,page #a ,bullet9 #aib ,novemb]1 #aiac ,! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,colorado ,agricultural ,college ,,home-,,made ,,cid] ,,v9eg> ,by ,,walt] ,g4 ,,sackett ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,=t ,,coll9s1 ,,colorado #aiac ,page #b ,! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,=t ,coll9s1 ,colorado ,t]m ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture ,expires ,,hon4 ,f4,e4 ,,brooks ,colorado ,spr+s1 #aiae ,,hon4 ,j4,s4,,calk9s ,we/m9/]1 #aiae ,,hon4 ,j4,c4,,bell ,montrose1 #aiag ,,hon4 ,,william ,,h>rison ,clifton1 #aiag ,,hon4 ,,*as4 ,,pe>son ,durango1 #aiai ,,hon4 ,r4,w4 ,,corw9 ,pueblo1 #aiai ,,mrs4 ,j4,b4 ,,bel=d ,d5v]1 #aiba ,,hon4 ,a4,a4 ,,edw>ds ,=t ,coll9s1 #aiba ,,gov]nor ,e4,m4 ,,ammons1 ,ex-,(ficio ,,presid5t ,,*as4 ,a4 ,,lory1 ,ex-,(ficio ,l4,m4 ,,taylor1 ,,secret>y ,j4,s4 ,,jones1 ,,treasur] ,,executive ,,committee ,,9 ,,*>ge ,a4,a4 ,,edw>ds1 ,*airman ,j4,s4,,calk9s ,e4,m4 ,,ammons ,,/ation ,,/aff ,w4,p4 ,,headd51 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d4 ,,*emi/ ,c4,p4 ,,gillette1 ,m4,s41 ,entomologi/ ,,director ,g4,h4 ,,glov]1 ,m4,s41 ,d4,v4,m4 ,,vet]9>ian ,w4,g4 ,,sackett1 ,b4,s4 ,,bact]iologi/ ,,alv9 ,,keys]1 ,a4,m4 ,,agronomi/ ,j4,o4 ,,williams1 ,b4,s4,a41 ,u4,s4 exp]t-9-*>ge ,,horse ,,bre$+ ,e4,p4 ,,s&/51 ,ph4,d4 ,,horticulturi/ ,b4,o4 ,,longye>1 ,b4,s4 ,,botani/ ,g4,e4 ,,morton ,m4,l41 ,b4,s4,a4 ,,animal ,,husb&sman ,e4,b4 ,,h\se1 ,b4,s4 7,e4,e471 ,m4,s4 ,,irrigation ,,eng9e] ,v4,m4 ,,cone1 ,b4,s4 ,,irrigation ,,inve/igations ,r4,e4 ,,trimble1 ,b4,s4 ,,assi/ant ,,irrigation ,,inve/igations ,p4,k4 ,,bl9n1 ,b4,s41 ,,rocky ,,=d ,,alfalfa ,,inve/igations ,,e>l ,,d\glass1 ,m4,s4 ,,assi/ant ,,*emi/ ,s4 ,,ar?ur ,,johnson1 ,m4,s4 ,,assi/ant ,,entomologi/ ,l4,c4 ,,bragg ,,assi/ant ,,9 ,,entomology ,j4,w4 ,,adams1 ,b4,s41 ,*ey5ne ,wells ,,agronomy ,,assi/ant1 ,,dry ,,f>m+ ,,elwood ,d4 ,,rood1 ,a4,b4 ,,assi/ant ,,*emi/ ,w4,w4 ,,robb9s1 ,m4,a4 ,,assi/ant ,,botani/ ,,paul ,s4 ,,jones1 ,b4,s4 ,,assi/ant ,,irrigation ,,inve/igations ,,ralph ,l4 ,,p>%all1 ,b4,s4 ,,assi/ant ,,irrigation ,,inve/igations ,,james ,d4 ,,bell1 ,b4,s4 ,,assi/ant ,,irrigation ,,inve/igations ,,(fic]s ,,*as4 ,a4 ,,lory1 ,,ll4,d4 ,presid5t ,c4,p4 ,,gillette1 ,m4,s4 ,director ,l4,m4 ,,taylor ,secret>y ,,m>g>et ,,murray ,executive ,cl]k ,page #c ,,home-,,made ,,cid] ,,v9eg> ,by ,walt] ,g4 ,sackett4 ,9 driv+ ?r\gh ! fruit-gr[+ sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o _c fail to be impress$ ) ! fact t ?\s&s ( bu%els ( apples & o!r fruit are all[$ to g to wa/e annually j because x is too mu* tr\ble to ga!r x up & make "s use ( x4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true dur+ a season :5 prices are l[ ow+ to an ov]production4 ,su* a practice w\ld be condemn$1 mo/ c]ta9ly1 by any comm]cial firm1 & rightfully s1 z a mo/ extravagant wa/e & f> remov$ f any pr9ciple ( sci5tific managem5t4 ,talk ) any capta9 ( indu/ry1 & he w inv>iably tell y t ! l>ge/ pr(its 9 8 bus9ess accrue f ! complete utilization ( ! wa/e products4 ,indiff]5ce to ! ne$s ( o!rs & ignorance ( ! lat5t possibilities 9 ?is second grade fruit are l>gely responsible = ! fruit gr[]'s %ort-sight$ness4 ,he is apt to =get t !re are a few m ?an n9ety-?ree million o!rs 9 ?is c\ntry :o are dep5d5t ^u him = or*>d products su* z cid]1 apple butt]1 jelly & v9eg>1 all ( :i* c\ld be made f ?is fruit :i* he p]mits to rot unnotic$ "u ! trees4 ,c\ld he only be %[n ! roll ( gre5backs or cat* ! glitt] ( ! gold :i* w\ld repres5t 8 actual net return f ! complete utilization ( ?is unnecess>y wa/e1 rott5 apples1 wormy apples1 gre5 apples & ev]y?+ w\ld be clean$ up ! next "t we %\ld pass by 8 or*>d4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ?