,,! ,,writ+ ,,( ,,fiction ,! ,writ+ ( ,fiction ,by ,,edi? ,,:>ton ,ord] ! beauty ev5 ( ,beauty is4 --,,?omas ,,trah]ne4 ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york ,,london #aibe ,,copyright1 #aibd1 #aibe1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,copyright1 #aibe1 ,,by ,,! ,,yale ,,publi%+ ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,illu/ration ,,to ,,gaill>d ,,lapsley ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,9 ,,g5]al #a ,,ii4 ,,tell+ ,a ,,%ort ,,/ory #ca ,,iii4 ,,con/ruct+ ,a ,,novel #ei ,,iv4 ,,"* ,,& ,,situation ,,9 ,,! ,,novel #abc ,v4 ,,m>cel ,,pr\/ #adi ,,! ,,writ+ ,,( ,,fiction ,i ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,! ,,writ+ ,,( ,,fiction ,i ,,9 ,,g5]al ,i ,to treat ( ! practice ( fiction is to deal ) ! newe/1 mo/ fluid & lea/ =mulat$ ( ! arts4 ,! exploration ( orig9s is always fasc9at+2 b ! attempt to relate ! mod]n novel to ! tale ( ,joseph & 8 ,bre?r5 is ( purely hi/oric int]e/4 ,mod]n fiction really began :5 ! 8action0 ( ! novel 0 transf]r$ f ! /reet to ! s\l2 & ?is /ep 0 probably fir/ tak5 :5 ,madame de ,la ,fayette1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 wrote a little /ory call$ 8,la ,pr9cesse de ,clves10 a /ory ( hopeless love & mute r5unciation 9 :i* ! /ately t5or ( ! lives depict$ is h>dly ruffl$ by ! exultations & agonies succe$+ ea* o!r bel[ ! surface4 ,! next advance 0 made :5 ! protagoni/s ( ?is new inn] drama 7 trans=m$ f conv5tionaliz$ puppets--! h]o1 ! h]o9e1 ! villa91 ! heavy fa!r & s on--into brea?+ & recognizable human be+s4 ,"h aga9 a ,fr5* noveli/--! ,abb ,prvo/--l$ ! way ) 8,manon ,lescaut02 b 8 draw+ ( "* seems summ>y & s*ematic :5 8 p are comp>$ ) ! fir/ great figure 9 mod]n fiction--! appall+ 8,neveu de ,rameau40 ,x 0 n till long aft] ,did]ot's dea? t ! au?or ( s _m brilliant tales peopl$ ) eighte5? c5tury puppets 0 f\nd1 9 ! creation ( t "o sordid1 cynical & desolately human figure1 to h anticipat$ n only ,balzac b ,do/oievsky4 ,b ev5 f 8,manon ,lescaut0 & ! 8,neveu de ,rameau10 ev5 f ,lesage1 ,defoe1 ,field+1 ,smollett1 ,ri*>dson1 & ,scott1 mod]n fiction is diff]5tiat$ by ! great divid+ g5iuses ( ,balzac & ,/5dhal4 ,save = t "o amaz+ accid5t ( ,did]ot's1 ,balzac 0 ! fir/ n only to see 8 p1 physically & morally1 9 _! habit z !y liv$1 ) all _! p]sonal hobbies & infirmities1 & make ! read] see !m1 b to draw 8 dramatic action z mu* f ! relation ( 8 *>act]s to _! h\ses1 /reets1 t[ns1 pr(essions1 inh]it$ habits & op9ions1 z f _! =tuit\s contacts ) ea* o!r4 ,balzac himself ascrib$ ! priority 9 ?is k9d ( realism to ,scott1 f :om ! y\ng] noveli/ av[$ly d]iv$ 8 *ief inspiration4 ,b1 z ,balzac obs]v$1 ,scott1 s ke5 & direct 9 survey+ ! re/ ( 8 field ( vision1 became conv5tional & hypocritical :5 he t\*$ on love & wom54 ,9 def]5ce to ! wave ( prud]y :i* ov]swept ,engl& aft] ! vulg> excesses ( ! ,hanov]ian c\rt he sub/itut$ s5tim5tality = passion1 & r$uc$ 8 h]o9es to 8,keepsake0 insipidities2 :]eas 9 ! firm surface ( ,balzac's realism !re is h>dly a flaw1 & 8 wom51 ! "y z well z ! old1 are liv+ p1 z mu* compact ( human contradictions & torn ) human passions z 8 mis]s1 8 f9anci]s1 8 prie/s or 8 doctors4 ,/5dhal1 ?\gh z indiff]5t z any eighte5? c5tury writ] to atmosph]e & 8local col\r10 is int5sely mod]n & reali/ic 9 ! individualiz+ ( 8 *>act]s1 :o 7 nev] types 7to ! ext5t ev5 ( "s ( ,balzac's7 b always %>ply diff]5tiat$ & p>ticul> human be+s4 ,m di/9ctively /ill does he repres5t ! new fiction by 8 insight into ! spr+s ( social action4 ,no mod]n noveli/ has ev] gone ne>] ?an ,rac9e did 9 8 trag$ies to ! s\rces ( p]sonal1 ( individual feel+2 & "s ( ! ,fr5* noveli/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury are /ill unsurpass$ 7save by ,rac9e7 9 ! la/ ref9em5ts ( individual s\l-analysis4 ,:at 0 new 9 bo? ,balzac & ,/5dhal 0 ! fact ( _! view+ ea* "* fir/ ( all z a product ( p>ticul> mat]ial & social conditions1 z be+ ?us or ?us because ( ! call+ he pursu$ or ! h\se he liv$ 9 7,balzac71 or ! society he want$ to get into 7,/5dhal71 or ! acre ( gr\nd he covet$1 or ! p[]ful or fa%ionable p]sonage he ap$ or envi$ 7bo? ,balzac & ,/5dhal74 ,^! noveli/s 7) ! solit>y exception ( ,defoe1 :5 he wrote 8,moll ,fl&]s07 are ! fir/ to seem cont9u\sly aw>e t ! b\nds ( a p]sonality are n reproducible by a %>p black l9e1 b t ea* ( u fl[s imp]ceptibly into adjac5t p & ?+s4 ,! *>act]ization ( all ! noveli/s :o prec$$ ^! two ma/]s seems1 9 comp>ison1 incomplete or immature4 ,ev5 ,ri*>dson's seems s1 9 ! mo/ p5etrat+ pages ( 8,cl>issa ,h>l[e10 ev5 ,goe!'s 9 t uncannily mod]n novel1 ! 8,elective ,aff9ities0--because1 9 ! case ( ^! writ]s1 ! p s elaborately dissect$ are hung 9 ! void1 unvisualiz$ & uncondition$ 7or almo/7 by ! special outw>d circum/ances ( _! lives4 ,!y are subtly analyz$ ab/ractions ( humanity1 to :om only su* ?+s happ5 z might happ5 to almo/ any "o 9 any walk ( life--! inevitable et]nal human happ5+s4 ,s9ce ,balzac & ,/5dhal1 fiction has rea*$ out 9 _m new directions1 & made all sorts ( exp]im5ts2 b x has nev] ceas$ to cultivate ! gr\nd !y cle>$ = x1 or gone back to ! realm ( ab/ractions4 ,x is /ill1 h[ev]1 an art 9 ! mak+1 flu5t & dirigible1 & comb9+ a pa/ full en\gh = ! d$uction ( c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples ) a future ri* 9 untri$ possibilities4 ,,ii ,on ! ?re%old ( any !ory ( art its expon5t is sure to be ask$3 8,on :at fir/ assumption does y\r !ory re/80 ,& 9 fiction1 z 9 e o!r art1 ! only answ] seems to be t any !ory mu/ beg9 by assum+ ! ne$ ( selection4 ,x seems curi\s t ev5 n[--& p]haps m ?an ev]--"o %\ld h to expla9 & def5d :at is no m ?an ! rule und]ly+ ! mo/ artless v]bal /atem5t4 ,no matt] h[ re/rict$ an incid5t "o is try+ to give an acc\nt (1 x _c b be fr+$ ) details m & m remotely relevant1 & beyond t ) an out] mass ( irrelevant facts :i* may cr[d on ! n>rator simply because ( "s accid5tal prop9quity 9 "t or space4 ,to *oose betwe5 all ?is mat]ial is ! fir/ /ep t[>d coh]5t expression4 ,a g5]ation ago ?is 0 s g5]ally tak5 = grant$ t to /ate x w\ld h seem$ p$antic4 ,9 e-day int]c\rse ! pr9ciple survives 9 ! injunction to /ick to ! po9t2 b ! noveli/ :o applies--or owns up to apply+--?is rule to 8 art1 is n[adays accus$ ( be+ absorb$ 9 te*nique to ! exclusion ( ! suppos$ly contr>y elem5t ( 8human int]e/40 ,ev5 n[1 ! *>ge w\ld h>dly be wor? tak+ up _h x n lately help$ to refurbi% ! old trick ( ! e>ly ,fr5* 8reali/s10 t gr\p ( brilliant writ]s :o inv5t$ ! once-fam\s tran*e de vie1 ! exact photographic reproduction ( a situation or an episode1 ) all its s\nds1 smells1 aspects reali/ically r5d]$1 b ) its deep] relevance & its sugge/ions ( a l>g] :ole ei!r unconsci\sly miss$ or purposely left out4 ,n[ t half a c5tury has elaps$1 "o sees t ^? among ?is gr\p ( writ]s :o survive are /ill readable 9 spite ( _! con/rict+ !ory1 or 9 proportion z !y =got ab\t x once !y clos$ ) _! subject4 ,su* are ,maupassant1 :o pack$ into 8 brief ma/]pieces s deep a psy*ological significance & s sure a s5se ( l>g] relations2 ,zola1 ^: 8slices0 became ! /uff ( great romantic allegories 9 :i* ! =ces ( ,nature & ,indu/ry are ! huge cl\dy protagoni/s1 z 9 a ,pilgrim's ,progress ( man's mat]ial activities2 & ! ,gonc\rts1 ^: ,fr5* in/9ct = psy*ological analysis always made !m seize on ! m significant morsel ( ! fam\s slices4 ,z = ! pupils1 ! m]e consci5ti\s appli]s ( ! sy/em1 !y h all bl[n away ) ! !ory1 aft] a brief] popul>ity ?an writ]s ( equal tal5t might h enjoy$ _h !y n ?us n>r[$ _! scope4 ,an in/ance 9 pro( is ,feydeau's 8,fanny10 "o ( ! few 8psy*ological0 novels ( t g5]ation1 & a slight en\gh adv5ture 9 s\l-se>*+ comp>$ ) ! great 8,madame ,bov>y0 7:i* x 0 suppos$ at ! "t to surpass71 b /ill readable en\gh to h kept ! au?or's "n alive1 :ile mo/ ( 8 m9or contempor>ies are buri$ "u ! unappetiz+ dbris ( _! 8slices40 ,x seem$ necess>y to rev]t to ! slice-(-life because x has lately reappe>$1 m>k$ by c]ta9 unimportant diff]5ces1 & re-labell$ ! /ream ( consci\sness2 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 )\t its new expon5ts' appe>+ aw>e t !y are n also its orig9ators4 ,?is "t ! !ory seems to h sprung up fir/ 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica2 b x has already spread to c]ta9 ( ! y\ng] ,fr5* noveli/s1 :o are j n[1 confus$ly if admir+ly1 r ov]consci\s ( rec5t t5d5cies 9 ,engli% & ,am]ican fiction4 ,! /ream ( consci\sness me?od diff]s f ! slice-(-life 9 not+ m5tal z well z visual reactions1 b resembles x 9 sett+ !m d[n j z !y come1 ) a delib]ate disreg>d ( _! relevance 9 ! p>ticul> case1 or r ) ! assumption t _! v unsort$ abundance con/itutes 9 itself ! au?or's subject4 ,?is attempt to note d[n e half-aw>e /irr+ ( ?\ght & s5sation1 ! automatic reactions to e pass+ impression1 is n z new z its pres5t expon5ts appe> to ?9k4 ,x has be5 us$ by mo/ ( ! greate/ noveli/s1 n z an end 9 itself1 b z x happ5$ to s]ve _! g5]al design3 z :5 _! object 0 to portray a m9d 9 "o ( ^? mom5ts ( acute m5tal /ress :5 x records ) mean+less precision a s]ies ( disconnect$ impressions4 ,! value ( su* 8effects0 9 mak+ vivid a tidal ru% ( emotion has nev] be5 unkn[n s9ce fiction became psy*ological1 & noveli/s grew aw>e ( ! int5sity ) :i*1 at su* times1 irrelevant trifles imp+e ^u ! bra92 b !y h nev] be5 delud$ by ! idea t ! subconsci\s--t ,mrs4 ,h>ris ( ! psy*ologi/s--c\ld 9 itself furni% ! mat]ials = _! art4 ,all ! greate/ ( !m1 f ,balzac & ,?ack]ay onw>d1 h made use ( ! /amm]+s & murmur+s ( ! half-consci\s m9d :5ev]--b only :5--su* a /ate ( m5tal flux fitt$ into ! :ole picture ( ! p]son portray$4 ,_! obs]vation %[$ !m t 9 ! _w ( normal m5 life is conduct$1 at lea/ 9 its decisive mom5ts1 on fairly coh]5t & selective l9es1 & t only ?us c ! great fundam5tal affairs ( bread-gett+ & home-&-tribe organiz+ be c>ri$ on4 ,drama1 situation1 is made out ( ! conflicts ?us produc$ betwe5 social ord] & individual appetites1 & ! art ( r5d]+ life 9 fiction c nev]1 9 ! la/ analysis1 be any?+1 or ne$ to be any?+1 b ! dis5gag+ ( crucial mom5ts f ! welt] ( exi/5ce4 ,^! mom5ts ne$ n involve action 9 ! s5se ( ext]nal ev5ts2 !y seldom h1 s9ce ! sc5e ( conflict 0 %ift$ f incid5t to "*4 ,b !re mu/ be some?+ t makes !m crucial1 "s recognizable relation to a famili> social or moral /&>d1 "s explicit aw>5ess ( ! et]nal /ruggle betwe5 man's cont5d+ impulses1 if ! tales embody+ !m are to fix ! att5tion & hold ! memory4 ,,iii ,! di/ru/ ( te*nique & ! fe> ( be+ unorig9al--bo? symptoms ( a c]ta9 lack ( creative abundance--are 9 tru? lead+ to pure an>*y 9 fiction1 & "o is almo/ tempt$ to say t 9 c]ta9 s*ools =mlessness is n[ reg>d$ z ! fir/ condition ( =m4 ,n long ago ,i he>d a man ( lett]s decl>e t ,do/oievsky 0 sup]ior to ,tol/oy because 8 m9d 0 8m *aotic10 & he c\ld !re=e r5d] m 8tru?fully0 ! *aos ( ! ,russian m9d 9 g5]al2 ?\gh h[ *aos c be appreh5d$ & def9$ by a m9d imm]s$ 9 x1 ! speak] did n make cle>4 ,! ass]tion1 ( c\rse1 0 ! result ( confus+ imag9ative emotivity ) its objective r5d]+4 ,:at ! speak] meant 0 t ! noveli/ :o w\ld create a giv5 gr\p ( p or portray special social conditions mu/ be able to id5tify himself ) !m2 :i* is r a long way ( say+ t an arti/ mu/ h imag9ation4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! m]ely sympa!tic & ! creative imag9ation is t ! latt] is two-sid$1 & comb9es ) ! p[] ( p5etrat+ into o!r m9ds t ( /&+ f> en\gh alo( f !m to see beyond1 & relate !m to ! :ole /uff ( life out ( :i* !y b p>tially em]ge4 ,su* an all-r\nd view c be obta9$ only by m\nt+ to a height2 & t height1 9 art1 is proportion$ to ! arti/'s p[] ( deta*+ "o "p ( 8 imag9ation f ! p>ticul> problem 9 :i* ! re/ is /eep$4 ,"o ( ! causes ( ! confusion ( judgm5t on ?is po9t is no d\bt ! p]il\s aff9ity betwe5 ! art ( fiction & ! mat]ial x works 94 ,x has be5 s (t5 said t all art is re-pres5tation--! giv+ back 9 consci\s =m ( ! %apeless raw mat]ial ( exp]i5ce--t "o w\ld will+ly avoid insi/+ on su* a truism4 ,b :ile !re is no art ( :i* ! say+ is tru] ?an ( fiction1 !re is none 9 respect ( :i* !re is m dang] ( ! axiom's be+ mis9t]pret$4 ,! attempt to give back any fragm5t ( life 9 pa9t+ or sculpture or music presupposes transposition1 8/ylization40 ,to re-pres5t 9 words is f> m difficult1 because ! relation is s close betwe5 model & arti/4 ,! noveli/ works 9 ! v mat]ial out ( :i* ! object he is try+ to r5d] is made4 ,he mu/ use1 to express s\l1 ! signs :i* s\l uses to express itself4 ,x is relatively easy to sep>ate ! arti/ic vision ( an object f its complex & tangl$ actuality if "o has to re-see x 9 pa9t or m>ble or bronze2 x is inf9itely difficult to r5d] a human m9d :5 "o is employ+ ! v ^w-du/ ) :i* ?\ght is =mulat$4 ,/ill1 ! transposition does take place z surely1 if n z obvi\sly1 9 a novel z 9 a /atue4 ,if x did n1 ! writ+ ( fiction c\ld nev] be class$ among works ( art1 products ( consci\s ord]+ & select+1 & !re w\ld consequ5tly be no?+ to say ab\t x1 s9ce !re seems to be no way ( e/imat+ /hetically any?+ to :i* no /&>d ( *oice c be appli$4 ,ano!r unsettl+ elem5t 9 mod]n art is t common symptom ( immaturity1 ! dread ( do+ :at has be5 done be=e2 = ?\gh "o ( ! in/9cts ( y\? is imitation1 ano!r1 equally imp]i\s1 is t ( fi]cely gu>d+ aga9/ x4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! noveli/ ( ! pres5t day is 9 dang] ( be+ caught 9 a vici\s circle1 = ! insatiable dem& = quick production t5ds to keep him 9 a /ate ( p]petual immaturity1 & ! ready acceptance ( 8 w>es enc\rages him to ?9k t no "t ne$ be wa/$ 9 /udy+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( 8 art1 or 9 speculat+ on its pr9ciples4 ,?is conviction /r5g!ns ! belief t ! s-call$ quality ( 8orig9ality0 may be impair$ by too long brood+ on "o's !me & too close a comm]ce ) ! pa/2 b ! :ole hi/ory ( t pa/--9 e doma9 ( art--disproves ?is by :at survives1 & %[s t e subject1 to yield & to reta9 its full flav\r1 %\ld be long c>ri$ 9 ! m9d1 brood$ ^u1 & f$ ) all ! impressions & emotions :i* n\ri% its creator4 ,true orig9ality consi/s n 9 a new mann] b 9 a new vision4 ,t new1 t p]sonal1 vision is atta9$ only by look+ long en\gh at ! object repres5t$ to make x ! writ]'s own2 & ! m9d :i* w\ld br+ ?is secret g]m to fruition mu/ be able to n\ri% x ) an accumulat$ weal? ( k & exp]i5ce4 ,to "k any "o ?+ "o mu/ n only "k some?+ ( a great _m o!rs1 b also1 z ,mat!w ,arnold long s9ce po9t$ out1 a great deal m ( "o's imm$iate subject ?an any p>tial pres5tation ( x visibly includes2 & ,mr4 ,kipl+'s 8,:at %\ld !y "k ( ,engl& :o only ,engl& "k80 might be tak5 z ! symbolic wat*word ( ! creative arti/4 ,"o is sometimes tempt$ to ?9k t ! g5]ation :i* has inv5t$ ! 8fiction c\rse0 is gett+ ! fiction x des]ves4 ,at any rate x is fo/]+ 9 its "y writ]s ! conviction t art is nei!r long nor ardu\s1 & p]haps bl9d+ !m to ! fact t notoriety & m$iocrity are (t5 int]*angeable t]ms4 ,b ?\gh ! trade-w9d 9 fiction und\bt$ly drives _m beg9n]s along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & holds !m !re1 x is f> f be+ ! sole cause ( ! pres5t que/ = %ort-cuts 9 art4 ,!re are writ]s indiff]5t to popul> success1 & ev5 contemptu\s ( x1 :o s9c]ely believe t ?is l9e m>ks ! pa? ( ! true vocation4 ,_m p assume t ! arti/ receives1 at ! outset ( 8 c>e]1 ! my/]i\s seal$ ord]s kn[n z 8,inspiration10 & has only to let t sov]eign impulse c>ry him :]e x w4 ,inspiration does inde$ come at ! outset to e creator1 b x comes mo/ (t5 z an infant1 helpless1 /umbl+1 in>ticulate1 to be taught & guid$2 & ! beg9n]1 dur+ ?is "t ( tra9+ 8 gift1 is z likely to misuse x z a "y p>5t to make mi/akes 9 tea*+ 8 fir/ *ild4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 ?is day ( g5]al 8spe$+ up10 ! 8inspirational0 !ory is s$uctive ev5 to ^? :o c>e no?+ = easy triumphs4 ,no writ]--especially at ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]--c help be+ influ5c$ by ! quality ( ! audi5ce t awaits him2 & ! "y noveli/ may ask ( :at use are exp]i5ce & m$itation1 :5 8 read]s are s incapable ( giv+ him ei!r4 ,! answ] is t he w nev] d 8 be/ till he ceases altoge!r to ?9k ( 8 read]s 7& 8 editor & 8 publi%]7 & beg9s to write1 n = himself1 b = t o!r self ) :om ! creative arti/ is always 9 my/]i\s correspond5ce1 & :o1 happily1 has an objective exi/5ce some:]e1 & w "s day receive ! message s5t to him1 ?\gh ! s5d] may nev] "k x4 ,z to exp]i5ce1 intellectual & moral1 ! creative imag9ation c make a little g a long way1 provid$ x rema9s long en\gh 9 ! m9d & is suffici5tly brood$ ^u4 ,"o good he>t-break w furni% ! poet ) _m songs1 & ! noveli/ ) a consid]able numb] ( novels4 ,b !y mu/ h he>ts t c break4 ,ev5 to ! writ] lea/ conc]n$ ) popul>ity x is difficult1 at fir/1 to def5d 8 p]sonality4 ,/udy & m$itation conta9 _! own p]ils4 ,c\nsellors int]v5e ) contradictory advice & in/ances4 ,9 su* cases ^! c\nsellors are mo/ (t5 o!r p's novels3 ! great novels ( ! pa/1 :i* haunt ! beg9n] l a passion1 & ! works ( 8 contempor>ies1 :i* pull him ?is way & t ) too-p]suasive h&s4 ,8 impulse1 at fir/1 w be ei!r to %un !m1 to 8 own impov]i%m5t1 or to let 8 dawn+ individuality be lo/ 9 !irs2 b gradually he w come to see t he mu/ le>n to li/5 to !m1 take all !y c give1 absorb x into himself1 & !n turn to 8 own task ) ! fix$ resolve to see life only ?r\gh 8 own eyes4 ,ev5 !n ano!r difficulty rema9s2 ! my/]i\s discrepancy :i* sometimes exi/s betwe5 a noveli/'s vision ( life & 8 p>ticul> k9d ( tal5t4 ,n infrequ5tly an innate t5d5cy to see ?