,,hand-,,book ,,of ,,punctuation1 ,,with ,,instructions ,,for ,,capitalization1 ,,letter-,,writing1 ,,and ,,proof-,,reading1 ,,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,cocker1 ,a4 ,m4 ,illustration ,a4 ,s4 ,,barnes ,,co41 ,,new ,,york1 ,,chicago1 ,,and ,,new ,,orleans4 #ahgh4 ,copyright1 #ahgh1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,cocker4 ,,preface4 ,as the pronunciation of words is determined by the usage of the best speakers1 so1 in a great measure1 the punctuation of sentences is based on the usage of the best writers4 ,recognizing this fact1 the author has aimed1-- #a4 ,to state such general rules as are recognized by most writers of good ,english4 #b4 ,to illustrate these rules by examples taken from many of our best ,english classics4 #c4 ,to give some of the differences in usage that exist even among the best of writers4 ,it is frequently asserted that even good writers differ so much in their use of punctuation marks that it is impossible to lay down any general rules1 and that it is better for each one to consult his own taste and judgment4 ,with equal reason it might be said that inasmuch as good speakers1 and even lexicographers1 differ in the pronunciation of words1 therefore each speaker should make his own taste and judgment the standard for correct pronunciation4 ,a writer's mode of expressing his thoughts will determine the character and number of the punctuation marks that he uses1 and it is chiefly owing to this that even good writers differ somewhat in punctuating what they have written4 ,there are some rules that are invariable under all circumstances2 the use of others depends on the mental characteristics of the writer2 and there are still other rules1 the application of which is determined by the writer's taste alone4 ,by gestures1 tones of voice1 oratorical pauses1 emphasis1 and in various ways1 a speaker can make his meaning clear to his listeners2 and so a writer should certainly use all the aids which punctuation1 capitals1 and italics afford1 in presenting clearly what he has written for the perusal of others4 ,business men1 however1 seem to think that they are not amenable to the rules that govern good writers4 ,they affirm that they have no time to punctuate their letters1 and yet they subject others to the necessity of expending time and patience in trying to make out their meaning4 ,serious misunderstandings have arisen between business men1 in consequence of the omission or incorrect use of punctuation marks1 and expensive lawsuits have originated in the careless punctuation of legal instruments4 ,very little attention is paid in our public schools to punctuation1 and the rules usually given in ,english ,composition are either disregarded or not properly understood4 ,this may1 perhaps1 be accounted for by the fact that the rules are wanting in clearness1 and are not sufficiently illustrated by examples4 ,the aim of this volume is to remedy1 in some measure1 these evils1 and to secure more attention to what ought to be a prominent part of school instruction4 ,the evils of bad punctuation are really more serious than the evils of bad spelling1 and no student can be said to have learned to read well1 much less to write well1 who has not studied punctuation intelligently4 ,we would suggest that this hand-book be used at ,rhetorical ,exercises1 and that when essays1 orations1 criticisms1 c41 are handed to the teacher for correction1 he should use a red or a blue pencil1 so that corrections may be the more readily recognized4 ,besides the corrections in grammar1 spelling1 c41 he should be careful to supply punctuation marks when needed1 cross out needless ones1 and1 of course1 make such other corrections as may be necessary4 ,when the productions are returned to the pupils1 the teacher should first point out the necessity of using certain marks1 in order to define and bring out the meaning1 and to show the relation between the different members of a sentence4 ,having thus shown the need of punctuation marks1 then reference should be made to some of the simpler rules1 to impress this need on the mind4 ,great care should be taken not to perplex the mind with too many rules before the necessity is created for their use4 ,the great difficulty in the study of punctuation has been that many rules are committed to memory before the need of their use has arisen1 so that the mind is perplexed and bewildered instead of enlightened4 ,the rule1 it must be remembered1 does not create the necessity2 the necessity creates the rule4 ,then1 again1 we think a great mistake is made by having the beginner punctuate what some one else has written4 ,the better plan is for the pupil1 at the very outset1 to punctuate what he himself has composed1 and in his effort to bring out his own meaning clearly1 he will1 with the aid of a few rules1 almost intuitively fall into the habit of punctuating correctly4 ,the following suggestions may be of service3-- #a4 ,do not give a pupil a rule to learn1 unless it is clearly founded upon examples taken from what he himself has written4 #b4 ,take1 at first1 the simplest1 most frequently used1 and most readily understood rules4 #c4 ,advance slowly1 remembering that a few simple principles clearly understood1 are of much more practical benefit than a number of misty rules hastily committed to memory4 ,in the preparation of this hand-book1 the author is under obligations to various authorities1 but he is more especially indebted to ,wilson's 8,treatise on ,punctuation40 ,w4 ,j4 ,,cocker4 ,,adrian1 ,mich41 ,dec4 #bf1 #ahgg4 ,illustration ,table of ,contents4 ,i4 ,,punctuation pp4 #a-ec ,,ii4 ,,capitals 0 #ed-gj ,,iii4 ,,letter-,,forms 0 #ga-ajj ,,iv4 ,,proof-,,reading 0 #aja-aad ,illustration ,illustration3 ,punctuation4 ,introduction4 ,the principal punctuation marks are1-- #a4 ,the ,comma 1 #b4 ,the ,semicolon 2 #c4 ,the ,colon 3 #d4 ,the ,period 4 ,the comma indicates a somewhat close relationship between the parts of a sentence2 the semicolon1 a more distant relationship2 the colon indicates that the parts are almost independent of each other2 the period marks the close of a sentence1 and indicates that a thought is complete4 ,in simple sentences1 when the words are closely united together1 and the relationship of the words to each other is readily perceived1 there is usually no need of any punctuation marks1 except a period at the close4 ,it should always be borne in mind that punctuation marks are used primarily to assist in bringing out the meaning of the writer1 and not to embellish a written or a printed page4 ,in sentences made up of parts that are closely related to each other1 but1 at the same time1 distinct in character1 commas should be used4 ,they are way-marks for the accommodation of the reader4 ,a production unpunctuated presents as dreary a prospect to the reader1 as the level plain of ,chalda presents to the perplexed traveler who has lost himself among the sandy mounds on the banks of the ,euphrates1 and has nothing by which to direct his course4 ,when the different parts of a sentence are somewhat disconnected1 and not closely related to each other1 a semicolon or colon should be used4 ,sentences are sometimes very long and complicated4 ,it is then necessary to separate the main divisions by semicolons1 and the smaller by commas4 ,sometimes the smaller parts of a sentence are separated by commas and semicolons1 and the main divisions by colons4 ,the other marks in use are1-- #a4 ,the ,interrogation ,point 8 #b4 ,the ,exclamation ,point 6 #c4 ,the ,dash -- #d4 ,marks of ,parenthesis 7 7 #e4 ,brackets #f4 ,quotation ,marks 8 #8 ' 0 #g4 ,the ,apostrophe ' #h4 ,the ,hyphen - #i4 ,miscellaneous marks4 ,,the ,,comma4 ,,introductory ,,remarks4 ,in order to properly understand some of the rules that are given in the following pages1 it is absolutely necessary to have a clear understanding of the difference between a sentence and a clause4 ,a sentence is a combination of words expressing a complete thought1 and usually followed by a period2 a clause is a distinct part of a sentence4 ,some sentences are simple in form1 and have but one subject and one finite verb2 as1 8,language is part of a man's character40--,coleridge4 ,other sentences are made up of clauses1 each clause having a subject and a verb2 in other words1 several clauses are sometimes joined together to form one sentence2 as1 8,new forms of beauty start at once into existence1 and all the burial places of the memory give up their dead40--,macaulay4 ,it will be easily seen that clauses will be more readily recognized with the eye1 and more easily comprehended1 if they are separated from each other by punctuation marks4 ,this will be especially so1 if the clauses are long4 ,in preparing this hand-book1 the aim has been to avoid1 as much as possible1 the use of technical terms4 ,whenever such terms are used1 explanations will usually be found under the head of ,remarks4 ,,rule ,i4 ,independent ,clauses4--,independent clauses should be separated from each other by commas4 ,,examples4 8,savage was discomposed by the intrusion or omission of a comma1 and he would lament an error of a single letter as a great calamity40--,dr4 ,johnson4 8,man wants but little here below1 ,nor wants that little long40--,goldsmith4 8,take short views1 hope for the best1 and trust in ,god40--,sydney ,smith4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,an independent clause is one that is not dependent on any other clause for the completion of its meaning2 as1 ,take short views hope for the best and trust in ,god4 ,independent clauses are frequently connected by and1 or1 nor1 but4 #b4 ,when the clauses are short and closely united1 the comma may be omitted2 as1 8,death had lost its terrors and pleasure its charms40 #c4 ,when the clauses are long and divided into smaller portions by commas1 they should be separated from each other by semicolons4 ,see ,rule ,i4 p4 #bc4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,dependent ,clauses4--,dependent clauses should be separated from each other by commas4 ,,examples4 8,if a man does not make new acquaintances as he advances through life1 he will soon find himself left alone4 ,a man1 ,sir1 should keep his friendship in constant repair40--,dr4 ,johnson4 8,when ,dr4 ,franklin wished to gain his enemy1 he asked him to do him a favor40 8,clap an extinguisher upon your irony1 if you are unhappily blest with a vein of it40--,lamb4 8,although we seldom followed advice1 we were all ready enough to ask it40--,goldsmith4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,a clause is said to be dependent1 when it depends on some other clause to complete its meaning2 as1 ,when ,dr4 ,johnson wished to gain his enemy he asked him to do him a favor4 ,the first clause of this sentence would not be complete in meaning without the second4 ,dependent clauses usually commence with if1 when1 since1 because1 until1 c4 #b4 ,when clauses are closely connected1 the comma may be omitted2 as1 ,mozart published some music when seven years of age4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,relative ,clauses4--#a4 ,a relative clause should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma4 #b4 ,but the comma should be omitted1 when the relative clause is so closely connected with what precedes that it cannot be dropped without destroying the sense4 ,,examples4 #a4 8,men in a corner1 who have the unhappiness of conversing too little with present things40--,swift4 8,the waters are nature's storehouse1 in which she locks up her wonders40--,izaak ,walton4 8,he had on a coat made of that cloth called thunder-and-lightning1 which1 though grown too short1 was much too good to be thrown away40--,goldsmith4 #b4 8,althworthy here betook himself to those pleasing slumbers which a heart that hungers after goodness is apt to enjoy when thoroughly satisfied40--,fielding4 8,a man who is good for making excuses is good for nothing else40--,dr4 ,franklin4 8,like ,csar1 ,cortes wrote his own commentaries in the heart of the stirring scenes which form the subject of them40--,prescott4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,relative clauses are generally introduced by the relative pronouns who1 which1 that1 or what4 #b4 ,a comma should be placed before the relative clause1 even when it is necessary to complete the meaning of the antecedent1-- a4 ,when the relative is immediately followed by a word or an expression inclosed in commas2 as1 8,as a man1 he may not have deserved the admiration which he received from those1 who1 bewitched by his fascinating society1 worshiped him nightly in his favorite temple at ,button's40--,macaulay4 b4 ,when the relative has several antecedents that are separated from each other by commas2 as1 8,all those arts1 rarities1 and inventions1 which vulgar minds gaze at1 the ingenious pursue1 and all admire1 are but the relics of an intellect defaced with sin and time40--,south4 #c4 ,the words of which are sometimes preceded by a comma1 even when they are necessary to complete the meaning of the antecedent3 as1 8,his mind was formed of those firm materials1 of which nature formerly hammered out the ,stoic1 and upon which the sorrows of no man living could make an impression40--,fielding4 ,,rule ,,iv4 ,parenthetical ,words and ,phrases4 ,when single words and phrases break the connection between closely related parts of a sentence1 they should usually be separated by commas from the rest of the sentence4 #a4 ,words used parenthetically1-- therefore1 indeed1 perhaps1 namely1 finally1 consequently1 however1 moreover1 nevertheless1 c4 #b4 ,phrases used parenthetically1-- in short1 in truth1 of course1 in fact1 in a word1 you know1 in reality1 no doubt1 as it were1 c4 ,,examples4 #a4 8,as an orator1 indeed1 he was not magnetic or inspiring40--,g4 ,w4 ,curtis4 8,there is1 perhaps1 no surer mark of folly1 than to attempt to correct the natural infirmities of those we love40--,fielding4 8,there is1 however1 a limit at which forbearance ceases to be a virtue40--,burke4 #b4 8,i had grown to my desk1 as it were1 and the wood had entered my soul40--,lamb4 8,in short1 he is a memorable instance of what has been often observed1 that the boy is the man in miniature40--,boswell4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,words and phrases are said to be used parenthetically1 when they obstruct1 as it were1 the flow of the sentence1 and might be dropped without destroying the sense4 #b4 ,whenever parenthetical words and phrases readily coalesce with the rest of the sentence1 it is better to omit punctuation marks2 as1 8,i am therefore exceedingly unwilling that anything1 however slight1 which my illustrious friend thought it worth while to express1 with any degree of point1 should perish40--,boswell4 #c4 ,a distinction should be made between words used parenthetically1 and adverbs qualifying particular words2 as1 8,and with learning was united a mild and liberal spirit1 too often wanting in the princely colleges of ,oxford40--,macaulay4 8,that1 too1 has its eminent service40--,burke4 ,,rule ,v4 ,parenthetical ,expressions4--,expressions of a parenthetical character should be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas4 ,,examples4 8,she was tumbled early1 by accident or design1 into a spacious closet of good old ,english reading1 without much selection or prohibition1 and browsed at will upon that fair and wholesome pasturage40--,lamb4 8,he ,sheridan who1 in less than thirty years afterward1 held senates enchained by his eloquence and audiences fascinated by his wit1 was1 by common consent both of parent and preceptor1 pronounced a most impenetrable dunce40--,moore4 8,it is clear that ,addison's serious attention1 during his residence at the university1 was almost entirely concentrated on ,latin poetry40--,macaulay4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,a distinction should be made between parenthetical words and parenthetical expressions4 a4 ,parenthetical words can be omitted without destroying the sense4 ,see examples under ,rule ,,iv4 b4 ,parenthetical expressions obstruct the flow of the sentence1 but can not be omitted without either destroying the sense1 or changing the meaning intended to be conveyed4 ,see examples given above4 #b4 ,when parenthetical expressions are short1 or closely connected with the rest of the sentence1 it is better to omit punctuation marks4 #c4 ,writers differ very much in omitting or using commas in parenthetical expressions4 ,it is sometimes immaterial whether punctuation marks are used or not1 but1 in many cases1 there are few rules so well adapted to bring out the meaning of the writer4 ,,rule ,,vi4 ,inverted ,expressions4--,expressions which are not in their natural order1 are frequently separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma4 ,,examples4 8,in everything that relates to science1 ,i am a whole ,encyclopdia behind the rest of the world40--,lamb4 8,in all unhappy marriages ,i have seen1 the great cause of evil has proceeded from slight