\s&s ( gallons ( :ite w9e v9eg>1 :i* has nev] be5 ne> a w9e press1 are produc$ ye>ly by a purely *emical process f alcohol1 !re is /ill a m>ket = good1 old-fa%ion$1 apple cid] v9eg>4 ,! g5u9e article w nev] be entirely replac$ by ! artificial product4 ,b :]e is ! public to obta9 pure apple v9eg> ( acceptable quality8 ,x is n = sale at ! local groc]ies except 9 seal$ bottles at tw5ty-five c5ts a qu>t4 ,beside x on ! %elf may be f\nd ! di/ill$ v9eg>1 artificially color$ ) c>amel1 & ! :ite pickl+ v9eg> at fifte5 c5ts a bottle4 ,9 bulk ! di/ill$ v9eg> c be b\ght = =ty c5ts ! gallon ) a reliable gu>antee beh9d x = /r5g? & quality4 ,b y say1 ,page #d ,surely y mu/ be mi/ak5 ab\t n be+ able to get cid] v9eg> f y\r groc] 9 bulk4 ,no1 g5tle read]1 d n be deceiv$ by ! /5cil m>k on ! end ( ! b>rel4 ,if1 p]*ance1 ?is p>ticul> lot came f a ne>by ran*1 ! odds are 9 favor ( its n be+ wor? c>ry+ home4 ,d n und]/& me to speak ?us lightly ( all home-made v9eg> = !re is "s to be f\nd ( spl5did quality1 b x is ! exception4 ,z a rule ! /orekeep] w apologize to ! cu/om] = 8 f>m v9eg>1 b ) t :i* comes f ! :olesale deal] x is diff]5t4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly a sad condition1 :5 ! fir/ & be/ v9eg> t 0 ev] made came f ! f>m home6 ,:at is m1 x _c be obta9$ f ! f>m] or apple gr[] today = mo/ ( !m are buy+ all ( ! v9eg> !y use4 ,:at has become ( our apple v9eg> indu/ry1 & :y h ! m]*ants turn$ _! att5tion to ! di/ill$ article8 ,! answ] to ?is c be _h )\t pursu+ an ext5sive inve/igation into ! economics ( ! "q4 ,x is simply ?is--! av]age run ( f>m v9eg> is s inf]ior to ! di/ill$ product t ! m]*ants _c af=d to h&le x4 ,! quality is s v>iable & ! /r5g? is s unreliable t ! good h\sewife has le>n$ ?r\gh ! repeat$ exp]i5ce ( hav+ h] pickles spoil n to ask = cid] v9eg>4 ,!re is no good reason :y ?is condition ( affairs %\ld exi/ :i* has result$ 9 plac+ a boycott on ! f>m product1 b 9 ! light ( ! facts z !y actually exi/1 is n ! consum] ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ ?is /&8 ,!re is no d\bt t ! syn!tic article has come to /ay1 b ?is does n mean t g5u9e apple v9eg> is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,h[ev]1 until we are able to produce z good or bett] v9eg> on ! f>m & 9 ! or*>d & c gu>antee its quality & /r5g? to be reasonably con/ant1 we h no "r to ask or to expect ! public to buy an inf]ior product or to help build up ! indu/ry by its patronage4 ,x is j z easy to make high-grade apple v9eg> at home :5 "o und]/&s ! diff]5t op]ations & pr9ciples involv$ z x is to make good butt] or good bread4 ,if ! h\sewife knew z little ab\t mak+ butt] & bak+ bread z ! av]age f>m] or or*>di/ kn[s ab\t mak+ v9eg>1 we %\ld all =sake ! /aff ( life & take refuge 9 ! ne>e/ sanit>ium4 ,page #e ,selection ( ! ,apples4 ,:at has be5 said above conc]n+ second grade fruit = cid] & v9eg> is n to be con/ru$ z mean+ rott51 wormy1 dirty1 or unripe fruit4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by su* a practice & (t5 all is lo/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is impossible to cov] up ! flavor ( ! spoil$ apples 9 ! v9eg>1 & 9 ! second place1 :5 decay$ & dirty fruit is employ$1 x is practically out ( ! "q to control ! f]m5tations 9 ! cid] ^u :i* ! quality ( ! f9i%$ product dep5ds almo/ entirely4 ,!re is no reason :y apples :i* h m]ely be5 bruis$ %\ld n be us$1 & :]e !y are n too badly rott$1 ! s(t portion c be cut out4 ,*ildr5 are always glad to h a h& 9 cid] mak+ & ?is is j :]e _! s]vices w fit 9 nicely4 ,rememb] t _m h&s make light "w & likewise clean1 acceptable cid]1 & y w be surpris$ to see 9 h[ %ort a "t ! spoil$ p>ts c be remov$ f ! bu%els ( o!rwise wor?less apples4 ,! importance ( wa%+ ! apples ?or\ghly ) clean wat] be=e !y g to ! mill to be gr\nd _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,!re is b\nd to be a quantity ( soil & du/ cl++ to ! outside1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! or*>ds lie along a public road & are clean cultivat$ s t ! apples fall on pl[$ gr\nd4 ,?is c be c>ri$ out v conv5i5tly 9 an ord9>y wa%tub1 aft] :i* ! apples %\ld be all[$ to dra9 be=e !y are gr\nd4 ,"o is always a/oni%$ at ! am\nt ( mud 9 ! wat] aft] su* an op]ation1 ev5 :5 relatively clean1 h&-pick$ fruit is employ$4 ,let u see next :e!r all v>ieties ( apples are equally well suit$ to cid] v9eg> mak+2 :e!r a good cid] apple is necess>ily a good v9eg> apple2 & :at con/itu5t or con/itu5ts ( ! apple det]m9e its usefulness = ^! diff]5t purposes4 ,9 answ] to ! fir/ "q1 x may be said t apples diff] v widely 9 _! adaptability to cid] & v9eg> mak+2 "s appe> to h be5 creat$ = ?is v purpose1 :ile o!rs w\ld n d at all4 ,conc]n+ ! second po9t1 we f9d x is q (t5 ! case t an apple :i* makes an excell5t cid] to dr9k w\ld n make good v9eg>4 ,?is is due to ! fact t mo/ ta/es dem& a cid] t is n too sweet & ) a slight acidity4 ,su* ,page #f apple juice w\ld be v apt to make weak v9eg> because ( ! relatively small am\nt ( sug> pres5t4 ,?is ref]5ce to sug> br+s u to ! ?ird item1 namely1 ! important con/itu5ts ( ! apple s f> z cid] & v9eg> are conc]n$4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,van ,slyke ( ! ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y41 ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 report$ a s]ies ( analyses ( apple juices repres5t+ eighty-?ree diff]5t ,am]ican-gr[n v>ieties4 ,he gives ! av]age composition ( ^! juices z foll[s3 ,solids #ac4eb p] c5t ,total sug> z inv]t sug> #aj4ia p] c5t ,a% 4#bi p] c5t ,fix$ acid 7malic7 4#eb p] c5t ,! sug> is unque/ionably ! mo/ important ( ^! sub/ances s f> z ! "p :i* x plays 9 ! mak+ ( cid] v9eg> s9ce ! degree ( s\rness due to ! v9eg> acid 7acetic7 is directly proportional to ! f]m5table sug> pres5t2 9 o!r words1 all ( ! acid :i* 0 n orig9ally pres5t 9 ! cid] z natural apple acid1 or malic acid1 is produc$ f ! sug> by processes :i* are soon to be describ$4 ,!re=e1 s9ce f a giv5 am\nt ( sug> j s mu* acid & no m c be made1 we c und]/& q readily t = a high grade v9eg> ( maximum acidity ! apple juice conta9+ ! mo/ sug> w be ! mo/ desirable4 ,! am\nt ( natural acid pres5t 9 ! juice plays an insignificant "p 9 ! f9al acidity ( ! v9eg>1 s9ce ! small quantity t is pres5t 9 ! apple juice practically all disappe>s dur+ ! *ange into v9eg>4 ,f ?is x is cle> t x is ! sug> & n ! natural apple acid t is to be consid]$ 9 cid] = v9eg>4 ,n[1 z has be5 /at$ above1 cid] = table use is usually m pleasant to dr9k :5 x is n too heavy & :5 ! sug> is l[] & ! acid some:at high] ?an ! /&>d = v9eg> cid] requires4 ,! composition ( ! juice ( "s ( our common comm]cial v>ieties1 especially ! sug> cont5t1 may be ( int]e/ at ?is "t 9 connection ) :at has be5 said ) ref]5ce to ! suitability ( diff]5t cid]s = v9eg> mak+4 ,! ,page #g analyses :i* ,i am submitt+ are ^? giv5 by ,dr4 ,van ,slyke99 = ea/]n apples4 99,van ,slyke1 ,l1 ,l41 ,bullet9 #beh1 ,g5eva1 ,n1 ,y41 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,*emi/ry ( ,home-,made ,cid] ,v9eg>1 #aijd4 ,table ,i ---- ,analyses ( ,apple ,juice ( ,diff]5t ,v>ieties ( ,am]ican ,apples4 ,specific ,solids4 ,equival5t ( total ,fix$ ,v>iety ( ,apple4 ,gravity4 sug> 9 =m ( acid z inv]t sug>4 malic4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,baldw9 #a4jgb #af4hb #ae4ci 4#fg ,bellefl[] #a4jfa #ad4ji #ab4hb 4#eh ,b5 ,davis #a4jeb #ab4gg #aj4fj 4#df ,b5 ,davis #a4jdf #aj4fi #f4gd 4#dd ,gano #a4jdf #aj4af #h4fa 4#da ,gano #a4jef #ac4ib #aa4cb 4#da ,grimes ,gold5 #a4jgj #ah4ah #ad4je 4#gd ,jona?an #a4jef #ad4fb #aa4fj 4#cb ,maid5 ,blu% #a4jea #ab4gj #i4ii 4#fg ,nor!rn ,spy #a4jeb #ac4gg #i4gg 4#fi ,r$ ,sib]ian ,crab #a4jgj #ag4cd #aa4hc 4#ig ,rome ,beauty #a4jdh #aa4cg #h4gj 4#cg ,weal?y #a4jeg #ae4bf #aa4fd 4#ff ,:itney #a4jfj #ad4af #aa4ci 4#dj ,w9esap #a4jfe #af4de #ac4cd 4#eh ,yell[ ,transp>5t #a4jdi #aa4ga #i4gf 4#hg ,an exam9ation ( ! above table %[s u t !re is a wide v>iation 9 ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! apple juice ( diff]5t v>ieties1 v>y+ f #f4gd p] c5t4 9 "o sample ( ,b5 ,davis to #ae4ci p] c5t4 9 ! ,baldw92 t ! quantity ( sug> 9 any giv5 v>iety may v>y z mu* z #d p] c5t4 7,b5 ,davis #f4gd-aj4fj74 ,! am\nt ( sug> dep5ds ^u a numb] ( factors su* z soil1 climate1 culture1 v>iety1 & rip5ess1 unripe & ov]-ripe apples conta9+ less sug> ?an ripe ones4 ,br[ne has %[n v cle>ly ! *anges t take place 9 ! sug> cont5t ( apples at diff]5t p]iods ( rip5ess3 ,br[ne1 ,annual ,rept4 ,p5n4 ,dept4 ,agr1 #ahii4 p4 #eda4 ,table ,,ii ---- ,sug> 9 ,baldw9 ,apple at ,diff]5t ,p]iods4 ,equival5t ( ,total ,sug> 9 ,date ,condition4 ,=m ( ,inv]t ,sug>4 ,aug4 #g1 #ahii ,v ,gre5 #h4aa ,sept4 #ac1 #ahii ,gre5 #aj4gb ,nov4 #ae1 #ahii ,ripe #ad4hg ,dec4 #ae1 #ahii ,ov]-ripe #ad4he ,! "q is sometimes ask$ :e!r ! s-call$ sweet apples w make z good v9eg> z ! t>t] v>ieties4 ,all ?+s be+ equal1 !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n1 provid$ !y conta9 z mu* sug> z ! m acid k9ds4 ,?is /atem5t may seem some:at p>adoxical1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,page #h x is ! pres5ce ( acid r ?an ! abs5ce ( sug> t makes an apple ta/e s\r4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 "s ( our v s\re/ sorts conta9 z mu* & m sug> ?an ! sweete/ sweet apples4 ,cid] = v9eg> %\ld n conta9 less ?an #h4e p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,/orage ( ! ,cid]4 ,! mo/ satisfactory conta9]s = bo? cid] & v9eg> are :isky & br&y b>rels4 ,molasses b>rels & old v9eg> b>rels %\ld be us$ only :5 no o!rs are available1 & !n n until !y h be5 v c>efully & ?or\ghly clean$4 ,too mu* /ress _c be laid ^u ! necessity ( scald+ old v9eg> b>rels ) ei!r live /eam or boil+ wat] to remove ! la/ trace ( ! old v9eg>4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no "o factor :i* is responsible = m failures 9 f>m v9eg> mak+ ?an ! "t-honor$ b p]nici\s cu/om ( us+ old v9eg> b>rels = sweet cid] )\t ev5 r9s+ out ! dregs ( =m] ye>s4 ,m]e r9s+ is n suffici5t4 ,!y mu/ be scald$ to make !m fit = use4 ,if ?is is n done 9 su* a mann] z to kill all ( ! organisms 9 ! b>rel1 ! probability is t ! sweet cid] :i* is put 9 !m subsequ5tly w nev] make v9eg>4 ,! reason = ?is w be giv5 a little lat]4 ,9 a rec5t numb] ( a c]ta9 f>m j\rnal1 ! foll[+ is giv5 "u directions = mak+ apple v9eg>3 ,get a b>rel 9 :i* good v9eg> has be5 made & use x1 or get "s ( ! scum (f ( ! top ( good v9eg> & r9se out ! new b>rels ) ?is z soon z !y cool aft] hav+ be5 ?or\ghly wa%$ out ) boil+ wat]4 ,put fre% cid] into ^! b>rels4 ,no proc$ure m absurd & dang]\s to ! success ( apple v9eg> c\ld possibly be und]tak5 ?an is conta9$ 9 ?is recomm5dation4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d a bett] recipe = v9eg> failures ?an ?is4 ,nev]1 "u1 any consid]ation1 put ei!r "m or old v9eg> into sweet cid]4 ,x is nev] safe to use metallic conta9]s = hold+ cid] ev5 = an int]val ( a few h\rs1 s9ce ! acid ( ! juice attacks ! metal1 dissolv+ a portion ( x4 ,su* cid]1 because ( ! metal 9 solution1 might produce metallic poison+ 9 ! p]son dr9k+ x4 ,! sweet cid] z x comes f ! press may ei!r be plac$ at once 9 b>rels1 :i* %\ld n be fill$ m ?an two-?irds to ?ree-f\r?s full1 or if "o has suitable wood5 tubs or vats 9 a clean1 cool place1 x may be /or$ !re = twelve to ,page #i tw5ty-f\r h\rs to p]mit settl+1 aft] :i* x %\ld be transf]r$ to b>rels4 ,! bung %\ld be left out & a loose /opp] ( cotton batt+ ins]t$ 9 ! hole to decrease evaporation & prev5t dirt f fall+ 94 ,! b>rels %\ld n be tightly /opp]$ until ! v9eg> conta9s at lea/ #d4e to #e4j p] c5t4 ( acetic acid1 at :i* "t !y %\ld be fill$ entirely full & securely bung$4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire p]iod ( v9eg> mak+1 ! casks %\ld be plac$ on _! side & n on ! end4 ,?is gives ! cid] a l>g] free surface expos$ to ! air1 :i* is q ess5tial to rapid v9eg> =mation4 ,x may be ( "s advantage 9 admitt+ air to bore a "o & "o-half in* hole 9 ea* end ( ! b>rel along ! upp] edge4 ,if ?is is done1 ! holes %\ld be cov]$ ) f9e wire gauze or two ?icknesses ( *eese clo? to exclude small v9eg> flies4 ,! ,alcoholic ,f]m5tation4 ,a few days aft] ! cid] is put into ! b>rels1 ! *>act]i/ic fro?+ appe>s at ! bung-hole4 ,to use a common expression1 ,x is beg9n+ to "w4 ,?is indicates t ! alcoholic f]m5tation1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! v9eg> mak+ process1 has begun1 & ! sug> ( ! apple juice is be+ conv]t$ into alcohol & c>bon dioxide gas4 ,! fir/ ( ^! sub/ances is too well kn[n to ne$ any fur!r comm5t o!r ?an to /ate t x is ?is elem5t ( h>d cid] t gives x its intoxicat+ prop]ty4 ,) c>bon dioxide1 _m ( u are n z well acqua9t$4 ,x is ?is gas escap+ f ! f]m5t+ cid] t causes ! fro?+ & likewise ! foamy appe>ance ( ! bread sponge4 ,x is ?is gas dissolv$ 9 ! cid] or 9 ! c>bonat$ dr9ks at ! soda-wat] f\nta9s t imp>ts to !m ! *>act]i/ic bite or t+le1 & ^u escap+ f ! /oma* produces t peculi> s5sation 9 ! head & nose4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is same gas is ! active pr9ciple ( practically all *emical fire ext+ui%]s4 ,n[1 :at is ! excit+ ag5t :i* />ts up ! f]m5tation 9 ! bread sponge & 9 ! sweet cid]8 ,9 bo? cases x is ! same3 a microscopic organism1 ! yea/ plant4 ,9 ! "o in/ance we add a yea/ cake to ! bread mixture2 9 ! o!r we ei!r tru/ to ! wild yea/s ( ! air & ! sk9 ( ! apples or foll[+ ! m rec5t1 approv$ me?od1 we add a yea/ cake or a pure culture ( a yea/ select$ especially = ?is purpose4 ,to dep5d ^u ! wild yea/s ( ! air to accompli% ! f]m5tation is too unc]ta9 s9ce _m ( !m are able to ,page #aj conv]t only a small "p ( ! sug> into alcohol1 :ile o!rs act s sl[ly t !y are impracticable4 ,inasmu* z ! p]c5tage ( acetic acid 9 ! v9eg> dep5ds directly ^u ! am\nt ( alcohol produc$1 x is v ess5tial to secure z l>ge a yield ( alcohol z possible f ! sug> pres5t4 ,?is means conv]t+ all ( ! sug> into alcohol 9 ! %orte/ "t possible4 ,! mo/ satisfactory way ( do+ ?is is to add "o cake ( compress$ yea/1 /irr$ up 9 a little cool$1 boil$ wat]1 to ea* five gallons ( sweet cid]4 ,9 place ( ?is1 "o qu>t ( liquid w9e yea/1 propagat$ f a pure culture1 may be us$ = ea* ?irty gallons ( cid]4 ,dur+ ! alcoholic f]m5tation1 ! cid] %\ld be kept at a temp]ature ( #fe to #hj degrees ,f4 ,"h is :]e _m make ! v s]i\s mi/ake ( putt+ _! fre% cid] into a cool cell> :]e ! f]m5tation takes place entirely too sl[ly4 ,if ! cid] is made 9 ! fall1 ! b>rels %\ld be left out ( doors = a :ile on ! protect$1 sunny side ( a build+ & kept w>m1 unless a regul> v9eg>-cell>1 artificially heat$1 is at h&4 ,if yea/ is add$ & ! prop] temp]ature is ma9ta9$1 ! alcoholic f]m5tation %\ld be complet$ 9 six weeks to ?ree mon?s 9 place ( sev5 to t5 mon?s z 9 ! old fa%ion$ way4 ,exp]im5ts along ?is l9e h %[n t :5 yea/ is add$ & a temp]ature ( #gj degrees ,f4 is held1 ! cid] at ! end ( "o mon? conta9$ #g4be p] c5t4 ( alcohol z aga9/ 4#aa p] c5t4 :5 no yea/ 0 us$ & ! temp]ature 0 betwe5 #de & #ee degrees ,f4 ,cid] kept 9 a cell> at #de to #ee degrees ) no yea/ add$ requir$ sev5 mon?s to make #f4gi p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,temp]ature1 alone1 is an important factor z %[n by an exp]im5t :]e9 cid] to :i* no yea/ 0 add$ 0 held = ?ree mon?s at #gj degrees ,f4 & yield$ #f4da p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,!re is no "q b t ! "t requir$ = complet+ ! alcoholic f]m5tation c be r$uc$ at lea/ "o half by add+ yea/ & by ma9ta9+ ! prop] temp]atures4 ,by ha/5+ ?is op]ation1 ! loss ( alcohol by evaporation is r$uc$1 & ! acetic f]m5tation c be />t$ t mu* soon]4 ,!oretically1 #ajj p>ts ( sug> %\ld give #ea p>ts ( alcohol & #di p>ts ( c>bon dioxide gas4 ,?is figure has be5 %[n by ,br[ne to be a little high4 ,9 actual practice1 #de-dg p>ts ( alcohol f #ajj p>ts ( sug> is a fair av]age4 ,b :y n add "m or v9eg> to sweet cid] or put ,page #aa sweet cid] into an old v9eg> b>rel8 ,"h is ! reason3 ,we h se5 f :at has gone be=e t alcohol is produc$ f ! f]m5tation ( ! sug>4 ,we %all soon le>n t ! acetic acid ( ! v9eg> is =m$ f ?is alcohol4 ,n[1 9 ord] to obta9 ! maximum am\nt ( acetic acid1 x is necess>y to h z mu* alcohol z possible 9 ! h>d cid]1 & ?is c be obta9$ only by ! complete conv]sion ( all ! sug> into alcohol & c>bon dioxide gas4 ,! complete de/ruction ( ! sug> c be accompli%$ only by ! un9t]rupt$ action ( ! yea/1 & ! pres5ce ( "m ( v9eg> by produc+ acetic acid int]f]es s]i\sly ) ?is f]m5tation4 ,! yea/ cells are ei!r kill$ or _! useful activity is *eck$ long be=e all ( ! sug> has be5 *ang$ into alcohol4 ,?is is ! condition ( a v l>ge p]c5tage ( f>m v9eg>--j h>d cid] t w n & nev] w make v9eg>4 ,x means j ?is3 ,a small "p ( ! sug> 0 made into alcohol & ?is alcohol 0 at once *ang$ to acetic acid by ! "m pres5t2 ?is acetic acid kill$ ! yea/ s t no m sug> c\ld be *ang$ to alcohol & no m alcohol be+ f\nd1 no m acetic acid c\ld be made by ! "m4 ,we h a weak1 wor?less some?+ nei!r v9eg> nor h>d cid] ) consid]able unf]m5t$ sug> /ill pres5t & incapable ( fur!r f]m5tation because no yea/ c develop 9 ! weak acetic acid solution4 ,! ,acetic ,acid ,f]m5tation4 ,! second /ep 9 v9eg> mak+ is ! *ange ( ! alcohol ( ! h>d cid] into ! acetic acid ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! acetic acid g]m1 ano!r microscopic plant /ill small] ?an ! yea/4 ,9 "s peculi> way x is able to br+ ab\t a union betwe5 ! alcohol ( ! h>d cid] & ! oxyg5 ( ! air s t ! alcohol is trans=m$ into acetic acid & wat]4 ,z soon z ! alcoholic f]m5tation1 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ section1 is complet$1 draw (f ! cle> liquid1 be+ v c>eful n to di/urb ! s$im5t 9 ! b>rel4 ,wa% out ! b>rel ?or\ghly & replace ! h>d cid]4 ,x is believ$ t remov+ ?is s$im5t p]mits ! acetic acid to =m some:at m quickly1 & fur!rmore1 ! s$im5t may und]go decomposition & imp>t a disagreeable flavor to ! cid]4 ,aga91 ^! dregs may h>bor liv+ bact]ia :i* ei!r de/roy acetic acid or int]f]e ) its =mation4 ,?is done1 we are n[ ready to introduce ! acetic acid ,page #ab g]ms4 ,?is may be c>ri$ out 9 a numb] ( diff]5t ways1 b pref]ably by means ( a pure culture ( a desirable organism :i* has be5 select$ because ( its ability to produce /rong acetic acid & to imp>t an agreeable flavor to ! v9eg>4 ,9 place ( ! pure culture />t]1 "o may add two to f\r qu>ts ( good cid] v9eg> conta9+ m or less "m = ea* b>rel4 ,! introduction ( a desirable organism is left to *ance 9 ?is case4 ,a s]i\s objection to ?is latt] me?od is t sometimes "o introduces =eign organisms ) ! "m :i* may prove detrim5tal to ! v9eg>4 ,! pure culture />t] is free f ?is objection4 ,on ! :ole1 ! indiscrim9ate use ( "m alone is to be disc\rag$1 s9ce ! popul> idea ( :at con/itutes "m is apt to be wrong4 ,pure "m is made up exclusively ( acetic acid bact]ia & is