+s 9 l>ge masses is comb9$ ) ! te*nical inability to r5d] !m o!rwise ?an sep>ately1 meticul\sly1 on a small scale4 ,p]haps m failures ?an "o is aw>e ( are due to ?is p>ticul> lack ( proportion betwe5 ! p[]s ( vision & expression4 ,at any rate1 x is ! cause ( "s pa9ful /ruggles & arid dissatisfactions2 & ! only rem$y is resolutely to ab&on ! l>g] = ! small] field1 to n>r[ "o's vision to "o's p5cil1 & d ! small ?+ closely & deeply r ?an ! big ?+ loosely & sup]ficially4 ,( tw5ty subjects t tempt ! imag9ation 7subjects "o sees "o's self do+1 oh s wond]fully1 if only "o 7 ,mrime or ,maupassant1 or ,conrad or ,mr4 ,kipl+67 probably b "o is 8fit = ! h&0 ( ! limit$ p]son "o happ5s to be2 & to le>n to r5\nce ! o!rs is a fir/ /ep t[>d do+ t p>ticul> "o well4 ,,iv ,^! consid]ations h l$ /raight to ! great1 ! c5tral1 matt] ( subject2 & inextricably int]wov5 ) x are ! subsidi>y po9ts ( =m & /yle1 bo? ( :i* ought1 z x 71 to spr+ naturally out ( ! p>ticul> !me *os5 = repres5tation4 ,=m might p]haps1 = pres5t purposes1 be def9$ z ! ord]1 9 "t & importance1 9 :i* ! incid5ts ( ! n>rative are gr\p$2 & /yle z ! way 9 :i* !y are pres5t$1 n only 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( language1 b also1 & r1 z !y are grasp$ & col\r$ by _! m$ium1 ! n>rator's m9d1 & giv5 back 9 8 words4 ,x is ! quality ( ! m$ium :i* gives ^! incid5ts _! quality2 /yle1 9 ?is s5se1 is ! mo/ p]sonal +r$i5t 9 ! comb9ation ( ?+s out ( :i* any "w ( art is made4 ,words are ! ext]ior symbols ( ?\ght1 & x is only by _! exact use t ! writ] c keep on 8 subject ! close & pati5t hold :i* 8fi%es ! murex up10 & /eeps 8 creation 9 unfad+ col\rs4 ,/yle 9 ?is def9ition is discipl9e2 & ! self-consecration x dem&s1 & ! be>+ x has on ! :ole ( ! arti/'s ef=t1 h be5 admirably summ$ up by ,m>cel ,pr\/ 9 t se>*+ *apt] ( 8,a l',ombre des ,jeunes ,filles en ,fleurs0 :]e he analyzes ! art ( fiction 9 ! p]son ( ! great noveli/ ,b]gotte4 8,! sev]ity ( 8 ta/e1 8 unwill+ness to write any?+ ( :i* he c\ld n say1 9 8 fav\rite phrase3 #8,c'e/ d\x' h>moni\s1 delici\s1 ?is det]m9ation1 :i* _h caus$ him to sp5d s _m seem+ly fruitless ye>s 9 ! #8preci\s' c>v+ ( trifles1 0 9 reality ! secret ( 8 /r5g?2 = habit makes ! /yle ( ! writ] z x makes ! "* ( ! man1 & ! au?or :o has sev]al times cont5t$ himself ) express+ 8 ?\ght 9 an approximately pleas+ way has once & = all set a b\nd>y to 8 tal5t1 & w nev] pass beyond40 ,^! def9itions ( =m & /yle be+ e/abli%$1 & ! prelim9>y ne$ ( ! h>mony betwe5 an au?or's tal5t & 8 argum5t be+ assum$1 "o is next fac$ by ! pr(\nd] problem ( ! inh]5t fitness ( any giv5 subject z mat]ial = ! imag9ation4 ,x has be5 (t5 said t subject 9 itself is all-important1 & at lea/ z (t5 t x is ( no importance :atev]4 ,def9ition is aga9 necess>y be=e ! tru? c be extract$ f ^! contradictions4 ,subject1 obvi\sly1 is :at ! /ory is ab\t2 b :atev] ! c5tral episode or situation *os5 by ! noveli/1 8 tale w be ab\t only j s mu* ( x z he reacts to4 ,a gold m9e is wor? no?+ unless ! own] has ! ma*9]y = extract+ ! ore1 & ea* subject mu/ be consid]$ fir/ 9 itself1 & next 9 relation to ! noveli/'s p[] ( extract+ f x :at x conta9s4 ,!re are subjects trivial 9 appe>ance1 & subjects trivial to ! core2 & ! noveli/ ought to be able to disc]n at a glance betwe5 ! two1 & "k 9 :i* case x is wor? :ile to set ab\t s9k+ 8 %aft4 ,b ! noveli/ may make mi/akes4 ,he is expos$ to ! temptation ( ! false good-subject1 & le>ns only by prolong$ exp]i5ce to resi/ surface-attractions1 & probe 8 /ory to ! dep?s be=e he beg9s to tell x4 ,!re is /ill ano!r way 9 :i* subject mu/ be te/$4 ,any subject consid]$ 9 itself mu/ fir/ ( all respond 9 "s way to t my/]i\s ne$ ( a judgm5t on life ( :i* ! mo/ deta*$ human intellect1 provid$ x be a normal "o1 _c1 app>5tly1 rid itself4 ,:e!r ! 8moral0 be pres5t 9 ! guise ( ! h]o rescu+ ! h]o9e f ! villa9 at ! po9t ( ! revolv]1 or :e!r x lurk 9 ! quiet irony ( su* a sc5e z ,p5d5nis's visit to ! ,grey ,fri>s' ,*apel1 & 8 he>+ ! *oir s++ 8,i h be5 "y1 & n[ am old2 yet h ,i n se5 ! righte\s =sak51 nor 8 se$ begg+ _! bread10 at ! v mom5t :5 he discov]s ! b5t head ( ,colonel ,newcome among ! paup] g5tlem5--9 "o =m or ano!r !re mu/ be "s sort ( rational response to ! read]'s unconsci\s b insi/5t inn] "q3 8,:at am ,i be+ told ?is /ory =8 ,:at judgm5t on life does x conta9 = me80 ,!re seems to be no escape f ?is obligation except into a pa?ological _w :]e ! action1 tak+ place betwe5 p ( abnormal psy*ology1 & n keep+ "t ) our normal human rhy?ms1 becomes an idiot's tale1 signify+ no?+4 ,9 va9 has x be5 attempt$ to set up a wat]-tight comp>tm5t betwe5 8art0 & 8morality40 ,all ! great noveli/s ^: books h be5 us$ to po9t ! argum5t h inv>iably decl>$ !mselves on ! o!r side1 n only by ! inn] significance ( _! "w1 b also1 9 "s cases1 by ! mo/ explicit /atem5ts4 ,flaub]t1 = in/ance1 s (t5 cit$ z ! example ( ! writ] view+ 8 !mes 9 a purely 8sci5tific0 or amoral light1 has disprov$ ! claim by provid+ ! o!r camp ) t p]fect =mula3 8,plus la p5se e/ belle1 plus la phrase e/ sonore0--n ! metaphor1 n ! picture1 b ! ?\ght4 ,a good subject1 !n1 mu/ conta9 9 itself some?+ t %$s a light on our moral exp]i5ce4 ,if x is incapable ( ?is expansion1 ?is vital radiation1 x rema9s1 h[ev] %[y a surface x pres5ts1 a m]e irrelevant happ5+1 a mean+less scrap ( fact torn out ( its context4 ,nor is x m ?an a half-tru? to say t ! imag9ation :i* probes deep en\gh c f9d ?is g]m 9 any happ5+1 h[ev] insignificant4 ,! conv]se is true en\gh3 ! limit$ imag9ation r$uces a great !me to its own measure4 ,b ! wide creative vision1 ?\gh no fragm5t ( human exp]i5ce c appe> :olly empty to x1 yet seeks by in/9ct ^? subjects 9 :i* "s phase ( our common plight /&s =? dramatically & typically1 subjects :i*1 9 !mselves1 are a k9d ( summ>y or =e%ort5+ ( life's disp]s$ & inconclusive occurr5ces4 ,,ii ,,tell+ ,a ,,%ort ,,/ory ,,ii ,,tell+ ,a ,,%ort ,,/ory ,i ,l ! mod]n novel1 ! mod]n %ort /ory seems to h orig9at$--or at lea/ receiv$ its pres5t /amp--9 ,france4 ,engli% writ]s1 9 ?is l9e1 7 sl[] 9 atta9+ ! po9t to :i* ! ,fr5* & ,russians fir/ c>ri$ ! art4 ,s9ce !n ! %ort /ory has develop$1 & rea*$ out 9 fre% directions1 9 ! h&s ( su* noveli/s z ,mr4 ,h>dy 7only occasionally at 8 be/ 9 ?is =m71 ( ,/ev5son1 ,james1 & ,conrad1 all ?ree almo/ unfail+ly excell5t 9 x1 ( ,mr4 ,kipl+1 pa/-ma/] ( ! conte1 & ,sir ,ar?ur ,quill]-,c\*1 ^: delightful e>ly volumes1 8,n\ghts & ,crosses0 & 8,i ,saw ,?ree ,%ips10 are less kn[n ?an !y des]ve to be4 ,^! writ]s _h long be5 prec$$ by ,scott 9 8,w&]+ ,willy's ,tale0 & o!r %ort /ories1 by ,poe1 ! sporadic & unacc\ntable1 & by ,haw?orne2 b almo/ all ! be/ tales ( ,scott1 ,haw?orne1 & ,poe belong to t peculi> category ( ! e]ie :i* lies outside ( ! classic tradition4 ,:5 ! novel ( mann]s comes to be dealt )1 classification 9 ord] ( "t w h to be rev]s$1 & 9 ord] ( m]it w be less easy2 = ev5 aga9/ ,balzac1 ,tol/oy1 & ,turg5ev ! g5ius ( ! great ,engli% obs]v]s1 f ,ri*>dson & ,jane ,au/5 to ,?ack]ay & ,dick5s1 w weigh heavily 9 ! balance4 ,) reg>d to ! %ort /ory1 h[ev]1 & especially to t compacte/ =m ( x1 ! %ort %ort-/ory or conte1 its fir/ specim5s are und\bt$ly ( cont95tal production2 b happily = ,engli% lett]s ! g5]ation :o took ov] & adapt$ ! =mula 7 nurs$ on ! ,goe!an pr9ciple t 8^? :o rema9 imprison$ 9 ! false notion ( _! own orig9ality w always fall %ort ( :at !y might h accompli%$40 ,! s5se ( =m--already def9$ z ! ord]1 9 "t & importance1 9 :i* ! n>rat$ incid5ts are gr\p$--is1 9 all ! arts1 specifically ( ! classic1 ! ,lat9 tradition4 ,a ?\s& ye>s ( =m 79 ! wide/ discipl9>y s5se71 ( its obs]vance1 its application1 its tacit acceptance z ! fir/ condition ( arti/ic expression1 h cle>$ ! gr\nd1 = ! ,fr5* writ] ( fiction1 ( _m sup]flu\s encumbrances4 ,z ! soil ( ,france is ( all soils ! mo/ we$$1 till$1 & ductile1 s ! field ( art1 :]ev] ,fr5* culture ext5ds1 is ! mo/ work$-ov] & ! mo/ prep>$ = :atev] se$ is to be s[n 9 x4 ,b :5 ! great ,russians 7:o owe to ,fr5* culture mu* m ?an is g5]ally conc$$7 took ov] t neat ?+1 ! ,fr5* n\velle1 !y gave x ! additional dim5sion x mo/ (t5 lack$4 ,9 any really good subject "o has only to probe deep en\gh to come to te>s2 & ! ,russians almo/ always dig to t dep?4 ,! result has be5 to give to ! %ort /ory1 z ,fr5* & ,russian art h comb9$ to %ape x1 great clos5ess ( texture ) pr(undity ( =m4 ,in/ead ( a loose web spread ov] ! surface ( life !y h made x1 at its be/1 a %aft driv5 /raight into ! he>t ( human exp]i5ce4 ,,ii ,?\gh ! critic no long] feels t ne$ ( classify+ & sub-classify+ ! g5res :i* s preoccupi$ ! contempor>ies ( ,wordswor?1 !re are1 9 all ! arts1 c]ta9 local products t seem to necessitate a p>5!sis4 ,su*1 9 fiction1 is ! use ( ! sup]natural4 ,x seems to h come f my/]i\s ,g]manic & ,armorican =e/s1 f l&s ( long twilights & wail+ w9ds2 & x c]ta9ly did n pass ?r\gh ,fr5* or ev5 ,russian h&s to rea* u4 ,sorc]]s & magic are ( ! s\?1 ! ,m$it]ranean2 ! wit* ( ,!ocritus brew$ a brew fit = h] si/]-hags ( ! ,scotti% hea?2 b ! spectral app>ition walks only 9 ! pages ( ,engli% & ,g]manic fiction4 ,x has done s1 to great effect1 9 "s ( ! mo/ orig9al ( our great ,engli% %ort /ories1 f ,scott's 8,w&]+ ,willy0 & ,poe's awful halluc9ations to ,le ,fanu's 8,wat*]10 & f ! 8,?rawn ,janet0 ( ,/ev5son to 8,! ,turn ( ! ,screw0 ( ,h5ry ,james1 la/ great ma/] ( ! e]ie 9 ,engli%4 ,all ^! tales1 9 :i* ! effect s\ght is completely a*iev$1 are models ( ! subtle/ artifice4 ,x is n en\gh to believe 9 gho/s1 or ev5 to h se5 "o1 to be able to write a good gho/ /ory4 ,! great] ! improbability to be ov]come ! m /udi$ mu/ be ! approa*1 ! m p]fectly ma9ta9$ ! air ( naturalness1 ! easy assumption t ?+s are always likely to happ5 9 t way4 ,"o ( ! *ief obligations1 9 a %ort /ory1 is to give ! read] an imm$iate s5se ( security4 ,e phrase %\ld be a sign-po/1 & nev] 7unless int5tionally7 a mislead+ "o3 ! read] mu/ feel t he c tru/ to _! guidance4 ,8 confid5ce once ga9$1 he may be lur$ on to ! mo/ incr$ible adv5tures--z ! ,arabian ,nights are !re to %[4 ,a wise critic once said3 8,y may ask y\r read] to believe any?+ y c make him believe40 ,x is nev] ! g5ii :o are unreal1 b only _! unconv9c$ hi/orian's description ( !m4 ,! lea/ t\* ( irrelevance1 ! lea/ *ill ( inatt5tion1 w in/antly undo ! spell1 & x w take z long to weave aga9 z to get ,humpty ,dumpty back on 8 wall4 ,! mom5t ! read] loses fai? 9 ! au?or's sur5ess ( foot ! *asm ( improbability gapes4 ,improbability 9 itself1 !n1 is nev] a dang]1 b ! appe>ance ( improbability is2 unless1 inde$1 ! tale be bas$ on :at1 9 my fir/ *apt]1 ,i call$ pa?ological conditions--conditions ( body or m9d outside ! field ( normal exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is t]m1 ( c\rse1 does n apply to /ates ( m9d inh]it$ f an e>li] phase ( race-culture1 su* z ! belief 9 gho/s4 ,no "o ) a sp>k ( imag9ation ev] object$ to a good gho/ /ory z 8improbable0--?\gh ,mrs4 ,b>bauld1 :o d\btless lack$ ! sp>k1 is said to h condemn$ 8,! ,anci5t ,m>9]0 on ?is gr\nd4 ,mo/ ( u reta9 ! m or less %ad[y memory ( ance/ral t]rors1 & airy tongues t syllable m5's names4 ,we _c believe a priori 9 ! probability ( ! actions ( madm51 or neura/h5ics1 because _! reason+ processes escape mo/ ( u1 or c at be/ be imag9$ only z belong+ to abnormal & exceptional p2 b ev]ybody kn[s a good gho/ :5 he reads ab\t him4 ,:5 ! read]'s confid5ce is ga9$ ! next rule ( ! game is to avoid di/ract+ & spl9t]+ up 8 att5tion4 ,_m a w\ld-be tale ( horror becomes innocu\s ?r\gh ! v multiplication & v>iety ( its horrors4 ,above all1 if !y are multipli$ !y %\ld be cumulative & n disp]s$4 ,b ! few] ! bett]3 once ! prelim9>y horror posit$1 x is ! h>p+ on ! same /r+--! same n]ve--t does ! trick4 ,quiet it]ation is f> m rack+ ?an div]sifi$ assaults2 ! expect$ is m frightful ?an ! un=ese54 ,! play ( 8,emp]or ,jones0 is a /rik+ in/ance ( ! p[] ( simplification & repetition to excite 9 an audi5ce a correspond+ /ate ( t5sion4 ,by %e] voodoo-practice x %[s h[ voodoo acts4 ,9 8,! ,turn ( ! ,screw0--:i* /&s alone among tales ( ! sup]natural 9 ma9ta9+ ! gho/l9ess ( its gho/s n only ?r\gh a doz5 pages b ?r\gh close on two hundr$--! economy ( horror is c>ri$ to its la/ degree4 ,:at is ! read] made to expect8 ,always--all ?r\gh ! book--t some:]e 9 t hu%$ h\se ( doom ! poor little gov]ness w come on "o ( ! two figures ( evil ) :om %e is fight+ = ! s\ls ( h] *>ges4 ,x w be ei!r ,pet] ,qu9t or ! 8horror ( horrors10 ,miss ,jessel2 no div]sion f ?is "o dread is ev] attempt$ or expect$4 ,x is true t ! tale is /rongly held toge!r by its pr(\nd1 its appall+ moral significance2 b mo/ read]s w admit t1 long be=e !y are consci\s ( ?is1 fe>1 simple %iv]+ animal fe>1 has !m by ! ?roat2 :i*1 aft] all1 is :at writ]s ( gho/ /ories are aft]4 ,,iii ,x is sometimes said t a 8good subject0 = a %ort /ory %\ld always be capable ( be+ exp&$ into a novel4 ,! pr9ciple may be def5dable 9 special cases2 b x is c]ta9ly a mislead+ "o on :i* to build any g5]al !ory4 ,e 8subject0 79 ! noveli/'s s5se ( ! t]m7 mu/ necess>ily conta9 )9 itself its own dim5sions2 & "o ( ! fiction-writ]'s ess5tial gifts is t ( disc]n+ :e!r ! subject :i* pres5ts itself to him1 ask+ = inc>nation1 is suit$ to ! proportions ( a %ort /ory or ( a novel4 ,if x appe>s to be adapt$ to bo? ! *ances are t x is inadequate to ei!r4 ,x w\ld be z great a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to try to base a h>d-&-fa/ !ory on ! d5ial ( ! rule z on its ass]tion4 ,in/ances ( %ort /ories made out ( subjects t c\ld h be5 exp&$ into a novel1 & t are yet typical %ort /ories & n m]e /unt$ novels1 w occur to e "o4 ,g5]al rules 9 art are useful *iefly z a lamp 9 a m9e1 or a h&-rail d[n a black /airway2 !y are necess>y = ! sake ( ! guidance !y give1 b x is a mi/ake1 once !y are =mulat$1 to be too mu* 9 awe ( !m4 ,!re are at lea/ two reasons :y a subject %\ld f9d expression 9 novel-=m r ?an z a tale2 b nei!r is bas$ on ! numb] ( :at may be conv5i5tly call$ incid5ts1 or ext]nal happ5+s1 :i* ! n>rative conta9s4 ,!re are novels ( action :i* might be cond5s$ into %ort /ories )\t ! loss ( _! di/+ui%+ qualities4 ,! m>ks ( ! subject requir+ a long] developm5t are1 fir/1 ! gradual unfold+ ( ! inn] life ( its *>act]s1 & secondly ! ne$ ( produc+ 9 ! read]'s m9d ! s5se ( ! lapse ( "t4 ,outw>d ev5ts ( ! mo/ v>i$ & excit+ nature may )\t loss ( probability be cr[d$ into a few h\rs1 b moral dramas usually h _! roots deep 9 ! s\l1 _! rise f> back 9 "t2 & ! sudd5e/-seem+ cla% 9 :i* !y culm9ate %\ld be l$ up to /ep by /ep if x is to expla9 & ju/ify itself4 ,!re are cases1 inde$1 :5 ! %ort /ory may make use ( ! moral drama at its culm9ation4 ,if ! incid5t dealt ) be "o :i* a s+le retrospective fla% suffici5tly lights up1 x is qualifi$ = use z a %ort /ory2 b if ! subject be s complex1 & its successive phases s int]e/+1 z to ju/ify elaboration1 ! lapse ( "t mu/ necess>ily be sugge/$1 & ! novel-=m becomes appropriate4 ,! effect ( compactness & in/antaneity s\ght 9 ! %ort /ory is atta9$ ma9ly by ! obs]vance ( two 8unities0--! old traditional "o ( "t1 & t o!r1 m mod]n & complex1 :i* requires t any rapidly enact$ episode %all be se5 ?r\gh only "o pair ( eyes4 ,x is fairly obvi\s t no?+ is m ret>d+ ?an ! m>k+ ( a "t-int]val long en\gh to sugge/ modification 9 ! p]sonages ( ! tale or 9 _! circum/ances4 ,! use ( su* an int]val inevitably turns ! %ort /ory into a long tale unduly compress$1 ! bald sc5>io ( a novel4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt]1 :]e an attempt w be made to exam9e ! te*nique ( ! novel1 x w be ne$ful to explore t c5tral my/]y--( :i* ,tol/oy 0 p]haps ! "o complete ma/]--! art ( creat+ 9 ! read]'s m9d ?is s5se ( pass+ "t4 ,mean:ile1 x may be po9t$ out t a ?ird1 & int]m$iate1 =m ( tale--! long %ort-/ory--is available = any subject too spread+ = concis5ess yet too slight 9 texture to be /ret*$ into a novel4 ,! o!r unity1 t ( vision1 w also be dealt ) 9 consid]+ ! novel1 9 respect ( :i* x becomes a matt] mu* m complicat$4 ,h5ry ,james1 almo/ ! only noveli/ :o has =mulat$ 8 ideas ab\t 8 art1 0 ! fir/ to lay d[n ! pr9ciple1 ?\gh x _h long 7if int]mitt5tly7 be5 obs]v$ by ! ma/]s ( fiction4 ,x may h occurr$ to o!r noveli/s--presumably x has--to ask !mselves1 z !y sat d[n to write3 ,:o saw ?is ?+ ,i am go+ to tell ab\t8 ,by :om d ,i mean t x %all be report$8 ,x seems z ?\gh su* a "q mu/ prec$e any /udy ( ! subject *os51 s9ce ! subject is condition$ by ! answ]2 b no critic appe>s to h prop\nd$ x1 & x 0 left to ,h5ry ,james to d s 9 "o ( ^? entangl$ prefaces to ! ,def9itive ,edition f :i* ! te*nical axioms ought "s day to be pi\sly deta*$4 ,x is cle> t exactly ! same ?+ nev] happ5s to any two p1 & t ea* witness ( a giv5 incid5t w report x diff]5tly4 ,%\ld "s cele/ial task-ma/] set ! same !me to ,jane ,au/5 & ,george ,m]$i? ! bewild]$ read] w\ld probably h "s difficulty 9 discov]+ ! common d5om9ator4 ,h5ry ,james1 9 po9t+ ?is out1 also made ! coroll>y sugge/ion t ! m9d *os5 by ! au?or to mirror 8 giv5 case %\ld be s situat$1 & s con/itut$1 z to take ! wide/ possible view ( x4 ,"o ?+ m is ne$ful = ! ultimate effect ( probability2 & t is1 nev] to let ! "* :o s]ves z reflector record any?+ n naturally )9 8 regi/]4 ,x %\ld be ! /ory-tell]'s fir/ c>e to *oose ?is reflect+ m9d delib]ately1 z "o w\ld *oose a build+-site1 or decide ^u ! ori5tation ( "o's h\se1 & :5 ?is is done1 to live inside ! m9d *os51 try+ to feel1 see & react exactly z ! latt] w\ld1 no m1 no less1 &1 above all1 no o!rwise4 ,only ?us c ! writ] avoid attribut+ incongruities ( ?