---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8' "* z italic4 ,a numb] ( long horizontal & v]tical brackets are simulat$4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are prec$$ by #8'1 & if multiple *>act]s are rais$1 !y are delimit$ by #8'4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! sections 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4 ,m9or errors1 attributable to ! pr9t]1 h be5 correct$4 ,please see ! transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = details reg>d+ ! h&l+ ( any textual issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,illu/ration ,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,=m ,,& ,,actuality ,,by ,,oswald ,,sp5gl] ,,au?oriz$ ,,translation ,,) ,,notes ,,by ,,*>les ,,francis ,,atk9son ,,london3 ,,george ,,all5 ,,unw9 ,,ltd4 ,,rusk9 ,,h\se1 #dj ,,museum ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 #a ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,?is ,,translation ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,ell9or ,,james ,a ,,fri5d ,w5n im ,un5dli*5 dasselbe ,si* wi$]hol5d ewig flies/1 ,das taus5dfltige ,gewlbe ,si* krftig ine9&] s*lies/2 ,/rmt ,leb5slu/ aus all5 ,d+51 ,dem kle9/5 wie dem grs/5 ,/]n1 ,und alles ,drng51 alles ,r+5 ,i/ ewige ,ruh 9 ,gott dem ,h]rn4 --,,goe!4 ,,translator',s ,,preface ,x mu/ be left to critics to say :e!r x 0 ,de/9y or ,incid5t-- us+ ^! words 9 ! au?or's s5se--t ,sp5gl]'s 8,unt]gang des ,ab5dl&es0 appe>$ 9 ,july1 #aiah1 t is1 at ! v turn+-po9t ( ! f\r ye>s' ,_w-,w>4 ,x 0 conceiv$1 ! au?or tells u1 be=e #aiad & fully work$ out by #aiag4 ,s f> z he is conc]n$1 !n1 ! impulse to create x arose f a view ( our civilization n z ! late w> left x1 b 7z he says expressly7 z ! com+ w> w\ld f9d x4 ,b inevitably ! public impulse to read x arose 9 & f po/-w> conditions1 & ?us x happ5$ t ?is sev]e & difficult philosophy ( hi/ory f\nd a m>ket t has ju/ifi$ ! pr9t+ ( #ij1jjj copies4 ,its v title 0 s apposite to ! mom5t z to pr$ispose ! high] intellectuals to reg>d x z a "w ( ! mom5t--! m s z ! au?or 0 a simple ,ob]lehr] & unkn[n to ! _w ( au?oritative le>n+4 ,sp5gl]'s 0 n ! only1 nor inde$ ! mo/ 8popul>10 philosophical product ( ! ,g]man revolution4 ,9 ! grav] conjunctures1 s\nd m9ds d n dally ) ! grav] que/ions--!y ei!r face & attack !m ) sup]normal resolution or ?ru/ !m out ( sight ) an equally sup]normal ef=t to enjoy or to endure ! day z x comes4 ,ev5 aft] ! return to normality1 x is no long] possible = m5--at any rate = ,we/]n m5--n to "k t ^! que/ions exi/4 ,&1 if x is none too easy ev5 = ! victors ( ! /ruggle to %ake (f its sequel1 to turn back to bus9ess z ! normal & to give no m ?an amateur ef=t & dilettanti% att5tion to ! v deep ?+s1 = ! defeat$ side ?is is impossible4 ,x goes ?r\gh a p]iod ( mat]ial difficulty 7(t5 extreme difficulty7 & "o 9 :i* pride ( a*ievem5t & humility 9 ! pres5ce ( unsuccess "w dynamically toge!r4 ,s x 0 ) s\nd m9ds 9 ! po/-,j5a ,g]many ( ,jahn & ,fi*te1 & s x 0 also ) su* m9ds 9 ! ,g]many ( #aiai-aibj4 ,to assume ! rle ( critic & to comp>e ,sp5gl]'s ) o!r philosophies ( ! pres5t phase ( ,g]many1 z to respective intr9sic weights1 is n ! purpose ( ?is note nor )9 ! compet5ce ( its writ]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is unconditionally necess>y = ! read] to realize t ! book be=e him has n only acquir$ ?is l>ge foll[+ among/ ?\ghtful laym51 b has =c$ ! att5tion & tax$ ! s*ol>%ip ( e bran* ( ! le>n$ _w4 ,!ologians1 hi/orians1 sci5ti/s1 art critics--all saw ! *all5ge1 & ea* br\ght 8 app>atus criticus to be> on t "p ( ! ,sp5gl] !ory t affect$ 8 own doma94 ,! read] :o is famili> ) ,g]man may be ref]r$ to ,manfr$ ,s*roet]'s 8,d] ,/reit um ,sp5gl]0 = details2 x w suffice "h to say t ,s*roet]'s index ( critics' names conta9s "s #djj entries4 ,^! critics are n only1 or ev5 pr9cipally1 g5]al review]s1 mo/ ( !m be+ speciali/s ( high /&+4 ,x is1 to say ! lea/1 rem>kable t a volcanically ass]tive philosophy ( hi/ory1 visibly popul> & produc$ "u a cat*y title 7,reklamtitel7 %\ld call =?1 z x did1 a special numb] ( ,logos 9 :i* ! ,olympians ( s*ol>%ip pass$ judgm5t on e inaccuracy or unsupport$ /atem5t t !y c\ld detect4 7,^! 7 9 fact num]\s 9 ! fir/ edition & ! au?or has correct$ or modifi$ !m 9 detail 9 ! new edition1 f :i* ?is translation has be5 done4 ,b x %\ld be emphasiz$ t ! au?or has n1 9 ?is second edition1 rec$$ 9 any ess5tials f ! /&po9t tak5 up 9 ! fir/47 ,! conspicu\s features 9 ?is fir/ bur/ ( criticism 71 on ! "o h&1 want ( adequate critical equipm5t 9 ! g5]al critic1 &1 on ! o!r1 inability to see ! wood = ! trees 9 ! man ( le>n+4 ,no "o1 read+ ,s*roet]'s book 7:i* by ! way is "o- ?ird z l>ge z ,sp5gl]'s fir/ volume itself71 c fail to agree ) 8 judgm5t t not)/&+ p>adoxes1 ov]/ra9+s1 & inaccuracies1 ! "w t[]s above all its comm5tators4 ,& x 0 d\btless a s5se ( ?is greatness t l$ _m s*ol>s--among/ !m "s ( ! v high--to avoid express+ op9ions on x at all4 ,x w\ld be fooli% to call _! sil5ce a 8sitt+ on ! f5ce02 x is a case r ( res]v+ judgm5t on a philosophy & a me?odology t *all5ge all ! canons & c>ry ) !m imm5se implications4 ,= ! v few :o comb9e all ! necess>y dep? ( le>n+ ) all ! necess>y fre$om & bread? ( outlook1 x w n be ! accuracy or inaccuracy ( details "u a close magnify+-glass t w be decisive4 ,! v idea ( accuracy & inaccuracy presupposes ! selection or acceptance ( co-ord9ates ( ref]5ce1 & !re=e ! selection or acceptance ( a /&po9t z 8orig940 ,t is m]e elem5t>y sci5ce--& yet ! s*ol>-critic w\ld be ! fir/ to claim ! m]it ( sci5tific rig\r = 8 criticisms6 ,x is1 9 hi/ory z 9 sci5ce1 impossible to draw a curve ?r\gh a mass ( plott$ obs]vations :5 !y are look$ at closely & almo/ individually4 ,criticism ( q ano!r & a high] ord] may be se5 9 ,dr4 ,edu>d ,mey]'s article on ,sp5gl] 9 ! ,deuts*e ,lit]aturzeitung1 ,no4 #be ( #aibd4 ,"h we f9d1 9 "o ( ! great figures ( mod]n s*ol>%ip1 exactly t l>ge-m9d$ judgm5t t1 :ile not+ m9or errors--& visibly atta*+ little importance to !m--deals ) ! ,sp5gl] !sis fairly & squ>ely on ! gr& issues alone4 ,dr4 ,mey] diff]s f ,sp5gl] on _m s]i\s que/ions1 ( :i* p]haps ! mo/ important is t ( ! scope & orig9 ( ! ,magian ,culture4 ,b in/ead ( catalogu+ ! errors t are /ill to be f\nd 9 ,sp5gl]'s va/ ord]$ multitude ( facts1 ,edu>d ,mey] hon\rably be>s te/imony to our au?or's 8er/aunli* umfangrei*es1 ihm /ndig prs5tes1 ,wiss50 7a phrase z neat & z untranslatable z ,goe!'s 8exakte s9nli*e ,phantasie074 ,he insi/s ^u ! fruitfulness ( c]ta9 ( ,sp5gl]'s ideas su* z t ( ! 8,second ,religi\sness40 ,above all1 he adh]es to & cov]s ) 8 high au?ority ! basic idea ( ! p>allelism ( organically-liv+ ,cultures4 ,x is n necess>ily ,sp5gl]'s /ructure ( ! ,cultures t he accepts--p>ts ( x inde$ he def9itely rejects z wrong or insuffici5tly e/abli%$ by evid5ces--b on ! "q ( _! be+ an organic /ructure ( ! ,cultures1 a morphology ( ,hi/ory1 he ranges himself frankly by ! side ( ! y\ng] ?9k]1 ^: "w he sums up z a 8bleib5dez und auf lange ,zeit h9aus na*haltig wirk5des ,besitz uns]] ,wiss5s*aft und ,lit]atur40 ,?is la/ phrase ( ,dr4 ,mey]'s expresses v directly & simply t :i* = an all-r\nd /ud5t 7z di/9ct f an erudite speciali/7 con/itutes ! peculi> quality ( ,sp5gl]'s "w4 ,its influ5ce is f> deep] & subtl] ?an any to :i* ! conv5tional adjective 8sugge/ive0 c\ld be appli$4 ,x _c 9 fact be describ$ by adjectives at all1 b only d5ot$ or adumbrat$ by its result1 :i* is t1 aft] /udy+ & ma/]+ x1 8"o f9ds x ne>ly if n q impossible to approa* any culture-problem--old or new1 dogmatic or arti/ic1 political or sci5tific--)\t conceiv+ x prim>ily z #8morphological4'0 ,! "w comprises two volumes--"u ! respective sub-titles 8,=m & ,reality0 & 8,_w-hi/orical ,p]spectives0--( :i* ! pres5t translation cov]s ! fir/ only4 ,"s day ,i hope to h ! opportunity ( complet+ a task :i* becomes--su* is ! nature ( ?is book--m attractive 9 proportion to its difficulty4 ,ref]5ces to ,volume ,,ii are1 = ! pres5t1 necess>ily to ! pages ( ! ,g]man orig9al2 if1 z is hop$1 ?is translation is complet$ lat] by ! issue ( ! second volume1 a li/ ( ! necess>y adju/m5ts ( page ref]5ces w be issu$ ) x4 ,! read] w notice t translator's foot-notes are scatt]$ fairly freely ov] ! pages ( ?is edition4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! h no pret5sions to be+ critical annotations4 ,!y are m]ely meant to help ! read] to foll[ up 9 m detail ! po9ts ( fact :i* ,sp5gl]1 ) 8 8/ndig prs5tes ,wiss510 sweeps along 9 8 c\rse4 ,?is be+ _! object1 !y take ! =m1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ( ref]5ces to appropriate articles 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 :i* is ! only s+le "w t bo? conta9s reasonably full in=mation on ! v>i$ 7& (t5 ab/ruse7 matt]s allud$ to1 & is likely to be accessible :]ev] ?is book may p5etrate4 ,e read] no d\bt w f9d ^! notes1 :]e !y app]ta9 to 8 own special subject1 trivial & ev5 annoy+1 b x is ?\ght t1 = example1 an explanation ( ! ma!matical ,limit may be helpful to a /ud5t :o kn[s all ab\t ! ,ka?>sis 9 ,greek drama1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 conclusion ,i _c omit to put on record ! "p t my wife1 ,hannah ,wall] ,atk9son1 has tak5 9 ! "w ( translation & edit+4 ,i may be/ describe x by say+ t x ought p]haps to h be5 record$ on ! title page in/ead ( 9 ?is place4 ,c4 ,f4 ,a4 ,janu>y1 #aibf4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition ,at ! close ( an und]tak+ :i*1 f ! fir/ brief sket* to ! f9al %ap+ ( a complete "w ( q un=ese5 dim5sions1 has spread itself ov] t5 ye>s1 x w n be out ( place to glance back at :at ,i int5d$ & :at ,i h a*iev$1 my /&po9t !n & my /&po9t to-day4 ,9 ! ,introduction to ! #aiah edition--inw>dly & outw>dly a fragm5t--,i /at$ my conviction t an idea _h n[ be5 irrefutably =mulat$ :i* no "o w\ld oppose1 once ! idea _h be5 put into words4 ,i ought to h said3 once t idea _h be5 und]/ood4 ,& = t we mu/ look--z ,i m & m realize--n only 9 ?is in/ance b 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ?\ght--to ! new g5]ation t is born ) ! ability to d x4 ,i add$ t ?is mu/ be consid]$ z a fir/ attempt1 load$ ) all ! cu/om>y faults1 incomplete & n )\t inw>d opposition4 ,! rem>k 0 n tak5 any?+ l z s]i\sly z x 0 int5d$4 ,^? :o h look$ se>*+ly into ! hypo!ses ( liv+ ?\ght w "k t x is n giv5 to u to ga9 insight into ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( exi/5ce )\t conflict+ emotions4 ,a ?9k] is a p]son ^: "p x is to symbolize "t accord+ to 8 vision & und]/&+4 ,he has no *oice2 he ?9ks z he has to ?9k4 ,tru? 9 ! long run is to him ! picture ( ! _w :i* 0 born at 8 bir?4 ,x is t :i* he does n inv5t b r discov]s )9 himself4 ,x is himself ov] aga93 8 be+ express$ 9 words2 ! mean+ ( 8 p]sonality =m$ into a doctr9e :i* s f> z conc]ns 8 life is unalt]able1 because tru? & 8 life are id5tical4 ,?is symbolism is ! "o ess5tial1 ! vessel & ! expression ( human hi/ory4 ,! le>n$ philosophical works t arise out ( x are sup]flu\s & only s]ve to swell ! bulk ( a pr(essional lit]ature4 ,i c !n call ! ess5ce ( :at ,i h discov]$ 8true0--t is1 true = me1 & z ,i believe1 true = ! lead+ m9ds ( ! com+ "t2 n true 9 itself z dissociat$ f ! conditions impos$ by blood & by hi/ory1 = t is impossible4 ,b :at ,i wrote 9 ! /orm & /ress ( ^? ye>s 01 x mu/ be admitt$1 a v imp]fect /atem5t ( :at /ood cle>ly be=e me1 & x rema9$ to devote ! ye>s t foll[$ to ! task ( correlat+ facts & f9d+ means ( expression :i* %\ld enable me to pres5t my idea 9 ! mo/ =cible =m4 ,to p]fect t =m w\ld be impossible--life itself is only fulfill$ 9 dea?4 ,b ,i h once m made ! attempt to br+ up ev5 ! e>lie/ portions ( ! "w to ! level ( def9it5ess ) :i* ,i n[ feel able to speak2 & ) t ,i take leave ( ?is book ) its hopes & disappo9tm5ts1 its m]its & its faults4 ,! result has 9 ! meantime ju/ifi$ itself z f> z ,i myself am conc]n$ &--judg+ by ! effect t x is sl[ly beg9n+ to ex]cise ^u ext5sive fields ( le>n+--z f> z o!rs are conc]n$ also4 ,let no "o expect to f9d ev]y?+ set =? "h4 ,x is b "o side ( :at ,i see be=e me1 a new outlook on hi/ory & ! philosophy ( de/9y--! fir/ inde$ ( its k9d4 ,x is intuitive & depictive ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 writt5 9 a language :i* seeks to pres5t objects & relations illu/ratively in/ead ( (f]+ an army ( rank$ concepts4 ,x addresses itself solely to read]s :o are capable ( liv+ !mselves into ! ^w-s\nds & pictures z !y read4 ,difficult ?is und\bt$ly is1 p>ticul>ly z our awe 9 face ( my/]y--! respect t ,goe! felt--d5ies u ! satisfaction ( ?9k+ t dissections are ! same z p5etrations4 ,( c\rse1 ! cry ( 8pessimism0 0 rais$ at once by ^? :o live et]nally 9 ye/]day 7,ewigge/rig57 & greet e idea t is int5d$ = ! pa?f9d] ( to-morr[ only4 ,b ,i h n writt5 = p :o imag9e t delv+ = ! spr+s ( action is ! same z action itself2 ^? :o make def9itions d n "k de/9y4 ,by und]/&+ ! _w ,i mean be+ equal to ! _w4 ,x is ! h>d reality ( liv+ t is ! ess5tial1 n ! concept ( life1 t ! o/ri*-philosophy ( idealism prop\nds4 ,^? :o refuse to be bluff$ by enunciations w n reg>d ?is z pessimism2 & ! re/ d n matt]4 ,= ! b5efit ( s]i\s read]s :o are seek+ a glimpse at life & n a def9ition1 ,i h--9 view ( ! f> too great conc5tration ( ! text--m5tion$ 9 my notes a numb] ( works :i* w c>ry t glance into m di/ant realms ( k4 ,& n[1 f9ally1 ,i feel urg$ to "n once m ^? to :om ,i owe practically ev]y?+3 ,goe! & ,nietzs*e4 ,goe! gave me me?od1 ,nietzs*e ! que/ion+ faculty--& if ,i 7 ask$ to f9d a =mula = my relation to ! latt] ,i %\ld say t ,i _h made ( 8 8outlook0 7,ausblick7 an 8ov]look0 7b]blick74 ,b ,goe! 01 )\t kn[+ x1 a disciple ( ,leibniz 9 8 :ole mode ( ?\ght4 ,&1 !re=e1 t :i* has at la/ 7& to my own a/oni%m5t7 tak5 %ape 9 my h&s ,i am able to reg>d &1 despite ! mis]y & disgu/ ( ^! ye>s1 pr\d to call a ,g]man philosophy4 ,,oswald ,,sp5gl]4 ,blank5burg am ,h>z1 ,decemb]1 #aibb4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,! complete manuscript ( ?is book--! outcome ( ?ree ye>s' "w-- 0 ready :5 ! ,great ,w> broke out4 ,by ! spr+ ( #aiag x _h be5 work$ ov] aga9 &--9 c]ta9 details--supplem5t$ & cle>$ up1 b its appe>ance 9 pr9t 0 /ill delay$ by ! conditions !n prevail+4 ,al?\gh a philosophy ( hi/ory is its scope & subject1 x possesses also a c]ta9 deep] significance z a comm5t>y on ! great epo*al mom5t ( :i* ! port5ts 7 visible :5 ! lead+ ideas 7 be+ =m$4 ,! title1 :i* _h be5 decid$ ^u 9 #aiab1 expresses q lit]ally ! int5tion ( ! book1 :i* 0 to describe1 9 ! light ( ! decl9e ( ! ,classical age1 "o _w-hi/orical phase ( sev]al c5turies ^u :i* we ourselves are n[ ent]+4 ,ev5ts h ju/ifi$ mu* & refut$ no?+4 ,x became cle> t ^! ideas mu/ necess>ily be br\ght =w>d at j ?is mom5t & 9 ,g]many1 &1 m1 t ! w> itself 0 an elem5t 9 ! premisses f :i* ! new _w-picture c\ld be made precise4 ,= ,i am conv9c$ t x is n m]ely a "q ( writ+ "o out ( sev]al possible & m]ely logically ju/ifiable philosophies1 b ( writ+ ! philosophy ( our "t1 "o t is to "s ext5t a natural philosophy & is dimly presag$ by all4 ,?is may be said )\t presumption2 = an idea t is hi/orically ess5tial--t does n occur )9 an epo* b itself makes t epo*--is only 9 a limit$ s5se ! prop]ty ( him to ^: lot x falls to p>5t x4 ,x belongs to our "t z a :ole & influ5ces all ?9k]s1 )\t _! kn[+ x2 x is b ! accid5tal1 private attitude t[>ds x 7)\t :i* no philosophy c exi/7 t--) its faults & its m]its--is ! de/9y & ! happ9ess ( ! individual4 ,,oswald ,,sp5gl]4 ,muni*1 ,decemb]1 #aiag4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,i ,,translator',s ,,note ix ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition xiii ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition xv ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,scope ( ! "w1 p4 #c4 ,morphology ( ,_w-,hi/ory1 a new philosophy1 p4 #e4 ,= :om is ,hi/ory8 p4 #h4 ,classical & ,indian mank9d ahi/orical1 p4 #i4 ,! ,egyptian mummy & ! burn+ ( ! dead1 p4 #ac4 ,! conv5tional s*eme ( ,_w-,hi/ory 7anci5t1 m$ival1 mod]n71 p4 #ae4 ,its orig91 p4 #ah4 ,its breakd[n1 p4 #bb4 ,europe n a c5tre ( gravity1 p4 #bc4 ,! only hi/orical me?od is ,goe!'s1 p4 #be4 ,ourselves & ! ,romans1 p4 #bf4 ,nietzs*e & ,momms51 p4 #bh4 ,! problem ( ,civilization1 p4 #ca4 ,imp]ialism ! la/ phase1 p4 #cf4 ,! necessity & range ( our basic idea1 p4 #ci4 ,its relation to pres5t-day philosophy1 p4 #da4 ,philosophy's la/ task1 p4 #de4 ,! orig9 ( ?is "w1 p4 #df4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,numb]s #ea ,fundam5tal notions1 p4 #ec4 ,numb]s z ! sign ( delimitation1 p4 #ef4 ,e ,culture has its own ,ma!matic1 p4 #ei4 ,numb] z magnitude 9 ! ,classical _w1 p4 #fd4 ,ari/>*us1 p4 #fh4 ,diophantus & ,arabian numb]1 p4 #ga4 ,numb] z ,function 9 ! ,we/]n ,culture1 p4 #gd4 ,_w-fe> & _w-long+1 p4 #gh4 ,geometry & ari?metic1 p4 #ha4 ,! ,limit idea1 p4 #hf4 ,visual limits transc5d$2 symbolical space worlds1 p4 #hf4 ,f9al possibilities1 p4 #hg4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,_w-,,hi/ory4 7#a7 ,,physiognomic ,,& ,,sy/ematic #ia ,cop]nican me?ods1 p4 #ic4 ,hi/ory & ,nature1 p4 #id4 ,=m & ,law1 p4 #ig4 ,physiognomic & ,sy/ematic1 p4 #ajj4 ,cultures z organisms1 p4 #ajd4 ,inn] =m1 tempo1 duration1 p4 #ajh4 ,homology1 p4 #aaa4 ,:at is meant by 8contempor>y10 p4 #aab4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,_w-,,hi/ory4 7#b7 ,,! ,,de/9y-,,idea ,,& ,,! ,,causality-,,pr9ciple #aae ,logic1 organic & inorganic1 p4 #aag4 ,"t & ,de/9y1 p4 #aai4 ,space & ,causality1 p4 #aai4 ,! problem ( ,"t1 p4 #aba4 ,"t a c\nt]-conception to ,space1 p4 #abf4 ,! symbols ( ,"t--trag$y1 "t reckon+1 disposal ( ! dead1 p4 #acj4 ,c>e 7sex1 ! ,/ate1 works71 p4 #acf4 ,de/9y & ,incid5t1 p4 #aci4 ,incid5t & ,cause1 p4 #ada4 ,incid5t & ,/yle ( exi/5ce1 p4 #adb4 ,anonym\s & p]sonal epo*s1 p4 #adh4 ,direction into ! future & ,image ( ! ,pa/1 p4 #aeb4 ,is !re a ,sci5ce ( ,hi/ory8 p4 #aee4 ,! new enunciation ( ! problem1 p4 #aei4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,makrokosmos4 7#a7 ,,! ,,symbolism ,,( ,,! ,,_w-,,picture ,,& ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,space #afa ,! ,macrocosm z ! sum total ( symbols ref]r$ to a ,s\l1 p4 #afc4 ,space & ,dea?1 p4 #afe4 8,alles v]gngli*e i/ nur e9 ,glei*nis10 p4 #afg4 ,! space problem 7only ,dep? is space- =m+71 p4 #afi4 ,dep? z ,"t1 p4 #agb4 ,! _w-idea ( a ,culture born out ( its prime symbol1 p4 #agd4 ,classical ,body1 ,magian ,cav]n1 ,we/]n ,inf9ity1 p4 #agd4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,makrokosmos4 7#b7 ,,apoll9ian1 ,,fau/ian1 ,,& ,,magian ,,s\l #aha ,prime symbol1 ar*itecture1 div9ities1 p4 #ahc4 ,! ,egyptian prime symbol ( ! pa?1 p4 #ahh4 ,expression-language ( art3 ,ornam5tation & ,imitation1 p4 #aia4 ,ornam5t & e>ly ar*itecture1 p4 #aif4 ,! w9d[1 p4 #aii4 ,! gr& /yle1 p4 #bjj4 ,! hi/ory ( a ,/yle z organism1 p4 #bje4 ,on ! hi/ory ( ! ,arabian /yle1 p4 #bjg4 ,psy*ology ( art-te*nique1 p4 #bad4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,music ,,& ,,pla/ic4 7#a7 ,,! ,,arts ,,( ,,=m #bag ,music "o ( ! arts ( =m1 p4 #bai4 ,classification ( ! arts impossible except f ! hi/orical /&po9t1 p4 #bba4 ,! *oice ( p>ticul> arts itself an expression-means ( ! high] ord]1 p4 #bbb4 ,apoll9ian & ,fau/ian art-gr\ps1 p4 #bbd4 ,! /ages ( ,we/]n ,music1 p4 #bbf4 ,! ,r5aissance an anti- ,go?ic & anti-musical movem5t1 p4 #bcb4 ,"* ( ! ,b>oque1 p4 #bcf4 ,! ,p>k1 p4 #bdj4 ,symbolism ( col\rs1 p4 #bde4 ,col\rs ( ! ,ne> & ( ! ,di/ance1 p4 #bdf4 ,gold backgr\nd & ,rembr&t br[n1 p4 #bdg4 ,pat9a1 p4 #bec4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,music ,,& ,,pla/ic4 7#b7 ,,act ,,& ,,portrait #beg ,k9ds ( human repres5tation1 p4 #bei4 ,portraiture1 ,contrition1 ,syntax1 p4 #bfa4 ,! heads ( ,classical /atu>y1 p4 #bfd4 ,portrayal ( *ildr5 & wom51 p4 #bff4 ,hell5i/ic portraiture1 p4 #bfi4 ,! ,b>oque portrait1 p4 #bgb4 ,leon>do1 ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo ov]come ! ,r5aissance1 p4 #bgc4 ,victory ( ,in/rum5tal ,music ov] ,oil-,pa9t+1 correspond+ to ! victory ( ,/atu>y ov] ,fresco 9 ! ,classical1 p4 #bhb4 ,impressionism1 p4 #bhe4 ,p]gamum & ,bayreu?1 p4 #bia4 ,! f9ale ( ,art1 p4 #bic4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,s\l-,,image ,,& ,,life-,,feel+4 7#a7 ,,on ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,s\l #big ,s\l-image z function ( ,_w-image1 p4 #bii4 ,psy*ology ( a c\nt]-physics1 p4 #cjb4 ,apoll9ian1 ,magian & ,fau/ian s\l- image1 p4 #cje4 ,! 8,w0 9 ,go?ic space1 p4 #cjh4 ,! 8inn]0 my?ology1 p4 #cab4 ,w & ,"*1 p4 #cad4 ,classical po/ure trag$y & ,fau/ian "* trag$y1 p4 #cag4 ,symbolism ( ! drama-image1 p4 #cbj4 ,day & ,night ,art1 p4 #cbd4 ,popul> & esot]ic1 p4 #cbf4 ,! a/ronomical image1 p4 #cbi4 ,! geographical horizon1 p4 #ccb4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,s\l-,,image ,,& ,,life-,,feel+4 7#b7 ,,buddhism1 ,,/oicism1 ,,& ,,socialism #cci ,! ,fau/ian morale purely dynamic1 p4 #cda4 ,e ,culture has a =m ( morale prop] to itself1 p4 #cde4 ,po/ure-morale & w- morale1 p4 #cdg4 ,buddha1 ,socrates1 ,r\sseau z protagoni/s ( ! dawn+ ,civilizations1 p4 #cea4 ,tragic & plebeian morale1 p4 #ced4 ,return to ,nature1 ,irreligion1 ,nihilism1 p4 #cef4 ,e?ical ,socialism1 p4 #cfa4 ,simil>ity ( /ructure 9 ! philosophical hi/ory ( e ,culture1 p4 #cfd4 ,! ,civiliz$ philosophy ( ! ,we/1 p4 #cfe4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,fau/ian ,,& ,,apoll9ian ,,nature-,,k #cge ,!ory z ,my?1 p4 #cgg4 ,e ,natural ,sci5ce dep5ds ^u a prec$+ ,religion1 p4 #cia4 ,/atics1 ,al*emy1 ,dynamics z ! !ories ( ?ree ,cultures1 p4 #chb4 ,! ,atomic !ory1 p4 #chd4 ,! problem ( motion insoluble1 p4 #chh4 ,! /yle ( causal process & exp]i5ce1 p4 #cia4 ,! feel+ ( ,god & ! kn[+ ( ,nature1 p4 #cib4 ,! great ,my?1 p4 #cid4 ,classical1 ,magian & ,fau/ian num9a1 p4 #cig4 ,a!ism1 p4 #djh4 ,fau/ian physics z a dogma ( =ce1 p4 #daa4 ,limits ( its !oretical 7z di/9ct f its te*nical7 developm5t1 p4 #dag4 ,self- de/ruction ( ,dynamics1 & invasion ( hi/orical ideas2 !ory dissolves into a sy/em ( morphological relation%ips1 p4 #dbj4 ,,index ,foll[+ page #dbh ,,tables ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,comp>ative ,at end ( volume ,,morphology ,,( ,,hi/ory ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,i ,9 ?is book is attempt$ = ! fir/ "t ! v5ture ( pr$et]m9+ hi/ory1 ( foll[+ ! /ill untravell$ /ages 9 ! de/9y ( a ,culture1 & specifically ( ! only ,culture ( our "t & on our planet :i* is actually 9 ! phase ( fulfilm5t--! ,we/- ,european-,am]ican4 ,hi!rto ! possibility ( solv+ a problem s f>-rea*+ has evid5tly nev] be5 envisag$1 & ev5 if x _h be5 s1 ! means ( deal+ ) x 7 ei!r altoge!r unsuspect$ or1 at be/1 inadequately us$4 ,is !re a logic ( hi/ory8 ,is !re1 beyond all ! casual & incalculable elem5ts ( ! sep>ate ev5ts1 some?+ t we may call a metaphysical /ructure ( hi/oric humanity1 some?+ t is ess5tially indep5d5t ( ! outw>d =ms--social1 spiritual & political--:i* we see s cle>ly8 ,are n ^! actualities inde$ second>y or d]iv$ f t some?+8 ,does _w-hi/ory pres5t to ! see+ eye c]ta9 gr& traits1 aga9 & aga91 ) suffici5t con/ancy to ju/ify c]ta9 conclusions8 ,& if s1 :at are ! limits to :i* reason+ f su* premisses may be pu%$8 ,is x possible to f9d 9 life itself--= human hi/ory is ! sum ( mighty life-c\rses :i* already h _h to be end[$ ) ego & p]sonality1 9 cu/om>y ?\ght & expression1 by pr$icat+ entities ( a high] ord] l 8! ,classical0 or 8! ,*9ese ,culture10 8,mod]n ,civilization0--a s]ies ( /ages :i* mu/ be trav]s$1 & trav]s$ moreov] 9 an ord]$ & obligatory sequ5ce8 ,= ev]y?+ organic ! notions ( bir?1 dea?1 y\?1 age1 lifetime are fundam5tals--may n ^! notions1 9 ?is sph]e also1 possess a rigor\s mean+ :i* no "o has z yet extract$8 ,9 %ort1 is all hi/ory f\nd$ ^u g5]al biographic ar*etypes8 ,! decl9e ( ! ,we/1 :i* at fir/ sight may appe>1 l ! correspond+ decl9e ( ! ,classical ,culture1 a ph5om5on limit$ 9 "t & space1 we n[ p]ceive to be a philosophical problem t1 :5 compreh5d$ 9 all its gravity1 includes )9 itself e great "q ( ,be+4 ,if !re=e we are to discov] 9 :at =m ! de/9y ( ! ,we/]n ,culture w be accompli%$1 we mu/ fir/ be cle> z to :at culture is1 :at its relations are to visible hi/ory1 to life1 to s\l1 to nature1 to intellect1 :at ! =ms ( its manife/ation are & h[ f> ^! =ms--peoples1 tongues & epo*s1 battles & ideas1 /ates & gods1 arts & craft-works1 sci5ces1 laws1 economic types & _w-ideas1 great m5 & great ev5ts--may be accept$ & po9t$ to z symbols4 ,,ii ,! means :]eby to id5tify dead =ms is ,ma!matical ,law4 ,! means :]eby to und]/& liv+ =ms is ,analogy4 ,by ^! means we are enabl$ to di/+ui% pol>ity & p]iodicity 9 ! _w4 ,x is1 & has always be51 a matt] ( k t ! expression- =ms ( _w-hi/ory are limit$ 9 numb]1 & t eras1 epo*s1 situations1 p]sons are ev] repeat+ !mselves true to type4 ,napoleon has h>dly ev] be5 discuss$ )\t a side-glance at ,cs> & ,alex&]--analogies ( :i*1 z we %all see1 ! fir/ is morphologically q inacceptable & ! second is correct--:ile ,napoleon himself conceiv$ ( 8 situation z ak9 to ,*>lemagne's4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution>y ,conv5tion spoke ( ,c>?age :5 x meant ,engl&1 & ! ,jacob9s /yl$ !mselves ,romans4 ,o!r su* comp>isons1 ( all degrees ( s\ndness & uns\ndness1 are ^? ( ,flor5ce ) ,a!ns1 ,buddha ) ,*ri/1 primitive ,*ri/ianity ) mod]n ,socialism1 ! ,roman f9ancial magnate ( ,cs>'s "t ) ! ,yankee4 ,petr>*1 ! fir/ passionate ar*ologi/ 7& is n ar*ology itself an expression ( ! s5se t hi/ory is repetition87 relat$ himself m5tally to ,cic]o1 & b lately ,cecil ,rhodes1 ! organiz] ( ,briti% ,s\? ,africa1 :o _h 9 8 libr>y specially prep>$ translations ( ! classical lives ( ! ,cs>s1 felt himself ak9 to ! ,emp]or ,hadrian4 ,! fat$ ,*>les ,,xii ( ,sw$5 us$ to c>ry ,qu9tus ,curtius's life ( ,alex&] 9 8 pocket1 & to copy t conqu]or 0 8 delib]ate purpose4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 9 8 political writ+s--su* z 8 ,considrations1 #agch--moves among analogies ) p]fect assurance4 ,?us he comp>es ! ,fr5* to ! ,mac$onians "u ,philip & ! ,g]mans to ! ,greeks4 8,ev5 n[10 he says1 8! ,!rmopyl ( ,g]many1 ,alsace & ,lorra9e1 are 9 ! h&s ( ,philip10 !re9 exactly *>act]iz+ ! policy ( ,c>d9al ,fleury4 ,we f9d him draw+ p>allels also betwe5 ! policies ( ! ,h\ses ( ,habsburg & ,b\rbon & ! proscriptions ( ,antony & ( ,octavius4 ,/ill1 all ?is 0 only fragm5t>y & arbitr>y1 & usually impli$ r a mom5t>y incl9ation to poetical or +5i\s expressions ?an a really deep s5se ( hi/orical =ms4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ,ranke1 a ma/] ( arti/ic analogy1 we f9d t 8 p>allels ( ,cyax>es & ,h5ry ! ,f[l]1 ( ! inroads ( ! ,cimm]ians & ^? ( ! ,hung>ians1 possess morphologically no significance1 & 8 (t-quot$ analogy betwe5 ! ,hell5ic city- /ates & ! ,r5aissance republics v little1 :ile ! deep] tru? 9 8 comp>ison ( ,alcibiades & ,napoleon is accid5tal4 ,unlike ! /rict ma!matician1 :o f9ds inn] relation%ips betwe5 two gr\ps ( diff]5tial equations :]e ! layman sees no?+ b dissimil>ities ( outw>d =m1 ,ranke & o!rs draw _! hi/orical analogies ) a ,plut>*ian1 popul>-romantic1 t\*1 & aim m]ely at pres5t+ comp>able sc5es on ! _w-/age4 ,x is easy to see t1 at bottom1 x is nei!r a pr9ciple nor a s5se ( hi/oric necessity1 b simple incl9ation1 t gov]ns ! *oice ( ! tableaux4 ,f any te*nique ( analogies we are f> di/ant4 ,!y ?rong up 7to-day m ?an ev]7 )\t s*eme or unities1 & if !y d hit ^u some?+ :i* is true--9 ! ess5tial s5se ( ! ^w t rema9s to be det]m9$--x is ?anks to luck1 m r>ely to in/9ct1 nev] to a pr9ciple4 ,9 ?is region no "o hi!rto has set himself to "w out a me?od1 nor has _h ! slighte/ inkl+ t !re is "h a root1 9 fact ! only root1 f :i* c come a broad solution ( ! problems ( ,hi/ory4 ,analogies1 9 s f> z !y laid b>e ! organic /ructure ( hi/ory1 might be a bless+ to hi/orical ?\ght4 ,_! te*nique1 develop+ "u ! influ5ce ( a compreh5sive idea1 w\ld surely ev5tuate 9 inevitable conclusions & logical ma/]y4 ,b z hi!rto und]/ood & practis$ !y h be5 a curse1 = !y h enabl$ ! hi/orians to foll[ _! own ta/es1 in/ead ( sob]ly realiz+ t _! fir/ & h>de/ task 0 conc]n$ ) ! symbolism ( hi/ory & its analogies1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! problem has till n[ n ev5 be5 compreh5d$1 let alone solv$4 ,sup]ficial 9 _m cases 7z = in/ance 9 designat+ ,cs> z ! creator ( ! (ficial newspap]71 ^! analogies are worse ?an sup]ficial 9 o!rs 7z :5 ph5om5a ( ! ,classical ,age t are n only extremely complex b utt]ly ali5 to u are labell$ ) mod]n cat*words l ,socialism1 ,impressionism1 ,capitalism1 ,cl]icalism71 :ile occasionally !y are biz>re to ! po9t ( p]v]sity--witness ! ,jacob9 clubs ) _! cult ( ,brutus1 t millionaire-extortion] ,brutus :o1 9 ! "n ( olig>*ical doctr9e & ) ! approval ( ! patrician s5ate1 murd]$ ! ,man ( ! ,democracy4 ,,iii ,?us our !me1 :i* orig9ally compris$ only ! limit$ problem ( pres5t-day civilization1 broad5s itself into a new philosophy--! philosophy ( ! future1 s f> z ! metaphysically-exhau/$ soil ( ! ,we/ c be> su*1 & 9 any case ! only philosophy :i* is )9 ! possibilities ( ! ,we/-,european m9d 9 its next /ages4 ,x exp&s into ! conception ( a morphology ( _w hi/ory1 ( ! _w-z-hi/ory 9 contra/ to ! morphology ( ! _w-z- nature t hi!rto has be5 almo/ ! only !me ( philosophy4 ,& x reviews once aga9 ! =ms & movem5ts ( ! _w 9 _! dep?s & f9al significance1 b ?is "t accord+ to an entirely diff]5t ord]+ :i* gr\ps !m1 n 9 an ensemble picture inclusive ( ev]y?+ kn[n1 b 9 a picture ( life1 & pres5ts !m n z ?+s-become1 b z ?+s-becom+4 ,! _w-z-hi/ory1 conceiv$1 view$ & giv5 =m f out ( its opposite ! _w-z-nature--"h is a new aspect ( human exi/5ce on ?is e>?4 ,z yet1 9 spite ( its imm5se significance1 bo? practical & !oretical1 ?is aspect has n be5 realiz$1 /ill less pres5t$4 ,"s obscure inkl+ ( x !re may h be51 a di/ant mom5t>y glimpse !re has (t5 be51 b no "o has delib]ately fac$ x & tak5 x 9 ) all its implications4 ,we h be=e u two possible ways 9 :i* man may inw>dly possess & exp]i5ce ! _w ar\nd him4 ,) all rig\r ,i di/+ui% 7z to =m1 n sub/ance7 ! organic f ! me*anical _w-impression1 ! cont5t ( images f t ( laws1 ! picture & symbol f ! =mula & ! sy/em1 ! in/antly actual f ! con/antly possible1 ! int5ts & purposes ( imag9ation ord]+ accord+ to plan f ! int5ts & purposes ( exp]i5ce dissect+ accord+ to s*eme2 &-- to m5tion ev5 ?us e>ly an opposition t has nev] yet be5 not$1 9 spite ( its significance--! doma9 ( *ronological f t ( ma!matical numb]4#a ,consequ5tly1 9 a rese>* su* z t ly+ be=e u1 !re c be no "q ( tak+ spiritual-political ev5ts1 z !y become visible day by day on ! surface1 at _! face value1 & arrang+ !m on a s*eme ( 8causes0 or 8effects0 & foll[+ !m up 9 ! obvi\s & intellectually easy directions4 ,su* a 8pragmatic0 h&l+ ( hi/ory w\ld be no?+ b a piece ( 8natural sci5ce0 9 disguise1 & = _! "p1 ! support]s ( ! mat]iali/ic idea ( hi/ory make no secret ab\t x--x is _! adv]s>ies :o l>gely fail to see ! simil>ity ( ! two me?ods4 ,:at conc]ns u is n :at ! hi/orical facts :i* appe> at ?is or t "t are1 p] se1 b :at !y signify1 :at !y po9t to1 by appe>+4 ,pres5t-day hi/orians ?9k !y are do+ a "w ( sup]]ogation 9 br++ 9 religi\s & social1 or /ill m art-hi/ory1 details to 8illu/rate0 ! political s5se ( an epo*4 ,b ! decisive factor--decisive1 t is1 9 s f> z visible hi/ory is ! expression1 sign & embodim5t ( s\l--!y =get4 ,i h n hi!rto f\nd "o :o has c>efully consid]$ ! morphological relation%ip t inw>dly b9ds toge!r ! expression-=ms ( all bran*es ( a ,culture1 :o has gone beyond politics to grasp ! ultimate & fundam5tal ideas ( ,greeks1 ,arabians1 ,indians & ,we/]n]s 9 ma!matics1 ! mean+ ( _! e>ly ornam5tation1 ! basic =ms ( _! ar*itecture1 philosophies1 dramas & lyrics1 _! *oice & developm5t ( great arts1 ! detail ( _! craftsman%ip & *oice ( mat]ials--let alone appreciat$ ! decisive importance ( ^! matt]s = ! =m- problems ( hi/ory4 ,:o among/ !m realizes t betwe5 ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus & ! dyna/ic pr9ciple ( politics 9 ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 betwe5 ! ,classical city-/ate & ! ,euclidean geometry1 betwe5 ! space-p]spective ( ,we/]n oil-pa9t+ & ! conque/ ( space by railroad1 telephone & long-range weapon1 betwe5 contrapuntal music & cr$it economics1 !re are deep uni=mities8 ,yet1 view$ f ?is morphological /&po9t1 ev5 ! humdrum facts ( politics assume a symbolic & ev5 a metaphysical "*1 &-- :at has p]haps be5 impossible hi!rto--?+s su* z ! ,egyptian adm9i/rative sy/em1 ! ,classical co9age1 analytical geometry1 ! *eque1 ! ,suez ,canal1 ! book-pr9t+ ( ! ,*9ese1 ! ,prussian ,army1 & ! ,roman road-eng9e]+ c1 z symbols1 be made uni=mly und]/&able & appreciable4 ,b at once ! fact pres5ts itself t z yet !re exi/s no !ory- enlight5$ art ( hi/orical treatm5t4 ,:at passes z su* draws its me?ods almo/ exclusively f ! doma9 ( t sci5ce :i* alone has completely discipl9$ ! me?ods ( cognition1 viz41 physics1 & ?us we imag9e ourselves to be c>ry+ on hi/orical rese>* :5 we are really foll[+ out objective connexions ( cause & effect4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! old-fa%ion$ philosophy nev] imag9$ ev5 ! possibility ( !re be+ any o!r relation ?an ?is betwe5 ! consci\s human und]/&+ & ! _w outside4 ,kant1 :o 9 8 ma9 "w e/abli%$ ! =mal rules ( cognition1 took nature only z ! object ( reason's activity1 & nei!r he himself1 nor anyone aft] him1 not$ ! res]vation4 ,k1 = ,kant1 is ma!matical k4 ,he deals ) innate intuition-=ms & categories ( ! reason1 b he nev] ?9ks ( ! :olly diff]5t me*anism by :i* hi/orical impressions are appreh5d$4 ,& ,s*op5hau]1 :o1 significantly en\gh1 reta9s b "o ( ! ,kantian categories1 viz41 causality1 speaks contemptu\sly ( hi/ory4#b ,t !re is1 besides a necessity ( cause & effect--:i* ,i may call ! logic ( space-- ano!r necessity1 an organic necessity 9 life1 t ( ,de/9y--! logic ( "t--is a fact ( ! deepe/ inw>d c]ta9ty1 a fact :i* suffuses ! :ole ( my?ological religions & arti/ic ?\ght & con/itutes ! ess5ce & k]nel ( all hi/ory 79 contradi/9ction to nature7 b is unapproa*able ?r\gh ! cognition-=ms :i* ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 inve/igates4 ,?is fact /ill awaits its !oretical =mulation4 ,z ,galileo says 9 a fam\s passage ( 8 ,saggiatore1 philosophy1 z ,nature's great book1 is writt5 89 ma!matical language40 ,we await1 to-day1 ! philosoph] :o w tell u 9 :at language hi/ory is writt5 & h[ x is to be read4 ,ma!matics & ! pr9ciple ( ,causality lead to a naturali/ic1 ,*ronology & ! idea ( ,de/9y to a hi/orical ord]+ ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,bo? ord]+s1 ea* on its own acc\nt1 cov] ! :ole _w4 ,! diff]5ce is only 9 ! eyes by :i* & ?r\gh :i* ?is _w is realiz$4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,kant's error1 an error ( v wide be>+ :i* has n ev5 yet be5 ov]come1 0 fir/ ( all 9 br++ ! out] & inn] ,man into relation ) ! ideas ( space & "t by pure s*eme1 ?\gh ! mean+s ( ^! are num]\s &1 above all1 n unalt]able2 & secondly 9 ally+ ari?metic ) ! "o & geometry ) ! o!r 9 an utt]ly mi/ak5 way4 ,x is n betwe5 ari?metic & geometry--we mu/ "h anticipate a little--b betwe5 *ronological & ma!matical numb] t !re is fundam5tal opposition4 ,ari?metic & geometry are bo? spatial ma!matics & 9 _! high] regions !y are no long] sep>able4 ,"t-reckon+1 ( :i* ! pla9 man is capable ( a p]fectly cle> und]/&+ ?r\gh 8 s5ses1 answ]s ! "q 8,:510 n 8,:at0 or 8,h[ ,_m40 ,footnote #b3 ,"o _c b be s5sible h[ little dep? & p[] ( ab/raction has be5 associat$ ) ! treatm5t (1 say1 ! ,r5aissance or ! ,great ,migrations1 z comp>$ ) :at is obvi\sly requir$ = ! !ory ( functions & !oretical optics4 ,judg$ by ! /&>ds ( ! physici/ & ! ma!matician1 ! hi/orian becomes c>eless z soon z he has assembl$ & ord]$ 8 mat]ial & passes on to int]pretation4 ----- ,,iv ,nature is ! %ape 9 :i* ! man ( high] ,cultures syn!sizes & int]prets ! imm$iate impressions ( 8 s5ses4 ,hi/ory is t f :i* 8 imag9ation seeks compreh5sion ( ! liv+ exi/5ce ( ! _w 9 relation to 8 own life1 :i* he !reby inve/s ) a deep] reality4 ,:e!r he is capable ( creat+ ^! %apes1 :i* ( !m x is t dom9ates 8 wak+ consci\sness1 is a primordial problem ( all human exi/5ce4 ,man1 ?us1 has be=e him two possibilities ( _w-=mation4 ,b x mu/ be not$1 at ! v outset1 t ^! possibilities are n necess>ily actualities1 & if we are to enquire into ! s5se ( all hi/ory we mu/ beg9 by solv+ a "q :i* has nev] yet be5 put1 viz41 = :om is !re ,hi/ory8 ,! "q is seem+ly p>adoxical1 = hi/ory is obvi\sly = ev]yone to ?is ext5t1 t e man1 ) 8 :ole exi/5ce & consci\sness1 is a "p ( hi/ory4 ,b x makes a great diff]5ce :e!r anyone lives "u ! con/ant impression t 8 life is an elem5t 9 a f> wid] life- c\rse t goes on = hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s1 or conceives ( himself z some?+ r\nd$ (f & self-conta9$4 ,= ! latt] type ( consci\sness !re is c]ta9ly no _w-hi/ory1 no _w-z- hi/ory4 ,b h[ if ! self-consci\sness ( a :ole nation1 h[ if a :ole ,culture re/s on ?is ahi/oric _s8 ,h[ mu/ actuality appe> to x8 ,! _w8 ,life8 ,consid] ! ,classical ,culture4 ,9 ! _w- consci\sness ( ! ,hell5es all exp]i5ce1 n m]ely ! p]sonal b ! common pa/1 0 imm$iately transmut$ into a timeless1 immobile1 my?ically-fa%ion$ backgr\nd = ! p>ticul> mom5t>y pres5t2 ?us ! hi/ory ( ,alex&] ! ,great began ev5 be=e 8 dea? to be m]g$ by ,classical s5tim5t 9 ! ,dionysus leg5d1 & to ,cs> !re seem$ at ! lea/ no?+ prepo/]\s 9 claim+ desc5t f ,v5us4 ,su* a spiritual condition x is practically impossible = u m5 ( ! ,we/1 ) a s5se ( "t-di/ances s /rong t we habitually & unque/ion+ly speak ( s _m ye>s be=e or aft] ,*ri/1 to reproduce 9 ourselves4 ,b we are n on t acc\nt entitl$1 9 deal+ ) ! problems ( ,hi/ory1 simply to ignore ! fact4 ,:at di>ies & autobiographies yield 9 respect ( an individual1 t hi/orical rese>* 9 ! wide/ & mo/ inclusive s5se--t is1 e k9d ( psy*ological comp>ison & analysis ( ali5 peoples1 times & cu/oms--yields z to ! s\l ( a ,culture z a :ole4 ,b ! ,classical culture possess$ no memory1 no organ ( hi/ory 9 ?is special s5se4 ,! memory ( ! ,classical man--s to call x1 ?\gh x is some:at arbitr>y to apply to ali5 s\ls a notion d]iv$ f our own--is some?+ diff]5t1 s9ce pa/ & future1 z array+ p]spectives 9 ! work+ consci\sness1 are abs5t & ! 8pure ,pres5t10 :i* s (t5 r\s$ ,goe!'s admiration 9 e product ( ! ,classical life & 9 sculpture p>ticul>ly1 fills t life ) an int5sity t to u is p]fectly unkn[n4 ,?is pure ,pres5t1 ^: greate/ symbol is ! ,doric column1 9 itself pr$icates ! negation ( "t 7( direction74 ,= ,h]odotus & ,sophocles1 z = ,!mi/ocles or a ,roman consul1 ! pa/ is subtiliz$ in/antly into an impression t is timeless & *angeless1 pol> & n p]iodic 9 /ructure--9 ! la/ analysis1 ( su* /uff z my?s are made (--:]eas = our _w-s5se & our inn] eye ! pa/ is a def9itely p]iodic & purposeful organism ( c5turies or mill5nia4 ,b x is j ?is backgr\nd :i* gives ! life1 :e!r x be ! ,classical or ! ,we/]n life1 its special col\r+4 ,:at ! ,greek call$ ,kosmos 0 ! image ( a _w t is n cont9u\s b complete4 ,inevitably1 !n1 ! ,greek man himself 0 n a s]ies b a t]m4#c ,= ?is reason1 al?\gh ,classical man 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! /rict *ronology & almanac-reckon+ ( ! ,babylonians & especially ! ,egyptians1 & !re=e ) t et]nity-s5se & disreg>d ( ! pres5t-z-su* :i* reveal$ itself 9 _! broadly- conceiv$ op]ations ( a/ronomy & _! exact measurem5ts ( big "t-int]vals1 none ( ?is ev] became intimately a "p ( him4 ,:at 8 philosoph]s occasionally told him on ! subject !y _h he>d1 n exp]i5c$1 & :at a few brilliant m9ds 9 ! ,asiatic- ,greek cities 7su* z ,hipp>*us & ,ari/>*us7 discov]$ 0 reject$ alike by ! ,/oic & by ! ,ari/otelian1 & outside a small pr(essional circle n ev5 notic$4 ,nei!r ,plato nor ,ari/otle _h an obs]vatory4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( ,p]icles1 ! ,a!nian p pass$ a decree by :i* all :o propagat$ a/ronomical !ories 7 made liable to impea*m5t 774 ,?is la/ 0 an act ( ! deepe/ symbolic significance1 expressive ( ! det]m9ation ( ! ,classical s\l to bani% di/ance1 9 e aspect1 f its _w-consci\sness4 ,z reg>ds ,classical hi/ory-writ+1 take ,?ucydides4 ,! ma/]y ( ?is man lies 9 8 truly ,classical p[] ( mak+ alive & self- explanatory ! ev5ts ( ! pres5t1 & also 9 8 possession ( ! magnific5tly practical outlook ( ! born /atesman :o has himself be5 bo? g5]al & adm9i/rator4 ,9 virtue ( ?is quality ( exp]i5ce 7:i* we un=tunately confuse ) ! hi/orical s5se prop]71 8 "w confronts ! m]ely le>n$ & pr(essional hi/orian z an inimitable model1 & q rightly s4 ,b :at is absolutely hidd5 f ,?ucydides is p]spective1 ! p[] ( survey+ ! hi/ory ( c5turies1 t :i* = u is implicit 9 ! v conception ( a hi/orian4 ,! f9e pieces ( ,classical hi/ory-writ+ are inv>iably ^? :i* set =? matt]s )9 ! political pres5t ( ! writ]1 :]eas = u x is ! direct opposite1 our hi/orical ma/]pieces )\t exception be+ ^? :i* deal ) a di/ant pa/4 ,?ucydides w\ld h brok5 d[n 9 h&l+ ev5 ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 let alone ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,greece1 :ile t ( ,egypt w\ld h be5 utt]ly out ( 8 rea*4 ,he1 z well z ,polybius & ,tacitus 7:o l him 7 practical politicians71 loses 8 sur5ess ( eye f ! mom5t :51 9 look+ backw>ds1 he enc\nt]s motive =ces 9 any =m t is unkn[n 9 8 practical exp]i5ce4 ,= ,polybius ev5 ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w>1 = ,tacitus ev5 ! reign ( ,augu/us1 are inexplicable4 ,z = ,?ucydides1 8 lack ( hi/orical feel+--9 our s5se ( ! phrase--is conclusively demon/rat$ on ! v fir/ page ( 8 book by ! a/\nd+ /atem5t t be=e 8 "t 7ab\t #djj ,b4,c47 no ev5ts ( importance _h occurr$ 7o 7 9 ! _w6#d ,consequ5tly1 ,classical hi/ory d[n to ! ,p]sian ,w>s & = t matt] ! /ructure built up on traditions at mu* lat] p]iods1 are ! product ( an ess5tially my?ological ?9k+4 ,! con/itutional hi/ory ( ,sp>ta is a poem ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 & ,lycurgus1 on :om x c5tres & ^: 8biography0 we are giv5 9 full detail1 0 probably 9 ! beg9n+ an unimportant local god ( ,m\nt ,taygetus4 ,! inv5tion ( pre-,hannibalian ,roman hi/ory 0 /ill go+ on ev5 9 ,cs>'s "t4 ,! /ory ( ! expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s by ,brutus is built r\nd "s contempor>y ( ! ,c5sor ,appius ,claudius 7#caj ,b4,c474 ,! names ( ! ,roman k+s 7 at t p]iod made up f ! names ( c]ta9 plebeian families :i* _h become weal?y 7,k4 ,j4 ,neumann74 ,9 ! sph]e ( con/itutional hi/ory1 sett+ aside altoge!r ! 8con/itution0 ( ,s]vius ,tullius1 we f9d t ev5 ! fam\s l& law ( ,lic9ius 7#cfg ,b4,c47 0 n 9 exi/5ce at ! "t ( ! ,second ,punic ,w> 7,b4 ,niese74 ,:5 ,epam9ondas gave fre$om & /atehood to ! ,mess5ians & ! ,arcadians1 ^! peoples promptly provid$ !mselves ) an e>ly hi/ory4 ,b ! a/\nd+ ?+ is n t hi/ory ( ?is sort 0 produc$1 b t !re 0 practically none ( any o!r sort2 & ! opposition betwe5 ! ,classical & ! mod]n outlook is suffici5tly illu/rat$ by say+ t ,roman hi/ory be=e #bej ,b4,c41 z kn[n 9 ,cs>'s "t1 0 sub/antially a =g]y1 & t ! little t we "k has be5 e/abli%$ by ourselves & 0 entirely unkn[n to ! lat] ,romans4 ,9 :at s5se ! ,classical _w und]/ood ! ^w 8hi/ory0 we c see f ! fact t ! ,alex&r9e romance-lit]ature ex]cis$ ! /ronge/ influ5ce ^u s]i\s political & religi\s hi/ory1 ev5 z reg>ds its matt]4 ,x nev] ent]$ ! ,classical head to draw any di/9ction ( pr9ciple betwe5 hi/ory z a /ory & hi/ory z docum5ts4 ,:51 t[>ds ! end ( ! ,roman republic1 ,v>ro set out to /abilize ! religion t 0 fa/ vani%+ f ! p's consci\sness1 he classifi$ ! deities ^: cult 0 exactly & m9utely obs]v$ by ! ,/ate1 into 8c]ta90 & 8unc]ta90 gods1 i4e41 into gods ( :om some?+ 0 /ill kn[n & gods t1 9 spite ( ! unbrok5 cont9uity ( (ficial wor%ip1 _h surviv$ 9 "n only4 ,9 actual fact1 ! religion ( ,roman society 9 ,v>ro's "t1 ! poet's religion :i* ,goe! & ev5 ,nietzs*e reproduc$ 9 all innoc5ce1 0 ma9ly a product ( ,hell5i/ic lit]ature & _h almo/ no relation to ! anci5t practices1 :i* no "o any long] und]/ood4 ,momms5 cle>ly def9$ ! ,we/-,european attitude t[>ds ?is hi/ory :5 he said t 8! ,roman hi/orians10 mean+ especially ,tacitus1 87 m5 :o said :at x w\ld h be5 m]itori\s to omit1 & omitt$ :at x 0 ess5tial to say40 ,9 ! ,indian ,culture we h ! p]fectly ahi/oric s\l4 ,its decisive expression is ! ,brahman ,nirvana4 ,!re is no pure ,indian a/ronomy1 no cal5d>1 & !re=e no hi/ory s f> z hi/ory is ! track ( a consci\s spiritual evolution4 ,( ! visible c\rse ( _! ,culture1 :i* z reg>ds its organic phase came to an end ) ! rise ( ,buddhism1 we "k ev5 less ?an we d ( ,classical hi/ory1 ri* ?\gh x mu/ h be5 9 great ev5ts betwe5 ! #ab? & #h? c5turies4 ,& ?is is n surpris+1 s9ce x 0 9 dream-%apes & my?ological figures t bo? came to be fix$4 ,x is a full mill5nium aft] ,buddha1 ab\t #ejj ,a4,d41 :5 ,ceylon fir/ produces some?+ remotely resembl+ hi/orical "w1 ! 8,mahavansa40 ,! _w-consci\sness ( ,indian man 0 s ahi/orically built t x c\ld n ev5 treat ! appe>ance ( a book writt5 by a s+le au?or z an ev5t det]m9ate 9 "t4 ,in/ead ( an organic s]ies ( writ+s by specific p]sons1 !re came into be+ gradually a vague mass ( texts into :i* ev]yone ins]t$ :at he pleas$1 & notions su* z ^? ( intellectual individualism1 intellectual evolution1 intellectual epo*s1 play$ no "p 9 ! matt]4 ,x is 9 ?is anonym\s =m t we possess ! ,indian philosophy--:i* is at ! same "t all ! ,indian hi/ory t we h--& x is in/ructive to comp>e ) x ! philosophy-hi/ory ( ! ,we/1 :i* is a p]fectly def9ite /ructure made up ( individual books & p]sonalities4 ,indian man =got ev]y?+1 b ,egyptian man =got no?+4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! art ( portraiture--:i* is biography 9 ! k]nel--0 unkn[n 9 ,india1 9 ,egypt x 0 practically ! arti/'s only !me4 ,! ,egyptian s\l1 conspicu\sly hi/orical 9 its texture & impell$ ) primitive passion t[>ds ! inf9ite1 p]ceiv$ pa/ & future z its :ole _w1 & ! pres5t 7:i* is id5tical ) wak+ consci\sness7 appe>$ to him simply z ! n>r[ common fronti] ( two immeasurable /ret*es4 ,! ,egyptian ,culture is an embodim5t ( c>e--:i* is ! spiritual c\nt]poise ( di/ance--c>e = ! future express$ 9 ! *oice ( granite or basalt z ! craftsman's mat]ials1#e 9 ! *isell$ ar*ives1 9 ! elaborate adm9i/rative sy/em1 9 ! net ( irrigation works1#f &1 necess>ily b\nd up !re)1 c>e = ! pa/4 ,! ,egyptian mummy is a symbol ( ! fir/ importance4 ,! body ( ! dead man 0 made ev]la/+1 j z 8 p]sonality1 8 8,ka10 0 immortaliz$ ?r\gh ! portrait- /atuettes1 :i* 7 (t5 made 9 _m copies & to :i* x 0 conceiv$ to be atta*$ by a transc5d5tal lik5ess4 ,!re is a deep relation betwe5 ! attitude t is tak5 t[>ds ! hi/oric pa/ & ! conception t is =m$ ( dea?1 & ?is relation is express$ 9 ! disposal ( ! dead4 ,! ,egyptian d5i$ mortality1 ! ,classical man affirm$ x 9 ! :ole symbolism ( 8 ,culture4 ,! ,egyptians embalm$ ev5 _! hi/ory 9 *ronological dates & figures4 ,f pre-,solonian ,greece no?+ has be5 h&$ d[n1 n a ye>-date1 n a true "n1 n a tangible ev5t--) ! consequ5ce t ! lat] hi/ory1 7:i* alone we "k7 assumes undue importance--b = ,egypt we possess1 f ! #crd mill5nium & ev5 e>li]1 ! names & ev5 ! exact reign-dates ( _m ( ! k+s1 & ! ,new ,empire mu/ h _h a complete k ( !m4 ,to-day1 pa!tic symbols ( ! w to endure1 ! bodies ( ! great ,ph>aohs lie 9 our museums1 _! faces /ill recognizable4 ,on ! %9+1 poli%$-granite peak ( ! pyramid ( ,am5emhet ,,iii we c read to-day ! words 8,am5emhet looks ^u ! beauty ( ! ,sun0 &1 on ! o!r side1 8,high] is ! s\l ( ,am5emhet ?an ! height ( ,orion1 & x is unit$ ) ! und]world40 ,"h inde$ is victory ov] ,mortality & ! m]e pres5t2 x is to ! la/ degree un-,classical4 ----- ,footnote #c3 ,9 ! orig9al1 ^! fundam5tal anti!ses are express$ simply by means ( w]d5 & se94 ,exact r5d]+s are !re=e impossible 9 ,engli%4--,tr4 ,footnote #d3 ,! attempts ( ! ,greeks to frame some?+ l a cal5d> or a *ronology aft] ! ,egyptian fa%ion1 besides be+ v belat$ inde$1 7 ( extreme navet4 ,! ,olympiad reckon+ is n an era 9 ! s5se (1 say1 ! ,*ri/ian *ronology1 & is1 moreov]1 a late & purely lit]>y exp$i5t1 )\t popul> curr5cy4 ,! p1 9 fact1 _h no g5]al ne$ ( a num]ation :]e) to date ! exp]i5ces ( _! gr&fa!rs & great-gr&fa!rs1 ?\gh a few le>n$ p]sons might be int]e/$ 9 ! cal5d> "q4 ,we are n "h conc]n$ ) ! s\ndness or uns\ndness ( a cal5d>1 b ) its curr5cy1 ) ! "q ( :e!r m5 regulat$ _! lives by x or n2 b1 incid5tally1 ev5 ! li/ ( ,olympian victors be=e #ejj is q z mu* ( an inv5tion z ! li/s ( e>li] ,a!nian ar*ons or ,roman consuls4 ,( ! colonizations1 we possess n "o s+le au!ntic date 7,e4 ,mey]4 ,ges*4 d4 ,alt4 ,,ii1 #ddb4 ,belo*4 ,grie*4 ,ges*4 ,i1 #b1 #bai7 89 ,greece be=e ! fif? c5tury1 no "o ev] ?\ght ( not+ or report+ hi/orical ev5ts40 7,belo*4 ,i1 #a1 #abe74 ,we possess an inscription :i* sets =? a treaty betwe5 ,elis & ,h]aea :i* 80 to be valid = a hundr$ ye>s f ?is ye>40 ,:at 8?is ye>0 01 is h[ev] n indicat$4 ,aft] a few ye>s no "o w\ld h kn[n h[ long ! treaty _h /ill to run4 ,evid5tly ?is 0 a po9t t no "o _h tak5 into acc\nt at ! "t--inde$1 ! v 8m5 ( ! mom5t0 :o drew up ! docum5t1 probably !mselves soon =got4 ,su* 0 ! *ildlike1 fairy-/ory "* ( ! ,classical pres5tation ( hi/ory t any ord]$ dat+ ( ! ev5ts (1 say1 ! ,trojan ,w> 7:i* occupies 9 _! s]ies ! same position z ! ,crusades 9 ours7 w\ld h be5 felt z a %e] solecism4 ,equally backw>d 0 ! geographical sci5ce ( ! ,classical _w z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,egyptians & ! ,babylonians4 ,e4 ,mey] 7,ges*4 d4 ,alt4 ,,ii1 #ajb7 %[s h[ ! ,greeks' k ( ! =m ( ,africa deg5]at$ f ,h]odotus 7:o foll[$ ,p]sian au?orities7 to ,ari/otle4 ,! same is true ( ! ,romans z ! heirs ( ! ,c>?ag9ians2 !y fir/ repeat$ ! in=mation ( _! ali5 =]unn]s & !n sl[ly =got x4 ,footnote #e3 ,contra/ ) ?is ! fact1 symbolically ( ! highe/ importance & unp>allel$ 9 art-hi/ory1 t ! ,hell5es1 ?\gh !y _h be=e _! eyes ! works ( ! ,myc5an ,age & _! l& 0 only too ri* 9 /one1 delib]ately rev]t$ to wood2 h5ce ! abs5ce ( ar*itectural rema9s ( ! p]iod #abjj-fjj4 ,! ,egyptian plant-column 0 f ! outset ( /one1 :]eas ! ,doric column 0 wood51 a cle> indication ( ! int5se antipa?y ( ! ,classical s\l t[>ds duration4 ,footnote #f3 ,is !re any ,hell5ic city t ev] c>ri$ out "o s+le compreh5sive "w t tells ( c>e = future g5]ations8 ,! road & wat] sy/ems :i* rese>* has assign$ to ! ,myc5an--i4e41 ! pre-,classical--age fell into disrepair & oblivion f ! bir? ( ! ,classical peoples--t is1 f ! ,hom]ic p]iod4 ,x is a rem>kably curi\s fact1 prov$ beyond d\bt by ! lack ( epigraphic rema9s1 t ! ,classical alphabet did n come into use till aft] #ijj1 & ev5 !n only to a limit$ ext5t & = ! mo/ press+ economic ne$s4 ,:]eas 9 ! ,egyptian1 ! ,babylonian1 ! ,mexican & ! ,*9ese ,cultures ! =mation ( a script beg9s 9 ! v twilight ( dawn1 :]eas ! ,g]mans made !mselves a ,runic alphabet & pres5tly develop$ t respect = writ+ z su* :i* l$ to ! successive ref9em5ts ( ornam5tal calligraphy1 ! ,classical primitives 7 entirely ignorant ( ! num]\s alphabets t 7 curr5t 9 ! ,s\? & ! ,ea/4 ,we possess num]\s inscriptions ( ,hittite ,asia ,m9or & ( ,crete1 b n "o ( ,hom]ic ,greece4 7,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ahj et seq47 ----- ,v ,9 opposition to ?is mighty gr\p ( ,egyptian life-symbols1 we meet at ! ?re%old ( ! ,classical ,culture ! cu/om1 typify+ ! ease ) :i* x c\ld =get e piece ( its inw>d & outw>d pa/1 ( burn+ ! dead4 ,to ! ,myc5an age ! elevation into a ritual ( ?is p>ticul> fun]>y me?od among/ all ^? practis$ 9 turn by /one-age peoples1 0 ess5tially ali52 inde$ its ,royal tombs sugge/ t e>?-burial 0 reg>d$ z peculi>ly hon\rable4 ,b 9 ,hom]ic ,greece1 z 9 ,v$ic ,india1 we f9d a *ange1 s sudd5 t its orig9s mu/ necess>ily be psy*ological1 f burial to t burn+ :i* 7! ,iliad gives u ! full pa?os ( ! symbolic act7 0 ! c]emonial completion ( dea? & ! d5ial ( all hi/orical duration4 ,f ?is mom5t ! pla/icity ( ! individual spiritual evolution 0 at an end4 ,classical drama admitt$ truly hi/orical motives j z little z x all[$ !mes ( inw>d evolution1 & x is well kn[n h[ decisively ! ,hell5ic in/9ct set itself aga9/ portraiture 9 ! arts4 ,"r into ! imp]ial p]iod ,classical art h&l$ only ! matt] t 01 s to say1 natural to x1 ! my?4#g ,ev5 ! 8ideal0 portraits ( ,hell5i/ic sculpture are my?ical1 ( ! same k9d z ! typical biographies ( ,plut>*'s sort4 ,no great ,greek ev] wrote d[n any recollections t w\ld s]ve to fix a phase ( exp]i5ce = 8 inn] eye4 ,n ev5 ,socrates has told1 reg>d+ 8 inw>d life1 any?+ important 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is que/ionable inde$ :e!r = a ,classical m9d x 0 ev5 possible to react to ! motive =ces t are presuppos$ 9 ! production ( a ,p>zeval1 a ,hamlet1 or a ,w]!r4 ,9 ,plato we fail to obs]ve any consci\s evolution ( doctr9e2 8 sep>ate works are m]ely treatises writt5 f v diff]5t /&po9ts :i* he took up f "t to "t1 & x gave him no conc]n :e!r & h[ !y hung toge!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 a "w ( deep self-exam9ation1 ! ,vita ,nuova ( ,dante1 is f\nd at ! v outset ( ! spiritual hi/ory ( ! ,we/4 ,h[ little !re=e ( ! ,classical pure-pres5t !re really 0 9 ,goe!1 ! man :o =got no?+1 ! man ^: works1 z he av[$ himself1 are only fragm5ts ( a s+le great confession6 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ,a!ns by ! ,p]sians1 all ! old] art-works 7 ?r[n on ! du/heap 7:5ce we are n[ extract+ !m71 & we d n he> t anyone 9 ,hellas ev] tr\bl$ himself ab\t ! ru9s ( ,myc5 or ,phai/os = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ hi/orical facts4 ,m5 read ,hom] b nev] ?\ght ( excavat+ ! hill ( ,troy z ,s*liemann did2 = :at !y want$ 0 my?1 n hi/ory4 ,! works ( s*ylus & ^? ( ! pre-,socratic philosoph]s 7 already p>tially lo/ 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,9 ! ,we/1 on ! contr>y1 ! piety inh]5t 9 & peculi> to ! ,culture manife/$ itself1 five c5turies be=e ,s*liemann1 9 ,petr>*--! f9e collector ( antiquities1 co9s & manuscripts1 ! v type ( hi/orically- s5sitive man1 view+ ! di/ant pa/ & scann+ ! di/ant prospect 70 he n ! fir/ to attempt an ,alp9e peak871 liv+ 9 8 "t1 yet ess5tially n ( x4 ,! s\l ( ! collector is intelligible only by hav+ reg>d to 8 conception ( ,"t4 ,ev5 m passionate p]haps1 ?\gh ( a diff]5t col\r+1 is ! collect+- b5t ( ! ,*9ese4 ,9 ,*9a1 :oev] travels assidu\sly pursues 8old traces0 7,ku-tsi7 & ! untranslatable 8,tao10 ! basic pr9ciple ( ,*9ese exi/5ce1 d]ives all its mean+ f a deep hi/orical feel+4 ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 objects 7 inde$ collect$ & display$ ev]y:]e1 b !y 7 curiosities ( my?ological appeal 7z describ$ by ,pausanias7 z to :i* que/ions ( date or purpose simply did n arise--& ?is too 9 ! v pres5ce ( ,egypt1 :i* ev5 by ! "t ( ! great ,?u?mosis _h be5 trans=m$ into "o va/ museum ( /rict tradition4 ,among/ ! ,we/]n peoples1 x 0 ! ,g]mans :o discov]$ ! me*anical clock1 ! dread symbol ( ! fl[ ( "t1 & ! *imes ( c\ntless clock t[]s t e*o day & night ov] ,we/ ,europe are p]haps ! mo/ wond]ful expression ( :i* a hi/orical _w- feel+ is capable4#h ,9 ! timeless c\ntrysides & cities ( ! ,classical _w1 we f9d no?+ ( ! sort4 ,till ! epo* ( ,p]icles1 ! "t ( day 0 e/imat$ m]ely by ! l5g? ( %ad[1 & x 0 only f t ( ,ari/otle t ! ^w receiv$ ! 7,babylonian7 significance ( 8h\r02 prior to t !re 0 no exact subdivision ( ! day4 ,9 ,babylon & ,egypt wat]-clocks & sun-dials 7 discov]$ 9 ! v e>ly /ages1 yet 9 ,a!ns x 0 left to ,plato to introduce a practically useful =m ( clepsydra1 & ?is 0 m]ely a m9or adjunct ( ev]yday utility :i* c\ld n h influ5c$ ! ,classical life-feel+ 9 ! smalle/ degree4 ,x rema9s /ill to m5tion ! correspond+ diff]5ce1 :i* is v deep & has nev] yet be5 prop]ly appreciat$1 betwe5 ,classical & mod]n ma!matics4 ,! =m] conceiv$ ( ?+s z !y are1 z magnitudes1 timeless & purely pres5t1 & s x proce$$ to ,euclidean geometry & ma!matical /atics1 r\nd+ (f its intellectual sy/em ) ! !ory ( conic sections4 ,we conceive ?+s z !y become & behave1 z function1 & ?is br\ght u to dynamics1 analytical geometry & !nce to ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus4#i ,! mod]n !ory ( functions is ! impos+ m>%all+ ( ?is :ole mass ( ?\ght4 ,x is a biz>re1 b nev]!less psy*ologically exact1 fact t ! physics ( ! ,greeks--be+ /atics & n dynamics--nei!r knew ! use nor felt ! abs5ce ( ! "t- elem5t1 :]eas we on ! o!r h& "w 9 ?\s&?s ( a second4 ,! "o & only evolution-idea t is timeless1 ahi/oric1 is ,ari/otle's entele*y4 ,?is1 !n1 is our task4 ,we m5 ( ! ,we/]n ,culture are1 ) our hi/orical s5se1 an exception & n a rule4 ,_w-hi/ory is our _w picture & n all mank9d's4 ,indian & ,classical man =m$ no image ( a _w 9 progress1 & p]haps :5 9 due c\rse ! civilization ( ! ,we/ is ext+ui%$1 !re w nev] aga9 be a ,culture & a human type 9 :i* 8_w-hi/ory0 is s pot5t a =m ( ! wak+ consci\sness4 ----- ,footnote #g3 ,f ,hom] to ! trag$ies ( ,s5eca1 a full ?\s& ye>s1 ! same h&ful ( my?-figures 7,?ye/es1 ,clytmne/ra1 ,h]acles & ! l7 appe> "t aft] "t )\t alt]ation1 :]eas 9 ! poetry ( ! ,we/1 ,fau/ian ,man figures1 fir/ z ,p>zeval or ,tri/an1 !n 7modifi$ always into h>mony ) ! epo*7 z ,hamlet1 ,don ,quixote1 ,don ,juan1 & ev5tually ,fau/ or ,w]!r1 & n[ z ! h]o ( ! mod]n _w-city romance1 b is always pres5t$ 9 ! atmosph]e & "u ! conditions ( a p>ticul> c5tury4 ,footnote #h3 ,x 0 ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d4 & !re=e contemporane\sly ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,romanesque /yle & ! ,crusades--! fir/ symptoms ( a new ,s\l--t ,abbot ,g]b]t 7,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii71 ! fri5d ( ! ,emp]or ,otto ,,iii1 inv5t$ ! me*anism ( ! *im+ :eel- clock4 ,9 ,g]many too1 ! fir/ t[]-clocks made _! appe>ance1 ab\t #abjj1 & ! pocket wat* some:at lat]4 ,obs]ve ! significant association ( "t measurem5t ) ! edifices ( religion4 ,footnote #i3 ,newton's *oice ( ! "n 8fluxions0 = 8 calculus 0 meant to imply a /&po9t t[>ds c]ta9 metaphysical notions z to ! nature ( "t4 ,9 ,greek ma!matics "t figures n at all4 ----- ,,vi ,:at1 !n1 is _w-hi/ory8 ,c]ta9ly1 an ord]$ pres5tation ( ! pa/1 an inn] po/ulate1 ! expression ( a capacity = feel+ =m4 ,b a feel+ = =m1 h[ev] def9ite1 is n ! same z =m itself4 ,no d\bt we feel _w-hi/ory1 exp]i5ce x1 & believe t x is to be read j z a map is read4 ,b1 ev5 to-day1 x is only =ms ( x t we "k & n ! =m ( x1 :i* is ! mirror- image ( our own inn] life4 ,ev]yone ( c\rse1 if ask$1 w\ld say t he saw ! inw>d =m ( ,hi/ory q cle>ly & def9itely4 ,! illusion subsi/s because no "o has s]i\sly reflect$ on x1 /ill less conceiv$ d\bts z to 8 own k1 = no "o has ! slighte/ notion h[ wide a field = d\bt !re is4 ,9 fact1 ! lay-out ( _w-hi/ory is an unprov$ & subjective notion t has be5 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation 7n only ( laym5 b ( pr(essional hi/orians7 & /&s badly 9 ne$ ( a little ( t scepticism :i* f ,galileo onw>d has regulat$ & deep5$ our inborn ideas ( nature4 ,?anks to ! subdivision ( hi/ory into 8,anci5t10 8,m$ival0 & 8,mod]n0--an incr$ibly jejune & mean+less s*eme1 :i* has1 h[ev]1 entirely dom9at$ our hi/orical ?9k+--we h fail$ to p]ceive ! true position 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( high] mank9d1 ( ! little "p-_w :i* has develop$ on ,we/-,european#aj soil f ! "t ( ! ,g]man-,roman ,empire1 to judge ( its relative importance & above all to e/imate its direction4 ,! ,cultures t are to come w f9d x difficult to believe t ! validity ( su* a s*eme ) its simple rectil9e> progression & its mean+less proportions1 becom+ m & m prepo/]\s ) ea* c5tury1 incapable ( br++ into itself ! new fields ( hi/ory z !y successively come into ! light ( our k1 01 9 spite ( all1 nev] :ole- he>t$ly attack$4 ,! criticisms t x has long be5 ! fa%ion ( hi/orical rese>*]s to level at ! s*eme mean no?+2 !y h only oblit]at$ ! "o exi/+ plan )\t sub/itut+ = x any o!r4 ,to toy ) phrases su* z 8! ,greek ,middle ,ages0 or 8,g]manic antiquity0 does n 9 ! lea/ help u to =m a cle> & inw>dly- conv9c+ picture 9 :i* ,*9a & ,mexico1 ! empire ( ,axum & t ( ! ,sassanids h _! prop] places4 ,& ! exp$i5t ( %ift+ ! initial po9t ( 8mod]n hi/ory0 f ! ,crusades to ! ,r5aissance1 or f ! ,r5aissance to ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 only goes to %[ t ! s*eme p] se is reg>d$ z un%akably s\nd4 ,x is n only t ! s*eme circumscribes ! area ( hi/ory4 ,:at is worse1 x rigs ! /age4 ,! gr\nd ( ,we/ ,europe is treat$ z a /eady pole1 a unique pat* *os5 on ! surface ( ! sph]e = no bett] reason1 x seems1 ?an because we live on x--& great hi/ories ( mill5nial duration & mighty f>-away ,cultures are made to revolve ar\nd ?is pole 9 all mode/y4 ,x is a qua9tly conceiv$ sy/em ( sun & planets6 ,we select a s+le bit ( gr\nd z ! natural c5tre ( ! hi/orical sy/em1 & make x ! c5tral sun4 ,f x all ! ev5ts ( hi/ory receive _! real light1 f x _! importance is judg$ 9 p]spective4 ,b x is 9 our own ,we/-,european conceit alone t ?is phantom 8_w-hi/ory10 :i* a brea? ( scepticism w\ld dissipate1 is act$ out4 ,we h to ?ank t conceit = ! imm5se optical illusion 7become natural f long habit7 :]eby di/ant hi/ories ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 su* z ^? ( ,*9a & ,egypt1 are made to %r9k to ! dim5sions ( m]e episodes :ile 9 ! neighb\rhood ( our own position ! decades s9ce ,lu!r1 & p>ticul>ly s9ce ,napoleon1 loom l>ge z ,brock5-spectres4 ,we "k q well t ! sl[ness ) :i* a high cl\d or a railway tra9 9 ! di/ance seems to move is only app>5t1 yet we believe t ! tempo ( all e>ly ,indian1 ,babylonian or ,egyptian hi/ory 0 really sl[] ?an t ( our own rec5t pa/4 ,& we ?9k ( !m z less sub/antial1 m damp$-d[n1 m dilut$1 because we h n le>n$ to make ! all[ance = 7inw>d & outw>d7 di/ances4 ,x is self-evid5t t = ! ,cultures ( ! ,we/ ! exi/5ce ( ,a!ns1 ,flor5ce or ,p>is is m important ?an t ( ,lo-,yang or ,pataliputra4 ,b is x p]missible to f\nd a s*eme ( _w-hi/ory on e/imates ( su* a sort8 ,if s1 !n ! ,*9ese hi/orian is q entitl$ to frame a _w-hi/ory 9 :i* ! ,crusades1 ! ,r5aissance1 ,cs> & ,fr$]ick ! ,great are pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce z insignificant4 ,h[1 f ! morphological po9t ( view1 %\ld our #ah? ,c5tury be m important ?an any o!r ( ! sixty c5turies t prec$$ x8 ,is x n ridicul\s to oppose a 8mod]n0 hi/ory ( a few c5turies1 & t hi/ory to all int5ts localiz$ 9 ,we/ ,europe1 to an 8anci5t0 hi/ory :i* cov]s z _m mill5nia--incid5tally dump+ into t 8anci5t hi/ory0 ! :ole mass ( ! pre-,hell5ic cultures1 unprob$ & unord]$1 z m]e app5dix-matt]8 ,?is is no exagg]ation4 ,d we n1 = ! sake ( keep+ ! ho>y s*eme1 dispose ( ,egypt & ,babylon--ea* z an individual & self-conta9$ hi/ory q equal 9 ! balance to our s-call$ 8_w-hi/ory0 f ,*>lemagne to ! ,_w-,w> & well beyond x--z a prelude to classical hi/ory8 ,d we n relegate ! va/ complexes ( ,indian & ,*9ese culture to foot-notes1 ) a ge/ure ( emb>rassm5t8 ,z = ! great ,am]ican cultures1 d we n1 on ! gr\nd t !y d n 8fit 90 7) :at871 entirely ignore !m8 ,! mo/ appropriate designation = ?is curr5t ,we/-,european s*eme ( hi/ory1 9 :i* ! great ,cultures are made to foll[ orbits r\nd u z ! presum$ c5tre ( all _w-happ5+s1 is ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( hi/ory4 ,! sy/em t is put =w>d 9 ?is "w 9 place ( x ,i reg>d z ! ,cop]nican discov]y 9 ! hi/orical sph]e1 9 t x admits no sort ( privileg$ position to ! ,classical or ! ,we/]n ,culture z aga9/ ! ,cultures ( ,india1 ,babylon1 ,*9a1 ,egypt1 ! ,arabs1 ,mexico--sep>ate worlds ( dynamic be+ :i* 9 po9t ( mass c\nt = j z mu* 9 ! g5]al picture ( hi/ory z ! ,classical1 :ile frequ5tly surpass+ x 9 po9t ( spiritual greatness & so>+ p[]4 ----- ,footnote #aj3 ,"h ! hi/orian is gravely influ5c$ by preconceptions d]iv$ f geography1 :i* assumes a ,cont95t ( ,europe1 & feels himself compell$ to draw an ideal fronti] correspond+ to ! physical fronti] betwe5 8,europe0 & 8,asia40 ,! ^w 8,europe0 ought to be /ruck out ( hi/ory4 ,!re is hi/orically no 8,european0 type1 & x is %e] delusion to speak ( ! ,hell5es z 8,european ,antiquity0 77 ,hom] & ,h]aclitus & ,py?agoras1 !n1 ,asiatics87 & to enl>ge ^u _! 8mission0 z su*4 ,^! phrases express no realities b m]ely a sket*y int]pretation ( ! map4 ,x is ?anks to ?is ^w 8,europe0 alone1 & ! complex ( ideas result+ f x1 t our hi/orical consci\sness has come to l9k ,russia ) ! ,we/ 9 an utt]ly baseless unity--a m]e ab/raction d]iv$ f ! read+ ( books--t has l$ to imm5se real consequ5ces4 ,9 ! %ape ( ,pet] ! ,great1 ?is ^w has falsifi$ ! hi/orical t5d5cies ( a primitive human mass = two c5turies1 :]eas ! ,russian in/9ct has v truly & fundam5tally divid$ 8,europe0 f 8,"m ,russia0 ) ! ho/ility t we c see embodi$ 9 ,tol/oi1 ,aksakov or ,do/oyevski4 8,ea/0 & 8,we/0 are notions t conta9 real hi/ory1 :]eas 8,europe0 is an empty s\nd4 ,ev]y?+ great t ! ,classical _w creat$1 x creat$ 9 pure d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( any cont95tal b>ri] betwe5 ,rome & ,cyprus1 ,byzantium & ,alex&ria4 ,ev]y?+ t we imply by ! t]m ,european ,culture came into exi/5ce betwe5 ! ,vi/ula & ! ,adriatic & ! ,guadalquivir &1 ev5 if we 7 to agree t ,greece1 ! ,greece ( ,p]icles1 lay 9 ,europe1 ! ,greece ( to-day c]ta9ly does n4 ----- ,,vii ,! s*eme 8anci5t-m$ival-mod]n0 9 its fir/ =m 0 a creation ( ! ,magian _w-s5se4 ,x fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,p]sian & ,jewi% religions aft] ,cyrus1#aa receiv$ an apocalyptic s5se 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,book ( ,daniel on ! f\r _w-eras1 & 0 develop$ into a _w-hi/ory 9 ! po/-,*ri/ian religions ( ! ,ea/1 notably ! ,gno/ic sy/ems4#ab ,?is important conception1 )9 ! v n>r[ limits :i* fix$ its intellectual basis1 0 unimpea*able4 ,nei!r ,indian nor ev5 ,egyptian hi/ory 0 includ$ 9 ! scope ( ! proposition4 ,= ! ,magian ?9k] ! expression 8_w-hi/ory0 meant a unique & supremely dramatic act1 hav+ z its !atre ! l&s betwe5 ,hellas & ,p]sia1 9 :i* ! /rictly duali/ic _w-s5se ( ! ,ea/ express$ itself n by means ( pol> conceptions l ! 8s\l & _s10 8good & evil0 ( contempor>y metaphysics1 b by ! figure ( a cata/rophe1 an epo*al *ange ( phase betwe5 _w-creation & _w-decay4#ac ,no elem5ts beyond ^? :i* we f9d /abiliz$ 9 ! ,classical lit]ature1 on ! "o h&1 & ! ,bible 7or o!r sacr$ book ( ! p>ticul> sy/em71 on ! o!r1 came into ! picture1 :i* pres5ts 7z 8,! ,old0 & 8,! ,new10 respectively7 ! easily-grasp$ contra/s ( ,g5tile & ,jewi%1 ,*ri/ian & ,hea!n1 ,classical & ,ori5tal1 idol & dogma1 nature & _s ) a "t connotation--t is1 z a drama 9 :i* ! "o prevails ov] ! o!r4 ,! hi/orical *ange ( p]iod we>s ! *>act]i/ic dress ( ! religi\s 8,r$emption40 ,?is 8_w-hi/ory0 9 %ort 0 a conception n>r[ & prov9cial1 b )9 its limits logical & complete4 ,necess>ily1 !re=e1 x 0 specific to ?is region & ?is humanity1 & incapable ( any natural ext5sion4 ,b to ^! two !re has be5 add$ a ?ird epo*1 ! epo* t we call 8mod]n10 on ,we/]n soil1 & x is ?is t = ! fir/ "t gives ! picture ( hi/ory ! look ( a progression4 ,! ori5tal picture 0 at re/4 ,x pres5t$ a self-conta9$ anti!sis1 ) equilibrium z its outcome & a unique div9e act z its turn+-po9t4 ,b1 adopt$ & assum$ by a :olly new type ( mank9d1 x 0 quickly trans=m$ 7)\t anyone's notic+ ! oddity ( ! *ange7 into a conception ( a l9e> progress3 f ,hom] or ,adam--! mod]n c sub/itute = ^! names ! ,indo-,g]man1 ,old ,/one ,man1 or ! ,pi!can?ropus--?r\gh ,j]usalem1 ,rome1 ,flor5ce & ,p>is accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! individual hi/orian1 ?9k] or arti/1 :o has unlimit$ fre$om 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ?ree-"p s*eme4 ,?is ?ird t]m1 8mod]n times10 :i* 9 =m ass]ts t x is ! la/ & conclusive t]m ( ! s]ies1 has 9 fact1 ev] s9ce ! ,crusades1 be5 /ret*$ & /ret*$ aga9 to ! ela/ic limit at :i* x w be> no m4#ad ,x 0 at lea/ impli$ if n /at$ 9 s _m words1 t "h1 beyond ! anci5t & ! m$ival1 some?+ def9itive 0 beg9n+1 a ,?ird ,k+dom 9 :i*1 some:]e1 !re 0 to be fulfilm5t & culm9ation1 & :i* _h an objective po9t4 ,z to :at ?is objective po9t is1 ea* ?9k]1 f ,s*oolman to pres5t-day ,sociali/1 backs 8 own peculi> discov]y4 ,su* a view into ! c\rse ( ?+s may be bo? easy & flatt]+ to ! pat5tee1 b 9 fact he has simply tak5 ! _s ( ! ,we/1 z reflect$ 9 8 own bra91 = ! mean+ ( ! _w4 ,s x is t great ?9k]s1 mak+ a metaphysical virtue ( intellectual necessity1 h n only accept$ )\t s]i\s inve/igation ! s*eme ( hi/ory agre$ 8by common cons5t0 b h made ( x ! basis ( _! philosophies & dragg$ 9 ,god z au?or ( ?is or t 8_w- plan40 ,evid5tly ! my/ic numb] ?ree appli$ to ! _w-ages has some?+ highly s$uctive = ! metaphysician's ta/e4 ,hi/ory 0 describ$ by ,h]d] z ! education ( ! human race1 by ,kant z an evolution ( ! idea ( fre$om1 by ,hegel z a self-expansion ( ! _w-_s1 by o!rs 9 o!r t]ms1 b z reg>ds its gr\nd-plan ev]yone 0 q satisfi$ :5 he _h ?\ght out "s ab/ract mean+ = ! conv5tional ?reefold ord]4 ,on ! v ?re%old ( ! ,we/]n ,culture we meet ! great ,joa*im ( ,floris 7c4 #aade-abjb71ae ! fir/ ?9k] ( ! ,hegelian /amp :o %att]$ ! duali/ic _w-=m ( ,augu/9e1 & ) 8 ess5tially ,go?ic intellect /at$ ! new ,*ri/ianity ( 8 "t 9 ! =m ( a ?ird t]m to ! religions ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts1 express+ !m respectively z ! ,age ( ! ,fa!r1 ! ,age ( ! ,son & ! ,age ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,8 tea*+ mov$ ! be/ ( ! ,franciscans & ! ,dom9icans1 ,dante1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 9 _! inmo/ s\ls & awak5$ a _w-outlook :i* sl[ly b surely took entire possession ( ! hi/orical s5se ( our ,culture4 ,less+-- :o (t5 designat$ 8 own p]iod1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,classical z ! 8aft]-_w0#af 7,na*welt7--took 8 idea ( ! 8education ( ! human race0 ) its ?ree /ages ( *ild1 y\? & man1 f ! tea*+ ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury my/ics4 ,ibs5 treats x ) ?or\ghness 9 8 ,emp]or & ,galilean 7#ahgc71 9 :i* he directly pres5ts ! ,gno/ic _w-conception ?r\gh ! figure ( ! wiz>d ,maximus1 & advances n a /ep beyond x 9 8 fam\s ,/ockholm address ( #ahhg4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t ! ,we/]n consci\sness feels itself urg$ to pr$icate a sort ( f9ality inh]5t 9 its own appe>ance4 ,b ! creation ( ! ,abbot ( ,floris 0 a my/ical glance into ! secrets ( ! div9e _w-ord]4 ,x 0 b\nd to lose all mean+ z soon z x 0 us$ 9 ! way ( reason+ & made a hypo!sis ( sci5tific ?9k+1 z x has be5--ev] m & m frequ5tly-- s9ce ! #ag? ,c5tury4 ,x is a q indef5sible me?od ( pres5t+ _w-hi/ory to beg9 by giv+ re9 to "o's own religi\s1 political or social convictions & end[+ ! sacrosanct ?ree-phase sy/em ) t5d5cies t w br+ x exactly to "o's own /&po9t4 ,?is is1 9 effect1 mak+ ( "s =mula--say1 ! 8,age ( ,reason10 ,humanity1 ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]1 enlight5m5t1 economic progress1 national fre$om1 ! conque/ ( nature1 or _w-peace--a crit]ion :]eby to judge :ole mill5nia ( hi/ory4 ,& s we judge t !y 7 ignorant ( ! 8true pa?10 or t !y fail$ to foll[ x1 :5 ! fact is simply t _! w & purposes 7 n ! same z ours4 ,goe!'s say+1 8,:at is important 9 life is life & n a result ( life10 is ! answ] to any & e s5seless attempt to solve ! riddle ( hi/orical =m by means ( a programme4 ,x is ! same picture t we f9d :5 we turn to ! hi/orians ( ea* special art or sci5ce 7& ^? ( national economics & philosophy z well74 ,we f9d3 8,pa9t+0 f ! ,egyptians 7or ! cave-m57 to ! ,impressioni/s1 or 8,music0 f ,hom] to ,bayreu? & beyond1 or 8,social ,organization0 f ,lake ,dwell+s to ,socialism1 z ! case may be1 pres5t$ z a l9e> graph :i* /eadily rises 9 con=mity ) ! values ( ! 7select$7 argum5ts4 ,no "o has s]i\sly consid]$ ! possibility t arts may h an allott$ span ( life & may be atta*$ z =ms ( self-expression to p>ticul> regions & p>ticul> types ( mank9d1 & t !re=e ! total hi/ory ( an art may be m]ely an additive compilation ( sep>ate developm5ts1 ( special arts1 ) no bond ( union save ! "n & "s details ( craft-te*nique4 ,we "k x to be true ( e organism t ! rhy?m1 =m & duration ( its life1 & all ! expression-details ( t life z well1 are det]m9$ by ! prop]ties ( its species4 ,no "o1 look+ at ! oak1 ) its mill5nial life1 d>e say t x is at ?is mom5t1 n[1 ab\t to />t on its true & prop] c\rse4 ,no "o z he sees a cat]pill> gr[ day by day expects t x w g on do+ s = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ^! cases we feel1 ) an unqualifi$ c]ta9ty1 a limit1 & ?is s5se ( ! limit is id5tical ) our s5se ( ! inw>d =m4 ,9 ! case ( high] human hi/ory1 on ! contr>y1 we take our ideas z to ! c\rse ( ! future f an unbridl$ optimism t sets at naught all hi/orical1 i4e41 organic1 exp]i5ce1 & ev]yone !re=e sets himself to discov] 9 ! accid5tal pres5t t]ms t he c exp& into "s /rik+ progression-s]ies1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* re/s n on sci5tific pro( b on pr$ilection4 ,he works ^u unlimit$ possibilities--nev] a natural end--& f ! mom5t>y top-c\rse ( 8 bricks plans artlessly ! cont9uation ( 8 /ructure4 8,mank9d10 h[ev]1 has no aim1 no idea1 no plan1 any m ?an ! family ( butt]flies or or*ids4 8,mank9d0 is a zoological expression1 or an empty ^w4#ag ,b conjure away ! phantom1 break ! magic circle1 & at once !re em]ges an a/oni%+ weal? ( actual =ms--! ,liv+ ) all its imm5se fullness1 dep? & movem5t-- hi!rto veil$ by a cat*word1 a dryasdu/ s*eme1 & a set ( p]sonal 8ideals40 ,i see1 9 place ( t empty figm5t ( "o l9e> hi/ory :i* c only be kept up by %utt+ "o's eyes to ! ov]:elm+ multitude ( ! facts1 ! drama ( a numb] ( mighty ,cultures1 ea* spr++ ) primitive /r5g? f ! soil ( a "m-region to :i* x rema9s firmly b\nd ?r\gh\t its :ole life-cycle2 ea* /amp+ its mat]ial1 its mank9d1 9 its own image2 ea* hav+ its own idea1 its own passions1 its own life1 w & feel+1 its own dea?4 ,"h inde$ are col\rs1 lights1 movem5ts1 t no intellectual eye has yet discov]$4 ,"h ! ,cultures1 peoples1 languages1 tru?s1 gods1 l&scapes bloom & age z ! oaks & ! /one-p9es1 ! blossoms1 twigs & leaves--b !re is no age+ 8,mank9d40 ,ea* ,culture has its own new possibilities ( self-expression :i* arise1 rip51 decay1 & nev] return4 ,!re is n "o sculpture1 "o pa9t+1 "o ma!matics1 "o physics1 b _m1 ea* 9 its deepe/ ess5ce diff]5t f ! o!rs1 ea* limit$ 9 duration & self-conta9$1 j z ea* species ( plant has its peculi> blossom or fruit1 its special type ( gr[? & decl9e4 ,^! cultures1 sublimat$ life-ess5ces1 gr[ ) ! same sup]b aimlessness z ! fl[]s ( ! field4 ,!y belong1 l ! plants & ! animals1 to ! liv+ ,nature ( ,goe!1 & n to ! dead ,nature ( ,newton4 ,i see _w-hi/ory z a picture ( endless =mations & trans=mations1 ( ! m>vell\s wax+ & wan+ ( organic =ms4 ,! pr(essional hi/orian1 on ! contr>y1 sees x z a sort ( tapeworm indu/ri\sly add+ on to itself "o epo* aft] ano!r4 ,b ! s]ies 8anci5t-m$ival-mod]n hi/ory0 has at la/ exhau/$ its usefulness4 ,angul>1 n>r[1 %all[ ?\gh x 0 z a sci5tific f\ndation1 /ill we possess$ no o!r =m t 0 n :olly unphilosophical 9 :i* our data c\ld be arrang$1 & _w-hi/ory 7z hi!rto und]/ood7 has to ?ank x = filt]+ our classifiable solid residues4 ,b ! numb] ( c5turies t ! s*eme c by any /ret* be made to cov] has long s9ce be5 exce$$1 & ) ! rapid increase 9 ! volume ( our hi/orical mat]ial--especially ( mat]ial t _c possibly be br\ght "u ! s*eme--! picture is beg9n+ to dissolve into a *aotic blur4 ,e hi/orical /ud5t :o is n q bl9d kn[s & feels ?is1 & x is z a dr[n+ man t he clut*es at ! only s*eme :i* he kn[s (4 ,! ^w 8,middle ,age10#ah inv5t$ 9 #affg by ,pr(essor ,horn ( ,leyd51 has to-day to cov] a =mless & con/antly ext5d+ mass :i* c only be def9$1 negatively1 z e ?+ n classifiable "u any pretext 9 "o ( ! o!r two 7tol]ably well-ord]$7 gr\ps4 ,we h an excell5t example ( ?is 9 our feeble treatm5t & hesitant judgm5t ( mod]n ,p]sian1 ,arabian & ,russian hi/ory4 ,b1 above all1 x has become impossible to conceal ! fact t ?is s-call$ hi/ory ( ! _w is a limit$ hi/ory1 fir/ ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean region & !n1--) an abrupt *ange ( sc5e at ! ,migrations 7an ev5t important only to u & !re=e greatly exagg]at$ by u1 an ev5t ( purely ,we/]n & n ev5 ,arabian significance71--( ,we/-,c5tral ,europe4 ,:5 ,hegel decl>$ s navely t he meant to ignore ^? peoples :i* did n fit into 8 s*eme ( hi/ory1 he 0 only mak+ an hone/ av[al ( me?odic premisses t e hi/orian f9ds necess>y = 8 purpose & e hi/orical "w %[s 9 its lay- out4 ,9 fact x has n[ become an affair ( sci5tific tact to det]m9e :i* ( ! hi/orical developm5ts %all be s]i\sly tak5 into acc\nt & :i* n4 ,ranke is a good example4 ----- ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ca1 #age4 ,footnote #ab3 ,w9delb&1 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 7#aijc71 pp4 #bge ff4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! pol> idea t5ds to appe> 9 ! dialectics ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 :ile ! p]iodic is repres5t$ by ! ,apocalypse4 ,footnote #ad3 ,z we c see f ! expression1 at once desp]ate & ridicul\s1 8newe/ "t0 7neue/e ,zeit74 ,footnote #ae3 ,k4 ,burda*1 ,re=mation1 ,r5aissance1 ,humanismus1 #aiah1 pp4 #dh et seq4 7,engli% read]s may be ref]r$ to ! article ,joa*im ( ,floris by ,pr(essor ,alph&]y 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,,xi ed41 ,tr47 ,footnote #af3 ,! expression 8antique0--meant ( c\rse 9 ! duali/ic s5se--is f\nd z e>ly z ! ,isagoge ( ,porphyry 7c4 #cjj ,a4,d474 ,footnote #ag3 8,mank9d8 ,x is an ab/raction4 ,!re are1 always h be51 & always w be1 m5 & only m540 7,goe! to ,lud547 ,footnote #ah3 8,middle ,ages0 connotes ! hi/ory ( ! space-"t region 9 :i* ,lat9 0 ! language ( ! ,*ur* & ! le>n$4 ,! mighty c\rse ( ,ea/]n ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 long be=e ,boniface1 spread ov] ,turke/an into ,*9a & ?r\gh ,saba into ,abyss9ia1 0 entirely exclud$ f ?is 8_w-hi/ory40 ----- ,,viii ,to-day we ?9k 9 cont95ts1 & x is only our philosoph]s & hi/orians :o h n realiz$ t we d s4 ,( :at significance to u1 !n1 are conceptions & purviews t !y put be=e u z univ]sally valid1 :5 9 tru? _! fur!/ horizon does n ext5d beyond ! intellectual atmosph]e ( ,we/]n ,man8 ,exam9e1 f ?is po9t ( view1 our be/ books4 ,:5 ,plato speaks ( humanity1 he means ! ,hell5es 9 contra/ to ! b>b>ians1 :i* is entirely consonant ) ! ahi/oric mode ( ! ,classical life & ?\ght1 & 8 premisses take him to conclusions t = ,greeks 7 complete & significant4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,kant philosophizes1 say on e?ical ideas1 he ma9ta9s ! validity ( 8 !ses = m5 ( all times & places4 ,he does n say ?is 9 s _m words1 =1 = himself & 8 read]s1 x is some?+ t goes )\t say+4 ,9 8 /hetics he =mulates ! pr9ciples1 n ( ,phidias's art1 or ,rembr&t's art1 b ( ,art g5]ally4 ,b :at he poses z necess>y =ms ( ?\ght are 9 reality only necess>y =ms ( ,we/]n ?\ght1 ?\gh a glance at ,ari/otle & 8 ess5tially diff]5t conclusions %\ld h suffic$ to %[ t ,ari/otle's intellect1 n less p5etrat+ ?an 8 own1 0 ( diff]5t /ructure f x4 ,! categories ( ! ,we/]n] are j z ali5 to ,russian ?\ght z ^? ( ! ,*9aman or ! anci5t ,greek are to him4 ,= u1 ! effective & complete compreh5sion ( ,classical root-words is j z impossible z t ( ,russian#ai & ,indian1 & = ! mod]n ,*9ese or ,arab1 ) _! utt]ly diff]5t intellectual con/itutions1 8philosophy f ,bacon to ,kant0 has only a curiosity-value4 ,x is ?is t is lack+ to ! ,we/]n ?9k]1 ! v ?9k] 9 :om we might h expect$ to f9d x--insight into ! hi/orically relative "* ( 8 data1 :i* are expressions ( "o specific exi/5ce & "o only2 k ( ! necess>y limits ( _! validity2 ! conviction t 8 8un%akable0 tru?s & 8et]nal0 views are simply true = him & et]nal = 8 _w-view2 ! duty ( look+ beyond !m to f9d out :at ! m5 ( o!r ,cultures h ) equal c]ta9ty evolv$ out ( !mselves4 ,t & no?+ else w imp>t complet5ess to ! philosophy ( ! future1 & only ?r\gh an und]/&+ ( ! liv+ _w %all we und]/& ! symbolism ( hi/ory4 ,"h !re is no?+ con/ant1 no?+ univ]sal4 ,we mu/ cease to speak ( ! =ms ( 8,?\ght10 ! pr9ciples ( 8,trag$y10 ! mission ( 8,! ,/ate40 ,univ]sal validity involves always ! fallacy ( argu+ f p>ticul> to p>ticul>4 ,b some?+ mu* m disquiet+ ?an a logical fallacy beg9s to appe> :5 ! c5tre ( gravity ( philosophy %ifts f ! ab/ract-sy/ematic to ! practical-e?ical & our ,we/]n ?9k]s f ,s*op5hau] onw>d turn f ! problem ( cognition to ! problem ( life 7! w to life1 to p[]1 to action74 ,"h x is n ! ideal ab/ract 8man0 ( ,kant t is subject$ to exam9ation1 b actual man z he has inhabit$ ! e>? dur+ hi/orical "t1 gr\p$1 :e!r primitive or advanc$1 by peoples2 & x is m ?an ev] futile to def9e ! /ructure ( 8 highe/ ideas 9 t]ms ( ! 8anci5t-m$ival-mod]n0 s*eme ) its local limitations4 ,b x is done1 nev]!less4 ,consid] ! hi/orical horizon ( ,nietzs*e4 ,8 conceptions ( decad5ce1 milit>ism1 ! transvaluation ( all values1 ! w to p[]1 lie deep 9 ! ess5ce ( ,we/]n civilization & are = ! analysis ( t civilization ( decisive importance4 ,b :at1 d we f9d1 0 ! f\ndation on :i* he built up 8 creation8 ,romans & ,greeks1 ,r5aissance & ,european pres5t1 ) a fleet+ & uncompreh5d+ side-glance at ,indian philosophy--9 %ort 8anci5t1 m$ival & mod]n0 hi/ory4 ,/rictly speak+1 he nev] once mov$ outside ! s*eme1 n did any o!r ?9k] ( 8 "t4 ,:at correlation1 !n1 is !re or c !re be ( 8 idea ( ! 8,dionysian0 ) ! inn] life ( a highly-civiliz$ ,*9ese or an up- to-date ,am]ican8 ,:at is ! significance ( 8 type ( ! 8,sup]man0--= ! _w ( ,islam8 ,c image-=m+ anti!ses ( ,nature & ,intellect1 ,hea!n & ,*ri/ian1 ,classical & ,mod]n1 h any mean+ = ! s\l ( ! ,indian or ! ,russian8 ,:at c ,tol/oi-- :o f ! dep?s ( 8 humanity reject$ ! :ole ,we/]n _w- idea z some?+ ali5 & di/ant--d ) ! 8,middle ,ages10 ) ,dante1 ) ,lu!r8 ,:at c a ,japanese d ) ,p>zeval & 8,z>a?u/ra10 or an ,indian ) ,sophocles8 ,& is ! ?\ght-range ( ,s*op5hau]1 ,comte1 ,feu]ba*1 ,hebbel or ,/r9db]g any wid]8 ,is n _! :ole psy*ology1 = all its int5tion ( _w-wide validity1 "o ( purely ,we/-,european significance8 ,h[ comic seem ,ibs5's woman-problems--:i* also *all5ge ! att5tion ( all 8humanity0--:51 = 8 fam\s ,nora1 ! lady ( ! ,nor?-we/ ,european city ) ! horizon t is impli$ by a h\se-r5t ( #ajj to #cjj a ye> & a ,prote/ant upbr++1 we sub/itute ,cs>'s wife1 ,madame de ,svign1 a ,japanese or a ,turki% peasant woman6 ,b1 = t matt]1 ,ibs5's own circle ( vision is t ( ! middle class 9 a great city ( ye/]day & to-day4 ,8 conflicts1 :i* />t f spiritual premisses t did n exi/ till ab\t #ahej & c sc>cely la/ beyond #aiej1 are nei!r ^? ( ! great _w nor ^? ( ! l[] masses1 /ill less ^? ( ! cities inhabit$ by non-,european populations4 ,all ^! are local & tempor>y values--mo/ ( !m inde$ limit$ to ! mom5t>y 8intellig5tsia0 ( cities ( ,we/-,european type4 ,_w- hi/orical or 8et]nal0 values !y emphatically are n4 ,:atev] ! sub/antial importance ( ,ibs5's & ,nietzs*e's g5]ation may be1 x infr+es ! v mean+ ( ! ^w 8_w-hi/ory0--:i* d5otes ! totality & n a select$ "p--to subord9ate1 to und]value1 or to ignore ! factors :i* lie outside 8mod]n0 int]e/s4 ,yet 9 fact !y are s und]valu$ or ignor$ to an amaz+ ext5t4 ,:at ! ,we/ has said & ?\ght1 hi!rto1 on ! problems ( space1 "t1 motion1 numb]1 w1 m>riage1 prop]ty1 trag$y1 sci5ce1 has rema9$ n>r[ & dubi\s1 because m5 7 always look+ = ! solution ( ! "q4 ,x 0 nev] se5 t _m que/ion]s implies _m answ]s1 t any philosophical "q is really a veil$ desire to get an explicit affirmation ( :at is implicit 9 ! "q itself1 t ! great que/ions ( any p]iod are fluid beyond all conception1 & t !re=e x is only by obta9+ a gr\p ( hi/orically limit$ solutions & measur+ x by utt]ly imp]sonal crit]ia t ! f9al secrets c be rea*$4 ,! real /ud5t ( mank9d treats no /&po9t z absolutely "r or absolutely wrong4 ,9 ! face ( su* grave problems z t ( ,"t or t ( ,m>riage1 x is insuffici5t to appeal to p]sonal exp]i5ce1 or an inn] voice1 or reason1 or ! op9ion ( ance/ors or contempor>ies4 ,^! may say :at is true = ! que/ion] himself & = 8 "t1 b t is n all4 ,9 o!r ,cultures ! ph5om5on talks a diff]5t language1 = o!r m5 !re are diff]5t tru?s4 ,! ?9k] mu/ admit ! validity ( all1 or ( none4 ,h[ greatly1 !n1 ,we/]n _w-criticism c be wid5$ & deep5$6 ,h[ imm5sely f> beyond ! innoc5t relativism ( ,nietzs*e & 8 g5]ation "o mu/ look--h[ f9e "o's s5se = =m & "o's psy*ological insight mu/ become--h[ completely "o mu/ free oneself f limitations ( self1 ( practical int]e/s1 ( horizon--be=e "o d>e ass]t ! pret5sion to und]/& _w-hi/ory1 ! _w-z- hi/ory4 ----- ,footnote #ai3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfb1 foot-note4 ,to ! true ,russian ! basic proposition ( ,d>w9ism is z devoid ( mean+ z t ( ,cop]nicus is to a true ,arab4 ----- ,,ix ,9 opposition to all ^! arbitr>y & n>r[ s*emes1 d]iv$ f tradition or p]sonal *oice1 into :i* hi/ory is =c$1 ,i put =w>d ! natural1 ! 8,cop]nican10 =m ( ! hi/orical process :i* lies deep 9 ! ess5ce ( t process & reveals itself only to an eye p]fectly free f prepossessions4 ,su* an eye 0 ,goe!'s4 ,t :i* ,goe! call$ ,liv+ ,nature is exactly t :i* we are call+ "h _w-hi/ory1 _w-z- hi/ory4 ,goe!1 :o z arti/ portray$ ! life & developm5t1 always ! life & developm5t1 ( 8 figures1 ! ?+-becom+ & n ! ?+-become 78,wilhelm ,mei/]0 & 8,wahrheit und ,di*tung07 hat$ ,ma!matics4 ,= him1 ! _w-z-me*anism /ood oppos$ to ! _w-z-organism1 dead nature to liv+ nature1 law to =m4 ,z naturali/1 e l9e he wrote 0 meant to display ! image ( a ?+-becom+1 ! 8impress$ =m0 liv+ & develop+4 ,sympa?y1 obs]vation1 comp>ison1 imm$iate & inw>d c]ta9ty1 intellectual flair--^! 7 ! means :]eby he 0 enabl$ to approa* ! secrets ( ! ph5om5al _w 9 motion4 ,n[ ^! are ! means ( hi/orical rese>*--precisely ^! & no o!rs4 ,x 0 ?is godlike insight t prompt$ him to say at ! biv\ac fire on ! ev5+ ( ! ,battle ( ,valmy3 8,"h & n[ beg9s a new epo* ( _w hi/ory1 & y1 g5tlem51 c say t y #87 !re4'0 ,no g5]al1 no diplomat1 let alone ! philosoph]s1 ev] s directly felt hi/ory 8becom+40 ,x is ! deepe/ judgm5t t any man ev] utt]$ ab\t a great hi/orical act 9 ! mom5t ( its accompli%m5t4 ,& j z he foll[$ out ! developm5t ( ! plant-=m f ! leaf1 ! bir? ( ! v]tebrate type1 ! process ( ! geological /rata--! ,de/9y 9 nature & n ! ,causality--s "h we %all develop ! =m-language ( human hi/ory1 its p]iodic /ructure1 its organic logic out ( ! pr(usion ( all ! *all5g+ details4 ,9 o!r aspects1 mank9d is habitually1 & rightly1 reckon$ z "o ( ! organisms ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,its physical /ructure1 its natural functions1 ! :ole ph5om5al conception ( x1 all belong to a m compreh5sive unity4 ,only 9 ?is aspect is x treat$ o!rwise1 despite t deeply-felt relation%ip ( plant de/9y & human de/9y :i* is an et]nal !me ( all lyrical poetry1 & despite t simil>ity ( human hi/ory to t ( any o!r ( ! high] life-gr\ps :i* is ! refra9 ( endless bea/-leg5ds1 sagas & fables4 ,b only br+ analogy to be> on ?is aspect z on ! re/1 lett+ ! _w ( human ,cultures intimately & unres]v$ly "w ^u ! imag9ation in/ead ( =c+ x into a ready-made s*eme4 ,let ! words y\?1 gr[?1 maturity1 decay--hi!rto1 & to-day m ?an ev]1 us$ to express subjective valuations & entirely p]sonal pref]5ces 9 sociology1 e?ics & /hetics--be tak5 at la/ z objective descriptions ( organic /ates4 ,set =? ! ,classical ,culture z a self-conta9$ ph5om5on embody+ & express+ ! ,classical s\l1 put x beside ! ,egyptian1 ! ,indian1 ! ,babylonian1 ! ,*9ese & ! ,we/]n1 & det]m9e = ea* ( ^! high] individuals :at is typical 9 _! surg+s & :at is necess>y 9 ! riot ( incid5t4 ,& !n at la/ w unfold itself ! picture ( _w-hi/ory t is natural to u1 m5 ( ! ,we/1 & to u alone4 ,x ,our n>r[] task1 !n1 is prim>ily to det]m9e1 f su* a _w- survey1 ! /ate ( ,we/ ,europe & ,am]ica z at ! epo* ( #ahjj- #bjjj--to e/abli% ! *ronological position ( ?is p]iod 9 ! ensemble ( ,we/]n culture-hi/ory1 its significance z a *apt] t is 9 "o or o!r guise necess>ily f\nd 9 ! biography ( e ,culture1 & ! organic & symbolic mean+ ( its political1 arti/ic1 intellectual & social expression-=ms4 ,consid]$ 9 ! _s ( analogy1 ?is p]iod appe>s z *ronologically p>allel--8contempor>y0 9 our special s5se--) ! phase ( ,hell5ism1 & its pres5t culm9ation1 m>k$ by ! ,_w- ,w>1 corresponds ) ! transition f ! ,hell5i/ic to ! ,roman age4 ,rome1 ) its rigor\s realism--un9spir$1 b>b>ic1 discipl9$1 practical1 ,prote/ant1 ,prussian--w always give u1 work+ z we mu/ by analogies1 ! key to und]/&+ our own future4 ,! break ( de/9y t we express by hyph5+ ! words 8,greeks ,romans0 is occurr+ = u also1 sep>at+ t :i* is already fulfill$ f t :i* is to come4 ,long ago we might & %\ld h se5 9 ! 8,classical0 _w a developm5t :i* is ! complete c\nt]p>t ( our own ,we/]n developm5t1 diff]+ inde$ f x 9 e detail ( ! surface b entirely simil> z reg>ds ! inw>d p[] driv+ ! great organism t[>ds its end4 ,we might h f\nd ! con/ant alt] ego ( our own actuality 9 e/abli%+ ! correspond5ce1 item by item1 f ! 8,trojan ,w>0 & ! ,crusades1 ,hom] & ! ,nibelung5li$1 ?r\gh ,doric & ,go?ic1 ,dionysian movem5t & ,r5aissance1 ,polycletus & ,john ,seba/ian ,ba*1 ,a!ns & ,p>is1 ,ari/otle & ,kant1 ,alex&] & ,napoleon1 to ! _w-city & ! imp]ialism common to bo? ,cultures4 ,un=tunately1 ?is requires an int]pretation ( ! picture ( ,classical hi/ory v diff]5t f ! incr$ibly "o-sid$1 sup]ficial1 prejudic$1 limit$ picture t we h 9 fact giv5 to x4 ,we h1 9 tru? be5 only too consci\s ( our ne> relation to ! ,classical ,age1 & only too prone 9 consequ5ce to unconsid]$ ass]tion ( x4 ,sup]ficial simil>ity is a great sn>e1 & our entire ,classical /udy fell a victim to x z soon z x pass$ f ! 7admitt$ly ma/]ly7 ord]+ & critique ( ! discov]ies to ! int]pretation ( _! spiritual mean+4 ,t close inw>d relation 9 :i* we conceive ourselves to /& t[>ds ! ,classical1 & :i* leads u to ?9k t we are its pupils & successors 7:]eas 9 reality we are simply its ador]s71 is a v5]able prejudice :i* ought at la/ to be put aside4 ,! :ole religi\s-philosophical1 art- hi/orical & social-critical "w ( ! #ai? ,c5tury has be5 necess>y to enable u1 n to und]/& s*ylus1 ,plato1 ,apollo & ,dionysus1 ! ,a!nian /ate & ,cs>ism 7:i* we are f> inde$ f do+71 b to beg9 to realize1 once & = all1 h[ immeasurably ali5 & di/ant ^! ?+s are f our inn] selves--m ali51 maybe1 ?an ,mexican gods & ,indian ar*itecture4 ,our views ( ! ,grco-,roman ,culture h always swung betwe5 two extremes1 & our /&po9ts h inv>iably be5 def9$ = u by ! 8anci5t-m$ival-mod]n0 s*eme4 ,"o gr\p1 public m5 be=e all else-- economi/s1 politicians1 juri/s--op9e t 8pres5t-day mank9d0 is mak+ excell5t progress1 assess x & its p]=mances at ! v highe/ value & measure ev]y?+ e>li] by its /&>ds4 ,!re is no mod]n p>ty t has n weigh$ up ,cleon1 ,m>ius1 ,!mi/ocles1 ,catil9e1 ! ,grac*i1 accord+ to its own pr9ciples4 ,on ! o!r h& we h ! gr\p ( arti/s1 poets1 philologi/s & philosoph]s4 ,^! feel !mselves to be out ( _! elem5t 9 ! a=esaid pres5t1 & 9 consequ5ce *oose = !mselves 9 ?is or t pa/ epo* a /&po9t t is 9 its way j z absolute & dogmatic f :i* to condemn 8to-day40 ,! "o gr\p looks ^u ,greece z a 8n yet10 ! o!r ^u mod]nity z a 8nev]more40 ,bo? lab\r "u ! obsession ( a s*eme ( hi/ory :i* treats ! two epo*s z "p ( ! same /raight l9e4 ,9 ?is opposition x is ! two s\ls ( ,fau/ t express !mselves4 ,! dang] ( ! "o gr\p lies 9 a clev] sup]ficiality4 ,9 its h&s !re rema9s f9ally1 ( all ,classical ,culture1 ( all reflections ( ! ,classical s\l1 no?+ b a bundle ( social1 economic1 political & physiological facts1 & ! re/ is treat$ z 8second>y results10 8reflexes10 8att5dant ph5om5a40 ,9 ! books ( ?is gr\p we f9d n a h9t ( ! my?ical =ce ( s*ylus's *oruses1 ( ! imm5se "m-e>? /ruggle ( ! e>ly sculpture1 ! ,doric column1 ( ! ri*ness ( ! ,apollo-cult1 ( ! real dep? ( ! ,roman ,emp]or-wor%ip4 ,! o!r gr\p1 compos$ above all ( belat$ romantici/s--repres5t$ 9 rec5t times by ! ?ree ,basel pr(essors ,ba*(51 ,burckh>dt & ,nietzs*e--succumb to ! usual dang]s ( ideology4 ,!y lose !mselves 9 ! cl\ds ( an antiquity t is really no m ?an ! image ( _! own s5sibility 9 a philological mirror4 ,!y re/ _! case ^u ! only evid5ce :i* !y consid] wor?y to support x1 viz41 ! relics ( ! old lit]ature1 yet !re nev] 0 a ,culture s incompletely repres5t$ = u by its great writ]s4#bj ,! fir/ gr\p1 on ! o!r h&1 supports itself pr9cipally ^u ! humdrum mat]ial ( law-s\rces1 inscriptions & co9s 7:i* ,burckh>dt & ,nietzs*e1 v mu* to _! own loss1 despis$7 & subord9ates !reto1 (t5 ) little or no s5se ( tru? & fact1 ! surviv+ lit]ature4 ,consequ5tly1 ev5 9 po9t ( critical f\ndations1 nei!r gr\p takes ! o!r s]i\sly4 ,i h nev] he>d t ,nietzs*e & ,momms5 _h ! smalle/ respect = ea* o!r4 ,b nei!r gr\p has atta9$ to t high] me?od ( treatm5t :i* r$uces ?is opposition ( crit]ia to a%es1 al?\gh x 0 )9 _! p[] to d s4 ,9 _! self-limitation !y paid ! p5alty = tak+ ov] ! causality-pr9ciple f natural sci5ce4 ,unconsci\sly !y arriv$ at a pragmatism t sket*ily copi$ ! _w-picture drawn by physics &1 in/ead ( reveal+1 obscur$ & confus$ ! q o!r-natur$ =ms ( hi/ory4 ,!y _h no bett] exp$i5t = subject+ ! mass ( hi/orical mat]ial to critical & normative exam9ation ?an to consid] "o complex ( ph5om5a z be+ prim>y & causative & ! re/ z be+ second>y1 z be+ consequ5ces or effects4 ,& x 0 n only ! matt]-(-fact s*ool t resort$ to ?is me?od4 ,! romantici/s did likewise1 = ,hi/ory _h n reveal$ ev5 to _! dream+ gaze its specific logic2 & yet !y felt t !re 0 an imman5t necessity 9 x to det]m9e ?is someh[1 r ?an turn _! backs ^u ,hi/ory 9 despair l ,s*op5hau]4 ----- ,footnote #bj3 ,?is is conclusively prov$ by ! selection t det]m9$ survival1 :i* 0 gov]n$ n by m]e *ance b v def9itely by a delib]ate t5d5cy4 ,! ,atticism ( ! ,augu/an ,age1 tir$1 /]ile1 p$antic1 back-look+1 conceiv$ ! hall-m>k 8classical0 & all[$ only a v small gr\p ( ,greek works up to ,plato to be> x4 ,! re/1 includ+ ! :ole weal? ( ,hell5i/ic lit]ature1 0 reject$ & has be5 almo/ entirely lo/4 ,x is ?is p$agogue's an?ology t has surviv$ 7almo/ 9 its entirety7 & s fix$ ! imag9>y picture ( 8,classical ,antiquity0 alike = ! ,r5aissance ,flor5t9e & = ,w9ckelmann1 ,hld]l91 & ev5 ,nietzs*e4 ,9 ?is ,engli% translation1 x %\ld be m5tion$1 ! ^w 8,classical0 has almo/ univ]sally be5 employ$ to translate ! ,g]man antike1 z1 9 ! translator's judgm5t1 no lit]al equival5t ( ! ,g]man ^w w\ld convey ! specific mean+ atta*$ to antike ?r\gh\t ! "w1 8antique10 8anci5t0 & ! l words hav+ = u a mu* m g5]al connotation4--,tr4 ----- ,,xi ,briefly1 !n1 !re are two ways ( reg>d+ ! ,classical--! mat]iali/ic & ! ideological4 ,by ! =m]1 x is ass]t$ t ! s9k+ ( "o scale-pan has its cause 9 ! ris+ ( ! o!r1 & x is %[n t ?is occurs inv>iably 7truly a /rik+ !orem72 & 9 ?is juxtapos+ ( cause & effect we naturally f9d ! social & sexual1 at all ev5ts ! purely political1 facts class$ z causes & ! religi\s1 intellectual & 7s f> z ! mat]iali/ tol]ates !m z facts at all7 ! arti/ic z effects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ideologues %[ t ! ris+ ( "o scale-pan foll[s f ! s9k+ ( ! o!r1 :i* !y are able to prove ( c\rse ) equal exactitude2 ?is done1 !y lose !mselves 9 cults1 my/]ies1 cu/oms1 9 ! secrets ( ! /rophe & ! l9e1 ?r[+ sc>cely a side-glance at ! commonplace daily life--= !m an unpleasant consequ5ce ( e>?ly imp]fection4 ,ea* side1 ) its gaze fix$ on causality1 demon/rates t ! o!r side ei!r _c or w n und]/& ! true l9kages ( ?+s & ea* ends by call+ ! o!r bl9d1 sup]ficial1 /upid1 absurd or frivol\s1 oddities or ,phili/9es4 ,x %ocks ! ideologue if anyone deals ) ,hell5ic f9ance-problems & in/ead (1 = example1 tell+ u ! deep mean+s ( ! ,delphic oracle1 describes ! f>-rea*+ money op]ations :i* ! ,oracle prie/s und]took ) _! accumulat$ treasures4 ,! politician1 on ! o!r h&1 has a sup]ior smile = ^? :o wa/e _! en?usiasm on ritual =mul & ! dress ( ,attic y\?s1 in/ead ( writ+ a book adorn$ ) up-to-date cat*words ab\t antique class-/ruggles4 ,! "o type is =e%ad[$ f ! v outset 9 ,petr>*2 x creat$ ,flor5ce & ,weim> & ! ,we/]n classicism4 ,! o!r type appe>s 9 ! middle ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 along ) ! rise ( civiliz$1#ba economic-megalopolitan#bb politics1 & ,engl& is !re=e its bir?place 7,grote74 ,at bottom1 ! opposition is betwe5 ! conceptions ( culture-man & ^? ( civilization-man1 & x is too deep1 too ess5tially human1 to all[ ! weaknesses ( bo? /&po9ts alike to be se5 or ov]come4 ,! mat]iali/ himself is on ?is po9t an ideali/4 ,he too1 )\t wi%+ or desir+ x1 has made 8 views dep5d5t ^u 8 wi%es4 ,9 fact all our f9e/ m9ds )\t exception h b[$ d[n rev]5tly be=e ! picture ( ! ,classical1 abdicat+ 9 ?is "o in/ance alone _! function ( unre/rict$ criticism4 ,! fre$om & p[] ( ,classical rese>* are always h9d]$1 & its data obscur$1 by a c]ta9 almo/ religi\s awe4 ,9 all hi/ory !re is no analog\s case ( "o ,culture mak+ a passionate cult ( ! memory ( ano!r4 ,our devotion is evid5c$ yet aga9 9 ! fact t s9ce ! ,r5aissance1 a ?\s& ye>s ( hi/ory h be5 und]valu$ s t an ideal 8,middle0 ,age may s]ve z a l9k betwe5 ourselves & antiquity4 ,we ,we/]n]s h sacrific$ on ! ,classical alt> ! purity & indep5d5ce ( our art1 = we h n d>$ to create )\t a side- glance at ! 8sublime exempl>40 ,we h project$ our own deepe/ spiritual ne$s & feel+s on to ! ,classical picture4 ,"s day a gift$ psy*ologi/ w deal ) ?is mo/ fateful illusion & tell u ! /ory ( ! 8,classical0 t we h s consi/5tly rev]5c$ s9ce ! days ( ,go?ic4 ,few !ses w\ld be m helpful = ! und]/&+ ( ! ,we/]n s\l f ,otto ,,iii1 ! fir/ victim ( ! ,s\?1 to ,nietzs*e1 ! la/4 ,goe! on 8 ,italian t\r speaks ) en?usiasm ( ! build+s ( ,palladio1 ^: frigid & academic "w we to-day reg>d v sceptically3 b :5 he goes on to ,pompeii he does n conceal 8 dissatisfaction 9 exp]i5c+ 8a /range1 half-unpleasant impression10 & :at he has to say on ! temples ( ,p/um & ,sege/a--ma/]pieces ( ,hell5ic art--is emb>rass$ & trivial4 ,palpably1 :5 ,classical antiquity 9 its full =ce met him face to face1 he did n recognize x4 ,x is ! same ) all o!rs4 ,mu* t 0 ,classical !y *ose n to see1 & s !y sav$ _! inw>d image ( ! ,classical--:i* 0 9 reality ! backgr\nd ( a life-ideal t !y !mselves _h creat$ & n\ri%$ ) _! he>t's blood1 a vessel fill$ ) _! own _w-feel+1 a phantom1 an idol4 ,! audaci\s descriptions ( ,ari/ophanes1 ,juv5al or ,petronius ( life 9 ! ,classical cities-- ! s\!rn dirt & riff-raff1 t]rors & brutalities1 pleasure-boys & ,phrynes1 phallus wor%ip & imp]ial orgies--excite ! en?usiasm ( ! /ud5t & ! dilettante1 :o f9d ! same realities 9 ! _w-cities ( to-day too lam5table & repulsive to face4 8,9 ! cities life is bad2 !re are too _m ( ! lu/ful40--also spra* ,z>a?u/ra4 ,!y comm5d ! /ate-s5se ( ! ,romans1 b despise ! man ( to-day :o p]mits himself any contact ) public affairs4 ,!re is a type ( s*ol> ^: cl>ity ( vision comes "u "s irresi/ible spell :5 x turns f a frock-coat to a toga1 f a ,briti% football-gr\nd to a ,byzant9e circus1 f a transcont95tal railway to a ,roman road 9 ! ,alps1 f a ?irty-knot de/roy] to a trireme1 f ,prussian bayonets to ,roman spe>s--n[adays1 ev51 f a mod]n eng9e]'s ,suez ,canal to t ( a ,ph>aoh4 ,he w\ld admit a /eam-eng9e z a symbol ( human passion & an expression ( intellectual =ce if x 7 ,h]o ( ,alex&ria :o inv5t$ x1 n o!rwise4 ,to su* x seems blasphem\s to talk ( ,roman c5tral-heat+ or book-keep+ 9 pref]5ce to ! wor%ip ( ! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods4 ,b ! o!r s*ool sees no?+ b ^! ?+s4 ,x ?9ks x exhau/s ! ess5ce ( ?is ,culture1 ali5 z x is to ours1 by treat+ ! ,greeks z simply equival5t1 & x obta9s its conclusions by means ( simple factual sub/itutions1 ignor+ altoge!r ! ,classical s\l4 ,t !re is n ! slighte/ inw>d correlation betwe5 ! ?+s meant by 8,republic10 8fre$om10 8prop]ty0 & ! l !n & !re & ! ?+s meant by su* words "h & n[1 x has no notion :atev]4 ,x makes fun ( ! hi/orians ( ! age ( ,goe!1 :o hone/ly express$ _! own political ideals 9 classical hi/ory =ms & reveal$ _! own p]sonal en?usiasms 9 v9dications or condemnations ( lay-figures nam$ ,lycurgus1 ,brutus1 ,cato1 ,cic]o1 ,augu/us--b x _c itself write a *apt] )\t reflect+ ! p>ty op9ion ( its morn+ pap]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* ! same :e!r ! pa/ is treat$ 9 ! _s ( ,don ,quixote or 9 t ( ,san*o ,panza4 ,nei!r way leads to ! end4 ,9 sum1 ea* s*ool p]mits itself to br+ into high relief t "p ( ! ,classical :i* be/ expresses its own views--,nietzs*e ! pre- ,socratic ,a!ns1 ! economi/s ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 ! politicians ,republican ,rome1 poets ! ,imp]ial ,age4 ,n t religi\s & arti/ic ph5om5a are m primitive ?an social & economic1 any m ?an ! rev]se4 ,= ! man :o 9 ^! ?+s has won 8 unconditional fre$om ( outlook1 beyond all p]sonal int]e/s :atsoev]1 !re is no dep5d5ce1 no priority1 no relation ( cause & effect1 no diff]5tiation ( value or importance4 ,t :i* assigns relative ranks among/ ! individual detail-facts is simply ! great] or less purity & =ce ( _! =m-language1 _! symbolism1 beyond all que/ions ( good & evil1 high & l[1 useful & ideal4 ----- ,footnote #ba3 ,z w be se5 lat]1 ! words zivilisi]te & ,zivilisation possess 9 ?is "w a special mean+4--,tr4 ,footnote #bb3 ,engli% n possess+ ! adjective-=m+ fre$om ( ,g]man1 we are compell$ to co9 a ^w = ! r5d]+ ( gross/dtis*1 an adjective n only frequ5t b ( emphatic significance 9 ! au?or's argum5t4--,tr4 ----- ,,xii ,look$ at 9 ?is way1 ! 8,decl9e ( ! ,we/0 comprises no?+ less ?an ! problem ( ,civilization4 ,we h be=e u "o ( ! fundam5tal que/ions ( all high] hi/ory4 ,:at is ,civilization1 und]/ood z ! organic-logical sequel1 fulfilm5t & f9ale ( a culture8 ,= e ,culture has its own ,civilization4 ,9 ?is "w1 = ! fir/ "t ! two words1 hi!rto us$ to express an indef9ite1 m or less e?ical1 di/9ction1 are us$ 9 a p]iodic s5se1 to express a /rict & necess>y organic succession4 ,! ,civilization is ! inevitable de/9y ( ! ,culture1 & 9 ?is pr9ciple we obta9 ! viewpo9t f :i* ! deepe/ & grave/ problems ( hi/orical morphology become capable ( solution4 ,civilizations are ! mo/ ext]nal & artificial /ates ( :i* a species ( develop$ humanity is capable4 ,!y are a conclusion1 ! ?+-become succe$+ ! ?+-becom+1 dea? foll[+ life1 rigidity foll[+ expansion1 intellectual age & ! /one-built1 petrify+ _w-city foll[+ "m-e>? & ! spiritual *ildhood ( ,doric & ,go?ic4 ,!y are an end1 irrevocable1 yet by inw>d necessity rea*$ aga9 & aga94 ,s1 = ! fir/ "t1 we are enabl$ to und]/& ! ,romans z ! successors ( ! ,greeks1 & light is project$ into ! deepe/ secrets ( ! late-,classical p]iod4 ,:at1 b ?is1 c be ! mean+ ( ! fact--:i* c only be disput$ by va9 phrases--t ! ,romans 7 b>b>ians :o did n prec$e b clos$ a great developm5t8 ,unspiritual1 unphilosophical1 devoid ( art1 clanni% to ! po9t ( brutality1 aim+ rel5tlessly at tangible successes1 !y /& betwe5 ! ,hell5ic ,culture & no?+ness4 ,an imag9ation direct$ purely to practical objects--!y _h religi\s laws gov]n+ godw>d relations z !y _h o!r laws gov]n+ human relations1 b !re 0 no specifically ,roman saga ( gods--0 some?+ :i* is n f\nd at all 9 ,a!ns4 ,9 a ^w1 ,greek s\l--,roman intellect2 & ?is anti!sis is ! diff]5tia betwe5 ,culture & ,civilization4 ,nor is x only to ! ,classical t x applies4 ,aga9 & aga9 !re appe>s ?is type ( /rong-m9d$1 completely non-metaphysical man1 & 9 ! h&s ( ?is type lies ! intellectual & mat]ial de/9y ( ea* & e 8late0 p]iod4 ,su* are ! m5 :o c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,babylonian1 ! ,egyptian1 ! ,indian1 ! ,*9ese1 ! ,roman ,civilizations1 & 9 su* p]iods d ,buddhism1 ,/oicism1 ,socialism rip5 into def9itive _w-conceptions :i* enable a moribund humanity to be attack$ & re-=m$ 9 its intimate /ructure4 ,pure ,civilization1 z a hi/orical process1 consi/s 9 a progressive tak+-d[n ( =ms t h become inorganic or dead4 ,! transition f ,culture to ,civilization 0 accompli%$ = ! ,classical _w 9 ! #d?1 = ! ,we/]n 9 ! #ai? ,c5tury4 ,f ^! p]iods onw>d ! great intellectual decisions take place1 n z 9 ! days ( ! ,orpheus-movem5t or ! ,re=mation 9 ! 8:ole _w0 :]e n a hamlet is too small to be unimportant1 b 9 ?ree or f\r _w-cities t h absorb$ into !mselves ! :ole cont5t ( ,hi/ory1 :ile ! old wide l&scape ( ! ,culture1 become m]ely prov9cial1 s]ves only to fe$ ! cities ) :at rema9s ( its high] mank9d4 ,_w-city & prov9ce#bc--! two basic ideas ( e civilization-- br+ up a :olly new =m-problem ( ,hi/ory1 ! v problem t we are liv+ ?r\gh to-day ) h>dly ! remote/ conception ( its imm5sity4 ,9 place ( a _w1 !re is a city1 a po9t1 9 :i* ! :ole life ( broad regions is collect+ :ile ! re/ dries up4 ,9 place ( a type-true p1 born ( & gr[n on ! soil1 !re is a new sort ( nomad1 coh]+ un/ably 9 fluid masses1 ! p>asitical city dwell]1 traditionless1 utt]ly matt]-(-fact1 religionless1 clev]1 unfruitful1 deeply contemptu\s ( ! c\ntryman & especially t highe/ =m ( c\ntryman1 ! c\ntry g5tleman4 ,?is is a v great /ride t[>ds ! inorganic1 t[>ds ! end--:at does x signify8 ,france & ,engl& h already tak5 ! /ep & ,g]many is beg9n+ to d s4 ,aft] ,syracuse1 ,a!ns1 & ,alex&ria comes ,rome4 ,aft] ,madrid1 ,p>is1 ,london come ,b]l9 & ,new ,york4 ,x is ! de/9y ( :ole regions t lie outside ! radiation-circle ( "o ( ^! cities--( old ,crete & ,mac$on & to-day ! ,sc&9avian ,nor?#bd--to become 8prov9ces40 ,( old1 ! field on :i* ! oppos$ conception ( an epo* came to battle 0 "s _w-problem ( a metaphysical1 religi\s or dogmatic k9d1 & ! battle 0 betwe5 ! soil-g5ius ( ! c\ntryman 7noble1 prie/7 & ! 8worldly0 patrician g5ius ( ! fam\s old small t[ns ( ,doric or ,go?ic spr+time4 ,( su* a "* 7 ! conflicts ov] ! ,dionysus religion--z 9 ! tyranny ( ,klei/h5es ( ,sikyon#be--;& ^? ( ! ,re=mation 9 ! ,g]man free cities & ! ,hugu5ot w>s4 ,b j z ^! cities ov]came ! c\ntry-side 7already x is a purely civic _w-outlook t appe>s 9 ev5 ,p>m5ides & ,desc>tes71 s 9 turn ! _w-city ov]came !m4 ,x is ! common intellectual process ( lat] p]iods su* z ! ,ionic & ! ,b>oque1 & to-day--z 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age :i* at its outset saw ! f\ndation ( artificial1 l&-ali5 ,alex&ria--,culture- cities l ,flor5ce1 ,nrnb]g1 ,salamanca1 ,bruges & ,prag1 h become prov9cial t[ns & fight inw>dly a lo/ battle aga9/ ! _w- cities4 ,! _w-city means cosmopolitanism 9 place ( 8home10#bf cold matt]-(-fact 9 place ( rev]5ce = tradition & age1 sci5tific irreligion z a fossil repres5tative ( ! old] religion ( ! he>t1 8society0 9 place ( ! /ate1 natural in/ead ( h>d- e>n$ rights4 ,x 0 9 ! conception ( money z an inorganic & ab/ract magnitude1 entirely disconnect$ f ! notion ( ! fruitful e>? & ! primitive values1 t ! ,romans _h ! advantage ( ! ,greeks4 ,!nce=w>d any high ideal ( life becomes l>gely a "q ( money4 ,unlike ! ,greek /oicism ( ,*rysippus1 ! ,roman /oicism ( ,cato & ,s5eca presupposes a private income2#bg &1 unlike t ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 ! social-e?ical s5tim5t ( ! #bj?1 if x is to be realiz$ at a high] level ?an t ( pr(essional 7& lucrative7 agitation1 is a matt] = millionaires4 ,to ! _w-city belongs n a folk b a mass4 ,its uncompreh5d+ ho/ility to all ! traditions repres5tative ( ! ,culture 7nobility1 *ur*1 privileges1 dyna/ies1 conv5tion 9 art & limits ( k 9 sci5ce71 ! ke5 & cold intellig5ce t conf\nds ! wisdom ( ! peasant1 ! new-fa%ion$ naturalism t 9 relation to all matt]s ( sex & society goes back f> beyond ,r\sseau & ,socrates to q primitive in/9cts & conditions1 ! reappe>ance ( ! panem et circ5ses 9 ! =m ( wage-disputes & football-gr\nds--all ^! ?+s betok5 ! def9ite clos+-d[n ( ! ,culture & ! op5+ ( a q new phase ( human exi/5ce--anti-prov9cial1 late1 futureless1 b q inevitable4 ,?is is :at has to be view$1 & view$ n ) ! eyes ( ! p>tisan1 ! ideologue1 ! up-to-date noveli/1 n f ?is or t 8/&po9t10 b 9 a high1 "t-free p]spective embrac+ :ole mill5niums ( hi/orical _w-=ms1 if we are really to compreh5d ! great crisis ( ! pres5t4 ,to me x is a symbol ( ! fir/ importance t 9 ! ,rome ( ,crassus--triumvir & all-p[]ful build+-site speculator--! ,roman p ) its pr\d inscriptions1 ! p be=e :om ,gauls1 ,greeks1 ,p>?ians1 ,syrians af> trembl$1 liv$ 9 appall+ mis]y 9 ! _m-/ori$ lodg+-h\ses ( d>k suburbs1#bh accept+ ) indiff]5ce or ev5 ) a sort ( sport+ int]e/ ! consequ5ces ( ! milit>y expansion3 t _m fam\s old-noble families1 desc5dants ( ! m5 :o defeat$ ! ,celts & ! ,samnites1 lo/ _! ance/ral homes ?r\gh /&+ ap>t f ! wild ru% ( speculation & 7 r$uc$ to r5t+ wret*$ ap>tm5ts2 t1 :ile along ! ,appian ,way !re arose ! spl5did & /ill wond]ful tombs ( ! f9ancial magnates1 ! corpses ( ! p 7 ?r[n along ) animal c>cases & t[n refuse into a mon/r\s common grave--till 9 ,augu/us's "t x 0 bank$ ov] = ! avoidance ( pe/il5ce & s became ! site ( ,mc5as's r5[n$ p>k2 t 9 depopulat$ ,a!ns1 :i* liv$ on visitors & on ! b\nty ( ri* =eign]s1 ! mob ( p>v5u t\ri/s f ,rome gap$ at ! works ( ! ,p]iclean age ) z little und]/&+ z ! ,am]ican globe-trott] 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel at ^? ( ,mi*elangelo1 e removable art- piece hav+ ere ?is be5 tak5 away or b\ght at fancy prices to be replac$ by ! ,roman build+s :i* grew up1 colossal & arrogant1 by ! side ( ! l[ & mode/ /ructures ( ! old "t4 ,9 su* ?+s--:i* x is ! hi/orian's bus9ess n to praise or to blame b to consid] morphologically--!re lies1 pla9 & imm$iate en\gh = "o :o has le>nt to see1 an idea4 ,= x w become manife/ t1 f ?is mom5t on1 all great conflicts ( _w-outlook1 ( politics1 ( art1 ( sci5ce1 ( feel+ w be "u ! influ5ce ( ?is "o opposition4 ,:at is ! hall- m>k ( a politic ( ,civilization to-day1 9 contra/ to a politic ( ,culture ye/]day8 ,x is1 = ! ,classical rhetoric1 & = ! ,we/]n j\rnalism1 bo? s]v+ t ab/ract :i* repres5ts ! p[] ( ,civilization--money4#bi ,x is ! money-_s :i* p5etrates unrem>k$ ! hi/orical =ms ( ! p's exi/5ce1 (t5 )\t de/roy+ or ev5 9 ! lea/ di/urb+ ^! =ms--! =m ( ! ,roman /ate1 = in/ance1 und]w5t v mu* less alt]ation betwe5 ! eld] ,scipio & ,augu/us ?an is usually imag9$4 ,?\gh =ms subsi/1 ! great political p>ties nev]!less cease to be m ?an reput$ c5tres ( decision4 ,! decisions 9 fact lie else:]e4 ,a small numb] ( sup]ior heads1 ^: names are v likely n ! be/-kn[n1 settle ev]y?+1 :ile bel[ !m are ! great mass ( second-rate politicians--rhetors1 tribunes1 deputies1 j\rnali/s--select$ ?r\gh a prov9cially-conceiv$ fran*ise to keep alive ! illusion ( popul> self-det]m9ation4 ,& art8 ,philosophy8 ,! ideals ( a ,platonic or ^? ( a ,kantian age _h = ! high] mank9d conc]n$ a g5]al validity4 ,b ^? ( a ,hell5i/ic age1 or ^? ( our own1 are valid exclusively = ! bra9 ( ! ,megalopolitan4 ,= ! villag]'s or1 g5]ally1 ! nature-man's _w- feel+ our ,socialism--l its ne> relation ,d>w9ism 7h[ utt]ly un- ,goe?ian are ! =mul ( 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 & 8natural selection0671 l its o!r relative ! woman-&-m>riage problem ( ,ibs51 ,/r9db]g1 & ,%aw1 l ! impressioni/ic t5d5cies ( an>*ic s5su\sness & ! :ole bundle ( mod]n long+s1 temptations & pa9s express$ 9 ,baudelaire's v]se & ,wagn]'s music--are simply non-exi/5t4 ,! small] ! t[n1 ! m unmean+ x becomes to busy oneself ) pa9t+ or ) music ( ^! k9ds4 ,to ! ,culture belong gymna/ics1 ! t\rnam5t1 ! agon1 & to ! ,civilization belongs ,sport4 ,?is is ! true di/9ction betwe5 ! ,hell5ic pal/ra & ! ,roman circus4#cj ,art itself becomes a sport 7h5ce ! phrase 8art = art's sake07 to be play$ be=e a highly- intellig5t audi5ce ( connoisseurs & buy]s1 :e!r ! feat consi/ 9 ma/]+ absurd in/rum5tal tone-masses & tak+ h>monic f5ces1 or 9 "s t\r de =ce ( col\r+4 ,!n a new fact- philosophy appe>s1 :i* c only sp>e a smile = metaphysical speculation1 & a new lit]ature t is a necessity ( life = ! megalopolitan palate & n]ves & bo? un9telligible & ugly to ! prov9cials4 ,nei!r ,alex&r9e poetry nor ple9-air pa9t+ is any?+ to ! 8p40 ,&1 !n z n[1 ! phase ( transition is m>k$ by a s]ies ( sc&als only to be f\nd at su* mom5ts4 ,! ang] evok$ 9 ! ,a!nian populace by ,euripides & by ! 8,revolution>y0 pa9t+ ( ,apollodorus1 = example1 is repeat$ 9 ! opposition to ,wagn]1 ,manet1 ,ibs51 & ,nietzs*e4 ,x is possible to und]/& ! ,greeks )\t m5tion+ _! economic relations2 ! ,romans1 on ! o!r h&1 c only be und]/ood ?r\gh ^!4 ,*ronea & ,leipzig 7 ! la/ battles f\ght ab\t an idea4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w> & 9 #ahgj economic motives are no long] to be ov]look$4 ,n till ! ,romans came ) _! practical en]gy 0 slave-hold+ giv5 t big collective "* :i* _m /ud5ts reg>d z ! die-/amp ( ,classical economics1 legislation & way ( life1 & :i* 9 any ev5t va/ly l[]$ bo? ! value & ! inn] wor?9ess ( su* free lab\r z cont9u$ to exi/ side by side ) gang-lab\r4 ,& x 0 n ! ,lat91 b ! ,g]manic peoples ( ! ,we/ & ,am]ica :o develop$ out ( ! /eam-eng9e a big indu/ry t trans=m$ ! face ( ! l&4 ,! relation ( ^! ph5om5a to ,/oicism & to ,socialism is unmi/akable4 ,n till ! ,roman ,cs>ism--=e%ad[$ by ,c4 ,flam9ius1 %ap$ fir/ by ,m>ius1 h&l$ by /rong-m9d$1 l>ge-scale m5 ( fact--did ! ,classical ,_w le>n ! pre-em95ce ( money4 ,)\t ?is fact nei!r ,cs>1 nor 8,rome0 g5]ally1 is und]/&able4 ,9 e ,greek is a ,don ,quixote1 9 e ,roman a ,san*o ,panza factor1 & ^! factors are dom9ants4 ----- ,footnote #bc3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aag et seq4 ,footnote #bd3 ,"o _c fail to notice ?is 9 ! developm5t ( ,/r9db]g & especially 9 t ( ,ibs51 :o 0 nev] q at home 9 ! civiliz$ atmosph]e ( 8 problems4 ,! motives ( 8,br&0 & 8,rosm]%olm0 are a wond]ful mixture ( innate prov9cialism & a !oretically-acquir$ megalopolitan outlook4 ,nora is ! v type ( ! prov9cial d]ail$ by read+4 ,footnote #be3 ,:o =bade ! cult ( ! t[n's h]o ,adra/os & ! read+ ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 ) ! object ( cutt+ ! ,doric nobility f its spiritual roots 7c4 #efj ,b4,c474 ,footnote #bf3 ,a pr(\nd ^w :i* obta9s its significance z soon z ! b>b>ian becomes a culture-man & loses x aga9 z soon z ! civilization-man takes up ! motto 8,ubi b5e1 ibi patria40 ,footnote #bg3 ,h5ce x 0 t ! fir/ to succumb to ,*ri/ianity 7 ! ,romans :o c\ld n af=d to be ,/oics4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fjg et seq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,9 ,rome & ,byzantium1 lodg+-h\ses ( six to t5 /ories 7) /reet-wid?s ( t5 feet at mo/67 7 built )\t any sort ( (ficial sup]vision1 & frequ5tly collaps$ ) all _! inmates4 ,a great "p ( ! cives ,romani1 = :om panem et circ5ses con/itut$ all exi/5ce1 possess$ no m ?an a high-pric$ sleep+-b]? 9 "o ( ! sw>m+ ant-hills call$ insul4 7,pohlmann1 ,aus ,alt]tum und ,geg5w>t1 #aiaa1 pp4 #aii ff47 ,footnote #bi3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 #egg4 ,footnote #cj3 ,g]man gymna/ics1 f ! int5sely prov9cial & natural =ms imp>t$ to x by ,jahn1 has s9ce #ahac be5 c>ri$ by a v rapid developm5t into ! sport category4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,b]l9 a?letic gr\nd on a big day & a ,roman circus 0 ev5 by #aiad v slight4 ----- ,,xiii ,consid]$ 9 itself1 ! ,roman _w-dom9ion 0 a negative ph5om5on1 be+ ! result n ( a surplus ( en]gy on ! "o side-- t ! ,romans _h nev] _h s9ce ,zama--b ( a defici5cy ( resi/ance on ! o!r4 ,t ! ,romans did n conqu] ! _w is c]ta92#ca !y m]ely took possession ( a booty t lay op5 to ev]yone4 ,! ,imp]ium ,romanum came into exi/5ce n z ! result ( su* an extremity ( milit>y & f9ancial ef=t z _h *>act]iz$ ! ,punic ,w>s1 b because ! old ,ea/ =w5t all ext]nal self-det]m9ations4 ,we mu/ n be delud$ by ! appe>ance ( brilliant milit>y successes4 ,) a few ill-tra9$1 ill-l$1 & sull5 legions1 ,lucullus & ,pompey conqu]$ :ole realms--a ph5om5on t 9 ! p]iod ( ! battle ( ,ipsus w\ld h be5 un?9kable4 ,! ,mi?radatic dang]1 s]i\s en\gh = a sy/em ( mat]ial =ce :i* _h nev] be5 put to any real te/1 w\ld h be5 no?+ to ! conqu]ors ( ,hannibal4 ,aft] ,zama1 ! ,romans nev] aga9 ei!r wag$ or 7 capable ( wag+ a w> aga9/ a great milit>y ,p[]4#cb ,_! classic w>s 7 ^? aga9/ ! ,samnites1 ,pyrrhus & ,c>?age4 ,_! gr& h\r 0 ,cann4 ,to ma9ta9 ! h]oic po/ure = c5turies on end is beyond ! p[] ( any p4 ,! ,prussian- ,g]man p h _h ?ree great mom5ts 7#ahac1 #ahgj & #aiad71 & t is m ?an o!rs h _h4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i lay x d[n t ,imp]ialism1 ( :i* petrifacts su* z ! ,egyptian empire1 ! ,roman1 ! ,*9ese1 ! ,indian may cont9ue to exi/ = hundr$s or ?\s&s ( ye>s--dead bodies1 amorph\s & dispirit$ masses ( m51 scrap-mat]ial f a great hi/ory--is to be tak5 z ! typical symbol ( ! pass+ away4 ,imp]ialism is ,civilization unadult]at$4 ,9 ?is ph5om5al =m ! de/9y ( ! ,we/ is n[ irrevocably set4 ,! en]gy ( culture-man is direct$ inw>ds1 t ( civilization-man outw>ds4 ,& ?us ,i see 9 ,cecil ,rhodes ! fir/ man ( a new age4 ,he /&s = ! political /yle ( a f>-rang+1 ,we/]n1 ,teutonic & especially ,g]man future1 & 8 phrase 8expansion is ev]y?+0 is ! ,napoleonic reass]tion ( ! indwell+ t5d5cy ( e ,civilization t has fully rip5$-- ,roman1 ,arab or ,*9ese4 ,x is n a matt] ( *oice--x is n ! consci\s w ( individuals1 or ev5 t ( :ole classes or peoples t decides4 ,! expansive t5d5cy is a doom1 some?+ daemonic & imm5se1 :i* grips1 =ces into s]vice1 & uses up ! late mank9d ( ! _w-city /age1 willy-nilly1 aw>e or unaw>e4#cc ,life is ! process ( effect+ possibilities1 & = ! bra9-man !re are only ext5sive possibilities4#cd ,h>d z ! half-develop$ ,socialism ( to-day is fight+ aga9/ expansion1 "o day x w become ar*- expansioni/ ) all ! vehem5ce ( de/9y4 ,"h ! =m-language ( politics1 z ! direct intellectual expression ( a c]ta9 type ( humanity1 t\*es on a deep metaphysical problem--on ! fact1 affirm$ 9 ! grant ( unconditional validity to ! causality-pr9ciple1 t ! s\l is ! complem5t ( its ext5sion4 ,:51 betwe5 #dhj & #bcj1ce ! ,*9ese gr\p ( /ates 0 t5d+ t[>ds imp]ialism1 x 0 entirely futile to combat ! pr9ciple ( ,imp]ialism 7,li5-h5g71 practis$ 9 p>ticul> by ! 8,roman0 /ate ( ,ts9#cf & !oretically repres5t$ by ! philosoph] ,ds*ang ,yi1 by ideas ( a ,league ( ,nations 7,hoh-tsung7 l>gely d]iv$ f ,wang ,h1 a pr(\nd sceptic :o _h no illusions z to ! m5 or ! political possibilities ( ?is 8late0 p]iod4 ,bo? sides oppos$ ! anti- political idealism ( ,lao-tse1 b z betwe5 !mselves x 0 ,li5- h5g & n ,hoh-tsung :i* swam ) ! natural curr5t ( expansive ,civilization4#cg ,rhodes is to be reg>d$ z ! fir/ precursor ( a ,we/]n type ( ,cs>s1 ^: day is to come ?\gh yet di/ant4 ,he /&s midway betwe5 ,napoleon & ! =ce-m5 ( ! next c5turies1 j z ,flam9ius1 :o f #bcb ,b4,c4 onw>d press$ ! ,romans to und]take ! subjugation ( ,cisalp9e ,gaul & s initiat$ ! policy ( colonial expansion1 /&s betwe5 ,alex&] & ,cs>4 ,/rictly speak+1 ,flam9ius 0 a private p]son--= 8 real p[] 0 ( a k9d n embodi$ 9 any con/itutional (fice--:o ex]cis$ a dom9ant influ5ce 9 ! /ate at a "t :5 ! /ate-idea 0 giv+ way to ! pressure ( economic factors4 ,s f> z ,rome is conc]n$1 he 0 ! ar*etype ( opposition ,cs>ism2 ) him !re came to an end ! idea ( /ate-s]vice & !re began ! 8w to p[]0 :i* ignor$ traditions & reckon$ only ) =ces4 ,alex&] & ,napoleon 7 romantics2 ?\gh !y /ood on ! ?re%old ( ,civilization & 9 its cold cle> air1 ! "o fanci$ himself an ,a*illes & ! o!r read ,w]!r4 ,cs>1 on ! contr>y1 0 a pure man ( fact gift$ ) imm5se und]/&+4 ,b ev5 = ,rhodes political success means t]ritorial & f9ancial success1 & only t4 ,( ?is ,roman-ness )9 himself he 0 fully aw>e4 ,b ,we/]n ,civilization has n yet tak5 %ape 9 su* /r5g? & purity z ?is4 ,x 0 only be=e 8 maps t he c\ld fall into a sort ( poetic trance1 ?is son ( ! p>sonage :o1 s5t out to ,s\? ,africa )\t means1 made a gigantic =tune & employ$ x z ! eng9e ( political aims4 ,8 idea ( a trans-,african railway f ! ,cape to ,cairo1 8 project ( a ,s\? ,african empire1 8 intellectual hold on ! h>d metal s\ls ( ! m9+ magnates ^: weal? he =c$ into ! s]vice ( 8 s*emes1 8 capital ,bulawayo1 royally plann$ z a future ,resid5ce by a /atesman :o 0 all- p[]ful yet /ood 9 no def9ite relation to ! ,/ate1 8 w>s1 8 diplomatic deals1 8 road-sy/ems1 8 syndicates1 8 armies1 8 conception ( ! 8great duty to civilization0 ( ! man ( bra9--all ?is1 broad & impos+1 is ! prelude ( a future :i* is /ill 9 /ore = u & ) :i* ! hi/ory ( ,we/-,european mank9d w be def9itely clos$4 ,he :o does n und]/& t ?is outcome is obligatory & insusceptible ( modification1 t our *oice is betwe5 will+ ?is & will+ no?+ at all1 betwe5 cleav+ to ?is de/9y or despair+ ( ! future & ( life itself2 he :o _c feel t !re is gr&eur also 9 ! realizations ( p[]ful intellig5ces1 9 ! en]gy & discipl9e ( metal-h>d natures1 9 battles f\ght ) ! colde/ & mo/ ab/ract means2 he :o is obsess$ ) ! idealism ( a prov9cial & w\ld pursue ! ways ( life ( pa/ ages-- mu/ =go all desire to compreh5d hi/ory1 to live ?r\gh hi/ory or to make hi/ory4 ,?us reg>d$1 ! ,imp]ium ,romanum appe>s no long] z an isolat$ ph5om5on1 b z ! normal product ( a /rict & en]getic1 megalopolitan1 pr$om9antly practical spirituality1 z typical ( a f9al & irrev]sible condition :i* has occurr$ (t5 en\gh ?\gh x has only be5 id5tifi$ z su* 9 ?is in/ance4 ,let x be realiz$1 !n3 ,t ! secret ( hi/orical =m does n lie on ! surface1 t x _c be grasp$ by means ( simil>ities ( co/ume & sett+1 & t 9 ! hi/ory ( m5 z 9 t ( animals & plants !re occur ph5om5a %[+ deceptive simil>ity b inw>dly )\t any connexion--e4g41 ,*>lemagne & ,h>\n-al-,ras*id1 ,alex&] & ,cs>1 ! ,g]man w>s ^u ,rome & ! ,mongol onslaughts ^u ,we/ ,europe--& o!r ph5om5a ( extreme outw>d dissimil>ity b ( id5tical import--e4g41 ,trajan & ,rameses ,,ii1 ! ,b\rbons & ! ,attic ,demos1 ,mohamm$ & ,py?agoras4 ,t ! #ai? & #bj? c5turies1 hi!rto look$ on z ! highe/ po9t ( an asc5d+ /raight l9e ( _w-hi/ory1 are 9 reality a /age ( life :i* may be obs]v$ 9 e ,culture t has rip5$ to its limit--a /age ( life *>act]iz$ n by ,sociali/s1 ,impressioni/s1 electric railways1 torp$oes & diff]5tial equations 7= ^! are only body-con/itu5ts ( ! "t71 b by a civiliz$ spirituality :i* possesses n only ^! b also q o!r creative possibilities4 ,t1 z our own "t repres5ts a transitional phase :i* occurs ) c]ta9ty "u p>ticul> conditions1 !re are p]fectly well-def9$ /ates 7su* z h occurr$ m ?an once 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/7 lat] ?an ! pres5t-day /ate ( ,we/ ,europe1 & !re=e t ,! future ( ! ,we/ is n a limitless t5d+ upw>ds & onw>ds = all "t t[>ds our pres5t ideals1 b a s+le ph5om5on ( hi/ory1 /rictly limit$ & def9$ z to =m & duration1 :i* cov]s a few c5turies & c be view$ &1 9 ess5tials1 calculat$ f available prec$5ts4 ----- ,footnote #ca3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ebi4 ,footnote #cb3 ,! conque/ ( ,gaul by ,cs> 0 frankly a colonial1 i4e41 a "o- sid$1 w>2 & ! fact t x is ! highe/ a*ievem5t 9 ! lat] milit>y hi/ory ( ,rome only %[s t ! well ( real a*ievem5t 0 rapidly dry+ up4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! mod]n ,g]mans are a conspicu\s example ( a p t has become expansive )\t kn[+ x or will+ x4 ,!y 7 already 9 t /ate :ile !y /ill believ$ !mselves to be ! p ( ,goe!4 ,ev5 ,bism>ck1 ! f\nd] ( ! new age1 nev] _h ! slighte/ idea ( x1 & believ$ himself to h rea*$ ! conclusion ( a political process 7cf4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ebi74 ,footnote #cd3 ,?is is probably ! mean+ ( ,napoleon's significant words to ,goe!3 8,:at h we to-day to d ) de/9y8 ,policy is de/9y40 ,footnote #ce3 ,correspond+ to ! #cjj-ej ,b4,c4 phase ( ! ,classical _w4 ,footnote #cf3 ,:i* 9 ! end gave its "n to ! ,empire 7,ts9 ,*9a74 ,footnote #cg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 #eba-eci4 ----- ,,xiv ,?is high plane ( contemplation once atta9$1 ! re/ is easy4 ,to ?is s+le idea "o c ref]1 & by x "o c solve1 )\t /ra9+ or =c+1 all ^? sep>ate problems ( religion1 art- hi/ory1 epi/emology1 e?ics1 politics1 economics ) :i* ! mod]n intellect has s passionately--& s va9ly--busi$ itself = decades4 ,?is idea is "o ( ^? tru?s t h only to be express$ ) full cl>ity to become indisputable4 ,x is "o ( ! inw>d necessities ( ! ,we/]n ,culture & ( its _w-feel+4 ,x is capable ( entirely trans=m+ ! _w-outlook ( "o :o fully und]/&s x1 i4e41 makes x intimately 8 own4 ,x imm5sely deep5s ! _w- picture natural & necess>y to u 9 t1 already tra9$ to reg>d _w-hi/orical evolution z an organic unit se5 backw>ds f our /&po9t 9 ! pres5t1 we are enabl$ by its aid to foll[ ! broad l9es into ! future--a privilege ( dream-calculation till n[ p]mitt$ only to ! physici/4 ,x is1 ,i repeat1 9 effect ! sub/itution ( a ,cop]nican = a ,ptolemaic aspect ( hi/ory1 t is1 an immeasurable wid5+ ( horizon4 ,up to n[ ev]yone has be5 at lib]ty to hope :at he pleas$ ab\t ! future4 ,:]e !re are no facts1 s5tim5t rules4 ,b h5ce=w>d x w be e man's bus9ess to in=m himself ( :at c happ5 & !re=e ( :at ) ! unalt]able necessity ( de/9y & irrespective ( p]sonal ideals1 hopes or desires1 w happ54 ,:5 we use ! risky ^w 8fre$om0 we %all mean fre$om to d1 n ?is or t1 b ! necess>y or no?+4 ,! feel+ t ?is is 8j z x %\ld be0 is ! hall-m>k ( ! man ( fact4 ,to lam5t x & blame x is n to alt] x4 ,to bir? belongs dea?1 to y\? age1 to life g5]ally its =m & its allott$ span4 ,! pres5t is a civiliz$1 emphatically n a cultur$ "t1 & ipso facto a great numb] ( life-capacities fall out z impossible4 ,?is may be deplorable1 & may be & w be deplor$ 9 pessimi/ philosophy & poetry1 b x is n 9 our p[] to make o!rwise4 ,x w n be--already x is n-- p]missible to defy cle> hi/orical exp]i5ce & to expect1 m]ely because we hope1 t ?is w spr+ or t w fl\ri%4 ,x w no d\bt be object$ t su* a _w-outlook1 :i* 9 giv+ ?is c]ta9ty z to ! outl9es & t5d5cy ( ! future cuts (f all f>-rea*+ hopes1 w\ld be unheal?y = all & fatal = _m1 once x ceas$ to be a m]e !ory & 0 adopt$ z a practical s*eme ( life by ! gr\p ( p]sonalities effectively m\ld+ ! future4 ,su* is n my op9ion4 ,we are civiliz$1 n ,go?ic or ,rococo1 p2 we h to reckon ) ! h>d cold facts ( a late life1 to :i* ! p>allel is to be f\nd n 9 ,p]icles's ,a!ns b 9 ,cs>'s ,rome4 ,( great pa9t+ or great music !re c no long] be1 = ,we/]n p1 any "q4 ,_! ar*itectural possibilities h be5 exhau/$ ^! hundr$ ye>s4 ,only ext5sive possibilities are left to !m4 ,yet1 = a s\nd & vigor\s g5]ation t is fill$ ) unlimit$ hopes1 ,i fail to see t x is any disadvantage to discov] betimes t "s ( ^! hopes mu/ come to no?+4 ,& if ! hopes ?us doom$ %\ld be ^? mo/ de>1 well1 a man :o is wor? any?+ w n be dismay$4 ,x is true t ! issue may be a tragic "o = "s individuals :o 9 _! decisive ye>s are ov]p[]$ by ! conviction t 9 ! sph]es ( ar*itecture1 drama1 pa9t+1 !re is no?+ left = !m to conqu]4 ,:at matt] if !y d g "u6 ,x has be5 ! conv5tion hi!rto to admit no limits ( any sort 9 ^! matt]s1 & to believe t ea* p]iod _h its own task to d 9 ea* sph]e4 ,tasks !re=e 7 f\nd by hook or by crook1 leav+ x to be settl$ po/hum\sly :e!r or n ! arti/'s fai? 0 ju/ifi$ & 8 life-"w necess>y4 ,n[1 nobody b a pure romantic w\ld take ?is way out4 ,su* a pride is n ! pride ( a ,roman4 ,:at are we to ?9k ( ! individual :o1 /&+ be=e an exhau/$ qu>ry1 w\ld r be told t a new ve9 w be /ruck to-morr[--! bait (f]$ by ! radically false & mann]iz$ art ( ! mom5t--?an be %[n a ri* & virg9 clay- b$ ne> by8 ,! lesson1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld be ( b5efit to ! com+ g5]ations1 z %[+ !m :at is possible--& !re=e necess>y-- & :at is exclud$ f ! inw>d pot5tialities ( _! "t4 ,hi!rto an incr$ible total ( intellect & p[] has be5 squ&]$ 9 false directions4 ,! ,we/-,european1 h[ev] hi/orically he may ?9k & feel1 is at a c]ta9 /age ( life inv>iably unc]ta9 ( 8 own direction2 he gropes & feels 8 way &1 if unlucky 9 environm5t1 he loses x4 ,b n[ at la/ ! "w ( c5turies enables him to view ! disposition ( 8 own life 9 relation to ! g5]al culture-s*eme & to te/ 8 own p[]s & purposes4 ,& ,i c only hope t m5 ( ! new g5]ation may be mov$ by ?is book to devote !mselves to te*nics in/ead ( lyrics1 ! sea in/ead ( ! pa9t- bru%1 & politics in/ead ( epi/emology4 ,bett] !y c\ld n d4 ,,xv ,x /ill rema9s to consid] ! relation ( a morphology ( _w- hi/ory to ,philosophy4 ,all g5u9e hi/orical "w is philosophy1 unless x is m]e ant-indu/ry4 ,b ! op]ations ( ! sy/ematic philosoph] are subject to con/ant & s]i\s error ?r\gh 8 assum+ ! p]man5ce ( 8 results4 ,he ov]looks ! fact t e ?\ght lives 9 a hi/orical _w & is !re=e involv$ 9 ! common de/9y ( mortality4 ,he supposes t high] ?\ght possesses an ev]la/+ & unalt]able objectiv5ess 7,geg5/&71 t ! great que/ions ( all epo*s are id5tical1 & t !re=e !y are capable 9 ! la/ analysis ( unique answ]s4 ,b "q & answ] are "h "o1 & ! great que/ions are made great by ! v fact t unequivocal answ]s to !m are s passionately dem&$1 s t x is z life-symbols only t !y possess significance4 ,!re are no et]nal tru?s4 ,e philosophy is ! expression ( its own & only its own "t1 &--if by philosophy we mean effective philosophy & n academic trifl+s ab\t judgm5t- =ms1 s5se-categories & ! l--no two ages possess ! same philosophic int5tions4 ,! diff]5ce is n betwe5 p]i%able & imp]i%able doctr9es b betwe5 doctr9es :i* live _! day & doctr9es :i* nev] live at all4 ,! immortality ( ?\ghts-become is an illusion--! ess5tial is1 :at k9d ( man comes to expression 9 !m4 ,! great] ! man1 ! tru] ! philosophy1 ) ! inw>d tru? t 9 a great "w ( art transc5ds all pro( ( its sev]al elem5ts or ev5 ( _! compatibility ) "o ano!r4 ,at highe/1 ! philosophy may absorb ! entire cont5t ( an epo*1 realize x )9 itself & !n1 embody+ x 9 "s gr& =m or p]sonality1 pass x on to be develop$ fur!r & fur!r4 ,! sci5tific dress or ! m>k ( le>n+ adopt$ by a philosophy is "h unimportant4 ,no?+ is simpl] ?an to make good pov]ty ( ideas by f\nd+ a sy/em1 & ev5 a good idea has little value :5 enunciat$ by a solemn ass4 ,only its necessity to life decides ! em95ce ( a doctr9e4 ,= me1 !re=e1 ! te/ ( value to be appli$ to a ?9k] is 8 eye = ! great facts ( 8 own "t4 ,only ?is c settle :e!r he is m]ely a clev] ar*itect ( sy/ems & pr9ciples1 v]s$ 9 def9itions & analyses1 or :e!r x is ! v s\l ( 8 "t t speaks 9 8 works & 8 intuitions4 ,a philosoph] :o _c grasp & comm& actuality z well w nev] be ( ! fir/ rank4 ,! ,pre-,socratics 7 m]*ants & politicians en gr&4 ,! desire to put 8 political ideas into practice 9 ,syracuse ne>ly co/ ,plato 8 life1 & x 0 ! same ,plato :o discov]$ ! set ( geometrical !orems t enabl$ ,euclid to build up ! ,classical sy/em ( ma!matics4 ,pascal--:om ,nietzs*e kn[s only z ! 8brok5 ,*ri/ian0-- ,desc>tes1 ,leibniz 7 ! fir/ ma!maticians & te*nicians ( _! "t4 ,! great 8,pre-,socratics0 ( ,*9a f ,kwan-tsi 7ab\t #fgj7 to ,confucius 7#eej-dgh7 7 /atesm51 reg5ts1 lawgiv]s l ,py?agoras & ,p>m5ides1 l ,hobbes & ,leibniz4 ,) ,lao-tsze--! oppon5t ( all /ate au?ority & high politics & ! en?usia/ ( small peaceful communities--unworldl9ess & de$-%yness fir/ appe>1 h]alds ( lecture-room & /udy philosophy4 ,b ,lao-tsze 0 9 8 "t1 ! anci5 rgime ( ,*9a1 an exception 9 ! mid/ ( /urdy philosoph]s = :om epi/emology meant ! k ( ! important relations ( actual life4 ,& h]e91 ,i ?9k1 all ! philosoph]s ( ! newe/ age are op5 to a s]i\s criticism4 ,:at !y d n possess is real /&+ 9 actual life4 ,n "o ( !m has int]v5$ effectively1 ei!r 9 high] politics1 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n te*nics1 9 matt]s ( communication1 9 economics1 or 9 any o!r big actuality1 ) a s+le act or a s+le compell+ idea4 ,n "o ( !m c\nts 9 ma!matics1 9 physics1 9 ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t1 ev5 to ! ext5t t ,kant c\nt$4 ,let u glance at o!r times4 ,confucius 0 sev]al times a m9i/]4 ,py?agoras 0 ! organiz] ( an important political movem5t#ch ak9 to ! ,cromwellian1 ! significance ( :i* is ev5 n[ f> und]e/imat$ by ,classical rese>*]s4 ,goe!1 besides be+ a model executive m9i/]--?\gh lack+1 alas6 ! op]ative sph]e ( a great /ate--0 int]e/$ 9 ! ,suez & ,panama canals 7! dates ( :i* he =esaw ) accuracy7 & _! effects on ! economy ( ! _w1 & he busi$ himself aga9 & aga9 ) ! "q ( ,am]ican economic life & its reactions on ! ,old ,_w1 & ) t ( ! dawn+ era ( ma*9e-indu/ry4 ,hobbes 0 "o ( ! orig9ators ( ! great plan ( w9n+ ,s\? ,am]ica = ,engl&1 & al?\gh 9 execution ! plan w5t no fur!r ?an ! occupation ( ,jamaica1 he has ! glory ( be+ "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,briti% ,colonial ,empire4 ,leibniz1 )\t d\bt ! greate/ intellect 9 ,we/]n philosophy1 ! f\nd] ( ! diff]5tial calculus & ! analysis situs1 conceiv$ or co-op]at$ 9 a numb] ( major political s*emes1 "o ( :i* 0 to relieve ,g]many by draw+ ! att5tion ( ,l\is ,,xiv to ! importance ( ,egypt z a factor 9 ,fr5* _w-policy4 ,! ideas ( ! memor&um on ?is subject t he drew up = ! ,gr& ,mon>* 7 s f> 9 advance ( _! "t 7#afgb7 t x has be5 ?\ght t ,napoleon made use ( !m = 8 ,ea/]n v5ture4 ,ev5 ?us e>ly1 ,leibniz laid d[n ! pr9ciple t ,napoleon grasp$ m & m cle>ly aft] ,wagram1 viz41 t acquisitions on ! ,rh9e & 9 ,belgium w\ld n p]man5tly bett] ! position ( ,france & t ! neck ( ,suez w\ld "o day be ! key ( _w-dom9ance4 ,d\btless ! ,k+ 0 n equal to ^! deep political & /rategic conceptions ( ! ,philosoph]4 ,turn+ f m5 ( ?is m\ld to ! 8philosoph]s0 ( to-day1 "o is dismay$ & %am$4 ,h[ poor _! p]sonalities1 h[ commonplace _! political & practical outlook6 ,:y is x t ! m]e idea ( call+ ^u "o ( !m to prove 8 intellectual em95ce 9 gov]nm5t1 diplomacy1 l>ge-scale organization1 or direction ( any big colonial1 comm]cial or transport conc]n is en\gh to evoke our pity8 ,& ?is insuffici5cy indicates1 n t !y possess inw>dness1 b simply t !y lack weight4 ,i look r\nd 9 va9 = an in/ance 9 :i* a mod]n 8philosoph]0 has made a "n by ev5 "o deep or f>-see+ pron\ncem5t on an important "q ( ! day4 ,i see no?+ b prov9cial op9ions ( ! same k9d z anyone else's4 ,:5ev] ,i take up a "w by a mod]n ?9k]1 ,i f9d myself ask+3 has he any idea :atev] ( ! actualities ( _w-politics1 _w-city problems1 capitalism1 ! future ( ! /ate1 ! relation ( te*nics to ! c\rse ( civilization1 ,russia1 ,sci5ce8 ,goe! w\ld h und]/ood all ?is & revell$ 9 x1 b !re is n "o liv+ philosoph] capable ( tak+ x 94 ,?is s5se ( actualities is ( c\rse n ! same ?+ z ! cont5t ( a philosophy b1 ,i repeat1 x is an infallible symptom ( its inw>d necessity1 its fruitfulness & its symbolic importance4 ,we mu/ all[ ourselves no illusions z to ! gravity ( ?is negative result4 ,x is palpable t we h lo/ sight ( ! f9al significance ( effective philosophy4 ,we confuse philosophy ) prea*+1 ) agitation1 ) novel-writ+1 ) lecture-room j>gon4 ,we h desc5d$ f ! p]spective ( ! bird to t ( ! frog4 ,x has come to ?is1 t ! v possibility ( a real philosophy ( to-day & to-morr[ is 9 "q4 ,if n1 x 7 f> bett] to become a coloni/ or an eng9e]1 to d some?+1 no matt] :at1 t is true & real1 ?an to *ew ov] once m ! old dri$-up !mes "u cov] ( an alleg$ 8new wave ( philosophic ?\ght0--f> bett] to con/ruct an a]o-eng9e ?an a new !ory ( app]ception t is n want$4 ,truly x is a poor life's "w to re/ate once m1 9 slightly diff]5t t]ms1 views ( a hundr$ pr$ecessors on ! ,w or on psy*o-physical p>allelism4 ,?is may be a pr(ession1 b a philosophy x emphatically is n4 ,a doctr9e t does n attack & affect ! life ( ! p]iod 9 its inmo/ dep?s is no doctr9e & _h bett] n be taught4 ,& :at 0 possible ev5 ye/]day is1 to-day1 at lea/ n indisp5sable4 ,to me1 ! dep?s & ref9em5t ( ma!matical & physical !ories are a joy2 by comp>ison1 ! /hete & ! physiologi/ are fumbl]s4 ,i w\ld soon] h ! f9e m9d-begott5 =ms ( a fa/ /eam]1 a /eel /ructure1 a precision-la!1 ! subtlety & elegance ( _m *emical & optical processes1 ?an all ! pick+s & /eal+s ( pres5t-day 8arts & crafts10 ar*itecture & pa9t+ includ$4 ,i pref] "o ,roman aqu$uct to all ,roman temples & /atues4 ,i love ! ,colosseum & ! giant vault ( ! ,palat9e1 = !y display = me to-day 9 ! br[n massiv5ess ( _! brick con/ruction ! real ,rome & ! gr& practical s5se ( h] eng9e]s1 b x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to me :e!r ! empty & pret5ti\s m>bl]y ( ! ,cs>s--_! r[s ( /atu>y1 _! friezes1 _! ov]load$ ar*itraves--is pres]v$ or n4 ,glance at "s recon/ruction ( ! ,imp]ial ,=a--d we n f9d !m ! true c\nt]p>t ( a mod]n ,int]national ,exhibition1 obtrusive1 bulky1 empty1 a boa/+ 9 mat]ials & dim5sions :olly ali5 to ,p]iclean ,greece & ! ,rococo alike1 b exactly p>allel$ 9 ! ,egyptian mod]nism t is display$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,rameses ,,ii 7#acjj ,b4,c47 at ,luxor & ,k>nak8 ,x 0 n = no?+ t ! g5u9e ,roman despis$ ! ,grculus hi/rio1 ! k9d ( 8arti/0 & ! k9d ( 8philosoph]0 to be f\nd on ! soil ( ,roman ,civilization4 ,! "t = art & philosophy _h pass$2 !y 7 exhau/$1 us$ up1 sup]flu\s1 & 8 in/9ct = ! realities ( life told him s4 ,"o ,roman law weigh$ m ?an all ! lyrics & s*ool-metaphysics ( ! "t toge!r4 ,& ,i ma9ta9 t to-day _m an inv5tor1 _m a diplomat1 _m a f9anci] is a s\nd] philosoph] ?an all ^? :o practise ! dull craft ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,?is is a situation :i* regul>ly repeats itself at a c]ta9 hi/orical level4 ,x w\ld h be5 absurd 9 a ,roman ( intellectual em95ce1 :o might z ,consul or ,prtor lead armies1 organize prov9ces1 build cities & roads1 or ev5 be ! ,pr9ceps 9 ,rome1 to want to hat* out "s new v>iant ( po/-,platonic s*ool philosophy at ,a!ns or ,rhodes4 ,consequ5tly no "o did s4 ,x 0 n 9 h>mony ) ! t5d5cy ( ! age1 & !re=e x only attract$ ?ird-class m5 ( ! k9d t always advances z f> z ! ,zeitgei/ ( ! day be=e ye/]day4 ,x is a v grave "q :e!r ?is /age has or has n set 9 = u already4 ,a c5tury ( purely ext5sive effectiv5ess1 exclud+ big arti/ic & metaphysical production--let u say frankly an irreligi\s "t :i* co9cides exactly ) ! idea ( ! _w-city--is a "t ( decl9e4 ,true4 ,b we h n *os5 ?is "t4 ,we _c help x if we are born z m5 ( ! e>ly w9t] ( full ,civilization1 in/ead ( on ! gold5 summit ( a ripe ,culture1 9 a ,phidias or a ,moz>t "t4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on our see+ our own position1 our de/9y1 cle>ly1 on our realiz+ t ?\gh we may lie to ourselves ab\t x we _c evade x4 ,he :o does n ackn[l$ge ?is 9 8 he>t1 ceases to be c\nt$ among ! m5 ( 8 g5]ation1 & rema9s ei!r a simpleton1 a *>latan1 or a p$ant4 ,!re=e1 9 approa*+ a problem ( ! pres5t1 "o mu/ beg9 by ask+ "o's self--a "q answ]$ 9 advance by in/9ct 9 ! case ( ! g5u9e adept--:at to-day is possible & :at he mu/ =bid himself4 ,only a v few ( ! problems ( metaphysics are1 s to say1 allocat$ = solution to any epo* ( ?\ght4 ,ev5 ?us soon1 a :ole _w sep>ates ,nietzs*e's "t1 9 :i* a la/ trace ( romanticism 0 /ill op]ative1 f our own1 :i* has %$ e ve/ige ( x4 ,sy/ematic philosophy closes ) ! end ( ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,kant put its utmo/ possibilities 9 =ms bo? gr& 9 !mselves &--z a rule--f9al = ! ,we/]n s\l4 ,he is foll[$1 z ,plato & ,ari/otle 7 foll[$1 by a specifically megalopolitan philosophy t 0 n speculative b practical1 irreligi\s1 social-e?ical4 ,?is philosophy-- p>allel$ 9 ! ,*9ese civilization by ! s*ools ( ! 8,epicurean0 ,yang-*u1 ! 8,sociali/0 ,mo-ti1 ! 8,pessimi/0 ,*uang-ts1 ! 8,positivi/0 ,m5cius1 & 9 ! ,classical by ! ,cynics1 ! ,cyr5aics1 ! ,/oics & ! ,epicureans--beg9s 9 ! ,we/ ) ,s*op5hau]1 :o is ! fir/ to make ! ,w to life 78creative life-=ce07 ! c5tre ( gravity ( 8 ?\ght1 al?\gh ! deep] t5d5cy ( 8 doctr9e is obscur$ by 8 hav+1 "u ! influ5ce ( a great tradition1 ma9ta9$ ! obsolete di/9ctions ( ph5om5a & ?+s- 9-!mselves & su*like4 ,x is ! same creative w-to-life t 0 ,s*op5hau]-wise d5i$ 9 8,tri/an0 & ,d>w9-wise ass]t$ 9 8,siegfri$02 t 0 brilliantly & !atrically =mulat$ by ,nietzs*e 9 8,z>a?u/ra02 t l$ ! ,hegelian ,m>x to an economic & ! ,mal?usian ,d>w9 to a biological hypo!sis :i* toge!r h subtly trans=m$ ! _w-outlook ( ! ,we/]n megalopolis2 & t produc$ a homog5e\s s]ies ( trag$y-conceptions ext5d+ f ,hebbel's 8,judi?0 to ,ibs5's 8,epilogue40 ,x has embrac$1 !re=e1 all ! possibilities ( a true philosophy--& at ! same "t x has exhau/$ !m4 ,sy/ematic philosophy1 !n1 lies imm5sely f> beh9d u1 & e?ical has be5 w\nd up4 ,b a ?ird possibility1 correspond+ to ! ,classical ,scepticism1 /ill rema9s to ! s\l-_w ( ! pres5t- day ,we/1 & x c be br\ght to light by ! hi!rto unkn[n me?ods ( hi/orical morphology4 ,t :i* is a possibility is a necessity4 ,! ,classical scepticism is ahi/oric1 x d\bts by d5y+ outright4 ,b t ( ! ,we/1 if x is an inw>d necessity1 a symbol ( ! autumn ( our spirituality1 is oblig$ to be hi/orical ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,its solutions are got by treat+ ev]y?+ z relative1 z a hi/orical ph5om5on1 & its proc$ure is psy*ological4 ,:]eas ! ,sceptic philosophy arose )9 ,hell5ism z ! negation ( philosophy-- decl>+ philosophy to be purposeless--we1 on ! contr>y1 reg>d ! hi/ory ( philosophy z1 9 ! la/ resort1 philosophy's grave/ !me4 ,?is is 8skepsis10 9 ! true s5se1 = :]eas ! ,greek is l$ to r5\nce absolute /&po9ts by contempt = ! intellectual pa/1 we are l$ to d s by compreh5sion ( t pa/ z an organism4 ,9 ?is "w x w be our task to sket* out ?is unphilosophical philosophy--! la/ t ,we/ ,europe w "k4 ,scepticism is ! expression ( a pure ,civilization2 & x dissipates ! _w-picture ( ! ,culture t has gone be=e4 ,= u1 its success w lie 9 resolv+ all ! old] problems into "o1 ! g5etic4 ,! conviction t :at is also has become1 t ! natural & cognizable is root$ 9 ! hi/oric1 t ! ,_w z ! actual is f\nd$ on an ,ego z ! pot5tial actualiz$1 t ! 8:50 & ! 8h[ long0 hold z deep a secret z ! 8:at10 leads directly to ! fact t ev]y?+1 :atev] else x may be1 mu/ at any rate be ! expression ( some?+ liv+4 ,cognitions & judgm5ts too are acts ( liv+ m54 ,! ?9k]s ( ! pa/ conceiv$ ext]nal actuality z produc$ by cognition & motiv+ e?ical judgm5ts1 b to ! ?\ght ( ! future !y are above all expressions & symbols4 ,! ,morphology ( _w-hi/ory becomes inevitably a univ]sal symbolism4 ,) t1 ! claim ( high] ?\ght to possess g5]al & et]nal tru?s falls to ! gr\nd4 ,tru?s are tru?s only 9 relation to a p>ticul> mank9d4 ,?us1 my own philosophy is able to express & reflect only ! ,we/]n 7z di/9ct f ! ,classical1 ,indian1 or o!r7 s\l1 & t s\l only 9 its pres5t civiliz$ phase by :i* its conception ( ! _w1 its practical range & its sph]e ( effect are specifi$4 ----- ,footnote #ch3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 #cgc ff4 ----- ,,xvi ,9 conclud+ ?is ,introduction1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to add a p]sonal note4 ,9 #aiaa1 ,i propos$ to myself to put toge!r "s broad consid]ations on ! political ph5om5a ( ! day & _! possible developm5ts4 ,at t "t ! ,_w-,w> appe>$ to me bo? z imm95t & also z ! inevitable outw>d manife/ation ( ! hi/orical crisis1 & my endeav\r 0 to compreh5d x f an exam9ation ( ! _s ( ! prec$+ c5turies--n ye>s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is orig9ally small task1#ci ! conviction =c$ itself on me t = an effective und]/&+ ( ! epo* ! area to be tak5 into ! f\ndation-plan mu/ be v greatly enl>g$1 & t 9 an inve/igation ( ?is sort1 if ! results 7 to be fundam5tally conclusive & necess>y results1 x 0 impossible to re/rict "o's self to a s+le epo* & its political actualities1 or to conf9e "o's self to a pragmatical framework1 or ev5 to d )\t purely metaphysical & highly transc5d5tal me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,x became evid5t t a political problem c\ld n be compreh5d$ by means ( politics !mselves & t1 frequ5tly1 important factors at "w 9 ! dep?s c\ld only be grasp$ ?r\gh _! arti/ic manife/ations or ev5 di/antly se5 9 ! =m ( sci5tific or purely philosophical ideas4 ,ev5 ! politico-social analysis ( ! la/ decades ( ! #ai? c5tury--a p]iod ( t5se quiet betwe5 two imm5se & out/&+ ev5ts3 ! "o :i*1 express$ 9 ! ,revolution & ,napoleon1 _h fix$ ! picture ( ,we/-,european actuality = a c5tury & ano!r ( at lea/ equal significance t 0 visibly & ev] m rapidly approa*+--0 f\nd 9 ! la/ resort to be impossible )\t br++ 9 all ! great problems ( ,be+ 9 all _! aspects4 ,=1 9 ! hi/orical z 9 ! natural _w-picture1 !re is f\nd no?+1 h[ev] small1 t does n embody 9 itself ! entire sum ( fundam5tal t5d5cies4 ,& ?us ! orig9al !me came to be imm5sely wid5$4 ,a va/ numb] ( unexpect$ 7& 9 ! ma9 entirely novel7 que/ions & int]relations pres5t$ !mselves4 ,& f9ally x became p]fectly cle> t no s+le fragm5t ( hi/ory c\ld be ?or\ghly illum9at$ unless & until ! secret ( _w-hi/ory itself1 to wit ! /ory ( high] mank9d z an organism ( regul> /ructure1 _h be5 cle>$ up4 ,& hi!rto ?is has n be5 done1 ev5 9 ! lea/ degree4 ,f ?is mom5t on1 relations & connexions--previ\sly (t5 suspect$1 sometimes t\*$ on b nev] compreh5d$--pres5t$ !mselves 9 ev]-increas+ volume4 ,! =ms ( ! arts l9k$ !mselves to ! =ms ( w> & /ate-policy4 ,deep relations 7 reveal$ betwe5 political & ma!matical aspects ( ! same ,culture1 betwe5 religi\s & te*nical conceptions1 betwe5 ma!matics1 music & sculpture1 betwe5 economics & cognition-=ms4 ,cle>ly & unmi/akably !re appe>$ ! fundam5tal dep5d5ce ( ! mo/ mod]n physical & *emical !ories on ! my?ological concepts ( our ,g]manic ance/ors1 ! /yle-congru5ce ( trag$y & p[]- te*nics & up-to-date f9ance1 & ! fact 7biz>re at fir/ b soon self-evid5t7 t oil-pa9t+ p]spective1 pr9t+1 ! cr$it sy/em1 longrange weapons1 & contrapuntal music 9 "o case1 & ! nude /atue1 ! city-/ate & co9-curr5cy 7discov]$ by ! ,greeks7 9 ano!r 7 id5tical expressions ( "o & ! same spiritual pr9ciple4 ,&1 beyond & above all1 !re /ood out ! fact t ^! great gr\ps ( morphological relations1 ea* "o ( :i* symbolically repres5ts a p>ticul> sort ( mank9d 9 ! :ole picture ( _w-hi/ory1 are /rictly symmetrical 9 /ructure4 ,x is ?is p]spective t fir/ op5s out = u ! true /yle ( hi/ory4 ,belong+ itself z symbol & expression to "o "t & !re=e inw>dly possible & necess>y only = pres5t-day ,we/]n man1 x c b be comp>$--di/antly--to c]ta9 ideas ( ultra-mod]n ma!matics 9 ! doma9 ( ! ,!ory ( ,gr\ps4 ,^! 7 ?\ghts t _h occupi$ me = _m ye>s1 ?\gh d>k & undef9$ until enabl$ by ?is me?od to em]ge 9 tangible =m4 ,!reaft] ,i saw ! pres5t--! approa*+ ,_w-,w>--9 a q o!r light4 ,x 0 no long] a mom5t>y con/ellation ( casual facts due to national s5tim5ts1 p]sonal influ5ces1 or economic t5d5cies end[$ ) an appe>ance ( unity & necessity by "s hi/orian's s*eme ( political or social cause-&-effect1 b ! type ( a hi/orical *ange ( phase occurr+ )9 a great hi/orical organism ( def9able compass at ! po9t preorda9$ = x hundr$s ( ye>s ago4 ,! m>k ( ! great crisis is its innum]able passionate que/ion+s & prob+s4 ,9 our own case !re 7 books & ideas by ! ?\s&2 b1 scatt]$1 disconnect$1 limit$ by ! horizons ( specialisms z !y 71 !y incit$1 depress$ & conf\nd$ b c\ld n free4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ^! que/ions are se51 _! id5tity is miss$4 ,consid] ^? art-problems t 7?\gh nev] compreh5d$ 9 _! dep?s7 7 ev9c$ 9 ! disputes betwe5 =m & cont5t1 l9e & space1 draw+ & col\r1 9 ! notion ( /yle1 9 ! idea ( ,impressionism & ! music ( ,wagn]4 ,consid] ! decl9e ( art & ! fail+ au?ority ( sci5ce2 ! grave problems aris+ out ( ! victory ( ! megalopolis ov] ! c\ntry-side1 su* z *ildlessness & l&-depopulation2 ! place 9 society ( a fluctuat+ ,f\r? ,e/ate2 ! crisis 9 mat]ialism1 9 ,socialism1 9 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t2 ! position ( ! individual vis--vis ! ,/ate2 ! problem ( private prop]ty ) its p5dant ! problem ( m>riage4 ,consid] at ! same "t "o fact tak5 f :at is app>5tly an entirely diff]5t field1 ! volum9\s "w t 0 be+ done 9 ! doma9 ( folk-psy*ology on ! orig9s ( my?s1 arts1 religions & ?\ght--& done1 moreov]1 no long] f an ideal b f a /rictly morphological /&po9t4 ,x is my belief t e "o ( ^! que/ions 0 really aim$ 9 ! same direction z e o!r1 viz41 t[>ds t "o ,riddle ( ,hi/ory t _h nev] yet em]g$ ) suffici5t di/9ctness 9 ! human consci\sness4 ,! tasks be=e m5 7 n1 z suppos$1 inf9itely num]\s--!y 7 "o & ! same task4 ,ev]yone _h an inkl+ t ?is 0 s1 b no "o f 8 own n>r[ /&po9t _h se5 ! s+le & compreh5sive solution4 ,& yet x _h be5 9 ! air s9ce ,nietzs*e1 & ,nietzs*e himself _h gripp$ all ! decisive problems al?\gh1 be+ a romantic1 he _h n d>$ to look /rict reality 9 ! face4 ,b h]e9 precisely lies ! inw>d necessity ( ! /ock-tak+ doctr9e1 s to call x4 ,x _h to come1 & x c\ld only come at ?is "t4 ,our scepticism is n an attack ^u1 b r ! v]ification (1 our /ock ( ?\ghts & works4 ,x confirms all t has be5 s\ght & a*iev$ = g5]ations pa/1 9 t x integrates all ! truly liv+ t5d5cies :i* x f9ds 9 ! special sph]es1 no matt] :at _! aim may be4 ,above all1 !re discov]$ itself ! opposition ( ,hi/ory & ,nature ?r\gh :i* alone x is possible to grasp ! ess5ce ( ! =m]4 ,z ,i h already said1 man z an elem5t & repres5tative ( ! ,_w is a memb]1 n only ( nature1 b also ( hi/ory--:i* is a second ,cosmos diff]5t 9 /ructure & complexion1 entirely neglect$ by ,metaphysics 9 fav\r ( ! fir/4 ,i 0 orig9ally br\ght to reflect on ?is fundam5tal "q ( our _w- consci\sness ?r\gh notic+ h[ pres5t-day hi/orians z !y fumble r\nd tangible ev5ts1 ?+s-become1 believe !mselves to h already grasp$ ,hi/ory1 ! happ5+1 ! becom+ itself4 ,?is is a prejudice common to all :o proce$ by reason & cognition1 z aga9/ intuitive p]ception4#dj ,& x _h long ago be5 a s\rce ( p]plexity to ! great ,eleatics ) _! doctr9e t ?r\gh cognition !re c\ld be no becom+1 b only a be+ 7or hav+-become74 ,9 o!r words1 ,hi/ory 0 se5 z ,nature 79 ! objective s5se ( ! physici/7 & treat$ accord+ly1 & x is to ?is t we mu/ ascribe ! baneful mi/ake ( apply+ ! pr9ciples ( causality1 ( law1 ( sy/em--t is1 ! /ructure ( rigid be+--to ! picture ( happ5+s4 ,x 0 assum$ t a human culture exi/$ j z electricity or gravitation exi/$1 & t x 0 capable ( analysis 9 mu* ! same way z ^!4 ,! habits ( ! sci5tific rese>*] 7 eag]ly tak5 z a model1 & if1 f "t to "t1 "s /ud5t ask$ :at ,go?ic1 or ,islam1 or ! ,polis 01 no "o inquir$ :y su* symbols ( some?+ liv+ inevitably appe>$ j !n1 & !re1 9 t =m1 & = t space ( "t4 ,hi/orians 7 cont5t1 :5ev] !y met "o ( ! innum]able simil>ities betwe5 widely discrete hi/orical ph5om5a1 simply to regi/] x1 add+ "s clev] rem>ks z to ! m>vels ( co9cid5ce1 dubb+ ,rhodes ! 8,v5ice ( ,antiquity0 & ,napoleon ! 8mod]n ,alex&]10 or ! l2 yet x 0 j ^! cases1 9 :i* ! de/9y-problem came to ! =e z ! true problem ( hi/ory 7viz41 ! problem ( "t71 t ne$$ to be treat$ ) all possible s]i\sness & sci5tifically regulat$ physiognomic 9 ord] to f9d out :at /rangely-con/itut$ necessity1 s completely ali5 to ! causal1 0 at "w4 ,t e ph5om5on ipso facto prop\nds a metaphysical riddle1 t ! "t ( its occurr5ce is nev] irrelevant2 t x /ill rema9$ to be discov]$ :at k9d ( a liv+ int]dep5d5ce 7ap>t f ! inorganic1 natural-law int]dep5d5ce7 subsi/s )9 ! _w- picture1 :i* radiates f no?+ less ?an ! :ole man & n m]ely 7z ,kant ?\ght7 f ! cogniz+ "p ( him2 t a ph5om5on is n only a fact = ! und]/&+ b also an expression ( ! spiritual1 n only an object b a symbol z well1 be x "o ( ! highe/ creations ( religion or art or a m]e trifle ( ev]yday life--all ?is 01 philosophically1 some?+ new4 ,& ?us 9 ! end ,i came to see ! solution cle>ly be=e me 9 imm5se outl9es1 possess$ ( full inw>d necessity1 a solution d]iv$ f "o s+le pr9ciple t ?