 #aa4 ,d y ?9k *ildr5 ought to accept any social responsibility outside ( ! s*ool & home8 #ab4 ,h[ may we hope to develop 9 *ildr5 ! desire to s]ve1 ! will+ness to "w = ! g5]al good8 #ac4 ,h[ w\ld y *ange y\r "w 9 ord] to accompli% ! mo/ possible = ! developm5t ( *ildr5 :o are n[ socially effici5t8 #ad4 ,ought we to expect all *ildr5 to accept ! same social responsibilities1 ei!r z to k9d or degree1 9 ! s*ool or 9 _! out-(-s*ool life8 #ae4 ,if *ildr5 d n "w toge!r = common ends 9 our s*ools1 if ! _s ( cop]ation & s]vice is n pres5t !re1 ought we to be surpris$ at ! non-social or anti-social attitude & practice ( adults8 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,physical ,,welf>e ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,intellectual developm5t1 & m especially intellectual effici5cy1 are condition$ 9 no mean degree by "o's physical condition4 ,s*ools h too frequ5tly1 & ) ju/ice1 be5 accus$ ( produc+ physical defects 9 *ildr54 ,x is com+ to be recogniz$ t we mu/ 9 increas+ measure take acc\nt ( ! hygi5ic conditions "u :i* s*ool "w is done1 z well z provide = ! elim9ation or amelioration ( physical defects4 ,we n[ h op5-air s*ools = consumptives1 m$ical inspection1 & d5tal cl9ics4 ,!re are "s s*ools :i* provide s*ool lun*es at a nom9al price or )\t co/ to ! pupils4 ,corrective physical tra9+ is com+ to be recogniz$1 along ) special playgr\nd "w4 ,ev]y:]e appreciation ( ! importance ( physical heal? z a condition pr]equisite to intellectual vigor is lead+ ^? :o h ! welf>e ( ! community at he>t to dem& t active measures be tak5 to protect & n\ri% ! bodies ( s*ool *ildr54 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to indicate briefly ! relation ( tea*]s to ?is movem5t = physical well-be+4 ,! dem& t light be suffici5t & t x come f ! "r direction is famili> to all tea*]s4 ,x may be argu$ t tea*]s _c control ! light+ ( _! rooms4 ,! au?or has kn[n tea*]s :o h _h bl9ds prop]ly plac$1 walls & ceil+s pa9t$ or pap]$ ) respect to prop] di/ribution ( light4 ,"s tea*]s h ev5 be5 in/rum5tal 9 secur+ alt]ations 9 build+s or ! erection ( new build+s4 ,tea*]s :o "k t ! area ( w9d[s %\ld be "o f\r? ( ! floor space1 t ! light %\ld be admitt$ f "o side ( ! room1 & t x %\ld come ov] ! *ildr5's left %\ld]s1 may n be able to meet all ( ^! conditions2 b !y c d all t is possible to ameliorate defects1 & c call att5tion to ! dang]s :i* ! situation possesses = _! pupils' eyesight by giv+ or hav+ giv5 te/s & mak+ kn[n ! results4 ,mod]n s*ool build+s are built ) artificial v5tilat+ sy/ems4 ,! success ) :i* any sy/em works dep5ds 9 no inconsid]able measure ^u ! tea*]4 ,by op5+ w9d[s 9 "o room ! effici5cy ( ! v5tilation ( all o!r rooms 9 ! build+ may be impair$4 ,failure to note ! temp]ature may mean t *ildr5 & tea*] are suff]+ f a condition easily rem$i$ by ! janitor or eng9e]4 ,e tea*] %\ld h ! temp]ature ( h] room record$ on ! blackbo>d1 :]e e "o c see x1 at lea/ twice dur+ ea* s*ool session4 ,ne$less to say1 ! !rmomet] %\ld be accurate1 &1 if possible1 hung 9 ! c5t] ( ! room1 n m ?an f\r or five feet f ! floor4 ,tea*]s are responsible = "r habits ( po/ure4 ,if seats ne$ to be adju/$1 ! tea*] %\ld note ! fact & notify ! pr9cipal4 ,al?\gh special cases may dem& exp]t advice & c>e1 ! tea*] mu/ hold h]self responsible = ! po/ure ( ! majority ( ! class4 ,defects ( vision may be ei!r ! cause or ! effect ( improp] position ( ! body1 & %\ld br+ f ! tea*] an urg5t appeal = c>eful exam9ation & correction4 ,frequ5t re/ p]iods %\ld be provid$1 ! habit ( correct po/ure insi/$ ^u1 & simple corrective ex]cises giv5 by ! tea*]4 ,s*oolrooms are n infrequ5tly ! c5t] ( infection = ! community4 ,any tea*] c insi/ ^u sep>ate dr9k+ cups1 if sanit>y f\nta9s are n provid$ 9 ! build+4 ,:5 a *ild appe>s ) a ra%1 ) an abnormal temp]ature1 & n infrequ5tly ) only a c\gh1 ! tea*] %\ld appeal to ! pr9cipal1 ! heal? inspector1 or o!rs 9 au?ority = ! elim9ation ( ! *ild f ! gr\p4 ,! au?or has be5 9 s*oolrooms :]e two or ?ree *ildr5 9 ! incipi5t /ages ( :oop+ c\gh 7 all[$ to infect ! :ole class4 ,a s*ool sup]9t5d5t 0 di/ress$ ) :at prov$ to be a v]itable sc\rge ( sc>let fev] 9 "o ( 8 s*ools4 ,^u visit+ ! s*ool he f\nd "o *ild on ! playgr\nd pr\dly %[+ ! o!r *ildr5 h[ he c\ld take flakes ( sk9 f 8 arm4 ,no "o expects tea*]s to be exp]t diagno/icians1 b any tea*] %\ld acqua9t h]self ) ! m common indications ( *ildi% diseases1 & %\ld act promptly :5 h] suspicion is ar\s$1 ev5 ?\gh %e prove to be wrong 9 half ! cases4 ,if any?+ is wrong1 elim9ate ! *ild f ! gr\p1 sugge/ t a physician be consult$1 & await developm5ts3 ?is is ! only safe rule4 ,9 addition to h] activity 9 elim9at+ contagi\s diseases1 ! tea*] may (t5 be ! fir/ to detect defici5cies 9 sight or he>+4 ,*ildr5 :o are inatt5tive & app>5tly dull may (t5 be f\nd to he> indi/9ctly4 ,a v simple te/ = he>+ is to tap a p5cil aga9/ a desk out ( sight ( ! *ild1 & ask him to tell h[ _m taps he he>s4 ,heada*es1 squ9t+1 ! position 9 :i* ! book is held1 (t5 indicate to ! tea*] eye defici5cy :i* p>5ts h n suspect$4 ,any *ild :o gives indications ( eye tr\ble %\ld be te/$ by tea*] or pr9cipal1 &1 if any indications ( difficulty are f\nd1 ! p>5ts %\ld be urg$ to consult a compet5t oculi/4 ,dr4 ,william ,h4 ,all5 gives ! foll[+ sugge/ions to tea*]s :o w\ld discov] cases ( ad5oids & enl>g$ tonsils3#bj 8#a4 ,inability to brea! ?r\gh ! nose4 8#b4 ,a *ronically runn+ nose1 accompani$ by frequ5t noseble$s & a c\gh to cle> ! ?roat4 8#c4 ,/uffy spee* & delay$ le>n+ to talk4 #8,common' is pron\nc$ #8cobb$1' #8nose1' #8dose1' & #8song1' #8sogg4' 8#d4 ,a n>r[ upp] jaw & irregul> cr[d+ ( ! tee?4 8#e4 ,deafness4 8#f4 ,*orea or n]v\sness4 8#g4 ,inflam$ eyes & conjunctivitis40 ,any "o :o has kn[n a *ild ) a bad case ( ad5oids or enl>g$ tonsils1 & :o has foll[$ ! progress ( ! same *ild aft] ! removal ( ! defect1 w n ?9k x too mu* tr\ble to insi/ t suspect$ cases receive ! att5tion ( a physician4 ,9 ^! cases1 & :]e ! *ild is suff]+ because ( ! ills sup]9duc$ by bad tee?1 ! tea*] mu/ "w ) ! p>5ts4 ,(t5 ?r\gh mo!rs' clubs or p>5ts' associations1 address$ by a physician & by tea*]1 ! necessity = action1 f a purely economic po9t ( view1 if f no o!r1 c be impress$ ^u p>5ts4 ,x is possible t we %all h to resort to an appeal to private *>ity to save ! *ild1 or p]haps we %all 9 "t h free compulsory d5tal1 surgical1 & m$ical cl9ics4 ,! *ildr5 are society's greate/ asset1 f :atev] po9t ( view we consid] !m1 & tea*]s %\ld be mo/ active 9 all movem5ts :i* make = *ild welf>e4 ,!re is no o!r gr\p ( p bett] acqua9t$ ) ! ne$s ( *ildr51 none o!r :i* /&s 9 s /rategic a position ) relation to p>5ts & ! community at l>ge4 ,p>5ts %\ld be taught ! necessity ( pl5ty ( sleep1 :olesome food1 & clean sk9s = *ildr54 ,bett] devote "t & en]gy to ?is education ( p>5ts ?an attempt to tea* *ildr5 h&icapp$ by ! lack ( prop] liv+ conditions4 ,! anti-tub]culosis campaign1 ! pure milk crusade1 ! dem& = m$ical inspection1 %\ld be e>ne/ly support$1 if n in/itut$1 by ! tea*]s ( *ildr54 ,heal? is n an individual matt]4 ,! welf>e ( ! :ole gr\p is b\nd up 9 conditions :i* spell disa/] = ! individual4 ,f9ally ! tea*] has a "r to good heal?4 ,liv+ "u bad hygi5ic conditions1 ) *ildr5 :o are unclean & diseas$1 %\ld n be dem&$ ( any tea*]4 ,! effici5cy ( ! "w :i* ! tea*] does1 no less ?an t ( ! *ildr51 is condition$ by h] heal?4 ,if x is true t ! tea*] may suff] because ( diseas$ *ildr51 x is none ! less true t a tea*] 9 poor physical condition injures all ( ! *ildr5 %e is pl$g$ to help4 ,happy1 heal?ful lives = *ildr5 & tea*]s is a condition :i* w be br\ght to pass :5 all tea*]s "w = ?is end4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,s4 ,h4 ,r[e1 ,! ,physical ,nature ( ! ,*ild4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,h[ may ! s*ool sup]9duce physical defects 9 *ildr58 #b4 ,:y are s*oolroom floors oil$ & swept r ?an scrubb$ & swept8 #c4 ,:at sugge/ions = ! improvem5t ( all s*oolrooms d y ga!r f ! e/abli%m5t ( op5-air s*ools = ! anemic & tub]cul>8 #d4 ,:at w\ld y d to provide relaxation & pl5ty ( fre% air on a day s /ormy t *ildr5 c\ld n g out ( doors = recess8 #e4 ,:at c\ld a tea*] d to help a ne>-sight$ boy or girl8 #f4 ,is x safe to tru/ y\r feel+ t x is too w>m or too cold 9 regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! room8 #g4 ,:5 d y get y\r be/ "w1 :5 x is too w>m1 or :5 ! !rmomet] is betwe5 #fe & #fh ,fahr5heit8 7,if !re is suffici5t moi/ure 9 ! air1 a temp]ature z l[ z #fe w n seem cold] ?an a temp]ature ( #gj :5 ! air c>ries v little moi/ure47 #h4 ,:at is ! reason = us+ only p5cils ) l>ge1 s(t lead or crayons = writ+ dur+ ! fir/ ye>8 #i4 ,:at c a tea*] d to protect ! community aga9/ contagi\s diseases8 #aj4 ,if ! s*ool has no playgr\nd1 :at provision w\ld y make = recreation 9 ! s*oolroom8 #aa4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( *ildr5 h decay$ tee?2 h[ w\ld y hope to provide t prop] treatm5t %\ld be giv58 #ab4 ,:y may we n consid] heal? z an individual matt]8 #ac4 ,:y has ! tea*] a "r to dem& hygi5ic conditions 9 ! s*oolroom8 #ad4 ,:y has ! community a "r to dem& good heal? z a pr]equisite = tea*+8 #ae4 ,h[ might tea*]s hope to secure hygi5ic conditions = *ildr5 9 _! homes8 #af4 ,if a s*oolroom ne$s r$ecorat+ on acc\nt ( improp] light+1 or a new heat+ & v5tilat+ plant1 & ! s*ool bo>d does n supply ^! necessities1 h[ w\ld y hope to secure su* improvem5ts8 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,moral ,,tra9+ ,"* build+ mu/ always be recogniz$ z a mo/ important function ( ! s*ool4 ,x is a mi/ake to divorce ! intellectual tra9+ ( *ildr5 f gr[? 9 morality4 ,if our c\ntry dem&s increas$ indu/rial intellig5ce1 ! tra9+ ( m5 & wom5 = lead]%ip 9 manufacture1 trade1 & comm]ce1 mu* m mu/ x dem& citiz5s ( /]l+ "*4 ,indu/rial & intellectual supremacy c mean no?+ to a nation unless righte\sness prevails bo? 9 public & 9 private life4 ,! idea t ! s*ools ( our democracy are to tra9 = citiz5%ip has always be5 int]pret$ to mean an education :i* w fit = a life ( s]vice to ! be/ int]e/s ( humanity4 ,! fact t religi\s in/ruction1 z su*1 is b>r$ f our s*ools1 does n mean t we are z a p irreligi\s1 mu* less t we und]value ! significance ( ! moral tra9+ ( our *ildr54 ,s*ool conditions (f] advantages = moral tra9+1 ev5 ?\gh ! ov]emphasis on intellectual atta9m5ts may at times seem to give ! tea*] little opportunity = "w 9 ?is direction4 ,! fact ( a gr\p ( *ildr5 :o may le>n to "w toge!r1 to help ea* o!r1 to respect ea* o!r's rights1 to s]ve ! be/ int]e/s ( ! :ole gr\p1 9 fact a situation :i* dem&s j ^? virtues :i* are dem&$ 9 society outside ! s*ool1 makes ! s*ool 9 "s respects an ideal situation = tra9+ 9 morality4 ,( c\rse x is possible t ! dem& = intellectual atta9m5t may s occupy ! m9d ( ! tea*] t %e w resort to repression 9 ord] to get results 9 habits & k4 ,x is true1 too1 t ! curriculum may be s n>r[ z to give less opportunity ?an might be desir$ = ! type ( activity :i* be/ l5ds itself to ! developm5t ( social virtues4 ,b if adv]se conditions h9d] some:at ! "w ( ! tea*]1 !y _c d5y a v important place to ! s*ool 9 ! =mation ( "*4 ,! increas$ responsibility ( ! s*ool = ! moral tra9+ ( *ildr5 becomes app>5t at once :5 ! influ5ce ( ! home & ! *ur* ( to-day are contra/$ ) ! /r5g? :i* ^! in/itutions once possess$4 ,regret x z mu* z we may1 nei!r home nor *ur* is z pot5t 9 ! developm5t ( morality z !y once 74 ,be=e ! dom9ance ( ! factory sy/em ! boy or girl :o p>ticipat$ 9 ! activities ( ! home ga9$ 9 appreciation ( necessity = cop]ation & 9 und]/&+ ( 8 responsibility to ! gr\p 9 a way t is d5i$ ! mod]n *ild4 ,to be a p>ty to ^? indu/ries ?r\gh :i* food 0 secur$1 clo?+ obta9$1 & %elt] provid$ meant ! ex]cise ( all ( ! social virtues4 ,x 0 fitt+ "u su* a rgime t ! s*ool %\ld devote itself l>gely to ! tools ( le>n+4 ,b "u our pres5t conditions ! dem& is insi/5t t ! s*ool provide1 9 "s measure1 ?r\gh its curriculum1 its organization1 & by means ( its me?ods ( in/ruction1 = ! developm5t ( ! attitude ( responsibility1 & t positive morality :i* places a premium ^u do+ good4 ,let u inquire /ill m closely conc]n+ ! conditions "u :i* moral tra9+ mu/ be effect$ 9 ! s*ool4 ,fir/ ( all !re is ! fact ( h]$ity4 ,! *ildr5 ) :om we "w are diff]5t by nature1 & no?+ t we c d w make !m all alike4 ,!n1 too1 !re is ! add$ factor ( tra9+ be=e ! s*ool age4 ,_m *ildr5 come to s*ool ) bad habits & l[ ideals4 ,! "o ?+ t e tea*] ought to realize z fundam5tal 9 moral tra9+ is ! fact t diff]5ces 9 *ildr5 mu/ be met by a correspond+ diff]5ce ( appeal on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,ov] aga9/ ! diff]5ces due to h]$ity & previ\s tra9+1 !re is to be f\nd ! common in/9ctive equipm5t4 ,*ildr5 in/9ctively imitate1 con/ruct1 collect1 inquire1 emulate1 sympa?ize1 conte/1 wond]1 are pr\d1 & ! l4 ,?is in/9ctive equipm5t furni%es ! basis = actions :i* 9 turn become habits4 ,! problem ( ! tea*] is to use ^! in/9cts 9 secur+ desirable responses4 ,( c\rse1 undesirable responses h _! basis 9 in/9ct4 ,"h x is ! bus9ess ( ! tea*] to make ! undesirable response result 9 discom=t1 or1 bett]1 to sub/itute a desirable response4 ,to be too pr\d ( "o's atta9m5t z contra/$ ) o!rs may be unlovely1 b to be pr\d ( "w bett] done to-day ?an ye/]day is a positive virtue re/+ ^u ! same in/9ctive f\ndation4 ,! tea*] may be worri$ because ( ! imitation ( t :i* is socially undesirable1 b %e may use ?is same t5d5cy to react to produce ! social graces4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* ! attempt to sub/itute may fail1 & ! necessity = inhibition by accompany+ ! undesirable response by unpleasant results arise4 ,! important ?+ is n to neglect ?is in/9ctive equipm5t4 ,! t5d5cies %[n 9 *ildhood furni% ! "o basis = moral developm5t1 & _! neglect may result 9 lack ( moral /r5g? ?r\gh\t ! life ( ! individual4 ,besides ! diff]5ces among individuals1 !re are diff]5ces correspond+ r\ghly to /ages ( developm5t4 ,! au?ority :i* is accept$ )\t "q by *ildr5 ( six w be s]i\sly que/ion$ by ! adolesc5t4 ,*ildr5 gr[ n only 9 _! ability to judge ( ! "r action1 b also 9 _! dem& t au?ority be am5able to reason4 ,!re c be no d\bt b t rational morality is ! type :i* ! s*ool %\ld attempt to develop4 ,to ?is end x is ess5tial t ! responsibility ( *ildr5 = _! own actions & = ! welf>e ( ! :ole gr\p %\ld increase z !y pass ?r\gh ! s*ool4 ,!re is a possibility ( controll+ little *ildr5 ?r\gh fe>1 b ! "t comes :5 ?reats no long] avail4 ,x is a sorry spectacle to see a mature individual :o mu/ /ill be controll$ by fe> ( ! results :i* w foll[ misconduct4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! cont9u$ use ( corporal puni%m5t may n result 9 arre/$ developm5t 9 morality4 ,! desire = social approval develops ?r\gh\t ! s*ool p]iod4 ,:5 *ildr5 or adults fail to see ! reasonabl5ess ( a dem&1 ?is appeal to approval ( ! gr\p may be mo/ effective 9 secur+ desirable responses4 ,! rule :i* ! tea*] mu/ foll[ is nev] to appeal to a l[] motive :5 a high] may be us$4 ,fe>1 respect = au?ority1 fai? 9 ! wisdom ( ! "o direct+1 desire = social approval1 ability to pick out ! ess5tially moral elem5t 9 ! situation1 & desire to act 9 accordance ) "o's be/ judgm5t1--?us runs ! hi]>*y ( motives :i* control4 ,9 any gr\p "s *ildr5 c be appeal$ to by "o motive & "s by ano!r4 ,! tea*] :o is develop+ moral /r5g? 9 ! gr\p w con/antly seek to appeal to ! *ildr5 on a plane j high] ?an t :i* !y h hi!rto occupi$4 ,ano!r factor :i* plays an important "p 9 condition+ ! "w ( ! s*ool 9 develop+ morality is ! g5]ally accept$ /&>ds ( ! community4 ,social h]$ity furni%es ! basis = belief 9 ! cont9u$ developm5t ( society4 ,! progress t has be5 made1 ! /&>ds once e/abli%$1 become ! common h]itage ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,drunk5ness is no long] consid]$ g5tlemanly2 we d n lie to our enemies :5 !y h a "r to "k ! tru?2 our ideal ( civic righte\sness dem&s t a man be z hone/ :5 he s]ves ! :ole p z he is :5 he deals ) individuals4 ,! importance ( ?is factor ( environm5t 9 det]m9+ ! moral life ( ! individual is admitt$ ev5 by ^? :o emphasize mo/ /rongly ! importance ( orig9al nature4 ,= ! s*ool x gives hope because ( ! influ5ces :i* may !re be br\ght to be> ^u ! *ild2 & x adds a problem1 because ! s*ool may n ignore ! home or ! /reet f :i* ! *ild comes4 ,x does n seem unreasonable to expect t tea*]s w at no f> di/ant day become mo/ active 9 all activities :i* make = bett]1 clean]1 m wor?y surr\nd+s = ! *ildr5 :om !y attempt to tra9 dur+ a relatively small "p ( _! wak+ h\rs4 ,! physical condition ( *ildr5 & tea*] has mu* to d ) ! possibility ( effective s*ool "w1 & tra9+ 9 morality is n an exception to ! rule4 ,!re is n mu* use 9 try+ to =m moral habits1 nor 9 ask+ *ildr5 to =m moral judgm5ts1 9 a room fill$ ) f\l air1 ) ! temp]ature above sev5ty-five4 ,poor physical condition on ! "p ( ! tea*] is (t5 responsible = lack ( control on ! "p ( *ildr54 ,a n]v\s1 worn-out tea*] is apt to nag1 is almo/ sure to magnify insignificant acts1 & by virtue ( h] lack ( control ( h]self is 9 no position to control or in/ruct *ildr54 ,x w\ld seem at times t we ne$ m$ical c>e = tea*]s ev5 m ?an = *ildr54 ,"o *ild 9 poor physical condition may be h>d to manage1 & may fail to ga9 mu* ei!r intellectually or morally f ! s*ool2 b "o tea*] 9 poor physical condition may d positive injury to a roomful ( *ildr54 ,a few days ) a dyspeptic tea*] may mean ! =mation ( bad habits :i* x w take weeks or ev5 mon?s to eradicate4 ,we are beg9n+ to realize t !re is a direct relation betwe5 hygi5e & morality4 ,! und]f$1 ov]work$1 physically unfit are s frequ5tly immoral t we _h almo/ *>g$ _! condition to _! immorality4 ,9 do+ s we 7 (t5 confus+ cause & effect4 ,h[ev] ! problem may be solv$ s f> z adults are conc]n$1 we are satisfi$ t *ildr5 ( s*ool age are entitl$ to happy1 heal?ful lives 9 s f> z x is possible to a*ieve ?is result4 ,! "w done to secure bett] physical conditions1 bo? 9 s*ool & at home1 is probably z significant = ! morality ( *ildr5 z is any in/ruction t is giv52 & su* c>e = ! physical welf>e ( *ildr5 is ! condition )\t :i* we h no "r to expect !m to gr[ morally /rong4 ,:ile all are agre$ z to ! necessity = moral tra9+ 9 our s*ools1 !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ ! me?od to be us$4 ,"o s*ool advocates direct moral in/ruction by means ( fairy tales1 hi/ory1 & o!r /ories1 & by moral precepts4 ,! advocates ( ?is =m ( in/ruction believe t !y c 9 ?is way make *ildr5 und]/& cle>ly :at is "r1 & because ( ! emotional reaction produc$ by tale or /ory ! *ildr5 w n only "k ! "r1 b w also want to d "r4 ,^? :o believe 9 indirect in/ruction f9d 9 ! regul> "w ( ! s*ool1 9 ! tea*+ ( all subjects1 z well z 9 ! control ( ! *ildr5 9 s*ool1 ! be/ opportunity = moral in/ruction4 ,) reg>d to ! direct me?od1 x seems to ! writ] t x is assum$ t 8to "k "r is to d "r40 ,s f> z ! emotion ar\s$ by a /ory ( brav]y1 or hone/y1 or temp]ance is conc]n$1 ! *ances are t x w h entirely evaporat$ be=e any occasion = action is f\nd4 ,& "r "h is "o v great dang] 9 ?is sort ( in/ruction4 ,to h ! emotions ar\s$ )\t any outlet 9 ! correspond+ action may result 9 develop+ individuals :o are entirely satisfi$ ) ! emotion4 ,!y le>n to delight 9 emotions1 & lack effici5cy 9 action4 ,! "t to tell ! /ory ( brav]y is :5 brav]y is actually dem&$2 or = ! *ild :o kn[s ! /ory simply z a /ory & )\t any attempt to use x to tea* morality1 ! /ory may be ref]r$ to :5 ?is virtue is dem&$4 ,likewise ) ! moral precept4 ,= "o :o has _h "s exp]i5ce 9 act+ 9 accordance ) 8 be/ moral judgm5t1 ! precept may be us$ z a significant g5]alization4 ,hone/y may be ! be/ policy aft] y h won 9 ! /ruggle & h ! approval ( consci5ce1 & ( ^? ^: judgm5t y value4 ,y may be a%am$ to be designat$ by ! "n ( ! unlovely "* 9 ! /ory1 :5 y are really guilty ( 8 weakness ( "*4 ,x w\ld seem saf]1 f :at we "k ( ! emotions1 to assume t actions are responsible = emotions r ?an to expect ! emotion to produce ! correspond+ action4 ,9 support ( ! indirect me?od ( tea*+ morality1 x may be argu$ t ! s*ool pres5ts cont9ually a situation 9 :i* moral action is dem&$4#ba ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 to d5y to *ildr5 any consid]able responsibility = _! actions4 ,*ildr5 :o are h$g$ ab\t by rules & regulations1 :o are con/antly direct$ & comm&$ by ! tea*]1 w gr[ little 9 p[] to =m correct moral judgm5ts4 ,b ! ideal s*ool is 9 fact a society1 & ! dem& = moral activity1 & consequ5tly ! *ance to gr[ 9 morality1 is z great z 9 any o!r life situation4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 too1 t ! ma9 purpose ( ! moral tra9+ :i* ! s*ool gives is to make moral gr[? cont9u\s4 ,new situations w dem& new adju/m5ts1 & x is n possible to supply ! *ild ) a morality :i* w be suffici5t = 8 future ne$s4 ,! "o prep>ation :i* w c]ta9ly be effective 9 mak+ possible lat] gr[? is to be f\nd 9 ! moral action ( to-day4 ,! subjects ( in/ruction l5d !mselves to moral tra9+4 ,moral /r5g? dep5ds ^u int]e/ 9 ^? activities :i* make = social welf>e1 9 ! ex]cise ( judgm5t 9 det]m9+ ! c\rse ( action :i* w contribute mo/ to ! g5]al welf>e1 & 9 action 9 accordance ) ! judgm5t r5d]$4 ,our c\rse ( /udy conta9s mu* :i* %\ld result 9 increas$ appreciation & sympa?y 9 ! activities :i* *>act]ize our mod]n society4 ,geography1 hi/ory1 nature /udy1 lit]ature1 all deal ) m5 9 _! relation%ip ) "o ano!r 9 a common environm5t4 ,if tea*+ means any?+ m ?an ga9+ k1 ! me?od employ$ 9 s*ool subjects _c be )\t moral significance4 ,tea*]s :o dem& accuracy1 :o are m int]e/$ 9 ! tru? ( hi/ory ?an 9 a moral tale1 :o are op5-m9d$ r ?an dogmatic1 :o seek to exalt ! intellect & to hold ! emotions "u control1 are do+ m effective moral tea*+ ?an ^? :o prea* by ! h\r4 ,z has already be5 indicat$1#bb ! ord9>y s*ool "w l5ds itself to ! developm5t ( positive moral virtues4 ,to "w toge!r1 to contribute to ! welf>e ( ! :ole gr\p1 to det]m9e conduct 9 view ( ! possible effect on o!rs1 is to ex]cise ^? virtues :i* are dem&$ 9 all social situations4 ,pride & joy 9 "o's "w & contempt = ! %irk] are z natural 9 s*ool z 9 any o!r situation4 ,! s-call$ s*ool virtues ( punctuality1 regul>ity1 ob$i5ce1 & indu/ry are virtues outside ( s*ools by virtue ( ! same sanction :i* gives !m validity 9 ! s*ool society4 ,x is important to realize t _m ( ^! virtues mu/ be r$uc$ to ! basis ( habit 9 ord] to be mo/ effective4 ,acts ( k9dness1 c\rtesy1 punctuality1 repeat$ (t5 en\gh1 become second nature4 ,!y ne$ no long] to be ?\ght ab\t4 ,9 ! field :i* requires judgm5t1 x is also true t "o's attitude may become habitual4 ,mu* :i* we call morality c be acc\nt$ = by ta/e4 ,_m boys & girls h be5 sav$ ! /ruggle ?r\gh :i* o!rs pass by ideals & contempts :i* !y h d]iv$ f _! associates4 ,=tunate1 inde$1 is ! boy or girl :o c say3 8,! memb]s ( our set d n frequ5t saloons1 d n lie or *eat1 play fair1 "w h>d1 d>e to d "r40 ,all ( u t5d to d]ive our moral code f ! gr\p ( p ) :om we are con/antly associat$4 ,!re is honor ev5 among ?ieves1 because !y h a code :i* !y respect4 ,! tea*] :o secures ! cop]ation ( ! lead]s ( ! gr\p c modify1 inde$ trans=m1 ! moral attitude ( a class by ?is appeal to ! code :i* ! :ole gr\p accepts & ^u :i* ! lead]s insi/4 ,! highe/ type ( moral action is t :i* involves judgm5ts ( wor?4 ,:5 "o asks himself ! "q1 is ?is "r1 w x be = ! g5]al welf>e1 & !n acts 9 accordance ) t judgm5t1 he has p]=m$ an ess5tially moral act4 ,tra9+ = ?is sort ( action is ( ! same sort t is dem&$ :]ev] ! judgm5t is involv$4 ,! *ild mu/ be taught to analyze ! situation & to pick out ! ess5tially moral elem5t4 ,! writ] once knew a high s*ool class :o habitually *eat$ 9 exam9ations4 ,!y said t !y 7 gett+ ahead ( ! tea*]4 ,! pr9cipal expla9$ t !y 7 di%one/1 t *eat+ 0 /eal+4 ,! attitude ( ! class *ang$4 ,!y respond$ to ?is analysis ( ! situation :i* po9t$ out ! moral elem5t4 ,:at we call ?\ghtlessness & ! s[+ ( wild oats is (t5 to be expla9$ by ! lack ( analysis :i* makes prom95t ! moral significance ( ! contemplat$ action4 ,! s*ool %\ld give opportunity :5ev] possible1 :e!r 9 ord9>y s*oolroom "w1 on ! playgr\nd1 or ) ref]5ce to extra-s*ool activities1 = ! ex]cise ( ! moral judgm5t4 ,p[] to analyze new situations & to act morally dep5ds entirely ^u previ\s judgm5ts & actions4 ,any discussion ( moral tra9+ w\ld be incomplete :i* did n take acc\nt ( ! re=mation ( ! wrong do] ?r\gh s*ool puni%m5ts or discipl9e4 8,discipl9e & puni%m5t are tea*+ processes z mu* z are gramm> or ari?metic lessons1 & :5 we rememb] t conduct & behavior is ! :ole ( life1 we mu/ welcome ! occasions = discipl9e1 & ev5 = puni%m5t4 ,no sane p]son is glad t a *ild's in/9cts1 impulses1 & habits h tak5 wrong =ms1 b ! real tea*] is glad t ^! =ms manife/ !mselves1 s t !y may be work$ ov] into correct reactions40#bc ,! key to ! situation is f\nd 9 plac+ ! responsibility ) ! *ild4 ,if a wrong has be5 committ$1 ei!r he has fail$ to ?9k ( ! moral significance ( 8 act1 or he has *os5 to d wrong4 ,9 ! "o case re=mation may be br\ght ab\t by mak+ cle> ! nature ( ! act2 9 ! o!r ! *ild mu/ w to d diff]5tly1 & mu/ by 8 own act rega9 8 place 9 ! gr\p ^: welf>e he has transgress$4 ,:at ! ord9>y situation dem&s is m ( ?9k+ on ! "p ( *ildr5 & less ( res5tm5t & ang] on ! "p ( tea*]s4 ,puni%m5ts ne$ to be diff]5tiat$ to fit ! *ild4 ,! writ] has kn[n boys 9 active rebellion aga9/ s*ool au?ority :o w\ld accept corporal puni%m5t r ?an give any evid5ce ( int5tion to submit4 ,9 su* a case ?is =m ( puni%m5t 0 ju/ifi$4 ,happily su* cases are r>e ) ! tea*] :o kn[s h[ to "w ) *ildr54 ,ev5 9 cases :]e ! (f5se is seem+ly id5tical1 ! puni%m5t mu/ be v>i$ to suit ! individual to be re=m$4 ,sugge/ion may suffice = "o1 ano!r may be p]suad$1 & /ill ano!r mu/ be labor$ ) at l5g? 9 ord] t ! judgm5t :i* ! tea*] has pass$ may be accept$ by him z valid4 ,9 any ev5t x is ! ?\ghtful individual1 :o has ! habit ( analyz+ ! situation :5 9 d\bt1 & !n acts 9 accordance ) 8 judgm5t1 :i* x is ! purpose ( ! s*ool to develop4 ,! importance ( ! moral influ5ce ( ! tea*] has always be5 recogniz$4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 ! negative r ?an ! positive factors h be5 emphasiz$4 ,x is well en\gh to dem& t ! tea*] be free f vices1 petty or great2 b x is ev5 m important to inquire conc]n+ ! positive virtues :i* *>act]ize ! in/ructor ( *ildr54 ,we may hope t our s*ools w develop op5-m9d$ *ildr51 provid$ ! tea*]s are n dogmatic4 ,c\rage1 indu/ry1 integrity1 are fundam5tal virtues4 ,does ! tea*] possess !m8 ,sympa?y ) all activities :i* make = public good is dem&$ ( all 9 a democracy4 ,does ! tea*] p>ticipate1 is ! tea*] a factor1 9 ^? movem5ts :i* make = improvem5t 9 ! community8 ,! ideal tea*] is an intellig5t1 h>d-work+ public s]vant1 ^: field ( endeavor is limit$ only by ! ne$s ( ! community :i* he s]ves4 ,! numb] ( tea*]s :o h ?us exalt$ ! (fice ( tea*] 9 ! community is happily increas+4 ,! moral effect ^u ! lives ( *ildr5 ( association ) su* a man or woman _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,moral ,tra9+ 9 ,public ,s*ools1 ,*apt] ,i1 by ,c4 ,a4 ,rugh4 ,j4 ,mac,cunn1 ,! ,mak+ ( ,"*4 ,! ,ess5tials ( ,"*1 by ,e4 ,o4 ,sisson4 ,ex]cise4 #a4 ,:y is ! s*ool a good situation 9 :i* to tra9 *ildr5 9 morality8 #b4 ,is ! man :o simply does n injure o!rs to be ?\ght ( z liv+ a moral life8 #c4 ,d y ?9k any tea*] has a "r to claim t %e is n responsible = ! moral tra9+ ( h] pupils8 ,:y8 #d4 ,9 :at way d ! in/9cts furni% ! basis = moral tra9+8 #e4 ,%\ld y treat all ( ! *ildr5 alike 9 situations :i* involve a moral issue8 #f4 ,h[ w\ld y hope to h boys come to r5d] ! moral judgm5t t x is wrong to ?r[ /ones ?r\gh ! w9d[s ( a vacant h\se8 #g4 ,h[ may s*ool _s & s*ool /&>ds contribute to ! developm5t ( morality8 #h4 ,"n "s tr\blesome ?+s :i* boys d t might be expla9$ by bad physical conditions 9 ! s*ool or 9 ! home4 #i4 ,:at d y und]/& by ! direct me?od ( moral in/ruction8 ,:at is ! /r5g? & ! weakness ( ?is me?od8 #aj4 ,d y ?9k ! moral significance ( a /ory or a poem %\ld be taught 9 a lesson 9 lit]ature8 #aa4 ,"n s*ool situations :i* involve moral judgm5ts & :i* (f] opportunity = tra9+ 9 morality4 #ab4 ,h[ w\ld y hope to tra9 *ildr5 to =m ! habit ( ask+ !mselves :e!r a propos$ l9e ( action 0 "r be=e act+8 #ac4 ,h[ may ! "o :o does wrong 9 s*ool provide ! opportunity = ! be/ sort ( tra9+ 9 morality8 #ad4 ,is !re ev] any def5se = corporal puni%m5t8 #ae4 ,h[ important d y consid] ! influ5ce ( ! tea*] 9 develop+ morally s\nd boys & girls8 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,class ,,managem5t ,9 any discussion ( class managem5t x is necess>y to di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 organization & control z a means & z an end4 ,mu* ( ! discussion ( s*ool & class managem5t assumes t its sole purpose is f\nd 9 economiz+ "t & en]gy = tea*] & pupils4 ,class managem5t1 f ?is po9t ( view1 is important z ! means )\t :i* effective "w _c be done 9 ! s*ool4 ,su* a view neglects to consid] ! opportunity af=d$ 9 manag+ a class = gr[? on ! "p ( pupils 9 ! p[] ( self-control4 ,any s*ool :i* plans to reproduce 9 its life ! conditions commonly f\nd 9 life outside ( ! s*ool mu/ all[ *ildr5 to accept responsibility = _! own acts1 & w1 !re=e1 look ^u managem5t z an end4 ,! discussion has n be5 :olly "o-sid$4 ,at times !re has be5 consid]able controv]sy conc]n+ ! k9d ( managem5t :i* 0 mo/ to be desir$ 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,^? :o h ?\ght ( managem5t z a means only h be5 apt to ov]emphasize r\t9e2 :ile ^? :o h ?\ght only ( ! opportunity af=d$ = gr[? 9 self-control h neglect$ to realize ! importance ( habit 9 situations :i* are inv>iable4 ,! adh]5ts ( ! "o type ( control want ev]y?+ done at ! tap ( ! bell1 9 accordance ) ! rules :i* h be5 made by ! tea*]4 ,_! oppon5ts w\ld d away ) 8me*aniz$ r\t9e10 & w\ld expect *ildr5 to ex]cise _! judgm5t z ea* "q arises4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 po9t ( view is easily reconcil$ :5 we look at managem5t n[ z a means & aga9 z an end4 ,if a fire drill is to be effective1 e "o mu/ drop ! "w 9 h& :5 ! signal is giv5 & m>* out ( ! build+ 9 an ord] & by a r\te :i* has be5 det]m9$ previ\sly & f :i* !re is no v>iation4 ,"h we h ! be/ example ( managem5t z a means4 ,!re c be no "q 9 ?is situation conc]n+ ! "r ( ! individual to ex]cise 8 judgm5t4 ,! safety ( all dep5ds ^u ! absolute foll[+ ( rules1 ^u ! degree to :i* ! response to ! fire drill has become a matt] ( habit4 ,if we analyze ?is situation1 we w discov] ! elem5ts :i* *>act]ize situations 9 :i* we are to look ^u managem5t z a means4 ,9 ^! situations we %\ld /rive to secure habitual responses4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! response dem&$ is inv>iable4 ,x w n d to m>* out ( ! build+ "o way to-day & ano!r to-morr[4 ,! class may n g be=e or aft] its place 9 ! l9e4 ,! spe$ ) :i* ! build+ is empti$ dep5ds ^u e individual4 ,"h we h ! second elem5t3 ! welf>e ( ! :ole gr\p dem&s t ! situation be foll[$ always by a c]ta9 response4 ,let u exam9e n[ "s ( ! s*oolroom situations 9 ! light ( ^! crit]ia4 ,9 pass+ books1 pap]1 p5cils1 & ! l1 a def9ite ord] %\ld be foll[$4 ,9 ?is situation ! end desir$ is inv>iable4 ,:at is want$ is to place ! desir$ mat]ial 9 ! h&s ( ea* pupil ) z little delay z is possible4 ,! welf>e ( ! :ole gr\p dep5ds ^u ?is inv>iable response ^u ! "p ( ea* pupil4 ,if any "o fails to d 8 "p1 !re is delay & loss ( "t 9 ! "w :i* x is desir$ to accompli%4 ,= ! same reasons x is wise to h a def9ite ord] 9 gett+ wraps1 a rule conc]n+ ! mann] ( pass+ 9 ! room1 ! habit ( ris+ & fac+ ! majority ( ! class :5 recit+1 & ! l4 ,let u n[ exam9e o!r situations :i* af=d an opportunity = ! ex]cise ( self-control1 9 :i* managem5t is an end4 ,9 "s s*ools *ildr5 are =m$ 9 l9es five m9utes be=e ! h\r & m>*$ into ! build+4 ,!re is no good reason :y *ildr5 %\ld m>* into ! build+4 ,! end desir$1 t !y all be 9 _! places promptly1 c be secur$ by r++ a w>n+ bell & requir+ t all ent] ! build+ z !y see fit & be 9 _! places on "t4 ,9 ! latt] in/ance !y h a *ance to act z normal human be+s :o accept & fulfill _! responsibility to !mselves & to ! gr\p4 ,! desir$ end is secur$1 &1 f> m important1 ! *ildr5 are le>n+ to ex]cise t self-control :i* is dem&$ outside ( s*ool4 ,( c\rse1 x may be object$ t x is mu* easi] to control ! *ildr51 if y m>* !m into ! build+4 ,! answ] is f\nd by sugge/+ t ! s*ool does n exi/ prim>ily = ! ease ( tea*]s1 b r = ! developm5t ( socially effici5t *ildr54 ,a pr9cipal :o _h "s difficulty 9 hav+ ! boys come f a some:at di/ant playgr\nd promptly l9$ !m up = a race to ! s*oolh\se4 ,!y f\nd t x took !m little m ?an a m9ute to rea* _! s*oolrooms4 ,! boys und]/ood 8 sugge/ion t ! w>n+ bell1 rung five m9utes be=e s*ool op5$1 af=d$ ample "t to rea* _! rooms & be ready = "w :5 s*ool op5$4 ,x w\ld h requir$ less ?\ght on ! "p ( ! pr9cipal & less self-control on ! "p ( ! boys to h m>*$ !m to ! s*oolh\se at ! "r "t ea* day4 ,_m s*ool situations (f] simil> opportunity4 ,pass+ ?r\gh halls1 ask+ ! tea*] que/ions1 leav+ "o's seat = books or mat]ials1 consult+ ) "o's neighbor may1 9 ! h&s ( a skillful tea*]1 become a mo/ effici5t means ( tra9+ *ildr5 9 self-control4 ,9 all su* cases managem5t is an end1 9 ! s5se t ^! opportunities are s\ght by ! tea*] because ( _! value 9 tra9+ *ildr54 ,pupil p>ticipation 9 s*ool gov]nm5t has be5 mu* advocat$ ( late z ! be/ means ( secur+ a feel+ ( responsibility on ! "p ( pupils = ! welf>e ( ! :ole gr\p1 z well z 9 ! ex]cise ( self-control4 ,z long z ^! ideals control1 x matt]s little :at p>ticul> =m ( organization is utiliz$ to secure ! ends desir$4 ,:at sometimes happ5s is an exagg]ation ( ! importance ( ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t1 ) a correspond+ lack ( self-control1 or ex]cise ( social responsibility4 ,! writ] once visit$ a s*ool :i* 0 mu* talk$ ( because ( its sy/em ( 8pupil self-gov]nm5t40 ,he f\nd !re ! wor/ bully+ ( small boys by ^? :o held (fices t he has ev] se5 9 any s*ool4 ,_m ( ! *ildr5 decl>$ t !y 7 n p>ties to ! gov]nm5t suppos$ly 9 control ( ! s*ool4 ,:5 ! tea*]s 7 abs5t f _! rooms1 ! *ildr5 dron$ ov] c]ta9 set ex]cises :i* 7 con/antly be=e !m & f :i* type ( activity !y 7 n p]mitt$ to dep>t4 ,n[ ^! defects 9 s*ool managem5t may n all be *>g$ directly to ! ov]emphasis ( ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t1 b !y 7 due to ! fact t ?is ma*9]y1 ?is =m1 _h tak5 ! place ( g5u9e self-gov]nm5t on ! "p ( ! pupils4 ,a wise pr9cipal or tea*] may secure good results by inaugurat+ a sy/em ( pupil p>ticipation 9 s*ool gov]nm5t1 b ! wise guide & c\nsellor mu/ be !re all ( ! "t4 ,introduc+ *ildr5 dramatically to ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t w n place old heads on "y %\ld]s4 ,*ildr5 w /ill be *ildi% 9 _! judgm5ts & 9 _! ideas ( puni%m5t1 ev5 ?\gh !y be call$ s5ators1 ald]m51 policem51 judges1 & ! l4 ,! dramatization ( city or /ate gov]nm5t w und\bt$ly help 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! function ( citiz5s & ( _! s]vants1 ! (ficehold]s4 ,?is alone w\ld be suffici5t ju/ification = introduc+ 9 ! upp] grades1 9 dramatic =m1 a sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 )\t expect+ t x w\ld 9 any consid]able measure relieve tea*]s or pr9cipals ( ! necessity ( guid+ *ildr5 9 _! developm5t 9 p[] ( self-control1 & 9 _! acceptance ( social responsibility4 ,! same sy/em ( pupil p>ticipation 9 s*ool gov]nm5t w succe$ ) "o pr9cipal & set ( tea*]s & fail 9 ano!r situation4 ,! results :i* are mo/ wor? :ile1 self-control & ! ex]cise ( social responsibility1 w be secur$ )\t any ( ! =ms ( civil gov]nm5t 9 "o s*ool1 :ile ano!r pr9cipal w claim t success 9 8 s*ool is due to 8 sy/em ( 8pupil gov]nm5t40 ,no tea*] ne$ feel condemn$ because %e _c succe$ ) a p>ticul> s*eme ( gov]nm5t1 & none %\ld be unduly elat$ because ( ! inv5tion or use ( "s p>ticul> =m ( organization4 ,! ess5tial elem5t 9 s*ool managem5t is f\nd 9 ! _s ( cop]ation & helpfulness :i* %\ld actuate tea*]s & pupils4 ,! que/ions ( managem5t consid]$ above cov] mu* ( ! gr\nd usually consid]$ "u ! head ( s*ool discipl9e4 ,! same problems1 especially f ! /&po9t ( puni%m5ts & rew>ds1 are consid]$ 9 ! *apt] :i* deals ) ! moral tra9+ ( *ildr54 ,x may be well to add "h t ! problem ( discipl9e is l>gely "o ( good tea*+4 ,*ildr5 :o are h>d at "w seldom worry ! tea*]4 ,"r conditions = "w may play an important "p4 ,! consid]ation ( "s ( ! problems ( organization is1 !re=e1 9 place 9 a *apt] on managem5t4 ,! ord]+ ( ! daily program is "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 classroom managem5t4 ,! desire = v>iety is /rong 9 *ildr51 & _! p[] to conc5trate _! att5tion ^u a s+le k9d ( "w is correspond+ly %ort4 ,9 ! prim>y grades p]iods ( f eight to twelve m9utes1 ) a possible ext5sion to fifte51 w give suffici5t opportunity = *ange ( "w4 ,^! p]iods may be l5g!n$ to ?irty or ev5 =ty m9utes 9 ! upp] grades4 ,! l5g? ( ! p]iod w dep5d ^u ! v>iety :i* may be f\nd 9 ! "w ( a s+le p]iod4 ,9 a read+ lesson :i* includes ^w drill1 read+1 & oral composition1 ! maximum p]iod may be us$1 :ile a p]iod devot$ to numb] drill may be worse ?an useless aft] ! fir/ five or six m9utes4 ,x is und\bt$ly bett] = *ildr5 to "w to ! maximum ( _! capacity = %ort p]iods ?an to dawdle = twice ! "t4 ,9 ! upp] grades tw5ty m9utes may be z long z *ildr5 c "w on ! developm5t ( a difficult problem 9 geography1 :ile !y may be active & will+ to cont9ue "w 9 a lit]ature lesson aft] ?irty-five or =ty m9utes4 ,! writ] has se5 a class ( sev5?