occasions40--,steele4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,the natural order of the first sentence is1 ,i am a whole ,encyclopdia behind the rest of the world in everything that relates to science4 #b4 ,when the inverted expression is closely connected with what follows1 the commas should be omitted2 as1-- 8,of ,addison's childhood we know little40--,macaulay4 8,that inward man ,i love that's lined with virtue40--,beaumont and ,fletcher4 ,,rule ,,vii4 ,short ,quotations4--,short quotations should be separated from what precedes by a comma4 ,,examples4 ,the ,italians say1 8,good company in a journey makes the way to seem shorter40 ,a writer in ,lippincott's ,magazine says1 8,it is the little courtesies that make up the sum of a happy home40 ,schiller has said1 8,men's words are ever bolder than their deeds40 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,an expression resembling a quotation should be preceded by a comma2 as1 8,therefore the question still returns1 ,what is the ,first ,principle of all things80 #b4 ,quotations and general statements introduced by that are frequently preceded by a comma2 as1 8,tacitus says of ,agricola1 that he governed his family1 which many find to be a harder task than to govern a province40--,arthur ,helps4 #c4 ,when single words or a part of a sentence are quoted1 a comma should not be used2 as1 8,his wife was a domesticated1 kind-hearted old soul1 who had come with him #8from the queen city of the world1' which1 it seemed1 was ,philadelphia40--,dickens4 #d4 ,quotation divided4 8,a man could not set his foot down10 says ,cortes1 8unless on the corpse of an ,indian40--,prescott4 #e4 ,when the quotation is a long one1 it should be preceded by a colon4 ,,rule ,,viii4 ,person or ,thing ,addressed4--,the name of the person or thing addressed1 together with its modifying words1 should be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas4 ,,examples4 8,now1 ,macaulay1 when ,i am gone1 you'll be sorry that you never heard me speak40--,sydney ,smith4 8,why1 ,romeo1 art thou mad80--,shakespeare4 8,my lords1 we are called upon1 as members of this house1 as men1 as ,christians1 to protest against such horrible barbarity60--,pitt4 ,,remark4 ,when strong emotion is expressed1 an exclamation point should be used2 as1 8,o ,hamlet6 thou hast cleft my heart in twain40--,shakespeare4 ,,rule ,,ix4 ,participial ,clauses4--,participial clauses1 having no grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence1 should be separated from what follows1 and1 if they do not commence a sentence1 from what precedes1 by commas4 ,,examples4 8,success being now hopeless1 preparations were made for a retreat40--,alison4 8,such being their general idea of the gods1 we can now easily understand the habitual tone of their feelings towards what was beautiful in nature40--,ruskin4 ,,remark4 ,being or having been is usually the sign of a participial clause4 ,,rule ,x4 ,verb ,omitted4--,when a verb1 previously used1 is omitted1 a comma usually takes its place4 ,,examples4 8,histories make men wise2 poets1 witty2 the mathematics1 subtle2 natural philosophy1 deep2 moral1 grave2 logic and rhetoric1 able to contend40--,bacon4 8,chaucer painted persons2 ,spenser1 qualities40 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when the comma takes the place of an omitted verb1 the main clauses or numbers should be separated by semicolons4 #b4 ,sometimes a comma does not take the place of an omitted verb2 as1 8,some books are to be tasted1 others to be swallowed1 and some few to be chewed and digested40--,bacon4 8,reading maketh a full man1 conference a ready man1 and writing an exact man40--,bacon4 ,,rule ,,xi4 ,appositives4--,a noun in apposition and its modifiers should be separated by commas from the rest of the sentence4 ,,examples4 8,when death1 the great ,reconciler1 has come1 it is never our tenderness we repent of but our severity40--,george ,eliot4 8,the exploits of ,mercury himself1 the god of cunning1 may be easily imagined to surpass everything achieved by profaner hands40--,leigh ,hunt4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,an appositive is a word1 placed by the side of some other word to explain or characterize it4 #b4 ,the comma should be omitted1-- a4 ,when two nouns without modifiers are in apposition2 as1 ,cicero the orator was born near ,arpinum4 ,if the sentence was1 ,cicero1 the greatest of ,roman orators1 was born near ,arpinum1 commas would be necessary4 b4 ,when a noun and a pronoun are in apposition2 as1 ,mercury himself surpassed everything achieved by profaner hands4 c4 ,when two pronouns are in apposition2 as1 ,he himself did this4 d4 ,between the parts of a person's name2 as1 ,george ,william ,curtis4 #c4 ,in annexing titles to a person's name1 whether the titles are abbreviated or written in full1 commas must be used2 as1 ,richard ,whately1 ,d4 ,d41 ,archbishop of ,dublin4 ,,rule ,,xii4 ,words in ,pairs4--,words in pairs should have a comma between each pair4 ,,examples4 8,in all the characters1 patriots and tyrants1 haters and lovers1 the frown and sneer of ,harold were discernible in an instant40--,macaulay4 8,liberty and union1 now and forever1 one and inseparable40--,webster4 ,,rule ,,xiii4 ,unconnected ,words4--,when two words1 of the same part of speech1 are not connected by a conjunction1 a comma should be placed between them4 ,,examples4 8,he had in himself a radiant1 living spring of generous and manly action40--,burke4 8,a still1 small voice40--,kings4 8,where sits our sulky1 sullen dame1 ,gathering her brows like gathering storm1 ,nursing her wrath to keep it warm40--,burns4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when two nouns1 the subjects of a verb1 are not connected by a conjunction1 a comma should be placed between the two words and also after the second2 as1 8,indignation1 expostulation1 were powerless upon him as a mist upon a rock40--,macdonald4 #b4 ,when two adjectives come together1 the first qualifying the second adjective and also the noun1 a comma should not be used2 as1 ,a beautiful white horse4 #c4 ,a word repeated for emphasis usually has a punctuation mark before and after it2 as1-- 8,water1 water1 everywhere1 ,nor any drop to drink40--,coleridge4 8,verily1 verily1 ,i say unto you1 ,he that believeth on me1 the works that ,i do shall he do also40--,john xiv4 #ab4 ,,rule ,,xiv4 ,a ,series of ,words4--#a4 ,when a series of words1 of the same part of speech1 are connected by and1 or1 nor1 they should not be separated from each other by punctuation marks4 8,the fruits and flowers and shrubs sent forth grateful perfumes40--,irving4 ,some writers place a comma before each and4 ,this1 however1 is not necessary4 #b4 ,when a conjunction is used only with the last word in the series1 a comma should be placed before the conjunction and between the other words4 ,the fruits1 flowers1 and shrubs sent forth grateful perfumes4 #c4 ,when the conjunctions are omitted1 a comma should be placed between each word and also at the end of the series4 ,the fruits1 flowers1 shrubs1 sent forth grateful perfumes4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when the last word in the series precedes only a single word1 the comma should be omitted2 as1 8,a refined1 thoughtful1 warm-hearted1 pure-souled ,englishman40 #b4 ,when two words or expressions are connected by or1 the latter explaining the former1 the explanatory word or expression should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or commas2 as1 8,the love of variety1 or curiosity of seeing new things1 which is the same1 or at least a sister passion to it1 seems woven into the frame of every son and daughter of ,adam40--,sterne4 ,,rule ,,xv4 ,phrases and ,clauses4--,phrases and clauses1 either with or without conjunctions1 having a mutual relation to some other word in the sentence1 should be separated from each other and from what follows by commas4 ,,examples4 8,purity of style1 and an easy flow of numbers1 are common to all ,addison's ,latin poems40--,macaulay4 8,the unbought grace of life1 the chief defense of nations1 the nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enterprise1 is gone40--,burke4 8,the little that is known1 and the circumstance that little is known1 must be considered as honorable to him40--,macaulay4 8,books that you can carry to the fire1 and hold readily in your hand1 are the most useful after all40--,dr4 ,johnson4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,a phrase is one of the smaller divisions of a sentence1 and consists of two or more words4 ,apart from the rest of the sentence1 it is incomplete in meaning4 ,it does not1 like a clause1 include a subject and a verb4 #b4 ,when two brief expressions are connected by a conjunction1 it is better to omit punctuation marks2 as1 8,good company and good discourse are the very sinews of virtue40--,izaak ,walton4 #c4 ,when words and phrases form a series1 a conjunction being used only with the last phrase1 they should be separated from each other and from what follows by commas2 as1 8,virtue1 merit1 and everything that is praiseworthy1 will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery40--,addison4 ,,rule ,,xvi4 ,logical ,subject4--,when the logical subject ends with a verb1 or is separated into parts by commas1 or is unusually long1 a comma should be placed between the logical subject and the main verb4 ,,examples4 8,this imaginary promise of divine aid thus mysteriously given1 appeared to him at present in still greater progress of fulfillment40--,irving4 8,the voice of praise1 too1 coming from those to whom we had thought ourselves unknown1 has a magic about it that must be felt to be understood40--,charles ,lever4 8,those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them1 are not without their secret anguish40--,addison4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,the logical subject consists of the name of the person or thing1 of which something is affirmed1 together with its modifying words4 ,it is 8the subject according to the real meaning or logic of the sentence40 #b4 ,some writers always place a comma before the verb1 when its subject consists of many words4 ,,rule ,,xvii4 ,contrasted ,expressions4--,contrasted expressions or comparisons should be separated by a comma4 ,,examples4 8,of the other two men1 one was a species of giant1 the other a sort of dwarf40--,hugo4 8,the more ,i reflected upon it1 the more important it appeared40--,goldsmith4 8,as the hart panteth after the water brooks1 so panteth my soul after thee1 ,o ,god40--,psalms4 8,master books1 but do not let them master you4 ,read to live1 not live to read40--,bulwer4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when the comparison is short and the words closely connected1 the comma may be omitted4 #b4 ,when so--that1 so--as1 rather--than1 more--than1 connect expressions1 the comma is usually omitted2 as1 8,ingratitude never so thoroughly pierces the human heart as when it proceeds from those in whose behalf we have been guilty of transgression40--,fielding4 ,when1 however1 the expressions themselves are divided into smaller parts by commas1 or are unusually long1 they should be separated by a comma2 as1-- 8,so over-violent1 or over-civil1 ,that every man with him was ,god or ,devil40--,dryden4 #c4 ,when two short expressions are united by as or than1 a comma should not be used2 as1-- 8,he knew what's what1 and that's as high ,as metaphysic wit can fly40--,butler4 ,when1 however1 the expressions are long1 it is better to use a comma2 as1 8,i have no more pleasure in hearing a man attempting wit and failing1 than in seeing a man trying to leap over a ditch and tumbling into it40--,dr4 ,johnson4 #d4 ,when the first expression is negative and the other affirmative1 a comma should be placed between the expressions and before the negative word1 if it does not commence a sentence2 as1 8,the world generally gives its admiration1 not to the man who does what nobody else even attempts to do1 but to the man who does best what multitudes do well40--,macaulay4 ,if1 however1 a finite verb immediately precedes the negative word1 the comma should be omitted2 as1 8,our greatest glory is not in never falling1 but in rising every time we fall40--,confucius4 ,,rule ,,xviii4 ,numeral ,figures4--,arabic numbers should be separated into periods of three figures each1 commencing at the right4 ,,example4 #b1eji1iji1def4 ,,remark4 ,dates should not be separated into periods2 as1 #ahgg4 ,,rule ,,xix4 ,expressions at the ,end of ,sentences4--,it is frequently necessary1 at the end of a sentence1 to separate an expression beginning with a preposition from the rest of the sentence1 in order to avoid ambiguity4 ,,examples4 8,he trudged along1 unknowing what he sought1 ,and whistled as he went1 for want of thought40--,dryden4 8,angling is always to be considered as a stick and a string1 with a fly at one end and a fool at the other40--,swift4 ,,general ,,remark4 ,a comma should always be used1 when it aids in bringing out the meaning of the writer1 or in avoiding ambiguity4 ,,the ,,semicolon4 ,,rule ,i4 ,long ,sentences4--,when the smaller divisions of sentences are separated by commas1 the main divisions should be separated by semicolons4 ,,examples4 8,sheridan1 ,pitt1 and ,fox all drank hard and worked hard2 they were all great in the councils of the nation1 but not one could rule his own household40--,london ,athenum4 8,stiff in opinions1 always in the wrong2 ,was every thing by starts1 and nothing long40--,dryden4 8,nor is it always in the most distinguished achievements that men's virtues or vices may be best discerned2 but very often an action of small note1 a short saying1 or a jest1 shall distinguish a person's real character more than the greatest sieges1 or the most important battles40--,plutarch4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,expressions ,complete in ,themselves4--,short expressions1 complete in themselves but slightly connected in meaning1 may be separated by semicolons4 ,,examples4 8,we do not want precepts so much as patterns2 an example is the softest and least invidious way of commanding40--,pliny4 8,it is a beautiful thing to model a statue and give it life2 to mould an intelligence and instil truth therein is still more beautiful40--,hugo4 8,there are on every subject a few leading and fixed ideas2 their tracks may be traced by your own genius as well as by reading40--,sheridan4 ,,remark4 ,when as introduces an example1 a semicolon should be placed before and a comma after it4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,series of ,expressions4--,when several clauses follow each other in succession1 having a common dependence on some part of the sentence1 they should be separated from each other by semicolons1 and from the clause on which they depend1 by a comma4 ,,example4 8,if such men will make a firm and solemn pause1 and meditate dispassionately on its importance2 if they will contemplate it in all its attributes1 and trace it to all its consequences1 they will not hesitate to part with trivial objections to a constitution1 the rejection of which would1 in all probability1 put a final period to the ,union40--,hamilton4 ,,remark4 ,commas may be used instead of semicolons1 when the clauses are short2 as1 8,when public bodies are to be addressed on momentous occasions1 when great interests are at stake1 and strong passions excited1 nothing is valuable in speech farther than it is connected with high intellectual and moral endowments40--,webster4 ,,general ,,remark4 ,when the members of a sentence seem to be loosely connected1 they are frequently separated by semicolons4 ,,examples4 8,honest name is goodly2 but he that hunteth only for that1 is like him that hath rather seem warm than be warm40--,sir ,thomas ,wyatt4 8,some blemishes may undoubtedly be detected in his character2 but the more carefully it is examined1 the more will it appear sound in the noble parts40--,macaulay4 ,some writers use commas in the examples given above in preference to semicolons1 and usage varies so much among our best writers that it is impossible to lay down a general rule that will be applicable in all cases4 ,if it is desirable to indicate a somewhat close connection between the members of a sentence1 a comma should be used2 if the connection is slight1 it is better to use a semicolon4 ,,the ,,colon4 ,,rule ,i4 ,long ,sentences4--,when the smaller divisions of sentences are separated by semicolons1 the main divisions should be separated by a colon4 ,,examples4 8,emulation is a dangerous passion to encourage1 in some points1 in young men2 it is so linked with envy3 if you reproach your son for not surpassing his school-fellows1 he will hate those who are before him40--,sheridan4 8,a man over ninety is a great comfort to all his elderly neighbors3 he is a picket-guard at the extreme outpost2 and the young folks of sixty and seventy feel that the enemy must get by him before he can come near the camp40--,o4 ,w4 ,holmes4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,a ,quotation4--,a colon should