\gh discov]able _h nev] be5 discov]$1 t f my y\? _h haunt$ & attract$ me1 torm5t+ me ) ! s5se t x 0 !re & mu/ be attack$ & yet defy+ me to seize x4 ,?us1 f an almo/ accid5tal occasion ( beg9n+1 !re has aris5 ! pres5t "w1 :i* is put =w>d z ! provisional expression ( a new _w-picture4 ,! book is lad51 z ,i "k1 ) all ! defects ( a fir/ attempt1 incomplete1 & c]ta9ly n free f inconsi/5cies4 ,nev]!less ,i am conv9c$ t x conta9s ! incontrov]tible =mulation ( an idea :i*1 once enunciat$ cle>ly1 w 7,i repeat7 be accept$ )\t dispute4 ,if1 !n1 ! n>r[] !me is an analysis ( ! ,decl9e ( t ,we/- ,european ,culture :i* is n[ spread ov] ! entire globe1 yet ! object 9 view is ! developm5t ( a philosophy & ( ! op]ative me?od peculi> to x1 :i* is n[ to be tri$1 viz41 ! me?od ( comp>ative morphology 9 _w-hi/ory4 ,! "w falls naturally into two p>ts4 ,! fir/1 8,=m & ,actuality10 />ts f ! =m- language ( ! great ,cultures1 attempts to p5etrate to ! deepe/ roots ( _! orig9 & s provides itself ) ! basis = a sci5ce ( ,symbolic4 ,! second "p1 8,_w-hi/orical ,p]spectives10 />ts f ! facts ( actual life1 & f ! hi/orical practice ( high] mank9d seeks to obta9 a qu9tess5ce ( hi/orical exp]i5ce t we c set to "w ^u ! =mation ( our own future4 ,! accompany+ tables#da pres5t a g5]al view ( :at has result$ f ! inve/igation4 ,!y may at ! same "t give "s notion bo? ( ! fruitfulness & ( ! scope ( ! new me?ods4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,numb]s ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,numb]s ,x is necess>y to beg9 by draw+ att5tion to c]ta9 basic t]ms :i*1 z us$ 9 ?is "w1 c>ry /rict & 9 "s cases novel connotations4 ,?\gh ! metaphysical cont5t ( ^! t]ms w\ld gradually become evid5t 9 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! reason+1 nev]!less1 ! exact significance to be atta*$ to !m ought to be made cle> beyond misund]/&+ f ! v outset4 ,! popul> di/9ction--curr5t also 9 philosophy--betwe5 8be+0 & 8becom+0 seems to miss ! ess5tial po9t 9 ! contra/ x is meant to express4 ,an endless becom+--8action10 8actuality0--w always be ?\ght ( also z a condition 7z x is1 = example1 9 physical notions su* z uni=m velocity & ! condition ( motion1 & 9 ! basic hypo!sis ( ! k9etic !ory ( gases7 & !re=e rank$ 9 ! category ( 8be+40 ,on ! o!r h&1 out ( ! results t we d 9 fact obta9 by & 9 consci\sness1 we may1 ) ,goe!1 di/+ui% z f9al elem5ts 8becom+0 & 8! become0 7,das ,w]d51 das ,gewordne74 ,9 all cases1 ?\gh ! atom ( human-ness may lie beyond ! grasp ( our p[]s ( ab/ract conception1 ! v cle> & def9ite feel+ ( ?is contra/--fundam5tal & diffus$ ?r\gh\t consci\sness--is ! mo/ elem5tal some?+ t we rea*4 ,x necess>ily foll[s !re=e t 8! become0 is always f\nd$ on a 8becom+0 & n ! o!r way r\nd4 ,i di/+ui% fur!r1 by ! words 8prop]0 & 8ali50 7das ,eigne1 das ,fremde71 ^? two basic facts ( consci\sness :i* = all m5 9 ! wak+ 7n 9 ! dream+7 /ate are e/abli%$ ) an imm$iate inw>d c]ta9ty1 )\t ! necessity or possibility ( m precise def9ition4 ,! elem5t call$ 8ali50 is always relat$ 9 "s way to ! basic fact express$ by ! ^w 8p]ception10 i4e41 ! out] _w1 ! life ( s5sation4 ,great ?9k]s h b5t all _! p[]s ( image-=m+ to ! task ( express+ ?is relation1 m & m rigor\sly1 by ! aid ( half-intuitive di*otomies su* z 8ph5om5a & ?+s-9-!mselves10 8_w-z-w & _w-z-idea10 8ego & non-ego10 al?\gh human p[]s ( exact kn[+ are surely inadequate = ! task4 ,simil>ly1 ! elem5t 8prop]0 is involv$ ) ! basic fact kn[n z feel+1 i4e41 ! inn] life1 9 "s intimate & inv>iable way t equally defies analysis by ! me?ods ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,i di/+ui%1 aga91 8s\l0 & 8_w40 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is opposition is id5tical ) ! fact ( purely human wak+ consci\sness 7,wa*se974 ,!re are degrees ( cle>ness & %>pness 9 ! opposition & !re=e grades ( ! consci\sness1 ( ! spirituality1 ( life4 ,^! grades range f ! feel+-k t1 unal]t yet sometimes suffus$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh by an inw>d light1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! primitive & ( ! *ild 7& also ( ^? mom5ts ( religi\s & arti/ic inspiration t occur ev] less & less (t5 z a ,culture gr[s old]7 "r to ! extremity ( wak+ & reason+ %>pness t we f9d1 = in/ance1 9 ! ?\ght ( ,kant & ,napoleon1 = :om s\l & _w h become subject & object4 ,?is elem5t>y /ructure ( consci\sness1 z a fact ( imm$iate inn] k1 is n susceptible ( conceptual subdivision4 ,nor1 inde$1 are ! two factors di/+ui%able at all except v]bally & m or less artificially1 s9ce !y are always associat$1 always int]tw9$1 & pres5t !mselves z a unit1 a totality4 ,! epi/emological />t+-po9t ( ! born ideali/ & ! born reali/ alike1 ! assumption t s\l is to _w 7or _w to s\l1 z ! case may be7 z f\ndation is to build+1 z prim>y to d]ivative1 z 8cause0 to 8effect10 has no basis :atev] 9 ! pure fact ( consci\sness1 & :5 a philosophic sy/em lays /ress on ! "o or ! o!r1 x only !reby in=ms u z to ! p]sonality ( ! philosoph]1 a fact ( purely biographical significance4 ,?us1 by reg>d+ wak+-consci\sness /ructurally z a t5sion ( contr>ies1 & apply+ to x ! notions ( 8becom+0 & 8! ?+- become10 we f9d = ! ^w ,life a p]fectly def9ite mean+ t is closely alli$ to t ( 8becom+40 ,we may describe becom+s & ! ?+s-become z ! =m 9 :i* respectively ! facts & ! results ( life exi/ 9 ! wak+ consci\sness4 ,to man 9 ! wak+ /ate 8 prop] life1 progressive & con/antly self-fulfill+1 is pres5t$ ?r\gh ! elem5t ( ,becom+ 9 8 consci\sness--?is fact we call 8! pres5t0--& x possesses t my/]i\s prop]ty ( ,direction :i* 9 all ! high] languages m5 h s\ght to imp\nd &--va9ly--to rationalize by means ( ! enigmatic ^w "t4 ,x foll[s necess>ily f ! above t !re is a fundam5tal connexion betwe5 ! become 7! h>d-set7 & ,dea?4 ,if1 n[1 we designate ! ,s\l--t is1 ! ,s\l z x is felt1 n z x is reasonably pictur$--z ! possible & ! ,_w on ! o!r h& z ! actual 7! mean+ ( ^! expressions is unmi/akable to man's inn] s5se71 we see life z ! =m 9 :i* ! actualiz+ ( ! possible is accompli%$4 ,) respect to ! prop]ty ( ,direction1 ! possible is call$ ! ,future & ! actualiz$ ! ,pa/4 ,! actualiz+ itself1 ! c5tre-(-gravity & ! c5tre-(- mean+ ( life1 we call ! ,pres5t4 8,s\l0 is ! /ill-to-be- accompli%$1 8,_w0 ! accompli%$1 8life0 ! accompli%+4 ,9 ?is way we are enabl$ to assign to expressions l mom5t1 duration1 developm5t1 life-cont5t1 vocation1 scope1 aim1 fullness & empt9ess ( life1 ! def9ite mean+s :i* we %all ne$ = all t foll[s & especially = ! und]/&+ ( hi/orical ph5om5a4 ,la/ly1 ! words ,hi/ory & ,nature are "h employ$1 z ! read] w h obs]v$ already1 9 a q def9ite & hi!rto unusual s5se4 ,^! words comprise possible modes ( und]/&+1 ( compreh5d+ ! totality ( k--becom+ z well z ?+s- become1 life z well z ?+s-liv$--z a homog5e\s1 spiritualiz$1 well-ord]$ _w-picture fa%ion$ out ( an indivisible mass- impression 9 ?is way or 9 t accord+ z ! becom+ or ! become1 direction 78"t07 or ext5sion 78space07 is ! dom9ant factor4 ,& x is n a "q ( "o factor be+ alt]native to ! o!r4 ,! possibilities t we h ( possess+ an 8out] _w0 t reflects & atte/s our prop] exi/5ce are inf9itely num]\s & exce$+ly het]og5e\s1 & ! purely organic & ! purely me*anical _w-view 79 ! precise lit]al s5se ( t famili> t]m#db7 are only ! extreme memb]s ( ! s]ies4 ,primitive man 7s f> z we c imag9e 8 wak+-consci\sness7 & ! *ild 7z we c rememb]7 _c fully see or grasp ^! possibilities4 ,"o condition ( ?is high] _w-consci\sness is ! possession ( language1 mean+ !reby n m]e human utt]ance b a culture-language1 & su* is non-exi/5t = primitive man & exi/5t b n accessible 9 ! case ( ! *ild4 ,9 o!r words1 nei!r possesses any cle> & di/9ct notion ( ! _w4 ,!y h an inkl+ b no real k ( hi/ory & nature1 be+ too intimately incorporat$ ) ! ensemble ( ^!4 ,!y h no ,culture4 ,& !re) t important ^w is giv5 a positive mean+ ( ! highe/ significance :i* h5ce=w>d w be assum$ 9 us+ x4 ,9 ! same way z we h elect$ to di/+ui% ! ,s\l z ! possible & ! ,_w z ! actual1 we c n[ diff]5tiate betwe5 possible & actual culture1 i4e41 culture z an idea 9 ! 7g5]al or individual7 exi/5ce & culture z ! body ( t idea1 z ! total ( its visible1 tangible & compreh5sible expressions--acts & op9ions1 religion & /ate1 arts & sci5ces1 peoples & cities1 economic & social =ms1 spee*1 laws1 cu/oms1 *>act]s1 facial l9es & co/umes4 ,high] hi/ory1 intimately relat$ to life & to becom+1 is ! actualiz+ ( possible ,culture4#dc ,we mu/ n omit to add t ^! basic det]m9ations ( mean+ are l>gely incommunicable by specification1 def9ition or pro(1 & 9 _! deep] import mu/ be rea*$ by feel+1 exp]i5ce & intuition4 ,!re is a di/9ction1 r>ely appreciat$ z x %\ld be1 betwe5 exp]i5ce z liv$ & exp]i5ce z le>n$ 7zwis*5 ,erleb5 und ,erk5n571 betwe5 ! imm$iate c]ta9ty giv5 by ! v>i\s k9ds ( intuition--su* z illum9ation1 inspiration1 arti/ic flair1 exp]i5ce ( life1 ! p[] ( 8siz+ m5 up0 7,goe!'s 8exact p]cipi5t fancy07--& ! product ( rational proc$ure & te*nical exp]im5t4 ,! fir/ are imp>t$ by means ( analogy1 picture1 symbol1 ! second by =mula1 law1 s*eme4 ,! become is exp]i5c$ by le>n+--inde$1 z we %all see1 ! hav+-become is = ! human m9d id5tical ) ! complet$ act ( cognition4 ,a becom+1 on ! o!r h&1 c only be exp]i5c$ by liv+1 felt ) a deep wordless und]/&+4 ,x is on ?is t :at we call 8k ( m50 is bas$2 9 fact ! und]/&+ ( hi/ory implies a sup]lative k ( m54 ,! eye :i* c see into ! dep?s ( an ali5 s\l--owes no?+ to ! cognition-me?ods inve/igat$ 9 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 yet ! pur] ! hi/orical picture is1 ! less accessible x becomes to any o!r eye4 ,! me*anism ( a pure nature-picture1 su* z ! _w ( ,newton & ,kant1 is cogniz$1 grasp$1 dissect$ 9 laws & equations & f9ally r$uc$ to sy/em3 ! organism ( a pure hi/ory-picture1 l ! _w ( ,plot9us1 ,dante & ,giordano ,bruno1 is intuitively se51 inw>dly exp]i5c$1 grasp$ z a =m or symbol & f9ally r5d]$ 9 poetical & arti/ic conceptions4 ,goe!'s 8liv+ nature0 is a hi/orical _w-picture4#dd ----- ,footnote #ci3 ,! "w ref]r$ to is embodi$ 9 ,vol4 ,,ii 7pp4 #eba et seq41 #efb et seq41 #fca et seq474 ,footnote #dj3 ,! philosophy ( ?is book ,i owe to ! philosophy ( ,goe!1 :i* is practically unkn[n to-day1 & also 7b 9 a f> less degree7 to t ( ,nietzs*e4 ,! position ( ,goe! 9 ,we/-,european metaphysics is /ill n und]/ood 9 ! lea/2 :5 philosophy is be+ discuss$ he is n ev5 nam$4 ,= un=tunately he did n set d[n 8 doctr9es 9 a rigid sy/em1 & s ! sy/ematic philosophy has ov]look$ him4 ,nev]!less he 0 a philosoph]4 ,8 place vis-- vis ,kant is ! same z t ( ,plato--:o simil>ly eludes ! w\ld- be-sy/ematiz]--vis--vis ,ari/otle4 ,plato & ,goe! /& = ! philosophy ( ,becom+1 ,ari/otle & ,kant ! philosophy ( ,be+4 ,"h we h intuition oppos$ to analysis4 ,some?+ t x is practically impossible to convey by ! me?ods ( reason is f\nd 9 individual say+s & poems ( ,goe!1 e4g41 9 ! ,orphis*e ,urworte1 & /anzas l 8,w5n im ,un5dli*50 & 8,sagt es ,niem&10 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z ! expression ( a p]fectly def9ite metaphysical doctr9e4 ,i w\ld n h "o s+le ^w *ang$ 9 ?is3 ,! ,godhead is effective 9 ! liv+ & n 9 ! dead1 9 ! becom+ & ! *ang+1 n 9 ! become & ! set-fa/2 & !re=e1 simil>ly1 ! reason 7,v]nunft7 is conc]n$ only to /rive t[>ds ! div9e ?r\gh ! becom+ & ! liv+1 & ! und]/&+ 7,v]/&7 only to make use ( ! become & ! set- fa/ 7to ,eck]mann74 ,?is s5t5ce comprises my entire philosophy4 ,footnote #da3 ,at ! end ( ! volume4 ,footnote #db3 ,weltans*auung im wrtli*5 ,s9ne2 ,ans*auung d] ,welt4 ,footnote #dc3 ,! case ( mank9d 9 ! hi/oryless /ate is discuss$ 9 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #eh et seq4 ,footnote #dd3 ,)1 moreov]1 a 8biological horizon40 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cd4 ----- ,,ii ,9 ord] to exemplify ! way 9 :i* a s\l seeks to actualize itself 9 ! picture ( its out] _w--to %[1 t is1 9 h[ f> ,culture 9 ! 8become0 /ate c express or portray an idea ( human exi/5ce-- ,i h *os5 numb]1 ! prim>y elem5t on :i* all ma!matics re/s4 ,i h done s because ma!matics1 accessible 9 its full dep? only to ! v few1 holds a q peculi> position among/ ! creations ( ! m9d4 ,x is a sci5ce ( ! mo/ rigor\s k9d1 l logic b m compreh5sive & v mu* full]2 x is a true art1 along ) sculpture & music1 z ne$+ ! guidance ( inspiration & z develop+ "u great conv5tions ( =m2 x is1 la/ly1 a metaphysic ( ! highe/ rank1 z ,plato & above all ,leibniz %[ u4 ,e philosophy has hi!rto gr[n up 9 conjunction ) a ma!matic belong+ to x4 ,numb] is ! symbol ( causal necessity4 ,l ! conception ( ,god1 x conta9s ! ultimate mean+ ( ! _w-z- nature4 ,! exi/5ce ( numb]s may !re=e be call$ a my/]y1 & ! religi\s ?\ght ( e ,culture has felt _! impress4#de ,j z all becom+ possesses ! orig9al prop]ty ( direction 7irrev]sibility71 all ?+s-become possess ! prop]ty ( ext5sion4 ,b ^! two words seem unsatisfactory 9 t only an artificial di/9ction c be made betwe5 !m4 ,! real secret ( all ?+s-become1 :i* are ipso facto ?+s ext5d$ 7spatially & mat]ially71 is embodi$ 9 ma!matical numb] z contra/$ ) *ronological numb]4 ,ma!matical numb] conta9s 9 its v ess5ce ! notion ( a me*anical dem>cation1 numb] be+ 9 t respect ak9 to ^w1 :i*1 9 ! v fact ( its compris+ & d5ot+1 f5ces (f _w-impressions4 ,! deepe/ dep?s1 x is true1 are "h bo? incompreh5sible & inexpressible4 ,b ! actual numb] ) :i* ! ma!matician works1 ! figure1 =mula1 sign1 diagram1 9 %ort ! numb]-sign :i* he ?9ks1 speaks or writes exactly1 is 7l ! exactly-us$ ^w7 f ! fir/ a symbol ( ^! dep?s1 some?+ imag9able1 communicable1 compreh5sible to ! inn] & ! out] eye1 :i* c be accept$ z repres5t+ ! dem>cation4 ,! orig9 ( numb]s resembles t ( ! my?4 ,primitive man elevates indef9able nature-impressions 7! 8ali510 9 our t]m9ology7 into deities1 num9a1 at ! same "t captur+ & imp\nd+ !m by a "n :i* limits !m4 ,s also numb]s are some?+ t m>ks (f & captures nature-impressions1 & x is by means ( names & numb]s t ! human und]/&+ obta9s p[] ov] ! _w4 ,9 ! la/ analysis1 ! numb]-language ( a ma!matic & ! gramm> ( a tongue are /ructurally alike4 ,logic is always a k9d ( ma!matic & vice v]sa4 ,consequ5tly1 9 all acts ( ! intellect g]mane to ma!matical numb]--measur+1 c\nt+1 draw+1 weigh+1 arrang+ & divid+#df--m5 /rive to delimit ! ext5d$ 9 words z well1 i4e41 to set x =? 9 ! =m ( pro(s1 conclusions1 !orems & sy/ems2 & x is only ?r\gh acts ( ?is k9d 7:i* may be m or less un9t5tion$7 t wak+ man beg9s to be able to use numb]s1 normatively1 to specify objects & prop]ties1 relations & diff]5ti1 unities & pluralities--briefly1 t /ructure ( ! _w-picture :i* he feels z necess>y & un%akable1 calls 8,nature0 & 8cognizes40 ,nature is ! num]able1 :ile ,hi/ory1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! aggregate ( t :i* has no relation to ma!matics-- h5ce ! ma!matical c]ta9ty ( ! laws ( ,nature1 ! a/\nd+ rightness ( ,galileo's say+ t ,nature is 8writt5 9 ma!matical language10 & ! fact1 emphasiz$ by ,kant1 t exact natural sci5ce rea*es j z f> z ! possibilities ( appli$ ma!matics all[ x to rea*4 ,9 numb]1 !n1 z ! sign ( complet$ dem>cation1 lies ! ess5ce ( ev]y?+ actual1 :i* is cogniz$1 is delimit$1 & has become all at once--z ,py?agoras & c]ta9 o!rs h be5 able to see ) complete inw>d c]titude by a mighty & truly religi\s intuition4 ,nev]!less1 ma!matics--mean+ !reby ! capacity to ?9k practically 9 figures--mu/ n be confus$ ) ! f> n>r[] sci5tific ma!matics1 t is1 ! !ory ( numb]s z develop$ 9 lecture & treatise4 ,! ma!matical vision & ?\ght t a ,culture possesses )9 itself is z inadequately repres5t$ by its writt5 ma!matic z its philosophical vision & ?\ght by its philosophical treatises4 ,numb] spr+s f a s\rce t has also q o!r outlets4 ,?us at ! beg9n+ ( e ,culture we f9d an ar*aic /yle1 :i* might fairly h be5 call$ geometrical 9 o!r cases z well z ! ,e>ly ,hell5ic4 ,!re is a common factor :i* is expressly ma!matical 9 ?is e>ly ,classical /yle ( ! #aj? ,c5tury ,b4,c41 9 ! temple /yle ( ! ,egyptian ,f\r? ,dyna/y ) its absolutism ( /raight l9e & "r angle1 9 ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian s>cophagus- relief1 & 9 ,romanesque con/ruction & ornam5t4 ,"h e l9e1 e delib]ately non-imitative figure ( man & bea/1 reveals a my/ic numb]-?\ght 9 direct connexion ) ! my/]y ( dea? 7! h>d-set74 ,go?ic ca!drals & ,doric temples are ma!matics 9 /one4 ,d\btless ,py?agoras 0 ! fir/ 9 ! ,classical ,culture to conceive numb] sci5tifically z ! pr9ciple ( a _w-ord] ( compreh5sible ?+s--z /&>d & z magnitude--b ev5 be=e him x _h f\nd expression1 z a noble array+ ( s5su\s-mat]ial units1 9 ! /rict canon ( ! /atue & ! ,doric ord] ( columns4 ,! great arts are1 "o & all1 modes ( int]pretation by means ( limits bas$ on numb] 7consid]1 = example1 ! problem ( space- repres5tation 9 oil pa9t+74 ,a high ma!matical end[m5t may1 )\t any ma!matical sci5ce :atsoev]1 come to fruition & full self-k 9 te*nical sph]es4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( s p[]ful a numb]-s5se z t evid5c$1 ev5 9 ! ,old ,k+dom1#dg 9 ! dim5sion+ ( pyramid temples & 9 ! te*nique ( build+1 wat]-control & public adm9i/ration 7n to m5tion ! cal5d>71 no "o surely w\ld ma9ta9 t ! valueless ari?metic ( ,ahmes belong+ to ! ,new ,empire repres5ts ! level ( ,egyptian ma!matics4 ,! ,au/ralian natives1 :o rank intellectually z ?or\gh primitives1 possess a ma!matical in/9ct 7or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 a p[] ( ?9k+ 9 numb]s :i* is n yet communicable by signs or words7 t z reg>ds ! int]pretation ( pure space is f> sup]ior to t ( ! ,greeks4 ,_! discov]y ( ! boom]ang c only be attribut$ to _! hav+ a sure feel+ = numb]s ( a class t we %\ld ref] to ! high] geometry4 ,accord+ly--we %all ju/ify ! adv]b lat]--!y possess an extraord9>ily complicat$ c]emonial &1 = express+ degrees ( aff9ity1 su* f9e %ades ( language z n ev5 ! high] ,cultures !mselves c %[4 ,!re is analogy1 aga91 betwe5 ! ,euclidean ma!matic & ! abs5ce1 9 ! ,greek ( ! mature ,p]iclean age1 ( any feel+ ei!r = c]emonial public life or = lonel9ess1 :ile ! ,b>oque1 diff]+ %>ply f ! ,classical1 pres5ts u ) a ma!matic ( spatial analysis1 a c\rt ( ,v]sailles & a /ate sy/em re/+ on dyna/ic relations4 ,x is ! /yle ( a ,s\l t comes out 9 ! _w ( numb]s1 & ! _w ( numb]s includes some?+ m ?an ! sci5ce !re(4 ----- ,footnote #de3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cbg et seq4 ,footnote #df3 ,also 8?9k+ 9 money40 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fjc et seq4 ,footnote #dg3 ,dyna/ies ,i-,,viii1 or1 effectively1 ,i-,,vi4 ,! ,pyramid p]iod co9cides ) ,dyna/ies ,,iv-,,vi4 ,*eops1 ,*ephr5 & ,myc]9us belong to ! ,,iv dyna/y1 "u :i* also great wat]-control works 7 c>ri$ out betwe5 ,abydos & ! ,fayum4--,tr4 ----- ,,iii ,f ?is !re foll[s a fact ( decisive importance :i* has hi!rto be5 hidd5 f ! ma!maticians !mselves4 ,!re is n1 & _c be1 numb] z su*4 ,!re are sev]al numb]- worlds z !re are sev]al ,cultures4 ,we f9d an ,indian1 an ,arabian1 a ,classical1 a ,we/]n type ( ma!matical ?\ght &1 correspond+ ) ea*1 a type ( numb]--ea* type fundam5tally peculi> & unique1 an expression ( a specific _w-feel+1 a symbol hav+ a specific validity :i* is ev5 capable ( sci5tific def9ition1 a pr9ciple ( ord]+ ! ,become :i* reflects ! c5tral ess5ce ( "o & only "o s\l1 viz41 ! s\l ( t p>ticul> ,culture4 ,consequ5tly1 !re are m ma!matics ?an "o4 ,= indubitably ! inn] /ructure ( ! ,euclidean geometry is some?+ q diff]5t f t ( ! ,c>tesian1 ! analysis ( ,ar*im$es is some?+ o!r ?an ! analysis ( ,gauss1 & n m]ely 9 matt]s ( =m1 intuition & me?od b above all 9 ess5ce1 9 ! intr9sic & obligatory mean+ ( numb] :i* !y respectively develop & set =?4 ,?is numb]1 ! horizon )9 :i* x has be5 able to make ph5om5a self- explanatory1 & !re=e ! :ole ( ! 8nature0 or _w-ext5d$ t is conf9$ 9 ! giv5 limits & am5able to its p>ticul> sort ( ma!matic1 are n common to all mank9d1 b specific 9 ea* case to "o def9ite sort ( mank9d4 ,! /yle ( any ma!matic :i* comes into be+1 !n1 dep5ds :olly on ! ,culture 9 :i* x is root$1 ! sort ( mank9d x is t pond]s x4 ,! s\l c br+ its inh]5t possibilities to sci5tific developm5t1 c manage !m practically1 c atta9 ! highe/ levels 9 its treatm5t ( !m--b is q impot5t to alt] !m4 ,! idea ( ! ,euclidean geometry is actualiz$ 9 ! e>lie/ =ms ( ,classical ornam5t1 & t ( ! ,inf9itesimal ,calculus 9 ! e>lie/ =ms ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 c5turies be=e ! fir/ le>n$ ma!maticians ( ! respective ,cultures 7 born4 ,a deep inw>d exp]i5ce1 ! g5u9e awak5+ ( ! ego1 :i* turns ! *ild into ! high] man & initiates him into community ( 8 ,culture1 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( numb]-s5se z x does t ( language-s5se4 ,x is only aft] ?is t objects come to exi/ = ! wak+ consci\sness z ?+s limitable & di/+ui%able z to numb] & k9d2 only aft] ?is t prop]ties1 concepts1 causal necessity1 sy/em 9 ! _w-ar\nd1 a =m ( ! _w1 & _w laws 7= t :i* is set & settl$ is ipso facto b\nd$1 h>d5$1 numb]-gov]n$7 are susceptible ( exact def9ition4 ,& !re) comes too a sudd51 almo/ metaphysical1 feel+ ( anxiety & awe reg>d+ ! deep] mean+ ( measur+ & c\nt+1 draw+ & =m4 ,n[1 ,kant has classifi$ ! sum ( human k accord+ to syn!ses a priori 7necess>y & univ]sally valid7 & a po/]iori 7exp]i5tial & v>iable f case to case7 & 9 ! =m] class has includ$ ma!matical k4 ,!reby1 d\btless1 he 0 enabl$ to r$uce a /rong inw>d feel+ to ab/ract =m4 ,b1 q ap>t f ! fact 7amply evid5c$ 9 mod]n ma!matics & me*anics7 t !re is no su* %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! two z is orig9ally & unconditionally impli$ 9 ! pr9ciple1 ! a priori itself1 ?\gh c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ inspir$ conceptions ( philosophy1 is a notion t seems to involve enorm\s difficulties4 ,) x ,kant po/ulates--)\t attempt+ to prove :at is q incapable ( pro(--bo? unalt]abl5ess ( =m 9 all intellectual activity & id5tity ( =m = all m5 9 ! same4 ,&1 9 consequ5ce1 a factor ( incalculable importance is--?anks to ! intellectual prepossessions ( 8 p]iod1 n to m5tion 8 own--simply ignor$4 ,?is factor is ! v>y+ degree ( ?is alleg$ 8univ]sal validity40 ,!re are d\btless c]ta9 *>act]s ( v wide-rang+ validity :i* are 7seem+ly at any rate7 indep5d5t ( ! ,culture & c5tury to :i* ! cogniz+ individual may belong1 b along ) ^! !re is a q p>ticul> necessity ( =m :i* und]lies all 8 ?\ght z axiomatic & to :i* he is subject by virtue ( belong+ to 8 own ,culture & no o!r4 ,"h1 !n1 we h two v diff]5t k9ds ( a priori ?\ght-cont5t1 & ! def9ition ( a fronti] betwe5 !m1 or ev5 ! demon/ration t su* exi/s1 is a problem t lies beyond all possibilities ( kn[+ & w nev] be solv$4 ,s f>1 no "o has d>$ to assume t ! suppos$ con/ant /ructure ( ! intellect is an illusion & t ! hi/ory spread out be=e u conta9s m ?an "o /yle ( kn[+4 ,b we mu/ n =get t unanimity ab\t ?+s t h n yet become problems may j z well imply univ]sal error z univ]sal tru?4 ,true1 !re has always be5 a c]ta9 s5se ( d\bt & obscurity--s mu* s1 t ! correct guess might h be5 made f t non-agreem5t ( ! philosoph]s :i* e glance at ! hi/ory ( philosophy %[s u4 ,b t ?is non-agreem5t is n due to imp]fections ( ! human intellect or pres5t gaps 9 a p]fectible k1 9 a ^w1 is n due to defect1 b to de/9y & hi/orical necessity--?is is a discov]y4 ,conclusions on ! deep & f9al ?+s are to be rea*$ n by pr$icat+ con/ants b by /udy+ diff]5ti & develop+ ! organic logic ( diff]5ces4 ,! comp>ative morphology ( k =ms is a doma9 :i* ,we/]n ?\ght has /ill to attack4 ,,iv ,if ma!matics 7 a m]e sci5ce l a/ronomy or m9]alogy1 x w\ld be possible to def9e _! object4 ,?is man is n & nev] has be5 able to d4 ,we ,we/-,europeans may put our own sci5tific notion ( numb] to p]=m ! same tasks z ^? ) :i* ! ma!maticians ( ,a!ns & ,baghdad busi$ !mselves1 b ! fact rema9s t ! !me1 ! int5tion & ! me?ods ( ! l-nam$ sci5ce 9 ,a!ns & 9 ,baghdad 7 q diff]5t f ^? ( our own4 ,!re is no ma!matic b only ma!matics4 ,:at we call 8! hi/ory ( ma!matics0--imply+ m]ely ! progressive actualiz+ ( a s+le inv>iable ideal--is 9 fact1 bel[ ! deceptive surface ( hi/ory1 a complex ( self-conta9$ & indep5d5t developm5ts1 an ev]-repeat$ process ( br++ to bir? new =m-worlds & appropriat+1 trans=m+ & sl\gh+ ali5 =m-worlds1 a purely organic /ory ( blossom+1 rip5+1 wilt+ & dy+ )9 ! set p]iod4 ,! /ud5t mu/ n let himself be deceiv$4 ,! ma!matic ( ! ,classical s\l spr\t$ almo/ out ( no?+ness1 ! hi/orically- con/itut$ ,we/]n s\l1 already possess+ ! ,classical sci5ce 7n inw>dly1 b outw>dly z a ?+ le>nt71 _h to w9 its own by app>5tly alt]+ & p]fect+1 b 9 reality de/roy+ ! ess5tially ali5 ,euclidean sy/em4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! ag5t 0 ,py?agoras1 9 ! second ,desc>tes4 ,9 bo? cases ! act is1 at bottom1 ! same4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ! =m-language ( a ma!matic & t ( ! cognate major arts1#dh is 9 ?is way put beyond d\bt4 ,! temp]am5t ( ! ?9k] & t ( ! arti/ diff] widely inde$1 b ! expression-me?ods ( ! wak+ consci\sness are inw>dly ! same = ea*4 ,! s5se ( =m ( ! sculptor1 ! pa9t]1 ! compos] is ess5tially ma!matical 9 its nature4 ,! same inspir$ ord]+ ( an inf9ite _w :i* manife/$ itself 9 ! geometrical analysis & projective geometry ( ! #ag? ,c5tury1 c\ld vivify1 en]gize1 & suffuse contempor>y music ) ! h>mony t x develop$ out ( ! art ( ?or\ghbass1 7:i* is ! geometry ( ! s\nd-_w7 & contempor>y pa9t+ ) ! pr9ciple ( p]spective 7! felt geometry ( ! space-_w t only ! ,we/ kn[s74 ,?is inspir$ ord]+ is t :i* ,goe! call$ 8,! ,idea1 ( :i* ! =m is imm$iately appreh5d$ 9 ! doma9 ( intuition1 :]eas pure sci5ce does n appreh5d b obs]ves & dissects40 ,! ,ma!matic goes beyond obs]vation & dissection1 & 9 its highe/ mom5ts f9ds ! way by vision1 n ab/raction4 ,to ,goe! aga9 we owe ! pr(\nd say+3 8! ma!matician is only complete 9 s f> z he feels )9 himself ! beauty ( ! true40 ,"h we feel h[ ne>ly ! secret ( numb] is relat$ to ! secret ( arti/ic creation4 ,& s ! born ma!matician takes 8 place by ! side ( ! great ma/]s ( ! fugue1 ! *isel & ! bru%2 he & !y alike /rive1 & mu/ /rive1 to actualize ! gr& ord] ( all ?+s by clo?+ x 9 symbol & s to communicate x to ! pla9 fell[-man :o he>s t ord] )9 himself b _c effectively possess x2 ! doma9 ( numb]1 l ! doma9s ( tone1 l9e & col\r1 becomes an image ( ! _w-=m4 ,= ?is reason ! ^w 8creative0 means m 9 ! ma!matical sph]e ?an x does 9 ! pure sci5ces-- ,newton1 ,gauss1 & ,riemann 7 arti/-natures1 & we "k ) :at sudd5ness _! great conceptions came ^u !m4#di 8,a ma!matician10 said old ,wei]/rass 8:o is n at ! same "t a bit ( a poet w nev] be a full ma!matician40 ,! ma!matic1 !n1 is an art4 ,z su* x has its /yles & /yle- p]iods4 ,x is n1 z ! layman & ! philosoph] 7:o is 9 ?is matt] a layman too7 imag9e1 sub/antially unalt]able1 b subject l e art to unnotic$ *anges f epo* to epo*4 ,! developm5t ( ! great arts ought nev] to be treat$ )\t an 7assur$ly n unpr(itable7 side-glance at contempor>y ma!matics4 ,9 ! v deep relation betwe5 *anges ( musical !ory & ! analysis ( ! inf9ite1 ! details h nev] yet be5 inve/igat$1 al?\gh /hetics might h le>n$ a great deal m f ^! ?an f all s-call$ 8psy*ology40 ,/ill m reveal+ w\ld be a hi/ory ( musical in/rum5ts writt51 n 7z x always is7 f ! te*nical /&po9t ( tone-production1 b z a /udy ( ! deep spiritual bases ( ! tone-col\rs & tone-effects aim$ at4 ,= x 0 ! wi%1 int5sifi$ to ! po9t ( a long+1 to fill a spatial inf9ity ) s\nd :i* produc$--9 contra/ to ! ,classical lyre & re$ 7lyra1 ki?>a2 aulos1 syr9x7 & ! ,arabian lute--! two great families ( keybo>d in/rum5ts 7organ1 pian(orte1 etc47 & b[ in/rum5ts1 & t z e>ly z ! ,go?ic "t4 ,! developm5t ( bo? ^! families belongs spiritually 7& possibly also 9 po9t ( te*nical orig97 to ! ,celtic-,g]manic ,nor? ly+ betwe5 ,irel&1 ! ,wes] & ! ,se9e4 ,! organ & clavi*ord belong c]ta9ly to ,engl&1 ! b[ in/rum5ts rea*$ _! def9ite =ms 9 ,upp] ,italy betwe5 #adhj & #aecj1 :ile x 0 pr9cipally 9 ,g]many t ! organ 0 develop$ into ! space-comm&+ giant t we "k1 an in/rum5t ! l ( :i* does n exi/ 9 all musical hi/ory4 ,! free organ-play+ ( ,ba* & 8 "t 0 no?+ if x 0 n analysis--analysis ( a /range & va/ tone-_w4 ,&1 simil>ly1 x is 9 con=mity ) ! ,we/]n numb]-?9k+1 & 9 opposition to ! ,classical1 t our /r+ & w9d in/rum5ts h be5 develop$ n s+ly b 9 great gr\ps 7/r+s1 woodw9d1 brass71 ord]$ )9 !mselves accord+ to ! compass ( ! f\r human voices2 ! hi/ory ( ! mod]n or*e/ra1 ) all its discov]ies ( new & modification ( old in/rum5ts1 is 9 reality ! self-conta9$ hi/ory ( "o tone-_w--a _w1 moreov]1 t is q capable ( be+ express$ 9 ! =ms ( ! high] analysis4 ,v ,:51 ab\t #edj ,b4,c41 ! circle ( ! ,py?agoreans arriv$ at ! idea t numb] is ! ess5ce ( all ?+s1 x 0 n 8a /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ma!matics0 t 0 made1 b a :olly new ma!matic t 0 born4 ,long h]ald$ by metaphysical problem-pos+s & arti/ic =m-t5d5cies1 n[ x came =? f ! dep?s ( ! ,classical s\l z a =mulat$ !ory1 a ma!matic born 9 "o act at "o great hi/orical mom5t--j z ! ma!matic ( ! ,egyptians _h be51 & ! algebra-a/ronomy ( ! ,babylonian ,culture ) its ecliptic co-ord9ate sy/em--& new--= ^! old] ma!matics _h long be5 ext+ui%$ & ! ,egyptian 0 nev] writt5 d[n4 ,fulfill$ by ! #bnd c5tury ,a4,d41 ! ,classical ma!matic vani%$ 9 its turn 7= ?\gh x seem+ly exi/s ev5 to-day1 x is only z a conv5i5ce ( notation t x does s71 & gave place to ! ,arabian4 ,f :at we "k ( ! ,alex&rian ma!matic1 x is a necess>y presumption t !re 0 a great movem5t )9 ! ,middle ,ea/1 ( :i* ! c5tre ( gravity mu/ h la9 9 ! ,p]sian-,babylonian s*ools 7su* z ,edessa1 ,gundisapora & ,ctesiphon7 & ( :i* only details f\nd _! way into ! regions ( ,classical spee*4 ,9 spite ( _! ,greek names1 ! ,alex&rian ma!maticians--,z5odorus :o dealt ) figures ( equal p]imet]1 ,s]5us :o work$ on ! prop]ties ( a h>monic p5cil 9 space1 ,hypsicles :o introduc$ ! ,*aldean circle-division1 ,diophantus above all--7 all )\t d\bt ,aramans1 & _! works only a small "p ( a lit]ature :i* 0 writt5 pr9cipally 9 ,syriac4 ,?is ma!matic f\nd its completion 9 ! inve/igations ( ! ,arabian- ,islamic ?9k]s1 & aft] ^! !re 0 aga9 a long int]val4 ,& !n a p]fectly new ma!matic 0 born1 ! ,we/]n1 our own1 :i* 9 our infatuation we reg>d z 8,ma!matics10 z ! culm9ation & ! implicit purpose ( two ?\s& ye>s' evolution1 ?\gh 9 reality its c5turies are 7/rictly7 numb]$ & to-day almo/ sp5t4 ,! mo/ valuable ?+ 9 ! ,classical ma!matic is its proposition t numb] is ! ess5ce ( all ?+s p]ceptible to ! s5ses4 ,def9+ numb] z a measure1 x conta9s ! :ole _w-feel+ ( a s\l passionately devot$ to ! 8"h0 & ! 8n[40 ,measurem5t 9 ?is s5se means ! measurem5t ( some?+ ne> & corporeal4 ,consid] ! cont5t ( ! ,classical art-"w1 say ! free-/&+ /atue ( a nak$ man2 "h e ess5tial & important elem5t ( ,be+1 its :ole rhy?m1 is exhau/ively r5d]$ by surfaces1 dim5sions & ! s5su\s relations ( ! p>ts4 ,! ,py?agorean notion ( ! h>mony ( numb]s1 al?\gh x 0 probably d$uc$ f music--a music1 be x not$1 t knew n polyphony or h>mony1 & =m$ its in/rum5ts to r5d] s+le plump1 almo/ fle%y1 tones-- seems to be ! v m\ld = a sculpture t has ?is ideal4 ,! work$ /one is only a some?+ 9 s f> z x has consid]$ limits & measur$ =m2 :at x is is :at x has become "u ! sculptor's *isel4 ,ap>t f ?is x is a *aos1 some?+ n yet actualiz$1 9 fact = ! "t be+ a null4 ,! same feel+ transf]r$ to ! gr&] /age produces1 z an opposite to ! /ate ( *aos1 t ( cosmos1 :i* = ! ,classical s\l implies a cle>$-up situation ( ! ext]nal _w1 a h>monic ord] :i* includes ea* sep>ate ?+ z a well-def9$1 compreh5sible & pres5t entity4 ,! sum ( su* ?+s con/itutes nei!r m nor less ?an ! :ole _w1 & ! int]spaces betwe5 !m1 :i* = u are fill$ ) ! impressive symbol ( ! ,univ]se ( ,space1 are = !m ! non5t 7 74 ,ext5sion means1 = ,classical mank9d body1 & = u space1 & x is z a function ( space t1 to u1 ?+s 8appe>40 ,&1 look+ backw>d f ?is /&po9t1 we may p]haps see into ! deepe/ concept ( ! ,classical metaphysics1 ,anaxim&]'s --a ^w t is q untranslatable into any ,we/]n tongue4 ,x is t :i* possesses no 8numb]0 9 ! ,py?agorean s5se ( ! ^w1 no measurable dim5sions or def9able limits1 & !re=e no be+2 ! measureless1 ! negation ( =m1 ! /atue n yet c>v$ out ( ! block2 ! optically b\ndless & =mless1 :i* only becomes a some?+ 7namely1 ! _w7 aft] be+ split up by ! s5ses4 ,x is ! und]ly+ =m a priori ( ,classical cognition1 bodil9ess z su*1 :i* is replac$ exactly 9 ! ,kantian _w-picture by t ,space out ( :i* ,kant ma9ta9$ t all ?+s c\ld be 8?\ght =?40 ,we c n[ und]/& :at x is t divides "o ma!matic f ano!r1 & 9 p>ticul> ! ,classical f ! ,we/]n4 ,! :ole _w-feel+ ( ! matur$ ,classical _w l$ x to see ma!matics only z ! !ory ( relations ( magnitude1 dim5sion & =m betwe5 bodies4 ,:51 f out ( ?is feel+1 ,py?agoras evolv$ & express$ ! decisive =mula1 numb] _h come1 = him1 to be an optical symbol--n a measure ( =m g5]ally1 an ab/ract relation1 b a fronti]-po/ ( ! doma9 ( ! ,become1 or r ( t "p ( x :i* ! s5ses 7 able to split up & pass "u review4 ,by ! :ole ,classical _w )\t exception numb]s are conceiv$ z units ( measure1 z magnitude1 l5g?s1 or surfaces1 & = x no o!r sort ( ext5sion is imag9able4 ,! :ole ,classical ma!matic is at bottom ,/]eometry 7solid geometry74 ,to ,euclid1 :o r\nd$ (f its sy/em 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 ! triangle is ( deep necessity ! b\nd+ surface ( a body1 nev] a sy/em ( ?ree int]sect+ /raight l9es or a gr\p ( ?ree po9ts 9 ?ree-dim5sional space4 ,he def9es a l9e z 8l5g? )\t bread?0 7 74 ,9 our m\?s su* a def9ition w\ld be pitiful--9 ! ,classical ma!matic x 0 brilliant4 ,! ,we/]n numb]1 too1 is n1 z ,kant & ev5 ,helmholtz ?\ght1 some?+ proce$+ out ( ,"t z an a priori =m ( conception1 b is some?+ specifically spatial1 9 t x is an ord] 7or ord]+7 ( l units4 ,actual "t 7z we %all see m & m cle>ly 9 ! sequel7 has n ! slighte/ relation ) ma!matical ?+s4 ,numb]s belong exclusively to ! doma9 ( ext5sion4 ,b !re are precisely z _m possibilities--& !re=e necessities--( ord]$ pres5tation ( ! ext5d$ z !re are ,cultures4 ,classical numb] is a ?\ght-process deal+ n ) spatial relations b ) visibly limitable & tangible units1 & x foll[s naturally & necess>ily t ! ,classical kn[s only ! 8natural0 7positive & :ole7 numb]s1 :i* on ! contr>y play 9 our ,we/]n ma!matics a q undi/+ui%$ "p 9 ! mid/ ( complex1 hyp]complex1 non- ,ar*im$ean & o!r numb]-sy/ems4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! idea ( irrational numb]s--! un5d+ decimal fractions ( our notation--0 unrealizable )9 ! ,greek _s4 ,euclid says--& he ought to h be5 bett] und]/ood--t incomm5surable l9es are 8n relat$ to "o ano!r l numb]s40 ,9 fact1 x is ! idea ( irrational numb] t1 once a*iev$1 sep>ates ! notion ( numb] f t ( magnitude1 = ! magnitude ( su* a numb] 71 = example7 c nev] be def9$ or exactly repres5t$ by any /raight l9e4 ,moreov]1 x foll[s f ?is t 9 consid]+ ! relation1 say1 betwe5 diagonal & side 9 a squ>e ! ,greek w\ld be br\ght up sudd5ly aga9/ a q o!r sort ( numb]1 :i* 0 fundam5tally ali5 to ! ,classical s\l1 & 0 consequ5tly fe>$ z a secret ( its prop] exi/5ce too dang]\s to be unveil$4 ,!re is a s+ul> & significant late-,greek leg5d1 accord+ to :i* ! man :o fir/ publi%$ ! hidd5 my/]y ( ! irrational p]i%$ by %ipwreck1 8= ! unspeakable & ! =mless mu/ be left hidd5 = ev]40#ej ,! fe> t und]lies ?is leg5d is ! selfsame notion t prev5t$ ev5 ! ripe/ ,greeks f ext5d+ _! t9y city-/ates s z to organize ! c\ntry-side politically1 f lay+ out _! /reets to end 9 prospects & _! alleys to give vi/as1 t made !m recoil "t & aga9 f ! ,babylonian a/ronomy ) its p5etration ( endless />ry space1#ea & refuse to v5ture out ( ! ,m$it]ranean along sea-pa?s long be=e d>$ by ! ,phnicians & ! ,egyptians4 ,x is ! deep metaphysical fe> t ! s5se- compreh5sible & pres5t 9 :i* ! ,classical exi/5ce _h entr5*$ itself w\ld collapse & precipitate its cosmos 7l>gely creat$ & su/a9$ by art7 into unkn[n primitive abysses4 ,& to und]/& ?is fe> is to und]/& ! f9al significance ( ,classical numb]--t is1 measure 9 contra/ to ! immeasurable--& to grasp ! high e?ical significance ( its limitation4 ,goe! too1 z a nature-/ud5t1 felt x--h5ce 8 almo/ t]rifi$ av]sion to ma!matics1 :i* z we c n[ see 0 really an involunt>y reaction aga9/ ! non-,classical ma!matic1 ! ,inf9itesimal ,calculus :i* und]lay ! natural philosophy ( 8 "t4 ,religi\s feel+ 9 ,classical man focus$ itself ev] m & m int5sely ^u physically pres5t1 localiz$ cults :i* alone express$ a college ( ,euclidean deities4 ,ab/ractions1 dogmas float+ homeless 9 ! space ( ?\ght1 7 ev] ali5 to x4 ,a cult ( ?is k9d has z mu* 9 common ) a ,roman ,ca?olic dogma z ! /atue has ) ! ca!dral organ4 ,!re is no d\bt t some?+ ( cult 0 compris$ 9 ! ,euclidean ma!matic--consid]1 = in/ance1 ! secret doctr9es ( ! ,py?agoreans & ! ,!orems ( regul> polyh$rons ) _! esot]ic significance 9 ! circle ( ,plato4 ,j s1 !re is a deep relation betwe5 ,desc>tes' analysis ( ! inf9ite & contempor>y dogmatic !ology z x progress$ f ! f9al decisions ( ! ,re=mation & ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation to entirely des5sualiz$ deism4 ,desc>tes & ,pascal 7 ma!maticians & ,jans5i/s1 ,leibniz a ma!matician & pieti/4 ,voltaire1 ,lagrange & ,d',alemb]t 7 contempor>ies4 ,n[1 ! ,classical s\l felt ! pr9ciple ( ! irrational1 :i* ov]turn$ ! /atuesquely-ord]$ array ( :ole numb]s & ! complete & self-suffic+ _w-ord] = :i* ^! /ood1 z an impiety aga9/ ! ,div9e itself4 ,9 ,plato's 8,timu0 ?is feel+ is unmi/akable4 ,= ! trans=mation ( a s]ies ( discrete numb]s into a cont9uum *all5g$ n m]ely ! ,classical notion ( numb] b ! ,classical _w-idea itself1 & s x is und]/&able t ev5 negative numb]s1 :i* to u (f] no conceptual difficulty1 7 impossible 9 ! ,classical ma!matic1 let alone z]o z a numb]1 t ref9$ creation ( a wond]ful ab/ractive p[] :i*1 = ! ,indian s\l t conceiv$ x z base = a positional num]ation1 0 no?+ m nor less ?an ! key to ! mean+ ( exi/5ce4 ,negative magnitudes h no exi/5ce4 ,! expression -#b-cf is nei!r some?+ p]ceivable nor a repres5tation ( magnitude4 ,! s]ies ( magnitudes ends ) #a1 & 9 graphic repres5tation ( negative numb]s 7 #c #b #a #j - #a - #b - #c 7 -- -- -- -- -- -- we h sudd5ly1 f z]o onw>ds1 positive symbols ( some?+ negative2 !y mean some?+1 b !y no long] are4 ,b ! fulfilm5t ( ?is act did n lie )9 ! direction ( ,classical numb]-?9k+4 ,e product ( ! wak+ consci\sness ( ! ,classical _w1 !n1 is elevat$ to ! rank ( actuality by way ( sculptural def9ition4 ,t :i* _c be drawn is n 8numb]40 ,ar*ytas & ,eudoxus use ! t]ms surface- & volume-numb]s to mean :at we call second & ?ird p[]s1 & x is easy to und]/& t ! notion ( high] integral p[]s did n exi/ = !m1 = a f\r? p[] w\ld pr$icate at once1 = ! m9d bas$ on ! pla/ic feel+1 an ext5sion 9 f\r dim5sions1 & f\r mat]ial dim5sions into ! b>ga91 8:i* is absurd40 ,expressions l ix :i* we con/antly use1 or ev5 ! fractional index 7e4g41 #e7 :i* is employ$ 9 ! ,we/]n ma!matics z e>ly z ,oresme 7#ad? ,c5tury71 w\ld h be5 to !m utt] nons5se4 ,euclid calls ! factors ( a product its sides & fractions 7f9ite ( c\rse7 7 treat$ z :ole-numb] relation%ips betwe5 two l9es4 ,cle>ly1 out ( ?is no conception ( z]o z a numb] c\ld possibly come1 = f ! po9t ( view ( a draughtsman x is mean+less4 ,we1 hav+ m9ds diff]5tly con/itut$1 mu/ n argue f our habits to !irs & treat _! ma!matic z a 8fir/ /age0 9 ! developm5t ( 8,ma!matics40 ,)9 & = ! purposes ( ! _w t ,classical man evolv$ = himself1 ! ,classical ma!matic 0 a complete ?+--x is m]ely n s = u4 ,babylonian & ,indian ma!matics _h long conta9$1 z ess5tial elem5ts ( _! numb]-worlds1 ?+s :i* ! ,classical numb]- feel+ reg>d$ z nons5se--& n f ignorance ei!r1 s9ce _m a ,greek ?9k] 0 acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,x mu/ be repeat$1 8,ma!matics0 is an illusion4 ,a ma!matical1 &1 g5]ally1 a sci5tific way ( ?9k+ is "r1 conv9c+1 a 8necessity ( ?\ght10 :5 x completely expresses ! life-feel+ prop] to x4 ,o!rwise x is ei!r impossible1 futile & s5seless1 or else1 z we 9 ! arrogance ( our hi/orical s\l l to say1 8primitive40 ,! mod]n ma!matic1 ?\gh 8true0 only = ! ,we/]n _s1 is und5iably a ma/]-"w ( t _s2 & yet to ,plato x w\ld h seem$ a ridicul\s & pa9ful ab]ration f ! pa? lead+ to ! 8true0--to wit1 ! ,classical--ma!matic4 ,& s ) ourselves4 ,pla9ly1 we h almo/ no notion ( ! multitude ( great ideas belong+ to o!r ,cultures t we h suff]$ to lapse because our ?\ght ) its limitations has n p]mitt$ u to assimilate !m1 or 7:i* comes to ! same ?+7 has l$ u to reject !m z false1 sup]flu\s1 & nons5sical4 ,,vi ,! ,greek ma!matic1 z a sci5ce ( p]ceivable magnitudes1 delib]ately conf9es itself to facts ( ! compreh5sibly pres5t1 & limits its rese>*es & _! validity to ! ne> & ! small4 ,z comp>$ ) ?is impeccable consi/5cy1 ! position ( ! ,we/]n ma!matic is se5 to be1 practically1 some:at illogical1 ?\gh x is only s9ce ! discov]y ( ,non-,euclidean ,geometry t ! fact has be5 really recogniz$4 ,numb]s are images ( ! p]fectly des5sualiz$ und]/&+1 ( pure ?\ght1 & conta9 _! ab/ract validity )9 !mselves4#eb ,_! exact application to ! actuality ( consci\s exp]i5ce is !re=e a problem 9 itself--a problem :i* is always be+ pos$ anew & nev] solv$--& ! congru5ce ( ma!matical sy/em ) empirical obs]vation is at pres5t any?+ b self-evid5t4 ,al?\gh ! lay idea--z f\nd 9 ,s*op5hau]--is t ma!matics re/ ^u ! direct evid5ces ( ! s5ses1 ,euclidean geometry1 sup]ficially id5tical ?\gh x is ) ! popul> geometry ( all ages1 is only 9 agreem5t ) ! ph5om5al _w approximately & )9 v n>r[ limits--9 fact1 ! limits ( a draw+-bo>d4 ,ext5d ^! limits1 & :at becomes1 = in/ance1 ( ,euclidean p>allels8 ,!y meet at ! l9e ( ! horizon--a simple fact ^u :i* all our art-p]spective is gr\nd$4 ,n[1 x is unp>donable t ,kant1 a ,we/]n ?9k]1 %\ld h evad$ ! ma!matic ( di/ance1 & appeal$ to a set ( figure-examples t _! m]e pett9ess excludes f treatm5t by ! specifically ,we/]n inf9itesimal me?ods4 ,b ,euclid1 z a ?9k] ( ! ,classical age1 0 entirely consi/5t ) its _s :5 he refra9$ f prov+ ! ph5om5al tru? ( 8 axioms by ref]r+ to1 say1 ! triangle =m$ by an obs]v] & two inf9itely di/ant fix$ />s4 ,= ^! c nei!r be drawn nor 8intuitively appreh5d$0 & 8 feel+ 0 precisely ! feel+ :i* %rank f ! irrationals1 :i* did n d>e to give no?+ness a value z z]o 7i4e41 a numb]7 & ev5 9 ! contemplation ( cosmic relations %ut its eyes to ! ,inf9ite & held to its symbol ( ,proportion4 ,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 :o 9 #bhh-bgg belong$ to a circle ( a/ronom]s at ,alex&ria t d\btless _h relations ) ,*aldaeo-,p]sian s*ools1 project$ ! elem5ts ( a helioc5tric _w-sy/em4#ec ,r$iscov]$ by ,cop]nicus1 x 0 to %ake ! metaphysical passions ( ! ,we/ to _! f\ndations--witness ,giordano ,bruno#ed--to become ! fulfilm5t ( mighty premonitions1 & to ju/ify t ,fau/ian1 ,go?ic _w-feel+ :i* _h already pr(ess$ its fai? 9 inf9ity ?r\gh ! =ms ( its ca!drals4 ,b ! _w ( ,ari/>*us receiv$ 8 "w ) entire indiff]5ce & 9 a brief space ( "t x 0 =gott5--design$ly1 we may surmise4 ,8 few foll[]s 7 ne>ly all natives ( ,asia ,m9or1 8 mo/ prom95t support] ,seleucus 7ab\t #aej7 be+ f ! ,p]sian ,seleucia on ,tigris4 ,9 fact1 ! ,ari/>*ian sy/em _h no spiritual appeal to ! ,classical ,culture & might inde$ h become dang]\s to x4 ,& yet x 0 diff]5tiat$ f ! ,cop]nican 7a po9t always miss$7 by some?+ :i* made x p]fectly con=mable to ! ,classical _w-feel+1 viz41 ! assumption t ! cosmos is conta9$ 9 a mat]ially f9ite & optically appreciable holl[ sph]e1 9 ! middle ( :i* ! planet>y sy/em1 arrang$ z su* on ,cop]nican l9es1 mov$4 ,9 ! ,classical a/ronomy1 ! e>? & ! heav5ly bodies are consi/5tly reg>d$ z entities ( two diff]5t k9ds1 h[ev] v>i\sly _! movem5ts 9 detail might be int]pret$4 ,equally1 ! opposite idea t ! e>? is only a /> among />s#ee is n inconsi/5t 9 itself ) ei!r ! ,ptolemaic or ! ,cop]nican sy/ems & 9 fact 0 pione]$ by ,nicolaus ,cusanus & ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,b by ?is device ( a cele/ial sph]e ! pr9ciple ( inf9ity :i* w\ld h endang]$ ! s5su\s-,classical notion ( b\nds 0 smo!r$4 ,"o w\ld h suppos$ t ! inf9ity-conception 0 inevitably impli$ by ! sy/em ( ,ari/>*us--long be=e 8 "t1 ! ,babylonian ?9k]s _h rea*$ x4 ,b no su* ?\ght em]ges4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! fam\s treatise on ! gra9s ( s&#ef ,ar*im$es proves t ! fill+ ( ?is /]eometric body 7= t is :at ,ari/>*us's ,cosmos is1 aft] all7 ) atoms ( s& leads to v high1 b n to inf9ite1 figure-results4 ,?is proposition1 quot$ ?\gh x may be1 "t & aga91 z be+ a fir/ /ep t[>ds ! ,integral ,calculus1 am\nts to a d5ial 7implicit inde$ 9 ! v title7 ( ev]y?+ t we mean by ! ^w analysis4 ,:]eas 9 our physics1 ! con/antly-surg+ hypo!ses ( a mat]ial 7i4e41 directly cognizable7 !r1 break !mselves "o aft] ! o!r aga9/ our refusal to ackn[l$ge mat]ial limitations ( any k9d1 ,eudoxus1 ,apollonius & ,ar*im$es1 c]ta9ly ! ke5e/ & bolde/ ( ! ,classical ma!maticians1 completely work$ out1 9 ! ma9 ) rule & compass1 a purely optical analysis ( ?+s-become on ! basis ( sculptural-,classical b\nds4 ,!y us$ deeply-?\ght-out 7& = u h>dly und]/&able7 me?ods ( integration1 b ^! possess only a sup]ficial resemblance ev5 to ,leibniz's def9ite-integral me?od4 ,!y employ$ geometrical loci & co-ord9ates1 b ^! are always specifi$ l5g?s & units ( measurem5t & nev]1 z 9 ,f]mat & above all 9 ,desc>tes1 unspecifi$ spatial relations1 values ( po9ts 9 t]ms ( _! positions 9 space4 ,) ^! me?ods also %\ld be class$ ! exhau/ion-me?od ( ,ar*im$es1#eg giv5 by him 9 8 rec5tly discov]$ lett] to ,erato/h5es on su* subjects z ! quadrature ( ! p>abola section by means ( inscrib$ rectangles 7in/ead ( ?r\gh simil> polygons74 ,b ! v subtlety & extreme complication ( 8 me?ods1 :i* are gr\nd$ 9 c]ta9 ( ,plato's geometrical ideas1 make u realize1 9 spite ( sup]ficial analogies1 :at an enorm\s diff]5ce sep>ates him f ,pascal4 ,ap>t altoge!r f ! idea ( ,riemann's integral1 :at %>p] contra/ c\ld !re be to ^! ideas ?an ! s-call$ quadratures ( to-day8 ,! "n itself is n[ no m ?an an un=tunate survival1 ! 8surface0 is indicat$ by a b\nd+ function1 & ! draw+ z su*1 has vani%$4 ,n[h]e else did ! two ma!matical m9ds approa* ea* o!r m closely ?an 9 ?is in/ance1 & n[h]e is x m evid5t t ! gulf betwe5 ! two s\ls ?us express+ !mselves is impassable4 ,9 ! cubic /yle ( _! e>ly ar*itecture ! ,egyptians1 s to say1 conceal$ pure numb]s1 fe>ful ( /umbl+ ^u _! secret1 & = ! ,hell5es too !y 7 ! key to ! mean+ ( ! become1 ! /iff5$1 ! mortal4 ,! /one /atue & ! sci5tific sy/em d5y life4 ,ma!matical numb]1 ! =mal pr9ciple ( an ext5sion-_w ( :i* ! ph5om5al exi/5ce is only ! d]ivative & s]vant ( wak+ human consci\sness1 be>s ! hall-m>k ( causal necessity & s is l9k$ ) dea? z *ronological numb] is ) becom+1 ) life1 ) ! necessity ( de/9y4 ,?is connexion ( /rict ma!matical =m ) ! end ( organic be+1 ) ! ph5om5on ( its organic rema9d] ! corpse1 we %all see m & m cle>ly to be ! orig9 ( all great art4 ,we h already notic$ ! developm5t ( e>ly ornam5t on fun]>y equipm5ts & receptacles4 ,numb]s are symbols ( ! mortal4 ,/iff =ms are ! negation ( life1 =mulas & laws spread rigidity ov] ! face ( nature1 numb]s make dead--& ! 8,mo!rs0 ( ,fau/ ,,ii sit en?ron$1 maje/ic & )drawn1 9 8,! realms ( ,image unconf9$4 444 ,=mation1 trans=mation1 ,et]nal play ( ! et]nal m9d ,) semblances ( all ?+s 9 creation ,= ev] & = ev] sweep+ r\nd40#eh ,goe! draws v ne> to ,plato 9 ?is div9ation ( "o ( ! f9al secrets4 ,= 8 unapproa*able ,mo!rs are ,plato's ,ideas--! possibilities ( a spirituality1 ! unborn =ms to be realiz$ z active & purpos$ ,culture1 z art1 ?\ght1 polity & religion1 9 a _w ord]$ & det]m9$ by t spirituality4 ,& s ! numb]- ?\ght & ! _w-idea ( a ,culture are relat$1 & by ?is relation1 ! =m] is elevat$ above m]e k & exp]i5ce & becomes a view ( ! univ]se1 !re be+ consequ5tly z _m ma!matics--z _m numb]-worlds--z !re are high] ,cultures4 ,only s c we und]/&1 z some?+ necess>y1 ! fact t ! greate/ ma!matical ?9k]s1 ! creative arti/s ( ! realm ( numb]s1 h be5 br\ght to ! decisive ma!matical discov]ies ( _! sev]al ,cultures by a deep religi\s intuition4 ,classical1 ,apoll9ian numb] we mu/ reg>d z ! creation ( ,py?agoras--:o f\nd$ a religion4 ,x 0 an in/9ct t guid$ ,nicolaus ,cusanus1 ! great ,bi%op ( ,brix5 7ab\t #adej71 f ! idea ( ! un5d+ness ( ,god 9 nature to ! elem5ts ( ! ,inf9itesimal ,calculus4 ,leibniz himself1 :o two c5turies lat] def9itely settl$ ! me?ods & notation ( ! ,calculus1 0 l$ by purely metaphysical speculations ab\t ! div9e pr9ciple & its relation to inf9ite ext5t to conceive & develop ! notion ( an analysis situs--probably ! mo/ inspir$ ( all int]pretations ( pure & emancipat$ space--! possibilities ( :i* 7 to be develop$ lat] by ,grassmann 9 8 ,ausdehnungslehre & above all by ,riemann1 _! real creator1 9 8 symbolism ( two-sid$ planes repres5tative ( ! nature ( equations4 ,& ,kepl] & ,newton1 /rictly religi\s natures bo?1 7 & rema9$ conv9c$1 l ,plato1 t x 0 precisely ?r\gh ! m$ium ( numb] t !y _h be5 able to appreh5d intuitively ! ess5ce ( ! div9e _w- ord]4 ,,vii ,! ,classical ari?metic1 we are always told1 0 fir/ lib]at$ f its s5se-bondage1 wid5$ & ext5d$ by ,diophantus1 :o did n inde$ create algebra 7! sci5ce ( undef9$ magnitudes7 b br\ght x to expression )9 ! framework ( ! ,classical ma!matic t we "k--& s sudd5ly t we h to assume t !re 0 a pre- exi/5t /ock ( ideas :i* he work$ out4 ,b ?is am\nts1 n to an enri*m5t (1 b a complete victory ov]1 ! ,classical _w-feel+1 & ! m]e fact %\ld h suffic$ 9 itself to %[ t1 inw>dly1 ,diophantus does n belong to ! ,classical ,culture at all4 ,:at is active 9 him is a new numb]-feel+1 or let u say a new limit-feel+ ) respect to ! actual & become1 & no long] t ,hell5ic feel+ ( s5su\sly-pres5t limits :i* _h produc$ ! ,euclidean geometry1 ! nude /atue & ! co94 ,details ( ! =mation ( ?is new ma!matic we d n "k--,diophantus /&s s completely by himself 9 ! hi/ory ( s-call$ late-,classical ma!matics t an ,indian influ5ce has be5 presum$4 ,b "h also ! influ5ce x mu/ really h be5 t ( ^? e>ly-,arabian s*ools ^: /udies 7ap>t f ! dogmatic7 h hi!rto be5 s imp]fectly inve/igat$4 ,9 ,diophantus1 unconsci\s ?\gh he may be ( 8 own ess5tial antagonism to ! ,classical f\ndations on :i* he attempt$ to build1 !re em]ges f "u ! surface ( ,euclidean int5tion ! new limit- feel+ :i* ,i designate ! 8,magian40 ,he did n wid5 ! idea ( numb] z magnitude1 b 7unwitt+ly7 elim9at$ x4 ,no ,greek c\ld h /at$ any?+ ab\t an undef9$ numb] a or an und5om9at$ numb] #c--:i* are nei!r magnitudes nor l9es--:]eas ! new limit-feel+ s5sibly express$ by numb]s ( ?is sort at lea/ und]lay1 if x did n con/itute1 ,diophant9e treatm5t2 & ! lett]-notation :i* we employ to clo! our own 7aga9 transvalu$7 algebra 0 fir/ introduc$ by ,vieta 9 #aeia1 an unmi/akable1 if un9t5d$1 prote/ aga9/ ! classiciz+ t5d5cy ( ,r5aissance ma!matics4 ,diophantus liv$ ab\t #bej ,a4,d41 t is1 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( t ,arabian ,culture ^: organic hi/ory1 till n[ smo!r$ "u ! surface-=ms ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! 8,middle ,ages10#ei comprises ev]y?+ t happ5$ aft] ! beg9n+ ( our era 9 ! region t 0 lat] to be ,islam's4 ,x 0 precisely 9 ! "t ( ,diophantus t ! la/ %ad[ ( ! ,attic /atu>y art pal$ be=e ! new space-s5se ( cupola1 mosaic & s>cophagus-relief t we h 9 ! ,e>ly-,*ri/ian-,syrian /yle4 ,9 t "t !re 0 once m ar*aic art & /rictly geometrical ornam5t2 & at t "t too ,diocletian complet$ ! trans=mation ( ! n[ m]ely %am ,empire into a ,caliphate4 ,! f\r c5turies t sep>ate ,euclid & ,diophantus1 sep>ate also ,plato & ,plot9us--! la/ & conclusive ?9k]1 ! ,kant1 ( a fulfill$ ,culture & ! fir/ s*oolman1 ! ,duns ,scotus1 ( a ,culture j awak5$4 ,x is "h t we are made aw>e = ! fir/ "t ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? high] individualities ^: com+1 gr[? & decay con/itute ! real sub/ance ( hi/ory und]ly+ ! myriad col\rs & *anges ( ! surface4 ,! ,classical spirituality1 :i* rea*$ its f9al phase 9 ! cold intellig5ce ( ! ,romans & ( :i* ! :ole ,classical ,culture ) all its works1 ?\ghts1 de$s & ru9s =ms ! 8body10 _h be5 born ab\t #aajj ,b4,c4 9 ! c\ntry ab\t ! gean ,sea4 ,! ,arabian ,culture1 :i*1 "u cov] ( ! ,classical ,civilization1 _h be5 g]m9at+ 9 ! ,ea/ s9ce ,augu/us1 came :olly out ( ! region betwe5 ,arm5ia & ,s\!rn ,arabia1 ,alex&ria & ,ctesiphon1 & we h to consid] z expressions ( ?is new s\l almo/ ! :ole 8late-,classical0 art ( ! ,empire1 all ! "y ard5t religions ( ! ,ea/--,m&anism1 ,mani*ism1 ,*ri/ianity1 ,neo- ,platonism1 & 9 ,rome itself1 z well z ! ,imp]ial ,=a1 t ,pan!on :i* is ! fir/ ( all mosques4 ,t ,alex&ria & ,antio* /ill wrote 9 ,greek & imag9$ t !y 7 ?9k+ 9 ,greek is a fact ( no m importance ?an ! facts t ,lat9 0 ! sci5tific language ( ! ,we/ "r up to ! "t ( ,kant & t ,*>lemagne 8r5ew$0 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 ,diophantus1 numb] has ceas$ to be ! measure & ess5ce ( pla/ic ?+s4 ,9 ! ,rav5nate mosaics man has ceas$ to be a body4 ,unnotic$1 ,greek designations h lo/ _! orig9al connotations4 ,we h left ! realm ( ,attic ! ,/oic & 4 ,diophantus does n yet "k z]o & negative numb]s1 x is true1 b he has ceas$ to "k ,py?agorean numb]s4 ,& ?is ,arabian indet]m9at5ess ( numb] is1 9 its turn1 some?+ q diff]5t f ! controll$ v>iability ( ! lat] ,we/]n ma!matics1 ! v>iability ( ! function4 ,! ,magian ma!matic--we c see ! outl9e1 ?\gh we are ignorant ( ! details--advanc$ ?r\gh ,diophantus 7:o is obvi\sly n a />t+-po9t7 boldly & logically to a culm9ation 9 ! ,abbassid p]iod 7#i? c5tury7 t we c appreciate 9 ,al-,khw>izmi & ,alsidz%i4 ,& z ,euclidean geometry is to ,attic /atu>y 7! same expression-=m 9 a diff]5t m$ium7 & ! analysis ( space to polyphonic music1 s ?is algebra is to ! ,magian art ) its mosaic1 its arabesque 7:i* ! ,sassanid ,empire & lat] ,byzantium produc$ ) an ev]-increas+ pr(usion & luxury ( tangible-intangible organic motives7 & its ,con/ant9ian high-relief 9 :i* unc]ta9 deep-d>ks divide ! freely-h&l$ figures ( ! =egr\nd4 ,z algebra is to ,classical ari?metic & ,we/]n analysis1 s is ! cupola-*ur* to ! ,doric temple & ! ,go?ic ca!dral4 ,x is n z ?\gh ,diophantus 7 "o ( ! great ma!maticians4 ,on ! contr>y1 mu* ( :at we h be5 accu/om$ to associate ) 8 "n is n 8 "w alone4 ,8 accid5tal importance lies 9 ! fact t1 s f> z our k goes1 he 0 ! fir/ ma!matician 9 :om ! new numb]-feel+ is unmi/akably pres5t4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! ma/]s :o conclude ! developm5t ( a ma!matic--) ,apollonius & ,ar*im$es1 ) ,gauss1 ,cau*y1 ,riemann--,diophantus has1 9 8 =m- language especially1 some?+ primitive4 ,?is some?+1 :i* till n[ we h be5 pleas$ to ref] to 8late-,classical0 decad5ce1 we %all pres5tly le>n to und]/& & value1 j z we are revis+ our ideas z to ! despis$ 8late-,classical0 art & beg9n+ to see 9 x ! t5tative expression ( ! nasc5t ,e>ly ,arabian ,culture4 ,simil>ly ar*aic1 primitive1 & grop+ 0 ! ma!matic ( ,nicolas ,oresme1 ,bi%op ( ,lisieux 7#acbc-achb71fj :o 0 ! fir/ ,we/]n :o us$ co-ord9ates s to say ela/ically#fa &1 m important /ill1 to employ fractional p[]s--bo? ( :i* presuppose a numb]-feel+1 obscure x may be b q unmi/akable1 :i* is completely non- ,classical & also non-,arabic4 ,b if1 fur!r1 we ?9k ( ,diophantus toge!r ) ! e>ly-,*ri/ian s>cophagi ( ! ,roman collections1 & ( ,oresme toge!r ) ! ,go?ic wall-/atu>y ( ! ,g]man ca!drals1 we see t ! ma!maticians z well z ! arti/s h some?+ 9 common1 :i* is1 t !y /& 9 _! respective ,cultures at ! same 7viz41 ! primitive7 level ( ab/ract und]/&+4 ,9 ! _w & age ( ,diophantus ! /]eometric s5se ( b\nds1 :i* _h long ago rea*$ 9 ,ar*im$es ! la/ /ages ( ref9em5t & elegance prop] to ! megalopolitan intellig5ce1 _h pass$ away4 ,?r\gh\t t _w m5 7 uncle>1 long+1 my/ic1 & no long] bright & free 9 ! ,attic way2 !y 7 m5 root$ 9 ! e>? ( a "y c\ntry-side1 n megalopolitans l ,euclid & ,d',alemb]t4#fb ,!y no long] und]/ood ! deep & complicat$ =ms ( ! ,classical ?\ght1 & _! own 7 confus$ & new1 f> z yet f urban cl>ity & tid9ess4 ,_! ,culture 0 9 ! ,go?ic condition1 z all ,cultures h be5 9 _! y\?--z ev5 ! ,classical 0 9 ! e>ly ,doric p]iod :i* is kn[n to u n[ only by its ,dipylon pott]y4 ,only 9 ,baghdad & 9 ! #i? & #aj? ,c5turies 7 ! "y ideas ( ! age ( ,diophantus c>ri$ ?r\gh to completion by ripe ma/]s ( ! calibre ( ,plato & ,gauss4 ----- ,footnote #dh3 ,z also ^? ( law & ( money4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fh et seq41 pp4 #faf et seq4 ,footnote #di3 ,po9c> 9 8 ,sci5ce et ,m?ode 7,*4 ,,iii71 se>*+ly analyses ! 8becom+0 ( "o ( 8 own ma!matical discov]ies4 ,ea* decisive /age 9 x be>s 8les mmes c>actres de brivet1 de s\da9et et de c]titude absolue0 & 9 mo/ cases ?is 8c]titude0 0 su* t he m]ely regi/]$ ! discov]y & put (f its work+-out to any conv5i5t season4--,tr4 ,footnote #ej3 ,"o may be p]mitt$ to add t accord+ to leg5d1 bo? ,hippasus :o took to himself public cr$it = ! discov]y ( a sph]e ( twelve p5tagons1 viz41 ! regul> dodecah$ron 7reg>d$ by ! ,py?agoreans z ! qu9tess5ce--or !r--( a _w ( real tetrah$rons1 octah$rons1 icosah$rons & cubes71 & ,ar*ytas ! eigh? successor ( ! ,f\nd] are reput$ to h be5 dr[n$ at sea4 ,! p5tagon f :i* ?is dodecah$ron is d]iv$1 itself involves incomm5surable numb]s4 ,! 8p5tagram0 0 ! recognition badge ( ,py?agoreans & ! 7incomm5surable7 _! special secret4 ,x w\ld be not$1 too1 t ,py?agoreanism 0 popul> till its initiates 7 f\nd to be deal+ 9 ^! al>m+ & subv]sive doctr9es1 & !n !y 7 suppress$ & lyn*$--a p]secution :i* sugge/s m ?an "o deep analogy ) c]ta9 h]esy-suppressions ( ,we/]n hi/ory4 ,! ,engli% /ud5t may be ref]r$ to ,g4 ,j4 ,allman1 ,greek ,geometry f ,?ales to ,euclid 7,cambridge1 #ahhi71 & to 8 articles 8,py?agoras10 8,philolaus0 & 8,ar*ytas0 9 ! ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,edition4--,tr4 ,footnote #ea3 ,horace's words 7,odes ,i xi73 8,tu ne qusi]is1 scire nefas1 quem mihi quem tibi f9em di d$]9t1 ,leucono1 nec ,babylonios tempt>is num]os 444 c>pe diem1 quam m9imum cr$ula po/]o40--,tr4 ,footnote #eb3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aa et seq4 ,footnote #ec3 ,9 ! only writ+ ( 8 t survives1 inde$1 ,ari/>*us ma9ta9s ! geoc5tric view2 x may be presum$ !re=e t x 0 only tempor>ily t he let himself be captivat$ by a hypo!sis ( ! ,*aldaean le>n+4 ,footnote #ed3 ,giordano ,bruno 7born #aedh1 burn$ = h]esy #afjj74 ,8 :ole life might be express$ z a crusade on behalf ( ,god & ! ,cop]nican univ]se aga9/ a deg5]at$ or?odoxy & an ,ari/otelian _w- idea long coagulat$ 9 dea?4--,tr4 ,footnote #ee3 ,f4 ,/runz1 ,ges*4 d4 ,naturwiss4 im ,mittelalt] 7#aiaj71 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #ef3 ,9 ! 8,psammites10 or 8,ar5>ius10 ,ar*im$es fram$ a num]ical notation :i* 0 to be capable ( express+ ! numb] ( gra9s ( s& 9 a sph]e ( ! size ( our univ]se4--,tr4 ,footnote #eg3 ,?is1 = :i* ! gr\nd _h be5 prep>$ by ,eudoxus1 0 employ$ = calculat+ ! volume ( pyramids & cones3 8! means :]eby ! ,greeks 7 able to evade ! =bidd5 notion ( inf9ity0 7,heib]g1 ,naturwiss4 u4 ,ma?4 i4 ,klass4 ,alt]4 #aiab1 p4 #bg74 ,footnote #eh3 ,dr4 ,an/]'s translation4--,tr4 ,footnote #ei3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,footnote #fj3 ,oresme 01 equally1 prelate1 *ur* re=m]1 s*ol>1 sci5ti/ & economi/--! v type ( ! philosoph]-lead]4--,tr4 ,footnote #fa3 ,oresme 9 8 ,latitud9es ,=m>um us$ ord9ate & abscissa1 n inde$ to specify num]ically1 b c]ta9ly to describe1 *ange1 i4e41 fundam5tally1 to express functions4--,tr4 ,footnote #fb3 ,alex&ria ceas$ to be a _w-city 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 & became a collection ( h\ses left ov] f ! ,classical civilization :i* h>b\r$ a primitive population ( q diff]5t spiritual con/itution4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #abb et seq4 ----- ,,viii ,! decisive act ( ,desc>tes1 ^: geometry appe>$ 9 #afcg1 consi/$ n 9 ! introduction ( a new me?od or idea 9 ! doma9 ( traditional geometry 7z we are s frequ5tly told71 b 9 ! def9itive conception ( a new numb]-idea1 :i* conception 0 express$ 9 ! emancipation ( geometry f s]vitude to optically- realizable con/ructions & to measur$ & measurable l9es g5]ally4 ,) t1 ! analysis ( ! inf9ite became a fact4 ,! rigid1 s- call$ ,c>tesian1 sy/em ( co-ord9ates--a semi-,euclidean me?od ( ideally repres5t+ measurable magnitudes--_h long be5 kn[n 7witness ,oresme7 & reg>d$ z ( high importance1 & :5 we get to ! bottom ( ,desc>tes' ?\ght we f9d t :at he did 0 n to r\nd (f ! sy/em b to ov]come x4 ,its la/ hi/oric repres5tative 0 ,desc>tes' contempor>y ,f]mat4#fc ,9 place ( ! s5su\s elem5t ( concrete l9es & planes--! specific "* ( ! ,classical feel+ ( b\nds--!re em]g$ ! ab/ract1 spatial1 un-,classical elem5t ( ! po9t :i* f !n on 0 reg>d$ z a gr\p ( co-ord]$ pure numb]s4 ,! idea ( magnitude & ( p]ceivable dim5sion d]iv$ f ,classical texts & ,arabian traditions 0 de/roy$ & replac$ by t ( v>iable relation-values betwe5 positions 9 space4 ,x is n 9 g5]al realiz$ t ?is am\nt$ to ! sup]session ( geometry1 :i* !nce=w>d enjoy$ only a fictiti\s exi/5ce beh9d a faade ( ,classical tradition4 ,! ^w 8geometry0 has an inext5sible ,apoll9ian mean+1 & f ! "t ( ,desc>tes :at is call$ ! 8new geometry0 is made up 9 "p ( syn!tic "w ^u ! position ( po9ts 9 a space :i* is no long] necess>ily ?ree-dim5sional 7a 8manifold ( po9ts071 & 9 "p ( analysis1 9 :i* numb]s are def9$ ?r\gh po9t-positions 9 space4 ,& ?is replacem5t ( l5g?s by positions c>ries ) x a purely spatial1 & no long] a mat]ial1 conception ( ext5sion4 ,! cle>e/ example ( ?is de/ruction ( ! inh]it$ optical-f9ite geometry seems to me to be ! conv]sion ( angul> functions--:i* 9 ! ,indian ma!matic _h be5 numb]s 79 a s5se ( ! ^w t is h>dly accessible to our m9ds7--into p]iodic functions1 & _! passage !nce into an inf9ite numb]-realm1 9 :i* !y become s]ies & n ! smalle/ trace rema9s ( ! ,euclidean figure4 ,9 all p>ts ( t realm ! circle-numb] 1 l ! ,napi]ian base 1 g5]ates relations ( all sorts :i* oblit]ate all ! old di/9ctions ( geometry1 trigonometry & algebra1 :i* are nei!r ari?metical nor geometrical 9 _! nature1 & 9 :i* no "o any long] dreams ( actually draw+ circles or work+ out p[]s4 ----- ,footnote #fc3 ,born #afja1 di$ #affe4 ,see ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,ed41 article ,f]mat1 & ref]5ces !re94--,tr4 ----- ,,ix ,at ! mom5t exactly correspond+ to t at :i* 7c4 #edj7 ! ,classical ,s\l 9 ! p]son ( ,py?agoras discov]$ its own prop] ,apoll9ian numb]1 ! measurable magnitude1 ! ,we/]n s\l 9 ! p]sons ( ,desc>tes & 8 g5]ation 7,pascal1 ,f]mat1 ,des>gues7 discov]$ a notion ( numb] t 0 ! *ild ( a passionate ,fau/ian t5d5cy t[>ds ! inf9ite4 ,numb] z pure magnitude inh]5t 9 ! mat]ial pres5tness ( ?+s is p>allel$ by numb]s z pure relation1#fd & if we may *>act]ize ! ,classical 8_w10 ! cosmos1 z be+ bas$ on a deep ne$ ( visible limits & compos$ accord+ly z a sum ( mat]ial ?+s1 s we may say t our _w-picture is an actualiz+ ( an inf9ite space 9 :i* ?+s visible appe> v ne>ly z realities ( a l[] ord]1 limit$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! illimitable4 ,! symbol ( ! ,we/ is an idea ( :i* no o!r ,culture gives ev5 a h9t1 ! idea ( ,function4 ,! function is any?+ r ?an an expansion (1 x is complete emancipation f1 any pre-exi/5t idea ( numb]4 ,) ! function1 n only ! ,euclidean geometry 7& ) x ! common human geometry ( *ildr5 & laym51 bas$ on ev]yday exp]i5ce7 b also ! ,ar*im$ean ari?metic1 ceas$ to h any value = ! really significant ma!matic ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,h5ce=w>d1 ?is consi/$ solely 9 ab/ract analysis4 ,= ,classical man geometry & ari?metic 7 self- conta9$ & complete sci5ces ( ! highe/ rank1 bo? ph5om5al & bo? conc]n$ ) magnitudes t c\ld be drawn or numb]$4 ,= u1 on ! contr>y1 ^? ?+s are only practical auxili>ies ( daily life4 ,addition & multiplication1 ! two ,classical me?ods ( reckon+ magnitudes1 h1 l _! si/] geometrical-draw+1 utt]ly vani%$ 9 ! inf9ity ( functional processes4 ,ev5 ! p[]1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ d5otes num]ically a set ( multiplications 7products ( equal magnitudes71 is1 ?r\gh ! expon5tial idea 7log>i?m7 & its employm5t 9 complex1 negative & fractional =ms1 dissociat$ f all connexion ) magnitude & transf]r$ to a transc5d5t relational _w :i* ! ,greeks1 kn[+ only ! two positive :ole-numb] p[]s t repres5t areas & volumes1 7 unable to approa*4 ,?9k1 = in/ance1 ( expressions l -x1 x1 #a;i4 ,e "o ( ! significant creations :i* succe$$ "o ano!r s rapidly f ! ,r5aissance onw>d--imag9>y & complex numb]s1 introduc$ by ,c>danus z e>ly z #aeej2 inf9ite s]ies1 e/abli%$ !oretically by ,newton's great discov]y ( ! b9omial !orem 9 #afff2 ! diff]5tial geometry1 ! def9ite integral ( ,leibniz2 ! aggregate z a new numb]-unit1 h9t$ at ev5 by ,desc>tes2 new processes l ^? ( g5]al integrals2 ! expansion ( functions into s]ies & ev5 into inf9ite s]ies ( o!r functions--is a victory ov] ! popul> & s5su\s numb]-feel+ 9 u1 a victory :i* ! new ma!matic _h to w9 9 ord] to make ! new _w- feel+ actual4 ,9 all hi/ory1 s f>1 !re is no second example ( "o ,culture pay+ to ano!r ,culture long ext+ui%$ su* rev]5ce & submission 9 matt]s ( sci5ce z ours has paid to ! ,classical4 ,x 0 v long be=e we f\nd c\rage to ?9k our prop] ?\ght4 ,b ?\gh ! wi% to emulate ! ,classical 0 con/antly pres5t1 e /ep ( ! attempt took u 9 reality fur!r away f ! imag9$ ideal4 ,! hi/ory ( ,we/]n k is ?us "o ( progressive emancipation f ,classical ?\ght1 an emancipation nev] will$ b en=c$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! unconsci\s4 ,& s ! developm5t ( ! new ma!matic consi/s ( a long1 secret & f9ally victori\s battle aga9/ ! notion ( magnitude4#fe ----- ,footnote #fd3 ,simil>ly1 co9age & d\ble-entry book-keep+ play analog\s p>ts 9 ! money-?9k+ ( ! ,classical & ! ,we/]n ,cultures respectively4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #faj et seq4 ,footnote #fe3 ,! same may be said 9 ! matt] ( ,roman ,law 7see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #if et seq47 & ( co9age 7see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #faf et seq474 ----- ,x ,"o result ( ?is ,classiciz+ t5d5cy has be5 to prev5t u f f9d+ ! new notation prop] to our ,we/]n numb] z su*4 ,! pres5t-day sign-language ( ma!matics p]v]ts its real cont5t4 ,x is pr9cipally ow+ to t t5d5cy t ! belief 9 numb]s z magnitudes /ill rules to-day ev5 among/ ma!maticians1 = is x n ! base ( all our writt5 notation8 ,b x is n ! sep>ate signs 7e4g41 1 1 7 s]v+ to express ! functions b ! function itself z unit1 z elem5t1 ! v>iable relation no long] capable ( be+ optically def9$1 t con/itutes ! new numb]2 & ?is new numb] %\ld h dem&$ a new notation built up ) entire disreg>d ( ,classical influ5ces4 ,consid] ! diff]5ce betwe5 two equations 7if ! same ^w c be us$ ( two su* dissimil> ?+s7 su* z #cx #dx #ex & xn yn zn 7! equation ( ,f]mat's !orem74 ,! fir/ consi/s ( sev]al ,classical numb]s--i4e41 magnitudes--b ! second is "o numb] ( a diff]5t sort1 veil$ by be+ writt5 d[n accord+ to ,euclidean-,ar*im$ean tradition 9 ! id5tical =m ( ! fir/4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! sign e/abli%es a rigid connexion betwe5 def9ite & tangible magnitudes1 b 9 ! second x /ates t )9 a doma9 ( v>iable images !re exi/s a relation su* t f c]ta9 alt]ations c]ta9 o!r alt]ations necess>ily foll[4 ,! fir/ equation has z its aim ! specification by measurem5t ( a concrete magnitude1 viz41 a 8result10 :ile ! second has1 9 g5]al1 no result b is simply ! picture & sign ( a relation :i* = n#b 7?is is ! fam\s ,f]mat problem#ff7 c probably be %[n to exclude integ]s4 ,a ,greek ma!matician w\ld h f\nd x q impossible to und]/& ! purport ( an op]ation l ?is1 :i* 0 n meant to be 8work$ out40 ,z appli$ to ! lett]s 9 ,f]mat's equation1 ! notion ( ! unkn[n is completely mislead+4 ,9 ! fir/ equation x is a magnitude1 def9$ & measurable1 :i* x is our bus9ess to compute4 ,9 ! second1 ! ^w 8def9$0 has no mean+ at all = x1 y1 z1 n1 & consequ5tly we d n attempt to compute _! 8values40 ,h5ce !y are n numb]s at all 9 ! pla/ic s5se b signs repres5t+ a connexion t is de/itute ( ! hallm>ks ( magnitude1 %ape & unique mean+1 an inf9ity ( possible positions ( l "*1 an ensemble unifi$ & s atta9+ exi/5ce z a numb]4 ,! :ole equation1 ?\gh writt5 9 our un=tunate notation z a plurality ( t]ms1 is actually "o s+le numb]1 x1 y1 z be+ no m numb]s ?an & are4 ,9 fact1 directly ! ess5tially anti-,hell5ic idea ( ! irrationals is introduc$1 ! f\ndations ( ! idea ( numb] z concrete & def9ite collapse4 ,!nce=w>d1 ! s]ies ( su* numb]s is no long] a visible r[ ( increas+1 discrete1 numb]s capable ( pla/ic embodim5t b a unidim5sional cont9uum 9 :i* ea* 8cut0 79 ,d$ek9d's s5se7 repres5ts a numb]4 ,su* a numb] is already difficult to reconcile ) ,classical numb]1 = ! ,classical ma!matic kn[s only "o numb] betwe5 #a & #c1 :]eas = ! ,we/]n ! totality ( su* numb]s is an inf9ite aggregate4 ,b :5 we introduce fur!r ! imag9>y 7-#a or i7 & f9ally ! complex numb]s 7g5]al =m a bi71 ! l9e> cont9uum is broad5$ into ! highly transc5d5t =m ( a numb]-body1 i4e41 ! cont5t ( an aggregate ( homog5e\s elem5ts 9 :i* a 8cut0 n[ /&s = a numb]-surface conta9+ an inf9ite aggregate ( numb]s ( a l[] 8pot5cy0 7= in/ance1 all ! real numb]s71 & !re rema9s n a trace ( numb] 9 ! ,classical & popul> s5se4 ,^! numb]- surfaces1 :i* s9ce ,cau*y & ,riemann h play$ an important "p 9 ! !ory ( functions1 are pure ?\ght-pictures4 ,ev5 positive irrational numb] 7e4g41 #b7 c\ld be conceiv$ 9 a sort ( negative fa%ion by ,classical m9ds2 !y _h1 9 fact1 en\gh idea ( x to ban x z & 4 ,b expressions ( ! =m x yi lie beyond e possibility ( compreh5sion by ,classical ?\ght1 :]eas x is on ! ext5sion ( ! ma!matical laws ov] ! :ole region ( ! complex numb]s1 )9 :i* ^! laws rema9 op]ative1 t we h built up ! function !ory :i* has at la/ exhibit$ ! ,we/]n ma!matic 9 all purity & unity4 ,n until t po9t 0 rea*$ c\ld ?is ma!matic be unres]v$ly br\ght to be> 9 ! p>allel sph]e ( our dynamic ,we/]n physics2 = ! ,classical ma!matic 0 fitt$ precisely to its own /]eometric _w ( individual objects & to /atic me*anics z develop$ f ,leucippus to ,ar*im$es4 ,! brilliant p]iod ( ! ,b>oque ma!matic--! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,ionian--lies sub/antially 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury & ext5ds f ! decisive discov]ies ( ,newton & ,leibniz ?r\gh ,eul]1 ,lagrange1 ,laplace & ,d',alemb]t to ,gauss4 ,once ?is imm5se creation f\nd w+s1 its rise 0 miracul\s4 ,m5 h>dly d>$ believe _! s5ses4 ,! age ( ref9$ scepticism witness$ ! em]g5ce ( "o seem+ly impossible tru? aft] ano!r4#fg ,reg>d+ ! !ory ( ! diff]5tial coeffici5t1 ,d',alemb]t _h to say3 8,g =w>d1 & fai? w come to y40 ,logic itself seem$ to raise objections & to prove f\ndations fallaci\s4 ,b ! goal 0 rea*$4 ,?is c5tury 0 a v c>nival ( ab/ract & immat]ial ?9k+1 9 :i* ! great ma/]s ( analysis &1 ) !m1 ,ba*1 ,gluck1 ,haydn & ,moz>t--a small gr\p ( r>e & deep intellects--revell$ 9 ! mo/ ref9$ discov]ies & speculations1 f :i* ,goe! & ,kant rema9$ alo(2 & 9 po9t ( cont5t x is exactly p>allel$ by ! ripe/ c5tury ( ! ,ionic1 ! c5tury ( ,eudoxus & ,ar*ytas 7#ddj- #cej7 &1 we may add1 ( ,phidias1 ,polycletus1 ,alcam5es & ! ,acropolis build+s--9 :i* ! =m-_w ( ,classical ma!matic & sculpture display$ ! :ole fullness ( its possibilities1 & s end$4 ,& n[ = ! fir/ "t x is possible to compreh5d 9 full ! elem5tal opposition ( ! ,classical & ! ,we/]n s\ls4 ,9 ! :ole panorama ( hi/ory1 innum]able & int5se z hi/orical relations are1 we f9d no two ?+s s fundam5tally ali5 to "o ano!r z ^!4 ,& x is because extremes meet--because x may be !re is "s deep common orig9 beh9d _! div]g5ce--t we f9d 9 ! ,we/]n ,fau/ian s\l ?is ye>n+ ef=t t[>ds ! ,apoll9ian ideal1 ! only ali5 ideal :i* we h lov$ &1 = its p[] ( int5sely liv+ 9 ! pure s5su\s pres5t1 h envi$4 ,,xi ,we h already obs]v$ t1 l a *ild1 a primitive mank9d acquires 7z "p ( ! inw>d exp]i5ce t is ! bir? ( ! ego7 an und]/&+ ( numb] & ipso facto possession ( an ext]nal _w ref]r$ to ! ego4 ,z soon z ! primitive's a/oni%$ eye p]ceives ! dawn+ _w ( ord]$ ext5sion1 & ! significant em]ges 9 great outl9es f ! welt] ( m]e impressions1 & ! irrevocable p>t+ ( ! out] _w f 8 prop]1 8 inn]1 _w gives =m & direction to 8 wak+ life1 !re arises 9 ! s\l--in/antly consci\s ( its lonel9ess--! root- feel+ ( long+ 7,sehnsu*t74 ,x is ?is t urges 8becom+0 t[>ds its goal1 t motives ! fulfilm5t & actualiz+ ( e inw>d possibility1 t unfolds ! idea ( individual be+4 ,x is ! *ild's long+1 :i* w pres5tly come into ! consci\sness m & m cle>ly z a feel+ ( con/ant direction & f9ally /& be=e ! mature _s z ! enigma ( ,"t--que]1 tempt+1 insoluble4 ,sudd5ly1 ! words 8pa/0 & 8future0 h acquir$ a fateful mean+4 ,b ?is long+ :i* wells out ( ! bliss ( ! inn] life is also1 9 ! intimate ess5ce ( e s\l1 a dread z well4 ,z all becom+ moves t[>ds a hav+-become :]e9 x ends1 s ! prime feel+ ( becom+--! long+--t\*es ! prime feel+ ( hav+- become1 ! dread4 ,9 ! pres5t we feel a trickl+-away1 ! pa/ implies a pass+4 ,"h is ! root ( our et]nal dread ( ! irrevocable1 ! atta9$1 ! f9al--our dread ( mortality1 ( ! _w itself z a ?+-become1 :]e dea? is set z a fronti] l bir?--our dread 9 ! mom5t :5 ! possible is actualiz$1 ! life is inw>dly fulfill$ & consci\sness /&s at its goal4 ,x is ! deep _w-fe> ( ! *ild--:i* nev] leaves ! high] man1 ! believ]1 ! poet1 ! arti/--t makes him s inf9itely lonely 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ali5 p[]s t loom1 ?reat5+ 9 ! dawn1 beh9d ! scre5 ( s5se-ph5om5a4 ,! elem5t ( direction1 too1 :i* is inh]5t 9 all 8becom+10 is felt ow+ to its inexorable irrev]sibility to be some?+ ali5 & ho/ile1 & ! human w- to-und]/&+ ev] seeks to b9d ! inscrutable by ! spell ( a "n4 ,x is some?+ beyond compreh5sion1 ?is trans=mation ( future into pa/1 & ?us "t1 9 its contra/ ) space1 has always a que]1 baffl+1 oppressive ambiguity f :i* no s]i\s man c :olly protect himself4 ,?is _w-fe> is assur$ly ! mo/ creative ( all prime feel+s4 ,man owes to x ! ripe/ & deepe/ =ms & images1 n only ( 8 consci\s inw>d life1 b also ( ! inf9itely-v>i$ ext]nal culture :i* reflects ?is life4 ,l a secret melody t n e e> c p]ceive1 x runs ?r\gh ! =m-language ( e true art- "w1 e inw>d philosophy1 e important de$1 &1 al?\gh ^? :o c p]ceive x 9 t doma9 are ! v few1 x lies at ! root ( ! great problems ( ma!matics4 ,only ! spiritually dead man ( ! autumnal cities--,hammurabi's ,babylon1 ,ptolemaic ,alex&ria1 ,islamic ,baghdad1 ,p>is & ,b]l9 to-day--only ! pure intellectual1 ! sophi/1 ! s5suali/1 ! ,d>w9ian1 loses x or is able to evade x by sett+ up a secretless 8sci5tific _w-view0 betwe5 himself & ! ali54 ,z ! long+ atta*es itself to t impalpable some?+ ^: ?\s&-=m$ elusive manife/ations are compris$ 91 r ?an d5ot$ by1 ! ^w 8"t10 s ! o!r prime feel+1 dread1 f9ds its expression 9 ! intellectual1 und]/&able1 outl9able symbols ( ext5sion2 & ?us we f9d t e ,culture is aw>e 7ea* 9 its own special way7 ( an opposition ( "t & space1 ( direction & ext5sion1 ! =m] und]ly+ ! latt] z becom+ prec$es hav+-become4 ,x is ! long+ t und]lies ! dread1 becomes ! dread1 & n vice v]sa4 ,! "o is n subject to ! intellect1 ! o!r is its s]vant4 ,! rle ( ! "o is purely to exp]i5ce1 t ( ! o!r purely to "k 7erleb51 erk5n574 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian language1 ! opposition ( ! two _w-feel+s is express$ by3 8,fe> ,god & love ,him40 ,9 ! s\l ( all primitive mank9d1 j z 9 t ( e>lie/ *ildhood1 !re is some?+ :i* impels x to f9d means ( deal+ ) ! ali5 p[]s ( ! ext5sion-_w t ass]t !mselves1 inexorable1 9 & ?r\gh space4 ,to b9d1 to bridle1 to placate1 to 8"k0 are all1 9 ! la/ analysis1 ! same ?+4 ,9 ! my/icism ( all primitive p]iods1 to "k ,god means to conjure him1 to make him fav\rable1 to appropriate him inw>dly4 ,?is is a*iev$1 pr9cipally1 by means ( a ^w1 ! ,"n--! 8nom50 :i* designates & calls up ! 8num50--& also by ritual practices ( secret pot5cy2 & ! subtle/1 z well z ! mo/ p[]ful1 =m ( ?is def5ce is causal & sy/ematic k1 delimitation by label & numb]4 ,9 ?is respect man only becomes :olly man :5 he has acquir$ language4 ,:5 cognition has rip5$ to ! po9t ( words1 ! orig9al *aos ( impressions necess>ily trans=ms itself into a 8,nature0 t has laws & mu/ obey !m1 & ! _w-9-itself becomes a _w-=-u4#fh ,! _w-fe> is /ill$ :5 an intellectual =m-language hamm]s out braz5 vessels 9 :i* ! my/]i\s is captur$ & made compreh5sible4 ,?is is ! idea ( 8taboo10#fi :i* plays a decisive "p 9 ! spiritual life ( all primitive m51 ?\gh ! orig9al cont5t ( ! ^w lies s f> f u t x is incapable ( translation into any ripe culture-language4 ,bl9d t]ror1 religi\s awe1 deep lonel9ess1 melan*oly1 hate1 obscure impulses to draw ne>1 to be m]g$1 to escape--all ^? =m$ feel+s ( mature s\ls are 9 ! *ildi% condition blurr$ 9 a monoton\s indecision4 ,! two s5ses ( ! ^w 8conjure0 7v]s*wr571 mean+ to b9d & to implore at once1 may s]ve to make cle> ! s5se ( ! my/ical process by :i* = primitive man ! =midable ali5 becomes 8taboo40 ,rev]5t awe be=e t :i* is indep5d5t ( "o's self1 ?+s orda9$ & fix$ by law1 ! ali5 p[]s ( ! _w1 is ! s\rce f :i* ! elem5t>y =mative acts1 "o & all1 spr+4 ,9 e>ly times ?is feel+ is actualiz$ 9 ornam5t1 9 labori\s c]emonies & rites1 & ! rigid laws ( primitive int]c\rse4 ,at ! z5i?s ( ! great ,cultures ^? =mations1 ?\gh reta9+ inw>dly ! m>k ( _! orig91 ! *>act]i/ic ( b9d+ & conjur+1 h become ! complete =m-worlds ( ! v>i\s arts & ( religi\s1 sci5tific &1 above all1 ma!matical ?\ght4 ,! me?od common to all--! only way ( actualiz+ itself t ! s\l kn[s--is ! symboliz+ ( ext5sion1 ( space or ( ?+s2 & we f9d x alike 9 ! conceptions ( absolute space t p]vade ,newtonian physics1 ,go?ic ca!dral-int]iors & ,moori% mosques1 & ! atmosph]ic inf9ity ( ,rembr&t's pa9t+s & aga9 ! d>k tone-worlds ( ,bee?ov5's qu>tets2 9 ! regul> polyh$rons ( ,euclid1 ! ,p>!non sculptures & ! pyramids ( ,old ,egypt1 ! ,nirvana ( ,buddha1 ! alo(ness ( c\rt-cu/oms "u ,seso/ris1 ,ju/9ian ,i & ,l\is ,,xiv1 9 ! ,god- idea ( an s*ylus1 a ,plot9us1 a ,dante2 & 9 ! _w-embrac+ spatial en]gy ( mod]n te*nics4 ----- ,footnote #ff3 ,t is1 8x is impossible to "p a cube into two cubes1 a biquadrate into two biquadrates1 & g5]ally any p[] above ! squ>e into two p[]s hav+ ! same expon5t40 ,f]mat claim$ to possess a pro( ( ! proposition1 b ?is has n be5 pres]v$1 & no g5]al pro( has hi!rto be5 obta9$4--,tr4 ,footnote #fg3 ,?us ,bi%op ,b]keley's ,disc\rse address$ to an infidel ma!matician 7#agce7 %rewdly ask$ :e!r ! ma!matician 7 9 a position to criticize ! div9e = proce$+ on ! basis ( fai?4--,tr4 ,footnote #fh3 ,f ! savage conjuror ) 8 nam+-magic to ! mod]n sci5ti/ :o subjects ?+s by atta*+ te*nical labels to !m1 ! =m has 9 no wise *ang$4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aaf et seq41 #cbb et seq4 ,footnote #fi3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #acg et seq4 ----- ,,xii ,to return to ma!matics4 ,9 ! ,classical _w ! />t+-po9t ( e =mative act 01 z we h se51 ! ord]+ ( ! 8become10 9 s f> z ?is 0 pres5t1 visible1 measurable & num]able4 ,! ,we/]n1 ,go?ic1 =m-feel+ on ! contr>y is t ( an unre/ra9$1 /rong-will$ f>-rang+ s\l1 & its *os5 badge is pure1 imp]ceptible1 unlimit$ space4 ,b we mu/ n be l$ into reg>d+ su* symbols z unconditional4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are /rictly conditional1 ?\gh apt to be tak5 z hav+ id5tical ess5ce & validity4 ,our univ]se ( inf9ite space1 ^: exi/5ce1 = u1 goes )\t say+1 simply does n exi/ = ,classical man4 ,x is n ev5 capable ( be+ pres5t$ to him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,hell5ic cosmos1 :i* is 7z we might h discov]$ long ago7 entirely =eign to our way ( ?9k+1 0 = ! ,hell5e some?+ self-evid5t4 ,! fact is t ! inf9ite space ( our physics is a =m ( v num]\s & extremely complicat$ elem5ts tacitly assum$1 :i* h come into be+ only z ! copy & expression ( our s\l1 & are actual1 necess>y & natural only = our type ( wak+ life4 ,! simple notions are always ! mo/ difficult4 ,!y are simple1 9 t !y comprise a va/ deal t n only is incapable ( be+ exhibit$ 9 words b does n ev5 ne$ to be /at$1 because = m5 ( ! p>ticul> gr\p x is an*or$ 9 ! intuition2 & !y are difficult because = all ali5 m5 _! real cont5t is ipso facto q inaccessible4 ,su* a notion1 at once simple & difficult1 is our specifically ,we/]n mean+ ( ! ^w 8space40 ,! :ole ( our ma!matic f ,desc>tes onw>d is devot$ to ! !oretical int]pretation ( ?is great & :olly religi\s symbol4 ,! aim ( all our physics s9ce ,galileo is id5tical2 b 9 ! ,classical ma!matics & physics ! cont5t ( ?is ^w is simply n kn[n4 ,"h1 too1 ,classical names1 inh]it$ f ! lit]ature ( ,greece & reta9$ 9 use1 h veil$ ! realities4 ,geometry means ! art ( measur+1 ari?metic ! art ( numb]+4 ,! ma!matic ( ! ,we/ has long ceas$ to h any?+ to d ) bo? ^! =ms ( def9+1 b x has n manag$ to f9d new names = its own elem5ts-- = ! ^w 8analysis0 is hopelessly inadequate4 ,! beg9n+ & end ( ! ,classical ma!matic is consid]ation ( ! prop]ties ( individual bodies & _! b\nd>y-surfaces2 ?us indirectly tak+ 9 conic sections & high] curves4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 at bottom "k only ! ab/ract space-elem5t ( ! po9t1 :i* c nei!r be se51 nor measur$1 nor yet nam$1 b repres5ts simply a c5tre ( ref]5ce4 ,! /raight l9e1 = ! ,greeks a measurable edge1 is = u an inf9ite cont9uum ( po9ts4 ,leibniz illu/rates 8 inf9itesimal pr9ciple by pres5t+ ! /raight l9e z "o limit+ case & ! po9t z ! o!r limit+ case ( a circle hav+ inf9itely great or inf9itely little radius4 ,b = ! ,greek ! circle is a plane & ! problem t int]e/$ him 0 t ( br++ x into a comm5surable condition4 ,?us ! squ>+ ( ! circle became = ! ,classical intellect ! supreme problem ( ! f9ite4 ,! deepe/ problem ( _w-=m seem$ to x to be to alt] surfaces b\nd$ by curv$ l9es1 )\t *ange ( magnitude1 into rectangles & s to r5d] !m measureable4 ,= u1 on ! o!r h&1 x has become ! usual1 & n specially significant1 practice to repres5t ! numb] by algebraic means1 reg>dless ( any geometrical image4 ,! ,classical ma!matician kn[s only :at he sees & grasps4 ,:]e def9ite & def9+ visibility--! doma9 ( 8 ?\ght--ceases1 8 sci5ce comes to an end4 ,! ,we/]n ma!matician1 z soon z he has q %ak5 (f ! trammels ( ,classical prejudice1 goes (f into a :olly ab/ract region ( inf9itely num]\s 8manifolds0 ( n 7no long] #c7 dim5sions1 9 :i* 8 s-call$ geometry always c & g5]ally mu/ d )\t e commonplace aid4 ,:5 ,classical man turns to arti/ic expressions ( 8 =m-feel+1 he tries ) m>ble & bronze to give ! danc+ or ! wre/l+ human =m t pose & attitude 9 :i* surfaces & cont\rs h all atta9able proportion & mean+4 ,b ! true arti/ ( ! ,we/ %uts 8 eyes & loses himself 9 ! realm ( bodiless music1 9 :i* h>mony & polyphony br+ him to images ( utt] 8beyondness0 t transc5d all possibilities ( visual def9ition4 ,"o ne$ only ?9k ( ! mean+s ( ! ^w 8figure0 z us$ respectively by ! ,greek sculptor & ! ,nor!rn contrapunti/1 & ! opposition ( ! two worlds1 ! two ma!matics1 is imm$iately pres5t$4 ,! ,greek ma!maticians ev] use ! ^w = _! entities1 j z ! ,greek lawy]s us$ x = p]sons z di/9ct f ?+s 7 3 p]son et res74 ,classical numb]1 integral & corporeal1 !re=e inevitably seeks to relate itself ) ! bir? ( bodily man1 ! 4 ,! numb] #a is h>dly yet conceiv$ ( z actual numb] b r z 1 ! prime /uff ( ! numb]-s]ies1 ! orig9 ( all true numb]s & !re=e all magnitudes1 measures & mat]iality 7,d+li*keit74 ,9 ! gr\p ( ! ,py?agoreans 7! date does n matt]7 its figur$-sign 0 also ! symbol ( ! "m-womb1 ! orig9 ( all life4 ,! digit #b1 ! fir/ true numb]1 :i* d\bles ! #a1 0 !re=e correlat$ ) ! male pr9ciple & giv5 ! sign ( ! phallus4 ,&1 f9ally1 #c1 ! 8holy numb]0 ( ! ,py?agoreans1 d5ot$ ! act ( union betwe5 man & woman1 ! act ( propagation--! erotic sugge/ion 9 add+ & multiply+ 7! only two processes ( increas+1 ( propagat+1 magnitude useful to ,classical man7 is easily se5--& its sign 0 ! comb9ation ( ! two fir/4 ,n[1 all ?is ?r[s q a new light ^u ! leg5ds previ\sly allud$ to1 conc]n+ ! sacrilege ( disclos+ ! irrational4 ,! irrational--9 our language ! employm5t ( un5d+ decimal fractions--impli$ ! de/ruction ( an organic & corporeal & reproductive ord] t ! gods _h laid d[n4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,py?agorean re=ms ( ! ,classical religion 7 !mselves bas$ ^u ! immemorial ,demet]-cult4 ,demet]1 ,ga1 is ak9 to ,"m ,e>?4 ,!re is a deep relation betwe5 ! hon\r paid to h] & ?is exalt$ conception ( ! numb]s4 ,?us1 inevitably1 ! ,classical became by degrees ! ,culture ( ! small4 ,! ,apoll9ian s\l _h tri$ to tie d[n ! mean+ ( ?+s-become by means ( ! pr9ciple ( visible limits2 its taboo 0 focus$ ^u ! imm$iately-pres5t & proximate ali54 ,:at 0 f> away1 invisible1 0 ipso facto 8n !re40 ,! ,greek & ! ,roman alike sacrific$ to ! gods ( ! place 9 :i* he happ5$ to /ay or reside2 all o!r deities 7 outside ! range ( vision4 ,j z ! ,greek tongue--aga9 & aga9 we %all note ! mighty symbolism ( su* language-ph5om5a--possess$ no ^w = space1 s ! ,greek himself 0 de/itute ( our feel+ ( l&scape1 horizons1 outlooks1 di/ances1 cl\ds1 & ( ! idea ( ! f>-spread fa!rl& embrac+ ! great nation4 ,home1 = ,classical man1 is :at he c see f ! citadel ( 8 native t[n & no m4 ,all t lay beyond ! visual range ( ?is political atom 0 ali51 & ho/ile to boot2 beyond t n>r[ range1 fe> set 9 at once1 & h5ce ! appall+ bitt]ness ) :i* ^! petty t[ns /rove to de/roy "o ano!r4 ,! ,polis is ! smalle/ ( all conceivable /ate-=ms1 & its policy is frankly %ort-range1 !re9 diff]+ 9 ! extreme f our own cab9et-diplomacy :i* is ! policy ( ! unlimit$4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,classical temple1 :i* c be tak5 9 9 "o glance1 is ! smalle/ ( all fir/-rate ar*itectural =ms4 ,classical geometry f ,ar*ytas to ,euclid--l ! s*ool geometry ( to-day :i* is /ill dom9at$ by x--conc]n$ itself ) small1 manageable figures & bodies1 & !re=e rema9$ unaw>e ( ! difficulties t arise 9 e/abli%+ figures ( a/ronomical dim5sions1 :i* 9 _m cases are n am5able to ,euclidean geometry4#gj ,o!rwise ! subtle ,attic _s w\ld almo/ surely h arriv$ at "s notion ( ! problems ( non-,euclidean geometry1 = its criticism ( ! well-kn[n 8p>allel0 axiom1#ga ! d\btfulness ( :i* soon ar\s$ opposition yet c\ld n 9 any way be elucidat$1 br\ght x v close inde$ to ! decisive discov]y4 ,! ,classical m9d z unque/ion+ly devot$ & limit$ itself to ! /udy ( ! small & ! ne> z ours has to t ( ! inf9ite & ultra-visual4 ,all ! ma!matical ideas t ! ,we/ f\nd = itself or borr[$ f o!rs 7 automatically subject$ to ! =m-language ( ! ,inf9itesimal--& t long be=e ! actual ,diff]5tial ,calculus 0 discov]$4 ,arabian algebra1 ,indian trigonometry1 ,classical me*anics 7 incorporat$ z a matt] ( c\rse 9 analysis4 ,ev5 ! mo/ 8self-evid5t0 propositions ( elem5t>y ari?metic su* z #b #b #d become1 :5 consid]$ analytically1 problems1 & ! solution ( ^! problems 0 only made possible by d$uctions f ! ,!ory ( ,aggregates1 & is 9 _m po9ts /ill unaccompli%$4 ,plato & 8 age w\ld h look$ ^u ?is sort ( ?+ n only z a halluc9ation b also z evid5ce ( an utt]ly nonma!matical m9d4 ,9 a c]ta9 measure1 geometry may be treat$ algebraically & algebra geometrically1 t is1 ! eye may be swit*$ (f or x may be all[$ to gov]n4 ,we take ! fir/ alt]native1 ! ,greeks ! second4 ,ar*im$es1 9 8 beautiful managem5t ( spirals1 t\*es ^u c]ta9 g5]al facts t are also fundam5tals 9 ,leibniz's me?od ( ! def9ite integral2 b 8 processes1 = all _! sup]ficial appe>ance ( mod]nity1 are subord9at$ to /]eometric pr9ciples2 9 l case1 an ,indian ma!matician w\ld naturally h f\nd "s trigonometrical =mulation4#gb ----- ,footnote #gj3 ,a beg9n+ is n[ be+ made ) ! application ( non-,euclidean geometries to a/ronomy4 ,! hypo!sis ( curv$ space1 clos$ b )\t limits1 fill$ by ! sy/em ( fix$ />s on a radius ( ab\t #dgj1jjj1jjj e>?-di/ances1 w\ld lead to ! hypo!sis ( a c\nt]-image ( ! sun :i* to u appe>s z a /> ( m$ium brilliancy4 7,see translator's footnote1 p4 #ccb47 ,footnote #ga3 ,t only "o p>allel to a giv5 /raight l9e is possible ?r\gh a giv5 po9t--a proposition t is incapable ( pro(4 ,footnote #gb3 ,x is impossible to say1 ) c]ta9ty1 h[ mu* ( ! ,indian ma!matics t we possess is old1 i4e41 be=e ,buddha4 ----- ,,xiii ,f ?is fundam5tal opposition ( ,classical & ,we/]n numb]s !re arises an equally radical diff]5ce 9 ! relation%ip ( elem5t to elem5t 9 ea* ( ^! numb]-worlds4 ,! nexus ( magnitudes is call$ proportion1 t ( relations is compris$ 9 ! notion ( function4 ,! significance ( ^! two words is n conf9$ to ma!matics prop]2 !y are ( high importance also 9 ! alli$ arts ( sculpture & music4 ,q ap>t f ! rle ( proportion 9 ord]+ ! p>ts ( ! individual /atue1 ! typically ,classical art=ms ( ! /atue1 ! relief1 & ! fresco1 admit enl>gem5ts & r$uctions ( scale--words t 9 music h no mean+ at all--z we see 9 ! art ( ! gems1 9 :i* ! subjects are ess5tially r$uctions f life-siz$ orig9als4 ,9 ! doma9 ( ,function1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! idea ( trans=mation ( gr\ps t is ( decisive importance1 & ! musician w readily agree t simil> ideas play an ess5tial "p 9 mod]n composition-!ory4 ,i ne$ only allude to "o ( ! mo/ elegant or*e/ral =ms ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 ! ,tema con ,v>iazioni4 ,all proportion assumes ! con/ancy1 all trans=mation ! v>iability ( ! con/itu5ts4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! congru5ce !orems ( ,euclid1 ! pro( ( :i* dep5ds 9 fact on ! assum$ ratio #a 3 #a1 ) ! mod]n d$uction ( ! same by means ( angul> functions4 ,,xiv ,! ,alpha & ,omega ( ! ,classical ma!matic is con/ruction 7:i* 9 ! broad s5se includes elem5t>y ari?metic71 t is1 ! production ( a s+le visually-pres5t figure4 ,! *isel1 9 ?is second sculptural art1 is ! compass4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 function- rese>*1 :]e ! object is n a result ( ! magnitude sort b a discussion ( g5]al =mal possibilities1 ! way ( work+ is be/ describ$ z a sort ( composition-proc$ure closely analog\s to ! musical2 & 9 fact1 a great numb] ( ! ideas met ) 9 ! !ory ( music 7key1 phras+1 *romatics1 = in/ance7 c be directly employ$ 9 physics1 & x is at lea/ arguable t _m relations w\ld be cl>ifi$ by s do+4 ,e con/ruction affirms1 & e op]ation d5ies appe>ances1 9 t ! "o works out t :i* is optically giv5 & ! o!r dissolves x4 ,& s we meet ) yet ano!r contra/ betwe5 ! two k9ds ( ma!matic2 ! ,classical ma!matic ( small ?+s deals ) ! concrete individual in/ance & produces a once-=-all con/ruction1 :ile ! ma!matic ( ! inf9ite h&les :ole classes ( =mal possibilities1 gr\ps ( functions1 op]ations1 equations1 curves1 & does s ) an eye1 n to any result !y may h1 b to _! c\rse4 ,& s = ! la/ two c5turies--?\gh pres5t-day ma!maticians h>dly realize ! fact--!re has be5 gr[+ up ! idea ( a g5]al morphology ( ma!matical op]ations1 :i* we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ z ! real mean+ ( mod]n ma!matics z a :ole4 ,all ?is1 z we %all p]ceive m & m cle>ly1 is "o ( ! manife/ations ( a g5]al t5d5cy inh]5t 9 ! ,we/]n intellect1 prop] to ! ,fau/ian _s & ,culture & f\nd 9 no o!r4 ,! great majority ( ! problems :i* occupy our ma!matic1 & are reg>d$ z 8our0 problems 9 ! same s5se z ! squ>+ ( ! circle 0 ! ,greeks'1--e4g41 ! inve/igation ( conv]g5ce 9 inf9ite s]ies 7,cau*y7 & ! trans=mation ( elliptic & algebraic integrals into multiply- p]iodic functions 7,abel1 ,gauss7--w\ld probably h seem$ to ! ,anci5ts1 :o /rove = simple & def9ite quantitative results1 to be an exhibition ( r ab/ruse virtuosity4 ,& s inde$ ! popul> m9d reg>ds !m ev5 to-day4 ,!re is no?+ less 8popul>0 ?an ! mod]n ma!matic1 & x too conta9s its symbolism ( ! inf9itely f>1 ( di/ance4 ,all ! great works ( ! ,we/1 f ! 8,div9a ,comm$ia0 to 8,p>sifal10 are unpopul>1 :]eas ev]y?+ ,classical f ,hom] to ! ,alt> ( ,p]gamum 0 popul> 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,,xv ,?us1 f9ally1 ! :ole cont5t ( ,we/]n numb]-?\ght c5tres itself ^u ! hi/oric limit-problem ( ! ,fau/ian ma!matic1 ! key :i* op5s ! way to ! ,inf9ite1 t ,fau/ian inf9ite :i* is s diff]5t f ! inf9ity ( ,arabian & ,indian _w-ideas4 ,:atev] ! guise--inf9ite s]ies1 curves or functions--9 :i* numb] appe>s 9 ! p>ticul> case1 ! ess5ce ( x is ! !ory ( ! limit4#gc ,?is limit is ! absolute opposite ( ! limit :i* 7)\t be+ s call$7 figures 9 ! ,classical problem ( ! quadrature ( ! circle4 ,"r into ! #ah? ,c5tury1 ,euclidean popul> prepossessions obscur$ ! real mean+ ( ! diff]5tial pr9ciple4 ,! idea ( inf9itely small quantities lay1 s to say1 ready to h&1 & h[ev] skilfully !y 7 h&l$1 !re 0 b\nd to rema9 a trace ( ! ,classical con/ancy1 ! semblance ( magnitude1 ab\t !m1 ?\gh ,euclid w\ld nev] h kn[n !m or admitt$ !m z su*4 ,?us1 z]o is a con/ant1 a :ole numb] 9 ! l9e> cont9uum betwe5 #a & -#a2 & x 0 a great h9drance to ,eul] 9 8 analytical rese>*es t1 l _m aft] him1 he treat$ ! diff]5tials z z]o4 ,only 9 ! #ai? ,c5tury 0 ?is relic ( ,classical numb]-feel+ f9ally remov$ & ! ,inf9itesimal ,calculus made logically secure by ,cau*y's def9itive elucidation ( ! limit- idea2 only ! intellectual /ep f ! 8inf9itely small quantity0 to ! 8l[] limit ( e possible f9ite magnitude0 br\ght out ! conception ( a v>iable numb] :i* oscillates b5ea? any assignable numb] t is n z]o4 ,a numb] ( ?is sort has ceas$ to possess any "* ( magnitude :atev]3 ! limit1 z ?us f9ally pres5t$ by !ory1 is no long] t :i* is approximat$ to1 b ! approximation1 ! process1 ! op]ation itself4 ,x is n a /ate1 b a relation4 ,& s 9 ?is decisive problem ( our ma!matic1 we are sudd5ly made to see h[ hi/orical is ! con/itution ( ! ,we/]n s\l4#gd ----- ,footnote #gc3 ,! te*nical diff]5ce 79 ,g]man usage7 betwe5 ,gr5z & ,gr5zw]t is 9 mo/ cases ignor$ 9 ?is translation z x is only ! und]ly+ conception ( 8numb]0 common to bo? t conc]ns u4 ,gr5z is ! 8limit0 /rictly speak+1 i4e41 ! numb] a to :i* ! t]ms a#a1 a#b1 a 444 ( a p>ticul> s]ies approximate m & m closely1 till ne>] to a ?an any assignable numb] :atev]4 ,! ,gr5zw]t ( a function1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! 8limit0 ( ! value :i* ! function takes = a giv5 value a ( ! v>iable x4 ,^! me?ods ( reason+ & _! d]ivatives enable solutions to be obta9$ = s]ies su* z 7#am17 7#am17 7#am17 444 7#amx7 or functions su* z x7#bx - #a7 y ------------------------------ 7x #b77x- #c7 :]e x is inf9ite or indef9ite4--,tr4 ,footnote #gd3 8,function1 rightly und]/ood1 is exi/5ce consid]$ z an activity0 7,goe!74 ,cf4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fah1 = functional money4 ----- ,,xvi ,! lib]ation ( geometry f ! visual1 & ( algebra f ! notion ( magnitude1 & ! union ( bo?1 beyond all elem5t>y limitations ( draw+ & c\nt+1 9 ! great /ructure ( function- !ory--?is 0 ! gr& c\rse ( ,we/]n numb]-?\ght4 ,! con/ant numb] ( ! ,classical ma!matic 0 dissolv$ into ! v>iable4 ,geometry became analytical & dissolv$ all concrete =ms1 replac+ ! ma!matical bodies f :i* ! rigid geometrical values _h be5 obta9$1 by ab/ract spatial relations :i* 9 ! end ceas$ to h any application at all to s5se-pres5t ph5om5a4 ,x began by sub/itut+ = ,euclid's optical figures geometrical loci ref]r$ to a co-ord9ate sy/em ( arbitr>ily *os5 8orig910 & r$uc+ ! po/ulat$ objectiv5ess ( exi/5ce ( ! geometrical object to ! "o condition t dur+ ! op]ation 7:i* itself 0 "o ( equat+ & n ( measurem5t7 ! select$ co-ord9ate sy/em %\ld n be *ang$4 ,b ^! co-ord9ates imm$iately came to be reg>d$ z values pure & simple1 s]v+ n s mu* to det]m9e z to repres5t & replace ! position ( po9ts z space-elem5ts4 ,numb]1 ! b\nd>y ( ?+s-become1 0 repres5t$1 n z be=e pictorially by a figure1 b symbolically by an equation4 8,geometry0 alt]$ its mean+2 ! co-ord9ate sy/em z a pictur+ disappe>$ & ! po9t became an entirely ab/ract numb]-gr\p4 ,9 ar*itecture1 we f9d ?is inw>d trans=mation ( ,r5aissance into ,b>oque ?r\gh ! innovations ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,vignola4 ,visually pure l9es became1 9 palace & *ur* faades z 9 ma!matics1 ineffectual4 ,9 place ( ! cle> co-ord9ates t we h 9 ,romano-,flor5t9e colonnad+ & /orey+1 ! 8inf9itesimal0 appe>s 9 ! graceful fl[ ( elem5ts1 ! scrollwork1 ! c>t\*es4 ,! con/ructive dissolves 9 ! weal? ( ! decorative--9 ma!matical language1 ! functional4 ,columns & pila/]s1 assembl$ 9 gr\ps & clu/]s1 break up ! faades1 ga!r & disp]se aga9 re/lessly4 ,! flat surfaces ( wall1 ro(1 /orey melt into a weal? ( /ucco "w & ornam5ts1 vani% & break into a play ( light & %ade4 ,! light itself1 z x is made to play ^u ! =m-_w ( mature ,b>oque-- viz41 ! p]iod f ,b]n9i 7#afej7 to ! ,rococo ( ,dresd51 ,vi5na & ,p>is--has become an ess5tially musical elem5t4 ,! ,dresd5 ,zw+]#ge is a s9fonia4 ,along ) #ah? ,c5tury ma!matics1 #ah? ,c5tury ar*itecture develops into a =m-_w ( musical *>act]s4 ----- ,footnote #ge3 ,built = ,augu/ ,,ii1 9 #agaa1 z b>bican or =e-build+ = a project$ palace4--,tr4 ----- ,,xvii ,?is ma!matics ( ours 0 b\nd 9 due c\rse to rea* ! po9t at :i* n m]ely ! limits ( artificial geometrical =m b ! limits ( ! visual itself 7 felt by !ory & by ! s\l alike z limits inde$1 z ob/acles to ! unres]v$ expression ( inw>d possibilities--9 o!r words1 ! po9t at :i* ! ideal ( transc5d5t ext5sion came into fundam5tal conflict ) ! limitations ( imm$iate p]ception4 ,! ,classical s\l1 ) ! entire abdication ( ,platonic & ,/oic 1 submitt$ to ! s5su\s & 7z ! erotic "u-mean+ ( ! ,py?agorean numb]s %[s7 x r felt ?an emitt$ its great symbols4 ,( transc5d+ ! corporeal "h-&-n[ x 0 q incapable4 ,b :]eas numb]1 z conceiv$ by a ,py?agorean1 exhibit$ ! ess5ce ( individual & discrete data 9 8,nature0 ,desc>tes & 8 successors look$ ^u numb] z some?+ to be conqu]$1 to be wrung out1 an ab/ract relation royally indiff]5t to all ph5om5al support & capable ( hold+ its own aga9/ 8,nature0 on all occasions4 ,! w-to-p[] 7to use ,nietzs*e's great =mula7 t f ! e>lie/ ,go?ic ( ! ,eddas1 ! ,ca!drals & ,crusades1 & ev5 f ! old conqu]+ ,go?s & ,vik+s1 has di/+ui%$ ! attitude ( ! ,nor!rn s\l to its _w1 appe>s also 9 ! s5se-transc5d+ en]gy1 ! dynamic ( ,we/]n numb]4 ,9 ! ,apoll9ian ma!matic ! intellect is ! s]vant ( ! eye1 9 ! ,fau/ian its ma/]4 ,ma!matical1 8absolute0 space1 we see !n1 is utt]ly un-,classical1 & f ! fir/1 al?\gh ma!maticians ) _! rev]5ce = ! ,hell5ic tradition did n d>e to obs]ve ! fact1 x 0 some?+ diff]5t f ! indef9ite spaci\sness ( daily exp]i5ce & cu/om>y pa9t+1 ! a priori space ( ,kant :i* seem$ s unambigu\s & sure a concept4 ,x is a pure ab/ract1 an ideal & unfulfillable po/ulate ( a s\l :i* is ev] less & less satisfi$ ) s5su\s means ( expression & 9 ! end passionately bru%es !m aside4 ,! inn] eye has awak5$4 ,& !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 ^? :o ?\ght deeply 7 oblig$ to see t ! ,euclidean geometry1 :i* is ! true & only geometry ( ! simple ( all ages1 is :5 reg>d$ f ! high] /&po9t no?+ b a hypo!sis1 ! g5]al validity ( :i*1 s9ce ,gauss1 we "k x to be q impossible to prove 9 ! face ( o!r & p]fectly non-p]ceptual geometries4 ,! critical proposition ( ?is geometry1 ,euclid's axiom ( p>allels1 is an ass]tion1 = :i* we are q at lib]ty to sub/itute ano!r ass]tion4 ,we may ass]t1 9 fact1 t ?r\gh a giv5 po9t1 no p>allels1 or two1 or _m p>allels may be drawn to a giv5 /raight l9e1 & all ^! assumptions lead to completely irreproa*able geometries ( ?ree dim5sions1 :i* c be employ$ 9 physics & ev5 9 a/ronomy1 & are 9 "s cases pref]able to ! ,euclidean4 ,ev5 ! simple axiom t ext5sion is b\ndless 7b\ndlessness1 s9ce ,riemann & ! !ory ( curv$ space1 is to be di/+ui%$ f endlessness7 at once contradicts ! ess5tial "* ( all imm$iate p]ception1 9 t ! latt] dep5ds ^u ! exi/5ce ( light-resi/ances & ipso facto has mat]ial b\nds4 ,b ab/ract pr9ciples ( b\nd>y c be imag9$ :i* transc5d1 9 an entirely new s5se1 ! possibilities ( optical def9ition4 ,= ! deep ?9k]1 !re exi/s ev5 9 ! ,c>tesian geometry ! t5d5cy to get beyond ! ?ree dim5sions ( exp]i5tial space1 reg>d$ z an unnecess>y re/riction on ! symbolism ( numb]4 ,& al?\gh x 0 n till ab\t #ahjj t ! notion ( multi-dim5sional space 7x is a pity t no bett] ^w 0 f\nd7 provid$ analysis ) broad] f\ndations1 ! real fir/ /ep 0 tak5 at ! mom5t :5 p[]s-- t is1 really1 log>i?ms--7 releas$ f _! orig9al relation ) s5sually realizable surfaces & solids &1 ?r\gh ! employm5t ( irrational & complex expon5ts1 br\ght )9 ! realm ( function z p]fectly g5]al relation-values4 ,x w be admitt$ by ev]yone :o und]/&s any?+ ( ma!matical reason+ t directly we pass$ f ! notion ( a z a natural maximum to t ( an1 ! unconditional necessity ( ?ree-dim5sional space 0 done away )4 ,once ! space-elem5t or po9t _h lo/ its la/ p]si/5t relic ( visualness &1 in/ead ( be+ repres5t$ to ! eye z a cut 9 co- ord9ate l9es1 0 def9$ z a gr\p ( ?ree indep5d5t numb]s1 !re 0 no long] any inh]5t objection to replac+ ! numb] #c by ! g5]al numb] n4 ,! notion ( dim5sion 0 radically *ang$4 ,x 0 no long] a matt] ( treat+ ! prop]ties ( a po9t metrically ) ref]5ce to its position 9 a visible sy/em1 b ( repres5t+ ! entirely ab/ract prop]ties ( a numb]-gr\p by means ( any dim5sions t we please4 ,! numb]-gr\p--consi/+ ( n indep5d5t ord]$ elem5ts--is an image ( ! po9t & x is call$ a po9t4 ,simil>ly1 an equation logically arriv$ !refrom is call$ a plane & is ! image ( a plane4 ,& ! aggregate ( all po9ts ( n dim5sions is call$ an n-dim5sional space4#gf ,9 ^! transc5d5t space-worlds1 :i* are remote f e sort ( s5sualism1 lie ! relations :i* x is ! bus9ess ( analysis to inve/igate & :i* are f\nd to be consi/5tly 9 agreem5t ) ! data ( exp]im5tal physics4 ,?is space ( high] degree is a symbol :i* is ?r\gh-&-?r\gh ! peculi> prop]ty ( ! ,we/]n m9d4 ,t m9d alone has attempt$1 & successfully too1 to capture ! 8become0 & ! ext5d$ 9 ^! =ms1 to conjure & b9d--to 8"k0--! ali5 by ?is k9d ( appropriation or taboo4 ,n until su* sph]es ( numb]-?\ght are rea*$1 & n = any m5 b ! few :o h rea*$ !m1 d su* imag9+s z sy/ems ( hyp]complex numb]s 7e4g41 ! quat]nions ( ! calculus ( vectors7 & app>5tly q mean+less symbols l n acquire ! "* ( some?+ actual4 ,& "h if any:]e x mu/ be und]/ood t actuality is n only s5sual actuality4 ,! spiritual is 9 no wise limit$ to p]ception-=ms = ! actualiz+ ( its idea4 ----- ,footnote #gf3 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! !ory ( 8aggregates0 7or 8sets ( po9ts071 a well-ord]$ set ( po9ts1 irrespective ( ! dim5sion figure1 is call$ a corpus2 & ?us an aggregate ( n - #a dim5sions is consid]$1 relatively to "o ( n dim5sions1 z a surface4 ,?us ! limit 7wall1 edge7 ( an 8aggregate0 repres5ts an aggregate ( l[] 8pot5tiality40 ----- ,,xviii ,f ?is gr& intuition ( symbolic space-worlds came ! la/ & conclusive creation ( ,we/]n ma!matic--! expansion & subtiliz+ ( ! function !ory 9 t ( gr\ps4 ,gr\ps are aggregates or sets ( homog5e\s ma!matical images--e4g41 ! totality ( all diff]5tial equations ( a c]ta9 type--:i* 9 /ructure & ord]+ are analog\s to ! ,d$ek9d numb]-bodies4 ,"h are worlds1 we feel1 ( p]fectly new numb]s1 :i* are nev]!less n utt]ly s5se- transc5d5t = ! inn] eye ( ! adept2 & ! problem n[ is to discov] 9 ^? va/ ab/ract =m-sy/ems c]ta9 elem5ts :i*1 relatively to a p>ticul> gr\p ( op]ations 7viz41 ( trans=mations ( ! sy/em71 rema9 unaffect$ !reby1 t is1 possess inv>iance4 ,9 ma!matical language1 ! problem1 z /at$ g5]ally by ,kle91 is-- giv5 an n-dim5sional manifold 78space07 & a gr\p ( trans=mations1 x is requir$ to exam9e ! =ms belong+ to ! manifold 9 respect ( su* prop]ties z are n alt]$ by trans=mation ( ! gr\p4 ,& ) ?is culm9ation our ,we/]n ma!matic1 hav+ exhau/$ e inw>d possibility & fulfill$ its de/9y z ! copy & pure/ expression ( ! idea ( ! ,fau/ian s\l1 closes its developm5t 9 ! same way z ! ma!matic ( ! ,classical ,culture conclud$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,bo? ^? sci5ces 7! only ones ( :i* ! organic /ructure c ev5 to-day be exam9$ hi/orically7 arose out ( a :olly new idea ( numb]1 9 ! "o case ,py?agoras's1 9 ! o!r ,desc>tes'4 ,bo?1 exp&+ 9 all beauty1 rea*$ _! maturity "o hundr$ ye>s lat]2 & bo?1 aft] fl\ri%+ = ?ree c5turies1 complet$ ! /ructure ( _! ideas at ! same mom5t z ! ,cultures to :i* !y respectively belong$ pass$ ov] into ! phase ( megalopolitan ,civilization4 ,! deep significance ( ?is int]dep5d5ce w be made cle> 9 due c\rse4 ,x is en\gh = ! mom5t t = u ! "t ( ! great ma!maticians is pa/4 ,our tasks to-day are ^? ( pres]v+1 r\nd+ (f1 ref9+1 selection-- 9 place ( big dynamic creation1 ! same clev] detail-"w :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,alex&rian ma!matic ( late ,hell5ism4 ,a hi/orical p>adigm w make ?is cle>]4 column #a column two ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,_w-,,hi/ory ,i ,,physiognomic ,,& ,,sy/ematic ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,_w-,,hi/ory ,i ,,physiognomic ,,& ,,sy/ematic ,i ,n[1 at la/1 x is possible to take ! decisive /ep ( sket*+ an image ( hi/ory t is indep5d5t ( ! accid5t ( /&po9t1 ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ?is or t obs]v] lives--indep5d5t too ( ! p]sonality ( ! obs]v] himself1 :o z an int]e/$ memb] ( 8 own ,culture is tempt$1 by its religi\s1 intellectual1 political & social t5d5cies1 to ord] ! mat]ial ( hi/ory accord+ to a p]spective t is limit$ z to bo? space & "t1 & to fa%ion arbitr>y =ms into :i* ! sup]ficies ( hi/ory c be =c$ b :i* are entirely ali5 to its inn] cont5t4 ,:at has be5 miss+1 till n[1 is deta*m5t f ! objects consid]$ 7die ,di/anz vom ,geg5/&e74 ,9 respect ( ,nature1 ?is deta*m5t has long ago be5 atta9$1 ?\gh ( c\rse x 0 relatively easy ( atta9m5t1 s9ce ! physici/ c obvi\sly sy/ematize ! me*anical-causal picture ( 8 _w z imp]sonally z ?\gh he himself did n exi/ 9 x4 ,x is q possible1 h[ev]1 to d ! same z reg>ds ! =m-_w ( ,hi/ory4 ,we h m]ely be5 unaw>e ( ! possibility4 ,! mod]n hi/orian1 9 ! v act ( prid+ himself on 8 8objectivity10 navely & unconsci\sly reveals 8 prepossessions4 ,= ?is reason x is q legitimate to say--& x w infallibly be said "s day--t s f> a g5u9ely ,fau/ian treatm5t ( hi/ory has be5 entirely lack+4 ,by su* a treatm5t is meant "o t has en\gh deta*m5t to admit t any 8pres5t0 is only su* ) ref]5ce to a p>ticul> g5]ation ( m52 t ! numb] ( g5]ations is inf9ite1 & t ! prop] pres5t mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ j z some?+ inf9itely di/ant & ali5 is reg>d$1 & treat$ z an int]val ( "t nei!r m nor less significant 9 ! :ole picture ( ,hi/ory ?an o!rs4 ,su* a treatm5t w employ no di/ort+ modulus ( p]sonal ideals1 set no p]sonal orig9 ( co-ord9ates1 be influ5c$ by none ( ! p]sonal hopes & fe>s & o!r inw>d impulses :i* c\nt = s mu* 9 practical life2 & su* a deta*m5t w--to use ! words ( ,nietzs*e 7:o1 be x said1 0 f> f possess+ en\gh ( x himself7--enable "o to view ! :ole fact ( ,man f an imm5se di/ance1 to reg>d ! individual ,cultures1 "o's own includ$1 z "o reg>ds ! range ( m\nta9 peaks along a horizon4 ,once aga91 !re=e1 !re 0 an act l ! act ( ,cop]nicus to be accompli%$1 an act ( emancipation f ! evid5t pres5t 9 ! "n ( inf9ity4 ,?is ! ,we/]n s\l a*iev$ 9 ! doma9 ( ,nature long ago1 :5 x pass$ f ! ,ptolemaic _w-sy/em to t :i* is alone valid = x to-day1 & treats ! position ( ! obs]v] on "o p>ticul> planet z accid5tal in/ead ( normative4 ,a simil> emancipation ( _w-hi/ory f ! accid5tal /&po9t1 ! p]petually re-def9$ 8mod]n p]iod10 is bo? possible & necess>y4 ,x is true t ! #ai? ,c5tury ,a4,d4 seems to u inf9itely full] & m important ?an1 say1 ! #ai? ,c5tury ,b4,c42 b ! moon1 too1 seems to u bigg] ?an ,jupit] or ,saturn4 ,! physici/ has long ago fre$ himself f prepossessions z to relative di/ance1 ! hi/orian n s4 ,we p]mit ourselves to consid] ! ,culture ( ! ,greeks z an 8anci5t0 relat$ to our own 8mod]n40 ,7 !y 9 _! turn 8mod]n0 9 relation to ! f9i%$ & hi/orically mature ,egyptians ( ! c\rt ( ! great ,?u?mosis :o liv$ a mill5nium be=e ,hom]8 ,= u1 ! ev5ts :i* took place betwe5 #aejj & #ahjj on ! soil ( ,we/]n ,europe con/itute ! mo/ important ?ird ( _w-hi/ory2 = ! ,*9ese hi/orian1 on ! contr>y1 :o looks back on & judges by #djjj ye>s ( ,*9ese hi/ory1 ^? c5turies g5]ally are a brief & unimportant episode1 inf9itely less significant ?an ! c5turies ( ! ,han dyna/y 7#bjf ,b4,c4 to #bbj ,a4,d471 :i* 9 8 _w-hi/ory are epo*-mak+4 ,to lib]ate ,hi/ory1 !n1 f t ?raldom to ! obs]v]s' prejudices :i* 9 our own case has made ( x no?+ m ?an a record ( a p>tial pa/ lead+ up to an accid5tal pres5t1 ) ! ideals & int]e/s ( t pres5t z crit]ia ( ! a*ievem5t & possibility1 is ! object ( all t foll[s4 ,,ii ,nature & ,hi/ory#gg are ! opposite extreme t]ms ( man's range ( possibilities1 :]eby he is enabl$ to ord] ! actualities ab\t him z a picture ( ! _w4 ,an actuality is ,nature 9 s f> z x assigns ?+s-becom+ _! place z ?+s-become1 & ,hi/ory 9 s f> z x ord]s ?+s-become ) ref]5ce to _! becom+4 ,an actuality z an evocation ( m9d is contemplat$1 & z an assurance ( ! s5ses is critically compreh5d$1 ! fir/ be+ exemplifi$ 9 ! worlds ( ,plato1 ,rembr&t1 ,goe! & ,bee?ov51 ! second 9 ! worlds ( ,p>m5ides1 ,desc>tes1 ,kant & ,newton4 ,cognition 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w is t act ( exp]i5ce ( :i* ! complet$ issue is call$ 8,nature40 ,! cogniz$ & 8,nature0 are "o & ! same4 ,! symbol ( ma!matical numb] has %[n u t ! aggregate ( ?+s cogniz$ is ! same z ! _w ( ?+s me*anically def9$1 ?+s correct once & = all1 ?+s br\ght "u law4 ,nature is ! sum ( ! law-impos$ necessities4 ,!re are only laws ( ,nature4 ,no physici/ :o und]/&s 8 duty w\ld wi% to transc5d ^! limits4 ,8 task is to e/abli% an ord]$ code :i* n only includes all ! laws t he c f9d 9 ! picture ( ,nature t is prop] to himself b1 fur!r1 repres5ts t picture exhau/ively & )\t rema9d]4 ,contemplation or vision 7,ans*au571 on ! o!r h&--,i may recall ,goe!'s words3 8vision is to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f see+0--1 is t act ( exp]i5ce :i* is itself hi/ory because x is itself a fulfill+4 ,t :i* has be5 liv$ is t :i* has happ5$1 & x is hi/ory4 7,erlebtes i/ ,ges*eh5es1 i/ ,ges*i*te47 ,e happ5+ is unique & incapable ( be+ repeat$4 ,x c>ries ! hall-m>k ( ,direction 78,"t071 ( irrev]sibility4 ,t :i* has happ5$ is !nce=? c\nt$ ) ! become & n ) ! becom+1 ) ! /iff5$ & n ! liv+1 & belongs beyond recall to ! pa/4 ,our feel+ ( _w-fe> has its s\rces "h4 ,ev]y?+ cogniz$1 on ! contr>y1 is timeless1 nei!r pa/ nor future b simply 8!re10 & consequ5tly p]man5tly valid1 z inde$ ! v con/itution ( natural law requires t x %\ld be4 ,law & ! doma9 ( law are anti-hi/orical4 ,!y exclude incid5t & casuality4 ,! laws ( nature are =ms ( rigor\s & !re=e inorganic necessity4 ,x becomes easy to see :y ma!matics1 z ! ord]+ ( ?+s-become by numb]1 is always & exclusively associat$ ) laws & causality4 ,becom+ has no numb]4 ,we c c\nt1 measure1 dissect only ! lifeless & s mu* ( ! liv+ z c be dissociat$ f liv+ness4 ,pure becom+1 pure life1 is 9 ?is s5se incapable ( be+ b\nd$4 ,x lies beyond ! doma9 ( cause & effect1 law & measure4 ,no deep & pure hi/orical rese>* seeks = con=mities ) causal laws--or1 if x does s1 x does n und]/& its own ess5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 hi/ory z positively treat$ is n pure becom+3 x is an image1 a _w-=m radiat$ f ! wak+ consci\sness ( ! hi/orian1 9 :i* ! becom+ dom9ates ! become4 ,! possibility ( extract+ results ( any sort by sci5tific me?ods dep5ds ^u ! proportion ( ?+s-become pres5t 9 ! subject treat$1 & by hypo!sis !re is 9 ?is case a defect ( !m2 ! high] ! proportion is1 ! m me*anical1 reasonable1 causal1 hi/ory is made to appe>4 ,ev5 ,goe!'s 8liv+ nature10 utt]ly unma!matical _w- picture z x 01 conta9$ en\gh ( ! dead & /iff5$ to all[ him to treat at lea/ 8 =egr\nd sci5tifically4 ,b :5 ?is cont5t ( ?+s-become dw9dles to v little1 !n hi/ory becomes approximately pure becom+1 & contemplation & vision become an exp]i5ce :i* c only be r5d]$ 9 =ms ( art4 ,t :i* ,dante saw be=e 8 spiritual eyes z ! de/9y ( ! _w1 he c\ld n possibly h arriv$ at by ways ( sci5ce1 any m ?an ,goe! c\ld h atta9$ by ^! ways to :at he saw 9 ! great mom5ts ( 8 8,fau/0 /udies1 any m ?an ,plot9us & ,giordano ,bruno c\ld h di/ill$ _! visions f rese>*es4 ,?is contra/ lies at ! root ( all dispute reg>d+ ! inn] =m ( hi/ory4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! same object or corpus ( facts1 e obs]v] accord+ to 8 own disposition has a diff]5t impression ( ! :ole1 & ?is impression1 intangible & incommunicable1 und]lies 8 judgm5t & gives x its p]sonal col\r4 ,! degree 9 :i* ?+s-become are tak5 9 diff]s f man to man1 :i* is q en\gh 9 itself to %[ t !y c nev] agree z to task or me?od4 ,ea* accuses ! o!r ( a defici5cy ( 8cle> ?9k+10 & yet ! some?+ t is express$ by ?is phrase is some?+ n built ) h&s1 n imply+ sup]iority or a priority ( degree b necess>y diff]5ce ( k9d4 ,! same applies to all natural sci5ces4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t at bottom ! wi% to write hi/ory sci5tifically involves a contradiction4 ,true sci5ce rea*es j z f> z ! notions ( tru? & falsity h validity3 ?is applies to ma!matics & x applies also to ! sci5ce ( hi/orical spade-"w1 viz41 ! collection1 ord]+ & sift+ ( mat]ial4 ,b real hi/orical vision 7:i* only beg9s at ?is po9t7 belongs to ! doma9 ( significances1 9 :i* ! crucial words are n 8correct0 & 8errone\s10 b 8deep0 & 8%all[40 ,! true physici/ is n deep1 b ke53 x is only :5 he leaves ! doma9 ( work+ hypo!ses & bru%es aga9/ ! f9al ?+s t he c be deep1 b at ?is /age he is already a metaphysician4 ,nature is to be h&l$ sci5tifically1 ,hi/ory poetically4 ,old ,leopold von ,ranke is cr$it$ ) ! rem>k t1 aft] all1 ,scott's 8,qu5t9 ,durw>d0 0 ! true hi/ory-writ+4 ,& s x is3 ! advantage ( a good hi/ory book is t x enables ! read] to be 8 own ,scott4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )9 ! v realm ( numb]s & exact k !re is t :i* ,goe! call$ 8liv+ ,nature10 an imm$iate vision ( pure becom+ & self-%ap+1 9 fact1 hi/ory z above def9$4 ,goe!'s _w 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 an organism1 an exi/5ce1 & x is easy !re=e to see :y 8 rese>*es1 ev5 :5 sup]ficially ( a physical k9d1 d n make numb]s1 or laws1 or causality captur$ 9 =mul1 or dissection ( any sort _! object1 b are morphology 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w2 & :y 8 "w nei!r uses nor ne$s to use ! specifically ,we/]n & un-,classical means ( causal treatm5t1 metrical exp]im5t4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ is inv>iably geology1 & nev] m9]alogy1 :i* he call$ ! sci5ce ( some?+ dead4 ,let x be said1 once m1 t !re are no exact b\nd>ies set betwe5 ! two k9ds ( _w-notion4 ,h[ev] great ! contra/ betwe5 becom+ & ! become1 ! fact rema9s t !y are jo9tly pres5t 9 e k9d ( und]/&+4 ,he :o looks at ! becom+ & fulfill+ 9 !m1 exp]i5ces ,hi/ory2 he :o dissects !m z become & fulfill$ cognizes ,nature4 ,9 e man1 9 e ,culture1 9 e culture-phase1 !re is f\nd an inh]5t disposition1 an inh]5t incl9ation & vocation to pref] "o ( ! two =ms z an ideal ( und]/&+ ! _w4 ,we/]n man is 9 a high degree hi/orically dispos$1#gh ,classical man f> f be+ s4 ,we foll[ up :at is giv5 u ) an eye to pa/ & future1 :]eas ,classical man knew only ! po9t-pres5t & an ambiance ( my?4 ,we h be=e u a symbol ( becom+ 9 e b> ( our music f ,pale/r9a to ,wagn]1 & ! ,greeks a symbol ( ! pure pres5t 9 e "o ( _! /atues4 ,! rhy?m ( a body is bas$ ^u a simultane\s relation ( ! p>ts1 t ( a fugue 9 ! succession ( elem5ts 9 "t4 ----- ,footnote #gg3 ,see p4 #ee1 also ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #be et seq4 ,footnote #gh3 8,anti-hi/orical10 ! expression :i* we apply to a decid$ly sy/ematic valuation1 is to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f 8ahi/orical40 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ,,iv ,book 7#ec7 ( ,s*op5hau]'s ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! man :o ?9ks anti-hi/orically1 t is1 delib]ately = !oretical reasons suppresses & rejects ! hi/orical 9 himself-- some?+ t is actually !re4 ,! ahi/oric ,greek nature1 on ! contr>y1 nei!r possesses nor und]/&s x4 ----- ,,iii ,!re em]ge1 !n1 z ! two basic elem5ts ( all _w-pictur+1 ! pr9ciple ( ,=m 7,ge/alt7 & ! pr9ciple ( ,law 7,gesetz74 ,! m decid$ly a p>ticul> _w-picture %[s ! traits ( 8,nature10 ! m unconditionally law & numb] prevail 9 x2 & ! m purely intuitive ! picture ( ! _w z et]nally becom+1 ! m ali5 to numb]s its manifold & intangible elem5ts4 8,=m is some?+ mobile1 some?+ becom+1 some?+ pass+4 ,! doctr9e ( =mation is ! doctr9e ( trans=mation4 ,metamorphosis is ! key to ! :ole alphabet ( ,nature10 s runs a note ( ,goe!'s1 m>k+ already ! me?odic diff]5ce betwe5 8 fam\s 8exact p]cipi5t fancy0 :i* quietly lets itself be work$ ^u by ! liv+1#gi & ! exact kill+ proc$ure ( mod]n physics4 ,b :atev] ! process1 a rema9d] consi/+ ( s mu* ( ! ali5 elem5t z is pres5t is always f\nd4 ,9 /rict natural sci5ces ?is rema9d] takes ! =m ( ! inevitable !ories & hypo!ses :i* are impos$ on1 & leav51 ! /iff mass ( numb] & =mula4 ,9 hi/orical rese>*1 x appe>s z *ronology1 ! numb]-/ructure ( dates & /ati/ics :i*1 ali5 ?\gh numb] is to ! ess5ce ( becom+1 is s ?or\ghly wov5 ar\nd & into ! _w ( hi/orical =ms t x is nev] felt to be intrusive4 ,= x is devoid ( ma!matical import4 ,*ronological numb] di/+ui%es uniquely-occurr+ actualities1 ma!matical numb] con/ant possibilities4 ,! "o %>p5s ! images & works up ! outl9es ( epo* & fact = ! und]/&+ eye4 ,b ! o!r is itself ! law :i* x seeks to e/abli%1 ! end & aim ( rese>*4 ,*ronological numb] is a sci5tific means ( pione]+ borr[$ f ! sci5ce ( sci5ces1 ma!matics1 & us$ z su* )\t reg>d to its specific prop]ties4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! mean+ ( ! two symbols #ab #h #if1 & #ah ,octob]1 #ahac4hj ,x is ! same diff]5ce1 9 ! use ( figures1 t prose & poetry pres5t 9 ! use ( words4 ,"o o!r po9t rema9s to be not$4#ha ,z a becom+ always lies at ! base ( ! become1 & z ! _w-picture repres5tative ( becom+ is t :i* hi/ory gives u1 !re=e hi/ory is ! orig9al _w-=m1 & ,nature--! fully elaborat$ _w-me*anism-- is ! late _w-=m t only ! m5 ( a mature ,culture c completely actualize4 ,9 fact1 ! d>kness encompass+ ! simple s\l ( primitive mank9ds1 :i* we c realize ev5 to-day f _! religi\s cu/oms & my?s--t entirely organic _w ( pure wilfulness1 ( ho/ile demons & k9dly p[]s--0 ?r\gh-&-?r\gh a liv+ & sway+ :ole1 unund]/&able1 indef9able1 incalculable4 ,we may call ?is ,nature if we l1 b x is n :at we mean by 8nature10 i4e41 ! /rict image project$ by a kn[+ intellect4 ,only ! s\ls ( *ildr5 & ( great arti/s c n[ he> ! e*oes ( ?is long-=gott5 _w ( nasc5t humanity1 b x e*oes /ill1 & n r>ely1 ev5 9 ! inela/ic nature-m$ium t ! city-_s ( ! mature ,culture is remorselessly build+ up r\nd ! individual4 ,h5ce t acute antagonism betwe5 ! sci5tific 78mod]n07 & ! arti/ic 78unpractical07 _w-idea :i* e ,late p]iod kn[s2 ! man ( fact & ! poet d n & _c und]/& "o ano!r4 ,h5ce comes1 too1 t t5d5cy ( hi/orical /udy1 :i* mu/ inevitably conta9 an elem5t ( ! *ildi%1 ! dreamy1 ! ,goe?ian1 to dress up z a sci5ce1 to be 7us+ its own nave ^w7 8mat]iali/ic10 at ! imm95t risk ( becom+ a m]e physics ( public life4 8,nature10 9 ! exact s5se1 is a way ( possess+ actuality :i* is special to ! few1 re/rict$ to ! megalopolitans ( ! late p]iods ( great ,cultures1 mascul9e1 p]haps ev5 s5atorial2 :ile ,hi/ory is ! nave1 y\?ful1 m or less in/9ctive way t is prop] to all m5 alike4 ,at lea/1 t is ! position ( ! numb]-bas$1 unmy/ical1 dissectable & dissect$ 8,nature0 ( ,ari/otle & ,kant1 ! ,sophi/s & ! ,d>w9ians1 mod]n physics & *emi/ry1 vis-- vis ! liv$1 felt & unconf9$ 8,nature0 ( ,hom] & ! ,eddas1 ( ,doric & ,go?ic man4 ,to ov]look ?is is to miss ! :ole ess5ce ( hi/orical treatm5t4 ,x is hi/ory t is ! truly natural1 & ! exact me*anically-correct 8,nature0 ( ! sci5ti/ t is ! artificial conception ( _w by s\l4 ,h5ce ! p>adox t mod]n man f9ds nature-/udy easy & hi/orical /udy h>d4 ,t5d5cies t[>ds a me*ani/ic idea ( ! _w proce$+ :olly f ma!matical delimitation & logical diff]5tiation1 f law & causality1 appe> q e>ly4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( all ,cultures1 /ill weak1 scatt]$ & lo/ 9 ! full tide ( ! religi\s _w-conception4 ,! "n to be recall$ "h is t ( ,rog] ,bacon4 ,b soon ^! t5d5cies acquire a /]n] "*3 l ev]y?+ t is wrung out ( ! s\l & has to def5d itself aga9/ human nature1 !y are n want+ 9 arrogance & exclusiv5ess4 ,quietly ! spatial & compreh5sible 7compreh5sion is 9 its ess5ce numb]1 9 its /ructure quantitative7 becomes prepot5t ?r\gh\t ! out] _w ( ! individual &1 aid+ & aid$ by ! simple impressions ( s5su\s-life1 effects a me*anical syn!sis ( ! causal & legal sort1 s t at long la/ ! %>p consci\sness ( ! megalopolitan--be he ( ,!bes1 ,babylon1 ,b5>es1 ,alex&ria or a ,we/ ,european cosmopolis--is subject$ to s consi/5t a pressure ( natural-law notions t1 :5 sci5tific & philosophical prejudice 7x is no m ?an t7 dictates ! proposition t ?is condition ( ! s\l is ! s\l & ! me*anical _w-picture is ! _w1 ! ass]tion is sc>cely *all5g$4 ,x has be5 made pr$om9ant by logicians l ,ari/otle & ,kant4 ,b ,plato & ,goe! h reject$ x & refut$ x4 ,,iv ,! task ( _w-kn[+--= ! man ( ! high] ,cultures a ne$1 se5 z a duty1 ( express+ 8 own ess5ce--is c]ta9ly 9 e case ! same1 ?\gh its process may be call$ sci5ce or philosophy1 & ?\gh its aff9ity to arti/ic creation & to fai?-intuition may = "o be some?+ felt & = ano!r some?+ que/ionable4 ,x is to pres5t1 )\t accretions1 t =m ( ! _w-picture :i* to ! individual 9 ea* case is prop] & significant1 & = him 7s long z he does n comp>e7 is 9 fact 8!0 _w4 ,! task is necess>ily a d\ble "o1 9 view ( ! di/9ction betwe5 8,nature0 & 8,hi/ory40 ,ea* speaks its own =m-language :i* diff]s utt]ly f t ( ! o!r1 & h[ev] ! two may ov]lap & confuse "o ano!r 9 an unsift$ & ambigu\s _w-picture su* z t ( ev]yday life1 !y are incapable ( any inn] unity4 ,direction & ,ext5sion are ! out/&+ *>act]s :i* diff]5tiate ! hi/orical & ! sci5tific 7naturhaft7 k9d ( impressibility1 & x is totally impossible = a man to h bo? work+ creatively )9 him at ! same "t4 ,! d\ble mean+ ( ! ,g]man ^w 8,f]ne0 7di/ance1 f>ness7 is illum9at+4 ,9 ! "o ord] ( ideas x implies futurity1 9 ! o!r a spatial int]val ( /&+ ap>t1 & ! read] w n fail to rem>k t ! hi/orical mat]iali/ almo/ necess>ily conceives "t z a ma!matical dim5sion1 :ile = ! born arti/1 on ! contr>y1--z ! lyrics ( e l& %[ u--! di/ance-impressions made by deep l&scapes1 cl\ds1 horizon & sett+ sun atta* !mselves )\t an ef=t to ! s5se ( a future4 ,! ,greek poet d5ies ! future1 & consequ5tly he nei!r sees nor s+s ( ! ?+s ( ! future2 he cleaves to ! ne>1 z he belongs to ! pres5t1 entirely4 ,! natural-sci5ce inve/igator1 ! productive reason] 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 :e!r he be an exp]im5t] l ,f>aday1 a !ori/ l ,galileo1 a calculator l ,newton1 f9ds 9 8 _w only directionless quantities :i* he measures1 te/s & arranges4 ,x is only ! quantitative t is capable ( be+ grasp$ ?r\gh figures1 ( be+ causally def9$1 ( be+ captur$ 9 a law or =mula1 & :5 x has a*iev$ ?is1 pure nature-k has %ot its bolt4 ,all its laws are quantitative connexions1 or z ! physici/ puts x1 all physical processes run a c\rse 9 space1 an expression :i* a ,greek physici/ w\ld h correct$--)\t alt]+ ! fact--into 8all physical processes occur betwe5 bodies0 con=mably to ! space- d5y+ feel+ ( ! ,classical s\l4 ,! hi/orical k9d ( impression-process is ali5 to ev]y?+ quantitative1 & affects a diff]5t organ4 ,to ,_w-z-,nature c]ta9 modes ( appreh5sion1 z to ,_w-z-,hi/ory c]ta9 o!r modes1 are prop]4 ,we "k !m & use !m e day1 )\t 7z yet7 hav+ become aw>e ( _! opposition4 ,!re is nature-k & !re is man-k2 !re is sci5tific exp]i5ce & !re is vital exp]i5ce4 ,let ! read] track d[n ?is contra/ into 8 own inmo/ be+1 & he w und]/& :at ,i mean4 ,all modes ( compreh5d+ ! _w may1 9 ! la/ analysis1 be describ$ z ,morphology4 ,! ,morphology ( ! me*anical & ! ext5d$1 a sci5ce :i* discov]s & ord]s nature-laws & causal relations1 is call$ ,sy/ematic4 ,! ,morphology ( ! organic1 ( hi/ory & life & all t be>s ! sign ( direction & de/9y1 is call$ ,physiognomic4 ,v ,9 ! ,we/1 ! ,sy/ematic mode ( treat+ ! _w rea*$ & pass$ its culm9at+-po9t dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 :ile ! great days ( ,physiognomic h /ill to come4 ,9 a hundr$ ye>s all sci5ces t are /ill possible on ?is soil w be p>ts ( a s+le va/ ,physiognomic ( all ?+s human4 ,?is is :at ! 8,morphology ( ,_w- ,hi/ory0 means4 ,9 e sci5ce1 & 9 ! aim no less ?an 9 ! cont5t ( x1 man tells ! /ory ( himself4 ,sci5tific exp]i5ce is spiritual self-k4 ,x is f ?is /&po9t1 z a *apt] ( ,physiognomic1 t we h j treat$ ( ma!matics4 ,we 7 n conc]n$ ) :at ?is or t ma!matician int5d$1 nor ) ! savant z su* or 8 results z a contribution to an aggregate ( k1 b ) ! ma!matician z a human be+1 ) 8 "w z a "p ( ! ph5om5on ( himself1 ) 8 k & purposes z a "p ( 8 expression4 ,?is alone is ( importance to u "h4 ,he is ! m\?piece ( a ,culture :i* tells u ab\t itself ?r\gh him1 & he belongs1 z p]sonality1 z s\l1 z discov]]1 ?9k] & creator1 to ! physiognomy ( t ,culture4 ,e ma!matic1 9 t x br+s out & makes visible to all ! idea ( numb] t is prop] to itself & inborn 9 its consci\s be+1 is1 :e!r ! expression-=m be a sci5tific sy/em or 7z 9 ! case ( ,egypt7 an ar*itecture1 ! confession ( a ,s\l4 ,if x is true t ! int5tional accompli%m5ts ( a ma!matic belong only to ! surface ( hi/ory1 x is equally true t its unconsci\s elem5t1 its numb]-z-su*1 & ! /yle 9 :i* x builds up its self- conta9$ cosmos ( =ms are an expression ( its exi/5ce1 its blood4 ,its life-hi/ory ( rip5+ & )]+1 its deep relation to ! creative acts1 ! my?s & ! cults ( ! same ,culture--su* ?+s are ! subject-matt] ( a second or hi/orical morphology1 ?\gh ! possibility ( su* a morphology is h>dly yet admitt$4 ,! visible =egr\nds ( hi/ory1 !re=e1 h ! same significance z ! outw>d ph5om5a ( ! individual man 78 /atue1 8 be>+1 8 air1 8 /ride1 8 way ( speak+ & writ+71 z di/9ct f :at he says or writes4 ,9 ! 8k ( m50 ^! ?+s exi/ & matt]4 ,! body & all its elaborations--def9$1 8become0 & mortal z !y are--are an expression ( ! s\l4 ,b h5ce=? 8k ( m50 implies also k ( ^? sup]lative human organisms t ,i call ,cultures1 & ( _! mi51 _! spee*1 _! acts--^! t]ms be+ meant z we mean !m already 9 ! case ( ! individual4 ,descriptive1 creative1 ,physiognomic is ! art ( portraiture transf]r$ to ! spiritual doma94 ,don ,quixote1 ,w]!r1 ,julian ,sorel1 are portraits ( an epo*1 ,fau/ ! portrait ( a :ole ,culture4 ,= ! nature-rese>*]1 ! morphologi/ z sy/emati/1 ! portrayal ( ! _w is only a bus9ess ( imitation1 & corresponds to ! 8fidelity to nature0 & ! 8lik5ess0 ( ! craftsman-pa9t]1 :o1 at bottom1 works on purely ma!matical l9es4 ,b a real portrait 9 ! ,rembr&t s5se ( ! ^w is physiognomic1 t is1 hi/ory captur$ 9 a mom5t4 ,! set ( 8 self-portraits is no?+ else b a 7truly ,goe?ian7 autobiography4 ,s %\ld ! biographies ( ! great ,cultures be h&l$4 ,! 8fidelity0 "p1 ! "w ( ! pr(essional hi/orian on facts & figures1 is only a means1 n an end4 ,! c\nt5ance ( hi/ory is made up ( all ^? ?+s :i* hi!rto we h only manag$ to evaluate accord+ to p]sonal /&>ds1 i4e41 z b5eficial or h>mful1 good or bad1 satisfactory or unsatisfactory-- political =ms & economic =ms1 battles & arts1 sci5ce & gods1 ma!matics & morals4 ,ev]y?+ :atsoev] t has become is a symbol1 & ! expression ( a s\l4 ,only to "o hav+ ! k ( m5 w x unveil itself4 ,! re/ra9t ( a law x abhors4 ,:at x dem&s is t its significance %\ld be s5s$4 ,& ?us rese>* rea*es up to a f9al or sup]lative tru?--,alles ,v]gngli*e i/ nur e9 ,glei*nis4#hb ,! nature-rese>*] c be educat$1 b ! man :o kn[s hi/ory is born4 ,he seizes & pi]ces m5 & facts ) "o bl[1 guid$ by a feel+ :i* _c be acquir$ by le>n+ or affect$ by p]suasion1 b :i* only too r>ely manife/s itself 9 full int5sity4 ,direction1 fix+1 ord]+1 def9+ by cause & effect1 are ?+s t "o c d if "o likes4 ,^! ?+s are "w1 b ! o!r is creation4 ,=m & law1 portrayal & compreh5sion1 symbol & =mula1 h diff]5t organs1 & _! opposition is t 9 :i* life /&s to dea?1 production to de/ruction4 ,reason1 sy/em & compreh5sion kill z !y 8cognize40 ,t :i* is cogniz$ becomes a rigid object1 capable ( measurem5t & subdivision4 ,intuitive vision1 on ! o!r h&1 vivifies & incorporates ! details 9 a liv+ inw>dly-felt unity4 ,poetry & hi/orical /udy are k94 ,calculation & cognition also are k94 ,b1 z ,hebbel says some:]e1 sy/ems are n dream$1 & art- works are n calculat$ or 7:at is ! same ?+7 ?\ght out4 ,! arti/ or ! real hi/orian sees ! becom+ ( a ?+ 7s*aut1 wie etwas wird71 & he c re-enact its becom+ f its l9eam5ts1 :]eas ! sy/emati/1 :e!r he be physici/1 logician1 evolutioni/ or pragmatical hi/orian1 le>ns ! ?+ t has become4 ,! arti/'s s\l1 l ! s\l ( a ,culture1 is some?+ pot5tial t may actualize itself1 some?+ complete & p]fect--9 ! language ( an old] philosophy1 a microcosm4 ,! sy/ematic _s1 n>r[ & )drawn 8abs-tract07 f ! s5sual1 is an autumnal & pass+ ph5om5on belong+ to ! ripe/ conditions ( a ,culture4 ,l9k$ ) ! city1 into :i* its life is m & m h]d$1 x comes & goes ) ! city4 ,9 ! ,classical _w1 !re is sci5ce only f ! #f?-c5tury ,ionians to ! ,roman p]iod1 b !re 0 art 9 ! ,classical _w = j z long z !re 0 exi/5ce4 ,once m1 a p>adigm may help 9 elucidation4 ,s\l ,_w ,exi/5ce pot5tiality fulfilm5t actuality 7,life7 becom+ ! become ,consci\sness direction ext5sion organic me*anical symbol1 portrait1 numb]1 notion4 ,cross$ d[nw>d arr[s ,hi/ory ,nature ,_w-image ,rhy?m1 =m4 ,t5sion1 law4 ,physiognomic4 ,sy/ematic4 ,facts ,tru?s ,seek+ ?us to obta9 a cle> idea ( ! unify+ pr9ciple out ( :i* ea* ( ^! two worlds is conceiv$1 we f9d t ma!matically-controll$ cognition relates always 7& ! pur] x is1 ! m directly7 to a cont9u\s pres5t4 ,! picture ( nature dealt ) by ! physici/ is t :i* is deploy$ be=e 8 s5ses at ! giv5 mom5t4 ,x is "o ( ! tacit1 b none ! less firm1 presuppositions ( nature-rese>* t 8,nature0 7die ,natur7 is ! same = e consci\sness & = all times4 ,an exp]im5t is decisive = good & all2 "t be+1 n precisely d5i$1 b elim9at$ f ! field ( inve/igation4 ,real hi/ory re/s on an equally c]ta9 s5se ( ! contr>y2 :at x presupposes z its orig9 is a ne>ly indescribable s5sitive faculty )91 :i* is cont9u\sly labile "u cont9u\s impressions1 & is incapable !re=e ( possess+ :at may be call$ a c5tre ( "t4#hc 7,we %all consid] lat] :at ! physici/ means by 8"t407 ,! picture ( hi/ory--be x ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 ( ! _w ( organisms1 ( ! e>? or ( ! /ell> sy/ems--is a memory-picture4 8,memory10 9 ?is connexion1 is conceiv$ z a high] /ate 7c]ta9ly n prop] to e consci\sness & v\*saf$ to _m 9 only a l[ degree71 a p]fectly def9ite k9d ( imag9+ p[]1 :i* enables exp]i5ce to trav]se ea* p>ticul> mom5t sub specie t]nitatis z "o po9t 9 an integral made up ( all ! pa/ & all ! future1 & x =ms ! necess>y basis ( all look+-backw>d1 all self-k & all self-confession4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,classical man has no memory & !re=e no hi/ory1 ei!r 9 or ar\nd himself4 8,no man c judge hi/ory b "o :o has himself exp]i5c$ hi/ory10 says ,goe!4 ,9 ! ,classical _w-consci\sness all ,pa/ 0 absorb$ 9 ! in/ant ,pres5t4 ,comp>e ! entirely hi/orical heads ( ! ,nrnb]g ,ca!dral sculptures1 ( ,dr]1 ( ,rembr&t1 ) ^? ( ,hell5i/ic sculpture1 = in/ance ! fam\s ,sophocles /atue4 ,! =m] tell ! :ole hi/ory ( a s\l1 :]eas ! latt] rigidly conf9es itself to express+ ! traits ( a mom5t>y be+1 & tells no?+ ( h[ ?is be+ is ! issue ( a c\rse ( life--if inde$ we c speak ( 8c\rse ( life0 at all 9 connexion ) a purely ,classical man1 :o is always complete & nev] becom+4 ----- ,footnote #gi3 8,!re are prime ph5om5a :i* 9 _! godlike simplicity we mu/ n di/urb or infr+e40 ,footnote #hj3 ,! date ( ,napoleon's defeat1 & ! lib]ation ( ,g]many1 on ! field ( ,leipzig4--,tr4 ,footnote #ha3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #be et seq41 #cbg et seq4 ,footnote #hb3 8,all we see be=e u pass+ ,sign & symbol is alone40 ,f ! f9al /anza ( ,fau/ ,,ii 7,an/]'s translation74--,tr4 ,footnote #hc3 ,?is phrase1 d]iv$ by analogy f ! c5tre ( gravity ( me*anics1 is (f]$ z a translation ( 8mi?9 9 e9im ,zeitpunkte g] ni*t zusamm5gefas/ w]d5 knn540--,tr4 ----- ,,vi ,& n[ x is possible to discov] ! ultimate elem5ts ( ! hi/orical =m-_w4 ,c\ntless %apes t em]ge & vani%1 pile up & melt aga91 a ?\s&-hu$ glitt]+ tumult1 x seems1 ( p]fectly wilful *ance-- su* is ! picture ( _w-hi/ory :5 fir/ x deploys be=e our inn] eye4 ,b ?r\gh ?is seem+ an>*y1 ! ke5] glance c detect ^? pure =ms :i* und]lie all human becom+1 p5etrate _! cl\d-mantle1 & br+ !m unwill+ly to unveil4 ,b ( ! :ole picture ( _w-becom+1 ( t cumulus ( gr& planes t ! ,fau/-eye#hd sees pil$ "o beyond ano!r--! becom+ ( ! heav5s1 ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ( life1 ( man--we %all deal "h only ) t v small morphological unit t we are accu/om$ to call 8_w-hi/ory10 t hi/ory :i* ,goe! end$ by despis+1 ! hi/ory ( high] mank9d dur+ #fjjj ye>s or s1 )\t go+ into ! deep problem ( ! inw>d homog5eity ( all ^! aspects4 ,:at gives ?is fleet+ =m-_w mean+ & sub/ance1 & :at has hi!rto la9 buri$ deep "u a mass ( tangible 8facts0 & 8dates0 t has h>dly yet be5 bor$ ?r\gh1 is ! ph5om5on ( ! ,great ,cultures4 ,only aft] ^! prime =ms %all h be5 se5 & felt & work$ out 9 respect ( _! physiognomic mean+ w x be possible to say t ! ess5ce & inn] =m ( human ,hi/ory z oppos$ to ! ess5ce ( ,nature are und]/ood--or r1 t we und]/& !m4 ,only aft] ?is inlook & ?is outlook w a s]i\s philosophy ( hi/ory become feasible4 ,only !n w x be possible to see ea* fact 9 ! hi/orical picture--ea* idea1 art1 w>1 p]sonality1 epo*--accord+ to its symbolic cont5t1 & to reg>d hi/ory n z a m]e sum ( pa/ ?+s )\t intr9sic ord] or inn] necessity1 b z an organism ( rigor\s /ructure & significant articulation1 an organism t does n sudd5ly dissolve into a =mless & ambigu\s future :5 x rea*es ! accid5tal pres5t ( ! obs]v]4 ,cultures are organisms1 & _w-hi/ory is _! collective biography4 ,morphologically1 ! imm5se hi/ory ( ! ,*9ese or ( ! ,classical ,culture is ! exact equival5t ( ! petty hi/ory ( ! individual man1 or ( ! animal1 or ! tree1 or ! fl[]4 ,= ! ,fau/ian vision1 ?is is n a po/ulate b an exp]i5ce2 if we want to le>n to recognize inw>d =ms t con/antly & ev]y:]e repeat !mselves1 ! comp>ative morphology#he ( plants & animals has long ago giv5 u ! me?ods4 ,9 ! de/9ies ( ! sev]al ,cultures t foll[ ^u "o ano!r1 gr[ up ) "o ano!r1 t\*1 ov]%ad[1 & suppress "o ano!r1 is compress$ ! :ole cont5t ( human hi/ory4 ,& if we set free _! %apes1 till n[ hidd5 all too deep "u ! surface ( a trite 8hi/ory ( human progress10 & let !m m>* pa/ u 9 ! _s1 x _c b be t we %all succe$ 9 di/+ui%+1 amid/ all t is special or uness5tial1 ! primitive culture-=m1 ! ,culture t und]lies z ideal all ! individual ,cultures4 ,i di/+ui% ! idea ( a ,culture1 :i* is ! sum total ( its inn] possibilities1 f its s5sible ph5om5on or appe>ance ^u ! canvas ( hi/ory z a fulfill$ actuality4 ,x is ! relation ( ! s\l to ! liv+ body1 to its expression 9 ! light-_w p]ceptible to our eyes4 ,?is hi/ory ( a ,culture is ! progressive actualiz+ ( its possible1 & ! fulfilm5t is equival5t to ! end4 ,9 ?is way ! ,apoll9ian s\l1 :i* "s ( u c p]haps und]/& & %>e 91 is relat$ to its unfold+ 9 ! realm ( actuality1 to ! 8,classical0 or 8antique0 z we call x1 ( :i* ! tangible & und]/&able relics are inve/igat$ by ! ar*ologi/1 ! philologi/1 ! /hetic & ! hi/orian4 ,culture is ! prime ph5om5on ( all pa/ & future _w-hi/ory4 ,! deep1 & sc>cely appreciat$1 idea ( ,goe!1 :i* he discov]$ 9 8 8liv+ nature0 & always made ! basis ( 8 morphological rese>*es1 we %all "h apply--9 its mo/ precise s5se--to all ! =mations ( man's hi/ory1 :e!r fully matur$1 cut (f 9 ! prime1 half op5$ or /ifl$ 9 ! se$4 ,x is ! me?od ( liv+ into 7erfhl57 ! object1 z oppos$ to dissect+ x4 8,! highe/ to :i* man c atta91 is wond]2 & if ! prime ph5om5on makes him wond]1 let him be cont5t2 no?+ high] c x give him1 & no?+ fur!r %\ld he seek = beh9d x2 "h is ! limit40 ,! prime ph5om5on is t 9 :i* ! idea ( becom+ is pres5t$ net4 ,to ! spiritual eye ( ,goe! ! idea ( ! prime plant 0 cle>ly visible 9 ! =m ( e individual plant t happ5$ to come up1 or ev5 t c\ld possibly come up4 ,9 8 inve/igation ( ! 8os int]maxill>e0 8 />t+-po9t 0 ! prime ph5om5on ( ! v]tebrate type2 & 9 o!r fields x 0 geological /ratification1 or ! leaf z ! prime =m ( ! plant-organism1 or ! metamorphosis ( ! plants z ! prime =m ( all organic becom+4 8,! same law w apply to ev]y?+ else t lives10 he wrote1 9 ann\nc+ 8 discov]y to ,h]d]4 ,x 0 a look into ! he>t ( ?+s t ,leibniz w\ld h und]/ood1 b ! c5tury ( ,d>w9 is z remote f su* a vision z x is possible to be4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 we look 9 va9 = any treatm5t ( hi/ory t is entirely free f ! me?ods ( ,d>w9ism--t is1 ( sy/ematic natural sci5ce bas$ on causality4 ,a physiognomic t is precise1 cle> & sure ( itself & its limits has nev] yet aris51 & x c only arise ?r\gh ! discov]ies ( me?od t we h yet to make4 ,h]e9 lies ! great problem set = ! #bj? ,c5tury to solve--to explore c>efully ! inn] /ructure ( ! organic units ?r\gh & 9 :i* _w-hi/ory fulfils itself1 to sep>ate ! morphologically necess>y f ! accid5tal1 &1 by seiz+ ! purport ( ev5ts1 to asc]ta9 ! languages 9 :i* !y speak4 ,,vii ,a b\ndless mass ( human ,be+1 fl[+ 9 a /ream )\t banks2 up- /ream1 a d>k pa/ :]e9 our "t-s5se loses all p[]s ( def9ition & re/less or uneasy fancy conjures up geological p]iods to hide away an et]nally-unsolvable riddle2 d[n-/ream1 a future ev5 s d>k & timeless--su* is ! gr\ndwork ( ! ,fau/ian picture ( human hi/ory4 ,ov] ! expanse ( ! wat] passes ! endless uni=m wave-tra9 ( ! g5]ations4 ,"h & !re bright %afts ( light broad5 out1 ev]y:]e danc+ fla%es confuse & di/urb ! cle> mirror1 *ang+1 sp>kl+1 vani%+4 ,^! are :at we call ! clans1 tribes1 peoples1 races :i* unify a s]ies ( g5]ations )9 ?is or t limit$ area ( ! hi/orical surface4 ,z widely z ^! diff] 9 creative p[]1 s widely d ! images t !y create v>y 9 duration & pla/icity1 & :5 ! creative p[] dies out1 ! physiognomic1 l+ui/ic & spiritual id5tification-m>ks vani% also & ! ph5om5on subsides aga9 into ! ruck ( ! g5]ations4 ,aryans1 ,mongols1 ,g]mans1 ,kelts1 ,p>?ians1 ,franks1 ,c>?ag9ians1 ,b]b]s1 ,bantus are names by :i* we specify "s v het]og5e\s images ( ?is ord]4 ,b ov] ?is surface1 too1 ! great ,cultures#hf accompli% _! maje/ic wave-cycles4 ,!y appe> sudd5ly1 swell 9 spl5did l9es1 flatt5 aga9 & vani%1 & ! face ( ! wat]s is once m a sleep+ wa/e4 ,a ,culture is born 9 ! mom5t :5 a great s\l awak5s out ( ! proto-spirituality 7dem urseel5haft5 ,zu/&e7 ( ev]-*ildi% humanity1 & deta*es itself1 a =m f ! =mless1 a b\nd$ & mortal ?+ f ! b\ndless & endur+4 ,x blooms on ! soil ( an exactly-def9able l&scape1 to :i* plant-wise x rema9s b\nd4 ,x dies :5 ?is s\l has actualiz$ ! full sum ( its possibilities 9 ! %ape ( peoples1 languages1 dogmas1 arts1 /ates1 sci5ces1 & rev]ts into ! proto-s\l4 ,b its liv+ exi/5ce1 t sequ5ce ( great epo*s :i* def9e & display ! /ages ( fulfilm5t1 is an inn] passionate /ruggle to ma9ta9 ! ,idea aga9/ ! p[]s ( ,*aos )\t & ! unconsci\s mutt]+ deep-d[n )94 ,x is n only ! arti/ :o /ruggles aga9/ ! resi/ance ( ! mat]ial & ! /ifl+ ( ! idea )9 him4 ,e ,culture /&s 9 a deeply- symbolical1 almo/ 9 a my/ical1 relation to ! ,ext5d$1 ! space1 9 :i* & ?r\gh :i* x /rives to actualize itself4 ,! aim once atta9$--! idea1 ! entire cont5t ( inn] possibilities1 fulfill$ & made ext]nally actual--! ,culture sudd5ly h>d5s1 x mortifies1 its blood congeals1 its =ce breaks d[n1 & x becomes ,civilization1 ! ?+ :i* we feel & und]/& 9 ! words ,egypticism1 ,byzant9ism1 ,m&>9ism4 ,z su* !y may1 l a worn-out giant ( ! primeval =e/1 ?ru/ _! decay+ bran*es t[>ds ! sky = hundr$s or ?\s&s ( ye>s1 z we see 9 ,*9a1 9 ,india1 9 ! ,islamic _w4 ,x 0 ?us t ! ,classical ,civilization rose gigantic1 9 ! ,imp]ial age1 ) a false semblance ( y\? & /r5g? & fullness1 & robb$ ! "y ,arabian ,culture ( ! ,ea/ ( light & air4#hg ,?is--! inw>d & outw>d fulfilm5t1 ! f9ality1 t awaits e liv+ ,culture--is ! purport ( all ! hi/oric 8decl9es10 among/ !m t decl9e ( ! ,classical :i* we "k s well & fully1 & ano!r decl9e1 entirely comp>able to x 9 c\rse & duration1 :i* w occupy ! fir/ c5turies ( ! com+ mill5nium b is h]ald$ already & s5sible 9 & ar\nd u to-day--! decl9e ( ! ,we/4#hh ,e ,culture passes ?r\gh ! age-phases ( ! individual man4 ,ea* has its *ildhood1 y\?1 manhood & old age4 ,x is a "y & trembl+ s\l1 heavy ) misgiv+s1 t reveals itself 9 ! morn+ ( ,romanesque & ,go?ic4 ,x fills ! ,fau/ian l&scape f ! ,prov5ce ( ! tr\bad\rs to ! ,hilde%eim ca!dral ( ,bi%op ,b]nw>d4#hi ,! spr+ w9d bl[s ov] x4 8,9 ! works ( ! old- ,g]man ar*itecture10 says ,goe!1 8"o sees ! blossom+ ( an extraord9>y /ate4 ,anyone imm$iately confront$ ) su* a blossom+ c d no m ?an wond]2 b "o :o c see into ! secret inn] life ( ! plant & its ra9 ( =ces1 :o c obs]ve h[ ! bud exp&s1 little by little1 sees ! ?+ ) q o!r eyes & kn[s :at he is see+40 ,*ildhood speaks to u also--& 9 ! same tones--out ( e>ly-,hom]ic ,doric1 out ( e>ly-,*ri/ian 7:i* is really e>ly-,arabian7 art & out ( ! works ( ! ,old ,k+dom 9 ,egypt t began ) ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y4 ,!re a my?ic _w- consci\sness is fight+ l a h>ass$ debtor aga9/ all ! d>k & daemonic 9 itself & 9 ,nature1 :ile sl[ly rip5+ itself = ! pure1 day-bright expression ( ! exi/5ce t x w at la/ a*ieve & "k4 ,! m ne>ly a ,culture approa*es ! noon culm9ation ( its be+1 ! m virile1 au/]e1 controll$1 int5se ! =m-language x has secur$ = itself1 ! m assur$ its s5se ( its own p[]1 ! cle>] its l9eam5ts4 ,9 ! spr+ all ?is _h /ill be5 dim & confus$1 t5tative1 fill$ ) *ildi% ye>n+ & fe>s--witness ! ornam5t ( ,romanesque-,go?ic *ur* por*es ( ,saxony#ij & s\!rn ,france1 ! e>ly-,*ri/ian catacombs1 ! ,dipylon#ia vases4 ,b !re is n[ ! full consci\sness ( rip5$ creative p[] t we see 9 ! "t ( ! e>ly ,middle ,k+dom ( ,egypt1 9 ! ,a!ns ( ! ,pisi/ratid1 9 ! age ( ,ju/9ian1 9 t ( ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation1 & we f9d e individual trait ( expression delib]ate1 /rict1 measur$1 m>vell\s 9 its ease & self-confid5ce4 ,& we f9d1 too1 t ev]y:]e1 at mom5ts1 ! com+ fulfilm5t sugge/$ itself2 9 su* mom5ts 7 creat$ ! head ( ,am5emhet ,,iii 7! s-call$ 8,hyksos ,sph9x0 ( ,tanis71 ! domes ( ,hagia ,sophia1 ! pa9t+s ( ,titian4 ,/ill lat]1 t5d] to ! po9t ( fragility1 fragrant ) ! sweetness ( late ,octob] days1 come ! ,cnidian ,aphrodite & ! ,hall ( ! ,maid5s 9 ! ,ere*!um1 ! arabesques on ,s>ac5 horse%oe-ar*es1 ! ,zw+] ( ,dresd51 ,watteau1 ,moz>t4 ,at la/1 9 ! grey dawn ( ,civilization1 ! fire 9 ! ,s\l dies d[n4 ,! dw9dl+ p[]s rise to "o m1 half- successful1 ef=t ( creation1 & produce ! ,classicism t is common to all dy+ ,cultures4 ,! s\l ?9ks once aga91 & 9 ,romanticism looks back pite\sly to its *ildhood2 !n f9ally1 we>y1 reluctant1 cold1 x loses its desire to be1 &1 z 9 ,imp]ial ,rome1 wi%es itself out ( ! ov]long daylight & back 9 ! d>kness ( protomy/icism1 9 ! womb ( ! "m1 9 ! grave4 ,! spell ( a 8second religi\sness0#ib comes ^u x1 & ,late-,classical man turns to ! practice ( ! cults ( ,mi?ras1 ( ,isis1 ( ! ,sun--^? v cults into :i* a s\l j born 9 ! ,ea/ has be5 p\r+ a new w9e ( dreams & fe>s & lonel9ess4 ----- ,footnote #hd3 ,cf4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cc et seq4 ,footnote #he3 ,n ! dissect+ morphology ( ! ,d>w9ian's pragmatic zoology ) its hunt = causal connexions1 b ! see+ & ov]see+ morphology ( ,goe!4 ,footnote #hf3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #da et seq4 ,footnote #hg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bbg et seq4 ,footnote #hh3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aaf et seq4 ,:at con/itutes ! d[nfall is n1 e4g41 ! cata/rophe ( ! ,great ,migrations1 :i* l ! annihilation ( ! ,maya ,culture by ! ,spani>ds 7see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ea et seq47 0 a co9cid5ce )\t any deep necessity1 b ! inw>d undo+ t began f ! "t ( ,hadrian1 z 9 ,*9a f ! ,ea/]n ,han dyna/y 7#be-bbj74 ,footnote #hi3 ,/4 ,b]nw>d 0 ,bi%op ( ,hilde%eim f #iic to #ajbb1 & himself ar*itect & metal-work]4 ,?ree o!r *ur*es besides ! ca!dral survive 9 ! city f 8 "t or t ( 8 imm$iate successors1 & ,hilde%eim ( all ,nor? ,g]man cities is ri*e/ 9 monum5ts ( ! ,romanesque4--,tr4 ,footnote #ij3 ,by 8,saxony10 a ,g]man hi/orian means n ! pres5t-day /ate ( ,saxony 7:i* 0 a small & comp>atively late accretion71 b ! :ole region ( ! ,wes] & ! l[] ,elbe1 ) ,we/phalia & ,hol/e94--,tr4 ,footnote #ia3 ,vases f ! cemet]y adjo9+ ! ,dipylon ,gate ( ,a!ns1 ! mo/ repres5tative relics t we possess ( ! ,doric or primitive age ( ! ,hell5ic ,culture 7ab\t #ijj to #fjj ,b4,c474--,tr4 ,footnote #ib3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cha et seq4 ----- ,,viii ,! t]m 8habit0 7,habitus7 is us$ ( a plant to signify ! special way1 prop] to itself1 9 :i* x manife/s itself1 i4e41 ! "*1 c\rse & duration ( its appe>ance 9 ! light-_w :]e we c see x4 ,by its habit ea* k9d is di/+ui%$1 9 respect ( ea* "p & ea* phase ( its exi/5ce1 f all examples ( o!r species4 ,we may apply ?is useful notion ( 8habit0 9 our physiognomic ( ! gr& organisms & speak ( ! habit ( ! ,indian1 ,egyptian or ,classical ,culture1 hi/ory or spirituality4 ,"s vague inkl+ ( x has always1 = t matt]1 und]la9 ! notion ( /yle1 & we %all n be =c+ b m]ely cle>+ & deep5+ t ^w if we speak ( ! religi\s1 intellectual1 political1 social or economic /yle#ic ( a ,culture4 ,?is 8habit0 ( exi/5ce 9 space1 :i* cov]s 9 ! case ( ! individual man action & ?\ght & conduct & disposition1 embraces 9 ! case or ! exi/5ce ( :ole ,cultures ! totality ( life-expressions ( ! high] ord]4 ,! *oice ( p>ticul> bran*es ( art 7e4g41 ! r\nd & fresco by ! ,hell5es1 c\nt]po9t & oil-pa9t+ by ! ,we/7 & ! out-&-out rejection ( o!rs 7e4g41 ( pla/ic by ! ,arabs72 incl9ation to ! esot]ic 7,india7 or ! popul> 7,greece & ,rome72 pref]5ce = oratory 7,classical7 or = writ+ 7,*9a1 ! ,we/7 z ! =m ( spiritual communication1 are all /yle-manife/ations1 & s also are ! v>i\s types ( co/ume1 ( adm9i/ration1 ( transport1 ( social c\rtesies4 ,all great p]sonalities ( ! ,classical _w =m a self-conta9$ gr\p1 ^: spiritual habit is def9itely diff]5t f t ( all great m5 ( ! ,arabian or ! ,we/]n gr\ps4 ,comp>e ev5 ,goe! & ,raphael ) ,classical m51 & ,h]aclitus1 ,sophocles1 ,plato1 ,alcibiades1 ,!mi/ocles1 ,horace & ,tib]ius rank !mselves toge!r in/antly z memb]s ( "o family4 ,e ,classical ,cosmopolis--f ,hi]o's ,syracuse to ,imp]ial ,rome ! embodim5t & s5se-picture ( "o & ! same life-feel+--diff]s radically 9 lay-out & /reet- plan1 9 ! language ( its public & private ar*itecture1 9 ! type ( its squ>es1 alleys1 c\rts1 faades1 9 its col\r1 noises1 /reet-life & night-life1 f ! gr\p ( ,indian or t ( ,arabian or t ( ,we/]n _w-cities4 ,baghdad & ,cairo c\ld be felt 9 ,granada long aft] ! conque/2 ev5 ,philip ,,ii's ,madrid _h all ! physiognomic hall-m>ks ( mod]n ,london & ,p>is4 ,!re is a high symbolism 9 e dissimil>ity ( ?is sort4 ,contra/ ! ,we/]n t5d5cy to /raight-l9$ p]spectives & /reet-alignm5ts 7su* z ! gr& tract ( ! ,*amps-,elyses f ! ,l\vre1 or ! ,piazza be=e ,/4 ,pet]'s7 ) ! almo/ delib]ate complexity & n>r[ness ( ! ,via ,sacra1 ! ,=um ,romanum & ! ,acropolis1 ^: p>ts are arrang$ )\t symmetry & ) no p]spective4 ,ev5 ! t[n- plann+--:e!r d>kly z 9 ! ,go?ic or consci\sly z 9 ! ages ( ,alex&] & ,napoleon--reflects ! same pr9ciple z ! ma!matic-- 9 ! "o case ! ,leibnizian ma!matic ( inf9ite space1 9 ! o!r ! ,euclidean ma!matic ( sep>ate bodies4#id ,b to ! 8habit0 ( a gr\p belong1 fur!r1 its def9ite life-duration & its def9ite tempo ( developm5t4 ,bo? ( ^! are prop]ties :i* we mu/ n fail to take into acc\nt 9 a hi/orical !ory ( /ructure4 ,! rhy?m 7,takt7 ( ,classical exi/5ce 0 diff]5t f t ( ,egyptian or ,arabian2 & we c fairly speak ( ! &ante ( ,greece & ,rome & ! allegro con brio ( ! ,fau/ian _s4 ,! notion ( life-duration z appli$ to a man1 a butt]fly1 an oak1 a blade ( grass1 comprises a specific "t-value1 :i* is q indep5d5t ( all ! accid5ts ( ! individual case4 ,t5 ye>s are a slice ( life :i* is approximately equival5t = all m51 & ! metamorphosis ( insects is associat$ ) a numb] ( days exactly kn[n & pr$ictable 9 individual cases4 ,= ! ,romans ! notions ( pu]itia1 adolesc5tia1 iuv5tus1 virilitas1 s5ectus possess$ an almo/ ma!matically precise mean+4 ,)\t d\bt ! biology ( ! future w--9 opposition to ,d>w9ism & to ! exclusion 9 pr9ciple ( causal fitness-motives = ! orig9s ( species--take ^! pre-orda9$ life durations z ! />t+-po9t = a new enunciation ( its problem4#ie ,! duration ( a g5]ation-- :atev] may be its nature--is a fact ( almo/ my/ical significance4 ,n[1 su* relations are valid also1 & to an ext5t nev] hi!rto imag9$1 = all ! high] ,cultures4 ,e ,culture1 e adolesc5ce & matur+ & decay ( a ,culture1 e "o ( its intr9sically necess>y /ages & p]iods1 has a def9ite duration1 always ! same1 always recurr+ ) ! emphasis ( a symbol4 ,9 ! pres5t "w we _c attempt to op5 up ?is _w ( mo/ my/]i\s connexions1 b ! facts t w em]ge aga9 & aga9 z we g on w tell u ( !mselves h[ mu* lies hidd5 "h4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( t /rik+ fifty-ye> p]iod1 ! rhy?m ( ! political1 intellectual & arti/ic 8becom+0 ( all ,cultures8#if ,( ! #cjj-ye> p]iod ( ! ,b>oque1 ( ! ,ionic1 ( ! great ma!matics1 ( ,attic sculpture1 ( mosaic pa9t+1 ( c\nt]po9t1 ( ,galileian me*anics8 ,:at does ! ideal life ( "o mill5nium = ea* ,culture mean 9 comp>ison ) ! individual man's ?ree-score ye>s & t58 ,z ! plant's be+ is br\ght to expression 9 =m1 dress & c>riage by leaves1 blossoms1 twigs & fruit1 s also is ! be+ ( a ,culture manife/$ by its religi\s1 intellectual1 political & economic =mations4 ,j z1 say1 ,goe!'s individuality disc\rses ( itself 9 su* widely- diff]5t =ms z ! ,fau/1 ! ,f>b5lehre1 ! ,re9eke ,fu*s1 ,tasso1 ,w]!r1 ! j\rney to ,italy & ! ,fri$]ike love1 ! ,we//li*e ,diwan & ! ,rmis*e ,elegi52 s ! individuality ( ! ,classical _w displays itself 9 ! ,p]sian w>s1 ! ,attic drama1 ! ,city-,/ate1 ! ,dionysia & n less 9 ! ,tyrannis1 ! ,ionic column1 ! geometry ( ,euclid1 ! ,roman legion1 & ! gladiatorial conte/s & 8panem et circ5ses0 ( ! ,imp]ial age4 ,9 ?is s5se1 too1 e individual be+ t has any sort ( importance recapitulates1#ig ( intr9sic necessity1 all ! epo*s ( ! ,culture to :i* x belongs4 ,9 ea* "o ( u1 at t decisive mom5t :5 he beg9s to "k t he is an ego1 ! inn] life wak5s j :]e & j h[ t ( ! ,culture wak5$ long ago4 ,ea* ( u m5 ( ! ,we/1 9 8 *ild's day-dreams & *ild's play1 lives aga9 its ,go?ic--! ca!drals1 ! ca/les1 ! h]o-sagas1 ! crusad]'s 8,dieu le veult10 ! s\l's oa? ( "y ,p>zival4 ,e "y ,greek _h 8 ,hom]ic age & 8 ,m>a?on4 ,9 ,goe!'s ,w]!r1 ! image ( a tropic y\? t e ,fau/ian 7b no ,classical7 man kn[s1 ! spr+time ( ,petr>* & ! ,m9nesng] reappe>s4 ,:5 ,goe! block$ out ! ,urfau/1#ih he 0 ,p>zival2 :5 he f9i%$ ,fau/ ,i1 he 0 ,hamlet1 & only ) ,fau/ ,,ii did he become ! _w-man ( ! #ai? ,c5tury :om ,byron c\ld und]/&4 ,ev5 ! s5ility ( ! ,classical--! faddy & unfruitful c5turies ( v late ,hell5ism1 ! second-*ildhood ( a we>y & blas intellig5ce--c be /udi$ 9 m ?an "o ( its gr& old m54 ,?us1 mu* ( ,euripides' ,bac* anticipates ! life-outlook1 & mu* ( ,plato's ,timu ! religi\s syncretism ( ! ,imp]ial age2 & ,goe!'s ,fau/ ,,ii & ,wagn]'s ,p>sifal disclose to u 9 advance ! %ape t our spirituality w assume 9 our next 79 po9t ( creative p[] our la/7 c5turies4 ,biology employs ! t]m homology ( organs to signify morphological equival5ce 9 contradi/9ction to ! t]m analogy :i* relates to functional equival5ce4 ,?is important1 & 9 ! sequel mo/ fruitful1 notion 0 conceiv$ by ,goe! 7:o 0 l$ !reby to ! discov]y ( ! 8os int]maxill>e0 9 man7 & put into /rict sci5tific %ape by ,ow52#ii ?is notion also we %all incorporate 9 our hi/orical me?od4 ,x is kn[n t = e "p ( ! bone-/ructure ( ! human head an exactly correspond+ "p is f\nd 9 all v]tebrat$ animals "r d[n to ! fi%1 & t ! pectoral f9s ( fi% & ! feet1 w+s & h&s ( t]re/rial v]tebrates are homolog\s organs1 ev5 ?\gh !y h lo/ e trace ( simil>ity4 ,! lungs ( t]re/rial1 & ! swim-bladd]s ( aquatic animals are homolog\s1 :ile lungs & gills on ! o!r h& are analog\s--t is1 simil> 9 po9t ( use4#ajj ,& ! tra9$ & deep5$ morphological insight t is requir$ to e/abli% su* di/9ctions is an utt]ly diff]5t ?