-grade *ildr5 :o work$ consi/5tly = =ty-five m9utes on a hi/ory problem :i* involv$ discussion1 map "w1 & ! consult+ ( ref]5ce works4 ,gr\p in/ruction has long be5 recogniz$ by tea*]s ( l>ge classes z ess5tial to ! be/ "w4 ,9 a class ( =ty or fifty *ildr51 h[ev] c>efully !y may h be5 grad$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 !re w appe> diff]5ces 9 atta9m5t :i* make x necess>y to divide ! class into two or m gr\ps 9 "s subjects1 9 ord] to "w to be/ advantage4 ,9 ! l[] grades1 especially 9 ! fir/1 :]e grad+ is lea/ able to place *ildr5 on ! basis ( _! ability1 !re is ! greate/ dem& = gr\p "w4 ,z _m z ?ree or f\r classes 9 read+ may be necess>y 9 ! fir/ grade4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t su* gr\p+ %\ld nev] be made to apply to all subjects1 nor is x necess>y to apply ! gr\p plan to any subject )\t v>iation4 ,*ildr5 divid$ into ?ree gr\ps = read+ may d v well 9 two = ari?metic1 & may all "w toge!r 9 nature /udy or con/ructive "w4 ,9 read+ x w be wor? :ile to h all "w toge!r at times on "w :i* is possible = ! lea/ capable & :i* may s]ve z a review = ! m advanc$ gr\p4 ,by ! "t ! f\r? or fif? grade is rea*$1 ! pupils w be some:at m ev5ly grad$4 ,x w /ill be necess>y1 h[ev]1 to gr\p pupils 9 ^? subjects 9 :i* ! sequ5ce is su* t ! pupils' advance dep5ds ^u ! complete ma/]y ( ! "p ( ! subject already cov]$4 ,9 ari?metic1 9 ! m =mal "p ( ! "w 9 ,engli% composition1 & sometimes 9 geography or hi/ory1 two gr\ps are advantage\s4 ,:5 pupils all "w toge!r x is n expect$ t all w be able to d an equal am\nt ( "w4 ,x is especially important t provision be made = ! bright] memb]s ( ! class1 9 ord] t !y may h en\gh "w to keep !m active & al]t4 ,x too (t5 happ5s t 9 l>ge classes ! "w is scal$ d[n to meet ! ability ( ! poore/ half ( ! class1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! bright] pupils le>n to loaf & t5d to lose int]e/ 9 s*ool "w4 ,h[ev] _m gr\ps ! class may be divid$ into1 !re w always be ! necessity = individualiz+ ! *ildr5 ( ea* section4 ,! bright] ones mu/ be giv5 assignm5ts :i* are beyond ! ability ( ! less capable1 :ile a m9imum ( a*ievem5t mu/ be accept$ :5 x repres5ts ! be/ ef=t & means ! cont9u$ developm5t ( ! pupil :o is weak] intellectually4 ,good tea*]s provide = individual ne$s1 n only by gr\p+ _! classes on ! basis ( _! ability1 b also by giv+ individual in/ruction4 ,no daily program %\ld fail to provide a p]iod dur+ :i* ! tea*] c devote h]self to ! ne$s ( ^? individuals :o ne$ special help4 ,x may be to help ! boy or girl :o has be5 abs5t on acc\nt ( sickness1 to expla9 a difficult problem 9 ari?metic1 to help 9 ! int]pretation ( a map or diagram1 or to tea* ! pupil h[ to /udy2 always !re w be pl5ty = ! tea*] to d :o ?9ks ( h] pupils z individuals dur+ ! half h\r or m devot$ to individual in/ruction4 ,! idea ( provid+ individual in/ruction may be made ! c5tral idea 9 organiz+ ! daily program1 z is done 9 ! ,batavia sy/em1#bd :i* all[s "o half ( all s*ool "t = individual in/ruction4 ,!re w\ld seem to be little ne$ = devot+ s mu* "t to individual in/ruction 9 a s*ool hav+ any adequate sy/em ( grad+ & promotion4 ,inde$1 z has already be5 po9t$ out 9 ! discussion ( social phases ( ! recitation1 !re is a positive advantage 9 tea*+ 9 gr\ps4 ,! extravagant claims sometimes made = p>ticul> sy/ems ( organization1 especially :5 x is decl>$ possible by means ( ! sy/em = all *ildr5 to rea* ! same /&>d ( excell5ce1 be> on _! face ! evid5ce ( _! fallacy4 ,any attempt to give gr\p or individual in/ruction mu/ be accompani$ by provision = seat "w = ^? :o are n work+ ) ! tea*]4 ,9 ! l[] grades mu* has be5 accompli%$ by all[+ *ildr5 to express !mselves ) color$ crayons & pa9ts1 ) scissors & pa/e1 z well z ) ! m common p5cil & pap] = copy+1 or ! lett]s & words = ^w & s5t5ce build+4 ,!re is probably z mu* wor? 9 ! seat "w :i* results 9 ! expression ( ! ideas ga9$ f a /ory by means ( crayons or ) scissors z !re is 9 ! conv]sation conc]n+ ! /ory 9 class4 ,z *ildr5 advance1 m difficult problems 9 con/ructive "w & 9 /udy may be assign$4 ,9 ! int]m$iate & upp] grades ! problem ( hav+ *ildr5 occupi$ :o are n directly "u ! sup]vision ( ! tea*] is l>gely ! problem ( tea*+ ^! *ildr5 to /udy4 ,a *ild 9 ! f\r? grade ought to be able to discov] & note c>efully ! difficulties :i* ! lesson assign$ pres5ts1 & he %\ld1 9 "s measure at lea/1 be able to satisfy ! problems :i* arise4 ,9 succe$+ grades1 if *ildr5 are be+ taught to /udy1 !y ought 9 increas+ measure to be able to ga!r data1 organize x1 & proce$ to ! solution ( _! own problems4#be ,! conduct ( ! recitation has be5 discuss$ at l5g? 9 prec$+ *apt]s4 ,x may be well to emphasize "h ! m ess5tial crit]ia4 ,9 a well manag$ recitation all ( ! *ildr5 are responsible = ! progress ( ! class all ( ! "t4 ,to ?is end ! tea*] addresses h] que/ions to ! :ole class be=e call+ on any individual4 ,! pupils are held responsible = ! answ]s :i* are giv54 ,! tea*] does n con/antly repeat & expla9 answ]s4 ,:5 !y d n und]/&1 *ildr5 are expect$ to ask ea* o!r que/ions4 ,to secure ^! ends ! class %\ld1 :5 possible1 be seat$ s t ! "o recit+ may easily face ! o!r memb]s ( ! class4 ,! ideal seat+ is f\nd 9 ! k9d]g>t5 circle4 ,9 a room ) suffici5t space 9 front1 ! *ildr5 may be seat$ or may /& 9 su* a way z to ga9 mo/ ( ! advantages ( ! circle4 ,if pupils mu/ sit 9 r[s ( seats ) _! backs to ea* o!r1 x may help to h ! *ildr5 recit+ face ! majority1 & to enc\rage ^? ^: backs are t[>d ! speak] to turn 9 _! seats4 ,x w\ld seem possible t we may sometime furni% our s*oolrooms ) ref]5ce to our ideals ( education2 t a classroom may sometime become a place fitt$ = a gr\p ( *ildr5 :o are to "w toge!r 9 ! solution ( _! problems4 ,! lack ( prop] managem5t ( a class may h9d] ! "w ( a tea*] ^: "w is excell5t 9 o!r respects2 b no skill 9 managem5t1 h[ev] effici5t 9 keep+ *ildr5 9 ord]1 c take ! place ( good tea*+4 ,mo/ m5 & wom5 :o "k h[ to tea* le>n to manage a room full ( *ildr54 ,!re are /ill a few :o call !mselves tea*]s :o exalt managem5t unduly4 ,= !m ! ess5tial elem5ts 9 s*ool tea*+ are discipl9e1 control1 organization4 ,to ! "y tea*]1 or to ! "o :o w\ld gr[1 ! ideal ( bett] tea*+ mu/ con/antly lead t[>d great] effici5cy4 ,obs]ve any successful tea*]1 & y c discov] ! devices ( managem5t :i* all[ h] to "w to be/ advantage1 & ! use :i* %e makes ( ! opportunities :i* ! s*ool pres5ts to develop self-control & social responsibility on ! "p ( h] pupils4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,w4 ,c4 ,bagley1 ,classroom ,managem5t1 ,*apt]s ,i to ,,viii inclusive4 ,j4 ,a4 ,h4 ,kei?1 ,elem5t>y ,education1 ,*apt]s ,,vi & ,,vii4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,di/+ui% betwe5 class managem5t z a means & z an end4 ,give examples ( ea*4 #b4 ,h[ w\ld y hope to h pupils feel _! responsibility = good ord] 9 ! class8 #c4 ,:y d s*emes ( 8pupil self-gov]nm5t0 sometimes fail8 #d4 ,:at is ! argum5t 9 favor ( hav+ pupils pass into or out ( ! build+ )\t m>*+ 9 l9e8 #e4 ,:y is x important n to h ! class p]iods too long8 #f4 ,:y d tea*]s sometimes divide _! classes into two or m gr\ps ev5 ?\gh !y are all ( ! same s*ool grade8 #g4 ,c y ev] expect to f9d a gr\p ( *ildr5 all ( :om w d equally well 9 all subjects8 ,are ! weak] pupils necess>ily lazy8 #h4 ,:y is x important to make special provision = bright *ildr58 #i4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! prop] organization ( class "w & tea*+ *ildr5 h[ to /udy8 #aj4 ,:at d y ?9k ( a program :i* provides = class in/ruction dur+ e p]iod ( ! day8 #aa4 ,:at crit]ia w\ld y apply 9 judg+ y\r own class in/ruction8 #ab4 ,:at is 8good ord]0 9 a s*oolroom8 #ac4 ,h[ w\ld y judge ( ! success ( a tea*] 9 manag+ a class8 #ad4 ,"n all ( ! activities ( a class :i* 9 y\r judgm5t %\ld be r$uc$ to r\t9e4 #ae4 ,:at rules w\ld y make on ! fir/ day ( s*ool = ! guidance ( y\r pupils8 #af4 ,:at is ! relation ( good tea*+ to good class managem5t8 #ag4 ,if a majority ( ! class are misbehav+1 :]e w\ld y expect to f9d ! cause8 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,lesson ,,plans ,! be/ tea*]s nev] rea* ! po9t :]e prep>ation = ! day's "w is unnecess>y4 ,! tea*] :o /imulates h] pupils to _! be/ ef=t mu/ h]self be int]e/$ 9 ! "w 9 h&4 ,if no?+ new 9 mat]ial or me?od is f\nd to v>y ! "w1 int]e/ soon lags4 ,! lesson (t5 repeat$ is z dry & lack+ 9 p[] to int]e/ or inspire z ! prov]bial s]mon tak5 f ! b>rel4 ,ev5 :5 a tea*] has taught a mo/ successful lesson1 x is dang]\s to try to repeat t ex]cise 9 precisely ! same way4 ,! two situations w n be alike4 ,! fact t %e tries to repeat w take ! edge (f ! lesson = ! tea*]1 & make x correspond+ly dull = ! pupils4 ,"y & inexp]i5c$ tea*]s are (t5 mo/ successful because ( ! ze/ ) :i* !y attack ! problems :i* are new to !m4 ,! old] tea*] may be able to keep a class 9 ord] & tea* !m some?+ ) a m9imum ( prep>ation2 b h] be/ "w w be done only :5 %e has plann$ z c>efully z ! novice = :om ! ne$ ( prep>ation is s app>5t4 ,! subject matt] :i* %\ld be drawn ^u = any lesson con/antly *anges4 ,no two gr\ps ( *ildr5 h _h exactly ! same v>ieties ( exp]i5ce2 h5ce ! ne$ = v>y+ ! approa*1 z well z ! dem& = diff]5ces 9 obs]vations1 exp]im5ts1 read+1 or o!r me?ods employ$ to br+ ! data necess>y = ! solution ( _! problem be=e *ildr54 ,subject matt] is gr[+1 is be+ made all ( ! "t4 ,la/ ye>'s discussion ( ! geography ( ,europe1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ( ,africa1 or ( ,asia w n suffice = ?is ye>1 because int]e/+ & important ev5ts h occurr$ 9 ^! c\ntries dur+ ! ye> int]v5+4 ,= ! wide-awake tea*]1 ev5 t mo/ exact ( ! sci5ces1 ma!matics1 repres5t$ by ari?metic 9 our curriculum1 w *ange2 s9ce ! numb] aspect ( *ildr5's exp]i5ce w v>y4 ,if spell+ means ! /udy ( words :i* are ne$$ = use 9 writt5 expression1 ! "w 9 spell+ w v>y j z surely z ! occasions = writt5 expression v>y among *ildr54 ,no tea*] c\ld1 if %e w\ld1 repeat a s]ies ( lessons :i* deal ) natural ph5om5a4 ,9 any field1 ! ne$ = prep>ation becomes app>5t = "o :o w\ld comm& ! mat]ial :i* %\ld be made available = *ildr54 ,9 ! prep>ation ( a lesson plan ! fir/ & 9 "s respects ! mo/ important /ep is to become acqua9t$ ) ! subject to be taught4 ,!re is no me?od ( tea*+ :i* c take ! place ( a ?or\ghgo+ k ( ! mat]ial :i* be>s ^u ! topic to be treat$4 ,! tea*] :o f9ds 9 ! life ( ! *ildr5 outside ( s*ool1 9 s*ool activities1 9 books1 pictures1 magaz9es1 9 /udy & travel1 mat]ial = h] daily class "w1 w make any c\rse ( /udy vital & int]e/+ to *ildr54 ,9 su* an atmosph]e pupils w gr[ n only 9 k1 b also 9 ! desire to inquire & inve/igate & 9 p[] to satisfy _! intellectual crav+4 ,aft] ! tea*] has 9 h& an abundance ( int]e/+ mat]ial1 ! next /ep 9 ! plan is to organize ! data to be pres5t$4 ,"s organization is usually f\nd 9 textbooks & c\rses ( /udy1 & x is possible simply to try to fit any additional mat]ial :i* may h be5 collect$ to ! s*eme provid$4 ,! difficulty ) ?is ready-made organization is f\nd 9 ! fact t x has little or no relation to ! ne$s or problems ( ! p>ticul> gr\p ( *ildr5 to be taught4 ,any organization :i* is to be significant to *ildr5 mu/ take acc\nt ( _! po9t ( view1 & attempt to pres5t subject matt] 9 response to ! ne$ :i* !y feel = ! mat]ial to be pres5t$4 ,?is is precisely :at is meant by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! logical & psy*ological me?ods ( pres5t+ subject matt]4 ,n t ! psy*ological me?od is illogical1 r x takes acc\nt ( ! *ild's ne$s & is = him logical beyond ! mo/ complete adult logical s*eme4 ,x may seem logical to ! adult to tea* ! crayfi% by call+ att5tion to ! l>ge p>ts & !n to ! small] p>ts 9 ord]1 or to deal ) ! /ructure ( ! skeleton1 n]v\s & circulatory sy/ems1 connective tissues1 & ! l4 ,to an eight-ye>-old *ild1 ! problems :i* w probably be mo/ logical1 mo/ satisfy+ to 8 desire = inve/igation1 w deal ) ! way 9 :i* ! crayfi% gets 8 liv+1 h[ he protects himself f 8 enemies1 h[ he br+s disa/] by mak+ holes 9 levees1 & h[ important he is z an article ( food4 ,9 satisfy+ ^! *ildi% problems1 mu* ( ! in=mation :i* might h be5 imp>t$1 _h ! adult sci5tific ord] be5 foll[$1 w be ma/]$ by ! pupils4 ,mu* m w be rememb]$1 because ! in=mation is associat$ ) ! solution ( int]e/+ problems4 ,x may seem logical 9 tea*+ ,india to a six?-grade class to treat ( prevail+ w9ds1 surface features1 climate1 vegetation1 animals1 m9]al products1 & p2 b ! *ildr5 ^: tea*] approa*$ ?is subject by ask+ !m to try to discov] :y !y h _h su* t]rible fam9es 9 ,india probably rememb] m ( ! geography ( ,india to-day ?an ^? :o foll[$ ! adult logical ord]4 ,9 organization1 !n1 ! />t+ po9t is to get ! *ild's po9t ( view1 to discov] 8 problems1 & to organize ! mat]ial to be pres5t$ ) ref]5ce to ^! *ildi% aims4 ,good organization dem&s t mat]ial pres5t$ to satisfy ! dem& made by ! *ild's problem be gr\p$ ar\nd few cord9ate heads4#bf ,_m topics ( equal value 9 an outl9e g5]ally indicate a lack ( organization1 a lack ( appreciation ( ! relation ( ! v>i\s facts to be pres5t$4 ,= example1 "o might ?9k ( a great _m facts ab\t plant gr[?2 ! se$s mu/ be put 9 ! e>?1 ! wea!r mu/ be w>m en\gh1 !y mu/ h wat]1 !y ne$ to be ho$1 ! gr\nd %\ld be f]tile1 !y ne$ air1 !y gr[ be/ :5 !y h sunlight1 !y may h too mu* moi/ure1 9 rocky gr\nd ! soil may n be deep en\gh1 !y mu/ n be too close toge!r1 we$s & insects mu/ be de/roy$1 ! roots %\ld n be di/urb$1 ! *oice ( ! se$ is important1 & s on4 ,= a gr\p ( l[]-grade *ildr5 !re are two problems2 namely1 7#a7 :at k9d ( plants d we want1 & 7#b7 :at c we d to make !m gr[ well4 ,"u ! fir/ head w\ld come ! plants :i* are suitable = our conditions ( soil & climate1 & ! "q ( se$ selection4 ,"u ! second head ! topics w be moi/ure1 sunlight1 air1 & cultivation1 includ+ ! de/roy+ ( insects or o!r pe/s4 ,ea* ( ^! topics w be sugge/$ 9 answ] to ! problems :i* h be5 rais$ 7:at plants we want1 & h[ we c make !m gr[ well7 by a gr\p ( *ildr5 :o h _h any exp]i5ce ) gr[+ plants4 ,if any important topic is omitt$1 ! tea*] w call = x by a "q :i* sugge/s ! lack ( a complete solution to ! problem :i* is be+ consid]$4 ,?is br+s u to ! next /ep 9 plan mak+4 ,a good lesson plan w include pivotal que/ions :i* w s]ve to call = ! data z indicat$ by ! ma9 topics giv5 9 ! organization ( ! subject matt]4 ,! problem ( que/ion+ has be5 discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 a previ\s *apt]4#bg ,9 plann+ a lesson1 a "q or two :i* w discov] to ! *ildr5 ! problem to be solv$ %\ld come fir/ 9 ! plan4 ,) ! problem be=e ! *ildr51 ! function ( ! "q is to /imulate ?\ght 9 ! direction ( ! solution ( ! problem4 ,! writ] is famili> ) ! objection t que/ions _c be prep>$ ahead ( "t4 ,x is true t ! =m ( "q may ne$ to be v>i$ because ( progress or ! lack ( x1 n anticipat$ by ! tea*]1 b ! "q c>efully prep>$ ahead ( "t w help r ?an h9d] 9 ! =mulation ( a "q to meet ! situation4 ,x is true1 too1 t n all ( ! que/ions c be prep>$ ahead ( "t4 ,all ! m reason = c>eful prep>ation ( a few que/ions :i* w enable ! tea*] to prev5t w&]+ by *ildr5 dur+ ! developm5t ( ! topic4 ,?\ght-provok+ que/ions :i* guide & /imulate *ildr5 9 ! solution ( _! problems are dep5d5t ^u ! aim :i* has be5 e/abli%$ & ^u ! organization ( mat]ial :i* x is desir$ to foll[ 9 ! solution ( ! problem4 ,"o might z well d5y ! ne$ ( organiz+ mat]ial1 z to "q ! value ( prep>+ a few pivotal que/ions z a "p ( ! plan4 ,lessons (t5 fail because ! gr\nd cov]$ dur+ ! p]iod _c be retrac$ by ! *ildr5 at ! end ( ! ex]cise4 ,9 a well-organiz$ plan ! tea*] w provide = summ>ies z ea* ma9 po9t is cov]$4 ,9 g5]al ^! summ>ies %\ld aim to recall ! subject matt] cov]$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! lesson4 ,x may be sugge/$ t any good tea*] summ>izes h] "w z %e passes f po9t to po9t 9 h] tea*+1 & t no artificial rem9d] is necess>y4 ,! difficulty is t a good summ>y is n accompli%$ m]ely by ask+ = a recapitulation ( ! mat]ial cov]$4 ,! skillful tea*] puts h] "q :i* involves a summ>y 9 su* =m t ! pupils get a new view ( ! gr\nd already cov]$4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! writ]1 que/ions :i* involve a summ>y ( ! "w cov]$1 ) ! add$ elem5t ( a new view z a /imulus to fur!r ?\ght on ! subject1 are m r>e ?an good que/ions introduc+ new topics4 ,a good plan w include a li/ ( illu/rations1 illu/rative mat]ial1 books includ+ ref]5ces to *apt] or page1 maps or *>ts :i* are to be consult$ dur+ ! recitation4 ,tea*] & *ildr5 are (t5 disappo9t$ because ( ! lack ( mat]ials :i* c\ld h be5 at h& _h ! tea*] only ?\ght ab\t ! lesson be=e tea*+ x4 ,9 l mann]1 ! opportunities = motor expression1 o!r ?an recit+ or discuss+1 %\ld be not$ 9 ! plan4 ,dramatization1 con/ructive "w1 graphic repres5tation at ! seat or on ! blackbo>d1 may make ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure 9 a recitation4 ,a lesson :i* has be5 well plann$ w naturally end 9 ! assignm5t ( "w to be done 9 prep>ation = ! next recitation4 ,9 ! discussion ( any problem !re mu/ arise que/ions :i* _c !n be answ]$4 ,a good lesson is *>act]iz$ n simply by ! ability ( *ildr5 to report progress1 b q z mu* by _! /atem5t ( ! que/ions /ill unansw]$4 ,! direction sometimes giv5 to call up aga9 ! "q :i* is left unansw]$ dur+ ! recitation indicates a tea*] ^: assignm5ts provide a real /imulus = /udy 9 prep>ation = ! next day's "w4 ,if x is necess>y to h a live problem be=e *ildr5 dur+ ! recitation conduct$ by ! tea*]1 obvi\sly x is mu* m necess>y to make assignm5ts :i* involve real issues = *ildr5 to meet4 ,9 outl9e =m ! discussion ( plan mak+ giv5 above w\ld appe> z giv5 bel[4 ,?is lesson on plan mak+ may be tak5 z an illu/ration ( ! type ( plan a tea*] %\ld prep>e = a developm5t lesson4 ,9 ?is plan1 z 9 o!rs1 x seems wise to keep ! subject matt] sep>ate f ! me?od ( proc$ure4 ,a plan = tea*+ lesson plans3 ,_! importance & ! elem5ts :i* ent] into _! composition4 ,tea*]'s aim3 ,to %[ ! importance ( plan mak+ & to indicate ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ! con/ruction ( a good plan4 ,prep>ation 7:i* aims to get ! problem be=e ! class74 ,h[ d y prep>e = y\r day's "w8 ,d y ?9k y w\ld d bett] "w if y plann$ y\r sev]al recitations some:at sy/ematically8 ,pupil's aim3 ,:y d ,i ne$ to make plans1 & :at are ! elem5ts ( a good plan8 ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure ,d y ev] gr[ tir$ ( tea*+ ,i4 ,necessity = plann+4 ! same subject ov] & ov] aga98 ,a4 ,lack ( int]e/ 9 old ,:y does a s]mon out ( ! "w4 8b>rel0 lack 9 int]e/ or p[] to inspire8 ,b4 ,subject matt] *anges4 ,d y "k a subject a4 ,subjects gr[4 ?or\ghly to-day because y b4 ,! exp]i5ces ( once /udi$ x8 diff]5t gr\ps ( ,:y d diff]5t gr\ps ( *ildr5 *ildr5 v>y4 respond diff]5tly to ! same mat]ial8 ,c4 ,n safe to dep5d ^u ,=mulate ?ree good que/ions ! inspiration ( ! :i* y might use 9 tea*+ a mom5t = lesson on ! oak tree to a4 ,good que/ions4 second-grade *ildr54 b4 ,illu/rations & ,d y ?9k y might h illu/rative mat]ial4 ask$ bett] que/ions if y _h c4 ,ref]5ces to books or _h "t to ?9k !m ov]8 magaz9es4 ,:at picture or o!r illu/rative d4 ,plans = con/ructive mat]ial w\ld y use 9 "w & ! l4 tea*+ ?is lesson8 ,d y ?9k ! *ildr5 w\ld ga9 by draw+ a picture ( ! oak ne> by8 ,:5 d y ?9k y w h _h en\gh exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ to be able to get along )\t mak+ plans8 ,,ii4 ,! elem5ts 9 a good plan4 7,! que/ions 9 ?is "p ( ! plan w be few4 ,i %\ld ,a4 ,a ?or\ghgo+ k expect que/ions1 sugge/ions1 ( ! subject matt]4 & discussions on ! "p ( ! class4 ,i %\ld probably use ! ,b4 ,! organization ( blackbo>d to %[ ! organization mat]ial dep5ds ^u ( subject matt] z giv5 "u ! problem to be subject matt]47 solv$ by ! *ildr51 h5ce ! necessity ,:at w\ld y d fir/1 if ,i = discov]+ a ask$ y to tea* a lesson on problem to ! pupils habit =mation8 :i* c be satisfi$ by ! subject ,:at w det]m9e ! matt] to be pres5t$4 organization ( ! mat]ial :i* y are to pres5t8 a4 ,problems ess5tial to ?9k+4 b4 ,logical vs4 ! psy*ological organization ( mat]ial4 c4 ,organization involves sequ5ce & ! subord9ation ( less important po9ts4 ,mc,murry1 ,h[ to ,/udy1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,c4 ,pivotal que/ions4 a4 ,?\ght-provok+ ,"o _c prep>e all ( ! que/ions prep>$ 9 que/ions to be ask$ 9 advance4 advance 9 ord] to ,:at is ! function ( ^? guide ! *ildr5 9 que/ions :i* %\ld be plac$ ! developm5t ( 9 ! plan8 ! topic z well z to /imulate !m to _! be/ ?9k+4 ,d4 ,provision = summ>ies4 ,:5 *ildr5 h be5 int]e/$ a4 ,a summ>y enables ?r\gh\t ! lesson1 *ildr5 to keep sequ5ce :y are !y sometimes unable to & gives new solve = !mselves ! problem po9t ( view4 :i* has be5 discuss$8 ,e4 ,illu/rative mat]ial1 & ,:at aids does a tea*] ne$ ref]5ces not$ on to use 9 tea*+ a lesson o!r ! plan4 ?an ! textbook & h] own a4 ,mat]ials prep>$ plan8 ahead ( "t4 b4 ,ref]5ces to maps1 *>ts1 books indicat$ def9itely to save "t & cons]ve int]e/4 ,f4 ,provision = assignm5ts4 a4 ,a good lesson makes ,:at d y d ) que/ions provision = def9ite :i* are n answ]$ dur+ ! progress & makes recitation8 cle> ! que/ions yet unsolv$4 b4 ,*ildr5 ne$ def9ite ,h[ d y prep>e *ildr5 to problems m :5 "w at _! seats1 or at home8 work+ by !mselves at home ?an :5 ) ! tea*]4 ,%[ class plans f\nd 9 ,is plan mak+ wor? ! "t ,mc,murry1 ,me?od ( ! ,recitation1 & en]gy :i* x requires8 pp4 #cbi-cci2 ,?ird ,ye>book1 ,national ,society = ! ,sci5tific ,/udy ( ,education1 pp4 #fj-fd2 syllabus on ,!ory & ,practice ( ,tea*+1 pp4 #ad-ah4 ,a ,,plan ,,= ,,tea*+ ,,! ,,topic ,,( ,,irrigation#bh ,tea*]'s aim3 ,to ar\se or increase ! int]e/ ( *ildr5 9 ! developm5t ( ! we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to acqua9t !m ) ! problems ( irrigation4 ,:at effect w\ld a long dr\ght 9 ?is "p ( our c\ntry h ^u ! price ( fruits & vegetables8 ,:at w\ld happ5 if ! dr\ght 7 to be cont9u\s8 ,!re are arid regions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c !y be made to raise good crops8 ,pupil's aim3 ,c ! arid regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be made to raise good crops8 ,:at effect w\ld t h on ! o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry8 ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure ,i4 ,arid regions ( ! ,unit$ ,9 :at p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,/ates are ! arid regions locat$8 ,a4 ,cont9u\s dr\ght4 ,look at y\r ra9fall maps4 ,b4 ,size ( area4 ,see maps4 ,"n ! /ates includ$4 ,c4 ,description ( region4 ,comp>e ! population ( ! plateau /ates ) a l area ,dodge1 ,adv4 ,geog41 pp4 #dd4 ,t>r 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 or on & ,mc,murry1 second book1 p4 #abj4 ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,,ii4 ,:y %\ld we desire to reclaim ,is x significant to ! c\ntry arid l&s8 z a :ole t ^! regions rema9 unproductive8 ,a4 ,increase 9 population ) consequ5t increas$ dem&s = food at home & abroad4 ,b4 ,capital seeks a good ,:at w\ld be ! effects inve/m5t4 produc$ 9 case ^! l>ge tracts ( l& c\ld be br\ght ,,iii4 ,h[ arid regions are made "u cultivation8 productive4 ,a4 ,conditions necess>y = ,9 ord] t plants 9 ! g>d5 plant gr[?4 or crops 9 ! field may gr[1 :at conditions are necess>y8 a4 ,f]tile soil4 b4 ,heat & light4 c4 ,moi/ure4 ,b4 ,! effect ( dr\ght ,:5 ! lawns or g>d5s 9 ov]come4 our "p ( ! c\ntry gr[ too a4 ,9 limit$ areas--by dry1 h[ are !y kept gr[+8 spr9kl+4 ,:at means mu/ be employ$ to provide wat] 9 v l>ge areas8 b4 ,9 ext5sive areas--by ,are ^! means us$ 9 ! irrigation4 ,plateau & ,pacific /ates8 7,class consult ! ref]5ces nam$47 ,t>r & ,mc,murry1 p4 #abj4 ,dodge1 ,adv4 ,geog41 p4 #aff4 ,k+1 ,adv4 ,geog41 pp4 #ada-adf4 ,c4 ,s\rces ( wat] supply4 ,:]e c ! wat] be obta9$ = irrigat+ purposes 9 ^! a4 ,riv]s4 dry areas8 b4 ,m\nta9 /reams f$ by ra91 sn[1 or glaci]s4 7,conv]sation4 ,assignm5t to c4 ,artesian wells4 books 9 use by all ( ! class4 d4 ,lakes4 ,assign article 9 ,review ( ,reviews1 #ca3gja-gjd1 to a pupil z a special topic47 ,t>r & ,mc,murry1 pp4 #abi-acc4 ,dodge1 ,adv4 ,geog41 p4 #agb4 ,k+1 ,adv4 ,geog41 p4 #adb4 ,review ( ,reviews1 #ca3gja-gjd4 ,d4 ,! process ( irrigation4 ,h[ c ! supply ( wat] :i* falls dur+ ! ra9y a4 ,wat] /orage1 res]voirs1 season be kept = use dur+ dams4 ! dry season8 b4 ,dit*es or canals4 7,assignm5t ( special topics c4 ,surface irrigation4 relat+ to p>ticul> subjects47 d4 ,subirrigation4 ,h[ is ! wat] 9 ! res]voirs ,see geographies quot$ "u ,c1 or riv]s di/ribut$ to ! above4 fields :5 x is ne$$8 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 7,illu/rate by an outdoor lesson2 #fg3fdh-fhf4 or if ! nature ( ! c\ntry is n suit$ to illu/rate ! process1 use ! s& table & con/ruct a sy/em ( irrigation %[+ res]voir1 ma9 canals1 & ! di/ribut+ dit*es4 ,assign subirrigation z a special topic47 ,e4 ,! reclamation s]vice4 ,h[ does ! ,unit$ ,/ates a4 ,! nature ( its "w4 gov]nm5t aid 9 reclaim+ ! b4 ,! t]ritory affect$4 wa/e l&s ( ! ,we/8 7,see ! ,_w's ,"w1 ,dec41 #aijg47 ,f4 ,h[ ! gov]nm5t gets ,:at disposition does ! its money back4 gov]nm5t make ( ! reclaim$ a4 ,sale ( l& 9 tracts l&s8 n exce$+ #afj acres to an individual4 b4 ,paym5t 9 t5 equal annual in/allm5ts4 ,ref4 ! ,cosmopolitan1 #cg3gae-gbb4 ,! ,_w's ,"w1 ,dec41 #aijg4 ,g4 ,! effects ( irrigation4 ,w\ld x pay a man to buy a =ty-acre tract 9 ! irrigat$ a4 ,^u agriculture4 region8 ,:at crops c\ld he produce8 ,value ( crops8 7,e/imat$47 ,:]e !re are 7,see geographies quot$ above2 prosp]\s f>m+ communities1 also ! ,cosmopolitan1 #cg3gah-gbb2 :at o!r indu/ries are ! ,_w's ,"w1 ,dec41 #aijg47 possible8 ,are !y f\nd 9 ! irrigat$ di/ricts8 ,) agriculture1 fruit gr[+1 & b4 ,^u second>y indu/ries o!r indu/ries made possible & pr(itable1 :at effect is c4 ,^u population 9 produc$ ^u immigration to ! areas irrigat$4 ! ,we/]n /ates8 ,:at problems did we set out to solve 9 7,k+1 ,adv4 ,geog41 pp4 #aeb-aed2 ^! lessons on irrigation8 also o!r geographies quot$ ,:at is ! answ] to ea*8 above2 ! ,_w's ,"w1 ,dec41 #aijg47 ,fur!r topics = class /udy3-- #a4 ,value ( =e/s to sy/ems ( irrigation4 #b4 ,our relations to ! irrigat$ regions4 #c4 ,advisability ( introduc+ irrigation 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates4 #d4 ,irrigation 9 ,egypt4 #e4 ,irrigation 9 ,india4 ,individual assignm5ts3-- #a4 ,economy ( wat] 9 irrigation4 #b4 ,fruit gr[+ on irrigat$ l&4 #c4 ,advantages & disadvantages ( f>m+ 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/4 #d4 ,relative value to a /ate ( gold m9+ & ( f>m+4 #e4 ,relation ( irrigation 9 ! ,we/ to ! p ( ,europe4 #f4 ,to ! p ( ! ,ea/]n /ates4 ,! plan giv5 above = ! topic 8irrigation0 is typical ( _m plans :i* ! tea*] %\ld make4 ,x indicates ! developm5t ( ! :ole topic1 :i* w ne$ ! "t ( sev]al recitations = its complete developm5t4 ,! topics giv5 at ! end ( ! plan = class /udy & = individual assignm5t %[ t ! tea*] _h ?\ght ov] ! problems :i* might arise z ! subject 0 taught1 & t %e 0 ready to make su* assignm5ts z ! situation dem&$ f day to day4 ,if su* a li/ ( possible assignm5ts has be5 prep>$ be=e ! topic is taught1 ! *ances are t ! gr\nd w be mu* m ?or\ghly cov]$ ?an w\ld be ! case if ! tea*] tru/$ to h] ability to select an int]e/+ problem at ! end ( ea* day's "w4 ,lesson plans %\ld1 z a rule1 cov] a complete unit ( "w or topic4 ,"o plan w commonly include inductive developm5t "w 9 ! d]ivation ( pr9ciples1 drill "w to fix ^! g5]alizations or to give skill 9 _! application1 & at times d$uctive "w 9 ! use ( ! pr9ciples d]iv$ to expla9 new situations4 ,a complete plan = tea*+ p]c5tage 9 ari?metic w\ld include all ( ! elem5ts m5tion$4 ,a lesson = appreciation or a recitation lesson may (t5 be foll[$ by drill "w4 ,:5 ! topic lesson plan has be5 prep>$1 ! tea*] w ne$ to consid] f day to day ! be/ me?od ( proce$+ ) ! subject4 ,%e may wi% to v>y some:at ! approa* or ord] ( developm5t4 ,a ,,plan ,,= ,a ,,drill ,,lesson ,! "w indicat$ "h c be done 9 "o p]iod4 ,! plan is giv5 z an illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 good drill "w4 ,x is especially necess>y1 9 plann+ = lessons ( ?is type1 to be ready to v>y ! ex]cises 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! int]e/ & att5tion ( ! class4 ,repetition ) att5tion is :at c\nts = habit =mation4 ,! *ildr5 h be5 play+ a game 9 :i* ! score secur$ by ?r[+ a bean bag 9 squ>es1 numb]$ f "o to t51 has be5 multipli$ by two & lat] by ?ree4 ,! class has be5 divid$ into sides1 & ! competition has be5 ke54 ,!y want to make l>g] scores1 &1 !re=e1 h a compell+ motive = /udy+ ! next table4 ,tea*]'s aim3 ,to tea* multiplication by f\r4 ,if we are to make l>g] scores1 :at table mu/ we le>n next8 ,h[ _m ?9k !y c le>n half ( ! table ( f\rs to-day8 ,if y le>n x1 we w play our game = t5 m9utes4 ,pupil's aim3 ,to le>n ! multiplication table ( f\rs4 ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od #d #d #af ,tea*] writes ! table on ! blackbo>d1 z indicat$ "u #d #b #h subject matt]4 #d #f #bd ,h[ _m are sure !y "k ! fir/ two8 ,look at me & #d #c #ab answ] z ,i ask ! results4 ,don't answ] unless y are sure4 #d #e #bj ,n[ let u take ! fir/ ?ree4 ,proce$ z be=e4 ,i'll erase ! fir/ ?ree4 ,look at !m c>efully4 ,n[ write !m on y\r tablets4 #d #d #d #b #d #f ,don't write ! answ]s unless y are sure y are "r4 ,let f\r or five *ildr5 read _! answ]s4 ,m>g>et may ask = answ]s4 ,%e drills on ! fir/ ?ree comb9ations4 ,! o!r two are easy to rememb]1--f\r times ?ree we "k2 x is ! same z ?ree times f\r1 & f\r times five are tw5ty we c all rememb]4 ,look c>efully2 ,i am go+ to erase !m4 ,drill by tea*] on la/ two comb9ations4 ,all comb9ations put on bo>d aga9 & read & writt5 by *ildr54 ,rob]t tries to discov] :e!r !re is any girl :o has =gott5 any "p ( ! table4 ,ka?>9e tries to cat* ! boys4 ,all write at ! dictation ( ! tea*]1 supply+ ! products4 ,! game is !n play$4 ,:5 any "o makes a mi/ake 9 record+ 8 score on ! blackbo>d1 8 side is p5aliz$ ! am\nt ( 8 mi/ake4 ,possibly all ! plans ! exp]i5c$ tea*] ne$s = ! lesson outl9$ above are a few notes conc]n+ ! v>iations to be introduc$ f "t to "t 9 ! drill4 ,%e mu/ plan1 h[ev]1 to put ze/ into ! lesson by means ( ! v>iety :i* %e introduces1 & %e mu/1 if %e is to get ! be/ "w1 provide "s motive :i* w make ! drill "w seem wor? :ile to ! *ildr54 ,a ,,lesson ,,ess5tially ,,d$uctive ,a "p ( a l>g] topic plan on taxation4 ,! *ildr5 h begun ! /udy ( taxation by inquir+ h[ policem51 /reet clean]s1 firem51 & o!r city employees are paid2 h[ money is secur$ to run ! s*ools1 to provide wat]1 & ! l4 ,tea*]'s aim3 ,to tea* h[ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( taxes to be paid :5 ! assess$ value ( ! prop]ty & ! rate ( taxation are kn[n4 ,george1 did y f9d out ! assess$ valuation ( y\r fa!r's h\se & lot8 ,h5ry1 did y f9d ! rate on real e/ate8 ,pupil's aim3 ,let u try to f9d out h[ mu* tax ,george's fa!r mu/ pay on 8 h\se & lot4 ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure ,a k ( p]c5tage is ,if y want to f9d six p] c5t assum$4 ( #cejj1 h[ d y proce$8 ,to f9d ! p]c5tage we ,if ,george's fa!r pays #a4hj on multiply ! base by ! rate4 ea* hundr$ doll>s1 h[ c y tell h[ mu* he mu/ pay on ,h\se is wor? #cejj4 ,rate ( ?irty-five hundr$ doll>s8 taxation is #a4hj on ! hundr$ doll>s4 #a4hj on "o hundr$ doll>s ,d y discov] 9 ?is example #ce times #a4hj w\ld be ! any?+ l ! problems 9 ------ am\nt due on ?irty-five :i* y f9d a c]ta9 p] c5t #ijj hundr$4 ( a giv5 sum8 #edj ------ #fc4jj ,f9d 4#jah 7#a-h_/aj p] c5t7 ( ,taxation is simply an application #cejj4 ,if y multiply ! ( p]c5tage4 assess$ value by ! rate1 w y get ! am\nt ( ! tax8 ,:y mu/ y po9t (f two places8 ,d y ?9k y c f9d ! am\nt ( ! tax to be paid on any h\se & lot 9 ! city1 if ,i tell y h[ mu* ! assess$ value ( ! h\se is8 ,h\ses wor? #d1bej ,is ! rate ( taxation ! same #ah1djj on all h\ses8 #a1bfj #a1ejj ,tea*] gives problems to ! #g1ejj :ole class & has ea* expla9$ #hjj 9 turn on ! bo>d4 #ab1jjj ,= to-morr[ y may solve ,h[ mu* tax mu/ ea* pay8 ! foll[+ problems 7writt5 on ! bo>d73-- ,,assess$ ,,rate ,,( ,,value ,,taxation #d1bjj #b4bj #af1gej #a4ce #dbe1jjj #a4ij #a1jjj #j4gh #ef1jjj #a4fd #djj #b4ah ,,plan ,,= ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,topics ,,9 ,,hi/ory--,,six? ,,grade ,a plan cov]+ ! "w = sev]al weeks giv5 9 ! =m ( a topical outl9e ) sugge/ions z to me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,?is g5]al plan w\ld ne$ to be supplem5t$ by def9ite additional prep>ation f day to day4 ,?is plan 0 prep>$ by ,miss ,lida ,lee ,tall1 sup]visor ( gramm> grades1 ,baltimore ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&4 ,aim3 ,to tea* ! colonization ( ,m>yl& & %[ its developm5t z a "p ( ,engl&'s colonial empire 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,topical ,outl9e 7= ! ,tea*]7 ,i4 ,conditions 9 ,europe at ! "t ( ! settlem5t ( ,m>yl&4 ,,ii4 ,conditions 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,,iii4 ,life ( ,george ,calv]t4 a4 ,9 ,engl&4 b4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,,iv4 ,! settlem5t ( ,m>yl&4 ,v4 ,! developm5t ( ,m>yl&4 ,textbooks ,any good hi/ory ( ,engl&1 z ,walk]'s1 ,g>d9]'s1 or ,&rews'4 ,w>r54 ,/ories f ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,h>d+4 ,/ories ( ! ,engli%4 ,m[ry4 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,br[ne4 ,m>yl&3 ! ,hi/ory ( a ,palat9ate4 ,*eyney4 ,european ,backgr\nd ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,*eyney4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,hall4 ,lords ,baltimore & ! ,m>yl& ,palat9ate4 ,gambrill4 ,lead+ ,ev5ts ( ,m>yl& ,hi/ory 7class text74 ,coman & ,k5dall4 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,,topic ,i3 ,,conditions ,,9 ,,europe ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure #a4 ,mon>*4 ,k+ ,james4 ,mu* ( ! "w c be develop$ f assign$ read+s = #b4 ,incid5ts ( ! reign t w :i* ! pupils mu/ be held help int]pret ! life ( responsible4 ,:]e textbooks are ! times3 n available ! tea*]1 or a pupil :o reads well1 may read to ,religi\s ! class4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,controv]sies ,political assignm5t mu/ be v def9ite4 ,comm]cial4 ,= example3 va9 a4 ,z y read see if y c arrogant tell f incid5ts 9 ! weak /ory ! k9d ( man ,k+ #c4 ,"* ( amiable ,james mu/ h be54 ! ,k+ lov$ peace at ,y mu/ argue = :at all co/s y ?9k ab\t him4 ambiti\s approv$ b4 ,engl& 0 int]e/$ le>n+ p>ticul>ly 9 ,spa91 ,holl&1 ,france1 & ! ,new ,sir ,walt] ,_w4 ,z y read f9d out ,raleigh :y ?is 0 s4 ,sir ,rob]t ,cecil ,half ! class may be giv5 ! #d4 ,m5 ( ,eng- ,george ,calv]t fir/ assignm5t1 ! o!r half l& ,cromwell ! second4 ,guy ,fawkes ,rob]t ,c>r ,:5 at ! close ( ! /udy ,francis ,bacon p]iod1 ! tea*] calls = ! "w1 x w be ?r\gh h] sequ5ce ( que/ions t ! #e4 ,reason = ,engl&'s int]e/ subject matt] w be organiz$ 9 o!r c\ntries3 accord+ to ! outl9e "u 8,subject ,matt]40 ,if ! a4 ,trade4 discussions are lively & argum5tative1 ! _s ( ! b4 ,spa9's success 9 sev5te5? c5tury w be felt colonization 9 ! ,new & ! life ( ! "t pictur$4 ,_w4 ,pictures ( ca/les1 ,london /reets1 ,irel&1 ! cont95t1 c4 ,spa9's usurpation ( sea vessels1 etc41 w help to ,holl&4 make impressions m vivid4 ,topic #f makes a good summ>y d4 ,increase 9 wool5 & c be conduct$ 9 a way to manufacture 9 ,engl&4 make ! "w mo/ attractive to ! pupils4 #f4 ,topics ( ! day at ! ,engli% c\rt3 a4 ,spani% k+ & 8 p[]4 b4 ,spani% res\rces4 c4 ,new ,_w4 d4 ,religion4 e4 ,engl&'s ,/ock companies4 trad+ ,propriet>y companies privileges4 ,,topic ,,ii3 ,,conditions ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,_w ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure #a4 ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,assign read+s f available #b4 ,fr5* ,am]ica4 textbooks4 #c4 ,engli% & ,dut* ,am]ica4 ,a fur!r assignm5t :i* correlates ) geography is ! foll[+3 ,draw a map ( ! _w2 %[ ,old ,_w2 %[ ,new ,_w2 color ! "p ( ! ,new ,_w t belong$ to ,spa91 to ,france4 ,also draw a map ( ,europe2 %[ ! ,ca?olic c\ntries1 %[ ! ,prote/ant c\ntries4 ,z ! tea*] develops ! lesson f ! class1 by means ( ?