\ght & metaphor to 8 *os5 int]pret]4 ,,iv ,x rema9s to try to see :at con/itutes 79 any p]man5t s5se7 ! und]ly+ norm ( ! 8good %ort /ory40 ,a curi\s di/9ction betwe5 ! successful tale & ! successful novel at once pres5ts itself4 ,x is safe to say 7s9ce ! sure/ way ( measur+ a*ievem5t 9 art is by survival7 t ! te/ ( ! novel is t its p %\ld be alive4 ,no subject 9 itself1 h[ev] fruitful1 appe>s to be able to keep a novel alive2 only ! *>act]s 9 x c4 ,( ! %ort /ory ! same _c be said4 ,"s ( ! greate/ %ort /ories owe _! vitality entirely to ! dramatic r5d]+ ( a situation4 ,und\bt$ly ! *>act]s engag$ mu/ be a little m ?an puppets2 b app>5tly1 also1 !y may be a little less ?an individual human be+s4 ,9 ?is respect ! %ort /ory1 r ?an ! novel1 might be call$ ! direct desc5dant ( ! old epic or ballad--( ^? e>li] =ms ( fiction 9 all ( :i* action 0 ! *ief affair1 & ! *>act]s1 if !y did n rema9 m]e puppets1 seldom or nev] became m ?an types--su* z ! p1 = in/ance1 9 ,molire4 ,! reason ( ! diff]5ce is obvi\s4 ,type1 g5]al "*1 may be set =? 9 a few /rokes1 b ! progression1 ! unfold+ ( p]sonality1 ( :i* ! read] in/9ctively feels ! ne$ if ! actors 9 ! tale are to reta9 _! individuality = him ?r\gh a succession ( *ang+ circum/ances--?is sl[ b cont9u\s gr[? requires space1 & !re=e belongs by def9ition to a l>g]1 a symphonic plan4 ,! *ief te*nical diff]5ce betwe5 ! %ort /ory & ! novel may !re=e be summ$ up by say+ t situation is ! ma9 conc]n ( ! %ort /ory1 "* ( ! novel2 & x foll[s t ! effect produc$ by ! %ort /ory dep5ds almo/ entirely on its =m1 or pres5tation4 ,ev5 m--yes1 & mu* m--?an 9 ! con/ruction ( ! novel1 ! impression ( vividness1 ( pres5tness1 9 ! affair n>rat$1 has to be s\ght1 & made sure ( be=eh&1 by t c>eful artifice :i* is ! real c>elessness ( art4 ,! %ort-/ory writ] mu/ n only "k f :at angle to pres5t 8 anecdote if x is to give out all its fires1 b mu/ und]/& j :y t p>ticul> angle & no o!r is ! "r "o4 ,he mu/ !re=e h turn$ 8 subject ov] & ov]1 walk$ ar\nd x1 s to speak1 & appli$ to x ^? laws ( p]spective :i* ,paolo ,uccello call$ 8s beautiful10 be=e x c be (f]$ to ! read] z a natural unembelli%$ fragm5t ( exp]i5ce1 deta*$ l a ripe fruit f ! tree4 ,! mom5t ! writ] beg9s to grope 9 ! tangle ( 8 8mat]ial10 to hesitate betwe5 "o & ano!r ( ! po9ts t any actual happ5+ ?ru/s up 9 su* disord]ly abundance1 ! read] feels a correspond+ hesitancy1 & ! illusion ( reality vani%es4 ,! non-obs]vance ( ! optics ( ! pr9t$ page results 9 ! same failure to make ! subject 8c>ry0 z ! non-obs]vance ( ! optics ( ! /age 9 pres5t+ a play4 ,by all means let ! writ] ( %ort /ories r$uce ! te*nical trick to its m9imum--z ! clev]e/ actresses put on ! lea/ pa9t2 b let him always be> 9 m9d t ! surviv+ m9imum is ! only bridge betwe5 ! read]'s imag9ation & 84 ,v ,nietzs*e said t x took g5ius to 8make an end0--t is1 to give ! t\* ( inevitabl5ess to ! conclusion ( any "w ( art4 ,9 ! art ( fiction ?is is peculi>ly true ( ! novel1 t sl[ly built-up monum5t 9 :i* e /one has its p>ticul> weight & ?ru/ to c>ry & ( :i* ! f\ndations mu/ be laid ) a view to ! proportions ( ! highe/ t[]4 ,( ! %ort /ory1 on ! contr>y1 x might be said t ! writ]'s fir/ c>e %\ld be to "k h[ to make a beg9n+4 ,t an inadequate or unreal end+ dim9i%es ! %ort tale 9 value z mu* z ! novel ne$ h>dly be add$1 s9ce x is prov$ ) depress+ regul>ity by ! ma*9e-made 8magaz9e /ory0 to :i* "o or ! o!r ( half-a-doz5 8/&>diz$0 end+s is automatically adju/$ at ! f\r-?\s&-five-hundr$? ^w ( :atsoev] has be5 n>rat$4 ,obvi\sly1 z e subject conta9s its own dim5sions1 s is its conclusion ab ovo2 & ! failure to end a tale 9 accordance ) its own deepe/ s5se mu/ deprive x ( mean+4 ,none ! less1 ! %ort-/ory writ]'s fir/ conc]n1 once he has ma/]$ 8 subject1 is to /udy :at musicians call ! 8attack40 ,! rule t ! fir/ page ( a novel ought to conta9 ! g]m ( ! :ole is ev5 m applicable to ! %ort /ory1 because 9 ! latt] case ! trajectory is s %ort t fla% & s\nd ne>ly co9cide4 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i relates 9 8 ,autobiography t "o day1 z a *ild1 :ile he sat by ! he>? ) 8 fa!r1 !y bo? saw a salam&] 9 ! fire4 ,ev5 !n ! sight mu/ h be5 unusual1 = ! fa!r in/antly box$ 8 son's e>s s t he %\ld nev] =get :at he _h se54 ,?is anecdote might s]ve z an apo!gm = ! writ] ( %ort /ories4 ,if 8 fir/ /roke be vivid & tell+ ! read]'s att5tion w be in/antly won4 ,! 8#8,hell1' said ! ,du*ess z %e lit h] cig>0 ) :i* an ,eton boy is said to h begun a tale = 8 s*ool magaz9e1 9 days :5 ,du*esses less commonly smok$ & swore1 w\ld und\bt$ly h c>ri$ 8 n>rative to po/]ity if :at foll[$ _h be5 at ! same level4 ,?is leads to ano!r po9t3 x is useless to box y\r read]'s e> unless y h a salam&] to %[ him4 ,if ! he>t ( y\r little blaze is n animat$ by a liv+1 mov+ some?+ no %\t+ & %ak+ w fix ! anecdote 9 y\r read]'s memory4 ,! salam&] /&s = t fundam5tal significance t made ! /ory wor? tell+4 ,! arre/ ( att5tion by a vivid op5+ %\ld be some?+ m ?an a trick4 ,x %\ld mean t ! n>rator has s brood$ on ?is subject t x has become 8 inde$1 s made ov] & syn!siz$ )9 him t1 z a great draughtsman gives ! ess5tials ( a face or l&scape 9 a half-a-doz5 /rokes1 ! n>rator c 8situate0 8 tale 9 an op5+ passage :i* %all be a clue to all ! detail elim9at$4 ,! clue giv51 ! writ] has only to foll[4 ,b 8 grasp mu/ be firm2 he mu/ nev] = an in/ant =get :at he wants to tell1 or :y x seem$ wor? tell+4 ,& ?is int5sity ( hold on 8 subject presupposes1 be=e ! tell+ ( ev5 a %ort /ory1 a good deal ( ?9k+ ov]4 ,j because ! limits ( ! =m select$ prev5t 8 produc+ ! semblance ( reality by elaborat+ 8 *>act]s1 is ! %ort-/ory writ] ! m b\nd to make real ! adv5ture 9 itself4 ,a well-kn[n ,fr5* confection] 9 ,new ,york 0 once ask$ :y 8 *ocolate1 good z x 01 0 n equal to t made 9 ,p>is4 ,he repli$3 8,because1 on acc\nt ( ! exp5se1 we _c "w x ov] z _m times z ! ,fr5* confection] c40 ,o!r homely analogies confirm ! lesson3 ! seem+ly simple/ sauces are ^? t h be5 mo/ cunn+ly comb9$ & !n mo/ completely bl5t1 ! simple/-look+ dresses ^? t require mo/ /udy to design4 ,! preci\s in/9ct ( selection is di/ill$ by t long pati5ce :i*1 if x be n g5ius1 mu/ be "o ( g5ius's *ief reliances 9 communicat+ itself4 ,on ?is po9t repetition & insi/5ce are excusable3 ! %ort] ! /ory1 ! m /ripp$ ( detail & 8cle>$ = action10 ! m x dep5ds = its effect n only on ! *oice ( :at is kept :5 ! sup]flu\s has be5 jettison$1 b on ! ord] 9 :i* ^! ess5tials are set =?4 ,,vi ,no?+ b deep famili>ity ) 8 subject w protect ! %ort-/ory writ] f ano!r dang]3 t ( cont5t+ himself ) a m]e sket* ( ! episode select$4 ,! temptation to d s is all ! great] because "s critics1 9 _! res5tm5t ( ! d5se & ! prolix1 h t5d$ to ov]e/imate ! t5u\s & ! tight4 ,mrime's tales are (t5 cit$ z models ( ! conte2 b !y are r ! brea?less summ>ies ( long] tales ?an ! bold =e%ort5+ ( an episode f :i* all ! significance x has to give has be5 adroitly extract$4 ,x is easy to be brief & %>ply outl9$ if "o does away ) "o or m dim5sions2 ! real a*ievem5t1 z c]ta9 tales ( ,flaub]t's & ,turg5ev's1 ( ,/ev5son's & ( ,maupassant's %[1 is to sugge/ illimitable air )9 a n>r[ space4 ,! /ories ( ! ,g]man 8romantic10 ,he9ri* von ,klei/1 h likewise be5 prais$ = an extreme economy ( mat]ial1 b !y %\ld r be held up z an awful w>n+ aga9/ wa/e1 = 9 _! +5i\s dovetail+ ( improbable incid5ts1 ! only economy practis$ is t ( leav+ out all t w\ld h enri*$ ! subject1 visually or emotionally4 ,"o1 inde$1 8,! ,m>quise d',o40 7?rift is c>ri$ s f> t ! *>act]s are kn[n m]ely by _! initials71 has 9 x ! mak+ ( a good novel1 n unlike ,goe!'s 8,elective ,aff9ities02 b r$uc$ to ! limits ( a %ort /ory x (f]s a m]e skeleton ( its subject4 ,! phrase 8economy ( mat]ial0 sugge/s ano!r dang] to :i* ! noveli/ & ! writ] ( %ort /ories are equally expos$4 ,su* economy is1 9 bo? cases1 ne>ly always to be advis$ 9 ! multiplication ( accid5tal happ5+s1 m9or episodes1 surprises & contr>ieties4 ,mo/ beg9n]s cr[d into _! "w twice z mu* mat]ial ( ?is sort z x ne$s4 ,! reluctance to look deeply en\gh into a subject leads to ! indol5t habit ( decorat+ its surface4 ,i 0 once ask$ to read a manuscript on ! et]nal !me ( a lov]s' qu>rel4 ,! qu>rell+ pair made up1 & ! reasons = dispute & reconciliation 7 cle>ly inh]5t 9 _! *>act]s & situation2 b ! au?or1 be+ new at ! trade1 felt oblig$ to ca/ ab\t = an additional1 a =tuit\s1 pretext = _! reunion--s he s5t !m = a drive1 made ! horses run away1 & caus$ ! "y man to save ! "y lady's life4 ,?is is a crude example ( a frequ5t fault4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! noveli/ passes by ! real mean+ ( a situation simply = lack ( lett+ x reveal all its pot5tialities in/ead ( da%+ ?is way & t 9 que/ ( fre% effects4 ,if1 :5 once drawn to a subject1 he w\ld let x gr[ sl[ly 9 8 m9d in/ead ( hunt+ ab\t = arbitr>y comb9ations ( circum/ance1 8 tale w\ld h ! w>m sc5t & flav\r ( a fruit rip5$ 9 ! sun in/ead ( ! insipidity ( "o =c$ 9 a hot-h\se4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* ! writ+ ( fiction may be comp>$ to ! adm9i/]+ ( a =tune4 ,economy & exp5diture mu/ ea* be> a "p 9 x1 b !y %\ld nev] deg5]ate into p>simony or wa/e4 ,true economy consi/s 9 ! draw+ out ( "o's subject ( e drop ( significance x c give1 true exp5diture 9 devot+ "t1 m$itation & pati5t lab\r to ! process ( extraction & repres5tation4 ,x all comes back to a "q ( exp5se3 exp5se ( "t1 ( pati5ce1 ( /udy1 ( ?\ght1 ( lett+ hundr$s ( /ray exp]i5ces accumulate & gr\p !mselves 9 ! memory1 till sudd5ly "o ( ! numb] em]ges & ?r[s its %>p light on ! subject :i* solicits y4 ,x has be5 (t51 & inaccurately1 said t ! m9d ( a creative arti/ is a mirror1 & ! "w ( art ! reflection ( life 9 x4 ,! mirror1 inde$1 is ! arti/'s m9d1 ) all 8 exp]i5ces reflect$ 9 x2 b ! "w ( art1 f ! smalle/ to ! greate/1 %\ld be some?+ project$1 n reflect$1 some?+ on :i* 8 mirror$ exp]i5ces1 at ! "r conjunction ( ! />s1 are to be turn$ = its full illum9ation4 ,,iii ,,con/ruct+ ,a ,,novel ,,iii ,,con/ruct+ ,a ,,novel ,i ,= conv5i5ce ( division x may be said t ! novel ( psy*ology 0 born 9 ,france1 ! novel ( mann]s 9 ,engl&1 & t out ( _! union 9 ! glori\s bra9 ( ,balzac sprang t /range *ameleon-creature1 ! mod]n novel1 :i* *anges its %ape & col\r ) e subject on :i* x re/s4 ,9 ! g5]al mu/] ! novel ( mann]s w be f\nd to h play$ ! mo/ important "p2 & "h ,engli% influ5ces prepond]ate4 ,if innate aptitude 7 en\gh = ! produc+ ( a "w ( art1 ! fl[]+ ( ! ,engli% novel ( mann]s 9 ! late eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies might h surpass$ 9 quality1 & intr9sic importance1 t ( all o!r s*ools4 ,balzac's debt to ,scott has already be5 t\*$ on2 t ( ! e>li] ,fr5* fiction to ,ri*>dson & ,/]ne is a commonplace 9 ! hi/ory ( ! novel4 ,b ! true ori5tation ( ,engli% fiction 0 away f ! f9e-drawn analysis ( ,ri*>dson1 ! desultory hum\rs ( ,/]ne1 9 ! direction ( an ample & p[]ful novel ( mann]s4 ,smollett & ,field+ br\ght fre% air & noise1 ! r\gh-&-tumble ( ! /reet1 ! ribaldry ( ! tav]n1 into ! c]emoni\s draw+-rooms depict$ by ,ri*>dson & lat] by ,miss ,burney4 ,! great1 ! di/+ui%+ gift ( ! ,engli% noveli/ 0 a homely simplicity comb9$ ) an obs]vation at once ke5 & indulg5t2 good hum\r 0 ! atmosph]e & irony ! flav\r ( ?is great s*ool ( obs]v]s1 f ,field+ to ,george ,eliot4 ,till ! day ( ,jane ,au/5 x _h be5 possible to treat )\t apology ( ! mix$ affair ( liv+2 b ,jane ,au/5's delicate g5ius fl\ri%$ on ! v edge ( a tidal wave ( prud]y4 ,already ,scott 0 av]t+ 8 eyes f facts on :i* ! maid5 noveli/ 9 h] rectory p>l\r _h look$ unp]turb$2 :5 ,?ack]ay & ,dick5s rose 9 _! might ! *a9s 7 =g$ & ! /atues drap$4 ,9 ! melan*oly preface to 8,p5d5nis0 ,?ack]ay puts ! case bitt]ly & =cibly3 8,s9ce ! au?or ( ,tom ,jones 0 buri$1 no writ] ( fiction among u has be5 p]mitt$ to depict to 8 utmo/ p[] a ,,man02 & ! /unt$ conclusion ( a tale s l>gely begun te/ifies to ! b5umb+ effect ( ! new re/rictions4 ,! novels ( ,*>lotte ,bront1 :i* n[ seem 9 "s respects s romantically unreal1 7 d5\nc$ = s5suality & immorality2 & = a "t ,engli% fiction 0 9 dang] ( dw9dl+ to ! pale p>ables ( ,miss ,mulock & ,miss ,yonge4 ,b = ?is reaction aga9/ tru?1 ?is sudd5 fe> ( t\*+ on any ( ! real issues ( ! human com$y & trag$y1 ,?ack]ay's natural end[m5t w\ld h plac$ him ) ! v greate/2 ,trollope might conceivably h be5 a less] ,jane ,au/52 & ,george ,eliot1 p]haps born ) ! ri*e/ gifts ( any ,engli% noveli/ s9ce ,?ack]ay1 might h p\r$ out h] treasures ( wit & irony & t5d]ness )\t cont9ually paus+ to d5\nce & exhort4 ,b ! arti/ dep5ds on atmosph]e = ! prop] developm5t ( 8 gift2 & all ^! noveli/s 7 cramp$ by ! haz>d ( a social conv5tion f :i* _! cont95tal contempor>ies _h ! good =tune to escape4 ,! arti/ ( o!r races has always be5 n only p]mitt$ b enjo9$ to see life :ole2 & x is ?is1 f> m ?an any sup]iority ( g5ius1 t lifts ,balzac1 ,/5dhal & ,tol/oy s high above ev5 ,?ack]ay :5 ! univ]sal values are to be apprais$4 ,! great cont95tal noveli/s are all ! av[$ debtors ( _! ,engli% pr$ecessors2 !y took ! ,engli% novel ( mann]s 9 its amplitude1 its m]rim5t & pa?os1 & 9 _! h&s 8! ?+ became a trumpet40 ,9 "o respect ! ,engli% noveli/s are /ill supreme2 & t is 9 ! diffusion ( good hum\r1 good mann]s "o might almo/ say1 :i* envelops _! com$y & trag$y4 ,mu* t is savage & acrimoni\s 9 ! ,fr5*1 dolor\s & ov]wr\ght 9 ! ,russians1 is /ra9$ away ?r\gh ?is f9e ,engli% bonhomie1 leav+ a cle>1 bright draught1 n v intoxicat+ or ev5 /imulat+1 b refre%+ & full ( a la/+ sav\r4 ,nor does ?is preval5t good hum\r h9d] ! full expression ( trag$y2 x helps r to extract ! f9al bitt]ness f c]ta9 sc5es 9 8,p5d5nis0 & 8,vanity ,fair10 9 8,middlem>*0 & ! 8,*ronicles ( ,b>set%ire40 ,! la/ ye>s ( ,lydgate1 ! la/ h\r ( ,mrs4 ,pr\die1 seem ! m t]rible = be+ muffl$ 9 a secure & dec5t atmosph]e ( fair play & plum-pudd+4 ,s9ce !n all ! re/ra9ts ( prud]y :i* hamp]$ ! ,engli% noveli/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h come d[n ) a cra%1 & ! 8n[-t-x-c-be-told-s*ool0 7z "s "o has wittily nam$ x7 has ru%$ to ! opposite excess ( dirt-=-dirt's sake1 f :i* no real "w ( art has ev] sprung4 ,su* a reaction 0 inevitable4 ,no "o :o rememb]s t ,butl]'s great novel1 8,! ,way ( ,all ,fle%10 rema9$ unpubli%$ = ov] tw5ty ye>s because x dealt sob]ly b s9c]ely ) ! *ief spr+s ( human conduct c wond] t labori\s monum5ts ( s*ool-boy pornography are n[ mi/ak5 = works ( g5ius by a public ignorant ( ,rabelais & unaw>e ( ,apuleius4 ,! balance w "r itself ) ! habit ( fre$om4 ,! new noveli/s w le>n t x is ev5 m necess>y to see life /eadily ?an to rec\nt x :ole2 & by t "t a m ?\ghtful public may be ripe = ! enjoym5t ( a rip] art4 ,,ii ,mo/ novels1 = conv5i5t survey1 may be gr\p$ "u "o or ! o!r ( ?ree types3 mann]s1 "* 7or psy*ology7 & adv5ture4 ,^! designations may be ?\ght to describe ! diff]5t me?ods suffici5tly2 b z a typical example ( ea*1 8,vanity ,fair0 = ! fir/1 8,madame ,bov>y0 = ! second1 &1 = ! ?ird1 8,rob ,roy0 or 8,! ,ma/] ( ,ballantrae10 might be nam$4 ,?is gr\p+ mu/ be fur!r /ret*$ to include z subdivisions :at might be call$ ! f>cical novel ( mann]s1 ! romance & ! philosophical romance2 & imm$iately 8,pickwick0 = ! fir/1 8,h>ry ,ri*mond10 8,la ,*>treuse de ,p>me0 or 8,lorna ,doone0 = ! second1 & 8,wilhelm ,mei/]0 or 8,m>ius ! ,epicurean0 = ! ?ird category1 sugge/ !mselves to ! read]4 ,la/ly1 9 ! zone ( ! unclassifiable float su* en*ant+ hybrids z 8,john ,+lesant10 8,lav5gro10 & t great ,swiss novel1 8,d] ,grne ,he9ri*10 9 :i* fantasy1 romance & ! homelie/ realities are s inimitably m+l$4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! la/ two gr\ps--( romance pure or hybrid--b "o ,fr5* novel has be5 cit$4 ,! ,fr5* g5ius1 :i* made 8,romanticism0 its own 7aft] borr[+ x f ,engl&71 has seldom t\*$ ev5 ! hem ( ,romance3 ,tri/an & ,iseult & _! long l9e ( desc5dants come f ,broceli&e1 n f ! ,ile de ,france4 ,be=e go+ f>!r x %\ld be add$ t1 9 a /udy ( ! mod]n novel1 ! la/-nam$ ( ! ?ree pr9cipal gr\ps1 ! novel ( adv5ture1 is ! lea/ important because ! lea/ mod]n4 ,t ?is implies any depreciation ( ! type 9 itself w n = a mom5t be admitt$ by a writ] ^: memory r+s ) ! joy\s clatt] ( ,dumas ! eld]1 ,h]man ,melville1 ,capta9 ,m>ryat & ,/ev5son2 b _! gallant y>ns might h be5 sung to ! m9/rel's h>p be=e ,rol& & 8 pe]s1 & told 9 ,babylonian baza>s to ,joseph & 8 ,bre?r53 ! tale ( adv5ture is ess5tially ! p>5t-/ock ( all subsequ5t v>ieties ( ! novel1 & its mod]n tell]s h introduc$ few innovations 9 :at 0 already a p]fect =mula1 creat$ 9 ! dawn ( "t by ! _w-old appeal3 8,tell u ano!r /ory40 ,all attempts at classification may seem to belong to s*ool-exam9ations & text-books1 & to r$uce ! matt] to ! level ( ! fam\s exam9ation-pap] :i*1 9 ref]5ce to ,wordswor?'s 8,o cuckoo1 %all ,i call !e bird1 or b a w&]+ voice80 in/ruct$ ! /ud5t to 8/ate alt]native pref]r$1 ) reasons = y\r *oice40 ,9 a s5se1 classification is always arbitr>y & belittl+2 yet to ! noveli/'s m9d su* di/9ctions repres5t organic realities4 ,x does n mu* matt] "u :at head+ a s*ool-girl is taught to class 8,vanity ,fair02 b f ! creator's po9t ( view classification means ! *oice ( a mann] & ( an angle ( vision1 & x matt]$ greatly t ,?ack]ay knew j h[ he meant to envisage 8 subject1 :i* might h be5 dealt ) m]ely z ! tale ( an adv5turess1 or m]ely z ! romance ( an hone/ c\ple1 or m]ely z an hi/orical novel1 & is all ( ^!1 & h[ mu* m besides--is1 inde$1 all t its title promises4 ,! v fact t s _m subjects conta9 ! elem5ts ( two or ?ree diff]5t types ( novel makes x "o ( ! noveli/'s fir/ c>es to decide :i* me?od he means to use4 ,balzac1 = in/ance1 gives u 9 8,le ,pre ,goriot0 & 9 8,eugnie ,gr&et0 two diff]5t ways ( deal+ ) subjects t conta91 aft] all1 mu* ! same elem5ts2 9 ! "o1 englob+ 8 tragic fa!r 9 a va/ social panorama1 9 ! o!r project+ 8 mis] 7:o %\ld h giv5 ! tale its "n7 9 huge ,moliresque relief aga9/ ! n>r[ backgr\nd ( a sleepy prov9cial t[n peopl$ by ?ree or f\r c>efully-subord9at$ *>act]s4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( hybrid novel1 b 9 :i* ! mann] r ?an ! matt] may be s *>act]iz$2 ! novel writt5 almo/ entirely 9 dialogue1 aft] ! /yle1 say1 ( 8,gyp's0 successful tales4 ,x is op5 to discussion :e!r any p>ticul> class ( subjects calls = ?is treatm5t4 ,h5ry ,james ?