+ f ! pres5t me?od ( hi/orical rese>*1 ) its %all[ comp>isons ( ,*ri/ & ,buddha1 ,ar*im$es & ,galileo1 ,cs> & ,wall5/e91 p>cell$ ,g]many & p>cell$ ,greece4 ,m & m cle>ly z we g on1 we %all realize :at imm5se views w (f] !mselves to ! hi/orical eye z soon z ! rigor\s morphological me?od has be5 und]/ood & cultivat$4 ,to "n b a few examples1 homolog\s =ms are3 ,classical sculpture & ,we/ ,european or*e/ration1 ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y pyramids & ! ,go?ic ca!drals1 ,indian ,buddhism & ,roman ,/oicism 7,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity are n ev5 analog\s72 ! p]iods ( 8! ,cont5d+ ,/ates0 9 ,*9a1 ! ,hyksos 9 ,egypt & ! ,punic ,w>s2 ! age ( ,p]icles & ! age ( ! ,ommayads2 ! epo*s ( ! ,rigv$a1 ( ,plot9us & ( ,dante4 ,! ,dionysiac movem5t is homolog\s ) ! ,r5aissance1 analog\s to ! ,re=mation4 ,= u1 ,wagn] is ! rsum ( mod]nity1 z ,nietzs*e rightly saw2 & ! equival5t t logically mu/ exi/ 9 ! ,classical mod]nity we f9d 9 ,p]gam5e art4 7,"s prelim9>y notion ( ! fruitfulness ( ?is way ( reg>d+ hi/ory1 may be ga!r$ f /udy+ ! tables includ$ 9 ?is volume47 ,! application ( ! 8homology0 pr9ciple to hi/orical ph5om5a br+s ) x an entirely new connotation = ! ^w 8contempor>y40 ,i designate z contempor>y two hi/orical facts t occur 9 exactly ! same--relative--positions 9 _! respective ,cultures1 & !re=e possess exactly equival5t importance4 ,x has already be5 %[n h[ ! developm5t ( ! ,classical & t ( ! ,we/]n ma!matic proce$$ 9 complete congru5ce1 & we might h v5tur$ to describe ,py?agoras z ! contempor>y ( ,desc>tes1 ,ar*ytas ( ,laplace1 ,ar*im$es ( ,gauss4 ,! ,ionic & ! ,b>oque1 aga91 ran _! c\rse contemporane\sly4 ,polygnotus pairs 9 "t ) ,rembr&t1 ,polycletus ) ,ba*4 ,! ,re=mation1 ,puritanism &1 above all1 ! turn to ,civilization appe> simultane\sly 9 all ,cultures2 9 ! ,classical ?is la/ epo* be>s ! names ( ,philip & ,alex&]1 9 our ,we/ ^? ( ! ,revolution & ,napoleon4 ,contempor>y1 too1 are ! build+ ( ,alex&ria1 ( ,baghdad1 & ( ,wa%+ton2 ,classical co9age & our d\ble-entry book-keep+2 ! fir/ ,tyrannis & ! ,fronde2 ,augu/us & ,%ih-huang-ti2#aja ,hannibal & ! ,_w ,w>4 ,i hope to %[ t )\t exception all great creations & =ms 9 religion1 art1 politics1 social life1 economy & sci5ce appe>1 fulfil !mselves & die d[n contemporane\sly 9 all ! ,cultures2 t ! inn] /ructure ( "o corresponds /rictly ) t ( all ! o!rs2 t !re is n a s+le ph5om5on ( deep physiognomic importance 9 ! record ( "o = :i* we c\ld n f9d a c\nt]p>t 9 ! record ( e o!r2 & t ?is c\nt]p>t is to be f\nd "u a *>act]i/ic =m & 9 a p]fectly def9ite *ronological position4 ,at ! same "t1 if we are to grasp su* homologies ( facts1 we %all ne$ to h a f> deep] insight & a f> m critical attitude t[>ds ! visible =egr\nd ( ?+s ?an hi/orians h hi!rto be5 wont to display2 :o among/ !m1 = in/ance1 w\ld h all[$ himself to dream t ! c\nt]p>t ( ,prote/antism 0 to be f\nd 9 ! ,dionysiac movem5t1 & t ,engli% ,puritanism 0 = ! ,we/ :at ,islam 0 = ! ,arabian _w8 ,se5 f ?is angle1 hi/ory (f]s possibilities f> beyond ! ambitions ( all previ\s rese>*1 :i* has cont5t$ itself 9 ! ma9 ) arrang+ ! facts ( ! pa/ s f> z ^! 7 kn[n 7& t accord+ to a "o-l9e s*eme7--! possibilities1 namely1 ( ,ov]pass+ ! pres5t z a rese>*-limit1 & pr$et]m9+ ! spiritual =m1 duration1 rhy?m1 mean+ & product ( ! /ill unaccompli%$ /ages ( our we/]n hi/ory2 & ,recon/ruct+ long-vani%$ & unkn[n epo*s1 ev5 :ole ,cultures ( ! pa/1 by means ( morphological connexions1 9 mu* ! same way z mod]n palontology d$uces f>-rea*+ & tru/wor?y conclusions z to skeletal /ructure & species f a s+le une>!d skull-fragm5t4 ,x is possible1 giv5 ! physiognomic rhy?m1 to recov] f scatt]$ details ( ornam5t1 build+1 script1 or f odd political1 economic & religi\s data1 ! organic *>act]s ( :ole c5turies ( hi/ory1 & f kn[n elem5ts on ! scale ( art-expression1 to f9d correspond+ elem5ts on ! scale ( political =ms1 or f t ( ma!matical =ms to read t ( economic4 ,?is is a truly ,goe?ian me?od--root$ 9 fact 9 ,goe!'s conception ( ! prime ph5om5on-- :i* is already to a limit$ ext5t curr5t 9 comp>ative zoology1 b c be ext5d$1 to a degree hi!rto undream$ (1 ov] ! :ole field ( hi/ory4 ----- ,footnote #ic3 ,9 ,engli% ! ^w 8ca/0 w evid5tly satisfy ! s5se bett] on occasion4 ,! ^w 8/il0 w !re=e n necess>ily be always r5d]$ 8/yle40--,tr4 ,footnote #id3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aji et seq4 ,footnote #ie3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cf et seq4 ,footnote #if3 ,i w only m5tion "h ! di/ances ap>t ( ! ?ree ,punic ,w>s1 & ! s]ies--likewise compreh5sible only z rhy?mic--,spani% ,succession ,w>1 ,silesian w>s1 ,napoleonic ,w>s1 ,bism>ck's w>s1 & ! ,_w ,w> 7cf4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dhh74 ,connect$ ) ?is is ! spiritual relation ( gr&fa!r & gr&son1 a relation :i* produces 9 ! m9d ( primitive peoples ! conviction t ! s\l ( ! gr&fa!r returns 9 ! gr&son1 & has orig9at$ ! widespread cu/om ( giv+ ! gr&son ! gr&fa!r's "n1 :i* by its my/ic spell b9ds 8 s\l afre% to ! corporeal _w4 ,footnote #ig3 ,! ^w is us$ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* biology employs x1 viz41 to describe ! process by :i* ! embryo trav]ses all ! phases :i* its species has und]gone4--,tr4 ,footnote #ih3 ,! fir/ draft ( ,fau/ ,i1 discov]$ only comp>atively rec5tly4-- ,tr4 ,footnote #ii3 ,see ,ency4 ,brit41 ,x,ith ,ed41 articles ,ow51 ,sir ,ri*>d2 ,morphology & ,zoology 7p4 #ajbi74--,tr4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,x is n sup]flu\s to add t !re is no?+ ( ! causal k9d 9 ^! pure ph5om5a ( 8,liv+ ,nature40 ,mat]ialism1 9 ord] to get a sy/em = ! p$e/rian reason]1 has _h to adult]ate ! picture ( !m ) fitness-causes4 ,b ,goe!--:o anticipat$ j ab\t z mu* ( ,d>w9ism z !re w be left ( x 9 fifty ye>s f ,d>w9--absolutely exclud$ ! causality-pr9ciple4 ,& ! v fact t ! ,d>w9ians q fail$ to notice its abs5ce is a cle> indication t ,goe!'s 8,liv+ ,nature0 belongs to actual life1 cause-less & aim-less2 = ! idea ( ! prime-ph5om5on does n involve causal assumptions ( any sort unless x has be5 misund]/ood 9 advance 9 a me*ani/ic s5se4 ,footnote #aja3 ,reign$ #bdf-baj ,b4,c4 ,he /yl$ himself 8fir/ univ]sal emp]or0 & int5d$ a position = himself & 8 successors ak9 to t ( 8,divus0 9 ,rome4 ,= a brief acc\nt ( 8 en]getic & compreh5sive "w see ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,ed41 article ,*9a1 p4 #aid4-- ,tr4 ----- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,_w-,,hi/ory ,,ii ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,de/9y ,,& ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,causality ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,_w-,,hi/ory ,,ii ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,de/9y ,,& ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,causality ,i ,foll[+ out ?is tra9 ( ?\ght to ! end1 we come into ! pres5ce ( an opposition 9 :i* we p]ceive ! key--! only key-- :]e) to approa*1 & 7s f> z ! ^w has any mean+ at all7 to solve1 "o ( ! olde/ & grave/ ( man's riddles4 ,?is is ! opposition ( ! ,de/9y ,idea & ! ,causality ,pr9ciple--an opposition :i*1 x is safe to say1 has nev] hi!rto be5 recogniz$ = :at x is1 ! necess>y f\ndation ( _w-build+4 ,anyone :o und]/&s at all :at is meant by say+ t ! s\l is ! idea ( an exi/5ce1 w also div9e a ne> relation%ip betwe5 x & ! sure s5se ( a de/9y & mu/ reg>d ,life itself 7our "n = ! =m 9 :i* ! actualiz+ ( ! possible is accompli%$7 z direct$1 irrevocable 9 e l9e1 fate-lad54 ,primitive man feels ?is dimly & anxi\sly1 :ile = ! man ( a high] ,culture x is def9ite en\gh to become 8 vision ( ! _w-- ?\gh ?is vision is communicable only ?r\gh religion & art1 nev] ?r\gh notions & pro(s4 ,e high] language possesses a numb] ( words su* z luck1 doom1 conjuncture1 vocation1 ab\t :i* !re is1 z x 71 a veil4 ,no hypo!sis1 no sci5ce1 c ev] get into t\* ) t :i* we feel :5 we let ourselves s9k into ! mean+ & s\nd ( ^! words4 ,!y are symbols1 n notions4 ,9 !m is ! c5tre ( gravity ( t _w-picture t ,i h call$ ! ,_w-z-hi/ory z oppos$ to ! ,_w-z-nature4 ,! ,de/9y-idea dem&s life-exp]i5ce & n sci5tific exp]i5ce1 ! p[] ( see+ & n t ( calculat+1 dep? & n intellect4 ,!re is an organic logic1 an in/9ctive1 dream-sure logic ( all exi/5ce z oppos$ to ! logic ( ! inorganic1 ! logic ( und]/&+ & ( ?+s und]/ood--a logic ( direction z aga9/ a logic ( ext5sion--& no sy/emati/1 no ,ari/otle or ,kant1 has kn[n h[ to deal ) x4 ,!y are on _! own gr\nd :5 !y tell u ab\t 8judgm5t10 8p]ception10 8aw>5ess10 & 8recollection10 b z to :at is 9 ! words 8hope10 8happ9ess10 8despair10 8rep5tance10 8devotion10 & 8consolation0 !y are sil5t4 ,he :o expects "h1 9 ! doma9 ( ! liv+1 to f9d reasons & consequ5ces1 or imag9es t an inw>d c]ta9ty z to ! mean+ ( life is ! same ?+ z 8,fatalism0 or 8,pr$e/9ation10 simply kn[s no?+ ( ! matt]s 9 "q1 confus+ exp]i5ce liv$ ) exp]i5ce acquir$ or acquirable4 ,causality is ! reasonable1 ! law- b\nd1 ! describable1 ! badge ( our :ole wak+ & reason+ exi/5ce4 ,b de/9y is ! ^w = an inn] c]ta9ty t is n describable4 ,we br+ out t :i* is 9 ! causal by means ( a physical or an epi/emological sy/em1 ?r\gh numb]s1 by reason$ classification2 b ! idea ( de/9y c be imp>t$ only by ! arti/ work+ ?r\gh m$ia l portraiture1 trag$y & music4 ,! "o requires u to di/+ui% & 9 di/+ui%+ to dissect & de/roy1 :]eas ! o!r is creative ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & ?us de/9y is relat$ to life & causality to dea?4 ,9 ! ,de/9y-idea ! s\l reveals its _w-long+1 its desire to rise into ! light1 to accompli% & actualize its vocation4 ,to no man is x entirely ali51 & n be=e "o has become ! unan*or$ 8late0 man ( ! megalopolis is orig9al vision q ov]p[]$ by matt]-(-fact feel+ & me*aniz+ ?\ght4 ,ev5 !n1 9 "s int5se h\r1 ! lo/ vision comes back to "o ) t]rible cle>ness1 %att]+ 9 a mom5t all ! causality ( ! _w's surface4 ,= ! _w z a sy/em ( causal connexions is n only a 8late0 b also a highly r>efi$ conception & only ! en]getic intellects ( high ,cultures are capable ( possess+ x--or p]haps we %\ld say1 devis+ x--) conviction4 ,! notion ( causality is cot]m9\s ) ! notion ( law3 ! only laws t are1 are causal laws4 ,b j z !re lies 9 ! causal1 accord+ to ,kant1 a necessity ( ! ?9k+ consci\sness & ! basic =m ( its relation to ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 s also1 designat$ by ! words de/9y1 disp5sation1 vocation1 !re is a some?+ t is an inevitable necessity ( life4 ,real hi/ory is heavy ) fate b free ( laws4 ,"o c div9e ! future 7!re is1 inde$1 a c]ta9 insight t c p5etrate its secrets deeply7 b "o _c reckon x4 ,! physiognomic flair :i* enables "o to read a :ole life 9 a face or to sum up :ole peoples f ! picture ( an epo*--& to d s )\t delib]ate ef=t or 8sy/em0--is utt]ly remote f all 8cause & effect40 ,he :o compreh5ds ! light-_w t is be=e 8 eyes n physiognomically b sy/ematically1 & makes x intellectually 8 own by ! me?ods ( causal exp]i5ce1 mu/ necess>ily 9 ! end come to believe t e liv+ ?+ c be und]/ood by ref]5ce to cause & effect--t !re is no secret & no inn] direct$ness4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 :o z ,goe! did--& = t matt] z ev]yone does 9 n9e out ( t5 ( 8 wak+ mom5ts--lets ! impressions ( ! _w ab\t him "w m]ely ^u 8 s5ses1 absorbs ^! impressions z a :ole1 feels ! become 9 its becom+4 ,! /iff mask ( causality is lift$ by m]e ceas+ to ?9k4 ,sudd5ly1 ,"t is no m a riddle1 a notion1 a 8=m0 or 8dim5sion0 b becomes an inn] c]ta9ty1 de/9y itself2 & 9 its direct$ness1 its irrev]sibility1 its liv+ness1 is disclos$ ! v mean+ ( ! hi/orical _w-picture4 ,de/9y & ,causality are relat$ z ,"t & ,space4 ,9 ! two possible _w-=ms !n--,hi/ory & ,nature1 ! physiognomy ( all becom+ & ! sy/em ( all ?+s become--de/9y or causality prevails4 ,betwe5 !m !re is all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a feel+ ( life & a me?od ( k4 ,ea* ( !m is ! />t+- po9t ( a complete & self-conta9$1 b n ( a unique _w4 ,yet1 aft] all1 j z ! become is f\nd$ ^u a becom+1 s ! k ( cause & effect is f\nd$ ^u ! sure feel+ ( a de/9y4 ,causality is--s to say--de/9y become1 de/9y made inorganic & modell$ 9 reason-=ms4 ,de/9y itself 7pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce by ,kant & e o!r build] ( rational _w-sy/ems because ) _! arm\ry ( ab/ractions !y c\ld n t\* life7 /&s beyond & outside all compreh5d$ ,nature4 ,nev]!less1 be+ itself ! orig9al1 x alone gives ! /iff dead pr9ciple ( cause-&- effect ! opportunity to figure 9 ! lat] sc5es ( a culture-drama1 alive & hi/orical1 z ! inc>nation ( a tyrannical ?9k+4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,classical s\l is ! condition = ! appe>ance ( ,democritus's me?od1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,fau/ian s\l = t ( ,newton's4 ,we may well imag9e t ei!r ( ^! ,cultures might h fail$ to produce a natural sci5ce ( its own1 b we _c imag9e ! sy/ems )\t _! cultural f\ndations4 ,"h aga9 we see h[ becom+ & ! become1 direction & ext5sion1 include "o ano!r & are subord9at$ ea* to ! o!r1 accord+ z we are 9 ! hi/orical or 9 ! 8natural0 focus4 ,if hi/ory is t k9d ( _w-ord] 9 :i* all ! become is fitt$ to ! becom+1 !n ! products ( sci5tific "w mu/ int] alia be s h&l$2 &1 9 fact1 = ! hi/orical eye !re is only a hi/ory ( physics4 ,x 0 ,de/9y t ! discov]ies ( oxyg51 ,neptune1 gravitation & spectrum analysis happ5$ z & :5 !y did4 ,x 0 ,de/9y t ! phlogi/on !ory1 ! undulatory !ory ( light1 ! k9etic !ory ( gases c\ld arise at all1 see+ t !y 7 elucidations ( results &1 z su*1 highly p]sonal to _! respective au?ors1 & t o!r !ories 78correct0 or 8errone\s07 might equally well h be5 develop$ in/ead4 ,& x is aga9 ,de/9y & ! result ( /rong p]sonality :5 "o !ory vani%es & ano!r becomes ! lode/> ( ! physici/'s _w4 ,ev5 ! born physici/ speaks ( ! 8fate0 ( a problem or ! 8hi/ory0 ( a discov]y4 ,conv]sely1 if 8,nature0 is t con/itution ( ?+s 9 :i* ! becom+ %\ld logically be incorporat$ 9 ! ?+-become1 & liv+ direction 9 rigid ext5sion1 hi/ory may be/ be treat$ z a *apt] ( epi/emology2 & s inde$ ,kant w\ld h treat$ x if he _h rememb]$ to include x at all 9 8 sy/em ( k4 ,significantly en\gh1 he did n2 = him z = e born sy/emati/ ,nature is ,! ,_w1 & :5 he discusses "t )\t notic+ t x has direction & is irrev]sible1 we see t he is deal+ ) ! ,nature-_w & has no inkl+ ( ! possibility ( ano!r1 ! hi/ory-_w4 ,p]haps1 = ,kant1 ?is o!r _w 0 actually impossible4 ,n[1 ,causality has no?+ :atev] to d ) ,"t4 ,to ! _w ( to-day1 made up ( ,kantians :o "k n h[ ,kantian !y are1 ?is mu/ seem an outrage\s p>adox4 ,& yet e =mula ( ,we/]n physics exhibits ! 8h[0 & ! 8h[ long0 z di/9ct 9 ess5ce4 ,z soon z ! "q is press$ home1 causality re/ricts its answ] rigidly to ! /atem5t t some?+ happ5s--& n :5 x happ5s4 ,! 8effect0 mu/ ( necessity be put ) ! 8cause40 ,! di/ance betwe5 !m belongs to a diff]5t ord]1 x lies )9 ! act ( und]/&+ itself 7:i* is an elem5t ( life7 & n )9 ! ?+ or ?+s und]/ood4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( ! ext5d$ t x ov]comes direct$ness1 & ( ,space t x contradicts ,"t1 & yet ! latt]1 z ! m fundam5tal1 prec$es & und]lies ! =m]4 ,de/9y claims ! same prec$5ce2 we beg9 ) ! idea ( ,de/9y1 & only lat]1 :5 our wak+-consci\sness looks fe>fully = a spell t w b9d 9 ! s5se-_w & ov]come ! dea? t _c be evad$1 d we conceive causality z an anti-,fate1 & make x create ano!r _w to protect u f & console u = ?is4 ,& z ! web ( cause & effect gradually spreads ov] ! visible surfaces !re is =m$ a conv9c+ picture ( timeless duration-- ess5tially1 ,be+1 b ,be+ end[$ ) attributes by ! %e] =ce ( pure ?\ght4 ,?is t5d5cy und]lies ! feel+1 well kn[n 9 all mature ,cultures1 t 8,k is ,p[]10 ! p[] t is meant be+ p[] ov] ,de/9y4 ,! ab/ract savant1 ! natural-sci5ce rese>*]1 ! ?9k] 9 sy/ems1 ^: :ole intellectual exi/5ce bases itself on ! causality pr9ciple1 are 8late0 manife/ations ( an unconsci\s hatr$ ( ! p[]s ( incompreh5sible ,de/9y4 8,pure ,reason0 d5ies all possibilities t are outside itself4 ,"h /rict ?\ght & great art are et]nally 9 conflict4 ,! "o keeps its feet1 & ! o!r lets itself g4 ,a man l ,kant mu/ always feel himself z sup]ior to a ,bee?ov5 z ! adult is to ! *ild1 b ?is w n prev5t a ,bee?ov5 f reg>d+ ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 z a pitiable sort ( philosophy4 ,teleology1 t nons5se ( all nons5ses )9 sci5ce1 is a misdirect$ attempt to deal me*anically ) ! liv+ cont5t ( sci5tific k 7= k implies someone to "k1 & ?\gh ! sub/ance ( ?\ght may be 8,nature0 ! act ( ?\ght is hi/ory71 & s ) life itself z an inv]t$ causality4 ,teleology is a c>icature ( ! ,de/9y-idea :i* trans=ms ! vocation ( ,dante into ! aim ( ! savant4 ,x is ! deepe/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic t5d5cy bo? ( ,d>w9ism--! megalopolitan-intellectual product ( ! mo/ ab/ract ( all ,civilizations--& ( ! mat]iali/ conception ( hi/ory :i* spr+s f ! same root z ,d>w9ism &1 l x1 kills all t is organic & fateful4 ,?us ! morphological elem5t ( ! ,causal is a ,pr9ciple1 & ! morphological elem5t ( ,de/9y is an ,idea1 an idea t is incapable ( be+ 8cogniz$10 describ$ or def9$1 & c only be felt & inw>dly liv$4 ,?is idea is some?+ ( :i* "o is ei!r entirely ignorant or else--l ! man ( ! spr+ & e truly significant man ( ! late seasons1 believ]1 lov]1 arti/1 poet--entirely c]ta94 ,?us ,de/9y is se5 to be ! true exi/5ce-mode ( ! prime ph5om5on1 t 9 :i* ! liv+ idea ( becom+ unfolds itself imm$iately to ! intuitive vision4 ,& !re=e ! ,de/9y-idea dom9ates ! :ole _w-picture ( hi/ory1 :ile causality1 :i* is ! exi/5ce-mode ( objects & /amps out ( ! _w ( s5sations a set ( well-di/+ui%$ & well-def9$ ?+s1 prop]ties & relations1 dom9ates & p5etrates1 z ! =m ( ! und]/&+1 ! ,nature-_w t is ! und]/&+'s 8alt] ego40 ,b inquiry into ! degree ( validity ( causal connexions )9 a pres5tation ( nature1 or 7:at is h5ce=? ! same ?+ = u7 into ! de/9ies involv$ 9 t pres5tation1 becomes f> m difficult /ill :5 we come to realize t = primitive man or = ! *ild no compreh5sive causally-ord]$ _w exi/s at all z yet & t we ourselves1 ?\gh 8late0 m5 ) a consci\sness discipl9$ by p[]ful spee*-%>p5$ ?\ght1 c d no m1 ev5 9 mom5ts ( ! mo/ /ra9$ att5tion 7! only ones1 really1 9 :i* we are exactly 9 ! physical focus71 ?an ass]t t ! causal ord] :i* we see 9 su* a mom5t is cont9u\sly pres5t 9 ! actuality ar\nd u4 ,ev5 wak+1 we take 9 ! actual1 8! liv+ g>m5t ( ! ,deity10 physiognomically1 & we d s involunt>ily & by virtue ( a p[] ( exp]i5ce t is root$ 9 ! deep s\rces ( life4 ,a sy/ematic del9eation1 on ! contr>y1 is ! expression ( an und]/&+ emancipat$ f p]ception1 & by means ( x we br+ ! m5tal picture ( all times & all m5 into con=mity ) ! mom5t's picture ( ,nature z ord]$ by ourselves4 ,b ! mode ( ?is ord]+1 :i* has a hi/ory t we _c int]f]e ) 9 ! smalle/ degree1 is n ! work+ ( a cause1 b a de/9y4 ,,ii ,! way to ! problem ( ,"t1 !n1 beg9s 9 ! primitive wi/fulness & passes ?r\gh its cle>] issue ! ,de/9y-idea4 ,we h n[ to try to outl9e1 briefly1 ! cont5t ( t problem1 s f> z x affects ! subject ( ?is book4 ,! ^w ,"t is a sort ( *>m to summon up t int5sely p]sonal some?+ designat$ e>li] z ! 8prop]10 :i* ) an inn] c]ta9ty we oppose to ! 8ali50 some?+ t is borne 9 ^u ea* ( u among/ & )9 ! cr[d+ impressions ( ! s5se-life4 8,! ,prop]10 8,de/9y0 & 8,"t0 are int]*angeable words4 ,! problem ( ,"t1 l t ( ,de/9y1 has be5 completely misund]/ood by all ?9k]s :o h conf9$ !mselves to ! sy/ematic ( ! ,become4 ,9 ,kant's celebrat$ !ory !re is n "o ^w ab\t its "* ( direct$ness4 ,n only s1 b ! omission has nev] ev5 be5 notic$4 ,b :at is "t z a l5g?1 "t )\t direction8 ,ev]y?+ liv+1 we c only repeat1 has 8life10 direction1 impulse1 w1 a movem5t-quality 7,beweg!it7 t is mo/ intimately alli$ to ye>n+ & has n ! smalle/ elem5t 9 common ) ! 8motion0 7,bewegung7 ( ! physici/s4 ,! liv+ is indivisible & irrev]sible1 once & uniquely occurr+1 & its c\rse is entirely indet]m9able by me*anics4 ,= all su* qualities belong to ! ess5ce ( ,de/9y1 & 8,"t0--t :i* we actually feel at ! s\nd ( ! ^w1 :i* is cle>] 9 music ?an 9 language1 & 9 poetry ?an 9 prose--has ?is organic ess5ce1 :ile ,space has n4 ,h5ce1 ,kant & ! re/ not)/&+1 x is impossible to br+ ,"t ) ,space "u "o g5]al ,critique4 ,space is a conception1 b "t is a ^w to indicate some?+ inconceivable1 a s\nd- symbol1 & to use x z a notion1 sci5tifically1 is utt]ly to misconceive its nature4 ,ev5 ! ^w direction--:i* un=tunately _c be replac$ by ano!r--is liable to mislead ow+ to its visual cont5t4 ,! vector-notion 9 physics is a case 9 po9t4 ,= primitive man ! ^w 8"t0 c h no mean+4 ,he simply lives1 )\t any necessity ( specify+ an opposition to some?+ else4 ,he has "t1 b he kn[s no?+ ( x4 ,all ( u are consci\s1 z be+ aw>e1 ( space only1 & n ( "t4 ,space 8is10 7i4e4 exi/s1 9 & ) our s5se-_w7--z a self-ext5sion :ile we are liv+ ! ord9>y life ( dream1 impulse1 intuition & conduct1 & z space 9 ! /rict s5se 9 ! mom5ts ( /ra9$ att5tion4 8,"t10 on ! contr>y1 is a discov]y1 :i* is only made by ?9k+4 ,we create x z an idea or notion & d n beg9 till mu* lat] to suspect t we ourselves are ,"t1 inasmu* z we live4#ajb ,& only ! high] ,cultures1 ^: _w-conceptions h rea*$ ! me*anical-,nature /age1 are capable ( d]iv+ f _! consci\sness ( a well- ord]$ measurable & compreh5sible ,spatial1 ! project$ image ( "t1 ! phantom "t1#ajc :i* satisfies _! ne$ ( compreh5d+1 measur+ & causally ord]+ all4 ,& ?is impulse--a sign ( ! sophi/ication ( exi/5ce t makes its appe>ance q e>ly 9 e ,culture--fa%ions1 outside & beyond ! real life- feel+1 t :i* is call$ "t 9 all high] languages & has become = ! t[n-intellect a completely inorganic magnitude1 z deceptive z x is curr5t4 ,b1 if ! *>act]i/ics1 or r ! *>act]i/ic1 ( ext5sion--limit & causality--is really wiz>d's ge> :]e) our prop] s\l attempts to conjure & b9d ali5 p[]s-- ,goe! speaks some:]e ( ! 8pr9ciple ( reasonable ord] t we be> )9 ourselves & c\ld impress z ! seal ( our p[] ^u ev]y?+ t we t\*0--if all law is a fett] :i* our _w-dread hurries to fix ^u ! incr[d+ s5su\s1 a deep necessity ( self- pres]vation1 s also ! inv5tion ( a "t t is kn[able & spatially repres5table )9 causality is a lat] act ( ?is same self-pres]vation1 an attempt to b9d by ! =ce ( notion ! torm5t+ inw>d riddle t is d\bly torm5t+ to ! intellect t has atta9$ p[] only to f9d itself defi$4 ,always a subtle hatr$ und]lies ! intellectual process by :i* any?+ is =c$ into ! doma9 & =m-_w ( measure & law4 ,! liv+ is kill$ by be+ introduc$ into space1 = space is dead & makes dead4 ,) bir? is giv5 dea?1 ) ! fulfilm5t ! end4 ,some?+ dies )9 ! woman :5 %e conceives--h5ce comes t et]nal hatr$ ( ! sexes1 *ild ( _w-fe>4 ,! man de/roys1 9 a v deep s5se1 :5 he begets--by bodily act 9 ! s5su\s _w1 by 8kn[+0 9 ! intellectual4 ,ev5 9 ,lu!r#ajd ! ^w 8"k0 has ! second>y g5ital s5se4 ,& ) ! 8k0 ( life--:i* rema9s ali5 to ! l[] animals--! k ( dea? has ga9$ t p[] :i* dom9ates man's :ole wak+ consci\sness4 ,by a picture ( "t ! actual is *ang$ into ! transitory4#aje ,! m]e creation ( ! "n ,"t 0 an unp>allel$ deliv]ance4 ,to "n any?+ by a "n is to w9 p[] ov] x4 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( primitive man's art ( magic--! evil p[]s are con/ra9$ by nam+ !m1 & ! enemy is weak5$ or kill$ by c\pl+ c]ta9 magic proc$ures ) 8 "n4#ajf ,& !re is some?+ ( ?is primitive expression ( _w-fe> 9 ! way 9 :i* all sy/ematic philosophies use m]e names z a la/ resort = gett+ rid ( ! ,incompreh5sible1 ! ,almighty t is all too mighty = ! intellect4 ,we "n some?+ or o!r ! 8,absolute10 & we feel ourselves at once its sup]ior4 ,philosophy1 ! love ( ,wisdom1 is at ! v bottom def5ce aga9/ ! incompreh5sible4 ,:at is nam$1 compreh5d$1 measur$ is ipso facto ov]p[]$1 made in]t & taboo4#ajg ,once m1 8k is p[]40 ,h]e9 lies "o root ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ideali/'s & ! reali/'s attitude t[>ds ! ,unapproa*able2 x is express$ by ! two mean+s ( ! ,g]man ^w ,s*eu--respect & abhorr5ce4#ajh ,! ideali/ contemplates1 ! reali/ w\ld subject1 me*anize1 r5d] innocu\s4 ,plato & ,goe! accept ! secret 9 humility1 ,ari/otle & ,kant w\ld op5 x up & de/roy x4 ,! mo/ deeply significant example ( ?is realism is 9 its treatm5t ( ! ,"t problem4 ,! dread my/]y ( ,"t1 life itself1 mu/ be spellb\nd &1 by ! magic ( compreh5sibility1 neutraliz$4 ,all t has be5 said ab\t "t 9 8sci5tific0 philosophy1 psy*ology & physics--! suppos$ answ] to a "q t _h bett] nev] h be5 ask$1 namely :at is "t8--t\*es1 n at any po9t ! secret itself1 b only a spatially-=m$ repres5tative phantom4 ,! liv+ness & direct$ness & fat$ c\rse ( real ,"t is replac$ by a figure :i*1 be x nev] s intimately absorb$1 is only a l9e1 measurable1 divisible1 rev]sible1 & n a portrait ( t :i* is incapable ( be+ portray$2 by a 8"t0 t c be ma!matically express$ 9 su* =ms z t1 t1 -t1 f :i* ! assumption ( a "t ( z]o magnitude or ( negative times is1 to say ! lea/1 n exclud$4#aji ,obvi\sly ?is is some?+ q outside ! doma9 ( ,life1 ,de/9y1 & liv+ hi/orical ,"t2 x is a purely conceptual "t-sy/em t is remote ev5 f ! s5su\s life4 ,"o has only to sub/itute1 9 any philosophical or physical treatise t "o pleases1 ?is ^w 8,de/9y0 = ! ^w 8"t0 & "o w in/antly see h[ und]/&+ loses its way :5 language has emancipat$ x f s5sation1 & h[ impossible ! gr\p 8"t & space0 is4 ,:at is n exp]i5c$ & felt1 :at is m]ely ?\ght1 necess>ily takes a spatial =m1 & ?is expla9s :y no sy/ematic philosoph] has be5 able to make any?+ out ( ! my/]y-cl\d$1 f>-e*o+ s\nd symbols 8,pa/0 & 8,future40 ,9 ,kant's utt]ances conc]n+ "t !y d n ev5 occur1 & 9 fact "o _c see any relation :i* c\ld connect !m ) :at is said !re4 ,b only ?is spatial =m enables "t & space to be br\ght into functional int]dep5d5ce z magnitudes ( ! same ord]1 z f\r-dim5sional vector analysis#aaj conspicu\sly %[s4 ,z e>ly z #ahac ,lagrange frankly describ$ me*anics z a f\r-dim5sional geometry1 & ev5 ,newton's cauti\s conception ( 8tempus absolutum sive duratio0 is n exempt f ?is intellectually inevitable trans=mation ( ! liv+ into m]e ext5sion4 ,9 ! old] philosophy ,i h f\nd "o1 & only "o1 pr(\nd & rev]5t pres5tation ( ,"t2 x is 9 ,augu/9e--8,if no "o que/ions me1 ,i "k3 if ,i w\ld expla9 to a que/ion]1 ,i "k n40#aaa ,:5 philosoph]s ( ! pres5t-day ,we/ 8h$ge0--z !y all d--by say+ t ?+s are 9 "t z 9 space & t 8outside0 !m no?+ is 8conceivable10 !y are m]ely putt+ ano!r k9d ( space 7,rumli*keit7 beside ! ord9>y "o1 j z "o might1 if "o *ose1 call hope & electricity ! two =ces ( ! univ]se4 ,x ought n1 surely1 to h escap$ ,kant :5 he spoke ( ! 8two =ms0 ( p]ception1 t :]eas x is easy en\gh to come to a sci5tific und]/&+ ab\t space 7?\gh n to 8expla90 x1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 = t is beyond human p[]s71 treatm5t ( "t on ! same l9es breaks d[n utt]ly4 ,! read] ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 & ! 8,prolegom5a0 w obs]ve t ,kant gives a well- consid]$ pro( = ! connexion ( space & geometry b c>efully avoids do+ ! same = "t & ari?metic4 ,!re he did n g beyond enunciation1 & con/ant reass]tion ( analogy betwe5 ! two conceptions lur$ him ov] a gap t w\ld h be5 fatal to 8 sy/em4 ,vis--vis ! ,:]e & ! ,h[1 ! ,:5 =ms a _w ( its own z di/9ct z is metaphysics f physics4 ,space1 object1 numb]1 notion1 causality are s intimately ak9 t x is impossible--z c\ntless mi/ak5 sy/ems prove--to treat ! "o indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,me*anics is a copy ( ! logic ( its day & vice v]sa4 ,! picture ( ?\ght z psy*ology builds x up & ! picture ( ! space-_w z contempor>y physics describes x are reflections ( "o ano!r4 ,conceptions & ?+s1 reasons & causes1 conclusions & processes co9cide s nicely1 z receiv$ by ! consci\sness1 t ! ab/ract ?9k] himself has aga9 & aga9 succumb$ to ! temptation ( sett+ =? ! ?\ght-8process0 graphically & s*ematically-- witness ,ari/otle's & ,kant's tabulat$ categories4 8,:]e !re is no s*eme1 !re is no philosophy0 is ! objection ( pr9ciple-- unackn[l$g$ ?\gh x may be--t all pr(essional philosoph]s h aga9/ ! 8intuitives10 to :om inw>dly !y feel !mselves f> sup]ior4 ,t is :y ,kant crossly describes ! ,platonic /yle ( ?9k+ 8z ! art ( sp5d+ good words 9 babble0 7die ,kun/1 wortrei* zu s*watz571 & :y ev5 to-day ! lecture-room philosoph] has n a ^w to say ab\t ,goe!'s philosophy4 ,e logical op]ation is capable ( be+ drawn1 e sy/em a geometrical me?od ( h&l+ ?\ghts4 ,& !re=e ,"t ei!r f9ds no place 9 ! sy/em at all1 or is made its victim4 ,?is is ! refutation ( t widely-spread misund]/&+ :i* connects "t ) ari?metic & space ) geometry by sup]ficial analogies1 an error to :i* ,kant ought nev] to h succumb$--?\gh x is h>dly surpris+ t ,s*op5hau]1 ) 8 incapacity = und]/&+ ma!matics1 did s4 ,because ! liv+ act ( numb]+ is someh[ or o!r relat$ to "t1 numb] & "t are con/antly confus$4 ,b numb]+ is n numb]1 any m ?an draw+ is a draw+4 ,numb]+ & draw+ are a becom+1 numb]s & figures are ?+s become4 ,kant & ! re/ h 9 m9d n[ ! liv+ act 7numb]+7 & n[ ! result !re( 7! relations ( ! f9i%$ figure72 b ! "o belongs to ! doma9 ( ,life & ,"t1 ! o!r to t ( ,ext5sion & ,causality4 ,t ,i calculate is ! bus9ess ( organic1 :at ,i calculate ! bus9ess ( inorganic1 logic4 ,ma!matics z a :ole--9 common language1 ari?metic & geometry-- answ]s ! ,h[8 & ! ,:at8--t is1 ! problem ( ! ,natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,9 opposition to ?is problem /&s t ( ! ,:58 ( ?+s1 ! specifically hi/orical problem ( de/9y1 future & pa/2 & all ^! ?+s are compris$ 9 ! ^w ,*ronology1 :i* simple mank9d und]/&s fully & unequivocally4 ,betwe5 ari?metic & geometry !re is no opposition4#aab ,e k9d ( numb]1 z has be5 suffici5tly %[n 9 an e>li] *apt]1 belongs entirely to ! realm ( ! ext5d$ & ! become1 :e!r z a ,euclidean magnitude or z an analytical function2 & to :i* head+ %\ld we h to assign ! cyclometric#aac functions1 ! ,b9omial ,!orem1 ! ,riemann surfaces1 ! ,!ory ( ,gr\ps8 ,kant's s*eme 0 refut$ by ,eul] & d',alemb]t be=e he ev5 set x up1 & only ! unfamili>ity ( 8 successors ) ! ma!matics ( _! "t--:at a contra/ to ,desc>tes1 ,pascal & ,leibniz1 :o evolv$ ! ma!matics ( _! "t f ! dep?s ( _! own philosophy6--made x possible = ma!matical notions ( a relation betwe5 "t & ari?metic to be pass$ on l an heirloom1 almo/ uncriticiz$4 ,b betwe5 ,becom+ & any "p :atsoev] ( ma!matics !re is n ! slighte/ contact4 ,newton inde$ 0 pr(\ndly conv9c$ 7& he 0 no mean philosoph]7 t 9 ! pr9ciples ( 8 ,calculus ( ,fluxions#aad he _h grasp$ ! problem ( ,becom+1 & !re=e ( ,"t--9 a f> subtl] =m1 by ! way1 ?an ,kant's4 ,b ev5 ,newton's view c\ld n be upheld1 ev5 ?\gh x may f9d advocates to ?is day4 ,s9ce ,wei]/rass prov$ t cont9u\s functions exi/ :i* ei!r _c be diff]5tiat$ at all or are capable only ( p>tial diff]5tiation1 ?is mo/ deep-se>*+ ( all ef=ts to close ) ! ,"t-problem ma!matically has be5 ab&on$4 ----- ,footnote #ajb3 ,! s5su\s life & ! intellectual life too are ,"t2 x is only s5su\s exp]i5ce & intellectual exp]i5ce1 ! 8_w10 t is spatial nature4 7,z to ! ne>] aff9ity ( ! ,fem99e to ,"t1 see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #djc et seq47 ,footnote #ajc3 ,! expression 8space ( "t0 7,zeitraum7 :i* is common to _m languages1 is evid5ce ( our inability to repres5t direction o!rwise ?an by ext5sion4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,i4e41 ! translat$ ,bible4--,tr4 ,footnote #aje3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ai et seq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,see p4 #hj ( ?is volume1 & ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aff1 #cbh4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,! ne>e/ ,engli% equival5t is p]haps ! ^w 8fe>40 8,fe>ful0 w\ld correspond exactly b = ! fact t 9 ! second s5se ! ^w is objective in/ead ( subjective4 ,! ^w 8%y0 itself be>s ! second mean+ 9 su* trivial words z gun-%y1 "w-%y4--,tr4 ,footnote #aji3 ,! ,relativity !ory1 a work+ hypo!sis :i* is on ! way to ov]?r[+ ,newton's me*anics--:i* means at bottom 8 view ( ! problem ( motion--admits cases 9 :i* ! words 8e>li]0 & 8lat]0 may be inv]t$4 ,! ma!matical f\ndation ( ?is !ory by ,m9k[ski uses imag9>y "t units = measurem5t4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,! dim5sions are x1 y1 z 79 respect ( space7 & t 79 respect ( "t71 & all f\r appe> to be reg>d$ z p]fectly equival5t 9 trans=mations4 ,! ,engli% read] may be ref]r$ to ,a4 ,e9/e91 8,!ory ( ,relativity10 ,*4 ,,xi & app5dices ,i1 ,,ii4-- ,tr4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,si nemo ex me qua]at1 scio2 si qua]5ti explic>i velim1 nescio4 7,conf4 ,,xi1 #ad47 ,footnote #aab3 ,save 9 elem5t>y ma!matics4 7,x may be rem>k$ t mo/ philosoph]s s9ce ,s*op5hau] h approa*$ ^! que/ions ) ! prepossessions ( elem5t>y ma!matics47 ,footnote #aac3 ,! 8inv]se circul> functions0 ( ,engli% text-books4--,tr4 ,footnote #aad3 ,! ,newtonian =m ( ! diff]5tial calculus 0 di/9ct f ! ,leibnizian1 :i* is n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,)\t go+ into unnecess>y detail1 ! *>act]i/ic ( ,newton's me?od 0 t x 0 meant n = ! calculation ( quadratures & tang5ts 7:i* _h occupi$ 8 pr$ecessors71 nor z an organ ( functional !ory z su* 7z ! diff]5tial calculus became mu* lat]71 b q def9itely z a me?od ( deal+ ) rate ( *ange 9 pure me*anics1 ) ! 8fl[+0 or 8fluxion0 ( a dep5d5t v>iable "u ! influ5ce ( a v>iable :i* = ,newton 0 ! 8flu5t10 & :i* we call ! argum5t ( a function4--,tr4 ----- ,,iii ,"t is a c\nt]-conception 7,geg5begriff7 to ,space1 aris+ out ( ,space1 j z ! notion 7z di/9ct f ! fact7 ( ,life arises only 9 opposition to ?\ght1 & ! notion 7z di/9ct f ! fact7 ( bir? & g5]ation only 9 opposition to dea?4#aae ,?is is implicit 9 ! v ess5ce ( all aw>5ess4 ,j z any s5se- impression is only rem>k$ :5 x deta*es itself f ano!r1 s any k9d ( und]/&+ t is g5u9e critical activity#aaf is only made possible ?r\gh ! sett+-up ( a new concept z anti-pole to "o already pres5t1 or ?r\gh ! divorce 7if we may call x s7 ( a pair ( inw>dly-pol> concepts :i* z long z !y are m]e con/itu5ts1 possess no actuality4#aag ,x has long be5 presum$--& rightly1 beyond a d\bt--t all root-words1 :e!r !y express ?+s or prop]ties1 h come into be+ by pairs2 b ev5 lat]1 ev5 to- day1 ! connotation t e new ^w receives is a reflection ( "s o!r4 ,& s1 guid$ by language1 ! und]/&+1 incapable ( fitt+ a sure inw>d subjective c]ta9ty ( ,de/9y into its =m- _w1 creat$ 8"t0 out ( space z its opposite4 ,b = ?is we %\ld possess nei!r ! ^w nor its connotation4 ,& s f> is ?is process ( ^w-=mation c>ri$ t ! p>ticul> /yle ( ext5sion possess$ by ! ,classical _w l$ to a specifically ,classical notion ( "t1 diff]+ f ! "t-notions ( ,india1 ,*9a & ! ,we/ exactly z ,classical space diff]s f ! space ( ^! ,cultures4#aah ,= ?is reason1 ! notion ( an art-=m--:i* aga9 is a 8c\nt]- concept0--has only aris5 :5 m5 became aw>e t _! art-creations _h a connotation 7,gehalt7 at all1 t is1 :5 ! expression-language ( ! art1 along ) its effects1 _h ceas$ to be some?+ p]fectly natural & tak5-=-grant$1 z x /ill 0 9 ! "t ( ! ,pyramid-,build]s1 9 t ( ! ,myc5an /rongholds & 9 t ( ! e>ly ,go?ic ca!drals4 ,m5 become sudd5ly aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( 8works10 & !n = ! fir/ "t ! und]/&+ eye is able to di/+ui% a causal side & a de/9y side 9 e liv+ art4 ,9 e "w t displays ! :ole man & ! :ole mean+ ( ! exi/5ce1 fe> & long+ lie close toge!r1 b !y are & !y rema9 diff]5t4 ,to ! fe>1 to ! ,causal1 belongs ! :ole 8taboo0 side ( art--its /ock ( motives1 develop$ 9 /rict s*ools & long craft-tra9+1 c>efully protect$ & pi\sly transmitt$2 all ( x t is compreh5sible1 le>nable1 num]ical2 all ! logic ( col\r1 l9e1 /ructure1 ord]1 :i* con/itutes ! "m- tongue ( e wor?y arti/ & e great epo*4 ,b ! o!r side1 oppos$ to ! 8taboo0 z ! direct$ is to ! ext5d$ & z ! developm5t-de/9y )9 a =m-language to its syllogisms1 comes out 9 g5ius 7namely1 9 t :i* is :olly p]sonal to ! individual arti/s1 _! imag9ative p[]s1 creative passion1 dep? & ri*ness1 z aga9/ all m]e ma/]y ( =m7 &1 beyond ev5 g5ius1 9 t sup]abundance ( creativ5ess 9 ! race :i* conditions ! rise & fall ( :ole arts4 ,?is is ! 8totem0 side1 & ow+ to x-- not)/&+ all ! /hetics ev] p5n$--!re is no timeless & solely-true way ( art1 b only a hi/ory ( art1 m>k$ l ev]y?+ t lives ) ! sign ( irrev]sibility4#aai ,& ?is is :y ar*itecture ( ! gr& /yle--:i* is ! only "o ( ! arts t h&les ! ali5 & fe>-in/ill+ itself1 ! imm$iate ,ext5d$1 ! /one--is naturally ! e>ly art 9 all ,cultures1 & only /ep by /ep yields its primacy to ! special arts ( ! city ) _! m mundane =ms--! /atue1 ! picture1 ! musical composition4 ,( all ! great arti/s ( ! ,we/1 x 0 probably ,mi*elangelo :o suff]$ mo/ acutely "u ! con/ant nightm>e ( _w-fe>1 & x 0 he also :o1 alone among ! ,r5aissance ma/]s1 nev] fre$ himself f ! ar*itectural4 ,he ev5 pa9t$ z ?\gh 8 surfaces 7 /one1 become1 /iff1 hateful4 ,8 "w 0 a bitt] wre/le ) ! p[]s ( ! cosmos :i* fac$ him & *all5g$ him 9 ! =m ( mat]ial1 :]eas 9 ! ye>n+ ,leon>do's col\r we see1 z x 71 a glad mat]ialization ( ! spiritual4 ,b 9 e l>ge ar*itectural problem an implacable causal logic1 n to say ma!matic1 comes to expression--9 ! ,classical ord]s ( columns a ,euclidean relation ( beam & load1 9 ! 8analytically0 dispos$ ?ru/-sy/em ( ,go?ic vault+ ! dynamic relation ( =ce & mass4 ,cottage-build+ traditions--:i* are to be trac$ 9 ! "o & 9 ! o!r1 :i* are ! necess>y backgr\nd ev5 ( ,egyptian ar*itecture1 :i* 9 fact develop 9 e e>ly p]iod & are regul>ly lo/ 9 e lat]--conta9 ! :ole sum ( ?is logic ( ! ext5d$4 ,b ! symbolism ( direction & de/9y is beyond all ! 8te*nique0 ( ! great arts & h>dly approa*able by way ( /hetics4 ,x lies--to take "s in/ances--9 ! contra/ t is always felt 7b nev]1 ei!r by ,less+ or by ,hebbel1 elucidat$7 betwe5 ,classical & ,we/]n trag$y2 9 ! succession ( sc5es ( old ,egyptian relief & g5]ally 9 ! s]ial arrangem5t ( ,egyptian /atues1 sph9xes1 temple-halls2 9 ! *oice1 z di/9ct f ! treatm5t1 ( mat]ials 7h>de/ diorite to affirm1 & s(te/ wood to d5y1 ! future72 9 ! occurr5ce1 & n 9 ! gramm>1 ( ! individual arts1 e4g41 ! victory ( arabesque ov] ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian picture1 ! retreat ( oil-pa9t+ be=e *amb] music 9 ! ,b>oque2 9 ! utt] div]sity ( int5tion 9 ,egyptian1 ,*9ese & ,classical /atu>y4 ,all ^! are n matt]s ( 8c0 b ( 8mu/10 & !re=e x is n ma!matics & ab/ract ?\ght1 b ! great arts 9 _! k9%ip ) ! contempor>y religions1 t give ! key to ! problem ( ,"t1 a problem t c h>dly be solv$ )9 ! doma9 ( hi/ory#abj alone4 ----- ,footnote #aae3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ac1 #ai4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #aag3 ,! orig9al reads3 87,s i/ j$e ,art von ,v]/eh5 444 nur dadur* mgli* 4447 dass e9 ,begriffspa> von inn]em ,geg5satz gewiss]mass5 dur* ,ause9&]tret5 er/ ,wirkli*keit erhlt40-- ,tr4 ,footnote #aah3 ,at ?is po9t ! ,g]man text repeats ! p>agraph :i* 9 ?is edition beg9s at 8,b inquiry0 7p4 #aba7 & ends at ! close ( section ,i 7p4 #aba74--,tr4 ,footnote #aai3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #acg1 #aei4 ,footnote #abj3 ,"h ! au?or presumably means hi/ory 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! ^w4--,tr4 ----- ,,iv ,x foll[s f ! mean+ t we h atta*$ to ! ,culture z a prime ph5om5on & to de/9y z ! organic logic ( exi/5ce1 t ea* ,culture mu/ necess>ily possess its own de/9y-idea4 ,inde$1 ?is conclusion is implicit f ! fir/ 9 ! feel+ t e great ,culture is no?+ b ! actualiz+ & =m ( a s+le1 s+ul>ly- con/itut$ 7e9zig>tig7 s\l4 ,& :at _c be felt by "o sort ( m5 exactly z x is felt by ano!r 7s9ce ! life ( ea* is ! expression ( ! idea prop] to himself7 & /ill less transcrib$1 :at is nam$ by u 8conjuncture10 8accid5t10 8,provid5ce0 or 8,fate10 by ,classical man 8,nemesis10 8,ananke10 8,ty*e0 or 8,fatum10 by ! ,arab 8,kismet10 by ev]yone 9 "s way ( 8 own1 is j t ( :i* ea* unique & unreproduceable s\l-con/itution1 q cle> to ^? :o %>e 9 x1 is a r5d]+4 ,! ,classical =m ( ! ,de/9y-idea ,i %all v5ture to call ,euclidean4 ,?us x is ! s5se-actual p]son ( dipus1 8 8empirical ego10 nay1 8 t is hunt$ & ?r[n by ,de/9y4 dipus compla9s t ,creon has misus$ 8 8body0#aba & t ! oracle appli$ to 8 8body40#abb s*ylus1 aga91 speaks ( ,agamemnon z ! 8royal body1 lead] ( fleets40#abc ,x is ?is same ^w t ! ma!maticians employ m ?an once = ! 8bodies0 ) :i* !y deal4 ,b ! de/9y ( ,k+ ,le> is ( ! 8analytical0 type--to use "h also ! t]m sugge/$ by ! correspond+ numb]-_w--& consi/s 9 d>k inn] relation%ips4 ,! idea ( fa!rhood em]ges2 spiritual ?reads weave !mselves into ! action1 incorporeal & transc5d5tal1 & are weirdly illum9at$ by ! c\nt]po9t ( ! second>y trag$y ( ,glo/]'s h\se4 ,le> is at ! la/ a m]e "n1 ! axis ( some?+ unb\nd$4 ,?is conception ( de/9y is ! 8inf9itesimal0 conception4 ,x /ret*es out into inf9ite "t & inf9ite space4 ,x t\*es ! bodily1 ,euclidean exi/5ce n at all1 b affects only ! ,s\l4 ,consid] ! mad ,k+ betwe5 ! fool & ! outca/ 9 ! /orm on ! hea?1 & !n look at ! ,laocon gr\p2 ! fir/ is ! ,fau/ian1 ! o!r ! ,apoll9ian way ( suff]+4 ,sophocles1 too1 wrote a ,laocon drama2 & we may be c]ta9 t !re 0 no?+ ( pure s\l-agony 9 x4 ,antigone goes bel[ gr\nd 9 ! body1 because %e has buri$ h] bro!r's body4 ,?9k ( ,ajax & ,philoctetes1 & !n ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,homburg & ,goe!'s ,tasso--is n ! diff]5ce betwe5 magnitude & relation traceable "r into ! dep?s ( arti/ic creation8 ,?is br+s u to ano!r connexion ( high symbolic significance4 ,! drama ( ! ,we/ is ord9>ily designat$ ,"*-,drama4 ,t ( ! ,greeks1 on ! o!r h&1 is be/ describ$ z ,situation-,drama1 & 9 ! anti!sis we c p]ceive :at x is t ,we/]n1 & :at x is t ,classical1 man respectively feel z ! basic life-=m t is imp]ill$ by ! onsets ( trag$y & fate4 ,if 9 lieu ( 8direction0 we say 8irrev]sibility10 if we let ourselves s9k into ! t]rible mean+ ( ^? words 8too late0 :]e) we resign a fleet+ bit ( ! pres5t to ! et]nal pa/1 we f9d ! deep f\ndation ( e tragic crisis4 ,x is ,"t t is ! tragic1 & x is by ! mean+ t x intuitively atta*es to ,"t t "o ,culture is diff]5tiat$ f ano!r2 & consequ5tly 8trag$y0 ( ! gr& ord] has only develop$ 9 ! ,culture :i* has mo/ passionately affirm$1 & 9 t :i* has mo/ passionately d5i$1 ,"t4 ,! s5tim5t ( ! ahi/oric s\l gives u a ,classical trag$y ( ! mom5t1 & t ( ! ultrahi/orical s\l puts be=e u ,we/]n trag$y t deals ) ! developm5t ( a :ole life4 ,our trag$y arises f ! feel+ ( an inexorable ,logic ( becom+1 :ile ! ,greek feels ! illogical1 bl9d ,casual ( ! mom5t--! life ( ,le> matures inw>dly t[>ds a cata/rophe1 & t ( dipus /umbles )\t w>n+ ^u a situation4 ,& n[ "o may p]ceive h[ x is t syn*ron\sly ) ,we/]n drama !re rose & fell a mighty portrait-art 7culm9at+ 9 ,rembr&t71 a k9d ( hi/orical & biographical art :i* 7because x 0 s7 0 /]nly disc\nt5anc$ 9 ,classical ,greece at ! apogee ( ,attic drama4 ,consid] ! veto on lik5ess-/atu>y 9 votive (f]+s#abd & note h[--f ,demetrius ( ,alopeke 7ab\t #djj7abe--;a timid art ( 8ideal0 portraiture began to v5ture =? :51 & only :51 gr& trag$y _h be5 ?r[n into ! backgr\nd by ! light society-pieces ( ! 8,middle ,com$y40#abf ,fundam5tally all ,greek /atues 7 /&>d masks1 l ! actors 9 ! !atre ( ,dionysus2 all br+ to expression1 9 significantly /rict =m1 somatic attitudes & positions4 ,physiognomically !y are dumb1 corporeal & ( necessity nude--"*-heads ( def9ite individuals came only ) ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,once m we are rem9d$ ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,greek numb]-_w1 ) its computations ( tangible results1 & ! o!r1 our own1 9 :i* ! relations betwe5 gr\ps ( functions or equations or1 g5]ally1 =mula-elem5ts ( ! same ord] are inve/igat$ morphologically1 & ! "* ( ^! relations fix$ z su* 9 express laws4 ----- ,footnote #aba3 d4 ,rex41 #fdb4 4 7,cf4 ,rudolf ,hirs*1 ,die ,p]son 7#aiad71 p4 #i47 ,footnote #abb3 d4 ,col41 #cee4 444 ' 4 ,footnote #abc3 ,*ophor1 #gaj4 444 4 ,footnote #abd3 ,phidias1 & ?r\gh him 8 patron ,p]icles1 7 attack$ = alleg$ introduction ( portraits ^u ! %ield ( ,a!ne ,p>!nos4 ,9 ,we/]n religi\s art1 on ! contr>y1 portraiture 01 z ev]yone kn[s1 a habitual practice4 ,e ,madonna1 = in/ance1 is m or less ( a portrait4 ,) ?is may be comp>$ aga9 ! gr[+ resi/ance ( ,byzant9e art1 z x matur$1 to portraiture 9 sacr$ surr\nd+s1 evid5c$ = in/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! nimbus or halo--:i* 0 remov$ f ! insignia ( ! ,pr9ce to become ! badge ( ! ,sa9t--9 ! leg5d ( ! miracul\s effacem5t ( ,ju/9ian's pomp\s inscription on ,hagia ,sophia1 & 9 ! bani%m5t ( ! human patron f ! cele/ial "p ( ! *ur* to ! e>?ly4--,tr4 ,footnote #abe3 ,:o 0 criticiz$ z 8no god-mak] b a man-mak]0 & z "o :o spoilt ! beauty ( 8 "w by aim+ at lik5ess4 ,cresilas1 ! sculptor f :om ! only exi/+ portrait ( ,p]icles is d]iv$1 0 a little e>li]2 9 him1 h[ev]1 ! 8ideal0 0 /ill ! supreme aim4--,tr4 ,footnote #abf3 ,! writ]s imm$iately succe$+ ,ari/ophanes4--,tr4 ----- ,v ,9 ! capacity ( exp]i5tially liv+ hi/ory & ! way 9 :i* hi/ory1 p>ticul>ly ! hi/ory ( p]sonal becom+1 is liv$1 "o man diff]s v greatly f ano!r4 ,e ,culture possesses a :olly individual way ( look+ at & compreh5d+ ! _w-z-,nature2 or 7:at comes to ! same ?+7 x has its own peculi> 8,nature0 :i* no o!r sort ( man c possess 9 exactly ! same =m4 ,b 9 a f> great] degree /ill1 e ,culture--includ+ ! individuals compris+ x 7:o are sep>at$ only by m9or di/9ctions7--possesses a specific & peculi> sort ( hi/ory--& x is 9 ! picture ( ?is & ! /yle ( ?is t ! g5]al & ! p]sonal1 ! inn] & ! out]1 ! _w-hi/orical & ! biographical becom+1 are imm$iately p]ceiv$1 felt & liv$4 ,?us ! autobiographical t5d5cy ( ,we/]n man--reveal$ ev5 9 ,go?ic times 9 ! symbol ( auricul> confession#abg--;is utt]ly ali5 to ,classical man2 :ile 8 int5se hi/orical aw>5ess is 9 complete contra/ to ! almo/ dreamy unconsci\sness ( ! ,indian4 ,& :5 ,magian man--primitive ,*ri/ian or ripe s*ol> ( ,islam--uses ! words 8_w-hi/ory10 :at is x t he sees be=e him8 ,b x is difficult en\gh to =m an exact idea ev5 ( ! 8,nature0 prop] to ano!r k9d ( man1 al?\gh 9 ?is doma9 ?+s specifically cognizable are causally ord]$ & unifi$ 9 a communicable sy/em4 ,& x is q impossible = u to p5etrate completely a hi/orical _w-aspect ( 8becom+0 =m$ by a s\l t is q diff]5tly con/itut$ f our own4 ,"h !re mu/ always be an intractable residue1 great] or small] 9 proportion to our hi/orical in/9ct1 physiognomic tact & k ( m54 ,all ! same1 ! solution ( ?is v problem is ! condition-prec$5t ( all really deep und]/&+ ( ! _w4 ,! hi/orical environm5t ( ano!r is a "p ( 8 ess5ce1 & no su* o!r c be und]/ood )\t ! k ( 8 "t-s5se1 8 de/9y-idea & ! /yle & degree ( acuity ( 8 inn] life4 ,9 s f> !re=e z ^! ?+s are n directly confess$1 we h to extract !m f ! symbolism ( ! ali5 ,culture4 ,& z x is ?us & only ?us t we c approa* ! incompreh5sible1 ! /yle ( an ali5 ,culture1 & ! great "t-symbols belong+ !reto acquire an immeasurable importance4 ,z an example ( ^! hi!rto almo/ uncompreh5d$ signs we may take ! clock1 a creation ( highly develop$ ,cultures t becomes m & m my/]i\s z "o exam9es x4 ,classical man manag$ to d )\t ! clock1 & 8 ab/5tion 0 m or less delib]ate4 ,to ! ,augu/an p]iod1 & f> beyond x1 ! "t ( day 0 e/imat$ by ! l5g? ( "o's %ad[1#abh al?\gh sun-dials & wat]-clocks1 design$ 9 con=mity ) a /rict "t-reckon+ & impos$ by a deep s5se ( pa/ & future1 _h be5 9 regul> use 9 bo? ! old] ,cultures ( ,egypt & ,babylonia4#abi ,classical man's exi/5ce-- ,euclidean1 relationless1 po9t-=m$--0 :olly conta9$ 9 ! in/ant4 ,no?+ mu/ rem9d him ( pa/ or future4 ,= ! true ,classical1 ar*ology did n exi/1 nor did its spiritual inv]sion1 a/rology4 ,! ,oracle & ! ,sibyl1 l ! ,etruscan-,roman 8h>uspices0 & 8augurs10 did n =etell any di/ant future b m]ely gave indications on p>ticul> que/ions ( imm$iate be>+4 ,no "t-reckon+ ent]$ intimately into ev]yday life 7= ! ,olympiad sequ5ce 0 a m]e lit]>y exp$i5t7 & :at really matt]s is n ! goodness or badness ( a cal5d> b ! que/ions3 8:o uses x80 & 8does ! life ( ! nation run by x80 ,9 ,classical cities no?+ sugge/$ duration1 or old times or times to come--!re 0 no pi\s pres]vation ( ru9s1 no "w conceiv$ = ! b5efit ( future g5]ations2 9 !m we d n f9d t durable#acj mat]ial 0 delib]ately *os54 ,! ,dorian ,greek ignor$ ! ,myc5an /one- te*nique & built 9 wood or clay1 ?\gh ,myc5an & ,egyptian "w 0 be=e him & ! c\ntry produc$ fir/-class build+-/one4 ,! ,doric /yle is a timb] /yle--ev5 9 ,pausanias's day "s wood5 columns /ill l+]$ 9 ! ,h]um ( ,olympia4 ,! real organ ( hi/ory is 8memory0 9 ! s5se :i* is always po/ulat$ 9 ?is book1 viz41 t :i* pres]ves z a con/ant pres5t ! image ( "o's p]sonal pa/ & ( a national & a _w-hi/orical pa/#aca z well1 & is consci\s ( ! c\rse bo? ( p]sonal & ( sup]- p]sonal becom+4 ,t organ 0 n pres5t 9 ! make-up ( a ,classical s\l4 ,!re 0 no 8,"t0 9 x4 ,imm$iately beh9d 8 prop] pres5t1 ! ,classical hi/orian sees a backgr\nd t is already de/itute ( temporal & !re=e ( inw>d ord]4 ,= ,?ucydides ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 = ,tacitus ! agitation ( ! ,grac*i1 7 already 9 ?is vague backgr\nd2#acb & ! great families ( ,rome _h traditions t 7 pure romance--witness ,cs>'s slay]1 ,brutus1 ) 8 firm belief 9 8 reput$ tyrannicide ance/or4 ,cs>'s re=m ( ! cal5d> may almo/ be reg>d$ z a de$ ( emancipation f ! ,classical life-feel+4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,cs> also imag9$ a r5unciation ( ,rome & a trans=mation ( ! ,city-,/ate into an empire :i* 0 to be dyna/ic--m>k$ ) ! badge ( duration--& to h its c5tre ( gravity 9 ,alex&ria1 :i* 9 fact is ! bir?place ( 8 cal5d>4 ,8 assass9ation seems to u a la/ outbur/ ( ! antiduration feel+ t 0 inc>nate 9 ! ,polis & ! ,urbs ,roma4 ,ev5 !n ,classical mank9d 0 /ill liv+ e h\r & e day = itself2 & ?is is equally true :e!r we take ! individual ,greek or ,roman1 or ! city1 or ! nation1 or ! :ole ,culture4 ,! hot-blood$ pageantry1 palace-orgies1 circus-battles ( ,n]o or ,caligula--,tacitus is a true ,roman 9 describ+ only ^! & ignor+ ! smoo? progress ( life 9 ! di/ant prov9ces--are f9al & flamboyant expressions ( ! ,euclidean _w-feel+ t deifi$ ! body & ! pres5t4 ,! ,indians also h no sort ( "t-reckon+ 7! abs5ce ( x 9 _! case express+ _! ,nirvana7 & no clocks1 & !re=e no hi/ory1 no life memories1 no c>e4 ,:at ! conspicu\sly hi/orical ,we/ calls 8,indian hi/ory0 a*iev$ itself )\t ! smalle/ consci\sness ( :at x 0 do+4#acc ,! mill5nium ( ! ,indian ,culture betwe5 ! ,v$as & ,buddha seems l ! /irr+s ( a sleep]2 "h life 0 actually a dream4 ,f all ?is our ,we/]n ,culture is unimag9ably remote4 ,&1 inde$1 man has nev]--n ev5 9 ! 8contempor>y0 ,*9a ( ! ,*u p]iod ) its highly-develop$ s5se ( eras & epo*s#acd--;be5 s awake & aw>e1 s deeply s5sible ( "t & consci\s ( direction & fate & movem5t z he has be5 9 ! ,we/4 ,we/]n hi/ory 0 will$ & ,indian hi/ory happ5$4 ,9 ,classical exi/5ce ye>s1 9 ,indian c5turies sc>cely c\nt$1 b "h ! h\r1 ! m9ute1 yea ! second1 is ( importance4 ,( ! tragic t5sion ( a hi/orical crisis l t ( ,augu/1 #aiad1 :5 ev5 mom5ts seem ov]p[]+1 nei!r a ,greek nor an ,indian c\ld h _h any idea4#ace ,su* crises1 too1 a deep-feel+ man ( ! ,we/ c exp]i5ce )9 himself1 z a true ,greek c\ld nev] d4 ,ov] our c\ntry-side1 day & night f ?\s&s ( belfries1 r+ ! bells#acf t jo9 future to pa/ & fuse ! po9t-mom5ts ( ! ,classical pres5t into a gr& relation4 ,! epo* :i* m>ks ! bir? ( our ,culture--! "t ( ! ,saxon ,emp]ors-- m>ks also ! discov]y ( ! :eel-clock4#acg ,)\t exact "t- measurem5t1 )\t a *ronology ( becom+ to correspond ) 8 imp]ative ne$ ( ar*ology 7! pres]vation1 excavation & collection ( ?+s-become71 ,we/]n man is un?9kable4 ,! ,b>oque age int5sifi$ ! ,go?ic symbol ( ! belfry to ! po9t ( grotesqu5ess1 & produc$ ! pocket wat* t con/antly accompanies ! individual4#ach ,ano!r symbol1 z deeply significant & z little und]/ood z ! symbol ( ! clock1 is t ( ! fun]al cu/oms :i* all great ,cultures h consecrat$ by ritual & by art4 ,! gr& /yle 9 ,india beg9s ) tomb-temples1 9 ! ,classical _w ) fun]>y urns1 9 ,egypt ) pyramids1 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity ) catacombs & s>cophagi4 ,9 ! dawn1 innum]able equally-possible =ms /ill cross "o ano!r *aotically & obscurely1 dep5d5t on clan-cu/om & ext]nal necessities & conv5i5ces4 ,b e ,culture promptly elevates "o or ano!r ( !m to ! highe/ degree ( symbolism4 ,classical man1 ob$i5t to 8 deep unconsci\s life-feel+1 pick$ ^u burn+1 an act ( annihilation 9 :i* ! ,euclidean1 ! "h- &-n[1 type ( exi/5ce 0 p[]fully express$4 ,he will$ to h no hi/ory1 no duration1 nei!r pa/ nor future1 nei!r pres]vation nor dissolution1 & !re=e he de/roy$ t :i* no long] possess$ a pres5t1 ! body ( a ,p]icles1 a ,cs>1 a ,sophocles1 a ,phidias4 ,& ! s\l pass$ to jo9 ! vague cr[d to :i* ! liv+ memb]s ( ! clan paid 7b soon ceas$ to pay7 ! homage ( ance/or-wor%ip & s\l-fea/1 & :i* 9 its =mlessness pres5ts an utt] contra/ to ! ance/or-s]ies1 ! g5ealogical tree1 t is et]naliz$ ) all ! m>ks ( hi/orical ord] 9 ! family-vault ( ! ,we/4 ,9 ?is 7) "o /rik+ exception1 ! ,v$ic dawn 9 ,india7 no o!r ,culture p>allels ! ,classical4#aci ,& be x not$ t ! ,doric-,hom]ic spr+1 & above all ! 8,iliad10 inve/$ ?is act ( burn+ ) all ! vivid feel+ ( a new-born symbol2 = ^? v w>riors ^: de$s probably =m$ ! nucleus ( ! epic 7 9 fact buri$ almo/ 9 ! ,egyptian mann] 9 ! graves ( ,myc51 ,tiryns1 ,or*om5os & o!r places4 ,& :5 9 ,imp]ial times ! s>cophagus or 8fle%-consum]0#adj began to sup]s$e ! vase ( a%es1 x 0 aga91 z 9 ! "t :5 ! ,hom]ic urn sup]s$$ ! %aft-grave ( ,myc51 a *ang$ s5se ( ,"t t und]lay ! *ange ( rite4 ,! ,egyptians1 :o pres]v$ _! pa/ 9 memorials ( /one & hi]oglyph s purposefully t we1 f\r ?\s& ye>s aft] !m1 c det]m9e ! ord] ( _! k+s' reigns1 s ?or\ghly et]naliz$ _! bodies t today ! great ,ph>aohs lie 9 our museums1 recognizable 9 e l9eam5t1 a symbol ( grim triumph--:ile ( ,dorian k+s n ev5 ! names h surviv$4 ,= our own "p1 we "k ! exact bir?days & dea?days ( almo/ e great man s9ce ,dante1 &1 moreov]1 we see no?+ /range 9 ! fact4 ,yet 9 ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 ! v z5i? ( ,classical education1 x 0 no long] kn[n ) c]ta9ty if ,leucippus1 ! f\nd] ( ,atomism & a contempor>y ( ,p]icles--i4e41 h>dly a c5tury be=e--_h ev] exi/$ at all2 mu* z ?\gh = u ! exi/5ce ( ,giordano ,bruno 0 a matt] ( d\bt#ada & ! ,r5aissance _h become pure saga4 ,& ^! museums !mselves1 9 :i* we assemble ev]y?+ t is left ( ! corporeally-s5sible pa/6 ,are n !y a symbol ( ! highe/ rank8 ,are !y n int5d$ to cons]ve 9 mummy ! entire 8body0 ( cultural developm5t8 ,z we collect c\ntless data 9 milli>ds ( pr9t$ books1 d we n also collect all ! works ( all ! dead ,cultures 9 ^! myriad halls ( ,we/-,european cities1 9 ! mass ( ! collection depriv+ ea* individual piece ( t in/ant ( actualiz$ purpose t is its own--! "o prop]ty t ! ,classical s\l w\ld h respect$--& ipso facto dissolv+ x into our un5d+ & unre/+ ,"t8 ,consid] :at x 0 t ! ,hell5es nam$ 2#adb h[ deep a significance lies 9 ! *ange ( s5se6 ----- ,footnote #abg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cfj et seq4 ,footnote #abh3 ,diels1 ,antike ,te*nik 7#aibj71 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #abi3 ,ab\t #djj ,b4,c4 savants began to con/ruct crude sun-dials 9 ,africa & ,ionia1 & f ,plato's "t /ill m primitive clepsydr came into use2 b 9 bo? =ms1 ! ,greek clock 0 a m]e imitation ( ! f> sup]ior models ( ! old] ,ea/1 & x _h n ! slighte/ connexion ) ! ,greek life-feel+4 ,see ,diels1 op4 cit41 pp4 #afj et seq4 ,footnote #acj3 ,horace's monum5tum re p]5nius 7,odes ,,iii1 #cj7 may seem to conflict ) ?is3 b let ! read] reconsid] ! :ole ( t ode 9 ! light ( ! pres5t argum5t1 & turn also to ,leuconoe & h] 8,babylonian0 impieties 7,odes ,i1 #aa7 int] alia1 & he w probably agree t s f> z ,horace is conc]n$1 ! argum5t is support$ r ?an impugn$4--,tr4 ,footnote #aca3 ,ord]$1 = u1 by ! ,*ri/ian *ronology & ! anci5t-m$ival- mod]n s*eme4 ,x 0 on ^? f\ndations t1 f e>ly ,go?ic times1 ! images ( religion & ( art h be5 built up 9 :i* a l>ge "p ( ,we/]n humanity cont9ues to live4 ,to pr$icate ! same ( ,plato or ,phidias is q impossible1 :]eas ! ,r5aissance arti/s c\ld & did project a classical pa/1 :i* inde$ !y p]mitt$ to dom9ate _! judgm5ts completely4 ,footnote #acb3 ,see pp4 #i4 et seq4 ,footnote #acc3 ,! ,indian hi/ory ( our books is a ,we/]n recon/ruction f texts & monum5ts4 ,see ! *apt] on epigraphy 9 ! 8,indian ,gazette]10 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,tr4 ,footnote #acd3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dhb1 #eba et seq4 ,footnote #ace3 ,!re is "o fam\s episode 9 ,greek hi/ory t may be ?\ght to contradict ?is--! race aga9/ "t ( ! galley s5t to ,mityl5e to c\nt]m& ! ord] ( massacre 7,?ucydides1 ,,iii1 #di74 ,b we obs]ve t ,?ucydides gives tw5ty times ! space to ! debates at ,a!ns t he gives to ! drama ( ! galley-r[]s pull+ night & day to save life4 ,& we are told t x 0 ! ,mityl5ean ambassadors :o sp>$ no exp5se to make x wor? ! r[]s' :ile to w91 :]eupon 8!re arose su* a zeal ( r[+ t44440 ,! f9al comm5t is1 /rictly con/ru+ ,?ucydides's own words3 8,su* 0 ! magnitude ( ! dang] t ,mityl5e pass$ by0 7 71 a phrase :i* recalls =cibly :at has j be5 said reg>d+ ! 8situation-drama40-- ,tr4 ,footnote #acf3 ,besides ! clock1 ! bell itself is a ,we/]n 8symbol40 ,! pass+- bell toll$ = ,/4 ,hilda ( ,:itby 9 #fhj1 & a c5tury be=e t "t bells _h come into g5]al use 9 ,gaul bo? = mona/]ies & = p>i% *ur*es4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 n till #hfe t ,con/ant9ople possess$ bells1 & ^! 7 pres5t$ 9 t ye> by ,v5ice4 ,! pres5ce ( a belfry 9 a ,byzant9e *ur* is acc\nt$ a pro( ( 8,we/]n influ5ce03 ! ,ea/ us$ & /ill l>gely uses m]e gongs & rattles = religi\s purposes4 7,briti% ,museum 8,h&book ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,antiquities704--,tr4 ,footnote #acg3 ,may we be p]mitt$ to guess t ! ,babylonian sun-dial & ! ,egyptian wat]-clock came into be+ 8simultane\sly10 t is1 on ! ?re%old ( ! ?ird mill5nium be=e ,*ri/8 ,! hi/ory ( clocks is inw>dly insep>able f t ( ! cal5d>2 x is !re=e to be assum$ t ! ,*9ese & ! ,mexican ,cultures also1 ) _! deep s5se ( hi/ory1 v e>ly devis$ & us$ me?ods ( "t- measurem5t4 7,! ,mexican ,culture develop$ ! mo/ intricate ( all kn[n sy/ems ( indicat+ ye> & day4 ,see ,briti% ,museum 8,h&book ( ,may on ,antiquities40--,tr47 ,footnote #ach3 ,let ! read] try to imag9e :at a ,greek w\ld feel :5 sudd5ly made acqua9t$ ) ?is cu/om ( ours4 ,footnote #aci3 ,! ,*9ese ance/or-wor%ip hon\r$ g5ealogical ord] ) /rict c]emonies4 ,& :]eas "h ance/or-wor%ip by degrees came to be ! c5tre ( all piety1 9 ! ,classical _w x 0 driv5 entirely into ! backgr\nd by ! cults ( pres5t gods2 9 ,roman times x h>dly exi/$ at all4 7,note ! elaborate precautions tak5 9 ! ,a!nian 8,an!/]ia0 to keep ! anonym\s mass ( gho/s at bay4 ,?is fea/ 0 any?+ b an ,all ,s\ls' ,day ( re-communion ) ! dep>t$ spirits4--,tr47 ,footnote #adj3 ,) obvi\s ref]5ce to ! resurrection ( ! fle% 7 74 ,b ! mean+ ( ! t]m 8resurrection0 has und]gone1 f ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d41 a pr(\nd--?\gh h>dly notic$--*ange4 ,m & m x has t5d$ to become id5tifi$ ) 8immortality40 ,b 9 ! resurrection f ! dead1 ! implication is t "t beg9s aga9 to repeat 9 space1 :]eas 9 8immortality0 x is "t t ov]comes space4 ,footnote #ada3 ,= ,engli% read]s1 ! mo/ conspicu\s case ( hi/oric d\bt is ! ,%akespe>e-,bacon matt]4 ,b ev5 "h1 x is only ! "w ( ,%akespe>e t is 9 "q1 n 8 exi/5ce & p]sonality1 = :i* we h p]fectly def9ite evid5ce4--,tr4 ,footnote #adb3 ,orig9ally a philosophical & sci5tific lecture-temple f\nd$ 9 hon\r ( ,ari/otle1 & lat] ! great ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria1 bore ! title 4 ,bo? ,ari/otle & ! ,univ]sity amass$ collections b !y 7 collections ( 7a7 books1 7b7 natural hi/ory specim5s1 liv+ or tak5 f life4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ! collection ( memorials ( ! pa/ z su* dates f ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,r5aissance4--,tr4 ----- ,,vi ,x is ! primitive feel+ ( ,c>e#adc :i* dom9ates ! physiognomy ( ,we/]n1 z also t ( ,egyptian & t ( ,*9ese hi/ory1 & x creates1 fur!r1 ! symbolism ( ! erotic :i* repres5ts ! fl[+ on ( endless life 9 ! =m ( ! familial s]ies ( individual exi/5ces4 ,! po9t-=m$ ,euclidean exi/5ce ( ,classical man1 9 ?is matt] z 9 o!rs1 conceiv$ only ! "h-&- n[ def9itive act ( begett+ or ( be>+1 & ?us x comes ab\t t we f9d ! bir?-pangs ( ! "m made ! c5tre ( ,demet]- wor%ip & ! ,dionysiac symbol ( ! phallus 7! sign ( a sexuality :olly conc5trat$ on ! mom5t & los+ pa/ & future 9 x7 m or less ev]y:]e 9 ! ,classical4 ,9 ! ,indian _w we f9d1 correspond+ly1 ! sign ( ! ,l+am & ! sect ( wor%ipp]s ( ,paewati4#add ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 man feels himself z nature1 z a plant1 z a willless & c>e-less elem5t ( becom+ 7dem ,s9n des ,w]d5s will5los und sorglos h+egeb574 ,! dome/ic religion ( ,rome c5tr$ on ! g5ius1 i4e41 ! creative p[] ( ! head ( ! family4 ,to all ?is1 ! deep & ?\ghtful c>e ( ! ,we/]n s\l has oppos$ ! sign ( "m-love1 a symbol :i* 9 ! ,classical ,culture only appe>$ above ! horizon to ! ext5t t we see x 91 say1 ! m\rn+ = ,p]sephone or 7?\gh ?is is only ,hell5i/ic7 ! seat$ /atue ( ,demet] ( ,knidos4#ade ,! ,"m ) ! ,*ild--! future--at h] brea/1 ! ,m>y-cult 9 ! new ,fau/ian =m1 began to fl\ri% only 9 ! c5turies ( ! ,go?ic & f\nd its highe/ expression 9 ,raphael's ,si/9e ,madonna4#adf ,?is conception is n "o belong+ to ,*ri/ianity g5]ally4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,magian ,*ri/ianity _h elevat$ ,m>y z ,!otokos1 8%e :o gave bir? to ,god0#adg into a symbol felt q o!rwise ?an by u4 ,! lull+ ,"m is z ali5 to ,e>ly-,*ri/ian-,byzant9e art z %e is to ! ,hell5ic 7?\gh = o!r reasons7 & mo/ c]ta9ly ,fau/'s ,gret*51 ) ! deep spell ( unconsci\s mo!rhood on h]1 is ne>] to ! ,go?ic ,madonna ?an all ! ,m>ys ( ,byzant9e & ,rav5nate mosaics4 ,inde$1 ! presumption ( a spiritual relation betwe5 !m breaks d[n completely be=e ! fact t ! ,madonna ) ! ,*ild answ]s exactly to ! ,egyptian ,isis ) ,horus--bo? are c>+1 nurs+ mo!rs--& t nev]!less ?is symbol _h vani%$ = a ?\s& ye>s & m 7= ! :ole duration ( ! ,classical & ! ,arabian ,cultures7 be=e x 0 reawak5$ by ! ,fau/ian s\l4#adh ,f ! mat]nal c>e ! way leads to ! pat]nal1 & !re we meet ) ! highe/ ( all ! "t-symbols t h come into exi/5ce )9 a ,culture1 ! ,/ate4 ,! mean+ ( ! *ild to ! "m is ! future1 ! cont9uation1 namely1 ( h] own life1 & "m-love is1 z x 71 a weld+ ( two discont9u\s individual exi/5ces2 likewise1 ! mean+ ( ! /ate to ! man is comrade%ip 9 arms = ! protection ( he>? & home1 wife & *ild1 & = ! insurance = ! :ole p ( its future & its efficacy4 ,! /ate is ! inw>d =m ( a nation1 its 8=m0 9 ! a?letic s5se1 & hi/ory1 9 ! high mean+1 is ! ,/ate conceiv$ z k9esis & n z k9ema 7ni*t als ,bewegtes sond]n als ,bewegung g$a*t74 ,! ,woman z ,"m is1 & ! ,man z ,w>rior & ,politician makes1 ,hi/ory4#adi ,& "h aga9 ! hi/ory ( high] ,cultures %[s u ?ree examples ( /ate-=mations 9 :i* ! elem5t ( c>e is conspicu\s3 ! ,egyptian adm9i/ration ev5 ( ! ,old ,k+dom 7f #cjjj ,b4,c472 ! ,*9ese /ate ( ! ,*u dyna/y 7#aafi-bef ,b4,c471 ( ! organization ( :i* ! ,*u ,li gives su* a picture t1 lat] on1 no "o d>$ to believe 9 ! au!nticity ( ! book2 & ! /ates ( ! ,we/1 beh9d ^: *>act]i/ic eye-to-!-future !re is an unsurpassably int5se ,w to ! future4#aej ,& on ! o!r h& we h 9 two examples--! ,classical & ! ,indian _w--a picture ( utt]ly c>e- less submission to ! mom5t & its incid5ts4 ,diff]5t 9 !mselves z are ,/oicism & ,buddhism 7! old-age dispositions ( ^! two worlds71 !y are at "o 9 _! negation ( ! hi/orical feel+ ( c>e1 _! contempt ( zeal1 ( organiz+ p[]1 & ( ! duty- s5se2 & !re=e nei!r 9 ,indian c\rts nor 9 ,classical m>ket- places 0 !re a ?\ght = ! morr[1 p]sonal or collective4 ,! c>pe diem ( ,apoll9ian man applies also to ! ,apoll9ian /ate4 ,z ) ! political1 s ) ! o!r side ( hi/orical exi/5ce1 ! economic4 ,! h&-to-m\? life corresponds to ! love t beg9s & ends 9 ! satisfaction ( ! mom5t4 ,!re 0 an economic organization on ! gr& scale 9 ,egypt1 :]e x fills ! :ole culture-picture1 tell+ u 9 a ?\s& pa9t+s ! /ory ( its indu/ry & ord]l9ess2 9 ,*9a1 ^: my?ology ( gods & leg5d- emp]ors turns entirely ^u ! holy tasks ( cultivation2 & 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 :]e1 beg9n+ ) ! model agriculture ( ! ,ord]s1 x rose to ! height ( a special sci5ce1 8national economy10 :i* 0 9 v pr9ciple a work+ hypo!sis1 purport+ to %[ n :at happ5s b :at %all happ54 ,9 ! ,classical _w1 on ! o!r h&--to say no?+ ( ,india--m5 manag$ f day to day1 9 spite ( ! example ( ,egypt2 ! e>? 0 robb$ n only ( its weal? b ( its capacities1 & ! casual surpluses 7 in/antly squ&]$ on ! city mob4 ,consid] critically any great /atesman ( ! ,classical-- ,p]icles & ,cs>1 ,alex&] & ,scipio1 & ev5 revolution>ies l ,cleon & ,tib]ius ,grac*us4 ,n "o ( !m1 economically1 look$ f> ahead4 ,no city ev] made x its bus9ess to dra9 or to af=e/ a di/rict1 or to introduce advanc$ cultivation me?ods or new k9ds ( live /ock or new plants4 ,to atta* a ,we/]n mean+ to ! 8agr>ian re=m0 ( ! ,grac*i is to misund]/& its purport entirely4 ,_! aim 0 to make _! support]s possessors ( l&4 ,( educat+ ^! into manag]s ( l&1 or ( rais+ ! /&>d ( ,italian husb&ry 9 g5]al1 !re 0 n ! remote/ idea--"o let ! future come1 "o did n attempt to "w ^u x4 ,( ?is economic ,/oicism ( ! ,classical _w ! exact anti!sis is ,socialism1 mean+ !reby n ,m>x's !ory b ,fr$]ick ,william ,i's ,prussian practice :i* long prec$$ ,m>x & w yet displace him--! socialism1 inw>dly ak9 to ! sy/em ( ,old ,egypt1 t compreh5ds & c>es = p]man5t economic relations1 tra9s ! individual 9 8 duty to ! :ole1 & glorifies h>d "w z an affirmation ( ,"t & ,future4 ,,vii ,! ord9>y ev]yday man 9 all ,cultures only obs]ves s mu* ( ! physiognomy ( becom+--8 own & t ( ! liv+ _w ar\nd him-- z is 9 ! =egr\nd & imm$iately tangible4 ,! sum ( 8 exp]i5ces1 inn] & out]1 fills ! c\rse ( 8 day m]ely z a s]ies ( facts4 ,only ! out/&+ 7b$eut5de7 man feels beh9d ! commonplace unities ( ! hi/ory-/irr$ surface a deep logic ( becom+4 ,?is logic1 manife/+ itself 9 ! idea ( ,de/9y1 leads him to reg>d ! less significant collocations ( ! day & ! surface z m]e incid5ts4 ,at fir/ sight1 h[ev]1 !re seems to be only a diff]5ce ( degree 9 ! connotations ( 8de/9y0 & 8incid5t40 ,"o feels t x is m or less ( an incid5t :5 ,goe! goes to ,ses5heim1 b de/9y :5 he goes to ,weim>2#aea "o reg>ds ! =m] z an episode & ! latt] z an epo*4 ,b we c see at once t ! di/9ction dep5ds on ! inw>d quality ( ! man :o is impress$4 ,to ! mass1 ! :ole life ( ,goe! may appe> z a sequ5ce ( anecdotal incid5ts1 :ile a v few w become consci\s1 ) a/oni%m5t1 ( a symbolic necessity inh]5t ev5 9 its mo/ trivial occurr5ces4 ,p]haps1 !n1 ! discov]y ( ! helioc5tric sy/em by ,ari/>*us 0 an unmean+ incid5t = ! ,classical ,culture1 b its suppos$#aeb r$iscov]y by ,cop]nicus a de/9y = ! ,fau/ian8 ,0 x a de/9y t ,lu!r 0 n a great organiz] & ,calv9 08 ,& if s1 = :om 0 x a de/9y--= ,prote/antism z a liv+ unit1 = ! ,g]mans1 or = ,we/]n mank9d g5]ally8 ,7 ,tib]ius ,grac*us & ,sulla incid5ts & ,cs> a de/9y8 ,que/ions l ^! f> transc5d ! doma9 ( ! und]/&+ t op]ates ?r\gh concepts 7d] begriffli*e ,v]/ndigung74 ,:at is de/9y1 :at incid5t1 ! spiritual exp]i5ces ( ! individual s\l--& ( ! ,culture-s\l--decide4 ,acquir$ k1 sci5tific insight1 def9ition1 are all p[]less4 ,nay m1 ! v attempt to grasp !m epi/emologically defeats its own object4 ,= )\t ! inw>d c]ta9ty t de/9y is some?+ entirely intractable to critical ?\ght1 we _c p]ceive ! _w ( becom+ at all4 ,cognition1 judgm5t1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( causal connexions )9 ! kn[n 7i4e41 betwe5 ?+s1 prop]ties1 & positions t h be5 di/+ui%$7 are "o & ! same1 & he :o approa*es hi/ory 9 ! _s ( judgm5t w only f9d 8data40 ,b t--be x ,provid5ce or ,fate--:i* moves 9 ! dep?s ( pres5t happ5+ or ( repres5t$ pa/ happ5+ is liv$1 & only liv$1 & liv$ ) t same ov]:elm+ & unspeakable c]ta9ty t g5u9e ,trag$y awak5s 9 ! uncritical spectator4 ,de/9y & incid5t =m an opposition 9 :i* ! s\l is ceaselessly try+ to clo! some?+ :i* consi/s only ( feel+ & liv+ & intuition1 & c only be made pla9 9 ! mo/ subjective religi\s & arti/ic creations ( ^? m5 :o are call$ to div9ation4 ,to evoke ?is root-feel+ ( liv+ exi/5ce :i* end[s ! picture ( hi/ory ) its mean+ & cont5t1 ,i "k ( no bett] way--= 8"n is m]e noise & smoke0--?an to quote aga9 ^? /anzas ( ,goe! :i* ,i h plac$ at ! head ( ?is book to m>k its fundam5tal int5tion4 8,9 ! ,endless1 self-repeat+ fl[s = ev]more ,! ,same4 ,myriad ar*es1 spr++1 meet+1 hold at re/ ! mighty frame4 ,/reams f all ?+s love ( liv+1 gr&e/ /> & humble/ clod4 ,all ! /ra9+1 all ! /riv+ is et]nal peace 9 ,god40#aec ,on ! surface ( hi/ory x is ! un=ese5 t reigns4 ,e individual ev5t1 decision & p]sonality is /amp$ ) its hall- m>k4 ,no "o =eknew ! /orm ( ,islam at ! com+ ( ,mohamm$1 nor =esaw ,napoleon 9 ! fall ( ,robespi]re4 ,! com+ ( great m51 _! do+s1 _! =tune1 are all incalculables4 ,no "o kn[s :e!r a developm5t t is sett+ 9 p[]fully w accompli% its c\rse 9 a /raight l9e l t ( ! ,roman patrician ord] or w g d[n 9 doom l t ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 or ! ,maya ,culture4 ,&-- sci5ce not)/&+--x is j ! same ) ! de/9ies ( e s+le species ( bea/ & plant )9 e>?-hi/ory & beyond ev5 ?is1 ) ! de/9y ( ! e>? itself & all ! sol> sy/ems & ,milky ,ways4 ,! insignificant ,augu/us made an epo*1 & ! great ,tib]ius pass$ away ineffective4 ,?us1 too1 ) ! =tunes ( arti/s1 artworks & art-=ms1 dogmas & cults1 !ories & discov]ies4 ,t1 9 ! :irl ( becom+1 "o elem5t m]ely succumb$ to de/9y :5 ano!r became 7& (t5 en\gh has cont9u$ & w cont9ue to be7 a de/9y itself--t "o vani%es ) ! wave-tra9 ( ! surface :ile ! o!r makes ?is1 is some?+ t is n to be expla9$ by any :y-&-:]e=e & yet is ( inw>d necessity4 ,& ?us ! phrase t ,augu/9e 9 a deep mom5t us$ ( ,"t is valid also ( de/9y--8if no "o que/ions me1 ,i "k3 if ,i w\ld expla9 to a que/ion]1 ,i "k n40 ,s1 also1 ! supreme e?ical expression ( ,incid5t & ,de/9y is f\nd 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ri/ian's idea ( ,grace--! grace1 obta9$ ?r\gh ! sacrificial dea? ( ,jesus1 ( be+ made free to w4#aed ,! pol>ity ( ,disposition 7orig9al s97 & ,grace--a pol>ity :i* mu/ ev] be a projection ( feel+1 ( ! emotional life1 & n a precision ( le>n$ reason+--embraces ! exi/5ce ( e truly significant man ( ?is ,culture4 ,x is1 ev5 = ,prote/ants1 ev5 = a!i/s1 hidd5 ?\gh x may be beh9d a sci5tific notion ( 8evolution0 7:i* 9 reality is its direct desc5dant#aee71 ! f\ndation ( e confession & e autobiography2 & x is j its abs5ce f ! con/itution ( ,classical man t makes confession1 by ^w or ?\ght1 impossible to him4 ,x is ! f9al mean+ ( ,rembr&t's self-portraits & ( music f ,ba* to ,bee?ov54 ,we may *oose to call t some?+ :i* correlates ! life-c\rses ( all ,we/]n m5 disposition1 ,provid5ce or 8inn] evolution0#aef b x rema9s inaccessible to ?\ght4 8,free w0 is an inw>d c]titude4 ,b :atev] "o may w or d1 t :i* actually ensues ^u & issues f ! resolution--abrupt1 surpris+1 un=eseeable--subs]ves a deep] necessity &1 = ! eye t sweeps ov] ! picture ( ! di/ant pa/1 visibly con=ms to a major ord]4 ,& :5 ! ,de/9y ( t :i* 0 will$ has be5 ,fulfilm5t we are fa9 to call ! inscrutable 8,grace40 ,:at did ,innoc5t ,,iii1 ,lu!r1 ,loyola1 ,calv91 ,jans51 ,r\sseau & ,m>x w1 & :at came ( ! ?+s t !y will$ 9 ! /ream ( ,we/]n hi/ory8 ,0 x ,grace or ,fate8 ,"h all rationali/ic dissection ends 9 nons5se4 ,! ,pr$e/9ation doctr9e ( ,calv9 & ,pascal--:o1 bo? ( !m m upright ?an ,lu!r & ,?omas ,aqu9as1 d>$ to draw ! causal conclusion f ,augu/9ian dialectic--is ! necess>y absurdity to :i* ! pursuit ( ^! secrets by ! reason leads4 ,!y lo/ ! de/9y-logic ( ! _w-becom+ & f\nd !mselves 9 ! causal logic ( notion & law2 !y left ! realm ( direct intuitive vision = t ( a me*anical sy/em ( objects4 ,! fe>ful s\l-conflicts ( ,pascal 7 ! /riv+s ( a man1 at once int5sely spiritual & a born ma!matician1 :o 0 det]m9$ to subject ! la/ & grave/ problems ( ! s\l bo? to ! intuitions ( a gr& in/9ctive fai? & to ! ab/ract precision ( a no less gr& ma!matical plan4 ,9 ?is wise ! ,de/9y-idea--9 ! language ( religion1 ,god's ,provid5ce--is br\ght )9 ! s*ematic =m ( ! ,causality ,pr9ciple1 i4e41 ! ,kantian =m ( m9d activity 7productive imag9ation72 = t is :at ,pr$e/9ation signifies1 not)/&+ t !reby ,grace--! causation-free1 liv+ ,grace :i* c only be exp]i5c$ z an inw>d c]ta9ty--is made to appe> z a nature-=ce t is b\nd by irrevocable law & to turn ! religi\s _w-picture into a rigid & gloomy sy/em ( ma*9]y4 ,& yet 0 x n a ,de/9y aga9--= ! _w z well z = !mselves-- t ! ,engli% ,puritans1 :o 7 fill$ ) ?is conviction1 7 ru9$ n ?r\gh any passive self-surr5d] b ?r\gh _! he>ty & vigor\s c]ta9ty t _! w 0 ! w ( ,god8 ----- ,footnote #adc3 ,! connotation ( 8c>e0 is almo/ ! same z t ( 8,sorge10 b ! ,g]man ^w includes also a c]ta9 specific1 ad hoc appreh5sion1 t 9 ,engli% is express$ by 8conc]n0 or 8fe>40-- ,tr4 ,footnote #add3 ,! ,l+ayats are "o ( ! *ief sects ( ! ,saivas 7t is1 ( ! bran* ( ,h9duism :i* devotes itself to ,%iva7 & ,paewati wor%ipp]s belong to ano!r bran*1 hav+ ! g5]ic "n ( ,saktas1 :o wor%ip ! 8active female pr9ciple0 9 ! p]sons ( ,%iva's consorts1 ( :om ,paewati is "o4 ,vai%navism--! ,vi%nu bran* ( ,indian religion--also conta9s an erotic elem5t 9 t =m :i* conceives ,vi%nu z ,kri%na4 ,b 9 ,kri%na wor%ip ! erotic is r less precise & m amor\s 9 "*4 ,see 8,imp]ial ,gazette] ( ,india10 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dba et seq41 & ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,edition1 article ,h9duism4--,tr4 ,footnote #ade3 ,briti% ,museum4--,tr4 ,footnote #adf3 ,dresd54--,tr4 ,footnote #adg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #adh3 ,9 connexion ) ?is v important l9k 9 ! ,au?or's argum5t1 att5tion may be drawn to a fam\s wall-pa9t+ ( v e>ly date 9 ! ,catacomb ( ,/4 ,priscilla4 ,9 ?is1 ,m>y is def9itely & unmi/akably ! ,/ill5de ,mutt]4 ,b %e is1 equally unmi/akably1 diff]5t 9 s\l & /yle f h] 8,e>ly-,*ri/ian-,byzant9e0 successor ! ,!otokos4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n t ! art ( ! catacombs1 at any rate 9 its beg9n+s1 is simply ! art ( contempor>y ,rome1 & t ?is 8,roman0 art _h its home 9 ,alex&ria4 ,see ,wo]mann's ,ges*i*te d] ,kun/1 ,,iii1 #ad-ae1 & ,briti% ,museum 8,guide to ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art10 #gb-gd1 #hf4 ,wo]mann speaks ( ?is ,madonna z ! prototype ( our grave1 t5d]ly- solicit\s ,"m-,madonnas4 ,dr4 ,sp5gl] w\ld probably pref] to reg>d h] z ! la/ ,isis4 ,9 any case x is significant t ! symbol disappe>s3 9 ! v same catacomb is a ,!otokos ( p]haps a c5tury lat] date4--,tr4 ,footnote #adi3 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #djc et seq4 ,footnote #aej3 ,see1 fur!r1 ! la/ two sections ( ,vol4 ,,ii 7,d] ,/aat & ,wirts*aftsleb574--,tr4 ,footnote #aea3 ,ses5heim is ! home ( ,fri$]ike1 & a /ud5t's holiday took him ?i!r3 ,weim>1 ( c\rse1 is ! c5tre f :i* all ! activity ( 8 long life 0 to radiate4--,tr4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,v]me9tli*4 ,! allusion is presumably to ! fact t ,cop]nicus1 adh]+ to ! hypo!sis ( circul> orbits1 0 oblig$ to reta9 "s elem5ts ( ,ptolemy's geoc5tric ma*9]y ( epicycles1 s t ,cop]nicus's sun 0 n plac$ at ! true c5tre ( any planet>y orbit4--,tr4 ,footnote #aec3 ,spr*e 9 ,reim54 ,footnote #aed3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bid et seq41 #cei et seq4 ,footnote #aee3 ,! pa? f ,calv9 to ,d>w9 is easily se5 9 ,engli% philosophy4 ,footnote #aef3 ,?is is "o ( ! et]nal po9ts ( dispute 9 ,we/]n art-!ory4 ,! ,classical1 ahi/orical1 ,euclidean s\l has no 8evolution02 ! ,we/]n1 on ! contr>y1 ext5ds itself 9 evolv+ l ! conv]g5t function t x is4 ,! "o is1 ! o!r becomes4 ,& ?us all ,classical trag$y assumes ! con/ancy ( ! p]sonality1 & all ,we/]n its v>iability1 :i* ess5tially con/itutes a 8"*0 9 our s5se1 viz41 a picture ( be+ t consi/s 9 cont9u\s qualitative movem5t & an endless weal? ( relation%ips4 ,9 ,sophocles ! gr& ge/ure ennobles ! suff]+1 9 ,%akespe>e ! gr& idea 7,ges9nung7 ennobles ! do+4 ,z our /hetic took its examples f bo? ,cultures1 x 0 b\nd to g wrong 9 ! v enunciation ( its problem4 ----- ,,viii ,we c proce$ to ! fur!r elucidation ( ! incid5tal 7or casual7 )\t runn+ ! risk ( consid]+ x z an exception or a brea* 9 ! causal cont9uity ( 8,nature10 = ,nature is n ! _w- picture 9 :i* ,de/9y is op]ative4 ,:]ev] ! sight emancipates itself f ! s5sible-become1 spiritualizes itself into ,vision1 p5etrates ?r\gh ! envelop+ _w & lets prime ph5om5a in/ead ( m]e objects "w ^u x1 we h ! gr& hi/orical1 trans- natural1 sup]-natural outlook1 ! outlook ( ,dante & ,wolfram & also ! outlook ( ,goe! 9 old age t is mo/ cle>ly manife/$ 9 ! f9ale ( ,fau/ ,,ii4 ,if we l+] 9 contemplation 9 ?is _w ( ,de/9y & ,incid5t1 x w v likely seem to u incid5tal t ! episode ( 8_w-hi/ory0 %\ld h play$ itself out 9 ?is or t phase ( "o p>ticul> /> among/ ! millions ( sol> sy/ems2 incid5tal t x %\ld be m51 peculi> animal-l creatures inhabit+ ! cru/ ( ?is />1 t pres5t ! spectacle ( 8k0 &1 moreov]1 pres5t x 9 j ?is =m or 9 j t =m1 accord+ to ! v diff]5t v]sions ( ,ari/otle1 ,kant & o!rs2 incid5tal t z ! c\nt]-pole ( ?is 8kn[+0 !re %\ld h aris5 j ^! codes ( 8natural law10 ea* suppos$ly et]nal & univ]sally-valid & ea* evok+ a suppos$ly g5]al & common picture ( 8,nature40 ,physics--q rightly--bani%es incid5tals f its field ( view1 b x is incid5tal1 aga91 t physics itself %\ld occur 9 ! alluvial p]iod ( ! e>?'s cru/1 uniquely1 z a p>ticul> k9d ( intellectual composition4 ,! _w ( incid5t is ! _w ( once-actual facts t long+ly or anxi\sly we live =w>d to 7entgeg5leb57 z ,future1 t raise or depress u z ! liv+ ,pres5t1 & t we contemplate ) joy or ) grief z ,pa/4 ,! _w ( causes & effects is ! _w ( ! con/antly-possible1 ( ! timeless tru?s :i* we "k by dissection & di/9ction4 ,! latt] only are sci5tifically atta9able--!y are inde$ id5tical ) sci5ce4 ,he :o is bl9d to ?is o!r1 to ! _w z ,div9a ,comm$ia or drama = a god1 c only f9d a s5seless turmoil ( incid5ts1#aeg & "h we use ! ^w 9 its mo/ trivial s5se4 ,s x has be5 ) ,kant & mo/ o!r sy/emati/s ( ?\ght4 ,b ! pr(essional & in>ti/ic sort ( hi/orical rese>* too1 ) its collect+ & arrang+ ( m]e data1 am\nts = all its +5uity to little m ?an ! giv+ ( a ca*et to ! banal-incid5tal4 ,only ! insight t c p5etrate into ! metaphysical is capable ( exp]i5c+ 9 data symbols ( t :i* happ5$1 & s ( elevat+ an ,incid5t into a ,de/9y4 ,& he :o is to himself a ,de/9y 7l ,napoleon7 does n ne$ ?is insight1 s9ce betwe5 himself z a fact & ! o!r facts !re is a h>mony ( metaphysical rhy?m :i* gives 8 decisions _! dreamlike c]ta9ty4#aeh ,x is ?is insight t con/itutes ! s+ul>ity & ! p[] ( ,%akespe>e4 ,hi!rto1 nei!r our rese>* nor our speculation has hit ^u ?is 9 him--t he is ! ,dramati/ ( ! ,incid5tal4 ,& yet ?is ,incid5tal is ! v he>t ( ,we/]n trag$y1 :i* is a true copy ( ! ,we/]n hi/ory idea & ) x gives ! clue to t :i* we und]/& 9 ! _w--s miscon/ru$ by ,kant--8,"t40 ,x is incid5tal t ! political situation ( 8,hamlet10 ! murd] ( ! ,k+ & ! succession "q imp+e ^u j t "* t ,hamlet is4 ,or1 take ,o!llo--x is incid5tal t ! man at :om ,iago1 ! commonplace rogue t "o c\ld pick up 9 any /reet1 aims 8 bl[ is "o ^: p]son possesses j ?is :olly special physiognomy4 ,& ,le>6 ,c\ld any?+ be m incid5tal 7& !re=e m 8natural07 ?an ! conjunction ( ?is comm&+ dignity ) ^! fateful passions & ! inh]itance ( !m by ! daught]s8 ,no "o has ev5 to-day realiz$ all ! significance ( ! fact t ,%akespe>e took 8 /ories z he f\nd !m & 9 ! v f9d+ ( !m fill$ !m ) ! =ce ( inw>d necessity1 & nev] m sublimely s ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,roman dramas4 ,= ! w to und]/& him has squ&]$ itself 9 desp]ate ef=ts to br+ 9 a moral causality1 a 8!re=e10 a connexion ( 8guilt0 & 8expiation40 ,b all ?is is nei!r correct nor incorrect--^! are words t belong to ! ,_w-z-,nature & imply t some?+ causal is be+ judg$--b sup]ficial1 %all[1 t is1 9 contra/ to ! poet's deep subjectiviz+ ( ! m]e fact-anecdote4 ,only "o :o feels ?is is able to admire ! gr& navet ( ! entrances ( ,le> & ,macbe?4 ,n[1 ,hebbel is ! exact opposite1 he de/roys ! dep? ( ! anecdote by a sy/em ( cause & effect4 ,! arbitr>y & ab/ract "* ( 8 plots1 :i* ev]yone feels in/9ctively1 comes f ! fact t ! causal s*eme ( 8 spiritual conflicts is 9 contradiction ) ! hi/orically-motiv$ _w-feel+ & ! q o!r logic prop] to t feel+4 ,^! p d n live1 !y prove some?+ by com+ on4 ,"o feels ! pres5ce ( a great und]/&+1 n t ( a deep life4 ,in/ead ( ! ,incid5t we get a ,problem4 ,fur!r1 ?is ,we/]n species ( ! ,incid5tal is entirely ali5 to ! ,classical _w-feel+ & !re=e to its drama4 ,antigone has no incid5tal "* to affect h] =tunes 9 any way4 ,:at happ5$ to dipus--unlike ! fate ( ,le>--might j z well h happ5$ to anyone else4 ,?is is ! ,classical 8,de/9y10 ! ,fatum :i* is common to all mank9d1 :i* affects ! 8body0 & 9 no wise dep5ds ^u incid5ts ( p]sonality4 ,! k9d ( hi/ory t is commonly writt5 mu/1 ev5 if x does n lose itself 9 compilation ( data1 come to a halt be=e ! sup]ficially incid5tal--t is ! 444 de/9y ( its au?ors1 :o1 spiritually1 rema9 m or less 9 ! ruck4 ,9 _! eyes nature & hi/ory m+le 9 a *eap unity1 & incid5t or accid5t1 8sa sacre maje/ le ,haz>d10 is = ! man ( ! ruck ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w to und]/&4 ,= him ! secret logic ( hi/ory #8:i* he does n feel' is replac$ by a causal t is only wait+ beh9d ! sc5e to come on & prove itself4 ,x is entirely appropriate t ! anecdotal =egr\nd ( hi/ory %\ld be ! ar5a ( all ! sci5tific causality-hunt]s & all ! noveli/s & sket*-writ]s ( ! common /amp4 ,h[ _m w>s h be5 begun :5 !y 7 because "s jeal\s c\rti] wi%$ to remove "s g5]al f ! proximity ( 8 wife6 ,h[ _m battles h be5 won & lo/ ?r\gh ridicul\s incid5ts6 ,only ?9k h[ ,roman hi/ory 0 writt5 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury & h[ ,*9ese hi/ory is writt5 ev5 to-day6 ,?9k ( ! ,dey smack+ ! ,consul ) 8 fly-flap#aei & o!r su* incid5ts t enliv5 ! hi/orical sc5e ) comic-op]a motives6 ,d n ! dea?s ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus & ( ,alex&] seem l exp$i5ts ( a nonpluss$ playwright2 ,hannibal a simple int]mezzo1 a surprise intrusion 9 ,classical hi/ory2 or ,napoleon's 8transit0 m or less ( a melodrama8 ,anyone :o looks = ! inn] =m ( hi/ory 9 any causal succession ( its visible detail-ev5ts mu/ always1 if he is hone/1 f9d a com$y ( burlesque inconsequ5ce1 & ,i c well imag9e t ! dance-sc5e ( ! drunk5 ,triumvirs 9 8,antony & ,cleopatra0 7almo/ ov]look$1 b "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful 9 t imm5sely deep "w7#afj grew up out ( ! contempt ( ! pr9ce ( hi/orical trag$y = ! pragmatic aspect ( hi/ory4 ,= ?is is ! aspect ( x t has always dom9at$ 8! _w10 & has enc\rag$ ambiti\s little m5 to int]f]e 9 x4 ,x 0 because _! eyes 7 set on ?is1 & its rationali/ic /ructure1 t ,r\sseau & ,m>x c\ld p]suade !mselves t !y c\ld alt] ! 8c\rse ( ! _w0 by a !ory4 ,& ev5 ! social or economic int]pretation ( political developm5ts1 to :i* pres5t-day hi/orical "w is try+ to rise z to a peak-ideal 7?\gh its biological ca/ con/antly leads u to suspect f\ndations ( ! causal k9d71 is /ill exce$+ly %all[ & trivial4 ,napoleon _h 9 8 grav] mom5ts a /rong feel+ = ! deep logic ( _w-becom+1 & 9 su* mom5ts c\ld div9e to :at ext5t he 01 & to :at ext5t he _h1 a de/9y4 8,i feel myself driv5 t[>ds an end t ,i d n "k4 ,z soon z ,i %all h rea*$ x1 z soon z ,i %all become unnecess>y1 an atom w suffice to %att] me4 ,till !n1 n all ! =ces ( mank9d c d any?+ aga9/ me10 he said at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,russian campaign4 ,"h1 c]ta9ly1 is n ! ?\ght ( a pragmati/4 ,9 ?is mom5t he div9$ h[ little ! logic ( ,de/9y ne$s p>ticul> in/ances1 bett] m5 or situations4 ,suppos+ t he himself1 z 8empirical p]son10 _h fall5 at ,m>5go--!n t :i* he signifi$ w\ld h be5 actualiz$ 9 "s o!r =m4 ,a melody1 9 ! h&s ( a great musician1 is capable ( a weal? ( v>iations2 x c be entirely trans=m$ s f> z ! simple li/5] is conc]n$ )\t alt]+ itself--:i* is q ano!r matt]--fundam5tally4 ,! epo* ( ,g]man national union accompli%$ itself ?r\gh ! p]son ( ,bism>ck1 t ( ! ,w>s ( ,fre$om ?r\gh broad & almo/ nameless ev5ts2 b ei!r !me1 to use ! language ( music1 c\ld h be5 8work$ out0 9 o!r ways4 ,bism>ck might h be5 dismiss$ e>ly1 ! battle ( ,leipzig might h be5 lo/1 & = ! gr\p ( w>s #ahfd--ahff--ahgj !re might h be5 sub/itut$ 7z 8modulations07 diplomatic1 dyna/ic1 revolution>y or economic facts--?\gh x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,we/]n hi/ory1 "u ! pressure ( its own physiognomic abundance 7z di/9ct f physiognomic /yle1 = ev5 ,indian hi/ory has t7 dem&s1 s to say1 contrapuntally /rong acc5ts--w>s or big p]sonalities--at ! decisive po9ts4 ,bism>ck himself po9ts out 9 8 rem9isc5ces t 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdh national unity c\ld h be5 a*iev$ on a broad] base ?an 9 #ahgj b = ! policy 7m accurately1 ! p]sonal ta/e7 ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia2#afa & yet1 aga91 accord+ to ,bism>ck1 ?is w\ld h be5 s tame a work+-out t a coda ( "o sort or ano!r 7da capo e poi la coda7 w\ld h be5 imp]atively necess>y4 ,)al1 ! ,!me--! mean+ ( ! epo*-- w\ld h be5 entirely unalt]$ by ! facts assum+ ?is or t %ape4 ,goe! might--possibly--h di$ "y1 b n 8 8idea40 ,fau/ & ,tasso w\ld n h be5 writt51 b !y w\ld h 8be50 9 a deeply my/]i\s s5se1 ev5 ?\gh !y lack$ ! poet's elucidation4 ,= if x is incid5tal t ! hi/ory ( high] mank9d fulfils itself 9 ! =m ( great ,cultures1 & t "o ( ^! ,cultures awoke 9 ,we/ ,europe ab\t ! ye> #ajjj2 yet f ! mom5t ( awak5+ x is b\nd by its *>t]4 ,)9 e epo* !re is unlimit$ abundance ( surpris+ & un=eseeable possibilities ( self-actualiz+ 9 detail-facts1 b ! epo* itself is necess>y1 = ! life-unity is 9 x4 ,t its inn] =m is precisely :at x is1 con/itutes its specific det]m9ation 7,be/immung74 ,fre% incid5tals c affect ! %ape ( its developm5t1 c make ?is gr&iose or puny1 prosp]\s or sorr[ful1 b alt] x !y _c4 ,an irrevocable fact is n m]ely a special case b a special type2 ?us 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,univ]se we h ! type ( ! 8sol> sy/em0 ( sun & circl+ planets2 9 ! hi/ory ( our planet we h ! type 8life0 ) its y\?1 age1 duration & reproduction2 9 ! hi/ory ( 8life0 ! type 8humanity10 & 9 ! _w-hi/orical /age ( t humanity ! type ( ! great individual ,culture4#afb ,& ^! ,cultures are ess5tially relat$ to ! plants1 9 t !y are b\nd = ! :ole duration ( _! life to ! soil f :i* !y sprang4 ,typical1 la/ly1 is ! mann] 9 :i* ! m5 ( a ,culture und]/& & exp]i5ce ,de/9y1 h[ev] diff]5tly ! picture may be col\r$ = ?is individual & t2 :at ,i say "h ab\t x is n 8true10 b inw>dly necess>y = ?is ,culture & ?is "t-phase ( x1 & if x conv9ces y1 x is n because !re is only "o 8tru?0 b because y & ,i belong to ! same epo*4 ,= ?is reason1 ! ,euclidean s\l ( ! ,classical ,culture c\ld only exp]i5ce its exi/5ce1 b\nd z ?is 0 to pres5t =egr\nds1 9 ! =m ( incid5ts ( ! ,classical /yle4 ,if 9 respect ( ! ,we/]n s\l we c reg>d incid5t z a m9or ord] ( ,de/9y1 9 respect ( ! ,classical s\l x is j ! rev]se4 ,de/9y is incid5t become imm5se--t is ! v signification ( ,ananke1 ,heim>m5e1 ,fatum4 ,z ! ,classical s\l did n g5u9ely live ?r\gh hi/ory1 x possess$ no g5u9e feel+ = a logic ( ,de/9y4 ,we mu/ n be misl$ by words4 ,! mo/ popul> goddess ( ,hell5ism 0 ,ty*e1 :om ! ,greeks 7 practically unable to di/+ui% f ,ananke4 ,b ,incid5t & ,de/9y are felt by u ) all ! int5sity ( an opposition1 & on ! issue ( ?is opposition we feel t ev]y?+ fundam5tal 9 our exi/5ce dep5ds4 ,our hi/ory is t ( great connexions1 ,classical hi/ory--its full actuality1 t is1 & n m]ely ! image ( x t we get 9 ! hi/orian 7e4g41 ,h]odotus7--is t ( anecdotes1 ( a s]ies ( pla/ic details4 ,! /yle ( ! ,classical life g5]ally1 ! /yle ( e individual life )9 x1 is anecdotal1 us+ ! ^w ) all s]i\sness4 ,! s5se-p]ceivable side ( ev5ts cond5ses on anti-hi/orical1 daemonic1 absurd incid5ts2 x is ! d5ial & disav[al ( all logic ( happ5+4 ,! /ories ( ! ,classical ma/]-trag$ies "o & all exhau/ !mselves 9 incid5ts t mock at any mean+ ( ! _w2 !y are ! exact d5otation ( :at is connot$ by ! ^w #afc 9 contra/ to ! ,%akesp]ian logic ( incid5t4 ,consid] dipus once m3 t :i* happ5$ to him 0 :olly extr9sic1 0 nei!r br\ght ab\t nor condition$ by any?+ subjective to himself1 & c\ld j z well h happ5$ to anyone else4 ,?is is ! v =m ( ! ,classical my?4 ,comp>e ) x ! necessity--inh]5t 9 & gov]n$ by ! man's :ole exi/5ce & ! relation ( t exi/5ce to ,"t--t resides 9 ! de/9y ( ,o!llo1 ( ,don ,quixote1 ( ,w]!r4 ,x is1 z we h said be=e1 ! diff]5ce ( situation-trag$y & "*-trag$y4 ,& ?is opposition repeats itself 9 hi/ory prop]--e epo* ( ! ,we/ has "*1 :ile ea* epo* ( ! ,classical only pres5ts a situation4 ,:ile ! life ( ,goe! 0 "o ( fate-fill$ logic1 t ( ,cs> 0 "o ( my?ical indid5talness1 & x 0 left to ,%akespe>e to introduce logic into x4 ,napoleon is a tragic "*1 ,alcibiades fell into tragic situations4 ,a/rology1 9 ! =m 9 :i* f ,go?ic to ,b>oque ! ,we/]n s\l knew x--0 dom9at$ by x ev5 9 d5y+ x--0 ! attempt to ma/] "o's :ole future life-c\rse2 ! ,fau/ian horoscope1 ( :i* ! be/-kn[n example is p]haps t drawn out = ,wall5/e9 by ,kepl]1 presupposes a /eady & purposeful direction 9 ! exi/5ce t has yet to be accompli%$4 ,b ! ,classical oracle1 always consult$ = ! individual case1 is ! g5u9e symbol ( ! mean+less incid5t & ! mom5t2 x accepts ! po9t-=m$ & ! discont9u\s z ! elem5ts ( ! _w's c\rse1 & oracle-utt]ances 7 !re=e entirely 9 place 9 t :i* 0 writt5 & exp]i5c$ z hi/ory at ,a!ns4 ,0 !re "o s+le ,greek :o possess$ ! notion ( a hi/orical evolution t[>ds ?is or t or any aim8 ,& we--%\ld we h be5 able to reflect ^u hi/ory or to make x if we _h n possess$ x8 ,if we comp>e ! de/9ies ( ,a!ns & ( ,france at correspond+ times aft] ,!mi/ocles & ,l\is ,,xiv1 we _c b feel t ! /yle ( ! hi/orical feel+ & ! /yle ( its actualization are always "o4 ,9 ,france logic outrance1 9 ,a!ns un-logic4 ,! ultimate mean+ ( ?is significant fact c n[ be und]/ood4 ,hi/ory is ! actualiz+ ( a s\l1 & ! same /yle gov]ns ! hi/ory "o makes z gov]ns ! hi/ory "o contemplates4 ,! ,classical ma!matic excludes ! symbol ( inf9ite space1 & !re=e ! ,classical hi/ory does s too4 ,x is n = no?+ t ! sc5e ( ,classical exi/5ce is ! smalle/ ( any1 ! individual ,polis1 t x lacks horizon & p]spective--not)/&+ ! episode ( ,alex&]'s exp$ition#afd--;j z ! ,attic /age cuts !m (f ) its flat back-wall1 9 obvi\s contra/ to ! long-range efficacy ( ,we/]n ,cab9et diplomacy & ! ,we/]n capital city4 ,& j z ! ,greeks & ! ,romans nei!r knew nor 7) _! fundam5tal abhorr5ce ( ! ,*aldean a/ronomy7 w\ld admit z actual any cosmos b t ( ! =egr\nd2 j z at bottom _! deities are h\se- gods1 city-gods1 field-gods b nev] />-gods1#afe s also :at !y depict$ 0 only =egr\nds4 ,nev] 9 ,cor9? or ,a!ns or ,sicyon d we f9d a l&scape ) m\nta9 horizon & driv+ cl\ds & di/ant t[ns2 e vase-pa9t+ has ! same con/itu5ts1 figures ( ,euclidean sep>at5ess & arti/ic self-suffici5cy4 ,e p$im5t or frieze gr\p is s]ially & n contrapuntally built up4 ,b !n1 life-exp]i5ce itself 0 "o /rictly ( =egr\nds4 ,de/9y 0 n ! 8c\rse ( life0 b some?+ ^u :i* "o sudd5ly /umbles4 ,& ?is is h[ ,a!ns produc$1 ) ,polygnotus's fresco & ,plato's geometry1 a fate-trag$y 9 :i* fate is precisely ! fate t we discr$it 9 ,s*ill]'s 8,bride ( ,mess9a40 ,! complete unmean+ ( bl9d doom t is embodi$1 = in/ance1 9 ! curse ( ! ,h\se ( ,atreus1 s]v$ to reveal to ! ahi/orical ,classical s\l ! full mean+ ( its own _w4 ----- ,footnote #aeg3 8,! old] "o becomes1 ! m "o is p]suad$ t ,8 ,sacr$ ,maje/y ,*ance does ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! "w ( ?is mis]able ,univ]se40 7,fr$]ick ! ,great to ,voltaire47 ,s1 necess>ily1 mu/ ! g5u9e rationali/ conceive x4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bj et seq4 ,footnote #aei3 ,! incid5t :i* is said to h precipitat$ ! ,fr5* w> on ,algi]s 7#ahbg74--,tr4 ,footnote #afj3 ,act4 ,,ii1 ,sc5e ,,vii4--,tr4 ,footnote #afa3 ,9 ! g5]al upheaval ( #ahdh a ,g]man national p>liam5t 0 assembl$ at ,frankfurt1 ( a /rongly democratic col\r1 & x *ose ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv ( ,prussia z h]$it>y emp]or4 ,fr$]ick ,william1 h[ev]1 refus$ to 8pick up a cr[n out ( ! gutt]40 ,= ! hi/ory ( ?is mom5t\s episode1 ! ,engli% read] may be ref]r$ to ! ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory or to ! article ,g]many 7,hi/ory7 9 ! ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,edition4--,tr4 ,footnote #afb3 ,x is ! fact t a :ole gr\p ( ^! ,cultures is available = our /udy t makes possible ! 8comp>ative0 me?od us$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #db et seq4 ,footnote #afc3 ,d]iv$ f 1 to receive z "o's portion1 to h allott$ to "o1 or1 colloquially1 to 8come 9 =0 or 8/ep into40--,tr4 ,footnote #afd3 ,! exp$ition ( ! ,t5 ,?\s& into ,p]sia is no exception4 ,! ,t5 ,?\s& inde$ =m$ an ambulatory ,polis1 & its adv5tures are truly ,classical4 ,x 0 confront$ ) a s]ies ( 8situations40-- ,tr4 ,footnote #afe3 ,helios is only a poetical figure2 he _h nei!r temples nor cult4 ,ev5 less 0 ,sel5e a moon-goddess4 ----- ,,ix ,we may n[ po9t our moral ) a few examples1 :i*1 ?\gh haz>d\s1 ought n at ?is /age to be op5 to misund]/&+4 ,imag9e ,columbus support$ by ,france in/ead ( by ,spa91 z 0 9 fact highly probable at "o "t4 ,_h ,francis ,i be5 ! ma/] ( ,am]ica1 )\t d\bt he & n ! ,spani>d ,*>les ,v w\ld h obta9$ ! imp]ial cr[n4 ,! e>ly ,b>oque p]iod f ! ,sack ( ,rome to ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia1 :i* 0 actually ! ,spani% c5tury 9 religion1 intellect1 art1 politics & mann]s1 w\ld h be5 %ap$ f ,p>is & n f ,madrid4 ,in/ead ( ! names ( ,philip1 ,alva1 ,c]vantes1 ,cald]on1 ,velasquez we %\ld be talk+ to-day ( great ,fr5*m5 :o 9 fact--if we may ?us r\ndly express a v difficult idea--rema9$ unborn4 ,! /yle ( ! ,*ur* :i* 0 def9itively fix$ 9 ?is epo* by ! ,spani>d ,loyola & ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t :i* he spiritually dom9at$2 ! /yle ( politics to :i* ! w>-te*nique ( ,spani% capta9s1 ! diplomacy ( ,spani% c>d9als & ! c\rtly _s ( ! ,escorial gave a /amp t la/$ till ! ,congress ( ,vi5na & 9 ess5tial po9ts till beyond ,bism>ck2 ! ar*itecture ( ! ,b>oque2 ! great age ( ,pa9t+2 c]emonial & ! polite society ( ! great cities--all ^! w\ld h be5 repres5t$ by o!r pr(\nd heads1 noble & cl]ical1 by w>s o!r ?an ,philip ,,ii's w>s1 by ano!r ar*itect ?an ,vignola1 by ano!r ,c\rt4 ,! ,incid5tal *ose ! ,spani% ge/ure = ! late p]iod ( ! ,we/4 ,b ! inw>d logic ( t age1 :i* 0 b\nd to f9d its fulfilm5t 9 ! great ,revolution 7or "s ev5t ( ! same connotation71 rema9$ intact4 ,?is ,fr5* revolution might h be5 repres5t$ by "s o!r ev5t ( diff]5t =m & occurr+ else:]e1 say 9 ,engl& or ,g]many4 ,b its 8idea10--:i* 7z we %all see lat]7 0 ! transition f ,culture to ,civilization1 ! victory ( ! inorganic megalopolis ov] ! organic c\ntryside :i* 0 h5ce=w>d to become spiritually 8! prov9ces10--0 necess>y1 & ! mom5t ( its occurr5ce 0 also necess>y4 ,to describe su* a mom5t we %all use ! t]m 7long blurr$1 or misus$ z a synonym = p]iod7 epo*4 ,:5 we say an ev5t is epo*-mak+ we mean t x m>ks 9 ! c\rse ( a ,culture a necess>y & fateful turn+-po9t4 ,! m]ely incid5tal ev5t1 a cry/allization-=m ( ! hi/orical surface1 may be repres5t$ by o!r appropriate incid5ts1 b ! epo* is necess>y & pr$et]m9ate4 ,& x is evid5t t ! "q ( :e!r1 9 respect ( a p>ticul> ,culture & its c\rse1 an ev5t ranks z an epo* or z an episode is connect$ ) its ideas ( ,de/9y & ,incid5ts1 & !re=e also ) its idea ( ! ,tragic z 8epo*al0 7z 9 ! ,we/7 or z 8episodic0 7z 9 ! ,classical _w74 ,we c1 fur!r1 di/+ui% betwe5 imp]sonal or anonym\s & p]sonal epo*s1 accord+ to _! physiognomic type 9 ! picture ( hi/ory4 ,among/ 8incid5ts0 ( ! fir/ rank we include ^? great p]sons :o are end[$ ) su* =mative =ce t ! de/9y ( ?\s&s1 ( :ole peoples1 & ( ages1 are incorporat$ 9 _! private de/9ies2 b at ! same "t we c di/+ui% ! adv5tur] or successful man :o is de/itute ( inw>d greatness 7l ,danton or ,robespi]re7 f ! ,h]o ( hi/ory by ! fact t 8 p]sonal de/9y displays only ! traits ( ! common de/9y4 ,c]ta9 names may r+1 b 8! ,jacob9s0 collectively & n individuals among/ !m 7 ! type t dom9at$ ! "t4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is epo* ( ! ,revolution is !re=e ?or\ghly anonym\s1 j z ! second or ,napoleonic is 9 ! highe/ degree p]sonal4 ,9 a few ye>s ! imm5se =ce ( ^! ph5om5a accompli%$ :at ! correspond+ epo* ( ! ,classical 7c4 #chf-cbb71 fluid & unsure ( itself1 requir$ decades ( und]m9+-"w to a*ieve4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( all ,culture t at ! outset ( ea* /age ! same pot5tiality is pres5t1 & t necessity fulfils itself !reaft] ei!r 9 ! =m ( a great individual p]son 7,alex&]1 ,diocletian1 ,mohamm$1 ,lu!r1 ,napoleon7 or 9 t ( an almo/ anonym\s happ5+ ( p[]ful inw>d con/itution 7,peloponnesian ,w>1 ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 ,spani% ,succession ,w>7 or else 9 a feeble & indi/9ct evolution 7p]iods ( ! ,diado*i & ( ! ,hyksos1 ! ,int]regnum 9 ,g]many74 ,& ! "q :i* ( ^! =ms is ! m likely to occur 9 any giv5 in/ance1 is "o t is influ5c$ 9 advance by ! hi/orical & !re=e also ! tragic /yle ( ! ,culture conc]n$4#aff ,! tragic 9 ,napoleon's life--:i* /ill awaits discov]y by a poet great en\gh to compreh5d x & %ape x--0 t he1 :o rose into effective be+ by fight+ ,briti% policy & ! ,briti% _s :i* t policy s em95tly repres5t$1 complet$ by t v fight+ ! cont95tal victory ( ?is _s1 :i* !reupon became /rong en\gh1 9 ! guise ( 8lib]at$ nations0 to ov]p[] him & to s5d him to ,/4 ,hel5a to die4 ,x 0 n ,napoleon :o orig9at$ ! expansion pr9ciple4 ,t _h aris5 out ( ! ,puritanism ( ,cromwell's milieu :i* call$ into life ! ,briti% ,colonial ,empire4#afg ,transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,engli%-s*ool$ intellects ( ,r\sseau & ,mirabeau to ! ,revolution>y armies1 ( :i* ,engli% philosophical ideas 7 ess5tially ! driv+ =ce1 x became _! t5d5cy ev5 f t day ( ,valmy :i* ,goe! alone read aright4 ,x 0 n ,napoleon :o =m$ ! idea1 b ! idea t =m$ ,napoleon1 & :5 he came to ! ?rone he 0 oblig$ to pursue x fur!r aga9/ ! only p[]1 ,engl& namely1 ^: purpose 0 ! same z 8 own4 ,8 ,empire 0 a creation ( ,fr5* blood b ( ,engli% /yle4 ,x 0 9 ,london1 aga91 t ,locke1 ,%aftesbury1 ,samuel ,cl>ke &1 above all1 ,b5?am built up ! !ory ( 8,european ,civilization0--! ,we/]n ,hell5ism--:i* ,bayle1 ,voltaire & ,r\sseau c>ri$ to ,p>is4 ,?us x 0 9 ! "n ( ?is ,engl& ( ,p>liam5t>ianism1 bus9ess morality & j\rnalism t ,valmy1 ,m>5go1 ,j5a1 ,smol5sk & ,leipzig 7 f\ght1 & 9 all ^! battles x 0 ! ,engli% _s t defeat$ ! ,fr5* ,culture ( ! ,we/4#afh ,! ,fir/ ,consul _h no int5tion ( incorporat+ ,we/ ,europe 9 ,france2 8 prim>y object 0--note ! ,alex&]-idea on ! ?re%old ( e ,civilization6--to replace ! ,briti% ,colonial ,empire by a ,fr5* "o4 ,!reby1 ,fr5* prepond]ance 9 ! ,we/]n culture-region w\ld h be5 plac$ on a practically unassailable f\ndation2 x w\ld h be5 ! ,empire ( ,*>les ,v on :i* ! sun nev] set1 b manag$ f ,p>is aft] all1 9 spite ( ,columbus & ,philip1 & organiz$ z an economic-milit>y in/ead ( z an ecclesia/ical-*ivalric unit4 ,s f>-rea*+1 probably1 0 ! de/9y t 0 9 ,napoleon4 ,b ! ,peace ( ,p>is 9 #agfc _h already decid$ ! "q aga9/ ,france1 & ,napoleon's great plans "t & aga9 came to grief 9 petty incid5ts4 ,at ,acre a few guns 7 l&$ 9 ! nick ( "t f ! ,briti% w>%ips3 !re 0 a mom5t1 aga91 j be=e ! signature ( ! ,peace ( ,ami5s1 :5 ! :ole ,mississippi bas9 0 /ill among/ 8 assets & he 0 9 close t\* ) ! ,m>a?a p[]s t 7 resi/+ ,briti% progress 9 ,india2 b aga9 a m9or naval incid5t#afi oblig$ him to ab&on ! :ole ( a c>efully-prep>$ ent]prise3 &1 la/ly1 :5 by ! occupation ( ,dalmatia1 ,corfu & all ,italy he _h made ! ,adriatic a ,fr5* lake1 ) a view to ano!r exp$ition to ! ,ea/1 & 0 negotiat+ ) ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia = action aga9/ ,india1 he 0 defeat$ by ! :ims ( ! ,ts> ,alex&]1 :o at times 0 und\bt$ly will+ to support a m>* on ,india & ^: aid w\ld infallibly h secur$ its success4 ,x 0 only aft] ! failure ( all extra-,european comb9ations t he *ose1 z 8 ultima ratio 9 ! battle aga9/ ,engl&1 ! incorporation ( ,g]many & ,spa91 & s1 rais+ aga9/ himself 8 own ,engli%- ,revolution>y ideas1 ! v ideas ( :i* he _h be5 ! vehicle1#agj he took ! /ep t made him 8no long] necess>y40 ,at "o "t x falls to ! ,spani% _s to outl9e1 at ano!r to ! ,briti% or ! ,fr5* to rem\ld1 ! _w-embrac+ colonial sy/em4 ,a 8,unit$ ,/ates ( ,europe10 actualiz$ ?r\gh ,napoleon z f\nd] ( a romantic & popul> milit>y mon>*y1 is ! analogue ( ! ,realm ( ! ,diado*i2 actualiz$ z a #ba/-,c5tury economic organism by a matt]-(-fact ,cs>1 x is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! imp]ium ,romanum4 ,^! are incid5tals1 b !y are 9 ! picture ( hi/ory4 ,b ,napoleon's victories & defeats 7:i* always hide a victory ( ,engl& & ,civilization ov] ,culture71 8 ,imp]ial dignity1 8 fall1 ! ,gr&e ,nation1 ! episodic lib]ation ( ,italy 79 #agif1 z 9 #ahei1 ess5tially no m ?an a *ange ( political co/ume = a p long s9ce become insignificant71 ! de/ruction ( ! ,go?ic ru9 ( ! ,roman-,g]man ,empire1 are m]e surface ph5om5a1 beh9d :i* is m>*+ ! great logic ( g5u9e & invisible ,hi/ory1 & x 0 9 ! s5se ( ?is logic t ! ,we/1 hav+ fulfill$ its ,fr5*- =m$ ,culture 9 ! anci5 rgime1 clos$ x (f ) ! ,engli% ,civilization4 ,z symbols ( 8contempor>y0 epo*al mom5ts1 !n1 ! /orm+ ( ! ,ba/ille1 ,valmy1 ,au/]litz1 ,wat]loo & ! rise ( ,prussia correspond to ! ,classical-hi/ory facts ( ,*ronea1 ,gaugamela 7,arbela71 ,alex&]'s ,indian exp$ition & ! ,roman victory ( ,s5t9um4#aga ,& we beg9 to und]/& t 9 w>s & political cata/rophies--! *ief mat]ial ( our hi/orical writ+s--victory is n ! ess5ce ( ! fight nor peace ! aim ( a revolution4 ----- ,footnote #aff3 ,! orig9al is some:at obscure4 ,x reads3 ,wel*e ,=m die ,wahrs*e9li*keit fr si* hat1 i/ b]eits e9e ,frage des hi/oris*5--und also des tragis*5--,/ils4--,tr4 ,footnote #afg3 ,! words ( ,cann+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury may be recall$4 8,s\? ,am]ica free6 & if possible ,engli%60 ,! expansion idea has nev] be5 express$ 9 great] purity ?an ?is4 ,footnote #afh3 ,! ,we/]n ,culture ( maturity 0 ?r\gh-&-?r\gh a ,fr5* outgr[? ( ! ,spani%1 beg9n+ ) ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,b ev5 by ,l\is ,,xvi's "t ! ,engli% p>k _h defeat$ ! ,fr5*1 s5sibility _h ou/$ wit1 ,london co/ume & mann]s _h ov]come ,v]sailles1 & ,hog>?1 ,*ipp5dale & ,w$gwood _h prevail$ ov] ,watteau1 ,b\lle & ,svres4 ,footnote #afi3 ,! allusion is to ! voyage ( ,l9ois's small squadron to ,pondi*ry 9 #ahjc1 its confrontation by ano!r small ,briti% squadron !re1 & ! c\nt]-ord] :i* l$ ,l9ois to retire to ,mauritius4--,tr4 ,footnote #agj3 ,h>d5b]g's reorganization ( ,prussia 0 ?or\ghly ,engli% 9 _s1 & z su* incurr$ ! sev]e c5sure ( ! old ,prussian ,von d] ,m>witz4 ,s*>nhor/'s army re=ms too1 z a breakaway f ! pr(essional army sy/em ( ! eighte5?-c5tury cab9et-w>s1 are a sort ( 8return to nature0 9 ! ,r\sseau-,revolution>y s5se4 ,footnote #aga3 ,:]e 9 #bie ,b4,c4 ! ,romans decisively defeat$ ! la/ great ,samnite ef=t to resi/ _! hegemony ov] ,italy4--,tr4 ----- ,x ,anyone :o has absorb$ ^! ideas w h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ ! causality pr9ciple is b\nd to h a fatal effect ^u ! capacity = g5u9ely exp]i5c+ ,hi/ory :51 at la/1 x atta9s its rigid =m 9 t 8late0 condition ( a ,culture to :i* x is prop] & 9 :i* x is able to tyrannize ov] ! _w- picture4 ,kant1 v wisely1 e/abli%$ causality z a necess>y =m ( k1 & x _c be too (t5 emphasiz$ t ?is 0 meant to ref] exclusively to ! und]/&+ ( man's environm5t by ! way ( reason4 ,b :ile ! ^w 8necess>y0 0 accept$ readily en\gh1 x has be5 ov]look$ t ?is limitation ( ! pr9ciple to a s+le doma9 ( k is j :at =bids its application to ! contemplation & exp]i5c+ ( liv+ hi/ory4 ,man-kn[+ & ,nature-kn[+ are 9 ess5ce entirely incapable ( be+ comp>$1 b nev]!less ! :ole ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 0 at great pa9s to aboli% ! fronti] betwe5 ,nature & ,hi/ory 9 fav\r ( ! =m]4 ,! m hi/orically m5 tri$ to ?9k1 ! m !y =got t 9 ?is doma9 !y ought n to ?9k4 ,9 =c+ ! rigid s*eme ( a spatial & anti-temporal relation ( cause & effect ^u some?+ alive1 !y disfigur$ ! visible face ( becom+ ) ! con/ruction-l9es ( a physical nature-picture1 &1 habituat$ to _! own late1 megalopolitan & causally-?9k+ milieu1 !y 7 unconsci\s ( ! fundam5tal absurdity ( a sci5ce t s\ght to und]/& an organic becom+ by me?odically misund]/&+ x z ! ma*9]y ( ! ?+-become4 ,day is n ! cause ( night1 nor y\? ( age1 nor blossom ( fruit4 ,ev]y?+ t we grasp intellectually has a cause1 ev]y?+ t we live organically ) inw>d c]titude has a pa/4 ,! "o recognizes ! case1 t :i* is g5]ally possible & has a fix$ inn] =m :i* is ! same :5ev] & :]ev] & h[ev] (t5 x occurs1 ! o!r recognizes ! ev5t :i* once 0 & w nev] recur4 ,&1 accord+ z we grasp some?+ 9 our envelope-_w critically & consci\sly or physiognomically & involunt>ily1 we draw our conclusion f te*nical or f liv+ exp]i5ce1 & we relate x to a timeless cause 9 space or to a direction :i* leads f ye/]day to to-day & to-morr[4 ,b ! _s ( our great cities refuses to be involunt>y4 ,surr\nd$ by a ma*9e-te*nique t x has itself creat$ 9 surpris+ ,nature's mo/ dang]\s secret1 ! 8law10 x seeks to conqu] hi/ory also te*nically1 8!oretically & practically40 8,usefulness10 suitabl5ess to purpose 7,zweckmssigkeit71 is ! great ^w :i* assimilates ! "o to ! o!r4 ,a mat]iali/ conception ( hi/ory1 rul$ by laws ( causal ,nature1 leads to ! sett+ up ( usefulness-ideals su* z 8enlight5m5t10 8humanity10 8_w-peace10 z aims ( _w-hi/ory1 to be rea*$ by ! 8m>* ( progress40 ,b 9 ^! s*emes ( old age ! feel+ ( ,de/9y has di$1 & ) x ! "y reckless c\rage t1 self-=getful & big ) a future1 presses on to meet a d>k decision4 ,= only y\? has a future1 & is ,future1 t enigmatic synonym ( directional ,"t & ( ,de/9y4 ,de/9y is always "y4 ,he :o replaces x by a m]e *a9 ( causes & effects1 sees ev5 9 ! n- yet-actualiz$ some?+1 z x 71 old & pa/--direction is want+4 ,b he :o lives t[>ds a some?+ 9 ! sup]abundant fl[ ( ?+s ne$ n conc]n himself ) aims & abilities1 = he feels t he himself is ! mean+ ( :at is to happ54 ,?is 0 ! fai? 9 ! ,/> t nev] left ,cs> nor ,napoleon nor ! great do]s ( ano!r k9d2 & ?is x is t lies deepe/ ( all--y\?ful melan*oly not)/&+--9 e *ildhood & 9 e "y clan1 p1 ,culture1 t ext5ds =w>d ov] all _! hi/ory = m5 ( act & ( vision1 :o are "y h[ev] :ite _! hair1 y\ng] ev5 ?an ! mo/ juv5ile ( ^? :o look to a timeless utilit>ianism4 ,! feel+ ( a significance 9 ! mom5t>ily pres5t _w-ar\nd discloses itself 9 ! e>lie/ days ( *ildhood1 :5 x is /ill only ! p]sons & ?+s ( ! ne>e/ environm5t t ess5tially exi/1 & develops ?r\gh sil5t & unconsci\s exp]i5ce into a compreh5sive picture4 ,?is picture con/itutes ! g5]al expression ( ! :ole ,culture z x is at ! p>ticul> /age1 & x is only ! f9e judge ( life & ! deep se>*] ( hi/ory :o c int]pret x4 ,at ?is po9t a di/9ction pres5ts itself betwe5 ! imm$iate impression ( ! pres5t & ! image ( ! pa/ t is only pres5t$ 9 ! _s1 9 o!r words betwe5 ! _w z happ5+ & ! _w z hi/ory4 ,! eye ( ! man ( action 7/atesman & g5]al7 appreciates ! fir/1 t ( ! man ( contemplation 7hi/orian & poet7 ! second4 ,into ! fir/ "o plunges practically to d or to suff]2 *ronology1#agb t great symbol ( irrevocable pa/1 claims ! second4 ,we look backw>ds1 & we live =w>d t[>ds ! un=ese51 b ev5 9 *ildhood our te*nical exp]i5ce soon introduces into ! image ( ! s+ul> occurr5ce elem5ts ( ! =eseeable1 t is1 an image ( regulat$ ,nature :i* is subject n to physiognomic fact b to calculation4 ,we appreh5d a 8head ( game0 z a liv+ entity & imm$iately aft]w>ds z food2 we see a fla% ( lightn+ z a p]il & !n z an electrical dis*>ge4 ,& ?is second1 lat]1 petrify+ projection ( ! _w m & m t5ds to ov]p[] ! fir/ 9 ! ,megalopolis2 ! image ( ! pa/ is me*aniz$ & mat]ializ$ & f x is d$uc$ a set ( causal rules = pres5t & future4 ,we come to believe 9 hi/orical laws & 9 a rational und]/&+ ( !m4 ,nev]!less sci5ce is always natural sci5ce4 ,causal k & te*nical exp]i5ce ref] only to ! become1 ! ext5d$1 ! compreh5d$4 ,z life is to hi/ory1 s is k 7,wiss57 to ,nature1 viz41 to ! s5sible _w appreh5d$ z an elem5t1 treat$ z 9 space & subject$ to ! law ( cause & effect4 ,is !re1 !n1 a sci5ce ( ,hi/ory at all8 ,to answ] ?is "q1 let u rememb] t 9 e p]sonal _w-picture1 :i* only approximates m or less to ! ideal picture1 !re is bo? some?+ ( ,nature & some?+ ( ,hi/ory4 ,no ,nature is )\t liv+1 & no ,hi/ory )\t causal1 h>monies4 ,= )9 ! sph]e ( ,nature1 al?\gh two l exp]im5ts1 con=mably to law1 h ! l result1 yet ea* ( ^! exp]im5ts is a hi/orical ev5t possess+ a date & n recurr+4 ,& )9 t ( ,hi/ory1 ! dates or data ( ! pa/ 7*ronologies1 /ati/ics1 names1 =ms#agc7 =m a rigid web4 8,facts are facts0 ev5 if we are unaw>e ( !m1 & all else is image1 ,!oria1 bo? 9 ! "o doma9 & 9 ! o!r4 ,b hi/ory is itself ! condition ( be+ 89 ! focus0 & ! mat]ial is only an aid to ?is condition1 :]eas 9 ,nature ! real aim is ! w9n+ ( ! mat]ial1 & !ory is only ! s]vant ( ?is purpose4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 n a sci5ce ( hi/ory b an ancill>y sci5ce = hi/ory1 :i* asc]ta9s t :i* has be54 ,= ! hi/orical outlook itself ! data are always symbols4 ,sci5tific rese>*1 on ! contr>y1 is sci5ce & only sci5ce4 ,9 virtue ( its te*nical orig9 & purpose x sets out to f9d data & laws ( ! causal sort & no?+ else1 & f ! mom5t t x turns its glance ^u some?+ else x becomes ,metaphysics1 some?+ trans-sci5tific4 ,& j because ?is is s1 hi/orical & natural-sci5ce data are diff]5t4 ,! latt] consi/5tly repeat !mselves1 ! =m] nev]4 ,! latt] are tru?s1 ! =m] facts4 ,h[ev] closely relat$ incid5tals & causals may appe> to be 9 ! ev]yday picture1 fundam5tally !y belong to diff]5t worlds4 ,z x is beyond "q t ! %all[ness ( a man's hi/ory-picture 7! man himself1 !re=e7 is 9 proportion to ! dom9ance 9 x ( frank incid5tals1 s x is beyond "q t ! empt9ess ( writt5 hi/ory is 9 proportion to ! degree 9 :i* x makes ! e/abli%m5t ( purely factual relations its object4 ,! m deeply a man lives ,hi/ory1 ! m r>ely w he receive 8causal0 impressions & ! m surely w he be s5sible ( _! utt] insignificance4 ,if ! read] exam9es ,goe!'s writ+s 9 natural sci5ce1 he w be a/\nd$ to f9d h[ 8liv+ nature0 c be set =? )\t =mulas1 )\t laws1 almo/ )\t a trace ( ! causal4 ,= him1 ,"t is n a di/ance b a feel+4 ,b ! exp]i5ce ( la/ & deepe/ ?+s is practically d5i$ to ! ord9>y savant :o dissects & arranges purely critically & all[s himself nei!r to contemplate nor to feel4 ,9 ! case ( ,hi/ory1 on ! contr>y1 ?is p[] ( exp]i5ce is ! requisite4 ,& ?us is ju/ifi$ ! p>adox t ! less a hi/orical rese>*] has to d ) real sci5ce1 ! bett] x is = 8 hi/ory4 ,to elucidate once m by a diagram3 ,s\l ,_w ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------v----------- ---------------------------------------- -----------_/ ,life1 ,direction ,ext5sion ,de/9y-,exp]i5ce ,causal ,k ,! uniquely ,! occurr+ & irrevocable con/antly-possible 8,fact0 8,tru?0 ,physiognomic tact 7in/9ct7 ,sy/ematic criticism 7reason7 ,cross$ d[nw>d arr[s ,consci\sness ,consci\sness z s]vant ( ,be+ z ma/] ( ,be+ ,! _w-image ( 8,hi/ory0 ,! _w-image ( ,nature ,life-exp]i5ce ,sci5tific me?ods ,image ( ! ,pa/ ,religion4 ,natural ,sci5ce ,con/ructive ,contemplation ,!oretical3 ,my? & ,dogma4 ,hypo!sis 7,hi/orian1 ,tragic ,dramati/7 ,practical3 ,cult4 ,te*nique to inve/igate ,de/9y ,direction into ! ,future ,con/ructive ,action 7,/atesman7 to be ,de/9y ,,xi ,is x p]missible to fix ^u "o1 any "o1 gr\p ( social1 religi\s1 physiological or e?ical facts z ! 8cause0 ( ano!r8 8,c]ta9ly10 ! rationali/ic s*ool ( hi/ory1 & /ill m ! up-to-date sociology1 w\ld reply4 ,t1 !y w\ld say1 is :at is meant by our compreh5d+ hi/ory & deep5+ our k ( x4 ,b 9 reality1 ) 8civiliz$0 man !re is always ! implicit po/ulate ( an und]ly+ rational purpose--)\t :i* inde$ 8 _w w\ld be mean+less4 ,& !re is some?+ r comic 9 ! mo/ unsci5tific fre$om t he all[s himself 9 8 *oice ( 8 fundam5tal causes4 ,"o man selects ?is1 ano!r t1 gr\p z prima causa--an inexhau/ible s\rce ( polemics--& all fill _! works ) pret5d$ elucidations ( ! 8c\rse ( hi/ory0 on natural-sci5ce l9es4 ,s*ill] has giv5 u ! classical expression ( ?is me?od 9 "o ( 8 immortal banalities1 ! v]se 9 :i* ! 8,weltgetriebe0 is /at 8dur* ,hung] und dur* ,liebe02 & ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 progress+ f ,rationalism to ,mat]ialism1 has made ?is op9ion canonical4 ,! cult ( ! useful 0 set up on high4 ,to x ,d>w91 9 ! "n ( 8 c5tury1 sacrific$ ,goe!'s ,nature-!ory4 ,! organic logic ( ! facts ( life 0 supplant$ by a me*anics 9 physiological g>b4 ,h]$ity1 adaptation1 natural selection1 are utility-causes ( purely me*anical connotation4 ,! hi/orical disp5sations 7 sup]s$$ by a naturali/ic movem5t 89 space40 7,b are !re hi/orical or spiritual 8processes10 or life- 8processes0 ( any sort :atev]8 ,h hi/orical 8movem5ts0 su* z1 = example1 ! ,r5aissance or ! ,age ( ,enlight5m5t any?+ :atev] to d ) ! sci5tific notion ( movem5t87 ,! ^w 8process0 elim9at$ ,de/9y & unveil$ ! secret ( becom+1 & lo6 !re 0 no long] a tragic b only an exact ma!matical /ructure ( _w-happ5+4 ,& !reupon ! 8exact0 hi/orian enunciat$ ! proposition t 9 ! hi/ory-picture we _h be=e u a sequ5ce ( 8/ates0 ( me*anical type :i* 7 am5able to rational analysis l a physical exp]im5t or a *emical reaction1 & t !re=e causes1 means1 me?ods & objects 7 capable ( be+ gr\p$ toge!r z a compreh5sible sy/em on ! visible surface4 ,x all becomes a/oni%+ly simple4 ,& "o is b\nd to admit t giv5 a suffici5tly %all[ obs]v]1 ! hypo!sis 7s f> z conc]ns 8 p]sonality & its _w-picture7 comes (f4 ,hung] & ,love#agd ?us become me*anical causes ( me*anical processes 9 ! 8life ( peoples40 ,social problems & sexual problems 7bo? belong+ to a 8physics0 or 8*emi/ry0 ( public--all-too-public-- exi/5ce7 become ! obvi\s !mes ( utilit>ian hi/ory & !re=e ( ! correspond+ trag$y4 ,= ! social drama necess>ily accompanies ! mat]iali/ treatm5t ( hi/ory1 & t :i* 9 ,goe!'s 8,wahlv]w&ts*aft50 0 de/9y 9 ! highe/ s5se has become 9 ,ibs5's 8,lady f ! ,sea0 no?+ b a sexual problem4 ,ibs5 & all ! reason-poets ( our great cities build--build f _! v fir/ causes to _! v la/ effect--b !y d n s+4 ,z arti/1 ,hebbel f\ght h>d to ov]come ?is m]ely prosaic elem5t 9 8 m critical ?an intuitive temp]am5t1 to be a poet qu& mme1 h5ce 8 desp]ate & :olly un-,goe!an ef=t to motive 8 ev5ts4 ,9 ,hebbel1 z 9 ,ibs51 motiv+ means try+ to %ape trag$y causally1 & he dissect$ & re-dissect$ & trans=m$ & retrans=m$ 8 ,anecdote until he _h made x into a sy/em t prov$ a case4 ,consid] 8 treatm5t ( ! ,judi? /ory-- ,%akespe>e w\ld h tak5 x z x 01 & sc5t$ a _w-secret 9 ! physiognomic *>m ( ! pure adv5ture4 ,b ,goe!'s w>n+3 8,d n1 ,i beg y1 look = any?+ beh9d ph5om5a4 ,!y are !mselves _! own lesson 7sie selb/ s9d die ,lehre70 _h become incompreh5sible to ! c5tury ( ,m>x & ,d>w94 ,! idea ( try+ to read a de/9y 9 ! physiognomy ( ! pa/ & t ( try+ to repres5t unadult]at$ ,de/9y z a trag$y 7 equally remote f !m4 ,9 bo? doma9s1 ! cult ( ! useful _h set be=e itself an entirely diff]5t aim4 ,%apes 7 call$ into be+1 n to be1 b to prove some?+4 8,que/ions0 ( ! day 7 8treat$10 social problems suitably 8solv$10 & ! /age1 l ! hi/ory-book1 became a means to t end4 ,d>w9ism1 h[ev] unconsci\s ( :at x 0 do+1 has made biology politically effective4 ,someh[ or o!r1 democratic /irr+s happ5$ 9 ! protoplasm1 & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ( ! ra9-worms is a useful lesson = ! bip$s :o h scrap$ ?r\gh4 ,) all ?is1 ! hi/orians h fail$ to le>n ! lesson t our ripe/ & /ricte/ sci5ce1 ,physics1 w\ld h taught !m1 ! lesson ( prud5ce4 ,ev5 if we conc$e !m _! causal me?od1 ! sup]ficiality ) :i* !y apply x is an outrage4 ,!re is nei!r ! intellectual discipl9e nor ! ke5 sight1 let alone ! scepticism t is inh]5t 9 our h&l+ ( physical hypo!ses4#age ,= ! attitude ( ! physici/ to 8 atoms1 electrons1 curr5ts1 & fields ( =ce1 to !r & mass1 is v f> remov$ f ! nave fai? ( ! layman & ! ,moni/ 9 ^! ?+s4 ,!y are images :i* he subjects to ! ab/ract relation%ips ( 8 diff]5tial equations1 9 :i* he clo!s trans-ph5om5al numb]s1 & if he all[s himself a c]ta9 fre$om to *oose among/ sev]al !ories1 x is because he does n try to f9d 9 !m any actuality b t ( ! 8conv5tional sign40#agf ,he kn[s1 too1 t ov] & above an exp]im5tal acqua9tance ) ! te*nical /ructure ( ! _w-ar\nd1 all t x is possible to a*ieve by ?is process 7:i* is ! only "o op5 to natural sci5ce7 is a symbolic int]pretation ( x1 no m--c]ta9ly n 8,k0 9 ! sangu9e popul> s5se4 ,=1 ! image ( ,nature be+ a creation & copy ( ! ,intellect1 its 8alt] ego0 9 ! doma9 ( ! ext5d$1 to "k ,nature means to "k oneself4 ,if ,physics is ! mature/ ( our sci5ces1 ,biology1 ^: bus9ess is to explore ! picture ( organic life1 is 9 po9t bo? ( cont5t & ( me?ods ! weake/4 ,:at hi/orical inve/igation really is1 namely pure ,physiognomic1 _c be bett] illu/rat$ ?an by ! c\rse ( ,goe!'s nature-/udies4 ,he works ^u m9]alogy1 & at once 8 views fit !mselves toge!r into a conspectus ( an e>?-hi/ory 9 :i* 8 belov$ granite signifies ne>ly ! same z t :i* ,i call ! proto-human signifies 9 man's hi/ory4 ,he inve/igates well- kn[n plants1 & ! prime ph5om5on ( metamorphosis1 ! orig9al =m ( ! hi/ory ( all plant exi/5ce1 reveals itself2 proce$+ fur!r1 he rea*es ^? extraord9>ily deep ideas ( v]tical & spiral t5d5cies 9 vegetation :i* h n be5 fully grasp$ ev5 yet4 ,8 /udies ( ossature1 bas$ entirely on ! contemplation ( life1 lead him to ! discov]y ( ! 8os int]maxill>e0 9 man & to ! view t ! skull-/ructure ( ! v]tebrates develop$ out ( six v]tebr4 ,nev] is !re a ^w ( causality4 ,he feels ! necessity ( ,de/9y j z he himself express$ x 9 8 ,orphis*e ,urworte3 8,s mu/ ?\ be4 ,?\ can/ n ,self escape4 ,s er/ ! ,sibyls1 s ! ,prophets told4 ,nor ,"t nor any ,p[] c m> ! %ape ,impress$1 t liv+ mu/ itself unfold40 ,! m]e *emi/ry ( ! />s1 ! ma!matical side ( physical obs]vations1 & physiology prop] int]e/$ him1 ! great hi/orian ( ,nature v little1 because !y belong$ to ,sy/ematic & 7 conc]n$ ) exp]i5tial le>n+ ( ! become1 ! dead1 & ! rigid4 ,?is is :at und]lies 8 anti-,newton polemic--a case 9 :i*1 x mu/ be add$1 bo? sides 7 9 ! "r1 = ! "o _h 8k0 ( ! regulat$ nature-process 9 ! dead col\r#agg :ile ! exp]i5c+ ( ! o!r1 ! arti/1 0 intuitive-s5su\s 8feel+40 ,"h we h ! two worlds 9 pla9 opposition2 & n[ !re=e ! ess5tials ( _! opposition mu/ be /at$ ) all /rictness4 ,hi/ory c>ries ! m>k ( ! s+ul>-factual1 ,nature t ( ! cont9u\sly possible4 ,s long z ,i scrut9ize ! image ( ! _w- ar\nd 9 ord] to see by :at laws x mu/ actualize itself1 irrespective ( :e!r x does happ5 or m]ely might happ5-- irrespective1 t is1 ( "t--!n ,i am work+ 9 a g5u9e sci5ce4 ,= ! necessity ( a nature-law 7& !re are no o!r laws7 x is utt]ly immat]ial :e!r x becomes ph5om5al inf9itely (t5 or nev]4 ,t is1 x is indep5d5t ( ,de/9y4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( *emical comb9ations t nev] are & nev] w be produc$1 b !y are demon/rably possible & !re=e !y exi/--= ! fix$ ,sy/em ( ,nature ?\gh n = ! ,physiognomy ( ! :irl+ univ]se4 ,a sy/em consi/s ( tru?s1 a hi/ory re/s on facts4 ,facts foll[ "o ano!r1 tru?s foll[ f "o ano!r1 & ?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 8:50 & 8h[40 ,t !re has be5 a fla% ( lightn+ is a fact & c be indicat$1 )\t a ^w1 by ! po9t+ ( a f+]4 8,:5 !re is lightn+ !re is ?und]10 on ! contr>y1 is some?+ t mu/ be communicat$ by a proposition or s5t5ce4 ,exp]i5ce-liv$ may be q wordless1 :ile sy/ematic kn[+ c only be ?r\gh words4 8,only t :i* has no hi/ory is capable ( be+ def9$10 says ,nietzs*e some:]e4 ,b ,hi/ory is pres5t becom+ t t5ds into ! future & looks back on ! pa/4 ,nature /&s beyond all "t1 its m>k is ext5sion1 & x is )\t directional quality4 ,h5ce1 = ! "o1 ! necessity ( ! ma!matical1 & = ! o!r ! necessity ( ! tragic4 ,9 ! actuality ( wak+ exi/5ce bo? worlds1 t ( scrut9y & t ( acceptance 7,h+ebung71 are int]wov51 j z 9 a ,brabant tape/ry w>p & wo( toge!r effect ! picture4 ,e law mu/1 to be available to ! und]/&+ at all1 once h be5 discov]$ ?r\gh "s de/9y-disposition 9 ! hi/ory ( an intellect--t is1 x mu/ h once be5 9 exp]i5tial life2 & e de/9y appe>s 9 "s s5sible g>b--z p]sons1 acts1 sc5es & ge/ures--9 :i* ,nature-laws are op]ative4 ,primitive life is submissive be=e ! daemonic unity ( ! fateful2 9 ! consci\sness ( ! mature ,culture ?is 8e>ly0 _w-image is incessantly 9 conflict ) ! o!r1 8late10 _w-image2 & 9 ! civiliz$ man ! tragic _w- feel+ succumbs to ! me*aniz+ intellect4 ,hi/ory & nature )9 ourselves /& oppos$ to "o ano!r z life is to dea?1 z ev]-becom+ "t to ev]-become space4 ,9 ! wak+ consci\sness1 becom+ & become /ruggle = control ( ! _w- picture1 & ! highe/ & mature/ =ms ( bo? sorts 7possible only = ! great ,cultures7 are se51 9 ! case ( ! ,classical s\l1 9 ! opposition ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 &1 9 ! case ( our ,we/]n1 9 t ( ,goe! & ,kant--! pure physiognomy ( ! _w contemplat$ by ! s\l ( an et]nal *ild1 & its pure sy/em compreh5d$ by ! reason ( an et]nal greybe>d4 ,,xii ,h]e91 !n1 ,i see ! la/ great task ( ,we/]n philosophy1 ! only "o :i* /ill rema9s 9 /ore = ! ag$ wisdom ( ! ,fau/ian ,culture1 ! preorda9$ issue1 x seems1 ( our c5turies ( spiritual evolution4 ,no ,culture is at lib]ty to *oose ! pa? & conduct ( its ?\ght1 b "h = ! fir/ "t a ,culture c =esee ! way t de/9y has *os5 = x4 ,be=e my eyes !re seems to em]ge1 z a vision1 a hi!rto unimag9$ mode ( sup]lative hi/orical rese>* t is truly ,we/]n1 necess>ily ali5 to ! ,classical & to e o!r s\l b ours--a compreh5sive ,physiognomic ( all exi/5ce1 a morphology ( becom+ = all humanity t drives onw>d to ! highe/ & la/ ideas2 a duty ( p5etrat+ ! _w-feel+ n only ( our prop] s\l b ( all s\ls :atsoev] t h conta9$ gr& possibilities & h express$ !m 9 ! field ( actuality z gr& ,cultures4 ,?is philosophic view--to :i* we & we alone are entitl$ 9 virtue ( our analytical ma!matic1 our contrapuntal music & our p]spective pa9t+--9 t its scope f> transc5ds ! s*eme ( ! sy/emati/1 presupposes ! eye ( an arti/1 & ( an arti/ :o c feel ! :ole s5sible & appreh5sible environm5t dissolve into a deep inf9ity ( my/]i\s relation%ips4 ,s ,dante felt1 & s ,goe! felt4 ,to br+ up1 out ( ! web ( _w-happ5+1 a mill5nium ( organic culture-hi/ory z an entity & p]son1 & to grasp ! conditions ( its inmo/ spirituality--su* is ! aim4 ,j z "o p5etrates ! l9eam5ts ( a ,rembr&t portrait or a ,cs>-bu/1 s ! new art w contemplate & und]/& ! gr&1 fateful l9es 9 ! visage ( a ,culture z a sup]lative human individuality4 ,to attempt ! int]pretation ( a poet or a prophet1 a ?9k] or a conqu]or1 is ( c\rse no?+ new1 b to ent] a culture-s\l-- ,classical1 ,egyptian or ,arabian--s intimately z to absorb into "o's self1 to make "p ( "o's own life1 ! totality express$ by typical m5 & situations1 by religion & polity1 by /yle & t5d5cy1 by ?\ght & cu/oms1 is q a new mann] ( exp]i5c+ life4 ,e epo*1 e great figure1 e deity1 ! cities1 ! tongues1 ! nations1 ! arts1 9 a ^w ev]y?+ t ev] exi/$ & w become exi/5t1 are physiognomic traits ( high symbolic significance t x w be ! bus9ess ( q a new k9d ( 8judge ( m50 7,m5s*5k5n]7 to int]pret4 ,poems & battles1 ,isis & ,cybele1 fe/ivals & ,roman ,ca?olic masses1 bla/ furnaces & gladiatorial games1 d]vi%es & ,d>w9ians1 railways & ,roman roads1 8,progress0 & ,nirvana1 newspap]s1 mass-slav]y1 money1 ma*9]y--all ^! are equally signs & symbols 9 ! _w-picture ( ! pa/ t ! s\l pres5ts to itself & w\ld int]pret4 ,alles ,v]gngli*e i/ nur e9 ,glei*nis4 ,solutions & panoramas z yet unimag9$ await ! unveil+4 ,light w be ?r[n on ! d>k que/ions :i* und]lie dread & long+--^? deepe/ ( primitive human feel+s--& :i* ! w-to-"k has clo!d 9 ! 8problems0 ( "t1 necessity1 space1 love1 dea?1 & fir/ causes4 ,!re is a wondr\s music ( ! sph]es :i* wills to be he>d & :i* a few ( our deepe/ spirits w he>4 ,! physiognomic ( _w-happ5+ w become ! la/ ,fau/ian philosophy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,v ,,makrokosmos ,i ,,! ,,symbolism ,,( ,,! ,,_w-,,picture ,,& ,,! ,,space-,,problem ,,*apt] ,v ,,makrokosmos ,i ,,! ,,symbolism ,,( ,,! ,,_w-,,picture ,,& ,,! ,,space-,,problem ,i ,! notion ( a _w-hi/ory ( physiognomic type exp&s itself !re=e into ! wid] idea ( an all-embrac+ symbolism4 ,hi/orical rese>*1 9 ! s5se t we po/ulate "h1 has simply to inve/igate ! picture ( ! once-liv+ pa/ & to det]m9e its inn] =m & logic1 & ! ,de/9y-idea is ! fur!/ limit to :i* x c p5etrate4 ,b ?is rese>*1 h[ev] compreh5sive ! new ori5tation t5ds to make x1 _c be m ?an a fragm5t & a f\ndation ( a /ill wid] treatm5t4 ,p>allel ) x1 we h a ,nature-inve/igation t is equally fragm5t>y & is limit$ to its own causal sy/em ( relations4 ,b nei!r tragic nor te*nical 8motion0 7if we may di/+ui% by ^! words ! respective bases ( ! liv$ & ! kn[n7 exhau/s ! liv+ itself4 ,we bo? live & "k :5 we are awake1 b1 9 addition1 we live :5 m9d & s5ses are asleep4 ,?\gh night may close e eye1 ! blood does n sleep4 ,we are mov+ 9 ! mov+ 7s at lea/ we try to indicate1 by a ^w borr[$ f sci5ce1 ! inexpressible t 9 sleep-h\rs we feel ) inw>d c]ta9ty74 ,b x is only 9 ! wak+ exi/5ce t 8"h0 & 8!re0 appe> z an irr$ucible duality4 ,e impulse prop] to oneself has an expression & e impulse ali5 to oneself makes an impression4 ,& ?us ev]y?+ ( :i* we are consci\s1 :atev] ! =m 9 :i* x is appreh5d$--8s\l0 & 8_w10 or life & actuality1 or ,hi/ory & ,nature1 or law & feel+1 ,de/9y or ,god1 pa/ & future or pres5t & et]nity--has = u a deep] mean+ /ill1 a f9al mean+4 ,& ! "o & only means ( r5d]+ ?is incompreh5sible compreh5sible mu/ be a k9d ( metaphysics :i* reg>ds ev]y?+ :atsoev] z hav+ significance z a symbol4 ,symbols are s5sible signs1 f9al1 indivisible &1 above all1 uns\ght impressions ( def9ite mean+4 ,a symbol is a trait ( actuality t = ! s5su\sly-al]t man has an imm$iate & inw>dly-sure significance1 & t is incommunicable by process ( reason4 ,! detail ( a ,doric or ,e>ly-,arabic or ,e>ly-,romanesque ornam5t2 ! =ms ( ! cottage & ! family1 ( int]c\rse1 ( co/ume & rite2 ! aspect1 gait & mi5 ( a man & ( :ole classes ( peoples & m52 ! communication-& community-=ms ( man & bea/2 & beyond all ?is ! :ole voiceless language ( ,nature ) h] woods & pa/ures1 flocks1 cl\ds1 />s1 moonlight & ?und]/orm1 bloom & decay1 ne>ness & di/ance--all ?is is ! emblematical impression ( ! ,cosmos ^u u1 :o are bo? aw>e & 9 our reflective h\rs q capable ( li/5+ to ?is language4 ,vice v]sa1 x is ! s5se ( a homog5e\s und]/&+ t raises up ! family1 ! class1 ! tribe1 or f9ally ! ,culture1 out ( ! g5]al humanity & assembles x z su*4 ,"h1 !n1 we %all n be conc]n$ ) :at a _w 8is10 b ) :at x signifies to ! be+ t x envelops4 ,:5 we wake up1 at once some?+ ext5ds itself betwe5 a 8"h0 & a 8!re40 ,we live ! 8"h0 z some?+ prop]1 we exp]i5ce ! 8!re0 z some?+ ali54 ,!re is a dualiz+ ( s\l & _w z poles ( actuality2 & 9 ! latt] !re are bo? resi/ances :i* we grasp causally z ?+s & prop]ties1 & impulses 9 :i* we feel be+s1 num9a 78j l ourselves07 to be op]ative4 ,b !re is 9 x1 fur!r1 some?+ :i*1 z x 71 elim9ates ! duality4 ,actuality--! _w 9 relation to a s\l--is = e individual ! projection ( ! ,direct$ ^u ! doma9 ( ! ,ext5d$--! ,prop] mirror+ itself on ! ,ali52 "o's actuality !n signifies oneself4 ,by an act t is bo? creative & unconsci\s--= x is n 8,i0 :o actualize ! possible1 b 8x0 actualizes itself ?r\gh me--! bridge ( symbol is ?r[n betwe5 ! liv+ 8"h0 & 8!re40 ,sudd5ly1 necess>ily1 & completely 8!0 _w comes into be+ out ( ! totality ( receiv$ & rememb]$ elem5ts3 & z x is an individual :o appreh5ds ! _w1 !re is = ea* individual a s+ul> _w4 ,!re are !re=e z _m worlds z !re are wak+ be+s & l- liv+1 l-feel+ gr\ps ( be+s4 ,! suppos$ly s+le1 indep5d5t & ext]nal _w t ea* believes to be common to all is really an ev]-new1 uniquely-occurr+ & non-recurr+ exp]i5ce 9 ! exi/5ce ( ea*4 ,a :ole s]ies ( grades ( consci\sness leads up f ! root- beg9n+s ( obscure *ildi% intuition1 9 :i* !re is /ill no cle> _w = a s\l or self-consci\s s\l )9 a _w1 to ! highly intellectualiz$ /ates ( :i* only ! m5 ( fully-rip5$ civilizations are capable4 ,?is gradation is at ! same "t an expansion ( symbolism f ! /age 9 :i* !re is an inclusive mean+ ( all ?+s to "o 9 :i* sep>ate & specific signs are di/+ui%$4 ,x is n m]ely :51 aft] ! mann] ( ! *ild1 ! dream] & ! arti/1 ,i am passive to a _w full ( d>k significances2 or :5 ,i am awake )\t be+ 9 a condition ( extreme al]tness ( ?\ght & act 7su* a condition is mu* r>] ev5 9 ! consci\sness ( ! real ?9k] & man ( action ?an is g5]ally suppos$7--x is cont9u\sly & always1 = z long z my life c be consid]$ to be a wak+ life at all1 t ,i am end[+ t :i* is outside me ) ! :ole cont5t t is 9 me1 f ! half-dreamy impressions ( _w-coh]5ce to ! rigid _w ( causal laws & numb] t ov]lies & b9ds !m4 ,& ev5 9 ! doma9 ( pure numb] ! symbolical is n lack+1 = we f9d t ref9$ ?\ght puts inexpressible mean+s into signs l ! triangle1 ! circle & ! numb]s #g & #ab4 ,?is is ! idea ( ! ,macrocosm1 actuality z ! sum total ( all symbols 9 relation to "o s\l4 ,f ?is prop]ty ( be+ significant no?+ is exempt4 ,all t is1 symbolizes4 ,f ! corporeal ph5om5a l visage1 %ape1 mi5 7( individuals & classes & peoples alike71 :i* h always be5 kn[n to possess mean+1 to ! suppos$ly et]nal & univ]sally-valid =ms ( k1 ma!matics & physics1 ev]y?+ speaks out ( ! ess5ce ( "o & only "o s\l4 ,at ! same "t ^! individuals' worlds z liv$ & exp]i5c$ by m5 ( "o ,culture or spiritual community are int]relat$1 & on ! great] or less degree ( ?is int]relation dep5ds ! great] or less communicability ( intuitions1 s5sations & ?\ghts f "o to ano!r--t is1 ! possibility ( mak+ intelligible :at "o has creat$ 9 ! /yle ( "o's own be+1 ?r\gh expression-m$ia su* z language or art or religion1 by means ( ^w-s\nds or =mul or signs t are !mselves also symbols4 ,! degree ( int]relation betwe5 "o's _w & ano!r's fixes ! limit at :i* und]/&+ becomes self-deception4 ,c]ta9ly x is only v imp]fectly t we c und]/& ! ,indian or ! ,egyptian s\l1 z manife/$ 9 ! m51 cu/oms1 deities1 root-words1 ideas1 build+s & acts ( x4 ,! ,greeks1 ahi/oric z !y 71 c\ld n ev5 guess at ! ess5ce ( ali5 spiritualities--witness ! navet ) :i* !y 7 wont to r$iscov] _! own gods & ,culture 9 ^? ( ali5 peoples4 ,b 9 our own case too1 ! curr5t translations ( ! 1 or ,atman1 or ,tao ( ali5 philosoph]s presuppose our prop] _w-feel+1 :i* is t f :i* our 8equival5ts0 claim _! significance1 z ! basis ( an ali5 s\l-expression4 ,& simil>ly we elucidate ! *>act]s ( e>ly ,egyptian & ,*9ese portraits ) ref]5ce to our own life-exp]i5ce4 ,9 bo? cases we deceive ourselves4 ,t ! arti/ic ma/]pieces ( all ,cultures are /ill liv+ = u--8immortal0 z we say--is ano!r su* fancy1 kept alive by ! unanimity ) :i* we und]/& ! ali5 "w 9 ! prop] s5se4 ,( ?is t5d5cy ( ours ! effect ( ! ,laocon gr\p on ,r5aissance sculpture & t ( ,s5eca on ! ,classici/ drama ( ! ,fr5* are examples4 ,,ii ,symbols1 z be+ ?+s actualiz$1 belong to ! doma9 ( ! ext5d$4 ,!y are become & n becom+ 7al?\gh !y may /& = a becom+7 & !y are !re=e rigidly limit$ & subject to ! laws ( space4 ,!re are only s5sible-spatial symbols4 ,! v ^w 8=m0 designates some?+ ext5d$ 9 ! ext5d$1--ev5 ! inn] =ms ( music are no exception1 z we %all see4 ,b ext5sion is ! hall-m>k ( ! fact 8wak+ consci\sness10 & ?is con/itutes only "o side ( ! individual exi/5ce & is intimately b\nd up ) t exi/5ce's de/9ies4 ,consequ5tly1 e trait ( ! actual wak+-consci\sness1 :e!r x be feel+ or und]/&+1 is 9 ! mom5t ( our becom+ aw>e ( x1 already pa/4 ,we c only reflect ^u impressions1 8?9k !m ov]0 z our happy phrase goes1 b t :i* = ! s5su\s life ( ! animals is pa/1 is = ! grammatical 7wortgebund5e7 und]/&+ ( man pass+1 transi5t4 ,t :i* happ5s is1 ( c\rse1 transi5t1 = a happ5+ is irrevocable1 b e k9d ( significance is also transi5t4 ,foll[ out ! de/9y ( ! ,column1 f ! ,egyptian tomb- temple 9 :i* columns are rank$ to m>k ! pa? = ! travell]1 ?r\gh ! ,doric p]ipt]os 9 :i* !y are held toge!r by ! body ( ! build+1 & ! ,e>ly-,arabian basilica :]e !y support ! int]ior1 to ! faades ( ! ,r5aissance 9 :i* !y provide ! upw>d-/riv+ elem5t4 ,z we see1 an old significance nev] returns2 t :i* has ent]$ ! doma9 ( ext5sion has begun & end$ at once4 ,a deep relation1 & "o :i* is e>ly felt1 exi/s betwe5 space & dea?4 ,man is ! only be+ t kn[s dea?2 all o!rs become old1 b ) a consci\sness :olly limit$ to ! mom5t :i* mu/ seem to !m et]nal4 ,!y live1 b l *ildr5 9 ^? fir/ ye>s 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity reg>ds !m z /ill 8innoc5t10 !y "k no?+ ( life1 & !y die & !y see dea? )\t kn[+ any?+ ab\t x4 ,only fully-awak5$ man1 man prop]1 ^: und]/&+ has be5 emancipat$ by ! habit ( language f dep5d5ce on sight1 comes to possess 7besides s5sibility7 ! notion ( transi5ce1 t is1 a memory ( ! pa/ z pa/ & an exp]i5tial conviction ( irrevocability4 ,we are ,"t1#agh b we possess also an image ( hi/ory & 9 ?is image dea?1 & ) dea? bir?1 appe> z ! two riddles4 ,= all o!r be+s life pursues its c\rse )\t suspect+ its limits1 i4e41 )\t consci\s k ( task1 mean+1 duration & object4 ,x is because !re is ?is deep & significant id5tity t we s (t5 f9d ! awak5+ ( ! inn] life 9 a *ild associat$ ) ! dea? ( "s relation4 ,! *ild sudd5ly grasps ! lifeless corpse = :at x is1 some?+ t has become :olly matt]1 :olly space1 & at ! same mom5t x feels itself z an individual be+ 9 an ali5 ext5d$ _w4 8,f ! *ild ( five to myself is b a /ep4 ,b f ! new-born baby to ! *ild ( five is an appall+ di/ance10 said ,tol/oi once4 ,"h1 9 ! decisive mom5ts ( exi/5ce1 :5 man fir/ becomes man & realizes 8 imm5se lonel9ess 9 ! univ]sal1 ! _w-fe> reveals itself = ! fir/ "t z ! ess5tially human fe> 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?1 ! limit ( ! light-_w1 rigid space4 ,"h1 too1 ! high] ?\ght orig9ates z m$itation ^u dea?4 ,e religion1 e sci5tific inve/igation1 e philosophy proce$s f x4 ,e great symbolism atta*es its =m-language to ! cult ( ! dead1 ! =ms ( disposal ( ! dead1 ! adornm5t ( ! graves ( ! dead4 ,! ,egyptian /yle beg9s ) ! tomb-temples ( ! ,ph>aohs1 ! ,classical ) ! geometrical decoration ( ! fun]>y urns1 ! ,arabian ) catacomb & s>cophagus1 ! ,we/]n ) ! ca!dral :]e9 ! sacrificial dea? ( ,jesus is re-enact$ daily "u ! h&s ( ! prie/4 ,f ?is primitive fe> spr+s1 too1 hi/orical s5sitiv5ess 9 all its modes1 ! ,classical ) its cleav+ to ! life-abundant pres5t1 ! ,arabian ) its baptismal rite t w9s new life & ov]comes dea?1 ! ,fau/ian ) its contrition t makes wor?y to receive ! ,body ( ,jesus & !re) immortality4 ,till we h ! con/antly-wakeful conc]n = ! life t is n yet pa/1 !re is no conc]n = t :i* is pa/4 ,! bea/ has only ! future1 b man kn[s also ! pa/4 ,& ?us e new ,culture is awak5$ 9 & ) a new view ( ! _w1 t is1 a sudd5 glimpse ( dea? z ! secret ( ! p]ceivable _w4 ,x 0 :5 ! idea ( ! imp5d+ end ( ! _w spread ov] ,we/]n ,europe 7ab\t ! ye> #ajjj7 t ! ,fau/ian s\l ( ?is religion 0 born4 ,primitive man1 9 8 deep amazem5t be=e dea?1 s\ght ) all ! =ces ( 8 _s to p5etrate & to spellb9d ?is _w ( ! ext5d$ ) ! inexorable & always pres5t limits ( its causality1 ?is _w fill$ ) d>k almight9ess t cont9u\sly ?reat5$ to make an end ( him4 ,?is en]getic def5sive lies deep 9 unconsci\s exi/5ce1 b1 z be+ ! fir/ impulse t g5u9ely projects s\l & _w z p>t$ & oppos$1 x m>ks ! ?re%old ( p]sonal conduct ( life4 ,ego-feel+ & _w-feel+ beg9 to "w1 & all culture1 inn] or out]1 be>+ or p]=mance1 is z a :ole only ! int5sification ( ?is be+-human4 ,h5ce=w>d all t resi/s our s5sations is n m]e resi/ance or ?+ or impression1 z x is = animals & = *ildr5 also1 b an expression z well4 ,n m]ely are ?+s actually conta9$ 9 ! _w-ar\nd b also !y possess mean+1 z ph5om5a 9 ! _w-view4 ,orig9ally !y possess$ only a relation%ip to m51 b n[ !re is also a relation%ip ( m5 to !m4 ,!y h become emblems ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,& ?us ! ess5ce ( e g5u9e--unconsci\s & inw>dly necess>y--symbolism proce$s f ! k ( dea? 9 :i* ! secret ( space reveals itself4 ,all symbolism implies a def5sive2 x is ! expression ( a deep ,s*eu 9 ! old d\ble s5se ( ! ^w1#agi & its =m-language tells at once ( ho/ility & ( rev]5ce4 ,e ?+-become is mortal4 ,n only peoples1 languages1 races & ,cultures are transi5t4 ,9 a few c5turies f n[ !re w no m be a ,we/]n ,culture1 no m be ,g]man1 ,engli% or ,fr5* ?an !re 7 ,romans 9 ! "t ( ,ju/9ian4 ,n t ! sequ5ce ( human g5]ations fail$2 x 0 ! inn] =m ( a p1 :i* _h put toge!r a numb] ( ^! g5]ations z a s+le ge/ure1 t 0 no long] !re4 ,! ,civis ,romanus1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful symbols ( ,classical be+1 _h nev]!less1 z a =m1 only a duration ( "s c5turies4 ,b ! primitive ph5om5on ( ! great ,culture w itself h disappe>$ "s day1 & ) x ! drama ( _w-hi/ory2 aye1 & man himself1 & beyond man ! ph5om5on ( plant & animal exi/5ce on ! e>?'s surface1 ! e>?1 ! sun1 ! :ole _w ( sun-sy/ems4 ,all art is mortal1 n m]ely ! individual artifacts b ! arts !mselves4 ,"o day ! la/ portrait ( ,rembr&t & ! la/ b> ( ,moz>t w h ceas$ to be--?\gh possibly a col\r$ canvas & a %eet ( notes may rema9--because ! la/ eye & ! la/ e> accessible to _! message w h gone4 ,e ?\ght1 fai? & sci5ce dies z soon z ! spirits 9 ^: worlds _! 8et]nal tru?s0 7 true & necess>y are ext+ui%$4 ,dead1 ev51 are ! />-worlds :i* 8appe>$10 a prop] _w to ! prop] eye1 to ! a/ronom]s ( ! ,nile & ! ,euphrates1 = our eye is diff]5t f !irs2 & our eye 9 its turn is mortal4 ,all ?is we "k4 ,! bea/ does n "k1 & :at he does n "k does n exi/ 9 8 exp]i5c$ _w-ar\nd4 ,b if ! image ( ! pa/ vani%es1 ! long+ to give a deep] mean+ to ! pass+ vani%es also4 ,& s x is ) ref]5ce to ! purely human macrocosm t we apply ! (t- quot$ l9e1 :i* %all s]ve z motto = all t foll[s3 ,alles ,v]gngli*e i/ nur e9 ,glei*nis4 ,f ?is we are l$1 )\t our notic+ x1 back to ! space- problem1 ?\gh n[ x takes on a fre% & surpris+ =m4 ,inde$1 x is z a coroll>y to ^! ideas t x appe>s = ! fir/ "t z capable ( solution--or1 to speak m mode/ly1 ( enunciation--j z ! "t-problem 0 made m compreh5sible by way ( ! ,de/9y- idea4 ,f ! mom5t ( our awak5+1 ! fateful & direct$ life appe>s 9 ! ph5om5al life z an exp]i5c$ dep?4 ,ev]y?+ ext5ds itself1 b x is n yet 8space10 n some?+ e/abli%$ 9 itself b a self-ext5sion cont9u$ f ! mov+ "h to ! mov+ !re4 ,_w-exp]i5ce is b\nd up ) ! ess5ce ( dep? 7i4e41 f>-ness or di/ance74 ,9 ! ab/ract sy/em ( ma!matics1 8dep?0 is tak5 along ) 8l5g?0 & 8bread?0 z a 8?ird0 dim5sion2 b ?is tr9ity ( elem5ts ( l ord] is mislead+ f ! outset1 = 9 our impression ( ! spatial _w ^! elem5ts are unque/ionably n equival5ts1 let alone homog5e\s4 ,l5g? & bread? are no d\bt1 exp]i5tially1 a unit & n a m]e sum1 b !y are 7! phrase is us$ delib]ately7 simply a =m ( reception2 !y repres5t ! purely s5su\s impression4 ,b dep? is a repres5tation ( expression1 ( ,nature1 & ) x beg9s ! 8_w40 ,?is discrim9ation betwe5 ! 8?ird0 & ! o!r two dim5sions1 s call$1 :i* ne$less to say is :olly ali5 to ma!matics1 is inh]5t also 9 ! opposition ( ! notions ( s5sation & contemplation4 ,ext5sion into dep? conv]ts ! =m] into ! latt]2 9 fact1 dep? is ! fir/ & g5u9e dim5sion 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w4#ahj ,9 x ! wak+ consci\sness is active1 :]eas 9 ! o!rs x is /rictly passive4 ,x is ! symbolic cont5t ( a p>ticul> ord] z und]/ood by "o p>ticul> ,culture t is express$ by ?is orig9al fundam5tal & unanalysable elem5t4 ,! exp]i5c+ ( dep? 7?is is a premiss ^u :i* all t foll[s is dep5d5t7 is an act1 z entirely involunt>y & necess>y z x is creative1 :]eby ! ego keeps its _w1 s to say1 9 subord9ation 7zudikti]t erhlt74 ,out ( ! ra9 ( impressions ! ego fa%ions a =mal unit1 a c9ematic picture1 :i* z soon z x is ma/]$ by ! und]/&+ is subject$ to law & ! causality pr9ciple2 & !re=e1 z ! projection ( an individual _s x is transi5t & mortal4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev] reason may conte/ x1 t ?is ext5sion is capable ( inf9ite v>iety1 & t x op]ates diff]5tly n m]ely z betwe5 *ild & man1 or nature-man & t[nsman1 or ,*9ese & ,romans1 b z betwe5 individual & individual accord+ z !y exp]i5ce _! worlds contemplatively or al]tly1 actively or placidly4 ,e arti/ has r5d]$ 8,nature0 by l9e & by tone1 e physici/--,greek1 ,arabian or ,g]man--has dissect$ 8,nature0 into ultimate elem5ts1 & h[ is x t !y h n all discov]$ ! same8 ,because e "o ( !m has _h 8 own ,nature1 ?\gh--) a navet t 0 really ! salvation ( 8 _w-idea & ( 8 own self-- e "o believ$ t he _h x 9 common ) all ! re/4 ,nature is a possession :i* is saturat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ! mo/ p]sonal connotations4 ,nature is a function ( ! p>ticul> ,culture4 ,,iii ,kant believ$ t he _h decid$ ! great "q ( :e!r ?is a priori elem5t 0 pre-exi/5t or obta9$ by exp]i5ce1 by 8 celebrat$ =mula t ,space is ! =m ( p]ception :i* und]lies all _w impressions4 ,b ! 8_w0 ( ! c>eless *ild & ! dream] und5iably possess ?is =m 9 an insecure & hesitant way1#aha & x is only ! t5se1 practical1 te*nical treatm5t ( ! _w-ar\nd--impos$ on ! free-mov+ be+ :i*1 unlike ! lilies ( ! fields1 mu/ c>e = its life--t lets s5su\s self- ext5sion /iff5 into rational tridim5sionality4 ,& x is only ! city-man ( matur$ ,cultures t really lives 9 ?is gl>+ wakefulness1 & only = 8 ?\ght t !re is a ,space :olly divorc$ f s5su\s life1 8absolute10 dead & ali5 to ,"t2 & x exi/s n z a =m ( ! intuitively-p]ceiv$ b z a =m ( ! rationally-compreh5d$4 ,!re is no mann] ( d\bt t ! 8space0 :i* ,kant saw all ar\nd him ) su* unconditional c]ta9ty :5 he 0 ?9k+ out 8 !ory1 did n exi/ 9 any?+ l s rigor\s a =m = 8 ,c>ol+ian ance/ors4 ,kant's greatness consi/s 9 8 hav+ creat$ ! idea ( a =m a priori1 b n 9 ! application t he gave x4 ,we h already se5 t ,"t is n a 8=m ( p]ception0 nor = t matt] a =m at all--=ms exi/ only 9 ! ext5d$--& t !re is no possibility ( def9+ x except z a c\nt]-concept to ,space4 ,b !re is ! fur!r "q--does ?is ^w 8space0 exactly cov] ! =mal cont5t ( ! intuitively- p]ceiv$8 ,& beyond all ?is !re is ! pla9 fact t ! 8=m ( p]ception0 alt]s ) di/ance4 ,e di/ant m\nta9 range is 8p]ceiv$0 z a sc5ic plane4 ,no "o w pret5d t he sees ! moon z a body2 = ! eye x is a pure plane & x is only by ! aid ( ! telescope--i4e4 :5 ! di/ance is artificially r$uc$--t x progressively obta9s a spatial =m4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 ! 8=m ( p]ception0 is a function ( di/ance4 ,moreov]1 :5 we reflect ^u any?+1 we d n exactly rememb] ! impressions t we receiv$ at ! "t1 b 8repres5t to ourselves0 ! picture ( a space ab/ract$ f !m4 ,b ?is repres5tation may & does deceive u reg>d+ ! liv+ actuality4 ,kant let himself be misl$2 he %\ld c]ta9ly n h p]mitt$ himself to di/+ui% betwe5 =ms ( p]ception & =ms ( ratioc9ation1 = 8 notion ( ,space 9 pr9ciple embrac$ bo?4#ahb ,j z ,kant m>r$ ! ,"t-problem by br++ x into relation ) an ess5tially misund]/ood ari?metic &--on t basis--deal+ ) a phantom sort ( "t t lacks ! life-quality ( direction & is !re=e a m]e spatial s*eme1 s also he m>r$ ! ,space-problem by relat+ x to a common-place geometry4 ,x befell t a few ye>s aft] ! completion ( ,kant's ma9 "w ,gauss discov]$ ! fir/ ( ! ,non-,euclidean geometries4 ,^!1 irreproa*ably demon/rat$ z reg>ds _! own int]nal validity1 enable x to be prov$ t !re are sev]al /rictly ma!matical k9ds ( ?ree-dim5sional ext5sion1 all ( :i* are a priori c]ta91 & none ( :i* c be s+l$ out to rank z ! g5u9e 8=m ( p]ception40 ,x 0 a grave1 & 9 a contempor>y ( ,eul] & ,lagrange an unp>donable1 error to po/ulate t ! ,classical s*ool-geometry 7= x 0 t :i* ,kant always _h 9 m9d7 0 to be f\nd reproduc$ 9 ! =ms ( ,nature ar\nd u4 ,9 mom5ts ( att5tive obs]vation at v %ort range1 & 9 cases 9 :i* ! relations consid]$ are suffici5tly small1 ! liv+ impressions & ! rules ( cu/om>y geometry are c]ta9ly 9 approximate agreem5t4 ,b ! exact con=mity ass]t$ by philosophy c be demon/rat$ nei!r by ! eye nor by measur+-in/rum5ts4 ,bo? ^! mu/ always /op %ort at a c]ta9 limit ( accuracy :i* is v f> inde$ bel[ t :i* w\ld be necess>y1 say1 = det]m9+ :i* ( ! ,non-,euclidean geometries is ! geometry ( 8empirical0 ,space4#ahc ,on ! l>ge scales & = great di/ances1 :]e ! exp]i5ce ( dep? completely dom9ates ! p]ception-picture 7= example1 look+ on a broad l&scape z aga9/ a draw+7 ! =m ( p]ception is 9 fundam5tal contradiction ) ma!matics4 ,a glance d[n any av5ue %[s u t p>allels meet at ! horizon4 ,we/]n p]spective & ! o!rwise q diff]5t p]spective ( ,*9ese pa9t+ are bo? alike bas$ on ?is fact1 & ! connexion ( ^! p]spectives ) ! root- problems ( _! respective ma!matics is unmi/akable4 ,exp]i5tial ,dep?1 9 ! inf9ite v>iety ( its modes1 eludes e sort ( num]ical def9ition4 ,! :ole ( lyric poetry & music1 ! entire pa9t+ ( ,egypt1 ,*9a & ! ,we/ by hypo!sis d5y any /rictly ma!matical /ructure 9 space z felt & se51 & x is only because all mod]n philosoph]s h be5 de/itute ( ! smalle/ und]/&+ ( pa9t+ t !y h fail$ to note ! contradiction4 ,! 8horizon0 9 & by :i* e visual image gradually passes into a def9itive plane1 is incapable ( any ma!matical treatm5t4 ,e /roke ( a l&scape pa9t]'s bru% refutes ! ass]tions ( conv5tional epi/emology4 ,z ma!matical magnitudes ab/ract f life1 ! 8?ree dim5sions0 h no natural limits4 ,b :5 ?is proposition becomes entangl$ ) ! surface-&-dep? ( exp]i5c$ impression1 ! orig9al epi/emological error leads to ano!r1 viz41 t appreh5d$ ext5sion is also )\t limits1 al?\gh 9 fact our vision only comprises ! illum9at$ portion ( space & /ops at ! light-limit ( ! p>ticul> mom5t1 :i* may be ! />-heav5s or m]ely ! bright atmosph]e4 ,! 8visual0 _w is ! totality ( light-resi/ances1 s9ce vision dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( radiat$ or reflect$ light4 ,! ,greeks took _! /& on ?is & /ay$ !re4 ,x is ! ,we/]n _w-feel+ t has produc$ ! idea ( a limitless univ]se ( space--a space ( inf9ite />-sy/ems & di/ances t f> transc5ds all optical possibilities--& ?is 0 a creation ( ! inn] vision1 incapable ( all actualization ?r\gh ! eye1 &1 ev5 z an idea1 ali5 to & una*ievable by ! m5 ( a diff]5tly-dispos$ ,culture4 ,,iv ,! outcome1 !n1 ( ,gauss's discov]y1 :i* completely alt]$ ! c\rse ( mod]n ma!matics1#ahd 0 ! /atem5t t !re are sev]ally equally valid /ructures ( ?ree-dim5sional ext5sion4 ,t x %\ld ev5 be ask$ :i* ( !m corresponds to actual p]ception %[s t ! problem 0 n 9 ! lea/ compreh5d$4 ,ma!matics1 :e!r or n x employs visible images & repres5tations z work+ conv5i5ces1 conc]ns itself ) sy/ems t are entirely emancipat$ f life1 "t & di/ance1 ) =m-worlds ( pure numb]s ^: validity--n fact-f\ndation--is timeless & l ev]y?+ else t is 8kn[n0 is kn[n by causal logic & n exp]i5c$4 ,) ?is1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! liv+ intuition-way & ! ma!matical =m-language became manife/ & ! secret ( spatial becom+ op5$ out4 ,z becom+ is ! f\ndation ( ! become1 cont9u\s liv+ hi/ory t ( fulfill$ dead nature1 ! organic t ( ! me*anical1 de/9y t ( causal law & ! causally-settl$1 s too direction is ! orig9 ( ext5sion4 ,! secret ( ,life accompli%+ itself :i* is t\*$ ^u by ! ^w ,"t =ms ! f\ndation ( t :i*1 z accompli%$1 is und]/ood by 7or r indicat$ to an inn] feel+ 9 u by7 ! ^w ,space4 ,e ext5sion t is actual has fir/ be5 accompli%$ 9 & ) an exp]i5ce ( dep?1 & :at is prim>ily indicat$ by ! ^w ,"t is j ?is process ( ext5d+1 fir/ s5su\sly 79 ! ma91 visually7 & only lat] intellectually1 into dep? & di/ance1 i4e41 ! /ep f ! plan> semi-impression to ! macrocosmically ord]$ _w-picture ) its my/]i\s-manife/ k9esis4 ,we feel--& ! feel+ is :at con/itutes ! /ate ( all-r\nd aw>5ess 9 u--t we are 9 an ext5sion t encircles u2 & x is only necess>y to foll[ out ?is orig9al impression t we h ( ! worldly to see t 9 reality !re is only "o true 8dim5sion0 ( space1 :i* is direction f "o's self outw>ds into ! di/ance1 ! 8!re0 & ! future1 & t ! ab/ract sy/em ( ?ree dim5sions is a me*anical repres5tation & n a fact ( life4 ,by ! dep?-exp]i5ce s5sation is exp&$ into ! _w4 ,we h se5 already t ! direct$ness t is 9 life we>s ! badge ( irrev]sibility1 & !re is some?+ ( ?is same hall-m>k ( ,"t 9 our in/9ctive t5d5cy to feel ! dep? t is 9 ! _w uni-directionally also--viz41 f ourselves outw>ds1 & nev] f ! horizon inw>ds4 ,! bodily mobility ( man & bea/ is dispos$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,we move =w>d-- t[>ds ! ,future1 ne>+ ) e /ep n m]ely our aim b our old age--& we feel e backw>d look z a glance at some?+ t is pa/1 t has already become hi/ory4#ahe ,if we c describe ! basic =m ( ! und]/ood1 viz41 causality1 z de/9y become rigid1 we may simil>ly speak ( spatial dep? z a "t become rigid4 ,t :i* n only man b ev5 ! bea/ feels op]ative ar\nd him z de/9y1 he p]ceives by t\*+1 look+1 li/5+1 sc5t+ z movem5t1 & "u 8 int5se scrut9y x /iff5s & becomes causal4 ,we feel t x is draw+ t[>ds spr+ & we feel 9 advance h[ ! spr+ l&scape exp&s ar\nd u2 b we "k t ! e>? z x moves 9 space revolves & t ! duration ( spr+ consi/s ( n9ety su* revolutions ( ! e>?1 or days4 ,"t gives bir? to ,space1 b ,space gives dea? to ,"t4 ,_h ,kant be5 m precise1 he w\ld1 in/ead ( speak+ ( ! 8two =ms ( p]ception10 h call$ "t ! =m ( p]ception & space ! =m ( ! p]ceiv$1 & !n ! connexion ( ! two w\ld probably h reveal$ itself to him4 ,! logician1 ma!matician1 or sci5ti/ 9 8 mom5ts ( int5se ?\ght1 kn[s only ! ,become--:i* has be5 deta*$ f ! s+ul> ev5t by ! v act ( m$itat+ ^u x--& true sy/ematic space--9 :i* ev]y?+ possesses ! prop]ty ( a ma!matically-expressible 8duration40 ,b x is j ?is t indicates to u h[ space is cont9u\sly 8becom+40 ,:ile we gaze into ! di/ance ) our s5ses1 x floats ar\nd u1 b :5 we are />tl$1 ! al]t eye sees a t5se & rigid space4 ,?is space is2 ! pr9ciple ( its exi/+ at all is t x is1 outside "t & deta*$ f x & f life4 ,9 x duration1 a piece ( p]i%$ "t1 resides z a kn[n prop]ty ( ?+s4 ,&1 z we "k ourselves too z be+ 9 ?is space1 we "k t we also h a duration & a limit1 ( :i* ! mov+ f+] ( our clock ceaselessly w>ns u4 ,b ! rigid ,space itself is transi5t too--at ! fir/ relaxation ( our intellectual t5sion x vani%es f ! _m-col\r$ spread ( our _w-ar\nd--& s x is a sign & symbol ( ! mo/ elem5tal & p[]ful symbol1 ( life itself4 ,= ! involunt>y & unqualifi$ realization ( dep?1 :i* dom9ates ! consci\sness ) ! =ce ( an elem5tal ev5t 7simultane\sly ) ! awak5+ ( ! inn] life71 m>ks ! fronti] betwe5 *ild & 444 ,man4 ,! symbolic exp]i5ce ( dep? is :at is lack+ 9 ! *ild1 :o grasps at ! moon & kn[s z yet no mean+ 9 ! out] _w b1 l ! s\l ( primitive man1 dawns 9 a dreamlike cont9uum ( s5sations 79 traumhaft] ,v]bund5heit mit allem ,empf9dung%aft5 h9dmm]t74 ,( c\rse ! *ild is n )\t exp]i5ce ( ! ext5d$1 ( a v simple k9d1 b !re is no _w-p]ception2 di/ance is felt1 b x does n yet speak to ! s\l4 ,& ) ! s\l's awak5+1 direction1 too1 fir/ rea*es liv+ expression--,classical expression 9 /eady adh]5ce to ! ne>- pres5t & exclusion ( ! di/ant & future2 ,fau/ian 9 direction- en]gy :i* has an eye only = ! mo/ di/ant horizons2 ,*9ese1 9 free hi!r-&-?i!r w&]+ t nev]!less goes to ! goal2 ,egyptian 9 resolute m>* d[n ! pa? once ent]$4 ,?us ! ,de/9y- idea manife/s itself 9 e l9e ( a life4 ,) x alone d we become memb]s ( a p>ticul> ,culture1 ^: memb]s are connect$ by a common _w-feel+ & a common _w-=m d]iv$ f x4 ,a deep id5tity unites ! awak5+ ( ! s\l1 its bir? into cle> exi/5ce 9 ! "n ( a ,culture1 ) ! sudd5 realization ( di/ance & "t1 ! bir? ( its out] _w ?r\gh ! symbol ( ext5sion2 & !nce=? ?is symbol is & rema9s ! prime symbol ( t life1 imp>t+ to x its specific /yle & ! hi/orical =m 9 :i* x progressively actualizes its inw>d possibilities4 ,f ! specific direct$ness is d]iv$ ! specific prime-symbol ( ext5sion1 namely1 = ! ,classical _w-view ! ne>1 /rictly limit$1 self- conta9$ ,body1 = ! ,we/]n inf9itely wide & inf9itely pr(\nd ?ree-dim5sional ,space1 = ! ,arabian ! _w z a ,cav]n4 ,& !re) an old philosophical problem dissolves into no?