,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old spell+s h be5 pres]v$1 e4g4 dioxid in/ead ( dioxide4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,agricultural ,,analysis4 ,a ,,manual ,,= ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,soils1 ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,,& ,,agricultural ,,products4 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,analy/s1 ,,tea*]s1 ,,& ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry4 ,,volume ,,ii4 ,,f]tiliz]s4 ,,by ,,h>vey ,w4 ,,wiley1 ,,*emi/ ,,( ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,ea/on1 ,,pa41 ,,*emical ,,publi%+ ,,co41 #ahie4 ,,copyright1 #ahie1 ,,by ,,h>vey ,w4 ,,wiley4 ,,preface ,,to ,,volume ,,second4 ,9 ?is volume an attempt has be5 made to treat ! subject ( f]tiliz]s & f]tiliz+ mat]ials 9 ! mann] foll[$ 9 ! fir/ volume ) soils4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( f]tiliz] manufacture & application h be5 pres5t$ 9 s f> z !y seem$ to ?r[ light on ! rational me?od ( exam9ation & analysis4 ,! /&>d me?ods ( analysis 9 use 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 h be5 pres5t$ ) suffici5t fullness = ! guidance ( ! skill$ work]1 & ! in=mation ( ! /ud5t4 ,to ^? :o make use ( a book only = r\t9e "w or = prep>ation = an exam9ation1 ?is volume1 z its pr$ecessor1 w be f\nd to h little attraction4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 w n be a cause ( regret to ! au?or ^: purpose has be51 av[$ly1 to pres5t to ! busy work] & /ud5t a broad view ( a great subject :i* ea* "o does n h ! "t to se>* out = himself4 ,x is a matt] ( regret1 h[ev]1 t ! cont5ts ( ! volume h aga9 exce$$ all expectations4 ,x 0 f\nd impracticable to secure any great] cond5sation )\t dep>t+ f ! purpose1 & impair+ ! complet5ess ( ! "w4 ,:5 "w is done ) no prospect ( f9ancial comp5sation1 x is gratify+ to f9d x appreciat$1 & ! au?or w be cont5t to h ?is volume meet ) z k9dly a reception z has be5 accord$ volume "o4 ,,h>vey ,w4 ,,wiley4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,end ( ,july1 #ahie4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,second4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,phosphates ,,& ,,phosphatic ,,f]tiliz]s4 ,introduction1 pp4 #a-d4--,natural f]tiliz]s2 ,wa/e matt]s z f]tiliz+ mat]ials2 ,valuation ( f]tiliz+ +r$i5ts4 ,g5]al ,analytical ,processes1 pp4 #d-ae4--,tak+ samples2 ,f]tiliz+ m9]als2 ,mix$ f]tiliz]s2 ,fr5* me?ods ( tak+ samples2 ,sampl+ /able manures2 ,prep>ation ( sample 9 laboratory2 ,fr5* & ,g]man me?ods2 ,dry+ f]tiliz] samples2 ,moi/ure 9 acid phosphates4 ,analysis ( ,m9]al ,phosphates1 pp4 #ae-ci4--;,con/itu5ts to be det]m9$2 ,direct e/imation ( phosphoric acid2 ,(ficial me?od2 ,prep>ation ( solution2 ,use ( t>t>ic acid2 ,det]m9ation ( wat] & organic matt]s2 ,c>bon dioxid2 ,soluble & insoluble matt]2 ,silica & insoluble bodies2 ,e/imation ( lime2 ,ammonium oxalate me?od2 ,imm5dorff me?od2 ,e/imation ( iron & alum9a2 ,! acetate & ,hess me?ods2 ,me?ods ( ,jones & ,crispo2 ,geological ,survey me?od2 ,me?od ( ,m>ioni & ,fasselli2 ,me?od ( ,krug & ,mc,elroy2 ,me?od ( ,wyatt2 ,e/imation ( magnesia2 ( sulfuric acid2 ( fluor94 ,g5]al ,me?ods = ,phosphoric ,acid1 pp4 #ci-eg4--,prelim9>y consid]ations2 ,e/imation z /annic phosphate2 ,wat] soluble acid2 ,citrate insoluble acid2 ,total phosphoric acid2 ,norwegian me?ods2 ,g]man exp]im5t /ation me?ods2 ,soluble phosphoric acid2 ,sw$i% me?ods2 ,dut* me?ods2 ,errors 9 molybdate me?od2 ,color ( pyrophosphate2 ,solution 9 sulfuric acid4 ,! ,citrate ,me?od1 pp4 #eg-gj4--;,g5]al pr9ciples2 ,halle me?od2 ,sw$i% me?od2 ,me?ods adopt$ at ! ,brussels ,congress2 ,dut* me?od = citrate soluble acid2 ,comp>ative accuracy ( citrate & molybdate me?ods4 ,basic ,phosphatic ,slags1 pp4 #gj-hf4--;,hi/ory & manufacture2 ,composition2 ,molecul> /ructure2 ,solubility2 ,sep>ation & solution2 ,e/imation ( total acid2 ,alt]nate me?od2 ,halle me?od ( analysis2 ,dut* me?od2 ,e/imation ( citrate soluble acid 9 basic slags2 ,wagn]'s %ak+ & dige/+ app>atus2 ,e/imation ( cau/ic lime 9 slags2 ,detection ( adult]ation4 ,volumetric ,det]m9ation ( ,phosphoric ,acid1 pp4 #hf-ajf4--;,classification ( me?ods2 ,uranium me?od2 ,prep>ation ( sample2 ,precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid by magnesium citrate2 ,composition ( magnesium citrate solution2 ,solution ( ammonium magnesium phosphate2 ,prep>ation ( /&>d solutions2 ,v]ify+ /&>d solutions2 ,conduct ( ! analysis2 ,phosphoric acid 9 sup]phosphates2 ,det]m9ation ( soluble & rev]t$ phosphoric acid2 ,conclusions4 ,titration ( ! ,yell[ ,precipitate1 pp4 #ajf-aah4--,pemb]ton's me?od2 ,conduct ( ! analysis2 ,reactions2 ,calculation ( results2 ,comp>ison ) ,(ficial me?od2 ,titration z a lead comp\nd2 ,wat] soluble acid2 ,e/imation ( phosphoric acid 9 pres5ce ( a l>ge excess ( iron2 ,emm]ton me?od2 ,me?od ( ,dudley & ,noyes2 ,! ,jones r$uctor2 ,! volumetric silv] me?od4 ,te*nical ,det]m9ation ( ,phosphoric ,acid1 pp4 #aah-abe4--;,desirability ( me?ods2 ,reag5ts employ$2 ,conduct ( ! molybd5um me?od2 ,conduct ( ! citrate me?od2 ,treatm5t ( m9]al phosphates & basic slags2 ,analysis ( sup]phosphates4 ,miscellane\s ,notes on ,phosphates & ,phosphatic ,f]tiliz]s1 pp4 #abf-aej4--,"t requir$ = precipitation2 ,exam9ation ( ! pyrophosphate2 ,iod9 9 phosphates2 ,*romium 9 phosphates2 ,e/imation ( ,vanadium2 ,fluor9 9 bones2 ,note on sep>ation ( iron & alum9a f phosphoric acid2 ,ammonium citrate soluble acid2 ,influ5ce ( "t & /r5g? ( solv5t on solution2 ,arbitr>y ,det]m9ation ( rev]t$ phosphoric acid2 ,dige/ion app>atus ( ,hu/on2 ,hu/on's me*anical /irr]2 ,citrate me?od ) small p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid2 ,direct precipitation ( ! citrate soluble phosphoric acid2 ,availability ( phosphatic f]tiliz]s2 ,direct weigh+ ( ! molybd5um precipitate4 ,*emi/ry ( ! ,manufacture ( ,sup]phosphates1 pp4 #aej-aef4--,reactions ) phosphates2 ) fluorids2 ) c>bonates2 ) iron & alum9a2 ) magnesium comp\nds2 ,det]m9ation ( quantity ( sulfuric acid2 ,phosphoric acid sup]phosphates2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,fir/4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,f]tiliz]s ,,& ,,f]tiliz+ ,,mat]ials4 ,k9ds ( ,nitrog5 9 ,f]tiliz]s1 pp4 #afa-afi4--;,det]m9ation ( /ate ( comb9ation2 ,microscopic exam9ation2 ,se$s & se$ residues2 ,fi% scrap2 ,dri$ blood & tankage2 ,horn1 ho(1 & hair2 ,ammoniacal nitrog52 ,nitrog5 9 guanos2 ,nitric nitrog54 ,me?ods ( ,analysis1 pp4 #afi-aib4--;,classification ( me?ods2 ,(ficial me?ods2 ,combu/ion 9 copp] oxid2 ,(ficial volumetric me?od2 ,m]cury pump2 ,combu/ion furnace2 ,process ( combu/ion2 ,me?od ( ,johnson & ,j5k9s2 ,calculat+ results2 ,read+ b>omet]2 ,t5sion ( aque\s vapor2 ,aque\s t5sion 9 solutions ( potassium hydroxid2 ,tables = calculat+ results2 ,soda-lime process2 ,(ficial ,fr5* me?od2 ,! ruffle soda-lime me?od2 ,(ficial ruffle me?od2 ,boy]'s ruffle me?od4 ,moi/ ,combu/ion ,process1 pp4 #aib-bbj4--;,hi/orical2 ,me?od ( ,kjeldahl2 ,!ory ( ! reactions2 ,prep>ation ( reag5ts2 ,dut* kjeldahl me?od2 ,halle kjeldahl me?od2 ,(ficial kjeldahl me?od2 ,di/illation app>atus2 ,patrick's di/ill+ flask2 ,modification ( ! kjeldahl process2 ,me?od ( ,wilf>?2 ,me?od ( ,asbo?2 ,me?od ( ,jodlbaur2 ,dut* jodlbaur me?od2 ,halle jodlbaur me?od2 ,(ficial me?od = nitric nitrog52 ,me?od ( ,scovell2 ,gunn+ me?od2 ,reactions ( ! gunn+ me?od2 ,(ficial gunn+ me?od2 ,gunn+ me?od adapt$ to nitrates4 ,det]m9ation ( ,nitrog5 9 ,def9ite ,=ms ( ,comb9ation1 pp4 #bba-bca4--;,introductory consid]ations2 ,nitrog5 z ammonia2 ,me?od ( ,b\ss+ault2 ,det]m9ation ( ?iocyanates2 ,sep>ation ( album9oid nitrog52 ,sep>ation ( nitric nitrog52 ,sep>ation ( ammoniacal nitrog52 ,uls* me?od = mix$ f]tiliz]s2 ,me?od ( ,s*les+-,wagn]2 ,s*mitt's modifi$ me?od2 ,krg]'s me?od4 ,sodium ,nitrate1 pp4 #bca-bdg4--;,functions ( sodium nitrate2 ,comm]cial =ms ( ,*ile saltpet]2 ,p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 ,*ile saltpet]2 ,adult]ation ( ,*ile saltpet]2 ,! ,halle z9c-iron me?od = e/imat+ nitrog5 9 ,*ile saltpet]2 ,fr5* me?od2 ,gantt]'s volumetric me?od2 ,me?od ( diff]5ce2 ,application ( ,*ile saltpet] to ! soil2 ,tak+ samples ( soil to det]m9e nitric nitrog52 ,! nitrifiable solution2 ,quantity ( ,*ile saltpet] p] acre2 ,consumption ( ,*ile saltpet]2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,second4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,pota% 9 ,f]tiliz+ ,mat]ials & ,f]tiliz]s1 pp4 #bdh-bff4--;,introduction2 ,=ms ( pota%2 ,organic s\rces ( pota%2 ,tobacco /ems & wa/e2 ,cottonse$ hulls & meal2 ,wood a%es2 ,f]tiliz+ value ( a%es2 ,sug> beet molasses2 ,residue ( w9]ies2 ,de/ruction ( organic matt]2 ,ignition ) sulfuric acid2 ,pota% 9 m9]al deposits2 ,occurr5ce & hi/ory2 ,*anges 9 pota% salts 9 situ2 ,ka9it2 ,c>nallit2 ,polyhalit2 ,krugit2 ,sylv92 ,sylv9it2 ,kies]it2 ,s*nit2 ,potassium sulfate2 ,potassium magnesium c>bonate2 ,pota% 9 factory residues2 ,quantity ( pota% salts us$4 ,me?ods ( ,analysis1 pp4 #bff-bhi4--;,classification ( me?ods2 ,plat9ic *lorid me?od2 ,(ficial me?od2 ,alt]nate (ficial me?od2 ,solution ( organic comp\nds2 ,factors = calculation2 ,halle pota% me?od2 ,dut* me?od2 ,sw$i% me?od2 ,me?od ( ! ,g]man ,kali syndicate2 ,me?od = high grade pota% salts2 ,b>ium oxalate me?od2 de ,roode me?od = ka9it2 ,calcium *lorid me?od2 ,rapid control me?od2 ,det]m9ation f metallic plat9um2 ,errors 9 plat9um me?od2,effect ( conc5tration on accuracy2 ,diff]5ces 9 =m ( cry/als ( potassium plat9o*lorid2 ,recov]y ( ! plat9um wa/e4 ,e/imation ( ,pota% z ,p]*lorate1 pp4 #bhi-cja4--;,g5]al pr9ciples2 ,casp>i's me?od ( prep>+ p]*loric acid2 ,kreid]'s me?od2 ,keep+ prop]ties ( p]*loric acid2 ,! analytical process = det]m9+ potassium z p]*lorate2 ,removal ( sulfuric acid2 ,applicability ( ! process2 ,accuracy ( ! process2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,?ird4 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,miscellane\s ,f]tiliz]s1 pp4 #cjb-cbd4--;,classification2 ,=ms ( lime2 ,application ( lime2 ,action ( lime2 ,analysis ( lime2 ,gypsum1 or l& pla/]2 ,analysis ( gypsum2 ,common salt2 ,gre5 vitriol2 ,/all manures2 ,h5 manure2 ,guanos & cave deposits2 ,(ficial ,fr5* me?od = phosphoric acid 9 guanos2 ,lea!r wa/e2 ,wood a%es2 ,analysis ( wood a%es2 ,me?od ( analysis us$ 9 ?is laboratory2 ,(ficial me?od = e/imat+ alkalies 9 wood a%es2 ,/atem5t ( results2 ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,f\r?2 ,index4 ,,illu/rations ,,to ,,volume ,,second4 ,page4 ,figure #a4 ,app>atus = cru%+ m9]al f]tiliz]s #e 8 #b4 ,plate gr9d] = m9]als #f 8 #c4 ,%ak+ app>atus = sup]phosphates #fj 8 #d4 ,%ak+ ma*9e = ammonium magnesium phosphate #fd 8 #e4 ,rssl] ignition furnace #fe 8 #f4 ,wagn]'s dige/ion app>atus = slags #gi 8 #g4 ,jones' r$uction tube #aae 8 #h4 ,hu/on's dige/+ app>atus #adb 8 #i4 ,hu/on's me*anical /irr] #ade 8 #aj4 ,m]cury pump & azotomet] #agd 8 #aa4 ,moi/ combu/ion app>atus ( ! ,halle agricultural laboratory #bja 8 #ab4 ,di/illation app>atus ( ,halle agricultural laboratory #bjc 8 #ac4 ,di/ill+ app>atus #bjh 8 #ad4 ,s*les+-,wagn] app>atus #bbi 8 #ae4 ,halle nitric acid app>atus #bcd 8 #af4 ,gantt]'s nitrog5 app>atus #bcg 8 #ag4 ,geological relations ( ! pota% deposits ne> ,/assfurt #beh ,,volume ,,second4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,f]tiliz+ ,,mat]ials1 ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,,& ,,manures4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,prelim9>y ,,treatm5t ,,& ,,phosphates4 #a4 ,introduction4--,9 ! fir/ volume ! pr9cipal plant foods occurr+ 9 soils h be5 nam$ & ! me?ods ( e/imat+ !m describ$4 ,z f]tiliz]s are class$ ^? mat]ials :i* are add$ to soils to supply suppos$ defici5cies 9 plant foods1 or to r5d] m available ! /ores already pres5t4 ,!re is little diff]5ce betwe5 ! t]ms f]tiliz] & manure4 ,9 common language ! =m] is appli$ to goods prep>$ = ! f>m] by ! manufactur] or mix]1 :ile ! latt] is appli$ to ! /ores accumulat$ ab\t ! /ables or made else:]e on ! f>m4 ,?us x is common to speak ( a b>ny>d or /all manure & ( a comm]cial f]tiliz]4 ,"o ( ! objects ( ! analysis ( soils1 z describ$ 9 ! fir/ volume ( ?is "w1 is to det]m9e ! "* ( ! f]tiliz] :i* %\ld be add$ to a field 9 ord] to secure its maximum f]tility4 ,"o purpose ( ! pres5t "p is to det]m9e ! fitness ( (f]$ f]tiliz+ mat]ial to supply ! defici5cies :i* may be reveal$ by a prop] /udy ( ! ne$s ( ! soil4 #b4 ,natural ,f]tiliz]s4--,9 ! succession ( geologic epo*s :i* has m>k$ ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>? !re h be5 br\ght toge!r 9 deposits ( great] or less magnitude ! /ores ( plant food unus$ by gr[+ crops or :i* may once h be5 "p ( vegetable & animal organisms4 ,"s ( ^! deposits h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ volume1 p>agraphs #aa1 #ab1 & #ah4 ,= a full description ( ! ext5t & orig9 ( ^! deposits ! read] is ref]r$ to works on economic geology4 ,^! deposits are ! *ief s\rces ( ! comm]cial f]tiliz]s :i* are (f]$ to ! f>m]s ( to-day & to :i* ! agricultural analy/ is call$ ^u to devote mu* ( 8 "t & labor4 ,! me?ods ( det]m9+ ! *emical composition & agricultural value ( ^! deposits1 z practic$ by ! lead+ *emi/s ( ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 w be fully set =? 9 ! foll[+ pages4 #c4 ,wa/e ,matt]s z ,f]tiliz+ ,mat]ials4--,9 addition to ! natural products j m5tion$ ! analy/ w be call$ on also to deal ) a great v>iety ( wa/e mat]ials :i*1 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 h be5 sav$ f ! dbris ( factories & abattoirs1 & prep>$ = use on ! f>m4 ,among ^! wa/e matt]s may be m5tion$1 bones1 horns1 ho(s1 hair1 tankage1 dri$ blood1 fi% scrap1 oil cakes1 a%es1 sewage1 & sewage precipitates1 (fal ( all k9ds1 lea!r scraps1 & organic dbris 9 g5]al4 ,x is important1 be=e beg9n+ an analysis1 to "k ! orig9 ( ! sub/ances to be det]m9$4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out 9 volume fir/ ! process :i* w\ld be accurate ) a sub/ance ( a m9]al orig9 might lead to error if appli$ to ! same elem5t 9 organic comb9ation4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( phosphorus & pota%4 ,a simple microscopic exam9ation w usually enable ! analy/ to det]m9e ! nature ( ! sample4 ,9 ?is mann]1 9 ! case ( a phosphate1 x w\ld at once be det]m9$ :e!r x 0 bone1 m9]al1 or basic slag4 ,! odor1 color1 & g5]al consi/5ce w also aid 9 ! det]m9ation4 #d4 ,valuation ( ,f]tiliz+ ,+r$i5ts4--,p]haps !re are no m num]\s & p]plex+ que/ions prop\nd$ to ! analy/ ?an ^? :i* relate to ! value ( f]tiliz+ mat]ials4 ,!re is none h>d] to answ]4 ,z a rule ^! que/ions are ask$ by ! f>m]1 & ref] to ! f]tiliz]s put d[n on 8 fields4 ,9 su* cases ! co/ ( transportation is an important factor 9 ! answ]4 ,! f>!r ! f>m] is remov$ f ! place ( f]tiliz] manufacture ! great]1 z a rule1 w be ! co/4 ,:e!r ! transportation is ov] l& or by wat] also plays an important "p 9 ! f9al co/4 ,! discov]y ( new /ores ( f]tiliz+ mat]ials has also mu* to d ) ! price4 ,?is fact is especially noticeable 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e ! price ( crude phosphates at ! m9es has fall5 9 a few ye>s f ne>ly six doll>s to ?ree doll>s & =ty-?ree c5ts p] ton#a4 ,?is decrease has be5 l>gely due to discov]ies ( va/ b$s ( phosphatic deposits 9 ,florida1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 & ,virg9ia4 ,! /ate ( trade1 magnitude ( crops1 & ! vigor ( comm]ce also affect1 9 a m>k$ degree1 ! co/ ( ! raw mat]ials ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 #e4 ,trade ,values ( ,f]tiliz+ ,+r$i5ts 9 ,raw ,mat]ials & ,*emicals4--,! values propos$ by ! ,massa*usetts ,exp]im5t ,/ation are giv5 bel[4#b ,c5ts p] p\nd4 ,nitrog5 9 ammonia salts1 #ai 8 8 nitrates1 #ad ,organic nitrog5 9 dry & f9e-gr\nd fi%1 meat1 blood1 & 9 high-grade mix$ f]tiliz]s1 #ah 8 8 8 cottonse$ meal1 l9se$ meal1 & ca/or pomace1 #ae 8 8 8 f9e-gr\nd bone & tankage1 #af 8 8 8 f9e-gr\nd m$ium bone & tankage1 #ae 8 8 8 m$ium bone & tankage1 #ab 8 8 8 co>se bone & tankage1 #g 8 8 8 hair1 horn %av+s1 & co>se fi% scraps1 #g ,phosphoric acid soluble 9 wat]1 #f 8 8 soluble 9 ammonium citrate1 #e 8 8 9 f9e bone & tankage1 #e 8 8 9 f9e m$ium bone & tankage1 #d 8 8 9 m$ium bone & tankage1 #c 8 8 9 co>se bone & tankage1 #b 8 8 9 f9e-gr\nd fi%1 cottonse$ meal1 l9se$ meal1 ca/or pomace1 & wood-a%es1 #e 8 8 insoluble 79 ammonium citrate7 9 mix$ f]tiliz]s1 #b ,pota% z high-grade sulfate1 & 9 mixtures free f muriate1 #e 8 8 muriate1 #d ,! manurial con/itu5ts conta9$ 9 fe$ /uffs are valu$ z foll[s3 ,organic nitrog51 #ae ,phosphoric acid1 #e ,pota%1 #e ,! organic nitrog5 9 sup]phosphates1 special manures1 & mix$ f]tiliz]s ( a high grade is usually valu$ at ! highe/ figures laid d[n 9 ! trade values ( f]tiliz+ +r$i5ts 9 raw mat]ials2 namely1 eighte5 & "o-half c5ts p] p\nd1 x be+ assum$ t ! organic nitrog5 is d]iv$ f ! be/ s\rces2 viz41 animal matt]1 z meat1 blood1 bones1 or o!r equally good =ms1 & n f lea!r1 %oddy1 hair1 or any l[-pric$1 inf]ior =m ( vegetable matt]1 unless ! contr>y is evid5t4 ,9 su* mat]ials ! insoluble phosphoric acid is valu$ at two c5ts a p\nd4 ,^! values *ange z ! m>kets v>y4 ,! s*eme ( valuation prep>$ by ! ,massa*usetts /ation does n include phosphoric acid 9 basic slags4 ,by _m exp]im5t]s ! value ( ! acid 9 ?is comb9ation1 tetracalcium phosphate1 is fully equal to t 9 sup]phosphates soluble 9 wat] & ammonium citrate4 ,x w\ld p]haps be safe to assign t value to all ! phosphoric acid 9 basic slags soluble 9 a five p] c5t citric acid solution4 ,untreat$ f9e-gr\nd phosphates1 especially ( ! s(t v>iety1 s abundant 9 _m p>ts ( ,florida1 h also a high manurial value :5 appli$ to soils ( an acid nature or ri* 9 humus4 ,on o!r soils ( a s&y nature1 or ri* 9 calcium c>bonate1 su* a f]tiliz] w\ld h little value4 ,! analy/ 9 giv+ an op9ion respect+ ! comm]cial value ( a f]tiliz]1 mu/ be guid$ n only by ! s\rce ( ! mat]ial1 its f95ess or /ate ( decomposition1 & its g5]al physical qualities1 b also by ! nature ( ! crop :i* x is to n\ri% & ! k9d ( soil to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,,g5]al ,,analytical ,,processes4 #f4 ,tak+ ,samples4--,x is impracticable to give def9ite directions = tak+ samples ( f]tiliz]s :i* w be applicable to all k9ds ( mat]ial & 9 all circum/ances4 ,if ! *emi/ himself h *>ge ( ! tak+ ( ! sample1 x w probably be suffici5t to say t x %\ld accurately repres5t ! total mass ( mat]ial sampl$4 ,g5]ally ! samples :i* are br\ght to ! *emi/ h be5 tak5 )\t 8 advice or direction & he is simply call$ ^u to make an analysis ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,cru%+ ,,m9]al ,,f]tiliz]s4 #g4 ,m9]als ,conta9+ ,f]tiliz+ ,mat]ials4--,:5 possible1 ! samples %\ld be accompani$ by a description ( ! m9es :]e !y are procur$ & a /atem5t ( ! geologic conditions 9 :i* ! deposits 7 made4 ,z l>ge a quantity ( ! mat]ial z c be conv5i5tly obta9$ & transport$ %\ld be secur$4 ,:]e a l>ge quantity ( m9]al matt] is at h& x %\ld fir/ be put ?r\gh a cru%]4 ,_m =ms ( cru%]1 driv5 by h& & o!r p[]1 are on ! m>ket4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! ,ald51 ,blake1 ,biswor?1 ,=/]1 & ,lipsay ma*9es4#c ,!y are all con/ruct$ ess5tially on ! same pr9ciple1 ! pieces ( m9]al be+ brok5 into small fragm5ts betwe5 two heavy vibrat+ /eel plates4 ,! g5]al =m ( ^! in/rum5ts is se5 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! fragm5ts com+ f ! cru%] c be r$uc$ to a co>se p[d] by means ( ! iron plate & cru%] %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,:]e only a small quantity ( m9]al is at h& ! app>atus j m5tion$ may be us$ at once aft] break+ ! sample into small fragm5ts by means ( a hamm]4 ,f9ally ! sample1 if to be dissolv$ 9 an acid or soluble mat]ials only1 is r$uc$ to a p[d] 9 an iron mort> until x w pass a sieve ) a "o or1 bett]1 "o-half millimet] circul> me%4 ,! p[d] ?us obta9$ mu/ be /irr$ ) a magnet to remove all iron p>ticles t may h be5 incorporat$ ) ! mass by abrasion ( ! in/rum5ts employ$4 ,if a complete m9]al analysis ( ! sample is to be secur$1 ! mat]ial fre$ f iron1 z above describ$1 is to be rubb$ to an impalpable p[d] 9 an agate mort>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b4 ,,plate ,,gr9d] ,,= ,,m9]als4 #h4 ,mix$ ,f]tiliz]s4--,9 f]tiliz+ mat]ials 9 bulk1 ! fir/ requisite is t !y %all be ?or\ghly mix$ s t a giv5 volume ( ! mat]ial may repres5t1 practically1 def9ite quantities ( ! mat]ials sampl$4 ,! f9] ! mat]ial is1 9 ! orig9al /ate1 & ! m ?or\ghly x has be5 mix$1 ! bett] ! sample w be4 ,if ! sample be already 9 sacks x w be suffici5t to take portions by means ( ! ord9>y tri]1 su* z is us$ = sampl+ sug> & o!r sub/ances4 ,?is consi/s ( a long metal implem5t su* z w\ld be =m$ by a longitud9al section ( a tube4 ,! end is po9t$ & suit$ = p5etrat+ into ! sack & ! mat]ials conta9$ !re94 ,on )draw+ x1 ! semi-circul> concavity is f\nd fill$ ) ! mat]ial sampl$4 ,samples 9 ?is way %\ld be tak5 f v>i\s p>ts ( ! sack & ^! samples well mix$ toge!r & a subsample ( ! am\nt necess>y to be tak5 to ! laboratory c !n be obta9$4 #i4 ,me?od ( ! ,fr5* ,exp]im5t ,/ations4--,9 ! me?od employ$ by ! ,fr5* ,exp]im5t ,/ations x is direct$ t 9 no case %\ld /ones or o!r =eign p>ticles be remov$ f ! f]tiliz] sampl$1 b !y %\ld ent] into ! sample tak5 91 z ne>ly z possible1 ! same proportions z !y exi/ 9 ! :ole mass4 ,9 ! case ( /ones or o!r solid masses :i* are to be sampl$1 z _m samples z possible %\ld be tak5 f all p>ts ( ! heap & ^! %\ld be r$uc$ to a co>se p[d]1 ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r & sampl$4 ,9 case ! mat]ial is 9 ! =m ( a pa/e1 if x is homog5e\s1 x w be suffici5t to mix x well & take ! sample directly2 b 9 case !re is a t5d5cy = ! pa/y mass to sep>ate into two p>ts1 ( :i* ! "o is a liquid & ! o!r1 m ( a solid consi/5ce1 x may be well to take samples f ea* 9 case !y c n be ?or\ghly incorporat$ by /irr+4 #aj4 ,me?od ( ! ,fr5* ,association ( ,sug> ,*emi/s4--,! me?od adopt$ by ! ,fr5* sug> *emi/s directs t ! sample %\ld be tak5 f ! f]tiliz] 9 bulk or f a portion us$ = indu/rial purposes4#d ,! sample = analysis is to be tak5 f ! above sample aft] x has be5 s5t to ! laboratory4 ,! me?od ( tak+ %\ld be v>i$ accord+ to ! condition ( ! sub/ances to be analyz$4 ,! l>ge sample select$ f ! goods deliv]$ to comm]ce hav+ be5 deliv]$ at ! laboratory1 ! analytical sample is tak5 z foll[s3 ,:5 ! indu/rial sample1 m or less volum9\s1 rea*es ! laboratory1 ! *emi/ is to beg9 by tak+ a note ( ! m>ks1 labels1 & descriptions f\nd !reon1 & ( ! nature & /ate ( ! package :i* conta9s x1 & ! date ( its arrival4 ,all ?is in=mation %\ld be ent]$ ^u ! laboratory book & aft]w>ds transcrib$ on ! pap] conta9+ ! results ( ! analysis1 z well z ! "n ( ! p]son s5d+ x4 ,?is hav+ be5 done1 ! sample is to be prop]ly prep>$ 9 ord] t a portion may be tak5 repres5t+ exactly ! mean composition ( ! :ole4 ,if x is 9 a /ate ( f9e p[d]1 su* z gr\nd phosphates & c]ta9 o!r f]tiliz]s1 x is suffici5t to pass x two or ?ree times ?r\gh a sieve ) me%es "o millimet] 9 diamet]1 tak+ c>e to break up ! mat]ial ea* "t 9 ord] to mix x & to pulv]ize ! fragm5ts :i* ! sieve reta9s4 ,! :ole is aft]w>ds spread 9 a ?9 lay] ^u a l>ge %eet ( pap]1 & a portion is tak5 "h & !re ^u ! po9t ( a knife until ab\t tw5ty gra9s are remov$1 & f ?is ! portion subject$ to analysis is aft]w>ds tak54 ,if ! sample comes 9 fragm5ts1 m or less volum9\s1 su* z phosphatic rocks or co>sely pulv]iz$ guanos conta9+ agglom]at$ p>ticles1 x is necess>y fir/ to r$uce ! :ole to p[d] by rubb+ x 9 a mort> or 9 a small drug mill4 ,x is next pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( ! size m5tion$ above & t :i* rema9s ^u ! sieve pulv]iz$ anew until all has pass$ ?r\gh4 ,?is precaution is v important1 s9ce ! p>ts :i* resi/ ! action ( ! pe/le ! mo/ h (t5 a composition diff]5t f ^? :i* are easily brok54 ,:5 ! products to be analyz$ conta9 organic mat]ials1 su* z horn1 fle%1 dry blood1 etc41 ! pulv]ization is (t5 a long & difficult process1 & results 9 a c]ta9 degree ( heat+ :i* drives (f "s ( ! moi/ure 9 su* a way t ! pulv]iz$ product is at ! la/ dri]1 &1 consequ5tly1 ri*] ?an ! primitive sample4 ,x is important to take acc\nt ( ?is desiccation1 & s9ce ! pulv]ization ( a mass s volum9\s c n be made )\t loss1 ! det]m9ation ( ! total weight ( ! sample be=e & aft] pulv]ization does n give exact results4 ,9 su* a case x is indisp5sable to det]m9e ! moi/ure1 bo? be=e & aft] pulv]iz+1 & to calculate ! analytical results obta9$ ^u ! pulv]iz$ sample back to ! orig9al sample4 ,9 ord] to escape ?is necessity1 z well z ! difficulties result+ f ! v>iations 9 moi/ure dur+ transportation1 "s *emi/s h ?\ght x bett] to always dry ! comm]cial products be=e submitt+ !m to analysis1 & to report _! results 9 ! dry /ate1 accompani$ by a det]m9ation ( ! moi/ure1 leav+ ?us to ! "o int]e/$ ! labor ( calculat+ ! ri*ness 9 ! normal /ate1 t is to say1 9 ! real /ate 9 :i* ! m]*&ise 0 deliv]$4 ,9 addition to ! fact t ?is me?od all[s num]\s *ances ( errors1 _m sub/ances und]go+ important *anges 9 _! composition by dry+ alone1 x has be5 productive ( ! mo/ s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,! sell]s h plac$ _! w>es on ! m>ket ) ! analysis ( ! mat]ial 9 a dry /ate1 & a great numb] ( pur*as]s h n p]ceiv$ ! fraud conceal$ "u ?is expression s innoc5t 9 appe>ance4 ,x is ?us t !re has be5 met ) 9 ! m>kets guano conta9+ tw5ty-five p] c5t ( wat]1 :i* 0 gu>ante$ to conta9 twelve p] c5t ( phosphoric acid1 :51 9 reality1 x conta9$ only eight p] c5t 9 ! moi/ /ate4 #aa4 ,b>n-,y>d ,manures4--,! sampl+ ( /all & b>ny>d manures is m difficult on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! mat]ials are n homog5e\s & t !y are usually mix$ ) /raw & o!r dbris f ! fe$ tr\gh1 & only ! greate/ c>e & pati5ce w enable ! op]ator to secure a fair sample4 ,9 ! case ( liquid manures ! liquid %\ld be ?or\ghly /irr$ be=e ! sample is tak54 ,fre> po9ts out ! difficulty ( secur+ repres5tative samples ( /all manure & describes me?ods ( remov+ x4#e ,! /all manure sampl$ _h be5 pil$ 9 ! cattle-y>d = a "t & ! cattle 7 all[$ to run ov] ! heaps = an h\r or two ea* day4 ,pigs 7 also all[$ free access to ! heaps 9 ord] to insure a m p]fect mixture ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,tw5ty-n9e loads ( #c1jjj p\nds ea* 7 tak5 f ! expos$ heap & ?irty-f\r loads ( #b1jjj p\nds ea* 7 tak5 f ! cov]$ heap4 ,f ea* load 7 remov$ two c>efully select$ portions ( t5 p\nds ea*1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 sep>ate cov]$ boxes numb]$ ,a & ,b4 ,:5 ! sampl+ 0 complet$ ^! boxes 7 cov]$4 ,aft] be+ remov$ to ! laboratory ! boxes 7 weigh$ & ! cont5ts ?or\ghly mix$4 ,two samples ( twelve lit]s volume ea*1 7 drawn f ea* box4 ,"o-?ird ( ?is 0 *opp$ 9 a l>ge meat *opp] & ! o!r two-?irds tak5 into ! laboratory )\t be+ cut4 ,^! samples1 on ent]+ ! laboratory1 7 weigh$ & dri$ at a temp]ature ( #fj4 ,small] samples 7 !n drawn f ea* ( ^! & gr\nd 9 a drug mill = analysis4 ,duplicate samples tak5 9 ?is way1 :ile !y did n give absolutely concordant results1 %[$ a ne> approximation4 ,a m c>eful sampl+ on ! l9e propos$ w\ld1 9 all probability1 secure absolutely agree+ results 9 duplicate samples4 #ab4 ,prep>ation ( ,sample 9 ,laboratory4--,! me?od ( prep>+ m9]al f]tiliz]s = analysis has be5 giv5 "u directions = sampl+4 ,_m difficulties att5d ! prop] prep>ation ( o!r samples1 & ! be/ approv$ me?ods ( proc$ure are giv5 bel[3 ,accord+ to ! directions giv5 by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s ! sample %\ld be well int]mix$1 f9ely gr\nd1 & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve hav+ circul> p]=ations "o millimet] 9 diamet]4#f ,! processes ( gr9d+ & sift+ %\ld take place z rapidly z possible s t !re may be no ga9 or loss ( moi/ure dur+ ! op]ation4 #ac4 ,me?od ( ! ,fr5* ,agricultural ,/ations4--,! mann] ( proce$+ recomm5d$ by ! ,fr5* /ations v>ies ) ! f]tiliz]4#g ,if x is n already 9 ! =m ( a p[d] x is necess>y to pulv]ize x z f9ely z possible by rubb+ x up 9 a mort>4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 z ) sup]phosphates1 ! mat]ial %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a sieve hav+ ap]tures ( "o millimet] diamet]1 all ! l>g] p>ts be+ pulv]iz$ until !y w pass ?is sieve4 ,:5 ! matt]s are too pa/y to be divid$ 9 ! mort> !y %\ld be divid$ by means ( a knife or a spatula4 ,!y %\ld !n be incorporat$ ) a kn[n weight ( in]t1 pulv]ul5t matt] su* z f9e s&1 ) :i* !y %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ & 9 subsequ5t calculations ! quantity ( s& or o!r in]t matt] add$ mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,usually a pa/y /ate ( a f]tiliz] is due to ! humidity ( ! mixture4 ,9 ?is case a consid]able volume ( ! sample is tak5 & dri$ & !n r$uc$ to a pulv]ul5t /ate4 ,9 ! subsequ5t calculations1 h[ev]1 ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure lo/ mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,be=e dry+ a sample x is necess>y to take into consid]ation :e!r or n ! product w be modifi$ by desiccation z w\ld be ! case1 = in/ance1 ) sup]phosphates4 ,) ^!1 :i* are (t5 9 a /ate m or less agglom]at$1 x is recomm5d$ to introduce into !m1 9 ord] to divide !m1 a c]ta9 quantity ( calcium sulfate 9 ord] to obta9 !m 9 a pulv]ul5t /ate4 ,9 ! case ( animal dbris !y %\ld be divid$ z f9ely z possible ) ! aid ( scissors & !n pass$ ?r\gh a drug mill if dry en\gh4 ,!y are !n mix$ by h& & may f9ally be obta9$ 9 a /ate ( consid]able homog5eity4 ,:5 f]tiliz]s are 9 a pa/y /ate m or less liquid1 !y are dri$ at #ajj1 fir/ introduc+ a little oxalic acid 9 case !y conta9 any volatile ammoniacal comp\nds4 ,! product ( desiccation is !n pass$ ?r\gh a mill4 ,be=e treat+ 9 ?is way x is necess>y to be sure t ! composition w n be alt]$ by dry+4 ,9 ! case ( a mixture conta9+ sup]phosphates & nitrate1 = in/ance1 dry+ w\ld elim9ate ! nitric acid4 ,9 su* a case ! free phosphoric acid %\ld be neutraliz$ ) a base l lime4 ,9 ! case ( f]tiliz]s conta9+ bo? nitrates & volatile ammoniacal comp\nds ! addition ( oxalic acid might also set free nitric acid dur+ ! desiccation4 ,9 su* a case x is necess>y to dry two samples2 "o ) ! addition ( oxalic acid = ! purpose ( e/imat+ ! ammonia1 & ! o!r )\t ! acid = ! purpose ( e/imat+ ! nitrate4 ,a qualitative analysis %\ld prec$e all ! op]ations s z to det]m9e ! nature ( ! mat]ial to be op]at$ on4 #ad4 ,g]man ,me?od4--,9 ! me?od pursu$ by ! ,g]man exp]im5t /ations x is direct$3#h 7#a7 ,dry samples ( f]tiliz]s mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh a sieve & aft]w>ds well mix$4 7#b7 ,) moi/ f]tiliz]s1 :i* c n be subject$ to ! above process1 ! prep>ation %\ld consi/ 9 a c>eful & ?or\gh mix+1 )\t siev+4 7#c7 ,on ! arrival ( ! samples 9 ! laboratory _! weight %\ld be det]m9$4 ,! half ( ! sample is prep>$ = analysis & ! o!r "p1 to ! am\nt ( a kilo1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a glass vessel1 clos$ air-tight1 & plac$ 9 a cool place = at lea/ a qu>t] ( a ye> f ! "t ( its reception1 9 ord] t x may be subject$ to any subsequ5t inve/igations :i* may be dem&$4 7#d7 ,9 ! case ( raw phosphates & bone-black ! am\nt ( wat] :i* !y conta9 %\ld be det]m9$ at f #aje to #aaj4 ,samples :i* 9 dry+ lose ammonia 9 any way1 %\ld h ?is ammonia det]m9$4 7#e7 ,samples :i* are s5t to o!r laboratories = control analyses1 %\ld be s5t securely pack$ 9 air-tight glass bottles4 7#f7 ,! weight ( ! samples s5t %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! c]tificates ( analysis4 7#g7 ,samples :i*1 on pulv]iz+1 *ange _! cont5t ( wat]1 mu/ h ! wat] cont5t e/imat$ 9 bo? ! co>se & p[d]$ condition & ! results ( ! analysis mu/ be calculat$ to ! wat] cont5t ( ! orig9al co>se sub/ance4 #ae4 ,special ,cases4--,_m cases arise ( su* a nature z to make x impossible to lay d[n any rule :i* c be foll[$ ) success4 ,z 9 almo/ e o!r process 9 agricultural *emi/ry ! analy/ 9 su* cases mu/ be guid$ by 8 judgm5t & exp]i5ce4 ,keep+ 9 view ! ma9 object1 viz41 to secure 9 a few grams ( mat]ial a fair repres5tation ( l>ge masses he w g5]ally be able to rea* ! requir$ result by foll[+ ! broad pr9ciples already outl9$4 ,9 _m cases ! details ( ! "w & ! adaptations necess>y to success mu/ be left to 8 own det]m9ation4 #af4 ,dry+ ,samples ( ,f]tiliz]s4--,! det]m9ation ( ! uncomb9$ moi/ure 9 a sample ( f]tiliz] is n an easy task4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 p[d]$ m9]als1 dry+ to con/ant weight at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] is suffici5t4 ,9 organic matt]s conta9+ volatile nitrog5\s comp\nds1 ^! mu/ fir/ be fix$ by oxalic or sulfuric acid1 be=e ! desiccation beg9s4 ,if any excess ( sulfuric acid be add$1 h[ev]1 dry+ at #ajj becomes almo/ impossible4 ,p>ticul> precautions mu/ be obs]v$ 9 dry+ sup]phosphates4 ,9 dry+ samples prep>atory to gr9d+ = analysis1 x is be/ to /op ! process z soon z ! mat]ials c be pulv]iz$4 ,9 g5]al1 samples %\ld be dri$ only to det]m9e wat]1 & ! analytical processes %\ld be p]=m$ on ! undri$ portions4 ,x is n necess>y1 z a rule1 to dry samples ( f]tiliz]s 9 an in]t atmosph]e1 su* z hydrog5 or c>bon dioxid4 ,dry+ 9 vacuo may be practic$ :5 x is desir$ to secure a spe$y desiccation or "o at a l[ temp]ature4 #ag4 ,(ficial ,me?ods4--,! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s direct1 9 ! case ( pota% salts1 sodium nitrate1 & ammonium sulfate1 to heat f "o to five grams 9 a flat plat9um or alum9um di% at #acj until ! weight is con/ant4#i ,! loss 9 weight is tak5 to repres5t ! wat]4 ,9 all o!r cases heat two grams1 or five grams if ! sample be v co>se1 = five h\rs 9 a /eam-ba?4 ,9 ! ,g]man /ations 9 ! case ( untreat$ phosphates & bone-black ! moi/ure is e/imat$ at f #aje to #aaj4 ,samples :i* lose ammonia %\ld h ! weight ( ammonia giv5 (f at t temp]ature1 det]m9$ sep>ately4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison x w\ld be f> bett] to h all cont5ts ( moi/ure det]m9$ at ! boil+-po9t ( wat]4 ,:ile ?is v>ies ) ! altitude & b>ometric pressure yet x is q c]ta9 t ! loss on dry+ to con/ant weight at all altitudes is practically ! same4 ,:]e ! atmosph]ic pressure is dim9i%$ = any cause ! wat] escapes all ! m easily4 ,?is1 practically1 is a complete comp5sation = ! dim9i%$ temp]ature at :i* wat] boils4 ,:]e ! samples conta9 no +r$i5t capable ( attack+ alum9um1 !y c be conv5i5tly dri$1 9 circul> di%es ( ?is metal ab\t sev5 c5timet]s 9 diamet] & "o c5timet] deep1 to con/ant weight1 at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 #ah4 ,moi/ure 9 ,monocalcium ,phosphates4--,9 c]ta9 f]tiliz]s1 especially sup]phosphates1 conta9+ ! monocalcium salt1 ! e/imation ( wat] is a matt] ( extreme difficulty on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( free acids & ( progressive *anges 9 ! sample due to diff]5t degrees ( heat4 ,/oklasa has /udi$ ^! *anges & rea*es ! foll[+ results#aj3 ,a *emically pure monocalcium phosphate ( ! foll[+ composition1 viz41 ,ca,o #bb4cf p] c5t4 ,p,o #ef4fg 8 8 ,h,o #ba4ec 8 8 0 subject$ to progressive dry+s4 ,! loss ( wat] aft] t5 h\rs 0 #a4hc p] c5t2 aft] tw5ty h\rs1 #b4df p] c5t2 aft] ?irty h\rs1 #e4ba p] c5t2 aft] =ty h\rs1 #f4cb p] c5t2 aft] fifty h\rs1 #f4dc p] c5t4 ,?is loss ( wat] rema9$ con/ant at #f4dc p] c5t4 ,?is loss repres5ts "o molecule ( wat] z comp>$ ) ! total molecul> magnitude ( ! mass treat$4 ,a calcium phosphate1 !re=e1 ( ! foll[+ composition1 ,ca,h7,,po7,h,o loses1 aft] =ty h\rs1 dry+ at #ajj1 its wat] ( cry/allization4 ,! calcium phosphate produc$ by ?is me?od =ms opaque cry/als :i* are n hygroscopic & :i* give1 on analysis1 ! foll[+ numb]s3 ,ca,o #bd4jb p] c5t4 ,p,o #af4gd 8 8 ,h,o #ae4ji 8 8 ,! temp]ature c be rais$ to #aje )\t m>k$ *ange4 ,if ! temp]ature be rais$ to #bjj ! decomposition ( ! molecule is ha/5$ accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 #d ,ca,h7,,po7 ,ca,p,o ,ca7,,po7 ,ca,h,p,o #b ,h,,po #d ,h,o4 ,! *emical *anges dur+ ! dry+ ( monocalcium phosphates c be repres5t$ z foll[s1 temp]ature #bjj = "o h\r3 #h;,ca,h7,,po7,h,o #d;,ca,h7,,po7 ,ca7,,po7 ,ca,p,o ,ca,h,p,o #b;,h,,po #ab;,h,o4 ,! fur!r dry+ at #bjj produces ! foll[+ decomposition3 #d;,ca,h7,,po7 ,ca7,,po7 ,ca,p,o ,ca,h,p,o #b;,h,,po #b;,ca7,,po7 #d;,ca,h,p,o ,ca,p,o #b;,h,,po #e;,h,o4 #b;,ca7,,po7 #d;,ca,h,p,o ,ca,,po #b;,h,,po #f;,ca7,,po7 #b;,ca,h,p,o #e;,h,o4 ,f9ally1 pyrophosphate at #baj is completely decompos$ into metaphosphate & wat] accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 #f;,ca7,,po7 #b;,ca,h,p,o #h;,ca7,,po7 #b;,h,o4 ,provid$ ! dry+ is made at once at #baj ! sum ( ! *anges produc$ z indicat$ above1 c be repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 #h;,ca,h7,,po7,h,o #h;,ca7,,po7 #bd;,h,o4 ,,complete ,,analysis ,,( ,,m9]al ,,phosphates4 #ai4 ,con/itu5ts to be ,det]m9$4--,! mo/ important po9t 9 ! analysis ( m9]al phosphates is to det]m9e _! cont5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,( equal sci5tific int]e/1 h[ev]1 & (t5 ( great comm]cial importance is ! det]m9ation ( ! p]c5tage ( o!r acids & bases pres5t4 ,! analy/ is (t5 call$ on1 9 ! exam9ation ( ^! bodies1 to make kn[n ! cont5t ( wat] bo? free & comb9$1 ( organic & volatile matt]1 ( c>bon dioxid1 sulfur1 *lor91 fluor91 silica1 iron1 alum9a1 calcium1 manganese1 magnesia1 & ! alkalies4 ,! e/imation ( "s ( ^! bodies pres5ts problems ( consid]able difficulty1 & x w\ld be va9 to suppose t ! be/ possible me?ods are n[ kn[n4 ,especially is ?is ! case ) ! processes :i* relate to ! e/imation ( ! fluor91 silica1 iron1 alum9a1 & lime4 ,! phosphoric acid1 h[ev]1 :i* is ! *ief con/itu5t f a comm]cial po9t ( view1 x is believ$1 c n[ be det]m9$ ) a high degree ( precision4 ,(t5 ! e/imation ( "s ( ! less important con/itu5ts is ( great int]e/ 9 det]m9+ ! orig9 ( ! deposits1 especially 9 ! case ( fluor94 ,:ile ! m]*ant is cont5t ) kn[+ ! p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid & ! manufactur] asks 9 addition only "s k ( ! quantity ( iron1 alum9a1 & lime ! analy/ 9 mo/ cases is only cont5t ) a complete k ( ! con/itution ( ! sample at 8 disposal4 #bj4 ,direct ,e/imation ( ! ,phosphoric ,acid4--,x (t5 happ5s1 9 ! case ( a m9]al phosphate1 t ! only det]m9ation desir$ is ( ! phosphoric acid4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! analy/ may proce$ z foll[s3 ,if ! qualitative te/ %[s ! usual am\nt ( phosphoric acid1 two grams ( ! sample pass$ ?r\gh a sieve1 ) a millimet] me%1 are plac$ 9 a beak] & ?or\ghly moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,! addition ( wat] is to secure an ev5 action ( ! hydro*loric acid on ! c>bonates pres5t4 ,! beak] is cov]$ ) a wat*-glass & a little hydro*loric acid is add$ f "t to "t until all eff]vesc5ce has ceas$4 ,!re are !n add$ ab\t ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( aqua regia & ! mixture rais$ to ! boil+-po9t on a s&-ba? or ov] a lamp4 ,! heat+ is cont9u$ until *lor9 is no long] giv5 (f & solution is complete4 ,! volume ( ! solution is !n made up to #bjj cubic c5timet]s )\t filt]+1 filt]$1 & an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate1 usually fifty cubic c5timet]s1 repres5t+ half a gram ( ! orig9al sample1 tak5 = ! det]m9ation ( ! phosphoric acid accord+ to ! me?od ( ! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4 ,! small quantity ( insoluble mat]ial does n introduce any appreciable error into ! process :5 ! volume is made up to #bjj or #bej cubic c5timet]s4 #ba4 ,me?od ( ! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s = ,total ,phosphoric ,acid4--,to ! hot solution1 = e decigram ( phosphorus p5toxid :i* may be pres5t1 add fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! molybdic solution4 ,dige/ at #fe = an h\r1 filt]1 & wa% ) wat] or ammonium nitrate solution#aa4 ,te/ ! filtrate by r5ew$ dige/ion ) additional molybdate reag5t4 ,dissolve ! precipitate on ! filt] ) ammonia 9 hot wat] & wa% into a beak]1 mak+ ! volume ( filtrate & wa%+s n m ?an #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,ne>ly neutralize ) hydro*loric acid1 cool1 & add magnesia mixture f a burette at ! rate ( ab\t "o drop a second1 /irr+ vigor\sly1 mean:ile4 ,! quantity ( magnesia mixture to be add$ is n prescrib$ 9 ! (ficial me?od b x %\ld always be 9 excess ( ! am\nt necess>y = complete precipitation4 ,= ea* decigram ( phosphorus p5toxid1 f eight to t5 cubic c5timet]s %\ld be us$4 ,fifte5 m9utes aft] ! la/ ( ! magnesia mixture has be5 /irr$ 91 ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( #j4ie specific gravity are add$ & ! beak] set aside = two h\rs or long]4 ,! ammonium magnesium phosphate is sep>at$ by filtration1 dri$1 ignit$ g5tly at fir/1 & f9ally ov] a bla/-lamp & weigh$ z magnesium pyrophosphate4 ,! factors = calculat+ ! phosphorus p5toxid & tricalcium phosphate f ! weight ( pyrophosphate are giv5 bel[ on ! two bases2 viz41 hydrog5 equals #a1 & oxyg5 equals #af4 ,h #a4 ,mg,p,o #j4fcigf ,p,o ,mg,p,o #a4cifd ,ca7,,po7 ,p,o #b4ahbg ,ca7,,po7 ,o #af4 ,mg,p,o #j4fcgib ,p,o ,mg,p,o #a4cibf ,ca7,,po7 ,p,o #b4ahca ,ca7,,po7 #bb4 ,prep>ation ( ,solutions4--,molybdic ,solution4--,dissolve #ajj grams ( molybdic acid 9 #djj grams or #dag cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia1 ( #j4if specific gravity1 & p\r ! solution ?us obta9$ into #a1ejj grams or #a1bej cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid1 ( #a4bj specific gravity4 ,keep ! mixture 9 a w>m place = sev]al days1 or until a portion heat$ to #dj deposits no yell[ precipitate ( ammonium phosphomolybdate4 ,decant ! solution f any s$im5t & pres]ve 9 glass-/opp]$ vessels4 ,magnesia ,mixture4--,dissolve tw5ty-two grams ( rec5tly ignit$ calc9$ magnesia 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 avoid+ an excess ( ! latt]4 ,add a little calc9$ magnesia 9 excess1 & boil a few m9utes to precipitate iron1 alum9a1 & phosphoric acid2 filt]1 add #bhj grams ( ammonium *lorid1 #gjj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( specific gravity #j4if1 & wat] en\gh to make a volume ( two lit]s4 ,in/ead ( ! solution ( tw5ty-two grams ( calc9$ magnesia1 #aaj grams ( cry/alliz$ magnesium *lorid may be us$4 ,dilute ,ammonia = ,wa%+4--,"o volume ( ammonia1 ( #j4if specific gravity1 mix$ ) ?ree volumes ( wat]1 or usually "o volume ( conc5trat$ ammonia ) six volumes ( wat]4 #bc4 ,use ( ,t>t>ic ,acid 9 ,phosphoric ,acid ,e/imation4--,9 ! pres5ce ( iron ! molybdate mixture is likely to c>ry d[n "s f]ric oxid ) ! yell[ precipitate4 ,to prev5t ?is1 & also h9d] ! sep>ation ( molybdic acid 9 ! solution on long /&+1 t>t>ic acid has be5 recomm5d$4 ,jptn] has f\nd t ! pres5ce ( t>t>ic acid does n int]f]e ) ! sep>ation ( ! yell[ precipitate1 z "s au?orities ass]t4#ab ,ev5 #ajj grams ( ! acid 9 "o lit] ( molybdate solution produce no di/urb+ effect4 ,molybdate solution treat$ ) t>t>ic acid did n %[ any sep>ation ( molybdic acid :5 kept = a ye> at room temp]atures4 ,! pres5ce ( t>t>ic acid1 !re=e1 is highly recomm5d$ by him to prev5t ! dang] ( obta9+ bo? f]ric oxid & molybdic acid ) ! yell[ precipitate4 #bd4 ,wat] & ,organic ,matt]s4--,! sample1 accord+ to ! practice ( ,*at>d1 %\ld be gr\nd f9e en\gh to leave no residue on an eighty me% sieve1 & %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ by pass+ x ?ree times ?r\gh a =ty me% sieve#ac4 ,two grams are weigh$ into a t>$ plat9um crucible4 ,?is1 ) its lid1 is plac$ 9 an air-ba? at #aje1 & heat$ = at lea/ ?ree h\rs4 ,! lid is !n put on1 & ! crucible is plac$ 9 a desiccator & weigh$ z soon z cold4 ,! loss 9 weight is ! moi/ure4 ,wyatt recomm5ds t two grams ( ! f9e mat]ial be heat$ 9 gr\nd wat*-glasses1 ! edges ( :i* are sep>at$ s z to all[ ! escape ( ! moi/ure4#ad ,! heat+ is cont9u$ = ?ree h\rs at #aaj1 ! wat*-glasses !n clos$ & held by ! clip1 cool$ 9 a desiccator1 & weigh$4 ,?is me?od is excell5t = v hygroscopic bodies1 b :]e quick-act+ balances are us$1 sc>cely necess>y = a p[d]$ m9]al4 ,! residue f ! moi/ure det]m9ation is gradually heat$ to full r$ness ov] a buns51 & !n ignit$ ov] ! bla/-lamp4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ aft] weigh+ until a con/ant weight is obta9$4 ,! loss 7aft] d$uct+ ! p]c5tage ( c>bon dioxid z f\nd 9 ano!r portion7 may be tak5 z wat] & organic matt]4 ,?is me?od is suffici5t = all practical purposes2 b :5 m9]als conta9+ fluor9 are /rongly ignit$1 a "p ( ! fluor9 is expell$2 h5ce1 if m accurate det]m9ations are requir$1 ! loss ( fluor9 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,9 ?is laboratory x has be5 prov$ t a pure calcium fluorid und]goes progressive decomposition at a bright r$ heat ) =mation ( lime4 ,wyatt directs t ! comb9$ wat] & organic matt]s be det]m9$ 9 ! residue f ! moi/ure e/imation z foll[s3 ,! residue is bru%$ into a weigh$ plat9um crucible1 :i* is heat$ ov] a small buns5 = t5 m9utes & !n br\ght to full heat ( a bla/-lamp = five m9utes4 ,aft] cool+1 ! total loss is det]m9$ by weigh+4 ,aft] d$uct+ ! c>bon dioxid det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate portion1 ! residual loss is reg>d$ z due to comb9$ moi/ure & organic matt]4 #be4 ,c>bon ,dioxid4--,_m =ms ( compact app>atus h be5 devis$ = ?is e/imation1 b none ( !m is satisfactory if accurate results are desir$4#ae ,n to m5tion o!r objections1 _m phosphates mu/ be heat$ ne>ly to ! boil+-po9t ) dilute acid to effect complete decomposition ( ! c>bonates4 ,! di/illation me?od describ$ by ,goo*#af is excell5t1 & :5 once ! app>atus is set up1 its "w w be f\nd to be rapid & satisfactory4 ,wyatt reg>ds ! e/imation ( c>bon dioxid z "o ( ! mo/ important = factory use4 ,! c>bonates pres5t 9 a sample indicate ! loss ( an equival5t am\nt ( acid 9 ! process ( conv]sion into sup]phosphate4#ag ,! app>atus employ$ = e/imat+ c>bon dioxid may be any "o ( ^? 9 ord9>y use = ?is purpose4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process dep5ds on ! lib]ation ( ! gas ) a m9]al acid1 its prop] desiccation1 & subsequ5t absorption by a cau/ic alkali1 be/ 9 solution4 ,! app>atus ( ,knorr1 describ$ 9 volume fir/1 page #cch1 may be conv5i5tly us$4 ,! weight ( ! sample to be us$ %\ld be regulat$ by ! cont5t ( c>bonate4 ,:5 ?is is v high1 f "o to two grams w be f\nd suffici5t2 :5 l[1 a l>g] quantity mu/ be us$4 ,hydro*loric is pref]r$ z ! solv5t acid4 ,^? =ms ( app>atus :i* are weigh$ z a :ole & ! c>bon dioxid det]m9$ by reweigh+ aft] its expulsion1 are n z reliable z ! absorption app>atus m5tion$4 #bf4 ,soluble & ,insoluble ,matt]4--,five grams ( ! f9e phosphate are put into a beak]1 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid1 7specific gravity #a4bj7 & #ab4e cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid 7specific gravity #a4ab7 are add$4 ,! beak]1 cov]$ ) a wat*-glass1 is plac$ ^u ! wat]-ba? = ?irty m9utes#ah4 ,! cont5ts ( ! beak] are well /irr$ f "t to "t1 & at ! end ( ! p]iod ! beak] is remov$ f ! ba?1 fill$ ) cold wat]1 well /irr$1 & all[$ to settle4 ,! solution is next filt]$ into a half lit] flask1 & ! residue is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) cold wat]1 p>tially dri$1 & !n ignit$1 7f9i%+ ) ! bla/-lamp7 & br\ght to con/ant weight4 ,! figures ?us obta9$ w1 h[ev]1 be incorrect1 because ! fluor9 lib]at$ dur+ ! solution ( ! phosphates dissolves a portion ( ! silica4 ,h5ce1 ! results are too l[4 ,nev]!less1 z ! same action w\ld occur 9 ! manufacture ( a sup]phosphate f ! mat]ial1 ! det]m9ation may be consid]$1 z a fair approximation to comm]cial practice4 ,! ignit$ residue mu/ be te/$ = phosphorus p5toxid4 #bg4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,solution4--,! flask conta9+ ! filtrate is fill$ to ! m>k ) cold wat]1 & ! solution is ?or\ghly mix$ by twice p\r+ into a dry beak] & return+ x to ! flask4 ,cold wat] is us$ = wa%+ ! residue1 s9ce if hot wat] be us$1 ! sesqui*lorids are apt to become basic & insoluble1 & h5ce to rema9 9 ! residue & on ! filt] pap]4 ,besides1 z ! flask is to be fill$ to ! m>k1 ! cont5ts mu/ be cold be=e any volumetric measurem5ts c be made4 #bh4 ,silica & ,insoluble ,bodies4--,wyatt describes ! foll[+ me?od = det]m9+ ! total insoluble or silice\s matt]s 9 a m9]al phosphate#ai4 ,five grams ( ! f9e sample are plac$ 9 a porcela9 di% ) ab\t ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( aqua regia4 ,! di% is cov]$ ) a funnel1 plac$ on a s&-ba? &1 aft] solution is complete1 evaporat$ to dryness ) c>e to prev5t sputt]+4 ,:5 dry ! residue is moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid & aga9 dri$1 rubb+ mean:ile to a f9e p[d]4 ,! heat ( ! ba? is !n increas$ to #abe & ma9ta9$ at ?is temp]ature = ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,:5 cool1 ! residue is treat$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid = fifte5 m9utes4 ,! acid is !n dilut$ & filt]$ on a goo*1 :i* is wa%$ ) hot wat] until ! filtrate am\nts to a qu>t] ( a lit]4 ,! residue 9 ! crucible is dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,?is me?od1 unless ! solution be subsequ5tly boil$ ) nitric acid1 may n reta9 all ! phosphoric acid 9 ! or?o =m4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! total silica by ! ord9>y me?ods ( m9]al analysis4 ,?is is due to ! fact t 9 an acid solution ( a sub/ance conta9+ silicates & fluorids ! :ole ( ! silica or ! fluor91 z ! case may be may escape z silic(luorid on evaporation4 ,aga91 x is n easy to decompose calcium phosphate by fus+ ) sodium c>bonate4 ,if an attempt be made to d ?is1 h[ev]1 ! process %\ld be conduct$ z foll[s3 ,a portion ( ! sample is gr\nd to an impalpable p[d] 9 an agate mort>4 ,f "o to two grams ( ! sub/ance are mix$ ) five times its weight ( sodium c>bonate & fus$ ) ! precautions giv5 9 /&>d works on quantitative analysis4 ,! fus$ mass is dige/$ 9 wat]1 boil$1 & filt]$1 & ! residue wa%$ fir/ ) boil+ wat] & aft]w>ds ) ammonium c>bonate4 ,! filtrate conta9s all ! fluor9 z sodium fluorid &1 9 addition to ?is1 sodium c>bonate1 silicate1 & alum9ate4 ,mix ! filtrate ) ammonium c>bonate & heat = "s "t1 replac+ ! ammonium c>bonate :i* evaporates4 ,sep>ate by filtration ! silicic acid hydrate & alum9um hydroxid :i* are =m$ & wa% !m ) ammonium c>bonate4 ,to sep>ate ! la/ portions ( silica f ! filtrate1 add a solution ( z9c oxid 9 ammonia4 ,evaporate until no m ammonia escapes & sep>ate1 by filtration1 ! z9c silicate & oxid4 ,det]m9e ! silica 9 ?is precipitate by dissolv+ 9 nitric acid1 evaporat+ to dryness1 tak+ up ) nitric acid & sep>at+ ! undissolv$ silica by filtration4 ,9 ! alkal9e filtrate ! fluor9 may be e/imat$ by ! usual me?od z calcium salt4 #bi4 ,e/imation ( ,lime4--,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution 7conta9+ "o gram ( ! orig9al sub/ance7 are evaporat$ 9 a beak] to ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s2 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( dilute sulfuric acid 7"o to five7 are add$2 & ! evaporation is cont9u$ on ! wat]-ba? until a consid]able crop ( cry/als ( gypsum has =m$#bj4 ,! solution is !n all[$ to cool1 :5 x g5]ally becomes pa/y1 ow+ to ! sep>ation ( additional gypsum4 ,:5 x is cold1 #aej cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol are sl[ly add$1 ) cont9ual /irr+1 & ! :ole is all[$ to /& = ?ree h\rs1 be+ /irr$ f "t to "t4 ,aft] ?ree h\rs1 x is filt]$1 ) ! aid ( a filt]-pump1 into a di/illation flask1 & ! beautifully cry/all9e precipitate1 :i* does n adh]e to ! beak]1 is wa%$ ) n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol4 ,! filt]1 ) ! precipitate1 is g5tly remov$ f ! funnel & inv]t$ into a plat9um crucible1 s t1 by squeez+ ! po9t ( ! filt]1 ! precipitate is made to fall into ! crucible1 & ! pap] c be press$ d[n smoo?ly ^u x4 ,on g5tle heat+ ( ! crucible1 ! rema9+ alcohol burns (f1 & :5 ! pap] has be5 completely de/roy$1 ! heat is rais$ to ! full p[] ( a buns5 = ab\t five m9utes4 ,aft] cool+ 9 a desiccator ! crucible conta9+ ! calcium sulfate1 is weigh$4 ,! filtration may also be accompli%$ on asbe/os felt4 #cj4 ,! ,ammonium ,oxalate ,me?od4--,?is me?od has be5 ext5sively us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 comm]cial "w1 & is be/ c>ri$ out z describ$ by ,wyatt4#ba ,! total filtrates f ! iron & alum9a precipitates1 secur$ z describ$ 9 p>agraph #cc1 are well mix$ & conc5trat$ to a volume ( ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,!re are add$ ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( ammonium oxalate1 & aft] /irr+1 ! mixture is all[$ to cool & rema9 at re/ = six h\rs4 ,! sup]natant liquid is p\r$ ?r\gh a filt]1 ! residue wa%$ ?ree times by decantation ) hot wat] & br\ght ^u ! filt]4 ,! beak] & precipitate are wa%$ at lea/ ?ree times4 ,! precipitate is dri$ & ignit$ at l[ r$ness = t5 m9utes4 ,! temp]ature is !n rais$ by a bla/ & ! ignition cont9u$ = five m9utes long]1 or until ! lime is obta9$ z oxid4 ,! precipitate is likely to conta9 magnesia4 ,! magnesia is e/imat$ 9 ! filtrates f ! lime det]m9ation by fir/ mix+ !m & conc5trat+ to #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 :i*1 aft] cool+1 are made /rongly alkal9e ) ammonia4 ,aft] all[+ to /& = twelve h\rs ! ammonium magnesium phosphate is collect$ & r$uc$ to magnesium pyrophosphate by ! usual processes4 ,if "o gram ( ! orig9al mat]ial has be5 us$ ! pyrophosphate obta9$1 multipli$ by #j4cf1 w give ! weight ( magnesia conta9$ !re94 #ca4 ,lime ,me?od ( ,imm5dorff4--,! t$i\s processes requir$ to det]m9e ! lime 9 ! pres5ce ( iron1 alum9a1 & l>ge quantities ( phosphoric acid are well kn[n to analy/s4 ,imm5dorff has publi%$ a me?od1 accompani$ by ! necess>y exp]im5tal data1 bas$ on ! comp>ative insolubility ( calcium oxalate 9 v dilute solution ( hydro*loric acid4 ,he has %[n 9 ! data giv5 t ! lime is all precipitat$ 9 ! conditions nam$ & t ! precipitate1 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 is n contam9at$ ) weighable am\nts ( ! o!r sub/ances f\nd 9 ! orig9al solution#bb4 ,! ease ) :i* oxalic acid c be det]m9$ volumetrically ) potassium p]manganate solution aids greatly 9 ! "t-sav+ advantages ( ! process4 ,9 a hydro*loric acid solution ( a m9]al phosphate an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate repres5t+ ab\t #bej milligrams ( calcium oxid1 usually ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s1 %\ld be tak5 = ! analysis4 ,ammonia is add$ 9 slight excess & !n ! acid reaction re/or$ ) hydro*loric until %[n pla9ly by litmus4 ,! solution is !n heat$ & ! lime ?r[n d[n by add+ a solution ( ammonium oxalate 9 excess4 ,9 ord] to secure a great] dilution ( ! hydro*loric acid aft] ! precipitation has be5 made1 wat] %\ld be add$ until ! volume is half a lit]4 ,be=e filt]+1 ! :ole %\ld be cool$ to room temp]ature4 ,! precipitate %\ld be wa%$ fir/ ) cold & aft]w>ds ) w>m wat]4 ,! well-wa%$ precipitate is dissolv$ 9 hot dilute sulfuric acid & ! solution1 :ile hot1 titrat$ ) a /&>d solution ( potassium p]manganate set by a solution ( ammonio-f]r\s sulfate4 ,if "o cubic c5timet] ( ! p]manganate repres5t #j4jje gram ( iron x w correspond almo/ exactly to #j4jjce gram ( calcium oxid4 ,example4--,sample ( r poor m9]al phosphate1 five grams 9 half a lit]4 ,/r5g? ( potassium p]manganate1 "o cubic c5timet] equival5t to #j4jjfig gram ( iron & to #j4jjcdhd gram ( calcium oxid4 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution1 repres5t+ "o qu>t] ( a gram1 9 :i* ! lime 0 precipitat$ z above describ$1 requir$ #i4f cubic c5timet]s ( ! potassium p]manganate to saturate ! oxalic acid4 ,!n #i4f #j4jjcdhd #j4jccddfd gram1 or #ac4ch p] c5t ( calcium oxid4 ,! me?od is also applicable to basic slags4 #cb4 ,e/imation ( ,iron & ,alum9a 9 ,m9]al ,phosphates4--,:5 m9]al phosphates are to be us$ = ! manufacture ( sup]phosphates by treatm5t ) sulfuric acid _! cont5t ( iron & alum9a becomes a matt] ( importance4 ,by reason ( ! poor dry+ qualities ( ! sulfates ( ^! bases _! pres5ce 9 any consid]able excess ( a few p] c5t becomes exce$+ly objectionable4 ,! accurate e/imation ( ^! +r$i5ts is n only !n a matt] ( sci5tific int]e/ b "o ( great comm]cial significance to ! manufactur]4 ,! conv5tional me?ods s long 9 use dep5d+ on ! precipitation ( ! iron & alum9a z phosphates 9 ! pres5ce ( acetic acid h be5 prov$ to be some:at unreliable4 ,n only does ! acetic acid fail to prev5t ! precipitation ( "s ( ! lime1 b x also dissolves m or less ( ! iron & alum9um phosphates4 ,! solution ( ! precipitate & its reprecipitation by ! addition ( ammonia1 may free ! second precipitate f lime1 b x increases ! error due to ! solubility ( ! alum9um salt4 ,! me?ods rec5tly introduc$ = ! e/imation ( iron & alum9a 9 pres5ce ( excess ( lime & phosphoric acid are n entirely satisfactory1 b are ! be/ :i* c n[ be (f]$4 #cc4 ,! ,acetate ,me?od4--,! pr9ciple ( ?is process is bas$ on ! fact t 9 a solution conta9+ iron1 alum9a1 lime1 & phosphoric acid ! iron & alum9um phosphates c be ?r[n d[n 9 a slightly acid solution by ammonium acetate :ile ! calcium phosphate rema9s 9 solution4 ,! acidity 9 ! old] me?ods is due to acetic & c be secur$ by mak+ ! solution slightly alkal9e ) ammonia & add+ acetic to slight acidity4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods ( conduct+ ! op]ation is t ( ,c4 ,glas]#bc4 ,glas]'s modification ( ! old] processes is bas$ on ! assumption t at #gj ! alum9um phosphate is quantitatively precipitat$ by ammonium acetate 9 a dilute hydro*loric acid solution & t ! mix$ precipitates ( iron & alum9um phosphates obta9$ at ?is temp]ature are free ( lime4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! hydro*loric acid solution ( ! phosphate mu/ conta9 no free *lor9 & is treat$ ) a few drops ( a me?yl orange solution4 ,ammonia is add$ until ne>ly neutral1 b ! acid reaction is reta9$ z %[n by ! indicator4 ,a few cubic c5timet]s ( ammonium acetate are add$1 :i* produce a yell[ coloration ( ! liquid & also a complete precipitation ( ! iron & alum9um phosphates :5 w>m$ to #gj4 ,at ?is temp]ature ! precipitation ( any calcium phosphate is avoid$4 ,a small quantity ( ! lime may be c>ri$ d[n me*anically & !re=e ! precipitate %\ld be dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid & ! precipitation aga9 made z above aft] ! addition ( "s sodium phosphate4 ,if ! orig9al solution conta9 any free *lor91 z may be ! case :5 aqua regia is employ$ z solv5t1 be=e beg9n+ ! sep>ation1 ammonia %\ld be add$ 9 slight excess & ! acidity re/or$ by hydro*loric aft] add+ ! indicator4 ,9 wa%+ ! precipitates1 wat] ( n ov] #gj mu/ be us$4 ,z has be5 %[n by ,hess 9 ! "w cit$ 9 ! next p>agraph1 ! /atem5t ( ,c4 ,glas] to ! effect t ! precipitates obta9$ z above are free ( lime has n be5 prov$ to be /rictly correct4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 is a di/9ct improvem5t ov] ! old] me?ods & =ms ! basis ( ! am5d$ process giv5 bel[1 :i* appe>s to be suffici5tly accurate to entitle ! acetate me?od to favorable consid]ation4 #cd4 ,me?od ( ,hess4--,hess has lately made a ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! /&>d me?ods ( det]m9+ ! iron & alum9um oxids 9 ! pres5ce ( phosphoric acid & has %[n t ! assumption t ! composition ( ! precipitate is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,al7,,po7 ,fe7,,po7 is errone\s#bd4 ,9 ! wa%+ ( ! precipitat$ iron & alum9um phosphates !re is a progressive decomposition ( ! comp\nd ) ! production ( a basic salt4 ,! composition ( ! precipitate at ! end is dep5d5t *iefly ^u ! way 9 :i* ! wa%+ takes place4 ,x is q difficult to always secure a wa%+ 9 exactly ! same way & ! f9al composition ( ! precipitate v>ies ) almo/ e det]m9ation4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 an accurate proce$+ to take half ! weight ( ! precipitate z phosphoric acid or z iron oxid & alum9a4 ,9 e case x is necess>y to dissolve ! precipitate & det]m9e ! phosphoric acid 9 ! regul> way4 ,hess proposes ! foll[+ me?od = c>ry+ out ! acetate process ( sep>ation3 ,! m9]al phosphate %\ld be dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid & ! solution made up to su* a volume z %all conta9 9 ea* fifty cubic c5timet]s1 "o gram ( ! orig9al sub/ance4 ,?is quantity ( ! solution is dilut$ ) two or ?ree times its volume ( wat] to :i* a drop ( me?yl orange solution 7#a-ajj7 is add$1 & ammonia add$ ) con/ant /irr+ until ! solution is j color$ & /ill reacts slightly acid4 ,)\t tak+ any acc\nt ( ! precipitate :i* is produc$ by ?is approximate neutralization ( ! solution1 !re are add$ fifty cubic c5timet]s ( acid ammonium acetate :i* 9 "o lit] conta9s #bej grams ( comm]cial ammonium acetate4 ,! acidity ( ! solution is due to an excess ( acetic 9 ! comm]cial salt4 ,! temp]ature is !n c>ri$ to #gj & ! precipitate produc$ imm$iately sep>at$ by filtration1 wa%$ f\r times ) wat] bel[ #gj1 & aga9 dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! dissolv$ precipitate is treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a t5 p] c5t ammonium phosphate solution & aga9 almo/ neutraliz$ z describ$ above1 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! ammonium acetate solution add$ & w>m$ to #gj4 ,! precipitate obta9$ is once m dissolv$ & precipitat$ z above describ$1 & is !n collect$ ^u a filt]1 wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! residue aft] ignition is dissolv$ 9 ! crucible by heat+ ) a little conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & wa%$ into a beak]4 ,any silicic acid pres5t is sep>at$ by filtration1 ignit$1 & weigh$1 & subtract$ f ! total weight ( ! precipitate4 ,to ! filtrate is add$ ammonia to dim9i% ! acidity1 b n suffici5t to produce a precipitate & ! cle> solution is treat$ ) ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ! ord9>y ammoniacal citrate solution & fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( magnesium mixture1 & ! precipitation ( ! ammonium magnesium phosphate ha/5$ by /irr+ ) a glass rod4 ,x is advisable to always make ! filtrate f ! ?ird precipitation slightly ammoniacal & to boil x = a long "t4 ,if ! op]ation h be5 c>ri$ on correctly1 !re occurs only a slight precipitate ( ,ca,p,o am\nt+ only to a few milligrams4 ,9 "s cases x may be necess>y to dissolve ! precipitate & reprecipitate ! iron & alum9um phosphates a f\r? "t4 ,! :ole "t requir$ = ! triple precipitation1 accord+ to ,hess1 if all ! op]ations be prop]ly conduct$1 is f ?ree to f\r h\rs4 ,x is !re=e possible by ?is v>iation ( ! acetate me?od to secure a det]m9ation ( ! iron & alum9a z phosphates 9 ! same "t :i* is occupi$ by ! ,glas]-,jones me?od :5 ! sep>ation ( lime is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,if ! solution ( ! m9]al phosphate employ$ conta9 any notable quantity ( organic mat]ial1 x mu/ be de/roy$ by boil+ ) brom9 or "s o!r oxidation ag5t1 be=e ! precipitation by ! acetate me?od is comm5c$4 ,! pres5ce ( silicic acid ne$ n be tak5 into special consid]ation s9ce ?is c be detect$ & det]m9$ 9 ! phosphate precipitates aft] !y h be5 ignit$ & weigh$4 ,:ile ! det]m9ations ( ! phosphoric acid 9 ,hess' me?od 7 made by precipitation 9 ! pres5ce ( citrate1 he f\nd t !y agree p]fectly ) ! previ\s precipitations ) molybdic solution4 #ce4 ,me?od ( ,glas]4--,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is me?od re/s dep5ds on ! prelim9>y removal ( ! lime by conv]sion into calcium sulfate & its precipitation 9 ! pres5ce ( /rong alcohol4#be ,x is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,five grams ( ! phosphate are dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( #a4b specific gravity & ab\t #ab4e cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4ab specific gravity1 & made up to a volume ( half a lit]1 & filt]$4 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 equival5t to "o gram ( ! sub/ance1 are plac$ 9 a qu>t] lit] flask & tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid ( #a4hd specific gravity add$4 ,! flask is all[$ to /& = ab\t five m9utes & mean:ile %ak5 a few times4 ,ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( alcohol ( n9ety-five p] c5t are !n add$ & ! flask fill$ ) alcohol to ! m>k & well %ak54 ,a c]ta9 degree ( conc5tration takes place & ?is is comp5sat$ = by lift+ ! /opp] & fill+ aga9 ) alcohol to ! m>k & %ak+ a second "t4 ,aft] all[+ to /& = half an h\r ! cont5ts ( ! flask are filt]$1 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate be+ equal to f\r-t5?s gram ( ! sub/ance4 ,?is volume1 filt]$1 is evaporat$ 9 a plat9um di% until ! alcohol is driv5 (f4 ,! alcohol-free residue is heat$ to boil+ 9 a beak] ) ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,ammonia is add$ to alkal9e reaction1 b 9 ord] to avoid /rong eff]vesc5ce x is n add$ dur+ ! boil+4 ,! excess ( ammonia is evaporat$1 ! flask all[$ to cool1 ! cont5ts filt]$1 precipitate & filt] wa%$ ) w>m wat]1 ignit$1 & ! phosphates ( iron & alum9a weigh$4 ,half ( ! weight ( ! precipitate repres5ts ! weight ( ,fe,o ,al,o4 ,! e/imation1 z be=e indicat$1 %\ld be c>ri$ on )\t delay1 ! :ole "t requir$ n exce$+ f "o & a half to two h\rs4 #cf4 ,jones' ,v>iation4--,! me?od ( ,glas] describ$ above1 z practic$ by ! ,g]man *emi/s1 has be5 f\nd by ,jones to be inaccurate on acc\nt ( ! alcohol n be+ add$ 9 suffici5t quantity 9 ! precipitation ( calcium sulfate & = ! additional reason t ! am\nt ( sulfuric acid add$ is m ?an is actually necess>y#bf4 ,jones modifies ! me?od z foll[s3 ,t5 grams ( ! mat]ial are dissolv$ 9 nitro-hydro*loric acid & ! solution made up to #ejj cubic c5timet]s & filt]$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution1 repres5t+ "o gram1 are evaporat$ to tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s &1 :ile /ill hot1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( dilute sulfuric acid 7"o to five7 add$4 ,! mixture is !n well /irr$ & cool$4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol are next add$ & aft] /irr+1 ! solution is all[$ to /& ?ree h\rs4 ,! calcium sulfate is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) alcohol1 & ! filtrate & wa%+s collect$ 9 an erl5mey]4 ,! wa%+ is complet$ :5 ! la/ t5 drops1 aft] dilution ) an equal volume ( wat]1 are n color$ ) a drop ( me?yl orange4 ,! moi/ calcium sulfate is transf]r$ to a plat9um crucible1 ! filt] plac$ on x1 ! alcohol burn$ (f1 ! filt] inc9]at$1 & ! calcium sulfate ignit$ & weigh$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are heat$ to expel ! alcohol1 ! residue wa%$ into a beak]1 made slightly alkal9e ) ammonia1 & aga9 heat$ till all ! ammonia is driv5 (f4 ,?is treatm5t is necess>y to prev5t ! precipitate f be+ contam9at$ ) magnesia4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ f\r times ) hot wat]1 or wat] conta9+ ammonium nitrate1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,"o-half ( ! weight ( ! precipitate repres5ts ! weight ( ! f]ric & alum9ic oxids4 #cg4 ,e/imation ( ,iron & ,alum9a 9 ,phosphates by ,crispo's ,me?od4--,! phosphate ( f]ric iron is subject to a slight decomposition 9 pres5ce ( bo? hot & cold wat] ) a t5d5cy to ! production ( basic comp\nds4 ,x is soluble to a slight ext5t 9 hot & cold acetic acid1 almo/ insoluble 9 ammonium acetate1 & q insoluble 9 ammonium *lorid & nitrate4 ,alum9um phosphate is likewise soluble1 to a slight degree1 9 acetic acid & ammonium acetate1 & insoluble 9 ammonium *lorid & nitrate4 ,! me?od ( ,crispo = ! sep>ation ( iron & alum9a 9 phosphates is bas$ on ! above prop]ties4#bg ,five grams ( ! m9]al phosphate are dissolv$ 9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( aqua regia1 compos$ ( =ty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4aj1 & t5 ( nitric acid ( #a4bj specific gravity1 & ?is solution is dilut$ to half a lit]4 ,to fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filt]$ solution are add$ two ( ammonia 7#j4if7 & fifty ( a half saturat$ solution ( ammonium *lorid1 & ! :ole boil$4 ,! liquid %\ld rema9 cle>1 b if x become cl\dy add a little dilute nitric acid1 drop by drop1 until ! turbidity is remov$1 & !n t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( ammonium acetate1 & boil = ?ree m9utes1 cool1 & filt]4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ twice ) a t5 p] c5t solution ( ammonium *lorid & r$issolv$ ) two cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid1 & ! filt] wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,! phosphoric acid is sep>at$ by =ty cubic c5timet]s ( molybdate solution1 & ! precipitate wa%$ ?ree or f\r times ) a "o p] c5t nitric acid solution4 ,to ! filtrate are add$ fifty cubic c5timet]s ( a "o-half saturat$ ammonium *lorid solution1 ammonia is add$ 9 slight excess to produce precipitation & ! mixture boil$ = a few m9utes4 ,aft] filt]+1 ! precipitate is wa%$ ) hot wat] ?ree or f\r times1 dissolv$ 9 two cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid1 & ! filt] wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,aga91 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( half saturat$ ammonium *lorid are add$ & ! precipitate ?r[n d[n once m by ammonia 9 slight excess4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ ) hot wat] & f9ally ignit$ & weigh$ z iron & alum9um oxids4 ,accord+ to ,crispo1 ! orig9al ,glas] me?od1 ) its v>i\s modifications1 is n to be consid]$ reliable1 & ! *oice lies betwe5 ! molybdic me?od z usually practic$1 & 8 own = ! accurate e/imation ( iron & alum9a4 ,manganese di/urbs ! accuracy ( ! results unless ! directions giv5 are c>efully foll[$4 ,manganese phosphate is soluble at all temp]atures bel[ fifty4 ,if !n ! mixture ( ! phosphates be all[$ to cool be=e filt]+1 ! iron & alum9um salts are n contam9at$ ) manganese4 ,?is me?od ( ,crispo is some:at t$i\s1 b x is claim$ t ^! v>iations ( ! molybdic me?od r5d] x exact 9 respect ( ! det]m9ation ( iron & alum9a4 #ch4 ,me?od ,employ$ 9 ,geological ,survey4--,*at>d gives ! foll[+ directions = conduct+ ! ,glas]-,jones process#bh3 ,! di/illation flask conta9+ ! alcoholic filtrate is connect$ ) its cond5s] & heat$ on a wat]-ba? until no m alcohol comes ov]4 ,?is di/illate1 if mix$ ) a little sodium c>bonate & r$i/ill$ ov] quicklime1 c be us$ ov] & ov] aga91 s t ! exp5se = alcohol is really v slight1 :ile 9 ! use ( ! ,glas] me?od1 ) its l>ge am\nt ( sulfuric acid1 all ! alcohol is lo/4 ,:5 ! di/illation is end$ ! residue 9 ! flask is wa%$ into a plat9um di% & evaporat$ to a small bulk on ! wat]-ba?4 ,! d>k br[n color produc$ is due to ! pres5ce ( organic matt] & ?is mu/ be de/roy$1 z x prev5ts ! complete precipitation ( ! phosphate 9 ! subsequ5t op]ation4 ,! organic matt] is be/ de/roy$ by remov+ ! di% f ! ba?1 add+ a small quantity ( pure sodium nitrate1 & heat+ v c>efully ov] ! nak$ flame1 keep+ ! di% well cov]$ ) a wat*-glass to avoid spatt]+4 ,! mass fuses to a colorless1 visc\s liquid1 becom+ glassy :5 cool$ & is readily soluble 9 a hot v dilute solution ( nitric acid4 ,! solution transf]r$ to a beak] is made di/9ctly alkal9e ) ammonia & c>efully neutraliz$ ) acetic acid1 dilut$ ) hot wat]1 boil$1 & ! precipitate all[$ to settle1 aft] :i* x is sep>at$ by filtration4 ,aft] ! precipitate has be5 completely transf]r$ to ! filt]1 ! wa%+ is complet$ ) a dilute solution ( ammonium nitrate4 ,! precipitate is dri$1 ignit$1 cool$1 & weigh$4 ,! det]m9ations %\ld be made 9 pairs1 "o portion be+ us$ = ! e/imation ( ! phosphoric acid by fus+ ) a little sodium c>bonate1 & ! o!r1 aft] fusion ) sodium c>bonate1 is dissolv$ ) sulfuric acid & ! iron r$uc$ & titrat$ ) potassium p]manganate solution4 ,! filtrate f ! iron & alum9a det]m9ation is evaporat$ to a small bulk1 made /rongly ammoniacal & all[$ to /& = "s "t :5 ! magnesia pres5t sep>ates z ammonium magnesium phosphate :i* is det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,if1 dur+ ! evaporation ( ! filtrate1 any floccul5t matt] sep>ate1 x %\ld be remov$ by filtration & exam9$ be=e precipitat+ ! magnesia4 #ci4 ,v>iation ( ,m>ioni & ,fasselli4--,glas]'s me?od has be5 %[n to be subject to errors by ,m>ioni & ,fasselli#bi 9 ! foll[+ respects3 #a4 ,! precipitation ( a small quantity ( calcium phosphate ) ! f]ric & alum9um phosphates4 #b4 ,! possible precipitation ( basic phosphates if all ! iron & alum9a are n comb9$ ) phosphoric acid 9 ! m9]al4 #c4 ,! p>tial solubility ( f]ric & alum9um phosphates 9 dilute acetic acid4 #d4 ,! decomposition ( f]ric or?ophosphate into soluble acid phosphate & insoluble basic salt by boil+4 ,to avoid ^! errors ! foll[+ proc$ure is propos$3 ,f "o to five grams ( ! phosphate are boil$ 9 a flask = t5 m9utes ) fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 & aft]w>ds dilut$ ) a d\ble volume ( wat]4 ,a few cry/als ( potassium *lorate are add$1 & sev]al drops ( nitric acid1 & ! liquid boil$ to expel *lor94 ,x is !n filt]$ & wa%$ until ! volume ( ! filt]$ liquid am\nts to #aej cubic c5timet]s4 ,aft] cool+1 a half gram ( ammonium phosphate 9 solution is add$1 & two cubic c5timet]s ( glacial acetic acid1 foll[$ by dilute ammonia1 drop by drop1 until a slight precipitate p]si/s on /irr+4 ,aga9 ! same quantity ( acetic acid is add$ z above1 well %ak51 & left = two h\rs4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on a filt] & wa%$ ) a "o p] c5t ammonium phosphate solution4 ,! precipitate is dissolv$ by a m9imum quantity ( hydro*loric acid & ! solution collect$ 9 ! same vessel 9 :i* ! precipitation took place4 ,a second precipitation is conduct$ j z describ$ above4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ z above describ$ & ignit$ at a dull r$ heat4 ,half ! weight obta9$ repres5ts ! f]ric oxid & alum9a4 #dj4 ,me?od ( ,ogilvie4--,= ! sep>ation ( alum9a f phosphoric acid ,ogilvie recomm5ds t ! filtrate f ! phosphomolybdate precipitate be neutraliz$ ) ammonia1 ! precipitate ?us =m$ r$issolv$ 9 nitric acid1 aga9 precipitat$ ) ammonia1 filt]$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z alum9um oxid4#cj ,if iron be pres5t x w1 ( c\rse1 appe> 9 ! product4 ,= use 9 ! exam9ation ( m9]al phosphates ! me?od c n h a wide application )\t am5dm5t4 #da4 ,me?od ( ,krug & ,mc,elroy4--,krug & ,mc,elroy %[ t :5 suffici5t alcohol is add$ to precipitate all ( ! calcium sulfate 9 ! ,glas] me?od1 x w also cause a precipitation ( a consid]able quantity ( iron1 by means ( :i* ! calcium sulfate w be color$4#ca ,! pres5ce ( potassium & ammonium salts also affects v notably ! precipitation ( calcium4 ,! me?od employ$ by !m1 9 ord] to avoid ^! s\rces ( error1 is z foll[s3 ,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s1 equival5t to "o gram ( ! sub/ance1 9 a nitric acid solution1 are plac$ 9 a half lit] flask & a solution ( ammonium molybdate add$ until all ! phosphoric acid has be5 precipitat$4 ,! addition ( ammonium nitrate w ha/5 ! sep>ation ( ! ammonium phosphomolybdate4 ,! liquid %\ld be all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs4 ,! flask is !n fill$ to ! m>k1 ! cont5ts well %ak51 filt]$ ?r\gh a dry filt]1 & duplicate samples ( #bjj cubic c5timet]s ea* ( ! filtrate tak5 = analysis4 ,a small quantity ( ammonium nitrate is dissolv$ 9 ! liquid1 & ammonia cauti\sly add$1 keep+ ! solution z cool z possible4 ,! iron & alum9a are precipitat$ z hydroxids4 ,! mix$ hydroxids are collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) wat]1 ! filtrate & wa%+s be+ collect$ 9 a beak]4 ,! precipitate %\ld be dissolv$ ) a small quantity ( a solution ( ammonium nitrate & nitric acid1 aga9 precipitat$ ) ammonia1 filt]$1 wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,?is treatm5t is = ! purpose ( exclud+ all possibility ( error f ! pres5ce ( molybdic anhydrid4 ,aft] weigh+1 ! mix$ oxids %\ld be fus$ ) sodium bisulfate1 ! magma dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! iron det]m9$ volumetrically ) potassium p]manganate aft] r$uction to ! f]r\s /ate4 ,mc,elroy has fur!r %[n by exp]im5ts 9 ?is laboratory t ev5 ! molybdate me?od ( sep>at+ ! iron & alum9a f phosphoric acid ) ! improvem5ts z fir/ sugge/$ by ,krug & himself1 may n always give reliable results4#cb ,9 a solution conta9+ f]r\s iron equival5t to #ef4d milligrams ( f]ric oxid1 7 plac$ en\gh ( a solution ( sodium phosphate to correspond to #ajj milligrams ( phosphorus p5toxid4 ,! precipitate 0 dissolv$ by add+ nitric acid1 oxidiz$ ) brom9 wat]1 & ! phosphoric acid ?r[n out ) ammonium molybdate4 ,! precipitate 0 wa%$ ) weak nitric acid & ! comb9$ filtrate & wa%+s neutraliz$ ) ammonia4 ,! resultant precipitate 0 dissolv$ 9 a solution ( ammonium nitrate & nitric acid1 filt]$1 & aga9 precipitat$ ) ammonia4 ,9 two in/ances ! quantities ( mat]ial recov]$ aft] ignition 7 #ef4i & #eg4c milligrams1 respectively1 in/ead ( ! !oretical am\nt1 viz41 #ef4d milligrams4 ,:5 ! "w 0 repeat$ aft] ! addition ( #djj milligrams ( calcium oxid ! weight ( ! precipitate recov]$ 0 #fb4c & #fc4a milligrams 9 duplicate det]m9ations4 ,simil> det]m9ations 7 made ) a kn[n weight1 viz41 #ce4f milligrams ( alum9a4 ,! treatm5t ( ! mixture 0 precisely z indicat$ above = iron4 ,! quantity ( alum9a f9ally obta9$ 0 #bh4i & #bi4c milligrams1 respectively1 9 duplicate det]m9ations4 ,:5 ! lime 0 add$1 h[ev]1 ! weights ( alum9a1 recov]$1 fell to #ai4h & #bj4f milligrams1 respectively4 ,^! results %[ t ! molybdate me?od = ! sep>ation ( iron & alum9a 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge excess ( lime & phosphoric acid is subject to widely v>y+ results1 b t ! error due to ! excess ( iron 9 ! weigh$ product is p>tly correct$ by ! "o due to defici5cy ( alum9a4 #db4 ,me?od ( ,wyatt4--,a me?od l>gely us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 bo? 9 private laboratories & by f]tiliz] factories1 = det]m9+ iron & alum9a1 is describ$ by ,wyatt#cc4 ,x is claim$ = ?is me?od t1 :ile x may n be /rictly accurate1 yet x is rapid & easy1 & 9 ! h&s ( tra9$ analy/s yields concordant results4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! fir/ solution ( ! sample 9 aqua regia1 or an am\nt !re( equival5t to "o gram ( ! phosphate1 9 a beak]1 are r5d]$ alkal9e by ammonia4 ,! result+ precipitate is fir/ r$issolv$ by hydro*loric acid1 & a slight alkal9ity is aga9 produc$ ) ammonia4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( /rong acetic acid are next add$1 ! mixture /irr$ & plac$ 9 a cool place & left until cold4 ,! precipitate is !n sep>at$ by filtration & wa%$ twice ) boil+ wat]4 ,! vessel hold+ ! filtrate is replac$ by ! beak] 9 :i* ! precipitation 0 made4 ,! precipitate is dissolv$ 9 a little fifty p] c5t hot hydro*loric acid & ! filt] wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,aft] r5d]+ slightly alkal9e1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! treatm5t ) acetic acid is repeat$ z describ$4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ ?is "t1 twice ) cold wat] conta9+ a little acetic acid & ?ree times ) hot wat]4 ,! precipitate is dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z iron & alum9um phosphate4 ,half ( ?is weight may be tak5 to repres5t ! quantity ( iron & alum9um oxids4 ,to sep>ate ! iron & alum9a ! precipitate j describ$ is dissolv$ 9 hot hydro*loric acid1 filt]$ into a #ajj cubic c5timet] flask1 & made up to ! m>k by hot wa%-wat]4 ,! phosphoric acid is det]m9$ 9 "o-half ( ! filtrate & 9 ! rema9+ half ! iron is r$uc$ ) z9c & det]m9$ ) potassium p]manganate 9 ! usual way4 ,! phosphoric acid & iron hav+ be5 ?us det]m9$ ! alum9a is e/imat$ by diff]5ce4 ,! *ief objection to ?is process is 9 ! excessive quantity ( acetic acid us$ & ! dang] ( solution ( ! precipitat$ phosphates caus$ !reby4 #dc4 ,e/imation ( ! ,lime & ,magnesia4--,! filtrate & wa%+s f ! fir/ precipitation1 7p>agraph #da17 ( iron & alum9a 9 ! me?od ( ,krug & ,mc,elroy1 above describ$1 are collect$ & suffici5t ammonium oxalate is add$ to precipitate ! calcium4 ,! precipitat$ calcium is v f9e & %\ld be collect$ on a goo*1 "u pressure4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s f ! calcium precipitate are aga9 collect$1 & a solution ( sodium phosphate add$ to precipitate ! magnesia4 ,! solution mu/ be kept cool & slightly alkal9e ) ammonia dur+ ! above op]ations 9 ord] to prev5t ! sep>ation ( molybdic anhydrid4 #dd4 ,e/imation ( ,sulfuric ,acid4--,z a rule1 sulfates are n abundant 9 m9]al phosphates4 ,9 case ! samples are pyritif]\s1 h[ev]1 consid]able quantities ( sulfuric acid may be f\nd aft] treatm5t ) aqua regia4 ,! acid is precipitat$ ) b>ium *lorid1 9 ! usual way1 9 an aliquot portion ( ! filtrate fir/ obta9$4 ,! precipitate ( b>ium sulfate is wa%$ ) hot wat] until clean1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,if ! portion ( ! filtrate tak5 repres5t half a gram ( ! orig9al mat]ial !n ! weight ( b>ium sulfate obta9$ multipli$ by #j4fheh w give ! quantity ( sulfur trioxid 9 "o gram4 #de4 ,e/imation ( ,fluor9 by ! ,me?od ( ,b]zelius z ,modifi$ by ,*at>d4--,! me?od ( e/imat+ fluor9 z propos$ by ,b]zelius1 has be5 f\nd q satisfactory 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,geological ,survey1 ) ! modifications giv5 bel[4#cd ,two grams ( ! phosphate are intimately mix$ 9 a l>ge plat9um crucible ) ?ree grams ( precipitat$ silica & twelve grams ( pure sodium c>bonate1 & ! mixture is gradually br\ght to cle> fusion ov] ! bla/-lamp4 ,:5 ! fusion is complete ! melt is spread ov] ! walls ( ! crucible1 :i* is !n rapidly cool$ 7pref]ably by a bla/ ( air74 ,if ?is h be5 prop]ly done1 ! mass sep>ates easily f ! crucible1 & ! subsequ5t lea*+ is ha/5$4 ,! mass1 deta*$ f ! crucible1 is put into a plat9um di% into :i* :atev] rema9s adh]+ to ! crucible1 or its lid1 is also wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,a reasonable am\nt ( hot wat] is n[ put into ! di%1 :i* is cov]$ & dige/$ on ! wat]-ba? until ! mass is ?or\ghly dis9tegrat$4 ,to ha/5 ?is1 ! sup]natant liquid may1 aft] a:ile1 be p\r$ (f1 ! residue be+ wa%$ into a small porcela9 mort>1 gr\nd up1 return$ to ! di% & boil$ ) fre% wat] until no h>d gra9s are left4 ,! total liquid is !n filt]$1 & ! residue is wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,! filtrate 7:i* %\ld am\nt to ab\t half a lit]7 is ne>ly neutraliz$ ) nitric acid 7me?yl orange be+ us$ z indicator71 "s pure sodium bic>bonate is at once add$1 & ! solution 79 a plat9um di%1 if "o l>ge en\gh is at disposal1 o!rwise 9 a beak]7 is plac$ on ! wat]-ba?1 :5 x spe$ily becomes turbid ?r\gh sep>ation ( silica4 ,z soon z ! solution is w>m x is remov$ f ! ba?1 /irr$1 all[$ to /& = two or ?ree h\rs1 & !n filt]$ by means ( ! filt]-pump & wa%$ ) cold wat]4 ,! filtrate is conc5trat$ to ab\t a qu>t] ( a lit] & ne>ly neutraliz$1 z be=e1 "s sodium c>bonate is add$1 & ! phosphoric acid is precipitat$ ) silv] nitrate 9 excess4 ,! precipitate is sep>at$ by filtration & wa%$ ) hot wat]1 & ! excess ( silv] 9 ! filtrate is remov$ ) sodium *lorid4 ,! filtrate f ! silv] *lorid 7aft] addition ( "s sodium bic>bonate7 is evaporat$ to its cry/alliz+ po9t1 !n cool$ & dilut$ ) cold wat]2 /ill m sodium bic>bonate is add$1 & ! :ole is all[$ to /&1 :5 additional silica w sep>ate1 & ?is is to be remov$ by filtration4 ,?is f9al solution is ne>ly neutraliz$1 z be=e2 a little sodium c>bonate solution is add$2 x is heat$ to boil+ & an excess ( solution ( calcium *lorid is add$4 ,! precipitate ( calcium fluorid & c>bonate mu/ be boil$ = a few m9utes1 :5 x c be easily filt]$ & wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,! precipitate is !n wa%$ f ! filt] into a small plat9um di% & evaporat$ to dryness1 :ile ! filt]1 aft] be+ p>tially dri$ & us$ to wipe (f any p>ticles ( ! precipitate adh]+ to ! di% 9 :i* x 0 =m$1 is burn$1 & ! a% is add$ to ! ma9 precipitate4 ,?is1 :5 dry1 is ignit$1 & all[$ to cool2 dilute acetic acid is add$ 9 excess1 & ! :ole is evaporat$ to dryness1 be+ kept on ! wat]-ba? until all odor ( acetic acid has disappe>$4 ,! residue is !n treat$ ) hot wat]1 dige/$1 filt]$ on a small filt]1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 p>tially dri$1 put into a crucible1 c>efully ignit$1 & weigh$ z calcium fluorid4 ,! calcium fluorid is !n dissolv$ 9 sulfuric acid by g5tle heat+ & agitation1 evaporat$ to dryness on a radiator1 ignit$ at full r$ heat1 & weigh$ z calcium sulfate4 ,f ?is weight ! equival5t weight ( calcium fluorid %\ld be calculat$1 & ?is %\ld be v close to t actually f\nd z above1 b %\ld nev] exce$ x4 ,! diff]5ce1 :i* is g5]ally ab\t a milligram 7sometimes m71 is due to silica precipitat$ ) ! fluorid4 ,! p]c5tage ( fluor9 is1 !re=e1 always calculat$ f ! weight ( ! sulfate1 & n f t ( ! fluorid obta9$4 ,! ma9 improvem5ts 9 ?is me?od are ! use ( sodium bic>bonate to sep>ate ! silica1 & ! keep+ ( ! e>li] solutions z dilute z possible1 :i* c n be done1 if ammonium c>bonate be us$ = ! sep>ation ( ! silica4 ,^! *anges make ! fluor9 e/imation1 al?