precede a long quotation4 ,if1 however1 the quotation is short1 it is better to use a comma4 ,,examples4 ,socrates recommended to one of his disciples the following prayer3 8,o ,jupiter1 give us those things which are good for us1 whether they are such things as we pray for1 or such things as we do not pray for2 and remove from us those things which are hurtful1 though they are such things as we pray for40 ,when the ,earl of ,dudley took leave of ,sydney ,smith1 on going from ,london to ,yorkshire1 he said3 8,you have been laughing at me constantly1 ,sydney1 for the last seven years1 and yet1 in all that time1 you never said a single thing to me that ,i wished unsaid40 ,,remark4 #a4 ,when the quotation is long1 or it begins a new paragraph1 a dash is frequently placed after the colon4 #b4 ,when a direct quotation is introduced into the middle of a sentence1 a comma should be used2 as1 8,he was surprised1 but replied1 #8,i am not the king1 he is there1' pointing at the same time to a different part of the hall40--,lingard4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,enumeration of ,particulars4--,a colon should precede an enumeration of particulars1 when they are formally introduced by thus1 following1 as follows1 this1 these1 c4 ,,examples4 8,we hold these truths to be self-evident3 that all men are created equal2 that they are endowed by their ,creator with inalienable rights3 that among these are life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness40--,jefferson4 8,the penalty is graduated thus3 the mildest1 confiscation2 the moderate1 closing the shop2 the severest1 exposure40--,lippincott's ,magazine4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when the particulars are preceded by a colon1 they are usually separated from each other by semicolons1 as in the examples given above4 #b4 ,if the particulars are not introduced by thus1 following1 c41 they should be preceded by a semicolon2 as1 8,grammar is divided into four parts2 ,orthography1 ,etymology1 ,syntax1 and ,prosody40 #c4 ,when the particulars are preceded by a semicolon1 they are usually separated from each other by commas4 #d4 ,sometimes a comma and dash are used instead of a semicolon2 as1 8,grammar is divided into four parts1--,orthography1 ,etymology1 ,syntax1 and ,prosody40 ,,general ,,remark4 ,the colon is used by some writers to separate short expressions that are complete in themselves1 but slightly connected in meaning4 ,,examples4 8,but men are men3 the best sometimes forget40--,shakespeare4 8,it the ,seine is the wash-tub and summer bath-tub of its citizens2 it was the birthplace of ,paris1 and it is too often the grave of her children40--,lippincott's ,magazine4 ,if a conjunction is used1 it is better to use a semicolon2 as1-- 8,she cannot separate her name from his without lessening it2 for it is equally incrusted with his greatness as with his faults40--,lamartine4 ,she cannot separate her name from his without lessening it3 it is equally incrusted with his greatness as with his faults4 ,the colon is not as commonly used as formerly4 ,a semicolon would be preferred by very many writers in all sentences similar to the examples given above4 ,see ,rule ,,ii4 p4 #bc4 ,,the ,,period4 ,,rule ,i4 ,complete ,sentences4--,a period should be placed at the end of a sentence1 when it is complete in meaning and construction1 and is declarative or imperative in its nature4 ,,examples4 8,swift boasted that he was never known to steal a hint40--,macaulay4 8,but evil is wrought by want of thought1 ,as well as want of heart40--,hood4 8,it is a great evil not to be able to bear an evil40--,bion4 ,,remark4 ,a period should always be placed after the title of an essay1 oration1 after a signature1 an address of a person1 c4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,abbreviations4--,a period should be used after every abbreviation4 ,,examples4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,a4 ,jones4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,miller4 ,mrs4 ,t4 ,s4 ,applegate4 ,miss ,hattie ,e4 ,knapp4 ,esq41 ,esquire4 ,jan41 ,january4 ,mich41 ,michigan4 ,hon41 ,honorable4 ,pro tem41 for the time being4 ,ans41 ,answer4 ,d4 ,d41 ,doctor of ,divinity4 ,b4 ,c41 before ,christ4 ,rev41 ,reverend4 ,p41 page2 pp41 pages4 ,pres41 ,president4 ,rec4 ,sec41 ,recording ,secretary4 ,n4 ,y41 ,new ,york4 ,a4 ,d41 in the year of our ,lord4 ,a4 ,m41 ,master of ,arts4 ,m4 ,c41 ,member of ,congress4 ,no41 in number1 number4 ,co41 ,county4 c4 or etc41 and so forth4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,it should be remembered that the period thus used1 simply indicates an abbreviation1 and that punctuation marks are to be used1 in addition to the period1 when required4 ,when a word1 written in full1 requires a punctuation mark after it1 the same punctuation mark should be used after the word1 when it is abbreviated2 as1 ,adrian1 ,michigan1 ,january #e1 #ahgg2 ,adrian1 ,mich41 ,jan4 #e1 #ahgg4 #b4 ,some proper names are not abbreviations1 and consequently a period should not be used2 as1 ,ben ,jonson1 ,fred ,knapp4 ,when ,ben4 stands for ,benjamin1 and ,fred4 for ,frederick1 a period should be used4 #c4 ,when numerals are represented by the letters of the alphabet1 periods are placed after them2 as1 ,gen4 vii4 #a1 #g1 #h4 #d4 ,in numbering pages1 no mark should be placed after #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 c4 #e4 ,when a letter1 used as an abbreviation1 is doubled to indicate the plural1 the period should be placed after the last letter2 as1 pp4 for pages1 ,,ll4 ,d4 for ,doctor of ,laws4 #f4 ,in abbreviating words1 sometimes the first letters are used1 sometimes the first and last1 and sometimes the first and some letter near the middle of the word2 as1 ,ala4 for ,alabama1 ,chas4 for ,charles1 ,wm4 for ,william1 ,,ms4 for manuscript4 #g4 ,a list of abbreviations will be found at the close of any good dictionary4 ,,interrogation ,,point4 ,,rule ,i4 ,direct ,question4--,a direct question must be followed by an interrogation point4 ,,examples4 8,who ever knew truth put to the worse1 in a free and open encounter80--,milton4 8,are you good men and true80--,shakespeare4 ,,exclamation ,,point4 ,,rule ,i4 ,strong ,emotion4--,the exclamation point is used after expressions denoting strong emotion4 ,,examples4 8,discipline of mind6 say rather starvation1 confinement1 torture1 annihilation40--,macaulay4 8,my valor is certainly going6 it is sneaking off6 ,i feel it oozing out1 as it were1 at the palms of my hands40--,sheridan4 8,how sharper than a serpent's tooth it is ,to have a thankless child60--,shakespeare4 ,,remark4 ,to express an unusual degree of emotion1 more than one exclamation point may be used4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,interjections4--,all interjections except ,o may be followed by an exclamation point4 ,,examples4 8,but1 alas6 to make me ,the fixed figure of the time1 for scorn ,to point his slow unmoving finger at40--,shakespeare4 8,oh6 blessed temper1 whose unclouded ray ,can make to-morrow cheerful as to-day40--,pope4 8,o thou invisible spirit of wine1 if thou hast no name to be known by1 let us call thee devil60--,shakespeare4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when the connection between the interjection and what follows is very close1 it is sometimes better to put the exclamation point at the end of the sentence2 as1-- 8,oh for that ancient spirit ,which curbed the ,senate's will60--,macaulay4 #b4 ,when it is desirable to express strong feeling through-out an entire sentence1 the exclamation point should be placed at the end2 as1-- 8,ho1 trumpets1 sound a war-note6 ,ho1 lictors1 clear the way60--,macaulay4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,address4--,expressions of address1 when emphatic1 may be followed by an exclamation point4 ,,examples4 8,lord6 what music hast thou provided for the saints in heaven1 when thou affordest bad men such music music of the nightingale on earth40--,izaak ,walton4 8,hail1 candle-light6 without disparagement to sun or moon1 the kindest luminary of the three40--,lamb4 8,sweet ,auburn6 loveliest village of the plain40--,goldsmith4 8,ah6 happy years6 once more who would not be a boy40--,byron4 ,,the ,,dash4 ,,rule ,i4 ,broken ,sentences4--,when a sentence is broken off abruptly1 or there is an unexpected change in the sentiment1 or hesitation is to be indicated1 a dash should be used4 ,,examples4 ,prince4--8,i tell you what1 my cousin ,buckingham1--0 ,buck4--8,what1 my gracious lord80--,shakespeare4 8,i only feel--,farewell--,farewell60--,byron4 8,you will think me foolish2--but--but--may it not be that some invisible angel has been attracted by the simplicity and good faith with which our children set about their undertaking8 ,may he not have spent an hour of his immortality in playing with those dear little souls80--,hawthorne4 8,men will wrangle for religion2 write for it2 fight for it2 die for it2 anything but--live for it40--,colton4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,concluding ,clause4--,when several expressions follow each other in succession1 having a common dependence on the concluding part of the sentence1 a dash is frequently placed before the clause on which they depend4 ,,examples4 8,if you think it a crime in this writer that his language has not been braided and festooned as elegantly as it might be2 that he has not pinched the miserable plaits of his phraseology1 nor placed his patches and feathers with that correctness of millinery which became him1--then find a civil and obliging verdict against the printer60--,curran4 8,to foster industry1 to promote union1 to cherish religious peace1--these were the honest purposes of ,lord ,baltimore during his long supremacy40--,bancroft4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,a dash is sometimes used to give prominence or emphasis to an emphatic conclusion2 as1 8,fortune1 friends1 kindred1 home1--all were gone40--,prescott4 #b4 ,when such words as namely1 that is1 c41 are omitted1 a dash is sometimes used2 as1 8,many actions1 like the ,rhone1 have two sources1--one pure1 and the other impure40--,hare4 #c4 ,when a word or an expression is repeated for emphasis1 a dash should be placed before it2 as1 8,it is this1 ,i conjure ,your ,lordships1 for your honor1 for the honor of the nation1 for the honor of human nature1 now intrusted to your care1--it is this duty that the ,commons of ,england1 speaking through us1 claims at your hands40--,sheridan4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,subjects4--,when the subject of a general statement1 or the subject of a quotation1 is in the same paragraph with the subject-matter1 a dash should separate the subject from what follows4 ,,examples4 ,the ,bible4--8,a person who professes to be a critic in the niceties of the ,english language ought to have the ,bible at his fingers' ends40--,macaulay4 ,letter-,writing4--8,common interests are necessary to give permanent stability to epistolary connections4 ,we may love a man dearly1 and yet find no time to write ten lines to him40--,from the ,german of ,rudolph ,lindau4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,a subject is a word or expression about which some statement is made4 #b4 ,a dash should be placed between a quotation and the author from whom the quotation is taken4 #c4 ,when a question and an answer are in the same paragraph1 a dash is frequently inserted between the two2 as1 8,saw you my lord80--8,no1 lady40 #d4 ,when as1 thus1 as follows1 c41 introduce an example or a quotation1 a dash should be placed after the comma or colon1 if what follows commences a new paragraph2 as1-- 8,all we possess1 and use not on the road1 ,adds to the burden we must bear40--,goethe4 ,,rule ,,iv4 ,letters or ,figures ,omitted4--,when letters or figures are omitted1 a dash should be used to indicate the omission4 ,,examples4 8,why1 to comfort me1 must ,alice ,wn be a goblin80--,lamb4 ,mark xi4 #a-aj4 ,gen4 v4 #c-i4 ,,remark4 #c-i is equivalent to #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,,general ,,remark4 ,the dash is frequently used to give prominence or emphasis to an expression4 ,,examples4 8,in the quiet air1 there was a sound of distant singing1--shepherd voices40--,dickens4 8,wealth has its temptations1--so has power40--,robertson4 8,the poorest man may in his cottage bid defiance to all the force of the crown4 ,it may be frail2 its roof may shake2 the wind may blow through it2 the storms may enter1 the rains may enter1--but the king of ,england cannot enter6 all his forces dare not cross the threshold of the ruined tenement40--,pitt4 ,,rule ,v4 ,parenthesis4--,two dashes are sometimes used instead of the usual marks of parenthesis4 ,,examples4 8,a yellow claw--the very same that had clawed together so much wealth--poked itself out of the coach window1 and dropt some copper coins upon the ground40--,hawthorne4 8,jackson--the omniscient ,jackson he was called--was of this period4 ,he had the reputation of possessing more multifarious knowledge than any man of his time40--,lamb4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when the sentence1 without the parenthesis1 would require a comma where the dashes are used1 each dash should be preceded by a comma2 as1 8,see that aged couple1--a sad sight1 truly1--,john ,proctor1 and his wife ,elizabeth40--,hawthorne4 #b4 ,if the parenthetical expression is a question or expresses emotion1 an interrogation or an exclamation point should be placed before the second dash2 as1 8,the laurel of the hero--alas for humanity that it should be so6--grows best on the battle field40 ,,marks ,,of ,,parenthesis4 ,,rule ,i4 ,parenthesis4--,when an expression breaks the connection between the different parts of a sentence1 and might be omitted without affecting the sense or the construction1 it should be inclosed in parenthetical marks4 ,,examples4 8,of all sound of all bells 7bells1 the music nighest bordering heaven7 most solemn and touching is the peal which rings out the ,old ,year40--,lamb4 8,the tuneful ,nine 7so sacred legends tell7 ,first waked their heavenly lyre these scenes to tell60--,campbell4 8,their intellectual wardrobe 7to confess fairly7 has few whole pieces in it40--,lamb4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when parenthetical marks are used1 it is sometimes necessary to use additional marks4 a4 ,when the sentence1 without the parenthesis1 requires a punctuation mark where the parenthetical marks are used1 the punctuation mark should be placed after the last mark of the parenthesis2 as1-- 8,know then this truth 7enough for man to know71 #8,virtue alone is happiness below4'0--,pope4 b4 ,sometimes the parenthesis requires a punctuation mark before the last mark of the parenthesis2 as1 8,spill not the morning 7the quintessence of the day67 in recreations40--,thomas ,fuller4 c4 ,when a punctuation mark immediately precedes the last mark of the parenthesis1 and a punctuation mark is also needed where the parenthetical marks are used1 it should be placed before the first mark of the parenthesis2 as1 8,f4 was the most gentlemanly of oilmen4 ,he had two ,latin words almost constantly in his mouth1 7how odd sounds ,latin from an oilman's lips67 which my better knowledge since has enabled me to correct40--,lamb4 #b4 ,an interrogation point inclosed in parenthetical marks 787 implies that an assertion is doubtful4 #c4 ,an exclamation point inclosed within parenthetical marks 767 expresses irony or contempt4 #d4 ,parenthetical marks are not as frequently used as formerly1 the comma and dash being often preferred4 ,,brackets4 ,,rule ,i4 ,quoted ,passage4--,when words are inserted by another into a quoted passage1 either to correct a mistake or explain the meaning1 they should be inclosed in brackets4 ,,examples4 8,a variety of pleasing objects meet meets the eye40 8#8,my dear lady1' returned the schoolmaster ,mr4 ,graham1 #8when ,i have on good grounds made up my mind to a thing1 ,i always feel as if ,i had promised ,god to do it2 and indeed it amounts to the same thing very nearly4 ,such a resolve1 then1 is not to be unmade1 except on equally good grounds with those upon which it was made4'0--,george ,macdonald4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,punctuation marks are sometimes required1 when the brackets are used4 ,the same remarks apply to the brackets that apply to parenthetical marks4 #b4 ,in reporting speeches1 brackets are used1 when words are introduced by the reporter which do not form a part of the speech2 as1-- 8,we would have our ,union to be a union of hearts1 and we would have our ,constitution obeyed1 not merely because of force that compels obedience1 but obeyed because the people love the principles of the ,constitution long continued applause1 and to-day1 if ,i am called to the work to which ,abraham ,lincoln was called sixteen years ago1 it is under brighter skies and more favorable auspices4 ,applause4 ,i do hope1 ,i do fervently believe1 that1 by the aid of divine ,providence1 we may do something in this