\ght s1 & ! oddly-contriv$ 8,awkw>d ,age0 0 a conv9c$ attempt on 8 "p to write 8a little ?+ 9 ! mann] ( ,gyp0--a resemblance :i* few read]s w\ld h p]ceiv$ _h he n po9t$ x out4 ,/rangely en\gh1 he 0 p]suad$ t c]ta9 subjects n fall+ into ! /age-categories require nev]!less to be *att]$ r ?an n>rat$2 &1 m /rangely /ill1 t 8,! ,awkw>d ,age10 t delicate & subtle case1 all half-lights & %ades1 all innu5does1 gradations & transitions1 0 typically made = su* treatm5t4 ,8 hyp]-s5sitiv5ess to any comm5t on 8 own "w made x difficult to discuss ! "q ) him2 b 8 greate/ admir]s w probably feel t 8,! ,awkw>d ,age0 lo/ m ?an x ga9$ by be+ p[d]$ into dialogue1 & t1 _h x be5 treat$ z a novel in/ead ( a k9d ( hybrid play1 ! obligation ( 8/raight0 n>rative might h compell$ him to face & elucidate ! c5tral problem in/ead ( suff]+ x to lose itself 9 a tangle ( talk4 ,at any rate1 su* an in/ance w probably n d mu* to conv9ce ei!r noveli/s or _! read]s ( ! advantage ( ! 8talk$0 novel4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! mode ( pres5tation to ! read]1 t c5tral difficulty ( ! :ole affair1 mu/ always be det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! subject2 & ! subject :i* in/antly calls = dialogue seems z in/antly to range itself among ^? dem&+ = _! full sett+-=? ! special artifices ( ! !atre4 ,! imm5se sup]iority ( ! novel = any subject 9 :i* 8situation0 is n p>am\nt is j t fre$om1 t ease 9 pass+ f "o =m ( pres5tation to ano!r1 & t possibility ( expla9+ & elucidat+ by ! way1 :i* ! n>rative p]mits4 ,conv5tion is ! fir/ necessity ( all art2 b !re seems no reason = add+ ! %ackles ( ano!r =m to ^? impos$ by "o's own4 ,n>rative1 ) all its suppl5ess & v>iety1 its range f great or*e/ral effects to ! frail vibration ( a s+le /r+1 %\ld furni% ! sub/ance ( ! novel2 dialogue1 t preci\s adjunct1 %\ld nev] be m ?an an adjunct1 & "o to be us$ z skilfully & sp>+ly z ! drop ( condim5t :i* flav\rs a :ole di%4 ,! use ( dialogue 9 fiction seems to be "o ( ! few ?+s ab\t :i* a fairly def9ite rule may be laid d[n4 ,x %\ld be res]v$ = ! culm9at+ mom5ts1 & reg>d$ z ! spray into :i* ! great wave ( n>rative breaks 9 curv+ t[>d ! wat*] on ! %ore4 ,?is lift+ & scatt]+ ( ! wave1 ! coruscation ( ! spray1 ev5 ! m]e mat]ial sight ( ! page brok5 into %ort1 unev5 p>agraphs1 all help to re9=ce ! contra/ betwe5 su* climaxes & ! smoo? effac$ glid+ ( ! n>rative int]vals2 & ! contra/ enhances t s5se ( ! passage ( "t = ! produc+ ( :i* ! writ] has to dep5d on 8 int]v5+ n>ration4 ,?us ! sp>+ use ( dialogue n only s]ves to emphasize ! crises ( ! tale b to give x z a :ole a great] effect ( cont9u\s developm5t4 ,ano!r argum5t aga9/ ! sub/itution ( dialogue = n>rative is ! wa/efulness & r\nd-ab\tness ( ! me?od4 ,! great] effect ( animation1 ( pres5tness1 produc$ by its excessive use w n help ! read] ?r\gh m ?an half ! book1 :atev] its subject2 aft] t he w p]ceive t he is to be made to pay be=e ! end = 8 too facile passage ?r\gh ! e>li] *apt]s4 ,! reason is inh]5t 9 ! me?od4 ,:51 9 real life1 two or m p are talk+ toge!r1 all t is und]/ood betwe5 !m is left out ( _! talk2 b :5 ! noveli/ uses conv]sation z a means n only ( acc5tuat+ b ( c>ry+ on 8 tale1 8 *>act]s h to tell ea* o!r _m ?+s t ea* already kn[s ! o!r kn[s4 ,to avoid ! result+ %ock ( improbability1 _! dialogue mu/ be s dilut$ ) irrelevant t\*es ( reali/ic commonplace1 ) :at might be describ$ z by-talk1 t1 z 9 ! lea/ good ( ,trollope's tales1 x rambles on = page aft] page be=e ! read]1 resign$ly m>k+ "t1 arrives1 bewild]$ & we>y1 at a po9t to :i* "o p>agraph ( n>rative c\ld h c>ri$ him4 ,,iii ,9 writ+ ( ! %ort /ory ,i may h seem$ to dwell too mu* on ! ne$ ( consid]+ e detail 9 its plan & developm5t2 yet ! %ort /ory is an improvisation1 ! tempor>y %elt] ( a flitt+ fancy1 comp>$ to ! f\r-squ>e & deeply-f\nd$ monum5t :i* ! novel ought to be4 ,x is n only t ! scale is diff]5t2 x is because ( ! reasons = its be+ s4 ,if ! typical %ort /ory be ! =e%ort5+ ( a dramatic climax connect+ two or m lives1 ! typical novel usually deals ) ! gradual unfold+ ( a succession ( ev5ts divid$ by int]vals ( "t1 & 9 :i* _m p1 9 addition to ! pr9cipal *>act]s1 play m or less subord9ate p>ts4 ,no ne$ n[ to take 9 sail & cle> ! decks2 ! noveli/ mu/ c>ry z mu* canvas & z _m pass5g]s z 8 subject requires & 8 seaman%ip p]mits4 ,/ill1 ! novel-!me is di/+ui%$ f t suit$ to ! %ort /ory n s mu* by ! numb] ( *>act]s pres5t$ z by ! space requir$ to m>k ! lapse ( "t or to p]mit ! m9ute analysis ( successive /ates ( feel+4 ,! latt] di/9ction1 x %\ld be add$1 holds good ev5 :5 ! /ates ( feel+ are all conta9$ 9 "o bosom1 & cr[d$ into a %ort p]iod1 z !y are 9 8,! ,kreutz] ,sonata40 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( class+ 8,! ,kreutz] ,sonata10 or 8,ivan ,ilyit*10 or 8,adolphe10 among %ort /ories2 & su* in/ances prove ! difficulty ( lay+ d[n a h>d-&-fa/ di/9ction betwe5 ! =ms4 ,! f9al diff]5ce lies deep]4 ,a novel may be all ab\t "o p]son1 & ab\t no m ?an a few h\rs 9 t p]son's life1 & yet n be r$ucible to ! limits ( a %ort /ory )\t los+ all significance & int]e/4 ,x dep5ds on ! "* ( ! subject *os54 ,s9ce ! novel-ab\t-"o-p]son has be5 t\*$ on1 x may be well1 be=e go+ f>!r1 to devote a %ort p>5!sis to its autobiographical or 8subjective0 v>iety4 ,9 ! /udy ( novel-te*nique "o might almo/ set aside ! few ma/]pieces 9 ?is class1 su* z ! 8,pr9cesse de ,clves10 8,adolphe0 & 8,dom9ique10 z n novels at all1 any m ?an ,musset's 8,confession d'un ,enfant du ,sicle0 is a novel4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 all fragm5ts ( autobiography by writ]s ( g5ius2 & ! autobiographical gift does n seem v closely relat$ to t ( fiction4 ,9 ! case ( ! au?ors m5tion$1 none b ,madame de ,la ,fayette ev] publi%$ ano!r novel1 & h] o!r attempts 7 )\t int]e/4 ,9 all ! arts abundance seems to be "o ( ! sure/ signs ( vocation4 ,x exi/s on ! l[e/ scale1 &1 9 ! art ( fiction1 belongs z mu* to ! produc] ( 8railway novels0 z to ,balzac1 ,?ack]ay or ,tol/oy2 yet x almo/ always m>ks ! great creative arti/4 ,:atev] a man has x 9 him to d really well he usually keeps on do+ ) an inde/ructible p]si/5cy4 ,!re is ano!r sign :i* sets ap>t ! born noveli/ f ! au?ors ( self-confessions 9 novel-=m2 t is1 ! abs5ce ( ! objective faculty 9 ! latt]4 ,! subjective writ] lacks ! p[] ( gett+ f> en\gh away f 8 /ory to view x z a :ole & relate x to its sett+2 8 m9or *>act]s rema9 ! m]e satellites ( ! pr9cipal p]sonage 7himself71 & disappe> :5 n lit up by _! c5tral lum9>y4 ,su* books are sometimes ma/]pieces2 b if by ! t]m 8art ( fiction0 be und]/ood ! creation ( imag9>y *>act]s & ! inv5tion ( _! imag9>y exp]i5ces--& !re seems no m conv5i5t def9ition--!n ! autobiographical tale is n /rictly a novel1 s9ce no objectively creative ef=t has gone to its mak+4 ,x does n foll[ t born noveli/s nev] write autobiographical novels4 ,in/ances to ! contr>y w occur to e "o & none m obvi\s ?an t ( 8,! ,kreutz] ,sonata40 ,!re is a gulf betwe5 su* a book & 8,adolphe40 ,tol/oy's tale1 ?\gh almo/ av[$ly ! /udy ( 8 own tortur$ s\l1 is z objective z ,o!llo4 ,! magic transposition has tak5 place2 9 read+ ! /ory we d n feel ourselves to be 9 a resuscitat$ real _w 7a sort ( ,tussaud ,museum ( wax figures ) actual clo!s on71 b 9 t o!r _w :i* is ! image ( life transpos$ 9 ! bra9 ( ! arti/1 a _w :]e9 ! creative brea? has made all ?+s new4 ,if "o happ5$ to beg9 "o's acqua9tance ) ,tol/oy by read+ 8,! ,kreutz] ,sonata0 "o w\ld n ne$ to be told t x 0 ! creation ( a bra9 work+ objectively1 a bra9 :i* _h produc$1 or 0 likely to produce1 o!r novels ( a :olly diff]5t k9d2 :]eas ( su* books z 8,dom9ique0 or 8,adolphe10 7 "o to light on !m z unprep>$ly1 "o w\ld say3 8,?is is n ! inv5tion ( a noveli/ b ! self-analysis ( a man ( g5ius40 ,!re is "o fam\s book :i* might be describ$ z ! l9k betwe5 ! real novel & ! autobiography 9 novel-disguise4 ,?is is ,goe!'s 8,w]!r40 ,"h a y\? ( g5ius1 z yet unpractis$ 9 ! art ( fiction1 has relat$1 "u ! ?9ne/ ( concealm5ts1 ! /ory ( 8 own unhappy love4 ,! tale is int5sely subjective4 ,! h]o is nev] once se5 f ! outside1 ! m9or figures are h>dly drawn out ( ! limbo ( ! unrealiz$2 yet h[ in/antly ! diff]5ce betwe5 8,w]!r0 & 8,adolphe0 decl>es itself6 ,! latt] tale is completely self-conta9$2 x nev] sugge/s 9 ! writ] ! p[] or ! desire to project a race ( imag9>y *>act]s4 8,w]!r0 does4 ,e page ?rills ) ! dawn+ gift ( creation4 ,! lov] has n be5 too mu* absorb$ 9 8 own angui% to turn its light on ?+s ext]nal to him4 ,! "y ,goe! :o has not$ ,*>lotte's way ( cutt+ ! bread-&-butt] = h] little bro!rs & si/]s1 & set d[n ! b\rgeois hum\rs & ! sylvan *>m ( ! ball 9 ! =e/1 is already a noveli/4 ,,iv ,! "q ( =m--already def9$ z ! ord]1 9 "t & importance1 9 :i* ! incid5ts ( ! n>rative are gr\p$--is1 = obvi\s reasons1 h>d] to deal ) 9 ! novel ?an 9 ! %ort /ory1 & mo/ difficult 9 ! novel ( mann]s1 ) its m cr[d$ /age1 & its cont9ual int]weav+ ( individual ) social analysis4 ,! ,engli% noveli/s ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury 7 /ill f>!r enslav$ by ! purely artificial necessity ( ! d\ble plot4 ,two p>allel s]ies ( adv5tures1 9 :i* two sep>ate gr\ps ( p 7 conc]n$1 sometimes ) h>dly a l9k betwe5 ! two1 & always )\t any deep organic connection1 7 s]v$ up 9 alt]nat+ sections4 ,?r\gh\t ! novels ( ,dick5s1 ,george ,eliot1 ,trollope & ! majority ( _! contempor>ies1 ?is t$i\s & s5seless conv5tion p]si/s1 *eck+ ! progress ( ea* s]ies ( ev5ts & di/ract+ ! read]'s att5tion4 ,! artificial trick ( keep+ two /ories go+ l a juggl]'s ball is entirely diff]5t f ! attempt to foll[ ! int]wov5 movem5ts ( typical social gr\ps1 z ,?ack]ay did 9 8,vanity ,fair0 & 8,! ,newcomes10 ,balzac 9 8,le ,pre ,goriot40 ,9 ^! cases ! sep>ate gr\ps1 ei!r families or l>g] units1 9 a s5se imp]sonate ! protagoni/s ( ! tale1 & _! fates are z closely int]wov5 z ^? ( ! two or ?ree p]sons on ! n>r[ /age ( a tale l 8,silas ,m>n]40 ,! d\ble plot has long s9ce vani%$1 & ! 8plot0 itself1 9 ! s5se ( an elaborate puzzle into :i* a giv5 numb] ( *>act]s h to be arbitr>ily fitt$1 has gone ) x to ! lumb]-room ( disc>d$ conv5tions4 ,b traces ( ! p>allel /ory l+] 9 ! ne$ (t5 felt by "y writ]s ( cr[d+ _! sc5e ) sup]num]>ies4 ,! temptation is specially great 9 compos+ ! novel ( mann]s4 ,if "o is und]tak+ to depict a 8section ( life10 h[ avoid a cr[d$ /age8 ,! answ] is1 by *oos+ z pr9cipal *>act]s figures s typical t ea* connotes a :ole section ( ! social backgr\nd4 ,x is ! unnecess>y *>act]s :o d ! cr[d+1 :o confuse ! read] by uselessly disp]s+ 8 att5tion2 b ev5 ! numb] ( subord9ate yet necess>y *>act]s may be greatly r$uc$ by mak+ ! pr9cipal figures s typical t !y adumbrate mo/ ( ! o!rs4 ,! traditions ( ! ,?tre ,franais us$ to require t ! numb] ( objects on ! /age--*airs1 tables1 ev5 to a glass ( wat] on a table--%\ld be limit$ to ! actual requirem5ts ( ! drama3 ! *airs mu/ all be sat 91 ! table c>ry "s object necess>y to ! action1 ! glass ( wat] or decant] ( w9e be a "p ( ! drama4 ,! /age-realism introduc$ f ,engl& a g5]ation ago subm]g$ ^! sc5ic l&m>ks "u a flood ( irrelevant uphol/]y2 b z guides 9 ! labyr9? ( composition !y are /ill /&+1 z necess>y to ! noveli/ z to ! playwright4 ,9 bo? cases a f> pr(\nd] effect is produc$ by ! p5etrat+ /udy ( a few *>act]s ?an by ! multiply+ ( half-drawn figures4 ,nei!r noveli/ nor playwright %\ld ev] v5ture on creat+ a "* )\t fir/ foll[+ x out to ! end ( ! project$ tale & be+ sure t ! latt] w be ! poor] = its abs5ce4 ,*>act]s ^: tasks h n be5 provid$ = !m 9 advance are likely to pres5t z emb>rass+ problems z o!r types ( ! unemploy$4 ,9 ! numb] ( *>act]s introduc$1 z mu* z 9 ! sc5ic details giv51 relevance is ! fir/1 ! ar*1 necessity4 ,& *>act]s & sc5ic detail are 9 fact "o to ! noveli/ :o has fully assimilat$ 8 mat]ial4 ,! moon-en*ant$ holl[ ( ,wilm+ ,weir 9 8,s&ra ,belloni0 is z mu* ! l&scape ( ,emilia's s\l z ( a corn] ( ,engl&2 x 0 "o ( ,george ,m]$i?'s di/+ui%+ m]its t he always made 8 art z a l&scape-pa9t] contribute to ! int]pretation ( 8 tale1 s t su* sc5es z t ( ,wilm+ ,weir1 ! sunrise f ! top ( ,monte ,mott]one 9 ! op5+ *apt] ( 8,vittoria10 & ! delici\s wall-fl[]-col\r$ picture ( ! f>m-h\se 9 8,h>ry ,ri*mond10 are all necess>y p>ts ( ! novels 9 :i* !y figure1 & above all are se5 z ! p to :om !y happ5$ w\ld h se5 !m4 ,?is leads to ano!r important pr9ciple4 ,! impression produc$ by a l&scape1 a /reet or a h\se %\ld always1 to ! noveli/1 be an ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( a s\l1 & ! use ( ! 8descriptive passage10 & its /yle1 %\ld be det]m9$ by ! fact t x mu/ depict only :at ! intellig5ce conc]n$ w\ld h notic$1 & always 9 t]ms )9 ! regi/] ( t intellig5ce4 ,two in/ances1 illu/rat+ respectively ! obs]vance & ! neglect ( ?is rule1 may be cit$ f ! novels ( ,mr4 ,h>dy3 ! fir/1 t memorable evocation ( ,egdon ,hea? by night1 z ,eu/acia ,vye looks =? on x f ,ra9b>r[2 ! o!r1 ! pa9fully detail$ description1 9 all its geological & agricultural details1 ( ! ,wessex vale ?r\gh :i* ano!r ( ,mr4 ,h>dy's h]o9es1 unsee+1 wret*$1 & incapable at any "t ( not+ su* p>ticul>ities z x has amus$ h] creator to set d[n1 flies bl9dly to h] doom4 ,v ,! two c5tral difficulties ( ! novel--bo? ( :i* may at fir/ appe> purely te*nical--are /ill to be consid]$4 ,!y h to d ) ! *oice ( ! po9t f :i* ! subject is to be se51 & ) ! attempt to produce on ! read] ! effect ( ! passage ( "t4 ,bo? may 8appe> purely te*nical02 b ev5 7 x possible to draw a def9ite l9e betwe5 ! te*nique ( a "w ( art & its in=m+ _s1 ! po9ts 9 "q g too deep to be s class$4 ,!y are root$ 9 ! subject2 &--z always1 9 ! la/ issue--! subject itself mu/ det]m9e & limit _! (fice4 ,x 0 rem>k$ 9 ! *apt] on ! %ort /ory t ! same exp]i5ce nev] happ5s to any two p1 & t ! /ory-tell]'s fir/ c>e1 aft] ! *oice ( a subject1 is to decide to :i* ( 8 *>act]s ! episode 9 "q happ5$1 s9ce x c\ld n h happ5$ 9 t p>ticul> way to m ?an "o4 ,appli$ to ! novel ?is may seem a h>d say+1 s9ce ! long] passage ( "t & m cr[d$ field ( action presuppose1 on ! "p ( ! visualiz+ "*1 a /ate ( omnisci5ce & omnipres5ce likely to %ake ! read]'s s5se ( probability4 ,! difficulty is mo/ (t5 met by %ift+ ! po9t ( vision f "o "* to ano!r1 9 su* a way z to compreh5d ! :ole hi/ory & yet pres]ve ! unity ( impression4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( ?is unity x is be/ to %ift z seldom z possible1 & to let ! tale "w itself out f n m ?an two 7or at mo/ ?ree7 angles ( vision1 *oos+ z reflect+ consci\snesses p]sons ei!r 9 close m5tal & moral relation to ea* o!r1 or disc]n+ en\gh to e/imate ea* o!r's p>ts 9 ! drama1 s t ! latt]1 ev5 view$ f diff]5t angles1 always pres5ts itself to ! read] z a :ole4 ,! *oice ( su* reflectors is n easy2 /ill m ardu\s is ! task ( det]m9+ at :at po9t ea* is to be turn$ on ! sc5e4 ,! only possible rule seems to be t :5 ?+s happ5 :i* ! fir/ reflector _c1 ) any %[ ( probability1 be aw>e (1 or is incapable ( react+ to1 ev5 if aw>e1 !n ano!r1 an adjo9+1 consci\sness is requir$ to take up ! tale4 ,?us drily /at$1 ! =mula may seem p$antic & arbitr>y2 b x w be f\nd to act ( itself 9 ! h&s ( ! noveli/ :o has s let 8 subject rip5 9 8 m9d t ! *>act]s are z close to him z 8 own fle%4 ,to ! noveli/ :o lives among 8 creations 9 ?is cont9u\s intimacy !y %\ld p\r out _! tale almo/ z if to a passive spectator4 ,! problem ( ! co-ord9at+ consci\sness has visibly di/urb$ _m noveli/s1 & ! diff]5t solutions attempt$ are full ( int]e/ & in/ruction4 ,ea* is ( c\rse b ano!r conv5tion1 & no conv5tion is 9 itself objectionable1 b becomes s only :5 wrongly us$1 z dirt1 accord+ to ! happy def9ition1 is only 8matt] 9 ! wrong place40 ,v]isimilitude is ! tru? ( art1 & any conv5tion :i* h9d]s ! illusion is obvi\sly 9 ! wrong place4 ,few h9d] x m ?an ! slov5ly habit ( "s noveli/s ( tumbl+ 9 & out ( _! *>act]s' m9ds1 & !n sudd5ly draw+ back to scrut9ize !m f ! outside z ! av[$ ,%[man hold+ 8 puppets' /r+s4 ,all ! greate/ mod]n noveli/s h felt ?is1 & s\ght1 ?\gh (t5 half-unconsci\sly1 to f9d a way out ( ! difficulty4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5ts made 9 ?is respect h be5 ^? ( ,james & ,conrad1 to bo? ( :om--?