\gh /ill t$i\s1 f> m rapid ?an be=e1 & ! results are v satisfactory4 #df4 ,modification ( ,wyatt4--,by reason ( ! t$i\sness ( ! me?od ( ,*at>d giv5 above1 ,wyatt has s\ght to %ort5 ! process by ! foll[+ modification3#ce ,five grams ( ! f9ely gr\nd phosphate are fus$ 9 a plat9um di% ) fifte5 grams ( ! mix$ c>bonates ( sodium & potassium & ?ree grams ( f9e s&4 ,aft] fus+ v ?or\ghly ) a /rong heat = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 ! di% is remov$ f ! fire & cool$4 ,its cont5ts1 dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 are !n put into a half lit] flask1 & a consid]able excess ( ammonium c>bonate is add$ to ! liquid4 ,all ! soluble silica falls out ( solution1 & ! flask1 aft] cool+1 is made up to ! m>k ) di/ill$ wat]1 well %ak51 & !n set aside = tw5ty-f\r h\rs to settle4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t #bjj cubic c5timet]s are c>efully decant$ ?r\gh a filt]2 ! filt] is well wa%$1 & ! filtrate1 aft] be+ ne>ly neutraliz$ ) hydro*loric acid1 is treat$ ) an excess ( calcium *lorid solution4 ,! precipitate1 consi/+ ( phosphate1 fluorid1 & "s calcium c>bonate1 is all[$ to settle1 & is !n c>efully wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 fir/ by decantation sev]al times1 & f9ally on ! filt]4 ,aft] be+ prop]ly dri$ 9 ! gas-ov51 calc9$1 & cool$1 ! residue is treat$ ) acetic acid1 plac$ ^u ! wat]-ba?1 & evaporat$ to complete dryness4 ,! calcium acetate is n[ well wa%$ out by sev]al treatm5ts ) boil+ wat]1 & ! residue is br\ght ^u a filt]1 dri$1 calc9$1 & weigh$4 ,! weight repres5ts ! calcium phosphate & fluorid conta9$ 9 two grams ( ! orig9al sample2 & if ! calcium phosphate 9 ! residue be det]m9$1 accord+ to ! usual me?ods1 ! diff]5ce w be calcium fluorid & may be ?us e/imat$4 ,example4--,assum+ ! calc9$ residue ( calcium phosphate & fluorid 9 two gra9s ( ! orig9al sample to h am\nt$ to "o & six-t5?s gram & ! calcium phosphate 9 ?is quantity to h be5 det]m9$ z #a4edj gram1 ! calcium fluorid is ?us prov$ to be #j4jfj gram1 &1 !re=e1 #b3 #j4fj33ajj3 x #c p] c5t calcium fluorid :i*1 multipli$ by #j4dhig1 gives #a4df p] c5t ( fluor94 ,! above me?od1 :ile %ort]1 is n to be pref]r$ to ! ,*at>d process :5 great accuracy is desir$4 ,all ! soluble silica may n fall out ( ! solution z ,wyatt says4 ,f9ally ! fluor9 is calculat$ f small diff]5ces 9 ! weight ( v heavy precipitates & all ! error ( ! process may be f\nd affect+ ! numb]s = fluor94 ,= comm]cial purposes1 h[ev]1 ! me?od is to be recomm5d$ = its comp>ative brevity4 ,,g5]al ,,me?ods ,,= ,,e/imat+ ,,phosphoric ,,acid ,,9 ,,f]tiliz]s4 #dg4 ,prelim9>y ,consid]ations4--,! *ief s\rces ( ! phosphoric acid 9 comm]cial f]tiliz]s are ! m9]al phosphates & bones4 ,9 respect ( ! analyses ( m9]al phosphates detail$ directions h be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,bones are valuable = f]tiliz+ mat]ials1 bo? because ( _! cont5t ( phosphoric acid & ( _! organic nitrog54 ,! me?ods ( treat+ bones = _! phosphoric acid w be f\nd 9 ! g5]al me?ods = f]tiliz+ mat]ials1 & _! nitrog5 cont5t c be det]m9$ by ! processes to be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,o!r f]tiliz+ mat]ials also conta9 phosphorus1 z a%es1 tankage1 oil cakes1 & o!r organic products4 ,9 g5]al1 ! me?ods = det]m9+ ! phosphoric acid is ! same 9 all cases1 b ! means ( de/roy+ ! organic matt] prec$5t to ! analysis v>y 9 diff]5t cases4 ,9 mo/ cases a simple ignition is suffici5t1 :ile1 if ! phosphorus be f\nd 9 c]ta9 organic products1 ! oxidation mu/ be accompli%$ by "o ( ! me?ods describ$ 9 ! processes adopt$ by ! (ficial *emi/s1 or by ! means describ$ 9 volume fir/1 p>agraph #cgh or #chb4 ,9 all cases ( acid phosphates & sup]phosphates1 ! wat] & ammonium citrate soluble phosphoric acid is to be det]m9$ z well z ! total4 ,9 basic slags ! am\nt soluble 9 ammonium citrate or dilute citric acid is also to be asc]ta9$4 ,9 all cases :]e soluble or s-call$ rev]t$ acid is to be consid]$1 ! analysis mu/ be p]=m$ )\t previ\s desiccation or ignition4 ,if wat] cont5t or loss on ignition are to be consid]$1 ! op]ation to det]m9e !m mu/ be conduct$ on a sep>ate "p ( ! sample4 ,! me?ods ( analysis :i* h be5 adopt$ by associations ( *emi/s %\ld be giv5 ! pref]5ce 9 ! conduct ( ! "w1 al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t !y may conta9 s\rces ( error1 & may be 9 no respect sup]ior to processes employ$ by *emi/s 9 _! private capacity4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! me?ods adopt$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s %\ld be foll[$ z closely z possible4 ,! great m]it ( o!r me?ods1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be d5i$4 ,especially ^? me?ods :i* %ort5 ! "t requir$ or dim9i% ! labor & exp5se ( ! analysis are wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation4 ,9 factory "w1 = in/ance1 x is (t5 f> m important = ! *emi/ to be able to rapidly det]m9e ! phosphoric acid 9 a great numb] ( samples ) approximate accuracy ?an to conf9e 8 "w to "o ) absolute precision4 ,"s ( ! %ort] me?ods1 moreov]1 notably ! citrate process1 appe> to be q1 if n altoge!r1 z reliable z ! molybdate me?od1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! uranium volumetric process1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t x is almo/ ! only "o practic$ 9 ,france4 ,o!r volumetric processes are giv5 9 full1 z1 = in/ance1 ! "o p]fect$ by ,pemb]ton1 b data are /ill lack+ to ju/ify _! /rong recomm5dation4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ?is manual is n writt5 = ! beg9n] b r = ! *emi/ already acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples & practice ( g5]al *emical analysis1 & x is1 !re=e1 expect$ t ea* analy/ w make intellig5t use ( ! data plac$ at 8 disposal4 #dh4 ,det]m9ation ( ,phosphoric ,acid ) ,prelim9>y ,precipitation z ,/annic ,phosphate4--,?is me?od1 once mu* 9 use & highly recomm5d$1 is n[ almo/ unkn[n among ! processes ( f]tiliz] control4 ,x 0 fir/ propos$ & describ$ by ,gir>d1 & re/s on ! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid 9 a nitric acid solution by means ( metallic t94#cf ,! /annic acid =m$ by ! oxidation ( ! t9 unites ) ! phosphoric acid held 9 a free /ate by ! nitric acid4 ,! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid is said to be complete1 b a trace ( x has be5 f\nd 9 ! iron & alum9a subsequ5tly sep>at$ f ! solution4 ,! precipitate obta9$ is dissolv$ 9 cau/ic pota%1 :]eby soluble potassium meta/annate & phosphate are obta9$4 ,foll[+ is ! me?od ( conduct+ ! analysis z describ$ by ,crookes3#cg ,! phosphate %\ld be dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & any *lor9 pres5t be expell$ by repeat$ evaporations ) ! solv5t4 ,f9ally1 to ! evaporat$ mass ! /ronge/ nitric acid is add$4 ,pure t9-foil is add$ & heat appli$4 ,! phosphoric acid is precipitat$ by ! /annic acid =m$4 ,! quantity ( t9 us$ %\ld be f six to eight times z great z t ( ! phosphoric acid pres5t4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 & dissolv$ 9 cau/ic pota%4 ,! solution is saturat$ ) hydrog5 sulfid1 & on add+ acetic acid 9 slight excess ! t9 sulfid is sep>at$ & remov$ by filtration4 ,! :ole ( ! phosphoric acid1 suppos$ to be almo/ free ( t91 is n[ f\nd 9 ! filtrate4 ,! filtrate is conc5trat$ to small bulk & any t9 sulfid pres5t sep>at$ by filt]+1 & ! phosphoric acid f9ally remov$ f ! ammoniacal filtrate by precipitation ) magnesia mixture4 ,! *ief difficulties ( ?is me?od are to be f\nd1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! ret5tion ( "s ( ! phosphoric acid by ! iron & alum9a :i* may be pres5t1 & on ! o!r1 9 ! pres5ce ( "s t9 9 ! f9al magnesium pyrophosphate4 ,if ! t9 be all remov$ z sulfid1 ! latt] s\rce ( error w be avoid$4 ,x is difficult to secure pure metallic t91 & ?is is ano!r di/urb+ elem5t 9 ! process4 ,x c n be recomm5d$ = ! "w :i* agricultural analy/s are usually call$ on to p]=m4#ch #di4 ,wat]-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! me?od ( proc$ure recomm5d$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,*emi/s is z foll[s3#ci ,place two grams ( ! sample 9 a n9e c5timet] filt]2 wa% ) successive small portions ( cold wat]1 all[+ ea* portion to pass ?r\gh be=e add+ m1 until ! filtrate measures ab\t #bej cubic c5timet]s4 ,if ! filtrate be turbid1 add a little nitric acid4 ,make up to any conv5i5t def9ite volume2 mix well2 take any conv5i5t portion & proce$ z "u total phosphoric acid4 #ej4 ,citrate-,insoluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,heat #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( /rictly neutral ammonium citrate solution ( #a4ji specific gravity to #fe 9 a flask plac$ 9 a ba? ( w>m wat]1 keep+ ! flask loosely /opp]$ to prev5t evaporation4 ,:5 ! citrate solution 9 ! flask has rea*$ #fe1 drop into x ! filt] conta9+ ! wa%$ residue f ! wat]-soluble phosphoric acid det]m9ation1 close tightly ) a smoo? rubb] /opp]1 & %ake viol5tly until ! filt] pap] is r$uc$ to a pulp4 ,place ! flask back into ! ba? & ma9ta9 ! wat] 9 ! ba? at su* a temp]ature t ! cont5ts ( ! flask w /& at exactly #fe4 ,%ake ! flask e five m9utes4 ,at ! expiration ( exactly ?irty m9utes f ! "t ! filt] & residue 7 introduc$1 remove ! flask f ! ba? & imm$iately filt] z rapidly z possible4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,sanborn1 9 ?is laboratory1 t ! filtration is greatly facilitat$ by add+ asbe/os pulp4 ,wa% ?or\ghly ) wat] at #fe4 ,transf] ! filt] & its cont5ts to a crucible1 ignite until all organic matt] is de/roy$1 add f t5 to fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 & dige/ until all phosphate is dissolv$2 or return ! filt] ) cont5ts to ! dige/ion flask1 add f ?irty to ?irty-five cubic c5timet]s ( /rong nitric1 & f five to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 & boil until all ! phosphate is dissolv$4 ,dilute ! solution to #bjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,if desir$1 ! filt] & its cont5ts c be treat$ accord+ to me?ods 7#a71 7#b71 or 7#c71 "u total phosphoric acid4 ,mix well2 filt] ?r\gh a dry filt]2 take a def9ite portion ( ! filtrate & proce$ z "u total phosphoric acid4 ,9 case a det]m9ation ( citrate-insoluble phosphoric acid be requir$ 9 non-acidulat$ goods x is to be made by treat+ two grams ( ! phosphatic mat]ial1 )\t previ\s wa%+ ) wat]1 precisely 9 ! way above describ$1 except t 9 case ! sub/ance conta9 mu* animal matt] 7bone1 fi%1 etc471 ! residue insoluble 9 ammonium citrate is to be treat$ by "o ( ! processes describ$ bel[ "u total phosphoric acid1 7#a71 7#b71 or 7#c74 #ea4 ,total ,phosphoric ,acid4--,9 case ( ignition ! residual mat]ial is to be dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! foll[+ me?ods ( treat+ ! raw mat]ial1 us+ two grams 9 ea* case1 may be employ$3 7#a7 ,evaporate ) five cubic c5timet]s ( magnesium nitrate1 ignite1 & dissolve 9 hydro*loric acid4 7#b7 ,boil 9 a ,kjeldahl flask graduat$ to #bej cubic c5timet]s1 ) f tw5ty to ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( /rong sulfuric acid1 add+ f two to f\r grams ( sodium or potassium nitrate at ! beg9n+ ( ! dige/ion & a small quantity aft] ! solution has become ne>ly colorless2 or add+ ! nitrate 9 small portions f "t to "t4 ,aft] ! solution is colorless1 add #aej cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & boil = a few m9utes1 cool1 & make up to volume4 7#c7 ,dige/ ) /rong sulfuric acid & su* o!r reag5ts z are us$ 9 ei!r ! pla9 or modifi$ ,kjeldahl or ,gunn+ me?ods = e/imat+ nitrog54 ,d n add any potassium p]manganate1 b aft] ! solution has become colorless add ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & boil = a few m9utes1 cool1 & make up to a conv5i5t volume2 two & five-t5?s grams ( sub/ance & a dige/ion flask graduat$ to #bej cubic c5timet]s are recomm5d$4 ,?is me?od w be f\nd conv5i5t :5 bo? ! nitrog5 & ! total phosphoric acid are to be det]m9$ 9 a f]tiliz]4 ,9 ?is case1 aft] dilut+ ! volume & mix+1 a "p = ! e/imation ( nitrog51 may be remov$ ) a pipette & ! rema9d] !n filt]$ ?r\gh a dry filt] & a portion tak5 = ! det]m9ation ( ! total phosphoric acid4 7#d7 ,dissolve 9 ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ nitric acid & a small quantity ( hydro*loric acid4 7#e7 ,add ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 heat1 & add cauti\sly1 9 small quantities at a "t1 ab\t five-t5?s gram ( f9ely-pulv]iz$ potassium *lorate4 7#f7 ,dissolve 9 f fifte5 to ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( /rong hydro*loric & f ?ree to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid4 ,?is me?od is recomm5d$ = f]tiliz]s conta9+ mu* iron or alum9um phosphate4 ,boil until all phosphates are dissolv$ & all organic matt] is de/roy$2 cool & dilute to #bjj or #bej cubic c5timet]s2 mix & pass ?r\gh a dry filt]2 take an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate correspond+ to a qu>t]1 half1 or "o gram1 neutralize ) ammonia1 & cle> ) a few drops ( nitric acid4 ,9 case hydro*loric or sulfuric acid h be5 us$ z a solv5t1 add ab\t fifte5 grams ( dry ammonium nitrate4 ,to ! hot solutions1 = e decigram ( phosphorus p5toxid t is pres5t1 add fifty cubic c5timet]s ( molybdic solution4 ,dige/ at ab\t #fe = an h\r1 filt]1 & wa% ) wat] or ammonium nitrate solution4 ,te/ ! filtrate by r5ew$ dige/ion & ! addition ( m molybdic solution4 ,dissolve ! precipitate on ! filt] ) ammonia & hot wat] & wa% into a beak] to a bulk ( n m ?an #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,ne>ly neutralize ) hydro*loric acid1 cool1 & add magnesia mixture f a burette2 add sl[ly 7ab\t "o drop p] second71 /irr+ vigor\sly4 ,aft] fifte5 m9utes add ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia solution ( #j4ie d5sity4 ,let /& = "s "t2 two h\rs are usually en\gh4 ,filt]1 wa% ) dilute ammonia1 ignite g5tly at fir/ & !n at :ite heat = t5 m9utes1 & weigh4 ,= ! quantity ( magnesia mixture to be add$ see p>agraph #ba4 #eb4 ,citrate-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! sum ( ! wat]-soluble & citrate-insoluble subtract$ f ! total gives ! citrate-soluble phosphoric acid4 #ec4 ,prep>ation ( ,reag5ts4--7#a7 ,ammonium ,citrate ,solution4--7a7 ,mix #cgj grams ( comm]cial citric acid ) #a1ejj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 ne>ly neutralize ) comm]cial ammonia1 cool1 add ammonia until exactly neutral 7te/+ ) saturat$ alcoholic solution ( corall97 & br+ to a volume ( two lit]s4 ,te/ ! specific gravity1 :i* %\ld be #a4ji at #bj1 be=e us+4 7b7 ,alt]nate ,me?od4--,to #cgj grams ( comm]cial citric acid add comm]cial ammonia1 ( #j4if specific gravity1 until ne>ly neutral2 r$uce ! specific gravity to ne>ly #a4ji & proce$ z foll[s3 ,prep>e a solution ( fus$ calcium *lorid #bjj grams to ! lit]1 & add f\r volumes ( /rong alcohol4 ,make ! mixture exactly neutral1 us+ a small am\nt ( fre%ly prep>$ corall9 solution z a prelim9>y indicator1 & te/ f9ally by )draw+ a portion1 dilut+ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 & te/+ ) co*9eal solution4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution w precipitate ! citric acid f t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! citrate solution4 ,to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! ne>ly neutral citrate solution add fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! alcoholic calcium *lorid solution1 /ir well1 filt] at once ?r\gh a fold$ filt]1 dilute ) an equal volume ( wat]1 & te/ ! reaction ) neutral solution ( co*9eal4 ,if acid or alkal9e1 add ammonia or citric acid1 z ! case may be1 to ! citrate solution1 mix1 & te/ aga9 z be=e4 ,repeat ?is process until a neutral reaction ( ! citrate solution is obta9$4 ,at ! end ! specific gravity mu/ be #a4ji at #bj4 7#b7 ,molybdic ,solution4--,see p>agraph #bb4 7#c7 ,ammonium ,nitrate ,solution4--,dissolve #bjj grams ( comm]cial ammonium nitrate 9 wat] & br+ to a volume ( two lit]s4 7#d7 ,magnesia ,mixture4--,see p>agraph #bb4 7#e7 ,dilute ,ammonia = ,wa%+4--,see p>agraph #bb4 7#f7 ,magnesium ,nitrate4--,dissolve #cbj grams ( calc9$ magnesia 9 nitric acid1 avoid+ an excess ( ! latt]2 !n add a little calc9$ magnesia 9 excess1 boil1 filt] f ! excess ( magnesia1 f]ric oxid1 etc41 & br+ to volume ( two lit]s4 #ed4 ,(ficial ,me?ods ) ,norwegian ,f]tiliz]s4--,! ,director ( ! ,*emical ,control ,/ation ( ,norway1 expresses ! op9ion1 t = ,norwegian1 ,sw$i%1 ,dani%1 & ,g]man conditions1 ! ,am]ican me?ods = ! det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid1 not)/&+ _! analytical exactness1 are q inapplicable4#dj ,9 ^? c\ntries are f\nd _m1 9 "p1 poorly pulv]iz$ & badly mix$ manures1 su* z ammonium sup]phosphate1 potassium sup]phosphate1 & potassium ammonium sup]phosphate1 & ^! c n usually be s well pulv]iz$ & mix$ t "o c take out a true av]age sample ( f two to two & five-t5?s grams4 ,c>e 9 ! analysis is useless :5 ! mat]ial employ$ does n repres5t ! av]age condition ( ! mat]ials inve/igat$4 ,!re=e1 9 ! c\ntries nam$1 (t5 f t5 to tw5ty grams1 & almo/ nev] less ?an five grams ( sub/ance are tak5 9 ! prep>ation ( ! solutions1 except = in/ance1 9 ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 & rev]t$ phosphoric acid4 #ee4 ,! ,molybdic ,acid ,me?od1 z ,practic$ by ,direction ( ! ,union ( ! ,g]man ,exp]im5t ,/ations4--,! me?od adopt$ by ! ,g]man ,exp]im5t ,/ations is ess5tially t us$ at ,halle4#da ,! samples are br\ght into solution 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,= ! e/imation ( phosphoric acid 9 bone-meal1 fi%-guano & raw phosphates1 & ! total phosphoric acid 9 sup]phosphates1 five grams ( ! sample are dissolv$ 9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( aqua regia1 made ( ?ree p>ts ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4ab specific gravity & "o "p ( nitric acid ( #a4be specific gravity1 or ! solution may be made ( a mixture ( tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( #a4db specific gravity & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid ( #a4h specific gravity4 ,! boil+ %\ld cont9ue = half an h\r4 ,! solution is made up to half a lit] & filt]$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate conta9+ ! phosphoric acid1 ) d\ble sup]phosphates tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s1 are dige/$ ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonium molybdate solution = ?ree h\rs at #ej 9 a wat]-ba? &1 aft] cool+1 filt]$1 s t z little z possible ( ! precipitate is collect$ ^u ! filt]1 :i* is made ( /rong pap]4 ,! yell[ precipitate is wa%$ by decantation 9 ! flask n9e times ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( molybdic solution dilut$ ) "o volume ( wat] & ! filt] wa%$ out once ) ! same quantity ( liquid4 ,! funnel1 ) ! filt]1 is imm$iately plac$ ^u ! flask & ! portion ( ! precipitate collect$ 9 ! filt] dissolv$ 9 five p] c5t ammonia1 :i* is easily accompli%$ by ?r[+ ammonia ^u x f a wa%-bottle4 ,aft]w>ds ! filt] is wa%$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( hot wat] & f9ally remov$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are neutraliz$ w>m1 ) hydro*loric acid1 ! acid be+ add$ until ! precipitate fir/ =m$1 aft] cont9u$ %ak+1 is aga9 dissolv$ 9 ! liquid4 ,! solution is !n cool$ & treat$1 drop by drop1 ) con/ant /irr+1 ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( magnesia mixture4 ,f9ally tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( dilute ammonia solution are add$1 ! precipitate is n %ak51 &1 aft] two h\rs1 is filt]$ ?r\gh a goo*4 ,= ! filt]+ ( ! ammonium magnesium phosphate by ! molybdic me?od1 fre%ly prep>$ felts are always employ$ s9ce ! rem>kably f9e cry/all9e precipitates w pass ?r\gh a filt] :i* has once be5 us$4 ,x is necess>y also t special precautions be tak5 9 ! ignition4 ,! crucible %\ld be heat$ 9 a plat9um cap1 :i* has ! purpose ( protect+ ! cont5ts ( ! crucible f ! access ( r$uc+ gases dur+ ! ignition4 ,aft] r$ness has be5 rea*$ ! cap c be remov$ & ! crucible transf]r$ to a bla/ :]e x is /rongly ignit$ = t5 m9utes be=e weigh+4 ,! precipitate %\ld be pure :ite4 ,! molybdic solution is prep>$ z foll[s3 #aej grams ( ammonium molybdate are dissolv$ 9 a lit] ( wat]1 & aft] ! solution is completely cool$1 p\r$ into a lit] ( nitric acid ( #a4b specific gravity4 #ef4 ,e/imation ( ,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--#a4 ,! extraction ( ! sup]phosphates is made z foll[s3 ,tw5ty grams ( ! sup]phosphates are plac$ 9 a lit] flask ) #hjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & %ak5 cont9u\sly = ?irty m9utes4 ,! flask is !n fill$ ) wat] to ! m>k & ! :ole aga9 ?or\ghly %ak5 & filt]$4 ,= %ak+1 a ma*9e is recomm5d$1 driv5 by h& or wat] p[]4 ,! normal rate ( ! ma*9e is fix$ at #aej turns p] m9ute4 #b4 ,! solution ( ! total sup]phosphates1 obta9$ z above1 mu/ be boil$ ) nitric acid be=e ! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid 9 ord] to conv]t any phosphoric acid pres5t z pyrophosphoric into tribasic phosphoric acid4 ,= ea* tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! sup]phosphate solution t5 cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ nitric acid are add$ & ! mixture boil$4 #c4 ,! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid is conduct$ by ! molybd5um me?od z usually practic$4 #d4 ,= ! e/imation ( iron & alum9a 9 ea* ( ! sup]phosphates ! ,glas] me?od is recomm5d$ provisionally4 #eg4 ,me?ods = ,phosphoric ,acid us$ 9 ! ,norway ,/ations4#db--a4 ,description ( ! ,me?od = ,total ,phosphoric ,acid4--,= det]m9+ ! phosphoric acid 9 bone-meal1 fi%-guano1 & sup]phosphates1 five grams ( ! sub/ance1 ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( #a4db specific gravity1 & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid ( #a4h specific gravity1 are boil$ half an h\r 9 a half lit] flask1 dilut$ ) wat]1 & aft] cool+1 made up to ! m>k4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are made alkal9e ) ammonia1 !n acid ) nitric acid1 precipitat$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( molybdic solution = e "o-t5? gram ( phosphorus p5toxid pres5t1 heat$ ov] ! wat]-ba? = "o h\r1 & all[$ to /& twelve h\rs m1 :5 ! sup]natant liquid is sep>at$ by decantation ! precipitate wa%$ ?or\ghly ) dilute molybdate solution 7#a3 #d7 dissolv$ 9 w>m dilute ammonia1 & ! filt] wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,! ammoniacal solution is neutraliz$ ) hydro*loric acid1 cool$1 mix$1 drop by drop1 ) con/ant /irr+1 ) f t5 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( magnesia mixture1 & aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r "o-?ird ! volume ( t5 p] c5t ammonia is add$4 ,?is is all[$ to /& two h\rs1 is filt]$1 wa%$ ) five p] c5t ( ammonia until ! disappe>ance ( ! *lor9 reaction1 dri$1 burn$ 9 an op5 crucible ov] a buns51 & f9ally = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 9 a cov]$ crucible heat$ ov] ! bla/4 #b4 ,wat]-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,to tw5ty grams ( ! sub/ance 9 a lit] flask1 are add$ #hjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & %ak5 e fifte5 m9utes = two h\rs2 ! volume made up to ! m>k & ! phosphoric acid 9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 equal+ "o gram sub/ance1 is det]m9$ z "u total4 #c4 ,rev]t$ ,citrate-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,two & five-t5?s grams sub/ance are rubb$ up ) wat]1 !n wa%$ ^u ! filt] ) ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 ! residue on ! filt] wa%$ into a flask ) a "p ( ! measur$ citrate solution1 & dige/$ "o h\r at #ce to #dj ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ,pet]mann's citrate solution4 ,! wat] & citrate extracts are made up to a qu>t] ( a lit] ea*1 & ! phosphoric acid det]m9$ 9 f tw5ty-five to fifty cubic c5timet]s1 accord+ to ! quantity pres5t4 ,solutions4 #a4 ,molybdate ,solution4--#cge grams ( ammonium molybdate are dissolv$ 9 two & five-t5?s lit]s ( wat]1 & ! solution p\r$ into two & five-t5?s lit]s ( nitric acid ( #a4bj specific gravity4 #b4 ,magnesia ,mixture4--#bge grams ( cry/alliz$ magnesium *lorid & #cej grams ( ammonium *lorid are dissolv$ 9 #cbej cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & fill$ up to five lit]s ) ammonia ( #j4if specific gravity4 #c4 ,pet]mann's ,solution4--,"o kilogram ( citric acid is dissolv$ 9 ab\t two lit]s ( wat] & #acej cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( #j4ibe specific gravity & fill$ up ) wat] to #egej cubic c5timet]s4 ,! solution !n has a specific gravity ( #a4ji2 #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( #j4ibe specific gravity are n[ add$4 #eh4 ,sw$i% ,(ficial ,me?od = ,det]m9ation ( ,phosphoric ,acid4#dc--,! ,sw$i% *emi/s det]m9e phosphoric acid 9 f]tiliz]s bo? by ! molybdate & ! citrate me?ods4 ,^! me?ods c>efully conduct$ accord+ to ! directions giv5 bel[1 give v concordant results4 ,9 d\btful cases ! =m] me?od is tak5 z ! decid+ "o1 x hav+ prov$ by long practice to give v satisfactory results4 ,reag5ts = ! ,molybdate ,me?od4--#a4 ,molybdic ,solution4--,prep>$ by dissolv+ #ajj grams ( f9ely p[d]$ molybdic acid ) heat1 9 #djj grams ( eight p] c5t ammonia ( #j4ifg specific gravity & p\r+ ! solution into #a1ejj grams ( nitric acid ( "o & two-t5?s specific gravity2 or else by dissolv+ #aej grams ammonium molybdate 9 "o lit] ( hot wat]1 & p\r+ ! solution into "o lit] ( nitric acid ( #a4b specific gravity4 ,prep>$ 9 ?is way1 ! molybdic solution w conta91 9 ! =m] case five p] c5t1 9 ! latt] case f five to six p] c5t ( molybdic acid1 & #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( x are requir$ = precipitat+ "o-t5? gram ( phosphorus p5toxid4 #b4 ,magnesia ,mixture4--,prep>$ f #aaj grams ( cry/alliz$ magnesium *lorid1 #adj grams ammonium *lorid1 #gjj grams ( eight p] c5t ammonia ( #j4ifg specific gravity & #a1cjj grams ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! mixture is filt]$ aft] a few days1 if necess>y2 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! same are requir$ = precipitat+ "o-t5? gram ( phosphorus p5toxid4 #c4 ,t5 p] c5t ammonia ( #j4iei specific gravity4 7a7 ,wat]-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--#a4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,aque\s ,solution4--,( sup]phosphates & 9 g5]al f]tiliz]s conta9+ wat]-soluble phosphoric acid1 a sample ( tw5ty grams is tak51 & wat] p\r$ ov] x 9 a mort>2 lumps are cru%$ lightly1 b completely ) ! pe/le )\t pulv]iz+ x f9]2 ! :ole mass is !n wa%$ into a graduat$ flask hold+ "o lit]1 :i* at once is fill$ up to ! m>k4 ,! volume tak5 up by ! residue insoluble 9 wat]1 is left out ( consid]ation 9 ! calculation4 ,! sample is left /&+ 9 ! flask 7:i* is occasionally %ak57 at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! room = two h\rs1 & ! solution is !n filt]$4 #b4 ,! ,det]m9ation4--,take tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! sup]phosphate solution ?us prep>$ 7:5 a tw5ty p] c5t sample is tak5 equal to "o-t5? gram phosphorus p5toxid72 add a quantity ( molybdic solution suffici5t = complete precipitation1 leave /&+ = f\r h\rs 9 a beak] cov]$ ) a wat*-glass2 decant ! solution ?r\gh a small filt]1 wa% ! precipitate fir/ by decantation1 !n on filt]1 ) a mixture conta9+ #ajj p>ts molybdic solution1 tw5ty p>ts nitric acid ( #a4b specific gravity1 & eighty p>ts wat]1 until a few drops put into alcohol1 to :i* "s dilute sulfuric acid has be5 add$1 does n1 any long]1 cause turbidity4 ,! molybdic precipitate is n[ wa%$ ) b little wat] f ! filt] into a beak]1 & p>ticles adh]+ to ! filt] are dissolv$ by a hot mixture ( "o "p ammonia & ?ree p>ts wat]1 :i* is all[$ to fl[ into ! beak] till ! precipitate is1 f9ally1 completely dissolv$ 9 x4 ,to ! cle> solution1 add dilute hydro*loric acid :ile /irr+1 till ! yell[ precipitate =m$ by ! acid is no long] imm$iately dissolv$2 !n add f six to eight cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,! volume ( ! solution is n to exce$ sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,x is n[ cool$ completely & "o cubic c5timet] ( magnesia mixture is add$ f a burette = e c5tigram ( phosphorus p5toxid :i* x is expect$ to conta91 & f9ally "o-qu>t] ( its volume ( ammonia is add$4 ,! precipitate may be filt]$ aft] f\r h\rs4 ,?is is wa%$ on ! filt]1 pref]ably by means ( suction1 ) a mixture ( "o "p ammonia & ?ree p>ts wat] till ! filtrate is entirely free f *lor94 ,aft] dry+1 heat ! precipitate1 fir/ g5tly1 !n /rong]1 & f9ally ) a bla/ = a few m9utes & !n weigh x4 ,treat$ ) hydro*loric acid x mu/ leave no insoluble residue 7,si,o71 nor %\ld hydrog5 sulfid cause any precipitation 9 ! solution ?us =m$ 7,mo,o74 7b7 ,total ,phosphoric ,acid4--#a4 ,9 ,sup]phosphates4--,= ! det]m9ation ( total phosphoric acid1 treat a weigh$ quantity ( ! sup]phosphate ) nitric acid1 if necess>y to br+ a difficultly soluble residue into solution1 ) addition ( hydro*loric acid1 or ( potassium *lorate1 to de/roy organic matt] pres5t4 ,dilute ! solution to a def9ite volume1 & det]m9e ! phosphoric acid 9 a measur$ quantity ( ! same1 z direct$ "u 7a7 #b2 if hydro*loric acid or potassium *lorate1 be appli$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! solution1 h[ev]1 n till ! measur$ quantity has be5 repeat$ly evaporat$ to dryness ) conc5trat$ nitric acid4 #b4 ,9 ,bone-meal4--,de/roy organic matt] 9 five grams ( ! sample by ignition1 dissolve ! residue 9 nitric acid1 filt] f ! insoluble residue1 dilute ! filtrate to half a lit]1 take an aliquot "p conta9+ ab\t "o-t5? gram phosphorus p5toxid & det]m9e ! phosphoric acid z direct$ "u 7a7 #b4 #c4 ,9 ,fi%-guano 7& o!r f]tiliz+ mat]ials ( organic orig974--,! organic matt] _c "h be remov$ by simple ignition1 z 9 ?is way a loss ( phosphorus may take place2 ,x is !re=e de/roy$ ei!r 9 ! wet way ?r\gh nitric acid & potassium *lorate or 9 ! dry way by fusion ) a mixture ( potassium nitrate & sodium c>bonate1 o!rwise ! proc$ure is z 9 7b7 #a4 #d4 ,9 ,m9]al ,phosphates4--,det]m9e ! phosphoric acid 9 a solution obta9$ by nitric acid2 organic matt] is de/roy$ pref]ably 9 ! wet way4 #e4 ,9 ,basic ,slag4--,dissolve t5 grams ( p[d]$ slag by treat+ x ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( fum+ hydro*loric acid ) heat2 wa% ! solution into a graduat$ half lit] flask1 fill to ! m>k1 %ake well1 & filt]4 ,det]m9e ! phosphoric acid 9 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! cle> filtrate1 accord+ to 7a7 #b1 aft] hav+ fir/1 h[ev]1 evaporat$ ! solution to dryness & !n at lea/ ?ree times evaporat$ ! residue to dryness ) conc5trat$ nitric acid4 #ei4 ,me?od ,employ$ by ! ,royal ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ,holl&4--,a4 ,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4#dd--,! necess>y reag5ts are3 7#a7 ,molybdate solution1 made by dissolv+ #aej grams ( ammonium molybdate 9 a lit] ( wat] & p\r+ ! solution into a lit] ( nitric acid ( #a4bj specific gravity4 7#b7 ,a t5 p] c5t solution ( ammonium nitrate4 7#c7 ,/rong & dilute ammonia1 ! latt] be+ betwe5 two & five-t5?s & ?ree p] c5t ( #j4ihh specific gravity4 7#d7 ,magnesia mixture made by dissolv+ #aaj grams ( cry/alliz$ magnesium *lorid1 #adj grams ( ammonium *lorid1 & #gjj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( #j4if specific gravity 9 wat] & br++ ! solution to two lit]s4 7#e7 ,ammoniacal citrate solution1 made by dissolv+ #ejj grams ( citric acid 9 a lit] ( wat]1 & mix+ ) f\r lit]s ( t5 p] c5t ammonia ( #j4if specific gravity4 ,manipulation4--,place tw5ty grams ( sub/ance 9 a mort> toge!r ) "s cold di/ill$ wat] or pure ra9 wat]1 /ir1 & decant ! wat] & susp5d$ matt]s into a lit] flask4 ,aft] ?is has be5 repeat$ sev]al times1 rub up ! residual mass & wa% x all into ! flask4 ,fill up to ab\t #ijj cubic c5timet]s & all[ to /& two h\rs 7tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! case ( d\ble phosphates ) m ?an tw5ty-two p] c5t ( soluble phosphoric acid71 %ak+ repeat$ly2 or %ak+ cont9u\sly1 = half an h\r4 ,fill up to ! lit] m>k & filt] ?r\gh a dry filt]4 ,take portions ( tw5ty-five or fifty cubic c5timet]s = ea* det]m9ation1 add #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( molybdate solution = ea* #ajj milligrams ( phosphorus p5toxid pres5t1 w>m to ab\t #hj = an h\r1 filt]1 & wa% ! precipitate ) ! ammonium nitrate solution4 ,add a little molybdate solution to ! filtrate1 w>m1 &1 if a fre% precipitate be obs]v$1 x is to be add$ to ! fir/4 ,! precipitate is to be dissolv$ 9 ammonia1 & hydro*loric acid c>efully add$ until ! precipitate caus$ by x only sl[ly r$issolves on /irr+4 ,! phosphoric acid is precipitat$ f ! cle> liquid :i* is /ill ammoniacal ) magnesia mixture1 us+ t5 cubic c5timet]s = ea* #ajj milligrams ( phosphorus p5toxid pres5t4 ,?is is add$1 drop by drop1 & ! liquid kept /irr$ dur+ ! addition4 ,all[ x to /& at lea/ two h\rs1 filt]1 wa% ) dilute ammonia1 dry1 & ignite4 ,?is la/ is done at fir/ ) a v small flame b is f9i%$ ) ! bla/-lamp or 9 a ,rssl] furnace4 ,to insure burn+ to :it5ess1 nitric acid may be us$1 b n m ?an "o or two drops4 ,b4 ,total ,phosphoric ,acid4--7#a7 ,= bone & fle%-meal1 fi%-guano1 & simil> f]tiliz]s ! reag5ts necess>y are ! same z be=e4 ,c>efully burn five grams to a%1 boil ! a% = half an h\r ) nitric acid ( #a4cb specific gravity1 dilute ) wat]1 &1 aft] cool+1 dilute to #ejj cubic c5timet]s4 ,filt] ?r\gh a dry filt] & take fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate4 ,add #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! molybdate solution = ea* #ajj milligrams ( phosphorus p5toxid pres5t4 ,treat fur!r z be=e describ$4 7#b7 ,phosphates1 guanos1 bone-black1 etc4 ,"o gram ( sub/ance1 aft] p[d]+1 &1 if necess>y1 ignit+1 is cov]$ ) f\r cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4ac specific gravity & a little wat] & heat$ = an h\r & a half4 ,evaporate to dryness )\t filtration1 mak+ repeat$ additions ( nitric acid until no m vapors ( hydro*loric acid are evolv$4 ,boil ! residue ) nitric acid1 cool1 make up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s ) wat]1 & %ake4 ,filt] & treat fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! result+ solution by ! molybdate me?od & proce$ fur!r z be=e describ$4 #fj4 ,s\rces ( ,error 9 ! ,molybdate ,me?od4--,:5 conduct$ ) prop] c>e1 ! gravimetric molybdate me?od is "o ( ! mo/ exact processes kn[n to analytical *emi/ry4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s s\rces ( error 9 ! process :i* %\ld be avoid$ z c>efully z possible or tak5 into acc\nt4 #a4 ,error ,due to ,occlud$ ,silica4--,:5 silica passes into solution 9 ! orig9al sample1 & ?is may be ! case especially ) m9]al phosphates1 x may appe> bo? 9 ! yell[ precipitate & 9 ! f9al magnesium pyrophosphate4 ,9 all su* cases ! residue1 aft] ignition1 %\ld be dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 & any insoluble residue weigh$ z silica & d$uct$ f ! fir/ weight4 ,if ! silica be remov$ by evaporat+ ! solution ( ! orig9al mat]ial to dryness1 & ignit+ to de/roy organic matt]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to reconv]t all phosphoric acid into ! or?o =m by long boil+ ) nitric acid be=e precipitation4 ,ano!r me?od ( avoid+ any tr\ble f silica consi/s 9 us+ sulfuric & a little nitric acid z ! solv5t = ! orig9al sub/ance4 ,silica is n soluble 9 hot conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,! volume ( ! sulfuric %\ld be ab\t t5 times t ( ! nitric acid us$1 & ! boil+ be cont9u$ until sulfuric vapors are evolv$4 #b4 ,error ,due to ,ars5ic4--,only 9 r>e cases w ars5ic be f\nd 9 phosphatic f]tiliz+ mat]ials4 ,9 case ( pyritic phosphates1 ! iron disulfid may c>ry ars5ic4 ,! solution 9 su* a case is be/ accompli%$ 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,if aqua regia be us$1 all nitric acid %\ld be remov$ by repeat$ evaporation ) hydro*loric4 ,! ars5ic c !n be precipitat$ 9 ! hot dilute hydro*loric acid solution by hydrog5 sulfid4 #c4 ,error ,due to ,occlud$ ,magnesia4--,! dang] ( contam9ation ( ! yell[ precipitate ) magnesium oxid has be5 po9t$ out by "s au?ors4 ,! re-solution ( ! precipitate foll[$ by a second precipitation is ! usual rem$y propos$4 ,lor5z /ates t ?is s\rce ( error may be entirely avoid$ by ! addition ( two p] c5t ( citric acid to ! phosphomolybdate solution4#de #d4 ,error ,due to ,volatility ( ,phosphoric ,acid4--,?is s\rce ( error has be5 made ! subject ( a special /udy by ,neubau]4#df ,f ! results1 a table has be5 con/ruct$1 ! use ( :i* is recomm5d$ = phosphoric acid det]m9ations4 ,! s\rce ( error 9 ?is me?od lies exclusively 9 ! loss ( phosphoric acid by volatilization4 ,! magnesia-cov]$ crucible lid (f]s a v good control ( ?is error1 & its use is recomm5d$ to ! analy/4 ,( c\rse1 ! pres5ce ( sulfur 9 ! gas us$ = ignition is liable to di/urb ?is *eck4 ,! foll[+ c\rse ( proc$ure 9 ! det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid c be recomm5d$ to avoid or correct ?is error3 ,sep>ate ! phosphoric acid 9 ! =m ( ! yell[ precipitate & wa% ?is latt] 9 ! usual way4 ,too high a heat %\ld n be employ$1 nor %\ld ! solutions be all[$ to /& too long le/ excess ( molybdic acid sep>ate4 ,dissolve ! phosphomolybdate 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( cold two & five-t5?s p] c5t ammonia & add z _m cubic c5timet]s ( ! usual magnesia mixture 7fifty-five grams magnesium *lorid & sev5ty grams ammonium *lorid dissolv$ 9 a lit] ( two & five-t5?s p] c5t ammonia7 z !re are c5tigrams ( phosphorus p5toxid pres5t4 ,addition %\ld n be made fa/] ?an t5 cubic c5timet]s p] m9ute4 ,/ir dur+ ! addition4 ,aft] ! precipitation1 /ir briskly once m & !n all[ to /& at lea/ ?ree h\rs4 ,wa% ) two & five-t5?s p] c5t ammonia till ! *lor9 reaction disappe>s1 dry ! filt]1 & introduce into a well-clean$ crucible :i* has be5 ?or\ghly ignit$4 ,place ! lid at an angle1 c>bonize ! filt]1 & gradually raise ! heat1 ?\gh n high] ?an a m$ium r$ heat1 till ! pyrophosphate becomes completely :ite4 ,:5 ?is happ5s br+ ! bla/ into action & ignite to con/ant weight4 ,! weight f9ally accept$ mu/ n *ange ev5 aft] half an h\r's ignition4 ,^u ?is requirem5t especial /ress mu/ be laid4 ,pure magnesium pyrophosphate does n suff] any loss ev5 aft] sev]al h\rs' ignition nor does a good plat9um crucible4 ,to ! weigh$ am\nt ( pyrophosphate1 add ! correction giv5 9 ! table4 ,= example1 if ! weight be #bej milligrams1 ! correction to be add$ is f\r & two-t5?s milligrams1 & ! correct weight is !n #bed4b milligrams4 ,multiplication ( ! sum by sixty-f\r gives ! am\nt ( phosphorus p5toxid 9 ! weight tak5 = analysis4 ,,correction ,,= ,,phosphoric ,,acid ,,det]m9ation4 ,f\nd1 ,lo/1 ,f\nd1 ,lo/1 ,mg,p,o milligrams ,mg,p,o milligrams 9 grams4 ,mg,p,o4 9 grams4 ,mg,p,o4 #j4aj #j4f #j4bd #d4j #j4ab #j4h #j4be #d4b #j4ad #a4b #j4bf #d4f #j4ae #a4d #j4bg #e4j #j4af #a4f #j4bh #e4e #j4ag #b4d #j4bi #f4a #j4ah #b4f #j4cj #f4h #j4ai #c4b #j4ca #g4f #j4bj #c4e #j4cb #h4f #j4ba #c4f #j4cc #i4f #j4bb #c4h #j4cd #aj4f ,:5 phosphoric acid is to be e/imat$ z pyrophosphate x mu/ always be fir/ sep>at$ z molybdate1 ev5 :5 ! orig9al solution conta9s no bases capable ( =m+ insoluble phosphates1 z o!rwise ^! corrections w n be applicable4 ,us+ ^! corrections ! e/imation ( phosphoric acid becomes "o ( ! mo/ accurate ( kn[n analytical me?ods4 #fa4 ,! ,color ( ! ,magnesium ,pyrophosphate4--,aft] ! f9al ignition ( ! magnesium pyrophosphate1 :e!r secur$ by ! citrate or ! molybdic me?od1 a black or grayi% t9t is (t5 notic$4 ,?is may be due to traces ( organic matt] br\ght d[n by ! precipitate & especially to a lack ( c>e 9 ! initial ignition4 ,_m devices h be5 propos$ = ! purpose ( avoid+ ?is coloration1 al?\gh g5]al exp]im5ts h %[n t !re is no appreciable increase 9 ! weight ( ! precipitate :5 color$ 9 ?is way4 ,:5 ! precipitation is c>ri$ on accord+ to ! citrate me?od1 ,neubau]#dg proposes to elim9ate ?is coloration by ! use ( ammonium sulfate4 ,ab\t sev5 cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( ammonium sulfate %\ld be add$ to ! solution be=e ! precipitation by ! magnesium mixture4 ,) ?is precaution x is possible to obta9 a p]fectly :ite precipitate aft] five m9utes ( ignition4 ,! lively gl[+ ( ! precipitate ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass at ! "t ( *ang+ into pyrophosphate1 is mu* m easily obs]v$ by ?is treatm5t ?an :5 ! mass is gray or black4 ,ev5 %\ld ! addition ( ! ammonium sulfate solution to "o conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( lime produce a precipitate ( cry/all9e calcium sulfate1 x is ( no importance inasmu* z ! ammonium citrate imm$iately dissolves l>ge quantities ( ! calcium salt4 ,9 ?is laboratory a :ite pyrophosphate is easily obta9$ by treat+ ! precipitate on ! goo* aft] wa%+ free ( *lorids ) a drop or two ( ammonium nitrate4 ,! ignition is comm5c$ v g5tly at fir/ & aft]w>ds :5 ! mass is :ite ! bla/ is us$4 ,if ! ignit$ residue be gray x may sometimes be :it5$ by moi/5+ ) a drop or two ( nitric acid1 burn+ at a v l[ temp]ature1 foll[$ by ! bla/4 ,!re is no appreciable diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 a gray & :ite pyrophosphate4 #fb4 ,det]m9ation ( ,phosphoric ,acid & ,nitrog5 9 ! ,same ,solution by ,treatm5t ) ,sulfuric ,acid & ,m]cury4--,f]tiliz+ mat]ials :i* conta9 organic nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 su* z bones1 are ( su* a nature t x is (t5 difficult to obta9 a fair sample ( !m 9 quantities suit$ to ! direct det]m9ation2 viz41 ab\t "o gram4 ,?us x (t5 becomes important to take a mu* l>g] quantity ( ! mat]ial1 to br+ x into solution & to take an aliquot "p !re(4 ,x may also (t5 happ5 t x is important to det]m9e ! phosphoric acid 9 ! same sample :i* has be5 us$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! nitrog5 by moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid & m]cury4 ,9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 x is some:at difficult to avoid ! precipitation ( "s ( ! m]cury ) ! phosphoric acid4 ,! m]curic sulfate :i* is produc$ by ! ,kjeldahl me?od is n precipitat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ammoniacal solution ( ammonium citrate1 b !re may be small quantities ( m]cur\s salts pres5t or "s f9ely divid$ metallic m]cury :i* may contam9ate me*anically ! phosphate precipitate4 ,^! di/urb+ influ5ces may be remov$ by previ\s treatm5t ) sodium *lorid4 ,if f fifty to sixty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid h be5 us$ = ! solution & oxidation & ?is be made up to half a lit]1 x w be suffici5tly dilute to p]mit an almo/ quantitative sep>ation ( ! m]cur\s *lorid produc$ by treatm5t ) sodium *lorid4 ,neubau]1 :o has propos$ ?is me?od1 f9ds t :5 sodium *lorid is us$ previ\s to ! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid1 a precipitate ( ord9>y size conta9s1 at mo/1 only "o milligram ( m]cury1 :ile )\t ! use ( sodium *lorid z mu* z f\r milligrams may be f\nd4 ,! details ( ! me?od employ$ by ,neubau] are z foll[s3 ,t5 grams ( ! f]tiliz+ mat]ial are plac$ 9 a half lit] flask ) f fifty to sixty cubic c5timet]s ( /rong sulfuric acid1 two grams ( m]cury1 & a little p>aff9 to prev5t foam+4 ,! oxidation is c>ri$ on z usual 9 ! ,kjeldahl me?od4 ,! liquid1 aft] cool+1 is dilut$ ) wat] & "o cubic c5timet] ( a citrate solution ( sodium *lorid add$1 cool$1 fill$ to ! m>k1 filt]$1 & fifty cubic c5timet]s tak5 = ! det]m9ation ( ! phosphoric acid1 accord+ to ! citrate me?od & ! same quantity = ! det]m9ation ( ! ammonia by di/illation4 ,,! ,,citrate ,,me?od4 #fc4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,x has be5 se5 t 9 ! molybdic me?od !re is introduc$ a process at consid]able co/1 bo? ( reag5ts & "t1 hav+ = its object ! sep>ation ( ! phosphoric acid f all ! o!r acids & bases :i* may h be5 pres5t 9 ! orig9al sample4 ,! phosphorus is ?us obta9$ 9 composition ) molybd5um & ammonium 9 a =m easily soluble 9 ammonia1 f :i* x c be accurately sep>at$ by means ( a soluble salt ( magnesia4 ,! citrate me?od has = its object ! suppression ( ?is int]m$iate /ep & ! det]m9ation ( ! phosphoric acid by direct precipitation 9 pres5ce ( iron1 lime1 & alum9a4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* x is bas$ re/s on ! well-kn[n p[] ( an alkal9e ammonium citrate to hold 9 solution ! salts ( iron1 alum9a1 & lime1 :ile at ! same "t x p]mits ( ! sep>ation ( phosphoric acid1 z ammonium magnesium phosphate4 ,9 no case c ! citrate me?od be reg>d$ z an exact analytical process1 b l>ge exp]i5ce has %[n t ! errors ( ! me?od are comp5satory & t x af=ds a good & ready me?od = f]tiliz] control4 ,:5 phosphoric acid solutions :i* conta9 no iron1 lime1 alum9a1 or manganese1 are precipitat$ 9 pres5ce ( ammonium citrate ! results obta9$ v>y m>k$ly ) ! quantity ( magnesia mixture employ$4 ,grupe & ,toll5s#dh 7 ! fir/ to po9t out t a portion ( ! phosphoric acid might rema9 9 solution1 b t ! precipitate might conta9 a suffici5t excess ( magnesia to comp5sate = ! loss4 ,x has be5 fur!r %[n by ,glas]#di t a portion ( ! phosphoric acid may be lo/ by volatilization 9 ! citrate me?od4 ,:5 ! ignition is c>ri$ on 9 a crucible :]e ! cov] is coat$ ) magnesia to int]cept ! volatiliz$ acid1 a consid]able quantity ( x c be recov]$ by ! molybdic me?od4 ,:]e too little magnesia mixture is employ$1 !re=e1 two s\rces ( loss are to be gu>d$ aga9/2 viz41 a "p ( ! phosphoric acid may rema9 9 solution & ano!r "p be volatiliz$ on ignition4 ,! explanation ( ! volatilization is z foll[s3 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ammonium citrate1 magnesium *lorid may be p>tly conv]t$ into magnesium citrate & ammonium *lorid4 ,!re may be a "t1 !re=e1 9 ! precipitation ) n too great excess ( magnesia mixture1 :5 proportionally !re is little magnesium *lorid & mu* ammonium *lorid pres5t4 ,! =mation ( a salt repres5t$ by ! =mula ,mg7,,nh77,,po7 may take place :i*1 ^u ignition1 breaks up into ,mg7,,po7 & f9ally passes into ,mg,p,o ) loss ( ,p,o4 ,?is !oretical condition has b little weight1 h[ev]1 practically 9 ! analysis ( f]tiliz]s1 s9ce 9 ^! cases a l>ge quantity ( lime is always pres5t4 ,b ev5 9 ^! cases traces ( volatile ,p,o may be discov]$4 ,wells#ej has %[n t ! citrate me?od gives good results 9 c]ta9 conditions b t ?is accuracy is rea*$ by a =tunate comp5sation ( errors4 ,! ammonium magnesium salt does n precipitate all ! phosphoric acid 9 ?is process1 b conta9s en\gh impurities to make up = ?is loss4 ,johnson#ea 9 conjunction ) ,osborne has %[n t ! results by ! citrate me?od practic$ 9 accordance ) ! details laid d[n by ,vgel1 are too l[1 b t ?is difficulty c\ld be ov]come by us+ m & /rong] magnesia mixture & a l>g] quantity ( /rong ammonia solution4 ,! citrate me?od 0 f\nd to give unsatisfactory results :5 iron & alum9a 7 pres5t 9 any consid]able quantity4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ! f9al ignit$ precipitate1 :i* %\ld be pure magnesium pyrophosphate1 x 0 f\nd to consi/ ( only #id4ih to #ig4hc p] c5t ( t salt4 ,! *ief impurity f\nd 0 calcium oxid1 ! p]c5tage ( :i* v>i$ f #b4je to #c4ie 9 six cases4 ,!re 0 also a consid]able p]c5tage ( loss due1 probably1 to magnesia & pyrophosphoric acid4 ,! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( iron & alum9a also impairs ! accuracy ( ! molybdate me?od :5 ! precipitation ( ! yell[ salt takes place at too high a temp]ature4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( precipitation 9 ! me?od is above #ej ! results are likely to be too high :ile a great excess ( nitric acid 9 ! reag5t may produce a contr>y effect4 ,9 ! latt] case ! filtrate f ! yell[ salt %\ld be mix$ ) additional quantities ( molybdate solution until no fur!r precipitate takes place4 ,_m me?ods ( conduct+ ! citrate me?od h be5 propos$ b ! be/ ( !m are bas$ on ! "o elaborat$ at ! exp]im5t /ation ( ,halle by ,bhr+1 & :i* w be giv5 9 ! next p>agraph1 foll[$ by "s o!r me?ods 9 use 9 o!r localities4 #fd4 ,me?od ( ! ,halle ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4#eb--,! citrate me?od1 z describ$ by ,morg51 is ! "o employ$4#ec ,! pr9ciple dep5ds ^u ! direct precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid by magnesia mixture4 ,by ! addition ( a solution ( ammonium-citrate ! precipitation ( lime1 iron1 alum9a1 & o!r bases1 is prev5t$4 ,! precipitate ( ammonium magnesium phosphate is conv]t$ by ignition into magnesium pyrophosphate & weigh$ z su*4 ,by ! use ( ?is me?od a "p ( ! phosphoric acid sometimes escapes precipitation & a portion ( ! o!r bases is sometimes ?r[n d[n ) ! precipitate4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t by adh]+ to c]ta9 precautions ! weight ( impurities 9 ! precipitate may be made to correspond exactly to ! weight ( ! phosphoric acid :i* escapes precipitation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c4 ,,%ak+ ,,app>atus ,,= ,,sup]phosphates4 7#a7 ,soluble ,acid4--,! soluble phosphates are fir/ br\ght into solution 9 su* a way t "o lit] ( wat] conta9s ! soluble phosphoric acid f tw5ty grams ( ! sub/ance4 ,tw5ty grams are rubb$ 9 a porcela9 mort> ) wat] & ?r\gh a wide-neck$ funnel wa%$ into a bottle-%ap$ flask 9 :i* a little wat] has be5 previ\sly plac$4 ,! flasks employ$ are made ( ?ick glass 9 ord] to )/& %ak+4 ,aft] ! sub/ance is wa%$1 ! flasks are fill$ to ! m>k & clos$ ) rubb] /opp]s4 ,!y are !n plac$ ^u a %ak+ rack z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 :i* is also furni%$ ) an app>atus = sep>at+ ! f9e meal f basic slag4 ,on a table1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 is fa/5$ a movable horizontal bo>d by means ( h+es4 ,at ! left h& ( ?is movable bo>d is plac$ an op5 wood5 box 9 :i* is a p]=at$ %elf = ! purpose ( hold+ ! flasks1 s z to prev5t _! /rik+ toge!r dur+ ! %ak+4 ,= ! be/ results ! sub/ance to be exam9$ %\ld be plac$ 9 ! flask 9 a dry /ate & !n #hjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] add$ & %ak5 by means ( ! ma*9e indicat$ = half an h\r4 ,aft]w>ds ! flasks are fill$ up to ! m>k1 well %ak51 & filt]$ ?r\gh d\ble fold$ filt]s into ord9>y flasks ( ab\t #djj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,be=e any ( ! filtrate is collect$1 ! fir/ t runs ?r\gh %\ld be well %ak5 9 ! receiv+ flasks & reject$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate ?us collect$1 correspond+ to "o gram ( ! sub/ance1 %\ld be us$ = ! det]m9ation4 7#b7 ,total ,acid4--,= total phosphoric acid1 includ+ ! insoluble portions1 ! mat]ial is treat$ z foll[s3 ,five grams ( ! sub/ance are plac$ 9 a #ejj cubic c5timet] flask ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( #a4db specific gravity1 & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( pure conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 & boil$ briskly = half an h\r4 ,) sub/ances :i* conta9 mu* organic mat]ial1 a little p>aff9 is add$ to avoid fro?+4 ,su* sub/ances also require a l>g] quantity ( nitric acid ?an t above specifi$4 ,! flasks are all[$ to cool1 wat] add$1 aga9 all[$ to cool1 & fill$ up to ! m>k at #ag4e4 ,if hydro*loric in/ead ( sulfuric acid be us$ 9 mak+ ! above solution1 :5 ! citrate me?od is employ$1 ! results are always too high because ! precipitate conta9s lime & alum9a 9 su* quantities z to r5d] any comp5sation = !m inaccurate4 ,9 addition to ?is ! sulfuric has ?is great advantage ov] ! hydro*loric acid2 viz41 9 n sep>at+ silicic acid1 inasmu* z ! silicic acid is insoluble 9 boil+ sulfuric acid4 7#c7 ,citrate-,soluble ,acid4--,two grams ( ! sample are dige/$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( citrate solution1 #a4ji specific gravity1 = half an h\r at #ej 9 a beak]4 ,aft]w>ds ! soluble matt] is sep>at$ by filtration ) ! aid ( a filt]-pump & ! residue wa%$ ) a solution ( "o "p wat] & "o "p citrate solution until all ! dissolv$ phosphoric acid is remov$ f ! filt]4 ,g5]ally ?ree or f\r wa%+s are suffici5t4 ,! residue on ! filt] is dri$1 ignit$1 & dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( two cubic c5timet]s ( nitric & tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid1 ! solution made up to a volume ( #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 filt]$1 & #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate tak5 = ! det]m9ation4 ,! acid 9 ! filtrate is ne>ly neutraliz$ & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( citrate solution are add$1 & aft]w>ds tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( magnesia mixture & tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( tw5ty-f\r p] c5t ammonia4 ,aft] /&+ = =ty-eight h\rs1 ! precipitate is sep>at$ by filtration1 ignit$1 & weigh$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! total phosphoric acid & t 9 ! insoluble residue1 aft] treatm5t ) ammonium citrate1 z above1 gives ! quantity ( phosphoric acid soluble 9 ! citrate solution4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! total citrate-soluble & ! wat]-soluble gives ! quantity ( ! rev]t$ phosphoric acid4 ,! ammonium citrate solution us$ = ! dige/ion is made z foll[s3 ,two hundr$ & fifty grams ( cry/alliz$ citric acid are dissolv$ 9 half a lit] ( hot wat]1 dilut$ ) #eej cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 #bgf cubic c5timet]s ( tw5ty-f\r p] c5t ammonia add$1 & f9ally1 exactly neutraliz$ by add+1 little by little1 fifty p] c5t citric acid solution4 ,! ,halle me?ods ( sep>at+ ! wat] & citrate-soluble acids appe> to be less complete & reliable ?an ^? 9 use by ! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! precipitation ( basic phosphates1 :5 l>ge quantities ( wat] are us$ at once 9 sep>at+ soluble acid1 mu/ t5d to dim9i% ! quantity obta9$1 :ile ! lack ( c>e 9 assur+ ! neutrality ( ! citrate solution might lead to v>y+ results4 7#d7 ,d\ble ,sup]phosphates4--,9 ! case ( d\ble sup]phosphates1 :i* sometimes conta9 l>ge quantities ( pyrophosphate1 ! solution is made 9 ! usual way s t 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s !re w be conta9$ two grams ( ! sub/ance4 ,usually t5 gra9s are tak5 & ! volume made up to half a lit]4 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are dilut$ ) sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & ! pyro conv]t$ to or?ophosphoric acid by heat+ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( /rong nitric acid on a s&-ba?4 ,! heat+ %\ld be cont9u$ until ! volume be r$uc$ to tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,! /rongly acid liquid is made alkal9e ) ammonia1 & aft]w>ds slightly acid ) nitric1 & ! re/ ( ! process is c>ri$ on 9 ! usual way4 7#e7 ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ! ,residue ( ,sup]phosphate ,manufacture4--,9 ! mixture ( sup]phosphates & gypsum1 ! residue ( ! manufacture ( d\ble sup]phosphates1 ! phosphoric acid is e/imat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,five grams ( ! sub/ance are plac$ 9 a di%1 rubb$ up ) absolute alcohol1 & wa%$ into a #bej cubic c5timet] flask4 ,! flask is fill$ ) absolute alcohol to ! m>k1 clos$ ) a /opp]1 & ) frequ5t %ak+1 all[$ to /& = two h\rs2 x is !reupon filt]$ z quickly z possible2 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate correspond+ to "o gram ( ! sub/ance1 are tak5 = ! e/imation4 ,?is fifty cubic c5timet]s is evaporat$ on a s&-ba? to a sirupy consi/5ce1 dilut$ ) wat]1 & treat$1 z 9 ! case ( ! soluble phosphates above m5tion$4 ,9 all cases z describ$ above1 aft] ! solutions are obta9$ !y are treat$ ) ! ammonium citrate solution & ! phosphoric acid e/imat$ z 9 ! fir/ in/ance giv54 7#f7 ,solutions ,employ$4-- 7a7 ,! citrate solution is made z foll[s3 #a1ejj grams ( citric acid are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 treat$ ) five lit]s ( tw5ty-f\r p] c5t ammonia1 & made up to fifte5 lit]s4 7b7 ,! magnesia mixture is made z foll[s3 #ejj grams ( magnesium *lorid1 #a1jej grams ( ammonium *lorid1 ?ree & five-t5?s lit]s ( tw5ty-f\r p] c5t ammonia1 & six & five-t5?s lit]s ( di/ill$ wat] are us$4 ,9 ! case ( ! sup]phosphates fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! citrate solution are employ$ & ) ! basic slags #ajj cubic c5timet]s2 & 9 bo? cases tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! magnesia mixture4 7#g7 ,details ( ! ,manipulation4--,on ! addition ( ! citrate solution !re %\ld be no p]man5t tr\bl+ ( ! liquid b !re %\ld be a total cle>+ up !re(4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ?is1 aft] ! addition ( ! citrate solution1 ! flasks %\ld be g5tly %ak5 9 ord] to di/ribute ! solution ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,solutions f bone-black sup]phosphates %[ sometimes1 aft] ! addition ( ! citrate solution1 a m or less /rong opalesc5ce1 b ?is opalesc5ce does n influ5ce ! results4 ,%\ld x happ5 t ) sup]phosphates :i* are made f raw mat]ial conta9+ l>ge excesses ( iron or clay1 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! citrate solution are n suffici5t to prev5t ! o!r bases f be+ precipitat$1 an additional quantity up to tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s may be add$4 ,! addition ( ! magnesia mixture mu/ foll[ z quickly z possible aft] ! addition ( ! citrate solution to avoid a sep>ation ( cry/all9e calcium phosphate4 ,on ! addition ( ! citrate solution !re is always a rise 9 temp]ature4 ,inasmu* z ! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid ) magnesia mu/ take place 9 ! cold1 ! liquid mu/ be cool$ aft] ! addition ( ! citrate1#ed & ! cool+ %\ld take place z quickly z possible4 ,! above me?od 0 adopt$ by ! *emical section ( ! ,int]national ,agricultural ,congress held at ,vi5na1 ,septemb]1 #ahij4ee ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4 ,,%ak+ ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,ammonium ,,magnesium ,,phosphate4 ,9 ord] to ha/5 ! precipitation ( ! ammonium magnesium phosphate & to prev5t ! fixation ( ! precipitate on ! walls ( ! erl5mey]1 ! flask %\ld be %ak5 = half an h\r4 ,= ?is purpose ! flasks %\ld be clos$ ) smoo? well-fitt+ rubb] /opp]s & plac$ 9 a %ak+ ma*9e4 ,! %ak+ ma*9e ( ! =m giv5 9 ,fig4 #d1 recomm5d$ by ! ,halle /ation1 is v conv5i5tly us$ = ?is purpose4 ,on a v]tical axis are c>ri$ two /ages = hold+ ! flasks4 ,! flasks are prev5t$ f /rik+ ea* o!r by means ( ! p>titions %[n4 ,! app>atus is conv5i5tly driv5 by a small wat]-motor1 z indicat$1 :i* imp>ts to ! /ages a p>tial back & =? revolution4 ,aft] %ak+ = half an h\r1 any precipitate adh]+ to ! rubb] /opp]s is c>efully wa%$ (f ) ammonia wat] into ! flask4 ,! filtration c be made imm$iately aft] ! %ak+ or aft] two or ?ree days2 ! results are ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #e4 ,r,,ssl] ,,ignition ,,furnace4 ,! filtration ( ! ammonium magnesium phosphate is made ?r\gh p]=at$ crucibles4 ,! asbe/os felt is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! co>se fib]s ( asbe/os are *opp$ up ) a %>p knife on a glass plate & boil$ = two h\rs ) /rong hydro*loric acid2 aft]w>ds1 by repeat$ wa%+ ) di/ill$ wat] !y are fre$ f acid & ! too f9e p>ticles ( asbe/os :i* w\ld t5d to make ! filt] too imp]vi\s4 ,aft] ! la/ wa%-wat] is p\r$ (f1 ! asbe/os is susp5d$ 9 wat] & us$ = mak+ ! felt on ! filt]4 ,! prep>ation ( ! crucible & ! filtration "u pressure are accompli%$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! ignition ( ! precipitate is accompli%$ 9 a ,rssl] ignition ov51 ,fig4 #e4 ,:5 ! muffle ( ! furnace %[s a :ite heat or a :ite-r$ heat x is at ! prop] temp]ature = ! e/imation4 ,at high] temp]atures1 ! asbe/os felt is easily injur$4 ,g5]ally1 an ignition ( five m9utes is suffici5t1 b ) d\ble sup]phosphates1 t5 m9utes are requir$4 #fe4 ,! ,sw$i% ,citrate ,me?od4#ef--,?is me?od ( det]m9+ phosphoric acid is f\nd$ on ! fact t phosphoric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( calcium salts1 )\t x be+ necess>y1 previ\sly1 to conv]t x into phosphomolybdate1 is precipitat$ directly by magnesia mixture f a solution1 to :i* ammonium citrate has be5 add$1 provid$ fir/1 t ! solution conta9 a suffici5t quantity ( sulfuric acid1 & second1 t only z mu* citrate be add$ z is requir$ to keep ! calcium salts 9 alkal9e solution4#eg ,reag5ts4 7#a7 ,citric ,acid ,solution4--,prep>$ by dissolv+ #ejj grams ( citric acid 9 wat]1 & complet+ to a volume ( "o lit]4 7#b7 ,t5 ,p] ,c5t ,ammonia ( #j4iei specific gravity4 7#c7 ,magnesia ,mixture1 ( ! usual composition4 ,! v>i\s processes are conduct$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,wat]-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,add tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( citric acid solution to fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! wat]-soluble solution obta9$ accord+ to ! ,sw$i% molybd5um me?od1 & !n add ?irty-?ree cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia4 ,:5 ! mixture has cool$1 add sl[ly tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! magnesia mixture1 & !n =ty-two cubic c5timet]s ( ! ammonia4 ,keep ! solution /irr$ by means ( a closely clipp$ fea!r :i* is press$ tightly aga9/ ! sides ( ! beak]2 by ?is process ! phosphate is precipitat$ aft] half an h\r 9 pure condition & completely1 )\t1 9 ! lea/1 /ick+ to ! wall ( ! beak]2 filt]1 wa%1 & ignite1 z usually direct$4 7b7 ,insoluble ,phosphoric ,add4--,moi/51 9 a porcela9 di%1 t5 grams ( ! p[d]$ sample ) wat]2 add fifty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 & heat = fifte5 m9utes s high t fumes ( sulfuric acid w escape4 ,:5 ! mass has cool$1 wa% x into a half lit] graduat$ flask1 fill to ! m>k1 & %ake well4 ,aft] filtration1 ! cle> filtrate may1 aft] "s "t1 turn turbid by sep>ation ( calcium sulfate1 b z ! ammonium citrate1 :i* is aft]w>ds add$1 aga9 br+s ! precipitate into solution1 x is ( no importance4 ,take fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution1 correspond+ to "o gram ( ! p[d]$ sample1 add tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! citric acid solution1 neutralize ! mixture approximately1 b n exactly1 by ammonia2 aft] cool+1 add tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( magnesia mixture2 /ir ! fluid by means ( a fea!r1 z describ$ above1 till no m precipitate is =m$1 & f9ally add ?irty-?ree cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia :ile /irr+ = a c\ple ( m9utes m2 aft] half an h\r ! precipitate may be sep>at$ by filtration1 wa%$1 & ignit$1 z usually direct$4 ,! above process is ess5tially ! "o us$ ) basic slags4 ,:5 mu* organic matt] is pres5t1 by cont9u+ ! heat+ ) sulfuric acid = "s "t1 x may be de/roy$4 #ff4 ,me?ods ,adopt$ by ! ,brussels ,congress1 #ahid4--,! report ( ! committee on me?ods ( analysis ( phosphoric acid requires ! molybdate me?od to be us$ 9 all cases :]e ! quantity to be det]m9$ is v small4 ,9 o!r cases ! citrate me?od may be employ$4#eh 7#a7 ,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! soluble phosphoric acid is det]m9$ by ! me?od adopt$ at ,brussels 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,five grams ( ! sample are rubb$ to a p[d] 9 a mort>1 & !n f fifty to sixty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] add$4 ,aft] all[+ to settle = a few m9utes ! liquid portion is decant$ ^u a filt]4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,f9ally ! solid portions are wa%$ ^u ! filt]1 & ! wa%+ ) wat] is cont9u$ until ! filtrate am\nts to ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a lit]4 ,a few drops ( hydro*loric acid are add$ until ! filtrate is p]fectly cle>1 & ! volume is !n made up to "o lit]4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution are !n treat$ ) ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ammonium citrate solution & "o-?ird z mu* ammonia4 ,aft]w>ds ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( magnesia mixture are add$1 drop by drop1 ) con/ant /irr+4 ,= sup]phosphates conta9+ m ?an eighte5 p] c5t ( phosphoric acid only "o gram is tak51 = ord9>y sup]phosphates two grams1 & = comp\nd f]tiliz]s f\r grams4 ,! sample is fir/ treat$ z above = soluble acid until ! filtrate am\nts to #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 !n cl>ifi$ ) a drop ( nitric acid1 & made up to a qu>t] ( a lit]4 7#b7 ,rev]t$ ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! filt] conta9+ ! residue is !n introduc$ into a qu>t] lit] flask & treat$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ,pet]mann's alkal9e ammonium citrate solution1 vigor\sly %ak51 & left at room temp]ature = fifte5 h\rs4 ,x is !n dige/$ = an h\r at #dj & filt]$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are plac$ 9 a flask &1 ) con/ant %ak+1 ?irty-five cubic c5timet]s ( magnesia mixture add$4 ,! aque\s solution is treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 ignit$ & weigh$1 & multipli$ by #j4fd = phosphoric acid4 ,! total acid is det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4 #fg4 ,dut* ,me?od = ,citrate-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4#ei--,! reag5ts necess>y are3 7#a7 ,citrate solution1 prep>$ accord+ to ,pet]mann4 ,dissolve #afe grams ( citric acid 9 #gjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 mix ) #bej cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( #j4ib specific gravity1 &1 aft] cool+1 br+ to ! volume ( "o lit]4 7#b7 ,magnesia mixture prep>$ accord+ to ,pet]mann4 ,dissolve #djj grams ( cry/alliz$ magnesium *lorid1 #hjj grams ( ammonium *lorid1 & #a1fjj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( #j4if specific gravity 9 wat]1 & dilute to five lit]s4 ,! quantity to be tak5 = ! analysis is five grams :]e ! f]tiliz] conta9s less ?an six p] c5t ( phosphoric acid 7mix$ f]tiliz]s72 two grams :]e x conta9s m ?an six & less ?an fifte5 p] c5t 7common sup]phosphates72 & "o gram :]e x conta9s m ?an fifte5 p] c5t 7d\ble sup]phosphates74 ,place ! weigh$ sub/ance 9 a mort> & cov] ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( citrate solution4 ,g5tly rub up1 wa% into a half lit] flask1 & heat 9 a wat]-ba? = an h\r to a temp]ature betwe5 #ce & #ch4 ,all[ to cool1 fill up to #ejj cubic c5timet]s1 & filt] ?r\gh a dry d\ble filt]4 ,if x is n cle> at ! fir/ filtration1 p\r ?r\gh ! filt] aga91 repeat+ ?is till cle>ness is atta9$4 ,measure #ajj cubic c5timet]s & add sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( magnesia mixture1 all[+ ! latt] to fl[ into ! =m] v sl[ly1 & con/antly /irr+ dur+ ! influx4 ,all[ to /& fifte5 h\rs1 filt]1 wa% ) ammonia ( #j4if specific gravity1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,! p] c5t ( phosphoric acid1 except :]e o!rwise indicat$1 is always to be giv5 z p] c5t ( anhydr\s acid 7,p,o74 #fh4 ,comp>ative ,accuracy ( ! ,citrate & ,molybdate ,me?ods4--,! g5]al use ( ! citrate me?od ( det]m9+ phosphoric acid by ! ,g]man *emi/s has l$ ,johnson#fj to review "s trials ( t me?od 9 ! ,yale laboratory made z e>ly z #ahhj4 ,^! det]m9ations h lately be5 repeat$ 9 comp>ison ) ! ord9>y molybdate me?ods ) ! result t 9 sixty-sev5 det]m9ations on bone-du/1 sup]phosphate1 cotton-hull a%es1 cottonse$-meal1 tankage1 bone-*>1 phosphatic guano1 & phosphate rock1 only ?ree citrate results diff]$ f ^? obta9$ by ! molybdate me?od by m ?an ?ree-t5?s ( "o p] c5t4 ,! greate/ discrepancy betwe5 ! two me?ods 0 #j4da p] c5t1 & ! av]age diff]5ce 0 #j4ji p] c5t4 ,! citrate me?od 0 f\nd to give poor results :5 iron & alum9a 7 pres5t 9 consid]able quantity4 ,ignit$ precipitates by ! citrate me?od 7 f\nd to conta9 z high z f\r p] c5t ( lime1 & iron & alum9a 9 small quantities :5 ^! bodies 7 abundant 9 ! orig9al sub/ance4 ,9 ! molybdate me?od ! rapid precipitation f solutions at #fe 0 f\nd to give unsatisfactory results & x 0 f\nd necess>y to conduct ! process at temp]atures betwe5 #dj & #ej4 ,) a relative excess ( nitric or a relative defici5cy ( molybdic acid "s phosphoric acid may easily escape precipitation4 ,! *ief objection to precipitat+ at #fe is f\nd 9 ! fact t 9 pres5ce ( consid]able iron & alum9a "s ( ^! bodies may be f\nd 9 ! yell[ precipitate1 :5ce !y pass to ! f9al ammonium magnesium phosphate4 ,! citrate me?od1 !re=e1 only gives safe results by comp5sat+ errors :i* 9 e class ( phosphates mu/ be empirically det]m9$4 ,! molybdate me?od gives results too high :5 iron & alum9a are pres5t 9 consid]able quantity & ! yell[ precipitate is obta9$ at temp]atures above #ej4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !re1 be a great relative excess ( nitric acid ! results may be too l[ unless ! filtrates f ! yell[ precipitate be mix$ ) additional molybdic solution & dige/$ until no fur!r precipitate is =m$4 ,comp>ative det]m9ations made1 by bo? me?ods1 by ! ,association ( ,g]man ,exp]im5t ,/ations h l$ to ! conclusion t bo? give practically ! same results :5 ea* "o is conduct$ ) ! prop] precautions peculi> to x4#fa ,9 ! latt] "p ( #ahib1 at ! g5]al meet+ ( ! ,association1 x 0 decl>$ t ! citrate me?od1 aft] hav+ be5 subject$ to repeat$ te/s1 0 f\nd to be satisfactory1 *ang+ ! composition ( ! solution s t x might h #a1ajj in/ead ( #a1jjj grams ( citric acid & f\r lit]s ( tw5ty-f\r p] c5t ammonia to ea* t5 lit]s4 ,! data af=d$ by ! citrate me?od1 :5 appli$ to an artificial mixture ( kn[n composition1 7 m satisfactory ?an ^? obta9$ by ! molybdic process4 ,9 ?is laboratory ! citrate me?od has be5 f\nd to give ne>ly agree+ results ) ! old process4 ,x is mu* %ort] & less exp5sive2 & is recomm5d$ mo/ favorably = practical use1 sugge/+1 h[ev]1 t ) e new k9d ( phosphate or phosphatic f]tiliz] v>y+ notably 9 composition f ! /&>d1 ! "w %\ld be *eck$ at fir/ by comp>ison ) ! molybd5um me?od4 ,,basic ,,phosphatic ,,slags4 #fi4 ,hi/ory & ,manufacture4--,! basic process = ! manufacture ( ,bessem] /eel is kn[n 9 ,europe z ! ,?omas or ,?omas & ,gil*ri/ process1 & ! slags ri* 9 phosphate1 "o ( ! wa/e products ( ! process1 are kn[n by ! same "n4 ,9 ?is c\ntry all ! phosphatic slags :i* h be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( /eel h be5 obta9$ work+ "u ! pat5ts ( ,reese1 &1 :5 prep>$ = ! m>ket1 are kn[n z odorless phosphate4 ,! only place :]e ^! slags h be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry is ,pott/[n1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 ,europe !y are ext5sively manufactur$1 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 & _! use = agricultural purposes has increas$ until x is q equal to t ( sup]phosphates4 ,! quantity ( basic slag manufactur$ 9 ,g]many 9 #ahic 0 #gej1jjj tons2 9 ,engl& #afj1jjj2 9 ,france #aae1jjj1 mak+ ! total production ( c5tral ,europe ab\t #a1jjj1jjj1 a quantity suffici5t to f]tilize ne>ly #e1jjj1jjj acres4 #gj4 ,process ( ,manufacture4--,! pr9ciple ( ! process dep5ds ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! furnaces1 by means ( :i* ! phosphoric acid 9 ! pig iron is caus$ to comb9e ) ! lime :i* is us$ z a flux 9 ! conv]t]s4 ,a g5]al outl9e ( ! process is z foll[s3 ,! pigs1 :i* conta9 f two to f\r p] c5t ( phosphorus1 are melt$ & introduc$ into a ,bessem] conv]t] l9$ ) dolomite p[d] cem5t$ ) coal-t>1 into :i* has previ\sly be5 plac$ a c]ta9 quantity ( fre%ly-burn$ lime4 ,= an av]age cont5t ( ?ree p] c5t ( phosphorus 9 ! pig iron1 f fifte5 to tw5ty p\nds ( lime are us$ = ea* #ajj p\nds ( pig iron4 ,z soon z ! melt$ pig iron has be5 introduc$ into ! conv]t]1 ! air-bla/ is />t$1 ! conv]t] plac$ 9 an upright position1 & ! purification ( ! mass beg9s4 ,! manganese 9 ! iron is conv]t$ into oxid1 ! silicon into silica1 ! c>bon into c>bon dioxid & oxid1 & ! phosphorus into phosphoric acid4 ,by reason ( ! oxidation processes1 ! :ole mass suff]s a rise ( temp]ature am\nt+ 9 all to ab\t #gjj above ! temp]ature ( ! melt$ iron4 ,at ?is temp]ature ! lime :i* has be5 add$1 melts1 &1 9 ?is melt$ /ate1 comb9es ) ! phosphoric acid1 & ! liquid mass floats ^u ! top ( ! metallic portion1 :i* has1 by ?is process1 be5 conv]t$ into /eel4 ,z soon z ! process1 :i* occupies only ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 is complet$1 ! fus$ slag is p\r$ (f into molds1 all[$ to cool1 brok5 up1 & gr\nd to a f9e p[d]4 ,= ea* five tons ( /eel :i* are made 9 ?is way1 ab\t "o ton ( basic slag is produc$4 ,9 ano!r process1 9 ord] to make a slag ri*] 9 phosphoric acid1 a lime is employ$ :i* conta9s a consid]able p]c5tage ( phosphate4 ,al?\gh ! slag ?us produc$ is ri*] 9 phosphoric acid1 x is d\btful :e!r x is any m available = plant gr[? ?an t made 9 ! usual way ) lime free f phosphoric acid4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 a basic slag is made ) a lime free f phosphoric acid1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! phosphoric acid is comb9$ z tetrabasic calcium phosphate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! lime employ$ conta9s "s ( ! ord9>y m9]al phosphate ! basic slag produc$ becomes a mixture ( ?is m9]al phosphate ) ! tetracalcium salt4 ,! m9]al phosphate is probably n r5d]$ any m available ?an x 0 be=e4 ,x is easily se5 f ! above outl9e ( ! process ( manufacture1 t basic slags c h a v widely div]g5t composition4 ,:5 made f pig iron poor 9 phosphorus1 ! slag w h a l>ge excess ( uncomb9$ lime & consequ5tly ! cont5t ( phosphoric acid w be l[4 ,:5 made f pigs ri* 9 phosphorus !re may be a comp>ative defici5cy ( lime1 & 9 ?is case ! cont5t ( phosphoric acid w\ld be unusually high4 ,x is f\nd also t ! cont5t ( iron 9 ! slag v>ies widely4 ,9 g5]al1 ! great] ! cont5t ( iron ! h>d] ! slag & ! m difficult to gr9d4 ,if ! pig iron conta9 sulfur1 z is (t5 ! case1 ?is sulfur is f\nd also 9 ! slag 9 comb9ation ) ! lime1 ei!r z a sulfid or sulfate4 ,no c]ta9 =mula c !re=e be assign$ to basic slags & ! availability ( ea* "o mu/ be judg$ by its *emical composition4 #ga4 ,composition ( ,basic ,slag4--,! slags produc$ by ! me?od above outl9$ may be amorph\s or cry/all9e4 ,:5 l>ge masses are sl[ly cool$ ! int]ior (t5 discloses a cry/all9e composition4 ,9 "s samples analyz$ 9 ?is laboratory ! cry/als 7 f\nd to be ( two =ms2 viz41 acicul> & tabul>4#fb ,!y _h ! foll[+ composition3 ,,calculat$ ,,p] ,,c5ts ,,z ,ca,o4 ,fe,o4 ,al,o4 ,mg,o4 ,v,o4 ,p,o4 ,si,o4 ,acicul> cry/als #db4fi #bj4ih #c4ga #j4di #j4ah #bg4jf #d4if ,tabul> cry/als #ec4fa #i4fd #j4ia #j4jh ---- #cc4ib #a4ge ,^! data %[ t ! two sets ( cry/als belong to two di/9ct m9]al =ms4 ,! pres5ce ( vanadium 9 "o ( ! samples is wor?y ( rem>k1 & leads to ! sugge/ion t 9 ! slags made ( phosphorif]\s pigs may be f\nd any ( ! r>e metals :i* may exi/ 9 ! ores f :i* ! pigs 7 made4 ,! amorph\s portions may h a widely v>y+ composition & consequ5t cont5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,9 all good slags1 h[ev]1 :e!r 9 cry/all9e =m or z amorph\s p[d]1 ! lime & phosphoric acid w be f\nd comb9$ z tetracalcium phosphate 7,ca,p,o74 #gb4 ,molecul> ,/ructure ( ,tetracalcium ,phosphate4--,sev]al !ories h be5 advanc$ 9 respect ( ! atomic arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts conta9$ 9 a molecule ( tetracalcium phosphate4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t s little is kn[n conc]n+ ! reactions ( ?is body z to make !ories ( its con/itution l>gely vision>y4 ,b ! exi/5ce 9 def9ite cry/all9e =m ( ?is salt %[s t x is n m]ely an intimate me*anical mixture1 b a true molecul> =m4 ,z a type ( ! suppos$ arrangem5t ( its p>ticles ! graphic =mula propos$ by ,kormann may be consult$2 viz41 ,illu/ration ,! cry/als ( ?is salt1 z may be se5 by inspection ( ! analytical data1 conta9 o!r bodies ?an calcium1 oxyg51 & phosphorus4 ,x w\ld be ( int]e/ to pu% ! inve/igation ( _! con/itution fur!r & see if cry/als ( pure tetracalcium phosphate c\ld be obta9$1 & "u :at conditions !y w\ld be contam9at$ by o!r metallic oxids4 ,usually1 by ! color ( ! cry/als1 x w be easy to det]m9e some?+ ( ! nature1 if n ! ext5t ( ! contam9ation4 #gc4 ,solubility ( ,phosphatic ,slags4--,! high agricultural value ( basic slags l$ to an e>ly /udy ( _! solubility 9 ammonium citrate1 citric acid1 & o!r organic solutions4 ,ev5 f9ely gr\nd m9]al phosphates & bones are soluble to "s ext5t 9 ammonium citrate1 z 0 po9t$ out z long ago z #ahhb4fc ,! mo/ common solv5ts us$ = basic slags are ammonium citrate & citric acid4 ,! ammonium citrate %\ld be ! same z t us$ = ! det]m9ation ( rev]t$ phosphoric acid & ! citric acid solution commonly us$ conta9s five grams 9 a hundr$ cubic c5timet]s4 ,! slags ( diff]5t orig9 & ev5 ( diff]5t age v>y greatly 9 respect ( ! quantity ( soluble matt] !y conta94 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t a v fair idea ( ! agricultural value ( a slag may be obta9$ by det]m9+ its degree ( solubility 9 "o ( ! m5/rua nam$4 #gd4 ,sep>ation by ,sift+4--,! relative availability ( a slag1 z 9 ! case ( a m9]al phosphate1 is det]m9$ by ! p]c5tage ( f9e mat]ial x conta9s4 ,sieves ( v>y+ ap]tures are us$ to det]m9e ?is p]c5tage4 ,a "o-half millimet] or a "o-qu>t] millimet] circul> ap]ture is be/1 & ! p]c5tage ( ! total mat]ial pass+ ?r\gh is det]m9$4 ,a me?od us$ 9 ,g]many consi/s 9 sift+ ! slag 9 a sieve tw5ty c5timet]s 9 diamet] ! me%es ( :i* are f #j4ad to #j4ag millimet] squ>e & :i* measure diagonally f #j4bb to #j4bd millimet]4 #ge4 ,solution ( ,phosphatic ,slags4--,sulfuric acid has be5 f\nd to be an excell5t solv5t = basic slags prep>atory to ! det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no unanimity ( op9ion conc]n+ ! be/ me?od or means ( solution4 ,aqua regia & nitric acid are object$ to because !y may conv]t any phosphorus 9 comb9ation ) ! iron into phosphoric acid & ?us increase ! quantity pres5t4#fd ,b iron phosphid is seldom or ev] f\nd 9 slags & !re=e ?is objection is n always t5able4 ,sulfuric acid has also be5 deem$ objectionable because ! gypsum sep>at$ is likely to c>ry ) x "s ( ! o!r sub/ances to be det]m9$4 ,hydro*loric acid is also exclud$ by "s f ! li/ ( solv5ts because x dissolves s _m ( ! =eign elem5ts 9 ! slag & ?us t5ds to complicate ! subsequ5t det]m9ation1 especially ( magnesia4 ,fur!r ?an ?is a hydro*loric acid solution is n suit$ to ! use ( ! citrate me?od n[ s commonly employ$4 ,:5 hydro*loric acid is us$1 moreov]1 ! dissolv$ silica mu/ be remov$ & ?us ! "t requir$ = mak+ a phosphoric acid det]m9ation is mu* increas$4 ,if ! sample be suffici5tly f9e ! occlusion ( undissolv$ phosphate p>ticles by ! gypsum =m$ :5 sulfuric acid is us$ is n to be fe>$ & ! di/urbance ( volume by ! gypsum is pretty ne>ly con/ant & c be all[$ =4 ,:5 five grams ( slag are us$ ! mean volume ( gypsum 9 ! solution is ab\t two cubic c5timet]s4 #gf4 ,e/imation ( ,total ,acid4--,9 ! det]m9ation ( total phosphoric acid 9 a slag1 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! /ronge/ sulfuric acid are plac$ 9 an erl5mey] hav+ a wide neck1 & ) c>eful %ak+ five grams ( ! f9e slag meal gradually add$4 ,! flask is heat$ ov] a nak$ flame until solution is complete4 ,:5 ! mass is cold x is wa%$ into a qu>t] lit] flask2 aga9 all[$ to cool1 fill$ ) wat] to ! m>k1 & two cubic c5timet]s ( wat] correspond+ to ! volume ( gypsum undissolv$1 are add$1 well mix$1 & filt]$4 ,9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate ! phosphoric acid is det]m9$ by ei!r ! molybdic or citrate me?ods already describ$4 #gg4 ,alt]nate ,me?od4--,! foll[+ me?od may also be us$3 ,t5 grams ( ! sub/ance are heat$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid until :ite vapors h be5 evolv$ = "s "t4 ,! op]ation la/s = ab\t fifte5 m9utes & c be c>ri$ on 9 a half lit] flask or 9 a porcela9 di%4 ,)\t reg>d+ ! undissolv$ mat]ial ! volume ( ! liquid is n[ made up to half a lit] & filt]$4 ,! filt]$ liquid becomes turbid aft] "s "t ?r\gh ! sep>ation ( calcium sulfate1 b ?is turbidity %\ld n be reg>d$4 ,to fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution1 correspond+ to "o gram ( sub/ance1 tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( citric acid solution 7#ejj grams citric acid to ! lit]7 are add$1 & x is aft]w>ds ne>ly neutraliz$ by ! addition ( t5 p] c5t ammonia & ! liquid1 :i* is w>m$ by ?is op]ation1 cool$4 ,!re are n[ add$ tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! ord9>y magnesium *lorid mixture & ! solution /irr$ until turbidity is produc$1 "o-?ird ( its volume ( t5 p] c5t ammonia add$1 & aga9 /irr$ = ab\t a m9ute4 ,in/ead ( ! addition ( ! citric acid & ammonia ! ammonium citrate prep>$ z foll[s1 may be add$3 #a1ejj grams ( citric acid are dissolv$ ) wat]1 made up to ?ree lit]s & five lit]s ( tw5ty-f\r p] c5t ammonia & sev5 lit]s ( wat] add$4 ,! re/ ( ! op]ation is c>ri$ on 9 ! usual mann]4 #gh4 ,halle ,me?od = ,basic ,slag4--,! total phosphoric acid is e/imat$ at ! ,halle ,/ation by ! foll[+ process3#fe ,t5 grams ( ! sub/ance are moi/5$ 9 a porcela9 di% ) a few drops ( wat] & ab\t five cubic c5timet]s ( a "o to "o solution ( sulfuric acid add$1 & aft] ! mass has h>d5$1 :i* takes place v soon1 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid are add$ & /irr$ ) a glass rod until x is ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass4 ,9 /irr+ ?is mixture ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak51 o!rwise ! sub/ance w\ld rema9 atta*$ to ! sides ( ! di%1 :i* dur+ lat] heat+ w\ld cause loss ?r\gh spurt+4 ,! complete solution n[ takes place aft] a few h\rs' heat+ on a s&-ba?4 ,dur+ ! cool+ ! jelly-l mass mu/ be /irr$ ) a glass rod1 & aft] x is cool1 by means ( a wa%+-bottle1 g5tly along ! sides ( ! di%1 wat] is add$1 & :5 ! mixture becomes hot x is aga9 cool$ & wa%$ into a half lit] flask1 :i* is made up to ! m>k at a temp]ature ( #ag4e & filt]$4 ,:5 ! acid filtrate /&s = "s "t !re is (t5 a sep>ation ( gypsum :i*1 h[ev]1 does n 9 any way influ5ce ! subsequ5t analysis1 :i* is made 9 ! usual mann]4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 repres5t+ "o gram ( ! orig9al sub/ance1 are plac$ 9 an erl5mey]4 ,9 ! case ( d\ble sup]phosphates :i* (t5 conta9 l>ge quantities ( pyrophosphates1 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate j obta9$1 equival5t to five grams ( ! sub/ance1 are dilut$ ) sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( #a4db specific gravity add$1 & heat$ on a s&-ba? to conv]t ! pyro into or?ophosphates4 ,! heat+ %\ld be cont9u$ until ! liquid is r$uc$ to its orig9al volume ( tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,! /rongly acid liquid is saturat$ ) ammonia & ) ! addition ( a drop ( rosolic acid z an indicator1 aga9 acidifi$ ) nitric acid1 & treat$ z ) sup]phosphates4 #gi4 ,dut* ,me?od = ,basic ,slag4--,heat t5 grams ( ! sample ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid 7#a4hd specific gravity7 till :ite vapors are evolv$1 %ak+ or /irr+ con/antly4 ,aft] cool+ make ! fluid up to #ejj cubic c5timet]s ) wat]1 tak+ no acc\nt ( ! undissolv$ sub/ance4 ,filt]1 & to fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate add #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! ammoniacal citrate solution1 & aft] cool+1 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( magnesia mixture4 ,/ir or %ake = a suffici5t "t4 ,aft] ! lapse ( two h\rs ! precipitate is to be sep>at$ by filtration & treat$ 9 ! usual mann]4 #hj4 ,e/imation ( ,citrate-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,basic ,slag4--,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! manurial value ( basic slags does n dep5d alone on _! cont5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,slags may conta9 tri- z well z tetracalcium phosphate1 & ev5 ?is latt] salt may exi/ 9 /ates ( diff]+ availability4 ,9 det]m9+ ! availability ( basic slag = manurial purposes its solubility 9 ammonium citrate is consid]$ ! be/ /&>d4 ,b ?is solubility w evid5tly be influ5c$ by ! basicity ( ! sample1 or 9 o!r words1 by ! quantity ( lime pres5t4 ,a slag ri* 9 calcium oxid w\ld deport itself diff]5tly ) a giv5 ammonium citrate solution f "o 9 :i* ! lime _h be5 *iefly conv]t$ into c>bonate4 ,if possible1 !re=e1 all samples %\ld be r$uc$ to ! same /ate ( basicity be=e ! action ( any giv5 solv5t is det]m9$4 ,wagn] proposes to neutralize ! basicity ( a slag 9 ! foll[+ mann]3#ff ,five grams ( ! slag are plac$ 9 a half lit] flask :i* is !n fill$ up to ! m>k ) a "o p] c5t solution ( citric acid & %ak5 = half an h\r4 ,aft] filt]+1 fifty cubic c5timet]s are titrat$ ) a /&>d soda solution us+ ph5olph?ale9 z indicator4 ,?is gives ! quantity ( citric acid necess>y to neutralize ! slag4 ,to a second portion ( five grams ( ! sample 9 a half lit] flask are add$ #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & en\gh five p] c5t citric acid solution to neutralize ! lime & !n #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( acid ammonium citrate made z indicat$ bel[4 ,aft] fill+ to ! m>k ) wat] x is %ak5 = half an h\r & filt]$4 ,to fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are add$ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( molybdic solution & heat$ to #hj4 ,aft] cool+1 ! precipitate is filt]$ & ! phosphoric acid e/imat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! acid ammonium citrate solution us$ is made z foll[s3 ,dissolve #afj grams ( citric acid ) en\gh ammonia to repres5t ab\t tw5ty-eight grams ( nitrog5 & make up ) wat] to "o lit]4 ,! exact me?od is giv5 9 #hb4 ,! molybdic solution is made by dissolv+ #abe grams ( molybdic acid 9 a slight excess ( two & a half p] c5t ( ammonia1 add+ #djj grams ( ammonium nitrate1 dilut+ to "o lit] & p\r+ ! solution into "o lit] ( nitric acid hav+ a specific gravity ( #a4ai4 ,aft] all[+ to /& at room temp]ature = "o day ! mixture is filt]$ & is !n ready = use4 #ha4 ,wagn]'s ,%ak+ ,app>atus4--,! late/ directions giv5 by ,wagn] = det]m9+ ! phosphoric acid 9 slags & raw phosphates soluble 9 citrate solutions1 are ! foll[+3#fg ,five grams ( ! mat]ial z x is s5t into comm]ce )\t gr9d+ or sift+1 are plac$ 9 a half lit] flask & cov]$ ) ne>ly a qu>t] lit] ( wat]1 & !n #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( citrate solution add$1 prep>$ z describ$ bel[4 ,! flask is fill$ to ! m>k ) wat]4 ,! flasks1 :i* are ( ! %ape %[n 9 ! figure1 are clos$ ) rubb] /opp]s1 & )\t delay plac$ = half an h\r 9 a rotat+ app>atus1 7,fig4 #f7 :i* is turn$ on its axis f ?irty to =ty times a m9ute4 ,if a %ak+ app>atus be us$ in/ead ( ! "o m5tion$1 #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! citrate solution %\ld be plac$ 9 a half lit] flask1 fill$ to ! m>k ) wat]1 & ! cont5ts p\r$ into a lit] flask conta9+ ! phosphate4 ,?is flask %\ld be plac$ 9 a ne>ly horizontal position 9 ! app>atus & ! agitation be cont9u$ = half an h\r4 ,on removal f ! app>atus ! mixture is filt]$ & fifty cubic c5timet]s !re( treat$ ) d\ble ! quantity ( molybdic solution at #hj & ! precipitate sep>at$ aft] cool+4 ,! precipitate is c>efully wa%$ ) "o p] c5t nitric acid mixture1 aft] :i* ! filt] is brok5 & ! precipitate wa%$ into a beak] ) two p] c5t ammonia & ! filt] wa%$ !re) until ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s h be5 us$4 ,if ! solution is turbid f ! pres5ce ( silicic acid x %\ld be precipitat$ a second "t by addition ( molybdic solution until ! acid reaction is re/or$4 ,! ammoniacal solution ( ! yell[ precipitate is treat$1 drop by drop1 ) con/ant /irr+1 ) fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( magnesia mixture1 & set aside = two h\rs4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! direct precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid by ! magnesia solution 9 pres5ce ( citrate is n advisable because ( ! almo/ g5]al pres5ce ( silicic acid :i* w\ld cause ! results to be too high4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #f4 ,,wagn]',s ,,dige/ion ,,app>atus ,,= ,,slags4 ,! *ief objection to ?is me?od ( ,wagn] lies 9 ! failure to control ! temp]ature at :i* ! dige/ion ) citrate solution is made4 ,hu/on has %[n1 z w be describ$ fur!r on1 t ! temp]ature ex]cises a great influ5ce 9 dige/ion ) citrate4 ,s9ce ! laboratory temp]ature1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 may v>y betwe5 #aj & #ce1 x is evid5t t on ! same sample ! ,wagn] me?od w\ld give v discordant results at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 #hb4 ,solutions ,employ$ 9 ! ,wagn] ,me?od4--#a4 ,ammonium ,citrate4--,9 "o lit] !re %\ld be exactly #aej grams ( citric acid & #bg4ic grams ( ammonia1 equival5t to tw5ty-?ree grams ( nitrog54 ,! foll[+ example illu/rates ! prep>ation ( t5 lit]s ( ! solution3 ,9 two lit]s ( wat] & ?ree & a half lit]s ( eight p] c5t ammonia1 #a1ejj grams ( citric acid are dissolv$ & ! cool$ solution made up exactly to eight lit]s4 ,dilute tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution to #bej cubic c5timet]s & treat tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ?is ) ?ree grams ( calc9$ magnesia & di/ill into =ty cubic c5timet]s ( half normal sulfuric acid4 ,suppose ! ammonia nitrog5 f\nd correspond to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( f\r? normal soda-lye4 ,!n 9 ! eight lit]s are conta9$ 7#bj4j #j4jjce #hjjj7 ---------------------- #bbd grams #b4e ( ammonia nitrog54 ,!n 9 ord] to secure 9 ! t5 lit]s ! prop] quantity ( ammonia !re mu/ be add$ two lit]s ( wat] conta9+ #bcj - #bbd six grams ( nitrog5 or sev5 & ?ree-t5?s grams ammonia2 viz41 n9ety-f\r cubic c5timet]s ( #j4ifg specific gravity4 #b4 ,molybdate ,solution4--,dissolve #abe grams ( molybdic acid 9 dilute two & five-t5?s p] c5t ammonia1 avoid+ a l>ge excess ( ! solv5t4 ,add #djj grams ( ammonium nitrate1 dilute ) wat] to "o lit] & p\r ! solution into "o lit] ( nitric acid ( #a4ai specific gravity4 ,all[ ! prep>ation to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs at #ce & filt]4 #c4 ,magnesia ,mixture4--,dissolve #aaj grams ( pure cry/alliz$ magnesium *lorid & #adj grams ( ammonium *lorid 9 #gjj cubic c5timet]s ( eight p] c5t ammonia & #acj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,all[ to /& sev]al days & filt]4 #hc4 ,e/imation ( ,lime4--,:5 ! lime is to be det]m9$ 9 basic slags "s difficulty may be exp]i5c$ by reason ( dang] ( contam9ation ( ! oxalate precipitate ) iron & especially manganese1 :i* is (t5 pres5t 9 slags4 ,holleman#fh proposes to e/imate ! lime 9 basic slag by a modification ( ! me?ods ( ,class5 & ,jones4 ,! manipulation is z foll[s3 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ( slag1 equival5t to "o gram ( sub/ance1 are evaporat$ to a small volume1 tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( neutral ammonium oxalate solution 7"o to ?ree7 add$ to ! residue & heat$ on a wat]-ba? ) frequ5t /irr+1 until ! precipitate is pure :ite & free f lumps4 ,! "t requir$ is usually ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on a filt] & wa%$ ) hot wat] until ! filtrate conta9s no oxalic acid4 ,! precipitat$ calcium oxalate mu/ be sn[-:ite4 ,! filt] is brok5 & ! calcium oxalate wa%$ ?r\gh1 fir/ ) wat] & f9ally ) w>m1 dilute hydro*loric acid 7"o to "o74 ,! calcium oxalate is dissolv$ by add+ fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 ! solution evaporat$ to a volume ( ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( dilute sulfuric acid 7"o to five71 & #aej cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-six p] c5t alcohol add$4 ,aft] /&+ ?ree h\rs or m ! precipitate is sep>at$ by filtration & wa%$ ) n9ety-six p] c5t alcohol until ! wa%+s %[ no acid reaction ) me?yl orange4 ,! calcium sulfate precipitat$ is dri$ to con/ant weight4 ,?is me?od gives a pure precipitate ( calcium sulfate1 conta9+ only traces ( manganese4 #hd4 ,e/imation ( ,cau/ic ,lime4--,! lime me*anically pres5t 9 basic slags is likely to be f\nd z oxid or hydroxid1 especially :5 ! sample is ( rec5t manufacture4 ,9 ! =m ( oxid ! lime may be det]m9$ by solution 9 sug>4 ,9 ?is process "o gram ( ! f9e slag meal is %ak5 = "s "t ) a solution ( sug>1 z sugge/$ by ,/one & ,s*eu*4#fi ,! dissolv$ lime is sep>at$ z oxalate by treatm5t ( ! solution ) ! ammonium salt4 ,! calcium oxalate may be det]m9$ by ignition 9 ! usual way or volumetrically by solution 9 sulfuric acid & titration ( ! free oxalic acid ) potassium p]manganate solutions4 ,! /&>d solution ( p]manganate %\ld be ( su* a /r5g? z to h "o cubic c5timet] equival5t to ab\t #j4ja gram ( iron4 ,! iron value ( ! p]manganate us$ multipli$ by #j4e w give ! quantity ( calcium oxid f\nd4 #he4 ,detection ( ,adult]ation ( ,phosphatic ,slags4--,! high agricultural value ( phosphatic slags has l$ to _! adult]ation & ev5 to ! sub/itution ( o!r bodies4 ,sev]al pat5ts h also be5 grant$ = ! manufacture ( artificial slags ( a value said to be an approximation to t ( ! by-products ( ! basic pig iron process4 7#a7 ,me?od ( ,blum4--,"o ( ! e>lie/ me?ods ( exam9+ basic slag = adult]ations is ! me?od ( ,blum4#gj ,?is me?od re/s ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! det]m9ation ( ! c>bon dioxid 9 ! sample4 ,! basic phosphatic slag is suppos$ to conta9 no c>bon dioxid4 ,?is is true only 9 case x is fre%ly prep>$4 ,! tetrabasic phosphate1 aft] be+ kept = "s "t1 gradually absorbs c>bon dioxid f ! air4 ,z high z n9ete5 p] c5t ( c>bon dioxid h be5 f\nd 9 slags :i* h be5 kept = a long :ile4 ,:5 ! slag has absorb$ s mu* ( c>bon dioxid & wat] f ! air z to be no long] pr(itable = m>ket1 x c be re/or$ to its orig9al condition by ignition4 7#b7 ,me?od ( ,ri*t]-,=/]4--,"o ( ! common adult]ants ( tetrabasic phosphate is alum9um phosphate4 ,! me?od ( detect+ ?is :5 mix$ ) ! slag is describ$ by ,ri*t]-,=/]4#ga ,! me?od dep5ds on ! fact t soda-lye dissolves ! alum9um phosphate1 al?