recogniz$ z ! ?91 :ite1 gli/5+1 gelat9\s membrane t =ms on ! surface ( v9eg>4 ,x seldom becomes "o sixte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness & %\ld be transluc5t or :ite 9 color1 ,x is entirely di/9ct f ! ?ick1 t\gh1 d>k br[n1 slipp+1 lea!ry masses :i* =m 9 v9eg> & are usually reg>d$ z mo?y ( v9eg>4 ,su* accumulations conta9 ! acetic acid g]m1 9 all probability1 b 9 an impure /ate4 ,9 addition to ?is organism !re may be pres5t yea/ cells & num]\s bact]ia :i* are positively h>mful to ! v9eg>4 ,(t5 ^! gr[?s und]go decomposition & give ! v9eg> a flavor ( rott5 oranges4 ,aga9 ! g]ms pres5t may cause ! p>tial or complete loss ( ! acid1 p>ticul>ly if ! b>rels are n full & tightly /opp]$4 ,all ?+s tak5 into consid]ation1 ! use ( ?is sort ( "m is a r dang]\s proc$ure4 ,) ! acetic f]m5tation1 z ) ! alcoholic1 ! high] temp]atures favor ! *anges4 ,exp]im5tal "w %[s t h>d cid] to :i* no acetic acid bact]ia 7 add$ o!r ?an ^? t came f ! air1 & kept at #fe degrees ,f41 :5 six mon?s old1 conta9$ #g4jc p] c5t4 ( acetic acid1 :ile t held at #ee degrees ,f4 %[$ only #c4fc p] c5t4 ,! addition ( "s k9d ( an acetic acid />t]1 ei!r z a pure culture ( ! acetic organism or z good v9eg>1 ha/5s ! f]m5tation & r$uces appreciably ! "t requir$ = mak+ m>ketable v9eg>4 ,= mo/ satisfactory results we w\ld recomm5d us+ ! pure cultures & hold+ ! v9eg> at a temp]ature ( #fe to #ge degrees ,f4 ,"u ^! conditions1 salable v9eg> c be obta9$ 9 ?ree to six mon?s 9 place ( two to ?ree ye>s1 z is (t5 ,page #ac ! case4 ,!oretically1 #ajj p>ts ( alcohol %\ld give ab\t #acj p>ts ( acetic acid1 b 9 actual practice ?is w probably fall bel[ #abj4 ,:5 ! acetic acid has rea*$ #d4e to #e p] c5t41 fill ! b>rels z full z possible & cork tightly4 ,9 ?is way1 contact ( ! air ) ! v9eg> is cut (f & ! acetic acid organisms soon cease _! activity4 ,if ?is is n done & ! acetic & o!r bact]ia are all[$ to develop indef9itely1 !re is apt to be a rev]se reaction result+ 9 a p>tial or complete loss ( ! acetic acid4 ,su* v9eg> is1 ( c\rse1 wor?less4 ,cl>ification ( ,v9eg>4 ,= ^? :o desire an extra fancy product ( extraord9>y brightness1 suitable = bottl+1 x w be necess>y to subject ! v9eg> to a special process ( cl>ification kn[n z f9+4 ,accord+ to ,bioletti991 ! be/ results are obta9$ by us+ is+lass4 ,?is is employ$ at ! rate ( f "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( an ounce ( is+lass to ea* "o hundr$ gallons ( v9eg>4 99 ,bioletti1 ,fr$]ic ,t41 ,grape ,v9eg>1 ,bull4 #bbg1 ,cali=nia ,exp4 ,/a41 #aiab4 ,! is+lass is cut into small pieces & soak$ = twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 a little wat] conta9+ acetic or t>t>ic acid equal 9 weight to ! is+lass us$4 ,:5 ?or\ghly s(t x is !n rubb$ sev]al times ?r\gh a f9e sieve1 gradually add+ a little m wat] until a p]fectly fluid liquid is obta9$4 ,?is fluid is !n well mix$ ) a little v9eg> & ?or\ghly /irr$ into ! cask4 ,) "s v9eg>s x is necess>y to add a little tann91 f "o-half to "o-sev5? ! am\nt ( ! is+lass us$4 ,?is tann9 %\ld be add$ at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e ! f9+s4 ,:5 ! f9+s h settl$ & ! v9eg> is p]fectly bright x is ready = bottl+4 ,pure ,cultures = ,v9eg> ,mak+4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made above to ! use ( pure cultures1 bo? yea/ & acetic acid bact]ia1 = v9eg> mak+4 ,= a little m ?an "o ye>1 ! ,bact]iological ,laboratory ( ! ,colorado ,exp]im5t ,/ation has be5 supply+ ^! at fifty c5ts 7#ej;c7 p] set1 po/ paid1 suffici5t = "o b>rel1 to ^? :o c>e to give !m a trial4 ,full pr9t$ directions = _! use are includ$4 ,^! cultures h be5 select$ because ( c]ta9 prop]ties :i* !y possess :i* make !m especially suit$ to ! v9eg> indu/ry4 ,no gu>antee1 ei!r express$ or ,page #ad impli$1 goes ) ! cultures1 s9ce x is n ! purpose ( ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation to exploit ^! products1 b r to di/ribute !m at ! co/ ( production = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,inasmu* z "o ( ! cultures is to be add$ to ! sweet cid]1 ! set %\ld be obta9$ a few days1 n long]1 be=e ! cid] is to be made4 ,reque/s = cultures %\ld be address$ to ! ,bact]iological ,laboratory1 ,colorado ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,=t ,coll9s1 ,colorado1 & %\ld be accompani$ by a remittance ( fifty c5ts 7#ej;c74 ,directions ,= ,us+ ,pure ,cultures 9 ,mak+ ,v9eg> ,prep>ation ( ,yea/ ,culture4 #a4 ,= ea* b>rel ( sweet cid]1 /]ilize "o two-qu>t ,mason j> by wa%+ ?or\ghly & boil+ = five m9utes 9 clean wat]4 #b4 ,cov] ! top ( ! j> ) a s+le lay] ( clean musl9 or *eese clo? j remov$ f boil+ wat] & secure x 9 place by a /r+ ti$ ab\t ! neck ( ! c4 #c4 ,select #f or #h m$ium siz$ ripe apples2 p>e & qu>t] or slice !m2 add "o qu>t ( wat] & boil till s(t2 /ra9 liquid ?r\gh clean clo? :ile hot into ,mason j>1 fir/ remov+ ! clo? cov]+ f ! top4 #d4 ,make up ! volume ( liquid to approximately "o qu>t ) boil+ wat]2 add #d tablespoonfuls ( sug> & replace ! clo? imm$iately4 #e4 ,:5 ! liquid has cool$ ?or\ghly1 p>tly remove ! clo? cov]+ & add ! cont5ts ( ! culture bottle m>k$ ,yea/4 ,replace ! clo?4 ,j previ\s to op5+ ! culture bottle1 %ake ?or\ghly & imm]se ! lip & cork only1 t5 second 9 boil+ wat]4 ,d n t\* ! lip :ile remov+ cork4 #f4 ,keep ! j> 9 subdu$ light at a temp]ature ( #ge degrees ,f4 to #ij degrees ,f4 ,aft] two to f\r days ! foam+ *>act]i/ic ( alcoholic f]m5tation %\ld appe>4 #g4 ,aft] f\r to six days1 add ! entire cont5ts ( ! yea/ j> to ! b>rel ( fre%ly made sweet cid]4 ,! b>rel mu/ n be m ?an two-?irds full2 x %\ld be plac$ on its side1 & ! bung-hole be left op51 or1 bett]1 plugg$ loosely ) a tuft ( clean cotton batt+4 #h4 ,keep ! b>rel at #ge degrees ,f4 to #he degrees ,f4 ,page #ae ,prep>ation ( ,acetic ,culture4 #a4 ,?ree to f\r weeks aft] ! yea/ culture has be5 add$ to ! cid] prep>e ! ,acetic ,culture 9 precisely ! same mann] z describ$ = ! yea/ 9 p>agraphs #a to #f above4 ,see t all ( ! culture is remov$ f ! bottle2 r9se ) a little cool$ boil$ wat] if necess>y4 ,d n %ake ! j> :ile ! culture is develop+4 #b4 ,by ! end ( "o to two weeks1 a :ite1 gelat9\s film or membrane %\ld be visible on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,?is is a gr[? ( acetic acid bact]ia & con/itutes ! ,"m ( ,v9eg>4 #c4 ,:5 ?is acetic membrane is well =m$1 :i* w require ab\t two weeks1 ) a clean sliv] ( wood1 previ\sly dipp$ into boil+ wat]1 remove ! membrane f ! j>1 b d n lay x d[n2 p\r ! cont5ts ( ! j> into ! b>rel ( cid]1 n[ f]m5t$1 to :i* ! yea/ 0 add$ "s five or six weeks be=e2 next drop ! sliv] ) ! atta*$ acetic film into ! b>rel ?r\gh ! bung-hole4 ,! wood w s]ve to float ! acetic membrane on ! surface ( ! h>d cid] & !reby ha/5 its developm5t by keep+ x 9 contact ) ! air4 #d4 ,keep ! b>rel at #fe degrees ,f4 to #ge degrees ,f4 till ! v9eg> has =m$4 #e4 ,:5 v9eg> ( satisfactory quality has be5 obta9$1 9 ?ree to six mon?s1 draw (f & /ore at a cool1 ev5 temp]ature 9 casks :i* are kept full & tightly bung$4 #f4 ,bo? ( ^! cultures c be propagat$ indef9itely by employ+ a small portion ( ! j> cultures 9 ! same mann] z ! orig9al bottle />t]s4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 #a4 ,italics 9 ! orig9al text h be5 indicat$ by und]scores at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! italiciz$ text1 = example1 italiciz$ text4 #b4 ,bold face 9 ! orig9al text has be5 indicat$ by equals signs at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! bold face text1 = example1 bold face text4