\gh 9 ways h[ diff]5t6--! novel 0 always by def9ition a "w ( art1 & !re=e wor?y ( ! creator's utmo/ ef=t4 ,james s\ght ! effect ( v]isimilitude by rigor\sly conf9+ e detail ( 8 picture to ! range1 & also to ! capacity1 ( ! eye fix$ on x4 8,9 ! ,cage0 is a curi\sly p]fect example ( ! exp]im5t on a small scale1 only "o v re/rict$ field ( vision be+ p]mitt$4 ,9 8 long] & m ev5tful novels1 :]e ! transition f "o consci\sness to ano!r became necess>y1 he contriv$ x ) su* unfail+ +5uity t ! read]'s visual range 0 cont9u\sly enl>g$ by ! sub/itution ( a second consci\sness :5ev] ! b\nd>ies ( ! fir/ 7 exce$$4 8,! ,w+s ( ! ,dove0 gives an int]e/+ example ( ^! transitions4 ,9 8,! ,gold5 ,b[l10 /ill unsatisfi$1 /ill 9 pursuit ( an impossible p]fection1 he felt he mu/ introduce a sort ( co-ord9at+ consci\sness deta*$ f1 b includ+1 ! *>act]s pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,! same attempt to wre/ dramatic =ms to ! uses ( ! novel t caus$ 8,! ,awkw>d ,age0 to be writt5 9 dialogue seems to h sugge/$ ! creation ( ,colonel & ,mrs4 ,ass+ham z a sort ( ,greek *orus to ! trag$y ( 8,! ,gold5 ,b[l40 ,?is insuff]able & incr$ible c\ple sp5d _! days 9 espionage & delation1 & _! ev5+s 9 ex*ang+ ! reports ( _! eaves'-dropp+ ) a m9ut5ess & precision wor?y ( ,scotl& ,y>d4 ,! utt] improbability ( su* conduct on ! "p ( a dull-witt$ & frivol\s c\ple 9 ! ru% ( ,london society %[s t ! au?or creat$ !m = ! sole purpose ( reveal+ details :i* he c\ld n o!rwise communicate )\t laps+ into ! "* ( ! mid-,victorian noveli/ *att+ ) 8 read]s ( 8my h]o9e0 9 ! mann] ( ,?ack]ay & ,dick5s4 ,conv5tion = conv5tion 7& bo? are bad71 ,james's is p]haps ev5 m unsettl+ to ! read]'s confid5ce ?an ! old-fa%ion$ intrusion ( ! au?or among 8 puppets4 ,bo? ought to be avoid$1 & may be1 z o!r great novels are !re to prove4 ,conrad's preoccupation 0 ! same1 b he s\ght to solve x 9 ano!r way1 by creat+ :at "s "o has aptly call$ a 8hall ( mirrors10 a s]ies ( reflect+ consci\snesses1 all belong+ to p :o are outside ( ! /ory b accid5tally drawn into its curr5t1 & n1 l ! ,ass+hams1 =c$ into x = ! sole purpose ( act+ z spies & eaves'-dropp]s4 ,! me?od did n orig9ate ) ,conrad4 ,9 t mo/ p]fectly-compos$ ( all %ort /ories1 8,la ,gr&e ,bret*e10 ,balzac %[$ :at dep?1 my/]y1 & v]isimilitude may be giv5 to a tale by caus+ x to be reflect$1 9 fractions1 9 ! m9ds ( a s]ies ( accid5tal p>ticipants or m]e look]s-on4 ,! relator ( ! tale1 casually deta9$ 9 a prov9cial t[n1 is /ruck by ! ru9\s appe>ance ( "o ( its h&some/ h\ses4 ,he makes 8 way into ! des]t$ g>d51 & is at once call$ on by a solicitor :o in=ms him t1 accord+ to ! w ( ! lately deceas$ own]1 no "o is to be p]mitt$ on ! premises till fifty ye>s aft] h] dea?4 ,! visitor1 ^: curiosity is naturally excit$1 next le>ns f ! l&lady ( 8 inn t1 ?\gh %e has nev] kn[n ! exact facts ( ! trag$y1 %e kn[s !re has be5 "o1 & t a p]son :om %e suspects ( hav+ play$ a "p 9 x is actually lodg$ "u h] ro(4 ,f ! l&lady ! n>rator c>ries 8 enquiries to ! maid-s]vant ( ! inn1 :o _h be5 9 ! s]vice ( ! dead lady1 & :o confides to him ! dreadful sc5es ( :i* %e 0 a helpless & horror-/ruck witness2 &1 gr\p+ ^! fragm5ts 9 8 own m compreh5d+ m9d1 he f9ally gives !m to ! read] 9 _! gha/ly complet5ess4 ,ev5 ,george ,m]$i?1 ^: floods ( improvisation seem to h be5 s r>ely hamp]$ by any conc]n z to ! composition ( 8 novels1 0 n[ & !n visibly p]plex$ by ! "q ( h[ to pass f ! m9d ( "o "* to ano!r )\t too viol5t a jolt to ! read]4 ,9 "o in/ance--9 "o ( ^? 8big sc5es0 :i*1 z ,george ,eliot said1 8write !mselves0--he attempt$1 probably on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 a solution :i* prov$ admirably successful--= t p>ticul> occasion4 ,9 ! memorable talk 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! in>ticulate ,rhoda ,flem+ & h] tongue-ti$ suitor f9ally discov] !mselves to ea* o!r1 ! noveli/1 to %[ h[ tongue-ti$ bo? 71 & yet convey ! emotion b5ea? _! halt+ monosyllables1 hit on ! device ( putt+ 9 p>5!sis1 aft] ea* phrase1 :at ! speak] 0 actually ?9k+4 ,x is "o ( ! great pages ( ! book2 yet ev5 9 ! en*antm5t ( fir/ read+ x "o is aw>e ( admir+ a m]e acrobatic feat1 a sort ( brea?less *ass-crois :i* c\ld n h be5 kept up = ano!r page )\t /ra9+ ! read]'s pati5ce & 8 s5se ( likelihood4 ,m]$i? 0 a g5ius1 & 8 in/9ct = effect made him1 at a crucial mom5t1 /umble on a successful trick2 b1 because he 0 a g5ius1 he did n prolong or repeat x4 ,! reason :y su* sudd5 *anges f "o m9d to ano!r are fatigu+ & disillusion+ 0 summ$ up--?\gh = a diff]5t purpose--9 a vivid phrase ( ,george ,eliot's4 ,x is 9 ! *apt] ( 8,middlem>*0 :i* records ! talk betwe5 ,doro!a & ,celia ,brooke1 aft] ! latt]'s fir/ meet+ ) ! au/]e & pomp\s ,mr4 ,casaubon1 :om h] eld] si/] s unacc\ntably admires4 ,! frivol\s ,celia is pr(\ndly disappo9t$3 %e f9ds ,mr4 ,casaubon v ugly4 ,doro!a1 at ?is1 haughtily lets drop t he rem9ds h] ( ! portraits ( ,locke4 ,celia3 8,_h ,locke ^? two :ite moles ) hairs on !m80 ,doro!a3 8,oh1 ,i d>esay6 :5 p ( a c]ta9 sort look$ at him40 ,t answ] sums up ! :ole dilemma4 ,be=e beg9n+ 8 tale1 ! noveli/ mu/ decide :e!r x is to be se5 ?r\gh eyes giv5 to not+ :ite moles1 or to discov]+ 8! vision>y butt]fly alit0 on faces s disfigur$4 ,he _c h x bo? ways & /ill hope to p]suade 8 read]4 ,! o!r difficulty is t ( communicat+ ! effect ( ! gradual passage ( "t 9 su* a way t ! modify+ & matur+ ( ! *>act]s %all seem n an arbitr>y sleight-(-h& b ! natural result ( gr[? 9 age & exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! great my/]y ( ! art ( fiction4 ,! secret seems incommunicable2 "o c only conjecture t x has to d ) ! noveli/'s own deep belief 9 8 *>act]s & :at he is tell+ ab\t !m4 ,he kn[s t ?is & t befell !m1 & t 9 ! int]val betwe5 ?is & t ! mon?s & ye>s h cont9u$ _! sl[ task ( erosion or accretion2 & he conveys ?is k by "s subt]ranean process z h>d to seize 9 action z ! gr[? ( a plant4 ,a /udy ( ! great noveli/s--& especially ( ,balzac1 ,?ack]ay1 & ,tol/oy--w %[ t su* *anges are sugge/$1 are arriv$ at1 9 ! inconspicu\s transitional pages ( n>rative t lead f climax to climax4 ,"o ( ! means by :i* ! effect is produc$ is c]ta9ly t ( n fe>+ to g sl[ly1 to keep d[n ! tone ( ! n>rative1 to be z col\rless & quiet z life (t5 is 9 ! int]vals betwe5 its high mom5ts4 ,ano!r difficulty connect$ ) ?is "o is t ( keep+ s firm a hold on ! ma9 l9es ( "o's *>act]s t !y em]ge modifi$ & yet !mselves f ! rip5+ or dis9tegrat+ ye>s4 ,tol/oy _h ?is gift to a supreme degree4 ,:]ev] 9 ! d5se =e/ ( 8,w> & ,peace0 a "* reappe>s1 (t5 aft] an int]val s long t ! e> has almo/ lo/ ! s\nd to :i* he rhymes1 he is at once recogniz$ z ! same1 pr(\ndly ! same1 yet scor$ by new l9es ( suff]+ & exp]i5ce4 ,nata*a1 gr[n into ! fat slov5ly mre-de-famille ( ! la/ *apt]s1 is incr$ibly l & yet diff]5t to ! phantom ( delight :o fir/ captivat$ ,pr9ce ,&rew2 & ! ,pr9ce himself1 9 ^? incomp>able pages devot$ to 8 long illness1 :]e "o wat*es ! v process ( demat]ialization1 ! deta*m5t f e>?ly ?+s happ5+ z naturally z ! fall ( a leaf1 is ! same z ! re/less & unhappy man :o appe>s ) 8 pa!tic irritat+ little wife at ! ev5+ p>ty ( ! fir/ *apt]4 ,becky ,%>p1 ,ar?ur ,p5d5nis1 ,doro!a ,casaubon1 ,lydgate1 ,*>les ,bov>y--) :at sure & pati5t t\*es _! gr[? & decl9e are set =?6 ,& h[ my/]i\sly yet unmi/akably1 z !y reappe> aft] ea* int]val1 ! s5se is convey$ t !re has be5 an int]val1 n 9 moral exp]i5ce only b 9 ! actual lapse ( ! seasons6 ,! produc+ ( ?is impression is inde$ ! c5tral my/]y ( ! art4 ,to its mak+ g pati5ce1 m$itation1 conc5tration1 all ! quiet habits ( m9d n[ s little practis$1 s seldom inculcat$2 & to ^! mu/ be add$ ! f9al impond]able1 g5ius1 )\t :i* ! re/ is useless1 & :i*1 conv]sely1 w\ld be unusable )\t ! re/4 ,,vi ,! ev5+ p>ty ) :i* 8,w> & ,peace0 beg9s is "o ( ! mo/ triumphant examples 9 fiction ( ! difficult art ( 8situat+0 ! *ief actors 9 ! op5+ *apt] ( :at is to be an exceptionally cr[d$ novel4 ,no read] is likely to =get1 or to confuse ! "o ) ! o!r1 ! successive arrivals at t dull & trivial ,/4 ,pet]sburg reception2 ,tol/oy ) "o mighty sweep ga!rs up all 8 pr9cipal *>act]s & sets !m be=e u 9 action4 ,v diff]5t--?\gh s notable an a*ievem5t 9 its way--is ! fir/ *apt] ( 8,! ,k>amaz(f ,bro!rs0 79 ! ,engli% or ,g]man translation--= ! curr5t ,fr5* translation inexplicably omits x74 ,9 ?is *apt] ,do/oievsky has hung a gall]y ( portraits aga9/ a blank wall4 ,he describes all ! memb]s ( ! ,k>amaz(f family1 "o aft] ano!r1 ) m]ciless precision & inf]nal insight4 ,b !re !y rema9 hang+--or /&+4 ,! read] is told all ab\t !m1 b is n all[$ to surprise !m 9 action4 ,! /ory ab\t !m beg9s aft]w>d1 :]eas 9 8,w> & ,peace0 ! fir/ p>agraph leads into ! ?ick ( ! tale1 & e phrase1 e ge/ure1 c>ries x on ) t sl[ yet sweep+ movem5t ( :i* ,tol/oy alone 0 capable4 ,_m ?ickly-peopl$ novels beg9 m gradually--l 8,vanity ,fair10 = example--& introduce _! *>act]s 9 c>efully-ord]$ succession4 ,! process is obvi\sly simpl]1 & 9 c]ta9 cases z effective4 ,! morn+ /roll ( ,m4 & ,mme4 ,reynal & _! little boys1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8,le ,r\ge et le ,noir10 s\nds a note suffici5tly port5t\s2 & s does ,major ,p5d5nis's solit>y breakfa/4 ,9 a g5]al way !re is mu* to be said = a quiet op5+ to a long & cr[d$ novel2 ?\gh ! noveli/ might pref] to be able to fl+ all 8 *>act]s on ! bo>ds at once1 ) ,tol/oy's regal prodigality4 ,!re is no fix$ rule ab\t ?is1 or ab\t any o!r me?od2 ea*1 9 ! art ( fiction1 to ju/ify itself has only to succe$4 ,b to succe$1 ! me?od mu/ fir/ ( all suit ! subject1 mu/ f9d its acc\nt1 z be/ x c1 ) ! difficulties peculi> to ea* situation4 ,! "q :]e to beg9 is ! next to confront ! noveli/2 & ! art ( seiz+ on ! "r mom5t is ev5 m important ?an t ( be+ able to pres5t a l>ge numb] ( *>act]s at ! outset4 ,"h aga9 no g5]al rule c be laid d[n4 ,"o subject may require to be treat$ f ! c5tre1 9 ! fa%ion de> to ,h5ry ,james1 ) its op5+ 9 ! he>t ( ! action1 & retrospective vi/as radiat+ away f x on all sides1 :ile o!rs--( :i* 8,h5ry ,esmond0 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful examples--w\ld lose all _! bloom 7 !y n all[$ to rip5 almo/ imp]ceptibly "u ! read]'s absorb$ contemplation4 ,balzac1 9 8 preface to 8,la ,*>treuse de ,p>me0--almo/ ! only public recognition ( ,/5dhal's g5ius dur+ ! latt]'s life-"t--reproves ! au?or = beg9n+ ! book be=e its real beg9n+4 ,balzac knew well en\gh :at ! _w w\ld h lo/ _h t op5+ picture ( ,wat]loo be5 left out2 b he insi/s t x is no "p ( ! /ory ,/5dhal _h set out to tell1 & sums up ) ! illum9at+ phrase3 8,m4 ,beyle has *os5 a subject ! ,wat]loo episode :i* is real 9 nature b n 9 art40 ,t is1 be+ out ( place 9 t p>ticul> "w ( art1 x loses its reality z art & rema9s m]ely a ma/]ly /udy ( a corn] ( a battle-field1 ! greate/ ! _w 0 to "k till ,tol/oy's1 b no "p ( a composition1 z ,tol/oy's always 74 ,,vii ,! l5g? ( a novel1 m surely ev5 ?an any ( its o!r qualities1 ne$s to be det]m9$ by ! subject4 ,! noveli/ %\ld n conc]n himself be=eh& ) ! ab/ract "q ( l5g?1 %\ld n decide 9 advance :e!r he is go+ to write a long or a %ort novel2 b 9 ! act ( composition he mu/ nev] cease to be> 9 m9d t "o %\ld always be able to say ( a novel3 8,x might h be5 long]10 nev]3 8,x ne$ n h be5 s long40 ,l5g?1 naturally1 is n s mu* a matt] ( pages z ( ! mass & quality ( :at !y conta94 ,x is obvi\s t a m$iocre book is always too long1 & t a great "o usually seems too %ort4 ,b beyond ?is "q ( quality & weight9ess lies ! m closely relevant "o ( ! developm5t :i* ?is or t subject requires1 ! am\nt ( sail x w c>ry4 ,! great noveli/s h always felt ?is1 &1 )9 an in* or two1 h cut _! clo? accord+ly4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,bradley1 9 8 book on ,%akespe>e's trag$ies1 ?rew a new & /rik+ light on ! "q ( l5g?4 ,9 analyz+ 8,macbe?10 :i* is s mu* %ort] ?an ,%akespe>e's o!r trag$ies t previ\s comm5tators _h always assum$ ! text to be incomplete1 he puts ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,if ! text is incomplete1 at :at po9ts are ! suppos$ lacun to be f\nd8 ,does any "o1 on fir/ read+ 8,macbe?10 feel x to be too %ort1 or ev5 notice t x is appreciably less long ?an ! o!r trag$ies8 ,& if n1 is x n probable t we h virtually ! :ole play be=e u1 & t ,%akespe>e knew he _h made x z long z ! subject w>rant$ & ! n]ves ( 8 audi5ce c\ld /&8 ,:e!r or n ! argum5t be ?\ght conv9c+ 9 ! giv5 case1 x is an admirable example ( ! _s 9 :i* works ( art %\ld be judg$1 & ( ! only sy/em ( weights & measures applicable to !m4 ,tol/oy gave to 8,ivan ,ilyit*0 j en\gh developm5t to make a p>able ( univ]sal application out ( ! /ory ( an insignificant man's dea?4 ,a little m1 & he w\ld h dropp$ into ! fussy & meticul\s1 & smo!r$ 8 mean+ "u unnecess>y detail4 ,maupassant 0 ano!r writ] :o _h an un]r+ s5se = ! am\nt ( sail 8 subjects c\ld c>ry2 & 8 "w conta9s no bett] pro( ( x ?an ! tale ( 8,yvette0--t h>r[+ little record ( "o ( ! ways 9 :i* ! bloom may be bru%$ f a butt]fly4 ,h5ry ,james1 9 8,! ,turn ( ! ,screw10 %[$ ! same p]fect s5se ( proportion4 ,he _h v5tur$ to exp& into a %ort novel ! k9d ( tale usually impos$ on ! imag9ation 9 a s+le fla% ( horror2 b 8 in/9ct told him t to g f>!r 0 impossible4 ,! po/hum\s fragm5t1 8,! ,s5se ( ! ,pa/10 %[s t he 0 aga9 exp]im5t+ ) ! sup]natural z a subject = a long novel2 & 9 ?is in/ance "o feels t he 0 ab\t to risk ov]-burd5+ 8 !me4 ,:5 ,i read ,m4 ,maet]l9ck's book on ! bee 7:i* _h j made a flight into fame z high z t ( ! insect x celebrates7 ,i 0 fir/ dazzl$1 !n oppress$1 by ! numb] & ! *oice ( 8 adjectives & analogies4 ,e t\* 0 effective1 e comp>ison /rik+2 b :5 ,i _h assimilat$ !m all1 & remade out ( !m ! ideal ,,bee1 t animal _h become a w+$ elephant4 ,! lesson 0 salut>y = a noveli/4 ,! great writ]s ( fiction--,balzac1 ,tol/oy1 ,?ack]ay1 ,george ,eliot 7h[ "o has to return to !m67--all _h a s5se = ! proportion ( _! subjects1 & knew t ! great argum5t requires space4 ,!re are few ?+s m exquisite 9 m9or ,engli% v]se ?an ,b5 ,jonson's epitaph on ,sala?iel ,pavy2 b 8,p>adise ,lo/0 ne$s m room1 & ! fact t x does is "o ( ! elem5ts ( its greatness4 ,! po9t is to "k at ! />t if "o has 9 h& a ,sala?iel ,pavy !me or a 8,p>adise ,lo/0 "o4 ,9 no noveli/ 0 ?is in/9ct m un]r+ ?an 9 ! impeccable ,jane ,au/54 ,nev] is !re any dang] ( f9d+ any ( h] *>act]s out ( proportion or rattl+ ar\nd 9 _! sett+4 ,! same may be said ( ,tol/oy1 at ! opposite end ( ! scale4 ,8 epic gift--! p[] ( imm$iately e/abli%+ ! "r proportion betwe5 8 *>act]s & ! scope ( _! adv5ture--seems nev] to h fail$ him4 8,w> & ,peace0 & ,flaub]t's 8,education ,s5tim5tale0 are two ( ! longe/ ( mod]n novels4 ,flaub]t too 0 end[$ ) ! r>e in/9ct ( scale2 b !re are mom5ts :5 ev5 8 mo/ ard5t admir]s feel t 8,l',education ,s5tim5tale0 is too long = its c>ry+-p[]3 :]eas 9 ! v fir/ pages ( 8,w> & ,peace0 ,tol/oy manages to e/abli% ! "r relation betwe5 subject & l5g?4 ,b !re is ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! great novel & ! m]ely long "o4 ,ev5 ! longe/ & mo/ seem+ly desultory novels ( su* writ]s z ,balzac1 ,flaub]t & ,tol/oy foll[ a prescrib$ orbit2 !y are true to ! et]nal ef=t ( art to complete :at 9 life seems incoh]5t & fragm5t>y4 ,?is s5se ( ! great !me sweep+ ar\nd on its allott$ track 9 ! 8mo/ anci5t heav5s0 is communicat$ on ! fir/ page ( su* novels z 8,w> & ,peace0 & 8,l',education ,s5tim5tale02 x is ! lack ( ?is intr9sic =m t m>ks ! o!r k9d ( long novel z m]ely long4 ,m4 ,roma9 ,roll&'s 8,jean-,*ri/ophe0 might be cit$ z a case 9 po9t4 ,9 a succession ( volumes1 plann$ at ! outset z p>ts ( a great :ole1 he tells a s]ies ( consecutive s\l-adv5tures1 none )\t int]e/2 b su* h9t ( scale z !re is 9 ! fir/ volume seems to w>rant no m ?an t "o1 & ! read] feels t if !re are m !re is no reason :y !re %\ld n be any numb]4 ,?is impression is produc$ n by ! lack ( a plan1 b ( t subtl] k9d ( composition :i*1 inspir$ by ! s5se ( =m1 & d$uc+ ! l5g? ( a book f ! importance ( its argum5t1 creates figures proportion$ to _! sett+1 & laun*es !m ) a sure h& on _! de/9$ pa?4 ,! "q ( ! l5g? ( a novel naturally leads to ! consid]+ ( its end2 b ( ?is !re is little to be said t has n already be5 impli$ by ! way1 s9ce no conclusion c be "r :i* is n lat5t 9 ! fir/ page4 ,ab\t no "p ( a novel %\ld !re be a cle>] s5se ( inevitability ?an ab\t its end2 any hesitation1 any failure to ga!r up all ! ?reads1 %[s t ! au?or has n let 8 subject mature 9 8 m9d4 ,a noveli/ :o does n "k :5 8 /ory is f9i%$1 b goes on /r++ episode to episode aft] x is ov]1 n only weak5s ! effect ( ! conclusion1 b robs ( significance all t has gone be=e4 ,b if ! =m ( ! end is inevitably det]m9$ by ! subject1 its /yle--us+ ! t]m1 9 ! s5se already def9$1 to describe ! way 9 :i* ! episodes ( ! n>rative 8are grasp$ & col\r$ by ! au?or's m9d0--necess>ily dep5ds on 8 s5se ( selection4 ,at e /age 9 ! progress ( 8 tale ! noveli/ mu/ rely on :at may be call$ ! illum9at+ incid5t to reveal & emphasize ! inn] mean+ ( ea* situation4 ,illum9at+ incid5ts are ! magic casem5ts ( fiction1 its vi/as on inf9ity4 ,!y are also ! mo/ p]sonal elem5t 9 any n>rative1 ! au?or's mo/ direct contribution2 & no?