day of peace1 by works of peace1 towards re-establishing1 in the hearts of our countrymen1 a real1 a hearty attachment to the ,constitution as it is1 and to the ,union as it is4 ,long continued applause40--,,president ,,hayes4--,chicago ,tribune4 #c4 ,parenthetical marks are frequently used instead of brackets4 ,,quotation ,,marks4 ,,rule ,i4 ,direct ,quotation4--,when the exact words of another are given1 they should be inclosed in quotation marks4 ,,examples4 8,he had the longest tongue and the shortest temper of any man1 high or low1 ,i ever met with40--,wilkie ,collins4 ,prescott1 in his 8,conquest of ,mexico10 tells us that intemperance among the ,aztecs 8was punished in the young with death1 and in older persons with loss of rank and confiscation of property40 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when the exact words of another are not given1 quotation marks should not be used2 as1-- ,longfellow says1-- 8,deeds are better things than words are40 ,longfellow somewhere says that deeds are better than words4 #b4 ,when words are quoted from a foreign language1 they should be printed in italics1 and the quotation marks omitted2 as1 8,they have their good glebe lands in manu1 and care not much to rake into title deeds40--,lamb4 #c4 ,when words are to be italicized1 a straight mark should be drawn underneath the words4 #d4 ,when a quotation is followed by a comma1 semicolon1 colon1 or period1 the punctuation mark should be placed within the quotation marks2 as1 8,mr4 ,m',adam writes sometimes with genuine humor1 and an occasional entirely original simile shows evidence of the possession of what phrenologists call the faculty of #8comparison2' but the charm of the book is its rare perspicacity40--,harper's ,magazine4 #e4 ,when a quotation is followed by an exclamation or an interrogation point1 the punctuation mark should be placed within the quotation marks1 if it forms a part of the quotation2 as1 8,i feel almost like groaning1 when a young mother shows me some marvel of embroidery or machine-stitching1 saying triumphantly1 #8,there1 ,i did every stitch of that myself6'0--,scribner's ,monthly4 #f4 ,when a quotation is followed by an exclamation or an interrogation point1 the punctuation mark should be placed outside of the quotation marks1 if it belongs to the whole sentence and not to the quotation2 as1 8,we wonder what ,handel would have said to ,mozart's scoring of #8,i know that my ,redeemer liveth'60--,atlantic ,monthly4 8,why cannot we hear1 for instance1 the wonderful curioso1 #8,he gave his back to the smiters1' that forms the second part of the air1 #8,he was despised1' and the duet for contralto and tenor1 #8,o death where is thy sting'80--,atlantic ,monthly4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,titles of ,books4--,titles of books are generally inclosed in quotation marks4 ,,examples4 ,morris's 8,story of ,sigurd40--,scribner's ,monthly4 8,the ,mikado's ,empire40--,n4 ,a4 ,review4 8,daniel ,deronda40--,contemporary ,review4 ,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,w4 ,capes's history of 8,the ,early ,roman ,empire40--,appleton's ,journal4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,the names of magazines and papers are generally printed in italics2 as1 ,the ,atlantic1 ,n4 ,y4 ,nation1 ,fraser's ,magazine1 ,appleton's ,journal1 ,nature1 ,popular ,science ,monthly4 #b4 ,in examining ,the ,atlantic1 ,nation1 ,scribner's ,monthly1 ,harper's1 ,appleton's ,magazine1 ,lippincott's1 ,popular ,science ,monthly1 ,galaxy1 ,eclectic1 ,n4 ,a4 ,review1 ,new ,englander1 ,london ,quarterly1 ,british ,quarterly1 ,westminster ,review1 ,edinburgh ,review1 ,contemporary ,review1 ,the ,fortnightly ,review1 we find that thirteen of these use quotation marks1 and four use italics1 in referring to the titles of books2 eleven use italics1 and six use quotation marks1 in referring to magazines and papers4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,a ,quotation within a ,quotation4--,when there is a quotation within a quotation1 single marks should be used in addition to double marks4 ,,examples4 8,who was the blundering idiot who said that #8fine words butter no parsnips4' ,half the parsnips of society are served and rendered palatable with no other sauce40--,thackeray4 8,there is a small but ancient fraternity1 known as the ,order of ,gentlemen4 ,it is a grand old order4 ,a poet has said that ,christ founded it2 that he was #8the first true gentleman that ever lived4'0--,winthrop4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,sometimes the quotation within a quotation has a word or phrase that is quoted4 ,the word or phrase must be inclosed in double marks4 #b4 ,in quoting ,scripture1 it is customary to place only double marks at the beginning and end of the quotation2 as1 8,and ,jesus1 moved with compassion1 put forth his hand1 and touched him1 and saith unto him1 ,i will2 be thou clean40--,mark i4 #da4 ,,rule ,,iv4 ,paragraphs4--,when several paragraphs are quoted in succession1 double marks should be placed at the beginning of each paragraph1 and at the end of the entire quotation4 ,,example4 8,the children woke4 ,the little girl was the first to open her eyes4 8,the waking of children is like the unclosing of flowers1 a perfume seems to exhale from those fresh young souls4 ,georgette1 twenty months old1 the youngest of the three1 who was still a nursing baby in the month of ,may1 raised her little head1 sat up in her cradle1 looked at her feet1 and began to chatter4 8,a ray of morning fell across her crib2 it would have been difficult to decide which was the rosiest1 ,georgette's foot or ,aurora40--,hugo4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,a paragraph usually consists of several sentences4 ,it begins on a new line1 and is distinguished by a blank space on the left1 at the commencement of the paragraph4 #b4 ,when parts of a quotation are omitted1 use several stars to indicate the omission 799 99 99 9971 or place double marks at the beginning and end of each detached part of the quotation4 ,,the ,,apostrophe4 ,,rule ,i4 ,letters ,omitted4--,the apostrophe is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters4 ,,examples4 8,o ,marcia1 ,o my sister1 still there's hope60--,addison4 8,thou knowest 'tis common2 all1 that live1 must die1 ,passing through nature to eternity40--,shakespeare4 ,,remark4 ,the apostrophe is made like a comma1 but is placed above the line4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,possession4--,the apostrophe is used to denote possession4 ,,examples4 ,taine's 8,english ,literature40 ,rawlinson's 8,ancient ,monarchies40 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,the apostrophe and s should be used with nouns in the singular1 even when the word ends in s or x2 as1-- 8,dickens's ,works40--,appleton's ,journal4 8,cox's ,general ,history of ,greece40--,harper's ,magazine4 8,evans's observations40--,edinburgh ,review4 8,mr4 ,hayes's responsibility40--,n4 ,y4 ,nation4 ,in addition to the periodicals given above1 ,the ,atlantic1 ,scribner's ,monthly1 ,lippincott's ,magazine1 ,popular ,science ,monthly1 ,galaxy1 ,n4 ,a4 ,review1 ,london ,quarterly1 ,british ,quarterly1 ,fortnightly ,review1 use the additional s4 ,the ,westminster omits the additional s4 ,in the ,contemporary and ,edinburgh ,review1 the s is used by some writers and omitted by others4 #b4 ,in the plural of nouns1 the apostrophe and s are used to denote possession1 when the word does not end in s2 as1 men's deeds4 ,if the word ends in s1 the apostrophe only is used2 as1 my neighbors' house4 #c4 ,the apostrophe should not be used before s in ours1 yours1 hers1 theirs1 its4 ,,the ,,hyphen4 ,,rule ,i4 ,compound ,words4--,the hyphen is used to connect the parts of a compound word4 ,,examples4 8,my household-gods plant a terrible fixed foot1 and are not to be rooted up without blood40--,lamb4 8,the breezy call of incense-breathing morn40--,gray4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,a compound word is formed by placing together two simple words4 #b4 ,sometimes several words are connected together by hyphens2 as1 8,he had a lively touch-and-go-away with him1 very pleasant and engaging ,i admit40--,wilkie ,collins4 #c4 ,when a compound word comes into very general use1 the hyphen is sometimes omitted2 as1 railroad1 steamboat1 bookstore4 #d4 ,to-day1 to-night1 to-morrow1 should always be written with a hyphen4 #e4 ,when there is any doubt whether two words should be united by a hyphen or written as one word1 some standard dictionary should be consulted4 ,it will1 however1 be found that even dictionaries differ somewhat in the use and omission of the hyphen in compound words4 ,in order to preserve some uniformity in spelling and in the formation of compound words1 every writer should make either ,webster or ,worcester the final authority4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,prefixes4--,when a prefix ends in a vowel1 and the word to which it is joined commences with a vowel1 they should be separated by a hyphen4 ,,examples4 ,re-admit1 co-ordinate1 pre-existence1 pre-eminent4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,a prefix is a letter1 syllable1 or word1 placed before some word1 thus forming a new word4 #b4 ,if1 instead of two vowels1 a vowel and a consonant come together1 the prefix and the word to which it is joined should usually be written as one word2 as1 rewrite1 predetermine4 #c4 ,vice-president1 and most words with vice as a prefix1 should be written with a hyphen4 #d4 ,some writers use the diresis instead of the hyphen4 ,with prefixes it is better to use the hyphen1 but in other words containing two vowels that do not form a diphthong1 the diresis should be used2 as1 ,zology4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,division of ,words4--,when it is necessary to write part of a word at the end of a line and part at the beginning of the next line1 the division should be made at the end of a syllable1 and the parts should be connected by a hyphen1 at the end of the line4 ,,example4 8,knowledge is of two kinds4 ,we know a sub- ject ourselves1 or we know where we can find in- formation upon it40--,dr4 ,johnson4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,it is better to divide a word as near the middle as possible4 #b4 ,when two words one at the end of a line and the other at the commencement of the following line1 are separated by a punctuation mark1 it should be placed at the end of the line1 and never at the beginning4 ,,miscellaneous ,,marks4 ,i4 ,two ,commas 707 indicate that the word under which they are placed is to be repeated4 ,charles ,harrison1 ,adrian1 ,mich4 ,clinton ,hardy1 0 0 ,,ii4 ,the ,caret 77 indicates that something is written above the line that forms a part of the sentence4 ,it is only used in writing4 ,illustration ,,iii4 ,marks of ,ellipsis 7--1 444441 99 99 99 99 997 indicate the omission of letters1 words1 or sentences4 #a4 8,i was the true descendant of those old ,w--s40--,lamb4 #b4 8,i have a belief of my own1 444 that by desiring what is perfectly good1 even when we don't quite know what it is1 444 we are a part of a divine power against evil1 widening the skirts of light1 and making the struggle with darkness narrower40--,george ,eliot4 ,four words are omitted where the first dots are1 and five where the second are4 #c4 8,my lov'd1 my honour'd1 much respected friend6 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,to you ,i sing1 in simple ,scottish lays1 ,the lowly train in life's sequester'd scene1 ,the native feeling strong1 the guileless ways2 ,what ,aiken in his cottage would have been40--,burns4 ,in the above1 three lines are omitted4 ,,iv4 ,leaders 74444447 are used to indicate a connection between words at the beginning of the line and what is at the end of the line4 ,winnowed ,wheat4444444444444444444,nellie ,r4 ,luck4 ,dreams1 a ,poem4444444444444444444,octa ,e4 ,wise4 ,v4 ,in writing1 one line drawn under a word indicates that it is to be printed in italics2 two lines1 in small capitals2 three lines1 in capitals4 ,,vi4 ,marks of ,reference are used to refer to notes at the bottom of the page1 or to remarks in the margin4 ,they are the following3-- ,the ,star 79971 the ,dagger 771 the ,double ,dagger 771 the ,section 771 ,parallel ,lines 771 the ,paragraph 774 ,the above marks are given in the order in which they are used4 ,the ,paragraph 77 is also used1 in written compositions1 to denote that what follows should commence a new line4 ,illustration3 ,capitals4 ,,introduction4 ,it has been the custom among some writers to commence every important word with a capital1 so that some printed productions have fairly bristled with capitalized words2 as1-- 8,modern authors have with unwearied ,pains made many useful ,searches into the weak ,sides of the ,ancients1 and given us a comprehensive ,lift of them40--,swift4 8,there were a ,race of ,men who delighted to nibble at the ,superfluities and ,excrescences of ,books40--,swift4 ,the custom of commencing all nouns with a capital is still prevalent among the ,germans of the present day4 ,it is a somewhat interesting fact that the use and value of capitals has been subject to a rise and fall in the literary market1 written productions during some centuries abounding in them1 while in other centuries they have1 in a great measure1 been discarded1 and have become comparative strangers in ,english composition4 ,in the early part of this century1 there was a tendency to use them to an inconsiderate extent1 owing principally to ,german imitators like ,carlyle and others1 who adopted1 in a somewhat modified form1 the ,german method of capitalizing words4 ,just at present there seems to be a reaction setting in1 and there is a tendency among some of our leading publishing houses to dispense with their use as much as possible4 ,in democratic ,america1 there has always been a somewhat unreasonable fear of official titles1 and when they are used1 they are frequently belittled with small letters4 ,this has had a tendency to encourage the use of small letters in many words that should properly commence with capitals4 ,there is no doubt that a judicious use of capitals assists the eye very much in reading what another has written1 and in understanding a writer's meaning4 ,while1 on the other hand1 an injudicious use lessens their value1 and disfigures a printed page4 ,although the taste and judgment of each writer may be consulted in the capitalization of some words to which he may assign a special meaning1 there are a number of well established principles1 sanctioned by long usage1 that should govern all writers in the use of capital letters4 ,,capitals4 ,,rule ,i4 ,sentences4--,the first word of every sentence should commence with a capital4 ,,examples4 8,the price we challenge for ourselves is given us40--,schiller4 8,the elder brother of ,franklin ventured to start a newspaper1 though warned that ,america could never support two newspapers40--,william ,russel4 8,trust in yourself1 and you have learnt to live40--,goethe4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,a sentence is an assemblage of words making complete sense1 and followed by a period4 ,sometimes a sentence has an interrogation or an exclamation point at its close2 as1-- 8,for of the wholly common is man made1 ,and custom is his nurse60--,schiller4 #b4 ,any expression that is equivalent to a sentence should commence with a capital2 as1 ,very affectionately4 ,price #e4jj4 #c4 ,as a period indicates the close of a sentence1 the word following the period should commence with a capital2 as1 8,the little soul is like a vapor that hovers around a marshy lake4 ,it never rises on the green hill1 lest the winds meet it there40--,ossian4 ,if1 however1 a period is used to indicate an abbreviation1 it should not be followed by a capital1 unless it is at the close of a sentence1 or the word that follows it requires a capital2 as1 ,in ,germany1 the degrees of ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 and ,ph4 ,d4 are only gained after passing a severe examination4 #d4 ,although a capital is generally used after an interrogation or an exclamation point1 as they usually indicate the close of a sentence1 this is not always the case2 as1-- 8,how poor6 how rich6 how abject6 how august6 ,how complicate6 how wonderful is man6 ,how passing wonder ,he who made him such6 ,who centered in our make such strange extremes60--,young4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,poetry4--,the first word of every line of poetry should commence with a capital4 ,,examples4 8,there is a day of sunny rest ,for every dark and troubled night2 ,and grief may bide an evening guest1 ,but joy shall come with early light40--,bryant4 8,but far more numerous was the herd of such1 ,who think too little and who talk too much40--,dryden4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,persons and ,places4--,names of persons1 countries1 cities1 islands1 rivers1 mountains1 c41 should commence with capitals4 ,,examples4 8,the finest thief of old history