\ght-provok+ que/ions1 %e c make an outl9e on ! bo>d1 ! class help+2 !n ?is outl9e may be copi$ by ! pupils 9 notebooks us$ = hi/ory lessons only4 ,^! outl9es %\ld s]ve z summ>ies & also z reviews z ! lessons cont9ue4 ,,topic ,,iii3 ,,life ,,( ,,george ,,calv]t ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure #a4 ,george ,calv]t 9 ,engl& at #a4 ,assign$ read+ = class3 ?is "t4 ,gambrill1 pp4 #c-f4 a4 ,e>ly life3 ,tea*] may fill 9 ) details f ,br[ne's ,m>yl&1 or ,born 9 ,york%ire 7locate74 ,hall's ,lords ,baltimore & ! ,palat9ate4 ,mu* ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ,educat$ at ,ox=d 7picture may be develop$4 ,by ?is "t ! ( s*ool74 class w h be5 put into a m5tal attitude1 bo? hi/orically ,travel$ on ! ,cont95t & geographically1 to answ] 7map %[+ univ]sity problems v intellig5tly4 t[ns74 b4 ,lat] life3 ,important position 9 ,engl&4 ,int]e/s 9 ! ,new ,assignm5t = map "w3 ,_w3 ,trade3 religion4 ,a map ( ,engl&--locate ,york%ire1 ,ox=d1 ,london4 #b4 ,george ,calv]t4 ,9 ! ,new ,a map ( ,europe %[+ ,_w3 ,george ,calv]t's travels on ! ,cont95t4 a4 ,newf\ndl&4 ,managem5t4 #b4 7a7 ,draw a map ( ! ,new ,climate ,_w %[+ ,newf\ndl& ,difficulties ,soil & o!r settlem5ts ( enc\nt]$ ,! t "t4 ,fr5* ,disappo9tm5t & ,:y 0 ,newf\ndl& b\ght8 dep>ture4 b4 ,9 ,virg9ia 7b7 ,:y 9 ,virg9ia & n ,reception unwelcome because ,plym\?8 ( religion1 "* tr\bles1 bus9ess #c4 ,textbook assignm5t4 relations4 ,result4 #c4 ,8 return to ,engl&4 ,new *>t] f ,*>les ,i4 ,dea? ( ,george ,calv]t4 ,,topic ,,iv3 ,,! ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,m>yl& ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure #a4 ,cecilius ,calv]t--,to c>ry #a4 ,assign$ read+3 ,gambrill1 out 8 fa!r's plan ( pp4 #f-h4 mak+ a settlem5t 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,z has be5 indicat$1 :]e no problem developm5t is possible1 a4 ,conditions ( ! new use textbooks or ! tea*]'s *>t]4 7,gambrill1 pp4 #f-h47 weal? ( details to fill 9 ! connect+ l9ks4 ,! texts %\ld be read j :5 ! ne$ = ! 7a7 ,rights & duties ( in=mation arises3 = in/ance1 ! proprietor4 :5 x is necess>y to "k ! conditions ( ! *>t] grant$ 7b7 ,rights & duties ( to ,cecilius ,calv]t1 ! books ! coloni/s4 %\ld be op5$1 ! page f\nd1 ! page or p>agraph read sil5tly ,k9d ( man necess>y to by ! class1 & ! in=mation rule ! colony wisely4 !n giv54 b4 ,prep>ation = ! trip3 ,if ! previ\s situations h be5 vividly pres5t$1 !n ! ,ho/ility ( problem ( ! difficulties ( ! old ,london gett+ su* a trip "u way t ,co4 confront$ ,cecilius ,calv]t %\ld ,difficulties ,objections to be eag]ly discuss$ by ! class4 ! *>t] ,!re c be map "w--,engl&3 by ,claiborne4 locate ,graves5d1 ,isle ( ,wight2 also make ! flag ( ,engl& "u :i* ! exp$ition sail$4 ,gett+ ,! ,ark4 7,! flag ( #afjh 0 ! unit$ ready at ,! ,dove1 flag ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 ,graves5d ,nov41 #afcc4 ! flag ( ,/4 ,george & ,/4 ,&rew comb9$4 ,"l ,baltimore's ,m5 b\nd to own bann] c be made s]vice 7probably & color$1 ?\gh x 0 n ,prote/ants71 kn[n to h be5 us$ until ! #cjj4 battle ( ,sev]n2 x 0 adopt$ ,m5 = ! ,freem5 7probably z ! /ate flag 9 #aijd47 exp$ition ,ca?olics71 #bj2 prie/s1 #b4 #b4 ,! voyage c be treat$ z ,memb]s ( ! a recall ( ! k ,calv]t family4 ga9$ f ! celebration ( a holiday l ,m>yl& ,day 9 a previ\s grade1 or an ,/op at ! ,isle ( ,wight4 outl9e map may be drawn & pupils may trace ,(f = ! voyage4 ! r\te if !y c4 #b4 ,! voyage4 7,m map "w c foll[ to a4 ,! /op at ! ,b>badoes4 indicate ! /op at ! ,b>badoes1 ! r\te up ! ,atlantic to ,old 7,x is necess>y t ,po9t ,com=t1 ano!r /op1 & ! class und]/& on to ,blacki/on ,isl&47 some?+ ( ,engl&'s colonial t]ritory a4 ,:y 0 a /op at ! at ! "t3 ,b>badoes plann$8 ,engl& coloniz$ ,b>badoes 9 #afbe1 b4 ,:y 0 a /op at ,po9t aft] x _h be5 ,com=t plann$8 depopulat$ by ! ,spani%4 ,! isl& _h1 !re=e1 be5 "u ,engli% control #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,f ! l&+ on = eight ye>s4 ,blacki/on ,isl& to ! ,x 0 possible t end ( ?is topic ! ! ,ark & ! me?od foll[$ %\ld ,dove c>ri$ mail be3 develop+ que/ions1 = ! ,b>badoes4 ) ! use ( a ,! coloni/s textbook :i* %\ld /opp$ = ?ree be read ei!r be=e ! weeks1 9 t "t lesson or aft] ! repair+ ! vessels1 developm5t 9 ord] to secur+ negro v]ify conclusions made2 slaves1 & buy+ b ?is mu/ be left to supplies1 among ! judgm5t ( ! :i* 0 se$ corn tea*] & h] own = ! ,m>yl& individual plan = deal+ settlem5t47 ) ! subject4 ,assign$ read+3 ,gambrill1 b4 ,! /op at ,po9t pp4 #ag-ai4 ,com=t4--,lett]s f ,cecilius ,calv]t & #g4 ,= ! life 9 ! colonies1 ! k+ 7 to be read+ p]iods may be deliv]$ ) great occupi$ ) read+s respect1 by ! h&s f any good book t ( a mess5g] :o gives a graphic acc\nt 0 con=mable ( ! times1 su* z to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,alice ,morse ,e>le's to ,sir ,john ,home ,life 9 ! ,colonies4 ,h>vie1 ! gov]nor ,if ! s& table ( ! ,virg9ias4 is us$1 ! *ildr5 %\ld consult ^! #c4 ,! l&+ on ,blacki/on's books4 ,ano!r way to ,isl&1 ,m>* #be1 v>y ! proc$ure1 if #afcd4 ,:y n a !re are books en\gh1 suitable place = a is to assign read+s & p]man5t settlem5t8 let ! pupils br+ to ! class acc\nts ( ! #d4 ,! visit to ! ,pascataway details ( ! life 9 ! ,indians4 ,! sale colonies t seem$ ( ! ,yaocomaco mo/ int]e/+ to !m ,village4 ,! advantages individually4 ( su* an arrangem5t ) ,9 ! ,affairs ( ,int]e/ native ,indians4 x w be necess>y = ! tea*] to tell ab\t ! #e4 ,! settlem5t on ,/4 ,george's conditions 9 ,engl&4 ,creek1 aft]w>d kn[n z ,m[ry1 ,gu]b]1 or ,/4 ,m>y's ,creek4 ,! ,w>r5 may h all settlem5t 0 nam$ ! in=mation necess>y ,augu/a ,c>ol9a4 = ?is purpose1 b ,*eyney's ,european #f4 ,! favorable conditions ( ,backgr\nd ( ,am]ican ! settlem5t4 ,hi/ory %\ld be /udi$ by ! tea*]4 a4 ,spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,! ,european backgr\nd c be v b4 ,h\ses ( ! ,indians 7log7 simply drawn4 c\ld be occupi$ tempor>ily by ! ,! ,k5t ,isl& affair may settl]s :ile decid+ be read be=e be+ discuss$1 ^u sites = build+4 b !re is good problem "w !re1 & ! bett] plan w\ld be c4 ,aid ( fri5dly ,indians3 to read ! text la/4 ,text3 ,gambrill1 pp4 #ba-be1 #a4 ,r\tes ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 #ii-aaa4 #b4 ,protection4 ,ref]5ces3 ,tudor ,j5ks1 ,:5 ,am]ica #c4 ,education--corn 0 ,new4 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 8,m>yl& plant+1 h>ve/+1 & ! ,dut*40 ,*ap4 ,v1 8,new clipp+ tobacco1 ,_w ,liv+40 ,*ap4 ,,ix1 8,:at hunt+ game1 fi%+1 ! ,coloni/s ,knew & ,?\ght40 climate4 #d4 ,l& 0 already cle>$ & cultivat$4 d4 ,condition ( plantation grants3 ,wm4 ,h4 ,br[ne1 ,m>yl&1 ,! ,a man ) five p]sons--#bjjj ,hi/ory ( a ,palat9ate4 acres4 ,alice ,morse ,e>le1 ,home ,life 9 ,a man ) less ?an five--#ajj ,colonial ,days4 acres = self2 #ajj acres = wife2 ,! *apt]s on ,virg9ia #ajj acres = ea* plantation life w s]ve *ild "u sixte5 to %[ ! life 9 ,m>yl& ye>s2 #ajj acres = colony also4 ,! ea* s]vant2 #ajj mat]ial is z foll[s3 acres = ea* labor]4 ,light1 ,kit*51 ,fireside1 ,s]v+ ,meals1 ,food ( e4 ,physical features ( c\ntry ,=e/ & ,sea1 ,indian = tobacco indu/ry3 ,corn1 ,meat & ,dr9k1 ,flax ,culture1 ,wool ,culture ,tide wat]4 & ,sp9n+1 ,girls' ,occupation1 ,dress ( ! ,e/u>ies--:>ves = ,coloni/s1 ,jack-knife ,indu/ries1 ea* plantation4 ,travel1 ,transportation & ,tav]ns1 ,colonial #g4 ,life 9 ! colony3 ,neighborl9ess1 ,sunday1 ,oldtime ,fl[] a4 ,plantation--ext5t1 ,g>d5s4 %$s = dry+ tobacco1 slave qu>t]s1 b>ns1 roll+ roads1 *apel1 h\se4 b4 ,food--wild turkey1 v5ison1 oy/]s1 hom9y1 corn pone4 c4 ,amusem5ts--hunt+1 danc+1 s++ by slaves4 d4 ,travel--boats1 horse4 e4 ,affairs ( int]e/--,virg9ia news4 ,claiborne's trad+ po/ 9 ! ,*esapeake4 ,relations ) ! ,indians4 ,engli% politics 7,*>les ,i1 ,cromwell1 & ,p>liam5t47 ,milit>y arrangem5ts 9 ! settlem5t4 ,curr5cy = trad+4 ,ne$ = an assembly to settle matt]s 9 a legal way4 f4 ,fir/ ,assembly--#afce4 ,matt]s tak5 up--,b\nd>ies1 ,milit>y protection1 ,claiborne tr\ble1 ,fram+ laws to be s5t to ,cecilius ,calv]t1 ! proprietor 9 ,engl&4 g4 ,s5d+ back ^! laws2 also lett]s1 & products1 z well z ! two ,indian arr[s requir$ by ! k+4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! arrival & dep>ture ( ! trad+ %ips c be giv54 ,!y came f ,novemb] to ,janu>y1 & ! capta9s 7 ent]ta9$ at ! diff]5t plantations4 ,!y br\ght new settl]s1 ind5tur$ s]vants1 m slaves1 lett]s f ,engl&1 news ( ! _w4 h4 ,tr\ble 9 ! colony4 h4 ,textbook assignm5t3 ,gambrill1 pp4 #bg-cj1 #cd-dg4 ,claiborne on ,k5t ,isl&4 ,virg9ia's ho/ility4 ,tr\bles ) ! ,indians-- ,susquehann\ghs & ,pocomokes4 ,civil ,w> 9 ,engl&4 ,,topic ,v3 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,& ,,repres5tative ,,gov]nm5t ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure #a4 ,assemblies-- #a4 ,discuss ! organization ( ! sev]al assemblies4 ,fir/ ,assembly 9 #afce4 ,expla9 hundr$s4 ,second ,assembly 9 #afch4 ,:y ?ree ye>s lat] ,textbook3 ,gambrill1 pp4 #ad-ai2 ?an fir/8 p5al laws2 prisons1 #ba-bc2 judicial c\rts1 #fc-fh4 ,:at 0 its organization8 ,freem51 gov]nor1 & ,c\ncil4 ,importance4 ,?ird ,assembly 9 #afei4 ,repres5tatives f ! hundr$s mak+ a ,h\se ( ,burgesses1 gov]nor1 & ,c\ncil4 #b4 ,! ,claiborne affair & its settlem5t4 #c4 ,! effect ( ! ,civil ,w> #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,textbook 9 ,engl& ^u ! colonies3 ,assignm5ts3 ,to be giv5 by tea*]4 a4 ,colonies 9 g5]al3 #a4 ,increase or decrease 9 population accord+ to ! s5tim5ts ( ! coloni/s reg>d+ ! que/ions 9 ,engl&4 #b4 ,/rife 9 colonies4 ,c\ncils call$ on to decide = or aga9/ k+ or ,p>liam5t4 #c4 ,effect on comm]ce4 b4 ,^u ,m>yl& 9 p>ticul>3 #a4 ,increase 9 ,ca?olic population4 #b4 ,caus$ /rife & diss5sion4 #c4 ,return ( ,leon>d ,calv]t to ,engl& = advice2 ,giles ,br5t left gov]nor pro tem4 #d4 ,invasion ( ,+le4 #e4 ,+le & ,claiborne4 #f4 ,leon>d ,calv]t's return f ,engl&4 #g4 ,leon>d ,calv]t's refuge 9 ,virg9ia4 #h4 ,return ( ,calv]t & re/oration ( ! colony "u 8 gov]nm5t4 #i4 ,dea? ( ,leon>d ,calv]t1 ,june #i1 #afdg4 ,?omas ,gre5e made gov]nor pro tem4 by ,leon>d ,calv]t on 8 dea?b$4 #d4 ,! appo9t+ ( a new gov]nor by ! proprietor & ! reorganization ( ! gov]nm5t3 ,factor 9 ?is--,civil ,w>2 ! ,prote/ants 9 p[] 9 ,engl&4 #a4 ,william ,/one appo9t$ gov]nor4 ,effect--he *ose ,prote/ants = 8 ,c\ncil1 f ^? br\ght into ,m>yl& f ,virg9ia4 ,!y made a settlem5t on ,sev]n ,riv]4 #e4 ,tr\ble ) ! ,puritans result+ 9 ! battle ( ! ,sev]n4 #f4 ,reconcilem5t ) ,virg9ia4 #g4 ,*ange 9 organization ( gov]nm5t--,upp] ,h\se4 ,l[] ,h\se4 ,due to gr[? ( colony2 freem52 ind5tur$ slaves :o became freem54 #h4 ,removal ( ! capital to #h4 ,= 8,life 9 ,annapolis0 see ,annapolis4 ,*ur*ill's ,ri*>d ,c>vel3 ,*apt] on 8,*ri/mas at ,c>vel ,hall40 ,?is %\ld be read to ! class4 ,note4--,"h ! developm5t ( ! ,m>yl& colony may be clos$ because ( ! political difficulties :i* are entirely beyond ! exp]i5ce ( ! six?-ye> *ild4 ,! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w>s might be /udi$2 also ! op5+ up ( we/]n ,m>yl& by ! com+ ( ! ,g]mans2 b ! ma9 po9t has be5 accompli%$4 ,! *ildr5 h work$ _! way ?r\gh ! /udy by liv+ 9 ! conditions ( ! colony & solv+ ,leon>d ,calv]t's problems = him4 ,to "w su* a plan out 9 detail1 to give j en\gh to :et ! appetite ( ! *ild & !n make him ?9k = himself1 to h him live z a coloni/ ( ! times1 int]e/$ p>ticul>ly 9 ! details ( gov]nm5t t conc]n ! coloni/s z a unit$ body until f9ally a 8two h\se0 legislature is dem&$ because ( ! gr[? 9 population1 area occupi$1 & int]e/s repres5t$1 is a task = ! skill ( ! tea*]1 & is wor? :ile4 ,,lida ,,lee ,,tall1 ,baltimore ,c\nty ,s*ools4 ,a ,,lesson ,,9 ,,nature ,,/udy ,,involv+ ,a ,,real ,,problem ,?is lesson 0 plann$ & taught v successfully 9 ! ?ird grade by ,miss ,roxana ,a4 ,/eele ( ! ,spey] ,s*ool1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,tea*]'s aims3-- #a4 ,to tea* pupils :y & h[ to transplant4 #b4 ,to prep>e = ! transplant+ ( ! salvia plants 9 our s*ool g>d54 ,pupil's aims3 #a4 ,to be able to select good plants = transplant+4 #b4 ,to "k h[ to transplant 9 ord] to plant salvia plants )\t help4 ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure ,box ( "y salvia plants = ,:at are we plann+ to d ) obs]vation & comp>ison ) our salvia plants :5 !y are a cabbage & tomato plants4 little l>g]8 7,salvia plants to be transplant$ ,:y didn't we plant ! salvia into g>d5 lat]47 se$s 9 ! g>d58 ,advantages ( transplant+3 ,:at are "s ( ! advantages ,plants get an e>ly />t4 ( transplant+8 disadvantages8 ,opportunity = good arrangem5t4 ,disadvantages3 ,extra "w4 ,extra c>e4 ,h[ _m *ildr5 feel t !y "k j ! be/ way to transf] a plant8 7,pupils' ,aim47 ,d y ?9k we c af=d to practice ) ! salvia plants :5 we h s few8 ,:o c sugge/ a good way to le>n to transplant8 ,cabbage & tomato plants disc>d$ ,let u look at ^? cabbage by ,tea*]s ,college g>d5]4 & tomato plants :i* ,i h br\ght f ,tea*]s ,college ,i4 ,*oice ( ,plants4 & see :at we ?9k ab\t !m4 ,v small plants3 ,^! are f ! box f ,d n root well4 :i* plants 7 select$ by ! ,are sl[ 9 gett+ />t$4 g>d5] la/ week4 ,l>ge plants3 ,i %all divide ! plants into ,/alks too long & weak4 small1 l>ge1 & m$ium-siz$4 ,b5d v easily4 ,tell :i* y ?9k are be/ = ,if us$1 ne$ to be plant$ transplant+ & :y4 deep4 ,roots h n _h room ,:y w\ld y n select ! en\gh 9 hotb$4 v small ones8 ! v l>ge ones8 ,m$ium-siz$1 /rong plants3 ,be/ = plant+4 ,:5 a g>d5] has n en\gh ,good roots4 f9e1 /raight plants1 c y ,good /alk4 ?9k ( a way ( plant+ by ,gre5 leaves4 :i* he might use a crook$ plant8 ,crook$ plants4 ,c be /raight5$ by ! sun4 ,n[ t we "k :at k9d ( a plant to select1 c y ?9k ( some?+ else we mu/ le>n be=e we are ready to transplant our salvia plants8 7,/atem5t ( ,pupils' ,aim47 ,,ii4 ,mann] ( ,plant+4 ,c y ?9k ( "s ?+s ,prep>ation ( hole4 :i* might help a v "y ,wat] at roots4 plant to get a good />t8 ,plant$ deep en\gh = ,has any *ild ev] se5 a f>m] bran*+ ( fir/ leaves to plant cabbage or tomato plants8 be b an in* or two above ,tell u exactly h[ he did x gr\nd4 & :y4 ,e>? press$ firmly ar\nd plant4 ,practice plant+ ( cabbage ,sev]al *ildr5 :o c select & tomato plants 9 a box a good plant may plant !m 9 ( e>?4 ?is box ( e>?4 ,! class w ,tr[el4 decide :e!r !y are good ,*oice ( plant4 g>d5]s4 ,wat]4 ,acc\nt ( :at is be+ done4 ,ea* *ild w h an opportunity to plant a salvia ,summ>y4 plant 9 ! g>d54 ,c y tell ,h[ to select a plant = :i* plants w be mo/ liable transplant+4 to gr[ well8 ,h[ to plant x4 ,a ,,lesson ,,plan ,,9 ,,geography ,,:i* ,,is ,,pr$om9antly ,,d$uctive ,! /udy ( maps =ms ! basis = inf]5ces :i* are lat] v]ifi$ by ref]r+ to ! text4 ,?is plan 0 writt5 by ,miss ,m>y ,f4 ,kir*wey ( ! ,horace ,mann ,s*ool1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,?is lesson 0 mo/ successfully taught to six?-grade pupils 9 ! ,horace ,mann ,s*ool4 ,tea*]'s aim3 ,to tea* ! geography ( ,india & to give practice 9 ! application ( pr9ciples ( geography kn[n by ! pupils4 ,*ildr5's aim3 ,:y d !y h su* t]rible fam9es 9 ,india8 ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure ,:at is a fam9e8 ,suffici5t conv]sation to impress ^u ! *ildr5 ! suff]+ att5dant ^u fam9e4 ,failure ( crops--d5se population ,:at are "s ( ! conditions directly dep5d5t ^u agriculture t br+ ab\t a fam9e8 = a liv+--lack ( suffici5t means ( transportation4 ,we h abundant ra9fall-- ,h y ev] he>d ( fam9es temp]ature favorable to crops-- 9 our c\ntry8 ,:y n8 great l& area 9 proportion to our population4 ,9 ,egypt--ev5 z f> back z ,9 :at "p ( ! _w h 9 ! days ( ,joseph 7,bible7--also y he>d ( fam9es8 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,nile's ov]fl[ less abundant ,:at 7 "s ( ! causes ?an usual--d5se population4 ( fam9e 9 ,egypt8 ,! ,indus ,valley 9 ,india is "o ( ! regions t is subject to t]rible fam9es4 ,let u see if we c f9d ! reason = x4 ,location & approximate ext5t ,po9t out ! ,indus on ! map4 ( ! ,indus ,valley4 ,:]e does x rise8 ,:]e empty8 ,draw y\r po9t] along ! l5g? ( ! valley--across x4 ,9 :at latitude is x8 ,betwe5 latitudes #bc & #cj ,n4 ,:at temp]ature conditions ! temp]ature is w>m4 mu/ prevail !re8 ,:at "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica is 9 ab\t ! ,florida is 9 ab\t ! same same latitude8 ,:at d y "k latitude1 b ! extremes ( ab\t ! temp]ature ( ,florida8 temp]ature are n s great ow+ ,d y ?9k t ! ,indus to ! wat] mass t surr\nds x ,valley has ab\t ! same & temp]s bo? heat & cold4 temp]ature8 ,look c>efully at ! location ( bo? places-- ,florida & ! ,indus ,valley4 ,c y see any reason = ?9k+ t temp]ature is n ! same8 ,h[ are ! summ] & w9t] temp]atures ( ,florida affect$ by ! wat]s ab\t x8 ,h[ are ! summ] & w9t] temp]atures ( ! ,indus ,valley affect$ by ! l& mass ab\t x8 ,iso!rmal maps = ,janu>y ,f9d out :e!r y\r conclusions & ,july v]ify ! class are "r4 conclusions4 ,,jan4 ,,july4 ,indus ,valley1 #dj-fj #ij ,florida #ej-fj #hj ,is ! temp]ature ( ,florida favorable or unfavorable to crops8 ,is a temp]ature some:at hott] 9 summ] & cold] 9 w9t] unfavorable to crops8 ,is !re any?+1 !n1 9 ! temp]ature ( ! ,indus ,valley t expla9s _! fam9es8 ,ra9fall4 ,we mu/ evid5tly look = "s o!r cause = ! fam9es4 ,^u :at o!r climatic conditions d crops dep5d8 ,indus ,valley is 9 ! trade w9d ,9 :at w9d belt does ! belt4 ,indus ,valley lie8 ,nor? ( ! equator ! trades ,f :at g5]al direction bl[ f ! nor!a/4 d ! trades bl[ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e8 ,! air ov] ! l& becomes ,let u see if !re is ev] any heat$ & exp&s4 ,! cool] exception to ?is rule4 ,h[ does air f ! wat] bl[s 94 ! temp]ature ( ! l& comp>e ) ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 summ]8 ,:at effect has ?is ^u ! air ov] ! l&8 ,:at naturally foll[s8 ,f a g5]al s\!rly direction4 ,f :at direction1 !n1 d ! w9ds bl[ 9 ,india8 ,arr[s on map %[ t ! w9ds come f ! s\?we/4 ,turn to ! map ( ! w9ds & f9d ! exact direction4 ,^! w9ds are call$ ! ,s\?we/ ,monsoons4 ,f ! nor!a/ 9 w9t]4 ,tell aga9 f :at direction ! w9ds ( ,india come4 ,f ! s\?we/ 9 summ]4 ,!re c be practically no ,:at1 !n1 d y conclude z ra9fall 9 ! ,indus ,valley 9 to ! ra9fall ( ! ,indus ,valley w9t] because ! w9ds bl[ ov] 9 w9t]8 ,is !re apt to be m ! great l& mass ( ea/]n & or less ra9fall 9 summ]8 ,:y8 s\?-c5tral ,asia be=e rea*+ ,look at ! map v c>efully ! ,indus & h lo/ _! & see if x is likely t ev5 moi/ure4 ! summ] w9ds br+ mu* ra9fall4 ,is ! ra9fall equally ,!re is m ra9fall 9 summ] light all ?r\gh ! valley8 ,:]e because ! w9ds f ! s\?we/ is x apt to be heavie/8 ,:y8 come directly f ! ocean4 ,! valley lies s l[1 h[ev]1 t ! w9ds sweep ov] ! s\!rn "p ( x )\t hav+ mu* ( _! moi/ure cond5s$4 ,!re is little cond5sation until !y ne> ! highl&s on ! nor?4 ,ref] to ra9fall maps :i* ,prove t y\r conclusions %[ well-wat]$ regions 9 ! are correct4 upp] valley--des]t 9 ! l[]4 ,g5]ally favorable 9 ! upp] ,w\ld y !n say t ! valley--unfavorable 9 ! l[]4 ra9fall is favorable or unfavorable = agriculture8 ,does ?is mean1 necess>ily1 t agriculture _c be c>ri$ on 9 ! l[] valley8 ,! ,nile ,valley--,egypt4 ,:at o!r riv] valley h y /udi$ t is not$ = its agriculture 9 spite ( a v light ra9fall8 ,! annual ov]fl[ ( ! ,:at makes agriculture possible riv]4 9 ! ,nile ,valley8 ,! heavy precipitation 9 ! ,to :at is ! ov]fl[ ( ! m\nta9\s di/ricts t fe$ its ,nile due8 tribut>ies4 ,indus has _m tribut>ies t ,is !re any?+ 9 ! location rise 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,9 ! ( ! ,indus t makes x summ]1 :5 ! sn[s on ! likely t x1 too1 ov]fl[s8 m\nta9s melt1 ^! tribut>ies c>ry to ! ma9 /ream su* a quantity ( wat] t an inundation results4 ,ov]fl[ is less & a ,:at is ! result if ! correspond+ly small] area ra9fall is less abundant ?an productive4 usual8 ,"* ( ! soil4 ,^u :at beside temp]ature & ra9fall does ! productiv5ess ( a region dep5d8 ,riv] valleys 9 g5]al h a ,c y come to any conclusion ri* soil4 ,a riv] t ov]fl[s 9 reg>d to ! soil ( ! ,indus leaves a deposit ( ri* mud t ,valley8 makes its banks v f]tile4 ,favorable--w>m climate1 ri* ,/ate aga9 ! conditions 9 soil1 ov]fl[ ( ! riv]4 ! valley t are favorable to agriculture4 ,^? t are ,unfavorable--scanty ra9fall4 unfavorable4 ,crops gr[ s rapidly & easily ,:at has be5 ! effect ( :5 ra9s d n fail1 t va/ ^! physical conditions ^u numb]s ( ! p engage 9 ! occupations ( ! p8 f>m+4 ,x is almo/ purely an agricultural region4 ,x has attract$ va/ numb]s ( ,:at has be5 _! effect ^u p4 ! d5sity ( population8 ,pr9cipal products--millet1 ,:at crops w\ld y expect rice1 cotton1 sug> cane1 :eat1 to f9d 9 ! ,indus ,valley8 tea4 ,consult y\r textbooks & see :at else is gr[n !re4 ,practically all ne$$ = home ,d y ?9k t mu* is consumption4 export$8 ,:y1 !n1 d !y h su* t]rible fam9es 9 ,india8 ,m railroads might be built ,c y sugge/ any?+ t 9 ord] t food products c\ld might be done to less5 ! dang] be c>ri$ readily f "o section ( fam9e8 to ano!r4 ,bett] me?ods ( irrigation ,consult y\r textbooks & see might be employ$4 :at /eps h already be5 tak5 9 ?is direction4 ,m v>iety ( occupation might be introduc$1 s t few] p w\ld be directly dep5d5t ^u agriculture = a liv+4 ,a ,,lesson ,,= ,,appreciation ,a lesson = appreciation :i* includes creative & int]pretative "w4 ,! int]pretation ( ! song 9 ! dance1 or dramatic game4 ,?is lesson 0 plann$ & taught to a gr\p ( second-grade *ildr5 by ,miss ,eleanor ,wright ( ! ,spey] ,s*ool1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,! lesson 0 bas$ ^u ! little ,g]man folk song :i* foll[s3-- ,music3 ,das ,/eck5pf]d #a4 ,hopp1 hopp1 hopp6 ,pf]d-*51 lauf' ,ga-lopp1 #b4 ,tipp1 tipp1 tapp6 ,wirf mi* ja ni*t ab6 -b] ,/ock1 und -b] ,/ei-ne1 son/ be-komm/ du ,peit-s*5 hie-be6 a-b] bri* mir ni*t die ,bei-ne6 ,pf]d-*51 ?u' mir's ja zu lie-be2 im-m] im ,ga-lopp6 hopp1 hopp1 hopp1 hopp1 hopp6 wirf mi* ja ni*t ab6 tipp-ti1 tapp-ti1 tapp6 ,tea*]'s aims3-- #a4 ,to h ! *ildr5 make a dance :i* w be suitable to ! music ( ,das ,/eck5pf]d4 #b4 ,to help ! *ildr5 to appreciate ?is =m ( self-expression1--expression by means ( ! :ole body4 ,pupils' aim3-- ,to make a little 8folk dance0 :i* !y w pres5t at ! ,may ,fe/ival = ! ent]ta9m5t ( p>5ts & fri5ds4 ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure ,i4 ,a4 ,gett+ ! problem be=e ,i4 ,a4 #a4 ,d y rememb]1 ! *ildr54 *ildr51 t ,i promis$ y a great surprise ?is #a4 ,! surprise4 morn+8 ,well1 ?is is x4 #b4 ,reason = do+ ?is "w4 #b4 ,"o day1 n long ago1 ,miss ,s41 ,miss ,t41 & ,i 7 talk+ ov] our program = ! ,may ,fe/ival1 & we decid$ t ! little p did n h en\gh to d4 ,! fir/-grade *ildr5 are to play a little /ory1 & our two grades1 y "k1 are to s+ ,! ,little ,pr9cess--s we ?\ght t ! second grade ought to h a little "p ( its own4 ,n[ :at d y ?9k x is to be8 ,i am go+ to tell y4 #c4 ,nature ( ! problem4 #c4 ,we are go+ to make our own little dance to ! music ( ,das ,pf]d*54 ,don't y ?9k t w be v int]e/+8 ,b4 #a4 ,set ! /&>d = #a4 ,:5 we made ! judg+ ! value tunes = our songs la/ ( ! "w done3 w9t]1 :at did ! t is1 to h music always h to tell8 ! dance tell ! same /ory z ! music4 ,j s1 z we make our dance to-day1 x mu/ tell ! same /ory z ! folk song4 #b4 ,consid] "s o!r #b4 ,let u s+ "o ( our famili> melodies1 little songs t we h & %[1 9 physical kn[n = a long "t1 expression1 & see if we c tell1 :at !y tell4 9 a dance1 h[ t makes u feel4 a4 ,soldi] ,song4 ,diff]5t *ildr5 7,b5tley ,song ,prim]47 may "h give diff]5t1 individual int]pretations4 ,enc\rage mu* fre$om4 b4 ,bye-,l[4 ,i am ?9k+ ( ano!r 7,b5tley ,song ,prim]47 tune t is q diff]5t f ?is "o4 ,y may s+ x ) me if y l4 ,virg9ia may %[ u h[ t song makes h] feel3 :at %e wi%es to d :5 %e he>s x4 c4 ,old ,black ,joe4 7,h&le ^! two songs 9 a mann] simil> d4 ,rob9 ,hood & ,little to t us$ = ! ,john4 o!r two47 ,c4 ,*oose ^? pupils to ,i am go+ to *oose int]pret a song to :om ,james to dance ?is1 = x seems to appeal mo/4 he kn[s s mu* ab\t soldi]s4 #a4 ,soldi] ,song--boys4 #b4 ,bye-,l[--girls4 ,:om d y ?9k #c4 ,rob9 ,hood--p>tn]s4 c\ld be/ %[ u h[ ,bye-,l[ 8goes08 ,yes1 ,i believe ! girls c4 ,h5ry may *oose a little boy & girl to %[ u h[ ?is tune 7,rob9 ,hood7 seems to g4 ,,ii4 ,a4 ,das ,pf]d*54 ,,ii4 ,a4 ,our little song1 ,das ,pf]d*51 is v diff]5t f all ^!4 ,let u s+ x toge!r1 to 8la40 #a4 ,k9d ( song--gay4 #a4 ,:at k9d ( song d y ?9k x is8 ,h[ does x make y feel8 #b4 ,?+s a little horse #b4 ,?is song is ab\t w\ld d4 a little horse4 ,n[ :at c a little horse d8 a4 ,gallop4 b4 ,jump4 c4 ,trot4 d4 ,paw ! e>?4 e4 ,/amp4 f4 ,/ep v high4 g4 ,c>ry 8 head pr\dly4 h4 ,prance4 #c4 ,f9d any or all ( ^! #c4 ,n[ we %all s+ our movem5ts 9 ! song4 song aga91 & ?is "t y mu/ li/5 v c>efully s t y c tell :at ?is little horse does4 #d4 ,analysis ( /anzas4 #d4 ,is ?is /anza alike ,fir/ /anza--#c p>ts4 ?r\gh\t1 or are !re diff]5t p>ts to x8 a4 ,jump+4 ,y may raise y\r h&s :5 we come to b4 ,gallop+4 ! end ( ea* "p4 ,"n ea* "p4 c4 ,jump+ lightly4 #e4 ,int]pretation ( ea* #e4 ,y may %[ u h[ "p by sev]al t fir/ "p makes y diff]5t *ildr54 feel1 ,lel&4 ,irv+ may %[ u 8 way ( do+ x4 #f4 ,criticism4 a4 ,sugge/ions & ,y h se5 ^! con/ructive criticism two boys "w2 h y ( "w done4 any sugge/ion to give8 b4 ,judgm5t ( ! ,:i* piece ( "w d y class z to ! relative consid] m appropriate8 values ( "w4 ,:y8 c4 ,selection made = ,are y will+ to accept p]man5t dance4 ?is = y\r f9i%$ dance8 #g4 a4 ,analysis ( second ,n[ we h gott5 ! /anza--#c movem5ts4 movem5ts = our fir/ /anza1 we %all see if ! second /anza is v l x4 ,h[ _m movem5ts did y he> 9 x8 b4 ,contra/ ! g5]al b4 ,is ! g5]al _s _s ( fir/ & ( ! second /anza j l second /anzas4 t ( ! fir/8 ,comp>e8 #h4 ,enc\rage timid pupils ,w y n %[ u1 to put =? ef=t4 ,joseph9e1 h[ t little ,h a v weak horse seems to g1 9 "o "w ) "o ?is second /anza4 :o is /rong 9 ?is l9e4 ,n[ ,william is a v /rong horse1 s we %all put y ) him & make a f9e 8team40 ,,iii4 ,a4 #a4 ,review ! :ole dance4 ,,iii4 ,a4 #a4 ,s9ce we h gott5 all our dance1 9 p>ts1 maybe y w\ld l to see "s "o dance x all ! way ?r\gh4 ,:o w be /rong en\gh to d ?is )\t any help8 ,we lik$ t v mu*4 #b4 ,give ! inc5tive to #b4 ,b ,i wond] if y "w ^u ?is feel ready to give ?is at until x is a v ! ,may ,fe/ival1 j f9i%$ product4 z x is8 ,:y n8 ,:at w be necess>y1 !n1 be=e we c feel satisfi$ ) x8 #c4 ,provide = a way ( #c4 ,n[ we "k h[ our gett+ on & (f dance is to g aft] we ! floor1 :5 ! h gott5 out on ! dance is giv54 floor1 b we h n said h[ we %all get to & f our places4 ,don't y ?9k ?is is v important8 #d4 ,assignm5t4 #d4 ,i am go+ to ask y to be ready to answ] ?is "q on ,monday3 ,:at w be ! mo/ suitable & pleas+ way 9 :i* to get be=e our audi5ce2 & also1 back to our places aft] our dance has be5 giv54 ,a ,,lesson ,,9 ,,ari?metic ,,bas$ ,,on ,a ,,real ,,problem ,,:i* ,,0 ,,int]e/+ ,,to ,,*ildr5 ,su* a lesson gives little opportunity = practice 9 ari?metical computation1 b gives ! v be/ possible motive = ! drill "w :i* is to foll[4 ,?is lesson 0 plann$ & taught 9 ! ?ird grade ( ! ,spey] ,s*ool1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 by ,miss ,roxana ,a4 ,/eele4 ,tea*]'s aims3 ,to h *ildr5 appreciate ! practical value ( itemiz$ bills4 ,to make *ildr5 consci\s ( _! ne$ = ! multiplication table ( six4 ,pupil's aim3 ,to f9d ! co/ ( ! basket ( food to be giv5 to a poor family on ,?anksgiv+ ,day4 ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure ,?anksgiv+ baskets are s5t ,h[ _m *ildr5 "k ab\t annually to ! ne$y families ( ! ,?anksgiv+ baskets :i* ! neighborhood4 are s5t f ! ,spey] ,s*ool8 ,volunt>y (f]+s ( money1 ,y may tell ! re/ ( ! groc]ies1 help 9 prep>+ & class h[ ?is "w is plann$ di/ribut+4 =4 ,an (f] to pay = a ,?anksgiv+ ,miss ,s4 0 tell+ me ye/]day basket if ! value 7 t a g5tleman (f]$ to pay e/imat$4 = "o ( ! baskets1 b %e did n "k ! value ( "o4 ,%e said t %e knew ! diff]5t articles :i* are put into ! basket1 b did n "k ! value ( ea*4 ,i ?\ght ,grade ,,iii c\ld f9d ! co/ = h]4 ,w\ld y l to try to d x8 7,pupils' ,aim47 ,li/ ( ?+s = ! ,?anksgiv+ ,miss ,s4 gave me a li/ ( ! basket3 ?+s :i* are to g into ! basket4 #a squa%4 #b cans ( vegetables4 ,z ,i put ! li/ on ! bo>d #c qt4 ( potatoes4 try to ?9k ( ! price ( ea* #b qt4 ( apples4 article4 #f lb4 ( beef4 #a qt4 ( cranb]ries4 ,we w *oose ! av]age price #a lb4 ( sug>4 because our goods w be av]age #a lb4 ( nuts4 goods4 ,m>ket li/ prices3 ,small squa% #ab ,l>ge squa% #ah ,cann$ vegetables #aj ,potatoes p] qt4 #h ,apples p] qt4 #ab ,cranb]ries p] qt4 #ab ,sug> p] lb4 #f ,nuts mix$ p] lb4 #ah ,small squa% #ab ,h[ _m are ready to tell ! ,l>ge squa% #ah price ( squa%8 ,h[ c y ------- f9d ! m$ium price8 ,y may #b 7 #cj record ! squa%4 ,:o c fill ------- 9 ! second l9e & expla9 ,m$ium squa% #ae x8 ,class be ready to criticize4 #f lb4 ( beef at #af 4#if ,same me?od ) ! o!r items except item ab\t meat4 ,h[ c we f9d ! co/ ( #f lb4 ( beef at #af a p\nd8 4#af ,tea*] d ! multiply+1 4#af %[+ ! practical value ( 4#af 4#af a lb4 ! k ( ! #f table4 4#af #f ,:i* is ! bett] way & :y8 4#af ---- 4#af 4#if = #f lb4 ,is !re any "q be=e ---- f9d+ ! value ( ! basket 4#if z a :ole8 ,sugge/ions4 ,:o c give helpful sugge/ions to make sure t ! answ] is ,numb]s 9 /raight columns4 correct8 ,add up & d[n4 ,give prop] "n to answ]4 ,bo>d addition4 ,*eck+ ( results at bo>d by pupil ^: "w is incorrect4 ,pap]s = ,miss ,s4 & ! ,^! ?ree *ildr5 may *oose g5tleman4 ! two be/ pap]s & tell :y !y select !m4 ,neat4 ,correct4 ,good writ+4 ,co/ ( ,?anksgiv+ basket1 ,:at h we f\nd out 9 #b4ae4 to-day's lesson8 ,ne$ ( #f table4 ,:at d y ?9k we ought to d 9 ! ari?metic lesson to-morr[8 7,problem to c>ry ov]47 ,aim = next lesson to be express$ by pupils4 ,we _c always foll[ 9 e detail ! plan :i* we make = a lesson4 ,x is int]e/+ 9 ?is connection to read ,miss ,/eele's accurate acc\nt ( :at actually happ5$ :5 ! lesson1 z plann$ above1 0 taught4 ,! description :i* foll[s appe>$ 9 ! ,atlantic ,educational ,j\rnal = ,novemb]1 #aiaj4 ,a ,,practical ,,lesson ,,9 ,,ari?metic ,,by ,,roxana ,a4 ,,/eele1 ,,spey] ,,s*ool1 ,,tea*]s ,,college1 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity ,pupil's aim3 ,to f9d ! co/ ( a ,?anksgiv+ d9n]4 ,tea*]'s aim3 ,to make *ildr5 consci\s ( _! ne$s 9 ari?metic4 ,la/ fall ,grade ,?ree _h be5 /udy+ ! :olesale m>ket 9 indu/rial "w4 ,! :olesale m>ket 0 comp>$ ) ! retail m>ket1 prices contra/$1 etc41 & mu* language & ari?metic "w 0 bas$ ^u ?is "w4 ,a few days be=e ,?anksgiv+ a g5tleman /epp$ into ! s*ool (fice & (f]$ to pay = "o ( ! ,?anksgiv+ baskets :i* ! s*ool s5ds out to poor families 9 ! neighborhood4 ,no "o seem$ to "k ! exact value ( "o ( ! baskets1 s ,grade ,?ree 0 ask$ to make ! e/imate4 ,?is c\ld h be5 done by an adult 9 a few m9utes1 b x w\ld h be5 done no m accurately ?an ! *ildr5 7 able to d x aft] hav+ made a c>eful /udy ( m>ket li/s4 ,! ex]cise also furni%$ an excell5t *ild's aim = ! ari?metic lesson4 ,! class felt its responsibility & 0 anxi\s to d good "w4 ,! li/ ( ?+s g5]ally put into "o ( ! baskets 0 giv5 to ! class4 ,! *ildr5 decid$ ^u ! av]age price ( ea* item4 ,?is call$ = an appreciation ( ! ^w av]age4 ,! "w 0 done orally ) class discussion4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! price ( a squa% 0 ask$1 "o *ild said 8twelve c5ts10 ano!r1 8eighte5 c5ts10 etc4 ,! class f9ally agre$ t a m$ium-siz$ squa% w\ld co/ ab\t fifte5 c5ts4 ,small squa% #ab ,l>ge squa% #ah ---- #b 7 #cj ---- #ae ,! *ild :o record$ ! price ( ! squa% on ! bo>d wrote fifte5 c5ts--4#ae4 ,be=e ! lesson 0 ov]1 sev]al *ildr5 _h a little tr\ble 9 writ+ c5ts )\t dimes 74#jf71 keep+ ! money columns /raight1 us+ ! doll> m>k & decimal po9t1 etc4 ,) sugge/ions f o!r memb]s ( ! class1 ! li/ 0 complete4 ,9 ! item 8#f lb4 ( beef #af0 ! class f\nd t x 0 necess>y to multiply by six4 ,z !y _h nev] _h ! six table1 ,i did n expect !m to be able to d x1 b x *anc$ t "o boy knew 8 six table & did ! "w readily4 ,m>ion ,?alman4 ,nov4 #bc1 #aiji4 ,! ,co/ ( a ,?anksgiv+ ,d9n] #a squa% 4#ae #b cans ( vegetables #aj 4#bj #c qt4 ( potatoes #h 4#bd #f lb4 ( beef #af 4#if #b qt4 ( apples #ab 4#bd #a qt4 cranb]ries 4#ab #a lb4 sug> 4#jf #a lb4 nuts 4#ah ---- #b4ae ,:5 ! price ( ea* item _h be5 decid$ ^u1 ! *ildr5 f\nd ! total co/ at _! seats1 & _! results 7 comp>$4 ,! lesson clos$ ) ! "q1 8,:at did y f9d out 9 to-day's lesson80 ,! answ]s 73 8,! co/ ( a ,?anksgiv+ basket02 8,t ,russell is ! only *ild :o kn[s 8 six table02 8,t we ne$ to write doll>s & c5ts s t we won't make mi/akes40 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ari?metic lesson ! foll[+ day1 :5 ! class 0 ask$1 8,:at d we ne$ to d to-day80 !re 0 a division ( op9ion z to :e!r ! drill on doll>s & c5ts or le>n+ ( ! six table %\ld come fir/4 ,! decision 0 9 favor ( ! drill on writ+ money1 & ! six table 0 pres5t$ lat] 9 ! same p]iod4 ,! result ( ! lesson on ! co/ ( ! d9n] 0 s5t to ! pr9cipal4 ,! class receiv$ a note ( ?anks = ! help :i* x _h r5d]$4 ,! *ildr5 7 pr\d ( _! accompli%m5t & anxi\s to "w out m real problems4 ,a ,,lesson ,,= ,,appreciation ,tea*]'s aim3 ,to help *ildr5 to enjoy ,/ev5son's ,b$ 9 ,summ]4 ,did any *ild 9 ! room ev] h to g to b$ be=e x 0 d>k8 ,did y ev] get up 9 ! morn+ be=e daylight8 ,/ev5son rememb]$ h[ he us$ to feel :5 he _h to g to b$ be=e d>k1 & wrote a /ory ab\t x4 ,w\ld y l to he> ! /ory8 ,*ildr5's aim3 ,to enjoy ,/ev5son's /ory ab\t go+ to b$ be=e d>k4 ,,subject ,,matt] ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure ,,b$ ,,9 ,,summ] ,i want y to tell me all y c ab\t ! place :]e 8,9 w9t] ,i get up at night ,/ev5son liv$1 :5 ,i am ?r\gh ,& dress by yell[ c&le light2 read+ ! /ory4 ,9 summ] q ! o!r way1 ,i h to g to b$ by day4 ,read ! poem4 8,i h to g to b$ & see ,:o w describe ! place ,! birds /ill hopp+ on ! tree1 :]e he liv$8 ,& he> ! gr[n-up p's feet ,/ill go+ pa/ me 9 ! /reet4 ,7 !re o!r *ildr5 :o liv$ ne> by8 8,& does x n seem h>d to y1 ,:5 all ! sky is cle> & blue1 ,7 !re any trees ne> ! ,& ,i %\ld l s mu* to play1 h\se8 ,to h to g to b$ by day80 ,i'll read ! poem aga9 & y w see h[ _m reasons ,/ev5son _h = n want+ to g to b$ by day4 ,read ! poem aga9 twice4 ,:y does he tell y t he has to get up at night 9 ! w9t]8 ,:5 d ! birds g to b$8 ,d ! gr[n-up p g to b$ :5 *ildr5 d8 ,h[ 0 he able to see ! birds 9 ! trees8 ,d y ?9k he ev] got out ( b$8 ,d y ?9k all ! *ildr5 9 ! /reet _h to g to b$ z e>ly z ,/ev5son8 ,let me read ! la/ /anza & see :e!r y c tell4 ,recall ! ,"m ,goose ,rhyme3 8,girls & boys come out to play1 ,! moon do? %9e z bright z day2 ,leave y\r supp] & leave y\r sleep1 ,& come ) y\r playfell[s into ! /reet40 ,h[ did ,/ev5son "k ! o!r *ildr5 7 9 ! /reet8 ,read ! la/ /anza4 ,i'll read ! :ole /ory aga91 & !n ask "s "o to tell me ,/ev5son's /ory ab\t go+ to b$ 9 summ]4 ,read ! poem1 call+ att5tion to ! diff]5t sc5es3 7#a7 ,! boy t gets up by night & dresses by yell[ c&le-light4 7#b7 ,9 summ] q ! o!r way1 he has to g to b$ by day--he has to g to b$ & see ! birds /ill hopp+ on ! tree & he> ! gr[n-up p's feet /ill go+ pa/ him 9 ! /reet4 7#c7 ,! little boy ly+ 9 b$ :o feels v mu* abus$4 ,& does x n seem h>d to y1 etc48 ,let u see all ( ! pictures aga94 ,read 9 same way aga94 ,:o w tell ! /ory8 ,i am go+ to write x on ! bo>d1 s t we c tell ! /ory z ,/ev5son did4 ,aft] ! treatm5t indicat$ above1 memorization w be v easily accompli%$4 ,! prelim9>y /udy = appreciation w make ! poem mean m to ! *ildr5 ?an x c\ld h meant _h ! tea*] simply read x to ! *ildr5 two or ?ree times & !n ask$ !m to memorize x4 ,9 a /udy lesson1 ! plans w v>y f a s+le ex]cise 9 f9d+ ! pr9cipal ?\ght 9 a p>agraph to a developm5t lesson1 n dissimil> z to plan to o!r lessons ( ! same type4 ,! recitation lesson may be a developm5t lesson1 inductive or d$uctive1 or a drill lesson4 ,! plans w\ld !re=e be simil> to ^? giv5 above4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be sugge/$ t any tea*] :o feels t x is impossible to plan all ( h] "w w ga9 greatly if %e w plan c>efully = a s+le subject4 ,z facility is ga9$ 9 plan mak+1 x w be possible to write plans = two or ?ree or = m subjects4 ,a topic plan %\ld result 9 def9it5ess 9 ! "w ( bo? tea*] & pupils4 ,good plans give ! tea*] m fre$om 9 conduct+ h] "w1 & enable h] to tell def9itely ! progress :i* ! class has made4 ,plans are necess>y 9 tea*+4 ,no "o has a "r to pret5d to tea* )\t previ\s ?