+3 ?is prime =m ( ! _w is innate 9 s f> z x is an orig9al possession ( ! s\l ( t ,culture :i* is express$ by our life z a :ole1 & acquir$ 9 s f> t e individual s\l re-enacts = itself t creative act & unfolds 9 e>ly *ildhood ! symbol ( dep? to :i* its exi/5ce is pr$e/9$1 z ! em]g+ butt]fly unfolds its w+s4 ,! fir/ compreh5sion ( dep? is an act ( bir?--! spiritual complem5t ( ! bodily4#ahf ,9 x ! ,culture is born out ( its "m-l&scape1 & ! act is repeat$ by e "o ( its individual s\ls ?r\gh\t its life-c\rse4 ,?is is :at ,plato--connect+ x ) an e>ly ,hell5ic belief--call$ anamnesis4 ,! def9it5ess ( ! _w-=m1 :i* = ea* dawn+ s\l sudd5ly is1 d]ives mean+ f ,becom+4 ,kant ! sy/ematic1 h[ev]1 ) 8 conception ( ! =m a priori1 w\ld approa* ! int]pretation ( ?is v riddle f a dead result in/ead ( along a liv+ way4 ,f n[ on1 we %all consid] ! k9d ( ext5sion z ! prime symbol ( a ,culture4 ,f x we are to d$uce ! entire =m-language ( its actuality1 its physiognomy z contra/$ ) ! physiognomy ( e o!r ,culture & /ill m ) ! almo/ entire lack ( physiognomy 9 primitive man's _w-ar\nd4 ,= n[ ! int]pretation ( dep? rises to acts1 to =mative expression 9 works1 to ! trans-=m+ ( actuality1 n n[ m]ely 9 ord] to subs]ve necessities ( life 7z 9 ! case ( ! animals7 b above all to create a picture out ( ext5sional elem5ts ( all sorts 7mat]ial1 l9e1 col\r1 tone1 motion7--a picture1 (t51 t re-em]ges ) p[] to *>m aft] lo/ c5turies 9 ! _w-picture ( ano!r ,culture & tells new m5 ( ! way 9 :i* its au?ors und]/ood ! _w4 ,b ! prime symbol does n actualize itself2 x is op]ative ?r\gh ! =m-s5se ( e man1 e community1 age & epo* & dictates ! /yle ( e life-expression4 ,x is inh]5t 9 ! =m ( ! /ate1 ! religi\s my?s & cults1 ! e?ical ideals1 ! =ms ( pa9t+ & music & poetry1 ! fundam5tal notions ( ea* sci5ce-- b x is n pres5t$ by ^!4 ,consequ5tly1 x is n pres5table by words1 = language & words are !mselves d]iv$ symbols4 ,e individual symbol tells ( x1 b only to ! inn] feel+s1 n to ! und]/&+4 ,& :5 we say1 z h5ce=? we %all say1 t ! prime-symbol ( ! ,classical s\l is ! mat]ial & individual body1 t ( ! ,we/]n pure inf9ite space1 x mu/ always be ) ! res]vation t concepts _c repres5t ! inconceivable1 & ?us at ! mo/ a significative feel+ may be evok$ by ! s\nd ( words4 ,inf9ite space is ! ideal t ! ,we/]n s\l has always /riv5 to f9d1 & to see imm$iately actualiz$1 9 its _w-ar\nd2 & h5ce x is t ! c\ntless space-!ories ( ! la/ c5turies possess-- ov] & above all o/5sible 8results0--a deep import z symptoms ( a _w-feel+4 ,9 h[ f> does unlimit$ ext5sion und]lie all objective ?+s8 ,!re is h>dly a s+le problem t has be5 m e>ne/ly pond]$ ?an ?is2 x w\ld almo/ seem z if e o!r _w-"q 0 dep5d5t ^u ! "o problem ( ! nature ( space4 ,& is x n 9 fact s--= u8 ,& h[1 !n1 has x escap$ notice t ! :ole ,classical _w nev] exp5d$ "o ^w on x1 & inde$ did n ev5 possess a ^w#ahg by :i* ! problem c\ld be exactly outl9$8 ,:y _h ! great pre-,socratics no?+ to say on x8 ,did !y ov]look 9 _! _w j t :i* appe>s to u ! problem ( all problems8 ,ought we n1 9 fact1 to h se5 long ago t ! answ] is 9 ! v fact ( _! sil5ce8 ,h[ is x t accord+ to our deepe/ feel+ ! 8_w0 is no?+ b t _w-(-space :i* is ! true (fspr+ ( our dep?-exp]i5ce1 & ^: gr& empt9ess is corroborat$ by ! />-sy/ems lo/ 9 x8 ,c\ld a 8_w0 ( ?is s5se h be5 made ev5 compreh5sible to a ,classical ?9k]8 ,9 %ort1 we sudd5ly discov] t ! 8et]nal problem0 t ,kant1 9 ! "n ( humanity1 tackl$ ) a passion t itself is symbolic1 is a purely ,we/]n problem t simply does n arise 9 ! intellects ( o!r ,cultures4 ,:at !n 0 x t ,classical man1 ^: insight into 8 own _w- ar\nd 0 c]ta9ly n less pi]c+ ?an ours1 reg>d$ z ! prime problem ( all be+8 ,x 0 ! problem ( 1 ! mat]ial orig9 & f\ndation ( all s5su\sly-p]ceptible ?+s4 ,if we grasp ?is we %all get close to ! significance ( ! fact--n ! fact ( space1 b ! fact t made x a necessity ( de/9y = ! space- problem to become ! problem ( ! ,we/]n1 & only ! ,we/]n1 s\l4#ahh ,?is v spatiality 7,rumli*keit7 t is ! true/ & sublime/ elem5t 9 ! aspect ( our univ]se1 t absorbs into itself & begets out ( itself ! sub/antiality ( all ?+s1 ,classical humanity 7:i* kn[s no ^w =1 & !re=e has no idea (1 space7 ) "o accord cuts out z ! non5t1 1 t :i* is n4 ,! pa?os ( ?is d5ial c sc>cely be exagg]at$4 ,! :ole passion ( ! ,classical s\l is 9 ?is act ( exclud+ by symbolic negation t :i* x w\ld n feel z actual1 t 9 :i* its own exi/5ce c\ld n be express$4 ,a _w ( o!r col\r sudd5ly confronts u "h4 ,! ,classical /atue 9 its spl5did bodil9ess--all /ructure & expressive surfaces & no incorporeal arrire-p5se :atsoev]--conta9s )\t rema9d] all t ,actuality is = ! ,classical eye4 ,! mat]ial1 ! optically def9ite1 ! compreh5sible1 ! imm$iately pres5t--?is li/ exhau/s ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is k9d ( ext5sion4 ,! ,classical univ]se1 ! ,cosmos or well-ord]$ aggregate ( all ne> & completely viewable ?+s1 is conclud$ by ! corporeal vault ( heav54 ,m !re is n4 ,! ne$ t is 9 u to ?9k ( 8space0 z be+ beh9d z well z be=e ?is %ell 0 :olly abs5t f ! ,classical _w- feel+4 ,! ,/oics w5t s f> z to treat ev5 prop]ties & relations ( ?+s z 8bodies40 ,= ,*rysippus1 ! ,div9e ,pneuma is a 8body10 = ,democritus see+ consi/s 9 our be+ p5etrat$ by mat]ial p>ticles ( ! ?+s se54 ,! ,/ate is a body :i* is made up ( all ! bodies ( its citiz5s1 ! law kn[s only corporeal p]sons & mat]ial ?+s4 ,& ! feel+ f9ds its la/ & noble/ expression 9 ! /one body ( ! ,classical temple4 ,! w9d[less int]ior is c>efully conceal$ by ! array ( columns2 b outside !re is n "o truly /raight l9e to be f\nd4 ,e flight ( /eps has a slight sweep outw>d1 e /ep relatively to ! next4 ,! p$im5t1 ! ro(-ridge1 ! sides are all curv$4 ,e column has a slight swell & none /& truly v]tical or truly equidi/ant f "o ano!r4 ,b swell & incl9ation & di/ance v>y f ! corn]s to ! c5tres ( ! sides 9 a c>efully ton$-(f ratio1 & s ! :ole corpus is giv5 a some?+ t sw+s my/]i\s ab\t a c5tre4 ,! curvatures are s f9e t to a c]ta9 ext5t !y are invisible to ! eye & only to be 8s5s$40 ,b x is j by ^! means t direction 9 dep? is elim9at$4 ,:ile ! ,go?ic /yle so>s1 ! ,ionic sw+s4 ,! int]ior ( ! ca!dral pulls up ) primeval =ce1 b ! temple is laid d[n 9 maje/ic re/4 ,all ?is is equally true z relat+ to ! ,fau/ian & ,apoll9ian ,deity1 & likewise ( ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! respective physics4 ,to ! pr9ciples ( position1 mat]ial & =m we h oppos$ ^? ( /ra9+ movem5t1 =ce & mass1 & we h def9$ ! la/-nam$ z a con/ant ratio betwe5 =ce & accel]ation1 nay1 f9ally volatiliz$ bo? 9 ! purely spatial elem5ts ( capacity & int5sity4 ,x 0 an obligatory consequ5ce also ( ?is way ( conceiv+ actuality t ! in/rum5tal music ( ! great #ah?-,c5tury ma/]s %\ld em]ge z a ma/]-art--= x is ! only "o ( ! arts ^: =m-_w is inw>dly relat$ to ! contemplative vision ( pure space4 ,9 x1 z oppos$ to ! /atues ( ,classical temple & =um1 we h bodiless realms ( tone1 tone-int]vals1 tone-seas4 ,! or*e/ra swells1 breaks1 & ebbs1 x depicts di/ances1 lights1 %ad[s1 /orms1 driv+ cl\ds1 lightn+ fla%es1 col\rs e!realiz$ & transc5d5t--?9k ( ! in/rum5tation ( ,gluck & ,bee?ov54 8,contempor>y10 9 our s5se1 ) ! ,canon ( ,polycletus1 ! treatise 9 :i* ! great sculptor laid d[n ! /rict rules ( human body-build :i* rema9$ au?oritative till beyond ,lysippus1 we f9d ! /rict canon 7complet$ by ,/amitz ab\t #agdj7 ( ! sonata-movem5t ( f\r elem5ts :i* beg9s to relax 9 late-,bee?ov5 qu>tets & symphonies &1 f9ally1 9 ! lonely1 utt]ly inf9itesimal tone-_w ( ! 8,tri/an0 music1 frees itself f all e>?ly compreh5sibl5ess4 ,?is prime feel+ ( a loos+1 ,erlsung1 solution1 ( ! ,s\l 9 ! ,inf9ite1 ( a lib]ation f all mat]ial heav9ess :i* ! highe/ mom5ts ( our music always awak51 sets free also ! en]gy ( dep? t is 9 ! ,fau/ian s\l3 :]eas ! effect ( ! ,classical art-"w is to b9d & to b\nd1 & ! body-feel+ secures1 br+s back ! eye f di/ance to a ,ne> & ,/ill t is saturat$ ) beauty4 ----- ,footnote #agb3 ,:i*1 inasmu* z x has be5 deta*$ f "t1 is able to employ ma!matical symbols4 ,^! rigid figures signify = u a de/9y ( yore4 ,b _! mean+ is o!r ?an ma!matical4 ,pa/ is n a cause1 nor ,fate a =mula1 & to anyone :o h&les !m1 z ! hi/orical mat]iali/ h&les !m1 ma!matically1 ! pa/ ev5t z su*1 z an actuality t has liv$ once & only once1 is invisible4 ,footnote #agc3 ,t is1 n m]ely conclusions ( peaces or dea?days ( p]sons1 b ! ,r5aissance /yle1 ! ,polis1 ! ,mexican ,culture & s =?-- are dates or data1 facts t h be51 ev5 :5 we possess no repres5tation ( !m4 ,footnote #agd3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #djc et seq41 #ehi et seq4 ,footnote #age3 ,! =mation ( hypo!ses 9 ,*emi/ry is mu* m ?\ghtless1 ow+ to ! less close relation ( t sci5ce to ma!matics4 ,a h\se ( c>ds su* z is pres5t$ to u 9 ! rese>*es ( ! mom5t on atom-/ructure 7see1 = example1 ,m4 ,born1 ,d] ,aufbau d] ,mat]ie1 #aibj7 w\ld be impossible 9 ! ne> neighb\rhood ( ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 ^: au?ors nev] = a mom5t lo/ sight ( ! fronti] betwe5 ma!matical vision & its repres5tation by a picture1 or ( ! fact t ?is 0 only a picture4 ,footnote #agf3 ,!re is no diff]5ce ess5tially betwe5 ^! repres5tations & ! swit*bo>d wir+-diagram4 ,footnote #agg3 ,goe!'s !ory ( col\r op5ly controv]t$ ,newton's !ory ( light4 ,a long acc\nt ( ! controv]sy w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,ix ( ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes's ,life ( ,goe!--a "w t1 tak5 all 9 all1 is "o ( ! wise/ biographies ev] writt54 ,9 read+ 8 critique ( ,goe!'s !ory1 ( c\rse1 x has to be borne 9 m9d t he wrote be=e ! mod]n developm5t ( ! electro-magnetic !ory1 :i* has sub/itut$ a m]ely ma!matical exi/5ce = ! ,newtonian physical exi/5ce ( col\r-rays z su* 9 :ite light4 ,n[1 ?is physical exi/5ce 0 j :at1 9 sub/ance1 ,goe! d5i$4 ,:at he affirm$1 9 ! simpl] language ( 8 day1 0 t :ite light 0 some?+ simple & col\rless t becomes col\r$ ?r\gh dim9utions or modifications impos$ ^u x by 8d>kness40 ,! mod]n physici/1 us+ a subtl] hypo!sis ?an ,newton's & a m ref9$ 8balance0 ?an t :i* ,lewes reproa*es ,goe! = 8fl++ away10 has f\nd 9 :ite light1 n ! ,newtonian mixture ( col\r-rays1 b a surge ( irregul> wave-tra9s :i* are only regul>iz$ into col\r-vibrations ?r\gh be+ act$ ^u by analys]s ( "o sort & ano!r1 f prisms to p>ticulate matt]4 ,?is necessity ( a c\nt]-ag5t = ! production ( col\r seems--to a critical outsid] at any rate--v l ! necessity ( an effici5t negative pr9ciple or 8opaque0 t ,goe!'s intuitive int]pretation ( 8 exp]im5ts l$ him to po/ulate4 ,x is ?is t is ! he>t ( ! !ory1 & n ! 8simplicity0 ( light p] se4 ,s mu* x seems desirable to add to ! text & ! ref]5ce1 9 ord] to exp& ! au?or's /atem5t t 8bo? 7 "r40 ,= ,lewes1 ) all 8 sympa!tic p5etration ( ! man & real appreciation ( 8 sci5tific a*ievem5t1 feels oblig$ to reg>d 8 me?ods & 8 !ory z su* z 8errone\s40 ,& x is p]haps n out ( place 9 ?is book to adduce an in/ance ( ! peculi> nature & p[] ( intuitive vision 7:i* entirely escapes direct description7 9 :i* ,vision frankly *all5ges ,reason on its own gr\nd1 meets ) refutation 7or contempt7 f ! ,reason ( its day1 & yet may come to be upheld 9 its specific rightness 7its rightness z vision1 t is1 ap>t f its te*nical enunciation by ! se]7 by ! ,reason ( a lat] day4--,tr4 ,footnote #agh3 ,see p4 #abc4 ,footnote #agi3 ,see page #abc4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,! ^w dim5sion ought only to be us$ 9 ! s+ul>4 ,x means ext5sion b n ext5sions4 ,! idea ( ! ?ree directions is an out-&-out ab/raction & is n conta9$ 9 ! imm$iate ext5sion-feel+ ( ! body 7! 8s\l074 ,direction z su*1 ! direction-ess5ce1 gives rise to ! my/]i\s animal s5se ( "r & left & also ! vegetable *>act]i/ic ( bel[-to- above1 e>? to heav54 ,! latt] is a fact felt dream-wise1 ! =m] a tru? ( wak+ exi/5ce to be le>n$ & !re=e capable ( be+ transmut$4 ,bo? f9d expression 9 ar*itecture1 to wit1 9 ! symmetry ( ! plan & ! en]gy ( ! elevation1 & x is only because ( ?is t we specially di/+ui% 9 ! 8ar*itecture0 ( ! space ar\nd u ! angle ( #ij 9 pref]5ce1 = example1 to t ( #fj4 ,_h n ?is be5 s1 ! conv5tional numb] ( our 8dim5sions0 w\ld h be5 q diff]5t4 ,footnote #aha3 ,! want ( p]spective 9 *ildr5's draw+s is emphatically n p]ceptible to ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,8 idea t ! a priori-ness ( space 0 prov$ by & ?r\gh ! unconditional validity ( simple geometrical facts re/s1 z we h already rem>k$1 on ! all-too-popul> notion t ma!matics are ei!r geometry or ari?metic4 ,n[1 ev5 9 ,kant's "t ! ma!matic ( ! ,we/ _h got f> beyond ?is nave s*eme1 :i* 0 a m]e imitation ( ! ,classical4 ,mod]n geometry bases itself n on space b on multiply-inf9ite numb]-manifolds--among/ :i* ! ?ree-dim5sional is simply ! undi/+ui%$ special case--& )9 ^! gr\ps inve/igates functional =mations ) ref]5ce to _! /ructure2 t is1 !re is no long] any contact or ev5 possibility ( contact betwe5 any possible k9d ( s5se-p]ception & ma!matical facts 9 ! doma9 ( su* ext5sions z ^!1 & yet ! demon/rability ( ! latt] is 9 no wise impair$ !reby4 ,ma!matics1 !n1 are indep5d5t ( ! p]ceiv$1 & ! "q n[ is1 h[ mu* ( ?is fam\s demon/rability ( ! =ms ( p]ception is left :5 ! artificiality ( juxtapos+ bo? 9 a suppos$ly s+le process ( exp]i5ce has be5 recogniz$4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,x is true t a geometrical !orem may be prov$1 or r demon/rat$1 by means ( a draw+4 ,b ! !orem is diff]5tly con/itut$ 9 e k9d ( geometry1 & t be+ s1 ! draw+ ceases to be a pro( ( any?+ :atev]4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,s mu* s t ,gauss said no?+ ab\t 8 discov]y until almo/ ! end ( 8 life = te> ( 8! clam\r ( ! ,botians40 ,footnote #ahe3 ,! di/9ction ( "r & left 7see p4 #afi7 is only conceivable z ! outcome ( ?is direct$ness 9 ! dispositions ( ! body4 8,9 front0 has no mean+ :atev] = ! body ( a plant4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,x may n be out ( place "h to ref] to ! enorm\s importance atta*$ 9 savage society to initiation-rites at adolesc5ce4--,tr4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,ei!r 9 ,greek or 9 ,lat91 7 locus7 means spot1 locality1 & also social position2 7 spatium7 means space-betwe51 di/ance1 rank1 & also gr\nd & soil 7e4g41 1 produce72 7vacuum7 means q unequivocally a holl[ body1 & ! /ress is emphatically on ! envelope4 ,! lit]ature ( ! ,roman ,imp]ial ,age1 :i* attempt$ to r5d] ! ,magian _w- feel+ ?r\gh ,classical words1 0 r$uc$ to su* clumsy v]sions z 7s5sible _w7 or spatium inane 78endless space10 b also 8wide surface0--! root ( ! ^w 8spatium0 means to swell or gr[ fat74 ,9 ! true ,classical lit]ature1 ! idea n be+ !re1 !re 0 no necessity = a ^w to describe x4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,x has n hi!rto be5 se5 t ?is fact is implicit 9 ,euclid's fam\s p>allel axiom 78?r\gh a po9t only "o p>allel to a /raight l9e is possible074 ,?is 0 ! only "o ( ! ,classical !orems :i* rema9$ unprov$1 & z we "k n[1 x is incapable ( pro(4 ,b x 0 j t :i* made x into a dogma 7z oppos$ to any exp]i5ce7 & !re=e ! metaphysical c5tre & ma9 gird] ( t geometrical sy/em4 ,ev]y?+ else1 axiom or po/ulate1 is m]ely introductory or coroll>y to ?is4 ,?is "o proposition is necess>y & univ]sally-valid = ! ,classical intellect1 & yet n d$ucible4 ,:at does ?is signify8 ,x signifies t ! /atem5t is a symbol ( ! fir/ rank4 ,x conta9s ! /ructure ( ,classical corporeality4 ,x is j ?is proposition1 !oretically ! weake/ l9k 9 ! ,classical geometry 7objections began to be rais$ to x z e>ly z ,hell5i/ic times71 t reveals its s\l1 & x 0 j ?is proposition1 self-evid5t )9 ! limits ( r\t9e exp]i5ce1 t ! ,fau/ian numb]- ?9k+1 d]iv$ f incorporeal spatial di/ances1 fa/5$ ^u z ! c5tre ( d\bt4 ,x is "o ( ! deepe/ symbols ( our be+ t we h oppos$ to ! ,euclidean geometry n "o b sev]al o!r geometries all ( :i* = u are equally true & self- consi/5t4 ,! specific t5d5cy ( ! anti-,euclidean gr\p ( geometries--9 :i* !re may be no p>allel or two p>allels or sev]al p>allels to a l9e ?r\gh a po9t--lies 9 ! fact t by _! v plurality ! corporeal s5se ( ext5sion1 :i* ,euclid canoniz$ by 8 pr9ciple1 is entirely got rid (2 = :at !y reject is t :i* all corporeal po/ulates b all spatial d5ies4 ,! "q ( :i* ( ! ?ree ,non-,euclidean geometries is ! 8correct0 "o 7i4e41 t :i* und]lies actuality7--al?\gh ,gauss himself gave x e>ne/ consid]ation--is 9 respect ( _w-feel+ entirely ,classical & !re=e x %\ld n h be5 ask$ by a ?9k] ( our sph]e4 ,inde$ x prev5ts u f see+ ! true & deep mean+ implicit 9 ! plurality ( ^! geometries4 ,! specifically ,we/]n symbol resides n 9 ! reality ( "o or ( ano!r1 b 9 ! true plurality ( equally possible geometries4 ,x is ! gr\p ( space-/ructures--9 ! abundance ( :i* ! classical sy/em is a m]e p>ticul> case--t has dissolv$ ! la/ residuum ( ! corporeal into ! pure space-feel+4 ----- ,v ,ea* ( ! great ,cultures1 !n1 has arriv$ at a secret language ( _w-feel+ t is only fully compreh5sible by him ^: s\l belongs to t ,culture4 ,we mu/ n deceive ourselves4 ,p]haps we c read a little way into ! ,classical s\l1 because its =m-language is almo/ ! exact inv]sion ( ! ,we/]n2 h[ f> we h succe$$ or c ev] succe$ is a "q :i* necess>ily =ms ! />t+- po9t ( all criticism ( ! ,r5aissance1 & x is a v difficult "o4 ,b :5 we are told t probably 7x is at be/ a d\btful v5ture to m$itate ^u s ali5 an expression ( ,be+7 ! ,indians conceiv$ numb]s :i* accord+ to our ideas possess$ nei!r value nor magnitude nor relativity1 & :i* only became positive & negative1 great or small units 9 virtue ( position1 we h to admit t x is impossible = u exactly to re-exp]i5ce :at spiritually und]lies ?is k9d ( numb]4 ,= u1 #c is always some?+1 be x positive or negative2 = ! ,greeks x 0 unconditionally a positive magnitude1 #c2 b = ! ,indian x indicates a possibility )\t exi/5ce1 to :i* ! ^w 8some?+0 is n yet applicable1 outside bo? exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce :i* are prop]ties to be introduc$ into x4 #c1 -#c1 1 are ?us emanat+ actualities ( subord9ate rank :i* reside 9 ! my/]i\s sub/ance 7#c7 9 "s way t is entirely hidd5 f u4 ,x takes a ,brahmanic s\l to p]ceive ^! numb]s z self-evid5t1 z ideal emblems ( a self- complete _w-=m2 to u !y are z un9telligible z is ! ,brahman ,nirvana1 = :i*1 z ly+ beyond life & dea?1 sleep & wak+1 passion1 compassion & dispassion & yet someh[ actual1 words entirely fail u4 ,only ?is spirituality c\ld orig9ate ! gr& conception ( no?+ness z a true numb]1 z]o1 & ev5 !n ?is z]o is ! ,indian z]o = :i* exi/5t & non-exi/5t are equally ext]nal designations4#ahi ,arabian ?9k]s ( ! ripe/ p]iod--& !y includ$ m9ds ( ! v fir/ ord] l ,alf>abi & ,alkabi--9 controv]t+ ! ontology ( ,ari/otle1 prov$ t ! body z su* did n necess>ily assume space = exi/5ce1 & d$uc$ ! ess5ce ( ?is space--! ,arabian k9d ( ext5sion1 t is--f ! *>act]i/ic ( 8"o's be+ 9 a position40 ,b ?is does n prove t z aga9/ ,ari/otle & ,kant !y 7 9 error or t _! ?9k+ 0 muddl$ 7z we s readily say ( :at our own bra9s _c take 974 ,x %[s t ! ,arabian _s possess$ o!r _w-categories ?an our own4 ,!y c\ld h rebutt$ ,kant1 or ,kant !m1 ) ! same subtlety ( pro(--& bo? disputants w\ld h rema9$ conv9c$ ( ! correctness ( _! respective /&po9ts4 ,:5 we talk ( space to-day1 we are all ?9k+ m or less 9 ! same /yle1 j z we are all us+ ! same languages & ^w-signs1 :e!r we are consid]+ ma!matical space or physical space or ! space ( pa9t+ or t ( actuality1 al?\gh all philosophiz+ t insi/s 7z x mu/7 ^u putt+ an id5tity ( und]/&+ 9 ! place ( su* k9%ip ( significance-feel+ mu/ rema9 some:at que/ionable4 ,b no ,hell5e or ,egyptian or ,*9aman c\ld re-exp]i5ce any "p ( ^? feel+s ( ours1 & no artwork or ?\ght-sy/em c\ld possibly convey to him unequivocally :at 8space0 means = u4 ,aga91 ! prime conceptions orig9at$ 9 ! q diff]5tly con/itut$ s\l ( ! ,greek1 l 1 1 1 comprise ! :ole cont5t ( 8 _w4 ,b ?is _w is diff]5tly con/itut$ f ours4 ,x is1 = u1 ali5 & remote4 ,we may take ^! words ( ,greek & translate !m by words ( our own l 8orig910 8matt]0 & 8=m10 b x is m]e imitation1 a feeble ef=t to p5etrate into a _w ( feel+ 9 :i* ! f9e/ & deepe/ elem5ts1 9 spite ( all we c d1 rema9 dumb2 x is z ?\gh "o tri$ to set ! ,p>!non sculptures = a /r+ qu>tet1 or ca/ ,voltaire's ,god 9 bronze4 ,! ma/]-traits ( ?\ght1 life & _w-consci\sness are z manifold & diff]5t z ! features ( individual m52 9 ^? respects z 9 o!rs !re are di/9ctions ( 8races0 & 8peoples10 & m5 are z unconsci\s ( ^! di/9ctions z !y are ignorant ( :e!r 8r$0 & 8yell[0 d or d n mean ! same = o!rs z = !mselves4 ,x is p>ticul>ly ! common symbolic ( language t n\ri%es ! illusion ( a homog5e\s con/itution ( human inn]-life & an id5tical _w-=m2 9 ?is respect ! great ?9k]s ( "o & ano!r ,culture resemble ! col\r-bl9d 9 t ea* is unaw>e ( 8 own condition & smiles at ! errors ( ! re/4 ,& n[ ,i draw ! conclusions4 ,!re is a plurality ( prime symbols4 ,x is ! dep?-exp]i5ce ?r\gh :i* ! _w becomes1 ?r\gh :i* p]ception ext5ds itself to _w4 ,its signification is = ! s\l to :i* x belongs & only = t s\l1 & x is diff]5t 9 wak+ & dream+1 acceptance & scrut9y1 z betwe5 "y & old1 t[nsm5 & peasant1 man & woman4 ,x actualizes = e high ,culture ! possibility ( =m ^u :i* t ,culture's exi/5ce re/s & x does s ( deep necessity4 ,all fundam5tals words l our mass1 sub/ance1 mat]ial1 ?+1 body1 ext5sion 7& multitudes ( words ( ! l ord] 9 o!r culture-tongues7 are emblems1 obligatory & det]m9$ by de/9y1 t out ( ! inf9ite abundance ( _w-possibilities evoke 9 ! "n ( ! individual ,culture ^? possibilities t alone are significant & !re=e necess>y = x4 ,none ( !m is exactly transf]able j z x is into ! exp]i5tial liv+ & kn[+ ( ano!r ,culture4 ,& none ( ^! prime words ev] recurs4 ,! *oice ( prime symbol 9 ! mom5t ( ! ,culture- s\l's awak5+ into self-consci\sness on its own soil--a mom5t t = "o :o c read _w-hi/ory ?us conta9s some?+ cata/rophic-- decides all4 ,culture1 z ! s\l's total expression 8become0 & p]ceptible 9 ge/ures & works1 z its mortal transi5t body1 obnoxi\s to law1 numb] & causality3 ,z ! hi/orical drama1 a picture 9 ! :ole picture ( _w- hi/ory3 ,z ! sum ( gr& emblems ( life1 feel+ & und]/&+3 --?is is ! language ?r\gh :i* alone a s\l c tell ( :at x und]goes4 ,! macrocosm1 too1 is a prop]ty ( ! individual s\l2 we c nev] "k h[ x /&s ) ! s\l ( ano!r4 ,t :i* is impli$ by 8inf9ite space10 ! space t 8passe? all und]/&+10 :i* is ! creative int]pretation ( dep?-exp]i5ce prop] & peculi> to u m5 ( ! ,we/--! k9d ( ext5sion t is no?+ness to ! ,greeks1 ! ,univ]se to u--dyes our _w 9 a col\r t ! ,classical1 ! ,indian & ! ,egyptian s\ls _h n on _! palettes4 ,"o s\l li/5s to ! _w-exp]i5ce 9 ,a flat major1 ano!r 9 ,f m9or2 "o appreh5ds x 9 ! ,euclidean _s1 ano!r 9 ! contrapuntal1 a ?ird 9 ! ,magian _s4 ,f ! pure/ analytical ,space & f ,nirvana to ! mo/ somatic reality ( ,a!ns1 !re is a s]ies ( prime symbols ea* ( :i* is capable ( =m+ a complete _w out ( itself4 ,&1 z ! idea ( ! ,babylonian or t ( ! ,indian _w 0 remote1 /range & elusive = ! m5 ( ! five or six ,cultures t foll[$1 s also ! ,we/]n _w w be incompreh5sible to ! m5 ( ,cultures yet unborn4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,makrokosmos ,,ii ,,apoll9ian1 ,,fau/ian ,,& ,,magian ,,s\l ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,makrokosmos ,,ii ,,apoll9ian1 ,,fau/ian ,,& ,,magian ,,s\l ,i ,h5ce=? we %all designate ! s\l ( ! ,classical ,culture1 :i* *ose ! s5su\sly-pres5t individual body z ! ideal type ( ! ext5d$1 by ! "n 7famili>iz$ by ,nietzs*e7 ( ! ,apoll9ian4 ,9 opposition to x we h ! ,fau/ian s\l1 ^: prime-symbol is pure & limitless space1 & ^: 8body0 is ! ,we/]n ,culture t blossom$ =? ) ! bir? ( ! ,romanesque /yle 9 ! #aj? c5tury 9 ! ,nor!rn pla9 betwe5 ! ,elbe & ! ,tagus4 ,! nude /atue is ,apoll9ian1 ! art ( ! fugue ,fau/ian4 ,apoll9ian are3 me*anical /atics1 ! s5su\s cult ( ! ,olympian gods1 ! politically individual city-/ates ( ,greece1 ! doom ( dipus & ! phallus-symbol4 ,fau/ian are3 ,galileian dynamics1 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant dogmatics1 ! great dyna/ies ( ! ,b>oque ) _! cab9et diplomacy1 ! de/9y ( ,le> & ! ,madonna-ideal f ,dante's ,beatrice to ! la/ l9e ( ,fau/ ,,ii4 ,! pa9t+ t def9es ! individual body by cont\rs is ,apoll9ian1 t :i* =ms space by means ( light & %ade is ,fau/ian--?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fresco ( ,polygnotus & ! oil pa9t+ ( ,rembr&t4 ,! ,apoll9ian exi/5ce is t ( ! ,greek :o describes 8 ego z soma & :o lacks all idea ( an inn] developm5t & !re=e all real hi/ory1 inw>d & outw>d2 ! ,fau/ian is an exi/5ce :i* is l$ ) a deep consci\sness & introspection ( ! ego1 & a resolutely p]sonal culture evid5c$ 9 memoirs1 reflections1 retrospects & prospects & consci5ce4 ,& 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 9 ! c\ntries betwe5 ,nile & ,tigris1 ,black ,sea & ,s\? ,arabia1 !re appe>s--alo( b able to speak to u ?r\gh =ms borr[$1 adopt$ & inh]it$--! ,magian s\l ( ! ,arabian ,culture ) its algebra1 a/rology & al*emy1 its mosaics & arabesques1 its caliphates & mosques1 & ! sacram5ts & scriptures ( ! ,p]sian1 ,jewi%1 ,*ri/ian1 8po/-,classical0 & ,mani*an religions4 8,space0--speak+ n[ 9 ! ,fau/ian idiom--is a spiritual some?+1 rigidly di/9ct f ! mom5t>y s5se-pres5t1 :i* c\ld n be repres5t$ 9 an ,apoll9ian language1 :e!r ,greek or ,lat94 ,b ! creat$ expression-space ( ! ,apoll9ian arts is equally ali5 to ours4 ,! t9y cella ( ! e>ly-,classical temple 0 a dumb d>k no?+ness1 a /ructure 7orig9ally7 ( p]i%able mat]ial1 an envelope ( ! mom5t 9 contra/ to ! et]nal vaults ( ,magian cupolas & ,go?ic naves1 & ! clos$ ranks ( columns 7 expressly meant to convey t = ! eye at any rate ?is body possess$ no ,inw>d4 ,9 no o!r ,culture is ! firm foot+1 ! socket1 s emphasiz$4 ,! ,doric column bores into ! gr\nd1 ! vessels are always ?\ght ( f bel[ upw>d 7:]eas ^? ( ! ,r5aissance float above _! foot+71 & ! sculpture-s*ools feel ! /abiliz+ ( _! figures z _! ma9 problem4 ,h5ce 9 ar*aic works ! legs are disproportionately emphasiz$1 ! foot is plant$ on ! full sole1 & if ! drap]y falls /raight d[n1 a "p ( ! hem is remov$ to %[ t ! foot is /&+4 ,! ,classical relief is /rictly /]eometrically set on a plane1 & !re is an int]space betwe5 ! figures b no dep?4 ,a l&scape ( ,claude ,lorra91 on ! contr>y1 is no?+ b space1 e detail be+ made to subs]ve its illu/ration4 ,all bodies 9 x possess an atmosph]ic & p]spective mean+ purely z c>ri]s ( light & %ade4 ,! extreme ( ?is disembodim5t ( ! _w 9 ! s]vice ( space is ,impressionism4 ,giv5 ?is _w-feel+1 ! ,fau/ian s\l 9 ! spr+time necess>ily arriv$ at an ar*itectural problem :i* _h its c5tre ( gravity 9 ! spatial vault+-ov] ( va/1 & f por* to *oir dynamically deep1 ca!drals4 ,?is la/ express$ its dep?- exp]i5ce4 ,b ) x 0 associat$1 9 opposition to ! cav]n\s ,magian expression-space1#aij ! elem5t ( a so>+ into ! broad univ]se4 ,magian ro(+1 :e!r x be cupola or b>rel-vault or ev5 ! horizontal baulk ( a basilica1 cov]s 94 ,/rzyg[ski#aia has v aptly describ$ ! ar*itectural idea ( ,hagia ,sophia z an introv]t$ ,go?ic /riv+ "u a clos$ out] cas+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce ! cupola cr[ns ! long ,go?ic body ( #acfg1 & ! same t5d5cy rose 9 ,bramante's s*eme = ,/4 ,pet]'s to a v]itable t[]+-up1 a magnific5t 8,excelsior10 t ,mi*elangelo c>ri$ to completion ) ! dome t floats high & bright ov] ! va/ vault+4 ,to ?is s5se ( space ! ,classical opposes ! symbol ( ! ,doric p]ipt]os1 :olly corporeal & compreh5sible 9 "o glance4 ,! ,classical ,culture beg9s1 !n1 ) a great r5unciation4 ,a ri*1 pictorial1 almo/ ov]-ripe art lay ready to its h&4 ,b ?is c\ld n become ! expression ( ! "y s\l1 & s f ab\t #aajj ,b4,c4 ! h>%1 n>r[1 & to our eyes scanty & b>b>ic1 e>ly-,doric geometrical /yle appe>s 9 opposition to ! ,m9oan4#aib ,= ! ?ree c5turies :i* correspond to ! fl[]+ ( our ,go?ic1 !re is no h9t ( an ar*itecture1 & x is only at ab\t #fej ,b4,c41 8contempor>ily0 ) ,mi*elangelo's transition into ! ,b>oque1 t ! ,doric & ,etruscan temple-type arises4 ,all 8,e>ly0 art is religi\s1 & ?is symbolic ,negation is n less s ?an ! ,egyptian & ! ,go?ic ,affirmation4 ,! idea ( burn+ ! dead accords ) ! cult-site b n ) ! cult-build+2 & ! ,e>ly ,classical religion :i* conceals itself f u beh9d ! solemn names ( ,cal*as1 ,tiresias1 ,orpheus & 7probably7 ,numa#aic possess$ = its rites simply t :i* is left ( an ar*itectural idea :5 "o has subtract$ ! ar*itecture1 viz41 ! sacr$ prec9ct4 ,! orig9al cult-plan is ?us ! ,etruscan templum1 a sacr$ area m]ely /ak$ (f on ! gr\nd by ! augurs ) an impassable b\nd>y & a propiti\s entrance on ! ,ea/ side4#aid ,a 8templum0 0 creat$ :]e a rite 0 to be p]=m$ or :]e ! repres5tative ( ! /ate au?ority1 s5ate or army1 happ5$ to be4 ,x exi/$ only = ! duration ( its use1 & ! spell 0 !n remov$4 ,x 0 probably only ab\t #gjj ,b4,c4 t ! ,classical s\l s f> ma/]$ itself z to repres5t ?is ar*itectural ,no?+ 9 ! s5sible =m ( a built body4 ,9 ! long run ! ,euclidean feel+ prov$ /rong] ?an ! m]e antipa?y to duration4 ,fau/ian ar*itecture1 on ! contr>y1 beg9s on ! gr& scale simultane\sly ) ! fir/ /irr+s ( a new piety 7! ,cluniac re=m1 c4 #ajjj7 & a new ?\ght 7! ,eu*>i/ic controv]sy betwe5 ,b]5g> ( ,t\rs & ,lanfranc #ajej71aie & proce$s at once to plans ( gigantic int5tion2 (t5 en\gh1 z 9 ! case ( ,spey]1 ! :ole community did n suffice to fill ! ca!dral1#aif & (t5 aga9 x prov$ impossible to complete ! project$ s*eme4 ,! passionate language ( ?is ar*itecture is t ( ! poems too4#aig ,f> ap>t z may seem ! ,*ri/ian hymnology ( ! s\? & ! ,eddas ( ! /ill hea!n nor?1 !y are alike 9 ! implicit space-endlessness ( prosody1 rhy?mic syntax & imag]y4 ,read ! ,dies ,ir toge!r ) ! ,vlusp1#aih :i* is little e>li]2 !re is ! same adamant9e w to ov]come & break all resi/ances ( ! visible4 ,no rhy?m ev] imag9$ radiates imm5sities ( space & di/ance z ! old ,nor!rn does3 ,zum ,unheil w]d5--no* allzulange ,mnn] und ,weib]--zur ,welt gebor5 ,ab] wir beide --bleib5 zusamm5 ,i* und ,sigurd4 ,! acc5ts ( ! ,hom]ic hexamet] are ! s(t ru/le ( a leaf 9 ! midday sun1 ! rhy?m ( matt]2 b ! 8,/abreim0 likes 8pot5tial en]gy0 9 ! _w-pictures ( mod]n physics1 creates a t5se re/ra9t 9 ! void )\t limits1 di/ant night-/orms above ! highe/ peaks4 ,9 its sway+ indef9it5ess all words & ?+s dissolve !mselves--x is ! dynamics1 n ! /atics1 ( language4 ,! same applies to ! grave rhy?m ( ,m$ia vita 9 morte sumus4 ,"h is h]ald$ ! col\r ( ,rembr&t & ! in/rum5tation ( ,bee?ov5--"h inf9ite solitude is felt z ! home ( ! ,fau/ian s\l4 ,:at is ,valhalla8 ,unkn[n to ! ,g]mans ( ! ,migrations & ev5 to ! ,m]ov+ian ,age1 x 0 conceiv$ by ! nasc5t ,fau/ian s\l4 ,x 0 conceiv$1 no d\bt1 "u ,classic-pagan & ,arabian- ,*ri/ian impressions1 = ! antique & ! sacr$ writ+s1 ! ru9s & mosaics & m9iatures1 ! cults & rites & dogmas ( ^! pa/ ,cultures rea*$ into ! new life at all po9ts4 ,& yet1 ?is ,valhalla is some?+ beyond all s5sible actualities float+ 9 remote1 dim1 ,fau/ian regions4 ,olympus re/s on ! homely ,greek soil1 ! ,p>adise ( ! ,fa!rs is a magic g>d5 some:]e 9 ! ,univ]se1 b ,valhalla is n[h]e4 ,lo/ 9 ! limitless1 x appe>s ) its inh>moni\s gods & h]oes ! supreme symbol ( solitude4 ,siegfri$1 ,p>zeval1 ,tri/an1 ,hamlet1 ,fau/ are ! lonelie/ h]oes 9 all ! ,cultures4 ,read ! wondr\s awak5+ ( ! inn] life 9 ,wolfram's ,p>zeval4 ,! long+ = ! woods1 ! my/]i\s compassion1 ! ineffable s5se ( =sak5ness--x is all ,fau/ian & only ,fau/ian4 ,e "o ( u kn[s x4 ,! motive returns ) all its pr(undity 9 ! ,ea/] sc5e ( ,fau/ ,i4 8,a long+ pure & n to be describ$ drove me to w&] ov] woods & fields1 & 9 a mi/ ( hot abundant te>s ,i felt a _w arise & live = me40 ,( ?is _w-exp]i5ce nei!r ,apoll9ian nor ,magian man1 nei!r ,hom] nor ! ,gospels1 kn[s any?+ :atev]4 ,! climax ( ! poem ( ,wolfram1 t wondr\s ,good ,friday morn+ sc5e :5 ! h]o1 at odds ) ,god & ) himself1 meets ! noble ,gawan & resolves to g on pilgrimage to ,tevrez5t1 takes u to ! he>t ( ! ,fau/ian religion4 ,"h "o c feel ! my/]y ( ! ,eu*>i/ :i* b9ds ! communicant to a my/ic company1 to a ,*ur* t alone c give bliss4 ,9 ! my? ( ! ,holy ,grail & its ,knights "o c feel ! inw>d necessity ( ! ,g]man-,nor!rn ,ca?olicism4 ,9 opposition to ! ,classical sacrifices (f]$ to individual gods 9 sep>ate temples1 !re is "h ! "o nev]-end+ sacrifice repeat$ ev]y:]e & e day4 ,?is is ! ,fau/ian idea ( ! #i?-#aa? ,c5turies1 ! ,edda "t1 =e%ad[$ by ,anglo-,saxon mission>ies l ,w9fri$ b only !n rip5$4 ,! ,ca!dral1 ) its ,high ,alt> enclos+ ! accompli%$ miracle1 is its expression 9 /one4#aii ,! plurality ( sep>ate bodies :i* repres5ts ,cosmos = ! ,classical s\l1 requires a simil> pan!on--h5ce ! antique poly!ism4 ,! s+le _w-volume1 be x conceiv$ z cav]n or z space1 dem&s ! s+le god ( ,magian or ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity4 ,a!ne or ,apollo might be repres5t$ by a /atue1 b x is & has long be5 evid5t to our feel+ t ! ,deity ( ! ,re=mation & ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation c only be 8manife/$0 9 ! /orm ( an organ fugue or ! solemn progress ( cantata & mass4 ,f ! ri* manifold ( figures 9 ! ,edda & contempor>y leg5ds ( sa9ts to ,goe! our my? develops itself 9 /eady opposition to ! ,classical--9 ! "o case a cont9u\s dis9tegration ( ! div9e t culm9at$ 9 ! e>ly ,empire 9 an impossible multitude ( deities1 9 ! o!r a process ( simplification t l$ to ! ,deism ( ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,! ,magian hi]>*y ( heav5--angels1 sa9ts1 p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity-- has gr[n pal] & pal]1 m & m disembodi$1 9 ! sph]e ( ! ,we/]n pseudomorphosis1#bjj support$ ?\gh x 0 by ! :ole weight ( ,*ur* au?ority1 & ev5 ! ,devil--! great adv]s>y 9 ! ,go?ic _w-drama#bja--;has disappe>$ unnotic$ f among ! possibilities ( ! ,fau/ian _w-feel+4 ,lu!r c\ld /ill ?r[ ! inkpot at him1 b he has be5 pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce by p]plex$ ,prote/ant !ologians long ago4 ,= ! solitude ( ! ,fau/ian s\l agrees n at all ) a duality ( _w p[]s4 ,god himself is ! ,all4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! #ag? ,c5tury ?is religi\sness c\ld no long] be limit$ to pictorial expression1 & in/rum5tal music came z its la/ & only =m-language3 we may say t ! ,ca?olic fai? is to ! ,prote/ant z an alt>-piece is to an oratorio4 ,b ev5 ! ,g]manic gods & h]oes are surr\nd$ by ?is rebuff+ imm5sity & enigmatic gloom4 ,!y are /eep$ 9 music & 9 night1 = daylight gives visual b\nds & !re=e %apes bodily ?+s4 ,night elim9ates body1 day s\l4 ,apollo & ,a!ne h no s\ls4 ,on ,olympus re/s ! et]nal light ( ! transp>5t s\!rn day1 & ,apollo's h\r is high noon1 :5 great ,pan sleeps4 ,b ,valhalla is light-less1 & ev5 9 ! ,eddas we c trace t deep midnight ( ,fau/'s /udy-brood+s1 ! midnight t is caught by ,rembr&t's et*+s & absorbs ,bee?ov5's tone col\rs4 ,no ,wotan or ,baldur or ,freya has 8,euclidean0 =m4 ,( !m1 z ( ! ,v$ic gods ( ,india1 x c be said t !y suff] n 8any grav5 image or any lik5ess :atsoev]02 & ?is impossibility c>ries an implicit recognition t et]nal space1 & n ! corporeal copy-- :i* levels !m d[n1 desecrates !m1 d5ies !m--is ! supreme symbol4 ,?is is ! deep-felt motive t und]lies ! iconocla/ic /orms 9 ,islam & ,byzantium 7bo?1 be x not$1 ( ! #g? c5tury71 & ! closely simil> movem5t 9 our ,prote/ant ,nor?4 ,0 n ,desc>tes's creation ( ! anti-,euclidean analysis ( space an iconoclasm8 ,! ,classical geometry h&les a numb]-_w ( day1 ! function-!ory is ! g5u9e ma!matic ( night4 ----- ,footnote #ahi3 ,?is z]o1 :i* probably conta9s a sugge/ion ( ! ,indian idea ( ext5sion--( t spatiality ( ! _w t is treat$ 9 ! ,upani%ads & is entirely ali5 to our space-consci\sness--0 ( c\rse :olly abs5t 9 ! ,classical4 ,by way ( ! ,arabian ma!matics 7:i* completely trans=m$ its mean+7 x rea*$ ! ,we/1 :]e x 0 only introduc$ 9 #aeed by ,/ipel1 ) its s5se1 moreov]1 aga9 fundam5tally *ang$1 = x became ! mean ( #a & -#a z a cut 9 a l9e> cont9uum1 i4e41 x 0 assimilat$ to ! ,we/]n numb]-_w 9 a :olly un-,indian s5se ( relation4 ,footnote #aij3 ,! ^w ,hhl5gefhl is ,leo ,frob5ius's 7,paideuma1 p4 #ib74 7,! ,e>ly-,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ! ,nativity at ,be?lehem ,a4,d4 #cbg is built ov] a natural cave4--,tr47 ,footnote #aia3 ,/rzyg[ski's ,ursprung d] ,*ri/li*5 ,kir*5kun/ 7#aibj71 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #aib3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aja et seq4 ,footnote #aic3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cde et seq4 ,footnote #aid3 ,mll]-,deck]1 ,die ,etrusk] 7#ahgg71 ,,ii1 pp4 #abh et seq4 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm] 7#aiab71 p4 #ebg4 ,! olde/ plan ( ,roma ,quadrata 0 a 8templum0 ^: limits _h no?+ to d ) ! build+-up ( ! city b 7 connect$ ) sacral rules1 z ! significance ( ?is prec9ct 7! 8,pomrium07 9 lat] times %[s4 ,a 8templum10 too1 0 ! ,roman camp ^: rectangul> outl9e is visible to-day 9 _m a ,roman-f\nd$ t[n2 x 0 ! consecrat$ area )9 :i* ! army felt itself "u ! protection ( its gods1 & orig9ally _h no?+ :atev] to d ) =tification1 :i* is a product ( ,hell5i/ic times4 7,x may be add$ t ,roman camps reta9$ _! rigidity ( outl9e ev5 :]e obvi\s 8milit>y consid]ations0 ( gr\nd1 etc41 mu/ h sugge/$ its modification4--,tr47 ,mo/ ,roman /one-temples 7des7 7 n 8templa0 at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! e>ly ,greek ( ,hom]ic times mu/ h _h a simil> significance4 ,footnote #aie3 ,! /ud5t may consult ! articles 8,*ur* ,hi/ory10 8,mona/icism10 8,eu*>i/0 & o!r articles !re9 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,,xi ,edition4--,tr4 ,footnote #aif3 ,engli% read]s may rememb] t ,cobbett 78,rural ,rides10 passim7 0 s impress$ ) ! spaci\sness ( ,engli% c\ntry *ur*es z to =mulate a !ory t m$ival ,engl& mu/ h be5 m popul\s ?an mod]n ,engl& is4--,tr4 ,footnote #aig3 ,cf4 my introduction to ,ern/ ,droem's ,gesnge1 p4 ix4 ,footnote #aih3 ,! olde/ & mo/ my/ical ( ! poems ( ! 8,eld] ,edda40--,tr4 ,footnote #aii3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ceh et seq4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bda et seq4 ,footnote #bja3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ced4 ----- ,,ii ,t :i* is express$ by ! s\l ( ! ,we/ 9 its extraord9>y weal? ( m$ia--words1 tones1 col\rs1 pictorial p]spectives1 philosophical sy/ems1 leg5ds1 ! spaci\sness ( ,go?ic ca!drals & ! =mul ( functions--namely its _w-feel+1 is express$ by ! s\l ( ,old ,egypt 7:i* 0 remote f all ambitions t[>ds !ory & lit]>9ess7 almo/ exclusively by ! imm$iate language ( ,/one4 ,in/ead ( sp9n+ ^w-subtleties ar\nd its =m ( ext5sion1 its 8space0 & its 8"t10 in/ead ( =m+ hypo!ses & numb]-sy/ems & dogmas1 x set up its huge symbols 9 ! l&scape ( ! ,nile 9 all sil5ce4 ,/one is ! great emblem ( ! ,timeless- ,become2 space & dea? seem b\nd up 9 x4 8,m5 h built = ! dead10 says ,ba*(5 9 8 autobiography1 8be=e !y h built = ! liv+1 & ev5 z a p]i%able wood5 /ructure suffices = ! span ( "t t is giv5 to ! liv+1 s ! h\s+ ( ! dead = ev] dem&s ! solid /one ( ! e>?4 ,! olde/ cult is associat$ ) ! /one t m>ks ! place ( burial1 ! olde/ temple- build+ ) ! tomb-/ructure1 ! orig9s ( art & decoration ) ! grave-ornam5t4 ,symbol has creat$ itself 9 ! graves4 ,t :i* is ?\ght & felt & sil5tly pray$ at ! grave-side c be express$ by no ^w1 b only h9t$ by ! bod+ symbol t /&s 9 un*ang+ grave repose40 ,! dead /rive no m4 ,!y are no m ,"t1 b only ,space--some?+ t /ays 7if inde$ x /ays at all7 b does n rip5 t[>ds a ,future2 & h5ce x is /one1 ! abid+ /one1 t expresses h[ ! dead is mirror$ 9 ! wak+ consci\sness ( ! liv+4 ,! ,fau/ian s\l looks = an immortality to foll[ ! bodily end1 a sort ( m>riage ) endless space1 & x disembodies ! /one 9 its ,go?ic ?ru/-sy/em 7contempor>y1 we may note1 ) ! 8consecutives0 9 ,*ur* music#bjb7 till at la/ no?+ rema9$ visible b ! indwell+ dep?- & height-en]gy ( ?is self-ext5sion4 ,! ,apoll9ian s\l w\ld h its dead burn$1 w\ld see !m annihilat$1 & s x rema9$ av]se f /one build+ ?r\gh\t ! e>ly p]iod ( its ,culture4 ,! ,egyptian s\l saw itself z mov+ d[n a n>r[ & inexorably-prescrib$ life-pa? to come at ! end be=e ! judges ( ! dead 78,book ( ! ,dead10 cap4 #abe74 ,t 0 its ,de/9y-idea4 ,! ,egyptian's exi/5ce is t ( ! travell] :o foll[s "o un*ang+ direction1 & ! :ole =m- language ( 8 ,culture is a translation into ! s5sible ( ?is "o !me4 ,& z we h tak5 endless space z ! prime symbol ( ! ,nor? & body z t ( ! ,classical1 s we may take ! ^w way z mo/ intelligibly express+ t ( ! ,egyptians4 ,/rangely1 & = ,we/]n ?\ght almo/ incompreh5sibly1 ! "o elem5t 9 ext5sion t !y emphasize is t ( direction 9 dep?4 ,! tomb- temples ( ! ,old ,k+dom & especially ! mighty pyramid-temples ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y repres5t1 n a purpos$ organization ( space su* z we f9d 9 ! mosque & ! ca!dral1 b a rhy?mically ord]$ sequ5ce ( spaces4 ,! sacr$ way leads f ! gate-build+ on ! ,nile ?r\gh passages1 halls1 arcad$ c\rts & pill>$ rooms t gr[ ev] n>r[] & n>r[]1 to ! *amb] ( ! dead1#bjc & simil>ly ! ,sun-temples ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y are n 8build+s0 b a pa? enclos$ by mighty masonry4#bjd ,! reliefs & ! pa9t+s appe> always z r[s :i* ) an impressive compulsion lead ! behold] 9 a def9ite direction4 ,! ram & sph9x av5ues ( ! ,new ,empire h ! same object4 ,= ! ,egyptian1 ! dep?-exp]i5ce :i* gov]n$ 8 _w-=m 0 s emphatically directional t he compreh5d$ space m or less z a cont9u\s process ( actualization4 ,!re is no?+ rigid ab\t di/ance z express$ "h4 ,! man mu/ move1 & s become himself a symbol ( life1 9 ord] to ent] into relation ) ! /one "p ( ! symbolism4 8,way0 signifies bo? ,de/9y & ?ird dim5sion4 ,! gr& wall-surfaces1 reliefs1 colonnades pa/ :i* he moves are 8l5g? & bread?02 t is1 m]e p]ceptions ( ! s5ses1 & x is ! =w>d-driv+ life t ext5ds !m into 8_w40 ,?us ! ,egyptian exp]i5c$ space1 we may say1 9 & by ! processional m>* along its di/9ct elem5ts1 :]eas ! ,greek :o sacrific$ outside ! temple did n feel x & ! man ( our ,go?ic c5turies pray+ 9 ! ca!dral let himself be imm]s$ 9 ! quiet inf9ity ( x4 ,& consequ5tly ! art ( ^! ,egyptians mu/ aim at plane effects & no?+ else1 ev5 :5 x is mak+ use ( solid means4 ,= ! ,egyptian1 ! pyramid ov] ! k+'s tomb is a triangle1 a huge1 p[]fully expressive plane t1 :atev] be ! direction f :i* "o approa*es1 closes (f ! 8way0 & comm&s ! l&scape4 ,= him1 ! columns ( ! inn] passages & c\rts1 ) _! d>k backgr\nds1 _! d5se array & _! pr(usion ( adornm5ts1 appe> entirely z v]tical /rips :i* rhy?mically accompany ! m>* ( ! prie/s4 ,relief- "w is--9 utt] contra/ to ! ,classical--c>efully re/rict$ 9 "o plane2 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t dat$ by ! ,?ird to ! ,fif? dyna/ies x dim9i%es f ! ?ickness ( a f+] to t ( a %eet ( pap]1 & f9ally x is sunk 9 ! plane4#bje ,! dom9ance ( ! horizontal1 ! v]tical & ! "r angle1 & ! avoidance ( all =e%ort5+ support ! two-dim5sional pr9ciple & s]ve to insulate ?is directional dep?-exp]i5ce :i* co9cides ) ! way & ! grave at its end4 ,x is an art t admits ( no deviation = ! relief ( ! t5se s\l4 ,is n ?is an expression 9 ! noble/ language t x is possible to conceive ( :at all our space-!ories w\ld l to put into words8 ,is x n a metaphysic 9 /one by ! side ( :i* ! writt5 metaphysics ( ,kant seems b a helpless /amm]+8 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r ,culture t1 diff]5t z x mo/ fundam5tally is f ! ,egyptian1 yet f\nd a closely-relat$ prime symbol4 ,?is is ! ,*9ese1 ) its int5sely directional pr9ciple ( ! ,tao4#bjf ,b :]eas ! ,egyptian treads to ! end a way t is prescrib$ = him ) an inexorable necessity1 ! ,*9aman w&]s ?r\gh 8 _w2 consequ5tly1 he is conduct$ to 8 god or 8 ance/ral tomb n by rav9es ( /one1 betwe5 faultless smoo? walls1 b by fri5dly ,nature h]self4 ,n[h]e else has ! l&scape become s g5u9ely ! mat]ial ( ! ar*itecture4 8,"h1 on religi\s f\ndations1 !re has be5 develop$ a gr& lawfulness & unity common to all build+1 :i*1 comb9$ ) ! /rict ma9t5ance ( a nor?-s\? g5]al axis1 always holds toge!r gate-build+s1 side- build+s1 c\rts & halls 9 ! same homog5e\s plan1 & has l$ f9ally to s gr&iose a plann+ & su* a comm& ov] gr\nd & space t "o is q ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! arti/ builds & reckons ) ! l&scape itself40#bjg ,! temple is n a self- conta9$ build+ b a lay-out1 9 :i* hills1 wat]1 trees1 fl[]s1 & /ones 9 def9ite =ms & dispositions are j z important z gates1 walls1 bridges & h\ses4 ,?is ,culture is ! only "o 9 :i* ! art ( g>d5+ is a gr& religi\s art4 ,!re are g>d5s t are reflections ( p>ticul> ,buddhi/ sects4#bjh ,x is ! ar*itecture ( ! l&scape1 & only t1 :i* expla9s ! ar*itecture ( ! build+s1 ) _! flat ext5sion & ! emphasis laid on ! ro( z ! really expressive elem5t4 ,& j z ! devi\s ways ?r\gh doors1 ov] bridges1 r\nd hills & walls lead at la/ to ! end1 s ! pa9t+s take ! behold] f detail to detail :]eas ,egyptian relief ma/]fully po9ts him 9 ! "o set direction4 8,! :ole picture is n to be tak5 at once4 ,sequ5ce 9 "t presupposes a sequ5ce ( space-elem5ts ?r\gh :i* ! eye is to w&] f "o to ! next40#bji ,:]eas ! ,egyptian ar*itecture dom9ates ! l&scape1 ! ,*9ese esp\ses x4 ,b 9 bo? cases x is direction 9 dep? t ma9ta9s ! becom+ ( space z a cont9u\sly-pres5t exp]i5ce4 ----- ,footnote #bjb3 ,?is ref]s to ! diaphonic *ant ( ,*ur* music 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,! =m ( ?is *ant is suppos$ to h be5 an accompanim5t ( ! 8pla9 *ant0 by voices mov+ p>allel to x at a f\r?1 fif?1 or octave4--,tr4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,hls*]1 ,grabd5kmal des ,knigs ,*ephr52 ,bor*>dt1 ,grabd5kmal des ,sahur2 ,curtius1 ,die ,antike ,kun/1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cdb2 ,bor*>dt1 ,re-,heiligtum des ,newos]ri2 ,ed4 ,may]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1 ,i1 #bea4 ,footnote #bje3 8,relief en creux02 comp>e ,h4 ,s*f]1 ,von gyptis*] ,kun/ 7#aiai71 ,i1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cej et seq4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,o4 ,fis*]1 ,*9esis*e ,l&mal]ei 7#aiba71 p4 #bd4 ,:at makes ,*9ese--z also ,indian--art s difficult a /udy = u is ! fact t all works ( ! e>ly p]iods 7namely1 ^? ( ! ,hwangho region f #acjj to #hjj ,b4,c4 & ( pre-,buddhi/ ,india7 h vani%$ )\t a trace4 ,b t :i* we n[ call 8,*9ese art0 corresponds1 say1 to ! art ( ,egypt f ! ,tw5tie? ,dyna/y onw>d1 & ! great s*ools ( pa9t+ f9d _! p>allel 9 ! sculpture s*ools ( ! ,sate & ,ptolemaic p]iods1 9 :i* an antiqu>ian preciosity takes ! place ( ! liv+ inw>d developm5t t is no long] !re4 ,?us f ! examples ( ,egypt we are able to tell h[ f> x is p]missible to argue backw>ds to conclusions ab\t ! art ( ,*u & ,v$ic times4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,c4 ,glas]1 ,die ,kun/ ,o/asi5s 7#aibj71 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #bji3 ,glas]1 op4 cit41 p4 #dc4 ----- ,,iii ,all art is expression-language4#baj ,moreov]1 9 its v e>lie/ essays--:i* ext5d f> back into ! animal _w--x is t ( "o active exi/5ce speak+ = itself only1 & x is unconsci\s ( witnesses ev5 ?\gh 9 ! abs5ce ( su* ! impulse to expression w\ld n come to utt]ance4 ,ev5 9 q 8late0 conditions we (t5 see1 in/ead ( ! comb9ation ( arti/ & spectator1 a cr[d ( art- mak]s :o all dance or mime or s+4 ,! idea ( ! 8,*orus0 z sum total ( p]sons pres5t has nev] entirely vani%$ f art-hi/ory4 ,x is only ! high] art t becomes decisively an art 8be=e witnesses0 & especially 7z ,nietzs*e some:]e rem>ks7 be=e ,god z ! supreme witness4#baa ,?is expression is ei!r ornam5t or imitation4 ,bo? are high] possibilities & _! pol>ity to "o ano!r is h>dly p]ceptible 9 ! beg9n+s4 ,( ! two1 imitation is def9itely ! e>li] & ! clos] to ! produc+ race4 ,imitation is ! outcome ( a physiognomic idea ( a second p]son ) :om 7or :i*7 ! fir/ is involunt>ily induc$ into resonance ( vital rhy?m 7mits*w+5 im72 :]eas ornam5t evid5ces an ego consci\s ( its own specific "*4 ,! =m] is widely spread 9 ! animal _w1 ! latt] almo/ peculi> to man4 ,imitation is born ( ! secret rhy?m ( all ?+s cosmic4 ,= ! wak+ be+ ! ,"o appe>s z discrete & ext5d$2 !re is a ,"h & a ,!re1 a ,prop] & an ,ali5 some?+1 a ,microcosm & a ,macrocosm t are pol> to "o ano!r 9 ! s5se-life1 & :at ! rhy?m ( imitation does is to bridge ?is di*otomy4 ,e religion is an ef=t ( ! wak+ s\l to rea* ! p[]s ( ! _w-ar\nd4 ,& s too is ,imitation1 :i* 9 its mo/ devot$ mom5ts is :olly religi\s1 = x consi/s 9 an id5tity ( inn] activity betwe5 ! s\l & body 8"h0 & ! _w-ar\nd 8!re0 :i*1 vibrat+ z "o1 become "o4 ,z a bird poises itself 9 ! /orm or a float gives to ! sway+ waves1 s our limbs take up an irresi/ible beat at ! s\nd ( m>*-music4 ,n less contagi\s is ! imitation ( ano!r's be>+ & movem5ts1 :]e9 *ildr5 9 p>ticul> excel4 ,x rea*es ! sup]lative :5 we 8let ourselves g0 9 ! common song or p>ade- m>* or dance t creates out ( _m units "o unit ( feel+ & expression1 a 8we40 ,b a 8successful0 picture ( a man or a l&scape is also ! outcome ( a felt h>mony ( ! pictorial motion ) ! secret sw+ & sway ( ! liv+ opposite2 & x is ?is actualiz+ ( physiognomic rhy?m t requires ! executant to be an adept :o c reveal ! idea1 ! s\l1 ( ! ali5 9 ! play ( its surface4 ,9 c]ta9 unres]v$ mom5ts we are all adepts ( ?is sort1 & 9 su* mom5ts1 z we foll[ 9 an imp]ceptible rhy?m ! music & ! play ( facial expression1 we sudd5ly look ov] ! precipice & see great secrets4 ,! aim ( all imitation is effective simulation2 ?is means effective assimilation ( ourselves into an ali5 some?+-- su* a transposition & transub/antiation t ! ,"o lives h5ce=? 9 ! ,o!r t x describes or depicts--& x is able to awak5 an int5se feel+ ( unison ov] all ! range f sil5t absorption & acquiesc5ce to ! mo/ ab&on$ laught] & d[n into ! la/ dep?s ( ! erotic1 a unison :i* is insep>able f creative activity4 ,9 ?is wise arose ! popul> circl+-dances 7= in/ance1 ! ,bav>ian ,s*uhplattl] 0 orig9ally imitat$ f ! c\rt%ip ( ! woodcocks7 b ?is too is :at ,vas>i means :5 he praises ,cimabue & ,giotto z ! fir/ :o return$ to ! imitation ( 8,nature0--! ,nature1 t is1 ( spr+time m51 ( :i* ,mei/] ,eck>t said3 8,god fl[s out 9 all creatures1 & !re=e all creat$ is ,god40 ,t :i* 9 ?is _w-ar\nd pres5ts itself to our contemplation--& !re=e conta9s mean+ = our feel+s--z movem5t1 we r5d] by movem5t4 ,h5ce all imitation is 9 ! broade/ s5se dramatic2 drama is pres5t$ 9 ! movem5t ( ! bru%-/roke or ! *isel1 ! melodic curve ( ! song1 ! tone ( ! recitation1 ! l9e ( poetry1 ! description1 ! dance4 ,b ev]y?+ t we exp]i5ce ) & 9 see+s & he>+s is always an ali5 s\l to :i* we are unit+ ourselves4 ,x is only at ! /age ( ! ,megalopolis t art1 reason$ to pieces & de- spiritualiz$1 goes ov] to naturalism z t t]m is und]/ood n[adays2 viz41 imitation ( ! *>m ( visible appe>ances1 ( ! /ock ( s5sible *>act]s t are capable ( be+ sci5tifically fix$4 ,ornam5t deta*es itself n[ f ,imitation z some?+ :i* does n foll[ ! /ream ( life b rigidly faces x4 ,in/ead ( physiognomic traits ov]he>d 9 ! ali5 be+1 we h e/abli%$ motives1 symbols1 :i* are impress$ ^u x4 ,! int5tion is no long] to pret5d b to conjure4 ,! 8,i0 ov]:elms ! 8,?\40 ,imitation is only a speak+ ) means t are born ( ! mom5t & unreproduceable--b ,ornam5t employs a language emancipat$ f ! speak+1 a /ock ( =ms t possesses duration & is n at ! m]cy ( ! individual4#bab ,only ! liv+ c be imitat$1 & x c be imitat$ only 9 movem5ts1 = x is ?r\gh ^! t x reveals itself to ! s5ses ( arti/s & spectators4 ,to t ext5t1 imitation belongs to ,"t & ,direction4 ,all ! danc+ & draw+ & describ+ & portray+ = eye & e> is irrevocably 8directional10 & h5ce ! highe/ possibilities ( ,imitation lie 9 ! copy+ ( a de/9y1 be x 9 tones1 v]ses1 picture or /age-sc5e4#bac ,ornam5t1 on ! contr>y1 is some?+ tak5 away f ,"t3 x is pure ext5sion1 settl$ & /able4 ,:]eas an imitation expresses some?+ by accompli%+ itself1 ornam5t c only d s by pres5t+ itself to ! s5ses z a f9i%$ ?+4 ,x is ,be+ z su*1 :olly indep5d5t ( orig94 ,e imitation possesses beg9n+ & end1 :ile an ornam5t possesses only duration1 & !re=e we c only imitate ! de/9y ( an individual 7= in/ance1 ,antigone or ,desdemona71 :ile by an ornam5t or symbol only ! g5]aliz$ de/9y-idea itself c be repres5t$ 7z1 = example1 t ( ! ,classical _w by ! ,doric column74 ,& ! =m] presupposes a tal5t1 :ile ! latt] calls = an acquirable k z well4 ,all /rict arts h _! gramm> & syntax ( =m-language1 ) rules & laws1 inw>d logic & tradition4 ,?is is true n m]ely = ! ,doric cab9-temple & ,go?ic cottage-ca!dral1 = ! c>v+- s*ools ( ,egypt#bad & ,a!ns & ! ca!dral pla/ic ( nor!rn ,france1 = ! pa9t+-s*ools ( ! ,classical _w & ^? ( ,holl& & ! ,rh9e & ,flor5ce1 b also = ! fix$ rules ( ! ,skalds & ,m9nesng] :i* 7 le>n$ & practis$ z a craft 7& dealt n m]ely ) s5t5ce & metre b also ) ge/ure & ! *oice ( imag]y#bae71 = ! n>ration-te*nique ( ! ,v$ic1 ,hom]ic & ,celto-,g]manic ,epos1 = ! composition & deliv]y ( ! ,go?ic s]mon 7bo? v]nacul> & ,lat971 & = ! orators' prose#baf 9 ! ,classical1 & = ! rules ( ,fr5* drama4 ,9 ! ornam5tation ( an art-"w is reflect$ ! inviolable causality ( ! macrocosm z ! man ( ! p>ticul> k9d sees & compreh5ds x4 ,bo? h sy/em4 ,ea* is p5etrat$ ) ! religi\s side ( life-- fe> & love4#bag ,a g5u9e symbol c in/il fe> or c set free f fe>2 ! 8"r0 emancipates & ! 8wrong0 hurts & depresses4 ,! imitative side ( ! arts1 on ! contr>y1 /&s clos] to ! real race-feel+s ( hate & love1 out ( :i* arises ! opposition ( ugly & beautiful4 ,?is is 9 relation only ) ! liv+1 ( :i* ! inn] rhy?m repels u or draws u into phase ) x1 :e!r x be t ( ! sunset-cl\d or t ( ! t5se brea? ( ! ma*9e4 ,an imitation is beautiful1 an ornam5t significant1 & !re9 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 direction & ext5sion1 organic & inorganic logic1 life & dea?4 ,t :i* we ?9k beautiful is 8wor? copy+40 ,easily x sw+s ) u & draws u on to imitate1 to jo9 9 ! s++1 to repeat4 ,our he>ts beat high]1 our limbs twit*1 & we are /irr$ till our spirits ov]fl[4 ,b z x belongs to ,"t1 x 8has its "t40 ,a symbol endures1 b ev]y?+ beautiful vani%es ) ! life-pulsation ( ! man1 ! class1 ! p or ! race t feels x z a specific beauty 9 ! g5]al cosmic rhy?m4#bah ,! 8beauty0 t ,classical sculpture & poetry conta9$ = ,classical eyes is some?+ diff]5t f ! beauty t !y conta9 = ours--some?+ ext+ui%$ irrecov]ably ) ! ,classical s\l--:ile :at we reg>d z beautiful 9 x is some?+ t only exi/s = u4 ,n only is t :i* is beautiful = "o k9d ( man neutral or ugly = ano!r--e4g41 ! :ole ( our music = ! ,*9ese1 or ,mexican sculpture = u4 ,= "o & ! same life ! accu/om$1 ! habitual1 ow+ to ! v fact ( its possess+ duration1 _c possess beauty4 ,& n[ = ! fir/ "t we c see ! opposition betwe5 ^! two sides ( e art 9 all its dep?4 ,imitation spiritualizes & quick5s1 ornam5t en*ants & kills4 ,! "o becomes1 ! o!r is4 ,& !re=e ! "o is alli$ to love &1 above all--9 songs & riot & dance--to ! sexual love1 :i* turns exi/5ce to face ! future2 & ! o!r to c>e ( ! pa/1 to recollection#bai & to ! fun]>y4 ,! beautiful is long+ly pursu$1 ! significant in/ils dread1 & !re is no deep] contra/ ?an t betwe5 ! h\se ( ! liv+ & ! h\se ( ! dead4#bbj ,! peasant's cottage#bba & its d]ivative ! c\ntry noble's hall1 ! f5c$ t[n & ! ca/le are mansions ( life1 unconsci\s expressions ( circl+ blood1 t no art produc$ & no art c alt]4 ,! idea ( ! family appe>s 9 ! plan ( ! proto-h\se1 ! inn] =m ( ! /ock 9 ! plan ( its villages--:i* aft] _m a c5tury & _m a *ange ( occupation /ill %[ :at race x 0 t f\nd$ !m#bbb-- ! life ( a nation & its social ord]+ 9 ! plan 7n ! elevation or silh\ette7 ( ! city4#bbc ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ornam5tation ( ! high ord] develops itself on ! /iff symbols ( dea?1 ! urn1 ! s>cophagus1 ! /ele & ! temple ( ! dead1#bbd & beyond ^! 9 gods' temples & ca!drals :i* are ,ornam5t ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 n ! expressions ( a race b ! language ( a _w-view4 ,!y are pure art ?r\gh & ?r\gh--j :at ! ca/le & ! cottage are n4#bbe ,= cottage & ca/le are build+s 9 :i* art1 &1 specifically1 imitative art1 is made & done1 ! home ( ,v$ic1 ,hom]ic & ,g]manic epos1 ( ! songs ( h]oes1 ! dance ( boors & t ( lords & ladies1 ( ! m9/rel's lay4 ,! ca!dral1 on ! o!r h&1 is art1 &1 moreov]1 ! only art by :i* no?+ is imitat$2 x alone is pure t5sion ( p]si/5t =ms1 pure ?ree- dim5sional logic t expresses itself 9 edges & surfaces & volumes4 ,b ! art ( villages & ca/les is d]iv$ f ! incl9ations ( ! mom5t1 f ! laught] & high _s ( fea/s & games1 & to su* a degree is x dep5d5t on ,"t1 s mu* is x a ?+ ( occasion1 t ! tr\bad\r obta9s 8 v "n f f9d+1 :ile ,improvisation--z we see 9 ! ,tzigane music to-day--is no?+ b race manife/+ itself to ali5 s5ses "u ! influ5ce ( ! h\r4 ,to ?is free creative p[] all spiritual art opposes ! /rict s*ool 9 :i* ! individual--9 ! hymn z 9 ! "w ( build+ & c>v+--is ! s]vant ( a logic ( timeless =ms1 & s 9 all ,cultures ! seat ( its /yle-hi/ory is 9 its e>ly cult ar*itecture4 ,9 ! ca/le x is ! life & n ! /ructure t possesses /yle4 ,9 ! t[n ! plan is an image ( ! de/9ies ( a p1 :]eas ! silh\ette ( em]g5t spires & cupolas tells ( ! logic 9 ! build]s' _w-picture1 ( ! 8fir/ & la/ ?+s0 ( _! univ]se4 ,9 ! ar*itecture ( ! liv+1 /one s]ves a worldly purpose1 b 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! cult x is a symbol4#bbf ,no?+ has injur$ ! hi/ory ( ! great ar*itectures s mu* z ! fact t x has be5 reg>d$ z ! hi/ory ( ar*itectural te*niques in/ead ( z t ( ar*itectural ideas :i* took _! te*nical expression- means z & :]e !y f\nd !m4 ,x has be5 j ! same ) ! hi/ory ( musical in/rum5ts1#bbg :i* also 7 develop$ on a f\ndation ( tone-language4 ,:e!r ! gro9 & ! fly+ buttress & ! squ9*-cupola 7 imag9$ specially = ! great ar*itectures or 7 exp$i5ts t lay m or less ready to h& & 7 tak5 into use1 is = art-hi/ory a matt] ( z little importance z ! "q ( :e!r1 te*nically1 /r+$ in/rum5ts orig9at$ 9 ,arabia or 9 ,celtic ,brita94 ,x may be t ! ,doric column 01 z a matt] ( workman%ip1 borr[$ f ! ,egyptian temples ( ! ,new ,empire1 or ! late-,roman domical con/ruction f ! ,etruscans1 or ! ,flor5t9e c\rt f ! ,nor?-,african ,moors4 ,nev]!less ! ,doric p]ipt]os1 ! ,pan!on1 & ! ,palazzo ,f>nese belong to :olly diff]5t worlds--!y subs]ve ! arti/ic expression ( ! prime- symbol 9 ?ree diff]5t ,cultures4 ----- ,footnote #baj3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ace et seq4 ,footnote #baa3 ,! monologue-art ( v lonely natures is also 9 reality a conv]sation ) self 9 ! second p]son4 ,b x is only 9 ! intellectuality ( ! megalopolitan /ages t ! impulse to express is ov]come by ! impulse to communicate 7see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ace7 :i* gives rise to t t5d5ci\s art t seeks to in/ruct or conv]t or prove views ( a politico-social or moral "*1 & provokes ! antagoni/ic =mula ( 8,art = ,art's sake0--:i* is itself r a view ?an a discipl9e1 ?\gh x does at lea/ s]ve to recall ! primitive significance ( arti/ic expression4 ,footnote #bab3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ach et seq41 & ,worr+]1 ,ab/raktion und ,e9fhrung1 pp4 #ff et seq4 ,footnote #bac3 ,imitation1 be+ life1 is pa/ 9 ! v mom5t ( accompli%m5t4 ,! curta9 falls1 & x passes ei!r into oblivion or1 if ! product is a durable artifact1 into art-hi/ory4 ,( ! songs & dances ( old ,cultures no?+ rema9s1 ( _! pictures & poems little4 ,& ev5 ?is little conta9s1 sub/antially1 only ! ornam5tal side ( ! orig9al imitation4 ,( a gr& drama !re rema9s only ! text1 n ! image & ! s\nd2 ( a poem only ! words1 n ! recital2 & ( all _! music ! notes at mo/1 n ! tone-col\rs ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,! ess5tial is irrevocably gone1 & e 8reproduction0 is 9 reality some?+ new & diff]5t4 ,footnote #bad3 ,= ! work%op ( ,?o?mes at ,tell-el-,am>na1 see ,mitteilung5 d] ,deuts*5 ,ori5t-,gesells*aft1 ,no4 #eb1 pp4 #bh et seq4 ,footnote #bae3 ,k4 ,burda*1 ,deuts*e ,r5aissance1 p4 #aa4 ,! pictorial art ( ! ,go?ic p]iod also has its /rict typism & symbolism4 ,footnote #baf3 ,e4 ,nord51 ,antike ,kun/-prosa1 pp4 #h et seq4 ,footnote #bag3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #bah3 ,! translation is s f> a p>aphrase "h t x is desirable to reproduce ! ,g]man orig9al3 8,alles ,s*ne v]geht mit dem ,leb5spulss*lag 7dess57 d] es aus dem kosmis*5 ,takt h]aus als sol*es empf9det40 ,footnote #bai3 ,h5ce ! ornam5tal "* ( script4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,see p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #bba3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,e4g41 ! ,slavonic r\nd-villages & ,teutonic /reet-villages ea/ ( ! ,elbe4 ,simil>ly1 conclusions c be drawn z to _m ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,hom]ic age f ! di/ribution ( r\nd & rectangul> build+s 9 anci5t ,italy4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,see p4 #afg4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #adb et seq4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,see p4 #abh4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,see p4 #fb4 ----- ,,iv ,9 e spr+time1 consequ5tly1 !re are two def9itely ornam5tal & non-imitative arts1 t ( build+ & t ( decoration4 ,9 ! long+ & pregnant c5turies be=e x1 elem5tal expression belongs exclusively to ,ornam5tation 9 ! n>r[ s5se4 ,! ,c>ol+ian p]iod is repres5t$ only by its ornam5t1 z its ar*itecture1 = want ( ! ,idea1 /&s betwe5 ! /yles4 ,& simil>ly1 z a matt] ( art-hi/ory1 x is immat]ial t no build+s ( ! ,myc5an age h surviv$4#bbh ,b ) ! dawn ( ! great ,culture1 ar*itecture z ornam5t comes into be+ sudd5ly & ) su* a =ce ( expression t = a c5tury m]e decoration-z-su* %r9ks away f x 9 awe4 ,! spaces1 surfaces & edges ( /one speak alone4 ,! tomb ( ,*ephr5 is ! culm9ation ( ma!matical simplicity--ev]y:]e "r angles1 squ>es & rectangul> pill>s1 n[h]e adornm5t1 inscription or des95ce--& x is only aft] "s g5]ations h pass$ t ,relief v5tures to infr+e ! solemn magic ( ^? spaces & ! /ra9 beg9s to be eas$4 ,& ! noble ,romanesque ( ,we/phalia-,saxony 7,hilde%eim1 ,g]nrode1 ,paul9zella1 ,pad]born71 ( ,s\!rn ,france & ( ! ,normans 7,norwi* & ,pet]bor\gh7 manag$ to r5d] ! :ole s5se ( ! _w ) indescribable p[] & dignity 9 "o l9e1 "o capital1 "o ar*4 ,:5 ! =m-_w ( ! spr+time is at its highe/1 & n be=e1 ! orda9$ relation is t ar*itecture is "l & ornam5t is vassal4 ,& ! ^w 8ornam5t0 is to be tak5 "h 9 ! wide/ possible s5se4 ,ev5 conv5tionally1 x cov]s ! ,classical unit- motive ) its quiet pois$ symmetry or me&] supplem5t1 ! spun surface ( arabesque & ! n dissimil> surface-patt]n+ ( ,mayan art1 & ! 8,?und]-patt]n0#bbi & o!rs ( ! e>ly ,*u p]iod :i* prove once aga9 ! l&scape basis ( ! old ,*9ese ar*itecture )\t a d\bt4 ,b ! w>rior figures ( ,dipylon vases are also conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( ornam5t1 & s1 9 a f> high] degree /ill1 are ! /atu>y gr\ps ( ,go?ic ca!drals4 8,! figures 7 compos$ pill>wise f ! spectator1 ! figures ( ! pill> be+1 ) ref]5ce to ! spectator1 rank$ ^u "o ano!r l rhy?mic figures 9 a symphony t so>s heav5w>d & exp&s its s\nds 9 e direction40#bcj ,& besides drap]ies1 ge/ures1 & figure-types1 ev5 ! /ructure ( ! hymn-/rophe & ! p>allel motion ( ! p>ts 9 *ur* music are ornam5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! all-rul+ ar*itectural idea4#bca ,! spell ( ! great ,ornam5tation rema9s unbrok5 till 9 ! beg9n+ ( a 8late0 p]iod ar*itecture falls into a gr\p ( civic & worldly special arts t unceas+ly devote !mselves to pleas+ & clev] imitation & become ipso facto p]sonal4 ,to ,imitation & ,ornam5t ! same applies t has be5 said already ( "t & space4 ,"t gives bir? to space1 b space gives dea? to "t4#bcb ,9 ! beg9n+1 rigid symbolism _h petrifi$ ev]y?+ alive2 ! ,go?ic /atue 0 n p]mitt$ to be a liv+ body1 b 0 simply a set ( l9es dispos$ 9 human =m4 ,b n[ ,ornam5t loses all its sacr$ rig\r & becomes m & m decoration = ! ar*itectural sett+ ( a polite & mann]$ life4 ,x 0 purely z ?is1 namely z a beautify+ elem5t1 t ,r5aissance ta/e 0 adopt$ by ! c\rtly & patrician _w ( ! ,nor? 7& by x alone674 ,ornam5t meant some?+ q diff]5t 9 ! ,egyptian ,old ,k+dom f :at x meant 9 ! ,middle2 9 ! geometric p]iod f :at x meant 9 ! ,hell5i/ic2 at ! end ( ! #ab? ,c5tury f :at x meant at ! end ( ,l\is ,,xiv's reign4 ,& ar*itecture too becomes pictorial & makes music1 & its =ms seem always to be try+ to imitate some?+ 9 ! picture ( ! _w- ar\nd4 ,f ! ,ionic capital we proce$ to ! ,cor9?ian1 & f ,vignola ?r\gh ,b]n9i to ! ,rococo4 ,at ! la/1 :5 ,civilization sets 91 true ornam5t &1 ) x1 great art z a :ole are ext+ui%$4 ,! transition consi/s--9 e ,culture--9 ,classicism & ,romanticism ( "o sort or ano!r1 ! =m] be+ a s5tim5tal reg>d = an ,ornam5tation 7rules1 laws1 types7 t has long be5 ar*aic & s\lless1 & ! latt] a s5tim5tal ,imitation1 n ( life1 b ( an old] ,imitation4 ,9 ! place ( ar*itectural /yle we f9d ar*itectural ta/e4 ,me?ods ( pa9t+ & mann]isms ( writ+1 old =ms & new1 home & =eign1 come & g ) ! fa%ion4 ,! inw>d necessity is no long] !re1 !re are no long] 8s*ools10 = ev]yone selects :at & :]e x pleases him to select4 ,art becomes craft-art 7,kun/gew]be7 9 all its bran*es-- ar*itecture & music1 poetry & drama--& 9 ! end we h a pictorial & lit]>y /ock-9-trade :i* is de/itute ( any deep] significance & is employ$ accord+ to ta/e4 ,?is f9al or indu/rial =m ( ,ornam5t--no long] hi/orical1 no long] 9 ! condition ( 8becom+0--we h be=e u n only 9 ! patt]ns ( ori5tal c>pets1 ,p]sian & ,indian metal "w1 ,*9ese porcela91 b also 9 ,egyptian 7& ,babylonian7 art z ! ,greeks & ,romans met x4 ,! ,m9oan art ( ,crete is pure craft-art1 a nor!rn outli] ( ,egyptian po/-,hyksos ta/e2 & its 8contempor>y10 ,hell5i/ic-,roman art f ab\t ! "t ( ,scipio & ,hannibal1 simil>ly subs]ves ! habit ( com=t & ! play ( intellect4 ,f ! ri*ly-decorat$ entablature ( ! ,=um ( ,n]va 9 ,rome to ! lat] prov9cial c]amics 9 ! ,we/1 we c trace ! same /eady =mation ( an unalt]able craft-art t we f9d 9 ! ,egyptian & ! ,islamic worlds1 & t we h to presume 9 ,india aft] ,buddha & 9 ,*9a aft] ,confucius4 ,v ,n[1 ,ca!dral & ,pyramid-temple are diff]5t 9 spite ( _! deep inw>d k9%ip1 & x is precisely 9 ^! diff]5ces t we seize ! mighty ph5om5on ( ! ,fau/ian s\l1 ^: dep?-impulse refuses to be b\nd 9 ! prime symbol ( a way1 & f its e>lie/ beg9n+s /rives to transc5d e optical limitation4 ,c any?+ be m ali5 to ! ,egyptian conception ( ! ,/ate--^: t5d5cy we may describe z a noble sobriety--?an ! political ambitions ( ! great ,saxon1 ,franconian & ,hoh5/auf5 ,emp]ors1 :o came to grief because !y ov]leapt all political actualities & = :om ! recognition ( any b\nds w\ld h be5 a betrayal ( ! idea ( _! rul]%ip8 ,"h ! prime symbol ( inf9ite space1 ) all its indescribable p[]1 ent]$ ! field ( active political exi/5ce4 ,beside ! figures ( ! ,ottos1 ,conrad ,,ii1 ,h5ry ,,vi & ,fr$]ick ,,ii /& ! ,vik+-,normans1 conqu]ors ( ,russia1 ,gre5l&1 ,engl&1 ,sicily & almo/ ( ,con/ant9ople2 & ! great popes1 ,gregory ,,vii & ,innoc5t ,,iii--all ( :om alike aim$ at mak+ _! visible sph]es ( influ5ce co9cid5t ) ! :ole kn[n _w4 ,?is is :at di/+ui%es ! h]oes ( ! ,grail & ,ar?urian & ,siegfri$ sagas1 ev] roam+ 9 ! inf9ite1 f ! h]oes ( ,hom] ) _! geographically mode/ horizon2 & ! ,crusades1 t took m5 f ! ,elbe & ! ,loire to ! limits ( ! kn[n _w1 f ! hi/orical ev5ts ^u :i* ! ,classical s\l built ! 8,iliad0 & :i* f ! /yle ( t s\l we may safely assume to h be5 local1 b\nd$1 & completely appreciable4 ,! ,doric s\l actualiz$ ! symbol ( ! corporally-pres5t individual ?+1 :ile delib]ately reject+ all big & f>-rea*+ creations1 & x is = ?is v good reason t ! fir/ po/- ,myc5an p]iod has bequea!d no?+ to our ar*ologi/s4 ,! expression to :i* ?is s\l f9ally atta9$ 0 ! ,doric temple ) its purely outw>d effectiv5ess1 set ^u ! l&scape z a massive image b d5y+ & arti/ically disreg>d+ ! space )9 z ! v1 t :i* 0 held to be incapable ( exi/5ce4 ,! rank$ columns ( ! ,egyptians c>ri$ ! ro( ( a hall4 ,! ,greek 9 borr[+ ! motive inve/$ x ) a mean+ prop] to himself--he turn$ ! ar*itectural type inside out l a glove4 ,! out] column- sets are1 9 a s5se1 relics ( a d5i$ int]ior4#bcc ,! ,magian & ! ,fau/ian s\ls1 on ! contr>y1 built high4 ,_! dream-images became concrete z vault+s above significant inn]- spaces1 /ructural anticipations respectively ( ! ma!matic ( algebra & t ( analysis4 ,9 ! /yle t radiat$ f ,burgundy & ,fl&]s rib-vault+ ) its lunettes & fly+ buttresses emancipat$ ! conta9$ space f ! s5se-appreciable surface#bcd b\nd+ x4 ,9 ! ,magian int]ior ! w9d[ is m]ely a negative compon5t1 a utility-=m 9 no wise yet develop$ into an art-=m--to put x crudely1 no?+ b a hole 9 ! wall4#bce ,:5 w9d[s 7 9 practice indisp5sable1 !y 7 = ! sake ( arti/ic impression conceal$ by gall]ies z 9 ! ,ea/]n basilica4#bcf ,! w9d[ z ar*itecture1 on ! o!r h&1 is peculi> to ! ,fau/ian s\l & ! mo/ significant symbol ( its dep?-exp]i5ce4 ,9 x c be felt ! w to em]ge f ! int]ior into ! b\ndless4 ,! same w t is imman5t 9 contrapuntal music 0 native to ^! vault+s4 ,! incorporeal _w ( ?is music 0 & rema9$ t ( ! fir/ ,go?ic1 & ev5 :51 mu* lat]1 polyphonic music rose to su* heights z ^? ( ! ,mat!w ,passion1 ! ,eroica1 & ,tri/an & ,p>sifal1 x became ( inw>d necessity ca!dral-l & return$ to its home1 ! /one language ( ! ,crusade-"t4 ,to get rid ( e trace ( ,classical corporeality1 !re 0 br\ght to be> ! full =ce ( a deeply significant ,ornam5tation1 :i* defies ! delimit+ p[] ( /one ) its weirdly impressive trans=mations ( vegetal1 animal & human bodies 7,/4 ,pi]re 9 ,moissac71 :i* dissolves all its l9es into melodies & v>iations on a !me1 all its faades into _m-voic$ fugues1 & all ! bodil9ess ( its /atu>y into a music ( drap]y- folds4 ,x is ?is spirituality t gave _! deep mean+ to ! gigantic glass-expanses ( our ca!dral-w9d[s ) _! poly*rome1 transluc5t & !re=e :olly bodiless1 pa9t+--an art t has nev] & n[h]e repeat$ itself & =ms ! complete/ contra/ t c be imag9$ to ! ,classical fresco4 ,x is p]haps 9 ! ,sa9te- ,*apelle at ,p>is t ?is emancipation f bodil9ess is mo/ evid5t4 ,"h ! /one practically vani%es 9 ! gleam ( ! glass4 ,:]eas ! fresco-pa9t+ is co-mat]ial ) ! wall on & ) :i* x has gr[n & its col\r is effective z mat]ial1 "h we h col\rs dep5d5t on no c>ry+ surface b z free 9 space z organ notes1 & %apes pois$ 9 ! inf9ite4 ,comp>e ) ! ,fau/ian _s ( ^! *ur*es--almo/ wall-less1 l(tily vault$1 irradiat$ ) _m-col\r$ light1 aspir+ f nave to *oir--! ,arabian 7t is1 ! ,e>ly-,*ri/ian ,byzant9e7 cupola-*ur*4 ,! p5d5tive cupola1 t seems to float on high above ! basilica or ! octagon1 0 inde$ also a victory ov] ! pr9ciple ( natural gravity :i* ! ,classical express$ 9 ar*itrave & column2 x1 too1 0 a defiance ( ar*itectural body1 ( 8ext]ior40 ,b ! v abs5ce ( an ext]ior emphasizes ! m ! unbrok5 coh]5ce ( ! wall t %uts 9 ! ,cav]n & all[s no look & no hope to em]ge f x4 ,an +5i\sly confus+ int]p5etration ( sph]ical & polygonal =ms2 a load s plac$ ^u a /one drum t x seems to hov] weightless on high1 yet clos+ ! int]ior )\t outlet2 all /ructural l9es conceal$2 vague light admitt$1 ?r\gh a small op5+ 9 ! he>t ( ! dome b only ! m inexorably to emphasize ! wall+-9--su* are ! *>act]s t we see 9 ! ma/]pieces ( ?is art1 ,s4 ,vitale 9 ,rav5na1 ,hagia ,sophia 9 ,con/ant9ople1 & ! ,dome ( ! ,rock#bcg 9 ,j]usalem4 ,:]e ! ,egyptian puts reliefs t ) _! flat planes /udi\sly avoid any =e%ort5+ sugge/ive ( lat]al dep?1 :]e ! ,go?ic ar*itects put _! pictures ( glass to draw 9 ! _w ( space )\t1 ! ,magian clo!s 8 walls ) sp>kl+1 pr$om9antly gold51 mosaics & arabesques & s dr[ns 8 cav]n 9 t unreal1 fairy-tale light :i* = ,nor!rn]s is always s s$uctive 9 ,moori% art4 ----- ,footnote #bbh3 ,! same applies to ! ar*itecture ( ,?9ite ,egypt & to ! ,seleucid-,p]sian sun & fire temples ( ! pre-,*ri/ian area4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,! comb9ation ( scrolls & 8,greek keys0 ) ! ,dragon or o!r emblem ( /orm-p[]4--,tr4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,dvork1 ,idealismus und ,naturalismus 9 d] got4 ,skulptur u4 ,mal]ei 7,hi/4 ,zeits*rift1 #aiah1 pp4 #dd et seq474 ,footnote #bca3 ,&1 f9ally1 ornam5t 9 ! highe/ s5se includes script1 & ) x1 ! ,book1 :i* is ! true associate ( ! cult-build+1 & z an art-"w always appe>s & disappe>s ) x4 7,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ahb4 et seq41 pp4 #bih et seq47 ,9 writ+1 x is und]/&+ z di/9ct f intuition t atta9s to =m3 x is n ess5ces t ^? signs symbolize b notions ab/ract$ !refrom by words1 & z = ! spee*-habituat$ human intellect rigid space is ! pres5t$ objective1 ! writ+ ( a ,culture is 7aft] its /one- build+7 ! pure/ ( all expressions ( its prime-symbol4 ,x is q impossible to und]/& ! hi/ory ( ,arabesque if we leave ! innum]able ,arabian scripts out ( consid]ation1 & x is no less impossible to sep>ate ,egyptian & ,*9ese /yle-hi/ory f ! hi/ory ( ! correspond+ writ+-signs & _! arrangem5t & application4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,see p4 #agc4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,c]ta9ly ! ,greeks at ! "t :5 !y advanc$ f ! ,ant to ! ,p]ipt]os 7 "u ! mighty influ5ce ( ! ,egyptian s]ies-columns--x 0 at ?is "t t _! sculpture 9 ! r\nd1 indisputably foll[+ ,egyptian models1 fre$ itself f ! relief mann] :i* /ill cl+s to ! ,apollo figures4 ,b ?is does n alt] ! fact t ! motive ( ! ,classical column & ! ,classical application ( ! rank-pr9ciple 7 :olly & peculi>ly ,classical4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,! surface ( ! space-volume itself1 n t ( ! /one4 ,dvork1 ,hi/4 ,zts*r41 #aiah1 pp4 #ag et seq4 ,footnote #bce3 ,dehio1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,kun/1 ,i1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,= descriptions & illu/rations ( types ( ,dom+ & ,vault+1 see ! article ,vault 9 ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,ed4--,tr4 ,footnote #bcg3 8,mosque ( ,om>40--,tr4 ----- ,,vi ,! ph5om5on ( ! great /yle1 !n1 is an emanation f ! ess5ce ( ! ,macrocosm1 f ! prime-symbol ( a great culture4 ,no "o :o c appreciate ! connotation ( ! ^w suffici5tly to see t x designates n a =m-aggregate b a =m-hi/ory1 w try to al9e ! fragm5t>y & *aotic art-utt]ances ( primitive mank9d ) ! compreh5sive c]ta9ty ( a /yle t consi/5tly develops ov] c5turies4 ,only ! art ( great ,cultures1 ! art t has ceas$ to be only art & has begun to be an effective unit ( expression & significance1 possesses /yle4 ,! organic hi/ory ( a /yle comprises a pre--1 a non-- & a po/-- 4 ,! bull tablet ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y ( ,egypt#bch is n yet 8,egyptian40 ,n till ! ,?ird ,dyna/y d ! works acquire a /yle--b !n !y d s sudd5ly & v def9itely4 ,simil>ly ! ,c>ol+ian p]iod /&s 8betwe5-/yles40 ,we see diff]5t =ms t\*$ on & explor$1 b no?+ ( inw>dly necess>y expression4 ,! creator ( ! ,aa*5 ,m9/] 8?9ks surely & builds surely1 b does n feel surely40#bci ,! ,m>i5kir*e 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,wrzburg 7c4 #gjj7 has its c\nt]p>t 9 ,salonika 7,/4 ,george71 & ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,g]migny des ,prs 7c4 #hjj7 ) its cupolas & horse%oe ni*es is almo/ a mosque4 ,= ! :ole ( ,we/ ,europe ! p]iod #hej-iej is almo/ a blank4 ,& j s to-day ,russian art /&s betwe5 two /yles4 ,! primitive wood5 ar*itecture ) its /eep eight-sid$ t5t-ro( 7:i* ext5ds f ,norway to ,man*uria7 is impress$ ) ,byzant9e motives f ov] ! ,danube & ,arm5ian-,p]sian f ov] ! ,caucasus4 ,we c c]ta9ly feel an 8elective aff9ity0 betwe5 ! ,russian & ! ,magian s\ls1 b z yet ! prime symbol ( ,russia1 ! plane )\t limit1#bdj f9ds no sure expression ei!r 9 religion or 9 ar*itecture4 ,! *ur* ro( em]ges1 hillock-wise1 b little f ! l&scape & on x sit ! t5t-ro(s ^: po9ts are coif$ ) ! 8koko%niks0 t suppress & w\ld aboli% ! upw>d t5d5cy4 ,!y nei!r t[] up l ! ,go?ic belfry nor enclose l ! mosque-cupola1 b sit1 !reby emphasiz+ ! horizontality ( ! build+1 :i* is meant to be reg>d$ m]ely f ! outside4 ,:5 ab\t #agfj ! ,synod =bade ! t5t ro(s & prescrib$ ! or?odox onion-cupolas1 ! heavy cupolas 7 set ^u sl5d] cyl9d]s1 ( :i* !re may be any numb]#bda & :i* sit on ! ro(-plane4#bdb ,x is n yet a /yle1 only ! promise ( a /yle t w awak5 :5 ! real ,russian religion awak5s4 ,9 ! ,fau/ian ,we/1 ?is awak5+ happ5$ %ortly be=e ,a4,d4 #ajjj4 ,9 "o mom5t1 ! ,romanesque /yle 0 !re4 ,in/ead ( ! fluid organization ( space on an insecure gr\nd plan1 !re 01 sudd5ly1 a /rict dynamic ( space4 ,f ! v beg9n+1 inn] & out] con/ruction 7 plac$ 9 a fix$ relation1 ! wall 0 p5etrat$ by ! =m-language & ! =m work$ into ! wall 9 a way t no o!r ,culture has ev] imag9$4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ! w9d[ & ! belfry 7 inve/$ ) _! mean+s4 ,! =m 0 irrevocably assign$4 ,only its developm5t rema9$ to be work$ out4 ,! ,egyptian /yle began ) ano!r su* creative act1 j z unconsci\s1 j z full ( symbolic =ce4 ,! prime symbol ( ! ,way came into be+ sudd5ly ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y 7#bicj ,b4,c474 ,! _w-creat+ dep?-exp]i5ce ( ?is s\l gets its sub/ance f ! direction-factor itself4 ,spatial dep? z /iff5$ ,"t1 di/ance1 dea?1 ,de/9y itself dom9ate ! expression1 & ! m]ely s5su\s dim5sions ( l5g? & bread? become an escort+ plane :i* re/ricts & prescribes ! ,way ( de/9y4 ,! ,egyptian flat-relief1 :i* is design$ to be se5 at close qu>t]s & arrang$ s]ially s z to compel ! behold] to pass along ! wall-planes 9 ! prescrib$ direction1 appe>s ) simil> sudd5ness ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y4#bdc ,! /ill lat] av5ues ( sph9xes & /atues & ! rock- & t]race-temples con/antly int5sify t t5d5cy t[>ds ! "o di/ance t ! _w ( ,egyptian mank9d kn[s1 ! grave4 ,obs]ve h[ soon ! colonnades ( ! e>ly p]iod come to be sy/ems ( huge1 close-set pill>s t scre5 (f all side-view4 ,?is is some?+ t has nev] reproduc$ itself 9 any o!r ar*itecture4 ,! gr&eur ( ?is /yle appe>s to u z rigid & un*ang+4 ,& c]ta9ly x /&s beyond ! passion :i* is ev] seek+ & fe>+ & s imp>ts to subord9ate *>act]s a quality ( re/less p]sonal movem5t 9 ! fl[ ( ! c5turies4 ,b1 vice v]sa1 we _c d\bt t to an ,egyptian ! ,fau/ian /yle 7:i* is our /yle1 f e>lie/ ,romanesque to ,rococo & ,empire7 w\ld ) its unre/+ p]si/5t se>* = a ,some?+1 appe> f> m uni=m ?an we c imag9e4 ,x foll[s1 we mu/ n =get1 f ! conception ( /yle t we are work+ on "h1 t ,romanesque1 ,go?ic1 ,r5aissance1 ,b>oque & ,rococo are only /ages ( "o & ! same /yle1 9 :i* x is naturally ! v>iable t we & ! con/ant t m5 ( o!r eyes rem>k4 ,9 actual fact1 ! inn] unity ( ! ,nor!rn ,r5aissance is %[n 9 innum]able recon/ructions ( ,romanesque "w 9 ,b>oque & ( late ,go?ic "w 9 ,rococo t are n 9 ! lea/ />tl+4 ,9 peasant art1 ,go?ic & ,b>oque h be5 id5tical1 & ! /reets ( old t[ns ) _! pure h>mony ( all sorts ( gables & faades 7:]e9 def9ite attributions to ,romanesque or ,go?ic ,r5aissance or ,b>oque or ,rococo are (t5 q impossible7 %[ t ! family resemblance betwe5 ! memb]s is f> great] ?an !y !mselves realize4 ,! ,egyptian /yle 0 purely ar*itectural1 & rema9$ s till ! ,egyptian s\l 0 ext+ui%$4 ,x is ! only "o 9 :i* ,ornam5tation z a decorative supplem5t to ar*itecture is entirely abs5t4 ,x all[$ ( no div]g5ce into arts ( ent]ta9m5t1 no display-pa9t+1 no bu/s1 no secul> music4 ,9 ! ,ionic phase1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ,classical /yle %ift$ f ar*itecture to an indep5d5t pla/ic art2 9 t ( ! ,b>oque ! /yle ( ! ,we/ pass$ into music1 ^: =m-language 9 its turn rul$ ! entire build+ art ( ! #ah? ,c5tury2 9 ! ,arabian _w1 aft] ,ju/9ian & ,*osroes-,nu%irvan1 ,arabesque dissolv$ all ! =ms ( ar*itecture1 pa9t+ & sculpture into /yle-impressions t n[adays we %\ld consid] z craft-art4 ,b 9 ,egypt ! sov]eignty ( ar*itecture rema9$ un*all5g$2 x m]ely s(t5$ its language a little4 ,9 ! *amb]s ( ! pyramid-temple ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y 7,pyramid ( ,*ephr57 !re are unadorn$ angul> pill>s4 ,9 ! build+s ( ! ,fif? 7,pyramid ( ,sahu-r7 ! plant-column makes its appe>ance4 ,lotus & papyrus bran*es turn$ into /one arise gigantic out ( a pavem5t ( transp>5t alaba/] t repres5ts wat]1 enclos$ by purple walls4 ,! ceil+ is adorn$ ) birds & />s4 ,! sacr$ way f ! gate-build+s to ! tomb-*amb]1 ! picture ( life1 is a /ream--x is ! ,nile itself become "o ) ! prime- symbol ( direction4 ,! _s ( ! "m-l&scape unites ) ! s\l t has sprung f x4 ,9 ,*9a1 9 lieu ( ! awe-inspir+ pylon ) its massy wall & n>r[ entrance1 we h ! 8,_s-wall0 7y9-pi7 t conceals ! way 94 ,! ,*9aman slips into life & !reaft] foll[s ! ,tao ( life's pa?2 z ! ,nile valley is to ! up-&-d[n l&scape ( ! ,hwang ,ho1 s is ! /one-enclos$ temple-way to ! mazy pa?s ( ,*9ese g>d5-ar*itecture4 ,& j s1 9 "s my/]i\s fa%ion1 ! ,euclidean exi/5ce is l9k$ ) ! multitude ( little isl&s & promontories ( ! gean1 & ! passionate ,we/]n1 rov+ 9 ! inf9ite1 ) ! broad pla9s ( ,franconia & ,burgundy & ,saxony4 ,,vii ,! ,egyptian /yle is ! expression ( a brave s\l4 ,! rig\r & =ce ( x ,egyptian man himself nev] felt & nev] ass]t$4 ,he d>$ all1 b said no?+4 ,9 ,go?ic & ,b>oque1 on ! contr>y1 ! triumph ov] heav9ess became a p]fectly consci\s motive ( ! =m- language4 ,! drama ( ,%akespe>e deals op5ly ) ! desp]ate conflict ( w & _w4 ,classical man1 aga91 0 weak 9 ! face ( ! 8p[]s40 ,! ( fe> & pity1 ! relief & recov]y ( ! ,apoll9ian s\l 9 ! mom5t ( ! 01 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ! effect delib]ately aim$ at 9 ,attic trag$y4 ,z ! ,greek spectator wat*$ someone :om he knew 7= ev]yone knew ! my? & its h]oes & liv$ 9 !m7 s5selessly maltreat$ by =tune1 )\t any conceivable possibility ( resi/ance to ! ,p[]s1 & saw him g "u ) spl5did mi51 defiant1 h]oic1 8 own ,euclidean s\l exp]i5c$ a m>vell\s uplift+4 ,if life 0 wor?less1 at any rate ! gr& ge/ure 9 los+ x 0 n s4 ,! ,greek will$ no?+ & d>$ no?+1 b he f\nd a /irr+ beauty 9 endur+4 ,ev5 ! e>li] figures ( ,odysseus ! pati5t1 &1 above all1 ,a*illes ! ar*etype ( ,greek manhood1 h ?is *>act]i/ic quality4 ,! morale ( ! ,cynics1 t ( ! ,/oics1 t ( ,epicurus1 ! common ,greek ideals ( & 1 ,diog5es devot+ himself to 9 a tub--all ?is is mask$ c[>dice 9 ! face ( grave matt]s & responsibilities1 & diff]5t inde$ f ! pride ( ! ,egyptian s\l4 ,apoll9ian man goes bel[ gr\nd out ( life's way1 ev5 to ! po9t ( suicide1 :i* 9 ?is ,culture alone 7if we ignore c]ta9 relat$ ,indian ideals7 rank$ z a high e?ical act & 0 treat$ ) ! solemnity ( a ritual symbol4#bdd ,! ,dionysiac intoxication seems a sort ( furi\s dr[n+ ( uneas9esses t to ! ,egyptian s\l 7 utt]ly unkn[n4 ,& consequ5tly ! ,greek ,culture is t ( ! small1 ! easy1 ! simple4 ,its te*nique is1 comp>$ ) ,egyptian or ,babylonian1 a clev] nullity4#bde ,no ornam5tation %[s su* a pov]ty ( inv5tion z !irs1 & _! /ock ( sculptural positions & attitudes c\ld be c\nt$ on "o's f+]s4 8,9 its pov]ty ( =ms1 :i* is conspicu\s ev5 all[+ t at ! beg9n+ ( its developm5t x may h be5 bett] (f ?an x 0 lat]1 ! ,doric /yle pivot$ ev]y?+ on proportions & on measure40#bdf ,yet1 ev5 s1 :at adroitness 9 avoid+6 ,! ,greek ar*itecture ) its comm5suration ( load & support & its peculi> smallness ( scale sugge/s a p]si/5t evasion ( difficult ar*itectural problems t on ! ,nile &1 lat]1 9 ! high ,nor? 7 lit]ally look$ =1 :i* moreov] 7 kn[n & c]ta9ly n burk$ 9 ! ,myc5an age4 ,! ,egyptian lov$ ! /rong /one ( imm5se build+s2 x 0 9 keep+ ) 8 self- consci\sness t he %\ld *oose only ! h>de/ = 8 task4 ,b ! ,greek avoid$ x2 8 ar*itecture fir/ set itself small tasks1 !n ceas$ altoge!r4 ,if we survey x z a :ole1 & !n comp>e x ) ! totality ( ,egyptian or ,mexican or ev51 = t matt]1 ,we/]n ar*itecture1 we are a/\nd$ at ! feeble developm5t ( ! /yle4 ,a few v>iations ( ! ,doric temple & x 0 exhau/$4 ,x 0 already clos$ (f ab\t #djj :5 ! ,cor9?ian capital 0 inv5t$1 & ev]y?+ subsequ5t to ?is 0 m]ely modification ( :at exi/$4 ,! result ( ?is 0 an almo/ bodily /&>dization ( =m-types & /yle-species4 ,"o might *oose betwe5 !m1 b nev] ov]/ep _! /rict limits--t w\ld h be5 9 "s sort an admission ( an inf9ity ( possibilities4 ,!re 7 ?ree ord]s ( columns & a def9ite disposition ( ! ar*itrave correspond+ to ea*2 to deal ) ! difficulty 7consid]$1 z e>ly z ,vitruvius1 z a conflict7 :i* ! alt]nation ( triglyphs & metopes produc$ at ! corn]s1 ! ne>e/ int]columniations 7 n>r[$--no "o ?\ght ( imag9+ new =ms to suit ! case4 ,if great] dim5sions 7 desir$1 ! requirem5ts 7 met by sup]position1 juxtaposition1 etc41 ( additional elem5ts4 ,?us ! ,colosseum possesses ?ree r+s1 ! ,didymum ( ,miletus ?ree r[s ( columns 9 front1 & ! ,frieze ( ! ,giants ( ,p]gamum an endless succession ( individual & unconnect$ motives4 ,simil>ly ) ! /yle-species ( prose & ! types ( lyric poetry1 n>rative & trag$y4 ,univ]sally1 ! exp5diture ( p[]s on ! basic =m is re/rict$ to ! m9imum & ! creative en]gy ( ! arti/ direct$ to detail-f95ess4 ,x is a /atical treatm5t ( /atic g5]a1 & x /&s 9 ! %>pe/ possible contra/ to ! dynamic f]tility ( ! ,fau/ian ) its ceaseless creation ( new types & doma9s ( =m4 ,,viii ,we are n[ able to see ! organism 9 a great /yle-c\rse4 ,"h1 z 9 s _m o!r matt]s1 ,goe! 0 ! fir/ to :om vision came4 ,9 8 8,w9ckelmann0 he says ( ,velleius ,pat]culus3 8) 8 /&po9t1 x 0 n giv5 to him to see all art z a liv+ ?+ 77 t mu/ h an inconspicu\s beg9n+1 a sl[ gr[?1 a brilliant mom5t ( fulfilm5t & a gradual decl9e l e o!r organic be+1 ?\gh x is pres5t$ 9 a set ( individuals40 ,?is s5t5ce conta9s ! entire morphology ( art-hi/ory4 ,/yles d n foll[ "o ano!r l waves or pulse-beats4 ,x is n ! p]sonality or w or bra9 ( ! arti/ t makes ! /yle1 b ! /yle t makes ! type ( ! arti/4 ,! /yle1 l ! ,culture1 is a prime ph5om5on 9 ! /ricte/ ,goe?ian s5se1 be x ! /yle ( art or religion or ?\ght1 or ! /yle ( life itself4 ,x is1 z 8,nature0 is1 an ev]-new exp]i5ce ( wak+ man1 8 alt] ego & mirror-image 9 ! _w- ar\nd4 ,& !re=e 9 ! g5]al hi/orical picture ( a ,culture !re c be b "o /yle1 ! /yle ( ! ,culture4 ,! error has la9 9 treat+ m]e /yle-phases--,romanesque1 ,go?ic1 ,b>oque1 ,rococo1 ,empire--z if !y 7 /yles on ! same level z units ( q ano!r ord] su* z ! ,egyptian1 ! ,*9ese 7or ev5 a 8prehi/oric07 /yle4 ,go?ic & ,b>oque are simply ! y\? & age ( "o & ! same vessel ( =ms1 ! /yle ( ! ,we/ z rip5+ & rip5$4 ,:at has be5 want+ 9 our art-rese>* has be5 deta*m5t1 fre$om f prepossessions1 & ! w to ab/ract4 ,sav+ ourselves tr\ble1 we h class$ any & e =m-doma9 t makes a /rong impression ^u u z a 8/yle10 & x ne$ h>dly be said t our insight has be5 l$ a/ray /ill fur!r by ! ,anci5t-,m$ival-,mod]n s*eme4 ,b 9 reality1 ev5 a ma/]piece ( /ricte/ ,r5aissance l ! c\rt ( ! ,palazzo ,f>nese is inf9itely ne>] to ! arcade- por* ( ,/4 ,patroclus 9 ,soe/1 ! int]ior ( ! ,magdeburg ca!dral1 & ! /aircases ( ,s\?-,g]man ca/les ( ! #ah? ,c5tury ?an x is to ! ,temple ( ,p/um or to ! ,ere*!um4 ,! same relation exi/s betwe5 ,doric & ,ionic1 & h5ce ,ionic columns c be z completely comb9$ ) ,doric build+ =ms z late ,go?ic is ) e>ly ,b>oque 9 ,/4 ,lor5z at ,nrnb]g1 or late ,romanesque ) late ,b>oque 9 ! beautiful upp] "p ( ! ,we/ *oir at ,ma9z4 ,& our eyes h sc>cely yet le>n$ to di/+ui% )9 ! ,egyptian /yle ! ,old ,k+dom & ,middle ,empire elem5ts correspond+ to ,doric & ,go?ic y\? & to ,ionic & ,b>oque maturity1 because f ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y ^! elem5ts int]p5etrate 9 all h>mony 9 ! =m-language ( all ! great] works4 ,! task be=e art-hi/ory is to write ! comp>ative biographies ( ! great /yles1 all ( :i* z organisms ( ! same g5us possess /ructurally cognate life hi/ories4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re is ! timid1 despond5t1 nak$ expression ( a newly-awak5$ s\l :i* is /ill seek+ = a relation betwe5 itself & ! _w t1 ?\gh its prop] creation1 yet is pres5t$ z ali5 & unfri5dly4 ,!re is ! *ild's fe>fulness 9 ,bi%op ,b]nw>d's build+ at ,hilde%eim1 9 ! ,e>ly-,*ri/ian catacomb- pa9t+1 & 9 ! pill>-halls ( ! ,egyptian ,f\r? ,dyna/y4 ,a ,febru>y ( art1 a deep pres5tim5t ( a com+ weal? ( =ms1 an imm5se suppress$ t5sion1 lies ov] ! l&scape t1 /ill :olly ru/ic1 is adorn+ itself ) ! fir/ /rongholds & t[nlets4 ,!n foll[s ! joy\s m\nt+ into ! high ,go?ic1 into ! ,con/ant9ian age ) its pill>$ basilicas & its domical *ur*es1 into ! relief-ornam5t ( ! ,fif?-,dyna/y temple4 ,be+ is und]/ood1 a sacr$ =m-language has be5 completely ma/]$ & radiates its glory1 & ! ,/yle rip5s into a maje/ic symbolism ( directional dep? & ( ,de/9y4 ,b f]v5t y\? comes to an end1 & contradictions arise )9 ! s\l itself4 ,! ,r5aissance1 ! ,dionysiac-musical ho/ility to ,apoll9ian ,doric1 ! ,byzant9e ( #dej t looks to ,alex&ria & away f ! ov]joy$ art ( ,antio*1 indicate a mom5t ( resi/ance1 ( effective or ineffective impulse to de/roy :at has be5 acquir$4 ,x is v difficult to elucidate ?is mom5t1 & an attempt to d s w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,& n[ x is ! manhood ( ! /yle-hi/ory t comes on4 ,! ,culture is *ang+ into ! intellectuality ( ! great cities t w n[ dom9ate ! c\ntry-side1 & p>i passu ! /yle is becom+ intellectualiz$ also4 ,! gr& symbolism )]s2 ! riot ( sup]human =ms dies d[n2 mild] & m worldly arts drive out ! great art ( develop$ /one4 ,ev5 9 ,egypt sculpture & fresco are embold5$ to light] movem5t4 ,! arti/ appe>s1 & 8plans0 :at =m]ly grew out ( ! soil4 ,once m exi/5ce becomes self- consci\s & n[1 deta*$ f ! l& & ! dream & ! my/]y1 /&s que/ion+1 & wre/les = an expression ( its new duty--z at ! beg9n+ ( ,b>oque :5 ,mi*elangelo1 9 wild discont5t & kick+ aga9/ ! limitations ( 8 art1 piles up ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s--9 ! age ( ,ju/9ian ,i :i* built ,hagia ,sophia & ! mosaic-deck$ dom$ basilicas ( ,rav5na--at ! beg9n+ ( t ,twelf? ,dyna/y 9 ,egypt :i* ! ,greeks cond5s$ "u ! "n ( ,seso/ris--& at ! decisive epo* 9 ,hellas 7c4 #fjj7 ^: ar*itecture probably1 nay c]ta9ly1 express$ t :i* is e*o$ = u 9 its gr&*ild s*ylus4 ,!n comes ! gleam+ autumn ( ! /yle4 ,once m ! s\l depicts its happ9ess1 ?is "t consci\s ( self-completion4 ,! 8return to ,nature0 :i* already ?9k]s & poets--,r\sseau1 ,gorgias & _! 8contempor>ies0 9 ! o!r ,cultures--beg9 to feel & to proclaim1 reveals itself 9 ! =m-_w ( ! arts z a s5sitive long+ & pres5tim5t ( ! end4 ,a p]fectly cle> intellect1 joy\s urbanity1 ! sorr[ ( a p>t+--^! are ! col\rs ( ^! la/ ,culture- decades ( :i* ,talleyr& 0 to rem>k lat]3 8,qui n'a pas vcu avant #aghi ne connat pas la d\ceur de vivre40 ,s x 01 too1 ) ! free1 sunny & sup]f9e art ( ,egypt "u ,seso/ris ,,iii 7c4 #ahej ,b4,c47 & ! brief mom5ts ( satiat$ happ9ess t produc$ ! v>i$ spl5d\r ( ,p]icles's ,acropolis & ! works ( ,zeuxis & ,phidias4 ,a ?\s& ye>s lat] aga91 9 ! age ( ! ,ommaiyads1 we meet x 9 ! glad fairyl& ( ,moori% ar*itecture ) its fragile columns & horse%oe ar*es t seem to melt into air 9 an iridesc5ce ( arabesques & /alactites4 ,a ?\s& ye>s m1 & we see x 9 ! music ( ,haydn & ,moz>t1 9 ,dresd5 %eph]desses1 9 ! pictures ( ,watteau & ,gu>di1 & ! works ( ,g]man ma/]-build]s at ,dresd51 ,potsdam1 ,wrzburg & ,vi5na4 ,!n ! /yle fades out4 ,! =m-language ( ! ,ere*!um & ! ,dresd5 ,zw+]1 honeycomb$ ) intellect1 fragile1 ready = self- de/ruction1 is foll[$ by ! flat & s5ile ,classicism t we f9d 9 ! ,hell5i/ic megalopolis1 ! ,byzantium ( #ijj & ! 8,empire0 modes ( ! ,nor?4 ,! end is a sunset reflect$ 9 =ms reviv$ = a mom5t by p$ant or by eclectic--semi-e>ne/ness & d\btful g5u95ess dom9ate ! _w ( ! arts4 ,we to-day are 9 ?is condition--play+ a t$i\s game ) dead =ms to keep up ! illusion ( a liv+ art4 ,,ix ,no "o has yet p]ceiv$ t ,arabian art is a s+le ph5om5on4 ,x is an idea t c only take %ape :5 we h ceas$ to be deceiv$ by ! cru/ :i* ov]laid ! "y ,ea/ ) po/-,classical art- ex]cises t1 :e!r !y 7 imitation-antique or *ose _! elem5ts f prop] or ali5 s\rces at w1 7 9 any case long pa/ all inw>d life2 :5 we h discov]$ t ,e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 toge!r ) e really liv+ elem5t 9 8late-,roman10 is 9 fact ! spr+time ( ! ,arabian /yle2 & :5 we see ! epo* ( ,ju/9ian ,i z exactly on a p> ) ! ,spani%-,v5etian ,b>oque t rul$ ,europe 9 ! great days ( ,*>les ,v or ,philip ,,ii1 & ! palaces ( ,byzantium & _! magnific5t battle-pictures & pageant- sc5es--! vani%$ glories t inspir$ ! p5s ( c\rtly lit]ati l ,procopius--on a p> ) ! palaces ( e>ly ,b>oque 9 ,madrid1 ,vi5na & ,rome & ! great decorative-pa9t+ ( ,rub5s & ,t9toretto4 ,?is ,arabian /yle embraces ! entire fir/ mill5nium ( our era4 ,x ?us /&s at a critical position 9 ! picture ( a g5]al hi/ory ( 8,art10 & its organic connect$ness has be5 imp]ceptible "u ! errone\s conv5tions !re(4#bdg ,/range &--if ^! /udies h giv5 u ! eye = ?+s lat5t-- mov+ x is to see h[ ?is "y ,s\l1 held 9 bondage to ! intellect ( ! ,classical &1 above all1 to ! political omnipot5ce ( ,rome1 d>es n r\se itself into fre$om b humbly subjects itself to obsolete value-=ms & tries to be cont5t ) ,greek language1 ,greek ideas & ,greek art-elem5ts4 ,dev\t acceptance ( ! p[]s ( ! /rong day is pres5t 9 e "y ,culture & is ! sign ( its y\?--witness ! humility ( ,go?ic man 9 8 pi\s high-ar*$ spaces ) _! pill>-/atu>y & _! light-fill$ pictures 9 glass1 ! high t5sion ( ! ,egyptian s\l 9 ! mid/ ( its _w ( pyramids1 lotus-columns & relief-l9$ halls4 ,b 9 ?is in/ance !re is ! additional elem5t ( an intellectual pro/ration be=e =ms really dead b suppos$ly et]nal4 ,yet 9 spite ( all1 ! tak+-ov] & cont9uance ( ^! =ms came to no?+4 ,involunt>ily1 unobs]v$1 n support$ by an inh]5t pride z ,go?ic 01 b felt1 !re 9 ,roman ,syria1 almo/ z a lam5table come-d[n1 a :ole new =m-_w grew up4 ,"u a mask ( ,grco-,roman conv5tions1 x fill$ ev5 ,rome itself4 ,! ma/]-masons ( ! ,pan!on & ! ,imp]ial ,=a 7 ,syrians4 ,9 no o!r example is ! primitive =ce ( a "y s\l s manife/ z "h1 :]e x has to make its own _w by %e] conque/4 ,9 ?is z 9 e o!r ,culture1 ,spr+ seeks to express its spirituality 9 a new ornam5tation &1 above all1 9 religi\s ar*itecture z ! sublime =m ( t ornam5tation4 ,b ( all ?is ri* =m-_w ! only "p t 7till rec5tly7 has be5 tak5 into acc\nt has be5 ! ,we/]n edge ( x1 :i* consequ5tly has be5 assum$ to be ! true home & habitat ( ,magian /yle-hi/ory4 ,9 reality1 9 matt]s ( /yle z 9 ^? ( religion1 sci5ce & social-political life1 :at we f9d !re is only an irradiation f outside ! ,ea/]n bord] ( ! ,empire4#bdh ,riegl#bdi & ,/rzyg[ski#bej h discov]$ ?is1 b if we are to g fur!r & arrive at a conspectus ( ! developm5t ( ,arabian art we h to %$ _m philological & religi\s prepossessions4 ,! mis=tune is t our art-rese>*1 al?\gh x no long] recognizes ! religi\s fronti]s1 nev]!less unconsci\sly assumes !m4 ,= !re is 9 reality no su* ?+ z a ,late-,classical nor an ,e>ly-,*ri/ian nor yet an ,islamic art 9 ! s5se ( an art prop] to ea* ( ^? fai?s & evolv$ by ! community ( believ]s z su*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! totality ( ^! religions--f ,arm5ia to ,s\!rn ,arabia & ,axum1 & f ,p]sia to ,byzantium & ,alex&ria--possess a broad uni=mity ( arti/ic expression t ov]rides ! contradictions ( detail4#bea ,all ^! religions1 ! ,*ri/ian1 ! ,jewi%1 ! ,p]sian1 ! ,mani*an1 ! ,syncretic1#beb possess$ cult-build+s & 7at any rate 9 _! script7 an ,ornam5tation ( ! fir/ rank2 & h[ev] diff]5t ! items ( _! dogmas1 !y are all p]vad$ by an homog5e\s religi\sness & express x 9 a homog5e\s symbolism ( dep?-exp]i5ce4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! basilicas ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,hell5i/ic1 ,hebrew & ,baal-cults1 & 9 ! ,mi?rum1#bec ! ,mazdai/ fire-temple & ! ,mosque1 t tells ( a l spirituality3 x is ! ,cav]n-feel+4 ,x becomes !re=e ! b\nd5 duty ( rese>* to seek to e/abli% ! hi!rto completely neglect$ ar*itecture ( ! ,s\?-,arabian & ,p]sian temple1 ! ,syrian & ! ,mesopotamian synagogue1 ! cult- build+s ( ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or & ev5 ,abyss9ia2#bed & 9 respect ( ,*ri/ianity to inve/igate no long] m]ely ! ,paul9e ,we/ b also ! ,ne/orian ,ea/ t /ret*$ f ! ,euphrates to ,*9a1 :]e ! old records significantly call its build+s 8,p]sian temples40 ,if 9 all ?is build+ practically no?+ has1 s f>1 =c$ itself specially ^u our notice1 x is fair to suppose t bo? ! advance ( ,*ri/ianity fir/ & t ( ,islam lat] c\ld *ange ! religion ( a place ( wor%ip )\t contradict+ its plan & /yle4 ,we "k t ?is is ! case ) ,late ,classical temples3 b h[ _m ( ! *ur*es 9 ,arm5ia may once h be5 fire-temples8 ,! arti/ic c5tre ( ?is ,culture 0 v def9itely--z ,/rzyg[ski has obs]v$--9 ! triangle ( cities ,edessa1 ,nisibis1 ,amida4 ,to ! we/w>d ( x is ! doma9 ( ! ,late-,classical 8,pseudomorphosis10#bee ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity t conqu]$ 9 ! c\ncils ( ,ephesus & ,*alc$on1#bef ,we/]n ,judaism & ! cults ( ,syncretism4 ,! ar*itectural type ( ! ,pseudomorphosis1 bo? = ,jew & ,g5tile1 is ! ,basilica4#beg ,x employs ! means ( ! ,classical to express ! opposite !re(1 & is unable to free itself f ^! means--t is ! ess5ce & ! trag$y ( 8,pseudomorphosis40 ,! m 8,classical0 ,syncretism modifies a cult t is resid5t 9 a ,euclidean place into "o :i* is pr(ess$ by a community ( indef9ite e/ate1 ! m ! int]ior ( ! temple ga9s 9 importance ov] ! ext]ior )\t ne$+ to *ange ei!r plan or ro( or columns v mu*4 ,! space-feel+ is diff]5t1 b n--at fir/--! means ( express+ x4 ,9 ! pagan religi\s ar*itecture ( ! ,imp]ial ,age !re is a p]ceptible--?\gh nev] yet p]ceiv$--movem5t f ! :olly corporeal ,augu/an temple1 9 :i* ! cella is ! ar*itectural expression ( no?+ness1 to "o 9 :i* ! int]ior only possesses mean+4 ,f9ally ! ext]nal picture ( ! ,p]ipt]os ( ! ,doric is transf]r$ to ! f\r inside walls4 ,columns rank$ 9 front ( a w9d[less wall are a d5ial ( space beyond--t is1 = ! ,classical behold]1 ( space )91 & = ! ,magian1 ( space )\t4 ,x is !re=e a "q ( m9or importance :e!r ! entire space is cov]$ 9 z 9 ! ,basilica prop]1 or only ! sanctu>y z 9 ! ,sun-temple ( ,baalbek ) ! great =ec\rt1#beh :i* lat] becomes a /&+ elem5t ( ! mosque & is probably ( ,s\? ,arabian orig94#bei ,t ! ,nave orig9ates 9 a c\rt surr\nd$ by halls is sugge/$ n only by ! special developm5t ( ! basilica-type 9 ! ,ea/ ,syrian /eppe 7p>ticul>ly ,hauran7 b also by ! basic disposition ( por*1 nave & *oir z /ages lead+ to ! alt>--= ! aisles 7orig9ally ! side-halls ( ! c\rt7 end bl9d1 & only ! nave prop] corresponds ) ! apse4 ,?is basic mean+ is v evid5t 9 ,/4 ,paul at ,rome1 albeit ! ,pseudomorphosis 7inv]sion ( ! ,classical temple7 dictat$ ! te*nical means1 viz41 column & ar*itrave4 ,h[ symbolic is ! ,*ri/ian recon/ruction ( ! ,temple ( ,aphrodisias 9 ,c>ia1 9 :i* ! cella )9 ! columns is aboli%$ & replac$ by a new wall outside !m4#bfj ,outside ! doma9 ( ! 8,pseudomorphosis10 on ! contr>y1 ! cav]n-feel+ 0 free to develop its own =m-language1 & "h !re=e x is ! def9ite ro( t is emphasiz$ 7:]eas 9 ! o!r doma9 ! prote/ aga9/ ! ,classical feel+ l$ m]ely to ! developm5t ( an int]ior74 ,:5 & :]e ! v>i\s possibilities ( dome1 cupola1 b>rel-vault+1 rib-vault+1 came into exi/5ce z te*nical me?ods is1 z we h already said1 a matt] ( no significance4 ,:at is ( decisive importance is ! fact t ab\t ! "t ( ,*ri/'s bir? & ! rise ( ! new _w-feel+1 ! new space-symbolism mu/ h begun to make use ( ^! =ms & to develop !m fur!r 9 expressiv5ess4 ,x w v likely come to be %[n t ! fire-temples & synagogues ( ,mesopotamia 7& possibly also ! temples ( ,a?t> 9 ,s\!rn ,arabia7 7 orig9ally cupola- build+s4#bfa ,c]ta9ly ! pagan m>na-temple at ,gaza 0 s1 & long be=e ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity took possession ( ^! =ms "u ,con/ant9e1 build]s ( ,ea/]n orig9 _h introduc$ !m1 z novelties to please ! ta/e ( ! ,megalopolitans1 into all p>ts ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 ,rome itself1 ,apollodorus ( ,damascus 0 employ$ "u ,trajan = ! vault+ ( ! temple ( 8,v5us & ,rome10 & ! dom$ *amb]s ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla & ! s-call$ 8,m9]va ,m$ica0 ( ,galli5us's "t 7 built by ,syrians4 ,b ! ma/]piece1 ! e>lie/ ( all ,mosques1 is ! ,pan!on z rebuilt by ,hadrian4 ,"h1 )\t a d\bt1 ! emp]or 0 imitat+1 = ! satisfaction ( 8 own ta/e1 cult-build+s t he _h se5 9 ! ,ea/4#bfb ,! ar*itecture ( ! c5tral-dome1 9 :i* ! ,magian _w-feel+ a*iev$ its pure/ expression1 ext5d$ beyond ! limits ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,= ! ,ne/orian ,*ri/ianity t ext5d$ f ,arm5ia ev5 into ,*9a x 0 ! only =m1 z x 0 also = ! ,mani*ns & ! ,mazdai/s1 & x also impress$ itself victori\sly ^u ! ,basilica ( ! ,we/ :5 ! ,pseudomorphosis began to crumble & ! la/ cults ( ,syncretism to die out4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,france--:]e !re 7 ,mani*an sects ev5 z late z ! ,crusades--! =m ( ! ,ea/ 0 dome/icat$4 ,"u ,ju/9ian1 ! int]p5etration ( ! two produc$ ! domical basilica ( ,byzantium & ,rav5na4 ,! pure basilica 0 pu%$ into ! ,g]manic ,we/1 !re to be trans=m$ by ! en]gy ( ! ,fau/ian dep?-impulse into ! ca!dral4 ,! dom$ basilica1 aga91 spread f ,byzantium & ,arm5ia into ,russia1 :]e x came by sl[ degrees to be felt z an elem5t ( ext]ior ar*itecture belong+ to a symbolism conc5trat$ 9 ! ro(4 ,b 9 ! ,arabian _w ,islam1 ! heir ( ,monophysite & ,ne/orian ,*ri/ianity & ( ! ,jews & ! ,p]sians1 c>ri$ ! developm5t ?r\gh to ! end4 ,:5 x turn$ ,hagia ,sophia into a mosque x only resum$ possession ( an old prop]ty4 ,islamic domical build+ foll[$ ,mazdai/ & ,ne/orian along ! same tracks to ,%an-tung & to ,india4 ,mosques grew up 9 ! f> ,we/ 9 ,spa9 & ,sicily1 :]e1 moreov]1 ! /yle appe>s r 9 its ,ea/-,araman-,p]sian ?an 9 its ,we/-,araman-,syrian mode4#bfc ,& :ile ,v5ice look$ to ,byzantium & ,rav5na 7,/4 ,m>k71 ! brilliant age ( ! ,norman-,hoh5/auf5 rule 9 ,pal]mo taught ! cities ( ! ,italian we/ coa/1 & ev5 ,flor5ce1 to admire & to imitate ^! ,moori% build+s4 ,m ?an "o ( ! motives t ! ,r5aissance ?\ght 7 ,classical--e4g41 ! c\rt surr\nd$ by halls & ! union ( column & ar*--really orig9at$ ?us4 ,:at is true z reg>ds ar*itecture is ev5 m s z reg>ds ornam5tation1 :i* 9 ! ,arabian _w v e>ly ov]came all figure-repres5tation & swall[$ x up 9 itself4 ,!n1 z 8arabesque10 x advanc$ to meet1 to *>m & to mislead ! "y art- int5tion ( ! ,we/4 ,! e>ly-,*ri/ian-,late-,classical art ( ! ,pseudomorphosis %[s ! same ornam5t-plus-figure mixture ( ! inh]it$ 8ali50 & ! inborn 8prop]0 z does ! ,c>ol+ian-,e>ly ,romanesque ( 7especially7 ,s\!rn ,france & ,upp] ,italy4 ,9 ! "o case ,hell5i/ic int]m+les ) ,e>ly-,magian1 9 ! o!r ,mauro-,byzant9e ) ,fau/ian4 ,! rese>*] has to exam9e l9e aft] l9e & ornam5t aft] ornam5t to detect ! =m-feel+ :i* diff]5tiates ! "o /ratum f ! o!r4 ,9 e ar*itrave1 9 e frieze1 !re is to be f\nd a secret battle betwe5 ! consci\s old & ! unconsci\s1 b victori\s1 new motives4 ,"o is conf\nd$ by ?is g5]al int]p5etration ( ! ,late-,hell5i/ic & ! ,e>ly-,arabian =m-s5ses1 z "o sees x1 = example1 9 ,roman portrait-bu/s 7"h x is (t5 only 9 ! treatm5t ( ! hair t ! new way ( expression is manife/$72 9 ! acan?us-%oots :i* %[--(t5 on "o & ! same frieze--*isel-"w & drill-"w side by side2 9 ! s>cophagi ( ! #crd ,c5tury 9 :i* a *ildlike feel+ ( ! ,giotto & ,pisano "* is entangl$ ) a c]ta9 late & megalopolitan ,naturalism t rem9ds "o m or less ( ,david or ,c>/5s2 & 9 build+s su* z ! ,basilica ( ,max5tius#bfd & _m p>ts ( ! ,ba?s & ! ,imp]ial ,=a t are /ill v ,classical 9 conception4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,arabian s\l 0 *eat$ ( its maturity--l a "y tree t is h9d]$ & /unt$ 9 its gr[? by a fall5 old giant ( ! =e/4 ,"h !re 0 no brilliant in/ant felt & exp]i5c$ z su*1 l t ( ours 9 :i*1 simultane\sly ) ! ,crusades1 ! wood5 beams ( ! ,ca!dral ro( lock$ !mselves into rib-vault+ & an int]ior 0 made to actualize & fulfil ! idea ( inf9ite space4 ,! political creation ( ,diocletian 0 %att]$ 9 its glory ^u ! fact t1 /&+ z he did on ,classical gr\nd1 he _h to accept ! :ole mass ( ! adm9i/rative tradition ( ,urbs ,roma2 ?is suffic$ to r$uce 8 "w to a m]e re=m ( obsolete conditions4 ,& yet he 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,caliphs4 ,) him1 ! idea ( ! ,arabian ,/ate em]ges cle>ly into ! light4 ,x is ,diocletian's disp5sation1 toge!r ) t ( ! ,sassanids :i* prec$$ x some:at & s]v$ 9 all respects z its model1 t gives u ! fir/ notion ( ! ideal t ought to h gone on to fulfilm5t "h4 ,b s x 0 9 all ?+s4 ,to ?is v day we admire z la/ creations ( ! ,classical--because we _c or w n reg>d !m o!rwise--! ?\ght ( ,plot9us & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ! cults ( ,isis1 ,mi?ras & ! ,sun-,god1 ! ,diophant9e ma!matics &1 la/ly1 ! :ole ( ! art :i* /ream$ t[>ds u f ! ,ea/]n m>*es ( ! ,roman ,empire & = :i* ,antio* & ,alex&ria 7 m]ely po9ts d'appui4 ,?is alone is suffici5t to expla9 ! int5se vehem5ce ) :i* ! ,arabian ,culture1 :5 releas$ at l5g? f arti/ic z f o!r fett]s1 flung itself ^u all ! l&s t _h inw>dly belong$ to x = c5turies pa/4 ,x is ! sign ( a s\l t feels itself 9 a hurry1 t notes 9 fe> ! fir/ symptoms ( old age be=e x has _h y\?4 ,?is emancipation ( ,magian mank9d is )\t a p>allel4 ,syria is conqu]$1 or r deliv]$1 9 #fcd4 ,damascus falls 9 #fcg1 ,ctesiphon 9 #fcg4 ,9 #fda ,egypt & ,india are rea*$1 9 #fdg ,c>?age1 9 #fgf ,sam>k&1 9 #gaj ,spa94 ,& 9 #gcb ! ,arabs /ood be=e ,p>is4 ,into ^! few ye>s 0 compress$ ! :ole sum ( sav$-up passions1 po/pon$ hopes1 res]v$ de$s1 t 9 ! sl[ matur+ ( o!r ,cultures suffice to fill ! hi/ory ( c5turies4 ,! ,crusad]s be=e ,j]usalem1 ! ,hoh5/auf5 9 ,sicily1 ! ,hansa 9 ! ,baltic1 ! ,teutonic ,knights 9 ! ,slavonic ,ea/1 ! ,spani>ds 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,portuguese 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ! ,empire ( ,*>les ,v on :i* ! sun nev] set1 ! beg9n+s ( ,engl&'s colonial p[] "u ,cromwell--! equival5t ( all ?is 0 %ot out 9 "o dis*>ge t c>ri$ ! ,arabs to ,spa9 & ,france1 ,india & ,turke/an4 ,true1 all ,cultures 7! ,egyptian1 ! ,mexican & ! ,*9ese except$7 h gr[n up "u ! tutelage ( "s old] ,culture4 ,ea* ( ! =m-worlds %[s c]ta9 ali5 traits4 ,?us1 ! ,fau/ian s\l ( ! ,go?ic1 already pr$ispos$ to rev]5ce by ! ,arabian orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 grasp$ at ! treasures ( ,late-,arabian art4 ,an unmi/akably ,s\!rn1 "o might ev5 say an ,arabian1 ,go?ic wove itself ov] ! faades ( ! ,burgundian & ,prov5al ca!drals1 dom9at$ ) a magic ( /one ! outw>d language ( ,/rassburg ,m9/]1 & f\ght a sil5t battle 9 /atues & por*es1 fabric-patt]ns1 c>v+s & metalwork--& n less 9 ! intricate figures ( s*ola/ic philosophy & 9 t int5sely ,we/]n symbol1 ! ,grail leg5d#bfe-- ) ! ,nordic prime-feel+ ( ,vik+ ,go?ic t rules ! int]ior ( ! ,magdeburg ,ca!dral1 ! po9ts ( ,freiburg ,m9/] & ! my/icism ( ,mei/] ,eck>t4 ,m ?an once ! po9t$ ar* ?reat5s to bur/ its re/ra9+ l9e & to trans=m itself into ! horse%oe ar* ( ,moori%-,norman ar*itecture4 ,s also ! ,apoll9ian art ( ! ,doric spr+--^: fir/ ef=ts are practically lo/ to u--d\btless took ov] ,egyptian elem5ts to a v l>ge ext5t1 & by & ?r\gh ^! came to its own prop] symbolism4 ,b ! ,magian s\l ( ! ,pseudomorphosis _h n ! c\rage to appropriate ali5 means )\t yield+ to !m4 ,& ?is is :y ! physiognomic ( ! ,magian s\l has /ill s mu* to disclose to ! que/]4 ,x ,! idea ( ! ,macrocosm1 !n1 :i* pres5ts itself 9 ! /yle- problem z simplifi$ & capable ( treatm5t1 poses a multitude ( tasks = ! future to tackle4 ,to make ! =m-_w ( ! arts available z a means ( p5etrat+ ! spirituality ( entire ,cultures-- by h&l+ x 9 a ?or\ghly physiognomic & symbolic _s--is an und]tak+ t has n hi!rto got beyond speculations ( :i* ! inadequacy is obvi\s4 ,we are h>dly z yet aw>e t !re may be a psy*ology ( ! metaphysical bases ( all great ar*itectures4 ,we h no idea :at !re is to discov] 9 ! *ange ( mean+ t a =m ( pure ext5sion und]goes :5 x is tak5 ov] into ano!r ,culture4 ,! hi/ory ( ! column has nev] yet be5 writt51 nor h we any notion ( ! deeply symbolic significances t reside 9 ! means & ! in/rum5ts ( art4 ,consid] mosaic4 ,9 ,hell5ic times x 0 made up ( pieces ( m>ble1 x 0 opaque & corporeal-,euclidean 7e4g41 ! fam\s ,battle ( ,issus at ,naples71 & x adorn$ ! floor4 ,b ) ! awak5+ ( ! ,arabian s\l x came to be built up ( pieces ( glass & set 9 fus$ gold1 & x simply cov]$ ! walls & ro(s ( ! dom$ basilica4 ,?is ,e>ly-,arabian ,mosaic-pictur+ corresponds exactly1 z to phase1 ) ! glass-pictur+ ( ,go?ic ca!drals1 bo? be+ 8e>ly0 arts ancill>y to religi\s ar*itectures4 ,! "o by lett+ 9 ! light enl>ges ! *ur*-space into _w-space1 :ile ! o!r trans=ms x into ! magic1 gold-%imm]+ sph]e :i* be>s m5 away f e>?ly actuality into ! visions ( ,plot9us1 ,orig51 ! ,mani*ans1 ! ,gno/ics & ! ,fa!rs1 & ! ,apocalyptic poems4 ,consid]1 aga91 ! beautiful notion ( unit+ ! r\nd ar* & ! column2 ?is aga9 is a ,syrian1 if n a ,nor?-,arabian1 creation ( ! ?ird 7or 8high ,go?ic07 c5tury4#bff ,! revolution>y importance ( ?is motive1 :i* is specifically ,magian1 has nev] 9 ! lea/ degree be5 recogniz$2 on ! contr>y1 x has always be5 assum$ to be ,classical1 & = mo/ ( u inde$ x is ev5 repres5tatively ,classical4 ,! ,egyptians ignor$ any deep relation betwe5 ! ro( & ! column2 ! latt] 0 = !m a plant-column1 & repres5t$ n /\tness b gr[?4 ,classical man1 9 8 turn1 = :om ! monoli?ic column 0 ! mightie/ symbol ( ,euclidean exi/5ce--all body1 all unity1 all /ead9ess--connect$ x1 9 ! /ricte/ proportions ( v]tical & horizontal1 ( /r5g? & load1 ) 8 ar*itrave4 ,b "h1 9 ?is union ( ar* & column :i* ! ,r5aissance 9 its tragicomic delud$ness admir$ z expressly ,classical 7?\gh x 0 a notion t ! ,classical nei!r possess$ nor c\ld possess71 ! bodily pr9ciple ( load & in]tia is reject$ & ! ar* is made to spr+ cle> & op5 out ( ! sl5d] column4 ,! idea actualiz$ "h is at once a lib]ation f all e>?-gravity & a capture ( space1 & betwe5 ?is elem5t & t ( ! dome :i* so>s free b yet encloses ! great 8cav]n10 !re is ! deep relation ( l mean+4 ,! "o & ! o!r are em95tly & p[]fully ,magian1 & !y come to _! logical fulfilm5t 9 ! 8,rococo0 /age ( ,moori% mosques & ca/les1 :]e9 e!really delicate columns--(t5 gr[+ out (1 r ?an bas$ on1 ! gr\nd-- seem to be emp[]$ by "s secret magic to c>ry a :ole _w ( innum]able not*$ arcs1 gleam+ ornam5ts1 /alactites1 & vault+s saturat$ ) col\rs4 ,! full importance ( ?is basic =m ( ,arabian ar*itecture may be express$ by say+ t ! comb9ation ( column & ar*itrave is ! ,classical1 t ( column & r\nd ar* ! ,arabian1 & t ( pill> & po9t$ ar* ! ,fau/ian ,leitmotiv4 ,take1 fur!r1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,acan?us motive4#bfg ,9 ! =m 9 :i* x appe>s1 = example1 on ! ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates at ,a!ns1 x is "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive 9 ,classical ornam5tation4 ,x has body1 x is & rema9s individual1 & its /ructure is capable ( be+ tak5 9 at "o glance4 ,b already x appe>s heavi] & ri*] 9 ! ornam5t ( ! ,imp]ial ,=a 7,n]va's1 ,trajan's7 & t ( ! temple ( ,m>s ,ultor2 ! organic disposition has become s complicat$ t1 z a rule1 x requires to be /udi$1 & ! t5d5cy to fill up ! surfaces appe>s4 ,9 ,byzant9e art--( :i* ,riegl ?irty ye>s ago notic$ ! 8lat5t ,s>ac5ic "*0 ?\gh he _h no suspicion ( ! connexion br\ght to light "h--! acan?us leaf 0 brok5 up into endless t5dril-"w :i* 7z 9 ,hagia ,sophia7 is dispos$ q inorganically ov] :ole surfaces4 ,to ! ,classical motive are add$ ! old-,araman v9e & palm leaves1 :i* h already play$ a "p 9 ,jewi% ornam5tation4 ,! int]lac$ bord]s ( 8,late-,roman0 mosaic pavem5ts & s>cophagus-edges1 & ev5 geometrical plane-patt]ns are introduc$1 & f9ally1 ?r\gh\t ! ,p]sian-,anatolian _w1 mobility & biz>r]ie culm9ate 9 ! ,arabesque4 ,?is is ! g5u9e ,magian motive--anti-pla/ic to ! la/ degree1 ho/ile to ! pictorial & to ! bodily alike4 ,itself bodiless1 x disembodies ! object ov] :i* its endless ri*ness ( web is drawn4 ,a ma/]piece ( ?is k9d--a piece ( ar*itecture completely op5$ out into ,ornam5tation--is ! faade ( ! ,ca/le ( ,ma%etta 9 ,moab built by ! ,ghassanids4#bfh ,! craft-art ( ,byzant9e-,islamic /yle 7hi!rto call$ ,lomb>d1 ,franki%1 ,celtic or ,old-,nordic7 :i* invad$ ! :ole y\?ful ,we/ & dom9at$ ! ,c>ol+ian ,empire1 0 l>gely practis$ by ,ori5tal craftsm5 or import$ z patt]ns = our own weav]s1 metal-work]s & arm\r]s4#bfi ,rav5na1 ,lucca1 ,v5ice1 ,granada1 ,pal]mo 7 ! effici5t c5tres ( ?is !n highly- civiliz$ =m-language2 9 ! ye> #ajjj1 :5 9 ! ,nor? ! =ms ( a new ,culture 7 already be+ develop$ & e/abli%$1 ,italy 0 /ill entirely dom9at$ by x4 ,take1 la/ly1 ! *ang$ po9t ( view t[>ds ! human body4 ,) ! victory ( ! ,arabian _w-feel+1 m5's conception ( x und]w5t a complete revolution4 ,9 almo/ e ,roman head ( ! p]iod #ajj-bej t ! ,vatican ,collection conta9s1 "o may p]ceive ! opposition ( ,apoll9ian & ,magian feel+1 & ( muscul> position & 8look0 z diff]5t bases ( expression4 ,ev5 9 ,rome itself1 s9ce ,hadrian1 ! sculptor made con/ant use ( ! drill1 an in/rum5t :i* 0 :olly repugnant to ! ,euclidean feel+ t[>ds /one--= :]eas ! *isel br+s out ! limit+ surfaces & ipso facto affirms ! corporeal & mat]ial nature ( ! m>ble block1 ! drill1 9 break+ ! surfaces & creat+ effects ( light & %ade1 d5ies x2 & accord+ly ! sculptors1 be !y ,*ri/ian or 8pagan10 lose ! old feel+ = ! ph5om5on ( ! nak$ body4 ,"o has only to look at ! %all[ & empty ,ant9\s /atues--& yet ^! 7 q def9itely 8,classical40 ,"h x is only ! head t is physiognomically ( int]e/--z x nev] is 9 ,attic sculpture4 ,! drap]y is giv5 q a new mean+1 & simply dom9ates ! :ole appe>ance4 ,! consul-/atues 9 ! ,capitol9e ,museum#bgj are conspicu\s examples4 ,! pupils are bor$1 & ! eyes look into ! di/ance1 s t ! :ole expression ( ! "w lies no long] 9 its body b 9 t ,magian pr9ciple ( ! 8,pneuma0 :i* ,neo-,platonism & ! decisions ( ! ,*ur* ,c\ncils1 ,mi?raism & ,mazdaism alike presume 9 man4 ,! pagan 8,fa!r0 ,iambli*us1 ab\t #cjj1 wrote a book conc]n+ /atues ( gods 9 :i* ! div9e is sub/antially pres5t & work+ ^u ! behold]4#bga ,aga9/ ?is idea ( ! image--an idea ( ! ,pseudomorphosis--! ,ea/ & ! ,s\? rose 9 a /orm ( iconoclasm2 & ! s\rces ( ?is iconoclasm lay 9 a conception ( arti/ic creation t is ne>ly impossible = u to und]/&4 ----- ,footnote #bch3 ,h4 ,s*f]1 ,von ,aegyptis*] ,kun/1 ,i1 pp4 #ae et seq4 7,! bulls are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah 9 ! article ,egypt 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,,xi ,edition1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #fe-ff4--,tr47 ,footnote #bci3 ,frankl1 ,baukun/ des ,mittelalt]s 7#aiah71 pp4 #af et seq4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cfa et seq4 ,! lack ( any v]tical t5d5cy 9 ! ,russian life-feel+ is p]ceptible also 9 ! saga-figure ( ,ilya ,murometz 7see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bca74 ,! ,russian has n ! smalle/ relation ) a ,fa!r-,god4 ,8 e?os is n a filial b purely a frat]nal love1 radiat+ 9 all directions along ! human plane4 ,*ri/1 ev51 is conceiv$ z a ,bro!r4 ,! ,fau/ian1 :olly v]tical1 t5d5cy to /rive up to fulfilm5t is to ! real ,russian an incompreh5sible pret5sion4 ,! same abs5ce ( all v]tical t5d5cy is obs]vable 9 ,russian ideas ( ! /ate & prop]ty4 ,footnote #bda3 ,! cemet]y *ur* ( ,ki%i has #bb4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,j4 ,grab>1 8,hi/ory ( ,russian ,art0 7,russian1 #aiaa71 ,i-,,iii4 ,eliasb]g1 ,russ4 ,baukun/ 7#aibb71 ,introduction4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,! disposition ( ,egyptian & t ( ,we/]n hi/ory are s cle> z to admit ( comp>ison be+ c>ri$ "r d[n into ! details1 & x w\ld be well wor? ! exp]t's :ile to c>ry out su* an inve/igation4 ,! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 t ( ! /rict ,pyramid /yle1 ,b4,c4 #bicj-bgej 7,*eops1 ,*ephr571 corresponds to ! ,romanesque 7#ihj- #aajj71 ! ,fif? ,dyna/y 7#bgej-bfbe1 ,sahu-r7 to ! e>ly ,go?ic 7#aajj-abcj71 & ! ,six? ,dyna/y1 prime ( ! ar*aic portraiture 7#bfbe-bdge1 ,phiops ,i & ,,ii71 to ! mature ,go?ic ( #abcj-adjj4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,t :i* diff]5tiates ! ,japanese h>akiri f ?is suicide is its int5sely purposeful & 7s to put x7 active & demon/rative "*4--,tr4 ,footnote #bde3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fbf4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,koldewey-,pu*/e91 ,die grie*4 ,tempel 9 ,unt]-,itali5 und ,sizili51 ,i1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bdj et seq4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,/ilfrag51 ,grundlage zu e9] ,ges*i*te d] ,ornam5tik 7#ahic74 ,spatrmis*e ,kun/9du/rie 7#aija74 ,footnote #bej3 ,amida 7#aiaj74 ,die bild5de ,kun/ des ,o/5s 7#aiaf71 ,altai-,iran 7#aiag74 ,die ,baukun/ d] ,arm5i] und ,europa 7#aiah74 ,footnote #bea3 ,^! contradictions ( detail are n great]1 aft] all1 ?an ^? betwe5 ,doric1 ,attic & ,etruscan art1 & c]ta9ly less ?an ^? :i* exi/$ ab\t #adej betwe5 ,flor5t9e ,r5aissance1 ,nor? ,fr5*1 ,spani% & ,ea/-,g]man 7brick7 ,go?ic4 ,footnote #beb3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cjd et seq4 ,footnote #bec3 ,= a brief description ( ! compon5ts ( a ,mi?rum1 ! /ud5t may be ref]r$ to ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,,xi ,edition1 art4 ,mi?ras 7,section ,,ii74--,tr4 ,footnote #bed3 ,! olde/ ,*ri/ian designs 9 ! ,empire ( ,axum und\bt$ly agree ) ! pagan "w ( ! ,sabans4 ,footnote #bee3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #adc et seq4 ,footnote #bef3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #caf et seq4 ,footnote #beg3 ,kohl ,watz+]1 ,antike ,synagog5 9 ,galila 7#aiaf74 ,! ,baal- %r9es 9 ,palmyra1 ,baalbek & _m o!r localities are basilicas3 "s ( !m are old] ?an ,*ri/ianity & _m ( !m 7 lat] tak5 ov] into ,*ri/ian use4 ,footnote #beh3 ,fraub]g]1 ,die ,akropolis von ,baalbek1 plate #bb4 7,see ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,edition1 art4 8,baalbek10 = plan1 etc4--,tr47 ,footnote #bei3 ,diez1 ,die ,kun/ d] islamis*5 ,vlk]1 pp4 #h et seq4 ,9 old ,saban temples ! alt>-c\rt 7mahd>7 is 9 front ( ! oracle *apel 7makanat74 ,footnote #bfj3 ,wulff1 ,alt*ri/li*e und byzant9is*e ,kun/1 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,pl9y records t ?is region 0 ri* 9 temples4 ,x is probable t ! type ( ! transept-basilica--i4e41 ) ! entrance 9 "o ( ! long sides--:i* is f\nd 9 ,hauran & is di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! tranv]se direction ( ! alt> space ( ,/4 ,paul ,)\t at ,rome1 is d]iv$ f a ,s\? ,arabian ar*etype4 7,= ! ,hauran type ( *ur* see ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,ed41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cij2 & = ,/4 ,paul ,)\t1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dgd4--,tr4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,nei!r te*nically nor 9 po9t ( space-feel+ has ?is piece ( purely int]ior ar*itecture any connexion :atev] ) ,etruscan r\nd-build+s4 7,altmann1 ,die ital4 ,rundbaut51 #aijf47 ,) ! cupolas ( ,hadrian's ,villa at ,tibur 7,tivoli71 on ! contr>y1 its aff9ity is evid5t4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,probably synagogues ( domical type rea*$ ^! regions1 & also ,morocco1 long be=e ,islam1 ?r\gh ! mission>y ent]prise ( ,mesopotamian ,judaism 7see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bec71 :i* 0 closely alli$ 9 matt]s ( ta/e to ,p]sia4 ,! ,judaism ( ! ,pseudomorphosis1 on ! contr>y1 built basilicas2 its ,roman catacombs %[ t arti/ically x 0 entirely on a p> ) ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity4 ,( ! two1 x is ! ,judo-,p]sian /yle com+ f ,spa9 t has become ! patt]n = ! synagogues ( ! ,we/--a po9t t has hi!rto entirely escap$ ! notice ( art-rese>*4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,g5]ally call$ ! 8,basilica ( ,con/ant9e40--,tr4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,! ,grail leg5d conta9s1 besides old ,celtic1 well-m>k$ ,arabian elem5ts2 b :]e ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* goes beyond 8 model ,*re/i5 de ,troyes1 8 ,p>zival is entirely ,fau/ian4 7,see articles ,grail & ,p]ceval1 ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,ed47--,tr4 ,footnote #bff3 ,! relation ( column & ar* spiritually corresponds to t ( wall & cupola1 & ! int]position ( ! drum betwe5 ! rectangle & ! dome occurs 8simultane\sly0 ) t ( ! impo/ betwe5 ! column & ! ar*4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,a4 ,riegl1 ,/ilfrag5 7#ahic71 pp4 #bdh et seq41 #bgb et seq4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,! ,ghassanid ,k+dom fl\ri%$ 9 ! extreme ,nor?-we/ ( ,arabia dur+ ! six? c5tury ( our reckon+4 ,its p 7 ess5tially ,arab1 & probably came f ! s\?2 & an outly+ c\s9ry inhabit$ ,m$9a 9 ! "t ( ! ,prophet4--,tr4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,dehio1 ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,kun/1 ,i1 pp4 #af et seq4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,wulff1 ,alt*ri/l4-byzant4 ,kun/1 pp4 #aec et seq4 ,footnote #bga3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cae1 ,geffck51 ,d] ,ausgang des grie*-rm4 ,heid5tums 7#aibj71 p4 #aac4 ----- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,music ,,& ,,pla/ic ,i ,,! ,,arts ,,( ,,=m ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,music ,,& ,,pla/ic ,i ,,! ,,arts ,,( ,,=m ,i ,! cle>e/ type ( symbolic expression t ! _w-feel+ ( high] mank9d has f\nd = itself is 7if we except ! ma!matical- sci5tific doma9 ( pres5tation & ! symbolism ( its basic ideas7 t ( ! arts ( =m1#bgb ( :i* ! numb] is legion4 ,& ) ^! arts we c\nt music 9 its _m & v dissimil> k9ds2 _h ^! be5 br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( art-hi/orical rese>* in/ead ( be+ put 9 a class ap>t f t ( ! pictorial-pla/ic arts1 we %\ld h progress$ v mu* fur!r 9 our und]/&+ ( ! import ( ?is evolution t[>ds an end4 ,= ! =mative impulse t is at "w 9 ! wordless#bgc arts c nev] be und]/ood until we come to reg>d ! di/9ction betwe5 optical & ac\/ic means z only a sup]ficial "o4 ,to talk ( ! art ( ! eye & ! art ( ! e> takes u no fur!r4 ,x is n su* ?+s t divide "o art f ano!r4 ,only ! #ai? ,c5tury c\ld s ov]-e/imate ! influ5ce ( physiological conditions z to apply x to expression1 conception or communion4 ,a 8s++0 picture ( ,claude ,lorra9 or ( ,watteau does n really address itself to ! bodily eye any m ?an ! space- /ra9+ music s9ce ,ba* addresses itself to ! bodily e>4 ,! ,classical relation betwe5 art-"w & s5se-organ--( :i* we s (t5 & s errone\sly rem9d ourselves "h--is some?+ q diff]5t f1 some?+ f> simpl] & m mat]ial ?an ours4 ,we read 8,o!llo0 & 8,fau/0 & we /udy or*e/ral scores--t is1 we *ange "o s5se-ag5cy = ano!r 9 ord] to let ! undilut$ _s ( ^! works take effect ^u u4 ,"h !re is always an appeal f ! out] s5ses to ! 8inn]10 to ! truly ,fau/ian & :olly un- ,classical p[] ( imag9ation4 ,only ?us c we und]/& ,%akespe>e's ceaseless *ange ( sc5e z aga9/ ! ,classical unity ( place4 ,9 extreme cases inde$1 = in/ance 9 t ( 8,fau/0 itself1 no repres5tation ( ! "w 7t is1 ( its full cont5t7 is physically possible4 ,b 9 music too--9 ! unaccompani$ 8,a capella0 ( ! ,pale/r9a /yle z well z a =tiori 9 ! ,passions ( ,he9ri* ,s*tz1 9 ! fugues ( ,ba*1 9 ! la/ qu>tets ( ,bee?ov51 & 9 8,tri/an0--we liv+ly exp]i5ce beh9d ! s5su\s impressions a :ole _w ( o!rs4 ,& x is only ?r\gh ^! latt] t all ! fullness & dep? ( ! "w beg9s to be pres5t to u1 & x is only m$iately--?r\gh ! images ( blond1 br[n1 dusky & gold5 col\rs1 ( sunsets & di/ant rank$ m\nta9-summits1 ( /orms & spr+ l&scapes1 ( f\nd]$ cities & /range faces :i* h>mony conjures up = u--t x tells u some?+ ( itself4 ,x is n an incid5t t ,bee?ov5 wrote 8 la/ works :5 he 0 deaf--deafness m]ely releas$ him f ! la/ fett]s4 ,= ?is music1 sight & he>+ equally are bridges into ! s\l & no?+ m4 ,to ! ,greek ?is vision>y k9d ( arti/ic enjoym5t 0 utt]ly ali54 ,he felt ! m>ble ) 8 eye1 & ! ?ick tones ( an aulos mov$ him almo/ corporally4 ,= him1 eye & e> are ! receiv]s ( ! :ole ( ! impression t he wi%$ to receive4 ,b = u ?is _h ceas$ to be true ev5 at ! /age ( ,go?ic4 ,9 ! actual1 tones are some?+ ext5d$1 limit$ & num]able j z l9es & col\rs are2 h>mony1 melody1 rhyme & rhy?m no less s ?an p]spective1 proportion1 *i>oscuro & outl9e4 ,! di/ance sep>at+ two k9ds ( pa9t+ c be inf9itely great] ?an t sep>at+ ! pa9t+ & ! music ( a p]iod4 ,consid]$ 9 relation to a /atue ( ,myron1 ! art ( a ,p\ss9 l&scape is ! same z t ( a contempor>y *amb]-cantata2 t ( ,rembr&t z t ( ! organ works ( ,buxtehude1 ,pa*elbel & ,ba*2 t ( ,gu>di z t ( ! ,moz>t op]a--! inn] =m-language is s ne>ly id5tical t ! diff]5ce betwe5 optical & ac\/ic means is negligible4 ,! importance :i* ! 8sci5ce ( art0 has always atta*$ to a timeless & conceptual delimitation ( ! individual art-sph]es only proves t ! fundam5tals ( ! problem h n be5 attack$4 ,arts are liv+ units1 & ! liv+ is incapable ( be+ dissect$4 ,! fir/ act ( ! le>n$ p$ant has always be5 to p>tition ! inf9itely wide doma9 into prov9ces det]m9$ by p]fectly sup]ficial crit]ia ( m$ium & te*nique & to end[ ^! prov9ces ) et]nal validity & immutable 767 =m-pr9ciples4 ,?us he sep>at$ 8,music0 & 8,pa9t+10 8,music0 & 8,drama10 8,pa9t+0 & 8,sculpture40 ,& !n he proce$$ to def9e 8!0 art ( ,pa9t+1 8!0 art ( ,sculpture1 & s on4 ,b 9 fact ! te*nical =m- language is no m ?an ! mask ( ! real "w4 ,/yle is n :at ! %all[ ,semp]--wor?y contempor>y ( ,d>w9 & mat]ialism-- suppos$ x to be1 ! product ( mat]ial1 te*nique1 & purpose4 ,x is ! v opposite ( ?is1 some?+ inaccessible to art-reason1 a revelation ( ! metaphysical ord]1 a my/]i\s 8mu/10 a ,de/9y4 ,) ! mat]ial b\nd>ies ( ! diff]5t arts x has no conc]n :atev]4 ,to classify ! arts accord+ to ! "* ( ! s5se-impression1 !n1 is to p]v]t ! problem ( =m 9 its v enunciation4 ,= h[ is x possible to pr$icate a g5us 8,sculpture0 ( s g5]al a "* z to admit ( g5]al laws be+ evolv$ f x8 ,:at is 8,sculpture80 ,take pa9t+ aga94 ,!re is no su* ?+ z 8!0 art ( ,pa9t+1 & anyone :o comp>es a draw+ ( ,raphael1 effect$ by outl9e1 ) "o ( ,titian1 effect$ by flecks ( light & %ade1 )\t feel+ t !y belong to two diff]5t arts2 any "o :o does n realize a dissimil>ity ( ess5ce betwe5 ! works ( ,giotto or ,mantegna--relief1 creat$ by bru%/roke--& ^? ( ,v]me] or ,goya--music1 creat$ on col\r$ canvas--su* a "o w nev] grasp ! deep] que/ions4 ,z = ! frescoes ( ,polygnotus & ! mosaics ( ,rav5na1 !re is n ev5 ! simil>ity ( te*nical means to br+ !m )9 ! alleg$ g5us1 & :at is !re 9 common betwe5 an et*+ & ! art ( ,fra ,angelico1 or a proto-,cor9?ian vase-pa9t+ & a ,go?ic ca!dral- w9d[1 or ! reliefs ( ,egypt & ^? ( ! ,p>!non8 ,if an art has b\nd>ies at all--b\nd>ies ( its s\l-become-=m--!y are hi/orical & n te*nical or physiological b\nd>ies4#bgd ,an art is an organism1 n a sy/em4 ,!re is no art-g5us t runs ?r\gh all ! c5turies & all ! ,cultures4 ,ev5 :]e 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,r5aissance7 suppos$ te*nical traditions mom5t>ily deceive u into a belief 9 ! et]nal validity ( antique art-laws1 !re is at bottom entire discrepance4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,greek & ,roman art t /&s 9 any relation :atev] to ! =m-language ( a ,donatello /atue or a pa9t+ ( ,signorelli or a faade ( ,mi*elangelo4 ,inw>dly1 ! ,quattroc5to is relat$ to ! contempor>y ,go?ic & to no?+ else4 ,! fact ( ! ar*aic ,greek ,apollo-type be+ 8influ5c$0 by ,egyptian portraiture1 or e>ly ,tuscan repres5tation by ,etruscan tomb-pa9t+1 implies precisely :at is impli$ by t ( ,ba*'s writ+ a fugue ^u an ali5 !me--he %[s :at he c express ) x4 ,e individual art--,*9ese l&scape or ,egyptian pla/ic or ,go?ic c\nt]po9t--is once exi/5t1 & dep>ts ) its s\l & its symbolism nev] to return4 ,,ii ,) ?is1 ! notion ( ,=m op5s out imm5sely4 ,n only ! te*nical in/rum5t1 n only ! =m-language1 b also ! *oice ( art-g5us itself is se5 to be an expression-means4 ,:at ! creation ( a ma/]piece means = an individual arti/--! 8,night ,wat*0 = ,rembr&t or ! 8,mei/]s+]0 = ,wagn]--t ! creation ( a species ( art1 compreh5d$ z su*1 means = ! life-hi/ory ( a ,culture4 ,x is epo*al4 ,ap>t f ! m]e/ ext]nals1 ea* su* art is an individual organism )\t pr$ecessor or successor4 ,its !ory1 te*nique & conv5tion all belong to its "*1 & conta9 no?+ ( et]nal or univ]sal validity4 ,:5 "o ( ^! arts is born1 :5 x is sp5t1 :e!r x dies or is transmut$ into ano!r1 :y ?is or t art is dom9ant 9 or abs5t f a p>ticul> ,culture--all ^! are que/ions ( ,=m 9 ! highe/ s5se1 j z is t o!r "q ( :y individual pa9t]s & musicians unconsci\sly avoid c]ta9 %ades & h>monies or1 on ! contr>y1 %[ pref]5ces s m>k$ t au?or%ip-attributions c be bas$ on !m4 ,! importance ( ^! gr\ps ( que/ions has n yet be5 recogniz$ by !ory1 ev5 by t ( ! pres5t day4 ,& yet x is precisely f ?is side1 ! side ( _! physiognomic1 t ! arts are accessible to ! und]/&+4 ,hi!rto x has be5 suppos$--)\t ! slighte/ exam9ation ( ! weighty que/ions t ! supposition involves--t ! sev]al 8arts0 specifi$ 9 ! conv5tional classification-s*eme 7! validity ( :i* is assum$7 are all possible at all times & places1 & ! abs5ce ( "o or ano!r ( !m 9 p>ticul> cases is attribut$ to ! accid5tal lack ( creative p]sonalities or impell+ circum/ances or discrim9at+ patrons to guide 8art0 on its 8way40 ,"h we h :at ,i call a transf]5ce ( ! causality-pr9ciple f ! _w ( ! become to t ( ! becom+4 ,hav+ no eye = ! p]fectly diff]5t logic & necessity ( ! ,liv+1 = ,de/9y & ! inevitabl5ess & unique occurr5ce ( its expression-possibilities1 m5 _h rec\rse to tangible & obvi\s 8causes0 = ! build+ ( _! art-hi/ory1 :i* ?us came to consi/ ( a s]ies ( ev5ts ( only sup]ficial concordance4 ,i h already1 9 ! e>lie/ pages ( ?is "w1 expos$ ! %all[ness ( ! notion ( a l9e> progression ( 8mank9d0 ?r\gh ! /ages ( 8anci5t10 8m$ival0 & 8mod]n10 a notion t has made u bl9d to ! true hi/ory & /ructure ( high] ,cultures4 ,! hi/ory ( art is a conspicu\s case 9 po9t4 ,hav+ assum$ z self- evid5t ! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( con/ant & well-def9$ prov9ces ( art1 "o proce$$ to ord] ! hi/ory ( ^! sev]al prov9ces accord+ to !--equally self-evid5t--s*eme ( anci5t-m$ival-mod]n1 to ! exclusion1 ( c\rse1 ( ,indian & ,ea/-,asiatic art1 ( ! art ( ,axum & ,saba1 ( ! ,sassanids & ( ,russia1 :i* if n omitt$ altoge!r 7 at be/ relegat$ to app5dices4 ,x occurr$ to no "o t su* results argu$ uns\ndness 9 ! me?od2 ! s*eme 0 !re1 dem&$ facts1 & mu/ at any price be f$ ) !m4 ,& s a futile up-&-d[n c\rse 0 /olidly trac$ out4 ,/atic times 7 describ$ z 8natural pauses10 x 0 call$ 8decl9e0 :5 "s great art 9 reality di$1 & 8r5aissance0 :]e an eye really free f prepossessions w\ld h se5 ano!r art be+ born 9 ano!r l&scape to express ano!r humanity4 ,ev5 to-day we are /ill taught t ! ,r5aissance 0 a rebir? ( ! ,classical4 ,& ! conclusion 0 drawn t x is possible & "r to take up arts t are f\nd weak or ev5 dead 79 ?is respect ! pres5t is a v]itable battle- field7 & set !m go+ aga9 by consci\s re=mation-program or =c$ 8revival40 ,& yet x is precisely 9 ?is problem ( ! end1 ! impressively sudd5 end1 ( a great art--! end ( ! ,attic drama 9 ,euripides1 ( ,flor5t9e sculpture ) ,mi*elangelo1 ( in/rum5tal music 9 ,liszt1 ,wagn] & ,bruckn]--t ! organic "* ( ^! arts is mo/ evid5t4 ,if we look closely en\gh we %all h no difficulty 9 conv9c+ ourselves t no "o art ( any greatness has ev] be5 8reborn40 ,( ! ,pyramid /yle no?+ pass$ ov] into ! ,doric4 ,no?+ connects ! ,classical temple ) ! basilica ( ! ,middle ,ea/1 = ! m]e tak+ ov] ( ! ,classical column z a /ructural memb]1 ?\gh to a sup]ficial obs]v] x seems a fact ( ! fir/ importance1 weighs no m 9 reality ?an ,goe!'s employm5t ( ! old my?ology 9 ! 8,classical ,walpurgis ,night0 sc5e ( 8,fau/40 ,to believe g5u9ely 9 a rebir? ( ,classical art1 or any ,classical art1 9 ! ,we/]n #ae? ,c5tury requires a r>e /ret* ( ! imag9ation4 ,& t a great art may die n m]ely ) ! ,culture b )9 x1 we may see f ! fate ( music 9 ! ,classical _w4#bge ,possibilities ( great music !re mu/ h be5 9 ! ,doric spr+time--h[ o!rwise c we acc\nt = ! importance ( old- fa%ion$ ,sp>ta 9 ! eyes ( su* musicians z !re 7 lat] 7= ,t]p&]1 ,?aletas & ,alcman 7 effective !re :5 else:]e ! /atu>y art 0 m]ely infantile78--& yet ! ,late-,classical _w refra9$4 ,9 j ! same fa%ion ev]y?+ t ! ,magian ,culture _h attempt$ 9 ! way ( frontal portraiture1 deep relief & mosaic f9ally succumb$ be=e ! ,arabesque2 & ev]y?+ ( ! pla/ic t _h sprung up 9 ! %ade ( ,go?ic ca!drals at ,*>tres1 ,reims1 ,bamb]g1 ,naumburg1 9 ! ,nrnb]g ( ,pet] ,vis*] & ! ,flor5ce ( ,v]roc*io1 vani%$ be=e ! oil-pa9t+ ( ,v5ice & ! in/rum5tal music ( ! ,b>oque4 ,,iii ,! temple ( ,poseidon at ,p/um & ! ,m9/] ( ,ulm1 works ( ! ripe/ ,doric & ! ripe/ ,go?ic1 diff] precisely z ! ,euclidean geometry ( bodily b\nd+-surfaces diff]s f ! analytical geometry ( ! position ( po9ts 9 space ref]r$ to spatial axes4 ,all ,classical build+ beg9s f ! outside1 all ,we/]n f ! inside4 ,! ,arabian also beg9s ) ! inside1 b x /ays !re4 ,!re is "o & only "o s\l1 ! ,fau/ian1 t craves = a /yle :i* drives ?r\gh walls into ! limitless univ]se ( space & makes bo? ! ext]ior & ! int]ior ( ! build+ complem5t>y images ( "o & ! same _w-feel+4 ,! ext]ior ( ! basilica & ! domical build+ may be a field = ornam5tation1 b ar*itecture x is n4 ,! impression t meets ! behold] z he approa*es is t ( some?+ %ield+1 some?+ t hides a secret4 ,! =m-language 9 ! cav]n-twilight exi/s = ! fai?ful only--t is ! factor common to ! highe/ examples ( ! /yle & to ! simple/ ,mi?ra & ,catacombs1 ! prime p[]ful utt]ance ( a new s\l4 ,n[1 z soon z ! ,g]manic _s takes possession ( ! basilical type1 !re beg9s a wondr\s mutation ( all /ructural p>ts1 z to bo? position & significance4 ,"h 9 ! ,fau/ian ,nor? ! out] =m ( ! build+1 be x ca!dral or m]e dwell+-h\se1 beg9s to be br\ght into relation ) ! mean+ t gov]ns ! arrangem5t ( ! int]ior1 a mean+ undisclos$ 9 ! mosque & non-exi/5t 9 ! temple4 ,! ,fau/ian build+ has a visage & n m]ely a faade 7:]eas ! front ( a p]ipt]os is1 aft] all1 only "o ( f\r sides & ! c5tre-dom$ build+ 9 pr9ciple has n ev5 a front7 & ) ?is visage1 ?is head1 is associat$ an articulat$ trunk t draws itself out ?r\gh ! broad pla9 l ! ca!dral at ,spey]1 or erects itself to ! heav5s l ! innum]able spires ( ! orig9al design ( ,reims4 ,! motive ( ! faade1 :i* greets ! behold] & tells him ! inn] mean+ ( ! h\se1 dom9ates n only individual major build+s b also ! :ole aspect ( our /reets1 squ>es & t[ns ) _! *>act]i/ic weal? ( w9d[s4#bgf ,! great ar*itecture ( ! e>ly p]iod is ev] ! "m ( all foll[+ arts2 x det]m9es ! *oice ( !m & ! _s ( !m4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t ! hi/ory ( ! ,classical %ap+ art is "o untir+ ef=t to accompli% "o s+le ideal1 viz41 ! conque/ ( ! free-/&+ human body z ! vessel ( ! pure real pres5t4 ,! temple ( ! nak$ body 0 to x :at ! ca!dral ( voices 0 to ! ,fau/ian f e>lie/ c\nt]po9t to ! or*e/ral writ+ ( ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,we h fail$ hi!rto to und]/& ! emotional =ce ( ?is secul> t5d5cy ( ! ,apoll9ian1 because we h n felt h[ ! purely mat]ial1 s\lless body 7= ! ,temple ( ! ,body1 too1 has no int]ior67 is ! object :i* ar*aic relief1 ,cor9?ian pa9t+ on clay1 & ,attic fresco 7 all /riv+ to obta9 until ,polycletus & ,phidias %[$ h[ to a*ieve x 9 full4 ,we h1 ) a wond]ful bl9dness1 assum$ ?is k9d ( sculpture z bo? au?oritative & univ]sally possible1 z 9 fact1 8! art ( sculpture40 ,we h writt5 its hi/ory z "o conc]n$ ) all peoples & p]iods1 & ev5 to-day our sculptors1 "u ! influ5ce ( unprov$ ,r5aissance doctr9es1 speak ( ! nak$ human body z ! noble/ & mo/ g5u9e object ( 8!0 art ( sculpture4 ,yet 9 reality ?is /atue-art1 ! art ( ! nak$ body /&+ free ^u its foot+ & appreciable f all sides alike1 exi/$ 9 ! ,classical & ! ,classical only1 = x 0 t ,culture alone :i* q decisively refus$ to transc5d s5se-limits 9 fav\r ( space4 ,! ,egyptian /atue is always meant to be se5 f ! front--x is a v>iant ( plane-relief4 ,& ! seem+ly ,classically-conceiv$ /atues ( ! ,r5aissance 7we are a/\nd$1 z soon z x occurs to u to c\nt !m1 to f9d h[ few ( !m !re are#bgg7 are no?+ b a semi-,go?ic rem9isc5ce4 ,! evolution ( ?is rigor\sly non-spatial art occupies ! ?ree c5turies f #fej to #cej1 a p]iod ext5d+ f ! completion ( ! ,doric & ! simultane\s appe>ance ( a t5d5cy to free ! figures f ! ,egyptian limitation ( frontalness#bgh to ! com+ ( ! ,hell5i/ic & its illusion-pa9t+ :i* clos$-(f ! gr& /yle4 ,?is sculpture w nev] be rightly appreciat$ until x is reg>d$ z ! la/ & highe/ ,classical1 z spr++ f a plane art1 fir/ obey+ & !n ov]com+ ! fresco4 ,no d\bt ! te*nical orig9 c be trac$ to exp]im5ts 9 figure-wise treatm5t ( ! pri/9e column1 or ! plates t s]v$ to cov] ! temple wall1#bgi & no d\bt !re are "h & !re imitations ( ,egyptian works 7seat$ figures ( ,miletus71 al?\gh v few ,greek arti/s c ev] h se5 "o4#bhj ,b z a =m-ideal ! /atue goes back ?r\gh relief to ! ar*aic clay-pa9t+ 9 :i* fresco also orig9at$4 ,relief1 l fresco1 is ti$ to ! bodily wall4 ,all ?is sculpture "r d[n to ,myron may be consid]$ z relief deta*$ f ! plane4 ,9 ! end1 ! figure is treat$ z a self-conta9$ body ap>t f ! mass ( ! build+1 b x rema9s ess5tially a silh\ette 9 front ( a wall4#bha ,direction 9 dep? is exclud$1 & ! "w is spread out frontally be=e ! behold]4 ,ev5 ! ,m>syas ( ,myron c be copi$ ^u vases or co9s )\t mu* tr\ble or appreciable =e%ort5+s4#bhb ,consequ5tly1 ( ! two major 8late0 arts aft] #fej1 fresco def9itely has ! priority4 ,! small /ock ( types is always to be f\nd fir/ 9 vase-figur+1 :i* is (t5 exactly p>allel$ by q late sculptures4 ,we "k t ! ,c5taur gr\p ( ! ,we/ p$im5t at ,olympia 0 work$ out f a pa9t+4 ,on ! g9a temple1 ! advance f ! ,we/ to ! ,ea/ p$im5t is an advance f ! fresco-"* to ! body-"*4 ,! *ange is complet$ ab\t #dfj ) ,polycletus1 & !nce=w>d pla/ic gr\ps become ! model = /rict pa9t+4 ,b x is f ,lysippus t ! :olly cubic & 8all-ways0 treatm5t becomes ?or\ghly v]i/ic & yields 8fact40 ,till !n1 ev5 9 ! case ( ,praxiteles1 we h /ill a lat]al or plan> developm5t ( ! subject1 ) a cle> outl9e t is only fully effective 9 respect ( "o or two /&po9ts4 ,b an undeviat+ te/imony to ! picture-orig9 ( indep5d5t sculpture is ! practice ( poly*rom+ ! m>ble--a practice unkn[n to ! ,r5aissance & to ,classicism1 :i* w\ld h felt x z b>b>ic#bhc--;& we may say ! same ( ! gold-&-ivory /atu>y & ! enamel ov]lay+ ( bronze1 a metal :i* already possesses a %9+ gold5 tone ( its own4 ,,iv ,! correspond+ /age ( ,we/]n art occupies ! ?ree c5turies #aejj-ahjj1 betwe5 ! end ( late ,go?ic & ! decay ( ,rococo :i* m>ks ! end ( ! great ,fau/ian /yle4 ,9 ?is p]iod1 con=mably to ! p]si/5t gr[? into consci\sness ( ! w to spatial transc5d5ce1 x is in/rum5tal music t develops into ! rul+ art4 ,at ! beg9n+1 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury1 music uses ! *>act]i/ic tone-col\rs ( ! in/rum5ts1 & ! contra/s ( /r+s & w9d1 human voices & in/rum5tal voices1 z means :]e) to pa9t4 ,its 7q unconsci\s7 ambition is to p>allel ! great ma/]s f ,titian to ,velasquez & ,rembr&t4 ,x makes pictures 79 ! sonata f ,gabrieli d4 #afab4 to ,corelli d4 #agac e movem5t %[s a !me embelli%$ ) graces & set ^u ! backgr\nd ( a basso cont9uo71 pa9ts h]oic l&scapes 79 ! pa/oral cantata71 & draws a portrait 9 l9es ( melody 79 ,montev]de's 8,lam5t ( ,ariadne10 #afjh74 ,) ! ,g]man ma/]s1 all ?is goes4 ,pa9t+ c take music no fur!r4 ,music becomes itself absolute3 x is music t 7q unconsci\sly aga97 dom9ates bo? pa9t+ & ar*itecture 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,&1 ev] m & m decisively1 sculpture fades out f among ! deep] possibilities ( ?is =m-_w4 ,:at di/+ui%es pa9t+ z x 0 be=e1 f pa9t+ z x 0 aft]1 ! %ift f ,flor5ce to ,v5ice--or1 to put x m def9itely1 :at sep>ates ! pa9t+ ( ,raphael & t ( ,titian z two entirely di/9ct arts--is t ! pla/ic _s ( ! "o associates pa9t+ ) relief1 :ile ! musical _s ( ! o!r works 9 a te*nique ( visible bru%-/rokes & atmosph]ic dep?-effects t is ak9 to ! *romatic ( /r+ & w9d *oruses4 ,x is an opposition & n a transition t we h be=e u1 & ! recognition ( ! fact is vital to our und]/&+ ( ! organism ( ^! arts4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 we h to gu>d aga9/ ! ab/ract hypo!sis ( 8et]nal art-laws40 8,pa9t+0 is a m]e ^w4 ,go?ic glass-pa9t+ 0 an elem5t ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ! s]vant ( its /rict symbolism j z ! ,egyptian & ! ,arabian & e o!r art 9 ?is /age 0 ! s]vant ( ! /one-language4 ,drap$ figures 7 built up z ca!drals 74 ,_! folds 7 an ornam5tation ( extreme s9c]ity & sev]e expressiv5ess4 ,to criticize _! 8/iffness0 f a naturali/ic-imitative po9t ( view is to miss ! po9t entirely4 ,simil>ly 8music0 is a m]e ^w4 ,"s music !re has be5 ev]y:]e & always1 ev5 be=e any g5u9e ,culture1 ev5 among ! bea/s4 ,b ! s]i\s music ( ! ,classical 0 no?+ b a pla/ic = ! e>4 ,! tetra*ords1 *romatic & enh>monic1 h a /ructural & n a h>monic mean+3#bhd b ?is is ! v diff]5ce betwe5 body & space4 ,?is music 0 s+le-voic$4 ,! few in/rum5ts t x employ$ 7 all develop$ 9 respect ( capacity = tone-pla/ic2 & naturally !re=e x reject$ ! ,egyptian h>p1 an in/rum5t t 0 probably ak9 9 tone-col\r to ! h>psi*ord4 ,b1 above all1 ! melody--l ,classical v]se f ,hom] to ,hadrian's "t--0 treat$ quantitatively & n acc5tually2 t is1 ! syllables1 _! bodies & _! ext5t1 decid$ ! rhy?m4 ,! few fragm5ts t rema9 suffice to %[ u t ! s5su\s *>m ( ?is art is some?+ outside our compreh5sion2 b ?is v fact %\ld cause u also to reconsid] our ideas z to ! impressions purpos$ & a*iev$ by ! /atu>y & ! fresco1 = we d n & _c exp]i5ce ! *>m t ^! ex]cis$ ^u ! ,greek eye4 ,equally incompreh5sible to u is ,*9ese music3 9 :i*1 accord+ to educat$ ,*9ese1 we are nev] able to di/+ui% gay f grave4#bhe ,vice v]sa1 to ! ,*9ese all ! music ( ! ,we/ )\t di/9ction is m>*-music4 ,su* is ! impression t ! rhy?mic dynamic ( our life makes ^u ! acc5tless ,tao ( ! ,*9ese s\l1 &1 inde$1 ! impression t our entire ,culture makes ^u an ali5 humanity--! directional en]gy ( our *ur*-naves & our /orey$ faades1 ! dep?-p]spectives ( our pictures1 ! m>* ( our trag$y & n>rative1 n to m5tion our te*nics & ! :ole c\rse ( our private & public life4 ,we ourselves h acc5t 9 our blood & !re=e d n notice x4 ,b :5 our rhy?m is juxtapos$ ) t ( an ali5 life1 we f9d ! discordance intol]able4 ,arabian music1 aga91 is q ano!r _w4 ,hi!rto we h only obs]v$ x ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,pseudomorphosis1 z repres5t$ by ,byzant9e hymns & ,jewi% psalmody1 & ev5 ^! we "k only 9 s f> z !y h p5etrat$ to ! *ur*es ( ! f> ,we/ z antiphons1 responsorial psalmody & ,ambrosian *ants4#bhf ,b x is self-evid5t t n only ! religi\s we/ ( ,edessa 7! syncretic cults1 especially ,syrian sun-wor%ip1 ! ,gno/ic & ! ,m&an7 b also ^? to ! ea/ 7,mazdai/s1 ,mani*ans1 ,mi?rai/s1 ! synagogues ( ,irak & 9 due c\rse ! ,ne/orian ,*ri/ians7 mu/ h possess$ a sacr$ music ( ! same /yle2 t side by side ) ?is a gay secul> music develop$ 7above all1 among/ ! ,s\?-,arabian & ,sassanid *ivalry#bhg72 & t bo? f\nd _! culm9ation 9 ! ,moori% /yle t reign$ f ,spa9 to ,p]sia4 ,out ( all ?is weal?1 ! ,fau/ian s\l borr[$ only "s few *ur*- =ms &1 moreov]1 9 borr[+ !m1 x in/antly trans=m$ !m root & bran* 7#aj? ,c5tury1 ,hucbald1 ,guido d',arezzo74 ,melodic acc5t & beat produc$ ! 8m>*10 & polyphony 7l ! rime ( contempor>y poetry7 ! image ( endless space4 ,to und]/& ?is1 we h to di/+ui% betwe5 ! imitative#bhh & ! ornam5tal sides ( music1 & al?\gh ow+ to ! fleet+ nature ( all tone- creations#bhi our k is limit$ to ! musical hi/ory ( our own ,we/1 yet ?is is q suffici5t to reveal t duality ( developm5t :i* is "o ( ! ma/]-keys ( all art-hi/ory4 ,! "o is s\l1 l&scape1 feel+1 ! o!r /rict =m1 /yle1 s*ool4 ,we/ ,europe has an ornam5tal music ( ! gr& /yle 7correspond+ to ! full pla/ic ( ! ,classical7 :i* is associat$ ) ! ar*itectural hi/ory ( ! ca!dral1 :i* is closely ak9 to ,s*ola/icism & ,my/icism1 & :i* f9ds its laws 9 ! mo!rl& ( high ,go?ic betwe5 ,se9e & ,s*eldt4 ,c\nt]po9t develop$ simultane\sly ) ! fly+-buttress sy/em1 & its s\rce 0 ! 8,romanesque0 /yle ( ! ,fauxb\rdon & ! ,discant ) _! simple p>allel & contr>y motion4#bij ,x is an ar*itecture ( human voices &1 l ! /atu>y-gr\p & ! glass-pa9t+s1 is only conceivable 9 ! sett+ ( ^! /one vault+s4 ,) !m x is a high art ( space1 ( t space to :i* ,nicolas ( ,oresme1 ,bi%op ( ,lisieux1 gave ma!matical mean+ by ! introduction ( co- ord9ates4#bia ,?is is ! g5u9e 8r9ascita0 & 8re=matio0 z ,joa*im ( ,floris saw x at ! end ( ! #ab? ,c5tury#bib--! bir? ( a new s\l mirror$ 9 ! =m-language ( a new art4 ,along ) ?is !re came into be+ 9 ca/le & village a secul> imitative music1 t ( tr\bad\rs1 ,m9nesng] & m9/rels4 ,z 8ars nova0 ?is travell$ f ! c\rts ( ,prov5ce to ! palaces ( ,tuscan patricians ab\t #acjj1 ! "t ( ,dante & ,petr>*4 ,x consi/$ ( simple melodies t appeal$ to ! he>t ) _! major & m9or1 ( canzoni1 madrigals & caccias1 & x includ$ also a type ( galante op]etta 7,adam de la ,hale's 8,rob9 & ,m>ion074 ,aft] #adjj1 ^! =ms give rise to =ms ( collective s++--! rondeau & ! ballade4 ,all ?is is 8art0 = a public4#bic ,sc5es are pa9t$ f life1 sc5es ( love1 hunt+1 *ivalry4 ,! po9t ( x is 9 ! melodic inv5tiv5ess1 in/ead ( 9 ! symbolism ( its l9e> progress4 ,?us1 musically z o!rwise1 ! ca/le & ! ca!dral are di/9ct4 ,! ca!dral is music & ! ca/le makes music4 ,! "o beg9s ) !ory1 ! o!r ) impromptu3 x is ! di/9ction betwe5 wak+ consci\sness & liv+ exi/5ce1 betwe5 ! spiritual & ! knightly s+]4 ,imitation /&s ne>e/ to life & direction & !re=e beg9s ) melody1 :ile ! symbolism ( c\nt]po9t belongs to ext5sion & ?r\gh polyphony signifies inf9ite space4 ,! result 01 on ! "o side1 a /ore ( 8et]nal0 rules &1 on ! o!r1 an inexhau/ible fund ( folk-melodies on :i* ev5 ! #ah? ,c5tury 0 /ill draw+4 ,! same contra/ reveals itself1 arti/ically1 9 ! class-opposition ( ,r5aissance & ,re=mation4#bid ,! c\rtly ta/e ( ,flor5ce 0 antipa!tic to ! _s ( c\nt]po9t2 ! evolution ( /rict musical =m f ! ,motet to ! f\r-voice ,mass ?r\gh ,dun/aple1 ,b9*ois & ,dufay 7c4 #adcj7 proce$$ :olly )9 ! magic circle ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,f ,fra ,angelico to ,mi*elangelo ! great ,ne!rl&]s rul$ alone 9 ornam5tal music4 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici f\nd no "o 9 ,flor5ce :o und]/ood ! /rict /yle1 & _h to s5d = ,dufay4 ,& :ile 9 ?is region ,leon>do & ,raphael 7 pa9t+1 9 ! nor? ,okeghem 7d4 #adie7 & 8 s*ool & ,josqu9 des ,prs 7d4 #aeba7 br\ght ! =mal polyphony ( human voices to ! height ( fulfilm5t4 ,! transition into ! 8,late0 age 0 h]ald$ 9 ,rome & ,v5ice4 ,) ,b>oque ! lead]%ip 9 music passes to ,italy4 ,b at ! same "t ar*itecture ceases to be ! rul+ art & !re is =m$ a gr\p ( ,fau/ian special-arts 9 :i* oil-pa9t+ occupies ! c5tral place4 ,ab\t #aefj ! empire ( ! human voice comes to an end 9 ! a cappella /yle ( ,pale/r9a & ,orl&o ,lasso 7bo? d4 #aeid74 ,its p[]s c\ld no long] express ! passionate drive into ! inf9ite1 & x made way = ! *orus ( in/rum5ts1 w9d & /r+4 ,& !reupon ,v5ice produc$ ,titian-music1 ! new madrigal t 9 its fl[ & ebb foll[s ! s5se ( ! text4 ,! music ( ! ,go?ic is ar*itectural & vocal1 t ( ! ,b>oque pictorial & in/rum5tal4 ,! "o builds1 ! o!r op]ates by means ( motives4 ,= all ! arts h become urban & !re=e secul>4 ,we pass f sup]-p]sonal ,=m to ! p]sonal expression ( ! ,ma/]1 & %ortly be=e #afjj ,italy produces ! basso cont9uo :i* requires virtuosi & n pi\s p>ticipants4 ,!nce=w>d1 ! great task 0 to ext5d ! tone-corpus into ! inf9ity1 or r to resolve x into an inf9ite space ( tone4 ,go?ic _h develop$ ! in/rum5ts into families ( def9ite timbre4 ,b ! new-born 8or*e/ra0 no long] obs]ves limitations impos$ by ! human voice1 b treats x z a voice to be comb9$ ) o!r voices--at ! same mom5t z our ma!matic proce$s f ! geometrical analysis ( ,f]mat to ! purely functional analysis ( ,desc>tes4#bie ,9 ,z>l9o's 8,h>mony0 7#aeeh7 appe>s a g5u9e p]spective ( pure tonal space4 ,we beg9 to di/+ui% betwe5 ornam5tal & fundam5tal in/rum5ts4 ,melody & embelli%m5t jo9 to produce ! ,motive1 & ?is 9 developm5t leads to ! rebir? ( c\nt]po9t 9 ! =m ( ! fugal /yle1 ( :i* ,frescobaldi 0 ! fir/ ma/] & ,ba* ! culm9ation4 ,to ! vocal masses & motets ! ,b>oque opposes its gr&1 or*e/rally-conceiv$ =ms ( ! oratorio 7,c>issimi71 ! cantata 7,viadana7 & ! op]a 7,montev]de74 ,:e!r a bass melody be set aga9/ upp] voices1 or upp] voices be conc]t$ aga9/ "o ano!r ^u a backgr\nd ( basso cont9uo1 always s\nd-worlds ( *>act]i/ic expression- quality "w reciprocally ^u "o ano!r 9 ! inf9ity ( tonal space1 support+1 int5sify+1 rais+1 illum9at+1 ?reat5+1 ov]%ad[+--a music all ( int]play1 sc>cely intelligible save ?r\gh ideas ( contempor>y ,analysis4 ,f out ( ^! =ms ( ! e>ly ,b>oque !re proce$$1 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury1 ! sonata-l =ms ( suite1 symphony & conc]to grosso4 ,! inn] /ructure & ! sequ5ce ( movem5ts1 ! !matic work+-out & modulation became m & m firmly e/abli%$4 ,& ?us 0 rea*$ ! great1 imm5sely dynamic1 =m 9 :i* music--n[ completely bodiless--0 rais$ by ,corelli & ,h&el & ,ba* to be ! rul+ art ( ! ,we/4 ,:5 ,newton & ,leibniz1 ab\t #afgj1 discov]$ ! ,inf9itesimal ,calculus1 ! fugal /yle 0 fulfill$4 ,& :51 ab\t #agdj1 ,eul] began ! def9itive =mulation ( functional ,analysis1 ,/amitz & 8 g5]ation 7 discov]+ ! la/ & ripe/ =m ( musical ornam5tation1 ! f\r-"p movem5t#bif z vehicle ( pure & unlimit$ motion4 ,=1 at t "t1 !re 0 /ill ?is "o /ep to be tak54 ,! !me ( ! fugue 8is10 t ( ! new sonata-movem5t 8becomes10 & ! issue ( its work+ out is 9 ! "o case a picture1 9 ! o!r a drama4 ,in/ead ( a s]ies ( pictures we get a cyclic succession1#big & ! real s\rce ( ?is tone-language 0 9 ! possibilities1 realiz$ at la/1 ( our deepe/ & mo/ intimate k9d ( music--! music ( ! /r+s4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! viol9 is ! noble/ ( all in/rum5ts t ! ,fau/ian s\l has imag9$ & tra9$ = ! expression ( its la/ secrets1 & c]ta9 x is1 too1 t x is 9 /r+ qu>tets & viol9 sonatas t x has exp]i5c$ its mo/ transc5d5t & mo/ holy mom5ts ( full illum9ation4 ,"h1 9 *amb]-music1 ,we/]n art z a :ole rea*es its highe/ po9t4 ,"h our prime symbol ( endless space is express$ z completely z ! ,spe>man ( ,polycletus expresses t ( int5se bodil9ess4 ,:5 "o ( ^? ineffably ye>n+ viol9-melodies w&]s ?r\gh ! spaces exp&$ ar\nd x by ! or*e/ration ( ,t>t9i or ,n>d9i1 ,haydn1 ,moz>t or ,bee?ov51 we "k ourselves 9 ! pres5ce ( an art beside :i* t ( ! ,acropolis is alone wor?y to be set4 ,) ?is1 ! ,fau/ian music becomes dom9ant among ! ,fau/ian arts4 ,x bani%es ! pla/ic ( ! /atue & tol]ates only ! m9or art-- an entirely musical1 ref9$1 un-,classical & c\nt]-,r5aissance art-- ( porcela91 :i* 7z a discov]y ( ! ,we/7 is contempor>y ) ! rise ( *amb]-music to full effectiv5ess4 ,:]eas ! /atu>y ( ,go?ic is ?r\gh-&-?r\gh ar*itectural ornam5tation1 human espali]-"w1 t ( ! ,rococo rem>kably exemplifies ! pseudo- pla/ic t results f entire subjection to ! =m-language ( music1 & %[s to :at a degree ! te*nique gov]n+ ! pres5t$ =egr\nd c be 9 contradiction ) ! real expression-language t is hidd5 beh9d x4 ,comp>e ,coysevox's#bih 7#afhf7 cr\*+ ,v5us 9 ! ,l\vre ) its ,classical prototype 9 ! ,vatican--9 ! "o pla/ic is und]/udy+ music1 9 ! o!r pla/ic is itself4 ,t]ms l 8/accato10 8accel]&o10 8&ante0 & 8allegro0 be/ describe ! k9d ( movem5ts t we h "h1 ! fl[ ( ! l9es1 ! fluidity 9 ! be+ ( ! /one itself :i* l ! porcela9 has m or less lo/ its f9e compactness4 ,h5ce our feel+ t ! granul> m>ble is out ( keep+4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! :olly un-,classical t5d5cy to "w ) ref]5ce to effects ( light & %ade4 ,?is is q 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciples ( oil-pa9t+ f ,titian onw>ds4 ,t :i* 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury is call$ 8col\r0 9 an et*+1 a draw+1 or a sculpture-gr\p really signifies music4 ,music dom9ates ! pa9t+ ( ,watteau & ,fragon>d & ! art ( ,gobel9s & pa/els1 & s9ce !n1 h we n acquir$ ! habit ( speak+ ( col\r-tones or tone-col\rs8 ,& d n ! v words imply a recognition ( a f9al homog5eity betwe5 ! two arts1 sup]ficially dissimil> z !y are8 ,& are n ^! same words p]fectly mean+less z appli$ to any & e ,classical art8 ,b music did n /op !re2 x transmut$ also ! ar*itecture ( ,b]n9i's ,b>oque into accord ) its own _s1 & made ( x ,rococo1 a /yle ( transc5d5t ornam5tation ^u :i* lights 7or r 8tones07 play to dissolve ceil+s1 walls & ev]y?