+ gives su* imm$iate pro( ( ! quality ( 8 imag9ation--& !re=e ( ! ri*ness ( 8 temp]am5t--z 8 *oice ( su* episodes4 ,luci5 de ,rubempr 79 8,les ,illusions ,p]dues07 writ+ dr9k+ songs to pay = ! fun]al ( 8 mi/ress1 :o lies dy+ 9 ! next room2 ,h5ry ,esmond wat*+ ,beatrix come d[n ! /airs 9 h] sc>let /ock+s ) silv] clocks2 ,/eph5 ,gue/ sudd5ly dazzl$ by ! curve ( ,maggie ,tulliv]'s arm z %e lifts x to pick a fl[] = him 9 ! cons]vatory2 ,arabella fl++ ! (fal across ! h$ge at ,jude2 ,emma los+ h] temp] ) ,miss ,bates at ! picnic2 ! midnight arrival ( ,h>ry ,ri*mond's fa!r1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( t glori\s tale3 all ^! sc5es %$ a circle ( light f> beyond ! incid5t record$4 ,at ! conclusion ( a novel ! illum9at+ incid5t ne$ only s5d its ray backw>d2 b x %\ld s5d a long en\gh %aft to meet ! light ca/ =w>d f ! fir/ page1 z 9 t poignant passage at ! end ( 8,l',education ,s5tim5tale0 :]e ,mme4 ,arn\x comes back to see ,frdric ,moreau aft] long ye>s ( sep>ation4 8,he put h] endless que/ions ab\t h]self & h] husb&4 ,%e told him t1 9 ord] to economize & pay _! debts1 !y _h settl$ d[n 9 a lo/ corn] ( ,brittany4 ,arn\x1 almo/ always ail+1 seem$ l an old man4 ,_! daught] 0 m>ri$1 at ,bordeaux2 _! son 0 9 ! colonial army1 at ,mo/aganem4 ,%e lift$ h] head3 #8,b at la/ ,i see y aga96 ,i'm happy'44440 ,%e asks him to take h] = a walk1 & w&]s ) him ?r\gh ! ,p>is /reets4 ,%e is ! only woman he has ev] lov$1 & he kn[s x n[4 ,! int]v5+ ye>s h vani%$1 & !y walk on1 8absorb$ 9 ea* o!r1 he>+ no?+1 z if !y 7 walk+ 9 ! c\ntry on a b$ ( dead leaves40 ,!n !y return to ! "y man's rooms1 & ,mme4 ,arn\x1 sitt+ d[n1 takes (f h] hat4 8,! lamp1 plac$ on a console1 lit up h] :ite hair4 ,! sight 0 l a bl[ on 8 *e/40 ,he tries to keep up a pret5se ( s5tim5taliz+2 b 8%e wat*$ ! clock1 & he cont9u$ to walk up & d[n1 smok+4 ,nei!r c\ld f9d any?+ to say to ! o!r4 ,9 all sep>ations !re comes a mom5t :5 ! belov$ is no long] ) u40 ,?is is all2 b e page t has gone be=e is lit up by ! tragic gleam ( ,mme4 ,arn\x's :ite hair4 ,! same note is s\nd$ 9 ! *apt] ( 8,! ,gold5 ,b[l0 :]e ! deeply1 ! d\bly betray$ ,maggie1 walk+ up & d[n 9 ! summ] ev5+ on ! t]race ( ,fawns1 looks 9 at ! w9d[ ( ! smok+-room1 :]e h] fa!r1 h] husb& & h] /ep-"m 7:o is h] husb&'s mi/ress7 are play+ bridge toge!r1 unconsci\s ( h] scrut9y4 ,z %e looks %e kn[s t %e has !m at h] m]cy1 & t !y all 7ev5 h] fa!r7 "k x2 & 9 ! same in/ant ! sight ( !m tells h] t 8to feel ab\t !m 9 any ( ! imm$iate1 inevitable1 assuag+ ways1 ! ways usually op5 to innoc5ce outrag$ & g5]osity betray$1 w\ld h be5 to give !m up1 & t giv+ !m up 01 m>vell\sly1 n to be ?\ght (40 ,! illum9at+ incid5t is n only ! pro( ( ! noveli/'s imag9ative s5sibility2 x is also ! be/ means ( giv+ pres5tness1 imm$iacy1 to 8 tale4 ,f> m ?an on dialogue does ! effect ( imm$iacy dep5d on ! apt use ( ! illum9at+ incid5t2 & ! m ?reads ( significance are ga!r$ up into ea* "o1 ! m pages ( explanatory n>rative are sp>$ to writ] & read]4 ,!re is a mat*less in/ance ( ?is 9 8,le ,r\ge et le ,noir40 ,! "y ,juli5 ,sorel1 ! tutor ( ! ,reynal *ildr51 believes a love-affair ) _! "m to be ! be/ way ( advanc+ 8 ambitions1 & decides to te/ 8 audacity by tak+ ,mme4 ,reynal's h& z !y sit 9 ! g>d5 9 ! summ] dusk4 ,he has a long /ruggle ) 8 natural timidity & h] comm&+ grace be=e he c make ev5 ?is %y advance2 & t /ruggle tells1 9 half a page1 m ( 8 fatuities & meannesses1 & ! boyi% simplicity /ill und]ly+ !m--& m too ( ! poor pr\d woman at 8 side--?an a :ole *apt] ( analysis & retrospection4 ,?is p[] to seize 8 *>act]s 9 _! habit z !y live is always ! sure/ pro( ( a noveli/'s ma/]y4 ,b ! *oice ( ! illum9at+ incid5t1 ?\gh s mu*1 is n all4 ,z ! ,fr5* say1 !re is ! mann]4 ,9 ,/5dhal's pla9 & /raight=w>d report ( ! sc5e 9 ! g>d5 e ^w1 e /roke1 tells4 ,& ?is "q ( mann]--( ! p>ticul> mann] adapt$ to ea* sc5e--br+s "o to ano!r po9t at :i* ! noveli/'s vigilance mu/ nev] flag4 ,z e tale conta9s its own dim5sion1 s x implies its own mann]1 ! p>ticul> %ade ( /yle mo/ fitt$ to convey its full mean+4 ,mo/ noveli/s :o h a c]ta9 numb] ( volumes to _! cr$it1 & h s\ght1 z ! subject requir$1 to v>y _! mann]1 h be5 tak5 to task alike by read]s & review]s1 & ei!r accus$ ( attempt+ to pass (f e>li] works on a confid+ public1 or piti$ = a too-evid5t decl9e 9 p[]4 ,any *ange di/urbs ! intellectual indol5ce ( ! av]age read]2 & no?+1 = in/ance1 has done m to deprive ,/ev5son ( 8 prop] rank among ,engli% noveli/s ?an 8 deplorable habit ( n conceiv+ a boy's tale 9 ! same _s z a romantic novel or a burlesque detective /ory1 ( n ev5 conf9+ himself to fiction1 b attempt+ travels1 criticism & v]se1 & do+ !m all s well t !re mu/ obvi\sly be some?+ wrong ab\t x4 ,! v critics :o extol ! v]satility ( ! arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance rebuke ! same quality 9 _! own contempor>ies2 & _! eag]ness to /ake out ea* noveli/'s t]ritory1 & to conf9e him to x = life1 recalls ! /ory ( ! v]g] 9 an ,engli% ca!dral1 :o1 f9d+ a /rang] kneel+ 9 ! sacr$ edifice betwe5 s]vices1 tapp$ him on ! %\ld] ) ! indulg5t admonition3 8,sorry1 sir1 b we c't h any pray+ "h at ?is h\r40 ,?is habit ( ! read] ( want+ ea* au?or to give only :at he has giv5 be=e ex]cises ! same subtly sugge/ive influ5ce z all o!r popul> dem&s4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ insidi\s temptations to ! "y arti/ to g on do+ :at he already kn[s h[ to d1 & kn[s he w be prais$ = do+4 ,b ! m]e fact t s _m p want him to write 9 a c]ta9 way ought to fill him ) di/ru/ ( t way4 ,x w\ld be a good ?+ = lett]s if ! p]il\s appeal ( popul>ity 7 (t5] met 9 ! _s ( ! ,new ,engl& %op-keep] :o1 f9d+ a c]ta9 p5knife 9 great dem&1 did n /ock t k9d ! foll[+ ye> because1 z he said1 too _m p came bo!r+ him ab\t x4 ,,viii ,goe! decl>$ t only ! ,tree ( ,life 0 gre51 & t all !ories 7 gray2 & he also congratulat$ himself on nev] 8hav+ ?\ght ab\t ?9k+40 ,b if he nev] ?\ght ab\t ?9k+ he did ?9k a great deal ab\t 8 art1 & "s ( ! axioms he laid d[n = its practice g deep] ?an ^? ( ! pr(ess$ philosoph]s4 ,! art ( fiction1 z n[ practis$1 is a rec5t "o1 & ! arts 9 _! e>lie/ /ages are seldom !oriz$ on by ^? engag$ 9 creat+ !m2 b z soon z !y beg9 to take %ape _! practition]s1 or at lea/ ^? ( ! numb] :o happ5 to ?9k z well z to create1 p]=ce beg9 to ask !mselves que/ions4 ,"s may n h ,goe!'s gift = =mulat+ ! answ]s1 ev5 to !mselves2 b ^! answ]s w ev5tually be discov]able 9 an add$ firmness ( con/ruction & appropriat5ess ( expression4 ,o!r writ]s d consci\sly lay d[n rules1 & 9 ! se>* = new =ms & m complex effects may ev5 become ! slaves ( _! too-fasc9at+ !ories4 ,^! are ! true pione]s1 :o are nev] de/9$ to see _! own "w fulfill$1 b build intellectual h\ses = ! next g5]ation to live 94 ,h5ry ,james 0 ( ?is small m9ority4 ,z he became m & m preoccupi$ ) ! ar*itecture ( ! novel he unconsci\sly subord9at$ all else to 8 ev]-fre% complexities ( design1 s t 8 la/ books are magnific5t projects = future ma/]pieces r ?an liv+ creations4 ,su* an admission may seem to re9=ce ! argum5t aga9/ !oriz+ ab\t "o's art2 b !re are few ,jameses & few] ,goe!s 9 any g5]ation1 nor is !re ev] mu* dang] 9 urg+ mank9d to foll[ a c\nsel ( p]fection4 ,9 ! case ( mo/ noveli/s1 su* ?\ght z !y sp>e to ! art1 its range & limitations1 f> f /]iliz+ _! tal5t w /imulate x by giv+ !m a sur] comm& ( _! means1 & w p]haps temp] _! eag]ness = popul> recognition by %[+ !m t ! only rew>d wor? hav+ is 9 ! quality ( ! "w done4 ,! =ego+ consid]ations on ! writ+ ( fiction may seem to "s dry & dogmatic1 to o!rs ne$lessly complicat$2 /ill o!rs may feel t 9 ! que/ = an intelligible work+ !ory ! gi/ ( ! matt] has be5 miss$4 ,no d\bt !re is "s tru? 9 all ^! objections2 !re w\ld be1 ev5 _h ! subject be5 f> m fully & adequately treat$4 ,x w\ld appe> t 9 ! c\rse ( su* enquiries ! gi/ ( ! matt] always does escape4 ,j z "o ?9ks to ca/ a net ov] x1 a clap ( ! w+s1 & x is laugh+ d[n on "o f ! topmo/ b\gh ( ! ,tree ( ,life6 ,is all seek+ va91 !n8 ,is x useless to try = a cle> view ( ! mean+ & me?od ( "o's art8 ,surely n4 ,if no art c be q p5t-up 9 ! rules d$uc$ f x1 nei!r c x fully realize itself unless ^? :o practise x attempt to take its measure & reason out its processes4 ,x is true t ! gi/ ( ! matt] always escapes1 s9ce x ne/s1 ! elusive bright-w+$ ?+1 9 t my/]i\s f\r?-dim5sional _w :i* is ! arti/'s inmo/ sanctu>y & on ! ?re%old ( :i* enquiry p]=ce mu/ halt2 b ?\gh t _w is inaccessible1 ! creations emanat+ f x reveal some?+ ( its laws & processes4 ,"h ano!r p>5!sis mu/ be op5$ to po9t out once m t1 ?\gh ?is _w ! arti/ builds ab\t him 9 ! act ( creation rea*es u & moves u ?r\gh its resemblance to ! life we "k1 yet 9 ! arti/'s consci\sness its ess5ce1 ! core ( x1 is o!r4 ,all wor?less fiction & ineffici5t review+ are bas$ on ! =gett+ ( ?is fact4 ,to ! arti/ 8 _w is z solidly real z ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 or ev5 m s1 b 9 a way entirely diff]5t2 x is a _w to & f :i* he passes )\t any s5se ( ef=t1 b always ) an un9t]rupt$ aw>5ess ( ! pass+4 ,9 ?is _w are begott5 & born ! creatures ( 8 imag9ation1 m liv+ to him ?an 8 own fle%-&-blood1 b :om he nev] ?9ks ( z liv+1 9 ! read]'s simplify+ s5se4 ,unless he keeps 8 hold on ?is dual "* ( _! be+1 vision>y to him1 & to ! read] real1 he w be ! slave ( 8 *>act]s & n _! ma/]4 ,:5 ,i say _! ma/]1 ,i d n mean t !y are 8 m>ionettes & dangle f 8 /r+s4 ,once project$ by 8 fancy !y are liv+ be+s :o live _! own lives2 b _! _w is ! "o consci\sly impos$ on !m by _! creator4 ,only by means ( ?is objectivity ( ! arti/ c 8 *>act]s live 9 art4 ,i h nev] be5 mu* mov$ by ! /ory ( ! te>s ,dick5s is suppos$ to h %$ ov] ! dea? ( ,little ,nell2 t is1 if !y 7 real mat]ial te>s1 & n di/ill$ f ! milk ( ,p>adise4 ,! bus9ess ( ! arti/ is to make weep1 & n to weep1 to make laugh1 & n to laugh2 & unless te>s & laught]1 & fle%-&-blood1 are transmut$ by him into ! sub/ance t art works 91 !y are no?+ to 8 purpose1 or to ours4 ,yet to say ?is1 ?\gh x seems ! la/ ^w1 is n all4 ,! noveli/ to :om ?is magic _w is n op5 has n ev5 t\*$ ! bord]s ( ! art1 & to its famili>s ! p[] ( expression may seem innate4 ,b x is n s4 ,! creatures ( t f\r?-dim5sional _w are born z helpless z ! human animal2 & ea* "t ! arti/ passes f dream to execution he w ne$ to f9d ! rules & =mulas on ! ?re%old4 ,,iv ,,"* ,,& ,,situation ,,9 ,,! ,,novel ,,iv ,,"* ,,& ,,situation ,,9 ,,! ,,novel ,i ,def9itions1 h[ev] difficult & inadequate1 are ! necess>y 8tools ( criticism40 ,to beg91 !re=e1 "o may di/+ui% ! novel ( situation f t ( "* & mann]s by say+ t1 9 ! fir/1 ! p]sons imag9$ by ! au?or almo/ always spr+ out ( a vision ( ! situation1 & are inevitably condition$ by x1 :atev] ! g5ius ( _! creator2 :]eas 9 ! l>g] fre] =m1 t ( "* & mann]s 7or ei!r ( ! two71 ! au?or's *>act]s are fir/ born1 & !n my/]i\sly proce$ to "w out _! own de/9ies4 ,let x1 at any rate1 be und]/ood t ?is r\gh di/9ction %all s]ve 9 ! foll[+ pages to m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ways ( pres5t+ ! subject s9ce mo/ subjects l5d !mselves to be+ treat$ f ei!r po9t ( view4 ,x is n easy to f9d1 among great novels writt5 9 ,engli%1 examples ( novels ( pure situation1 t is1 9 :i* ! situation is :at ! book is rememb]$ by4 ,p]haps 8,! ,sc>let ,lett]0 might be cit$ z "o ( ! few obvi\s examples4 ,9 8,tess ( ! d',urb]villes10 :i* "o is tempt$ to "n also1 ! /udy ( "* is s int]wov5 ) ! drama z to raise ! /ory--= all its obvi\s %ortcom+s--to ! level ( ^? supreme novels :i* escape classification4 ,= if "o rememb]s ,tess's trag$y1 /ill m vividly does "o rememb] ,tess h]self4 ,9 cont95tal lit]ature sev]al fam\s books at once pres5t !mselves 9 ! situation gr\p4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/1 z x is ! mo/ fam\s1 is ,goe!'s 8,elective ,aff9ities10 :]e a great & t]rible drama involves *>act]s ( :i* ! creator has n manag$ q to sev] ! m>ionette wires4 ,:o inde$ rememb]s ^? vague initiall$ creatures1 :om ! au?or himself =got to pull out ( _! limbo 9 8 eag]ness to mature & poli% _! +5i\s mis=tunes8 ,tol/oy's 8,! ,kreutz] ,sonata0 is ano!r book :i* lives only by =ce ( situation1 su/a9$1 ( c\rse1 by ! pr(\nd analysis ( a univ]sal passion4 ,no "o rememb]s :o ! p 9 8,! ,kreutz] ,sonata0 71 or :at !y look$ l1 or :at sort ( a h\se !y liv$ 9--b ! v roots ( human jeal\sy are laid b>e 9 ! picture ( ! vague undiff]5tiat$ husb&1 a puppet :o comes to life only 9 function ( 8 "o f]oci\s passion4 ,balzac alone1 p]haps1 manag$ to make ( 8 novels ( situation--su* z 8,cs> ,birotteau0 or 8,le ,cur de ,t\rs0--su* rel5tless & p5etrat+ "* /udies t _! protagoni/s & ! difficulties :i* beset !m leap toge!r to ! memory :5ev] ! tales are nam$4 ,b ?is fusion ( categories is ! pr]ogative ( ! few1 ( ^? :o "k h[ to write all k9ds ( novels1 & :o *oose1 ea* "t1 ! way be/ suit$ to ! subject 9 h&4 ,novels preem95tly ( "*1 & 9 :i* situation1 dramatically view$1 is r$uc$ to ! m9imum1 are f> easi] to f9d4 ,jane ,au/5 has giv5 ! norm1 ! ideal1 ( ?is type4 ,( h] tales x might almo/ be said t ! read] sometimes =gets :at happ5s to h] *>act]s 9 8 haunt+ remembrance ( _! foibles & oddities1 _! little daily r\nd ( preoccupations & pleasures4 ,!y are 8speak+0 portraits1 foll[+ "o ) _! eyes 9 t uncannily lifelike way t good portraits h1 r ?an passionate disord]$ p dragg+ "o impetu\sly into ! tangle ( _! trag$y1 z "o is dragg$ by ! *>act]s ( ,/5dhal1 ,?ack]ay & ,balzac4 ,n t ,jane ,au/5's *>act]s d n foll[ _! pr$e/9$ orbit4 ,!y evolve z real p d1 b s s(tly1 noiselessly1 t to foll[ ! developm5t ( _! hi/ory is z quiet a bus9ess z wat*+ ! passage ( ! seasons4 ,a s5se ( h] limitations z c]ta9 z h] s5se ( h] p[] mu/ h kept h]--unconsci\sly or n--f try+ to ?ru/ ^! little p into great actions1 & made h] *oose ! quiet sett+ :i* enabl$ h] to r\nd out h] portraits z imp]ceptibly z ! sun models a fruit4 8,emma0 is p]haps ! mo/ p]fect example 9 ,engli% fiction ( a novel 9 :i* "* %apes ev5ts quietly b irresi/ibly1 z a /ream nibbles away its banks4 ,next to 8,emma0 "o might place1 9 ?is category1 ! ma/]piece ( a v diff]5t h&3 8,! ,egoi/0 ( ,m]$i?4 ,9 ?is book1 ?\gh by means s ali5 to ,miss ,au/5's delicate proc$ure t "o balks at ! comp>ison1 ! fanta/ic noveli/1 ^: antics too (t5 make "o =get 8 insight1 disc>d+ mo/ ( 8 fatigu+ follies1 gives a ri* & delib]ate /udy ( a real human be+4 ,b he does n q a*ieve ,jane ,au/5's success4 ,8 ,will\ghby ,patt]ne is typical be=e he is individual1 :ile e "* 9 8,emma0 is bo?1 & 9 degrees always p]fectly proportion$4 ,/ill1 ! two books are preem95t a*ievem5ts 9 ! field ( pure "*-draw+1 & "o mu/ turn to ! greate/ cont95tal noveli/s--to ,balzac aga9 7z always71 to ,/5dhal1 ,flaub]t1 ,do/oievsky1 ,turg5ev1 ,m>cel ,pr\/1 & p]haps to ! v occasional be/ ( ,trollope--to mat* su* se>*+ & elaborate /udies4 ,b among ! cont95tal noveli/s--) few exceptions--! del9eation ( "* is inextricably comb9$ ) ! /udy ( mann]s1 z = in/ance 9 ! novels ( ,tol/oy1 ( ,balzac & ( ,flaub]t4 ,turg5ev1 9 8,dmitri ,rud910 gave ! some:at r>e example ( a novel made almo/ entirely out ( ! portrayal ( a s+le "*2 z1 at ! opposite extreme1 ,samuel ,butl]'s 8,way ( all ,fle%10 = all its brilliant "*-draw+1 is ess5tially ! portrait ( a family & a social gr\p--"o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive novels ( 8mann]s0 x is possible to f9d4 ,su* prelim9>y sugge/ions1 cursory z !y are1 may help1 bett] ?an m]e def9itions1 to keep 9 m9d ! diff]+ types ( novel 9 :i* ei!r "* or situation weighs d[n ! scales4 ,,ii ,! novel1 9 ! h&s ( ,engli%-speak+ writ]s1 has always t5d$1 z x rose 9 value1 to turn to pictures ( "* & mann]s1 h[ev] mu* bl5t ) dramatic episodes1 or entangl$ 9 :at us$ to be vaguely kn[n z a plot4 ,! plot1 9 ! traditional s5se ( ! t]m1 consi/$ 9 "s cla% ( ev5ts1 or1 less (t51 ( "*4 ,b x 0 an arbitr>ily impos$ & r spaci\sly built framework1 inside ( :i* ! p conc]n$ _h room to develop _! idiosyncrasies & be !mselves1 except 9 ! crucial mom5ts :5 !y became ! puppets ( ! plot4 ,! real novel ( situation1 a compact] & above all a m inevitable affair1 did n1 at lea/ on ,engli% soil1 take %ape till 8plot10 9 ! old-fa%ion$ s5se ( a coil ( outw>d happ5+s1 0 giv+ way to ! discov]y t real drama is s\l-drama4 ,! novel ( situation1 inde$1 has nev] really acclimatiz$ itself 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries2 :]eas 9 ,france x seems to h gr[n naturally f ! psy*ological novel ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 :]e9 ! conflict ( *>act]s t5d$ f ! fir/ to simplify ! draw+ ( "* & to turn ! protagoni/s into embodim5ts ( a p>ticul> passion r ?an ( a p>ticul> p]son4 ,f ?is dang] ! ,engli% noveli/ has usually be5 gu>d$ by an inexhau/ible int]e/ 9 p]sonality1 & a fancy = loit]+ by ! way4 ,! plots ( ,scott1 ,?ack]ay1 ,dick5s1 ,george ,eliot & _! successors are almo/ deta*able at w1 s arbitr>ily are !y impos$ on ! novel ( "* :i* 0 sl[ly b /eadily develop+ )9 _! lax support1 & :i* became1 z ! n9ete5? c5tury advanc$1 ! typical =m ( ,engli% fiction4 ,! novel ( situation is a diff]5t matt]4 ,! situation1 in/ead ( be+ impos$ f ! outside1 is ! k]nel ( ! tale & its only reason = be+4 ,x seizes ! *>act]s 9 its /eely grip1 & jiu-jitsus !m into ! requir$ attitude ) a rel5tlessness aga9/ :i* only g5ius c prevail4 ,9 e =m ( novel x is noticeable t ! c5tral *>act]s t5d to be ! lea/ real4 ,?is seems to be p>tly expla9$ by ! fact t ^! *>act]s1 survivors ( ! old 8h]o0 & 8h]o9e10 ^: bus9ess x 0 n to be real b to be sublime1 are /ill1 ?