\ght conc]n+ ! subject to be taught1 & ! me?od to be employ$ 9 giv+ *ildr5 comm& ( ?is mat]ial4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,w4 ,w4 ,*>t]s1 ,me?ods ( ,tea*+1 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,c4 ,a4 & ,f4 ,m4 ,mc,murry1 ,! ,me?od ( ! ,recitation1 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,ex]cises4 ,! plans :i* foll[ 7 (f]$ to tea*]s z sugge/ions r ?an z outl9es ( subject matt] or ( proc$ure to be foll[$ absolutely4 ,reorganize ^! plans s z to %[ subject matt] & me?od sep>ately4 ,add to ! subject matt] or me?od :]ev] necess>y4 ,if y ?9k be/1 *ange ! organization ( mat]ial1 ! /atem5t ( aim1 ! ref]5ces to books1 & ! l4 ,d n *ange ! topic4 ,z a result ( y\r "w y %\ld be ready to pres5t a plan = :i* y are will+ to /&4 ,,lit]ature--,,?ird ,,grade ,,atalanta',s ,,race ,,note4--,! /ory ( ,atalanta's ,race furni%es mat]ial = sev]al lessons4 ,! foll[+ outl9e embraces ! :ole set ( lessons4 ,aim3-- ,to tea* ! /ory ( ,atalanta's ,race4 ,i4 ,division into p>ts4 #a4 ,atalanta4 #b4 ,hippom5es4 #c4 ,! ,race4 ,,ii4 ,outl9+ ( ea* "p4 #a4 ,atalanta4 a4 ,h] home4 b4 ,swiftness ( foot4 c4 ,beauty & grace4 ,desire ( y\?s to w9 h]4 d4 ,h] det]m9ation4 #b4 ,hippom5es4 a4 ,:o he 04 b4 ,8 decision4 c4 ,8 resort to /rategy4 #c4 ,! ,race4 a4 ,atalanta's self-confid5ce4 b4 ,! fir/ apple2 ! result4 c4 ,! second apple2 ! result4 d4 ,! ?ird apple2 ! result4 ,prep>ation3-- ,tell me ( a game 9 :i* "o *ild outruns ano!r4 ,tell me ( a /ory 9 :i* two animals play$ a game l ?is race ( ,atalanta4 7,h>e & ,tortoise47 ,let u play a game 9 :i* two boys run a race4 ,let u play ! ,h>e & ! ,tortoise4 ,:i* is ! fa/] runn]1 ! h>e or ! tortoise8 ,h[1 !n1 did ! tortoise w9 ! race8 ,pres5tation3-- ,let ! tea*] tell ! /ory ( ! ,h>e & ! ,tortoise4 ,f9d 9 ! ,atalanta /ory ! p]son :o takes ! place ( ! h>e1 & ! "o :o takes ! place ( ! tortoise4 ,by %[+ ! picture 9 ! book1 h ! *ildr5 solve ! problem4 ,did ,atalanta expect to w9 ! race8 ,:y n8 ,h[ did ?is make h] act8 ,did ! h>e expect to lose ! race8 ,:y n8 ,! tea*] may tell ! /ory ( ! girl go+ to m>ket ) a basket ( eggs on h] head4 ,%e 0 s sure ( gett+ sale = h] eggs t %e set to dream+ ( ! pretty ?+s %e w\ld buy ) ! money %e 0 to get = ! eggs4 ,%e w\ld buy1 %e ?\ght1 a bright new dress & a new hat2 & !n h[ mean & %abby %e c\ld make ! o!r girls look2 & h[ %e c\ld walk pa/ !m all1 toss+ h] head 9 pride6 ,=gett+ t %e 0 /ill only on h] way to m>ket1 %e !n gave h] head a pr\d little toss2 &--:at d y ?9k happ5$8 ,let ! *ildr5 give ! /ory ( ! ,h>e & ! ,tortoise 9 _! own words4 ,:at is likely to happ5 to any "o ( u :o is too sure ( w9n+8 ,:at w we say1 !n1 ( any "o :o is too sure ( any?+8 ,x has be5 said1 8,c\nt n y\r *ick5s be=e !y are hat*$40 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,,ari?metic--,,fif? ,,grade ,aim3-- ,to tea* division ( decimals4 ,! foll[+ is assum$ z class k ^u :i* ! process %\ld be bas$4 #a4 ,ability to read & write decimals4 #b4 ,vivid k ( ! relations ( "o hundr$ to t51 t5 to "o unit1 "o unit to "o t5?1 "o t5? to "o hundr$?1 etc4 #c4 ,k ( ! process ( division ( :ole numb]s4 #d4 ,! pr9ciple3 multiply+ or divid+ bo? divid5d & divisor by ! same numb] does n *ange ! quoti5t4 ,prep>ation3-- #a4 ,division by an integ]4 a4 ,f9d ! value ( #a acre ( l& if #ae acres co/ #ggaae4 #eada ------- #ae 7 #ggaae #ge --- #ba #ae --- #fa #fj --- #ae #ae b4 ,f9d ! value ( #a acre ( l& if #ae acres co/ #gga4ae4 #ea4da ------- #ae 7 #gga4ae #ge --- #ba #ae ---- #f4a #f4j ---- 4#ae 4#ae ,comp>e ! /eps 9 7b7 ) ! correspond+ /eps 9 7a74 ,! pupil w exp]i5ce no difficulty 9 tell+ ! unit t ea* quoti5t figure repres5ts1 = he kn[s t divid+ any numb] into p>ts does n *ange its unit4 ,pres5tation3-- a4 #ab is conta9$ 9 #cf h[ _m times8 #ab 7 #cf -- #c b4 ,multiply bo? divid5d & divisor 9 7a7 by #b4 #bd is conta9$ 9 #gb h[ _m times8 #bd 7 #gb -- #c c4 ,multiply bo? divid5d & divisor 9 7a7 by #aj4 #abj is conta9$ 9 #cfj h[ _m times8 #abj 7 #cfj --- #c ,comp>e ! quoti5ts4 ,recall ! pr9ciple3 ,multiply+ bo? divid5d & divisor by ! same numb] does n *ange ! quoti5t4 d4 4#b is conta9$ 9 #b4d h[ _m times8 ,multiply+ bo? numb]s by #aj1 to :at is ! divisor *ang$8 ,to a :ole numb]4 #b is conta9$ 9 #bd h[ _m times8 #b 7 #bd -- #ab e4 4#bb is conta9$ 9 #b4db h[ _m times8 ,*ange 4#bb to a :ole numb]1 by multiply+ bo? ! numb]s by #ajj4 #bb is conta9$ 9 #bdb h[ _m times8 #aa --- #bb 7 #bdb #bb --- #bb #bb f4 4#jje is conta9$ 9 4#abe h[ _m times8 ,by :at %all bo? numb]s be multipli$ s t 4#jje may become ! :ole numb] #e8 #e is conta9$ 9 #abe h[ _m times8 #e 7 #abe --- #be g4 #b4hh is conta9$ 9 #c4def h[ _m times8 ,by :at %all bo? numb]s be multipli$ s t #b4hh may become ! :ole numb] #bhh8 #bhh is conta9$ 9 #cde4f h[ _m times8 #a4b ----- #bhh 7 #cde4f #bhh ---- #eg4f #eg4f ,_m su* examples w enable ! pupils to =mulate ! g5]alization3 8,to divide a decimal by a decimal1 multiply ! divid5d & divisor by ! p[] ( t5 t w *ange ! divisor to an integ]1 !n divide z 9 simple division40 ,,nature ,,/udy--,,fif? ,,grade ,,detail$ ,,plan ,,= ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,lessons ,topic3-- ,! horse4 ,mat]ials3-- ,! horse se5 on ! /reet2 dr9k+ f\nta9s2 horseman%ip obs]v$2 h>ness2 %oes2 protection2 diff]5t k9ds ( vehicles2 pr9t$ matt] issu$ by ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals & by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,aim3-- ,to tra9 ! *ildr5 to meet sympa!tically & intellig5tly _! responsibilities to ! horse4 ,prep>ation3-- ,ye>s ( int]e/ 9 horses2 direct$ obs]vation ( o!r p]iods4 ,pres5tation3-- #a4 ,/ories ( horses kn[n to ! *ildr5--^? own$ by _! p>5ts1 fire horses1 horses ( ! m\nt$ police1 %[+ _! fai?fulness1 intellig5ce1 /r5g?1 tra9+1 treatm5t4 ,9 ! city ( ,baltimore ! old fire horse is practically p5sion$ :5 unfit = fur!r s]vice4 ,?is is "o way 9 :i* "r-m9d$ p ackn[l$ge _! obligations to horses1 by provid+ = _! com=t 9 _! old age4 ,h /ories l ! ,pac+ ,mu/ang read to ! class2 all[ ! *ildr5 to take ! /orybooks home1 & enc\rage !m to br+ to ! class o!r /ories ab\t horses4 ,enc\rage ! *ildr5 to read brief hi/ories ( ! great bre$s ( horses--! ,norman horses1 ,clydesdales1 etc4--horses t hold ! _w's records = spe$4 #b4 ,obs]vations to id5tify horses t %[ normal blood1 & discov] _! fitness ( blood & temp]am5t = ! "w !y are do+4 ,are !y /rong en\gh = ! "w !y are requir$ to d8 ,are !y di/urb$ by pass+ /reet c>s8 ,if s1 h[ d !y %[ x8 ,:at is ! effect ^u !m ( ! confusion ( o!r city noises8 ,notice t :ile "s horses are evid5tly di/ress$ by ! confusion ( city life1 o!rs love x & become homesick :5 sold = use 9 ! c\ntry4 ,blanket+3-- ,call att5tion to ! mann] 9 :i* l>ge firms s c>efully blanket _! horses4 ,:y %\ld a horse be blanket$ :5 he is /&+8 ,%oe+3-- ,notice ! cause ( slipp+1 /umbl+1 & fall+ on icy or wet pavem5ts1 & !re=e ! necessity = r\gh %oes1 rubb] %oes1 etc4 ,if possible1 br+ into ! class a specim5 ( a pat5t horse%oe2 ! %oe & %ield ( a c>t horse4 ,h>ness3-- ,is ! horse easy 9 h>ness8 ,:at sort ( a *eckre9 w\ld y use8 ,:y8 ,:y is ! back pad us$ ) ! two-:eel c>t8 ,:at are ! effects ( an ill-fitt+ h>ness8 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! law :i* 9 "s places puni%es a man ^: horses %[ galls8 ,horseman%ip3-- ,h ! *ildr5 report critical situations :i* h happ5$ )9 _! obs]vation & h[ !y 7 met by driv]s2 _! obs]vation ( ! affection %[n by a horse t[>d 8 ma/]4 ,g5]al ,condition ( ,horses3-- ,discuss ! effect ( groom+ ^u ! horse's coat4 ,:y %\ld ! horse be f$ regul>ly8 ,:y %\ld gr\nd food be giv5 to an old horse ^: tee? are poor8 ,discuss ! necessity ( all[+ ! horse fre$om 9 travel+4 ,tempor>y lam5ess is frequ5tly due to a /one 9 ! foot2 h[ may x be remov$8 ,:at %\ld be done = a horse t is s]i\sly lame8 #c4 ,! economic value ( su* k z ! =ego+3-- ,horses are /iff5$ by /&+ unblanket$ 9 ! w9d or cold4 ,f\nd]+ is caus$ by wat]+ a horse :5 he is ov]-heat$4 ,a prop]ly fitt$ h>ness & a com=table *eckre91 if any is us$1 save ! /r5g? ( ! horse4 ,! selection ( a horse ^: /r5g? & temp]am5t fit him = 8 "w adds to 8 value & usefulness4 ,skillful driv]s1 especially ^? :o l _! teams1 c secure a great am\nt ( "w f !m & yet save mu* ( _! en]gy4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t aft] a day's "w "o man w br+ 9 a team comp>atively fre%1 :ile "u a diff]5t driv] ! same team w be worri$ into exhau/ion4 #d4 ,k ( ! "w ( ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals3-- ,! "w ( ?is society dem&s judgm5t bas$ on a full] k ( conditions & causes ?an mo/ *ildr5 ( _! ages possess4 ,its "w1 !re=e1 is n int5d$ = *ildr51 b !y %\ld "k :at help !y may give ! society1 & be taught to use x4 #e4 ,k ( ! city law = protect+ horses4 ,seat ,"w3-- ,sket*es ( horses' ho(s %[+ h[ a /one may cause lam5ess4 ,sket*es ( diff]5t k9ds ( %oes4 ,sket*es ( diff]5t k9ds ( *eckre9s3 ! ov]draw *eck & its effect2 side *eck & its effect4 ,diff]5t head & e> po/ures ( horses indicative ( _! conditions & feel+s4 ,gett+ records ( obs]vations into %ape to pres5t to class4 ,h ea* memb] ( ! class imag9e himself to be 8 favorite horse1--a fire horse2 m\nt$ policeman's horse2 a ,unit$ ,railway repair wagon horse2 a hospital ambulance horse2 an express-wagon horse2 a c>riage horse2 a brok5-d[n c>riage horse1 etc41--& write a /ory ( 8 "p 9 a fire1 a s]i\s accid5t1 or "s o!r situation4 ,give relat$ language "w4 ,,geography--,,fif? ,,grade ,,detail$ ,,plan ,,= ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,lessons ,topic3-- ,pittsburg z a trade c5t]4 ,mat]ials3-- ,pictures1 maps1 s& table1 specim5s ( iron ore1 coal1 coke1 lime/one1 ref]5ce books1 railroad fold]s4 ,aim3-- ,to %[ h[ natural advantages h det]m9$ ! location & gr[? ( ,pittsburg2 to %[ ! direction & ext5t ( manufactur+ & comm]ce 9 ,pittsburg4 ,prep>ation3-- #a4 ,/udy ( coal m9e1 iron m9e1 bla/ furnace4 #b4 ,relation ( iron m9es to coal m9es4 #c4 ,location ( ,pittsburg-- 7a7 9 coal region4 7b7 at junction ( riv]s :i* =m ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,pres5tation3-- 7,foll[+ closely ,mc,murry's ,special ,me?od 9 ,geography47 #a4 ,advantages ( ,pittsburg = iron & /eel manufactur+4 ,illu/rate ) s& map4 7a7 ,coal region--riv]s br+ coal to ,pittsburg4 7b7 ,iron region ne>4 ,mu* iron ore br\ght f ,lake ,sup]ior region via ,great ,lakes1 by railroad f ,lake ,erie4 ,9 manufacture ( /eel m coal is us$ ?an iron ore2 x pays to br+ iron ore to coal4 7c7 ,manufactur$ products--/eel rails1 armor plate1 pig iron4 7d7 ,rank ( ,pittsburg 9 reg>d to manufacture ( iron & /eel4 ,pittsburg makes #aj p] c5t ( all iron & /eel goods made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #b4 ,neighbor+ manufactur+ t[ns4 7a7 ,names--,allegh5y1 ,c>negie1 ,home/ead1 ,braddock1 etc4 7b7 ,h[ d _! manufactures comp>e ) ^? ( ,pittsburg 9 k9d8 9 quantity8 9 value8 #c4 ,coke ov5s4 ,uses ( coke4 ,k9d ( coal us$2 :]e obta9$4 ,am\nt ( x put into ea* ov54 ,l5g? ( burn+4 ,by-products4 ,draw+ out & cool+4 ,ext5t ( ov5s4 ,effect on l&scape4 #d4 ,bla/ furnaces4 #e4 ,o!r manufactures4 7a7 ,oil ref9+4 ,:]e oil comes f4 ,h[ x is pump$1 c>ri$1 /or$4 ,value ( pipe l9es4 ,h[ is oil br\ght to ,baltimore8 ,effect ( oil tanks on l&scape4 ,processes ( ref9+4 ,dang]s4 ,uses4 ,by-products4 7b7 ,glass mak+4 ,k9ds ( glass made4 ,mat]ials us$4 ,:]e f\nd4 #f4 ,transportation by wat]4 ,illu/rate ) s& map4 7a7 ,ne$ = means ( transportation3 ( raw mat]ial to ,pittsburg2 ( manufactur$ products f ,pittsburg4 7b7 ,riv]s4 ,! ,allegh5y & ,monongahela br+ raw mat]ials to ,pittsburg4 ,! ,ohio c>ries raw mat]ials & manufactur$ products away f ,pittsburg4 ,no tracks or roadb$ to be laid = riv]1--riv] always ready2 ,ohio deep en\gh = l>ge b>ges2 swiftness ( curr5t due to nature ( slopes4 ,coal & iron c>ri$ by riv] z f> z ,new ,orleans4 #g4 ,railroad c5t]4 7a7 ,sections ( c\ntry n rea*$ by wat]ways4 ,h[ products are transport$ to ^? p>ts8 7b7 ,ne$ ( railroads = p :o travel to & f ,pittsburg4 7c7 ,*ief directions 9 :i* railroads lead f ,pittsburg4 ,:at roads lead f ,baltimore to ,pittsburg8 ,f ,new ,york to ,pittsburg8 7d7 ,:at supplies are br\ght by railroad besides ^? ne$$ 9 manufactur+8 #h4 ,aspects ( ! city ( ,pittsburg3-- ,weal?--opportunities = gett+1 = sp5d+4 ,education--:at special class ( s*ools likely to develop4 ,smoke & dirt--due to nature ( manufactures4 ,seat ,"w3-- ,illu/rative draw+s4 ,maps %[+ coal & iron regions1 c\rse ( riv]s4 ,relat$ language "w4 ,ref]5ce read+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,tea*] ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,sup]vision ,tea*]s are g5]ally responsible 9 "s measure to "o or m sup]visory (fic]s4 ,^? :o control ! s*ools believe t bett] "w w be done because ( ! sup]vision :i* is provid$4 ,x may n be out ( place1 !re=e1 9 a book devot$ to ! problems ( ! tea*] to consid] ! relation to sup]vision & to ^? :o sup]vise h] "w4 ,! fundam5tal purpose ( sup]vision1 :e!r ( s*ools or ( o!r activities1 is increas$ effici5cy ( all :o p>ticipate 9 ! "w4 ,sup]visors are wor?y ( ! "n only :5 !y d _! be/ to increase ! effici5cy ( e tea*] ) :om !y come 9 contact4 ,happily1 ?is attitude ( helpfulness *>act]izes mo/ ( ^? :o are kn[n z pr9cipals1 prim>y or gramm>-grade sup]visors1 subject sup]visors1 assi/ant & associate sup]9t5d5ts1 & sup]9t5d5ts ( s*ools4 ,x may be t because ( ! great numb] ( tea*]s employ$ 9 a sy/em ( s*ools "s ( ^! (fic]s c h little direct relation%ip ) individual tea*]s2 b 9 ! organization ( ! s*ools1 by means ( regulations1 c\rses ( /udy & ! l1 or ?r\gh ^? :o come directly 9 contact ) tea*]s1 ^! m5 & wom5 seek to help ea* tea*] to d bett] "w4 ,x is important t all tea*]s realize cle>ly ! significance ( ! sup]visor's "w1 & t %e avail h]self ( ! help & cop]ation :i* is ?us provid$4 ,"o ( ! functions ( ! sup]visor is to criticize ! "w :i* is be+ done by individual tea*]s4 ,x is especially difficult = "s tea*]s to appreciate ! purpose ( su* criticism1 or to avail !mselves ( ! aid :i* is (f]$ 9 ?is =m4 ,let u exam9e ! diff]5t k9ds ( criticism :i* "o may expect to receive1 & try to discov] h[ to get ! mo/ out ( ?is in/rum5t ( sup]vision4 ,!re are sup]visors ^: criticism is occasionally purely negative4 ,!y come into ! room1 obs]ve "s ( ! "w1 & rem>k1 ei!r at ! "t or lat]1 t ! "w 0 good1 or t x 0 poor4 ,x does n help "o mu*1 except 9 a feel+ ( good w t[>d ! sup]visor1 :5 told t "w is well done2 nor is x v significant = future "w t "o's ef=ts h be5 condemn$4 ,:5 ! sup]visor indulges 9 ?is type ( criticism1 ! tea*] has a "r to ask him = ! reasons :i* lead him to praise or to condemn4 ,if excell5t "w is to be repeat$1 !n ! elem5ts :i* h made = success %\ld be po9t$ out4 ,"o may try to repeat good "w & fail mis]ably because ! elem5ts 9 ! excell5t "w :i* made = success h be5 ov]look$ 9 ! second ef=t4 ,likewise failure may occur1 ev5 ?\gh x has be5 /amp$ z poor "w1 because ! tea*] fails to see ! ess5tial weakness ( h] ef=t4 ,mo/ sup]visors are able to f9d /r5g? ( "s sort 9 ! "w ( e tea*]4 ,x may be wor? :ile = ! tea*] at times to ask = a discussion ( ! /rong po9ts 9 h] "w4 ,?is con/ructive appreciative criticism may help h] to receive ) op5 m9d ! de/ructive criticism :i* may be ne$$ to br+ ab\t ! elim9ation ( weakness4 ,any tea*] %\ld welcome ! criticism :i* frankly po9ts out ! defici5cies ( h] "w & sugge/s ! rem$ies :i* %\ld be appli$4 ,we all want to d our be/ "w4 ,un=tunately we _c always see our tea*+ 9 true p]spective4 ,! sup]visor :o comes 9 f ! outside1 z x 71 ) a wide range ( exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ & 9 obs]v+ tea*]s c (t5 give ! sugge/ion :i* w make "w1 n only m effici5t1 b also m pleasant4 ,x is a good rule = bo? sup]visor & tea*] to wait until ! end ( ! day or ev5 = two or ?ree days aft] ! visit be=e ! criticism is giv54 ,snap judgm5ts are apt to be wrong on bo? sides4 ,! sup]visor ne$s "t to analyze ! situation c>efully 9 ord] to pick out ! elem5ts 9 ! situation :i* are mo/ significant & to ov]look t :i* is trivial4 ,! tea*] w (t5 be able to analyze h] own "w & to po9t out its defects1 if "t is giv5 h] to ?9k x ov]4 ,if ! tea*] c discov] h] own ineffici5cy1 & if %e is will+ to talk frankly ) ! sup]visor conc]n+ ^! difficulties1 ! "w ( criticism w give satisfaction to bo?4 ,a tea*] has a "r to ask = an appo9tm5t ) a sup]visor = ! discussion ( h] "w4 ,sup]visors are1 z a rule1 only too will+ to grant su* a reque/4 ,criticism has n fulfill$ its mission1 if x /ops ) discov]+ to ! tea*] h] /r5g? & h] weakness toge!r ) ! analysis ( ! situation :i* enables h] to repeat successes & avoid failures4 ,a wide-awake tea*] w be look+ & ask+ = sugge/ions conc]n+ new k9ds ( "w4 ,sugge/ive criticism op5s up ! way = gr[? by giv+ ! tea*] ! enc\ragem5t & help :i* are ne$$ to und]take ! new or unusual type ( "w4 ,_m ( ! be/ tea*]s might h rema9$ 9 ! less effici5t gr\p1 _h x n be5 = ! help & inspiration :i* 0 imp>t$ by a wise sup]visor4 ,s*ool exhibits are ano!r means sometimes employ$ by ! sup]visory =ce to increase s*ool effici5cy4 ,"h1 aga91 ! tea*] %\ld realize t ! purpose ( ! sup]visor is n to burd5 h] ) "w1 b r to (f] ! help :i* may come f an ex*ange ( exp]i5ces4 ,! s*ool exhibit :i* is mo/ wor? :ile does n require any special prep>ation ( mat]ial on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,! "w regul>ly done by *ildr5 )\t corrections or ref9em5t con/itutes a true exhibit ( ! results secur$4 ,any o!r k9d ( an exhibit is m]ely a te/ ( ! tea*]'s +5uity1 h] skill 9 masqu]ad+ "u ! names ( h] *ildr54 ,:5 a g5u9e exhibit ( *ildr5's "w is br\ght toge!r1 x af=ds to tea*]s & sup]visors alike a weal? ( sugge/ion & help4 ,! writ] rememb]s visit+ an exhibit ( draw+ & con/ructive "w 9 "o ( our l>ge cities4 ,! sup]visors ( ?is "w 7 9 *>ge at regul> h\rs ea* week4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( tea*]s came to see :at 0 be+ done by o!r tea*]s 9 _! grade4 ,a special feature ( ! exhibit 0 an abundance ( sugge/ions = ! "w ( ! next week provid$ by ! sup]visors & tak5 f ! "w ( previ\s ye>s4 ,! consultation betwe5 sup]visors & tea*]s conc]n+ ! "w exhibit$1 & ) ref]5ce to ! "w bo? pa/ & yet to be done1 0 free f re/ra9t & (t5 la/$ t51 fifte51 or ev5 tw5ty m9utes4 ,ne$less to say1 ! results a*iev$ 9 draw+ & con/ructive "w 9 ?is city 7 f> above ! av]age4 ,simil> exhibits ( "w 9 ,engli% composition1 ari?metic1 "s phases ( ! "w 9 lit]ature1 nature /udy1 hi/ory1 & geography are possible & _c fail to help ! tea*] :o is anxi\s to improve h] "w4 ,visit+ ! "w ( o!r tea*]s has "o advantage n possess$ by ! exhibit3 x is possible to see n only ! result b also ! me?ods :i* are employ$ 9 secur+ ! product4 ,a good sup]visor %\ld be able to tell tea*]s :]e to g to see ! k9d ( "w :i* is mo/ helpful4 ,any tea*] %\ld welcome ! opportunity to see ! "w ( a tea*] :o is /rong :]e %e is weak4 ,r&om visit+ is n wor? mu*4 ,:at c\nts is a visit to a tea*] :o has "s help to (f]1 9 ord] to satisfy a real ne$4 ,(t5 ! mo/ pr(itable visit+ c be done )9 ! sy/em 9 :i* ! tea*] works4 ,n infrequ5tly ! greate/ help c be secur$ f ano!r tea*] 9 ! same build+4 ,:5ev] or :]ev] a tea*] visits1 ! important ?+ is to look = ! /rong po9ts 9 ! "w4 ,! tea*] :o goes = help w n be disappo9t$2 ! "o :o looks = defects1 :o is hyp]critical1 w n pr(it by ! "t us$4 ,aft] a visit to a tea*] ^: "w is kn[n by ! sup]visor1 a conf]5ce may be held1 or a report giv5 by ! visit+ tea*]4 ,if ! visit is wor? mak+1 x is wor? "s fur!r consid]ation4 ,x w help ! tea*] to talk ov] ! visit ) ! sup]visor ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to h] own "w4 ,! elem5ts ( /r5g? 9 ! "w ( ! tea*] visit$ c ?us be det]m9$1 & ! modifications 9 ! "w ( ! visitor desir$ by ! sup]visor be made def9ite4 ,exam9ations h f "t immemorial be5 us$ by sup]visors to det]m9e ! success ( s*ool "w4 ,tea*]s n infrequ5tly seem to feel t !y are an unnecess>y h>d%ip impos$ )\t suffici5t ju/ification1 :e!r tea*] or pupils are consid]$4 ,let u inquire :at exam9ations %\ld mean to ! tea*]4 ,fir/ ( all1 x may be wor? :ile to rememb] t ! comm& ( "s k1 & ! ability to use x :5 dem&$1 %\ld =m a "p ( ! equipm5t ( *ildr5 :o are be+ educat$4 ,x is well at times to /op & discov] h[ mu* *ildr5 "k1 & :at facility !y %[ 9 us+ _! k4 ,x is a %ock sometimes to discov] t a room full ( en?usia/ic1 well-behav$ *ildr5 d n "k _! multiplication tables1 _c add1 subtract1 or divide )\t mak+ _m mi/akes1 _c write an acceptable p>agraph because ( mi/akes 9 =m :i* !y %\ld h ma/]$ long ago1 d n "k on :i* side ( ! ,ohio ,riv] to locate ! /ate ( ,ohio2 b t is j :at is apt to happ5 9 a s*ool :]e exam9ations are nev] giv54 ,success or failure 9 an exam9ation %\ld n be all-important to *ildr51 nor %\ld x lead to undue praise or condemnation ( tea*]s4 ,! wise tea*] w try to f9d 9 ! results ( ! exam9ation evid5ce ( ! defici5cies ( h] tea*+4 ,9 ! light ( ! "w done by ! *ildr5 %e c tell :]e %e c dep5d ^u _! k1 :at "p ( ! "w ne$s to be review$1 :i* *ildr5 ne$ special help4 ,an exam9ation %\ld be a tak+ ( /ock :i* w enable tea*] & pupil to d m & bett] "w1 because ea* is acqua9t$ ) ! ne$s ( ! situation bett] ?an be=e4 ,tea*]s' meet+s are wor? j ab\t :at ea* individual tea*] is will+ to put into !m4 ,! tea*] :o comes to a meet+ ) h] problems1 will+ to ackn[l$ge t %e ne$s help1 & anxi\s to get x w n f9d ^! ga!r+s dull or un9t]e/+4 ,if ! meet+ is organiz$ = /udy1 z is done 9 connection ) read+ circle "w1 ! meet+ c be trans=m$ f a p]functory recitation ( ! ideas ( ! book into a live pr(essional discussion1 by ! activity ( two or ?ree e>ne/ tea*]s4 ,if ! meet+s are n good1 individuals are at fault2 if ^! tea*]s become active1 if !y try to make ! mo/ out ( ^! discussions1 _! attitude w *ange4 ,"o ( ! be/ types ( tea*]s' meet+s is c5t]$ r\nd ! actual tea*+ ( *ildr5 by a memb] ( ! gr\p1 to be foll[$ by discussion ( ! "w done4 ,!re is no m c]ta9 way to gr[ pr(essionally ?an to be will+ to demon/rate y\r !ory by practice1 or to discuss ! "w :i* is done by o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,9 sev]al ( our cities ^! lessons1 taught sometimes by ! sup]visors & at o!r times by ! tea*]s !mselves1 h become a regul> feature ( ! ye>'s "w4 ,! tea*] :o is mo/ anxi\s to gr[ w be ! fir/ to avail h]self ( ! opportunity to tea* su* a lesson4 ,sup]visors sometimes hesitate to sugge/ ?is k9d ( a program = tea*]s' meet+s1 because tea*]s are s unwill+ to d _! "p 9 mak+ ! "w a success4 ,x is a poor pr(essional _s :i* is n /rong en\gh to lead a tea*] to accept ! criticism ( h] fell[ tea*]s1 :5 %e kn[s t !re9 lies ! possibility ( gr[?4 ,any gr\p ( tea*]s :o w volunt>ily p>ticipate 9 su* "w w f9d t ! tea*]s' meet+1 in/ead ( be+ a bore1 w come to be look$ ^u z ! brighte/ spot 9 ! :ole week1 because ( ! help & inspiration :i* is d]iv$ f ! h\r's "w4 ,in/itutes 7 once look$ ^u z places :]e tea*]s came to be ent]ta9$1 or1 possibly1 to be inspir$4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! be/ in/itutes 7 conduct$ on ! 8p\r+ 90 plan4 ,a lectur]1 or sev]al lectur]s1 disp5s$ ! tru?1 & tea*]s sat 9 _! places1 suppos$ly dr9k+ deep draughts f ^! f\nta9s ( wisdom4 ,x is /range t all ( ! !ory ( tea*+ :i* 0 disp5s$ did n sugge/ t ! mann] ( conduct+ ! in/itute 0 wrong4 ,9 our be/ in/itutes to-day tea*]s p>ticipate 9 discussion1 /udy & recite f books1 und]take ! revision or organization ( c\rses ( /udy 9 cop]ation ) _! sup]visors2 9 %ort1 ! in/itute has become a s*ool = pr(essional /udy4 ,9 su* an in/itute1 z 9 tea*]s' meet+s1 ^? :o come ) real problems1 anxi\s to get help1 f9d ! week or two all too %ort4 ,a gr\p ( tea*]s anxi\s to gr[ pr(essionally c1 9 mo/ cases1 secure ! cop]ation ( sup]visors 9 trans=m+ an in/itute :i* is organiz$ on ! old basis4 ,if a tea*]'s sup]visors are n help+ h]1 x may be well to inquire ^: fault x is4 ,! tea*] :o meets ! sup]visor halfway1 ! "o :o invites criticism1 :o avails h]self ( ! help & sugge/ion :i* may come f exhibits1 visit+1 tea*]s' meet+s1 & in/itutes w1 9 all probability1 gr[ /rong en\gh to help o!rs4 ,%e may 9 h] turn be call$ ^u to accept ! responsibilities1 ! trials1 & ! joys ( a sup]visor4#bi ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,! ,sev5? ,ye>book ( ! ,national ,society = ! ,sci5tific ,/udy ( ,education4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:at is ! purpose ( sup]vision8 #b4 ,give illu/rations ( "w done by ! sup]visors :om y h f\nd mo/ helpful4 #c4 ,"n ! types ( criticism4 ,give illu/rations ( ea* type f y\r own exp]i5ce4 #d4 ,:at is wrong ) ! tea*] :o res5ts adv]se criticism8 #e4 ,:y wait a day or two aft] ! sup]visor has visit$ y be=e ask+ = criticism on y\r "w8 #f4 ,if ! sup]visor does n volunte] criticism1 :at w\ld y d8 #g4 ,h y ev] att5d$ a s*ool exhibit :i* has help$ y 9 y\r "w8 ,:at k9d ( "w %\ld be s5t to ! exhibit8 ,:y insi/ ^u a cont9u\s exhibit r ?an "o t la/s only a week8 #h4 ,h[ c y hope to get ! mo/ out ( a day's visit+8 ,:at help w\ld y expect f ! sup]visor8 #i4 ,( :at value are exam9ations to y8 #aj4 ,:5 a tea*] says t %e c get no?+ f ! tea*]s' meet+s1 :at is wrong8 #aa4 ,:at help w\ld y expect to get f ! obs]vation & discussion ( actual class tea*+8 ,h y ev] taught a class = obs]v]s8 #ab4 ,:at sugge/ions w\ld y make = ! improvem5t ( y\r in/itute8 ,d y ?9k *anges c\ld be made if tea*]s want$ to ga9 ! mo/ possible dur+ ! week or m devot$ to ! in/itute8 #ac4 ,:at is wrong 9 a situation :]e tea*]s compla9 t _! sup]visors are h>d taskma/]s8 #ad4 ,if sup]vision is to make = pr(essional gr[?1 :at contribution mu/ ! tea*] make8 #ae4 ,h[ d y expla9 ! attitude ( ! tea*] :o says %e wants no sup]vision8 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,tea*] ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy ,tea*]s sometimes look ^u ! c\rse ( /udy m]ely z a dem& made by ^? 9 control ( ! s*ool sy/em = a l>ge am\nt ( "w to be accompli%$4 ,! c\rse ( /udy indicates t c]ta9 topics 9 ,engli%1 ari?metic1 nature /udy1 geography1 hi/ory1 indu/rial arts1 & ! o!r subjects ( ! curriculum are assign$ to ! grade1 & ! tea*] expects t h] pupils w be exam9$ on ?is "w at /at$ times dur+ ! ye> 9 ord] to det]m9e ! effici5cy ( h] "w & ! fitness ( ! *ildr5 = promotion4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! c\rse ( /udy is an ev] pres5t taskma/]1 always urg+ t m "w be accompli%$4 ,let u inquire :e!r ?is is 9 reality ! mean+ ( ! c\rse ( /udy to ! tea*]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all w admit t 9 any sy/em ( s*ools x is necess>y to det]m9e some:at def9itely ! "w to be done by a giv5 grade4 ,if su* provision 7 n made1 x w\ld be impossible to transf] *ildr5 f "o s*ool to ano!r1 & v difficult = ! sup]visory =ce to r5d] help to l>ge numb]s ( tea*]s4 ,!n1 too1 !re is an ord] 9 ! developm5t ( subjects1 :i* is necess>y bo? f ! /&po9t ( ! subject & f ! po9t ( view ( ! *ild :o is to ga9 ! exp]i5ce :i* ! subject (f]s4 ,x is true t a c\rse ( /udy :i* is made to fit all ( ! *ildr5 ( a great city or /ate mu/ be int]pret$ lib]ally1 if good tea*+ is to be done4 ,to ?is end1 our be/ c\rses ( /udy dem& t a m9imum am\nt ( "w be done by all tea*]s1 & sugge/ alt]native & optional "w to meet ! ne$s ( *ildr5 ^: exp]i5ces are v>i$1 & ^: ne$s are correspond+ly diff]5t4 ,9 any progressive s*ool sy/em1 ! capable tea*] has opportunity to v>y ! mat]ial pres5t$ "u ! head ( ! v>i\s subjects 9 su* a mann] z w satisfy ! int]e/s & ! problems ( ! gr\p ( *ildr5 = ^: gr[? %e is responsible4 ,a good c\rse ( /udy w save ! tea*] mu* "t & en]gy by ! organization ( mat]ial :i* x pres5ts4 ,9 _m ( our l>g] cities a volume ( f fifty to two hundr$ pages has be5 prep>$ = ea* subject4 ,^! manuals sugge/ ! ord] 9 :i* x has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce t ! topics c be/ be pres5t$4 ,9 _m cases a helpful analysis ( ea* l>ge topic f ! po9t ( view ( pres5t+ x to *ildr5 is includ$4 ,besides ?is organization ( mat]ial1 ref]5ces :i* w prove helpful to ! tea*]1 bo? f ! /&po9t ( subject matt] & ( me?od1 are includ$ 9 our be/ c\rses ( /udy4 ,9 _m cases sugge/ions = tea*+1 elaborat$ at times into complete lesson plans1 are giv54 ,9 ! mak+ ( ! c\rse ( /udy1 ! tea*] %\ld welcome any opportunity to contribute h] k conc]n+ ! availability ( mat]ial or ! me?ods to be us$ 9 h] grade4 ,any good c\rse ( /udy %\ld be ! jo9t product ( at lea/ ?ree classes ( p3 ! exp]t 9 ! subject1 ! exp]t 9 sup]vision & adm9i/ration ( s*ools1 & ! exp]t tea*]4 ,! subject matt] exp]t is ne$$ to pass ^u ! mat]ial f ! /&po9t ( fact & f ! po9t ( view ( "o :o sees ! beg9n+s ( a subject 9 relation to ! :ole field4 ,! sup]visor has to provide = ! prop] relation ( ! diff]5t subjects1 det]m9es ! am\nt ( "t to be devot$ to ! subject1 & ! g5]al me?od ( proc$ure 9 tea*+ ! subject4 ,! tea*] ne$s to advise z to ! practicability ( ! :ole s*eme4 ,%e has 9 m9d a p>ticul> gr\p ( *ildr5 ) c]ta9 exp]i5ces1 int]e/s1 & abilities1 & h] judgm5t is probably saf] ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs z to ! availability ( any p>ticul> topic or phase ( ! subject4 ,9 addition to ?is s]vice1 any gr\p ( tea*]s c give mo/ significant help ) respect to ! me?ods :i* h prov$ mo/ helpful4 ,inde$1 our c\rses ( /udy c\ld be made mu* m helpful if tea*]s 7 only ask$ to give sugge/ions conc]n+ ! organization ( mat]ial & me?ods ( tea*+1 :i* !y are s well equipp$ to (f] by reason ( _! exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ ! subject to *ildr54 ,happily1 ! practice ( invit+ ! cop]ation ( tea*]s 9 mak+ ! c\rse ( /udy is becom+ m common 9 our cities4 ,any capable tea*] :o is anxi\s to p>ticipate 9 ! organization ( ! curriculum w f9d opportunity to make h] contribution4 ,possibly !re are tea*]s :o1 because ( ! v excell5ce ( ! c\rses ( /udy provid$1 feel t all t is requir$ = !m is to foll[ bl9dly ! directions giv54 ,in/ead ( consid]+ ! c\rse ( /udy z a h>d taskma/]1 !y look ^u x z a crut* ^u :i* !y lean heavily4 ,= ^! tea*]s !re is little ne$ = prep>ation4 ,! c\rse ( /udy & ! textbooks h solv$ ! problems ( tea*+4 ,let u inquire j :at ! curriculum ( our s*ools /&s = be=e attempt+ to decide j :at relation ! tea*] be>s to x4 ,a c\rse ( /udy is n s mu* k to be p\r$ 94 ,r x repres5ts possible exp]i5ces = :i* *ildr5 may h ne$1 exp]i5ces :i* w aid !m 9 ! solution ( _! problems & make possible = !m ! realization ( _! purposes4 ,h[ did all ( ?is k come to be pres]v$1 & h[ did x happ5 to be arrang$ 9 gr\ps label$ by c]ta9 names8 ,m5 h pres]v$ f "t to "t1 by h&+ d[n by ^w ( m\? or by records made on /one1 wood1 sk91 pap]1 or o!r surfaces1 k :i* !y h f\nd useful 9 meet+ ! problems :i* confront !m4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce ?is k has come to be gr\p$1 & to ea* gr\p a "n has be5 appli$4 ,if we c\ld only rememb] h[ we came to h ?is body ( k1 h[ x happ5$ to be ?\ght wor? :ile to pres]ve ! exp]i5ces :i* :5 gr\p$ toge!r we "k z subjects1 x might make u a little m judici\s 9 our attempt to acqua9t *ildr5 ) _! inh]itance4 ,our s*ools h all too frequ5tly act$ ^u ! pr9ciple t *ildr5 c\ld assimilate ! s*ool subjects )\t ref]5ce to _! pa/ exp]i5ce or _! pres5t ne$s4 ,x has be5 common to say1 tea* s mu* ( ?is or t subject1 j z if ! *ild m9d 0 a receptacle to be fill$4 ,! difficulty ( ?is attitude t[>d s*ool subjects is tw(old3 fir/1 ! *ildr5 fail to ga9 any appreciation ( ! exp]i5ces involv$2 &1 second1 !y fail to ga9 f ! process ! p[] ( indep5d5t ?\ght1 or ! _s ( inve/igation :i* x is ! purpose ( education to imp>t4 ,! doctr9e ( =mal discipl9e1 z commonly int]pret$1 has be5 l>gely responsible = our wrong idea ( ! mean+ ( subjects ( /udy4 ,! idea t any /udy1 especially if x prov$ disagreeable to ! pupil1 & _h no def9ite relation%ip ei!r to 8 pa/ exp]i5ces or pres5t ne$s1 w\ld mean mo/ = 8 education1 has n yet entirely disappe>$4 ,aside f ! psy*ological fallacy involv$1 t ability to d "o k9d ( "w w\ld spread or be available = all o!r k9ds ( m5tal activity :i* we call by ! same g5]al "n1 ! devotees ( ! doctr9e ignor$ ! fact t ! maximum ( activity or h>d m5tal "w c\ld be secur$ only "u ! /imulus ( g5u9e int]e/4#cj ,possibly ! introduction ( ! indu/rial arts#ca & ! m rational approa* :i* !y dem&1 may s]ve to illu/rate ! me?od to be us$ 9 tea*+ o!r subjects4 ,9 cook+1 = example1 we w\ld h>dly expect to h a *ild beg9 by engag+ 9 an ex]cise 9 beat+ eggs )\t ref]5ce to any problem :i* requir$ ?is activity4 ,if *ildr5 are to le>n some?+ ( wood & its use 9 our indu/ries1 we commonly expect !m to ga9 "s k ( ! processes involv$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! con/ruction ( furniture = ! playh\se1 a fl[] box = ! w9d[1 a sl$1 a *eck]bo>d1 or "s o!r int]e/+ project4 ,x is true t ! indu/rial arts l5d !mselves m readily to ! dom9ant int]e/s ( *ildr5 to d & to make ?an d mo/ s*ool subjects4 ,if ^! activities1 :i* are ess5tially ! activities *>act]i/ic ( our mod]n civilization1 be us$ to be/ advantage1 !y w (f] _m opportunities = mak+ significant ! o!r subjects4 ,any consid]able p>ticipation 9 ! processes :i* are fundam5tal to ! great indu/ries _c fail to ar\se an int]e/ 9 ! s\rce ( mat]ials1 ! developm5t ( ! indu/ry1 & a desire to express "o's self ) ref]5ce to ! "w :i* is be+ done4 ,f ! int]e/ 9 ! s\rce ( mat]ials gr[s naturally ! "w 9 nature /udy & geography4 ,! developm5t ( ! indu/ry takes u back ev5 to ! "t ( primitive man1 & hi/ory becomes significant4 ,! h&l+ ( mat]ials 9 con/ruction sugge/s ! ne$ ( measurem5t1 & ari?metic is provid$ =4 ,9 all ( ?is "w !re w be a dem& = communication1 ! necessity to le>n :at o!rs h record$ 9 books1 & ! wi% to express "o's own exp]i5ce 9 oral & writt5 spee*4 ,! exp]i5ces ( p l ourselves1 z idealiz$ 9 lit]ature1 w make its appeal 9 spite ( ! wor/ our tea*+ c d4 ,x is n ma9ta9$ t all subject matt] gr\ps itself naturally ar\nd indu/rial activities1 & t ^! activities %\ld1 !re=e1 =m ! c5t] ( ! curriculum2 r1 x is s\ght to emphasize ! relation%ips to ! real ne$s ( *ildr5 & ! possibility ( utiliz+ ^! g5u9e motives 9 ! tea*+ ( s*ool subjects4 ,we tea* ! subjects ( ! curriculum 9 ord] t *ildr5 may und]/& _! environm5t1 be adju/$ to x1 &1 z ,presid5t ,butl] puts x1 come into possession ( _! spiritual inh]itance4 ,out ( ! "w :i* is done1 ^! same *ildr5 %\ld ga9 p[] to adapt !mselves to new conditions & %\ld be equipp$ to r5d] s]vice 9 ! progress :i* is yet to be made 9 our society4 ,n[ "o's adju/m5t to ! pres5t environm5t mu/ be an adju/m5t to 8 environm5t1 a solution ( 8 problems z !y at pres5t exi/4 ,future adaptability is condition$ by ! exp]i5ce :i* "o has _h 9 mak+ su* adju/m5ts4 ,! ability to contribute to ! progress 9 :i* ea* %\ld p>ticipate is dep5d5t1 n s mu* ^u ! numb] ( facts "o possesses1 z ^u ! attitude ( inve/igation :i* *>act]izes him1 ! respect = tru?1 & ability to ?9k /raight :i* h be5 develop$ by 8 education4 ,f :atev] po9t ( view we approa* ! problem ( tea*+ our subjects1 ! answ] is ! same3 meet pres5t situations1 solve pres5t real1 vital problems1 make subject matt] meet ! ne$s ( ! *ildr5 y are tea*+4 ,?is analysis ( ! curriculum makes app>5t ! important "p to be play$ by ! tea*] 9 mak+ available ! exp]i5ces :i* ! s*ool subjects are organiz$ to pres5t4 ,! c\rses ( /udy may pres5t mu* t is helpful 9 ! organization ( mat]ial1 ! sugge/ions = tea*+ may be ga!r$ f ! exp]i5ce ( _m tea*]s1 & /ill ! great problem ( mak+ ^! subjects vital to *ildr5 rema9s z ! "w ( e tea*]4 ,motives :i* gr[ out ( ! exp]i5ce :i* *ildr5 h already _h mu/ be s\ght4 ,! mat]ial to be pres5t$ w be significant 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ^! *ildr5 only :5 !y approa* x 9 ord] to satisfy _! real ne$s4 ,aside f ! possibility ( f9d+ 9 "o ( ! subjects1 z1 = example1 ! indu/rial arts1 a motive = o!r "w1 ! s*ool situation itself pres5ts _m opportunities = discov]+ real ne$s to *ildr54 ,! s*ool fe/ival1 s*ool p>ties = p>5ts1 fairs & sales1 ! g5]al assembly1 excursions1 g>d5+ or o!r indu/rial activity1 plays & games1 h 9 ! h&s ( skillful tea*]s provid$ a compell+ motive = a great v>iety ( s*ool "w4 ,! au?or w\ld n d5y ! p[] ( intellectual int]e/1 b he kn[s1 z does e o!r tea*]1 t ) *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool ?is motive is only gradually develop$4 ,! tea*] :o is al]t to f9d "s real ne$ = ! computations ( ari?metic2 :o gives a g5u9e opportunity = oral or writt5 expression2 :o appeals to ! desire to use ! k ga9$ 9 hi/ory & geography by means ( ! hi/orical fe/ival1 ! article 9 ! s*ool pap]1 & ! l1 z well z to ! curiosity ( ! *ild2 :o all[s *ildr5 to make real ?+s :i* satisfy _! individual or collective ne$s 9 ! indu/rial arts1--is ! tea*] :o is tea*+ s*ool subjects 9 ! way t w mean mo/ 9 ! education ( h] pupils4 ,! dem& t ! tea*] vitalize ! curriculum does n lose sight ( ! necessity = drill1 or ( ! dem& t *ildr5 "k1 z a result ( _! education4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! m vital ! exp]i5ces1 ! m app>5t x becomes to bo? tea*] & pupil t ! fix+ ( k or ! acquir+ ( skill is a necess>y condition ( pres5t effici5cy & ( future progress4 ,! *ildr5 :o h ! mo/ g5u9e ne$ = ! multiplication table w be ! fir/ to le>n x4 ,if y are to read to a :ole s*ool & want to h !m enjoy ) y ! selection :i* y are to int]pret1 y w h ! be/ possible reason = good expression4 ,hi/ory means some?