+ else con/ructional & actual into polyphonies & h>monies1 ) ar*itectural trills & cad5ces & runs to complete ! id5tification ( ! =m-language ( ^! halls & gall]ies ) t ( ! music imag9$ = !m4 ,dresd5 & ,vi5na are ! homes ( ?is late & soon-ext+ui%$ fairyl& ( visible *amb] music1 ( curv$ furniture & mirror-halls1 & %eph]desses 9 v]se & porcela94 ,x is ! f9al brilliant autumn ) :i* ! ,we/]n s\l completes ! expression ( its high /yle4 ,& 9 ! ,vi5na ( ! ,congress-"t x fad$ & di$4 ,v ,! ,art ( ! ,r5aissance1 consid]$ f ?is p>ticul> "o ( its _m aspects1#bii is a revolt aga9/ ! _s ( ! ,fau/ian =e/-music ( c\nt]po9t1 :i* at t "t 0 prep>+ to vassalize ! :ole =m-language ( ! ,we/]n ,culture4 ,x 0 ! logical consequ5ce ( ! op5 ass]tion ( ?is w 9 matur$ ,go?ic4 ,x nev] disav[$ its orig9 & x ma9ta9$ ! "* ( a simple c\nt]-movem5t2 necess>ily !re=e x rema9$ dep5d5t ^u ! =ms ( ! orig9al movem5t1 & repres5t$ simply ! effect ( ^! ^u a hesitant s\l4 ,h5ce1 x 0 )\t true dep?1 ei!r ideal or ph5om5al4 ,z to ! fir/1 we h only to ?9k ( ! bur/+ passion ) :i* ! ,go?ic _w-feel+ dis*>g$ itself ^u ! :ole ,we/]n l&scape1 & we %all see at once :at sort ( a movem5t x 0 t ! h&ful ( select spirits--s*ol>s1 arti/s & humani/s--initiat$ ab\t #adbj4cjj ,9 ! fir/ ! issue 0 "o ( life & dea? = a new-born s\l1 9 ! second x 0 a po9t (--ta/e4 ,! ,go?ic gripp$ life 9 its entirety1 p5etrat$ its mo/ hidd5 corn]s4 ,x creat$ new m5 & a new _w4 ,f ! idea ( ,ca?olicism to ! /ate-!ory ( ! ,holy ,roman ,emp]ors1 f ! knightly t\rney to ! new city-=m1 f ca!dral to cottage1 f language-build+ to ! village maid5's bridal attire1 f oil- pa9t+ to ! ,spielmann's song1 ev]y?+ is hall-m>k$ ) ! /amp ( "o & ! same symbolism4 ,b ! ,r5aissance1 :5 x _h ma/]$ "s arts ( ^w & picture1 _h %ot its bolt4 ,x alt]$ ! ways ( ?\ght & ! life-feel+ ( ,we/ ,europe n "o :it4 ,x c\ld p5etrate z f> z co/ume & ge/ure1 b ! roots ( life x c\ld n t\*--ev5 9 ,italy ! _w-outlook ( ! ,b>oque is ess5tially a cont9uation ( ! ,go?ic4#cja ,x produc$ no :olly great p]sonality betwe5 ,dante & ,mi*elangelo1 ea* ( :om _h "o foot outside its limits4 ,& z = ! o!r--ph5om5al or manife/$ dep?--! ,r5aissance nev] t\*$ ! p1 ev5 9 ,flor5ce itself4 ,! man = :om !y _h e>s 0 ,savon>ola--a ph5om5on ( q ano!r spiritual ord] & "o :i* beg9s to be compreh5sible :5 we disc]n ! fact t1 all ! "t1 ! deep "u-curr5ts are /eadily fl[+ on t[>ds ! ,go?ic-musical ,b>oque4 ,! ,r5aissance z an anti-,go?ic movem5t & a reaction aga9/ ! _s ( polyphonic music has its ,classical equival5t 9 ! ,dionysiac movem5t4 ,?is 0 a reaction aga9/ ,doric & aga9/ ! sculptural-,apoll9ian _w-feel+4 ,x did n 8orig9ate0 9 ! ,?racian ,dionysus-cult1 b m]ely took ?is up z a weapon aga9/ & c\nt]-symbol to ! ,olympian religion1 precisely z 9 ,flor5ce ! cult ( ! antique 0 call$ 9 = ! ju/ification & confirmation ( a feel+ already !re4 ,! p]iod ( ! great prote/ 0 ! #g? ,c5tury 9 ,greece & 7!re=e7 ! #ae? 9 ,we/ ,europe4 ,9 bo? cases we h 9 reality an outbreak ( deep-seat$ discordances 9 ! ,culture1 :i* physiognomically dom9ates a :ole epo* ( its hi/ory & especially ( its arti/ic _w--9 o!r words1 a /& t ! s\l attempts to make aga9/ ! ,de/9y t at la/ x compreh5ds4 ,! inw>dly recalcitrant =ces--,fau/'s second ,s\l t w\ld sep>ate itself f ! o!r--are /riv+ to deflect ! s5se ( ! ,culture1 to repudiate1 to get rid ( or to evade its inexorable necessity2 x /&s anxi\s 9 pres5ce ( ! call to accompli% its hi/orical fate 9 ,ionic & ,b>oque4 ,?is anxiety fa/5$ itself 9 ,greece to ! ,dionysus-cult ) its musical1 demat]ializ+1 body-squ&]+ orgasm1 & 9 ! ,r5aissance to ! tradition ( ! ,antique & its cult ( ! bodily-pla/ic tradition4 ,9 ea* case1 ! ali5 expression-means 0 br\ght 9 consci\sly & delib]ately1 9 ord] t ! =ce ( a directly-opposite =m-language %\ld provide ! suppress$ feel+s ) a weight & a pa?os ( _! own1 & s enable !m to /& aga9/ ! /ream--9 ,greece ! /ream :i* fl[$ f ,hom] & ! ,geometrical to ,phidias1 9 ! ,we/ t :i* fl[$ f ! ,go?ic ca!drals1 ?r\gh ,rembr&t1 to ,bee?ov54 ,x foll[s f ! v "* ( a c\nt]-movem5t t x is f> easi] = x to def9e :at x is oppos+ ?an :at x is aim+ at4 ,?is is ! difficulty ( all ,r5aissance rese>*4 ,9 ! ,go?ic 7& ! ,doric7 x is j ! opposite--m5 are cont5d+ = some?+1 n aga9/ x--b ,r5aissance art is no?+ m nor less ?an anti- ,go?ic art4 ,r5aissance music1 too1 is a contradiction 9 itself2 ! music ( ! ,m$icean c\rt 0 ! ,s\!rn ,fr5* 8ars nova10 t ( ! ,flor5t9e ,duomo 0 ! ,l[-,g]man c\nt]po9t1 bo? alike ess5tially ,go?ic & ! prop]ty ( ! :ole ,we/4 ,! view t is cu/om>ily tak5 ( ! ,r5aissance is a v cle> in/ance ( h[ readily ! proclaim$ int5tions ( a movem5t may be mi/ak5 = its deep] mean+4 ,s9ce ,burckh>dt1#cjb criticism has controv]t$ e individual proposition t ! lead+ spirits ( ! age put =w>d z to _! own t5d5cies--& yet1 ?is done1 x has cont9u$ to use ! ^w ,r5aissance sub/antially 9 ! =m] s5se4 ,c]ta9ly1 "o is consci\s at once 9 pass+ to ! s\? ( ! ,alps ( a m>k$ dissimil>ity 9 ar*itecture 9 p>ticul> & 9 ! look ( ! arts 9 g5]al4 ,b ! v obvi\sness ( ! conclusion t ! impression prompts %\ld h l$ u to di/ru/ x & to ask ourselves1 in/ead1 :e!r ! suppos$ di/9ction ( ,go?ic & 8antique0 0 n 9 reality m]ely a diff]5ce betwe5 ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn aspects ( "o & ! same =m-_w4 ,pl5ty ( ?+s 9 ,spa9 give ! impression ( be+ 8,classical0 m]ely because !y are ,s\!rn1 & if a layman 7 confront$ ) ! great cloi/] ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella or ! faade ( ! ,palazzo ,/rozzi 9 ,flor5ce & ask$ to say if ^! 7 8,go?ic0 he w\ld c]ta9ly guess wrong4 ,o!rwise1 ! %>p *ange ( _s ought to h set 9 n beyond ! ,alps b only beyond ! ,ap5n9es1 = ,tuscany is arti/ically an isl& 9 ,italian ,italy4 ,upp] ,italy belongs entirely to a ,byzant9e-t9t$ ,go?ic2 ,si5a 9 p>ticul> is a g5u9e monum5t ( ! c\nt]-,r5aissance1 & ,rome is already ! home ( ,b>oque4 ,b1 9 fact1 x is ! *ange ( l&scape t co9cides ) ! *ange ( feel+4 ,9 ! actual bir? ( ! ,go?ic /yle ,italy _h inde$ no inw>d %>e4 ,at ! epo* ( #ajjj ! c\ntry 0 /ill absolutely "u ! dom9ation ( ,byzant9e ta/e 9 ! ,ea/ & ,moori% ta/e 9 ! ,s\?4 ,:5 ,go?ic fir/ took root "h x 0 ! mature ,go?ic1 & x implant$ itself ) an int5sity & =ce = :i* we look 9 va9 9 any ( ! great ,r5aissance creations--?9k ( ! 8,/abat ,mat]10 ! 8,dies ,ir10 ,ca?>9e ( ,si5a1 ,giotto & ,simone ,m>t9i6 ,at ! same "t1 x 0 light$ f ! ,s\? & its /rang5ess 01 z x 71 s(t5$ 9 acclimatization4 ,t :i* x suppress$ or expell$ 0 n1 z has be5 suppos$1 "s l+]+ /ra9s ( ! ,classical b purely ! ,byzant9e-cum-,s>ac5 =m-language t appeal$ to ! s5ses 9 famili> ev]yday life--9 ! build+s ( ,rav5na & ,v5ice b ev5 m 9 ! ornam5t ( ! fabrics1 vessels & arms import$ f ! ,ea/4 ,if ! ,r5aissance _h be5 a 8r5ewal0 7:atev] t may mean7 ( ! ,classical _w-feel+1 !n1 surely1 w\ld x n h _h to replace ! symbol ( embrac$ & rhy?mically-ord]$ space by t ( clos$ /ructural body8 ,b !re 0 nev] any "q ( ?is4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,r5aissance practis$ :olly & exclusively an ar*itecture ( space prescrib$ = x by ,go?ic1 f :i* x diff]$ only 9 t 9 lieu ( ! ,nor!rn 8,/urm und ,drang0 x brea!d ! cle> equable calm ( ! sunny1 c>e-free & unque/ion+ ,s\?4 ,x produc$ no new build+-idea1 & ! ext5t ( its ar*itectural a*ievem5t might almo/ be r$uc$ to faades & c\rty>ds4 ,n[1 ?is focuss+ ( expressible ef=t ^u ! /reet-front ( a h\se or ! side ( a cloi/]--_m-w9d[$ & ev] significant ( ! _s )9--is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,go?ic 7& deeply ak9 to its art ( portraiture72 & ! cloi/]$ c\rty>d itself is1 f ! ,sun-temple ( ,baalbek to ! ,c\rt ( ! ,lions 9 ! ,alhambra1 z g5u9ely ,arabian4 ,& 9 ! mid/ ( ?is art ! ,poseidon temple ( ,p/um1 all body1 /&s lonely & unrelat$3 no "o saw x1 no "o attempt$ to copy x4 ,equally un-,attic is ! ,flor5t9e sculpture1 = ,attic is free pla/ic1 89 ! r\nd0 9 ! full s5se ( ! words1 :]eas e ,flor5t9e /atue feels beh9d x ! gho/ ( ! ni*e into :i* ! ,go?ic sculptor _h built its real ance/ors4 ,9 ! relation ( figure to backgr\nd & 9 ! build ( ! body1 ! ma/]s ( ! 8,k+s' heads0 at ,*>tres & ! ma/]s ( ! 8,george0 *oir at ,bamb]g exhibit ! same int]p5etration ( 8,antique0 & ,go?ic expression-means t we h1 nei!r int5sifi$ nor contradict$1 9 ! mann] ( ,giovanni ,pisano & ,ghib]ti & ev5 ,v]roc*io4 ,if we take away f ! models ( ! ,r5aissance all elem5ts t orig9at$ lat] ?an ! ,roman ,imp]ial ,age--t is to say1 ^? belong+ to ! ,magian =m-_w--no?+ is left4 ,ev5 f ,late-,roman ar*itecture itself all elem5ts d]iv$ f ! great days ( ,hellas _h "o by "o vani%$4 ,mo/ conclusive ( all1 ?\gh1 is t motive :i* actually dom9ates ! ,r5aissance1 :i* because ( its ,s\!rn-ness we reg>d z ! noble/ ( ! ,r5aissance *>act]s1 viz41 ! association ( r\nd-ar* & column4 ,?is association1 no d\bt1 is v un-,go?ic1 b 9 ! ,classical /yle x simply does n exi/1 & 9 fact x repres5ts ! leitmotif ( ! ,magian ar*itecture t orig9at$ 9 ,syria4 ,b x 0 j !n t ! ,s\? receiv$ f ! ,nor? ^? decisive impulses :i* help$ x fir/ ( all to emancipate itself entirely f ,byzantium & !n to /ep f ,go?ic into ,b>oque4 ,9 ! region compris$ betwe5 ,am/]dam1 ,kln & ,p>is#cjc--! c\nt]- pole to ,tuscany 9 ! /yle-hi/ory ( our culture--c\nt]po9t & oil-pa9t+ _h be5 creat$ 9 association ) ! ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,!nce ,dufay 9 #adbh & ,willa]t 9 #aeaf came to ! ,papal ,*apel1 & 9 #aebg ! latt] f\nd$ t ,v5etian s*ool :i* 0 decisive ( ,b>oque music4 ,! successor ( ,willa]t 0 de ,rore ( ,antw]p4 ,a ,flor5t9e commission$ ,hugo van d] ,goes to execute ! ,port9>i alt> = ,santa ,m>ia ,nuova1 & ,meml9c to pa9t a ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,& ov] & above ?is1 num]\s pictures 7especially ,l[- ,c\ntries portraits7 7 acquir$ & ex]cis$ an enorm\s influ5ce4 ,9 #adej ,rogi] van d] ,weyd5 himself came to ,flor5ce1 :]e 8 art 0 bo? admir$ & imitat$4 ,9 #adgj ,ju/us van ,g5t introduc$ oil- pa9t+ to ,umbria1 & ,antonello da ,mess9a br\ght :at he _h le>n$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s to ,v5ice4 ,h[ mu* 8,dut*0 & h[ little 8,classical0 !re is 9 ! pictures ( ,filipp9o ,lippi1 ,ghirl&aio & ,botticelli & especially 9 ! engrav+s ( ,pollaiulo6 ,or 9 ,leon>do himself4 ,ev5 to-day critics h>dly c>e to admit ! full ext5t ( ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! ,go?ic ,nor? ^u ! ar*itecture1 music1 pa9t+ & pla/ic ( ! ,r5aissance4#cjd ,x 0 j !n1 too1 t ,nicolaus ,cusanus1 ,c>d9al & ,bi%op ( ,brix5 7#adja-adfd71 br\ght into ma!matics ! 8inf9itesimal0 pr9ciple1 t contrapuntal me?od ( numb] :i* he rea*$ by d$uction f ! idea ( ,god z ,inf9ite ,be+4 ,x 0 f ,ni*olas ( ,cusa t ,leibniz receiv$ ! decisive impulse t l$ him to "w out 8 diff]5tial calculus2 & ?us 0 =g$ ! weapon ) :i* dynamic1 ,b>oque1 ,newtonian1 physics def9itely ov]came ! /atic idea *>act]i/ic ( ! ,s\!rn physics t rea*es a h& to ,ar*im$es & is /ill effective ev5 9 ,galileo4 ,! high p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance is a mom5t ( app>5t expulsion ( music f ,fau/ian art4 ,& 9 fact1 = a few decades1 9 ! only area :]e ,classical & ,we/]n l&scapes t\*$1 ,flor5ce did uphold--) "o gr& ef=t t 0 ess5tially metaphysical & ess5tially def5sive--an image ( ! ,classical s conv9c+ t1 al?\gh its deep] *>act]s 7 )\t exception m]e anti-,go?ic1 x la/$ beyond ,goe! &1 if n = our criticism1 yet = our feel+s1 is valid to ?is day4 ,! ,flor5ce ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & ! ,rome ( ,leo ! ,t5?--t is :at = u ! ,classical is1 an et]nal goal ( mo/ secret long+1 ! only deliv]ance f our heavy he>ts & limit ^u our horizon4 ,& x is ?is because1 & only because1 x is anti-,go?ic4 ,s clean-cut is ! opposition ( ,apoll9ian & ,fau/ian spirituality4 ,b let !re be no mi/ake z to ! ext5t ( ?is illusion4 ,9 ,flor5ce m5 practic$ fresco & relief 9 contradiction ( ,go?ic glass-pa9t+ & ,byzant9e gold-gr\nd mosaic4 ,?is 0 ! "o mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,we/ :5 sculpture rank$ z ! p>am\nt art4 ,! dom9ant elem5ts 9 ! picture are ! pois$ bodies1 ! ord]$ gr\ps1 ! /ructural side ( ar*itecture4 ,! backgr\nds possess no intr9sic value1 m]ely s]v+ to fill up betwe5 & beh9d ! self- suffici5t pres5t ( ! =egr\nd-figures4 ,= a :ile "h1 pa9t+ is actually "u ! dom9ation ( pla/ic2 ,v]roc*io1 ,pollaiuolo & ,botticelli 7 goldsmi?s4 ,yet1 all ! same1 ^! frescoes h no?+ ( ! _s ( ,polygnotus 9 !m4 ,exam9e a collection ( ,classical pa9t$ vases--n 9 individual specim5s or copies 7:i* w\ld give ! wrong idea7 b 9 ! mass1 = ?is is ! "o species ( ,classical art 9 :i* orig9als are pl5tiful en\gh to impress u effectively ) ! w t is beh9d ! art4 ,9 ! light ( su* a /udy1 ! utt] un-,classicalness ( ! ,r5aissance-_s leaps to ! eye4 ,! great a*ievem5t ( ,giotto & ,masaccio 9 creat+ a fresco-art is only app>5tly a revival ( ! ,apoll9ian way ( feel+2 b ! dep?-exp]i5ce & idea ( ext5sion t und]lies x is n ! ,apoll9ian unspatial & self-conta9$ body b ! ,go?ic field 7,bildraum74 ,h[ev] recessive ! backgr\nds are1 !y exi/4 ,yet "h aga9 !re 0 ! fullness ( light1 ! cl>ity ( atmosph]e1 ! great noon-calm1 ( ! ,s\?2 dynamic space 0 *ang$ 9 ,tuscany1 & only 9 ,tuscany1 to ! /atic space ( :i* ,pi]o della ,francesca 0 ! ma/]4 ,?\gh fields ( space 7 pa9t$1 !y 7 put1 n z an exi/5ce unb\nd$ & l music ev] /riv+ into ! dep?s1 b z s5su\sly def9able4 ,space 0 giv5 a sort ( bodil9ess & ord] 9 plane lay]s1 & draw+1 %>pness ( outl9e1 def9ition ( surface 7 /udi$ ) a c>e t seem+ly approa*$ ! ,hell5ic ideal4 ,yet !re 0 always ?is diff]5ce1 t ,flor5ce depict$ space p]spectively z s+ul> 9 contra/ ) ?+s z plural1 :]eas ,a!ns pres5t$ ?+s z sep>ate s+ul>s 9 contra/ to g5]al no?+ness4 ,& 9 proportion z ! surge ( ! ,r5aissance smoo!d d[n1 ! h>dness ( ?is t5d5cy rec$$1 f ,masaccio's frescoes 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel to ,raphael's 9 ! ,vatican ,/anze1 until ! sfumato ( ,leon>do1 ! melt+ ( ! edges into ! backgr\nd1 br+s a musical ideal 9 place ( ! relief-ideal into pa9t+4 ,! hidd5 dynamic is equally unmi/akable 9 ! sculpture ( ,flor5ce--x w\ld be p]fectly hopeless to look = an ,attic companion = ,v]roc*io's eque/rian /atue4#cje ,?is art 0 a mask1 a mode ( ! ta/e ( an lite1 & sometimes a com$y--?\gh nev] 0 com$y m gallantly play$ out4 ,! indescribable inw>d purity ( ,go?ic =m (t5 causes u to =get :at an excess ( native /r5g? & dep? x possess$4 ,go?ic1 x mu/ be repeat$ aga91 is ! only f\ndation ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! ,r5aissance nev] ev5 t\*$ ! real ,classical1 let alone und]/ood x or 8reviv$0 x4 ,! consci\sness ( ! ,flor5t9e lite1 :olly "u lit]>y influ5ces1 fa%ion$ ! deceptive "n to positivize ! negative elem5t ( ! movem5t--!reby demon/rat+ h[ little su* curr5ts are aw>e ( _! own nature4 ,!re is n a s+le "o ( _! great works t ! contempor>ies ( ,p]icles1 or ev5 ^? ( ,cs>1 w\ld n h reject$ z utt]ly ali54 ,_! palace c\rty>ds are ,moori% c\rty>ds1 & _! r\nd ar*es on sl5d] pill>s are ( ,syrian orig94 ,cimabue taught 8 c5tury to imitate ) ! bru% ! art ( ,byzant9e mosaic4 ,( ! two fam\s domical build+s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! dom$ ca!dral ( ,flor5ce is a ma/]piece ( late ,go?ic1 & ,/4 ,pet]'s is "o ( e>ly ,b>oque4 ,:5 ,mi*elangelo set himself to build ! latt] z ! 8,pan!on t[]+ ov] ! ,basilica ( ,max5tius10 he 0 nam+ two build+s ( ! pure/ e>ly ,arabian /yle4 ,& ornam5t--is !re inde$ a g5u9e ,r5aissance ornam5tation8 ,c]ta9ly !re is no?+ comp>able 9 symbolic =ce ) ! ornam5tation ( ,go?ic4 ,b :at is ! prov5ance ( t gay & elegant embelli%m5t :i* has a real inw>d unity ( its own & has captivat$ all ,europe8 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! home ( a 8ta/e0 & ! home ( ! expression- means t x employs3 "o f9ds a great deal t is ,nor!rn 9 ! e>ly ,flor5t9e motives ( ,pisano1 ,maiano1 ,ghib]ti & ,della ,qu]cia4 ,we h to di/+ui% 9 all ^! *ancels1 tombs1 ni*es & por*es betwe5 ! outw>d & transf]able =ms 7! ,ionic column itself is d\bly a transf]1 = x orig9at$ 9 ,egypt7 & ! _s ( ! =m-language t uses !m z means & signs4 ,"o ,classical elem5t or item is equival5t to ano!r s long z some?+ un-,classical is be+ express$--significance lies n 9 ! ?+ b 9 ! way 9 :i* x is us$4 ,b ev5 9 ,donatello su* motives are f> few] ?an 9 mature ,b>oque4 ,z = a /rict ,classical capital1 no su* ?+ is to be f\nd4 ,& yet1 at mom5ts1 ,r5aissance art succe$$ 9 a*iev+ some?+ wond]ful t music c\ld n reproduce--a feel+ = ! bliss ( p]fect ne>ness1 = pure1 re/ful & lib]at+ space-effects1 bright & tidy & free f ! passionate movem5t ( ,go?ic & ,b>oque4 ,x is n ,classical1 b x is a dream ( ,classical exi/5ce1 ! only dream ( ! ,fau/ian s\l 9 :i* x 0 able to =get itself4 ,,vi ,& n[1 ) ! #af? ,c5tury1 ! decisive epo*al turn beg9s = ,we/]n pa9t+4 ,! tru/ee%ip ( ar*itecture 9 ! ,nor? & t ( sculpture 9 ,italy expire1 & pa9t+ becomes polyphonic1 8picturesque10 inf9ity-seek+4 ,! col\rs become tones4 ,! art ( ! bru% claims k9%ip ) ! /yle ( cantata & madrigal4 ,! te*nique ( oils becomes ! basis ( an art t means to conqu] space & to dissolve ?+s 9 t space4 ,) ,leon>do & ,giorgione beg9s ,impressionism4 ,9 ! actual picture !re is transvaluation ( all ! elem5ts4 ,! backgr\nd1 hi!rto casually put 91 reg>d$ z a fill-up &1 z space1 almo/ %uffl$ out ( sight1 ga9s a prepond]ant importance4 ,a developm5t sets 9 t is p>allel$ 9 no o!r ,culture1 n ev5 9 ! ,*9ese :i* 9 _m o!r respects is s ne> to ours4 ,! backgr\nd z symbol ( ! inf9ite conqu]s ! s5se-p]ceptible =egr\nd1 & at la/ 7h]e9 lies ! di/9ction betwe5 ! depict+ & ! del9eat+ /yles7 ! dep?-exp]i5ce ( ! ,fau/ian s\l is captur$ 9 ! k9esis ( a picture4 ,! space-relief ( ,mantegna's plane lay]s dissolves 9 ,t9toretto into directional en]gy1 & !re em]ges 9 ! picture ! great symbol ( an unlimit$ space-univ]se :i* comprises ! individual ?+s )9 itself z incid5tals--! horizon4 ,n[1 t a l&scape pa9t+ %\ld h a horizon has always seem$ s self-evid5t to u t we h nev] ask$ ourselves ! important "q3 ,is !re always a horizon1 & if n1 :5 n & :y n8 ,9 fact1 !re is n a h9t ( x1 ei!r 9 ,egyptian relief or 9 ,byzant9e mosaic or 9 vase- pa9t+s & frescoes ( ! ,classical age1 or ev5 9 ^? ( ! ,hell5i/ic 9 spite ( its spatial treatm5t ( =egr\nds4 ,?is l9e1 9 ! unreal vap\r ( :i* heav5 & e>? melt1 ! sum & pot5t symbol ( ! f>1 conta9s ! pa9t]'s v]sion ( ! 8inf9itesimal0 pr9ciple4 ,x is out ( ! remot5ess ( ?is horizon t ! music ( ! picture fl[s1 & = ?is reason ! great l&scape-pa9t]s ( ,holl& pa9t only backgr\nds & atmosph]es1 j z = ! contr>y reason 8anti-musical0 ma/]s l ,signorelli & especially ,mantegna1 pa9t only =egr\nds & 8reliefs40 ,x is 9 ! horizon1 !n1 t ,music triumphs ov] ,pla/ic1 ! passion ( ext5sion ov] its sub/ance4 ,x is n too mu* to say t no picture by ,rembr&t has a =egr\nd at all4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 ! home ( c\nt]po9t1 a deep und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( horizons & high-light$ di/ances is f\nd v e>ly1 :ile 9 ! ,s\? ! flat conclusive gold-backgr\nd ( ! ,arabic-,byzant9e picture long rema9$ supreme4 ,! fir/ def9ite em]g5ce ( ! pure space-feel+ is 9 ! ,books ( ,h\rs ( ! ,duke ( ,b]ry 7t at ,*antilly & t at ,tur97 ab\t #adaf4 ,!reaft]1 sl[ly & surely1 x conqu]s ! ,picture4 ,! same symbolic mean+ atta*es to cl\ds4 ,classical art conc]ns itself ) !m no m ?an ) horizons1 & ! pa9t] ( ! ,r5aissance treats !m ) a c]ta9 playful sup]ficiality4 ,b v e>ly ! ,go?ic look$ at its cl\d-masses1 & ?r\gh !m1 ) ! long sight ( my/icism2 & ! ,v5etians 7,giorgione & ,paolo ,v]onese above all7 discov]$ ! full magic ( ! cl\d-_w1 ( ! ?\s&-t9t$ ,be+ t fills ! heav5s ) its %eets & wisps & m\nta9s4 ,grnewald & ! ,ne!rl&]s height5$ its significance to ! level ( trag$y4 ,el ,greco br\ght ! gr& art ( cl\d-symbolism to ,spa94 ,x 0 at ! same "t t along ) oil-pa9t+ & c\nt]po9t ! art ( g>d5s rip5$4 ,"h1 express$ on ! canvas ( ,nature itself by ext5d$ pools1 brick walls1 av5ues1 vi/as & gall]ies1 is ! same t5d5cy t is repres5t$ 9 pa9t+ by ! ef=t t[>ds ! l9e> p]spective t ! e>ly ,flemi% arti/s felt to be ! basic problem ( _! art & ,brunellesco1 ,alb]ti & ,pi]o della ,francesca =mulat$4 ,we may take x t x 0 n entirely a co9cid5ce t ?is =mulation ( p]spective1 ?is ma!matical consecration ( ! picture 7:e!r l&scape or int]ior7 z a field limit$ at ! sides b imm5sely increas$ 9 dep?1 0 prop\nd$ j at ?is p>ticul> mom5t4 ,x 0 ! proclamation ( ! ,prime- ,symbol4 ,! po9t at :i* ! p]spective l9es coalesce is at inf9ity4 ,x 0 j because x avoid$ inf9ity & reject$ di/ance t ,classical pa9t+ possess$ no p]spective4 ,consequ5tly ! ,p>k1 ! delib]ate manipulation ( ,nature s z to obta9 space & di/ance effects1 is an impossibility 9 ,classical art4 ,nei!r 9 ,a!ns nor 9 ,rome prop] 0 !re a g>d5-art3 x 0 only ! ,imp]ial ,age t gratifi$ its ta/e ) gr\nd-s*emes ( ,ea/]n orig91 & a glance at any ( ! plans ( ^? 8g>d5s0 t h be5 pres]v$#cjf is en\gh to %[ ! %ortness ( _! range & ! emphasis ( _! b\nds4 ,& yet ! fir/ g>d5-!ori/ ( ! ,we/1 ,l4 ,b4 ,alb]ti1 0 lay+ d[n ! relation ( ! surr\nd+s to ! h\se 7t is1 to ! spectators 9 x7 z e>ly z #adej1 & f 8 projects to ! p>ks ( ! ,ludovisi & ,albani villas1#cjg we c see ! importance ( ! p]spective view into di/ance becom+ ev] great] & great]4 ,9 ,france1 aft] ,francis ,i 7,fonta9ebleau7 ! long n>r[ lake is an additional feature hav+ ! same mean+4 ,! mo/ significant elem5t 9 ! ,we/]n g>d5-art is ?us ! po9t de vue ( ! great ,rococo p>k1 ^u :i* all its av5ues & clipp$-h$ge walks op5 & f :i* vision may travel out to lose itself 9 ! di/ances4 ,?is elem5t is want+ ev5 9 ! ,*9ese g>d5-art4 ,b x is exactly mat*$ by "s ( ! silv]-bright di/ance-pictures ( ! pa/oral music ( t age 79 ,c\p]9 = example74 ,x is ! po9t de vue t gives u ! key to a real und]/&+ ( ?is rem>kable mode ( mak+ nature itself speak ! =m-language ( a human symbolism4 ,x is 9 pr9ciple ak9 to ! dissolution ( f9ite numb]-pictures into inf9ite s]ies 9 our ma!matic3 z ! rema9d]-expression#cjh reveals ! ultimate mean+ ( ! s]ies1 s ! glimpse into ! b\ndless is :at1 9 ! g>d51 reveals to a ,fau/ian s\l ! mean+ ( ,nature4 ,x 0 we & n ! ,hell5es or ! m5 ( ! high ,r5aissance t priz$ & s\ght out high m\nta9 tops = ! sake ( ! limitless range ( vision t !y af=d4 ,?is is a ,fau/ian crav+--to be alone ) endless space4 ,! great a*ievem5t ( ,le ,ntre & ! l&scape- g>d5]s ( ,nor!rn ,france1 beg9n+ ) ,f\quet's epo*-mak+ creation ( ,vaux-le-,vicomte1 0 t !y 7 able to r5d] ?is symbol ) su* high emphasis4 ,comp>e ! ,r5aissance p>k ( ! ,m$icean age--capable ( be+ tak5 91 gay1 cosy1 well-r\nd$--) ^! p>ks 9 :i* all ! wat]-works1 /atue-r[s1 h$ges & labyr9?s are in/9ct ) ! sugge/ion ( long range4 ,x is ! ,de/9y ( ,we/]n oil-pa9t+ told ov] aga9 9 a bit ( g>d5- hi/ory4 ,b ! feel+ = long range is at ! same "t "o = hi/ory4 ,at a di/ance1 space becomes "t & ! horizon signifies ! future4 ,! ,b>oque p>k is ! p>k ( ! ,late season1 ( ! approa*+ end1 ( ! fall+ leaf4 ,a ,r5aissance p>k is meant = ! summ] & ! noonday4 ,x is timeless1 & no?+ 9 its =m-language rem9ds u ( mortality4 ,x is p]spective t beg9s to awak5 a premonition ( some?+ pass+1 fugitive & f9al4 ,! v words ( di/ance possess1 9 ! lyric poetry ( all ,we/]n languages1 a pla9tive autumnal acc5t t "o looks = 9 va9 9 ! ,greek & ,lat94 ,x is !re 9 ,macph]son's 8,ossian0 & ,hld]l91 & 9 ,nietzs*e's ,dionysus-,di?yrambs1 & la/ly 9 ,baudelaire1 ,v]la9e1 ,george & ,droem4 ,! ,late poetry ( ! )]+ g>d5 av5ues1 ! un5d+ l9es 9 ! /reets ( a megalopolis1 ! ranks ( pill>s 9 a ca!dral1 ! peak 9 a di/ant m\nta9 *a9--all tell u t ! dep?-exp]i5ce :i* con/itutes our space-_w = u is 9 ! la/ analysis our inw>d c]ta9ty ( a ,de/9y1 ( a prescrib$ direction1 ( "t1 ( ! irrevocable4 ,"h1 9 ! exp]i5ce ( horizon z future1 we become directly & surely consci\s ( ! id5tity ( ,"t ) ! 8?ird dim5sion0 ( t exp]i5c$ space :i* is liv+ self-ext5sion4 ,& 9 ^! la/ days we are impr9t+ ^u ! plan ( our megalopolitan /reets ! same directional-de/9y "* t ! #ag? ,c5tury impr9t$ ^u ! ,p>k ( ,v]sailles4 ,we lay our /reets z long arr[-flights into remote di/ance1 reg>dless ev5 ( pres]v+ old & hi/oric p>ts ( our t[ns 7= ! symbolism ( ^! is n n[ prepot5t 9 u71 :]eas a megalopolis ( ! ,classical _w /udi\sly ma9ta9$ 9 its ext5sion t tangle ( crook$ lanes t enabl$ ,apoll9ian man to feel himself a body 9 ! mid/ ( bodies4#cji ,h]e91 z always1 practical requirem5ts1 s call$1 are m]ely ! mask ( a pr(\nd inw>d compulsion4 ,) ! rise ( p]spective1 !n1 ! deep] =m & full metaphysical significance ( ! picture comes to be conc5trat$ ^u ! horizon4 ,9 ,r5aissance art ! pa9t] _h /at$ & ! behold] _h accept$ ! cont5ts ( ! picture = :at !y 71 z self- suffici5t & co-ext5sive ) ! title4 ,b h5ce=? ! cont5ts became a means1 ! m]e vehicle ( a mean+ t 0 beyond ! possibility ( v]bal expression4 ,) ,mantegna or ,signorelli ! p5cil sket* c\ld h /ood z ! picture1 )\t be+ c>ri$ out 9 col\r--9 "s cases1 inde$1 we c only regret t ! arti/ did n /op at ! c>toon4 ,9 ! /atue-l sket*1 col\r is a m]e supplem5t4 ,titian1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld be told by ,mi*elangelo t he did n "k h[ to draw4 ,! 8object10 i4e41 t :i* c\ld be exactly fix$ by ! drawn outl9e1 ! ne> & mat]ial1 _h 9 fact lo/ its arti/ic actuality2 b1 z ! !ory ( art 0 /ill dom9at$ by ,r5aissance impressions1 !re arose !reupon t /range & int]m9able conflict conc]n+ ! 8=m0 & ! 8cont5t0 ( an art-"w4 ,mis-enunciation ( ! "q has conceal$ its real & deep significance f u4 ,! fir/ po9t = consid]ation %\ld h be5 :e!r pa9t+ 0 to be conceiv$ ( pla/ically or musically1 z a /atic ( ?+s or z a dynamic ( space 7= 9 ?is lies ! ess5ce ( ! opposition betwe5 fresco & oil te*nique71 & ! second po9t1 ! opposition ( ,classical & ,fau/ian _w-feel+4 ,outl9es def9e ! mat]ial1 :ile col\r-tones int]pret space4#caj ,b ! picture ( ! fir/ ord] belongs to directly s5sible nature-- x n>rates4 ,space1 on ! contr>y1 is by its v ess5ce transc5d5t & addresses itself to our imag9ative p[]s1 & 9 an art t is "u its suz]a9ty1 ! n>rative elem5t enfeebles & obscures ! m pr(\nd t5d5cy4 ,h5ce x is t ! !ori/1 able to feel ! secret di%>mony b misund]/&+ x1 cl+s to ! sup]ficial opposition ( cont5t & =m4 ,! problem is purely a ,we/]n "o1 & reveals mo/ /rik+ly ! complete inv]sion 9 ! significance ( pictorial elem5ts t took place :5 ! ,r5aissance clos$ d[n & in/rum5tal music ( ! gr& /yle came to ! front4 ,= ! ,classical m9d no problem ( =m & cont5t 9 ?is s5se c\ld exi/2 9 an ,attic /atue ! two are completely id5tical & id5tifi$ 9 ! human body4 ,! case ( ,b>oque pa9t+ is fur!r complicat$ by ! fact t x involves an opposition ( ord9>y popul> feel+ & ! f9] s5sibility4 ,ev]y?+ ,euclidean & tangible is also popul>1 & ! g5u9ely popul> art is !re=e ! ,classical4 ,x is v l>gely ! feel+ ( ?is popul> "* 9 x t con/itutes its indescribable *>m = ! ,fau/ian intellects t h to fight = self-expression1 to w9 _! _w by h>d wre/l+4 ,= u1 ! contemplation ( ,classical art & its int5tion is pure refre%m5t3 "h no?+ ne$s to be /ruggl$ =1 ev]y?+ (f]s itself freely4 ,& some?+ ( ! same sort 0 a*iev$ by ! anti-,go?ic t5d5cy ( ,flor5ce4 ,raphael is1 9 _m sides ( 8 creativ5ess1 di/9ctly popul>4 ,b ,rembr&t is n1 _c be1 s4 ,f ,titian pa9t+ becomes m & m esot]ic4 ,s1 too1 poetry4 ,s1 too1 music4 ,& ! ,go?ic p] se _h be5 esot]ic f its v beg9n+s--witness ,dante & ,wolfram4 ,! masses ( ,okeghem & ,pale/r9a1 or ( ,ba* = t matt]1 7 nev] intelligible to ! av]age memb] ( ! congregation4 ,ord9>y p are bor$ by ,moz>t & ,bee?ov51 & reg>d music g5]ally z some?+ = :i* "o is or is n 9 ! mood4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( int]e/ 9 ^! matt]s has be5 induc$ by conc]t room & gall]y s9ce ! age ( enlight5m5t inv5t$ ! phrase 8art = all40 ,b ,fau/ian art is n1 & by v ess5ce _c be1 8= all40 ,if mod]n pa9t+ has ceas$ to appeal to any b a small 7& ev] decreas+7 circle ( connoisseurs1 x is because x has turn$ away f ! pa9t+ ( ?+s t ! man 9 ! /reet c und]/&4 ,x has transf]r$ ! prop]ty ( actuality f cont5ts to space--! space ?r\gh :i* alone1 accord+ to ,kant1 ?+s are4 ,& ) t a difficult metaphysical elem5t has ent]$ into pa9t+1 & ?is elem5t does n give itself away to ! layman4 ,= ,phidias1 on ! contr>y1 ! ^w 8lay0 w\ld h _h no mean+4 ,8 sculpture appeal$ entirely to ! bodily & n to ! spiritual eye4 ,an art )\t space is a priori unphilosophical4 ,,vii ,) ?is is connect$ an important pr9ciple ( composition4 ,9 a picture x is possible to set ! ?+s inorganically above "o ano!r or side by side or beh9d "o ano!r )\t any emphasis ( p]spective or int]relation1 i4e41 )\t insi/+ ^u ! dep5d5ce ( _! actuality ^u ! /ructure ( space :i* does n necess>ily mean t ?is dep5d5ce is d5i$4 ,primitive m5 & *ildr5 draw ?us1 be=e _! dep?-exp]i5ce has br\ght ! s5se- impressions ( _! _w m or less into fundam5tal ord]4 ,b ?is ord] diff]s 9 ! diff]5t ,cultures accord+ to ! prime symbols ( ^! ,cultures4 ,! sort ( p]spective composition t is s self- evid5t to u is a p>ticul> case1 & x is nei!r recogniz$ nor int5d$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( any o!r ,culture4 ,egyptian art *ose to repres5t simultane\s ev5ts 9 sup]pos$ ranks1 !reby elim9at+ ! ?ird dim5sion f ! look ( ! picture4 ,! ,apoll9ian art plac$ figures & gr\ps sep>ately1 ) a delib]ate avoidance ( space-&-"t relations 9 ! plane ( repres5tation4 ,polygnotus's frescoes 9 ! ,les*e ( ! ,cnidians at ,delphi are a celebrat$ in/ance ( ?is4 ,!re is no backgr\nd to connect ! individual sc5es--= su* a backgr\nd w\ld h be5 a *all5ge to ! pr9ciple t ?+s alone are actual & space non-exi/5t4 ,! p$im5t ( ! g9a temple1 ! procession ( gods on ! ,franois ,vase & ! ,frieze ( ! ,giants ( ,p]gamum are all compos$ z me&]-syn!ses ( sep>ate & int]*angeable motives1 )\t organic "*4 ,x is only ) ! ,hell5i/ic age 7! ,telephus ,frieze ( ! alt> ( ,p]gamum is ! e>lie/ example t has be5 pres]v$7 t ! un-,classical motive ( ! consi/5t s]ies comes into exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 o!rs1 ! feel+ ( ! ,r5aissance 0 truly ,go?ic4 ,x did inde$ c>ry gr\p-composition to su* a pit* ( p]fection t its "w rema9s ! patt]n = all foll[+ ages4 ,b ! ord] ( x all proce$$ out ( space4 ,9 ! la/ analysis1 x 0 a sil5t music ( col\r-illum9$ ext5sion t creat$ )9 itself light-resi/ances1 :i* ! und]/&+ eye c\ld grasp z ?+s & z exi/5ce1 & c\ld set m>*+ ) an invisible sw+ & rhy?m out into ! di/ance4 ,& ) ?is spatial ord]+1 ) its unrem>k$ sub/itution ( air-& light-p]spective = l9e-p]spective1 ! ,r5aissance 0 already1 9 ess5ce1 defeat$4 ,& n[ f ! end ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,orl&o ,lasso & ,pale/r9a "r up to ,wagn]1 f ,titian "r up to ,manet & ,m>es & ,leibl1 great musicians & great pa9t]s foll[$ close ^u "o ano!r :ile ! pla/ic art sank into entire insignificance4 ,oil-pa9t+ & in/rum5tal music evolve organically t[>ds aims t 7 compreh5d$ 9 ! ,go?ic & a*iev$ 9 ! ,b>oque4 ,bo? arts-- ,fau/ian 9 ! highe/ s5se--are )9 ^? limits prime ph5om5a4 ,!y h a s\l1 a physiognomy & !re=e a hi/ory4 ,& 9 ?is !y are alone4 ,all t sculpture c\ld !nce=w>d a*ieve 0 a few beautiful incid5tal pieces 9 ! %ad[ ( pa9t+1 g>d5-art1 or ar*itecture4 ,! art ( ! ,we/ _h no real ne$ ( !m4 ,!re 0 no long] a /yle ( pla/ic 9 ! s5se t !re 7 /yles ( pa9t+ or music4 ,no consi/5t tradition or necess>y unity l9ks ! works ( ,mad]na1 ,g\jon1 ,puget & ,s*lt]4 ,ev5 ,leon>do beg9s to despise ! *isel outright3 at mo/ he w admit ! bronze ca/1 & t on acc\nt ( its pictorial advantages4 ,!re9 he diff]s f ,mi*elangelo1 = :om ! m>ble block 0 /ill ! true elem5t4 ,& yet ev5 ,mi*elangelo 9 8 old age c\ld no long] succe$ ) ! pla/ic1 & none ( ! lat] sculptors are great 9 ! s5se t ,rembr&t & ,ba* are great4 ,!re 7 clev] & ta/eful p]=mances no d\bt1 b n "o s+le "w ( ! same ord] z ! 8,night ,wat*0 or ! 8,mat!w ,passion10 no?+ t expresses1 z ^! express1 ! :ole dep? ( a :ole mank9d4 ,?is art _h fall5 out ( ! de/9y ( ! ,culture4 ,its spee* meant no?+ n[4 ,:at !re is 9 a ,rembr&t portrait simply _c be r5d]$ 9 a bu/4 ,n[ & !n a sculptor ( p[] arises1 l ,b]n9i or ! ma/]s ( ! contempor>y ,spani% s*ool1 or ,pigalle or ,rod9 7none ( :om1 naturally1 transc5d$ ! decorative & atta9$ ! level ( gr& symbolism71 b su* an arti/ is always visibly ei!r a belat$ imitator ( ! ,r5aissance l ,?orwalds51 a disguis$ pa9t] l ,h\don or ,rod91 an ar*itect l ,b]n9i & ,s*lt] or a decorator l ,coysevox4 ,& 8 v appe>ance on ! sc5e only %[s ! m cle>ly t ?is art1 incapable ( c>ry+ ! ,fau/ian burd51 has no long] a mission--& !re=e no long] a s\l or a life-hi/ory ( specific /yle-developm5t--9 ! ,fau/ian _w4 ,9 ! ,classical _w1 correspond+ly1 music 0 ! art t fail$4 ,beg9n+ ) probably q important advances 9 ! e>lie/ ,doric1 x _h to give way 9 ! ripe c5turies ( ,ionic 7#fej-cej7 to ! two truly ,apoll9ian arts1 sculpture & fresco2 r5\nc+ h>mony & polyphony1 x _h to r5\nce !re) any pret5sions to organic developm5t z a high] art4 ,,viii ,! /rict /yle 9 ,classical pa9t+ limit$ its palette to yell[1 r$1 black & :ite4 ,?is s+ul> fact 0 obs]v$ long ago1 &1 s9ce ! explanation 0 only s\ght = 9 sup]ficial & def9itely mat]ial causes1 wild hypo!ses 7 br\ght =w>d to acc\nt = x1 e4g41 a suppos$ col\r-bl9dness 9 ! ,greeks4 ,ev5 ,nietzs*e discuss$ ?is 7,morg5rte1 #dbf74 ,b :y did ?is pa9t+ 9 its great days avoid blue & ev5 blue- gre51 & only beg9 ! gamut ( p]missible tones at gre5i%-yell[ & blui%-r$8 ,x is n t ! anci5t arti/s did n "k ( blue & its effect4 ,! metopes ( _m temples _h blue backgr\nds s t !y %\ld appe> deep 9 contra/ ) ! triglyphs2 & trade- pa9t+ us$ all ! col\rs t 7 te*nically available4 ,!re are au!ntic blue horses 9 ar*aic ,acropolis "w & ,etruscan tomb- pa9t+2 & a bright blue col\r+ ( ! hair 0 q common4 ,! ban ^u x 9 ! high] art 01 )\t a d\bt1 impos$ ^u ! ,euclidean s\l by its prime symbol4 ,blue & gre5 are ! col\rs ( ! heav5s1 ! sea1 ! fruitful pla91 ! %ad[ ( ! ,s\!rn noon1 ! ev5+1 ! remote m\nta9s4 ,!y are ess5tially atmosph]ic & n sub/antial col\rs4 ,!y are cold1 !y disembody1 & !y evoke impressions ( expanse & di/ance & b\ndlessness4 ,= ?is reason !y 7 kept out ( ! frescoes ( ,polygnotus4 ,& = ?is reason also1 an 8inf9itesimal0 blue-to-gre5 is ! space- creat+ elem5t ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( our p]spective oil-pa9t+1 f ! ,v5etians "r into ! #ai? ,c5tury2 x is ! basic & supremely important tone :i* supports ! ensemble ( ! int5d$ col\r-effect1 z ! basso cont9uo supports ! or*e/ra1 :]eas ! w>m yell[ & r$ tones are put on sp>+ly & 9 dep5d5ce ^u ?is basic tone4 ,x is n ! full1 gorge\s & famili> gre5 t ,raphael & ,dr] sometimes--& seldom at t--use = drap]ies1 b an indef9ite blue-gre5 ( a ?\s& nuances into :ite & grey & br[n2 some?+ deeply musical1 into :i* 7notably 9 ,gobel9 tape/ry7 ! :ole atmosph]e is plung$4 ,t quality :i* we h nam$ a]ial p]spective 9 contra/ to l9e>--& might also h call$ ,b>oque p]spective 9 contra/ to ,r5aissance--re/s almo/ exclusively ^u ?is4 ,we f9d x ) m & m int5se dep?- effect 9 ,leon>do1 ,gu]c9o1 ,albani 9 ! case ( ,italy1 & 9 ,ruysdael & ,hobbema 9 t ( ,holl&1 b1 above all1 9 ! great ,fr5* pa9t]s1 f ,p\ss9 & ,claude ,lorra9 & ,watteau to ,corot4 ,blue1 equally a p]spective col\r1 always /&s 9 relation to ! d>k1 ! unillum9$1 ! unactual4 ,x does n press 9 on u1 x pulls u out into ! remote4 ,an 8en*ant+ no?+ness0 ,goe! calls x 9 8 ,f>b5lehre4 ,blue & gre5 are transc5d5t1 spiritual1 non-s5su\s col\rs4 ,!y are miss+ 9 ! /rict ,attic fresco & !re=e dom9ant 9 oil- pa9t+4 ,yell[ & r$1 ! ,classical col\rs1 are ! col\rs ( ! mat]ial1 ! ne>1 ! full-blood$4 ,r$ is ! *>act]i/ic col\r ( sexuality--h5ce x is ! only col\r t works ^u ! bea/s4 ,x mat*es be/ ! ,phallus-symbol--& !re=e ! /atue & ! ,doric column--b x is pure blue t e!realizes ! ,madonna's mantle4 ,?is relation ( ! col\rs has e/abli%$ itself 9 e great s*ool z a deep-felt necessity4 ,violet1 a r$ succumb+ to blue1 is ! col\r ( wom5 no long] fruitful & ( prie/s liv+ 9 celibacy4 ,yell[ & r$ are ! popul> col\rs1 ! col\rs ( ! cr[d1 ( *ildr51 ( wom51 & ( savages4 ,among/ ! ,v5etians & ! ,spani>ds high p]sonages affect$ a spl5did black or blue1 ) an unconsci\s s5se ( ! alo(ness inh]5t 9 ^! col\rs4 ,= r$ & yell[1 ! ,apoll9ian1 ,euclidean-poly!i/ic col\rs1 belong to ! =egr\nd ev5 9 respect ( social life2 !y are meet = ! noisy he>ty m>ket-days & holidays1 ! nave imm$iat5ess ( a life subject to ! bl9d *ances ( ! ,classical ,fatum1 ! po9t- exi/5ce4 ,b blue & gre5--! ,fau/ian1 mono!i/ic col\rs--are ^? ( lonel9ess1 ( c>e1 ( a pres5t t is relat$ to a pa/ & a future1 ( de/9y z ! disp5sation gov]n+ ! univ]se f )94 ,! relation ( ,%akespe>ian de/9y to space & ( ,sophoclean to ! individual body has already be5 /at$ 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,all ! g5u9ely transc5d5t ,cultures--t is all ^: prime-symbol requires ! ov]com+ ( ! app>5t1 ! life ( /ruggle & n t ( acceptance--h ! same metaphysical incl9ation to space z to blues & blacks4 ,!re are pr(\nd obs]vations on ! connexion betwe5 ideas ( space & ! mean+ ( col\r 9 ,goe!'s /udies ( 8entoptic col\rs0 9 ! atmosph]e2 ! symbolism t is enunciat$ by him 9 ! ,f>b5lehre & t :i* we h d$uc$ "h f ! ideas ( ,space & ,de/9y are 9 complete agreem5t4 ,! mo/ significant use ( dusky gre5 z ! col\r ( de/9y is ,grnewald's4 ,! indescribable p[] ( space 9 8 nights is equall$ only by ,rembr&t's4 ,& ! ?\ght sugge/s itself "h1 is x possible to say t 8 blui%-gre51 ! col\r 9 :i* ! int]ior ( a great ca!dral is s (t5 clo!d1 is ! specifically ,ca?olic col\r8--x be+ und]/ood t we mean by 8,ca?olic0 /rictly ! ,fau/ian ,*ri/ianity 7) ! ,eu*>i/ z its c5tre7 t 0 f\nd$ 9 ! ,lat]an ,c\ncil ( #abae & fulfill$ 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,?is col\r ) its sil5t gr&eur is z remote f ! respl5d5t gold-gr\nd ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian-,byzant9e pictures z x is f ! gay1 loquaci\s 8pagan0 col\rs ( ! pa9t$ ,hell5ic temples & /atues4 ,x is to be not$ t ! effect ( ?is col\r1 entirely unlike t ( yell[ & r$1 dep5ds ^u "w be+ exhibit$ indoors4 ,classical pa9t+ is emphatically a public art1 ,we/]n j z emphatically a /udio-art4 ,! :ole ( our great oil- pa9t+1 f ,leon>do to ! end ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 is n meant = ! bright light ( day4 ,"h once m we meet ! same opposition z t betwe5 *amb]-music & ! free-/&+ /atue4 ,! climatic explanation ( ! diff]5ce is m]ely sup]ficial2 ! example ( ,egyptian pa9t+ w\ld suffice to disprove x if dispro( 7 necess>y at all4 ,inf9ite space meant = ,classical feel+ complete no?+ness1 & ! use ( blue & gre51 ) _! p[]s ( dissolv+ ! ne> & creat+ ! f>1 w\ld h be5 a *all5ge to ! absolutism ( ! =egr\nd & its unit-bodies1 & !re=e to ! v mean+ & int5t ( ,apoll9ian art4 ,to ! ,apoll9ian eye1 pictures 9 ! col\rs ( ,watteau w\ld h be5 de/itute ( all ess5ce1 ?+s ( almo/ inexpressible empt9ess & untru?4 ,by ^! col\rs ! visually-p]ceiv$ light-reflect+ surface ( ! picture is made effectively to r5d]1 n circumscrib$ ?+s1 b circumambi5t space4 ,& t is :y !y are miss+ 9 ,greece & dom9ant 9 ! ,we/4 ,,ix ,arabian art br\ght ! ,magian _w-feel+ to expression by means ( ! gold gr\nd ( its mosaics & pictures4 ,some?+ ( ! uncanny wiz>dry ( ?is1 & by implication ( its symbolic purpose1 is kn[n to u ?r\gh ! mosaics ( ,rav5na1 9 ! "w ( ! ,e>ly ,rh5i% & especially ,nor? ,italian ma/]s :o 7 /ill entirely "u ! influ5ce ( ,lomb>do-,byzant9e models1 & la/ b n lea/ 9 ! ,go?ic book-illu/rations ( :i* ! ar*etypes 7 ! ,byzant9e purple codices4 ,9 ?is in/ance we c /udy ! s\l ( ?ree ,cultures work+ ^u v simil> tasks 9 v dissimil> ways4 ,! ,apoll9ian ,culture recogniz$ z actual only t :i* 0 imm$iately pres5t 9 "t & place--& ?us x repudiat$ ! backgr\nd z pictorial elem5t4 ,! ,fau/ian /rove ?r\gh all s5su\s b>ri]s t[>ds inf9ity--& x project$ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! pictorial idea into ! di/ance by means ( p]spective4 ,! ,magian felt all happ5+ z an expression ( my/]i\s p[]s t fill$ ! _w-cav]n ) _! spiritual sub/ance--& x %ut (f ! depict$ sc5e ) a gold backgr\nd1 t is1 by some?+ t /ood beyond & outside all nature-col\rs4 ,gold is n a col\r4 ,z comp>$ ) simple yell[1 x produces a complicat$ s5se-impression1 ?r\gh ! metallic1 diffuse refulg5ce t is g5]at$ by its gl[+ surface4 ,col\rs--:e!r col\r$ sub/ance incorporat$ ) ! smoo!d wall-face 7fresco7 or pigm5t appli$ ) ! bru%--are natural4 ,b ! metallic gleam1 :i* is practically nev] f\nd 9 natural conditions1 is une>?ly4#caa ,x recalls impressively ! o!r symbols ( ! ,culture1 ,al*emy & ,kabbala1 ! ,philosoph]s' ,/one1 ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ! ,arabesque1 ! inn] =m ( ! tales ( ! 8,?\s& & ,"o ,nights40 ,! gleam+ gold takes away f ! sc5e1 ! life & ! body _! sub/antial be+4 ,ev]y?+ t 0 taught 9 ! circle ( ,plot9us or by ! ,gno/ics z to ! nature ( ?+s1 _! indep5d5ce ( space1 _! accid5tal causes--notions p>adoxical & almo/ un9telligible to our _w-feel+--is implicit also 9 ! symbolism ( ?is my/]i\s hi]atic backgr\nd4 ,! nature ( bodies 0 a pr9cipal subject ( controv]sy among/ ,neo-,py?agoreans & ,neo- ,platoni/s1 z x 0 lat] 9 ! s*ools ( ,baghdad & ,basra4 ,suhraw>di di/+ui%es ext5sion1 z ! prim>y exi/5ce ( ! body1 f wid? & height & dep? z its accid5ts4 ,nazzm pron\nc$ aga9/ ! corporeal sub/antiality & space-fill+ "* ( ! atom4 ,^! & ! l 7 ! metaphysical notions t1 f ,philo & ,paul to ! la/ great names ( ! ,islamic philosophy1 manife/$ ! ,arabian _w-feel+4 ,!y play$ a decisive "p 9 ! disputes ( ! ,c\ncils ^u ! sub/antiality ( ,*ri/4#cab ,& ?us ! gold backgr\nd possesses1 9 ! iconography ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 an explicit dogmatic significance4 ,x is an express ass]tion ( ! exi/5ce & activity ( ! div9e _s4 ,x repres5ts ! ,arabian =m ( ! ,*ri/ian _w-consci\sness1 & ) su* a deep appropriat5ess t = a ?\s& ye>s ?is treatm5t ( ! backgr\nd 0 held to be ! only "o metaphysically-- & ev5 e?ically--possible & seemly 9 repres5tations ( ! ,*ri/ian leg5d4 ,:5 8natural0 backgr\nds1 ) _! blue-gre5 heav5s1 f> horizons & dep? p]spective1 began to appe> 9 e>ly ,go?ic1 !y _h at fir/ ! appe>ance ( some?+ pr(ane & worldly4 ,! *ange ( dogma t !y impli$ 01 if n ackn[l$g$1 at any rate felt1 witness ! tape/ry backgr\nds ) :i* ! real dep? ( space 0 cov]$ up by a pi\s awe t disguis$ :at x d>$ n exhibit4 ,we h se5 h[ j at ?is "t1 :5 ! ,fau/ian 7,g]man-,ca?olic7 ,*ri/ianity atta9$ to consci\sness ( itself ?r\gh ! in/itution ( ! sacram5t ( ,contrition--a new religion 9 ! old g>b--! t5d5cy to p]spective1 col\r1 & ! ma/]+ ( a]ial space 9 ! art ( ! ,franciscans#cac trans=m$ ! :ole mean+ ( pa9t+4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,we/ is relat$ to t ( ! ,ea/ z ! symbol ( p]spective to ! symbol ( gold-gr\nd--& ! f9al s*ism took place almo/ at ! same mom5t 9 ,*ur* & 9 ,art4 ,! l&scape-backgr\nd ( ! depict$ sc5e & ! dynamic inf9it5ess ( ,god 7 compreh5d$ at ! same mom5t2 &1 simultane\sly ) ! gold gr\nd ( ! sacr$ picture1 !re vani%$ f ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,we/ t ,magian1 ontological problem ( ,godhead :i* _h s passionately agitat$ ,nica1 ,ephesus1 ,*alc$on & all ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,ea/4 ,x ,! ,v5etians discov]$1 & introduc$ into oil-pa9t+ z a space- =m+ & quasi-musical motive1 ! h&writ+ ( ! visible bru%- /roke4 ,! ,flor5t9e ma/]s _h nev] at any "t *all5g$ ! fa%ion--w\ld-be ,classical & yet 9 ,go?ic employ--( smoo?+ out all turns ( ! bru% s z to produce pure1 cleanly-outl9$ & ev5 col\r-surfaces4 ,9 consequ5ce1 _! pictures h a c]ta9 air ( be+1 some?+ felt1 unmi/akably1 z ! opposite ( ! inh]5t motion-quality ( ! ,go?ic expression-means t 7 /orm+ 9 f ov] ! ,alps4 ,! #ae?-,c5tury mann] ( apply+ col\r is a d5ial ( pa/ & future4 ,x is only 9 ! bru%work1 :i* rema9s p]man5tly visible &1 9 a way1 p]5nially fre%1 t ! hi/orical feel+ comes out4 ,our desire is to see 9 ! "w ( ! pa9t] n m]ely some?+ t has become b some?+ t is becom+4 ,& ?is is precisely :at ! ,r5aissance want$ to avoid4 ,a piece ( ,p]ug9o drap]y tells u no?+ ( its arti/ic orig92 x is ready-made1 giv51 simply pres5t4 ,b ! individual bru%-/rokes-- fir/ met ) z a complete new =m-language 9 ! lat] "w ( ,titian--are acc5ts ( a p]sonal temp]am5t1 *>act]i/ic 9 ! or*e/ra-col\rs ( ,montev]de1 melodically-fl[+ z a contempor>y ,v5etian madrigal3 /reaks & dabs1 imm$iately juxtapos$1 cross "o ano!r1 cov] "o ano!r1 entangle "o ano!r1 & br+ un5d+ movem5t into ! pla9 elem5t ( col\r4 ,j s ! geometrical ,analysis ( ! "t made its objects become in/ead ( be+4 ,e pa9t+ has 9 its execution a hi/ory & does n disguise x2 & a ,fau/ian :o /&s be=e x feels t he too has a spiritual evolution4 ,be=e any great l&scape by a ,b>oque ma/]1 ! "o ^w 8hi/orical0 is en\gh to make u feel t !re is a mean+ 9 x :olly ali5 to ! mean+ ( an ,attic /atue4 ,z o!r melody1 s also ?is ( ! re/less outl9eless bru%-/roke is "p ( ! dynamic /ability ( ! univ]se ( et]nal ,becom+1 directional ,"t1 & ,de/9y4 ,! opposition ( pa9t+-/yle & draw+-/yle is b a p>ticul> aspect ( ! g5]al opposition ( hi/orical & ahi/orical =m1 ( ass]tion & d5ial ( inn] developm5t1 ( et]nity & in/antaneity4 ,a ,classical art-"w is an ev5t1 a ,we/]n is a de$4 ,! "o symbolizes ! "h-&-n[ po9t1 ! o!r ! liv+ c\rse4 ,& ! physiognomy ( ?is script ( ! bru%--an ornam5tation t is entirely new1 inf9itely ri* & p]sonal1 & peculi> to ! ,we/]n ,culture--is purely & simply musical4 ,x is no m]e conceit to comp>e ! allegro f]oce ( ,frans ,hals ) ! &ante con moto ( ,van ,dyck1 or ! m9or ( ,gu]c9o ) ! major ( ,velasquez4 ,h5ce=w>d ! notion ( tempo is compris$ 9 ! execution ( a pa9t+ & /eadily rem9ds u t ?is art is ! art ( a s\l :i*1 9 contra/ to ! ,classical1 =gets no?+ & w let no?+ be =gott5 t once 04 ,! ary web ( bru%-/rokes imm$iately dissolves ! s5sible surface ( ?+s4 ,cont\rs melt into *i>oscuro4 ,! behold] has to /& a v long way back to obta9 any corporeal impression out ( our col\r$ space values1 & ev5 s x is always ! *romatic & active air itself t gives bir? to ! ?+s4 ,at ! same "t ) ?is1 !re appe>$ 9 ,we/]n pa9t+ ano!r symbol ( highe/ significance1 :i* subdu$ m & m ! actuality ( all col\r--! 8/udio-br[n0 7ateli]braun74 ,?is 0 unkn[n to ! e>ly ,flor5t9es & ! old] ,flemi% & ,rh5i% ma/]s alike4 ,pa*]1 ,dr]1 ,holbe91 passionately /rong z _! t5d5cy t[>ds spatial dep? seems1 are q )\t x1 & its reign beg9s only ) ! la/ ye>s ( ! #af? ,c5tury4 ,?is br[n does n repudiate its desc5t f ! 8inf9itesimal0 gre5s ( ,leon>do's1 ,s*ngau]'s & ,grnewald's backgr\nds1 b x possesses a mighti] p[] ov] ?+s ?an !y1 & x c>ries ! battle ( ,space aga9/ ,matt] to a decisive close4 ,x ev5 prevails ov] ! m primitive l9e> p]spective1 :i* is unable to %ake (f its ,r5aissance association ) ar*itectural motives4 ,betwe5 x & ! ,impressioni/ te*nique ( ! visible bru%-/roke !re is an endur+ & deeply sugge/ive connexion4 ,bo? 9 ! end dissolve ! tangible exi/5ces ( ! s5se-_w--! _w ( mom5ts & =egr\nds--into atmosph]ic semblances4 ,l9e disappe>s f ! tone-picture4 ,! ,magian gold-gr\nd _h only dream$ ( a my/ic p[] t controll$ & at w c\ld ?ru/ aside ! laws gov]n+ corporeal exi/5ce )9 ! _w-cav]n4 ,b ! br[n ( ^! pictures op5$ a prospect into an inf9ity ( pure =ms4 ,& !re=e its discov]y m>ks = ! ,we/]n /yle a culm9ation 9 ! process ( its becom+4 ,z contra/$ ) ! prec$+ gre51 ?is col\r has some?+ ,prote/ant 9 x4 ,x anticipates ! hyp]bolic#cad ,nor!rn pan!ism ( ! #ah? ,c5tury :i* ! ,ar*angels voice 9 ! ,prologue ( ,goe!'s 8,fau/40#cae ,! atmosph]e ( ,le> & ! atmosph]e ( ,macbe? are ak9 to x4 ,! contempor>y /riv+ ( in/rum5tal music t[>ds fre] & ev] fre] *romatics 7de ,rore1 ,luca ,m>5zio7 & t[>ds ! =mation ( bodies ( tone by means ( /r+ & w9d *oruses corresponds exactly ) ! new t5d5cy ( oil-pa9t+ to create pictorial *romatics out ( pure col\rs1 by means ( ^! unlimit$ br[n %ad+s & ! contra/-effect ( imm$iately juxtapos$ col\r-/rokes4 ,!reaft] bo? ! arts spread ?r\gh _! worlds ( tones & col\rs--col\r-tones & tone-col\rs--an atmosph]e ( ! pure/ spatiality1 :i* envelop$ & r5d]$1 no long] body-- ! human be+ z a %ape--b ! s\l unconf9$4 ,& ?us 0 atta9$ ! inw>dness t 9 ! deepe/ works ( ,rembr&t & ( ,bee?ov5 is able to unlock ! la/ secrets !mselves--! inw>dness :i* ,apoll9ian man _h s\ght ) 8 /rictly somatic art to keep at bay4 ,f n[ onw>d1 ! old =egr\nd-col\rs yell[ & r$--! ,classical tones--are employ$ m & m r>ely & always z delib]ate contra/s to ! di/ances & dep?s t !y are meant to set (f & emphasize 7,v]me] 9 p>ticul>1 besides ( c\rse ,rembr&t74 ,?is atmosph]ic br[n1 :i* 0 entirely ali5 to ! ,r5aissance1 is ! unreale/ col\r t !re is4 ,x is ! "o major col\r t does n exi/ 9 ! ra9b[4 ,!re is :ite light1 & yell[ & gre51 & r$ & o!r light ( ! mo/ entire purity4 ,b a pure br[n light is outside ! possibilities ( ! ,nature t we "k4 ,all ! gre5i%-br[n1 silv]y1 moi/ br[n1 & deep gold tones t appe> 9 _! spl5did v>iety ) ,giorgione1 gr[ bold] & bold] 9 ! great ,dut* pa9t]s & lose !mselves t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 h ! common quality t !y /rip nature ( h] tangible actuality4 ,!y conta91 !re=e1 :at is almo/ a religi\s pr(ession ( fai?2 we feel t "h we are n v f> f ,port ,royal1 f ,leibniz4 ,) ,con/able on ! o!r h&--:o is ! f\nd] ( ! pa9t+ ( ,civilization--x is a diff]5t w t seeks expression2 & ! v br[n t he _h le>nt f ! ,dut* meant to him n :at x _h meant to !m--,de/9y1 ,god1 ! mean+ ( life-- b simply romance1 s5sibility1 ye>n+ = some?+ t 0 gone1 memorial ( ! great pa/ ( ! dy+ art4 ,9 ! la/ ,g]man ma/]s too--,less+1 ,m>es1 ,spitzweg1 ,diez1 ,leibl#caf--^: belat$ art is a romantic retrospect1 an epilogue1 ! br[n tones appe> simply z a preci\s heirloom4 ,unwill+ 9 _! he>ts to "p ) ?is la/ relic ( ! great /yle1 !y pref]r$ to set !mselves aga9/ ! evid5t t5d5cy ( _! g5]ation--! s\lless & s\l-kill+ g5]ation ( ple9-air & ,haeckel4 ,rightly und]/ood 7z x has nev] yet be571 ?is battle ( ,rembr&t-br[n & ! ple9-air ( ! new s*ool is simply "o m case ( ! hopeless resi/ance put up by s\l aga9/ intellect & ,culture aga9/ ,civilization1 ( ! opposition ( symbolic necess>y art & megalopolitan 8appli$0 art :i* affects build+ & pa9t+ & sculpture & poetry alike4 ,reg>d$ ?us1 ! significance ( ! br[n becomes manife/ en\gh4 ,:5 x dies1 an entire ,culture dies ) x4 ,x 0 ! ma/]s :o 7 inw>dly greate/--,rembr&t above all--:o be/ und]/ood ?is col\r4 ,x is ! enigmatic br[n ( 8 mo/ tell+ "w1 & its orig9 is 9 ! deep lights ( ,go?ic *ur*- w9d[s & ! twilight ( ! high-vault$ ,go?ic nave4 ,& ! gold tone ( ! great ,v5etians--,titian1 ,v]onese1 ,palma1 ,giorgione--is always rem9d+ u ( t old p]i%$ ,nor!rn art ( glass pa9t+ ( :i* !y !mselves "k almo/ no?+4 ,"h also ! ,r5aissance ) its delib]ate bodil9ess ( col\r is se5 z m]ely an episode1 an ev5t ( ! v self-consci\s surface1 & n a product ( ! und]ly+ ,fau/ian in/9ct ( ! ,we/]n s\l1 :]eas ?is lum9\s gold-br[n ( ! ,v5etian pa9t+ l9ks ,go?ic & ,b>oque1 ! art ( ! old glass-pa9t+ & ! d>k music ( ,bee?ov54 ,& x co9cides precisely 9 "t ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,b>oque /yle ( col\r- music by ! "w ( ! ,ne!rl&]s ,willa]t & ,cyprian de ,rore1 ! eld] ,gabrieli1 & ! ,v5etian music-s*ool :i* !y f\nd$4 ,br[n1 !n1 became ! *>act]i/ic col\r ( ! s\l1 & m p>ticul>ly ( a hi/orically-dispos$ s\l4 ,nietzs*e has1 ,i ?9k1 spok5 some:]e ( ! 8br[n0 music ( ,bizet1 b ! adjective is f> m appropriate to ! music :i* ,bee?ov5 wrote = /r+s#cag & to ! or*e/ration t ev5 z late z ,bruckn] s (t5 fills space ) a br[ny-gold5 expanse ( tone4 ,all o!r col\rs are relegat$ to ancill>y functions--?us ! bright yell[ & ! v]milion ( ,v]me] intrude ) ! spatial almo/ z ?\gh f ano!r _w & ) an emphasis t is truly metaphysical1 & ! yell[-gre5 & blood-r$ lights ( ,rembr&t seem at mo/ to play ) ! symbolism ( space4 ,9 ,rub5s1 on ! contr>y--brilliant p]=m] b no ?9k]--! br[n is almo/ de/itute ( idea1 a %ad[-col\r4 7,9 him & 9 ,watteau1 ! 8,ca?olic0 blue-gre5 disputes prec$5ce ) ! br[n47 ,all ?is %[s h[ any p>ticul> means may1 9 ! h&s ( m5 ( inw>d dep?1 become a symbol = ! evocation ( su* high transc5d5ce z t ( ! ,rembr&t l&scape1 :ile = o!r great ma/]s x may be m]ely a s]viceable te*nical exp$i5t--or 9 o!r words t 7z we h already se57 te*nical 8=m10 9 ! !oretical s5se ( some?+ oppos$ to 8cont5t10 has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! real & true =m ( a great "w4 ,i h call$ br[n a hi/orical col\r4 ,by ?is is meant t x makes ! atmosph]e ( ! pictur$ space signify direct$ness & future1 & ov]p[]s ! ass]tiv5ess ( any in/antane\s elem5t t may be repres5t$4 ,! o!r col\rs ( di/ance h also ?is significance1 & !y lead to an important1 consid]able & di/9ctly biz>re ext5sion ( ! ,we/]n symbolism4 ,! ,hell5es _h 9 ! end come to pref] bronze & ev5 gilt-bronze to ! pa9t$ m>ble1 ! bett] to express 7by ! radiance ( ?is ph5om5on aga9/ a deep blue sky7 ! idea ( ! individualness ( any & e corporeal ?+4#cah ,n[1 :5 ! ,r5aissance dug ^! /atues up1 x f\nd !m black & gre5 ) ! pat9a ( _m c5turies4 ,! hi/oric _s1 ) its piety & long+1 fa/5$ on to ?is--& f t "t =? our =m-feel+ has canoniz$ ?is black & gre5 ( di/ance4 ,to-day our eye f9ds x indisp5sable to ! enjoym5t ( a bronze--an ironical illu/ration ( ! fact t ?is :ole species ( art is some?+ t no long] conc]ns u z su*4 ,:at does a ca!dral dome or a bronze figure mean to u )\t ! pat9a :i* transmutes ! %ort-range brilliance into ! tone ( remot5ess ( "t & place8 ,h we n got to ! po9t ( artificially produc+ ?is pat9a8#cai ,b ev5 m ?an ?is is involv$ 9 ! ennoblem5t ( decay to ! level ( an art-means ( indep5d5t significance4 ,t a ,greek w\ld h reg>d$ ! =mation ( pat9a z ! ru9 ( ! "w1 we c h>dly d\bt4 ,x is n m]ely t ! col\r gre51 on acc\nt ( its 8di/ant0 quality1 0 avoid$ by him on spiritual gr\nds4 ,pat9a is a symbol ( mortality & h5ce relat$ 9 a rem>kable way to ! symbols ( "t-measurem5t & ! fun]al rite4 ,we h already 9 an e>li] *apt] discuss$ ! wi/ful reg>d ( ! ,fau/ian s\l = ru9s & evid5ces ( ! di/ant pa/1 its pron5ess to ! collection ( antiquities & manuscripts & co9s1 to pilgrimages to ! ,=um ,romanum & to ,pompeii1 to excavations & philological /udies1 :i* appe>s z e>ly z ! "t ( ,petr>*4 ,:5 w\ld x h occurr$ to a ,greek to bo!r himself ) ! ru9s ( ,cnossus or ,tiryns8#cbj ,e ,greek knew 8 8,iliad0 b n "o ev] ?\ght ( digg+ up ! hill ( ,troy4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 are mov$ by a secret piety to pres]ve ! aqu$ucts ( ! ,campagna1 ! ,etruscan tombs1 ! ru9s ( ,luxor & ,k>nak1 ! crumbl+ ca/les ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ,roman ,limes1 ,h]sfeld & ,paul9zella f becom+ m]e rubbi%--b we keep !m z ru9s1 feel+ 9 "s subtle way t recon/ruction w\ld deprive !m ( some?+1 indef9able 9 t]ms1 t c nev] be reproduc$4#cba ,no?+ 0 fur!r f ! ,classical m9d ?an ?is rev]5ce = ! wea!r-beat5 evid5ces ( a once & a =m]ly4 ,x cle>$ out ( sight ev]y?+ t did n speak ( ! pres5t2 nev] 0 ! old pres]v$ because x 0 old4 ,aft] ! ,p]sians _h de/roy$ old ,a!ns1 ! citiz5s ?rew columns1 /atues1 reliefs1 brok5 or n1 ov] ! ,acropolis wall1 9 ord] to />t afre% ) a clean slate--& ! resultant scrap-heaps h be5 our ri*e/ s\rces = ! art ( ! #f? ,c5tury4 ,_! action 0 q 9 keep+ ) ! /yle ( a ,culture t rais$ cremation to ! rank ( a major symbol & refus$ ) scorn to b9d daily life to a *ronology4 ,our *oice has be51 z usual1 ! opposite4 ,! h]oic l&scape ( ! ,claude ,lorra9 type is inconceivable )\t ru9s4 ,! ,engli% p>k ) its atmosph]ic sugge/ion1 :i* supplant$ ! ,fr5* ab\t #agej & ab&on$ ! great p]spective idea ( ! latt] 9 fav\r ( ! 8,nature0 ( ,addison1 ,pope & s5sibility1 introduc$ into its /ock ( motives p]haps ! mo/ a/oni%+ biz>r]ie ev] p]petrat$1 ! artificial ru91 9 ord] to deep5 ! hi/orical "* 9 ! pres5t$ l&scape4#cbb ,! ,egyptian ,culture re/or$ ! works ( its e>ly p]iod1 b x w\ld nev] h v5tur$ to build ru9s z ! symbols ( ! pa/4 ,aga91 x is n ! ,classical /atue1 b ! ,classical torso t we really love4 ,x has _h a de/9y3 some?+ sugge/ive ( ! pa/ z pa/ envelops x1 & our imag9ation delights to fill ! empty space ( miss+ limbs ) ! pulse & sw+ ( invisible l9es4 ,a good re/oration--& ! secret *>m ( endless possibilities is all gone4 ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t x is only by way ( ?is transposition into ! musical t ! rema9s ( ,classical sculpture c really rea* u4 ,! gre5 bronze1 ! black5$ m>ble1 ! fragm5ts ( a figure aboli% = our inn] eye ! limitations ( "t & space4 8,picturesque0 ?is has be5 call$--! br&-new /atue & build+ & ! too-well-groom$ p>k are n picturesque--& ! ^w is j to ?is ext5t1 t ! deep mean+ ( ?is wea!r+ is ! same z t ( ! /udio-br[n4 ,b1 at bottom1 :at bo? express is ! _s ( in/rum5tal music4 ,w\ld ! ,spe>man ( ,polycletus1 /&+ be=e u 9 fla%+ bronze & ) enamel eyes & gild$ hair1 affect u z x does 9 ! /ate ( black5$ age8 ,w\ld n ! ,vatican torso ( ,h]acles lose its mighty impressiv5ess if1 "o f9e day1 ! miss+ p>ts 7 discov]$ & replac$8 ,& w\ld n ! t[]s & domes ( our old cities lose _! deep metaphysical *>m if !y 7 %ea!d 9 new copp]8 ,age1 = u z = ! ,egyptian1 ennobles all ?+s4 ,= ,classical man1 x depreciates !m4 ,la/ly1 consid] ,we/]n trag$y2 obs]ve h[ ! same feel+ leads x to pref] 8hi/orical0 mat]ial--mean+ !reby n s mu* demon/rably actual or ev5 possible1 b remote & cru/$ subjects4 ,t :i* ! ,fau/ian s\l want$1 & mu/ h1 c\ld n be express$ by any ev5t ( purely mom5t>y mean+1 lack+ 9 di/ance ( "t or place1 or by a tragic art ( ! ,classical k9d1 or by a timeless my?4 ,our trag$ies1 consequ5tly1 are trag$ies ( ! pa/ & ( ! future--! latt] category1 9 :i* m5 yet to be are %[n z c>ri]s ( a ,de/9y1 is repres5t$ 9 a c]ta9 s5se by 8,fau/10 8,pe] ,gynt0 & ! 8,gtt]dmm]ung40 ,b trag$ies ( ! pres5t we h n1 ap>t f ! trivial social drama ( ! #ai? ,c5tury4#cbc ,if ,%akespe>e want$ on occasion to express any?+ ( importance 9 ! pres5t1 he at lea/ remov$ ! sc5e ( x to "s =eign l&--,italy = pref]5ce--9 :i* he _h nev] be51 & ,g]man poets likewise take ,engl& or ,france--always = ! sake ( gett+ rid ( t ne>ness ( "t & place :i* ! ,attic drama emphasiz$ ev5 9 ! case ( a my?ological subject4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,music ,,& ,,pla/ic ,,ii ,,act ,,& ,,portrait ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,music ,,& ,,pla/ic ,,ii ,,act ,,& ,,portrait ,i ,! ,classical has be5 *>act]iz$ z a culture ( ! ,body & ! ,nor!rn z a culture ( ! ,_s1 & n )\t a c]ta9 arrire- p5se ( dispriz+ ! "o 9 fav\r ( ! o!r4 ,?\gh x 0 ma9ly 9 trivialities t ,r5aissance ta/e made its contra/s betwe5 ,classical & ,mod]n1 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian1 yet ev5 ?is might h l$ to decisive discov]ies if only m5 _h se5 h[ to get beh9d =mula to orig9s4 ,if ! environm5t ( a man 7:atev] else x may be7 is ) respect to him a macrocosm ) respect to a microcosm1 an imm5se aggregate ( symbols1 !n ! man himself1 9 s f> z he belongs to ! fabric ( actuality1 9 s f> z he is ph5om5al1 mu/ be compris$ 9 ! g5]al symbolism4 ,b1 9 ! impress ( him made ^u m5 l himself1 :at is x t possesses ! =ce ( ,symbol1 viz41 ! capacity ( summ+ )9 itself & intelligibly pres5t+ ! ess5ce ( t man & ! signification ( 8 be+8 ,art gives ! answ]4 ,b ?is answ] is necess>ily diff]5t 9 diff]5t ,cultures4 ,z ea* lives diff]5tly1 s ea* is diff]5tly impress$ by ,life4 ,= ! mode ( human imag9+--metaphysical1 e?ical1 arti/ic imag9+ alike-- x is m ?an important1 x is det]m9ant t ! individual feels himself z a body among/ bodies or1 on ! contr>y1 z a c5tre 9 endless space2 t he subtilizes 8 ego into lone di/9ctness or1 on ! contr>y1 reg>ds x z sub/antially "p ( ! g5]al cons5sus1 t ! directional "* is ass]t$ or1 on ! contr>y1 d5i$ 9 ! rhy?m & c\rse ( 8 life4 ,9 all ^! ways ! prime-symbol ( ! great ,culture comes to manife/ation3 ?is is inde$ a _w- feel+1 b ! life-ideal con=ms to x4 ,f ! ,classical ideal foll[$ unres]v$ acceptance ( ! s5su\s in/ant1 f ! ,we/]n a n less passionate wre/le to ov]come x4 ,! ,apoll9ian s\l1 ,euclidean & po9t-=m$1 felt ! empirical visible body z ! complete expression ( its own way ( be+2 ! ,fau/ian1 rov+ into all di/ances1 f\nd ?is expression n 9 p]son1 1 b 9 p]sonality1 "*1 call x :at y w4 8,s\l0 = ! real ,hell5e 0 9 la/ analysis ! =m ( 8 body--& ?us ,ari/otle def9$ x4 8,body0 = ,fau/ian man 0 ! vessel ( ! s\l--& ?us ,goe! felt x4 ,b ! result ( ?is is t ,culture & ,culture diff] v greatly 9 _! selection & =mation ( _! humane arts4 ,:ile ,gluck expresses ! woe ( ,armida by a melody comb9$ ) dre> gnaw+ tones 9 ! in/rum5tal accompanim5t1 ! same is a*iev$ 9 ,p]gam5e sculptures by mak+ e muscle speak4 ,! ,hell5i/ic portraiture tries to draw a spiritual type 9 ! /ructure ( its heads4 ,9 ,*9a ! heads ( ! ,sa9ts ( ,l+-yan-si tell ( a :olly p]sonal inn] life by _! look & ! play ( ! corn]s ( ! m\?4 ,! ,classical t5d5cy t[>ds mak+ ! body ! sole spokesman is emphatically n ! result ( any c>nal ov]load 9 ! race 7to ! man ( wantonness 0 n p]mitt$#cbd71 x 0 n1 z ,nietzs*e ?\ght1 an orgia/ic joy ( untrammell$ en]gy & p]f]vid passion4 ,?is sort ( ?+ is mu* ne>] to ! ideals ( ,g]manic- ,*ri/ian or ( ,indian *ivalry4 ,:at ,apoll9ian man & ,apoll9ian art c claim z _! v own is simply ! apo!osis ( ! bodily ph5om5on1 tak+ ! ^w p]fectly lit]ally--! rhy?mic proportion+ ( limbs & h>moni\s build ( muscles4 ,?is is n ,pagan z aga9/ ,*ri/ian1 x is ,attic z aga9/ ,b>oque2 = x 0 ,b>oque mank9d 7,*ri/ian or unbeliev]1 monk or rationali/7 t fir/ utt]ly put away ! cult ( ! palpable 1 c>ry+ its ali5ation inde$ to ! extremes ( bodily uncleanl9ess t prevail$ 9 ! ent\rage ( ,l\is ,,xiv1#cbe ^: full wigs & lace cuffs & buckl$ %oes cov]$ up ,body ) a :ole web ( ornam5t4 ,?us ! ,classical pla/ic art1 aft] lib]at+ ! =m completely f ! actual or imag9>y back-wall & sett+ x up 9 ! op51 free & unrelat$1 to be se5 z a body among bodies1 mov$ on logically till ! nak$ body became its only subject4 ,&1 moreov]1 x is unlike e o!r k9d ( sculpture record$ 9 art-hi/ory 9 t its treatm5t ( ! b\nd+ surfaces ( ?is body is anatomically conv9c+4 ,"h is ! ,euclidean _w-pr9ciple c>ri$ to ! extreme2 any envelope :atev] w\ld h be5 9 contradiction1 h[ev] slightly1 ) ! ,apoll9ian ph5om5on1 w\ld h indicat$1 h[ev] timidly1 ! exi/5ce ( ! circum-space4 ,9 ?is art1 :at is ornam5tal 9 ! high s5se resides entirely 9 ! proportions ( ! /ructure#cbf & ! equival5ce ( ! axes 9 respect ( support & load4 ,/&+1 sitt+1 ly+ d[n b always self-secure1 ! body has1 l ! p]ipt]os1 no int]ior1 t is1 no 8s\l40 ,! significance ( ! muscle-relief1 c>ri$ out absolutely 9 ! r\nd1 is ! same z t ( ! self-clos+ array ( ! columns2 bo? conta9 ! :ole ( ! =m-language ( ! "w4 ,x 0 a /rictly metaphysical reason1 ! ne$ ( a supreme life-symbol = !mselves1 t br\ght ! lat] ,hell5es to ?is art1 :i* "u all ! consummate a*ievem5t is a n>r[ "o4 ,x is n true t ?is language ( ! out] surface is ! complete/1 or ! mo/ natural1 or ev5 ! mo/ obvi\s mode ( repres5t+ ! human be+4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,if ! ,r5aissance1 ) its ard5t !ory & its imm5se misconception ( its own t5d5cy1 _h n cont9u$ to dom9ate our judgm5t--long aft] ! pla/ic art itself _h become entirely ali5 to our inn] s\l--we %\ld n h wait$ till to-day to obs]ve ?is di/9ctive "* ( ! ,attic /yle4 ,no ,egyptian or ,*9ese sculptor ev] dream$ ( us+ ext]nal anatomy to express 8 mean+4 ,9 ,go?ic image-"w a language ( ! muscles is unhe>d (4 ,! human trac]y t clo!s ! mighty ,go?ic framework ) a web ( c\ntless figures & reliefs 7,*>tres ca!dral has m ?an t5 ?\s& su*7 is n m]ely ornam5t2 z e>ly z ab\t #abjj x is employ$ = ! expression ( s*emes & purposes f> gr&] ?an ev5 ! gr&e/ ( ,classical pla/ic4 ,= ^! masses ( figures con/itute a tragic unit4 ,"h1 by ! ,nor? ev5 e>li] ?an by ,dante1 ! hi/orical feel+ ( ! ,fau/ian s\l--( :i* ! deep sacram5t ( ,contrition is ! spiritual expression & ! rite ( ,confession ! grave tea*]--is int5sifi$ to ! tragic fullness ( a _w- drama4 ,t :i* ,joa*im ( ,floris1 at ?is v "t1 0 see+ 9 8 ,apulian cell--! picture ( ! _w1 n z ,cosmos1 b z a ,div9e ,hi/ory & succession ( ?ree _w-ages#cbg--! craftsm5 7 express+ at ,reims1 ,ami5s & ,p>is 9 s]ial pres5tation ( x f ! ,fall to ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,ea* ( ! sc5es1 ea* ( ! great symbolic figures1 _h its significant place 9 ! sacr$ edifice1 ea* its rle 9 ! imm5se _w-poem4 ,!n1 too1 ea* individual man came to feel h[ 8 life-c\rse 0 fitt$ z ornam5t 9 ! plan ( ,div9e hi/ory1 & to exp]i5ce ?is p]sonal connexion ) x 9 ! =ms ( ,contrition & ,confession4 ,& ?us ^! bodies ( /one are n m]e s]vants ( ! ar*itecture4 ,!y h a deep & p>ticul> mean+ ( _! own1 ! same mean+ z ! memorial-tomb br+s to expression ) ev]-increas+ int5sity f ! ,royal ,tombs ( ,/4 ,d5is onw>d2 !y speak ( a p]sonality4 ,j z ,classical man prop]ly meant1 ) 8 p]fect$ work+-out ( sup]ficial body 7= all ! anatomical aspiration ( ! ,greek arti/ comes to t 9 ! end71 to exhau/ ! :ole ess5ce ( ! liv+ ph5om5on 9 & by ! r5d]+ ( its b\nd+ surfaces1 s ,fau/ian man no less logically f\nd ! mo/ g5u9e1 ! only exhau/ive1 expression ( 8 life-feel+ 9 ! ,portrait4 ,! ,hell5ic treatm5t ( ! nude is ! great exceptional case2 9 ?is & 9 ?is only has x l$ to an art ( ! high ord]4#cbh ,act & ,portrait h nev] hi!rto be5 felt z con/itut+ an opposition1 & consequ5tly ! full significance ( _! appe>ances 9 art-hi/ory has nev] be5 appreciat$4 ,& yet x is 9 ! conflict ( ^! two =m-ideals t ! contra/ ( two worlds is fir/ manife/$ 9 full4 ,!re1 on ! "o h&1 an exi/5ce is made to %[ itself 9 ! composition ( ! ext]ior /ructure2 "h1 on ! o!r h&1 ! human int]ior1 ! ,s\l1 is made to speak ( itself1 z ! int]ior ( a *ur* speaks to u ?r\gh its faade or face4 ,a mosque _h no face1 & consequ5tly ! ,iconocla/ic movem5t ( ! ,moslems & ! ,paulicians--:i* "u ,leo ,,iii spread to ,byzantium & beyond-- necess>ily drove ! portrait-elem5t q out ( ! arts ( =m1 s t !nce=w>d !y possess$ only a fix$ /ock ( human arabesques4 ,9 ,egypt ! face ( ! /atue 0 equival5t to ! pylon1 ! face ( ! temple-plan2 x 0 a mighty em]g5ce out ( ! /one- mass ( ! body1 z we see 9 ! 8,hyksos ,sph9x0 ( ,tanis & ! portrait ( ,am5emhet ,,iii4 ,9 ,*9a ! face is l a l&scape1 full ( wr9kles & little signs t mean some?+4 ,b1 = u1 ! portrait is musical4 ,! look1 ! play ( ! m\?1 ! pose ( head & h&s--^! ?+s are a fugue ( ! subtle/ mean+1 a composition ( _m voices t s\nds to ! und]/&+ behold]4 ,b 9 ord] to grasp ! significance ( ! portraiture ( ! ,we/ m specifically 9 contra/ ) t ( ,egypt & t ( ,*9a1 we h to consid] ! deep *ange 9 ! language ( ! ,we/ t began 9 ,m]ov+ian times to =e%ad[ ! dawn ( a new life-feel+4 ,?is *ange ext5d$ equally ov] ! old ,g]man & ! vulg> ,lat91 b x affect$ only ! tongues spok5 9 ! c\ntries ( ! com+ ,culture 7= in/ance1 ,norwegian & ,spani%1 b n ,rumanian74 ,! *ange w\ld be inexplicable if we 7 to reg>d m]ely ! _s ( ^! languages & _! 8influ5ce0 ( "o ^u ano!r2 ! explanation is 9 ! _s ( ! mank9d t rais$ a m]e way ( us+ words to ! level ( a symbol4 ,in/ead ( sum1 ,go?ic im1 we say i* b91 ,i am1 je suis2 in/ead ( feci/i1 we say tu habes factum1 tu z fait1 du habes gitn2 & aga91 daz wp1 un homme1 man hat4 ,?is has hi!rto be5 a riddle#cbi because families ( languages 7 consid]$ z be+s1 b ! my/]y is solv$ :5 we discov] 9 ! idiom ! reflection ( a s\l4 ,! ,fau/ian s\l is "h beg9n+ to rem\ld = its own use grammatical mat]ial ( ! mo/ v>i$ prov5ance4 ,! com+ ( ?is specific 8,i0 is ! fir/ dawn+ ( t p]sonality-idea :i* 0 s mu* lat] to create ! sacram5t ( ,contrition & p]sonal absolution4 ,?is 8ego habeo factum10 ! ins]tion ( ! auxili>ies 8h0 & 8be0 betwe5 a do] & a de$1 9 lieu ( ! 8feci0 :i* expresses activat$ body1 replaces ! _w ( bodies by "o ( functions betwe5 c5tres ( =ce1 ! /atic syntax by a dynamic4 ,& ?is 8,i0 & 8,?\0 is ! key to ,go?ic portraiture4 ,a ,hell5i/ic portrait is ! type ( an attitude--a confession x is n1 ei!r to ! creator ( x or to ! und]/&+ spectator4 ,b our portraits depict some?+ sui g5]is1 once occurr+ & nev] recurr+1 a life-hi/ory express$ 9 a mom5t1 a _w-c5tre = :i* ev]y?+ else is _w-ar\nd1 exactly z ! grammatical subject 8,i0 becomes ! c5tre ( =ce 9 ! ,fau/ian s5t5ce4 ,x has be5 %[n h[ ! exp]i5ce ( ! ext5d$ has its orig9 9 ! liv+ direction1 "t1 de/9y4 ,9 ! p]fect$ 8be+0 ( ! all-r\nd nude body ! dep?-exp]i5ce has be5 cut away1 b ! 8look0 ( a portrait leads ?is exp]i5ce into ! sup]s5su\s inf9ite4 ,!re=e ! ,anci5t art is an art ( ! ne> & tangible & timeless1 x pref]s motives ( brief1 briefe/1 pause betwe5 two movem5ts1 ! la/ mom5t be=e ,myron's a?lete ?r[s ! discus1 or ! fir/ mom5t aft] ,ponius's ,nike has alight$ f ! air1 :5 ! sw+ ( ! body is end+ & ! /ream+ drap]ies h n yet fall5--attitudes devoid equally ( duration & ( direction1 dis5gag$ f future & f pa/4 8,v5i1 vidi1 vici0 is j su* ano!r attitude4 ,b 9 ,i--came1 ,i--saw1 ,i--conqu]$ !re is a becom+ ea* "t 9 ! v build ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! dep?-exp]i5ce is a becom+ & effects a become1 signifies "t & evokes space1 is at once cosmic & hi/orical4 ,liv+ direction m>*es to ! horizon z to ! future4 ,z e>ly z #abcj ! ,madonna ( ! ,/4 ,anne entrance ( ,notre-,dame dreams ( ?is future3 s1 lat]1 ! ,cologne 8,madonna ) ! ,bean-blossom0 ( ,mei/] ,wilhelm4 ,long be=e ! ,moses ( ,mi*elangelo1 ! ,moses ( ,klaus ,sut]'s well 9 ! ,*>treuse ( ,dijon m$itates on de/9y1 & ev5 ! ,sibyls ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel are =e/all$ by ^? ( ,giovanni ,pisano 9 ,sant' ,&rea at ,pi/oia 7#acjj74 ,&1 la/ly1 !re are ! figures on ! ,go?ic tombs--h[ !y re/ f ! long j\rney ( ,de/9y & h[ completely !y contra/ ) ! timeless grave & gay t is repres5t$ on ! /el ( ,attic cemet]ies4#ccj ,! ,we/]n portraiture is endless 9 e s5se1 = x beg9s to wake out ( ! /one f ab\t #abjj & x has become completely music 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury4 ,x takes its man n z a m]e c5tre ( ! ,_w-z-,nature :i* z ph5om5on receives %ape & significance f 8 be+1 b1 above all1 z a c5tre ( ! ,_w-z-,hi/ory4 ,! ,classical /atue is a piece ( pres5t 8,nature0 & no?+ besides4 ,! ,classical poetry is /atu>y 9 v]se4 ,h]e9 is ! root ( our feel+ t ascribes to ! ,greek an unres]v$ devotion to ,nature4 ,we %all nev] entirely %ake (f ! idea t ! ,go?ic /yle z comp>$ ) ! ,greek is 8unnatural40 ,( c\rse x is1 = x is m ?an ,nature2 only we are unnecess>ily loa? to realize t x is a defici5cy 9 ! ,greek t our feel+ has detect$4 ,! ,we/]n =m-language is ri*]-- portraiture belongs to ,nature & to hi/ory4 ,a tomb by "o ( ^? great ,ne!rl&]s :o work$ on ! ,royal graves ( ,/4 ,d5is f #abfj1 a portrait by ,holbe9 or ,titian or ,rembr&t or ,goya1 is a biography1 & a self-portrait is a hi/orical confession4 ,to make "o's confession is n to av[ an act b to lay be=e ! ,judge ! inn] hi/ory ( t act4 ,! act is pat5t1 its roots ! p]sonal secret4 ,:5 ! ,prote/ant or ! ,free?9k] opposes auricul> confession1 x nev] occurs to him t he is reject+ m]ely ! outw>d =m ( ! idea & n ! idea itself4 ,he decl9es to confess to ! prie/1 b he confesses to himself1 to a fri5d1 or to all & sundry4 ,! :ole ( ,nor!rn poetry is "o outspok5 confession4 ,s are ! portraits ( ,rembr&t & ! music ( ,bee?ov54 ,:at ,raphael & ,cald]on & ,haydn told to ! prie/s1 ^! m5 put into ! language ( _! works4 ,"o :o is =c$ to be sil5t because ! greatness ( =m t c take 9 ev5 ! ultimate ?+s has be5 d5i$ him 444 goes "u l ,hld]l94 ,we/]n man lives 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 becom+ & 8 eyes are con/antly ^u pa/ & future4 ,! ,greek lives po9t-wise1 ahi/orically1 somatically4 ,no ,greek w\ld h be5 capable ( a g5u9e self-criticism4 ,z ! ph5om5on ( ! nude /atue is ! completely ahi/oric copy ( a man1 s ! ,we/]n self- portrait is ! exact equival5t ( ! 8,w]!r0 or 8,tasso0 autobiography4 ,to ! ,classical bo? are equally & :olly ali54 ,!re is no?+ s imp]sonal z ,greek art2 t ,scopas or ,polycletus %\ld make an image ( himself is some?+ q inconceivable4 ,look+ at ! "w ( ,phidias1 ( ,polycletus1 or ( any ma/] lat] ?an ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 d we n see 9 ! dom+ ( ! br[1 ! lips1 ! set ( ! nose1 ! bl9d eyes1 ! expression ( entirely non-p]sonal1 plantlike1 s\lless vitality8 ,& may we n ask ourselves :e!r ?is is ! =m-language t is capable ev5 ( h9t+ at an inn] exp]i5ce8 ,mi*elangelo devot$ himself ) all passion to ! /udy ( anatomy1 b ! ph5om5al body t he works out is always ! expression ( ! activity ( all bones1 s9ews & organs ( ! inside2 )\t delib]ate int5tion1 ! liv+ t is "u ! sk9 comes out 9 ! ph5om5on4 ,x is a physiognomy1 & n a sy/em1 ( muscles t he calls to life4 ,b ?is means at once t ! p]sonal de/9y & n ! mat]ial body has become ! />t+- po9t ( ! =m-feel+4 ,!re is m psy*ology 7& less 8,nature07 9 ! arm ( "o ( 8 ,slaves#cca ?an !re is 9 ! :ole head ( ,praxiteles's ,h]mes4#ccb ,myron's ,discobolus1#ccc on ! o!r h&1 r5d]s ! ext]ior =m purely z itself1 )\t relation ( any sort to ! inn] organs1 let alone to any 8s\l40 ,"o has only to take ! be/ "w ( ?is p]iod & comp>e x ) ! old ,egyptian /atues1 say ! 8,village ,%eikh0#ccd or ,k+ ,phiops 7,pepi71 or aga9 ) ,donatello's 8,david10#cce to und]/& at once :at x means to recognize a body purely ) ref]5ce to its mat]ial b\nd>ies4 ,ev]y?+ 9 a head t might all[ some?+ intimate or spiritual to become ph5om5al ! ,greeks 7& m>k$ly ?is same ,myron7 mo/ c>efully avoid4 ,once ?is *>act]i/ic has /ruck u1 ! be/ heads ( ! great age soon] or lat] beg9 to pall4 ,se5 9 ! p]spective ( our _w-feel+1 !y are /upid & dull1 want+ 9 ! biographical elem5t1 devoid ( any de/9y4 ,x 0 n out ( caprice t t age object$ s /rongly to votive images4 ,! /atues ( ,olympian victors are repres5tatives ( a fight+ attitude4 ,"r d[n to ,lysippus !re is n "o s+le "*-head1 b only masks4 ,aga91 consid]+ ! figure z a :ole1 ) :at skill ! ,greeks avoid giv+ any impression t ! head is ! fav\r$ "p ( ! body6 ,t is :y ^! heads are s small1 s un-significant 9 _! pose1 s un-?or\ghly modell$4 ,always !y are =m$ z a "p ( ! body l arms & legs1 nev] z ! seat & symbol ( an 8,i40 ,at la/1 ev51 we come to reg>d ! fem99e 7n to say effem9ate7 look ( _m ( ^! heads ( ! #e?1 & /ill m ( ! #d?1 ,c5turies#ccf z !--no d\bt un9t5tional--outcome ( an ef=t to get rid ( p]sonal "* entirely4 ,we %\ld probably be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! ideal facial type ( ?is art--:i* 0 c]ta9ly n an art = ! p1 z ! lat] naturali/ic portrait-sculpture at once %[s--0 arriv$ at by reject+ all elem5ts ( an individual or hi/orical "*2 t is1 by /eadily n>r[+ d[n ! field ( view to ! pure ,euclidean4 ,! portraiture ( ! great age ( ,b>oque1 on ! contr>y1 applies to hi/orical di/ance all ^? means ( pictorial c\nt]po9t t we already "k z ! fabric ( _! spatial di/ance--! br[n-dipp$ atmosph]e1 ! p]spective1 ! dynamic bru%-/roke1 ! quiv]+ col\r-tones & lights--& ) _! aid succe$s 9 treat+ body z some?+ intr9sically non-mat]ial1 z ! highly expressive envelope ( a space-comm&+ ego4 7,?is problem ! fresco-te*nique1 ,euclidean t x is1 is p[]less to solve47 ,! :ole pa9t+ has only "o !me1 a s\l4 ,obs]ve ! r5d]+ ( ! h&s & ! br[ 9 ,rembr&t 7e4g41 9 ! et*+ ( ,burgoma/] ,six or ! portrait ( an ar*itect at ,cassel71 & aga91 ev5 s late1 9 ,m>es & ,leibl#ccg-- spiritual to ! po9t ( demat]ializ+ !m1 vision>y1 lyrical4 ,comp>e !m ) ! h& & br[ ( an ,apollo or a ,poseidon ( ! ,p]iclean age6 ,! ,go?ic1 too1 _h deeply & s9c]ely felt ?is4 ,x _h drap$ body1 n = its own sake b = ! sake ( develop+ 9 ! ornam5t ( ! drap]y a =m-language consonant ) ! language ( ! head & ! h&s 9 a fugue ( ,life4 ,s1 too1 ) ! relations ( ! voices 9 c\nt]po9t &1 9 ,b>oque1 ^? ( ! 8cont9uo0 to ! upp] voices ( ! or*e/ra4 ,9 ,rembr&t !re is always int]play ( bass melody 9 ! co/ume & motives 9 ! head4 ,l ! ,go?ic drap$ figure1 ! old ,egyptian /atue d5ies ! intr9sic importance ( body4 ,z ! =m]1 by treat+ ! clo?+ 9 a purely ornam5tal fa%ion1 re9=ces ! expressiv5ess ( head & h&s1 s ! latt]1 ) a gr&eur ( idea nev] s9ce equall$ 7at any rate 9 sculpture71 holds ! body--z x holds a pyramid or an obelisk--to a ma!matical s*eme & conf9es ! p]sonal elem5t to ! head4 ,! fall ( drap]ies 0 meant 9 ,a!ns to reveal ! s5se ( ! body1 9 ! ,nor? to conceal x2 9 ! "o case ! fabric becomes body1 9 ! o!r x becomes music4 ,& f ?is deep contra/ spr+s ! sil5t battle t goes on 9 high-,r5aissance "w betwe5 ! consci\sly-int5d$ & ! unconsci\sly-insi/5t ideals ( ! arti/1 a battle 9 :i* ! fir/--anti-,go?ic--(t5 w9s ! sup]ficial1 b ! second--,go?ic becom+ ,b>oque--inv>iably w9s ! fundam5tal victory4 ,,ii ,! opposition ( ,apoll9ian & ,fau/ian ideals ( ,humanity may n[ be /at$ concisely4 ,act & ,portrait are to "o ano!r z body & space1 in/ant & hi/ory1 =egr\nd & backgr\nd1 ,euclidean & analytical numb]1 proportion & relation4 ,! ,/atue is root$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ,music 7& ! ,we/]n portrait is music1 s\l wov5 ( col\r-tones7 invades & p]vades space )\t limit4 ,! fresco-pa9t+ is ti$ to ! wall1 tra9$ on x1 b ! oil-pa9t+1 ! 8picture0 on canvas or bo>d or o!r table1 is free f limitations ( place4 ,! ,apoll9ian =m-language reveals only ! become1 ! ,fau/ian %[s above all a becom+4 ,x is = ?is reason t *ild-portraits & family gr\ps are among/ ! f9e/ & mo/ intimately "r a*ievem5ts ( ! ,we/]n art4 ,9 ! ,attic sculpture ?is motive is entirely abs5t1 & al?\gh 9 ,hell5i/ic times ! playful motive ( ! ,cupid or ,putto came into fav\r1 x 0 expressly z a be+ diff]5t f ! o!r be+s & n at all z a p]son gr[+ or becom+4 ,! *ild l9ks pa/ & future4 ,9 e art ( human repres5tation t has a claim to symbolic import1 x signifies duration 9 ! mid/ ( ph5om5al *ange1 ! endlessness ( ,life4 ,b ! ,classical ,life exhau/$ itself 9 ! complet5ess ( ! mom5t4 ,! individual %ut 8 eyes to "t- di/ances2 he compreh5d$ 9 8 ?\ght ! m5 l himself :om he saw ar\nd him1 b n ! com+ g5]ations2 & !re=e !re has nev] be5 an art t s emphatically ignor$ ! intimate repres5tation ( *ildr5 z ! ,greek art did4 ,consid] ! multitude ( *ild-figures t our own art has produc$ f e>ly ,go?ic to dy+ ,rococo--& 9 ! ,r5aissance above all--& f9d if y c 9 ,classical art "r d[n to ,alex&] "o "w ( importance t int5tionally sets by ! side ( ! work$-out body ( man or woman any *ild-elem5t ) exi/5ce /ill be=e x4 ,endless ,becom+ is compreh5d$ 9 ! idea ( ,mo!rhood1 ,woman z ,"m is ,"t & is ,de/9y4 ,j z ! my/]i\s act ( dep?- exp]i5ce fa%ions1 out ( s5sation1 ext5sion & _w1 s ?r\gh mo!rhood ! bodily man is made an individual memb] ( ?is _w1 9 :i* !reupon he has a ,de/9y4 ,all symbols ( ,"t & ,di/ance are also symbols ( mat]nity4 ,c>e is ! root-feel+ ( future1 & all c>e is mo!rly4 ,x expresses itself 9 ! =mation & ! idea ( ,family & ,/ate & 9 ! pr9ciple ( ,inh]itance :i* und]lies bo?4 ,c>e may be ei!r affirm$ or d5i$--"o c live c>e-fill$ or c>e-free4 ,simil>ly1 ,"t may be look$ at 9 ! light ( et]nity or 9 ! light ( ! in/ant1 & ! drama ( begett+ & be>+ or ! drama ( ! nurs+ "m ) h] *ild may be *os5 z ! symbol ( ,life to be made appreh5sible by all ! means ( art4 ,india & ! ,classical took ! fir/ alt]native1 ,egypt & ! ,we/ ! second4#cch ,!re is some?+ ( pure unrelat$ pres5t 9 ! ,phallus & ! ,l+am1 & 9 ! ph5om5on ( ! ,doric column & ! ,attic /atue z well4 ,b ! nurs+ ,"m po9ts into ! future1 & %e is j ! figure t is entirely miss+ 9 ! ,classical art4 ,%e c\ld n possibly be r5d]$ 9 ! /yle ( ,phidias4 ,"o feels t ?is =m is oppos$ to ! s5se ( ! ph5om5on4 ,b 9 ! religi\s art ( ! ,we/1 ! repres5tation ( ,mo!rhood is ! noble/ ( all tasks4 ,z ,go?ic dawns1 ! ,!otokos ( ! ,byzant9e *anges into ! ,mat] ,dolorosa1 ! ,"m ( ,god4 ,9 ,g]man my?ology %e appe>s 7d\btless f ,c>ol+ian times only7 z ,frigga & ,frau ,holle4 ,! same feel+ comes out 9 beautiful ,m9nes+] fancies l ,lady ,sun1 ,lady ,_w1 ,lady ,love4 ,! :ole panorama ( e>ly ,go?ic mank9d is p]vad$ by some?+ mat]nal1 some?+ c>+ & pati5t1 & ,g]manic-,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity--:5 x _h rip5$ into full consci\sness ( itself & 9 "o impulse settl$ its sacram5ts & creat$ its ,go?ic ,/yle--plac$ n ! suff]+ ,r$eem] b ! suff]+ ,"m 9 ! c5tre ( its _w-picture4 ,ab\t #abej1 9 ! great epic ( /atu>y ( ,reims ,ca!dral1 ! pr9cipal place 9 ! c5tre ( ! ma9 por*1 :i* 9 ! ca!drals ( ,p>is & ,ami5s 0 /ill t ( ,*ri/1 0 assign$ to ! ,madonna2 & x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 too1 t ! ,tuscan s*ool at ,arezzo & ,si5a 7,guido da ,si5a7 began to infuse a sugge/ion ( "m-love into ! conv5tional ,byzant9e ,!otokos4 ,& aft] t ! ,madonnas ( ,raphael l$ ! way to ! purely human type ( ! ,b>oque1 ! "m 9 ! swee!>t-- ,ophelia1 ,gret*5--^: secret reveals itself 9 ! glori\s close ( ,fau/ ,,ii & 9 its fusion ) ! e>ly ,go?ic ,m>y4 ,z aga9/ ^! types1 ! imag9ation ( ! ,greeks conceiv$ goddesses :o are ei!r ,amazons l ,a!ne or hetr l ,aphrodite4 ,9 ! root-feel+ :i* produc$ ! ,classical type ( womanhood1 fruitfulness has a vegetal "*--9 ?is connexion z 9 o!rs ! ^w exhau/ively expresses ! mean+ ( ! ph5om5on4 ,?9k ( ! ma/]pieces ( ?is art1 ! ?ree mighty female bodies ( ! ,ea/ ,p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non1#cci & comp>e ) !m t noble/ image ( a "m1 ,raphael's ,si/9e ,madonna4 ,9 ! latt]1 all bodil9ess has disappe>$4 ,%e is all di/ance & space4 ,! ,hel5 ( ! 8,iliad10 comp>$ ) ,kriemhild1 ! mo!rly comrade ( ,siegfri$1 is a c\rtesan1 :ile ,antigone & ,clytmne/ra are ,amazons4 ,h[ /rangely ev5 s*ylus passes ov] 9 sil5ce ! "m-tragic 9 ,clytmne/ra6 ,! figure ( ,m$ea is no?+ less ?an ! my?ic inv]se ( ! ,fau/ian 8,mat] ,dolorosa02 h] tragic is n "o ( future or *ildr51 x is ) h] lov]1 ! symbol ( :olly-pres5t life1 t h] univ]se collapses4 ,kriemhild rev5ges h] unborn *ildr5--x is ?is future t has be5 murd]$ 9 h]--b ,m$ea rev5ges only a pa/ happ9ess4 ,:5 ! ,classical sculpture1 late art t x is1#cdj arrives at secul>iz+#cda ! pictures ( ! god1 x creates ! antique ideal ( female =m 9 a ,cnidian ,aphrodite--m]ely a v beautiful object1 n a "* or an ego b a piece ( ,nature4 ,& 9 ! end ,praxiteles f9ds ! h>dihood to repres5t a goddess entirely nak$4 ,?is innovation met ) sev]e criticism1 = x 0 felt to be a sign ( ! decl9e ( ! ,classical _w-feel+2 suitable z x 0 to erotic symbolism1 x 0 9 %>p contradiction ) ! dignity ( ! old] ,greek religion4 ,b exactly !n1 too1 a portrait-art v5tur$ to %[ itself1 simultane\sly ) ! inv5tion ( a =m t has nev] s9ce be5 =gott51 ! bu/4 ,un=tunately 7"h z else:]e7 art-rese>* has made ! mi/ake ( discov]+ 9 ?is ! 8beg9n+s0 ( 8!0 portrait4 ,9 reality1 :]eas a ,go?ic visage speaks ( an individual de/9y1 & ev5 an ,egyptian--9 spite ( ! rigid =malism ( ! figure--has ! recognizable traits ( ! individual p]son 7s9ce o!rwise x c\ld n s]ve z dwell+ = ! high] s\l ( ! dead1 8 ,ka71 ! ,greeks develop$ a ta/e = typical repres5tations j z ! contempor>y com$y produc$ /&>d m5 & situations1 to :i* any names :atev] c\ld be affix$4 ,! 8portrait0 is di/+ui%able n by p]sonal traits b by ! label only4 ,?is is ! g5]al cu/om among/ *ildr5 & primitive m51 & x is connect$ ) "n-magic4 ,! "n s]ves to capture "s ess5ce ( :at is nam$ & to b9d x z an object :i* !reupon becomes specific = e behold]4 ,! /atues ( ! ,tyrannicides1#cdb ! 7,etruscan7 /atues ( ,k+s 9 ! ,capitol & ! 8iconic0 portraits ( victors at ,olympia mu/ h be5 portraits ( ?is sort1 viz41 n lik5esses b figures ) names4 ,b n[1 9 ! lat] phase1 !re 0 an additional factor--! t5d5cy ( ! "t t[>ds g5re & appli$ art1 :i* produc$ also ! ,cor9?ian column4 ,:at ! sculptors work$ out 0 ! types ( life's /age1 ! :i* we mi/ranslate by "* b :i* is really ! k9ds & modes ( public behavi\r & attitude2 ?us !re is 8!0 grave ,comm&]1 8!0 tragic poet1 8!0 passion-torn actor1 8!0 absorb$ philosoph]4 ,"h is ! real key to ! und]/&+ ( ! celebrat$ ,hell5i/ic portraiture1 = :i* ! q unju/ifiable claim has be5 set up t its products are expressions ( a deep spiritual life4 ,x is n ( mu* mom5t :e!r ! "w be>s ! "n ( someone long dead--! ,sophocles#cdc 0 sculptur$ ab\t #cdj--or ( a liv+ man l ! ,p]icles ( ,cresilas4#cdd ,x 0 only 9 ! #d? ,c5tury t ,demetrius ( ,alopeke began to emphasize individual traits 9 ! ext]nal build ( ! man & ,lysi/ratus ! bro!r ( ,lysippus to copy 7z ,pl9y tells u7 a pla/]-(-p>is ca/ ( ! subject's face )\t mu* subsequ5t modification4 ,& h[ little su* portraiture is portraiture 9 ,rembr&t's s5se %\ld surely h be5 obvi\s to anyone4 ,! s\l is miss+4 ,! brilliant fidelity ( ,roman bu/s especially has be5 mi/ak5 = physiognomic dep?4 ,b :at really di/+ui%es ! high] "w f ?is craftsman's & virtuoso's "w is an int5tion t is ! precise opposite ( ! arti/ic int5tion ( a ,m>es or a ,leibl4 ,t is1 9 su* "w ! important & significant is n br\ght out1 x is put 94 ,an example ( ?is is se5 9 ! ,demo/h5es /atue1#cde ! arti/ ( :i* possibly saw ! orator 9 life4 ,"h ! p>ticul>s ( ! body- surface are emphasiz$1 p]haps ov]-emphasiz$ 78true to ,nature10 !y call$ ?is !n71 b into ! disposition s conceiv$ he works ! "*-type ( ! ,s]i\s ,orator :i* we meet aga9 on diff]5t bases 9 ! portraits ( s*9es & ,lysias at ,naples4 ,t is tru? to life1 und\bt$ly1 b x is tru? to life z ,classical man felt x1 typical & imp]sonal4 ,we h contemplat$ ! result ) our eyes1 & h accord+ly misund]/ood x4 sp #b ,,iii ,9 ! oil-pa9t+ age t foll[$ ! end ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! dep? ( an arti/ c be accurately measur$ by ! cont5t ( 8 portraits4 ,to ?is rule !re is h>dly an exception4 ,all =ms 9 ! picture 7:e!r s+le1 or 9 sc5es1 gr\ps or masses7#cdf are fundam5tally felt z portraits2 :e!r !y are meant to be s or n is immat]ial1 = ! individual pa9t] has no *oice 9 ! matt]4 ,no?+ is m in/ructive ?an to obs]ve h[ "u ! h&s ( a real ,fau/ian man ev5 ! ,act trans=ms itself into a portrait- /udy4#cdg ,take two ,g]man ma/]s l ,lucas ,crana* & ,tilmann ,riem5s*neid] :o 7 unt\*$ by any !ory & 79 contra/ to ,dr]1 ^: incl9ation to /hetic subtlety made him pliant be=e ali5 t5d5cies7 work$ 9 unqualifi$ navet4 ,!y seldom depict ! ,act1 & :5 !y d s1 !y %[ !mselves entirely unable to conc5trate _! expression on ! imm$iately-pres5t plane-specifi$ bodil9ess4 ,! mean+ ( ! human ph5om5on1 & !re=e ( ! repres5tation ( x1 rema9s entirely 9 ! head1 & is consi/5tly physiognomical r ?an anatomical4 ,& ! same may be said ( ,dr]'s ,lucrezia1 not)/&+ 8 ,italian /udies & ! q opposite int5tion4 ,a ,fau/ian act is a contradiction 9 itself--h5ce ! "*-heads t we s (t5 see on feeble act-repres5tations 7z f> back z ! ,job ( old ,fr5* ca!dral-sculpture7 & h5ce also ! labori\s1 =c$1 equivocal "* t ar\ses our dislike 9 too manife/ ef=ts to placate ! ,classical ideal--sacrifices (f]$ up n by ! s\l b by ! cultivat$ und]/&+4 ,9 ! :ole ( pa9t+ aft] ,leon>do !re is n "o important or di/9ctive "w t d]ives its mean+ f ! ,euclidean be+ ( ! nude body4 ,x is m]e incompreh5sion to quote ,rub5s "h1 & to comp>e 8 unbridl$ dynamism ( swell+ bodies 9 any respect :atev] ) ! art ( ,praxiteles & ev5 ,scopas4 ,x is ow+ precisely to 8 spl5did s5suality t he is s f> f ! /atic ( ,signorelli's bodies4 ,if !re ev] 0 an arti/ :o c\ld put a maximum ( 8becom+0 into ! beauty ( nak$ bodies1 :o c\ld treat bodily floridness hi/orically & convey ! 7utt]ly un-,hell5ic7 idea ( an inexhau/ible outfl[+ f )91 x 0 ,rub5s4 ,comp>e ! horse's head f ! ,p>!non p$im5t#cdh ) 8 horses' heads 9 ! ,battle ( ! ,amazons1#cdi & ! deep metaphysical contra/ betwe5 ! two conceptions ( ! same ph5om5al elem5t is felt at once4 ,9 ,rub5s 7recall+ once m ! *>act]i/ic opposition ( ,apoll9ian & ,fau/ian ma!matics7 ! body is n magnitude b relation4 ,:at matt]s is n ! regim5 ( its ext]nal /ructure b ! fullness ( life t /reams out ( x & ! /ride ( its life along ! road f y\? to age1 :]e ! ,la/ ,judgm5t t turns bodies into flames takes up ! motive & int]tw9es x 9 ! quiv]+ web ( active space4 ,su* a syn!sis is entirely un- ,classical2 b ev5 nymphs1 :5 x is ,corot :o pa9ts !m1 are likewise %apes ready to dissolve into col\r-pat*es reflect+ endless space4 ,su* 0 n ! int5tion ( ! ,classical arti/ :5 he depict$ ! ,act4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,greek =m-ideal--! self-conta9$ unit ( be+ express$ 9 sculpture--has equally to be di/+ui%$ f t ( ! m]ely beautiful bodies on :i* pa9t]s f ,giorgione to ,b\*] 7 always ex]cis+ _! clev]ness1 :i* are fle%ly /ill-life1 g5re- "w express+ m]ely a c]ta9 gay s5su\sness 7e4g41 8,rub5s's wife 9 a fur cloak40#cej7 & 9 contra/ ) ! high e?ical significance ( ! ,classical ,act h almo/ no symbolic =ce4#cea ,magnific5t z ^! m5's pa9t+ is1 !re=e1 !y h n succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! highe/ levels ei!r ( portraiture or ( space-repres5tation 9 l&scape4 ,_! br[n & _! gre5 & _! p]spective lack 8religi\sness10 future1 ,de/9y4 ,!y are ma/]s only 9 ! doma9 ( elem5t>y =m1 & :5 x has actualiz$ ?is _! art is exhau/$4 ,x is !y :o con/itute ! sub/ance-elem5t 9 ! developm5t-hi/ory ( a great art4 ,b :5 a great arti/ press$ on beyond !m to a =m t 0 to be capable ( embrac+ ! :ole mean+ ( ! _w1 he _h necess>ily to pu% to p]fection ! treatm5t ( ! nude body if 8 _w 0 ! ,classical1 & n to d s if x 0 our ,nor?4 ,rembr&t nev] once pa9t$ an ,act1 9 ?is =egr\nd s5se1 & if ,leon>do1 ,titian1 ,velasquez 7&1 among mod]ns1 ,m5zel1 ,leibl1 ,m>es & ,manet7 did s at all1 x 0 v r>ely2 & ev5 !n1 s to say1 !y pa9t$ bodies z l&scapes4 ,! portrait is ev] ! t\*/one4#ceb ,b no "o w\ld ev] judge ma/]s l ,signorelli1 ,mantegna1 ,botticelli or ev5 ,v]roc*io1 by ! quality ( _! portraits4 ,! eque/rian /atue ( ,c ,gr&e#cec ( #accj is 9 a f> high] s5se a portrait ?an ! ,b>tolommeo ,colleoni is2 & ,raphael's portraits 7! be/ ( :i* e4g41 ,pope ,julius ,,ii 7 done "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,v5etian ,seba/ian del ,piombo71 c\ld be ignor$ altoge!r 9 an appreciation ( 8 creative "w4 ,x is only ) ,leon>do t ! portrait beg9s to c\nt s]i\sly4 ,betwe5 fresco-te*nique & oil- pa9t+ !re is a subtle opposition4 ,9 fact1 ,giovanni ,bell9i's 8,doge0 7,lor$ano7#ced is ! fir/ great oil-portrait4 ,"h too ! "* ( ! ,r5aissance z a prote/ aga9/ ! ,fau/ian _s ( ! ,we/ betrays itself4 ,! episode ( ,flor5ce am\nts to an attempt to replace ! ,portrait ( ! ,go?ic /yle 7z di/9ct f ! 8ideal0 portrait ( late-,classical art1 :i* 0 well kn[n ?r\gh ! ,cs>-bu/s7 by ! ,act z human symbol4 ,logically1 !re=e1 ! entire art ( ! ,r5aissance %\ld be want+ 9 ! physiognomic traits4 ,& yet ! /rong und]curr5t ( ,fau/ian art-w kept alive1 n only 9 ! small] t[ns & s*ools ( middle ,italy1 b also 9 ! in/9cts ( ! great ma/]s !mselves1 a ,go?ic tradition t 0 nev] int]rupt$4 ,nay1 ! physiognomic ( ,go?ic art ev5 made itself ma/] ( ! ,s\!rn nude body1 ali5 z ?is elem5t 04 ,its creations are n bodies t speak to u ?r\gh /atic def9ition ( _! b\nd+ surfaces4 ,:at we see is a dumb-%[ t spreads f ! face ov] all p>ts ( ! body1 & ! appreciative eye detects 9 ?is v nudity ( ,tuscany a deep id5tity ) ! drap]y ( ! ,go?ic4 ,bo? are envelopes1 nei!r a limitation4 ,! recl9+ nude figures ( ,mi*elangelo 9 ! ,m$ici *apel are :olly & entirely ! visage & ! utt]ance ( a s\l4 ,b1 above all1 e head1 pa9t$ or modell$1 became ( itself a portrait1 ev5 :5 ! heads 7 ( gods or sa9ts4 ,! :ole ( ! portrait-"w ( ,a4 ,rossell9o1 ,donatello1 ,b5$etto de ,maiano1 ,m9o da ,fiesole1 /&s s ne> 9 _s to t ( ,van ,eyck1 ,meml9c & ! ,e>ly ,rh5i% ma/]s z to be (t5 indi/+ui%able f !irs4 ,!re is n & !re _c be1 ,i ma9ta91 any g5u9e ,r5aissance portraiture1 t is1 a portraiture 9 :i* j t arti/ic s5tim5t :i* diff]5tiates ! ,c\rt ( ! ,palazzo ,/rozzi f ! ,loggia dei ,lanzi & ,p]ug9o f ,cimabue applies itself to ! r5d]+ ( a visage4 ,9 ar*itecture1 little z ! new "w 0 ,apoll9ian 9 _s1 x 0 possible to create anti-,go?ically1 b 9 portraiture--no4 ,x 0 too specifically ,fau/ian a symbol4 ,mi*elangelo decl9$ ! task3 passionately devot$ z he 0 to 8 pursuit ( a pla/ic ideal1 he w\ld h consid]$ x an abdication to busy himself ) portraiture4 ,8 ,brutus bu/ is z little ( a portrait z 8 de' ,m$ici1 :]eas ,botticelli's portrait ( ! latt] is actual1 & frankly ,go?ic to boot4 ,mi*elangelo's heads are allegories 9 ! /yle ( dawn+ ,b>oque1 & _! resemblance ev5 to ,hell5i/ic "w is only sup]ficial4 ,& h[ev] highly we may value ! ,uzzano bu/ ( ,donatello#cee--:i* is p]haps ! mo/ important a*ievem5t ( t age & t circle--x w be admitt$ t by ! side ( ! portraits ( ! ,v5etians x h>dly c\nts4 ,x is well wor? not+ t ?is ov]com+ (1 or at lea/ ?is desire to ov]come1 ! ,go?ic portrait ) ! ,classical ,act--! deeply hi/orical & biographical =m by ! completely ahi/oric--appe>s simultane\sly )1 & 9 association )1 a decl9e 9 ! capacity = self-exam9ation & arti/ic confession 9 ! ,goe?ian s5se4 ,! true ,r5aissance man did n "k :at spiritual developm5t meant4 ,he manag$ to live entirely outw>dly1 & ?is 0 ! great good =tune & success ( ! ,quattroc5to4 ,betwe5 ,dante's 8,vita ,nuova0 & ,mi*elangelo's sonnets !re is no poetic confession1 no self-portrait ( ! high ord]4 ,! ,r5aissance arti/ & humani/ is ! "o s+le type ( ,we/]n man = :om ! ^w 8lonel9ess0 rema9$ unmean+4 ,8 life accompli%$ its c\rse 9 ! light ( a c\rtly exi/5ce4 ,8 feel+s & impressions 7 all public1 & he _h nei!r secret discont5ts nor res]ves1 :ile ! life ( ! great contempor>y ,ne!rl&]s1 on ! contr>y1 mov$ on 9 ! %ad[ ( _! works4 ,is x p]haps p]missible to add t x 0 because ( ?is t t o!r symbol ( hi/oric di/ance1 duration1 c>e & pond]ation1 ! ,/ate1 also disappe>$ f ! purview ( ! ,r5aissance1 betwe5 ,dante & ,mi*elangelo8 ,9 8fickle ,flor5ce0--^: great m5 "o & all 7 cruelly maltreat$ & ^: incapacity = political creation seems1 by ! side ( o!r ,we/]n /ate-=ms1 to bord] on %e] biz>r]ie--&1 m g5]ally1 :]ev] ! anti-,go?ic 7:i* 9 ?is connexion means anti-dyna/ic7 _s display$ itself vigor\sly 9 art & public life1 ! ,/ate made way = a truly ,hell5ic sorr9ess ( ,m$icis1 ,s=zas1 ,borgias1 ,malate/as1 & wa/e republics4 ,only t city :]e sculpture ga9$ no foo?old1 :]e ! ,s\!rn music 0 at home1 :]e ,go?ic & ,b>oque jo9$ h&s 9 ,giovanni ,bell9i & ! ,r5aissance rema9$ an affair ( occasional dilettantism1 _h an art ( portraiture & !re) a subtle diplomacy & a w to political duration--,v5ice4 ,,iv ,! ,r5aissance 0 born ( defiance1 & !re=e x lack$ dep?1 wid? & sur5ess ( creative in/9ct4 ,x is ! "o & only epo* :i* 0 m consi/5t 9 !ory ?an 9 p]=mance &--9 %>p contra/ to ,go?ic & ,b>oque--! only "o 9 :i* !oretically- =mulat$ int5tion prec$$ 7(t5 en\gh surpass$7 ! ability to p]=m4 ,b ! fact t ! individual arts 7 =c$ to become satellites ( a ,classici/ sculpture c\ld n 9 ! la/ analysis alt] ! ess5ce ( !m1 & c\ld only impov]i% _! /ore ( inw>d possibilities4 ,= natures ( m$ium size1 ! ,r5aissance !me 0 n too big2 x 0 attractive inde$ f its v pla9ness1 & we miss consequ5tly t ,go?ic wre/l+ ) ov]p[]+ imprecise problems :i* di/+ui%es ! ,rh5i% & ,flemi% s*ools4 ,! s$uctive ease & cl>ity ( ! ,r5aissance re/s v l>gely ^u evasion--! evasion ( deep] reluctances by ! aid ( speci\sly simple rule4 ,to m5 ( ! inw>dness ( ,meml9c or ! p[] ( ,grnewald su* conditions z ^? ( ! ,tuscan =m-_w w\ld h be5 fatal4 ,!y c\ld n h develop$ _! /r5g? 9 & ?r\gh x1 b only aga9/ x4 ,see+ z we d no weakness 9 ! =m ( ! ,r5aissance ma/]s1 we are v prone to ov]rate _! humanity4 ,9 ,go?ic1 & aga9 9 ,b>oque1 an entirely great arti/ 0 fulfill+ 8 art 9 deep5+ & complet+ its language1 b 9 ,r5aissance he 0 necess>ily only de/roy+ x4 8 ,s x 0 9 ! cases ( ,leon>do1 ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo1 ! only really great m5 ( ,italy aft] ,dante4 ,is x n curi\s t betwe5 ! ma/]s ( ! ,go?ic-- :o 7 no?+ b sil5t work]s 9 _! art & yet a*iev$ ! v highe/ t c\ld be a*iev$ )9 its conv5tion & its field-- & ! ,v5etians & ,dut* ( #afjj--:o aga9 7 purely work]s--!re %\ld be ^! ?ree m5 :o 7 n 8sculptors0 or pa9t]s0 b ?9k]s1 & ?9k]s :o ( necessity busi$ !mselves n m]ely ) all ! available means ( arti/ic expression b ) a ?\s& o!r ?+s besides1 ev] re/less & dissatisfi$1 9 _! ef=t to get at ! real ess5ce & aim ( _! be+8 ,does x n mean--t 9 ! ,r5aissance !y c\ld n 8f9d !mselves08 ,ea* 9 8 own fa%ion1 ea* "u 8 own tragic illusion1 ^! ?ree giants /rove to be 8,classical0 9 ! ,m$icean s5se2 & yet x 0 !y !mselves :o 9 "o & ano!r way--,raphael 9 respect ( ! l9e1 ,leon>do 9 respect ( ! surface1 ,mi*elangelo 9 respect ( ! body--%att]$ ! dream4 ,9 !m ! misguid$ s\l is f9d+ its way back to its ,fau/ian />t+-po9ts4 ,:at !y int5d$ 0 to sub/itute proportion = relation1 draw+ = light-&-air effect1 ,euclidean body = pure space4 ,b nei!r !y nor o!rs ( _! "t produc$ a ,euclidean-/atic sculpture--= t 0 possible once only1 9 ,a!ns4 ,9 all _! "w "o feels a secret music1 9 all _! =ms ! movem5t-quality & ! t5d+ into di/ances & dep?s4 ,!y are on ! way1 n to ,phidias b to ,pale/r9a1 & !y h come ?i!r n f ,roman ru9s b f ! /ill music ( ! ca!dral4 ,raphael ?aw$ ! ,flor5t9e fresco1 & ,mi*elangelo ! /atue1 & ,leon>do dream$ already ( ,rembr&t & ,ba*4 ,! high] & m consci5ti\s ! ef=t to actualize ! ideas ( ! age1 ! m intangible x became4 ,go?ic & ,b>oque1 h[ev]1 are some?+ t is1 :ile ,r5aissance is only an ideal1 unatta9able l all ideals1 t floats ov] ! w ( a p]iod4 ,giotto is a ,go?ic1 & ,titian is a ,b>oque1 arti/4 ,mi*elangelo w\ld be a ,r5aissance arti/1 b fails4 ,visibly1 ! pla/ic 9 him1 = all its ambiti\sness1 is ov]p[]$ by ! pictorial _s--& a pictorial _s1 too1 9 :i* ! ,nor!rn space-p]spective is implicit4 ,ev5 z soon z #aebj ! beautiful proportion1 ! pure rule--t is1 ! consci\s ,classical--are felt z frigid & =mal4 ,! cornice :i* he put on to ,sangallo's purely 8,classical0 faade ( ! ,palazzo ,f>nese 0 no d\bt1 f ! /rictly ,r5aissance /&po9t1 a disfigurem5t1 b he himself & _m ) him felt x to be f> sup]ior to ! a*ievem5ts ( ,greeks & ,romans4 ,z ,petr>* 0 ! fir/1 s ,mi*elangelo 0 ! la/ ,flor5t9e :o gave himself up passionately to ! ,antique4 ,b x 0 no long] an entire devotion4 ,! ,franciscan ,*ri/ianity ( ,fra ,angelico1 ) its subtle g5tl5ess & its quiet1 reflective piety--to :i* ! ,s\!rn ref9em5t ( ripe ,r5aissance "w owes f> m ?an has be5 suppos$#cef--;came n[ to its end4 ,! maje/ic _s ( ! ,c\nt]- ,re=mation1 massive1 animat$1 gorge\s1 lives already 9 ,mi*elangelo4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ,r5aissance "w :i* at ! "t pass$ = be+ 8,classical0 b is really only a delib]ately noble dress = ! ,*ri/ian-,g]man _w-feel+2 z we h already m5tion$1 ! comb9ation ( r\nd-ar* & pill>1 t fav\rite ,flor5t9e motive1 0 ( ,syrian orig94 ,b comp>e ! pseudo-,cor9?ian column ( ! #ae? ,c5tury ) ! columns ( a real ,roman ru9--rememb]+ t ^! ru9s 7 kn[n & on ! spot6 ,mi*elangelo alone w\ld tol]ate no half-&-half4 ,cl>ity he want$ & he w\ld h4 ,! "q ( =m 0 = him a religi\s matt]2 = him 7& only = him7 x 0 all or no?+4 ,& ?is is ! explanation ( ! lonely fe>ful wre/l+s ( ?is man1 surely ! unhappie/ figure 9 our art2 ( ! fragm5t>y1 ! tortur$1 ! unsatisfi$1 ! t]ribile 9 8 =ms t fright5$ 8 contempor>ies4 ,! "o half ( 8 nature drew him t[>ds ! ,classical & !re=e to sculpture--we all "k ! effect produc$ ^u him by ! rec5tly-discov]$ ,laocon4 ,no man ev] made a m hone/ ef=t ?an he did to f9d a way ) ! *isel into a buri$ _w4 ,ev]y?+ t he creat$ he meant sculpturally-- sculpturally1 t is1 9 a s5se ( ! ^w t he & he alone /ood =4 8,! _w1 pres5t$ 9 ! great ,pan10 ! elem5t :i* ,goe! meant to r5d] :5 he br\ght ,hel5a into ! ,second ,"p ( ,fau/1 ! ,apoll9ian _w 9 all its p[]ful s5su\s corporal pres5ce--t 0 :at ,mi*elangelo 0 /riv+ ) all 8 might to capture & to fix 9 arti/ic be+ :5 he 0 pa9t+ ! ,si/9e ceil+4 ,e res\rce ( fresco--! big cont\rs1 ! va/ surfaces1 ! imm5se ne>ness ( nak$ %apes1 ! mat]iality ( col\r--0 "h = ! la/ "t /ra9$ to ! utmo/ to lib]ate ! paganism1 ! high- ,r5aissance paganism1 t 0 9 him4 ,b 8 second s\l1 ! s\l ( ,go?ic-,*ri/ian ,dante & ( ! music ( great expanses1 is pull+ 9 ! opposite s5se2 8 s*eme = ! ensemble is manife/ly metaphysical 9 _s4 ,8 0 ! la/ ef=t1 repeat$ aga9 & aga91 to put ! entirety ( ! arti/-p]sonality into ! language ( /one4 ,b ! ,euclidean mat]ial fail$ him4 ,8 attitude to x 0 n t ( ! ,greek4 ,9 ! v "* ( its be+ ! *isell$ /atue contradicts ! _w-feel+ t tries to f9d some?+ by1 & n to possess some?+ 91 its art-works4 ,= ,phidias1 m>ble is ! cosmic /uff t is cry+ = =m4 ,! /ory ( ,pygmalion & ,galatea expresses ! v ess5ce ( t art4 ,b = ,mi*elangelo m>ble 0 ! foe to be subdu$1 ! prison out ( :i* he mu/ deliv] 8 idea z ,siegfri$ deliv]$ ,brunhilde4 ,ev]yone kn[s 8 way ( sett+ to "w4 ,he did n approa* ! r\gh block coolly f e aspect ( ! int5d$ =m1 b attack$ x ) a passionate frontal attack1 hew+ into x z ?\gh into space1 cutt+ away ! mat]ial lay] by lay] & driv+ deep] & deep] until 8 =m em]g$1 :ile ! memb]s sl[ly develop$ !mselves out ( ! qu>ry4 ,nev] p]haps has !re be5 a m op5 expression ( _w-dread 9 ! pres5ce ( ! become--,dea?--( ! w to ov]p[] & capture x 9 vibrant =m4 ,!re is no o!r arti/ ( ! ,we/ ^: relation to ! /one has be5 t ( ,mi*elangelo--at once s intimate & s viol5tly ma/]ful4 ,x is 8 symbol ( ,dea?4 ,9 x dwells ! ho/ile pr9ciple t 8 daemonic nature is always /riv+ to ov]p[]1 :e!r he is cutt+ /atues or pil+ great build+s out ( x4#ceg ,he is ! "o sculptor ( 8 age :o dealt only ) m>ble4 ,bronze1 z ca/1 all[s ! modell] to compromise ) pictorial t5d5cies1 & x appeal$ !re=e to o!r ,r5aissance arti/s & to ! s(t] ,greeks4 ,! ,giant /ood alo( f x4 ,! in/antane\s bodily po/ure 0 :at ! ,classical sculptor creat$1 & ( ?is ,fau/ian man 0 incapable4 ,x is "h j z x is 9 ! matt] ( love1 9 :i* ,fau/ian man discov]s1 n prim>ily ! act ( union betwe5 man & woman1 b ! great love ( ,dante & beyond t ! c>+ ,"m4 ,mi*elangelo's erotic--:i* is t ( ,bee?ov5 also--is z un-,classical z x is possible to be4 ,x /&s sub specie t]nitatis & n "u t ( s5se & ! mom5t4 ,he produc$ acts--a sacrifice to ! ,hell5ic idol--b ! s\l 9 !m d5ies or ov]ma/]s ! visible =m4 ,he wills inf9ity z ! ,greek will$ proportion & rule1 he embraces pa/ & future z ! ,greek embrac$ pres5t4 ,! ,classical eye absorbs pla/ic =m into itself1 b ,mi*elangelo saw ) ! spiritual eye & broke ?r\gh ! =egr\nd-language ( imm$iate s5su\sness4 ,& inevitably1 9 ! long run1 he de/roy$ ! conditions = ?is art4 ,m>ble became too trivial = 8 w-to-=m4 ,he ceas$ to be sculptor & turn$ ar*itect4 ,9 full old age1 :5 he 0 produc+ only wild fragm5ts l ! ,rondan9i ,madonna & h>dly cutt+ 8 figures out ( ! r\gh at all1 ! musical t5d5cy ( 8 arti/ry broke ?r\gh4 ,9 ! end ! impulse t[>ds contrapuntal =m 0 no long] to be repress$ &1 dissatisfi$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ! art ^u :i* he _h sp5t 8 life1 yet dom9at$ /ill by ! unqu5*able w to self-expression1 he %att]$ ! canon ( ,r5aissance ar*itecture & creat$ ! ,roman ,b>oque4 ,= relations ( mat]ial & =m he sub/itut$ ! conte/ ( =ce & mass4 ,he gr\p$ ! columns 9 %eaves or else pu%$ !m away into ni*es4 ,he broke up ! /oreys ) huge pila/]s & gave ! faade a sort ( surg+ & ?ru/+ quality4 ,measure yield$ to melody1 ! /atic to ! dynamic4 ,& ?us ,fau/ian music enli/$ 9 its s]vice ! *ief ( all ! o!r arts4 ,) ,mi*elangelo ! hi/ory ( ,we/]n sculpture is at an end4 ,:at ( x !re 0 aft] him 0 m]e misund]/&+s or rem9isc5ces4 ,8 real heir 0 ,pale/r9a4 ,leon>do speaks ano!r language4 ,9 ess5tials 8 _s rea*$ =w>d into ! foll[+ c5tury1 & he 0 9 n[ise b\nd1 z ,mi*elangelo 0 b\nd by e tie ( he>t1 to ! ,tuscan ideal4 ,he alone _h nei!r ! ambition to be sculptor nor ! ambition to be ar*itect4 ,x 0 a /range illusion ( ! ,r5aissance t ! ,hell5ic feel+ & ! ,hell5ic cult ( ! ext]ior /ructure c\ld be got at by way ( anatomical /udies4 ,b :5 ,leon>do /udi$ anatomy x 0 n1 z 9 ,mi*elangelo's case1 =egr\nd anatomy1 ! topography ( human surfaces1 /udi$ = ! sake ( pla/ic1 b physiology /udi$ = ! inw>d secrets4 ,:ile ,mi*elangelo tri$ to =ce ! :ole mean+ ( human exi/5ce into ! language ( ! liv+ body1 ,leon>do's /udies %[ ! exact opposite4 ,8 mu*- admir$ sfumato is ! fir/ sign ( ! repudiation ( corporeal b\nds1 9 ! "n ( space1 & z su* x is ! />t+-po9t ( ,impressionism4 ,leon>do beg9s ) ! inside1 ! spiritual space )9 u1 & n ) ! consid]$ def9ition-l9e1 & :5 he ends 7t is1 if he ends at all & does n leave ! picture unf9i%$71 ! sub/ance ( col\r lies l a m]e brea?+ ov] ! real /ructure ( ! picture1 :i* is some?+ incorporeal & indescribable4 ,raphael's pa9t+s fall into planes 9 :i* he disposes 8 well-ord]$ gr\ps1 & he closes (f ! :ole ) a well- proportion$ backgr\nd4 ,b ,leon>do kn[s only "o space1 wide & et]nal1 & 8 figures1 z x 71 float !re94 ,! "o puts inside a frame a sum ( individual ne> ?+s1 ! o!r a portion cut out ( ! inf9ite4 ,leon>do discov]$ ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,x 0 no ,r5aissance _s t br\ght him to t--on ! contr>y1 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 ?\ght took him "r outside ! conceptions ( 8 age4 ,nei!r ,mi*elangelo nor ,raphael c\ld h done x1 = _! pa9t]'s anatomy looks only at ! =m & position1 n ! function1 ( ! p>ts4 ,9 ma!matical language1 x is /]eometry z aga9/ analysis4 ,did n ! ,r5aissance f9d x q suffici5t prep>ation = great pa9t$ sc5es to /udy corpses1 suppress+ ! becom+ 9 fav\r ( ! become & call+ on ! dead to make ,classical accessible to ,nor!rn creative en]gy8 ,b ,leon>do inve/igat$ ! life 9 ! body z ,rub5s did1 & n ! body-9-itself z ,signorelli did4 ,8 discov]y 0 contempor>y ) t ( ,columbus1 & ! two h a deep aff9ity1 = !y signify ! victory ( ! inf9ite ov] ! mat]ial limit$ness ( ! tangibly pres5t4 ,w\ld a ,greek ev] h conc]n$ himself ) que/ions l !irs8 ,! ,greeks inquir$ z little into ! int]ior ( _! own organization z !y s\ght = ! s\rces ( ! ,nile2 ^! 7 problems t might h jeop>diz$ ! ,euclidean con/itution ( _! be+4 ,! ,b>oque1 on ! o!r h&1 is truly ! p]iod ( ! great discov]ies4 ,! v ^w 8discov]y0 has some?+ bluntly un-,classical 9 x4 ,classical man took good c>e n to take ! cov]1 ! mat]ial wrapp+1 (f any?+ cosmic1 b to d j ?is is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic impulse ( a ,fau/ian nature4 ,! discov]ies ( ! ,new ,_w1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 & ! ,cop]nican univ]se 7 a*iev$ almo/ simultane\sly &1 at bottom1 are completely equival5t2 & ! discov]y ( gunp[d] 7t is1 ! long-range weapon#ceh7 & ( pr9t+ 7! long-range script7 7 little e>li]4 ,leon>do 0 a discov]] ?r\gh-&-?r\gh1 & discov]y 0 ! sum 9 "o ^w ( 8 :ole nature4 ,bru%1 *isel1 dissect+-knife1 p5cil = calculat+ & compasses = draw+--all 7 = him ( equal importance4 ,!y 7 = him :at ! ,m>9]'s ,compass 0 = ,columbus4 ,:5 ,raphael completes ) col\r ! %>p-drawn outl9e he ass]ts ! corporeal ph5om5on 9 e bru%-/roke1 b ,leon>do1 9 8 r$-*alk sket*es & 8 backgr\nds reveals a]ial secrets ) e l9e4 ,he 0 ! fir/1 too1 :o set 8 m9d to "w on aviation4 ,to fly1 to free "o's self f e>?1 to lose "o's self 9 ! expanse ( ! univ]se--is n ?is ambition ,fau/ian 9 ! highe/ degree8 ,is x n 9 fact ! fulfilm5t ( our dreams8 ,has x nev] be5 obs]v$ h[ ! ,*ri/ian leg5d became 9 ,we/]n pa9t+ a glori\s transfiguration ( ?is motive8 ,all ! pictur$ asc5ts into heav5 & falls into hell1 ! div9e figures float+ above ! cl\ds1 ! blissful deta*m5t ( angels & sa9ts1 ! insi/5t emphasis ^u fre$om f e>?'s heav9ess1 are emblems ( s\l-flight1 peculi> to ! art ( ! ,fau/ian1 utt]ly remote f t ( ! ,byzant9e4 ,v ,! trans=mation ( ,r5aissance fresco-pa9t+ into ,v5etian oil- pa9t+ is a matt] ( spiritual hi/ory4 ,we h to appreciate v delicate & subtle traits to disc]n ! process ( *ange4 ,9 almo/ e picture f ,masaccio's 8,pet] & ! ,tribute ,money0 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel1 ?r\gh ! so>+ backgr\nd t ,pi]o della ,francesca gave to ! figures ( ,f$]igo & ,batti/a ( ,urb9o1#cei to ,p]ug9o's 8,*ri/ ,giv+ ! ,keys10#cfj ! fresco mann] is cont5d+ ) ! invasive new =m1 ?\gh ,raphael's arti/ic developm5t 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w on ! ,vatican 8/anze0 is almo/ ! only case 9 :i* we c see compreh5sively ! *ange t is go+ on4 ,! ,flor5t9e fresco aims at actuality 9 individual ?+s & produces a sum ( su* ?+s 9 an ar*itectonic sett+4 ,oil- pa9t+1 on ! o!r h&1 sees & h&les ) ev]-gr[+ sur5ess ext5sion z a :ole1 & treats all objects only z repres5tatives !re(4 ,! ,fau/ian _w-feel+ creat$ ! new te*nique t x want$4 ,x reject$ ! draw+ /yle1 z1 f ,oresme's "t1 co- ord9ate geometry reject$ x4 ,x trans=m$ ! l9e> p]spective associat$ ) ! ar*itectural motive into a purely a]ial p]spective r5d]$ by impond]able gradations ( tone4 ,b ! condition ( ,r5aissance art g5]ally--its inability ei!r to und]/& its own deep] t5d5cies or to make good its anti-,go?ic pr9ciple--made ! transition an obscure & difficult process4 ,ea* arti/ foll[$ ! tr5d 9 a way ( 8 own4 ,"o pa9t$ 9 oils on ! b>e wall1 & !reby condemn$ 8 "w to p]i% 7,leon>do's 8,la/ ,supp]074 ,ano!r pa9t$ pictures z if !y 7 wall-frescoes 7,mi*elangelo74 ,"s v5tur$1 "s guess$1 "s fell by ! way1 "s %i$4 ,x 01 z always1 ! /ruggle betwe5 h& & s\l1 betwe5 eye & in/rum5t1 betwe5 ! =m will$ by ! arti/ & ! =m will$ by "t--! /ruggle betwe5 ,pla/ic & ,music4 ,9 ! light ( ?is1 we c at la/ und]/& t gigantic ef=t ( ,leon>do1 ! c>toon ( ! 8,adoration ( ! ,magi0 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,x is ! gr&e/ piece ( arti/ic d>+ 9 ! ,r5aissance4 ,no?+ l x 0 ev5 imag9$ till ,rembr&t4 ,transc5d+ all optical measures1 ev]y?+ !n call$ draw+1 outl9e1 composition & gr\p+1 he pu%es fe>lessly on to *all5ge et]nal space2 ev]y?+ bodily floats l ! planets 9 ! ,cop]nican sy/em & ! tones ( a ,ba* organ-fugue 9 ! dimness ( old *ur*es4 ,9 ! te*nical possibilities ( ! "t1 s dynamic an image ( di/ance c\ld only rema9 a torso4 ,9 ! ,si/9e ,madonna1 :i* is ! v summation ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,raphael causes ! outl9e to draw into itself ! entire cont5t ( ! "w4 ,x is ! la/ gr& l9e ( ,we/]n art4 ,already 7& x is ?is t makes ,raphael ! lea/ intelligible ( ,r5aissance arti/s7 conv5tion is /ra9$ almo/ to break+-po9t by ! int5sity ( inw>d feel+4 ,he did n inde$ wre/le ) problems4 ,he _h n ev5 an inkl+ ( !m4 ,b he br\ght art to ! br9k :]e x c\ld no long] %irk ! plunge1 & he liv$ to a*ieve ! utmo/ possibilities )9 its =m-_w4 ,! ord9>y p]son :o ?9ks him flat simply fails to realize :at is go+ on 9 8 s*eme4 ,look aga91 read]1 at ! hackney$ ,madonna4 ,h y ev] notic$ ! little dawn-cl\dlets1 trans=m+ !mselves into baby heads1 t surr\nd ! so>+ c5tral figure8--^! are ! multitudes ( ! unborn t ! ,madonna is draw+ into ,life4 ,we meet ^! light cl\ds aga91 ) ! same mean+1 9 ! wondr\s f9ale ( ,fau/ ,,ii4#cfa ,x is j t :i* does n *>m 9 ,raphael1 8 sublime unpopul>ity1 t betrays ! inn] victory ov] ! ,r5aissance- feel+ 9 him4 ,we d und]/& ,p]ug9o at a glance1 we m]ely ?9k we und]/& ,raphael4 ,8 v l9e--t draw+-"* t at fir/ sight seems s ,classical--is some?+ t floats 9 space1 sup]nal1 ,bee?ov5-l4 ,9 ?is "w ,raphael is ! lea/ obvi\s ( all arti/s1 less obvi\s ev5 ?an ,mi*elangelo1 ^: int5tion is manife/ ?r\gh all ! fragm5t>9ess ( 8 works4 ,9 ,fra ,b>tolommeo ! mat]ial b\nd+-l9e is /ill entirely dom9ant4 ,x is all =egr\nd1 & ! :ole s5se ( ! "w is exhau/ively r5d]$ by ! def9ition ( bodies4 ,b 9 ,raphael l9e has become sil5t1 expectant1 veil$1 wait+ 9 an extremity ( t5sion = dissolution into ! inf9ite1 into space & music4 ,leon>do is already ov] ! fronti]4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi is already music4 ,x is n a casual b a deeply significant circum/ance t 9 ?is "w1 z also 9 8 ,/4 ,j]ome1#cfb he did n g beyond ! br[n und]pa9t+1 ! 8,rembr&t0 /age1 ! atmosph]ic br[n ( ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,= him1 entire fullness & cle>ness ( int5tion 0 atta9$ ) ! "w 9 t /ate1 & "o /ep into ! doma9 ( col\r 7= t doma9 0 /ill "u ! metaphysical limitations ( ! fresco /yle7 w\ld h de/roy$ ! s\l ( :at he _h creat$4 ,feel+1 9 all its dep?1 ! symbolism ( :i* oil- pa9t+ 0 lat] to be ! vehicle1 he 0 afraid ( ! fresco 8slickness0 7,f]tigkeit7 t mu/ h ru9$ 8 idea4 ,8 /udies = ?is pa9t+ %[ h[ close 0 8 relation to ! ,rembr&t et*+--an art ^: home 0 also t ( ! art 7unkn[n to ,flor5ce7 ( c\nt]po9t4 ,only x 0 res]v$ = ! ,v5etians1 :o /ood outside ! ,flor5t9e conv5tions1 to a*ieve :at he /rove = "h1 to fa%ion a col\r-_w subs]v+ space in/ead ( ?+s4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 ,leon>do 7aft] innum]able attempts7 decid$ to leave ! ,*ri/-head 9 ! 8,la/ ,supp]0 unf9i%$4 ,! m5 ( 8 "t 7 n ev5 ripe = portraiture z ,rembr&t und]/ood ! ^w1 ! magi/ral build+-up ( a s\l-hi/ory out ( dynamic bru%- /rokes & lights & tones4 ,b only ,leon>do 0 great en\gh to exp]i5ce ?is limitation z a ,de/9y4 ,o!rs m]ely set !mselves to pa9t heads 79 ! modes prescrib$ by _! respective s*ools7 b ,leon>do--! fir/1 "h1 to make ! h&s also speak1 & t ) a physiognomic mae/ria--_h an inf9itely wid] purpose4 ,8 s\l 0 lo/ af> 9 ! future1 ?\gh 8 mortal "p1 8 eye & h&1 obey$ ! _s ( ! age4 ,assur$ly he 0 ! free/ ( ! ?ree great ones4 ,f mu* ( t :i* ,mi*elangelo's p[]ful nature va9ly wre/l$ )1 he 0 already remote4 ,problems ( *emi/ry1 geometrical analysis1 physiology 7,goe!'s 8liv+ ,nature0 0 also ,leon>do's71 ! te*nique ( fire-arms--all 7 famili> to him4 ,deep] ?an ,dr]1 bold] ?an ,titian1 m compreh5sive ?an any s+le man ( 8 "t1 he 0 ess5tially ! arti/ ( torsos4#cfc ,mi*elangelo ! belat$ sculptor 0 s1 too1 b 9 ano!r s5se1 :ile 9 ,goe!'s day t :i* _h be5 unatta9able = ! pa9t] ( ! ,la/ ,supp] _h already be5 rea*$ & ov]pass$4 ,mi*elangelo /rove to =ce life once m into a dead =m-_w1 ,leon>do felt a new =m-_w 9 ! future1 ,goe! div9$ t !re c\ld be no new =m-worlds m4 ,betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/ ( ^! m5 lie ! ripe c5turies ( ! ,fau/ian ,culture4 ,,vi ,x rema9s n[ to deal ) ! major *>act]s ( ,we/]n art dur+ ! phase ( accompli%m5t4 ,9 ?is we may obs]ve ! deep necessity ( all hi/ory at "w4 ,we h le>n$ to und]/& arts z prime ph5om5a4 ,we no long] look to ! op]ations ( cause & effect to give unity to ! /ory ( developm5t4 ,in/ead1 we h set up ! idea ( ! ,de/9y ( an art1 & admitt$ arts to be organisms ( ! ,culture1 organisms :i* are born1 rip51 age & = ev] die4 ,:5 ! ,r5aissance--its la/ illusion--closes1 ! ,we/]n s\l has come to ! ripe consci\sness ( its own /r5g? & possibilities4 ,x has *os5 its arts4 ,z a 8late0 p]iod1 ! ,b>oque kn[s1 j z ! ,ionic _h kn[n1 :at ! =m-language ( its arts has to mean4 ,f be+ a philosophical religion1 art has to be a religi\s philosophy4 ,great ma/]s come =w>d 9 ! place ( anonym\s s*ools4 ,at ! culm9ation ( e ,culture we h ! spectacle ( a spl5did gr\p ( great arts1 well-ord]$ & l9k$ z a unit by ! unity ( ! prime symbol und]ly+ !m all4 ,! ,apoll9ian gr\p1 to :i* belong vase-pa9t+1 fresco relief1 ! ar*itecture ( rank$ columns1 ! ,attic drama & ! dance1 c5tres ^u ! nak$ /atue4 ,! ,fau/ian gr\p =ms itself r\nd ! ideal ( pure spatial inf9ity & its c5tre ( gravity is in/rum5tal music4 ,f ?is c5tre1 f9e ?reads radiate out into all spiritual =m-languages & weave our inf9itesimal ma!matic1 our dynamic physics1 ! propag&a ( ,jesuits & ! p[] ( our fam\s slogan ( 8progress10 ! mod]n ma*9e- te*nique1 cr$it economics & ! dyna/ic-diplomatic ,/ate--all into "o imm5se totality ( spiritual expression4 ,beg9n+ ) ! inw>d rhy?m ( ! ca!dral & end+ ) ,wagn]'s 8,tri/an0 & 8,p>sifal10 ! arti/ic conque/ ( endless space deploys its full =ces f ab\t #aeej4 ,pla/ic is dy+ ) ,mi*elangelo 9 ,rome j :5 planimetry1 dom9ant hi!rto1 is becom+ ! lea/ important bran* ( our ma!matic4 ,at ! same "t1 ,v5ice is produc+ ,z>l9o's !ories ( h>mony & c\nt]po9t 7#aeeh7 & ! practical me?od ( ! basso cont9uo--a p]spective & an analysis ( ! _w ( s\nd--& ?is music's si/]1 ! ,nor!rn ma!matic ( ! ,calculus1 is beg9n+ to m\nt4 ,oil-pa9t+ & in/rum5tal music1 ! arts ( space1 are n[ ent]+ into _! k+dom4 ,s also--consequ5tly1 we say--! two ess5tially mat]ial & ,euclidean arts ( ! ,classical ,culture1 viz41 ! all- r\nd /atue & ! /rictly plan> fresco1 atta9 to _! primacy at ! correspond+ date ( c4 #fjj ,b4,c4 ,& fur!r1 9 ! "o & 9 ! o!r case1 x is ! pa9t+ t rip5s fir/4 ,= 9 ei!r k9d pa9t+ on ! plane is a less ambiti\s & m accessible art ?an modell+ 9 solid or compos+ 9 immat]ial ext5sion4 ,! p]iod #aeej-afej belongs z completely to oil-pa9t+ z fresco & vase- pa9t+ belong to ! #f? ,c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! symbolism ( space & ( body1 express$ 9 ! "o case by p]spective & 9 ! o!r by proportion1 are only indicat$ & n imm$iately display$ by pictorial arts4 ,^! arts1 :i* c only 9 ea* case produce _! respective prime-symbols 7i4e41 _! possibilities 9 ! ext5d$7 z illusions on a pa9t$ surface1 are capable inde$ ( d5ot+ & evok+ ! ideal--,classical or ,we/]n1 z ! case may be--b !y are n capable ( fulfill+ x2 !y appe> !re=e 9 ! pa? ( ! 8late0 ,culture z ! l$ges be=e ! la/ summit4 ,! ne>] ! gr& /yle comes to its po9t ( fulfilm5t1 ! m decisive ! t5d5cy to an ornam5tal language ( inexorable cl>ity ( symbolism4 ,! gr\p ( great arts is fur!r simplifi$4 ,ab\t #afgj1 j :5 ,newton & ,leibniz 7 discov]+ ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus1 oil- pa9t+ _h rea*$ ! limit ( its possibilities4 ,its la/ great ma/]s 7 dead or dy+--,velasquez #affj1 ,p\ss9 #affe1 ,franz ,hals #afff1 ,rembr&t #affi1 ,v]me] #afge1 ,murillo1 ,ruysdael & ,claude ,lorra9 #afhb--;& "o has only to "n ! few successors ( any importance 7,watteau1 ,hog>?1 ,tiepolo7 to feel at once ! desc5t1 ! end1 ( an art4 ,9 ?is "t also1 ! great =ms ( pictorial music expir$4 ,he9ri* ,s*tz di$ 9 #afgb1 ,c>issimi 9 #afgd1 & ,purcell 9 #afie--! la/ great ma/]s ( ! ,cantata1 :o _h play$ ar\nd image-!mes ) inf9ite v>iety ( vocal & in/rum5tal col\r & _h pa9t$ v]itable pictures ( f9e l&scape & gr& leg5d-sc5e4 ,) ,lully 7#afhg7 ! he>t ( ! h]oic ,b>oque op]a ( ,montev]de ceas$ to beat4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! old 8classical0 sonata = or*e/ra1 organ & /r+ trio1 :i* 0 a developm5t ( image-!mes 9 ! fugal /yle4 ,!reaft]1 ! =ms become ^? ( f9al maturity1 ! conc]to grosso1 ! suite1 & ! ?ree-"p sonata = solo in/rum5ts4 ,music frees itself f ! relics ( bodil9ess inh]5t 9 ! human voice & becomes absolute4 ,! !me is no long] an image b a pregnant function1 exi/5t only 9 & by its own evolution1 = ! fugal /yle z ,ba* practis$ x c only be reg>d$ z a ceaseless process ( diff]5tiation & integration4 ,! victory ( pure music ov] pa9t+ /&s record$ 9 ! ,passions :i* ,he9ri* ,s*tz compos$ 9 8 old age--! visible dawn ( ! new =m- language--9 ! sonatas ( ,dall',abaco & ,corelli1 ! oratorios ( ,hndel & ! ,b>oque polyphony ( ,ba*4 ,h5ce=? ?is music is ! ,fau/ian art1 & ,watteau may fairly be describ$ z a pa9t]-,c\p]91 ,tiepolo z a pa9t]-,hndel4 ,9 ! ,classical _w ! correspond+ *ange occurr$ ab\t #dfj1 :5 ,polygnotus1 ! la/ ( ! great fresco-pa9t]s1 c$$ ! inh]itance ( ! gr& /yle to ,polycletus & free sculpture 9 ! r\nd4 ,till !n--z late ev5 z ,polygnotus's contempor>ies ,myron & ! ma/]s ( ! ,olympia p$im5t--! =m-language ( a purely plan> art _h dom9at$ t ( /atu>y also2 =1 j z pa9t+ _h develop$ its =m m & m t[>ds ! ideal ( ! silh\ette ( col\r ) int]nal draw+ sup]pos$--to su* an ext5t t at la/ !re 0 almo/ no diff]5ce betwe5 ! pa9t$ relief & ! flat picture--s also ! sculptor _h reg>d$ ! frontal outl9e z x pres5t$ itself to ! behold] z ! true symbol ( ! ,e?os1 ! cultural type1 t he meant 8 figure to repres5t4 ,! field ( ! temple- p$im5t con/itutes a picture2 se5 f ! prop] di/ance1 x makes exactly ! same impression z its contempor>y ! r$-figure vase-pa9t+4 ,9 ,polycletus's g5]ation ! monum5tal wall-pa9t+ gives place to ! bo>d-picture1 ! 8picture0 prop]1 9 temp]a or wax--a cle> indication t ! great /yle has gone to reside else:]e4 ,! ambition ( ,apollodorus's %ad[ pa9t+ 0 n 9 any s5se :at we call *i>oscuro & atmosph]e1 b %e] modell+ 9 ! r\nd 9 ! sculptor's s5se2 & ( ,zeuxis ,ari/otle says expressly t 8 "w lack$ 8,e?os40 ,?us1 ?is new] ,classical pa9t+ ) its clev]ness & human *>m is ! equival5t ( our #ah?-,c5tury "w4 ,bo? lack$ ! inn] greatness & bo? tri$ by =ce ( virtuosity to speak 9 ! language ( t s+le & f9al ,art :i* 9 ea* case /ood = ornam5tation 9 ! high] s5se4 ,h5ce ,polycletus & ,phidias al9e !mselves ) ,ba* & ,hndel2 z ! ,we/]n ma/]s lib]at$ /rict musical =m f ! executive me?ods ( ! ,pa9t+1 s ! ,greek ma/]s f9ally deliv]$ ! /atue f ! associations ( ! ,relief4 ,& ) ?is full pla/ic & ?is full music ! two ,cultures rea* _! respective ends4 ,a pure symbolism ( ma!matical rig\r _h become possible4 ,polycletus c\ld produce 8 8canon0 ( ! proportions ( ! human body1 & 8 contempor>y ,ba* ! 8,kun/ d] ,fuge0 & 8,wohltemp]i]tes ,klavi]40 ,9 ! two arts t ensu$1 we h ! la/ p]fection ( a*ievem5t t pure =m saturat$ ) mean+ c give4 ,comp>e ! tone-body ( ,fau/ian in/rum5tal music1 & )9 t sy/em aga9 ! body ( ! /r+s 79 ,ba*1 too1 ! virtual unity ( ! w9ds71 ) ! bodies ( ,attic /atu>y4 ,comp>e ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8figure0 to ,haydn ) its mean+ to ,praxiteles4 ,9 ! "o case x is ! figure ( a rhy?mic motive 9 a web ( voices1 9 ! o!r ! figure ( an a?lete4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! notion comes f ma!matics & x is made pla9 t ! aim ?us f9ally atta9$ is a union ( ! arti/ic & ! ma!matical _s1 = analysis l music1 & ,euclidean geometry l pla/ic1 h bo? come to full compreh5sion ( _! tasks & ! ultimate mean+ ( _! respective numb]-languages4 ,! ma!matics ( beauty & ! beauty ( ma!matics are h5ce=? insep>able4 ,! un5d+ space ( tone & ! all-r\nd body ( m>ble or bronze are imm$iate int]pretations ( ! ext5d$4 ,!y belong to numb]-z-relation & to numb]-z- measure4 ,9 fresco & 9 oil-pa9t+1 9 ! laws ( proportion & ^? ( p]spective1 ! ma!matical is only indicat$1 b ! two f9al arts are ma!matics1 & on ^! peaks ,apoll9ian art & ,fau/ian art are se5 entire4 ,) ! exit ( fresco & oil-pa9t+1 ! great ma/]s ( absolute pla/ic & absolute music file on to ! /age1 man aft] man4 ,polycletus is foll[$ by ,phidias1 ,ponius1 ,alcam5es1 ,scopas1 ,praxiteles1 ,lysippus4 ,beh9d ,ba* & ,hndel come ,gluck1 ,/amitz1 ! y\ng] ,ba*s1 ,haydn1 ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov5--9 _! h&s an arm\ry ( wond]ful & n[ long-=gott5 in/rum5ts1 a :ole magician's _w creat$ by ! discov]+ & inv5t+ _s ( ! ,we/ 9 ! hope ( gett+ m & m tones & timbres = ! s]vice & enhancem5t ( musical expression--9 _! w9ds an abundance ( gr&1 solemn1 ornate1 da9ty1 ironic1 laugh+ & sobb+ =ms ( p]fectly regul> /ructure1 =ms t no "o n[ und]/&s4 ,9 ^? days1 9 #ah?-,c5tury ,g]many especially1 !re 0 actually & effectively a ,culture ( ,music t suffus$ all ,life4 ,its type 0 ,h(fmann's ,kapellmei/] ,kreisl]4 ,to-day x is h>dly ev5 a memory4 ,& ) ! #ah? ,c5tury1 too1 ar*itecture di$ at la/1 subm]g$ & *ok$ 9 ! music ( ,rococo4 ,on t la/ wond]ful fragile gr[? ( ! ,we/]n ar*itecture criticism has bl[n m]cilessly1 fail+ to realize t its orig9 is 9 ! _s ( ! fugue & t its non- proportion & non-=m1 its evanesc5ce & in/ability & sp>kle1 its de/ruction ( surface & visual ord]1 are no?+ else ?an a victory ( tones & melodies ov] l9es & walls1 ! triumph ( pure space ov] mat]ial1 ( absolute becom+ ov] ! become4 ,!y are no long] build+s1 ^! abbeys & ca/les & *ur*es ) _! fl[+ faades & por*es & 8g+]bread0 c\rts & _! spl5did /aircases1 gall]ies1 salons & cab9ets2 !y are sonatas1 m9uets1 madrigals 9 /one1 *amb]-music 9 /ucco1 m>ble1 ivory & f9e woods1 cantil5e ( volutes & c>t\*es1 cad5ces ( fli]s & cop+s4 ,! ,dresd5 ,zw+] is ! mo/ completely musical piece 9 all ! _w's ar*itecture1 ) an ornam5tation l ! tone ( an old viol91 an allegro fugitivo = small or*e/ra4 ,g]many produc$ ! great musicians & !re=e also ! great ar*itects ( ?is c5tury 7,poppelmann1 ,s*lt]1 ,bhr1 ,naumann1 ,fis*] von ,erla*1 ,d9z5h(]74 ,9 oil-pa9t+ %e play$ no "p at all3 9 in/rum5tal music1 on ! contr>y1 h]s 0 ! pr9cipal rle4 ,,vii ,!re is a ^w1 8,impressionism10 :i* only came into g5]al use 9 ,manet's "t 7& !n1 orig9ally1 z a ^w ( contempt l ,b>oque & ,rococo7 b v happily summ>izes ! special quality ( ! ,fau/ian way ( art t has evolv$ f oil-pa9t+4 ,b1 z we ord9>ily speak ( x1 ! idea has nei!r ! wid? nor ! dep? ( mean+ t x ought to h3 we reg>d x z a sequel to or d]ivative ( ! old age ( an art :i*1 9 fact1 belongs to x entirely & f fir/ to la/4 ,:at is ! imitation ( an impression8 ,some?+ purely ,we/]n1 some?+ relat$ to ! idea ( ,b>oque & ev5 to ! unconsci\s purposes ( ,go?ic ar*itecture & diametrically oppos$ to ! delib]ate aims ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,does x n signify ! t5d5cy--! deeply-necess>y t5d5cy ( a wak+ consci\sness to feel pure endless space z ! supreme & unqualifi$ actuality1 & all s5se-images z second>y & condition$ actualities )9 x8 ,a t5d5cy t c manife/ itself 9 arti/ic creations1 b has a ?\s& o!r outlets besides4 ,does n ,kant's =mula space z a priori =m ( p]ception s\nd l a slogan = ! :ole movem5t t began ) ,leon>do8 ,impressionism is ! inv]se ( ! ,euclidean _w-feel+4 ,x tries to get z f> z possible f ! language ( pla/ic & z ne> z possible to t ( music4 ,! effect t is made ^u u by ?+s t receive & reflect light is made n because ! ?+s are !re b z ?\gh !y 89 !mselves0 are n !re4 ,! ?+s are n ev5 bodies1 b light-resi/ances 9 space1 & _! illusive d5sity is to be unmask$ by ! bru%-/roke4 ,:at is receiv$ & r5d]$ is ! impression ( su* resi/ances1 :i* are tacitly evaluat$ z simple functions ( a transc5d5t ext5sion4 ,! arti/'s inn] eye p5etrates ! body1 breaks ! spell ( its mat]ial b\nd+ surfaces & sacrifices x to ! maje/y ( ,space4 ,& ) ?is impression1 "u its influ5ce1 he feels an endless movem5t-quality 9 ! s5su\s elem5t t is 9 utt] contra/ to ! /atuesque 8,at>axia0 ( ! fresco4 ,!re=e1 !re 0 n & c\ld n be any ,hell5ic impressionism2 if !re is "o art t mu/ exclude x on pr9ciple1 x is ,classical sculpture4 ,impressionism is ! compreh5sive expression ( a _w-feel+1 & x mu/ obvi\sly !re=e p]meate ! :ole physiognomy ( our 8,late0 ,culture4 ,!re is an impressioni/ic ma!matic1 :i* frankly & ) int5t transc5ds all optical limitations4 ,x is ,analysis1 z develop$ aft] ,newton & ,leibniz1 & to x belong ! vision>y images ( numb]-8bodies10 aggregates1 & ! multidim5sional geometry4 ,!re is aga9 an impressioni/ic physics :i* 8sees0 9 lieu ( bodies sy/ems ( mass-po9ts--units t are evid5tly no m ?an con/ant relations betwe5 v>iable effici5ts4 ,!re are impressioni/ic e?ics1 trag$y1 & logic1 & ev5 79 ,pietism7 an impressioni/ic ,*ri/ianity4 ,be ! arti/ pa9t] or musician1 8 art consi/s 9 creat+ ) a few /rokes or spots or tones an image ( inexhau/ible cont5t1 a microcosm meet = ! eyes or e>s ( ,fau/ian man2 t is1 9 lay+ ! actuality ( inf9ite space "u en*antm5t by fleet+ & incorporeal indications ( some?+ objective :i*1 s to say1 =ces t actuality to become ph5om5al4 ,! d>+ ( ^! arts ( mov+ ! immobile has no p>allel4 ,"r f ! lat] "w ( ,titian to ,corot & ,m5zel1 matt] quiv]s & fl[s l a solution "u ! my/]i\s pressure ( bru%-/roke & brok5 col\rs & lights4 ,x 0 9 pursuit ( ! same object t ,b>oque music became 8!matic0 in/ead ( melodic &--re9=c+ ! 8!me0 ) e exp$i5t ( h>monic *>m1 in/rum5tal col\r1 rhy?m1 & tempo--develop$ ! tone-picture f ! imitative piece ( ,titian's day to ! leitmotiv- fabric ( ,wagn]1 & captur$ a :ole new _w ( feel+ & exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ,g]man music 0 at its culm9ation1 ?is art p5etrat$ also into lyric poetry 7,g]man lyric1 t is1 = 9 ,fr5* x is impossible7 & gave rise to a :ole s]ies ( t9y ma/]pieces1 f ,goe!'s 8,urfau/0 to ,hld]l9's la/ poems--passages ( a few l9es apiece1 :i* h nev] yet be5 notic$1 let alone collect$1 b include nev]!less :ole worlds ( exp]i5ce & feel+4 ,on a small scale1 x cont9ually repeats ! a*ievem5ts ( ,cop]nicus & ,columbus4 ,no o!r ,culture possesses an ornam5t-language ( su* dynamical impressiv5ess relatively to ! means x employs4 ,e po9t or /roke ( col\r1 e sc>ce-audible tone releases "s surpris+ *>m & cont9ually fe$s ! imag9ation ) fre% elem5ts ( space-creat+ en]gy4 ,9 ,masaccio & ,pi]o della ,francesca we h actual bodies ba!d 9 air4 ,!n ,leon>do1 ! fir/1 discov]s ! transitions ( atmosph]ic light & d>k1 ! s(t edges1 ! outl9es t m]ge 9 ! dep?1 ! doma9s ( light & %ade 9 :i* ! individual figures are insep>ably involv$4 ,f9ally1 9 ,rembr&t1 objects dissolve into m]e col\r$ impressions1 & =ms lose _! specific humanness & become collocations ( /rokes & pat*es t tell z elem5ts ( a passionate dep?-rhy?m4 ,di/ance1 s treat$1 comes to signify ,future1 = :at ,impressionism seizes & holds is by hypo!sis a unique & nev]-recurr+ in/ant1 n a l&scape 9 be+ b a fleet+ mom5t ( ! hi/ory !re(4 ,j z 9 a ,rembr&t portrait x is n ! anatomical relief ( ! head t is r5d]$1 b ! second visage 9 x t is confess$2 j z ! art ( 8 bru%-/roke captures n ! eye b ! look1 n ! br[ b ! exp]i5ce1 n ! lips b ! s5su\sness2 s also ! impressioni/ picture 9 g5]al pres5ts to ! behold] n ! ,nature ( ! =egr\nd b aga9 a second visage1 ! look & s\l ( ! l&scape4 ,:e!r we take ! ,ca?olic-h]oic l&scape ( ,claude ,lorra91 ! 8paysage intime0 ( ,corot1 ! sea & riv]-banks & villages ( ,cuyp & ,van ,goy51 we f9d always a portrait 9 ! physiognomic s5se1 some?+ uniquely-occurr+1 un=ese51 br\ght to light = ! fir/ & la/ "t4 ,9 ?is love ( ! "* & physiognomy 9 l&scape--j ! motive t 0 un?9kable 9 fresco art & p]man5tly b>r$ to ! ,classical--! art ( portraiture wid5s f ! imm$iately human to ! m$iately human1 to ! repres5tation ( ! _w z a "p ( ! ego or ! self-_w 9 :i* ! pa9t] pa9ts himself & ! behold] sees himself4 ,= ! expansion ( ,nature into ,di/ance reflects a ,de/9y4 ,9 ?is art ( tragic1 daemonic1 laugh+ & weep+ l&scapes !re is some?+ ( :i* ! man ( ano!r ,culture has no idea & = :i* he has no organ4 ,anyone :o 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is =m-_w talks ( ,hell5i/ic illusion-pa9t+ mu/ be unable to di/+ui% betwe5 an ornam5tation ( ! highe/ ord] & a s\lless imitation1 an ape- mimicry ( ! obvi\s4 ,if ,lysippus said 7z ,pl9y tells u he said7 t he repres5t$ m5 z !y appe>$ to him1 8 ambition 0 t ( a *ild1 ( a layman1 ( a savage1 n t ( an arti/4 ,! great /yle1 ! mean+1 ! deep necessity1 are abs5t2 ev5 ! cave- dwell]s ( ! /one age pa9t$ ?us4 ,9 reality1 ! ,hell5i/ic pa9t]s c\ld d m :5 !y *ose4 ,ev5 s late1 ! wall-pa9t+s ( ,pompeii & ! 8,odyssey0 l&scapes 9 ,rome conta9 a symbol4 ,9 ea* case x is a gr\p ( bodies t is r5d]$--rocks1 trees1 ev5 8! ,sea0 z a body among bodies6 ,!re is no dep?1 b only sup]position4 ,( c\rse1 ( ! objects repres5t$ "o or sev]al _h necess>ily to be fur!/ away 7or r lea/ ne>7 b ?is is a m]e te*nical s]vitude )\t ! remote/ aff9ity to ! illum9$ sup]nal di/ances ( ,fau/ian art4 ,,viii ,i h said t oil-pa9t+ fad$ out at ! end ( ! #ag? ,c5tury1 :5 "o aft] ano!r all its great ma/]s di$1 & ! "q w naturally1 !re=e1 be ask$--is ,impressionism 79 ! curr5t n>r[ s5se7 a creation ( ! #ai? ,c5tury8 ,has pa9t+ liv$1 aft] all1 two c5turies m8 ,is x /ill exi/+8 ,b we mu/ n be deceiv$ by appe>ances4 ,n only 0 !re a dead space betwe5 ,rembr&t & ,delacroix or ,con/able--= :5 we ?9k ( ! liv+ art ( high symbolism t 0 ,rembr&t's ! purely decorative arti/s ( ! #ah? ,c5tury d n c\nt--b1 fur!r1 t :i* began ) ,delacroix & ,con/able 01 not)/&+ all te*nical cont9uity1 some?+ q diff]5t f t :i* _h end$ ) ,rembr&t4 ,! new episode ( pa9t+ t 9 ! #ai? ,c5tury 7i4e41 beyond ! #ahjj fronti] & 9 8,civilization07 has succe$$ 9 awak5+ "s illusion ( a great culture ( pa9t+1 has itself *os5 ! ^w ,ple9-air 7,freili*t7 to designate its special *>act]i/ic4 ,! v designation suffices to %[ ! significance ( ! fleet+ ph5om5on t x is4 ,x implies ! consci\s1 intellectual1 cold-blood$ rejection ( t = :i* a sudd5 wit inv5t$ ! "n 8br[n sauce10 b :i* ! great ma/]s _h1 z we "k1 reg>d$ z ! "o truly metaphysical col\r4 ,on x _h be5 built ! pa9t+-culture ( ! s*ools1 & especially ! ,dut* s*ool1 t _h vani%$ irretrievably 9 ! ,rococo4 ,?is br[n1 ! symbol ( a spatial inf9ity1 :i* _h = ,fau/ian mank9d creat$ a spiritual some?+ out ( a m]e canvas1 n[ came to be reg>d$1 q sudd5ly1 z an (f5ce to ,nature4 ,:at _h happ5$8 ,0 x n simply ?is1 t ! s\l = :i* ?is sup]nal col\r 0 some?+ religi\s1 ! sign ( wi/fulness1 ! :ole mean+ ( 8,liv+ ,nature10 _h quietly slipp$ away8 ,! mat]ialism ( a ,we/]n ,cosmopolis blew into ! a%es & rek9dl$ ?is curi\s brief flick]--a brief flick] ( two g5]ations1 = ) ! g5]ation ( ,manet all 0 end$ aga94 ,i h 7z ! read] w recall7 *>act]iz$ ! noble gre5 ( ,grnewald & ,claude & ,giorgione z ! ,ca?olic space-col\r & ! transc5d5t br[n ( ,rembr&t z ! col\r ( ! ,prote/ant _w- feel+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ple9-air & its new col\r scale /& = irreligion4#cfd ,f ! sph]es ( ,bee?ov5 & ! /ell> expanses ( ,kant1 ,impressionism has come d[n aga9 to ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,its space is cogniz$1 n exp]i5c$1 se51 n contemplat$2 !re is tun$ness 9 x1 b n ,de/9y4 ,x is ! me*anical object ( physics & n ! felt _w ( ! pa/orale t ,c\rbet & ,manet give u 9 _! l&scapes4 ,r\sseau's tragically correct prophecy ( a 8return to ,nature0 fulfils itself 9 ?is dy+ art--! s5ile1 too1 return to ,nature day by day4 ,! mod]n arti/ is a workman1 n a creator4 ,he sets unbrok5 spectrum-col\rs side by side4 ,! subtle script1 ! dance ( bru%-/rokes1 give way to crude commonplaces1 pil+s & mix+s & daub+s ( po9ts1 squ>es1 broad inorganic masses4 ,! :itewa%]'s bru% & ! tr[el appe> 9 ! pa9t]'s equipm5t2 ! oil-prim+ ( ! canvas is br\ght into ! s*eme ( execution & 9 places left b>e4 ,x is a risky art1 meticul\s1 cold1 diseas$--an art = ov]-develop$ n]ves1 b sci5tific to ! la/ degree1 en]getic 9 ev]y?+ t relates to ! conque/ ( te*nical ob/acles1 acutely ass]tive ( programme4 ,x is ! 8satyric p5dant0 ( ! great age ( oil-pa9t+ t /ret*es f ,leon>do to ,rembr&t2 x c\ld only be at home 9 ! ,p>is ( ,baudelaire4 ,corot's silv]n l&scapes1 ) _! grey-gre5s & br[ns1 dream /ill ( ! spiritual ( ! ,old ,ma/]s2 b ,c\rbet & ,manet conqu] b>e physical space1 8factual0 space4 ,! m$itative discov]] repres5t$ by ,leon>do gives way to ! pa9t+ exp]im5tali/4 ,corot1 ! et]nal *ild1 ,fr5* b n ,p>isian1 f9ds 8 transc5d5t l&scapes any:]e & ev]y:]e2 ,c\rbet1 ,manet1 ,czanne1 portray ov] & ov] aga91 pa9fully1 labori\sly1 s\llessly1 ! ,=e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau1 ! bank ( ! ,se9e at ,arg5teuil1 or t rem>kable valley ne> ,arles4 ,rembr&t's mighty l&scapes lie ess5tially 9 ! univ]se1 ,manet's ne> a railway /ation4 ,! ple9-air pa9t]s1 true megalopolitans1 obta9 z x 7 specim5s ( ! music ( space f ! lea/ agitat$ s\rces ( ,spa9 & ,holl&--f ,velasquez1 ,goya1 ,hobbema1 ,franz ,hals--9 ord] 7) ! aid ( ,engli% l&scapi/s &1 lat]1 ! ,japanese1 8highbr[s0 all7 to re/ate x 9 empirical & sci5tific t]ms4 ,x is natural sci5ce z oppos$ to nature exp]i5ce1 head aga9/ he>t1 k 9 contra/ to fai?4 ,9 ,g]many x 0 o!rwise4 ,:]eas 9 ,france x 0 a matt] ( clos+-(f ! great s*ool1 9 ,g]many x 0 a case ( cat*+ up ) x4 ,= 9 ! picturesque /yle1 z practis$ f ,rottmann1 ,wasmann1 ,k4 ,d4 ,fri$ri* & ,runge to ,m>es & ,leibl1 an unbrok5 evolution is ! v basis ( te*nique1 & ev5 a new-/yle s*ool requires a clos$ tradition beh9d x4 ,h]e9 lies ! weakness & ! /r5g? ( ! la/ ,g]man pa9t]s4 ,:]eas ! ,fr5* possess$ a cont9u\s tradition ( _! own f e>ly ,b>oque to ,*>d9 & ,corot1 :]eas !re 0 liv+ connexion betwe5 ,claude ,lorra9 & ,corot1 ,rub5s & ,delacroix1 all ! great ,g]mans ( ! #ah? ,c5tury _h be5 musicians4 ,aft] ,bee?ov5 ?is music1 )\t *ange ( inw>d ess5ce1 0 div]t$ 7"o ( ! modalities ( ! ,g]man ,romantic movem5t7 back into pa9t+4 ,& x 0 9 pa9t+ t x fl[]$ longe/ & bore its k9dlie/ fruits1 = ! portraits & l&scapes ( ^! m5 are suffus$ ) a secret wi/ful music1 & !re is a brea? ( ,ei*5dorff & ,mrike left ev5 9 ,?oma & ,bckl94 ,b a =eign tea*] _h to be ask$ to supply t :i* 0 lack+ 9 ! native tradition1 & s ^! pa9t]s "o & all w5t to ,p>is1 :]e !y /udi$ & copi$ ! old ma/]s ( #afgj4 ,s also did ,manet & 8 circle4 ,b !re 0 ?is diff]5ce1 t ! ,fr5*m5 f\nd 9 ^! /udies only rem9isc5ces ( some?+ t _h be5 9 _! art = _m g5]ations1 :]eas ! ,g]mans receiv$ fre% & :olly diff]5t impressions4 ,! result 0 t1 9 ! #ai? ,c5tury1 ! ,g]man arts ( =m 7o!r ?an music7 7 a ph5om5on out ( season--ha/y1 anxi\s1 confus$1 puzzl$ z to bo? aim & means4 ,!re 0 inde$ no "t to be lo/4 ,! level t ,g]man music or ,fr5* pa9t+ _h tak5 c5turies to atta9 _h to be made good by ,g]man pa9t+ 9 two g5]ations4 ,! expir+ art dem&$ its la/ phase1 & ?is phase _h to be rea*$ by a v]tig9\s race ?r\gh ! :ole pa/4 ,h5ce ! un/ead9ess1 9 ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to =m1 ( high ,fau/ian natures l ,m>es & ,bckl91 an un/ead9ess t 9 ,g]man music ) its sure tradition 7?9k ( ,bruckn]7 w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! art ( ! ,fr5* ,impressioni/s 0 too explicit 9 its programme & correspond+ly too poor 9 s\l to expose !m to su* a trag$y4 ,g]man lit]ature1 on ! contr>y1 0 9 ! same condition z ,g]man pa9t+2 f ,goe!'s "t1 e major "w 0 int5d$ to f\nd some?+ & oblig$ to conclude some?+4 ,j z ,klei/ felt 9 himself bo? ,%akespe>e & ,/5dhal1 & lab\r$ desp]ately1 alt]+ & disc>d+ )\t end & )\t result1 to =ge two c5turies ( psy*ological art into a unit2 j z ,hebbel tri$ to squeeze all ! problems f ,hamlet to ,rosm]%olm into "o dramatic type2 s ,m5zel1 ,leibl1 & ,m>es s\ght to =ce ! old & new models--,rembr&t1 ,claude1 ,van ,goy51 & ,watteau1 ,delacroix1 ,c\rbet & ,manet--into a s+le =m4 ,:ile ! little e>ly int]iors ( ,m5zel anticipat$ all ! discov]ies ( ! ,manet circle & ,leibl n seldom succe$$ :]e ,c\rbet tri$ & fail$1 _! pictures r5ew ! metaphysical br[ns & gre5s ( ! ,old ,ma/]s & are fully expressive ( an inw>d exp]i5ce4 ,m5zel actually re- exp]i5c$ & reawak5$ some?+ ( ,prussian ,rococo1 ,m>es some?+ ( ,rub5s1 ,leibl 9 8 8,frau ,g$on0 some?+ ( ,rembr&t's portraiture4 ,moreov]1 ! /udio-br[n ( ! #ag? ,c5tury _h _h by its side a second art1 ! int5sely ,fau/ian art ( et*+4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! o!r1 ,rembr&t is ! greate/ ma/] ( all "t2 ?is1 l ! o!r1 has some?+ ,prote/ant 9 x t puts x 9 a q diff]5t category f ! "w ( ! ,s\!rn ,ca?olic pa9t]s ( blue-gre5 atmosph]es & ! ,gobel9 tape/ries4 ,& ,leibl1 ! la/ arti/ 9 ! br[n1 0 ! la/ great et*] ^: plates possess t ,rembr&tesque inf9ity t conta9s & reveals secrets )\t end4 ,9 ,m>es1 la/ly1 !re 0 all ! mighty int5tion ( ! great ,b>oque /yle1 b1 ?\gh ,guricault & ,daumi] 7 n too belat$ to capture x 9 positive =m1 he--lack+ j t /r5g? t a tradition w\ld h giv5 him--0 unable to =ce x into ! _w ( pa9t]'s actuality4 ,,ix ,! la/ ( ! ,fau/ian arts di$ 9 8,tri/an40 ,?is "w is ! giant key/one ( ,we/]n music4 ,pa9t+ a*iev$ no?+ l ?is z a f9ale--on ! contr>y1 ! effect ( ,manet1 ,m5zel & ,leibl1 ) _! comb9ation ( 8free light0 & resurrect$ old-ma/] /yles1 is weak4 8,contemporane\sly10 9 our s5se1 ,apoll9ian art came to its end 9 ,p]gam5e sculpture4 ,p]gamum is ! c\nt]p>t ( ,bayreu?4 ,! fam\s alt> itself1#cfe inde$1 is lat]1 & probably n ! mo/ important "w ( ! epo* at t2 we h to assume a c5tury 7#ccj- #bbj ,b4,c47 ( developm5t n[ lo/ 9 oblivion4 ,nev]!less1 all ,nietzs*e's *>ges aga9/ ,wagn] & ,bayreu?1 ! 8,r+0 & 8,p>sifal0--decad5ce1 !atricalness & ! l--c\ld h be5 levell$ 9 ! same words at ! ,p]gam5e sculpture4 ,a ma/]piece ( ?is sculpture--a v]itable 8,r+0--has come d[n to u 9 ! ,gigantoma*ia frieze ( ! great alt>4 ,"h is ! same !atrical note1 ! same use ( motives f anci5t discr$it$ my?ology z po9ts d'appui1 ! same ru?less bomb>dm5t ( ! n]ves1 & also 7?\gh ! lack ( inn] p[] _c altoge!r be conceal$7 ! same fully self-consci\s =ce & t[]+ greatness4 ,to ?is art ! ,f>nese ,bull & ! old] model ( ! ,laocon gr\p c]ta9ly belong4 ,! symptom ( decl9e 9 creative p[] is ! fact t to produce some?+ r\nd & complete ! arti/ n[ requires to be emancipat$ f =m & proportion4 ,its mo/ obvi\s1 ?\gh n its mo/ significant1 manife/ation is ! ta/e = ! gigantic4 ,"h size is n1 z 9 ! ,go?ic & ! ,pyramid /yles1 ! expression ( inw>d greatness1 b ! dissimulation ( its abs5ce4 ,?is swagg]+ 9 speci\s dim5sions is common to all nasc5t ,civilizations--we f9d x 9 ! ,zeus alt> ( ,p]gamum1 ! ,helios ( ,*>es call$ ! 8,colossus ( ,rhodes10 ! ar*itecture ( ! ,roman ,imp]ial ,age1 ! ,new ,empire "w 9 ,egypt1 ! ,am]ican skyscrap] ( to-day4 ,b :at is f> m indicative is ! arbitr>9ess & immod]at5ess t tramples on & %att]s ! conv5tions ( c5turies4 ,9 ,bayreu? & 9 ,p]gamum1 x 0 ! sup]p]sonal ,rule1 ! absolute ma!matic ( ,=m1 ! ,de/9y imman5t 9 ! quietly-matur$ language ( a great art1 t 0 f\nd to be intol]able4 ,! way f ,polycletus to ,lysippus & f ,lysippus to ! sculptors ( ! gr\ps ( ,gauls#cff is p>allel$ by ! way f ,ba*1 by ,bee?ov51 to ,wagn]4 ,! e>li] arti/s felt !mselves ma/]s1 ! lat] uneasy slaves1 ( ! great =m4 ,:ile ev5 ,praxiteles & ,haydn 7 able to speak freely & gaily )9 ! limits ( ! /ricte/ canon1 ,lysippus & ,bee?ov5 c\ld only produce by /ra9+ _! voices4 ,! sign ( all liv+ art1 ! pure h>mony ( 8w10 8mu/0 & 8c10 ! self-evid5ce ( ! aim1 ! un-self- consci\sness ( ! execution1 ! unity ( ! art & ! ,culture--all t is pa/ & gone4 ,9 ,corot & ,tiepolo1 ,moz>t & ,cim>osa1 !re is /ill a real ma/]y ( ! "m-tongue4 ,aft] !m1 ! process ( mutilation beg9s1 b no "o is consci\s ( x because no "o n[ c speak x flu5tly4 ,once ^u a "t1 ,fre$om & ,necessity 7 id5tical2 b n[ :at is und]/ood by fre$om is 9 fact indiscipl9e4 ,9 ! "t ( ,rembr&t or ,ba* ! 8failures0 t we "k only too well 7 q un?9kable4 ,! ,de/9y ( ! =m lay 9 ! race or ! s*ool1 n 9 ! private t5d5cies ( ! individual4 ,"u ! spell ( a great tradition full a*ievem5t is possible ev5 to a m9or arti/1 because ! liv+ art br+s him 9 t\* ) 8 task & ! task ) him4 ,to-day1 ^! arti/s c no long] p]=m :at !y int5d1 = intellectual op]ations are a poor sub/itute = ! tra9$ in/9ct t has di$ out4 ,all ( !m h exp]i5c$ ?is4 ,m>es 0 unable to complete any ( 8 great s*emes4 ,leibl c\ld n br+ himself to let 8 late pictures g1 & work$ ov] !m aga9 & aga9 to su* an ext5t t !y became cold & h>d4 ,czanne & ,r5oir left "w ( ! be/ quality unf9i%$ because1 /rive z !y w\ld1 !y c\ld d no m4 ,manet 0 exhau/$ aft] he _h pa9t$ ?irty pictures1 & 8 8,%oot+ ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian10 9 spite ( ! imm5se c>e t is visible 9 e item ( ! picture & ! /udies = x1 h>dly a*iev$ z mu* z ,goya manag$ )\t ef=t 9 its prototype ! 8%oot+s ( ! #crd ( ,may40 ,ba*1 ,haydn1 ,moz>t & a ?\s& obscure musicians ( ! #ah? ,c5tury c\ld rapidly turn out ! mo/ f9i%$ "w z a matt] ( r\t9e1 b ,wagn] knew full well t he c\ld only rea* ! heights by conc5trat+ all 8 en]gy ^u 8gett+ ! la/ ounce0 out ( ! be/ mom5ts ( 8 arti/ic end[m5t4 ,betwe5 ,wagn] & ,manet !re is a deep relation%ip1 :i* is n1 inde$1 obvi\s to ev]yone b :i* ,baudelaire ) 8 un]r+ flair = ! decad5t detect$ at once4 ,= ! ,impressioni/s1 ! end & ! culm9ation ( art 0 ! conjur+ up ( a _w 9 space out ( /rokes & pat*es ( col\r1 & ?is 0 j :at ,wagn] a*iev$ ) ?ree b>s4 ,a :ole _w ( s\l c\ld cr[d into ^! ?ree b>s4 ,col\rs ( />ry midnight1 ( sweep+ cl\ds1 ( autumn1 ( ! day dawn+ 9 fe> & sorr[1 sudd5 glimpses ( sunlit di/ances1 _w-fe>1 imp5d+ doom1 despair & its fi]ce ef=t1 hopeless hope--all ^! impressions :i* no compos] be=e him _h ?\ght x possible to cat*1 he c\ld pa9t ) entire di/9ctness 9 ! few tones ( a motive4 ,"h ! contra/ ( ,we/]n music ) ,greek pla/ic has rea*$ its maximum4 ,ev]y?+ m]ges 9 bodiless inf9ity1 no long] ev5 does a l9e> melody wre/le itself cle> ( ! vague tone- masses t 9 /range surg+s *all5ge an imag9>y space4 ,! motive comes up out ( d>k t]rible deeps4 ,x is flood$ = an in/ant by a fla% ( h>d bright sun4 ,!n1 sudd5ly1 x is s close ^u u t we %r9k4 ,x laughs1 x coaxes1 x ?reat5s1 & anon x vani%es into ! doma9 ( ! /r+s1 only to return aga9 out ( endless di/ances1 fa9tly modifi$ & 9 ! voice ( a s+le oboe1 to p\r out a fre% cornucopia ( spiritual col\rs4 ,:atev] ?is is1 x is nei!r pa9t+ nor music1 9 any s5se ( ^! words t atta*es to previ\s "w 9 ! /rict /yle4 ,ross9i 0 ask$ once :at he ?\ght ( ! music ( ! 8,hugu5ots02 8,music80 he repli$4 8,i he>d no?+ resembl+ x40 ,_m a "t mu/ ?is judgm5t h be5 pass$ at ,a!ns on ! new pa9t+ ( ! ,asiatic & ,sicyonian s*ools1 & op9ions n v diff]5t mu/ h be5 curr5t 9 ,egyptian ,!bes ) reg>d to ! art ( ,cnossus & ,tell-el-,am>na4 ,all t ,nietzs*e says ( ,wagn] is applicable1 also1 to ,manet4 ,o/5sibly a return to ! elem5tal1 to ,nature1 z aga9/ contemplation-pa9t+ 7,inhaltsmal]ei7 & ab/ract music1 _! art really signifies a concession to ! b>b>ism ( ! ,megalopolis1 ! beg9n+ ( dissolution s5sibly manife/$ 9 a mixture ( brutality & ref9em5t4 ,z a /ep1 x is necess>ily ! la/ /ep4 ,an artificial art has no fur!r organic future1 x is ! m>k ( ! end4 ,& ! bitt] conclusion is t x is all irretrievably ov] ) ! arts ( =m ( ! ,we/4 ,! crisis ( ! #ai? ,c5tury 0 ! dea?- /ruggle4 ,l ! ,apoll9ian1 ! ,egyptian & e o!r1 ! ,fau/ian art dies ( s5ility1 hav+ actualiz$ its inw>d possibilities & fulfill$ its mission )9 ! c\rse ( its ,culture4 ,:at is practis$ z art to-day--be x music aft] ,wagn] or pa9t+ aft] ,czanne1 ,leibl & ,m5zel--is impot5ce & falsehood4 ,look :]e "o w1 c "o f9d ! great p]sonalities t w\ld ju/ify ! claim t !re is /ill an art ( det]m9ate necessity8 ,look :]e "o w1 c "o f9d ! self-evid5tly necess>y task t awaits su* an arti/8 ,we g ?r\gh all ! exhibitions1 ! conc]ts1 ! !atres1 & f9d only indu/ri\s cobbl]s & noisy fools1 :o delight to produce some?+ = ! m>ket1 some?+ t w 8cat* on0 ) a public = :om art & music & drama h long ceas$ to be spiritual necessities4 ,at :at a level ( inw>d & outw>d dignity /& to-day t :i* is call$ art & ^? :o are call$ arti/s6 ,9 ! %>ehold]s' meet+ ( any limit$ company1 or 9 ! te*nical /aff ( any fir/-rate eng9e]+ works !re is m intellig5ce1 ta/e1 "* & capacity ?an 9 ! :ole music & pa9t+ ( pres5t-day ,europe4 ,!re h always be51 = "o great arti/1 a hundr$ sup]fluities :o practis$ art1 b s long z a great tradition 7& !re=e great art7 endur$ ev5 ^! a*iev$ some?+ wor?y4 ,we c =give ?is hundr$ = exi/+1 = 9 ! ensemble ( ! tradition !y 7 ! foot+ = ! individual great man4 ,b to-day we h only ^! sup]fluities1 & t5 ?\s& ( !m1 work+ art 8= a liv+0 7z if t 7 a ju/ification674 ,"o ?+ is q c]ta91 t to-day e s+le art-s*ool c\ld be %ut d[n )\t art be+ affect$ 9 ! slighte/4 ,we c le>n all we wi% to "k ab\t ! art-clam\r :i* a megalopolis sets up 9 ord] to =get t its art is dead f ! ,alex&ria ( ! ye> #bjj4 ,!re1 z "h 9 our _w-cities1 we f9d a pursuit ( illusions ( arti/ic progress1 ( p]sonal peculi>ity1 ( 8! new /yle10 ( 8unsuspect$ possibilities10 !oretical babble1 pret5ti\s fa%ionable arti/s1 weight-lift]s ) c>dbo>d dumb-bells--! 8,lit]>y ,man0 9 ! ,poet's place1 ! unaba%$ f>ce ( ,expressionism :i* ! art- trade has organiz$ z a 8phase ( art-hi/ory10 ?9k+ & feel+ & =m+ z indu/rial art4 ,alex&ria1 too1 _h problem-dramati/s & box-(fice arti/s :om x pref]r$ to ,sophocles1 & pa9t]s :o inv5t$ new t5d5cies & successfully bluff$ _! public4 ,:at d we possess to-day z art8 ,a fak$ music1 fill$ ) artificial nois9ess ( mass$ in/rum5ts2 a fak$ pa9t+1 full ( idiotic1 exotic & %[c>d effects1 t e t5 ye>s or s concocts out ( ! =m-weal? ( mill5nia "s new 8/yle0 :i* is 9 fact no /yle at all s9ce ev]yone does z he pleases2 a ly+ pla/ic t /eals f ,assyria1 ,egypt & ,mexico indiff]5tly4 ,yet ?is & only ?is1 ! ta/e ( ! 8man ( ! _w10 c be accept$ z ! expression & sign ( ! age2 ev]y?+ else1 ev]y?+ t 8/icks to0 old ideals1 is = prov9cial consumption4 ,! gr& ,ornam5tation ( ! pa/ has become z truly a dead language z ,sanskrit or ,*ur* ,lat94#cfg ,in/ead ( its symbolism be+ hon\r$ & obey$1 its mummy1 its legacies ( p]fect$ =ms1 are put into ! pot anyh[1 & reca/ 9 :olly inorganic =ms4 ,e mod]n age holds *ange to be developm5t1 & puts revivals & fusions ( old /yles 9 ! place ( real becom+4 ,alex&ria also _h its ,pre- ,raphaelite com$ians ) _! vases1 *airs1 pictures & !ories1 its symboli/s1 naturali/s & expressioni/s4 ,! fa%ion at ,rome 0 n[ ,grco-,asiatic1 n[ ,grco-,egyptian1 n[ 7aft] ,praxiteles7 neo-,attic4 ,! relief ( ! ,x,i,xth ,dyna/y--! mod]n age 9 ! ,egyptian ,culture-- t cov]$ ! mon/r\s1 mean+less1 inorganic walls1 /atues & columns1 seems l a %e] p>ody ( ! art ( ! ,old ,k+dom4 ,! ,ptolemaic ,horus-temple ( ,edfu is q unsurpass$ 9 ! way ( vacu\s eclecticism--s f>1 = we are only at ! beg9n+ ( our own developm5t 9 ?is l9e1 %[y & ass]tive z ! /yle ( our /reets & squ>es already is4 ,9 due c\rse1 ev5 ! /r5g? to wi% = *ange fades out4 ,rameses ! ,great--s soon--appropriat$ to himself build+s ( 8 pr$ecessors by cutt+ out _! names & ins]t+ 8 own 9 ! inscriptions4 ,x 0 ! same consci\sness ( arti/ic impot5ce t l$ ,con/ant9e to adorn 8 triumphal ar* 9 ,rome ) sculptures tak5 f o!r build+s2 b ,classical craftsman%ip _h set to "w long be=e ,con/ant9e--z e>ly1 9 fact1 z #aej--on ! bus9ess ( copy+ old ma/]pieces1 n because ^! 7 und]/ood & appreciat$ 9 ! lea/1 b because no "o 0 any long] capable ( produc+ orig9als4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! copyi/s 7 ! arti/s ( _! "t2 _! "w !re=e 7done 9 "o /yle or ano!r accord+ to ! mom5t's fa%ion7 repres5t ! maximum ( creative p[] !n available4 ,all ! ,roman portrait /atues1 male & female1 g back = po/ure & mi5 to a v few ,hell5ic types2 ^!1 copi$ m or less true to /yle1 s]v$ = torsos1 :ile ! heads 7 execut$ z 8,lik5esses0 by simple craftsm5 :o possess$ ! knack4 ,! fam\s /atue ( ,augu/us 9 arm\r1 = example1 is bas$ on ! ,spe>man ( ,polycletus1 j z--to "n ! fir/ h>b+]s ( ! same phase 9 our own _w--,l5ba* re/s ^u ,rembr&t & ,mak>t ^u ,rub5s4 ,= #aejj ye>s 7,amasis ,i to ,cleopatra7 ,egypticism pil$ portrait on portrait 9 ! same way4 ,in/ead ( ! /eady developm5t t ! great age _h pursu$ ?r\gh ! ,old & ,middle ,k+doms1 we f9d fa%ions t *ange accord+ to ! ta/e ( ?is or t dyna/y4 ,among/ ! discov]ies at ,turfan are relics ( ,indian dramas1 contempor>y ) ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 :i* are simil> 9 all respects to ! ,kalidasa ( a lat] c5tury4 ,*9ese pa9t+ z we "k x %[s n an evolution b an up-&-d[n ( fa%ions = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s on end2 & ?is un/ead9ess mu/ h set 9 z e>ly z ! ,han p]iod4 ,! f9al result is t endless indu/ri\s repetition ( a /ock ( fix$ =ms :i* we see to-day 9 ,indian1 ,*9ese1 & ,arabian-,p]sian art4 ,pictures & fabrics1 v]ses & vessels1 furniture1 dramas & musical compositions--all is patt]nwork4#cfh ,we cease to be able to date any?+ )9 c5turies1 let alone decades1 by ! language ( its ornam5tation4 ,s x has be5 9 ! ,la/ ,act ( all ,cultures4 ----- ,footnote #bgb3 ,die bild5d5 ,kn/e4 ,! expression is a /&>d "o 9 ,g]man1 b unfamili> 9 ,engli%4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 8die bild5d5 ,kn/e0 7%ap+ arts1 arts ( =m7 are contra/$ ) 8die r$5d5 ,kn/e0 7speak+ arts7--music1 z giv+ utt]ance r ?an spatial =m to ?+s1 be+ c\nt$ among ! latt]4--,tr4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,z soon z ! ^w1 :i* is a transmission-ag5t ( ! und]/&+1 comes to be us$ z ! expression-ag5t ( an art1 ! wak+ consci\sness ceases to express or to take 9 a ?