\gh x does n dissolve any calcium phosphoric acid f ! slag4 ,two grams ( ! sample to be te/$ are treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( soda-lye ( f #g to #h ,c4 9 a small vessel ) frequ5t %ak+ = a few h\rs at room temp]ature4 ,aft] filtration ! filtrate is made acid ) hydro*loric & aft]w>ds slightly alkal9e ) ammonia4 ,) pure basic slag !re is a small trace ( precipitate produc$1 b ?is is due to a little silica :i* c be dissolv$ 9 a slight excess ( acetic acid4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! basic slag conta9 alum9um phosphate1 a d5se jelly-l precipitate ( alum9um phosphate is produc$4 7#c7 ,me?od ( ,j5s*4--,edmund ,j5s*#gb det]m9es ! tetrabasic phosphate 9 slags by solution 9 organic acids1 & pref]s citric acid = ?is purpose4 ,?is me?od 0 also recomm5d$ by ,blum#gc4 ,x is well kn[n t ! tetrabasic phosphate 9 slags is completely soluble 9 citric acid :ile ! tribasic phosphate is only slightly1 if at all1 attack$4 ,! neutral ammonium salts ( organic acids d n at fir/ attack ! tribasic phosphate at all1 & !y d n completely dissolve ! tetrabasic phosphate4 ,! solution us$ by ,j5s* is made z foll[s3 ,fifty grams ( cry/alliz$ citric acid are dissolv$ 9 "o lit] ( wat]4 ,a weak] acid dissolves ! tetrabasic phosphate too sl[ly & a /rong] "o attacks ! tribasic phosphate pres5t4 ,s*u*t recomm5ds ! foll[+ me?od ( proc$ure3#gd ,"o gram ( ! slag1 f9ely gr\nd1 is treat$ 9 a beak] glass ) ab\t #aej cubic c5timet]s ( ,j5s5's citric acid solution & w>m$ = twelve h\rs 9 an air-ba? at f #ej to #gj ) frequ5t %ak+4 ,aft]w>ds x is dilut$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 boil$ = "o m9ute & filt]$4 ,! filt] is wa%$ ?or\ghly ) hot wat] & ! phosphoric acid is e/imat$ 9 ! filtrate 9 ! usual way4 ,) artificial mixtures ( basic slags & o!r phosphates ! quantity ( basic slag c be det]m9$ by ! above me?od4 7#d7 ,me?od ( ,wrampelmey]4--,accord+ to ,wrampelmey] ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od = discov]+ ! adult]ation ( basic slag is ! use ( ! microscope4#ge ,all f9ely gr\nd natural phosphates are light color$ & ) a /rong magnification appe> z r\nd$ masses4 ,9 basic slags ! p>ticles are mo/ly black b !re are (t5 f\nd r$-color$ fragm5ts hav+ %>p angles :i* refract _! light 9 a peculi> way s t1 ) a v little exp]i5ce1 !y c be recogniz$ z be+ di/9ctive m>ks ( pure basic slag4 ,9 artificial mixtures ( ^! two phosphates1 :i* we h made 9 our laboratory1 we h be5 able to detect ) c]ta9ty z little z "o p] c5t ( add$ m9]al phosphate4 ,"o =m ( adult]at+ natural m9]al phosphates has be5 mix+ !m ) f9ely pulv]iz$ *>coal or soot to give !m ! black appe>ance *>act]i/ic ( ! basic slags4 ,?is =m ( adult]ation is at once disclos$ by simple ignition or by microscopic exam9ation4 7#e7 ,loss on ,ignition4--,if all d\bts _c be remov$ by ! use ( ! microscope1 ! loss on ignition %\ld be e/imat$4 ,natural phosphates all give a high loss on ignition1 rang+ f eight to tw5ty-f\r p] c5t1 :ile a basic slag gives only a v slight loss on ignition1 especially :5 fre%4 ,a basic slag :i* has /ood = a long :ile & absorb$ c>bon dioxid & moi/ure1 may give a loss on ignition approximat+1 9 a maximum case1 ! m9imum loss on ignition f a natural phosphate4 ,9 exp]im5ts made 9 ?is laboratory 9 te/+ = loss on ignition1 we h uni=mly f\nd t natural m9]al phosphates w lose f ne>ly "o to two & "o-half times z mu* on ignition z a basic slag :i* has be5 kept = two ye>s4 ,a basic slag 9 ! laboratory m ?an two ye>s old gave1 z loss on ignition1 #d4ab p] c5t4 ,sev]al samples ( f9ely gr\nd ,florida phosphates gave ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( loss on ignition1 z comp>$ ) a sample ( slag4 ,odorless phosphate #d4ab4 ,florida phosphates #h4jf1 #f4ij1 #i4eh1 #f4dj1 #aj4ch1 & #aj4fg respectively4 ,!re are "s m9]al phosphates1 h[ev]1 :i* are ignit$ be=e be+ s5t to ! m>ket4 ,we h "o su* sample 9 our laboratory f ,florida :i* gave1 on ignition1 a loss ( only "o & f\r-t5?s p] c5t4 ,9 ?is case x is se5 t ! application ( ! process ( ignition w\ld n discrim9ate betwe5 a basic slag & a m9]al phosphate4 ,x may (t5 be ( int]e/ to "k :at "p ( ! loss1 on ignition1 is due to wat] 9 =m ( moi/ure4 ,9 su* cases ! sample %\ld fir/ be dri$ to con/ant weight 9 a /eam-ba? & !n ignit$4 ,9 ! foll[+ data are f\nd ! results obta9$ "h ) samples treat$ z above indicat$ & also ignit$ directly4 ,numb] "o is a basic slag two ye>s old & ! o!rs ,florida phosphates4 ,heat$ to #ajj ,c4 !n ignit$4 ,ignit$ directly4 ,loss at ,loss on ,total ,loss on #ajj ,c4 ignition4 loss4 ignition4 ,no4 #a 7,slag7 #b4eg #a4gg #d4cd #d4ab ,no4 #b 7,rock7 #b4fa #e4ai #g4hj #h4jf ,no4 #c 8 #a4ji #e4gg #f4hf #f4ij ,no4 #d 8 #j4db #i4bj #i4fb #i4eh ,no4 #e 8 #a4ha #d4hc #f4fd #f4dj ,no4 #f 8 #d4cf #f4eb #aj4hh #aj4hc ,no4 #g 8 #c4ca #g4ja #aj4cb #aj4fg 7#f7 ,pres5ce ( ,sulfids4--,ano!r po9t notic$ 9 ?is laboratory is t ! basic slags uni=mly conta9 sulfids :i* are decompos$ ^u ! addition ( an acid ) an evolution ( hydrog5 sulfid4 7#g7 ,pres5ce ( ,fluor94--,9 apply+ ! te/ = fluor91 x has be5 uni=mly f\nd "h t ! m9]al phosphates respond to ! fluor9 te/ :ile ! basic slags1 on ! contr>y1 respond to ! hydrog5 sulfid te/4 ,?is te/1 h[ev]1 0 appli$ only to ! few samples we h _h & may n be a uni=m prop]ty4 ,! abs5ce ( fluor9 might n prove ! abs5ce ( adult]ation1 b its pres5ce w\ld1 ,i believe1 c]ta9ly prove ! fact ( ! adult]ation 9 t p>ticul> sample4 ,! fluor9 te/ is appli$ by ,btt*] 9 ! foll[+ mann]3#gf ,f t5 to fifte5 grams ( ! slag are plac$ 9 a beak] t5 c5timet]s high & f five to six c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 ) fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 /irr$ ) a glass rod1 & cov]$ ) a wat*-glass on ! "u side ( :i* a drop ( wat] hangs4 ,if !re be =m$ ^u ! drop ( wat] a :ite murky rim1 x is pro( t a m9]al phosphate conta9+ fluor9 has be5 add$4 ,aft] f five to t5 m9utes y c notice on ! clean wat*-glass ! et*+ produc$ by ! hydr(luoric acid4 ,accord+ to ,btt*] an adult]ation ( t5 p] c5t ( raw phosphate 9 slag c be detect$ by ?is me?od4 7#h7 ,solubility 9 ,wat]4--,solubility 9 wat] is also a good indication1 natural phosphates be+ totally insoluble 9 wat]1 :ile a consid]able quantity ( ! basic slag w be dissolv$ 9 wat] on acc\nt ( ! calcium oxid or hydroxid :i* x conta9s4 ,if ! loss on ignition is l[1 & ! volume-weight & wat]-solubility high1 ! analy/ may be c]ta9 t ! sample is a pure slag4 ,9 comp>ative te/s made 9 our laboratory ) a sample ( basic slag & sev5 samples ( ,florida phosphate1 ! p]c5tages ( mat]ial dissolv$ by wat] & by a five p] c5t solution ( citric acid 7 f\nd to be z foll[s3 ,sol4 9 five p] c5t ,wat]-soluble4 citric acid4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,odorless phosphate #j4ig #af4aj ,florida phosphate #j4ja #d4ae 8 8 #j4ji #d4ff 8 8 #j4jb #c4dc 8 8 #j4jh #c4fa 8 8 #j4jb #c4gi 8 8 #j4je #d4df 8 8 #j4jb #d4bd ,f ! above data x is se5 t ! solv5t action ( wat] especially w\ld be ( value inasmu* z x dissolves only a m]e trace ( ! m9]al phosphates1 approximat+ "o p] c5t ( ! am\nt dissolv$ f basic slag4 ,9 ! case ( ! citric acid x is f\nd t ! am\nt ( mat]ials soluble 9 ?is solv5t = basic slag is fully f\r times z great z = ! m9]al phosphates4 ,bo? ( ^! processes1 !re=e1 h consid]able value = discrim9at+ betwe5 ! pure & adult]at$ article ( basic slag4 7#i7 ,specific ,gravity4--,! e/imation ( ! volume specific gravity is also a good indication = judg+ ( ! purity ( ! slag4 ,?is is be/ done by weigh+ directly a giv5 volume4 ,basic slag w h a volume-weight ( ab\t "o & n9e-t5?s1 :ile natural phosphates w h ab\t "o & six-t5?s4 7#aj7 ,conclusions4--,f ! above rsum ( ! /&>d me?ods :i* are 9 use = det]m9+ ! adult]ation ( basic slag1 x is se5 t !re are _m cases 9 :i* grave d\bt might exi/ ev5 aft] ! c>eful application ( all ! me?ods m5tion$4 ,if we _h only to consid] ! adult]ation ( basic slag ) c]ta9 ( ! m9]al phosphates1 t is1 tricalcium phosphate1 ! problem w\ld be an easy "o1 b :5 we add to ?is ! fact t iron & alum9um phosphates are employ$ 9 ! adult]ation1 & t artificial slags may be s us$1 ! "q becomes m involv$4 ,9 d\btful cases "o aft] ano!r ( ! me?ods %\ld be appli$ until !re is no d\bt :atev] ( ! judgm5t :i* %\ld be r5d]$4 ,,volumetric ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 #hf4 ,classification ( ,me?ods4--,! "t requir$ = a gravimetric det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid has l$ analy/s to try ! spe$i] if less accurate processes1 dep5d+ on ! use ( volumetric me?ods4 ,! *ief difficulty ) ^! me?ods has be5 9 secur+ "s %>p me?od ( di/+ui%+ ! end reaction4 ,9 mo/ cases x has be5 f\nd necess>y to remove a portion ( ! titrat$ solution & prep>e x = f9al te/+ by subsid5ce or filtration4 ,z is well kn[n1 ?is me?od ( det]m9+ ! end reaction is less accurate & m "t-consum+ ?an ^? processes dep5d+ on a *ange ( color 9 ! :ole mass4 ,all ! volumetric processes n[ 9 g5]al use may be divid$ into two classes2 viz41 7#a7 ! direct precipitation ( phosphoric acid & ! det]m9ation ( ! end reaction by any appropriate means1 & 7#b7 ! previ\s sep>ation ( ! phosphoric acid1 usually by means ( a citro-magnesium or molybd5um mixture1 & 9 ! latt] case ! subsequ5t titration ( ! yell[ ammonium phosphomolybdate ei!r directly or aft] r$uction to a l[] =m ( oxidation4 ,9 respect ( ext5t ( application by f> ! mo/ important volumetric me?od is ! "o dep5d+ on titration by a uranium salt aft] previ\s sep>ation by ammoniacal magnesium citrate4 ,a promis+ me?od aft] previ\s sep>ation by molybd5um is ! "o propos$ by ,pemb]ton1 b x has n yet come into g5]al use4 ,= small quantities ( phosphoric acid or ( phosphorus1 su* z are f\nd 9 /eels & irons1 ! me?od ( ,emm]ton1 ei!r z orig9ally propos$ or z modifi$ by ,dudley & ,noyes1 is 9 frequ5t use4 ,:]e volumetric me?ods are appli$ to products sep>at$ by molybdic solution1 ! ess5tial feature ( ! analytical "w is to secure a yell[ precipitate ( con/ant composition4 ,if ?is c\ld be uni=mly done su* me?ods w\ld rival ! gravimetric processes 9 accuracy4 ,h5ce x is highly important 9 ^! me?ods t ! yell[ precipitate %\ld be secur$ z f> z possible1 "u con/ant conditions ( /r5g? ( solution1 duration ( "t1 & mann] ( precipitation4 ,9 ^! cases1 & 9 su* only1 c ! quick] volumetric me?ods be dep5d$ on = accurate results4 ,! direct volumetric precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid by a uranium salt or o!rwise is practic$ only :5 ! acid is comb9$ ) ! alkalies & :5 iron & alum9a are abs5t & only small quantities ( lime pres5t4 ,?is me?od has !re=e b little practical value = agricultural purposes4 ,9 all volumetric analyses ! accuracy ( ! burettes1 pipettes1 & o!r graduat$ vessels %\ld be prov$ by c>eful calibration4 ,_m ( ! disagreem5ts 9 laboratories :]e ! analytical "w is conduct$ equally well c be due to no o!r cause ?an ! inaccuracy ( ! graduat$ vessels :i* are f\nd 9 comm]ce4 ,burettes %\ld n only be calibrat$ = ! :ole volume b = at lea/ e five cubic c5timet]s ( ! graduation4 ,,uranium ,,me?od ,,z ,,practic$ ,,by ,,! ,,fr5* ,,*emi/s4 #hg4 ,! ,uranium ,me?od4--,s9ce ! phosphoric acid ( practical use = agricultural purposes is ne>ly always comb9$ ) lime1 alum9a1 & iron1 its volumetric e/imation by means ( a /&>d solution ( a uranium salt is to be prec$$ by a prelim9>y sep>ation by means ( an ammoniacal magnesium citrate solution4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od 0 almo/ simultane\sly publi%$ by ,sutton1#gg ,neubau]1#gh & ,p9cus4#gi ,! phosphoric acid may also be sep>at$ by means ( molybdic solution or by t9 or bismu?4#hj ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd t :5 ! uranium me?od is to be us$ ! magnesium citrate sep>ation is ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,s9ce ?is is ! me?od practic$ almo/ univ]sally 9 ,france1 ! me?od !re us$ w be giv5 9 detail4 ,x is bas$ ess5tially on ! process describ$ by ,j\lie4#ha #hh4 ,prep>ation ( ,sample4--7#a7 ,inc9]ation4--,s9ce ! organic matt]s pres5t 9 a phosphatic f]tiliz] (t5 int]f]e ) ! employm5t ( uranium z a reag5t1 x is necess>y to inc9]ate ! sample tak5 = analysis4#hb 7#b7 ,solution ( ! ,mat]ial4--,all phosphates1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 alum9um phosphates1 amblygonite = example1 are easily dissolv$ 9 nitric & hydro*loric acids m or less dilute1 especially on ebullition4 ,! be/ solv5t1 h[ev]1 = calcium phosphates = ! uranium me?od is inconte/ably hydro*loric acid :i* also v easily dissolves ! iron & alum9um phosphates1 :i* are (t5 f\nd pres5t ) calcium phosphates4 7#c7 ,nitric ,acid4--,9 _m laboratories nitric acid is pref]r$ 9 ord] to avoid1 9 "p1 ! solution ( f]ric oxid :i* int]f]es ) ! det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid 9 c]ta9 processes4 ,s9ce x does n act 9 ?is way = ! citro-magnesium uranium me?od1 x is pref]able to employ hydro*loric acid1 especially because x dissolves ! iron completely & p]mits ?us ! op]ator to judge ( ! success ( ! solv5t action by ! completely :ite color ( ! residue4 7#d7 ,pyritic ,phosphates4--,c]ta9 phosphates conta9 pyrites :i* hydro*loric acid does n dissolve1 & !re is left consequ5tly1 a residue m or less color$4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y to add "s nitric acid & to prolong ! boil+ until ! pyrite has disappe>$1 s9ce x might reta9 a small quantity ( phosphoric acid 9 ! /ate ( iron phosphate4 7#e7 ,sulfuric ,acid4--,"s *emi/s decompose ! phosphates by means ( dilute sulfuric acid4 ,?is me?od1 :i* is c]ta9ly able to give good results = c]ta9 products & = c]ta9 processes1 pres5ts num]\s inconv5i5ces :i* t5d to r5d] its use objectionable = volumetric purposes4 ,! calcium sulfate :i* is =m$1 requires prolong$ wa%+s :i* lead to *ances ( fatal error4 ,if an alum9um phosphate be "u exam9ation1 conta9+ only v little or no lime1 sulfuric acid is to be pref]r$ to hydro*loric & nitric acids1 s9ce x attacks amblygonite1 :i*1 z has be5 be=e /at$1 resi/s ! action ( ! o!r two acids4 ,b ^! are cases :i* are met ) v r>ely1 & :i* c always be treat$ by ! g5]al me?od by previ\sly fus+ ! mat]ial ) a mixture ( sodium & potassium c>bonate4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ! decomposition by hydro*loric acid is v easily accompli%$ by simply boil+ 9 a glass vessel1 & )\t effect+ ! sep>ation ( ! silica4 ,?is op]ation is only necess>y aft] ! sub/ance has be5 fus$ ) alkal9e c>bonates1 or1 9 case ( sub/ances :i* conta9 decomposable silicates giv+ gelat9\s silica ) hydro*loric acid4 ,!re are two me?ods see 7#f7 & 7#g7 ( secur+ a solution ( ! sample tak5 :i* v>ies f "o to five1 & ev5 t5 grams1 accord+ to ! app>5t homog5eity ( ! mat]ial to be analyz$4 7#f7 ,solution by ,filtration & ,wa%+4--,! ord9>y me?od c be employ$ consi/+ 9 decompos+ ! sub/ance by an acid1 filt]+1 & wa%+ ! residue ^u ! filt]1 & comb9+ all ! wa%-wat]s to make a det]m9ate volume4 ,aft]w>ds an aliquot fraction ( ! :ole is tak5 = ! precipitation4 ,?is me?od is long1 & pres5ts "s *ances ( error1 :5 ! insoluble residue is volum9\s & conta9s silica :i* ob/ructs ! pores ( ! pap] & r5d]s ! filtration difficult4 7#g7 ,volumetric ,solution4--,x is advisable to sub/itute volumetric solution = solution by filtration & wa%+1 :i* is accompli%$ by decompos+ ! sub/ances 9 a graduat$ flask1 ! volume be+ aft]w>ds made up to ! m>k ) di/ill$ wat] aft] cool+4 ,! solution is !n filt]$ )\t wa%+1 & by means ( a pipette an aliquot "p ( ! orig9al volume is tak5 = precipitation4 ,?us all ret>dations 9 ! process are avoid$1 & likewise ! *ances ( error f wa%+ on ! filt]4 ,x is true t ?is me?od may lead to a c]ta9 error due to ! volume ( ! insoluble matt] :i* is left undecompos$1 b s9ce ?is insoluble matt] is usually small 9 quantity1 & s9ce x is always possible to dim9i% ! error !refrom by increas+ ! volume ( ! solution1 ?is cause ( error is mu* less to be fe>$ ?an ^? due to ! difficulties :i* may occur 9 ! o!r me?od4 ,let u suppose1 9 ord] to illu/rate ! above1 t we are deal+ ) a phosphate conta9+ fifty p] c5t ( insoluble s& :i* may be consid]$ z an extreme limit4 ,9 work+ on f\r grams ( ! mat]ial 9 a flask ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 !re w be an insoluble residue ( two grams occupy+ a volume ( ab\t "o cubic c5timet]1 ! d5sity ( ! s& be+ g5]ally ne>ly two4 ,! "o hundr$ cubic c5timet] flask w !n conta9 only n9ety-n9e cubic c5timet]s ( ! real solution1 & ! error at ! mo/ w\ld be #j4ja4 ,?is error c\ld be r$uc$ to "o-half by dissolv+ only two grams ( ! mat]ial 9 place ( f\r1 or by mak+ ! volume up to #bjj in/ead ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ! errors :i* d n exce$ #j4ja ( ! total matt] "u treatm5t1 are negligible = all indu/rial products4 ,! me?od ( volumetric solution does n pres5t any fur!r inconv5i5ce4 ,x des]ves to be & has be5 g5]ally adopt$ by reason ( its rapidity 9 all ! laboratories :]e _m analyses are to be made4 ,9 ! volumetric me?od great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to make up to ! volume until aft] ! cool+ to room temp]ature1 :i* may be spe$ily secur$ by imm]s+ ! flask 9 cold wat]4 ,c>e %\ld also be ex]cis$ 9 tak+ ! sample = analysis by means ( ! pipette imm$iately aft] filtration1 & filtration %\ld take place z soon z ! volume is made up to ! /&>d4 ,by op]at+ 9 ?is way ! possible v>iations f *anges ( volume due to *anges ( temp]ature are avoid$4 7#h7 ,exam9ation = ,ars5ic ,acid4--,:5 ! sample exam9$ conta9s pyrites1 ars5ic is (t5 pres5t4 ,:5 ! decomposition has be5 effect$ by means ( nitric acid1 ars5ic acid may be produc$4 ,?is deports itself 9 all circum/ances l phosphoric acid1 & if x is pres5t 9 ! matt] "u exam9ation x w be f\nd unit$ ) ! phosphoric acid & det]m9$ !re) aft]w>ds4 ,x is easy to avoid ?is cause ( error by pass+ fir/ a curr5t ( sulfur\s acid ?r\gh ! solution1 c>ry+ x to ! boil+-po9t 9 ord] to drive out ! excess ( sulfur\s acid1 & aft]w>ds precipitat+ ! ars5ic by a curr5t ( hydrog5 sulfid4 ,aft] filtration1 ! re/ ( ! op]ation c be c>ri$ on z already describ$4 #hi4 ,precipitation ( ! ,phosphate by ,magnesium ,citrate4--,by means ( an accurate pipette a quantity ( ! solution repres5t+ f #j4abe to #j4bej gram or m is tak51 accord+ to ! presum$ ri*ness ( ! product to be exam9$4 ,9 ord] t ! foll[+ op]ations may g on well1 x is necess>y t ! quantity ( phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 ! sample %\ld be ab\t fifty milligrams4 ,! sample be+ measur$ is run into a beak]1 & !re are add$1 fir/1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( magnesium citrate solution1 & second1 a l>ge excess ( ammonia4 ,if ! quantity ( ! magnesium citrate solution be suffici5t1 ! mixture %\ld at fir/ rema9 p]fectly limpid & only become turbid at ! end ( "s mom5ts & especially aft] ! mixture is /irr$4 ,if !re %\ld be an imm$iate turbidity produc$ x is pro( t ! quantity ( magnesium citrate solution employ$ has be5 insuffici5t1 & x is necess>y to beg9 aga9 by d\bl+ its am\nt4 ,good results _c be obta9$ by add+ a second portion ( ! magnesium citrate solution to ! orig9al1 s9ce ! iron & alum9um phosphates :i* are once =m$ are r$issolv$ ) difficulty4 ,_m *emi/s at ! pres5t "t ab/a9 f us+ ! magnesium citrate solution & replace x by a solution ( citric acid & "o ( magnesium sulfate1 :i* !y p\r successively into ! sample "u exam9ation4 ,?is is a cause ( grave errors :i* x is necess>y to po9t out4 ,j\lie has inde$ recogniz$ ! fact t ! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid is n complet$ 9 pres5ce ( ammonium citrate except x is employ$ 9 conjunction ) a suffici5t excess ( magnesia4 ,b ! =eign matt]s :i* accompany ! phosphoric acid require diff]5t quantities ( ammonium citrate 9 ord] to keep !m 9 solution1 & x is important to increase ! magnesium solution at ! "t ( increas+ ! citric acid 9 ord] to ma9ta9 !m always 9 ! same proportion4 ,?is is easily accompli%$ by measur+ ! two solutions1 b x is mu* m easily done by unit+ !m & add+ !m toge!r4 #ij4 ,! ,magnesium ,citrate ,solution4--,! =mula orig9ally propos$ by ,j\lie1 & modifi$ by ,millot1 & adopt$ by ! ,fr5* ,association ( ,*emi/s1 is z foll[s3 ,citric acid1 #djj grams2 pure magnesium c>bonate1 =ty grams2 cau/ic magnesia1 tw5ty grams2 di/ill$ wat]1 half a lit]4 ,aft] solution1 add en\gh ( ammonia to r5d] /rongly alkal9e1 requir+ ab\t #fjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,make ! volume up ) di/ill$ wat] to "o & a half lit]s4 ,if ! solution be turbid1 x is pro( t ! magnesia or ! c>bonate employ$ conta9s "s phosphoric acid :i* is to be sep>at$ by filtration1 & ! solution c !n be pres]v$ indef9itely4 #ia4 ,"t ( ,subsid5ce4--,:5 ! phosphoric acid is precipitat$ by ! mixture above m5tion$1 x is necess>y to all[ x to subside = a c]ta9 "t "u a bell j> 9 ord] to avoid ! evaporation ( ! ammonia4 ,9 ord] to give pl5ty ( "t = ?is subsid5ce1 x is well to make ! precipitations 9 ! aft]noon & ! filtrations ! foll[+ morn+4 ,!re are ?us secur$ twelve to fifte5 h\rs ( repose1 :i* is "t amply suffici5t = all cases4 #ib4 ,filtration & ,wa%+4--,filtration is p]=m$ easily & rapidly ^u a small filt] )\t folds plac$ 9 a funnel ) a long /em ( ab\t two millimet]s int]nal diamet]4 ,plac$ 9 a s]ies ( six or eight1 !y all[ ! filtration to take place 9 regul> ord] )\t loss ( "t1 ! fir/ filt] be+ always empty by ! "t ! la/ "o is fill$4 ,! sup]natant liquid f ! precipitate %\ld fir/ be decant$ on ! filt]1 avoid+ ! ?r[+ ( ! filtrate on ! filt] :i* w\ld greatly ret>d ! process1 especially if x %\ld conta9 a little silica1 z (t5 happ5s4 ,:5 ! cle> liquid is ?us decant$ z completely z possible1 ! re/ ( ! precipitate is treat$ ) wat] to :i* "o-t5? ( its volume ( ammonia has be5 add$1 & ! wa%+ is cont9u$ by decantation z at fir/1 & aft]w>ds by wa%+ ^u ! filt] until ! filt]$ solution gives no precipitate ) sodium phosphate4 ,f\r wa%+s are g5]ally suffici5t to atta9 ?is result4 ,if ! op]ations :i* prec$e h be5 well-conduct$1 ! total phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 ! mat]ial "u exam9ation is f\nd ^u ! filt]-pap]1 except ! small portion :i* rema9s adh]+ to ! beak] 9 :i* ! precipitation has be5 made4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! phosphoric acid comprises ! foll[+ op]ations3 ,fir/1 solution ( ! ammonium magnesium phosphate & second1 titration by means ( a /&>d solution ( uranium4 #ic4 ,solution ( ! ,ammonium ,magnesium ,phosphate4--,! phosphate :i* has be5 collect$ ^u ! filt] is dissolv$ by a t5 p] c5t solution ( pure nitric acid4 ,?is solution is caus$ to pass into ! beak] 9 :i* ! precipitation 0 made 9 ord] to dissolve ! p>ticles ( phosphate :i* rema9 adh]5t to its sides2 & ?is solution is !n ?r[n ^u ! filt]4 ,! filtrate is !n receiv$ 9 a flask ( ab\t #aej cubic c5timet]s capacity1 m>k$ at sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,aft] two or ?ree wa%+s ) ! acidulat$ wat]1 ! filt] itself is deta*$ f ! funnel & introduc$ into ! vessel :i* conta9s ! solution4 ,! :ole ( ! filtrate be+ collect$ 9 ! flask x is saturat$ by "o-t5? ammoniacal wat] until a slight turbidity is produc$4 ,"o or two drops ( dilute nitric acid are n[ add$ until ! liquor becomes limpid1 & ! flask is plac$ ^u a s&-ba? 9 ord] to c>ry ! liquid to ! boil+-po9t4 ,aft] ebullition !re are add$ five cubic c5timet]s ( acid sodium acetate 9 ord] to cause ! free nitric acid to disappe> & imm$iately ! titration1 by means ( a /&>d solution ( uranium1 is und]tak54 #id4 ,acid ,sodium ,acetate4--,! acid sodium acetate is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,cry/alliz$ sodium acetate1 #ajj grams2 glacial acetic acid1 fifty cubic c5timet]s2 di/ill$ wat]1 en\gh to make "o lit]4 #ie4 ,/&>d ,solution ( ,uranium4--,a solution ( uranium is to be prep>$ z foll[s3 ,pure uranium nitrate1 =ty grams2 di/ill$ wat]1 ab\t #hjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,dissolve ! uranium nitrate 9 ! di/ill$ wat] & add a few drops ( ammonia until a slight turbidity is produc$1 & !n a suffici5t am\nt ( acetic acid to cause ?is turbidity to disappe>4 ,! volume is !n complet$ to "o lit] ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! uranium nitrate (t5 conta9s "s uranium phosphate & "s f]ric nitrate4 ,x is important t x be fre$ f ^! =eign sub/ances4 ,?is is secur$ by dissolv+ x 9 di/ill$ wat] & precipitat+ x by sodium c>bonate1 :i* r$issolves ! uranium oxid & precipitates ! iron phosphate & oxid4 ,! filt]$ liquor is saturat$ ) nitric acid1 & ! uranium oxid reprecipitat$ by ammonia4 ,x is !n wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat] by decantation & r$issolv$ 9 nitric acid1 z exactly z possible1 evaporat$1 & cry/alliz$4 ,! cry/als are tak5 up ) e!r1 :i* (t5 leaves /ill a little insoluble matt]4 ,! solution is filt]$1 & ! e!r evaporat$4 ,! salt :i* rema9s is p]fectly pure4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s :5 ! uranium nitrate has n be5 prop]ly purifi$ t ! solution prep>$ z has be5 indicat$ above1 deposits a light precipitate ( phosphate :i* alt]s its /r5g? & af=ds a cause ( error4 ,only ^? solutions %\ld be employ$ :i* h be5 prep>$ "s days 9 advance1 & :i* h rema9$ p]fectly limpid4 ,! solution ( uranium ?us obta9$ conta9s uranium nitrate1 a little ammonium nitrate1 a v small quantity ( uranium acetate1 "s ammonium acetate1 & a little free acetic acid4 ,its s5sibility is ! m pron\nc$ z ! acetates pres5t 9 x are less 9 quantity4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 nev] to prep>e ! solution ) uranium acetate4 #if4 ,typical ,solution ( ,phosphoric ,acid4--,9 ord] to titrate a solution ( uranium1 x is necess>y to h a /&>d solution ( phosphoric acid2 t is to say1 a solution conta9+ a precise & kn[n quantity ( t acid 9 a giv5 volume4 ,?is solution is prep>$ by means ( acid ammonium phosphate1 a salt :i* is easily obta9$ pure & dry4 ,sometimes z x may conta9 a small quantity ( neutral phosphate :i* modifies ! relative proportions ( phosphoric acid & ammonia1 & x is indisp5sable to h its /r5g? v]ifi$4 ,! tit] ( ! typical solution %\ld be su* t x requires = ! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid :i* x conta9s1 a volume ( ! solution ( uranium almo/ exactly equal to its own1 9 ord] t ! expansions or contractions :i* ! two liquors und]go1 by reason ( *anges 9 ! temp]ature ( ! laboratory1 %\ld be )\t influ5ce ^u ! results4 ,! solution ( uranium prep>$ z has be5 indicat$ above1 precipitates almo/ exactly five milligrams ( phosphoric acid p] cubic c5timet]2 ! typical solution ( phosphoric acid is prep>$ ) eight & "o-t5? grams ( acid ammonium phosphate pure & dry1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 a suffici5t quantity ( di/ill$ wat] to make "o lit]4 ,! acid ammonium phosphate conta9+ #fa4gd p] c5t ( anhydr\s phosphoric acid1 ! quantity above gives exactly five grams ( t acid 9 a lit]1 or five milligrams 9 a cubic c5timet]4 #ig4 ,v]ification ( ! ,/r5g? ( ! ,/&>d ,solution ( ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! /r5g? ( ! /&>d solution ( phosphoric acid is v]ifi$ by evaporat+ a kn[n volume1 fifty cubic c5timet]s = example1 ) a solution ( f]ric hydroxid conta9+ a kn[n quantity ( f]ric oxid4 ,! mass hav+ be5 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ignit$ 9 a plat9um crucible1 gives an increase 9 ! weight ( ! iron oxid exactly equal to ! am\nt ( anhydr\s phosphoric acid conta9$ !re91 bo? ! nitric acid & ammonia be+ driv5 (f by ! heat4 ,to prep>e ! solution ( f]ric hydroxid1 dissolve tw5ty grams ( iron fil+s 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! solution is filt]$ to sep>ate ! c>bon1 & x is conv]t$ into f]ric nitrate by nitric acid1 & ! solution dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ! f]ric oxid precipitat$ by a slight excess ( ammonia4 ,! precipitate1 wa%$ by decantation ) di/ill$ wat] until ! wa%-wat] no long] gives a precipitate ) silv] nitrate1 is r$issolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & ! solution is conc5trat$ or dilut$1 z ! case may be1 to br+ ! volume to "o lit]4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! quantity ( f]ric oxid :i* x conta9s1 fifty cubic c5timet]s are evaporat$ to dryness1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,a second op]ation l ! above is c>ri$ on by add+ fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d solution ( phosphoric acid1 & ! /r5g? ( ! solution ?us obta9$ is m>k$ ^u ! flask4 ,if ! op]ation h be5 prop]ly c>ri$ on1 ?ree or f\r duplicates w give exactly ! same figures4 ,if !re are s5sible diff]5ces1 ! :ole op]ation %\ld be done ov] f ! fir/4 #ih4 ,titration ( ! ,solution ( ,uranium4--,9 a #aej cubic c5timet] flask m>k$ at sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s1 are p\r$ t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d solution ( phosphoric acid measur$ ) an exact pipette2 five cubic c5timet]s ( ! acid sodium acetate are add$1 & di/ill$ wat] en\gh to make ab\t ?irty cubic c5timet]s1 & ! :ole c>ri$ to ! boil+-po9t4 ,! titration is !n c>ri$ on by all[+ ! solution ( uranium to fall into ! flask f a graduat$ burette1 ?or\ghly %ak+ aft] ea* addition ( ! uranium1 & try+ a drop ( ! liquor ) an equal quantity ( a t5 p] c5t solution ( potassium f]rocyanid ^u a greas$ :ite plate4 ,s9ce ! quantity ( ! uranium solution pres5t w be v ne>ly t5 cubic c5timet]s at fir/1 n9e cubic c5timet]s c be run 9 )\t te/+4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! op]ation is cont9u$ by add+ two or ?ree drops at a "t until ! te/ ^u ! :ite plate ) ! potassium f]rocyanid %[s ! end ( ! reaction4 ,:5 !re is obs]v$ 9 ! f9al te/ a slight *ange ( t9t1 ! flask is fill$ up to ! m>k ) boil+ di/ill$ wat] & ! process tri$ anew4 ,if 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! op]ation ! po9t ( saturation h n be5 pass$1 x is /ill usually necess>y to add a drop or two ( ! uranium solution 9 ord] to produce ! *>act]i/ic r$di% coloration1 & ?is increase is r5d]$ necess>y by ! increase 9 ! volume ( ! liquid4 ,proce$+ 9 ?is mann] two or ?ree times all[s ! atta9m5t ( extreme precision1 inasmu* z ! analy/ kn[s j :5 to look = ! po9t ( saturation4 ,correction4--,! result ( ! prec$+ op]ation is n absolutely exact4 ,x is evid5t inde$ t 9 addition to ! quantity ( uranium necess>y = ! exact precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid1 x has be5 necess>y to add an excess suffici5t to produce ! reaction ^u ! potassium f]rocyanid4 ,?is excess is r5d]$ con/ant by ! precaution ( op]at+ always ^u ! same volume2 namely1 sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,x c be det]m9$ !n once = all by mak+ a blank det]m9ation "u ! same conditions b )\t us+ ! phosphoric acid4 ,! result ( ?is det]m9ation is t x r5d]s possible ! correction :i* x is necess>y to make by subtract+ ! quantity us$ 9 ! blank titration f ! prec$+ result 9 ord] to obta9 ! exact /r5g? ( ! uranium solution4 ,! op]ation is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,9 a flat-bottom$ flask ( ab\t #aej cubic c5timet]s capacity & m>k$ at sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s1 by means ( a pipette1 are plac$ five cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ( sodium acetate2 "s hot di/ill$ wat] is add$ until ! flask is fill$ to ! m>k1 & x is !n plac$ ^u a s&-ba? & heat$ to ! boil+-po9t4 ,x is tak5 f ! fire1 ! volume made up to sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ) a little hot di/ill$ wat]1 & "o or two drops ( ! solution ( uranium are all[$ to fl[ into ! flask f a graduat$ burette previ\sly fill$ exactly to z]o4 ,aft] ea* drop ( ! solution ( uranium ! flask is %ak5 & ! liquid tri$ ^u a drop ( potassium f]rocyanid1 z has be5 previ\sly indicat$4 ,= a skill$ eye1 f\r to six drops are g5]ally necess>y to obta9 ! *>act]i/ic coloration2 t is f two-t5?s to ?ree-t5?s ( a cubic c5timet]4 ,beg9n]s (t5 use f five-t5?s to six-t5?s1 & sometimes ev5 m4 ,! sole important po9t is to arre/ ! op]ation z soon z ! r$di% t9t is surely se51 = aft]w>ds ! int5sity ( ! coloration does n increase proportionally to ! quantity ( liquor employ$4 ,x is well to note t at ! end ( "s "t ! coloration becomes m int5se ?an at ! mom5t :5 ! solutions are mix$1 s t c>e mu/ be tak5 n to pass ! saturation-po9t4 ,?is sl[ness ( ! reaction is ! m m>k$ z !re is m sodium or ammonium acetate 9 ! /&>d solutions4 ,?is is ! reason t x is important to introduce always ! same quantity2 namely1 five cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is is also ! reason :y ! uranium acetate %\ld n be employ$ 9 prep>+ ! /&>d solution ( uranium :i* ought to conta9 ! lea/ possible am\nt ( acetate 9 ord] t ! necess>y quantity :i* is c>ri$ into ea* te/ %\ld be z small z possible & rema9 )\t appreciable influ5ce4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 ! s5sibility ( ! reaction w\ld be dim9i%$ 9 proportion z a l>g] quantity ( uranium solution 0 employ$1 giv+ rise to errors :i* w\ld be z mu* m important z ! quantities ( phosphoric acid to be det]m9$ 7 great]4 ,! correction = ! uranium solution hav+ be5 det]m9$ x is writt5 ^u ! label ( ! bottle conta9+ x4 ,causes ( ,errors4--,9 ! "w :i* has j be5 describ$1 "s causes ( error may occur to :i* ! att5tion ( analy/s %\ld be call$4 ,! fir/ is ! error :i* may arise f ! consumption ( ! small quantity ( uranium phosphate :i* is tak5 ) a /irr+ rod :5 ! liquid is te/$ ) potassium f]rocyanid4 ,x is v easy to be assur$ t ! end ( ! reaction has really be5 rea*$4 ,= ?is purpose x is only necess>y to note ! quantity ( ! solution already employ$ & to add to x aft]w>ds f\r drops2 %ake1 & make a new te/ ) a drop ( ! potassium f]rocyanid plac$ ne> ! spot :i* ! la/ "o occupi$4 ,if a decid$ly r$di% t9t does n appe> at ! mom5t ( remov+ ! glass rod1 x is to be conclud$ t ! fir/ appe>ance 0 an illusion1 & ! addition ( uranium is to be cont9u$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! coloration appe> ( a decid$ t9t1 ! prec$+ numb] may be tak5 = exact4 ,x is !n always b5eficial to close ! titration by ?is te/ ( f\r supplem5t>y drops :i* w exagg]ate ! coloration & confirm ! figure f\nd4 ,! second cause ( error1 & "o moreov] :i* is ! mo/ frequ5tly met )1 consi/s 9 pass+ ! end ( ! reaction by add+ ! uranium too rapidly4 ,9 place ( giv+ !n a coloration sc>cely p]ceptible1 ! te/ ) ! drop ( potassium f]rocyanid gives a v m>k$ coloration4 ,9 ?is case ! analysis c /ill be sav$4 ,= ?is purpose ! analy/ has1 at 8 disposal1 a t5? normal solution prep>$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d solution ( phosphoric acid dilut$ to "o lit] ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ?is t5? normal solution are add$1 & ! titration cont9u$4 ,at ! end1 ! am\nt ( additional phosphoric acid us$ is subtract$ f ! total4 ,a ?ird cause ( error is f\nd 9 ! foam :i* is (t5 f\nd 9 ! liquid1 due to ! %ak+4 ,?is foam may reta9 a portion ( ! la/ drops ( ! solution ( uranium :i* fall ^u its surface & prev5t its mixture ) ! re/ ( ! liquid4 ,if ! glass /irr+ rod 9 be+ remov$ f ! vessel pass ?r\gh ?is fro? *>g$ ) uranium1 ! *>act]i/ic coloration is obta9$ be=e real saturation is rea*$4 ,consequ5tly x is necess>y to avoid1 z mu* z possible1 ! =mation ( ! foam1 & especially to take c>e nev] to take ! drop = te/ aft] agitation except 9 ! middle ( ! liquid :]e ! foam does n exi/4 ,suppose ! titration has be5 made ^u t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! normal solution ( phosphoric acid 9 ! conditions :i* we h j indicat$1 & ! figure = ! uranium obta9$ is #aj4b cubic c5timet]s2 if n[ ! correction1 :i* may be suppos$ to am\nt to two-t5?s cubic c5timet]1 be subtract$ !re w rema9 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! uranium solution :i* w\ld h precipitat$ exactly fifty milligrams ( phosphoric acid4 ,! quantity ( phosphoric acid :i* precipitates "o cubic c5timet] ( ! solution w be consequ5tly express$ by ! proportion _/ five milligrams1 :i* is exactly ! /r5g? requir$4 ,9 ! example :i* has j be5 giv51 ! inscription ^u ! flask hold+ ! /&>d solution w\ld be z foll[s3 ,solution ( uranium1 "o cubic c5timet] equals five milligrams ( phosphorus p5toxid2 correction1 two-t5?s cubic c5timet]4 #ii4 ,titration ( ! ,sample4--,! /r5g? ( ! solution ( uranium hav+ be5 exactly det]m9$1 by means ( ?is solution ! /r5g? ( ! sample 9 :i* ! phosphoric acid has be5 previ\sly prep>$ z ammonium magnesium phosphate is asc]ta9$4 ,9 ?is case ! quantity ( phosphoric acid be+ unkn[n1 x is necess>y to proce$ sl[ly & to duplicate ! te/s 9 ord] n to pass beyond ! po9t ( saturation4 ,f ?is !re necess>ily results a c]ta9 error 9 consequ5ce ( ! removal ( q a numb] ( drops ( ! solution ( ! sample be=e ! saturation is complete4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to make a second det]m9ation 9 :i* !re is at once add$ almo/ ! quantity ( ! solution ( uranium det]m9$ by ! fir/ analysis4 ,aft]w>ds ! analysis is f9i%$ by additions ( v small quantities ( uranium until saturation is rea*$4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ! sample 0 t ( a m9]al phosphate1 five grams ( :i* 7 dissolv$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 & ( :i* t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution prep>$ z above requir$ #ae4c cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d solution ( uranium4 ,we !n w\ld h ! foll[+ data3 ,m9]al phosphate1 five grams ( ! mat]ial dissolv$ 9 tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid4 ,wat]1 suffici5t quantity to make #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,quantity tak51 t5 cubic c5timet]s #j4ej gram ( ! sample tak54 ,solution ( uranium requir$ #ae4c cubic c5timet]s4 ,correction #j4b 8 8 ---- ,actual quantity ( uranium solution #ae4a 8 8 ,/r5g? ( ! solution ( uranium1 "o cubic c5timet] fivemilligrams ,p,o4 ,!n ,p,o 9 #j4ej gram ( ! mat]ial #e #ae4a #ge4ej milligrams4 7#ge4e x #ajj7 ,!n ! p] c5t ( ,p,o ----------- #ae4aj4 #ej ,! sample "u exam9ation ought always to be prep>$ 9 duplicate1 ei!r by mak+ a s+le precipitation & re-solution ( ! ammonium magnesium phosphate :i* is made up to a c]ta9 volume & an aliquot portion ( :i* is tak5 = ! analysis1 or by mak+ two precipitations "u ! conditions previ\sly describ$4 ,:5 ! cont5t ( phosphoric acid 9 ! mat]ial "u exam9ation is v ne>ly kn[n1 ! d\ble op]ation may be avoid$1 especially if x be requir$ to h rapid & only approximate analyses1 su* z ^? :i* are made = g5]al control & = ! conduct ( manufactur+ op]ations4 ,b :5 analyses are to be us$ to s]ve z ! basis ( a law or = ! control ( a m>ket1 !y %\ld always be made 9 duplicate1 & ! results ought n to be accept$ :5 ! numb]s obta9$ are widely diff]5t1 s9ce ! agreem5t ( ! two numb]s w %[ t ! "w has be5 well execut$4 ,?is me?od ( analysis1 mu* long] to describe ?an to execute1 gives results p]fectly exact & always concordant :5 x is well c>ri$ out1 provid$ t ! /&>d solutions1 ^u :i* x re/s = its accuracy1 are correctly prep>$ & frequ5tly v]ifi$ 9 ! mann] indicat$4 ,! /r5g? ( ! solution ( uranium ought to be v]ifi$ e ?ree or f\r days4 ,! /r5g? ( ! /&>d solution ( phosphoric acid %\ld be v]ifi$ ea* "t t ! temp]ature ( ! laboratory und]goes any important *ange4 ,a solution prep>$1 = example1 9 w9t] :5 ! temp]ature ( ! laboratory is f #ae to #ah w\ld no long] be exact 9 summ] :5 ! temp]ature rea*es #bh or #cj4 #ajj4 ,condition ( ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,sup]phosphates4--,sup]phosphates are ! products ( ! decomposition ( phosphates by sulfuric or hydro*loric acid4 ,!y conta9 phosphoric acid comb9$ ) wat]1 ) lime1 ) magnesia1 & ) iron & alum9a 9 v>i\s proportions4 ,^! comb9ations may be class$ 9 ?ree categories3 ,fir/1 ^? comp\nds soluble 9 wat]2 second1 ^? insoluble 9 wat]1 b v soluble 9 ammoniacal salts ( ! organic acids su* z ! citrate & oxalate2 & ?ird1 phosphates n soluble 9 any ( ! above-nam$ reag5ts4 ,9 ! products soluble 9 wat] are met free phosphoric acid1 monocalcium phosphate1 acid magnesium phosphate1 & ! iron & alum9um phosphates dissolv$ 9 ! excess ( phosphoric acid4 ,9 ! products insoluble 9 wat] b soluble 9 ! ammonium citrate are f\nd bicalcium phosphate & iron & alum9um phosphates1 :i* toge!r con/itute ! phosphates call$ rev]t$4 ,^! comp\nds r$uc$ to a v f9e /ate ( division 9 ! process ( manufacture are consid]$ to conta9 phosphoric acid ( ! same economic value4 #aja4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,total ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,sup]phosphates & ,f]tiliz]s4--,! process is c>ri$ on exactly z = an ord9>y phosphate1 & ) all ! c>e indicat$ 9 connection ) ! sampl+1 ! inc9]ation1 ! solution by means ( hydro*loric acid1 & ! sep>ation ( ! phosphoric acid 9 ! /ate ( ammonium magnesium phosphate1 & f9ally 9 ! titration by uranium4 #ajb4 ,det]m9ation ( ,soluble & ,rev]t$ ,phosphoric ,acid4--,to make ?is det]m9ation a me?od unique & applicable to all cases consi/s 9 extract+1 at fir/1 ! soluble con/itu5ts 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & foll[+ ?is op]ation by dige/ion 9 ! ammonium citrate4 ,! products soluble 9 wat] c be det]m9$ ei!r sep>ately or at ! same "t z ! products soluble 9 ! ammonium citrate accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! p int]e/$1 )\t its be+ necess>y to modify v greatly ! me?od ( op]ation4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! soluble phosphoric acid comprises fir/1 ! solution ( ! soluble con/itu5ts 9 di/ill$ wat]2 second1 ! solution ( ! rev]t$ phosphates 9 ammonium citrate2 ?ird1 ! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid dissolv$ 9 ! two prec$+ op]ations1 & its det]m9ation4 #ajc4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,sample = ,analysis4--,! sample s5t to ! *emical exp]t is prep>$ z has be5 indicat$2 t is to say1 x is p\r$ on a sieve ( :i* ! me%es h a diamet] ( "o millimet]1 & sift$ ^u a %eet ( :ite pap]4 ,! p>ts :i* d n pass ! sieve are brok5 up ei!r by ! h& or 9 a mort> & add$1 ?r\gh ! sieve1 to ! fir/ portions4 ,! product is well mix$ &1 9 ?is /ate1 ! mass pres5ts all ! homog5eity desirable = analysis4 ,"s f]tiliz]s are receiv$ 9 a pa/y /ate :i* does n p]mit ( _! be+ sift$4 ,x is necess>y 9 su* a case to mix !m ) _! own weight ei!r ( precipitat$ calcium sulfate dri$ at #afj or ) f9e s& wa%$ ) hydro*loric acid & dri$1 :i* divides ! p>ticles p]fectly & p]mits ( _! be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! sieve4 #ajd4 ,extraction ( ! ,products ,soluble 9 ,di/ill$ ,wat]4--,! sub/ance hav+ be5 prep>$ z has j be5 indicat$1 "o & a half grams are plac$ 9 a glass mort>4 ,tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat] are add$1 & ! sub/ance g5tly susp5d$ !re94 ,aft] /&+ = "o m9ute1 ! sup]natant "p is decant$ into a small funnel provid$ ) a filt]-pap] & plac$ 9 a flask m>k$ at #aej cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ five times & is t]m9at$ by an intimate break+ up ( ! matt] ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 ! volume ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate has be5 obta9$1 ! residue 9 ! mort> is plac$ on ! filt]1 & ! wa%+ is cont9u$ until ! total volume rea*es #aej cubic c5timet]s4 ,! filtrate is %ak5 9 ord] to r5d] ! liquor homog5e\s1 & is transf]r$ to a precipitat+ glass ( ab\t #cjj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 #aje4 ,solution ( ! ,rev]t$ ,phosphates by ,ammonium ,citrate4--,! filt] f ! above process is deta*$ f ! funnel & is introduc$ into a flask m>k$ at #aej cubic c5timet]s toge!r ) sixty cubic c5timet]s ( alkal9e ammonium citrate prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,pure citric acid1 #djj grams4 ,ammonia ( #bb1 #ejj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! ammonia is p\r$ ^u ! citric acid 9 ! =m ( cry/als 9 a l>ge di%4 ,! mass becomes heat$1 & ! solution takes place rapidly4 ,:5 x is complete & ! solution is cold x is p\r$ into a flask ( "o lit] capacity1 & ! flask is fill$ up to ! m>k ) /rong ammonia4 ,x is pres]v$ = use 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4 ,! solution mu/ be /rongly alkal9e4 ,! flask 9 :i* ! filt]-pap] is introduc$1 toge!r ) ! ammonium citrate1 is /opp]$ & %ak5 viol5tly 9 ord] to dis9tegrate ! filt]-pap] & put ! rev]t$ phosphates 9 susp5sion4 ,!re are add$ !n ab\t sixty cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ! flask is %ak5 & left = twelve h\rs at lea/1 or at mo/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! volume is made up to #aej cubic c5timet]s ) di/ill$ wat]1 &1 aft] mixture1 ! solution is filt]$4 ,!re are ?us obta9$ two solutions :i* c be precipitat$ toge!r or sep>ately accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! mo/ usual process is to comb9e ! two equal volumes ( tw5ty-five1 fifty1 or "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s1 repres5t+ "o-qu>t]1 "o-half1 or "o gram ( ! mat]ial accord+ to its presum$ ri*ness1 9 a precipitat+ flask to :i* are add$ f t5 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ( magnesia made up z foll[s3 ,magnesium c>bonate1 #ej grams4 ,ammonium *lorid1 #ajj 8 ,wat]1 #ejj cubic c5timet]s4 ,hydro*loric acid1 #abj 8 8 ,aft] complete solution ( ! solid matt]s 9 ! above1 add #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( #bb /r5g?1 & di/ill$ wat] en\gh to make "o lit]4 ,! solutions are ?or\ghly mix$ 9 a precipitat+ glass1 an excess ( ammonia add$1 & all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs "u a bell j>4 ,! phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 ! liquor is sep>at$ z ammonium magnesium phosphate4 ,x is collect$ ^u a small filt]1 wa%$ ) a little ammoniacal wat]1 r$issolv$1 & titrat$ ) ! uranium solution 9 ! mann] already indicat$4 ,example3 ,! foll[+ is an example ( ?is k9d ( a det]m9ation3 7#a7 ,"o & "o-half grams ( ! sup]phosphate & di/ill$ wat] en\gh to make #aej cubic c5timet]s4 7#b7 ,filt]-pap] ) rev]t$ phosphates1 sixty cubic c5timet]s ( ammonium citrate1 & a suffici5t quantity ( di/ill$ wat] to make #aej cubic c5timet]s4 ,aque\s solution 7#a7 #be cc #j4be grams ( ! sample4 ,citrate solution 7#b7 #be cc ,add magnesium solution tw5ty cubic c5timet]s & ammonia 9 excess1 & all[ f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( dige/ion1 !n filt] & wa%1 dissolve & titrate4 ,requir$ ( solution ( uranium #h4ee cubic c5timet]s 7#a cubic c5timet] #e milligrams ,p,o74 ,correction #j4bj4 ,rema9d] #h4ce #j4jje #j4jdage gram ,p,o = #j4be gram ( ! sample4 ,!n #j4jdage #j4be #af4g p] c5t4 ,f ! above data !re w\ld be #af4g p] c5t ( phosphoric acid soluble 9 wat] & 9 ammonium citrate4 ,if x be desirable to h sep>ately ! phosphoric acid soluble 9 wat]1 a sep>ate precipitation is made ( ! aque\s solution alone by means ( ! magnesium citrate solution4 ,! precipitate wa%$ ) ammoniacal wat] is r$issolv$ & titrat$ 9 ! mann] indicat$4 ,9 subtract+ f ! figures obta9$ ) ! two solutions toge!r ! numb] obta9$ = ! phosphoric acid soluble 9 wat]1 ! numb] repres5t+ ! phosphoric acid soluble 9 ammonium citrate alone1 is obta9$4 ,x is to be not$ t ! det]m9ations ) uranium require always two successive titrations4 ,x w\ld !re=e be an advantage 9 all op]ations to precipitate a weight ( ammonium magnesium phosphate suffici5t = all[+ ?is precipitate to be dissolv$ & made up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s on :i* am\nt x w\ld be possible to execute two1 ?ree1 or f\r det]m9ations1 & ?us to obta9 a figure absolutely inconte/able4 #ajf4 ,conclusions4--,x has be5 se5 f ! above data t ! ,fr5* *emi/s h work$ out ! uranium volumetric me?od ) great pati5ce & att5tion to detail4 ,:]e _m det]m9ations are to be made x is und\bt$ly possible = an analy/ to rea* a high degree ( accuracy z well z to atta9 a desirable rapidity1 by us+ ?is me?od4 ,= a few det]m9ations1 h[ev]1 ! labor ( prep>+ & sett+ ! /&>d solutions requir$ w\ld be f> great] ?an ! actual det]m9ations ei!r by ! molybdate or citrate gravimetric me?ods4 ,= control "w 9 factories & = r\t9e "w connect$ ) f]tiliz] inspection1 ! me?od has suffici5t m]it to ju/ify a comp>ison ) ! processes already 9 use by ! (ficial *emi/s ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! use ( an alkal9e ammoniacal citrate solution1 h[ev]1 = ! det]m9ation ( rev]t$ acid r5d]s any comp>ison ( ! ,fr5* me?od ) our own impossible4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,fr5* me?od = wat]-soluble acid is bas$ on ! same pr9ciple z our own2 viz41 wa%+ at fir/ ) successive small portions ( wat]1 & ?us avoid+ ! decomposition ( ! soluble phosphates1 :i* is1 likely to occur :5 too great a volume ( wat] is add$ at once4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! temp]ature & "t z affect+ ! solubility ( rev]t$ acid1 ! ,fr5* me?od is also di/9ctly inf]ior to our own4 ,! dige/ion is all[$ to cont9ue f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 at ! pleasure ( ! analy/1 & mean:ile x is subject$ to room temp]ature4 ,x is n difficult to see t ?is treatm5t 9 ! same sample w\ld easily yield disagree+ results betwe5 twelve h\rs at a w9t] temp]ature & tw5ty-f\r h\rs at summ] heat4 ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,phosphoric ,,acid ,,by ,,titration ,,( ,,! ,,yell[ ,,precipitate4 #ajg4 ,pemb]ton's ,volumetric ,me?od4--,9 ord] to %ort5 ! "w ( det]m9+ ! phosphoric acid1 num]\s attempts h be5 made to execute ! f9al det]m9ation directly on ! yell[ precipitate obta9$ by treat+ a solution ( a phosphate ) ammonium molybdate 9 nitric acid4 ,! composition ( ?is precipitate appe>s to be some:at v>iable1 & ?is fact has ca/ d\bt on ! me?ods ( det]m9ation bas$ on its weight4 ,its mo/ probable composition is express$ by ! foll[+ =mula1 7,,nh7,,po7,mo,o74 ,= conv5i5ce 9 writ+ reactions ?is =mula %\ld usually be d\bl$4 ,pemb]ton has describ$ a volumetric det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid 9 ! yell[ precipitate :i* has ! m]it ( be+ rapid4#hc ,9 ?is laboratory ! me?od has n giv5 v satisfactory results :5 comp>$ ) ! molybdate gravimetric process4 ,x has h[ev] attract$ s mu* att5tion f analy/s z to m]it description1 & ! details ( ! process are !re=e giv54 #ajh4 ,! ,process4--,"o gram ( phosphate rock1 or f two to ?ree grams ( phosphatic f]tiliz]1 are dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 &1 )\t evaporation1 dilut$ to #bej cubic c5timet]s4 ,)\t filt]+1 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s are plac$ 9 a f\r-ounce beak] & ammonia add$ until a slight precipitate beg9s to =m4 ,five cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( "o & f\r-t5?s specific gravity are !n add$1 & aft]w>ds t5 cubic c5timet]s ( saturat$ solution ( ammonium nitrate & en\gh wat] to make ! volume ab\t sixty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,! cont5ts ( ! beak] are boil$1 & :ile /ill hot1 five cubic c5timet]s ( ! aque\s solution ( ammonium molybdate add$4 ,additional quantities ( ! molybdate are add$1 if necess>y1 until ! :ole ( ! phosphorus p5toxid is ?r[n-out4 ,aft] all[+ to settle = a mom5t ! cont5ts ( ! beak] are p\r$ ^u a filt] sev5 c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! precipitate is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat]1 bo? by decantation & on ! filt]4 ,! filt] ) its precipitate is transf]r$ to a beak] & titrat$ ) /&>d alkali1 9 ! pres5ce ( ph5olph?ale94 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( alkali employ$ %\ld correspond to "o milligram ( phosphorus p5toxid1 7,p,o74 ,! reag5ts employ$ h ! composition indicat$ bel[3 ,ammonium ,molybdate4--,n9ety grams ( ! cry/als ( ammonium molybdate are plac$ 9 a l>ge beak] & dissolv$ 9 a little less ?an "o lit] ( wat]4 ,! beak] is all[$ to /& ov] night & ! cle> liquor decant$4 ,any undissolv$ acid is br\ght into solution 9 a little ammonia wat] & add$ to ! cle> liquor4 ,if a trace ( phosphoric acid be pres5t a little magnesium sulfate is add$ & en\gh ammonia to produce a slight alkal9e reaction4 ,! volume ( ! solution is !n made up to "o lit]4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( ?is solution is capable ( precipitat+ ?ree milligrams ( phosphorus p5toxid4 ,/&>d ,potassium ,hydroxid4--,?is solution is made ( su* /r5g? t "o cubic c5timet] is equival5t to "o milligram ( phosphorus p5toxid4 ,treat$ ) acid ( normal /r5g?1 #ajj cubic c5timet]s are requir$ to neutralize #cb4cg cubic c5timet]s !re(4 ,/&>d ,acid4--,?is %\ld h ! same /r5g?1 volume = volume1 z ! /&>d alkali solution4 ,x is made by dilut+ #cbc4g cubic c5timet]s ( normal acid to "o lit]4 ,indicator4--,! indicator to be us$ is an alcoholic solution ( ph5olph?ale91 "o gram 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( sixty p] c5t alcohol1 & half a cubic c5timet] ( ?is %\ld be us$ = ea* titration4 ,?omson has %[n#hd t ( ! ?ree hydrog5 atoms 9 phosphoric acid two mu/ be saturat$ ) alkali be=e ! reaction ) ph5olph?ale9 is neutral4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! yell[ precipitate is brok5 up by an alkali1 accord+ to ! reaction to foll[1 only f\r ( ! six molecules ( ammonium are requir$ to =m a neutral ammonium phosphate z det]m9$ by ! indicator employ$4 ,! rema9+ two molecules ( ammonium unite ) ! molybd5um =m+ also a salt neutral to ! indicator4 ,ph5olph?ale9 is pref]r$ because1 z has be5 %[n by ,long1 its results are reliable 9 ! pres5ce ( ammonium salts unless !y be pres5t 9 l>ge quantity1 & if ! solution be cold & ! indicator be us$ 9 suffici5t quantity4#he ,to prep>e ! indicator = ?is "w1 "o gram ( ph5olph?ale9 is dissolv$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( sixty p]c5t alcohol4 ,at lea/ "o-half ( a cubic c5timet] ( ! solution is us$ = ea* titration4 ,! advantages claim$ = ! me?od are its spe$ & accuracy4 ,mu* "t is sav$ by avoid+ ! necessity = ! removal ( ! silica by evaporation4 ,! results ( analyses ) & )\t ! removal ( ! silica are practically id5tical4 ,:5 ! silica is n remov$ x is notic$ t ! filtrate f ! yell[ precipitate has a yell[ t9t4 ,! reaction is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 7,,nh77,,po77,mo,o7 #df,,koh 7,,nh77,,hpo7 7,,nh7,mo,o #bc,k,mo,o #bb;,h,o4 ,f ?is reaction x is se5 t ! total available acidity ( "o molecule ( ! yell[ precipitate titrat$ aga9/ ph5olph?ale9 is equival5t to tw5ty-?ree molecules ( potassium hydroxid4 ,calculation ( ,results4--,! /&>d alkali is ( su* /r5g? t "o cubic c5timet] is equal to "o p] c5t ( phosphoric acid :5 "o gram ( mat]ial is employ$ & "o-t5? ( x tak5 = ea* det]m9ation4 ,9 a giv5 case "o gram ( a sample 0 tak5 & "o-t5? ( ! solution us$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( alkali 7 add$ to ! yell[ precipitate4 ,x requir$ ?irty-two cubic c5timet]s ( /&>d alkali to neutralize ! excess4 ,! alkali consum$ by ! yell[ precipitate 0 #ej - #cb #ah4 ,! sample !re=e conta9$ eighte5 p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,comp>ison ) ,(ficial ,me?od4--,a comp>ison ( ! ,pemb]ton volumetric ) ! (ficial me?od ( ! ,association ( ,agricultural ,*emi/s has be5 made by ,day & ,bryant4#hf ,! comp>isons 7 made on samples conta9+ f #a4de to #cg4bh p] c5t ( phosphoric acid & result$ z foll[s3 ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p,o1 ,p,o1 ,sub/ance4 ,(ficial4 ,pemb]ton4 ,no4 #a4 ,florida rock #a4de #a4cb 8 #b4 8 8 #d4dj #d4ec 8 #c4 ,sodium phosphate #ai4gh #ai4ii 8 #d4 8 8 #ai4gb #ai4gc 8 #e4 ,florida rock #cg4bh #cg4bb ,?is ne> agreem5t %[s ! reliability ( ! me?od4 ,! comp>ison ( ! ,pemb]ton volumetric me?od ) ! (ficial gravimetric me?od 0 inve/igat$ by ! report] ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s 9 #ahid4hg ,! individual v>iations 7 f\nd to be great] ?an 9 ! regul> me?od b ! av]age results 7 ne>ly id5tical !re)4 ,! me?od works f> bett] ) small p]c5tages ( phosphoric acid ?an ) l>ge4 ,:]e ! av]age ( ! results by ! (ficial me?ods gave #ab4be p] c5t1 ! volumetric process gave #aa4ij p] c5t1 :]eas 9 ! det]m9ation ( a small] p]c5tage ! results 7 #b4gb & #b4gc p] c5t1 respectively4 ,kilgore proposes a v>iation ( ! me?od :i* diff]s f ! orig9al 9 two pr9cipal po9ts4#hh ,fir/ ! temp]ature ( precipitation 9 ! ,pemb]ton process is #ajj2 b 9 ! modifi$ =m f #ee to #fj4 ,at ! high] temp]ature !re is dang] ( deposit+ molybdic acid4 ,! second diff]5ce is 9 ! composition ( ! molybdate solution employ$4 ,! (ficial molybdate solution conta9s ab\t sixty grams ( molybd5um trioxid 9 a lit] :ile ! ,pemb]ton solution conta9s sixty-six grams4 ,!re is !re=e n mu* diff]5ce 9 /r5g?4 ,! abs5ce ( nitric acid1 h[ev]1 f ! ,pemb]ton solution favors ! deposition ( ! molybdic acid :5 heat is appli$4 ,kilgore1 !re=e1 conducts ! analysis z foll[s3 ,! solution ( ! sample is made accord+ to ! (ficial nitric & hydro*loric acid me?od = total phosphoric acid4 ,= ! det]m9ation1 tw5ty or =ty cubic c5timet]s are tak51 correspond+ to two-t5?s or f\r-t5?s gram ( ! sample4 ,ammonia is add$ until a slight precipitate is produc$ & ! volume is !n made up1 ) wat]1 to sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,add "s ammonium nitrate solution1 f t5 to fifte5 cubic c5timet]s1 b ?is addition is n necess>y unless mu* ( ! nitric acid has be5 driv5 (f dur+ solution4 ,heat 9 wat]-ba? to #fj & precipitate ) "s fre%ly filt]$ (ficial molybdate solution4 ,all[ to /& = five m9utes1 filt] z quickly z possible1 wa% f\r times by decantation us+ f fifty to sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( wat] ea* "t1 & !n wa% on a filt] until all acid is remov$4 ,! solution & titration ( ! yell[ precipitate are accompli%$ z 9 ! ,pemb]ton me?od4 ,! agreem5t ( ! results obta9$ by ?is modifi$ me?od 0 mu* clos] ) ! (ficial gravimetric me?od ?an ^? obta9$ by ! ,pemb]ton process4 #aji4 ,e/imation ( ,phosphoric ,acid z a ,lead ,comp\nd4--,9 ! volumetric lead me?od1 z describ$ by ,wavelet1 ! phosphoric acid is precipitat$ by ! magnesium citrate solution z 9 ! uranium me?od ( ,j\lie1 z practic$ by ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 & ! wa%+ ( ! precipitate & its solution 9 nitric acid are also conduct$ z 9 t me?od4#hi ,aft] solution 9 nitric acid ammonia is add$ to neutrality & ! solution is !n made acid ) acetic4 ,! phosphoric acid is precipitat$ 9 ! acid solution by a /&>d solution ( lead nitrate1 ! precipitate hav+ ! =mula ,p,o#c,pb,o4 ,! end reaction is det]m9$ by plac+ a drop ( ! titrat$ mixture on a :ite greas$ di% 9 contact ) a drop ( a five p] c5t solution ( potassium iodid4 ,:5 all ! phosphoric acid is precipitat$ ! lea/ excess ( ! lead salt is reveal$ by ! *>act]i/ic yell[ precipitate ( lead iodid4 ,! au?or ( ! process claims t ! lead phosphate is insoluble 9 ! excess ( acetic acid & t ! phosphate itself does n give any yell[ coloration ) potassium iodid4 ,! process is q z exact z ! uranium me?od & ! end reaction is f> %>p] & ! /&>d reag5ts are easily made & pres]v$4#ij ,! me?od describ$ m]its1 at lea/1 a comp>ative trial ) ! uranium process1 b _c be recomm5d$ z exact until fur!r approv$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! reag5ts employ$ h ! foll[+ composition3 7#a7 ,disodium phosphate solution conta9+ #aj4jhe grams p] lit] 7#b7 ,sodium acetate 8 8 #ej4jjj 8 8 8 7#c7 ,lead nitrate 8 8 #dj4jjj 8 8 8 7#d7 ,potassium iodid 8 8 #ej4jjj 8 8 8 ,! titrations %\ld be conduct$ 9 ! cold4 #aaj4 ,wat]-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,glas] has modifi$ ! volumetric me?od ( ,kalmann & ,meissels = ! volumetric e/imation ( wat]-soluble phosphoric acid s z to avoid ! d\ble titration requir$ by ! orig9al me?od4#ia ,if me?yl orange be us$ z an indicator 9 ! orig9al me?od1 ! det]m9ation does n at once lead to ! tricalcium salt1 b ! liquid /ill conta9s1 aft] neutralization1 "s monocalcium phosphate1 :i* is det]m9$ by a fur!r titration ) ph5olph?ale94 ,9 ! modifi$ me?od ! total phosphoric acid is e/imat$ 9 "o op]ation z a tricalcium salt4 ,?is is secur$1 by add+1 at ! prop] "t1 an excess ( calcium *lorid4 ,two grams ( ! sup]phosphate are %ak5 ) wat] sev]al times1 &1 aft] settl+1 filt]$1 & ! insoluble residue f9ally wa%$ on ! filt] until ! total volume ( ! filtrate is a qu>t] ( a lit]4 ,( ?is1 fifty cubic c5timet]s are tak5 & titrat$ ) t5? normal soda-lye1 ) addition ( two drops ( me?yl orange1 until ! acid reaction has entirely disappe>$4 ,!re is !n add$ "s neutral calcium *lorid solution 9 excess4 ,if iron & alum9a be pres5t1 a precipitate is produc$ ( :i* no acc\nt ne$ be made4 ,! acid reaction is ?us re/or$4 ,five drops ( ! ph5olph?ale9 solution are add$ & ! titration cont9u$ until ! alkal9e reaction is not$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( ! soda-lye corresponds1 9 ! fir/ titration1 to #g4a1 & 9 ! second to #c4ee milligrams ( phosphoric acid4 #aaa4 ,e/imation ( ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ! ,pres5ce ( a ,l>ge ,excess ( ,iron4--,! me?od giv5 bel[1 due to ,emm]ton1 dep5ds ^u ! precipitation ( a phosphomolybdate1 ( con/ant composition1 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge excess ( iron1 z 9 ! analysis ( iron & /eel & iron ores4#ib ,! molybd5um trioxid obta9$ is r$uc$ by z9c to ,mo,o4 ,! action ( p]manganate on ?is comp\nd is %[n 9 ! foll[+ equation3 #e,mo,o #ag7,k,o,mn,o7 #fj,mo,o #ag,k,o #cd,mn,o4 ,sev5te5 molecules ( p]manganate are equal to sixty molecules ( molybd5um trioxid4 ,! iron or /eel is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 evaporat$ to dryness1 heat$1 & r$issolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 !n treat$ aga9 ) nitric acid & evaporat$ until a cle> & conc5trat$ solution is obta9$ free f hydro*loric acid4 ,! solution obta9$ is dilut$ to =ty cubic c5timet]s ) wat] & wa%$ into a #djj cubic c5timet] flask1 mak+ ! total volume ab\t sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s4 ,add /rong ammonia1 %ak+ aft] ea* addition1 until ! mass sets to a ?ick jelly f ! f]ric hydroxid4 ,add a few m cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia & %ake ?or\ghly1 be+ sure ! ammonia is pres5t 9 excess4 ,add next nitric acid gradually1 ) %ak+1 until ! precipitate has all dissolv$2 add en\gh m nitric acid to make ! solution a cle> amb] color4 ,! volume %\ld n[ be ab\t #bej cubic c5timet]s4 ,br+ ! solution to #he & add1 at once1 =ty cubic c5timet]s ( molybdate solution ( ! foll[+ /r5g?3 ,dissolve #ajj grams ( molybdic acid 9 #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( /rong ammonia & #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & p\r ! solution into #a1bej cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid 7#a4bj72 close ! flask ) a rubb] /opp]1 wrap x 9 a ?ick clo?1 & %ake viol5tly = five m9utes4 ,collect ! precipitate on a filt]1 us+ pump1 & wa% ) dilute nitric acid 7#a ,,hno3 #ej ,h,o74 ,if a ?9 film ( ! precipitate %\ld adh]e to ! flask x c be remov$ by ! ammonia 9 ! next op]ation4 ,wa% ! molybdate precipitate into a #ejj cubic c5timet] flask ) dilute ammonia 7#a ,h,n3 #d ,h,o71 us+ ab\t ?irty cubic c5timet]s4 ,add hot dilute sulfuric acid 7#a ,h,,s3 #d ,h,o7 & cov] ! flask ) a small funnel4 ,add t5 grams ( granulat$ z9c & heat until rapid action beg9s1 & !n heat g5tly = five m9utes4 ,! r$uction is !n complete4 ,dur+ ! r$uction ! colors1 p9k1 plum1 pale gre51 & d>k gre51 are se5 9 ! molybdate solution1 ! latt] color m>k+ ! end ( ! reaction4 ,to remove ! z9c1 p\r ?r\gh a l>ge fold$ filt]1 wa% ) cold wat]1 & fill up ! filt] once ) cold wat]4 ,b little oxidation takes place 9 ?is way4 ,a port-w9e color is se5 on ! filt]1 b ?is does n indicate a suffici5t oxidation to make an error4 ,9 titrat+1 ! w9e color becomes fa9t] & f9ally ! solution is p]fectly colorless & %[s a s+le drop 9 excess ( ! p]manganate4 ,! p]manganate solution1 = conv5i5ce1 is made s t "o cubic c5timet] is equal to #j4jjja gram ( phosphorus4 ,) iron its value is "o cubic c5timet] equals #j4jjfada gram ( iron2 & "o cubic c5timet] equals #j4jjeegd gram ( molybd5um trioxid4 #aab4 ,v>iation ( ,dudley & ,noyes4--,! me?od ( ,emm]ton to det]m9e small quantities ( phosphoric acid1 or ( phosphorus 9 pres5ce ( a l>ge excess ( iron1 has be5 modifi$ by ,dudley & ,pease1#ic & by ,noyes & ,royse4#id ,z modifi$1 ! me?od is n int5d$ = f]tiliz] analysis1 b ! pr9ciple on :i* x re/s may "s "t1 ) prop] modifications1 f9d application 9 f]tiliz] "w4 ,! r$uction is accompli%$ 9 a ,jones' tube1#ie mu* simplifi$1 s z to r5d] x suitable = common use4 ,! molybdic acid is r$uc$ to a =m1 or s]ies ( =ms1 correspond+ to molybd5um sesquioxid1 z 9 ! ,emm]ton me?od1 & subsequ5tly z 9 t me?od1 titrat$ by a set solution ( potassium p]manganate4 ,! iron or /eel fil+s1 conta9+ phosphorus1 are br\ght into solution by means ( nitric acid4 ,= ?is purpose two grams ( !m are plac$ 9 a half lit] flask toge!r ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( #a4ah specific gravity4 ,! mixture is boil$ = "o m9ute1 & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( p]manganate solution ( "o & a qu>t] p] c5t add$4 ,boil aga9 until ! p9k color disappe>s4 ,f]r\s sulfate solution is next to be c>efully add$1 %ak+ mean:ile1 until ! solution cle>s4 ,cool to #ej & add eight cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( #j4ij specific gravity1 /opp] ! flask1 & %ake until any precipitate :i* may =m is r$issolv$4 ,cool or w>m1 z ! case may be1 until ! solution is z _m degrees above or bel[ #fj z ! molybdic solution is above or bel[ #bg4 ,add sixty cubic c5timet]s ( molybdic solution1 /opp]1 & %ake on a ma*9e or by h& = five m9utes4 ,aft] rema9+ at re/ = five m9utes p\r into a n9e c5timet] filt] ( f9e texture & wa% ) ! acid ammonium sulfate solution 9 quantities ( f five to t5 cubic c5timet]s ea* "t4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s mu/ be p]fectly bright4 ,cont9ue ! wa%+s until ! filtrate gives no color ) hydrog5 sulfid4 ,dissolve ! yell[ precipitate ) twelve cubic c5timet]s ( #j4if ammonia dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 & wa% ! filt] ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,f9ally add to ! filtrate & wa%-wat] eighty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & t5 ( /rong sulfuric acid4 ,pass ! mixture ?r\gh ! ,jones' r$uc+ tube & foll[ x ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 tak+ c>e t no air ent] ! tube dur+ ! op]ations4 ,! solution collect$ 9 ! flask %\ld be at once titrat$ ) potassium p]manganate4 ,solutions us$3 7#a7 ,nitric acid4--,"o "p ( nitric acid ( #a4db specific gravity & two p>ts ( wat] by volume4 ,! specific gravity ( ! mixture is ab\t #a4ah4 7#b7 ,p]manganate solution = oxidiz+4--,dissolve #ab4e grams ( potassium p]manganate 9 "o lit] ( wat]4 7#c7 ,f]r\s sulfate4--,fre% cry/als n eff]vesc$ & free f phosphorus4 7#d7 ,ammonia4--,! /rong ammonia us$ %\ld h a specific gravity ( ab\t #j4ij & ! dilute ( #j4if at #ae4e4 7#e7 ,molybdic ,solution4--,dissolve #ajj grams ( molybdic anhydrid 9 #djj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( #j4if specific gravity & p\r ! solution sl[ly1 ) con/ant /irr+1 into "o lit] ( nitric acid ( ab\t #a4bj specific gravity4 ,heat ! mixture to #de & add "o cubic c5timet] ( a t5 p] c5t solution ( sodium phosphate1 /ir vigor\sly1 & all[ to /& 9 a w>m place = eighte5 h\rs4 ,filt] be=e us+4 7#f7 ,add ,ammonium ,sulfate4--,to half a lit] ( wat] add #bg4e cubic c5timet]s ( #j4if ammonia & tw5ty-f\r cubic c5timet]s ( /rong sulfuric acid1 & make ! volume "o lit] ) wat]4 7#g7 ,potassium ,p]manganate = ,titration4--,dissolve f\r grams ( potassium p]manganate 9 two lit]s ( wat]1 heat ne>ly to boil+ = an h\r1 all[ to /& = eighte5 h\rs1 & filt] on asbe/os felt4 ,! solution mu/ n come 9 contact ) rubb] or o!r organic matt]4 ,! solution may be /&>diz$ ) ?or\ghly air-dri$ ammonium oxalate 9 solution ) a little dilute sulfuric acid & ) ammonium f]r\s sulfate p>tly cry/alliz$ 9 small cry/als f a slightly acid solution4 ,! cry/als %\ld be well wa%$ & quickly air-dri$ 9 a ?9 lay]4 ,! factors #a_/a #a_/d #b_/b & #a_/g %\ld be us$ respectively to calculate ! iron equival5t4 ,! phosphorus equival5t is obta9$ by multiply+ ! iron equival5t by #ca 7#cf #ef7 #j4jaech4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g4 ,,jones' ,,r$uction ,,tube4 ,r$uction ,app>atus4--,! r$uction ( ! molybdic acid to molybd5um trioxid is accompli%$ 9 a tube fir/ propos$ by ,jones4 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,figure #g4 ,a piece ( mod]ately heavy glass tub+ ?irty-five c5timet]s long ) an int]nal diamet] ( two c5timet]s is drawn out at ! l[] end s z to pass into ! /opp] ( a flask4 ,a circul> piece ( p]=at$ plat9um or porcela9 re/s on ! con/rict$ portion ( ! tube & ?is is cov]$ ) an asbe/os felt4 ,! tube is !n ne>ly fill$ ) p[d]$ z9c :i* is wa%$1 be=e us+1 ) dilute sulfuric acid 7#a3 #bj74 ,a1 ,b1 ,c repres5t diff]5t me?ods ( filt]+ ! molybdic solution4 ,9 ,a a plat9um cone is plac$ 9 ! con/rict$ portion ( ! tube & ! asbe/os felt plac$ !reon & ! tube !n fill$ ) ! granulat$ z9c4 ,9 ,b !re is fir/ ins]t$ a p]=at$ disk !n "s v f9e s& & ?is is cov]$ ) ano!r disk4 ,9 ,c !re is a p]=at$ disk :i* is cov]$ ) asbe/os felt4 ,! filt]+ arrangem5t %\ld be su* z to prev5t any z9c p>ticles f rea*+ ! flask & yet p]mitt+ ! filtration to g on )\t mu* difficulty4 ,a blank det]m9ation is fir/ made by add+ to #ahj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 twelve ( #j4if ammonia & t5 ( /rong sulfuric acid4 ,?is is p\r$ ?r\gh ! r$uc+ tube & foll[$ ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] tak+ c>e t no air ent] ! app>atus4 ,hydrog5 p]oxid is =m$ if air ent]4 ,ev5 aft] /&+ = a few mom5ts ! tube %\ld be wa%$ ) dilute sulfuric acid be=e aga9 us+ x4 ,! filtrate %\ld be titrat$ ) ! p]manganate solution & ! am\nt requir$ d$uct$ f ! foll[+ am\nts obta9$ ) ! molybdic salt4 ,calculations4--,! calculations ( ! am\nt ( phosphorus 9 a giv5 sample ( iron or /eel are made accord+ to ! foll[+ data3 ,9 a giv5 case let x be suppos$ t ! p]manganate solution is set ) a solution ( piano wire & x is f\nd t "o cubic c5timet] ( p]manganate liquor is equal to #j4jjcdff gram ( metallic iron4 ,x is f\nd t #ij4gf p>ts ( molybdic acid w produce ! same effect on p]manganate z #ajj p>ts ( iron4 ,h5ce "o cubic c5timet] ( p]manganate solution is equival5t to #j4jjcdff #j4ijgf #j4jjcade gram ( molybdic acid4 ,9 ! yell[ precipitate =m$1 9 ! conditions nam$ = ! analysis x is f\nd t ! phosphorus is "o & n9e-t5?s p] c5t ( ! molybdic acid pres5t4 ,!re=e "o cubic c5timet] ( p]manganate liquor is equal to #j4jjcade #j4jai #j4jjjjeig gram ( phosphorus4 ,if !n1 = example1 9 a sample ( iron or /eel eight & six-t5?s cubic c5timet]s ( p]manganate solution1 aft] correction1 be f\nd necess>y to oxidize ! molybdic solution aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! ,jones' r$uc+ tube1 ! am\nt ( phosphorus f\nd is #j4jjjjeig #h4f #j4jea p] c5t4 #aac4 ,! ,silv] ,me?od4--,! sep>ation ( ! phosphoric acid by silv] accord+ to ! me?od ( ,p]rot has be5 inve/igat$ by ,sp5c]1 :o f\nd ! process unreliable4#if ,by a modification ( ! process1 h[ev]1 ,sp5c] obta9$ fairly satisfactory results4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is me?od dep5ds on ! sep>ation ( ! phosphoric acid by silv] c>bonate & ! subsequ5t titration !re( ) /&>d uranium solution aft] ! removal ( ! excess ( silv]4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,! f]tiliz] is fir/ ignit$ until all organic matt] & residual c>bon are de/roy$4 ,solution is !n accompli%$ by means ( nitric acid & ! volume complet$ to a def9ite quantity4 ,an aliquot "p is tak51 aft] filtration1 v>y+ ) ! suppos$ /r5g? ( ! solution s z to conta9 ab\t #ajj milligrams ( phosphorus p5toxid4 ,9 ! slightly nitric acid solution add fre%ly prep>$ silv] c>bonate 9 excess1 t is1 suffici5t to saturate any free acid pres5t & also to comb9e ) all ! phosphoric acid4 ,wa% ?or\ghly ) hot wat] & !n dissolve ! mix$ phosphate & silv] c>bonate 9 nitric acid & remove ! silv] f ! solution ) sodium *lorid4 ,! phosphoric acid is det]m9$ 9 ! filtrate by means ( a /&>d solution ( uranium nitrate 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,sp5c] f\nd t ! sep>ation ( ! phosphoric acid by ! silv] me?od 0 m exact ?an by ! ,j\lie magnesium citrate process4 ,) practice on ! "p ( ! analy/ 9 det]m9+ ! end reaction ! process is bo? rapid & accurate4 ,! me?od is also inexp5sive1 z bo? ! silv] & uranium are easily recov]$ f ! wa/e4 #aad4 ,volumetric ,silv] ,me?od4--,holleman has propos$ a modification ( ! silv] me?od = ! volumetric det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid1 :i* is conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3#ig ,9 a flask ( #bjj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 are plac$ fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquid to be analyz$1 :i* %\ld n conta9 m ?an two-t5?s gram ( phosphoric acid4 ,! solution is treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a normal solution ( sodium acetate & aft]w>ds ) a slight excess ( dec9ormal silv] solution1 f\r & five-t5?s cubic c5timet]s = ea* #j4ja gram ( phosphoric acid4 ,! solution is !n neutraliz$ ) t5? normal sodium hydroxid1 ! am\nt requir$ hav+ be5 previ\sly det]m9$ by titrat+ t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! liquid to be analyz$1 us+ ph5olph?ale9 z an indicator4 ,five times ! quantity requir$ = ! neutralization ( ! t5 cubic c5timet]s is add$1 less "o-half cubic c5timet]4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! phosphoric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( sodium acetate is completely precipitat$ z silv] phosphate4 ,! excess ( silv] is det]m9$ by dilut+ ! mixture to #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 filt]+1 & titrat+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate ) ammonium ?iocyanate4 ,! pres5ce ( sulfuric & nitric acids does n int]f]e ) ! reaction1 b ( c\rse hydro*loric acid mu/ be abs5t4 ,alkalies & alkal9e e>? metals may be pres5t1 b n ! heavy metals4 ,:5 iron & alum9um are pres5t #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution are precipitat$ ) ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( normal sodium acetate1 ! phosphoric acid is det]m9$ 9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 & ! precipitate ( iron & alum9um phosphates is ignit$ & weigh$1 & its weight multipli$ by #b4bbe is add$ to ! phosphoric anhydrid f\nd volumetrically4 ,if ammonia be pres5t x mu/ be remov$ by boil+1 z o!rwise x affects ! titration ) ph5olph?ale94 ,= agricultural purposes ?is me?od c h b little value inasmu* z ! phosphates to be exam9$ almo/ always h a c]ta9 proportion ( iron & alum9um4 ,inasmu* z ! am\nt ( ^! bases has to be det]m9$ gravimetrically1 !re w\ld be no ga9 9 "t & no simplification ( ! processes by ! use ( ! volumetric me?od z propos$4 ,,te*nical ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 #aae4 ,desirability ,( ,me?ods4--,9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 has be5 giv5 a /atem5t ( ! pr9cipal me?ods n[ 9 use by *emi/s & o!rs connect$ ) f]tiliz] control = ! sci5tific & agronomic det]m9ations ( phosphoric acid1 & its agricultural value4 ,a rsum ( ! important me?ods1 9 a =m suit$ to use 9 a factory = prep>+ phosphatic f]tiliz]s = ! m>ket1 seems desirable4 ,9 ^! factories ! *emi/s h be5 accu/om$ to use _! own1 or private me?ods1 & !re has n be5 a g5]al disposition among !m to publi% _! me?ods & exp]i5ce = ! common b5efit4 ,= factory processes1 a me?od %\ld be n only reasonably accurate1 b also simple & rapid4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! g5]al pr9ciples already indicat$ mu/ und]lie any me?od :i* w\ld prove useful to factory "w4 ,alb]t has made a rsum ( su* me?ods applicable = factory control1 & ^! are giv5 "h = conv5i5ce1 al?