+1 if y really ne$ to "k ! hi/ory ( a p]iod 9 ord] to reproduce accurately its language1 mann]s1 dress1 & ! l 9 y\r fe/ival4 ,! mi/ake :i* at times has be5 made by en?usia/ic tea*]s ( neglect+ ! drill side ( ! "w1 has n be5 due to any difficulty :i* ! situation pres5t$ f ! /&po9t ( ! *ildr5 :o are engag$ 9 mean+ful activities4 ,! tea*] may n expect all *ildr5 to ga9 equally 9 comm& ( ! exp]i5ces repres5t$ by ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,= h] !re mu/ lit]ally be c\rses ( /udy = ea* subject1 9 t %e mu/ adapt h] "w 9 s f> z is possible to individual ne$s4 ,! (fice ( tea*] may well be exalt$1 = x is ! tea*] :o mu/1 because ( h] insight1 provide = ! ne$s ( ea* *ild committ$ to h] c>e1 & 9 r5d]+ ?is s]vice provide society ) its greate/ asset1 a truly educat$ human be+4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,s4 ,t4 ,dutton & ,d4 ,sn$d51 ,adm9i/ration ( ,public ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,ex]cises4 ,! selections f c\rses ( /udy are quot$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,/one 9 8 monograph on ,ari?metic ,abilities & ,"s ,factors ,det]m9+ !m4 ,9 ,dr4 ,/one's /udy ! pupils 9 tw5ty-six s*ools or s*ool sy/ems 7 te/$4 ,"o ( ! problems rais$ _h ref]5ce to ! excell5ce ( ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,! selections quot$ repres5t a v>iety 9 excell5ce su* z "o w f9d 9 ! c\rses ( /udy prep>$ 9 any subject4 ,/udy ^! selections f ! foll[+ po9ts ( view3-- #a4 ,d any ( !m give too little in=mation to ! tea*] conc]n+ ! "w requir$ 9 ! grade8 #b4 ,d any ( !m re/rict ! "w ( ! tea*] unduly8 #c4 ,:i* d y consid] ! be/ c\rse ( /udy8 #d4 ,are any ( ^! /atem5ts s complete z to relieve ! tea*] ( ! necessity ( reorganiz+ ! "w = h] own class8 #e4 ,h[ w\ld y modify any ( ^! c\rses ( /udy 9 ord] to make x m valuable to tea*]s8 #f4 ,indicate possible maximum1 m9imum1 & optional "w 9 ! ?ird-grade "w 9 ari?metic4 ,,selections ,,illu/rat+ ,,g5]al ,,excell5ce ,f ea* ( two sy/ems rank+ among ! l[e/ five 9 c\rse ( /udy4 #c ,b4 ,spe] "w4 ,simple "w 9 addition & subtraction1 foll[+ ! plan 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,ari?metic4 #c ,a4 ,prim>y ,book4 ,fir/ half page #bf1 second half page #da4 ,,grade ,,iii1 ,,numb] ,ex]cises1 m5tal & writt51 9 addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 & division ( numb]s4 ,! processes w be expla9$4 ,! multiplication table up to #ab w be made by ! pupils & ?or\ghly committ$ to memory4 ,drill 9 rapid addition4 ,notation & num]ation to five p]iods4 ,table ( weights1 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engli% money4 ,problems 9 all tables le>n$4 ,squ>e & cubic measure4 ,troy & apo!c>ies' weights4 ,pr9ciples ( multiplication4 ,f ! sy/em /&+ be/ 9 c\rse ( /udy4 ,,grade ,,iii ,b ,scope3 ,review ! "w taught 9 prec$+ grades4 7,?is review may require f f\r to six weeks47 ,addition & subtraction ( numb]s ?r\gh tw5ty4 ,multiplication & division tables ?r\gh #d's4 ,give mu* practice ^u ! addition ( s+le columns4 ,ab/ract addition1 two columns2 ! result ( ea* column %\ld n exce$ tw5ty4 ,! writ+ ( numb]s ?r\gh "o ?\s&4 ,roman notation ?r\gh "o hundr$4 ,fractions 1 1 & 4 ,! object ( ! "w ( ?is grade is to make pupils ready 9 ! use ( ! simple fundam5tal processes4 ,book3 ,cook & ,cropsey's ,new ,elem5t>y ,ari?metic 7= use ( tea*]71 pp4 #a to #df4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 ! "w ( ?is grade is 9 tea*+ ! ari?metical =ms z appli$ to concrete processes4 ,pupils %\ld "k v ?or\ghly ! "w giv5 on pages #a to #bc1 ,cook & ,cropsey's ,ari?metic1 be=e any new =ms are taught4 ,!y h up to ?is "t us$ ! ari?metical signs & ! s5t5ce1 & h /at$ results only4 ,new =ms = addition & subtraction are fir/ appli$ to concrete processes on page #bd4 ,no o!r =ms %\ld be taught until pupils are v famili> ) ^!4 ,a drill %\ld be giv5 %[+ t ^! two =ms are id5tical & t we mu/ fir/ "k :at we wi% to use !m =1 if appli$ to problems4 ,write #i #b -- ^u ! bo>d & indicate y\r ?\ght by ! signs & -4 #i #i #i apples #i apples #b - #b #b - #b --- --- --- --- #aa #g #aa #g apples ,pupils %\ld be v famili> ) ^! =ms be=e any writt5 concrete "w is giv54 ,:5 ! new =m = multiplication is introduc$1 ?is drill %\ld be repeat$3 #i #i #i apples #b - #b #b --- --- --- #aa #g #ah ,no?+ new %\ld be add$ to ?is until pupils c use ^! =ms )\t confusion4 ,:5 pres5t+ ! new =ms = division & p>tition ! same me?od may be us$1 b pupils %\ld use ! =m = division "s weeks be=e us+ ! same =m = p>tition4 ,x is n necess>y to use ! division =m = p>tition until ! la/ f\r weeks ( ! t]m1 & n ev5 !n1 if !re seems to be any dang] ( confusion 9 us+ ! same =m = bo? processes4 ,! t]ms division & p>tition %\ld n be us$4 ,! t]ms measure & f9d+ "o ( ! equal p>ts c be easily und]/ood4 ,pupils %\ld be able to read ari?metical =ms well1 be=e any use is made ( ^! =ms 9 _! application to writt5 concrete "w4 ,all concrete problems %\ld be simple & )9 ! *ild's exp]i5ce4 ,,grade ,,iii ,a ,scope3 #a4 ,review ! "w ( ,grade #c ,b4 #b4 ,ab/ract addition ( ?ree columns4 ,subtraction1 us+ ab/ract numb]s ?r\gh ?\s&s4 ,addition & subtraction ( ,unit$ ,/ates money4 ,multiplication & division tables ?r\gh #f's4 ,multiplication & division ( ab/ract numb]s ?r\gh ?\s&s1 us+ #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e z divisors4 ,addition & subtraction by 8end+s0 ?r\gh #b #i1 la/ mon? ( t]m4 ,writ+ numb]s ?r\gh t5 ?\s&s4 ,roman notation ?r\gh "o hundr$4 ,fractions 1 1 & 4 #c4 ,application ( fundam5tal processes to simple concrete problems1 ( "o /ep4 #d4 ,measures us$--in*1 foot1 y>d1 squ>e in*2 p9t1 qu>t1 gallon2 peck1 bu%el2 second1 m9ute1 h\r1 day1 week1 mon?1 ye>4 ,use actual measures4 ,books3 7,9 h&s ( pupils7 ,wal%'s ,new ,prim>y ,ari?metic1 pp4 #a to #fh4 7,= tea*]s' use7 ,cook & ,cropsey's ,new ,elem5t>y ,ari?metic1 pp4 #df to #he1 ,article #aje4 ,ev5 ) only ! "w ( a s+le grade to judge f1 "o has no difficulty 9 recogniz+ ! wide diff]5ce 9 ! excell5ce ( ^! c\rses4 ,z may be se5 f ,table ,,xxviii1 page #gc1 9 ! rat+ !y /& ab\t ?irty /eps ap>t1 i4e4 ! "o f :i* ! ?ird illu/ration 0 tak5 has a score ( #fe1 :ile ! o!rs h scores ( #cb & #ci1 respectively4 ,,selections ,,illu/rat+ ,,excell5ce ,,9 ,,drill ,,& ,,9 ,,concret5ess ,f ! sy/em rank+ next to ! be/ 9 drill4 ,,grade ,,iii ,b ,i4 ,objective4 #a4 ,"w4 a4 ,fractions4 ,review previ\s "w4 ,tea* new fractions2 #g?s1 #aj?s1 & #ab?s4 b4 ,notation1 num]ation1 addition & subtraction ( numb]s to #ajjj4 c4 ,liquid & dry measures4 d4 ,unit$ ,/ates money4 e4 ,weights4 #b4 ,objects & ,devices4 a4 ,c\nt+ frame4 b4 ,spl9ts1 disks = fractions1 etc4 c4 ,%elves4 d4 ,liquid & dry measure4 e4 ,unit$ ,/ates money4 f4 ,scales4 ,,ii4 ,ab/ract4 #a4 ,"w4 a4 ,c\nt+ to #ajj by #b's1 #aj's1 #c's1 #d's1 #i's1 #aa's1 #e's1 beg9n+ ) any numb] "u #aj2 c\nt+ backw>ds by same numb]s1 beg9n+ ) any numb] "u #ajj4 b4 ,multiplication tables4 ,review tables already /udi$4 ,tea* #g & #i4 c4 ,drill 9 recogniz+ sum ( ?ree numb]s at a glance2 review comb9ations already le>n$2 #bj new ones4 #b4 ,devices4 a4 ,comb9ation c>ds1 l>ge & small4 b4 ,:eels4 c4 ,*>t = addition & subtraction4 d4 ,fraction *>t4 e4 ,miscellane\s drill c>ds4 f4 ,pack ( 8?ree0 comb9ation c>ds4 ,pr9ce's ,ari?metic1 ,book ,,iii1 ,sects4 ,i & ,,ii4 ,spe]'s ,elem5t>y ,ari?metic1 pp4 #a-ee4 ,%elves3 ,see ,,ii ,a4 ,comb9ation ,c>ds3 l>ge & small4 ,^! c>ds %\ld conta9 all ! facts ( multiplication tables #c1 #f1 #h1 #g1 & #i4 ,z3-- #g #a #b #g #g #a #ba #c #a #g #g #c #ad #b #ba #g1 etc4 #g #b #c #g #ad #g ,= use ( ^! c>ds1 see directions 9 ,i ,b4 ,:eels = ,multiplication & ,division3 ,see directions "u ,,ii ,a4 ,*>t = ,add+ & ,subtract+3 ,= directions1 see ,,ii ,b & ,,ii ,a4 ,add & subtract #b's1 #c's1 #d's1 #e's1 #i's1 #aj's1 #aa's1 #ab's1 #ae's1 & #bj's4 ,fraction ,*>t %[s1 1 1 1 1 #a_/f1 #a_/i1 #a_/ab4 ,miscellane\s ,drill ,c>ds3 ,= directions1 see ,i ,a4 8,?ree0 ,comb9ation ,c>ds3 ,= use1 see ,i ,a4 ,,grade ,,iii ,a ,i4 ,objective4 #a4 ,"w4 a4 ,fractions previ\sly assign$4 b4 ,notation1 num]ation1 addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 & division ( numb]s to #ajjj4 c4 ,long & squ>e measures4 d4 ,weights4 #b4 ,objects & ,devices3 a4 ,c\nt+ frame4 b4 ,spl9ts1 disks = fractions1 etc4 c4 ,%elves4 d4 ,scales4 ,,ii4 ,ab/ract4 #a4 ,"w4 a4 ,c\nt+ to #ajj by any numb] f #b to #ab1 inclusive1 beg9n+ ) any numb] "u #aj2 c\nt+ by same numb]s backw>d1 beg9n+ ) any numb] "u #ajj4 b4 ,multiplication tables--all tables4 c4 ,drill 9 recogniz+ sum ( ?ree numb]s at a glance2 review comb9ations already le>n$2 #bj new ones4 #b4 ,devices4 a4 ,comb9ation c>ds--l>ge & small4 b4 ,:eels4 c4 ,*>t = add+ & subtract+4 d4 ,*>t = fractions4 e4 ,miscellane\s drill c>ds4 f4 ,pack ( 8?ree0 comb9ation c>ds4 ,pr9ce's ,ari?metic1 ,book ,,iii1 ,sects4 ,,iii to ,,vi1 inclusive4 ,spe]'s ,elem5t>y ,ari?metic1 pp4 #ef-ajd4 ,%elves3 ,see ,,ii a4 ,comb9ation ,c>ds3 l>ge & small4 ,! c>ds %\ld conta9 all ! facts ( ! multiplication tables #aa & #ab1 also ! mo/ difficult comb9ations f ! o!r multiplication tables4 ,z3-- #ab #a #ab #a #bd #b #a #ab #ab #ab #bd #ab1 etc4 #ab #b #ab #b #b #ab #ab #c ,= use ( c>ds1 see directions 9 ,i ,b4 ,:eels = ,multiplication & ,division3 ,see directions "u ,,ii ,a4 ,*>t = ,add+ & ,subtract+3 ,= directions1 see ,,ii ,b & ,,ii ,a4 ,add & subtract #f's1 #g's1 #h's1 #ac's1 #ad's1 #af's1 #ag's1 #ah's1 & #ai's4 ,review o!r numb]s "u #bj4 ,*>t = ,fractions %[s all fractions already assign$4 ,miscellane\s ,drill ,c>ds3 ,= directions1 see ,i ,a4 ,f ! sy/em rank+ be/ 9 concret5ess4 ,ma!matics3 ,if ! *ildr5 are actually do+ "w :i* has social value1 !y mu/ ga9 accurate k ( ! activities 9 :i* !y are engag$4 ,!y w keep a record ( all exp5ses = mat]ials us$ 9 ! s*ool1 & w d simple bookkeep+ 9 connection ) ! /ore :i* has *>ge ( ?is mat]ial4 ,9 cook+1 weights & measures w be le>n$4 ,! *ildr5 w also keep acc\nts ( ! co/ ( +r$i5ts4 ,proportions w be work$ out 9 ! cook+ recipes4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 dramatize ! life ( ! trad]1 9 connection ) hi/ory1 !y h opportunity to use all /&>ds ( measurem5ts4 ,numb] is dem&$ 9 almo/ all exp]im5tal sci5ce "w2 = in/ance1 ! am\nt ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( fruit1 or ! am\nt ( wat] evaporat$ f fruits "u diff]5t conditions 79 dry+ fruits74 ,all plans = wood "w w be work$ to a scale & dem& use ( fractions4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 h enc\nt]$ _m problems :i* !y mu/ solve 9 ord] to proce$ ) _! "w1 !y are ready to be drill$ on ! processes involv$ until !y ga9 facility 9 ! use ( ^!4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld be able to ?9k ?r\gh ! problems :i* arise 9 _! daily "w1 & h automatic use ( easy numb]s1 addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 %ort division1 & easy fractions4 ,z "o reads ^! two samples ( excell5ce he mu/ f9d t ea* is s excell5t 9 its "o /rong feature t x is n good2 t "w accord+ to ei!r mu/ suff]2 t :at ea* ne$s is :at ! o!r has4 ,su* a syn!sis is repres5t$ 9 ! next illu/ration4 ,a ,comb9ation ( ,excell5ces ,septemb]4 #a4 ,measure height1 det]m9e weight4 ,f records det]m9e gr[? s9ce ,septemb]1 #aije4 #b4 ,le>n to read !rmomet]4 ,make accurately1 scale "o f\r? in* repres5t+ two degrees on pap] "o in* broad4 ,f9d av]age temp]ature ( diff]5t days ( mon?4 ,practice mak+ figures f #a to #ajj = ! !rmomet] scale4 ,c\nt #ajj by #b's4 #c4 ,make temp]ature *>t4 #d4 ,measure & space cal5d>1 mak+ figures ( size appropriate to in* squ>es4 ,le>n names ( numb]s to #cj4 #e4 ,make in*-wide tape measure = use 9 nature /udy1 numb] book & cubic-in* se$ boxes4 #f4 ,review tell+ "t4 ,a4 ,9 addition to above2 analyze numb]s f #aa to #dj into t5s & ones4 ,wal%'s ,prim>y ,ari?metic to top ( page #aj4 ,octob]4 ,problems on cal5d>1--numb] ( cle>1 ( cl\dy1 & ( ra9y days 9 ,septemb]4 ,comp>e ) ,septemb]1 #aije1 #aijd1 #aijc1 #aijb2 temp]ature *>t & !rmomet]2 height & weight4 ,lay (f b$s = tree se$s2 plant ! same4 ,make envelopes = report c>ds4 ,drill on comb9ations 9 ! above4 ,make rod /r+s & hundr$-foot /r+s = det]m9+ di/ance w+ se$s are c>ri$ f plants4 ,practice mak+ figures f #a to #ajj = !rmomet] scale4 ,develop table ( t5s4 ,a4 ,9 addition to ! above analyze numb]s f #dj to #ej into t5s & ones4 ,prim>y ,ari?metic1 pp4 #aj-bb4 ,tea* pupils to add at sight4 ,novemb]4 ,f wall cal5d> c\nt numb] ( cle> days1 ( cl\dy days1 & ra9y days 9 ,octob]4 ,comp>e ) ,septemb]2 ) ,octob] ( #aije1 ( #aijf4 ,f9d av]age daily temp]ature2 #h4cj ,a4,m41 #a ,p4,m4 ,:at k9d ( trees gr[ fa/e/8 ,measure gr[? ( twigs ( diff]5t k9ds ( trees4 ,comp>e ?is ye>'s gr[? ) t ( la/ ye> & ( ye> be=e la/4 ,comp>e rate ( gr[? ( diff]5t k9ds ( trees1 z oak1 will[1 ,c>ol9a popl>1 & elm4 ,develop table ( #e's f lesson ) clock dial2 review #b's & #aj's4 ,practice mak+ figures f #a to #ajj = ! !rmomet] scale4 ,le>n words repres5t+ numb]s z well z figures4 ,make se$ envelope4 ,a4 ,analyze numb]s f #fj to #fe into t5s & ones4 ,prim>y ,ari?metic4 ,b1 pp4 #ag-bf2 ,a1 pp4 #ci-di4 ,la/ six weeks ( fir/ t]m4--,cont9ue f9d+ av]age daily temp]ature4 ,f wall cal5d> c\nt numb] ( cle>1 ( cl\dy1 & ( ra9y days 9 ,novemb]4 ,comp>e ) ,novemb]1 #aijf1 #aije4 ,cont9ue measurem5ts on gr[? ( trees4 ,drill on tell+ "t f clock dial4 ,practice mak+ figures f #a to #ajj = !rmomet] scale4 ,cont9ue le>n+ words repres5t+ numb]s4 ,review tables ( #b's1 #e's1 #aj's2 le>n table ( #c's4 ,prim>y ,ari?metic4 ,b1 pp4 #bg-dj4 ,analyze numb]s f #aa to #cj into t5s & ones4 ,prim>y ,ari?metic4 ,a1 pp4 #di-fa4 ,analyze numb]s f #ff to #ajj into t5s & ones4 ,9 ,janu>y review all facts 9 numb] book4 ,drill on tables4 7,only ! fir/ "o half ( ! ?ird ye>'s c\rse %[n47 ,! sy/em f :i* ?is la/ selection is tak5 _h ! foll[+ rem>kable rank+s3 #c;d be/ 9 g5]al excell5ce1 #b;d be/ 9 concret5ess1 & #e? be/ 9 drill4 ,& z measur$ by ! te/s ( ?is /udy1 ?is sy/em /ood #d? f ! be/ 9 abilities1 & sp5t a little less ?an ! m$ium am\nt ( "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,measur+ ,,results ,,9 ,,education ,effici5cy 9 any l9e ( human endeavor dep5ds ^u our ability to evaluate ! results :i* are secur$4 ,no "o w\ld "q ! progress :i* has be5 made 9 education dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s2 b "o may v ju/ly inquire conc]n+ ! effici5cy ( ! "w t has be5 done f ! /&po9t ( ! money :i* has be5 sp5t1 & ! ef=t & devotion ( ^? :o h engag$ 9 tea*+4 ,9 ! m]cantile pursuits x has be5 not$ t sev5 out ( e t5 failures c be *>g$ directly to a lack ( k ( facts4 ,su* inve/igations z we h _h 9 education t5d to prove t a l situation is to be f\nd 9 ?is field4 ,! failures 9 education1 :e!r due to a lack ( economical use ( ! funds available1 to an ineffici5t sy/em ( organization1 or to un9tellig5t practices 9 me?od1 are1 on ! :ole1 n to be *>g$ to a lack ( devotion on ! "p ( ^? :o h giv5 _! lives to ! s*ools4 ,until x is possible to measure ! results a*iev$1 ! facts ( success or failure _c be e/abli%$4 ,( c\rse1 no "o w\ld d5y t real progress is made by ! process ( trial & success1 bo? 9 ! art ( tea*+ & 9 ! practice ( adm9i/ration4 ,x is true1 too1 t we %all h to dep5d 9 consid]able measure ^u demon/ration z a means ( br++ ab\t improvem5t 9 curr5t educational practice4 ,x is none ! less true1 h[ev]1 t sci5tific "w 9 education w furni% ! basis = ! m rapid elim9ation ( ! mi/akes 9 curr5t practice1 z well z po9t ! way = improv$ organization ( tea*+4 ,! sci5ce ( education w1 9 its developm5t1 occupy relatively ! same position ) ref]5ce to ! art ( tea*+ t ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e occupies ) respect to ! art ( heal+4 ,! progress :i* has be5 made dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s 9 ! art ( f>m+ w\ld nev] h be5 possible )\t ! sci5tific "w t has be5 done 9 agriculture4 ,aside f ! fact t we are only beg9n+ to h a pr(ession ( education1 _m o!r factors h ent]$ to delay ! progress 9 ! direction ( /&>diz+ our "w by means ( accurate measurem5t ( ! results a*iev$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ com=t+ ( ! fallacies :i* are at times urg$ aga9/ ! attempt to measure results is f\nd 9 ! popul> /atem5t t ! only crit]ion by :i* ! success ( s*ool "w c be measur$ is f\nd 9 ! ultimate success ( ! individuals :o are subject$ to ! process4 ,! mo/ ineffici5t tea*] 9 ! mo/ poorly equipp$ s*ool1 if 8 p]iod ( s]vice has be5 long en\gh1 w po9t to ! success ( a few ( ! boys :o once att5d$ t p>ticul> s*ool1 z pro( ( ! adequacy ( ! "w :i* is n[ be+ done4 ,! failures are nev] br\ght to m9d4 ,! fallaci\s reason+ f\nd 9 su* an appeal is all too common 9 our educational discussion4 ,to take a select$ gr\p ( individuals1 :o h1 because ( native ability1 & possibly because ( favorable environm5t1 a*iev$ di/9ction2 & to claim t ?is success is due to our sy/em ( education1 may be satisfy+ to our pride1 b _c appeal to our good judgm5t4 ,! only available measure ( ! success ( ! "w done 9 any p>ticul> s*ool is to be f\nd 9 ! *anges :i* are br\ght ab\t 9 boys & girls1 "y m5 & "y wom51 dur+ ! p]iod ( _! s*ool life4 ,x has be5 argu$1 too1 t t :i* is mo/ wor? :ile 9 education _c be measur$4 ,^? :o advance ?is argum5t speak cont9ually 9 t]ms ( 8atmosph]e10 8_s10 & ! l4 ,!re are two replies to be made to ?is cont5tion4 ,! "o is t any p[] :i* ! tea*] has1 :e!r x is call$ influ5ce1 or ability to tea* ari?metic1 mu/ result 9 "s *ange 9 ! *ildr5 :o are taught4 ,ano!r equally valid answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! be/ tea*]s ( ari?metic1 ( lit]ature1 ( geography1 ( hi/ory1 & ! o!r /udies are1 at ! same "t1 ! tea*]s ^: influ5ce we value mo/ 9 ! s*ool4 ,we h be5 hopeful t ! sci5ces ( biology1 psy*ology1 sociology1 & economics w\ld1 9 _! developm5t1 solve ! problems ( education4 ,no "o w\ld d5y ! significance ( ! "w done 9 ^! fields z fundam5tal to ! developm5t ( sci5tific "w 9 education4 ,no "o is fully equipp$ to und]take inve/igation 9 ! field ( education )\t prelim9>y tra9+ 9 ^! fundam5tal sci5ces4 ,progress 9 ! sci5ce ( education has come1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ^? m5 ( s\nd fundam5tal tra9+ :o h attack$ ! problems ( education z su*1 r ?an ?r\gh ! "w ( ! biologi/1 psy*ologi/1 sociologi/1 or economi/4 ,if we %\ld wait = ! sci5ces m5tion$ to solve our problems1 progress w\ld inde$ be sl[4 ,^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) mod]n /ati/ical me?ods z appli$ 9 ! social sci5ces h at times felt t x 0 impossible to measure l>ge gr\ps ( individuals :o diff] 9 ability1 9 int]e/1 & 9 environm5t4 ,x is impossible )9 ! limits ( a brief *apt] to make cle> ! validity ( su* measurem5t4 ,x may be confid5tly ass]t$1 h[ev]1 t ! measurem5t ( a l>ge gr\p ( individuals is1 on ! :ole1 m satisfactory ?an ! attempt to measure a s+le individual4 ,we c be m sure ( ! accuracy ( our results 9 comp>+ two gr\ps ( *ildr5 ( a ?\s& ea*1 ?an we c\ld 9 ! attempt to measure accurately a s+le individual ) reg>d to ability 9 s*ool subjects4 ,a mo/ p]si/5t objection to ! measur+ ( results comes f ^? :o feel t x is n fair to comp>e individuals or gr\ps :o are n alike 9 all p>ticul>s4 ,!y w\ld claim1 = example1 t we _c comp>e *ildr5 9 spell+ ability :5 "o gr\p comes f homes 9 :i* ! ,engli% language is spok51 :ile ! o!r comes f ! homes ( ^? :o speak a =eign language4 ,x is probable t ?is objection is due to a belief t measurem5t w result 9 a comp>ison ( ! pres5t situation )\t any reg>d to ! gr[? or developm5t :i* has *>act]iz$ ! gr\p4 ,if we d]ive units ( measurem5t 9 spell+1 manife/ly ! attempt w\ld be to measure ! *anges :i* h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 any gr\p 9 t]ms ( units :i* are comp>able4 ,if gr\p "o %[s ability t51 hav+ advanc$ dur+ ! ye> f ability sev51 x w be consid]$ j z satisfactory z ! advance :i* has be5 made 9 gr\p two1 :i* has mov$ f ability eight to ability elev54 ,9 o!r words1 ! purpose ( measurem5t is nev] to attempt to make all alike4 ,x is r to discov] diff]5ces & ! reason = _! exi/5ce2 b mo/ ( all to give u "s adequate means ( det]m9+ progress or *ange4 ,let u suppose aga91 9 a matt] ( bus9ess adm9i/ration1 t "o s*ool %[s a mu* high] p] capita co/ ?an ano!r4 ,?is does n prove t "o s*ool is m effici5tly manag$ ?an ano!r4 ,:at x does d is to sugge/ t "s adequate reason is to be f\nd = ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s4 ,9 l mann]1 "o city may %[ a mu* high] co/ = janitors' sal>ies ?an does ano!r4 ,?is may sugge/ inve/igation1 b x does n prove t ! city ) ! high] co/ = janitors' s]vice is ineffici5tly manag$ or extravagant 9 its exp5ditures4 ,x may be t ! city t sp5ds a relatively l>ge am\nt = janitorial s]vice actually gets m p] doll> = ! money :i* x sp5ds ?an does ! city ) ! small] co/4 ,x is always a purpose ( measurem5t to discov] discrepancies & to raise problems4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t x is n important to d]ive scales or units ( measurem5t on ! gr\nd t ! sci5tific /udy ( education is significant only 9 s f> z x has to d ) a c>eful inve/igation ( ! processes involv$ 9 gr[?4 ,^? :o make ?is cont5tion seem to feel t a c>eful /udy ( ! way 9 :i* *ildr5 come to =m habits1 to gr[ 9 p[] ( reason+1 or 9 ability to appreciate1 w give u ! f9al answ] conc]n+ ! me?ods to be employ$ 9 tea*+4 ,! difficulty ) ?is po9t ( view is t human be+s1 ev5 ?\gh !y be tra9$ 9 inve/igation1 are fallible4 ,! only f9al te/ ( ! success ( any me?od1 h[ev] c>efully d]iv$1 & h[ev] mu* ( x may dep5d ^u a k ( ! processes involv$ 9 gr[? 9 ! p>ticul> aspect ( m5tal life :i* is involv$1 is to be f\nd 9 ! result a*iev$4 ,!oretically a me?od may seem to be p]fect1 & yet 9 t]ms ( ! results :i* are secur$ x may prove to be a failure4 ,if ! results are n accurately measur$1 if we d n d]ive scales ( measurem5t1 we c nev] be c]ta9 ( our conclusions ) reg>d to ! me?od to be employ$ 9 br++ ab\t any p>ticul> type ( m5tal gr[? or developm5t4 ,possibly ! "o elem5t 9 ! situation :i* has op]at$ to ret>d developm5t 9 ! direction ( accurate measurem5t ( results1 m ?an any o!r1 is ! t5d5cy 9 education to appeal to au?ority1 & ! correspond+ lack ( devotion to sci5tific inve/igation4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 mu* easi] to solve ! problems :i* "o meets by tak+ ! op9ion ( ^? :o h _h exp]i5ce 9 ! field4 ,no "o w\ld d5y ! value ( ! judgm5t ( our great educational lead]s4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t ^! same lead]s w\ld be ! la/ ones to place _! own op9ion 9 opposition to ! results obta9$ f a c>eful sci5tific inve/igation4 ,inde$1 x is 9 no small measure due to ! insi/5ce ( ^! lead]s t we are com+ to h adequate inve/igations ) reg>d to our educational practice4 ,x has seem$ necess>y to discuss at "s l5g? ! objections :i* h be5 made aga9/ ! attempt to measure results 9 education1 r ?an to devote m space to a discussion ( ! "w :i* has already be5 done4 ,all /ud5ts ( education are famili> ) ! e>ly "w ( ,rice1 & ) ! lat] contributions ( ,?orndike1 ,ayres1 ,cornman1 & _m o!rs :o h contribut$ to ! lit]ature ( educational inve/igation4 ,possibly ! mo/ significant piece ( "w t has be5 done is ,?orndike's scale = measur+ h&writ+4#cb ,we may reasonably hope to h scales d]iv$ = ! measurem5t ( abilities 9 o!r subjects4 ,9 adm9i/ration1 consid]able "w has already be5 done ) ref]5ce to ! co/ ( education1 bo? z reg>ds ! relation%ip ( exp5diture = education to o!r exp5ditures1 ! "q ( a prop] di/ribution ( money )9 ! educational budget1 & ( ! prop] di/ribution ( /ate s*ool funds4#cc ,we c1 ( c\rse1 hope = mu* m significant "w 9 ?is field z m adequate sy/ems ( acc\nt+ are introduc$ & m satisfactory reports are issu$4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ^? s*ool sy/ems 9 :i* an attempt has be5 made to *eck up exp5ditures c>efully1 rem>kable sav+s h be5 made4 ,we h n yet rea*$ ! limit ( possible r$uction ( exp5diture )\t ! sacrifice ( our pres5t effici5cy4 ,mu* "w has be5 done on problems ( s*ool organization1 yet ! problems ( ret>dation & elim9ation w be satisfactorily treat$ only z we secure m accurate records conc]n+ att5dance1 s*ol>%ip1 heal?1 promotions1 & demotions1 su* z are provid$ = by ! g5etic records n[ kept 9 "s ( our m progressive s*ool sy/ems4 ,! problems ( dep>tm5tal "w & individual in/ruction c nev] be satisfactorily solv$ until we measure accurately ! results secur$ "u diff]5t sy/ems ( organization4 ,implicit 9 all ( ! argum5t :i* has be5 advanc$ 9 favor ( measur+ results is ! cont5tion t education means *ange4 ,if *anges are br\ght ab\t 9 ! *ildr5 :o are be+ educat$1 !n !re mu/ be ! possibility ( measurem5t4 ,^! *anges may take place 9 habit1 9 k1 9 me?ods ( "w1 9 int]e/s & ideals1 & 9 p[] ( appreciation4 ,probably no "o w\ld "q ! possibility ( measur+ ! *ange :i* takes place 9 ! =mation ( habits4 ,we h q commonly be5 will+ to measure gr[? 9 k by te/s :i* dem& t /ud5ts n only rememb] facts1 b t !y %[ "s ability to apply !m4 ,:e!r or n a /ud5t comm&s a p>ticul> me?od ( "w c be det]m9$ by obs]vation ( 8 me?od ( proc$ure z well z by ! results t he secures4 ,if int]e/s or ideals are *ang$1 !re necess>ily foll[s a *ange 9 activity4 ,any real p[] ( appreciation w be accompani$ by "s *ange 9 expression4 ,! fact t we d n yet h scales or units ( measurem5t :i* w enable u to evaluate accurately ! results obta9$ 9 all ( ! diff]5t =ms ( s*ool activity is n an argum5t aga9/ ! possibility ( measurem5t4 ,9 any field ! developm5t ( units ( measurem5t is dep5d5t ^u c>eful inve/igation1 & ^u a realization ( ! imp]fection ( ! units already us$4 ,x is only z we insi/ ^u measurem5t t we c hope to h our units ref9$4 ,take = example ! problem ( grades or m>ks :i* are commonly assign$ to /ud5ts z a measure ( _! effici5cy 9 do+ s*ool "w4 ,any inve/igation ( ^! units w %[ t !re is v great v>iation 9 _! application by diff]5t memb]s ( ! tea*+ corps4 ,! way to br+ ab\t a rem$y is n to aboli% all m>ks or grades1 b r to /udy ! problem ( ! prop] di/ribution ( m>ks1 &1 if necess>y1 to weigh diff]5tly ! m>ks ( diff]5t in/ructors4 ,! m imp]fect ! unit ( measure :i* we n[ apply1 ! great] ! ne$ = insi/+ ^u accurate measurem5t4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! developm5t ( sci5tific inquiry 9 any field is f\nd 9 accurate description ( ! ph5om5a involv$4 ,! dem& t we measure results 9 education is simply a dem& t ! basis = sci5tific inve/igation be made available by means ( ?is accurate description ( ! situation z x exi/s4 ,"s inve/igators 9 education h already be5 able to take ! fur!r /eps 9 sci5tific inquiry :i* h enabl$ !m to =etell ) consid]able accuracy ! results :i* might be expect$ 9 education "u giv5 conditions4 ,fur!r progress is1 h[ev]1 dep5d5t ^u t sort ( measurem5t :i* w discov] problems :i* are n n[ cle>ly def9$ or :i* h n yet be5 ?\ght (4 ,( c\rse1 z inf]5ces are made 9 ! light ( ! problems sugge/$1 !re w be /ill fur!r necessity = accurate measurem5t4 ,:5 ^? :o are *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( det]m9+ educational policy appeal to fact r ?an to op9ion1 :5 we are able to evaluate accurately t :i* we a*ieve1 educational progress w be assur$ & a pr(ession ( education w h be5 e/abli%$4 ,we %all always h mo/ excell5t "w 9 tea*+ done by ^? = :om sci5tific inve/igation1 z su*1 means little4 ,! inve/igations made w1 h[ev]1 modify ! practice ( ^! same tea*]s ?r\gh *ang$ dem&s & because ( ! demon/ration ( ! validity ( ! new me?od ( "w by ^? :o c appreciate ! significance ( results a*iev$ by inve/igators4 ,x is c]ta9ly to be expect$ t op5-m9d$ tea*]s w exp]im5t = !mselves & w aid 9 ! "w ( ! exp]t :o mu/ use ! s*ools z 8 laboratory4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! cop]ation & good w ( all :o are engag$ 9 tea*+4 ,x is n too mu* to expect t ! _s ( inve/igation w be f\nd 9 l>ge measure to *>act]ize ^? ^: privilege x is to provide ! situation 9 :i* intellectual developm5t is /imulat$4 ,an example ( a /udy involv+ ! cop]ation ( ! pupils1 tea*]s1 & sup]visory (fic]s ( tw5ty-six sep>ate s*ools or s*ool sy/ems is ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,/one's /udy on ,ari?metical ,abilities & ,"s ( ! ,factors ,det]m9+ !m4 ,! foll[+ quotations f ,dr4 ,/one's /udy indicate ! type ( result :i* we may hope to get f su* inve/igations4 ,9 ,reason+ ,! scores = ! reason+ problems 7 det]m9$ f ! results ( two prelim9>y te/s--"o1 giv+ "o hundr$ #f? grade pupils all ! "t !y ne$$ to d ! problems z well z !y c\ld 9 ! ord] z pr9t$ 7see page #aa72 & ano!r1 giv+ "o hundr$ #f? grade pupils all ! "t !y ne$$ to d ! problems z well z !y c\ld 9 ! rev]se ord] f t z pr9t$4 ,! results z tabulat$ bel[ 9 table ,,ii %[ t scores = reason+ problems ( ,grade ,,vi pupils c be v def9itely arrang$ 9 a scale on ! basis ( relative difficulty4 ,j :at ! scale %\ld be c only be det]m9$ by det]m9+ ! =m ( di/ribution & ! location ( ! z]o po9t4 ,f :at is kn[n ( ^! ! scale ( weight+ %[n 9 ! la/ column ( table ,,ii is believ$ to be ! be/1 & ?is is ! "o employ$ 9 ! computations ( ?is /udy4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] to enable ! read] to satisfy himself z to :i* is ! be/ me?od1 ! scores ( ! tw5ty-six sy/ems 7 calculat$ on ea* ( ?ree o!r bases--7#a7 c\nt+ ea* problem reason$ correctly a score ( #a2 7#b7 c\nt+ ea* problem reason$ correctly a score bas$ on ! ratio ( its difficulty z %[n 9 ! next to ! la/ column ( table ,,ii2 & 7#c7 c\nt+ ! scores made on only ! fir/ six problems = :i* presumably all pupils ( all sy/ems _h ample "t4 ,see ,app5dix1 p4 #ih4 ,9 bo? reason+ & fundam5tals ! scores us$ z a measure ( ! a*ievem5t ( a sy/em 7 comput$ by comb9+ ! scores ( "o hundr$ pupils4 ,:]e m ?an "o hundr$ pupils 7 te/$1 ! pap]s us$ 7 drawn at r&om1 ! numb] drawn f ea* class be+ det]m9$ by ! ratio ( its numb] to ! total numb] te/$ 9 ! sy/em4 ,:]e less ?an "o hundr$ pupils 7 te/$1 ! comb9$ scores made 7 rais$ to ! basis ( "o hundr$ pupils4 ,,table ,,ii ,,prelim9>y ,,te/s ,,reason+--,,unlimit$ ,,"t #ajj ,diff]5t ,pupils ,te/$ ,ea* ,"t ,,numb] ,,( ,,reason$ ,,reason$ ,,av]age ,,weight ,,weight ,,us$ ,,problems ,,correctly ,,correctly ,,reason$ ,,accord+ ,,to,,z ,,probably ,,z ,,pr9t$,,z ,,rev]s$,,correctly ,,av]age ,,! ,,be/ ,,correct ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a #ie #ib4f #ic4h #a #a #b #hf #hb4b #hd4a #a4a #a #c #id #hi #ia4e #a #a #d #hj #hc #ha4e #a4e #a #e #hh #hf #hg #a4a #a #f #fi #eg4d #fc4b #a4e #a4d #g #gj #hj #ge #a4be #a4b #h #bi #dd #cf4e #b4f #a4f #i #ai #ae4e #ag4b #e4de #b #aj #bd #bg4d #be4g #c4f #b #aa #ag #g4e #ab4c #g4f #b #ab #g #af4d #aa4g #h #b ,precautions obs]v$ to make ! ,scor+ ,accurate ,! simplicity ( ! te/s made ! scor+ comp>atively easy2 & ) ! obs]vance ( ! foll[+ precautions x is believ$ t a high degree ( accuracy 0 atta9$4 7#a7 ,9 s f> z practicable1 all ! pap]s 7 scor$ by a s+le judge--only two p]sons be+ employ$ on any phase ( ! "w = ! entire tw5ty-six sy/ems2 7#b7 ea* problem 0 scor$ ?r\gh "o hundr$ or m pap]s1 !n ! next foll[$ ?r\gh1 etc42 7#c7 ! score = ea* "p ( ea* problem1 ! errors1 etc41 7 ent]$ on a blank provid$ ) a sep>ate column = ea* item2 7#d7 :]e !re 0 d\bt z to h[ ! score %\ld be made1 ! scor] made a writt5 memor&um ( h[ ! case 0 f9ally decid$ & ?is memor&um s]v$ z ! guide = all future simil> cases4 ,:at ! ,scores ,measure ,z us$ 9 ?is /udy ! words a*ievem5ts1 products1 abilities1 except :]e o!rwise qualifi$1 mu/ necess>ily ref] to ! results ( ! p>ticul> te/s employ$ 9 ?is inve/igation4 ,t "s sy/ems may a*ieve o!r & possibly q z wor?-:ile results f _! ari?metic "w is n d5i$2 b :at is d5i$ is t any sy/em c safely fail to atta9 good results 9 ! "w cov]$ by ^! p>ticul> te/s4 ,:atev] else ! ari?metic "w may produce1 x seems safe to say t by ! end ( ! six? s*ool ye>1 x %\ld result 9 at lea/ good ability 9 ! f\r fundam5tal op]ations & ! simple1 ev]yday k9d ( reason+ call$ = 9 ^! problems4 ,x does n !n seem unreasonable1 9 view ( ! precautions previ\sly enum]at$1 to claim t ! scores made by ! respective sy/ems af=d a reliable measure ( ! products ( _! respective proc$ures 9 ari?metic4 ,! ,data ,! s\rce ( ! data us$ to help answ] ! above que/ions is "s six ?\s& te/ pap]s ga!r$ f tw5ty-six repres5tative s*ool sy/ems4 ,copies ( ! te/s may be f\nd 9 ,"p ,i1 pages #aj & #aa2 z may also a /atem5t ( conditions "u :i* ! te/s 7 p]sonally giv5 by ! au?or1 page #ac2 & ! me?od ( scor+1 pages #ae to #ah4 ,! a*ievem5ts are consid]$ f two /&po9ts--7#a7 ! scores & mi/akes ( ! sy/ems z sy/ems1 7#b7 ! scores ( individual pupils z individuals4 ,table ,,iii gives ! scores made 9 reason+ by ea* ( ! tw5ty-six sy/ems1 c\nt+ all ! problems t 7 solv$1 & weight+ !m accord+ to ! la/ column ( table ,,ii4 ,! ,roman num]als us$ 9 ! left-h& column to designate ! sy/ems are ^? t fell to ea* sy/em by lot4 ,z se5 by ! column head$ scores made1 ! sy/ems are arrang$ accord+ to numb] ( scores1 i4e4 sy/em ,,xxiii made ?ree hundr$ fifty-six po9ts1 ! l[e/ score1 & is plac$ fir/ 9 ! table2 sy/em ,,xxiv made f\r hundr$ tw5ty-n9e po9ts1 & is plac$ second1 etc4 ,sy/em ,v1 hav+ made ! highe/ score1 is plac$ la/ 9 ! table4 ,,a*ievem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,sy/ems ,,z ,,sy/ems ,,measur$ ,,by ,,scores ,,made ,,table ,,iii#cd ,,table ,,iv ,,scores ,,( ,,! ,,tw5ty-,,six ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,scores ,,( ,,! ,,tw5ty-,,six ,,sy/ems ,,reason+ ,,) ,,deviations ,,f ,,! ,,9 ,,fundam5tals ,,) ,,deviations ,,m$ian4 ,,scores ,,f ,,all ,,problems ,,f ,,! ,,m$ian4 ,,scores ,,f ,,all ,,problems ,m#ce #eea ,m #caaa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sy/ems ,devia- ,sy/ems ,devia- 9 ,devia- tions 9 9 ,devia- tions 9 ,ord] ( tions ,p] ,c5t,ord] ( tions ,p] ,c5t ,a*ieve- ,scores f ! ( ! ,a*ieve- ,scores f ! ( ! m5t ,made#cf ,m$ian ,m$ian m5t ,made ,m$ian ,m$ian ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,xxiii #cef -#aie -#ce ,,xxiii #ahda -#abgj -#da ,,xxiv #dbi -#abb -#bb ,,xxv #bafg -#idd -#cj ,,xvii #ddd -#ajg -#ai ,,xx #bafh -#idc -#cj ,,iv #dfd -#hg -#af ,,xxii #bcaa -#hjj -#bf ,,xxv #dfd -#hg -#af ,,viii #bgdg -#cfd -#ab ,,xxii #dfh -#hc -#ae ,x #bgdi -#cfb -#ab ,,xvi #dfi -#hb -#ae ,,xv #bggi -#ccb -#aa ,,xx #dia -#fj -#aa ,,iii #bhde -#bff -#h ,,xviii #eji -#db -#h ,i #bice -#agf -#f ,,xv #ecb -#ai -#c ,,xxi #biea -#afj -#e ,,iii #ecc -#ah -#c ,,ii #bieh -#aec -#e ,,viii #ech -#ac -#b ,,xvii #cjdb -#fi -#b ,,vi #eej -#a -#b ,,xiii #cjdi -#fb -#b ,i #eeb #a #b ,,vi #cagc #fb #b ,x #fja #ej #i ,,xi #cbfa #aej #e ,,ii #fae #fd #ab ,,ix #cdjd #bic #i ,,xxi #fbg #gf #ad ,,xii #cdaj #bii #aj ,,xiii #fcf #he #ae ,,xxiv #ceac #djb #ac ,,xiv #ffa #aaj #ai ,,xiv #cefa #dej #ad ,,ix #fia #adj #bj ,,iv #cefc #deb #ad ,,vii #gcd #ahc #cc ,v #cefi #deh #ae ,,xii #gcf #ahe #cd ,,xxvi #cfhb #ega #ah ,,xi #gei #bjh #ch ,,xvi #cgjg #eif #ai ,,xxvi #gia #bdj #dd ,,xviii #cgeh #fdg #ba ,,xix #hdh #big #ed ,,vii #cghb #fga #bb ,v #iad #cfc #ff ,,xix #djii #ihh #ca ,! middle column gives ! deviations f ! m$ian1 :i* is t measure above & bel[ :i* "o half ! cases lie4 ,9 ?is table ! m$ian is five hundr$ fifty-"o4 ,^! deviations s]ve to %[ ! diff]5ces 9 scores made2 & !y are also employ$ 9 comput+ ! measures ( v>iability & relation%ip4 ,! ?ird column is ! deviations 9 p] c5t ( ! m$ian4 ,x af=ds ano!r expression ( ! diff]5ce 9 size ( scores made by ! sy/ems4 ,table ,,iv reads exactly z ,,iii1 ! scores#cg be+ ^? made on all problems ( ! te/ 9 fundam5tals4 ,^! two tables give "s g5]al help on ! nature ( ! product ( ! fir/ six ye>s ( ari?metic "w4 ,"o v evid5t fact is ! lack ( uni=mity among sy/ems2 ano!r is ! lack ( correspond5ce ( relative position among ! sy/ems 9 ! two tables4 ,) ! exception ( sy/ems ,,xxiii & ,,xiv1 no sy/em occupies ! same relative position 9 ! two tables1 e4g4 sy/em ,,xxiv /&s second f ! l[e/ 9 reason+ & eighte5? f ! l[e/ 9 fundam5tals4 ,?is fact is m accurately summ>iz$ 9 ! coeffici5ts ( correlation1 table ,,xv1 p4 #cg4 ,z se5 f its head+1 table ,,xxii gives ! sy/ems 9 ord] ( a*ievem5ts4 ,^! s]ial /&+s are d]iv$ f tables ,,iii & ,,iv4 ,read+ f ! top1 sy/em ,,xxiii has an av]age s]ial /&+ ( "o1 be+ l[e/ 9 bo? reason+ & fundam5tals2 sy/em ,,xxv ranks ?ree 9 av]age s]ial /&+1 be+ f\r? f l[e/ 9 reason+ & second f l[e/ 9 fundam5tals2 ! read+s = ! o!r sy/ems are simil>4 ,column ,head+ ,keys3 ,,sys ,,sy/ems ,a ,av]age s]ial /&+ ,b ,s]ial /&+ 9 reason+ ,c ,s]ial /&+ 9 fundam5tals ,d ,s]ial /&+ 9 "t exp5diture ,e ,week m9utes devot$ to ari?metic ,f ,week m9utes devot$ to all subjects ,g ( "t to ari?metic ,,table ,,xxii ,,table ,,xxiii ,,table ,,xxiv ,,comp>ative ,,comp>ative ,,"t ,,"t ,,di/ribution ,,a*ievem5ts ,,exp5diture ,,among ,,grades ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,l[] numb]s %[ week m9utes devot$ to ari?metic2 upp] %[ ( s*ool "t devot$ to ,,sys ari?metic 9 ea* grade ----------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,xxiii #g #f #ab #ae #ae #ae #a #a #a #ad #aaej #ifge #ab #ajj #ajj #bjj #bej #bej #bej ,,xxv #g #i #aj #i #ac #c #d #b #b #gbb #hgjj #h 44 #ajj #adj #aee #acj #aig ,,xxii #h #h #h #g #aa #d #e #d #a #ejg #gbjj #g 44 #ij #ij #ij #ij #adg ,,xx #g #aj #ab #ad #ae #ae #e #g #c #ae #aafa #hbjj #ad #hj #aac #baj #bdj #bfe #bec ,,xvii #b #ab #bj #bj #bd #bc #g #c #ab #ba #abhc #gejj #ag #bg #aeh #bej #beh #cjj #bij ,,viii #b #ad #ae #ae #ae #ae #h #aa #e #ah #abeh #ifjj #ac #be #bcc #bej #bej #bej #bej ,,xv #aa #ae #bj #ag #ah #h #i #g #af #aagc #hjbe #ae 44 #adg #bac #bib #bej #bga ,,iii #aj #i #aa #aa #ab #af #i #aj #h #f #idd #hjbe #ab #abe #abe #aej #aej #afe #bbi ,,xxiv #ad #ag #ag #ag #aj #b #ah #g #iej #hgge #aa 44 44 #bjj #bej #bej #bej ,x #g #ab #ab #ad #ah #aj #ad #f #e #iba #heej #aa 44 #hh #aed #ahd #baf #bgi ,i #i #ac #ad #ad #ae #aa #ac #i #i #ajfh #icge #aa 44 #acj #bac #bch #bch #bdi ,,iv #bh #bj #bj #bd #bj #bc #ab #d #bj #bf #ahed #hdjj #bb #bdi #cjj #cjf #cfa #cjj #cch ,,ii #h #ab #ad #ad #ae #af #ac #ae #aa #ag #abdg #iijj #ac #aba #aib #bag #bbe #bcc #bei ,,xxi #h #aj #aj #ab #ad #ac #ac #af #aj #d #hfe #gfej #aa #hj #ajj #ajj #ahj #baj #aie ,,vi #h #ab #ah #ah #ai #ac #ab #ad #aa #aabf #ijjj #ac 44 #abg #agg #bff #bff #bij ,,xvi #e #h #ac #ah #ag #af #ad #f #bc #ab #aabg #ijjj #ac #ge #aac #ahg #bfc #bea #bch ,,xiii #bf #bc #ah #ai #ai #ae #ag #ac #be #afbf #hdge #ai 44 #chh #cej #bhh #cjj #cjj ,,xviii #f #e #ae #bj #bj #ai #af #h #bd #ai #abfe #hgjj #ae #ge #ge #bbe #cjj #cjj #bij ,,ix #ac #ae #ah #ah #ah #ba #ag #ai #af #bb #aeei #ijjj #ag #bjj #bbe #bge #bge #bge #cji ,,xi #aa #ae #ah #ah #ah #ah #bb #ae #aj #aacj #hege #ac 44 #aeg #baf #bej #bej #beg ,,xiv #ae #af #ah #ai #ai #ai #ah #ah #aj #bc #aefj #hhej #ah #bbe #bde #bgj #bhj #bgj #bgj ,,xii #f #ah #af #ai #ai #ai #ba #ag #ac #aadh #hdjj #ad 44 #ha #bbf #bee #bhh #bih ,,xxvi #g #aj #aj #ac #ac #ag #bb #bc #bb #c #hcg #gbjj #ab #hj #abe #abe #aej #aej #bjg ,,vii #ac #ai #bb #bb #bb #ag #bb #bj #be #bd #aegc #ghjj #bj #age #bfb #cjj #cjj #cjj #bcf ,v #h #aj #aa #ab #ac #ac #bc #be #ba #h #iga #hgjj #aa #aac #aed #afg #age #ahc #agi ,,xix #h #aj #ag #ag #ac #bj #be #bd #bf #bj #abgf #ijjj #ad #abe #aej #bej #bej #bej #cja 44 no "t assign$4 ,tables ,,xxiii & ,,xxiv keep ! same ord] ( sy/ems & %[ ! "t exp5diture4 ,! fir/ l9e ( table ,,xxiii reads1--sy/em ,,xxiii ranks f\rte5? f ! l[e/ 9 "t exp5diture1 ) #aaej week m9utes devot$ to ari?metic1 #ifge week m9utes devot$ to all subjects1 ! #aaej week m9utes devot$ to ari?metic be+ #ab p] c5t ( ! #ifge week m9utes devot$ to all subjects4 ,simil>ly = ! o!r sy/ems1 e4g4 sy/em ,,xxv ) a s]ial /&+ 9 abilities ( ?ree1 & a s]ial /&+ 9 "t exp5diture ( two1 sp5ds #gbb week m9utes on ari?metic1 & #hgjj week m9utes on all subjects1 ari?metic co/+ #h p] c5t ( all ! s*ool "t4 ,! read] w recognize t ! ?ird column1 :i* gives ! "t devot$ to all subjects = "o week ( ea* ( ! fir/ six ye>s1 gives ! only new data ( ?is table1 column two be+ ! same z giv5 9 table ,,xxi & ! fir/ & f\r? columns be+ d]iv$ f ! o!rs4 ,probably ! fir/ ess5tial %[n by ?is table is ! lack ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! s]ial /&+ 9 "t co/ & ! s]ial /&+ 9 abilities2 e4g4 ! sy/em ) ! l[e/ "t co/ is f\nd by ref]r+ to table ,,xiii to be sy/em ,,xxii1 :i* is se5 9 table ,,xxii to rank f\r & "o-half 9 av]age abilities4 ,simil>ly1 ! sy/em t ranks fifte5? 