is the pirate who made that famous answer to ,alexander1 in which he said that the conqueror was only the mightier thief of the two40--,leigh ,hunt4 ,america1 ,france1 ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,west ,indies1 ,hudson1 ,rhine1 ,rocky ,mountains1 ,mount ,vernon1 ,pacific4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when ,north1 ,south1 ,east1 c41 refer to political or geographical divisions1 they should commence with capitals2 as1 8,but sectional bitterness has in a great measure passed away2 the fatal cause of discord between ,north and ,south has been removed40 ,when these words refer merely to the points of the compass1 they should be written with small letters4 #b4 ,words derived from the names of persons should commence with capitals2 as1 ,socratic1 ,platonic1 ,elizabethan4 ,when words derived from the names of persons or places lose their individual character1 and are used as common words1 they should commence with small letters2 as1 god-like1 hector1 turkey1 china-ware1 laconic4 #c4 ,heaven and hell are written with small letters in the ,bible4 ,satan is always printed with a capital1 but devil commences with a small letter1 unless it stands for ,satan2 as1 8,then was ,jesus led up of the ,spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil40--,mat4 iv4 #a4 ,,rule ,,iv4 ,nations4--,the names of nations1 or words derived from the names of nations1 should commence with capitals4 ,,examples4 8#8,simply to be poor1' says my favorite ,greek historian1 #8was not held scandalous by the wise ,athenians2 but highly so1 to owe that poverty to our own indiscretion4'0--,fielding4 ,american1 ,german1 ,french1 ,latins1 ,americanize1 ,latinize1 ,hellenize4 ,,remark4 ,italics and ,italicize are frequently written with small letters4 ,,rule ,v4 ,sects and ,parties4--,the names of religious sects and political parties should commence with capitals4 ,,examples4 ,christian1 ,mohammedan1 ,lutheran1 ,catholic1 ,protestant1 ,episcopal1 ,presbyterian1 ,baptist1 ,unitarian4 ,republican1 ,federalist1 ,democrat1 ,whig1 ,tory1 ,radical4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when republican1 radical1 c41 are used as common words1 and not as the names of political parties1 they should commence with small letters2 as1 republican institutions1 radical measures4 #b4 ,some writers use small letters1 when referring to political parties4 ,if1 however1 it is incorrect to write ,congregational1 ,methodist1 with small letters1 why is it not incorrect to commence ,republican1 ,whig1 with small letters8 #c4 ,church should be written with a capital1 when it refers to a religious sect2 as1 the ,episcopal ,church1 meaning the whole body of ,christians belonging to that denomination4 ,when the word refers to a place of worship1 it should commence with a small letter4 ,,rule ,,vi4 ,months and ,days4--,the names of months and days should commence with capitals4 ,,examples4 8,no one ever regarded the first of ,january with indifference4 ,it is that from which all date their time1 and count upon what is left4 ,it is the nativity of our common ,adam40--,lamb4 ,february1 ,march1 ,april1 ,may2 ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,wednesday1 ,sunday1 ,good ,friday1 ,easter4 ,,remark4 ,spring1 summer1 autumn1 winter1 should be written with small letters4 ,,rule ,,vii4 ,titles of ,books4--,all the words1 with the exception of articles1 conjunctions1 and prepositions1 in the titles of books1 should commence with a capital4 ,,examples4 ,forsyth's 8,life of ,cicero40 8,the ,fall of the ,roman ,republic10 ,rev4 ,c4 ,merivale4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,it is just as necessary to capitalize the title of a book1 as it is the name of a person4 #b4 ,the title of an oration1 essay1 article for a newspaper1 or of any written production1 follows the same rule as the title of a book4 #c4 ,names of sacred writings should always be capitalized2 as1 ,bible1 ,old and ,new ,testament1 the ,scriptures1 ,acts1 ,revelation1 ,gospel of ,john1 ,koran1 ,vedas4 ,,rule ,,viii4 ,title-,pages4--,the title-pages of books are generally printed entirely with capitals4 ,the title-page of any book will illustrate this rule4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,this rule concerns more especially the printer4 #b4 ,the first word of a chapter is generally printed in small capitals1 the first letter of the word being a large capital4 #c4 ,in handbills and advertisements1 all important words are capitalized1 so as to attract special attention4 ,,rule ,,ix4 ,titles of ,persons4--,all titles of respect or honor should be capitalized4 ,there are three classes of titles3-- #a4 ,common ,titles4 ,mr41 ,mrs41 ,miss1 ,master4 #b4 ,professional ,titles4 ,prof1 ,dr41 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 c4 #c4 ,official ,titles4 ,hon41 ,his ,excellency1 ,his ,honor1 ,president1 ,secretary1 ,senator1 ,mr4 ,chairman1 c4 ,,examples4 ,president ,hayes1 ,senator ,morton1 ,hon4 ,thomas ,w4 ,ferry1 ,dr4 ,chas4 ,rynd1 ,mr4 ,fred4 ,j4 ,todd4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,a distinction should always be made between words used as titles1 and words used in a general sense4 ,for example1 senator should commence with a small letter1 if it is not placed before the name of a person as a title1 or does not refer to a particular individual4 ,this is the same with president1 secretary1 doctor1 c42 as1 8,a patient owes some thanks to a doctor who restores him with nectar smooth and fragrant1 instead of rasping his throat and flaying his interior with the bitters sucked by sour-tempered roots from vixenish soils40--,winthrop4 #b4 ,father1 brother1 sister1 aunt1 uncle1 cousin1 c41 should commence with a capital1 when they are used like titles with the names of persons2 as1 ,father ,pierce1 ,cousin ,blackmar4 #c4 ,sir1 father1 brother1 friend1 c41 when used as introductory words to a letter1 should commence with capitals1 as a mark of respect2 as1 ,my dear ,sir1 ,my dear ,friend4 #d4 ,in writing such titles as the ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,secretary of ,state1 ,alexander the ,great1 all the words in the title should commence with a capital1 except of and the4 ,,rule ,x4 ,the ,deity4--,all names of the ,supreme ,being or his ,son should commence with a capital4 ,,examples4 8,but it is now time to depart1--,i to die1 but you to live4 ,but which of us is going to the better state is unknown to every one but ,god40--,socrates4 8,for ,god so loved the world that he gave his only begotten ,son1 that whosoever believeth in him should not perish but have everlasting life40--,john iii4 #af4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,writers differ somewhat in the use of capitals in words referring to the ,deity4 ,some capitalize all words in any way referring to the ,supreme ,being1 while others simply capitalize the words that to them seem important4 ,there should be some uniformity in the use of capitals in words of this character4 ,as a general rule1 it is better to follow the usage of an authorized version of the ,scriptures4 #b4 ,such words as ,first ,cause1 ,first ,principle1 ,almighty ,god1 ,supreme ,being1 ,lord ,god ,almighty1 ,infinite ,one1 should always be written with capitals4 #c4 ,king of kings1 ,lord of lords1 ,son of man1 ,father of lights1 ,father of spirits1 ,god of hosts1 ,father of mercies1 ,prince of life1 ,prince of kings1 and expressions of a similar character1 should only commence with a capital4 ,this is the almost invariable usage of the ,scriptures4 ,these expressions are not commonly used in the ,bible as titles1 in the strict sense of the word4 ,for example1 ,king of kings really means that the ,deity is the supreme ,king of all human kings4 ,for illustration see #a ,tim4 vi4 #ae2 ,dan4 vii4 #ac2 ,jas4 i4 #ag2 ,heb4 xii4 #i2 ,psa4 lxxx4 #g2 #b ,cor4 i4 #c2 ,acts iii4 #ae2 ,mat4 xii4 #cb4 ,when these forms are used as titles1 they may be capitalized like titles4 #d4 ,the adjectives eternal1 divine1 heavenly1 are not printed with capitals in the ,scriptures1 when referring to the ,deity2 as1 the eternal ,god1 heavenly ,father4 ,see ,deut4 xxxiii4 #bg2 ,heb4 ix4 #ad2 ,mat4 vi4 #cb2 #b ,pet4 i4 #c4 ,when1 however1 these adjectives are used in an emphatic or special sense1 they may commence with capitals4 #e4 ,the pronouns referring to the ,deity should not be capitalized1 when they are used with some name of the ,supreme ,being2 as1 8,at that time ,jesus answered and said1 ,i thank thee1 ,o ,father1 ,lord of heaven and earth1 because thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent1 and hast revealed them to babes40--,mat4 xi4 #be4 ,any chapter of the ,new ,testament will give similar illustrations4 ,when1 however1 a pronoun referring to the ,deity stands alone1 it should commence with a capital2 as1-- 8,o ,thou6 with whom the night is day1 ,and one the near and far away40--,whittier4 #f4 ,the capitalization of pronouns is sometimes carried to a ridiculous excess by some writers1 especially in poetry2 as1 8,we praise ,thee1 ,o ,god6 for the ,son of ,thy love40 #g4 ,god1 goddess1 deity1 applied to heathen divinities1 should not commence with a capital4 ,,rule ,,xi4 ,quotations4--,when the exact words of another are given1 the first word of the quotation should commence with a capital1 if it forms a complete sentence4 ,,examples4 8,when the celebrated ,chesterfield was asked by a ,parisian lady1 #8,why1 my ,lord1 does ,england still retain ,christianity8' #8,madame1' he replied1 with that mixture of repartee and philosophy which met the case he was dealing with1 #8,madame1 because1 as yet1 we have been able to find nothing better4'0 ,fielding somewhere says1 8,a good face is a letter of recommendation40 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when a quotation is introduced by that1 it should not commence with a capital2 as1 ,napoleon banished ,madame de ,stael because he said that 8she carried a quiver of arrows that could hit a man if he were seated on a rainbow40 #b4 ,when only a part of a sentence is quoted1 a small letter should be used2 as1 8,for what satisfaction hath a man1 that he shall #8lie down with kings and emperors in death1' who in his lifetime never greatly coveted the society of such bedfellows80--,lamb4 #c4 ,sometimes a single word comprises the entire saying of another4 ,when this is so1 it should commence with a capital2 as1 8,he shouted1 #8,victory4'0 #d4 ,when examples are given as illustrations of some general principle1 they naturally follow the same rule as quotations4 ,if an entire sentence is given as an example1 it should commence with a capital4 ,when disconnected words are given1 small letters may be used1 unless the words themselves require capitals4 ,,rule ,,xii4 ,resolutions4--,in writing resolutions1 the word immediately following ,resolved1 should commence with a capital4 ,,example4 8,resolved1 ,that the ,declaration1 passed on the fourth1 be fairly engrossed on parchment1 with the title and style of #8,the ,unanimous ,declaration of the ,thirteen ,united ,states of ,america2' and that the same1 when engrossed1 be signed by every member of ,congress40 ,,remark4 ,resolved commences with a capital in resolutions1 and a comma immediately precedes ,that4 ,,rule ,,xiii4 ,special ,words4--,words used in a special sense1 or of special importance1 commence with capitals4 ,,examples4 8,as nowadays we build monuments to great men1 so in the ,middle ,ages they built shrines or chapels on the spots which saints had made holy40--,froude4 8,the ,reformation broke the theological shackles in which men's minds were fettered40--,froude4 8,that ,popularity is alone valuable and enduring which follows you1 not that which you run after40--,lord ,mansfield4 ,,remark4 ,although it is the universal custom to capitalize a word when used in a special sense to mark an important period or event in history1 there is another class of words to which writers assign a special importance1 the capitalization of which must necessarily be left to the judgment and taste of each writer4 ,it should1 however1 be remembered that an injudicious or too frequent use of capitals lessens their value and force1 and disfigures a written or printed page4 ,,rule ,,xiv4 ,words ,personified4--,when things without life are represented as persons1 they may commence with capitals4 ,,example4 8,father ,time is not always a hard parent1 and though he tarries for none of his children1 he often lays his hand lightly upon those who have used him well2 making them old men and women inexorably enough1 but leaving their hearts and spirits young and in full vigor4 ,with such people the gray head is but the impression of the old fellow's hand in giving them a blessing1 and every wrinkle but a notch in the quiet calendar of a well-spent life40--,dickens4 ,,remark4 ,care should be taken not to carry this rule to an excess4 ,unless the personification is vivid and emphatic1 use small letters2 as1-- 8,many a daylight dawned and darkened1 ,many a night shook off the daylight ,as the pine shakes off the snow-flakes ,from the midnight of its branches40--,longfellow4 ,,rule ,,xv4 ,i and ,o4--,the pronoun ,i and the interjection ,o should always be written with capitals4 ,,examples4 8,true faith1 ,i tell thee1 ,must ever be the dearest friend to man3 ,his nature prompts him to assert its rights40--,schiller4 8,as wise as when ,i went to school40--,goethe4 8,o day6 ,o day6 ,o day6 ,o hateful day6 ,never was seen so black a day as this40--,,shakespeare4 ,,rule ,,xvi4 ,references4--,in referring to passages in books1 numbers are sometimes represented by capital letters4 ,,examples4 ,irving's 8,life of ,washington10 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #gg4 ,mommsen's 8,history of ,rome10 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #ah4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,some commence volume and chapter with a capital1 but this is not the usual custom4 #b4 ,the volume1 chapter1 and page may be given1 but the volume and page are sufficient4 #c4 ,in referring to passages in the ,bible1 the chapter and verse are given2 as ,luke1 chap4 ix4 #ae4 ,it is the usual custom to omit the word chapter1 the letters representing the chapter2 and the number1 the verse2 as1 8,it may be fit to remember that ,moses1 ,lev4 xi4 #i1 ,deut4 xiv4 #i1 appointed fish to be the chief diet of the best commonwealth that ever yet was40--,izaak ,walton4 ,,rule ,,xvii4 ,divisions of a ,statement4--,when a general statement is divided into separate and distinct parts1 it is better to commence each division with a capital1 even when they do not form complete sentences1 and are not separated from each other by a period4 ,this is especially the case when the divisions are numbered4 ,,example4 8,the history of the normal development of the individual has its counterpart in the history of humanity4 ,there is1 #a4 ,the age of popular and unconscious morality2 #b4 ,the transitional1 skeptical1 or sophistical age2 and #c4 ,the philosophic or conscious age of morality40 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when each division commences with a capital and is also numbered1 they will be more readily recognized and understood4 #b4 ,some writers number the divisions1 but do not commence them with capitals2 as1 8,the teaching of composition requires1 7#a7 a cultivation of thought2 and 7#b7 a cultivation of the faculty of expression40 ,it is better to commence each division with a capital4 #c4 ,when a sentence is broken off to commence a new line1 in order to give special prominence to a statement1 or to attract attention1 a capital should be used2 as1-- ,i am1 dear ,mother1 ,your dutiful son1 ,sam4 ,johnson4 ,illustration3 ,letter-,forms4 ,,introduction4 ,in writing letters1 or in preparing anything for the press1 care should be taken to write a plain1 readable hand4 ,many a valuable position has been lost because of poor penmanship1 and many worthy productions have been thrown into the waste-basket1 because they have been poorly written4 ,men of distinction can afford to write a poor hand1 to the inconvenience of friends1 and the trouble of printers1 but1 as a general rule1 a poor writer labors under a great disadvantage4 ,the following facts should be remembered in writing letters3-- #a4 ,a letter should not be written on half a sheet of paper1 unless it is a business letter4 #b4 ,business letters should be as brief as clearness will permit4 #c4 ,it is never allowable to write across a written page4 #d4 ,all unnecessary flourishes should be avoided4 #e4 ,black ink is preferable1 and it is more durable than any other4 ,,the ,,address4 ,,introductory ,,remark4 ,the most important part of letter-writing is to properly direct a letter4 ,during the past year1 nearly #d1jjj1jjj letters found their way to the ,dead ,letter ,office1 #fg1jjj of which were misdirected4 ,when we consider the loss to business firms in not promptly receiving important letters1 the anxiety to friends and relatives in the delay of expected letters1 the expense to