+ integrally4 ,n to m5tion ! read ^w ( high] ,cultures--! m$ium ( lit]ature prop]--ev5 ! spok5 ^w1 :5 us$ 9 any artificial s5se1 sep>ates he>+ f und]/&+1 = ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w also takes a h& 9 ! process &1 z ?is art gr[s 9 p[]1 ! wordless arts !mselves arrive at expression-me?ods 9 :i* ! motives are jo9$ to ^w-mean+s4 ,?us arises ! ,allegory1 or motive t signifies a ^w1 z 9 ,b>oque sculpture aft] ,b]n9i4 ,s1 too1 pa9t+ v (t5 develops into a sort ( pa9t+-writ+1 z 9 ,byzantium aft] ! second ,nic5e ,c\ncil 7#ghg7 :i* took f ! arti/ 8 fre$om ( *oice & arrangem5t4 ,?is also is :at di/+ui%es ! arias ( ,gluck1 9 :i* ! melody grew up out ( ! mean+ ( ! libretto1 f ^? ( ,aless&ro ,sc>latti1 9 :i* ! texts are 9 !mselves ( no significance & mo/ly s]ve to c>ry ! voices4 ,! high-,go?ic c\nt]po9t ( ! #ac? ,c5tury is entirely free f any connexion ) words3 x is a pure ar*itecture ( human voices 9 :i* sev]al texts1 ,lat9 & v]nacul>1 sacr$ & secul>1 7 sung toge!r4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,our p$antic me?od has giv5 u an art-hi/ory t excludes music- hi/ory2 & :ile ! "o has become a normal elem5t ( high] education1 ! o!r has rema9$ an affair solely = ! exp]t4 ,x is j z ?\gh "o tri$ to write a hi/ory ( ,greece )\t tak+ ,sp>ta into acc\nt4 ,! result is a !ory ( 8,art0 t is a pi\s fraud4 ,footnote #bge3 ,?is s5t5ce is n 9 ! orig9al4 ,x has be5 ins]t$1 & ! foll[+ s5t5ce modifi$1 = ! sake ( cl>ity4--,tr4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aaj4 ,! aspect ( ! /reets ( ,old ,egypt may h be5 v simil> to ?is1 if we c draw conclusions f tess] discov]$ 9 ,cnossus 7see ,h4 ,boss]t1 ,alt ,kreta 7#aiba71 ,t4 #ad74 ,& ! ,pylon is an und\bt$ & g5u9e faade4 7,su* tess]1 be>+ pictures ( w9d[$ h\ses1 are illu/rat$ 9 ,art4 8gean ,civilization10 ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,edition1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bea1 plate ,,iv1 fig4 #a4--,tr474 ,footnote #bgg3 ,ghib]ti has n outgr[n ! ,go?ic1 nor has ev5 ,donatello2 & already 9 ,mi*elangelo ! feel+ is ,b>oque1 i4e41 musical4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,! /ruggle to fix ! problem is visible 9 ! s]ies ( 8,apollo- figures40 ,see ,donna1 ,les ,apollons ar*aques 7#aiji74 ,footnote #bgi3 ,wo]mann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,kun/1 ,i 7#aiae71 p4 #bcf4 ,! fir/ t5d5cy is se5 9 ! ,samian ,h]a ( ,*]amues & ! p]si/5t turn+ ( columns into c>yatids2 ! second 9 ! ,delian figure d$icat$ to ,artemis by ,nic&ra1 ) its relation to ! olde/ metope-te*nique4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,miletus 0 9 a p>ticul> relation ) ,egypt ?r\gh ,naucratis4-- ,tr4 ,footnote #bha3 ,mo/ ( ! works are p$im5t-gr\ps or metopes4 ,b ev5 ! ,apollo- figures & ! 8,maid5s0 ( ! ,acropolis c\ld n h /ood free4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,v4 ,salis1 ,kun/ d] ,grie*5 7#aiai71 pp4 #dg1 #ih et seq4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,! decisive pref]5ce ( ! :ite /one is itself significant ( ! opposition ( ,r5aissance to ,classical feel+4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,all ,greek scales are capable ( r$uction to 8tetra*ords0 or f\r- note scales ( :i* ! =m ,e--note--note--,a is typical4 ,9 ! diatonic ! unspecifi$ inn] notes are ,f1 ,g2 9 ! *romatic !y are ,f1 ,f %>p2 & 9 ! enh>monic !y are ,e half-%>p1 ,f4 ,?us1 ! *romatic & enh>monic scales d n provide additional notes z ! mod]n *romatic does1 b simply displace ! inn] memb]s ( ! scale d[nw>ds1 alt]+ ! proportionate di/ances betwe5 ! same giv5 total4 ,9 ,fau/ian music1 on ! contr>y1 ! mean+ ( 8enh>monic0 is simply relational4 ,x is appli$ to a *ange1 say f ,a flat to ,g %>p4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two is n a qu>t]-tone b a 8v small0 int]val 7!ory & practice d n ev5 agree z to :i* note is ! high]1 & 9 temp]$ in/rum5ts ) /&>diz$ scales ! physical diff]5ce is elim9at$ altoge!r74 ,:ile a note is be+ s\nd$1 ev5 )\t any physical *ange 9 x1 its h>monic co-ord9ates 7i4e41 sub/antially1 ! key ( ! h>mony7 may alt]1 s t h5ce=? ! note1 f ,a flat1 has become ,g %>p4--,tr4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,9 ! same way ! :ole ( ,russian music appe>s to u inf9itely m\rnful1 b real ,russians assure u t x is n at all s = !mselves4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,see articles "u ^! head+s 9 ,grove's 8,diction>y ( ,music40-- ,tr4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,9 ,b>oque music ! ^w 8imitation0 means some?+ q diff]5t f ?is1 viz41 ! exact repetition ( a motive 9 a new col\r+ 7/>t+ f a diff]5t note ( ! scale74 ,footnote #bhi3 ,= all t survives p]=mance is ! notes1 & ^! speak only to "o :o /ill kn[s & c manage ! tone & te*nique ( ! expression-means appropriate to !m4 ,footnote #bij3 ,see articles ,fauxb\rdon1 ,discant & ,gimel 9 ,grove's 8,diction>y ( ,music40--,tr4 ,footnote #bia3 ,note t ,oresme 0 a contempor>y ( ,ma*ault & ,philippe de ,vitry1 9 ^: g5]ation ! rules & prohibitions ( /rict c\nt]po9t 7 def9itively e/abli%$4 ,footnote #bib3 ,see p4 #ai & ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #bic3 ,ev5 ! fir/ great tr\bad\r1 ,guilhem ( ,poiti]s1 ?\gh a reign+ sov]eign1 made x 8 ambition to be reg>d$ z a 8pr(essional10 z we %\ld say4--,tr4 ,footnote #bid3 ,see also ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfe4 ,footnote #bie3 ,see p4 #gd4 ,footnote #bif3 ,a movem5t 9 sonata =m consi/s ess5tially ( 7a7 ,fir/ ,subject2 7b7 ,second ,subject 79 an alli$ key72 7c7 ,work+-out1 or free developm5t ( ! !mes gr\p$ "u 7a7 & 7b72 & 7d7 ,recapitulation1 9 :i* ! two subjects are repeat$ 9 ! key ( ! tonic4 ,! ,engli% usage is to consid] 7a7 & 7b7 ) ! bridge or modulation connect+ !m1 toge!r z ! 8,exposition10 & ! =m is consequ5tly designat$ 8?ree-"p40--,tr4 ,footnote #big3 ,e9/e91 ,ges*4 d] ,musik1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #bih3 ,coysevox liv$ #afdj-agbj4 ,mu* ( ! embelli%m5t & /atu>y ( ,v]sailles is 8 "w4--,tr4 ,footnote #bii3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ceg et seq41 #cfe et seq4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,x 0 n m]ely national-,italian 7= t ,italian ,go?ic 0 also73 x 0 purely ,flor5t9e1 & ev5 )9 ,flor5ce ! ideal ( "o class ( society4 ,t :i* is call$ ,r5aissance 9 ! ,trec5to has its c5tre 9 ,prov5ce & p>ticul>ly 9 ! papal c\rt at ,avignon1 & is no?+ :atev] b ! s\!rn type ( *ivalry1 t :i* prevail$ 9 ,spa9 & ,upp] ,italy & 0 s /rongly influ5c$ by ! ,moori% polite society ( ,spa9 & ,sicily4 ,footnote #cja3 ,r5aissance ornam5t is m]ely embelli%m5t & self-consci\s art- inv5tiv5ess4 ,x is only ) ! frank & outspok5 ,b>oque t we return to ! necessities ( high symbolism4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,jacob ,burckh>dt1 ,die ,cultur d] ,r5aissance 9 ,itali54 7,an ,engli% translation 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgh4--,tr47 ,footnote #cjc3 ,inclusive ( ,p>is itself4 ,ev5 z late z ! fifte5? c5tury ,flemi% 0 z mu* spok5 !re z ,fr5*1 & ! ar*itectural appe>ance ( ! city 9 its olde/ p>ts connects x ) ,bruges & ,gh5t & n ) ,troyes & ,poiti]s4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,a4 ,s*m>s[1 ,gotik 9 d] ,r5aissance 7#aiba72 ,b4 ,ha5dke1 ,d] ni$]l4 ,e9fluss auf die ,mal]ei ,toskana-,umbri5s 7,monat%efte fr ,kun/wiss5s*4 #aiab74 ,footnote #cje3 ,! colossal /atue ( ,b>tolommeo ,colleone at ,v5ice4--,tr4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,svoboda1 ,rmis*e und ,romanis*e ,pal/e 7#aiai72 ,ro/[zew1 ,pompeianis*e ,l&s*aft5 und ,rmis*e ,vill5 7,rm4 mitt41 #aijd74 ,footnote #cjg3 ,environs ( ,rome4 ,!y date f ! late #ag? & ! mid-#ah? c5turies respectively2 ! g>d5s ( ! ,v4 ,ludovisi 7 laid out by ,le ,ntre4--,tr4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,t is1 ! expression = ! sum ( a conv]g5t s]ies beyond any specifi$ t]m4--,tr4 ,footnote #cji3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aag et seq4 ,footnote #caj3 ,9 ,classical pa9t+1 light & %ad[ 7 fir/ consi/5tly employ$ by ,zeuxis1 b only = ! %ad+ ( ! ?+ itself1 = ! purpose ( free+ ! modell+ ( ! body pa9t$ f ! re/riction ( ! relief-mann]1 i4e41 )\t any ref]5ce to ! relation ( %ad[s to ! "t ( day4 ,b ev5 ) ! e>lie/ ( ! ,ne!rl&]s light & %ade are already col\r-tones & affect$ by atmosph]e4 ,footnote #caa3 ,! brilliant poli% ( ! /one 9 ,egyptian art has a deep symbolic significance ( mu* ! same k9d4 ,its effect is to demat]ialize ! /atue by caus+ ! eye to glide along its ext]ior4 ,hellas on ! contr>y manife/s1 by its progress f 8,poros0 /one1 ?r\gh ,naxian1 to ! transluc5t ,p>ian & ,p5telic m>bles1 h[ det]m9$ x is t ! look %all s9k "r into ! mat]ial ess5ce ( ! body4 ,footnote #cab3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cad et seq4 ,footnote #cac3 ,! life & tea*+ ( ,/4 ,francis 71 morally & /hetically alike1 ! c5tres ( inspiration = ,cimabue1 ,giotto & ! ,italian ,go?ic g5]ally4--,tr4 ,footnote #cad3 ,d] nordis*e im ,gr5z5lose s*weif5de ,pan!ismus4 ,footnote #cae3 ,on ! foll[+ page is a translation ( ?is *orus4--,tr4 ,raphael4 ,! ,sun outs+s ! bro!r-sph]es 9 old5 rivalry ( song1 & ?und]-girt pursues ! ye>s ! preorda9d pa? along4 ',tis f 8 face ! angels ga9 _! /r5g?2 b scan x no "o may4 ,?\ght is outrang$ & ,works rema9 sublime z on ,creation-,day4 ,gabriel4 ,&1 swift beyond description1 flies ! circl+ sc5e ( l& & sea1 9 alt]nance ( ,p>adise ) d>k & awful ,my/]y4 ,! ocean sw+s1 ! bill[s sway1 back f ! cliff ! waves are hurl$4 ,b cliff & waves alike obey ! mighti] movem5t ( ! ,_w4 ,mi*ael4 ,& /orms arise & swell & ebb o'er sea & m\nta91 lake & field1 9 wild cont5tion weave a web ( =ces purpos$ ?\gh conceal$4 ,! lightn+ is ?y flam+ sword1 ! ?und] veils !e on ?y way1 yet ev] sp>e ?y envoys1 ,"l1 ! g5tle *ang+ ( ?y day4 ,! ,?ree4 ',tis f ?y face ! angels ga9 _! /r5g?1 b scan x no "o may4 ,beyond all ?\ght ?y ,works rema9 sublime z on ,creation-,day4 ,footnote #caf3 ,8 portrait ( ,frau ,g$on1 all /eep$ 9 br[n1 is ! la/ ,old- ,ma/] portrait ( ! ,we/2 x is pa9t$ entirely 9 ! /yle ( ! pa/4 ,footnote #cag3 ,! /r+s 9 ! ,or*e/ra repres5t1 z a class1 ! col\rs ( ! di/ance4 ,! blui% gre5 ( ,watteau is f\nd already 9 ! ,neapolitan bel canto ( ab\t #agjj1 9 ,c\p]91 9 ,moz>t & ,haydn2 & ! br[n ( ! ,dut* 9 ,corelli1 ,h&el & ,bee?ov54 ,! woodw9d1 too1 calls up illum9$ di/ances4 ,yell[ & r$1 on ! o!r h&1 ! col\rs ( ne>ness1 ! popul> col\rs1 are associat$ ) ! brass timbre1 ! effect ( :i* is corporeal (t5 to ! po9t ( vulg>ity4 ,! tone ( an old fiddle is entirely bodiless4 ,x is wor? rem>k+ t ! ,greek music1 insignific5t z x is1 und]w5t an evolution f ! ,dorian lyre to ! ,ionian flute 7aulos & syr9x7 & t ev5 9 ! "t ( ,p]icles /rict ,dorians blam$ ?is z an en]vat+ & l[]+ t5d5cy4 7,! horn is an exception1 & is always treat$ z an exception1 to ! brass g5]ally4 ,its place is ) ! woodw9d1 & its col\rs are ^? ( ! di/ance4--,tr47 ,footnote #cah3 ,! use ( gold 9 ?is way1 viz41 to add brilliancy to bodies /&+ freely 9 ! op51 has no?+ 9 common ) its employm5t 9 ,magian art to provide glitt]+ backgr\nds = figures se5 9 dim int]iors4 ,footnote #cai3 ,! ,*9ese also atta* enorm\s importance to ! pat9as ( _! old bronzes1 :i*1 ow+ to ! diff]5t alloys us$ & ! /rong *emical *>act]s ( ! soil1 are ( inf9ite v>iety & natural intricacy4 ,!y too1 9 lat] phases1 h come to ! production ( artificial pat9a4--,tr4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,pausanias1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 0 nei!r by date nor by orig9 a ,greek4--,tr4 ,footnote #cba3 8,9 places1 z y /& on x1 ! great t[]$ & embattl$ ence9te produces an illusion3 x looks z if x 7 /ill equipp$ & def5d$4 ,"o vivid *all5ge at any rate x fl+s d[n be=e y2 x compels y to make up y\r m9d on ! matt] ( re/oration4 ,= myself1 ,i h no hesitation2 ,i pref] 9 e case ! ru9$1 h[ev] ru9$1 to ! recon/ruct$ h[ev] spl5did4444 ,aft] t1 ,i am free to say t ! re/oration ( ,c>cassonne is a spl5did a*ievem5t40 7,h5ry ,james1 8,a ,little ,t\r 9 ,france10 xxiii47 ,yet if ev] !re 0 a recon/ruction c>ri$ out ) piety & s*ol>%ip z well z skill1 x 0 ,viollet-le-,duc's recon/ruction ( ^! old t[n-walls4--,tr4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,home1 an ,engli% philosoph] ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 decl>$ 9 a lecture on ,engli% p>ks t ,go?ic ru9s repres5t$ ! triumph ( "t ov] p[]1 ,classical ru9s t ( b>b>ism ov] ta/e4 ,x 0 t age t fir/ discov]$ ! beauty ( ! ru9-/udd$ ,rh9e1 :i* 0 !nce=w>d ! hi/oric riv] ( ! ,g]mans4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,engli% read]s w v likely ?9k ( ! case ( ,%aw's 8,back to ,me?uselah10 ) its extreme contra/ ( ! *eaply-satirical pres5t-day sc5e & ! noble & tragic sc5es ( f> pa/ & f> future4--,tr4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,"o ne$ only contra/ ! ,greek arti/ ) ,rub5s & ,rabelais4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,( :om "o ( 8 mi/resses rem>k$ t he 8smelt l a c>cass0 7qu'il puait comme une *>ogne74 ,note also h[ ! musician g5]ally has a reputation = uncleanl9ess4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,f ! solemn canon ( ,polycletus to ! elegance ( ,lysippus ! same process ( light5+ is go+ on 9 ! body-build z t :i* br\ght ! column f ! ,doric to ! ,cor9?ian ord]4 ,! ,euclidean feel+ 0 beg9n+ to relax4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,see p4 #ai4--,tr4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 e4g41 old ,egypt & ,japan 7to anticipate a p>ticul>ly fooli% & %all[ ass]tion71 ! sight ( nak$ m5 0 a f> m ord9>y & commonplace ?+ ?an x 0 9 ,a!ns1 b ! ,japanese art-lov] feels emphasiz$ nudity z ridicul\s & vulg>4 ,! act is depict$ 7z = t matt] x is 9 ! 8,adam & ,eve0 ( ,bamb]g ,ca!dral71 b m]ely z an object )\t any significance ( pot5tial :atsoev]4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,kluge1 ,deuts*e ,spra*ges*4 7#aibj71 pp4 #bjb et seq4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,a4 ,conze1 ,die ,attis*5 ,grabreliefs 7#ahic etc474 ,footnote #cca3 ,l\vre4 ,replicas ( ! pair 9 ! ,vict4 & ,alb4 ,museum1 ,london4-- ,tr4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,olympia--! only unque/ion$ orig9al t we h f ! 8great age40 ,ref]5ces w\ld be sup]flu\s1 = few1 if any1 ,classical works are bett] or m widely kn[n4--,tr4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,( ! sev]al copies t h surviv$1 all imp]fectly pres]v$1 t 9 ! ,palazzo ,massimi is acc\nt$ ! be/4 ,! re/oration :i*1 once se51 conv9ces1 is ,pr(essor ,furtwngl]'s 7%[n 9 ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,ed41 article ,greek ,art1 fig4 #fh74--,tr4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,a ca/ ( ?is is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7illu/rat$ 9 ! ,museum ,guide to ,egypt4 ,antiq41 pl4 ,,xxi74--,tr4 ,footnote #cce3 ,9 ! ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce4 ,replica 9 ,vict4 & ,alb4 ,museum1 ,london4-- ,tr4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,! 8,apollo ) ! lyre0 at ,muni* 0 admir$ by ,w9ckelmann & 8 "t z a ,muse4 ,till q rec5tly a head ( ,a!ne 7a copy ( ,praxiteles7 at ,bologna pass$ z t ( a g5]al4 ,su* errors w\ld be entirely impossible 9 deal+ ) a physiognomic art1 e4g41 ,b>oque4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,9 8 portrait ( ,frau ,g$on1 already allud$ to1 p4 #beb4 ,footnote #cch3 ,see p4 #acf & also ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ced4 ,footnote #cci3 ,! s-call$ 8,?ree ,fates0 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4--,tr4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,! ,orphic spr+time contemplates ! ,gods & does n see !m4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #cda3 ,!re 0 inde$ a beg9n+ ( ?is 9 ! ari/ocratic epic ( ,hom]--s ne>ly ak9 to ! c\rtly n>rative art ( ,boccaccio4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! ,classical age /rictly religi\s p felt x z a pr(anation2 ! wor%ip t %9es ?r\gh ! ,hom]ic poems is q )\t idolatry1 & a fur!r pro( is ! ang] ( ?9k]s :o1 l ,h]aclitus & ,plato1 7 9 close t\* ) ! temple tradition4 ,x w occur to ! /ud5t t ! unre/rict$ h&l+ ( ev5 ! highe/ div9ities 9 ?is v late art is n unlike ! !atrical ,ca?olicism ( ,ross9i & ,liszt1 :i* is already =e%ad[$ 9 ,corelli & ,hndel & _h1 e>li] ev51 almo/ l$ to ! condemnation ( ,*ur* music 9 #aefd4 7,! ev5t allud$ to 9 ! la/ l9e is ! dispute 9 & aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t z to ! nature & conduct ( ,*ur* music4 ,if ,wagn]'s sugge/ion t ,pope ,m>cellus ,,ii tri$ to exclude x altoge!r is exagg]at$1 x is c]ta9 at lea/ t ! compla9ts 7 deep & p[]ful1 & t ! ,c\ncil f\nd x necess>y to =bid 8unwor?y music 9 ! h\se ( ,god0 & to br+ ! subject "u ! discipl9>y control ( ! ,bi%ops4--,tr47 ,footnote #cdb3 ,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton4 ,at ,naples4 ,illu/rat$ 9 ,ency4 ,brit4 ,,xi ed41 article ,greek ,art1 fig4 #ej4 ,ca/ 9 ,briti% ,museum4--,tr4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,! fam\s /atue n[ 9 ! ,lat]an ,museum1 ,rome4--,tr4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,see foot-note1 p4 #acj4 ,an antique copy is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4--,tr4 ,footnote #cde3 ,9 ! ,vatican ,museum4--,tr4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,ev5 ! l&scape ( ! ,b>oque develops f compos$ backgr\nds to portraits ( def9ite localities1 repres5tations ( ! s\l ( ^! localities :i* are ?us end[$ ) faces4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,x c\ld be said ( ,hell5i/ic portrait art t x foll[$ exactly ! opposite c\rse4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,briti% ,museum4--,tr4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,p9ako!k1 ,muni*4--,tr4 ,footnote #cej3 ,art ,gall]y1 ,vi5na4--,tr4 ,footnote #cea3 ,no?+ m cle>ly displays ! decad5ce ( ,we/]n art s9ce ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury ?an its absurd r5d]+ ( acts by masses2 ! deep] mean+ ( act-/udy & ! importance ( ! motive h be5 entirely =gott54 ,footnote #ceb3 ,by t te/ ,rub5s1 &1 among mod]ns1 especially ,feu]ba* & ,bckl91 lose1 :ile ,goya1 ,daumi]1 &1 9 ,g]many1 ,olda*1 ,wasmann1 ,rayski & _m ano!r almo/ =gott5 arti/ ( ! e>li] #ai? ,c5tury1 ga94 ,& ,m>es passes to ! rank ( ! v greate/4 ,footnote #cec3 ,tombs ( ! ,scalig]s1 ,v]ona4--,tr4 ,footnote #ced3 ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4--,tr4 ,footnote #cee3 ,museo ,nazionale1 ,flor5ce4--,tr4 ,footnote #cef3 ,x is ! same 8noble simplicity & quiet greatness0--to speak 9 ! language ( ! ,g]man ,classici/s--t produces su* an impression ( ! antique 9 ! ,romanesque ( ,hilde%eim1 ,g]nrode1 ,paul9zella & ,h]sfeld4 ,! ru9$ cloi/]s ( ,paul9zella1 9 fact1 h mu* ( :at ,brunellesco s _m c5turies lat] /rove to obta9 9 8 palace-c\rts4 ,b ! basic feel+ t und]lies ^! creations is n some?+ :i* we got f ! ,classical1 b some?+ t we project$ on to our own notion ( ,classical be+4 ,& our own notion ( peace is "o ( an inf9ite peace4 ,we feel ! 8,re/ 9 ,god0 to be an expanse ( quietude4 ,all ,flor5t9e "w1 9 s f> z sur5ess does n turn into ! ,go?ic *all5ge ( ,v]roc*io1 is *>act]iz$ by ?is feel+1 ) :i* ,attic has no?+ :atev] 9 common4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,x has nev] be5 suffici5tly notic$ t ! few sculptors :o came aft] ,mi*elangelo _h no m ?an a m]e workaday relation ) m>ble4 ,b we see at once t x is s :5 we ?9k ( ! deeply intimate relation ( great musicians to _! fav\rite in/rum5ts4 ,! /ory ( ,t>t9i's viol91 :i* %att]$ itself to pieces on ! dea? ( ! ma/]--& !re are a hundr$ su* /ories--is ! ,fau/ian c\nt]p>t ( ! ,pygmalion leg5d4 ,consid]1 too1 ,e4 ,t4 ,a4 ,h(fmann's 8,johannes ,kreisl] ! ,kapellmei/]02 he is a figure wor?y to /& by ! side ( ,fau/1 ,w]!r & ,don ,juan4 ,to see 8 symbolic significance & ! inw>d necessity ( him1 we h only to comp>e him ) ! !atrical pa9t]-*>act]s 9 ! works ( contempor>y ,romantici/s1 :o are n 9 any relation :atev] ) ! idea ( ,pa9t+4 ,z ! fate ( #ai?-,c5tury art-romances %[s--a pa9t] _c be made to /& = ! de/9y ( ,fau/ian art4 7,e4 ,t4 ,a4 ,h(fmann1 ! /range _m-sid$ g5ius :o 0 at once musician1 c>icaturi/1 noveli/1 critic1 wit1 able public (ficial & w9ebibb]1 at "o "t 9 8 c>e] wrote 9 ! "* ( 8,johannes ,kreisl]40 ,see 8 ,fantasie/cke 9 ,callots ,mani] & ,d] ,kat] ,murr1 also ,?omas ,c>lyle's 8,miscellanies0 & ! biographical sket*es ( ,h(fmann 9 ,grove's ,diction>y ( ,music & ! ,ency4 ,brit4--,tr47 ,footnote #ceh3 ,al?\gh gunp[d] is mu* old] ?an ! ,b>oque1 its application 9 real e>ne/ to long-rang+ fire-arms 0 only accompli%$ dur+ ! #af? ,c5tury4 ,x _c be said t !re 0 any te*nical reason :y #ajj ye>s %\ld h elaps$ betwe5 ! fir/ use ( p[d] 9 ,european w>f>e & ! fir/ effective soldi]'s fire-arm4 ,no c>eful /ud5t ( ?is p]iod ( milit>y hi/ory c fail to be /ruck ) ?is fact--! significance ( :i*1 n be+ te*nical1 mu/ be cultural4 ,mu* ! same c\ld be said ( pr9t+1 :i*1 s f> z conc]ns te*nical factors1 might j z well h be5 inv5t$ 9 ! #aj? z 9 ! #ae? ,c5tury4--,tr4 ,footnote #cei3 ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce4--,tr4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,si/9e ,*apel1 ,rome4--,tr4 ,footnote #cfa3 8,doctor ,m>ianus40--,tr4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,vatican4--,tr4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,9 ,r5aissance "w ! f9i%$ product is (t5 q depress+ly complete4 ,! abs5ce ( 8inf9ity0 is palpable4 ,no secrets1 no discov]ies4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,h5ce ! impossibility ( a*iev+ a g5u9ely religi\s pa9t+ on ple9-air pr9ciples4 ,! _w-feel+ t und]lies x is s ?or\ghly irreligi\s1 s wor?less = any b a 8religion ( reason0 s-call$1 t e "o ( its ef=ts 9 t direction1 ev5 ) ! noble/ int5tions 7,uhde1 ,puvis de ,*avannes71 /rikes u z holl[ & false4 ,"o in/ant ( ple9-air treatm5t suffices to secul>ize ! int]ior ( a *ur* & degrade x into a %[room4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,/ate ,museum1 ,b]l94--,tr4 ,footnote #cff3 ,i4e41 ! 8giants0 ( ! great frieze1 :o 7 9 fact ,galatians play+ ! "p4 ,?is ,gigantoma*ia1 a programme-"w l ! ,r+1 repres5t$ a situation1 z ! ,r+ repres5t$ *>act]s1 "u my?ological labels4--,tr4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ach et seq4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,see pp4 #aig et seq4 ----- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,s\l-,,image ,,& ,,life-,,feel+ ,i ,,on ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,s\l-,,image ,,& ,,life-,,feel+ ,i ,,on ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,i ,e pr(ess$ philosoph] is =c$ to believe1 )\t s]i\s exam9ation1 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,some?+ t 9 8 op9ion is capable ( be+ h&l$ by ! reason1 = 8 :ole spiritual exi/5ce dep5ds on ! possibility ( su* a ,some?+4 ,= e logician & psy*ologi/1 !re=e1 h[ev] sceptical he may be1 !re is a po9t at :i* criticism falls sil5t & fai? beg9s1 a po9t at :i* ev5 ! /ricte/ analytical ?9k] mu/ cease to employ 8 me?od--! po9t1 namely1 at :i* analysis is confront$ ) itself & ) ! "q ( :e!r its problem is soluble or ev5 exi/s at all4 ,! proposition 8x is possible by ?\ght to e/abli% ! =ms ( ?\ght0 0 n d\bt$ by ,kant1 dubi\s z x may appe> to ! unphilosophical4 ,! proposition 8!re is a s\l1 ! /ructure ( :i* is sci5tifically accessible2 & t :i* ,i det]m9e1 by critical dissection ( consci\s exi/5ce-acts into ! =m ( psy*ic elem5ts1 functions1 & complexes1 is my s\l0 is a proposition t no psy*ologi/ has d\bt$ hi!rto4 ,& yet x is j "h t 8 /ronge/ d\bts %\ld h aris54 ,is an ab/ract sci5ce ( ! spiritual possible at all8 ,is t :i* "o f9ds on ?is pa? id5tical ) t :i* "o is seek+8 ,:y has psy*ology--mean+ !reby n k ( m5 & exp]i5ce ( life b sci5tific psy*ology--always be5 ! %all[e/ & mo/ wor?less ( ! discipl9es ( philosophy1 a field s empty t x has be5 left entirely to m$iocre m9ds & b>r5 sy/emati/s8 ,! reason is n f> to seek4 ,x is ! mis=tune ( 8exp]im5tal0 psy*ology t x does n ev5 possess an object z ! ^w is und]/ood 9 any & e sci5tific te*nique4 ,its se>*es & solutions are fights ) %ad[s & gho/s4 ,:at is x--! ,s\l8 ,if ! m]e reason c\ld give an answ] to t "q1 ! sci5ce w\ld be ab initio unnecess>y4 ,( ! ?\s&s ( psy*ologi/s ( to-day n "o c give an actual analysis or def9ition ( 8!0 ,w--or ( regret1 anxiety1 jeal\sy1 disposition1 arti/ic int5tion4 ,naturally1 s9ce only ! sy/ematic c be dissect$1 & we c only def9e notions by notions4 ,no subtleties ( intellectual play ) notional di/9ctions1 no plausible obs]vations ( connexions betwe5 s5su\s-corporeal /ates & 8inw>d processes0 t\* t :i* is 9 "q "h4 ,w--?is is no notion1 b a "n1 a prime-^w l ,god1 a sign = some?+ ( :i* we h an imm$iate inw>d c]ta9ty b :i* we are = ev] unable to describe4 ,we are deal+ "h ) some?+ et]nally inaccessible to le>n$ inve/igation4 ,x is n = no?+ t e language pres5ts a baffl+ complexity ( labels = ! spiritual1 w>n+ u !reby t x is some?+ n susceptible ( !oretical syn!sis or sy/ematic ord]+4 ,"h !re is no?+ = u to ord]4 ,critical 7i4e41 lit]ally1 sep>at+7 me?ods apply only to ! _w-z-,nature4 ,x w\ld be easi] to break up a !me ( ,bee?ov5 ) dissect+-knife or acid ?an to break up ! s\l by me?ods ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,nature-k & man-k h nei!r aims nor ways 9 common4 ,! primitive man exp]i5ces 8s\l10 fir/ 9 o!r m5 & !n 9 himself1 z a ,num51 j z he kn[s num9a ( ! out] _w1 & develops 8 impressions 9 my?ological =m4 ,8 words = ^! ?+s are symbols1 s\nds1 n descriptive ( ! indescribable b indicative ( x = him :o ha? e>s to he>4 ,!y evoke images1 lik5esses 79 ! s5se ( ,fau/ ,,ii7--! only language ( spiritual int]c\rse t man has discov]$ to ?is day4 ,rembr&t c reveal some?+ ( 8 s\l1 to ^? :o are 9 inw>d k9%ip ) him1 by way ( a self-portrait or a l&scape1 & to ,goe! 8a god gave x to say :at he suff]$40 ,c]ta9 ineffable /irr+s ( s\l c be imp>t$ by "o man to ! s5sibility ( ano!r man ?r\gh a look1 two b>s ( a melody1 an almo/ imp]ceptible movem5t4 ,t is ! real language ( s\ls1 & x rema9s incompreh5sible to ! outsid]4 ,! ^w z utt]ance1 z poetic elem5t1 may e/abli% ! l9k1 b ! ^w z notion1 z elem5t ( sci5tific prose1 nev]4 8,s\l10 = ! man :o has advanc$ f m]e liv+ & feel+ to ! al]t & obs]vant /ate1 is an image d]iv$ f q prim>y exp]i5ces ( life & dea?4 ,x is z old z ?\ght1 i4e41 z ! articulate sep>ation ( ?9k+ 7?9k+-ov]7 f see+4 ,we see ! _w ar\nd u1 & s9ce e free-mov+ be+ mu/ = its own safety und]/& t _w1 ! accumulat+ daily detail ( te*nical & empirical exp]i5ce becomes a /ock ( p]man5t data :i* man1 z soon z he is pr(ici5t 9 spee*1 collects into an image ( :at he und]/&s4 ,?is is ! ,_w-z-,nature4#cfi ,:at is n environm5t we d n see1 b we d div9e 8its0 pres5ce 9 ourselves & 9 o!rs1 & by virtue ( 8its0 physiognomic impressive p[] x evokes 9 u ! anxiety & ! desire to "k2 & ?us arises ! m$itat$ or pond]$ image ( a c\nt]world :i* is our mode ( visualiz+ t :i* rema9s et]nally ali5 to ! physical eye4 ,! image ( ! s\l is my?ic & rema9s objective 9 ! field ( spiritual religion s long z ! image ( ,nature is contemplat$ 9 ! _s ( religion2 & x trans=ms itself into a sci5tific notion & becomes objective 9 ! field ( sci5tific criticism z soon z 8,nature0 comes to be obs]v$ critically4 ,z 8,"t0 is a c\nt]-concept#cgj to space1 s ! 8s\l0 is a c\nt]world to 8,nature0 & !re=e v>iable 9 dep5d5ce ^u ! notion ( ,nature z ?is /&s f mom5t to mom5t4 ,x has be5 %[n h[ 8,"t0 arose1 out ( ! feel+ ( ! direction-quality possess$ by ev]-mobile ,life1 z a conceptual negative to a positive magnitude1 z an inc>nation ( t :i* is n ext5sion2 & t all ! 8prop]ties0 ( ,"t1 by ! cool analysis ( :i* ! philosoph]s believe !y c solve ! problem ( ,"t1 h be5 gradually =m$ & ord]$ 9 ! intellect z inv]ses to ! prop]ties ( space4 ,9 exactly ! same way1 ! notion ( ! spiritual has come into be+ z ! inv]se & negative ( ! notion ( ! _w1 ! spatial notion ( pol>ity assi/+ 7outw>d-8inw>d07 & ! t]ms be+ suitably transvalu$4 ,e psy*ology is a c\nt]-physics4 ,to attempt to get an 8exact0 sci5ce out ( ! ev]-my/]i\s s\l is futile4 ,b ! late-p]iod ,city mu/ ne$s h ab/ract ?9k+ & x =ces ! 8physici/ ( ! inn] _w0 to elucidate a fictiti\s _w by ev] m fictions1 notions by m notions4 ,he transmutes ! non-ext5d$ into ! ext5d$1 builds up a sy/em z 8cause0 = some?+ t is only manife/$ physiognomically1 & comes to believe t 9 ?is sy/em he has ! /ructure ( 8!0 s\l be=e 8 eyes4 ,b ! v words t he selects1 9 all ! ,cultures1 to notify to o!rs ! results ( 8 intellectual lab\rs betray him4 ,he talks ( functions1 feel+-complexes1 ma9spr+s1 ?re%olds ( consci\sness2 c\rse1 bread?1 int5sity & p>allelism 9 spiritual processes4 ,all ^! are words prop] to ! mode ( repres5tation t ,natural ,sci5ce employs4 8,! ,w is relat$ to objects0 is a spatial image pure & simple4 8,consci\s0 & 8unconsci\s0 are only too obvi\sly d]ivatives ( 8above-gr\nd0 & 8bel[-gr\nd40 ,9 mod]n !ories ( ! ,w we meet ) all ! vocabul>y ( electro-dynamics4 ,w- functions & ?\ght-functions are spok5 ( 9 j ! same way z ! function ( a sy/em ( =ces4 ,to analyse a feel+ means to set up a repres5tative silh\ette 9 its place & !n to treat ?is silh\ette ma!matically & by def9ition1 p>tition1 & measurem5t4 ,all s\l-exam9ation ( ?is /amp1 h[ev] rem>kable z a /udy ( c]ebral anatomy1 is p5etrat$ ) ! me*anical notion ( locality1 & works )\t kn[+ x "u imag9>y co-ord9ates 9 an imag9>y space4 ,! 8pure0 psy*ologi/ is q unaw>e t he is copy+ ! physici/1 b x is n at all surpris+ t ! nave/ me?ods ( exp]im5tal psy*ology give depress+ly or?odox results4 ,bra9-pa?s & association-?reads1 z modes ( repres5tation1 con=m entirely to an optical s*eme--! 8c\rse0 ( ! w or ! feel+2 bo? deal ) cognate spatial phantoms4 ,x does n make mu* diff]5ce :e!r ,i def9e "s psy*ic capacity conceptually or ! correspond+ bra9-region graphically4 ,sci5tific psy*ology has work$ out = itself a complete sy/em ( images1 9 :i* x moves ) entire conviction4 ,e individual pron\ncem5t ( e individual psy*ologi/ proves on exam9ation to be m]ely a v>iation ( ?is sy/em con=mable to ! /yle ( out]-_w sci5ce ( ! day4 ,cle> ?\ght1 emancipat$ f all connexion ) see+1 presupposes z its organ a culture-language1 :i* is creat$ by ! s\l ( ! ,culture z a "p support+ o!r p>ts ( its expression2#cga & pres5tly ?is language itself creates a 8,nature0 ( ^w-mean+s1 a l+ui/ic cosmos )9 :i* ab/ract notions1 judgm5ts & conclusions--repres5tations ( numb]1 causality1 motion--c lead a me*anically det]m9ate exi/5ce4 ,at any p>ticul> "t1 !re=e1 ! curr5t image ( ! s\l is a function ( ! curr5t language & its inn] symbolism4 ,all ! ,we/]n1 ,fau/ian1 languages possess ! notion ( ,w4 ,?is my?ical entity manife/$ itself1 simultane\sly 9 all1 9 t trans=mation ( ! v]b#cgb :i* decisively diff]5tiat$ our tongues f ! ,classical tongues & !re=e our s\l f ! ,classical s\l4 ,:5 8ego habeo factum0 replac$ 8feci10 a new num5 ( ! inn] _w spoke4 ,& at ! same "t1 "u specific label1 !re appe>$ 9 ! sci5tific s\l-pictures ( all ! ,we/]n psy*ologies ! figure ( ! ,w1 ( a well-r\nd$ capacity ( :i* ! def9ition may be =mulat$ 9 diff]5t ways by diff]5t s*ools1 b ! exi/5ce is unque/ionable4 ,,ii ,i ma9ta91 !n1 t sci5tific psy*ology 7&1 x may be add$1 ! psy*ology ( ! same k9d t we all unconsci\sly practise :5 we try to 8figure to ourselves0 ! /irr+s ( our own or o!rs' s\ls7 has1 9 its inability to discov] or ev5 to approa* ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 simply add$ "o m to ! symbols t collectively make up ! ,macrocosm ( ! culture-man4 ,l ev]y?+ else t is no long] becom+ b become1 x has put a me*anism 9 place ( an organism4 ,we miss 9 its picture t :i* fills our feel+ ( life 7& %\ld surely be 8s\l0 if any?+ is7 ! ,de/9y-quality1 ! necess>y direct$ness ( exi/5ce1 ! possibility t life 9 its c\rse actualizes4 ,i d n believe t ! ^w 8,de/9y0 figures 9 any psy*ological sy/em :atsoev]--& we "k t no?+ 9 ! _w c\ld be m remote f actual life-exp]i5ce & k ( m5 ?an a sy/em )\t su* elem5ts4 ,associations1 app]ceptions1 affections1 motives1 ?\ght1 feel+1 w--all are dead me*anisms1 ! m]e topography ( :i* con/itutes ! insignificant total ( our 8s\l-sci5ce40 ,"o look$ = ,life & "o f\nd an ornam5tal patt]n ( notions4 ,& ! s\l rema9$ :at x 01 some?+ t c\ld nei!r be ?\ght nor repres5t$1 ! secret1 ! ev]-becom+1 ! pure exp]i5ce4 ,?is imag9>y s\l-body 7let x be call$ s outright = ! fir/ "t7 is nev] any?+ b ! exact mirror-image ( ! =m 9 :i* ! matur$ culture-man looks on 8 out] _w4 ,9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r1 ! dep?-exp]i5ce actualizes ! ext5sion-_w4#cgc ,alike out ( ! p]ception ( ! outside & ! conception ( ! inside1 ! secret t is h9t$ at 9 ! root-^w ,"t creates ,space4 ,! s\l-image l ! _w-image has its directional dep?1 its horizon1 & its b\nd$ness or its unb\nd$ness4 ,an 8inn] eye0 sees1 an 8inn] e>0 he>s4 ,!re exi/s a di/9ct idea ( an inn] ord]1 & ?is inn] ord] l ! out] we>s ! badge ( causal necessity4 ,?is be+ s1 ev]y?+ t has be5 said 9 ?is "w reg>d+ ! ph5om5on ( ! high ,cultures comb9es to dem& an imm5sely wid] & ri*] sort ( s\l-/udy ?an any?+ work$ ^u s f>4 ,= ev]y?+ t our pres5t-day psy*ologi/ has to tell u--& "h we ref] n only to ! sy/ematic sci5ce b also 9 ! wid] s5se to ! physiognomic k ( m5--relates to ! pres5t condition ( ! ,we/]n s\l1 & n1 z hi!rto gratuit\sly assum$1 to 8! human s\l0 at l>ge4 ,a s\l-image is nev] any?+ b ! image ( "o q def9ite s\l4 ,no obs]v] c ev] /ep outside ! conditions & ! limitations ( 8 "t & circle1 & :atev] x may be t he 8kn[s0 or 8cognizes10 ! v cognition itself involves 9 all cases *oice1 direction & inn] =m1 & is !re=e ab initio an expression ( 8 prop] s\l4 ,! primitive himself appropriates a s\l-image out ( facts ( 8 own life z subject$ to ! =mative work+ ( ! basic exp]i5ces ( wak+ consci\sness 7di/9ction ( ego & _w1 ( ego & tu7 & ^? ( be+ 7di/9ction ( body & s\l1 s5se- life & reflection1 sex-life & s5tim5t74 ,& z x is ?\ghtful m5 :o ?9k ^u ^! matt]s1 an inn] num5 7,_s1 ,logos1 ,ka1 ,rua*7 always arises z an opposite to ! re/4 ,b ! dispositions & relations ( ?is num5 9 ! individual case1 & ! conception t is =m$ ( ! spiritual elem5ts--lay]s ( =ces or sub/ances1 unity or pol>ity or plurality--m>k ! ?9k] f ! outset z a "p ( 8 own specific ,culture4 ,:51 !re=e1 "o conv9ces "o's self t "o kn[s ! s\l ( an ali5 ,culture f its work+s 9 actuality1 ! s\l-image und]ly+ ! k is really "o's own s\l-image4 ,9 ?is wise new exp]i5ces are readily assimilat$ into ! sy/em t is already !re1 & x is n surpris+ t 9 ! end "o comes to believe t "o has discov]$ =ms ( et]nal validity4 ,9 reality1 e ,culture possesses its own sy/ematic psy*ology j z x possesses its own /yle ( k ( m5 & exp]i5ce ( life2 & j z ev5 ea* sep>ate /age--! age ( ,s*ola/icism1 t ( ! ,sophi/s1 t ( ,enlight5m5t--=ms special ideas ( numb] & ?\ght & ,nature t p]ta9 to itself only1 s ev5 ea* sep>ate c5tury mirrors itself 9 a s\l-image ( its own4 ,! be/ judge ( m5 9 ! ,we/]n _w goes wrong :5 he tries to und]/& a ,japanese1 & vice v]sa4 ,b ! man ( le>n+ goes equally wrong :5 he tries to translate basic words ( ,arabic or ,greek by basic words ( 8 own tongue4 8,nephe%0 is n 8animus0 & 8tmn0 is n 8s\l10 & :at we consi/5tly discov] "u our label 8w0 ,classical man did n f9d 9 8 s\l-picture at all4 ,tak+ "o ?+ ) ano!r1 x is no long] possible to d\bt ! imm5se importance ( ! individual s\l-images t h sev]ally aris5 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,classical1 ,apoll9ian man1 ! man ( ,euclidean po9t-=m$ be+1 look$ ^u 8 s\l z a ,cosmos ord]$ 9 a gr\p ( excell5t p>ts4 ,plato call$ x 1 1 & comp>$ x ) man1 bea/ & plant1 9 "o place ev5 ) ,s\!rn1 ,nor!rn & ,hell5ic man4 ,:at seems to be copi$ "h is ,nature z se5 by ! ,classical age1 a well-ord]$ sum ( tangible ?+s1 9 contra/ to a space t 0 felt z ! non-exi/5t1 ! ,non5t4 ,:]e 9 ?is field is ,w8 or ! idea ( functional connexions8 or ! o!r creations ( our psy*ology8 ,d we really believe t ,plato & ,ari/otle 7 less sure 9 analysis ?an we are1 & did n see :at is insi/5tly obvi\s to e layman among/ u8 ,or is x t ,w is miss+ "h = ! same reason z space is miss+ 9 ! ,classical ma!matic & =ce 9 ! ,classical physics8 ,take1 on ! contr>y1 any ,we/]n psy*ology t y please1 & y w always f9d a functional & nev] a bodily ord]+4 ,! basic =m ( all impressions :i* we receive f )9 is y f7x71 & t1 because ! function is ! basis ( our out] _w4 ,?9k+1 feel+1 will+--no ,we/]n psy*ologi/ c /ep outside ?is tr9ity1 h[ev] mu* he may desire to d s2 ev5 9 ! controv]sies ( ,go?ic ?9k]s conc]n+ ! primacy ( w or reason x already em]ges t ! "q is "o ( a relation betwe5 =ces4 ,x matt]s n at all :e!r ^! old philosoph]s put =w>d _! !ories z orig9al or read !m into ,augu/9e or ,ari/otle4 ,associations1 app]ceptions1 w-processes1 call !m :at y w1 ! elem5ts ( our picture are )\t exception ( ! type ( ! ma!matico-physical ,function1 & 9 v =m radically un-,classical4 ,n[1 su* psy*ology exam9es ! s\l1 n physiognomically to indicate its traits1 b physically1 z an object1 to asc]ta9 its elem5ts1 & x is q natural !re=e to f9d psy*ology r$uc$ to p]plexity :5 confront$ ) ! problem ( motion4 ,classical man1 too1 _h 8 inw>d ,eleatic difficulty1#cgd & ! inability ( ! ,s*oolm5 to agree z to ! primacy ( ,w or ,reason =e%ad[s ! dang]\s flaw 9 ,b>oque physics--its inability to rea* an un*all5geable /atem5t ( ! relation betwe5 =ce & movem5t4 ,directional en]gy1 d5i$ 9 ! ,classical & also 9 ! ,indian s\l-image 7:]e all is settl$ & r\nd$71 is emphatically affirm$ 9 ! ,fau/ian & 9 ! ,egyptian 7:]e9 all is sy/ems & c5tres ( =ces72 & yet1 precisely because ?is affirmation _c b involve ! elem5t ( "t1 ?\ght1 :i* is ali5 to ,"t1 f9ds itself committ$ to self- contradictions4 ,! ,fau/ian & ! ,apoll9ian images ( ! s\l are 9 blunt opposition4 ,once m all ! old contra/s crop up4 ,9 ! ,apoll9ian we h1 s to call x1 ! s\l-body1 9 ! ,fau/ian ! s\l-space1 z ! imag9ation-unit4 ,! body possesses p>ts1 :ile ! space is ! sc5e ( processes4 ,classical man conceives ( 8 inn] _w pla/ically4 ,ev5 ,hom]'s idiom betrays x2 e*o+1 we may well believe1 immemorial temple-traditions1 he %[s u1 = in/ance1 ! dead 9 ,hades z well-recognizable copies ( ! bodies t _h be54 ,! ,pre-,socratic philosophy1 ) its ?ree well-ord]$ p>ts 1 1 1 sugge/s at once ! ,laocon gr\p4 ,9 our case ! impress is a musical "o2 ! sonata ( ! inn] life has ! w z fir/ subject1 ?\ght & feel+ z !mes ( ! second subject2 ! movem5t is b\nd by ! /rict rules ( a spiritual c\nt]po9t1 & psy*ology's bus9ess is to discov] ?is c\nt]po9t4 ,! simple/ elem5ts fall into anti!sis l ,classical & ,we/]n numb]--on ! "o h& magnitudes1 on ! o!r spiritual relations--& ! spiritual /atic ( ,apoll9ian exi/5ce1 ! /]eometric ideal ( & 1 /&s oppos$ to ! s\l-dynamic ( ,fau/ian4 ,! ,apoll9ian s\l-image--,plato's biga-team ) z *>iote]-- takes to flight at once on ! approa* ( ! ,magian s\l4 ,x is fad+ out already 9 ! lat] ,/oa1 :]e ! pr9cipal tea*]s came pr$om9antly f ! ,aramaic ,ea/1 & by ! "t ( ! ,e>ly ,roman ,empire1 ev5 9 ! lit]ature ( ! city itself1 x has come to be a m]e rem9isc5ce4 ,! hall-m>k ( ! ,magian s\l-image is a /rict dualism ( two my/]i\s sub/ances1 ,_s & ,s\l4 ,betwe5 ^! two !re is nei!r ! ,classical 7/atic7 nor ! ,we/]n 7functional7 relation1 b an altoge!r diff]5tly con/itut$ relation :i* we are oblig$ to call m]ely 8,magian0 = want ( a m helpful t]m1 ?\gh we may illu/rate x by contra/+ ! physics ( ,democritus & ! physics ( ,galileo ) ,al*emy & ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one4 ,on ?is specifically ,middle-,ea/]n s\l-image re/s1 ( inw>d necessity1 all ! psy*ology & p>ticul>ly ! !ology ) :i* ! 8,go?ic0 spr+time ( ! ,arabian ,culture 7#j-cjj ,a4,d47 is fill$4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john belongs !reto1 & ! writ+s ( ! ,gno/ics1 ! ,e>ly ,fa!rs1 ! ,neoplatoni/s1 ! ,mani*ans1 & ! dogmatic texts 9 ! ,talmud & ! ,ave/a2 s1 too1 does ! tir$ _s ( ! ,imp]ium ,romanum1 n[ express$ only 9 religiosity & draw+ ! little life t is 9 its philosophy f ! "y ,ea/1 ,syria1 & ,p]sia4 ,ev5 9 ! #a/ ,c5tury ,b4,c4 ! great ,posidonius1 a true ,semite & "y-,arabian 9 spite ( ! ,classical dress ( 8 imm5se le>n+1 0 inw>dly s5sible ( ! complete opposition betwe5 ! ,classical life-feel+ & ?is ,magian s\l-/ructure :i* = him 0 ! true "o4 ,!re is a pat5t diff]5ce ( value betwe5 a ,sub/ance p]meat+ ! body & a ,sub/ance :i* falls f ! _w-cav]n into humanity1 ab/ract & div9e1 mak+ ( all p>ticipants a ,cons5sus4#cge ,?is 8,_s0 x is :i* evokes ! high] _w1 & ?r\gh ?is creation triumphs ov] m]e life1 8! fle%0 & ,nature4 ,?is is ! prime image t und]lies all feel+ ( ego4 ,sometimes x is se5 9 religi\s1 sometimes 9 philosophical1 sometimes 9 arti/ic guise4 ,consid] ! portraits ( ! ,con/ant9ian age1 ) _! fix$ />e into ! inf9ite--t look /&s = ! 4 ,x is felt by ,plot9us & by ,orig54 ,paul di/+ui%es1 = example 9 ,i ,cor41 xv1 #dd1 betwe5 & 4 ,! conception ( a d\ble1 bodily or spiritual1 ec/asy & ( ! p>tition ( m5 into l[] & high]1 psy*ics & pneumatics1 0 famili> curr5cy among/ ! ,gno/ics4 ,late-,classical lit]ature 7,plut>*7 is full ( ! duali/ic psy*ology ( & 1 d]iv$ f ,ori5tal s\rces4 ,x 0 v soon br\ght into correlation ) ! contra/ betwe5 ,*ri/ian & ,hea!n & t betwe5 ,_s & ,nature1 & x issu$ 9 t s*eme ( _w-hi/ory z man's drama f ,creation to ,la/ ,judgm5t 7) an int]v5tion ( ,god z means7 :i* is common to ,gno/ics1 ,*ri/ians1 ,p]sians & ,jews alike1 & has n ev5 n[ be5 altoge!r ov]come4 ,?is ,magian s\l-image receiv$ its rigor\sly sci5tific completion 9 ! s*ools ( ,baghdad & ,basra4#cgf ,alf>abi & ,alk9di dealt ?or\ghly ) ! problems ( ?is ,magian psy*ology1 :i* to u are tangl$ & l>gely inaccessible4 ,& we mu/ by no means und]rate its influ5ce ^u ! "y & :olly ab/ract s\l-!ory 7z di/9ct f ! ego-feel+7 ( ! ,we/4 ,s*ola/ic & ,my/ic philosophy1 no less ?an ,go?ic art1 drew ^u ,moori% ,spa91 ,sicily & ! ,ea/ = _m ( its =ms4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! ,arabian ,culture is ! culture ( ! e/abli%$ revelation-religions1 all ( :i* assume a duali/ic s\l-image4 ,! ,kabbala#cgg & ! "p play$ by ,jewi% philosoph]s 9 ! s-call$ m$ival philosophy--i4e41 late-,arabian foll[$ by e>ly-,go?ic--is well kn[n4 ,b ,i w only ref] "h to ! rem>kable & little-appreciat$ ,sp9oza4#cgh ,*ild ( ! ,ghetto1 he is1 ) 8 contempor>y ,s*irazi1 ! la/ belat$ repres5tative ( ! ,magian1 a /rang] 9 ! =m-_w ( ! ,fau/ian feel+4 ,z a prud5t pupil ( ! ,b>oque he contriv$ to clo! 8 sy/em 9 ! col\rs ( ,we/]n ?\ght1 b at bottom he /&s entirely "u ! aspect ( ! ,arabian dualism ( two s\l-sub/ances4 ,& ?is is ! true & inw>d reason :y he lack$ ! =ce-concept ( ,galileo & ,desc>tes4 ,?is concept is ! c5tre ( gravity ( a dynamic univ]se & ipso facto is ali5 to ! ,magian _w-feel+4 ,!re is no l9k betwe5 ! idea ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one 7:i* is implicit 9 ,sp9oza's idea ( ,deity z 8causa sui07 & ! causal necessity ( our ,nature-picture4 ,consequ5tly1 8 det]m9ism is precisely t :i* ! or?odox wisdom ( ,baghdad _h ma9ta9$--8,kismet40 ,x 0 !re t ! home ( ! m geometrico#cgi me?od 0 to be look$ =--x is common to ! ,talmud1 ! ,z5d ,ave/a & ! ,arabian ,kalaam2#chj b its appe>ance 9 ,sp9oza's 8,e?ics0 is a grotesque freak 9 our philosophy4 ,once m ?is ,magian s\l-image 0 to be conjur$ up1 = a mom5t4 ,g]man ,romanticism f\nd 9 magic & ! tangl$ ?\ght-?reads ( ,go?ic philosoph]s ! same attractiv5ess z x f\nd 9 ! ,crusade- ideals ( cloi/]s & ca/les1 & ev5 m 9 ,s>ac5ic art & poetry--)\t ( c\rse und]/&+ v mu* ( ^! remote ?+s4 ,s*ell+1 ,ok51 ,baad]1 ,grres & _! circle indulg$ 9 b>r5 speculations 9 ! ,arabic-,jewi% /yle1 :i* !y felt ) evid5t self-satisfaction to be 8d>k0 & 8deep0--precisely :at1 = ,ori5tals1 !y 7 n--und]/&+ !m b p>tially !mselves & hop+ = simil> quasi-incompreh5sion 9 _! audi5ces4 ,! only notewor?y po9t 9 ! episode is ! attractiv5ess ( obscurity4 ,we may v5ture ! conclusion t ! cle>e/ & mo/ accessible conceptions ( ,fau/ian ?\ght--z we h x1 = in/ance1 9 ,desc>tes or 9 ,kant's 8,prolegom5a0--w\ld 9 ! same way h be5 reg>d$ by an ,arabian /ud5t z nebul\s & ab/ruse4 ,:at = u is true1 = !m is false1 & vice v]sa2 & ?is is valid = ! s\l- images ( ! diff]5t ,cultures z x is = e o!r product ( _! sci5tific ?9k+4 ,,iii ,! sep>ation ( its ultimate elem5ts is a task t ! ,go?ic _w- outlook & its philosophy leaves to ! c\rage ( ! future4 ,j z ! ornam5tation ( ! ca!dral & ! primitive contempor>y pa9t+ /ill %irk ! decision betwe5 gold & wide atmosph]e 9 backgr\nds--betwe5 ! ,magian & ! ,fau/ian aspects ( ,god 9 ,nature--s ?is e>ly1 timid1 immature s\l-image z x pres5ts itself 9 ?is philosophy m+les *>act]s d]iv$ f ! ,*ri/ian-,arabian metaphysic & its dualism ( ,_s & ,s\l ) ,nor!rn inkl+s ( functional s\l-=ces n yet av[$4 ,?is is ! discrepance t und]lies ! conflict conc]n+ ! primacy ( w or reason1 ! basic problem ( ! ,go?ic philosophy1 :i* m5 tri$ to solve n[ 9 ! old ,arabian1 n[ 9 ! new ,we/]n s5se4 ,x is ?is my? ( ! m9d--:i* "u ev]-*ang+ guises accompanies our philosophy ?r\gh\t its c\rse--t di/+ui%es x s %>ply f e o!r4 ,! rationalism ( late ,b>oque1 9 all ! pride ( ! self-assur$ city-_s1 decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! great] p[] ( ! ,goddess ,reason 7,kant1 ! ,jacob9s72 b almo/ imm$iately !reaft] ! #ai? ,c5tury 7,nietzs*e above all7 w5t back to ! /rong] =mula ,voluntas sup]ior intellectu1 & ?is inde$ is 9 ! blood ( all ( u4#cha ,s*op5hau]1 ! la/ ( ! great sy/emati/s1 has br\ght x d[n to ! =mula 8,_w z ,w & ,idea10 & x is only 8 e?ic & n 8 metaphysic t decides aga9/ ! ,w4 ,"h we beg9 to see by direct light ! deep f\ndations & mean+ ( philosophiz+ )9 a ,culture4 ,= :at we see "h is ! ,fau/ian s\l try+ 9 lab\r ( _m c5turies to pa9t a self-portrait1 & "o1 moreov]1 t is 9 intimate concordance ) its _w-portrait4 ,! ,go?ic _w-view ) its /ruggle ( w & reason is 9 fact an expression ( ! life-feel+ ( ! m5 ( ! ,crusades1 ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 empire1 ( ! great ca!drals4 ,^! m5 saw ! s\l ?us1 because !y 7 ?us4 ,w & ?\ght 9 ! s\l-image correspond to ,direction & ,ext5sion1 ,hi/ory & ,nature1 ,de/9y & ,causality 9 ! image ( ! out] _w4 ,bo? aspects ( our basic *>act]s em]ge 9 our prime- symbol :i* is inf9ite ext5sion4 ,w l9ks ! future to ! pres5t1 ?\ght ! unlimit$ to ! "h4 ,! hi/oric future is di/ance-becom+1 ! b\ndless _w-horizon di/ance-become--?is is ! mean+ ( ! ,fau/ian dep?-exp]i5ce4 ,! direction-feel+ z 8,w0 & ! space-feel+ z 8,reason0 are imag9$ z entities1 almo/ z leg5d-figures2 & out ( !m comes ! picture t our psy*ologi/s ( necessity ab/ract f ! inn] life4 ,to call ! ,fau/ian ,culture a ,w-,culture is only ano!r way ( express+ ! em95tly hi/orical disposition ( its s\l4 ,our fir/- p]son idiom1 our 8ego habeo factum0--our dynamic syntax1 t is-- fai?fully r5d]s ! 8way ( do+ ?+s0 t results f ?is disposition &1 ) its positive directional en]gy1 dom9ates n only our picture ( ! ,_w-z-,hi/ory b our own hi/ory to boot4 ,?is fir/ p]son t[]s up 9 ! ,go?ic ar*itecture2 ! spire is an 8,i10 ! fly+ buttress is an 8,i40 ,& !re=e ! entire ,fau/ian e?ic1 f ,?omas ,aqu9as to ,kant1 is an 8excelsior0--fulfilm5t ( an 8,i10 e?ical "w ^u an 8,i10 ju/ification ( an 8,i0 by fai? & works2 respect ( ! neighb\r 8,?\0 = ! sake ( "o's 8,i0 & its happ9ess2 &1 la/ly & supremely1 immortality ( ! 8,i40 ,n[ ?is1 precisely ?is1 ! g5u9e ,russian reg>ds z contemptible va9-glory4 ,! ,russian s\l1 w-less1 hav+ ! limitless plane z its prime-symbol1#chb seeks to gr[ up--s]v+1 anonym\s1 self- oblivi\s--9 ! bro!r-_w ( ! plane4 ,to take 8,i0 z ! />t+-po9t ( relations ) ! neighb\r1 to elevate 8,i0 morally ?r\gh 8,i's0 love ( ne> & de>1 to rep5t = 8,i's0 own sake1 are to him traits ( ,we/]n vanity z presumptu\s z is ! up?ru/+ *all5ge to heav5 ( our ca!drals t he comp>es ) 8 plane *ur*-ro( & its spr9kl+ ( cupolas4 ,tol/oi's h]o ,ne*ludov looks aft] 8 moral 8,i0 z he does aft] 8 f+]-nails2 ?is is j :at betrays ,tol/oi z belong+ to ! pseudomorphosis ( ,petr9ism4 ,b ,raskolnikov is only some?+ 9 a 8we40 ,8 fault is ! fault ( all1#chc & ev5 to reg>d 8 s9 z special to himself is pride & vanity4 ,some?+ ( ! k9d und]lies ! ,magian s\l-image also4 8,if any man come to me10 says ,jesus 7,luke xiv1 #bf71 8& hate n 8 fa!r & "m1 & wife1 & *ildr51 & bre?r51 yea1 & 8 own life 7 7 also1#chd he _c be my disciple02 & x is ! same feel+ t makes him call himself by ! title t we mi/ranslate 8,son ( ,man40#che ,! ,cons5sus ( ! ,or?odox too is imp]sonal & condemns 8,i0 z a s94 ,s too ) !--truly ,russian-- conception ( tru? z ! anonym\s agreem5t ( ! elect4 ,classical man1 belong+ :olly to ! pres5t1 is equally )\t t directional en]gy by :i* our images ( _w & ( s\l are dom9at$1 :i* sums all our s5se-impressions z a pa? t[>ds di/ance & our inw>d exp]i5ces z a feel+ ( future4 ,he is w- less4 ,! ,classical idea ( de/9y & ! symbol ( ! ,doric column leave no d\bt z to t4 ,& ! conte/ ( ?9k+ & will+ t is ! hidd5 !me ( e s]i\s portrait f ,jan van ,eyck to ,m>es is impossible 9 ,classical portraiture1 = 9 ! ,classical s\l-image ?\ght 771 ! inn] ,zeus1 is accompani$ by ! :olly ahi/oric entities ( animal & vegetative impulse 7 & 71 :olly somatic & :olly de/itute ( consci\s direction & drive t[>ds an end4 ,! actual designation ( ! ,fau/ian pr9ciple1 :i* belongs to u & to u alone1 is a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,a "n is 9 itself m]e s\nd4 ,space1 too1 is a ^w t is capable ( be+ employ$ ) a ?\s& nuances--by ma!maticians & philosoph]s1 poets & pa9t]s-- to express "o & ! same indescribable2 a ^w t is o/5sibly common to all mank9d & yet1 c>ry+ a metaphysical "u-mean+ t we gave x & c\ld n b give x1 is 9 t s5se valid only = our ,culture4 ,x is n ! notion ( 8,w10 b ! circum/ance t we possess x :ile ! ,greeks 7 entirely ignorant ( x1 t gives x high symbolic import4 ,at ! v bottom1 !re is no di/9ction betwe5 space-z-dep? & w4 ,= ! "o1 & !re=e = ! o!r also1 ! ,classical languages _h no expression4#chf ,! pure space ( ! ,fau/ian _w-picture is n m]e ext5sion1 b effici5t ext5sion into ! di/ance1 z an ov]com+ ( ! m]ely s5su\s1 z a /ra9 & t5d5cy1 z a spiritual w-to-p[]4 ,i am fully aw>e h[ inadequate ^! p]iphrases are4 ,x is entirely impossible to indicate 9 exact t]ms ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at we & :at ! m5 ( ! ,indian or ! ,arabian ,culture call space1 or feel or imag9e 9 ! ^w4 ,b t !re is "s radical di/9ction is prov$ by ! v diff]5t fundam5tals ( ! respective ma!matics1 arts ( =m1 &1 above all1 imm$iate utt]ances ( life4 ,we %all see h[ ! id5tity ( space & w comes to expression 9 ! acts ( ,cop]nicus & ,columbus--z well z 9 ^? ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 & ,napoleon--b x und]lies also1 9 ano!r way1 ! physical notions ( fields ( =ce & pot5tial1 ideas t x w\ld be impossible to convey to ! compreh5sion ( any ,greek4 ,space z a priori =m ( p]ception1 ! =mula 9 :i* ,kant f9ally enunciat$ t = :i* ,b>oque philosophy _h s long & tirelessly /riv51 implies an ass]tion ( supremacy ( s\l ov] ! ali52 ! ego1 ?r\gh ! =m1 is to rule ! _w4#chg ,?is is br\ght to expression 9 ! dep?-p]spective ( oil-pa9t+ :i* makes ! space-field ( ! picture1 conceiv$ z inf9ite1 dep5d5t on ! obs]v]1 :o 9 *oos+ 8 di/ance ass]ts 8 dom9ion4 ,x is ?is attraction ( di/ance t produces ! type ( ! h]oic & hi/orically-felt l&scape t we h alike 9 ! picture & ! p>k ( ! ,b>oque p]iod1 & t is express$ also 9 ! ma!matico-physical concept ( ! vector4 ,= c5turies pa9t+ f\ght passionately to rea* ?is symbol1 :i* conta9s all t ! words space1 w & =ce are capable ( indicat+4 ,& correspond+ly we f9d 9 our metaphysic ! /eady t5d5cy to =mulate pairs ( concepts 7su* z ph5om5a & ?+s-9-!mselves1 w & idea1 ego & non-ego7 all ( ! same purely dynamic cont5t1 &--9 utt] contra/ to ,protagoras's conception ( man z ! measure1 n ! creator1 ( ?+s--to e/abli% a functional dep5d5ce ( ?+s ^u _s4 ,! ,classical metaphysic reg>d$ man z a body among bodies1 & k z a sort ( contact1 pass+ f ! kn[n to ! kn[] & n vice v]sa4 ,! optical !ories ( ,anaxagoras & ,democritus 7 f> f admitt+ any active p>ticipation ( ! p]cipi5t 9 s5se-p]ception4 ,plato nev] felt1 z ,kant 0 driv5 to feel1 ! ego z c5tre ( a transc5d5t sph]e ( effect4 ,! captives 9 8 celebrat$ cave are really captives1 ! slaves & n ! ma/]s ( out] impressions--recipi5ts ( light f ! common sun & n !mselves suns :i* irradiate ! univ]se4 ,! relation ( our w to our imag9>y space is evid5c$ aga9 9 ! physical concept ( space-en]gy--t utt]ly un-,classical idea 9 :i* ev5 spatial int]val figures z a =m1 & inde$ z prime =m !re(1 = ! notions ( 8capacity0 & 8int5sity0 re/ ^u x4 ,we feel w & space1 ! dynamic _w-picture ( ,galileo & ,newton & ! dynamic s\l-picture :i* has w z its c5tre ( gravity & c5tre ( ref]5ce1 z ( id5tical significance4 ,bo? are ,b>oque ideas1 symbols ( ! fully-rip5$ ,fau/ian ,culture4 ,x is wrong1 ?\gh x may be usual1 to reg>d ! cult ( ! 8w0 z common1 if n to mank9d1 at any rate to ,*ri/5dom1 & d]iv$ 9 consequ5ce f ! ,e>ly-,arabian e?os4 ,! connexion is m]ely a ph5om5on ( ! hi/orical surface1 & ! d$uction fails because x confuses ! 7=mal7 hi/ory ( words & ideas su* z 8voluntas0 ) ! c\rse ( _! de/9y1 !reby miss+ ! pr(\ndly symbolical *anges ( connotation t occur 9 t c\rse4 ,:5 ,arabian psy*ologi/s--,murtada = in/ance--discuss ! possibility ( sev]al 8wills10 a w t hangs toge!r ) ! act1 ano!r w t indep5d5tly prec$es ! act1 ano!r t has no relation to ! act at all1 a w t is simply ! p>5t ( a will+1 !y are obvi\sly work+ 9 deep] connotations ( ! ,arabic ^w & on ! basis ( a s\l-image t 9 /ructure diff]s entirely f ! ,fau/ian4 ,= e man1 :atev] ! ,culture to :i* he belongs1 ! elem5ts ( ! s\l are ! deities ( an inn] my?ology4 ,:at ,zeus 0 = ! out] ,olympus1 0 = ! inn] _w t e ,greek 0 entirely consci\s ( possess+--! ?ron$ "l ( ! o!r s\l- elem5ts4 ,:at 8,god0 is = u1 ,god z ,bread? ( ! _w1 ! ,univ]sal ,p[]1 ! ev]-pres5t do] & provid]1 t also--reflect$ f ! space ( _w into ! imag9>y space ( s\l & necess>ily felt z an actual pres5ce--is 8,w40 ,) ! microcosmic dualism ( ! ,magian ,culture1 ) rua* & nephe%1 pneuma & psy*e1 is necess>ily associat$ ! macrocosmic opposition ( ,god & ,devil-- ,ormuzd & ,ahriman = ,p]sians1 ,yahwe & ,beelzebub = ,jews1 ,allah & ,eblis = ,mohamm$ans--9 brief1 ,absolute ,good & ,absolute ,evil4 ,& note1 fur!r1 h[ 9 ! ,we/]n _w-feel+ bo? ^! oppositions pale toge!r4 ,9 proportion z ! ,w em]ges1 out ( ! ,go?ic /ruggle = primacy betwe5 8intellectus0 & 8voluntas10 z ! c5tre ( a spiritual mono!ism1 ! figure ( ! ,devil fades out ( ! real _w4 ,9 ! ,b>oque age ! pan!ism ( ! out] _w imm$iately result$ 9 "o ( ! inn] _w also2 & ! ^w 8,god0 9 anti!sis to 8_w0 has always--h[ev] int]pret$ 9 ?is or t case--impli$ exactly :at is impli$ 9 ! ^w 8w0 ) respect to s\l1 viz41 ! p[] t moves all t is )9 its doma94#chh ,?\ght no soon] leaves ,religion = ,sci5ce ?an we get ! d\ble my? ( concepts1 9 physics & psy*ology4 ,! concepts 8=ce10 8mass10 8w10 8passion0 re/ n on objective exp]i5ce b on a life-feel+4 ,d>w9ism is no?+ b a specially %all[ =mulation ( ?is feel+4 ,no ,greek w\ld h us$ ! ^w 8,nature0 z our biology employs x1 9 ! s5se ( an absolute & me?odical activity4 8,! w ( ,god0 = u is a pleonasm--,god 7or 8,nature10 z "s say7 is no?+ b w4 ,aft] ! ,r5aissance ! notion ( ,god %$s ! old s5su\s & p]sonal traits 7omnipres5ce & omnipot5ce are almo/ ma!matical concepts71 becomes little by little id5tical ) ! notion ( inf9ite space & 9 becom+ s becomes transc5d5t _w- w4 ,& !re=e x is t ab\t #agjj pa9t+ has to yield to in/rum5tal music--! only art t 9 ! end is capable ( cle>ly express+ :at we feel ab\t ,god4 ,consid]1 9 contra/ ) ?is1 ! gods ( ,hom]4 ,zeus emphatically does n possess full p[]s ov] ! _w1 b is simply 8primus int] p>es10 a body among/ bodies1 z ! ,apoll9ian _w-feel+ requires4 ,bl9d necessity1 ! ,ananke imman5t 9 ! cosmos ( ,classical consci\sness1 is 9 no s5se dep5d5t ^u him2 on ! contr>y1 ! ,gods are subord9ate to ,x4 s*ylus says s outright 9 a p[]ful passage ( ! 8,prome!us10#chi b x is p]ceptible en\gh ev5 9 ,hom]1 e4g41 9 ! ,/rife ( ! ,gods & 9 t decisive passage 9 :i* ,zeus takes up ! scales ( de/9y1 n to settle1 b to le>n1 ! fate ( ,hector4#cij ,! ,classical s\l1 !re=e1 ) its p>ts & its prop]ties1 imag9es itself z an ,olympus ( little gods1 & to keep ^! at peace & 9 h>mony ) "o ano!r is ! ideal ( ! ,greek life-e?ic ( & 4 ,m ?an "o ( ! philosoph]s betrays ! connexion by call+ 1 ! highe/ "p ( ! s\l1 ,zeus4 ,ari/otle assigns to 8 deity ! s+le function ( 1 contemplation1 & ?is is ,diog5es's ideal also--a completely-matur$ /atic ( life 9 contra/ to ! equally ripe dynamic ( our #ah?-,c5tury ideal4 ,! enigmatic ,some?+ 9 ! s\l-image t is call$ 8w10 ! passion ( ! ?ird dim5sion1 is !re=e q specially a creation ( ! ,b>oque1 l ! p]spective ( oil-pa9t+ & ! =ce-idea ( mod]n physics & ! tone-_w ( in/rum5tal music4 ,9 e case ! ,go?ic _h =e%ad[$ :at ^! intellectualiz+ c5turies br\ght to fullness4 ,"h1 :]e we are try+ to take 9 ! ca/ ( ,fau/ian life 9 contradiction to t ( all o!r lives1 :at we h to d is to keep a firm hold on ! fact t ! prim>y words w1 space1 =ce1 ,god1 upborne by & p]meat$ ) connotations ( ,fau/ian feel+1 are emblems1 are ! effective framework t su/a9s ! great & k9dr$ =m-worlds 9 :i* ?is be+ expresses itself4 ,x has be5 believ$1 hi!rto1 t 9 ^! matt]s "o 0 hold+ 9 "o's grip a body ( et]nal facts1 ( facts- 9-!mselves1 :i* soon] or lat] w\ld be successfully treat$1 8kn[n10 & prov$ by ! me?ods ( critical rese>*4 ,?is illusion ( natural sci5ce 0 %>$ by psy*ology also4 ,b ! view t ^! 8univ]sally-valid0 fundam5tals belong m]ely to ! ,b>oque /yle ( appreh5sion & compreh5sion1 t z expression-=ms !y are only ( transitory significance1 & t !y are only 8true0 = ! ,we/]n type ( intellect1 alt]s ! :ole mean+ ( ^? sci5ces & leads u to look ^u !m n only z subjects ( sy/ematic cognition b also1 & 9 a f> high] degree1 z objects ( physiognomic /udy4 ,b>oque ar*itecture began1 z we h se51 :5 ,mi*elangelo replac$ ! tectonic elem5ts ( ! ,r5aissance1 support & load1 by ^? ( dynamics1 =ce & mass4 ,:ile ,brunelles*i's *apel ( ! ,pazzi 9 ,flor5ce expresses a bright compos$ness1 ,vignola's faade ( ! ,ges 9 ,rome is w become /one4 ,! new /yle 9 its ecclesia/ical =m has be5 designat$ ! 8,jesuit10 & inde$ !re is an inw>d connexion betwe5 ! a*ievem5t ( ,vignola & ,giacomo ,della ,porta & ! creation by ,ignatius ,loyola ( ! ,ord] t /&s = ! pure & ab/ract w ( ! ,*ur*1#cia j z !re is betwe5 ! invisible op]ations & ! unlimit$ range ( ! ,ord] & ! arts ( ,calculus & ,fugue4 ,h5ce=w>d1 !n1 ! read] w n be %ock$ if we speak ( a ,b>oque1 & ev5 ( a ,jesuit1 /yle 9 psy*ology1 ma!matics1 & pure physics4 ,! =m-language ( dynamics1 :i* puts ! en]getic contra/ ( capacity & int5sity 9 place ( ! volitionless somatic contra/ ( mat]ial & =m1 is "o common to all ! m9d-creations ( ^? c5turies4 ,,iv ,! "q is n[3 ,h[ f> is ! man ( ?is ,culture himself fulfill+ :at ! s\l-image t he has creat$ requires ( him8 ,if we c1 to-day1 /ate ! !me ( ,we/]n physics q g5]ally to be effici5t space1 we h ipso facto def9$ also ! k9d ( exi/5ce1 ! cont5t ( exi/5ce z liv$ by contempor>y man4 ,we1 z ,fau/ian natures1 are accu/om$ to take note ( ! individual accord+ to 8 effective & n accord+ to 8 pla/ic-/atic appe>ance 9 ! field ( our life-exp]i5ce4 ,we measure :at a man is by 8 activity1 :i* may be direct$ inw>dly or outw>dly1 & we judge all int5tions1 reasons1 p[]s1 convictions & habits entirely by ?is direct$ness4 ,! ^w ) :i* we sum up ?is aspect is "*4 ,we habitually speak ( ! 8"*0 ( heads & l&scapes2 ( ornam5ts1 bru%-/rokes & scripts2 ( :ole arts & ages & ,cultures4 ,! art ( ! *>act]i/ic is1 above all1 ,b>oque music--alike 9 respect ( its melody & its in/rum5tation4 ,"h aga9 is a ^w indicat+ an indescribable1 a some?+ t emphasizes1 among all ! ,cultures1 ! ,fau/ian 9 p>ticul>4 ,& ! deep relation betwe5 ?is ^w 8"*0 & ! ^w 8w0 is unmi/akable2 :at w is 9 ! s\l-image1 "* is 9 ! picture ( life z we see x1 ! ,we/]n life t is self-evid5t to ,we/]n m54 ,x is ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( all our e?ical sy/ems1 diff] o!rwise z !y may 9 _! metaphysical or practical precepts1 t man has "*4 ,"*1 :i* =ms itself 9 ! /ream ( ! _w--! p]sonality1 ! relation ( liv+ to do+--is a ,fau/ian impression ( ! man made by ! man2 &1 significantly en\gh1 j z 9 ! physical _w-picture x has prov$ impossible 79 spite ( ! mo/ rigor\s !oretical exam9ation7 to sep>ate ! vectorial idea ( =ces f ! idea ( motion 7because ( ! inh]5t directional quality ( ! vector71 s also x is impossible to draw a /rict di/9ction betwe5 w & s\l1 "* & life4 ,at ! height ( our ,culture1 c]ta9ly s9ce ! #ag? ,c5tury1 we feel ! ^w 8life0 z a pure & simple synonym ( will+4 ,expressions l liv+ =ce1 life-w1 active en]gy1 ab\nd 9 our e?ical lit]ature & _! import is tak5 = grant$1 :]eas ! ,age ( ,p]icles c\ld n ev5 h translat$ !m into its language4 ,hi!rto ! pret5sion ( ea* & e morale to univ]sal validity has obscur$ ! fact t e ,culture1 z a homog5e\s be+ ( high] ord]1 possesses a moral con/itution prop] to itself4 ,!re are z _m morales z !re are ,cultures4 ,nietzs*e 0 ! fir/ to h an inkl+ ( ?is2 b he nev] came any:]e ne> to a really objective morphology ( morale 8beyond good0 7all good7 8& evil0 7all evil74 ,he evaluat$ ,classical1 ,indian1 ,*ri/ian & ,r5aissance morale by 8 own crit]ia in/ead ( und]/&+ ! /yle ( !m z a symbol4 ,& yet if any?+ c\ld detect ! prime-ph5om5on ( ,morale z su*1 x %\ld h be5 ! hi/orical insight ( a ,we/]n]4 ,h[ev]1 x appe>s t we are only n[ ripe en\gh = su* a /udy4 ,! conception ( mank9d z an active1 fight+1 progress+ :ole is 7& has be5 s9ce ,joa*im ( ,floris & ! ,crusades7 s necess>y an idea = u t we f9d x h>d inde$ to realize t x is an exclusively ,we/]n hypo!sis1 liv+ & valid only = a season4 ,to ! ,classical _s mank9d appe>s z a /ation>y mass1 & correspond+ly !re is t q dissimil> morale t we c trace f ! ,hom]ic dawn to ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,&1 m g5]ally1 we %all f9d t ! imm5se activity ( ! ,fau/ian life- feel+ is mo/ ne>ly mat*$ 9 ! ,*9ese & ! ,egyptian1 & ! rigor\s passivity ( ! ,classical 9 ! ,indian4 ,if ev] !re 0 a gr\p ( nations t kept ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 con/antly be=e its eyes1 x 0 ! ,classical ,culture4 ,all ! cities1 big & little1 f\ght "o ano!r to %e] ext9ction1 )\t plan or purpose1 )\t m]cy1 body aga9/ body1 "u ! /imulus ( a completely anti-hi/orical in/9ct4 ,b ,greek e?ics1 not)/&+ ,h]aclitus1 7 f> f mak+ /ruggle an e?ical pr9ciple4 ,! ,/oics & ! ,epicureans alike prea*$ ab/5tion f x z an ideal4 ,! ov]com+ ( resi/ances may f> m ju/ly be call$ ! typical impulse ( ! ,we/]n s\l4 ,activity1 det]m9ation1 self-control1 are po/ulates4 ,to battle aga9/ ! com=table =egr\nds ( life1 aga9/ ! impressions ( ! mom5t1 aga9/ :at is ne>1 tangible & easy1 to w9 ?r\gh to t :i* has g5]ality & duration & l9ks pa/ & future--^! are ! sum ( all ,fau/ian imp]atives f e>lie/ ,go?ic to ,kant & ,fi*te1 & f> beyond !m aga9 to ! ,e?os ( imm5se p[] & w exhibit$ 9 our ,/ates1 our economic sy/ems & our te*nics4 ,! c>pe diem1 ! saturat$ be+1 ( ! ,classical /&po9t is ! mo/ direct contr>y ( t :i* is felt by ,goe! & ,kant & ,pascal1 by ,*ur* & ,free?9k]1 z alone possess+ value--active1 fight+ & victori\s be+4#cib ,z all ! =ms ( ,dynamic 7:e!r pictorial1 musical1 physical1 social or political7 are conc]n$ ) ! work+-out ( inf9ite relations & deal1 n ) ! individual case & ! sum ( individual cases z ! ,classical physics _h done1 b ) ! typical c\rse or process & its functional rule1 8"*0 mu/ be und]/ood z t :i* rema9s 9 pr9ciple con/ant 9 ! work+- out ( life2 :]e !re is no su* con/ant we speak ( 8lack ( "*40 ,x is "*--! =m 9 virtue ( :i* a mov+ exi/5ce c comb9e ! highe/ con/ancy 9 ! ess5tial ) ! maximum v>iability 9 ! details--t makes tell+ biography 7su* z ,goe!'s 8,wahrheit und ,di*tung071 possible at all4 ,plut>*'s truly ,classical biographies are by comp>ison m]e collections ( anecdotes /rung toge!r *ronologically & n ord]$ pictures ( hi/orical developm5t1 & x w h>dly be disput$ t only ?is second k9d ( biography is imag9able 9 connexion ) ,alcibiades or ,p]icles or1 = t matt]1 any purely ,apoll9ian figure4 ,_! exp]i5ces lack1 n mass1 b relation2 !re is some?+ atomic ab\t !m4 ,simil>ly 9 ! field ( ,sci5ce ! ,greek did n m]ely =get to look = g5]al laws 9 ! sum ( 8 exp]i5tial data2 9 8 cosmos !y 7 simply n !re to be f\nd4 ,x foll[s t ! sci5ces ( "*-/udy1 p>ticul>ly physiognomy & graphology1 w\ld n be able to glean mu* 9 ! ,classical field4 ,its h&writ+ we d n "k1 b we d "k t its ornam5t1 z comp>$ ) ! ,go?ic1 is ( incr$ible simplicity & feebl5ess ( "*-expression--?9k ( ! ,me&] & ! ,acan?us-%oot4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has nev] be5 surpass$ 9 timeless ev5ness4 ,x goes )\t say+ t we1 :5 we turn to look into ! ,classical life-feel+1 mu/ f9d !re "s basic elem5t ( e?ical values t is anti!tical to 8"*0 9 ! same way z ! /atue is anti!tical to ! fugue4 ,euclidean geometry to ,analysis1 & body to space4 ,we f9d x 9 ! ,ge/ure4 ,x is ?is t provides ! necess>y f\ndation = a spiritual /atic4 ,! ^w t /&s 9 ! ,classical vocabul>y :]e 8p]sonality0 /&s 9 our own is 1 8p]sona0--namely rle or mask4 ,9 late ,greek or ,roman spee* x means ! public aspect & mi5 ( a man1 :i* = ,classical man is tantam\nt to ! ess5ce & k]nel ( him4 ,an orator 0 describ$ z speak+ 9 ! --n ! "* or ! ve9 z we %\ld say-- ( a prie/ or a soldi]4 ,! slave 0 --t is1 he _h no attitude or figure 9 ! public life--b n --t is1 he did h a s\l4 ,! idea t ,de/9y _h assign$ ! rle ( k+ or g5]al to a man 0 express$ by ,romans 9 ! words p]sona regis1 imp]atoris4#cic ,! ,apoll9ian ca/ ( life is manife/ en\gh "h4 ,:at is indicat$ is n ! p]sonality 7t is1 an unfold+ ( inw>d possibilities 9 active /riv+7 b a p]man5t & self- conta9$ po/ure /rictly adapt$ to a s-to-say pla/ic ideal ( be+4 ,x is only 9 ! ,classical e?ic t ,beauty plays a di/9ct rle4 ,h[ev] labell$--z 1 or --x always am\nts to ! well-ord]$ gr\p ( tangible & publicly evid5t traits1 def9$ = o!r m5 r ?an specific to "o's self4 ,a man 0 ! object & n ! subject ( outw>d life4 ,! pure pres5t1 ! mom5t1 ! =egr\nd 7 n conqu]$ b work$ up4 ,! notion ( an inw>d life is impossible 9 ?is connexion4 ,! significance ( ,ari/otle's phrase --q untranslatable & habitually translat$ ) a ,we/]n connotation--is t x ref]s to m5 :o are no?+ :5 s+le & lonely 7:at c\ld be m prepo/]\s ?an an ,a!nian ,rob9son ,crusoe67 & only c\nt = any?+ :5 9 a plurality1 9 agora or =um1 :]e ea* reflects 8 neighb\r & ?us1 only ?us1 acquires a g5u9e reality4 ,x is all implicit 9 ! phrase 1 us$ = ! burgh]s ( ! city4 ,& ?us we see t ! ,portrait1 ! c5tre ( ,b>oque art1 is id5tical ) ! repres5tation ( a man to ! ext5t t he possesses "*1 & t 9 ! be/ age ( ,attic ! repres5tation ( a man 9 respect ( 8 attitude1 z p]sona1 necess>ily leans to ! =m-ideal ( ! nude /atue4 ,v ,?is opposition1 fur!r1 has produc$ =ms ( trag$y t diff] f "o ano!r radically 9 e respect4 ,! ,fau/ian "*-drama & ! ,apoll9ian drama ( noble ge/ure h 9 fact no?+ b "n 9 common4#cid ,/>t+1 significantly en\gh1 f ,s5eca & n f s*ylus & ,sophocles#cie 7j z ! contempor>y ar*itecture l9k$ itself ) ,imp]ial ,rome & n ) ,p/um71 ! ,b>oque drama ) ev]- increas+ emphasis makes "* in/ead ( occurr5ce its c5tre ( gravity1 ! orig9 ( a sy/em ( spiritual co-ord9ates 7s to express x7 :i* gives ! sc5ic facts position1 s5se1 & value 9 relation to itself4 ,! outcome is a trag$y ( will+1 ( effici5t =ces1 ( inw>d movem5t n necess>ily exhibit$ 9 visible =m1 :]eas ,sophocles's me?od 0 to employ a m9imum ( happ5+ & to put x beh9d ! sc5es p>ticul>ly by means ( ! artifice ( ! 8mess5g]40 ,! ,classical trag$y relates to g5]al situations & n p>ticul> p]sonalities4 ,x is specifically describ$ by ,ari/otle z 4 ,t :i* 9 8 ,poetica-- assur$ly ! mo/ fateful ( all books = our poetry--he calls 1 namely ! ideal be>+ ( ! ideal ,hell5e 9 a pa9ful situation1 has z little 9 common ) our notion ( "* 7viz41 a con/itution ( ! ego :i* det]m9es ev5ts7 z a surface 9 ,euclidean geometry has ) ! l-nam$ concept 9 ,riemann's !ory ( algebraic equations4 ,x has1 un=tunately1 be5 our habit = c5turies pa/ to translate z 8"*0 in/ead ( p>aphras+ x 7exact r5d]+ is almo/ impossible7 by 8rle10 8be>+0 or 8ge/ure02 to reproduce my?1 1 :i* is timeless occurr5ce1 by 8action02 & to d]ive f 8do+40 ,x is ,o!llo1 ,don ,quixote1 ,le ,misan?rope1 ,w]!r & ,h$da ,gabl] t are *>act]s1 & ! trag$y consi/s 9 ! m]e exi/5ce ( human be+s ?us con/itut$ 9 _! respective milieux4 ,_! /ruggle--:e!r aga9/ ?is _w or ! next1 or !mselves--is =c$ on !m by _! "* & n by any?+ com+ f outside2 a s\l is plac$ 9 a web ( contradictory relations t admits ( no net solution4 ,classical /age- figures1 on ! contr>y1 are rles & n *>act]s2 ov] & ov] aga9 ! same figures appe>--! old man1 ! slay]1 ! lov]1 all sl[-mov+ bodies "u masks & on /ilts4 ,?us 9 ,classical drama-- ev5 ( ! ,late p]iod--! mask is an elem5t ( pr(\nd symbolic necessity1 :]eas our pieces w\ld n be reg>d$ z play$ at all )\t ! play ( features4 ,x is no answ] to po9t to ! great size ( ! ,greek !atre1 = ev5 ! /roll+ play]--ev5 ! portrait- /atue#cif--wore a mask1 & _h !re be5 any spiritual ne$ ( a m intimate sett+ ! requir$ ar*itectural =m w\ld h be5 =?com+ quickly en\gh4 ,9 ! trag$y ( a "*1 :at happ5s is ! outcome ( a long inn] developm5t4 ,b 9 :at befalls ,ajax & ,philoctetes1 ,antigone & ,electra1 _! psy*ological antec$5ts 7ev5 suppos+ !m to h any7 play no "p4 ,! decisive ev5t comes ^u !m1 brutally1 z accid5t1 f )\t1 & x might h befall5 ano!r 9 ! same way & ) ! same result4 ,x w\ld n be necess>y ev5 = t o!r to be ( ! same sex4 ,x is n en\gh to di/+ui% ,classical & ,we/]n trag$y m]ely z action-drama & ev5t-drama4 ,fau/ian trag$y is biographical1 ,classical anecdotal2 t is1 ! "o deals ) ! s5se ( a :ole life & ! o!r ) ! cont5t ( ! s+le mom5t4#cig ,:at relation1 = in/ance1 has ! entire inw>d pa/ ( dipus or ,ore/es to ! %att]+ ev5t t sudd5ly meets him on 8 way8#cih ,!re is "o sort ( de/9y1 !n1 t /rikes l a fla% ( lightn+1 & j z bl9dly1 & ano!r t int]weaves itself ) ! c\rse ( a life1 an invisible ?read#cii t yet di/+ui%es ?is p>ticul> life f all o!rs4 ,!re is n ! smalle/ trait 9 ! pa/ exi/5ce ( ,o!llo--t ma/]piece ( psy*ological analysis--t has n "s be>+ on ! cata/rophe4 ,race-hatr$1 ! isolation ( ! up/>t among/ ! patricians1 ! ,moor z soldi] & z *ild ( ,nature1 ! lonel9ess ( ! age+ ba*elor--all ^! ?+s h _! significance4 ,le>1 too1 & ,hamlet--comp>e ! exposition ( ^! *>act]s ) t ( ,sophoclean pieces4 ,!y are psy*ological expositions ?r\gh-&-?r\gh & n summations ( outw>d data4 ,! psy*ologi/1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 namely ! f9e /ud5t 7h>dly n[adays to be di/+ui%$ f ! poet7 ( spiritual turn+-po9ts1 0 entirely unkn[n to ! ,greeks4 ,!y 7 no m analytical 9 ! field ( s\l ?an 9 t ( numb]2 vis-- vis ! ,classical s\l1 h[ c\ld !y be s8 8,psy*ology0 9 fact is ! prop] designation = ! ,we/]n way ( fa%ion+ m52 ! ^w holds good = a portrait by ,rembr&t z = ! music ( 8,tri/an10 = ,/5dhal's ,julian ,sorel z = ,dante's 8,vita ,nuova40 ,! l ( x is n to be f\nd 9 any o!r ,culture4 ,if !re is any?+ t ! ,classical arts scrupul\sly exclude x is ?is1 = psy*ology is ! =m 9 :i* art h&les man z inc>nate w & n z 4 ,to call ,euripides a psy*ologi/ is to betray ignorance ( :at psy*ology is4 ,:at an abundance ( "* !re is ev5 9 ! m]e my?ology ( ! ,nor? ) its sly dw>fs1 its lumpy giants1 its teas+ elves1 its ,loki1 ,baldr & ! re/6 ,zeus1 ,apollo1 ,poseidon1 ,ares are simply 8m510 ,h]mes ! 8y\?10 ,a!ne a matur] ,aphrodite1 & ! m9or gods--z ! lat] pla/ic %[s--di/+ui%able only by ! labels4 ,& ! same is true )\t res]vation ( ! figures ( ! ,attic /age4 ,9 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 ,c]vantes1 ,%akespe>e1 ,goe!1 ! tragic is individual1 life develops f )9 outw>ds1 dynamic1 functional1 & ! life-c\rses are only fully und]/&able ) ref]5ce to ! hi/orical backgr\nd ( ! c5tury4 ,b 9 ! great trag$ians ( ,a!ns x comes f outside1 x is /atic1 ,euclidean4 ,to repeat a phrase already us$ 9 connexion ) _w-hi/ory1 ! %att]+ ev5t is epo*al 9 ! =m] & m]ely episodic 9 ! latt]1 ev5 ! f9ale ( dea? be+ only ! la/ bead 9 ! /r+ ( %e] accid5ts t makes up an exi/5ce4 ,a ,b>oque trag$y is no?+ b ?is same directive "* br\ght into & develop$ 9 ! light-_w1 & %[n z a curve in/ead ( z an equation1 z k9etic in/ead ( z pot5tial en]gy4 ,! visible p]son is ! "* z pot5tial1 ! action ! "* at "w4 ,?is1 "u ! heap ( ,classici/ rem9isc5ces & misund]/&+s t /ill hides x1 is ! :ole mean+ ( our idea ( ,trag$y4 ,! tragic man ( ! ,classical is a ,euclidean body t is /ruck by ! ,heim>m5e 9 a position t x did n *oose & _c alt]1 b is se51 9 ! light t plays f )\t ^u its surfaces1 to be inde=mable qu& mme4 ,?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ,agamemnon is & 9 :i* dipus's is subject$ to ! ,oracle4#djj ,d[n to ,alex&] ! significant figures ( ,greek hi/ory a/oni% u ) _! inela/icity2 n "o ( !m1 app>5tly1 und]goes 9 ! battle ( life any su* inw>d trans=mation z ^? :i* we "k took place 9 ,lu!r & ,loyola4 ,:at we are prone--too prone--to call 8*>act]ization0 9 ,greek drama is no?+ b ! reflection ( ev5ts ^u ! ( ! h]o1 nev] ! reflection ( a p]sonality on ev5ts4 ,( deep necessity1 !re=e1 we ,fau/ians und]/& drama z a maximum ( activity2 &1 ( deep necessity also1 ! ,greek und]/ood x z a maximum ( passivity4#dja ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! ,attic trag$y _h no 8action0 at all4 ,! ,my/]ies 7 purely or 1 i4e41 ritual p]=mances1 & x 0 f ! ,my/]y-=m ) its 8p]ipeteia0 t s*ylus 7himself an ,eleus9ian7 d]iv$ ! high drama t he creat$4 ,ari/otle describes trag$y z ! imitation ( an occurr5ce4 ,?is imitation is id5tical ) ! 8pr(anation0 ( ! my/]ies2 & we "k t s*ylus w5t fur!r & made ! sacral ve/m5ts ( ! ,eleus9ian prie/hood ! regul> co/ume ( ! ,attic /age1 & 0 accus$ on t acc\nt4#djb ,= ! prop]1 ) its rev]sal f lam5tation to joy1 consi/$ n 9 ! fable t 0 n>rat$ b 9 ! ritual action t lay beh9d x1 & 0 und]/ood & felt by ! spectator z deeply symbolic4 ,) ?is elem5t ( ! non-,hom]ic e>ly religion#djc !re became associat$ ano!r1 a boori%--! burlesque 7:e!r phallic or di?yrambic7 sc5es ( ! spr+ fe/ivals ( ,demet] & ,dionysus4 ,! bea/-dances#djd & ! accompany+ song 7 ! g]m ( ! tragic ,*orus :i* puts itself be=e ! actor or 8answ]]0 ( ,!spis 7#ecd74 ,! g5u9e trag$y grew up out ( ! solemn dea?-lam5t 7?r5os1 nnia74 ,at "s "t or o!r ! joy\s play ( ! ,dionysus fe/ival 7:i* also 0 a s\l-fea/7 became a m\rn]s' *orus ( m51 ! ,satyr-play be+ relegat$ to ! end4 ,9 #did ,phryni*us produc$ ! 8,fall ( ,miletus0--n a hi/orical drama b a lam5t ( ! wom5 ( ,miletus--& 0 heavily f9$ = ?us recall+ ! public calamity4 ,x 0 s*ylus's introduction ( ! second actor t accompli%$ ! ess5tial ( ,classical trag$y2 ! lam5t z giv5 !me 0 !nce=w>d subord9at$ to ! visual pres5tation ( a great human suff]+ z pres5t motive4 ,! =egr\nd-/ory 77 is n 8action0 b ! occasion = ! songs ( ! ,*orus1 :i* /ill con/itutes ! prop]4 ,x is immat]ial :e!r ! occurr5ce is indicat$ by n>rative or exposition4 ,! spectator 0 9 solemn mood & he felt himself & 8 own fate to be meant 9 ! words ( pa?os4 ,x 0 9 him t ! 1 ! c5tral elem5t ( ! holy pageant1 took place4 ,:atev] ! environm5t ( message & tale1 ! liturgical lam5t = ! woe ( mank9d rema9$ always ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole1 z we see m p>ticul>ly 9 ! 8,prome!us10 ! 8,agamemnon0 & ! 8dipus ,rex40 ,b pres5tly--at ! v "t :5 9 ,polycletus ! pure pla/ic 0 triumph+ ov] ! fresco#dje--!re em]ges high above ! lam5t ! gr&eur ( human endurance1 ! attitude1 ! ( ! ,h]o4 ,! !me is1 n ! h]oic ,do] ^: w surges & breaks aga9/ ! resi/ance ( ali5 p[]s or ! demons 9 8 own brea/1 b ! w-less ,pati5t ^: somatic exi/5ce is--gratuit\sly--de/roy$4 ,! ,prome!us trilogy ( s*ylus beg9s j :]e ,goe! w\ld 9 all probability h left (f4 ,k+ ,le>'s madness is ! issue ( ! tragic action1 b ,sophocles's ,ajax is made mad by ,a!ne be=e ! drama op5s--"h is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a "* & an op]at$ figure4 ,fe> & compassion1 9 fact1 are1 z ,ari/otle says1 ! necess>y effect ( ,greek trag$y ^u ! ,greek 7& only ! ,greek7 spectator1 z is evid5t at once f 8 *oice ( ! mo/ effective sc5es1 :i* are ^? ( pite\s cra% ( =tune 77 & ( recognition 774 ,9 ! fir/1 ! rul+ impression is 7t]ror7 & 9 ! second x is 7pity71 & ! 9 ! spectator presupposes 8 exi/5ce-ideal to be t ( 4#djf ,! ,classical s\l is pure 8pres5t10 pure 1 unmov$ & po9t-=m$ be+4 ,to see ?is imp]ill$ by ! jeal\sy ( ! ,gods or by t bl9d *ance t may cra% ^u any man's head )\t reason & )\t w>n+1 is ! mo/ fe>ful ( all exp]i5ces4 ,! v roots ( ,greek be+ are /ruck at by :at = ! *all5g+ ,fau/ian is ! fir/ /imulus to liv+ activity4 ,& !n--to f9d "o's self deliv]$1 to see ! sun come out aga9 & ! d>k ?und] cl\ds huddle !mselves away on ! remote horizon1 to rejoice pr(\ndly 9 ! admir$ gr& ge/ure1 to see ! tortur$ my?ical s\l brea! aga9--t is ! 4 ,b x presupposes a k9d ( life-feel+ t is entirely ali5 to u1 ! v ^w be+ h>dly translatable into our languages & our s5sations4 ,x took all ! /hetic indu/ry & ass]tiv5ess ( ! ,b>oque & ( ,classicism1 back$ by ! meeke/ submissiv5ess be=e anci5t texts1 to p]suade u t ?is is ! spiritual basis ( our own trag$y z well4 ,& no wond]4 ,= ! fact is t ! effect ( our trag$y is precisely ! opposite4 ,x does n deliv] u f deadweight pressure ( ev5ts1 b evokes active dynamic elem5ts 9 u1 /+s u1 /imulates u4 ,x awak5s ! prim>y feel+s ( an en]getic human be+1 ! fi]c5ess & ! joy ( t5sion1 dang]1 viol5t de$1 victory1 crime1 ! triumph ( ov]com+ & de/roy+--feel+s t h slumb]$ 9 ! dep?s ( e ,nor!rn s\l s9ce ! days ( ! ,vik+s1 ! ,hoh5/auf5 & ! ,crusades4 ,t is ,%akespe>ian effect4 ,a ,greek w\ld n h tol]at$ ,macbe?1 nor1 g5]ally1 w\ld he h compreh5d$ ! mean+ ( ?is mighty art ( directional biography at all4 ,t figures l ,ri*>d ,,iii1 ,don ,juan1 ,fau/1 ,mi*ael ,kohlhaas1 ,golo--un-,classical f top to toe--awak5 9 u n sympa?y b a deep & /range envy1 n fe> b a my/]i\s desire to suff]1 to suff]-) 78compassion0 ( q ano!r sort71 is visibly--ev5 to-day :5 ,fau/ian trag$y 9 its f9al =m1 ! ,g]man1 is dead at la/--! /&+ motive ( ! lit]ature ( our ,alex&rian phase4 ,9 ! 8s5sational0 adv5ture- & detective-/ory1 & /ill m rec5tly 9 ! c9ema-drama 7! equival5t ( ! ,late-,classical mimes71 a relic ( ! unre/ra9able ,fau/ian impulse to conqu] & discov] is /ill palpable4 ,!re are correspond+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,apoll9ian & ! ,fau/ian outlook 9 ! =ms ( dramatic pres5tation1 :i* are ! complem5t ( ! poetic idea4 ,! antique drama is a piece ( pla/ic1 a gr\p ( pa!tic sc5es conceiv$ z reliefs1 a pageant ( gigantic m>ionettes dispos$ aga9/ ! def9itive plane ( ! back-wall4#djg ,pres5tation is entirely t ( gr&ly-imag9$ ge/ures1 ! meagre facts ( ! fable be+ solemnly recit$ r ?an pres5t$4 ,! te*nique ( ,we/]n drama aims at j ! opposite--unbrok5 movem5t & /rict exclusion ( flat /atic mom5ts4 ,! fam\s 8?ree unities0 ( place1 "t & action1 z unconsci\sly evolv$ 7?\gh n expressly =mulat$7 9 ,a!ns1 are a p>aphrase ( ! type ( ! ,classical m>ble /atue &1 l x1 an indication ( :at classical man1 ! man ( ! ,polis & ! pure pres5t & ! ge/ure1 felt ab\t life4 ,! unities are all1 effectively1 negative1 d5ials ( pa/ & future1 repudiation ( all spiritual action-at-a-di/ance4 ,!y c be summ$ 9 ! "o ^w 4 ,! po/ulates ( ^! 8unities0 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! sup]ficially simil> po/ulates 9 ! drama ( ! ,romance peoples4 ,! ,spani% !atre ( ! #af? ,c5tury b[$ itself to ! au?ority ( 8,classical0 rules1 b x is easy to see ! influ5ce ( noblesse oblige 9 ?is2 ,ca/ilian dignity respond$ to ! appeal )\t kn[+1 or inde$ tr\bl+ to f9d out1 ! orig9al s5se ( ! rules4 ,! great ,spani% dramati/s1 ,tirso da ,mol9a above all1 fa%ion$ ! 8unities0 ( ! ,b>oque1 b n z metaphysical negations1 b purely z expressions ( ! _s ( high c\rtesy1 & x 0 z su* t ,corneille1 ! docile pupil ( ,spani% 8gr&ezza10 borr[$ !m4 ,x 0 a fateful /ep4 ,if ,flor5ce ?rew h]self into ! imitation ( ! ,classical sculpture--at :i* ev]yone m>vell$ & ( :i* no "o possess$ ! f9al crit]ia--no h>m 0 done1 = !re 0 by !n no ,nor!rn pla/ic to suff] !reby4 ,b ) trag$y x 0 ano!r matt]4 ,"h !re 0 ! possibility ( a mighty drama1 purely ,fau/ian1 ( unimag9$ =ms & d>+4 ,t ?is did n appe>1 t = all ! greatness ( ,%akespe>e ! ,teutonic drama nev] q %ook (f ! spell ( misund]/ood conv5tion1 0 ! consequ5ce ( bl9d fai? 9 ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle4 ,:at might n h come out ( ,b>oque drama _h x rema9$ "u ! impression ( ! knightly epic & ! ,go?ic ,ea/]-play & ,my/]y1 9 ! ne> neighb\rhood ( ,oratorios & ,passions1 )\t ev] he>+ ( ! ,greek !atre6 ,a trag$y issu+ f ! _s ( contrapuntal music1 free ( limitations prop] to pla/ic b "h mean+less1 a dramatic poetry t f ,orl&o ,lasso & ,pale/r9a c\ld develop--side by side ) ,he9ri* ,s*tz1 ,ba*1 ,hndel1 ,gluck & ,bee?ov51 b entirely free--to a pure =m ( its own3 t 0 :at 0 possible1 & t 0 :at did n happ52 & x is only to ! =tunate circum/ance t ! :ole ( ! fresco- art ( ,hellas has be5 lo/ t we owe ! inw>d fre$om ( our oil- pa9t+4 ,,vi ,! unities 7 n suffici5t = ! ,attic drama4 ,x dem&$1 fur!r1 ! rigid mask 9 lieu ( facial play1 ?us =bidd+ spiritual *>act]ization 9 ! same _s z ,attic s5tim5t =bade lik5ess-/atu>y4 ,x dem&$ m-?an-life-siz$ figures & got !m by means ( ! co?urnus & by padd+ & drap+ ! actor till he c\ld sc>cely move1 ?us elim9at+ all 8 individuality4 ,la/ly1 x requir$ monoton\s s+-song deliv]y1 :i* x ensur$ by means ( a m\?piece fix$ 9 ! mask4 ,! b>e text z we read x to-day 7n )\t read+ into x ! _s ( ,goe! & ,%akespe>e & ( our p]spective vision7 conveys little ( ! deep] significance ( ^! dramas4 ,classical art-works 7 creat$ entirely = ! eye1 ev5 ! physical eye1 ( ,classical man1 & ! secrets reveal !mselves only :5 put 9 s5su\s =ms4 ,& "h our att5tion is drawn to a feature ( ,greek trag$y t any true trag$y ( ! ,fau/ian /yle mu/ f9d intol]able1 ! cont9ual pres5ce ( ! ,*orus4 ,! ,*orus is ! primitive trag$y1 = )\t x ! w\ld be impossible4 ,"* "o possesses = "o's self1 b attitude has mean+ only 9 relation to o!rs4 ,?is ,*orus z cr[d 7! ideal opposite to ! lonely or inw>d man & ! monologue ( ! ,we/71 ?is ,*orus :i* is always !re1 ! witness ( e 8soliloquy10 ?is ,*orus by :i*1 9 ! /age-life z 9 ! real life1 fe> be=e ! b\ndless & ! void is bani%$1 is truly ,apoll9ian4 ,self-review z a public action1 pomp\s public m\rn+ 9 lieu ( ! solit>y angui% ( ! b$*amb]1 ! te>s & lam5tations t fill a :ole s]ies ( dramas l ! 8,philoctetes0 & ! 8,tra*9i10 ! impossibility ( be+ alone1 ! feel+ ( ! ,polis1 all ! fem99e ( ?is ,culture t we see idealiz$ 9 ! ,belv$]e ,apollo1 betrays itself 9 ?is symbol ( ! ,*orus4 ,9 comp>ison ) ?is k9d ( drama1 ,%akespe>e's is a s+le monologue4 ,ev5 9 ! conv]sations1 ev5 9 ! gr\p-sc5es we are s5sible ( ! imm5se inn] di/ance betwe5 ! p]sons1 ea* ( :om at bottom is only talk+ ) himself4 ,no?+ c ov]come ?is spiritual remot5ess4 ,x is felt 9 ,hamlet z 9 8,tasso0 & 9 ,don ,quixote z 9 ,w]!r1 b ev5 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*'s ,p>zeval is fill$ ) & /amp$ by ! s5se ( inf9ity4 ,! di/9ction holds = all ,we/]n poetry aga9/ all ,classical4 ,all our lyric v]se f ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide to ,goe! & f ,goe! to ! poems ( our dy+ _w-cities is monologue1 :ile ! ,classical lyric is a *oral lyric1 a s++ be=e witnesses4 ,! "o is receiv$ inw>dly1 9 wordless read+1 z s\ndless music1 & ! o!r is publicly recit$4 ,! "o belongs to ! /ill *amb] & is spread by means ( ! book1 ! o!r belongs to ! place :]e x is voic$4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies & ! ,?racian fe/ival ( ! epiphany ( ,dionysus _h be5 nocturnal celebrations1 ! art ( ,!spis develop$1 z its inmo/ nature requir$1 z a sc5e ( ! morn+ & ! full sunlight4 ,on ! contr>y1 our ,we/]n popul> & ,passion plays1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ! s]mon ( allocat$ p>ts & 7 produc$ fir/ by prie/s 9 ! *ur*1 & !n by laym5 9 ! op5 squ>e1 on ! morn+s ( high fe/ivals1 l$ almo/ unnotic$ to an art ( ev5+ & night4 ,already 9 ,%akespe>e's "t p]=mances took place 9 ! late aft]noon1 & by ,goe!'s ?is my/ical s5se ( a prop] relation betwe5 art-"w & light-sett+ _h atta9$ its object4 ,9 g5]al1 e art & e ,culture has its significant times ( day4 ,! music ( ! #ah? ,c5tury is a music ( ! d>kness & ! inn] eye1 & ! pla/ic ( ,a!ns is an art ( cl\dless day4 ,t ?is is no sup]ficial contra/ we c see by comp>+ ! ,go?ic pla/ic1 wrapp$ et]nally 9 8dim religi\s light10 & ! ,ionic flute1 ! in/rum5t ( high noon4 ,! c&le affirms & ! sunlight d5ies space z ! opposite ( ?+s4 ,at night ! univ]se ( space triumphs ov] matt]1 at midday ?+s & ne>ness ass]t !mselves & space is repudiat$4 ,! same contra/ appe>s 9 ,attic fresco & ,nor!rn oil-pa9t+1 & 9 ! symbols ( ,helios & ,pan & ^? ( ! />ry night & r$ sunset4 ,x is at midnight1 too1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! twelve long nights aft] ,*ri/mas1 t ! s\ls ( our dead walk abroad4 ,9 ! ,classical _w1 ! s\ls belong to ! day--ev5 ! e>ly ,*ur* /ill speaks ( ! 1 ! twelve d$icat$ days2 b ) ! awak5+ ( ! ,fau/ian s\l ^! become 8,twelf? ,night40 ,! ,classical vase-pa9t+ & fresco--?\gh ! fact has nev] be5 rem>k$--has no "t-(-day4 ,no %ad[ indicates ! /ate ( ! sun1 no heav5 %[s ! />s4 ,!re is nei!r morn+ nor ev5+1 nei!r spr+ nor autumn1 b pure timeless brightness4#djh ,= equally obvi\s reasons our oil-pa9t+ develop$ 9 ! opposite direction1 t[>ds an imag9>y d>kness1 also indep5d5t ( "t-(-day1 :i* =ms ! *>act]i/ic atmosph]e ( ! ,fau/ian s\l-space4 ,?is is all ! m significant z ! int5tion is f ! outset to treat ! field ( ! picture ) ref]5ce to a c]ta9 "t-(-day1 t is1 hi/orically4 ,!re are e>ly morn+s1 sunset-cl\ds1 ! la/ gleams ^u ! sky-l9e ( di/ant m\nta9s1 ! c&le-light$ room1 ! spr+ mead[s & ! autumn woods1 ! long & %ort %ad[s ( bu%es & furr[s4 ,b !y are all p5etrat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) a subdu$ d>kness t is n d]iv$ f ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,9 fact1 /eady brightness & /eady twilight are ! respective hall-m>ks ( ! ,classical & ! ,we/]n1 alike 9 pa9t+ & 9 drama2 & may we n also describe ,euclidean geometry z a ma!matic ( ! day & ,analysis z a ma!matic ( ! night8 ,*ange ( sc5e1 und\bt$ly reg>d$ by ! ,greeks z a sort ( pr(anation1 is = u almo/ a religi\s necessity1 a po/ulate ( our _w-feel+4 ,!re seems some?+ pagan 9 ! fix$ sc5e ( ,tasso4 ,we inw>dly ne$ a drama ( p]spectives & wide backgr\nds1 a /age t %akes (f s5su\s limitations & draws ! :ole _w into itself4 ,9 ,%akespe>e1 :o 0 born :5 ,mi*elangelo di$ & ceas$ to write :5 ,rembr&t came into ! _w1 dramatic inf9ity1 ! passionate ov]?r[ ( all /atic limitations1 atta9$ ! maximum4 ,8 woods1 seas1 alleys1 g>d5s1 battlefields lie 9 ! af>1 ! unb\nd$4 ,ye>s fly pa/ 9 ! space ( m9utes4 ,! mad ,le> betwe5 fool & reckless outca/ on ! hea?1 9 ! night & ! /orm1 ! unutt]ably lonely ego lo/ 9 space--"h is ! ,fau/ian life-feel+6 ,f su* a sc5e z ?is x is b a /ep to ! inw>dly se5 & inw>dly felt l&scapes ( ! almo/ contempor>y ,v5etian music2 = on ! ,elizabe?an /age ! :ole ?+ 0 m]ely indicat$1 & x 0 ! inn] eye t out ( a few h9ts fa%ion$ = itself an image ( ! _w 9 :i* ! sc5es--f>-fet*$ always--play$ !mselves out4 ,su* sc5es ! ,greek /age c\ld n h h&l$ at all4 ,! ,greek sc5e is nev] a l&scape2 9 g5]al1 x is no?+1 & at be/ x may be describ$ z a basis = movable /atues4 ,! figures are ev]y?+1 9 drama1 z 9 fresco4 ,x is sometimes said t ,classical man lack$ ! feel+ = ,nature4 ,ins5sitive to ,fau/ian ,nature1 t ( space & ( l&scape1 ,classical man c]ta9ly 04 ,8 ,nature 0 ! body1 & if once we h let ! s5tim5t ( ?is s9k into u1 we sudd5ly compreh5d ! eye ) :i* ! ,greek w\ld foll[ ! mobile muscle-relief ( ! nude body4 ,?is1 & n cl\ds & />s & horizon1 0 8 8,liv+ ,nature40 ,,vii ,n[1 :atev] is s5su\sly-ne> is und]/&able = all1 & !re=e ( all ! ,cultures t h be51 ! ,classical is ! mo/ popul>1 & ! ,fau/ian ! lea/ popul>1 9 its expressions ( life- feel+4 ,a creation is 8popul>0 t gives itself ) all its secrets to ! fir/ com] at ! fir/ glance t incorporates its mean+ 9 its ext]ior & surface4 ,9 any ,culture1 t elem5t is 8popul>0 :i* has come d[n unalt]$ f primitive /ates & imag9+s1 :i* a man und]/&s f *ildhood )\t hav+ to ma/] by ef=t any really novel me?od or /&po9t--&1 g5]ally1 t :i* is imm$iately & frankly evid5t to ! s5ses1 z aga9/ t :i* is m]ely h9t$ at & has to be discov]$--by ! few1 & sometimes ! v1 v few4 ,!re are popul> ideas1 works1 m5 & l&scapes4 ,e ,culture has its own q def9ite sort ( esot]ic or popul> "* t is imman5t 9 all its do+s1 s f> z ^! h symbolic importance4 ,! commonplace elim9ates diff]5ces ( spiritual bread? z well z dep? betwe5 man & man1 :ile ! esot]ic emphasizes & /r5g!ns !m4 ,la/ly1 consid]$ 9 relation to ! prim>y dep?-exp]i5ce ( ?is & t k9d ( awak5+ man--t is1 9 relation to ! prime-symbol ( 8 exi/5ce & ! ca/ ( 8 _w-ar\nd--! purely 8popul>0 & nave associates itself ) ! symbol ( ! bodily1 :ile to ! symbol ( endless ,space belongs a frankly un-popul> relation betwe5 ! creations & ! m5 ( ! ,culture4 ,! ,classical geometry is t ( ! *ild1 t ( any layman--,euclid's ,elem5ts are us$ 9 ,engl& z a s*ool-book to ?is day4 ,! workaday m9d w always reg>d ?is z ! only true & correct geometry4 ,all o!r k9ds ( natural geometry t are possible 7& h 9 fact1 by an imm5se ef=t ( ov]com+ ! popul>-obvi\s1 be5 discov]$7 are und]/&able only = ! circle ( ! pr(essional ma!maticians4 ,! fam\s 8f\r elem5ts0 ( ,emp$ocles are ^? ( e nave man & 8 8in/9ctive0 physics1 :ile ! idea ( isotopes :i* has come out ( rese>* into radioactivity is h>dly compreh5sible ev5 to ! adept 9 closely-cognate sci5ces4 ,ev]y?+ t is ,classical is compreh5sible 9 "o glance1 be x ! ,doric temple1 ! /atue1 ! ,polis1 ! cults2 backgr\nds & secrets !re are none4 ,b comp>e a ,go?ic ca!dral-faade ) ! ,propyla1 an et*+ ) a vase-pa9t+1 ! policy ( ! ,a!nian p ) t ( ! mod]n ,cab9et4 ,consid] :at x means t e "o ( our epo*-mak+ works ( poetry1 policy & sci5ce has call$ =? a :ole lit]ature ( explanations1 & n indubitably successful explanations at t4 ,:ile ! ,p>!non sculptures 7 8!re0 = e ,hell5e1 ! music ( ,ba* & 8 contempor>ies 0 only = musicians4 ,we h ! types ( ! ,rembr&t exp]t1 ! ,dante s*ol>1 ! exp]t 9 contrapuntal music1 & x is a reproa*--a ju/ifiable reproa*--to ,wagn] t x 0 possible = f> too _m p to be ,wagn]ians1 t f> too little ( 8 music 0 = ! tra9$ musician4 ,b d we he> ( ,phidias-exp]ts or ev5 ,hom]-s*ol>s8 ,h]e9 lies ! explanation ( a set ( ph5om5a :i* we h hi!rto be5 incl9$ to treat--9 a ve9 ( moral philosophy1 or1 bett]1 ( melodrama--z weaknesses common to humanity1 b :i* are 9 fact symptoms ( ! ,we/]n life-feel+1 viz41 ! 8misund]/ood0 arti/1 ! poet 8left to />ve10 ! 8d]id$ discov]]10 ! ?9k] :o is 8c5turies 9 advance ( 8 "t0 & s on4 ,^! are types ( an esot]ic ,culture4 ,de/9ies ( ?is sort h _! basis 9 ! passion ( di/ance 9 :i* is conceal$ ! desire-to-inf9ity & ! w- to-p[]1 & !y are z necess>y 9 ! field ( ,fau/ian mank9d--at all /ages--z !y are un?9kable 9 ! ,apoll9ian4 ,e high creator 9 ,we/]n hi/ory has 9 reality aim$1 f fir/ to la/1 at some?+ :i* only ! few c\ld compreh5d4 ,mi*elangelo made ! rem>k t 8 /yle 0 orda9$ = ! correction ( fools4 ,gauss conceal$ 8 discov]y ( non-,euclidean geometry = ?irty ye>s1 = fe> ( ! 8clam\r ( ! ,botians40 ,x is only to-day t we are sep>at+ out ! ma/]s ( ,go?ic ca!dral art f ! rank- &-file4 ,b ! same applies also to e pa9t]1 /atesman1 philosoph]4 ,?9k ( ,giordano ,bruno1 or ,leibniz1 or ,kant1 z aga9/ ,anaxim&]1 ,h]aclitus or ,protagoras4 ,:at does x mean1 t no ,g]man philosoph] wor? m5tion+ c be und]/ood by ! man 9 ! /reet1 & t ! comb9ation ( simplicity ) maje/y t is ,hom]'s is simply n to be f\nd 9 any ,we/]n language8 ,! ,nibelung5li$ is a h>d1 res]v$ utt]ance1 & z = ,dante1 9 ,g]many at any rate ! pret5sion to und]/& him is seldom m ?an a lit]>y pose4 ,we f9d ev]y:]e 9 ! ,we/]n :at we f9d n[h]e 9 ! ,classical--! exclusive =m4 ,:ole p]iods--= in/ance1 ! ,prov5al ,culture & ! ,rococo--are 9 ! highe/ degree select & un9vit+1 _! ideas & =ms hav+ no exi/5ce except = a small class ( high] m54 ,ev5 ! ,r5aissance is no exception1 = ?\gh x purports to be ! rebir? ( t ,antique :i* is s utt]ly non-exclusive & cat]s s frankly = all1 x is 9 fact1 ?r\gh-&-?r\gh1 ! creation ( a circle or ( individual *os5 s\ls1 a ta/e t rejects popul>ity f ! outset--& h[ deep ?is s5se ( deta*m5t goes we c tell f ! case ( ,flor5ce1 :]e ! g5]ality ( ! p view$ ! works ( ! elect ) indiff]5ce1 or ) op5 m\?s1 or ) dislike1 & sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ,savon>ola1 turn$ & r5t !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 e ,attic burgh] belong$ to ! ,attic ,culture1 :i* exclud$ nobody2 & consequ5tly1 ! di/9ctions ( deeps & %all[s1 :i* are s decisively important = u1 did n exi/ at all = x4 ,= u1 popul> & %all[ are synonym\s--9 art z 9 sci5ce--b = ,classical man x 0 n s4 ,consid] our sci5ces too4 ,e "o ( !m1 )\t exception1 has besides its elem5t>y gr\ndwork c]ta9 8high]0 regions t are inaccessible to ! layman--symbols1 ^! also1 ( our w-to-inf9ity & directional en]gy4 ,! public = :om ! la/ *apt]s ( up-to- date physics h be5 writt5 numb]s at ! utmo/ a ?\s& p]sons1 & c]ta9 problems ( mod]n ma!matics are accessible only to a mu* small] circle /ill--= our 8popul>0 sci5ce is )\t value1 dtraque1 & falsifi$4 ,we h n only an art = arti/s1 b also a ma!matic = ma!maticians1 a politic = politicians 7( :i* ! pr(anum vulgus ( newspap]-read]s has n ! smalle/ inkl+1#dji :]eas ,classical politics nev] got beyond ! horizon ( ! ,agora71 a religion = ! 8religi\s g5ius0 & a poetry = philosoph]s4 ,inde$1 we may take ! crav+ = wide effect z a suffici5t index by itself ( ! comm5c+ & already p]ceptible decl9e ( ,we/]n sci5ce4 ,t ! sev]e esot]ic ( ! ,b>oque ,age is felt n[ z a burd51 is a symptom ( s9k+ /r5g? & ( ! dull+ ( t di/ance-s5se :i* confess$ ! limitation ) humility4 ,! few sci5ces t h kept ! old f95ess1 dep?1 & en]gy ( conclusion & d$uction & h n be5 ta9t$ ) j\rnalism--& few inde$ !y are1 = !oretical physics1 ma!matics1 ,ca?olic dogma1 & p]haps jurisprud5ce exhau/ ! li/-- address !mselves to a v n>r[ & *os5 b& ( exp]ts4 ,& x is ?is exp]t1 & 8 opposite ! layman1 t are totally lack+ 9 ! ,classical life1 :]e9 ev]yone kn[s ev]y?+4 ,= u1 ! pol>ity ( exp]t & layman has all ! significance ( a high symbol1 & :5 ! t5sion ( ?is di/ance is beg9n+ to slack51 !re ! ,fau/ian life is fad+ out4 ,! conclusion to be argu$ f ?is z reg>ds ! advances ( ,we/]n sci5ce 9 its la/ phase 7:i* w cov]1 or q possibly w n cov]1 ! next two c5turies7 is1 t 9 proportion z megalopolitan %all[ness & triviality drive arts & sci5ces on to ! book/all & into ! factory1 ! po/hum\s _s ( ! ,culture w conf9e itself m & m to v n>r[ circles2 & t !re1 remote f adv]tisem5t1 x w "w 9 ideas & =ms s ab/ruse t only a m]e h&ful ( sup]f9e intellig5ces w be capable ( atta*+ mean+s to !m4 ,,viii ,9 no ,classical art-"w is a relation ) ! behold] attempt$1 = t w\ld require ! =m-language ( ! individual object to affirm & to make use ( ! exi/5ce ( a relation betwe5 t object & ambi5t unlimit$ space4 ,an ,attic /atue is a completely ,euclidean body1 timeless & relationless1 :olly self-conta9$4 ,x nei!r speaks nor looks4 ,x is q unconsci\s ( ! spectator4 ,unlike ! pla/ic =ms ( e o!r ,culture1 x /&s :olly = itself & fits into no ar*itectural ord]2 x is an individual among/ individuals1 a body among/ bodies4 ,& ! liv+ individuals m]ely p]ceive x z a neighb\r1 & d n feel x z an invasive influ5ce1 an effici5t capable ( trav]s+ space4 ,?us is express$ ! ,apoll9ian life- feel+4 ,! awak5+ ,magian art at once rev]s$ ! mean+ ( ^! =ms4 ,! eyes ( ! /atues & portraits 9 ! ,con/ant9ian /yle are big & />+ & v def9itely direct$4 ,!y repres5t ! ,pneuma1 ! high] ( ! two s\l-sub/ances4 ,! ,classical sculptor _h fa%ion$ ! eyes z bl9d1 b n[ ! pupils are bor$1 ! eye1 unnaturally enl>g$1 looks into ! space t 9 ,attic art x _h n ackn[l$g$ z exi/+4 ,9 ! ,classical fresco-pa9t+1 heads are turn$ t[>ds "o ano!r1 b 9 ! mosaics ( ,rav5na & ev5 9 ! relief-"w ( ,e>ly-,*ri/ian-,late-,roman s>cophagi !y are always turn$ t[>ds ! behold]1 & _! :olly spiritual look is fix$ ^u him4 ,my/]i\sly & q un-,classically ! behold]'s sph]e is invad$ by an action-at-a-di/ance f ! _w t is 9 ! art-"w4 ,some?+ ( ?is magic c /ill be trac$ 9 e>ly ,flor5t9e & e>ly ,rh5i% gold-gr\nd pictures4 ,consid]1 n[1 ,we/]n pa9t+ z x 0 aft] ,leon>do1 fully consci\s ( its mission4 ,h[ does x deal ) inf9ite space z some?+ s+ul> :i* compreh5ds bo? picture & spectator z m]e c5tres ( gravity ( a spatial dynamic8 ,! full ,fau/ian life- feel+1 ! passion ( ! ?ird dim5sion1 takes hold ( ! =m ( ! picture1 ! pa9t$ plane1 & trans=ms x 9 an unhe>d-( way4 ,! picture no long] /&s = itself1 nor looks at ! spectator1 b takes him into its sph]e4 ,! sector def9$ by ! sides ( ! frame--! peep%[-field1 tw9 ) ! /age-field--repres5ts univ]sal space itself4 ,=egr\nd & backgr\nd lose all t5d5cy to mat]iality & prop9quity & disclose in/ead ( m>k+ (f4 ,f> horizons deep5 ! field to inf9ity1 & ! col\r-treatm5t ( ! close =egr\nd elim9ates ! ideal plane ( sep>ation =m$ by ! canvas & ?us exp&s ! field s t ! spectator is 9 x4 ,x is n he1 n[1 :o *ooses ! /&po9t f :i* ! picture is mo/ effective2 on ! contr>y1 ! picture dictates position & di/ance to him4 ,lat]al limits1 too1 are done away )--f #aejj onw>ds ov]runn+s ( ! frame are m & m frequ5t & d>+4 ,! ,greek spectator /&s be=e ! fresco ( ,polygnotus4 ,we s9k into a picture1 t is1 we are pull$ into x by ! p[] ( ! space-treatm5t4 ,unity ( space be+ ?us re-e/abli%$1 ! inf9ity t is exp&$ 9 all directions by ! picture is rul$ by ! ,we/]n p]spective2#daj & f p]spective !re runs a road /raight to ! compreh5sion ( our a/ronomical _w-picture & its passionate pione]+ into un5d+ f>ness4 ,apoll9ian man did n want to obs]ve ! broad univ]se1 & ! philosophical sy/ems "o & all are sil5t ab\t x4 ,!y "k only problems conc]n$ ) tangible & actual ?+s1 & h nev] any?+ positive or significant to say ab\t :at is betwe5 ! 8?+s40 ,! ,classical ?9k] takes ! e>?-sph]e1 ^u :i* he /&s & :i* 7ev5 9 ,hipp>*us7 is envelop$ 9 a fix$ cele/ial sph]e1 z ! complete & giv5 _w1 & if we probe ! dep?s & secrets ( motive "h we are almo/ />tl$ by ! p]si/5cy ) :i* !ory attempt$ "t aft] "t to atta* ! ord] ( ^! heav5s to t ( ! e>? 9 "s way t w\ld n impugn ! primacy ( ! latt]4#daa ,comp>e ) ?is ! convulsive vehem5ce ) :i* ! discov]y ( ,cop]nicus--! 8contempor>y0 ( ,py?agoras--drove ?r\gh ! s\l ( ! ,we/1 & ! deep _s ( awe 9 :i* ,kepl] look$ ^u ! laws ( planet>y orbits :i* he _h discov]$ z an imm$iate revelation f ,god1 n d>+ to d\bt t !y 7 circul> because any o!r =m w\ld h be5 too unwor?y a symbol4 ,"h ! old ,nor!rn life-feel+1 ! ,vik+ inf9ity-wi/fulness1 comes into its own4 ,"h1 too1 is ! mean+ ( ! *>act]i/ically ,fau/ian discov]y ( ! telescope :i*1 p5etrat+ into spaces hidd5 f ! nak$ eye & inaccessible to ! w-to-p[]1 wid5s ! univ]se t we possess4 ,! truly religi\s feel+ t seizes u ev5 to-day :5 we d>e to look into ! dep?s ( />ry space = ! fir/ "t--! same feel+ ( p[] t ,%akespe>e's greate/ trag$ies aim at awak5+--w\ld to ,sophocles appe> z ! impiety ( all impieties4 ,our d5ial ( ! 8vault0 ( heav51 !n1 is a resolve & n a s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,! mod]n ideas z to ! nature ( />ry space--or1 to speak m prud5tly1 ( an ext5sion indicat$ by light-indices t are communicat$ by eye & telescope--mo/ c]ta9ly d n re/ ^u sure k1 = :at we see 9 ! telescope is small bright disks ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! photographic plate yields q ano!r picture-- n a %>p] "o b a diff]5t "o--& ! con/ruction ( a consi/5t _w-picture su* z we crave dep5ds ^u connect+ ! two by num]\s & (t5 v d>+ hypo!ses 7e4g41 ( di/ances1 magnitudes & movem5ts7 t we ourselves frame4 ,! /yle ( ?is picture corresponds to ! /yle ( our own s\l4 ,9 actual fact we d n "k h[ diff]5t ! light-p[]s ( "o & ano!r /> may be1 nor :e!r !y v>y 9 diff]5t directions4 ,we d n "k :e!r or n light is alt]$1 dim9i%$1 or ext+ui%$ 9 ! imm5sities ( space4 ,we d n "k :e!r our e>?ly conceptions ( ! nature ( light1 & !re=e all ! !ories & laws d$uc$ f !m1 h validity beyond ! imm$iate environm5t ( ! e>?4 ,:at we 8see0 are m]ely light-indices2 :at we und]/& are symbols ( ourselves4 ,! /rong upspr++ ( ! ,cop]nican _w-idea--:i* belongs exclusively to our ,culture & 7to risk an ass]tion t ev5 n[ may seem p>adoxical7 w\ld be & w be delib]ately =c$ into oblivion :5ev] ! s\l ( a com+ ,culture %all feel itself endang]$ by x#dab--0 f\nd$ on ! c]ta9ty t ! corporeal- /atic1 ! imag9$ prepond]ance ( ! pla/ic e>?1 0 h5ce=? elim9at$ f ! ,cosmos4 ,till !n1 ! heav5s :i* 7 ?\ght (1 or at any rate felt1 z a sub/antial quantity1 l ! e>?1 _h be5 reg>d$ z be+ 9 pol> equilibrium ) x4 ,b n[ x 0 ,space t rul$ ! univ]se4 8,_w0 signifies space1 & ! />s are h>dly m ?an ma!matical po9ts1 t9y balls 9 ! imm5se1 t z mat]ial no long] affect ! _w-feel+4 ,:ile ,democritus1 :o tri$ 7z on behalf ( ! ,apoll9ian ,culture he 0 b\nd to try7 to settle "s limit ( a bodily k9d to x all1 imag9$ a lay] ( hook-%ap$ atoms z a sk9 ov] ! ,cosmos1 an insatiable hung] drives u ev] fur!r & fur!r into ! remote4 ,! sol> sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 already exp&$ by ,giordano ,bruno to a ?\s& su* sy/ems1 grew immeasurably wid] 9 ! ,b>oque ,age2 & to-day we 8"k0 t ! sum ( all ! sol> sy/ems1 ab\t #ce1jjj1jjj1 con/itutes a clos$ 7& demon/rably f9ite#dac7 /ell> sy/em :i* =ms an ellipsoid ( rotation & has its equator approximately along ! b& ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,sw>ms ( sol> sy/ems trav]se ?is space1 l flights ( migrant birds1 ) ! same velocity & direction4 ,"o su* gr\p1 ) an apex 9 ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules1 is =m$ by our sun toge!r ) ! bright />s ,capella1 ,vega1 ,altair & ,betelgeuse4 ,! axis ( ?is imm5se sy/em1 :i* has its mid-po9t n f> f ! pres5t position ( our sun1 is tak5 z #dgj1jjj1jjj times z long z ! di/ance f ! e>? to ! sun4 ,any night1 ! />ry heav5s give u at ! same mom5t impressions t orig9at$ #c1gjj ye>s ap>t 9 "t1 = t is ! di/ance 9 light-ye>s f ! extreme out] limit to ! e>?4 ,9 ! picture ( hi/ory z x unfolds be=e u "h1 ?is p]iod corresponds to a duration cov]+ ! :ole ,classical & ,magian ages & go+ back to ! z5i? ( ! ,egyptian ,culture 9 ! ,x,i,ith ,dyna/y4 ,?is aspect--an image1 ,i repeat1 & n a matt] ( exp]im5tal k--is = ! ,fau/ian a high & noble#dad aspect1 b = ! ,apoll9ian x w\ld h be5 woeful & t]rible1 an annihilation ( ! mo/ pr(\nd conditions ( 8 be+4 ,& he w\ld h felt x z %e] salvation :5 aft] all a limit1 h[ev] remote1 _h be5 f\nd4 ,b we1 driv5 by ! deep necessity t is 9 u1 mu/ simply ask ourselves ! new "q3 ,is !re any?+ outside ?is sy/em8 ,are !re aggregates ( su* sy/ems1 at su* di/ances t ev5 ! dim5sions e/abli%$ by our a/ronomy#dae are small by comp>ison8 ,z f> z s5se-obs]vations are conc]n$1 x seems t an absolute limit has be5 rea*$2 nei!r light nor gravitation c give a sign ( exi/5ce ?r\gh ?is out] space1 void ( mass4 ,b = u x is a simple necessity ( ?\ght4 ,our spiritual passion1 our unre/+ ne$ to actualize our exi/5ce- idea 9 symbols1 suff]s "u ?is limitation ( our s5se- p]ceptions4 ,,ix ,s also x 0 t ! old ,nor!rn races1 9 ^: primitive s\ls ! ,fau/ian 0 already awak5+1 discov]$ 9 _! grey dawn ! art ( sail+ ! seas :i* emancipat$ !m4#daf ,! ,egyptians knew ! sail1 b only pr(it$ by x z a lab\r-sav+ device4 ,!y sail$1 z !y _h done be=e 9 _! o>$ %ips1 along ! coa/ to ,punt & ,syria1 b ! idea ( ! high-seas voyage--:at x meant z a lib]ation1 a symbol--0 n 9 !m4 ,sail+1 real sail+1 is a triumph ov] ,euclidean l&4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( our #ad? ,c5tury1 almo/ co9cid5t ) ea* o!r 7& ) ! =mation-p]iods ( oil-pa9t+ & c\nt]po9t67 came gunp[d] & ! compass1 t is1 long-range weapons & long-range int]c\rse 7means t ! ,*9ese ,culture#dag too _h1 necess>ily1 discov]$ = itself74 ,x 0 ! _s ( ! ,vik+s & ! ,hansa1 z ( ^? dim peoples1 s unlike ! ,hell5es ) _! dome/ic fun]>y urns1 :o heap$ up great b>r[s z memorials ( ! lonely s\l on ! wide pla9s4 ,x 0 ! _s ( ^? :o s5t _! dead k+s to sea 9 _! burn+ %ips1 ?rill+ manife/s ( _! d>k ye>n+ = ! b\ndless4 ,! _s ( ! ,norsem5 drove _! cockle-boats--9 ! ,t5? ,c5tury t h]ald$ ! ,fau/ian bir?--to ! coa/s ( ,am]ica4 ,b to ! circumnavigation ( ,africa1 already a*iev$ by ,egyptians & ,c>?ag9ians1 ,classical mank9d 0 :olly indiff]5t4 ,h[ /atuesque _! exi/5ce 01 ev5 ) respect to int]c\rse1 is %[n by ! fact t ! news ( ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w>--"o ( ! mo/ int5se w>s ( hi/ory--p5etrat$ to ,a!ns f ,sicily m]ely z an indef9ite report4 ,ev5 ! s\ls ( ! ,greeks 7 assembl$ 9 ,hades z unexcitable %ad[s 77 )\t /r5g?1 wi% or feel+4 ,b ! ,nor!rn dead ga!r$ !mselves 9 fi]ce unre/+ armies ( ! cl\d & ! /orm4 ,! ev5t :i* /&s at ! same cultural level z ! discov]ies ( ! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese is t ( ! ,hell5ic colonizations ( ! #h? ,c5tury ,b4,c4 ,b1 :ile ! ,spani>ds & ! ,portuguese 7 possess$ by ! adv5tur$-crav+ = un*>t$ di/ances & = ev]y?+ unkn[n & dang]\s1 ! ,greeks w5t c>efully1 po9t by po9t1 on ! kn[n tracks ( ! ,phnicians1 ,c>?ag9ians & ,etruscans1 & _! curiosity 9 no wise ext5d$ to :at lay beyond ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules & ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 easily accessible z bo? 7 to !m4 ,a!ns no d\bt he>d ( ! way to ! ,nor? ,sea1 to ! ,congo1 to ,zanzib>1 to ,india--9 ,n]o's "t ! position ( ! s\!rn extremity ( ,india 0 kn[n1 also t ( ! isl&s ( ,sunda--b ,a!ns %ut its eyes to ^! ?+s j z x did to ! a/ronomical k ( ! old ,ea/4 ,ev5 :5 ! l&s t we call ,morocco & ,portugal _h become ,roman prov9ces1 no ,atlantic voyag+ ensu$1 & ! ,can>ies rema9$ =gott54 ,apoll9ian man felt ! ,columbus-long+ z little z he felt ! ,cop]nican4 ,possess$ ?\gh ! ,greek m]*ants 7 ) ! desire ( ga91 a deep metaphysical %yness re/ra9$ !m f ext5d+ ! horizon1 & 9 geography z 9 o!r matt]s !y /uck to ne> ?+s & =egr\nds4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,polis1 t a/oni%+ ideal ( ! ,/ate z /atue1 0 9 tru? no?+ m nor less ?an a refuge f ! wide _w ( ! sea-peoples--& t ?\gh ! ,classical1 alone ( all ! ,cultures s f>1 _h a r+ ( coa/s ab\t a sea ( isl&s1 & n a cont95tal expanse1 z its mo!rl&4 ,n ev5 ,hell5ism1 ) all its pron5ess to te*nical div]sions1#dah fre$ itself f ! o>$ %ip :i* te!r$ ! m>9] to ! coa/s4 ,! naval ar*itects ( ,alex&ria 7 capable ( con/ruct+ giant %ips ( #bfj-;ft4 l5g?1#dai &1 = t matt]1 ! /eam%ip 0 discov]$ 9 pr9ciple4 ,b !re are "s discov]ies t h all ! pa?os ( a great & necess>y symbol & reveal dep?s )91 & !re are o!rs t are m]ely play ( intellect4 ,! /eam%ip is = ,apoll9ians "o ( ! latt] & = ,fau/ians "o ( ! =m] class4 ,x is prom95ce or insignificance 9 ! ,macrocosm z a :ole t gives discov]y & ! application !re( ! "* ( dep? or %all[ness4 ,! discov]ies ( ,columbus & ,vasco da ,gama ext5d$ ! geographical horizon )\t limit1 & ! _w-sea came into ! same relation ) l& z t ( ! univ]se ( space ) e>?4 ,& !n fir/ ! political t5sion )9 ! ,fau/ian _w-consci\sness dis*>g$ itself4 ,= ! ,greeks1 ,hellas 0 & rema9$ ! important "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 b ) ! discov]y ( ,am]ica ,we/-,europe became a prov9ce 9 a gigantic :ole4 ,!nce=w>d ! hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n ,culture has a planet>y "*4 ,e ,culture possesses a prop] conception ( home & fa!rl&1 :i* is h>d to compreh5d1 sc>cely to be express$ 9 words1 full ( d>k metaphysical relations1 b nev]!less unmi/akable 9 its t5d5cy4 ,! ,classical home-feel+ :i* ti$ ! individual corporally & ,euclidean-ly to ! ,polis#dbj is ! v anti!sis ( t enigmatic 8,heimweh0 ( ! ,nor!rn] :i* has some?+ musical1 so>+ & une>?ly 9 x4 ,classical man felt z 8,home0 j :at he c\ld see f ! ,acropolis ( 8 native city4 ,:]e ! horizon ( ,a!ns end$1 ! ali51 ! ho/ile1 ! 8fa!rl&0 ( ano!r began4 ,ev5 ! ,roman ( late ,republican times und]/ood by 8patria0 no?+ b ,urbs ,roma1 n ev5 ,latium1 /ill less ,italy4 ,! ,classical _w1 z x matur$1 dissolv$ itself into a l>ge numb] ( po9t-patri1 & ! ne$ ( bodily sep>ation betwe5 !m took ! =m ( hatr$s f> m int5se ?an any hatr$ t !re 0 ( ! ,b>b>ian4 ,& x is !re=e ! mo/ conv9c+ ( all evid5ces ( ! victory ( ! ,magian _w-feel+ t ,c>acalla#dba 9 #bab ,a4,d4 grant$ ,roman citiz5%ip to all prov9cials4 ,= ?is grant simply aboli%$ ! anci5t1 /atuesque1 idea ( ! citiz54 ,!re 0 n[ a ,realm & consequ5tly a new k9d ( memb]%ip4 ,! ,roman notion ( an army1 too1 und]w5t a significant *ange4 ,9 g5u9ely ,classical times !re _h be5 no ,roman ,army 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we speak ( ! ,prussian ,army1 b only 8armies10 t is1 def9ite =mations 7z we say7 creat$ z corps1 limit$ & visibly pres5t bodies1 by ! appo9tm5t ( a ,legatus to comm&--an ex]citus ,scipionis1 ,crassi = in/ance--b nev] an ex]citus ,romanus4 ,x 0 ,c>acalla1 ! same :o aboli%$ ! idea ( 8civis ,romanus0 by decree & wip$ out ! ,roman civic deities by mak+ all ali5 deities equival5t to !m1 :o creat$ ! un-,classical & ,magian idea ( an ,imp]ial ,army1 some?+ manife/$ 9 ! sep>ate legions4 ,^! n[ meant some?+1 :]eas 9 ,classical times !y meant no?+1 b simply 74 ,! old 8fides ex]cituum0 is replac$ by 8fides ex]citus0 9 ! inscriptions &1 in/ead ( individual bodily-conceiv$ deities special to ea* legion & ritually hon\r$ by its ,legatus1 we h a spiritual pr9ciple common to all4 ,s also1 & 9 ! same s5se1 ! fa!rl&-feel+ und]goes a *ange ( mean+ = ,ea/]n m5--& n m]ely ,*ri/ians--9 ,imp]ial times4 ,apoll9ian man1 s long z he reta9$ any effective remnant at all ( 8 prop] _w-feel+1 reg>d$ 8home0 9 ! g5u9ely corporeal s5se z ! gr\nd on :i* 8 city 0 built--a conception t recalls ! 8unity ( place0 ( ,attic trag$y & /atu>y4 ,b to ,magian man1 to ,*ri/ians1 ,p]sians1 ,jews1 8,greeks10#dbb ,mani*ans1 ,ne/orians & ,mohamm$ans1 x means no?+ t has any connexion ) geographical actualities4 ,& = ourselves x means an impalpable unity ( nature1 spee*1 climate1 habits & hi/ory--n e>? b 8c\ntry10 n po9t-l pres5ce b hi/oric pa/ & future1 n a unit made up ( m51 h\ses & gods b an idea1 ! idea t takes %ape 9 ! re/less w&]+s1 ! deep lonel9ess1 & t anci5t ,g]man impulse t[>ds ! ,s\? :i* has be5 ! ru9 ( our be/1 f ! ,saxon ,emp]ors to ,hld]l9 & ,nietzs*e4 ,! b5t ( ! ,fau/ian ,culture1 !re=e1 0 ov]p[]+ly t[>ds ext5sion1 political1 economic or spiritual4 ,x ov]rode all geographical-mat]ial b\nds4 ,x s\ght--)\t any practical object1 m]ely = ! ,symbol's own sake--to rea* ,nor? ,pole & ,s\? ,pole4 ,x end$ by trans=m+ ! entire surface ( ! globe into a s+le colonial & economic sy/em4 ,e ?9k] f ,mei/] ,eckh>dt to ,kant will$ to subject ! 8ph5om5al0 _w to ! ass]t$ dom9ation ( ! cogniz+ ego1 & e lead] f ,otto ! ,great to ,napoleon did x4 ,! g5u9e object ( _! ambitions 0 ! b\ndless1 alike = ! great ,franks & ,hoh5/auf5 ) _! _w-mon>*ies1 = ,gregory ,,vii & ,innoc5t ,,iii1 = ! ,spani% ,habsburgs 8on ^: empire ! sun nev] set10 & = ! ,imp]ialism ( to-day on behalf ( :i* ! ,_w-,w> 0 f\ght & w cont9ue to be f\ght = _m a long day4 ,classical man1 = inw>d reasons1 c\ld n be a conqu]or1 not)/&+ ,alex&]'s romantic exp$ition--= we c disc]n en\gh ( ! inn] hesitations & unwill+nesses ( 8 companions n to ne$ to expla9 x z an 8exception prov+ ! rule40#dbc ,! nev]-/ill$ desire to be lib]at$ f ! b9d+ elem5t1 to range f> & free1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! fancy-creatures ( ! ,nor?-- ! dw>fs1 elves & imps--is utt]ly unkn[n to ! ,dryads & ,oreads ( ,greece4 ,greek daught]-cities 7 plant$ by ! hundr$ along ! rim ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 b n "o ( !m made ! slighte/ real attempt to conqu] & p5etrate ! h9t]l&s4 ,to settle f> f ! coa/ w\ld h meant to lose sight ( 8home10 :ile to settle 9 lonel9ess--! ideal life ( ! trapp] & prairie-man ( ,am]ica z x _h be5 ( ,icel&ic saga-h]oes long be=e--0 some?+ entirely beyond ! possibilities ( ,classical mank9d4 ,dramas l t ( ! emigration to ,am]ica--man by man1 ea* on 8 own acc\nt1 driv5 by deep prompt+s to lonel9ess--or ! ,spani% ,conque/1 or ! ,cali=nian gold-ru%1 dramas ( uncontrollable long+s = fre$om1 solitude1 imm5se indep5d5ce1 & ( giantlike contempt ( all limitations :atsoev] ^u ! home-feel+--^! dramas are ,fau/ian & only ,fau/ian4 ,no o!r ,culture1 n ev5 ! ,*9ese1 kn[s !m4 ,! ,hell5ic emigrant1 on ! contr>y1 clung z a *ild cl+s to its "m's lap4 ,to make a new city out ( ! old "o1 exactly l x1 ) ! same fell[ citiz5s1 ! same gods1 ! same cu/oms1 ) ! l9k+ sea nev] out ( sight1 & !re to pursue 9 ! ,agora ! famili> life ( ! --?is 0 ! limit ( *ange ( sc5e = ! ,apoll9ian life4 ,to u1 = :om fre$om ( movem5t 7if n always z a practical1 yet 9 any case z an ideal1 "r7 is indisp5sable1 su* a limit w\ld h be5 ! mo/ cry+ ( all slav]ies4 ,x is f ! ,classical po9t ( view t ! (t- misund]/ood expansion ( ,rome mu/ be look$ at4 ,x 0 any?+ r ?an an ext5sion ( ! fa!rl&2 x conf9$ itself exactly )9 fields t _h already be5 tak5 up by o!r culture-m5 :om !y dispossess$4 ,nev] 0 !re a h9t ( dynamic _w-s*emes ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 or ,habsburg /amp1 or ( an imp]ialism comp>able ) t ( our own times4 ,! ,romans made no attempt to p5etrate ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,_! lat] w>s 7 wag$ only = ! pres]vation ( :at !y already possess$1 n = ! sake ( ambition nor "u a significant /imulus f )94 ,!y c\ld give up ,g]many & ,mesopotamia )\t regret4 ,if1 9 f9e1 we look at x all toge!r--! expansion ( ! ,cop]nican _w-picture into t aspect ( /ell> space t we possess to-day2 ! developm5t ( ,columbus's discov]y into a worldwide comm& ( ! e>?'s surface by ! ,we/2 ! p]spective ( oil-pa9t+ & ( trag$y-sc5e2 ! sublim$ home-feel+2 ! passion ( our ,civilization = swift transit1 ! conque/ ( ! air1 ! exploration ( ! ,pol> regions & ! climb+ ( almo/ impossible m\nta9- peaks--we see1 em]g+ ev]y:]e ! prime-symbol ( ! ,fau/ian s\l1 ,limitless ,space4 ,& ^? specially 79 =m1 uniquely7 ,we/]n creations ( ! s\l-my? call$ 8,w10 8,=ce0 & 8,de$0 mu/ be reg>d$ z d]ivatives ( ?is prime-symbol4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,x ,,s\l-,,image ,,& ,,life-,,feel+ ,,ii ,,buddhism1 ,,/oicism1 ,,socialism ,,*apt] ,x ,,s\l-,,image ,,& ,,life-,,feel+ ,,ii ,,buddhism1 ,,/oicism1 ,,socialism ,i ,we are n[ at la/ 9 a position to approa* ! ph5om5on ( ,morale1#dbd ! intellectual int]pretation ( ,life by itself1 to asc5d ! height f :i* x is possible to survey ! wide/ & grave/ ( all ! fields ( human ?\ght4 ,at ! same "t1 we %all ne$ = ?is survey an objectivity su* z no "o has z yet set himself s]i\sly to ga94 ,:atev] we may take ,morale to be1 x is no "p ( ,morale to provide its own analysis2 & we %all get to grips ) ! problem1 n by consid]+ :at %\ld be our acts & aims & /&>ds1 b only by diagnos+ ! ,we/]n feel+ 9 ! v =m ( ! enunciation4 ,9 ?is matt] ( morale1 ,we/]n mank9d1 )\t exception1 is "u ! influ5ce ( an imm5se optical illusion4 ,ev]yone dem&s some?+ ( ! re/4 ,we say 8?\ %alt0 9 ! conviction t s- &-s 9 fact w1 c & mu/ be *ang$ or fa%ion$ or arrang$ con=mably to ! ord]1 & our belief bo? 9 ! efficacy (1 & 9 our title to give1 su* ord]s is un%akable4 ,t1 & no?+ %ort ( x1 is1 = u1 morale4 ,9 ! e?ics ( ! ,we/ ev]y?+ is direction1 claim to p[]1 w to affect ! di/ant4 ,"h ,lu!r is completely at "o ) ,nietzs*e1 ,popes ) ,d>w9ians1 ,sociali/s ) ,jesuits2 = "o & all1 ! beg9n+ ( morale is a claim to g5]al & p]man5t validity4 ,x is a necessity ( ! ,fau/ian s\l t ?is %\ld be s4 ,he :o ?9ks or tea*es 8o!rwise0 is s9ful1 a backslid]1 a foe1 & he is f\ght d[n )\t m]cy4 ,y 8%all10 ! ,/ate 8%all10 society 8%all0--?is =m ( morale is to u self- evid5t2 x repres5ts ! only real mean+ t we c atta* to ! ^w4 ,b x 0 n s ei!r 9 ! ,classical1 or 9 ,india1 or 9 ,*9a4 ,buddha1 = in/ance1 gives a patt]n to take or to leave1 & ,epicurus (f]s c\nsel4 ,bo? und5iably are =ms ( high morale1 & nei!r conta9s ! w-elem5t4 ,:at we h entirely fail$ to obs]ve is ! peculi>ity ( moral dynamic4 ,if we all[ t ,socialism 79 ! e?ical1 n ! economic1 s5se7 is t _w-feel+ :i* seeks to c>ry out its own views on behalf ( all1 !n we are all )\t exception1 will+ly or no1 witt+ly or no1 ,sociali/s4 ,ev5 ,nietzs*e1 t mo/ passionate oppon5t ( 8h]d morale10 0 p]fectly incapable ( limit+ 8 zeal to himself 9 ! ,classical way4 ,he ?\ght only ( 8mank9d10 & he attack$ ev]yone :o diff]$ f himself4 ,epicurus1 on ! contr>y1 0 he>tily indiff]5t to o!rs' op9ions & acts & nev] wa/$ "o ?\ght on ! 8trans=mation0 ( mank9d4 ,he & 8 fri5ds 7 cont5t t !y 7 z !y 7 & n o!rwise4 ,! ,classical ideal 0 indiff]5ce 77 to ! c\rse ( ! _w--! v ?+ :i* x is ! :ole bus9ess ( ,fau/ian mank9d to ma/]--& an important elem5t bo? ( ,/oic & ( ,epicurean philosophy 0 ! recognition ( a category ( ?+s nei!r pref]r$ nor reject$#dbe 774 ,9 ,hellas !re 0 a pan!on ( morales z !re 0 ( deities1 z ! peaceful coexi/5ce ( ,epicureans1 ,cynics & ,/oics %[s1 b ! ,nietzs*ean ,z>a?u/ra--?\gh pr(ess$ly /&+ beyond good & evil--brea!s f end to end ! pa9 ( see+ m5 to be o!r ?an z he w\ld h !m be1 & ! deep & utt]ly un- ,classical desire to devote a life to _! re=mation--8 own s5se ( ! ^w1 naturally1 be+ ! only "o4 ,x is j ?is1 ! g5]al transvaluation1 t makes e?ical mono!ism &--us+ ! ^w 9 a novel & deep s5se--socialism4 ,all _w-improv]s are ,sociali/s4 ,& consequ5tly !re are no ,classical _w-improv]s4 ,! moral imp]ative z ! =m ( morale is ,fau/ian & only ,fau/ian4 ,x is :olly )\t importance t ,s*op5hau] d5ies !oretically ! w to live1 or t ,nietzs*e w h x affirm$-- ^! are sup]ficial diff]5ces1 indicative ( p]sonal ta/es & temp]am5ts4 ,! important ?+1 t :i* makes ,s*op5hau] ! prog5itor ( e?ical mod]nity1 is t he too feels ! :ole _w z ,w1 z movem5t1 =ce1 direction4 ,?is basic feel+ is n m]ely ! f\ndation ( our e?ics1 x is itself our :ole e?ics1 & ! re/ are bye-bl[s4 ,t :i* we call n m]ely activity b action#dbf is a hi/orical conception ?r\gh-&-?r\gh1 saturat$ ) directional en]gy4 ,x is ! pro( ( be+1 ! d$ication ( be+1 9 t sort ( man ^: ego possesses ! t5d5cy to ,future1 :o feels ! mom5t>y pres5t n z saturat$ be+ b z epo*1 z turn+-po9t1 9 a great complex ( becom+--&1 moreov]1 feels x s ( bo? 8 p]sonal life & ( ! life ( hi/ory z a :ole4 ,/r5g? & di/9ctness ( ?is consci\sness are ! m>ks ( high] ,fau/ian man1 b x is n :olly abs5t 9 ! mo/ insignificant ( ! bre$1 & x di/+ui%es 8 smalle/ acts f ^? ( any & e ,classical man4 ,x is ! di/9ction betwe5 "* & attitude1 betwe5 consci\s becom+ & simple accept$ /atuesque becom5ess1 betwe5 w & suff]+ 9 trag$y4 ,9 ! _w z se5 by ! ,fau/ian's eyes1 ev]y?+ is motion ) an aim4 ,he himself lives only "u t condition1 = to him life means /ruggl+1 ov]com+1 w9n+ ?r\gh4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce z ideal =m ( exi/5ce is implicit ev5 9 ! ,go?ic age 7( ! ar*itecture ( :i* x is visibly ! f\ndation7 & ! #ai? ,c5tury has n inv5t$ x b m]ely put x into me*anical- utilit>ian =m4 ,9 ! ,apoll9ian _w !re is no su* directional motion--! purposeless & aimless see-saw ( ,h]aclitus's 8becom+0 7 7 is irrelevant "h--no 8,prote/antism10 no 8,/urm und ,drang10 no e?ical1 intellectual or arti/ic 8revolution0 to fight & de/roy ! exi/5t4 ,! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian /yles appe> by ! side ( ! ,doric )\t sett+ up any claim to sole & g5]al validity1 b ! ,r5aissance expell$ ! ,go?ic & ,classicism expell$ ! ,b>oque /yles1 & ! hi/ory ( e ,european lit]ature is fill$ ) battles ov] =m-problems4 ,ev5 our mona/icism1 ) its ,templ>s1 ,franciscans1 ,dom9icans & ! re/1 takes %ape z an ord]- movem5t1 9 %>p contra/ to ! 8askesis0 ( ! ,e>ly-,*ri/ian h]mit4 ,to g back ^u ?is basic =m ( 8 exi/5ce1 let alone trans=m x1 is entirely beyond ! p[] ( ,fau/ian man4 ,x is presuppos$ ev5 9 ef=ts to resi/ x4 ,"o fights aga9/ 8advanc$0 ideas1 b all ! "t he looks on 8 fight itself z an advance4 ,ano!r agitates = a 8rev]sal10 b :at he int5ds is 9 fact a cont9uance ( developm5t4 8,immoral0 is only a new k9d ( 8moral0 & sets up ! same claim to primacy4 ,! w-to-p[] is intol]ant--all t is ,fau/ian wills to reign alone4 ,! ,apoll9ian feel+1 on ! contr>y1 ) its _w ( coexi/5t individual ?+s1 is tol]ant z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,b1 if tol]ation is 9 keep+ ) w-less ,at>axia1 x is = ! ,we/]n _w ) its on5ess ( inf9ite s\l-space & ! s+l5ess ( its fabric ( t5sions ! sign ei!r ( self-deception or ( fad+-out4 ,! ,enlight5m5t ( ! #ah? ,c5tury 0 tol]ant t[>ds--t is1 c>eless (--diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian cre$s1 b 9 respect ( its own relation to ! ,*ur* z a :ole1 x 0 any?+ b tol]ant z soon z ! p[] to be o!rwise came to x4 ,! ,fau/ian in/9ct1 active1 /rong-will$1 z v]tical 9 t5d5cy z its own ,go?ic ca!drals1 z up/&+ z its own 8ego habeo factum10 look+ into di/ance & ,future1 dem&s tol]ation-- t is1 room1 space--= its prop] activity1 b only = t4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 h[ mu* ( x ! city democracy is prep>$ to accord to ! ,*ur* 9 respect ( ! latt]'s managem5t ( religi\s p[]s1 :ile claim+ = itself unlimit$ fre$om to ex]cise its own & adju/+ ! 8common0 law to con=m !reto :5ev] x c4 ,e 8movem5t0 means to w91 :ile e ,classical 8attitude0 only wants to be & tr\bles itself little ab\t ! ,e?os ( ! neighb\r4 ,to fight = or aga9/ ! tr5d ( ! times1 to promote ,re=m or ,reaction1 con/ruction1 recon/ruction or de/ruction--all ?is is z un- ,classical z x is un-,indian4 ,x is ! old anti!sis ( ,sophoclean & ,%akespe>ian trag$y1 ! trag$y ( ! man :o only wants to exi/ & t ( ! man :o wants to w94 ,x is q wrong to b9d up ,*ri/ianity ) ! moral imp]ative4 ,x 0 n ,*ri/ianity t trans=m$ ,fau/ian man1 b ,fau/ian man :o trans=m$ ,*ri/ianity--& he n only made x a new religion b also gave x a new moral direction4 ,! 8x0 became 8,i10 ! passion-*>g$ c5tre ( ! _w1 ! f\ndation ( ! great ,sacram5t ( p]sonal contrition4 ,w-to-p[] ev5 9 e?ics1 ! passionate /riv+ to set up a prop] morale z a univ]sal tru?1 & to en=ce x ^u humanity1 to re9t]pret or ov]come or de/roy ev]y?+ o!rwise con/itut$--no?+ is m *>act]i/ically our own ?an ?is is4 ,& 9 virtue ( x ! ,go?ic spr+time proce$$ to a pr(\nd--& nev] yet appreciat$--inw>d trans=mation ( ! morale ( ,jesus4 ,a quiet spiritual morale well+ f ,magian feel+--a morale or conduct recomm5d$ z pot5t = salvation1 a morale ! k ( :i* 0 communicat$ z a special act ( grace#dbg--0 reca/ z a morale ( imp]ative comm&4#dbh ,e e?ical sy/em1 :e!r x be ( religi\s or ( philosophical orig91 has associations ) ! great arts & especially ) t ( ar*itecture4 ,x is 9 fact a /ructure ( propositions ( causal "*4 ,e tru? t is int5d$ = practical application is prop\nd$ ) a 8because0 & a 8!re=e40 ,!re is ma!matical logic 9 !m--9 ,buddha's 8,f\r ,tru?s0 z 9 ,kant's 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason0#dbi & 9 e popul> cate*ism4 ,:at is n 9 ^! doctr9es ( acquir$ tru? is ! uncritical logic ( ! blood1 :i* g5]ates & matures ^? conduct-/&>ds 7,sitt57 ( social classes & ( practical m5 7e4g41 ! *ivalry-obligations 9 ! "t ( ! ,crusades7 t we only consci\sly realize :5 someone infr+es !m4 ,a sy/ematic morale is1 z x 71 an ,ornam5t1 & x manife/s itself n only 9 precepts b also 9 ! /yle ( drama & ev5 9 ! *oice ( art-motives4 ,! ,me&]1 = example1 is a ,/oic motive4 ,! ,doric column is ! v embodim5t ( ! ,antique life-ideal4 ,& j because x 0 s1 x 0 ! "o ,classical 8ord]0 :i* ! ,b>oque /yle necess>ily & frankly exclud$2 inde$1 ev5 ,r5aissance art 0 w>n$ (f x by "s v deep spiritual in/9ct4 ,simil>ly ) ! trans=mation ( ! ,magian dome into ! ,russian ro(- cupola1#dcj ! ,*9ese l&scape-ar*itecture ( devi\s pa?s1 ! ,go?ic ca!dral-t[]4 ,ea* is an image ( ! p>ticul> & unique morale :i* arose out ( ! wak+-consci\sness ( ! ,culture4 ,,ii ,! old riddles & p]plexities n[ resolve !mselves4 ,!re are z _m morales z !re are ,cultures1 no m & no few]4 ,j z e pa9t] & e musician has some?+ 9 him :i*1 by =ce ( inw>d necessity1 nev] em]ges into consci\sness b dom9ates a priori ! =m-language ( 8 "w & diff]5tiates t "w f ! "w ( e o!r ,culture1 s e conception ( ,life held by a ,culture-man possesses a priori 79 ! v /ricte/ ,kantian s5se ( ! phrase7 a con/itution t is deep] ?an all mom5t>y judgm5ts & /riv+s & impresses ! /yle ( ^! ) ! hall-m>k ( ! p>ticul> ,culture4 ,! individual may act morally or immorally1 may d 8good0 or 8evil0 ) respect to ! prim>y feel+ ( 8 ,culture1 b ! !ory ( 8 actions is n a result b a datum4 ,ea* ,culture possesses its own /&>ds1 ! validity ( :i* beg9s & ends ) x4 ,!re is no g5]al morale ( humanity4 ,x foll[s t !re is n & _c be any true 8conv]sion0 9 ! deep] s5se4 ,consci\s behavi\r ( any k9d t re/s ^u convictions is a prim>y ph5om5on1 ! basic t5d5cy ( an exi/5ce develop$ into a 8timeless tru?40 ,x matt]s little :at words or pictures are employ$ to express x1 :e!r x appe>s z ! pr$ication ( a deity or z ! issue ( philosophic m$itation1 z proposition or z symbol1 z proclamation ( prop] or confutation ( ali5 convictions4 ,x is en\gh t x is !re4 ,x c be wak5$ & x c be put !oretically 9 ! =m ( doctr9e1 x c *ange or improve its intellectual vehicle b x _c be begott54 ,j z we are incapable ( alt]+ our _w-feel+--s incapable t ev5 9 try+ to alt] x we h to foll[ ! old l9es & confirm in/ead ( ov]?r[+ x--s also we are p[]less to alt] ! e?ical basis ( our wak+ be+4 ,a c]ta9 v]bal di/9ction has sometimes be5 drawn betwe5 e?ics ! sci5ce & morale ! duty1 b1 z we und]/& x1 ! po9t ( duty does n arise4 ,we are no m capable ( conv]t+ a man to a morale ali5 to 8 be+ ?an ! ,r5aissance 0 capable ( reviv+ ! ,classical or ( mak+ any?+ b a ,s\!rniz$ ,go?ic1 an anti-,go?ic1 out ( ,apoll9ian motives4 ,we may talk to-day ( transvalu+ all our values2 we may1 z ,megalopolitans1 8g back to0 ,buddhism or ,paganism or a romantic ,ca?olicism2 we may *ampion z ,an>*i/s an individuali/ or z ,sociali/s a collectivi/ e?ic--b 9 spite ( all we d1 w & feel ! same4 ,a conv]sion to ,!osophy or ,free?9k+ or "o ( ! pres5t-day transitions f a suppos$ ,*ri/ianity to a suppos$ ,a!ism 7or vice v]sa7 is an alt]ation ( words & notions1 ( ! religi\s or intellectual surface1 no m4 ,none ( our 8movem5ts0 h *ang$ man4 ,a /rict morphology ( all ! morales is a task = ! future4 ,"h1 too1 ,nietzs*e has tak5 ! fir/ & ess5tial /ep t[>ds ! new /&po9t4 ,b he has fail$ to obs]ve 8 own condition t ! ?9k] %all place himself 8beyond good & evil40 ,he tri$ to be at once sceptic & prophet1 moral critic & moral gospell]4 ,x _c be done4 ,"o _c be a fir/-class psy*ologi/ z long z "o is /ill a ,romantic4 ,& s "h1 z 9 all 8 crucial p5etrations1 he got z f> z ! door--& /ood outside x4 ,& s f>1 no "o has done any bett]4 ,we h be5 bl9d & uncompreh5d+ be=e ! imm5se weal? t !re is 9 ! moral z 9 o!r =m-languages4 ,ev5 ! sceptic has n und]/ood 8 task2 at bottom he1 l o!rs1 sets up 8 own notion ( morale1 drawn f 8 p>ticul> disposition & private ta/e1 z /&>d by :i* to measure o!rs4 ,! mod]n revolutionaires--,/irn]1 ,ibs51 ,/r9db]g1 ,%aw--are j ! same2 !y h only manag$ to hide ! facts 7f !mselves z well z f o!rs7 beh9d new =mul & cat*words4 ,b a morale1 l a sculpture1 a music1 a pa9t+-art1 is a self- conta9$ =m-_w express+ a life-feel+2 x is a datum1 fundam5tally unalt]able1 an inw>d necessity4 ,x is ev] true )9 its hi/orical circle1 ev] untrue outside x4 ,z we h se5 already1#dca :at 8 sev]al works are to ! poet or musician or pa9t]1 t its sev]al art-g5]a are = ! high] individual t we call ! ,culture1 viz41 organic units2 & t oil-pa9t+ z a :ole1 act-sculpture z a :ole & contrapuntal music z a :ole1 & rhym$ lyric & s on are all epo*-mak+1 & z su* take rank z major symbols ( ,life4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,culture z 9 t ( ! individual exi/5ce1 we are deal+ ) ! actualization ( ! possible2 x is ! /ory ( an inn] spirituality becom+ ! /yle ( a _w4 ,by ! side ( ^! great =m-units1 :i* gr[ & fulfil !mselves & close d[n )9 a pr$et]m9ate s]ies ( human g5]ations1 :i* endure = a few c5turies & pass irrevocably into dea?1 we see ! gr\p ( ,fau/ian morals & ! sum ( ,apoll9ian morals also z individuals ( ! high] ord]4 ,t !y are1 is ,de/9y4 ,!y are data1 & revelation 7or sci5tific insight1 z ! case may be7 only put !m into %ape = ! consci\sness4 ,!re is some?+1 h>dly to be describ$1 t assembles all ! !ories f ,hesiod & ,sophocles to ,plato & ! ,/oa & opposes !m collectively to all t 0 taught f ,francis ( ,assisi & ,abel>d to ,ibs5 & ,nietzs*e1 & ev5 ! morale ( ,jesus is only ! noble/ expression ( a g5]al morale t 0 put into o!r =ms by ,m>cion & ,mani1 by ,philo & ,plot9us1 by ,epictetus1 ,augu/9e & ,proclus4 ,all ,classical e?ic is an e?ic ( attitude1 all ,we/]n an e?ic ( de$4 ,&1 likewise1 ! sum ( all ,indian & ! sum ( all ,*9ese sy/ems =ms ea* a _w ( its own4 ,,iii ,e ,classical e?ic t we "k or c conceive ( con/itutes man an individual /atic entity1 a body among bodies1 & all ,we/]n valuations relate to him z a c5tre ( effect 9 an inf9ite g5]ality4 ,e?ical ,socialism is nei!r m nor less ?an ! s5tim5t ( action-at-a-di/ance1 ! moral pa?os ( ! ?ird dim5sion2 & ! root-feel+ ( ,c>e--c>e = ^? :o are ) u1 & = ^? :o are to foll[--is its emblem 9 ! sky4 ,consequ5tly !re is = u some?+ sociali/ic 9 ! aspect ( ! ,egyptian ,culture1 :ile ! opposite t5d5cy to immobile attitude1 to non- desire1 to /atic self-conta9$ness ( ! individual1 recalls ! ,indian e?ic & ! man =m$ by x4 ,! seat$ ,buddha-/atue 78look+ at its navel07 & ,z5o's ,at>axia are n altoge!r ali5 to "o ano!r4 ,! e?ical ideal ( ,classical man 0 t :i* is l$ up to 9 8 trag$y1 & reveal$ 9 its ,ka?>sis4 ,?is 9 its la/ dep?s means ! purgation ( ! ,apoll9ian s\l f its burd5 ( :at is n ,apoll9ian1 n free f ! elem5ts ( di/ance & direction1 & to und]/& x we h to recognize t ,/oicism is simply ! mature =m ( x4 ,t :i* ! drama effect$ 9 a solemn h\r1 ! ,/oa wi%$ to spread ov] ! :ole field ( life2 viz41 /atuesque /ead9ess & w-less e?os4 ,n[1 is n ?is conception ( closely ak9 to ! ,buddhi/ ideal ( ,nirvana1 :i* z a =mula is no d\bt v 8late0 b z an ess5ce is ?or\ghly ,indian & traceable ev5 f ,v$ic times8 ,& does n ?is k9%ip br+ ideal ,classical man & ideal ,indian man v close to "o ano!r & sep>ate !m bo? f t man ^: e?ic is manife/$ 9 ! ,%akespe>ian trag$y ( dynamic evolution & cata/rophe8 ,:5 "o ?9ks ( x1 !re is no?+ prepo/]\s 9 ! idea ( ,socrates1 ,epicurus1 & especially ,diog5es1 sitt+ by ! ,ganges1 :]eas ,diog5es 9 a ,we/]n megalopolis w\ld be an unimportant fool4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is ,fr$]ick ,william ,i ( ,prussia1 ! prototype ( ! ,sociali/ 9 ! gr& s5se1 un?9kable 9 ! polity ( ! ,nile1 :]eas 9 ,p]iclean ,a!ns he is impossible4 ,_h ,nietzs*e reg>d$ 8 own times ) few] prejudices & less disposition to romantic *ampion%ip ( c]ta9 e?ical creations1 he w\ld h p]ceiv$ t a specifically ,*ri/ian morale ( compassion 9 8 s5se does n exi/ on ,we/-,european soil4 ,we mu/ n let ! words ( humane =mul mislead u z to _! real significance4 ,betwe5 ! morale t "o has & ! morale t "o ?9ks "o has1 !re is a relation :i* is v obscure & v un/eady1 & x is j "h t an incorruptible psy*ology w\ld be invaluable4 ,compassion is a dang]\s ^w1 & nei!r ,nietzs*e himself--= all 8 mae/ria--nor anyone else has yet inve/igat$ ! mean+--conceptual & effective--( ! ^w at diff]5t times4 ,! ,*ri/ian morale ( ,orig5's "t 0 q diff]5t f ! ,*ri/ian morale ( ,/4 ,francis's4 ,?is is n ! place to enquire :at ,fau/ian compassion-- sacrifice or ebulli5ce or aga9 race-in/9ct 9 a *ivalr\s society#dcb--means z aga9/ ! fatali/ic ,magian-,*ri/ian k9d1 h[ f> x is to be conceiv$ z action-at-a-di/ance & practical dynamic1 or 7f ano!r angle7 z a pr\d s\l's dem& ^u itself1 or aga9 z ! utt]ance ( an imp]i\s di/ance-feel+4 ,a fix$ /ock ( e?ical phrases1 su* z we h possess$ s9ce ! ,r5aissance1 has to cov] a multitude ( diff]5t ideas & a /ill great] multitude ( diff]5t mean+s4 ,:5 a mank9d s hi/orically & retrospectively dispos$ z we are accepts ! sup]ficial z ! real s5se1 & reg>ds ideals z subject-matt] = m]e kn[+1 x is really evid5c+ its v5]ation = ! pa/--9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 = religi\s tradition4 ,! text ( a conviction is nev] a te/ ( its reality1 = man is r>ely consci\s ( 8 own beliefs4 ,cat*words & doctr9es are always m or less popul> & ext]nal z comp>$ ) deep spiritual actualities4 ,our !oretical rev]5ce = ! propositions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is 9 fact ( ! same ord] z ! !oretical rev]5ce ( ! ,r5aissance & ( ,classicism = antique art2 ! "o has no m trans=m$ ! _s ( m5 ?an ! o!r has trans=m$ ! _s ( works4 ,! (t-quot$ cases ( ! ,m5dicant ,ord]s1 ! ,moravians & ! ,salvation ,army prove by _! v r>ity1 & ev5 m by ! slightness ( ! effects t !y h be5 able to produce1 t !y are exceptions 9 a q diff]5t g5]ality--namely1 ! ,fau/ian-,*ri/ian morale4 ,t morale w n inde$ be f\nd =mulat$1 ei!r by ,lu!r or by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 b all ,*ri/ians ( ! great /yle--,innoc5t ,,iii & ,calv91 ,loyola & ,savon>ola1 ,pascal & ,/4 ,!resa--h _h x 9 !m1 ev5 9 unconsci\s contradiction to _! own =mal tea*+s4 ,we h only to comp>e ! purely ,we/]n conception ( ! manly virtue t is designat$ by ,nietzs*e's 8moral9frei0 virt1 ! gr&ezza ( ,spani% & ! gr&eur ( ,fr5* ,b>oque1 ) t v fem99e ( ! ,hell5ic ideal1 ( :i* ! practical application is pres5t$ to u z capacity = enjoym5t 771 placidity ( disposition 71 71 abs5ce ( wants & dem&s1 &1 above all1 ! s typical 4 ,:at ,nietzs*e call$ ! ,blond ,bea/ & conceiv$ to be embodi$ 9 ! type ( ,r5aissance ,man t he s ov]valu$ 7= x is really only a jackal c\nt]feit ( ! great ,hoh5/auf5 ,g]mans7 is ! utt] anti!sis to ! type t is pres5t$ 9 e ,classical e?ic )\t exception & embodi$ 9 e ,classical man ( wor?4 ,! ,fau/ian ,culture has produc$ a long s]ies ( granite-m51 ! ,classical nev] a "o4 ,= ,p]icles & ,!mi/ocles 7 s(t natures 9 tune ) ,attic 1 & ,alex&] 0 a ,romantic :o nev] woke up1 ,cs> a %rewd reckon]4 ,hannibal1 ! ali51 0 ! only 8,mann0 among/ !m all4 ,! m5 ( ! e>ly "t1 z ,hom] pres5ts !m to our judgm5t--! ,odysseuses & ,ajaxes--w\ld h cut a que] figure among ! *evali]s ( ! ,crusades4 ,v fem99e natures1 too1 are capable ( brutality--a reb\nd-brutality ( _! own--& ,greek cruelty 0 ( ?is k9d4 ,b 9 ! ,nor? ! great ,saxon1 ,franconian & ,hoh5/auf5 emp]ors appe> on ! v ?re%old ( ! ,culture1 surr\nd$ by giant-m5 l ,h5ry ! ,lion & ,gregory ,,vii4 ,!n come ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 ( ! /ruggle ( ! two ,roses1 ( ! ,hugu5ot ,w>s1 ! ,spani% ,conqui/adores1 ! ,prussian electors & k+s1 ,napoleon1 ,bism>ck1 ,rhodes4 ,:at o!r ,culture has exhibit$ ! l ( ^!8 ,:]e 9 all ,hell5ic hi/ory is s p[]ful a sc5e z t ( #aagf--! ,battle ( ,legnano z =egr\nd1 ! sudd5ly-disclos$ /rife ( ! great ,hoh5/auf5 & ! great ,welf z backgr\nd8 ,! h]oes ( ! ,great ,migrations1 ! ,spani% *ivalry1 ,prussian discipl9e1 ,napoleonic en]gy--h[ mu* ( ! ,classical is !re 9 ^! m5 & ?+s8 ,& :]e1 on ! heights ( ,fau/ian morale1 f ! ,crusades to ! ,_w ,w>1 d we f9d any?+ ( ! 8slave-morale10 ! meek resignation1 ! deaconess's ,c>itas8#dcc ,only 9 pi\s & hon\r$ words1 n[h]e else4 ,! type ( ! v prie/hood is ,fau/ian2 ?9k ( ^? magnific5t bi%ops ( ! old ,g]man empire :o on horseback l$ _! flocks into ! wild battle1#dcd or ^? ,popes :o c\ld =ce submission on a ,h5ry ,,iv & a ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ( ! ,teutonic ,knights 9 ! ,o/m>k1 ( ,lu!r's *all5ge 9 :i* ! old ,nor!rn hea!ndom rose up aga9/ old ,roman1 ( ! great ,c>d9als 7,ri*elieu1 ,maz>91 ,fleury7 :o %ap$ ,france4 ,t is ,fau/ian morale1 & "o mu/ be bl9d inde$ if "o does n see x effici5t 9 ! :ole field ( ,we/-,european hi/ory4 ,& x is only ?r\gh su* gr& in/ances ( worldly passion :i* express ! consci\sness ( a mission t we are able to und]/& ^? ( gr& spiritual passion1 ( ! upright & =?right ,c>itas :i* no?+ c resi/1 ! dynamic *>ity t is s utt]ly unlike ,classical mod]ation & ,e>ly-,*ri/ian mildness4 ,!re is a h>dness 9 ! sort ( com-passion t 0 practis$ by ! ,g]man my/ics1 ! ,g]man & ,spani% milit>y ,ord]s1 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% ,calv9i/s4 ,9 ! ,russian1 ! ,raskolnikov1 type ( *>ity a s\l melts into ! frat]nity ( s\ls1 9 ! ,fau/ian x arises out ( x4 ,"h too 8ego habeo factum0 is ! =mula4 ,p]sonal *>ity is ! ju/ification be=e ,god ( ! ,p]son1 ! individual4 ,?is is ! reason :y compassion-morale1 9 ! ev]yday s5se1 always respect$ by u s f> z words g1 & sometimes hop$ = by ! ?9k]1 is nev] actualiz$4 ,kant reject$ x ) decision1 & 9 fact x is 9 pr(\nd contradiction ) ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 :i* sees ! mean+ ( ,life to lie 9 actions & n 9 surr5d] to s(t op9ions4 ,nietzs*e's 8slave-morale0 is a phantom1 8 ma/]- morale is a reality4 ,x does n require =mulation to be effective--x is !re1 & has be5 f ( old4 ,take away 8 romantic ,borgia-mask & 8 nebul\s vision ( sup]m51 & :at is left ( 8 man is ,fau/ian man himself1 z he is to-day & z he 0 ev5 9 saga-days1 ! type ( an en]getic1 imp]ative & dynamic ,culture4 ,h[ev] x may h be5 9 ! ,classical _w1 our great well-do]s are ! great do]s ^: =e?\ght & c>e affects millions1 ! great /atesm5 & organiz]s4 ,a high] sort ( m51 :o ?anks to _! prepond]ance ( w1 k1 weal? & influ5ce make use ( democratic ,europe z _! apte/ & mo/ mobile tool1 9 ord] to br+ into _! own h&s ! de/9ies ( ! ,e>? & z arti/s to %ape #8man' himself4 ,en\gh--! "t is com+ :5 m5 w unle>n & rele>n ! art ( politics4 ,s ,nietzs*e deliv]$ himself 9 "o ( ! unpubli%$ drafts t are s mu* m concrete ?an ! f9i%$ works4 8,we mu/ ei!r bre$ political capacities1 or else be ru9$ by ! democracy t has be5 =c$ ^u u by ! failure ( ! old] alt]natives10#dce says ,%aw 9 ,man & ,sup]man4 ,limit$ ?\gh 8 philosophic horizon is 9 g5]al1 ,%aw has ! advantage ov] ,nietzs*e ( m practical s*ool+ & less ideology1 & ! figure ( ! multimillionaire ,und]%aft 9 ,major ,b>b>a translates ! ,sup]man- ideal into ! unromantic language ( ! mod]n age 7:i* 9 tru? is its real s\rce = ,nietzs*e also1 ?\gh x rea*$ him indirectly ?r\gh ,mal?us & ,d>w974 ,x is ^! fact-m5 ( ! gr& /yle :o are ! repres5tatives to-day ( ! ,w-to-,p[] ov] o!r m5's de/9ies & !re=e ( ! ,fau/ian e?ic g5]ally4 ,m5 ( ?is sort d n broadca/ _! millions to dream]s1 8arti/s10 weakl+s & 8d[n-&-outs0 to satisfy a b\ndless b5evol5ce2 !y employ !m = ^? :o l !mselves c\nt z mat]ial = ! ,future4 ,!y pursue a purpose ) !m4 ,!y make a c5tre ( =ce = ! exi/5ce ( g5]ations :i* outlives ! s+le lives4 ,! m]e money1 too1 c develop ideas & make hi/ory1 & ,rhodes--precursor ( a type t w be significant inde$ 9 ! #ba/ ,c5tury--provid$1 9 dispos+ ( 8 possessions by w1 t x %\ld d s4 ,x is a %all[ judgm5t1 & "o incapable ( inw>dly und]/&+ hi/ory1 t _c di/+ui% ! lit]>y *att] ( popul> social-morali/s & humanity-apo/les f ! deep e?ical in/9cts ( ! ,we/- ,european ,civilization4 ,socialism--9 its highe/ & n its /reet-corn] s5se--is1 l e o!r ,fau/ian ideal1 exclusive4 ,x owes its popul>ity only to ! fact t x is completely misund]/ood ev5 by its expon5ts1 :o pres5t x z a sum ( rights in/ead ( z "o ( duties1 an abolition in/ead ( an int5sification ( ! ,kantian imp]ative1 a slack5+ in/ead ( a taut5+ ( directional en]gy4 ,! trivial & sup]ficial t5d5cy t[>ds ideals ( 8welf>e10 8fre$om10 8humanity10 ! doctr9e ( ! 8greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]10 are m]e negations ( ! ,fau/ian e?ic--a v diff]5t matt] f ! t5d5cy ( ,epicureanism t[>ds ! ideal ( 8happ9ess10 = ! condition ( happ9ess 0 ! actual sum & sub/ance ( ! ,classical e?ic4 ,"h precisely is an in/ance ( s5tim5ts1 to all outw>d appe>ance mu* ! same1 b mean+ 9 ! "o case ev]y?+ & 9 ! o!r no?+4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 we might describe ! cont5t ( ! ,classical e?ic z philan?ropy1 a boon conf]r$ by ! individual ^u himself1 8 soma4 ,! view has ,ari/otle on its side1 = x is exactly 9 ?is s5se t he uses ! ^w 1 :i* ! be/ heads ( ! ,classici/ p]iod1 above all ,less+1 f\nd s puzzl+4 ,ari/otle describes ! effect ( ! ,attic trag$y on ! ,attic spectator z philan?ropic4 ,its ,p]ipeteia relieves him f compassion ) himself4 ,a sort ( !ory ( ma/]-morale & slave-morale exi/$ also 9 ! e>ly ,hell5ism1 9 ,callicles = example--naturally1 "u /rictly corporeal-,euclidean po/ulates4 ,! ideal ( ! fir/ class is ,alcibiades4 ,he did exactly :at at ! mom5t seem$ to him be/ = 8 own p]son1 & he is felt to be1 & admir$ z1 ! type ( ,classical ,kalokaga?ia4 ,b ,protagoras is /ill m di/9ct1 ) 8 fam\s proposition--ess5tially e?ical 9 int5tion--t man 7ea* man = himself7 is ! measure ( ?+s4 ,t is ma/]-morale 9 a /atuesque s\l4 ,,iv ,:5 ,nietzs*e wrote d[n ! phrase 8transvaluation ( all values0 = ! fir/ "t1 ! spiritual movem5t ( ! c5turies 9 :i* we are liv+ f\nd at la/ its =mula4 ,transvaluation ( all values is ! mo/ fundam5tal "* ( e civilization4 ,= x is ! beg9n+ ( a ,civilization t x rem\lds all ! =ms ( ! ,culture t w5t be=e1 und]/&s !m o!rwise1 practises !m 9 a diff]5t way4 ,x begets no m1 b only re9t]prets1 & h]e9 lies ! negativ5ess common to all p]iods ( ?is "*4 ,x assumes t ! g5u9e act ( creation has already occurr$1 & m]ely ent]s ^u an inh]itance ( big actualities4 ,9 ! ,late- ,classical1 we f9d ! ev5t tak+ place inside ,hell5i/ic-,roman ,/oicism1 t is1 ! long dea?-/ruggle ( ! ,apoll9ian s\l4 ,9 ! int]val f ,socrates--:o 0 ! spiritual fa!r ( ! ,/oa & 9 :om ! fir/ signs ( inw>d impov]i%m5t & city- intellectualism became visible--to ,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 e exi/5ce-ideal ( ! old ,classical und]w5t transvaluation4 ,9 ! case ( ,india1 ! transvaluation ( ,brahman life 0 complete by ! "t ( ,k+ ,asoka 7#bej ,b4,c471 z we c see by comp>+ ! p>ts ( ! ,v$anta put into writ+ be=e & aft] ,buddha4 ,& ourselves8 ,ev5 n[ ! e?ical socialism ( ! ,fau/ian s\l1 its fundam5tal e?ic1 z we h se51 is be+ work$ ^u by ! process ( transvaluation z t s\l is wall$ up 9 ! /one ( ! great cities4 ,r\sseau is ! ance/or ( ?is socialism2 he /&s1 l ,socrates & ,buddha1 z ! repres5tative spokesman ( a great ,civilization4 ,r\sseau's rejection ( all great ,culture-=ms & all significant conv5tions1 8 fam\s 8,return to ! /ate ( ,nature10 8 practical rationalism1 are unmi/akable evid5ces4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree buri$ a mill5nium ( spiritual dep?4 ,ea* proclaim$ 8 gospel to mank9d1 b x 0 to ! mank9d ( ! city intellig5tsia1 :i* 0 tir$ ( ! t[n & ! ,late ,culture1 & ^: 8pure0 7i4e41 s\lless7 reason long$ to be free f !m & _! au?oritative =m & _! h>dness1 f ! symbolism ) :i* x 0 no long] 9 liv+ communion & :i* !re=e x dete/$4 ,! ,culture 0 annihilat$ by discussion4 ,if we pass 9 review ! great #ai?-,c5tury names ) :i* we associate ! m>* ( ?is great drama-- ,s*op5hau]1 ,hebbel1 ,wagn]1 ,nietzs*e1 ,ibs51 ,/r9db]g--we compreh5d 9 a glance t :i* ,nietzs*e1 9 a fragm5t>y preface to 8 incomplete ma/]-"w1 delib]ately & correctly call$ ! ,com+ ( ,nihilism4 ,e "o ( ! great ,cultures kn[s x1 = x is ( deep necessity inh]5t 9 ! f9ale ( ^! mighty organisms4 ,socrates 0 a nihili/1 & ,buddha4 ,!re is an ,egyptian or an ,arabian or a ,*9ese de-s\l+ ( ! human be+1 j z !re is a ,we/]n4 ,?is is a matt] n ( m]e political & economic1 nor ev5 ( religi\s & arti/ic1 trans=mations1 nor ( any tangible or factual *ange :atsoev]1 b ( ! condition ( a s\l aft] x has actualiz$ its possibilities 9 full4 ,x is easy1 b useless1 to po9t to ! bigness ( ,hell5i/ic & ( mod]n ,european a*ievem5t4 ,mass slav]y & mass ma*9e-production1 8,progress0 & ,at>axia1 ,alex&rianism & mod]n ,sci5ce1 ,p]gamum & ,bayreu?1 social conditions z assum$ 9 ,ari/otle & z assum$ 9 ,m>x1 are m]ely symptoms on ! hi/orical surface4 ,n ext]nal life & conduct1 n in/itutions & cu/oms1 b deepe/ & la/ ?+s are 9 "q "h--! inw>d f9i%$ness 7,f]tigse97 ( megalopolitan man1 & ( ! prov9cial z well4#dcf ,= ! ,classical _w ?is condition sets 9 ) ! ,roman age2 = u x w set 9 f ab\t ! ye> #bjjj4 ,culture & ,civilization--! liv+ body ( a s\l & ! mummy ( x4 ,= ,we/]n exi/5ce ! di/9ction lies at ab\t ! ye> #ahjj--on ! "o side ( t fronti] life 9 fullness & sur5ess ( itself1 =m$ by gr[? f )91 9 "o great un9t]rupt$ evolution f ,go?ic *ildhood to ,goe! & ,napoleon1 & on ! o!r ! autumnal1 artificial1 rootless life ( our great cities1 "u =ms fa%ion$ by ! intellect4 ,culture & ,civilization--! organism born ( ,"m ,e>?1 & ! me*anism proce$+ f h>d5$ fabric4 ,culture-man lives inw>ds1 ,civilization-man outw>ds 9 space & among/ bodies & 8facts40 ,t :i* ! "o feels z ,de/9y ! o!r und]/&s z a l9kage ( causes & effects1 & !nce=w>d he is a mat]iali/--9 ! s5se ( ! ^w valid =1 & only valid =1 ,civilization-- :e!r he wills x or no1 & :e!r ,buddhi/1 ,/oic or ,sociali/ doctr9es we> ! g>b ( religion or n4 ,to ,go?ic & ,doric m51 ,ionic & ,b>oque m51 ! :ole va/ =m- _w ( art1 religion1 cu/om1 /ate1 k1 social life 0 easy4 ,!y c\ld c>ry x & actualize x )\t 8kn[+0 x4 ,!y _h ov] ! symbolism ( ! ,culture t un/ra9$ ma/]y t ,moz>t possess$ 9 music4 ,culture is ! self-evid5t4 ,! feel+ ( /rang5ess 9 ^! =ms1 ! idea t !y are a burd5 f :i* creative fre$om requires to be reliev$1 ! impulse to ov]haul ! /ock 9 ord] by ! light ( reason to turn x to bett] acc\nt1 ! fatal imposition ( ?\ght ^u ! inscrutable quality ( creativ5ess1 are all symptoms ( a s\l t is beg9n+ to tire4 ,only ! sick man feels 8 limbs4 ,:5 m5 con/ruct an unmetaphysical religion 9 opposition to cults & dogmas2 :5 a 8natural law0 is set up aga9/ hi/orical law2 :51 9 art1 /yles are inv5t$ 9 place ( ! /yle t c no long] be borne or ma/]$2 :5 m5 conceive ( ! ,/ate z an 8ord] ( society0 :i* n only c be b mu/ be alt]$#dcg--!n x is evid5t t some?+ has def9itely brok5 d[n4 ,! ,cosmopolis itself1 ! supreme ,inorganic1 is !re1 settl$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,culture-l&scape1 ^: m5 x is uproot+1 draw+ into itself & us+ up4 ,sci5tific worlds are sup]ficial worlds1 practical1 s\lless & purely ext5sive worlds4 ,! ideas ( ,buddhism1 ( ,/oicism1 & ( ,socialism alike re/ ^u !m4#dch ,life is no long] to be liv$ z some?+ self-evid5t--h>dly a matt] ( consci\sness1 let alone *oice--or to be accept$ z ,god-will$ de/9y1 b is to be treat$ z a problem1 pres5t$ z ! intellect sees x1 judg$ by 8utilit>ian0 or 8rational0 crit]ia4 ,?is1 at ! back1 is :at all ?ree mean4 ,! bra9 rules1 because ! s\l abdicates4 ,culture-m5 live unconsci\sly1 ,civilization-m5 consci\sly4 ,! ,megalopolis--sceptical1 practical1 artificial--alone repres5ts ,civilization to-day4 ,! soil-peasantry be=e its gates does n c\nt4 ,! 8,p0 means ! city-p1 an inorganic mass1 some?+ fluctuat+4 ,! peasant is n democratic-- ?is aga9 be+ a notion belong+ to me*anical & urban exi/5ce#dci--;& he is !re=e ov]look$1 despis$1 dete/$4 ,) ! vani%+ ( ! old 8e/ates0--g5try & prie/hood--he is ! only organic man1 ! sole relic ( ! ,e>ly ,culture4 ,!re is no place = him ei!r 9 ,/oic or 9 ,sociali/ic ?\ght4 ,?us ! ,fau/ ( ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ! trag$y1 ! passionate /ud5t ( solit>y midnights1 is logically ! prog5itor ( ! ,fau/ ( ! ,second ,"p & ! new c5tury1 ! type ( a purely practical1 f>- see+1 outw>d-direct$ activity4 ,9 him ,goe! presag$1 psy*ologically1 ! :ole future ( ,we/ ,europe4 ,he is ,civilization 9 ! place ( ,culture1 ext]nal me*anism 9 place ( int]nal organism1 intellect z ! petrifact ( ext9ct s\l4 ,z ! ,fau/ ( ! beg9n+ is to ! ,fau/ ( ! end1 s ! ,hell5e ( ,p]icles's age is to ! ,roman ( ,cs>'s4 ,v ,s long z ! man ( a ,culture t is approa*+ its fulfilm5t /ill cont9ues to live /raight be=e him naturally & unque/ion+ly1 8 life has a settl$ conduct4 ,?is is ! in/9ctive morale1 :i* may disguise itself 9 a ?\s& controv]sial =ms b :i* he himself does n controv]t1 because he has x4 ,z soon z ,life is fatigu$1 z soon z a man is put on to ! artificial soil ( great cities--:i* are intellectual worlds to !mselves--& ne$s a !ory 9 :i* suitably to pres5t ,life to himself1 morale turns into a problem4 ,culture-morale is t :i* a man has1 ,civilization-morale t :i* he looks =4 ,! "o is too deep to be exhau/ible by logical means1 ! o!r is a function ( logic4 ,z late z ,plato & z late z ,kant e?ics are /ill m]e dialectics1 a game ) concepts1 or ! r\nd+- (f ( a metaphysical sy/em1 some?+ t at bottom w\ld n be ?\ght really necess>y4 ,! ,categorical ,imp]ative is m]ely an ab/ract /atem5t ( :at1 = ,kant1 0 n 9 "q at all4 ,b ) ,z5o & ) ,s*op5hau] ?is is no long] s4 ,x _h become necess>y to discov]1 to inv5t or to squeeze into =m1 z a rule ( be+1 t :i* 0 no long] an*or$ 9 in/9ct2 & at ?is po9t !re=e beg9 ! civiliz$ e?ics t are no long] ! reflection ( ,life b ! reflection ( ,k ^u ,life4 ,"o feels t !re is some?+ artificial1 s\lless1 half-true 9 all ^! consid]$ sy/ems t fill ! fir/ c5turies ( all ! ,civilizations4 ,!y are n ^? pr(\nd & almo/ une>?ly creations t are wor?y to rank ) ! great arts4 ,all metaphysic ( ! high /yle1 all pure intuition1 vani%es be=e ! "o ne$ t has sudd5ly made itself felt1 ! ne$ ( a practical morale = ! gov]nance ( a ,life t c no long] gov]n itself4 ,up to ,kant1 up to ,ari/otle1 up to ! ,yoga & ,v$anta doctr9es1 philosophy _h be5 a sequ5ce ( gr& _w- sy/ems 9 :i* =mal e?ics occupi$ a v mode/ place4 ,b n[ x became 8moral philosophy0 ) a metaphysic z backgr\nd4 ,! en?usiasm ( epi/emology _h to give way to h>d practical ne$s4 ,socialism1 ,/oicism & ,buddhism are philosophies ( ?is type4 ,to look at ! _w1 no long] f ! heights z s*ylus1 ,plato1 ,dante & ,goe! did1 b f ! /&po9t ( oppressive actualities is to ex*ange ! bird's p]spective = ! frog's4 ,?is ex*ange is a fair measure ( ! fall f ,culture to ,civilization4 ,e e?ic is a =mulation ( a s\l's view ( its de/9y--h]oic or practical1 gr& or commonplace1 manly or old-manly4 ,i di/+ui%1 !re=e1 betwe5 a tragic & a plebeian morale4 ,! tragic morale ( a ,culture kn[s & grasps ! heav9ess ( be+1 b x draws !refrom ! feel+ ( pride t enables ! burd5 to be borne4 ,s s*ylus1 ,%akespe>e1 ! ?9k]s ( ! ,brahman philosophy felt x2 s ,dante & ,g]man ,ca?olicism4 ,x is he>d 9 ! /]n battle-hymn ( ,lu!ranism 8,e9' fe/e ,burg i/ uns] ,gott10 & x e*oes /ill 9 ! ,m>seillaise4 ,! plebeian morale ( ,epicurus & ! ,/oa1 ! sects ( ,buddha's day & ! #ai? ,c5tury made r battle-plans = ! outmanuvr+ ( de/9y4 ,:at s*ylus did 9 gr&1 ! ,/oa did 9 little--no m fullness1 b pov]ty1 coldness & empt9ess ( life--& all t ,roman bigness a*iev$ 0 to int5sify ?is same intellectual *ill & void4 ,& !re is ! same relation betwe5 ! e?ical passion ( ! great ,b>oque ma/]s--,%akespe>e1 ,ba*1 ,kant1 ,goe!--! manly w to inw>d ma/]y ( natural ?+s t x felt to be f> bel[ itself1 & mod]n ,europe's /ate-provision1 humanity-ideals1 _w-peace1 8greate/ happ9ess ( greate/ numb]10 etc41 :i* express ! w to an outw>d cle>ance f ! pa? ( ?