9 "t co/1 ranks fif? 9 abilities1 etc4 ,ano!r noticeable %[+ is ! wide v>iability 9 ! s*ool "t ( ! sy/ems4 ,x w be se5 to v>y f #gbjj to #iijj week m9utes4 ,?is "t includes recesses1 & x means t l5g?s ( s*ool days v>y f an av]age ( f\r h\rs to five & "o-half h\rs4 ,& if ! names ( ! sy/ems 7 giv51 x w\ld be recogniz$ t almo/ inv>iably ! long] s*ool h\rs are accompani$ by ! lea/ am\nt ( v>iation 9 program1 su* z physical education1 field trips1 assemblies1 etc4 ,p]haps ! o!r mo/ /rik+ fact ( ?is table is ! wide v>iation 9 ! p] c5t ( "t devot$ to ari?metic4 ,x v>ies f #bb p] c5t = sy/em ,,iv to #g p] c5t = sy/em ,,xxii1 a diff]5ce ( m ?an ?ree to "o4 ,z table ,,xxiv is "p ( ! discussion ( factors 9 "t exp5diture1 its sample read+s are giv5 "u t head+1 page #fb4 ,! ,relation ( ,"t ,exp5diture to ,abilities ,produc$ ,! read] f\nd "o indication ( ! relation1 or lack ( relation1 betwe5 "t co/ & products 9 tables ,,xxii & ,,xxiii4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree foll[+ tables expresses ^! same facts4 ,,table ,,xxv ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,a*ievem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,sy/ems ,,hav+ ,,less ,,?an ,,m$ian ,,"t ,,co/ ,,) ,,^? ,,hav+ ,,m ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,comb9$ ,,scores ,,( ,,! ,,?irte5 ,,sy/ems ---------------------------------------- --------- ,) less ,) m ,) less ,) m ?an m$ian ?an m$ian ?an m$ian ?an m$ian "t co/ "t co/ "t co/ "t co/ ---------------------------------------- --------- ,includ+ home /udy ,)\t home /udy ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,reason+ #g1eai #g1hic #g1bgg #h1ace ,fundam5tals #dj1gea #dj1bgc #cg1afe #dc1hei ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,table ,,xxvi ,,ratio ,,( ,,"t ,,exp5ditures ,,to ,,abilities#ch ,,av]age ,,ratios ,,reason+ ,,ratios ,,fundam5tal ,,ratios ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,sy/ems ,s]ial ,"t ,co/ ,s]ial ,"t ,s]ial ,"t ,co/ ,/&+to ,reason+,/&+ ,co/ ,/&+ to ( & to ( to ( ,fundam5- ,sy/ems ,fundam5tals,sy/ems ,reason+,sy/ems tals ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,iv #a #b4bf #a #c4ii #d 4#ebj ,,xxiii #b #a4ib #b #c4bb #a 4#fbd ,,xvii #c #a4fe #c #b4hh #g 4#dba ,,xiii #d #a4ed #d #b4ee #c 4#ecc ,,xx #e #a4de #g #b4cf #b 4#ece ,,xviii #f #a4da #e #b4dh #ac 4#ccf ,,xiv #g #a4dj #g #b4cf #f 4#dch ,,viii #h #a4ci #h #b4cc #e 4#deg ,,ix #i #a4cec #i #b4be #e 4#deg ,,xvi #aj #a4ceb #f #b4dj #ah 4#cjd ,,xv #aa #a4ca #aa #b4bj #h 4#dbb ,,vii #ab #a4bh #ab #b4ad #i 4#dae ,,xxiv #ac #a4bd #aj #b4ba #ba 4#bgj ,,ii #ad #a4bb #ad #b4jb #g 4#dba ,,vi #ae #a4bj #ac #b4jd #aa 4#ced ,i #af #a4ae #ae #a4ic #aj 4#cfc ,,iii #ag #a4je #af #a4gg #af 4#cca ,,xii #ah #j4idc #ag #a4ee #ac 4#ccf ,,xxv #ai #j4ida #ag #a4ee #ae 4#ccc ,x #bj #j4ic #ah #a4ec #ad 4#cce ,,xi #ba #j4iac #bj #a4dh #ab 4#cdf ,,xix #bb #j4ia #ai #a4ej #ag 4#caa ,,xxi #bc #j4hc #ba #a4cg #ai 4#bic ,v #bd #j4fg #bc #a4jf #bj 4#bgb ,,xxii #be #j4fe #bb #a4jh #bc 4#bai ,,xxvi #bf #j4fd #bd #a4je #bb 4#bbg ,! above details are compil$ f ! scores ( individual sy/ems z giv5 9 tables ,,iii & ,,iv1 ! m$ian co/ be+ t giv5 9 table ,,xxi4 ,z measur$ by ! "t us$ 9 s*ool1 ! ?irte5 sy/ems ) less ?an ! m$ian co/ /& slightly ! bett]2 & z measur$ by ! "t includ+ home /udy1 ! ?irte5 sy/ems ) m ?an ! m$ian "t co/ /& some:at ! bett]4 ,! "t us$ 9 s*ool is d\btless ! m exact measure1 b1 z %[n 9 table ,,xxi1 "s sy/ems dep5d on home /udy to a consid]able ext5t4 ,h5ce bo? measures are us$4 ,! lack ( relation indicat$ 9 ?is g5]al way is %[n m accurately 9 ! table1 page #bfc1 9 t]ms ( coeffici5ts ( correlation4 ,! ord] ( sy/ems 9 ?is table is det]m9$ by ! fir/ column1 :i* gives ! av]age s]ial /&+ z det]m9$ by ! ratios ( "t to products4 ,! "r-h& column "u ea* head+ gives ! ratio ( "t exp5diture to abilities produc$1 & ! left-h& column gives ! s]ial ord] ( t sy/em z measur$ by ! highness ( ! ratio1 i4e4 highness ( co/ p] unit ( product2 e4g4 9 sy/em ,,iv ! ratio ( "t to reason+ is #c4ii 7see f\r? column71 ! highe/ ratio 9 reason+ 7det]m9$ by divid+ ! "t co/1 #ahed week m9utes1 by #dfd1 ! po9ts made 9 reason+74 ,! ratio ( "t to fundam5tals 9 ?is sy/em is 4#eb2 giv+ an av]age ratio ( #b4bf4 ,t is to say1 ! ratio ( "t to abilities 9 sy/em ,,iv is z #b4bf to #a1 ! highe/ among ! tw5ty-six sy/ems4 ,t !re is no direct ratio betwe5 "t exp5diture & abilities is aga9 %[n by ?is table4 ,= example1 sy/em ,,xxii1 :i* sp5ds ! lea/ am\nt ( "t 7see table ,,xxi71 ranks f\r? f ! l[e/ 9 abilities 7see table ,,xxii71 ranks #be?1 t is1 next to ! highe/1 9 ratio ( "t co/ to abilities produc$2 &1 :at is ev5 m /rik+1 sy/em ,,xxvi1 :i* sp5ds ?ird f ! lea/ am\nt ( "t1 ranks ?ird f ! highe/ 9 abilities & #bf? or highe/ 9 ! ratio ( "t co/ to abilities produc$4 ,t a l>ge am\nt ( "t exp5d$ is no gu>antee ( a high /&>d ( abilities may aga9 be conv9c+ly se5 by comp>+ ! ratios ( ! five sy/ems sp5d+ ! smalle/ am\nt ( "t ) ! five sp5d+ ! l>ge/4 ,( ! five sp5d+ ! lea/ "t1 ! av]age ratio is 4#hj1 :i* corresponds ) ! #bc;d or ! #c;d f ! be/ 9 ratio2 & ( ! five sp5d+ ! greate/ am\nt ( "t1 ! av]age ratio is #a4eg1 :i* corresponds ) ! #d? poore/ 9 ratio4 ,! la/ ?ree tables h ea* %[n ! decid$ lack ( relation%ip betwe5 "t co/ & abilities produc$1 & h5ce = ^! sy/ems x is evid5t t !re is practically no relation betwe5 "t exp5diture & ari?metical abilities2 &1 9 view ( ! repres5tative nature ( ^! tw5ty-six sy/ems1 x is probable t ?is lack ( relation%ip is ! rule ! c\ntry ov]4 ,?is is n to say t a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t is n ess5tial to ! production ( ari?metical abilities2 nor t1 giv5 ! same o!r factors1 op]at+ equally well1 ! product w n increase some:at ) an increas$ "t exp5diture4 ,:at is claim$ is t1 z pres5t practice goes1 a l>ge am\nt ( "t sp5t on ari?metic is no gu>antee ( a high degree ( effici5cy4 ,if "o 7 to *oose at r&om among ! s*ools ) m ?an ! m$ian "t giv5 to ari?metic1 ! *ances are ab\t equal t he w\ld get a s*ool ) an inf]ior product2 & conv]sely1 if "o 7 to *oose among ! s*ools ) less ?an ! m$ian "t co/1 ! *ances are ab\t equal t he w\ld get a s*ool ) a sup]ior product 9 ari?metic4#ci ,s f>1 !n1 z ability 9 ari?metic means ability to h&le su* f\ndation "w z is measur$ by ! te/s 9 ?is /udy1 ?is 8ess5tial0 has n necess>ily suff]$ by ! introduction ( o!r subjects & ! consequ5t r$uction ( its "t allotm5t4 ,"o w\ld ne$ to read ! :ole /udy to appreciate fully ! nature ( ! inve/igation4 ,f ! pages quot$1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be app>5t t3 7#a7 s*ools & s*ool sy/ems v>y greatly 9 ! results :i* !y secure 9 ari?metic2 7#b7 ! excell5ce ( ! "w done is n directly proportional to ! "t exp5d$4 ,we w f9d x necess>y to revise our op9ions ) reg>d to ! organization ( s*ool subjects1 ! allotm5t ( "t1 ! me?ods ( tea*+1 & ! l1 9 proportion z we h c>eful inve/igation 9 ^! sev]al fields4 ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,e4 ,l4 ,?orndike1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,tea*+1 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,engli% ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools ,,by ,,frankl9 ,,?omas ,,bak]1 ,a4,m4 ,i4 ,hi/orical ,view ( ! ,subject #a4 ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,read+ ,,matt]4 #a4 ,! s*ool read] an expression ( social ideals4 #b4 ,g]man prim]s & read]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 #c4 ,! 8moral tales0 ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 #d4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,prim]4 #e4 ,! oratorical & patriotic selections ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 #f4 ,! s*ool read]s ( to-day2 _! g5]al *>act]i/ics4 #b4 ,,me?od4 #a4 ,! alphabetic me?od 9 use until mod]n times4 #b4 ,new ideas 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & lat]4 ,"w ( ,ickelsam]1 ,bas$[1 ,pe/alozzi1 ,com5ius1 & ,jacotot4 #c4 ,gradual asc5d5cy ( ! analytic ov] ! alphabetic 7or syn!tic7 me?od4 #d4 ,recognition ( ! importance ( phonetics1 ( association ( ideas1 etc4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,kehr1 ,ges*i*te des ,lese-,unt]ri*ts 9 d] ,volkss*ule1 ,go?a1 #ahhi4 ,fe*n]1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkss*ullesebu*es1 ,go?a1 #ahhi4 ,=d1 ,! ,new ,engl& ,prim]1 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,re$]1 ,hi/orical ,developm5t ( ! ,s*ool ,read]1 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,hall1 ,h[ to ,tea* ,read+1 ,new ,york1 #ahhf4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 ,vol4 ,v41 ,h>t=d & ,london1 #aheh4 ,russell1 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools1 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,c>p5t]1 ,bak]1 & ,scott1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,engli%1 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,huey1 ,psy*ology & ,p$agogy ( ,read+1 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,,ii4 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,in/ruction #a4 ,,mat]ial4 #a4 ,mat]ial %\ld be 7#a7 int]e/+1 7#b7 lit]>y1 s f> z possible1 7#c7 adapt$ to ! capacities & ta/es ( *ildr51 7#d7 ( en\gh difficulty & suffici5tly above _! own ord9>y ?\ghts to h value z in/ruction4 #b4 ,! be/ mat]ial 7#a7 folk /uff1 su* z ! classic fairy tales1 ,"m ,goose1 etc41 7#b7 tales ( h]oism & sacrifice1 7#c7 poetry ( ! simpl] type1 l t ( ,/ev5son & ,*ri/9a ,rossetti4 #c4 ,mu* ( ! language "w %\ld be free conv]sation betwe5 ! tea*] & ! *ildr5 ab\t _! ord9>y exp]i5ces4 #b4 ,,me?od4 #a4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s mu* ( ! lit]>y mat]ial mu/ be giv5 orally by ! tea*]4 ,oral "w is to be held ( great importance4 #b4 ,*ildr5 to be enc\rag$ to commit good ?+s to memory4 #c4 ,all read+ al\d by ! pupils to be done z naturally z possible4 ,importance ( read+ by phrases & s5t5ces1 r ?an ^w by ^w4 #d4 ,value ( ! dramatic elem5t 9 e>ly "w4 #e4 ,! conflict betwe5 ! 8^w me?od0 & ! 8s5t5ce me?od0 ov]4 ,mod]n tea*+ eclectic 9 me?od4 ,if any "n c be giv5 to ! be/ way1 x might be1 p]haps1 8?\ght me?od40 #f4 ,use ( script & pr9t3 advantages ( ea* z a fir/ =m4 ,value ( pr9t$ c>ds & o!r devices = drill4 #g4 ,=m ( type = beg9n]s' books3 n too l>ge2 lett]s to h all diff]5tiat+ m>ks di/9ct4 ,importance ( "r k9d ( pap]1 wid? ( columns1 etc4 ,k9ds ( pictures mo/ s]viceable4 #h4 ,:5 %all writ+ beg98 ,9 g5]al n to be =c$ on ! *ild 9 ! fir/ ye>4 ,argum5ts = & aga9/ ?is arrangem5t4 ,%\ld !re be any fix$ /&>d ( accompli%m5t = ! fir/ ye>8 #i4 ,phonetic drill4 ,h[ _m words mu/ be kn[n be=e x beg9s8 ,v>i\s plans equally successful4 ,! ma9 ?+1 p]haps1 is to h drill en\gh to give ! pupils c]ta9ty 9 _! "w1 b to keep ! drill subord9at$ to _! int]e/ 9 read+4 #aj4 ,! ord] ( su* drill4 8,normal words10 *os5 = _! mean+1 _! frequ5cy ( occurr5ce1 & _! simil>ity 9 =m to o!r words ei!r at _! beg9n+ or at _! end4 ,_m words1 h[ev]1 mu/ be le>n$ )\t relation to su* a s*eme4 #aa4 8,normal s5t5ces0 ^? t p>tially help ! read] to ! recognition ( words2 z1 8,! sun rises 9 ! ea/1 & sets 9 ! we/40 ,= "y *ildr51 s5t5ces involv+ ! use ( repetitive phrases mu/ also be reg>d$ z normal1 z 9 8,! ,h\se t ,jack ,built40 #ab4 ,9 g5]al1 bo? analysis & syn!sis to be us$ 9 ^w drill4 #ac4 ,importance ( secur+ good habits z to intellig5t read+1 correct spell+1 etc41 9 ! e>ly ye>s4 ,*ildr5 c usually d bett] ?an !y or _! eld]s ?9k !y c4 #ad4 ,emphasis to be plac$ ^u read+ _m ( ! good ?+s ov] & ov]1 until !y are kn[n 9 :ole & 9 "p4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,bryant1 ,h[ to tell ,/ories to ,*ildr54 ,c>p5t]1 ,bak]1 & ,scott1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,engli%4 ,*ubb1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,engli%4 ,colby1 ,lit]ature 9 ,life & 9 ,s*ool4 ,hall1 ,h[ to tea* ,read+4 ,h9sdale1 ,tea*+ ! ,language ,art4 ,huey1 ,psy*ology & ,p$agogy ( ,read+4 ,arnold1 ,read+1 ,h[ to tea* x4 ,laurie1 ,language & ,l+ui/ic ,me?od4 ,dewey1 8,! ,prim>y ,education ,feti*10 9 ,! ,=um1 ,may1 #ahih4 ,dewey1 ,! ,s*ool & ,society4 ,dye1 ,/ory-,tell]'s ,art4 ,,iii4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,lit]ature #a4 ,,g5]al ,,problems4 #a4 ,c lit]ature be taught8 ,or c pupils 8be taught ?r\gh lit]ature08 ,examples ( su* educational use ( lit]ature4 #b4 ,pres5t aims 9 tea*+ lit]ature3 ent]ta9m5t1 portrayal ( life1 acqua9tance ) ! _w ( ?\ght & feel+ z pres5t$ 9 books1 cultivation ( imag9ation & s5se ( beauty4 #c4 ,true int]pretation implies grasp+ ! c5tral purpose1 idea1 or feel+ ( ! piece4 #d4 ,v>i\s types ( lit]ature dem& v>i\s treatm5t4 ,necessity ( adapt+ ! treatm5t to ! class4 #e4 ,ta/e 7s5se ( beauty7 develop$ ma9ly by contact ) good models4 ,in/ruction plays a m9or "p4 ,! love ( good read+ fo/]$ by judici\s selection ( mat]ial1 & by example & influ5ce4 #f4 ,h[ c ! habit ( good read+ be cultivat$8 #b4 ,,mat]ial4 #a4 ,! lit]ature *os5 mu/ be suitable 9 its !mes1 its action1 its feel+1 its simplicity4 #b4 ,lit]>y hi/ories & biographies3 _! limit$ value 9 elem5t>y "w4 #c4 ,sci5tific & hi/orical mat]ial 9 lit]ature4 ,lit]>y use ( su* mat]ial n to be conf\nd$ ) sci5ce & hi/ory4 #d4 ,pictures & o!r illu/rative mat]ial3 ,sometimes give intuitive basis = desir$ concepts2 sometimes int]f]e ) ! imag9ation4 #c4 ,,me?od4 #a4 ,read+ al\d3 its value4 ,means ( secur+ good results2 int]e/1 s5se ( reality1 consci\sness ( an audi5ce4 #b4 ,analytic /udy1 ( cont5t1 =m1 & g5]al lit]>y effects4 a4 ,mu/ be adapt$ to ! pupil's int]e/ & 8 /age ( developm5t4 b4 ,mu/ yield results ( value appreciable by ! pupil4 c4 ,effects ( too mu* or too little su* /udy4 #c4 ,correlation ( lit]ature ) o!r "w possible 9 limit$ degree4 ,a matt] ( class treatm5t r ?an ( ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,a problem = ! tea*] r ?an ! pr9cipal4 #d4 ,treatm5t ( allusions1 hi/orical1 lit]>y1 etc4 ,! ne$ ( judici\s selection4 #e4 ,treatm5t ( figures ( spee*1 v]se =ms1 new words1 etc4 #f4 ,lesson plans3 _! function & value4 a4 ,an outl9e %\ld control & direct ! "w1 yet be flexible en\gh to all[ fre$om on ! "p ( tea*] & pupil4 b4 ,introductions3 _! nature & function4 ,:5 necess>y4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,c>p5t]1 ,bak]1 & ,scott1 ,laurie1 ,*ubb1 ,h9sdale1 ,arnold & ,hall1 z cit$4 ,scudd]1 ,lit]ature 9 ,s*ools4 ,c4 ,a4 ,mc,murry1 ,special ,me?od 9 ,read+4 ,bates1 ,talks on ! ,/udy ( ,lit]ature4 ,colby1 ,lit]ature 9 ,life & 9 ,s*ool4 ,adl]1 ,moral ,in/ruction ( ,*ildr54 ,,iv4 ,/udy ( ,c]ta9 ,typical ,books #a4 ,,nurs]y ,,rhymes 7z ,"m ,goose1 ,/ev5son's ,*ild's ,g>d5 ( ,v]ses74 a4 ,! nature ( _! appeal to *ildr5 9 s\nd1 imag]y1 & ideas4 b4 ,_! value 9 tra9+ ! e>1 ! p[]s ( spee*1 etc4 #b4 ,,grimm' 8,,fairy ,,tales40 a4 ,_! s\rce & relation to o!r folklore4 b4 ,! m>vel\s1 & its effect on *ildr54 c4 ,action1 logical sequ5ce1 local color4 d4 ,v>i\s types ( my?4 e4 ,! ideal elem5t1 poetic ju/ice1 etc4 ,ne$ ! h>%] elem5ts be omitt$8 f4 ,typical lessons4 #c4 8,,alice ,,9 ,,wond]l&40 a4 ,its orig9 & its place 9 lit]ature4 b4 ,! nature ( its reality3 bas$ ^u ?+s 9 ! *ild's _w ( imag9ation4 c4 ,its value z humor1 z a means ( quick5+ ! p[] ( ?\ght4 d4 ,:at prep>ation is ne$$ = ! appreciation ( x8 e4 ,typical lessons4 #d4 8,,rob9son ,,crusoe40 a4 ,its orig9 & place 9 lit]ature4 b4 ,fundam5tal *>act]i/ics z a piece ( fiction4 c4 ,elem5ts 9 x t appeal to *ildr51 or fail s to appeal4 d4 ,ju/ification ( ! abridg$ editions4 e4 ,its relation 7#a7 to ! _w ( romance1 7#b7 to real life4 f4 ,h[ be/ pres5t$4 ,typical lessons4 #e4 ,,longfell[',s 8,,hiawa?a40 a4 ,its orig91 =m1 popul>ity4 b4 ,its qualities1 epic & romantic4 c4 ,its treatm5t ( ! my?4 d4 ,its value z s*ool read+2 p>ts be/ suit$ = ?is4 e4 ,g5]al value ( read+ ab\t primitive life4 f4 ,relation to h&work1 etc4 #f4 ,,haw?orne',s 8,,wond] ,,book0 ,,& 8,,tanglewood ,,tales40 a4 ,_! orig9 & g5]al lit]>y qualities4 b4 ,romantic color+ giv5 to classic /ories2 comp>e ,k+sley's ,! ,h]oes1 & ,bulf9*'s ,age ( ,fable1 & o!r v]sions ( ! my?s4 c4 ,diff]5t types ( my? & fairy /ory repres5t$4 d4 ,arti/ic qualities ( ,haw?orne's v]sions2 h[ f> c ^! be %[n 9 ! s*ool8 e4 ,! e?ical elem5t3 h[ treat$8 f4 ,typical lessons4 #g4 ,,:itti]',s 8,,sn[ ,,b\nd40 a4 ,its hi/orical value z a pres5tation ( a type ( civilization3 occupation1 pleasures1 int]e/s1 types ( "*4 b4 ,its lit]>y value z an ideal treatm5t ( its !me4 c4 ,! po9t ( view t ( an old man's retrospect4 ,h[ f> is ?is appreciable by *ildr58 d4 ,! /udy ( ?is poem involves also att5tion to /ructure1 diction1 allusions1 poetic descriptions1 & metrical =m4 e4 ,typical passages treat$ 9 lessons4 #h4 ,,longfell[',s 8,,evangel9e40 a4 ,! poet's dep>ture f hi/orical fact2 its ju/ification4 b4 ,! idyllic elem5t2 ! descriptions4 c4 ,! c5tral !me1 & its treatm5t 9 ! fir/ & second p>ts ( ! poem4 d4 ,! diff]5t quality ( ! two p>ts2 pr$om9ance ( description & ! m$itative elem5t 9 ! second4 e4 ,metrical /ructure4 f4 ,:at ?+s 9 ! poem c be made especially int]e/+ to "y p8 #i4 ,,scott',s 8,,ivanhoe40 a4 ,its free treatm5t ( hi/orical fact4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 hi/oric & poetic tru?4 b4 ,! hi/orical novel3 its g5]al relations to hi/ory2 to be reg>d$ prim>ily z lit]ature1 n z hi/ory4 c4 ,! portrayal ( ideals & cu/oms ( a pa/ age3 types ( *>act]s2 /ructure 7plot7 ( ! book built 9 accordance ) ?is purpose4 d4 ,difficulties ( language1 allusions1 etc4 e4 ,means ( ar\s+ int]e/ 9 romantic lit]ature4 ,comp>isons ) o!r books commonly read by *ildr54 #aj4 ,,%aksp]e',s 8,,julius ,c,,s>40 a4 ,hi/orical basis1 ana*ronisms1 etc4 b4 ,! nature ( its appeal to "y read]s4 c4 ,treatm5t ( v]bal difficulties & ( ! dramatic =m4 d4 ,! action1 ! *>act]s1 ! dramatic motives & situations4 ,v4 ,composition #a4 ,,object ,,( ,,tea*+ ,,composition4 #a4 ,%all x be 8lit]>y10 or aim m]ely at adequate expression8 #b4 ,,elem5ts ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,! ,,problem3 ,,=m ,,& ,,subject ,,matt]4 #a4 ,importance ( subject matt] 9 giv+ motive & int]e/1 & 9 det]m9+ =m4 #b4 ,subjects = composition to include topics f s*ool "w & f daily life3 to be made real1 z f> z possible4 ,reality dep5d5t ^u int]e/ & ! consci\sness ( an audi5ce4 #c4 ,prep>ation = ! "w4 ,importance ( oral treatm5t1 ( ! ga!r+ & ord]+ ( facts & ideas4 ,orig9ality n to be expect$4 #d4 ,composition units3 necessity ( tra9+ 9 bo? s5t5ce & p>agraph4 ,value ( outl9es1 & ( drill 9 s5t5ces4 #e4 ,criticism ( writt5 "w4 a4 ,g5]al aims4 b4 ,means ( mak+ criticism effective4 c4 ,! object to make pupils self-critical )\t *eck+ spontaneity4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,laurie1 ,h9sdale1 ,*ubb & ,c>p5t]1 ,bak] & ,scott z cit$ above4 ,,vi4 ,gramm> #a4 ,,hi/orical ,,review4 #a4 ,hi/orical *anges 9 ! idea ( ,engli% gramm>4 #b4 ,attempt1 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod1 to ,lat9ize ! gramm> ( ,engli%4 ,p]si/5ce ( ?is po9t ( view4 #c4 ,rec5t *anges due to philological /udy4 #d4 ,:at n[ con/itutes ,engli% gramm>8 #e4 ,:at problems rema9 unsolv$8 #b4 ,,objects ,,( ,,tea*+ ,,gramm>4 #a4 ,v>i\s !ories3 = correctness ( expression & = discipl9e4 #b4 ,mod]n notions ( au?ority 9 usage1 & ( ! prov9ce ( gramm>4 #c4 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,gramm> ,,to ,,be ,,taught4 #a4 ,h[ mu* gramm> %all be taught 9 ! s*ools8 #b4 ,:at ?+s are ( mo/ value8 #c4 ,importance ( syntax2 ( /udy ( =ms4 #d4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,treatm5t4 #a4 ,syntax or etymology fir/8 #b4 ,a /udy ( ! me?ods ( developm5t adopt$ by "s ( ! repres5tative textbooks4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,laurie1 ,h9sdale1 ,c>p5t]1 ,bak] & ,scott1 & ,*ubb4 ,liddell1 8,engli% ,hi/orical ,gramm>10 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 ,,lxxxii4 ,sweet1 ,new ,engli% ,gramm>1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,b>b\r1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,engli% ,gramm>2 ,goold ,br[n1 ,gramm> ( ,gramm>s 7,introduction74 ,krapp1 ,syllabus ( ,engli% ,language & ,gramm> 7,columbia ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,syllabi1 ,s]ies ,a1 ,no4 #e74 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,ma!matics ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools ,,by ,,david ,,eug5e ,,smi?1 ,,ll4,d4 ,i4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,subject #a4 ,,advantages ,,to ,a ,,tea*] ,,9 ,,/udy+ ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,taught4 #b4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ari?metic4 #c4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,numb] ,,sy/ems4 #d4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,ari?metic ,,z ,,kn[n ,,at ,,pres5t4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,smi?1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,ari?metic1 ,new ,york1 #aiji1 *ap4 i2 & 9 g5]al ! sections 9 ?is syllabus correspond to ! *apt]s 9 ?is "w4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,elem5t>y ,ma!matics1 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,ball1 ,a ,prim] ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics1 ,london1 #ahie1 & ,a ,%ort ,acc\nt ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics1 ,london1 #d? edition1 #aijh4 ,f9k1 ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics1 translat$ by ,b5nan & ,smi?1 ,*icago1 #aijj4 ,cajori1 ,hi/ory ( ,elem5t>y ,ma!matics1 ,new ,york1 #ahif1 & ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics1 ,new ,york1 #ahic4 ,on ,greek ,ari?metic see ,g[1 ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,ma!matics1 ,cambridge1 #ahhd4 ,,ii4 ,! ,reasons = ,tea*+ ,ari?metic #a4 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,po9t ,,( ,,view4 #b4 ,,cont5t ,,( ,,! ,,primitive ,,logi/ic1 ,,or ,,art ,,( ,,calculation4 a4 ,e>ly c\nt+4 b4 ,e>ly writ+ ( numb]s4 ,! developm5t ( notations4 c4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,h9du-,arabic notation4 #c4 ,,cont5t ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,ari?metic1 ,,or ,,!ory ,,( ,,numb]s4 a4 ,connection ) my/icism4 b4 ,contributions ( ,py?agoras & 8 s*ool4 c4 ,! effect ^u mod]n ari?metic4 #d4 ,,! ,,reasons ,,= ,,tea*+ ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 a4 ,! ,*ur* s*ools4 b4 ,! reckon+ s*ools4 c4 ,! effect ^u mod]n ari?metic4 #e4 ,,! ,,reasons ,,develop$ ,,by ,,! ,,r5aissance4 a4 ,influ5ce ( comm]ce4 b4 ,influ5ce ( pr9t+4 ,! cry/allization ( ari?metic4 c4 ,! effect ^u ! subject matt] ( mod]n ari?metic4 #f4 ,,! ,,reasons ,,( ,,to-,,day4 a4 ,! practical value4 ,:atev] pret5ds to be practical 9 ari?metic %\ld really be s4 b4 ,! 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,tea*+ ( ,geography1 to :i* no fur!r ref]5ces w be made1 ?is syllabus be+ a synopsis ( t "w4 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,m>*1 #aija1 pp4 #c-i4 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #aijd2 ,april1 #aije2 ,septemb]1 #aijf4 ,mc,murry1 ,c4 ,a41 ,special ,me?od 9 ,geography1 *ap4 i4 ,geikie1 ,a41 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,geography1 *ap4 i4 ,,ii4 ,! ,p]sons involv$ 9 ,s*ool ,geography ,tea*+ #a4 ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,geograph]4 ,a4 ,%\ld help make cont5t s\nd geographically4 ,he %\ld be s\rce ( geography mat]ials4 ,b4 ,%\ld asc]ta9 t "w w insure good tra9+ 9 elem5ts ( geography4 ,adapt$ to pupils & valuable z f\ndation = good lat] "w4 ,c4 ,%\ld outl9e me?od 9 l>ge s z to produce geographic progress4 ,d4 ,%\ld assi/ 9 sub/itut+ good = bad details & help *oose betwe5 ess5tials & non-ess5tials4 #b4 ,,! ,,obligations ,,( ,,! ,,sup]visor ,,or ,,sup]9t5d5t4 ,a4 ,mu/ recognize goal to be rea*$ f /&po9t ( good geography1 & relations ( s*ool geography to o!r phases ( geographic education4 ,b4 ,%\ld accept mat]ials & l>g] plan ( geograph]4 ,arrange "t ( s*$ule4 ,c4 ,%\ld see t *ildr5's g5]al tra9+ is n sacrific$ & special tra9+ is secur$4 ,d4 ,%\ld insure t "w is practical & usable4 ,e4 ,mu/ see t relations to o!r subjects are emphasiz$4 ,causal notion aga94 #c4 ,,! ,,obligations ,,& ,,opportunities ,,( ,,! ,,tea*]4 ,a4 ,mu/ "k m subject matt] ?an he expects to give pupils4 ,b4 ,mu/ "k purposes & scope ( c\rse--8 "p 9 c\rse z a :ole4 ,also mu/ "k prep>ation furni%$ by e>li] ye>'s "w4 ,c4 ,mu/ "k relations to o!r "w 9 ! curriculum z a :ole & 9 geography p>ticul>ly4 ,d4 ,mu/ "k ways subject mu/ be organiz$ & pres5t$ to 8 grade s z be/ to ga9 aims desir$4 ,g5]al & special me?od4 #d4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,"w4 ,a4 ,mean+ ( 8,to tea* *ildr5 geography40 ,b4 ,! prep>ation t may be expect$ 9 diff]5t grades4 ,c4 ,*ildr5's int]e/ 9 "w4 ,d4 ,pupils mu/ be tra9$ to "w & ?9k4 ,e4 ,goals are k & p[]4 ,importance ( rational repetition1 ( reviews & map "w4 ,,ref]5ce3 ,dodge1 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 v1 p4 #che4 ,! ,opportunity ( ! ,geograph] 9 ,promot+ ,s*ool ,geography4 ,,iii4 ,! ,organization ( a ,c\rse ( ,/udy #a4 ,,c\rse ,,z ,a ,,:ole4 ,a4 ,mu/ be capable ( be+ judg$ z good by geograph]s4 ,b4 ,mu/ lead to k & p[]4 ,c4 ,mu/ be arrang$ s z to lead f kn[n to unkn[n along l9es ( lea/ resi/ance b n lea/ ef=t4 ,d4 ,me?od ( approa* ( mature m9d mu/ n always be foll[$4 #b4 ,,"s ,,fundam5tal ,,consid]ations4 ,a4 ,no "o c\rse available = all localities4 ,b4 ,c\rse %\ld />t ) home geography4 ,c4 ,%\ld lead next to elem5t>y k ( _w :ole4 ,d4 ,! emphasis to be giv5 to cont95tal "w4 ,division ( "w by grades4 ,e4 ,disadvantages ( tea*+ all cont95ts twice4 ,! foll[+ compromise is sugge/$ z 9 g5]al workable3 a4 ,twice3 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,europe1 & p]haps portions ( ,asia4 b4 ,once3 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,pres5t importance ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,f4 ,plan ( int]m$iate "w %\ld diff] f plan ( upp] grades4 8,conc5tric ,circles40 ,g4 ,! place ( physical geography 9 ! c\rse ( /udy3 a4 ,home geography3 obs]vational side4 ,dang] ( ov]emphasis1 ( giv+ wrong outlook4 b4 ,int]m$iate grades3 give sett+ to life side4 ,l>g] facts only4 c4 ,upp] grade3 basis ( "w4 ,n to be taught z a topic by itself b z a means to an end4 ,h4 ,emphasis ( indu/ries & comm]cial side4 ,i4 8,foll[+ int]e/s ( *ildr510--be/ mean+ ( phrase4 ,value & dang]s4 ,rec5t int]e/ 9 indu/rial education places a r5ew$ obligation on geography to be practical & to be free f fads4 ,develop+ int]e/4 ,tempor>y & p]man5t int]e/s4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,m>*1 #aija1 pp4 #i-ae4 ,mc,murry1 ,c4 ,a41 ,special ,me?od 9 ,geography1 *ap4 ii4 ,r$way1 ,j4 ,w41 ,new ,basis ( ,geography1 *ap4 x4 ,bagley1 ,w4 ,c41 ,function ( ,geography 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bbb4 ,dodge1 ,ri*>d ,e41 8,"s ,sugge/ions ,conc]n+ a ,c\rse ( ,/udy 9 ,geography10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 vii1 pp4 #g-ad4 ,,iv4 ,home ,geography & ,_w ,:ole #a4 ,,c]ta9 ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations4 ,a4 ,home geography n a subject or a division ( geography1 b a me?od ( approa* to field z a :ole1--_c h a uni=m c\rse = all places4 ,b4 ,me?od ( proc$ure mu/ be f kn[n to unkn[n ?r\gh analysis ( exp]i5ces ( pupils4 ,c4 ,"w %\ld n call = k ( di/ant places4 ,d4 ,lessons %\ld become m int5sive & scope m ext5sive4 ,e4 ,topics %\ld be tak5 up 9 def9ite sequ5ce s f> z possible4 ,f4 ,def9itions1 if any1 to be summ>ies at close ( develop$ po9ts & n po9ts ( dep>ture4 ,g4 ,units develop$ to be good geography units :i* may be us$ z basis = comp>ison ov] _w4 ,heat1 /orms1 woods1 = in/ance1 are n good units4 ,crossroads or city corn]s good units4 ,h4 ,local hi/ory to be br\ght 9 z mu* z possible4 ,%\ld be intimately relat$ to geography & may (t5 be po9t ( dep>ture4 ,i4 ,importance ( obs]vation ( local conditions4 ,reasons = giv+ a c]ta9 place to processes ( e>? *ange4 #b4 ,,topics ,,9 ,,home ,,geography4 ,a4 ,social3 a4 ,simple life gr\ps & relations4 7#a7 ,home1 village1 city1 etc4 7#b7 ,ne$s & means ( communication4 7#c7 ,ne$ = gov]nm5t4 ,=m n to be includ$4 7#d7 ,reasons = trade4 ,simple illu/rations4 7#e7 ,indu/rial features4 7#f7 ,univ]sality ( simil> features ov] _w4 ,b4 ,e>?3 a4 ,=ms ( l&scape z relat$ to life4 b4 ,=ms ( dra9age z relat$ to life4 c4 ,soils & _! use4 ,classification a m9or matt]4 d4 ,simpl] atmosph]ic ph5om5a4 e4 ,direction & di/ance4 f4 ,maps4 g4 ,gravity4 #c4 ,,topics ,,(t5 ,,includ$4 ,a4 ,suitable to few localities3 ,volcanoes1 m\nta9s1 ocean4 ,b4 ,n geographical3 a4 ,"n & functions ( (fic]s ( local gov]nm5t4 b4 ,build+ ( a h\se or me*anical details ( any trade4 c4 ,topics 9 geology su* z =mation ( coal1 m>ble1 etc4 ,c4 ,beyond p[]s ( pupils4 a4 ,=m ( e>?1 relation ( bodies 9 sol> sy/em4 b4 ,rotation & revolution ( e>?4 c4 ,!ory ( /orms4 #d4 ,,summ>ies3 ,a4 ,mu/ be simple & easily drawn f previ\s "w4 ,b4 ,mu/ be ( su* a nature t !y c be exp&$ z ye>s g on )\t ov]turn+ base le>n$ 9 e>li] ye>s4 ,c4 ,examples ( good summ>ies3 a4 ,w9d is air mov+ horizontally4 b4 ,riv] is a /ream ( wat] & detritus fl[+ ?r\gh ! l&4 ,d4 ,examples ( bad summ>ies3 a4 ,a lake is a body ( wat] surr\nd$ by l&4 b4 ,m\nta9s are high elevations ( l&4 c4 ,a divide is ! high l& :i* sep>ates two riv]s4 d4 ,a riv] is a /ream ( wat] :i* fl[s into ! sea4 e4 ,holl[ places 9 ! l& fill$ ) wat] are call$ lakes4 f4 ,a swamp is a tract ( l& soak$ ) wat]4 #e4 ,,"s ,,simple ,,units ,,( ,,home ,,geography ,,to ,,indicate ,,basis ,,( ,,*oice ,,( ,,topics4 ,a4 ,! home3 a4 ,simple/ gr\p ( individuals :i* illu/rates ess5tials ( l>g] gr\ps4 b4 ,a unit ( gov]nm5t3 ne$ ( gov]nm5t 9 home & 9 any gr\p4 c4 ,division ( labor 9 home illu/rates a _w tru? z to relations ( individuals & gr\ps4 ,b4 ,gr\ps ( homes4 a4 ,c\ntry f\r corn]s4 b4 ,village4 c4 ,city4 d4 ,location ( su* cities z ,vi5na1 ,con/ant9ople1 ,*icago4 ,c4 ,simpl] surface features4 a4 ,:y important1--travel ov]1 se5 z l&scape4 b4 ,:y emphasize l&scape & n =ms fir/8 c4 ,pla9s1--:y mo/ important8 ,life relation to4 d4 ,roll+ l&s4--,relations to life4 e4 ,m\nta9 regions4--,relations to life 7%\ld1 9 _m localities1 be def]r$ to lat] "w74 ,,ref]5ces3 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,m>*1 #aija1 pp4 #ae-ag4 ,davis1 ,w4 ,m41 8,home ,geography10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 p4 #a4 ,geikie1 ,a41 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,geography1 *ap4 ii4 ,mc,murry1 ,c4 ,a41 ,excursions & ,lessons 9 ,home ,geography4 #f4 ,,fir/ ,,k ,,( ,,_w ,,:ole4 ,a4 ,expansion ( home geography outw>d to ocean4 a4 ,h[ to pres5t =m ( e>?--relation to home1 necessities & luxuries4 b4 ,p>ts ( e>? t may be relat$ to home 9 develop+ k ( _w :ole1 bas$ on exp]i5ce ( pupils4 7#a7 ,nor!rn ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe--furs4 7#b7 ,s\!rn ,nor? ,am]ica--bananas1 woods1 cacao4 7#c7 ,nor!rn ,s\? ,am]ica--,india rubb]1 c(fee1 ,brazil nuts4 7#d7 ,s\!rn ,s\? ,am]ica--hides1 & meat products4 7#e7 ,we/ ,c5tral ,europe--embroid]ies1 w9e1 *eese4 7#f7 ,s\!rn ,europe--olives1 cork4 7#g7 ,s\!a/]n ,asia--tea1 silks1 spices1 fire-crack]s4 7#h7 ,c5tral ,africa--ivory1 palm oil4 7#i7 ,s\!rn ,africa--diamonds4 7#aj7 ,s\?we/]n ,asia--rugs4 7#aa7 ,au/ralia--wool4 #g4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,lead ,,up ,,to ,,climate ,,( ,,_w4 ,a4 ,po9ts to be br\ght out3 a4 ,direction & di/ance 9 "t4 b4 ,simil>ity ( purpose ( life4 ,food1 clo?+1 %elt]4 c4 ,diff]5t ways ( do+ ?