\gh !y are1 9 _m respects1 b cond5s$ /atem5ts ( me?ods already describ$4#ih #aaf4 ,reag5ts4--,molybdate ,solution4--,"o hundr$ & t5 grams ( pure molybdic acid are dissolv$ 9 ammonia ( n9e-t5?s specific gravity & dilut$ ) wat] to "o lit]4 ,! solution is p\r$ into "o lit] ( nitric acid1 ( "o & two-t5?s specific gravity1 &1 aft] /&+ a few days1 filt]$4 ,conc5trat$ ,ammonium ,nitrate ,solution4--,sev5 hundr$ & fifty grams ( pure ammonium nitrate are dissolv$ 9 wat] & made up to "o lit]4 ,magnesia ,mixture4--,fifty-five grams ( magnesium *lorid2 sev5ty grams ( ammonium *lorid2 #acj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( n9e-t5?s specific gravity are dissolv$ & dilut$ ) wat] to "o lit]4 ,two & ,"o-,half ,p] ,c5t ,ammonia4--,"o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia ( n9e-t5?s specific gravity are dilut$ ) wat] to "o lit]4 ,j\lie's ,citrate ,solution4--,f\r hundr$ grams ( citric acid are dissolv$ 9 ammonia ( n9e-t5?s specific gravity & dilut$ to "o lit] ) ammonia ( ! same /r5g?4 ,wagn]'s ,citrate ,solution4--,"o hundr$ & fifty grams ( citric acid are exactly neutraliz$ ) ammonia1 !n t5 grams ( citric acid add$ & dilut$ to "o lit] ) wat]4 ,sodium ,acetate ,solution4--,"o hundr$ grams ( sodium acetate1 cry/alliz$1 are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 treat$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( acetic acid1 & dilut$ to "o lit] ) wat]4 ,calcium ,phosphate ,solution4--,ab\t t5 grams ( dry1 pure tribasic calcium phosphate are dissolv$ 9 nitric acid & dilut$ ) wat] to "o lit]4 ,9 ?is solution ! phosphoric acid is det]m9$ gravimetrically by ! molybdate or citrate me?od1 & ! value ( ! solution m>k$ on ! flask conta9+ x4 ,titrat$ ,uranium ,solution4--,two hundr$ & fifty grams ( uranium nitrate are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 tw5ty-five grams ( sodium acetate add$1 & ! :ole dilut$ to sev5 lit]s4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ?is solution corresponds to ab\t #j4jje gram ( phosphorus p5toxid4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e its exact value proce$ z foll[s3 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! calcium phosphate solution :i*1 = example1 has be5 f\nd to conta9 #j4ajcag gram ( phosphorus p5toxid1 are neutraliz$ 9 a porcela9 di% ) ammonia1 acidifi$ ) acetic1 treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( sodium acetate solution1 & w>m$4 ,?r\gh a burette z mu* uranium solution is all[$ to fl[ z is necess>y to %[ 9 a drop ( ! solution tak5 out ( ! di%1 :5 treat$ ) a drop ( pure potassium f]rocyanid1 a slight br[n color4 ,9 ord] to be c]ta91 ?is op]ation is repeat$ two or ?ree times ) new quantities ( tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( calcium phosphate solution4 ,example3 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! calcium phosphate solution conta9+ #j4ajcag gram ( phosphorus p5toxid1 gave z a mean ( ?ree det]m9ations #bc4b cubic c5timet]s ( ! uranium solution necess>y to produce ! br[n color ) potassium f]rocyanid4 ,consequ5tly #j4ajcag #bc4b #j4jjdde gram ( phosphorus p5toxid equival5t to "o cubic c5timet] ( uranium solution4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a quantity ( f]tiliz] weigh+ exactly five grams1 require t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! uranium solution = ! complete precipitation ( its phosphoric acid1 !n ! quantity ( phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 ! f]tiliz] w\ld be equival5t to #aj #j4jjde1 equival5t to #j4jdde gram ( phosphorus p5toxid4 ,! f]tiliz]1 !re=e1 conta9s eight & n9e-t5?s p] c5t ( phosphorus p5toxid4 ,conduct ( ! ,molybd5um ,me?od4--,?is me?od re/s ^u ! precipitation ( ! phosphorus p5toxid by a solution ( ammonium molybdate 9 nitric acid1 solution ( ! precipitate 9 ammonia1 & subsequ5t precipitation ) magnesia4 ,manipulation4--,tw5ty-five or fifty cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( ! phosphate :i* has be5 made up to a /&>d volume & conta9+ ab\t "o-t5? gram ( phosphorus p5toxid1 are plac$ 9 a beak] toge!r ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! molybdate solution & treat$ ) z mu* ammonium nitrate solution z w be suffici5t to give ! liquid a cont5t ( fifte5 p] c5t ( ammonium nitrate4 ,! cont5ts ( ! beak] are well mix$ & w>m$ = ab\t tw5ty m9utes at f #fj to #hj4 ,aft] cool+1 !y are filt]$ & ! precipitate wa%$ on ! filt] ) cold wat] until a drop ( ! filtrate saturat$ ) ammonia does n become opaque on treatm5t ) ammonium oxalate4 ,! filtrate is !n wa%$ f ! filt] ) two & "o-half p] c5t ammonia solution & precipitat$ sl[ly & ) con/ant /irr+ by ! magnesia mixture4 ,aft] /&+ = two h\rs ! ammonium magnesium phosphate is sep>at$ by filtration1 wa%$ ) two & "o-half p] c5t ammonia until ! filtrate conta9s no m *lor91 & ignit$4 ,conduct ( ! ,citrate ,me?od4--,! pr9ciple ( ?is me?od dep5ds ^u ! fact t :5 a suffici5t quantity ( ammonium citrate is add$ to phosphate solutions1 iron1 alum9a1 & lime are reta9$ 9 solution :51 on ! addition ( ! magnesia mixture 9 ! pres5ce ( free ammonia1 ! phosphoric acid is completely precipitat$ z ammonium magnesium phosphate4 ,manipulation4--,f t5 to fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ( ! phosphate to be det]m9$ are treat$ ) fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! ,j\lie citrate solution avoid+ w>m+4 ,a few pieces ( filt]-pap]1 ! a% cont5t ( :i* is kn[n1 are ?r[n 9 &1 ) /irr+1 fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( magnesia mixture sl[ly add$ & if necess>y also "s free ammonia4 ,by ! small pieces ( filt]-pap] ! collection ( ! precipitate aga9/ ! sides ( ! vessel & on ! /irr+ rod is prev5t$ & 9 ?is way ! production ( ! precipitate ha/5$4 ,aft] /&+ f "o-half an h\r to two h\rs ! mixture is filt]$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,if x be pref]r$ to e/imate ! phosphoric acid by titration1 ! precipitate is dissolv$ 9 a little nitric acid1 made slightly alkal9e ) ammonia1 & !n acid ) acetic & !n aft]w>ds titrat$ ) ! /&>d uranium solution4 ,conduct ( ! ,uranium ,me?od4--,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ?is me?od re/s dep5ds ^u ! fact t uranium nitrate or acetate precipitates uranium phosphate f solutions conta9+ phosphoric acid & :i* conta9 no o!r free acid except acetic4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ammonium salts ! precipitate is uranium ammonium phosphate hav+ ! =mula ,,po,,nh,ur,o4 ,! smalle/ excess ( soluble uranium salt is at once detect$ by ! ord9>y treatm5t ) potassium f]rocyanid4 ,manipulation4--,9 all cases ! solution is fir/ made slightly alkal9e ) ammonia & !n acid by a few drops ( acetic1 s t no free m9]al acid may be pres5t4 7#a7 ,) liquids free f iron3 ,if1 on ! addition ( ammonium or sodium acetate1 no turbidity be produc$1 ! liquid is free f iron & alum9a4 ,9 ?is case f t5 to fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution conta9+ ab\t "o-t5? gram ( phosphorus p5toxid are treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( sodium acetate1 & aft]w>ds ) a quantity ( uranium solution correspond+1 z ne>ly z possible1 to its suppos$ cont5t ( phosphorus p5toxid1 & heat$ to boil+4 ,f ! heat$ liquid by means ( a glass rod1 "o or two drops are tak5 & plac$ ^u a porcela9 plate & "o drop ( a fre%ly prep>$ solution ( potassium f]rocyanid all[$ to fl[ on x4 ,if no br[n color be se5 at ! po9t ( contact ( ! two drops1 additional quantities ( ! uranium solution are add$ &1 aft] boil+1 aga9 te/$ ) potassium f]rocyanid until a br[n color is di/9ctly visible4 ,! quantity ( ! uranium solution ?us hav+ be5 det]m9$1 duplicate analyses c be made & ! :ole quantity ( ! uranium solution add$ at once ) ! exception ( ! la/ drops1 :i* are add$ z be=e4 7#b7 ,solutions conta9+ iron & alum9a4 ,! solution is treat$ ) ! ammonium citrate solution ( ,j\lie1 ! magnesia mixture add$ sl[ly1 & ! precipitate collect$ on a filt] & wa%$ ) two & "o-half p] c5t ammonia4 ,! precipitate is !n dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 made alkal9e ) ammonia1 & !n acid ) acetic4 ,?is solution is !n treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( sodium acetate & titrat$ ) uranium1 z describ$ 9 7#a74 ,z an alt]native me?od1 #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( ! sup]phosphate solution may be treat$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( sodium acetate1 all[$ to /& = "s "t1 & filt]$ ?r\gh a filt] ( kn[n a% cont5t4 ,9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 :i* correspond to =ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al solution1 phosphoric acid may be det]m9$ z describ$ above4 ,! precipitate1 consi/+ ( iron & alum9um phosphates1 is wa%$ ?ree times on ! filt] ) boil+ wat]1 dri$1 & ignit$ 9 a plat9um di%4 ,! weight ( ignit$ precipitate1 dim9i%$ by ! weight ( ! a% conta9$ 9 ! filt] & divid$ by two1 gives ! quantity ( phosphorus p5toxid :i* x is necess>y to add to t obta9$ by titration4 #aag4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,phosphoric ,acid 9 all ,phosphates & ,basic ,slags4-- 7#a7 ,total phosphoric ,acid3 ,five grams ( ! f9e phosphate meal1 or slag meal1 are moi/5$ 9 a flask ( #ejj cubic c5timet]s cont5t ) "s wat] & boil$ on a s&-ba? ) =ty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid ( f #af to #bj ,beaum4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ until only a few cubic c5timet]s ( a ?ick jelly ( silicic acid rema94 ,aft] cool+1 "s wat] is add$ & ! phosphate %ak5 until ! ?ick lumps ( silica are f9ely divid$4 ,! flask is !n fill$ to #ejj cubic c5timet]s & its cont5ts filt]$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are treat$ ) fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! ,j\lie solution & treat$ 9 ! mann] describ$ ) magnesia mixture1 precipitat$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! precipitate c also be dissolv$ & treat$ ) uranium solution z describ$4 ,! me?od us$ by ,oliv]i may also be employ$ & x is c>ri$ out z indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ description3#ii ,a weigh$ quantity ( ! slag is r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4 ,to five grams ( ! sample is add$ ?ree times its weight ( potassium *lorate & ! :ole is intimately mix$4 ,! mixture is !n plac$ 9 a porcela9 di% & hydro*loric acid is add$1 little by little1 until ! pota% salt is completely decompos$4 ,x is evaporat$ until ! mass is dry4 ,! mat]ial is !n treat$ ) fum+ nitric acid1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! phosphorus is made by ! ord9>y gravimetric me?od4 ,by c>ry+ on ! op]ation z describ$ above1 a r$uction ( phosphoric acid is avoid$1 & ! pres5ce ( an abundant quantity ( pota% prev5ts ! =mation ( basic iron phosphate :i* is insoluble 9 nitric acid4 7#b7 ,citrate-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,"o gram ( ! basic slag or phosphate is plac$ 9 a #ajj cubic c5timet] flask & cov]$ ) ,wagn]'s acid citrate solution mak+ ! total volume up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,) frequ5t %ak+ ! flask is kept at #dj = an h\r1 or x may be all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs at room temp]ature ) frequ5t %ak+4 ,9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate f ?is flask ! phosphoric acid is det]m9$ by ! magnesia mixture z describ$4 ,s9ce1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! precipitate ( ammonium magnesium phosphate conta9s "s silicic acid x _c be directly ignit$ b mu/ be treat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! precipitate & ! filt] are ?r[n into a porcela9 di%1 ! filt]-pap] torn up into %r$s ) a glass rod1 ! precipitate dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 neutraliz$ ) ammonia1 acidifi$ ) acetic1 & treat$ ) uranium solution4 ,! phosphoric acid may also be e/imat$ by ! gravimetric me?od by dissolv+ ! precipitate aga9 9 hydro*loric or nitric acid1 evaporat+ to dryness1 & dry+ = "o h\r at f #aaj to #abj1 dissolv+ aga9 9 hydro*loric acid1 filt]+1 & wa%+ ! precipitate well4 ,! filtrate1 :i* is n[ free f silica1 c be treat$ ) ,j\lie's solution1 precipitat$ ) magnesia mixture1 ! precipitate wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z describ$4 ,! molybd5um me?od is pref]r$ 9 ! e/imation ( citrate-soluble phosphoric acid1 especially 9 slags4 ,= ?is purpose fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate f ! solution ( "o gram ( slag 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ,wagn]'s citrate liquid are treat$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( molybd5um solution & ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ammonium nitrate solution1 w>m$ = tw5ty m9utes at #hj1 filt]$ aft] cool+1 & ! yell[ precipitate wa%$ ) cold wat]4 ,! wat] w gradually dissolve all ! silicic acid f ! yell[ precipitate & c>ry x into ! filtrate4 ,! yell[ precipitate is !n dissolv$ 9 two & "o-half p] c5t liquid ammonia & precipitat$ ) magnesia mixture & ! precipitate wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ 9 ! way describ$4 #aah4 ,det]m9ation ( ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,sup]phosphates4--7#a7 ,citrate-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,five grams ( ! sup]phosphate are rubb$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ,wagn]'s acid citrate solution 9 a mort> & wa%$ into a flask ( #ejj cubic c5timet]s cont5t & dilut$ to #ejj cubic c5timet]s ) wat]4 ,) frequ5t %ak+ ! flask is all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs1 aft] :i* its cont5ts are filt]$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! ,j\lie solution & fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! magnesia mixture &1 if necess>y1 made di/9ctly alkal9e ) ammonia1 vigor\sly /irr$1 &1 aft] two h\rs1 filt]$4 ,! precipitate is wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z describ$1 or titrat$1 aft] solution 9 nitric acid & ! addition ( sodium acetate1 ) uranium solution4 ,example3 ,! weigh$ precipitate has #j4abgb gram ,mg,p,o !n ! phosphate conta9s #ab4gb #b #j4fd #af4bh p] c5t ( citrate-soluble ,p,o4 7#b7 ,wat]-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,tw5ty grams ( sup]phosphate are rubb$ 9 a mort> & wa%$ into a flask ( "o lit] cont5t & made up to ! m>k ) wat]4 ,aft] two h\rs' dige/ion ) frequ5t %ak+1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask are filt]$ ?r\gh a fold$ filt]4 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate equival5t to five-t5?s gram ( ! sub/ance are precipitat$ ) magnesia mixture1 ! precipitate filt]$1 wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$1 or ! moi/ filtrate may be dissolv$ ^u ! filt] ) a little nitric acid1 treat$ ) sodium acetate1 & titrat$1 z describ$1 ) uranium solution4 ,example3 #ad4e cubic c5timet]s ( ! uranium solution are requir$ = ! precipitate f tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al solution #j4e gram sup]phosphate2 x conta9s !n #ad4e #j4jjdde #j4jfde gram ,p,o4 ,consequ5tly ! sup]phosphate conta9s #ab4ij p] c5t ( wat]-soluble ,p,o4 ,total ,phosphoric ,add4--,tw5ty grams ( ! sup]phosphate are boil$ ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid ( f #af to #ah ,beaum = ab\t t5 m9utes &1 aft] cool+1 made up to "o lit] ) wat] & filt]$4 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ,j\lie's citrate solution1 a few pieces ( filt]-pap] ?r[n 91 fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( magnesia mixture add$1 & ! :ole ?or\ghly /irr$4 ,aft] /&+ two h\rs ! cont5ts ( ! flask are filt]$ & ! precipitate is wa%$ ) dilute ammonia & ! filt] & ! precipitate are plac$ 9 a plat9um crucible4 ,! crucible is heat$ sl[ly until ! moi/ure is driv5 (f & ! filt] burn$4 ,!n ! temp]ature is gradually rais$ to a :ite heat4 ,! residue is cool$ & weigh$4 ,example3 ,! precipitate weighs1 aft] ! subtraction ( ! filt] a%1 #j4acij gram2 !n ! sup]phosphate conta9s #ac4ij #b #j4fd #ag4gi p] c5t phosphoric acid4 ,,miscellane\s ,,notes ,,on ,,phosphates ,,& ,,phosphatic ,,f]tiliz]s4 #aai4 ,"t ,requir$ = ,precipitation ( ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! complete precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid by molybdate mixture is p]haps mu* less ?an g5]ally suppos$4 ,at #fe ! precipitation1 z %[n by de ,roode1 is complete 9 five m9utes4#ajj ,9 a giv5 case ! weight ( pyrophosphate obta9$ aft] five m9utes 0 #j4jfgf gram1 & exactly ! same weight 0 f\nd aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 view ( ^! facts analy/s w\ld (t5 be able to save "t by omitt+ ! delay usually dem&$ by ! sett+ aside ( ! yell[ precipitate = a few h\rs 9 ord] to secure a complete sep>ation ( ! phosphoric acid4 ,9 ! me?od ( ! (ficial *emi/s x is direct$ t ! dige/ion at #fe be cont9u$ = "o h\r1 & ?is "t may possibly be %ort5$ ) advantage4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 :]e !re is any d\bt 9 reg>d to ! complete sep>ation1 "s ( ! molybdate solution %\ld be add$ to ! filtrate &1 ) r5ew$ dige/ion1 x %\ld be not$ :e!r any additional precipitate be =m$4 #abj4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,pyrophosphate4--,9 f]tiliz] control x is n usually ?\ght necess>y to exam9e ! magnesium pyrophosphate = impurities4 ,among ^? mo/ likely to be f\nd is silica4 ,x is prop]1 9 all cases :]e accuracy is requir$1 to dissolve ! precipitate 9 nitric acid1 boil = "s "t to conv]t ! pyro- into or?ophosphate1 & reprecipitate ) molybdate & magnesia mixture4 ,?is treatm5t w sep>ate ! silica :i* rema9s practically insoluble aft] ! fir/ ignition4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by "s analy/s t ! results obta9$ by ! (ficial me?od are a trifle too high & also t on re-solution ! second precipitate ( pyrophosphate weighs less ?an ! fir/4#aja ,! diff]5ce 9 mo/ cases is v little b x may become a quantity ( consid]able magnitude 9 samples :]e soluble silica is f\nd 9 notable quantities4 ,! dang] ( contam9ation ) iron1 alum9a1 & ars5ic has already be5 m5tion$ b x is n ( suffici5t importance to w>rant fur!r att5tion4 #aba4 ,iod9 9 ,phosphates4--,! pres5ce ( iod9 has be5 detect$ 9 _m natural phosphates & is ( int]e/ 9 ! discussion ( ! problem ( _! orig94#ajb ,a qualitative te/ = ! detection ( iod9 may be appli$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,"s f9ely gr\nd phosphate is mix$ ) /rong sulfuric acid & ! gases aris+ f ! reaction are aspir$ into "s c>bon disulfid or *lor(orm4 ,! violet coloration aris+ indicates ! pres5ce ( iod94 ,! gases c>ry+ ! iod9 may also be br\ght into contact ) />*-pa/e produc+ ! well-kn[n blue color4 ,! quantity ( iod9 pres5t 9 a phosphate is r>ely m ?an "o or two-t5?s ( "o p] c5t4 ,x c be det]m9$ z a silv] salt1 9 ! abs5ce ( *lor9 or by any ( ! /&>d me?ods f\nd 9 works on qualitative analysis4 ,iod9 is q a con/ant con/itu5t ( ,florida phosphates4 ,= a quantitative det]m9ation1 ! sample is treat$ ) an excess ( /rong sulfuric acid 9 a clos$ flask & dur+ ! decomposition a /ream ( air is aspir$ ?r\gh ! flask & caus$ to bubble ?r\gh absorption bulbs conta9+ sodium hydroxid 9 solution4 ,! temp]ature ( ! decomposition may be rais$ to ab\t #bjj4 ,aft] ! solution ( ! sample ! sodium iodid =m$ is oxidiz$ by heat+ ) potassium p]manganate1 acidulat$ & mix$ ) a solution ( potassium iodid to hold ! free iod9 9 solution4 ,! free iod9 is det]m9$ 9 ! usual way by titration ) /&>d sodium ?iosulfate solution4 ,! reactions prep>atory to ! titration are repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mulas3 #b,,ki ,h,,s ,k,,s #b;,,hi4 #b;,,hi ,h,,s #b;,h,o ,,s #b;,i4 #f;,i #f,na,o,h ,na,i,o #e,na,i #c;,h,o4 ,na,i #b,k,mn,o ,h,o ,na,i,o #b,,koh #b,mn,o4 ,,hio #e;,,hi #f;,i #c;,h,o4 ,! titration is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ reaction3 #b,na,s,o #b;,i #b,na,i #b,na,i ,na,s,o4 ,! dec9ormal solution ( sodium ?iosulfate may be us$4 ,gr9d ! cry/als ( ! salt to a f9e p[d]1 dry betwe5 blott+ pap]s1 & use #bd4h grams ( ! dri$ salt p] lit]4 ,! quantity ( iod9 f\nd 9 phosphates is s m9ute t x is h>dly wor? :ile to make a quantitative det]m9ation ( x4 #abb4 ,occurr5ce ( ,*romium 9 ,phosphates4--,9 "s phosphates a small quantity ( *romium has be5 f\nd4 ,9 a sample ( phosphate f ! ,isl& ( ,los ,roques 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ,gilb]t f\nd ?ree-f\r?s p] c5t ( *romium oxid 7,cr,o74 ,! phosphates conta9+ *romium h a gre5i% color & are *>act]iz$ by great insolubility 9 solutions conta9+ organic acids4 ,! *romium is to be det]m9$ by ! usual me?ods describ$ 9 m9]al analysis4 #abc4 ,e/imation ( ,vanadium4--,9 ! complete analysis ( basic slags x becomes necess>y to det]m9e ! pres5ce ( vanadium & its quantity4 ,! me?od us$ 9 ?is laboratory = ! purpose is ! volumetric process ( ,l9demann4#ajc ,x is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,dissolve f\r grams ( ! f9ely p[d]$ slag 9 sixty cubic c5timet]s ( dilute sulfuric acid 7#a3 #d71 boil = a few m9utes1 cool1 make ! volume up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 filt]1 & take an aliquot "p = ! det]m9ation4 ,add dec9ormal potassium p]manganate solution 9 slight excess to secure ! oxidation ( ! vanadium to vanadium p5toxid4 ,add1 drop by drop1 a weak solution ( f]r\s sulfate until ! p9k color j disappe>s4 ,prep>e a f]r\s sulfate solution by dissolv+ #b4ahc grams ( piano wire 9 sulfuric acid & mak+ ! volume to "o lit]4 ,titrate ! vanadic mixture ) ?is solution until a drop ( ! cle> liquor remov$ & br\ght 9 contact ) potassium f]ricyanid %[s a di/9ctive blue-gre5 color4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! f]r\s sulfate solution is equival5t to #j4jjb gram ( vanadium1 #j4jjbhhh gram ( vanadium dioxid1 & #j4jjcfdh gram ( vanadium p5toxid4 ,! f]r\s sulfate solution may also be made & /&>diz$ by any ( ! approv$ me?ods 9 common use4 ,! me?od describ$ by ,blair1 design$ especially = ! e/imation ( vanadium 9 iron & /eel1 is conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3#ajd ,five grams ( ! drill+s are dissolv$ 9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid ( #a4bd specific gravity4 ,! solution is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a porcela9 di% & heat$ !reaft] until ! nitrates are ne>ly decompos$4 ,aft] cool+1 ! dri$ mass is transf]r$ to a mort> & f9ely gr\nd ) ?irty grams ( dry sodium c>bonate & ?ree grams ( sodium nitrate4 ,! f9ely gr\nd mat]ials are plac$ 9 a plat9um di% & fus$ = an h\r at a high temp]ature4 ,spread ! fus$ mass ov] ! sides ( ! di% :ile cool+1 & aft]w>ds dissolve 9 hot wat]1 filt]1 & wa% until ! volume is a little ov] half a lit]4 ,add nitric acid to decompose c>bonates1 b n completely1 & boil to get rid ( c>bon dioxid1 be+ c>eful to keep ! mass always slightly alkal9e4 ,add nitric acid1 drop by drop1 until slightly 9 excess1 & !n sodium c>bonate to m>k$ alkal9ity1 boil1 & filt]4 ,add a slight excess ( nitric acid to ! filtrate1 & ! developm5t ( a yell[ color w indicate ! pres5ce ( vanadic acid4 ,add to ! solution a small quantity ( m]cur\s nitrate & !n an excess ( m]curic oxid1 susp5d$ 9 wat] to r5d] ! solution neutral & insure ! complete precipitation ( m]cur\s vanadate4 ,! m]cur\s salt also precipitates phosphoric1 *romic1 tung/ic1 & molybdic acids :i* may be pres5t4 ,boil1 filt]1 & wa% ! precipitate ) hot wat]1 dry1 & ignite4 ,fuse ! residue ) sodium c>bonate & a little nitrate4 ,dissolve ! fus$ mass1 aft] cool+1 9 a little wat] & filt]4 ,add to ! filtrate1 ammonium *lorid 9 excess1 f ?ree to five grams = ea* #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution1 & all[ to /&1 ) occasional /irr+1 = "s "t4 ,ammonium vanadate1 insoluble 9 a saturat$ solution ( ammonium *lorid1 sep>ates z a :ite p[d]4 ,x is necess>y to keep ! solution alkal9e1 & a drop ( ammonia %\ld be add$ f "t to "t = ?is purpose4 ,! appe>ance ( a yell[i% t9t at any "t indicates t ! solution has become acid1 & ?is acidity mu/ be correct$1 or else ! results w be too l[4 ,sep>ate ! ammonium vanadate by filtration2 wa% fir/ ) a saturat$ solution ( ammonium *lorid conta9+ a little free ammonia1 & !n ) alcohol4 ,dry1 ignite1 & moi/5 ) a few drops ( nitric acid2 aga9 ignite to obta9 ! comp\nd z vanadium p5toxid4 ,?is comp\nd conta9s #ef4bb p] c5t ( vanadium4 ,! me?od ( ,ros5heim & ,holv]%eet may also be us$4#aje ,x is bas$ on ! prelim9>y precipitation ( ! vanadic acid z a b>ium or lead salt4 ,! sub/ance suppos$ to conta9 vanadium is fir/ br\ght into solution 9 su* a mann] z to secure x z vanadic acid1 :i* is !n precipitat$ ) b>ium *lorid or lead acetate4 ,! precipitate is boil$ ) hydro*loric acid & potassium bromid1 & ! lib]at$ brom9 det]m9$ by ! quantity ( iod9 set free f potassium iodid4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( bodies1 su* z molybdic acid1 :i* are r$uc$ by sulfur\s acid or hydrog5 sulfid1 ! vanadic acid may also be det]m9$ by r$uc+ x ) "o ( ^! reag5ts &1 aft] remov+ ! excess by boil+1 titrat+ ! vanadium tetroxid ) potassium p]manganate4 ,:5 vanadic & phosphoric acids occur toge!r ! =m] may be fir/ r$uc$ to tetroxid ) sulfur\s acid1 & aft] expell+ excess ( ?is reag5t1 ! phosphoric acid may be sep>at$ ) molybdate solution & remov$ by filtration4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( vanadic acid is l>ge ! phosphoric acid %\ld be sep>at$ rapidly at #ee-fj1 us+ a consid]able excess ( ! molybdate2 or ! vanadic acid may fir/ be det]m9$ 9 ! solution volumetrically by ! brom9 process above describ$1 & aft]w>ds ! phosphoric acid obta9$ by evaporat+ to dryness ) a little sulfuric acid1 tak+ ! residue up ) wat]1 r$uc+ ! vanadic ) sulfur\s acid & precipitat+ ! phosphoric acid ) molybdate solution z describ$ above4 #abd4 ,fluor9 9 ,bones4--,fluor9 is n only a con/itu5t ( m9]al phosphates b also ( bones4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,c>not !re is (t5 z mu* z "o-half p] c5t ( calcium fluorid 9 bones & tee?4#ajf ,gabriel has sugge/$ a means ( det]m9+ a m9imum limit ( fluor9 9 bones & tee? by ! developm5t ( et*+s 9 comp>ison ) kn[n quantities ( pure calcium fluorid4 ,! m9imum quantity ( calcium fluorid necess>y to produce a di/9ct et*+1 9 kn[n conditions1 hav+ be5 det]m9$1 ! te/ is appli$ to kn[n weights ( ignit$ bone or tee?4 ,he concludes f 8 results1 t ! a% ( bones & tee? (t5 conta9s less ?an "o-t5? p] c5t ( fluor94 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 !re is a loss ( fluor9 f calcium fluorid1 on ignition1 ! :ole ( ! fluor9 may n h be5 available 9 ! te/s describ$4 #abe4 ,note on ! ,sep>ation ( ,iron & ,alum9um ,phosphates f ! ,calcium ,comp\nd4--,!re are _m po9ts ( diff]5ce not$ 9 ! descriptions giv5 by au?ors ( ! deportm5t ( ! iron1 & alum9um phosphates 9 pres5ce ( a l>ge excess ( ! calcium salt4 ,especially is ?is true ( ! /atem5ts made by ,hess & ,glas]#ajg 9 p>agraphs #cd & #ce4 ,! subject is ( su* importance1 f an analytical po9t ( view1 z to m]it a c>eful /udy4 ,9 ?is laboratory a ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! mutual deportm5t ( ^! ?ree phosphates has be5 made by ,br[n ) ! foll[+ results3#ajh ,:5 a mixture conta9+ a kn[n weight ( ! salts 0 treat$ exactly z ,hess directs1 9 no case 0 !re a complete sep>ation ( ! iron alum9um phosphate f ! calcium salt4 ,9 ord] to discov] ! cause ( ! failure1 pure solutions ( calcium & iron alum9um phosphates 7 treat$ "u id5tical conditions by ! necess>y reag5ts4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( calcium phosphate1 conta9+ ab\t "o gram ( ! salt1 7 treat$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! comm]cial ammonium acetate conta9+ #aej grams ( ! salt 9 a lit]4 ,an imm$iate precipitate 0 produc$ at ord9>y temp]ature1 & on heat+ to #fj x became abundant4 ,! addition ( ammonium *lorid1 phosphate1 & nitrate 9 successive portions1 does n prev5t ! precipitation4 ,mak+ ! solution m dilute less5s ! difficulty :5 tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( a t5 p] c5t solution ( ammonium phosphate are fir/ add$1 foll[$ by ! usual quantity ( ammonium acetate2 a cle> cry/all9e precipitate is sometimes obs]v$4 ,exp]i5ce also %[s t ! tr\ble is n due to an excess ( ! ammonium acetate4 ,9 treat+ a solution ( iron alum9um phosphate1 9 simil> circum/ances1 ) ! ammonium acetate1 x is f\nd t a complete precipitation takes place4 ,s9ce dilut+ ! solution ( ! calcium salt dim9i%es its t5d5cy to =m a precipitate ) ! ammonium acetate ! true me?od ( sep>ation seems to lie 9 t direction4 ,! calcium salt is held completely 9 solution :5 ! sep>ation is made 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! solution conta9+ ! mix$ phosphates is dilut$ s z to conta9 n m ?an "o gram !re( 9 half a lit]4 ,to ?is is add$ "o drop ( dime?ylanil9 orange1 & aft]w>ds ammonium hydroxid1 until a v slight precipitate is =m$4 ,! mixture is heat$ to #gj & f tw5ty to tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( a tw5ty-five p] c5t solution ( acid ammonium acetate are add$1 en\gh to *ange ! rose color ( ! indicator to orange4 ,! iron alum9um phosphate is sep>at$ by filtration & wa%$ ) a hot five p] c5t solution ( ammonium nitrate4 ,! wa%$ precipitate %[s no impurity due to calcium1 z prov$ by dissolv+ x1 reprecipitat+ & filt]+1 add+ ammonium hydroxid to ! filtrate1 & heat+ = a long "t4 ,sometimes a slight tr\bl+ ( ! cle> liquid may be obs]v$ :i* may be due to a slight solubility ( ! iron alum9um phosphate 9 wa%+1 an accid5t t may occur if ! temp]ature be all[$ to fall bel[ #gj1 b no weighable am\nt ( mat]ial is obta9$4 ,if due to calcium phosphate1 a great] dilution 9 ! fir/ precipitation w remove ev5 ?is m]e trace ( t salt4 ,9 ! above conditions ! contam9ation ( ! iron alum9um precipitate ) calcium phosphate may be entirely avoid$4 ,we _h also und]tak5 "h ! problem ( sep>at+ ! phosphoric acid by ! citrate me?od1 foll[$ by a de/ruction ( ! citric acid 9 ! filtrate by combu/ion ) sulfuric acid accord+ to ! kjeldahl process1 & f9al sep>ation ( ! iron & alum9a 9 ! residues :5 our att5tion 0 call$ to sub/antially ! same process z describ$ by ,jean4#aji ,! me?od m]its a fur!r critical exam9ation4 #abf4 ,phosphoric ,acid ,soluble 9 ,ammonium ,citrate4--,!re is no o!r po9t connect$ ) ! det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid :i* has excit$ s mu* discussion & ab\t :i* !re is su* diff]5ce ( op9ion z ! solubility ( phosphates 9 ammonium citrate4 ,x 0 cle>ly e/abli%$ by ,hu/on1 9 #ahhb1 t ! ammonium citrate1 z us$ 9 f]tiliz] analysis1 w\ld attack normal tricalcium phosphate z x exi/s 9 bones4#aaj ,9 a raw bone1 f9ely gr\nd1 conta9+ #bj4bh p] c5t ( phosphoric acid1 ! foll[+ quantities 7 f\nd to be soluble 9 a neutral ammonium citrate solution ( #a4ji specific gravity4 ,"t ( dige/ion1 ?irty m9utes4 ,temp]ature #cj #dj #ej #fj ,p] c5t ,p,o dissolv$ #b4gf #d4ja #c4ci #e4hh ,f ?is x appe>s t ! quantity ( acid dissolv$ increases ) ! temp]ature ( dige/ion ) ! exception ( ! numb] obta9$ at #ej4 ,:5 ! "t ( dige/ion 0 increas$ !re 0 also f\nd a progressive increase 9 ! am\nt ( acid pass+ into solution4 ,at #dj = =ty-five m9utes ! p] c5t dissolv$ 0 #d4ig1 & at #dj = "o h\r x 0 #e4ib4 ,^! e>ly det]m9ations _h ! effect ( call+ att5tion to ! ?or\ghly empirical process :i* 0 9 use1 9 _m modifi$ =ms1 by agricultural *emi/s1 ! _w ov] = det]m9+ s-call$ rev]t$ phosphoric acid 9 f]tiliz]s4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! pap] above nam$ _m inve/igations h be5 und]tak5 by ,hu/on & o!rs relat+ to ?is matt]4#aaa ,! g5]al results ( ^! /udies1 tabulat$ by ,hu/on1 are giv5 bel[4#aab ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,dige/ion4 7,a7 ,temp]ature1 degrees ,c4 7,b7 ,citrate-soluble phosphoric acid4 7,c7 ,total phosphoric acid4 ,mat]ial4 ,au?ority4 7,a7 ,"t ( 7,b7 7,c7 dige/ion4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,bone meal1 ,f4 ,b4 ,dancy1 #fe h\r #aj4fj #ai4ge #fe #a 8 #aa4bh #ai4ge ,or*illa ,f4 ,b4 ,dancy1 #fe 8 #f4fb #ba4fh guano1 #fe #a 8 #f4he ,navassa ,f4 ,b4 ,dancy1 #fe 8 #d4fd #ca4bg rock1 #fe #a 8 #d4ha #ca4bg ,navassa ,f4 ,b4 ,dancy1 #fe 8 #i4jj #aa4dg sup]phos41 #fe #a 8 #i4ba #aa4dg ,bone meal1 ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on1 #dj 8 #d4ja #bj4bh #dj #a 8 #e4ib #bj4bh ,bone meal1 ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #fe 8 #f4ag #bc4eh raw1 ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #fe #a 8 #f4di #bc4eh #fe #b h\rs #h4bb #bc4eh #fe #e 8 #i4ca #bc4eh ,/eam$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #fe h\r #aj4ei #bg4fg bone1 ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #fe #a 8 #ab4ba #fe #b h\rs #ad4fa #fe #e 8 #ag4id #fe #aj 8 #ai4gc ,florida ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #fe h\r #j4ef #ai4ge s(t rock1 ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #fe #b h\rs #a4fi #fe #e 8 #a4dg ,precipitat$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #fe h\r #bf4gb #cc4cd calcium ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #fe 8 #bg4bf phosphate #fe #a 8 #bg4bh f glue #fe #b h\rs #bg4bi works1 ,pamunky ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #fe h\r #d4dc #ac4hd phosphate1#aac ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #fe #a 8 #h4bh #fe #b h\rs #aj4cd #fe #e 8 #aa4hj #fe #aj 8 #ab4eh ,calc9$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #fe h\r #ba4bd #de4ae ,r$onda1 ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #a 8 #ca4gj #b h\rs #cf4ib #e 8 #da4jj #aj 8 #db4gj ,s\? ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #fe h\r #b4hb #be4ea ,c>ol9a ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #a 8 #c4ac rock1 #b h\rs #c4eg #e 8 #c4hh ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,temp]ature4 7,a7 ,temp]ature1 degrees ,c4 7,b7 ,citrate-soluble phosphoric acid4 7,c7 ,total phosphoric acid4 ,mat]ial4 ,au?ority4 ,"t ( 7,a7 7,b7 7,c7 ,dige/ion ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,apatite ,t4 ,s4 ,gladd+#aad h\r #dj #j4cj ,canadian1 8 #fe #j4ef ,or*illa ,t4 ,s4 ,gladd+1 8 #dj #d4fc guano1 8 #fe #d4ha ,s\? ,t4 ,s4 ,gladd+1 8 #dj #a4ji ,c>ol9a 8 #fe #a4ce riv] rock1 ,navassa ,t4 ,s4 ,gladd+1 8 #dj #b4gc rock1 8 #fe #b4ec ,gr& ,t4 ,s4 ,gladd+1 8 #dj #a4af ,connetable1 8 #fe #a4if ,r$onda1 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson & 8 #dj #a4gj #cf4fh ,e4 ,h4 ,f>r+ton1 8 #fe #a4he ,s\? ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson & 8 #dj #a4cb #be4dh ,c>ol9a ,e4 ,h4 ,f>r+ton1 8 #fe #a4fe rock1 ,or*illa ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson & 8 #dj #d4ib #ba4je guano1 ,e4 ,h4 ,f>r+ton1 8 #fe #e4he ,navassa ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson & 8 #dj #d4aj #bi4ij rock1 ,e4 ,h4 ,f>r+ton1 8 #fe #d4bb ,acid ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson & 8 #dj #aa4ie #af4ej ,navassa1 ,e4 ,h4 ,f>r+ton1 8 #fe #ac4ec ,f9e-gr\nd ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson & 8 #dj #i4dj #bc4ej bone1 ,e4 ,h4 ,f>r+ton1 8 #fe #ab4ij ,s\? ,c4 ,v4 ,%epp>d1 ,jr4 8 #dj #a4gb #bd4ej ,c>ol9a also ,h4 ,c4 ,:ite1 8 #fe #b4aa l& rock1 ,or*illa ,c4 ,v4 ,%epp>d1 ,jr4 8 #dj #f4dh #ae4he guano1 also ,h4 ,c4 ,:ite1 8 #fe #f4ge ,calc9$ ,c4 ,v4 ,%epp>d1 ,jr4 8 #dj #e4gj #dd4he ,r$onda1 also ,h4 ,c4 ,:ite1 8 #fe #aj4bj ,raw ,c4 ,v4 ,%epp>d1 ,jr4 8 #dj #d4di #dc4gi ,r$onda1 also ,h4 ,c4 ,:ite1 8 #fe #g4ib ,acid ,c4 ,v4 ,%epp>d1 ,jr4 8 #dj #c4ee #ah4be phosphate1 also ,h4 ,c4 ,:ite1 8 #fe #d4je ,s4 ,c4 #aj4ce p] c5t wat]-soluble1 ,acid ,c4 ,v4 ,%epp>d1 ,jr4 8 #dj #aj4he #af4bj ,navassa1 also ,h4 ,c4 ,:ite1 8 #fe #aa4jj #b4he p] c5t wat]-soluble1 ,bone1 ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on1 8 #cj #b4gf #bj4bh 8 #dj #d4ja 8 #ej #c4ci 8 #fj #e4hh ,acid ,%epp>d & 8 #dj #c4df #ae4ie phosphate1 ,rob]tson1 8 #fj #c4hb #aa4da p] c5t wat]-soluble1 ,calc9$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on1 8 #dj #b4ah #de4df ,r$onda1 8 #ej #e4eb 8 #fe #ba4bd 8 #ge #cb4ij 8 #he #ci4eb ,calc9$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #e h\rs #dj #bf4gh #db4ij ,r$onda1 ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #e 8 #fe #ch4ai #e 8 #he #da4eg ,pamunky ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #e 8 #dj #c4aj #ac4hd phosphate1 ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #e 8 #fe #aa4hj #e 8 #he #ab4hb ,raw bone1 ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #b 8 #dj #e4if #bc4eh ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #b 8 #fe #h4bb #b 8 #he #h4ga ,/eam$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #e 8 #dj #af4jb #bg4fg bone1 ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #e 8 #fe #bj4bb #e 8 #he #bj4ff ,precipitat$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #b 8 #dj #bd4ad #cc4cd calcium ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #b 8 #fe #bc4de phosphate #b 8 #he #bb4df f glue works1 ,florida ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on & #b 8 #dj #j4jj #ai4ge s(t rock1 ,w4 ,j4 ,jones1 ,jr41 #b 8 #fe #a4fi #b 8 #he #a4ii ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,quantity ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,us$4 7,a7 ,temp]ature1 degrees ,c4 7,b7 ,quantity ( mat]ial us$4 7c7 ,citrate-soluble phosphoric acid4 7,d7 ,total phosphoric acid4 ,mat]ial4 ,au?ority4 ,"t 7,a7 7,b7 7,c7 7,d7 ,grams4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,or*illa ,f4 ,b4 ,dancy1 h\r #dj #b4j #i4id #ba4fh guano1 8 #dj #a4j #ab4ad 8 #dj #j4e #ac4ea 8 #fe #b4j #f4fb 8 #fe #a4j #i4cc ,r$onda1 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson 8 #dj #b4j #a4gj #cf4fh & ,e4 ,h4 8 #dj #j4d #c4df ,f>r+ton1 8 #fe #b4j #a4he 8 #fe #j4d #e4bf ,s\? ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson 8 #dj #b4j #a4cb #be4dh ,c>ol9a & ,e4 ,h4 8 #dj #j4d #a4cc rock1 ,f>r+ton1 8 #fe #b4j #a4fe 8 #fe #j4d #c4cf ,or*illa ,t4 ,s4 ,gladd+1 8 #fe #b4j #e4hg guano1 8 #fe #j4d #ac4je ,calc9$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on1 8 #fe #j4e #af4hj #de4df ,r$onda1 8 #fe #a4j #ah4bf 8 #fe #b4j #ba4bd 8 #fe #c4j #bc4bb 8 #fe #e4j #bd4ff 8 #fe #aj4j #bh4fd ,calc9$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on1 #e h\rs #fe #j4e #da4gg #de4df ,r$onda1 #e 8 #fe #b4j #da4ec #e 8 #fe #h4j #ci4hf ,pamunky ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on #e 8 #fe #j4e #aa4ha #ac4hd phosphate1 & ,w4 ,j4 #e 8 #fe #b4j #aa4hj ,jones1 ,jr41 #e 8 #fe #d4j #aa4dd ,raw bone1 ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on #b 8 #fe #j4e #af4di #bc4eh & ,w4 ,j4 #b 8 #fe #b4j #h4bb ,jones1 ,jr41 #b 8 #fe #d4j #g4bb ,/eam$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on #e 8 #fe #j4e #bf4dj #bg4fg bone1 & ,w4 ,j4 #e 8 #fe #b4j #ag4id ,jones1 ,jr41 #e 8 #fe #d4j #ab4ab ,precipitat$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on #b 8 #fe #j4e #cc4cd #cc4cd calcium & ,w4 ,j4 #b 8 #fe #b4j #bg4bi phosphate ,jones1 ,jr41 #b 8 #fe #d4j #ai4di f glue works1 ,florida ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on #b 8 #fe #j4e #e4ej #ai4ge s(t rock1 & ,w4 ,j4 #b 8 #fe #b4j #a4fi ,jones1 ,jr41 #b 8 #fe #d4j #a4bg ,influ5ce ( ,acidity & ,alkal9ity4 7,a7 ,temp]ature1 degrees ,c4 7,b7 #ajj cc neutral citrate citric acid4 7,c7 #ajj cc neutral citrate ammonia equival5t to citric acid4 7,d7 ,p] c5t ( phosphoric acid dissolv$4 7,e7 ,p] c5t total phosphoric acid4 ,mat]ial4 ,au?ority4 ,"t 7,a7 7,b7 7,c7 7,d7 7,e7 ,navassa ,t4 ,s4 ,gladd+#aae h\r #fe #j4jj #j4jj #b4ec rock1 8 #fe #j4gcc gm #d4hg 8 #fe #j4gcc gm #a4bb ,s\? ,t4 ,s4 ,gladd+1 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #a4ce ,c>ol9a 8 #fe #j4gcc 8 #b4hi rock1 8 #fe #j4gcc 8 #a4jf ,gr& ,t4 ,s4 ,gladd+1 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #a4ig connetable1 8 #fe #j4gcc 8 #a4ab 8 #fe #j4gcc 8 #aa4dd ,dissolv$ ,h4 ,b4 ,mc,donnell1 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #b4di #aa4ea bone-black 8 #fe #j4ja 8 #b4db & 8 #fe #j4ja 8 #b4cg cottonse$-meal1 ,gr\nd ,h4 ,b4 ,mc,donnell1 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #h4ff #bf4fb bone1 8 #fe #j4ja 8 #i4ah 8 #fe #j4ja 8 #h4jj ,calc9$ ,h4 ,b4 ,mc,donnell1 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #cj4fa #de4aa ,r$onda1 8 #fe #j4ja 8 #bi4db 8 #fe #j4ja 8 #cb4dg ,dissolv$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on1 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #b4bd #aa4cb bone-black 8 #fe #a4jj 8 #b4bd & 8 #fe #a4jj 8 #b4ba cottonse$-meal1 ,gr\nd ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #h4gh #bf4ce bone1 & ,w4 ,j4 8 #fe #a4jj 8 #ac4dh ,jones1 ,jr41 8 #fe #a4jj 8 #e4ce ,calc9$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj4 #be4ed #de4ae ,r$onda1 & ,w4 ,j4 8 #fe #a4jj 8 #ah4hd ,jones1 ,jr41 8 #fe #a4jj 8 #ce4bj ,s\? ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #a4ha #bg4fg ,c>ol9a & ,w4 ,j4 8 #fe #a4jj 8 #d4ei rock1 ,jones1 ,jr41 8 #fe #a4jj 8 #j4gd ,basic ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #f4ih #ai4db slag1 & ,w4 ,j4 8 #fe #a4j 8 #aj4ab ,jones1 ,jr41 8 #fe #a4j 8 #e4di ,pamunky ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on #e h'rs #fe #j4jj #j4jj #aa4hj #ac4hd phosphate1 & ,w4 ,j4 #e 8 #fe #a4j #aa4gi ,jones1 ,jr41 #e 8 #fe #a4j 8 #ab4bh ,raw bone1 ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on #b 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #h4bb #bc4eh & ,w4 ,j4 #b 8 #fe #a4j 8 #aa4bj ,jones1 ,jr41 #b 8 #fe #a4j 8 #d4jb ,/eam$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on #e 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #ag4id #bg4fg bone1 & ,w4 ,j4 #e 8 #fe #a4j 8 #bb4ee ,jones1 ,jr41 #e 8 #fe #a4j 8 #i4fd ,precipitat$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on #b 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #bd4bj #cc4cd calcium & ,w4 ,j4 #b 8 #fe #a4j 8 #cj4gj phosphate ,jones1 ,jr41 #b 8 #fe #a4j 8 #bj4fg f glue works1 ,florida ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on1 #b 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #a4fi #ai4ge s(t rock1 & ,w4 ,j4 #b 8 #fe #a4j 8 #c4cg ,jones1 ,jr41 #b 8 #fe #a4j 8 #j4gb ,calc9$ ,h4 ,a4 ,hu/on #e 8 #fe #j4jj #j4jj #dj4fd #dd4cj ,r$onda1 & ,w4 ,j4 #e 8 #fe #a4j 8 #dj4je ,jones1 ,jr41 #e 8 #fe #a4j 8 #da4ja ,9 ! above tabulations no m5tion is made ( ! "w ( ,fres5ius1 ,neubau]1 & ,luck1 on ^: rese>*es ! citrate me?od is bas$1 b an exam9ation ( _! orig9al pap] %[s t ! temp]ature conditions are n c>efully en\gh controll$ to ju/ify u 9 tabulat+ _! results4#aaf ,an attempt has be5 made to include 9 ! above tables1 "w made "u well-def9$ conditions1 :i* w illu/rate ! v>i\s po9ts "u consid]ation4 ,:ile ea* au?ority ( value ^u ! subject is repres5t$1 no attempt has be5 made to include all ! "w done by any ( !m4 ,"o elem5t t seems to h be5 g5]ally ov]look$ 9 discuss+ ! problem is t ne>ly all results h be5 obta9$ f "o-half h\r's treatm5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,?is means simply ! /udy ( an incomplete reaction1 & "o :i* is int]rupt$ :ile ! solution is v rapidly go+ on4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is only cle>ly br\ght out by a comp>ison ( long-"t & %ort-"t "w 9 ! v>i\s tables4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,hu/on v mu* m "w w h to be done be=e x c be assum$ t we h any v cle> k ( ?is subject1 & v likely ! f9al result w be t all k9ds ( goods _c be exam9$ by ! same me?od4 ,! fact t half a gram ( dicalcium phosphate is in/antly soluble 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( citrate solution1 at ord9>y temp]atures1 :ile an equal am\nt ( iron & alum9um phosphate is act$ ^u v sl[ly at ord9>y temp]atures w probably h to be tak5 into consid]ation1 z well z ! fact t dicalcium phosphate is less soluble 9 hot solutions ( ammonium citrate ?an x is 9 cold solutions1 :ile ! rev]se is true ( ! precipitat$ iron & alum9um phosphate4 ,at pres5t1 ! only conclusion t c be safely drawn f ! "w1 is t x w\ld be unsafe to make any g5]alization ^u ! subject until m facts are at h&1 except t ! pres5t me?ods are unsci5tific &1 unsatisfactory4 ,z ! "w progresses1 new features pres5t !mselves1 & 9 su* a way z to %[ t !y mu/ be giv5 c>eful consid]ation be=e draw+ any f9al conclusions 9 ! matt]4 #abg4 ,arbitr>y ,det]m9ation ( ,rev]t$ ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! s-call$ rev]t$ phosphoric acid1 t is1 ! acid insoluble 9 wat] & soluble 9 a solution ( ammonium citrate1 is ! mo/ difficult con/itu5t ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s f ! po9t ( view ( ! sci5tific analy/4 ,a review ( all ! /&>d me?ods :i* h be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages = its det]m9ation mu/ conv9ce e c>eful obs]v] t1 z a rule1 ea* process is bas$ on arbitr>y /&>ds1 & c give only concordant results :5 c>ri$ out "u /rictly unv>y+ conditions4 ,= ?is reason !re c be no j comp>ison betwe5 ! results obta9$ by diff]5t me?ods1 :i* v>y f ea* o!r only 9 slight p>ticul>s4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! processes are radically diff]5t1 ! deviations 9 data become m pron\nc$4 ,9 su* a condition ( affairs ! analy/ is left to *oose betwe5 me?ods4 ,he mu/ be guid$ 9 8 *oice n only by :at seems to be ! mo/ sci5tific & accurate process1 b also1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 by ! g5]al practice ( 8 pr(essional bre?r54 ,= ?is c\ntry1 !re=e1 x is /rongly urg$ t ! me?ods adopt$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 be foll[$ 9 e detail4 ,by ! phrase 8rev]t$ phosphoric acid10 0 orig9ally meant an acid once soluble 9 wat]1 z ,ca,h7,,po71 & aft]w>ds *ang$ to a =m insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 ammonium citrate z ,ca,h7,,po74 ,b 9 practice ?is has nev] be5 ! true signification ( ! t]m4 ,9 ! manufacture ( acid & sup]phosphates !re is =m$1 m or less ( ! dicalcium phosphate1 ei!r directly or aft] a "t1 & ?is salt :i*1 9 no s5se c be call$ rev]t$1 is entirely soluble 9 ammonium citrate4 ,! iron & alum9um phosphates are also1 to a c]ta9 degree1 soluble 9 ! same reag5t4 ,:5 an acid phosphate1 conta9+ v>i\s =ms ( calcium phosphate1 is appli$ to a soil conta9+ iron & alum9a1 ! soluble p>ts ( ! comp\nd t5d to become fix$ by union ) ^? bases1 or by precipitation z ,ca,h7,,po74 ,b x is n alone rev]t$ phosphate =m$ 9 ?is way1 :i* ! analy/ is call$ on to det]m9e 9 a f]tiliz]1 al?\gh he may h occasion to treat x 9 soil analysis4 ,! expression 8rev]t$ phosphoric acid10 !re=e1 9 practice n only includes a dicalcium phosphate1 :i* once may h be5 ! monocalcium salt1 b also all ( t salt orig9ally exi/+ 9 ! sup]phosphate1 & =m$ directly dur+ its manufacture1 z well z any iron & alum9um phosphates pres5t :i* are soluble 9 ammonium citrate4 ,! expression 8citrate-soluble0 is1 !re=e1 to be pref]r$ to 8rev]t$0 phosphoric acid4 ,9 ! rev]sion ( ! phosphoric acid 9 sup]phosphates ! iron plays a f> m important role ?an ! alum9um sulfate4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t ! rev]sion took place z indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ =mula3 #b;,ca,h7,,po7 ,fe,o #b7;,ca,h,p,o1 ,fe,p,o7 #c;,h,o1 :ile ,wagn] affirms t ! rev]t$ acid comp\nds consi/ ( v>y+ quantities ( f]ric oxid1 alum9um oxid1 phosphorus p5toxid1 & calcium oxid1 9 v>i\s /ates ( comb9ation4#aag ,! m probable reaction is ! foll[+3 #c;,ca,h7,,po7 ,fe7,,s7 #d;,h,o #b7;,fe,p,o1 #b;,h,,po1 #b;,h,o7 #c;,ca,s,o4 ,?is reaction c be demon/rat$ by add+ to a sup]phosphate solution "o ( a f]ric salt4 ,9 addition to free phosphoric acid1 iron phosphate is sep>at$1 :i* gradually passes into an insoluble =m by ! ab/raction ( wat] due to ! cry/allization ( ! gypsum4 ,! alum9a pres5t 9 a sup]phosphate seems to h no direct influ5ce on ! process ( rev]sion4 ,its phosphate salt is n act$ on by ! acid calcium phosphate4 ,ev5 :5 a sup]phosphate solution is treat$ ) alum no precipitation is produc$1 except on w>m+1 & ?is disappe>s :5 ! mass is aga9 cold4 ,x is !re=e n necess>y 9 ! process ( manufacture to sep>ate ! alum9a by dige/ion ) a hot soda-lye be=e treat+ ! mass ) sulfuric acid4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! rev]sion ( ! phosphoric acid sev]al plans h be5 propos$4 ,"o ( ! be/ is to use a little excess ( sulfuric acid 9 ! manufacture4 ,?is t5ds to hold ! phosphoric acid 9 soluble =m b is objectionable on acc\nt ( dry+1 h&l+1 & %ipp+ ! f]tiliz]4 ,dur+ ! dige/ion1 moreov]1 x is important t ! temp]ature does n rise above #abj4 ,ano!r me?od consi/s 9 add+ to ! dissolv$ rock a quantity ( common salt *emically equival5t to its iron cont5t4 ,ammonium sulfate also helps to hold ! phosphoric acid wat]-soluble4 #abh4 ,influ5ce ( ,movem5t4--,! influ5ce ( "t & temp]ature ( dige/ion1 & ( v>iations 9 ! composition ( ! ammonium citrate on ! quantity ( phosphoric acid dissolv$ by t reag5t has be5 po9t$ out4 ,( great importance also 9 ! process is ! "* ( ! movem5t to :i* ! mat]ials are subject$ dur+ ! dige/ion4 ,= ?is reason v>i\s me*anical devices h be5 con/ruct$ to secure uni=mity ( solution4 ,inasmu* z ! temp]ature factor mu/ also be fai?fully obs]v$1 ! be/ ( ^! devices are s arrang$ z to admit ( a uni=m motion )9 a ba? ( wat] kept at ! desir$ temp]ature :i*1 by ! ,association me?od1 is #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h4 ,,hu/on',s ,,dige/+ ,,app>atus4 #abi4 ,dige/ion ,app>atus = ,rev]t$ ,phosphates4--,! dige/ion app>atus us$ by ,hu/on consi/s ( two :eels tw5ty-five c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 m\nt$ on ! same axis1 hav+ a cle> space ( f\r & "o-half c5timet]s betwe5 !m4#aah ,9 ! p]iph]y ( ea* :eel are cut twelve not*es1 :i* are to receive ! po/s be>+ ! r+s ?r\gh :i* ! necks ( ! flasks pass4 ,! po/s are held 9 place by nuts :i* are screw$ d[n on ! faces ( ! :eel4 ,%\ld x become necess>y to take ! app>atus ap>t1 x is only necess>y to loos5 ! nuts & ! set screw hold+ "o :eel to ! %aft & all ! p>ts c at once be remov$4 ,! po/s ext5d t5 c5timet]s beyond ! face ( ! :eels1 & ! r+s are f\r c5timet]s 9 int]nal diamet]4 ,p]=at$ plates1 be>+ a cross-b>1 & held 9 place by /rong spiral spr+s atta*$ to ! plate & ! base ( ! po/s1 s]ve to hold ! flasks 9 place4 ,ea* plate has a numb] /5cil$ ?r\gh x = conv5i5ce 9 id5tify+ ! flasks :5 x is "t to remove !m4 ,atta*$ to ! outside ( ea* po/1 close to ! out] end1 is a heavy wire :i* passes entirely ar\nd ! app>atus1 s]v+ to keep ! plates 9 place aft] !y are remov$ f ! flasks4 ,! app>atus is m\nt$ on a sub/antial framework1 ?irty-six c5timet]s high & ?irty c5timet]s wide at ! base4 ,! space 9 :i* ! :eel revolves is f\rte5 c5timet]s wide4 ,! base b>s connect+ ! two sides are ext5d$ sev5 c5timet]s beyond "o side1 & s]ve = ! atta*m5t ( lat]al brac+4 ,at ! top ( ! framework1 at "o side1 is atta*$ a heavy b> =ty-five c5timet]s long1 :i* s]ves to c>ry ! cog ge>+ :i* transmits ! p[]4 ,! upright %aft c>ries a cone pulley to provide = v>y+ ! spe$4 ,! usual spe$ is two revolutions a m9ute = ! :eel c>ry+ ! flasks4 ,! entire app>atus is made ( brass4 ,! details ( con/ruction are %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,r\nd-bottom$ flasks are us$1 & rubb] /opp]s are held 9 place by ty+ or by a special clamp %[n at ! l[] "r-h& ( ! figure4 ,:5 high temp]atures are us$1 ! plates & flasks are h&l$ by ! hooks %[n at ! left & "r-h& upp] corn]s ( ! figure4 ,:5 any o!r ?an room temp]ature is desir$1 ! :ole app>atus is imm]s$ 9 wat] conta9$ 9 ! l>ge galvaniz$ tank =m+ ! back-gr\nd ( ! figures4 ,! tank is sev5ty-five c5timet]s long1 sev5ty-five c5timet]s high1 & ?irty c5timet]s wide4 ,at "o end1 ne> ! top1 is an ext5sion to provide space = heat+ ! fluid 9 ! flasks be=e introduc+ ! solid 9 su* cases z may be desir$4 ,! app>atus is held 9 place by angle irons sold]$ to ! bottom ( ! tank & a brace re/+ aga9/ ! upright b> be>+ ! ge>-:eels4 ,! wat] 9 ! tank is heat$ by inject+ /eam1 or by burn]s "u ! tank4 ,z ! tank holds ab\t #cjj p\nds ( wat] ! "w is n subject to sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 & little tr\ble has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 rais+ & ma9ta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 especially :5 /eam is us$4 ,an electric motor1 or a small wat]-motor ) only a v mod]ate head ( wat]1 w furni% ample p[]4 #acj4 ,comp>ison ( ,results4--,! foll[+ data %[ ! results obta9$ by ! dige/] z comp>$ ) ^? furni%$ by ! (ficial me?od1 temp]ature & "t ( dige/ion be+ ! same 9 ea* in/ance4 ,,ammonium ,,citrate ,,solution ,,on ,,phosphates4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,"t ,total ,remov$ ,remov$ ( phos4 by (ficial by ,sub/ance4 treatm5t4 acid4 me?od4 dige/]4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- h\r #bg4fg #aj4ei #ad4eb #a 8 #ab4ba #ad4hb #b h\rs #ad4fa #ag4ef ,/eam$ bone1 #c 8 #af4dh #ah4ec #e 8 #ag4id #bj4bb #g 8 #ah4ii #bj4be #aj 8 #ai4gc #ba4ah ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- h\r #ac4hf #d4dc #d4aa #a 8 #h4bh #f4hb #b h\rs #aj4cd #i4gf ,m>l1 #c 8 #aa4jj #aa4ca #e 8 #aa4hj #aa4hc #h 8 #ab4ea #ab4fd #aj 8 #ab4eh #ac4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- h\r #ai4ch #ab4ji #ab4bh #a 8 #ab4dg #ab4dj ,acidulat$ bone1 #b h\rs #ab4bj #ab4dc #c 8 #ab4dj #ab4bd #e 8 #ab4dc #ab4bf ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,bone1 h\r #ba4dj #f4ig #h4dh ,ammoniat$ dissolv$ bone1 8 #ah4bb #i4bh #aj4fc ,cottonse$-meal & ca/or pomace1 8 #b4eb #j4bc #j4be ,phospho bone1 8 #af4ee #g4jf #g4ba ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,9 comp>+ duplicates1 ! results f ! use ( ! dige/] are f\nd to be subject to less v>iation ?an ^? f ! usual me?od4 #aca4 ,hu/on's ,me*anical ,/irr]4--,! /irr+ app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #i diff]s f ^? :i* h h]et(ore come into use1 9 requir+ b a s+le belt to drive all ! /irr+ rods1 & 9 hav+ all ! p>ts protect$ f ! laboratory fumes4#aai ,! details ( ! belt sy/em are %[n 9 ! small diagram 9 ! l[] c5tral "p ( ! figure4 ,! app>atus is m\nt$ on a sub/antial wood5 box1 #bjj c5timet]s long1 ?irty c5timet]s high1 & eighte5 c5timet]s wide4 ,! driv+ pulleys1 t5 c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 are enclos$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! case4 ,! %afts on :i* ^! pulleys are m\nt$ ext5d ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! enclos+ box & c>ry a wood5 disk1 elev5 c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 to prev5t p>ticles ( =eign matt] f fall+ into ! beak]s4 ,! %afts ext5d two c5timet]s bel[ ^! disks1 & to ! end ( ! %afts ! b5t /irr+ rods are atta*$ by rubb] tub+4 ,! bo>d =m+ ! support ( ! driv+ pulleys is ext5d$ two c5timet]s 9 front ( ! app>atus1 & 9 ?is ext5sion twelve not*es are cut1 9 :i* are held ! corks c>ry+ ! tubes :i* conta9 ! solution to be us$ 9 precipitat+ ! mat]ial 9 ! beak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #i4 ,,hu/on',s ,,me*anical ,,/irr]4 ,! ends ( ^! tubes are drawn out to a f9e po9t s z to deliv] ! liquid at ! rate ( ab\t "o drop p] second4 ,! front ( ! app>atus is h+$ & p]mits ! :ole to be clos$ :5 n 9 use1 or dur+ ! precipitation4 ,! app>atus has prov5 extremely satisfactory 9 ! precipitation ( ammonium magnesium phosphate4 ,! precipitate is v cry/all9e1 & :]e ! /irr+ is cont9u$ = "s m9utes1 aft] ! magnesia solution has all be5 add$1 no amorph\s precipitate is obs]v$ on long] /&+4 #acb4 ,! ,citrate ,me?od ,appli$ to ,samples ) ,small ,cont5t ( ,phosphoric ,acid4--,x is well e/abli%$ t ! citrate me?od does n give satisfactory results :5 appli$ to samples conta9+ small p]c5tages ( phosphoric acid1 especially :5 ^! are ( an organic nature1 z = in/ance1 cottonse$ cake-meal4 ,9 ?is laboratory attempts h be5 made to rem$y ?is defect 9 ! process s z to r5d] ! use ( ! me?od possible ev5 9 su* cases4#abj ,satisfactory results h be5 obta9$ by add+ to ! solution ( ! cake-meal a def9ite volume ( a phosphate solution ( kn[n /r5g?4 ,solutions ( ord9>y m9]al phosphates are pref]r$ = ?is purpose4 ,! foll[+ example w %[ ! application ( ! modifi$ me?od3 ,9 a sample ( cake-meal1 7cottonse$ cake & ca/or pomace7 ! cont5t ( phosphoric acid obta9$ by ! molybdate me?od1 0 #b4eb p] c5t4 ,det]m9$ directly by ! citrate me?od1 ! foll[+ data 7 obta9$3 ,all[+ to /& ?irty h\rs aft] add+ magnesia mixture1 #a4jh & #a4ec p] c5t 9 duplicates4 ,all[+ to /& sev5ty-two h\rs aft] add+ magnesia mixture1 #b4ag & #b4cj p] c5t 9 duplicates4 ,9 ea* case fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution 7 tak51 repres5t+ half a gram ( ! sample4 ,9 ano!r s]ies ( det]m9ations tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! sample 7 mix$ ) an equal volume ( a m9]al phosphate solution1 ! value ( :i* _h be5 previ\sly det]m9$ by bo? ! molybdic & citrate me?ods4 ,! fifty cubic c5timet]s ?us obta9$ repres5t$ a qu>t] ( a gram ea* ( ! cake-meal & m9]al phosphates4 ,! filtration foll[$ eighte5 h\rs aft] add+ ! magnesia mixture4 ,! foll[+ data %[ ! results ( ! det]m9ations3 ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p,o 9 ,p,o 9 ,p,o ,p,o 9 m9]al organic f\nd 9 organic phosphate4 sample4 mixture #b4 sample4 #a #ae4cg #b4eb #ag4ij #b4ec #b #bi4af #b4eb #ca4fh #b4eb #c #ca4cg #b4eb #cc4hc #b4de #d #ca4eh #b4eb #cd4bj #b4fb ---- ,mean cont5t ( ,p,o 9 organic sample #b4ec ,x is ?us demon/rat$ t ! citrate me?od c be appli$ ) safety ev5 to ! det]m9ation ( ! phosphoric acid 9 organic comp\nds :]e ! quantity pres5t is less ?an ?ree p] c5t4 ,x is fur!r %[n t solutions ( m9]al phosphates v>y+ 9 cont5t ( phosphoric acid f fifte5 to ?irty-two p] c5t may be safely us$ = increas+ ! cont5t ( t acid to ! prop] degree = complete precipitation4 ,9 cases :]e organic matt]s are pres5t !y %\ld be de/roy$ by moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid z 9 ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 to be describ$ 9 ! next "p4 #acc4 ,direct ,precipitation ( ! ,citrate-,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! direct det]m9ation ( citrate-soluble phosphoric acid by effect+ ! precipitation by means ( magnesia mixture 9 ! solution obta9$ f ! ammonium citrate dige/ion1 has be5 practic$ = _m ye>s by numb]s ( ,european *emi/s1 & ! process has ev5 obta9$ a place 9 ! (ficial me?ods ( "s ,european c\ntries4 ,v>i\s objections h be5 urg$1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ! g5]al employm5t ( ?is me?od 9 f]tiliz] analysis on acc\nt ( ! inaccuracies 9 ! results obta9$ 9 c]ta9 cases1 & x has1 !re=e1 be5 us$ to b a v limit$ ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,s9ce x is impracticable to effect ! precipitation ) ammonium molybdate 9 ! pres5ce ( citric acid ! previ\s elim9ation or de/ruction ( ?is sub/ance has be5 recogniz$ z ess5tial to ! execution ( a process involv+ ! sep>ation ( ! phosphoric acid z phosphomolybdate4 ,x is evid5t f ! data cit$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 t great accuracy may be secur$ 9 ?is process by add+ a suffici5t quantity ( a solution ( a m9]al phosphate & proce$+ by ! citrate me?od4 ,ross has also propos$ to e/imate ! acid soluble 9 ammonium citrate directly by fir/ de/roy+ ! organic matt] by moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid4#aba ,he recomm5ds ! foll[+ process3 ,aft] completion ( ! ?irty m9utes' dige/ion ( ! sample ) citrate solution1 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s are filt]$ at once into a dry vessel4 ,if ! liquid be filt]$ directly into a dry burette1 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s c be readily transf]r$ to ano!r vessel )\t dilution4 ,aft] cool+1 run tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution into a dige/ion flask ( #bej-cjj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 add ab\t fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid & place ! flask on a piece ( wire gauze ov] a mod]ately brisk flame2 9 ab\t eight m9utes ! cont5ts ( ! flask comm5ce to d>k5 & foam+ beg9s1 b ?is w occasion no tr\ble1 if an extremely high1 or a v l[ flame be avoid$4 ,9 ab\t twelve m9utes ! foam+ ceases & ! liquid 9 ! flask appe>s q black2 ab\t "o gra9 ( m]curic oxid is n[ add$ & ! dige/ion is cont9u$ ov] a brisk flame4 ,! op]ation c be complet$ 9 less ?an half an h\r ) ease1 & 9 _m cases1 tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,aft] cool+1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask are wa%$ into a beak]1 ammonia is add$ 9 slight excess1 ! solution is acidifi$ ) nitric1 & aft] ! addition ( fifte5 grams ( ammonium nitrate1 ! process is conduct$ z usual4 ,9 case z l>ge an aliquot z fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al filtrate be us$1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid are add$1 & ! dige/ion is conduct$ 9 a flask ( #cjj-ejj cubic c5timet]s capacity2 aft] ! liquid has black5$ & foam+ has progress$ to a consid]able ext5t1 ! flask is remov$ f ! flame1 fifte5 cubic c5timet]s m ( sulfuric acid are add$1 & ! flask & cont5ts are heat$ at a mod]ate temp]ature = two or ?ree m9utes2 ! m]curic oxid is !n add$ & ! op]ation complet$ z be=e describ$4 ,foll[+ are "s ( ! advantages (f]$ by ! me?od describ$3 7#a7 ,x disp5ses ) ! necessity ( ! execution ( ! frequ5tly t$i\s op]ation ( br++ ^u ! filt] & wa%+ ! residue f ! ammonium citrate dige/ion1 :ile ! ignition ( ?is residue toge!r ) ! subsequ5t dige/ion ) acid & filtration are also avoid$4 7#b7 ,x af=ds a means = ! direct e/imation ( t =m ( phosphoric acid :i*1 toge!r ) ! wat]-soluble1 con/itutes ! available phosphoric acid1 ?us enabl+ ! latt] to be det]m9$ by mak+ only two e/imations4 7#c7 ,9 connection ) ! advantages above m5tion$ x p]mits ( a consid]able sav+ ( "t1 z well z ( labor requir$ 9 manipulation4 ,9 addition to ! te/s ) m]curic oxid1 bo? potassium nitrate & potassium sulfate 7 us$ 9 ! dige/ion to facilitate oxidation4 ,) ! =m]1 sev]al additions ( ! salt 7 necess>y to secure a satisfactory dige/ion1 & ev5 !n ! "t requir$ 0 long] ?an ) ! m]cury or m]curic oxid dige/ion4 ,) potassium sulfate1 ! excessive foam+ :i* took place int]f]$ greatly ) ! execution ( ! dige/ion process4 #acd4 ,availability ( ,phosphatic ,f]tiliz]s4--,!re is p]haps no "o "q m frequ5tly put to analy/s by practical f>m]s ?an ! "o relat+ to ! availability ( f]tiliz+ mat]ials4 ,! object ( ! manufactur] %\ld be to secure ea* ( ! valuable +r$i5ts ( 8 goods 9 ! mo/ useful =m4 ,! ideal =m 9 :i* phosphoric acid %\ld come to ! soil is "o soluble 9 wat]4 ,ev5 9 localities :]e heavy ra9s may ab\nd1 !re is n mu* dang] ( loss ( soluble acid by p]colation4 ,z has be=e be5 indicat$1 ! soluble acid t5ds to become fix$ 9 all normal soils1 & to rema9 9 a /ate accessible to ! rootlets ( plants1 & yet free f dang] ( lea*+4 ,= ?is reason1 by mo/ agronomi/s1 ! wat]-soluble acid is n reg>d$ z m available ?an t portion insoluble 9 wat]1 yet soluble 9 ammonium citrate4 ,9 _m ( ! ,/ates ! /atutes1 or cu/om1 prescribe t only ! wat] & citrate-soluble acid %all be reckon$ z available1 ! insoluble residue be+ all[$ no place 9 ! e/imates ( value4 ,9 _m in/ances su* a cu/om may lead to consid]able error1 z 9 ! case ( f9ely gr\nd bones & "s =ms ( s(t & easily decomposable tricalcium phosphates4 ,!re are also1 on ! m>kets1 phosphates compos$ l>gely ( iron & alum9um salts1 & ^! appe> to h an available value (t5 9 excess ( ! quantities !re( soluble 9 ammonium citrate4 ,z a rule ! apatites1 :5 r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] & appli$ to ! soil1 are ! lea/ available ( ! natural phosphates4 ,next 9 ord] come ! l& rock & pebble phosphates :i*1 9 mo/ soils1 h only a limit$ availability4 ,! s(t f9e-gr\nd phosphates1 especially 9 soils ri* 9 humus1 h an agricultural value1 almo/1 if n q equal to a simil> am\nt ( acid 9 ! acid phosphates4 ,f9e-gr\nd bones also t5d to give up _! phosphoric acid ) a consid]able degree ( read9ess 9 mo/ soils4 ,natural iron & alum9um phosphates1 h also1 z a rule1 a high degree ( availability4 ,9 ea* case ! analy/ mu/ consid] all ! factors ( ! case be=e r5d]+ a decision4 ,n only ! relative solubility ( ! diff]5t compon5ts ( ! (f]$ f]tiliz] 9 diff]5t m5/rua mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 b also ! "* ( ! soil to :i* x is to be appli$1 ! "t ( application1 & ! crop to be gr[n4 ,by a dilig5t /udy ( ^! conditions ! analy/ may1 9 ! end1 rea* an accurate judgm5t ( ! m]its ( ! sample4 #ace4 ,direct ,weigh+ ( ! ,molybd5um ,precipitate4--,x has already be5 /at$ t _m attempts h1 be5 made to det]m9e ! phosphoric acid by direct weigh+ z well z by titration1 z 9 ! ,pemb]ton me?od4 ,! po9t ( prime importance 9 su* a direct det]m9ation is to secure an ammonium phosphomolybdate mixture ( con/ant composition4 ,unless ?is c be done no direct me?od1 ei!r volumetric or gravimetric1 c give reliable results4 ,hanamann#abb proposes to secure ?is con/ant composition by v>y+ some:at ! composition ( ! molybdate mixture & precipitat+ ! phosphoric acid "u def9ite conditions4 ,! molybdate solution employ$ is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,molybdic acid #ajj grams4 ,t5 p] c5t ammonia #a4j lit]4 ,nitric acid 7#a4bdf sp4 gr47 #a4e lit]s4 ,! precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid is conduct$ 9 ! cold ) con/ant /irr+4 ,x is complete 9 half an h\r4 ,! ammonium phosphomolybdate is wa%$ ) a solution ( ammonium nitrate & !n ) dilute nitric acid1 dri$1 & ignit$ at less ?an a r$ heat4 ,x %\ld !n h a blui%-black color ?r\gh\t4 ,su* a body conta9s #d4jah p] c5t ( phosphoric anhydrid4 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( a sodium phosphate solution conta9+ fifty milligrams ( phosphoric acid1 treat$ z above1 gave a blui%-black precipitate weigh+ #a4bdi grams1 :i*1 multipli$ by #j4jdajah1 equal$ #ej4jah milligrams ( phosphorus p5toxid4 ,! me?od %\ld be tri$ on phosphates ( v>i\s k9ds & cont5ts ( phosphorus p5toxid be=e a def9ite judgm5t ( its m]its is =m$4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,sup]phosphates4 #acf4 ,reactions ) ,phosphates4--,9 ?is c\ntry ! expressions 8acid0 & 8sup]0 phosphates are us$ int]*angeably4 ,a m correct use ( ! t]ms w\ld designate by 8acid0 ! phosphate =m$ directly f tricalcium phosphate by ! action ( sulfuric acid1 :ile by 8sup]0 w\ld be indicat$ a simil> product =m$ by ! action ( free phosphoric acid on ! same mat]ials4 ,9 ,g]many ! latt] comp\nd is call$ d\ble phosphate4 ,! reaction :i* takes place 9 ! fir/ in/ance is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 #c;,ca7,,po7 #f;,h,,s #ab;,h,o #d;,h,,po ,ca7,,po7 #f7;,ca,s,o#b;,h,o72 & #d;,h,,po ,ca7,,po7 #c;,h,o #c;,ca,h7,,po7,h,o4 ,a simpl] =m ( ! reaction is express$ z foll[s3 ,ca7,,po7 #b;,h,,s #e;,h,o ,ca,h7,,po7,h,o #b;,ca,s,o#b;,h,o4 ,if #caj p>ts1 by weight1 ( f9e-gr\nd tricalcium phosphate be mix$ ) #aif p>ts ( sulfuric acid & n9ety p>ts ( wat]1 & ! result+ jelly be quickly dilut$ ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & filt]$1 !re w be f\nd 9 ! filtrate ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! total phosphoric z free acid4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! jelly1 at fir/1 =m$ z above1 be left to become dry & h>d1 ! filtrate1 :5 ! mass is beat5 up ) wat] & filt]$1 w conta9 monocalcium phosphate1 ,ca,h7,,po74 ,if ! quantity ( sulfuric acid us$ be n suffici5t = complete decomposition1 ! dicalcium salt is =m$ directly accord+ to ! foll[+ reaction3 ,ca7,,po7 ,h,,s #f;,h,o ,ca,h7,,po7#d;,h,o ,ca,s,o#b;,h,o4 ,?is arises1 d\btless1 by ! =mation1 at fir/1 ( ! regul> monocalcium salt & ! fur!r reaction ( ?is ) ! tricalcium comp\nd1 z foll[s3 ,ca,h7,,po7 ,h,o ,ca7,,po7 #g;,h,o #b;,ca,h7,,po7#d;,h,o4 ,?is reaction repres5ts1 !oretically1 ! s-call$ rev]sion ( ! phosphoric acid4 ,:5 !re is an excess ( sulfuric acid !re is a complete decomposition ( ! calcium salts ) ! production ( free phosphoric acid & gypsum4 ,! reaction is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,ca7,,po7 #c;,h,,s #f;,h,o #b;,h,,po #c;,ca,s,o#b;,h,o4 ,! cry/alliz$ gypsum absorbs ! six molecules ( wat] 9 its molecul> /ructure4 #acg4 ,reactions ) ,fluorids4--,s9ce calcium fluorid is pres5t 9 ne>ly all m9]al phosphates1 ! reactions ( ?is comp\nd mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 a *emical /udy ( ! manufacture ( acid phosphates4 ,:5 treat$ ) sulfuric acid ! fir/ reaction :i* takes place consi/s 9 ! =mation ( hydr(luoric acid3 ,ca,f ,h,,s #b;,,hf ,ca,s,o4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 !re is g5]ally "s silica 9 rea* ( ! nasc5t acid1 all1 or a portion ( x1 comb9es at once ) ?is silica1 =m+ silicon tetrafluorid3 #d;,,hf ,si,o #b;,h,o ,si,f4 ,?is comp\nd1 h[ev]1 is decompos$ at once 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]1 =m+ hydr(luosilicic acid3 #c,si,f #b;,h,o ,si,o #b;,h,si,f4 ,! pres5ce ( calcium fluorid 9 natural phosphates is extremely objectionable f a te*nical po9t ( view1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! increas$ consumption ( oil ( vitriol :i* x causes1 b also by reason ( ! injuri\s nature ( gase\s fluor9 comp\nds produc$4 ,ea* #ajj p\nds ( calcium fluorid entails ! consumption ( #abe4f p\nds ( sulfuric acid4 #ach4 ,reaction ) ,c>bonates4--,mo/ m9]al phosphates conta9 calcium c>bonate 9 v>y+ quantities4 ,?is comp\nd is decompos$ on treatm5t ) sulfuric acid accord+ to ! reaction3 ,ca,c,o ,h,,s ,ca,s,o ,h,o ,,co4 ,:5 pres5t 9 mod]ate am\nts1 calcium c>bonate is n an objectionable impurity 9 natural phosphates int5d$ = acid phosphate manufacture4 ,! reaction ) sulfuric acid :i* takes place produces a prop] rise 9 temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! mass1 :ile ! escap+ c>bon dioxid p]meates & light5s ! :ole mass1 assi/+ ?us 9 complet+ ! *emical reaction by leav+ ! residual mass por\s1 & capable ( be+ easily dri$ & pulv]iz$4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( c>bonate 9 proportion to ! phosphate are pres5t ! sulfuric acid us$ %\ld be dilute en\gh to furni% ! necess>y wat] ( cry/allization to ! gypsum =m$4 ,= ea* #ajj p>ts1 by weight1 ( calcium c>bonate1 eighty p>ts ( sulfuric anhydrid are necess>y1 or #abe p>ts ( acid ( #a4gaj specific gravity #fj ,beaum4 ,9 "s guanos a "p ( ! calcium is f\nd z pyrophosphate1 & ?is is act$ ^u by ! sulfuric acid 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,ca,p,o ,h,,s ,ca,h,p,o ,ca,s,o4 #aci4 ,solution ( ! ,iron & ,alum9a ,comp\nds4--,iron may occur 9 natural phosphates 9 _m =ms4 ,x probably is mo/ frequ5tly met ) z f]ric or f]r\s phosphate1 seldom z f]ric oxid1 & (t5 z pyrite1 ,fe,s4 ,! iron also may sometimes exi/ z a silicate4 ,! alum9a is f\nd *iefly 9 comb9ation ) phosphoric acid1 & z silicate4 ,:]e a little less sulfuric acid is employ$1 z is g5]ally ! case1 ?an is necess>y = complete solution1 ! iron phosphate is attack$ z repres5t$ bel[3 #c;,fe,p,o #c;,h,,s ,fe,p,o#b;,h,,po ,fe7,,s74 ,:5 an excess ( sulfuric acid is employ$1 ! =mula is r$uc$ to ! simple "o3 #b;,fe,p,o #c;,h,,s #b;,h,,po ,fe7,,s74 ,a "p ( ! iron sulfate =m$ reacts ) ! acid calcium phosphate pres5t to produce a p]man5t jelly-l comp\nd1 difficult to dry & h&le4 ,z mu* z two p] c5t ( iron phosphate1 h[ev]1 may be pres5t )\t s]i\s int]f]5ce ) ! comm]cial h&l+ ( ! product4 ,by us+ m sulfuric acid z mu* z f\r or five p] c5t ( ! iron phosphate c be held 9 solution4 ,l>g] quantities are v tr\blesome f a comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,! reaction ( ! f]ric sulfate ) monocalcium phosphate1 is z foll[s3 #c;,ca,h7,,po7 ,fe7,,s7 #d;,h,o #b7;,fe,p,o#b;,h,,po#b;,h,o7 #c;,ca,s,o4 ,pyrite & ! silicates conta9+ iron are n attack$ by sulfuric acid1 & ^! comp\nds are !re=e left1 9 ! f9al product1 9 a h>mless /ate4 ,if ! pyritic iron is to be br\ght into solution aqua regia %\ld be employ$4 ,) suffici5t acid ! alum9um phosphate is decompos$ ) ! =mation ( alum9um sulfate & free phosphoric acid3 ,al,p,o #c;,h,,s ,al7,,s7 #b;,h,,po4 #adj4 ,reaction ) ,magnesium ,comp\nds4--,! m9]al phosphates1 z a rule1 conta9 b little magnesia4 ,:5 pres5t x is probably z an acid salt1 ,mg,h,p,o4 ,its decomposition takes place 9 slight defici5cy or excess ( sulfuric acid respectively z foll[s3 #b,mg,h,p ,h,,s #b;,h,o ,mg,h7,,po7#b;,h,o ,mg,s,o & ,mg,h,p,o ,h,,s ,h,,po ,mg,s,o4 ,! magnesia1 :5 9 ! =m ( oxid1 is capable ( produc+ a rev]sion ( ! monocalcium phosphate1 z is %[n bel[3 ,ca,h7,,po7 ,mg,o ,ca,mg,h7,,po7 ,h,o4 ,"o "p by weight ( magnesia c r5d] ?ree & "o-half p>ts ( soluble monocalcium phosphate insoluble4 #ada4 ,det]m9ation ( ,quantity ( ,sulfuric ,acid ,necess>y = ,solution ( a ,m9]al ,phosphate4--,! !oretical quantity ( sulfuric acid requir$ = ! prop] treatm5t ( any phosphate may be calculat$ f its *emical analysis & by ! =mulas & reactions already giv54 ,= ! exp]im5tal det]m9ation ! me?od ( ,rmpl] may be foll[$4#abc ,tw5ty grams ( ! f9e phosphate are plac$ 9 a lit] flask ) a great] quantity ( accurately measur$ sulfuric acid ?an is necess>y = complete solution4 ,! acid %\ld h a specific gravity ( #a4dee or #de ,b4 ,! mixture is all[$ to /& = two h\rs at #ej4 ,x is !n cool$1 ! flask fill$ ) wat] to ! m>k1 well %ak51 & ! cont5ts filt]$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are treat$ ) t5? normal soda-lye until basic phosphate beg9s to sep>ate4 ,! excess ( acid us$ is !n calculat$4 ,example3 ,tw5ty grams ( phosphate conta9+ #bh4c p] c5t ( phosphoric acid1 #aj4j p] c5t ( calcium c>bonate1 #e4e p] c5t ( calcium fluorid1 & #b4d p] c5t ( calcium *lorid 7 treat$ z above ) sixte5 cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid conta9+ #aj4bd grams ( sulfur trioxid4 ,9 titrat+ fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate obta9$ z describ$ above1 #aj4d cubic c5timet]s ( t5? normal soda-lye 7 us$1 equival5t to #j4jdaf gram ( sulfur trioxid4 ,!n #aj4bd #ej #ajjj #j4eabj total sulfur trioxid 9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 & #j4eabj - #j4jdaf #j4dgjd gram1 ! am\nt ( sulfur trioxid consum$ 9 ! decomposition4 ,!re=e ! sulfur trioxid requir$ = decomposition is #dg4jd p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! phosphate employ$4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( ! phosphate w\ld !re=e require #dg4jd p>ts ( sulfur trioxid to #gc4f p>ts ( sulfuric acid ( #a4gaj specific gravity or #ib4a p>ts ( #a4ecj specific gravity4 ,a m conv5i5t me?od ?an ! "o m5tion$ above consi/s 9 treat+ a small quantity ( ! phosphate1 f "o-half to "o kilogram1 9 ! laboratory1 or fifty kilograms 9 a lead box1 j z w\ld be practic$ on a l>ge scale4 ,a few te/s ) ^! small quantities1 foll[$ by dry+ & gr9d+ w reveal to ! skill$ op]ator ! approximate quantity & /r5g? ( sulfuric acid to be us$ 9 ea* case4 ,! quantities ( sulfuric acid z det]m9$ by calculation f analyses & by actual laboratory te/s agree fairly well 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 sometimes a m>k$ disagreem5t4 ,! g5]al rule ( practice is to use always an am\nt ( sulfuric acid suffici5t to produce & ma9ta9 wat]-soluble phosphoric acid 9 ! f]tiliz]1 b ! sulfuric acid mu/ n be us$ 9 su* quantity z to int]f]e ) ! subsequ5t dry+1 gr9d+1 & m>ket+ ( ! acid phosphate4 ,= conv5i5ce ! foll[+ table may be us$ = calculat+ ! quantity ( oil ( vitriol ne$$ = ea* unit ( weight ( mat]ial not$3 ,,"o ,,"p ,,by ,,weight ,,( ,,ea* ,,sub/ance ,,bel[ ,,requires3 ,,sulfuric ,,acid ,,by ,,same ,,unit ,,( ,,weight4 ,at #dh ,at #ej ,at #eb ,at #ed ,at #ee ,b4 ,b4 ,b4 ,b4 ,b4 ,tricalcium phosphate #a4eij #a4eag #a4ddf #a4chb #a4ceb ,iron phosphate #a4fcj #a4eeh #a4dhe #a4dbj #a4cij ,alum9um phosphate #b4jbe #a4icj #a4hci #a4gef #a4gba ,calcium c>bonate #a4fdj #a4efe #a4die #a4dbh #a4daa ,calcium fluorid #b4jjf #b4jaj #a4iaf #a4hcj #a4gid ,magnesium c>bonate #a4idj #a4hfj #a4gge #a4fij #a4ffj ,example4--,suppose = example a phosphate ( ! foll[+ composition is to be treat$ ) sulfuric acid2 viz41#abd ,moi/ure & organic #d4jj p] c5t4 ,calcium phosphate #ee4jj 8 ,calcium c>bonate #c4jj 8 ,iron & alum9um phosphate ne>ly all alum9a #f4ej 8 ,magnesium c>bonate #j4ge 8 ,calcium fluorid #b4be 8 ,insoluble #bh4jj 8 ,us+ sulfuric acid ( #ej ,b41 ! foll[+ quantities w be requir$ = ea* #ajj kilograms4 ,kilos ( acid requir$4 ,calcium phosphate1 fifty-five kilos #hc4dd 8 c>bonate ?ree & a half kilos #e4dh 8 fluorid1 two & a qu>t] 8 #d4eb ,alum9um & iron phosphate1 six & a half kilos #ab4ee ,magnesium c>bonate1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a kilo #a4dj ----- ,total #ajg4ci #adb4 ,phosphoric ,acid ,sup]phosphates4--,if a m9]al phosphate be decompos$ by free phosphoric 9 place ( sulfuric acid ! result+ comp\nd w conta9 ab\t ?ree times z mu* available phosphoric acid z is f\nd 9 ! ord9>y acid phosphate4 ,! reaction takes place accord+ to ! foll[+ =mulas3 7#a7 ,ca7,,po7 #d;,h,,po #c;,h,o #c;,,cah7,,po7,h,o4 7#b7 ,ca7,,po7 #b;,h,,po #ab;,h,o #c;,ca,h7,,po7#d;,h,o4 ,9 ea* case ! wat] 9 ! f9al product is probably unit$ z cry/al wat] ) ! calcium salts produc$4 ,! monocalcium salt =m$ 9 ! fir/ reaction is soluble 9 wat] & ! dicalcium salt 9 ! second reaction 9 ammonium citrate4 ,:]e f]tiliz]s are to be transport$ to great di/ances !re is a consid]able sav+ ( freight by ! use ( su* a high-grade phosphate1 :i* may1 at times1 conta9 ov] =ty p] c5t ( available acid4 ,! phosphoric acid us$ is made directly f ! m9]al phosphate by treat+ x ) an excess ( sulfuric acid4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,fir/4 #a ,day1 ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #aic1 pp4 #gjc1 et seq4 #b ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,bullet9 #ea1 ,m>*1 #ahid4 #c ,br[n1 ,manual ( ,assay+1 p4 #bd4 #d ,bullet9 de l',association des ,*imi/es de ,sucrrie1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #g1 et seq4 #e ,proce$+s ( ! ,twelf? & ,?irte5? ,meet+s ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 p4 #adj4 #f ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 #dc1 p4 #cda4 #g ,rapport adress p> le ,comit des ,/ations agronomiques au sujet des ,me?odes suivre dans l',analyse des ,matires f]tilisantes4 #h ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #ch1 ,s4 #cjc4 #i ,vid4 op4 cit4 #f1 p4 #cda4 #aj ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 #ahij1 ,s4 #cij4 #aa ,vid4 op4 cit4 #f1 p4 #cdb4 #ab ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt1 ,b& #b1 ,s4 #hac4 #ac ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #ba1 p4 #afe4 #ad ,phosphates ( ,am]ica1 p4 #add4 #ae ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 #ac4 #af ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #dg4 #ag ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 #ad4 #ah ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 #ac4 #ai ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ad1 p4 #adg4 #bj ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #ba1 p4 #afh4 #ba ,phosphates ( ,am]ica1 p4 #aec4 #bb ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #cd1 ,s4 #cgi4 #bc ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 #ahib1 ,s4 #chc4 #bd ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahid1 ,ss4 #fgi und #gja4 #be ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 #ahhi1 p4 #fcf4 #bf ,vid4 op4 cit4 #bd1 #ahia1 p4 #c4 #bg ,rapports pres5tes au ,congrs ,int]national de ,*imie ,appliqu1 ,bruxelles1 ,aot1 #ahid1 p4 #bf4 #bh ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 #bj4 #bi ,le ,/azioni ,sp]im5tali ,agr>ie ,italiane1 ,vol4 #bc1 p4 #ca4 #cj ,crookes' ,select ,me?ods1 p4 #ech4 #ca ,j\rnal ( ,analytical & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #fga4 ,= additional au?orities on ^! me?ods consult ,mey] & ,wohlrab1 ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahia1 ,ss4 #agj und #bdc4 ,grub]1 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #cj1 ,s4 #bjf4 ,%eph>d1 ,*emical ,news1 ,may #bi1 #ahia1 p4 #bea4 ,vgel1 ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahia1 ,b& #ab1 ,s4 #ceg4 #cb ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,april1 #ahie4 #cc ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ba1 p4 #aej4 #cd ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #ba1 p4 #agj4 #ce ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #agc4 #cf ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #ed1 p4 #dfh4 #cg ,crookes' ,select ,me?ods1 p4 #ejj4 #ch ,= details ( me?od see ,fres5ius quantitative ,analysis4 #ci ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,*emical ,division1 ,bullet9 #dc1 p4 #cda4 #dj ,lett] to ,b4 ,w4 ,kilgore1 ,report] = ,phosphoric ,acid to ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4 #da ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #ch1 ,s4 #cjd4 #db ,communicat$ by ,dr4 ,solb]g4 #dc ,f ! ,(ficial ,sw$i% ,me?ods2 translat$ = ! au?or by ,f4 ,w4 ,woll4 #dd ,me?od5 van ,ond]zock aan de ,rijksl&b\w-proef/ations1 #ahic1 p4 #d4 #de ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 #ahic1 ,s4 #fd4 #df ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #af4 #dg ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahid1 ,s4 #fgh4 #dh ,j\rnal fr ,l&wirts*aft1 ,b& #cj1 ,s4 #bc4 #di ,vid4 op4 cit4 #dg1 p4 #edd4 #ej ,vid4 op4 cit4 #df1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #dfb4 #ea ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 supra4 #eb ,die ,agricultur-,*emis*e ,v]su*s-,/ation1 ,halle a_/,s41 ,ss4 #ef1 et seq4 #ec ,*emis*e ,indu/rie1 #ahij4 #ed ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 #eb4 #ee ,*emik] ,zeitung1 #ahij1 ,no4 #ge1 ,s4 #abdf4 #ef ,vid4 op4 cit4 #dc4 #eg ,glas]1 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 #bd1 #agh 7#ahhe74 ,laubheim]1 ,ibid1 #be1 #daf 7#ahhf74 ,mll]1 ,tagebl4 d4 ,natur=s*]-,v]s4 zu ,wiesbad51 #ahhf1 #cfe4 ,vgel1 ,*emik] ,zeitung1 #ahhh1 #he4 ,/utz]1 ,ibid1 #dib4 ,seif]t1 ,ibid1 #acij4 v4 ,reis1 ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahhh1 #ced4 ,loges1 ,reportorium fr analytis*e ,*emie1 #g1 #he 7#ahhg74 ,kassu]1 ,zeits*rift fr ,nahrungsmittelunt]su*ung und ,hygi5e1 #b1 #bb 7#ahhh74 ,c4 ,mll]1 ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 #ce1 #dch 7#ahhh74 #eh ,l',engrais1 ,tome #i1 p4 #ibh4 #ei ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 #dd4 #fj ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #dfb4 #fa ,die ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,v]su*s-,/ation51 ,b& #da1 ,s4 #cbi4 #fb ,j\rnal ( ,analytical & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #fhe4 #fc ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #dac4 #fd ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahhf1 ,s4 #ced4 #fe ,vid4 op4 cit4 #eb1 p4 #fa4 #ff ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ee1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #aaec4 #fg ,*emik] ,zeitung1 #ahid1 ,no4 #hh1 p4 #aicd4 #fh ,op4 cit4 supra1 #ahib1 p4 #adga4 #fi ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fj1 p4 #gba4 #gj ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #bi1 ,s4 #djh4 #ga ,mitteilung5 d] deuts*5 ,l&wirts*afts ,gesells*aft1 #ahij-'ia1 ,no4 #aa1 ,s4 #aca4 #gb ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahhh1 ,s4 #bii4 #gc ,vid4 op4 cit4 #gj1 p4 #dji4 #gd ,vid4 op4 cit4 #gb1 #ahij1 p4 #eie4 #ge ,vid4 op4 cit4 #fa1 ,tome #dc1 p4 #ahc4 #gf ,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #efe4 #gg ,*emical ,news1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #ig4 #gh ,ar*ive fr ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,heilkunde1 ,b& #d1 ,s4 #bbh4 #gi ,j\rnal fr praktis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #gj1 ,s4 #ajd4 #hj ,sutton's ,volumetric ,analysis1 p4 #bcg4 #ha ,bullet9 de la ,socit des ,agriculteurs de ,france1 #ahgf1 p4 #ec4 #hb ,manual ,ag5da des ,fabricants de ,sucre1 #ahhi1 p4 #cjg4 #hc ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #chb1 & ,vol4 #af1 p4 #bgh4 #hd ,*emical ,news1 ,vol4 #dg1 p4 #abg4 #he ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #aa1 p4 #hd4 #hf ,vid4 op4 cit4 #hc1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #bhb4 #hg ,bullet9 #dc1 ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #hh4 #hh ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #ia4 #hi ,rep]toire de ,ph>macie1 #ahic1 p4 #aec4 #ij ,revue de ,*imie ,analytique ,appliqu1 #ahic1 p4 #aac4 #ia ,*emik] ,zeitung1 #ahid1 ,s4 #aecc4 #ib ,blair1 ,analysis ( ,iron & ,/eel1 p4 #ie4 #ic ,j\rnal ( ,analytical & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 #g1 p4 #ajh4 #id ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #abi4 #ie ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ib1 p4 #ii4 #if ,eigh? ,annual ,report ( ,purdue ,univ]sity1 p4 #bch4 #ig ,receuil des ,travaux ,*imiques1 ,tome #ab1 pp4 #a1 et seq4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society 7,ab/racts71 ,vol4 #fd1 p4 #dif4 #ih ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahia1 ,ss4 #bgi1 et seq4 #ii ,le ,/azioni ,sp]im5tali ,agr>ie ,italiane1 ,febru>y1 #ahia4 #ajj ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #dc4 #aja ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 supra4 #ajb ,l',engrais1 ,tome #aj1 p4 #fe4 #ajc ,j\rnal ( ,analytical & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #fid4 ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #ii4 #ajd ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ib1 p4 #ajc4 #aje ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society 7,ab/racts71 ,vol4 #eh1 p4 #acdc4 #ajf ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #aad1 p4 #aahi4 #ajg ,vid4 op4 cit4 #bd & #be4 #ajh ,report communicat$ to au?or by ,w4 ,g4 ,br[n4 #aji ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahie1 p4 #efb4 #aaj ,wiley1 ,report on ,f]tiliz]s to ,indiana ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 #ahhb4 #aaa ,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 ,atlanta1 #ahhd1 p4 #ai4 ,report ( ,indiana ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 #ahhb1 p4 #bcj1 & ,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 ,atlanta1 #ahhd1 p4 #cj4 ,hu/on & ,jones4 7,^! g5tlem5 are n[ inve/igat+ all mat]ials us$ z s\rces ( phosphoric acid 9 f]tiliz]s2 _! results "h quot$ are f unpubli%$ "w1 & include b a small "p ( ! "w s f> done47 ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,m>*1 #ahhd1 p4 #a4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 ,atlanta1 #ahhd1 p4 #bc4 ,ibid1 p4 #bh4 ,ibid1 p4 #ch4 ,ibid1 p4 #de4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,*emical ,division1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #g1 p4 #ah4 ,ibid1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 p4 #aga4 ,ibid1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ca1 p4 #ajj4 ,ibid1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ca1 p4 #ii4 #aab ,manuscript communication to au?or4 #aac ,pamunky phosphate is ! s-call$ 8olive e>?0 f\nd along ! ,pamunky riv]1 9 ,virg9ia4 ,x is almo/ all precipitat$ iron & alum9um phosphates1 & ! product is peculi> 9 t ! iron is almo/ all 9 ! f]r\s condition4 #aad ,9 ! "w ( ,t4 ,s4 ,gladd+ only fifty cubic c5timet]s ( citrate 7 us$4 #aae ,9 ! "w ( ,t4 ,s4 ,gladd+ only fifty cubic c5timet]s ( citrate 7 us$4 #aaf ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #aj1 ,s4 #acc4 #aag ,lehrbu* d] ,dng]fabrication4 #aah ,bullet9 #ed1 ,purdue ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 p4 #d4 #aai ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #g4 #abj ,runyan & ,wiley2 ,pap] pres5t$ to ,wa%+ton ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,april #aa1 #ahie4 #aba ,bullet9 #ch1 ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #af4 #abb ,*emik] ,zeitung1 #ahie1 ,s4 #eec4 #abc ,die ,kufli*5 ,dung]mittel ,/(fe1 dritte ,auflage1 #ahhi4 #abd ,wyatt1 ,phosphates ( ,am]ica1 p4 #abh4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,f]tiliz]s4 #adc4 ,k9ds ( ,nitrog5 9 ,f]tiliz]s4--,nitrog5 is ! mo/ co/ly ( ! ess5tial plant foods4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! fir/ volume1 p>agraph #bc1 t ! popul> notion reg>d+ ! relatively great abundance ( nitrog5 is errone\s4 ,x =ms only #j4jb p] c5t ( ! matt] =m+ & p]ta9+ to ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! great mass ( nitrog5 =m+ ! bulk ( ! atmosph]e is in]t & useless 9 respect ( its adaptation to plant food4 ,x is n until x becomes oxidiz$ by combu/ion1 electrical dis*>ges1 or ! action ( c]ta9 microorganisms t x assumes an agricultural value4 ,hav+ already1 9 ! fir/ volume1 describ$ ! relation ( nitrog5 to ! soil x rema9s ! sole prov9ce ( ! pres5t "p to /udy x z aggregat$ 9 a =m suit$ to plant f]tilization4 ,9 ?is function nitrog5 may claim ! att5tion ( ! analy/ 9 ! foll[+ =ms3 #a4 ,9 organic comb9ation 9 animal or vegetable sub/ances1 =m+ a l>ge class ( bodies1 ( :i* prote9 may be tak5 z ! type4 ,dri$ blood or cottonse$-meal illu/rates ?is =m ( comb9ation4 #b4 ,9 ! =m ( ammonia or comb9ations !re(1 especially z ammonium sulfate1 or z amid nitrog54 #c4 ,9 a m highly oxidiz$ =m z nitr\s or nitric acid usually unit$ ) a base ( :i* ,*ile saltpet] may be tak5 z a type4 ,! analy/ has (t5 to deal ) s+le =ms ( nitrog5\s comp\nds1 b 9 _m in/ances may also f9d all ! typical =ms 9 a s+le sample4 ,among ! possible cases :i* may arise ! foll[+ are types3 a4 ,! sample "u exam9ation may conta9 nitrog5 9 all ?ree =ms m5tion$ above4 b4 ,!re may be pres5t nitrog5 9 ! organic =m mix$ ) nitric nitrog54 c4 ,ammoniacal nitrog5 may replace ! nitric 9 ! above comb9ation4 d4 ,! sample may conta9 no organic b only nitric & ammoniacal nitrog54 e4 ,only nitric or ammoniacal nitrog5 may be pres5t4 #add4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,/ate ( ,comb9ation4--,"s ( ! sample is mix$ ) a little p[d]$ soda-lime4 ,if ammoniacal nitrog5 be pres5t free ammonia is evolv$ ev5 9 ! cold & may be detect$ ei!r by its odor or by te/+ ! escap+ gas ) litmus or turm]ic pap]4 ,a glass rod moi/5$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid w produce :ite fumes ( ammonium *lorid :5 br\ght ne> ! escap+ ammonia4 ,if ! sample conta9 any notable am\nt ( nitric acid x w be reveal$ by treat+ an aque\s solution ( x ) a cry/al ( f]r\s sulfate & /rong sulfuric acid4 ,! iron salt %\ld be plac$ 9 a te/-tube ) a few drops ( ! solution ( ! f]tiliz] & ! sulfuric acid p\r$ d[n ! sides ( ! tube 9 su* a way z n to mix ) ! o!r liquids4 ,! tube mu/ be kept cold4 ,a d>k br[n r+ w m>k ! disk ( sep>ation betwe5 ! sulfuric acid & ! aque\s solution 9 case nitric acid be pres5t4 ,if wat] produce a solution ( ! sample too highly color$ to be us$ z above1 alcohol ( eighty p] c5t /r5g? may be sub/itut$4 ,! coloration produc$ 9 ?is case is ( a rose or purple t9t4 ,nitric nitrog5 may also be detect$ by means ( bruc94 ,if a few drops ( an aque\s solution ( bruc9 be mix$ ) ! same quantity ( an aque\s extract ( ! sample "u exam9ation & /rong sulfuric acid be add$1 z describ$ above1 !re w be develop$ at ! disk ( contact betwe5 ! acid & ! mix$ solutions a p]si/5t rose t9t v>y+ to yell[4 ,to detect ! pres5ce ( organic album9oid nitrog5 ! residue insoluble 9 wat]1 :5 heat$ ) soda-lime1 w give rise to ammonia :i* may be detect$ z describ$ above4 #ade4 ,microscopic ,exam9ation4--,if ! *emical te/ reveal ! pres5ce ( organic nitrog5 ! next po9t to be det]m9$ is ! nature ( ! sub/ance conta9+ x4 ,(t5 ?is is reveal$ by simple inspection1 z 9 ! case ( cottonse$-meal4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 especially 9 cases ( f9e-gr\nd mix$ goods1 ! microscope mu/ be employ$ to det]m9e ! "* ( ! organic matt]4 ,x is important to "k :e!r hair1 horn1 ho(1 & o!r less valuable =ms ( nitrog5\s comp\nds h be5 sub/itut$ = dri$ blood1 tankage1 & m valuable =ms4 ,9 mo/ cases ! qualitative *emical1 & microscopic exam9ation w be suffici5t4 ,!re may be cases1 h[ev]1 :]e ! analy/ w be "u ! necessity ( us+ o!r means ( id5tification sugge/$ by 8 skill & exp]i5ce or ! circum/ances connect$ ) any p>ticul> in/ance4 ,9 su* cases ! g5]al appe>ance1 odor1 & consi/5ce ( ! sample may af=d valuable indications :i* w aid 9 discov]+ ! orig9 ( ! nitrog5\s mat]ials4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,nitrog5\s ,,f]tiliz]s4 #adf4 ,se$s & ,se$ ,residues4--,! proteid matt]s 9 se$s & se$ residues1 aft] ! extraction ( ! oil1 are highly priz$ z s\rces ( nitrog5\s f]tiliz]s ei!r = direct application or = mix+4 ,typical ( ?is class ( sub/ances is cottonse$-meal1 ! residue left aft] ! extraction ( ! oil :i* is accompli%$ at ! pres5t "t mo/ly by hydraulic pressure4 ,! residual cakes conta9 /ill "s oil b ne>ly half _! weight consi/s ( nitrog5\s comp\nds4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! composition ( a sample ( cottonse$-meal3 ,a% #g4fj p] c5t4 ,fib] #d4ij 8 ,oil #aj4ja 8 ,prote9 #ea4ab 8 ,dige/ible c>bohydrates1 etc4 #bf4cg 8 ,:ile ! above %[s ! composition ( a s+le sample ( ! meal x %\ld be rememb]$ t !re may be wide v>iations f ?is /&>d due ei!r to natural composition or to diff]5t degrees ( ! extraction ( ! oil4 ,! composition ( ! a% is giv5 bel[3 ,phosphoric acid1 ,p,o #ca4ja p] c5t4 ,pota%1 ,k,o #ce4ej 8 ,soda1 ,na,o #j4eg 8 ,lime1 ,ca,o #e4fh 8 ,magnesia1 ,mg,o #ae4ai 8 ,sulfuric acid1 ,,s #c4ij 8 ,insoluble1 #j4fi 8 ,c>bon dioxid & undet]m9$1 #g4df 8 ,! cakes left aft] ! expression ( ! oil f flaxse$ & o!r oily se$s are also v ri* 9 nitrog5\s matt]s2 b ^! residues are *iefly us$ = cattle-fe$+ & only ! undige/$ portions ( !m pass into ! manure4 ,cottonse$ cake-meal is n s well suit$ = cattle-fe$+ z ! o!rs m5tion$1 because ( ! *ol9 & betan :i* x conta9s2 (t5 9 suffici5t quantities to r5d] its use dang]\s to "y animals4 ,! dang] 9 fe$+ increases z ! total quantity ( ! two bases & also z ! relative quantity ( *ol9 to betan1 ! =m] base be+ m poison\s ?an ! latt]4 ,9 a sample ( ! mix$ bases prep>$ 9 ?is laboratory f cottonse$ cake-meal ! *ol9 am\nt$ to #ag4e & ! betan to #hb4e p] c5t ( ! :ole4#abe ,! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ^! bases is also includ$ 9 ! total nitrog5 f\nd 9 ! meal4 ,! actual proteid value ( ! numb]s obta9$ = nitrog5 is !re=e less ?an t obta9$ = ! :ole ( ! nitrog5 by ! quantity pres5t z nitrog5\s bases4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates cottonse$ cake-meal is us$ 9 l>ge quantities z a direct f]tiliz] b n s ext5sively = mix+ z "s ( ! o!r s\rces ( nitrog54 ,its delicate yell[ color s]ves to di/+ui% x at once f ! o!r bodies us$ = simil> purposes4 ,no special m5tion ne$ be made ( o!r oil-cake residues4 ,!y are q simil> 9 _! composition & uses1 & mann] ( treatm5t & analysis to ! cottonse$ product4 #adg4 ,fi% ,scrap4--,c]ta9 species ( fi%1 su* z ! m5had51 are valu$ m highly = _! oil & refuse ?an = food purposes4 ,b ev5 :]e fi% 9 l>ge quantities are prep>$ = human food1 !re is a consid]able quantity ( wa/e matt] :i* is valuable = f]tiliz+ purposes4 ,! residue ( fi% f :i* ! fat & oil h be5 extract$1 is dri$ & gr\nd = f]tiliz+ uses4 ,! fi% scrap ?us obta9$ is us$ ext5sively1 especially on ! ,atlantic bord] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = furni%+ ! nitrog5\s +r$i5t 9 mix$ f]tiliz]s1 & also = direct application to ! fields4 ,9 fi% fle% depriv$ ( oil & wat]1 ! cont5t ( phosphoric acid is ab\t two & "o-half p] c5t1 :ile ! proteid matt] may am\nt to ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! :ole4#abf ,! use ( fi% = f]tiliz+ purposes is n new4 ,z e>ly z #afba ! settl]s at ,plym\? 7 taught to f]tilize _! maize fields by ,squanto1 an ,indian4 ,accord+ to ,goode1 ! value ( nitrog5 d]iv$ f ! m5had5 alone 0 two million doll>s 9 #ahge4abg ,9 #ahgh x is e/imat$ t #bjj1jjj tons ( ^! fi% 7 captur$ betwe5 ,cape ,h5ry & ! ,bay ( ,fundy4 ,! use ( fi% scrap = nitrog5\s f]tiliz+ has1 s9ce !n1 become an e/abli%$ indu/ry1 & ! analy/ may well exam9e 8 samples = ?is s\rce ( nitrog5 :5 !y are manufactur$ at po9ts on ! ,atlantic coa/1 9 proximity to great fi%+ c5t]s4 #adh4 ,dri$ ,blood & ,tankage4--,! blood & dbris f abattoirs af=d abundant s\rces ( nitrog5 9 a =m easily oxidiz$ by ! microorganisms ( ! soil4 ,blood is prep>$ = use by simple dry+ & gr9d+4 ,! inte/9es1 scraps1 & fragm5ts ( fle% result+ f trimm+ & cutt+1 are plac$ 9 tanks & /eam$ "u pressure to remove ! fat4 ,! residue is dri$ & gr\nd1 =m+ ! tankage ( comm]ce4 ,dri$ blood is ri*] 9 proteid matt] ?an any o!r sub/ance 9 common use = f]tiliz+ purposes4 ,:5 9 a p]fectly dry /ate1 x may conta9 z mu* z f\rte5 p] c5t ( nitrog51 equival5t to ne>ly eighty-eight p] c5t ( proteid or album9oid matt]4 ,tankage is less ri* 9 nitrog5 ?an dri$ blood1 b /ill conta9s en\gh to make x a highly desirable con/itu5t ( manures4 ,naturally1 x w\ld v>y m 9 its nitrog5 cont5t ?an dri$ blood4 #adi4 ,horn1 ,ho(1 & ,hair4--,^! bodies1 al?\gh q ri* 9 nitrog51 are n well suit$ to f]tiliz+ purposes on acc\nt ( ! extreme sl[ness ( _! decomposition4 ,_! pres5ce1 !re=e1 %\ld be reg>d$ 9 ! nature ( a fraud1 because by ! usual me?ods ( analysis !y %[ a high p]c5tage ( nitrog51 & !re=e acquire a fictiti\s value4 ,! relative value ( ! nitrog5 9 ^! bodies z comp>$ ) ! m desirable =ms1 is giv5 9 p>agraph #e4 #aej4 ,ammoniacal ,nitrog54--,9 ammonia comp\nds1 nitrog5 is us$ *iefly = f]tiliz+ purposes z sulfate4 ,! ideal nitrog5\s f]tiliz] w\ld be a comb9ation ( ! ammoniacal & nitric nitrog5 f\nd 9 ammonium nitrate4 ,! high co/ ( ?is sub/ance excludes its use except = exp]im5tal purposes4 #aea4 ,nitrog5 9 ,guanos4--,! nitrog5 9 guanos may be f\nd p>tly z organic1 p>tly z ammoniacal1 & p>tly z nitric nitrog54 ,! high manurial value ( guanos & bat deposits 9 caves1 is due n only to _! phosphoric acid1 b also to ! fact t "p ( ! nitrog5 is imm$iately available1 :ile a "p becomes assimilable by nitrification dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,! cont5t ( nitrog5 9 guanos is extremely v>iable1 & dep5ds l>gely on ! climatic conditions to :i* ! deposit has be5 subject$4 ,! /ate 9 :i* x exi/s is also a v>iable "o1 b ) a con/ant t5d5cy to assume f9ally ! nitric condition4 ,! well-kn[n habits ( birds 9 congregat+ 9 rook]ies dur+ ! nights1 & at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 t5d to br+ into a common receptacle ! nitrog5\s matt]s :i* !y h ga!r$ & :i* are deposit$ 9 _! excrem5t & 9 ! decay ( _! bodies4 ,! fea!rs ( birds are p>ticul>ly ri* 9 nitrog51 & ! nitrog5\s cont5t ( ! fle% ( f[ls is also high4 ,! decay !re=e1 ( rema9s ( birds1 especially if x take place l>gely exclud$ f ! lea*+ ( wat]1 t5ds to accumulate va/ deposits ( nitrog5\s matt]4 ,if ! conditions 9 su* deposits be favorable to ! processes ( nitrification1 ! :ole ( ! nitrog51 or at lea/ ! l>g] "p ( x1 :i* has be5 collect$ 9 ?is dbris1 becomes f9ally conv]t$ into nitric acid1 & is f\nd comb9$ ) appropriate bases z deposits ( nitrates4 ,! nitrates ( ! guano deposits1 & ( ! deposits 9 caves1 arise 9 ?is way4 ,if ^! deposits be subject to mod]ate lea*+1 ! nitrate may become infilt]$ into ! surr\nd+ soil1 mak+ x v ri* 9 ?is =m ( nitrog54 ,! b$s & surr\nd+ soils ( caves are (t5 f\nd highly impregnat$ ) nitrates4 ,:ile = our purpose1 deposits ( nitrates only are to be consid]$ :i* are ( suffici5t value to be> transportation1 yet mu* int]e/ atta*es to ! =mation ( nitrates 9 ! soil ev5 :5 !y are n ( comm]cial importance4 ,9 _m soils ( tropical regions n subject to heavy ra9falls1 ! accumulation ( ^! nitrates is v great4 ,mntz & ,m>cano#abh h inve/igat$ _m ( ^! soils1 to :i* att5tion 0 call$ fir/ by ,humboldt & ,b\ss+ault4 ,!y /ate t ^! soils are incomp>ably m ri* 9 nitrates ?an ! mo/ f]tile soils ( ,europe4 ,! samples :i* !y exam9$ 7 collect$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ,v5ezuela & f ! valleys ( ! ,or9oco1 z well z on ! %ore ( ! ,sea ( ,antilles4 ,! nitrat$ soils are v abundant 9 ?is region ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e !y cov] l>ge surfaces4 ,_! composition is v>iable1 b 9 all ( !m calcium c>bonate & phosphate are met )1 & organic nitrog5\s mat]ial4 ,! nitric acid is f\nd always comb9$ ) lime4 ,9 "s ( ! soils z high z ?irty p] c5t ( calcium nitrate h be5 f\nd4 ,nitrification ( organic mat]ial takes place v rapidly ! ye> r\nd 9 ?is tropical region4 ,^! nitrat$ soils are ev]y:]e abundant ar\nd caves1 z describ$ by ,humboldt1 :i* s]ve z ! refuge ( birds & bats4 ,! nitrog5\s matt]s1 :i* come f ! decay ( ! rema9s ( ^! animals1 =m true deposits ( guano1 :i* are gradually spread ar\nd1 & :i*1 9 contact ) ! lime/one & ) access ( air1 suff] complete nitrification ) ! fixation ( ! nitric acid by ! lime4 ,l>ge quantities ( ?is guano are also due to ! dbris ( insects1 fragm5ts ( elytra1 scales ( ! w+s ( butt]flies1 etc41 :i* are br\ght toge!r 9 ^? places by ! millions ( cubic met]s4 ,! nitrification1 :i* takes place 9 ^! deposits1 has be5 f\nd to ext5d its products to a di/ance ( sev]al kilomet]s ?r\gh ! soil4 ,9 "s places ! quantity ( calcium nitrate is s great 9 ! soils t !y are conv]t$ into a pla/ic pa/e by ?is deliquesc5t salt4 #aeb4 ,nitric ,nitrog54--,9 its pur] =ms1 & suit$ to manurial purposes1 nitric acid exi/s 9 comb9ation ) sodium z a comp\nd commonly kn[n z ,*ile saltpet]4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! nitrate deposits has long be5 kn[n4#abi ,! old ,indian laws orig9ally prohibit$ ! collection ( ! salt1 b nev]!less x 0 secretly collect$ & sold4 ,up to ! ye> #ahba1 soda saltpet] 0 n kn[n 9 ,europe except z a laboratory product4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! naturali/1 ,m>iano de ,riv]o1 f\nd on ! ,pacific coa/1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,t>apac1 imm5se new deposits ( ! salt4 ,lat] ! salt 0 f\nd 9 equal abundance 9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,ant(aga/a1 & fur!r to ! s\? 9 ! des]t ( ,atacama1 :i* =ms ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,taltal4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! collection & export ( saltpet] f ,*ile is a bus9ess ( great importance4 ,! l>ge/ export :i* has ev] tak5 place 9 "o ye> 0 9 #ahij1 :5 ! am\nt export$ 0 #ibg1bij1dcj kilograms2 ( ?is quantity #fdb1ejf1ihe kilograms 7 s5t to ,engl& & #hf1abd1hgj kilograms to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s9ce t "t ! imports ( ?is salt into ! ,unit$ ,/ates h l>gely increas$4 ,accord+ to ,pissis#acj ^! deposits are ( v anci5t orig94 ,?is geologi/ is ( ! op9ion t ! nitrate deposits are ! result ( ! decomposition ( feldspa?ic rocks1 ! bases ?us produc$ gradually becom+ unit$ ) ! nitric acid provid$ f ! air4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ,nlln]#aca ! deposits are ( m mod]n orig91 & due to ! decomposition ( m>9e vegetation4 ,cont9u\s solution ( soils b5ea? ! sea gives rise to ! =mation ( great lakes ( saturat$ wat]1 9 :i* occurs ! developm5t ( mu* m>9e vegetation4 ,on ! evaporation ( ?is wat]1 due to geologic isolation1 ! decomposition ( nitrog5\s organic matt] causes g5]ation ( nitric acid1 :i*1 com+ 9 contact ) ! calc>e\s rocks1 attacks !m1 =m+ calcium nitrate1 :i*1 9 pres5ce ( sodium sulfate1 gives rise to a d\ble decomposition into sodium nitrate & calcium sulfate4 ,! fact t iod9 is f\nd 9 great] or less quantity 9 ,*ile saltpet] is "o ( ! *ief supports ( ?is hypo!sis ( m>9e orig91 inasmu* z iod9 is always f\nd 9 sea plants1 & n 9 t]re/rial plants4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 x mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation t ^! deposits ( sodium nitrate conta9 nei!r %ells nor fossils1 nor d !y conta9 any calcium phosphate4 ,! !ory1 !re=e1 t !y are due to animal orig9 is sc>cely t5able4 ,lately ext5sive nitrate deposits h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ( ,columbia4#acb ,^! deposits h be5 f\nd ext5d+ ov] ?irty squ>e miles & v>y 9 ?ickness f "o to t5 feet4 ,! visible supply is e/imat$ at #g1cgb1hjj1jjj tons1 conta9+ f #a4j to #ac4e p]c5t ( nitrate4 ,! deposits consi/ ( a mixture ( sodium nitrate1 sodium *lorid1 calcium sulfate1 alum9um sulfate1 & insoluble silica4 ,x is ?\ght t ! am\nt ( ^! deposits w almo/ equal ^? 9 ,*ile & ,p]u4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,analysis4 #aec4 ,classification ( ,me?ods4--,9 g5]al !re are ?ree direct me?ods ( det]m9+ ! nitrog5 cont5t ( f]tiliz]s4 ,fir/ ! nitrog5 may be secur$ 9 a gase\s =m & ! volume !re(1 "u /&>d conditions1 measur$ & ! weight ( nitrog5 comput$4 ,?is process is commonly kn[n z ! absolute me?od4 ,practically x has pass$ out ( use 9 f]tiliz] "w1 or is practic$ only z a *eck aga9/ new & untri$ me?ods1 or on c]ta9 nitrog5\s comp\nds :i* d n readily yield all _! nitrog5 by ! o!r me?ods4 ,! process1 fir/ p]fect$ by ,dumas1 :o has also giv5 x 8 "n1 consi/s 9 ! combu/ion ( ! nitrog5\s body 9 an environm5t ( copp] oxid by :i* ! nitrog51 by reason ( its in]tness1 is left 9 a gase\s /ate aft] ! oxidation ( ! o!r con/itu5ts2 viz41 c>bon & hydrog51 orig9ally pres5t4 ,9 ! second class ( me?ods ! nitrog5 is conv]t$ into ammonia :i* is absorb$ by an excess ( /&>d acid1 ! residue ( :i* is det]m9$ by subsequ5t titration ) a /&>d alkali4 ,!re are two di/9ct processes belong+ to ?is class1 9 "o ( :i* ammonia is directly produc$ by dry combu/ion ( an organic nitrog5\s comp\nd ) an alkali1 & 9 ! o!r ammonium sulfate is produc$ by moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid1 & ! salt ?us =m$ is subsequ5tly di/ill$ ) an alkali1 & ! free ammonia ?us =m$ e/imat$ z above describ$4 ,nitric nitrog5 may also be r$uc$ to ammonia by nasc5t hydrog5 ei!r 9 an acid or alkal9e solution z describ$ 9 volume fir/4 ,9 ! ?ird class ( det]m9ations is includ$ ! e/imation ( nitric nitrog5 by colorimetric me?ods z describ$ 9 ! fir/ volume4 ,^! processes h little practical value 9 connection ) ! analyses ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 b f9d _! *ief use 9 ! detection & e/imation ( extremely m9ute quantities ( nitrites & nitrates4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs w be giv5 ! /&>d me?ods = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 9 practical "w ) f]tiliz+ mat]ials & f]tiliz]s4 #aed4 ,(ficial ,me?ods4--,! me?ods adopt$ by ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s h be5 develop$ by m ?an t5 ye>s ( co-op]ative "w on ! "p ( ! lead+ agricultural *emi/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! me?ods %\ld be /rictly foll[$ 9 all ess5tial po9ts by all analy/s 9 cases :]e comp>ison ) o!r data are conc]n$4 ,future exp]i5ce w d\btless improve ! processes bo? 9 respect ( accuracy & simplicity1 b x mu/ be grant$ t1 z at pres5t practic$1 !y give ess5tially accurate results4 #aee4 ,volumetric ,e/imation by ,combu/ion ) ,copp] ,oxid4--,?is classical me?od ( analysis is bas$ on ! supposition t by ! combu/ion ( a sub/ance conta9+ nitrog5 9 copp] oxid & conduct+ ! products ( ! oxidation ov] r$-hot copp] oxid & metallic copp]1 all ( ! nitrog5 pres5t 9 :atev] =m w be obta9$ 9 a free /ate & c subsequ5tly be measur$ z a gas4 ,! air orig9ally pres5t 9 all p>ts ( ! app>atus mu/ fir/ be remov$ ei!r by a m]cury pump or by c>bon dioxid or by bo? toge!r1 ! residual c>bon dioxid be+ absorb$ by a solution ( cau/ic alkali4 ,great delicacy ( manipulation is necess>y to secure a p]fect vacuum & z a rule a small quantity ( gas may be measur$ o!r ?an nitrog5 s t ! results ( ! analyses are (t5 a trifle too high4 ,! pres5ce ( ano!r elem5t associat$ ) nitrog51 or ! possible allotropic exi/5ce ( t elem5t1 may also prove to be a di/urb+ factor 9 ?is long-practic$ analytical process4 ,= in/ance1 if nitrog5 be contam9at$ ) ano!r elem5t1 e4 g41 argon1 ( a great] d5sity ! commonly accept$ weight ( a lit] ( nitrog5 is too great & tables ( calculation bas$ on t weight w\ld give results too high4 ,fir/ w be giv5 ! (ficial me?od = ?is process1 foll[$ by a few simple v>iations !re(1 z practic$ 9 ?is laboratory4 #aef4 ,! ,(ficial ,volumetric ,me?od4--,?is process may be us$ = nitrog5 9 any =m ( comb9ation4#acc ,! app>atus & reag5ts ne$$ are z foll[s3 ,combu/ion tube ( be/ h>d ,bohemian glass1 ab\t sixty-six c5timet]s long & #ab4g millimet]s int]nal diamet]4 ,azotomet] ( at lea/ #ajj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 accurately calibrat$4 ,spr5gel m]cury air-pump4 ,small pap] scoop1 easily made f /iff writ+ pap]4 ,co>se cupric oxid4--,to be ignit$ & cool$ be=e us+4 ,f9e cupric oxid4--,prep>$ by p\nd+ ord9>y cupric oxid 9 a mort>4 ,metallic copp]4--,granulat$ copp]1 or f9e copp] gauze1 r$uc$ & cool$ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog54 ,sodium bic>bonate4--,free f organic matt]4 ,cau/ic pota% solution4--,make a sup]saturat$ solution ( cau/ic pota% 9 hot wat]4 ,:5 absorption ( c>bon dioxid1 dur+ ! combu/ion1 ceases to be prompt1 ! solution mu/ be disc>d$4 ,fill+ ! tube4--,( ord9>y comm]cial f]tiliz]s take f "o to two grams = analysis4 ,9 ! case ( highly nitrog5iz$ sub/ances ! am\nt to be tak5 mu/ be regulat$ by ! am\nt ( nitrog5 e/imat$ to be pres5t4 ,fill ! tube z foll[s3 7#a7 ,ab\t five c5timet]s ( co>se cupric oxid3 7#b7 ,place on ! small pap] scoop en\gh ( ! f9e cupric oxid to fill1 aft] hav+ be5 mix$ ) ! sub/ance to be analyz$1 ab\t t5 c5timet]s ( ! tube2 p\r on ?is ! sub/ance1 r9s+ ! wat*-glass ) a little ( ! f9e oxid1 & mix ?or\ghly ) a spatula2 p\r into ! tube1 r9s+ ! scoop ) a little f9e oxid3 7#c7 ,ab\t ?irty c5timet]s ( co>se cupric oxid3 7#d7 ,ab\t sev5 c5timet]s ( metallic copp]3 7#e7 ,ab\t six c5timet]s ( co>se cupric oxid 7ant]ior lay]73 7#f7 ,a small plug ( asbe/os3 7#g7 ,f eight-t5?s to "o gram ( sodium bic>bonate3 7#h7 ,a l>ge1 loose plug ( asbe/os2 place ! tube 9 ! furnace1 leav+ ab\t two & five-t5?s c5timet]s ( x project+2 connect ) ! pump by a rubb] /opp] sme>$ ) glyc]ol1 tak+ c>e to make ! connection p]fectly tight4 ,op]ation4--,exhau/ ! air f ! tube by means ( ! pump4 ,:5 a vacuum has be5 obta9$ all[ ! fl[ ( m]cury to cont9ue2 light ! gas "u t "p ( ! tube conta9+ ! metallic copp]1 ! ant]ior lay] ( cupric oxid 7see 7#e7 above71 & ! sodium bic>bonate4 ,z soon z ! vacuum is de/roy$ & ! app>atus fill$ ) c>bon dioxid1 %ut (f ! fl[ ( m]cury & at once introduce ! deliv]y-tube ( ! pump into ! receiv+ arm ( ! azotomet] j bel[ ! surface ( ! m]cury seal1 s t ! escap+ bubbles w pass into ! air & n into ! tube1 ?us avoid+ ! useless saturation ( ! cau/ic pota% solution4 ,set ! pump 9 motion & :5 ! fl[ ( c>bon dioxid has v ne>ly or completely ceas$1 pass ! deliv]y-tube d[n into ! receiv+ arm1 s t ! bubbles w escape into ! azotomet]4 ,light ! gas "u ! ?irty c5timet] lay] ( oxid1 heat g5tly = a few mom5ts to drive out any moi/ure t may be pres5t1 & br+ to a r$ heat4 ,heat gradually ! mixture ( sub/ance & oxid1 light+ "o jet at a "t4 ,avoid a too rapid evolution ( bubbles1 :i* %\ld be all[$ to escape at ! rate ( ab\t "o p] second or a little fa/]4 ,:5 ! jets "u ! mixture h all be5 turn$ on1 light ! gas "u ! lay] ( oxid at ! end ( ! tube4 ,:5 ! evolution ( gas has ceas$1 turn out all ! lights except ^? "u ! metallic copp] & ant]ior lay] ( oxid1 & all[ to cool = a few mom5ts4 ,exhau/ ) ! pump & remove ! azotomet] be=e ! fl[ ( m]cury is /opp$4 ,break ! connection ( ! tube ) ! pump1 /op ! fl[ ( m]cury1 & ext+ui% ! lights4 ,all[ ! azotomet] to /& = at lea/ an h\r1 or cool ) a /ream ( wat] until a p]man5t volume & temp]ature h be5 rea*$4 ,adju/ accurately ! level ( ! pota% solution 9 ! bulb to t 9 ! azotomet]2 note ! volume ( gas1 temp]ature1 & height ( b>omet]2 make calculation z usual1 or read results f tables4 #aef4 ,note on ,(ficial ,volumetric ,me?od4--,! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 9 its gase\s /ate by combu/ion ) copp] oxid1 has practically gone out ( use z an analytical me?od4 ,! (ficial *emi/s r>ely use x ev5 = control "w on samples s5t out = comp>ative analysis4 ,! me?od recomm5d$ diff]s consid]ably f ! process ( ,j5k9s & ,johnson1 on :i* x is bas$4 ,! only s\rce ( oxyg5 9 ! (ficial me?od is 9 ! copp] oxid4 ,h5ce x is necess>y t ! oxid 9 imm$iate contact ) ! organic matt] be 9 a suffici5tly f9e /ate ( subdivision1 & t ! sub/ance itself be v f9ely p[d]$ & intimately mix$ ) ! oxidiz+ mat]ial4 ,failure to att5d to ^! precautions w be foll[$ by an incomplete combu/ion & a consequ5t deficit 9 ! volume ( nitrog5 obta9$4 ,! copp] oxid be=e us+ is ignit$1 & is be/ fill$ into ! tube :ile /ill w>m by means ( a long po9t$ metal scoop1 or o!r conv5i5t me?od4 ,! copp] spiral1 aft] use1 is r$uc$ at a r$ heat 9 a curr5t ( hydrog51 & may ?us be us$ _m times4 #aeg4 ,! ,pump4--,any =m ( m]cury pump :i* w secure a complete vacuum may be us$4 ,a mo/ excell5t "o c be arrang$ 9 any laboratory at a v small exp5se4 ,! pump us$ 9 ?is laboratory = _m ye>s answ]s e purpose1 & co/s practically no?+1 be+ made out ( old mat]ial n v valuable = o!r use4 ,! con/ruction ( ! pump & its use 9 connection ) ! combu/ion tube w be cle>ly und]/ood f ! foll[+ description3 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4 ,,m]cury ,,pump ,,& ,,azotomet]4 ,a glass bulb ,i is atta*$1 by means ( a heavy rubb] tube c>ry+ a screw clamp1 to ! glass tube ,a1 hav+ heavy walls & a small int]nal diamet]1 & be+ "o met] or m 9 l5g?4 ,! tube ,a is cont9u$ 9 ! =m ( a ,u1 ! two arms be+ jo9$ by v heavy rubb] tub+ securely wir$4 ,! ends ( ! glass tubes 9 ! rubb] %\ld be b5t s t !y come ne> toge!r & =m ! b5d ( ! ,u1 ! rubb] simply hold+ !m 9 place4 ,?is is bett] !n to h ! tube cont9u\s1 avoid+ dang] ( break+4 ,a tee tube1 ,t1 made ( ! same k9d ( glass z ,a1 is connect$ by "o arm1 a1 ) ! manomet] ,b1 by a heavy rubb] union well wir$4 ,! union is made p]fectly air-tight by ! tube fill$ ) m]cury held by a rubb] /opp]4 ,! middle arm ( ! tee1 a1 is exp&$ into a bulb1 ,e1 bran*+ into two arms1 "o ( :i* is connect$ ) ,a & ! o!r ) ! deliv]y-tube ,f1 by ! m]cury-rubb] unions1 ,,mm1 j describ$4 ,! int]ior ( ! bulb ,e %\ld be ( su* a %ape z to all[ ea* drop ( m]cury to fall at once into ,f )\t accumulat+ 9 l>ge quantity & be+ dis*>g$ 9 mass4 ,! ?ird arm ( ! tee a is b5t upw>ds at ! end & passes into a m]cury seal+ tube1 ,d1 :]e x is connect$ by means ( a rubb] tube ) ! deliv]y-tube f ! furnace4 ,! fl[ ( ! m]cury is regulat$ by ! clamp ,c1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! supply does n get s l[ 9 ,i z to p]mit air bubbles to ent] ,a4 ,! manomet] ,b dips into ! tube ( m]cury ,h4 ,a pump ?us con/ruct$ is simple1 flexible1 & p]fectly tight4 ,! only "p :i* ne$s to be specially made is ! tee & ! "o 9 use "h 0 bl[n 9 our own laboratory4 ,! b5t end ( ! deliv]y-tube ,f may also be unit$ to ! ma9 tube by a rubb] jo9t ?us aid+ 9 ins]t+ x into ! ,v-%ap$ nozzle ( ! azotomet]4 ,! azotomet] us$ is ! "o devis$ by ,s*iff & modifi$ by ,johnson & ,j5k9s4#acd ,we pref] to get ! ,v nozzles sep>ately & jo9 !m to any good burette by a rubb] tube4 ,! wat]-jacket is n necess>y1 b ! app>atus c be left expos$ until x rea*es room temp]ature4 ,any =m ( m]cury pump capable ( secur+ a vacuum may be us$1 b ! "o j describ$ is comm5d$ by simplicity1 economy1 effectiv5ess1 & long use4 #aeh4 ,! ,pump & ,combu/ion ,furnace4--,! pump & combu/ion furnace1 z us$ 9 ! laboratory1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! pump is con/ruct$ z j describ$1 & re/s 9 a wood5 tray :i* cat*es & holds any m]cury :i* may be spill$4 ,! furnace is plac$ "u a hood :i* c>ries (f ! products ( ! burn+ lamps & ! hot air4 ,a well-v5tilat$ hood is an important accessory to ?is process1 especially :5 x is c>ri$ on 9 summ]4 ,a small m]cury pneumatic tr\gh cat*es ! ov]fl[ f ! pump & also s]ves to imm]se ! end ( ! deliv]y-tube dur+ ! exhau/ion ( ! combu/ion tube4 ,! o!r details ( ! arrangem5t & connections h be5 suffici5tly %[n 9 ! previ\s p>agraph4 #aei4 ,volumetric ,me?od 9 ?is ,laboratory4--,x has be5 f\nd conv5i5t "h to v>y slightly ! me?od ( ! (ficial *emi/s 9 ! foll[+ respects3 ,! tube us$ = ! combu/ion is made ( h>d refractory glass1 :i* w keep its %ape at a high r$ heat4 ,x is drawn out & seal$ at "o end aft] be+ well clean$ & dri$4 ,x %\ld be ab\t eighty c5timet]s 9 l5g? & f twelve to f\rte5 millimet]s 9 int]nal diamet]4 ,! relative l5g?s ( ! spaces occupi$ by ! sev]al cont5ts ( ! tube are approximately z foll[s3 ,sodium bic>bonate1 two2 asbe/os1 ?ree2 co>se copp] oxid1 eight2 f9e copp] oxid1 conta9+ sample1 sixte52 co>se copp] oxid1 tw5ty-five2 spiral copp] gauze1 t5 to fifte52 copp] oxid1 eight2 & asbe/os plug1 five c5timet]s1 respectively4 ,! copp] oxid %\ld be heat$ = a consid]able "t to r$ness 9 a muffle ) free access ( air be=e us+ & ! copp] gauze be r$uc$ to pure metallic copp] 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 at a l[ r$ heat4 ,! ant]ior lay] ( copp] oxid s]ves to oxidize any hydrog5 t may h be5 occlud$ by ! copp]4 ,:5 a sample is burn$ conta9+ all or a consid]able "p ( ! nitrog5 z nitrates1 ! long] piece ( copp] gauze is us$4 #afj4 ,! ,combu/ion4--,! tube hav+ be5 *>g$ & connect$ ) ! pump x is fir/ fre$ f air by runn+ ! pump until ! m]cury no long] rises 9 ! manomet]4 ,! end ( ! tube conta9+ ! sodium bic>bonate is !n g5tly heat$ s t ! evolution ( c>bon dioxid w be at su* a rate z to sl[ly depress ! m]cury 9 ! manomet]1 b nev] fa/ en\gh to exce$ ! capacity ( ! pump to remove x4 ,! lamp is ext+ui%$ "u ! sodium c>bonate & ! c>bon dioxid completely remov$ by means ( ! pump4 ,! deliv]y-tube is !n connect$ ) ! azotomet]1 & ! combu/ion tube c>efully heat$ f ! front end backw>ds1 ! copp] gauze & co>se copp] oxid be+ rais$ to a r$ heat be=e ! "p conta9+ ! sample is rea*$4 ,:5 ! nitrog5 beg9s to come (f1 its fl[ %\ld be s regulat$ by means ( ! lamps "u ! tube1 z to be regul> & n too rapid4 ,f half an h\r to an h\r %\ld be employ$ 9 complet+ ! combu/ion4 ,s9ce mo/ samples ( f]tiliz] conta9 organic matt]1 ! nitrog5 w be mix$ ) aque\s vapor & c>bon dioxid4 ,! =m] is cond5s$ be=e rea*+ ! azotomet]1 & ! latt] is absorb$ by ! potassium hydroxid4 ,:5 ! sample is :olly ( a m9]al nature x %\ld be mix$ ) "s pure sug>1 ab\t half a gram1 be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! tube4 ,:5 bubbles ( gas no long] come ov]1 ! heat %\ld be c>ri$ back until !re is a gradual evolution ( c>bon dioxid "u ! conditions above not$4 ,f9ally ! gas is turn$ (f & ! pump kept 9 op]ation until ! manomet] aga9 %[s a p]fect vacuum :5 ! op]ation may be consid]$ f9i%$4 ,9 ! manipulation our *ief v>iation f ! (ficial me?od consi/s 9 connect+ ! combu/ion app>atus ) ! measur+ tube be=e ! heat is appli$ to ! front end ( ! combu/ion tube4 ,any p>ticles ( ! sample :i* may h /uck to ! sides ( ! tube on fill+ w ?us be subject to combu/ion & ! gases produc$ measur$4 ,:]e x is c]ta9 t no su* adhesion has tak5 place x is some:at saf] on acc\nt ( ! possible pres5ce ( occlud$ gases to heat ! front end ( ! tube be=e connect+ ! combu/ion app>atus ) ! azotomet]4 #afa4 ,me?od ( ,johnson & ,j5k9s4--,9 ! me?od ( ,johnson & ,j5k9s ! pr9cipal v>iation f ! process describ$ consi/s 9 introduc+ into ! combu/ion tube a s\rce ( oxyg5 :]eby any difficultly combu/ible c>bon may be easily oxidiz$ & all ! nitrog5 be m c]ta9ly set free4#ace ,! potassium *lorate us$ = ?is purpose is plac$ 9 ! po/]ior "p ( ! tube1 :i* is b5t at slight angle to receive x4 ,! sodium bic>bonate is plac$ 9 ! ant]ior end ( ! tube4 ,! combu/ion goes on z already describ$1 & at its close ! potassium *lorate is heat$ to evolve ! oxyg54 ,! free oxyg5 is absorb$ by ! r$uc$ copp] oxid1 or consum$ by ! unburn$ c>bon4 ,any excess ( oxyg5 is recogniz$ at once by its action on ! copp] spiral4 ,z soon z ?is %[s signs ( oxidation ! evolution ( ! gas is /opp$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to all[ ! oxyg5 to come (f s rapidly z to escape entire absorption by ! cont5ts ( ! combu/ion tube4 ,9 su* a case ! nitrog5 9 ! measur+ tube w\ld be contam9at$4 ,x is r>ely necess>y 9 f]tiliz] analysis to h ne$ ( m oxyg5 ?an is conta9$ 9 ! copp] oxid p[d] 9 contact ) ! sample dur+ ! progress ( combu/ion4 #afb4 ,calculation ( ,results4--,! nitrog5 orig9ally pres5t 9 a def9ite weight ( any sub/ance hav+ be5 obta9$ 9 a gase\s =m its volume is read directly 9 ! burette 9 :i* x is collect$4 ,?is in/rum5t may be ( _m =ms b ! ess5tial feature ( its con/ruction is t x %\ld be accurately calibrat$2 & ! divisions s graduat$ z to p]mit ( ! read+ ( ! volume accurately to a t5? ( a cubic c5timet]4 ,= ?is purpose x is be/ t ! int]nal diamet] ( ! measur+ tube be r small s t at lea/ ea* t5 cubic c5timet]s occupies a space t5 c5timet]s long4 ,! volume occupi$ by any gas v>ies directly ) ! temp]ature & inv]sely ) ! pressure to :i* x is subject$4 ,! quantity ( aque\s vapor :i* a moi/ gas may conta9 is also a factor to be consid]$4 ,inasmu* z ! nitrog5 9 ! above process ( analysis is collect$ ov] a /rong solution ( potassium hydroxid capable ( practically keep+ ! gas 9 a dry /ate ! t5sion ( ! aque\s vapor may be neglect$4 #afc4 ,read+ ! ,b>omet]4--,ne>ly all ! b>omet]s 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry h ! scale divid$ 9 in*es & ! !rmomet]s !reunto atta*$ are graduat$ 9 ,fahr5heit degrees4 ,?is is especially true ( ! b>omet]s ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau :i* are ! mo/ reliable & mo/ easy ( access to analy/s4 ,x is n necess>y to correct ! read+ ( ! b>omet] = altitude1 b x is important to take acc\nt ( ! temp]ature at ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,!re is n space "h to give m9ute directions = us+ a b>omet]4 ,su* directions h be5 prep>$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau & ^? desir+ x c get copies ( ! circul>4#acf ,! temp]ature ( a b>omet] affects its accuracy 9 two ways4 ,fir/ ! metal scale exp&s & contracts ) *ang+ temp]atures3 ,second1 ! m]cury exp&s & contracts also at a mu* great] rate ?an ! scale4 ,if a b>omet] tube hold ?irty cubic in*es ( m]cury ! cont5ts w be "o ounce light] at #hj ,f4 ?an at #cb ,f4 ,! true pressure ( ! air is !re=e n %[n by ! obs]v$ height ( ! m]curial column unless ! temp]ature ( ! scale & ( ! m]curial column be consid]$4 ,tables ( correction = temp]ature are comput$ by simple =mulas bas$ on ! kn[n coeffici5ts ( expansion ( m]cury & brass4 ,= b>omet]s ) brass scales ! foll[+ =mula is us$ = mak+ ! correction3 t - #bh4fc ,c -h --------------------- 4 #a4aact #ajigh ,9 ?is =mula t temp]ature 9 degrees ,fahr5heit & h obs]v$ read+ ( ! b>omet] 9 in*es4 ,example3--,temp]ature obs]v$ #gb4e ,b>omet] read+ obs]v$1 #bi4dae in*es1 f :i* ,c #j4aafe1 & ?is numb]1 accord+ to ! conditions ( ! =mula1 is to be subtract$ f ! obs]v$ read+4 ,! true read+ 9 ! case giv5 is1 !re=e1 #bi4bih in*es or #gdd4b millimet]s4 ,! obs]v$ read+ #gdg4a 8 ----- ,& ! correction #b4i 8 ,unless extremely accurate "w be requir$ ! correction = temp]ature is ( v little importance 9 nitrog5 det]m9ations 9 f]tiliz]s4 ,ea* in/rum5t s5t out by ! ,wea!r ,bureau is accompani$ by a special c>d ( corrections !re=1 b ^! are ( small importance 9 f]tiliz] "w4 ,9 ord] !n to get ! correct weight ( ! gas f its volume ! read+ ( ! !rmomet] & b>omet] at ! "t ( measurem5t mu/ be c>efully not$4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! end ( ! combu/ion1 ! azotomet] %\ld be c>ri$ into ano!r room :i* has n be5 affect$ by ! combu/ion & all[$ to /& until x has rea*$ ! room temp]ature4 ,e true gas *anges its volume "u v>y+ temp]atures at ! same rate & ?is rate is ! coeffici5t ( gase\s expansion4 ,= "o degree ( temp]ature x am\nts to #j4jjcffe ( its volume4 ,repres5t+ ! coeffici5t ( expansion by ,k ! volume ( ! gas z read by ,v1 ! volume desir$ at any temp]ature by ,v1 ! temp]ature at :i* ! volume is read by t & ! desir$ temp]ature by t1 ! *ange 9 volume may be calculat$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,v ,v#a ,k7t - t74 ,example4--,let ! volume ( nitrog5 obta9$ by combu/ion be ?irty-five cubic c5timet]s1 & ! temp]ature ( obs]vation #bb4 ,:at w\ld be ! volume ( ! gas at #j8 ,mak+ ! prop] sub/itutions 9 ! =mula ! equation is r$uc$ to ! =m bel[3 ,v #cea #j4jjcffe7j-bb7 or ,v #ce7a - #j4jhjfc7 #cb4ah4 ,?irty-five cubic c5timet]s ( nitrog5 !re=e measur$ at #bb become #cb4ah cubic c5timet]s :5 measur$ at #j4 ,:5 gases are to be conv]t$ into weight aft] hav+ be5 det]m9$ by volume1 _! volume at #j mu/ fir/ be det]m9$2 b ?is volume mu/ also be calculat$ to "s def9ite b>ometric pressure4 ,by common cons5t ?is pressure has be5 tak5 z t ex]t$ by a column ( m]cury #gfj millimet]s 9 height4 ,s9ce ! volume ( a gas is inv]sely proportional to ! pressure to :i* x is subject$1 ! calculation is made accord+ to t simple =mula4 ,let ! read+ ( ! b>omet]1 at ! "t ( tak+ ! volume ( gas1 be ,h1 & any o!r pressure desir$ ,h4 ,!n we h ! g5]al =mula3 ,,hv ,v 3 ,v ,h 3 ,h2 & ,v ----4 ,h ,example3 ,let ! correct$ read+ ( ! b>omet] at ! "t ( not+ ! volume ( ! gas be #gdj millimet]s1 & ! volume ( ! gas r$uc$ to #j be #cb4ah cubic c5timet]s4 ,:at w ?is volume be at a pressure ( #gfj millimet]s8 ,sub/itut+ ! prop] values 9 ! =mula1 we h3 7#cb4ah #gdj7 ,v ------------- #ca4cc #gfj ,!re=e1 a volume ( nitrog5 :i* occupies a space ( ?irty-five cubic c5timet]s at a temp]ature ( #bb1 & at a b>ometric pressure ( #gdj millimet]s1 becomes #ca4cc cubic c5timet]s at a temp]ature ( #j & a pressure ( #gfj millimet]s4 ,"o lit] ( nitrog5 at #j & #gfj millimet]s pressure weighs #a4bedef grams2 & "o cubic c5timet] !re=e #j4jjabedef gram4 ,to f9d ! weight ( gas obta9$ 9 ! above suppos$ analysis1 x w only be necess>y to multiply ?is numb] by ! volume ( nitrog5 express$ 9 cubic c5timet]s "u ! /&>d conditions2 viz41 #j4jabedef #ca4cc #j4jcicje gram4 ,if ! sample tak5 = analysis weigh$ half a gram1 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 f\nd w\ld be #g4he4 #afd4 ,t5sion ( ! ,aque\s ,vapor4--,x has be5 %[n by exp]i5ce t :5 a gas is collect$ ov] a pota% solution conta9+ fifty p] c5t ( potassium hydroxid1 ! t5sion ( ! aque\s vapor is s f> dim9i%$ z to be ( no p]ceptible influ5ce on ! f9al result4 ,to correct ! volume ( a gas1 !re=e1 s collect$ = ?is t5sion1 w\ld involve an unnecess>y calculation = practical purposes4 ,if a gas ?us collect$ %\ld be transf]r$ to a burette ov] m]cury1 on :i* "s wat] floats1 !n ! correction %\ld be made4 ,at #j ! t5sion ( aque\s vapor w support a column ( m]cury #d4ebe millimet]s high1 & at #dj "o ( #ed4ifi millimet]s4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! t5sion ( aque\s vapors 9 millimet]s ( a m]curial column = ea* degree ( temp]ature f z]o to =ty4 ,t5sion ( ,t5sion ( vapor 9 vapor 9 ,temp]ature4 millimet]s4 ,temp]ature4 millimet]s4 #j #d4ebe #ba #ah4eje #a #d4hfg #bb #ai4fge #b #e4bca #bc #bj4iji #c #e4fai #bd #bb4baa #d #f4jcb #be #bc4ehb #e #f4dga #bf #be4jbf #f #f4ici #bg #bf4edg #g #g4dcf #bh #bh4adh #h #g4ifd #bi #bi4hcb #i #h4ebe #cj #ca4fjb #aj #i4abf #ca #cc4dfd #aa #i4gea #cb #ce4dai #ab #aj4dba #cc #cg4dgc #ac #aa4acj #cd #ci4fcj #ad #aa4hhb #ce #da4hic #ae #ab4fgg #cf #dd4bfh #af #ac4eai #cg #df4geh #ag #ad4dji #ch #di4cfh #ah #ae4cea #ci #eb4ajc #ai #af4cde #dj #ed4ifi #bj #ag4cif ,:5 a gas is 9 contact ) wat] ! aque\s vapor is diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! mass1 & ! pressure to :i* ! mixture is subject$1 is p>tly neutraliz$ by ! t5sion ( ! wat] vapor4 ,! real pressure to :i* ! gas1 ^: volume is to be det]m9$ is subject$1 is !re=e dim9i%$ by t t5sion4 ,if = in/ance a gas 9 contact ) wat] %[ a volume ( ?irty-five cubic c5timet]s at #bb & #gdj millimet]s b>ometric pressure its volume is really great] ?an if x 7 p]fectly dry4 ,h[ mu* great] c be det]m9$ by inspect+ ! table1 = at #bb ! t5sion ( wat] vapor is #ai4fge millimet]s ( m]cury4 ,! real pressure to :i* ! volume ( gas is subject$ is !re=e #gdj - #ai4fge #gbj4cbe millimet]s4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ! example giv51 ! nitrog5 7 9 contact ) wat]1 ! calculation w\ld proce$ z foll[s3 #cb4ah #gbj4cbe ,v ----------------- #cj4e1 #gfj & #cj4e #a4bedef #ch4bf4 ,h5ce1 #ch4bf milligrams ( nitrog5 correspond to #g4fe p] c5t1 :5 half a gram ( sub/ance is tak5 = ! combu/ion4 #afe4 ,aque\s ,t5sion 9 ,solutions ( ,potassium ,hydroxid4--,ev5 9 /rong solutions ( potassium hydroxid ! t5sion ( aque\s vapor is n de/roy$1 b is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 :i* is negligible 9 ! calculation ( ! p]c5tage by weight ( ! nitrog5 9 a sample ( f]tiliz]4 ,:5 dilute solutions ( a cau/ic alkali are us$ h[ev]1 ! neglect ( ! t5sion ( ! aque\s vapor may cause an error ( "s magnitude4 ,9 su* cases ! /r5g? ( ! solution %\ld be kn[n & correction made accord+ to ! foll[+ table3#acg ,millimet]s t5sion ( aque\s vapor = ,,koh solutions ( ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,temp]ature4 #i4ji p] #af4ff p] #bc4jh p] #bh4eg p] #cb4hi p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 #aj4jj #h4fb #h4ja #g4ca #f4ej #e4fb #aa4jj #i4ba #h4ef #g4hb #f4ie #f4ja #ab4aj #i4ij #i4ba #h4da #g4dg #f4df #ac4jj #aj4ej #i4gg #h4ib #g4ic #f4hf #ac4ie #aa4ag #aj4ci #i4di #h4dd #g4cj #ae4ae #ab4jf #aa4bb #aj4be #i4aa #g4hf #af4jj #ab4gd #aa4he #aj4hb #i4fb #h4cc #ag4jj #ac4eg #ab4fc #aa4ed #aj4bf #h4hh #ah4jj #ad4df #ac4de #ab4bi #aj4ic #i4dg #ai4jj #ae4ci #ad4cc #ac4ji #aa4fe #aj4ji #bj4jj #af4ch #ae4be #ac4ic #ab4dj #aj4ge #ba4jj #ag4db #af4bb #ad4hb #ac4bj #aa4dd #ba4hb #ah4cb #ag4jf #ae4ei #ac4hh #ab4jd #bc4jj #ai4fh #ah4cb #af4ge #ad4ib #ab4id #bd4jj #bj4ib #ai4dg #ag4hj #ae4hf #ac4gf #be4jj #bb4ai #bj4fg #ah4ia #af4he #ad4fb #bf4jj #bc4ee #ba4id #bj4jg #ag4hi #ae4ec #bf4ih #bd4ie #bc4be #ba4bg #ah4if #af4df #bg4ic #bf4ch #bd4ei #bb4ea #bj4jg #ag4de #bi4jj #bh4jh #bf4ah #bc4if #ba4ch #ah4ei #cj4jj #bi4gf #bg4gd #be4dj #bb4fg #ai4gb #ca4jj #ca4ea #bi4ch #bf4ia #bd4jc #bj4ia #cb4ac #cc4fa #ca4cd #bh4gb #be4fe #bb4cd #cc4jj #ce4cj #cb4ic #cj4ah #bf4ig #bc4ej #cd4jj #cg4cd #cd4hd #ca4id #bh4ef #bd4hi #aff4 ,use ( ,volumetric ,me?od4--,= practical purposes x may be said t ! volumetric det]m9ation ( nitrog5 9 f]tiliz] analysis has gone entirely out ( use4 ,= control & comp>ison x is /ill occasionally practic$ b x has _h to give way to ! m spe$y & fully z accurate processes ( moi/ combu/ion ) sulfuric acid :i* h come into g5]al use 9 ! la/ decade4 ,! /ud5t & analy/ h[ev] %\ld n fail to ma/] its details & become skill$ 9 its use4 ,!re are c]ta9 nitrog5\s sub/ances su* z ! alkaloids :i* are q refractory :5 subject$ to moi/ combu/ion4 ,:ile su* bodies may n occur 9 f]tiliz]s x is well to h at h& a means ( accurately det]m9+ _! nitrog5 cont5t4 #afg4 ,tables = ,calculat+ ,results4--,:]e _m analyses are to be made by ! copp] oxid process x has prov$ conv5i5t to %ort5 ! "w ( calculat+ analyses by tak+ ! data giv5 9 computation tables4#ach ,be=e us+ ^! tables x mu/ be kn[n :e!r !y are calculat$ on ! supposition t ! gas is measur$ 9 a moi/ /ate1 p>tly moi/1 or :olly dry4 ,:]e ! nitrog5 is collect$ ov] wat] a table mu/ be us$ 9 :i* all[ance has be5 made = ! t5sion ( aque\s vapor4 ,9 case a saturat$ solution ( a cau/ic alkali be us$ 9 ! azotomet] x is cu/om>y to take no acc\nt ( ! t5sion & ! table employ$ mu/ be con/ruct$ on ?is supposition4 ,9 po9t ( fact ev5 9 ! /ronge/ alkali solution !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( t5sion b ?is is s slight z only to affect ! results 9 ! second place ( p]c5tage decimals4 ,s9ce1 z a rule1 only a few analyses are made by ?is me?od x w be f\nd saf] to use a cau/ic alkali solution ( giv5 /r5g? & to calculate ! results f ! tables ( aque\s t5sions giv5 above4 #afh4 ,! ,soda-,lime ,process4--,?is process orig9ally p]fect$ by ,v>r5trap & ,w1 & improv$ by ,peligot1 0 us$ almo/ exclusively by analy/s until )9 ! la/ decade = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 n exi/+ 9 ! nitric =m4 ,x is bas$ on ! pr9ciple t :5 nitrog5 exi/s z a salt ( ammonia1 or z an amid1 or z proteid matt]1 x is conv]t$ into gase\s ammonia by combu/ion ) an alkali4 ,?is ammonia c be c>ri$ into a set solution ( acid by a /ream ( gas free ( ammonia & ! excess ( acid rema9+ aft] ! combu/ion is complete c be det]m9$ by titration aga9/ a /&>d alkali solution4 ,! results "u prop] conditions are accurate ev5 :5 a small quantity ( nitric nitrog5 is pres5t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !re is any consid]able quantity ( ?is comp\nd 9 ! sample ! me?od becomes inapplicable by reason ( non-r$uction ( "s ( ! nitrog5 oxids produc$ by ! combu/ion4 ,9 bodies v ri* 9 nitrog5 su* z urea all ! nitrog5 is n trans=m$ directly into ammonia at ! comm5cem5t ( ! combu/ion4 ,a portion ( x may unite ) a "p ( ! c>bon to =m cyanog51 :i* may unite ) ! soda to =m sodium cyanid4 ,) an excess ( alkali1 h[ev]1 & prolong$ combu/ion ?is product w be f9ally decompos$ & all ! nitrog5 be secur$ z ammonia4 ,! nasc5t hydrog5 :i* unites ) ! nasc5t nitrog5 dur+ ! combu/ion is also d]iv$ f ! organic matt] :i* always conta9s en\gh c>bon to decompose ! wat] =m$ 9 ord] to be oxidiz$ to c>bon dioxid4 ,:ile at fir/1 !re=e1 dur+ combu/ion1 ! hydrog5 may unite ) ! oxyg51 x becomes aga9 free by ! oxidation ( ! c>bon & 9 ?is condition unites ) ! nasc5t nitrog5 to =m ammonia4 ,9 addition to c>bon dioxid1 ammonia1 & free hydrog5 !re may also be f\nd among ! products ( combu/ion m>% & olefiant gases & o!r hydroc>bon comp\nds :i* dilute1 to a great] or less ext5t1 ! ammonia =m$ & help to c>ry x out ( ! combu/ion tube & into ! /&>d acid4 #afi4 ,! ,(ficial ,me?od4--,reag5ts & ,app>atus4--7#a7 ,/&>d solutions & indicator ! same z = ! kjeldahl me?od3 7#b7 ,dry granulat$ soda-lime1 f9e en\gh to pass a #b4e millimet] sieve3 7#c7 ,soda-lime1 f9e en\gh to pass a #a4be millimet] sieve4#aci ,soda-lime may be easily & *eaply prep>$ by slak+ two & "o-half p>ts ( quicklime ) a /rong solution ( "o "p ( comm]cial cau/ic soda1 c>e be+ tak5 t !re is en\gh wat] 9 ! solution to slake ! lime4 ,! mixture is !n dri$ & heat$ 9 an iron pot to incipi5t fusion1 &1 :5 cold1 gr\nd & sift$ z above4 ,in/ead ( soda-lime ,johnson's mixture ( sodium & calcium c>bonate1 or slak$ lime may be us$4 ,slak$ lime may be granulat$ by mix+ x ) a little wat] to =m a ?ick mass1 :i* is dri$ 9 ! wat]-ov5 until h>d & brittle4 ,x is !n gr\nd & sift$ z above4 ,slak$ lime is mu* easi] to "w ) ?an soda-lime1 & gives excell5t results1 ?\gh x is probable t m ( x %\ld be us$ 9 proportion to ! sub/ance to be analyz$ ?an is ! case ) soda-lime4 7#d7 ,asbe/os1 :i* has be5 ignit$ & kept 9 a glass-/opp]$ bottle4 7#e7 ,combu/ion tubes ab\t =ty c5timet]s long & twelve millimet]s int]nal diamet]1 drawn out to a clos$ po9t at "o end4 7#f7 ,l>ge-bulb$ ,u tubes ) glass /op-cock1 or ,w's tubes ) f\r bulbs4 ,manipulation4--,! sub/ance to be analyz$ %\ld be p[d]$ f9ely en\gh to pass ?r\gh a sieve ( "o millimet] me%2 f sev5-t5?s to "o & f\r-t5?s grams1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( nitrog5 pres5t1 are tak5 = ! det]m9ation4 ,into ! clos$ end ( ! combu/ion tube1 put a small loose plug ( asbe/os1 & ^u x ab\t f\r c5timet]s ( f9e soda-lime4 ,9 a porcela9 di% or mort>1 mix ! sub/ance to be analyz$1 ?or\ghly b quickly1 ) en\gh f9e soda-lime to fill ab\t sixte5 c5timet]s ( ! tube1 or ab\t =ty times z mu* soda-lime z sub/ance1 & put ! mixture into ! combu/ion tube z quickly z possible by means ( a wide-neck$ funnel1 r9s+ out ! di% & funnel ) a little m f9e soda-lime1 :i* is to be put 9 on top ( ! mixture4 ,fill ! re/ ( ! tube to )9 ab\t five c5timet]s ( ! end ) granulat$ soda-lime1 mak+ x z compact z possible by tapp+ ! tube g5tly :ile held 9 a ne>ly upright position dur+ ! fill+4 ,! lay] ( granulat$ soda-lime %\ld n be less ?an twelve c5timet]s long4 ,la/ly1 put 9 a plug ( asbe/os ab\t two c5timet]s long1 press$ r tightly1 & wipe out ! end ( ! tube to free x f adh]+ soda-lime4 ,connect ! tube by means ( a well-fitt+ rubb] /opp] or cork ) ! ,u tube or ,w's bulbs1 conta9+ t5 cubic c5timet]s ( /&>d acid1 & adju/ x 9 ! combu/ion furnace s t ! end ( ! tube projects ab\t f\r c5timet]s f ! furnace1 support+ ! ,u tube or ,w's bulb suitably4 ,heat ! portion ( ! tube conta9+ ! granulat$ soda-lime to a mod]ate r$ness1 & :5 ?is is atta9$ ext5d ! heat gradually ?r\gh ! portion conta9+ ! sub/ance1 s z to keep up a mod]ate & regul> fl[ ( gases ?r\gh ! bulbs1 ma9ta9+ ! heat ( ! fir/ "p until ! :ole tube is heat$ uni=mly to ! same degree4 ,cont9ue ! combu/ion until gases h ceas$ bubbl+ ?r\gh ! acid 9 ! bulbs1 & ! mixture ( sub/ance & soda-lime has become :ite1 or ne>ly s1 :i* %[s t ! combu/ion is f9i%$4 ,! process %\ld occupy ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 or n m ?an "o h\r4 ,remove ! heat1 & :5 ! tube has cool$ bel[ r$ness break (f ! clos$ tip & aspirate air sl[ly ?r\gh ! app>atus = two or ?ree m9utes to br+ all ! ammonia into ! acid4 ,disconnect ! tube1 wa% ! acid into a beak] or flask1 & titrate ) ! /&>d alkali4 ,dur+ ! combu/ion ! end ( ! tube project+ f ! furnace mu/ be kept heat$ suffici5tly to prev5t ! cond5sation ( moi/ure1 yet n en\gh to *> ! /opp]4 ,! heat may be regulat$ by a %ield ( t9 slipp$ ov] ! project+ end ( ! combu/ion tube4 ,x is f\nd v advantage\s to atta* a buns5 valve to ! exit tube1 all[+ ! evolv$ gases to pass out freely1 b prev5t+ a viol5t suck+ back 9 case ( a sudd5 cond5sation ( /eam 9 ! bulbs4 #agj4 ,! ,(ficial ,fr5* ,me?od4--,! ,fr5* *emi/s pref] to drive out ! traces ( ammonia rema9+ 9 ! combu/ion tube by means ( ! gases aris+ f ! decomposition ( oxalic acid4#adj ,! op]ation is conduct$ by mix+ ab\t "o gram ( oxalic acid ) en\gh ( dry granul> soda-lime to =m a lay] ( f\r c5timet]s 9 l5g? at ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,! re/ ( ! tube is !n *>g$ sub/antially z direct$ above4 ,at ! end ( ! combu/ion ! oxalic acid is decompos$ by heat furni%+ suffici5t hydrog5 to remove f ! tube all traces ( ammonia :i* x may conta94 ,! ,fr5* *emi/s employ1 = titration1 ei!r normal acids & alkalies or "s decimal !re( or else an acid ( su* /r5g? z to h ea* cubic c5timet] !re( correspond to t5 milligrams ( nitrog51 ?us mak+ ! computation ( results exce$+ly simple4 ,su* an acid is secur$ :5 "o lit] !re( conta9s ?irty-five grams ( pure monohydric sulfuric acid or =ty-five grams ( pure cry/alliz$ oxalic acid4 ,! correspond+ alkal9e reag5t %\ld conta91 9 ea* lit]1 =ty grams ( pure potassium hydroxid4 #aga4 ,! ,hydrog5 ,me?od4--,?ibault & ,wagn] recomm5d t ! combu/ion ) soda-lime be conduct$ 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog51#ada & ,loges replaces ?is by common illum9at+ gas fre$ f ammonia by conduct+ x ?r\gh a tube fill$ ) glass balls moi/5$ ) dilute sulfuric acid4#adb ,9 ^! cases ! combu/ion tube is left op5 at bo? ends & ! mat]ials "u ! tube conf9$ to ! prop] position by asbe/os plugs4 ,! gases us$ act 9 a m]ely me*anical mann] & _! use af=ds s few advantages ov] ! me?od ( aspirat+ air at ! end ( ! combu/ion z to r5d] x unadvisable4 #agb4 ,coloration ( ! ,product4--,x (t5 happ5s1 especially 9 ! combu/ion ( animal products1 su* z tankage & fi% scrap1 t ! acid secur+ ! ammonia is deeply color$ by ! cond5sation ( "s ( ! o!r products ( combu/ion4 ,?is coloration int]f]es 9 a v s]i\s way ) ! delicacy ( ! indicator us$ to det]m9e ! end ( ! reaction4 ,9 ?is case ! liquid may be mix$ ) an alkali & di/ill$ & ! ammonia secur$ 9 a fre% portion ( ! /&>d acid z 9 ! moi/ combu/ion process to be h]eaft] describ$4 #agc4 ,g5]al ,consid]ations4--7#a7 ,prep>ation ( ,sample4--,9 ! soda-lime me?od x is ( great importance t ! organic sub/ances be 9 a f9e /ate ( subdivision s z to admit ( intimate mixture ) ! alkali4 ,9 cases :]e fragm5ts ( ho(1 horn1 hair1 or simil> sub/ances are to be prep>$ = combu/ion x is advisable to fir/ decompose !m by heat+ ) a small quantity ( sulfuric acid4 ,! excess ( acid may be neutraliz$ ) m>ble du/ & ! result+ mixture dri$1 rubb$ to a f9e p[d]1 & mix$ ) ! soda-lime 9 ! usual way4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to lose any ( ! ammonia f ! sulfate :i* may be =m$ 9 mix+ ) ! soda-lime 9 fill+ ! tube4 7#b7 ,purity ( ,soda-,lime4--,! soda-lime employ$ mu/ be entirely free ( nitrog5\s comp\nds & "s blank combu/ions %\ld be made 9 pro( ( its purity4 7#c7 ,temp]ature4--,! temp]ature ( ! combu/ion %\ld n be all[$ to exce$ l[ r$ness4 ,at v high temp]atures !re w\ld be dang] ( decompos+ ! ammonia4 7#d7 ,aspiration ( ,air4--,be=e aspir+ a curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! tube to remove ! la/ traces ( ammonia ! gas %\ld be put out "u ! furnace & ! tube be all[$ to cool bel[ r$ness to avoid any dang] ( act+ on ! nitrog5 9 ! air4 #agd4 ,! ,ruffle ,soda-,lime ,me?od4--,_m attempts h be5 made to adapt ! soda-lime me?od to ! det]m9ation ( nitric nitrog54 ,( ^! ! process devis$ by ,ruffle is ! only "o :i* has prov$ successful4#adc ,! me?od is f\nd$ on ! action ( sulfur\s vapors on ! nitrog5 oxids produc$ dur+ ! combu/ion :]eby sulfuric acid is =m$ & ! nasc5t nitrog5 is jo9$ ) hydrog5 to =m ammonia4 ,by ?is process all ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! sample1 ev5 if 9 ! nitric =m1 is f9ally obta9$ z ammonia4 ,9 ! orig9al me?od ! reag5ts employ$ 7 a mixture ( sodium ?iosulfate & soda-lime & a mixture ( *>coal1 sulfur1 & granulat$ soda-lime4 ,subsequ5tly ! (ficial *emi/s sub/itut$ sug> = ! *>coal4#add ,! me?od 0 us$ = a long "t by ! (ficial *emi/s & came into g5]al favor until displac$ by ! simpl] & *eap] processes ( ! moi/ combu/ion me?od adapt$ to nitric nitrog54 ,z f9ally modifi$ & us$ by ! (ficial *emi/s ! process 0 conduct$ z describ$ bel[4 #age4 ,! ,(ficial ,ruffle ,me?od4--#ade,reag5ts4--7#a7 ,/&>d solutions & indicator ! same z = ! kjeldahl me?od4 7#b7 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts by weight ( f9e-slak$ lime & f9ely p[d]$ sodium ?iosulfate dri$ at #ajj3 7#c7 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts ( weight ( f9ely p[d]$ granulat$ sug> & fl[]s ( sulfur3 7#d7 ,granulat$ soda-lime1 z describ$ "u ! soda-lime me?od3 7#e7 ,combu/ion tubes ( h>d ,bohemian glass sev5ty c5timet]s long & "o & ?ree-t5?s c5timet]s 9 diamet]3 7#f7 ,bulb$ ,u tubes or ,w's bulbs1 z describ$ "u ! soda-lime me?od3 ,manipulation4--7a7 ,clean ! ,u tube & introduce t5 cubic c5timet]s ( /&>d acid4 7b7 ,fit ! cork & glass connect+ tube4 ,fill ! tube z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a loosely fitt+ plug ( asbe/os1 previ\sly ignit$1 & !n two & five-t5?s to ?ree & five-t5?s c5timet]s ( ! ?iosulfate mixture3 7#b7 ,! weigh$ portion ( ! sub/ance to be analyz$ is intimately mix$ ) f five to t5 grams ( ! sug> & sulfur mixture3 7#c7 ,p\r on a piece ( glaz$ pap] or 9 a porcela9 mort> a suffici5t quantity ( ?iosulfate mixture to fill ab\t tw5ty-five c5timet]s ( ! tube2 !n add ! sub/ance to be analyz$1 z previ\sly prep>$1 mix c>efully1 & p\r into ! tube2 %ake d[n ! cont5ts ( ! tube2 r9se (f ! pap] or mort> ) a small quantity ( ! ?iosulfate mixture & p\r into ! tube2 !n fill up ) soda-lime to )9 five c5timet]s ( ! end ( ! tube3 7#d7 ,place ano!r plug ( ignit$ asbe/os at ! end ( ! tube & close ) a cork3 7#e7 ,hold ! tube 9 a horizontal position & tap on ! table until !re is a gas-*annel along ! top ( ! tube3 7#f7 ,make connection ) ! ,u tube conta9+ ! acid2 aspirate & see t ! app>atus is tight4 ,! ,combu/ion4--,place ! prep>$ combu/ion tube 9 ! furnace1 lett+ ! op5 end project a little1 s z n to burn ! cork4 ,comm5ce by heat+ ! soda-lime portion until x is br\ght to a full r$ heat4 ,!n turn on sl[ly jet aft] jet t[>d ! out] end ( ! tube1 s t ! bubbles come (f two or ?ree a second4 ,:5 ! :ole tube is r$ hot & ! evolution ( ! gas has ceas$ & ! liquid 9 ! ,u tube beg9s to rec$e t[>d ! furnace1 atta* ! aspirator to ! o!r limb ( ! ,u tube1 break (f ! end ( ! tube1 & draw a curr5t ( air ?r\gh = a few m9utes4 ,deta* ! ,u tube & wa% ! cont5ts into a beak] or porcela9 di%2 add a few drops ( ! co*9eal solution1 & titrate4 #agf4 ,obs]vations4--,9 our exp]i5ce we h f\nd x mu* m satisfactory to adh]e to ! e>li] directions = prep>+ ! mixture ( ?iosulfate & alkali4 ,we mu* pref] to make ! mixture ) soda-lime & )\t ! previ\s dry+ ( ! sodium salt4 ,ruffle himself says t ! sodium ?iosulfate %\ld be dry b n depriv$ ( its wat] ( cry/allization4#adf ,! be/ me?od to dry ! cry/al p[d] )\t depriv+ x ( its cry/al wat] is to press x betwe5 blott+ pap]s4 ,! (ficial me?od also conta9s a typographical error 9 prescrib+ t ! combu/ion tube %\ld h a l5g? ( ?irty c5timet]s :]e evid5tly ?irty in*es 7 meant4 ,ruffle's orig9al tube 0 tw5ty-two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,z is se5 f ! above description ! me?od is ess5tially a r$uction process by ! action ( a p[]ful deoxidiz] 9 ! pres5ce ( an alkali4 ,! cry/als ( ! ?iosulfate salt _c be br\ght into direct contact ) a pure alkali1 l soda or pota%1 )\t =m+ at once a wet mass :i* w\ld t5d to cake & ob/ruct ! tube4 ,! soda-lime is !re=e a me*anical device to prev5t ?is fusion4 ,:]e _m analyses are to be made an iron tube1 = economical reasons1 may be sub/itut$ = ! glass2 b ! glass tube p]mits a m intellig5t obs]vation ( ! progress ( ! analysis4 ,s9ce *>coal has v high absorb5t p[]s x w be f\nd always to conta9 a little nitrog5 :i* may be 9 a =m to g5]ate ammonia dur+ ! combu/ion4 ,! *>coal us$ %\ld !re=e be previ\sly boil$ ) cau/ic soda or pota% solution1 dri$1 p[d]$1 & pres]v$ 9 well-/opp]$ bottles4 ,al?\gh pure sug> is practically free ( nitrog51 ev5 :5 x is us$1 x is advisable to occasionally make a blank det]m9ation & ?us asc]ta9 ! correction to be made = possible contam9ation4 #agg4 ,boy]'s ,modification ( ,ruffle's ,me?od4--,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od re/s on ! obs]vation t if nitrates be heat$ 9 a combu/ion tube ) calcium oxalate & soda-lime1 n m ?an two-?irds ( ! total nitrog5 appe> z ammonia2 b if a c]ta9 proportion ( sulfur be add$ ! :ole ( ! nitrog5 is recov]$4#bc ,! process may be divid$ into two reactions2 viz43 7#a7 ,action ( ! calcium oxalate ^u ! sodium nitrate 9 pres5ce ( soda-lime3 7#b7 ,! action ( sulfur\s acid & ( calcium oxalate ^u ! sodium nitrate 9 pres5ce ( soda-lime4 ,! analysis is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,dry & pulv]ize "o-half gram ( nitrate 7,na or ,k7 & mix x intimately ) fifty grams ( ! r$uc+ comp\nd conta9+ approximately t5 p] c5t sulfur1 #bb4e p] c5t neutral calcium oxalate1 & #fg4e p] c5t soda-lime4 ,! combu/ion tube is *>g$ z foll[s3 ,l5g? ( tube fifty-five c5timet]s3 ,diamet] ( tube sev5te5 millimet]s3 ,add fir/ two grams pulv]iz$ calcium oxalate3 ,add next t5 grams pulv]iz$ soda-lime3 8 8 t5 grams ( ! r$uc+ comp\nd3 8 8 ! nitrate incorporat$ ) fifty grams ( ! r$uc+ mixture3 ,add next t5 grams ( ! r$uc+ mixture3 8 8 t5 grams pulv]iz$ soda-lime3 ,! tube is !n lightly clos$ ) an asbe/os plug4 ,! tube is heat$ gradually f ! front backw>ds1 ! calcium oxalate furni%+ f9ally ! gas necess>y to drive out ! la/ traces ( ammonia4 ,! process is equally applicable to ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 9 all its =ms or to mixtures !re(4 ,! me?od has also be5 appli$ to ! mixture ( ammoniacal & organic nitrog5 & to ! mixture ( ammoniacal1 nitric1 & organic nitrog51 ! combu/ions hav+ be5 made bo? 9 an iron & a glass tube4 ,! am\nts ( mat]ial to be us$ v>y f "o-half gram to a gram1 accord+ to its ri*ness 9 nitrog54 ,! combu/ion %\ld be t]m9at$ 9 =ty m9utes4 ,:5 a combu/ion is t]m9at$1 ! acid conta9+ ! ammonia is plac$ 9 a beak] & boil$ = two or ?ree m9utes to drive (f ! sulfur\s & c>bonic acids4 ,! titration is !n conduct$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! combu/ion c be c>ri$ on j z well 9 an iron tube z 9 a glass "o4 ,! reag5ts employ$1 especially soda-lime1 be+ hygroscopic1 a little wat] is dis5gag$ 9 heat+1 :i* is cond5s$ at ! cold extremity ( ! tube1 & :i* may absorb a little ammonia1 unless special precautions are tak5 to h ! mat]ials dry4 ,,! ,,moi/ ,,combu/ion ,,process4 #agh4 ,hi/orical4--,z long ago z #ahfh ,wanklyn propos$ to conduct ! combu/ion ( organic bodies 9 a wet way1 us+ potassium p]manganate z ! oxidiz+ body4#adg ,ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ?is he attempt$ to ext5d ! me?od s z to e/imate ! quantity ( proteid matt] 9 a sample by treatm5t ) an alkal9e solution 9 pres5ce ( ! p]manganate salt4 ,"o gram ( ! f9ely pulv]iz$ sample 0 treat$ 9 a lit] flask ) "o-t5? normal pota% lye4 ,aft] dige/ion = "s "t1 f t5 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s 7 tak5 = ! det]m9ation4 ,accord+ to ! supposition ( ,wanklyn1 pure album9oid matt]s ?us treat$ yield$ "o-t5? ( _! weight ( ammonia1 or ab\t fifty p] c5t ( ! total nitrog5 appe>$ z ammonia4 ,! ammonia cont5t ( ! sample 0 det]m9$ by ! colorimetric process devis$ by ,nessl]4 ,x is ne$less to add t ! process ( ,wanklyn prov$ to be ( no practical use :atev]1 act+ diff]5tly on diff]5t album9oid matt]s1 & ev5 on ! same sub/ance4 ,no o!r attempt 0 made to p]fect ! moi/ combu/ion process until ,kjeldahl#adh introduc$ ! sulfuric acid me?od 9 #ahhc4 ,! simplicity1 economy1 & adaptability ( ?is me?od h br\ght x into g5]al use4 ,at fir/ ! process 0 only appli$ to organic nitrog5\s comp\nds 9 ! abs5ce ( nitrates1 b especially by ! modifications propos$ by ,asbo?1 ,jodlbaur1 & ,scovell1 x has be5 made applicable to all cases1 ) ! possible exception ( a few alkaloidal & alli$ bodies4 ,! moi/ combu/ion process = det]m9+ nitrog5 is n[ g5]ally employ$ by *emi/s 9 all c\ntries1 n only = f]tiliz] control1 b also = g5]al "w4 #agi4 ,! ,me?od ( ,kjeldahl4--,! process orig9ally propos$ by ,kjeldahl is applicable only to nitrog5\s bodies free ( nitric nitrog54 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process is bas$ on ! action ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid at ! boil+-po9t 9 decompos+ nitrog5\s comp\nds )\t produc+ volatile comb9ations & ! subsequ5t completion ( ! oxidation by means ( potassium p]manganate4 ,! orig9al process has be5 modifi$ by _m analy/s b ! basic pr9ciple ( x has rema9$ un*ang$4 ,x w !re=e prove useful "h to describe ! process z orig9ally giv54#adi ,! weigh$ sub/ance is plac$ 9 a small flask4 ,) solid bodies ?is is a v simple op]ation1 b ) liquids m difficult4 ,liquids :i* are n decompos$1 on heat+1 %\ld be evaporat$ 9 a ?9 glass di% :i* c be gr\nd up & plac$ 9 ! dige/ion flask ) ! desiccat$ sample4 ,! /ronge/ sulfuric acid is add$ 9 suffici5t quantity to secure complete decomposition1 n less ?an t5 cubic c5timet]s 9 any case4 ,! acid mu/ be free ( ammonia & be kept 9 su* a way z n to absorb ammonia f ! atmosph]e ( ! laboratory4 ,to gu>d aga9/ dang] ( error f su* an impurity frequ5t control det]m9ations %\ld be made4 ,9 control exp]im5ts "o or two grams ( pure sug> %\ld be us$ z ! organic matt]4 ,if ! acid employ$ conta9 traces ( ammonia ! necess>y corrections %\ld be made 9 ea* analysis4 ,! flask hav+ be5 *>g$ is plac$ on a wire gauze ov] a small flame4 ,! organic matt] becomes black & t>-l & soon !re is a rapid decomposition att5d$ ) ! evolution ( gase\s products among :i* sulfur dioxid is f\nd4 ,to avoid dang] f spurt+1 ! dige/ion flask %\ld be plac$ 9 an oblique position4 ,! flask %\ld h1 at lea/1 a capacity ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s & a long neck & be made ( a k9d ( glass capable ( )/&+ ! action ( ! boil+ acid4 ,p>ticles ( ! c>boniz$ organic matt] left on ! sides ( ! flask by ! foam+ ( ! mass at fir/ are gradually dissolv$ by ! vapors ( ! boil+ acid z ! dige/ion proce$s4 ,! action ( ! sulfuric acid is n entirely f9i%$ :5 gases cease to be giv5 (f b ! dige/ion %\ld be cont9u$ until ! liquid 9 ! flask is cle> & colorless or ne>ly s4 ,usually ab\t two h\rs are requir$ to secure ?is result4 ,:5 aid$ by ! means m5tion$ bel[ ! "t ( dige/ion c be v mat]ially %ort5$4 ,by add+ "s fum+ sulfuric acid1 or glacial phosphoric acid1 ! dilution caus$ by ! =mation ( wat] 9 ! combu/ion ( ! organic matt]1 c be avoid$4 ,= album9oid bodies x is h>dly necess>y to cont9ue ! combu/ion until all c>bonace\s matt] is de/roy$4 ,! full complem5t ( ammonia is usually obta9$ aft] an h\r's combu/ion ev5 if ! liquid be /ill black or br[n1 b ) o!r nitrog5\s bodies ! case is diff]5t s t ^u ! :ole x is safe/ to secure complete decoloration4 ,! temp]ature mu/ be ma9ta9$ at ! boil+-po9t ( ! acid or ne> !reto s9ce at a l[] temp]ature1 = in/ance f #ajj to #aej1 ! =mation ( ammonia is incomplete4 ,s9ce all organic sub/ances ( :atev] k9d are dissolv$ by ! boil+ acid ! previ\s pulv]ization ( ! mat]ial ne$ be c>ri$ only f> en\gh to secure a fair sample4 ,_m sub/ances give up practically all _! nitrog5 z ammonium sulfate :5 heat$ ) sulfuric acid z1 = in/ance1 urea1 asp>ag91 & ! glut5s4 ,9 mo/ ( ! o!r organic bodies fully n9ety p] c5t ( ! nitrog5 are likewise secur$ z ! ammonium salt4 ,9 ! aromatic comp\nds1 or ev5 9 ! =m ( amid 9 anil9 salts1 ! nitrog5 is m resi/ant to ! action ( sulfuric acid4 ,9 ! alkaloids :]e ! nitrog5 is probably a real compon5t ( ! b5zol skeleton ! =mation ( ammonia is v incomplete4 ,b ev5 9 ! cases :]e ! conv]sion ( ! nitrog5 into ammonia is practically p]fect x is advisable to f9i% ! process by complet+ ! oxidation ) potassium p]manganate4 ,! p]manganate %\ld be us$ 9 a dry p[d]$ =m & add$ little by little to ! hot cont5ts ( ! dige/ion flask1 ! latt] be+ held 9 an upright position & remov$ mean:ile f ! lamp4 ,:5 c>efully p]=m$ !re is no dang] ( loss ( ammonia al?\gh ! oxidation is1 at times1 s vigor\s z to be att5d$ ) evolution ( light4 ,! p]manganate mu/ always be add$ 9 excess & until a p]man5t gre5 color is produc$4 ,! flask is !n g5tly heat$ = f five to t5 m9utes ov] a small flame1 b ?is is n important4 ,! heat+ mu/ n be too /rong or else a /rong evolution ( oxyg5 w take place ) a consequ5t r$uction ( ! manganese comp\nd4 ,:5 ?is happ5s ! liquid aga9 becomes cle> & !re is a loss ( ammonia4 ,aft] cool+1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask are dilut$ ) wat]1 ! gre5 color giv+ place to a br[n ) a rise ( temp]ature4 ,aft] cool+ a second "t ! :ole is br\ght into a di/illation flask ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a lit] capacity & atta*$ to a cond5s] :i* ends 9 a vessel conta9+ titrat$ sulfuric acid4 ,ab\t =ty cubic c5timet]s ( sodium hydroxid solution ( "o & ?ree-t5?s specific gravity are add$ & ! /opp] at once ins]t$ to prev5t any loss ( ammonia4 ,to prev5t bump+ dur+ ! di/illation "s z9c du/ is add$ secur+ an evolution ( hydrog5 dur+ ! progress ( ! di/illation4 ,9 ?is case ! bump+ is prev5t$ until ne> ! end ( ! op]ation :5 x beg9s anew1 probably by reason ( ! sep>ation ( solid sodium sulfate4 ,aft] ! end ( ! di/illation1 ! excess ( acid rema9+ 9 ! receiv] is det]m9$ by a set alkali solution & ?us ! quantity ( ammonia obta9$ easily calculat$4 ,kjeldahl1 h[ev]1 pref]r$ to titrate ! solution aft] add+ potassium iodate & iodid1 a mixture :i* 9 ! pres5ce ( a /rong acid sets free a quantity ( iod9 equival5t to ! free acid pres5t4 ,! iod9 ?us set free is titrat$ by a set solution ( sodium ?iosulfate us+ />* z an indicator4 ,! m]its ( ?is me?od are %>pness ( ! end reaction & ! possibility ( us+ only a small quantity ( ! nitrog5\s body = ! combu/ion4 ,! sulfuric acid us$ 9 ! receiv] is made ( ! same /r5g? z ! ?iosulfate solution2 viz41 ab\t "o-tw5tie? normal4 ,?irty cubic c5timet]s ( ?is 7 f\nd to be ! prop] am\nt = use ) sub/ances tak5 9 su* quantities z to produce ammonia en\gh to neutralize ab\t half ( x4 ,! titration is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,a few cry/als ( potassium iodid are dissolv$ 9 ! acid mixture obta9$ aft] ! di/illation is complet$1 !n a few drops ( ! />*-pa/e & f9ally a few drops ( a f\r p] c5t solution ( potassium iodate4 ,! iod9 set free is !n oxidiz$ by ! addition ( ! "o-tw5tie? normal sodium ?iosulfate solution until ! blue color disappe>s4 ,example3 ,sulfuric acid us$1 #cj cc4 ,equival5t to sodium ?iosulfate1 #cj cc4 ,blank combu/ion requir$1 #bi4h cc ?iosulfate solution4 ,combu/ion ( #j4fde gram ( b>ley #ad4e cc 8 8 requir$1 ------- ,?iosulfate correspond+ to b>ley1 #ae4c cc4 ,9 ! computation x is m simple to multiply ! correspond+ numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ?iosulfate by sev51 half ! atomic weight ( nitrog51 & divide ! product by ! weight ( ! sub/ance tak51 :i* w give ! p] c5t ( nitrog5 !re94 #ae4c #g ,!n ---------- #ajj #a4ff p] c5t ( nitrog5 9 sample tak54 #j4fde ,a m detail$ description ( ! me?od ( mak+ ! titration foll[s3 ,aft] ! di/illation is f9i%$ ! cond5s+-tube is r9s$ ) a little wat]1 aft] :i* ! sulfuric acid unneutraliz$ 9 ! receiv] is det]m9$4 ,x is advisable fir/ to te/ ! reaction ( ! di/illate ) litmus pap] be=e go+ any fur!r2 = if at any "t all ! acid %\ld be f\nd neutraliz$ x w be necess>y to add a suffici5t quantity ( "o-tw5tie? normal sulfuric acid be=e add+ ! potassium iodid1 etc41 o!rwise ! det]m9ation w be irrep>ably lo/4 ,add to ! cont5ts ( ! flask t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! potassium iodid & two cubic c5timet]s ( ! potassium iodate solutions1 describ$ fur!r on1 & ! sodium ?iosulfate is !n run 9 f a burette till ! fluid1 :i* is con/antly kept agitat$ by %ak+ ! flask1 %[s only a b>e trace ( yell[ coloration f ! iod9 /ill pres5t4 ,/>* solution is !n add$1 & ! blue color obta9$ is at once remov$ by additional ?iosulfate solution4 ,:5 "s exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$1 ! eye is able to disc]n1 ) great c]ta9ty1 ev5 ! slight coloration caus$ by only a small trace ( free iod94 ,9 reg>d to ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! end reaction & ! accuracy ( ! result1 ?is me?od ( titration leaves no?+ to be wi%$ =4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ?iosulfate solution is det]m9$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 & ) />* z an indicator4 ,= ?is purpose1 measure t5 cubic c5timet]s ( "o-tw5tie? normal sulfuric acid into an erl5mey]1 add #abj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia-free wat]1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( potassium iodid solution1 & two cubic c5timet]s ( iodate solution2 add ?iosulfate solution till ! fluid %[s only ! above-m5tion$ light yell[ t9t1 !n add />*1 & f9ally ?iosulfate4 ,9 ?is way ! /r5g? ( ! ?iosulfate is asc]ta9$1 :i* ( c\rse mu/ be occasionally re-det]m9$1 "u exactly ! same conditions z ) ! nitrog5 det]m9ations !mselves1 & e possible error is !reby exclud$4 ,t ! solution once decoloriz$ )9 a %ort "t aga9 assumes a deep blue color1 is a matt] ( no conc]n1 inasmu* z bo? solutions are add$ 9 su* a mann] t ! end reaction lies exactly at ! po9t :5 ! />* iodid reaction di/9ctly disappe>s4 #ahj4 ,!ory ( ! ,reactions4--,z has be5 se5 above ! f9al product ( heat+ a nitrog5\s organic comp\nd ) sulfuric acid & an oxidiz+ body is ammonium sulfate4 ,! v>i\s /eps by :i* ?is is obta9$ h be5 trac$ by ,daf]t3#aej 7#a7 ,! sulfuric acid ab/racts f ! organic matt] ! elem5ts ( wat]3 7#b7 ,! sulfur dioxid produc$ by ! action ( ! residual c>bon on sulfuric acid ex]cises a r$uc+ effect on ! nitrog5\s bodies pres5t3 7#c7 ,f ! nitrog5\s bodies produc$ by ! above r$uction ammonia is =m$ by ! action ( an oxidiz+ body3 7#d7 ,! ammonia =m$ is at once fix$ by ! acid z ammonium sulfate4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ,asbo? ! hydrog5 :i* is =m$ dur+ ! action ( sulfuric acid on organic matt]1 :5 9 a nasc5t /ate1 also aids greatly 9 ! production ( ammonia4 ,?is idea is bas$ on ! fact t ) ^? bodies :i* af=d a deficit ( hydrog5 ! =mation ( ammonia is imp]fect4#aea #aha4 ,prep>ation ( ,reag5ts4--7#a7 ,pure ,sulfuric ,acid4--,z is well kn[n ! s-call$ pure sulfuric acid 9 ! m>ket usually conta9s ammonia1 a fact :i* compell$ ,kjeldahl to det]m9e ! quantity ( nitrog5 9 ! acid 9 e in/ance1 & to make correction = ! same 9 ! analysis4 ,an acid absolutely free f ?is impurity may1 h[ev]1 easily be prep>$ by ! di/illation ( ! comm]cial article 9 a small glass retort hold+ easily ab\t #djj cubic c5timet]s4 ,to conduct ?is op]ation )\t dang] x is only necess>y to arrange ! app>atus s t ! heavy fluid is heat$ to boil+1 n f ! bottom ( ! retort1 b f its sides1 & t ! upp] portion ( ! body & neck is kept suffici5tly w>m s t ! sulfuric acid fumes are n all[$ to cond5se & fl[ back into ! retort4 ,bo? ^! ends are atta9$ simply by surr\nd+ ! retort ) a piece ( %eet iron1 cyl9d]-%ap$ b5ea?1 & ) an oval upp] "p1 hav+ an op5+ ( ab\t "o c5timet] 9 diamet] = ! neck ( ! retort4 ,to conduct ! di/illation a burn] is us$ ) an arrangem5t = spread+ ! flame4 ,to avoid ) c]ta9ty all bump+ ( ! sulfuric acid & ! result+ dang] !refrom1 ! lamp is s arrang$ t only ! products ( combu/ion g up betwe5 ! retort & its iron hood1 )\t all[+ ! flame itself to come into contact ) ! glass vessel4 ,! retort %\ld be fill$ ab\t half full1 or ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( acid4 ,by ?is device1 )\t any dang] :atev]1 ab\t "o lit] ( sulfuric acid may be di/ill$ 9 a day4 ,! retort w /& num]\s di/illations4 ,once begun1 ! di/illation takes c>e ( itself2 x is necess>y to discont9ue x :5 only ! bottom ( ! retort is cov]$ ) sulfuric acid1 & to fill fre% acid ?r\gh a funnel :5 ! retort has cool$ (f4 ,! fir/ tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! di/illate go+ ov] are collect$ by !mselves & reject$4 ,:at comes ov] lat] is1 z %[n by exp]i5ce1 absolutely ammonia-free1 & c be us$ )\t any correction1 = ! nitrog5 det]m9ations accord+ to ,kjeldahl4 ,! acid is kept 9 a /opp]$ bottle 9 a place n rea*$ by ammonia fumes4 ,! t5 cubic c5timet] pipette us$ = measur+ ! quantity ( sulfuric acid requir$ = ea* det]m9ation1 is fa/5$ 9 ! p]=at$ rubb] /opp] ) :i* ! bottle is kept clos$1 & is itself clos$ above by a small rubb] tube ) a plug ( glass wool 9 x4 7#b7 ,potassium ,p]manganate4--,cry/als ( ?is salt are cru%$ 7n pulv]iz$7 ) a pe/le into small pieces ( ab\t "o-half millimet] size1 :i* are kept 9 a long glass tube ( ab\t t5 millimet]s diamet]1 clos$ ) a /opp]4 7#c7 ,ammonia-free ,wat]4--,common di/ill$ wat] _c be us$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 accord+ to ,kjeldahl1 s9ce x conta9s ammonia4 ,x may be obta9$ free f ! same by r$i/illation 9 a l>ge glass retort ) ! addition ( a few drops ( sulfuric acid4 ,all vessels us$ 9 ! det]m9ation are r9s$ out be=eh& ) ?is wat]4 7#d7 ,ammonia-free ,soda-lye is mo/ conv5i5tly prep>$ by add+ #bgj grams ( common sodium hydroxid 9 /icks1 little by little1 to "o lit] ( di/ill$ wat] :i* is kept cont9ually boil+1 by means ( a small flame1 9 a good-siz$ silv] di%4 ,! di% is kept cov]$ ) a glass plate4 ,c>e has to be ex]cis$ n to add ! alkali too rapidly1 nor 9 too l>ge quantities at a "t = 9 ?is case ! fluid w boil too viol5tly at e addition ( ! alkali4 ,aft] ! op]ation is f9i%$ ! lye is at once siphon$ into a glass flask1 & :5 cold1 is p\r$ into a glass-/opp]$ bottle4 7#e7 ,"o-tw5tie? ,normal ,sulfuric ,acid is prep>$ f sulfuric acid & wat] bo? absolutely ammonia-free1 & is kept 9 a place :]e no fumes ( ammonia c rea* x1 9 a well-/opp]$ glass bottle1 ! /opp] be+ sme>$ ) vasel9e4 7#f7 ,sodium ,?iosulfate ,solution4--,?is %\ld be ( ! same /r5g? z ! "o-tw5tie? normal sulfuric acid4 ,x is prep>$ by dissolv+ ! salt 9 ammonia-free wat]1 & is comp>$ ) ! acid1 to :i* has be5 add$ potassium iodid & iodate1 us+ />* z an indicator1 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,! solution is kept 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle1 9 ! d>k4 ,:5 ! salt & wat] us$ are p]fectly pure1 x w keep un*ang$ = a long "t4 7#g7 ,potassium ,iodid4--,dissolve five grams ( *emically pure potassium iodid 9 ammonia-free wat] & make ! volume #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution are us$ = ea* det]m9ation2 keep ! solution 9 ! d>k & 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4 7#h7 ,potassium ,iodate4--,dissolve f\r grams ( *emically pure potassium iodate 9 ammonia-free wat] & make ! volume #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,use two cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution = ea* det]m9ation4 7#i7 ,/>* ,solution4--,dige/ pure />* = ab\t a week ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 wa% p]fectly free f *lor9 by decantation1 & f9ally dry x betwe5 filt]-pap]4 ,! />* is !n dissolv$ 9 wat] ) ! aid ( heat4 ,su* a solution w keep = an indef9ite "t1 if x be saturat$ ) common salt4 ,t5 grams ( ?is />* are dissolv$ 9 #a1jjj cubic c5timet]s ( ammonia-free wat]2 use "o or two cubic c5timet]s = ea* det]m9ation4 #ahb4 ,kjeldahl ,me?od z ,practic$ by ! ,holl& ,royal ,exp]im5t ,/ation4--,necess>y ,reag5ts3 #a4 ,phosphosulfuric acid1 made by mix+ a lit] ( sulfuric acid ( specific gravity #a4hd ) #bjj grams ( phosphoric anhydrid3 #b4 ,alkal9e sodium sulfid solution1 made by dissolv+ #ejj grams ( sodium hydroxid & six grams ( sodium sulfid or eight & "o-half grams ( potassium sulfid1 9 a lit] ( wat]3 #c4 ,m]cury3 #d4 ,p>aff9 9 small pieces3 #e4 ,dilute sulfuric acid & dilute pota% solution1 bo? ( kn[n /r5g?3 #f4 ,pieces ( previ\sly ignit$ pumice /one or ( granulat$ z9c3 #g4 ,neutral solution ( rosolic acid or litmus4 ,app>atus3 ,! app>atus necess>y consi/s ( oxidation flasks ( ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s capacity & di/illation flasks ( ab\t #ejj cubic c5timet]s capacity1 bo? ( bohemian glass4 ,copp] may be us$ = ! di/illation flasks4#aeb ,! ,process3 ,a gram ( ! sample to be analyz$ is plac$ 9 an oxidation flask toge!r ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( phosphosulfuric acid & a drop ( m]cury1 ab\t #fjj milligrams1 & heat$ till ! fluid becomes colorless4 ,aft] cool+1 dilute & wa% ! cont5ts ( ! flask into a di/illation flask4 ,! result+ volume %\ld be ab\t #cjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,add #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! alkal9e sodium sulfid solution & "s pieces ( ignit$ pumice /one or granulat$ z9c4 ,di/ill ! ammonia1 receiv+ ! di/illate 9 a flask conta9+ a kn[n volume ( ! /&>d sulfuric acid4 ,titrate ) t5?