+s t are on ! same level4 ,?is1 no less ?an ! o!r1 is a manife/ation ( ! w-to- p[]1 z aga9/ ! ,classical endurance ( ! inevitable1 b ! fact rema9s t mat]ial bigness is n ! same z metaphysical maje/y ( a*ievem5t4 ,! =m] lacks dep?1 lacks t :i* =m] m5 _h call$ ,god4 ,! ,fau/ian _w-feel+ ( de$1 :i* _h be5 effici5t 9 e great man f ! ,hoh5/auf5 & ! ,welf to ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,goe! & ,napoleon1 smoo!s itself d[n to a philosophy ( "w4 ,:e!r su* a philosophy attacks or def5ds "w does n affect its inw>d value4 ,! ,culture-idea ( ,de$ & ! ,civilization-idea ( ,"w are relat$ z ! attitude ( s*ylus's ,prome!us & t ( ,diog5es4 ,! "o suff]s & be>s1 ! o!r lolls4 ,x 0 de$s ( sci5ce t ,galileo1 ,kepl] & ,newton p]=m$1 b x is sci5tific "w t ! mod]n physici/ c>ries out4 ,&1 9 spite ( all ! great words f ,s*op5hau] to ,%aw1 x is ! plebeian morale ( e day & 8s\nd human reason0 t is ! basis ( all our expositions & discussions ( ,life4 ,,vi ,ea* ,culture1 fur!r1 has its own mode ( spiritual ext9ction1 :i* is t :i* foll[s ( necessity f its life z a :ole4 ,& h5ce ,buddhism1 ,/oicism & ,socialism are morphologically equival5t z end- ph5om5a4 ,= ev5 ,buddhism is su*4 ,hi!rto ! deep] mean+ ( x has always be5 misund]/ood4 ,x 0 n a ,puritan movem5t l1 = in/ance1 ,islamism & ,jans5ism1 n a ,re=mation z ! ,dionysiac wave 0 = ! ,apoll9ian _w1 &1 q g5]ally1 n a religion l ! religions ( ! ,v$as or ! religion ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1#ddj b a f9al & purely practical _w-s5tim5t ( tir$ megalopolitans :o _h a clos$-(f ,culture beh9d !m & no future be=e !m4 ,x 0 ! basic feel+ ( ! ,indian ,civilization & z su* bo? equival5t to & 8contempor>y0 ) ,/oicism & ,socialism4 ,! qu9tess5ce ( ?is ?or\ghly worldly & unmetaphysical ?\ght is to be f\nd 9 ! fam\s s]mon ne> ,b5>es1 ! ,f\r ,noble ,tru?s t won ! pr9ce- philosoph] 8 fir/ adh]5ts4#dda ,its roots lay 9 ! rationali/- a!i/ic ,sankhya philosophy1 ! _w-view ( :i* x tacitly accepts1 j z ! social e?ic ( ! #ai? ,c5tury comes f ! ,s5sualism & ,mat]ialism ( ! #ah? & ! ,/oa 79 spite ( its sup]ficial exploitation ( ,h]aclitus7 is d]iv$ f ,protagoras & ! ,sophi/s4 ,9 ea* case x is ! all-p[] ( ,reason t is ! />t+-po9t f :i* to discuss morale1 & religion 79 ! s5se ( belief 9 any?+ metaphysical7 does n ent] into ! matt]4 ,no?+ c\ld be m irreligi\s ?an ^! sy/ems 9 _! orig9al =ms--& x is ^!1 & n d]ivatives ( !m belong+ to lat] /ages ( ! ,civilizations1 t conc]n u "h4 ,buddhism rejects all speculation ab\t ,god & ! cosmic problems2 only self & ! conduct ( actual life are important to x4 ,& x def9itely did n recognize a s\l4 ,! /&po9t ( ! ,indian psy*ologi/ ( e>ly ,buddhism 0 t ( ! ,we/]n psy*ologi/ & ! ,we/]n 8,sociali/0 ( to-day1 :o r$uce ! inw>d man to a bundle ( s5sations & an aggregation ( electro*emical en]gies4 ,! tea*] ,nagas5a tells ,k+ ,mil9da#ddb t ! p>ts ( ! c> 9 :i* he is j\rney+ are n ! c> itself1 t 8c>0 is only a ^w & t s also is ! s\l4 ,! spiritual elem5ts are designat$ ,sk&has1 gr\ps1 & are imp]man5t4 ,"h is complete correspond5ce ) ! ideas ( association-psy*ology1 & 9 fact ! doctr9es ( ,buddha conta9 mu* mat]ialism4#ddc ,z ! ,/oic appropriat$ ,h]aclitus's idea ( ,logos & flatt5$ x to a mat]iali/ s5se1 z ! ,socialism bas$ on ,d>w9 has me*anicaliz$ 7) ! aid ( ,hegel7 ,goe!'s deep idea ( developm5t1 s ,buddhism treat$ ! ,brahman notion ( ,k>ma1 ! idea 7h>dly a*ievable 9 our ?\ght7 ( a be+ actively complet+ itself4 ,(t5 en\gh x reg>d$ ?is q mat]ially z a _w-/uff "u trans=mation4 ,:at we h be=e u is ?ree =ms ( ,nihilism1 us+ ! ^w 9 ,nietzs*e's s5se4 ,9 ea* case1 ! ideals ( ye/]day1 ! religi\s & arti/ic & political =ms t h gr[n up ?r\gh ! c5turies1 are undone2 yet ev5 9 ?is la/ act1 ?is self-repudiation1 ea* sev]al ,culture employs ! prime-symbol ( its :ole exi/5ce4 ,! ,fau/ian nihili/--,ibs5 or ,nietzs*e1 ,m>x or ,wagn]--%att]s ! ideals4 ,! ,apoll9ian--,epicurus or ,anti/h5es or ,z5o--wat*es !m crumble be=e 8 eyes4 ,& ! ,indian )draws f _! pres5ce into himself4 ,/oicism is direct$ to individual self-managem5t1 to /atuesque & purely pres5t be+1 )\t reg>d to future or pa/ or neighb\r4 ,socialism is ! dynamic treatm5t ( ! same !me2 x is def5sive l ,/oicism1 b :at x def5ds is n ! pose b ! work+-out ( ! life2 & m1 x is (f5sive-def5sive1 = ) a p[]ful ?ru/ into di/ance x spreads itself into all future & ov] all mank9d1 :i* %all be br\ght "u "o s+le regim54 ,buddhism1 :i* only a m]e dabbl] 9 religi\s rese>* c\ld comp>e ) ,*ri/ianity1#ddd is h>dly reproducible 9 words ( ! ,we/]n languages4 ,b x is p]missible to speak ( a ,/oic ,nirvana & po9t to ! figure ( ,diog5es1 & ev5 ! notion ( a ,sociali/ ,nirvana has its ju/ification 9 s f> t ,european we>9ess cov]s its flight f ! /ruggle = exi/5ce "u cat*words ( _w-peace1 ,humanity & bro!rhood ( ,man4 ,/ill1 none ( ?is comes any:]e ne> ! /range pr(undity ( ! ,buddhi/ conception ( ,nirvana4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! s\l ( an old ,culture1 :5 f its la/ ref9em5ts x is pass+ into dea?1 cl+s1 z x 71 jeal\sly to ! prop]ty t is mo/ ess5tially its own1 to its =m-cont5t & ! innate prime-symbol4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,buddhism t c\ld be reg>d$ z 8,*ri/ian10 no?+ 9 ,/oicism t is to be f\nd 9 ! ,islam ( ,a4,d4 #ajjj1 no?+ t ,confucius %>es ) ,socialism4 ,! phrase 8si duo faciunt idem1 non e/ idem0--:i* ought to appe> at ! head ( e hi/orical "w t deals ) liv+ & uniquely- occurr+ ,becom+s & n ) logically1 causally & num]ically compreh5sible ,becomes--is specially applicable to ^! f9al expressions ( ,culture-movem5ts4 ,9 all ,civilizations be+ ceases to be suffus$ ) s\l & comes to be suffus$ ) intellect1 b 9 ea* sev]al ,civilization ! intellect is ( a p>ticul> /ructure & subject to ! =m-language ( a p>ticul> symbolism4 ,& j because ( all ?is individualness ( ! ,be+ :i*1 work+ 9 ! unconsci\s1 fa%ions ! la/-phase creations on ! hi/orical surface1 relation%ip ( ! in/ances to "o ano!r 9 po9t ( hi/orical position becomes decisively important4 ,:at !y br+ to expression is diff]5t 9 ea* case1 b ! fact t !y br+ x to expression s m>ks !m z 8contempor>y0 ) "o ano!r4 ,! ,buddhi/ic abnegation ( full resolute life has a ,/oic flav\r1 ! ,/oic abnegation ( ! same a ,buddhi/ic flav\r4 ,allusion has already be5 made to ! aff9ity betwe5 ! ,ka?>sis ( ! ,attic drama & ! ,nirvana-idea4 ,"o's feel+ is t e?ical ,socialism1 al?\gh a c5tury has already be5 giv5 to its developm5t1 has n yet rea*$ ! cle> h>d resign$ =m ( its own t x w f9ally possess4 ,probably ! next decades w imp>t to x ! ripe =mulation t ,*rysippus imp>t$ to ! ,/oa4 ,b ev5 n[ !re is a look ( ! ,/oa 9 ,socialism1 :5 x is t ( ! high] ord] & ! n>r[] appeal1 :5 its t5d5cy is ! ,roman-,prussian & entirely unpopul> t5d5cy to self-discipl9e & self-r5unciation f s5se ( great duty2 & a look ( ,buddhism 9 its contempt = mom5t>y ease & c>pe diem4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 x has unmi/akably ! ,epicurean look 9 t mode ( x :i* alone makes x effective d[nw>d & outw>d z a popul> ideal1 9 :i* x is a h$onism 7n inde$ ( ea*-=-himself1 b7 ( individuals 9 ! "n ( all4 ,e s\l has religion1 :i* is only ano!r ^w = its exi/5ce4 ,all liv+ =ms 9 :i* x expresses itself--all arts1 doctr9es1 cu/oms1 all metaphysical & ma!matical =m-worlds1 all ornam5t1 e column & v]se & idea--are ultimately religi\s1 & mu/ be s4 ,b f ! sett+-9 ( ,civilization !y _c be s any long]4 ,z ! ess5ce ( e ,culture is religion1 s--& consequ5tly--! ess5ce ( e ,civilization is irreligion--! two words are synonym\s4 ,he :o _c feel ?is 9 ! creativ5ess ( ,manet z aga9/ ,velasquez1 ( ,wagn] z aga9/ ,haydn1 ( ,lysippus z aga9/ ,phidias1 ( ,!ocritus z aga9/ ,p9d>1 kn[s n :at ! be/ means 9 art4 ,ev5 ,rococo 9 its worldlie/ creations is /ill religi\s4 ,b ! build+s ( ,rome1 ev5 :5 !y are temples1 are irreligi\s2 ! "o t\* ( religi\s ar*itecture t !re 0 9 old ,rome 0 ! intrusive ,magian-s\l$ ,pan!on1 fir/ ( ! mosques4 ,! megalopolis itself1 z aga9/ ! old ,culture-t[ns--,alex&ria z aga9/ ,a!ns1 ,p>is z aga9/ ,bruges1 ,b]l9 z aga9/ ,nrnb]g--is irreligi\s#dde d[n to ! la/ detail1 d[n to ! look ( ! /reets1 ! dry intellig5ce ( ! faces4#ddf ,&1 correspond+ly1 ! e?ical s5tim5ts belong+ to ! =m-language ( ! megalopolis are irreligi\s & s\lless also4 ,socialism is ! ,fau/ian _w- feel+ become irreligi\s2 8,*ri/ianity10 s call$ 7& qualifi$ ev5 z 8true ,*ri/ianity071 is always on ! lips ( ! ,engli% ,sociali/1 to :om x seems to be some?+ 9 ! nature ( a 8dogma- less morale40 ,/oicism also 0 irreligi\s z comp>$ ) ,orphic religion1 & ,buddhism z comp>$ ) ,v$ic1 & x is ( no importance :atev] t ! ,roman ,/oic approv$ & con=m$ to ,emp]or-wor%ip1 t ! lat] ,buddhi/ s9c]ely d5i$ 8 a!ism1 or t ! ,sociali/ calls himself an e>ne/ ,free?9k] or ev5 goes on believ+ 9 ,god4 ,x is ?is ext9ction ( liv+ inn] religi\sness1 :i* gradually tells ^u ev5 ! mo/ insignificant elem5t 9 a man's be+1 t becomes ph5om5al 9 ! hi/orical _w-picture at ! turn f ! ,culture to ! ,civilization1 ! ,climact]ic ( ! ,culture1 z ,i h already call$ x1 ! "t ( *ange 9 :i* a mank9d loses its spiritual fruitfulness = ev]1 & build+ takes ! place ( begett+4 ,unfruitfulness--und]/&+ ! ^w 9 all its direct s]i\sness--m>ks ! bra9-man ( ! megalopolis1 z ! sign ( fulfill$ de/9y1 & x is "o ( ! mo/ impressive facts ( hi/orical symbolism t ! *ange manife/s itself n only 9 ! ext9ction ( great art1 ( great c\rtesy1 ( great =mal ?\ght1 ( ! great /yle 9 all ?+s1 b also q c>nally 9 ! *ildlessness & 8race-suicide0 ( ! civiliz$ & rootless /rata1 a ph5om5on n peculi> to ourselves b already obs]v$ & deplor$-- & ( c\rse n rem$i$--9 ,imp]ial ,rome & ,imp]ial ,*9a4#ddg ,,vii ,z to ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ^! new & purely intellectual creations1 ! m5 ( ! 8,new ,ord]0 ^u :om e decl9e-"t f\nds su* hopes1 we _c be 9 any d\bt4 ,!y are ! fluid megalopolitan ,populace1 ! rootless city-mass 7 1 z ,a!ns call$ x7 t has replac$ ! ,p1 ! ,culture-folk t 0 sprung f ! soil & peasantlike ev5 :5 x liv$ 9 t[ns4 ,!y are ! m>ket-place l\ng]s ( ,alex&ria & ,rome1 ! newspap]- read]s ( our own correspond+ "t2 ! 8educat$0 man :o !n & n[ makes a cult ( intellectual m$iocrity & a *ur* ( adv]tisem5t2#ddh ! man ( ! !atres & places ( amusem5t1 ( sport & 8be/-sell]s40 ,x is ?is late-appe>+ mass & n 8mank9d0 t is ! object ( ,/oic & ,sociali/ propag&a1 & "o c\ld mat* x ) equival5t ph5om5a 9 ! ,egyptian ,new ,empire1 ,buddhi/ ,india & ,confucian ,*9a4 ,correspond+ly1 !re is a *>act]i/ic =m ( public effect1 ! ,diatribe4#ddi ,fir/ obs]v$ z a ,hell5i/ic ph5om5on1 x is an effici5t =m 9 all ,civilizations4 ,dialectical1 practical & plebeian ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 x replaces ! old mean+ful & f>- rang+ ,creation ( ! great man by ! unre/ra9$ ,agitation ( ! small & %rewd1 ideas by aims1 symbols by programs4 ,! expansion- elem5t common to all ,civilizations1 ! imp]iali/ic sub/itution ( out] space = inn] spiritual space1 *>act]izes ?is also4 ,quantity replaces quality1 spread+ replaces deep5+4 ,we mu/ n confuse ?is hurri$ & %all[ activity ) ! ,fau/ian w-to-p[]4 ,all x means is t creative inn] life is at an end & intellectual exi/5ce c only be kept up mat]ially1 by outw>d effect 9 ! space ( ! ,city4 ,diatribe belongs necess>ily to ! 8religion ( ! irreligi\s0 & is ! *>act]i/ic =m t ! 8cure ( s\ls0 takes !re94 ,x appe>s z ! ,indian prea*+1 ! ,classical rhetoric1 & ! ,we/]n j\rnalism4 ,x appeals n to ! be/ b to ! mo/1 & x values its means accord+ to ! numb] ( successes obta9$ by !m4 ,x sub/itutes = ! old ?\ghtfulness an intellectual male-pro/itution by spee* & writ+1 :i* fills & dom9ates ! halls & ! m>ket-places ( ! megalopolis4 ,z ! :ole ( ,hell5i/ic philosophy is rhetorical1 s ! social-e?ic sy/em ( ,zola's novel & ,ibs5's drama is j\rnali/ic4 ,if ,*ri/ianity 9 its orig9al expansion became involv$ ) ?is spiritual pro/itution1 x mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) x4 ,! ess5tial po9t ( ,*ri/ian mission>ism has almo/ always be5 miss$4#dej ,primitive ,*ri/ianity 0 a ,magian religion & ! s\l ( its ,f\nd] 0 utt]ly incapable ( ?is brutal activity )\t tact or dep?4 ,& x 0 ! ,hell5i/ic practice ( ,paul#dea t--aga9/ ! det]m9$ opposition ( ! orig9al community1 z we all "k-- introduc$ x into ! noisy1 urban1 demagogic publicity ( ! ,imp]ium ,romanum4 ,slight z 8 ,hell5i/ic t9cture may h be51 x suffic$ to make him outw>dly a "p ( ! ,classical ,civilization4 ,jesus _h drawn unto himself fi%]m5 & peasants1 ,paul devot$ himself to ! m>ket-places ( ! great cities & ! megalopolitan =m ( propag&a4 ,! ^w 8pagan0 7man ( ! hea? or c\ntry-side7 survives to ?is day to tell u :o x 0 t ?is propag&a affect$ la/4 ,:at a diff]5ce1 inde$ :at diametrical opposition1 betwe5 ,paul & ,boniface ! passionate ,fau/ian ( woods & lone valleys1 ! joy\s cultivat+ ,ci/]cians1 ! ,teutonic ,knights ( ! ,slavonic ,ea/6 ,"h 0 y\? once m1 blossom+ & ye>n+ 9 a peasant l&scape1 & n until ! #ai? ,c5tury1 :5 t l&scape & all p]ta9+ to x _h ag$ into a _w bas$ on ! megalopolis & inhabit$ by ! masses1 did ,diatribe appe> 9 x4 ,a true peasantry ent]s into ! field ( view ( ,socialism z little z x did into ^? ( ,buddha & ! ,/oa4 ,x is only n[1 9 ! ,we/]n megalopolis1 t ! equival5t ( ! ,paul-type em]ges1 to figure 9 ,*ri/ian or anti-,*ri/ian1 social or !osophical 8causes10 ,free ,?\ght or ! mak+ ( religi\s fancy-w>e4 ,?is decisive turn t[>ds ! "o rema9+ k9d ( life--t is1 life z a fact1 se5 biologically & "u causality-relations in/ead ( z ,de/9y--is p>ticul>ly manife/ 9 ! e?ical passion ) :i* m5 n[ turn to philosophies ( dige/ion1 nutrition & hygi5e4 ,alcohol- que/ions & ,veget>ianism are treat$ ) religi\s e>ne/ness--su*1 app>5tly1 be+ ! grave/ problems t ! 8m5 ( ! ,new ,ord]10 ! g5]ations ( frog-p]spective1 are capable ( tackl+4 ,religions1 z !y are :5 !y /& new-born on ! ?re%old ( ! new ,culture--! ,v$ic1 ! ,orphic1 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,jesus & ! ,fau/ian ,*ri/ianity ( ! old ,g]many ( *ivalry--w\ld h felt x degradation ev5 to glance at que/ions ( ?is k9d4 ,n[adays1 "o rises to !m4 ,buddhism is un?9kable )\t a bodily diet to mat* its spiritual diet1 & among/ ! ,sophi/s1 9 ! circle ( ,anti/h5es1 9 ! ,/oa & among/ ! ,sceptics su* que/ions became ev] m & m prom95t4 ,ev5 ,ari/otle wrote on ! alcohol- "q1 & a :ole s]ies ( philosoph]s took up t ( veget>ianism4 ,& ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ,apoll9ian & ,fau/ian me?ods "h is t ! ,cynic !oriz$ ab\t 8 own dige/ion :ile ,%aw treats ( 8ev]ybody's40 ,! "o dis9t]e/s himself1 ! o!r dictates4 ,ev5 ,nietzs*e1 z we "k1 h&l$ su* que/ions ) reli% 9 8 ,ecce ,homo4 ,,viii ,let u1 once m1 review ,socialism 7indep5d5tly ( ! economic movem5t ( ! same "n7 z ! ,fau/ian example ( ,civilization- e?ics4 ,its fri5ds reg>d x z ! =m ( ! future1 its enemies z a sign ( d[nfall1 & bo? are equally "r4 ,we are all ,sociali/s1 witt+ly or unwitt+ly1 will+ly or unwill+ly4 ,ev5 resi/ance to x we>s its =m4 ,simil>ly1 & equally necess>ily1 all ,classical m5 ( ! ,late p]iod 7 ,/oics unaw>es4 ,! :ole ,roman p1 z a body1 has a ,/oic s\l4 ,! g5u9e ,roman1 ! v man :o f\ght ,/oicism h>de/1 0 a ,/oic ( a /rict] sort ?an ev] a ,greek 04 ,! ,lat9 language ( ! la/ c5turies be=e ,*ri/ 0 ! mightie/ ( ,/oic creations4 ,e?ical ,socialism is ! maximum possible ( atta9m5t to a life- feel+ "u ! aspect ( ,aims2#deb = ! directional movem5t ( ,life t is felt z ,"t & ,de/9y1 :5 x h>d5s1 takes ! =m ( an intellectual ma*9]y ( means & end4 ,direction is ! liv+1 aim ! dead4 ,! passionate en]gy ( ! advance is g5]ically ,fau/ian1 ! me*anical rema9d]--8,progress0--is specifically ,sociali/ic1 ! two be+ relat$ z body & skeleton4 ,& ( ! two x is ! g5]ic quality t di/+ui%es ,socialism f ,buddhism & ,/oicism2 ^!1 ) _! respective ideals ( ,nirvana & ,at>axia1 are no less me*anical 9 design ?an ,socialism is1 b !y "k no?+ ( ! latt]'s dynamic en]gy ( expansion1 ( its w-to- inf9ity1 ( its passion ( ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,9 spite ( its =egr\nd appe>ances1 e?ical ,socialism is n a sy/em ( compassion1 humanity1 peace & k9dly c>e1 b "o ( w- to-p[]4 ,any o!r read+ ( x is illusory4 ,! aim is ?r\gh & ?r\gh imp]iali/2 welf>e1 b welf>e 9 ! expansive s5se1 ! welf>e n ( ! diseas$ b ( ! en]getic man :o ought to be giv5 & mu/ be giv5 fre$om to d1 reg>dless ( ob/acles ( weal?1 bir? & tradition4 ,among/ u1 s5tim5tal morale1 morale direct$ to happ9ess & usefulness1 is nev] ! f9al in/9ct1 h[ev] we may p]suade ourselves o!rwise4 ,! head & front ( moral mod]nity mu/ ev] be ,kant1 :o 79 ?is respect ,r\sseau's pupil7 excludes f 8 e?ics ! motive ( ,compassion & lays d[n ! =mula 8,act1 s t44440 ,all e?ic 9 ?is /yle expresses & is meant to express ! w-to-inf9ity1 & ?is w dem&s conque/ ( ! mom5t1 ! pres5t1 & ! =egr\nd ( life4 ,9 place ( ! ,socratic =mula 8,k is ,virtue0 we h1 ev5 9 ,bacon1 ! =mula 8,k is ,p[]40 ,! ,/oic takes ! _w z he f9ds x1 b ! ,sociali/ wants to organize & reca/ x 9 =m & sub/ance1 to fill x ) 8 own _s4 ,! ,/oic adapts himself1 ! ,sociali/ comm&s4 ,he w\ld h ! :ole _w be> ! =m ( 8 view1 ?us transf]r+ ! idea ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 into ! e?ical field4 ,?is is ! ultimate mean+ ( ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 :i* he br+s to be> 9 political1 social & economic matt]s alike--act z ?\gh ! maxims t y practise 7 to become by y\r w ! law = all4 ,& ?is tyrannical t5d5cy is n abs5t f ev5 ! %all[e/ ph5om5a ( ! "t4 ,x is n attitude & mi51 b activity t is to be giv5 =m4 ,z 9 ,*9a & 9 ,egypt1 life only c\nts 9 s f> z x is de$4 ,& x is ! me*anicaliz+ ( ! organic concept ( ,de$ t leads to ! concept ( "w z commonly und]/ood1 ! civilis$ =m ( ,fau/ian effect+4 ,?is morale1 ! insi/5t t5d5cy to give to ,life ! mo/ active =ms imag9able1 is /rong] ?an reason1 ^: moral programs--be !y nev] s rev]5c$1 inw>dly believ$ or ard5tly *ampion$--are only effective 9 s f> z !y ei!r lie1 or are mi/ak5ly suppos$ to lie1 9 ! direction ( ?is =ce4 ,o!rwise !y rema9 m]e words4 ,we h to di/+ui%1 9 all mod]nism1 betwe5 ! popul> side ) its dolce f> ni5te1 its solicitude = heal?1 happ9ess1 fre$om f c>e1 & univ]sal peace--9 a ^w1 its suppos$ly ,*ri/ian ideals--& ! high] ,e?os :i* values de$s only1 :i* 7l ev]y?+ else t is ,fau/ian7 is nei!r und]/ood nor desir$ by ! masses1 :i* gr&ly idealizes ! ,aim & !re=e ,"w4 ,if we w\ld set aga9/ ! ,roman 8panem et circ5ses0 7! f9al life-symbol ( ,epicurean-,/oic exi/5ce1 &1 at bottom1 ( ,indian exi/5ce also7 "s correspond+ symbol ( ! ,nor? 7& ( ,old ,*9a & ,egypt7 x w\ld be ! 8,"r to ,"w40 ,?is 0 ! basis ( ,fi*te's ?or\ghly ,prussian 7& n[ ,european7 conception ( ,/ate-,socialism1 & 9 ! la/ t]rible /ages ( evolution x w culm9ate 9 ! ,duty to ,"w4 ,?9k1 la/ly1 ( ! ,napoleonic 9 x1 ! re p]5nius1 ! w- to-duration4 ,apoll9ian man look$ back to a ,gold5 ,age2 ?is reliev$ him ( ! tr\ble ( ?9k+ ^u :at 0 /ill to come4 ,! ,sociali/--! dy+ ,fau/ ( ,"p ,,ii--is ! man ( hi/orical c>e1 :o feels ! ,future z 8 task & aim1 & acc\nts ! happ9ess ( ! mom5t z wor?less 9 comp>ison4 ,! ,classical _s1 ) its oracles & its om5s1 wants only to "k ! future1 b ! ,we/]n] w\ld %ape x4 ,! ,?ird ,k+dom is ! ,g]manic ideal4 ,f ,joa*im ( ,floris to ,nietzs*e & ,ibs5--arr[s ( ye>n+ to ! o!r bank1 z ! ,z>a?u/ra says--e great man has l9k$ 8 life to an et]nal morn+4 ,alex&]'s life 0 a wondr\s p>oxysm1 a dream :i* conjur$ up ! ,hom]ic ages f ! grave4 ,napoleon's life 0 an imm5se toil1 n = himself nor = ,france1 b = ! ,future4 ,x is well1 at ?is po9t1 to recall once m t ea* ( ! diff]5t great ,cultures has pictur$ _w-hi/ory 9 its own special way4 ,classical man only saw himself & 8 =tunes z /atically pres5t ) himself1 & did n ask 8:5ce0 or 8:i!r40 ,univ]sal hi/ory 0 = him an impossible notion4 ,?is is ! /atic way ( look+ at hi/ory4 ,magian man sees x z ! great cosmic drama ( creation & f\nd]+1 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,s\l & ,_s1 ,good & ,evil1 ,god & ,devil--a /rictly-def9$ happ5+ )1 z its culm9ation1 "o s+le ,p]ipeteia--! appe>ance ( ! ,savi\r4 ,fau/ian man sees 9 hi/ory a t5se unfold+ t[>ds an aim2 its 8anci5t-m$ival-mod]n0 sequ5ce is a dynamic image4 ,he _c picture hi/ory to himself 9 any o!r way4 ,?is s*eme ( ?ree p>ts is n inde$ _w-hi/ory z su*1 g5]al _w-hi/ory4 ,b x is ! image ( _w-hi/ory z x is conceiv$ 9 ! ,fau/ian /yle4 ,x beg9s to be true & consi/5t ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,we/]n ,culture & ceases ) its ceas+2 & ,socialism 9 ! highe/ s5se is logically ! cr[n ( x1 ! =m ( its conclusive /ate t has be5 implicit 9 x f ,go?ic onw>ds4 ,& "h ,socialism--9 contra/ to ,/oicism & ,buddhism--becomes tragic4 ,x is ( ! deepe/ significance t ,nietzs*e1 s completely cle> & sure 9 deal+ ) :at %\ld be de/roy$1 :at transvalu$1 loses himself 9 nebul\s g5]alities z soon z he comes to discuss ! ,:i!r1 ! ,aim4 ,8 criticism ( decad5ce is unansw]able1 b 8 !ory ( ! ,sup]man is a ca/le 9 ! air4 ,x is ! same ) ,ibs5--8,br&0 & 8,rosm]%olm10 8,emp]or & ,galilean0 & 8,ma/]- build]0--& ) ,hebbel1 ) ,wagn] & ) ev]yone else4 ,& !re9 lies a deep necessity2 =1 f ,r\sseau onw>ds1 ,fau/ian man has no?+ m to hope = 9 any?+ p]ta9+ to ! gr& /yle ( ,life4 ,some?+ has come to an end4 ,! ,nor!rn s\l has exhau/$ its inn] possibilities1 & ( ! dynamic =ce & insi/5ce t _h express$ itself 9 _w-hi/orical visions ( ! future--visions ( mill5nial scope--no?+ rema9s b ! m]e pressure1 ! passion ye>n+ to create1 ! =m )\t ! cont5t4 ,?is s\l 0 ,w & no?+ b ,w4 ,x ne$$ an aim = its ,columbus-long+2 x _h to give its inh]5t activity at lea/ ! illusion ( a mean+ & an object4 ,& s ! ke5] critic w f9d a trace ( ,hjalm> ,ekdal 9 all mod]nity1 ev5 its highe/ ph5om5a4 ,ibs5 call$ x ! lie ( life4 ,!re is some?+ ( ?is lie 9 ! entire intellect ( ! ,we/]n ,civilization1 s f> z ?is applies itself to ! future ( religion1 ( art or ( philosophy1 to a social-e?ical aim1 a ,?ird ,k+dom4 ,= deep d[n b5ea? x all is ! gloomy feel+1 n to be repress$1 t all ?is hectic zeal is ! ef=t ( a s\l t may n & _c re/ to deceive itself4 ,?is is ! tragic situation--! inv]sion ( ! ,hamlet motive--t produc$ ,nietzs*e's /ra9$ conception ( a 8return10 :i* nobody really believ$ b he himself clut*$ fa/ le/ ! feel+ ( a mission %\ld slip out ( him4 ,?is ,life's lie is ! f\ndation ( ,bayreu?--:i* w\ld be some?+ :]eas ,p]gamum 0 some?+--& a ?read ( x runs ?r\gh ! entire fabric ( ,socialism1 political1 economic & e?ical1 :i* =ces itself to ignore ! annihilat+ s]i\sness ( its own f9al implications1 s z to keep alive ! illusion ( ! hi/orical necessity ( its own exi/5ce4 ,,ix ,x rema9s1 n[1 to say a ^w z to ! morphology ( a hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z ,philosophy 89 itself40 ,e ,culture has its own philosophy1 :i* is a "p ( its total symbolic expression & =ms ) its pos+ ( problems & me?ods ( ?\ght an intellectual ornam5tation t is closely relat$ to t ( ar*itecture & ! arts ( =m4 ,f ! high & di/ant /&po9t x matt]s v little :at 8tru?s0 ?9k]s h manag$ to =mulate 9 words )9 _! respective s*ools1 =1 "h z 9 e great art1 x is ! s*ools1 conv5tions & rep]tory ( =ms t are ! basic elem5ts4 ,inf9itely m important ?an ! answ]s are ! que/ions--! *oice ( !m1 ! inn] =m ( !m4 ,= x is ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* a macrocosm pres5ts itself to ! und]/&+ man ( a p>ticul> ,culture t det]m9es a priori ! :ole necessity ( ask+ !m1 & ! way 9 :i* !y are ask$4 ,! ,classical & ! ,fau/ian ,cultures1 & equally ! ,indian & ! ,*9ese1 h ea* _! prop] ways ( ask+1 & fur!r1 9 ea* case1 all ! great que/ions h be5 pos$ at ! v outset4 ,!re is no mod]n problem t ! ,go?ic did n see & br+ into =m1 no ,hell5i/ic problem t did n ( necessity come up = ! old ,orphic temple-tea*+s4 ,x is ( no importance :e!r ! subtiliz+ turn ( m9d expresses itself "h 9 oral tradition & !re 9 books1 :e!r su* books are p]sonal creations ( an 8,i0 z !y are among/ ourselves or anonym\s fluid masses ( texts z 9 ,india1 & :e!r ! result is a set ( compreh5sible sy/ems or1 z 9 ,egypt1 glimpses ( ! la/ secrets are veil$ 9 expressions ( art & ritual4 ,:atev] ! v>iations1 ! g5]al c\rse ( philosophies z organisms is ! same4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( e spr+time p]iod1 philosophy1 intimately relat$ to great ar*itecture & religion1 is ! intellectual e*o ( a mighty metaphysical liv+1 & its task is to e/abli% critically ! sacr$ causality 9 ! _w-image se5 ) ! eye ( fai?4#dec ,! basic di/9ctions1 n only ( sci5ce b also ( philosophy1 are dep5d5t on1 n divorc$ f1 ! elem5ts ( ! correspond+ religion4 ,9 ?is spr+time1 ?9k]s are1 n m]ely 9 _s b actually 9 /atus1 prie/s4 ,su* 7 ! ,s*oolm5 & ! ,my/ics ( ! ,go?ic & ! ,v$ic z ( ! ,hom]ic#ded & ! ,e>ly-,arabian#dee c5turies4 ,) ! sett+-9 ( ! ,late p]iod1 & n e>li]1 philosophy becomes urban & worldly1 frees itself f subs]vi5ce to religion & ev5 d>es to make t religion itself ! object ( epi/emological criticism4 ,! great !me ( ,brahman1 ,ionic & ,b>oque philosophies is ! problem ( kn[+4 ,! urban _s turns to look at itself1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! proposition t !re is no high] judgm5t-seat ( kn[+ beyond itself1 & ) t ?\ght draws ne>] to high] ma!matics & in/ead ( prie/s we h m5 ( ! _w1 /atesm5 & m]*ants & discov]]s1 te/$ 9 high places & by high tasks1 ^: ideas ab\t ?\ght re/ ^u deep exp]i5ce ( life4 ,( su* are ! s]ies ( great ?9k]s f ,?ales to ,protagoras & f ,bacon to ,hume1 & ! s]ies ( pre-,confucian & pre-,buddha ?9k]s ( :om we h>dly "k m ?an ! fact t !y exi/$4 ,at ! end ( su* s]ies /& ,kant & ,ari/otle1#def & aft] !m !re set 9 ! ,civilization-philosophies4 ,9 e ,culture1 ?\ght m\nts to a climax1 sett+ ! que/ions at ! outset & answ]+ !m ) ev]-increas+ =ce ( intellectual expression--&1 z we h said be=e1 ornam5tal significance--until exhau/$2 & !n x passes into a decl9e 9 :i* ! problems ( kn[+ are 9 e respect /ale repetitions ( no significance4 ,!re is a metaphysical p]iod1 orig9ally ( a religi\s & f9ally ( a rationali/ic ca/--9 :i* ?\ght & life /ill conta9 some?+ ( *aos1 an unexploit$ fund t enables !m effectively to create--& an e?ical p]iod 9 :i* life itself1 n[ become megalopolitan1 appe>s to call = inquiry & has to turn ! /ill available rema9d] ( philosophical creative- p[] on to its own conduct & ma9t5ance4 ,9 ! "o p]iod life reveals itself1 ! o!r has life z its object4 ,! "o is 8!oretical0 7contemplative7 9 ! gr& s5se1 ! o!r p]=ce practical4 ,ev5 ! ,kantian sy/em is 9 its deepe/ *>act]s contemplat$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance & only aft]w>ds logically & sy/ematically =mulat$ & ord]$4 ,we see ?is evid5c$ 9 ,kant's attitude to ma!matics4 ,no "o is a g5u9e metaphysician :o has n p5etrat$ into ! =m-_w ( numb]s1 :o has n liv$ !m into himself z a symbolism4 ,& 9 fact x 0 ! great ?9k]s ( ! ,b>oque :o creat$ ! analytical ma!matic1 & ! same is true1 mutatis mut&is1 ( ! great pre- ,socratics & ,plato4 ,desc>tes & ,leibniz /& beside ,newton & ,gauss1 ,py?agoras & ,plato by ,ar*ytas & ,ar*im$es1 at ! summits ( ma!matical developm5t4 ,b already 9 ,kant ! philosoph] has become1 z ma!matician1 negligible4 ,kant no m p5etrat$ to ! la/ subtleties ( ! ,calculus z x /ood 9 8 own day ?an he absorb$ ! axiomatic ( ,leibniz4 ,! same may be said ( ,ari/otle4 ,& !nce=w>d !re is no philosoph] :o is c\nt$ z a ma!matician4 ,fi*te1 ,hegel & ! ,romantics 7 entirely unma!matical1 & s 7 ,z5o#deg & ,epicurus4 ,s*op5hau] 9 ?is field is weak to ! po9t ( crudity1 & ( ,nietzs*e ! less said ! bett]4 ,:5 ! =m-_w ( numb]s pass$ out ( its k51 philosophy lo/ a great conv5tion1 & s9ce !n x has lack$ n only /ructural /r5g? b also :at may be call$ ! gr& /yle ( ?9k+4 ,s*op5hau] himself admitt$ t he 0 a h&-to-m\? ?9k] 7,geleg5heitsd5k]74 ,) ! decl9e ( metaphysics1 e?ics has outgr[n its /atus z a subord9ate elem5t 9 ab/ract !ory4 ,h5ce=? x is philosophy1 ! o!r divisions be+ absorb$ into x & practical liv+ becom+ ! c5tre ( consid]ation4 ,! passion ( pure ?\ght s9ks d[n4 ,metaphysics1 mi/ress ye/]day1 is h&maid n[2 all x is requir$ to d is to provide a f\ndation = practical views4 ,& ! f\ndation becomes m & m sup]flu\s4 ,x becomes ! cu/om to despise & mock at ! metaphysical1 ! unpractical1 ! philosophy ( 8/one = bread40 ,9 ,s*op5hau] x is = ! sake ( ! f\r? book t ! fir/ ?ree exi/ at all4 ,kant m]ely ?\ght t x 0 ! same ) him2 9 reality1 pure & n appli$ reason is /ill 8 c5tre ( creation4 ,!re is exactly ! same diff]5ce 9 ,classical philosophy be=e & aft] ,ari/otle--on ! "o h&1 a gr&ly conceiv$ ,cosmos to :i* a =mal e?ic adds almo/ no?+1 &1 on ! o!r1 e?ics z su*1 z programme1 z necessity ) a desultory ad hoc metaphysic = basis4 ,& ! entire abs5ce ( logical scruple ) :i* ,nietzs*e1 = in/ance1 da%es (f su* !ories makes no diff]5ce :atev] to our appreciation ( 8 philosophy prop]4 ,x is well kn[n#deh t ,s*op5hau] did n proce$ to ,pessimism f 8 metaphysic b1 on ! contr>y1 0 l$ to develop 8 sy/em by ! pessimism t fell ^u him 9 8 sev5te5? ye>4 ,%aw1 a mo/ significant witness1 obs]ves 9 8 8,qu9tess5ce ( ,ibs5ism0 t "o may q well accept ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy & reject 8 metaphysics--!re9 q accurately discrim9at+ betwe5 t :i* makes him ! fir/ ?9k] ( ! new age & t :i* is includ$ because an obsolete tradition held x to be indisp5sable 9 a complete philosophy4 ,no "o w\ld und]take to divide ,kant ?us1 & ! attempt w\ld n succe$ if x 7 made4 ,b ) ,nietzs*e "o has no difficulty 9 p]ceiv+ t 8 8philosophy0 0 ?r\gh-&-?r\gh an inn] & v e>ly exp]i5ce1 :ile he cov]$ 8 metaphysical requirem5ts rapidly & (t5 imp]fectly by ! aid ( a few books1 & nev] manag$ to /ate ev5 8 e?ical !ory ) any exactitude4 ,j ! same ov]lay ( liv+ seasonable e?ical ?\ght on a /ratum ( metaphysics requir$ by conv5tion 7b 9 fact sup]flu\s7 is to be f\nd 9 ,epicurus & ! ,/oics4 ,we ne$ h no d\bt aft] ?is z to :at is ! ess5ce ( a ,civilization-philosophy4 ,/rict metaphysics has exhau/$ its possibilities4 ,! _w-city has def9itely ov]come ! l&1 & n[ its _s fa%ions a !ory prop] to itself1 direct$ ( necessity outw>d1 s\lless4 ,h5ce=w>d1 we might ) "s ju/ice replace ! ^w 8s\l0 by ! ^w 8bra940 ,&1 s9ce 9 ! ,we/]n 8bra90 ! w to p[]1 ! tyrannical set t[>ds ! ,future & purpose to organize ev]ybody & ev]y?+1 dem&s practical expression1 e?ics1 z x loses t\* m & m ) its metaphysical pa/1 /eadily assumes a social-e?ical & social-economic "*4 ,! philosophy ( ! pres5t t />ts f ,hegel & ,s*op5hau] is1 s f> z x repres5ts ! _s ( ! age 7:i*1 e4g41 ,lotze & ,h]b>t d n71 a critique ( society4 ,! att5tion t ! ,/oic gave to 8 own body1 ! ,we/]n] devotes to ! body social4 ,x is n *ance t ,hegelian philosophy has giv5 rise to ,socialism 7,m>x1 ,engels71 to ,an>*ism 7,/irn]7 & to ! problem-pos+ social drama 7,hebbel74 ,socialism is political economy conv]t$ into ! e?ical &1 moreov]1 ! imp]ative mood4 ,s long z a metaphysic exi/$ 7t is1 till ,kant7 political economy rema9$ a sci5ce4 ,b z soon z 8philosophy0 became synonym\s ) practical e?ics1 x replac$ ma!matics z ! basis ( ?\ght ab\t ! _w--h5ce ! importance ( ,c\s91 ,b5?am1 ,comte1 ,mill & ,sp5c]4 ,to *oose 8 mat]ial at w is n giv5 to ! philosoph]1 nei!r is ! mat]ial ( philosophy always & ev]y:]e ! same4 ,!re are no et]nal que/ions1 b only que/ions aris+ out ( ! feel+s ( a p>ticul> be+ & pos$ by x4 ,alles ,v]gngli*e i/ nur e9 ,glei*nis applies also to e g5u9e philosophy z ! intellectual expression ( ?is be+1 z ! actualization ( spiritual possibilities 9 a =m-_w ( concepts1 judgm5ts & ?\ght- /ructures compris$ 9 ! liv+ ph5om5on ( its au?or4 ,any & e su* philosophy is1 f ! fir/ ^w to ! la/1 f its mo/ ab/ract proposition to its mo/ telltale trait ( p]sonality1 a ?+- become1 mirror$ ov] f s\l into _w1 f ! realm ( fre$om into t ( necessity1 f ! imm$iate-liv+ into ! dim5sional- logical2 & on t v acc\nt x is mortal1 & its life has prescrib$ rhy?m & duration4 ,! *oice ( !m1 !re=e1 is subject to /rict necessity4 ,ea* epo* has its own1 important = itself & = no o!r epo*4 ,x is ! m>k ( ! born philosoph] t he sees 8 epo* & 8 !me ) a sure eye4 ,ap>t f ?is1 !re is no?+ ( any importance 9 philosophical production--m]ely te*nical k & ! indu/ry requisite = ! build+ up ( sy/ematic & conceptual subtleties4 ,consequ5tly1 ! di/9ctive philosophy ( ! #ai? ,c5tury is only ,e?ics & social critique 9 ! productive s5se--no?+ m4 ,& consequ5tly1 aga91 its mo/ important repres5tatives 7ap>t f actual practition]s7 are ! dramati/s4 ,!y are ! real philosoph]s ( ,fau/ian activism1 & comp>$ ) !m n "o ( ! lecture-room philosoph]s & sy/ematics c\nts at all4 ,all t ^! unimportant p$ants h done = u is1 s to write & rewrite ! hi/ory ( philosophy 7& :at hi/ory6--collections ( dates & 8results07 t no "o to-day kn[s :at ! hi/ory ( philosophy is or :at x might be4 ,?anks to ?is1 ! deep organic unity 9 ! ?\ght ( ?is epo* has nev] yet be5 p]ceiv$4 ,! ess5ce ( x1 f ! philosophical po9t ( view1 c be precis$ by ask+ ! "q3 ,9 h[ f> is ,%aw ! pupil & fulfill] ( ,nietzs*e8 ,! "q is put 9 no ironic _s4 ,%aw is ! "o ?9k] ( em95ce :o has consi/5tly advanc$ 9 ! same direction z t ( ! true ,nietzs*e--namely1 productive criticism ( ! ,we/]n morale--:ile foll[+ out z poet ! la/ implications ( ,ibs5 & devot+ ! balance ( ! arti/ic creativ5ess t is 9 him to practical discussions4 ,save 9 s f> z ! belat$ ,romantici/ 9 him has det]m9$ ! /yle1 s\nd & attitude ( 8 philosophy1 ,nietzs*e is 9 e respect a disciple ( ! mat]iali/ic decades4 ,t :i* drew him ) su* passion to ,s*op5hau] 0 7n t he himself or anyone else 0 consci\s ( x7 t elem5t ( ,s*op5hau]'s doctr9e by :i* he de/roy$ ! great metaphysic & 7)\t mean+ to d s7 p>odi$ 8 ma/] ,kant2 t is to say1 ! modification ( all deep ideas ( ! ,b>oque age into tangible & me*ani/ic notions4 ,kant speaks 9 inadequate words1 :i* hide a mighty & sc>cely appreh5sible intuition1 an intuition ( ! _w z appe>ance or ph5om5on4 ,9 ,s*op5hau] ?is becomes ! _w z bra9-ph5om5on 7,gehirnphnom574 ,! *ange-ov] f tragic philosophy to philosophical plebeianism is complete4 ,x w be en\gh to cite "o passage4 ,9 8,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea0 ,s*op5hau] says3 8,! w1 z ?+-9-itself1 con/itutes ! inn]1 true & inde/ructible ess5ce ( ! man2 9 itself1 h[ev]1 x is )\t consci\sness4 ,= ! consci\sness is condition$ by ! intellect & ?is is a m]e accid5t ( our be+1 s9ce x is a function ( ! bra91 & t aga9 7) its dep5d5t n]ves & sp9al cord7 is a m]e fruit1 a product1 nay1 ev5 a p>asite ( ! re/ ( ! organism1 inasmu* z x does n int]v5e directly 9 ! latt]'s activities b only s]ves a purpose ( self-pres]vation by regulat+ its relations ) ! out] _w40 ,"h we h exactly ! fundam5tal position ( ! flatte/ mat]ialism4 ,x 0 n = no?+ t ,s*op5hau]1 l ,r\sseau be=e him1 /udi$ ! ,engli% s5suali/s4 ,f !m he le>n$ to misread ,kant 9 ! _s ( megalopolitan utilit>ian mod]nity4 ,! intellect z in/rum5t ( ! w-to-life1#dei z weapon 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! ideas br\ght to grotesque expression by ,%aw 9 8,man & ,sup]man0--x 0 because ?is 0 8 view ( ! _w t ,s*op5hau] became ! fa%ionable philosoph] :5 ,d>w9's ma9 "w 0 publi%$ 9 #ahei4 ,9 contra/ to ,s*ell+1 ,hegel & ,fi*te1 he 0 a philosoph]1 & ! only philosoph]1 ^: metaphysical propositions c\ld be absorb$ ) ease by intellectual m$iocrity4 ,! cl>ity ( :i* he 0 s pr\d ?reat5$ at e mom5t to reveal itself z triviality4 ,:ile reta9+ en\gh ( =mula to produce an atmosph]e ( pr(undity & exclusiv5ess1 he pres5t$ ! civiliz$ view ( ! _w complete & assimilable4 ,8 sy/em is anticipat$ ,d>w9ism1 & ! spee* ( ,kant & ! concepts ( ! ,indians are simply clo?+4 ,9 8 book 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur0 7#ahce7 we f9d already ! /ruggle = self-pres]vation 9 ,nature1 ! human intellect z ma/]-weapon 9 t /ruggle & sexual love z unconsci\s selection accord+ to biological int]e/4#dfj ,x is ! view t ,d>w9 7via ,mal?us7 br\ght to be> ) irresi/ible success 9 ! field ( zoology4 ,! economic orig9 ( ,d>w9ism is %[n by ! fact t ! sy/em d$uc$ f ! simil>ities betwe5 m5 & ! high] animals ceases to fit ev5 at ! level ( ! plant-_w & becomes positively absurd z soon z x is s]i\sly attempt$ to apply x ) its w-t5d5cy 7natural selection1 mimicry7 to primitive organic =ms4#dfa ,pro(1 to ! ,d>w9ian1 means to ! ord]+ & pictorial pres5tation ( a selection ( facts s t !y con=m to 8 hi/orico-dynamic basic feel+ ( 8,evolution40 ,d>w9ism--t is to say1 t totality ( v v>i$ & discrepant ideas1 9 :i* ! common factor is m]ely ! application ( ! causality pr9ciple to liv+ ?+s1 :i* !re=e is a me?od & n a result--0 kn[n 9 all details to ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,r\sseau 0 *ampion+ ! ape-man !ory z e>ly z #aged4 ,:at ,d>w9 orig9at$ is only ! 8,man*e/] ,s*ool0 sy/em1 & x is ?is lat5t political elem5t 9 x t acc\nts = its popul>ity4 ,! spiritual unity ( ! c5tury is manife/ en\gh "h4 ,f ,s*op5hau] to ,%aw1 ev]yone has be51 )\t be+ aw>e ( x1 br++ ! same pr9ciple into =m4 ,ev]yone 7includ+ ev5 ^? :o1 l ,hebbel1 knew no?+ ( ,d>w97 is a d]ivative ( ! evolution-idea--& ( ! %all[ civiliz$ & n ! deep ,goe?ian =m ( x at t--:e!r he issues x ) a biological or an economic impr9t4 ,!re is evolution1 too1 9 ! evolution-idea itself1 :i* is ,fau/ian ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 :i* displays 79 %>pe/ contra/ to ,ari/otle's timeless entele*y-idea7 all our passionate urg5cy t[>ds inf9ite future1 our w & s5se ( aim :i* is s imman5t 91 s specific to1 ! ,fau/ian _s z to be ! a priori =m r ?an ! discov]$ pr9ciple ( our ,nature-picture4 ,& 9 ! evolution ( evolution we f9d ! same *ange tak+ place z else:]e1 ! turn ( ! ,culture to ! ,civilization4 ,9 ,goe! evolution is upright1 9 ,d>w9 x is flat2 9 ,goe! organic1 9 ,d>w9 me*anical2 9 ,goe! an exp]i5ce & emblem1 9 ,d>w9 a matt] ( cognition & law4 ,to ,goe! evolution meant inw>d fulfilm5t1 to ,d>w9 x meant 8,progress40 ,d>w9's /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :i* he read into ,nature & n out ( x1 is only ! plebeian =m ( t prim>y feel+ :i* 9 ,%akespe>e's trag$ies moves ! great realities aga9/ "o ano!r2 b :at ,%akespe>e inw>dly saw1 felt & actualiz$ 9 8 figures z de/9y1 ,d>w9ism compreh5ds z causal connexion & =mulates z a sup]ficial sy/em ( utilities4 ,& x is ?is sy/em & n ?is prim>y feel+ t is ! basis ( ! utt]ances ( 8,z>a?u/ra10 ! trag$y ( 8,gho/s10 ! problems ( ! 8,r+ ( ! ,nibelungs40 ,only1 x 0 ) t]ror t ,s*op5hau]1 ! fir/ ( 8 l9e1 p]ceiv$ :at 8 own k meant--t is ! root ( 8 pessimism1 & ! 8,tri/an0 music ( 8 adh]5t ,wagn] is its highe/ expression--:]eas ! late m51 & =emo/ among !m ,nietzs*e1 face x ) en?usiasm1 ?\gh x is true1 ! en?usiasm is sometimes r =c$4 ,nietzs*e's brea* ) ,wagn]--t la/ product ( ! ,g]man _s ov] :i* greatness broods--m>ks 8 sil5t *ange ( s*ool- allegiance1 8 unconsci\s /ep f ,s*op5hau] to ,d>w91 f ! metaphysical to ! physiological =mulation ( ! same _w-feel+1 f ! d5ial to ! affirmation ( ! aspect t 9 fact is common to bo?1 ! "o see+ z w-to-life :at ! o!r reg>ds z /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 8 8,s*op5hau] als ,erzieh]0 he /ill means by evolution an inn] rip5+1 b ! ,sup]man is ! product ( evolution z ma*9]y4 ,& 8,z>a?u/ra0 is e?ically ! outcome ( an unconsci\s prote/ aga9/ 8,p>sifal0--:i* arti/ically entirely gov]ns x--( ! rivalry ( "o evangeli/ = ano!r4 ,b ,nietzs*e 0 also a ,sociali/ )\t kn[+ x4 ,n 8 cat*words1 b 8 in/9cts1 7 ,sociali/ic1 practical1 direct$ to t welf>e ( mank9d t ,goe! & ,kant nev] sp5t a ?\ght ^u4 ,mat]ialism1 ,socialism & ,d>w9ism are only artificially & on ! surface sep>able4 ,x 0 ?is t made x possible = ,%aw 9 ! ?ird act ( 8,man & ,sup]man0 7"o ( ! mo/ important & significant ( ! works t issu$ f ! transition7 to obta91 by giv+ j a small & inde$ p]fectly logical turn to ! t5d5cies ( 8ma/]-morale0 & ! production ( ! ,sup]man1 ! specific maxims ( 8 own ,socialism4 ,"h ,%aw 0 only express+ ) remorseless cl>ity & full consci\sness ( ! commonplace1 :at ! uncomplet$ portion ( ! ,z>a?u/ra w\ld h said ) ,wagn]ian !atricality & woolly romanticism4 ,all t we are conc]n$ to discov] 9 ,nietzs*e's reason+ is its practical bases & consequ5ces1 :i* proce$ ( necessity f ! /ructure ( mod]n public life4 ,he moves among/ vague ideas l 8new values10 8,sup]man10 8,s9n d] ,erde10 & decl9es or fe>s to %ape !m m precisely4 ,%aw does x4 ,nietzs*e obs]ves t ! ,d>w9ian idea ( ! ,sup]man evokes ! notion ( bre$+1 & /ops !re1 leaves x at a s\nd+ phrase4 ,%aw pursues ! "q--= !re is no object 9 talk+ ab\t x if no?+ is go+ to be done ab\t x--asks h[ x is to be a*iev$1 & f t comes to dem& ! trans=mation ( mank9d into a /ud-f>m4 ,b ?is is m]ely ! conclusion implicit 9 ! ,z>a?u/ra1 :i* ,nietzs*e 0 n bold en\gh1 or 0 too fa/idi\s1 to draw4 ,if we d talk ( sy/ematic bre$+--a completely mat]iali/ic & utilit>ian notion--we mu/ be prep>$ to answ] ! que/ions1 :o %all bre$ :at1 :]e & h[8 ,b ,nietzs*e1 too romantic to face ! v prosaic social consequ5ces & to expose poetic ideas to ! te/ ( facts1 omits to say t 8 :ole doctr9e1 z a d]ivative ( ,d>w9ism1 presupposes ,socialism &1 moreov]1 sociali/ic compulsion z ! means2 t any sy/ematic bre$+ ( a class ( high] m5 requires z condition prec$5t a /rictly sociali/ic ord]+ ( society2 & t ?is 8,dionysiac0 idea1 z x involves a common action & is n simply ! private affair ( deta*$ ?9k]s1 is democratic1 turn x h[ y may4 ,x is ! climax ( ! e?ical =ce ( 8,?\ %alt02 to impose ^u ! _w ! =m ( 8 w1 ,fau/ian man sacrifices ev5 himself4 ,! bre$+ ( ! ,sup]man foll[s f ! notion ( 8selection40 ,nietzs*e 0 an unconsci\s pupil ( ,d>w9 f ! "t t he wrote aphorisms1 b ,d>w9 himself _h rem\ld$ ! evolution-ideas ( ! #ah? ,c5tury accord+ to ! ,mal?usian t5d5cies ( political economy1 :i* he project$ on ! high] animal-_w4 ,mal?us _h /udi$ ! cotton indu/ry 9 ,lanca%ire1 & already 9 #aheg we h ! :ole sy/em1 only appli$ to m5 in/ead ( to bea/s1 9 ,buckle's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,civilization4 ,9 o!r words1 ! 8ma/]-morale0 ( ?is la/ ( ! ,romantics is d]iv$--/rangely p]haps b v significantly--f t s\rce ( all intellectual mod]nity1 ! atmosph]e ( ! ,engli% factory4 ,! ,ma*iavellism t comm5d$ itself to ,nietzs*e z a ,r5aissance ph5om5on is some?+ closely 7"o w\ld h suppos$1 obvi\sly7 ak9 to ,d>w9's notion ( 8mimicry40 ,x is 9 fact t ( :i* ,m>x 7t o!r fam\s disciple ( ,mal?us7 treats 9 8 ,das ,kapital1 ! bible ( political 7n e?ical7 ,socialism4#dfb ,t is ! g5ealogy ( 8,h]r5moral40 ,! ,w-to-,p[]1 transf]r$ to ! reali/ic1 political & economic doma91 f9ds its expression 9 ,%aw's 8,major ,b>b>a40 ,no d\bt ,nietzs*e1 z a p]sonality1 /&s at ! culm9ation ( ?is s]ies ( e?ical philosoph]s1 b "h ,%aw ! p>ty politician rea*es up to 8 level z a ?9k]4 ,! w-to-p[] is to-day repres5t$ by ! two poles ( public life--! work]-class & ! big money-&-bra9 m5--f> m effectually ?an x ev] 0 by a ,borgia4 ,! millionaire ,und]%aft ( ,%aw's be/ com$y is a ,sup]man1 ?\gh ,nietzs*e ! ,romantici/ w\ld n h recogniz$ 8 ideal 9 su* a figure4 ,nietzs*e is = ev] speak+ ( transvaluations ( all values1 ( a philosophy ( ! 8,future0 7:i*1 incid5tally1 is m]ely ! ,we/]n1 & n ! ,*9ese or ! ,african future71 b :5 ! mi/s ( 8 ?\ght d come 9 f ! ,dionysiac di/ance & cond5se into any tangible =m1 ! w-to-p[] appe>s to him 9 ! guise ( dagg]-&-poison & nev] 9 t ( /rike & 8deal40 ,& yet he says t ! idea fir/ came to him :5 he saw ! ,prussian regim5ts m>*+ to battle 9 #ahgj4 ,! drama1 9 ?is epo*1 is no long] poetry 9 ! old s5se ( ! ,culture days1 b a =m ( agitation1 debate & demon/ration4 ,! /age has become a moraliz+ in/itution4 ,nietzs*e himself (t5 ?\ght ( putt+ 8 ideas 9 ! dramatic =m4 ,wagn]'s ,nibelung poetry1 m especially ! fir/ draft ( x 7#ahej71 expresses 8 social-revolution>y ideas1 & ev5 :51 aft] a circuit\s c\rse "u influ5ces arti/ic & non-arti/ic1 he has complet$ ! 8,r+10 8 ,siegfri$ is /ill a symbol ( ! ,f\r? ,e/ate1 8 ,brnhilde /ill ! 8free woman40 ,! sexual selection ( :i* ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 enunciat$ ! !ory 9 #ahei1 0 f9d+ its musical expression at ! v same "t 9 ! ?ird act ( 8,siegfri$0 & 9 8,tri/an40 ,x is no accid5t t ,wagn]1 ,hebbel & ,ibs51 all practically simultane\sly1 set to "w to dramatize ! ,nibelung mat]ial4 ,hebbel1 mak+ ! acqua9tance 9 ,p>is ( ,engels's writ+s1 expresses 79 a lett] ( ,april #b1 #ahdd7 8 surprise at f9d+ t 8 own conceptions ( ! social pr9ciple ( 8 age1 :i* he 0 !n int5d+ to exemplify 9 a drama ,zu irg5d e9] ,zeit1 co9cid$ precisely ) ^? ( ! future 8,communi/ ,manife/o40 ,&1 ^u fir/ mak+ ! acqua9tance ( ,s*op5hau] 7lett] ( ,m>* #ai1 #aheg71 he is equally surpris$ by ! aff9ity t he f9ds betwe5 ! ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung & t5d5cies ^u :i* he _h bas$ 8 ,hol(]nes & 8 ,h]odes und ,m>iamne4 ,hebbel's di>ies1 ( :i* ! mo/ important portion belongs to ! ye>s #ahce-ahde1 7 7?\gh he did n "k x7 "o ( ! deepe/ philosophical ef=ts ( ! c5tury4 ,x w\ld be no surprise to f9d :ole s5t5ces ( x 9 ,nietzs*e1 :o nev] knew him & did n always come up to 8 level4 ,! actual & effective philosophy ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 !n1 has z its "o g5u9e !me ! ,w-to-,p[]4 ,x consid]s ?is ,w-to-,p[] 9 civiliz$-intellectual1 e?ical1 or social =ms & pres5ts x z w-to-life1 z life-=ce1 z practical-dynamical pr9ciple1 z idea1 & z dramatic figure4 7,! p]iod t is clos$ by ,%aw corresponds to ! p]iod #cej-bej 9 ! ,classical47 ,! re/ ( ! #ai?-,c5tury philosophy is1 to use ,s*op5hau]'s phrase1 8pr(essors' philosophy by philosophy-pr(essors40 ,! real l&m>ks are ^!3 #ahai4 ,s*op5hau]1 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung4 ,! w to life is = ! fir/ "t put z ! only reality 7orig9al =ce1 ,urkraft72 b1 old] ideali/ influ5ces /ill be+ pot5t1 x is put !re to be negativ$ 7zur ,v]ne9ung empfohl574 #ahcf4 ,s*op5hau]1 ,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur4 ,anticipation ( ,d>w9ism1 b 9 metaphysical disguise4 #ahdj4 ,pr\d'hon1 ,qu'e/-ce que la ,proprit1 basis ( ,an>*ism4 ,comte1 ,c\rs de philosophic positive2 ! =mula 8ord] & progress40 #ahda4 ,hebbel1 8,judi?10 fir/ dramatic conception ( ! 8,new ,woman0 & ! 8,sup]man40 ,feu]ba*1 ,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5?ums4 #ahdd4 ,engels1 ,umriss e9] ,kritik des ,nationalkonomie1 f\ndation ( ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory4 ,hebbel1 ,m>ia ,magdal5a1 ! fir/ social drama4 #ahdg4 ,m>x1 ,misre de la ,philosophie 7syn!sis ( ,hegel & ,mal?us74 ,^! are ! epo*al ye>s 9 :i* economics beg9s to dom9ate social e?ic & biology4 #ahdh4 ,wagn]'s 8,dea? ( ,siegfri$02 ,siegfri$ z social-e?ical revolution>y1 ! ,fafnir ho>d z symbol ( ,capitalism4 #ahej4 ,wagn]'s ,kun/ und ,klima2 ! sexual problem4 #ahej-aheh4 ,wagn]'s1 ,hebbel's & ,ibs5's ,nibelung poetry4 #ahei 7ye> ( symbolic co9cid5ces74 ,d>w91 8,orig9 ( ,species0 7application ( economics to biology74 ,wagn]'s 8,tri/an40 ,m>x1 ,zur ,kritik d] politis*5 konomie4 #ahfc4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 8,utilit>ianism40 #ahfe4 ,dhr+1 ,w]t des ,leb5s--a "w :i* is r>ely he>d (1 b :i* ex]cis$ ! greate/ influ5ce ^u ! succe$+ g5]ation4 #ahfg4 ,ibs51 8,br&40 ,m>x1 ,das ,kapital4 #ahgh4 ,wagn] 8,p>sifal40 ,fir/ dissolution ( mat]ialism into my/icism4 #ahgi4 ,ibs5 8,nora40 #ahha4 ,nietzs*e1 ,morg5r!2 transition f ,s*op5hau] to ,d>w91 morale z biological ph5om5on4 #ahhc4 ,nietzs*e1 ,also spra* ,z>a?u/ra2 ! ,w-to-,p[]1 b 9 ,romantic disguise4 #ahhf4 ,ibs51 8,rosm]%olm40 ,nietzs*e1 ,j5seits von ,gut und ,bse4 #ahhg-h4 ,/r9db]g1 8,fadr50 & 8,frk5 ,julie40 ,f #ahij ! conclusion ( ! epo* approa*es4 ,! religi\s works ( ,/r9db]g & ! symbolical ( ,ibs54 #ahif4 ,ibs51 8,john ,gabriel ,borkman40 ,nietzs*e1 ,ueb]m5s*4 #ahih4 ,/r9db]g1 8,till ,damascus40 ,f #aijj ! la/ ph5om5a4 #aijc4 ,we9+]1 ,ges*le*t und ,*>akt]2 ! only s]i\s attempt to revive ,kant )9 ?is epo*1 by ref]r+ him to ,wagn] & ,ibs54 #aijc4 ,%aw1 8,man & ,sup]man02 f9al syn!sis ( ,d>w9 & ,nietzs*e4 #aije4 ,%aw1 8,major ,b>b>a02 ! type ( ! ,sup]man ref]r$ back to its economic orig9s4 ,) ?is1 ! e?ical p]iod exhau/s itself z ! metaphysical _h done4 ,e?ical ,socialism1 prep>$ by ,fi*te1 ,hegel1 & ,humboldt1 0 at its z5i? ( passionate greatness ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 & at ! end !re( x _h rea*$ ! /age ( repetitions4 ,! #bj? ,c5tury1 :ile keep+ ! ^w ,socialism1 has replac$ an e?ical philosophy t only ,epigoni suppose to be capable ( fur!r developm5t1 by a praxis ( economic ev]yday que/ions4 ,! e?ical disposition ( ! ,we/ w rema9 8sociali/ic0 b its !ory has ceas$ to be a problem4 ,& !re rema9s ! possibility ( a ?ird & la/ /age ( ,we/]n philosophy1 t ( a physiognomic scepticism4 ,! secret ( ! _w appe>s successively z a k problem1 a valuation problem & a =m problem4 ,kant saw ,e?ics z an object ( k1 ! #ai? ,c5tury saw x z an object ( valuation4 ,! ,sceptic w\ld deal ) bo? simply z ! hi/orical expression ( a ,culture4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,fau/ian ,,& ,,apoll9ian ,,nature-,,k ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,fau/ian ,,& ,,apoll9ian ,,nature-,,k ,i ,helmholtz obs]v$1 9 a lecture ( #ahfi t has become fam\s1 t 8! f9al aim ( ,natural ,sci5ce is to discov] ! motions und]ly+ all alt]ation1 & ! motive =ces !re(2 t is1 to resolve itself into ,me*anics40 ,:at ?is resolution into me*anics means is ! ref]5ce ( all qualitative impressions to fix$ quantitative base- values1 t is1 to ! ext5d$ & to *ange ( place !re94 ,x means1 fur!r--if we be> 9 m9d ! opposition ( becom+ & become1 =m & law1 image & notion--! ref]r+ ( ! se5 ,nature-picture to ! imag9$ picture ( a s+le num]ically & /ructurally measurable ,ord]4 ,! specific t5d5cy ( all ,we/]n me*anics is t[>ds an intellectual conque/ by measurem5t1 & x is !re=e oblig$ to look = ! ess5ce ( ! ph5om5on 9 a sy/em ( con/ant elem5ts t are susceptible ( full & inclusive appreciation by measurem5t1 ( :i* ,helmholtz di/+ui%es motion 7us+ ! ^w 9 its ev]yday s5se7 z ! mo/ important4 ,to ! physici/ ?is def9ition appe>s unambigu\s & exhau/ive1 b to ! sceptic :o has foll[$ out ! hi/ory ( ?is sci5tific conviction1 x is v f> f be+ ei!r4 ,to ! physici/1 pres5t- day me*anics is a logical sy/em ( cle>1 uniquely-significant concepts & ( simple1 necess>y relations2 :ile to ! o!r x is a picture di/9ctive ( ! /ructure ( ! ,we/-,european _s1 ?\gh he admits t ! picture is consi/5t 9 ! highe/ degree & mo/ impressively conv9c+4 ,x is self-evid5t t no practical results & discov]ies c prove any?+ z to ! 8tru?0 ( ! !ory1 ! picture4#dfc ,= mo/ p1 inde$1 8me*anics0 appe>s z ! self-evid5t syn!sis ( ,nature-impressions4 ,b x m]ely appe>s to be s4 ,= :at is motion8 ,is n ! po/ulate t ev]y?+ qualitative is r$ucible to ! motion ( unalt]ably-alike mass-po9ts1 ess5tially ,fau/ian & n common to humanity8 ,ar*im$es1 = example1 did n feel himself oblig$ to transpose ! me*anics t he saw into a m5tal picture ( motions4 ,is motion g5]ally a purely me*anical quantity8 ,is x a ^w = a visual exp]i5ce or is x a notion d]iv$ f t exp]i5ce8 ,is x ! numb] t is f\nd by measurem5t ( exp]im5tally-produc$ facts1 or ! picture t is subject$ to t numb]1 t is signifi$ by x8 ,& if "o day physics %\ld really succe$ 9 rea*+ its suppos$ aim1 9 devis+ a sy/em ( law-gov]n$ 8motions0 & ( effici5t =ces beh9d !m into :i* ev]y?+ :atsoev] appreciable by ! s5ses c\ld be fitt$--w\ld x !reby h a*iev$ 8k0 ( t :i* occurs1 or ev5 made "o /ep t[>ds ?is a*ievem5t8 ,yet is ! =m-language ( me*anics "o :it ! less dogmatic on t acc\nt8 ,is x n1 on ! contr>y1 a vessel ( ! my? l ! root- words1 n proce$+ f exp]i5ce b %ap+ x &1 9 ?is case1 %ap+ x ) all possible rig\r8 ,:at is =ce8 ,:at is a cause8 ,:at is a process8 ,nay1 ev5 on ! basis ( its own def9itions1 has physics a specific problem at all8 ,has x an object t c\nts z su* = all ! c5turies8 ,has x ev5 "o unimpea*able imag9ation-unit1 ) ref]5ce to :i* x may express its results8 ,! answ] may be anticipat$4 ,mod]n physics1 z a sci5ce1 is an imm5se sy/em ( indices 9 ! =m ( names & numb]s :]eby we are enabl$ to "w ) ,nature z ) a ma*9e4#dfd ,z su*1 x may h an exactly-def9able end4 ,b z a piece ( hi/ory1 all made up ( de/9ies & incid5ts 9 ! lives ( ! m5 :o h work$ 9 x & 9 ! c\rse ( rese>* itself1 physics is1 9 po9t ( object1 me?ods & results alike an expression & actualization ( a ,culture1 an organic & evolv+ elem5t 9 ! ess5ce ( t ,culture1 & e "o ( its results is a symbol4 ,t :i* physics--:i* exi/s only 9 ! wak+-consci\sness ( ! ,culture-man--?9ks x f9ds 9 its me?ods & 9 its results 0 already !re1 und]ly+ & implicit 91 ! *oice & mann] ( its se>*4 ,its discov]ies1 9 virtue ( _! imag9$ cont5t 7z di/+ui%$ f _! pr9table =mul71 h be5 ( a purely my?ic nature1 ev5 9 m9ds s prud5t z ^? ( ,j4 ,b4 ,may]1 ,f>aday & ,h]tz4 ,9 e ,nature-law1 physically exact z x may be1 we are call$ ^u to di/+ui% betwe5 ! nameless numb] & ! nam+ ( x1 betwe5 ! pla9 fixation ( limits#dfe & _! !oretical int]pretation4 ,! =mul repres5t g5]al logical values1 pure numb]s--t is to say1 objective space--& b\nd>y-elem5ts4 ,b =mul are dumb4 ,! expression s gt means no?+ at all unless "o is able m5tally to connect ! lett]s ) p>ticul> words & _! symbolism4 ,b ! mom5t we clo! ! dead signs 9 su* words1 give !m fle%1 body & life1 &1 9 sum1 a p]ceptible significance 9 ! _w1 we h ov]/epp$ ! limits ( a m]e ord]4 means image1 vision1 & x is ?is t makes a ,nature-law out ( a figure-&-lett] =mula4 ,ev]y?+ exact is 9 itself mean+less1 & e physical obs]vation is s con/itut$ t x proves ! basis ( a c]ta9 numb] ( imag$ presuppositions2 & ! effect ( its successful issue is to make ^! presuppositions m conv9c+ ?an ev]4 ,ap>t f ^!1 ! result consi/s m]ely ( empty figures4 ,b 9 fact we d n & _c get ap>t f !m4 ,ev5 if an inve/igator puts on "o side e hypo!sis t he kn[s z su*1 z soon z he sets 8 ?\ght to "w on ! suppos$ly cle> task1 he is n controll+ b be+ controll$ by ! unconsci\s =m ( x1 = 9 liv+ activity he is always a man ( 8 ,culture1 ( 8 age1 ( 8 s*ool & ( 8 tradition4 ,fai? & 8k0 are only two species ( inn] c]titude1 b ( ! two fai? is ! old] & x dom9ates all ! conditions ( kn[+1 be !y nev] s exact4 ,& ?us x is !ories & n pure numb]s t are ! support ( all natural sci5ce4 ,! unconsci\s long+ = t g5u9e sci5ce :i* 7be x repeat$7 is peculi> to ! _s ( ,culture-man sets itself to appreh5d1 to p5etrate1 & to comprise )9 its grasp ! _w-image ( ,nature4 ,m]e indu/ri\s measur+ = measur+'s sake is n & nev] has be5 m ?an a delight = little m9ds4 ,numb]s may only be ! key ( ! secret1 no m4 ,no significant man w\ld ev] h sp5t himself on !m = _! own sake4 ,kant1 x is true1 says 9 a well-kn[n passage3 8,i ma9ta9 t 9 ea* & e discipl9e ( natural philosophy x is only possible to f9d z mu* ( true sci5ce z is to be f\nd ( ma!matics !re940 ,:at ,kant has 9 m9d "h is pure delimitation 9 ! field ( ! become1 s f> z law & =mula1 numb] & sy/em c 7at any p>ticul> /age7 be se5 9 t field4 ,b a law )\t words1 a law1 consi/+ m]ely ( a s]ies ( figures read (f an in/rum5t1 _c ev5 z an intellectual op]ation be completely effective 9 ?is pure /ate4 ,e savant's exp]im5t1 be x :at x may1 is at ! same "t an in/ance ( ! k9d ( symbolism t rules 9 ! savant's ideation4 ,all ,laws =mulat$ 9 words are ,ord]s t h be5 activat$ & vitaliz$1 fill$ ) ! v ess5ce ( ! "o--& only ! "o--,culture4 ,z to ! 8necessity0 :i* is a po/ulate 9 all exact rese>*1 "h too we h to consid] two k9ds ( necessity1 viz41 a necessity )9 ! spiritual & liv+ 7= x is ,de/9y t ! hi/ory ( e individual rese>*-act takes its c\rse :51 :]e & h[ x does7 & a necessity )9 ! kn[n 7= :i* ! curr5t ,we/]n "n is ,causality74 ,if ! pure numb]s ( a physical =mula repres5t a causal necessity1 ! exi/5ce1 ! bir? & ! life-duration ( a !ory are a ,de/9y4 ,e fact1 ev5 ! simple/1 conta9s ab initio a !ory4 ,a fact is a uniquely-occurr+ impression ^u a wak+ be+1 & ev]y?+ dep5ds on :e!r t be+1 ! be+ = :om x occurs or did occur1 is or 0 ,classical or ,we/]n1 ,go?ic or ,b>oque4 ,comp>e ! effect produc$ by a fla% ( lightn+ on a sp>r[ & on an al]t physical inve/igator1 & ?9k h[ mu* m is conta9$ 9 ! obs]v]'s 8fact0 ?an 9 ! sp>r['s4 ,! mod]n physici/ is too ready to =get t ev5 words l quantity1 position1 process1 *ange ( /ate & body repres5t specifically ,we/]n images4 ,^! words excite & ^! images mirror a feel+ ( significances1 too subtle = v]bal description1 incommunicable to ,classical or to ,magian or to o!r mank9d z l subtleties ( _! ?\ght & feel+ are incommunicable to u4 ,& ! "* ( sci5tific facts z su*--t is1 ! mode ( _! becom+ kn[n--is completely gov]n$ by ?is feel+2 & if s1 !n also a =tiori su* intricate intellectual notions z "w1 t5sion1 quantity ( en]gy1 quantity ( heat1 probability1#dff e "o ( :i* conta9s a v]itable sci5tific my? ( its own4 ,we ?9k ( su* conceptual images z ensu+ f q unprejudic$ rese>* &1 subject to c]ta9 conditions1 def9itively valid4 ,b a fir/-rate sci5ti/ ( ! "t ( ,ar*im$es w\ld h decl>$ himself1 aft] a ?or\gh /udy ( our mod]n !oretical physics1 q unable to compreh5d h[ anyone c\ld ass]t su* arbitr>y1 grotesque & involv$ notions to be ,sci5ce1 /ill less h[ !y c\ld be claim$ z necess>y consequ5ces f actual facts4 8,! sci5tifically-ju/ifi$ conclusions10 he w\ld h said1 8are really s-&-s02 & !reupon he w\ld h evolv$1 on ! basis ( ! same elem5ts made 8facts0 by 8 eyes & 8 m9d1 !ories t our physici/s w\ld li/5 to ) amaz$ ridicule4 ,= :at1 aft] all1 are ! basic notions t h be5 evolv$ ) inw>d c]ta9ty ( logic 9 ! field ( our physics8 ,pol>iz$ light- rays1 errant ions1 fly+ & collid+ gas-p>ticles1 magnetic fields1 electric curr5ts & waves--are !y n "o & all ,fau/ian visions1 closely ak9 to ,romanesque ornam5tation1 ! up?ru/ ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ! ,vik+'s voyag+ into unkn[n seas1 ! long+s ( ,columbus & ,cop]nicus8 ,did n ?is _w ( =ms & pictures gr[ up 9 p]fect tune ) ! contempor>y arts ( p]spective oil- pa9t+ & in/rum5tal music8 ,are !y n1 9 %ort1 our passionate direct$ness1 our passion ( ! ?ird dim5sion1 com+ to symbolic expression 9 ! imag9$ ,nature-picture z 9 ! s\l-image8 ,,ii ,x foll[s !n t all 8kn[+0 ( ,nature1 ev5 ! exacte/1 is bas$ on a religi\s fai?4 ,! pure me*anics t ! physici/ has set be=e himself z ! end-=m to :i* x is 8 task 7& ! purpose ( all ?is imag9ation-ma*9]y7 to r$uce ,nature1 presupposes a dogma--namely1 ! religi\s _w-picture ( ! ,go?ic c5turies4 ,= x is f ?is _w-picture t ! physics peculi> to ! ,we/]n intellect is d]iv$4 ,!re is no sci5ce t is )\t unconsci\s presuppositions ( ?is k9d1 ov] :i* ! rese>*] has no control & :i* c be trac$ back to ! e>lie/ days ( ! awak5+ ,culture4 ,!re is no ,natural sci5ce )\t a prec$5t ,religion4 ,9 ?is po9t !re is no di/9ction betwe5 ! ,ca?olic & ! ,mat]iali/ic views ( ! _w--bo? say ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t words4 ,ev5 a!i/ic sci5ce has religion2 mod]n me*anics exactly reproduces ! contemplativ5ess ( ,fai?4 ,:5 ! ,ionic rea*es its height 9 ,?ales or ! ,b>oque 9 ,bacon1 & man has come to ! urban /age ( 8 c>e]1 8 self-assurance beg9s to look ^u critical sci5ce1 9 contra/ to ! m primitive religion ( ! c\ntryside1 z ! sup]ior attitude t[>ds ?+s1 &1 hold+ z he ?9ks ! only key to real k1 to expla9 religion itself empirically & psy*ologically--9 o!r words1 to 8conqu]0 x ) ! re/4 ,n[1 ! hi/ory ( ! high] ,cultures %[s t 8sci5ce0 is a transitory spectacle1#dfg belong+ only to ! autumn & w9t] ( _! life-c\rse1 & t 9 ! cases ( ! ,classical1 ! ,indian1 ! ,*9ese & ! ,arabian ?\ght alike a few c5turies suffice = ! complete exhau/ion ( its possibilities4 ,classical sci5ce fad$ out betwe5 ! battle ( ,cann & t ( ,actium & made way = ! _w-outlook ( ! 8second religi\sness40#dfh ,& f ?is x is possible to =esee a date at :i* our ,we/]n sci5tific ?\ght %all h rea*$ ! limit ( its evolution4 ,!re is no ju/ification = assign+ to ?is intellectual =m-_w ! primacy ov] o!rs4 ,e critical sci5ce1 l e my? & e religi\s belief1 re/s ^u an inn] c]titude4 ,v>i\s z ! creatures ( ?is c]titude may be1 bo? 9 /ructure & 9 s\nd1 !y are n diff]5t 9 basic pr9ciple4 ,any reproa*1 !re=e1 levell$ by ,natural sci5ce at ,religion is a boom]ang4 ,we are presumptu\s & no less 9 suppos+ t we c ev] set up 8,! ,tru?0 9 ! place ( 8an?ropomorphic0 conceptions1 = no o!r conceptions b ^! exi/ at all4 ,e idea t is possible at all is a mirror ( ! be+ ( its au?or4 ,! /atem5t t 8man creat$ ,god 9 8 own image10 valid = e hi/orical religion1 is n less valid = e physical !ory1 h[ev] firm its reput$ basis ( fact4 ,classical sci5ti/s conceiv$ ( light z consi/+ 9 corporeal p>ticles proce$+ f ! s\rce ( light to ! eye ( ! behold]4 ,= ! ,arabian ?\ght1 ev5 at ! /age ( ! ,jewi%-,p]sian academies ( ,edessa1 ,resana & ,pombadi?a 7& = ,porphyry too71 ! col\rs & =ms ( ?+s 7 evid5c$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( a m$ium1 be+ br\ght 9 a magic & 8spiritual0 way to ! see+-p[] :i* 0 conceiv$ z sub/antial & resid5t 9 ! eyeball4 ,?is 0 ! doctr9e#dfi taught by ,ibn-al-,haitan1 by ,avic5na & by ! 8,bro!rs ( ,s9c]ity40#dgj ,& ! idea ( light z a =ce1 an impetus1 0 curr5t ev5 f ab\t #acjj among/ ! ,p>is ,occami/s :o c5tr$ on ,alb]t ( ,saxony1 ,buridan & ,oresme ! discov]] ( co-ord9ate geometry4 ,ea* ,culture has made its own set ( images ( processes1 :i* are true only = itself & only alive :ile x is itself alive & actualiz+ its possibilities4 ,:5 a ,culture is at its end & ! creative elem5t--! imag9ative p[]1 ! symbolism--is ext9ct1 !re are left 8empty0 =mul1 skeletons ( dead sy/ems1 :i* m5 ( ano!r ,culture read lit]ally1 feel to be )\t mean+ or value & ei!r me*anically /ore up or else despise & =get4 ,numb]s1 =mul1 laws mean no?+ & are no?+4 ,!y mu/ h a body1 & only a liv+ mank9d--project+ its liv+ness into !m & ?r\gh !m1 express+ itself by !m1 inw>dly mak+ !m its own-- c end[ !m ) t4 ,& ?us !re is no absolute sci5ce ( physics1 b only individual sci5ces t come1 fl\ri% & g )9 ! individual ,cultures4 ,! 8,nature0 ( ,classical man f\nd its highe/ arti/ic emblem 9 ! nude /atue1 & out ( x logically !re grew up a /atic ( bodies1 a physics ( ! ne>4 ,! ,arabian ,culture own$ ! arabesque & ! cav]n-vault+ ( ! mosque1 & out ( ?is _w-feel+ !re issu$ ,al*emy ) its ideas ( my/]i\s effici5t sub/antialities l ! 8philosophical m]cury10 :i* is nei!r a mat]ial nor a prop]ty b "s ?+ t und]lies ! col\r$ exi/5ce ( metals & c transmute "o metal into ano!r4#dga ,& ! outcome ( ,fau/ian man's ,nature idea 0 a dynamic ( unlimit$ span1 a physics ( ! di/ant4 ,to ! ,classical !re=e belong ! conceptions ( matt] & =m1 to ! ,arabian 7q ,sp9ozi/ically7 ! idea ( sub/ances ) visible or secret attributes1#dgb & to ! ,fau/ian ! idea ( =ce & mass4 ,apoll9ian !ory is a quiet m$itation1 ,magian a sil5t k ( ,al*emy ! means ( ,grace 7ev5 "h ! religi\s s\rce ( me*anics is to be disc]n$71 & ! ,fau/ian is f ! v outset a work+ hypo!sis4#dgc ,! ,greek ask$1 :at is ! ess5ce ( visible be+8 ,we ask1 :at possibility is !re ( ma/]+ ! invisible motive-=ces ( becom+8 ,= !m1 cont5t$ absorption 9 ! visible2 = u1 ma/]ful que/ion+ ( ,nature & me?odical exp]im5t4 ,z ) ! =mulation ( problems & ! me?ods ( deal+ ) !m1 s also ) ! basic concepts4 ,!y are symbols 9 ea* case ( ! "o & only ! "o ,culture4 ,! ,classical root-words 1 1 1 1 are n translatable into our spee*4 ,to r5d] by 8prime-/uff0 is to elim9ate its ,apoll9ian connotation1 to make ! holl[ %ell ( ! ^w s\nd an ali5 note4 ,t :i* ,classical man saw be=e him z 8motion0 9 space1 he und]/ood z 1 *ange ( position ( bodies2 we1 f ! way 9 :i* we exp]i5ce motion1 h d$uc$ ! concept ( a process1 a 8go+ =w>d10 !reby express+ & emphasiz+ t elem5t ( directional en]gy :i* our ?\ght necess>ily pr$icates 9 ! c\rses ( ,nature4 ,! ,classical critic ( ,nature took ! visible juxtaposition ( /ates z ! orig9al div]sity1 & specifi$ ! fam\s f\r elem5ts ( ,emp$ocles--namely1 e>? z ! rigid-corporeal1 wat] z ! non-rigid- corporeal & air z ! incorporeal1 toge!r ) fire1 :i* is s mu* ! /ronge/ ( all optical impressions t ! ,classical _s c\ld h no d\bt ( its bodil9ess4 ,! ,arabian 8elem5ts10 on ! contr>y1 are ideal & implicit 9 ! secret con/itutions & con/ellations :i* def9e ! ph5om5on ( ?+s = ! eye4 ,if we try to get a little ne>] to ?is feel+1 we %all f9d t ! opposition ( rigid & fluid means some?+ q diff]5t = ! ,syrian f :at x means = ! ,ari/otelian ,greek1 ! latt] see+ 9 x diff]5t degrees ( bodil9ess & ! =m] diff]5t magic attributes4 ,) ! =m] !re=e arises ! image ( ! *emical elem5t z a sort ( magic sub/ance t a secret causality makes to appe> out ( ?+s 7& to vani% into !m aga97 & :i* is subject ev5 to ! influ5ce ( ! />s4 ,9 ,al*emy !re is deep sci5tific d\bt z to ! pla/ic actuality ( ?+s--( ! 8somata0 ( ,greek ma!maticians1 physici/s & poets--& x dissolves & de/roys ! soma 9 ! hope ( f9d+ its ess5ce4 ,x is an iconocla/ic movem5t j z truly z ^? ( ,islam & ! ,byzant9e ,bogomils 7 s4 ,x reveals a deep disbelief 9 ! tangible figure ( ph5om5al ,nature1 ! figure ( h] t to ! ,greek 0 sacrosanct4 ,! conflict conc]n+ ! p]son ( ,*ri/ :i* manife/$ itself 9 all ! e>ly ,c\ncils & l$ to ! ,ne/orian & ,monophysite secessions is an al*emi/ic problem4#dgd ,x w\ld nev] h occurr$ to a ,classical physici/ to inve/igate ?+s :ile at ! same "t d5y+ or annihilat+ _! p]ceivable =m4 ,& = t v reason !re 0 no ,classical *emi/ry1 any m ?an !re 0 any !oriz+ on ! sub/ance z aga9/ ! manife/ations ( ,apollo4 ,! rise ( a *emical me?od ( ! ,arabian /yle betok5s a new _w- consci\sness4 ,! discov]y ( x1 :i* at "o bl[ made an end ( ,apoll9ian natural sci5ce1 ( me*anical /atics1 is l9k$ ) ! enigmatic "n ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1#dge :o is suppos$ to h liv$ 9 ,alex&ria at ! same "t z ,plot9us & ,diophantus4 ,simil>ly x 0 j at ! "t ( ! def9ite emancipation ( ! ,we/]n ma!matic by ,newton & ,leibniz t ! ,we/]n *emi/ry#dgf 0 fre$ f ,arabic =m by ,/ahl 7#affj-agcd7 & 8 ,phlogi/on !ory4 ,*emi/ry & ma!matic alike became pure analysis4 ,already ,p>acelsus 7#adic-aeda7 _h trans=m$ ! ,magian ef=t to make gold into a ph>maceutical sci5ce--a trans=mation 9 :i* "o _c b surmise an alt]$ _w-feel+4 ,!n ,rob]t ,boyle 7#afbf-afia7 devis$ ! analytical me?od & ) x ! ,we/]n conception ( ! ,elem5t4 ,b ! ensu+ *anges mu/ n be mis9t]pret$4 ,t :i* is call$ ! f\nd+ ( mod]n *emi/ry & has ,/ahl & ,lavoisi] at its turn+-po9ts is any?+ b a build+-up ( 8*emical0 ideas1 9 s f> z *emi/ry implies ! al*emi/ic outlook on ,nature4 ,x is 9 fact ! end ( g5u9e *emi/ry1 its dissolution into ! compreh5sive sy/em ( pure dynamic1 its assimilation into ! me*anical outlook :i* ! ,b>oque age _h e/abli%$ ?r\gh ,galileo & ,newton4 ,! elem5ts ( ,emp$ocles designate /ates ( bodil9ess 7bezei*n5 e9 krp]li*es ,si*v]halt57 b ! elem5ts ( ,lavoisi]1 ^: combu/ion-!ory foll[$ promptly ^u ! isolation ( oxyg5 9 #agga1 designate en]gy-sy/ems accessible to human w1 8rigid0 & 8fluid0 becom+ m]e t]ms to describe t5sion-relations betwe5 molecules4 ,by our analysis & syn!sis1 ,nature is n m]ely ask$ or p]suad$ b =c$4 ,! mod]n *emi/ry is a *apt] ( ! mod]n physics ( ,de$4 ,:at we call ,/atics1 ,*emi/ry & ,dynamics--words t z us$ 9 mod]n sci5ce are m]ely traditional di/9ctions )\t deep] mean+--are really ! respective physical sy/ems ( ! ,apoll9ian1 ,magian & ,fau/ian s\ls1 ea* ( :i* grew up 9 its own ,culture & 0 limit$ z to validity to ! same4 ,correspond+ to ^! sci5ces1 ea* to ea*1 we h ! ma!matics ( ,euclidean geometry1 ,algebra & ,high] ,analysis1 & ! arts ( /atue1 arabesque & fugue4 ,we may diff]5tiate ^! ?ree k9ds ( physics 7be>+ 9 m9d ( c\rse t o!r ,cultures may & 9 fact d give rise to o!r k9ds7 by _! /&po9ts t[>ds ! problem ( motion1 & call !m me*anical ord]+s ( /ates1 secret =ces & processes respectively4 ,,iii ,n[1 ! t5d5cy ( human ?\ght 7:i* is always causally dispos$7 to r$uce ! image ( ,nature to ! simple/ possible quantitative =m-units t c be got by causal reason+1 measur+ & c\nt+-- 9 a ^w1 by me*anical diff]5tiation--leads necess>ily 9 ,classical1 ,we/]n & e o!r possible physics1 to an atomic !ory4 ,( ,indian & ,*9ese sci5ce we "k h>dly m ?an ! fact !y once exi/$1 & ! ,arabian is s complicat$ t ev5 n[ x seems to defy pres5tation4 ,b we d "k our own & ! ,apoll9ian sci5ces well en\gh to obs]ve1 "h too1 a deeply symbolical opposition4 ,! ,classical atoms are m9iature =ms1 ! ,we/]n m9imal quanta1 & quanta1 too1 ( en]gy4 ,on ! "o h& p]ceptibility1 s5su\s ne>ness1 & on ! o!r1 ab/ractness are ! basic conditions ( ! idea4 ,! atomi/ic notions ( mod]n physics--:i* include n only ! ,daltonian or 8*emical0 atom b also ! electrons#dgg & ! quanta ( !rmodynamics--make m & m dem&s ^u t truly ,fau/ian p[] ( inn] vision :i* _m bran*es ( high] ma!matics 7su* z ! ,non-,euclidean geometries & ! ,!ory ( ,gr\ps7 po/ulate1 & :i* is n at ! disposal ( laym54 ,a quantum ( action is an ext5sion-elem5t conceiv$ )\t reg>d to s5sible quality ( any k9d1 :i* eludes all relation ) sight & t\*1 = :i* ! expression 8%ape0 has no mean+ :atev]--some?+ !re=e :i* w\ld be utt]ly inconceivable to a ,classical rese>*]4 ,su*1 already1 7 ,leibniz's 8,monads0#dgh & su*1 sup]latively1 are ! con/itu5ts ( ,ru!r=d's picture ( ! atom z positively-*>g$ nucleus ) planet>y negative electrons1 & ( ! picture t ,niels ,bohr has imag9$ by work+ ^! 9 ) ! 8quanta0 ( ,planck4#dgi ,! atoms ( ,leucippus & ,democritus 7 diff]5t 9 =m & magnitude1 t is to say1 !y 7 purely pla/ic units1 8indivisible10 z _! "n ass]ts1 b only pla/ically indivisible4 ,! atoms ( ,we/]n physics1 = :i* 8indivisibility0 has q ano!r mean+1 resemble ! figures & !mes ( music2 _! be+ or ess5ce consi/+ 9 vibration & radiation1 & _! relation to ! processes ( ,nature be+ t ( ! 8motive0 to ! 8movem5t40#dhj ,classical physics exam9es ! aspect1 ,we/]n ! work+1 ( ^! ultimate elem5ts 9 ! picture ( ! ,become2 9 ! "o1 ! basic notions are notions ( /uff & =m1 9 ! o!r !y are notions ( capacity & int5sity4 ,!re is a ,/oicism & !re is a ,socialism ( ! atom1 ! words describ+ ! /atic-pla/ic & ! dynamic-contrapuntal ideas ( x respectively4 ,! relations ( ^! ideas to ! images ( ! correspond+ e?ics is su* t e law & e def9ition takes ^! into acc\nt4 ,on ! "o h&--,democritus's multitude ( confus$ atoms1 put !re1 pati5t1 knock$ ab\t by ! bl9d *ance t he z well z ,sophocles call$ 1 hunt$ l dipus4 ,on ! o!r h&-- sy/ems ( ab/ract =ce-po9ts work+ 9 unison1 aggressive1 en]getically dom9at+ space 7z 8field071 ov]com+ resi/ances l ,macbe?4 ,! opposition ( basic feel+s makes t ( ! me*anical ,nature-pictures4 ,accord+ to ,leucippus ! atoms fly ab\t 9 ! void 8( !mselves02 ,democritus m]ely reg>ds %ock & c\nt]%ock z a =m ( *ange ( place4 ,ari/otle expla9s individual movem5ts z accid5tal1 ,emp$ocles speaks ( love & hate1 ,anaxagoras ( meet+s & p>t+s4 ,all ^! are elem5ts also ( ,classical trag$y2 ! figures on ! ,attic /age are relat$ to "o ano!r j s4 ,fur!r1 & logically1 !y are ! elem5ts ( ,classical politics4 ,!re we h m9ute cities1 political atoms rang$ along coa/s & on isl&s1 ea* jeal\sly /&+ = itself1 yet ev] ne$+ support1 %ut-9 & %y to ! po9t ( absurdity1 buffet$ hi!r & ?i!r by ! planless ord]less happ5+s ( ,classical hi/ory1 ris+ to-day & ru9$ to-morr[4 ,& 9 contra/--! dyna/ic /ates ( our #ag? & #ah? ,c5turies1 political fields ( =ce1 ) cab9ets & great diplomats z effective c5tres ( purposeful direction & compreh5sive vision4 ,! _s ( ,classical hi/ory & ! _s ( ,we/]n hi/ory c only be really und]/ood by consid]+ ! two s\ls z an opposition4 ,& we c say ! same ( ! atom-idea1 reg>d$ z ! basis ( ! respective physics4 ,galileo :o creat$ ! concept ( =ce & ! ,milesians :o creat$ t ( 1 ,democritus & ,leibniz1 ,ar*im$es & ,helmholtz1 are 8contempor>ies10 memb]s ( ! same intellectual phases ( q diff]5t ,cultures4 ,b ! inn] relation%ip betwe5 atom-!ory & e?ic goes fur!r4 ,x has be5 %[n h[ ! ,fau/ian s\l--^: be+ consi/s 9 ! ov]com+ ( pres5ce1 ^: feel+ is lonel9ess & ^: ye>n+ is inf9ity--puts its ne$ ( solitude1 di/ance & ab/raction into all its actualities1 into its public life1 its spiritual & its arti/ic =m-worlds alike4 ,?is pa?os ( di/ance 7to use ,nietzs*e's expression7 is peculi>ly ali5 to ! ,classical1 9 :i* ev]y?+ human dem&$ ne>ness1 support & community4 ,x is ?is t di/+ui%es ! _s ( ! ,b>oque f t ( ! ,ionic1 ! culture ( ! ,anci5 ,rgime f t ( ,p]iclean ,a!ns4 ,& ?is pa?os1 :i* di/+ui%es ! h]oic do] f ! h]oic suff]]1 appe>s also 9 ! picture ( ,we/]n physics z t5sion4 ,x is t5sion t is miss+ 9 ! sci5ce ( ,democritus2 = 9 ! pr9ciple ( %ock & c\nt]%ock x is d5i$ by implication t !re is a =ce comm&+ space & id5tical ) space4 ,&1 correspond+ly1 ! elem5t ( ,w is abs5t f ! ,classical s\l- image4 ,betwe5 ,classical m51 or /ates1 or views ( ! _w1 !re 0--= all ! qu>rell+ & envy & hatr$--no inn] t5sion1 no deep & urg+ ne$ ( di/ance1 solitude1 asc5dancy2 & consequ5tly !re 0 none betwe5 ! atoms ( ! ,cosmos ei!r4 ,! pr9ciple ( t5sion 7develop$ 9 ! pot5tial !ory71 :i* is :olly untranslatable into ,classical tongues & incommunicable to ,classical m9ds1 has become = ,we/]n physics fundam5tal4 ,its cont5t foll[s f ! notion ( en]gy1 ! ,w-to-,p[] 9 ,nature1 & !re=e x is = u j z necess>y z = ! ,classical ?\ght x is impossible4 ,,iv ,e atomic !ory1 !re=e1 is a my? & n an exp]i5ce4 ,9 x ! ,culture1 ?r\gh ! contemplative-creative p[] ( its great physici/s1 reveals its inmo/ ess5ce & v self4 ,x is only a preconceiv$ idea ( criticism t ext5sion exi/s 9 itself & indep5d5tly ( ! =m-feel+ & _w-feel+ ( ! kn[]4 ,! ?9k]1 9 imag9+ t he c cut out ! factor ( ,life1 =gets t kn[+ is relat$ to ! kn[n z direction is to ext5sion & t x is only ?r\gh ! liv+ quality ( direction t :at is felt ext5ds into di/ance & dep? & becomes space4 ,! cogniz$ /ructure ( ! ext5d$ is a projection ( ! cogniz+ be+4 ,we h already#dha %[n ! decisive importance ( ! dep?- exp]i5ce1 :i* is id5tical ) ! awak5+ ( a s\l & !re=e ) ! creation ( ! out] _w belong+ to t s\l4 ,! m]e s5se-impression conta9s only l5g? & bread?1 & x is ! liv+ & necess>y act ( int]pretation--:i*1 l ev]y?+ else liv+1 possesses direction1 motion & irrev]sibility 7! qualities t our consci\sness syn!sizes 9 ! ^w ,"t7--t adds dep? & !reby fa%ions actuality & _w4 ,life itself ent]s into ! exp]i5ces z ?ird dim5sion4 ,! d\ble mean+ ( ! ^w 8f>10 :i* ref]s bo? to future & to horizon1 betrays ! deep] mean+ ( ?is dim5sion1 ?r\gh :i* ext5sion z su* is evok$4 ,! ,becom+ /iff5s & passes & is at once ! ,become2 ,life /iff5s & passes & is at once ! ?ree-dim5sional ,space ( ! kn[n4 ,x is common gr\nd = ,desc>tes & ,p>m5ides t ?9k+ & be+1 i4e41 imag9$ & ext5d$1 are id5tical4 8,cogito1 ergo sum0 is simply ! =mulation ( ! dep?-exp]i5ce--,i cognize1 & !re=e ,i am 9 space4 ,b 9 ! /yle ( ?is cogniz+1 & !re=e ( ! cognition-product1 ! prime-symbol ( ! p>ticul> ,culture comes into play4 ,! p]fect$ ext5sion ( ! ,classical consci\sness is "o ( s5su\s & bodily pres5ce4 ,! ,we/]n consci\sness a*ieves ext5sion1 aft] its own fa%ion1 z transc5d5tal space1 & z x ?9ks its space m & m transc5d5tally x develops by degrees ! ab/ract pol>ity ( ,capacity & ,int5sity t s completely contra/s ) ! ,classical visual pol>ity ( ,matt] & ,=m4 ,b x foll[s f ?is t 9 ! kn[n !re c be no reappe>ance ( liv+ "t4 ,= ?is has already pass$ into ! kn[n1 into con/ant 8exi/5ce10 z ,dep?1 & h5ce duration 7i4e41 timelessness7 & ext5sion are id5tical4 ,only ! kn[+ possesses ! m>k ( direction4 ,! application ( ! ^w 8"t0 to ! imag9>y & measurable "t-dim5sion ( physics is a mi/ake4 ,! only "q is :e!r x is possible or n to avoid ! mi/ake4 ,if "o sub/itutes ! ^w 8,de/9y0 = 8"t0 9 any physical enunciation1 "o feels at once t pure ,nature does n conta9 ,"t4 ,! =m-_w ( physics ext5ds j z f> z ! cognate =m-_w ( numb] & notion ext5d1 & we h se5 t 7not)/&+ ,kant7 !re is n & _c be ! slighte/ relation ( any sort betwe5 ma!matical numb] & ,"t4 ,& yet ?is is controv]t$ by ! fact ( motion 9 ! picture ( ! _w-ar\nd4 ,x is ! unsolv$ & unsolvable problem ( ! ,eleatics--be+ 7or ?9k+7 & motion are incompatible2 motion 8is0 n 7is only 8app>5t074 ,& "h1 = ! second "t1 ,natural sci5ce becomes dogmatic & my?ological4 ,! words ,"t & ,de/9y1 = anyone :o uses !m in/9ctively1 t\* ,life itself 9 its deepe/ dep?s--life z a :ole1 :i* is n to be sep>at$ f liv$-exp]i5ce4 ,physics1 on ! o!r h&--i4e41 ! obs]v+ ,reason--mu/ sep>ate !m4 ,! liv+ly-exp]i5c$ 89-itself10 m5tally emancipat$ f ! act ( ! obs]v] & become object1 dead1 inorganic1 rigid1 is n[ 8,nature10 some?+ op5 to exhau/ive ma!matical treatm5t4 ,9 ?is s5se ! k ( ,nature is an activity ( measurem5t4 ,all ! same1 we live ev5 :5 we are obs]v+ & !re=e ! ?+ we are obs]v+ lives ) u4 ,! elem5t 9 ! ,nature-picture 9 virtue ( :i* x n m]ely f mom5t to mom5t is1 b 9 a cont9u\s fl[ ) & ar\nd u becomes1 is ! copula ( ! wak+-consci\sness & its _w4 ,?is elem5t is call$ movem5t1 & x contradicts ,nature z a picture1 b x repres5ts ! hi/ory ( ?is picture4 ,& !re=e1 z precisely z ,und]/&+ is ab/ract$ 7by means ( words7 f feel+ & ma!matical space f light-resi/ances 78?+s0#dhb71 s also physical 8"t0 is ab/ract$ f ! impression ( motion4 ,physics inve/igates ,nature1 & consequ5tly x kn[s "t only z a l5g?4 ,b ! physici/ lives 9 ! mid/ ( ! hi/ory ( ?is ,nature1 & !re=e he is =c$ to conceive motion z a ma!matically det]m9able magnitude1 z a concretion ( ! pure numb]s obta9$ 9 ! exp]im5t & writt5 d[n 9 =mul4 8,physics10 says ,kir*h(f1 8is ! complete & simple description ( motions40 ,t inde$ has always be5 its object4 ,b ! "q is "o n ( motions 9 ! picture b ( motions ( ! picture4 ,motion1 9 ! ,nature ( physics1 is no?+ else b t metaphysical some?+ :i* gives rise to ! consci\sness ( a succession4 ,! kn[n is timeless & ali5 to motion2 its /ate ( becom5ess implies ?is4 ,x is ! organic sequ5ce ( kn[ns t gives ! impression ( a motion4 ,! physici/ receives ! ^w z an impression n ^u 8reason0 b ^u ! :ole man1 & ! function ( t man is n 8,nature0 only b ! :ole _w4 ,& t is ! _w-z-hi/ory4 8,nature10 !n1 is an expression ( ! ,culture 9 ea* in/ance4#dhc ,all physics is treatm5t ( ! motion-problem--9 :i* ! life-problem itself is implicit--n z ?\gh x c\ld "o day be solv$1 b 9 spite (1 nay because (1 ! fact t x is insoluble4 ,! secret ( motion awak5s 9 man ! appreh5sion ( dea?4#dhd ,if1 !n1 ,nature-k is a subtle k9d ( self-k--,nature und]/ood z picture1 z mirror ( man--! attempt to solve ! motion- problem is an attempt ( k to get on ! track ( its own secret1 its own ,de/9y4 ,v ,only physiognomic tact c1 if creative1 succe$ 9 ?is1 & 9 fact x has done s f "t immemorial 9 ! arts1 p>ticul>ly tragic poetry4 ,x is ! ?9k+ man :o is p]plex$ by movem5t2 = ! contemplative x is self-evid5t4 ,& h[ev] completely ! =m] c r$uce 8 p]plexities to sy/em1 ! result is sy/ematic & n physiognomic1 pure ext5sion logically & num]ically ord]$1 no?+ liv+ b some?+ become & dead4 ,x is ?is t l$ ,goe!1 :o 0 a poet & n a comput]1 to obs]ve t 8,nature has no sy/em4 ,x has ,life1 x is ,life & succession f an unkn[n c5tre to an unkn[able b\rne40 ,= "o :o does n live x b kn[s x1 ,nature has a sy/em4 ,b x is only a sy/em & no?+ m1 & motion is a contradiction 9 x4 ,! contradiction may be cov]$ up by adroit =mulation1 b x lives on 9 ! fundam5tal concepts4 ,! %ock & c\nt]%ock ( ,democritus1 ! entele*y ( ,ari/otle1 ! notions ( =ce f ! 8impetus0 ( #ad?-,c5tury ,occami/s to ! quantum-!ory ( radiation1 all conta9 x4 ,let ! read] conceive ( ! motion )9 a physical sy/em z ! age+ ( t sy/em 7z 9 fact x is1 z liv$-exp]i5ce ( ! obs]v]71 & he w feel at once & di/9ctly ! fatefulness imman5t 91 ! unconqu]ably organic cont5t (1 ! ^w 8motion0 & all its d]ivative ideas4 ,b ,me*anics1 hav+ no?+ to d ) age+1 %\ld h no?+ to d ) motion ei!r1 & consequ5tly1 s9ce no sci5tific sy/em is conceivable )\t a motion-problem 9 x1 a complete & self-conta9$ me*anics is an impossibility4 ,some:]e or o!r !re is always an organic />t+-po9t 9 ! sy/em :]e imm$iate ,life ent]s x--an umbilical cord t connects ! m9d-*ild ) ! life-"m1 ! ?\ght ) ! ?9k]4 ,?is puts ! fundam5tals ( ,fau/ian & ,apoll9ian ,nature-sci5ce 9 q ano!r light4 ,no 8,nature0 is pure--!re is always some?+ ( hi/ory 9 x4 ,if ! man is ahi/orical1 l ! ,greek1 s t ! totality ( 8 impressions ( ! _w is absorb$ 9 a pure po9t- =m$ pres5t1 8 ,nature-image is /atic1 self-conta9$ 7t is1 wall$ aga9/ pa/ & future7 9 e individual mom5t4 ,"t z magnitude figures 9 ,greek physics z little z x does 9 ,ari/otle's entele*y-idea4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,man is hi/orically con/itut$1 ! image =m$ is dynamic4 ,numb]1 ! def9itive evaluation ( ! become1 is 9 ! case ( ahi/oric man ,measure1 & 9 t ( ! hi/orical man ,function4 ,"o measures only :at is pres5t & "o foll[s up only :at has a pa/ & a future1 a c\rse4 ,& ! effect ( ?is diff]5ce is t ! inn] inconsi/5cies ( ! motion-problem are cov]$ up 9 ,classical !ories & =c$ into ! =egr\nd 9 ,we/]n4 ,hi/ory is et]nal becom+ & !re=e et]nal future2 ,nature is become & !re=e et]nally pa/4#dhe ,& "h a /range inv]sion seems to h tak5 place--! ,becom+ has lo/ its priority ov] ! ,become4 ,:5 ! intellect looks back f its sph]e1 ! ,become1 ! aspect ( life is rev]s$1 ! idea ( ,de/9y :i* c>ries aim & future 9 x hav+ turn$ into ! me*anical pr9ciple ( cause-&- effect ( :i* ! c5tre ( gravity lies 9 ! pa/4 ,! spatially- exp]i5c$ is promot$ to rank above ! temporal liv+1 & "t is replac$ by a l5g? 9 a spatial _w-sy/em4 ,&1 s9ce 9 ! creative exp]i5ce ext5sion foll[s f direction1 ! spatial f life1 ! human und]/&+ imports life z a process into ! inorganic space ( its imag9ation4 ,:ile life looks on space z some?+ functionally belong+ to itself1 intellect looks ^u life z some?+ 9 space4 ,de/9y asks3 8,:i!r801 ,causality asks3 8,:5ce80 ,to e/abli% sci5tifically means1 />t+ f ! become & actualiz$1 to se>* = 8causes0 by go+ back along a me*anically-conceiv$ c\rse1 t is to say1 by treat+ becom+ z a l5g?4 ,b x is n possible to live backw>ds1 only to ?9k backw>ds4 ,n ,"t & ,de/9y are rev]sible1 b only t :i* ! physici/ calls 8"t0 & admits into 8 =mul z divisible1 & pref]ably z negative or imag9>y quantities4 ,! p]plexity is always !re1 ?\gh x has r>ely be5 se5 to be orig9ally & necess>ily inh]5t4 ,9 ! ,classical sci5ce ! ,eleatics1 decl9+ to admit ! necessity ( ?9k+ ( ,nature z 9 motion1 set up aga9/ x ! logical view t ?9k+ is a be+1 ) ! coroll>y t kn[n & ext5d$ are id5tical & k & becom+ !re=e irreconcilable4 ,_! criticisms h n be51 & _c be1 refut$4 ,b !y did n h9d] ! evolution ( ,classical physics1 :i* 0 a necess>y expression ( ! ,apoll9ian s\l & z su* sup]ior to logical difficulties4 ,9 ! 8classical0 me*anics s-call$ ( ! ,b>oque1 f\nd$ by ,galileo & ,newton1 an irreproa*able solution ( ! motion-problem on dynamic l9es has be5 s\ght aga9 & aga94 ,! hi/ory ( ! concept ( =ce1 :i* has be5 /at$ & re/at$ ) all ! tireless passion ( a ?\ght t feels its own self endang]$ by a difficulty1 is no?+ b ! hi/ory ( endeav\rs to f9d a =m t is unimpea*able1 ma!matically & conceptually1 = motion4 ,! la/ s]i\s attempt-- :i* fail$ l ! re/1 & ( necessity--0 ,h]tz's4 ,)\t discov]+ ! true s\rce ( all p]plexities 7no physici/ z yet has done t71 ,h]tz tri$ to elim9ate ! notion ( =ce entirely--rightly feel+ t error 9 all me*anical sy/ems has to be look$ = 9 "o or ano!r ( ! basic concepts--& to build up ! :ole picture ( physics on ! quantities ( "t1 space & mass4 ,b he did n obs]ve t x is ,"t itself 7:i* z direction-factor is pres5t 9 ! =ce-concept7 t is ! organic elem5t )\t :i* a dynamic !ory _c be express$ & ) :i* a clean solution _c be got4 ,moreov]1 q ap>t f ?is1 ! concepts =ce1 mass & motion con/itute a dogmatic unit4 ,!y s condition "o ano!r t ! application ( "o ( !m tacitly involves bo? ! o!rs f ! outset4 ,! :ole ,apoll9ian conception ( ! motion-problem is implicit 9 ! root-^w 1 ! :ole ,we/]n conception ( x 9 ! =ce-idea4 ,! notion ( mass is only ! complem5t ( t ( =ce4 ,newton1 a deeply religi\s nature1 0 only br++ ! ,fau/ian _w-feel+ to expression :51 to elucidate ! words 8=ce0 & 8motion10 he said t masses are po9ts ( attack = =ce & c>ri]s = motion4 ,s ! #ac?-,c5tury ,my/ics _h conceiv$ ( ,god & 8 relation to _w4 ,newton no d\bt reject$ ! metaphysical elem5t 9 8 fam\s say+ 8hypo!ses non f+o10 b all ! same he 0 metaphysical ?r\gh & ?r\gh 9 ! f\nd+ ( 8 me*anics4 ,=ce is ! me*anical ,nature-picture ( we/]n man2 :at ,w is to 8 s\l-picture & inf9ite ,godhead 9 8 _w-picture4 ,! prim>y ideas ( ?is physics /ood firm long be=e ! fir/ physici/ 0 born1 = !y lay 9 ! e>lie/ religi\s _w-consci\sness ( our ,culture4 ,,vi ,) ?is x becomes manife/ t ! physical notion ( ,necessity1 too1 has a religi\s orig94 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! me*anical necessity t rules 9 :at our intellects compreh5d z ,nature is f\nd$ ^u ano!r necessity :i* is organic & fateful 9 ,life itself4 ,! latt] creates1 ! =m] re/ricts4 ,"o foll[s f inw>d c]titude1 ! o!r f demon/ration2 t is ! di/9ction betwe5 tragic & te*nical1 hi/orical & physical logic4 ,!re are1 fur!r1 diff]5ces )9 ! necessity po/ulat$ & assum$ by sci5ce 7t ( cause-&-effect7 :i* h s f> elud$ ! ke5e/ sight4 ,we are confront$ "h ) a "q at once ( v great difficulty & ( sup]lative importance4 ,a ,nature-k is 7h[ev] philosophy may express ! relation7 a function ( kn[+1 :i* is 9 ea* case kn[+ 9 a p>ticul> /yle4 ,a sci5tific necessity !re=e has ! /yle ( ! appropriate intellect1 & ?is br+s morphological diff]5ces into ! field at once4 ,x is possible to see a /rict necessity 9 ,nature ev5 :]e x may be impossible to express x 9 natural laws4 ,9 fact natural laws1 :i* = u are self-evid5tly ! prop] expression-=m 9 sci5ce1 are n by any means s = ! m5 ( o!r ,cultures4 ,!y presuppose a q special =m1 ! di/9ctively ,fau/ian =m1 ( und]/&+ & !re=e ( ,nature-kn[+4 ,!re is no?+ inh]5tly absurd 9 ! conception ( a me*anical necessity :]e9 ea* individual case is morphologically self-conta9$ & nev] exactly reproduc$1 9 :i* !re=e ! acquisitions ( k _c be put into consi/5tly- valid =mul4 ,9 su* a case ,nature w\ld appe> 7to put x metaphorically7 z an un5d+ decimal t 0 also non-recurr+1 de/itute ( p]iodicity4 ,& s1 und\bt$ly1 x 0 conceiv$ by ,classical m9ds--! feel+ ( x manife/ly und]lies _! prim>y physical concepts4 ,= example1 ! prop] motion ( ,democritus's atoms is su* z to exclude any possibility ( calculat+ motions 9 advance4 ,nature-laws are =ms ( ! kn[n 9 :i* an aggregate ( individual cases are br\ght toge!r z a unit ( high] degree4 ,liv+ ,"t is ignor$--t is1 x does n matt] :e!r1 :5 or h[ (t5 ! case arises1 = ! "q is n ( *ronological sequ5ce b ( ma!matical consequ5ce4#dhf ,b 9 ! consci\sness t no p[] 9 ! _w c %ake ?is calculation lies our w to comm& ov] ,nature4 ,t is ,fau/ian4 ,x is only f ?is /&po9t t miracles appe> z brea*es ( ! laws ( ,nature4 ,magian man saw 9 !m m]ely ! ex]cise ( a p[] t 0 n common to all1 n 9 any way a contradiction ( ! laws ( ,nature4 ,& ,classical man1 accord+ to ,protagoras1 0 only ! measure & n ! creator ( ?+s--a view t unconsci\sly =goes all conque/ ( ,nature ?r\gh ! discov]y & application ( laws4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! causality-pr9ciple1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is self-evid5tly necess>y = u--! agre$ basis ( tru? = our ma!matics1 physics & philosophy--is a ,we/]n &1 m /rictly speak+1 a ,b>oque ph5om5on4 ,x _c be prov$1 = e pro( set =? 9 a ,we/]n language & e exp]im5t conduct$ by a ,we/]n m9d presupposes itself4 ,9 e problem1 ! enunciation conta9s ! pro( 9 g]m4 ,! me?od ( a sci5ce is ! sci5ce itself4 ,beyond "q1 ! notion ( laws ( ,nature & ! conception ( physics z 8sci5tia exp]im5talis10#dhg :i* has held ev] s9ce ,rog] ,bacon1 conta9s a priori ?is specific k9d ( necessity4 ,! ,classical mode ( reg>d+ ,nature--! alt] ego ( ! ,classical mode ( be+--on ! contr>y1 does n conta9 x1 & yet x does n appe> t ! sci5tific position is weak5$ 9 logic !reby4 ,if we "w c>efully ?r\gh ! utt]ances ( ,democritus1 ,anaxagoras1 & ,ari/otle 79 :om is conta9$ ! :ole sum ( ,classical ,nature-speculation71 &1 above all1 if we exam9e ! connotations ( key-t]ms l 1 1 1 we look ) a/oni%m5t into a _w-image totally unlike our own4 ,?is _w-image is self-suffic+ & !re=e1 = ?is def9ite sort ( mank9d1 unconditionally true4 ,& causality 9 our s5se plays no "p !re94 ,! al*emi/ or philosoph] ( ! ,arabian ,culture1 too1 assumes a necessity )9 8 _w-cav]n t is utt]ly & completely diff]5t f ! necessity ( dynamics4 ,!re is no causal nexus ( law-=m b only "o cause1 ,god1 imm$iately und]ly+ e effect4 ,to believe 9 ,nature-laws w\ld1 f ?is /&po9t1 be to d\bt ! almight9ess ( ,god4 ,if a rule seems to em]ge1 x is because x pleases ,god s2 b to suppose t ?is rule 0 a necessity w\ld be to yield to a temptation ( ! ,devil4 ,?is 0 ! attitude also ( ,c>neades1 ,plot9us & ! ,neo-,py?agoreans4#dhh ,?is necessity und]lies ! ,gospels z x does ! ,talmud & ! ,ave/a1 & ^u x re/s ! te*nique ( al*emy4 ,! conception ( numb] z function is relat$ to ! dynamic pr9ciple ( cause-&-effect4 ,bo? are creations ( ! same intellect1 expression-=ms ( ! same spirituality1 =mative pr9ciples ( ! same objectiviz$ & 8become0 ,nature4 ,9 fact ! physics ( ,democritus diff]s f ! physics ( ,newton 9 t ! *os5 />t+-po9t ( ! "o is ! optically-giv5 :ile t ( ! o!r is ab/ract relations t h be5 d$uc$ f x4 ,! 8facts0 ( ,apoll9ian ,nature-k are ?+s1 & !y lie on ! surface ( ! kn[n1 b ! facts ( ,fau/ian sci5ce are relations1 :i* 9 g5]al are invisible to lay eyes1 :i* h to be ma/]$ intellectually1 :i* require = _! communication a code-language t only ! exp]t rese>*] c fully und]/&4 ,! ,classical1 /atic1 necessity is imm$iately evid5t 9 ! *ang+ ph5om5a1 :ile ! dynamic causation-pr9ciple prevails beyond ?+s & its t5d5cy is to weak51 or to aboli% ev51 _! s5sible actuality4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! _w ( significance t is connect$1 "u pres5t-day hypo!ses1 ) ! expression 8a magnet40 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 :i* s9ce its enunciation by ,j4 ,r4 ,may] has be5 reg>d$ 9 all s]i\sness z a pla9 conceptual necessity1 is 9 fact a r$escription ( ! dynamic pr9ciple ( causality by means ( ! physical concept ( =ce4 ,! appeal to 8exp]i5ce10 & ! controv]sy z to :e!r judgm5t is necess>y or empirical--i4e41 9 ! language ( ,kant 7:o greatly deceiv$ himself ab\t ! highly-fluid b\nd>ies betwe5 ! two71 :e!r x is a priori or a po/]iori c]ta9--are *>act]i/ically ,we/]n4 ,no?+ seems to u m self-evid5t & unambigu\s ?an 8exp]i5ce0 z ! s\rce ( exact sci5ce4 ,! ,fau/ian exp]im5t1 bas$ on work+ hypo!ses & employ+ ! me?ods ( measurem5t1 is no?+ b ! sy/ematic & exhau/ive exploitation ( ?is 8exp]i5ce40 ,b no "o has notic$ t a :ole _w-view is implicit 9 su* a concept ( 8exp]i5ce0 ) its aggressive dynamic connotation1 & t !re is n & _c be 8exp]i5ce0 9 ?is pregnant s5se = m5 ( o!r ,cultures4 ,:5 we decl9e to recognize ! sci5tific results ( ,anaxagoras or ,democritus z exp]i5tial results1 x does n mean t ^! ,classical ?9k]s 7 incapable ( int]pret+ & m]ely ?rew (f fancies1 b t we miss 9 _! g5]alizations t causal elem5t :i* = u con/itutes exp]i5ce 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4 ,manife/ly1 we h nev] yet giv5 adequate ?\ght to ! s+ul>ity ( ?is1 ! pure ,fau/ian1 conception ( exp]i5ce4 ,! contra/ betwe5 x & fai? is obvi\s--& entirely sup]ficial4 ,= inde$ exact s5su\s-intellectual exp]i5ce is 9 po9t ( /ructure completely congru5t ) t he>t-exp]i5ce 7z we may well call x71 t illum9ation :i* deep religi\s natures ( ! ,we/ 7,pascal1 = in/ance1 :om "o & ! same necessity made ma!matician & ,jans5i/7 h kn[n 9 ! significant mom5ts ( _! be+4 ,exp]i5ce means to u an activity ( ! intellect1 :i* does n resign$ly conf9e itself to receiv+1 ackn[l$g+ & arrang+ mom5t>y & purely pres5t impressions1 b seeks !m out & calls !m up 9 ord] to ov]come !m 9 _! s5su\s pres5ce & to br+ !m into an unb\nd$ unity 9 :i* _! s5su\s discret5ess is dissolv$4 ,exp]i5ce 9 our s5se possesses ! t5d5cy f p>ticul> to inf9ite4 ,& = t v reason x is 9 contradiction ) ! feel+ ( ,classical sci5ce4 ,:at = u is ! way to acquire exp]i5ce is = ! ,greek ! way to lose x4 ,& !re=e he kept away f ! dra/ic me?od ( exp]im5t2 !re=e 8 physics1 in/ead ( be+ a mighty sy/em ( work$-out laws & =mul t /rong-h&$ly ov]ride ! s5se-pres5t 78only k is p[]071 is an aggregate ( impressions--well ord]$1 int5sifi$ by s5su\s imag]y1 clean-edg$--:i* leaves ,nature intact 9 its self-complet5ess4 ,our exact ,natural sci5ce is imp]ative1 ! ,classical is 9 ! lit]al s5se1 ! result ( passive contemplativ5ess4 ,,vii ,we c n[ say )\t any hesitation t ! =m-_w ( a ,natural sci5ce corresponds to ^? ( ! appropriate ma!matic1 ! appropriate religion1 ! appropriate art4 ,a deep ma!matician--by :i* is meant n a ma/]-comput] b a man1 any man1 :o feels ! _s ( numb]s liv+ )9 him--realizes t ?r\gh x he 8kn[s ,god40 ,py?agoras & ,plato knew ?is z well z ,pascal & ,leibniz did s4 ,t]5tius ,v>ro1 9 8 exam9ation ( ! old ,roman religion 7d$icat$ to ,julius ,cs>71 di/+ui%$ ) ,roman s]i\sness betwe5 ! !ologia civilis1 ! sum ( (ficially-recogniz$ belief1 ! !ologia my?ica1 ! imag9ation-_w ( poets & arti/s1 & ! !ologia physica ( philosophical speculation4 ,apply+ ?is to ! ,fau/ian ,culture1 t :i* ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,lu!r1 ,calv9 & ,loyola taught belongs to ! fir/ category1 ,dante & ,goe! belong to ! second2 & to ! ?ird belongs sci5tific physics1 inasmu* z beh9d its =mul !re are images4 ,n only primitive man & ! *ild1 b also ! high] animals spontane\sly evolve f ! small ev]yday exp]i5ces an image ( ,nature :i* conta9s ! sum ( te*nical indications obs]v$ z recurr5t4 ,! eagle 8kn[s0 ! mom5t at :i* to swoop d[n on ! prey2 ! s++-bird sitt+ on ! eggs 8kn[s0 ! approa* ( ! m>t52 ! de] 8f9ds0 ! place :]e !re is food4 ,9 man1 ?is exp]i5ce ( all ! s5ses has n>r[$ & deep5$ itself into exp]i5ce ( ! eye4 ,b1 z ! habit ( v]bal spee* has n[ be5 sup]add$1 und]/&+ comes to be ab/ract$ f see+1 & !nce=w>d develops indep5d5tly z reason+2 to ! in/antly- compreh5d+ te*nique is add$ ! reflective !ory4 ,te*nique applies itself to visible ne> ?+s & pla9 ne$s1 !ory to ! di/ance & ! t]rors ( ! invisible4 ,by ! side ( ! petty k ( ev]yday life x sets up belief4 ,& /ill !y evolve1 !re is a new k & a new & high] te*nique1 & to ! my? !re is add$ ! cult4 ,! "o tea*es h[ to "k ! 8num9a10 ! o!r h[ to conqu] !m4 ,= !ory 9 ! em95t s5se is religi\s ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,x is only 9 q late /ates t sci5tific !ory evolves out ( religi\s1 ?r\gh m5 hav+ become aw>e ( me?ods4 ,ap>t f ?is !re is little alt]ation4 ,! image-_w ( physics rema9s my?ic1 its proc$ure rema9s a cult ( conjur+ ! p[]s 9 ?+s1 & ! images t x =ms & ! me?ods t x uses rema9 g5]ically dep5d5t ^u ^? ( ! appropriate religion4#dhi ,f ! lat] days ( ! ,r5aissance onw>d1 ! notion ( ,god has /eadily approximat$1 9 ! _s ( e man ( high significance1 to ! idea ( pure endless ,space4 ,! ,god ( ,ignatius ,loyola's ex]citia spiritualis is ! ,god also ( ,lu!r's 8e9' fe/e ,burg10 ( ! ,improp]ia ( ,pale/r9a & ! ,cantatas ( ,ba*4 ,he is no long] ! ,fa!r ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi & ! high-vault$ ca!drals1 ! p]sonally-pres5t1 c>+ & mild ,god felt by ,go?ic pa9t]s l ,giotto & ,/eph5 ,lo*n]1 b an imp]sonal pr9ciple2 unimag9able1 intangible1 work+ my/]i\sly 9 ! ,inf9ite4 ,e relic ( p]sonality dissolves into ins5sible ab/raction1 su* a div9ity z only in/rum5tal music ( ! gr& /yle is capable ( repres5t+1 a div9ity be=e :i* pa9t+ breaks d[n & drops into ! backgr\nd4 ,?is ,god-feel+ x 0 t =m$ ! sci5tific _w-image ( ! ,we/1 its 8,nature10 its 8exp]i5ce0 & !re=e its !ories & its me?ods1 9 direct contradiction to ^? ( ! ,classical4 ,! =ce :i* moves ! mass--t is :at ,mi*elangelo pa9t$ 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel2 t is :at we feel gr[+ m & m int5se f ! ar*etype ( ,il ,ges to ! climax 9 ! ca!dral faades ( ,della ,porta & ,mad]na1 & f ,he9ri* ,s*tz to ! transc5d5t tone-worlds ( #ah?-,c5tury *ur* music2 t is :at 9 ,%akespe>ian trag$y fills ) _w-becom+ sc5es wid5$ to inf9ity4 ,& t is :at ,galileo & ,newton captur$ 9 =mul & concepts4 ,! ^w 8,god0 r+s o!rwise "u ! vault+ ( ,go?ic ca!drals or 9 ! cloi/]s ( ,maulbronn & ,/4 ,gall5 ?an 9 ! basilicas ( ,syria & ! temples ( ,republican ,rome4 ,! "* ( ! ,fau/ian ca!dral is t ( ! =e/4 ,! mighty elevation ( ! nave above ! flank+ aisles1 9 contra/ to ! flat ro( ( ! basilica2 ! trans=mation ( ! columns1 :i* ) base & capital _h be5 set z self-conta9$ individuals 9 space1 into pill>s & clu/]$- pill>s t gr[ up out ( ! e>? & spread on high into an inf9ite subdivision & int]lac+ ( l9es & bran*es2 ! giant w9d[s by :i* ! wall is dissolv$ & ! int]ior fill$ ) my/]i\s light--^! are ! ar*itectural actualiz+ ( a _w- feel+ t _h f\nd ! fir/ ( all its symbols 9 ! high =e/ ( ! ,nor!rn pla9s1 ! decidu\s =e/ ) its my/]i\s trac]y1 its :isp]+ ( ev]-mobile foliage ov] m5's heads1 its bran*es /ra9+ ?r\gh ! trunks to be free ( e>?4 ,?9k ( ,romanesque ornam5tation & its deep aff9ity to ! s5se ( ! woods4 ,! endless1 lonely1 twilight wood became & rema9$ ! secret wi/fulness 9 all ,we/]n build+-=ms1 s t :5 ! =m-en]gy ( ! /yle di$ d[n--9 late ,go?ic z 9 clos+ ,b>oque--! controll$ ab/ract l9e-language resolv$ itself imm$iately into naturali/ic bran*es1 %oots1 twigs & leaves4 ,cypresses & p9es1 ) _! corporeal & ,euclidean effect1 c\ld nev] h become symbols ( un5d+ space4 ,b ! oaks1 bee*es & l9d5s ) ! fitful light-flecks play+ 9 _! %ad[-fill$ volume are felt z bodiless1 b\ndless1 spiritual4 ,! /em ( ! cypress f9ds conclusive fulfilm5t ( its v]tical t5d5cy 9 ! def9$ columniation ( its cone-masses1 b t ( an oak seems1 ev] re/less & unsatisfi$1 to /ra9 beyond its summit4 ,9 ! a%1 ! victory ( ! up/riv+ bran*es ov] ! unity ( ! cr[n seems actually to be won4 ,its aspect is ( some?+ dissolv+1 some?+ exp&+ into space1 & x 0 = ?is probably t ! ,_w-,a% ,yggdrasil became a symbol 9 ! ,nor!rn my?ology4 ,! ru/le ( ! woods1 a *>m t no ,classical poet ev] felt--= x lies beyond ! possibilities ( ,apoll9ian ,nature-feel+--/&s ) its secret que/ions 8:5ce8 :i!r80 its m]g+ ( pres5ce into et]nity1 9 a deep relation ) ,de/9y1 ) ! feel+ ( ,hi/ory & ,duration1 ) ! quality ( ,direction t impels ! anxi\s1 c>+1 ,fau/ian s\l t[>ds inf9itely-di/ant ,future4 ,& = t reason ! organ1 t ro>s deep & high ?r\gh our *ur*es 9 tones :i*1 comp>$ ) ! pla9 solid notes ( aulos & ci?>a1 seem to "k nei!r limit nor re/ra9t1 is ! in/rum5t ( in/rum5ts 9 ,we/]n devotions4 ,ca!dral & organ =m a symbolic unity l temple & /atue4 ,! hi/ory ( organ-build+1 "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd & mov+ *apt]s ( our musical hi/ory1 is a hi/ory ( a long+ = ! =e/1 a long+ to speak 9 ! language ( t true temple ( ,we/]n ,god-fe>+4 ,f ! v]se ( ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* to ! music ( 8,tri/an0 ?is long+ has borne fruit unceas+ly4 ,or*e/ra- tone /rove tirelessly 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury t[>ds a ne>] k9%ip ) ! organ-tone4 ,! ^w 8s*web5d0--mean+less z appli$ to ,classical ?+s--is important alike 9 ! !ory ( music1 9 oil-pa9t+1 9 ar*itecture & 9 ! dynamic physics ( ! ,b>oque4 ,/& 9 a high wood ( mighty /ems :ile ! /orm is te>+ above1 & y w compreh5d in/antly ! full mean+ ( ! concept ( a =ce :i* moves mass4 ,out ( su* a prim>y feel+ 9 ! exi/5ce t has become ?\ghtful !re arises1 !n1 an idea ( ! ,div9e imman5t 9 ! _w-ar\nd1 & ?is idea becomes /eadily m def9ite4 ,! ?\ghtful p]cipi5t takes 9 ! impression ( motion 9 out] ,nature4 ,he feels ab\t him an almo/ indescribable ali5 life ( unkn[n p[]s1 & traces ! orig9 ( ^! effects to 8num9a10 to ,! ,o!r1 inasmu* z ?is ,o!r also possesses ,life4 ,a/oni%m5t at ali5 motion is ! s\rce ( religion & ( physics bo?2 respectively1 !y are ! elucidations ( ,nature 7_w-ar\nd7 by ! s\l & by ! reason4 ,! 8p[]s0 are ! fir/ object bo? ( fe>ful or lov+ rev]5ce & ( critical inve/igation4 ,!re is a religi\s exp]i5ce & a sci5tific exp]i5ce4 ,n[ x is important to obs]ve h[ ! consci\sness ( ! ,culture intellectually concretes its prim>y 8num9a40 ,x imposes significant words--names--on !m & !re conjures 7seizes or b\nds7 !m4 ,by virtue ( ! ,"n !y are subject to ! intellectual p[] ( ! man :o possesses ! ,"n1 & 7z has be5 %[n already7 ! :ole ( philosophy1 ! :ole ( sci5ce1 & ev]y?+ t is relat$ 9 any way to 8kn[+0 is at ! v bottom no?+ b an inf9itely-ref9$ mode ( apply+ ! "n-magic ( ! primitive to ! 8ali540 ,! pron\ncem5t ( ! "r "n 79 physics1 ! "r concept7 is an incantation4 ,deities & basic notions ( sci5ce alike come into be+ fir/ z vocable names1 ) :i* is l9k$ an idea t t5ds to become m & m s5su\sly def9ite4 ,! outcome ( a ,num5 is a ,deus1 ! outcome ( a notion is an idea4 ,9 ! m]e nam+ ( 8?+-9-itself10 8atom10 8en]gy10 8gravitation10 8cause10 8evolution0 & ! l is = mo/ le>n$ m5 ! same s5se ( deliv]ance z !re 0 = ! peasant ( ,latium 9 ! words 8,c]es10 8,consus10 8,janus10 8,ve/a40#dij ,= ! ,classical _w-feel+1 con=mably to ! ,apoll9ian dep?- exp]i5ce & its symbolism1 ! individual body 0 8,be+40 ,logically !re=e ! =m ( ?is body1 z x pres5t$ itself 9 ! light1 0 felt z its ess5ce1 z ! true purport ( ! ^w 8be+40 ,:at has n %ape1 :at is n a %ape1 is n at all4 ,on ! basis ( ?is feel+ 7:i* 0 ( an int5sity t we c h>dly imag9e7 ! ,classical _s creat$ z c\nt]-concept#dia to ! =m ( 8,! ,o!r0 ,non-,=m viz41 /uff1 1 1 t :i* 9 itself possesses no be+ & is m]ely complem5t to ! actual 8,ent10 repres5t+ a second>y & coroll>y necessity4 ,9 ^! conditions1 x is easy to see h[ ! ,classical pan!on inevitably %ap$ itself1 z a high] mank9d side by side ) ! common mank9d1 z a set ( p]fectly- =m$ bodies1 ( high possibilities inc>nate & pres5t1 b 9 ! uness5tial ( /uff n di/+ui%$ & !re=e subject to ! same cosmic & tragic necessity4 ,x is o!rwise t ! ,fau/ian _w-feel+ exp]i5ces dep?4 ,"h ! sum ( true ,be+ appe>s z pure effici5t ,space1 :i* is be+4 ,& !re=e :at is s5su\sly felt1 :at is v significantly designat$ ! pl5um 7das ,raum]fll5de71 is felt z a fact ( ! second ord]1 z some?+ que/ionable or speci\s1 z a resi/ance t mu/ be ov]come by philosoph] or physici/ be=e ! true cont5t ( ,be+ c be discov]$4 ,we/]n scepticism has nev] be5 direct$ aga9/ ,space1 always aga9/ tangible ?+s only4 ,space is ! high] idea--=ce is only a less ab/ract expression = x--& x is only z a c\nt]-concept to space t mass arises4 ,= mass is :at is 9 space & is logically & physically dep5d5t ^u space4 ,f ! assumption ( a wave-motion ( light1 :i* und]lies ! conception ( light z a =m ( en]gy1 ! assumption ( a correspond+ mass1 ! 8lum9if]\s !r0 necess>ily foll[$4 ,a def9ition ( mass & ascription ( prop]ties to mass foll[s f ! def9ition ( =ce 7& n vice v]sa7 ) all ! necessity ( a symbol4 ,all ,classical notions ( sub/antiality1 h[ev] !y diff]$ among/ !mselves z reali/ or ideali/1 di/+ui% a 8to-be-=m$10 t is1 a ,non5t1 :i* only receives clos] def9ition f ! basic concept ( =m1 :atev] ?is =m may be 9 ! p>ticul> philosophical sy/em4 ,all ,we/]n notions ( sub/antiality di/+ui% a 8to-be-mov$10 :i* also is a negative1 no d\bt1 b "o pol> to a diff]5t positive4 ,=m & non-=m1 =ce & non-=ce--^! words r5d] z cle>ly z may be ! pol>ities t 9 ! two ,cultures und]lie ! _w- impression & conta9 all its modes4 ,t :i* comp>ative philosophy has hi!rto r5d]$ inaccurately & mislead+ly by ! "o ^w 8matt]0 signifies 9 ! "o case ! sub/ratum ( %ape1 9 ! o!r ! sub/ratum ( =ce4 ,no two notions c\ld diff] m completely4 ,= "h x is ! feel+ ( ,god1 a s5se ( values1 t is speak+4 ,! ,classical deity is sup]lative %ape1 ! ,fau/ian sup]lative =ce4 ,! 8,o!r0 is ! ,ungodly to :i* ! _s w n accord ! dignity ( ,be+2 to ! ,apoll9ian _w-feel+ ?is ungodly 8o!r0 is sub/ance )\t %ape1 to ! ,fau/ian x is sub/ance )\t =ce4 ,,viii ,sci5ti/s are wont to assume t my?s & ,god-ideas are creations ( primitive man1 & t z spiritual culture 8advances10 ?is my?- =m+ p[] is %$4 ,9 reality x is ! exact opposite1 & _h n ! morphology ( hi/ory rema9$ to ?is day an almo/ unexplor$ field1 ! suppos$ly univ]sal my?opoetic p[] w\ld long ago h be5 f\nd to be limit$ to p>ticul> p]iods4 ,x w\ld h be5 realiz$ t ?is ability ( a s\l to fill its _w ) %apes1 traits & symbols--l & consi/5t among/ !mselves--belongs mo/ decid$ly n to ! _w-age ( ! primitives b exclusively to ! spr+times ( great ,cultures4#dib ,e my? ( ! great /yle /&s at ! beg9n+ ( an awak5+ spirituality4 ,x is ! fir/ =mative act ( t spirituality4 ,n[h]e else is x to be f\nd4 ,!re--x mu/ be4 ,i make ! assumption t t :i* a primitive folk--l ! ,egyptians ( ,?9ite times1 ! ,jews & ,p]sians be=e ,cyrus1#dic ! h]oes ( ! ,myc5an burghs & ! ,g]mans ( ! ,migrations-- possesses 9 ! way ( religi\s ideas is n yet my? 9 ! high] s5se4 ,x may well be a sum ( scatt]$ & irregul> traits1 ( cults adh]+ to names1 fragm5t>y saga-pictures1 b x is n yet a div9e ord]1 a my?ic organism1 & ,i no m reg>d ?is z my? ?an ,i reg>d ! ornam5t ( t /age z art4 ,&1 be x said1 ! greate/ caution is necess>y 9 deal+ ) ! symbols & sagas curr5t to- day1 or ev5 ^? curr5t c5turies ago1 among/ o/5sibly primitive peoples1 = 9 ^? ?\s&s ( ye>s e c\ntry 9 ! _w has be5 m or less affect$ by "s high ,culture ali5 to x4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 z _m =m-worlds ( great my? z !re are ,cultures & e>ly ar*itectures4 ,! antec$5ts--t *aos ( undevelop$ imag]y 9 :i* mod]n folk-lore rese>*1 = want ( a guid+ pr9ciple1 loses itself--d n1 on ?is hypo!sis1 conc]n u2 b we are conc]n$1 on ! o!r h&1 ) c]ta9 cultural manife/ations t h nev] yet be5 ?\ght ( z belong+ to ?is category4 ,x 0 9 ! ,hom]ic age 7#aajj-hjj ,b4,c47 & 9 ! correspond+ knightly age ( ,teutonism 7#ijj-abjj ,a4,d471 t is1 ! epic ages1 & nei!r be=e nor aft] !m1 t ! great _w- image ( a new religion came into be+4 ,! correspond+ ages 9 ,india & ,egypt are ! ,v$ic & ! ,pyramid p]iods2 "o day x w be discov]$ t ,egyptian my?ology did 9 fact rip5 into dep? dur+ ! ,?ird & ,f\r? ,dyna/ies4 ,only 9 ?is way c we und]/& ! imm5se weal? ( religi\s- intuitive creations t fills ! ?ree c5turies ( ! ,imp]ial ,age 9 ,g]many4 ,:at came into exi/5ce !n 0 ! ,fau/ian my?ology4 ,hi!rto1 ow+ to religi\s & le>n$ preconceptions1 ei!r ! ,ca?olic elem5t has be5 treat$ to ! exclusion ( ! ,nor!rn- ,hea!n or vice v]sa1 & consequ5tly we h be5 bl9d to ! bread? & ! unity ( ?is =m-_w4 ,9 reality !re is no su* diff]5ce4 ,! deep *ange ( mean+ 9 ! ,*ri/ian circle ( ideas is id5tical1 z a creative act1 ) ! consolidation ( ! old hea!n cults ( ! ,migrations4 ,x 0 9 ?is age t ! folk-lore ( ,we/]n ,europe became an entirety2 if ! bulk ( its mat]ial 0 f> old]1 & if1 f> lat] aga91 x came to be l9k$ ) new out] exp]i5ces & enri*$ by m consci\s treatm5t1 yet x 0 !n & nei!r e>li] nor lat] t x 0 vitaliz$ ) its symbolic mean+4 ,to ?is lore belong ! great ,god-leg5ds ( ! ,edda & _m motives 9 ! gospel-poetry ( le>n$ monks2 ! ,g]man h]o-tales ( ,siegfri$ & ,gudrun1 ,dietri* & ,wayl&2 ! va/ weal? ( *ivalry- tales1 d]iv$ f anci5t ,celtic fables1 t 0 simultane\sly com+ to h>ve/ on ,fr5* soil1 conc]n+ ,k+ ,ar?ur & ! ,r\nd ,table1 ! ,holy ,grail1 ,tri/an1 ,p]cival & ,rol&4 ,& ) ^! are to be c\nt$--beside ! spiritual transvaluation1 unrem>k$ b all ! deep] = t1 ( ! ,passion-,/ory--! ,ca?olic hagiology ( :i* ! ri*e/ floraison 0 9 ! #aj? & #aa? ,c5turies & :i* produc$ ! ,lives ( ! ,virg9 & ! hi/ories ( ,,ss4 ,ro*1 ,sebald1 ,sev]91 ,francis1 ,b]n>d1 ,odilia4 ,! ,leg5da ,aurea 0 compos$ ab\t #abej--?is 0 ! blossom+-"t ( c\rtly epic & ,icel&ic skald-poetry alike4 ,! great ,valhalla ,gods ( ! ,nor? & ! my?ic gr\p ( ! 8,f\rte5 ,help]s0 9 ,s\? ,g]many are contempor>y1 & by ! side ( ,ragn>k1 ! ,twilight ( ! ,gods1 9 ! ,vluspa we h a ,*ri/ian =m 9 ! ,s\? ,g]man ,muspilli4 ,?is great my? develops1 l h]oic poetry1 at ! climax ( ! e>ly ,culture4 ,!y bo? belong to ! two prim>y e/ates1 prie/hood & nobility2 !y are at home 9 ! ca!dral & ! ca/le & n 9 ! village bel[1 :]e among/ ! p ! simple saga-_w lives on = c5turies1 call$ 8fairy-tale10 8popul> beliefs0 or 8sup]/ition0 & yet insep>able f ! _w ( high c5templation4#did ,n[h]e is ! f9al mean+ ( ^! religi\s creations m cle>ly indicat$ ?an 9 ! hi/ory ( ,valhalla4 ,x 0 n an orig9al ,g]man idea1 & ev5 ! tribes ( ! ,migrations 7 totally )\t x4 ,x took %ape j at ?is "t1 in/antly & z an inw>d necessity1 9 ! consci\sness ( ! peoples newly-aris5 on ! soil ( ! ,we/4 ,?us x is 8contempor>y0 ) ,olympus1 :i* we "k f ! ,hom]ic epos & :i* is z little ,myc5an z ,valhalla is ,g]man 9 orig94 ,moreov]1 x is only = ! two high] e/ates t ,valhalla em]ges f ! notion ( ,hel2 9 ! beliefs ( ! p ,hel rema9$ ! realm ( ! dead4#die ,! deep inw>d unity ( ?is ,fau/ian _w ( my? & saga & ! complete congru5ce ( its expression-symbolism has nev] hi!rto be5 realiz$1 & yet ,siegfri$1 ,baldur1 ,rol&1 ,*ri/ ! ,k+ 9 ! 8,heli&10 are diff]5t names = "o & ! same figure4 ,valhalla & ,avalon1 ! ,r\nd ,table & ! communion ( ! ,grail-templ>s1 ,m>y1 ,frigga & ,frau ,holle mean ! same4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ext]nal prov5ance ( ! mat]ial motives & elem5ts1 on :i* my?ological rese>* has wa/$ an excessive zeal1 is a matt] ( :i* ! importance does n g deep] ?an ! surface4 ,z to ! mean+ ( a my?1 its prov5ance proves no?+4 ,! 8num50 itself1 ! prim>y =m ( ! _w-feel+1 is a pure1 necess>y & unconsci\s creation1 & x is n transf]able4 ,:at "o p takes ov] f ano!r--9 8conv]sion0 or 9 admir+ imitation--is a "n1 dress & mask = its own feel+1 nev] ! feel+ ( t o!r4 ,! old ,celtic & old ,g]manic my?-motives h to be treat$1 l ! rep]tory ( ,classical =ms possess$ by ! le>n$ monk1 & l ! entire body ( ,*ri/ian-,ea/]n fai? tak5 ov] by ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 simply z ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! ,fau/ian s\l 9 ^! c5turies creat$ a my?ic ar*itecture ( its own4 ,x matt]$ little :e!r ! p]sons ?r\gh ^: m9ds & m\?s ! my? came to life 7 individual skalds1 mission>ies1 prie/s or 8! p10 nor did ! circum/ance t ! ,*ri/ian ideas dictat$ its =ms affect ! inw>d indep5d5ce ( t :i* _h come to life4 ,9 ! ,classical1 ,arabian & ,we/]n ,cultures1 ! my? ( ! spr+time is 9 ea* case t :i* we %\ld expect2 9 ! fir/ /atic1 9 ! second ,magian1 9 ! ?ird dynamic4 ,exam9e e detail ( =m1 & see h[ 9 ! ,classical x is an attitude & 9 ! ,we/ a de$1 !re a be+ & "h a w t und]lies !m2 h[ 9 ! ,classical ! bodily & tangible1 ! s5su\sly-saturat$1 prevails & h[ !re=e 9 ! mode ( wor%ipp+ ! c5tre ( gravity lies 9 ! s5se-impressive cult1 :]eas 9 ! ,nor? x is space1 =ce & !re=e a religi\sness t is pr$om9antly dogmatic 9 col\r+ t rule4 ,^! v e>lie/ creations ( ! "y s\l tell u t !re is relation%ip betwe5 ! ,olympian figures1 ! /atue & ! corporeal ,doric temple2 betwe5 ! domical basilica1 ! 8,_s0 ( ,god & ! arabesque2 betwe5 ,valhalla & ! ,m>y my?1 ! so>+ nave & in/rum5tal music4 ,! ,arabian s\l built up its my? 9 ! c5turies betwe5 ,cs> & ,con/ant9e--t fanta/ic mass ( cults1 visions & leg5ds t to- day we c h>dly ev5 survey1#dif syncretic cults l t ( ! ,syrian ,baal & ( ,isis & ,mi?ras n only transport$ to b trans=m$ 9 ,syrian soil2 ,gospels1 ,acts ( ,apo/les & ,apocalypses 9 a/oni%+ pr(usion2 ,*ri/ian1 ,p]sian1 ,jewi%1 ,neoplatoni/ & ,mani*an leg5ds1 & ! heav5ly hi]>*y ( angels & spirits ( ! ,fa!rs & ! ,gno/ics4 ,9 ! suff]+-/ory ( ! ,gospels1 ! v epic ( ! ,*ri/ian nation1 set betwe5 ! /ory ( ,jesus's *ildhood & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & 9 ! ,zoroa/]- leg5d t is contempor>y ) x1 we are look+ ^u ! h]o- figures ( ,e>ly ,arabian epic z we see ,a*illes 9 ! ,classical & ,siegfri$ & ,p]cival 9 ! ,fau/ian4 ,! sc5es ( ,ge?semane & ,golgo?a /& beside ! noble/ pictures ( ,greek & ,g]manic saga4 ,^! ,magian visions1 almo/ )\t exception1 grew up "u ! pressure ( ! dy+ ,classical :i*1 9 ! nature ( ?+s unable to communicate its _s1 ! m insi/5tly l5t its =ms4 ,x is almo/ impossible n[ to e/imate ! ext5t to :i* giv5 ,apoll9ian elem5ts _h to be accept$ & transvalu$ be=e ! old ,*ri/ian my? assum$ ! firmness t x possess$ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/9e4 ,,ix ,! ,classical poly!ism1 consequ5tly1 has a /yle ( its own :i* puts x 9 a diff]5t category f ! conceptions ( any o!r _w- feel+s1 :atev] ! sup]ficial aff9ities may be4 ,?is mode ( possess+ gods )\t godhead has only exi/$ once1 & x 0 9 ! "o ,culture t made ! /atue ( nak$ ,man ! :ole sum ( its art4 ,nature1 z ,classical man felt & knew x ab\t him1 viz41 a sum ( well-=m$ bodily ?+s1 c\ld n be deifi$ 9 any o!r =m b ?is4 ,! ,roman felt t ! claim ( ,yahweh to be recogniz$ z sole ,god _h some?+ a!i/ic 9 x4 ,"o ,god1 = him1 0 no ,god1 & to ?is may be ascrib$ ! /rong dislike ( popul> feel+1 bo? ,greek & ,roman1 = ! philosoph]s 9 s f> z !y 7 pan!i/s & godless4 ,gods are bodies1 ( ! p]fecte/ k9d1 & plurality 0 an attribute ( bodies alike = ma!maticians1 lawy]s & poets4 ,! concept ( 0 valid = gods z well z = m52 no?+ 0 m ali5 to !m ?an on5ess1 solit>9ess & self- adequacy2 & no exi/5ce !re=e 0 possible to !m save "u ! aspect ( et]nal prop9quity4 ,x is a deeply significant fact t 9 ,hellas ( all c\ntries />-gods1 ! num9a ( ! ,f>1 are want+4 ,helios 0 wor%ipp$ only 9 half-,ori5tal ,rhodes & ,sel5e _h no cult at all4 ,bo? are m]ely arti/ic modes ( expression 7x is z su* only t !y figure 9 ! c\rtly epos ( ,hom]71 elem5ts t ,v>ro w\ld class 9 ! g5us my?icum & n 9 ! g5us civile4 ,! old ,roman religion1 9 :i* ! ,classical _w-feel+ 0 express$ ) special purity1 knew nei!r sun nor moon1 nei!r /orm nor cl\d z deities4 ,! =e/ /irr+s & ! =e/ solitude1 ! tempe/ & ! surf1 :i* completely dom9at$ ! ,nature ( ,fau/ian man 7ev5 t ( pre-,fau/ian ,celts & ,teutons7 & imp>t$ to _! my?ology its peculi> "*1 left ,classical man unmov$4 ,only concretes--he>? & door1 ! coppice & ! plot-field1 ?is p>ticul> riv] & t p>ticul> hill--cond5s$ into ,be+ = him4 ,we obs]ve t ev]y?+ t has f>ness1 ev]y?+ t conta9s a sugge/ion ( unb\nd$ & unbodi$ 9 x & might !reby br+ space z ,ent & div9e into ! felt ,nature1 is exclud$ & rema9s exclud$ f ,classical my?2 h[ %\ld x surprise1 !n1 if cl\ds & horizons1 t are ! v mean+ & s\l ( ,b>oque l&scapes1 are totally want+ 9 ! ,classical backgr\ndless frescoes8 ,! unlimit$ multitude ( antique gods--e tree1 e spr+1 e h\se1 nay e "p ( a h\se is a god--means t e tangible ?+ is an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & !re=e t none is functionally subord9ate to any o!r4 ,! bases ( ! ,apoll9ian & ! ,fau/ian ,nature-images respectively are 9 all contexts ! two opposite symbols ( individual ?+ & unit>y space4 ,olympus & ,hades are p]fectly s5se-def9ite places1 :ile ! k+dom ( ! dw>fs1 elves & gobl9s1 & ,valhalla & ,niflheim are all some:]e or o!r 9 ! univ]se ( space4 ,9 ! old ,roman religion 8,tellus ,mat]0 is n ! all-"m b ! visible pl\ghable field itself4 ,faunus is ! wood & ,vulturnus is ! riv]1 ! "n ( ! se$ is ,c]es & t ( ! h>ve/ is ,consus4 ,horace is a true ,roman :5 he speaks ( 8sub ,jove frigido10 "u ! cold sky4 ,9 ^! cases !re is n ev5 ! attempt to reproduce ! ,god 9 any sort ( image at ! places ( wor%ip1 = t w\ld be tantam\nt to duplicat+ him4 ,ev5 9 v late times ! in/9ct n only ( ! ,romans b ( ! ,greeks also is oppos$ to idols1 z is %[n by ! fact t pla/ic art1 z x became m & m pr(ane1 came into conflict m & m ) popul> beliefs & ! dev\t philosophy4#dig ,9 ! h\se1 ,janus is ! door z god1 ,ve/a ! he>? z goddess1 ! two functions ( ! h\se are objectiviz$ & deifi$ at once4 ,a ,hell5ic riv]-god 7l ,a*elos1 :o appe>s z a bull17 is def9itely und]/ood z be+ ! riv] & n z1 s to say1 dwell+ 9 ! riv]4 ,! ,pans#dih & ,satyrs are ! fields & mead[s z noon def9es !m1 well b\nd$ &1 z hav+ figure1 hav+ also exi/5ce4 ,dryads & ,hamadrayads are trees2 9 _m places1 inde$1 individual trees ( great /ature 7 hon\r$ ) g>l&s & votive (f]+s )\t ev5 ! =mality ( a "n4 ,on ! contr>y1 n a trace ( ?is localiz$ mat]iality cl+s to ! elves1 dw>fs1 wit*es1 ,valkyries & _! k9dr$ ! armies ( dep>t$ s\ls t sweep r\nd o'nights4 ,:]eas ,naiads are s\rces1 nixies & hags1 & tree-spirits & br[nies are s\ls t are only b\nd to s\rces1 trees & h\ses1 f :i* !y long to be releas$ into ! fre$om ( roam+4 ,?is is ! v opposite ( ! pla/ic ,nature-feel+1 = "h ?+s are exp]i5c$ m]ely z spaces ( ano!r k9d4 ,a nymph--a spr+1 t is--assumes human =m :5 %e w\ld visit a h&some %eph]d1 b a nixy is an en*ant$ pr9cess ) n5uph>s 9 h] hair :o comes up at midnight f ! dep?s ( ! pool :]e9 %e dwells4 ,kais] ,b>b>ossa sits 9 ! ,kyffhus] cav]n & ,frau ,v5us 9 ! ,hrselb]g4 ,x is z ?\gh ! ,fau/ian univ]se abhorr$ any?+ mat]ial & imp5etrable4 ,9 ?+s1 we suspect o!r worlds4 ,_! h>dness & ?ickness is m]ely appe>ance1 &--a trait t w\ld be impossible 9 ,classical my?1 because fatal to x--"s fav\r$ mortals are accord$ ! p[] to see ?r\gh cliffs & crags into ! dep?s4 ,b is n j ?is ! secret int5t ( our physical !ories1 ( ea* new hypo!sis8 ,no o!r ,culture kn[s s _m fables ( treasures ly+ 9 m\nta9s & pools1 ( secret subt]ranean realms1 palaces1 g>d5s :]e9 o!r be+s dwell4 ,! :ole sub/antiality ( ! visible _w is d5i$ by ! ,fau/ian ,nature-feel+1 = :i* 9 ! end no?+ is ( e>? & ! only actual is ,space4 ,! fairy-tale dissolves ! matt] ( ,nature z ! ,go?ic /yle dissolves ! /one-mass ( our ca!drals1 into a gho/ly weal? ( =ms & l9es t h %$ all weight & ackn[l$ge no b\nds4 ,! ev]-increas+ emphasis ) :i* ,classical poly!ism somatically individualiz$ its deities is peculi>ly evid5t 9 its attitude to 8/range gods40 ,= ,classical man ! gods ( ! ,egyptians1 ! ,phnicians & ! ,g]mans1 9 s f> z !y c\ld be imag9$ z figures1 7 z real z 8 own gods4 ,)9 8 _w-feel+ ! /atem5t t su* o!r gods 8d n exi/0 w\ld h no mean+4 ,:5 he came into contact ) ! c\ntries ( ^! deities he did !m rev]5ce4 ,! gods 71 l a /atue or a polis1 ,euclidean bodies hav+ locality4 ,!y 7 be+s ( ! ne> & n ! g5]al space4 ,if a man 7 soj\rn+ 9 ,babylon1 = in/ance1 & ,zeus & ,apollo 7 f> away1 all ! m reason = p>ticul>ly hon\r+ ! local gods4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! alt>s d$icat$ 8to ! unkn[n gods10 su* z t :i* ,paul s significantly misund]/ood 9 a ,magian mono!i/ic s5se at ,a!ns4#dii ,^! 7 gods n kn[n by "n to ! ,greek b wor%ipp$ by ! =eign]s ( ! great seaports 7,piru1 ,cor9? or o!r7 & !re=e entitl$ to _! due ( respect f him4 ,rome express$ ?is ) ,classical cle>ness 9 h] religi\s law & 9 c>efully-pres]v$ =mul l1 = example1 ! g5]alis invocatio4#ejj ,z ! univ]se is ! sum ( ?+s1 & z gods are ?+s1 recognition _h to be accord$ ev5 to ^? gods ) :om ! ,roman _h n yet practically & hi/orically come into relations4 ,he did n "k !m1 or he knew !m z ! gods ( 8 enemies1 b !y 7 gods1 = x 0 impossible = him to conceive ! opposite4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! sacral phrase 9 ,livy1 ,,viii1 #i1 #f3 8di quibus e/ pote/as no/rorum ho/iumque40 ,! ,roman p admits t ! circle ( its own gods is only mom5t>ily b\nd$1 & aft] recit+ ^! by "n x ends ! pray] ?us s z n to infr+e ! rights ( o!rs4 ,accord+ to its sacral law1 ! annexation ( =eign t]ritory involves ! transf] to ,urbs ,roma ( all ! religi\s obligations p]ta9+ to ?is t]ritory & its gods-- :i* ( c\rse logically foll[s f ! additive god-feel+ ( ! ,classical4 ,recognition ( a deity 0 v f> f be+ ! same z acceptance ( ! =ms ( its cult2 ?us 9 ! ,second ,punic ,w> ! ,great ,"m ( ,pess9us#eja 0 receiv$ 9 ,rome z ! ,sibyl comm&$1 b ! prie/s :o _h come 9 ) h] cult1 :i* 0 ( a highly un-,classical complexion1 practis$ "u /rict police sup]vision1 & n only ,roman citiz5s b ev5 _! slaves 7 =bidd5 "u p5alty to ent] ?is prie/hood4 ,! reception ( ! goddess gave satisfaction to ! ,classical _w-feel+1 b ! p]sonal p]=mance ( h] despis$ ritual w\ld h infr+$ x4 ,! attitude ( ! ,s5ate 9 su* cases is unmi/akable1 ?\gh ! p1 ) its ev]-increas+ admixture ( ,ea/]n elem5ts1 _h a lik+ = ^! cults & 9 ,imp]ial times ! army became 9 virtue ( its composition a vehicle 7& ev5 ! *ief vehicle7 ( ! ,magian _w- feel+4 ,?is makes x ! easi] to und]/& h[ ! cult ( deifi$ m5 c\ld become a necess>y elem5t 9 ?is religi\s =m-_w4 ,b "h x is necess>y to di/+ui% %>ply betwe5 ,classical ph5om5a & ,ori5tal ph5om5a t h a sup]ficial simil>ity !reto4 ,roman emp]or-wor%ip--i4e41 ! rev]5ce ( ! 8g5ius0 ( ! liv+ ,pr9ces & t ( ! dead pr$ecessors z 8,divi0--has hi!rto be5 confus$ ) ! c]emonial rev]5ce ( ! ,rul] :i* 0 cu/om>y 9 ,asia ,m9or 7&1 above all1 9 ,p]sia17#ejb & also ) ! lat] & q diff]5tly meant ,caliph-deification :i* is se5 9 full process ( =mation 9 ,diocletian & ,con/ant9e4 ,actually1 ^! are all v unlike ?+s4 ,h[ev] intimately ^! symbolic =ms 7 int]fus$ 9 ! ,ea/ ( ! ,empire1 9 ,rome itself ! ,classical type 0 actualiz$ unequivocally & )\t adult]ation4 ,long be=e ?is c]ta9 ,greeks 7e4g41 ,sophocles1 ,lys&] &1 above all1 ,alex&]7 _h be5 n m]ely hail$ z gods by _! flatt]]s b felt z gods 9 a p]fectly def9ite s5se by ! p4 ,x is only a /ep1 aft] all1 f ! deification ( a ?+--su* z a copse or a well or1 9 ! limit1 a /atue :i* repres5t$ a god--to ! deification ( an out/&+ man :o became fir/ h]o & !n god4 ,9 ?is case z 9 ! re/1 :at 0 rev]5c$ 0 ! p]fect %ape 9 :i* ! _w- /uff1 ! un-div9e1 _h actualiz$ itself4 ,9 ,rome ! consul on ! day ( 8 triumph wore ! arm\r ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us1 & 9 e>ly days 8 face & arms 7 ev5 pa9t$ r$1 9 ord] to enhance 8 simil>ity to ! t]ra-cotta /atue ( ! ,god ^: 8num50 he = ! "t be+ incorporat$4 ,x ,9 ! fir/ g5]ations ( ! ,imp]ial age1 ! antique poly!ism gradually dissolv$1 (t5 )\t any alt]ation ( outw>d ritual & my?ic =m1 into ! ,magian mono!ism4#ejc ,a new s\l _h come up1 & x liv$ ! old =ms 9 a new mode4 ,! names cont9u$1 b !y cov]$ o!r num9a4 ,9 all ,late-,classical cults1 ^? ( ,isis & ,cybele1 ( ,mi?ras & ,sol & ,s]apis1 ! div9ity is no long] felt z a localiz$ & =mable be+4 ,9 old times1 ,h]mes ,propylu _h be5 wor%ipp$ at ! entrance ( ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 :ile a few y>ds away1 at ! po9t :]e lat] ! ,ere*!um 0 built1 0 ! cult-site ( ,h]mes z ! husb& ( ,aglaure4 ,at ! ,s\? extremity ( ! ,roman ,capitol1 close to ! sanctu>y ( ,juppit] ,f]etrius 7:i* conta9$1 n a /atue ( ! god1 b a holy /one1 silex#ejd7 0 t ( ,juppit] ,optimus ,maximus1 & :5 ,augu/us 0 lay+ d[n ! huge temple ( ! latt] he 0 c>eful to avoid ! gr\nd to :i* ! num5 ( ! =m] adh]$4#eje ,b 9 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian times ,juppit] ,doli*5us or ,sol ,invictus#ejf c\ld be wor%ipp$ 8:]esoev] two or ?ree 7 ga!r$ toge!r 9 8 "n40 ,all ^! deities m & m came to be felt z a s+le num51 ?\gh ! adh]5ts ( a p>ticul> cult w\ld believe t !y 9 p>ticul> knew ! num5 9 its true %ape4 ,h5ce x is t ,isis c\ld be spok5 ( z ! 8million-nam$40 ,hi!rto1 names _h be5 ! designations ( s _m gods diff]5t 9 body & locality1 n[ !y are titles ( ! ,"o :om e man has 9 m9d4 ,?is ,magian mono!ism reveals itself 9 all ! religi\s creations t flood$ ! ,empire f ! ,ea/--! ,alex&rian ,isis1 ! ,sun-god fav\r$ by ,aurelian 7! ,baal ( ,palmyra71 ! ,mi?ras protect$ by ,diocletian 7^: ,p]sian =m _h be5 completely reca/ 9 ,syria71 ! ,baala? ( ,c>?age 7,tanit1 ,dea ,cle/is#ejg7 hon\r$ by ,septimius ,sev]us4 ,! importation ( ^! figures no long] increases z 9 ,classical times ! numb] ( concrete gods4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y absorb ! old gods into !mselves1 & d s 9 su* a way z to deprive !m m & m ( picturable %ape4 ,al*emy is replac+ /atics4 ,correspond+ly1 in/ead ( ! image we m & m f9d symbols--e4g41 ! ,bull1 ! ,lamb1 ! ,fi%1 ! ,triangle1 ! ,cross-- com+ to ! front4 ,9 ,con/ant9e's 89 hoc signo v9ces0 sc>cely an e*o ( ! ,classical rema9s4 ,already !re is sett+ 9 t av]sion to human repres5tation t end$ 9 ! ,islamic & ,byzant9e prohibitions ( images4 ,"r d[n to ,trajan--long aft] ! la/ trait ( ,apoll9ian _w- feel+ _h dep>t$ f ! soil ( ,greece--! ,roman /ate-wor%ip _h /r5g? en\gh to hold to ! ,euclidean t5d5cy & to augm5t its _w ( deities4 ,! gods ( ! subject l&s & peoples 7 accord$ recogniz$ places ( wor%ip1 ) prie/hood & ritual1 9 ,rome1 & 7 !mselves associat$ z p]fectly def9ite individuals ) ! old] gods4 ,b f t po9t ! ,magian _s began to ga9 gr\nd ev5 "h1 9 spite ( an hon\rable resi/ance :i* c5tr$ 9 a few ( ! v olde/ patrician families4#ejh ,! god-figures z su*1 z bodies1 vani%$ f ! consci\sness ( m51 to make way = a transc5d5tal god-feel+ :i* no long] dep5d$ on s5se- evid5ces2 & ! usages1 fe/ivals & leg5ds melt$ into "o ano!r4 ,:5 9 #bag ,c>acalla put an end to all sacral-legal di/9ctions betwe5 ,roman & =eign deities & ,isis1 absorb+ all old] female num9a1 became actually ! fir/ goddess ( ,rome#eji 7& !reby ! mo/ dang]\s oppon5t ( ,*ri/ianity & ! mo/ obnoxi\s t>get = ! hatr$ ( ! ,fa!rs71 !n ,rome became a piece ( ! ,ea/1 a religi\s diocese ( ,syria4 ,!n ! ,baals ( ,doli*e1 ,petra1 ,palmyra & ,edessa began to melt into ! mono!ism ( ,sol1 :o became & rema9$ 7till 8 repres5tative ,lic9ius fell be=e ,con/ant9e7 ,god ( ! ,empire4 ,by n[1 ! "q 0 n betwe5 ,classical & ,magian--,*ri/ianity 0 9 s little dang] f ! old gods t x c\ld (f] !m a sort ( sympa?y--b x 01 :i* ( ! ,magian religions %\ld dictate religi\s =m to ! _w ( ! ,classical ,empire8 ,! decl9e ( ! old pla/ic feel+ is v cle>ly disc]nible 9 ! /ages ?r\gh :i* ,emp]or-wor%ip pass$-- fir/1 ! dead emp]or tak5 into ! circle ( ,/ate gods by resolution ( ! ,s5ate 7,divus ,julius1 #db ,b4,c471 a prie/hood provid$ = him & 8 image remov$ f among/ ! ance/or-images t 7 c>ri$ 9 purely dome/ic celebrations2 !n1 f ,m>cus ,aurelius1 no fur!r consecrations ( prie/s 7&1 pres5tly1 no fur!r build+ ( temples7 = ! s]vice ( deifi$ emp]ors1 = ! reason t religi\s s5tim5t 0 n[ satisfi$ by a g5]al 8templum divorum02 f9ally1 ! epi!t ,divus us$ simply z a title ( memb]s ( ! ,imp]ial family4 ,?is end to ! evolution m>ks ! victory ( ! ,magian feel+4 ,x w be f\nd t multiple names 9 ! inscriptions 7su* z ,isis-,magna ,mat]-,juno-,a/>te-,bellona1 or ,mi?ras-,sol ,invictus- ,helios7 come to signify titles ( "o sole exi/5t ,godhead4#eaj ,,xi ,a!ism is a subject t ! psy*ologi/ & ! /ud5t ( religion h hi!rto reg>d$ z sc>cely wor? c>eful inve/igation4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 & argu$ ab\t x1 & v r\ndly1 by ! free-?\ght m>tyr on ! "o h& & ! religi\s zealot on ! o!r4 ,b no "o has _h any?+ to say ab\t ! species ( a!ism2 or has treat$ x analytically z an individual & def9ite ph5om5on1 positive & necess>y & int5sely symbolic2 or has realiz$ h[ x is limit$ 9 "t4 ,is 8,a!ism0 ! a priori con/itution ( a c]ta9 _w- consci\sness or is x a volunt>y self-expression8 ,is "o born ) x or conv]t$ to x8 ,does ! unconsci\s feel+ t ! cosmos has become godless br+ 9 its tra9 ! consci\sness t x is s1 ! realization t ,great ,pan is dead8 ,are !re e>ly a!i/s1 = example 9 ! ,doric or ! ,go?ic ages8 ,has ?is ?9k] or t be5 d5\nc$ z a!i/ ) inju/ice z well z ) passion8 ,& c !re be civiliz$ m5 :o are n :olly or at any rate p>tially a!i/8 ,x is n 9 dispute 7! ^w itself %[s x 9 all languages7 t a!ism is ess5tially a negation1 t x signifies ! =ego+ ( a spiritual idea & !re=e ! prec$5ce ( su* an idea1 & t x is n ! creative act ( an unimpair$ =mative p[]4 ,b :at is x t x d5ies8 ,9 :at way8 ,& :o is ! d5i]8 ,a!ism1 rightly und]/ood1 is ! necess>y expression ( a spirituality t has accompli%$ itself & exhau/$ its religi\s possibilities1 & is decl9+ into ! inorganic4 ,x is entirely compatible ) a liv+ wi/ful desire = real religi\sness#eaa-- !re9 resembl+ ,romanticism1 :i* likewise w\ld recall t :i* has irrevocably gone1 namely1 ! ,culture--& x may q well be 9 a man z a creation ( 8 feel+ )\t 8 be+ aw>e ( x1 )\t its ev] int]f]+ ) ! habits ( 8 ?\ght or *all5g+ 8 convictions4 ,we c und]/& ?is if we c see :at x 0 t made ! dev\t ,haydn call ,bee?ov5 an a!i/ aft] he _h he>d "s ( 8 music4 ,a!ism comes n ) ! ev5+ ( ! ,culture b ) ! dawn ( ! ,civilization4 ,x belongs to ! great city1 to ! 8educat$ man0 ( ! great city :o acquires me*ani/ically :at 8 =efa!rs ! creators ( ! ,culture _h liv$ organically4 ,9 respect ( ! ,classical feel+ ( ,god1 ,ari/otle is an a!i/ unaw>es4 ,! ,hell5i/ic-,roman ,/oicism is a!i/ic l ! ,socialism ( ,we/]n & ! ,buddhism ( ,indian mod]nity1 rev]5tly ?\gh !y may & d use ! ^w 8,god40 ,b1 if ?is late =m ( _w-feel+ & _w-image :i* preludes our 8second religi\sness0 is univ]sally a negation ( ! religi\s 9 u1 ! /ructure ( x is diff]5t 9 ea* ( ! ,civilizations4 ,!re is no religi\sness t is )\t an a!i/ic opposition belong+ uniquely to itself & direct$ uniquely aga9/ itself4 ,m5 cont9ue to exp]i5ce ! out] _w t ext5ds ar\nd !m z a cosmos ( well- ord]$ bodies or a _w-cav]n or effici5t space1 z ! case may be1 b !y no long] liv+ly exp]i5ce ! sacr$ causality 9 x4 ,!y only le>n to "k x 9 a pr(ane causality t is1 or is desir$ to be1 inclusively me*anical4#eab ,!re are a!isms ( ,classical1 ,arabian & ,we/]n k9ds & ^! diff] f "o ano!r 9 mean+ & 9 matt]4 ,nietzs*e =mulat$ ! dynamic a!ism on ! basis t 8,god is dead10 & a ,classical philosoph] w\ld h express$ ! /atic & ,euclidean by say+ t ! 8gods :o dwell 9 ! holy places are dead10 ! "o indicat+ t b\ndless space has1 ! o!r t c\ntless bodies h1 become godless4 ,b dead space & dead ?+s are ! 8facts0 ( physics4 ,! a!i/ is unable to exp]i5ce any diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,nature-picture ( physics & t ( religion4 ,language1 ) a f9e feel+1 di/+ui%es wisdom & intellig5ce--! e>ly & ! late1 ! rural & ! megalopolitan conditions ( ! s\l4 ,intellig5ce ev5 s\nds a!i/ic4 ,no "o w\ld describe ,h]aclitus or ,mei/] ,eck>t z an intellig5ce1 b ,socrates & ,r\sseau 7 intellig5t & n 8wise0 m54 ,!re is some?+ root-less 9 ! ^w4 ,x is only f ! /&po9t ( ! ,/oic & ( ! ,sociali/1 ( ! typical irreligi\s man1 t want ( intellig5ce is a matt] = contempt4 ,! spiritual 9 e liv+ ,culture is religi\s1 has religion1 :e!r x be consci\s ( x or n4 ,t x exi/s1 becomes1 develops1 fulfils itself1 is its religion4 ,x is n op5 to a spirituality to be irreligi\s2 at mo/ x c play ) ! idea ( irreligion z ,m$icean ,flor5t9es did4 ,b ! megalopolitan is irreligi\s2 ?is is "p ( 8 be+1 a m>k ( 8 hi/orical position4 ,bitt]ly z he may feel ! inn] empt9ess & pov]ty1 e>ne/ly z he may long to be religi\s1 x is out ( 8 p[] to be s4 ,all religi\sness 9 ! ,megalopolis re/s ^u self-deception4 ,! degree ( piety ( :i* a p]iod is capable is reveal$ 9 its attitude t[>ds tol]ation4 ,"o tol]ates1 ei!r because ! =m-language appe>s to be express+ some?+ ( t :i* 9 "o's own liv$ exp]i5ce is felt z div9e1 or else because t exp]i5ce no long] conta9s any?+ s felt4 ,:at we mod]ns h call$ 8,tol]ation0 9 ! ,classical _w#eac is an expression ( ! contr>y ( a!ism4 ,plurality ( num9a & cults is inh]5t 9 ! conception ( ,classical religion1 & x 0 n tol]ation b ! self-evid5t expression ( antique piety t all[$ validity to !m all4 ,conv]sely1 anyone :o dem&$ exceptions %[$ himself ipso facto z godless4 ,*ri/ians & ,jews c\nt$1 & necess>ily c\nt$1 z a!i/s 9 ! eyes ( anyone ^: _w- picture 0 an aggregate ( individual bodies2 & :5 9 ,imp]ial times !y ceas$ to be reg>d$ 9 ?is light1 ! old ,classical god- feel+ _h itself come to an end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 respect = ! =m ( ! local cult :atev] ?is might be1 = images ( ! gods1 = sacrifices & fe/ivals 0 always expect$1 & anyone :o mock$ or pr(an$ !m v soon le>n$ ! limits ( ,classical tol]ation-- witness ! sc&al ( ! ,mutilation ( ! ,h]mae at ,a!ns & trials = ! desecration ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 t is1 impi\s trave/y+ ( ! s5su\s elem5t4 ,b to ! ,fau/ian s\l 7aga9 we see opposition ( space & body1 ( conque/ & acceptance ( pres5ce7 dogma & n visible ritual con/itutes ! ess5ce4 ,:at is reg>d$ z godless is opposition to doctr9e4 ,"h beg9s ! spatial-spiritual conception ( h]esy4 ,a ,fau/ian religion by its v nature _c all[ any fre$om ( consci5ce2 x w\ld be 9 contradiction ) its space-invasive dynamic4 ,ev5 free ?9k+ itself is no exception to ! rule4 ,aft] ! /ake1 ! guillot9e2 aft] ! burn+ ( ! books1 _! suppression2 aft] ! p[] ( ! pulpit1 ! p[] ( ! ,press4 ,among/ u !re is no fai? )\t lean+s to an ,inquisition ( "s sort4 ,express$ 9 appropriate electrodynamic imag]y1 ! field ( =ce ( a conviction adju/s all ! m9ds )9 x accord+ to its own int5sity4 ,failure to d s means abs5ce ( conviction--9 ecclesia/ical language1 ungodl9ess4 ,= ! ,apoll9ian s\l1 on ! contr>y1 x 0 contempt ( ! cult-- 9 ! lit]al s5se--t 0 ungodly1 & "h its religion admitt$ no fre$om ( attitude4 ,9 bo? cases !re 0 a l9e drawn betwe5 ! tol]ation dem&$ by ! god-feel+ & t =bidd5 by x4 ,n[1 "h ! ,late-,classical philosophy ( ,sophi/-,/oic speculation 7z di/9ct f ! g5]al ,/oic disposition7 0 9 opposition to religi\s feel+4 ,& accord+ly we f9d ! p ( ,a!ns--t ,a!ns :i* c\ld build alt>s to 8unkn[n gods0--p]secut+ z pitilessly z ! ,spani% ,inquisition4 ,we h only to review ! li/ ( ,classical ?9k]s & hi/orical p]sonages :o 7 sacrific$ to ! integrity ( ! cult4 ,socrates & ,diagoras 7 execut$ = 2 ,anaxagoras1 ,protagoras1 ,ari/otle1 ,alcibiades only sav$ !mselves by flight4 ,! numb] ( executions = cult-impiety1 9 ,a!ns alone & dur+ ! few decades ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 ran into hundr$s4 ,aft] ! condemnation ( ,protagoras1 a h\se-to-h\se se>* 0 made = ! de/ruction ( 8 writ+s4 ,9 ,rome1 acts ( ?is sort began 7s f> z hi/ory enables u to trace !m7 9 #aha ,b4,c4 :5 ! ,s5ate ord]$ ! public burn+ ( ! ,py?agorean 8,books ( ,numa40#ead ,?is 0 foll[$ by an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( expulsions1 bo? ( individual philosoph]s & ( :ole s*ools1 & lat] by executions & by public burn+s ( books reg>d$ z subv]sive ( religion4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! "t ( ,cs> alone1 ! places ( wor%ip ( ,isis 7 five times de/roy$ by ord] ( ! ,consuls1 & ,tib]ius _h h] image ?r[n into ! ,tib]4 ,! refusal to p]=m sacrifice be=e ! image ( ! ,emp]or 0 made a p5al (f5ce4 ,all ^! 7 measures aga9/ 8a!ism10 9 ! ,classical s5se ( ! ^w1 manife/$ 9 !oretical or practical contempt ( ! visible cult4 ,unless we c put our ,we/]n feel+ ( ^! matt]s out ( action we %all nev] p5etrate into ! ess5ce ( ! _w-image t und]lay ! ,classical attitude to !m4 ,poets & philosoph]s might sp9 my?s & trans=m god-figures z mu* z !y pleas$4 ,! dogmatic int]pretation ( ! s5su\s data 0 ev]yone's lib]ty4 ,! hi/ories ( ! gods c\ld be made fun ( 9 ,satyric drama & com$y--ev5 t did n impugn _! ,euclidean exi/5ce4 ,b ! /atue ( ! god1 ! cult1 ! pla/ic embodim5t ( piety--x 0 n p]mitt$ to any man to t\* ^!4 ,x 0 n out ( hypocrisy t ! f9e m9ds ( ! e>li] ,empire1 :o _h ceas$ to take a my? ( any k9d s]i\sly1 punctili\sly con=m$ to ! public cults &1 above all1 to ! cult--deeply real = all classes--( ! ,emp]or4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! poets & ?9k]s ( ! mature ,fau/ian ,culture 7 at lib]ty 8n to g to ,*ur*10 to avoid ,confession1 to /ay at home on procession-days & 79 ,prote/ant surr\nd+s7 to live )\t any relations ) ! *ur* :atev]4 ,b !y 7 n free to t\* po9ts ( dogma1 = t w\ld h be5 dang]\s )9 any confession & any sect1 includ+1 once m & expressly1 free- ?\ght4 ,! ,roman ,/oic1 :o )\t fai? 9 ! my?ology pi\sly obs]v$ ! ritual =ms1 has 8 c\nt]p>t 9 ^? m5 ( ! ,age ( ,enlight5m5t1 l ,less+ & ,goe!1 :o disreg>d$ ! rites ( ! ,*ur* b nev] d\bt$ ! 8fundam5tal tru?s ( fai?40 ,,xii ,if we turn back f ,nature-feel+ become =m to ,nature-k become sy/em1 we "k ,god or ! gods z ! orig9 ( ! images by :i* ! intellect seeks to make ! _w-ar\nd compreh5sible to itself4 ,goe! once rem>k$ 7to ,riem]73 8,! ,reason is z old z ! ,_w2 ev5 ! *ild has reason4 ,b x is n appli$ 9 all times 9 ! same way or to ! same objects4 ,! e>li] c5turies _h _! ideas 9 intuitions ( ! fancy1 b ours br+ !m into notions4 ,! great views ( ,life 7 br\ght into %apes1 into ,gods2 to-day !y are br\ght into notions4 ,!n ! productive =ce 0 great]1 n[ ! de/ructive =ce or art ( sep>ation40 ,! /rong religi\sness ( ,newton's me*anics#eae & ! almo/ complete a!ism ( ! =mulations ( mod]n dynamics are ( l col\r1 positive & negative ( ! same prim>y feel+4 ,a physical sy/em ( necessity has all ! *>act]s ( ! s\l to ^: _w-=m x belongs4 ,! ,deism ( ! ,b>oque belongs ) its dynamics & its analytical geometry2 its ?ree basic pr9ciples1 ,god1 ,fre$om & ,immortality1 are 9 ! language ( me*anics ! pr9ciples ( in]tia 7,galileo71 lea/ action 7,d',alemb]t7 & ! cons]vation ( en]gy 7,j4 ,r4 ,may]74 ,t :i* n[adays we call q g5]ally physics is 9 reality an artifact ( ! ,b>oque4 ,at ?is /age ! read] w n feel x z p>adoxical to associate ! mode ( repres5tation :i* re/s on ! assumption ( di/ant =ces & ! 7:olly un-,classical & any?+ b nave7 idea ( action-at-a-di/ance1 attraction & repulsion ( masses1 specially ) ! ,jesuit /yle ( ar*itecture f\nd$ by ,vignola1 & to call x accord+ly ! ,jesuit /yle ( physics2 & ,i w\ld likewise call ! ,inf9itesimal ,calculus1 :i* ( necessity came into be+ j :5 & :]e x did1 ! ,jesuit /yle ( ma!matic4 ,)9 ?is /yle1 a work+ hypo!sis t deep5s ! te*nique ( exp]im5tation is 8correct02 = ,loyola's conc]n1 l ,newton's1 0 n description ( ,nature b me?od4 ,we/]n physics is by its inw>d =m dogmatic & n rituali/ic 7kultis*74 ,its cont5t is ! dogma ( ,=ce z id5tical ) space & di/ance1 ! !ory ( ! me*anical ,act 7z aga9/ ! me*anical ,po/ure7 9 space4 ,consequ5tly its t5d5cy is p]si/5tly to ov]come ! app>5t4 ,beg9n+ ) a /ill q ,apoll9ian- s5su\s classification ( physics into ! physics ( ! eye 7optics71 ( ! e> 7ac\/ics7 & ( ! sk9-s5se 7heat71 x by degrees elim9at$ all s5se-impressions & replac$ !m by ab/ract sy/ems ( relations2 ?us1 "u ! influ5ce ( ideas conc]n+ dynamical motion 9 an !r1 radiant heat is n[adays dealt ) "u ! head+ ( 8optics10 a ^w :i* has ceas$ to h any?+ to d ) ! eye4 8,=ce0 is a my?ical quantity1 :i* does n arise out ( sci5tific exp]im5tation b1 on ! contr>y1 def9es ! /ructure !re( a priori4 ,x is only ! ,fau/ian conception ( ,nature t in/ead ( a magnet ?9ks ( a magnetism ^: field ( =ce includes a piece ( iron1 & in/ead ( lum9\s bodies ?9ks ( radiant en]gy1 & t imag9es p]sonifications l 8electricity10 8temp]ature0 & 8radioactivity40#eaf ,t ?is 8=ce0 or 8en]gy0 is really a num5 /iff5$ into a concept 7& 9 n[ise ! result ( sci5tific exp]i5ce7 is %[n by ! (t5 ov]look$ fact t ! basic pr9ciple kn[n z ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,!rmodynamics#eag says no?+ :atev] ab\t ! nature ( en]gy1 & x is prop]ly speak+ an incorrect 7?\gh psy*ologically mo/ significant7 assumption t ! idea ( ! 8,cons]vation ( ,en]gy0 is fix$ 9 x4 ,exp]im5tal measurem5t c 9 ! nature ( ?+s only e/abli% a numb]1 :i* numb] we h 7significantly1 aga97 nam$ "w4 ,b ! dynamical ca/ ( our ?\ght dem&$ t ?is %\ld be conceiv$ z a diff]5ce ( en]gy1 al?\gh ! absolute value ( en]gy is only a figm5t & c nev] be r5d]$ by a def9ite numb]4 ,!re always rema9s1 !re=e1 an undef9$ additive con/ant1 z we call x2 9 o!r words1 we always /rive to ma9ta9 ! image ( an en]gy t our inn] eye has =m$1 al?\gh actual sci5tific practice is n conc]n$ ) x4 ,?is be+ ! prov5ance ( ! =ce-concept1 x foll[s t we c no m def9e x ?an we c def9e ^? o!r un-,classical words ,w & ,space4 ,!re rema9s always a felt & intuitively-p]ceiv$ rema9d] :i* makes e p]sonal def9ition an almo/ religi\s cre$ ( its au?or4 ,e ,b>oque sci5ti/ 9 ?is matt] has 8 p]sonal inn] exp]i5ce :i* he is try+ to clo! 9 words4 ,goe!1 = in/ance1 c\ld nev] h def9$ 8 idea ( a _w-=ce1 b to himself x 0 a c]ta9ty4 ,kant call$ =ce ! ph5om5on ( an ent- 9-itself3 8we "k sub/ance 9 space1 ! body1 only ?r\gh =ces40 ,laplace call$ x an unkn[n ( :i* ! work+s are all t we "k1 & ,newton imag9$ immat]ial =ces at a di/ance4 ,leibniz spoke ( ,vis viva z a quantum :i* toge!r ) matt] =m$ ! unit t he call$ ! monad1 & ,desc>tes1 ) c]ta9 ?9k]s ( ! #ah? ,c5tury1 0 equally unwill+ to draw fundam5tal di/9ctions betwe5 motion & ! mov$4 ,beside pot5tia1 virtus1 impetus we f9d ev5 9 ,go?ic times p]i-phrases su* z conatus & nisus1 9 :i* ! =ce & ! releas+ cause are obvi\sly n sep>at$4 ,we c1 inde$1 q well diff]5tiate betwe5 ,ca?olic1 ,prote/ant & ,a!i/ic notions ( =ce4 ,b ,sp9oza1 a ,jew & !re=e1 spiritually1 a memb] ( ! ,magian ,culture1 c\ld n absorb ! ,fau/ian =ce-concept at all1 & x has no place 9 8 sy/em4#eah ,& x is an a/\nd+ pro( ( ! secret p[] ( root-ideas t ,he9ri* ,h]tz1 ! only ,jew among/ ! great physici/s ( ! rec5t pa/1 0 also ! only "o ( !m :o tri$ to resolve ! dilemma ( me*anics by elim9at+ ! idea ( =ce4 ,! =ce-dogma is ! "o & only !me ( ,fau/ian physics4 ,t bran* ( sci5ce :i* "u ! "n ( ,/atics has be5 pass$ f sy/em to sy/em & c5tury to c5tury is a fiction4 8,mod]n ,/atics0 is 9 ! same position z 8ari?metic0 & 8geometry10 :i*1 if ! lit]al & orig9al s5ses ( ! words be kept to1 are void ( mean+ 9 mod]n analysis1 empty names bequea!d by ,classical sci5ce & only pres]v$ because our rev]5ce = all ?+s ,classical has hi!rto deb>r$ u f gett+ rid ( !m or ev5 recogniz+ _! holl[ness4 ,!re is no ,we/]n /atics--t is1 no int]pretation ( me*anical facts t is natural to ! ,we/]n _s bases itself on ! ideas ( =m & sub/ance1 or ev51 = t matt]1 on ! ideas ( space & mass o!rwise ?an 9 connexion ) ^? ( "t & =ce4#eai ,! read] c te/ ?is 9 any dep>tm5t t he pleases4 ,ev5 8temp]ature10 :i* ( all our physical magnitudes has ! mo/ plausible look ( be+ /atic1 ,classical & passive1 only falls into its place 9 our sy/em :5 x is br\ght into a =ce-picture1 viz41 ! picture ( a quantity ( heat made up ( ultra-swift subtle irregul> motions ( ! atoms ( a body1 ) temp]ature z ! mean vis viva ( ^! atoms4 ,! ,late ,r5aissance imag9$ t x _h reviv$ ! ,ar*im$ean physics j z x believ$ t x 0 cont9u+ ! ,classical sculpture4 ,b 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r x 0 m]ely prep>+ = ! =ms ( ! ,b>oque1 & do+ s out ( ! _s ( ! ,go?ic4 ,to ?is ,/atics belongs ! picture-subject z x is 9 ,mantegna's "w & also 9 t ( ,signorelli1 ^: l9e & attitude lat] g5]ations reg>d$ z /iff & cold4 ,) ,leon>do1 dynamics beg9s & 9 ,rub5s ! movem5t ( swell+ bodies is already at a maximum4 ,z late z #afbi ! _s ( ,r5aissance physics appe>s 9 ! !ory ( magnetism =mulat$ by ! ,jesuit ,nicolaus ,cabeo4 ,conceiv$ 9 ! m\ld ( an ,ari/otelian idea ( ! _w1 x 0 7l ,palladio's "w on ar*itecture7 =$oom$ to lead to no?+--n because x 0 8wrong0 9 itself b because x 0 9 contradiction ) ! ,fau/ian ,nature-feel+ :i*1 fre$ f ,magian lead+-/r+s by ! ?9k]s & rese>*]s ( ! #ad? ,c5tury1 n[ requir$ =ms ( its v own = ! expression ( its _w-k4 ,cabeo avoid$ ! notions ( =ce & mass & conf9$ himself to ! ,classical concepts ( =m & sub/ance--9 o!r words1 he w5t back f ! ar*itecture ( ,mi*elangelo's la/ phase & ( ,vignola to t ( ,mi*elozzo & ,raphael--& ! sy/em :i* he =m$ 0 complete & self-conta9$ b )\t importance = ! future4 ,a magnetism conceiv$ z a /ate ( individual bodies & n z a =ce 9 unb\nd$ space 0 incapable ( symbolically satisfy+ ! inn] eye ( ,fau/ian man4 ,:at we ne$ is a !ory ( ! ,f>1 n "o ( ! ,ne>4 ,newton's ma!matical- me*anical pr9ciples requir$ to be made explicit z a dynamics pure & entire1 & ?is ano!r ,jesuit1 ,boscovi*1#ebj 0 ! fir/ to a*ieve 9 #ageh4 ,ev5 ,galileo 0 /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance feel+1 to :i* ! opposition ( =ce & mass1 t 0 to produce1 9 ar*itecture & pa9t+ & music alike ! elem5t ( gr& movem5t1 0 some?+ /range & uncom=table4 ,he !re=e limit$ ! idea ( =ce to contact-=ce 7impact7 & 8 =mulation did n g beyond cons]vation ( mom5tum 7quantity ( motion74 ,he held fa/ to m]e mov$-ness & f\ght %y ( any passion ( space1 & x 0 left to ,leibniz to develop--fir/ 9 ! c\rse ( controv]sy & !n positively by ! application ( 8 ma!matical discov]ies--! idea ( g5u9e free & directional =ces 7liv+ =ce1 activum !ma74 ,! notion ( cons]vation ( mom5tum !n gave way to t ( cons]vation ( liv+ =ces1 z quantitative numb] gave way to functional numb]4 ,! concept ( mass1 too1 did n become def9ite until some:at lat]4 ,9 ,galileo & ,kepl] its place is occupi$ by volume1 & x 0 ,newton :o di/9ctly conceiv$ x z functional--! _w z function ( ,god4 ,t mass 7def9$ n[adays z ! con/ant relation betwe5 =ce & accel]ation 9 respect ( a sy/em ( mat]ial po9ts7 %\ld h no proportionate relation :atev] to volume 01 9 spite ( ! evid5ce ( ! planets1 a conclusion inacceptable to ,r5aissance feel+4 ,b1 ev5 s1 ,galileo 0 =c$ to inquire into ! causes ( motion4 ,9 a g5u9e ,/atics1 work+ only ) ! notions ( mat]ial & =m1 ?is "q w\ld h _h no mean+4 ,= ,ar*im$es displacem5t 0 a matt] ( insignificance comp>$ ) =m1 :i* 0 ! ess5ce ( all corporeal exi/5ce2 =1 if space be ,non5t1 :at effici5t c !re be ext]nal to ! body conc]n$8 ,?+s are n functions ( motion1 b !y move !mselves4 ,newton x 0 :o fir/ got completely away f ,r5aissance feel+ & =m$ ! notion ( di/ant =ces1 ! attraction & repulsion ( bodies across space itself4 ,di/ance is already 9 itself a =ce4 ,! v idea ( x is s free f all s5se-p]ceptible cont5t t ,newton himself felt uncom=table ) x--9 fact x ma/]$ him & n he x4 ,x 0 ! _s ( ,b>oque itself1 ) its b5t t[>ds inf9ite space1 t _h evok$ ?is contrapuntal & utt]ly un-pla/ic notion4 ,& 9 x )al !re 0 a contradiction4 ,to ?is day no "o has produc$ an adequate def9ition ( ^! =ces-at-a-di/ance4 ,no "o has ev] yet und]/ood :at c5trifugal =ce really is4 ,is ! =ce ( ! e>? rotat+ on its axis ! cause ( ?is motion or vice v]sa8 ,or are ! two id5tical8 ,is su* a cause1 consid]$ p] se1 a =ce or ano!r motion8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 =ce & motion8 ,suppose ! alt]ations 9 ! planet>y sy/em to be work+s ( a c5trifugal =ce2 t be+ s1 ! bodies ought to be slung out ( _! pa? tang5tially1 & z 9 fact !y are n s1 we mu/ assume a c5trifugal =ce z well4 ,:at d all ^! words mean8 ,x is j ! impossibility ( arriv+ at ord] & cl>ity "h t l$ ,h]tz to d away ) ! =ce-notion altoge!r & 7by highly artificial assumptions ( rigid c\pl+s betwe5 positions & velocities7 to r$uce 8 sy/em ( me*anics to ! pr9ciple ( contact 7impact74 ,b ?is m]ely conceals & does n remove ! p]plexities1 :i* are ( intr9sically ,fau/ian "* & root$ 9 ! v ess5ce ( dynamics4 8,c we speak ( =ces :i* owe _! orig9 to motion80 ,c]ta9ly n2 b c we get rid ( prim>y notions t are inborn 9 ! ,we/]n _s ?\gh indef9able8 ,h]tz himself made no attempt to apply 8 sy/em practically4 ,?is symbolic difficulty ( mod]n me*anics is 9 no way remov$ by ! pot5tial !ory t 0 f\nd$ by ,f>aday :5 ! c5tre ( gravity ( physical ?\ght _h pass$ f ! dynamics ( matt] to ! electrodynamics ( ! !r4 ,! fam\s exp]im5t]1 :o 0 a vision>y ?r\gh & ?r\gh--alone among/ ! mod]n ma/]s ( physics he 0 n a ma!matician--obs]v$ 9 #ahdf3 8,i assume no?+ to be true 9 any "p ( space 7:e!r ?is be empty z is commonly said1 or fill$ ) matt]7 except =ces & ! l9es 9 :i* !y are ex]cis$40 ,"h1 pla9 en\gh1 is ! directional t5d5cy ) its intimately organic & hi/oric cont5t1 ! t5d5cy 9 ! kn[] to live ! process ( 8 kn[+4 ,"h ,f>aday is metaphysically at "o ) ,newton1 ^: =ces-at-a-di/ance po9t to a my?ic backgr\nd t ! dev\t physici/ decl9$ to exam9e4 ,! possible alt]native way ( rea*+ an unequivocal def9ition ( =ce--viz41 t :i* />ts f ,_w & n ,god1 f ! object & n ! subject ( natural motion-/ate--0 lead+ at ! v same "t to ! =mulation ( ! concept ( ,en]gy4 ,n[1 ?is concept repres5ts1 z di/9ct f t ( =ce1 a quantum ( direct$ness & n a direction1 & is 9 s f> ak9 to ,leibniz's conception ( 8liv+ =ce0 unalt]able 9 quantity4 ,x w n escape notice t ess5tial features ( ! mass-concept h be5 tak5 ov] "h2 inde$1 ev5 ! biz>re notion ( an atomic /ructure ( en]gy has be5 s]i\sly discuss$4 ,?is re>rangem5t ( ! basic words has n1 h[ev]1 alt]$ ! feel+ t a _w-=ce ) its sub/ratum does exi/4 ,! motion- problem is z insoluble z ev]4 ,all t has happ5$ on ! way f ,newton to ,f>aday--or f ,b]keley to ,mill--is t ! religi\s de$- idea has be5 replac$ by ! irreligi\s "w-idea4#eba ,9 ! ,nature- picture ( ,bruno1 ,newton & ,goe! some?+ div9e is work+ itself out 9 acts1 9 t ( mod]n physics ,nature is do+ "w2 = e 8process0 )9 ! mean+ ( ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,!rmodynamics is or %\ld be measurable by ! exp5diture ( en]gy to :i* a quantity ( "w corresponds 9 ! =m ( 8b\nd en]gy40 ,naturally1 !re=e1 we f9d ! decisive discov]y ( ,j4 ,r4 ,may] co9cid+ 9 "t ) ! bir? ( ! ,sociali/ !ory4 ,ev5 economic sy/ems wield ! same concepts2 ! value-problem has be5 9 relation ) quantity ( "w#ebb ev] s9ce ,adam ,smi?1 :o vis--vis ,quesney & ,turgot m>ks ! *ange f an organic to a me*anical /ructure ( ! economic field4 ,! 8"w0 :i* is ! f\ndation ( mod]n economic !ory has purely dynamic mean+1 & phrases c\ld be f\nd 9 ! language ( economi/s :i* correspond exactly to ! physical propositions ( cons]vation ( en]gy1 entropy & lea/ action4 ,if1 !n1 we review ! successive /ages ?r\gh :i* ! c5tral idea ( =ce has pass$ s9ce its bir? 9 ! ,b>oque1 & its intimate relations ) ! =m-worlds ( ! great arts & ( ma!matics1 we f9d t 7#a7 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury 7,galileo1 ,newton1 ,leibniz7 x is pictorially =m$ & 9 unison ) ! great art ( oil-pa9t+ t di$ out ab\t #afcj2 7#b7 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury 7! 8classical0 me*anics ( ,laplace & ,lagrange7 x acquires ! ab/ract "* ( ! fugue-/yle & is 9 unison ) ,ba*2 & 7#c7 ) ! ,culture at its end & ! civiliz$ intellig5ce victori\s ov] ! spiritual1 x appe>s 9 ! doma9 ( pure analysis1 & 9 p>ticul> 9 ! !ory ( functions ( sev]al complex v>iables1 )\t :i* x is1 9 its mo/ mod]n =m1 sc>cely und]/&able4 ,,xiii ,b ) ?is1 x _c be d5i$1 ! ,we/]n physics is draw+ ne> to ! limit ( its possibilities4 ,at bottom1 its mission z a hi/orical ph5om5on has be5 to trans=m ! ,fau/ian ,nature-feel+ into an intellectual k1 ! fai?-=ms ( spr+time into ! ma*9e-=ms ( exact sci5ce4 ,&1 ?\gh = ! "t be+ x w cont9ue to qu>ry m & m practical & ev5 8purely !oretical0 results1 results z su*1 :atev] _! k9d1 belong to ! sup]ficial hi/ory ( a sci5ce4 ,to its deeps belong only ! hi/ory ( its symbolism & its /yle1 & x is almo/ too evid5t to be wor? ! say+ t 9 ^? deeps ! ess5ce & nucleus ( our sci5ce is 9 rapid dis9tegration4 ,up to ! end ( ! #ai? ,c5tury e /ep 0 9 ! direction ( an inw>d fulfilm5t1 an increas+ purity1 rig\r & fullness ( ! dynamic ,nature-picture--& !n1 t :i* has br\ght x to an optimum ( !oretical cl>ity1 sudd5ly becomes a solv5t4 ,?is is n happ5+ int5tionally--! high intellig5ces ( mod]n physics are1 9 fact1 unconsci\s t x is happ5+ at all--b f an inh]5t hi/oric necessity4 ,j s1 at ! same relative /age1 ! ,classical sci5ce inw>dly fulfill$ itself ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 ,analysis rea*$ its goal ) ,gauss1 ,cau*y & ,riemann1 & to-day x is only fill+ up ! gaps 9 its /ructure4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! sudd5 & annihilat+ d\bt t has aris5 ab\t ?+s t ev5 ye/]day 7 ! un*all5g$ f\ndation ( physical !ory1 ab\t ! mean+ ( ! en]gy-pr9ciple1 ! concepts ( mass1 space1 absolute "t1 & causality-laws g5]ally4 ,?is d\bt is no long] ! fruitful d\bt ( ! ,b>oque1 :i* br\ght ! kn[] & ! object ( 8 k toge!r2 x is a d\bt affect+ ! v possibility ( a ,nature-sci5ce4 ,to take "o in/ance alone1 :at a dep? ( unconsci\s ,skepsis !re is 9 ! rapidly-increas+ use ( enum]ative & /ati/ical me?ods1 :i* aim only at probability ( results & =go 9 advance ! absolute sci5tific exactitude t 0 a cre$ to ! hopeful e>li] g5]ations4 ,! mom5t is at h& n[1 :5 ! possibility ( a self-conta9$ & self-consi/5t me*anics w be giv5 up = good4 ,e physics1 z ,i h %[n1 mu/ break d[n ov] ! motion-problem1 9 :i* ! liv+ p]son ( ! kn[] me?odically intrudes into ! inorganic =m-_w ( ! kn[n4 ,b to-day1 n only is ?is dilemma /ill inh]5t 9 all ! newe/ !ories b ?ree c5turies ( intellectual "w h br\ght x s %>ply to focus t !re is no possibility m ( ignor+ x4 ,! !ory ( gravitation1 :i* s9ce ,newton has be5 an impregnable tru?1 has n[ be5 recogniz$ z a temporally limit$ & %aky hypo!sis4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy has no mean+ if en]gy is suppos$ to be inf9ite 9 an inf9ite space4 ,! acceptance ( ! pr9ciple is incompatible ) any ?ree-dim5sional /ructure ( space1 :e!r inf9ite or ,euclidean or 7z ! ,non- ,euclidean geometries pres5t x7 sph]ical & ( 8f9ite1 yet unb\nd$0 volume4 ,its validity !re=e is re/rict$ to 8a sy/em ( bodies self-conta9$ & n ext]nally influ5c$0 & su* a limitation does n & _c exi/ 9 actuality4 ,b symbolic inf9ity 0 j :at ! ,fau/ian _w-feel+ _h meant to express 9 ?is basic idea1 :i* 0 simply ! me*anical & ext5sional re-ideation ( ! idea ( immortality & _w-s\l4 ,9 fact x 0 a feel+ out ( :i* k c\ld nev] succe$ 9 =m+ a pure sy/em4 ,! lum9if]\s !r1 aga91 0 an ideal po/ulate ( mod]n dynamics :]eby e motion requir$ a some?