\gh (t5 )\t ! au?or's be+ aw>e ( x1 ! /&>d-be>]s ( 8 convictions or ! expression ( 8 secret incl9ations4 ,!y are 8 9 ! s5se ( t5d+ to d & say :at he w\ld d1 or imag9es he w\ld d1 9 giv5 circum/ances1 & be+ m]e projections ( 8 own p]sonality !y lack ! sub/ance & relief ( ! m9or *>act]s1 :om he views coolly & objectively1 9 all _! human weakness & inconsequ5ce4 ,b !re rema9s ano!r reason1 less (t5 recogniz$1 = ! unreality ( novel 8h]oes0 & 8h]o9es10 a reason especially applicable to ! lead+ figures 9 ! novel ( situation4 ,x is t ! /ory is ab\t !m1 & =ces !m into ! %ape :i* its ev5ts impose1 :ile ! subord9ate *>act]s1 mov+ at ease 9 ! int]/ices ( ! tale1 & free to g ab\t _! bus9ess 9 ! illogical human fa%ion1 rema9 real to writ] & read]s4 ,?is fact1 exemplifi$ 9 all novels1 becomes mo/ vivid 9 ! novel ( situation1 :]e ! *>act]s t5d to turn into ,laocons1 & die 9 ! m]ciless coils ( _! adv5ture4 ,?is is ! extreme po9t ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! novel ( situation & ( "*1 & ! cause ( ! common habit ( reg>d+ !m z alt]native me?ods ( fiction4 ,,iii ,! ?\ghtful critic :o w\ld be rid ( ! *eap =mulas ( fiction-review+1 & rea* "s cle>] & deep] expression ( ! s5se & limitations ( ! art1 is sure to res5t ! glib def9ition ( ! novel ( situation & ! novel ( "* 7or mann]s7 z necess>ily anti!tical & mutually exclusive4 ,! ?\ghtful critic w be "r2 & ! ?\ghtful noveli/ w %>e 8 view4 ,:at s5se is !re 9 su* arbitr>y divisions1 su* oppos+s ( "o mann] to ano!r1 :5 almo/ all ! greate/ novels are !re1 9 _! v]satility & _! abundance1 to %[ ! glori\s possibility ( weld+ bo? types ( fiction into a s+le ma/]piece8 ,9 :at category1 = in/ance1 %\ld 8,anna ,k>59a0 be plac$8 ,und\bt$ly 9 t ( novels ( "* & mann]s4 ,yet if "o sums up ! tale 9 its rapidity & its vehem5ce1 :at situation did ,dumas ,fils ev] devise = 8 !atre 8( situation0 half s poignant or s dramatic z t :i* ,tol/oy manages to keep conspicu\sly afloat on ! wide toss+ expanse ( ! ,russian social sc5e8 ,9 8,vanity ,fair10 aga91 s preem95tly a novel ( mann]s1 a novel ( "*1 ) :at dramatic int5sity ! situation betwe5 ,becky1 ,rawdon & ,"l ,/eyne /&s out f ! ri* popul\s pages1 & ga!rs up into itself all _! diffus$ significance6 ,! answ] is evid5t3 above a c]ta9 height ( creative capacity ! diff]5t me?ods1 ! seem+ly conflict+ po9ts ( view1 are m]g$ 9 ! arti/'s compreh5sive vision1 & ! situations inh]5t 9 8 subject deta* !mselves 9 /rong relief f ! fulle/ backgr\nd )\t di/urb+ ! g5]al composition4 ,b ?\gh ?is is true1 x is true only ( ! greate/ noveli/s--^? :o1 z ,mat!w ,arnold said ( ,%akespe>e1 d n abide our "q b are free4 ,9 !m1 va/ vision is unit$ to equival5t p[]s ( co-ord9ation2 b m (t5 ! noveli/ :o has ! creative vision lacks ! capacity = co-ord9at+ & r5d]+ 8 subject1 or at lea/ is unable1 9 ! same creation1 to give an equal "p to ! developm5t ( "* & to ! cla% ( situation4 ,ow+ to ! lack ( t supreme equipm5t :i* always rises above classification mo/ ( ! noveli/s h t5d$ to let _! "w fall into "o ( ! two categories ( situation or "*1 ?us =tify+ ! !ory ( ! sup]ficial critics t life 9 fiction mu/ be pres5t$ ei!r z conflict or z "*4 ,! s-call$ novel ( "*1 ev5 9 less ?an ! mo/ p[]ful h&s1 does n1 ( c\rse1 preclude situation 9 ! s5se ( a dramatic cla%4 ,b ! noveli/ develops 8 tale ?r\gh a succession ( episodes1 all 9 "s way illu/rative ( ! mann]s or ! *>act]s out ( :i* ! situation is ev5tually to spr+2 he l+]s on ! way1 is n afraid ( by-pa?s1 & enri*es 8 sc5e ) subord9ate pictures1 z ! m$ival m9iaturi/ encloses 8 *ief subjects 9 a bord] ( beautiful ornam5t & delicate vignettes2 :]eas ! novel ( situation is1 by def9ition1 "o 9 :i* ! problem to be work$ out 9 a p>ticul> human consci5ce1 or ! cla% betwe5 conflict+ wills1 is ! noveli/'s *ief if n 8 only !me1 & ev]y?+ n directly illum9ative ( x mu/ be left out z irrelevant4 ,?is does n mean t 9 ! latt] type ( tale--z1 = in/ance1 9 8,tess ( ! d',urb]villes0--! episode1 ! t\* ( col\r or "*1 is =bidd54 ,! mod]n noveli/ ( situation does n seem likely to return to ! mono*rome />kness ( 8,adolphe0 or 8,la ,pr9cesse de ,clves40 ,he uses e scrap ( col\r1 e picturesque by-product ( 8 subject :i* t subject yields2 b he avoids add+ to x a s+le t\*1 h[ev] decoratively tempt+1 :i* is n "p ( ! design4 ,if ! two me?ods are ?us contra/$1 ! novel ( "* & mann]s may seem sup]ior 9 ri*ness1 v>iety & play ( light & %ade4 ,?is does n prove t x is necess>ily capable ( a great] total effect ?an ! o!r2 yet s f> ! greate/ novels h und\bt$ly dealt ) "* & mann]s r ?an ) m]e situation4 ,! inf]5ce is inde$ almo/ irresi/ible t ! f>!r ! novel is remov$ 9 treatm5t f !atrical modes ( expression1 ! m ne>ly x atta9s its purpose z a fre] art1 appeal+ to ^? m subtle imag9ative requirem5ts :i* ! /age c nev] completely satisfy4 ,:5 ! noveli/ has be5 possess$ by a situation1 & sees 8 *>act]s hurry+ to its culm9ation1 he mu/ h unusual ke5ness ( vision & sur5ess ( h& to fix _! l9eam5ts & deta9 !m on _! way long en\gh = ! read] to recognize !m z real human be+s4 ,9 ! novel ( pure situation x is d\btful if ?is has ev] be5 done ) m art ?an 9 8,! ,wrong ,box10 :]e ,/ev5son laun*$ on 8 ro>+ torr5t ( f>ce a gr\p ( real p1 alive & individual1 :o keep _! reality & individuality till ! end4 ,! te>s ( laught] t ! book provokes g5]ally bl9d ! read] to its subtle "*-draw+2 b1 save = ! p 9 8,gil ,blas10 & ! memorable figures ( ,*icot & ,gor5flot 9 ! ,dumas cycle head$ by 8,la ,dame de ,monsoreau10 x w\ld be h>d1 9 any tale ( action1 to f9d *>act]s z vivid & individual z ^? :i* rollick ?r\gh ?is glori\s f>ce4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! situation to take hold ( ! noveli/'s imag9ation1 & to impose its own tempo on 8 tale1 c be resi/$ only by ri*ness & solidity ( temp]am5t4 ,! writ] mu/ h a range wide en\gh to include1 )9 ! m>* ( unalt]able law1 all ! inconsequ5ces ( human desire1 ambition1 cruelty1 weakness & sublimity4 ,he mu/1 above all1 be> 9 m9d at ea* /ep t 8 bus9ess is n to ask :at ! situation w\ld be likely to make ( 8 *>act]s1 b :at 8 *>act]s1 be+ :at !y are1 w\ld make ( ! situation4 ,?is "q1 :i* is ! tun+-=k ( tru?1 nev] ne$s to be m insi/5tly appli$ ?an 9 writ+ ! dialogue :i* usually m>ks ! culm9at+ sc5es 9 fiction4 ,! mom5t ! noveli/ f9ds t 8 *>act]s are talk+ n z !y naturally w\ld1 b z ! situation requires1 are visibly l5d+ him a help+ h& 9 ! m rapid elucidation ( 8 drama1 ! mom5t he he>s !m say+ any?+ :i* ! /ress ( _! pr$icam5t w\ld n naturally br+ to _! lips1 8 effect has be5 produc$ at ! exp5se ( reality1 & he w f9d !m turn+ to sawdu/ on 8 h&s4 ,"s noveli/s1 consci\s ( ! dang]1 & n suffici5tly skill$ to meet x1 h tri$ to turn x by int]l>d+ ^! crucial dialogues ) irrelevant small-talk1 9 ! hope ( ?us produc+ a great] air ( reality4 ,b ?is is to fall aga9 into ! trap ( :at ,balzac call$ 8a reality 9 nature :i* is n "o 9 art40 ,! object ( dialogue is to ga!r up ! loose /r&s ( passion & emotion runn+ ?r\gh ! tale2 & ! attempt to entangle ^! ?reads 9 desultory *att] ab\t ! wea!r or ! village pump proves only t ! n>rator has n kn[n h[ to d ! necess>y "w ( selection4 ,all ! noveli/'s art is br\ght into play by su* te/s4 ,8 *>act]s mu/ talk z !y w\ld 9 reality1 & yet ev]y?+ n relevant to 8 tale mu/ be elim9at$4 ,! secret ( success lies 9 8 in/9ct ( selection4 ,^! difficulties are n a reason = condemn+ ! novel ( situation z an inf]ior or at lea/ z a n-wor?-:ile =m ( ! art4 ,inf]ior to ! l>g] =m1 ! novel ( "* & mann]s1 x probably is1 if only 9 ! matt] ( scale2 b c]ta9ly also wor? :ile1 s9ce x is ! natural vehicle ( c]ta9 creative m9ds4 ,z long z !re are noveli/s ^: inv5tive faculty pres5ts !m fir/ ) ! =m1 & only aft]w>d ) ! sub/ance1 ( ! tales !y want to tell1 ! novel ( situation w fill a purpose4 ,b x is precisely ?is type ( m9d :i* ne$s to be w>n$ aga9/ ! dang]s ( ! =m4 ,:5 ! problem comes to ! noveli/ be=e he sees ! *>act]s engag$ 9 x1 he mu/ be all ! m delib]ate 9 deal+ ) x1 mu/ let x lie 9 8 m9d till x br+s =? ( itself ! k9d ( p :o w\ld naturally be involv$ 9 t p>ticul> plight4 ,! noveli/'s p]man5t problem is t ( mak+ 8 p at once typical & individual1 univ]sal & p>ticul>1 & 9 adopt+ ! =m ( ! novel ( situation he p]petually runs ! risk ( upsett+ t nice balance ( attributes unless he p]si/s 9 ?9k+ ( 8 human be+s fir/1 & ( _! pr$icam5t only z ! outcome ( :at !y are4 ,,iv ,! pr$icam5t--! situation--mu/ /ill be borne 9 m9d if ! noveli/ approa*es 8 task 9 ano!r way1 & sees 8 tale z situation illu/rat+ "* in/ead ( ! rev]se4 ,ev5 ! novel ( "* & mann]s c nev] be )\t situation1 t is1 )\t "s sort ( climax caus$ by ! cont5d+ =ces engag$4 ,! conflict1 ! %ock ( =ces1 is lat5t 9 e attempt to deta* a fragm5t ( human exp]i5ce & transpose x 9 t]ms ( art1 t is1 ( completion4 ,! seem+ alt]native is to fall back on ! 8/ream ( consci\sness0--:i* is simply ! 8slice-(-life0 ( ! 'eighties r5am$--b t me?od1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 conta9s its own condemnation1 s9ce e attempt to employ x ( necessity involves selection1 & selection 9 ! long run mu/ ev5tually lead to ! transposition1 ! 8/ylization10 ( ! subject4 ,let x be assum$1 !n1 t a pr$icam5t !re mu/ be1 :e!r work$ out 9 "o s\l1 or creat$ by ! %ock ( oppos+ purposes4 ,! l>g] ! canvas ( ! novel--suppos+ ! noveli/'s p[]s to be 9 scale ) 8 !me--! l>g] w be ! scale ( ! pr$icam5t4 ,9 ! great novel ( mann]s 9 :i* ,balzac1 ,?ack]ay & ,tol/oy 7 preem95t1 ! conflict engages n only individuals b social gr\ps1 & ! individual plight is usually ! product--"o ( ! _m products--( ! social conflict4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* situation is ! core ( e tale1 & z truly pres5t 9 ! quiet pages ( 8,eugnie ,gr&et0 or 8,le ,lys dans la ,valle0 z 9 ! t5se trag$y ( 8,! ,return ( ! ,native10 ! epic cla% ( 8,w> & ,peace0 or ! d5se social turmoil ( 8,vanity ,fair40 ,b ! ma9 advantage ( ! noveli/ to :om 8 subject fir/ pres5ts itself 9 t]ms ( "*1 ei!r individual or social1 is t he c quietly wat* 8 p or 8 gr\p go+ ab\t _! bus9ess1 & let ! =m ( 8 tale gr[ out ( :at !y are1 out ( _! idiosyncrasies1 _! hum\rs & _! prejudices1 in/ead ( fitt+ a situation onto !m be=e he really kn[s !m1 ei!r p]sonally or collectively4 ,x is manife/ t e me?od ( fiction has its dang]s1 & t ! /udy ( "* pursu$ to excess may t5d to subm]ge ! action necess>y to illu/rate t "*4 ,9 ! inevitable reaction aga9/ ! arbitr>y 8plot0 _m noveli/s h gone too f> 9 ! o!r direction1 ei!r swamp+ !mselves 9 ! t$i\s 8/ream ( consci\sness10 or else--ano!r frequ5t error--giv+ an exagg]at$ importance to trivial incid5ts :5 ! tale is conc]n$ ) trivial lives4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* no?+ :i* receives ! t\* ( art is trivial2 b to rise to ?is height ! incid5t1 insignificant 9 itself1 mu/ illu/rate "s g5]al law1 & turn on "s deep movem5t ( ! s\l4 ,if ! noveli/ wants to hang 8 drama on a button1 let x at lea/ be "o ( ,le>'s4 ,all ?+s hold toge!r 9 ! practice ( any art1 & "* & mann]s1 & ! climaxes spr++ out ( !m1 _c1 9 ! art ( fiction1 be dealt ) sep>ately )\t dim9ution to ! subject4 ,x is a matt] = ! noveli/'s g5ius to comb9e all ^! +r$i5ts 9 _! due proportion2 & !n we %all h 8,emma0 or 8,! ,egoi/0 if "* is to be giv5 ! fir/ place1 8,le ,pre ,goriot0 or 8,madame ,bov>y0 if drama is to be bl5t ) x1 & 8,w> & ,peace10 8,vanity ,fair10 8,l',education ,s5tim5tale0 if all ! po9ts ( view & all ! me?ods are to be h>moniz$ 9 ! a*ievem5t ( a great picture :]e9 ! individual1 ! gr\p & _! social backgr\nd h ea* a p]fectly apportion$ %>e 9 ! composition4 8,f\r great walls 9 ! ,new ,j]usalem ,met$ on ea* side by ! angel's re$--0 ,yes2 b to cov] su* spaces adequately happ5s ev5 to ! greate/ arti/s only once or twice 9 _! c>e]4 ,v ,,m>cel ,,pr\/ ,v ,,m>cel ,,pr\/ ,i ,! difficulty ( speak+ at all adequately ( ,m>cel ,pr\/ has gr[n ) ! numb] ( volumes ( 8,a la ,re*]*e du ,temps ,p]du10 & also ) ! lapse ( "t s9ce ! fir/ 7 publi%$4 ,! cycle1 moreov]1 is /ill incomplete 7?\gh we n[ "k t its conclusion w appe>72 & ! critic :o v5tures to see a def9ite int5tion 9 ! d5se & bran*+ pages already publi%$ does s at 8 p]il1 & on ! fai? ( t s5se ( inn] cont9uity communicat$ f ! outset by all ! greate/ novels1 f ! rambl+ & extravagant 8,gil ,blas0 to ! compact & ?rifty 8,emma40 ,! dea? ( ,m>cel ,pr\/1 premature ?\gh x 01 yet did n happ5 till 8 dy+ h& _h put ! la/ words to ! la/ page ( 8 va/ n>rative4 ,la/ words2 b unhappily n la/ t\*es4 ,! appe>ance ( 8,la ,prisonnire0 confirms ! report circulat$ aft] 8 dea? t ! volumes !n unpubli%$ 7 left )\t ^? innum]able enri*+ /rokes :i* gave _! gold5 rip5ess to ! o!rs4 ,b1 :e!r or n ^! f9al *apt]s1 writt5 9 illness1 & cl\d$ 7z "o p]ceives f 8,la ,prisonnire07 by physical weakness & deep m5tal di/ress1 fulfil ! promise ( t unity to :i* all ! /r&s ( ! elaborate fabric seem to t5d1 ! fir/ volumes 7by :i* ! au?or's greatness w p]haps f9ally be measur$7 make x cle> t he himself felt ! ne$ ( su* unity1 & w\ld h submitt$ 8 re/less g5ius to x if illness _h n dis9tegrat$ 8 p[]s4 ,on ?is inf]5ce ! critic w probably h to re/2 & x is en\gh to ju/ify treat+ ! fragm5t be=e u z already pot5tially a :ole4 ,m s]i\s = ! critic is ! ob/acle caus$ by ! long lapse ( ye>s s9ce 8,du ,ct de *ez ,swann0 l$ (f ! a/\nd+ procession4 ,s9ce !n ! conception ( ! art ( fiction1 z x _h tak5 %ape dur+ ! previ\s half-c5tury1 has be5 unsettl$ by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ea* "o too promptly h]ald$ z ! f9al & only way ( novel-writ+4 ,! critics :o h h&$ d[n ^! successive ultimata h app>5tly decid$ t no int]e/1 ev5 ar*ological1 atta*es any long] to ! /&>ds & ! vocabul>y ( _! pr$ecessors2 & ?is :olesale rejection ( pa/ pr9ciples has l$ to a confusion 9 t]ms :i* makes communication difficult & conclusions ambigu\s4 ,an unexpect$ result ( ! contradictory clam\r has be5 to transf] ,pr\/1 :o t5 or twelve ye>s ago seem$ to _m an almo/ un9telligible innovator1 back to 8 rightful place 9 ! great l9e ( classic tradition4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! attempt to =m a judgm5t ( 8 art has become d\bly ardu\s x has also become d\bly int]e/+2 = ,pr\/1 almo/ alone ( 8 k9d1 is app>5tly /ill reg>d$ z a great noveli/ by ! innovators1 & yet is already f> en\gh (f to make x cle> t he 0 himself t f> m sub/antial ?+ 9 ! _w ( art1 a r5ovator4 ,) a g5]al k ( lett]s ext5d+ f> beyond ! usual limits ( ,fr5* culture he comb9$ a vision peculi>ly 8 own2 & he 0 ?us exceptionally fitt$ to take ! next /ep =w>d 9 a develop+ art )\t dis[n+ its pa/1 or wa/+ ! inh]it$ weal? ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is z mu* ! lack ( g5]al culture z ( orig9al vision :i* makes s _m ( ! y\ng] noveli/s1 9 ,europe z 9 ,am]ica1 atta* undue importance to trifl+ innovations4 ,orig9al vision is nev] mu* afraid ( us+ accept$ =ms2 & only ! cultivat$ intellig5ce escapes ! dang] ( reg>d+ z intr9sically new :at may be a m]e sup]ficial *ange1 or ! rev]sion to a disc>d$ trick ( te*nique4 ,! m "o reads ( ,pr\/ ! m "o sees t 8 /r5g? is ! /r5g? ( tradition4 ,all 8 newe/ & mo/ arre/+ effects h be5 arriv$ at ?r\gh ! old way ( selection & design4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ^! va/1 leisurely1 & purposeful compositions no?+ is really wa/$1 or br\ght 9 at r&om4 ,if at fir/ ,pr\/ seem$ s revolution>y x 0 p>tly because ( 8 desultory mann] & p>5!tical syntax1 & *iefly because ( ! %ift+ ( emphasis result+ f 8 extremely p]sonal s5se ( values4 ,! po9ts on :i* ,pr\/ lays ! greate/ /ress are (t5 ^? inmo/ tremors1 wav]+s1 & contradictions :i* ! conv5tions ( fiction h hi!rto subord9at$ to m g5]aliz$ tru?s & m rapid effects4 ,pr\/ b5ds ov] !m ) unwe>i$ att5tion4 ,no "o else has c>ri$ z f> ! analysis ( half-consci\s /ates ( m9d1 obscure associations ( ?\ght & gelat9\s fluctuations ( mood2 b long & closely z he dwells on !m he nev] loses himself 9 ! subm>9e jungle 9 :i* 8 lant]n gropes4 ,?\gh he arrives at 8 object 9 s r\ndab\t a way1 t object is always to report ! consci\s1 purposive conduct ( 8 *>act]s4 ,9 ?is respect he is di/9ctly to be class$ among ^? :om ! j>gon ( rec5t philosophy has labell$ 8behavi\ri/s0 because !y believe t ! prop] /udy ( mank9d is man's consci\s & purposive behavi\r r ?an its dim unfa?omable s\rces4 ,pr\/ is 9 tru? ! aw>e & eag] inh]itor ( two great =mulas3 t ( ,rac9e 9 8 psy*ology1 t ( ,sa9t-,simon 9 its anecdotic & discursive illu/ration4 ,9 bo? respects he is delib]ately traditional4 ,,ii ,fa%ions 9 ! arts come & g1 & x is ( little int]e/ to try to analyze ! "w ( any arti/ :o does n give "o ! s5se ( be+ 9 "s sort above !m4 ,9 ! art ( "o's contempor>ies x is n always easy to say :at produces t s5se2 & p]haps ! be/ way ( try+ to f9d out is to apply a famili> t\*/one4 ,out ( all ! flux ( judgm5ts & !ories :i* h d>k5$ c\nsel 9 respect ( novel-writ+1 "o /able fact seems always to em]ge2 ! quality ! greate/ noveli/s h always _h 9 common is t ( mak+ _! p live4 ,to ask :y ?is matt]s m ?an any?