-normal pota%1 us+ litmus or rosolic acid z indicator4 #ahc4 ,! ,kjeldahl ,me?od z ,practic$ at ! ,halle ,/ation4--,! me?od at pres5t 9 vogue 9 ! ,g]man /ations ( conduct+ ! moi/ combu/ion process is well illu/rat$ by ! me?od ( proc$ure foll[$ at ,halle4#bi ,f sev5-t5?s to "o & five-t5?s grams ( ! sample are tak5 = analysis accord+ to its ri*ness 9 nitrog54 ,because ( ! fact t s small a quantity ( ! sample is tak5 x is ( ! highe/ importance t x be p]fectly homog5e\s ?r\gh\t its entire mass4 ,o!rwise1 grave errors may arise4 ,f ! sample1 z s5t to ! laboratory1 ! analy/ %\ld take a subsample & ?is %\ld be rubb$ to a f9e p[d] & ! "p us$ = analysis c>efully tak5 !refrom4 ,if ! sample be moi/ x may be rubb$ up ) an equal weight ( gypsum1 9 :i* case a d\ble quantity is tak5 = ! det]m9ation4 ,sub/ances l bone-meal1 :i* d n keep well mix$1 especially :5 occasionally %ak51 %\ld be intimately mix$ be=e ea* weigh+4 ,! sample tak5 = analysis is plac$ 9 a glass flask ( ab\t #aej cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,! flasks %\ld be made ( a special glass to )/& ! t5sion ( ! combu/ion4 ,^? made by ,kavali] at ,sazava1 9 ,bohemia1 h prov$ to be ! mo/ la/+4 ,a globule ( m]cury weigh+ a little less ?an "o gram is plac$ 9 ! flask & also tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( pure sulfuric acid ( #a4hde specific gravity4 ,! m]cury is conv5i5tly measur$ by an app>atus sugge/$ by ,wrampelmay]4 ,x consi/s ( an iron tube hold+ m]cury1 & is conv5i5tly fill$1 f "t to "t1 f a supply vessel plac$ 9 a high] position & jo9$ by means ( a heavy glass tube & rubb] tube connections4 ,! l[] end ( ! iron tube is provid$ ) a movable iron /opp] hav+ a pocket j l>ge en\gh to hold a globule ( m]cury1 weigh+ a little less ?an a gram4 ,on turn+ ! /opp] ! pocket is br\ght opposite a dis*>ge orifice & ! measur$ globule ( m]cury is dis*>g$4 ,) sub/ances :i* t5d to produce a /rong foam+ a little p>aff9 is us$4 ,! flasks aft] !y are *>g$ are plac$ on circul> dige/+ ov5s "u a hood z %[n 9 figure #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aa4 ,,moi/ ,,combu/ion ,,app>atus ,,( ,,! ,,halle ,,agricultural ,,laboratory4 ,at fir/ ! tripodal support ( ! flasks is s turn$ z to br+ !m betwe5 ! lamps & 9 ?is way a too rapid reaction is at fir/ avoid$4 ,aft] half an h\r ! tripods are s turn$ z to br+ ea* flask directly ov] ! lamp1 ! flame ( :i* is all[$ to imp+e directly aga9/ ! glass4 ,! flame is s regulat$ t aft] ! evolution ( ! sulfur dioxid has ne>ly ceas$ ! cont5ts ( ! flask are br\ght into g5tle ebullition4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ until ! cont5ts ( ! flask are colorless1 usually ab\t two h\rs4 ,z a rule su* sub/ances z cottonse$-meal & dri$ blood w take a long] "t = complete combu/ion ?an o!r f]tiliz+ mat]ials4 ,dur+ ! combu/ion ! flasks are clos$ ) an oblong loose-fitt+ ungr\nd glass /opp]4 ,:5 ! oxidation is f9i%$ ! cont5ts ( ! flasks are all[$ to cool1 ! /opp]s are remov$1 & en\gh wat] is add$ to fill ! flasks ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s full4 ,! flasks are g5tly %ak51 & ! possibility ( break+1 f ! heat develop$1 mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,to avoid confusion ! flasks are all numb]$ be=e beg9n+ ! "w1 & ! numb]s not$ by ! analy/ 9 connection ) ! samples4 ,! cont5ts ( ea* "o are next p\r$ into ! di/illation flask & ! dige/ion vessels are wa%$ ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] 9 ?ree portions1 & ! wa%-wat] add$ to ! liquid4 ,sometimes 9 wa%+ out ! dige/ion flask yell[ basic m]cury comp\nds sep>ate on its walls1 b ?is does n1 9 any way1 influ5ce ! accuracy ( ! results4 ,! di/illation flasks %\ld h ab\t #fjj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,to avoid ! transf] ! dige/ion may take place 9 ! di/illation flask 9 :i* case ! latt] mu/ be made ( special glass z indicat$4 ,to ! liquid ?us transf]r$ are add$ sev5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( soda-lye conta9+ "o & "o-half times z mu* potassium sulfid z is necess>y to comb9e ) ! m]curic sulfate pres5t4 ,! lye is ( su* a /r5g? t sixty cubic c5timet]s are suffici5t to neutralize ! acid pres5t4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #a4cge & conta9s ?irty-?ree grams ( potassium sulfid 9 a lit]4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! bump+ :i* may take place dur+ ! di/illation1 "s granulat$ z9c %\ld be add$4 ,! di/illation flask is clos$ ) a rubb] /opp] c>ry+ a bulb-tube :i* ends above 9 a glass tube ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a met] long1 b5t at an acute angle1 & pass+ obliquely d[nw>d on a conv5i5t support4 ,?is tube is connect$ by a rubb]1 ) ! end tube b5t ne>ly at a "r angle & dipp+ into ! /&>diz$ acid 9 ! erl5mey] receiv]4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! di/ill+ app>atus is %[n 9 figure #ab4 ,s9ce ! cont5ts ( ! vessel are w>m$ by mix+ ) ! soda-lye1 ! flame c be turn$ on at full head at once at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation4 ,9 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r ! liquid 9 ! receiv] w be at ! boil+-po9t1 & ! boil+ %\ld be cont9u$ = five m9utes m1 mak+ tw5ty m9utes 9 all = ! completion ( ! di/illation4 ,by ?is boil+ ! cont5ts ( ! receiv] are n *>g$ ) c>bon dioxid1 z might happ5 if a cond5s] 7 us$4 ,! receiv] conta9s tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( a /&>diz$ sulfuric acid solution & ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ab4 ,,di/illation ,,app>atus ,,( ,,halle ,,agricultural ,,laboratory4 ,! acid us$ %\ld conta9 #ch4a grams ( sulfuric acid ( #a4hde specific gravity 9 a lit]2 & x %\ld be set by titration ) *emically pure sodium c>bonate4 ,= ?is purpose sev5-t5?s gram ( sodium c>bonate is heat$ 9 a plat9um crucible = two h\rs ov] a small flame1 weigh$1 & plac$ 9 an erl5mey] toge!r ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! sulfuric acid1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid loss f ! vigor\s evolution ( c>bon dioxid4 ,aft] boil+ = t5 m9utes all ! c>bon dioxid is remov$ f solution4 ,aft] cool+1 ! excess ( acid is det]m9$ by titration ) a /&>diz$ b>ium hydroxid solution1 us+ rosolic acid z indicator4 ,! solution ( b>ium hydroxid is made z foll[s3 ,dige/1 ) w>m wat]1 #bfj grams ( cau/ic b>yta1 ,ba7,,oh71 until x is ne>ly all dissolv$1 filt]1 & make up to a volume ( t5 lit]s & keep 9 a flask free ( c>bon dioxid4 ,a solution ( b>ium hydroxid is to be pref]r$ to ! correspond+ sodium comp\nd = titration4 ,if traces ( c>bonate be =m$ 9 ! two liquids1 ! sodium salt w rema9 9 solution :ile ! b>ium comp\nd w settle at ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,! ,indicator4--,! indicator us$ to det]m9e ! end ( ! reaction is made by dissolv+ "o gram ( rosolic acid 9 fifty cubic c5timet]s ( alcohol4 ,f "o to two drops are en\gh = ea* titration4 ,! color reaction is less def9ite z ! quantity ( ammonia 9 ! liquid increases4 ,:5 ! titration solutions h be5 prep>$ z above describ$ x is f\nd to require ab\t n9ety ( ! b>ium hydroxid to neutralize tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! sulfuric acid4 ,by direct titration ) sodium c>bonate x is asc]ta9$ h[ _m grams ( nitrog5 ! tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid repres5t4 ,example4--,suppose ! weight ( ! dri$ sodium c>bonate prep>$ z above direct$ is #j4fihi gram4 ,na,,co1 ,n ,!n #j4fihi 3 #ec x 3 #ad ,:5ce x #j4ahdfae gram ( nitrog54 ,suppose fur!r t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid solution require n9ety-f\r cubic c5timet]s ( b>ium hydroxid = complete saturation & aft] treatm5t ) ! above am\nt ( sodium c>bonate1 t5 & a half cubic c5timet]s ( ! b>ium solution to neutralize ! rema9+ acid4 ,!n #id - #aj4e #hc4e ,& #j4ahdfae3 #hc4e x3 #id4 ,:5ce x #j4bjghcj gram ( nitrog5 correspond+ to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! sulfuric acid us$4 ,!n #j4bjghc #id #j4jjbbaa gram ( nitrog5 correspond+ to "o cubic c5timet] ( ! b>ium hydroxid solution4 ,if !n 9 ! analysis ( a f]tiliz] x is f\nd t #fj4e cubic c5timet]s are requir$ to neutralize ! excess ( sulfuric acid aft] di/illation ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 ! sample is f\nd z foll[s3 #fj4e #j4jjbbaa #j4accgg4 #j4bjghc - #j4accgg #j4jgdjf4 #j4jgdjf #ajj #g4djf p] c5t nitrog5 9 sample :5 "o gram is tak5 = ! combu/ion4 #ahd4 ,! ,(ficial ,kjeldahl ,me?od4 ,n ,applicable 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ,nitrates4#aec--,reag5ts4--7#a7 ,acids4--7a7 ,/&>d hydro*loric acid ! absolute /r5g? ( :i* has be5 det]m9$ by precipitat+ ) silv] nitrate1 & weigh+ ! silv] *lorid z foll[s3 ,to any conv5i5t quantity ( ! acid to be /&>diz$1 add solution ( silv] nitrate 9 slight excess1 & two cubic c5timet]s ( pure nitric acid1 ( specific gravity #a4b4 ,heat to boil+-po9t1 & keep at ?is temp]ature = "s m9utes )\t all[+ viol5t ebullition1 con/antly /irr+ until ! precipitate assumes ! granul> =m4 ,all[ to cool some:at1 & !n pass ! fluid ?r\gh ! asbe/os4 ,wa% ! precipitate by decantation1 ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( v hot wat]1 to :i* h be5 add$ eight cubic c5timet]s ( nitric acid & two cubic c5timet]s ( dilute solution ( silv] nitrate conta9+ "o gram ( ! salt 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! wa%+ by decantation is p]=m$ by add+ ! hot mixture 9 small quantities at a "t1 & beat+ up ! precipitate well ) a ?9 glass rod aft] ea* addition4 ,! pump is kept 9 action all ! "t1 b to keep out du/ dur+ ! wa%+ ! cov] is only remov$ f ! crucible :5 ! fluid is to be add$4 ,put ! vessels conta9+ ! precipitate aside1 return ! wa%+s once ?r\gh ! asbe/os s z to obta9 !m q cle>1 remove !m f ! receiv]1 & set aside to recov] ! excess ( silv]4 ,r9se ! receiv] & complete ! wa%+ ( ! precipitate ) ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( cold wat]4 ,half ( ?is is us$ to wa% by decantation & ! rema9d] to transf] ! precipitate to ! crucible ) ! aid ( a trimm$ fea!r4 ,f9i% wa%+ 9 ! crucible1 ! lumps ( silv] *lorid be+ brok5 d[n ) a glass rod4 ,remove ! second filtrate f ! receiv] & pass ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-eight p] c5t alcohol ?r\gh ! precipitate4 ,dry at f #adj to #aej4 ,exposure = half an h\r is f\nd m ?an suffici5t1 at ?is temp]ature1 to dry ! precipitate ?or\ghly4 7b7 ,/&>d sulfuric acid1 ! absolute /r5g? ( :i* has be5 det]m9$ by precipitation ) b>ium *lorid & weigh+ ! result+ b>ium sulfate3 ,= ord9>y "w half normal acid is recomm5d$1 i4 e41 conta9+ #ah4bbhe grams ( hydro*loric or #bd4eahe grams sulfuric acid to ! lit]2 = "w 9 det]m9+ v small am\nts ( nitrog51 "o-t5? normal acid is recomm5d$4 ,9 titrat+ m9]al acids aga9/ ammonia solutions1 use co*9eal z indicator4 7c7 ,sulfuric acid1 specific gravity #a4hd1 free ( nitrates & also ( ammonium sulfate1 :i* is sometimes add$ 9 ! process ( manufacture to de/roy nitrog5 oxids3 7#b7 ,/&>d alkali1 ! /r5g? ( :i*1 relative to ! acid1 has be5 accurately det]m9$4 ,"o-t5? normal ammonia solution1 i4 e41 conta9+ #a4gjea grams ( ammonia to ! lit]1 is recomm5d$ = accurate "w3 7#c7 ,metallic m]cury or m]curic oxid1 prep>$ 9 ! wet way3 ,t prep>$ f m]curic nitrate c n be safely us$4 7#d7 ,potassium p]manganate f9ely pulv]iz$3 7#e7 ,granulat$ z9c1 pumice /one1 or "o-half gram ( z9c du/ is to be add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! flasks 9 di/illation1 :5 f\nd necess>y1 9 ord] to prev5t bump+3 7#f7 ,potassium sulfid4--,a solution ( =ty grams ( comm]cial potassium sulfid 9 "o lit] ( wat]3 7#g7 ,soda4--,a saturat$ solution ( sodium hydroxid free ( nitrates3 7#h7 ,indicator4--,solution ( co*9eal prep>$ z foll[s3 ,t9cture ( co*9eal is prep>$ by dige/+ = a day or two1 at ord9>y temp]atures1 & frequ5tly agitat+1 ?ree grams ( pulv]iz$ co*9eal 9 a mixture ( fifty cubic c5timet]s ( /rong alcohol ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! solution is decant$ or filt]$ ?r\gh ,sw$i% pap]4 ,app>atus4--7#a7 ,kjeldahl dige/ion flasks ( h>d1 mod]ately ?ick1 well-anneal$ glass3 ,^! flasks are ab\t tw5ty-two c5timet]s long1 ) a r\nd1 pe>-%ap$ bottom1 hav+ a maximum diamet] ( six c5timet]s & tap]+ out gradually 9 a long neck1 :i* is two c5timet]s 9 diamet] at ! n>r[e/ "p1 & fl>$ a little at ! edge4 ,! total capacity is f #bbe to #bej cubic c5timet]s4 7#b7 ,di/illation flasks ( ord9>y %ape1 ( #eej cubic c5timet]s capacity1 or pref]ably flasks ( well-anneal$ glass1 ( ! same capacity1 ( pe>-%ap$ bottom1 = bo? dige/ion & di/illation1 fitt$ ) a rubb] /opp] & a bulb-tube above to prev5t ! possibility ( sodium hydroxid be+ c>ri$ ov] me*anically dur+ di/illation3 ,! bulbs are ab\t ?ree c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 ! tubes be+ ( ! same diamet] z ! cond5s] & cut (f obliquely at ! l[] end4 ,?is is adju/$ to ! tube ( ! cond5s] by a rubb] tube4 ,manipulation4--7#a7 ,! ,dige/ion4--,f sev5-t5?s to ?ree & five-t5?s grams ( ! sub/ance to be analyz$1 accord+ to its proportion ( nitrog51 are br\ght into a dige/ion flask ) approximately sev5-t5?s gram ( m]curic oxid or its equival5t 9 metallic m]cury & tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid4 ,! flask is plac$ 9 an incl9$ position1 & heat$ bel[ ! boil+-po9t ( ! acid = f five to fifte5 m9utes or until fro?+ has ceas$4 ,if ! mixture fro? badly1 a small piece ( p>aff9 may be add$ to prev5t x4 ,! heat is !n rais$ until ! acid boils briskly4 ,no fur!r att5tion is requir$ until ! cont5ts ( ! flask h become a cle> liquid1 :i* is colorless or at lea/ has only a v pale /raw color4 ,! flask is !n remov$ f ! frame1 held upright1 & :ile /ill hot1 potassium p]manganate is dropp$ 9 c>efully & 9 small quantities at a "t until1 aft] %ak+1 ! liquid rema9s ( a gre5 or purple color4 7#b7 ,! di/illation4--,aft] cool+1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask are transf]r$ to ! di/ill+ flask ) ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 a few pieces ( granulat$ z9c1 pumice /one1 or "o-half gram ( z9c du/ :5 f\nd necess>y to keep ! cont5ts ( ! flask f bump+1 & tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( potassium sulfid solution are add$1 %ak+ ! flask to mix its cont5ts4 ,next add fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! soda solution1 or suffici5t to make ! reaction /rongly alkal9e1 p\r+ x d[n ! sides ( ! flask s t x does n mix at once ) ! acid solution4 ,connect ! flask ) ! cond5s]1 mix ! cont5ts by %ak+1 & di/il until all ammonia has pass$ ov] into ! /&>d acid4 ,! fir/ #aej cubic c5timet]s ( ! di/illate w g5]ally conta9 all ! ammonia4 ,?is op]ation usually requires f =ty m9utes to "o h\r & a half4 ,! di/illate is !n titrat$ ) /&>d alkali4 ,! use ( m]curic oxid 9 ?is op]ation greatly %ort5s ! "t necess>y = dige/ion1 :i* is r>ely ov] an h\r & a half 9 case ( sub/ances mo/ difficult to oxidize1 & is m commonly less ?an an h\r4 ,9 mo/ cases ! use ( potassium p]manganate is q unnecess>y1 b x is believ$ t 9 exceptional cases x is requir$ = complete oxidation1 & 9 view ( ! unc]ta9ty x is always us$4 ,! potassium sulfid removes all ! m]cury f ! solution1 & s prev5ts ! =mation ( m]curammonium comp\nds :i* are n completely decompos$ by soda solution4 ,! addition ( z9c gives rise to an evolution ( hydrog5 & prev5ts viol5t bump+4 ,previ\s to use1 ! reag5ts %\ld be te/$ by a blank exp]im5t ) sug>1 :i* w p>tially r$uce any nitrates t are pres5t1 :i* might o!rwise escape notice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ac4 ,,di/ill+ ,,app>atus4 #ahe4 ,! ,di/illation ,app>atus 9 ,use 9 ! ,laboratory ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4--,9 ?is laboratory ! di/ill+ app>atus is arrang$ z %[n 9 ,figure #ac4 ,! flasks are ! same z are us$ 9 ! dige/ion4 ,!y are connect$ to ! block t9 cond5s]s by ! bulb & rubb] tubes1 %[n hang+ on ! project+ ends ( ! block t9 cond5s]s on ! "r & left ( ! figure4 ,! cond5s]s are conta9$ 9 a tr\gh ?r\gh :i* cold wat] fl[s dur+ ! di/illation4 ,! bulb above ! flask c>ries an em]g5t tube :i* ext5ds to ne> ! c5t] ( ! bulb & is b5t lat]ally to avoid any dang] ( c>ry+ ov] any alkali t may be project$ into ! bulb dur+ boil+4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ usually = ne>ly an h\r or until bump+ beg9s4 ,! table on :i* ! app>atus is plac$ is s arrang$ z to p]mit ( easy access on all sides4 ,! /&>d acid is held 9 erl5mey]s plac$ on wood5 blocks s t ! end ( ! cond5s] :i* is a drawn-out glass tube1 dips b5ea? ! surface ( ! acid4 #ahf4 ,patrick's ,di/ill+ ,flask4--,to avoid ! exp5se & annoyance att5d+ ! break+ ( ! di/ill+ flasks ,patrick has propos$ to make !m ( copp]4#aed ,! size1 ab\t half a lit]1 made = ! evolution ( oxyg5 = exp]im5tal purposes1 may be us$4 ,a little excess ( potassium sulfid is us$ to make up = any ( x :i* might be consum$ by ! copp]4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ?is solution are recomm5d$4 ,no z9c or pumice /one is requir$ to prev5t bump+ & ! di/illation may be f9i%$ )9 ?irty m9utes1 ?us secur+ a sav+ ( "t4 ,!re w d\btless be a slight corrosion ( ! flasks by ! sulfid employ$ b :]e ! gunn+ oxidation process is practic$ ?is dang] w\ld be avoid$4 #ahg4 ,modifications ( ! ,kjeldahl ,process4--,x w\ld be impracticable "h to give ev5 a summ>y ( ! _m unimportant *anges :i* ! moi/ combu/ion process has und]gone s9ce ! fir/ pap]s ( its au?or 7 publi%$4 ,^! *anges may be divid$ into ?ree classes2 viz41 #a4 ,^? *anges :i* ref] solely to ! quantities ( sub/ance tak5 = analysis1 to ! composition ( ! acid mixture1 to ! duration ( ! dige/ion1 to ! =m & size ( ! flasks1 bo? = dige/ion & di/illation1 & to ! mann] ( di/illation & ( titration4 ,= ref]5ces to ! pap]s on ^! subjects ! read] may consult ! p]iodic j\rnals4#aee ,! mo/ important ( ^! m9or *anges are ! foll[+3 ,in/ead ( ! titration by means ( sep>at$ iod9 mo/ *emi/s h _h rec\rse to ! simpl] me?od ( direct titration ( ! excess ( acid by a set solution ( an alkali4 ,b>ium1 sodium1 & potassium hydroxids are ! alkal9e solutions mo/ employ$4 ,?is process p]mits ( a l>g] quantity ( ! sample be+ tak5 = combu/ion & ( ! use ( a l>g] quantity ( acid 9 ! receiv]4 ,x also implies ! use ( a l>g] dige/ion flask4 ,9 fact x is n[ q common to make ! dige/ion 9 a special glass flask l>ge en\gh to be us$ also = ! di/illation4 ,?is saves "o transf] ( ! mat]ial ) ! possible dang] ( loss att5d+ x4 ,9 ! di/illation x is a common practice1 especially 9 ,g]many1 to d away ) ! cond5s+ worm & to c>ry a long glass tube f ! di/ill+ flask directly into ! acid on ! receiv]4 ,! only inconv5i5ce 9 ?is me?od is ! heat+ ( ! cont5ts ( ! receiv+ flask1 b ?is is att5d$ ) no dang] ( loss ( ammonia & ! di/illate1 on acc\nt ( ! high temp]ature x acquires1 is left free ( c>bon dioxid4 ,_m ( ^! m9or *anges h t5d$ to simplify ! process1 b )\t affect+ ! pr9ciple ( ! me?od 9 ! lea/4 #b4 ,9 ! second place a class ( *anges may be m5tion$ 9 :i* !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! me?od ( effect+ ! oxidation secur$ by ! introduction ( a sub/ance1 usually a metal1 dur+ ! dige/ion = ! purpose ( accel]at+ ! oxidation4 ,9 ! orig9al process ! only aid to oxidation 0 appli$ at ! end ( ! dige/ion 9 ! use ( potassium p]manganate4 ,9 ! modifications n[ "u consid]ation a metallic oxid or metal is appli$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! dige/ion4 ,copp] & m]cury are ! metals usually employ$4 ,a sep>ate p>agraph w be giv5 to ! description ( ?is modification kn[n z ! process ( ,wilf>?4 #c4 ,! ?ird class ( *anges is ev5 m radical 9 its nature1 hav+ = its object ! adaptation ( ! moi/ combu/ion me?od to oxidiz$ or m9]al nitrog54 ,! *ief feature ( ?is class ( *anges consi/s 9 ! introduction ( a sub/ance ri* 9 hydroc>bons1 & capable ( easily =m+ nitro comp\nds1 = ! purpose ( hold+ ! oxids ( nitrog5 :i* are =m$ dur+ ! combu/ion & help+ f9ally to r$uce !m to ! =m ( ammonia4 ,! *ief v>ieties ( ?is class ( *anges 7 propos$ by ,asbo?1 ,jodlbaur1 & ,scovell1 & w be fully set =? 9 sep>ate p>agraphs4 #ahh4 ,me?od ( ,wilf>?4--,! basis ( ?is modification z already not$ re/s on ! fact t c]ta9 metallic oxids h ! p[] ( c>ry+ oxyg51 & ?us assi/+ 9 a katalytic way 9 ! combu/ion ( organic matt]4#aef ,! copp] & m]cury oxids are be/ adapt$ = ?is purpose & exp]i5ce has %[n t m]curic oxid1 or ev5 metallic m]cury gives ! be/ results4 ,! manipulation is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,f "o to ?ree grams ( ! sample1 accord+ to its ri*ness 9 nitrog51 are heat$ ) a mixture ( tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( acid conta9+ two-fif?s fum+ & ?ree-fif?s ord9>y sulfuric acid4 ,to ?is is add$ ab\t sev5-t5?s gram ( m]curic oxid prep>$ 9 ! wet way f a m]cury salt free ( nitrog54 ,! combu/ion takes place 9 ! usual kjeldahl flask4 ,if ! boil+ be cont9u$ until ! liquid is entirely colorless1 f9al oxidation ) potassium p]manganate is unnecess>y4 ,to save "t ! combu/ion may be /opp$ :5 a light amb] color is rea*$1 & !n ! oxidation f9i%$ ) p]manganate4 ,be=e di/ill+1 a suffici5t quantity ( potassium sulfid is add$ to precipitate all ! m]cury z sulfid & ?us prev5t ! =mation ( m]curammonium comp\nds :i* w\ld produce a deficit ( ammonia4 ,a conv5i5t /r5g? ( ! sulfid solution is obta9$ by dissolv+ =ty grams ( potassium sulfid 9 "o lit] ( wat]4 ,bump+ at ! end ( ! di/illation is n usual1 especially if pota%-lye be us$1 b %\ld x occur x may be /opp$ by ! addition ( z9c du/4 ,only :5 a l>ge excess ( potassium sulfid is us$ is !re an evolution ( hydrog5 sulfid1 ! pres5ce ( :i*1 h[ev]1 does n influ5ce ! accuracy ( ! results4 ,! pres5ce ( m]curic sulfid 9 ! solution t5ds to prev5t bump+ dur+ ! di/illation1 b x is advisable1 nev]!less1 to use a little z9c du/4 ,o!r m9or modifications consi/ ( =m+ ! acid mixture ) equal volumes ( conc5trat$ & fum+ sulfuric acid conta9+ 9 "o lit] #ajj grams ( phosphoric acid anhydrid1#aeg & us+ metallic m]cury in/ead ( m]curic oxid2 or a mixture ( half a gram ( copp] sulfate & "o gram ( metallic m]cury1#aeh or half a gram ( copp] oxid & a few drops ( plat9ic *lorid solution conta9+ #j4jd gram ( plat9um 9 a cubic c5timet]4#aei #ahi4 ,modification ( ,asbo?4--,9 ord] to adapt ! moi/ combu/ion process to nitric nitrog5 ,asbo? propos$ ! use ( b5zoic acid4#afj ,= half a gram ( saltpet] #a4ge grams ( b5zoic acid %\ld be us$4 ,at ! end ( ! combu/ion ! residual b5zoic acid is oxidiz$ by means ( potassium p]manganate ) a subsequ5t reheat+4 ,if ! nitrog5 be pres5t z an oxid or z cyanid1 "o gram ( sug> is add$4 ,! metallic elem5t add$ is half a gram ( copp] oxid4 ,asbo? also recomm5ds t ! soda-lye us$ 9 ! di/illation be mix$ ) sodium potassium t>trate = ! purpose ( hold+ ! copp] & manganese oxids 9 solution & ?us prev5t+ bump+4 ,! alkal9e liquor conta9s 9 "o lit] #cej grams ( ! d\ble t>trate & #cjj grams ( sodium hydroxid4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! use ( b5zoic acid re/s is f\nd 9 ! fact t x easily yields nitro-comp\nds & ?us prev5ts ! loss ( ! nitrog5 oxids1 ^! readily comb9+ ) ! b5zoic acid4 ,! nitro-comp\nds c be subsequ5tly conv]t$ into ammonia by treatm5t ) potassium p]manganate4 ,! pyrid9 & *9ol9 gr\ps ( bodies d n yield all _! nitrog5 z ammonia by ! above treatm5t4 ,! conclusions drawn by ,asbo? f ! analytical data obta9$ 73 7#a7 ,sug> %\ld be us$ 9 ! ord9>y kjeldahl process 9 ^? cases :]e ! nitrog5 9 ! organic sub/ance is pres5t z oxids or z cyanog54 7#b7 ,9 ! case ( nitrates good results may be secur$ ) b5zoic acid b p]manganate mu/ be add$ at ! end4 7#c7 ,! kjeldahl-wilf>? process c be appli$ ) sub/ances difficultly decompos$1 e4 g41 alkaloidal bodies4 #aij4 ,v>iation ( ,jodlbaur4--,! b5zoic acid me?od1 al?\gh a /ep =w>d1 is n entirely satisfactory 9 ! treatm5t ( nitrates by moi/ combu/ion4 ,jodlbaur has propos$ to sub/itute = ! b5zoic1 ph5olsulfuric acid4#afa ,f two to five-t5?s gram ( a nitrate are treat$ ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ sulfuric & two & a half ( ph5olsulfuric acid1 toge!r ) ?ree grams ( z9c du/ & five drops ( a solution ( plat9ic *lorid ( ! /r5g? m5tion$ above4 ,! ph5olsulfuric acid is prep>$ by dissolv+ fifty grams ( ph5ol 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( /rong sulfuric acid4 ,! combu/ion is cont9u$ until ! solution is colorless1 :i* may take z mu* z five h\rs4 ,if phosphoric acid anhydrid be us$ z recomm5d$ above1 ! "t ( ! combu/ion may be dim9i%$ by "o-half1 b 9 su* a case ! glass ( ! combu/ion flask is /rongly attack$ & is q likely to break4 ,) sub/ances v ri* 9 nitrates x is advisable to rub !m fir/ ) dry gypsum4 ,! !ory ( ! process re/s on ! fact t by a c>eful admixture ( a nitrog5\s sub/ance dilut$ ) l& pla/]1 ) ph5olsulfuric acid1 x is possible to *ange ! nitric acid into nitro-ph5ol1 & by ! r$uc+ action ( z9c du/ to *ange ! nitro-product =m$ into amido-ph5ol4 ,?is aft]w>ds is trans=m$ into ammonium sulfate by heat+ ) sulfuric acid1 by :i* process1 at ! same "t1 all o!r nitrog5\s comp\nds pres5t 9 ! sub/ance1 z ) ,kjeldahl's me?od1 likewise =m ammonium sulfate1 only ) ! diff]5ce t addition ( m]cury is "h absolutely necess>y = ! complete trans=mation ( ! sl[ly decompos$ amido-ph5ol :i* aga9 br+s ab\t ! necessity ( decompos+ ! nitrog5\s m]cury comp\nds =m$ 9 ! solution by potassium sulfid1 :i* is add$ aft] or ) ! soda-lye4 #aia4 ,! ,dut* ,jodlbaur ,me?od4--,! ,royal ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ,holl& directs t ! jodlbaur process be c>ri$ out z indicat$ bel[4#afb ,! reag5ts necess>y are3 #a4 ,ph5olsulfuric acid1 prep>$ by dissolv+ #ajj grams ( pure cry/alliz$ ph5ol 9 pure sulfuric acid 7#a4hd7 & mak+ up ! solution to a lit] ) ! same sulfuric acid3 #b4 ,z9c1 c>efully wa%$ & ?or\ghly dri$3 #c4 ,sodium hydroxid solution1 ! same z is us$ 9 ! kjeldahl me?od3 #d4 ,potassium sulfid solution1 made by dissolv+ #cee grams ( potassium sulfid 7,k,s71 or sodium sulfid solution1 made by dissolv+ #bej grams ( sodium sulfid 7,na,s7 9 a lit] ( wat]4 ,z app>atus1 are necess>y oxidation flasks hold+ ab\t #bjj cubic c5timet]s1 & di/illation flasks hold+ ab\t #gej cubic c5timet]s1 bo? ( bohemian glass4 ,manipulation4--,weigh "o gram ( sub/ance1 moi/5 x ) wat]1 dry1 & introduce into an oxidation flask4 ,cov] ) fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( ph5olsulfuric acid &1 aft] cool+1 ?or\ghly mix by g5tly %ak+4 ,aft] five m9utes add f two to ?ree grams ( z9c 9 small proportions1 keep+ ! flask cool1 !n tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid1 & f9ally two drops ( m]cury4 ,boil ! mixture till ! fluid is colorless4 ,cool & dilute4 ,wa% into a di/illation flask & add an excess ( sodium hydroxid solution & tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! sodium 7or potassium7 sulfid solution4 ,di/il & titrate z 9 ! kjeldahl me?od4 #aib4 ,! ,halle-,jodlbaur ,me?od4--,at ! ,halle /ation x is ! uni=m practice to mix ! nitrate ) gypsum be=e ! combu/ion4#afc ,9 ! case ( ,*ile phosphates t5 grams are rubb$ ) an equal am\nt ( gypsum1 & two grams ( ! mixture1 equal to "o gram ( ! nitrate1 tak5 = ! det]m9ation4 ,9 ! case ( saltpet] mixtures :i* conta9 ov] eight p] c5t ( nitrog51 "o gram ( ! mixture ) gypsum is tak51 ( guanos "o & a half grams1 & ( l[] =ms ( nitrates or mixtures !re(1 f ?ree to five grams4 ,! sample1 z prep>$ above1 is treat$ ) ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( a mixture ( ph5olsulfuric acid & phosphoric acid anhydrid4 ,! mixture is prep>$ by dissolv+ sixty-six grams ( ph5ol & #bej grams ( phosphoric anhydrid 9 /rong sulfuric acid1 &1 aft] cool+1 mix+ ! two solutions & mak+ ! volume up to #a1fej cubic c5timet]s ) pure sulfuric acid4 ,! mixture conta9s1 9 ?irty cubic c5timet]s1 "o & two-t5?s grams ( ph5ol & f\r grams ( phosphoric anhydrid4 ,9 ! use ( ph5olsulfuric acid ! ! pres5ce ( phosphoric anhydrid is indisp5sable 9 keep+ ! sulfuric acid wat]-free & 9 absorb+ ! wat] produc$ by ! combu/ion4 ,! ph5olsulfuric acid us$ conta9s only en\gh ph5ol to r$uce half a gram ( saltpet]4 ,! sample & acid mixture hav+ be5 put 9 ! combu/ion flask ! latt] is %ak51 at int]vals1 = an h\r1 & ! cont5ts cool$4 ,! conv]sion ( ! nitrates into nitro-ph5ol comp\nds is f9i%$ 9 ?is "t1 & ! next /ep consi/s 9 r$uc+ ^! bodies to ! amido-ph5ol gr\p4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 ! cold by nasc5t hydrog5 produc$ by ! addition ( z9c du/ to ! mixture4 ,f "o to ?ree grams ( ! du/ are to be us$ 9 proportion to ! quantity ( nitrates orig9ally pres5t4 ,! flask %\ld be plac$ 9 a cool+ mixture & ! z9c du/ add$ 9 small portions to prev5t a too viol5t evolution ( hydrog54 ,aft] ! r$uction is end$ ! flask is all[$ to /& = two h\rs1 aft] :i* ! combu/ion1 di/illation1 & titration are accompli%$ 9 ! usual way4 ,on cool+1 aft] ! end ( ! combu/ion1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask become solid4 ,!y may be br\ght aga9 into liquid /ate by %ak+ & g5tle w>m+4 #aic4 ,! ,(ficial ,kjeldahl ,me?od = ,nitric ,nitrog54--,z has already be5 /at$1 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 organic comp\nds1 ri* 9 hydroc>bons1 p]mits ! r$uction ( nitric nitrog5 to ammonia by combu/ion ) sulfuric acid4 ,b5zol1 ph5ol1 & salicylic acid h all be5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! (ficial *emi/s h adopt$ = _! me?od ! salicylic acid process fir/ propos$ by ,scovell4#afd ,besides ! reag5ts & app>atus giv5 "u ! ,kjeldahl me?od !re w be ne$$3 7#a7 ,z9c du/3 ,?is %\ld be an impalpable p[d]2 granulat$ z9c or z9c fil+s w n answ]4 7#b7 ,sodium ?iosulfate3 7#c7 ,comm]cial salicylic acid3 ,x is f\nd mo/ conv5i5t to prep>e a solution ( #cc4c grams ( salicylic acid 9 "o lit] ( ! /ronge/ sulfuric acid1 & keep x = use r ?an to mix x = ea* combu/ion4 ,we pref] ! ?iosulfate process fir/ m5tion$ bel[4 ,9 ! z9c du/ me?od !re has be5 notic$ a t5d5cy = ! di/illation flask to break j at ! end ( ! process4 ,! ,manipulation4--,place f sev5-t5?s to ?ree & five-t5?s grams ( ! sub/ance to be analyz$ 9 a kjeldahl dige/+ flask1 add sixty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid conta9+ "o gram ( salicylic acid1 & %ake until ?or\ghly mix$1 !n add five grams ( cry/alliz$ sodium ?iosulfate2 or add to ! sub/ance ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid conta9+ two grams ( salicylic acid1 !n add gradually two grams ( z9c du/1 %ak+ ! cont5ts ( ! flask at ! same "t4 ,f9ally place ! flask on ! /& = hold+ ! dige/ion flasks1 :]e x is heat$ ov] a l[ flame until all dang] f fro?+ has pass$4 ,! heat is !n rais$ until ! acid boils briskly & ! boil+ cont9u$ until :ite fumes no long] p\r out ( ! flask4 ,?is requires ab\t five or t5 m9utes4 ,add n[ approximately sev5-t5?s gram ( m]curic oxid or its equival5t 9 metallic m]cury1 & cont9ue ! boil+ until ! liquid 9 ! flask is colorless or ne>ly s4 ,9 case ! cont5ts ( ! flask are likely to become solid be=e ?is po9t is rea*$ add t5 cubic c5timet]s m ( sulfuric acid4 ,complete ! oxidation ) a little potassium p]manganate 9 ! usual way1 & proce$ ) ! di/illation z describ$ 9 ! kjeldahl me?od4 ,! reag5ts %\ld be te/$ by blank exp]im5ts4 #aid4 ,! ,gunn+ ,moi/ ,combu/ion ,process4--,! modification propos$ by ,gunn+ 0 bas$ ^u ! obs]vation t 9 ! ord9>y kjeldahl process ! excess ( sulfur trioxid 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation soon escapes or unites ) wat] 9 a =m n easily decompos$4#afe ,dur+ ! progress ( ! combu/ion ! acid dim9i%es 9 /r5g? until x is bel[ ! conc5tration repres5t$ by ! =mula ,h,,s1 & 9 ?is dilut$ condition ! oxidation takes place m sl[ly4 ,gunn+ proposes to avoid ?is difficulty by mix+ potassium sulfate ) ! sulfuric acid4 ,?is salt =ms ) ! sulfuric acid1 acid salts :i*1 by heat+1 lose wat] easi] ?an acid & z is well kn[n1 !y n only act z decompos+ & oxidiz+ m$ia z well z sulfuric acid1 b ev5 9 a high] degree1 resembl+ ! action ( sulfuric acid at high temp]atures & "u pressure4 ,by heat+ ?is mixture ( sulfuric acid & potassium sulfate ) organic matt]s 9 an op5 vessel1 n only ! wat] orig9ally pres5t1 b t :i* is =m$ dur+ ! oxidation is driv5 (f )\t loss ( acid4 ,= ?is reason in/ead ( ! oxidiz+ mixture becom+ weak]1 ! acid becomes /rong]1 ! boil+-po9t rises & ?is1 comb9$ ) ! fluidity ( ! mass favors ! decomposition & oxidation ( ! organic matt] 9 a con/antly increas+ ratio4 ,! orig9al mixture us$ by ,gunn+ _h ! foll[+ composition2 viz41 "o "p ( potassium sulfate & two p>ts ( /rong sulfuric acid4 ,! sub/ances are unit$ by heat &1 on cool+1 are 9 a semi-solid /ate1 melt+1 h[ev]1 easily on ! application ( heat & assum+ a condition to be easily p\r$ f vessel to vessel4 ,! quantity ( ! sample tak5 %\ld v>y 9 proportion to its nitrog5\s cont5t f half a gram to a gram4 ,! combu/ion takes place 9 flasks entirely simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! ord9>y kjeldahl process4 ,9 ! case ( liquids1 !y %\ld be previ\sly evaporat$ to dryness be=e ! addition ( ! oxidiz+ mixture4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! combu/ion !re is a viol5t foam+ att5d$ ) evolution ( "s acid & mu* wat]1 & aft]w>ds ( /rong] acid4 ,?is loss ( acid %\ld n be all[$ to g f> en\gh to produce too great conc5tration ( ! mat]ial 9 ! flask4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways to avoid x is to place a funnel 9 ! flask cov]$ ) a wat*-glass :i* w p]mit ( ! cond5sation & return ( ! escap+ acid4 ,z soon z ! foam+ ceases1 ! flame %\ld be s regulat$ z to p]mit ( ! volatiliz$ acid be+ cond5s$ ^u ! sides ( ! flask4 ,9 ! end a colorless mass is obta9$ 9 :i* no metallic oxids are pres5t1 & ?is mass c at once be dilut$ ) wat]1 treat$ ) alkali1 & di/ill$4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! sub/ance f half an h\r to an h\r & a half are requir$ = ! complete combu/ion4 ,modifications ( ! ,gunn+ ,me?od4--,z 9 ! case ( ! kjeldahl me?od1 num]\s m9or modifications ( ! gunn+ me?od h be5 made1 ! mo/ important ( :i* relate to its application to sub/ances conta9+ nitrates4 ,9 g5]al ! same processes are employ$ 9 ?is case z ) ! kjeldahl me?od4 ,"o ( ! be/ modifications consi/s 9 ! use ( ! mixture ( salicylic & sulfuric acids foll[$ by ! addition ( sodium ?iosulfate or ( potassium sulfate or sulfid4 ,^! modifications w be giv5 9 detail "u ! (ficial me?ods4 #aie4 ,reactions ( ! ,gunn+ ,process4--,! v>i\s reactions :i* take place dur+ ! combu/ion accord+ to ! gunn+ me?od h be5 tabulat$ by ,van ,slyke4#aff ,! fir/ reaction to take place is ! union ( sulfuric acid & potassium sulfate to =m potassium acid sulfate 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ equation3 7#a7 ,k,,s ,h,,s #b,,khso4 ,:5 heat$1 ! potassium acid sulfate decomposes1 =m+ potassium disulfate & wat]1 ?us3 7#b7 #b,,khso ,k,s,o ,h,o4 ,! potassium disulfate at a high] temp]ature decomposes1 =m+ normal potassium sulfate & sulfur trioxid1 ?us3 7#c7 ,k,s,o ,k,,s ,,s4 ,at a suffici5tly high temp]ature ! two prec$+ reactions may take place 9 "o1 ?us3 #b,,khso ,k,,s ,h,o ,,s4 ,at ! temp]ature at :i* ^! reactions take place1 ! wat] t is set free does n recomb9e ) ! sulfur trioxid nor ) ! sulfuric acid t is pres5t 9 excess1 b is expell$ f ! mixture2 h5ce ! mixture becomes m conc5trat$ dur+ ! dige/ion4 ,! sulfur trioxid set free acts ^u ! organic matt] 9 ! p[]ful mann] peculi> to x1 & ! potassium sulfate =m$ 9 ! la/ reaction above unites ) ano!r molecule ( sulfuric acid1 & ! same r\nd ( reactions is repeat$ cont9u\sly s long z !re is an excess ( free sulfuric acid pres5t 9 ! mixture4 ,z ! liquid becomes m conc5trat$ ) ! cont9uation ( ! dige/ion1 ! boil+-po9t increases s t ! effect is ! same z heat+ "u pressure4 ,! dang] ( too great conc5tration & risk ( consequ5t loss ( nitrog5 is avoid$ by us+ increas$ proportions ( sulfuric acid4 ,z comp>$ ) ! kjeldahl ! gunn+ me?od pres5ts ! foll[+ advantages3 7#a7 ,! gunn+ me?od requires few] reag5ts4 ,z no =m ( m]cury is us$ no potassium sulfid is ne$$1 & !re is no risk ( loss f ! pres5ce ( m]curammonium comp\nds4 7#b7 ,! solution to :i* cau/ic soda is add$ is cle>1 s t 9 neutraliz+1 x is an easy matt] to avoid great excess ( alkali1 & s1 9 mo/ cases1 to avoid foam+ & bump+ 9 di/illation4 7#c7 ,9 ! blank det]m9ations less nitrog5 is f\nd 9 ! reag5ts us$ 9 ! gunn+ me?od4 ,9 only "o case 0 m nitrog5 report$ 9 a blank by ?is me?od2 9 all ! o!rs ! am\nt av]ag$ consid]ably less4 #aif4 ,! ,(ficial ,gunn+ ,me?od4--,9 a dige/ion flask hold+ f #bej to #ejj cubic c5timet]s place f sev5-t5?s to two & eight-t5?s grams ( ! sub/ance to be analyz$1 accord+ to its proportion ( nitrog54 ,!n add t5 grams ( p[d]$ potassium sulfate & f fifte5 to tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s 7ord9>ily ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s7 ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,conduct ! dige/ion z 9 ! kjeldahl process1 />t+ ) a temp]ature bel[ boil+-po9t & increas+ ! heat gradually until fro?+ ceases4 ,dige/ until colorless or ne>ly s4 ,d n add ei!r potassium p]manganate or potassium sulfid4 ,dilute1 neutralize1 & di/il z 9 ! kjeldahl me?od4 ,9 neutraliz+1 x is conv5i5t to add a few drops ( ph5olph?ale9 indicator1 by :i* "o c tell :5 ! acid is completely neutraliz$1 rememb]+ t ! p9k color1 :i* indicates an alkal9e reaction1 is de/roy$ by a consid]able excess ( /rong fix$ alkali4 ,! di/illation & titration are conduct$ z 9 ! kjeldahl me?od4 ,9 di/ill+1 ! use ( z9c or ( any sub/ance to prev5t bump+ or foam+ is g5]ally unnecess>y1 if too great an excess ( fix$ alkali be avoid$4 ,! am\nt ( sulfuric acid recomm5d$ by ,gunn+ is two grams = ea* gram ( potassium sulfate2 b ,voorhees has f\nd t ?is mixture is s visc\s z to cause tr\blesome foam+ frequ5tly1 & aft] cool+ x cakes 9 a h>d mass1 :i* may be difficult to r$issolve4#afg ,to avoid foam+ & cak+1 he has f\nd x an effective means to increase ! am\nt ( sulfuric acid us$1 tak+ in/ead ( two grams to "o ( potassium sulfate ?ree or f\r grams ( acid to "o ( potassium sulfate4 ,x is1 !re=e1 sugge/$ 9 c>ry+ out ! "w1 to use f five to tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s 7ord9>ily ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s7 ( sulfuric acid = t5 grams ( potassium sulfate4 ,9 case ! potassium sulfate is n free f nitrog5 comp\nds1 "o or two recry/allizations w make x pure4 #aig4 ,gunn+ ,me?od ,adapt$ to ,nitrates4--,! ess5tial features ( ?is modification are due to ,w9ton & ,voorhees4#afh ,! modifications ( ! kjeldahl me?od1 = simil> purposes1 furni%$ ! mat]ial details = ! gunn+ modifi$ process4 ,w9ton reports good results f dige/+ = two h\rs1 f half a gram to a gram ( ! sample ) ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric conta9+ two grams ( salicylic acid1 9 a flask ( half a lit] capacity4 ,two grams ( z9c du/ are !n sl[ly add$1 ) con/ant %ak+1 & ! flask heat$1 at fir/ g5tly1 until1 aft] a few m9utes boil+1 d5se fumes are no long] emitt$4 ,?ree grams ( potassium sulfate are next add$ & ! boil+ cont9u$ until ! solution is colorless1 or if iron be pres5t1 until a light /raw color is produc$4 ,on cool+1 :5 ! mixture beg9s to solidify1 wat] is add$ ) caution1 & aft]w>ds sodium hydroxid1 & ! ammonia is obta9$ by di/illation4 ,9 ! process1 z conduct$ by ,voorhees1 ab\t "o gram ( ! sample is dige/$ ) t5 grams ( potassium sulfate & ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric conta9+ "o gram ( salicylic acid1 & ?ree gra9s ( z9c sulfid4 ,! heat is kept d[n until fro?+ ceases1 & !n ! mass kept 9 g5tle ebullition until cle>4 ,! di/illation is accompli%$ ) ! usual precautions4 ,! voorhees process is sup]ior to t recomm5d$ by ,w9ton 9 add+ ! potassium sulfate at ! beg9n+ ( ! combu/ion4 #aih4 ,(ficial ,gunn+ ,me?od ,modifi$ to ,include ! ,nitrog5 ( ,nitrates4--,9 a dige/ion flask hold+ f #bej to #ejj cubic c5timet]s1 place f sev5-t5?s to ?ree & five-t5?s grams ( ! sub/ance to be analyz$1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( nitrog5 pres5t4 ,add f ?irty to ?irty-five cubic c5timet]s ( salicylic acid mixture1 namely1 ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric to "o gram ( salicylic acid1 %ake until ?or\ghly mix$1 & all[ to /& f five to t5 m9utes1 ) frequ5t %ak+2 !n add five grams ( sodium ?iosulfate & t5 grams ( potassium sulfate4 ,heat v g5tly until fro?+ ceases1 !n /rongly until ne>ly colorless4 ,dilute1 neutralize1 & di/il ! same z 9 ! gunn+ me?od4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,def9ite ,,=ms ,,( ,,comb9ation4 #aii4 ,introductory ,consid]ations4--,9 ! =ego+ pages has be5 giv5 a summ>y ( ! me?ods mo/ 9 vogue = ! e/imation ( nitrog5 9 f]tiliz]s & f]tiliz+ mat]ials4 ,!re are _m cases 9 :i* ! analy/ may h to deal ) a def9ite *emical comp\nd1 & :]e a modifi$ or %ort] me?od may be us$4 ,!re are o!r cases 9 :i* ! nitrog5 may be pres5t 9 two or ?ree def9ite =ms1 z 9 artificially mix$ f]tiliz]s1 & :]e x is desirable to %[ ! proportions 9 :i* ! v>i\s =ms are pres5t4 ,= ^! reasons x is necess>y to be able to use me?ods by :i* ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 its v>i\s =ms may be relatively z well z absolutely det]m9$4 ,su* a case w\ld be pres5t$ = in/ance1 9 t ( a f]tiliz] conta9+ dri$ blood1 sodium nitrate1 & ammonium sulfate4 ,x is evid5t "h t ! total nitrog5 c\ld be det]m9$ by ! volumetric me?od by combu/ion ) copp] oxid1 or by ! moi/ combu/ion process adapt$ to nitric nitrog51 b ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( ea* con/itu5t has n yet be5 describ$4 ,we h to deal "h ) a case entirely simil> to t ( phosphoric acid 9 a sup]phosphate4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] ( ! unev5 assimilability ( ! diff]5t =ms ( nitrog54 ,a nitrate1 = in/ance1 is already 9 condition = assimilation by plants4 ,an ammoniacal salt is only p>tly *ang$ to a /ate suit$ to plant nutrition :ile organic nitrog5 is =c$ to und]go a complete trans=mation be=e x becomes available to supply ! ne$s ( ! gr[+ plant4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 equally to ! analy/1 ! m]*ant1 & ! agronomi/1 to "k def9itely ! =ms ( comb9ation 9 :i* ! nitrog5 exi/s & ! relative proportion ( ! diff]5t comb9ations4 #bjj4 ,nitrog5 z ,ammonia4--,! mo/ frequ5t =m 9 :i* nitrog5 z ammonia is us$ = f]tiliz+ is z sulfate4 ,! me?od ( det]m9ation to be describ$ is1 h[ev]1 equally applicable to all ammonia salts4 ,:5 no o!r =m ( nitrog5\s comp\nd is pres5t ! ammonia c be easily & directly det]m9$ by di/illation ) soda- or pota%-lye1 z describ$ 9 ! f9al "p ( ! moi/ combu/ion process4 ,to "o gram ( ! ammonia salt add f #bjj to #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & ?irty grams ( ! soda-lye us$ 9 ! moi/ combu/ion process2 di/il1 collect ! ammonia1 & titrate ! excess ( sulfuric acid exactly z !re describ$4 ,fres5ius recomm5ds t ! ammonia expell$ by di/illation be tak5 up by "o-fif? normal sulfuric acid1 ! excess ( :i* is titrat$ ) "o-fif? normal soda1 us+ ph5olph?ale9 z an indicator4 ,if ! di/illate1 on exam9ation1 be f\nd to conta9 ?iocyanate1 soda-lye _c be us$ = ! expulsion ( ammonia1 b1 9 its place1 cau/ic magnesia is appli$4 ,9 all cases :]e organic matt] conta9+ nitrog5 is pres5t1 cau/ic magnesia mu/ be sub/itut$ = ! soda solution4 ,! magnesia mu/ be add$ 9 suffici5t excess & ! di/illation cont9u$ a little long] ?an is necess>y :5 soda-lye is us$4 ,o!rwise ! details ( ! op]ation are ! same4 ,9 a mix$ f]tiliz] conta9+ organic nitrog5 & ammonia salts1 ! total nitrog5 c be det]m9$ by ! moi/ combu/ion process1 & ! ammoniacal nitrog5 by di/illation ) magnesia4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two results w give ! nitrog5 due to ! organic matt]4 ,to avoid any dang] :atev] ( decompos+ organic nitrog5\s comp\nds1 ! ammonia may be det]m9$ 9 ! cold by treatm5t ) soda-lye1 "u a bell-j> conta9+ "s set sulfuric acid4 ,! op]ation mu/ be all[$ to cont9ue = _m days4 ,ev5 at ! end ( a long "t x w be f\nd t "s ammonia is /ill escap+4 ,x may !re=e be f9ally inf]r$ t all ! nitrog5 z ammonia is n obta9$ by ?is process1 or t ev5 magnesia may gradually conv]t o!r nitrog5\s comp\nds into ammonia4 ,9 ?is connection ! me?ods ( det]m9+ ammonia 9 soils #djf1 #djg1 & #djh ( volume "o may be consult$4 #bja4 ,me?od ( ,b\ss+ault4--,! (ficial ,fr5* me?od is ess5tially ! orig9al me?od ( ,b\ss+ault ) slight modifications4 ,x is conduct$ z foll[s3#afi ,9 case ! sample is ammonium sulfate ab\t half a gram is plac$ 9 a flask ( half a lit] capacity1 toge!r ) #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat] & two grams ( cau/ic magnesia4 ,! flask is connect$ ) a cond5s] ( glass or metal :i* ends 9 a tube drawn out to a po9t & dipp+ b5ea? ! set acid 9 ! receiv] 9 ! usual way4 ,! acid is color$ ) litmus or lacmoid t9cture4 ,! di/illation is cont9u$ until ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s h gone ov]4 ,! receiv] is !n remov$ ) ! usual precautions & ! residual acid titrat$4 ,suppose tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( normal acid h be5 employ$ & twelve & a half cubic c5timet]s ( normal alkali be necess>y to neutralize ! excess ( ! acid4 ,!n ! nitrog5 is f\nd by ! foll[+ equations3 #bj4j - #ab4e #g4e & #g4e #j4jad #j4aje gram weight ( nitrog5 f\nd4 ,!n #j4aje #ajj #e #ba4jj p] c5t ( nitrog5 f\nd4 ,! di/ill+ app>atus ( ,aub9 is pref]r$ by ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 an app>atus s arrang$ ) a reflux p>tial cond5s]1 t ne>ly all ! aque\s vapor is return$ 9 a cond5s$ /ate to ! flask :ile ! ammonia1 on acc\nt ( its great volatility1 is c>ri$ ov] into ! receiv]4 ,to avoid ! regurgitation :i* might be caus$ by ! conc5trat$ ammonia gas com+ 9 contact ) ! acid ! sep>able "p ( ! cond5s+ tube is exp&$ into a bulb l>ge en\gh to hold all ! acid :i* lies above its m\?4 ,by ! means ( ?is app>atus ! ammonia is all collect$ 9 ! /&>d acid )\t greatly increas+ its volume & ! titration is ?us r5d]$ %>p]4 ,! employm5t ( cau/ic magnesia has ! advantage ( n decompos+ any organic matt]s or cyanids t may be pres5t4 ,if ! sample "u exam9ation hold "p ( its ammonia z ammonium magnesium phosphate x w be necess>y fir/ to treat x ) sulfuric acid 9 ord] to set ! ammonia free & !n to use en\gh ( ! magnesium oxid to neutralize ! excess ( ! sulfuric acid & /ill supply ! two grams necess>y = ! di/illation4 ,:5 ! sample conta9s a consid]able quantity ( organic matt] x sometimes t5ds to become fro?y t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation4 ,?is tr\ble c be avoid$ by introduc+ into ! flask "o or two grams ( p>aff94 ,:]e c>bon dioxid is giv5 (f dur+ ! di/illation ! cont5ts ( ! receiv] mu/ be boil$ be=e titration1 or else lacmoid mu/ be us$ z an indicator in/ead ( litmus4 #bjb4 ,det]m9ation ( ,?iocyanates 9 ,ammoniacal ,f]tiliz]s4--,! ext5d$ use ( ammonium sulfate z a f]tiliz] r5d]s x important to det]m9e ! actual con/itu5ts :i* may be pres5t 9 samples ( ?is mat]ial4 ,! foll[+ bodies h be5 f\nd 9 comm]cial ammonium sulfates3 ,sulfuric acid1 *lor91 ammonia1 ?iocyanic acid1 pota%1 soda1 lime & iron oxid4 ,^! are f\nd 9 ! soluble portions4 ,9 ! insoluble portions h be5 f\nd silica1 sulfuric acid1 lime1 magnesia & iron oxid4 ,a sample ( comm]cial ammonium sulfate analyz$ by ,jumeau conta9$ ! foll[+ sub/ances3#agj ,p] c5t4 ,moi/ure #aj4eaji ,ammonium sulfate #fg4hdec ,ammonium ?iocyanate #i4cice ,sodium sulfate #i4bdbi ,potassium sulfate #j4iggd ,calcium sulfate #j4fhjj ,iron ?iocyanate #j4ejjj ,magnesium *lorid traces ,silica #j4jhcj ,undet]m9$ #j4gfgj ,! det]m9ation ( ! ?iocyanic acid 9 ! ?iocyanate is g5]ally made by ! oxidation ( ! sulfur to sulfuric acid & its subsequ5t weigh+ 9 ! =m ( b>ium sulfate4 ,jumeau has modifi$ ! me?od by det]m9+ ! am\nt ( ! ?iocyanate by means ( a titrat$ liquid4 ,! me?od is practic$ z foll[s3 ,a solution ( ammonium ?iocyanate is prep>$1 conta9+ eight grams ( ?is salt p] lit]1 & its exact cont5t ( ?iocyanate is rigor\sly det]m9$ by titration ) silv] nitrate or by ! weight ( ! b>ium sulfate produc$ aft] ! oxidation ( ! sulfur4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! titrat$ liquor are tak5 & dilut$ ) wat] to ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( pure sulfuric acid add$4 ,aft]w>d1 drop by drop1 a solution ( potassium p]manganate is add$1 conta9+ ab\t t5 grams ( t salt p] lit]4 ,! p]manganate is in/antly decoloriz$4 ,!re is an evolution ( hydrocyanic acid z ! ?iocyanate passes to ! /ate ( sulfuric acid4 ,a s+le drop 9 excess gives to ! mixture ! well-kn[n rose coloration ( ! p]manganate solution :i* p]si/s = sev]al h\rs4 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s necess>y to produce ! p]si/5t rose t9t is not$ & ! same op]ation is c>ri$ on ) f "o-half to "o gram ( ! unkn[n product :i* is to be assay$4 ,a simple proportion indicates ! cont5t ( ! ?iocyanate 9 ! unkn[n body4 ,! process is ( great exactitude & p]mits ! rapid det]m9ation ( ?iocyanic acid 9 ! pres5ce ( *lorids1 cyanids1 etc41 :i* rema9 )\t action ^u ! p]manganate4 ,9 case *lorids & cyanids are abs5t ! ?iocyanate c be det]m9$ directly by silv] nitrate ei!r by weigh+ ! precipitate or by ! process ( ,volh>dt bas$ ^u ! precipitation ( ! silv] by ?iocyanate 9 ! pres5ce ( a f]ric salt4 ,! end ( ! reaction is indicat$ by ! r$ coloration :i* ! liquid %[s :5 ! ?iocyanate is 9 excess4 #bjc4 ,sep>ation ( ,album9oid f ,amid & ,o!r ,=ms ( ,nitrog5 9 ,organic ,f]tiliz]s4--,x may be ( int]e/ to ! deal]1 f>m]1 & analy/1 to discrim9ate betwe5 ! album9oid & o!r nitrog5 9 f]tiliz]s1 su* z oil-cakes4 ,! f9al value ( ! nitrog5 = plant n\ri%m5t is n greatly diff]5t1 b ! imm$iate availability = nitrification is a matt] ( "s importance4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t process 9 su* a case is ! copp] hydroxid sep>ation process z improv$ by ,/utz]4#aga ,! process is conv5i5tly c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) ! me?od prescrib$ by ! (ficial *emi/s4#agb ,total ,crude ,prote94--,det]m9e nitrog5 z direct$ = nitrog5 9 f]tiliz]s & multiply ! result by #f4be = ! crude prote94 ,det]m9ation ( ,album9oid ,nitrog54--,to f sev5-t5?s to eight-t5?s gram ( ! sub/ance 9 a beak] add #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 heat to boil+1 or 9 ! case ( sub/ances ri* 9 />*1 heat on ! wat]-ba? t5 m9utes1 & add a quantity ( cupric hydroxid mixture conta9+ f "o-half to six-t5?s gram ( ! hydroxid2 /ir ?or\ghly1 filt] :5 cold1 wa% ) cold wat]1 & put ! filt] & its cont5ts into ! conc5trat$ sulfuric acid = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog54 ,! filt]-pap]s us$ mu/ be practically free ( nitrog54 ,add suffici5t potassium sulfid solution to completely precipitate all copp] & m]cury1 & proce$ z 9 ! moi/ combu/ion process = nitrog54 ,if ! sub/ance exam9$ consi/ ( se$ ( any k9d1 or residues ( se$s1 su* z oil-cake or any?+ else ri* 9 alkal9e phosphates1 add a few cubic c5timet]s ( a conc5trat$ solution ( alum j be=e add+ ! cupric hydroxid1 & mix well by /irr+4 ,?is s]ves to decompose ! alkal9e phosphates4 ,if ?is be n done cupric phosphate & free alkali may be =m$1 & ! prote9-copp] may be p>tially dissolv$ 9 ! alkal9e liquid4 ,cupric ,hydroxid4--,prep>e ! cupric hydroxid z foll[s3 ,dissolve #ajj grams ( pure cupric sulfate 9 five lit]s ( wat]1 & add tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( glyc]ol2 add a dilute solution ( sodium hydroxid until ! liquid is alkal9e2 filt]1 rub ! precipitate up ) wat] conta9+ five cubic c5timet]s ( glyc]ol p] lit]1 & !n wa% by decantation or filtration until ! wa%+s are no long] alkal9e4 ,rub ! precipitate up aga9 9 a mort> ) wat] conta9+ t5 p] c5t ( glyc]ol1 ?us prep>+ a uni=m gelat9\s mass t c be measur$ out ) a pipette4 ,det]m9e ! quantity ( cupric hydroxid p] cubic c5timet] ( ?is mixture4 ,amid ,nitrog54--,! album9oid nitrog5 det]m9$ z above subtract$ f ! total1 gives t "p ( ! organic nitrog5 exi/+ 9 ! sample z amids & 9 o!r alli$ =ms4 #bjd4 ,sep>ation ( ,nitric & ,ammoniacal f ,organic ,nitrog54--,! nitrog5 be+ pres5t 9 ?ree =ms1 viz41 organic1 ammoniacal1 & nitric1 ! sep>ation ( ! latt] two may be accompli%$ by ! foll[+ proc$ure3#agc ,"o gram ( ! f]tiliz] is exhau/$ on a small filt] ) a two p] c5t solution ( tann91 us+ f ?irty to =ty cubic c5timet]s 9 small portions4 ,?is is suffici5t to dissolve all ! nitrates & ! great] portion ( ! ammoniacal salts1 :ile ! tann9 r5d]s insoluble all ! organic nitrog5\s comp\nds4 ,! filt] & its cont5ts are treat$ = nitrog5 by ! kjeldahl process4 ,:5 ! di/illation & titration are complet$ ! solution obta9$ by ! aque\s tann9 is add$ to ! di/ill+ flask & ! op]ation cont9u$4 ,?is repres5ts ! ammoniacal nitrog54 ,! nitric acid is e/imat$ by ! f]r\s iron or o!r appropriate me?od 9 ano!r portion ( ! sub/ance4 ,?is me?od c be us$ ev5 :5 ! f]tiliz] conta9s ammonium magnesium phosphate4 ,9 ?is case dige/ "o gram = fifte5 h\rs 9 dilute soda-lye solution1 :i* easily dissolves ! ammonium magnesium phosphate4 ,filt] & wa% ! insoluble "p ) ! tann9 solution4 ,! residue is treat$ z above4 ,! filt]$ solution di/ill$ ) soda-lye furni%es ! ammonia4 ,! nitrates are e/imat$ by "o ( ! me?ods above m5tion$4 #bje4 ,nitric ,nitrog54--,! me?ods ( e/imat+ nitric nitrog51 bo? :5 pres5t 9 weighable quantities & z m]e traces h be5 suffici5tly describ$ 9 ! fir/ volume4 ,= conv5i5ce1 h[ev]1 ! /&>d me?ods ( proc$ure w be giv5 "h4 ,! moi/ combu/ion me?ods adapt$ to nitrates & ! volumetric copp] oxid process h already be5 describ$4 ,( ! r$uction me?ods ! process ( ,uls* is "o ( ! easie/ ( application & also reliable4 ,z practic$ by ! (ficial *emi/s ! manipulation is conduct$ z describ$ 9 ! fir/ volume1 page #eci4 #bjf4 ,uls* ,me?od1 ,applicable to ,mix$ ,f]tiliz]s4--,! me?od ( ,uls* :i* is f\nd to give good results ) pure nitrates or ) nitrates 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r =ms ( nitrog5 may also be adapt$ to mix$ f]tiliz]s conta9+ nitrog5 9 m ?an "o =m4 ,/reet has develop$ su* a me?od & %[n1 by analytical data1 t x is applicable 9 a great numb] ( cases4#agd ,! process is bas$ on ! sub/itution ( magnesia = soda 9 ! di/illation & is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,place "o gram ( ! sample 9 a half lit] flat-bottom$ flask4 ,add ab\t ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 "o gram ( r$uc$ iron1 & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 %ake well1 & all[ to /& = a %ort "t4 ,?is w remove ! dang] ( an explosion caus$ by ! o!rwise viol5t action :i* takes place4 ,close ! neck ( ! flask ) a rubb] /opp] ?r\gh :i* passes a glass dropp+-bulb fill$ ) wat]4 ,! flask hav+ be5 /opp]$1 place x on a slab to :i* a mod]ate heat is appli$4 ,all[ ! solution to come sl[ly to a boil & !n boil = five m9utes & cool4 ,add ab\t #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 a little p>aff91 & ab\t five grams ( magnesium oxid4 ,boil = =ty m9utes1 aft] :i* "t all ! ammonia w be di/ill$1 & collect ! ammonia 9 set acid4 ,! magnesia causes a slight fro?+1 :i* c easily be controll$ by add+ a little p>aff9 & by br++ to a boil v gradually4 ,fully =ty m9utes are necess>y to di/il all ! ammonia4 ,te/s 7 made aft] ?irty m9utes boil+ & traces ( ammonia 7 /ill f\nd2 aft] =ty m9utes ^! traces entirely disappe>$4 ,! me?od is a quick "o4 ,"o man c easily d six det]m9ations at a "t1 & ^! six det]m9ations c be made 9 b a little ov] an h\r4 ,magnesia gives results closely agree+ ) !ory & causes a v slight fro?+1 :i* c be easily controll$4 ,"o gram ( r$uc$ iron is suffici5t 9 all ord9>y complete f]tiliz]s4 ,magnesia is pref]r$ to cau/ic soda 9 ! di/illation because x produces less fro?+ & by reason ( ! dang] ( "s ( ! soda-lye be+ c>ri$ ov] me*anically & ?us t5d+ to produce an error ( a plus nature4 ,9 ! use ( magnesia1 assurance mu/ be _h t x is /rongly 9 excess4 ,be+ less active 9 its effects a long] "t = ! di/illation mu/ be tak5 ?an :5 soda-lye is us$4 ,! modifi$ uls* me?od j describ$ is recomm5d$ provisionally & ) ! expectation t ea* analy/ w asc]ta9 its true m]its be=e all[+ x to displace long] approv$ processes4 #bjg4 ,me?od ( ,s*ls+-,wagn]4--,! ,s*ls+-,wagn] me?od = e/imat+ nitrog5 9 ! nitrates ( f]tiliz]s is c>ri$ out at ! ,halle ,exp]im5t ,/ation z foll[s3#age ,a flask1 figure #ad1 ( ab\t #bej cubic c5timet]s capacity1 is provid$ ) a rubb] /opp] ) two holes4 ,?r\gh "o ( !m is pass$ ! /em ( a funnel c>ry+ a glass /op-cock4 ,! o!r c>ries a deliv]y-tube lead+ to ! receiv+ vessel4 ,! end ( ! deliv]y tube is b5t s z to pass easily "u ! m\? ( ! measur+ burette & is cov]$ ) a piece ( rubb] tub+4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( saturat$ f]r\s *lorid solution & ! same quantity ( t5 p] c5t hydro*loric acid are plac$ 9 ! flask4 ,! f]r\s *lorid solution is obta9$ by dissolv+ nails or o!r small pieces ( iron 9 hot hydro*loric acid & x is kept 9 glass /opp]$ flasks1 ( ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s capacity1 entirely fill$4 ,! cont5t ( "o flask is en\gh = ab\t twelve det]m9ations & by us+ ! :ole cont5t ( a flask z soon z possible aft] op5+1 any dang] ( oxidation :i* w\ld take place 9 a l>ge flask frequ5tly op5$ is avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ad4 ,,s*l,,s+-,,wagn] ,,app>atus4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are boil$ until all ! air is driv5 (f4 ,! deliv]y-tube is !n plac$ "u ! measur+-tube1 :i* is fill$ ) =ty p] c5t pota%-lye4 ,! measur+-tube is previ\sly almo/ fill$ ) pota%-lye & !n a few drops ( wat] add$ & ! tube cov]$ ) a piece ( filt]-pap]4 ,by a c>eful & quick inv]sion ! measur+-tube c be br\ght into ! vessel receiv+ x )\t any dang] ( air ent]+4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ = "s "t & :5 no m air escapes1 ! end ( ! deliv]y-tube is br\ght into ano!r fre%ly fill$ measur+-tube & ! e/imation is comm5c$4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a normal saltpet] solution1 conta9+ two & a half grams ( pure sodium nitrate 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s are plac$ 9 ! funnel &1 ) cont9u$ boil+1 all[$ to pass1 drop by drop1 into ! flask4 ,:5 almo/ all has run out ! funnel is wa%$ ?ree times ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( t5 p] c5t hydro*loric acid & ?is is all[$ to pass1 drop by drop1 into ! flask4 ,:5 no m nitric oxid is evolv$ ! measur+-tube is transf]r$ to a l>ge j> fill$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! solution ( ! sub/ance to be exam9$ %\ld be tak5 9 su* quantity z w give ab\t ! same quantity ( gas z is furni%$ by ! t5 cubic c5timet]s te/ nitrate solution be=e describ$2 viz41 ab\t sev5ty cubic c5timet]s4 ,eight or t5 det]m9ations c be made1 "o foll[+ ! o!r1 & at ! end ano!r det]m9ation ) normal sodium nitrate solution %\ld be made z a *eck4 ,at ! end ( ! op]ation all ( ! measur+-tubes are 9 ! l>ge j> fill$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ wat] w soon be imp>t$ to ! cont5ts ( ea* tube & ! volume ( nitric oxid is read by br++ ! level )9 & )\t ! measur+-tube to ! same po9t4 ,! p]c5tages are calculat$ = ! giv5 temp]ature & b>omet] pressure 9 ! usual way2 or to avoid computation ! volume c be comp>$ directly ) ! volume furni%$ by a normal nitrate solution1 :i* is a mu* simpl] me?od4 #bjh4 ,s*mitt's ,modifi$ ,me?od4--,! me?od is a modification ( t already describ$ by ! au?or 9 :i* a mixture ( p[d]$ z9c & iron is us$ z a r$uc+ ag5t4#agf ,! process is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,t5 grams ( ! nitrate are dissolv$ & ! volume made up to half a lit]4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( glacial acetic acid & t5 grams ( ! f9e metallic p[d]1 iron & z9c1 are plac$ 9 a flask ( a capacity ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a lit] & tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ( ! nitrate add$4 ,! flask is cov]$ dur+ ! r$uction to prev5t loss by spray+1 & aft] ! solution is complete1 :i* is ! case 9 ab\t t5 m9utes1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask are dilut$ ) f #bjj to #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( cau/ic soda ( #a4be specific gravity add$1 & ! :ole di/ill$ z 9 ! kjeldahl process4 ,x mu/ be not$ t x is ess5tial t ! iron be f9ely divid$2 x is mix$ ) ! p[d]$ z9c 9 equal p>ts4 ,! total nitrog5 c be det]m9$ 9 guanos & nitrate mixtures by ! foll[+ simple alt]ation 9 proc$ure3 ,"o gram ( ! sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 five cubic c5timet]s ( glacial acetic acid1 & f two to ?ree grams ( ! mix$ metallic p[d] add$1 & ! :ole g5tly heat$ = t5 or fifte5 m9utes4 ,aft] ! cont5ts ( ! flask h cool$1 tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid are cauti\sly add$ 9 small portions1 undue fro?+ be+ re/ra9$ by ! addition ( a fragm5t ( p>aff9 wax4 ,! acetic acid is !n driv5 (f by heat+1 & ! rema9+ cont5ts ( ! flask boil$ until ! organic matt] is completely decompos$1 z 9 ! kjeldahl process4 ,ab\t two h\rs boil+ is requir$4 ,neutralization & di/illation are !n practic$ z 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,! me?od is also applicable to ! det]m9ation ( nitrates 9 dr9k+ wat]1 provid$ nitrites & ammonia be abs5t4 #bji4 ,krg]'s ,me?od = ,nitric ,acid4--,ab\t ?ree-t5?s gram ( ! sub/ance dissolv$ 9 wat] is mix$ ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( a hydro*loric acid solution ( /ann\s *lorid hold+ #aej grams ( t9 p] lit]4#agg ,"o & a half grams ( spongy t9 prep>$ by ! action ( z9c on /ann\s *lorid are add$4 ,! flask conta9+ ! mixture is heat$ until ! t9 is dissolv$1 by :i* "t ! nitric acid is completely r$uc$4 ,! subsequ5t di/illation & titration are accompli%$ z usual4 ,9 ! case ( nitro & nitroso comp\nds1 aft] ! solution ( ! t91 tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid are add$ & heat$ until sulfuric vapors escape4 ,aft] cool+1 ! amido sub/ances =m$ are oxidiz$ by potassium bi*romate be=e ! di/illation takes place4 ,krg] also e/imates ! nitrog5 9 b5zol1 pyrid91 & *9ol9 d]ivatives by dissolv+ !m 9 sulfuric acid1 us+ f two-t5?s to eight-t5?s ( a gram ( ! alkaloidal bodies &1 aft] cool+ ! solution1 oxidiz+ by add+ f9ely p[d]$ potassium bi*romate4#agh ,ab\t half a gram m ( ! potassium bi*romate %\ld be us$ ?an is necess>y = ! oxidation ( ! sub/ances 9 solution4 ,! entire oxidation does n consume m ?an f fifte5 to ?irty m9utes4 ,,sodium ,,nitrate4 #baj4 ,functions ( ,sodium ,nitrate4--,practically ! only =m ( oxidiz$ nitrog5 :i* is ( importance f an agronomic po9t ( view is sodium nitrate1 (t5 kn[n 9 comm]ce by ! "n ,*ile saltpet]4 ,appli$ to a gr[+ crop x at once becomes dissolv$ at ! fir/ ra9fall or by ! natural moi/ure ( ! soil4 ,x c>ries ?us to ! rootlets ( plants a supply ( nitrog5 9 ! mo/ highly available /ate4 ,!re is p]haps no o!r k9d ( plant food :i* is (f]$ to ! liv+ vegetable 9 a m completely pr$ige/$ /ate1 & none to :i* a quick] response w be giv54 ,by reason ( its high availability1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be us$ ) c>e4 ,a too free use ( su* a /imulat+ food may h1 9 ! end1 an injuri\s effect ^u ! crop1 & is q c]ta9 to lead to ! wa/e ( a consid]able portion ( exp5sive mat]ial4 ,= ?is reason sodium nitrate %\ld be appli$ ) extreme c>e1 9 small quantities at a "t & only :5 x is ne$$ by ! gr[+ crop4 ,x w\ld be useless1 = in/ance1 to apply ?is f]tiliz] 9 ! autumn ) ! expectation ( its b5efitt+ ! crop to a maximum degree ! foll[+ spr+4 ,aga91 if ! application ( ?is salt %\ld be made j previ\s to a heavy ra9 almo/ or q ! :ole ( x w\ld be remov$ beyond ! rea* ( ! absorb+ organs ( ! plant4 ,:5 once ! nitric acid has be5 absorb$ by ! liv+ rootlet x is held ) great t5acity4 ,liv+ plants mac]at$ 9 wat] give up only a trace ( nitric acid1 b if !y be previ\sly kill$ ) *lor(orm ! nitric acid !y conta9 is easily lea*$ out4 ,! molecule ( sodium nitrate is decompos$ 9 ! process ( ! absorption ( ! nitric acid4 ,! acid ent]s ! plant organism & ! soda is excret$ & left to comb9e ) ! soil acids4 ,! nasc5t soda may ?us play a role ( "s importance 9 decompos+ p>ticles ( m9]als conta9+ pota% or phosphoric acid4 ,x is probable t ! decomposition ( ! sodium nitrate takes place 9 ! cells ( ! absorb+ plant organs = x is difficult to und]/& h[ x c\ld be accompli%$ ext]nally4 ,:ile ! soda !re=e is ( no importance z a direct plant food x c h>dly be dismiss$ z ( no value :atev] 9 ! process ( f]tilization4 ,_m ( ! salts ( soda z1 = in/ance1 common salt1 are q hygroscopic & s]ve to attract moi/ure f ! air & ?us become c>ri]s ( wat] betwe5 ! plant & ! air 9 seasons ( dr\ght2 & sodium nitrate itself is s hygroscopic z n to be suit$ to ! manufacture ( gunp[d]4 ,to recapitulate3 ,! *ief functions ( sodium nitrate are to give to ! plant a supply ( oxidiz$ nitrog5 ready = absorption into its tissues & incid5tally to aid1 by ! residual soda1 9 ! decomposition ( silt p>ticles conta9+ pota% or phosphoric acid & 9 supply+ to ! soil salts ( a m or less deliquesc5t nature4 #baa4 ,comm]cial ,=ms ( ,*ile ,saltpet]4--,! ,*ile saltpet] ( comm]ce may rea* ! f>m] or analy/ 9 ! lumpy /ate 9 :i* x is %ipp$ or z f9ely gr\nd & ready = application to ! fields4 ,unless ! f>m] is provid$ ) means = gr9d+1 ! latt] condition is mu* to be pref]r$4 ,x p]mits ( a m ev5 di/ribution ( ! salt & ?us enc\rages economy 9 its use4 ,= ! *emi/ also x is advantage\s to h ! f9ely gr\nd mat]ial1 :i* condition p]mits m easily a p]fect sampl+1 a process :i*1 ) ! ungr\nd salt1 is att5d$ ) no little difficulty4 #bab4 ,p]c5tage ( ,nitrog5 9 ,*ile ,saltpet]4--,*emically pure sodium nitrate conta9s #af4di p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,! salt ( comm]ce is nev] pure4 ,x conta9s moi/ure1 pota%1 magnesia1 lime1 sulfur1 *lor91 iod91 silica & insoluble mat]ials1 & traces ( o!r bodies4 ,! value ( ! salt dep5ds1 !re=e1 n only on ! m>ket value ( nitrog5 at ! "t ( sale1 b also on its cont5t ( nitrog54 ,! nitrate ( comm]ce v>ies greatly 9 its nitrog5 cont5t & is sold on a gu>anty ( its purity4 ,! be/ grades range 9 nitrog5 f fifte5 to sixte5 p] c5t4 ,! cont5t ( nitrog5 has long be5 e/imat$ 9 ! trade by det]m9+ ! o!r con/itu5ts & c\nt+ ! re/ z nitrog54 ,?is practice arose 9 =m] times :5 no conv5i5t me?od 0 at h& = det]m9+ nitric nitrog54 ,! process is tiresome & unreliable because all errors ( e k9d are accumulat$ 9 ! nitrog5 cont5t1 b inasmu* z ! me?od is /ill requir$ by _m m]*ants1 ! analy/ %\ld be acqua9t$ ) x1 & x is !re=e giv5 fur!r along4 ,! usual me?ods = det]m9+ nitric nitrog5 may be appli$ 9 all cases :]e samples ( sodium nitrate are "u exam9ation1 b "s special processes are add$ = conv5i5ce4 #bac4 ,adult]ation ( ,*ile ,saltpet]4--,! analy/ is ! only protector ( ! f>m] 9 gu>d+ aga9/ ! practice ( adult]ation ( sodium nitrate aside f ! hone/y ( ! deal]4 ,ev5 ! hone/ deal] is compell$ to protect himself aga9/ fraud1 & !re=e1 ! _w ov]1 comm]ce 9 ?is f]tiliz] is n[ conduct$ solely on ! analy/'s c]tificate4 ,happily1 !re=e1 adult]ation is almo/ unkn[n because x is c]ta9 to be detect$4 ,=m]ly1 ! saltpet] 0 adult]at$ ) common salt1 or l[ grade salts f ! pota% m9es2 b x is an extremely r>e ?+ n[ to f9d any impurities 9 ! salts o!r ?an ^? naturally pres5t4 ,9 e case ! analy/ may gr[ suspici\s :5 he f9ds ! cont5t ( nitrog5 9 a sample to fall bel[ ?irte5 p] c5t4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t "s potassium nitrate may be pres5t 9 ! sample1 & s9ce t salt conta9s only #ac4hg p] c5t ( nitrog5 its pres5ce w\ld t5d to l[] ! value ( ! f]tiliz]2 b al?\gh ! pota% itself is a f]tiliz] ( value x is n wor? m ?an "o-?ird z mu* z nitrog54 ,9 all cases ( suspect$ adult]ation1 x is advisable to make a complete analysis4 ,! results ( ?is "w w1 z a rule1 lead ! analy/ to a correct judgm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ae4 ,,halle ,,nitric ,,acid ,,app>atus4 #bad4 ,! ,halle ,z9c-,iron ,me?od4--,= det]m9+ ! nitrog5 9 ,*ile saltpet] ! r$uction me?od is conduct$ at ! ,halle ,/ation z foll[s3#agi ,t5 grams ( ! nitrate are dissolv$ 9 "o lit] & fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution correspond+ to half a gram ( ! sample1 tak5 = ea* det]m9ation4 ,! app>atus employ$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a mixture ( five grams ( z9c du/ & an equal weight ( iron fil+s is employ$ z ! s\rce ( hydrog54 ,! r$uction takes place 9 an alkal9e m$ium secur$ by add+ to ! o!r mat]ials m5tion$1 eighty cubic c5timet]s ( soda-lye ( #a4cj specific gravity4 ,! respective quantities ( iron & z9c may be measur$ in/ead ( weigh$1 z exact proportions are n requir$4 ,aft] ! addition ( all ! mat]ials ! flask is all[$ to /& = an h\r at room temp]ature4 ,! di/illation is !n comm5c$ & cont9u$ until at lea/ #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( di/illate h be5 collect$4 ,! receiv+ flasks are ord9>y erl5mey]s1 ea* ( :i* conta9s tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( set sulfuric acid1 z 9 ! usual kjeldahl process4 ,! flasks are seal$ ) a few drops ( wat] by ! device %[n 9 ! figure4 ,aft] ! end ( ! op]ation ! wat] 9 ea* "o is wa%$ back into its prop] flask ) fre%ly boil$ wat]4 ,dur+ ! vigor\s evolution ( hydrog51 at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation1 "s k9d ( a safety arrangem5t is necess>y to prev5t ! p>ticles ( soda-lye be+ c>ri$ ov] by ! bubbles ( t gas4 ,! siphon bulb %[n 9 ! figure is f\nd effective = ?is purpose4 ,9 ?is op]ation bett] results are obta9$ by cond5s+ ! escap+ /eam1 & = ?is reason ! block t9 tubes are conduct$ ?r\gh a tank suppli$ ) a curr5t ( cold wat]4 ,! ends ( ! tubes %\ld n dip bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! receiv]s4 ,:5 ! cond5s$ liquid collects 9 consid]able quantities 9 ! safety tube ! lamp %\ld be ext+ui%$ "u ! flask1 :i* p]mits ! return ( ! liquid to ! flask by means ( ! siphon4 ,?is %\ld be done two or ?ree times dur+ ! progress ( ! di/illation to prev5t a too high conc5tration ( ! soda-lye1 ?us endang]+ ! flask4 ,! excess ( ! acid 9 ! receiv] is det]m9$ by titration1 z 9 ! regul> kjeldahl me?od4 ,blank det]m9ations %\ld be made1 f "t to "t1 & corrections made 9 h>mony !re)4 #bae4 ,me?od ( ! ,fr5* ,sug> ,*emi/s4--,! nitrog5 9 ,*ile saltpet] is e/imat$ by ! ,fr5* *emi/s accord+ to ! me?od ( ,s*ls+1 describ$ 9 ! fir/ volume1 page #ejj4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! tr\ble ( calculat+ ! results f ! volume ( nitric oxid obta9$1 a det]m9ation is fir/ made ) a pure salt1 sodium or potassium nitrate4 ,! volume ( gas obta9$ is read directly )\t correction & tak5 = direct comp>ison4 ,! comp>ison is made z foll[s3 ,! solutions ( ! pure salts & ( ! sample to be analyz$ are made ( su* a /r5g? z to conta9 sixty-six grams ( sodium nitrate1 or eighty grams ( potassium nitrate1 9 a lit]4 ,five cubic c5timet]s ( su* a solution w yield a little less ?an #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( nitric oxid "u usual conditions4 ,let ! volume ( gas obta9$ ) ! pure salt be v2 & t ) ! sample be v4 ,! calculation is !n made f ! equation3 v x ---- ----4 v #ajj ,example3 ,let n9ety-five cubic c5timet]s be ! volume ( gas f five cubic c5timet]s ( ! pure salt 7sodium nitrate71 & #ia4e cubic c5timet]s be ! volume ( gas f five cubic c5timet]s ( ! sample2 !n #ia4e x ---- ----1 :5ce x #if4ca4 #ie #ajj ,h5ce ! sample analyz$ conta9s #if4ca p] c5t ( sodium nitrate4 ,s9ce ! pure sodium nitrate conta9s #af4dg p] c5t ( nitrog5 ! sample "u exam9ation w\ld conta9 #af4dg #if4ca ------------- #ae4hf p] c5t4 #ajj ,x is evid5t t ?is comp>ative me?od is q easy ( application :5 ! sample "u exam9ation has no o!r nitrate 9 x except t comb9$ ) ! "o base4 #baf4 ,volumetric ,me?od ( ,gantt]4--,! process propos$ by ,gantt] = det]m9+ ! nitrog51 volumetrically1 9 ,*ile saltpet] & o!r nitrates is bas$ on ! foll[+ pr9ciples3#ahj 7#a7 ,if a nitrate be heat$ 9 contact ) sulfuric & phosphor\s acids1 nitr\s acid w be =m$4 7#b7 ,if nitr\s acid be boil$ ) ammonium *lorid1 nitrog5 w be quantitatively evolv$ f bo? comp\nds4 ,^! processes are illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ =mulas3 7a7 ,n,o ,p,o ,n,o ,p,o4 7b7 ,n,o #b,,nh,cl #b,n #c;,h,o #b;,h,cl4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #af4 ,,gantt]',s ,,nitrog5 ,,app>atus4 ,x is se5 f ! above t ! nitrate w give1 by ?is treatm5t1 d\ble ! volume ( nitrog5 :i* x conta9s4 ,9 practice1 ! two reactions may be secur$ 9 "o op]ation by w>m+ ! nitrate solution sl[ly ) sulfuric & phosphor\s acids & ammonium *lorid4 ,! nitric acid1 z x becomes free1 gives a "p ( its oxyg5 to ! phosphor\s comp\nd1 & ! nitr\s acid1 9 a nasc5t /ate1 is at once r$uc$ by ! ammonium *lorid4 ,!re are two s\rces ( error :i* mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 ! "w2 a portion ( ! nitrog5 may escape r$uction to ! elem5t>y /ate1 or "s ( ! nitrate may fail to be decompos$4 ,^! errors are easily avoid$ if ! reaction be begun sl[ly1 s t ! evolution ( gas may be gradual4 ,! temp]atures at fir/ %\ld1 !re=e1 be kept z l[ z possible4 ,! developm5t ( r$ fumes1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( undecompos$ nitrog5 oxids1 %[s t ! results w be too l[4 ,x is necess>y1 also1 to provide = ! absorption ( ! hydro*loric acid :i* is =m$4 ,! reaction is v conv5i5tly conduct$ 9 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! decomposition takes place 9 ! flask ,a & ! mix$ gases pass into ! absorption bulb ,c4 ,! deliv]y-tube is v mu* exp&$1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 s t no soda-lye c ent] ,a dur+ ! cool+ ( ! flask4 ,! absorption bulb is connect$ ) ,a & ,b by ! tubes a & b z %[n4 ,! tube d connects ! app>atus ) ! gasvolumet]4#aha ,! bulb ,b s]ves z a pipette = ! introduction ( ! decompos+ acid4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,?ree cubic c5timet]s ( ! nitrate solution1 conta9+ no m ?an #cjj milligrams ( sub/ance1 are plac$ 9 ! flask ,a ) half a gram ea* ( cry/alliz$ ammonium *lorid & phosphor\s acid4 ,9 ! bulb ,b are plac$ sev5 cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid to :i* has be5 add$ "o-?ird its volume ( wat]4 ,two cubic c5timet]s ( acid are all[$ to fl[ f ,b into ,a4 ,! app>atus is br\ght to a con/ant temp]ature by be+ imm]s$ 9 a l>ge cyl9d]1 ,e1 conta9+ wat] at a temp]ature :i* c easily be controll$4 ,:5 ?is con/ant temp]ature has be5 rea*$ ! app>atus is tak5 f ! cool+ cyl9d] :i* conta9s also a small] cyl9d]1 ,d1 ne>ly fill$ ) wat] & connect$ ?r\gh f ) ! measur+ app>atus ,m4 ,! b>omet]-tube ,f is half fill$ ) color$ wat] s t ! pressure may be equaliz$ be=e & aft] ! op]ation4 ,! flask ,a is w>m$ v g5tly at fir/1 & ! nitrog5 evolv$ is conduct$ into ,d driv+ an equival5t volume ( wat] into ,m4 ,! evolution ( ! gas mu/ be c>efully controll$ & ! heat at once remov$ if x become too rapid4 ,! appe>ance ( a r$ color %[s ! evolution ( oxids ( nitrog5 r5d]+ ! analysis inexact4 ,:5 ! evolution ( nitrog5 has ne>ly ceas$ ! lamp is remov$ & "s m sulfuric acid all[$ to fl[ into ,a f ,b1 aft] :i* ,a is aga9 heat$1 ?is "t to ! boil+-po9t4 ,all vapors ( hydro*loric acid produc$ are absorb$ by ! soda-lye 9 ,c4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ a few m9utes1 b n long en\gh to d>k5 ! liquid 9 ,a4 ,aft] replac+ ! app>atus 9 ! cyl9d] ,e & br++ bo? temp]ature & pressure to ! same po9t z be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation1 ! volume ( nitrog5 evolv$ is det]m9$ by measur+ ! wat] 9 ,m4 ,! app>atus is fir/ set by us+ pure potassium or sodium nitrate4 ,s9ce ! temp]ature & pressure d n v>y mu* )9 an h\r or two ! volume ( wat] obta9$ ) a sample ( :ite saltpet] c be comp>$ directly ) t giv5 (f by ! same weight ( a pure potassium or sodium nitrate )\t correction4 ,example4--,two hundr$ & fifty milligrams ( potassium nitrate1 conta9+ #cd4fbe milligrams ( nitrog51 displac$ 9 a giv5 case sixty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]2 !re=e "o cubic c5timet] ( wat] equals #j4egh milligram ( nitrog54 ,if #bhi in/ead ( #bej milligrams be tak5 !n ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( wat] displac$ divid$ by five w give ! p] c5t ( nitrog54 #bag4 ,me?od ( ,diff]5ce4--,9 ! analysis ( ,*ile saltpet] by ! direct me?od a v>iation ( #j4be p] c5t 9 ! cont5t ( nitrog5 is all[$ f ! deal]s' gu>anty4 ,?is w\ld all[ a total v>iation 9 ! cont5t ( sodium nitrate ( #a4eb p] c5t4 ,deal]s & %ipp]s h always be5 accu/om$ to e/imate ! quantity ( sodium nitrate 9 a sample by diff]5ce2 i4 e41 by e/imat+ ! con/itu5ts n sodium nitrate & subtract+ ! sum ( ! results f #ajj4 ,*ile saltpet] usually conta9s sodium nitrate1 wat]1 insoluble f]rug9\s matt]s1 sodium *lorid1 sodium sulfate1 magnesium *lorid1 sodium iodate1 calcium sulfate & sometimes small quantities ( potassium nitrate4 ,:5 ! total sodium nitrate is to be e/imat$ by diff]5ce ! foll[+ proc$ure1 arrang$ by ,crispo1#ahb may be foll[$3 ,wat]4--,dry t5 grams ( ! f9ely p[d]$ sample to con/ant weight at #aej-afj4 ,*lor94--,! residue1 aft] dry+1 is dissolv$ & ! volume made up to "o-f\r? lit] ) wat] & ! *lor9 det]m9$ 9 "o-fif? !re( & calculat$ z sodium *lorid4 ,insoluble4--,tw5ty grams are treat$ ) wat] until all soluble matt] has disappe>$1 filt]$ on a t>$ goo*1 & ! filtrate dri$ to con/ant weight4 ,sulfuric ,acid4--,! sulfuric acid is precipitat$ by b>ium *lorid 9 ! slightly acid filtrate f ! insoluble matt]4 ,! acidity is produc$ by a few drops ( nitric acid4 ,! re/ ( ! process is conduct$ 9 ! usual way4 ,magnesia4--,?is is precipitat$ by ammonium sodium phosphate1 filt]$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z pyrophosphate4 ,! magnesium is !n calculat$ z *lorid4 ,magnesia is r>ely f\nd 9 excess ( "o-f\r? p] c5t4 ,:5 ?is am\nt is n exce$$ ! e/imation ( x may be neglect$ )\t any great error4 ,z has already be5 said ! *lor9 is all calculat$ z sodium *lorid4 ,if a "p ( x be comb9$ ) "o-f\r? p] c5t ( magnesia x w\ld repres5t #j4ei p] c5t ( magnesium *lorid in/ead ( #j4gc p] c5t sodium *lorid4 ,9 omitt+ ! e/imation ( ! magnesia !re=e ! import] is only damag$ to ! ext5t ( #j4ad p] c5t ( sodium nitrate4 ,sodium ,iodate4--,?is body1 pres5t only 9 small quantities1 may also be neglect$4 ,9 case ! cont5t ( ?is body %\ld rea* "o-f\r? p] c5t ! e/imation ( *lor9 by titration us+ potassium *romate z indicator is impracticable4 ,su* an in/ance1 h[ev]1 is r>ely kn[n4 ,approximate ,results4--,:5 ! det]m9ations outl9$ above h be5 c>efully made x is claim$ t ! result obta9$ by subtraction f #ajj w n v>y m ?an f two-t5?s to ?ree-t5?s p] c5t f ! true cont5t ( sodium nitrate4 ,! me?od1 h[ev]1 _c be consid]$ /rictly sci5tific & is mu* m t$i\s & *ronophag\s ?an ! direct det]m9ation4 ,9 ! direct det]m9ation1 h[ev]1 ! analy/ mu/ assure himself t potassium is pres5t 9 only appreciable quantities o!rwise ! p] c5t ( sodium nitrate w be too l[4 ,! pres5ce ( potassium nitrate is a detrim5t 9 ?is respect only2 viz41 t x conta9s a less p]c5tage ( nitrog5 ?an ! correspond+ sodium salt4 ,z a f]tiliz]1 ! value ( ,*ile saltpet] may be increas$ by its cont5t ( potassium4 #bah4 ,! ,application ( ,*ile ,saltpet] to ! ,soil4--,! analy/ is (t5 ask$ to det]m9e ! desirability ( ! use ( sodium nitrate z a f]tiliz] & ! me?ods & times ( apply+ x4 ,^! are que/ions :i* are sc>cely g]mane to ! purpose ( ?is "w b :i*1 nev]!less1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce may be briefly discuss$4 ,9 ! fir/ place x may be said t ! data ( a *ance *emical analysis w n af=d a suffici5tly broad basis = an answ]4 ,a giv5 soil may be v ri* 9 nitrog5 z reveal$ by *emical analysis1 & yet poor 9 an available supply4 ,?is is frequ5tly ! case ) vegetable soils1 conta9+1 z !y d1 l>ge quantities ( nitrog5 b hold+ x 9 practically an in]t /ate4 ,i h f\nd su* soils v ri* 9 nitrog51 yet almo/ entirely devoid ( nitrify+ organisms4 ,x is necess>y !re=e 9 rea*+ a judgm5t on ?is subject f analytical data to consid] ! diff]5t /ates 9 :i* ! nitrog5 may exi/ 9 a soil & above all ! nitrify+ p[] ( ! soil if ! nitrog5 be *iefly pres5t 9 an organic /ate4 ,culture solutions %\ld !re=e be se$$ ) samples ( ! soil "u exam9ation & ! beg9n+ & rapidity ( ! nitrification c>efully not$4 ,9 conjunction ) ?is ! nitrog5 pres5t 9 ! soil 9 a nitric or ammoniacal =m %\ld be accurately det]m9$4 ,^! det]m9ations %\ld be made accord+ to ! directions giv5 9 ! fir/ volume1 pp4 #ddh-edh4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( nitrify+ p[] we pref] ! foll[+ me?od3 #bai4 ,tak+ ,samples ( ,soil 9 ,/]iliz$ ,tubes4--,brass tubes are prep>$ tw5ty c5timet]s 9 l5g? & "o & a half 9 diamet]4 ,"o end is gr\nd to a bevel$ edge & compress$ 9 a mold s z to make ! cutt+ edge slightly small] 9 diamet] ?an ! int]nal diamet] ( ! tube4 ,x is !n gr\nd or fil$ until smoo? & %>p4 ,! blunt end ( ! tube is /opp]$ loosely ) cotton & x is !n /]iliz$ by heat+ = an h\r to #aej4 ,rubb] caps are provid$ & ea* "o has plac$ at ! bottom a rubb] ball to prev5t ! rubb] f be+ cut by ! edges ( ! brass tube4 ,! caps %\ld be ( two di/9ct colors4 ,half ( ! rubb] caps are /]iliz$ by be+ boil$ = an h\r 9 wat] = ?ree successive days4 ,! caps _c be heat$ to #aej dry heat ) safety4 ,on remov+ ! brass tube f ! /]iliz+ ov5 z soon z x is cool en\gh to h&le1 a /]iliz$ rubb] cap is slipp$ ov] its cutt+ end4 ,an un/]iliz$ cap is !n slipp$ ov] ! o!r end conta9+ ! cotton plug4 ,inasmu* z ! cotton plug is nev] remov$ x is n necess>y to /]ilize ! cap cov]+ x4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ! tubes c ?us be prep>$ = use & !y c be safely transmitt$ to a di/ance by express or mail4 ,= conv5i5ce1 ea* tube is encas$ 9 a small clo? bag1 :i* is ti$ ) a cord c>ry+ a tag on :i* ! necess>y data c be record$ at ! "t ( tak+ ! sample4 ,! tubes & _! rubb] caps ?us c>efully /]iliz$ %\ld n be remov$ f _! clo? envelopes until ! mom5t ( tak+ ea* sample4 ,aft] ! sample has be5 tak5 & ! cap replac$ on ! tube ! latt] %\ld be imm$iately enclos$ 9 ! clo? sack & label$ ) "o ( ! tags !re) enclos$4 ,! sample %\ld be tak5 9 two k9ds ( soil1 9 "o in/ance 9 a cultivat$ soil1 :i* is mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! locality1 & 9 ! second place a virg9 soil ( ! same type4 ,! virg9 soil may be ei!r soil :i* has be5 cov]$ ) grass or 9 =e/4 ,! spots at :i* ! samples are to be tak5 hav+ be5 previ\sly select$1 ! tags = ea* tube %\ld be prep>$ be=eh& s z to avoid delay at ! "t ( sampl+4 ,a pit ) /raight walls %\ld be dug1 ! sides ( :i* are at lea/ two feet wide & ev5 ?ree feet w\ld be bett]4 ,! pit %\ld be ab\t =ty-two in*es deep4 ,"o ( ! sides hav+ be5 made p]fectly smoo? & )\t all[+ ! loose fragm5ts f ! top to fall d[n & adh]e to ! walls bel[1 ! spots at :i* ! samples are to be tak5 %\ld be m>k$ ) a tape l9e at ! foll[+ po9ts2 viz41 ?ree1 fifte51 tw5ty-sev51 & ?irty-n9e in*es1 respectively1 bel[ ! surface4 ,beg9n+ at ! bottom po9t1 c>efully scrape (f ! surface ( ! wall ov] an area slightly l>g] ?an t ( ! end ( ! sample tube by means ( a spatula1 :i*1 j previ\s to use1 has be5 held = a mom5t or two 9 ! flame ( an alcohol or o!r conv5i5t lamp4 ,! sample tube hav+ be5 remov$ f its sack1 x w be not$ t ! end cov]$ ) black rubb] is ! "o :i* is to be held 9 ! h&1 & ?is black rubb] cap %\ld be fir/ remov$ be+ c>eful n to extract ! plug ( /]iliz$ cotton :i* closes ! end ( ! tube4 ,hold+ ! tube firmly by ! end1 ! f+]s ext5d+ only ab\t two in*es f ! end1 remove ! light-color$ cap & pu% ! tube ) a turn+ motion into ! side ( ! pit at ! po9t :]e ! surface has be5 remov$ ) ! /]iliz$ spatula4 ,:5 ?is is prop]ly done ! tube w be fill$ ) a cyl9d] ( soil equal to ! l5g? ( ! "p ( ! tube p5etrat+ ! wall ( ! pit4 ,! tube is !n )drawn1 ! light rubb] cap fir/ replac$1 & !n ! black "o4 ,! light rubb] cap %\ld be held 9 ! h& dur+ ! process 9 su* a way t no du/ or p>ticles ( soil are p]mitt$ to contam9ate its inn] walls4 ,= ?is purpose ! op5 end ( ! cap %\ld be held d[nw>d4 ,= ! same reason aft] ! removal ( ! light rubb] cap ! brass tube %\ld be c>efully pres]v$ f du/ or fragm5ts1 ! op5 end1 t is ! cutt+ end1 be+ held d[nw>d until ready = use4 ,aft] "o tube has be5 fill$1 capp$1 replac$ 9 ! sack & label$1 ! spatula %\ld be aga9 /]iliz$ & samples tak5 9 regul> ord] until ! top "o is f9i%$4 #bbj4 ,directions = ,tak+ ,bulk ,samples4--,f ! sides ( ! pit describ$ above1 bulk samples %\ld be tak5 z foll[s3 ,by means ( a spade ! soil %\ld be remov$ f ! f\r sides to ! dep? ( six or n9e in*es or until ! *ange ( color betwe5 ! soil & subsoil is not$2 9 all en\gh to make ab\t #aej p\nds ( ! air-dri$ soil4 ,9 ! same way take a sample ( ! subsoil to ! dep? ( n9e additional in*es4 ,remove all /ones1 l>ge pebbles1 /icks1 roots1 etc41 & spread ! samples 9 a %elt]$ place :]e !y c be air-dri$ z rapidly z possible4 ,! bulk samples %\ld be tak5 bo? f ! cultivat$ & virg9 soils4 ,9 select+ ! cultivat$ soil1 pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ^? soils :i* h n be5 f]tiliz$ )9 a few ye>s4 ,if rec5t f]tilization h be5 practic$ ! "* & am\nt ( x %\ld be not$4 #bba4 ,! ,nitrifiable ,solution4--,! solution to te/ ! nitrify+ p[] ( ! samples collect$ z above describ$ is conv5i5tly made z foll[s3 ,potassium phosphate1 "o gram p] lit]4 ,magnesium sulfate1 half a gram p] lit]4 ,calcium *lorid1 a trace4 ,ammonium sulfate1 #bjj milligrams ( nitrog5 p] lit]4 ,calcium c>bonate1 9 excess4 ,"o lit] ( ! above solution is en\gh = t5 samples1 ea* ( #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,?is quantity is plac$ 9 an erl5mey]1 :i* is /opp]$ ) cotton & /]iliz$ by be+ kept at #ajj = an h\r on ?ree successive days4 ,! erl5mey] %\ld be /]iliz$ be=eh& by heat+ = an h\r at #aej4 ,! fre%ly precipitat$ & wa%$ calcium c>bonate %\ld be /]iliz$ sep>ately & add$ to ea* erl5mey] at ! "t ( se$+4 ,en\gh %\ld always be us$ to be 9 excess ( ! nitr\s & nitric acids f\nd4 ,! se$+ is accompli%$ by fill+ a /]iliz$ spoon :i* holds approximately half a gram ( ! soil1 f ! cont5ts ( "o ( ! brass tubes1 lift+ ! plug 9 ! erl5mey] & transf]r+ quickly to ! flask4 ,?is %\ld be done 9 a p]fectly /ill room1 pref]ably z high above ! gr\nd z possible & 9 a place free f du/ & "u cov]4 ,! cotton plug be+ replac$ ! erl5mey] is %ak5 until ! sample ( soil add$ is ?or\ghly dis9tegrat$ & intimately mix$ ) its cont5ts4 ,) c>e & exp]i5ce ! se$+ is easily accompli%$ )\t dang] ( accid5tal contam9ation4 ,at ! end ( ea* p]iod ( five days ! beg9n+ & progress ( nitrification %\ld be det]m9$ by "s ( ! me?ods describ$ 9 volume fir/4 ,ei!r ! ammonia c be det]m9$ by nessl]iz+ or ! nitr\s & nitric acids e/imat$4 ,= nitr\s acid we pref] ! me?od describ$ 9 volume fir/1 p>agraph #ejd1 & = nitric ! "o 9 same volume p>agraphs #dig & #dih4 ,by supplem5t+ ! analysis ( a soil by ! above describ$ exp]im5ts 9 nitrification ! analy/ w be able to judge ) suffici5t accuracy ( its ne$s = nitric nitrog54 #bbb4 ,quantity ( ,*ile ,saltpet] to be ,appli$4--,! quantities ( ,*ile saltpet] :i* %\ld be appli$ p] acre v>y ) s _m conditions z to make any def9ite /atem5t impossible4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great solubility ( ?is salt no m %\ld be us$ ?an is necess>y = ! nutrition ( ! crop4 ,= ea* #ajj p\nds us$1 f f\rte5 to fifte5 p\nds ( nitrog5 w be add$ to ! soil4 ,field crops1 z a rule1 w require less ( ! salt ?an g>d5 crops4 ,!re is an economic limit to ! application :i* %\ld n be pass$4 ,z a rule #bej p\nds p] acre w prove to be a maximum dress+4 ,! "* ( ! crop mu/ also be consid]$4 ,diff]5t am\nts are requir$ = sug> beets1 tobacco1 :eat1 & o!r /&>d crops4 ,x is r>ely ! case t a crop dem&s a dress+ ( ,*ile saltpet] alone4 ,x w give ! be/ effects1 z a rule1 :5 appli$ ) phosphoric acid or pota%4 ,b ?is is a bran* ( ! subject :i* _c be ent]$ into at great] l5g? 9 ?is manual4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ,/utz]'s "w on ,*ile saltpet] = fur!r in=mation4#ahc #bbc4 ,consumption ( ,*ile ,saltpet]4--,! entire consumption ( sodium nitrate = manurial purposes 9 ! :ole _w = #ahid 0 #iib1aej metric tons1 valu$ at #da1jjj1jjj4 ,= ! sev]al c\ntries us+ x ! consumption 0 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,g]many #cig1bjj tons4 ,france #ahg1ajj 8 ,engl& #aag1jjj 8 ,belgium #abc1jjj 8 ,unit$ ,/ates #ajj1jjj 8 ,holl& #ef1gjj 8 ,italy & ,spa9 #e1bjj 8 ,o!r c\ntries #e1iej 8 ------- ,total #iib1aej 8 ,! above figures repres5t ! actual comm]ce ( ea* c\ntry 9 ,*ile saltpet]1 & may n give ! exact consumption4#ahd ,= in/ance1 ,g]many exports sodium nitrate to ,russia & ,au/ria1 b x imports ?is salt f ,holl& & ,belgium4 ,belgium imports f ,france1 b its exportation is great] ?an its importations f t c\ntry1 s t its actual consumption on ! f>m probably falls consid]ably bel[ t giv5 on ! table4 ,holl& also exports l>g] quantities ?an are import$ f neighbor+ /ates4 ,! exports f ,engl& are inconsid]able comp>$ ) ! quantities receiv$1 am\nt+ only to ab\t #e1jjj tons a ye>1 :ile ! exportations f ,france rea* ne>ly #aj1jjj tons4 ,sodium nitrate has a mod]ate value at ! factories :]e x is prep>$ = %ipm5t 9 ,*ile4 ,its *ief value at ! ports :]e x is deliv]$ = consumption comes f freights & pr(its ( ! syndicate4 ,! factories1 :]e x is prep>$ = ! m>ket1 are at or ne> ! deposits1 & ! freights !nce to ! sea coa/ are v high4 ,! rail roads :i* h be5 con/ruct$ to ! high plateaux :i* conta9 ! deposits1 h be5 built at a v great co/1 & ! freights *>g$ are correspond+ly high4 ,!re is also a tax ( #a4bj levi$ on ea* ton export$4 ,d$uct+ all co/s ( transportation & export duties ! actual value ( sodium nitrate at ! factory1 ready = %ipm5t1 is ab\t sixte5 doll>s 9 gold a ton4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,second4 #abe ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #ac1 ,no4 #g4 #abf ,atwat]3 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] ( ,fi% & ,fi%]ies1 #ahhh1 pp4 #fgi-hfh4 #abg ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,vol4 #ad1 p4 #dgc4 #abh ,wiley3 ,retir+ ,address z ,presid5t ( ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,baltimore ,meet+1 ,dec4 #ahic1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #af1 pp4 #ag-bj4 #abi ,vid4 op4 et4 loc4 cit4 supra4 #acj ,vid4 op4 et4 loc4 cit4 #d4 #aca ,vid4 op4 et4 loc4 cit4 #d4 #acb ,vid4 op4 et4 loc4 cit4 #d4 #acc ,bullet9 ,no4 #dc1 p4 #cdc 7to p>agraph #aef74 #acd ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #bg1 et seq4 #ace ,vid4 op4 et4 loc4 cit4 supra4 #acf ,wea!r ,bureau3 ,b>omet]s & ,measurem5ts ( ,atmosph]ic ,pressures4 #acg ,physikalis*-,*emis*e ,tabell5 ,l&olt und ,brn/e91 ,s4 #cb4 #ach ,battle & ,dancy3 ,conv]sion ,tables1 p4 #cd4 #aci ,bullet9 ,no4 #dc1 p4 #cdh 7to p>agraph #afi74 #adj ,guide p\r le dosage de l',azote ,no4 #c1 p4 #h4 #ada ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #bc1 ,s4 #eeg4 #adb ,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,b& #h1 ,s4 #agdg4 #adc ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,transactions1 #ahha1 p4 #hg4 #add ,bullet9 ,no4 #af1 p4 #ea4 #ade ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 p4 #aic 7to p>agraph #age74 #adf ,j\rnal ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #ba4 #adg ,bullet9 de l',association des ,*imi/es de ,sucrrie1 ,tome #i1 p4 #eih4 7bis p4 #aib7 ,j\rnal ,*emical ,society2 ,transactions1 ,vol4 #ba1 p4 #afa4 #adh ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #bb1 ,s4 #cff4 #adi ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 pp4 #cgj1 et seq4 #aej ,vid4 op4 cit41 #bd4 ,b& #bd1 ,s4 #dee4 #aea ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahhf1 ,s4 #afe4 #aeb ,n$]l&s*e ,/aatsc\rant1 ,jan4 #aa1 #ahic4 #aec ,die ,agricultur-,*emis*e ,v]su*s-,/ation1 ,halle a_/,s41 ,s4 #cd4 7bis4 p4 #bjd7 ,bullet9 ,no4 #dc1 p4 #cde4 #aed ,bullet9 ,no4 #ca1 #adb4 #aee ,fres5ius1 quantitative ,analyse1 #f? ,auflage1 ,s4 #gca4 #aef ,zeits*rift fr ,analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #bd1 ,s4 #dee4 #aeg ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #be1 ,s4 #adi4 #aeh ,ar*ive d] ,ph>macie #c1 ,b& #bc1 ,s4 #agg4 #aei ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahhf1 ,s4 #cge4 #afj ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,s4 #afa4 #afa ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ce1 ,s4 #dcc4 #afb ,vid4 op4 et4 loc4 cit4 #bh4 #afc ,vid4 op4 cit4 #bi1 ,s4 #dd4 #afd ,bullet9 ,no4 #af1 p4 #ea4 #afe ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #bh1 ,s4 #ahh4 #aff ,bullet9 ,no4 #ce1 p4 #fh4 #afg ,bullet9 ,no4 #ce1 p4 #bjb4 #afh ,bullet9 ,no4 #aab1 ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 & ,bullet9 ,no4 #ce1 p4 #if4 #afi ,guide p\r le dosage de l',azote1 p4 #ad4 #agj ,revue de ,*imie ,analytique ,applique1 ,tome #a1 p4 #ea4 #aga ,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,b& #d1 ,s4 #cfj4 #agb ,bullet9 ,no4 #dc1 p4 #cfa4 #agc ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique1 #ahij1 p4 #cbd4 #agd ,bullet9 ,no4 #ce1 p4 #hh4 #age ,die ,agricultur-,*emis*e ,v]su*s-,/ation1 ,halle a_/,s41 ,s4 #ej4 #agf ,vid41 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #eci4 #agg ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,b& #bg1 ,s4 #afcc4 #agh ,vid4 op4 et4 loc4 cit4 supra4 #agi ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ea1 ,s4 #dh4 #ahj ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #cd1 ,s4 #bf4 #aha ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 ,b& #cb1 ,s4 #eec4 #ahb ,l',engrais1 ,tome #i1 p4 #hgg4 #ahc ,d] ,*ile ,saltpet]2 ,se9e ,b$eutung und ,anw5dung als ,dngemittel4 #ahd ,l',engrais1 #e ,avril1 #ahie1 p4 #cbd4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,pota% ,,9 ,,f]tiliz+ ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,f]tiliz]s4 #bbd4 ,introduction4--,! pota% pres5t 9 unf]tiliz$ soils has be5 d]iv$ f ! decay ( rocks conta9+ pota% m9]als4 ,among ^! pota% produc]s feldsp>s are p]haps ! mo/ important4 ,= a discussion ( ! nature ( _! decomposition & ! causes produc+ x ! fir/ "p ( volume fir/ may be consult$4 ,pota% is q z ext5sively di/ribut$ z phosphoric acid & no true soils are )\t x 9 "s proportion4 ,its pres5ce is necess>y to plant gr[? & x =ms1 9 comb9ation ) organic & m9]al acids1 an ess5tial "p ( ! vegetable organism1 exi/+ 9 exceptionally ri* quantities 9 ! se$s4 ,x is possible t pota% salts1 su* z ! *lorid1 sulfate1 & phosphate may be assimilat$ z su*1 b1 z ) o!r comp\nds1 we mu/ n d5y to ! plant ! rem>kable faculty ( be+ able to decompose its mo/ /able salts & to =m f ! fragm5ts ?us produc$ entirely new comp\nds4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true ( ! pota% comp\nds exi/+ 9 plants 9 comb9ation ) organic acids4 ,! pota% :i* is assimilat$ by plants exi/s 9 ! soil *iefly 9 a m9]al /ate1 & t add$ z f]tiliz] is *iefly 9 ! same condition4 ,t "p ( ! pota% 9 a soil aris+ directly f ! decomposition ( vegetable matt]s may exi/ p>tly 9 organic comb9ation1 b ?is portion1 9 comp>ison ) ! total quantity absorb$ by ! plant1 is insignificant4 ,x is !n safe to assume t at lea/ a consid]able "p ( ! pota% absorb$ by ! plant is decompos$ f its orig9al =m ( comb9ation by ! vegetable bio*emical =ces1 & is f9ally incorporat$ 9 ! plant tissues 9 =ms det]m9$ by ! same p[]ful =ces ( vegetable metabolism4 ,! analy/ is n (t5 call$ ^u to inve/igate ! =ms 9 :i* ! pota% exi/s 9 plants1 :5 engag$ 9 inve/igation ( f]tiliz]s4 ,x is *iefly f\nd 9 comb9ation ) organic & phosphoric acids1 & on ignition w appe> z phosphate or c>bonate 9 ! a%4 #bbe4 ,=ms 9 :i* ,pota% is ,f\nd 9 ,f]tiliz]s4--,! *ief natural s\rces ( pota% us$ 9 f]tiliz] fabrication are3 ,fir/1 organic comp\nds1 su* z desiccat$ m9]al matt]s1 tobacco wa/e1 cottonse$ hulls1 etc42 second1 ! a% d]iv$ f burn+ t]re/rial plants ( all k9ds2 ?ird1 ! natural m9]al deposits1 su* z ,/assfurt salts4 ,all ( ^! =ms ( pota% may be f\nd 9 mix$ f]tiliz]s4 ,:ile ! f9al me?ods ( analyses are ! same 9 all cases ! prelim9>y treatm5t is v diff]5t1 be+ adapt$ to ! nature ( ! sample4 ,= analytical purposes1 x is highly important t ! pota% be br\ght into a soluble m9]al =m1 & t any organic matt]s :i* ! sample conta9s be de/roy$4 ,if ! sample be already ( a m9]al nature1 x may /ill be mix$ ) o!r organic matt] & !n x requires treatm5t z above1 = x is n safe always to rely solely on ! solubility ( ! pota% m9]al1 & ! solution1 moreov]1 9 su* cases1 is likely to conta9 organic matt]4 ,9 "s ,/ates1 only t portion ( ! pota% soluble 9 wat] is all[$ to be consid]$ 9 (ficial f]tiliz] "w4 ,9 ^! cases x is evid5t t ! organic matt] pres5t %\ld n be de/roy$ 9 ! orig9al sample1 b only 9 ! aque\s solution4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! pota% occlud$ 9 organic matt] becomes con/antly available z ! process ( decay goes on1 x is n j to exclude x f ! available supply4 ,x may n be s imm$iately available z :5 9 a soluble m9]al /ate1 b x is n long be=e x becomes valuable4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 moreov]1 t phosphorus1 nitrog51 & pota% are all m valuable f9ally :5 appli$ to ! soil 9 an organic =m4 ,?is fact is a corroboration ( ! !ory already advanc$ t all m9]al comp\nd bodies are probably decompos$ be=e !y ent] z compon5t p>ts into ! tissues ( ! vegetable organism4 ,x is highly probable1 !re=e1 t ! pota% exi/+ 9 organic comp\nds1 f9ely divid$ & easily decompos$1 is ( equal1 if n great] value to plant life ?an t already 9 a soluble m9]al /ate4 ,! organic matt]1 :5 pres5t1 is de/roy$1 ei!r by ignition at a l[ temp]ature1 or by moi/ combu/ion ) an oxidiz+ ag5t be=e ! pota% is precipitat$4 ,,organic ,,s\rces ,,( ,,pota%4 #bbf4 ,tobacco ,/ems & ,wa/e4--,until )9 a few ye>s tobacco /ems & o!r wa/e f factories1 7 treat$ z a nuisance 9 ?is c\ntry1 & burn$ or dump$ into /reams4 ,by burn+ & sav+ ! a% ! pota% conta9$ 9 ! /ems & wa/e w\ld be recov]$ 9 a =m suitable = field use4 ,! nitrog51 h[ev]1 conta9$ 9 ^! wa/e mat]ials1 bo? 9 ! =m ( nicot9 & ( album9oids w\ld be lo/4 ,ignition ( ?is wa/e1 !re=e1 %\ld n be practic$4 ,x %\ld be prep>$ = use by gr9d+ to a f9e p[d]4 ,appli$ to ! soil 9 ?is condition ! p[d] may be useful z an insecticide z well z a f]tiliz]4 ,tobacco /ems conta9 f twelve to tw5ty-sev5 p] c5t ( moi/ure1 & f twelve to tw5ty p] c5t ( a%4 ,! composition ( ! /ems f two celebrat$ tobacco gr[+ regions is subjo9$3#ahe ,k5tucky /ems4 ,connecticut /ems4 ,moi/ure #bf4gj p] c5t4 #ac4dg p] c5t4 ,organic & volatile #fj4ah 8 8 #gj4he 8 8 ,a% #ac4ab 8 8 #ae4fh 8 8 ,! a% calculat$ to ! orig9al sub/ance _h ! foll[+ composition3 ,k5tucky /ems4 ,connecticut /ems4 ,phosphoric acid #j4fg p] c5t4 #j4ec p] c5t4 ,pota% #h4jc 8 8 #f4da 8 8 ,x is ?us se5 t ab\t half ! a% ( tobacco /ems is compos$ ( pota%4 ,! /alks ( ! tobacco h almo/ ! same composition z ! /ems1 b ! p]c5tage ( a% is n q s great4 ,9 ?ree samples analyz$ at ! ,connecticut /ation ! p]c5tages ( a% f\nd 9 ! wat]-free sub/ance 7 #f4fd1 #g4jj1 & #g4df respectively4 ,! pure a% ( ! /alks 0 f\nd to h ! foll[+ composition3#ahf ,description ( samples4 ,con/itu5ts ,cut ,aug4 #bb4 ,cut ,sept4 #ag4 ,silica #j4hb p] c5t4 #j4eg p] c5t4 ,iron & alum9um oxids #a4ch 8 8 #a4ch 8 8 ,lime #ad4ja 8 8 #af4eh 8 8 ,magnesia #f4fd 8 8 #g4cf 8 8 ,pota% #ef4cd 8 8 #ed4df 8 8 ,soda #a4bh 8 8 #a4af 8 8 ,sulfuric acid #h4jf 8 8 #f4ge 8 8 ,phosphoric acid #f4cg 8 8 #f4bg 8 8 ,*lor9 #f4ee 8 8 #g4je 8 8 ------ ------ #aja4de 8 8 #aja4eh 8 8 ,d$uct oxyg5 *lor9 #a4de 8 8 #a4eh 8 8 ------ ------ #ajj4jj 8 8 #ajj4jj 8 8 ,! leaves ( ! tobacco conta9 m a% ?an ! /alks or /ems1 b ! p]c5tage ( pota% !re9 is less4 ,9 eighte5 samples analyz$ at ! ,colorado /ation ! p]c5tages ( moi/ure 9 ! leaf v>i$ f #f4jh to #bh4jj1 & ^? ( a% f #bb4fj to #bh4jj4ahg ,! p]c5tages ( pota% 9 ! a% v>i$ f #ae4bj to #bf4cj4 ,9 ^! data ! c>bon dioxid1 s&1 etc41 are includ$1 :ile 9 ^? quot$ f ! ,connecticut /ation !y 7 exclud$4 #bbg4 ,cottonse$ ,hulls & ,meal4--,a consid]able quantity ( pota% is add$ to ! soil 9 cottonse$ meal & hulls4 ,! practice ( burn+ ! hulls _c be recomm5d$1 al?