+s amid diff]5t conditions4 ,homes1 dress1 travel1 k9ds ( food1 natural food1 wea!r conditions4 d4 ,int]relation ( peoples4 ,b4 ,po9ts :i* may be neglect$3 a4 ,ov]mu* detail1 i4e4 ,details ( home life or occupations4 ,sc5]y4 b4 ,curi\s & unimportant cu/oms4 ,slant+ eyes4 ,p]sonal cu/oms4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,f>nham1 ,a4 ,w41 8,oswego ,geography ,c\rse10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 v1 p4 #aji4 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,m>*1 #aija1 pp4 #ag-bj1 #bd-bg4 ,v4 ,! ,po9t ( ,view & ,me?od ( ,approa* 9 ,int]m$iate ,"w #a4 ,,purposes4 ,k ( m important ,cont95ts & ,c\ntries1 lives ( p & reasons !re=4 ,a4 ,k ( facts ( ev]yday life4 ,consequ5ces to causes1--physical features 9 ! l>ge z po9ts ( dep>ture = giv+ sett+4 ,foll[ political divisions because ( practical advantage4 ,b4 ,indu/rial int]relations ( regions to be br\ght out4 ,c4 ,causal location & non-causal location4 ,picturesque side & h[ secur$4 ,p]man5t location 9 visual image4 ,tempor>y location = cle>ness & practice4 ,memory "w 9 location4 ,d4 8,me?ods0 ( approa*3 a4 8,conc5tric0--disadvantages4 b4 8,j\rney0--:5 valuable--disadvantages4 c4 8,type0 me?od4 ,:at ?is means 9 a l>ge way4 d4 8,map draw+0 me?od4 e4 ,value ( rev]s+ me?od 9 upp] gramm> grades4 ,e4 ,! place ( me?od4 a4 ,advantages & disadvantages ( foll[+ a 8me?od10 c5t]$ ab\t a p]sonal po9t ( view4 b4 ,value ( subord9at+ 8me?ods0 to me?od4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,bagley1 ,w4 ,c41 8,geography 9 ,int]m$iate ,grades10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 iv1 p4 #bii4 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,m>*1 #aija1 pp4 #bi-ce4 #b4 ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,type ,,me?od4 ,a4 ,:at is a type8 8,a type is t individual ( a species or g5us :i* conta9s ! l>ge/ numb] ( features :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! species or g5us z a :ole40 ,b4 ,types mu/ be good geographic units1 & n m]e in/ances4 ,! ess5tials ( a good geographic unit4 ,c4 ,a typical in/ance is n3 a4 ,! mo/ involv$ or /rik+ example4 b4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ example4 ,d4 ,:y types _c easily be select$ 9 geography4 ,advantages & difficulties ( us+ types4 a4 ,examples ( good types4 ,e4 ,ways 9 :i* tea*+ by types is actually us$ 9 v>i\s texts & c\rses ( /udy4 ,f4 ,tea*+ by 8types0 does n readily lead to ! br++ out ( political features2 leads to ov]mu* detail & ov]emphasis ( non-ess5tials4 ,,ref]5ce3 ,mc,murry1 ,c4 ,a41 ,special ,me?od 9 ,geography1 *ap4 ix4 ,,vi4 ,indu/rial & ,comm]cial ,geography #a4 ,,pres5t ,,emphasis ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,geography4 ,a4 ,reasons = t emphasis3 practical & educational4 ,b4 ,indu/rial geography deals ) ! geography und]ly+ ! pr9cipal human occupations3 t is1 ! reason = ! occurr5ce ( indu/ries 9 giv5 localities4 ,c4 ,comm]cial geography deals ) ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( trade & comm]ce1 & includes a /udy ( geography ( great regions ( production & dem&1 ) causes4 ,emphasizes int]relation ( comm]cial areas & reasons = same4 ,d4 ,indu/rial geography %\ld be emphasiz$ 9 int]m$iate ye>s2 comm]cial geography 9 ! upp] grades4 ,e4 ,indu/rial geography %\ld include ! /udy ( gr\p+s ( peoples accord+ to occupations & lead up to a k ( ! simpl] reasons !re=4 ,^! gr\ps are agriculture1 graz+1 lumb]+1 m9+1 manufactur+1 comm]ce1 & 8sc5ic c5t]s40 ,f4 ,geography does n call = /udy ( te*nique ( indu/ries1 & %\ld n include special /udy ( details ( indu/ries4 ,futility ( /udy+ processes4 ,geographic side includes ! reasons = indu/ry & n ! mann] ( x4 ,te*nique is l>gely result ( human inv5tion & is n geographic except possibly :]e "s inv5tion has revolutioniz$ an indu/ry & greatly *ang$ relations ( peoples to _! geographic surr\nd+s4 ,g4 ,geography und]ly+ agriculture1 graz+1 & lumb]+ z examples ( geographic influ5ces4 ,h4 ,comm]cial geography %\ld be bas$ on k ( indu/rial & physical geography ( e>li] ye>s1 & %\ld be a "p ( regional geography--n a special topic4 ,x %\ld include /udy ( r\tes ( trade1 areas ( supply & consumption ( *ief foods1 textiles1 manufactur$ products1 raw mat]ials1 etc41 & relative /atus ( *ief comm]cial nations1 & reasons4 ,i4 ,difficulties 9 tea*+ comm]cial geography are due to mod]nness ( subject1 con/ant *anges involv$1 lack ( illu/rative mat]ials & to difficulties ( secur+ prop] mat]ials = class /udy4 ,j4 ,"s rec5t successes 9 tea*+ comm]cial & indu/rial geography4 ,! developm5t & purposes ( comm]cial museums = s*ools4 ,,ref]5ce3 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,m>*1 #aija1 pp4 #bi-ce4 ,,vii4 ,! ,basis ( ,"w 9 ! ,upp] ,grades #a4 ,,geography ,,9 ,,upp] ,,grades ,,%\ld ,,be ,,f\nd$ ,,on ,,good ,,work+ ,,k ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,geography4 ,a4 ,^! pr9ciples %\ld be elaborat$ summ>ies or g5]alizations ( e>li] "w1 & %\ld be develop$ only s fully z is necess>y = cle>ness & = future good "w4 ,b4 ,physical geography n z an end1 b z a means to an end4 ,c4 ,life consequ5ces to be made prom95t z illu/rations at e /ep4 #b4 ,,?is ,,"w ,,%\ld ,,include3 ,a4 ,e>?'s %ape--simple pro(s & effects4 ,b4 ,e>?'s motions--results4 ,c4 ,elem5ts ( climate & wea!r z relat$ to e>?'s motions ) effects4 ,importance ( climate4 ,d4 ,simpl] l& =ms & influ5ce on life4 ,dra9age4 ,e4 ,simpl] features ( oceans & oceanic movem5ts z relat$ to comm]ce & trade4 ,tides ne$ n be elaborat$4 ,f4 ,di/ribution ( plants z relat$ to causes1 especially climate4 ,g4 ,di/ribution ( animals z relat$ to causes4 ,?is topic %\ld be treat$ briefly4 ,h4 ,races ( m5 & _! di/ribution z relat$ to climate & food supply4 ,i4 ,elem5ts ( comm]ce causally develop$4 ,j4 ,elem5ts ( political geography--includ+ mean+ ( nation1 ( b\nd>y1 orig9 ( b\nd>ies1 ex*ange ( consuls1 m9i/]s1 etc4 #c4 ,,topics ,,:i* ,,may ,,be ,,omitt$3 ,a4 ,causes ( tides4 ,b4 ,condition ( int]ior ( e>?4 ,c4 ,causes ( m\nta9 gr[?4 ,d4 ,details ( glaciation4 ,e4 ,geological developm5t ( cont95t4 #d4 ,,me?od ,,9 ,,l>ge4 ,a4 ,"w %\ld be develop$1 z f> z possible1 z result ( map "w & p]sonal obs]vations4 ,b4 ,pr9ciples %\ld be illu/rat$ z widely z possible to %[ g5]al importance4 ,c4 ,"s topics may readily be /udi$ 9 association ) /udy ( ,africa or ,au/ralia1 & ?us tra9+ may be giv5 9 work+ f causes to consequ5ces1 z prelim9>y to lat] use ( def9ite causal ord]4 ,,ref]5ce3 ,r$way1 ,new ,basis ( ,geography1 *ap4 viii4 ,,viii4 ,! ,topical ,me?od 9 ,upp] ,grades #a4 ,,g5]al ,,agreem5t ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,tea*+ ,,cont95ts ,,9 ,,upp] ,,grades ,,f ,,causes ,,to ,,consequ5ces4 ,a4 ,pr9ciples %\ld be us$ z basis ( "w4 ,b4 ,"w %\ld be l>gely bas$ on map /udy1 especially maps ( climate1 physical features1 di/ribution ( trade r\tes1 peoples1 indu/ries1 etc4 ,c4 ,"w %\ld n be too /]eotyp$1--t is1 ord] ( proc$ure %\ld n always be ! same4 ,d4 ,tra9+ %\ld be giv5 9 reason+ & 9 use ( ref]5ce books1 texts1 atlases1 etc4 ,e4 ,topical me?od means to "w f l>g]1 simple1 g5]al features1 out to m detail$1 special & complex conditions4 ,possible modifications & advantages4 ,us+ an imag9>y cont95t4 #b4 ,,an ,,example ,,( ,,topical ,,ord]3 ,,! ,,l>g] ,,features ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,a4 ,location3 a4 ,by latitude & longitude4 b4 ,9 ref]5ce to ocean4 c4 ,9 ref]5ce to o!r cont95ts4 d4 ,9 ref]5ce to w9d sy/ems4 ,b4 ,l>g] surface features3 a4 ,cordill]an ,highl&4 b4 ,appala*ian ,highl&4 c4 ,atlantic ,coa/al ,pla94 d4 ,great ,c5tral ,pla94 e4 ,height ( ,l&4 f4 ,influ5ce & ext5t ( glaciation4 g4 ,consequ5t l9es ( dra9age3 7#a7 ,arctic dra9age4 7#b7 ,pacific dra9age4 7#c7 ,atlantic dra9age4 7i7 ,direct4 7ii7 ,by ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 7iii7 ,by ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,c4 ,coa/ l9e3 a4 ,comp>e ea/ & we/ coa/ z to3 7#a7 ,g5]al =m4 7#b7 ,numb] ( h>bors4 7#c7 ,availability ( h>bors4 7#d7 ,ne>ness to =eign ports4 ,d4 ,climate3 a4 ,position 9 ref]5ce to w9d sy/ems4 b4 ,summ] & w9t] di/ribution & range ( temp]atures4 c4 ,relation to ocean & ocean curr5ts4 d4 ,*ief modifications due to surface4 e4 ,?ree climatic divisions3 ea/ coa/al1 we/ coa/al1 & int]ior4 f4 ,ra9fall 9 ea* z relat$ to agriculture4 g4 ,! gr[+ season conditions 9 ea*4 ,e4 ,vegetation3 a4 ,*ief vegetation regions z relat$ to climate & surface4 b4 ,di/ribution & *>act]i/ic features ( tundra1 =e/s1 /eppes1 & des]ts4 c4 ,significance ( vegetation di/ribution4 ,f4 ,animals3 ,briefly z relat$ to climate & vegetation4 a4 ,dome/ic4 b4 ,wild4 ,g4 ,m9]al products3 ,z relat$ to surface4 ,h4 ,p3 ,di/ribution ( p z relat$ to surface1 climate1 dra9age1 coa/ l9e1 & products4 7,foll[ ?is by summ>y ( ,unit$ ,/ates z relat$ to ,nor? ,am]ica1 & !n by ,new ,engl&1 foll[+ ord] giv5 & ext5d+ to occupations & comm]ce4 ,br+ out location ( lead+ cities causally47 ,i4 ,summ>ize cont95ts by comp>ative /udy ( reasons = comm]cial developm5t ( pr9cipal nations & ( di/ribution ( great _w products4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,f>nham1 ,a4 ,w41 8,oswego ,geography ,c\rse10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 v1 p4 #baa4 ,hot*kiss1 ,c4 ,w41 ,j\rnal ( ,s*ool ,geography1 ii1 p4 #da4 ,reudig]1 ,w4 ,c41 8,sugge/ions = ,geography ,tea*+ 9 ,upp] ,grades10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 iv1 p4 #dcc4 ,,ix4 ,! ,use ( ,maps & ,textbooks #a4 ,,advantages ,,( ,a ,,text3 ,a4 ,outl9es a c\rse ( /udy :5 none bett] is available4 ,b4 ,gives cle> def9itions & summ>ies4 ,c4 ,gives second exposition ( subject matt] ( value to pupils :o ga9 be/ impression ?r\gh ! eyes4 ,d4 ,%[s relative values ( diff]5t p>ts ( subject4 ,e4 ,furni%es text1 maps1 & illu/rations = /udy4 ,f4 ,gives *ance = tra9+ 9 h[ to /udy4 ,g4 ,gives means ( hold+ *ildr5 responsible = c]ta9 "w4 #b4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,text3 ,a4 ,text %\ld be s]vant ( tea*]1 & n ! tea*] a slave ( text4 ,b4 ,text us$ be=e recitation 9 association ) outl9e or s]ies ( map que/ions :]e nature ( mat]ials or o!r conditions d n p]mit developm5t4 ,advantages ( assign+ lessons 9 c]ta9 grades4 ,c4 ,text us$ 9 recitation to give tra9+ 9 h[ to /udy 9 int]m$iate grades4 ,d4 ,text us$ aft] recitation z means ( summ>y & review 9 mu* ( home geography & 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( upp] grade "w4 ,tea*]s "h use mat]ials ( book z 8texts0 or po9ts ( dep>ture4 #c4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,maps4 ,a4 ,maps fundam5tal 9 geography4 ,b4 ,maps only cle> & accurate means ( repres5t+ c]ta9 classes ( facts4 ,examples ( su* facts4 ,c4 ,ess5tial po9ts to be kept 9 m9d 9 map use4 a4 ,c>d9al directions indicat$ by m]idians & p>allels4 b4 ,top ( map is n necess>ily nor?4 c4 ,scale is necess>y = gett+ ideas ( di/ance & area4 d4 ,ea* map has special symbols adapt$ to special purpose ( map4 e4 ,fir/ maps /udi$ %\ld be maps ( local region %[n 9 a horizontal position & prop]ly ori5t$4 ,d4 ,maps ( mo/ s]vice 9 texts & classroom3 a4 ,political maps 9 all grades4 b4 ,physical maps ( l>ge areas only give relative conditions4 ,_c give exact repres5tation ( c\ntry4 ,dang]s 9 physical & relief maps4 c4 ,climatic maps3 annual1 seasonal1 special4 ,w9ds & heat belts4 d4 ,vegetation maps 9 upp] grades4 e4 ,product & comm]cial maps z relat$ to vegetation1 climate1 & surface4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,r$way1 ,j4 ,w41 ,new ,basis ( ,geography1 *ap4 ix4 ,calk9s1 ,r4 ,c41 8,! ,text1 ! ,c\rse ( ,/udy & ! ,tea*]10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 iv1 p4 #afd4 ,br[n1 ,rob]t ,m41 8,map ,read+10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 iv1 pp4 #bgc-bhh4 ,x4 ,! ,relation ( ,geography to ,o!r ,subjects 9 ,curriculum #a4 ,,place ,,( ,,geography4 ,a4 ,geography is consid]$ by "s z fundam5tal subject 9 curriculum1 z x gives basis = /udy ( human activities4 ,b4 ,geography is r an important subject to be /udi$ 9 connection ) o!r subjects s z to produce be/ results f curriculum z a :ole4 ,c4 ,cop]ation betwe5 subjects does n mean p>allelism 9 tea*+ or disorganization on "o subject because ( tempor>y possible cross relations to o!r subjects4 ,d4 ,unity ( c\rse ( /udy z :ole 9 any subject ( m value ?an tempor>y mutual relations betwe5 subjects4 ,e4 ,geography closely relat$1 9 _m ways1 to nature /udy1 hi/ory1 language1 & ari?metic4 ,f4 ,geography may contribute to & receive help f indu/rial subjects4 #b4 ,,geography ,,& ,,nature ,,/udy4 ,a4 ,simpl] elem5ts ( geography %\ld be includ$ sanely 9 nature /udy ( ,grades ,i1 ,,ii1 & ,,iii4 ,b4 ,geography 9 ,grade ,,iii & p]haps ,,iv %\ld be bas$ on nature /udy ( e>li] ye>s4 ,simpl] aspects ( home geography %\ld be taught be=e ,grade ,,iii4 ,c4 ,geography contributes to nature /udy k ( conditions influ5c+ di/ribution ( plants & animals1 elem5ts ( wea!r1 soils1 slopes1 dra9age1 simple l& =ms1 di/ance1 & o!r conditions affect+ problems ( food1 clo?+1 & %elt]4 ,d4 ,geography gives application to nature /udy 9 upp] grades1 summ>izes di/ribution ( animals & plants1 & gives regional basis to nature /udy4 ,e4 ,nature /udy contributes to geography k ( plants & animals & _! ecological relations1 physics & *emi/ry ( soils1 wat]1 etc41 z relat$ to agriculture1 graz+1 & lumb]+4 ,f4 ,topics ( d\btful value 9 nature /udy or elem5t>y geography4 a4 ,=mation ( coal1 m>ble1 & rocks1 & simil> topics4 b4 ,m9]als1 except 9 localities :]e m9]als may be f\nd4 c4 ,e>?'s motions & simil> l>ge topics :i* _c be /udi$ ?r\gh obs]vation4 #c4 ,,geography ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,hi/ory4 ,a4 ,geography f9ds its be/ applications 9 hi/ory4 ,b4 ,geographic influ5ces vs4 geographic controls 9 hi/ory4 ,c4 ,geography deals ) ! relation betwe5 physical environm5t & life 9 all its phases4 ,hi/ory deals ) ! int]pretation ( human movem5ts4 ,d4 ,h5ce hi/ory f9ds its basis l>gely 9 geography bo? 9 ref]5ce to l>ge facts & small] details4 ,examples4 ,e4 ,sugge/$ ord] ( /udy+ geography & hi/ory 9 ! diff]5t grades4 ,hi/ory %\ld aid 9 mak+ political geography und]/&able4 #d4 ,,geography ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,ari?metic4 ,a4 ,problems 9 area1 di/ance1 "t1 av]ages1 proportion1 etc41 may well be develop$ ?r\gh use ( facts ( geography4 ,b4 ,graphic me?od ( repres5t+ comp>isons 9 geography %\ld be develop$ 9 ari?metic4 ,c4 ,latitude & longitude to be develop$ 9 geography & appli$ 9 ari?metic4 #e4 ,,geography ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,language4 ,a4 ,geography f9ds mu* ( its mat]ial 9 lit]ature & its l>ge/ means ( expression 9 language4 ,b4 ,geography %\ld give l&scape sett+ to poetry & prose4 ,c4 ,! /udy ( lit]ature %\ld include mat]ial :i* is geographically s\nd4 ,d4 ,mu* geography is n express$ 9 good lit]>y =m1 & mu* lit]ature is geographically uns\nd4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,mc,murry1 ,c4 ,a41 ,special ,me?od 9 ,geography1 *ap4 viii4 ,all51 ,l4 ,r41 8,correlation ( ,geography & ,hi/ory10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 ii1 p4 #djd4 ,woodice1 ,flor5ce ,a41 & ,br[n1 ,rob]t ,m41 8,an ,exp]im5t ) ,geography & ,hi/ory ) a ,six? ,grade10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 vii1 pp4 #a-g4 ,,xi4 ,geography & ,expression ,"w #a4 ,,expression4 ,a4 ,*ief & mo/ important =ms ( expression are oral & writt5 expression4 ,b4 ,dang] & unfairness ( consid]+ expression "w to be m]ely h&work4 #b4 ,,*ief ,,ways ,,9 ,,:i* ,,h& ,,"w ,,c ,,be ,,us$ ,,9 ,,geography4 ,?r\gh map draw+1 map fill+1 s& or *alk model+1 & freeh& draw+4 ,a4 ,model+3 a4 ,a means to an end ( value if done skillfully & easily4 b4 ,dang]s 9 repres5t+ scale & slopes4 c4 ,%\ld involve small area z to details or m]ely g5]al features ( a l>ge area4 ,fir/ "w 9 model+ %\ld be devot$ to features t *ildr5 may obs]ve z :oles4 ,b4 ,map ,draw+3 a4 ,too "t-consum+ z a rule4 b4 ,difficulties ( projection & scale4 c4 ,ov]-ref9$ product %\ld n be call$ =4 d4 ,*ildr5's maps are a bad basis = visualization4 ,c4 ,map ,fill+3 a4 ,makes use ( be/ base map available & same base map = all4 b4 ,excell5t means ( review z te/ ( k ga9$4 c4 ,relative value ( flat & relief outl9e maps4 ,d4 ,freeh& ,draw+3 a4 ,an accessory to geography "w1 n a way ( mak+ confus$ objects or relations cle>4 b4 ,value ( slope sket*+1 ( simple l&scape "w1 & ( map color+4 c4 ,h& "w may borr[ ideas & details f geography b adds little to value ( geography z a subject4 ,,xii4 ,equipm5t 9 ,geography ,tea*+ #a4 ,,necessity ,,( ,,equipm5t4 ,maps1 globes1 & illu/rations4 ,co/ly s+le pieces ( app>atus to be avoid$4 ,a4 ,maps3 a4 ,e s*oolroom %\ld conta9 ! foll[+ wall maps3 7#a7 ,m]cator map ( _w4 7#b7 ,map ( ,nor? ,am]ica or ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#c7 ,map ( cont95ts to be /udi$4 b4 ,maps %\ld be *os5 = demon/ration & recitation "w & n = /udy4 c4 ,h5ce %\ld be cle>1 capable ( be+ se5 across ! room1 n ov]cr[d$ ) details3 riv]s & cities n ov]emphasiz$4 d4 ,upp] grades %\ld h physical map ( ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe = use 9 hi/ory & geography4 e4 ,! use ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey ,topographic ,maps4 f4 ,use & means ( secur+ wea!r maps4 g4 ,blackbo>d outl9e maps1--value & use4 h4 ,difficulties ( secur+ c]ta9 mu* desir$ wall maps4 ,b4 ,globes3 a4 ,"o #aj or #ab in* political globe available 9 e room4 b4 ,globe to be ( a size to be easily h&l$4 c4 ,political globe %\ld be up-to-date2 n ov]cr[d$4 d4 ,blackbo>d globes1--h[ us$4 e4 ,small physical or political globes = individual use4 f4 ,! use ( relief globes4 ,c4 ,app>atus3 a4 ,avoid l>ge pieces & geographical diagrams4 b4 ,/&>d !rmomet]1 b>omet]1 compass1 & w9d vane to be available4 c4 ,special pieces available = special purposes4 ,d4 ,illu/rations3 a4 ,includes photographs1 cuts f magaz9es1 slides1 /]eoscopic views4 b4 ,necessity ( s*eme = selection1 classification1 & /orage ( mat]ials4 c4 ,value ( a few good illu/rations z comp>$ ) a ho/ ( poor illu/rations4 d4 ,relative advantages ( pictures1 slides & /]eoscope = special purposes4 e4 ,me*anical difficulties incid5t to class use ( illu/rations4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,r$way1 ,j4 ,w41 ,new ,basis ( ,geography1 *ap4 xi4 8,equipm5t = ,geography ,tea*+10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 v1 pp4 #bdb-bej4 ,:itbeck1 ,r4 ,h41 8,practical ,"w 9 ,s*ool ,geography10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 iii1 pp4 #cgd-cgi4 ,em]son1 ,p41 8,field ,"w 9 ! ,class-,room10 ,j\rnal ( ,geography1 i1 pp4 #ed-eg1 #ha-ih4 ,,xiii4 ,! ,geographic ,prep>ation ( a ,tea*] ( ,geography ,x is nei!r possible nor desirable to h e grade s*ool tea*] a speciali/ 9 geography4 ,a4 ,! scope ( "w analyz$4 a4 ,l>g] portion ( "w w be ! geography ( cont95ts 9 e>li] or lat] grades4 b4 ,small portion ( "w w be developm5t ( pr9ciples ( physical & life geography4 c4 ,! pr9ciples w be expect$ to be us$ 9 cont95tal "w4 ,b4 ,! requisite tra9+ ( a tea*] mu/ !n include3 a4 ,"s /udy ( l>g] pr9ciples s z to make ^! pr9ciples usable 9 all grades4 b4 ,special /udy ( "o or m cont95ts s z to give po9t ( view & me?od ( /udy+ a region causally4 c4 ,tra9+ 9 use ( maps1 especially atlas & text maps1 wea!r maps & ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey ,topographic ,maps4 d4 ,k ( l>g] pr9ciples und]ly+ geography tea*+ 9 ! grades & /udy ( special difficulties 9 ea* phase ( elem5t>y s*ool "w4 ,k ( subject matt] is an ess5tial basis = /udy ( me?ods ( tea*+4 e4 ,^! requisites sugge/ ! necess>y cont5t & ord] ( proc$ure 9 geography c\rses 9 tra9+ classes4 ,c4 ,desirable tra9+ t tea*]s %\ld be enc\rag$ to secure4 a4 ,k ( geography beyond ! m9imum outl9$ above & suffici5t to make !m indep5d5t work]s & possibly inve/igators 9 "s phase ( geography4 b4 ,good k ( hi/ory ( ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe4 c4 ,k ( elem5ts ( an?ropology1 economics1 & biology1 p>ticul>ly along ecological l9es4 d4 ,k ( mod]n indu/rial problems 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly along l9es ( agriculture1 manufactur+1 comm]ce1 & cons]vation ( =e/s & wat] supply4 ,d4 ,opportunities = secur+ tra9+ 9 geography4 a4 ,l>g] & bett] normal s*ools & _m colleges & univ]sities n[ include well plann$ c\rses 9 geography4 b4 ,tea*]s 9 s]vice w f9d spl5did opportunities = geography "w at ! summ] s*ools ( colleges & normal s*ools4 ,also 9 "s cases 9 c]ta9 phases ( ! subject1 "w may be secur$ 9 ext5sion & correspond5ce c\rses4 c4 ,tea*]s seek+ summ] s*ool opportunities %\ld g to in/itutions t h summ] t]ms1 & n1 z a rule1 m]ely to summ] in/itutions4 ,geography _c be adequately taught )\t equipm5t1 & only ^? in/itutions :i* are 9 op]ation ! ye> r\nd c h adequate equipm5t4 ,,select$ ,,ref]5ce ,,li/ ,,= ,,tea*]s ,g5]al3-- ,longman's ,gazette]4 ,longmans4 ,! au?oritative pron\nc+ & spell+ gazette] ( ! _w4 ,conta9s excell5t brief descriptions ( all important places4 ,lipp9cott's ,gazette]4 ,a rec5t au?oritative volume conta9+ excell5t brief descriptions ( all places ( any importance4 ,&ree's ,h& ,atlas4 ,velhag5 & ,klas+1 ,leipsig4 ,rec5t ref]5ce atlas conta9+ excell5t climatic maps & maps %[+ di/ribution ( peoples1 religions1 plants1 animals1 etc4 ,/iel]'s ,h& ,atlas4 ,p]!s1 ,go?a4 ,! lead+ ref]5ce atlas4 ,mill1 ,int]national ,geography4 ,appleton4 ,! be/ s+le volume ref]5ce book on g5]al & regional geography4 ,/an=d's ,comp5dia 7reissue74 ,/an=d4 ,! lead+ ref]5ce books on ! sev]al cont95ts4 ,two volumes ea* on ,asia1 ,au/ralia1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,africa & ,europe4 ,regional ,geography4 ,appleton4 ,accurate1 readable1 helpful volumes ( fir/ importance4 ,includes volumes on ,brita9 & ! ,briti% ,seas1 ,c5tral ,europe1 ,india1 ,! ,ne>] ,ea/1 & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,h]b]tson1 ,s5ior ,geography4 ,a v useful volume summ>iz+ geography ( sev]al cont95ts 9 a causal ord]4 ,especially helpful = ,europe4 ,mill1 ,h9ts to ,tea*]s & ,/ud5ts on ! ,*oice ( ,geographical ,books = ,ref]5ce & ,read+4 ,longmans4 ,a v helpful ref]5ce li/ ) brief comm5ts on ! individual ref]5ces4 ,gives g5]al & special ref]5ces4 ,a new edition appe>$ e>ly 9 #aiji4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,geography3-- ,geikie1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,geography4 ,macmillan4 ,a v sugge/ive book on ! ess5tials ( good geography tea*+4 ,mc,murry1 ,c4 ,a41 ,special ,me?od 9 ,geography4 ,macmillan4 ,discusses ! scope ( geography & outl9es a c\rse emphasiz+ ! tea*+ by types4 ,r$way1 ,new ,basis ( ,geography4 ,macmillan4 ,int]e/+ & helpful = tea*]s 9 upp] grades :o ne$ to tea* cont95ts f ! practical /&po9t4 ,physical ,geography3-- ,mill1 ,realm ( ,nature4 ,scribn]s4 ,a v valuable & simple book on physical & ma!matical geography & on biogeography4 ,davis1 ,physical ,geography4 ,g9n ,co4 ,an au?oritative second>y s*ool text1 p>ticul>ly helpful 9 ref]5ce to ! l& features4 ,davis1 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology4 ,g9n ,co4 ,! lead+ ,engli% book on wea!r & climate4 ,w>d1 ,practical ,ex]cises 9 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology4 ,g9n ,co4 ,v helpful to tea*]s :o h to deal ) wea!r ph5om5a4 ,gilb]t & ,brigham1 ,introduction to ,physical ,geography4 ,appleton4 ,an int]e/+1 au?oritative1 & well illu/rat$ second>y text on physical geography4 ,t>r1 ,new ,physical ,geography4 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,"o ( ! newe/ & be/ high s*ool books4 ,salisbury1 ,physiography4 ,h5ry ,holt ,company4 ,mo/ inclusive & be/ illu/rat$ volume available4 ,an indisp5sable libr>y ref]5ce volume4 ,h>r+ton1 ,m>k ,w41 ,ab\t ! ,wea!r4 ,appleton4 ,v helpful = tea*]s 9 elem5t>y grades4 ,dodge1 ,read] 9 ,physical ,geography = ,beg9n]s4 ,longmans4 ,small volume on physical geography1 available z an introduction to ! subject4 ,biogeography3-- ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d 7#c vols474 ,macmillan4 ,a v compreh5sive book on ! races ( mank9d1 ! fir/ volume be+ p>ticul>ly valuable = its consid]ation ( ! problems ( race di/ribution4 ,wallace1 ,isl& ,life4 ,macmillan4 ,classic book on animal di/ribution f geographic /&po9t4 ,guyot1 ,e>? & ,man4 ,scribn]s4 ,"o ( ! old] books1 & h5ce n writt5 f a mod]n /&po9t3 b /ill invaluable = pres5t+ ! relation ( e>? features to life4 ,h]b]tson1 ,man & ,8 ,"w4 ,a4 & ,c4 ,black4 ,a v usable & int]e/+ small volume1 %[+ ! mann] ( life ( p liv+ 9 diff]5t vegetation regions & amid diff]5t surface conditions4 ,lyddek]1 ,hut*9son & ,gregory1 ,liv+ ,races ( ,mank9d4 ,hut*9son ,co4 ,two spl5didly illu/rat$ volumes on ! races ( m51 simple1 & popul>ly writt54 ,comm]cial ,geography3-- ,adams1 ,comm]cial ,geography4 ,appleton4 ,an accurate1 well ord]$1 & almo/ indisp5sable book on comm]cial geography4 ,maps & diagrams are v num]\s & helpful = ! tea*]4 ,*i%olm1 ,comm]cial ,geography4 ,longmans4 ,! mo/ inclusive volume 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,conta9s excell5t ab/racts ( g5]al geography ( ea* c\ntry 9 a good causal ord]4 ,p]iodicals3-- ,j\rnal ( ,geography4 ,publi%$ by ,tea*]s ,college1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,only j\rnal 9 ! c\ntry devot$ to tea*+ ( geography4 ,geographical ,tea*]4 ,phillips1 ,london4 ,simil> 9 scope to above j\rnal & conta9s mu* ( value to ,am]ican tea*]s4 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,lead+ popul> j\rnal ( geography 9 c\ntry4 ,geographical ,j\rnal4 ,london4 ,lead+ /rictly geographical j\rnal 9 ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,by ,,h5ry ,,johnson1 ,a4,m4 ,i4 ,:at ,hi/ory is #a4 ,,! ,,^w 8,,hi/ory0 ,,may ,,d5ote3 a4 ,pa/ facts !mselves4 b4 ,traces left by pa/ facts4 c4 ,! /udy :i* inve/igates su* traces4 d4 ,! k ?us obta9$4 e4 ,an acc\nt or n>rative 9 :i* su* k is embodi$4 #b4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,hi/orical ,,k4 a4 ,prim>y s\rces4 #a4 ,mat]ial rema9s--roads1 build+s1 tools1 weapons1 clo?+1 any mat]ial object %ap$ by man or associat$ ) 8 life on ! e>?4 #b4 ,reports ( conditions & ev5ts made by actual obs]v]s4 ,su* reports may be oral1 writt5 or pr9t$1 pictorial4 b4 ,second>y s\rces--reports or acc\nts bas$ ^u prim>y s\rces4 c4 ,acc\nts bas$ ^u o!r acc\nts 9 v>y+ degrees ( removal ev5 f second>y s\rces4 d4 ,exi/+ s\rces relate to fragm5ts only ( man's total exp]i5ce 9 ! _w4 #c4 ,,hi/orical ,,criticism--,,! ,,f\ndation ,,= ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,p>ticul> ,,facts ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,pa/4 a4 ,ext]nal criticism--inve/igation ( ! orig9 & transmission ( s\rces2 a /udy ( =m1 language1 writ+4 ,is ! mat]ial rema9+ au!ntic8 ,:o 0 ! au?or ( ! docum5t8 ,:at did he say8 b4 ,int]nal criticism--inve/igation ( ! cont5t ( s\rces4 ,:at did ! au?or mean8 ,are 8 /atem5ts true8 c4 ,! ne$ ( hi/orical criticism f9ds daily illu/ration 9 ! s*oolroom1 9 ord9>y conv]sation1 9 ! newspap]s4 d4 ,hi/orical criticism fir/ =mally appli$ by ! ,greeks4 ,n fully develop$ until mod]n times4 #d4 ,,hi/orical ,,syn!sis--,,putt+ ,,! ,,facts ,,toge!r ,,into ,a ,,body ,,( ,,organiz$ ,,k4 a4 ,! *ronological ord]--facts arrang$ accord+ to "t ( occurr5ce4 b4 ,! geographical ord]--facts arrang$ accord+ to place ( occurr5ce4 c4 ,! logical ord]--facts arrang$ accord+ to _! intr9sic nature4 d4 ,"o ord] us$ exclusively4 #e4 ,,hi/ory ,,z ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,or ,,n>rative4 a4 ,! subject embrac$4 #a4 ,a s+le p]son4 #b4 ,a s+le p--:ole kn[n p]iod or a "p ( x4 #c4 ,! :ole _w--univ]sal hi/ory4 b4 ,g5]al conceptions ( hi/ory writ+4 #a4 ,a n>rative ( memorable ev5ts4 ,aim1 ma9ly to please4 ,cont5t det]m9$ by ta/e ( au?ors & _! public4 ,epic poets & /ory-tell]s e>ly contributors4 ,classical type fix$ by ,h]odotus1 ! 8fa!r ( hi/ory40 #b4 ,a collection ( prec$5ts suppos$ to be useful to /atesm51 g5]als1 & o!rs4 ,aim1 didactic4 ,cont5t det]m9$ by ! k9d ( examples or lessons ne$$4 ,b ^!1 accord+ to e>ly conceptions1 to be valuable mu/ be true to ! facts4 ,facts l>gely political & milit>y4 ,a conception introduc$ by ,?ucydides & develop$ by ,polybius4 #c4 ,sci5tific hi/ory4 ,aim1 to exhibit ! pa/ z x 0 & to expla9 h[ x came to be :at x 04 ,cont5t det]m9$ by :at is reg>d$ z significant 9 illu/rat+ ! idea ( developm5t 9 human affairs4 c4 ,^! g5]al conceptions correspond r\ghly to /ages ( human culture4 d4 ,hi/ory g5]ally reg>d$ m]ely z a bran* ( lit]ature up to #ahej4 e4 ,side by side ) sci5tific hi/ories1 works ( ! old] types are /ill be+ produc$4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,langlois & ,seignobos1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory1 pp4 #fc-gj1 #baa-bca1 #bif-cba4 ,b]nheim1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,ges*i*tswiss5s*aft1 pp4 #e-ac1 #cc-dc1 #gb-gh4 ,fl+1 ,outl9e ( ,hi/orical ,me?od1 pp4 #e-abd4 ,rob9son1 ,hi/ory1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aijh4 ,rhodes1 9 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 ,,lxxxv1 pp4 #aeh-afi4 ,w9sor1 9 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 ,,lxvi1 pp4 #bhi-big4 ,,ii4 ,! ,problem ( ,adapt+ ,hi/ory to ,*ildr5 #a4 ,,special ,,guidance ,,s\ght ,,9 ,,! 8,,natural0 ,,ta/es ,,& ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,*ildr54 a4 ,^! det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 b4 ,sometimes reg>d$ z a f9al crit]ion4 c4 ,re9=c$ by ! culture epo* !ory4 d4 ,conclusion3 8,! *ildhood ( hi/ory = ! *ild1 ! boyhood ( hi/ory = ! boy1 ! y\?hood ( hi/ory = ! y\?1 ! manhood ( hi/ory = ! man40 e4 ,! conclusion int]pret$4 #a4 ,facts to be select$ & arrang$ accord+ to _! cultural /ages & n accord+ to "t or place ( occurr5ce4 #b4 ,mann] ( treatm5t to accord 9 g5]al ) ! conception ( hi/ory fir/ develop$ by ! race4 #c4 ,sci5tific hi/ory ?us exclud$4 f4 ,g5]al comm5t3 ,important to di/+ui% betwe5 ! natural ta/es & int]e/s ( *ildr5 & ! cultivat$ intellig5ce ( *ildr54 #b4 ,,approa* ,,f ,,! ,,side ,,( ,,hi/ory4 a4 ,k9ds ( hi/orical facts4 #a4 ,facts relat+ to physical appe>ance ( m5 & _! mat]ial environm5t4 a4 ,possibility ( direct appeal to ! s5ses4 b4 ,! simple/ illu/ration ( *ange 9 ! _w4 c4 ,mat]ial aspects ( ! pa/ suffici5tly unlike ^? ( ! pres5t to be int]e/+4 #b4 ,facts relat+ to :at m5 did4 a4 ,direct s5se appeal n applicable4 b4 ,only actions n[ 9 progress c be obs]v$4 c4 ,) ^! z a basis actions 9 progress 9 ! pa/ m or less readily imag$4 d4 ,t action appeals to *ildr5 an axiom ( hi/ory tea*+4 #c4 ,facts relat+ to ?\ghts & feel+s ( m51 ! motives t mov$ !m to d or to say4 a4 ,kn[n only ?r\gh de$s & words4 b4 ,real und]/&+ ( ! pa/ measur$ by pupil's ability to ent] ?is inn] life ( hi/ory4 c4 ,important to recognize difficulties & limitations4 d4 ,! m5tal /ates ( a ,clovis1 a ,*>lemagne1 a ,napoleon1 or ev5 ( a cave-man1 an ,indian1 a pione]1 l>gely beyond ! exp]i5ce ( *ildr5 & ( mo/ adults4 #d4 ,9 ea* ( ^! gr\ps ! simple/ facts relate to p>ticul> objects1 p>ticul> acts1 ?\ghts1 feel+s4 #e4 ,collective facts1 facts relat+ to social gr\ps1 to in/itutions1 to g5]al causes t act 9 hi/ory1 mu* m difficult4 a4 ,h[ repres5t a wave ( prosp]ity8 a panic8 a revolution8 society itself8 b4 ,su* expressions made intelligible by resolv+ !m1 s f> z possible1 into _! concrete elem5ts4 b4 ,! k9ds ( facts enum]at$ common to lit]>y1 didactic1 & sci5tific hi/ory4 c4 ,degree ( difficulty pres5t$ by a giv5 type ( facts n ess5tially diff]5t = diff]5t k9ds ( hi/ory4 d4 ,a pr9ciple ( grad+ ?us sugge/$ z applicable to "o k9d ( hi/ory z to ano!r4 #a4 ,any facts readily visualiz$ possible mat]ial = s*ool hi/ory4 #b4 ,cle> visualization a factor 9 /imulat+ int]e/4 #c4 ,cle> visualization ( ! man1 ! act1 ! situation1 a necess>y key to 8 m5tal /ates4 #d4 ,elem5t>y hi/ory1 !re=e1 to be l>gely descriptive & n>rative1 to be made up ( concrete examples r ?an g5]aliz$ k4 e4 ,"t & place relations ess5tial to ! conception ( any fact z hi/orical4 ,z difficult = "o k9d ( hi/ory z = ano!r4 f4 ,special conditions impos$ by sci5tific hi/ory4 #a4 ,facts 9 palpable conflict ) pres5t k n to be reg>d$ z hi/orical4 #b4 ,facts to be *>act]i/ic ( p]sons1 peoples1 places1 p]iods2 n exceptional1 abnormal1 biz>re4 #c4 ,facts to be s pres5t$ z to exhibit relations1 cause & effect1 cont9uity4 #d4 ,facts to be s pres5t$ z to ar\se "s consci\sness ( h[ we "k :at we "k ab\t ! pa/ & :y we d n "k m4 #e4 ,^! conditions q possible to meet )9 ! limits sugge/$ by ! pr9ciple ( grad+ already set =?4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,novemb]1 #aijh1 pp4 #a-be4 ,b]nheim1 9 ,neue ,bahn51 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #bfe-cjj1 #ccg-ceg4 ,seignobos1 ,l',hi/oire dans l',enseignem5t secondaire1 pp4 #c-be4 ,muzzy1 9 ,association ( ,hi/ory ,tea*]s ( ! ,middle ,/ates & ,m>yl&1 #aijf1 pp4 #ac-bh1 especially #ag-ai4 ,*ann+1 9 ,nor? ,c5tral ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association1 #aijg1 pp4 #ad-ah4 ,laurie1 9 ,s*ool ,review1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #fee-ffj4 ,salmon1 9 ,ye> ,book ,society = ,sci5tific ,/udy ( ,education1 #aijb1 pp4 #dg-ed2 ,mc,murry1 9 same1 #aijc1 pp4 #dg-ea4 ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association1 #aije1 pp4 #ace-ade4 ,h9sdale1 ,h[ to ,/udy & ,tea* ,hi/ory1 pp4 #db-eb1 #fg-gd4 ,rice1 9 ,educational ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #afi-agi2 ,burnham1 9 same1 ,vol4 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #eba-ebh4 ,peabody1 9 ,national ,education ,association1 #ahic1 pp4 #bhd-bhe4 ,b>nes1 ,/udies 9 ,hi/orical ,me?od1 pp4 #eg-aje4 ,mace1 ,me?od 9 ,hi/ory1 pp4 #bee-cjh4 ,suzzallo1 9 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,may1 #aijd1 pp4 #aa-ai2 ,m>k]1 9 same1 pp4 #bj-cc4 ,,iii4 ,! ,"q ( ,aims & ,values #a4 ,,! ,,fai? ,,( ,,educators ,,9 ,,! ,,utility ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,atte/$ ,,by ,,programs ,,9 ,,! ,,subject ,,= ,,e ,,grade ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,f ,,! ,,k9d]g>t5 ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity4 #b4 ,,curr5t ,,discussions ,,confus+4 a4 ,aims sometimes def9$ )\t ref]5ce to ! nature ( hi/ory4 ,hi/ory !n repudiat$ :]ev] x happ5s to int]f]e ) 8! uses ( hi/ory40 b4 ,aims sometimes inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r4 c4 ,little to indicate t "o ( ! aims ( hi/orical in/ruction is to tea* hi/ory4 #c4 ,,aims ,,commonly ,,propos$4 a4 ,discipl9e--tra9+ ( ! memory1 ! imag9ation1 ! judgm5t4 b4 ,culture--8enri*+ ! humanity ( ! pupil40 c4 ,inspiration--furni%+ ideals ( conduct1 patriotism1 social s]vice4 d4 ,practical k--tea*+ pupils h[ to act 9 ! pres5t4 e4 ,! illum9ation ( o!r /udies1 especially lit]ature & geography4 f4 ,! cultivation ( a ta/e = hi/orical read+4 g4 ,! explanation ( ! pres5t--no?+ 9 ! _w to-day really intelligible ap>t f its hi/ory4 #d4 ,,special ,,mod]n ,,emphasis ,,^u ,,! ,,social ,,value ,,( ,,hi/ory4 a4 ,an application ( a g5]al po9t ( view 9 education4 b4 ,special dem&s ^u hi/ory4 #a4 ,mu/ %[ 9 ! =m ( concrete examples :at society is & h[ x works4 #b4 ,mu/ 8give a vivid & int5se realization ( social duties & obligations40 #e4 ,,p]t95t ,,que/ions4 a4 ,are ! aims propos$ 9 fact promot$ by a giv5 k9d ( in/ruction8 b4 ,are !y promot$ z effectively z !y might be by "s o!r k9d ( in/ruction8 c4 ,are !y ! mo/ useful ( ! possible ends t hi/ory might s]ve8 #f4 ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,exp]im5t ,,ne$$ ,,to ,,furni% ,,data ,,= ,,answ]s4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,mc,murry1 ,special ,me?od 9 ,hi/ory1 pp4 #a-ag4 ,kemp1 ,outl9e ( ,me?od 9 ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ajd-aac4 ,b>nes1 ,/udies 9 ,hi/orical ,me?od1 pp4 #ajf-aba4 ,lloyd1 9 ,sp5c]1 ,aims & ,practice ( ,tea*+1 pp4 #ada-adh4 ,rice1 ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature1 pp4 #c-bf1 #adi-aff4 ,woodw>d1 9 ,essays on ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory by ,maitl& & o!rs1 pp4 #fi-gh4 ,h9sdale1 ,h[ to ,/udy & ,tea* ,hi/ory1 pp4 #b-ag4 ,b\rne1 ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory & ,civics1 pp4 #gg-ib4 ,ye> ,book1 ,h]b>t ,society1 #ahih1 pp4 #be-ef4 ,sn$d51 9 ,j\rnal ( ,p$agogy1 ,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #bei-bfh4 ,proce$+s1 ,national ,education ,association1 #ahib1 pp4 #cdh-ceb2 #ahid1 pp4 #cig-dab2 #ahie1 pp4 #aci-adb1 #cjf-cjh2 #ahif1 pp4 #daj-dac4 ,report1 ,committee ( ,sev51 pp4 #aeh-afb4 ,kirk1 9 ,education1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #ae-ah2 ,craw=d1 9 same1 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #bha-bhf2 ,mc,mahon2 9 same1 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #aji-aad4 ,langlois & ,seignobos1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory1 p4 #cca4 ,lea1 9 ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #bcc-bdf4 ,h>rison1 ,mean+ ( ,hi/ory1 pp4 #a-bc4 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,novemb]1 #aiji1 pp4 #ee-ef4 ,,iv4 ,! ,hi/ory ,program = ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool #a4 ,,! ,,prep>atory ,,p]iod--,,! ,,fir/ ,,?ree ,,or ,,f\r ,,ye>s4 a4 ,my?s1 fairy tales1 fables1 ,ori5tal1 ,greek1 ,roman1 lat] ,european4 ,"s use ( ,am]ican folk lore4 b4 ,simple biographies f ,am]ican or _w hi/ory4 ,may or may n be arrang$ *ronologically4 c4 ,/ories connect$ ) anniv]s>ies1 bir?days1 ,?anksgiv+1 ,*ri/mas4 d4 ,/ories f ! ,bible4 e4 ,/ories ( primitive life4 f4 ,/ories ( inv5tions4 g4 ,/ories f local hi/ory4 h4 ,v>i\s /udies ( a geographical or sociological "*4 i4 ,sev]al or all ( ^! types ( mat]ial may be repres5t$ 9 a s+le program4 j4 ,"s s*ools c>ry ?is k9d ( "w into high] grades4 #b4 ,,! ,,int]m$iate ,,/age--,,fif? ,,& ,,six? ,,ye>s4 a4 ,beg9n+s ( textbook in/ruction4 b4 ,m att5tion to *ronological ord] & geological sett+4 c4 ,subject3 anci5t hi/ory1 ! ,middle ,ages1 ,engli% hi/ory1 ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,*ief emphasis on ,am]ican hi/ory4 d4 ,mat]ial usually biographical4 e4 ,"s s*ools beg9 ?is /age ( "w 9 ! f\r? ye>4 #c4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,two ,,ye>s4 a4 ,subject usually ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 b4 ,! subject (t5 divid$4 #a4 ,colonial p]iod = ! sev5? ye>4 #b4 ,lat] p]iod = ! eigh? ye>4 c4 ,"s s*ools h ,engli% hi/ory 9 ! sev5? ye>4 d4 ,civics frequ5tly comb9$ ) hi/ory1 especially 9 ! eigh? ye>4 e4 ,occasionally "s ,greek & ,roman or g5]al ,european hi/ory 9 "o or bo? ( ^! ye>s4 #d4 ,,! ,,program ,,propos$ ,,by ,,! ,,committee ,,( ,,eight4 ,fir/ grade3 ,indian life4 ,explanation ( holidays4 ,second grade3 ,indian life4 ,holidays4 ,local hi/ory4 ,?ird grade3 ,h]oes ( o!r times4 ,holidays4 ,f\r? grade3 ,hi/orical sc5es & p]sons 9 ,am]ican hi/ory1 colonial p]iod4 ,fif? grade3 ,hi/orical sc5es & p]sons 9 ,am]ican hi/ory cont9u$4 ,great indu/ries ( ! pres5t4 ,six? grade3 ,european backgr\nd ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,sev5? grade3 ,am]ican hi/ory to ! ,revolution4 ,european backgr\nd cont9u$4 ,eigh? grade3 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce ! ,revolution4 ,great ev5ts 9 ,european hi/ory4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,b\rne1 ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory & ,civics1 pp4 #gb-gd1 #ajf-aad1 #cec-cfe4 ,reports ( ,committees3 ,committee ( ,t51 pp4 #afc1 #agg-aha2 ( ,fifte51 pp4 #fb-fg2 ( ,twelve1 pp4 #aga1 #agd-age2 ( ,sev51 pp4 #afb-agb2 ( ,eight1 pp4 #a-ia2 ,salmon1 9 ,ye> ,book1 ,society = ,sci5tific ,/udy ( ,education1 #aijb1 pp4 #ca-fj4 ,mc,murry1 ,special ,me?od 9 ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ah-cc1 #bch-bfh4 ,kemp1 ,outl9e ( ,me?od 9 ,hi/ory1 pp4 #acc-bfc4 ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,record1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #h1 pp4 #aii-baf4 ,rice1 ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature1 pp4 #bg-gd4 ,magnusson1 9 ,new ,york ,tea*]s ,monographs1 ,m>*1 #aijc1 pp4 #ij-ig4 ,gre5e1 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,w>field1 9 ,education1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #a-e4 ,gordy & ,twit*ell1 ,pa?f9d] 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ,"p ,i1 pp4 #dc-ej2 ,"p ,,ii1 pp4 #e-bj4 ,proce$+s1 ,national ,education ,association1 #ahib1 pp4 #caj-caf2 #aije1 pp4 #cjd-cjh1 #cfj-cgj2 #ahig1 pp4 #eh-fg4 ,payne1 ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,curricula1 pp4 #bb1 #bd-ci1 #ej4 ,v4 ,g5]al ,me?ods ( ,in/ruction #a4 ,,! ,,prep>atory ,,p]iod--,,! ,,fir/ ,,?ree ,,or ,,f\r ,,ye>s4 a4 ,pres5tation ( mat]ial usually oral4 #a4 ,read+ ! /ory4 #b4 ,tell+ ! /ory4 #c4 ,develop+ ! /ory by que/ions4 #d4 ,po9t+ ! moral4 b4 ,! *ildr5's "p 9 ! lesson4 #a4 ,tell+ ! /ory4 #b4 ,writ+ ! /ory4 #c4 ,solv+ problems sugge/$ by ! /ory4 c4 ,/ories ( ! prep>atory p]iod may be s manag$ z to =m a real basis = lat] hi/ory--tra9+ 9 putt+ ?