+ else w\ld lead "o into ! obscure/ mazes ( /hetic2 b ! fact is g5]ally en\gh admitt$ to s]ve z a gr\nd = discussion4 ,n all ! o!r graces & virtues comb9$ seem to h 9 !m t aseptic magic4 ,vivacity1 virtuosity1 an abundance ( episodes1 skill 9 pres5t+ !m3 :at p[] ( survival h ^!1 comp>$ ) ! sight ( ! dodd]+ ,b>on ,hulot climb+ 8 /airs to a s5ile try/1 to ,beatrix ,esmond desc5d+ h]s 9 silv] clocks & r$-heel$ %oes8 ,m4 ,juss]&1 9 8 8,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p10 says ( ,%akespe>e t he 0 un gr& di/ributeur de vie1 a great life-giv]2 x is ! v epi!t "o ne$s = ,pr\/4 ,8 gall]y ( liv+ figures is imm5se1 almo/ pa/ reckon+2 s f>1 9 t ev]-gr[+ ?rong1 x is only ! failures t "o c c\nt4 ,& ,pr\/'s p[] ( evocation ext5ds f ! backgr\nd & middle di/ance 7:]e "s my/]i\s law ( optics seems to make x relatively easy = ! noveli/ to animate 8 puppets7 to t se>*+ 8c5tre front0 :]e 8 pr9cipal *>act]s1 s scrut9iz$1 expla9$1 re-expla9$1 pull$ ab\t1 tak5 ap>t & put toge!r aga91 resi/ 9 _! t\gh vitality 8 p]petual n]v\s manipulation1 & keep c>elessly on _! pr$e/9$ way4 ,swann himself1 subject$ to s m]ciless an exam9ation1 ,swann1 z to ^: hab]da%]y1 hats1 boots1 gloves1 ta/e 9 pictures1 books1 & wom5 we are in=m$ ) an imp>tial abundance1 is nev] m alive ?an :51 9 t t]rible sc5e ( ! fif? volume1 he quietly tells ! ,du*esse de ,gu]mantes t he _c promise to g to ,italy ! foll[+ spr+ ) h] & ! ,duke because he happ5s to be dy+4 ,equally vivid are ! invalid aunt 9 ! pale twilight ( h] prov9cial b$room1 & ! s]vant ,franoise :o waits on h]1 & at h] dea? passes z a matt] ( c\rse to ! re/ ( ! family--amaz+ composite picture ( all ! faults & virtues ( ! old-fa%ion$ ,fr5* maid-s]vant4 ,& !n !re is ! h]o's gr&mo!r1 :o fills ! pages ) a subdu$ yet t+l+ vitality f ! mom5t :5 we fir/ see h] da%+ out = "o ( h] lonely walks 9 ! ra9 to t o!r day1 f> on 9 ! tale1 :51 fi]cely & dogg$ly nurs$ by ,franoise1 %e dies 9 an equal lonel9ess2 !re is ! ,m>quis de ,sa9t-,l\p1 impetu\s1 selfi%1 & s5tim5tal1 ) 8 artless v5]ation = ! late/ ?+ 9 8culture10 8 snobbi%ness 9 ! ,bohemian _w1 8 simplicity & good-bre$+ 9 8 own2 ! ,jewi% actress1 8 mi/ress1 :o despises him because he is a m]e 8man ( ! _w0 & n "o ( h] own crew ( /hetic *>latans2 ! great1 ! abject1 ! abom9able & magnific5t ,monsieur de ,*>lus1 & ! %y scornful ,du*esse de ,gu]mantes1 ) h] quickness ( wit & obtus5ess ( he>t1 h] consum+ worldl9ess & h] s9c]e belief t no?+ bores h] z mu* z ! _w--! poor ,du*ess1 mi/ress ( all ! social arts1 yet utt]ly nonpluss$1 & furi\s1 because ,swann's ann\ncem5t t he is dy+ is made z %e is gett+ into h] c>riage to g to a big d9n]1 & no?+ 9 h] code tea*es h] h[ to behave to a fri5d tactless en\gh to blurt out su* news at su* a mom5t6 ,ah1 h[ !y all live1 & ab\nd ea* 9 8 or h] own s5se--& h[1 ea* "t !y reappe> 7sometimes aft] disconc]t+ly long eclipses71 !y take up _! individual rhy?m z un]r+ly z ! p]=m]s 9 "s great or*e/ra6 ,! s5se t1 ?r\gh all 8 desultor9ess1 ,pr\/ always kn[s :i!r 8 p are t5d+1 & :i* ( _! words1 ge/ures & ?\ghts are wor? record+2 8 ease 9 ?read+ 8 way ?r\gh _! cr[d$ ranks1 fills ! read]1 f ! fir/1 ) ! feel+ ( security :i* only ! great arti/s inspire4 ,c]ta9 novels1 beg9n+ v quietly--c>elessly1 almo/--yet convey on ! op5+ page ! same feel+ ( imp5d+ fatality z ! fir/ b>s ( ! ,fif? ,symphony4 ,de/9y is knock+ at ! gate4 ,! next knock may n come = a long "t2 b ! read] kn[s t x w come1 z surely z ,tol/oy's ,ivan ,ilyit* knew t ! my/]i\s little int]mitt5t pa9 :i* us$ to disappe> = days w\ld come back (t5] & m insi/5tly till x de/roy$ him4 ,!re are _m ways ( convey+ ?is s5se ( ! foot-fall ( ,de/9y2 & no?+ %[s ! quality ( ! noveli/'s imag9ation m cle>ly ?an ! incid5ts he s+les out to illum9ate ! c\rse ( ev5ts & ! inn] work+s ( 8 p's s\ls4 ,:5 ,imog51 sett+ =? to meet h] ador$ ,po/humus at ,mil=d ,hav51 asks 8 s]vant ,pisanio 7:o has be5 ord]$ by ! jeal\s ,po/humus to murd] h] on ! way73 8,h[ _m score ( miles may we well ride 'twixt h\r & h\r80 &1 gett+ ! man's angui%$ answ]3 8,"o score 'twixt sun & sun1 ,madam1 's en\gh = y1 & too mu* too10 exclaims3 8,:y1 "o t rode to's execution1 man1 c\ld nev] g s sl[--0 or :5 ,gret*51 op5+ h] c&id s\l to ,fau/1 tells him h[ %e mo!r$ h] little si/] f ! cradle--8,my "m 0 s ill 444 ,i br\ght ! poor little creature up on milk & wat] 444 ! cradle /ood by my b$1 %e c\ld h>dly /ir )\t my wak+4 ,i _h to fe$ h]1 take h] into ! b$ ) me1 walk ! floor ) h] all night1 & be e>ly ! next morn+ at ! wa%-tub2 b ,i lov$ h] s t ,i 0 glad to d x0--:5 ! swift t\* ( g5ius d>ts su* rays on ! pa? to come1 "o is almo/ tempt$ to exclaim3 ,!re is no?+ 9 m]e 8situation0--! :ole ( ! noveli/'s art lies 9 ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* he br+s ! giv5 conjuncture home to ! imag9ation6 ,pr\/ _h an incr$ible sur5ess ( t\* 9 %$d+ ?is prophetic ray on 8 *>act]s4 ,aga9 & aga9 he f9ds ! poignant ^w1 ! significant ge/ure1 z :51 9 t mat*less fir/ *apt] 78,combray07 ( 8,du ,ct de *ez ,swann0 he depicts ! susp5se ( ! lonely little boy 7! n>rator7 :o1 hav+ be5 hurri$ (f to b$ )\t a goodnight kiss because ,m4 ,swann is com+ to d9e1 p]suades ! reluctant ,franoise to c>ry to 8 "m a little note 9 :i* he implores h] to come up & see him 8ab\t some?+ v important40 ,s f>1 ! episode is l _m 9 :i* ! mod]n noveli/ has analyz$--especially s9ce 8,s9i/] ,/reet0--! in>ticulate trag$ies ( *ildhood4 ,b = ,pr\/ su* an episode1 9 addition to its own significance1 has a deep] illum9ative use4 8,i ?\ght to myself10 he goes on1 8h[ ,swann w\ld h laugh$ at my angui% if he _h read my lett]1 & guess$ its real object0 7:i* 01 ( c\rse1 to get 8 "m's goodnight kiss72 8b1 on ! contr>y1 z ,i le>n$ lat]1 = ye>s an angui% ( ! same k9d 0 ! torture ( ,swann's own life4 ,t angui%1 :i* consi/s 9 kn[+ t ! be+ "o loves is 9 "s gay sc5e lieu de plaisir :]e "o is n1 :]e !re is no hope ( "o's be+2 t angui%1 x 0 ?r\gh ! passion ( love t he exp]i5c$ x--t passion to :i* x is 9 "s sort pr$e/9$1 to :i* x peculi>ly & specifically p]ta9s0--& !n1 :5 ,franoise has be5 p]suad$ to take ! *ild's lett]1 & 8 "m 7engag$ ) h] gue/7 does n come1 b says curtly3 8,!re is no answ]0--8,alas60 ! n>rator cont9ues1 8,swann also _h _h t exp]i5ce1 _h le>n$ t ! good int5tions ( a ?ird p]son are p[]less to move a woman :o is irritat$ at feel+ h]self pursu$ 9 sc5es ( enjoym5t by "s "o :om %e does n love--0 & sudd5ly1 by "o t\*1 9 ! fir/ pages ( t quiet op5+ *apt] 9 :i* a little boy's dr[sy memories recon/itute an old fri5d's visit to 8 p>5ts1 a light is fla%$ on ! c5tral !me ( ! book3 ! hopeless incurable passion ( a s5sitive man = a /upid uncompreh5d+ woman4 ,! foot-fall ( ,de/9y has e*o$ ?r\gh t dull prov9cial g>d51 h] t\* has fall5 on ! %\ld] ( ! idle man ( fa%ion1 & 9 an in/ant1 & by ! mo/ natural ( transitions1 ! quiet picture ( family life falls into its place 9 ! great design ( ! book4 ,pr\/'s pages ab\nd 9 su* anticipatory fla%es1 ea* "o ( :i* w\ld make ! =tune ( a less] noveli/4 ,a peculi> duality ( vision enabl$ him to lose himself 9 ea* episode z x unroll$ itself be=e him--z 9 ?is delici\s desultory picture ( ,swann's visit to 8 old fri5ds--& all ! :ile to keep 8 h& on ! ma9 ?reads ( ! design1 s t no slighte/ incid5t contribut+ to t design ev] escapes him4 ,?is degree ( saturation 9 "o's subject c be a*iev$ only ?r\gh some?+ l ! sl[ rip5+ processes ( nature4 ,tyndall said ( ! great speculative m9ds3 8,!re is 9 ! human intellect a p[] ( expansion--,i might almo/ call x a p[] ( creation--:i* is br\ght into play by ! simple brood+ ^u facts02 & he might h add$ t ?is brood+ is "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive attributes ( g5ius1 is p]haps z ne> an approa* z c be made to ! def9ition ( g5ius4 ,no?+ c be f>!r f ! me*anical +5uities ( 8plot0-weav+ ?an ?is faculty ( p5etrat+ into a *os5 subject & br++ to light its inh]5t prop]ties4 ,nei!r ha/e to h done1 nor fe> le/ ! read] %all miss 8 emphasis1 ev] affects ! leisurely movem5t ( ,pr\/'s n>rative1 or causes him to give unnatural relief to ! passages int5d$ to s]ve z sign-po/s4 ,a t9y 8blaze10 "h & !re1 on ! b>k ( "o ( ! trees 9 8 =e/1 suffices to %[ ! way2 & ! explor] :o has n en\gh wood-craft to discov] ^! signs _h be/ ab/a9 f ! adv5ture4 ,,iii ,x 0 "o ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ,pr\/'s g5ius t he comb9$ ) 8 great sweep ( vision an exquisite delicacy ( t\*1 a solicit\s passion = detail4 ,_m ( 8 pages recall ^? m$ival manuscripts :]e ! rov+ fancy ( ! scribe has fram$ "s solemn gospel or epi/le 9 episodes drawn f ! life ( t[ns & fields1 or ! pagan extravagances ( ! ,be/i>y4 ,jane ,au/5 nev] surpass$ 9 concis5ess ( irony "s ( ! conv]sations betwe5 ,m>cel's maid5 aunts1 or ! description ( ,madame de ,cambrem] & ,madame de ,franquetot li/5+ to music2 & "o mu/ turn to 8,cran=d0 = su* microscopic /udies ( prov9cial life z t ( ! b$-ridd5 aunt1 ,madame ,octave1 :o is always go+ to get up ! next day1 & mean:ile lies beside h] bottle ( ,vi*y & h] purple velvet pray]-book 8bur/+ ) pi\s images10 & li/5s to ,franoise's report ( :at is go+ on 9 ! /reet1 d[n :i* ,madame ,g\pil1 j be=e a ?und]-/orm1 is se5 walk+ )\t h] umbrella 9 ! new silk dress %e has _h made at ,*teaudun6 ,b j z ! read] is s9k+ delectably into ! fea!r-b$ ( ! small t[n1 ,pr\/ snat*es him up 9 eagle's talons & sw+s him ov] ! d>ke/ abysses ( passion & intrigue--%[+ him1 9 ! sl[ tortures ( ,swann's love = ,odette1 & ( ,sa9t-,l\p's = ,ra*el1 ! la/ dep?s & involutions ( moral angui%1 or sett+ ! frivol\s c>e]s ( ! two great ,gu]mantes ladies1 ! ,du*ess & ! ,pr9cess1 on a /age va/] ?an any s9ce ,balzac's1 & pack$ ) a human com$y z multif>i\s4 ,?is *ang+ b nev] confus+ ?rong is compos$ ( mo/ ( ! notable types ( a society :i* /ill keeps its ari/ocratic framework3 ! old nobility ( ! 8,faub\rg0 ) _! satellites2 ri* & cultivat$ ,jews 7su* z ,swann & ,blo*71 celebrat$ pa9t]s1 noveli/s1 actresses1 diplomati/s1 lawy]s1 doctors1 ,academicians2 m5 ( fa%ion & vice1 dclasses ,gr& ,du*esses1 intrigu+ vulg>ians1 d[dy great ladies1 & all ! o!r figures compos+ ! mo/ v>i\s1 curi\s1 & re/less ( mod]n societies4 ,)\t visible ef=t ,pr\/'s art m>%als ^! ?rongs & !n turns s]5ely aside to put ! la/ t5d] t\*es to 8 description ( ! haw?orns at ,combray1 or ! lovely episode ( ,m>cel's fir/ visit to ,ra*el1 :]e ! "y man walks up & d[n "u ! blossom+ pe>-trees :ile ,sa9t-,l\p goes to fet* 8 mi/ress4 ,e read] enam\r$ ( ! art mu/ brood 9 amazem5t ov] ! way 9 :i* ,pr\/ ma9ta9s ! balance betwe5 ^! two mann]s--! broad & ! m9ute4 ,8 end[m5t z a noveli/--8 range ( pres5tation comb9$ ) ma/]y ( 8 in/rum5ts--has probably nev] be5 surpass$4 ,fasc9at+ z x is to ! pr(essional to dwell on ?is amaz+ virtuosity1 yet ! lov] ( ,pr\/ soon comes to feel t 8 r>e/ quality lies beyond & above x--lies 9 ! p[] to reveal1 by a s+le allusion1 a ^w1 an image1 ^? dep?s ( s\l beyond ! s\l's own guess+4 ,! man :o c\ld write ( ! dea? ( ,m>cel's gr&mo!r3 8,a few h\rs ago h] beautiful hair1 j beg9n+ to turn gray 444 _h seem$ less old ?an h]self4 ,n[1 on ! contr>y1 x plac$ ! cr[n ( age on a face gr[n "y aga91 & f :i* ! wr9kles1 ! contractions1 ! heav9ess1 ! t5sion1 ! flaccidity caus$ by suff]+ _h all disappe>$4 ,z 9 ! f>-(f "t :5 h] p>5ts _h *os5 h] bridegroom = h]1 ! features ( h] face 7 delicately trac$ 9 l9es ( purity & submission1 ! *eeks %one ) *a/e hopes1 ) a dream ( bliss1 ev5 ) an innoc5t gaiety t ! ye>s1 "o by "o1 _h sl[ly de/roy$4 ,life1 9 leav+ h] _h tak5 ) x ! disillusionm5ts ( life4 ,a smile seem$ to re/ ^u my gr&mo!r's lips4 ,on t fun]al b$1 dea?1 l ! m$ival sculptor1 _h laid h] d[n 9 ! guise ( a "y girl--0 ! man :o c\ld f9d words 9 :i* to express ! inexpressible emotion ) :i* "o comes sudd5ly1 9 "s app>5tly unkn[n l&scape1 ^u a sc5e long kn[n to ! s\l 7l t my/]i\s gr\p ( trees enc\nt]$ by ,m>cel 9 ! c\rse ( a drive ) ,madame de ,villep>isis7--! man :o c\ld t\* ) s sure & compassionate a h& on ! c5tral my/]ies ( love & dea?1 des]ves at su* mom5ts to be rank$ ) ,tol/oy :5 he describes ! dea? ( ,pr9ce ,&rew1 ) ,%akespe>e :5 he makes ,le> say3 8,pray y1 undo ?is button44440 ,,iv ,hi!rto ,i h only prais$4 ,9 writ+ ( a great creative arti/1 & especially ( "o ^: "w is ov]1 x is always bett] wor? :ile to dwell on ! beauties ?an to hunt d[n ! blemi%es4 ,:]e ! qualities outweigh ! defects ! latt] lose mu* ( _! importance1 ev5 :51 z sometimes 9 ,pr\/'s case1 !y are defects 9 ! moral s5sibility1 t tun+-=k ( ! noveli/'s art4 ,x is va9 to d5y1 or to try to expla9 away1 ?is p>ticul> blemi%--defici5cy1 x %\ld be r call$--9 ,pr\/'s "w4 ,und\bt$ly !re are bl9d spots 9 8 books1 z !re are 9 ,balzac's1 9 ,/5dhal's1 9 ,flaub]t's2 b ,pr\/'s bl9d spots are peculi>ly disconc]t+ because !y are int]mitt5t4 ,"o _c dismiss ! matt] by say+ t a :ole category ( human emotions is invisible to him1 s9ce at c]ta9 times 8 vision is acute/ at ! precise angle :]e ! bl9dness _h previ\sly occurr$4 ,a well-kn[n ,engli% critic1 confus+ ! sc5es 9 :i* ,pr\/'s moral s5se has fail$ him ) ^? 7f> m num]\s7 9 :i* he delib]ately portrays ! vil] aspects ( ! human m$ley1 sugge/s t timor\s read]s might f9d unm+l$ enjoym5t 9 ! p]usal ( 8,a la ,re*]*e du ,temps ,p]du0 by ! simple exp$i5t ( 8?9k+ away0 ,m4 de ,*>lus--z :o %\ld propose 8?9k+ away0 ,fal/aff f ! plays 9 :i* he figures6 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 be almo/ z difficult to dismiss ,m4 de ,*>lus ) an 8,i "k !e n1 old man10 z ,fal/aff2 & q z unnecess>y4 ,x is n by d>+ to d 89 ! r\nd0 a mean or corrupt "*--an ,iago1 a ,"l ,/eyne1 a ,philippe ,bridau1 or a ,valrie ,m>neffe--t a noveli/ dim9i%es ! value ( 8 "w4 ,on ! contr>y1 he increases x4 ,only :5 ! vil5ess & ! cruelty escape him1 :5 he fails to see ! blackness ( ! %ad[ !y project1 & ?us unconsci\sly flatt5s 8 modell+1 does he correspond+ly empov]i% ! picture2 & ?is ,pr\/ too (t5 did--b nev] 9 draw+ ,m4 de ,*>lus1 ^: ignom9y 0 always z vividly pres5t to him z ,iago's or ,gon]il's to _! creator4 ,!re is "o deplorable page :]e ! h]o & n>rator1 ) ^: hyp]-s5sitiv5ess a hundr$ copi\s & exquisite passages h acqua9t$ u1 describes ) complac5cy h[ he has delib]ately hidd5 himself to spy on an un$ify+ sc5e4 ,?is episode--& sev]al o!rs m>k$ by ! same abrupt lapse ( s5sibility--might be 8?\ght away0 ) all ! less detrim5t t1 at su* mom5ts1 ,pr\/'s *>act]s inv>iably lose _! probabl5ess & beg9 to /umble ?r\gh _! p>ts l good actors va9ly try+ to galvanize a poor play4 ,all ?r\gh 8 "w !re are pages lit]ally trembl+ ) emotion2 b :]ev] ! moral s5sibility fails1 ! tremor1 ! vibration1 ceases4 ,:5 he is unaw>e ( ! meanness ( an act committ$ by "o ( 8 *>act]s1 t "* loses by s mu* ( its life-lik5ess1 &1 rev]s+ ,pygmalion's ge/ure1 ! au?or turns liv+ be+s back to /one4 ,b :at are ^! lapses 9 a book :]e c\ntless pages ?rob ) passionate pity & look at "o ) human eyes8 ,! same man :o ?us (f5ds at "o mom5t1 at ! next has "o by ! he>t/r+s 9 a sc5e su* z t :]e ! h]o1 he>+ 8 gr&mo!r speak = ! fir/ "t ov] ! telephone1 is />tl$ into ?\ghts ( dea? & sep>ation by ! alt]$ s\nd ( a famili> voice2 or t 9 :i* ,sa9t-,l\p comes up to ,p>is on tw5ty-f\r h\rs' leave1 & 8 ador+ "m fir/ exults at ! ?\ght t he is go+ to sp5d 8 ev5+ ) h]1 !n bitt]ly div9es t he is n1 & f9ally trembles le/1 by betray+ h] disappo9tm5t1 %e %all h spoilt 8 selfi% pleasure4 ,& x is almo/ always at ! v mom5t :5 ! read] ?9ks3 8,oh1 if only he doesn't fail me n[60 t he floods 8 squalid sc5e ) ! magic ( an inexhau/ible poetry1 s t "o c\ld cry out1 l ,sigmund :5 ! gale bl[s op5 ! door ( ! hut3 8,no "o w5t--"s "o came6 ,x is ! spr+40 ,m4 ,b5jam9 ,crmieux1 ^: article on ,pr\/ is ! mo/ ?\ghtful /udy ( 8 "w yet publi%$1 has come ^u ! ob/acle ( ,pr\/'s lapses ( s5sibility1 & tri$1 n v successfully1 to turn x4 ,accord+ to ?is critic1 ,pr\/'s satire is nev] 8bas$ on a moral ideal10 b is always m]ely 8complem5t>y to 8 psy*ological analysis4 ,! only occasion0 7,m4 ,crmieux cont9ues7 8:]e ,pr\/ incid5tally speaks ( a moral ideal is 9 ! description ( ! dea? ( ,b]gotte40 ,he !n cites ! beautiful passage 9 "q3 8,ev]y?+ happ5s 9 our lives z ?\gh we _h ent]$ ^u !m ) a burd5 ( obligations contract$ 9 an ant]ior exi/5ce2 !re is no?+ 9 our e>?ly condition to make u feel t we are "u an obligation to be good1 to be morally s5sitive tre dlicats1 ev5 to be polite2 nor1 to ! arti/1 to beg9 ov] aga9 tw5ty times a passage :i* w probably be admir$ only :5 8 body has be5 dev\r$ by worms4444 ,all ^! obligations1 :i* h no sanction 9 our pres5t life1 seem to belong to a diff]5t _w1 a _w f\nd$ on goodness1 on moral scruple1 on sacrifice1 a _w entirely diff]5t f ?is "o1 a _w :5ce we come :5 we are born on e>?1 p]haps to return !re & live once m "u ! rule ( ! unkn[n laws :i* we h obey$ "h because we c>ri$ _! pr9ciples )9 ourselves1 )\t kn[+ :o decre$ t !y %\ld be2 ^? laws to :i* e deep intellectual lab\r draws u ne>]1 & :i* are invisible only--& n always6--to fools40 ,x is difficult to see h[ s delib]ate a pr(ession ( fai? 9 a moral ideal c be bru%$ aside z 8incid5tal40 ,! passage quot$ w\ld r seem to be ! key to ,pr\/'s :ole attitude3 to its weakness z well z to its /r5g?4 ,= x w be notic$ t1 among ! my/]i\s 8obligations0 br\ght ) u f t o!r 8entirely diff]5t0 _w1 he omits "o2 ! old /oical quality ( c\rage4 ,t quality1 moral or physical1 seems nev] to h be5 recogniz$ by him z "o ( ! ma9spr+s ( human action4 ,he c\ld conceive ( human be+s z good1 z pitiful1 z self-sacrific+1 z guid$ by ! mo/ delicate moral scruples2 b nev]1 app>5tly1 z brave1 ei!r by in/9ct or ?r\gh consci\s ef=t4 ,fe> rul$ 8 moral _w3 fe> ( dea?1 fe> ( love1 fe> ( responsibility1 fe> ( sickness1 fe> ( draughts1 fe> ( fe>4 ,x =m$ ! inexorable horizon ( 8 univ]se & ! h>d delimitation ( 8 arti/'s temp]am5t4 ,9 say+ s "o t\*es on ! n>r[ m>g9 betwe5 ! man's g5ius & 8 physical disabilities1 & at ?is po9t criticism mu/ draw back1 or l+] only 9 rev]5t admiration ( ! great "w a*iev$1 ! va/ regi/] cov]$1 9 spite ( t limitation1 9 conflict ) ^? disabilities4 ,nietzs*e's great say+1 8,ev]y?+ wor? :ile is accompli%$ not)/&+0 trotzdem1 might s]ve z ! epitaph ( ,pr\/4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,italiciz$ text is surr\nd$ by und]scores3 italics4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>diz$4 ,ar*aic or v>iant spell+ has be5 reta9$4 ,new orig9al cov] art includ$ ) ?is e,book is grant$ to ! public doma94