the government in sending them to the ,dead ,letter ,office1 and in handling and returning them to the writers1 the proper direction of a letter becomes a matter of very serious importance4 ,definition4--,the address consists of the title and name of the person to whom the letter is written1 the city and the state in which he lives2 as1-- ,mr4 ,william ,k4 ,bixby1 ,houston1 ,texas4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,care should be taken to write the address in a clear1 bold hand4 #b4 ,the usual titles are ,mr41 ,mrs41 ,miss1 and ,master4 ,the last title is used in addressing a boy4 #c4 ,esq4 is sometimes placed after the name1 instead of placing ,mr4 before4 ,it is used more especially with the names of lawyers1 artists1 and men of social position4 ,when ,esq4 is used1 never use ,mr4 ,position4--,the title and name should be written about the middle of the envelope1 beginning on the left4 ,below the title and name1 and farther to the right1 should be written the city2 below the city1 the state4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,it is customary to abbreviate the name of the state4 ,great care1 however1 should be taken to properly abbreviate the word4 ,some abbreviations are so similar to each other that mistakes frequently arise3 #b4 ,the address should never be written diagonally4 ,punctuation4--,a comma should be placed after the name of the person1 and after the name of the city4 ,a period should be placed at the end4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,mr41 ,mrs41 ,esq41 ,rev41 ,dr41 ,prof41 ,pres41 ,capt41 c41 are all abbreviations1 and consequently the abbreviations should be indicated by a period4 ,miss is not an abbreviation1 and thus requires no mark after it4 ,messrs4 is also an abbreviation4 ,it is used in addressing a firm1 but it is frequently omitted4 #b4 ,if any part of a person's name is abbreviated1 a period should always be used to indicate the abbreviation2 as1 ,john ,s4 ,c4 ,abbott4 ,the ,s4 and ,c4 without a period really mean nothing4 #c4 ,some place a comma between the parts of a person's name4 ,this1 of course1 is incorrect4 ,see p4 #af d4 #d4 ,all the words in the address should be capitalized1 except prepositions and articles4 ,honorary ,titles4--,it is customary to give the professional title or titles of the person to whom a letter is directed1 and if he occupies some responsible position1 this also should be indicated in the address2 as1-- ,rev4 ,e4 ,o4 ,haven1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,chancellor of ,syracuse ,university1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,honorary titles should be given for two reasons3-- 7a7 ,as a mark of respect4 7b7 ,the address will be more readily recognized by postmasters1 and the letter will be more likely to reach its destination without delay4 #b4 ,when titles are written after a person's name1 a comma should be placed after each title1 for the reason that a comma would be necessary1 if the title was written out in full2 as1 ,a4 ,m41 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #c4 ,some writers make the mistake of placing a period after the first ,l in ,,ll4,d4 ,this title stands for ,doctor of ,laws1 the ,,ll4 indicating the plural of ,law4 ,as the two letters stand for one word1 the period must necessarily be placed after the second ,l4 #d4 ,hon4 applies to judges1 senators1 representatives1 heads of government departments1 mayors1 and others of similar rank2 as1 ,hon4 ,thomas ,m4 ,cooley4 #e4 ,his ,excellency applies to the ,president of the ,united ,states1 an ,ambassador of the ,united ,states1 or the ,governor of a ,state4 ,this title should be written on a line by itself2 as1-- ,his ,excellency1 ,gov4 ,c4 ,m4 ,croswell1 ,adrian1 ,mich4 #f4 ,in addressing a married lady1 the professional title of her husband is sometimes used2 as1 ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,haven4 #g4 ,two professional titles meaning the same thing should never be used2 as1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,smith1 ,m4 ,d4 ,large ,cities4--,when the person to whom the letter is addressed1 lives in a large city where letters are delivered at places of business or private residences1 the title and name1 number of house and street1 the city1 and state should be given2 as1-- ,a4 ,s4 ,barnes ,co41 #cd and #cf ,madison ,st41 ,chicago4 ,ill4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,the title and name should be written first1 the number and street to the right and a little below1 the city below the name of the street1 and the state under the city4 #b4 ,the name of the state might be omitted in the address above given4 ,it is not really necessary to give the state1 when the city is so widely known that no mistake can arise1 if the name of the state is omitted2 as1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,boston4 ,small ,towns and ,villages4--,the name of the county in which a small town or village is located1 should always be given in the address4 ,if the person to whom the letter is written1 lives in the country1 the nearest post-office must be given1 together with the county and state4 ,the name of the place in which a person lives1 and his post-office address1 may be two very different things4 ,mr4 ,george ,harvey1 ,palmyra1 ,lenawee ,co41 ,mich4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,the title and name should be written first2 the town1 village1 or post-office1 second2 the county1 third2 the state last4 #b4 ,sometimes letters are detained at post-offices1 by reason of the directions not being sufficiently complete4 ,addressed ,envelopes4--,it is the custom with business firms1 when an answer to a letter is asked as a favor1 to send1 within the letter1 a stamped envelope properly addressed4 ,the address is usually printed1 so that no mistake can be made4 ,in all cases1 even when an addressed envelope is not required1 when a favor is asked from an acquaintance or a friend1 and an answer is desired1 a postage stamp should always be inclosed4 ,it is certainly an unpardonable presumption to ask even a friend to write a letter for a particular purpose1 and expect him to pay for its proper delivery4 ,letters with ,special ,request4--,sometimes directions are written or printed on envelopes as to the disposal of letters1 if not called for within a certain time4 ,this should always be done when addressing business letters4 ,these directions are written or printed on the left of the envelope1 near the top4 ,see form on p4 #ha4 ,the ,stamp4--,the stamp should be placed in the right-hand corner of the envelope1 near the top4 ,it seems hardly necessary to say that every letter should be properly stamped1 and yet between three and four hundred thousand letters are annually sent to the ,dead ,letter ,office1 because the writers had forgotten to properly stamp them4 ,,forms ,,of ,,address4 ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,a letter of ,introduction should be left unsealed4 ,illustration ,when a letter is intrusted to an acquaintance or to a friend for delivery1 it should not be sealed4 ,,letter-,,forms4 ,i4 ,adrian1 ,mich41 ,nov4 #f1 #ahgg4 ,,ii4 ,mr4 ,william ,k4 ,bixby1 ,houston1 ,texas4 ,,iii4 ,dear ,sir1-- ,,iv4 ,your favor 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,v4 ,very truly1 ,joseph ,m4 ,blain4 ,in the letter-form above given1 there are five parts to be considered3-- ,i4 ,,the ,,heading4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,address4 ,,iii4 ,,introductory ,,words4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,body ,,of ,,the ,,letter4 ,v4 ,,the ,,conclusion4 ,i4 ,,the ,,heading4 ,definition4--,the heading consists of the name of the city in which the writer lives1 the state1 the month1 the day of the month1 and the year2 as1-- ,adrian1 ,mich41 ,nov4 #f1 #ahgg4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,great care should always be taken to give in the heading1 not only the city1 but also the state4 ,if the letter should be sent to the ,dead ,letter ,office1 the heading will properly indicate the place to which the letter is to be returned4 #b4 ,the heading indicates to the person who receives the letter where an answer is to be sent4 #c4 ,sometimes the day of the week is given2 as1 ,adrian1 ,monday1 ,nov4 #e1 #ahgg4 ,punctuation4--,a comma should be placed after the city1 state1 and date4 ,a period should be placed at the end4 ,if a word is abbreviated1 a period should be used to indicate the abbreviation1 and a comma should also be used1 if the word written out in full would require a comma2 as1-- ,adrian1 ,michigan1 ,november #f1 #ahgg4 ,adrian1 ,mich41 ,nov4 #f1 #ahgg4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,some writers thoughtlessly place a comma between the name of the month and the day of the month2 as1 ,november1 #f1 or ,nov41 #f4 ,the #f forms an essential part of the month1 and should not be separated from it by a punctuation mark4 #b4 ,it is better to omit st1 th1 or d after the number indicating the day of the month4 ,it certainly looks neater to write the date without the marks and dots that sometimes disfigure the heading of letters4 #c4 ,some prefer to place the number before the name of the month2 as1 ,adrian1 ,mich41 #f ,nov41 #ahgg4 ,this1 however1 is not the usual practice4 ,large ,cities4--,in large cities where letters are delivered by letter-carriers1 it is necessary to give1 in the heading of a letter1 the number of the house and the name of the street4 ,the order should be number1 street1 city1 state1 month1 day of the month1 year2 as1-- #bae ,prospect ,st41 ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 ,march #e1 #ahgg4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,sometimes the size of the paper necessitates the use of three lines for the heading4 ,if this should be necessary1 the number of the house and the name of the street should be on the first line2 the city and state1 on the second2 the month1 the day of the month1 and year1 on the third4 ,each line should commence farther to the right than the preceding2 as1-- #bae ,prospect ,st41 ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 ,march #e1 #ahgg4 #b4 ,as few lines as possible should be used in the heading4 ,in sending letters from well known cities like ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 c41 it is not necessary to give the state4 ,when the name of the state is omitted1 the heading can usually be written on two lines4 #c4 ,a period should be placed after ,st41 because it is an abbreviation4 ,a comma should also follow the period1 because the word written in full would require a comma4 #bae ,prospect ,st41 is one item2 ,cleveland1 a second2 ,ohio1 a third2 ,march #e1 a fourth2 #ahgg1 a fifth4 ,a ,small ,town or ,village4--,if the place in which the writer lives1 is a small town or village1 the name of the place1 county1 and state should be given2 as1-- ,palmyra1 ,lenawee ,co41 ,mich41 ,sept4 #ac1 #ahgg4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,the county should be given so that an answer to the letter may be properly directed4 #b4 ,if the writer lives in the country1 the post-office where his letters are received1 should be given1 and not the place where he lives4 ,hotels4--,when a letter is written at some prominent hotel1 it is customary to give the name of the hotel in the heading2 as1-- ,grand ,central ,hotel1 ,new ,york1 ,jan4 #aj1 #ahgg4 ,seminaries and ,colleges4--,in writing from a seminary1 college1 or university1 the name of the institution is sometimes given2 as1-- ,female ,seminary1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 ,april #aa1 #ahgg4 ,position4--,the heading should be written on the first line1 on the right hand1 commencing about the middle of the line4 ,if more than one line is required1 the second line should commence farther to the right than the first1 and the third than the second4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when a letter does not fill a full page1 the heading should not be written on the first line4 ,the space at the head of the letter should be about the same as at the bottom4 ,in business letters1 this is not necessary4 #b4 ,some write the city1 state1 month1 c41 at the close of a letter4 ,this is not however1 the usual form4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,address4 ,definition4--,the address in the inside of a letter should be the same as the address on the envelope4 ,it consists of the title and name of the person to whom the letter is written1 and the place of his residence2 as1-- ,mr4 ,william ,k4 ,bixby1 ,houston1 ,texas4 ,,remarks4 ,there are several reasons why the address should be written within the letter3-- #a4 ,business men usually take an impression or make a copy of all letters written by themselves or their agents4 ,it is a great convenience to have the address within the letter1 so that it can be referred to1 if necessary1 at any time4 #b4 ,if the envelope is accidentally torn off1 or is lost by not being properly sealed1 the letter can still be forwarded to its destination1 if the address is written within4 #c4 ,it is frequently the habit1 on receiving a letter1 to destroy the envelope4 ,sometimes1 after the envelope is destroyed1 the letter is lost4 ,if there is an inside address1 the letter1 if found1 can be returned4 ,punctuation4--,a comma should be placed after the name of the person and of the city4 ,a period should be placed at the end4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,by placing to before the address1 it will be seen that a period is required at its close1 just as a period is required at the end of the address on the envelope2 as1 ,to ,william ,k4 ,bixby1 ,houston1 ,texas4 #b4 ,some writers place a colon after the name of the state1 but the practice is not a correct one4 ,a semicolon should never be used4 ,large ,cities4 ,when the person to whom the letter is written1 lives in a large city1 the number and name of the street should be given1 as on the outside address2 as1-- ,a4 ,s4 ,barnes ,co41 #cd and #cf ,madison ,st41 ,chicago4 ,,remark4 ,if three lines are necessary1 the title and name should be on the first line1 the number and street on the second1 the city and state on the third4 ,small ,towns and ,villages4--,when the letter is addressed to a small town or village1 the county in which the town or village is situated1 should be given2 as1-- ,mr4 ,george ,harvey1 ,palmyra1 ,lenawee ,co41 ,mich4 ,,remark4 ,the title and name should be on one line2 the town or village1 county1 and state should be on the second4 ,letters to ,intimate ,friends or ,relatives4--,in writing letters to intimate friends or relatives1 the address should be written at the close of the letter1 at the left1 commencing on the line immediately following the signature4 ,it would be too formal to write the address at the head of the letter1 and it would not be in keeping with the introductory words which immediately follow2 as1-- ,milburn ,wagon ,works1 ,toledo1 ,ohio1 ,nov4 #b1 #ahgg4 ,dear ,mother1-- ,your letter 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,very affectionately1 ,edgar ,w4 ,curtis4 ,mrs4 ,james ,e4 ,curtis1 ,adrian1 ,mich4 ,,remark4 ,when the heading occupies only one line1 it is better to leave a blank line between the heading and the address4 ,position4--,the address should commence on the left1 and should be written on1 at least1 two lines4 ,the title and name should be on one line2 the city and state1 on the second1 and farther to the right4 ,the address1 if possible1 should be written on two lines4 ,if the heading consists of two or three lines1 the address should commence on the line immediately following the heading4 ,if the heading consists of one line only1 a blank line should be left between the heading and the address4 ,,iii4 ,,introductory ,,words4 ,definition4--,the introductory words consist of the greeting or salutation2 as1-- ,dear ,sir1-- ,,remarks4 #a4 ,sometimes only one word is used in the greeting2 as1 ,sir1 ,gentlemen4 #b4 ,when ,sir1 ,gentlemen1 ,friend1 ,father1 c41 are used as introductory words1 they should always commence with a capital1 as a mark of respect4 ,in greeting friends or relatives1 do not belittle them with small letters4 #c4 ,when dear1 respected1 honored1 and words of a like character1 are not the first words of the salutation1 they should commence with a small letter2 as1 ,my dear ,sir1 ,my respected ,friend4 ,if they commence the salutation1 capitals should be used2 as1 ,dear ,father1 ,respected ,friend4 ,punctuation4--,a comma should be placed after the salutation1 and a dash may also be used4 ,the use of the dash1 however1 is simply a matter of taste4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,a colon should not be placed after the greeting1 except in official or very formal salutations4 ,see p4 #ajj4 #b4 ,a semicolon should never be used4 ,position4--,the introductory words may be written in three different positions3-- #a4 ,when the address occupies two lines1 the salutation should be written on the line immediately