+s toge!r1 9 see+ simple relations1 9 develop+ a s5se ( cont9uity4 #b4 ,,! ,,int]m$iate ,,/age--,,! ,,fif? ,,& ,,six? ,,ye>s4 a4 ,"s oral pres5tation along ! l9es indicat$ = ! prep>atory p]iod4 b4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy t[>d textbook "w4 #a4 ,regul> lessons assign$ & recit$4 #b4 ,! lesson read ) ! class dur+ ! hi/ory p]iod4 c4 ,"* ( ! textbooks4 #a4 ,r>ely ! "w ( hi/orical exp]ts4 #b4 ,aim to tell a /ory r ?an hi/ory4 #c4 ,accuracy a m9or consid]ation4 #d4 ,%[ little s5se ( hi/orical proportion4 #e4 ,_! m]it is t *ildr5 c und]/& !m4 #f4 ,"s rec5t books conceiv$ 9 a m s]i\s _s & mu* bett] z hi/ory4 d4 ,! use ( maps1 pictures1 & o!r special aids to visualization increas+4 ,/ill mu* to be desir$4 #c4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,two ,,ye>s4 a4 ,textbook "w becomes m =mal4 b4 ,types ( textbook recitations4 #a4 8,he>+0 ! lesson4 a4 ,tea*] ann\nces ! head+ ( p>agraph or op5+ words ( s5t5ce4 b4 ,pupil c>ries ! /ory =w>d until reliev$ by 8next40 c4 ,a te/ ( memory4 #b4 ,! "q & answ] me?od4 a4 ,tea*]s' que/ions sugge/ analysis ( text4 b4 ,%ort answ]s by pupil4 c4 ,memory te/ prom95t4 #c4 ,a good g5]al plan4 a4 ,tea*] ann\nces topic4 b4 ,pupil tells :at he kn[s ab\t x4 c4 ,corrections1 additions1 & que/ions by o!r memb]s ( class4 d4 ,corrections & additions by tea*]4 e4 ,que/ions by tea*] design$ to apply :at has be5 le>n$4 #a4 ,comp>ison ) o!r topics previ\sly /udi$4 #b4 ,comp>ison ) conditions 9 ! pres5t4 c4 ,! use ( two or m textbooks4 #a4 ,! pupil prep>es 8 lesson f two or m diff]5t books4 #b4 ,diff]5t pupils h diff]5t books4 #c4 ,aim to br+ out diff]5ce 9 po9t ( view or 9 /atem5t ( facts ) a view to mak+ pupils ?9k4 d4 ,outside read+4 #a4 ,o!r textbooks4 #b4 ,poems & novels4 #c4 ,"s ref]5ces to /&>d hi/ories & to simpl] prim>y s\rces4 e4 ,notebooks4 #a4 ,mak+ & keep+ outl9es4 #b4 ,reports ( outside read+4 #c4 ,reports ( class discussions4 f4 ,! use ( maps1 pictures1 & o!r special aids increas+4 g4 ,"* ( ! textbooks4 #a4 ,a numb] ( rec5t books writt5 by compet5t /ud5ts ( hi/ory4 #b4 ,reasonably good z hi/ory4 #c4 ,inf]ior to m elem5t>y books z app>atus = tea*+4 #d4 ,responsibility = ! 8:ole /ory0 t5ds to r$uce textbooks to outl9es & tempts to g5]alizations :i* are l>gely mean+less to *ildr54 #e4 ,! class recitation ?us 9 dang] ( becom+ an ex]cise 9 m]e words4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,bryant1 ,h[ to ,tell ,/ories to ,*ildr51 pp4 #ac-ba1 #hc-aji4 ,mc,murry1 ,special ,me?od 9 ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ej-he4 ,h9sdale1 ,h[ to ,/udy & ,tea* ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ec-ff4 ,b\rne1 ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory & ,civics1 pp4 #adh-afh4 ,gordy & ,twit*ell1 ,pa?f9d] 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,foltz1 zur ,me?ode des ,ges*i*tsunt]ri*ts1 pp4 #agd-baf4 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,novemb]1 #aijh1 pp4 #bf-cb4 ,,vi4 ,! ,biographical ,approa* to ,hi/ory #a4 ,,:at ,,! ,,biographical ,,me?od ,,is4 a4 ,! /udy ( individual m5 & wom5 z individuals4 b4 ,! /udy ( individual m5 & wom5 z repres5tatives ( movem5ts1 p]iods1 social gr\ps4 c4 ,! p]sons select$ = /udy usually great or fam\s4 #b4 ,,reasons ,,= ,,preval5ce ,,( ,,! ,,me?od4 a4 ,(f]s units t are simple1 concrete1 int]e/+4 b4 ,satisfies e?ical dem&s made ^u hi/orical in/ruction4 c4 ,g]man exp]i5ce a pot5t example4 d4 ,support$ by 8great man !ory0 ( hi/ory4 #a4 8,! hi/ory ( :at man has accompli%$ 9 ?is _w is at bottom ! hi/ory ( ! great m5 :o h work$ "h40--,,c>lyle4 #b4 8,great m5 sum up & repres5t humanity40--,,r5an4 #c4 ,,! ,,k9ds ,,( ,,p]sons ,,t ,,int]e/ ,,*ildr54 a4 ,m5 ( primitive in/9cts--cave-m51 ,indians4 b4 ,m5 :o 8did ?+s0--especially brig&s1 pirates1 adv5tur]s1 g5]als1 k+s4 c4 ,^! types fully exploit$ 9 books = *ildr54 ,possibly cause z well z effect ( *ildr5's ta/es4 d4 ,relatively few te/s ( *ildr5's attitude t[>d s*ol>s1 writ]s1 arti/s4 #d4 ,,g5]al ,,criticism4 a4 ,p]sonal elem5t ess5tial to s*ool hi/ory4 b4 ,ev5ts c to "s ext5t be gr\p$ ab\t individuals4 c4 ,b 8great man !ory0 n well appli$4 #a4 ,p]sons select$ = /udy (t5 n repres5tative4 ,may be exceptional4 ,(t5 at be/ m]ely picturesque4 #b4 ,hi/orical *>act]s (t5 di/ort$ = moral ends4 #c4 ,d\btful anecdotes us$ to excess4 d4 ,! 8great man !ory0 n g5]ally accept$ by hi/orians4 e4 ,individuals (t5 m easily gr\p$ ab\t ev5ts ?an ev5ts ab\t individuals4 f4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! biographical me?od is to leave a s]ies ( disconnect$ impressions4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,kemp1 ,outl9e ( ,me?od 9 ,hi/ory1 pp4 #bfd-bie4 ,h9sdale1 ,h[ to ,/udy & ,tea* ,hi/ory1 pp4 #cj-ca1 #dd-de4 ,b\rne1 ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory & ,civics1 pp4 #ah-bj1 #hf1 #cef4 ,mace1 ,me?od 9 ,hi/ory1 pp4 #bhi-bid4 ,lawless1 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,vol4 ,l1 pp4 #gij-gih4 ,b]nheim1 9 ,neue ,bahn51 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #cch-cdb4 ,,vii4 ,! ,social & ,economic ,po9t ( ,view #a4 ,,great ,,m5 ,,n ,,exclud$1 ,,b ,,! 8,,masses0 ,,includ$4 #b4 ,,emphasis ,,^u ,,social ,,& ,,economic ,,conditions1-- ,occupations1 indu/ries1 inv5tions1 comm]ce1 mann]s & cu/oms1 education1 amusem5ts1 food1 dress1 ^u :atev] s]ves to illu/rate ! common life4 #c4 ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,dep>ture4 a4 ,! daily life & mat]ial environm5t ( ! community 9 :i* ! s*ool is situat$4 b4 ,! developm5t ( "s special inv5tion1 trade1 art1 indu/ry1 relat$ to ! imm$iate neighborhood4 c4 ,! con/ructive activities ( *ildr5--sew+1 weav+1 cook+1 mak+ furniture4 d4 ,local hi/ory4 #d4 ,,application ,,to ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,g5]al4 a4 ,limit$ by ! nature ( ! mat]ial available4 b4 ,difficult to arrange a connect$ n>rative4 c4 ,g]man exp]i5ce--,bi$]mann's ,kulturbild]4 ,! conditions ( ,g]man life at select$ /ages describ$1 comp>$1 & contra/$4 #e4 ,a ,,gr[+ ,,recognition ,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,po9t ,,( ,,view4 a4 ,influ5ce ( democratic ideals4 b4 ,indu/rial education an important factor 9 secur+ *ange ( emphasis4 c4 ,an enl>g$ view ( hi/ory4 #a4 ,c>lyle's prote/ aga9/ ! old] hi/orians4 #b4 ,macaulay's !ory ( hi/ory4 #c4 ,! "w ( ,john ,ri*>d ,gre54 #d4 ,mc,master's ,p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 d4 ,! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory4 e4 ,mat]ial suppli$ by ,docum5t>y ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,indu/rial ,society1 #aj volumes1 to be publi%$1 #aiji-aiaj4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,dopp1 ,place ( ,indu/ries 9 ,education1 pp4 #ig-bfj4 ,rice1 9 ,ye> ,book1 ,society = ,sci5tific ,/udy ( ,education1 #aijc1 pp4 #i-ad4 ,wood1 ,report on ,tea*+ ,hi/ory1 pp4 #aa-ag4 ,lampre*t1 ,:at is ,hi/ory8 pp4 #c-ce4 ,dodd1 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 ,,lxiii1 pp4 #dah-dbd4 ,seligman1 ,economic ,int]pretation ( ,hi/ory4 ,bi$]mann1 ,ges*i*tsunt]ri*t 444 na* ,kulturges*i*tli*] ,me?ode1 pp4 #e-de4 ,b]nheim1 9 ,neue ,bahn51 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #bhe-cjj4 ,,viii4 ,mak+ ! ,pa/ ,real #a4 ,,:]e ,,! ,,textbooks ,,fail4 a4 ,read+ matt] usually insuffici5t = cle> images ( mat]ial aspects ( ! pa/ or = def9ite impressions ( pa/ m5tal /ates4 b4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits def9it5ess & simplicity secur$ by brevity ( /atem5t4 c4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( mak+ a ?+ elem5t>y by n say+ mu* ab\t x c>ri$ too f>4 d4 ,/ories inh]5tly simple (t5 exp&$2 ^? inh]5tly difficult (t5 abridg$4 ,s*ool hi/ory w\ld be m intelligible if ! conditions 7 rev]s$4 #b4 ,,special ,,aids ,,to ,,visualization4 a4 ,mat]ial rema9s 9 vic9ity ( s*ool4 ,visits to hi/oric places4 b4 ,ca/s1 models1 pictures1 visualization *>ts1 maps4 c4 ,! /]eoscope1 lant]n1 & o!r simil> app>atus4 ,mov+ pictures4 d4 ,illu/rations 9 textbooks4 e4 ,hi/orical albums4 #c4 8,,liv+ ,,! ,,pa/40 a4 ,exagg]at$ views illu/rat$ by dem& t pupil 8id5tify himself completely ) ! ?\ght1 passion & resolution ( ! "t0 "u consid]ation4 #a4 ,su* a dem& sc>cely met by ! mo/ exp]t hi/orians4 #b4 ,realism ( ?is type n atta9able by *ildr5 & n ev5 desirable4 b4 ,"s impression ( h[ m5 ?\ght & felt ess5tial4 c4 ,special aids4 #a4 ,a man's own words express$ 9 lett]s1 di>ies1 p]sonal rem9isc5ces1 spee*es1 /ate pap]s4 a4 ,value v>ies ) "* ( p]son & circum/ances ( utt]ance4 b4 ,words (t5 no clue to real s5tim5ts ( au?or4 #b4 ,*>act]i/ic /ories & anecdotes4 #c4 ,dramatization ( hi/ory4 a4 ,plays compos$ by *ildr54 ,may be bas$ on good hi/orical mat]ial4 b4 ,ready-made plays less effective4 c4 ,hi/orical pageants4 d4 ,hi/orical drama ( ! pr(essional /age4 #d4 ,imag9>y lett]s1 di>ies1 spee*es1 prep>$ by pupils4 ,answ]+ ! que/ions3 8,h[ %\ld ,i h felt80 8,:at %\ld ,i h said or done80 #e4 ,hi/orical poems & novels4 a4 ,value = hi/ory easily exagg]at$4 b4 ,a di/9ction to be made betwe5 ^? t ate contempor>y ) sc5es repres5t$ & ^? t are m]ely lat] attempts at recon/ruction4 c4 ,g5]al use 9 s*ool due 9 "p to tradition :i* s long made hi/ory a m]e bran* ( lit]ature1 9 "p to m g5]al acqua9tance ) ?is k9d ( mat]ial ?an ) mat]ial m di/9ctly hi/orical4 #f4 ,mat]ial suppli$ by detail$ hi/ories4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,novemb]1 #aijh1 pp4 #ab-be4 ,wilson1 ,m]e ,lit]ature1 pp4 #afa-ahf4 ,cro!rs1 ,g5tle ,read]1 pp4 #afg-bjj4 ,/eph5s1 9 ,cali=nia ,univ]sity ,*ronicle1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #aei-afh2 ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfa4 ,mat!ws1 9 ,=um1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #gi-ia4 ,langlois & ,seignobos1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory1 pp4 #bae-bbe1 #cja1 #cai1 note4 ,seignobos1 ,l',hi/oire dans l',enseignem5t secondaire1 pp4 #ae-ai4 ,,ix4 ,"t & ,place ,relations #a4 ,,"t ,,s5se ,,9 ,,*ildr54 a4 ,rudim5t>y at age ( ent]+ s*ool4 8,ye/]day10 8la/ week10 8la/ mon?10 h a mean+4 8,"o hundr$ ye>s ago0 has n4 b4 ,! s5se develops sl[ly4 ,ev5 *ildr5 ( twelve or ?irte5 (t5 measure %ort p]iods ( "t vaguely4 c4 ,f ?is an argum5t advanc$ aga9/ dat+ any ev5ts 9 di/ant pa/ = *ildr54 ,c mean only 8a long "t ago40 d4 ,! difficulty 9 "p remov$ by objective assi/ance--*>t1 rolls1 knott$ cords1 & o!r devices4 e4 ,dates prop]ly introduc$ at lea/ z e>ly z ! fif? ye>4 #b4 ,,dates ,,to ,,be ,,rememb]$4 a4 ,fam\s ev5ts4 b4 ,important ev5ts4 c4 ,a few 9 ea* ye> fix$ z a p]man5t possession4 d4 ,evid5ce at pres5t ( recov]y f extreme reaction aga9/ le>n+ dates4 #c4 ,,! ,,place ,,relation4 a4 ,! way prep>$ by geography4 b4 ,maps to be introduc$ z soon z *ildr5 h le>n$ to read !m4 c4 ,two k9ds ( hi/orical geography4 #a4 ,contempor>y maps4 #b4 ,mod]n maps4 d4 ,s*ool hi/ory %\ld %[ h[ ev5ts 7 influ5c$ by geographic conditions4 ,natural features ( ! e>? det]m9e 9 great "p3 #a4 ,climate1 productions1 physical developm5t1 employm5ts1 habits4 #b4 ,facilities = comm]ce4 #c4 ,advantages = milit>y & naval def5se or aggression4 #d4 ,intellectual t5d5cies1 b to a less ext5t4 e4 ,place relation to be fix$ "u same conditions z "t relation4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,h9sdale1 ,h[ to ,/udy & ,tea* ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ge-ajj2 #aaa-abf4 ,vaughan1 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #bi-di4 ,turn]1 9 ,ye> ,book1 ,h]b>t ,society1 #ahii1 pp4 #g-da4 ,semple1 ,am]ican ,hi/ory & its ,geographic ,conditions4 ,brigham1 ,geographic ,influ5ce 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory ,report1 ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association1 #aijg4 ,x4 ,s*ool ,hi/ory & ! ,hi/orical ,me?od #a4 ,,hi/ory ,,= ,,s*ool ,,purposes ,,usually ,,treat$ ,,z ,a ,,body ,,( ,,assur$ ,,k4 a4 ,! problem ( elem5t>y in/ruction held to be int]pretation & n criticism4 b4 ,controv]sial matt]s omitt$ s f> z possible4 c4 ,little to indicate v>y+ degrees ( probability 9 hi/orical facts4 d4 ,unc]ta9ties cov]$ by dogmatism ( textbooks4 #b4 ,,rais+ ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,h[ ,,we ,,"k4 a4 ,makes = m intellig5t view ( hi/ory4 b4 ,(t5 adds to int]e/ 9 ! subject4 c4 ,af=ds mat]ial = ex]cise ( reason+ p[]4 d4 ,directly relat$ to ev]yday problems4 e4 ,! "q usually exclud$ f elem5t>y hi/ory on gr\nd ( ! difficulties involv$4 #c4 ,a ,,simple ,,approa* ,,sugge/$4 a4 ,:5 any?+ has happ5$ we may "k ab\t x because3 #a4 ,we 7 pres5t :5 x happ5$--direct obs]vation4 #b4 ,"s "o has told u--oral tradition4 #c4 ,we h read ab\t x--writt5 or pr9t$ tradition4 #d4 ,we h se5 a picture ( x--pictorial tradition4 b4 ,9 h[ _m ways may we "k #a4 ,t ,john 0 abs5t f s*ool ye/]day8 #b4 ,t ,l9coln deliv]$ an address at ,gettysburg 9 #ahfc8 #c4 ,t ! 8,mayfl[]0 cross$ ! ,atlantic 9 #afbj8 c4 ,:i* is ! be/ way to "k ab\t a ?+ t has happ5$8 ,is t way always possible8 ,:y8 ,h[ d we get mo/ ( our k ( ?+s t h happ5$8 d4 ,application to mat]ial rema9s4 ,9 h[ _m ways may we "k ab\t #a4 ,! spell+-books ( our gr&fa!rs8 #b4 ,! b[s & arr[s us$ by ,indians8 #c4 ,! h\se t ,george ,wa%+ton liv$ 9 at ,m\nt ,v]non8 #d4 ,,"s ,,simple ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,problems ,,connect$ ,,) ,,hi/orical ,,me?od4 a4 ,! /ory ( h[ ! ,egyptians f\nd out t !y 7 n ! olde/ p 9 ! _w4 ,h]odotus1 ,book ,,ii1 *apt] #b4 #a4 ,h[ did ,h]odotus "k8 #b4 ,is ! /ory true8 b4 ,petr>*'s tr\bles 9 gett+ books copi$4 ,rob9son & ,rolfe1 ,petr>*1 p4 #bh4 c4 ,! adv5tures ( ! manuscript ( ,brad=d's ,hi/ory ( ,plym\? ,plantation4 ,introduction to edition publi%$ by ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts4 d4 ,! b\nd>y provisions ( a colonial *>t]4 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,novemb]1 #aijh1 pp4 #dj-dc4 #e4 ,,su* ,,ex]cises ,,necess>ily ,,limit$ ,,9 ,,numb]4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,novemb]1 #aijh1 pp4 #cc-dd4 ,hi/orical ,s\rces 9 ,s*ools1 ,report to ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association1 pp4 #a-ag4 ,b\rne1 ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory & ,civics1 pp4 #afi-ahg4 ,,xi4 ,hi/orical ,read+ = ,*ildr5 #a4 ,,books ,,design$ ,,especially ,,= ,,*ildr54 a4 ,pr9ciples ( grad+ n well def9$4 b4 ,_m books ne$lessly inaccurate4 c4 ,lit]>y /yle (t5 bad4 d4 ,"s unnecess>y 8writ+ d[n0 to *ildr54 #b4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/&>d ,,hi/ories4 a4 ,availability ( hi/orical works = s*ool purposes n 9 inv]se ratio to size & sci5tific value4 #a4 ,treatm5t ( special topics (t5 simpl] & m concrete ?an treatm5t ( same topics 9 textbooks4 #b4 ,_m passages 9 detail$ hi/ories & biographies ( special int]e/ to *ildr54 a4 ,"s ( ^! c be read by *ildr54 b4 ,"s c be read to *ildr54 c4 ,a factor 9 cultivat+ ta/e = hi/ory4 d4 ,talks ab\t writ]s ( important works /imulate int]e/ 9 ! works4 #c4 ,real ob/acles to m g5]al use4 a4 ,co/ ( /&>d hi/ories4 b4 ,lack ( acqua9tance ) su* works on ! "p ( elem5t>y tea*]s4 #d4 ,mu* good mat]ial available 9 abridgm5ts & volumes ( extracts4 #c4 ,,tea*+ ,,*ildr5 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,books4 a4 ,indexes & tables ( cont5ts4 b4 ,att5tion to m>g9al ref]5ces & footnotes4 c4 ,special que/ions to give facility 9 f9d+ & us+ books4 d4 ,! numb] ( books ne$ n be l>ge4 #d4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,collat]al ,,read+4 a4 ,class divisions4 b4 ,special libr>y p]iods4 c4 ,books us$ outside ( libr>y p]iods4 d4 ,books tak5 home4 e4 ,ref]5ces to be exact4 f4 ,ref]5ces to be po/$ 9 libr>y4 g4 ,pupil's record ( read+s4 #a4 ,full "n ( au?or4 #b4 ,full title ( book4 #c4 ,publi%]s1 place1 & date ( publication4 #d4 ,numb] ( pages read4 #e4 ,p]sonal impression4 ,,ref]5ces3 ,&rews1 ,gambrill & ,tall1 ,bibliography ( ,hi/ory = ,s*ools & ,libr>ies2 ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,eight2 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,novemb]1 #aijh1 pp4 #de-ej4 ,p>sons 9 ,educational ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #djj-djf4 ,mc,murry1 ,special ,me?od 9 ,hi/ory1 pp4 #bga-bia4 ,rice1 ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature1 pp4 #afg-ahg4 ,mace1 ,me?od 9 ,hi/ory1 pp4 #cji-caa4 ,gordy & ,twit*ell1 ,pa?f9d] 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ,"p ,i1 pp4 #aja-ajb2 ,"p ,,ii1 pp4 #bce-bea4 ,sullivan1 9 ,metropolitan ,tea*]1 ,novemb]1 #aijd1 pp4 #aic-aih4 ,,index ,accuracy 9 practice1 #df1 #ih4 ,ad5oids1 signs (1 #ada4 ,adju/m5t1 types (1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd4 ,aim 9 inductive lesson1 #ee4 ,aim ( education1 #a4 ,all51 ,w4 ,h41 quot$1 #ada4 ,application1 #fc4 ,appreciation & emotion1 #hj4 ,9 relation to /udy1 #hg1 #hh4 ,lesson =1 #gh-hd4 ,o!r ?an t involv+ ! 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recitation1 #abi4 ,/&>ds 9 education1 #aje4 ,/ev5son's ,b$ 9 ,summ]1 quot$1 #id1 #ie4 ,/one1 ,c4 ,w41 quot$1 #bee4 ,ref]r$ to1 #aje4 ,/udy lesson1 !1 #hf-ii4 ,/udy1 me?ods (1 9 relation to me?ods ( tea*+1 #hf-ia4 ,summ>ies1 9 plans1 #aga4 ,sup]vision1 ! tea*] 9 relation to1 #bbd4 ,supplem5t+ ! textbook1 #aaj4 ,suzzallo1 ,h5ry1 ref]r$ to1 #fa4 ,tea*]1 influ5ce (1 #aed4 ,tea*]s' meet+s1 #bbi4 ,te*nique involv$ 9 creation relat$ to appreciation1 #gi4 ,textbooks1 use (1 #ajh-aji4 ,?9k+ 9 relation to memorization1 #id4 ,?orndike1 ,e4 ,l41 ref]r$ to1 #bg1 #bh1 #aje1 #bce1 #beb4 ,tit*5]1 ref]r$ to1 #ce4 ,topical outl9es1 #ajb4 ,topical recitation1 #ajg4 ,types1 tea*+ by1 #ff4 ,v]ification1 #ge1 #ig4 ,! habit (1 #ib4 ,visit+1 s*ool1 #bbg4 ,vocational education1 #e4 ,wond]1 #bc4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,james1 ,talks to ,tea*]s1 p4 #ff4 #b ,f4 ,m4 ,mc,murry1 8,advisable ,omissions f ! ,elem5t>y ,curriculum10 ,ed4 ,rev41 ,may1 #aijd4 #c ,dewey1 ,int]e/ 9 ,relation to ,w1 p4 #ab4 #d ,?orndike1 ,pr9ciples ( ,tea*+1 ,*apt] ,v4 #e ,= /ati/ics & fur!r argum5t conc]n+ individual diff]5ce1 see ,?orndike1 ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 #f ,= ?is classification ( att5tion1 see ,tit*5]1 ,prim] ( ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,v4 #g ,mc,murry1 ,me?od ( ! ,recitation1 ,*apt] ,,vi4 #h ,suzzallo1 9 ,cali=nia ,education1 ,june1 #aijf4 #i ,= a full discussion ( ?is po9t1 see ,eliot1 ,educational ,re=m1 ! essay on 8,! ,function ( ,education 9 a ,democratic ,society40 #aj ,see ,dewey1 8,! ,relation ( ,!ory to ,practice 9 ! ,education ( ,tea*]s10 ,! ,?ird ,ye> ,book ( ! ,national ,society = ! ,sci5tific ,/udy ( ,education4 #aa ,= a discussion ( ?is & o!r aspects ( ! problem1 see ,e>h>t1 ,tea*+ ,*ildr5 to ,/udy2 ,mc,murry1 ,h[ to ,/udy1 & ,tea*+ ,h[ to ,/udy4 #ab ,w4 ,h4 ,pyle & ,j4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 8,! ,mo/ ,economical ,unit = ,committ+ to ,memory10 ,j\rnal ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #acc-adb4 #ac ,d4 ,e4 ,smi? & ,f4 ,m4 ,mc,murry1 8,ma!matics 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool10 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #b2 ,d4 ,e4 ,smi?1 8,! ,tea*+ ( ,ari?metic10 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,vol4 ,x1 ,no4 #a4 #ad ,e4 ,l4 ,?orndike1 8,h&writ+10 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,no4 #b2 ,/one1 ,ari?metical ,abilities & ,"s ( ! ,factors ,det]m9+ !m4 #ae ,quot$ by ,johnson 9 a monograph on 8,! ,problem ( ,adapt+ ,hi/ory to ,*ildr5 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool10 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #cai4 #af ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #cai-cbj4 #ag 8,/5ographic ,reports ( ,high ,s*ool ,lessons10 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,septemb]1 #aiaj1 pp4 #ah-bf4 #ah ,baldw91 ,indu/rial ,s*ool ,education4 ,a mo/ helpful discussion ( indu/rial "w4 #ai ,w4 ,s4 ,jackman1 8,! ,relation ( ,s*ool ,organization to ,in/ruction10 ,! ,social ,education ,qu>t]ly1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ee-fi2 ,scott1 ,social ,education4 #bj ,all51 ,civics & ,heal?1 p4 #ec4 #ba ,dewey1 ,moral ,pr9ciples 9 ,education4 #bb ,see *apt] on ,social ,phases ( ! ,recitation4 #bc ,moral ,tra9+ 9 ! ,public ,s*ools1 p4 #da4 ,! essay by ,*>les ,edw>d ,rugh4 #bd ,bagley1 ,classroom ,managem5t1 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 #be ,see discussion ( ! /udy lesson1 ante4 #bf ,mc,murry1 ,h[ to ,/udy1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #bg ,see ante1 ,*apt] ,,xi4 #bh ,adapt$ f a plan prep>$ by ,lida ,b4 ,e>h>t1 ,ph4,d41 = ! au?or's syllabus on ,!ory & ,practice ( ,tea*+4 #bi ,"s discussion ( ! 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"p ( ! /udy t is necess>ily l>gely compos$ ( tables1 x may be well to /ate ! position ( ! au?or reg>d+ ! p>tial int]pretations (f]$ 9 connection ) ! tables4 ,x is t ! entire tables give by f> ! be/ basis = conclusions2 t = a ?or\gh compreh5sion ( ! /udy !y %\ld be read q z fully z any o!r "p2 & t !y %\ld be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important s\rce ( in=mation r ?an ! brief sugge/ive read+s :i* are liable to give errone\s impressions1 bo? because ( ! limitations ( a s+le int]pretation & ! lack ( space = any?+ l full exposition4 #ce ,m ,m$ian1 :i* is ! repres5tation ( c5tral t5d5cy us$ ?r\gh\t ?is /udy4 ,x has ! advantages ov] ! av]age ( be+ m readily f\nd1 ( be+ unambigu\s1 & ( giv+ less weight to extreme or errone\s cases4 #cf ,= reliability ( measures ( reason+ ability1 see ,app5dix1 p4 #ajj4 #cg ,z /at$ 9 ,"p ,i1 p4 #ag1 a score is arbitr>ily set at "o4 ,! fact t ! z]o po9t is unkn[n 9 bo? reason+ & fundam5tals makes ^! scores less am5able to ord9>y h&l+ ?an !y might at fir/ ?\ght seem4 ,h5ce1 entire di/ributions are ei!r pr9t$ or plac$ on file at ,tea*]s ,college4 #ch ,= ! data f :i* ^! calculations 7 made1 see fir/ column ( table ,,xxi1 p4 #eb1 & ! fir/ columns ( tables ,,iii & ,,iv1 p4 #ba4 ,! abs5ce ( kn[n z]o po9ts makes su* computations inadvisable except 9 connection ) ! m reliable evid5ce ( ! prec$+ table4 #ci ,& x is ! op9ion ( ! au?or t ! *ances are mu* bett] t "o w\ld get a s*ool ) a sup]ior product 9 education4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 adv]tisem5ts ( ,macmillan books on education1 p$agogy1 etc4 ,a ,cyclop$ia ( ,education ,,edit$ ,,by ,,paul ,,monroe1 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,au?or ( 8,a ,text-,book 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education10 8,brief ,c\rse 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education10 etc4 ,! ne$ ( su* "w is evid5c$3 ,by ! great mass ( v>i$ educational lit]ature %[+ an equal range 9 educational practice & !ory2 by ! gr[+ importance ( ! s*ool z a social in/itution1 & ! full] recognition ( education z a social process2 & by ! great increase 9 ! numb] ( tea*]s & ! in/ability ( t5ure :i* at ! same "t m>ks ! pr(ession4 ,! m5 :o ne$ x are3 ,all tea*]s1 pr(essional m51 editors1 m9i/]s1 legislators1 all public m5 :o deal ) l>ge que/ions ( public welf>e intimately connect$ ) education--e "o :o appreciates ! value ( a ref]5ce "w :i* w give him ! outl9es ( any educational problem1 ! sugge/$ solutions1 ! /ati/ical in=mation1 & 9 g5]al ! ess5tial facts necess>y to its compreh5sion4 ,among ! dep>tm5tal ,editors associat$ ) ,dr4 ,monroe are ,dr4 ,,elm] ,e4 ,,br[n1 ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] ( ,education1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,bu*n]1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s1 ,dr4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,burnham1 ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,m4 ,,gabriel ,,compayr1 ,inspector-,g5]al ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ,p>is1 ,france1 ,pr(4 ,,wilhelm ,m,,n*1 ( ,b]l9 ,univ]sity1 ,g]many1 ,pr(4 ,,john ,,dewey1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,dr4 ,,ellwood ,p4 ,,cubb]ly1 ,/an=d ,univ]sity1 ,cal41 ,pr(4 ,,fo/] ,,watson1 ( ! ,univ]sity ,college ( ,wales1 ,dr4 ,,david ,,sn$d51 ,commission] ( ,education = ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 & o!rs4 ,s5d = a descriptive circul> & li/ ( contributors to ,volume ,i ,to be complet$ 9 five l>ge octavo volumes1 ea* #e4jj ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,= ,,tea*]s ,publi%$ by ,! ,macmillan ,company ,,adams1 ,,john4 ,exposition & ,illu/ration 9 ,tea*+4 ,clo?4 viii #dbh pages4 #a4be ,,arm/rong1 ,,h5ry ,e4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,sci5tific ,me?od & ,o!r ,pap]s on ,education4 ,clo?4 xxvii #ejd pages4 #a4ge ,,arnold1 ,,felix4 ,a ,text-book ( ,s*ool & ,class ,managem5t4 ,i4 ,!ory & ,practice4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 xxii #dji pages4 ,index4 #a4be ,,ii4 ,adm9i/ration & ,hygi5e4 ,clo?4 xii #bib pages4 #a4jj --,att5tion & ,int]e/4 ,clo?4 viii #bgb pages4 #a4jj ,,bagley1 ,,william ,,*&l]4 ,classroom ,managem5t3 ,its ,pr9ciples & ,te*nique4 ,by ,william ,*&l] ,bagley1 ,director1 ,s*ool ( ,education1 ,univ]sity ,( ,ill9ois4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 xvii #ceb pages4 #a4be --,! ,educative ,process4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 xix #ceh pages4 #a4be ,,br[n1 ,,john ,,frankl94 ,! ,am]ican ,high ,s*ool4 ,by ,john ,frankl9 ,br[n1 ,ph4,d41 =m]ly ,pr(essor 9 ,education & ,inspector ( ,high ,s*ools = ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a4 ,clo?4 xii #dih pages4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,butl]1 ,,ni*olas ,,murray4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,education1 & ,o!r ,essays & ,addresses4 ,by ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 ,presid5t ( ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 xii #bcj pages4 #a4jj ,,*ubb1 ,,p]cival4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,engli%4 ,by ,p]cival ,*ubb1 ,pr9cipal ( ,high ,s*ool ,dep>tm5t1 ,e?ical ,culture ,s*ool1 ,new ,york4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 xvii #daa pages4 #a4jj ,,coll>1 ,,george1 ,,& ,,crook1 ,,*>les ,w4 ,s*ool ,managem5t & ,me?ods ( ,in/ruction4 ,by ,george ,coll> & ,*>les ,w4 ,crook1 ,london4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 viii #ccf pages4 #a4jj ,,cronson1 ,,b]n>d4 ,me?ods 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,/udies4 ,by ,b]n>d ,cronson1 ,a4,b41 ,ph4,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ,public ,s*ool ,no4 #c1 ,bor\gh ( ,manhattan1 ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 #afg pages4 #a4be --,pupil ,self-,gov]nm5t4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 ix #ajg pages4 4#ij ,,cubb]ley4 ,syllabus ( ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,) ,select$ ,bibliographies & ,sugge/$ ,read+s4 ,by ,ellwood ,p4 ,cubb]ley4 ,second ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,9 two p>ts4 ,"p ,i1 v #abi pages1 #a4ej net2 ,"p ,,ii1 xv #cfa pages1 #a4ej ,complete 9 "o volume1 #b4fj ,,de ,,g>mo1 ,,*>les4 ,int]e/ & ,education4 ,by ,*>les ,de ,g>mo1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,education 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 xvii #bcj pages4 #a4jj --,! ,pr9ciples ( ,second>y ,education4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,/udies4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 xii #bii pages4 #a4be ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,processes ( ,in/ruction4 xii #bjj ,pages4 #a4jj ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,e?ical ,tra9+4 x #bbj pages4 #a4jj ,,dext]1 ,,edw9 ,,grant4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,edw9 ,grant ,dext]1 ,pr(essor ( ,education 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 ,clo?4 xxi #ffe pages4 #hvo4 #b4jj ,,huey1 ,,edmund ,b4 ,! ,psy*ology & ,p$agogy ( ,read+4 ,by ,pr(essor ,edmund ,b4 ,huey1 ( ! ,we/]n ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 xvi #dfi pages4 #a4dj ,,jones1 ,,olive ,m41 ,,le>y1 ,,eleanor ,g41 & ,,qui%1 ,,agnes ,e4 ,tea*+ ,*ildr5 to ,/udy4 ,! ,gr\p ,sy/em appli$4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?4 viii #aic pages4 #abmo4 4#hj ,,kilpatrick1 ,,van ,,evrie4 ,dep>tm5tal ,tea*+ 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 xiii #acj pages1 #afmo4 4#fj ,,kirkpatrick1 ,,edw9 ,a4 ,fundam5tals ( ,*ild ,/udy4 ,by ,pr(essor ,edw9 ,a4 ,kirkpatrick1 ,pr9cipal ( ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,fit*burg1 ,mass4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 xxi #chd pages4 #a4be --,g5etic ,psy*ology4 ,clo?1 xv #cgc pages4 #a4be ,,laurie1 ,s4 ,s4 ,in/itutes ( ,education4 #c;d ed4 ,clo?4 xii #cia pages4 #a4ij ,,major1 ,,david ,r4 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,m5tal ,gr[?4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,infancy4 ,by ,david ,r4 ,major1 ,pr(essor ( ,education 9 ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,clo?1 xiv #cfj pages4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,! ,mc,m,u,r,r,y ,,s]ies ,ea*1 clo?1 #abmo4 ,g5]al ,me?od --,! ,elem5ts ( ,g5]al ,me?od4 ,by ,*>les ,a4 ,mc,murry4 #cbc pages4 4#ij --,! ,me?od ( ! ,recitation4 ,by ,*>les ,a4 ,mc,murry & ,frank ,m4 ,mc,murry1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,tea*+1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 xi #cbi pages4 4#ij ,special ,me?od4 ,by ,*>les ,a4 ,mc,murry4 --,special ,me?od 9 ,prim>y ,read+ & ,oral ,"w ) ,/ories4 vii #ajc pages4 4#fj --,special ,me?od 9 ! ,read+ ( ,engli% ,classics4 vi #bed pages4 4#ge --,special ,me?od 9 ,language 9 ! ,eight ,grades4 viii #aib pages4 4#gj --,special ,me?od 9 ,hi/ory4 vii #bia pages4 4#ge --,special ,me?od 9 ,ari?metic4 vii #bbe pages4 4#gj --,special ,me?od 9 ,geography4 xi #bag pages4 4#gj --,special ,me?od 9 ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce4 ix #bge pages4 4#ge --,nature ,/udy ,lessons = ,prim>y ,grades4 ,by ,mrs4 ,lida ,b4 ,mc,murry1 ) an ,introduction by ,*>les ,a4 ,mc,murry4 xi #aia pages4 4#fj ,c\rse ( ,/udy 9 ! ,eight ,grades4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,grades ,i to ,,iv4 vii #bcf pages4 4#ge ,vol ,,ii4 ,grades ,v to ,,viii4 v #bbf pages4 4#ge ,,monroe1 ,,paul4 ,a ,brief ,c\rse 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,by ,paul ,monroe1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,clo?4 #hvo4 xviii #dji pages4 #a4be ,! ,philosophy ( ,education ,,by ,,h]man ,,h>rell ,,horne1 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy & ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 ,new ,york ,univ]sity ,clo?1 #hvo1 xvii #bie pages1 #a4ej ,a connect$ s]ies ( discussions on ! f\ndations ( education 9 ! relat$ sci5ces ( biology1 physiology1 sociology1 & philosophy1 & a ?or\ghgo+ int]pretation ( ! nature1 place1 & mean+ ( education 9 our _w4 ,! newe/ po9ts ( view 9 ! realms ( natural & m5tal sci5ce are appli$ to ! und]/&+ ( educational problems4 ,! field ( education is c>efully divid$1 & ! total discussion is devot$ to ! philosophy ( education1 9 di/9ction f its hi/ory1 sci5ce1 & art4 ,! ,psy*ological ,pr9ciples ( ,education ,,by ,,h]man ,,h>rell ,,horne1 ,,ph4,d4 ,clo?1 #abmo1 xiii #dce pages1 #a4ge ,! relation%ip ( ?is book to ! au?or's 8,philosophy ( ,education0 is t1 :]eas ! fir/ 0 mo/ly !ory ) "s practice1 ?is is mo/ly practice ) "s !ory4 ,?is volume lays ! sci5tific f\ndations = ! art ( tea*+ s f> z ^? f\ndations are conc]n$ ) psy*ology4 ,! au?or is ! 8middleman0 betwe5 ! psy*ologi/ & ! tea*]1 tak+ ! !oretical descriptions ( pure psy*ology & trans=m+ !m into educational pr9ciples = ! tea*]4 ,9 ! ,introduction ! read] gets 8 be>+s 9 ! field ( ! sci5ce ( education4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book sket*es ?is sci5ce f ! /&po9t ( psy*ology1 ! f\r p>ts ( ! "w1 ,intellectual ,education1 ,emotional ,education1 ,moral ,education1 & ,religi\s ,education1 be+ sugge/$ by ! nature ( man1 ! subject ( education4 ,a special feature is ! att5tion paid to ! education ( ! emotions & ( ! w4 ,idealism 9 ,education ,or ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 9 ! ,mak+ ( ,m5 & ,wom5 ,,by ,,h]man ,,h>rell ,,horne1 ,,ph4,d4 ,au?or ( 8,! ,philosophy ( ,education0 & 8,! ,psy*ological ,pr9ciples ( ,education0 ,clo?1 #abmo1 xxi #ahc pages1 index1 #a4be by mail1 #a4cd ,pr(essor ,horne "h discusses ?ree ?+s :i* he reg>ds z fundam5tal 9 ! build+ ( human "*1--,h]$ity1 ,environm5t1 & ,w4 ,8 me?od ( h&l+ ^! o!rwise heavy subjects1 makes ! book ( int]e/1 ev5 to ! g5]al read]4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,,by ,,william ,,*&l] ,,bagley ,director ( ! ,s*ool ( ,education1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois ,craftsman%ip 9 ,tea*+ ,clo?1 #abmo1 #bdg pages1 #a4be ,read]s ( 8,! ,educative ,process0 & 8,classroom ,managem5t0 by ,director ,w4 ,c4 ,bagley ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois w welcome ! au?or's new book on 8,craftsman%ip 9 ,tea*+40 ,! book is made up ( a s]ies ( addresses giv5 be=e educational ga!r+s1 ! subject ( ! fir/ "o giv+ ! book its "n4 ,9 ^! addresses ! p]sonality ( ! au?or is m 9 evid5ce ?an is possible 9 8 m sy/ematic "w1 b ! same sane1 sci5tific po9t ( view is app>5t ?r\gh\t4 ,classroom ,managem5t ,clo?1 xvii #ccb pages1 #a4be ,?is book consid]s ! problems t are consequ5t ^u ! mass+ ( *ildr5 toge!r = purposes ( in/ruction & tra9+4 ,x aims to discov] h[ ! unit-gr\p ( ! s*ool sy/em--! 8class0--c be mo/ effectively h&l$4 ,! topics commonly includ$ 9 treatises ^u s*ool managem5t receive adequate att5tion2 ! fir/ day ( s*ool2 ! me*aniz+ ( r\t9e2 ! daily programme2 discipl9e & puni%m5t2 abs5ce & t>d9ess1 etc4 ,! ,educative ,process ,clo?1 xix #ceh pages1 #a4be ,! book aims to prev5t a wa/e ( en]gy on ! 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"y tea*] by sett+ =? a sy/ematic & compreh5sive view ( ! task t is to be accompli%$ by ! s*ool1 ) ! work+ pr9ciples = ! atta9m5t ( ! end4 ,! be/ idea = ! au?or's plan ( treatm5t c be _h f 8 division ( ! book4 ,"p ,i discusses ! function ( education & ( ! s*ool 9 biological & sociological t]ms4 ,"p ,,ii cont9ues ! same topic f ! psy*ological /&po9t4 ,"p ,,iii deals ) ! function+ ( exp]i5ce 9 its relation to ! educative process4 ,"p ,,iv treats ( ! relation ( education to ! ?ree p]iods ( *ild-developm5t3 ! transitional1 ! =mative1 ! adolesc5t4 ,"p ,v consid]s educational values & ! necessity ( ideals 9 ! educative process1 & ,"p ,,vi concludes ) ! te*nique ( tea*+4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,"s hyph5s 9 words h be5 sil5tly remov$1 "s add$1 :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,pg #fi3 #8a s+e problem' replac$ by #8a s+le problem'4 ,pg #aac3 #8,pr(esson ,johnson' replac$ by #8,pr(essor ,johnson'4 ,pg #acf3 #8f9d situtions' replac$ by #8f9d situations'4 ,pg #aej3 #8actally dem&$' replac$ by #8actually dem&$'4 ,pg #ahi3 #80 com=mable' replac$ by #80 con=mable'4 ,pg #bcf3 #8g5u9e motive' replac$ by #8g5u9e motives'4 ,pg #bdd3 #8,i4 ,ab/ract4' replac$ by #8,,ii4 ,ab/ract4'4 ,pg #beh3 ,! note #8,footnotes on opposite page4' has be5 remov$ f ! bottom ( ,,table ,,iii4 ,pg #bfj3 #8,,xxii' 7fir/ r[ 9 ! table7 replac$ by #8,,xxiii'4 ,pg #bgb3 #8,syntax ( etymology' replac$ by #8,syntax or etymology'4 ,pg #bgc3 #8c4' ins]t$ 9 front ( #8,! ,influ5ce ( !'4