\gh x is frequ5tly practic$1 = ! inc9]ation does n increase ! quantities ( phosphoric acid & pota%1 :ile x de/roys ! availability ( ! nitrog54 ,nev]!less ! analy/ w (t5 h to deal ) samples ( ! raw mat]ials above m5tion$1 z well z ) ! a% ( ! hulls1 9 :i* ! pota% c be det]m9$ by "s "o ( ! /&>d me?ods to be describ$4 ,9 g5]al x is f\nd t ! hulls ( se$s & ! b>k & leaves ( plants h a great] p]c5tage ( a% ?an ! int]ior portions4 ,9 ! case ( cottonse$ h[ev]1 an exception is to be not$4 ,! cottonse$ meal 9 ! air-dri$ /ate has ab\t sev5 p] c5t ( a%1 :ile ! hulls h only ab\t ?ree4 ,:5 x is rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! great] "p ( ! oil has be5 remov$ f ! meal x w be se5 t 9 ! :ole se$ 9 ! fre% /ate ! discrepancy is n s m>k$4 ,9 ! crude a% ( ! hulls ! p]c5tage ( pota% v>ies g5]ally f tw5ty to tw5ty-five p] c5t1 b 9 num]\s cases ^! limits are exce$$4 ,9 twelve samples ( cottonse$ hull a%es exam9$ by ! ,connecticut /ation ! mean p]c5tage ( pota% 9 ! crude sample 0 #bb4dg1 & ! extremes #ae4eg & #cj4bd p] c5t respectively4#ahh ,9 det]m9+ ! value ( ! a% p] ton ! cont5t ( phosphoric acid mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,cottonse$ meal conta9s ab\t #a4ge p] c5t ( pota%4 ,s9ce ! mean p]c5tage ( a% 9 ! meal is sev51 ! mean cont5t ( pota% 9 ! crude a% is ab\t tw5ty-five4 #bbh4 ,wood ,a%es4--,unlea*$ wood a%es furni% an important quantity ( pota% f]tiliz]4 ,! composition ( ! a% ( woods is extremely v>iable4 ,n only d diff]5t v>ieties ( trees h v>y+ quantities ( a%1 b 9 ! same v>iety ! b>k & twigs w give an a% q diff]5t 9 quantity & composition f t furni%$ by ! wood itself4 ,9 g5]al ! h>d woods1 su* z hickory1 oak1 & maple1 furni% a quality ( a% sup]ior = f]tiliz+ purposes to t af=d$ by ! s(t woods1 su* z ! p9e & tulip trees4 ,! "* ( ! unlea*$ wood a%es f\nd 9 ! trade is indicat$ by ! subjo9$ analyses4 ,! fir/ table conta9s ! mean1 maximum & m9imum results ( ! analyses ( n9ety-sev5 samples by ,goessmann4#ahi ,mean composition ( wood a%es4 ,means4 ,maxima4 ,m9ima4 ,pota% #e4e #aj4b #b4e ,phosphoric acid #a4i #d4j #j4c ,lime #cd4c #ej4i #ah4j ,magnesia #c4e #g4e #b4c ,insoluble #ab4i #bg4i #b4a ,moi/ure #ab4j #bh4f #j4g ,c>bon dioxid & undet]m9$ #bi4i ,9 sixte5 analyses made at ! ,connecticut /ation ! data obta9$ are giv5 bel[3#aij ,means4 ,maxima4 ,m9ima4 ,pota% #e4c #g4g #d4j ,phosphoric acid #a4d #a4h #j4i ,9 fifte5 analyses ( a%es f dome/ic wood-fires 9 ,new ,engl& /oves1 ! foll[+ mean p]c5tages ( pota% & phosphoric acid 7 f\nd3 ,pota% #i4fc ,phosphoric acid #b4cb ,9 lea*+1 a%es lose *iefly ! potassium c>bonate & phosphate :i* !y conta94 ,lea*$ & unlea*$ ,canada a%es h ! foll[+ composition3 ,unlea*$4 ,lea*$4 ,insoluble #ac4j p] c5t4 #ac4j p] c5t4 ,moi/ure #ab4j 8 8 #cj4j 8 8 ,calcium c>bonate & hydroxid #fa4j 8 8 #ea4j 8 8 ,potassium c>bonate #e4e 8 8 #a4a 8 8 ,phosphoric acid #a4i 8 8 #a4d 8 8 ,undet]m9$ #f4f 8 8 #c4e 8 8 ,9 ! wood a%es ( comm]ce !re=e1 x is evid5t t ! proportion ( ! pota% to ! lime is relatively l[4 ,! numb] ( p>ts by weight ( ! *ief +r$i5ts ( ! a% 9 t5 ?\s& p\nds ( woods ( diff]5t k9ds is giv5 9 ! table bel[ toge!r ) ! p]c5tage composition ( ! pure a%1 t is ! crude a% depriv$ ( c>bon & c>bon dioxid4 ,,p\nds ,,( ,,! ,,+r$i5ts ,,nam$ ,,9 ,,t5 ,,?\s& ,,p\nds ,,( ,,wood4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,dogwood4 ,sycamore4 ,po/ oak4 ,a%4 ,cornus ,platanus ,q4 ,f4 florida4occid5talis4obtusiloba4,am]icana 4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pota% #i4jb #ah4jf #af4he #ad4id ,phosphoric acid #e4gb #i4ee #f4if #a4ae ,lime #f4da #bd4gc #ce4fa #g4fj ,magnesia #ad4fg 4#di #e4bh 4#aj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,r$ ,hickory4 ,:ite ,magnolia4 oak4 ,c>ya oak4 ,m4 ,q4 tom5tosa4 ,q4 gr&iflora4 rubra4 alba4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,pota% #ac4ie #ac4hj #aj4fj #g4ac ,phosphoric acid #e4ih #e4hc #b4di #c4ai ,lime #bg4dj #ah4dj #g4he #ad4ba ,magnesia #c4je #d4hf 4#ij #b4id ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,georgia ,yell[ ,black ,*e/nut4 ,old field p9e4 p9e4 p9e4 ,ca/anea p9e4 ,p4 ,p4 ,picea vesca or ,p4 mitis4 palu/ris4mitis4nigra4sativa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pota% #e4ja #d4ed #c4jb #b4ij 4#gi ,phosphoric acid #a4bd 4#if 4#ib #a4ji 4#gc ,lime #ah4jd #ae4af #ab4df #g4ic #ab4ab ,magnesia #b4jc 4#gd 4#aj 4#cd #a4ag ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,! ,,pure ,,a%es ,,( ,,! ,,woods ,,conta9 ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,p] ,,c5ts ,,( ,,! ,,+r$i5t ,,nam$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,dogwood4 ,sycamore4 ,po/ oak4 ,a%4 ,cornus ,platanus ,q4 ,f4 florida4occid5talis4obtusiloba4,am]icana 4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pota% #bh4jd #bc4ag #ba4ib #df4jd ,phosphoric acid #h4ea #ab4bc #i4jj #c4eh ,lime #ch4ic #ca4fb #df4ci #bc4eg ,magnesia #f4hj 4#fb #f4hh 4#fj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,r$ ,hickory4 ,:ite ,magnolia4 oak4 ,c>ya oak4 ,m4 ,q4 tom5tosa4 ,q4 gr&iflora4 rubra4 alba4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,pota% #bd4ff #bh4fj #db4af #ai4ed ,phosphoric acid #aj4ee #aa4ig #i4dh #h4ge ,lime #dh4bf #cg4id #bi4he #ch4id ,magnesia #e4ch #aj4jd #c4dc #h4je ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,georgia ,yell[ ,black ,*e/nut4 ,old field p9e4 p9e4 p9e4 ,ca/anea p9e4 ,p4 ,p4 ,picea vesca or ,p4 mitis4 palu/ris4mitis4nigra4sativa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pota% #ae4ce #ai4gj #ad4cj #ah4aj #c4he ,phosphoric acid #c4hb #d4ah #d4cc #f4gf #d4aa ,lime #ee4bd #fe4ec #eh4ih #di4ah #fg4gc ,magnesia #f4be #c4bj 4#ej #b4aa #f4ed ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bbi4 ,f]tiliz+ ,value ( ,a%es4--,prim>ily1 ! f]tiliz+ value ( wood-a%es dep5ds on ! quantity ( plant food :i* !y conta94 ,) ! exception ( pota% & phosphoric acid1 h[ev]1 ! con/itu5ts ( wood-a%es h little1 if any1 comm]cial value4 ,! b5eficial effects foll[+ ! application ( a%es1 h[ev]1 are great] ?an w\ld be produc$ by ! same quantities ( matt] add$ 9 a purely manurial /ate4 ,! organic orig9 ( ^! mat]ials 9 ! a% has caus$ !m to be pres5t$ to ! plant 9 a =m peculi>ly suit$ = absorption4 ,l& treat$ g5]ally ) wood-a%es becomes m am5able to culture1 is readily kept 9 good til?1 & ?us reta9s moi/ure 9 dry seasons & p]mits ( easy dra9age 9 wet4 ,^! effects are probably due to ! lime cont5t ( ! a%1 a prop]ty moreov] favorable to nitrification & adapt$ to correct+ acidity4 ,injuri\s iron salts1 :i* are sometimes f\nd 9 wet & s\r l&s1 are precipitat$ by ! a% & r5d]$ innocu\s or ev5 b5eficial4 ,a good wood-a% f]tiliz] !re=e is wor? m ?an w\ld be indicat$ by its comm]cial value calculat$ 9 ! usual way4 #bcj4 ,molasses f ,sug>-,beets4--,! residual molasses result+ aft] ! extraction ( all ! cry/allizable sug> 9 beet-sug> manufacture is v ri* 9 pota%4 ,! molasses conta9s f t5 to fifte5 p] c5t ( a%4 ,! composition ( ! a% v>ies greatly 9 ! cont5t ( pota% z well z ( ! o!r con/itu5ts4#aia ,! cont5t ( potassium c>bonate v>ies f tw5ty-two to fifty-five p] c5t &1 9 addition to ?is1 "s potassium sulfate & *lorid are usually pres5t4 ,! foll[+ figures give ! composition ( a good quality ( beet-molasses a%3 ,potassium c>bonate #de4cj p] c5t ,sodium 8 #ac4hf 8 ,potassium *lorid #bb4dj 8 8 sulfate #h4jj 8 ,silica1 lime1 alum9a1 wat]1 phosphoric acid1 & undet]m9$ #ae4hb 8 ,?us1 9 #ajj p>ts ( su* an a% ov] ?ree-qu>t]s are pota% salts4 ,! molasses may be appli$ directly to ! soil or dilut$ & spray$ ov] ! fields4 #bca4 ,residue ( ,w9]ies4--,! pomace ( grapes aft] be+ press$ or f]m5t$ = w9e production conta9s consid]able quantities ( pota% z crude argol or acid potassium t>trate4 ,?is mat]ial c be appli$ directly to ! soil or fir/ burn$1 :5 its pota% w be secur$ 9 ! =m ( c>bonate4 ,! use ( ! w9]y refuse = f]tiliz+ purposes has n assum$ any comm]cial importance 9 ?is c\ntry4 #bcb4 ,de/ruction ( ,organic ,matt] by ,direct ,ignition4--,! simple/ & mo/ direct me?od = de/roy+ organic matt] is by direct ignition4 ,! inc9]ation may be conduct$ 9 ! op5 air or 9 a muffle & ! temp]ature %\ld be z l[ z possible4 ,9 no case %\ld a l[ r$ heat be exce$$4 ,by reason ( ! mod]ate draft produc$ 9 a muffle & ! m ev5 heat :i* c be ma9ta9$ ?is me?od ( burn+ is to be pref]r$4 ,) ! ex]cise ( due c>e1 h[ev]1 excell5t results c be obta9$ 9 an op5 di% or "o p>tly clos$ ) a lid4 ,at fir/1 ) _m samples1 ! organic matt] w burn ( its own accord aft] x is once ignit$1 & dur+ ?is combu/ion ! lamp %\ld be )drawn4 ,! ignition 9 mo/ cases %\ld be cont9u$ 9 a plat9um di% b %\ld ! sample conta9 any r$ucible metal capable ( injur+ ! plat9um a porcela9 vessel %\ld be us$4 ,! lamp %\ld give a diffus$ flame to avoid ov]heat+ ( any portions ( ! di% & to secure m uni=m combu/ion4 ,9 us+ a muffle ! heat employ$ %\ld be only great en\gh to secure combu/ion & ! draft %\ld be s regulat$ z to avoid loss due to ! me*anical deportation ( ! a% p>ticles4 #bcc4 ,ignition ) ,sulfuric ,acid4--,! favorable action ( sulfuric acid 9 secur+ a p]fect inc9]ation may also be utiliz$ 9 ! prep>ation ( samples conta9+ organic matt] = pota% det]m9ations4 ,9 ?is case ! bases :i* by direct ignition w\ld be secur$ z c>bonates are obta9$ z sulfates4 ,9 ! me?od adopt$ by ! (ficial *emi/s x is direct$ to saturate ! sample ) sulfuric acid & to ignite 9 a muffle until all organic matt] is de/roy$4#aib ,aft]w>ds1 :5 cool ! a% is moi/5$ ) a little hydro*loric acid & w>m$1 :]eby x is ! m easily deta*$ f ! di%4 ,! pota% is !n det]m9$ by any "o ( ! /&>d me?ods4 ,?is me?od has sev]al advantages ov] ! direct ignition4 ,:]e any *lorids ( ! alkalies are pres5t 9 ! a% !re is dang] ( loss ( pota% f volatilization4 ,?is is avoid$ by ! sulfate process4 ,moreov]1 !re is n s mu* dang] 9 ?is me?od ( occlud+ p>ticles ( c>bon 9 ! a%4 #bcd4 ,! ,de/ruction ( ,organic ,matt] by ,moi/ ,combu/ion4--,9 ! process ( ignition to de/roy organic matt] or remove ammonium salts 9 ! det]m9ation ( pota%1 !re are (t5 s\rces ( error :i* may cause consid]able loss4 ,?is loss1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 may arise f ! volatilization ( ! pota% salts or me*anically f spatt]+4 ,9 ord] to avoid ^! causes ( error de ,roode has us$ aqua regia bo? = ! de/ruction ( ! ammonium salts & = ! oxidation ( ! organic matt] at lea/ suffici5tly to prev5t any subsequ5t r$uction ( ! plat9um *lorid4#aic ,8 me?od consi/s 9 boil+ a sample ( ! f]tiliz]1 or an aliquot portion ( a solution !re( ) aqua regia4 ,! propos$ me?od has n yet _h a suffici5t exp]im5tal demon/ration to w>rant its use1 b analy/s may f9d x pr(itable to comp>e ?is process ) ! /&>d me?ods4 ,! organic matt] may also be de/roy$ by combu/ion ) sulfuric acid1 z 9 ! kjeldahl me?od = nitrog54 ,! residue1 h[ev]1 conta9s ammonium sulfate & a l>ge excess ( sulfuric acid1 & = bo? reasons w\ld n be 9 a fit condition = ! e/imation ( pota%4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! organic matt] might also be de/roy$ by boil+ ) /rong hydro*loric acid1 to :i* f "t to "t1 small quantities ( sodium *lorate free ( pota% is add$4 ,subsequ5tly ! solution c\ld be boil$ ) addition ( a little nitric acid & ! ammonium salts be remov$4 ,,pota% ,,9 ,,m9]al ,,deposits4 #bce4 ,occurr5ce & ,hi/ory4--,! g5]ally accept$ !ory ( ! mann] 9 :i* pota% has be5 collect$ into deposits suit$ to use z a f]tiliz] has already be5 describ$4#aid ,! ,/assfurt deposits1 :i* h = _m ye>s be5 almo/ ! sole s\rce ( pota% 9 f]tiliz]s1 7 fir/ kn[n z m9es ( rock salt4 ,9 #ahci1 hav+ previ\sly be5 acquir$ by ! ,prussian treasury1 !y 7 ab&on$ by reason ( ! m economical work+ ( rock salt qu>ries 9 o!r localities4#aie ,x 0 det]m9$ !reaft] to explore ! ext5t ( ^! m9es by bor+1 & a well 0 sunk to ! dep? ( #bdf met]s1 :5 ! upp] lay] ( ! salt deposit 0 rea*$4 ,! bor+ 0 cont9u$ into ! salt to a total dep? ( #eha met]s )\t rea*+ ! bottom4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts 7 totally unexpect$4 ,in/ead ( gett+ a br9e saturat$ ) common salt1 "o 0 obta9$ conta9+ l>ge quantities ( potassium & magnesium *lorids4#aif ,%afts 7 sunk 9 o!r places1 & ) su* favorable results1 t 9 #ahfb pota% salts became a regul> article ( comm]ce f t locality4 ,at fir/ ^! salts 7 reg>d$ z tr\blesome impurities 9 ! br9e f :i* common salt 0 to be made1 b at ?is "t ! common salt has come to be reg>d$ z ! di/urb+ factor4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! entire product is controll$ by a syndicate ( n9e l>ge firms locat$ at ,/assfurt & vic9ity4 ,outside ( ! syndicate prop]ties a %aft has be5 sunk at ,&]beck1 7,halb]/adt17 :i*1 h[ev]1 has produc$ only c>nallit1 s9ce ka9it has n be5 f\nd !re4 ,also at ,sond]%aus51 pota% salts h be5 discov]$ & a %aft is n[ s9k+ !re4 ,x is ?us se5 t ! pota% deposits ext5d ov] a wide area 9 ,g]many1 & !re is little fe> ( ! deposits becom+ exhau/$ 9 _m c5turies4 ,9 ?is c\ntry no pota% deposits ( any comm]cial importance h be5 discov]$2 b ! geological conditions requisite to ^! =mations h n be5 want+1 & _! future discov]y is n improbable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ag4 ,,geological ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,pota% ,,deposits ,,ne> ,,/assfurt4 #bcf4 ,*anges 9 ,pota% ,salts 9 ,situ4--,! deposits ( pota% salts are n all f\nd at ! pres5t 9 ! same condition 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ deposit$ f ! natural br9es4 ,! lay]s ( salt h be5 subject$ to ! usual upheavals & subsid5ces peculi> to geological hi/ory4 ,! lay]s ( salt 7 ?us tilt$ & ! edges (t5 br\ght to ! surface4 ,"h !y 7 expos$ to solution1 & ! dissolv$ br9e aft]w>d sep>at$ its cry/allizable salts 9 new comb9ations4 ,= in/ance1 kies]it & ! potassium *lorid ( ! c>nallit 7 fir/ dissolv$ & !re 0 left a salt comp\nd *iefly ( potassium & sodium *lorids1 sylv9it4 ,9 "s cases !re 0 a mutual reaction betwe5 ! magnesium sulfate & ! potassium *lorid & ! magnesium potassium sulfate1 s*nit1 0 ?us produc$4 ,?is salt is also prep>$ at ! m9es artificially4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! second>y products h[ev]1 f ! agricultural /&po9t1 is ka9it4 ,?is salt arose by ! br++ toge!r ( potassium sulfate1 magnesium sulfate1 & magnesium *lorid1 & 0 =m$ ev]y:]e ab\t ! bord]s ( ! lay]s ( c>nallit :]ev] wat] c\ld "w ^u !m4 ,9 quantity ! ka9it1 z might be suppos$1 is f> less ?an ! c>nallit1 ! latt] exi/+ 9 imm5se deposits4 ,!re is h[ev] q en\gh ( x to satisfy all ! dem&s ( agriculture = an indef9ite "t4 ,9 fact = _m purposes ! c>nallit c take ! place ( ka9it )\t detrim5t to ! gr[+ crops4 ,! relative positions & quantities ( ! lay]s ( m9]al matt]s 9 ! pota% m9es1 & ! dep? 9 met]s at :i* !y are f\nd is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4aig #bcg4 ,ka9it4--,! mo/ important ( ! natural salts ( pota% = f]tiliz+ purposes is ! mixture kn[n z ka9it4 ,x is compos$ 9 a pure /ate ( a molecule ea* ( potassium sulfate1 magnesium sulfate1 magnesium *lorid1 & wat]4 ,*emically x is repres5t$ by ! symbols3 ,k,,s,mg,s,o,mg,cl,h,o4 ,its !oretical p]c5tage ( pota% 7,k,o71 oxyg5 #af1 is #bc4b4 ,pure ka9it1 h[ev]1 is nev] f\nd 9 comm]ce4 ,x is mix$ naturally z x comes f ! m9es ) common salt1 potassium *lorid1 gypsum1 & o!r bodies4 ,! cont5t ( pota% 9 ! comm]cial salt is !re=e only a little m ?an half t ( ! pure m9]al4 ,9 g5]al x may be tak5 at #ab4e p] c5t1 ( :i* m ?an "o p] c5t is d]iv$ f ! potassium *lorid pres5t4 ,! foll[+ analysis giv5 by ,ma]ck] may be reg>d$ z typical3#aih ,potassium sulfate #ba4c p] c5t ,magnesium 8 #ad4e 8 ,magnesium *lorid #ab4d 8 ,potassium 8 #b4j 8 ,sodium 8 #cd4f 8 ,calcium sulfate 7gypsum7 #a4g 8 ,wat] #ab4g 8 ,alum9a #j4h 8 ,ka9it occurs z a cry/all9e1 p>tly colorless1 p>tly yell[-r$ mass4 ,:5 gr\nd1 9 :i* /ate x is s5t into comm]ce1 x =ms a f9e1 gray-color$ mass conta9+ _m small yell[ & r$ fragm5ts4 ,x is n hygroscopic & if x become moi/ x is due to ! excess ( common salt :i* x conta9s4 ,accord+ to ,ma]ck] ka9it 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z a potassium magnesium sulfate4 ,b ?is conception does n ev5 apply to ! pure salt mu* less to t :i* comes f ! m9es4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! agronomi/ desire a f]tiliz] free f *lor9 he w\ld be deceiv$ 9 *oos+ ka9it :i* may sometimes conta9 ne>ly fifty p] c5t ( its weight ( *lorids4 ,:]e a f]tiliz] free ( *lor9 is desir$1 z = in/ance1 9 ! culture ( tobacco1 ka9it _c be consid]$4 ,9 _m o!r cases1 h[ev]1 ! *lor9 cont5t ( ?is body in/ead ( be+ a detrim5t may prove positively advantage\s1 ! *lorids on acc\nt ( _! easy diffusibility ?r\gh ! soil s]v+ to di/ribute ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,by reason ( ! pres5ce ( common salt & magnesium *lorid ! gr\nd ka9it deliv]$ to comm]ce t5ds to h>d5 into compact masses4 ,to prev5t ?is 9 ,g]many x is recomm5d$ to mix x ) ab\t two & a half p] c5t ( f9e-gr\nd dry peat4 ,su* a mixture is recomm5d$ 9 all cases :]e ! fre%ly gr\nd ka9it is n to be imm$iately appli$ to ! soil4 #bch4 ,c>nallit4--,?is m9]al is a mixture ( ev5 molecules ( potassium & magnesium *lorids cry/alliz$ ) six molecules ( wat]4 ,x is repres5t$ by ! symbols ,k,cl,mg,cl#f;,h,o4 ,z x comes f ! m9es x conta9s small quantities ( potassium & magnesium sulfates & small quantities ( o!r accid5tal impurities4 ,exi/+ z x does 9 imm5se quantities x has be5 ext5sively us$ = ! manufacture ( ! comm]cial potassium *lorid 7muriate ( pota%74 ,= _m purposes 9 agriculture1 = in/ance1 f]tiliz+ tobacco fields1 x is n suit$1 & x is less widely us$ z a f]tiliz] 9 g5]al ?an its alt]ation product ka9it4 ,its direct use z a f]tiliz] h[ev] is rapidly increas+ s9ce lat] exp]i5ce has %[n t *lor9 comp\nds are capable ( a f> wid] application 9 agriculture )\t dang] ( injury ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,z x comes f ! m9es1 ! ,/assfurt c>nallit has ! foll[+ composition3#aii ,potassium *lorid #ae4e p] c5t4 ,magnesium 8 #ba4e 8 8 ,magnesium sulfate #ab4a 8 8 ,sodium *lorid #bb4d 8 8 ,calcium sulfate #a4i 8 8 ,wat] #bf4a 8 8 ,undet]m9$ #j4e 8 8 ,pure c>nallit w\ld h ! foll[+ composition3 ,*lor9 #ch4c p] c5t4 ,potassium #ad4j 8 8 ,magnesium #h4g 8 8 ,wat] #ci4j 8 8 ,equival5t to ,potassium *lorid #bf4h 8 8 ,magnesium 8 #cd4b 8 8 ,wat] #ci4j 8 8 ,! comm]cial article z tak5 f ! m9es1 z is se5 above1 has less pota% 7,k,o7 ?an ka9it1 ! mean cont5t be+ ab\t n9e & n9e-t5?s p] c5t4 ,^? propos+ to use ?is body = f]tiliz+ purposes %\ld be> 9 m9d t x conta9s less pota% & m *lor9 ?an ka9it4 ,c>nallit occurs 9 *>act]i/ic br[n-r$ masses4 ,on acc\nt ( its highly hygroscopic nature x %\ld be kept z mu* z possible out ( contact ) moi/ air & %\ld n be gr\nd until imm$iately be=e us+4 ,by reason ( ! great] bulk 9 proportion to its cont5t ( pota% & its hygroscopic nature & consequ5t increas$ difficulty 9 h&l+1 ! price p] unit ( pota% 9 c>nallit is less ?an 9 ka9it4 ,9 "s localities small quantities ( ammonium *lorid h be5 f\nd ) c>nallit b n to exce$ "o-t5? p] c5t4 ,x has !re=e no practical significance to ! f>m] b may be ( int]e/ to ! analy/4 #bci4 ,polyhalit4--,polyhalit is a m9]al occurr+ 9 ,/assfurt deposits & consi/+ ( a mixture ( potassium1 magnesium1 & calcium sulfates1 ) a small proportion ( cry/al wat]4 ,?is m9]al1 on acc\nt ( its be+ practically free ( *lor91 w\ld be "o especially desirable = use 9 ^? cases1 z 9 ! culture ( tobacco1 :]e *lorids are injuri\s4 ,un=tunately1 x does n occur 9 suffici5t quantities to w>rant ! expectation ( its ev] be+ f\nd 9 masses l>ge en\gh to become a g5]al article ( comm]ce4 ,x is f\nd only 9 pockets or seams among ! o!r ,/assfurt deposits1 & !re is no assurance giv5 on f9d+ "o ( ^! deposits ( polyhalit t x w ext5d to any great di/ance4 ,! composition ( ! m9]al is %[n by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,k,,s,mg,s,o7,ca,s,o7,h,o4 ,its p]c5tage composition is %[n by ! foll[+ numb]s3 ,potassium sulfate #bh4ij p] c5t4 ,magnesium sulfate #ai4ic 8 8 ,calcium sulfate #de4ah 8 8 ,wat] #e4ii 8 8 ,! p]c5tage ( pota% correspond+ to ! above =mula is #ae4fb4 ,x !re=e conta9s a consid]able excess ( pota% ov] ka9it1 & on acc\nt ( its fre$om f *lorids1 w\ld be pref]r$ = _m purposes4 #bdj4 ,krugit4--,?is m9]al occurs associat$ ) polyhalit & diff]s f x only 9 conta9+ f\r molecules ( calcium sulfate in/ead ( two4 ,its =mula is3 ,k,,s,mg,s,o7,ca,s,o7,h,o4 ,z x comes f ! m9es x is frequ5tly mix$ ) a little common salt4 ,its mean p]c5tage composition z x comes f ! m9es is giv5 9 ! foll[+ numb]s3 ,potassium sulfate #ah4fj p] c5t4 ,magnesium sulfate #ad4gj 8 8 ,calcium sulfate #fa4jj 8 8 ,sodium *lorid #a4ej 8 8 ,wat] #d4bj 8 8 ,! p]c5tage ( pota% correspond+ to ! above =mula is #aj4je4 ,x is !re=e less valuable ?an ka9it 9 s f> z its cont5t ( pota% is conc]n$4 ,?is salt also exi/s 9 limit$ quantities & is n likely to become an important article ( comm]ce4 #bda4 ,sylv94--,"o ( ! alt]ation products ( c>nallit is a practically pure potassium *lorid :i*1 z x occurs 9 ! ,/assfurt m9es is kn[n z sylv94 ,! alt]ation ( ! c>nallit arises f its solution 9 wat] f :i*1 on subsequ5t evaporation1 ! potassium *lorid is deposit$ alone4 ,?is m9]al is f\nd 9 only limit$ quantities 9 ! ,/assfurt deposits & x !re=e does n h any great comm]cial importance4 #bdb4 ,sylv9it4--,?is m9]al has be5 m9$ 9 rec5t ye>s 9 consid]able quantities4 ,x is1 9 fact1 only common salt c>ry+ l>ge quantities ( potassium *lorid toge!r ) c]ta9 o!r accid5tal impurities4 ,x 0 probably =m$ by ! dry+ up ( a sal9e mass 9 su* a way z n to p]mit ! complete sep>ation ( its m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,! av]age composition ( sylv9it z x comes f ! m9es is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,potassium *lorid #cj4ee p] c5t4 ,sodium *lorid #df4je 8 ,potassium sulfate #f4ie 8 ,magnesium sulfate #d4hj 8 ,magnesium *lorid #b4ed 8 ,calcium sulfate #a4hj 8 ,wat] & insoluble #g4bi 8 ,?is salt is ri*] 9 *lor9 ?an any o!r ( ! ,/assfurt pota% m9]als1 conta9+ altoge!r #gi4ad p] c5t ( *lorids4 ,its pota% cont5t am\nts to #bc4jd p] c5t1 b 9 proportion to ! pota% :i* x conta9s1 x is relatively poor] 9 *lor9 ?an ka9it & c>nallit4 ,on acc\nt ( its high cont5t ( pota% ! freights on a giv5 weight !re( z conta9$ 9 sylvanit are l[] ?an = ka9it & c>nallit4 #bdc4 ,kies]it4--,! m9]al kies]it is ess5tially magnesium sulfate & x does n necess>ily conta9 any pota% salts4 ,"u ! "n ( kies]it1 h[ev]1 or b]gkies]it1 !re is m9$ a mixture ( c>nallit & kies]it1 :i* is a comm]cial s\rce ( pota%4 ,! mixture conta9s ! foll[+ av]age cont5t ( ! bodies nam$3 ,potassium *lorid #aa4hj p] c5t4 ,magnesium sulfate #ba4ej 8 ,magnesium *lorid #ag4bj 8 ,sodium *lorid #bf4gj 8 ,calcium sulfate #j4hj 8 ,wat] #bj4gj 8 ,insoluble #a4cj 8 ,?is mixture conta9s only ab\t sev5 p] c5t ( pota% & w\ld n prove pr(itable :5 us$ at a di/ance f ! m9es on acc\nt ( ! co/ ( freights4 ,x has prov$ valuable1 h[ev]1 = a top dress+ = mead[ l&s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,/assfurt4 #bdd4 ,s*nit4--,among ! ,/assfurt deposits !re occurs 9 small quantities a m9]al1 s*nit1 :i* is compos$ ( ! sulfates ( potassium & magnesium4 ,! quantity ( ! m9]al occurr+ naturally is v small & !re=e x has no comm]cial importance4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ka9it is wa%$ ) wat] ! common salt & magnesium *lorid :i* x conta9s be+ m soluble are ! fir/ lea*$ out1 & ! residue has approximately ! composition ( ! pure m9]al4 ,?is mixture1 z prep>$ 9 ! way m5tion$ above1 has ! foll[+ av]age composition3 ,potassium sulfate #ej4dj p] c5t4 ,magnesium sulfate #cd4jj 8 ,sodium *lorid #b4ej 8 ,wat] #aa4fj 8 ,! p]c5tage ( pota% correspond+ to ! above composition is #bg4b4 ,?is sub/ance be+ s ri* 9 pota%1 & practically free ( *lorids1 is well suit$ to transportation to great di/ances & = g5]al use 9 ! field4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a consid]able exp5se att5ds ! manufacture ( ! artificial s*nit1 ! advantages above nam$ give x v little1 if any1 advantage 9 competition ) ! o!r pota% salts z !y come f ! m9es4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 an especial value = ! f]tilization ( tobacco & v9ey>ds4 #bde4 ,potassium ,sulfate4--,sev]al grades ( potassium sulfate are f\nd 9 ! m>ket = f]tiliz+ purposes1 "s ( !m q pure1 conta9+ ov] n9ety-sev5 p] c5t ( ! pure sulfate4 ,! foll[+ data %[ ! composition ( a high grade & l[ grade potassium sulfate ( comm]ce3 ,high grade4 ,l[ grade4 ,potassium sulfate #ig4bj p] c5t4 #ij4fj p] c5t4 ,potassium *lorid #j4cj 8 #a4fj 8 ,magnesium sulfate #j4gj 8 #b4gj 8 ,magnesium *lorid #j4dj 8 #a4jj 8 ,sodium *lorid #j4bj 8 #a4bj 8 ,insoluble #j4bj 8 #j4cj 8 ,wat] #j4gj 8 #b4bj 8 ,naturally1 high grade sulfates ( ?is k9d c only be prep>$ 9 *emical factories built especially = ! "w4 ,! result is t ! pota% p] unit is rais$ greatly 9 price4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! f]tiliz]s are to be transport$ to a great di/ance1 ! sav+ 9 freight (t5 m ?an comp5sates = ! high] price ( ! pota%4 ,x !re=e happ5s t !re are _m places 9 ?is c\ntry :]e ! actual price ( pota% p] p\nd is less 9 high grade sulfates ?an 9 ka9it or c>nallit4 ,:51 9 addition to ?is1 ! especial fitness ( ! high grade sulfates = c]ta9 =ms ( f]tilization1 especially tobacco gr[+1 is consid]$1 x is se5 t at ?is di/ance f ! m9es ^! high grade salts are ( no inconsid]able importance4 ,! p]c5tage ( pota% 9 ! high grade sulfates (t5 exce$s fifty4 #bdf4 ,potassium ,magnesium ,c>bonate4--,?is salt has lately be5 manufactur$ & us$ to a consid]able ext5t1 especially = tobacco f]tiliz+4 ,z furni%$ to ! trade x has ! foll[+ av]age composition3 ,potassium c>bonate #ce to #dj p] c5t4 ,magnesium c>bonate #cc to #cf 8 ,wat] ( cry/allization #be 8 ,potassium *lorid1 potassium sulfate1 & insoluble #b to #c 8 ,! cont5t ( pota%1 z is se5 f ! above =mula1 am\nts to f sev5te5 to eighte5 p] c5t4 ,! comp\nd is completely dry1 is n hygroscopic1 & is1 !re=e1 always ready = di/ribution4 ,x is especially to be recomm5d$ = all ^? int5sive cultures :]e x is fe>$ t *lorids & sulfates w prove injuri\s1 especially 9 ! cultivation ( tobacco4 #bdg4 ,pota% 9 ,factory ,residues4--,! residues f ! pota% factories 9 ,/assfurt & vic9ity conta9 consid]able quantities ( pota% & attempts h be5 made to recov] ?is wa/e & put x into =m = f]tiliz+ uses4 ,! wa/e wat]s ( ! factories are sometimes collect$ & evaporat$1 & ! residue inc9]at$4 ,! cont5t ( pota% 9 ^! residues is extremely v>iable1 usually q l[1 & !y1 !re=e1 _c be recomm5d$ = f]tiliz+ purposes1 especially if !y are to be transport$ to any di/ance4 #bdh4 ,quantity ( ,pota% ,salts ,us$4--,! total quantity ( pota% deliv]$ to consum]s f ! ,/assfurt m9es 9 #ahia1 ! la/ ye> = :i* complete /ati/ics are at h& 0 #dac1ejh tons ( ka9it & sylv9it1 #ci1ddd tons ( c>nallit1 #ah1jgh tons ( sulfate1 & #ab1dec tons ( ! potassium magnesium sulfate4 ,( ! above quantities1 #aae1bde tons ( ka9it 7 %ipp$ to ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ( ! high grade sulfate m5tion$1 #ac1cbb tons 7 s5t to o!r c\ntries1 & ( ! potassium magnesium sulfate1 #aa1jha tons 7 export$4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,analysis4 #bdi4 ,classification ( ,me?ods4--,to detect ! pres5ce ( pota% 9 a mixture ! aid ( ! spectroscope may be invok$4 ,9 ! scale ( ! spectrum divid$ into #agj p>ts1 on :i* ! sodium l9e falls at #ej1 potassium gives ?ree fa9t r broad b&s1 two r$1 fall+ at #ag & #bg1 & "o plum-color$ b&1 ne> ! extreme "r ( ! spectrum1 at #aec4 ,potassium1 h[ev]1 does n give brilliant & well-m>k$ spectral b&s1 su* z are af=d$ by its associates rubidium1 caesium1 sodium1 & li?ium4 ,a conv5i5t qualitative te/ :i*1 = practical purposes w be q suffici5t1 may be secur$ by dipp+ a plat9um loop into a /rong acid solution ( ! suppos$ pota% comp\nd1 & view+ ?r\gh a piece ( cobalt glass1 ! coloration produc$ !reby :5 held 9 ! flame ( a buns54 ,! r$-purple t9t !reby produc$ %\ld be comp>$ ) t com+ f a pure pota% salt simil>ly treat$4 ,if a f]tiliz] sample give no indication ( pota% :5 treat$ z above x may be safely conclud$ t x does n conta9 any weighable quantity ( pota%4 ,= ! e/imation ( ! p]c5tage ( pota% pres5t 9 a giv5 sample x may be safely assum$ t all ( value 9 agriculture w be giv5 up to an aque\s or slightly acid solution if organic matt] h be5 de/roy$ z indicat$ 9 a previ\s p>agraph4 ,9 ! case ( m9]als insoluble 9 a dilute acid ! pota% may be det]m9$ by "s "o ( ! processes giv5 9 ! fir/ volume4#bjj ,! pota% hav+ be5 obta9$ 9 an aque\s or slightly acid 7hydro*loric7 solution1 x may be det]m9$ ei!r by precipitation z potassium plat9o*lorid or z potassium p]*lorate4 ,! =m] me?od is ! "o :i* has be5 almo/ exclusively us$ by analysis 9 ! pa/1 b ! latt] "o is com+ into prom95ce & by reason ( ! great] economy att5d+ its practice & ! excell5t results obta9$ by "s analy/s1 dem&s a g5]\s consid]ation4 #bej4 ,! ,plat9ic ,*lorid ,me?od4--,! pr9ciple ( ?is me?od re/s on ! great insolubility ( ! potassium plat9o*lorid 9 /rong alcohol & ! easy solubility ( "s ( its commonly att5d+ salts2 viz41 sodium1 etc41 9 ! same reag5t4 ,be=e ! precipitation ( ! pota% x is necess>y to remove ! bases ( ! e>?s1 sulfates1 etc4 ,b>ium *lorid & hydroxid1 ammonium oxalate or c>bonate1 sulfuric acid1 etc41 are us$ 9 conjunction or successively to effect ^! purposes 9 ! mann] h]e9aft] describ$4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s conta9+ ! pota% are evaporat$ to dryness & g5tly ignit$ to expel excess ( ammonium salts & 9 ! residue tak5 up ) wat] & acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ! pota% is precipitat$ ) plat9ic *lorid solution4 ,! be/ me?ods ( execut+ ! analysis foll[4 #bea4 ,! ,(ficial ,agricultural ,me?od4--,?is me?od is bas$ on ! processes at fir/ propos$ by ,l9do#bja & ,gladd+1#bjb & is giv5 bel[ z adapt$ to mix$ f]tiliz]s & m9]al pota% salts4#bjc 7#a7 ,9 ,sup]phosphates4--,boil t5 grams ) #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] ?irty m9utes4 ,to ! hot solution add ammonia 9 slight excess1 & !n a suffici5t quantity ( ammonium oxalate to precipitate all ! lime pres5t2 cool & make up to half a lit]1 mix ?or\ghly1 & filt] ?r\gh a dry filt]2 evaporate fifty cubic c5timet]s1 correspond+ to "o gram1 ne>ly to dryness1 add "o cubic c5timet] ( dilute sulfuric acid 7#a to #a71 evaporate to dryness & ignite to :it5ess4 ,z all ! pota% is 9 =m ( sulfate1 no loss ne$ be appreh5d$ by volatilization ( pota%1 & a full r$ heat mu/ be ma9ta9$ until ! residue is p]fectly :ite4 ,?is residue is dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 plus a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & a slight excess ( plat9um solution is add$4 ,?is solution is !n evaporat$ to a ?ick pa/e 9 a small di%1 & eighty p] c5t alcohol add$4 ,9 evaporat+1 special precaution %\ld be tak5 to prev5t absorption ( ammonia4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ ?or\ghly ) alcohol by decantation & on ! filt]1 z usual4 ,! wa%+ %\ld be cont9u$ ev5 aft] ! filtrate is colorless4 ,t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! ammonium *lorid solution1 prep>$ z h]e9aft] direct$1 are run ?r\gh ! filt]1 or ! wa%+ may be p]=m$ 9 ! di%4 ,! t5 cubic c5timet]s w conta9 ! bulk ( ! impurities1 & are ?r[n away4 ,fre% portions ( t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! ammonium *lorid are run ?r\gh ! filt] sev]al times 7#e or #f74 ,! filt] is !n wa%$ ?or\ghly ) pure alcohol1 dri$1 & weigh$ z usual4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! precipitate is p]fectly soluble 9 wat]4 ,! plat9um solution us$ conta9s "o gram ( metallic plat9um 9 e t5 cubic c5timet]s4 ,to prep>e ! wa%+ solution ( ammonium *lorid1 place 9 a bottle #ejj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & #ajj grams ( ammonium *lorid & %ake till dissolv$4 ,n[ pulv]ize five or t5 gra9s ( potassium plat9o*lorid1 put 9 ! bottle & %ake at int]vals = six or eight h\rs2 let settle ov] night1 !n filt] (f ! liquid into a second bottle4 ,! fir/ bottle is !n ready = prep>ation ( a fre% supply :5 ne$$4 7#b7 ,potassium ,*lorids4--,9 ! analysis ( ^! salts an aliquot portion ( ! solution1 conta9+ a half gram1 is evaporat$ ) =ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! plat9um solution & a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & wa%$ z be=e4 7#c7 ,potassium ,sulfate1 ,ka9it1 ,etc4--,9 ! analysis ( ka9it1 dissolve t5 grams ( ! pulv]iz$ salt 9 #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( boil+ wat]1 add ammonia to slight excess1 !n a suffici5t quantity ( ammonium oxalate to ?r[ d[n all lime pres5t2 cool & make up to half a lit]1 mix ?or\ghly1 & filt] on a dry filt]2 f tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s1 correspond+ to a half gram1 proce$ to remove ! ammonia1 z 9 ! analysis ( sup]phosphates2 dissolve ! residue 9 hot wat]1 plus a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & add fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( plat9um solution4 ,9 ! analysis ( high-grade sulfate & ( d\ble-manure salt 7potassium sulfate1 magnesium sulfate1 conta9+ ab\t tw5ty-sev5 p] c5t ( potassium oxid71 make up ! solution z above1 b omit ! precipitation1 evaporation1 etc42 to an aliquot "p equal to a half gram add fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( plat9um solution4 ,9 all cases special c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! wa%+ ) alcohol to remove all ! d\ble plat9um sodium *lorid :i* may be pres5t4 ,! wa%+ %\ld be cont9u$ "s "t aft] ! filtrate is colorless4 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( ! ammonium *lorid solution are employ$ in/ead ( t5 cubic c5timet]s1 & ! tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s p\r$ ?r\gh at lea/ six times to remove all sulfates & *lorids4 ,wa% f9ally ) alcohol2 dry & weigh z usual4 #beb4 ,alt]nate ,me?od = ,pota%4--,boil t5 grams ( ! prep>$ sample = ?irty m9utes ) #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 &1 aft] cool+ & )\t filt]+1 make up to "o lit] & filt] ?r\gh a dry filt]4 ,if ! sample h t5 p] c5t ( potassium oxid1 use fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate2 if less ?an t5 p] c5t ( potassium oxid 7ord9>y pota% f]tiliz]s71 use #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate4 ,9 ea* case make ! volume up to #aej cubic c5timet]s1 heat to #ajj1 & add1 drop by drop ) con/ant /irr+1 a slight excess ( b>ium *lorid1 &1 )\t filt]+1 9 ! same mann] add b>ium hydrate 9 slight excess4 ,filt] :ile hot & wa% until ! precipitate is free ( *lorids4 ,add to ! filtrate "o cubic c5timet] ( /rong ammonium hydrate1 & !n a saturat$ solution ( ammonium c>bonate1 until ! excess ( b>ium is precipitat$4 ,heat & add1 9 f9e p[d]1 a half gram ( pure oxalic acid or #j4ge gram ( ammonium oxalate4 ,filt]1 wa% free ( *lorids1 evaporate ! filtrate to dryness 9 a plat9um di%1 & ignite c>efully ov] ! free flame1 bel[ r$ heat1 until all volatile matt] is driv5 (f4 ,! residue is dige/$ ) hot wat]1 filt]$ ?r\gh a small filt]1 & wa%$ ) successive small portions ( wat] until ! filtrate am\nts to ?irty cubic c5timet]s or m4 ,to ?is filtrate1 add two drops ( hydro*loric acid1 9 a porcela9 di%1 & f five to t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( t5 grams ( plat9ic *lorid 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! mixture is evaporat$ on a wat]-ba? to a ?ick sirup1 z above1 treat$ ) alcohol ( eighty p] c5t /r5g?1 wa%$ by decantation1 collect$ 9 a goo* or o!r =m ( filt]1 wa%$ ) /rong alcohol1 aft]w>ds ) five cubic c5timet]s ( e!r1 dri$ = ?irty m9utes at #ajj1 & weigh$4 ,x is desirable1 if !re be an appe>ance ( =eign matt] 9 ! d\ble salt1 t x %\ld be wa%$1 accord+ to ! previ\s me?od1 ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( ! half-conc5trat$ solution ( ammonium *lorid1 :i* has be5 saturat$ by %ak+ ) potassium plat9o*lorid4 #bec4 ,me?od ( ,solution = ,organic ,comp\nds4--,9 case ! pota% is conta9$ 9 organic comp\nds1 l tobacco /ems1 cottonse$ hulls1 etc41 weigh t5 grams1 saturate ) /rong sulfuric acid1 & ignite 9 a muffle to de/roy organic matt]4 ,add a little /rong hydro*loric acid to moi/5 ! mass & w>m slightly s z to loos5 x 9 ! di%4 ,proce$ !n z 9 ! l9do-gladd+ or alt]nate me?od4 #bed4 ,factors4--,! use ( ! factors #j4cjef = conv]t+ potassium plat9o*lorid to potassium *lorid & #j4aicjh = conv]t+ x to potassium oxid is advis$4 ,! latt] numb] is almo/ id5tical ) t us$ by ! ,halle & ,/assfurt *emi/s viz41 #j4aibg & #j4aibh respectively4 #bee4 ,me?ods ,us$ at ! ,halle ,/ation4--7#a7 ,9 ,ka9its & o!r ,m9]al ,salts ( ,pota%4#bjd--;,five grams ( ! prep>$ sample are boil$ = half an h\r 9 a half lit] flask ) f tw5ty to ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid & #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & aft]w>ds z mu* wat] add$ z is necess>y to fill ! flask ab\t ?ree qu>t]s full1 & ! sulfuric acid is !n precipitat$ ) b>ium *lorid4 ,to avoid an excess ( b>ium *lorid ! solution us$ is ( kn[n /r5g? & is add$ fir/ 9 su* quantity z w\ld precipitate ! sulfuric acid f a ka9it ( l[ sulfuric acid cont5t4 ,! mixture is !n boil$1 all[$ to settle & tri$ ) a dropp+ tube conta9+ b>ium *lorid4 ,if a fur!r precipitate be giv5 a few drops m ( b>ium *lorid solution are add$1 aga9 boil$ & all[$ to settle4 ,?is is cont9u$ until b>ium *lorid gives no precipitation4 ,aft] ! b>ium *lorid gives no m precipitate a drop ( dilute sulfuric acid is add$ to te/ = excess ( b>ium4 ,! op]ation is cont9u$ ) ! sulfuric acid until x no long] gives a precipitate ( b>ium sulfate4 ,by ! alt]nate use ( ! b>ium *lorid & sulfuric acid ! exact neutral po9t c soon be secur$4 ,:5 ?is po9t is rea*$ ! liquid is all[$ to cool1 ! flask is fill$ to ! m>k1 its cont5ts filt]$1 & ( ! filtrate fifty cubic c5timet]s1 equal to half a gram ( ! sub/ance1 tak5 = fur!r e/imation4 ,?is quantity is evaporat$ on a wat]-ba? to a sirupy consi/5ce 9 a porcela9 di% ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( plat9ic *lorid4 ,! plat9ic *lorid solution %\ld conta9 "o gram ( plat9um 9 ea* t5 cubic c5timet]s4 ,! residue is treat$ ) eighty p] c5t alcohol &1 ) /irr+1 all[$ to /& = an h\r4 ,! precipitate is !n collect$ on a goo*1 ei!r ( plat9um or porcela91 wa%$ ab\t eight times ) eighty p] c5t alcohol & ! potassium plat9o*lorid dri$ = two h\rs at #ajj4 ,aft] weigh+ ! precipitate is dissolv$ 9 hot wat] & ! residue wa%$ "u pressure1 fir/ ) hot wat] & !n ) alcohol4 ,! crucible ) ! asbe/os felt is dri$ at #ajj & weigh$4 ,any impurities :i* ! d\ble salt may h c>ri$ d[n ) x are left on ! filt] & ! weight ( ! orig9al precipitate c ?us be correct$4 ,! weight ( potassium plat9o*lorid is multipli$ by #j4aibg & ! product corresponds to ! weight ( ,k,o 9 ! sample tak54 7#b7 ,e/imation ( ,pota% 9 ,guanos & ,o!r ,f]tiliz]s conta9+ ,organic ,sub/ances4--,t5 grams ( ! sub/ances are c>efully inc9]at$ at a l[ temp]ature 9 a plat9um di%4 ,aft] ignition ! cont5ts ( ! di% are plac$ 9 a half lit] flask & boil$ = an h\r ) hydro*loric acid & a few drops ( nitric acid4 ,! sulfuric acid c !n be precipitat$ directly ) b>ium *lorid1 or bett]1 all[ ! flask to cool1 fill to ! m>k1 filt] & treat an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate ) b>ium *lorid z describ$ above4 ,! filtrate f ! sep>at$ sulfate ( b>ium is neutraliz$ ) ammonia & all ! bases1 ) ! exception ( magnesia & ! alkalies1 precipitat$ ) ammonium c>bonate2 boil1 fill to ! m>k & filt]4 ,( ?is filtrate evaporate f #ajj to #bjj cubic c5timet]s 9 a plat9um di%4 ,aft] evaporation ! ammonium salts are driv5 (f by c>eful ignition1 ! residue tak5 up ) hot wat] & filt]$ ?r\gh z small a filt] z possible into a porcela9 di%2 ! magnesia rema9+ 9 ! precipitate4 ,! filtrate is acidifi$ ) a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( plat9ic *lorid add$ & ! fur!r det]m9ation conduct$ z ) ka9it4 #bef4 ,dut* ,me?od4--,! process us$ at ! ,royal ,agricultural ,/ation ( ,holl& is almo/ id5tical ) t employ$ at ,halle4#bje ,a4 ,me?od = ,/assfurt & o!r ,pota% ,salts4--,! necess>y reag5ts are3 #a4 ,a dilute solution ( b>ium *lorid3 #b4 ,a solution ( plat9ic *lorid conta9+ "o gram ( plat9um 9 t5 cubic c5timet]s3 ,x mu/ be :olly free f plat9\s *lorid & nitric acid1 & p>tially fre$ f an excess ( hydro*loric acid by repeat$ evaporations ) wat]4 #c4 ,alcohol ( eighty p] c5t /r5g? by ! volume3 ,! me?ods ( br++ ! pota% into solution & ( precipitat+ ! sulfuric acid are ! same z = ! ,halle process describ$ above4 ,add !n tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! plat9um solution & evaporate ! mixture ne>ly to dryness4 ,add a suffici5t quantity ( eighty p] c5t alcohol & /ir = "s "t4 ,all[ to /& & !n filt] ?r\gh a goo* dri$ at #abj4 ,f9ally wa% ) eighty p] c5t alcohol1 dry at #abj1 & weigh4 ,b4 ,me?od = ,pota% ,sup]phosphate & o!r mix$ ,f]tiliz]s4--,! reag5ts necess>y are ! same z "u ,a1 &1 9 addition1 a saturat$ solution ( b>ium hydrate & a solution ( ammonium c>bonate mix$ ) ammonia4 ,boil tw5ty grams ( ! sub/ance ) wat] = half an h\r1 cool1 make up to half a lit] & filt]4 ,boil fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 & add b>ium *lorid till no m precipitate =ms4 ,mix ) b>yta wat] to /rong alkal9e reaction1 cool1 make up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s & filt]4 ,raise fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate to ! boil+ temp]ature & add ammonium c>bonate solution till no m precipitate =ms3 ,cool1 make up to #ajj cubic c5timet]s & filt]4 ,transf] fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate to a plat9um di%1 evaporate & heat ! residue1 avoid+ too high a temp]ature1 till ! ammonia salts are expell$4 ,dissolve ! residue 9 wat]1 filt]1 & treat ! filtrate z describ$ "u ,a4 #beg4 ,sw$i% ,me?ods4--,! ,sw$i% *emi/s det]m9e ! pota% 9 m9]al salts by ! plat9um *lorid process1 b ) c]ta9 v>iations f ! processes already giv54 ,! manipulation is conduct$ z foll[s3#bjf ,weigh "o gram ( ! sample to be exam9$ & p\r ab\t #cjj cubic c5timet]s ( hot wat] ov] x 9 a beak] & filt] aft] complete solution2 add "o cubic c5timet] ( hydro*loric acid1 heat ne>ly to boil+1 add dilute b>ium *lorid solution f a pipette or burette 9 a v f9e /ream /irr+1 sl[ly & c>efully1 till all sulfuric acid is completely precipitat$1 & only a trace ( ! precipitant is 9 excess4 ,if ! precipitation be conduct$ 9 ! way giv5 ! b>ium sulfate w come d[n 9 cry/all9e condition1 & settle rapidly )9 a few m9utes1 & almo/ imm$iately aft] ! precipitation is f9i%$ may be filt]$ cle>4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s f ! b>ium sulfate are br\ght into a lit] flask2 fill ?is to ! m>k1 take out fifty cubic c5timet]s ) a pipette1 evaporate ! great] portion on a wat]-ba? 9 a porcela9 di%1 transf] ! residue by means ( ammonia-free wat] to a beak] ( fifty cubic c5timet]s capacity1 add t5 cubic c5timet]s ( plat9ic *lorid solution1 /ir well ) a glass rod1 evaporate on a wat]-ba? to a sirupy condition1 all[ to cool1 & if ! residue be too dry1 add a few drops ( wat] to all[ ! sodium plat9o*lorid to take up cry/al wat] ) c]ta9ty1 /ir well1 add alcohol aft] a few m9utes1 mix c>efully1 leave ! mixture /&+ = a :ile 9 ! beak] cov]$ ) a wat* glass1 /irr+ occasionally2 f9ally decant ! solution1 :i* mu/ be ( a d>k yell[ color1 ?r\gh a v small filt]1 wa% ! precipitate 9 ! beak] repeat$ly ) small quantities ( alcohol & decant2 !n transf] ! precipitate to ! filt]1 wa% ) alcohol1 dry ! filt] & ! precipitate at a g5tle heat till all alcohol has evaporat$1 c>efully transf] ! cont5ts ( ! filt] to a wat* glass plac$ on :ite glaz$ pap]2 dissolve ! potassium plat9o*lorid /ill rema9+ on ! filt] 9 small quantities ( boil+ wat]1 evaporate ! filtrate on a wat]-ba? 9 an accurately weigh$ plat9um di% to dryness & transf] ! same to ! ma9 portion ( ! *lorid f ! wat* glass4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! salt free ( ! correspond+ comb9ations ( sodium1 b>ium1 calcium1 & magnesium1 :i* salts1 al?\gh soluble 9 alcohol1 may make ! salt impure1 be=e weigh+1 treat ! precipitate twice ) small quantities ( cold wat] :i* w dissolve ^! impurities2 evaporate ! solution aft] addition ( "o cubic c5timet] ( plat9ic *lorid ne>ly to dryness on a wat]-ba?1 treat ! residue 9 ! same way z giv5 be=e1 add ! small quantity ( potassium plat9o*lorid :i* is h]eby obta9$ toge!r ) ! ma9 portion to ! plat9um di%1 dry at #acj1 & weigh4 ,only aft] hav+ be5 treat$ 9 ?is way may ! precipitat$ potassium plat9o*lorid be consid]$ absolutely pure4 ,! ,/assfurt salts conta9 magnesia1 (t5 9 l>ge quantities & z a consequ5ce ! potassium plat9o*lorid precipitat$ directly is likely to be contam9at$ !re)4 #beh4 ,me?ods = ! ,analysis ( ,c>nallit1 ,ka9it1 ,sylv9it1 & ,kies]it4--,! *emi/s ( ! ,g]man ,pota% ,syndicate use ! foll[+ me?ods 9 ! analysis ( ! raw products m5tion$ above4#bjg 7#a7 ,prep>ation ( ! ,sample4--,x is advisable to take f a l>ge well mix$ mass at lea/ half a kilogram = ! analytical sample & ?is %\ld be gr\nd to a f9e p[d] 9 a mill or mort>4 7#b7 ,e/imation ( ! ,pota% by ! ,precipitation ,me?od4--,9 a half lit] flask are plac$ #ce4gj grams ( ka9it or sylv9it1 or #cj4ef grams ( c>nallit or b]gkies]it1 :i* are boil$ ) #cej cubic c5timet]s ( wat] aft] ! addition ( t5 cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid4 ,aft] cool+ ! flask is fill$ to ! m>k ) wat]1 well %ak51 & its cont5ts filt]$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are treat$ 9 a #bjj cubic c5timet] flask ) a solution ( b>ium *lorid1 ! flask fill$ to ! m>k1 well %ak51 & its cont5ts filt]$4 ,tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 correspond+ to #j4cegj or #j4cjef gram ( ! sub/ance1 are treat$ ) five cubic c5timet]s ( plat9ic *lorid solution & ! potassium e/imat$ accord+ to ! usual me?ods4 7#c7 ,e/imation ( ,pota% 7,k,o7 9 ,raw ,pota% ,salts4--7a7 ,= ! det]m9ation ( pota% alone 9 c>nallit1 ka9it1 & sylv9it "o hundr$ grams ( ! well-mix$ sample are put into a graduat$ flask hold+ "o lit] & dissolv$ by boil+ ) half a lit] ( wat]1 acidulat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric4 ,! purpose ( add+ hydro*loric acid is to br+ any polyhalit t might be pres5t 9 ! salts into solution & :i* x is difficult to dissolve 9 pure wat]4 ,aft] dissolv+ & cool+ ! flask is fill$ up to ! m>k4 ,! solution1 aft] mix+1 is filt]$ ?r\gh a dry filt] & #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 correspond+ to t5 grams sub/ance1 are put into a half lit] flask by means ( a pipette4 ,aft] ! addition ( #bjj-cjj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] ! solution is heat$ to boil+ & ! sulfuric acid accurately precipitat$ ) normal b>ium *lorid solution1 conta9+ #ajd grams ( ! dry salt 9 "o lit]4 ,! volume ( ! precipitate is calculat$ f ! am\nt ( b>ium solution us$ & f ! specific gravity ( ! b>ium sulfate4 ,aft] cool+1 ! flask is fill$ up ) wat] z f> above ! m>k z equals ! volume ( ! calculat$ b>ium precipitate1 &1 aft] ?or\gh mix+1 ! solution is filt]$ aga9 ?r\gh a dry filt]4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ?is filtrate1 correspond+ to "o gram sub/ance1 are evaporat$ ^u ! wat]-ba? ) a suffici5t am\nt ( plat9ic *lorid4 ,! residue ( potassium plat9o*lorid is wa%$ ) n9ety p] c5t alcohol1 dri$ at #abj1 & weigh$4 7b7 ,if x be desir$ to det]m9e sep>ately ! quantity ( pota% pres5t 9 ! =m ( sulfate & 9 ! =m ( *lorid1 z = example 9 ka9it & 9 sulfate ( pota%1 or if x is to be det]m9$ :e!r potassium sulfate is 9 comb9ation ) a proportionate am\nt ( magnesium *lorid1 z 9 ka9it1 or 9 comb9ation ) magnesium sulfate alone1 z 9 s*nit1 x !n becomes necess>y to det]m9e besides pota% ! p]c5tages ( *lor91 sulfuric acid1 lime1 magnesia1 ! total alkalies1 wat]1 & ! residue insoluble 9 wat]4 ,= ?is purpose #ajj grams ( ! sample are dissolv$1 ! solution is filt]$1 ! filt] wa%$1 & ! filtrate made up to "o lit]2 a "p ( ! liquid is tak5 = ! det]m9ation ( sulfuric acid2 by precipitat+ ) b>ium *lorid1 & ano!r "p = ! det]m9ation ( lime & magnesia4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( ! alkali *lorids1 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution1 correspond+ to t5 grams sub/ance1 are acidulat$ ) hydro*loric1 &1 aft] heat+ to boil+1 ! sulfuric acid is completely precipitat$ ) b>ium *lorid1 ) ! precaution ( us+ n m ( ! b>ium solution ?an is necess>y = ! complete precipitation4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filt]$ solution1 correspond+ to "o gram sub/ance1 are evaporat$ to dryness 9 ord] to drive (f ! hydro*loric acid4 ,magnesium *lorid is decompos$ by ignit+ ) oxalic acid or ) m]curic oxid4 ,aft] ignition1 ! residue is moi/5$ ) a little ammonium c>bonate = ! purpose ( conv]t+ ! calcium oxid t may h be5 =m$ into calcium c>bonate4 ,! alkali *lorids1 :i* are entirely free ( lime & magnesia1 are weigh$1 & potassium *lorid is det]m9$ by means ( plat9ic *lorid4 ,! am\nt ( sodium *lorid is obta9$ by d$uct+ potassium *lorid f ! mix$ *lorids4 ,= ! wat] det]m9ation five grams ( ! sample are ignit$ & ! loss ( weight is det]m9$4 ,! ignit$ mass is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( magnesium *lorid t may h be5 decompos$ by ! ignition ! p]c5tage ( *lor9 is det]m9$ by titration4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! cont5ts ( *lor9 be=e & aft] ignition is subtract$ f ! loss 9 weight1 aft] all[ance has be5 made = ! absorption ( oxyg5 & = ! loss ( hydrog54 ,! re/ is wat]4 ,! results obta9$ are calculat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,f ! total am\nt ( ! sulfuric acid f\nd1 t portion is d$uct$ :i* is comb9$ ) calcium z calcium sulfate2 ! re/ ( ! sulfuric acid is divid$ into two equal p>ts = ! purpose ( calculat+ ! cont5ts ( potassium sulfate & magnesium sulfate1 accord+ to ! molecul> proportion 9 :i* ^! salts are pres5t 9 ka9it & 9 s*nit4 ,if !re be an excess ( pota% left uncomb9$ ) sulfuric acid1 !n x is 9 ! =m ( potassium *lorid2 likewise ! am\nt ( magnesia1 uncomb9$ ) sulfuric acid1 is to be reckon$ z magnesium *lorid4 ,! result ( ?is calculation w tell h[ mu* pota% is 9 ! =m ( ka9it 7,k,,s1 ,mg,s,o1 ,mg,cl ) #f;,h,o7 & h[ mu* ( x is 9 ! =m ( s*nit 7,k,,s1 ,mg,s,o1 ) #f;,h,o7 & h[ mu* 9 ! =m ( potassium *lorid4 ,! sodium is reckon$ z sodium *lorid4 7c7 ,9 calculat+ ! cont5ts ( pota%1 ( potassium *lorid1 & ( potassium sulfate f ! weigh$ potassium plat9o*lorid1 ! factors #j4aibh1 #j4cjef1 & #j4ceff are us$1 assum+ t ! atomic weight ( plat9um is #aig4ah4 7d7 ,! two me?ods :i* h be5 describ$ "u a & b1 & :i* are 9 common use 9 ! ,/assfurt pota% indu/ry1 i4 e41 ! s-call$ precipitation me?od1 & ! oxalic acid me?od1 give almo/ id5tical results4 ,! fir/ me?od1 h[ev]1 des]ves pref]5ce on acc\nt ( great] simplicity 9 cases :]e pota% alone is to be det]m9$4 ,f9kn]'s me?od likewise gives results :i* agree well ) ! results obta9$ by ! cu/om>y me?ods4 ,x consi/s 9 evaporat+ ! salt solution ) a suffici5t quantity ( plat9ic *lorid )\t previ\sly remov+ ! sulfuric acid1 r$uc+ ! potassium plat9o*lorid1 & weigh+ ! metallic plat9um4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( comp>ative analyses3 #a4 ,aft] ! precipitation me?od #bb4jb p] c5t ,k,cl #b4 ,aft] ! oxalic acid me?od #bb4jc p] c5t ,k,cl #c4 ,aft] ,f9kn]'s me?od #bb4ja p] c5t ,k,cl ,9 ano!r sample ( c>nallit ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3 #a4 ,aft] ! precipitation me?od #ag4hh p] c5t ,k,cl #b4 ,aft] ! oxalic acid me?od #ag4hh p] c5t ,k,cl ,9 a ?ird sample ( c>nallit ! cont5t ( potassium *lorid 0 z foll[s3 #a4 ,aft] ! precipitation me?od #ah4dd p] c5t #b4 ,aft] ! oxalic acid me?od #ah4ch p] c5t ,! ,anhalt *emi/s object to precipitat+ ! sulfuric acid & alkal9e e>?s ) b>ium oxid & ammonium c>bonate1 & aft]w>ds ! pota% ) plat9ic *lorid4 ,! results obta9$ ) ?is me?od are1 accord+ to !m1 v inaccurate1 & always too l[4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! fact t x is impossible to precipitate sulfuric acid )\t at ! same "t precipitat+ "s ( ! pota%1 unless x be 9 an acid solution4 ,a sep>ation ( ! alkal9e e>?s1 if pota% alone is to be det]m9$1 is sup]flu\s1 = ! reason t calcium & magnesium plat9o*lorid are soluble 9 n9ety p] c5t alcohol1 ev5 ) m facility ?an sodium plat9o*lorid4 #bei4 ,me?ods = ,conc5trat$ ,pota% ,salts4--,9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs h be5 giv5 ! me?ods us$ by ! ,/assfurt syndicate = ! e/imation ( pota% 9 ! raw salts z !y come f ! m9es4 ,foll[+ are ! me?ods us$ by ! same syndicate = ! conc5trat$ approximately pure comp\nds & ! o!r salts :i* accompany !m4 ,potassium ,*lorid4--,! foll[+ process is us$ = ! e/imation ( potassium & o!r con/itu5ts ( ! high grade *lorids ( comm]ce4 ,9 a half lit] flask are plac$ #g4fdje grams ( ! f9ely p[d]$ sample1 :i* is dissolv$ & made up to ! m>k4 ,) salts :i* conta9 m ?an half a p] c5t ( sulfuric acid ! prelim9>y conv]sion ( ! sulfates into ! correspond+ *lor9 comp\nds1 by precipitation ) b>ium *lorid solution1 is necess>y4 ,tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! above solution1 correspond+ to #j4cjef gram ( ! salt1 are plac$ 9 a flat porcela9 di% hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t t5 c5timet]s &1 aft] ! addition ( five cubic c5timet]s ( ! plat9ic *lorid solution1 evaporat$ on ! wat]-ba? ) con/ant /irr+ until1 aft] cool+1 ! sirupy liquid passes quickly into a f9e cry/all9e condition4 ,! residue is rubb$ into a f9e p[d] ) a glass rod1 mix$ ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-six p] c5t alcohol & dri$ at #abj to a con/ant weight4 ,x is weigh$ :ile w>m & br\ght on a moi/5$ filt] ) alcohol1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! liquid does n t\* ! edge ( ! filt]4 ,! filtration c be c>ri$ on "u a mod]ate pressure4 ,! complete wa%+ ( ! potassium plat9o*lorid c be easily accompli%$ ^u ! filt]4 ,! filt] & ! precipitate1 aft] z mu* ( ! alcohol wa% has be5 remov$ z is possible1 are dri$ at #abj to con/ant weight & weigh$ :ile /ill w>m4 ,"o milligram ( ! potassium plat9o*lorid ?us obta9$ corresponds to a t5? p] c5t ( potassium *lorid4 ,e/imation ( ,sodium ,*lorid4--,= ! e/imation ( ! sodium *lorid :i* may be pres5t 9 ! potassium *lorid twelve & a half grams ( ! latt] salt are dissolv$ 9 a qu>t] lit] flask ) tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s ( boil+ wat] aft] ! addition ( a little potassium c>bonate = ! purpose ( conv]t+ ! magnesium & calcium comp\nds into c>bonates4 ,aft] filtration #ajj cubic c5timet]s correspond+ to five grams ( ! salt are evaporat$ to dryness 9 a porcela9 or plat9um di% aft] ! addition ( a few drops ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid 9 ord] to conv]t any calcium c>bonate :i* may be pres5t into *lorid4 ,! residue is g5tly ignit$ & weigh$4 ,9 ?is mixture ( potassium & sodium *lorids ! potassium *lorid may be e/imat$ 9 ! usual way & ! sodium *lorid det]m9$ by diff]5ce or ! respective proportions ( ! two bases may be calculat$ aft] ! det]m9ation ( ! total *lor9 by precipitation ) a /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,e/imation ( ,magnesium ,*lorid4--,9 ord] to e/imate ! am\nt ( magnesium *lorid 9 high grade muriate ( pota%1 tw5ty-five grams ( ! latt] salt are dissolv$ 9 a half lit] flask & treat$ ) t5 cubic c5timet]s ( a normal solution ( pota% lye4 ,! flask is !n fill$ to ! m>k ) wat]1 ?or\ghly %ak5 & its cont5ts filt]$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are !n titrat$ ) "o-t5? normal sulfuric acid4 ,! calcium comp\nds :i* rema9 9 solution d n influ5ce ! result4 ,! quantity ( magnesium *lorid orig9ally pres5t corresponds to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ! normal pota% lye :i* has disappe>$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,! reaction :i* takes place is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ equation3 ,mg,cl #b,,koh ,mg,o,h #b,k,cl4 ,potassium ,sulfate4--,! quantity ( potassium sulfate conta9$ 9 ! high grade sulfates ( comm]ce is det]m9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,9 a half lit] flask are plac$ #h4ibce grams ( ! f9ely gr\nd sample :i* is dissolv$ 9 ab\t #cej cubic c5timet]s ( boil+ wat] aft] ! addition ( tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! sulfuric acid is ?r[n out by ! addition1 drop by drop1 ( a b>ium *lorid solution1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask be+ kept boil+ mean:ile & ?or\ghly /irr$4 ,f "t to "t ! addition ( ! b>ium *lorid is /opp$ & ! upp] "p ( ! liquid all[$ to become cle> by ! subsid5ce ( ! b>ium sulfate4 ,x is !n notic$ :e!r or n an additional drop ( ! b>ium *lorid solution produces a turbidity4 ,any excess ( b>ium *lorid is remov$ by ! c>eful addition ( sulfuric acid4 ,aft] ! precipitation is complete & ! cont5ts ( ! flask are cool$1 x is fill$ up to ! m>k ) wat] & its cont5ts filt]$4 ,tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate1 correspond+ to #j4ceg gram ( ! orig9al salt are precipitat$ by plat9ic *lorid 9 ! usual mann] & ! result+ potassium plat9o*lorid collect$ & weigh$4 ,"o milligram ( ! potassium plat9o*lorid ?us obta9$ corresponds to "o-t5? p] c5t ( potassium sulfate 9 ! orig9al salt4 ,to ! p]c5tage ( potassium sulfate ?us f\nd ?ree-t5?s p] c5t are to be add$ = a correction :5 high grade potassium sulfate is tak54 ,if ! sample be a high grade sulfate ( potassium & magnesium no correction %\ld be appli$4 ,e/imation ( ,potassium ,*lorid & ,potassium ,sulfate 9 ,calc9$ ,manurial ,salts4--,9 ^! salts #ae4bha grams = potassium *lorid or #ag4hdg grams = potassium sulfate are dissolv$ 9 a half lit] flask aft] ! addition ( t5 cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! flask is fill$ to ! m>k & its cont5ts filt]$ & #bej cubic c5timet]s plac$ 9 a half lit] flask & treat$ ) b>ium *lorid solution z indicat$ above4 ,! re/ ( ! op]ation is exactly z has be5 describ$4 ,9 ea* case "o milligram ( ! potassium plat9o*lorid corresponds to "o-t5? p] c5t ( ! desir$ salt4 ,e/imation ( ,magnesium ,sulfate 9 ,kies]it4--,t5 grams ( ! f9ely p[d]$ kies]it are boil$ = "o h\r 9 a half lit] flask two-?irds full ( wat]4 ,aft] cool+1 f fifty to sixty cubic c5timet]s ( d\ble normal pota% lye & tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( a t5 p] c5t neutral potassium oxalate solution are add$1 ! flask fill$ to ! m>k1 & aft] be+ well %ak5 & /&+ = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 filt]$4 ,! reaction is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,mg,s,o #b,,koh ,mg,o,h ,k,,s4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are !n titrat$ ) "o-t5? normal sulfuric acid4 ,to ! p]c5tage ( magnesium sulfate f\nd by ?is process two-t5?s p] c5t are to be add$ z a correction4 ,b>ium ,*lorid ,solution4--,dissolve #abb grams ( cry/alliz$ b>ium *lorid 9 wat] 9 a lit] flask4 ,add fifty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid & wat] to ! m>k & %ake well4 #bfj4 ,! ,b>ium ,oxalate ,me?od4--,! pr9ciple ( ?is process1 work$ out by ,s*weitz] & ,lungwitz#bjh is bas$ on ! fact t 9 an ammoniacal solution1 by means ( b>ium oxalate1 all ! alkal9e e>?s c be precipitat$ z oxalates1 & sulfuric acid 9 simil> circum/ances c be ?r[n d[n z a b>ium salt & ! iron & alum9a z hydroxids4 ,! reag5ts us$ to secure ?is precipitation are ammonia & b>ium oxalate4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( pota% 9 a sup]phosphate ! analytical process is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,t5 grams ( ! sup]phosphate are mix$ ) half a lit] ( wat] & fifte5 grams ( b>ium oxalate dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! mixture is boil$ = tw5ty m9utes & treat$ ) "s hydrog5 p]oxid to oxidize any f]r\s iron t may be pres5t4 ,aft]w>ds ! solution is made alkal9e ) ammonia4 ,aft] cool+1 x is made up to a giv5 volume 7half a lit]7 & filt]$4 ,an aliquot "p ( ! filtrate is evaporat$ to dryness1 ignit$1 extract$ ) hot wat] &1 aft] ! addition ( a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 ! potassium is precipitat$ ) plat9ic *lorid1 & collect$ & weigh$ 9 ! usual mann]3 ,or ! ignit$ residue may be dissolv$ directly 9 dilute hydro*loric acid & ! re/ ( ! process c>ri$ out z indicat$4 ,9 ka9it ! process is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,t5 grams ( ! p[d]$ sample are treat$ ) a hydro*loric acid solution ( ! b>ium oxalate conta9+ t5 grams ( ! salt4 ,! re/ ( ! op]ation is conduct$ z describ$ above4 ,9 ! use ( ?is me?od x is important t always en\gh ( ! b>ium oxalate solution be employ$ to fully saturate all ! sulfuric acid :i* may be pres5t4 #bfa4 ,me?od ( ,de,roode = ,ka9it4--,all ! pota% conta9$ 9 ka9it1 accord+ to de ,roode1 passes readily into aque\s solution4#bji ,on evaporat+ ?is aque\s solution to a pa/y condition ) en\gh plat9ic *lorid to unite ) all ! halog5s pres5t all ! o!r bodies c be wa%$ out ( ! potassium plat9o*lorid by ammonium *lorid solution & ! pure plat9um salt ?us obta9$1 :i* is wa%$ & dri$ 9 ! usual way4 ,de ,roode !re=e ass]ts t x is q useless to previ\sly precipitate ! solution ( ka9it ) b>ium *lorid1 ammonium oxalate1 or c>bonate4 ,be=e ! addition ( alcohol to ! residue obta9$ by evaporation ) plat9ic *lorid ! sodium sulfate pres5t r5d]s ! plat9um salt /icky & difficult to wa%1 b ! di/urb+ sodium comp\nd c be readily remov$ by wa%+ ) ammonium *lorid solution4 ,! me?od ( direct treatm5t has ! advantage ( avoid+ ! occlusion ( pota% 9 o!r precipitates & ! dang] ( loss on ignition4 ,! me?od z us$ by de ,roode gives results ab\t "o-t5? p] c5t high] ?an are obta9$ by ! (ficial processes4 #bfb4 ,! ,calcium ,*lorid ,me?od4--,hu/on has propos$ ! addition ( calcium *lorid to ! solution ( a f]tiliz] 9 ! det]m9ation ( pota%1 9 ord] to furni% suffici5t calcium to =m tricalcium phosphate ) all ! phosphoric acid pres5t1 & !reby p]mit ( ! use ( plat9um di%es 9 ! l9do-gladd+ me?od4#baj ,9 te/+ ?is process de ,roode f\nd t :5 suffici5t calcium *lorid 0 add$ to comb9e ) all ! phosphoric acid pres5t & !n ammonia add$ 9 excess & a portion ( ! solution filt]$1 no te/ = phosphoric acid c\ld be obta9$2 b1 t if 9 addition to ! calcium *lorid & ammonia1 "s ammonium oxalate or c>bonate 0 add$1 a filt]$ portion ( ! solution gave a te/ = phosphoric acid4#baa ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! calcium phosphate1 :i* is precipitat$ by ! ammonia1 is *ang$ by ! ammonium oxalate or c>bonate into calcium oxalate or c>bonate & ammonium phosphate1 s t ! v object = :i* ! calcium *lorid 0 add$ is defeat$ by ! addition ( ! ammonium oxalate or c>bonate4 ,9 ord] to make ! use ( calcium *lorid effective x is necess>y to filt] ! liquid f ! precipitate =m$ by ! calcium *lorid & ammonia & !n add ! ammonium oxalate or c>bonate to ! filtrate4 ,?is necessitates two sep>ate filtrations & makes ! propos$ me?od ( ,hu/on z long z ! old process4 #bfc4 ,rapid ,control ,me?od = ,pota% ,salts4--,= rapid control "w :]e great accuracy is n requir$ ,alb]t recomm5ds t ! f9ely gr\nd sub/ance be plac$ 9 a lit] flask & ab\t #djj cubic c5timet]s ( wat] add$ & ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid4#bab ,aft] boil+1 b>ium *lorid is add$ drop by drop z long z a precipitate is produc$4 ,aft] cool+1 ! flask is fill$ to ! m>k & %ak5 & its cont5ts filt]$ ?r\gh a dry filt]4 ,an aliquot portion ( ! filtrate is evaporat$ ) plat9um *lorid solution 9 a smoo? porcela9 di% almo/ to dryness & ! mass treat$ ) alcohol1 filt]$ ?r\gh a weigh$ filt]1 & well wa%$ ) alcohol4 ,! filt] is !n dri$ 9 an air-ba? to a con/ant weight4 ,= ! diff]5t k9ds ( pota% mat]ials on ! m>ket ! foll[+ proportions are recomm5d$3 ,ka9it or ,c>nallit4--,tw5ty grams 9 "o lit]3 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate are evaporat$ ) =ty ( plat9ic *lorid solution4 ,! weight ( potassium plat9o*lorid obta9$ #ai4c gives ! p] c5t ( ,k,o4 ,sulfate ( ,pota%4--,fifte5 grams 9 "o lit]3 ,tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution are evaporat$ ) fifte5 ( plat9ic *lorid4 ,! weight ( potassium plat9o*lorid obta9$ #fd4cc gives ! p] c5t ( ,k,o4 ,potassium ,*lorid4--,t5 grams 9 "o lit]3 ,tw5ty-five cubic c5timet]s are evaporat$ ) fifte5 ( plat9ic *lorid solution4 ,! weight ( ! precipitate obta9$ #gg4b gives ! p] c5t ( ,k,o4 #bfd4 ,weigh+ ! ,precipitate z ,metallic ,plat9um4--,hilg>d calls att5tion to ! difficulty ( weigh+ ! d\ble *lorid ( plat9um & pota% z su*1 al?\gh he ackn[l$ges t 9 ! goo* ?is weigh+ c be made ) great accuracy4#bac ,he pref]s to e/imate ! plat9um 9 ! metallic /ate & uses = ?is purpose a plat9um crucible ! inside ( :i*1 half way up f ! bottom1 is coat$ ) a lay] ( plat9um sponge1 :i* is conv5i5tly prep>$ by ! decomposition ( a few decigrams ( ! plat9um d\ble salt by incl9+ ! crucible & rotat+ x dur+ ! progress ( ! r$uction1 us+ ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 all4 ,! plat9um sponge produc$ 9 ?is way greatly favors ! decomposition ( ! d\ble salt = analytical purposes4 ,! decomposition ( ! salt takes place quickly & quietly & at conv5i5tly l[ temp]atures4 ,:5 ! decomposition is end$ ! crucible is /rongly heat$ s z to hold ! plat9um sponge1 :i* is produc$1 toge!r suffici5tly to prev5t its be+ remov$ 9 ! subsequ5t wa%+ ( ! crucible by decantation4 ,by ! ignition at a high temp]ature necess>y to secure ?is1 ! great] "p ( ! calcium *lorid is volatiliz$4 ,aft] cool+1 a few drops ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid are plac$ 9 ! crucible & if ! slighte/ yell[ color be %[n ! acid is evaporat$ & ! ignition repeat$1 ) ! addition ( a little oxalic acid4 ,9 mo/ cases ! slight yell[ color produc$ comes f a trace ( iron & w !re=e appe> aga9 aft] ! second ignition4 ,! crucible is subsequ5tly wa%$ by repeat$ decantations1 f9ally ) boil+ wat]1 & aft] dry+ is ignit$ & weigh$4 ,! advantage ( ?is process is t )\t fur!r tr\ble ! r$uc$ metal is completely fre$ ( any salts ( ! alkal9e e>?s1 etc41 :i* h be5 c>ri$ d[n ) x & also f any ( ! uncomb9$ sodium *lorid :i* may n h be5 wa%$ out by ! alcohol4 ,9 fact1 ! results obta9$ 9 ?is way are ne>ly always l[] ?an ^? obta9$ ?r\gh ! direct weigh+ ( ! d\ble salt1 & ! wa% wat] :i* is fir/ p\r$ (f conta9s1 z a rule1 traces ( ! alkal9e e>?s & almo/ )\t exception "s sodium *lorid4 ,correction = ! filt] a% is unnecess>y because ! a% is completely dissolv$ by ! treatm5t receiv$4 ,! plat9um sponge :i* is collect$ 9 ! crucible 9 ?is way is remov$ 9 case x does n adh]e to ! sides & ! crucible is !n ready = ! next op]ation4 #bfe4 ,s\rces ( ,error 9 ! ,plat9um ,me?od4--,9 ! comp>ative "w done 9 ! det]m9ation ( pota% by ! memb]s ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s !re has be5 not$1 f ye> to ye>1 m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! data obta9$ by diff]5t analy/s4 ,su* diff]5ces (t5 are due to p]sonal errors1 or a failure to accurately foll[ ! directions = manipulation4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y are due to s\rces ( error 9 ! processes employ$4 ,9 ! plat9um me?od ^! s\rces ( error h be5 long kn[n to exi/4 ,*ief among ^! is ! rem>kable facility ) :i* pota% becomes incorporat$ ) ! precipitates ( o!r bodies4 ,! "* & magnitude ( "s ( ^! errors h lately be5 /udi$ by ,rob9son4#bad ,_m precipitates occlude pota% & hold x s firmly t x _c be wa%$ out ) hot wat] al?