following1 commencing a little to the right of the second line of the address2 as1 ,mr4 ,harry ,b4 ,hutchins1 ,mt4 ,clemens1 ,mich4 ,dear ,sir1-- #b4 ,if the address consists of three lines1 the first word of the salutation commences on a line with the number of the street2 as1-- ,a4 ,s4 ,barnes ,co41 #cd and #cf ,madison ,st41 ,chicago4 ,gentlemen1-- #c4 ,if the address is written at the close of the letter1 the introductory words should commence on a line with the body of the letter1 that is1 with the marginal line2 as1-- ,dear ,manning1-- ,rest you merry in your own opinion4 ,opinion is a species of property2 and though ,i am always desirous to share with my friend to a certain extent1 ,i shall ever like to keep some tenets1 and some property1 properly my own4 99 99 99 99 99 ,your well-wisher and friend1 ,c4 ,lamb4 ,forms of ,salutation4--,custom authorizes the use of several forms of salutation4 ,these may be arranged under four heads3-- #a4 ,to ,strangers4 ,sir1 ,madame1 ,miss 4 #b4 ,to ,acquaintances4 ,dear ,sir1 ,dear ,madame1 ,dear ,miss 4 ,my dear ,sir1 ,my dear ,madame1 ,my dear ,miss 1 imply a better acquaintance than ,dear ,sir1 c4 #c4 ,to ,friends or ,relatives4 ,dear ,friend1 ,my dear ,father1 ,dear ,henry1 c4 #d4 ,to ,business ,firms or ,corporate ,bodies4 ,sirs1 ,gentlemen1 ,ladies4 ,salutations to ,young ,ladies4--,owing to the fact that we have no word corresponding to ,sir that can be used in addressing young ladies1 there is sometimes an uncertainty as to the proper salutation to be used4 ,although ,madame may refer to a married or an unmarried lady1 it is not an appropriate word with which to address a young lady4 ,there are three forms that may be used3-- #a4 ,to a ,stranger4 ,decatur1 ,ill41 ,may #f1 #ahgg4 ,miss ,delia ,l4 ,corbus1-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,respectfully1 ,william ,c4 ,johns4 ,miss ,delia ,l4 ,corbus1 ,adrian1 ,mich4 ,the name is given as the salutation1 and the full address is given at the close of the letter4 #b4 ,to an ,acquaintance4 ,adrian1 ,mich41 ,sept4 #c1 #ahgg4 ,dear ,miss ,dewey1-- 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,very truly1 ,thomas ,m4 ,hunter4 ,miss ,ella ,dewey1 ,hotel ,madison1 ,toledo1 ,ohio4 #c4 ,to an ,intimate ,friend4--,in writing to intimate friends1 the character of the letter1 and the intimacy of the writers1 will suggest the proper forms4 ,salutations to ,married ,ladies4 #a4 ,to a ,stranger4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,c4 ,hill1 ,adrian1 ,mich4 ,madame1-- #b4 ,to an ,acquaintance4 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,s4 ,sears1 ,adrian1 ,mich4 ,dear ,madame1-- #c4 ,to a ,friend4 #ff ,summit ,st41 ,toledo1 ,ohio1 ,dec4 #a1 #ahgg4 ,dear ,mrs4 ,millard1-- 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,very truly1 ,franklin ,hubbard4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,l4 ,millard1 ,adrian1 ,mich4 ,,iv4 ,,body ,,of ,,the ,,letter4 ,the ,first ,word4--,the first word should commence on the line immediately following the introductory words1 and directly under the comma or the dash of the salutation2 as1-- ,dear ,sir1-- ,your letter 99 99 99 99 ,,remark4 ,some writers commence the body of the letter on the same line with the greeting4 ,margin4--,it is the usual custom to leave a margin on the left of a written page4 ,this varies according to the taste of the writer and the size of the page4 ,paragraphs4--,a new paragraph should commence whenever a new subject is introduced1 and1 with the exception of the first paragraph1 which begins directly under the comma or the dash of the salutation1 each paragraph should commence a little to the right of the marginal line4 ,v4 ,,the ,,conclusion4 ,definition4--,the conclusion is made up of two parts1--words of respect or affection1 and the signature of the writer2 as1-- ,very truly1 ,joseph ,m4 ,blain4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,various forms of respect or affection are used in concluding letters2 as1 ,respectfully1 ,most respectfully1 ,very affectionately1 c4 #b4 ,in using words of respect or affection1 the first word only should be capitalized4 ,in the salutation1 ,sir1 ,friend1 c41 should commence with a capital1 as a mark of respect2 but in the conclusion of a letter1 it would1 to say the least1 be in bad taste to give the same prominence to one's own worth4 #c4 ,the conclusion should always be in keeping with the introductory words4 ,if ,sir were used in the salutation1 it would not be proper to use ,very affectionately at the close4 #d4 ,although custom sanctions the use of ,your obedient servant1 ,your most obedient servant1 and similar forms1 the practice is not to be commended4 ,these expressions are associated with a past age1 when men depended on the uncertain patronage of the great4 ,punctuation4--,a comma should be placed after the words of respect and affection1 and a period should be placed at the end of the signature4 ,,remark4 ,there is great carelessness exhibited by all writers in punctuating their names4 ,a period should always be placed at the end of the signature1 to indicate that the signature is complete4 ,if the different parts of the name are written out in full1 no punctuation marks should be placed between them2 if1 however1 any part of the name is abbreviated1 a period should always be used to indicate the abbreviation2 as1 ,ettie ,shier1 ,laura ,b4 ,palmer1 ,geo4 ,l4 ,bennett4 ,position4--,the conclusion should be written on1 at least1 two lines4 ,the words of respect and affection should be written on the line immediately following the close of the letter1 on the right1 commencing near the middle of the line2 the signature should be on the line immediately following the words of respect and affection1 a little farther to the right4 ,the ,signature4--,in signing one's name1 there are several important facts to be remembered3-- #a4 ,the writer's full name should always be given1 especially in business letters and in letters containing money1 so that the letter can be returned1 if1 for any reason1 it is sent to the ,dead ,letter ,office4 ,this1 of course1 can not be done unless the writer's name is given in full4 ,thousands of dollars are lost every year by writers thoughtlessly signing themselves ,nellie1 ,fred41 c4 #be1jjj letters1 containing #a1cja1ghj1 were sent to the ,dead ,letter ,office in the year #ahgg4 #b4 ,a lady1 in writing to a stranger1 should always sign her name so that the person receiving the letter will know1 in answering1 whether to address a single or a married lady2 as1 ,miss ,maria ,s4 ,colvin1 ,mrs4 ,david ,finley4 #c4 ,it is frequently the custom for married ladies to use their husband's name2 as1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,pond4 ,widow ladies use their ,christian name4 #d4 ,if the person writing a letter to a stranger1 occupies a responsible or official position1 he should give this in connection with his signature1 so that the person to whom the letter is written1 may have some means of knowing how much attention to give to the letter4 ,,summary4 ,i4 ,to a ,relative4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich41 ,nov4 #ae1 #ahgg4 ,dear ,father1-- ,your letter 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,affectionately1 ,james ,a4 ,stacy4 ,c4 ,a4 ,stacy1 ,esq41 ,adrian1 ,mich4 ,,ii4 ,to an ,intimate ,friend4 ,the form of a letter to an intimate friend should be the same as the preceding one4 ,salutation to a married lady1 p4 #id4 ,,iii4 ,to an ,acquaintance4 ,bay ,city1 ,mich41 ,dec4 #d1 #ahgg4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,b4 ,mumford1 ,adrian1 ,mich4 ,dear ,sir1-- ,your letter 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,very truly1 ,william ,t4 ,smalley4 #a4 ,salutation to a married lady1 p4 #id4 #b4 ,letter-form to a young lady1 p4 #ic4 ,,iv4 ,to a ,stranger4 ,the same form should be used as to an acquaintance1 with the exception of the salutation1 which should be ,sir1 ,madame1 or ,miss 4 ,letter-form to a young lady1 p4 #ic4 ,v4 ,letter with ,number and ,street4 #cd and #cf ,madison ,st41 ,chicago1 ,sept4 #ab1 #ahgg4 ,mr4 ,charles ,scribner1 #abd ,grand ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,dear ,sir1-- ,your favor 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,respectfully1 ,a4 ,s4 ,barnes ,co4 #a4 ,for another form1 see p4 #ia4 #b4 ,county and state1 pp4 #hf1 #hi4 #c4 ,hotels1 pp4 #hf1 #ic4 #d4 ,seminaries and colleges1 p4 #hf4 ,,vi4 ,official ,letters4 #aej ,summit ,st41 ,toledo1 ,ohio1 ,dec4 #aj1 #ahgg4 ,hon4 ,samuel ,j4 ,randall1 ,speaker of the ,house1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3-- 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,very respectfully1 ,fred4 ,l4 ,geddes4 ,to the ,common ,council of the ,city of ,adrian4 ,gentlemen3-- 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,respectfully1 ,w4 ,s4 ,wilcox4 ,for the use of the colon1 see p4 #ia1 ,rem4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,proof-,reading4 ,,introduction4 ,most business men1 and all professional men1 have occasion1 more or less1 to have something printed for their own use1 or to write something for the public press1 so that a correct knowledge of some of the simpler marks used by proof-readers1 in making corrections and additions1 seems imperative4 ,the advice sometimes given to allow the printer to make all corrections1 since he is more likely to know what corrections are necessary1 is destructive to a clear presentation of what another has written4 ,the printer may understand better than the writer the mechanical part of his work1 but 8mind reading0 has not yet reached such perfection that the compositor can tell1 in all instances1 what meaning the writer really wishes to convey1 and a misconception on the part of the printer may be the means of changing the sense of a whole paragraph4 ,in preparing anything for the press1 a few facts should be remembered3-- #a4 ,it is never allowable to write on both sides of a sheet of paper4 ,only one side should be used1 and each page should be properly numbered4 #b4 ,the manuscript should be prepared with great care4 ,it should be properly punctuated1 capitalized1 and broken into paragraphs4 ,in fact1 the copy placed in the hands of the printer should be in a condition to be exactly reproduced4 ,some expect the printer to dress up in proper form their half expressed1 poorly written1 and badly punctuated sentences1 and if their hieroglyphics and abbreviations are not deciphered to suit their unreasonable expectations1 they rail against incompetent printers and blundering proof-readers4 #c4 ,some writers thoughtlessly leave many points unsettled in the manuscript1 so as to see 8how they look in print10 then fill the proof with numberless corrections and additions1 and expect the printer to make such changes as the impulse of the moment has suggested4 ,this is certainly a great injustice to the compositor1 who usually receives no remuneration for this additional tax on his time and patience4 ,no half finished manuscript ought to be allowed to go into the printer's hand4 #d4 ,whenever it is really necessary to strike out several words1 enough words should be substituted in their places to fill the vacant spaces4 ,,definitions4 ,copy4--,this word really means something to be imitated1 and it is used by printers when referring to the manuscript of a writer4 ,proof-,sheet4--,when the copy is set up in type1 an impression in ink is taken for corrections4 ,this is called a proof-sheet4 ,in correcting proof1 the first thing to be done is to place the copy in the hands of some one to read aloud1 while the proof-reader pays attention principally to omissions1 the spelling and capitalization of words1 and punctuation4 ,after this1 the proof should be carefully examined to detect what are called typographical errors1 that is1 mistakes in type4 ,revise4--,after the corrections indicated in the proof are made1 another impression is taken4 ,this is called the revise4 ,the revise should be carefully compared with the proof1 to see that all corrections are made4 ,,introductory ,,remark4 ,mistakes in the proof should be called attention to by certain marks which will hereafter be described1 and the corrections should be indicated in the margin1 on the right or left of the line in which they occur4 ,if mistakes are found near the beginning of the line1 the corrections should be placed in the margin on the left1 otherwise they should be placed on the right4 ,the numbers in the following statements refer to lines of the specimen proof-sheet on pages #aaa1 #aab4 ,i4 ,wrong ,letters and ,punctuation ,marks4--,the most common mistakes in a proof-sheet are wrong letters and punctuation marks4 ,when these are noticed1 a line should be drawn slopingly1 from right to left1 through each1 and the correct letter or punctuation mark written in the margin4 ,it is better to repeat the line with the correction in the margin1 so as to attract attention to the desired change2 as1 #b1 #d1 #h4 ,a sloping line should always be placed between corrections opposite the same line1 and the corrections should be placed in the order in which they occur4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,the correction in the margin should always be placed to the left of the sloping line2 as1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #h4 #b4 ,the period1 dash1 hyphen1 quotation marks1 apostrophe1 and reference marks should be distinguished in the margin1 thus3-- ,illustration ,for illustrations1 see #f1 #aj4 #c4 ,if it is necessary to change a capital letter to a small letter1 draw a line through the capital1 and either write a small letter in the margin1 or the abbreviation l4c41 lower case1 which indicates that a common letter is to be used2 as1 #c4 #d4 ,the abbreviation w4f41 wrong font1 indicates that a letter is of improper size4 ,,ii4 ,wrong ,words4--,when an entire word is incorrect1 a straight line should be drawn through it1 and the proper word written in the margin2 as1 #e4 ,,remark4 ,when it is necessary to change a word1 printed in capitals1 to small letters1 draw a line through the word1 and write l4c4 in the margin2 as1 #af4 ,see ,i41 ,rem4 #c4 ,,iii4 ,omissions4--,if a letter1 punctuation mark1 or word is omitted1 the omission should be indicated by a caret1 and the omitted letter1 punctuation mark1 or word placed in the margin2 as1 #c1 #f4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when the period1 dash1 hyphen1 quotation marks1 or reference marks are omitted1 they should be distinguished in the margin as in ,i41 ,rem4 #b4 #b4 ,a sloping line should always be made in the margin1 to the right of an omitted letter or punctuation mark2 as1 #c4 #c4 ,if several words or lines are omitted1 it is sometimes necessary to write the words at the top or bottom of the proof4 ,when this is the case1 a line should be drawn from the caret to the words to be inserted2 as1 #be4 #d4 ,sometimes so much has been omitted that it is necessary to refer to the copy4 ,when this is so1 indicate the omission by a caret1 write ,see ,copy in the margin1 and inclose within parenthetical marks or brackets the portion of the copy to be inserted in the proof4 ,,iv4 ,inverted ,letter4--,when a letter is inverted1 a sloping line should be drawn through it1 and the change indicated in the margin by #i1 a character resembling an inverted #f2 as1 #ac4 ,,remark4 ,some proof-readers draw a line under the inverted letter1 but this is not so easily recognized as a sloping line drawn through the letter4 ,v4 ,strike ,out4--,it is sometimes necessary to strike out a letter1 punctuation mark1 or word4 ,a line should be drawn through each1 as in ,i4 and ,,ii41 and the sign 1 which means strike out1 placed in the margin2 as1 #i1 #ai4 ,,vi4 ,capitals and ,italics4--,three lines drawn under a word indicate that the word should be printed in large capitals2 two lines1 small capitals2 one line1 italics4 ,the abbreviations1 ,caps41 ,s4 ,caps41 ,ital41 should also be written in the margin2 as1 #a1 #b4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,if a word is italicized1 and it is desirable to change it to the ordinary type1 draw a line under it1 and write ,rom41 the abbreviation for ,roman1 in the margin2 as1 #ae4 #b4 ,to change a word printed in capitals to small letters1 see ,,ii41 ,rem4 ,,vii4 ,spacing4--,when there is too great a space between two letters1 the letters should be connected by the marks 1 and the same sign should be repeated in the margin2 as1 #ba4 ,the single mark connecting two words and repeated in the margin1 indicates too great a space between words2 as1 #bc4 ,when there is not sufficient space between two words1 a caret is used to indicate the want of space1 and the sign written in the margin2 as1 #be4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when there is not space enough between two lines1 or there is too much1 the fact can be indicated as in #g and #h1 #ac and #ad4 #b4 ,when a space is not left at the commencement of a paragraph1 a caret indicates the want of space1 and the sign is placed in the margin2 as1 #ag4 ,,viii4 ,paragraphs4--,when a new paragraph is desired1 the sign should be inserted in the proof1 before the first word of the new paragraph1 and the sign should be placed in the margin2 as1 #aj4 ,when two paragraphs are to be run together1 they should be connected by a line1 and ,no written in the margin2 as1 #bd4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,the line connecting the two paragraphs is usually so readily recognized that an additional sign in the margin is not always required4 #b4 ,for space at the commencement of a paragraph1 see ,,vii41 ,rem4 #b4 ,,ix4 ,correction to be ,disregarded4--,dots placed under a word1 and ,stet41 which means let it stand1 written in the margin1 indicate that a correction is to be disregarded2 as1 #be4 ,x4 ,broken ,letters4--,when it is necessary to call the attention of the printer to a broken letter1 a line should be drawn under it1 and the sign placed in the margin2 as1 #ba4 ,,remark4 ,it is the custom with some proof-readers to draw a sloping line through the broken letter1 and repeat the letter in the margin4 ,this is sometimes a great convenience to the printer1 especially when the letter is so badly injured that it can not be recognized2 for1 unless the printer is familiar with the spelling of the word1 it may be necessary1 with considerable inconvenience1 to refer to the copy4 ,,xi4 ,transpose4--,when two words should change places1 the custom is to draw a line over the first1 continue it under the second1 and write tr41 the abbreviation for transpose1 in the margin2 as1 #bf4 ,,remarks4 #a4 ,when several letters in a word are not in their proper order1 either draw a line through the word and rewrite it in the margin1 or draw a line under or through the letters1 and write them in their proper order4 #b4 ,when the order of several words is to be changed1 indicate the proper order by placing #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 c41 over the words1 draw a straight line under each1 and write tr4 in the margin4 ,,xii4 ,crooked ,words4--,when the letters of a word are displaced1 draw a line above and below the word1 and repeat the lines in the margin2 as1 #bh4 ,the same marks are used to call attention to a crooked line4 ,,xiii4 ,projecting ,leads4--,when a lead projects so as to leave an impression on the proof1 a sloping line should be drawn through it1 and the sign symbol or symbol placed in the margin2 as1 #bb4 ,,xiv4 ,diphthongs4--,when and should be printed as diphthongs1 a line should be drawn through them1 and the letters forming the diphthong written in the margin thus1 1 4 ,,xv4 ,mark of ,attention4--,the sign is sometimes used to call the attention of the printer to some defect in a word or line4 ,,general ,,remark4 ,it is the custom with many proof-readers to draw a line from the mistake in the proof to the correction in the margin4 ,this should always be done when the mistakes are numerous1 or the lines crowded together4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,description ,,of ,a ,,palace ,,in ,a ,,valley4 ,illustration ,ye who listen with credulity to the whispers of fancy1 and pursue with eagerness the phantoms of hope2 who expect that age will perform the promises of youth1 and that the deficiencies of the present day will be supplied by the morrow1 attend to the history of ,rasselas1 prince of ,abyssinia4 ,rasselas was the fourth son of the mighty emperor1 in whose dominions the father of waters begins his course2 whose bounty pours down the streams of plenty1 and scatters over half the world the harvests of ,egypt4 ,the place which the wisdom or policy of antiquity had destined for the residence of the ,abyssinian princes1 was a spacious valley in the kingdom of ,amhara1 surrounded on every side by mountains1 of which the summits overhung the middle part4 ,the only passage by which it could be entered1 was a cavern that passed under a rock1 of which it has long been disputed whether it was the work of nature or of human industry4 ,,dr4 ,,johnson4 ,,index4 ,the first number of each reference refers to the page4 ,a ,abbreviations1 how indicated1 #bi1 ,,ii42 list of1 #bi1 #cj2 additional marks1 #cj1 #a2 proper names1 #cj1 #b2 numerals1 #cj1 #c2 numbering pages1 #cj1 #d2 letter doubled to indicate the plural1 #cj1 #e2 how to abbreviate words1 #cj1 #f2 ,mr41 ,mrs41 etc41 #gd1 #a1 #b4 ,addressed1 person or thing1 #ac1 ,,viii42 strong emotion1 #ad ,rem42 #cc1 ,,iii4 ,address of envelopes1 most important part of letter-writing1 #gc2 position1 #gd2 punctuation1 #gd2 honorary titles1 #ge2 large cities1 #gf2 small towns and villages1 #gg2 addressed envelopes1 #gg2 letters with special request1 #gh2 stamp1 #gh2 forms of address1 #gh-hb4 ,address1 inside1 definition of1 #hg2 punctuation of1 #hh2 large cities1 #hh2 small towns and villages1 #hi2 intimate friends and relatives1 #hi2 position1 #ij4 ,adjectives1 two1 #ag1 #b2 in a series1 #ah1 #a4 ,adverbs1 #aj1 #c4 ,advertisements1 capitalization of1 #fb1 #c4 ,almighty ,god1 #fd1 #b4 ,and1 or1 nor1 connecting words in a series1 #ag1 ,,xiv42 words and phrases1 #ai1 #c2 phrases and clauses1 #ah1 ,,xv42 #ai1 #b2 or between two words or expressions1 the latter explaining the former1 #ah1 #b4 ,answer and question in the same paragraph1 #cf1 #c4 ,apostrophe1 the1 #dg1 #dh2 form of1 #dg1 ,rem42 denotes what1 #dg1 ,,ii ,see ,possession4 ,appositives1 #ae1 ,,xi42 definition of1 #af1 #a2 two nouns in apposition1 #af1 #b1 a2 noun and pronoun1 #af1 #b1 b2 two pronouns1 #af1 #b1 c2 parts of a person's name1 #af1 #b1 d4 ,arabic numbers1 #bb1 ,,xviii4 ,as1 #ba1 #c2 introducing an example1 #bd1 ,rem42 as with a dash1 #cf1 #d4 ,as it were1 #i1 ,,iv42 as follows1 #bg1 ,,iii4 ,aunt1 when to commence with a capital1 #fc1 #b1 #c2 #ij1 #b2 #if1 #b4 ,author from whom a quotation is taken1 #cf1 #b2 manuscript of1 #gb1 #ajb1 #ajc2 correction of proof1 #ajb4 ,b ,because1 #g1 #a4 ,being or having been1 #ad1 ,rem4 ,bible1 references to4 ,see ,references4 ,body of the letter1 the first word1 #id2 margin1 #ie2 paragraphs1 #ie4 ,books1 titles of1 #dd1 ,,ii42 chapter1 #fb1 #b2 title-pages1 #fb1 ,,viii4 ,brackets1 #da1 #db2 additional marks1 #da1 #a2 reporting speeches1 #da1 #b2 parenthetical marks1 #db1 #c4 ,broken letters in proof1 #aji1 ,x4 ,broken sentences1 #cd1 ,i4 ,brother1 when to commence with a capital1 #fc1 #b1 #c2 #ij1 #b2 #if1 #b4 ,but1 #f1 #a4 ,c ,capitals1 #ed-gj2 usage formerly1 #ee2 tendency at the present day1 #ef2 value of capitals1 #ef2 how indicated in writing1 #ec1 ,v42 in proof1 #ajg1 ,,vi42 title-pages1 #fb1 ,,viii4 ,caret1 #eb1 ,,ii42 in proof1 #ajf1 ,,iii4 ,chapter1 first word of1 #fb1 #b4 ,church1 when written with a capital1 #fj1 #c4 ,clauses1 definition of1 #e2 independent1 #f1 ,i42 dependent1 #f1 ,,ii42 relative1 #g1 #h1 #i2 participial1 #ad1 ,,ix42 series of1 #bd1 ,,iii42 concluding1 #cd1 ,,ii42 short1 #bd1 ,rem4 ,see ,expressions4 ,colon1 the1 #be-bh2 indicates what1 #c1 #d2 not used as much as formerly1 #bh4 ,comma1 the1 #e-bb2 indicates a close relationship1 #c1 #d2 omitted1 #c2 #af1 #b2 #ba1 #a1 #b1 #c2 preferred sometimes to semicolons1 #be4 ,commas1 two1 placed under a word1 #eb1 ,i4 ,complete sentences1 #bi1 ,i42 title of essay1 oration1 etc41 #bi1 ,rem4 ,compound words1 #di1 ,i42 definition of1 #di1 #a4 ,concluding clause1 #cd1 ,,ii42 emphatic conclusion1 #ce1 #a2 namely1 that is1 etc41 omitted1 #ce1 #b2 word or expression repeated1 #ce1 #c4 ,conclusion of a letter1 definition1 #ie2 punctuation1 #if2 position1 #ig2 signature1 #ig4 ,conclusion1 emphatic1 #ce1 ,i4 ,contrasted expressions or comparisons1 #bj1 ,,xvii42 comparison1 short1 #ba1 #a2 so-that1 rather-than1 etc41 #ba1 #b2 as1 than1 #ba1 #c2 first expression negative1 the other affirmative1 #ba1 #d4 ,consequently1 #i1 ,,iv4 ,copy1 definition of1 #ajd4 ,correction in proof to be disregarded1 #aji1 ,,ix4 ,cousin1 when to commence with a capital1 #fc1 #b1 #c2 #ij1 #b2 #if1 #b4 ,crooked words in proof1 #aaj1 ,,xii4 ,d ,dagger1 double dagger1 uses of1 #ec1 ,,vi4 ,dash1 #cd-ch2 additional punctuation marks1 #ch1 #a1 #b4 ,days of the month1 #fj1 ,,vi42 spring1 summer1 etc41 #fa1 ,rem4 ,dates1 #bb1 ,rem4 ,deity1 the1 #fc1 ,x42 difference among writers1 #fc1 #a2 ,first ,cause1 etc41 #fd1 #b2 ,king of kings1 etc41 #fd1 #c2 eternal1 divine1 etc41 #fd1 #d2 pronouns1 #fd1 #e2 #fe1 #f2 god1 goddess1 deity1 #fe1 #g4 ,democrat1 #fj1 ,v4 ,dependent clauses1 #f1 ,,ii42 definition of1 #g1 #a2 omission of comma1 #g1 #b4 ,devil1 #ei1 #c4 ,diresis1 #ej1 #d4 ,diphthongs1 how indicated in proof1 #aaj1 ,,xiv4 ,direct question1 #ca1 ,i4 ,direct quotation4 ,see ,quotation4 ,divine1 #fd1 #d4 ,division of words1 #ej1 ,,iii42 where to divide a word1 #ea1 #a4 ,divisions of sentences1 #bc1 ,i42 #be1 ,gen4 ,rem4 ,divisions of a statement1 #fi1 ,,xvii42 how readily recognized1 #gj1 #a2 usage of some writers1 #gj1 #b2 sentences broken off to attract attention1 #gj1 #c4 ,e ,east1 when to commence with a capital1 #ei1 #a4 ,ellipsis1 marks of1 #eb1 ,,iii4 ,emotion1 strong1 #cb1 ,i42 unusual degree1 #cb1 ,rem4 ,emphasis1 words repeated for1 #ag1 #c2 use of the dash to give prominence1 #cg1 ,gen4 ,rem42 #ce1 #a4 ,enumeration of particulars1 #bg1 ,,iii42 particulars preceded by a colon1 #bg1 #a2 not introduced by thus1 following1 etc41 #bg1 #b2 particulars preceded by a semicolon1 #bg1 #c2 comma and dash sometimes used1 #bh1 #d4 ,envelopes1 addressed1 #gg2 with special request1 #gh2 with stamp1 #gh4 ,esq41 #gd1 #c4 ,eternal1 referring to the ,deity1 #fd1 #d4 ,example1 punctuation of words preceding1 #bd1 ,rem42 first word of1 #ff1 #d4 ,exclamation point1 #cb1 #cc2 inclosed within parenthetical marks1 #dj1 #c4 ,expressions1 inverted1 #ab1 ,,vi42 two brief1 #ai1 #b2 contrasted1 #bj1 ,,xvii42 complete in themselves1 #bc1 ,,ii42 #bh1 ,gen4 ,rem42 series of1 #bd1 ,,iii42 negative and affirmative1 #ba1 #d2 at the end of sentences1 #bb1 ,,xix42 equivalent to sentences1 #eg1 #b4 ,f ,father1 when to commence with a capital1 #fc1 #b1 #c4 ,federalist1 #fj1 ,v4 ,figures omitted1 #cf1 ,,iv42 ,arabic1 #bb1 ,,xviii4 ,finally1 #i1 ,,iv4 ,first ,cause1 ,first ,principle1 #fd1 #b2 ,father of mercies1 ,father of spirits1 #fd1 #c4 ,first word in a sentence1 #eg1 ,i42 in expressions numbered1 #fi1 ,,xvii42 after a period1 #eg1 #c4 ,following1 #bg1 ,,iii41 #b4 ,foreign words1 #dc1 #b4 ,forms of address1 #gh-hb4 ,friend1 when to commence with a capital1 #fc1 #c2 #ij1 #b2 #if1 #b4 ,g ,general remarks1 #bh1 #cg1 #aaj4 ,god1 #fc1 #fd2 goddess1 #fe1 #g2 ,god of hosts1 #fd1 #c4 ,gospel1 #fa1 #c4 ,greeting4 ,see ,introductory words4 ,h ,handbills1 use of capitals in1 #fb1 #c4 ,heading of letters1 #hc2 definition1 #hc2 punctuation1 #hd2 large cities1 #he2 a small town or village1 #hf2 hotels1 #hf2 seminaries or colleges1 #hf2 position1 #hf4 ,heaven and hell1 #ei1 #c4 ,heavenly1 applied to the ,deity1 #fd1 #d4 ,hers1 #dh1 #c4 ,hesitation1 how indicated1 #cd1 ,i4 ,his1 ,him1 referring to the ,deity1 #fd1 #e4 ,his ,excellency1 #gf1 #e2 #fb1 ,,ix42 address of envelope1 #hj4 ,hon41 #ge1 #d2 #fb1 ,,ix4 ,however1 #i1 ,,iv4 ,hyphen1 the1 #di-ea2 connecting several words1 #di1 #b2 omitted1 #di1 #c2 doubt as to the use1 #di1 #e4 ,i ,i1 #fh1 ,,xv4 ,if1 #g1 #a4 ,indeed1 #i1 ,,iv4 ,independent clauses1 #f1 ,i42 definition of1 #f1 #a2 comma omitted1 #f1 #b2 separation by a semicolon1 #f1 #c4 ,infinite ,one1 #fd1 #b4 ,in short1 in fact1 in reality1 #i1 ,,iv4 ,interjections1 #cb1 ,,ii42 exclamation point at the end of a sentence1 #cc1 #a1 #b4 ,interrogation point1 #ca1 ,i42 inclosed in parenthetical marks1 #dj1 #b4 ,introductory words of letters1 definition1 #ij2 punctuation1 #ia2 position1 #ia2 forms of salutation1 #ib2 salutations to young ladies1 #ic2 to married ladies1 #id4 ,introductory remarks1 #e1 #gc4 ,inverted expressions1 #ab1 ,,vi42 explanation1 #ab1 #a2 omission of comma1 #ab1 #b4 ,inverted letter in proof1 #ajg1 ,,iv4 ,italics1 how indicated1 #ec1 ,v42 #ajg1 ,,vi42 words from a foreign language1 #dc1 #b2 written with or without a capital1 #fj1 ,rem4 ,its1 #dh1 #c4 ,k ,king of kings1 #fd1 #c4 ,l ,leaders1 #ec1 ,,iv4 ,letters or figures omitted1 #cf1 ,,iv42 #c-i equivalent to1 #cg1 ,rem4 ,letters omitted1 #dg1 ,i42 the apostrophe1 #dg1 ,rem4 ,letters1 care in writing1 some facts1 #gc4 ,letter-forms1 #ga-ajj4 ,list of abbreviations1 #bi1 #cj2 #cj1 #g4 ,,ll4 ,d41 #cj1 #e2 #ge1 #c4 ,logical subject1 #ai1 ,,xvi42 definition of1 #bj1 #a2 custom of some writers1 #bj1 #b4 ,long sentences1 #be1 ,i4 ,lord of lords1 #fd1 #c4 ,m ,madame1 #ic1 #id4 ,marks of parenthesis1 #ci1 #dj2 additional marks1 #ci1 #a2 dashes1 #cg1 ,v42 comma1 #dj1 #d4 ,mark of attention in proof1 #aaj1 ,,xv4 ,members of sentences1 #be1 ,gen4 ,rem4 ,miscellaneous marks1 #eb1 #ec4 ,miss1 #gd1 #a2 #ic4 ,months and days1 names of1 #fj1 ,,vi42 autumn1 spring1 etc41 #fa1 ,rem4 ,more--than1 #ba1 #b4 ,moreover1 #i1 ,,iv4 ,n ,name1 person's1 #af1 #b1 d42 abbreviated1 #cj1 #b2 #gd1 #b2 #if1 ,rem4 period used after name1 #bi1 ,rem4 ,see ,signature4 ,namely1 #i1 ,,iv42 #ce1 #b4 ,nations1 names of1 #ei1 ,,iv42 ,italics and ,italicized1 #fj1 ,rem4 ,negative expressions1 #ba1 #d4 ,nevertheless1 #i1 ,,iv4 ,nor1 #f1 #a4 ,not1 contrasted expressions1 #ba1 #d4 ,north1 when to commence with a capital1 #ei1 #a4 ,nouns in apposition1 #ae1 #af4 ,see ,words4 ,numeral figures1 #bb1 ,,xviii42 dates1 #bb1 ,rem4 ,o ,o1 #fh1 ,,xv42 not followed by an exclamation point1 #cb1 ,,ii4 ,of which1 #i1 #c2 of course1 #i1 ,,iv4 ,omitted1 letters or figures1 #cf1 ,,iv42 #dg1 ,i4 ,omissions1 how indicated1 #eb1 ,,ii42 in proof1 #ajf1 ,,iii4 ,or1 #f1 #a2 #ah1 #b4 ,ours1 #dh1 #c4 ,p ,pages1 numbering of1 #cj1 #d4 ,paragraphs1 quoted1 #df1 ,,iv42 sign of1 #ec1 ,,vi42 in proof1 #ajh1 ,,viii4 ,parallel lines1 #ec1 ,,vi4 ,parenthesis1 #ci1 ,i42 additional marks1 #ci1 #a1 a1 b1 c2 comma and dash often preferred1 #cg1 ,v42 #dj1 #d2 doubtful assertion1 #dj1 #b2 irony or contempt1 #dj1 #c4 ,parenthetical words and phrases1 #i1 ,,iv42 definition of1 #aj1 #a2 when commas are omitted1 #aj1 #b2 parenthetical words and adverbs1 #aj1 #c4 ,parenthetical expressions1 #aa1 ,v42 distinction between parenthetical expressions and parenthetical words1 #aa1 #a1 a1 b2 when commas are omitted1 #aa1 #b4 ,parties1 names of1 #fj1 ,v4 ,see ,sects4 ,participial clauses1 #ad1 ,,ix42 sign of1 #ad1 ,rem4 ,perhaps1 #i1 ,,iv4 ,period1 indicates what1 #c2 uses of1 #bi1 #cj4 ,persons and places1 names of1 #eh1 ,,iii42 ,north1 ,south1 etc41 #ei1 #a2 words derived from names of persons1 #ei1 #b2 ,satan1 devil1 #ei1 #c4 ,person or thing addressed1 #ac1 ,,viii42 strong emotion1 #ad1 ,rem4 ,personification1 #fg1 ,,xiv4 ,phrases and clauses1 #ah1 ,,xv42 definition of a phrase1 #ai1 #a2 of a clause1 #e2 when commas are omitted1 #ai1 #b2 words and phrases in a series1 #ai1 #c2 parenthetical phrases1 #i1 #aj4 ,poetry1 first word of each line1 #eh1 ,,ii4 ,political parties1 #fj1 ,v4 ,possession1 #dg1 ,,ii42 singular of nouns1 #dg1 #a2 plural of nouns1 #dh1 #b2 ours1 yours1 etc41 #dh1 #c4 ,prefixes1 #ej1 ,,ii42 definition of1 #ej1 #a2 vowel and consonant #ej1 #b2 vice-president1 etc41 #ej1 #c2 when to use the diresis1 #ej1 #d4 ,prince of life1 ,prince of kings1 #fd1 #c4 ,projecting leads in proof1 #aaj1 ,,xiii4 ,pronouns referring to the ,deity1 #fd1 #e2 #fe1 #f4 ,proof-reading1 #aja-aad2 its importance1 #ajb2 preparation of manuscript1 #ajb1 #ajc2 copy1 proof-sheet1 revise1 #ajd2 wrong letters and punctuation marks1 #aje1 ,i42 wrong words1 #ajf1 ,,ii42 omissions1 #ajf1 ,,iii42 inverted letter1 #ajg1 ,,iv42 strike out1 #ajg1 ,v42 capitals and italics1 #ajg1 ,,vi42 spacing1 #ajh1 ,,vii42 paragraphs1 #ajh1 ,,viii42 correction to be disregarded1 #aji1 ,,ix42 broken letters1 #aji1 ,x42 transpose1 #aji1 ,,xi42 crooked words1 #aaj1 ,,xii42 projecting leads1 #aaj1 ,,xiii42 diphthongs1 #aaj1 ,,xiv42 mark of attention1 #ajj1 ,,xv42 ,gen4 ,rem41 #aaj4 ,proof-sheet1 definition of1 #ajd2 specimen proof1 #aaa1 #aab2 corrected proof1 #aac1 #aad4 ,punctuation1 its importance1 iii41 iv42 how to teach it1 iv41 v42 principal punctuation marks1 #c2 other marks1 #d2 punctuation marks1 why used1 #c1 #d4 ,q ,question1 direct1 #ca1 ,i42 question and answer in the same paragraph1 #cf1 #c4 ,quotation1 short1 #ab1 ,,vii42 long1 #ac1 #e2 #bf1 ,,ii42 #bg1 #a2 expressions resembling a quotation1 #ac1 #a2 introduced by that1 #ac1 #b2 #fe1 #a2 single words quoted1 #ac1 #c2 #fe1 #b2 #ff1 #c2 quotation divided1 #ac1 #d2 quotation in the middle of a sentence1 #bg1 #b2 quotation within a quotation1 #de1 #a2 #df1 #b2 parts of a quotation omitted1 #df1 ,,iv41 #b2 first word of a quotation1 #fe1 ,,xi42 examples as illustrations1 #bd1 ,rem42 #ff1 #d4 ,quotation marks1 #dc-df2 direct quotation1 #dc1 ,i42 exact words not given1 #dc1 #a2 words from a foreign language1 #dc1 #b2 quotation followed by a comma1 semicolon1 colon1 period1 #dd1 #d2 by an exclamation or interrogation point1 #dd1 #e1 #f2 titles of books1 #dd1 ,,ii42 quotation within a quotation1 #de1 ,,iii42 paragraphs1 #df1 ,,iv4 ,quoted passage1 #da1 ,i4 ,r ,republican1 ,radical1 #fj1 ,v4 ,rather--than1 #ba1 #b4 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