\gh ! pota% comp\nds pres5t 9 ! precipitate are p]fectly soluble4 ,x appe>s to be a k9d ( molecul> adhesion4 ,b>ium sulfate has ?is prop]ty ( atta*+ pota% molecules 9 a high degree1 & f]ric & alum9ic comp\nds only to a slightly less ext5t4 ,to r$uce ! losses1 consequ5t on ! conditions j m5tion$1 to a m9imum1 ! sulfuric acid & e>?y bases %\ld be v sl[ly precipitat$1 ) viol5t agitation1 at a boil+ temp]ature4 ,ano!r s\rce ( loss 9 ! plat9um me?od arises f ! use ( a solution ( ammonium *lorid = wa%+ ! potassium plat9o*lorid precipitate4 ,!re is dang] "h1 n only ( ! solution ( ! impurities pres5t 9 ! precipitate1 b also ( a d\ble decomposition by means ( :i* "s ammonium may be sub/itut$ = ! potassium 9 ! wa%$ product4 ,9 ! (ficial me?od1 moreov]1 !re is dang] ( secur+ a f9al precipitate :i* may conta9 traces ( calcium & magnesium sulfates :5 ^! bodies are abundantly pres5t 9 ! sample tak5 = analysis4 ,! c>eful analy/ mu/ gu>d aga9/ ^! s\rces ( error1 b x is probably true t he w nev] secure a practically *emically pure precipitate ( potassium plat9o*lorid :5 work+ on ! mix$ f]tiliz]s f\nd 9 comm]ce4 #bff4 ,effect ( ,conc5tration on ! ,accuracy ( ,pota% ,analysis4--,w9ton has also /udi$ ! s\rces ( error 9 ! det]m9ation ( pota% z plat9o*lorid1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! effect ( ! conc5tration ( ! solution at ! "t ( precipitation4#bae ,he f9ds t ! me?od ( precipitat+ 9 conc5trat$ solutions & dry+ ! potassium plat9o*lorid at #acj1 dep5ds = its accuracy ^u ! mutual comp5sation ( ?ree errors2 viz41 7#a7 to ! solubility ( ! potassium salt 9 eighty p] c5t alcohol1 7#b7 to ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! cry/als :i* is n driv5 (f at #acj1 & 7#c7 ! use ( a factor bas$ on ! wrong atomic weight ( plat9um4 ,he f9ds1 fur!r1 t ! error due to ! pres5ce ( wat] occlud$ 9 ! cry/als c be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & ! process ( dry+ greatly simplifi$1 by add+ ! solution ( plat9um *lorid to ! pota% solution 9 a dilute condition1 n exce$+ "o p] c5t 9 /r5g?4 ,! potassium plat9o*lorid ?us produc$ c be v effectively dri$ at #ajj4 ,! error due to ! solubility ( ! salt 9 eighty p] c5t alcohol c also be greatly r$uc$ by us+ n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol4 ,! error due to ! wrong factor1 bas$ on ! old atomic weight ( plat9um1 viz41 #j4cjef1 c be correct$ by us+ ! factor bas$ on ! rec5tly det]m9$ atomic weight ( plat9um1 viz41 #aie1 :i* is #j4cjfhh4 #bfg4 ,diff]5ces 9 ,cry/all9e ,=m4--,w9ton has also obs]v$ a di/9ct diff]5ce 9 ! cry/als ( potassium plat9o*lorid :5 obta9$ f conc5trat$ & dilute solutions4#baf ,:5 plat9ic *lorid is add$ to a conc5trat$ solution ( potassium *lorid1 a l>ge "p ( ! salt :i* is =m$ is precipitat$ 9 a pulv]ul5t /ate1 ! rema9d] be+ deposit$ on evaporation4 ,aft] treat+ ) alcohol1 filt]+1 & dry+1 ! d\ble salt is f\nd 9 ! /ate ( a f9e p[d] :i*1 :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 is f\nd to consi/ l>gely ( radiat+ cry/als4 ,! *>act]i/ic =m is "o hav+ six arms =m$ by ! int]section1 at "r angles1 ( ?ree b>s4 ,num]\s globul> cavities 9 ! cry/als are obs]v$ 9 :i* "m liquid is enclos$4 ,= ?is reason ! salt is n easily dri$ at #ajj1 b :5 s dri$ loses additional moi/ure at #acj1 & /ill m at #afj4 ,! total additional loss1 aft] dry+ at #ajj1 f ?is cause may am\nt to z mu* z six-t5?s p] c5t ( potassium *lorid4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! solution ( ! potassium salt is s dilute t no precipitate at all is =m$ on ! addition ( plat9ic *lorid1 ! d\ble salt is all deposit$1 z well z =m$ sl[ly1 dur+ ! evaporation & occurs exclusively z octah$ra4 ,^! octah$ra are comp>atively free ( cavities1 & give up practically all _! moi/ure :5 dri$ at #ajj4 ,a me?od ( proc$ure !re=e = pota% det]m9ation1 bas$ on ! above pr9ciple ( ! addition ( ! reag5t to dilute solutions1 & dry+ ! d\ble salt produc$ ^u evaporation1 aft] wa%+ ) n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol at #ajj1 & us+ ! factor #j4cjfhh = potassium *lorid & #j4aici = potassium oxid1 gives good results & is reg>d$ z bett] ?an any ( ! me?ods :i* prescribe ! addition ( plat9ic *lorid to highly conc5trat$ pota% solutions4 #bfh4 ,factors = ,pota% ,e/imation4--,! factor n[ 9 use by ! (ficial *emi/s to conv]t potassium plat9o*lorid into pota% 7,k,o7 is #j4aicjh1 & = potassium *lorid #j4cjef4 ,wolfbau] gives ! diff]5ces :i* may arise by comput+ ! pota% f its plat9o-d\ble *lorid by ! diff]5t values assign$ to ! atomic weight ( plat9um4#bag ,! common factor us$ to obta9 potassium *lorid f potassium plat9o*lorid is bas$ on ! atomic weight #aig4ah & is d]iv$ f ! =mula3 #b7ci4ac #ce4df7 #adi4ah ------------------------------ ------ #j4cjeeg4 #b #ci4ac #aig4ah #f #ce4df #dhh4bj ,! v>iations aris+ f tak+ o!r assign$ values = ! atomic weight ( plat9um are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,factor = potassium ,relation to factor *lorid f #j4cjeeg 9 p] c5t ,atomic ,det]m9$ weight ( or ,potassium ,potassium ,plat9um4 calculat$ plat9o- ,plat9um4 plat9o- ,plat9um4 by *lorid4 *lorid4 #aig4ah ,b]zelius #j4cjeeg #j4gefeh #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #aig4hh ,&rews #j4cjeag #j4gecij #ii4hf #ii4fe #aie4jf ,hab]/adt #j4cjfij #j4gfdfh #ajj4dd #aja4jg ,seub]t #aid4hg & ,cl>k #j4cjgjj #j4gfeee #ajj4dg #aja4bj ,! factor #j4cjef is reg>d$ z ! be/ = ! computation f potassium plat9o*lorid & #j4geff f plat9um4 ,x is also sugge/$ t x is bett] to make ! computation f ! r$uc$ plat9um ?an f ! d\ble salt4 #bfi4 ,recov]y ( ! ,plat9um ,wa/e & ,prep>ation ( ! ,plat9ic ,*lorid ,solution4--7#a7 ,by ,r$uction 9 ,alkal9e ,alcohol4--,all filtrates conta9+ plat9ic *lorid1 all precipitates ( potassium plat9o*lorid & all residues ( metallic plat9um %\ld be c>efully pres]v$ & ! plat9um recov]$ !refrom by ! foll[+ process3 ,! plat9um residues are plac$ 9 a l>ge porcela9 di%4 ,s9ce ^! residues conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( alcohol !y %\ld be dilut$ ) ab\t "o-?ird _! volume ( wat]1 & :5 boil+ treat$ ) "s sodium c>bonate4 ,! solid potassium plat9o*lorids %\ld n be add$ until ! liquid is boil+1 & !n only little by little4 ,! heat+ on ! wat]-ba? is cont9u$ until ! liquid float+ ov] ! plat9um sponge is q cle> & only slightly yell[4 ,! liquid is !n p\r$ (f & ! r$uc$ plat9um purifi$ by boil+ ) hydro*loric acid & wat]4 ,x is !n dri$ & ignit$ to de/roy any organic matt] :i* may be pres5t4 ,x is advisable to boil ! f9ely divid$ plat9um once ) /rong nitric acid1 & aft] ?is is p\r$ (f ! solution ( ! plat9um is effect$ 9 a l>ge porcela9 di% ov] a wat]-ba? by add+ ab\t f\r times its weight ( hydro*loric acid1 w>m+1 & add+ nitric acid1 little by little4 ,aft] ! plat9um is 9 solution ! evaporation is cont9u$ until a drop ( ! liquid1 remov$ by a glass rod1 quickly solidifies4 ,! cry/all9e mass :i* is =m$ on cool+ is tak5 up ) wat] & filt]$1 & !n a suffici5t am\nt ( wat] add$ s t ea* t5 cubic c5timet]s w conta9 "o gram ( plat9um4 ,! specific gravity ( ?is solution is #a4ah at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,special c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! solution conta9s nei!r plat9\s *lorid nor nitrog5 comp\nds4 ,if ! fir/ nam$ comp\nd be pres5t x %\ld be conv]t$ into plat9ic *lorid by treatm5t ) fum+ hydro*loric acid & a little nitric acid4 ,! la/ m5tion$ comp\nd may be remov$ by evaporat+ successively ) hydro*loric acid & wat]4 ,if ! plat9ic *lorid be made f wa/e plat9um1 ! dang] ( contam9ation ) iridium mu/ be consid]$4 ,9 su* a case ! plat9um %\ld be sep>at$ z ammonium plat9o*lorid1 :i* c aft]w>ds be r$uc$ z above indicat$4 ,a conv5i5t te/ ( ! purity ( plat9ic *lorid solution is accompli%$ by ! precipitation ( a kn[n weight ( *emically pure potassium salt4 7#b7 ,by ,r$uction 9 ,nasc5t ,hydrog54--,! plat9um residues1 filtrates conta9+ plat9um1 etc41 are collect$ 9 a l>ge flask & evaporat$ 9 a l>ge di% on a wat]-ba?1 & r$uc$ by means ( z9c & hydro*loric acid to metallic plat9um1 ! mass be+ w>m$ until all ! z9c has be5 dissolv$4 ,! sup]natant liquid /&+ ov] ! spongy plat9um is decant$ & ! spongy mass boil$ twice ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! spongy plat9um is !n br\ght on a filt] & wa%$ till ! filtrate %[s no acid reaction4 ,! filt] & plat9um sponge are next inc9]at$ 9 a plat9um di% & ! residue weigh$4 ,! weigh$ mass ( pure plat9um is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 ) ! addition ( z little nitric acid z possible1 &1 aft] cool+1 filt]$4 ,! filtrate is aft]w>ds evaporat$ 9 a porcela9 di% on a wat]-ba? to a sirupy consi/5ce1 tak5 up ) wat] & filt]$4 ,to ?is filtrate en\gh wat] is n[ add$ to make ! solution correspond to "o gram ( metallic plat9um 9 t5 cubic c5timet]s4 ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,pota% ,,z ,,p]*lorate4 #bgj4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,by reason ( ! great co/ ( plat9um *lorid analy/s h s\ght = a reag5t ( a *eap] nature & yet capable ( =m+ an insoluble comp\nd ) pota%4 ,phosphomolybdic & p]*loric acids are ! reag5ts :i* h giv5 ! mo/ promis+ results4#bah ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od ) ! latt] salt is bas$ on ! insolubility ( potassium p]*lorate 9 /rong alcohol conta9+ a little p]*loric acid & ! comp>ative easy solubility ( ! o!r bases usually associat$ ) potassium 9 wat]4 ,! ,fr5* *emi/s h /at$ t magnesia1 :5 pres5t 9 consid]able quantities1 int]f]es ) ! accuracy ( ! results4 ,s9ce 9 soil analysis consid]able quantities ( magnesia are (t5 f\nd1 ?is base1 accord+ to ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 %\ld previ\sly be remov$ :5 pres5t 9 any consid]able quantity1 by ! process describ$ 9 ! fir/ volume4 ,kreid]1 h[ev]1 z w be se5 fur!r on1 work+ 9 ! pres5ce ( magnesia1 did n notice any di/urb+ effects caus$ !reby4 ,! me?od is applicable to ! common pota% salts ( ! trade & ) c]ta9 precautions to mix$ salts4 ,z w be m5tion$ lat] on1 sulfuric acid %\ld be previ\sly remov$ & ?is is likely to introduce an error on acc\nt ( ! t5d5cy ( b>ium sulfate to entangle p>ticles ( pota% among its molecules & ?us remove !m f solution4 ,! b>ium sulfate %\ld be precipitat$ sl[ly & 9 a /rongly acid 7nitric or hydro*loric7 solution4 ,! loss1 :i* is inevitable1 is ?us r$uc$ to a m9imum & does n s]i\sly affect ! value ( ! numb]s f\nd4 ,x is important to h an abundant supply ( pure p]*loric acid1 & z ?is is n readily obta9able 9 ! m>ket ! be/ me?ods ( prep>+ x are giv5 bel[4 ,! me?od1 :ile x has n be5 work$ out ext5sively1 is "o ( m]it1 & seem+ly is wor?y ( fair trial by analy/s4 ,! process is by no means a new "o1 b x w n be necess>y to describe "h its developm5t any fur!r ?an to ref] to ! me?ods propos$ by ,s]ullas1#bai ,s*ls+1#bbj ,kraut1#bba & ,b]tr&1#bbb ,! me?od 0 fully develop$ by a committee appo9t$ by ! ,fr5* agricultural *emi/s 9 #ahhg4bbc ,w5se has also describ$ an improv$ me?od ( e/imat+ pota% z p]*lorate aft] ! removal ( sulfuric acid & also a process ( prep>+ p]*loric acid by di/ill+ potassium p]*lorate ) sulfuric acid 9 a vacuum4#bbd ,he 0 also ! fir/ :o propos$ ! plan ( r5d]+ potassium p]*lorate insoluble 9 alcohol by dissolv+ a little p]*loric acid !re94#bbe ,! be/ approv$ me?ods n[ kn[n ( prep>+ ! p]*loric acid & conduct+ ! analysis w be describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 #bga4 ,casp>i's ,me?od = ,prep>+ ,p]*loric ,acid4--,a hessian crucible ab\t fifte5 c5timet]s high is fill$ ) mod]ately well compress$ pure potassium *lorate & gradually heat$ 9 a suitable furnace until ! cont5ts become fluid4#bbf ,! heat mu/ !n be c>efully regulat$ to avoid loss by foam+ due to ! evolution ( oxyg54 ,! heat is cont9u$ until oxyg5 is no long] giv5 (f & ! surface ( ! liquid becomes encru/$1 :i* w take place 9 f "o & a half to two h\rs4 ,aft] cool+1 ! cont5ts ( ! crucible are pulv]iz$ & heat$1 ) vigor\s /irr+1 to boil+1 ) "o & a half times _! weight ( wat]4 ,by ?is process ! potassium *lorid :i* has =m$ dur+ ! fir/ reaction is dissolv$ & is ?us remov$4 ,! residual salt is wa%$ ) additional quantities ( cold wat] & f9ally dri$4 ,to remove ! potassium salt f ! crude potassium p]*lorate obta9$ z above1 rec\rse is _h to hydr(luosilicic acid4 ,! reaction is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 #b,k,cl,o ,h,si,f ,k,si,f ,h,cl,o4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is decomposition ! potassium p]*lorate is dissolv$ 9 sev5 times its weight ( hot wat] & an excess ( hydr(luosilicic add$ to ! boil+ solution4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ = ab\t an h\r until p>ticles ( potassium p]*lorate c no long] be detect$ ) addition ( wat] to comp5sate = evaporation4 ,on cool+ ! gelat9\s potassium silic(luorid is deposit$ & ! p]*loric acid sep>at$ !refrom z completely z possible by decantation4 ,! residue is aga9 boil$ ) wat] & a little hydr(luosilicic acid & ! cle> liquor ?us obta9$ add$ to ! fir/ lot4 ,f9ally1 any residual p]*loric acid may be remov$ on an asbe/os felt "u pressure4 ,! cle> liquid ?us obta9$ is evaporat$ on a /eam-ba? to ! greate/ possible degree ( conc5tration & all[$ to /& 9 a cool place = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :]eby is effect$ ! sep>ation ( any rema9+ potassium silic(luorid or potassium p]*lorate4 ,! residual liquid :5 filt]$ ?r\gh an asbe/os felt %\ld give a p]fectly cle> filtrate4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ out ! la/ traces ( hydr(luosilicic acid & any sulfuric acid pres5t an equal volume ( wat] is add$1 & :ile cold small quantities ( b>ium *lorid are successively add$ until ! b>ium salt is pres5t 9 a v slight excess4 ,! cle> sup]natant liquid is p\r$ (f aft] a few h\rs & evaporat$ until ! hydro*loric acid is all expell$ & :ite fumes ( p]*loric acid are notic$4 ,any potassium p]*lorate /ill rema9+ w n[ be sep>at$ &1 9 ! cold1 sodium p]*lorate w also be sep>at$ 9 cry/als4 ,! cle> residue is aga9 dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat] & any b>ium salts pres5t c>efully remov$ ) sulfuric acid4 ,! mass is all[$ to /& = "o or two days1 & is !n filt]$ ?r\gh pap] & is ready = use4 ,! purity ( ! acid obta9$ dep5ds *iefly on ! purity ( ! hydr(luosilicic acid at fir/ us$4 ,h5ce to get good results ?is acid mu/ be free f =eign bodies4 ,if an absolutely pure product be desir$ ! acid above obta9$ mu/ be di/ill$ 9 a vacuum4 #bgb4 ,me?od ( ,kreid]4--,kreid] has work$ out a simpl] me?od ( prep>+ p]*loric acid :i* w make x easy = e analy/ to make & keep a supply ( ?is admirable yet unappreciat$ reag5t4 ,?is me?od is conduct$ z foll[s3#bbg ,a conv5i5t quantity ( sodium *lorate1 f #ajj to #cjj gra9s1 is melt$ 9 a glass retort or r\nd-bottom$ flask & gradually rais$ to a temp]ature at :i* oxyg5 is freely1 b n too rapidly evolv$1 & kept at ?is temp]ature till ! fus$ mass ?ick5s ?r\gh\t1 indicat+ ! complete conv]sion ( ! *lorate to ! *lorid & p]*lorate1 :i* requires f "o & "o-half to two h\rs3 or ! retort may be connect$ ) a gasomet] & ! end ( ! reaction det]m9$ by ! volume ( oxyg5 expell$1 accord+ to ! equation #b,n,a,cl,o ,n,a,cl ,n,a,cl,o ,o4 ,! product ?us obta9$ is wa%$ f ! retort to a capaci\s evaporat+ di% :]e x is treat$ ) suffici5t hydro*loric acid to effect ! complete r$uction ( ! residual *lorate1 :i*1 if ! ignition has be5 c>efully conduct$ ) well di/ribut$ heat1 w be pres5t 9 b small am\nt4 ,x is !n evaporat$ to dryness on ! /eam-ba?1 or m quickly ov] a direct flame1 & ) b little att5tion until a po9t ne> to dryness has be5 rea*$1 :5 /irr+ w be f\nd ( great advantage 9 facilitat+ ! volatilization ( ! rema9+ liquid & 9 break+ up ! mass ( salt4 ,o!rwise ! p]*lorate seems to solidify ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] & its removal f ! di%1 )\t moi/5+ & reheat+1 is impossible4 ,aft] triturat+ ! residue1 easily accompli%$ 9 a porcela9 mort>1 an excess ( ! /ronge/ hydro*loric acid is add$ to ! dry salt1 pref]ably 9 a tall beak] :]e !re is less surface = ! escape ( hydro*loric acid & f :i* ! acid c be decant$ )\t di/urb+ ! precipitat$ *lorid4 ,if ! salt has be5 r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d]1 by /irr+ en]getically = a m9ute1 ! hydro*loric acid w set free ! p]*loric acid & precipitate ! sodium z *lorid1 :i* 9 a few m9utes settles1 leav+ a cle> solution ( ! p]*loric acid ) ! excess ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! cle> sup]natant liquid is !n decant$ ^u a goo*1 ?r\gh :i* x may be rapidly drawn ) ! aid ( suction1 & ! residue retreat$ ) ! /ronge/ hydro*loric acid1 settl$1 & aga9 decant$1 ! salt be+ f9ally br\ght ^u ! filt] :]e x is wa%$ ) a little /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,a l>ge plat9um cone w be f\nd m conv5i5t ?an ! crucible1 because ( its great] capacity & filt]+ surface4 ,:5 ! filt] w n hold all ! sodium *lorid1 ! latt]1 aft] wa%+1 may be remov$ by wat] or by me*anical means1 ) precautions n to di/urb ! felt1 :i* is !n ready = ! rema9d]4 ,( c\rse1 if wat] is us$1 ! felt _h bett] be wa%$ ) a little /rong hydro*loric acid be=e receiv+ ano!r portion ( ! salt4 ,?is residue w be f\nd to conta9 only an inconsid]able am\nt ( p]*lorate1 :5 te/$ by fir/ heat+ to expel ! free acid & !n treat+ ! dry & p[d]$ residue ) n9ety-sev5 p] c5t alcohol1 :i* dissolves ! p]*lorate ( sodium b has little soluble effect on ! *lorid4 ,! filtrate1 conta9+ ! p]*loric acid ) ! excess ( hydro*loric acid & ! small p] c5t ( sodium *lorid :i* is soluble 9 ! latt]1 is !n evaporat$ ov] ! /eam-ba? till all hydro*loric acid is expell$ & ! heavy :ite fumes ( p]*loric acid appe>1 :5 x is ready = use 9 potassium det]m9ations4 ,evid5tly ! acid w n be *emically pure because ! sodium *lorid is n absolutely insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid2 b a portion te/$ ) silv] nitrate w prove t ! sodium1 toge!r ) any o!r bases :i* may h gone ?r\gh ! filt]1 has be5 completely conv]t$ into p]*lorate1 & unless ! orig9al *lorate conta9$ "s potassium or on evaporation ! acid 0 expos$ to ! fumes ( ammonia1 ! residue ( ! evaporation ( a portion is easily & completely soluble 9 n9ety-sev5 p] c5t alcohol & its pres5ce is !re=e unobjectionable4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! acid ?us obta9$ gives on evaporation a residue ( only #j4jcf gram1 :i* is completely soluble 9 n9ety-sev5 p] c5t alcohol4 ,casp>i's acid "u simil> treatm5t gave a residue 9 "o case ( #j4jbd gram & 9 ano!r #j4jdg gram4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a portion ( pure acid be requir$1 x may be obta9$ by di/ill+ ?is product "u dim9i%$ pressure &1 z ,casp>i has %[n1 )\t great loss provid+ ! heat is regulat$ accord+ to ! fumes 9 ! di/ill+ flask4 ,"s modification ( ! above treatm5t w be f\nd necess>y 9 case ! sodium *lorate conta9s any potassium z an impurity1 or if ! latt] has be5 introduc$ f ! vessel 9 :i* ! fusion 0 made4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! hydro*loric acid w\ld n suffice = ! removal ( potassium1 s9ce a trace might also g ov] ) ! sodium & ?us on evaporation a residue insoluble 9 n9ety-sev5 p] c5t alcohol be obta9$4 ,to avoid ?is difficulty1 ! mixture ( sodium p]*lorate & *lorid1 aft] treat+ ) hydro*loric acid = ! r$uction ( ! residual *lorate1 be+ r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 is well dige/$ ) n9ety-sev5 p] c5t alcohol1 :i* dissolves ! sodium p]*lorate b leaves ! *lorid1 z well z any potassium salt insoluble4 ,by giv+ ! alcohol "t to become saturat$1 :i* 0 facilitat$ by /irr+1 x 0 f\nd on filt]+ & evaporat+ t an av]age ( ab\t two-t5?s ( a gram ( sodium p]*lorate are obta9$ = e cubic c5timet] ( alcohol & t ! product ?us obta9$ is comp>atively free ( *lorids1 until ! p]*lorate is ne>ly all remov$1 :5 m ( ! *lorid seems to dissolve4 ,?is treatm5t ) alcohol is cont9u$ until on evaporation ( a small portion ( ! late/ filtrate1 only a small residue is f\nd4 ,! alcoholic solution ( ! p]*lorate is !n di/ill$ f a l>ge flask until ! p]*lorate beg9s to cry/allize1 :5 ! heat is remov$ & ! cont5ts quickly empti$ into an evaporat+ di%1 ! same liquid be+ us$ to wa% out ! rema9+ portions ( ! salt4 ,:5 ! di/illation is t]m9at$ at ! po9t indicat$1 ! di/illate w conta9 mo/ ( ! alcohol employ$1 b 9 a some:at /rong] solution1 s t x requires only dilut+ to n9ety-sev5 p] c5t to fit x = use 9 future prep>ations4 ,! salt is !n evaporat$ to dryness on ! /eam-ba? & subsequ5tly treat$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid = ! sep>ation ( ! p]*loric acid4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ! acid prep>$ 9 ?is way1 on evaporation gave a residue 9 "o case ( #j4jcfi gram1 & 9 ano!r #j4jcjg gram1 completely soluble 9 n9ety-sev5 p] c5t alcohol1 :i* 0 !n ignit$ & ! *lor9 det]m9$ by silv] f :i* ! equival5t ( p]*loric acid 9 ! =m ( salts 0 calculat$ z #j4jcje gram4 ,by neutraliz+ ! acid ) sodium c>bonate1 evaporat+1 ignit+ 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bon dioxid till decomposition 0 complete1 collect+ ! oxyg5 ov] cau/ic pota%1 all[+ x to act on hydriodic acid by int]v5tion ( nitric oxid1 accord+ to a process soon to be publi%$1 titrat+ ! iod9 lib]at$1 ) /&>d ars5ic & calculat+ ! equival5t ( p]*loric acid1 aft] subtract+ ! am\nt ( acid f\nd 9 ! =m ( salts1 ! am\nt ( free acid p] cubic c5timet] prov$ to be #j4ihca gram4 ,! :ole process1 ev5 :5 ! sep>ation ) alcohol is necess>y1 c n well require m ?an two days & dur+ ! great] "p ( t "t ! "w proce$s )\t att5tion4 #bgc4 ,keep+ ,prop]ties ( ,p]*loric ,acid4--,by mo/ au?orities x is ass]t$ t p]*loric acid is a v un/able body & is liable to decompose ) explosive viol5ce ev5 :5 kept 9 ! d>k4 ,x is probable t ?is t5d5cy to spontane\s decomposition has be5 exagg]at$4 ,x is n ev5 m5tion$ 9 ,gmel9's ,h&book4#bbh ,! mo/ conc5trat$ aque\s acid has a specific gravity ( #a4fe1 is colorless1 fumes slightly :5 expos$ to ! air1 & boils at #bjj4 ,x has no odor1 possesses an oily consi/5ce & has a /rong & agreeably acid ta/e4 ,x r$d5s litmus )\t blea*+ x & is sl[ly volatiliz$ at #ach )\t decomposition4 ,x is unaffect$ by exposure to ! light1 ev5 ! sun's rays4 ,x is n decompos$ by hydrosulfuric1 sulfur\s1 or hydro*loric acids1 nor by alcohol4 ,pap] saturat$ ) ! /rong acid does n take fire spontane\sly1 b x deflagrates ) r$-hot *>coal4 ,! acid prep>$ by ! me?od ( ,kreid] has approximately ! composition ( ! di-hydrate1 ,h,cl,o#b;,h,o4#bbi ,unless well evaporat$1 h[ev]1 x is a little m dilute ?an is %[n by ! above =mula4 ,! di-hydrate is q /able & ! m dilute acid c be kept = an indef9ite "t4 ,kreid] has kept ! acid = six mon?s & notic$ no *ange :atev] 9 its composition4 ,acid conta9+ "o gram ( p]*loric acid 9 a cubic c5timet] has be5 kept ?ree mon?s ) p]fect safety4 ,!re is no reason :y ! /rong aque\s acid %\ld n be made a regul> article ( comm]ce by deal]s 9 *emical supplies1 "u prop] re/rictions = /orage & transportation4 ,! /rong acid made 9 ?is laboratory by ! ,kreid] me?od has n giv5 ! lea/ indication ( easy or spontane\s decomposition4 #bgd4 ,! ,analytical ,process4--,! p]*lorate process _c be appli$ 9 ! pres5ce ( sulfuric acid or dissolv$ sulfates4 ,?is acid1 :5 pres5t1 is to be remov$ by ! usual me?ods be=e apply+ ! p]*loric acid4 ,phosphoric acid may be pres5t1 b 9 ?is case a consid]able excess ( ! reag5t mu/ be us$4 ,! process1 z orig9ally propos$ by ,casp>i & c>ri$ out by ,kreid]1 is z foll[s3#bcj ,! sub/ance1 free f sulfuric acid1 is evaporat$ = ! expulsion ( free hydro*loric acid1 ! residue /irr$ ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( hot wat] & !n treat$ ) p]*loric acid1 9 quantity n less ?an "o & "o-half times t requir$ by ! bases pres5t1 :5 x is evaporat$1 ) frequ5t /irr+1 to a ?ick1 sirup-l consi/5cy1 aga9 dissolv$ 9 hot wat] & evaporat$1 ) cont9u$ /irr+1 till all hydro*loric acid has be5 expell$ & ! fumes ( p]*loric acid appe>4 ,fur!r loss ( p]*loric acid is to be comp5sat$ = by addition ( m4 ,! cold mass is !n well /irr$ ) ab\t tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wa% alcohol--n9ety-sev5 p] c5t alcohol conta9+ two-t5?s p] c5t by weight ( pure p]*loric acid1 ) precautions aga9/ r$uc+ ! potassium p]*lorate cry/als to too f9e a p[d]4 ,aft] settl+1 ! alcohol is decant$ on ! asbe/os filt] & ! residue simil>ly treat$ ) ab\t ! same am\nt ( wa% alcohol1 settl$1 & aga9 decant$4 ,! residual salt is !n depriv$ ( alcohol by g5tly heat+1 dissolv$ 9 t5 cubic c5timet]s ( hot wat] & a little p]*loric acid1 :5 x is evaporat$ once m1 ) /irr+1 until fumes ( p]*loric acid rise4 ,x is !n wa%$ ) "o cubic c5timet] ( wa% alcohol1 transf]r$ to ! asbe/os1 pref]ably by a policeman to avoid excessive use ( alcohol1 & cov]$ f9ally ) pure alcohol2 ! :ole wa% process requir+ f ab\t fifty to sev5ty cubic c5timet]s ( alcohol4 ,x is !n dri$ at ab\t #acj & weigh$4 ,! sub/itution ( a goo* = ! truncat$ pipette employ$ by ,casp>i w be f\nd advantage\s2 & asbe/os capable ( =m+ a close1 compact felt %\ld be select$1 inasmu* z ! p]*lorate is 9 "p unavoidably r$uc$1 dur+ ! necess>y /irr+1 to s f9e a condition t x t5ds to run ?r\gh ! filt] :5 "u pressure4 ,a special felt ( an excell5t quality ( asbe/os 0 prep>$ = ! det]m9ations giv5 bel[ & seem$ to hold ! f9] p>ticles ( ! p]*lorate v satisfactorily4 ,a numb] ( det]m9ations made ( potassium1 unmix$ ) o!r bases or non-volatile acids1 is record$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,potassium ,potassium ,error on ,error on *lorid ,volume ( p]*lorate potassium potassium ,error on tak54 filtrate4 f\nd4 p]*lorate4 *lorid4 pota%4 ,cubic ,grams4 c5timet]s4 ,grams4 ,grams4 ,grams4 ,grams4 #j4ajjj #ed #j4ahea #j4jjjh-- #j4jjjd-- #j4jjjc-- #j4ajjj #eh #j4ahed #j4jjje-- #j4jjjb-- #j4jjjb-- #j4ajjj #ea #j4ahei #j4jjjj #j4jjjj #j4jjjj #j4ajjj #ej #j4ahed #j4jjje-- #j4jjjb-- #j4jjjb-- #j4ajjj #dh #j4ahei #j4jjjj #j4jjjj #j4jjjj #j4ajjj #eb #j4ahed #j4jjje-- #j4jjjb-- #j4jjjb-- ,consid]able difficulty1 h[ev]1 0 exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ satisfactory det]m9ations ( potassium associat$ ) sulfuric & phosphoric acids4 ,z ,casp>i has po9t$ out1 ! sulfuric acid mu/ be remov$ by precipitation z b>ium sulfate be=e ! treatm5t ) p]*loric acid is attempt$1 & unless ! precipitation is made 9 a /rongly acid solution1 "s potassium is c>ri$ d[n ) ! b>ium4 ,phosphoric acid ne$ n be previ\sly remov$1 b to secure a ne>ly complete sep>ation ( ?is acid f ! potassium1 a consid]able excess ( p]*loric acid %\ld be left ^u ! potassium p]*lorate be=e x is treat$ ) ! alcohol4 ,:5 ^! conditions are c>efully compli$ )1 fairly good results may ju/ly be expect$4 ,bel[ is giv5 a numb] ( ! results obta9$3 7,a7 ,volume ( filtrate4 ,cubic c5timet]s4 7,b7 ,potassium p]*lorate f\nd4 7,c7 ,error on potassium p]*lorate4 7,d7 ,error on potassium *lorid4 7,e7 ,error on potassium pota%4 ,comp\nds tak54 7,a7 7,b7 7,c7 7,d7 7,e7 ,grams4 ,grams4 ,grams4 ,grams4 ,grams4 ,potassium *lorid #j4aj ,calcium c>bonate #j4ac #ej #j4ahhg #j4jjbg #j4jjad #j4jjjebca ,magnesium sulfate #j4ac #hb #j4ahge #j4jjaf #j4jjjh #j4jjjebcb ,f]ric *lorid #j4je #hj #j4ahfa #j4jjjb #j4jjja #j4jjjabcc ,magnesium sulfate #j4je #hj #j4ahdc #j4jjaf- #j4jjjh- #j4jjje-bcd ,manganese dioxid #j4je #ib #j4ahci #j4jjbj- #j4jjaj- #j4jjjf-bce ,sodium phosphate #j4dj #fj #j4ahed #j4jjje- #j4jjjb- #j4jjjb-bcf ,9 ! la/ ?ree exp]im5ts ( ! above table ! am\nt ( p]*loric acid 0 ab\t ?ree times t requir$ to unite ) ! bases pres5t1 & ! phosphoric acid subsequ5tly f\nd ) ! potassium 0 h>dly en\gh to appreciably affect ! weight1 al?\gh its absolute removal 0 f\nd impossible4 ,t ! magnesia does n produce any di/urb+ effect1 z is suppos$ by ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 ,kreid] has prov$ by ! foll[+ te/3 ,"o hundr$ & fifty milligrams ( magnesium c>bonate 7 treat$ ) p]*loric acid1 evaporat$ till fumes ( p]*loric acid appe>$1 & cool$1 :5 ! magnesium p]*lorate cry/alliz$3 ,b on treat+ x ) ab\t fifte5 cubic c5timet]s ( n9ety-sev5 p] c5t alcohol conta9+ two-t5?s p] c5t ( p]*loric acid a p]fectly cle> solution 0 obta9$4 ,if1 !re=e1 a suffici5t excess ( acid be us$1 no int]f]5ce w be caus$ by ! pres5ce ( magnesium4 ,:ile x is true1 !re=e1 t ! potassium p]*lorate obta9$ may be contam9at$ ) a trace ( phosphoric acid1 if ! latt] be pres5t 9 l>ge quantity1 no fe> ( contam9ation ) magnesia ne$ be ent]ta9$ if a suffici5t quantity ( ! p]*loric acid be us$4 #bge4 ,removal ( ! ,sulfuric ,acid4--,! practical objection to ! removal ( ! sulfuric acid 9 ! =m ( b>ium sulfate re/s on ! fact ( ! me*anical entanglem5t ( "s ( ! pota% 9 ! b>ium salt4 ,unless special precautions are tak51 !re=e1 a consid]able am\nt ( ! pota% w be f\nd ) ! b>ium sulfate4 ,casp>i has succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ?is am\nt to a m9imum by ! foll[+ proc$ure3#bcg ,! solution ( b>ium *lorid is prep>$ by dissolv+ #abg grams ( cry/alliz$ b>ium *lorid 9 wat]1 add+ #abe cubic c5timet]s ( ?irty-five p] c5t hydro*loric acid1 & br++ ! total volume up to "o lit] ) wat]4 ,five grams ( ! sub/ance f :i* ! sulfuric acid is to be remov$ are boil$ ) #aej cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & tw5ty ( /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,:ile ! solution is /ill 9 ebullition x is treat$1 drop by drop ) con/ant /irr+1 ) ! b>ium *lorid solution above m5tion$1 until a slight excess is add$4 ,?is excess does n cause any inconv5i5ce subsequ5tly4 ,aft] ! precipitation is complete ! boil+ is cont9u$ = a few m9utes1 ! mixture cool$ & made up to a qu>t] ( a lit] ) wat]4 ,no acc\nt is tak5 ( ! volume ( ! b>ium sulfate =m$ s9ce1 ev5 ) ! precautions m5tion$1 a little potassium is ?r[n d[n & ! volume ( ! b>ium sulfate t5ds to correct ?is error4 ,) a solution f :i* ! sulfuric acid _h be5 remov$ z above indicat$1 ,casp>i f\nd a loss ( only "o milligram ( potassium p]*lorate 9 a precipitate weigh+ ov] #hjj milligrams4 #bgf4 ,applicability ( ! ,process4--,exp]i5ce has %[n t sulfuric acid is ! only sub/ance :i* ne$ be remov$ f ord9>y f]tiliz]s prep>atory to ! e/imation ( ! pota% by means ( p]*loric acid4 ,! fact t ?is process c be us$ 9 ! pres5ce ( phosphoric acid is a matt] ( great importance 9 ! e/imation ( pota% 9 f]tiliz]s1 inasmu* z ^! f]tiliz]s ne>ly always conta9 t acid4 ,! fact t ! ,fr5* *emi/s notic$ t magnesia 0 a di/urb+ elem5t 9 ! process1 z has be5 indicat$ 9 volume fir/1 probably arose f its pres5ce z sulfate4 ,nei!r ,casp>i nor ,kreid] has notic$ any di/urbance 9 ! results :i* c be trac$ to ! pres5ce ( magnesia z a base4 ,if ammonia be pres5t1 h[ev]1 !re is a t5d5cy to ! production ( ammonium p]*lorate :i* is some:at insoluble 9 ! alcohol wa% us$4 ,solutions !re=e conta9+ ammonia be=e treat+ by ! p]*lorate me?od = pota% %\ld be r5d]$ alkal9e by soda-lye & boil$4 ,) ! precautions above m5tion$1 ! me?od promises to prove ( great value 9 agricultural analysis1 effect+ bo? a sav+ ( "t & exp5se 9 pota% det]m9ations4 #bgg4 ,accuracy ( ! ,process4--,! p]*lorate 0 tri$ 9 conjunction ) ! plat9um me?od on ! two samples ( pota% f]tiliz] prep>$ & di/ribut$ by ! (ficial report] on pota% = #ahic4bch ,"o ( ! samples 0 ( a f]tiliz] :i* _h be5 comp\nd$ = ! ,florida trade & conta9$ bone1 dri$ blood1 & pota%1 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( sulfate4 ,! o!r sample consi/$ ( mix$ pota% salts1 sulfate1 *lorid1 d\ble salt1 ka9it1 & ab\t five p] c5t ( ! triple sulfate ( calcium1 potassium1 & magnesium4 ,! results obta9$ by ,wagn] & ,casp>i on ! two samples foll[3 ,sample ,no4 #a4 ,sample ,no4 #b4 ,p] c5t pota%4 ,p] c5t pota%4 ,by ! plat9um me?od #ac4be #cg4ih ,by ! p]*lorate me?od #ac4ji #cg4hb ,! p]*lorate me?od on ! :ole appe>s to be q z accurate z ! plat9um process1 requires less manipulation & c be complet$ 9 a %ort] "t & at less exp5se = reag5ts4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,?ird4 #ahe ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ig1 p4 #g4 #ahf ,annual ,report ,connecticut ,/ation1 #ahib1 p4 #cb4 #ahg ,colorado ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aj4 #ahh ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ajc1 p4 #i4 #ahi ,annual ,report1 ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #ahhh1 p4 #bjb4 #aij ,vid4 op4 cit4 #b1 #ahij1 p4 #aaj4 #aia ,trait de la ,fabrication de ,sucre1 ,hors9-,don1 p4 #eaa4 #aib ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cg1 p4 #cej4 #aic ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #hf4 #aid ,volume ,fir/1 pp4 #ai1 et seq4 #aie ,pre*t3 ,die ,/assfurt] ,kalisalze4 #aif ,ma]ck]3 ,die ,kalidngung1 ,s4 #a4 #aig ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 p4 #c4 #aih ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ab1 p4 #e4 #aii ,vid4 op4 cit4 #ab1 p4 #g4 #bjj ,volume ,fir/1 pp4 #cgh1 et seq4 #bja ,*emical ,news1 ,vol4 #dd1 pp4 #gg1 #hf1 #ig1 & #abi4 #bjb ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #g1 p4 #ch4 #bjc ,vid4 supra1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #dc1 p4 #cdi4 #bjd ,die ,agricultur-,*emis*e ,v]su*s-,/ation1 ,halle a_/,s41 ,s4 #gf4 #bje ,me?od5 van ond]zock aan de ,rijksl&b\w-proef/ations1 #ahic1 p4 #g4 #bjf ,f ! ,(ficial ,sw$i% ,me?ods4 ,translat$ = ! ,au?or by ,f4 ,w4 ,woll4 #bjg ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ce1 p4 #fc4 #bjh ,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,b& #ah1 ,s4 #acbj4 #bji ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #he4 #baj ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #dc1 p4 #bf4 #baa ,vid4 op4 cit4 #be1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #df4 #bab ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahia1 ,s4 #bha4 #bac ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #cb1 ,s4 #ahd4 #bad ,vid4 op4 cit4 #be1 ,vol4 #af1 p4 #cfd4 #bae ,vid4 op4 cit4 #be1 ,vol4 #ag1 p4 #dfc4 #baf ,vid4 op4 et4 loc4 cit4 supra4 #bag ,*emik] ,zeitung1 #ahij1 ,s4 #abdf4 #bah ,volume ,fir/1 pp4 #cfi1 #cge4 #bai ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique #b1 ,tome #df1 p4 #bid4 #bbj ,comptes r5dus1 ,tome #gc1 p4 #abif4 #bba ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,b& #ad1 ,s4 #aeb4 #bbb ,*emical ,news1 ,vol4 #dd1 p4 #caf4 #bbc ,rapport adress p> la ,comit des ,/ations ,agronomiques1 #ahhg1 p4 #aj4 #bbd ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahia1 ,s4 #fia4 #bbe ,vid4 op4 cit4 supra1 #ahib1 ,s4 #bcc4 #bbf ,vid4 op4 cit4 #dj1 #ahic1 ,s4 #fh4 #bbg ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,june1 #ahie1 f advance pro(s s5t by au?or4 #bbh ,watt's ,translation1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #cag-cah4 #bbi ,manuscript communication f ,mr4 ,kreid]4 #bcj ,vid4 op4 et loc4 cit4 #dc4 #bca ,! residue %[$ phosphoric acid pla9ly :5 te/$4 #bcb ,! residue %[$ phosphoric acid pla9ly :5 te/$4 #bcc ,only traces ( phosphoric acid f\nd 9 ! residue4 #bcd ,only traces ( phosphoric acid f\nd 9 ! residue4 #bce ,only traces ( phosphoric acid f\nd 9 ! residue4 #bcf ,only traces ( phosphoric acid f\nd 9 ! residue4 #bcg ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahic1 ,s4 #gc4 #bch ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ch1 p4 #eg4 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,,miscellane\s ,,f]tiliz]s4 #bgh4 ,classification4--,nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% are ! mo/ important ( ! plant foods bo? f a comm]cial & physiological po9t ( view4 ,!y are ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! mo/ important f]tiliz]s & manures1 b are by no means ! sole ess5tial elem5ts ( plant nutrition4 ,lime1 magnesia1 soda1 sulfur1 *lor91 & _m o!r elem5ts are f\nd con/antly 9 plants & mu/ be reg>d$ z normal con/itu5ts !re(4 ,x is ! purpose "h1 h[ev]1 to speak only ( ^? sub/ances :i* are us$ z f]tiliz]s & :i* con/antly or occasionally are subject$ to *emical exam9ation = det]m9+ _! comm]cial or agronomic value4 ,^! bodies may be conv5i5tly divid$ into two classes2 viz41 m9]al & organic4 ,among ^? ( m9]al nature may be m5tion$ lime1 gypsum1 m>ls1 wood-a%es1 common salt1 & f]r\s sulfate2 among ^? ( organic nature may be includ$ guano1 h5 manure1 /all manure1 compo/s1 & muck4 #bgi4 ,=ms ( ,lime4--,by ! t]m lime is meant ! product obta9$ by subject+ lime/one or o!r lime c>bonates to ! action ( heat until ! c>bon dioxid conta9$ !re9 is expell$4 ,! result+ lime1 ,ca,o1 :5 expos$ = "s "t to ! air1 or at once on ! addition ( wat]1 is conv]t$ into ! hydrate ,ca,o,h1 kn[n z slak$ lime4 ,on long] exposure to ! air1 ! hydrate gradually absorbs c>bon dioxid & becomes conv]t$ into c>bonate4 ,9 :atev] =m1 !re=e1 lime is appli$ to ! soil1 x is f\nd 9 ! end1 z c>bonate4 ,a di/9ction %\ld also be made betwe5 lime obta9$ f m9]al sub/ances & t got f organic products su* z %ells4 ,/rictly speak+ ?is is n a def9ite matt]1 inasmu* z lime/ones are sometimes b little m ?an aggregations ( fossil %ells4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ction is made1 & "s f>m]s pref] %ell lime to t ( any o!r k9d4 ,gas lime1 t is lime :i* has be5 us$ = ! purification ( illum9at+ gas made f coal1 is h>dly to be consid]$ 9 ?is connection1 s9ce x may conta9 v little ev5 ( ! hydrate4 ,9 ?is case ! lime has be5 conv]t$ l>gely into c>bonate & sulfid4 #bhj4 ,application ( ,lime4--,= _m reasons x is important t ! lime be transport$ to ! field be=e x has _h "t to be conv]t$ into hydrate4 ,! transportation co/s less 9 ?is /ate & x c be h&l$ ) f> less inconv5i5ce ?an :5 slak$4 ,! lime %\ld be plac$ 9 small piles & left ?us1 be/ cov]$ ) a little e>?1 until ?or\ghly slak$4 ,x is !n spread ev5ly ov] ! surface4 ,! quantity us$ p] acre dep5ds l>gely on ! nature ( ! soil4 ,/iff clays & s\r m>% l&s require a l>g] dress+ ?an loams or well a]at$ soils4 ,f ?ree to six ?\s& p\nds p] acre are ! quantities usually employ$4 ,:5 ! lime is once ?or\ghly incorporat$ 9 ! soil x is rapidly conv]t$ into c>bonate1 b :ile 9 ! cau/ic /ate x may act vigor\sly 9 promot+ ! decay ( organic matt] & may prove injuri\s 9 promot+ ! decomposition ( ammonium salts ) att5dant loss ( nitrog54 #bha4 ,action ( ,lime4--,! b5efits aris+ f ! application ( lime to agricultural l&s1 al?\gh 9 _m cases great1 d n arise f any di/9ct f]tiliz+ action ( its own4 ,plants ne$ lime = gr[? & ne$ pl5ty ( x1 b z a rule any soil :i* is good en\gh to gr[ crops w conta9 en\gh lime to furni% t con/itu5t ( ! crops = _m ye>s4 ,its action is bo? me*anical & *emical4 ,by virtue ( ! latt] prop]ty x r5d]s available = plant food bodies already exi/+ 9 ! soil b exi/+ 9 su* %ape z to be unavailable = plants4 ,! supply ( plant food available = ! crops ( "o ye> is increas$ b ?is increase is at ! exp5se ( ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,lime is a /imulant4 ,!re is an ,european prov]b t 8lime enri*es ! fa!r b begg>s ! son40 ,nev]!less1 a lime/one c\ntry is usually a f]tile "o & soils conta9+ pl5ty ( lime naturally1 are ne>ly always ri* soils4 ,x is said t ! trees & plants :i* f>m]s pick out z indicative ( ri* l& are ne>ly always ^? :i* pref] lime soils4 ,! me*anical action ( lime on soils t5ds to light5 heavy clays & loams & to r5d] firm] & m consi/5t ! light & %ift+ s&y soils4 ,:5 a lump ( clay is /irr$ up 9 a bucket ( ra9 wat] ! wat] becomes muddy & rema9s t way = _m days4 ,if1 h[ev]1 to ! bucket ( muddy wat] a little lime wat] be add$ ! susp5d$ p>ticles ( clay beg9 to flocculate & soon ! wat] is cle> & ! clay falls to ! bottom1 nor does x aga9 make ! wat] muddy = a long "t :5 /irr$ up ) x4 ,! flocky "* ( ! precipitate is t5aci\sly reta9$ & x is necess>y to knead ! clay = "s "t to induce x to reassume its orig9al heavy "*4 ,an action l ?is takes place :5 lime is add$ to heavy soils s t ! soil becomes m por\s & assumes a bett] til? on pl[+4 ,) s&y soils an altoge!r diff]5t action takes place4 ,9 mak+ mort>1 z is well kn[n1 s& is /irr$ 9 ) milk ( lime & aft] be+ expos$ to air = a :ile ! mixture becomes h>d & firm1 ! firmness increas+ ) age4 ,?is is due to ! fact t :5 ! mort> dries ! lime beg9s to absorb c>bon dioxid f ! air & is conv]t$ into gra9s ( c>bonate :i* adh]e /rongly to neighbor+ s& gra9s & to ea* o!r s t ! :ole soon gets to be a solid mass4 ,some?+ l ?is takes place 9 ! soil & ! s& gra9s are to "s ext5t b\nd toge!r4 ,! increas$ firmness ( ! soil ?us ga9$ is (t5 ( consid]able advantage4 ,besides ^! actions1 :i* are m or less me*anical1 lime ex]ts a *emical action on _m soil con/itu5ts4 ,feldsp> & o!r common rocks conta9 pota%1 & ?is pota% is 9 su* a =m z to be inaccessible to plants4 ,^! rocks exi/ 9 ! %ape ( small p>ticles 9 _m soils & on !m lime ex]ts a decompos+ action1 sett+ ! pota% free4 ,lime also ha/5s ! decomposition ( ! nitrog5\s organic matt] & at ! same "t r5d]s ! soil m ret5tive ( ! products =m$4 ,! conv]sion ( ammonia1 result+ f ! decomposition ( su* organic matt] into nitrites & nitrates1 is n easily accompli%$ )\t a prop] am\nt ( calcium c>bonate4 ,! microorganisms produc+ ?is *ange1 :i* is kn[n z nitrification1 app>5tly require its pres5ce = neutraliz+ ! acid =m$4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! pres5ce ( lime ha/5s ! putrefactive process4 ,?is is ! reason x is s l>gely us$ 9 mak+ compo/s4 ,x is difficult to say j :at soils w be improv$ by lim+ & :at w n1 & x is a matt] :i* mu/ be settl$ by exp]im5t 9 ea* case4 ,z a rule heavy clays & loams are b5efit$1 yet ( two su* soils1 app>5tly id5tical1 "o may n be affect$ 9 any m>k$ degree :ile ! o!r may readily respond to treatm5t4 ,s&y soils are (t5 improv$ b sometimes n4 ,s\r1 boggy l&s1 are usually improv$ by ! addition ( en\gh lime to neutralize _! undue acidity4 ,m>% grasses & plants are m tol]ant ( acid 9 ! soil ?an tame grasses are1 s t 9 unlim$ soil ! =m] run out ! latt]4 ,! application ( lime alone to a v poor soil does n pay4 ,! p>ticles ( lime re/+ 9 ! soil are p>tially dissolv$ by ! next ra9fall aft] application1 or by ! soil moi/ure1 =m+ lime wat]1 & ! lime is di/ribut$ 9 ?is =m ?r\gh ! soil to "s ext5t4 ,x all probably soon becomes conv]t$ into c>bonate z gr\nd air is usually q ri* 9 c>bon dioxid4 ,inde$1 = _m soils1 x is immat]ial :e!r lime be appli$ z lime or z c>bonate1 grant+1 ( c\rse1 t ! latt] be gr\nd to a f9e p[d]4 ,economy is 9 favor ( ! lime1 h[ev]1 n only because x ne$s no gr9d+1 b because x is light] ?an ! correspond+ am\nt ( c>bonate1 mak+ a sav+ 9 transportation4 ,! diff]5ce is q consid]able1 fifty-six p\nds ( lime be+ equival5t 9 effect to #ajj p\nds ( c>bonate4 ,= ^! reasons z well z because x possesses "s valuable prop]ties n %>$ by ! c>bonate1 x is possible t = mo/ localities lime is to be pref]r$ to any =m ( gr\nd oy/] %ells1 gr\nd lime/one1 m>ble du/ or ! l4 ,"o ( ^! valuable prop]ties n possess$ by lime/one1 is said to be t ( act+ z a fungicide & insecticide4 ,z a rule1 fungi pref] acid reaction 9 ! sub/ances 9 :i* !y gr[1 s t ! /rongly alkal9e prop]ties ( lime may make a lim$ soil unsuitable = _! gr[?4#bci #bhb4 ,analysis ( ,lime4--,lime1 :i* is prep>$ = use z a f]tiliz]1 is r>ely submitt$ to a *emical exam9ation4 ,x is easy to see1 h[ev]1 t su* an exam9ation is ( "s importance4 ,if ! real value ( a sample be dep5d5t on ! cont5t ( lime1 ! actual quantity pres5t z det]m9$ by analysis1 mu/ fix ! value = agricultural purposes4 ,! m important ?+s to be det]m9$ are ! quantities ( lime1 & ( slak$ lime1 ( undecompos$ calcium c>bonate1 & ( insoluble matt]4 ,x w be also ( int]e/ to det]m9e ! respective quantities ( lime pres5t z oxid1 hydrate1 & c>bonate4 ,if any "q be rais$ 9 ! case ( slak$ lime 9 respect ( its orig91 x c usually be answ]$ by an exam9ation ( ! unburn$ or unslak$ residues4 ,9 p]fectly slak$ lime conta9+ no dbris1 ! analy/ w be unable to discov] :e!r x has be5 made f lime/one1 m>ble or %ells4 ,! lime us$ = agricultural purposes %\ld be reasonably free ( magnesia1 & %\ld n be air-slak$ be=e transportation to ! field4 ,9 dry air-slak+1 a consid]able quantity ( c>bonate may be =m$4 #bhc4 ,! ,process4--7#a7 ,insoluble & ,soluble ,con/itu5ts4--,a repres5tative sample ( ! lime hav+ be5 secur$1 x is r$uc$ to a p[d] & pass$ ?r\gh a half millimet] me% sieve or gr\nd to a f9e p[d] 9 an agate mort>4 ,dige/ two grams ( ?is sample ) an excess ( hydro*loric acid1 = two h\rs ) frequ5t /irr+2 filt]1 wa% ! residue ) hot di/ill$ wat] until *lor9 is all remov$1 & dry to con/ant weight4 ,! lime1 magnesia1 silica1 & o!r con/itu5ts ( ! filtrate1 are det]m9$ by ! usual processes ( m9]al analysis4#bdj 7#b7 ,/ate ( ,comb9ation ( ! ,lime4--,9 a lime conta9+ only small quantities ( magnesia ! lime c>bonate may be det]m9$ by e/imat+ ! c>bon dioxid by any "o ( ! reliable processes 9 use4#bda ,9 e case suffici5t acid mu/ be employ$ to comb9e ) all ! bases pres5t4 ,t>t>ic or hydro*loric acid may be us$4 ,f ! volume or weight ( ! c>bon dioxid obta9$ ! quantity ( calcium c>bonate may be calculat$4 ,s9ce magnesium c>bonate is m easily decompos$ by heat ?an ! correspond+ calcium comp\nd1 any residual c>bonate 9 a well-burn$ sample is probably lime4 ,! total p]c5tage ( lime 9 ! sample is to be det]m9$ 9 ! usual way by precipitation z oxalate & weigh+ z c>bonate or oxid4 ,! lime exi/+ z oxid c be det]m9$ by expos+ a weigh$ sample 9 an atmosph]e ( aque\s vapor until all ! lime is slak$4 ,aft] dry+ at #ajj ! increase 9 weight is det]m9$ & ! calcium oxid calculat$ f ! =mula1 ,ca,o ,h,o ,ca,o,h4 ,if n[ ! total lime be repres5t$ by a2 ! lime comb9$ z c>bonate by b2 & t pres5t z oxid by c2 ! quantity x exi/+ z hydrate may be calculat$ f ! equation x a - 7b c74 ,example3 ,let ! total lime be #hh p] c5t4 ,ca,o z c>bonate1 #b 8 8 ,ca,o z oxid1 #gh 8 8 ,!n ! ,ca,o z hydrate #hh - 7#b #gh7 #h p] c5t4 ,! total lime z oxid & hydroxid may also be sep>at$ f t pres5t z c>bonate by solution 9 sug>4#bdb ,"o gram ( calcium oxid is completely soluble 9 #aej cubic c5timet]s ( a t5 p] c5t sucrose solution4 ,magnesia1 iron & alum9a d n int]f]e ) ! det]m9ations4 #bhd4 ,gypsum or ,l& ,pla/]4--,?is sub/ance is highly priz$ z a top dress+ = grass & = admixture ) /all manure = ! purpose ( fix+ ammonia4 ,its value 9 bo? cases dep5ds ^u its p]c5tage ( hydrat$ calcium sulfate4 ,! quantity ( gypsum m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahic 0 a little ov] #bej1jjj tons4 ,( ?is am\nt only ab\t #ej1jjj tons 7 us$ z f]tiliz]4#bdc ,9 ! same "t !re 7 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #agj1jjj tons4 ,if ! same proportionate "p ( ?is 7 us$ = f]tiliz+ purposes1 x may be said t ! annual consumption ( l& pla/] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! pres5t "t = agricultural uses is ab\t #ge1jjj tons4 ,gypsum1 be+ a v s(t m9]al1 is easily gr\nd & %\ld be 9 ! /ate ( a f9e p[d] :5 us$ = f]tiliz+ purposes4 ,x is soluble 9 ab\t #ejj p>ts ( ra9 wat]1 s t :5 appli$ z a top dress+ x is c>ri$ into ! soil by ra94 ,its favorable action is bo? z a plant food & me*anically 9 modify+1 9 an advantage\s way1 ! physical con/itu5ts ( ! soil4 ,x is also valuable = compo/+ & = use 9 /ables by reason ( its p[] ( fix+ ammonia by ! =mation ( lime c>bonate & ammonium sulfate3 7,h,n7,,co ,ca,s,o 7,h,n7,,s ,ca,c,o4 #bhe4 ,analysis ( ,gypsum4--,= agricultural purposes x w be suffici5t to det]m9e ! quantity ( sulfuric acid1 & to calculate !refrom ! am\nt ( calcium sulfate 9 ! sample3 ,or ! lime may be det]m9$ & ! quantity ( sulfate calculat$ !refrom4 7#a7 ,insoluble ,matt]4--,9 ! conduct ( ! "w ! sample ( gypsum is rubb$ to an impalpable p[d] 9 an agate mort>4 ,! wa%$ sample1 ab\t "o gram1 is dissolv$ 9 a l>ge excess ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 ! dige/ion be+ cont9u$ at ne> ! boil+-po9t1 ) frequ5t /irr+1 = at lea/ two h\rs4 ,! solution is made alkal9e1 filt]$1 & ! residue wa%$ & dri$ to con/ant weight4 7#b7 ,sulfuric ,acid4--,! wa%+s & filtrate f ! above det]m9ation are made up to a def9ite volume ) wat] & divid$ into two equal p>ts4 ,! sulfuric acid is e/imat$ 9 "o "p by add+ to x sodium c>bonate until ! acidity is ne>ly neutraliz$4 ,! sulfuric acid is !n ?r[n d[n at ne> boil+ temp]ature by ! gradual addition ( b>ium *lorid solution4 ,! b>ium sulfate =m$ is sep>at$1 wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$ 9 ! usual mann]4 7#c7 ,iron & ,alum9a4--,to ! o!r half ( ! solution a little nitric acid is add$ & boil$ to conv]t any f]r\s into f]ric iron4 ,on ! addition ( ammonia ! iron & alum9a are sep>at$ z hydroxids1 collect$ on a goo*1 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z oxids4 7#d7 ,9 ! filtrate ! lime is ?r[n out z oxalate1 & sep>at$ & weigh$ 9 ! usual way z oxid4 ,"o "p ( ,ca,o is equal to #b4dbhf p>ts ( ,ca,s,o4 7#e7 ,moi/ure4--,dry ab\t two grams ( ! sample to con/ant weight at #hj4 7#f7 ,wat] ( ,cry/allization4--,heat ! residue f ! above to #aej1 until a con/ant weight is obta9$4 ,! loss repres5ts wat] ( cry/allization4 7#g7 ,c>bonates4--,det]m9e ! quantity ( c>bon dioxid evolv$ by ! usual process1 & calculate ! calcium c>bonate4 #bhf4 ,solution 9 ,sodium ,c>bonate4--,gypsum is also easily decompos$ by boil+ ) a solution ( ab\t t5 times its weight ( sodium c>bonate4 ,! calcium1 by ?is op]ation1 is conv]t$ into c>bonate & c be collect$ on a goo*1 wa%$1 & e/imat$ z usual1 b 9 ?is case x w conta9 all ! insoluble matt]s1 f :i* ! lime c be sep>at$ by solution 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,9 ! filtrate f ! above sep>ation ! excess ( sodium c>bonate is remov$ by ! addition ( hydro*loric to slight acidity1 & ! sulfuric acid e/imat$ z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,pure gypsum has a composition repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,ca,s,o,h,o4 ,x conta9s3 ,sulfur dioxid #df4ea p] c5t4 ,lime #cb4ef 8 8 ,wat] #bj4ic 8 8 ,a comm]cial sample ( ord9>y gypsum %\ld h ab\t ! foll[+ composition3#bdd ,ca,s,o,h,o #hh4ae p] c5t4 ,ca,c,o #c4ej 8 8 ,fe,o & ,al,o #a4ej 8 8 ,insoluble #b4hj 8 8 ,organic matt] #j4ej 8 8 ,wat] & undet]m9$ #c4ee 8 8 #bhg4 ,common ,salt4--,common salt is highly e/eem$ 9 _m qu>t]s z a top dress+ = lawns & mead[s1 & also = cultivat$ crops4 ,its action is *iefly ( a me*anical & katalytic nature1 s9ce x does n =m a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! m9]al food ( plants4 ,on acc\nt ( its aff9ity = moi/ure x is also said to h "s value z a cond5s] & c>ri] ( wat] 9 times ( dr\?4 ,on acc\nt ( its great *eapness1 sell+ (t5 = less ?an t5 doll>s a ton1 its use 9 mod]ate quantity entails no great exp5se4 ,its ability1 h[ev]1 to pay = its own use 9 ! increas$ h>ve/ is ( a d\btful "* :5 x is appli$ at a co/ ( m ?an a few doll>s p] acre4 ,9 ! *emical exam9ation ( a sample ( common salt :i* is to be us$ z a f]tiliz]1 a complete analysis is r>ely necess>y4 ,:5 desir$ x c be conduct$ accord+ to ! usual me?ods ( m9]al analysis4 ,= practical purposes ! moi/ure1 insoluble matt]1 magnesia & *lor9 %\ld be det]m9$ & ! quantity ( sodium *lorid calculat$ f ! latt] numb]4 ,traces ( iod9 or brom9 :i* may be pres5t are ( no consequ5ce4 ,! moi/ure is det]m9$ by dry+ two grams ( ! well-mix$ & f9ely-p[d]$ sample to con/ant weight at #ajj4 ,! *lor9 is obta9$ by precipitation ( an aliquot "p ( a solution ( ! salt by set silv] nitrate1 us+ potassium *romate z indicator4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( insoluble matt] x %\ld n be =gott5 t a little gypsum may be pres5t1 & ?is %\ld be dissolv$ by rubb+ to a f9] p[d] & by repeat$ dige/ion 9 wat]4 ,! magnesia & lime are sep>at$ & det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,if ! quantity ( gypsum pres5t be suffici5t to w>rant x ! sulfuric acid may be sep>at$ & weigh$ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,common salt :5 pres5t 9 ! soil 9 proportions great] ?an "o-t5? p] c5t is injuri\s to vegetation4 #bhh4 ,gre5 ,vitriol4--,:5 iron is us$ z a f]tiliz] x is usually appli$ z f]r\s sulfate4 ,! value ( iron 9 a soil is inconte/able & by reason ( ! fact t f]tile soils are always well a]at$ ! iron pres5t 9 ! arable lay] is f\nd 9 ! f]ric /ate4 ,:5 gre5 vitriol is appli$ to ! soil x und]goes gradual oxidation & appe>s f9ally 9 a m highly oxidiz$ =m4 ,iron acts directly on ! plant 9 promot+ ! developm5t ( ! *lorophyll cells1 & is also f\nd 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! vegetable organism4 ,a too great quantity ( f]r\s sulfate is de/ructive ( plant gr[? 9 :i* respect x resembles common salt4 ,x %\ld !re=e be appli$ ) due reg>d to ! dang]s :i* might arise f an excessive quantity4 ,x is n likely1 h[ev]1 t :5 appli$ 9 a f9ely p[d]$ /ate at ! rate ( f two to f\r hundr$ p\nds p] acre x w\ld ev] prove poison\s to vegetation4 ,9 ! analysis ( a sample ( gre5 vitriol x w be suffici5t to det]m9e ! moi/ure1 wat] ( cry/allization1 iron1 & sulfuric acid4 ,! moi/ure may be asc]ta9$ by dry+ ! f9ely p[d]$ sample ov] sulfuric acid = a few h\rs4 ,! wat] ( cry/allization is sep>at$ by expos+ ! sample to a temp]ature ( #bhe = two h\rs4 ,! iron may be det]m9$ by oxidiz+ to ! f]r\s /ate by boil+ ) nitric acid & !n precipitat+ ) ammonia1 & proce$+ z direct$ = iron analysis4 ,! sulfuric acid is sep>at$ z b>ium sulfate & det]m9$ z already direct$4 #bhi4 ,/all ,manures4--,!re are no def9ite me?ods to be describ$ = ! analyses ( t l>ge class ( valuable f]tiliz] produc$ 9 ! /able & p51 & :i* collectively may be call$ /all manures4 ,! me?ods ( sampl+ h already be5 describ$1#bde b only pati5ce & tact w enable ! collector to get a fair repres5tation ( ! :ole mass4 ,^! manures are a mixture ( ur9e1 excrem5t1 wa/e fragm5ts ( fodd]1 & ! b$d+ us$ = ! animals4 ,) !m may also be includ$ ! night soil & wa/e f human habitations & ! g>bage f cities4 ,all ( ^! bodies conta9 valuable plant foods & ! phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & nitrog5 !re9 are to be det]m9$ by ! me?ods already giv5 = ^! bodies :5 !y occur 91 or are mix$ )1 organic matt]4 ,9 g5]al1 /all manures are f\nd to h a high] manurial value ?an is indicat$ by ! am\nt ( phosphorus1 pota%1 & nitrog5 :i* !y conta94 ,?r\gh !m !re is introduc$ into ! soil l>ge quantities ( humus bodies :]eby ! physical /ate ( ! soil is pr(\ndly modifi$ & its adaptability to ! gr[? ( crops1 z a rule increas$4 ,! addition ( active nitrify+ f]m5ts 9 /all manure is also advantage\s4 ,/all manures1 h[ev]1 may 9 _m cases prove to be injuri\s to a crop1 z = in/ance1 :5 !y are appli$ 9 a poorly decompos$ /ate & 9 a season defici5t 9 moi/ure4 ,x is ess5tial !re=e t ! b$d+ ( animals be 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 :]eby n only are ! absorptive p[]s ( ! organic matt] increas$ b also ! conditions = _! spe$y decay favor$4 ,to avoid ! loss ( ammonia aris+ f decompos+ ur9e x is advisable to compo/ ! /all manure ) gypsum or to spr9kle x f "t to "t ) oil ( vitriol4 ,9 ! analysis ! moi/ure may be e/imat$ by dry+ a weigh$ portion ( ! sample to con/ant weight at #ajj or at a l[] temp]ature 9 a vacuum4 ,! pota% & phosphoric acid are det]m9$ z usual1 ) previ\s c>eful inc9]ation1 & ! nitrog5 secur$ by ! moi/ combu/ion process4 #bij4 ,h5 ,manure4--,?is f]tiliz+ sub/ance is a mixture ( ! excrem5t ( ! f[l y>d ) fea!rs1 du/1 & o!r dbris4 ,measur$ by ! /&>d appli$ to comm]cial f]tiliz]s h5 manure has a l[ value4 ,z 9 ! case ( o!r f>m manures1 h[ev]1 x produces effects q out ( proportion to ! am\nt ( ord9>y plant foods :i* x conta9s4 ,9 a sample exam9$ at ! ,connecticut /ation ! p]c5tages ( f]tiliz+ con/itu5ts 7 f\nd to be ! foll[+#bdf3 ,wat] #ea4hd ,organic & volatile matt]s #bd4bg ,a% #bc4hi ,! organic matt] conta9$ #j4fa p] c5t ( nitrog5 z ammonia & ! a% #j4ig p] c5t ( phosphoric acid1 & #j4ei p] c5t ( pota%1 all calculat$ to ! orig9al weight ( ! sample4 ,! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ?is sample is und\bt$ly high] ?an ! av]age1 s t x c h>dly be tak5 to repres5t ! true composition ( ?is manure4 ,! pota%1 phosphoric acid1 & nitrog5 are to be det]m9$ by "s "o ( ! /&>d me?ods already describ$1 ! two =m] aft] c>eful inc9]ation4 #bia4 ,guanos & ,cave ,deposits4--,! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( value 9 ^! deposits are nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4 ,! o!r organic matt]s are also ( "s value b h no comm]cial rat+4 ,! nitrog5 may be pres5t 9 all its =ms2 viz41 organic1 ammoniacal1 amid1 & nitric1 & = ?is reason is well suit$ n only to supply n\ri%m5t to ! plant 9 ! e>li] /ages ( its gr[? b also to cat] to its lat] wants4 ,9 guano deposits 9 caves1 due usually to ! pres5ce ( bats1 simil> =ms ( f]tiliz]s are f\nd & ! soluble con/itu5ts due to decay & nitrification are protect$ f ! lea*+ to :i* !y w\ld be subject$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 _m localities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^! deposits are f\nd1 b ! humidity ( our climate has prev5t$ ! imm5se op5 deposits ( guano t *>act]ize "s ( ! arid isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,_m bat guanos exam9$ 9 ?is laboratory h also be5 f\nd to conta9 pota%1 9 "o case #a4gh p] c5t4 ,x is sugge/$ !re=e t ! analy/ d n omit to exam9e ea* sample qualitatively = ?is sub/ance & to det]m9e its am\nt :5 indications po9t to its pres5ce 9 weighable proportions4 ,9 ! _m samples ( bat guano ( ,am]ican orig9 :i* h be5 analyz$ 9 ?is laboratory 9 ! la/ few ye>s "s v ri* 9 plant food h be5 f\nd4 ,9 "o in/ance ! total p]c5tage ( nitrog5 pres5t1 0 #aj4aa p] c5t4 ,9 "s cases ! phosphoric acid is high b r>ely 9 conjunction ) a high cont5t ( nitrog54 ,9 "o in/ance :]e ! total phosphoric acid rea*$ #ad4ec p] c5t1 ! cont5t ( nitrog5 0 #d4hg p] c5t4 ,9 respect ( ! processes ( analysis !re are no especial directions to be giv54 ,! phosphoric acid1 z giv5 bel[1 & ! pota% are to be det]m9$ by ! usual me?ods1 ! total phosphoric acid & pota% aft] ! de/ruction ( ! organic matt]4 ,9 old cave deposits ! processes ( decay & nitrification seem to h long be5 complet$ & we h f\nd v little p[] ( induc+ nitrification 9 culture solutions se$$ f ^! samples4 #bib4 ,fr5* ,(ficial ,me?od = ,total ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,guanos4--,to det]m9e ! phosphoric acid 9 guanos1 ! me?od (ficially adopt$ by ! ,fr5* agricultural *emi/s may be us$4#bdg ,two grams ( ! sample are rubb$ up 9 a porcela9 crucible ) a decigram ( slak$ lime to prev5t ! possible r$uction ( ! phosphoric acid by ! organic matt]4 ,! mixture is slightly moi/5$ ) a few drops ( wat]1 dri$ on a s&-ba?1 & aft]w>ds heat$ to r$ness1 be/ 9 a muffle1 until organic matt] is de/roy$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! crucible are deta*$ & plac$ 9 a flask ( #bjj cubic c5timet]s capacity4 ,! crucible is well dige/$ twice ) "s hydro*loric acid to dissolve any adh]+ fragm5ts1 & f9ally wa%$ ) hot wat]1 ! acid & wat] be+ add$ to ! flask4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are boil$ = fifte5 m9utes & !n p\r$ into a flat-bottom$ di%1 ! flask well r9s$ ?ree or f\r times ) small quantities ( wat]1 & ! liquor & wa%+s are evaporat$ to dryness to r5d] ! silica insoluble4 ,! residue is tak5 up by a mixture ( t5 cubic c5timet]s ea* ( hydro*loric acid & wat]1 heat$ = a few m9utes & filt]$1 & ! di% well wa%$ ) successive small portions ( wat]1 b ! total volume ( ! filtrate & wa%+s %\ld n exce$ eighty cubic c5timet]s4 ,9 ?is filtrate ! phosphoric acid may be det]m9$ by any "o ( ! approv$ me?ods4 #bic4 ,wa/e ,lea!r4--,?is mat]ial belongs probably to t class ( nitrog5\s sub/ances :i* has already be5 consid]$ 9 p>agraph #adi4 ,! *ief manurial value ( ! wa/e is f\nd 9 its nitrog5\s cont5t4 ,! value ( ?is = available plant food has be5 inve/igat$ by ,l9dsey4#bdh ,a complete resum ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject is also giv5 by him4 ,! be/ way ( id5tify+ lea!r wa/e is by ! process propos$ by ,dabney4#bdi ,x dep5ds on ! color produc$ 9 a solution ( iron phosphate by ! tann9 comp\nds d]iv$ f ! lea!r4 ,! reag5t is prep>$ by dissolv+ a fre%ly made precipitate ( iron phosphate f t5 grams ( f]ric *lorid 9 #djj cubic c5timet]s ( an aque\s solution ( =ty grams ( glacial phosphoric acid4 ,a g5tle heat promotes ! solution ( ! phosphate4 ,9 ! case ( a f]tiliz] suppos$ to conta9 lea!r1 ab\t "o gram ( ! mat]ial is treat$ ) ?irty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & a few drops ( sulfuric acid4 ,! mixture is boil$ & p\r$ on a filt]4 ,to a portion ( ! filtrate "s ( ! solution ( iron phosphate is add$1 & ! mixture made alkal9e ) ammonia4 ,if lea!r be pres5t 9 ! sample1 a purple or w9e color w be develop$4 ,l9dsey c\ld easily detect ! lea!r :5 x 0 add$ 9 t5 p] c5t quantities by ! above me?od1 & he reg>ds ?is me?od z sup]ior to ! microscope :i* is unreliable 9 ! case ( f9ely gr\nd mat]ial4 ,:ile lea!r1 z su*1 decays sl[ly1 & !re=e is n at once available = ! n\ri%m5t ( plants x acquires great] utility aft] dige/ion 9 sulfuric acid4 ,artificial dige/ion exp]im5ts ) lea!r previ\sly treat$ ) sulfuric acid %[ t1 approximately1 sev5ty p] c5t ( ! nitrog5 pass into solution4 ,su* a prep>$ lea!r has1 !re=e1 a dige/ive coeffici5t 9 respect ( nitrog5 n mu* inf]ior to mo/ organic bodies4 ,9 comp>ative trials ) sodium nitrate x 0 demon/rat$ t nitrog5 9 lea!r1 previ\sly dissolv$ 9 sulfuric acid1 has a rank ( ab\t sixty :5 x is rat$ at "o hundr$ 9 ! soda salt4 ,= ! e/imation ( ! nitrog5 9 lea!r ! moi/ combu/ion process is to be pref]r$4 #bid4 ,analysis ( ,wood ,a%es4--,! only k9ds ( a%es us$ ext5sively = manurial purposes are ^? d]iv$ f ! burn+ ( h>d woods4 ,! a% ( s(t woods1 su* z ! p9e1 is too poor 9 plant foods to w>rant its transportation to any great di/ance = manurial purposes4 ,! me?ods ( inc9]ation ( organic bodies = ! purpose ( obta9+ & e/imat+ _! m9]al cont5ts w be fully discuss$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( ?is "w4 ,x is important 9 a% analysis to "k :e!r !re be en\gh ( iron pres5t to comb9e ) all ! phosphoric acid4 ,= manurial purposes x w be f\nd suffici5t to det]m9e ! p]c5tages ( pota% & phosphoric acid alone4 ,= hygi5ic purposes x is advisable to exam9e ! a% qualitatively &1 if necess>y1 quantitatively = z9c1 lead1 copp]1 boric acid1 & o!r bodies ( a simil> "* :i* may be naturally pres5t 9 ! a%1 or may h be5 add$ to ! organic sub/ance f :i* x 0 prep>$ = pres]vation or o!r purposes4 ,! me?ods ( mak+ ^! special inve/igations w be discuss$ 9 ! succe$+ volume4 ,at pres5t w be giv51 h[ev]1 n only ! me?ods = detect+ phosphoric acid & pota%1 b also = a complete analysis ( an a% 9 s f> z its usual con/itu5ts are conc]n$4 #bie4 ,c>bon1 ,s&1 & ,silica4--,! (ficial agricultural *emi/s h recomm5d$ ! foll[+ proc$ure = ! det]m9ation ( ! unburn$ c>bon1 & ! s& & silica4#bej ,five grams ( ! a% are treat$ 9 a beak]1 cov]$ ) a wat* glass ) fifty cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid ( #a4aae specific gravity1 & dige/$ on ! wat]-ba? until all eff]vesc5ce has ceas$4 ,! cov] is !n remov$ & ! liquid evaporat$ to complete dryness to r5d] ! silica insoluble4 ,! residue is moi/5$ ) two or ?ree cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid & tak5 up ) ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 all[$ to /& on ! wat]-ba? a few m9utes1 filt]$1 & ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s are made up to a qu>t] ( a lit] = analysis4 ,! residue is wa%$ f ! filt] into a plat9um di% & boil$ ab\t five m9utes ) tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( a saturat$ solution ( pure sodium c>bonate2 aft]w>ds a few drops ( pure sodium hydroxid solution are add$ & ! liquid all[$ to settle1 & x is !n decant$ ?r\gh a t>$ goo*4 ,! residue is boil$ ) sodium c>bonate solution & decant$ z be=e1 a second & a ?ird "t1 & f9ally br\ght ^u ! felt & ?or\ghly wa%$1 fir/ ) hot wat]1 !n ) a little dilute hydro*loric acid1 & f9ally ) hot wat] until free ( *lorids4 ,! residue 9 ! goo* is dri$ at #aaj to con/ant weight1 giv+ ! c>bon & s&4 ,x is !n inc9]at$ & ! weight ( ! s& det]m9$1 ! diff]5ce giv+ ! c>bon4 ,x is advisable to exam9e ! s& ) a microscope to det]m9e if x be pure4 ,! alkal9e filtrate & wa%+s f ! c>bon & s& are acidifi$ ) hydro*loric1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! silica sep>at$ & det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,in/ead ( det]m9+ soluble silica directly f ! sodium c>bonate solution1 z above1 ano!r portion ( ! a% may be treat$ ) hydro*loric acid & evaporat$ to dryness z be=e describ$1 filt]$ on an ord9>y filt]1 wa%$1 burn$1 & weigh$1 giv+ ! weight ( silica plus s&1 f :i* ! weight ( s& is d$uct$ to obta9 soluble silica4 ,x is inadmissible to sep>ate ! soluble silica f ! residue aft] x has be5 ignit$4 ,in/ead ( limit+ ! quantity ( hydro*loric acid us$ = moi/5+ ! dri$ residue1 z sugge/$ above by ! (ficial *emi/s1 en\gh %\ld be employ$ to fully saturate ! mass4 ,! weight ( pure a% is obta9$ by subtract+ f ! weight ( ! sample tak5 ! sum ( ! weights ( c>bon1 s&1 & c>bon dioxid4 #bif4 ,f]ric ,phosphate & ! ,alkal9e ,e>?s4--,! f]ric phosphate1 lime1 magnesia1 & manganese are det]m9$ 9 an aliquot "p ( ! fir/ hydro*loric acid solution & wa%+s obta9$ above4 ,fifty or "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s may be us$1 correspond+ to "o or two grams ( ! orig9al a%4 ,! accurately measur$ quantity ( ! solution is c>efully treat$ ) ammonia until ! precipitate =m$ on its addition becomes p]man5t on %ak+4 ,ammonium acetate & acetic acid are !n add$ until ! mixture has assum$ a /rongly acid reaction4 ,! sep>ation ( ! f]ric phosphate precipitate is promot$ by g5tle w>m+1 & x is sep>at$ by filtration )\t unnecess>y delay4 ,if ! precipitate be n l>ge ! sample conta9s no manganese & alum9a 9 weighable quantities1 & if ! filtrate be n r$ ! precipitate be wa%$ ) hot wat] conta9+ a little ammonium nitrate4 ,x is !n ignit$ & weigh$ z ,fe,p,o & ! quantity ( f]ric oxid comput$ !refrom4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! precipitate be l>ge x is well wa%$ z above & !n dissolv$ 9 z small a quantity z possible ( hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution is aga9 precipitat$ z above by ! addition ( ammonia1 ammonium acetate1 & acetic acid4 ,! f]ric phosphate obta9$ by ! second precipitation is treat$ exactly z above describ$4 ,9 case1 h[ev]1 any weighable quantities ( manganese or alum9a are pres5t x w n d to weigh ! precipitate ( f]ric phosphate directly ev5 aft] a second precipitation4 ,also if ! filtrate at fir/ obta9$ h a r$ color ! precipitate may conta9 basic f]ric phosphate4 ,9 ?is latt] case x %\ld be ignit$ & weigh$1 !n dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid & ! f]ric oxid e/imat$ 9 ! solution & f ! diff]5ce ! quantity ( comb9$ phosphoric acid calculat$4 ,! sep>ation ( ! iron f ! phosphoric acid may be accompli%$ by add+ t>t>ic acid to ! hydro*loric acid solution ( ! iron phosphate above obta9$ & !n ammonium *lorid & ammonia4 ,! mixture is plac$ 9 a flask & ammonium sulfid add$4 ,! flask is clos$1 plac$ 9 a w>m place1 & all[$ to /& until ! sup]natant liquid is cle> & ( a pure yell[ color )\t a trace ( gre54 ,! iron is sep>at$ by filtration1 wa%$1 dissolv$1 & e/imat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,if manganese & alum9a be pres5t ! iron & manganese are sep>at$ f ! phosphoric acid & alum9a by ! processes j giv5 = ! sep>ation ( iron f phosphoric acid4 ,9 ! filtrate ! alum9a & phosphoric acid are sep>at$ z foll[s3 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ 9 a plat9um di% aft] ! addition ( an excess ( pure sodium c>bonate until no ammonia is set free by a fur!r addition ( ! c>bonate4 ,"s nitric acid is !n add$ & ! evaporation cont9u$ to dryness4 ,! residue is fus$ & aft] cool+ s(t5$ ) wat]1 wa%$ into a small beak]1 "s hydro*loric acid add$1 w>m$1 & filt]$4 ,ammonia is next add$ until ! reaction is alkal9e4 ,if no precipitate be produc$ no alum9a is pres5t4 ,9 ?is case m nitric acid is add$1 ! solution aga9 evaporat$1 & ! phosphoric acid det]m9$ by ! usual me?ods4 ,9 case a precipitate is =m$1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( alum9a1 nitric acid is add$ until ! precipitate is dissolv$1 & !n 9 slight excess & aft] evaporation ! phosphoric acid sep>at$ by molybdic solution & det]m9$ z usual4 ,f ! filtrate ! excess ( molybdic acid is remov$ by hydrog5 sulfid & ! alum9a det]m9$ 9 ! filtrate3 ,or ! alum9a may be det]m9$ directly 9 ! hydro*loric acid solution ( ! melt above obta9$ z alum9um phosphate by add+ sodium phosphate1 ammonia & acetic acid4 ,! alum9um phosphate is sep>at$ by filtration & det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! phosphoric acid is !n det]m9$ 9 ano!r aliquot "p ( ! orig9al filtrate f ! fir/ solution ( ! a%4 ,s9ce mo/ a%es conta9 an excess ( phosphoric acid above ! quantity requir$ to comb9e ) ! iron x is pref]able to proce$ on t basis z describ$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 #big4 ,me?od ,us$ 9 ?is ,laboratory4--,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od re/s on ! assumption t all ! phosphoric acid may be remov$ f ! solution by ! c>eful addition ( iron *lorid4 ,any excess ( iron is !n remov$ by ammonium acetate & ! manganese1 lime1 & magnesia1 are sep>at$ 9 ! filtrate4 ,! p]c5tage ( iron is det]m9$ by r$uction ( ! iron 9 ano!r portion ( ! solution & titration ) potassium p]manganate4 ,! process z conduct$ by ,mc,elroy1 is z foll[s3#bea ,moi/ure4--,if ! a% conta9 mu* c>bon ! wat] is be/ det]m9$ by dry+ 9 vacuo to avoid oxidation4 ,s&1 ,silica1 & ,c>bon4--,place a portion ( ! a% 9 a weigh$ plat9um di%1 weigh1 & cov] ! sample ) hydro*loric acid ( #a4aae specific gravity4 ,evaporate to dryness on ! wat]-ba?1 & !n heat = fifte5 m9utes at #aje to #aaj 9 an air-ba?4 ,repeat ! treatm5t ) acid & dry+3 ,f9ally cov] ) a ?ird portion ( acid & dige/ on ! wat]-ba? = an h\r or two4 ,filt] into a weigh$ goo* & wa% ! residue free ( *lorids4 ,! goo* is be/ weigh$ ) ! di% to avoid ! necessity ( transf]r+ ! silica :i* may adh]e to ! sides ( ! =m]4 ,dry at a few degrees above ! boil+ temp]ature ( wat] & weigh4 ,:]e ! a% conta9s mu* *>coal ! dry+ is be/ done 9 a vacuum at #fj to #gj4 ,! increase 9 weight f\nd repres5ts s&1 silica1 & c>bon3 ,burn & reweigh4 ,! loss is c>bon4 ,ano!r portion ( a% is treat$ z be=e except t x is filt]$ ?r\gh a pap] filt]4 ,! filtrate is unit$ ) t ( ! previ\s sample 9 a graduat$ flask4 ,:5 ! wa%+ is complet$ ! filt] is plac$ 9 ! di%1 a weak solution ( cau/ic soda add$1 & ! mixture heat$ on ! wat]-ba? = "s "t4 ,decant :ile hot ?r\gh a fre% filt] & retreat ! residue 9 ! di% ) ano!r portion ( alkali4 ,f9ally wa% ) hot wat] till ! alkal9e reaction disappe>s1 !n ) weak hydro*loric acid1 !n ) wat] until *lorids disappe>4 ,! wa%$ mass on ! filt] is transf]r$ to a plat9um di% & ignit$4 ,! weight obta9$ repres5ts s&4 ,sep>ation ( ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! unit$ filtrates f ! two det]m9ations are plac$ 9 a graduat$ flask & made up to ! m>k4 ,an aliquot portion ( ?is solution repres5t+ half a gram ( ! orig9al a% or any o!r conv5i5t quantity is transf]r$ to a beak] & a solution ( f]ric *lorid add$ until ammonia produces a br[n precipitate 9 ! mixture4 ,neutralize ) ammonia & hydro*loric acid alt]nately until ! liquid is z little acid z x c be & /ill rema9 cle>4 ,add f t5 to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( a solution ( sodium acetate 7#a3aj7 & br+ to a boil4 ,! liquid %\ld be q dilute4 ,filt] & wa% free ( *lorids ) boil+ wat] conta9+ "s sodium acetate4 ,manganese4--,make ! filtrate fa9tly alkal9e ) ammonia & add ammonium sulfid4 ,any manganese sulfid :i* may =m is sep>at$ by filtration1 treat$ ) dilute acetic acid & ! result+ solution1 :i* %\ld be cle>1 heat$ to boil+1 ne>ly neutraliz$ ) cau/ic soda1 & mix$ ) brom9 wat]4 ,! resultant manganese dioxid is to be filt]$ into a goo*1 ignit$ & weigh$ z ,mn,o4 ,lime4--,reacidify ! filtrate f ! manganese sulfid ) acetic acid1 heat to boil+ & add ammonium oxalate3 ,all[ to /& ov] night1 filt] ?r\gh a goo* & wa% ) wat] conta9+ acetic acid4 ,! calcium oxalate c be weigh$ z su*1 b x is pref]able to dry ?or\ghly & !n heat 9 a small buns5 flame until a *ange c be not$ pass+ ov] ! precipitate4 ,if ?is is c>efully done ! residue w be calcium c>bonate4 ,9 any case ! result is to be *eck$ by ignit+ ov] ! bla/ lamp to con/ant weight & weigh+ ! lime ?us obta9$4 ,magnesia4--,9 ! filtrate ! magnesia c be det]m9$ by sodium phosphate 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 v accurate "w ! calcium oxalate obta9$ z direct$ above c be dissolv$ & reprecipitat$1 & ! magnesia 9 ! filtrate add$ to t 9 ! fir/ filtrate4 ,iron4--,= iron ano!r aliquot portion ( ! orig9al solution is tak51 acidifi$ ) sulfuric evaporat$ to drive (f hydro*loric acid1 r$ilut$ & pass$ ?r\gh ! ,jones r$uctor describ$ 9 p>agraph #aab4 ,! filtrate is titrat$ ) potassium p]manganate solution 9 ! usual mann]4 ,alkalies4--,= ! alkalies ano!r aliquot portion is tak5 & precipitat$ :ile hot1 ) b>ium *lorid & b>ium hydrate1 filt]$1 & ammonia & ammonium c>bonate add$ to remove ! excess ( b>ium salt4 ,refilt]1 evaporate to dryness 9 a plat9um di%1 & ignite g5tly to expel all ammonia salts1 repeat ?is op]ation aft] tak+ up ) wat] & f9ally heat to con/ant weight4 ,! weight obta9$ repres5ts a mixture ( potassium & sodium *lorids1 ) usually c>bon d]iv$ f impurities 9 ! ammonia4 ,a little magnesia is (t5 pres5t4 ,! potassium is e/imat$ by means ( plat9um solution1 & ! potassium *lorid f\nd d$uct$ f ! total weight gives ! sodium *lorid4 ,! c>bon is usually unweighable1 ?\gh x (t5 looks z if pres5t 9 consid]able quantity4 ,x may be e/imat$1 h[ev]1 by dissolv+ ! mix$ *lorids 9 weak hydro*loric acid & filt]+ ?r\gh a goo* be=e mak+ ! potassium e/imation4 ,! e/imation ( ! magnesia rema9+ ) ! mix$ *lorids may be effect$ by evaporat+ ! alcoholic solution rema9+ aft] ! precipitation ( ! potassium to dryness1 r$issolv+ 9 wat]1 plac+ ! solution 9 a flask provid$ ) gas tubulures1 introduc+ hydrog51 & plac+ 9 ! sunlight4 ,! plat9um is soon r$uc$1 leav+ ! liquid colorless4 ,heat+ facilitates ! reaction4 ,displace ! hydrog5 by a curr5t ( c>bon dioxid1 filt]1 conc5trate ! solution & precipitate ! magnesia by sodium phosphate 9 ! usual mann]4 ,phosphoric ,acid4--,x is be/ to det]m9e ! phosphoric acid directly 9 an aliquot "p ( ! fir/ filtrate f ! hydro*loric acid solution ( ! a% obta9$ z describ$ "u ! det]m9ations ( s&1 silica & c>bon4 ,:5 !re is n en\gh ( ! mat]ial = ?is1 ! precipitate ( f]ric phosphate may be dissolv$ & ! phosphoric acid det]m9$ aft] sep>ation ) ammonium molybdate4 ,sulfuric ,acid4--,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al hydro*loric acid filtrate1 obta9$ z describ$ "u ! det]m9ations ( s&1 silica & c>bon1 are heat$ to boil+1 & ! sulfuric acid ?r[n out by ! gradual addition ( b>ium *lorid4 ,dur+ ! precipitation ! mixture is kept at ! boil+ temp]ature1 b tak5 f ! lamp & ! precipitate all[$ to settle f "t to "t until x is se5 t an additional drop ( ! reag5t causes no fur!r precipitate4 ,! b>ium sulfate is collect$1 dri$1 & weigh$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,*lor94--,dissolve f "o to five grams ( ! a% 9 nitric acid 9 v slight excess1 or 9 wat]4 ,if ! solution be made 9 nitric acid ! excess mu/ be neutraliz$ if ! *lor9 be det]m9$ volumetrically2 & if ! solution be 9 wat]1 nitric acid mu/ be add$ if ! det]m9ation be gravimetric4 ,! volumetric det]m9ation is accompli%$ 9 ! usual mann] ) a /&>d silv] nitrate solution1 us+ potassium *romate z indicator4 ,! gravimetric det]m9ation is effect$ by precipitation ) silv] nitrate1 collect+1 wa%+1 & dry+ at #aej ! silv] *lorid obta9$4 ,c>bon ,dioxid4--,! c>bon dioxid is mo/ conv5i5tly e/imat$ 9 f "o to five grams ( ! a%1 accord+ to its ri*ness 9 c>bonates1 by ! app>atus describ$ 9 volume fir/1 or "s simil> device4#beb #bih4 ,(ficial ,me?od = ,det]m9ations ( ! ,alkalies4--,evaporate ! filtrate & wa%+s f ! sulfuric acid det]m9ation1 p>agraph #big1 9 a porcela9 di% to dryness1 r$issolve 9 ab\t fifty cubic c5timet]s ( wat] & add milk ( lime1 or b>ium hydroxid solution1 :i* mu/ be p]fectly free f alkalies1 until no fur!r precipitation is produc$1 & x is evid5t !re is an excess ( calcium hydroxid or b>ium hydroxid pres5t2 boil = two or ?ree m9utes1 filt] hot1 & wa% ?or\ghly ) boil+ wat]1 precipitate ! lime & b>yta f ! filtrate ) ammonia & ammonium c>bonate1 filt]1 evaporate ! filtrate to dryness 9 a porcela9 di%1 & drive (f ! ammonia salts by heat bel[ r$ness4#bec ,:5 cold1 r$issolve 9 fifte5 or tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 precipitate aga9 ) a few drops ( ammonia & ammonium c>bonate solution1 let /& a few m9utes on ! wat]-ba? & filt] into a t>$ plat9um di% & evaporate to dryness1 expel ! ammonia salts by heat+ to j p]ceptible dull r$ness1 weigh ! potassium & sodium *lorids obta9$ & det]m9e ! potassium *lorid ) plat9ic *lorid z usual4 ,! potassium may also be det]m9$ by ! p]*lorate me?od1 or ! total *lor9 be det]m9$ volumetrically1 & ! relative p]c5tages ( potassium & sodium *lorids calculat$ by ! usual =mula3 ,or multiply ! weight ( *lor9 9 ! mixture by #b4ajce1 d$uct f ! product ! total weight ( ! *lorids & multiply ! rema9d] by #c4fceh4 ,! product expresses ! weight ( ! sodium *lorid conta9$ 9 ! mix$ salts4 ,! indirect me?od is only applicable :5 !re are consid]able quantities ( alkalies pres5t & :]e !y exi/ 9 approximately molecul> proportions4 ,x is !re=e a process r>ely to be recomm5d$ 9 a% analysis4 #bii4 ,/atem5t ( ,results4--,! bases :i* are f\nd pres5t 9 ! a%es ( wood & o!r vegetable tissues exi/ )\t d\bt be=e inc9]ation1 *iefly 9 comb9ation ) inorganic acids4 ,ev5 ! phosphorus & sulfur :i* aft] ignition appe> z phosphates & sulfates1 h previ\s !reto exi/$ 9 an organic =m to a l>ge ext5t4 ,! silica itself is pr(\ndly modifi$ 9 ! organism ( ! gr[+ plant & d\btless does n exi/ !re 9 ! purely m9]al =m 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 ! a%4 ,dur+ ! progress ( inc9]ation1 ) prop] precautions1 all ! phosphorus & sulfur are oxidiz$ & appe> z phosphoric & sulfuric acids4 ,! silica is r$uc$ to a m9]al /ate1 & if a high heat be employ$ silicates are =m$4 ,! organic salts ( lime1 magnesia & o!r bases at a l[ temp]ature are conv]t$ into c>bonates1 & if a high] temp]ature be us$1 may appe> z oxids4 ,! organic comp\nds ( alkalies w be f\nd 9 ! a% z c>bonates4 ,x w\ld be useless1 !re=e1 to try to /ate ! results ( a% analysis 9 =ms ( comb9ation simil> to ^? exi/+ 9 ! orig9al vegetable tissues4 ,x is n c]ta9 ev5 t we c 9 all cases judge ( ! =m ( comb9ation 9 :i* ! diff]5t con/itu5ts exi/ 9 ! a% itself4 ,x is !re=e to be pref]r$ 9 a /atem5t ( a% analysis to give ! bases 9 ! =m ( oxids1 & ! sulfur & phosphorus 9 ! =m ( anhydrids1 & ! *lor9 9 its elem5t>y /ate4 ,9 ?is case an equival5t am\nt ( oxyg5 to ! *lor9 f\nd mu/ be subtract$ f ! total4 ,if an attempt be made to comb9e ! acid & basic elem5ts ! *lor9 %\ld fir/ be unit$ ) sodium1 & any excess !re( ) potassium1 & ! am\nt ( base s comb9$ calculat$ to oxid & d$uct$ f ! total ( su* base or bases pres5t4 ,! c>bonic acid pres5t %\ld be comb9$ fir/ ) alkalies aft] ! *lor9 has be5 suppli$4 ,! phosphoric acid %\ld be comb9$ fir/ ) ! iron & aft]w>ds ) lime or magnesia4 ,9 all cases ! p]c5tages %\ld be bas$ ^u ! a%1 aft] ! c>bon & s& h be5 d$uct$1 or x is also conv5i5t at times to ?r[ out ( ! results ! c>bon dioxid & to calculate ! o!r con/itu5ts to ! a% free ( t sub/ance4 ,9 det]m9+ ! quantities ( m9]al matt]s remov$ f soil by crops1 ! a% %\ld be det]m9$ ) great c>e1 fre$ ( c>bon & s&1 & ! calculations made on ! p]c5tage ?us secur$4 ,9 all /atem5ts ( p]c5tages ( ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( a%1 z reg>ds f]tiliz+ mat]ials1 x %\ld be specifi$ :e!r ! p]c5tage is calculat$ on a crude a%1 ! pure a%1 t is free ( c>bon & s&1 or ^u a basis exclud+ ! c>bon dioxid4 ,= ! purpose ( f]tiliz] control1 ! analy/ & deal] w be satisfi$1 z a rule1 ) ! det]m9ation ( ! p]c5tages ( phosphoric acid & pota% alone4 ,to ! o!r con/itu5ts ( an a% is n assign$ any comm]cial value4 ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 #bci ,compil$ = au?or by ,mr4 ,k4 ,p4 ,mc,elroy4 #bdj ,volume ,fir/1 pp4 #cef et seq4 #bda ,volume ,fir/1 pp4 #ccg & #cij4 #bdb ,volume ,second1 p4 #ha4 #bdc ,day3 ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahic1 p4 #gac4 #bdd ,frankl&3 ,agricultural ,analysis1 p4 #bdj4 #bde ,volume ,second1 p4 #i4 #bdf ,annual ,report ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #ahhh1 ,"p #a1 p4 #hj4 #bdg ,rapport address p> le ,comt des ,/ations ,agronomiques1 #ahhg1 p4 #cd4 #bdh ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #h1 pp4 #b & #c1 #ahid1 & ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,/ation1 #ab? ,annual ,report1 pp4 #bhe et seq4 #bdi ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #c4 #bej ,bullet9 ,no4 #dc1 ,*emical ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #cij4 #bea ,compil$ = au?or by ,mr4 ,k4 ,p4 ,mc,elroy4 #beb ,volume ,fir/1 p4 #ccg4 #bec ,vid op4 cit4 #ab1 p4 #cia4 ,,index4 ,a ,page4 ,acid phosphates1 def9ition1 #aej1 #aea ,album9oid nitrog51 sep>ation1 #bbe ,alkalies1 det]m9ation 9 a%es1 #cbj1 #cba (ficial me?od = det]m9ation 9 a%es1 #cbb ,alkal9e e>?s 9 wood a%es1 #cag ,amid nitrog51 sep>ation1 #bbe1 #bbh ,ammonia1 prep>ation = wa%+ precipitates1 #ag ,ammoniacal nitrog51 #aff sep>ation1 #bbf ,ammonium citrate1 influ5ce ( acidity & alkal9ity on solv5t p[]1 #acg1 #ach movem5t on solv5t p[]1 #ada quality ( sample on solv5t p[]1 #acf temp]ature on solv5t p[]1 #acd "t on solv5t p[]1 #acc prep>ation1 #dd solv5t = phosphoric acid1 #acb nitrate solution1 prep>ation1 #de ,animal dbris1 treatm5t1 #aa ,aque\s vapor1 measurem5t ( t5sion1 #ahj1 #aha ,ars5ic1 error1 #ed ,asbo?1 me?od = nitrog51 #bab ,a%es1 analysis1 /atem5t ( results1 #cbc1 #cbd composition1 #beb f]tiliz+ value1 #bed p]c5tage 9 v>i\s woods1 #bec ,au?orities cit$ 9 ,"p ,fir/1 #aef-afj ,f\r?1 #cbd ,second1 #bdf1 #bdg ,?ird1 #cjj1 #cja ,b ,b>ium oxalate1 reag5t = pota% det]m9ation1 #bha ,b>omet]1 me?od ( use1 #agh1 #agi ,basic phosphatic slags1 te*nical analysis1 #abc slags1 ,dut* me?od = analysis1 #gg ,halle me?od = analysis1 #gf ,b]zelius1 me?od ( e/imat+ fluor91 #ce1 #cf ,blood1 dri$1 #afe ,br[n1 sep>ation ( iron & alum9a 9 phosphates1 #aca ,c ,calcium c>bonates1 function 9 manufacture ( sup]phosphates1 #aeb fluorids1 reactions1 #aeb ,c>bon dioxid1 det]m9ation 9 a%es1 #cbb phosphates1 #ai e/imation1 #ai 9 wood a%es1 #cae1 #cai ,c>nallit1 #bfj me?od = analysis1 #bgd-bgg ,cave deposits1 #cab ,*at>d1 modification ( ,b]zelius me?od1 #ce-cg ,glas]-,jones process1 #cj1 #ca organic matt]s 9 phosphates1 #ah ,*ile saltpet]1 #afh1 #bce adult]ation1 #bcd analysis1 #bcd application1 #bdj comm]cial =ms1 #bcc consumption1 #bde ,gantt]'s me?od1 #bcf-bch me?od ( diff]5ce1 #bci1 #bdj ,fr5* sug> *emi/s1 #bcf p]c5tage ( nitrog51 #bcc quantity appli$1 #bdd z9c-iron me?od1 #bcd1 #bce ,*lor91 det]m9ation 9 a%es1 #cbb ,*romium1 occurr5ce 9 phosphates1 #abh ,citrate & molybdate me?ods1 comp>ative accuracy1 #fi insoluble phosphoric acid1 #da me?od1 #eg-ei applicability1 #ade1 #adf ,sw$i% modification1 #ff1 #fg soluble phosphoric acid1 #dd direct precipitation1 #adg ,dut* me?od1 #fh ,coloration ( di/illate1 #ahg ,combu/ion furnace1 #age ,copp] oxid combu/ion1 #agj ,cottonse$ hulls & meal1 composition1 #bea ,crispo1 me?od ( e/imat+ iron & alum9a1 #bi1 #cj ,d ,dilute ammonia1 prep>ation1 #de ,di/illate1 coloration1 #ahg ,di/illation app>atus1 #bjh ,dudley & ,pease1 det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( iron1 #aac ,f ,factors = calculat+ pota% analysis1 #bgj phosphoric acid analysis1 #ag ,f]ric phosphate 9 wood a%es1 #cag1 #cah ,f]r\s sulfate1 analysis1 #caj1 #caa uses1 #caj ,f]tiliz]s1 co/ ( transportation1 #b def9ition1 #a dry+ samples1 #ab ,g]man me?ods1 #ac (ficial me?ods1 #ac natural1 #a objects ( analysis1 #a sampl+ mix$1 #f ,fr5* me?od1 #g me?od ( ,fr5* sug> *emi/s1 #g treatm5t ( samples 9 laboratory1 #aj ,f]tiliz+ +r$i5ts1 trade values1 #c valuation1 #b mat]ials1 m9]als conta9+1 #e sampl+ organic1 #h ,fi% scrap1 #acd ,fluor91 e/imation 9 phosphates1 #ce-ch occurr5ce 9 bones1 #acj ,g ,g]man exp]im5t /ations1 me?ods = det]m9+ phosphoric acid1 #de1 #df ,glas] me?od = e/imat+ iron & alum9a1 #bd1 #be1 #bg ,goo* di/illation me?od1 #ai ,gre5 vitriol1 analysis1 #caj1 #caa uses1 #caj ,gr9d+ app>atus = f]tiliz]s1 #f ,guanos1 #cab analysis1 #cac nitrog5 cont5t1 #aff orig91 #afg ,gunn+ me?od1 #baf1 #bag adapt$ to nitrates1 #bbj (ficial1 #bai = nitrates1 #bbj process1 reactions1 #bah ,gypsum1 #cjg am\nt us$1 #cjg analysis1 #cjh1 #cji use = compo/+1 #cjg1 #cjh ,h ,halle me?od = pota%1 #bgj1 #bga ,h5 manure1 #cab ,hess1 me?od = e/imat+ iron & alum9a 9 phosphates1 #be1 #bf ,holleman1 silv] me?od = phosphoric acid1 #aag ,horn1 ho(1 & hair1 #afe ,hu/on1 calcium *lorid me?od1 #bhb dige/ion app>atus1 #adb1 #adc me*anical /irr]1 #add1 #ade solubility ( rev]t$ phosphoric acid1 #acb1 #aci ,i ,imm5dorff1 me?od = e/imat+ lime1 #bc ,indicator = nitrog5 det]m9ation1 #bjd ,iod91 det]m9ation 9 phosphates1 #abg ,iron1 acetate me?od1 #bd det]m9ation 9 a%es1 #cbj e/imation 9 phosphates1 #bd-bf1 #bh-ca ,j ,jodlbaur me?od1 ,dut* v>iation1 #bac1 #bad = nitrog51 #bab1 #bac ,halle modification1 #bad ,johnson & ,j5k9s1 me?od = nitrog51 #agg citrate me?od1 #ei comp>ison ( citrate & molybdate me?ods1 #fi1 #gj ,jones modification ( ,glas] me?od1 #bh r$uctor1 #aae ,jptn]1 t>t>ic acid solution1 #ag ,k ,ka9it1 #bei me?ods = analysis1 #bgd-bgg ,kies]it1 #bfc me?ods = analysis #bgd-bgg ,kjeldahl me?od1 #aib-baf ,dut* process1 #bjj ,halle process1 #bjj-bjd modifications1 #bji-baf (ficial = nitric nitrog51 #bae process1 #bjd-bjg orig9al process1 #aic-aif prep>ation ( reag5ts1 #afg-aii !ory ( reactions1 #aig ,knorr app>atus = c>bon dioxid1 #ai ,kreid]1 p]*lorate process1 #bif ,krug & ,mc,elroy1 e/imation ( iron & alum9a 9 phosphates1 #cb1 #cc ,krugit1 #bfb ,l ,l& pla/]1 #cag ,lea!r wa/e1 #cad ,lime1 action1 #cjc-cje analysis1 #cje application1 #cjc z a fungicide & insecticide1 #cje comp\nds us$ z f]tiliz]1 #cjb det]m9ation1 9 a%es1 #cbj ( /ate ( combu/ion1 #cjf1 #cjg e/imation 9 basic slags1 #hj1 #ha phosphates1 #ba-bc1 #ce ( cau/ic1 #ha prep>ation ( sample1 #cjf ,mc ,mc,elroy1 me?od ( analysis = wood a%es1 #cai-cbb sep>ation ( iron & alum9a f phosphoric acid1 #cc1 #cd ,m ,manganese1 det]m9ation 9 a%es1 #cbj ,magnesia1 det]m9ation 9 wood a%es1 #cbj error due to occlud$1 #ed e/imation 9 phosphates1 #ce mixture1 prep>ation1 #ag1 #de removal 9 p]*lorate process1 #bih ,magnesium comp\nds1 action 9 manufacture ( sup]phosphates1 #aed nitrate1 prep>ation1 #de pyrophosphate1 color1 #ee1 #ef ,manure1 def9ition1 #a sampl+ b>ny>d1 #i ,m>ioni & ,fasselli1 modification ( ,glas]'s me?od1 #ca1 #cb ,m]cury pump1 #agc1 #agd ,mills = cru%+ f]tiliz+ m9]als1 #e ,m9]als conta9+ f]tiliz+ mat]ials1 #e ,moi/ combu/ion process1 hi/orical1 #aib ,moi/ure1 det]m9ation 9 a%es1 #bai 9 monocalcium phosphates1 #ac1 #ad ,molybdate & citrate me?ods1 comp>ative accuracy1 #fi me?od1 adopt$ by ,brussels congress1 #fg s\rces ( error1 #ec ,molybd$um precipitate1 direct weigh+1 #aej ,molybdic solution1 prep>ation1 #ag1 #de ,morg51 citrate me?od1 #fj-fe ,n ,neubau]1 inve/igation ( error1 #ed1 #ee ,nitric nitrog51 #afh e/imation1 #bbg ,krg]'s me?od1 #bca ,s*les+-,wagn] me?od1 #bbh1 #bbi ,s*mitt's modification1 #bcj ,uls* me?od1 #bbg sep>ation1 #bbf ,nitrifiable solution1 #bdc ,nitrog5 analysis1 calculation ( results1 #agg table = calculat+ results1 #ahc z ammonia1 #bba1 #bbb det]m9ation by ,b\ss+ault1 #bbb1 #bbc co/ p] p\nd1 #c1 #d =ms ( occurr5ce1 #afa1 #afb k9ds 9 f]tiliz]s1 #afa me?od ( volumetric det]m9ation 9 laboratory1 #age1 #agf me?ods ( analysis1 classification1 #afi (ficial me?ods1 #agj volumetric me?od1 #aga1 #agb qualitative det]m9ation ( =m1 #afb1 #afc ,nitrog5\s f]tiliz]s1 s\rce1 #afc1 #afi ,norwegian me?ods1 #de1 #dg ,noyes & ,royse1 det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( iron1 #aac1 #aad ,o ,(ficial me?od = phosphoric acid1 #af volumetric me?od1 r>ely us$1 #agc ,ogilvie1 sep>ation ( alum9a f phosphoric acid1 #ca1 #cb ,organic f]tiliz+ mat]ials1 sampl+1 #h matt]s1 de/ruction1 #bee by moi/ combu/ion1 #bef sulfuric acid1 #ef1 #eg1 #adg1 #adh 9 phosphates1 #ci ignition ) sulfuric acid1 #bee 9 phosphates1 #ah ,p ,patrick1 di/ill+ flask1 #bji ,pemb]ton me?od1 comp>ison ) (ficial1 #aji ( prep>+ reag5ts1 #ajg1 #ajh volumetric me?od = phosphoric acid1 #ajf ,p]*lorate process1 accuracy1 #cjj applicability1 #bii comp>ison ( results1 #bih me?od ( ,kreid]1 #bif1 #big ,p]*loric acid1 composition1 #bie keep+ prop]ties1 #bie prep>ation1 me?od ( ,casp>i1 #bij1 #bia ,kreid]1 #bib-bid reag5t = pota%1 #bhf ,phosphates1 con/itu5ts to be det]m9$1 #ae insoluble matt]1 #bj l[ co/1 #c moi/ure 9 monocalcium1 #ac1 #ad natural manurial value1 #d prep>ation ( solution1 #bj soluble matt]1 #ai ,phosphatic f]tiliz]s1 availability1 #adh1 #adi slags1 adult]ation1 #ha detection1 #hb-hf analysis1 #ge-ha manufacture1 #ga1 #gb solubility1 #gd ,phosphomolybdic acid1 reag5t = pota%1 #bhi ,phosphoric acid1 condition 9 sup]phosphates1 #aja co/ p] p\nd1 #c det]m9ation z /annic phosphate1 #dj by (ficial me?od1 #af titration ( yell[ precipitate1 #ajf-aaj 9 a%es1 #cba basic slag1 #ea bone meal1 #ea fi%-guano1 #ea m9]al phosphates1 #ea1 #ec sup]phosphates1 #ej direct e/imation1 #ae ,dut* me?od ( det]m9ation1 #ea-ec error due to volatility1 #ed e/imation z a lead comp\nd1 #aaj 9 pres5ce ( iron1 #aab molybd5um te*nical me?od1 #abj1 #aba prep>ation ( reag5ts = te*nical det]m9ation1 #aah1 #aai sep>ation 9 wood a%es1 #cai silv] me?od1 #aaf1 #aag s\rces1 #ci ,sw$i% me?ods ( det]m9+1 #di1 #ej te*nical det]m9ation1 #aah-abe volumetric uranium me?od1 #aba1 #abb "t requir$ = precipitation1 #abf typical solution1 #ie us$ = sup]phosphate manufacture1 #aef volumetric det]m9ation1 #hf-aah ,plat9ic *lorid1 me?od = pota%1 #bfg (ficial1 #bfg1 #bfh ,plat9um me?od1 s\rces ( error1 #bhd1 #bhe wa/e1 recov]y1 #bhg-bhi weigh+ metallic precipitate1 #bhc1 #bhd ,polyhalit1 #bfa ,pota% analysis1 classification ( me?ods1 #bff consumption1 #bfe1 #bff co/ p] p\nd1 #d ,dut* me?od = analysis1 #bgb e/imation z p]*lorate1 #bhi-cjj table ( factors1 #bhg =ms f\nd 9 f]tiliz]s1 #bdi ,halle me?od = analysis1 #bgj1 #bga 9 molasses1 #bed w9]y residues1 #bee me?ods ( analysis1 #bff-cjj occurr5ces 9 m9]al deposits1 #bef1 #beg (ficial alt]nate me?od1 #bfi recov]$ f factory residues1 #bfe salts1 *anges 9 situ1 #beg control me?od = analysis1 #bhc effect ( conc5tration on accuracy ( analysis1 #bhe1 #bhf geological occurr5ce1 #beh me?ods = analyz+ conc5trat$1 #bgh-bhj solution f organic comp\nds1 #bgj s\rces1 #bdh ,sw$i% me?od = analysis1 #bgc ,potassium hydroxid solution1 t5sion ( vapor1 #ahb magnesium c>bonate1 #bfe plat9o*lorid1 diff]5ces 9 cry/all9e =m1 #bhf sulfate1 grades z f]tiliz]s1 #bfd ,pyrophosphate1 exam9ation1 = impurities1 #abf ,r ,rev]t$ phosphates1 rev]sion by ammonium citrate1 #ajc1 #ajd phosphoric acid1 arbitr>y det]m9ation1 #aci def9ition1 #aci1 #adj det]m9ation by uranium me?od1 #ajb ,rob9son1 s\rces ( error 9 plat9um me?od1 #bhd1 #bhe ,roode1 de1 me?od = ka9it1 #bha ,ross1 direct precipitation ( citrate soluble phosphoric acid1 #adg ,ruffle me?od1 #ahh ,boy]'s modification1 #aij1 #aia (ficial1 #ahh-aij ,s ,salt1 #cji analysis1 #caj ,samples1 directions = tak+ bulk1 #bdc ,fr5* me?od ( prep>ation1 #aj ,g]man me?od ( prep>ation1 #aj (ficial me?od ( prep>ation1 #aj special cases1 #ab tak+1 #d ,sanborn1 me?od ( filt]+ phosphoric acid1 #db ,s& 9 wood a%es1 #cae1 #caf1 #cai ,s*nit1 #bfd ,s*weitz] & ,lungwitz1 me?od = pota%1 #bha ,scovell1 me?od = nitrog51 #bae ,se$s & se$ residues1 #afc ,%ak+ app>atus1 #gh1 #gi ,silica1 error due to occlud$1 #ec e/imation 9 phosphates1 #bj 9 wood a%es1 #cae1 #caf1 #cai ,slags1 basic phosphate1 #gj composition1 #gb1 #gc manufacture1 #ga1 #gb ,soda-lime process1 #ahc1 #ahd ,fr5* me?od1 #ahf hydrog5 me?od1 #ahg (ficial me?od1 #ahd-ahf prep>ation ( samples1 #ahg ,sodium nitrate1 functions1 #bca1 #bcb value1 #bdf ,soluble phosphoric acid1 det]m9ation by uranium me?od1 #ajb ,g]man me?od ( e/imat+1 #dg1 #dh ,sp5c]1 silv] me?od = phosphoric acid1 #aaf ,/all manures1 #caa ,/annic *lorid1 reag5t = det]m9+ phosphoric acid1 #dj ,/]iliz$ tubes1 = sampl+1 #bda ,/one & ,s*eu*1 e/imation ( cau/ic lime1 #ha ,sulfuric acid1 det]m9ation 9 a%es1 #cba e/imation 9 phosphates1 #ce quantity us$ 9 ! manufacture ( sup]phosphates1 #aed1 #aee removal 9 p]*lorate process1 #bih ,sup]phosphates1 action ( iron & alum9a comp\nds 9 manufacture1 #aec *emical reactions 9 manufacture1 #aea def9ition1 #aej1 #aea det]m9ation by uranium me?od1 #ajb manufacture1 #aej-aef ) phosphoric acid1 #aef quantity ( sulfuric acid us$ 9 manufacture1 #aed1 #aee te*nical analysis1 #abd1 #abe ,sylv91 #bfb ,sylv9it1 #bfc me?ods = analysis1 #bgd-bgg ,t ,tankage1 #afe ,t>t>ic acid1 use1 9 molybd5um solution1 #ag ,tetracalcium phosphate1 molecul> /ructure1 #gc ,?iocyanates 9 f]tiliz]s1 det]m9ation1 #bbd ,tobacco /ems1 #bej & wa/e1 composition ( a%1 #bej wa/e1 #bej ,total phosphoric acid1 treatm5t1 #db1 #dc ,u ,uranium me?od = phosphoric acid1 #hh-aja prep>ation ( /&>d solution1 #id process1 causes ( errors1 #ih1 #ii correction1 #ig titration ( sample ( phosphate1 #ajj solution1 titration1 #if ,v ,vanadium1 me?ods ( e/imation1 #abh1 #abi ,van ,slyke1 reactions ( gunn+ me?od1 #bah ,voorhees1 me?od = nitrates1 #bbj ,w ,wa/e matt]s z f]tiliz]s1 #b ,wat]1 det]m9ation 9 phosphates1 #ah soluble phosphoric acid1 #da volumetric e/imation1 #aaa ,wells1 citrate me?od1 #ei ,wilf>?1 me?od = nitrog51 #baa ,w9ton & ,voorhees1 gunn+ me?od = nitrates1 #bbj pota% analysis1 #bhe1 #bhf ,wood a%es1 #bea1 #cae composition1 #beb ,wyatt1 me?od = det]m9+ iron & alum9a 9 phosphates1 #cd e/imat+ fluor91 #cg1 #ch lime1 #bb