+-to-be-mov$1 b e conceivable hypo!sis conc]n+ ! con/itution ( ?is !r has brok5 d[n "u inn] contradictions2 m1 ,"l ,kelv9 has prov$ ma!matically t !re c be no /ructure ( ?is light- transmitt] t is n op5 to objections4 ,z1 accord+ to ! int]pretation ( ,fresnel's exp]im5ts1 ! light-waves are transv]sal1 ! !r w\ld h to be a rigid body 7) truly qua9t prop]ties71 b !n ! laws ( ela/icity w\ld h to apply to x & 9 t case ! waves w\ld be longitud9al4 ,! ,maxwell-,h]tz equations ( ! ,electro-magnetic ,!ory ( ,light1 :i* 9 fact are pure nameless numb]s ( indubitable validity1 exclude ! explanation ( ! !r by any me*anics :atsoev]4 ,!re=e1 & hav+ reg>d also to ! consequ5ces ( ! ,relativity !ory1 physici/s n[ reg>d ! !r z pure vacuum4 ,b t1 aft] all1 is n v diff]5t f demoli%+ ! dynamic picture itself4 ,s9ce ,newton1 ! assumption ( con/ant mass--! c\nt]p>t ( con/ant =ce--has _h unconte/$ validity4 ,b ! ,quantum !ory ( ,planck1 & ! conclusions ( ,niels ,bohr !refrom z to ! f9e /ructure ( atoms1 :i* exp]im5tal exp]i5ce _h r5d]$ necess>y1 h de/roy$ ?is assumption4 ,e self-conta9$ sy/em possesses1 besides k9etic en]gy1 an en]gy ( radiant heat :i* is insep>able f x & !re=e _c be repres5t$ purely by ! concept ( mass4 ,= if mass is def9$ by liv+ en]gy x is ipso facto no long] con/ant ) ref]5ce to !rmodynamic /ate4 ,nev]!less1 x is impossible to fit ! !ory ( quanta into ! gr\p ( hypo!ses con/itut+ ! 8classical0 me*anics ( ! ,b>oque2 moreov]1 along ) ! pr9ciple ( causal cont9uity1 ! basis ( ! ,inf9itesimal ,calculus f\nd$ by ,newton & ,leibniz is ?reat5$4#ebc ,b1 if ^! are s]i\s en\gh d\bts1 ! ru?lessly cynical hypo!sis ( ! ,relativity !ory /rikes to ! v he>t ( dynamics4 ,support$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,a4 ,a4 ,mi*elson1 :i* %[$ t ! velocity ( light rema9s unaffect$ by ! motion ( ! m$ium1 & prep>$ ma!matically by ,lor5tz & ,m9k[ski1 its specific t5d5cy is to de/roy ! notion ( absolute "t4 ,a/ronomical discov]ies 7& "h pres5t-day sci5ti/s are s]i\sly deceiv+ !mselves7 c nei!r e/abli% nor refute x4 8,correct0 & 8incorrect0 are n ! crit]ia :]eby su* assumptions are to be te/$2 ! "q is :e!r1 9 ! *aos ( involv$ & artificial ideas t has be5 produc$ by ! innum]able hypo!ses ( ,radioactivity & ,!rmodynamics1 x c hold its own z a useable hypo!sis or n4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 x has aboli%$ ! con/ancy ( ^? physical quantities into ! def9ition ( :i* "t has ent]$1 & unlike ! antique /atics1 ! ,we/]n dynamics kn[s only su* quantities4 ,absolute measures ( l5g? & rigid bodies are no m4 ,& ) ?is ! possibility ( absolute quantitative delimitations & !re=e ! 8classical0 concept ( mass z ! con/ant ratio betwe5 =ce & accel]ation fall to ! gr\nd--j aft] ! quantum ( action1 a product ( en]gy & "t1 _h be5 set up z a new con/ant4 ,if we make x cle> to ourselves t ! atomic ideas ( ,ru!r=d & ,bohr#ebd signify no?+ b ?is1 t ! num]ical results ( obs]vations h sudd5ly be5 provid$ ) a picture ( a planet>y _w )9 ! atom1 in/ead ( t ( atom-sw>ms hi!rto fav\r$2 if we obs]ve h[ rapidly c>d-h\ses ( hypo!sis are run up n[adays1 e contradiction be+ imm$iately cov]$ up by a new hurri$ hypo!sis2 if we reflect on h[ little he$ is paid to ! fact t ^! images contradict "o ano!r & ! 8classical0 ,b>oque me*anics alike1 we _c b realize t ! great /yle ( ideation is at an end & t1 z 9 ar*itecture & ! arts ( =m1 a sort ( craft-art ( hypo!sis-build+ has tak5 its place4 ,only our extreme mae/ria 9 exp]im5tal te*nique--true *ild ( its c5tury-- hides ! collapse ( ! symbolism4 ,,xiv ,among/ ^! symbols ( decl9e1 ! mo/ conspicu\s is ! notion ( ,entropy1 :i* =ms ! subject ( ! ,second ,law ( ,!rmodynamics4 ,! fir/ law1 t ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 is ! pla9 =mulation ( ! ess5ce ( dynamics--n to say ( ! con/itution ( ! ,we/-,european s\l1 to :i* ,nature is necess>ily visible only 9 ! =m ( a contrapuntal-dynamic causality 7z aga9/ ! /atic- pla/ic causality ( ,ari/otle74 ,! basic elem5t ( ! ,fau/ian _w-picture is n ! ,attitude b ! ,de$ &1 me*anically consid]$1 ! ,process1 & ?is law m]ely puts ! ma!matical "* ( ^! processes into =m z v>iables & con/ants4 ,b ! ,second ,law goes deep]1 & %[s a bias 9 ,nature-happ5+s :i* is 9 no wise impos$ a priori by ! conceptual fundam5tals ( dynamics4 ,ma!matically1 ,entropy is repres5t$ by a quantity :i* is fix$ by ! mom5t>y /ate ( a self-conta9$ sy/em ( bodies & "u all physical & *emical alt]ations c only increase1 nev] dim9i%2 9 ! mo/ fav\rable conditions x rema9s un*ang$4 ,entropy1 l ,=ce & ,w1 is some?+ :i* 7to anyone = :om ?is =m-_w is accessible at all7 is inw>dly cle> & mean+ful1 b is =mulat$ diff]5tly by e diff]5t au?ority & nev] satisfactorily by any4 ,"h aga91 ! intellect breaks d[n :]e ! _w-feel+ dem&s expression4 ,nature-processes 9 g5]al h be5 classifi$ z irrev]sible & rev]sible1 accord+ z entropy is increas$ or n4 ,9 any process ( ! fir/ k9d1 free en]gy is conv]t$ into b\nd en]gy1 & if ?is dead en]gy is to be turn$ once m into liv+1 ?is c only occur ?r\gh ! simultane\s b9d+ ( a fur!r quantum ( liv+ en]gy 9 "s second process2 ! be/-kn[n example is ! combu/ion ( coal--t is1 ! conv]sion ( ! liv+ en]gy /or$ up 9 x into heat b\nd by ! gas =m ( ! c>bon dioxide1 if ! lat5t en]gy ( wat] is to be translat$ into /eam-pressure & !reaft] into motion4#ebe ,x foll[s t 9 ! _w z a :ole entropy cont9ually increases2 t is1 ! dynamic sy/em is manife/ly approa*+ to "s f9al /ate1 :atev] ?is may be4 ,examples ( ! irrev]sible processes are conduction ( heat1 diffusion1 friction1 emission ( light & *emical reactions2 ( rev]sible1 gravitation1 electric oscillations1 electromagnetic waves & s\nd-waves4 ,:at has nev] hi!rto be5 fully felt1 & :at leads me to reg>d ! ,entropy !ory 7#ahej7 z ! beg9n+ ( ! de/ruction ( t ma/]piece ( ,we/]n intellig5ce1 ! old dynamic physics1 is ! deep opposition ( !ory & actuality :i* is "h = ! fir/ "t introduc$ into !ory itself4 ,! ,fir/ ,law _h drawn ! /rict picture ( a causal ,nature-happ5+1 b ! ,second ,law by introduc+ irrev]sibility has = ! fir/ "t br\ght into ! me*anical- logical doma9 a t5d5cy belong+ to imm$iate life & ?us 9 fundam5tal contradiction ) ! v ess5ce ( t doma94 ,if ! ,entropy !ory is foll[$ out to its conclusion1 x results1 fir/ly1 t 9 !ory all processes mu/ be rev]sible--:i* is "o ( ! basic po/ulates ( dynamics & is reass]t$ ) all rig\r 9 ! law ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy--b1 secondly1 t 9 actuality processes ( ,nature 9 _! entirety are irrev]sible4 ,n ev5 "u ! artificial conditions ( laboratory exp]im5t c ! simple/ process be exactly rev]s$1 t is1 a /ate once pass$ _c be re- e/abli%$4 ,no?+ is m significant ( ! pres5t condition ( sy/ematics ?an ! introduction ( ! hypo!ses ( 8elem5t>y disord]0 = ! purpose ( smoo?+-out ! contradiction betwe5 intellectual po/ulate & actual exp]i5ce4 ,! 8smalle/ p>ticles0 ( a body 7an image1 no m7 ?r\gh\t p]=m rev]sible processes1 b 9 actual ?+s ! smalle/ p>ticles are 9 disord] & mutually int]f]e2 & s ! irrev]sible process t alone is exp]i5c$ by ! obs]v] is l9k$ ) increase ( entropy by tak+ ! mean probabilities ( occurr5ces4 ,& ?us !ory becomes a *apt] ( ! ,calculus ( ,probabilities1 & 9 lieu ( exact we h /ati/ical me?ods4 ,evid5tly1 ! significance ( ?is has pass$ unnotic$4 ,/ati/ics belong1 l *ronology1 to ! doma9 ( ! organic1 to fluctuat+ ,life1 to ,de/9y & ,incid5t & n to ! _w ( laws & timeless causality4 ,z ev]yone kn[s1 /ati/ics s]ve above all to *>act]ize political & economic1 t is1 hi/orical1 developm5ts4 ,9 ! 8classical0 me*anics ( ,galileo & ,newton !re w\ld h be5 no room = !m4 ,& if1 n[1 sudd5ly ! cont5ts ( t field are suppos$ to be und]/ood & und]/&able only /ati/ically & "u ! aspect ( ,probability--in/ead ( "u t ( ! a priori exactitude :i* ! ,b>oque ?9k]s unanim\sly dem&$--:at does x mean8 ,x means t ! object ( und]/&+ is ourselves4 ,! ,nature 8kn[n0 9 ?is wise is ! ,nature t we "k by way ( liv+ exp]i5ce1 t we live 9 ourselves4 ,:at !ory ass]ts 7&1 be+ itself1 mu/ ass]t7--to wit1 ?is ideal irrev]sibility t nev] happ5s 9 actuality--repres5ts a relic ( ! old sev]e intellectual =m1 ! great ,b>oque tradition t _h contrapuntal music = tw9 si/]4 ,b ! resort to /ati/ics %[s t ! =ce t t tradition regulat$ & made effective is exhau/$4 ,becom+ & ,become1 ,de/9y & ,causality1 hi/orical & natural-sci5ce elem5ts are beg9n+ to be confus$4 ,=mul ( life1 gr[?1 age1 direction & dea? are cr[d+ up4 ,t is :at1 f ?is po9t ( view1 irrev]sibility 9 _w- processes has to mean4 ,x is ! expression1 no long] ( ! physical 8t0 b ( g5u9e hi/orical1 inw>dly-exp]i5c$ ,"t1 :i* is id5tical ) ,de/9y4 ,b>oque physics 01 root & bran*1 a /rict sy/ematic & rema9$ s = z long z its /ructure 0 n rack$ by !ories l ^!1 z long z its field 0 absolutely free f any?+ t express$ accid5t & m]e probability4 ,b directly ^! !ories come up1 x becomes physiognomic4 8,! c\rse ( ! _w0 is foll[$ out4 ,! idea ( ! end ( ! _w appe>s1 "u ! veil ( =mul t are no long] 9 _! ess5ce =mul at all4 ,some?+ ,goe?ian has ent]$ into physics--& if we und]/& ! deep] significance ( ,goe!'s passionate polemic aga9/ ,newton 9 ! 8,f>b5lehre0#ebf we %all realize ! full weight ( :at ?is means4 ,= !re9 intuitive vision 0 argu+ aga9/ reason1 life aga9/ dea?1 creative image aga9/ normative law4 ,! critical =m-_w ( ,nature-k came out ( ,nature-feel+1 ,god-feel+1 z ! evok$ contr>y4 ,"h1 at ! end ( ! ,late p]iod1 x has rea*$ ! maximal di/ance & is turn+ to come home4 ,s1 once m1 ! imag+-p[] t is ! effici5t 9 dynamics conjures up ! old great symbol ( ,fau/ian man's hi/orical passion1 ,c>e--! outlook into ! f>!/ f> ( pa/ & future1 ! back- look+ /udy ( hi/ory1 ! =esee+ /ate1 ! confessions & introspections1 ! bells t s\nd$ ov] all our c\ntry-sides & measur$ ! pass+ ( ,life4 ,! e?os ( ! ^w ,"t1 z we alone feel x1 z in/rum5tal music alone & no /atue-pla/ic c c>ry x1 is direct$ ^u an aim4 ,?is aim has be5 figur$ 9 e life-image t ! ,we/ has conceiv$--z ! ,?ird ,k+dom1 z ! ,new ,age1 z ! task ( mank9d1 z ! issue ( evolution4 ,& x is figur$1 z ! de/9$ end-/ate ( all ,fau/ian 8,nature10 9 ,entropy4 ,directional feel+1 a relation ( pa/ & future1 is implicit already 9 ! my?ic concept ( =ce on :i* ! :ole ( ?is dogmatic =m- _w re/s1 & 9 ! description ( natural processes x em]ges di/9ct4 ,x w\ld n be too mu*1 !re=e1 to say t entropy1 z ! intellectual =m 9 :i* ! inf9ite sum ( nature-ev5ts is assembl$ z a hi/orical & physiognomic unit1 tacitly und]lay all physical concept-=mation f ! outset1 s t :5 x came out 7z "o day x 0 b\nd to come out7 x 0 z a 8discov]y0 ( sci5tific induction claim+ 8support0 f all ! o!r !oretical elem5ts ( ! sy/em4 ,! m dynamics exhau/s its inn] possibilities z x ne>s ! goal1 ! m decid$ly ! hi/orical *>act]s 9 ! picture come to ! front & ! m insi/5tly ! organic necessity ( ,de/9y ass]ts itself side by side ) ! inorganic necessity ( ,causality1 & ,direction makes itself felt along ) capacity & int5sity1 ! factors ( pure ext5sion4 ,! c\rse ( ?is process is m>k$ by ! appe>ance ( :ole s]ies ( d>+ hypo!ses1 all ( l sort1 :i* are only app>5tly dem&$ by exp]im5tal results & :i* 9 fact _w-feel+ & my?ology imag9$ z long ago z ! ,go?ic age4 ,above all1 ?is is manife/$ 9 ! biz>re hypo!ses ( atomic dis9tegration :i* elucidate ! ph5om5a ( radioactivity1 & accord+ to :i* uranium atoms t h kept _! ess5ce unalt]$1 9 spite ( all ext]nal influ5ces1 = millions ( ye>s & !n sudd5ly )\t assignable cause explode1 scatt]+ _! smalle/ p>ticles ov] space ) velocities ( ?\s&s ( kilometres p] second4 ,only a few individuals 9 an aggregate ( radioactive atoms are /ruck by ,de/9y ?us1 ! neighb\rs be+ entirely unaffect$4 ,"h too1 !n1 is a picture ( hi/ory & n 8,nature10 & al?\gh /ati/ical me?ods "h also prove to be necess>y1 "o might almo/ say t 9 !m ma!matical numb] has be5 replac$ by *ronological4#ebg ,) ideas l ^!1 ! my?opoetic =ce ( ! ,fau/ian s\l is return+ to its orig9s4 ,x 0 at ! outset ( ! ,go?ic1 j at ! "t :5 ! fir/ me*anical clocks 7 be+ built1 t ! my? ( ! _w's end1 ,ragn>k1 ! ,twilight ( ! ,gods1 arose4 ,x may be t1 l all ! reput$ly old-,g]man my?s ,ragn>k 7:e!r 9 ! ,vluspa =m or z ! ,*ri/ian ,muspilli7 0 modell$ m or less on ,classical & p>ticul>ly ,*ri/ian-,apocalyptic motives4 ,nev]!less1 x is ! expression & symbol ( ! ,fau/ian & ( no o!r s\l4 ,! ,olympian college is hi/oryless1 x kn[s no becom+1 no epo*al mom5ts1 no aim4 ,b ! passionate ?ru/ into di/ance is ,fau/ian4 ,=ce1 ,w1 has an aim1 & :]e !re is an aim !re is = ! inquir+ eye an end4 ,t :i* ! p]spective ( oil-pa9t+ express$ by means ( ! vani%+ po9t1 ! ,b>oque p>k by its po9t de vue1 & analysis by ! n? t]m ( an inf9ite s]ies--! conclusion1 t is1 ( a will$ direct$ness--assumes "h ! =m ( ! concept4 ,! ,fau/ ( ! ,second ,"p is dy+1 = he has rea*$ 8 goal4 ,:at ! my? ( ,gtt]dmm]ung signifi$ ( old1 ! irreligi\s =m ( x1 ! !ory ( ,entropy1 signifies to-day--_w's end z completion ( an inw>dly necess>y evolution4 ,,xv ,x rema9s n[ to sket* ! la/ /age ( ,we/]n sci5ce4 ,f our /&po9t ( to-day1 ! g5tly-slop+ r\te ( decl9e is cle>ly visible4 ,?is too1 ! p[] ( look+ ahead to inevitable ,de/9y1 is "p ( ! hi/orical capacity t is ! peculi> end[m5t ( ! ,fau/ian4 ,! ,classical di$1 z we %all die1 b x di$ unkn[+4 ,x believ$ 9 an et]nal ,be+ & to ! la/ x liv$ its days ) frank satisfaction1 ea* day sp5t z a gift ( ! gods4 ,b we "k our hi/ory4 ,be=e u !re /&s a la/ spiritual crisis t w involve all ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,:at its c\rse w be1 ,late ,hell5ism tells u4 ,! tyranny ( ! ,reason--( :i* we are n consci\s1 = we are ourselves its apex--is 9 e ,culture an epo* betwe5 man & old-man1 & no m4 ,its mo/ di/9ct expression is ! cult ( exact sci5ces1 ( dialectic1 ( demon/ration1 ( causality4 ,( old ! ,ionic1 & 9 our case ! ,b>oque 7 its ris+ limb1 & n[ ! "q is :at =m w ! d[n-curve assume8 ,9 ?is v c5tury1 ,i prophesy1 ! c5tury ( sci5tific-critical ,alex&rianism1 ( ! great h>ve/s1 ( ! f9al =mulations1 a new elem5t ( inw>dness w arise to ov]?r[ ! w-to-victory ( sci5ce4 ,exact sci5ce mu/ pres5tly fall ^u its own ke5 sword4 ,fir/1 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury1 its me?ods 7 tri$ out1 !n1 9 ! #ai?1 its p[]s1 & n[ its hi/orical rle is critically review$4 ,b f ,skepsis !re is a pa? to 8second religi\sness10 :i* is ! sequel & n ! preface ( ! ,culture4 ,m5 disp5se ) pro(1 desire only to believe & n to dissect4 ,! individual r5\nces by lay+ aside books4 ,! ,culture r5\nces by ceas+ to manife/ itself 9 high sci5tific intellects4 ,b sci5ce exi/s only 9 ! liv+ ?\ght ( great savant-g5]ations1 & books are no?+ if !y are n liv+ & effective 9 m5 wor?y ( !m4 ,sci5tific results are m]ely items ( an intellectual tradition4 ,x con/itutes ! dea? ( a sci5ce t no "o any long] reg>ds x z an ev5t1 & an orgy ( two c5turies ( exact sci5tific-ness br+s satiety4 ,n ! individual1 ! s\l ( ! ,culture itself has _h en\gh1 & x expresses ?is by putt+ into ! field ( ! day ev] small]1 n>r[] & m unfruitful inve/igators4 ,! great c5tury ( ! ,classical sci5ce 0 ! ?ird1 aft] ! dea? ( ,ari/otle2 :5 ,ar*im$es di$ & ! ,romans came1 x 0 already almo/ at its end4 ,our great c5tury has be5 ! #ai?4 ,savants ( ! calibre ( ,gauss & ,humboldt & ,helmholtz 7 already no m by #aijj4 ,9 physics z 9 *emi/ry1 9 biology z 9 ma!matics1 ! great ma/]s are dead1 & we are n[ exp]i5c+ ! decresc5do ( brilliant glean]s :o arrange1 collect & f9i%-(f l ! ,alex&rian s*ol>s ( ! ,roman age4 ,ev]y?+ t does n belong to ! matt]-(-fact side ( life--to politics1 te*nics or economics--exhibits ! common symptom4 ,aft] ,lysippus no great sculptor1 no arti/ z man- (-de/9y1 appe>s1 & aft] ! ,impressioni/s no pa9t]1 & aft] ,wagn] no musician4 ,! age ( ,cs>ism ne$$ nei!r art nor philosophy4 ,to ,erato/h5es & ,ar*im$es1 true creators1 succe$ ,posidonius & ,pl9y1 collectors ( ta/e1 & f9ally ,ptolemy & ,gal51 m]e copyi/s4 ,&1 j z oil-pa9t+ & in/rum5tal music ran ?r\gh _! possibilities 9 a few c5turies1 s also dynamics1 :i* began to bud ab\t #afjj1 is to-day 9 ! grip ( decay4 ,b be=e ! curta9 falls1 !re is "o m task = ! hi/orical ,fau/ian _s1 a task n yet specifi$1 hi!rto n ev5 imag9$ z possible4 ,!re has /ill to be writt5 a morphology ( ! exact sci5ces1 :i* %all discov] h[ all laws1 concepts & !ories inw>dly hang toge!r z =ms & :at !y h meant z su* 9 ! life-c\rse ( ! ,fau/ian ,culture4 ,! re-treatm5t ( !oretical physics1 ( *emi/ry1 ( ma!matics z a sum ( symbols--?is w be ! def9itive conque/ ( ! me*anical _w-aspect by an intuitive1 once m religi\s1 _w-outlook1 a la/ ma/]-ef=t ( physiognomic to break d[n ev5 sy/ematic & to absorb x1 z expression & symbol1 into its own doma94 ,"o day we %all no long] ask1 z ! #ai? ,c5tury ask$1 :at are ! valid laws und]ly+ *emical aff9ity or diamagnetism--r1 we %all be amaz$ inde$ t m9ds ( ! fir/ ord] c\ld ev] h be5 completely preoccupi$ by que/ions su* z ^!4 ,we %all inquire :5ce came ^! =ms t 7 prescrib$ = ! ,fau/ian _s1 :y !y _h to come to our k9d ( humanity p>ticul>ly & exclusively1 & :at deep mean+ !re is 9 ! fact t ! numb]s t we h won became ph5om5al 9 j ?is picture-l disguise4 ,&1 be x said1 we h to-day h>dly yet an inkl+ ( h[ mu* 9 our reput$ly objective values & exp]i5ces is only disguise1 only image & expression4 ,! sep>ate sci5ces--epi/emology1 physics1 *emi/ry1 ma!matics1 a/ronomy--are approa*+ "o ano!r ) accel]ation1 conv]g+ t[>ds a complete id5tity ( results4 ,! issue w be a fusion ( ! =m-worlds1 :i* w pres5t on ! "o h& a sy/em ( numb]s1 functional 9 nature & r$uc$ to a few gr\nd-=mul1 & on ! o!r a small gr\p ( !ories1 d5om9ators to ^? num]ators1 :i* 9 ! end w be se5 to be my?s ( ! spr+time "u mod]n veils1 r$ucible !re=e--& at once ( necessity r$uc$--to picturable & physiognomically significant *>act]s t are ! fundam5tals4 ,?is conv]g5ce has n yet be5 obs]v$1 = ! reason t s9ce ,kant--inde$1 s9ce ,leibniz--!re has be5 no philosoph] :o comm&$ ! problems ( all ! exact sci5ces4 ,ev5 a c5tury ago1 physics & *emi/ry 7 =eign to "o ano!r1 b to-day !y _c be h&l$ sep>ately--witness spectrum analysis1 radioactivity1 radiation ( heat4 ,fifty ye>s ago ! ess5ce ( *emi/ry c\ld /ill be describ$ almo/ )\t ma!matics1 & to- day ! *emical elem5ts are 9 c\rse ( volatiliz+ !mselves into ! ma!matical con/ants ( v>iable relation-complexes1 & ) ! s5se-compreh5sibility ( ! elem5ts goes ! la/ trace ( magnitude z ! t]m is ,classically & pla/ically und]/ood4 ,physiology is becom+ a *apt] ( organic *emi/ry & is mak+ use ( ! me?ods ( ! ,inf9itesimal ,calculus4 ,! bran* ( ! old] physics-- di/+ui%$1 accord+ to ! bodily s5ses conc]n$ 9 ea*1 z ac\/ics1 optics & heat--h melt$ into a dynamic ( matt] & a dynamic ( ! !r1 & ^! aga9 c no long] keep _! fronti]s ma!matically cle>4 ,! la/ discussions ( epi/emology are n[ unit+ ) ^? ( high] analysis & !oretical physics to occupy an almo/ inaccessible doma91 ! doma9 to :i*1 = example1 ! !ory ( ,relativity belongs or ought to belong4 ,! sign-language 9 :i* ! emanation-!ory ( radioactivity expresses itself is completely de-s5sualiz$4 ,*emi/ry1 once conc]n$ ) def9+ z %>ply z possible ! qualities ( elem5ts1 su* z val5cy1 weight1 aff9ity & reactivity1 is sett+ to "w to get rid ( ^! s5sible traits4 ,! elem5ts are held to diff] 9 "* accord+ to _! d]ivation f ?is or t comp\nd4 ,!y are repres5t$ to be complexes ( diff]5t units :i* inde$ behave 78actually07 z units ( a high] ord] & are n practically sep>able b %[ deep diff]5ces 9 po9t ( radioactivity4 ,?r\gh ! emanation ( radiant en]gy degradation is always go+ on1 s t we c speak ( ! lifetime ( an elem5t1 9 =mal contradiction ) ! orig9al concept ( ! elem5t & ! _s ( mod]n *emi/ry z creat$ by ,lavoisi]4 ,all ^! t5d5cies are br++ ! ideas ( *emi/ry v close to ! !ory ( ,entropy1 ) its sugge/ive opposition ( causality & de/9y1 ,nature & ,hi/ory4 ,& !y indicate ! pa?s t our sci5ce is pursu+--on ! "o h&1 t[>ds ! discov]y t its logical & num]ical results are id5tical ) ! /ructure ( ! reason itself1 &1 on ! o!r1 t[>ds ! revelation t ! :ole !ory :i* clo!s ^! numb]s m]ely repres5ts ! symbolic expression ( ,fau/ian life4 ,& "h1 z our /udy draws to its conclusion1 we mu/ m5tion ! truly ,fau/ian !ory ( 8aggregates10 "o ( ! weightie/ 9 all ?is =m-_w ( our sci5ce4 ,9 %>pe/ anti!sis to ! old] ma!matic1 x deals1 n ) s+ul> quantities b ) ! aggregates con/itut$ by all quantities or objects hav+ ?is or t specifi$ morphological simil>ity--= in/ance all squ>e numb]s or all diff]5tial equations ( a giv5 type4 ,su* an aggregate x conceives z a new unit1 a new numb] ( high] ord]1 & subject+ x to crit]ia ( new & hi!rto q unsuspect$ k9ds su* z 8pot5cy10 8ord]10 8equival5ce10 8c\ntabl5ess10 & devis+ laws & op]ative me?ods = x 9 respect ( ^! crit]ia4 ,?us is be+ actualiz$ a la/ ext5sion ( ! function-!ory4#ebh ,little by little ?is absorb$ ! :ole ( our ma!matic1 & n[ x is deal+ ) v>iables by ! pr9ciples ( ! ,!ory ( ,gr\ps 9 respect ( ! "* ( ! function & by ^? ( ! ,!ory ( ,aggregates 9 respect ( ! values ( ! v>iables4 ,ma!matical philosophy is well aw>e t ^! ultimate m$itations on ! nature ( numb] are fus+ ) ^? ^u pure logic1 & an algebra ( logic is talk$ (4 ,! /udy ( geometrical axioms has become a *apt] ( epi/emology4 ,! aim to :i* all ?is is /riv+1 & :i* 9 p>ticul> e ,nature-rese>*] feels 9 himself z an impulse1 is ! a*ievem5t ( a pure num]ical transc5d5ce1 ! complete & inclusive conque/ ( ! visibly app>5t & its replacem5t by a language ( imag]y un9telligible to ! layman & impossible ( s5su\s realization--b a language t ! great ,fau/ian symbol ( ,inf9ite space end[s ) ! dignity ( inw>d necessity4 ,! deep scepticism ( ^! f9al judgm5ts l9ks ! s\l anew to ! =ms ( e>ly ,go?ic religi\sness4 ,! inorganic1 kn[n & dissect$ _w-ar\nd1 ! ,_w z ,nature & ,sy/em1 has deep5$ itself until x is a pure sph]e ( functional numb]s4 ,b1 z we h se51 numb] is "o ( ! mo/ prim>y symbols 9 e ,culture2 & consequ5tly ! way to pure numb] is ! return ( ! wak+ consci\sness to its own secret1 ! revelation ( its own =mal necessity4 ,! goal rea*$1 ! va/ & ev] m mean+less & ?readb>e fabric wov5 ar\nd natural sci5ce falls ap>t4 ,x 01 aft] all1 no?+ b ! inn] /ructure ( ! 8,reason10 ! gramm> by :i* x believ$ x c\ld ov]come ! ,visible & extract !refrom ! ,true4 ,b :at appe>s "u ! fabric is once aga9 ! e>lie/ & deepe/1 ! ,my?1 ! imm$iate ,becom+1 ,life itself4 ,! less an?ropomorphic sci5ce believes itself to be1 ! m an?ropomorphic x is4 ,"o by "o x gets rid ( ! sep>ate human traits 9 ! ,nature-picture1 only to f9d at ! end t ! suppos$ pure ,nature :i* x holds 9 its h& is--humanity itself1 pure & complete4 ,out ( ! ,go?ic s\l grew up1 till x ov]%ad[$ ! religi\s _w-picture1 ! _s ( ! ,city1 ! alt] ego ( irreligi\s ,nature-sci5ce4 ,b n[1 9 ! sunset ( ! sci5tific epo* & ! rise ( victori\s ,skepsis1 ! cl\ds dissolve & ! quiet l&scape ( ! morn+ reappe>s 9 all di/9ctness4 ,! f9al issue to :i* ! ,fau/ian wisdom t5ds--?\gh x is only 9 ! highe/ mom5ts t x has se5 x--is ! dissolution ( all k into a va/ sy/em ( morphological relation%ips4 ,dynamics & ,analysis are 9 respect ( mean+1 =m-language & sub/ance1 id5tical ) ,romanesque ornam5t1 ,go?ic ca!drals1 ,*ri/ian-,g]man dogma & ! dyna/ic /ate4 ,"o & ! same _w-feel+ speaks 9 all ( !m4 ,!y 7 born )1 & !y ag$ )1 ! ,fau/ian ,culture1 & !y pres5t t ,culture 9 ! _w ( day & space z a hi/orical drama4 ,! unit+ ( ! sev]al sci5tific aspects into "o w be> all ! m>ks ( ! great art ( c\nt]po9t4 ,an inf9itesimal music ( ! b\ndless _w-space--t is ! deep unre/+ long+ ( ?is s\l1 z ! ord]ly /atuesque & ,euclidean ,cosmos 0 ! satisfaction ( ! ,classical4 ,t--=mulat$ by a logical necessity ( ,fau/ian reason z a dynamic-imp]ative causality1 !n develop$ into a dictatorial1 h>d-work+1 _w-trans=m+ sci5ce--is ! gr& legacy ( ! ,fau/ian s\l to ! s\ls ( ,cultures yet to be1 a beque/ ( imm5sely transc5d5t =ms t ! heirs w possibly ignore4 ,& !n1 we>y aft] its /riv+1 ! ,we/]n sci5ce returns to its spiritual home4 ----- ,footnote #cfi3 ,see pp4 #ee et seq4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,see p4 #abf4 ,footnote #cga3 ,primitive languages af=d no f\ndations = ab/ract ord]$ ?\ght4 ,b at ! beg9n+ ( e ,culture an inn] *ange takes place 9 ! language t makes x adequate = c>ry+ ! highe/ symbolic tasks ( ! ensu+ cultural developm5t4 ,?us x 0 simultane\sly ) ! ,romanesque /yle t ,engli% & ,g]man arose out ( ! ,teutonic languages ( ! ,franki% p]iod1 & ,fr5*1 ,italian & ,spani% out ( ! 8l+ua ru/ica0 ( ! old ,roman prov9ces--languages ( id5tical metaphysical cont5t ?\gh s dissimil> 9 orig94 ,footnote #cgb3 ,see p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,see p4 #agb4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,t is1 discussion ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,eleatic s*ool reg>d+ unity & plurality1 ! ,ent & ,non5t1 focuss$ !mselves1 9 ,z5o1 d[n to ! fam\s p>adoxes conc]n+ ! nature ( motion 7su* z 8,a*illes & ! ,tortoise07 :i* )9 ! ,greek discipl9e 7 unansw]able4 ,_! g5]al effect 0 to %[ t motion dep5d$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( an indef9itely great plurality1 t is1 ( inf9itely small subdivisions z well z inf9itely great quantities1 &1 ! d5ial ( ?is plurality be+ ! ess5tial feature ( ! ,eleatic philosophy1 its application to motion 0 b\nd to produce 8p>adoxes40 ,! enunciations1 ) a brief b close critique1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed41 ,article ,z5o ( ,elea4 ,"h x suffices to draw att5tion to ! difficulties t are caus$ by ! abs5ce 7or unwelcome pres5ce7 ( "t & direction elem5ts1 n only 9 ! treatm5t ( plurality itself 7:i* is conceiv$ ( indiff]5tly z an augm5tation or z a subdivision ( ! f9ite magnitude7 b especially 9 ! conclusion ( ! 8arr[0 p>adox & 9 ! v obscure enunciation ( ,p>adox #h4--,tr4 ,footnote #cge3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bif et seq4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,de ,bo]1 ,ges*4 d4 ,philos4 im ,islam 7#aija71 pp4 #ic1 #ajh4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,a detail$ summ>y w be f\nd 9 ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed41 article ,kabbalah1 by ,dr4 ,g9sburg & ,dr4 ,cook4--,tr4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,see ,w9delb&1 ,ges*4 d4 neu]5 ,philosophie 7#aiai71 ,i1 #bjh2 also ,h9neb]t1 ,kultur d] ,geg5w>t1 ,i1 ,v 7#aiac71 p4 #dhd4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,see ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed41 article ,c>tesianism 7,v1 #dba74--,tr4 ,footnote #chj3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bif4 ,footnote #cha3 ,:51 !re=e1 9 ! pres5t "w also1 prec$5ce is consi/5tly giv5 to ,"t1 ,direction & ,de/9y ov] ,space & ,causality1 ?is mu/ n be suppos$ to be ! result ( reason$ pro(s4 ,x is ! outcome ( 7q unconsci\s7 t5d5cies ( life-feel+--! only mode ( orig9 ( philosophic ideas4 ,footnote #chb3 ,see p4 #bja4 ,footnote #chc3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfc4 ,footnote #chd3 ,9 ! ,g]man1 8,vor allem ab] se9 eignes ,i*40 7,b 9 ,lu!r's ,bible1 *>act]i/ically1 8,au* dazu se9 eig5 ,leb5407--,tr4 ,footnote #che3 ,b>na%a4 ,! und]ly+ idea is n ! filial relation1 b an imp]sonal com+-up 9 ! field ( mank9d4 ,footnote #chf3 & imply1 to h ! int5tion1 or wi%1 or incl9ation 7 means c\nsel1 c\ncil1 plan1 & has no equival5t n\n74 ,voluntas is n a psy*ological concept b1 l pote/as & virtus1 a ?or\ghly ,roman & matt]-(-fact designation = a practical1 visible & outw>d asset--sub/antially1 ! mass ( an individual's be+4 ,9 l case1 we use ! ^w en]gy4 ,! 8w0 ( ,napoleon is some?+ v diff]5t f ! en]gy ( ,napoleon1 be+1 z x 71 lift 9 contra/ to weight4 ,we mu/ n confuse ! outw>d-direct$ intellig5ce1 :i* di/+ui%es ! ,romans z civiliz$ m5 f ! ,greeks z cultur$ m51 ) 8w0 z und]/ood "h4 ,cs> is n a man ( w 9 ! ,napoleonic s5se4 ,! idioms ( ,roman law1 :i* repres5t ! root-feel+ ( ! ,roman s\l f> bett] ?an ^? ( poetry1 are significant 9 ?is reg>d4 ,int5tion 9 ! legal s5se is animus 7animus occid5di72 ! wi%1 direct$ to "s crim9al end1 is dolus z di/9ct f ! un9t5d$ wrongdo+ 7culpa74 ,voluntas is n[h]e us$ z a te*nical t]m4 ,footnote #chg3 ,! ,*9ese s\l 8w&]s0 9 its _w4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! ,ea/-,asiatic p]spective1 :i* places ! vani%+ po9t 9 ! middle ( ! picture in/ead ( 9 ! dep? z we d4 ,! function ( p]spective is to subject ?+s to ! 8,i10 :i* 9 ord]+ compreh5ds !m2 & x is a fur!r indication t 8w0--! claim to comm& ! _w--is abs5t f ! ,classical make-up t its pa9t+ d5ies ! p]spective backgr\nd4 ,9 ,*9ese p]spective z 9 ,*9ese te*nique 7see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fbg71 directional en]gy is want+1 & x w\ld n be illegitimate to call ,ea/-,asiatic p]spective1 9 contra/ ) ! p[]ful ?ru/ into dep? ( our l&scape-pa9t+1 a p]spective ( 8,tao02 = ! _w-feel+ indicat$ by t ^w is unmi/akably ! op]ative elem5t 9 ! picture4 ,footnote #chh3 ,obvi\sly1 a!ism is no exception to ?is4 ,:5 a ,mat]iali/ or ,d>w9ian speaks ( a 8,nature0 t ord]s ev]y?+1 t effects selections1 t produces & de/roys any?+1 he diff]s only to ! ext5t ( "o ^w f ! #ah?-,c5tury ,dei/4 ,! _w- feel+ has und]gone no *ange4 ,footnote #chi3 ,l9es #ebe-ecd3 4 2 4 1 etc4--,tr4 ,footnote #cij3 ,iliad1 ,,xxii1 #bjh-bae4--,tr4 ,footnote #cia3 ,! great "p play$ by le>n$ ,jesuits 9 ! developm5t ( !oretical physics mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,fa!r ,boscovi*1 ) 8 sy/em ( atomic =ces 7#agei71 made ! fir/ s]i\s advance beyond ,newton4 ,! idea ( ! equival5ce ( ,god & pure space is ev5 m evid5t 9 ,jesuit "w ?an x is 9 t ( ! ,jans5i/s ( ,port ,royal ) :om ,desc>tes & ,pascal 7 associat$4 7,boscovi*'s atomic !ory is discuss$ by ,james ,cl]k ,maxwell 9 ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed41 ,,xviii1 #fee--;a ref]5ce t1 = m g5]al reasons1 no /ud5t ( ! ,fau/ian-z-sci5ti/ %\ld fail to foll[ up4--,tr47 ,footnote #cib3 ,lu!r plac$ practical activity 7! day's dem&s1 z ,goe! said7 at ! v c5tre ( morale1 & t is "o ( ! ma9 reasons :y x 0 to ! deep] natures t ,prote/antism appeal$ mo/ cog5tly4 ,works ( piety devoid ( directional en]gy 79 ! s5se t we give ! words "h7 fell at once f ! high e/eem 9 :i* !y _h be5 su/a9$ 7z ! ,r5aissance 0 su/a9$7 by a relic ( ,s\!rn feel+4 ,on e?ical gr\nds mona/icism !nce=? falls into ev]-increas+ disrepute4 ,9 ! ,go?ic ,age entry into ! cloi/]1 ! r5unciation ( c>e1 de$ & w1 _h be5 an act ( ! l(tie/ e?ical "*--! highe/ sacrifice t x 0 possible to imag9e1 t ( life4 ,b 9 ! ,b>oque ev5 ,roman ,ca?olics no long] felt ?us ab\t x4 ,& ! in/itutions1 no long] ( r5unciation b m]ely ( inactive com=t1 w5t d[n be=e ! _s ( ! ,enlight5m5t4 ,footnote #cic3 meant 9 ! old] ,greek 8visage10 & lat]1 9 ,a!ns1 8mask40 ,z late z ,ari/otle ! ^w is n yet 9 use = p]son4 8,p]sona10 orig9ally also a !atre-mask1 came to h a juri/ic application1 & 9 ,roman ,imp]ial times ! pregnant ,roman s5se ( ?is ^w affect$ ! ,greek also4 ,see ,r4 ,hirzel1 ,die ,p]son 7#aiad71 pp4 #dj et seq4 ,footnote #cid3 ,see pp4 #abg et seq4 ,footnote #cie3 ,w4 ,creiz5a*1 ,ges*4 d4 neu]5 ,dramas 7#aiah71 ,,ii1 #cdf et seq4 ,footnote #cif3 ,see p4 #bfe4 ,footnote #cig3 ,we too h our anecdote1 b x is ( our own type & diametrically oppos$ to ! ,classical4 ,x is ! 8%ort /ory0 7,novelle7--! /ory ( ,c]vantes1 ,klei/1 ,h(fmann & ,/orm--& we admire x 9 proportion z we are made to feel t its motive is possible only ?is once1 at ?is "t & ) ^! p1 :]eas ! my?ic type ( anecdote1 ! ,fable1 is judg$ by precisely opposite crit]ia4 ,footnote #cih3 ,see pp4 #adc et seq4 ,footnote #cii3 ,! ,fates ( ! ,greeks are repres5t$ z sp9n+1 measur+ out & cutt+ ! ?read ( a man's de/9y1 b n z weav+ x into ! web ( 8 life4 ,x is a m]e dim5sion4--,tr4 ,footnote #djj3 ,see p4 #abi4 ,footnote #dja3 ,! evolution ( mean+ 9 ! ,classical words pa?os & passico corresponds ) ?is4 ,! second 0 =m$ f ! fir/ only 9 ! ,imp]ial p]iod1 & c>ri$ its orig9al s5se 9 ! 8,passion0 ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0 9 ! e>ly ,go?ic times1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! language ( ! ,franciscan 8,zealots0 & ! disciples ( ,joa*im ( ,floris1 t its mean+ und]w5t ! decisive rev]sal4 ,express+ !nce=w>d a condition ( pr(\nd excitem5t :i* /ra9$ to dis*>ge itself1 x became f9ally a g5]ic "n = all spiritual dynamic2 9 ?is s5se ( /rong w & directional en]gy x 0 br\ght into ,g]man z ,leid5s*aft by ,zes5 9 #afdg4 ,footnote #djb3 ,! ,eleus9ian my/]ies conta9$ no secrets at all4 ,ev]yone knew :at w5t on4 ,b ^u ! believ]s !y ex]cis$ a /range & ov]p[]+ effect1 & ! 8betrayal0 consi/$ 9 pr(an+ !m by imitat+ _! holy =ms outside ! temple-prec9ct4 ,see1 fur!r1 ,a4 ,diet]i*1 ,kle9e ,s*rift5 7#aiaa71 pp4 #dad et seq4 ,footnote #djc3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cde et seq4 ,footnote #djd3 ,! danc]s 7 goats1 ,sil5us z lead] ( ! dance wore a horsetail1 b ,ari/ophanes's 8,birds10 8,frogs0 & 8,wasps0 sugge/ t !re 7 /ill o!r animal disguises4 ,footnote #dje3 ,see pp4 #bhc et seq4 ,footnote #djf3 ,z ! /ud5t ( cultural hi/ory to-day is n necess>ily famili> ) te*nical ,greek1 x may be helpful to reproduce f ,corni%'s edition ( ,smi?'s 8,greek & ,roman ,antiquities10 s4v4 8,trago$ia10 ! foll[+ p>agraph1 z cle> z x is succ9ct3 8,trag$y is describ$ by ,ari/otle 7,poet41 ,,vi1 #b7 z effect+ by means ( pity & t]ror t purgation ( ! s\l 77 :i* belongs to is prop] = su* feel+s40444 ,trag$y excites pity & t]ror by pres5t+ to ! m9d ?+s :i* are truly pitiable & t]rible4 ,:5 pity & t]ror are mov$1 z trag$y moves !m1 by a wor?y cause1 !n ! m9d exp]i5ces t s5se ( relief :i* comes f f9d+ an outlet = a natural en]gy4 ,& ?us ! impressions made by ,trag$y leave beh9d !m 9 ! spectator a temp]ate & h>moni\s /ate ( ! s\l4 ,simil>ly ,ari/otle speaks ( ! en?usia/ic wor%ipp]s ( ,dionysus z obta9+ a 1 a heal?ful relief1 by ! 8lyric utt]ance ( _! sacr$ fr5zy40-- ,tr4 ,footnote #djg3 ,! evolution ( ideals ( /age-pres5tation 9 ! m9ds ( s*ylus1 ,sophocles & ,euripides successively is p]haps comp>able ) t ( sculptural /yle :i* we see 9 ! p$im5ts ( g9a1 ( ,olympia & ( ! ,p>!non4 ,footnote #djh3 ,x mu/ be repeat$ t ! ,hell5i/ic %ad[-pa9t+ ( ,zeuxis & ,apollodorus is a modell+ ( ! individual body = ! purpose ( produc+ ! pla/ic effect on ! eye4 ,!re 0 no idea ( r5d]+ space by means ( light & %ade4 ,! body is 8%ad$0 b x ca/s no %ad[4 7,contra/ ) ?is ,dante's exact & c>eful specification ( ! "t-(-day 9 e episode ( ! ,purgatorio & ! ,p>adiso1 sublimely imag9ative z ^! poems are4--,tr47 ,footnote #dji3 ,! great mass ( ,sociali/s w\ld cease to be ,sociali/s if !y c\ld und]/& ! ,socialism ( ! n9e or t5 m5 :o to-day grasp x ) ! full hi/orical consequ5ces t x involves4 ,footnote #daj3 ,see p4 #bci et seq4 ,footnote #daa3 ,see p4 #fh4 ,footnote #dab3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfc1 note4 ,footnote #dac3 ,z we increase ! p[]s ( ! telescope we f9d t ! numb] ( newly appe>+ />s falls (f rapidly t[>ds ! edges ( ! field4 ,footnote #dad3 ,! ?rill ( big figures is a feel+ peculi> to ,we/]n mank9d4 ,9 ! ,civilization ( to-day ?is significant passion = gigantic sums1 = indef9itely big & indef9itely m9ute measurem5ts1 = 8records0 & /ati/ics1 is play+ a conspicu\s "p4 7,our v notation ( numb] is ceas+ to re/ on s5se-/&>ds4 ,sci5ce has c>ri$ numb]1 z ord9>ily writt51 s high & s l[ t x n[ uses a movable base = its num]ical /atem5ts4 ,= example1 a numb] 9 a/ronomy is writt51 n z #c1dej1jjj1jjj b z #c4de #aji1 "o relat+ to ord9>y exp]i5ce z #c4de 7i4e41 #c4de #ajj7 & "o 9 electromagnetic !ory1 n z #j4jjjjjcde b z #c4de #aj-f4 ,"u ?is sy/em ! conceptual unit may be z l>ge or z small1 comp>$ ) ! unit ( daily exp]i5ce1 z ! region ( ?\ght 9 :i* ! calculation is tak+ place requires4 ,& diff]5t conceptual worlds c be connect$ z to numb] say1 a numb] ( kilometres br\ght into an ord] ( ?\ght t deals ) millimetres by simply *ang+ ! t5-p[]4--,tr47 ,footnote #dae3 ,9 /ell> calculations ev5 ! mean radius ( ! e>?'s orbit 7#a4dic #ajac cm47 h>dly suffices z unit1 z ! di/ance ( a /> ( "o second p>allax is already #bjf1bfe su* units away f u2 />-di/ances are reckon$ !re=e ei!r 9 light-ye>s or 9 t]ms ( ! unit di/ance ( a /> ( ?is /&>d p>allax4--,tr4 ,footnote #daf3 ,z e>ly z ! second mill5nium be=e ,*ri/ !y work$ f ,icel& & ! ,nor? ,sea pa/ ,f9i/]re to ! ,can>ies & ,we/ ,africa4 ,an e*o ( ^! voyag+s l+]s 9 ! ,atlantis-saga ( ! ,greeks4 ,! realm ( ,t>tessus 7at ! m\? ( ! ,guadalquivir7 appe>s to h be5 a c5tre ( ^! movem5ts 7see ,leo ,frob5ius1 ,das unbekannte ,afrika1 p4 #aci74 ,"s sort ( relation1 too1 !re mu/ h be5 betwe5 !m & ! movem5ts ( ! 8sea peoples10 ,vik+ sw>ms :i* aft] long l&-w&]+s f ,nor? to ,s\? built !mselves %ips aga9 on ! ,black ,sea or ! gean & bur/ out aga9/ ,egypt f ! "t ( ,rameses ,,ii 7#abib-abbe74 ,! ,egyptian reliefs %[ _! %ip-types to h be5 q diff]5t f ! native & ! ,phnician2 b !y may well h be5 simil> to ^? t ,cs> f\nd aft]w>ds among ! ,v5eti ( ,brittany4 ,a lat] example ( su* outbur/s is af=d$ by ! ,v>yags or ,v>angians 9 ,russia & at ,con/ant9ople4 ,no d\bt m light w %ortly be ?r[n on ! c\rses ( ^! movem5t-/reams4 ,footnote #dag3 ,"h !re is no ne$ to po/ulate fire>ms 7z di/9ct f gunp[d] us$ 9 fireworks7 9 ! ,*9ese ,culture4 ,! ar*]y ( ! ,*9ese & ,japanese 0 su* z only ! ,briti% #ad?-c5tury ar*]y c\ld mat* 9 ! ,we/]n & no?+ 9 ! ,classical4 ,x %\ld be not$ also t x 0 9 our #ad? ,c5tury t--q indep5d5tly ( gunp[d]--ar*]y & ! con/ruction ( siege- eng9es rea*$ _! z5i? 9 ! ,we/4 ,! 8,engli%0 b[ _h long be5 us$ by ! ,wel%1 b x 0 left to ,edw>d ,i & ,edw>d ,,iii to make x ! tactical weapon p> excell5ce4--,tr4 ,footnote #dah3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fbf et seq4 ,footnote #dai3 ,half z long aga9 z ,nelson's ,victory & ab\t ! same l5g? z ! la/ wood5 /eam ?ree-deck]s 7e4g41 ,duke ( ,well+ton7 ( ! mid-#ai? ,c5tury4--,tr4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bjg et seq41 & ,*apt] ,,iv ,b4 ,footnote #dba3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,i4e41 adh]5ts ( ! v>i\s syncretic cults4 ,sec ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bab et seq4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,?is applies ev5 m =cibly to ! o!r 8long-range0 episode1 t ( ! ,t5 ,?\s& 7,x5ophon1 ,anabasis ,i74--,tr4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,9 ?is place x is exclusively ) ! consci\s1 religio- philosophical morale--! morale :i* c be kn[n & taught & foll[$--t we are conc]n$1 & n ) ! racial rhy?m ( ,life1 ! habit1 ,sitte1 1 t is unconsci\sly pres5t4 ,! morale ) :i* we are deal+ turns ^u intellectual concepts ( ,virtue & ,vice1 good & bad2 ! o!r1 ^u ideals 9 ! blood su* z hon\r1 loyalty1 brav]y1 ! feel+ t attributes nobility & vulg>ity4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 #dba et seq4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,! orig9al is "h exp&$ a little = ! sake ( cl>ity4--,tr4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,aft] :at has be5 said above reg>d+ ! abs5ce ( pregnant words = 8w0 & 8space0 9 ! ,classical tongues1 ! read] w n be surpris$ to he> t nei!r ,greek nor ,lat9 af=ds exact equival5ts = ^! words action & activity4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bic et seq4 ,footnote #dbh3 8,he :o ha? e>s to he>1 let him he>0--!re is no claim to p[] 9 ^! words4 ,b ! ,we/]n ,*ur* nev] conceiv$ its mission ?us4 ,! 8,glad ,tid+s0 ( ,jesus1 l ^? ( ,zoroa/]1 ( ,mani1 ( ,mahomet1 ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s & ( all ! cognate ,magian religions 7 my/ic b5efits display$ b 9 n[ise impos$4 ,y\?ful ,*ri/ianity1 :5 x _h fl[$ into ! ,we/]n _w1 m]ely imitat$ ! mission>ism ( ! lat] ,/oa1 itself by t "t ?or\ghly ,magian4 ,paul may be ?\ght ( z urg5t2 ! it9]ant prea*]s ( ! ,/oa 7 c]ta9ly s1 z we "k f our au?orities4 ,b comm&+ !y 7 n4 ,to illu/rate by a some:at f>fet*$ p>allel--9 direct contra/ to ! physicians ( ! ,magian /amp :o m]ely proclaim$ ! virtues ( _! my/]i\s arcana1 ! m$ical m5 ( ! ,we/ seek to obta9 = _! k ! =ce ( civil law1 z = in/ance 9 ! matt] ( vacc9ation or ! inspection ( pork = tri*9a4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,= ! ,buddhi/ ,f\r ,tru?s see ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #gdb4 ,engli% translation ( ,kant's ,kritik d] praktis*5 ,v]nunft by ,t4 ,k4 ,abbott4--,tr4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,see p4 #bja4 ,footnote #dca3 ,see p4 #bje & #bbb et seq4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ccd4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,! philosophy & dogma ( *>ity & almsgiv+--a subject t ,engli% rese>* seems g5]ally to h ignor$--is dealt ) at l5g? 9 ,dr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,lo*'s article ,*>ity & ,*>ities1 ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed4--,tr4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,n only z local sov]eigns en=c+ ord]1 l ! good ,bi%op ,wazo ( ,lige :o f\ght d[n 8 ca/l$ robb]-b>ons "o by "o 9 ! middle ( ! #aa? ,c5tury1 b ev5 z high comm&]s = ! ,emp]or 9 di/ant ,italy4 ,! battle ( ,tusculum 9 #aafg 0 won by ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,kln & ,ma9z4 ,engli% hi/ory1 too1 conta9s ! figures ( w>like prelates--n only lead]s ( national movem5ts l ,/eph5 ,langton b /rong-h&$ adm9i/rators & fight]s4 ,! great ,scots invasion ( #acdf 0 met & defeat$ by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york4 ,! ,bi%ops ( ,durham 7 = c5turies 8palat9es02 we f9d "o ( !m s]v+ on pay 9 ! ,k+'s army 9 ,france1 #acdh4 ,! l9e ( ^! w>like ,bi%ops 9 our hi/ory ext5ds f ,odo ! bro!r ( ,william ! ,conqu]or to ,scrope1 ar*bi%op & rebel 9 ,h5ry ,,iv's "t4--,tr4 ,footnote #dce3 ,a p>aphrase ( ! op5+ ( 8,john ,tann]'s ,revolutioni/'s ,h&book10 ,*4 ,v4--,tr4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aaf et seq4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,r\sseau's ,contrat ,social is p>allel$ by exactly equival5t productions ( ,ari/otle's "t4 ,footnote #dch3 ,! fir/ on ! a!i/ical sy/em ( ,sankhya1 ! second 7?r\gh ,socrates7 on ! ,sophi/s1 ! ?ird on ,engli% s5sualism4 ,footnote #dci3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dda et seq4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,x 0 _m c5turies lat] t ! ,buddhi/ e?ic ( life gave rise to a religion = simple peasantry1 & x 0 only enabl$ to d s by rea*+ back to ! long-/iff5$ !ology ( ,brahmanism &1 fur!r back /ill1 to v anci5t popul> cults4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cgh1 #bhe4 ,footnote #dda3 ,! articles ,buddha & ,buddhism 9 ! ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed41 by ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys ,davids1 may be /udi$ 9 ?is connexion4--,tr4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,see 8,! ,que/ions ( ,k+ ,mil9da10 ed4 ,rhys ,davids4--,tr4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,( c\rse1 ea* ,culture naturally has its own k9d ( mat]ialism1 condition$ 9 e detail by its g5]al _w-feel+4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,to beg9 )1 x w\ld be necess>y to specify :at ,*ri/ianity 0 be+ comp>$ ) x--t ( ! ,fa!rs or t ( ! ,crusades4 ,= ^! are two diff]5t religions 9 ! same clo?+ ( dogma & cult4 ,! same want ( psy*ological flair is evid5t 9 ! p>allel t is s fa%ionable to-day betwe5 ,socialism & e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,footnote #dde3 ,! t]m mu/ n be confus$ ) anti-religi\s4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,note ! /rik+ simil>ity ( _m ,roman portrait-bu/s to ! matt]-(-fact mod]n heads ( ! ,am]ican /yle1 & also 7?\gh ?is is n s di/9ct7 to _m ( ! portrait-heads ( ! ,egyptian ,new ,empire4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #abb et seq4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,! orig9al is "h v obscure2 x reads3 8444 es i/ d] #8,gebildete1' j5] ,anhng] e9es ,kultus des gei/ig5 ,mittelmasses und d] ,(f5tli*keit als ,kult/tte40--,tr4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,see ,p4 ,w5dl&1 ,die hell5i/4-rm4 ,kultur 7#aiab71 pp4 #ge et seq4 ,footnote #dej3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cah et seq4 ,footnote #dea3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bfi et seq4 ,footnote #deb3 ,comp>e my ,preuss5tum und ,sozialismus1 pp4 #bb et seq4 ,footnote #dec3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cbd et seq41 #cfh et seq4 ,footnote #ded3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cde4 ,x is possible t ! peculi> /yle ( ,h]aclitus1 :o came ( a prie/ly family ( ! temple ( ,ephesus1 is an example ( ! =m 9 :i* ! old ,orphic wisdom 0 orally transmitt$4 ,footnote #dee3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #def3 ,"h we are consid]+ only ! s*ola/ic side4 ,! my/ic side1 f :i* ,py?agoras & ,leibniz 7 n v f>1 rea*$ its culm9ations 9 ,plato & ,goe!1 & 9 our own case x has be5 ext5d$ beyond ,goe! by ! ,romantics1 ,hegel & ,nietzs*e1 :]eas ,s*ola/icism exhau/$ itself ) ,kant--& ,ari/otle--& deg5]at$ !reaft] into a r\t9e-pr(ession4 ,footnote #deg3 ,z5o ! ,/oic1 n to be confus$ ) ,z5o ( ,elea1 ^: ma!matical f95ess has already be5 allud$ to4--,tr4 ,footnote #deh3 ,neue ,p>alipom5a1 #fef4 ,footnote #dei3 ,ev5 ! mod]n idea t unconsci\s & impulsive acts ( life are completely effici5t1 :ile intellect c only bungle1 is to be f\nd 9 ,s*op5hau] 7,vol4 ,,ii1 cap4 #cj74 ,footnote #dfj3 ,9 ! *apt] 8,zur ,metaphysik d] ,ges*le*tsliebe0 7,,ii1 #dd7 ! idea ( natural selection = ! pres]vation ( ! g5us is anticipat$ 9 full4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cf et seq4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,?is began to appe> 9 #ahfg4 ,b ! prelim9>y "w ,zur ,kritik d] politis*5 konomie came out 9 ! same ye> z ,d>w9's ma/]piece4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fbe4 ,see1 = example1 ,leon>d1 ,relativitts-,pr9zip1 ,ae!r1 ,gravitation 7#aibj71 pp4 #bj et seq4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cfi et seq41 #fbd et seq4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,see p4 #eg4 ,footnote #dff3 ,e4g41 9 ,boltzmann's =mulation ( ! ,second ,law ( ,!rmodynamics3 8! log>i?m ( ! probability ( a /ate is proportional to ! entropy ( t /ate40 ,e ^w 9 ?is conta9s an entire sci5tific concept1 capable only ( be+ s5s$ & n describ$4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfi4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #chb et seq4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,e4 ,wi$]mann1 ,die ,naturwiss5s*4 bei d5 ,arab]n 7#ahij74 ,f4 ,/runtz1 ,ges*4 d4 ,naturwiss5s*4 im ,mittelalt] 7#aiaj71 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,an ord] ( encyclopdi/s & philosoph]s2 see ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgh;a4--,tr4 ,footnote #dga3 ,m4 ,p4 ,e4 ,b]!lot1 ,die ,*emie im ,alt]tum u4 ,mittelalt] 7#aiji71 pp4 #fd et seq4 7,! ref]5ce is evid5tly to a ,g]man v]sion2 ,b]!lot publi%$ sev]al works on ! subject1 viz41 ,les orig9es de l',al*mie #ahhe2 ,introduction l'tude de la *imie des anci5s et du moy5 ge #ahhi2 ,collection des anci5s al*imi/es grecs #ahhg1 translations ( texts2 ,la *imie au moy5 ge #ahic4--,tr4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,= ! metals1 8m]cury0 is ! pr9ciple ( sub/antial "* 7lu/re1 t5sility1 fusibility71 8sulphur0 t ( ! attributive g5]ation 7e4g41 combu/ion1 transmutation74 ,see ,/runtz1 ,ges*4 d4 ,naturwiss5s*4 im ,mittelalt] 7#aiaj71 pp4 #gc et seq4 7,x seems desirable to supplem5t ?is a little = ! non-te*nical read]1 by /at+1 h[ev] r\ghly & g5]ally1 ! pr9ciple & process ( transmutation z ! al*emi/ saw !m4 ,all metals consi/ ( m]cury & sulphur4 ,remove 8mat]iality0 f common m]cury 7or f ! m]cury-cont5t ( ! metal "u treatm5t7 by depriv+ x 7or ! metal7 ( 8e>?ness10 8liquidness0 & 8air9ess0 7i4e41 volatility7 & we h a prime1 sub/antial 7?\gh n mat]ial7 & /able ?+4 ,simil>ly1 remove mat]iality f sulphur 7or ! sulphur-cont5t ( ! metal treat$7 & x becomes an elixir1 effici5t = g5]at+ attributes4 ,!n1 ! prime matt] & ! elixir react ^u "o ano!r s t ! product on reassum+ mat]iality is a diff]5t metal1 or r a 8metallicity0 end[$ ) diff]5t *>act]s & attributes4 ,! production ( "o metal f ano!r ?us dep5ds m]ely on ! modalities ( work+ processes4--,tr47 ,footnote #dgc3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cgj1 #fbg4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cad et seq4 ,footnote #dge3 ,see ! article "u ?is head+1 & also t "u ,al*emy1 ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed4--,tr4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,dur+ ! ,go?ic age1 9 spite ( ! ,spani% ,dom9ican ,arnold ( ,villanova 7d4 #acaa71 *emi/ry _h _h no sort ( creative importance 9 comp>ison ) ! ma!matical-physical rese>* ( t age4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,= ev5 ,helmholtz _h s\ght to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( electrolysis by ! assumption ( an atomic /ructure ( electricity4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,:i* 9 _! physical aspect are individual c5tres ( =ce1 )\t p>ts or ext5sion or figure4 7,= _! metaphysical aspect1 see ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi edition4 ,article ,leibniz1 especially pp4 #chg-h4-- ,tr47 ,footnote #dgi3 ,m4 ,born1 ,aufbau d] ,mat]ie 7#aibj71 p4 #bg4 7,s _m books & pap]s--/rict1 semi-popul> & frankly popul>-- h be5 publi%$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s t ref]5ces may seem sup]flu\s1 ! m s z ! =mulation ( ?is c5tral !ory ( pres5t-day physics4 ,! article ,matt] by ,ru!r=d 9 ! ,ency4 ,brit41 ,x,i,ith edition 7#aibb71 & ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,! ,a4,b4,c4 ( ,atoms1 are p]haps ! cle>e/ elem5t>y acc\nts t are possible1 hav+ reg>d to ! sci5ti/'s necess>y res]vations ( judgm5t4--,tr4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,see p4 #bca4 ,footnote #dha3 ,see p4 #agb4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,see p4 #aba & ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aa et seq4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,see p4 #afi4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,see p4 #aff & ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,see p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,see p4 #aaf et seq41 pp4 #aea et seq4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cfi et seq4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,j4 ,goldzih]1 ,die islam4 und jd4 ,philosophie 78,kultur d] ,geg5w>t10 ,i1 ,v1 #aiac71 pp4 #cjf et seq4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bg et seq41 #dbg et seq4 ,footnote #dij3 ,& x may be ass]t$ t ! d[nright fai? t ,haeckel1 = example1 p9s to ! names atom1 matt]1 en]gy1 is n ess5tially diff]5t f ! feti%ism ( ,ne&]?al ,man4 ,footnote #dia3 ,see p4 #abf4 ,footnote #dib3 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ch et seq4 ,footnote #dic3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #did3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cdc et seq41 & p4 #cdf4 ,footnote #die3 ,e4 ,mogk1 ,g]m4 ,my?ol41 ,grundr4 d4 ,g]m4 ,philos41 ,,iii 7#aijj71 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote #dif3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bda et seq41 #cjf et seq4 ,footnote #dig3 ,see p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #dih3 ,! pan!i/ic idea ( ,pan1 famili> 9 ,european poetry1 is a conception ( lat] ,classical ages1 acquir$ 9 pr9ciple f ,egypt4-- ,tr4 ,footnote #dii3 ,few passages 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les h obta9$ a /rong] hold on our imag9ation ?an ,paul's meet+ ) ! alt> ( 8! ,unkn[n ,god0 at ,phal]um 7,acts ,,xvii1 #bc74 ,& yet we h p]fectly def9ite evid5ce1 lat] ?an ,paul's "t1 ( ! plurality ( ! gods to :om ?is alt> 0 d$icat$4 ,pausanias 9 8 guide-book 7,i1 #bd7 says3 8"h !re are 444 alt>s ( ! gods /yl$ ,unkn[ns1 ( h]oes1 etc40 7 444 44474 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! =ce ( our fix$ idea t ev5 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 9 8 8,pausanias & ,o!r ,/udies10 speaks ( 8,! ,alt> to ! ,unkn[n ,god :i* ,/4 ,paul1 & ,pausanias aft] him1 saw40 ,m1 he foll[s ?is up ) a description ( a dialogue 8attribut$ to ,lucian0 7#bnd ,c5t4 ,a4,d47 9 :i* ! ,unkn[n ,god ( ,a!ns figures 9 a ,*ri/ian discussion2 b ?is dialogue 7! ,philopatris7 is almo/ univ]sally reg>d$ z a mu* lat] "w1 dat+ at e>lie/ f ,julian's "t 7mid-#d? ,c5t47 & probably f t ( ,nicephorus ,phocas 7#aj? ,c5t474--,tr4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm] 7#aiab71 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #eja3 ,see ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed41 article ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods4--,tr4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,9 ,egypt ,ptolemy ,philadelphus 0 ! fir/ to introduce a rul]-cult4 ,! rev]5ce t _h be5 paid to ! ,ph>aohs 0 ( q o!r significance4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bda et seq4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,significantly en\gh1 ! =mula ( ! oa? sworn by ?is /one 0 n 8p] ,jovis lapidem0 b 8p] ,jovem lapidem40--,tr4 ,footnote #eje3 ,! ,ere*!um1 simil>ly1 0 a gr\p ( cult-sites1 ea* refra9+ f int]f]5ce ) ! o!rs4--,tr4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,juppit] ,doli*5us 0 a local deity ( ,doli*e 9 ,commag5e1 ^: wor%ip 0 spread ov] all p>ts ( ! ,empire by soldi]s recruit$ f t region2 ! tablet d$icat$ to him :i* is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 0 f\nd1 = example1 ne> ,frankfurt-on-,ma94 ,sol ,invictus is ! ,roman (ficial =m ( ,mi?ras4 ,troop-movem5ts & trade spread 8 wor%ip1 l t ( ,juppit] ,doli*5us1 ov] ! ,empire4--,tr4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,to :om ! inhabitants ( 8,roman0 ,c>?age manag$ to atta* ev5 ,dido4--,tr4 ,footnote #ejh3 ,wiss[a1 ,kult4 und4 ,relig4 d4 ,rm] 7#aiab71 pp4 #ih et seq4 ,footnote #eji3 ,wiss[a1 ,relig4 u4 ,kult4 d] ,rm] 7#aiab71 p4 #cee4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,! symbolic importance ( ! ,title1 & its relation to ! concept & idea ( ! ,p]son1 _c "h be dealt )4 ,x mu/ suffice to draw att5tion to ! fact t ! ,classical is ! only ,culture 9 :i* ! ,title is unkn[n4 ,x w\ld h be5 9 contradiction ) ! /rictly somatic "* ( _! names4 ,ap>t f p]sonal & family names1 only ! te*nical names ( (fices actually ex]cis$ 7 9 use4 8,augu/us0 became at once a p]sonal "n1 8,cs>0 v soon a designation ( (fice4 ,! advance ( ! ,magian feel+ c be se5 9 ! way 9 :i* c\rtesy-expressions ( ! ,late-,roman bureaucracy1 l 8,vir cl>issimus10 became p]man5t titles ( hon\r :i* c\ld be conf]r$ & cancell$4 ,9 j ! same way1 ! names ( old & =eign deities became titles ( ! recogniz$ ,godhead2 e4g41 ,savi\r & ,heal] 7,asklepios7 & ,good ,%eph]d 7,orpheus7 are titles ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! ,classical1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d ! second>y names ( ,roman deities evolv+ into indep5d5t & sep>ate gods4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,diagoras1 :o 0 condemn$ to dea? by ! ,a!nians = 8 8godless0 writ+s1 left beh9d him deeply pi\s di?yrambs4 ,read1 too1 ,hebbel's di>ies & 8 lett]s to ,elise4 ,he 8did n believe 9 ,god10 b he pray$4 ,footnote #eab3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cgf4 ,footnote #eac3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdd4 ,footnote #ead3 ,livy ,,xl1 #bi4--,tr4 ,footnote #eae3 ,9 ! fam\s conclusion ( 8 8,optics0 7#agjf7 :i* made a p[]ful impression & became ! />t+-po9t ( q new enunciations ( !ological problems1 ,newton limits ! doma9 ( me*anical causes z aga9/ ! ,div9e ,fir/ ,cause1 ^: p]ception-organ is necess>ily inf9ite space itself4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,z has be5 %[n already1 ! dynamic /ructure ( our ?\ght 0 manife/$ fir/ ( all :5 ,we/]n languages *ang$ 8feci0 to 8ego habeo factum10 & !reaft] we h increas+ly emphasiz$ ! dynamic 9 ! phrases ) :i* we fix our ph5om5a4 ,we say1 = in/ance1 t indu/ry 8f9ds outlets = itself0 & t ,rationalism 8has come into p[]40 ,no ,classical language all[s ( su* expressions4 ,no ,greek w\ld h spok5 ( ,/oicism1 b only ( ! ,/oics4 ,!re is an ess5tial diff]5ce1 too1 betwe5 ! imag]y ( ,classical & t ( ,we/]n poetry 9 ?is respect4 ,footnote #eag3 ,! law ( ! equival5ce ( heat & "w4--,tr4 ,footnote #eah3 ,see p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #eai3 ,orig9al3 8,ke9e dem ab5dlndis*5 ,gei/ natrli*e ,art d] ,deutung me*anis*] ,tatsa*51 wel*e die ,begriffe ,ge/alt und ,sub/anz 7all5falls ,raum und ,masse7 /att ,raum1 ,zeit1 ,masse1 und ,kraft zugrunde liegt40 ,footnote #ebj3 ,see foot-note1 p4 #cad4--,tr4 ,footnote #eba3 ,see p4 #cee4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fah4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,see ,m4 ,planck1 ,ent/ehung und bi%]ige ,entwicklung d] ,quant5!orie 7#aibj71 pp4 #ag-be4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,:i* 9 _m cases h l$ to ! supposition t ! 8actual exi/5ce0 ( atoms has n[ at la/ be5 prov$--a s+ul> ?r[-back to ! mat]ialism ( ! prec$+ g5]ation4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,?is s5t5ce foll[s ! orig9al ^w = ^w & phrase = phrase4 ,its significance dep5ds :olly on ! precise mean+ to be atta*$ to su* words z 8dead10 8free10 8lat5t10 & to attempt any %>p] =mulation ( ! processes 9 ,engli% w\ld require n only ! def9ition ( ^! 7or o!r7 basic t]ms b also ext5d$ description ( :at !y imply4 ,! ,second ,law ( ,!rmodynamics is some?+ :i* is absorb$ by1 r ?an specifi$ =1 ! /ud5t4 ,else:]e 9 ?is ,engli% edition1 indications h be5 frequ5tly giv5 to enable ! ord9>y /ud5t to foll[ up matt]s ref]r$ to m allusively 9 ! text4 ,b 9 ?is difficult doma9 su* m9or aids w\ld be wor?less4 ,all t is possible is to recomm5d su* /ud5ts to make a v c>eful /udy ( "s pla9 /atem5t ( ! subject l ,pr(essor ,soddy's 8,matt] & ,en]gy0 7especially *apt]s #d & #e7 & to foll[ ?is up--to ! ext5t t 8 ma!matical k p]mits--9 ! articles ,en]gy1 ,en]getics & ,!rmodynamics 9 ! ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed4--,tr4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,see foot-note1 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,! application ( ! idea ( 8lifetime0 to elem5ts has 9 fact produc$ ! conception ( 8half-trans=mation times0 su* z #c4he days = ,radium ,emanation4--,tr44 ,footnote #ebh3 ,! text ( ?is p>agraph has be5 slightly cond5s$1 z 9 su* a field z ?is ( philosophical ma!matics p>tial indications w\ld s]ve no useful purpose4 ,! ma!matical read] may ref] to ! articles ,function1 ,numb]1 & ,gr\ps 9 ! ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ed4--,tr4 ,,index ,prep>$ by ,,david 4 ,,matteson ,aa*5 ,m9/]1 & /yle1 #bjj ,abaca1 ,ev>i/o ,f4 dall'1 sonatas1 #bhc ,abel1 ,niels ,h41 ma!matic problem1 #he ,absolutism1 contempor>y p]iods1 table iii ,abydos1 #ehn42 contempor>ies1 table ii ,abyss9ia1 cult-build+s1 #bji ,academy1 contempor>ies1 table i ,acan?us motive1 hi/ory1 #bae ,a*elos1 z god1 #djc ,a*illes1 ar*etype1 #bjc1 #djb ,acre1 battle1 #aej ,acropolis1 contempor>ies1 table ii4 ,see also ,p>!non ,act1 & portrait1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bgj ,action1 9 ,we/]n morale1 #cdb ,actium1 battle1 #cha ,activity1 z ,we/]n trait1 #cae1 #cbj2 z quality ( ,socialism1 #cfb-cfd ,actuality1 z te/ ( philosophy1 #da2 significance1 #afd ,adam de la ,hale4 ,see ,la ,hale ,addison1 ,joseph1 type1 #bed ,adolesc5ce1 initiation-rites z symbol1 #agdn4 ,adra/os1 cult1 #ccn4 g9a temple1 sculpture1 #bbf1 #bdd s*9es1 portrait /atue1 #bgj s*ylus1 tragic =m & me?od1 #abi1 #cbj1 #cba2 & ar*itecture1 #bjf2 & mo!rhood1 #bfh2 & deity1 #cac2 morale1 #cee /hetics1 & g5ius 9 art1 #abh !r1 contradictory !ories1 #dah ,agamemnon1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,aggregates1 !ory1 #dbf ,aglaure1 cult1 #djf ,ahmes1 ari?metic1 #eh ,ahriman1 ,p]sian ,devil1 #cab ,aim1 & direction1 #cfa2 nebul\sness1 #cfc ,aksakov1 ,s]gei1 & ,europe1 #afn4 ,albani1 ,francesco1 l9e> p]spective1 #bdj2 col\r1 #bdf ,albani villa1 g>d51 #bdj ,alb]t ( ,saxony1 ,occami/1 #cha ,alb]ti1 ,leone ,b41 g>d5+1 #bdj ,alcam5es1 contempor>y ma!matic1 #gh2 p]iod1 #bhd ,al*emy1 z symbol1 #bdh2 z ,arabian physics1 #chb1 #chc2 process ( transmutation1 #chbn42 & sub/ance1 #chc2 & me*anical necessity1 #cic ,alcibiades1 & ,napoleon1 #d2 & ,classical morale1 #cea2 condemnation1 #daa ,alcman1 music1 #bbc ,alemb]t1 ,jean ,b4 le ,r4 d'1 ma!matic1 #ff1 #gh2 & "t1 #abf2 me*anics & deism1 #dab ,alex&] ! ,great1 analogies1 #d2 & ,dionysus leg5d1 #h2 romantic1 #ch2 & economic organization1 #ach2 exp$ition z episode1 #adg2 himself z epo*1 #adi2 z conqu]or1 #ccf2 morale1 #cdi2 z p>adox1 #cfc2 deification1 #dje2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,alex&] ,i ( ,russia1 & ,napoleon1 #aej ,alex&ria1 z a cultural left-ov]1 #cc1 #gcn41 #gi2 contempor>ies1 #aab2 collections ( ,univ]sity1 #acfn42 z irreligi\s1 #ceh ,alf>abi1 & ext5sion1 #agh2 & dualism1 #cjf2 contempor>ies1 table i ,algebra1 def9$1 significance ( lett]-notation1 #ga2 ,diophantus & ,arabian ,culture1 #ga-gc2 ,we/]n lib]ation1 #hf2 contempor>ies1 table i4 ,see also ,ma!matics ,algi]s1 orig9 ( ,fr5* w>1 #addn4 ,alhambra1 c\rty>d1 #bce ,ali51 & 8prop]01 #ec ,alkabi1 & ext5sion1 #agh ,alk>*i1 contempor>ies1 table i ,al-,khw>izmi1 ma!matic1 #gb2 contempor>ies1 table i ,alk9di1 & dualism1 #cjg2 contempor>ies1 table i ,allegory1 motive & ^w1 #bain4 ,almighty1 philosophical attitude t[>d1 #abc4 ,see also ,religion ,alphabet1 & hi/orical consci\sness1 #abn4 ,see also ,language ,alsidz%i1 ma!matic1 #gb ,alt> ( ! ,unkn[n ,god1 ,paul's error1 #djd ,am>na art1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,ambrosian *ants1 & ,jewi% psalmody1 #bbh ,am5emhet ,,iii1 pyramid1 #ac2 portrait1 #ajh1 #bfb ,amida1 & ,arabian art1 #bji ,analogies1 sup]ficial & real hi/orical1 #d1 #f1 #bg1 #ch1 #ci2 necessity ( te*nique1 #e ,analysis1 & ,classical ma!matic1 #fi2 9 ,we/]n ma!matic1 #gd1 #ge2 inadequacy z t]m1 #ha2 & e>li] ma!matics1 #hd2 contempor>ies1 table i4 ,see also ,ma!matics ,anamnesis1 & compreh5sion ( dep?1 #agd ,ananke1 & ,ty*e1 #adf ,an>*ism1 basis1 #cfg1 #cgc ,anatomy1 9 ,classical & ,we/]n art1 #bfd2 ,mi*elangelo & ,leon>do1 #bgg ,anaxagoras1 & ego1 #caa2 on atoms1 #chf2 & me*anical necessity1 #cib1 #cid2 condemnation1 #daa ,anaxim&]1 & *aos1 #fd2 popul>ity1 #cbg ,ance/ral wor%ip1 cultural basis1 #acd1 #acen4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 z t]m1 #af ,anecdote1 & ,classical trag$y1 #cah2 ,we/]n1 #cahn4 ,angelico1 ,fra1 & ! antique1 #bge ,an!/]ia1 #acen4 ,antigone1 & ,kriemhild1 #bfh ,antiphons1 & ,jewi% psalmody1 #bbh ,anti/h5es1 "* ( ,nihilism1 #ceg2 & diet1 #cfa ,antonello da ,mess9a1 ,dut* influ5ce1 #bcf ,apelles1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,aphrodisias ,temple 9 ,c>ia1 z pseudomorphic1 #baj ,aphrodite1 z goddess1 #bfh2 9 ,classical art1 #bfh ,apocalypses1 & _w-hi/ory1 #ahn42 contempor>ies1 table i ,apoll9ian s\l1 expla9$1 #ahc4 ,see also ,classical ,culture ,apollo ,didymu ,temple1 =m-type1 #bjd ,apollo ( ,t5ea1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,apollodorus ( ,a!ns1 unpopul>ity1 #ce2 pa9t+1 #bhc1 #cben4 ,apollodorus ( ,damascus1 ,roman ar*itecture1 #baa ,apollonius ,p]gu1 & inf9ity1 #fi2 ma!matic1 #ij ,appius ,claudius1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,arabesque1 algebraic analogy1 #gb2 p]iod1 #ajh2 spun surface1 #aif2 "*1 #bjc1 #bab2 z symbol1 #bae1 #bdh2 end-art1 #bbc2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,arabian ,culture1 & pol> idea ( hi/ory1 #ah2 ma!matic1 significance ( algebra1 #fc1 #ga-gc2 expressions1 #gb2 & ,late-,classical1 #gc1 #bji1 #bab1 #bad2 & ,m>ycult1 #acg2 prime symbol1 cav]n1 #agd1 #bji1 #bae2 s\l & dualism1 #ahc1 #cje-cjg1 #cfc2 8inside0 ar*itectural expression1 #ahd1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bbd2 religi\s expression1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #cab1 #dja2 & ,russian art1 #bja2 autumn ( /yle1 #bjg2 art z s+le ph5om5on1 #bjg-bji2 art rese>*1 #bji2 dome space-symbolism1 #baj-bab2 ornam5tation1 #bab2 fett]s1 #bab2 emancipation1 hurry1 #bac2 & mosaic1 #bad2 ar*-column1 #bad2 ,acan?us motive1 #bae2 & portraiture1 #bbc1 #bfb2 ar*itecture 9 ,italy1 #bce2 music1 #bbh2 & ,r5aissance1 #bce2 gold z symbol1 #bdg2 political concept1 #cce2 w-lessness1 #cji1 #caa2 art & spectator1 #cbi2 & _w-hi/ory1 #cfc2 nature idea1 *emi/ry1 #chb-chd1 #cic2 religion 9 ,late-,classical1 #djg2 spiritual epo*s1 table i2 art epo*s1 table ii ,arabian ,nights1 z symbol1 #bdh ,arbela1 battle1 #aea ,arcadians1 provid$ hi/ory1 #aa ,ar*1 & column1 #bad1 #bcf ,ar*ology1 & hi/orical repetition1 #d2 cultural attitude1 #ad1 #acb1 #bed2 significance1 #acd4 ,ar*]y1 ,ea/]n & ,we/]n1 #cccn4 ,ar*im$es1 /yle1 #ei2 & inf9ity1 #fi2 ma!matical limitation1 #hd1 #ij2 contempor>ies1 #aab1 #chf2 & metaphysics1 #cff2 & motion1 #cgg2 z creator1 #dbe ,ar*itecture1 ahi/oric symbolism ( ,classical1 #i1 #abn42 symbolism ( ,egyptian1 #fi1 #ahi1 #bjb2 transition to & f ,arabian1 #gb1 #gc2 ,rococo z music1 #hg1 #bca1 #bhe2 z e>ly art ( a ,culture1 "m-art1 #abh1 #bbd2 undurable basis ( ,classical1 #acb1 #aih2 column1 & ar*1 #aff1 #ahd1 #bjd1 #bad1 #bcf1 #bfjn41 #cde2 dim5sion & direction1 cultural relation1 #afin41 #agg1 #ahd1 #bje1 #bbd2 symbolism 9 ,*9ese1 #aij1 #aif2 imitation & ornam5t1 becom+ & become1 #aid-aih1 #bjb2 hi/ory ( te*niques & ideas1 #aie2 ( ,civilization p]iod1 #aig2 /age ( ,russian1 #bja2 ,classical1 feeble developm5t ( /yle1 #bjd2 pseudomorphic ,late-,classical1 basilica1 #bji1 #bab1 #bad2 ,arabian1 dome type1 #bjh1 #baj-bab2 ,we/]n faade & visage1 #bbd2 ca!dral & inf9ite space1 =e/ "*1 #aih-bjj1 #bbd1 #cif2 ,arabian 9 ,italy1 #bce2 place ( ,r5aissance1 #bce2 ,mi*elangelo & ,b>oque1 #bgg2 & cultural morale1 #cde2 contempor>y cultural epo*s1 table ii4 ,see also ,art2 ,b>oque2 ,egyptian ,culture2 ,doric2 ,go?ic2 ,romanesque ,ar*ytas1 irrational numb]s & fate1 #fen42 & high] p[]s1 #ff2 contempor>ies1 #gh1 #ij1 #aab1 table i2 & metaphysics1 #cff ,arezzo1 s*ool ( art1 #bfh ,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 & ,ea/]n ?\ght1 #i2 & helioc5tric sy/em1 #fh1 #fi1 #aci ,ari/ogiton1 /atue1 #bfin4 ,ari/ophanes1 & burlesque1 #cj1 #cbjn4 ,ari/otle1 ahi/oric consci\sness1 #i2 entele*y1 #ae2 contempor>ies1 #ag1 table i2 & philosophy ( be+1 #din42 me*ani/ic _w-conception1 #ii1 #cib2 & deity1 #abd1 #cac2 tabulation ( categories1 #abe2 z collector1 #acfn42 z ,plato's opposite1 #aei2 on trag$y1 #bjc1 #cah1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cea2 on body & s\l1 #bei2 on ,zeuxis1 #bhd2 & inw>d life1 #cag2 & philan?ropy1 #cea2 & ,civilization1 #ceb2 & diet1 #cfa2 culm9ation ( ,classical philosophy1 #cfe1 #cff2 & ma!matics1 #cff2 on atoms1 #chf2 z a!i/1 #dji2 condemnation1 #daa ,ari?metic1 ,kant's error1 #fn42 & "t1 #abe1 #abf4 ,see also ,ma!matics ,army1 ,roman notion1 #cce ,arnold ( ,villanova1 & *emi/ry1 #chdn4 ,art & arts1 irrational pol> idea1 #bj2 z sport1 #ce2 & future ( ,we/]n ,culture1 #dj2 z ma!matical expression1 #eg1 #eh1 #fa1 #fb1 #gj2 ,arabian1 relation to algebra1 #gb2 & vision1 #if2 causal & de/9y sides1 #abg1 #abh2 ,we/]n1 & 8memory10 #acbn42 mortality1 #afg2 religi\s "* ( e>ly p]iods1 #ahe2 lack ( e>ly ,*9ese survivals1 #aijn42 z expression-language1 #aia2 & witnesses1 #aia2 imitation & ornam5t1 #aia-aid2 _! opposition1 becom+ & become1 #aid-aif2 typism1 #aic2 s-call$1 ( ,civilization1 copyi/s1 #aig1 #bic-bie2 mean+ ( /yle1 #bjj1 #bja2 =ms & cultural spirituality1 #bad-baf2 z symbolic expression ( ,culture1 #bai1 #bei2 expression-me?ods ( wordless1 #bain42 s5se-impression & classification1 #bbj1 #bba2 hi/orical b\nd>ies1 organism1 #bba2 species )9 a ,culture1 no rebir?s1 #bbb-bbd2 e>ly p]iod ar*itecture z "m1 #bbd2 ,we/]n philosophical association1 #bbi2 secul>ization ( ,we/]n1 #bcj2 dom9ance ( ,we/]n music1 #bca2 outw>d =ms & cultural mean+1 #bch2 & popul>ity1 #bdb2 space & philosophy1 #bdc2 cultural basis ( composition1 #bdc2 symptom ( decl9e1 /riv+1 #bia1 #bib2 tra9$ in/9ct & m9or arti/s1 #bib1 #bic2 cultural association ) morale1 #cdd2 contempor>y cultural epo*s1 table ii4 ,see also ,imitation2 ,ornam5t2 ,sci5ce2 ,/yle2 arts by "n ,aryan h]o-tales1 contempor>ies1 table i ,asklepios1 z ,*ri/ian title1 #djhn4 ,a/rology1 cultural attitude1 #acb1 #adg ,a/ronomy1 ,classical ,culture &1 #i2 helioc5tric sy/em1 #fh1 #aci2 dim5sional figures1 #hc2 cultural significance1 #ccj-ccb ,at>axia1 ,/oic ideal1 #cdc1 #cdg1 #ceb1 #cfa ,a!ism1 & 8,god01 #cabn42 z def9ite ph5om5on1 position1 #djh1 #dji2 cultural basis ( /ructure1 #dji2 & tol]ation1 #daj1 #daa ,a!ne1 z goddess1 #bfh ,a!ns1 & ,p>is1 #bg2 culture city1 #cb2 z religi\s1 #ceh ,a?t>1 temples1 #baj ,atlantis1 & voyages ( ,nor?m51 #ccbn4 ,atmosph]e1 9 pa9t+1 #bhg ,atomic !ories1 ,boscovi*'s1 #cadn42 cultural basis1 #chd-chg1 #dai2 dis9tegration hypo!ses1 #dbc ,augu/an ,age1 ,atticism1 #bhn4 ,augu/9e1 ,sa9t1 & "t1 #abd1 #adj2 & ,jesus1 #cdg2 contempor>ies1 table i ,augu/us1 z epo*1 #adj2 /atue1 #bie ,aurelian1 fav\rite god1 #djf2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,avalon1 & ,valhalla1 #dja ,ave/a4 ,see ,z5d ,ave/a ,aviation1 ,leon>do's int]e/1 #bgi ,avic5na1 on light1 #cha2 contempor>ies1 table i ,axum1 empire1 & _w-hi/ory1 #af1 #bjh1 #bjin41 #bbc ,baad]1 ,franz ,x4 von1 & dualism1 #cjg ,baal1 %r9es z basilicas1 #bjin42 cults1 #djf1 #djg2 contempor>ies1 table i ,baalbek1 basilica1 #bjin42 ,sun ,temple z pseudomorphic1 #baj ,babylon1 & "t1 #i1 #ae2 geographical sci5ce1 #aj2 place 9 hi/ory1 #ag2 autumnal city1 #gi ,baccio della ,porta4 ,see ,b>tolommeo ,ba*1 ,john ,seba/ian1 contempor>ies1 #bg1 #aab1 #dag1 table ii2 z analysi/1 #fb2 contempor>y ma!matic1 #gh2 fugue1 #bcj2 & dom9ance ( music1 #bca2 & popul>ity1 #bdc2 pure music1 #bhc2 ease1 #bib2 e?ical passion1 #cee2 ,god-feel+1 #cid ,ba*(51 ,johann ,j41 ,classical ideology1 #bh2 on /one1 #ahh ,backgr\nds1 9 ,r5aissance art1 #bcg2 9 ,we/]n pa9t+1 #bci2 9 ,we/]n g>d5+1 #bdj4 ,see also ,dep?-exp]i5ce ,bacon1 ,francis1 ,%akespe>e controv]sy1 #acen4 ,bacon1 ,rog]1 _w-conception1 #ii2 & me*anical necessity1 #cib2 contempor>ies1 table i ,bhr1 ,georg1 ar*itecture1 #bhe ,baghdad1 autumnal city1 #gi2 contempor>y cities1 #aab2 philosophy ( s*ool1 #bdh1 #cjf1 #cjg2 contempor>ies ( s*ool1 table i ,ballade1 orig91 #bbi ,bamb]g ,ca!dral1 sculpture1 #bce ,b>b>ossa1 symbolism1 #djc ,b>oque1 ma!matic1 #eh1 #gg2 musical association1 #hg1 #bbhn41 #bcj2 z /age ( /yle1 #bjb2 sculpture z allegory1 #bain42 orig91 #bcf2 dep?-exp]i5ce 9 pa9t+1 #bci2 9 g>d5+1 #bdj2 portraits1 #bfe2 ,mi*elangelo's relation1 #bgg2 philosophy1 reason & w1 #cjh2 s\l1 #cac1 #cad2 contempor>ies1 table ii4 ,see also ,art ,b>tolommeo1 ,fra 7,baccio della ,porta71 & l9e1 #bhj2 dynamic ,god-feel+1 #cid ,basilica1 z pseudomorphic type1 #bji1 #baj2 & ,we/]n ca!dral1 #baa1 #bbd2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,basilica ( ,max5tius 7,con/ant9e71 ,arabian influ5ces1 #bab ,basra ,s*ool1 philosophy1 #bdh1 #cjf2 contempor>ies1 table i ,basso cont9uo4 ,see ,?or\ghbass4 ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 ,syrian workm51 #baa1 #bab ,batti/a ( ,urb9o1 portrait1 #bgi ,baudelaire1 ,pi]re ,*>les1 s5su\sness1 #ce2 autumnal acc5t1 #bda2 & ! decad5t1 #bib ,bayle1 ,pi]re1 & imp]ialism1 #aej ,bayreu?4 ,see ,wagn] ,beauty1 transi5ce1 cultural basis1 #aid2 z ,classical rle1 #cag ,become1 ,civilization z1 #ca1 #df2 philosoph]s1 #din42 expla9$1 relation%ips1 #ec2 & le>n+1 #ef2 & ext5sion1 #ef2 & ma!matical numb]1 #gj1 #ie2 relation to nature & hi/ory1 #id-ih1 #ajb1 #ajc2 & symbolism1 #aja2 & causality & de/9y1 #aai2 & problem ( "t1 #abb2 & mortality1 #afg2 9 art1 #aid4 ,see also ,becom+2 ,causality2 ,nature2 ,space ,becom+1 & hi/ory1 #be1 #id-ih1 #ajb1 #ajc2 philosoph]s1 #din42 expla9$1 relation%ips1 #ec2 intuition1 #ef2 & direction1 #ef2 & *ronological numb]1 #gj2 relation to nature & de/9y & causality1 #aai1 #ach1 #aci2 & ma!matics1 #abe1 #abf2 9 art1 #aid4 ,see also ,become2 ,de/9y2 ,hi/ory2 ,"t ,bee*1 z symbol1 #cif ,bee?ov51 ,ludwig van1 contempor>y ma!matic1 #gh1 #ij2 & pure reason1 #abj2 & imag9ation1 #bbj2 or*e/ration1 #bca2 inw>dness1 8br[n0 music1 #bea1 #beb1 #bebn42 music z confession1 #bfd2 p]iod1 #bhd2 /ra9+1 #bia2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,bell1 z ,we/]n symbol1 #acdn4 ,bell9i1 ,giovanni1 & portrait1 #bgb1 #bgc ,b5>es1 autumnal city1 #ii ,b5$etto da ,maiano1 & ornam5t1 #bch2 & portrait1 #bgb ,b5?am1 ,j]emy1 & imp]ialism1 #aej2 & economic asc5d5cy1 #cfg2 contempor>ies1 table i ,b]5g> ( ,t\rs1 controv]sy1 #ahe ,b]keley1 ,george1 on ma!matics & fai?1 #ghn4 ,b]l91 megalopolitanism1 #cc2 z irreligi\s1 #gi1 #ceh ,b]lioz1 ,hector1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 ,sa9t1 contempor>ies1 #djj1 table i ,b]n9i1 ,giovanni ,lor5zo1 ar*itecture1 #hg1 #bca1 #bdd1 #bde2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,b]nw>d1 ,sa9t1 z ar*itect1 #ajgn41 #bjf ,b]ry1 ,duke (1 ,books ( ,h\rs1 #bci ,beyle1 ,h5ri4 ,see ,/5dhal ,bible1 & p]iodic hi/ory1 #ah2 z ,arabian symbol1 #bdh4 ,see also ,*ri/ianity ,bi$]mey]1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,b9*ois1 gide1 music1 #bcj ,b9omial !orem1 discov]y1 #ge ,biography1 & portraiture1 #ab2 ,cultures &1 #ac1 #ad2 & "*1 #caf2 & ,we/]n trag$y1 #cah4 ,see also ,portraiture ,biology1 & preorda9$ life-duration1 #ajh2 9 politics1 #aef2 z weake/ sci5ce1 #aeg2 & ,civilization1 #cfj ,bism>ck1 ,fr/ von1 w>s & cultural rhy?m1 #aajn42 & de/9y1 #ade2 morale1 #cdi ,bizet1 ,georges1 8br[n0 music1 #beb ,blood1 ,leon>do's discov]y ( circulation1 #bgh ,blue1 symbolism1 #bde1 #bdf ,boccaccio1 ,giovanni1 & ,hom]1 #bfhn4 ,body1 z symbol ( ,classical ,culture1 #agd2 & geometrical sy/ems1 #agfn42 9 ,arabian philosophy1 #bdh2 & s\l1 ,classical expression1 #bei-bfa4 ,see also ,sculpture2 ,_s ,bckl91 ,arnold1 act & portrait1 #bgan42 pa9t+1 #bhi1 #bij ,boehme1 ,jakob1 contempor>ies1 table i ,bogomils1 iconocla/s1 #chc ,bohr1 ,niels1 & mass1 #che1 #dai ,boltzmann1 ,ludwig1 on probability1 #chjn4 ,boniface1 ,sa9t1 z mission>y1 #cfj ,book1 & cult-build+1 #aign4 ,books ( ,h\rs1 ,b]ry's1 #bci ,books ( ,numa1 burn+1 #daa ,boom]ang1 & ma!matical in/9ct1 #eh ,borgias1 ,hell5ic sorr9ess1 #bgc ,boscovi*1 ,ruggi]o ,giuseppe1 & physics1 #cadn41 #dae ,botticelli1 ,s&ro1 ,dut* influ5ce1 #bcf2 goldsmi?1 #bcg2 & portrait1 #bga1 #bgb ,b\*]1 ,franois1 & body1 #bga ,b\lle1 ,&r ,c41 ,*ipp5dale's asc5d5cy1 #aejn4 ,b\rbons1 analogy1 #ci ,boyle1 ,rob]t1 & elem5t1 #chd ,brahmanism1 transvaluation1 #ceb2 ,buddhi/ int]pretation ( ,k>ma1 #ceg2 contempor>ies ( ,brahmanas1 table i4 ,see also ,indian ,culture ,bra91 & s\l1 #cfg ,bramante1 ,donato d',angnolo1 plan ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 #ahd ,brancacci ,*apel1 #bcg1 #bgi ,brass musical in/rum5ts1 col\r expression1 #bebn4 ,bronze1 & ,classical expression1 #bec2 pat9a1 #bec2 ,mi*elangelo &1 #bgf ,bro!rs ( ,s9c]ity1 on light1 #cha2 contempor>ies1 table i ,br[n1 symbolism ( /udio1 #bej1 #bhh2 ,leon>do &1 #bhj ,bruckn]1 ,anton1 end-art1 #bbc2 8br[n0 music1 #beb ,bruges1 loss ( pre/ige1 #cc2 z religi\s1 #ceh ,brunelles*i1 ,filippo1 l9e> p]spective1 #bdj2 & antique1 #bgen42 ar*itecture1 #cac ,bruno1 ,giordano1 _w1 #ef2 m>tyrdom1 #fh2 & vision1 #if2 esot]ic1 #cbf2 a/ronomy1 #cca2 contempor>ies1 table i ,brutus1 ,m4 ,junius1 "*1 #e ,buckle1 ,h5ry ,t41 & evolution1 #cga ,buddhism1 & ,civilization1 end-ph5om5on1 mat]ialism1 #cb1 #ceb1 #cef1 #ceg1 #cei1 #dji2 & /ate1 #ach2 ,nirvana1 #agh1 #ceg1 #cfa2 morale1 #cda1 #cdg2 sci5tific basis ( ideas1 #cec2 moral philosophy1 #cee2 z peasant religion1 #cefn42 & ,*ri/ianity1 #ceg2 & contempor>ies1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cfa1 table i2 & diet1 #cfa4 ,see also ,religion ,burckh>dt1 ,jacob1 ,classical ideology1 #bh2 on ,r5aissance1 #bcd ,buridan1 ,jean1 ,occami/1 #cha ,burlesque1 ,classical1 #cj1 #cbj ,bu/s1 ,classical1 z portraits1 #bfi1 #bgb ,buxtehude1 ,dietri*1 organ works1 #bbj ,byron1 ,george1 ,"l1 & ,civilization1 #aaj ,byzant9ism1 z ,civilization1 #ajf2 & portraiture1 #acjn42 /yle1 #bjf2 ,acan?us motive1 #bae2 allegorical pa9t+1 #bain42 contempor>ies1 tables ii1 iii4 ,see also ,arabian ,culture ,byzantium1 t5em5t h\ses1 #cdn4 ,cabeo1 ,nicolaus1 !ory ( magnetism1 #dad ,caccias1 "*1 #bbi ,cs>1 ,c4 ,julius1 analogies1 #d1 #ch2 & newspap]1 #e2 & democracy1 #e2 conque/ ( ,gaul1 #cfn42 practicality1 #ch2 & cal5d> & duration1 #acc2 & economic organization1 #ach2 & de/9y1 #aci2 bu/1 #bgb2 morale1 #cdi2 ,divus ,julius1 #djg2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,cs>ism1 & money1 #cf2 contempor>y p]iods1 table iii ,cal*as1 cult1 #ahe ,calculus1 & ,classical a/ronomy1 #fi2 limit-idea1 #hf2 ,newtonian & ,leibnizian1 #abfn42 & religion1 #agj2 z ,jesuit /yle1 #dab2 basis ?reat5$1 #dai4 ,see also ,ma!matics ,cald]on de la ,b>ca1 ,p$ro1 plays z confession1 #bfd ,cal5d>1 ,cs>'s1 #acc ,caliphate1 ,diocletian's gov]nm5t1 #gb1 #bab2 deification ( caliph1 #dje ,callicles1 e?ic1 #cea ,calv91 ,john1 pr$e/9ation & evolution1 #adjn41 #ada2 & ,we/]n morale1 #cdh2 v>iety ( religion1 #cid2 contempor>ies1 table i ,c ,gr&e1 /atue1 #bgb ,cann1 z climax1 #cf ,cann+1 ,george1 & imp]ialism1 #adin4 ,cantata1 & or*e/ra1 #bcj ,canzoni1 "*1 #bbi ,c>acalla1 & citiz5%ip & army1 #cce1 #djg ,c>cassonne1 re/oration1 #bedn4 ,c>dano1 ,girolamo1 & numb]s1 #ge ,c>e1 & di/ance1 #ab2 cultural attitude1 relation to /ate1 #acf1 #acg2 & mat]nity1 #bfg ,c>issimi1 ,giacomo1 music1 pictorial "*1 #bcj1 #bhc ,c>neades1 & me*anical necessity1 #cic ,c>/5s1 ,armus ,j41 naturalism1 #bab ,c>?age4 ,see ,punic ,w>s ,c>?ag9ians1 & geography1 #ajn41 #ccc ,ca/le1 & ca!dral1 #aie1 #bbi ,catacombs1 art1 #acgn41 #bbd ,categories1 tabulation1 #abe ,ca?>9e ( ,si5a1 ,sa9t1 & ,go?ic1 #bce ,ca!dral1 z ornam5t1 #aie2 & ca/le1 #bbi2 =e/-"*1 #cif2 contempor>ies1 table ii4 ,see also ,go?ic2 ,romanesque ,cato1 ,m4 ,porcius1 ,/oicism & income1 #cc ,cau*y1 ,augu/9 ,l\is1 notation1 #gg2 ma!matic problem1 #he2 & inf9itesimal calculus1 #hf2 ma!matical position1 #ij2 goal ( analysis1 #dah2 contempor>ies1 table i ,causality1 hi/ory & ,kantian1 #g2 & hi/oriography1 #bh2 & numb]1 #ef2 & pure ph5om5on1 #aaan42 & de/9y & hi/ory1 limit$ doma91 #aag-aba1 #aea1 #aef-aei2 & space & "t1 #aai1 #abj1 #adb2 & pr9ciple1 #aba2 & grace1 #ada2 & reason1 #cjh2 & ,civilization1 #cfj2 & de/9y 9 natural sci5ce1 #cgi2 & me*anical necessity1 #cib-cid4 ,see also ,become2 ,de/9y2 ,nature2 ,space ,cav]n1 z symbol1 #bjj1 #bji1 #bae1 #bbd ,celtic art1 z ,arabian1 #bae ,c5tre ( "t1 & hi/ory1 #ajc ,c]es1 mat]iality1 #djc ,c]vantes1 ,miguel de1 tragic me?od1 #cai ,ceylon1 ,mahavansa1 #ab ,czanne1 ,paul1 l&scapes1 #bhi2 /riv+1 #bib ,*ronea1 issue at battle1 #ce ,*alc$on1 ,c\ncil (1 & ,godhead1 #bji1 #bdi ,*aldeans1 a/ronomy1 ,classical reaction1 #adg ,*amb]-music1 z summit ( ,we/]n art1 #bca ,*an-,kwo p]iod1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,"*1 & p]son1 #bei2 & w1 ,we/]n ego1 #cad1 #cce2 ,cultures & /udy1 #caf2 ge/ure z ,classical sub/itute1 #caf2 9 ,we/]n trag$y1 ,classical contra/1 #cag-cbf4 ,see also ,morale2 ,s\l ,*>d91 ,jean ,b4 ,s41 & ,fr5* tradition1 #bhi ,*>es1 ,helios & gigantoma*ia1 #bia ,*>ity4 ,see ,compassion ,*>lemagne1 analogies1 #d1 #ch2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,*>les ,,xii ( ,sw$51 analogy1 #d ,*>tres ,ca!dral1 sculpture1 #bce1 #bfa ,*emi/ry1 ?\ghtless hypo!ses1 #aefn42 no ,classical1 #chc2 ,we/]n s-call$1 #chd2 z ,arabian sy/em1 #chd1 #cic2 new ess5ce1 entropy1 #dbf4 ,see also ,natural sci5ce ,*eops1 dyna/y1 #ehn4 ,*ephr51 dyna/y1 #ehn42 tomb-pyramid1 #aif1 #bjc ,*ian1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,*ildr51 ,we/]n portraiture1 #bff-bfh4 ,see also ,mo!rl&4 ,*9ese ,culture1 hi/oric feel+1 #ad2 imp]ialism1 #cg2 philosoph]s1 #db1 #de2 "t-measurem5t1 #acdn42 ance/ral wor%ip1 #acen42 & c>e1 #acf2 attitude t[>d /ate1 #acg2 economic organization1 #ach2 de/9y-idea1 l&scape z prime symbol1 #aij1 #aif1 #bjc2 lack ( e>ly art survivals1 #aijn42 & tutelage1 #bac2 music1 #bbh2 g>d5+1 #bdj2 bronzes1 pat9a1 #becn42 portraiture1 #bfj1 #bfb2 ,civilization1 #bie2 s\l1 p]spective z expression1 #cajn42 passive morale1 #cae1 #cda1 #cdg2 & discov]y1 #ccc1 #ccf2 political epo*s1 table iii4 ,see also ,cultures ,*ipp5dale1 ,?omas1 position1 #aejn4 ,*ivalry1 s\!rn type1 #bccn4 ,*orus1 9 art-hi/ory1 #aia2 9 ,classical trag$y1 #cbd ,*osroes-,nu%irvan1 art ( p]iod1 #bjc ,*u ,li1 on ,*u dyna/y1 #acg ,*u ,p]iod1 & c>e1 #acg2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,*ri/ianity1 comp>isons1 #d2 ,ea/]n1 & hi/orical-p]iods1 #bbn42 & poor ,/oics1 #ccn42 z ,arabian1 #gb1 #djb2 ,m>y-cult1 ,madonna 9 art1 #acf1 #bfg1 #bfh2 de/9y 9 ,we/]n1 #adj2 ar*itectural expression ( e>ly1 #bjh-baa2 col\r & gold z symbols1 #bdg-bej2 9 ,we/]n art1 spiritual space1 #bgi2 dualism 9 e>ly1 #cjf2 8passion01 #cbjn42 ,ea/]n1 & home1 #cce2 ,we/]n trans=mation ( morale1 #cdd1 #cdg1 #cdh2 & ,buddhism1 #ceg2 ( ,fa!rs & ,crusades1 #cegn42 mission>ism1 #cfj2 ,god-man problem z al*emi/ic1 #chc2 & me*anical necessity1 miracles1 #cib1 #cic2 elem5ts ( ,we/]n1 #cii-dja2 =eign gods z titles1 #djhn4 ,see also ,religion ,*ronology1 relation ( ,classical ,culture1 #i1 #aj2 z numb]1 #ig1 #aecn42 & ! :51 #abf2 & ar*ology1 #acd4 ,see also ,hi/ory ,*rysippus1 & ,/oicism1 #cc1 #ceh2 & corporeality1 #agg ,*uang-ts1 practical philosophy1 #de ,*un-,*iu ,p]iod1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,cic]o1 ,m4 ,tullius1 analogy1 #d ,cimabue1 ,giovanni1 & nature1 #aib2 & ,byzant9e art1 #bch2 & ,francis ( ,assisi1 #bdin42 & portraiture1 #bgc ,cim>osa1 ,dom5ico1 ease1 #bib ,ci/]cians1 s\l1 #cfj ,citiz5%ip1 ,classical concept1 #ccd4 ,see also ,politics ,civilization1 def9$1 z de/9y ( a ,culture1 #ca-cd1 #ajf1 #beb1 #cec1 #ced2 & ! 8become01 #ca1 #df2 & megalopolitanism1 #cb1 #ce2 money z symbol1 #cd-cf2 & economic motives1 #ce2 imp]ialism1 #cf2 de/9y ( ,we/]n1 #cg1 #ch2 & scepticism1 #df1 #dji2 ,alex&]-idea1 #aej2 ,engli% basis ( ,we/]n1 #aea1 #cga2 ,we/]n1 effect on hi/ory1 #aea2 s-call$ art1 #aig1 #bic-bie2 /yle hi/ories1 #bjg2 ,we/]n pa9t+1 ple9-air1 #bea1 #bhh1 #bhi2 & gigantoma*ia1 #bia2 ,manet & ,wagn]1 #bic2 transvaluation ( values1 /riv+1 #cea1 #cec2 ,nihilism & inw>d f9i%$ness1 #ceb2 manife/ations1 #cec1 #ced2 problematic & plebeian morale1 #ced1 #cee2 & irreligion1 #ceh2 diatribe z ph5om5on1 #cei2 & biological philosophies1 philosophical ess5ce1 #cfa1 #cfg2 natural sci5ce1 #dag2 contempor>y spiritual epo*s1 table i2 contempor>y art epo*s1 table ii2 contempor>y political epo*s1 table iii4 ,see also ,cultures ,cl>ke1 ,samuel1 & imp]ialism1 #aej ,classical ,culture1 philosophy1 culm9ation1 #c1 #de2 ahi/oric basis1 #h-aj1 #abn41 #ig1 #ajc1 #aca-ace1 #bed1 #bee1 #bfd1 #cfc2 & *ronology1 #i1 #ajn42 & geography1 #ajn42 religi\s expression1 bodi$ pan!on1 lat] mono!i/ic t5d5cies1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ahg1 #cab1 #cig1 #cih1 #djb-djh2 & mortality1 fun]al cu/oms1 #ac1 #acd2 portraiture1 #ac1 #acj1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bfi1 #bgb2 & ar*ology1 #ad2 & measurem5t ( "t1 #ae2 ma!matic1 #ae1 #fc-fe1 #fi1 #gg1 #hc1 #hd1 #ij2 contempor>y ,we/]n p]iods1 #bf2 ,we/]n views1 ideology1 #bg-ca1 #gf1 #ha1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdc1 #bed1 #bgj1 #cbc2 8,classical0 & 8antike01 #bhn42 civilization1 ,rome1 ,/oicism1 #cb-cd1 #cf1 #dd1 #bid1 #ceb2 cosmology1 a/ronomy1 #fc1 #fh1 #fi1 #adg1 #ccj2 cultural significance ( ma!matic1 #fe-fg1 #gj2 & algebra1 #ga2 surviv+ =ms "u ,arabian ,culture1 #gb1 #gc1 #bjh2 opposition to ,we/]n s\l1 #gh2 & space1 #ha-hd1 #hh1 #agen42 8smallness01 #hc2 relation to proportion & function1 #hd1 #he2 popul>ity1 #he1 #bed1 #cbf-cbh2 & de/9y-idea1 dramatic illu/ration1 #abi1 #acj1 #adc1 #adf1 #adg1 #cag-cbf1 #dbd2 c>e & sex attitude1 family & home1 #acf1 #bff-bfh1 #ccd-ccg2 attitude t[>d /ate1 #acg1 #adg2 & economic organization1 #ach2 actualization ( ! corporeal only1 sculpture1 #agf-agh1 #bbe1 #bei- #bfa2 s\l1 attributes1 #ahc1 #cjd1 #cje2 ar*itectural expression1 #ahd1 #aih1 #bbd2 weak /yle1 #bjc2 art-"w & s5se-organ1 #bbj2 & music1 #bbc1 #bbg2 & =m & cont5t1 #bdb2 & composition1 #bdc2 col\r1 #bde-bdg2 nature idea1 /atics1 #bfc1 #chb-chd1 #cib2 & discov]y1 #bgh2 pa9t+1 #bhg2 w-less-ness1 #cji1 #caj2 lack ( "*1 ge/ure z sub/itute1 #caf2 art & "t ( day1 #cbe2 morale1 e?ic ( attitude1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cdg1 #cea2 & 8action01 #cdbn42 cult & dogma1 #dja1 #daj2 & /range gods1 #djd2 sci5tific p]iods1 #dbd2 spiritual epo*s1 table i2 art epo*s1 table ii2 political epo*s1 table iii4 ,see also ,art2 ,cultures2 ,r5aissance2 ,sci5ce ,classicism1 & dy+ ,culture1 #ajh2 def9$1 #aig2 p]iod 9 /yle1 #bjg ,claude ,lorra91 l&scape z space1 #ahd2 8s++0 picture1 #bai2 & ru9s1 #bed2 col\r1 #bdf1 #bhh2 p]iod1 #bhc2 l&scape z portrait1 #bhg ,cleanl9ess1 cultural attitude1 #bfj ,clei/h5es1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,cleom5es ,,iii1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,cleon1 & economic organization1 #ach ,clepsydra1 ,plato's1 #ae ,clock1 & hi/oric consci\sness1 #ad2 religi\s aspect1 #aen42 cultural attitude1 #aca1 #acd ,cl\ds1 9 pa9t+s1 #bci ,cluniac re=m1 & ar*itecture1 #ahe ,clytmne/ra1 & ,hel51 #bfh ,cnidian ,aphrodite1 #ajh1 #bfh ,cnossos art1 #bbdn41 #bic2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,cobbett1 ,william1 population !ory1 #ahen4 ,cognition1 & nature1 #id1 #ajb1 #ajc ,colleoni1 ,b>tolommeo1 /atue1 #bch1 #bgb ,colosseum1 & real ,rome1 #dd2 =m type1 #bjd2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,colossus ( ,rhodes1 & gigantoma*ia1 #bia ,col\r1 ,goe!'s !ory1 #aegn41 #aehn42 & dep?-exp]i5ce1 #bdb2 ,classical & ,we/]n use1 symbolism1 #bde-bdg2 ,we/]n blue & gre51 #bde2 ,arabian ,culture & gold1 #bdg-bdi2 bru%work & motion-quality1 #bdi2 /udio-br[n1 z symbol1 #bej1 #bhh2 ,leon>do's s5se1 #bhj2 ple9-air1 #bhh4 ,see also ,pa9t+ ,columbus1 ,*ri/oph]1 & ,spani% asc5d5cy1 #adh2 & ,leon>do1 #bgh2 & space & w1 #caj1 #ccg2 spiritual result1 #ccd ,column1 z symbol1 #aff1 #ahd1 #bad1 #bfjn41 #cde2 ,classical ord]s1 #bjd2 & ar*1 #bad1 #bcf ,compass1 symbolism1 #ccc ,compassion1 times & mean+1 #cdg-cea2 & ,socialism1 #cfb ,composition 9 art1 cultural basis1 #bdc ,compreh5sion1 qualities1 #ii ,comte1 ,augu/e1 prov9cialism1 #bd2 & economic asc5d5cy1 #cfg1 #cgc2 contempor>ies1 table i ,confession1 z ,we/]n symbol1 #aca1 #adj1 #bfa1 #bfd2 abs5ce 9 ,r5aissance art1 #bgc ,confucius1 & actuality1 #db2 & analogies1 #ceg ,conic sections1 contempor>ies1 table i ,conque/1 z ,we/]n concept1 #ccf ,consci\sness1 phases1 #aed ,consecutives 9 *ur* music1 #ahh ,cons]vation ( en]gy1 & causality1 #cic2 & fir/ law ( !rmodynamics1 #dac2 & concept ( inf9ity1 #dah2 & entropy1 #dbj-dbd ,con/able1 ,john1 significance ( col\r1 #bea2 & impressionism1 #bhh ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 & arti/ic impot5ce1 #bid2 z caliph1 #dje2 religion1 #djg ,con/ant9ople4 ,see ,byzantium2 ,haggia ,sophia ,consus1 mat]iality1 #djc ,contemplation1 def9$1 #ie ,contemporaneity1 int]cultural1 #bf1 #aab1 #agg1 #bjbn41 #bbj2 numb] p>adigm1 #ij2 ,classical sculpture & ,we/]n music1 #bbf1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bia2 9 physical !ories1 #chf2 spiritual epo*s1 table i2 culture epo*s1 table ii2 political epo*s1 table iii ,cont5d+ ,/ates1 p]iod 9 ,*9a1 homology1 #aaa ,cont5t1 & =m1 #bdb1 #bgj ,contrition1 sacram5t z ,we/]n symbol1 #bfa1 #bfc ,conv]sion1 impossibility1 #cde ,cop]nicus1 ,classical anticipation ( sy/em1 #fh1 #aci2 & de/9y1 #id2 discov]y & ,we/]n s\l1 #caj1 #ccj1 #cca ,corelli1 ,arcangelo1 sonatas1 #bbf1 #bhc2 & dom9ance ( music1 #bca2 col\r expression1 #bebn42 ,ca?olicism1 #bfhn4 ,cor9?1 & unkn[n gods1 #djd ,cor9?ian column1 contempor>ies1 table ii4 ,see also ,column ,corneille1 ,pi]re1 & unities1 #cbc ,corot1 ,jean ,b4 ,c41 col\r1 #bdf1 #bhi2 & nude1 #bga2 impressionism1 #bhf2 l&scape z portrait1 #bhg2 ease1 #bib ,cosmogonies1 contempor>ies1 table i ,cosmology1 cultural attitude1 #fc1 #fh1 #fi1 #adg1 #ccj-ccb4 ,see also ,a/ronomy ,c\nt]po9t1 & ,go?ic1 #bbi2 & fugue1 #bcj4 ,see also ,music ,c\nt]-,re=mation1 ,mi*elangelo & _s1 #bge ,c\p]91 ,franois1 pa/oral music1 #bdj2 col\r expression1 #bebn4 ,c\rbet1 ,gu/ave1 l&scapes1 #bhh-bij ,c\rty>ds1 ,r5aissance1 #bce ,c\s91 ,victor1 & economic asc5d5cy1 #cfg ,coysevox1 ,anto9e1 sculpture1 #bcb2 decoration1 #bde ,crana*1 ,lucas1 & portraiture1 #bgj ,crassus ,dives1 ,m4 ,lic9ius1 & city ( ,rome1 #cd ,cremation1 z cultural symbol1 #acd ,cresilas1 & portraiture1 #acjn41 #bfi ,crete1 inscriptions1 #abn42 ,m9oan art1 #aih ,cromwell1 ,oliv]1 & imp]ialism1 #adi2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,crusades1 symbolism1 #aen41 #aih2 & ,trojan ,w>1 #bg2 ,*ri/ianity1 #cegn42 contempor>ies1 table iii ,ctesiphon1 s*ool1 #fc ,cult & dogma1 cultural attitudes1 #dja1 #daj1 #daa2 9 natural sci5ce1 #dab ,cultures1 ,sp5gl]'s morphological !ory1 xi2 obligatory /ages1 symbols1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #ch1 #ci2 sup]ficial & real analogies1 #d1 #f1 #bg1 #ch2 !ory ( di/9ct cycles1 #ba1 #bb1 #ca1 #gh2 div]g5t viewpo9ts1 #bc1 #df1 #aca2 z organisms1 mortality1 #bf1 #ajd1 #aji1 #afg2 contempor>y p]iods1 #bf1 #aab1 #agg1 #bjbn41 #bbj2 ,civilization z de/9y1 #ca-cd1 #ajf1 #beb1 #cec1 #ced2 symmetry1 #dg2 & notion ( ! _w1 language1 #ee2 physiognomic mean+ z ess5ce ( hi/ory1 #ee1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje2 ma!matical aspects1 sep>ation1 #eg-fc1 #fg1 #gj2 & univ]sal validity1 #fj1 #adf1 #agh-ahj1 #bjb1 #bhg2 numb]-?\ght & _w-idea1 #gj2 /ages1 #ajf1 #ajg2 application ( t]m 8habit0 or 8/yle01 #ajh1 #bje2 recapitulation 9 life ( individuals1 #aaj2 homolog\s =ms1 #aaa2 sep>ate de/9y-ideas1 #abi1 #ade2 comp>ative /udy1 #aden42 z int]pretation ( s\l1 #aei1 #ahj1 #cjb-cjd1 #cjg1 #cac1 #cad2 cultural & int]cultural macrocosm1 #afe2 p>ticul>1 & nature1 #afi2 k9d ( ext5sion z symbol1 #agc-age2 actualization ( dep?-exp]i5ce1 #age2 plurality ( prime symbols1 #agi1 #ahj2 tutelage1 #bac2 art =ms & spiritualities1 #bad-baf2 arts ( =m z symbolic expression1 #bai2 significance ( species ( art1 #bbb-bbd2 z bases ( morale1 #cae1 #cde-cdg2 & times ( day1 #cbe2 & nature-law1 #cgg-chj1 #chb1 #chg2 sci5tific p]iod1 #cha2 religi\s spr+times1 #cii-djb2 r5unciation1 second religi\sness1 #dbd2 *>act]i/ics ( seasons1 table i2 contempor>y art epo*s1 table ii2 contempor>y political epo*s1 table iii4 ,see also ,arabian2 ,art2 ,*9ese2 ,classical2 ,egyptian2 ,hi/ory2 ,indian2 ,macrocosm2 ,morphology2 ,nature2 ,_s2 ,we/]n ,cupid1 z art motive1 #bff ,cupola4 ,see ,dome ,curtius ,rufus1 ,qu9tus1 biography ( ,alex&]1 #d ,cusanus1 ,nikolaus4 ,see ,ni*olas ( ,cusa ,cuyp1 ,alb]t1 l&scape z portrait1 #bhg ,cyax>es1 & ,h5ry ! ,f[l]1 #d ,cybele1 cult1 #djf ,cynics1 practicality1 #de2 morale1 #bjc1 #cdb2 & dige/ion1 #cfa2 contempor>ies1 table i ,cypress1 z symbol1 #cif ,cyr5aics1 practicality1 #de2 contempor>ies1 table i ,dante ,alighi]i1 hi/orical consci\sness1 #ad1 #ef1 #adb1 #aei2 influ5ce ( ,joa*im ( ,floris1 #bj2 & vision1 #if2 homology1 #aaa2 & popul>ity1 #bdc2 & confession1 #bgc2 & psy*ology1 #cai2 & "t ( day1 #cben42 esot]ic1 #cbh2 morale1 #cee2 v>iety ( religion1 #cid2 contempor>ies1 table i ,danton1 ,georges1 adv5tur]1 #adi ,d>w9ism & evolution1 & ,socialism1 #ce1 #cgj-cgb2 & practical philosophy1 #de2 morphology & vision1 #ajdn41 #aje2 ,goe! &1 #aaan42 & teleology1 #abj2 & de/9y1 #adj2 & cultural art-!ory1 #adan42 & usefulness1 #aee2 & biological politics1 #aef2 nature & ,god1 #cab2 anticipation1 ,d>w9's political-economic application1 #cfi-cgc2 contempor>ies1 table i ,daumi]1 ,honor1 act & portrait1 #bgan42 & gr& /yle1 #bij ,david1 ,pi]re ,jean1 naturalism1 #bab ,dea ,cle/is1 #djf ,dea?1 & hi/orical consci\sness1 #ac2 & become1 #ed1 #afg2 ,cultures & fun]al cu/oms1 #acd1 #ace1 #ahe2 & space1 #aff2 & _w-fe> & symbolism1 #aff2 /one z emblem1 #ahh2 & ornam5t1 #aie ,decoration1 ar*itectural1 #aif2 ,go?ic1 & bodilessness1 #aii2 ,arabian1 #bjh1 #bab2 mosaic1 #bad2 ,acan?us motive1 #bae4 ,see also ,ornam5t ,d$ek9d1 ,ri*>d1 notation1 #gg1 #ie ,def9itions1 & de/9y1 xiv2 fundam5tal1 #ec-ef ,deism1 cause1 #ahg1 #dab2 concept1 #cabn42 ,b>oque1 & me*anics1 #dab4 ,see also ,religion ,deities1 cultural basis1 #cab4 ,see also ,religion ,delacroix1 ,f]d9& ,v4 ,e41 & impressionism1 #bhh2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,delphi1 ,polygnotus's frescos1 #bdc ,demet] cult1 #hc2 spr+ fe/ivals1 #cbj2 contempor>ies1 table i ,demet] ( ,knidos1 /atue1 #acf ,demetrius ( ,alopeke1 & portraiture1 #acj1 #bfi ,democracy1 decay by =malism1 #ce2 contempor>y p]iods1 table iii4 ,see also ,politics ,democritus1 & corporeality1 #agg2 & ego1 #caa2 cosmology1 #cca2 atoms1 #che2 ,leibniz z contempor>y1 #chf2 & motion1 #chi2 & me*anical necessity1 #cib-cid2 contempor>ies1 table i ,demo/h5es1 /atue1 #bgj ,dep?-exp]i5ce1 significance1 #afh1 #afi1 #agb-agd2 & numb]1 #aga2 & "t1 #agb1 #agc2 realization z cultural symbol1 #agc-age2 9 ,we/]n pa9t+1 #bci1 #bdf2 9 ,we/]n g>d5+1 #bdj2 & de/9y1 #bda2 & philosophy 9 art1 #bdc2 9 portrait1 #bfc1 #bff2 & impressionism1 #bhe-bhg2 & w1 #caa2 9 ,socialism1 #cfa2 & natural sci5ce1 #chj1 #chf1 #cid2 ,we/]n ,god-feel+1 #cie2 ca!dral & organ1 #cif4 ,see also ,de/9y2 ,space ,des>gues1 ,gir>d1 ma!matic1 #ge ,desc>tes1 ,r51 civic _w-outlook1 #cc2 & actuality1 #db2 /yle1 #fa2 ma!matics & religion1 #ff2 relation to ,classical ma!matic1 #fi2 & new numb]-idea1 #gd1 #ge1 #ha1 #hh1 #ij1 #abf1 #ahh2 contempor>ies1 #aab1 table i2 & ,jans5i/s1 #cadn42 z ?9k]1 #cff2 ?9k+ & be+1 #chg2 on =ce1 #dac ,des ,prs1 ,josqu91 music1 #bcj ,de/9y1 & pessimism1 xiv2 hi/orical1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #ch-da2 z logic ( "t1 #g2 acceptance1 #dj1 #dd2 9 ,_w ,w>1 #dg2 fulfilm5t ( ,we/]n ma!matic1 #ij2 ( a ,culture1 #ajf1 #ade2 & causality1 #aag-aba2 s\l & pr$e/9ation1 #aag2 organic logic1 #aag2 & "t & space1 #aai1 #abj2 & idea1 #aba2 9 art1 revolts1 #abg1 #abh1 #bcc2 sep>ate cultural ideas1 illu/rations1 #abi-aca1 #ade-adi1 #ahi1 #aij1 #dbd2 9 ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity1 #adj1 #ada2 & incid5t1 #ach-ada1 #add2 & nature1 #adb2 ,classical 8fate01 body & p]sonality1 #adc1 #adg2 y\?1 #aeb2 & ,we/]n dep?-exp]i5ce1 #bda2 pat9a z symbol1 #bec2 & mo!rhood1 #bfg2 ,we/]n1 & pa9t+1 #bgfn42 e?ic & s\l's view1 #cjb1 #cdf1 #cee2 & w1 #cjh2 & ,civilization1 #cfj2 & causality 9 natural sci5ce1 #cgi2 & decay ( exact sci5ce1 #dbb-dbd4 ,see also ,becom+2 ,causality2 ,civilization2 ,hi/ory2 ,"t ,devil1 disappe>ance1 #ahg2 & ,arabian dualism1 #cab1 #cfc ,diado*i1 p]iod z episode1 #adi1 #aea ,diagoras1 "* ( a!ism1 #djhn42 condemnation1 #daa ,diatribe1 z ph5om5on ( ,civilization1 #cei ,dido1 cult1 #djfn4 ,diet1 & ,civilization1 #cfa ,diez1 ,feodor1 significance ( col\r1 #beb ,diff]5tial calculus1 z symbol1 #ae4 ,see also ,calculus ,dim5sion1 ab/ract notion1 #hi2 significance ( dep?1 #afh2 s+ul>ity1 #afin4 ,d9z5h(]1 ,kilian ,i41 ar*itecture1 #bhe ,diocletian1 z caliph1 #gb1 #bab1 #dje2 z epo*1 #adi2 & ,mi?ras #djf ,diog5es1 morale1 #bjc2 & deity1 #cac2 ,indian k9%ip1 #cdg1 #ceg ,dionysiac movem5t1 ,alex&] & leg5d1 #h2 contempor>ies1 homology1 #bg1 #aaj1 table i2 z revolt1 #bcc1 #cef2 spr+ fe/ival1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbd ,dionysius ,i1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,diophantus1 algebra1 & ,arabian ,culture1 #fc1 #ga-gc1 #chc ,dipylon vases1 #gc1 #ajg1 #aif ,direction1 & "t & becom+1 #ed1 #ef2 & ext5sion1 #ii1 #agb2 & dim5sion1 #afin42 & w1 #cjh2 & aim1 #cfa4 ,see also ,"t ,discant1 music1 #bbi ,discobolus1 ,myron's1 #bfc1 #bfe ,discov]y1 z ,we/]n trait1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #ccb2 & space & w1 #caj1 #ccg2 spiritual results1 #ccd ,div9ities4 ,see ,religion ,dogma & cult1 cultural attitude1 #dja1 #daj1 #daa2 9 natural sci5ce1 #dab ,doli*e1 ,baal1 #djg ,dome1 z ,arabian art expression1 #baj ,dome ( ! ,rock1 *>act]i/ics1 #bjj ,dom9icans1 influ5ce ( ,joa*im ( ,floris1 #bj ,domitian1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,donatello1 & ,go?ic1 #bben42 8,david01 #bfe2 & portrait1 #bgb ,doric1 column z symbol1 #i1 #aie2 & ,go?ic1 #bg2 timb] /yle1 #acb2 & ,ionic1 #bje2 & ,egyptian1 #bac2 ,we/]n exclusion1 #cde2 contempor>ies1 table ii1 iii4 ,see also ,ar*itecture2 ,column ,do/oyevski1 ,feodor ,m41 & ,europe1 #afn42 ,raskolnikov's philosophy1 #cji2 & compassion1 #cej ,drama1 cultural basis1 ,classical & ,we/]n1 #abh-aca1 #adan41 #adc1 #adg1 #adh1 #bjc1 #bee1 #cag-cbb1 #cdg2 ,g]man1 #bij2 developm5t ( ,classical1 #cbj1 #cba2 cultural basis ( =m1 unities1 #cbb1 #cbc2 undevelop$ ,we/]n1 #cbc2 ,classical elim9ation ( individuality1 #cbc2 *orus1 #cbd2 & "t ( day1 #cbd2 attitude t[>d sc5e1 #cbe2 & cultural basis ( morale1 #cdg2 & philosophy ( ,we/]n activism1 #cfh1 #cgb2 ,classical1 & atomic !ory1 #chf ,dresd51 ar*itecture1 #bjg1 #bhe2 *amb] music1 #bcb ,droem1 autumnal acc5t1 #bda ,dryads1 passivity1 #ccf2 mat]iality1 #djc ,ds*ang ,yi1 & imp]ialism1 #cg ,dualism1 9 ,arabian ,culture1 #cje-cjg1 #cfc2 & w & reason1 #cji2 9 religion1 #cab ,dhr+1 ,eug5 ,k>l1 position 9 ,we/]n e?ics1 #cgc ,dr]1 ,albre*t1 hi/orical heads1 #ajc2 col\r1 #bde1 #bej2 & act & portrait1 #bgj ,dufay1 ,guillaume1 music1 9 ,italy1 #bcj1 #bcf ,duns ,scotus1 hi/orical place1 #gb2 contempor>ies1 table i ,dun/aple1 ,john1 music1 #bcj ,duration4 ,see ,life ,durham1 palat9ate1 #cdin4 ,dyck1 ,an?ony van4 ,see ,van ,dyck ,dynamics1 z ,we/]n sy/em1 #chd1 #cic4 ,see also ,natural sci5ce ,eckh>dt1 ,mei/]1 on imitation1 #aia2 my/icism1 #bac2 egoism1 #cce2 wisdom & intellect1 #dji2 contempor>ies1 table i ,economic motives4 ,see ,money ,economic organization1 cultural attitude t[>d c>e1 #ach ,economics1 & ,we/]n practical e?ics1 #cfg-cfi4 ,see also ,politics2 ,socialism ,eddas1 space-expression1 #ahe1 #ahg2 & ,we/]n religion1 #djj1 #dbc2 contempor>ies1 table i ,edessa1 s*ool1 #fc1 #cha2 & ,arabian art1 #bji2 ,baal1 #djg ,edfu1 temple1 #bid ,edw>d ,i ( ,engl&1 & ar*]y1 #cccn4 ,edw>d ,,iii ( ,engl&1 & ar*]y1 #cccn4 ,egoism1 9 ,we/]n ,culture1 #bfb1 #cjb1 #cji1 #cce ,egyptian ,culture1 hi/oric aspect1 #ab2 & immortality1 #ac2 & pure numb]1 #fi2 hi/orical basis1 fun]al cu/om1 #ace2 & c>e1 #acf2 & ,m>y-cult1 #acg2 attitude t[>d /ate1 #acg2 economic organization1 #ach2 /one z symbol1 #ahh2 de/9y-idea1 pa? z prime symbol1 #ahh1 #ahi2 ar*itectural expression1 #ahi1 #bjb2 brave /yle1 #bja-bjc2 & tutelage1 #bac2 /reets1 #bbd2 art composition1 #bdc2 sculpture1 #bdhn41 #bff2 & portrait1 #bfb2 ,civilization1 #bid1 #bie2 view ( s\l1 #cje2 morale1 #cae2 & discov]y1 #ccb2 & ,socialism1 #cdg2 & man-deification1 #djen42 art epo*s1 table ii2 political epo*s1 table iii4 ,see also ,cultures2 arts by "n1 especially ,ar*itecture ,egyptianism1 contempor>y p]iods1 table iii ,ei*5dorff1 ,joseph von1 poetry1 #bhi ,eleatic philosophy1 & motion1 #cjen41 #chh1 #cij ,elem5ts1 cultural concepts ( physical1 #chc1 #chd4 ,see also ,atomic !ories2 ,natural sci5ce ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 dramatic imitation1 #cbj ,elis1 treaty1 #ajn4 ,emigration1 cultural attitude1 #ccf ,emp$ocles1 elem5ts1 #cbg1 #chc1 #chd2 on atoms1 #chf ,emp]or-wor%ip1 #dje1 #djg1 #daa ,empire /yle1 z ,classicism1 #bjg2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,encyclop$i/s1 contempor>ies1 table i ,en]gy1 & voluntas1 #cajn4 ,engels1 ,fri$ri*1 & ,hegelianism1 #cfg2 position 9 ,we/]n e?ics1 #cgc ,engl&1 ,man*e/] sy/em & ,we/]n ,civilization1 #bi1 #aea1 #cga2 imp]ialism & ,napoleonic epo*1 #adi-aea ,enlight5m5t1 ,age (1 & movem5t1 #aee2 effect on mona/icism1 #cafn42 & tol]ance1 #cdc2 & cult & dogma1 #daa ,entele*y1 ahi/oric aspect1 #ae ,entropy1 !ory1 =mulations1 #dbj2 effect1 #dba-dbd ,epam9ondas1 & inv5t$ hi/ory1 #aa ,ephesus1 ,c\ncil (1 & ,godhead1 #bji ,epic1 & religion1 #cii-djb ,epictetus1 & ,jesus1 #cdg ,epicureanism1 practicality1 #de2 morale1 #cae2 & w1 #cda1 #cdb2 contempor>ies1 table i ,epicurus1 ,indian k9%ip1 #cdg2 "* ( ,nihilism1 #ceg2 & ,socialism1 #ceh2 & ma!matics1 #cff2 & e?ics1 #cfg2 contempor>ies1 table i ,epigoni1 & ,socialism1 #cgd ,epi/emology1 & hi/ory1 #aai1 #cee ,epo*s1 p]sonal & imp]sonal1 #adh4 ,see also ,incid5t2 ,de/9y ,epos1 contempor>ies ( popul>1 table i ,era/o/h5es1 z creator1 #dbe ,ere*!um1 9 /yle hi/ory1 #ajh1 #bjg ,eroticism4 ,see ,sex ,esot]ics1 9 ,we/]n ,culture1 #cbf-cbi4 ,see also ,popul>ity ,et*+1 ,leon>do's relation1 #bha2 z ,we/]n art1 #bij ,e?ics1 relation to ,culture1 #ced2 p]iod 9 philosophy1 #cfe-cfg2 socio-economic "* ( ,we/]n1 #cfg-cfi2 dramatical pres5tation ( ,we/]n1 #cfh1 #cgb2 evolution !ory1 aspects1 #cfi-cgb2 l&m>ks ( ,we/]n1 #cgc1 #cgd2 exhau/ion ( p]iod1 #cgd4 ,see also ,metaphysics2 ,morale2 ,philosophy ,etruscan1 r\nd-build+s1 #baan42 contempor>ies ( discipl9e1 table i ,eu*>i/1 cultural significance1 #ahe1 #ahf2 z c5tre ( ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity1 #bdg ,euclid1 ma!matical /yle1 #ei1 #fd1 #fe2 limitation ( geometry1 #fg1 #hh2 ma!matical position1 #ij2 p>allel axiom1 #agfn4 ,see also ,geometry ,eudoxus1 & high] p[]s1 #ff2 & inf9ity1 #fi1 #fin42 & ma!matic1 #gh1 #ij ,eul]1 ,leonh>d1 ma!matic1 #gh1 #ij2 & diff]5tials1 #hf2 & "t1 #abf2 contempor>ies1 #bca1 table i ,euripides1 unpopul>ity1 #ce2 =e%ad[+ by1 #aaa2 end-art1 #bbc2 tragic me?od1 #cai ,europe1 z hi/orical t]m1 #afn4 ,evolution4 ,see ,d>w9ism ,exhau/ion-me?od ( ,ar*im$es1 #fi ,exp]i5ce1 & hi/orical s5se1 #aj2 liv$ & le>n$1 #ee2 9 ,we/]n concept ( nature1 #cic2 & fai?1 #cid2 & !ory1 #cie ,exp]im5t1 & exp]i5ce1 #cic ,exploration4 ,see ,discov]y ,expressionism1 f>ce1 #bid ,ext5sion1 & direction1 #ii1 #agb2 & reason1 #cjh4 ,see also ,space ,eyck1 ,jan van1 portraits1 #bgb1 #cji2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,eye1 9 sculpture1 #cbi ,faades1 cultural significance1 #bbd2 ,r5aissance1 #bce ,fact1 & !ory1 #cgh ,fairies1 cultural attitude1 #ccf1 #djc ,fai?1 & ,we/]n ma!matic1 #gh4 ,see also ,religion ,family1 ,we/]n portraits1 #bff2 ,civilization & race-suicide1 #cei4 ,see also ,mo!rhood ,f>aday1 ,mi*ael1 & !ory1 #ajj1 #cgh1 #daf ,f>nese ,bull1 !atrical note1 #bia ,fate1 cultural attitude1 #abi4 ,see also ,de/9y ,faunus1 mat]iality1 #djc ,fau/ian s\l1 expla9$1 #ahc4 ,see also ,we/]n ,culture ,fauxb\rdon1 music1 #bbi ,fayum1 #ehn4 ,fe>1 & ,classical & ,we/]n trag$y1 #cba ,f$]igo ( ,urb9o1 portrait1 #bgi ,feel+1 & 8prop]10 #ec ,f]mat1 ,pi]re de1 relation to ,classical ma!matic1 #fi2 ma!matic /yle1 #gd1 #ge1 #ij2 problem1 #gf1 #gg2 contempor>ies1 table i ,feudalism1 contempor>y p]iods1 table iii ,feu]ba*1 ,anselm von1 act & portrait1 #bgan4 ,feu]ba*1 ,ludwig ,a41 prov9cialism1 #bd2 position 9 ,we/]n e?ics1 #cgc2 contempor>ies1 table i ,fi*te1 ,johann ,g41 basis ( ,socialism1 #cfb1 #cgd2 esot]ic1 #cfi2 & ma!matics1 #cgd2 contempor>ies1 table i ,fifty-ye> p]iod1 cultural rhy?m1 #aaj ,fis*] von ,erla*1 ,johann ,b41 ar*itecture1 #bhe ,flam9ius1 ,c41 & economic motive1 #cf2 & imp]ialism1 #cg ,fleury1 ,&re1 ,c>d9al de1 policy1 #d1 #cdi ,flor5ce1 culture city1 loss ( pre/ige #bi1 #cc2 ca!dral1 #ahd1 #bch2 & ,arabian ,culture1 #baa2 & ,r5aissance1 #bcc-bch2 & ,nor!rn art1 #bcf2 "* z /ate1 #bgc4 ,see also ,r5aissance2 ,savon>ola ,fluxions1 significance ( ,newton's designation1 #aen4 ,fonta9ebleau1 p>k1 #bdj ,=ce1 z undef9able ,we/]n concept1 num51 #cij1 #cia1 #cih1 #djb1 #dab- #dag2 /ages ( concept1 #dag2 contradictions1 #dah4 ,see also ,natural sci5ce ,=e/1 & ,we/]n ca!drals1 #cif ,=m1 & law1 #ig2 & music1 #bai2 & cont5t1 #bdb1 #bgj ,=um ( ,n]va1 craft-art1 #aih1 #bae ,=um ( ,trajan1 ornam5t1 #bae ,f\quet1 ,nicolas1 & g>d5+1 #bda ,f\r-"p movem5t1 #bca ,f\rte5 ,help]s1 #djj ,f\r? dim5sion1 & ,classical ma!matic1 #ff2 & "t & space1 #abd ,fox1 ,*>les ,james1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,fragon>d1 ,jean ,h41 & music1 #bcb ,france1 & maturity ( ,we/]n ,culture1 #adh1 #aej2 ple9-air pa9t+1 #bhh1 #bhi ,francesca1 ,pi]o della1 & /atic space1 #bcg2 p]spective1 #bdj2 & arti/ic *ange1 #bgi1 #bhg ,francis ( ,assisi1 art influ5ce1 #bdin42 morale1 #cdh2 ,god-feel+1 #cie2 contempor>ies1 table i ,francis ,i ( ,france1 & imp]ial cr[n1 #adh ,franciscans1 influ5ce ( ,joa*im ( ,floris1 #bj ,franois ,vase1 composition1 #bdd ,frau ,holle1 & ,m>y-cult1 #bfg ,frau ,v5us1 symbolism1 #djc ,fraz]1 ,sir ,j4 ,g41 error on 8,unkn[n ,god01 #djdn4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & analogy1 #d2 on *ance1 #adbn42 contempor>ies1 table iii ,fr$]ick ,william ,i ( ,prussia1 & ,socialism1 #ach2 ,egyptian k9%ip1 #cdg ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv ( ,prussia1 & ,g]man unity1 #ade ,free w1 & de/9y1 #adj1 #ada4 ,see also ,w ,fre$om1 & hi/orical de/9y1 #ci ,freiburg ,m9/]1 ,vik+ ,go?ic1 #bac ,fr5* ,revolution1 incid5t & de/9y 91 #adh1 #adi ,frescobaldi1 ,girolamo1 music1 #bcj ,frescos1 ,classical1 & "t ( day1 #bbe1 #bhc1 #cbe2 ,r5aissance1 #bcg1 #bge2 displacem5t by oil1 #bgi4 ,see also ,pa9t+ ,fresnel1 ,augu/9 ,j41 light !ory1 #dah ,fri$ri*1 ,kasp> ,d41 & gr& /yle1 #bhi ,frigga1 & ,m>y-cult1 #bfg ,fronde1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,front1 cultural basis ( ar*itectural1 #bbd ,fugue1 /yle & !me1 #bcj1 #bca ,function1 z symbol ( ,we/]n ,culture1 #gd-gh2 & proportion1 #hd2 contra/ ) ,classical con/ruction1 #he2 basis ( ,we/]n numb]1 ?\ght1 #hf1 #hg2 ,goe!'s def9ition1 #hfn42 expansion 9 gr\ps1 aggregates1 #hi1 #ij1 #dbf4 ,see also ,ma!matics ,fun]al cu/oms1 z cultural symbol1 #acd1 #ace1 #aeh ,future1 y\? z1 #aeb2 cultural relation1 #cfc ,gabrieli1 ,&rea1 music1 #beb ,gabrieli1 ,giovanni1 music1 #bbf ,gal51 z copyi/1 #dbe ,galileo1 & natural philosophy1 #g2 on nature & ma!matics1 #eg2 & /atic idea1 #bcf1 #dab2 dynamic _w-picture1 #caa2 de$s ( sci5ce1 #cee2 concept ( =ce1 #chf1 #dae1 #dag2 & motion-problem1 #cij2 ,god-feel+1 #cif2 contempor>ies1 table i ,gama1 ,vasco da1 spiritual result1 #ccd ,g>d5+1 z ,*9ese religi\s art1 #aij2 ,we/]n1 p]spective1 #bdj1 #bda2 ,r5aissance1 #bda2 ,engli%1 & ru9s1 #bed ,gaugamela1 battle1 #aea ,gaul1 ,cs>'s conque/1 #cfn4 ,gauss1 ,k>l ,f41 /yle1 #ei2 arti/-nature1 #fa2 ma!matical position1 #gh1 #he1 #ij1 #agfn42 & nonp]ceptual geometry1 #hh2 contempor>ies1 #aab1 table i2 & dim5sion1 #agj1 #agb2 & popul>ity1 #cbg2 & metaphysics1 #cff2 goal ( analysis1 #dah ,gaza1 temple1 #baa ,g$on1 ,frau1 ,leibl's portrait1 #bebn41 #bffn4 ,g5]ations1 spiritual relation1 #aajn4 ,geography1 ,classical ,culture &1 #ajn42 influ5ce on hi/orical t]ms1 #afn4 ,see also ,discov]y ,geology1 & m9]alogy1 #if ,geometry1 ,kant's error1 #fn41 #agj1 #aga2 art expression1 #fa2 limitation ( ,classical1 #fg1 #hc1 #hh2 ,desc>tes & inf9ite1 #gd2 ,we/]n ma!matic & t]m1 #ha2 ,we/]n lib]ation1 #hf1 #agjn42 & ari?metic1 #abe1 #abf2 sy/ems & corporeality1 #agfn42 & popul>ity1 cultural basis1 #cbg4 ,see also ,ma!matics ,george1 ,h5ry1 autumnal acc5t1 #bda ,g]b]t4 ,see ,sylve/] ,,ii ,gricault1 ,jean ,l4 ,a4 ,t41 & gr& /yle1 #bij ,g]many1 union z de/9y1 #add2 & music & ar*itecture1 #bhe2 div]sion f music to pa9t+1 #bhi ,g]migny des ,prs1 *ur* z mosque1 #bja ,g]nrode ,ca!dral1 simplicity1 #aif2 & antique1 #bgen4 ,ge/ure1 z ,classical symbol1 #caf2 9 ,classical trag$y1 #cag ,gesu1 ,il1 *ur* at ,rome1 faade1 #cac2 ,god-feel+1 #cie ,ghassanid ,k+dom1 #bae ,ghib]ti1 ,lor5zo1 & ,go?ic1 #bben41 #bce1 #bch ,ghirl&aio1 ,il1 ,dut* influ5ce1 #bcf ,giacomo della ,porta1 ar*itecture1 #cad2 ,god-feel+1 #cie ,gigantoma*ia1 & decl9e ( art1 #bia ,giorgione1 ,il1 & impressionism1 #bci2 cl\ds1 #bdj2 col\r1 #bea1 #beb2 & body1 #bga ,giotto1 *ildlike feel+1 #bab2 te*nique1 #bba2 & fresco-art1 #bcg2 & ,francis ( ,assisi1 #bdin42 ,go?ic1 #bce1 #bgd2 ,god-feel+1 #cie2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,giovanni ,pisano1 sculpture1 #bab1 #bce1 #bch1 #bfc ,glass pa9t+1 ,go?ic & ,v5etian1 #beb2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,gluck1 ,*ri/oph] ,w41 contempor>y ma!matics1 #gh1 #ij2 "* ( arias1 #bain42 music1 #bfj2 p]iod1 #bhd ,gno/ics1 music1 #bbh2 dualism1 #bdh1 #cjf2 contempor>ies1 table i ,gobel9s1 & music1 #bcb ,god1 ,we/]n1 & w1 #cab4 ,see also ,religion ,grres1 ,jakob ,j4 von1 & dualism1 #cjg ,goes1 ,hugo van d]1 9 ,italy1 #bcf ,goe!1 ,johann ,wolfgang von1 & liv+ nature & vision1 vii1 #ie1 #if1 #aje1 #aaan41 #aac1 #adj1 #aed1 #chi2 influ5ce on ,sp5gl]1 xiv2 hi/oric consci\sness1 #ad1 #adb1 #aei2 on life1 #bj2 on mank9d1 #ba2 & _w-z-hi/ory1 #be1 #ii1 #ajd2 z ,classici/1 #cj2 & ,d>w9ism1 #ce1 #aaan41 #cgj2 & actuality1 #db1 #dc2 z philosoph]1 #din41 #cfen42 on becom+ & become1 #din41 #ec2 & intuition1 #ef2 on vision & obs]vation1 #fa2 & ma!matics1 #fa1 #fe1 #ge2 & ,plato's ,ideas1 #gj2 on function1 #hfn42 on =m & law1 #ig2 on symbols1 #ajbn42 on hi/oriography1 #ajc2 & morphology1 #ajdn41 #aaa2 on blossom+ ( art1 #ajg2 display ( individuality1 #aaj2 =e%ad[+ by1 #aaa2 & causal ef=t1 nature-/udies1 #aah1 #aee-aeg1 #dbb2 on reasonable ord]1 #abc2 & ! ,almighty1 #abd2 dramatic =m1 #abi1 #cah2 de/9y 9 life1 #aci1 #ade1 #adf1 #bha2 & imp]ialism1 #adi2 !ory ( col\r1 #aegn41 #aehn41 #bdf2 z ,kant's opposite1 #aei2 & /yle z organism1 #bje2 & imag9ation1 #bbj2 ,nor!rn pan!ism1 #bej1 #bean42 on s\l & body1 #bei2 lyrics1 #bhf2 & confession1 #cjj2 z biograph]1 #caf2 & "t ( day1 #cbd2 ,fau/ z symbol ( ,civilization1 #ced2 e?ical passion1 #cee2 v>iety ( religion1 #cid2 & cult & dogma1 #daa2 on application ( reason1 #dab2 & _w-=ce1 #dac1 #dag2 contempor>ies1 table i ,gtt]dmm]ung1 ,*ri/ian =m1 #djj ,gold1 & ,arabian ,culture1 #bdg2 contra/+ ,classical use1 #becn4 ,gold5 ,age1 cultural basis ( concept1 #cfc ,gold5 ,leg5d1 contempor>ies1 #djj ,gorgias1 autumnal acc5t1 #bjg ,gospels1 contempor>ies1 table i ,go?ic1 & ,doric1 #bg2 ar*itecture1 & dep?-exp]i5ce1 #agg1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #aih-bjj2 ca!drals z ornam5t1 #aie2 sculpture1 nude1 ca!dral gr\ps1 #aif1 #aig1 #bbg1 #bca1 #bfa1 #bff1 #bgb2 z /age ( /yle1 #bjb2 & ,arabian1 borr[+s1 #baa1 #bac2 musical association1 #bbi1 #bcj2 aliv5ess1 #bcc2 9 ,italy1 & ,r5aissance1 #bcd-bch2 esot]ic1 #bdc2 ,italian1 & ,francis ( ,assisi1 #bdin42 & lat] ,we/]n expression1 #beb2 & nature1 #bfd2 philosophy1 w & reason1 #cjh2 ,god-feel+1 #cie2 =e/1 ca!dral1 & organ1 #cif2 contempor>ies1 tables ii1 iii4 ,see also ,art2 ,we/]n ,culture ,g\jon1 ,jean1 sculpture1 #bdd ,gov]nm5t4 ,see ,politics ,goya y ,luci5tes1 ,francisco1 te*nique1 #bba2 act & portrait1 #bgan41 #bfd2 ease1 #bib2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,goy51 ,jan van1 l&scape z portrait1 #bhg ,grac*i1 & economic organization1 #ach2 z incid5t1 #aci ,grace1 & de/9y1 #adj1 #ada ,granada1 & ,arabian ,culture1 #baf ,grassmann1 ,h]mann ,g41 religion & ma!matic1 #gj ,gravitation1 %aky hypo!sis1 #dah ,great ,"m ( ,pess9us1 ,rome & cult1 #dje ,greco1 ,el1 cl\ds1 #bdj ,greece1 & ,europe1 #afn4 ,see also ,classical ,culture ,gre51 symbolism1 #bde1 #bdf ,gregory ,,vii1 pope1 morale1 #cdi ,grote1 ,george1 n>r[ ,classicalism1 #bi ,gr\ps1 z culm9ation ( ,we/]n ma!matic1 #hi1 #ij1 #dbg ,grnewald1 ,mat?ias1 cl\ds1 #bdj2 col\r1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bhh2 & ,r5aissance1 #bgd ,gu>di1 ,francesco1 pa9t+1 #bjg1 #bbj ,gu]c9o1 ,giovanni ,f4 ,b41 col\r1 #bdf2 & musical expression1 #bej ,guido d' ,arezzo1 music1 #bbh ,guido da ,si5a1 & ,madonna1 #bfg ,guilhem ( ,poiti]s1 pr(essionalism1 #bbin4 ,gundisapora1 s*ool1 #fc ,gunp[d]1 relation to ,b>oque1 #bghn41 #ccc ,gymna/ics1 & sport1 #ce ,habit1 appli$ to a ,culture1 #ajh ,hadrian1 analogy1 #d2 ,pan!on z ,arabian1 #baa ,hadrian's ,villa1 type1 #baan4 ,haeckel1 ,ern/ ,h41 & ,civilization1 #beb2 fai? 9 names1 #cign4 ,hageladas1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,hagia ,sophia1 p]iod1 #ajh2 miracle1 #acjn42 "*1 #ahd1 #bjj2 mosque z resumption1 #baa2 acan?us motive1 #bae ,halo1 hi/ory1 #acjn4 ,hals1 ,frans1 musical expression1 #bej2 p]iod1 #bhc ,hamadryads1 mat]iality1 #djc ,han ,dyna/y1 importance1 #id2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,h&el1 ,george ,f41 & dom9ance ( music1 #bca2 col\r expression1 #bebn42 ,ca?olicism1 #bfhn42 oratorios1 #bhc ,hannibal1 contempor>ies1 #aab1 table iii2 hi/orical position1 #add2 e?ical exception1 #cdi ,happ9ess1 & ,classical e?ic1 #cea ,h>akiri1 & ,greek suicide1 #bjdn4 ,h>d5b]g1 ,k>l ,a4 von1 reorganization ( ,prussia1 #aejn4 ,h>modius1 /atue1 #bfin4 ,h>\n-al-,ras*id1 analogies1 #ch2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,hauran1 basilica type1 #baj1 #bajn4 ,haydn1 ,joseph1 contempor>y ma!matic1 #gh1 #ij2 or*e/ration1 #bca2 col\r expression1 #bebn42 & ,praxiteles1 #bhd2 p]iod1 #bhd2 ease1 #bia2 z religi\s1 #ceh ,hebbel1 ,fri$ri*1 prov9cialism1 #bd2 & practical philosophy1 #de2 on rese>* & vision1 #ajb2 & cultural contra/s1 #abh2 z dramati/1 #adc1 #bij2 causal ef=t1 #aef2 & ,civilization1 #ceb2 nebul\s aim1 #cfc2 & ,hegelianism1 #cfg2 & economic e?ics1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgc2 "* ( a!ism1 #djhn4 ,hegel1 ,georg ,w4 ,f41 & hi/ory1 #ai1 #bb2 & my/ic philosophy1 #cfen42 & ma!matics1 #cff2 & critique ( society1 #cfg1 #cgd2 esot]ic1 #cfi2 contempor>ies1 table i ,heim>m5e1 9 ,classical trag$y1 #cbj ,hei1 & ,valhalla1 #djj ,hel51 & ,kriemhild1 #bfh ,helios1 z god1 #adgn41 #djb ,hell5ism1 contempor>ies1 tables i1 ii ,hell5i/ic art p]iod1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,helmholtz1 ,h]mann ,l4 ,f4 von1 "t & ma!matic1 #fd2 on natural sci5ce & me*anics1 #cgg2 on electrolysis1 #chen42 ,ar*im$es z contempor>y1 #chf ,h5ry ! ,f[l]1 & ,cyax>es1 #d ,h5ry ! ,lion1 morale1 #cdi ,h]a1 ,samian temple1 #bben4 ,h]acles1 ,vatican torso1 #bee ,h]acles leg5ds1 contempor>ies1 table i ,h]aclitus1 morale1 #bfhn41 #cae1 #cdc2 popul>ity1 #cbg2 & ,/oicism1 #cef2 wisdom & intellect1 #dji ,h]a1 treaty1 #ajn4 ,h]um ( ,olympia1 timb] con/ruction1 #acb ,h]b>t1 ,johann ,f41 e?ics1 #cfg ,h]d]1 ,johann ,g4 von1 & hi/ory1 #ai ,h]mes1 cults1 #djf ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 & *emi/ry1 #chc ,h]odotus1 ahi/oric consci\sness1 #i1 #adf ,h]sfeld1 & antique1 #bgen4 ,h]tz1 ,he9ri*1 & !ory1 #cgh2 & motion-problem1 #cia1 #dad1 #daf ,hesiod1 contempor>ies1 table i ,hilda1 ,sa9t1 pass+-bell1 #acdn4 ,hilde%eim ,ca!dral1 simplicity1 #aif2 & antique1 #bgen4 ,hipp>*us1 z sci5ti/1 #i1 #ccj ,hippasus1 irrational numb]s & fate1 #fen4 ,hi/ory1 ,sp5gl] & morphology1 xi2 & de/9y & causality1 exp]i5c+ & ?9k+1 #c1 #aah1 #aba1 #aea2 repetitions ( expression-=ms1 #d1 #bg2 ne$$ te*nique ( analogies1 #e2 consci\sness1 #h2 hi/oric & ahi/oric ,cultures1 #h-ab1 #ig1 #ajc1 #acb-acf1 #bed1 #bee1 #bfd1 #cfc2 consci\sness & attitude t[>d mortality1 #ac2 concept ( morphology1 #e-h1 #bf1 #ci1 #ajj1 #aja2 =m & =m feel+1 #ae1 #af2 irrational culm9ative division s*eme1 #af-ah1 #bb2 orig9 ( ! s*eme1 #ah2 ,we/]n developm5t ( x1 #ai1 #bj1 #id2 !ory ( di/9ct ,cultures1 #ba1 #bb2 prov9cialism ( ,we/]n ?9k]s1 #bb-be2 _w-z-hi/ory1 ?+-becom+1 #be1 #ie2 s+le riddle1 #dh2 "t ess5ce1 #di2 & intuition1 #ef2 def9ite s5se & nature1 #ee1 #eg1 #id2 & ,culture1 #ee2 deta*$ view1 #ic2 rese>* & vision1 #if1 #ajb1 #aje1 #adb2 anti-hi/orical & ahi/orical1 #ign42 *ronology1 #ig2 z orig9al _w-=m1 #ih2 8sci5tific1 possibility1 #ih1 #aec1 #aed2 & me*ani/ic _w-conception1 #ii2 & direction & ext5sion1 #ii1 #ajj2 portraiture ( ,cultures1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje2 memory-picture1 #ajc2 elem5ts ( =m-_w1 #ajc1 #ajd2 ph5om5a1 #aje1 #ajf2 future task1 organic culture-hi/ory1 #aje1 #aei2 /ages ( a ,culture1 #ajf-ajh2 preorda9$ durations1 #aji2 homology1 #aaa2 cultural contemporane\sness1 #aab2 enl>g$ possibilities1 re/oration & pr$iction1 #aab1 #aac2 teleology & mat]iali/ic conception1 #aba2 cultural basis ( viewpo9t1 #aca2 cultural symbols1 clock2 bell1 fun]al cu/oms1 museums1 #aca1 #acd-acf2 cultural feel+ ( c>e1 #acf-ach2 judgm5t & life1 #aci2 incid5t & de/9y1 ,we/]n examples1 #adc1 #adh2 gr&iose dem& ( ,we/]n1 #ade2 incid5tal "* ( ,classical1 #adf1 #adg2 z actualiz+ ( a s\l1 #adg2 imp]sonal & p]sonal epo*s1 #adh2 effect ( ,civilization-p]iod1 #aeb2 & happ5+1 #aec2 causal h>monies1 #aec1 #aed1 #aeh2 confusion 9 causal me?od1 #aee-aeg2 physiognomic inve/igation1 #aeg2 symbolism1 #afc2 ( /yles1 #bje2 & cultural art expression1 #bdi1 #bec2 & portrait1 #bfd2 & w1 #cjh2 & action1 #cdc2 cultural opposition1 #chf2 9 natural sci5ce1 #chi4 ,see also ,becom+2 ,de/9y2 ,nature2 ,politics2 ,_s2 ,"t ,hittites1 inscriptions1 #abn4 ,hobbema1 ,meynd]t1 col\r1 #bdf ,hobbes1 ,?omas1 & actuality1 #db ,hld]l91 ,johann ,c4 ,f41 n>r[ ,classicalism1 #bhn42 autumnal acc5t1 #bda2 & confession1 #bfd2 lyrics1 #bhf2 & fa!rl&1 #cce ,h(fmann1 ,ern/ ,t4 ,a41 8,johannes ,kreisl]01 #bgfn41 #bhe ,hog>?1 ,william1 position1 #aejn41 #bhc ,holbe91 ,hans1 col\r1 #bej2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,holy ,grail leg5d1 cultural significance1 #ahf1 #aih2 elem5ts1 #bac ,holy ,roman ,empire1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,home1 ,h5ry1 on ru9s1 #bedn4 ,home1 significance ( t]m1 #ccn42 cultural basis ( conception1 #hc1 #ccd-ccg4 ,see also ,politics ,hom]1 contempor>ies1 #bg1 table i2 s\l1 #bjc1 #cje2 religion1 #bfhn42 gods1 #cab1 #cac2 popul>ity1 #cbh2 & ,classical e?ics1 #cdi ,homology1 hi/orical application1 #aaa1 #aab ,horace1 & duration1 #fen41 #acb ,horizon1 & ma!matics1 #aga2 9 ,we/]n l&scape pa9t+1 #bci1 #bdb ,horn1 ,georg1 & t]m ,middle ,age1 #bb ,horoscopes1 cultural attitude1 #adg ,h\don1 ,jean ,a41 sculpture z pa9t+1 #bde ,hucbald1 music1 #bbh ,hugo van d] ,goes4 ,see ,goes ,hugu5ot w>s1 "*1 #cc ,humboldt1 ,alex&] von1 ,e?ical ,socialism1 #cgd ,hus1 ,john1 contempor>ies1 table i ,hwang-,ti1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,hygi5e1 z ph5om5on ( ,civilization1 #cfa ,hyksos ,p]iod1 contempor>ies1 #aaa1 tables ii1 iii2 feebl5ess1 #adi ,hyksos ,sph9x1 #ajh1 #bfb ,hypsicles1 z ,arabian ?9k]1 #fc ,iambli*us1 on /atues ( gods1 #baf2 contempor>ies1 table i ,ibn-al-,haitan1 on light1 #cha ,ibn ,kurra1 contempor>ies1 table i ,ibs51 ,h5rik1 _w-conception1 #bj2 prov9cialism1 #bd1 #ccn42 sex problem1 #ce2 unpopul>ity1 #ce2 & practical philosophy1 #de2 causal ef=t1 #aef2 tragic me?od1 #cah2 & morale1 #cdf2 & ,civilization1 #ceb2 "* ( ,nihilism1 #ceg2 j\rnalism1 #cfj2 nebul\s aim1 #cfc1 #cfd2 & socio-economic e?ics1 #cgb-cgd ,iconocla/s1 ,arabian pr9ciple1 #bfb2 contempor>ies1 table i ,idea1 & de/9y1 #aba ,idolatry1 ,arabian iconoclasm1 #bfb2 ,classical attitude1 #djc ,iliad1 spatial aspect1 #aih ,ilya ,murometz1 ,russian saga1 #bjan4 ,image1 cultural basis ( idea1 #baf ,imag9ation1 music z *annel1 #bbj ,imitation1 qualities & aim1 #aia-aid2 opposition to ornam5t1 #aid-aif2 p]iod 9 ar*itecture1 #aig2 9 music1 #bbh4 ,see also ,ornam5t ,imp]ialism1 negative "* ( ,roman1 #cf2 & ,civilization1 #cf2 ,we/]n de/9y1 #cg1 #ch2 orig9 ( ,we/]n1 ,napoleon's relation1 #adh2 cultural attitude1 #ccf2 cultural contempor>ies1 table iii ,impressionism1 z space1 #ahd2 beg9n+1 #bci2 ,leon>do's relation1 #bgg2 full mean+1 #bhe-bhg2 lat] ple9-air1 #bhh2 9 ,wagn]'s music1 #bib ,improvisation1 z manife/ation1 #aie ,incid5t1 _w1 #adb2 & de/9y1 #ach-add2 & cause1 #adb2 & /yle ( exi/5ce1 #adb-adg2 z basis ( ,we/]n trag$y1 #adc2 hi/orical use1 #adc4 ,see also ,de/9y ,india1 ,napoleon &1 #aej ,indian ,culture1 ahi/orical basis1 #aa1 #ab1 #acc2 anonym\s philosophy1 #ab2 ma!matic1 #hd1 #agh2 sex attitude1 #acf2 attitude t[>d /ate1 #acg2 morale1 passive1 #cae1 #cda1 #cdg2 ,buddhism & ,civilization1 #ceb2 spiritual epo*s1 table i4 ,see also ,buddhism2 ,cultures ,indo-,iranian art p]iod1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,inf9ity1 & ,classical ma!matic1 #fi2 9 ,we/]n ,culture1 #gd-gf1 #ha-hd2 & new notation1 #gf-gh2 limit z a relation1 #hf2 & ,we/]n sci5ce1 #dah1 #dbg4 ,see also ,dep?-exp]i5ce2 ,space ,innoc5t ,,iii1 pope1 & ,we/]n morale1 #cdh ,inquisition1 & ,we/]n fai?1 #daj ,integral calculus4 ,see ,calculus ,intellect1 & nature1 #aeg4 ,see also ,w ,intellig5ce1 & a!ism1 #dji ,int]regnum1 ,g]manic1 p]iod z episode1 #adi ,intuition1 & le>n+1 #ee1 #ef ,ionic1 & ,doric1 #bje2 contempor>ies1 tables ii1 iii4 ,see also ,ar*itecture2 ,column ,irak1 synagogue music1 #bbh ,irrationalism1 cultural attitude1 #fd-ff1 #fh1 #hc ,isis1 mo!rhood1 #acg2 cult1 #djf1 #djg ,islam1 analogy to ,mohamm$1 #ci2 ,mohamm$ z epo*1 #adi2 ar*itectural expression1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baa2 iconoclasm1 #bfb2 & home1 #cce2 ,mohamm$'s unimpos$ my/ic b5efits1 #cddn42 ,puritanism1 #cef2 ,mohamm$'s contempor>ies1 table i2 fatalism p]iod1 table i4 ,see also ,arabian ,culture2 ,religion ,issus1 battle1 mosaic1 #bad ,italy1 lib]ation z episode1 #aea2 & music1 #bcj ,i-,wang1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,jacob9s1 & reason & w1 #cjh ,jacopo della ,qu]cia1 & ornam5t1 #bch ,jahn1 ,fri$ri* ,l41 & gymna/ics1 #cen4 ,james1 ,h5ry1 on ru9s1 #bedn4 ,jans5ism1 & !oretical sci5ce1 #ff1 #cadn42 ,puritanism1 #cef2 contempor>ies1 table i ,janus1 mat]iality1 #djc ,japan1 h>akiri1 #bjdn42 art & ! nude1 #bfbn4 ,jason ( ,ph]1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,jesuitism1 & ,b>oque ar*itecture1 #cac2 /yle 9 sci5ce1 #dab4 ,see also ,loyola ,jesus1 z ,son ( ,man1 #cji2 & ,arabian morale1 #cdd1 #cdg2 unimpos$ glad tid+s1 #cddn4 ,see also ,*ri/ianity ,joa*im ( ,floris1 _w-conception1 #ai1 #bbi1 #bfa2 & 8passion01 #cbjn42 contempor>ies1 table i ,john1 ,sa9t1 & _w-hi/ory1 #ahn42 dualism 9 ,gospel1 #cjf ,j\rnalism1 z ph5om5on ( ,civilization1 #cfj ,judaism1 ar*itectural expression1 #bji1 #baan42 psalmody1 #bbh2 ,kabbala1 dualism1 #bdh1 #cjg1 #cab2 & home #cce4 ,see also ,arabian ,culture ,judgm5t1 & necessity1 #cic ,julius ,,ii1 pope1 ,raphael's portrait1 #bgb ,juppit] ,doli*5us1 cult1 #djfn4 ,juppit] ,f]etrius1 temple & oa?1 #djf ,juppit] ,optimus ,maximus1 cult1 #djf ,jurisprud5ce1 esot]ic ,we/]n1 #cbh ,ju/9ian1 p]iod ( fulfilm5t1 #ajg2 & ,hagia ,sophia1 #acjn4 ,ju/us van ,g5t1 9 ,italy1 #bcf ,kabbala1 dualism1 #bdh1 #cjg ,kalaam1 det]m9ism1 #cjg ,kant1 ,emmanuel1 & space & "t1 #fn41 #g1 #fd1 #abb1 #abd-abf1 #adc1 #afi1 #agj1 #agc-age2 & hi/ory1 #ai2 prov9cialism1 #bc2 contempor>ies1 #bg1 table i2 f9al ,we/]n sy/ematic philosophy1 #de1 #cfe-cfg2 z philosoph] ( ,be+1 #din42 & nature & ma!matics1 #eg1 #fd1 #fh1 #gh1 #cff1 #cgi2 a priori error1 #ei2 me*ani/ic _w-conception1 #ii2 & causality & de/9y1 #aah-abj1 #aea2 & ! ,almighty1 #abd2 & incid5t1 #adc2 z ,goe!'s opposite1 #aei2 on k ( ?\ght1 #bii2 egoism1 #caj1 #cce2 esot]ic1 #cbg2 & compassion1 #cej1 #cfb2 & e?ics1 #ced1 #cee2 & mat]ialism1 #cfh2 on judgm5t1 #cic2 on =ce1 #dac ,k>l/adt1 ,&reas ,r41 contempor>ies1 table i ,k>ma1 ,buddhi/ int]pretation1 #ceg ,k>nak1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,ka?>sis1 ,classical1 #cbb1 #cdg4 ,see also ,drama ,kelv91 ,"l1 & !r1 #dah ,kepl]1 ,johan1 ma!matic & religion1 #ga1 #ccj2 horoscope = ,wall5/e91 #adg2 de$s ( sci5ce1 #cee2 & mass1 #dae ,kir*h(f1 ,gu/av ,r41 on physics & motions1 #chh ,ki%i1 *ur* ar*itecture1 #bjan4 ,kismet1 #abi1 #cjg4 ,see also ,de/9y ,kle91 ,felix1 & gr\ps1 #ij ,klei/1 ,he9ri* ,b4 ,w4 von1 z dramati/1 #bij ,klei/h5es ( ,sikyon1 tyranny1 #cc ,k1 comp>ative =ms1 #ei1 #fj2 virtue & p[]1 #cfb2 & feel+1 #cfe2 z nam+ ( num9a1 #cig ,kriemhild1 & ,hel51 #bfh ,kri%na wor%ip1 & sex1 #acfn4 ,kwan-tsi1 & actuality1 #db ,lagrange1 ,comte1 ma!matic1 #ff1 #gh1 #ij2 on me*anics1 #abd2 & =ce1 #dag2 contempor>ies1 table i ,la ,hale1 ,adam de1 op]etta1 #bbi ,l&scape1 z ,*9ese prime symbol1 #agd1 #aij1 #aif1 #bjc2 horizon 9 pa9t+1 #bci2 ,we/]n g>d5+1 #bdj2 ,b>oque1 z portrait #bgjn41 #bhg2 ple9-air1 #bhh1 #bhi2 & dramatic sc5e1 #cbf ,lanfranc1 controv]sy1 #ahe ,langton1 ,/eph51 z w>rior1 #cdin4 ,language1 ( ,culture1 #ee2 ^w & numb]1 #eg2 beg9n+ ( ^w-s5se1 #eg2 pair$ root-words1 #abg2 p]sonality-idea 9 ,we/]n1 #bfb1 #cjb1 #cji1 #caj1 #dacn42 z cultural function1 #cjbn4 ,see also ,names2 ,writ+ ,laocon gr\p1 !atrical note1 #bia2 & ,pre-,socratic philosophy1 #cje ,lao-tse1 & imp]ialism1 #cg2 & actuality1 #db4 ,laplace1 ,m>quis ,pi]re de1 ma!matic1 #gh1 #ij2 contempor>ies1 #aab1 table i2 & =ce1 #dac1 #dag ,lasso1 ,orl&o1 /yle1 #bcj ,lat]an ,c\ncil1 & ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity1 #bdg ,lat91 z ,/oic creation1 #cfa ,lavoisi]1 ,anto9e ,l41 *emi/ry1 #chd1 #dbf ,law1 & =m1 #ig ,league ( ,nations1 ,*9ese ideas1 #cg ,le>n+1 & intuition1 #ee1 #ef ,leg5ds1 contempor>y1 table i ,legnano1 battle1 a symbol1 #cdi ,leibl1 ,wilhelm1 significance ( col\r1 #beb2 portraiture1 #bff2 & body1 #bga2 & gr& /yle1 #bhi-bia2 et*+1 #bij2 /riv+1 #bib ,leibniz1 ,b>on von1 & actuality1 #db2 ma!matics1 metaphysics1 & religion1 #ef1 #ff1 #gj1 #abf1 #cff1 #cid2 relation to ,classical ma!matic1 #fi2 calculus1 #ge1 #gh1 #hb1 #hd1 #ij2 & vision1 #aje2 & ,ni*olas ( ,cusa1 #bcf2 esot]ic1 #cbg2 & my/ic philosophy1 #cfen42 monads z quanta ( action1 #che2 ,democritus z contempor>y1 #chf2 & =ce1 #dac1 #dae-dag2 contempor>ies1 table i ,leipzig1 battle1 issue1 #ce ,l5ba*1 ,franz von1 copyi/1 #bie ,le ,ntre1 ,&r1 g>d5+1 #bdjn41 #bda ,leo ,,iii1 pope1 & iconoclasm1 #bfb ,leo*>es1 contempor>y ma!matic1 #ij ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 a/ronomical !ory1 #fi2 spirituality1 #abh2 ,dut* influ5ce1 #bcf2 & backgr\nd1 #bcg2 & impressionism1 #bci1 #bhg2 & sculpture1 #bdd2 col\r1 #bdf2 & body1 #bga2 & portrait1 #bgb2 z dissatisfi$ ?9k]1 #bgd2 discov]y z basis ( art1 #bgg-bgi2 & circulation ( ! blood1 #bgh2 & aviation1 #bgi2 ,we/]n s\l & te*nical limitation1 #bgi-bha2 & dynamics1 #dad ,less+1 ,got?old ,e41 _w-conception1 #bj2 & cultural contra/s1 #abh2 & ,ari/otle's philan?ropy1 #cea2 & cult & dogma1 #daa ,less+1 ,k>l ,f41 col\r1 #beb ,leucippus1 atoms1 #ace1 #che1 #chf ,li1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,lic9ian ,laws1 my?1 #aa ,life1 & s\l & _w1 #ed2 duration1 specific "t-value1 #ajh2 duration appli$ to ,culture1 #aji2 ,classical ,culture & duration1 #acb2 & will+1 #cae4 ,see also ,dea? ,light & %ad[1 cultural art attitude1 #bdbn41 #bhc1 #cben4 ,light !ories1 electro-magnetic1 #aefn42 ,newton's1 & ,goe!'s !ory ( col\r1 #aegn41 #aehn42 cultural basis1 #cha2 contradictory1 #dah ,limit1 z a relation1 #hf ,l9d51 z symbol1 #cif ,l+am4 ,see ,phallus ,l+ayats1 sect1 #acfn4 ,l+-yan-si1 ,sa9ts1 #bfj ,l9ois1 ,comte de1 & ,india1 #aejn4 ,lippi1 ,filipp9o1 ,dut* influ5ce1 #bcf ,liszt1 ,franz1 ,ca?olicism1 #bfhn42 contempor>ies1 table ii ,lit]ature4 ,see ,art2 ,drama2 ,hi/ory2 ,poetry2 writ]s by "n1 especially ,dante2 ,goe!2 ,ibs5 ,livy1 on /range gods1 #dje ,lo*n]1 ,/eph51 ,god-feel+1 #cie ,locke1 ,john1 & imp]ialism1 #aej2 contempor>ies1 table i ,loggia dei ,lanzi1 arti/ic s5tim5t1 #bgb ,log>i?ms1 lib]ation1 #hh ,logic1 organic & inorganic1 #c1 #aag2 ( "t & space1 #g2 & ma!matics1 conv]g5ce1 #eg1 #dbg2 & morale1 #ced4 ,see also ,causality ,logicians1 contempor>ies1 table i ,lokoyata1 contempor>ies1 table i ,london1 culture city1 #cc ,lor$ano1 doge1 portrait1 #bgb ,lor5tz1 ,h5drik ,a41 & ,relativity1 #dai ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 & music1 #bcj ,lotze1 ,rudolf ,h41 e?ics1 #cfg ,l\is ,,xiv1 uncleanl9ess1 #bfj2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,l\isiana1 ,napoleon's project1 #aej ,loyola1 ,ignatius1 & /yle ( ! ,*ur*1 #adh2 ar*itectural p>allel1 #cad2 & ,we/]n morale1 #cdh2 ,god-feel+1 #cid1 #cie2 & me?od1 #dab ,lucca1 & ,arabian ,culture1 #baf ,lucian1 & ,philopatris dialogue1 #djdn4 ,lucullus1 ,l41 army1 #cf ,ludovisi ,villa1 g>d51 #bdj ,lully1 ,raymond1 music1 #bhc ,lu!r1 ,m>t91 & 8"k01 #abc2 & de/9y1 #ada2 z epo*1 #adi2 & works1 #cafn42 & ,we/]n morale1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cee2 ,god-feel+1 #cid1 #cie2 contempor>ies1 table i ,luxor1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,lycurgus1 my?1 #aa ,lys&]1 deification1 #dje ,lysias1 portrait1 #bgj ,lysicrates1 ,monum5t (1 acan?us motive1 #bae ,lysippus1 contempor>y ma!matic1 #ij2 sculpture1 #bbf1 #bfjn42 p]iod1 #bhd2 canon1 #bhg2 /ra9+1 #bia2 irreligion1 #ceh2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,lysi/ratus1 & portraiture1 #bfi ,ma*ault1 ,guillaume de1 & c\nt]po9t1 #bbin4 ,ma*iavellism1 & mimicry1 #cga ,macph]son1 ,james1 autumnal acc5t1 #bda ,macrocosm1 idea1 #afc-afe2 cultural & int]cultural1 #afe2 expression1 #ahj2 & /yle-problem1 #bad-baf4 ,see also ,hi/ory2 ,morphology2 ,nature2 ,symbolism2 ,_w-conceptions ,mad]na1 ,/efano1 sculpture1 #bdd2 ,god-feel+1 #cie ,madonna1 9 ,we/]n art1 #acf1 #bfg1 #bhj4 ,see also ,m>ycult2 ,mo!rhood ,madrid1 culture city1 #cb1 #aji ,madrigals1 "*1 #bbi ,mc5as1 p>k1 #cd ,magdeburg ,ca!dral1 ,vik+ ,go?ic1 #bac ,magian s\l1 expla9$1 #ahc4 ,see also ,arabian ,culture ,magnetism1 ,cabeo's !ory1 #dad ,magnitude1 emancipation ( ,we/]n ma!matic1 #gd-gh2 & relations1 #hd1 #hf ,mahavansa1 z hi/orical "w1 #ab ,ma9z ,ca!dral1 & /yles1 #bje ,mak>t1 ,hans1 copyi/1 #bie ,malate/as1 ,hell5ic sorr9ess1 #bgc ,mal?us1 ,?omas ,r41 & ,d>w9ism1 #cej1 #cfi1 #cga ,man*e/] sy/em1 & ,we/]n ,civilization1 #aea1 #cga2 & ,d>w9ism1 #cfi ,m&ans1 z ,arabian1 #gb2 music1 #bbh2 contempor>ies1 table i ,manet1 d\>d1 unpopul>ity1 #ce2 & body1 #bga2 l&scapes1 #bhh2 ple9-air pa9t+1 #bhh-bij2 weak /yle1 #bia2 /riv+1 #bib2 & ,wagn]1 #bib2 irreligion1 #ceh ,mani1 & my/ic b5efits1 #cddn42 & ,jesus1 #cdg2 contempor>ies1 table i ,mani*anism1 z ,arabian1 #gb2 ar*itectural expression1 #bji1 #baa2 music1 #bbh2 dualism1 #cjf2 & home1 #cce ,mank9d1 z ab/raction1 #ba1 #df ,mantegna1 ,&rea1 te*nique1 #bba1 #bci2 & col\r1 #bdb2 & portrait1 #bga2 & /atics1 #dad ,m>ble1 & lat] ,we/]n sculpture1 #bcb1 #bgfn42 ,greek use1 #bdhn41 #bec2 ,mi*elangelo's attitude1 #bgf4 ,see also ,/one ,m>cellus ,,ii1 pope1 & ,*ur* music1 #bfhn4 ,m>cion1 & ,jesus1 #cdg2 contempor>ies1 table i ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & mono!i/ic t5d5cy1 #djg ,m>es1 ,hans1 significance ( col\r1 #beb2 portraiture1 #bff1 #bga1 #bgan41 #cji2 & gr& /yle1 #bhi1 #bij2 /riv+1 #bib ,m>5zio1 ,luca1 music1 #bea ,m>ius1 ,c41 & economic motive1 #cf2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,m>s ,ultor1 temple1 ornam5t1 #bae ,m>seillaise1 morale1 #cee ,m>syas1 ,myron's1 lack ( dep?1 #bbf ,m>witz1 ,fri$ri* ,a4 ,l4 von d]1 & ,h>d5b]g1 #aejn4 ,m>x1 ,k>l1 & practical philosophy1 #de2 & e>li] & f9al ,socialism1 #ach2 & sup]ficially incid5tal1 #add2 "* ( ,nihilism1 #ceb1 #ceg2 & ,hegelianism1 #cfg2 socio-economic e?ics1 #cgb1 #cgc2 contempor>ies1 table i ,m>y-cult1 z symbol1 #acf2 ,madonna 9 ,we/]n art1 #bfg1 #bhj ,masaccio1 & arti/ic *ange1 #bcg1 #bgi1 #bhg ,ma%etta1 ca/le1 faade1 #bae ,mask1 & ,classical drama1 #caf1 #cagn41 #cah1 #cbc ass1 ,we/]n functional concept1 #dae2 effect ( quantum !ory1 #dai ,mat]ialism1 & ,goe!'s liv+ nature1 #aaan42 ,buddhism z1 #cef2 9 ,we/]n e?ics1 #cfh2 & ,socialism1 #cgj ,ma!matics1 spatial concept1 #fn41 #g2 plurality1 cultural basis1 #ae1 #ei-fc1 #fg1 #gj1 #aja1 #cad2 position1 #ef2 & ext5sion1 #ef2 & nature1 #eg2 wid]-culture vision & analogy1 #eg1 #eh2 beg9n+ ( numb]-s5se1 #ei2 z art1 #fa1 #fb1 #gj2 vision1 #fa2 ( ,classical ,culture1 positive1 measurable numb]s1 #fc-fe1 #fi1 #gg2 & "t & becom+1 #fd1 #abe1 #abf2 symbolism 9 ,classical1 #fe-fg1 #gj2 religi\s analogy1 #ff1 #gj1 #cid2 & empirical obs]vation1 #fg2 "* ( ,arabian1 #ga-gc2 primitive levels1 #gc2 ,we/]n1 & inf9ite functions1 #gd-gf2 ,we/]n ne$ ( new notation1 #gf2 z expression ( _w-fe>1 #gi-ha2 & ,we/]n mean+ ( space1 #ha-hd1 #hh2 & proportion & function1 #hd2 con/ruction v]sus function1 #he2 virtuosity1 #he2 & physiognomic morphology1 #he2 ,we/]n1 & limit z a relation1 #hf2 ,we/]n ab/raction1 #hf1 #hg2 ,we/]n conflict ) p]ception limitations1 #hg1 #agj1 #aga2 culm9ation ( ,we/]n1 gr\ps1 #hi1 #ij1 #dbf2 p>adigm ( ,classical & ,we/]n1 #ij2 & ! h[1 :at1 & :51 #abf2 cultural relation to art1 #abi1 #acj2 ,classical sculpture & ,we/]n music z1 #bhd2 impressionism1 #bhf2 vector & ,b>oque art1 #caa2 esot]ic ,we/]n1 #cbh2 & philosophy1 #cff2 replacem5t by economics1 #cfg2 !ory ( aggregates1 & logic1 #dbf2 cultural contempor>y epo*s1 table i4 ,see also ,nature2 ,numb]2 bran*es by "n ,matt]4 ,see ,body2 ,natural sci5ce ,mat!w ,passion4 ,see ,s*tz1 ,he9ri* ,maxwell-,h]tz equations1 #dah ,maya ,culture4 ,see ,mexican ,may]1 ,julius ,rob]t1 & !ory1 #cgh2 & cons]vation ( en]gy1 #cic1 #dab1 #dag ,maz>91 ,jules1 ,c>d9al1 morale1 #cdi ,mazdaism1 z ,arabian1 #bji2 ar*itectural expression1 #baa2 & pneuma1 #baf2 music1 #bbh2 contempor>ies1 table i ,mazdak1 contempor>ies1 table i ,me&]1 motive1 #caf1 #cde ,me*anics1 & f\r? dim5sion1 #abd4 ,see also ,motion2 ,natural sci5ce ,m$ival ,hi/ory1 z t]m1 #af1 #bb ,m$icis1 ,hell5ic sorr9ess1 #bgc ,megalopolitanism1 & ,civilization ( a ,culture1 #cb-ce1 #ch2 & sy/ematism1 #ajb4 ,see also ,civilization ,melody1 ,classical & ,we/]n1 #bbg ,meml9c1 ,hans1 9 ,italy1 #bcf2 & ,r5aissance1 #bgd ,memory1 conception1 #ajc2 z organ ( hi/ory1 #acb2 z t]m1 #acb ,m5cius1 practical philosophy1 #de ,m5dicant ,ord]s1 z exception1 #cdh ,m5es1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,m5zel1 ,adolf ,f4 ,e41 & body1 #bga2 impressionism1 #bhf2 & gr& /yle1 #bij1 #bia ,m]ov+ian-,c>ol+ian ,era1 contempor>y art epo*s1 table ii ,mesopotamia1 synagogues1 #baj ,mess5ians1 provid$ hi/ory1 #aa ,metaphysics1 & sci5tific rese>*1 #aed2 & symbolism1 #afc2 ,we/]n & pairs ( concepts1 #caa2 basis ( ,classical1 #caa2 p]iod 9 philosophy1 #cfe-cfg4 ,see also ,e?ics2 ,philosophy4 ,mexican 7,maya7 ,culture1 & hi/orical s*eme1 #af1 #ah2 & "t measurem5t1 #acdn42 ornam5t1 #aif2 & tutelage1 #bac ,mey]1 ,edu>d1 on ,sp5gl]1 x2 on ,classical ,culture & geography1 #ajn4 ,mey]be]1 ,giacomo1 ,ross9i on ,hugu5ots1 #bic ,mi*elangelo1 lib]ation ( ar*itecture1 beg9n+ ( ,b>oque1 #hg1 #bjf1 #bben41 #cac2 mat]iality1 obsession by ! ar*itectural1 #abh2 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 #bjf1 #bch2 & pass+ ( sculpture1 #bbc1 #bdd2 anticipations1 #bfc2 & physiognomy ( muscles1 #bfd2 nude1 & portrait1 #bgb2 sonnets1 #bgc2 z dissatisfi$ ?9k]1 #bgd2 unsuccessful que/ ( ! ,classical1 #bge-bgg1 #bha2 & m>ble1 #bgf2 ar*itecture z f9al expression1 #bgg2 & popul>ity1 #cbg2 ,god-feel+1 #cie2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,mi*elozzo1 ,b>tolommeo di1 & ,classical1 #dae ,mi*elson1 ,alb]t ,a41 exp]im5ts1 #dai ,middle ,k+dom1 contempor>ies1 tables i-iii ,milesians1 physical !ory1 #chf ,miletus1 =m-type ( ,didymum1 #bjd2 & ,egypt1 #bbe ,mil9da1 ,k+1 & ,nagas5a1 #cef ,milit>y art1 ,we/]n1 #cccn4 ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 & economic asc5d5cy1 #cfg1 #cgc ,mill5nianism1 z ,we/]n ph5om5on1 #cfc1 #dbc ,m9]alogy1 & geology1 #if ,m9]va ,m$ica1 ,syrian workm51 #baa ,m+-,*u1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,m+-ti1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,m9k[ski1 ,h]mann1 imag9>y "t1 #abdn42 & ,relativity1 #dai ,m9nesng]1 rules1 #aic2 imitative music1 #bbi ,m9o da ,fiesole1 & portrait1 #bgb ,m9oan art1 "*1 #aih2 contempor>ies1 #bda ,m9/rels1 imitative music1 #bbi ,mirabeau1 ,comte de1 & imp]ialism1 #adi2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,miracles1 cultural attitude t[>d1 #cib1 #cic ,mission>ism1 ,/oic1 #cddn42 & diatribe1 #cfj ,mi?rai/s1 & pneuma1 #baf2 =m-language ( mi?ra1 #bbd2 music1 #bbh2 cult 9 ,rome1 #djf1 #djfn4 ,mityl5e1 episode & ,classical "t-s5se1 #accn4 ,moab1 ,ca/le ( ,ma%etta1 #bae ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 z irrational t]m1 #af-ah ,mrike1 ,edu>d1 poetry1 #bhi ,mohamm$4 ,see ,islam ,moissac1 *ur* ornam5tation1 #aii ,molire1 tragic me?od1 #cah ,momms51 ,!odor1 on ,classical hi/orians1 #aa2 n>r[ ,classicalism1 #bh ,mona/icism1 & ,we/]n morale1 #cafn42 ord]-movem5t1 #cdc2 m5dicant ord]s1 #cdh ,money1 ,roman conception1 #cc2 z hall-m>k ( ,civilization1 #cd-cf ,monophysites1 ,islam z heir1 #baa2 z al*emi/ic problem1 #chc2 contempor>ies1 table i ,montev]de1 ,claudio1 music1 #bbf1 #bcj1 #bdi1 #bhc ,morale1 plurality1 cultural basis1 no conv]sions1 #cae1 #cde-cdg2 ,we/]n1 & activity1 #cae2 & analysis1 #cda2 ,we/]n moral imp]ative1 #cda1 #cdb2 intellectual & unconsci\s concepts1 #cdan42 ,we/]n purposeful motion1 e?ic ( de$1 #cdb-cdd1 #cdg2 ,we/]n ,*ri/ian1 #cdd1 #cdh2 & art1 #cdd2 morphology1 #cdf2 compassion1 cultural types ( manly virtue1 #cdg-cea2 real & presum$1 phrases & mean+s1 #cdh2 ,classical1 & happ9ess1 #cea2 in/9ctive & problematic1 tragic & plebeian1 #ced1 #cee2 end ph5om5a1 cultural basis1 #cef-cei2 ,civilization & diatribe1 #cei1 #cfj2 & diet1 #cfa2 qualities & aim ( ,socialism1 #cfa-cfd2 & cultural atomic !ories1 #chf4 ,see also ,e?ics2 ,_s ,moravians1 z exception1 #cdh ,morphology1 ,sp5gl] & hi/orical1 xi2 concept ( hi/orical1 #e-h1 #bf1 #ci2 hi/orical1 & symbolism1 #df2 hi/orical1 ignor$1 #dg2 symmetry1 #dg2 hi/orical & natural1 #dh2 hi/orical1 ,we/]n /udy ( comp>ative1 #ej1 #aei2 comp>ative1 k =ms1 #fj2 ( ma!matical op]ations1 #he2 sy/ematic & physiognomic1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aba2 ( _w-hi/ory expla9$1 #aja2 ( ,cultures1 #ajd2 hi/orical homology1 #aaa1 #aab2 elem5t ( causal & de/9y1 #aba2 ( morales1 #cdf2 ( hi/ory ( philosophy1 #cfd-cgd2 ( exact sci5ces1 #dbe ,mortality4 ,see ,dea? ,mosaic1 z cultural expression1 #bad2 & ,arabian gold backgr\nd1 #bdg2 eyes1 #cbi2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,mosque1 ar*itectural *>act]i/ics1 #bjj1 #baj2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,mo!rhood1 cultural attitude1 mean+1 #acf1 #acg2 & de/9y1 portraiture1 #bfg ,mo-ti1 practical philosophy1 #de ,motion1 & f\r? dim5sion1 #abd2 ,eleatic difficulty1 #cjen42 & natural sci5ce1 #cgg1 #chg-cia4 ,see also ,natural sci5ce ,motion pictures1 & ,we/]n "*1 #cbb ,moz>t1 ,wolfgang ,amadeus1 contempor>y ma!matic1 #gh1 #ij2 p]iod1 #ajh1 #bhd2 or*e/ration1 #bca2 col\r expression1 #bebn42 ease1 #bib2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,mummies1 z symbol1 #ab1 #ac1 #ace ,murillo1 ,b>tolom1 p]iod1 #bhc ,murtada1 & w1 #caa ,museums1 z hi/orical symbols1 #ace2 *ange 9 mean+ ( ^w1 #acf ,music1 ?or\ghbass & geometry1 #fa2 ma!matical relation1 #fb1 #fc2 ( ,b>oque p]iod1 #gh2 & proportion & function1 #hd2 bodilessness ( ,we/]n1 developm5t1 #ig1 #agg1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bhc2 hi/ory ( in/rum5ts1 #aie2 ,we/]n *ur*1 z ar*itectural ornam5t1 #aif1 #aii2 z art ( =m1 #bai1 #bban42 & allegory1 #bain42 z *annel = imag9ation1 #bbj2 ,classical1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bebn42 =m-ideal ( ,we/]n1 #bbe2 te*nical contra/ ( ,classical & ,we/]n1 #bbgn42 ^w & organism1 cultural basis1 #bbg1 #bbh2 ,arabian1 #bbh2 ,*9ese1 #bbh2 imitation & ornam5t1 #bbh2 ornam5tal & imitative ,we/]n1 #bbi2 secul>ization1 ?or\ghbass1 #bcj2 ( ,r5aissance1 #bcd2 ,flemi% influ5ce 9 ,italy1 #bcf2 & horizon 9 pa9t+1 #bci2 pa/oral1 & g>d5+1 #bdj2 esot]ic ,we/]n1 #bdc2 z ,we/]n prime ph5om5on1 #bdd1 #bha-bhd2 & ,we/]n pa9t+1 #bej1 #bea2 in/rum5ts & col\r expression1 #beb2 in/rum5tal z hi/orical expression1 #bee2 & uncleanl9ess1 #bfjn42 & portrait1 #bfb1 #bff2 ,ca?olic1 #bfhn42 ,mi*elangelo's t5d5cy1 #bgg2 ,we/]n1 & ,classical free sculpture1 #bhc1 #bhd2 climact]ic in/rum5ts1 #bhd2 & ,rococo ar*itecture1 #bhe2 impressionism1 #bhe1 #bhf2 & lat] ,g]man s*ool ( pa9t+1 #bhi2 ,wagn] & dea? ( ,we/]n1 #bia1 #bic2 8 impressionism1 #bib2 & ,we/]n s\l1 #cje2 & ,we/]n concept ( ,god1 #cab2 & "*1 #cad2 place ( organ1 #cif2 ,we/]n contempor>y natural sci5ce1 #dag2 contempor>y cultural epo*s1 table ii4 ,see also ,art ,muspilli1 & ,nor!rn my?s1 #djj1 #dbc ,mutazilites1 contempor>ies1 table i ,myc51 fun]al cu/oms1 #ace2 contempor>ies1 tables1 ii1 iii ,myc]9us1 dyna/y1 #ehn4 ,myron1 sculpture z plan> art1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bhc2 ,discobolus1 #bfc1 #bfd ,my/]ies1 ,classical1 #cbj4 ,see also ,religion ,my/icism1 art association1 #bbi2 & dualism1 #cjg2 cultural culm9ation1 #cfen42 & concept ( =ce1 #cia2 contempor>ies1 table i ,my?1 natural sci5ce z1 #cgh1 #chg ,my?ology1 significance 9 ,classical ,culture1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac2 orig91 #eg4 ,see also ,religion ,nagas5a1 mat]ialism1 #cef ,names1 z ov]com+ fe>1 #abc2 concretion ( num9a1 #cig ,napoleon ,i1 analogies1 #d1 #e2 romantic1 #ch2 imp]ialism1 #db1 #adi-aea2 z de/9y & epo*1 #adb1 #add1 #adi2 egoism1 #ccf2 morale1 #cdi2 & toil = future1 #cfc2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,napoleonic ,w>s1 & cultural rhy?m1 #aajn4 ,n>d9i1 ,pietro1 or*e/ration1 #bca ,natural sci5ce1 me*anics & motion1 cultural basis ( po/ulate1 #cgg1 #cgh2 fact & !ory1 cultural images1 #cgh-chj2 ,we/]n1 & dep?-exp]i5ce1 t5sion1 #chj1 #chf1 #chg2 & religion1 cultural basis1 #chj-chb1 #cia1 #daa1 #dab1 #daf2 sci5tific p]iod ( a ,culture1 #cha2 cultural relativity1 #chb2 cultural nature ideas & elem5ts1 #chb-chd2 /atics1 *emi/ry1 dynamics1 cultural sy/ems1 #chd2 cultural atomic !ories1 #chd-chg2 ?9k+-motion problem1 sy/em & life1 #chg-chi2 me*anical & organic necessity1 #cia2 cultural attitude on me*anical necessity1 #cib-cid2 ?+s & relations1 #cic2 cons]vation ( en]gy & ,we/]n concept ( exp]i5ce1 #cic2 !ory & religion1 ,we/]n ,god-feel+1 #cie2 nam+ ( notions1 #cig2 & a!ism1 #dji2 ,we/]n dogma ( undef9able =ce1 prov5ance1 /ages1 #dab-dag2 z to ,we/]n /atics1 #dad1 #dae2 mass concept ( ,civilization1 "w-idea1 #daf1 #dag2 dis9tegration ( exact1 contradictions1 #dag-dbj2 physiognomic effect ( irrev]sibility !ory1 #dbj-dbd2 effect ( radioactivity1 #dbc2 decay1 #dbd2 morphology1 conv]g5ce ( sep>ate sci5ces1 #dbe-dbg2 an?ropomorphic return1 #dbg4 ,see also ,nature ,natural selection1 & ,we/]n e?ics1 ,sup]man1 #cga4 ,see also ,d>w9ism ,naturalism1 antiquity1 #cc1 #bjg1 #bhh2 9 art1 #aib ,nature1 contra/ ( hi/orical morphology1 #e1 #g1 #h2 def9ite s5se1 & hi/ory1 #ee1 #eg1 #id-ih1 #ajb1 #ajc2 & le>n+1 #ef2 ma!matics z expression1 #eg2 z late _w-=m1 #ih2 me*ani/ic _w-conception1 #ii1 #ajj2 sy/ematic morphology1 #ajj2 & causality & de/9y1 #aai1 #aba1 #adb2 cultural viewpo9ts1 #aca1 #bfc2 timelessness1 #adb1 #aeh2 hi/orical ov]lapp+1 liv+ h>monies1 #aec1 #aed1 #aeh2 & intellect1 #aeg2 p]sonal connotations1 #afi2 s\l z c\nt]-_w1 #cja2 & reason1 #cjh4 ,see also ,causality2 ,hi/ory2 ,ma!matics2 ,natural sci5ce2 ,space2 ,_s ,naucratis1 & ,miletus1 #bben4 ,naumann1 ,johann ,c41 ar*itecture1 #bhe ,nazzm1 on body1 #bdh2 contempor>ies1 table i ,necessity1 me*anical & organic1 #cia ,nemesis1 "* ( ,classical1 #abi1 #cbj4 ,see also ,de/9y ,neo-,platoni/s1 z ,arabian1 #gb2 & pneuma1 #baf2 & body1 #bdh2 dualism1 #cjf2 unimpos$ my/ic b5efits1 #cddn4 ,neo-,py?agoreans1 & body1 #bdh2 & me*anical necessity1 #cic ,n]va1 =um1 #aih1 #bae ,ne/orianism1 & art1 #bji1 #baa2 music1 #bbh2 & home1 #ccd2 z al*emi/ic problem1 #chc2 contempor>ies1 table i ,neumann1 ,k>l ,j41 on ,roman my?s1 #aa ,new ,york ,city1 & megalopolitanism1 #cc ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 & 8fluxions01 #aen42 arti/-nature1 #fa2 ma!matic & religion1 #gj1 #cif1 #dab2 ma!matical discov]ies1 #ge1 #gh1 #ij2 & "t & space1 #abd1 #abf2 light !ory1 & ,goe!'s !ory1 #aegn41 #aehn41 #dbb2 dynamic _w-picture1 #caa2 de$s ( sci5ce1 #cee2 & motion-problem1 #cij1 #cia2 & metaphysics1 #cff2 & =ce & mass1 #dae1 #dag2 contempor>ies1 table i ,nibelung5li$1 & ,hom]1 #bg2 esot]ic1 #cbh2 & ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity1 #djj-djb ,nica1 ,c\ncil (1 & ,godhead1 #bdi ,nicephorus ,phocas1 & ,philopatris dialogue1 #djdn4 ,ni*olas ( ,cusa1 a/ronomical !ory1 #fi2 religion & ma!matic1 #gj2 musical association1 #bcf2 contempor>ies1 table i ,ni*olas ( ,oresme1 & beg9n+ ( ,we/]n ma!matic1 #gc1 #gd1 #bgi2 art association1 #bbi2 ,occami/1 #cha ,niese1 ,b5$ictus1 on ,roman my?s1 #aa ,nietzs*e1 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm1 influ5ce on ,sp5gl]1 xiv1 #din42 prov9cialism1 #bd2 ,classical ideology1 #bh1 #bhn42 on city life1 #cj2 unpopul>ity1 #ce2 practical philosophy1 #de2 & hi/orical unity1 #dh2 & deta*m5t1 #ic2 & ,wagn]1 #aaa1 #bia1 #cgj2 on hi/ory & def9ition1 #aeh2 on art witnesses1 #aia2 autumnal acc5t1 #bda2 on ,greeks & col\r1 #bde2 on 8br[n0 music1 #beb2 on ,greeks & body1 #bfj2 w & reason1 #cjh2 & morale1 #cae1 #cdb1 #cdf2 & home1 #cce2 actuality ( 8,mann01 #cdg1 #cej2 & ,civilization1 #ceb2 "* ( ,nihilism1 #ceg2 & diet1 #cfa2 nebul\s aim1 #cfc1 #cfd2 & my/ic philosophy1 #cfen42 & ma!matics1 #cff2 e?ics & metaphysics1 #cfg2 mat]ialism1 #cfh2 & evolution & ,socialism1 #cgj-cgb2 position 9 ,we/]n e?ics1 #cgc1 #cgd2 on pa?os ( di/ance1 #chf2 dynamic a!ism1 #dji2 contempor>ies1 table i ,niflheim1 lack ( mat]iality1 #djc ,nihilism1 & f9ale ( a ,culture1 #ceb2 cultural manife/ations1 #ceg ,nirvana1 ahi/oric expression1 #aa1 #acc2 & z]o1 #agh2 conception1 #cdg1 #ceg1 #cfa4 ,see also ,buddhism ,nisibis1 & ,arabian art1 #bji ,nor?m51 discov]ies1 #ccj ,norwi* ,ca!dral1 simplicity1 #aif ,notre-,dame1 ,madonna ( ! ,/4 ,anne1 #bfc ,nude1 9 ,classical art1 necessity1 #acj1 #bfj-bfb1 #cag2 cultural basis ( feel+1 #baf1 #bgj1 #bgb2 z elem5t ( ,classical ,culture only1 #bbe ,nrnb]g1 loss ( pre/ige1 #cc2 *ur* /atu>y1 #ajc2 *ur* & /yles1 #bje2 z religi\s1 #ceh ,numa1 cult1 #ahe2 contempor>ies1 table i ,numb]1 *ronological & ma!matical1 #f1 #g1 #gj1 #ig2 def9$1 #fg2 numb]s & mortality1 #gj2 ,arabian indet]m9ate1 #gb2 ,we/]n ,culture & functional1 #gd1 #ge1 #ij2 ,we/]n attitude & notation1 #gf1 #ccbn42 symbolism1 #hb1 #afe2 a/ronomical1 #hc1 #ccbn42 cultural attitudes1 #hh2 & ! become1 #ie2 & numb]+1 #abe2 ,indian conception1 #agh2 functional1 & causality1 #cic4 ,see also ,ma!matics ,num9a1 nam+1 #cig4 ,see also ,religion ,nyaya1 contempor>ies1 table i ,oak1 z symbol1 #cif ,occami/s1 physical !ory1 #cha1 #chi ,odo1 ,bi%op1 z w>rior1 #cdin4 ,odysseus1 z endur+1 #bjc ,okeghem1 ,joannes1 music1 #acj2 & popul>ity1 #bdc ,ok51 ,lor5z1 & dualism1 #cjg ,old ,k+dom1 & c>e1 #acg2 contempor>ies1 tables ii1 iii ,old ,nordic art1 z ,arabian1 #bae ,olda*1 ,julius1 act & portrait1 #bgan4 ,om>1 ,mosque (1 *>act]i/ics1 #bjjn4 ,ommayad p]iod1 homology1 #aaa ,op]a1 & or*e/ra1 #bcj ,oracle1 ,classical1 #adg ,oratorio1 & or*e/ra1 #bcj ,or*om5os1 fun]al cu/oms1 #ace ,oreads1 passivity1 #ccf ,oresme4 ,see ,ni*olas ( ,oresme ,organ1 & ,we/]n devotions1 #cif ,orig51 & dualism1 #cjf2 morale1 #cdh2 contempor>ies1 table i ,ormuzd1 ,p]sian ,god1 #cab ,ornam5t1 qualities & aim1 #aia-aid2 opposition to imitation1 #aid-aif2 build+ & its symbolic decoration1 #aif2 pictorial p]iod1 #aig2 & ,civilization1 #aig1 #bid2 9 music1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bca2 ,r5aissance1 #bccn41 #bch4 ,see also ,decoration2 ,imitation ,orpheus1 cult1 #ahe2 z ,*ri/ian title1 #djhn42 contempor>ies ( discipl9e & movem5t1 table i ,otto ! ,great1 egoism1 #ccf ,ow51 ,sir ,ri*>d1 & morphology1 #aaa ,pa*elbel1 ,johann1 organ works1 #bbj ,pa*]1 ,mi*ael1 col\r1 #bej ,pad]born ,ca!dral1 simplicity1 #aif ,ponius1 ,nike1 #bfc2 p]iod1 #bhd ,p/um1 temple1 #bbd1 #bce ,paewati wor%ipp]s1 sect1 #acfn4 ,pa9t+1 p]spective & geometry1 #fa2 allegorical1 #bain42 & =m-ideal ( ,classical sculpture & ,we/]n music1 #bbf1 #bcb2 ^w & organism1 #bbg2 ,flemi% influ5ce 9 ,italy1 #bcf2 ,r5aissance fresco to ,v5etian oil1 l9e to space1 #bcg1 #bgi-bha2 developm5t ( backgr\nd 9 ,we/]n1 #bci2 =m & cont5t1 outl9e & col\r1 #bdb2 cultural expression & popul>ity1 #bdc2 oil1 z ,we/]n prime ph5om5on1 p]iod1 #bdd1 #bha-bhc2 ,classical & ,we/]n col\rs1 #bde-bdg2 outdoor & indoor1 #bdg2 symbolism 9 bru%work1 #bdi2 ( ,we/]n ,civilization1 #bea2 ,b>oque portraits1 #bfe2 & de/9y ( ,we/]n art1 #bgfn42 ,leon>do & discov]y1 spiritual space1 #bgg-bhj2 ,we/]n /udio-br[n1 pictorial *romatics1 #bej1 #bhh2 ,classical limitation1 #bhc1 #bhg2 full mean+ ( ,impressionism1 #bhe-bhg2 #ai? ,c5tury episode1 ple9-air1 #bhh2 ,g]man s*ool & gr& /yle1 #bhi2 ,b>oque & concept ( vector1 #caa2 & "t ( day1 #cbe2 ,we/]n1 & spectator1 #cbi2 ,we/]n1 & contempor>y natural sci5ce1 #dag2 contempor>y cultural epo*s1 table ii4 ,see also ,art2 ,portraiture ,palazzo ,f>nese1 /yle1 #bje2 ,mi*elangelo's cornice1 #bge ,palazzo ,/rozzi1 /yle1 #bcd2 & arti/ic s5tim5t1 #bgb ,pal]mo1 & ,arabian ,culture1 #baa1 #baf ,pale/r9a1 ,giovanni da1 /yle1 #bbj1 #bcj1 #cbc2 & popul>ity1 #bdc2 ,mi*elangelo's heir1 #bgd1 #bgg2 ,god-feel+1 #cie ,palladio1 ,&rea1 /yle1 #cj1 #dad ,palma1 ,jacopo1 col\r1 #beb ,palmyra1 basilica1 #bjin42 ,baal1 #djg ,pan1 idea1 #djc ,panama ,canal1 ,goe!'s prophecy1 #db 8,panem et circ5ses01 z symbol1 #cfb ,pan!on1 z mosque1 #gb1 #baa ,paolo ,v]onese1 cl\ds1 #bdj2 col\r1 #beb ,papacy1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,p>acelsus1 ,philippus1 & *emi/ry1 #chd ,p>allel axiom1 #hc1 #hh1 #agfn4 ,p>is1 & ,a!ns1 #bg2 culture city1 #cc2 autumnal city1 #gi2 ,flemi% influ5ce1 #bcfn42 z irreligi\s1 #ceh ,p>is1 ,peace ( 7#agfc71 & imp]ialism1 #aej ,p>k4 ,see ,g>d5+ ,p>m5ides1 civic _w-outlook1 #cc2 ?9k+ & be+1 #chg ,p>!non1 ,?ree ,fates z type1 #bfh2 horse's head1 ,rub5s contra/1 #bga2 popul>ity1 #cbg ,pascal1 ,blaise1 & actuality1 #db2 fai? & exp]i5ce1 #ff1 #cid2 ma!matic1 & ,ar*im$es1 #fi1 #ge1 #ij1 #abf2 & pr$e/9ation1 #ada2 & ,jans5i/s1 #cadn42 & ,we/]n morale1 #cdh2 contempor>ies1 table i ,passion1 9 ,*ri/ian cult1 #cbjn4 ,passivity1 z ,classical trait1 #cae1 #cbj2 & pa?os1 #cbjn4 ,pa/1 & pass+1 #aff ,pa/els1 & music1 #bcb ,pat]culus1 ,c4 ,velleius1 view ( art1 #bje ,pa?4 ,see ,way ,pa?os1 & passion1 #cbjn4 ,pat9a1 symbolism1 #bec ,patriotism1 cultural concept1 #ccd-ccg ,patri/ic lit]ature1 contempor>ies1 table i ,paul1 ,sa9t1 & _w-hi/ory1 #ahn42 & dualism1 #cjf2 & w1 #cdd2 & diatribe1 #cfj2 error on 8,unkn[n ,god01 #djd ,paulicians1 & art1 #bji1 #baa2 iconoclasm1 #bfb2 contempor>ies1 table i ,paul9zella ,mona/]y1 simplicity1 #aif2 & antique1 #bgen4 ,pausanias1 culture1 #bedn42 on alt>s to unkn[n gods1 #djdn4 ,pazzi1 *apel1 #cac ,peace1 ,classical & ,we/]n conception1 #bgen4 ,peasant1 z ,culture relic1 #ced ,peloponnesian ,w>1 z epo*1 #adi ,pepi4 ,see ,phiops ,p]ception1 & 8ali501 #ec2 ,we/]n transc5d5cy1 #hg-hi2 space & "t z =ms1 #afi-aga1 #agc ,p]cival1 ar*etype1 #djb ,p]gam5e art1 mod]nity1 #aaa2 composition1 #bdd1 #bfj2 gigantoma*ia1 #bia1 #ceb2 actuality1 #cfd2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,p]icles1 homology1 #aaa2 portrait1 #acjn41 #bfi2 & economic organization1 #ach2 morale1 #cdi ,p]ipatos1 contempor>ies1 table i ,p]sians1 ar*itectural expression1 #bji2 & home1 #cce2 contempor>y art p]iods1 table ii4 ,see also ,arabian ,culture ,p]spective1 ,classical attitude1 #aji2 ,we/]n pa9t+ & g>d5+1 #bdj-bdb2 z s\l-expression1 #cajn42 ,we/]n1 & a/ronomy1 #ccj ,p]ug9o1 te*nique1 #bdi2 & portraiture1 #bgb2 & arti/ic *ange1 #bgi2 simplicity1 #bhj ,pessimism1 & ,sp5gl]'s !ories1 xiv1 #dj ,pet] ! ,great1 & ,europe1 #afn4 ,pet]bor\gh ,ca!dral1 simplicity1 #aif ,petra1 ,baal1 #djg ,petr>*1 ,francesco1 analogy1 #d2 hi/oric consci\sness1 #ad2 n>r[ ,classicalism1 #bi1 #bge ,petr9ism1 ,tol/oi's connection1 #cji ,phallus1 z symbol1 cult1 #acf1 #bfg1 #cbj ,phidias1 contempor>y ma!matic1 #gh1 #ij2 & portraiture1 #acjn42 & s\lless body1 #bbe1 #bfg2 popul>ity1 #bdc2 & self-criticism1 #bfd2 & m>ble1 #bgf2 & ,h&el1 #bhd2 p]iod1 #bhd2 z religi\s1 #ceh2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,philan?ropy1 ,ari/otle's1 #cea ,philippe de ,vitry1 & c\nt]po9t1 #bbin4 ,philo1 & body1 #bdh2 & ,jesus1 #cdg ,philopatris dialogue1 s\rce1 #djdn4 ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 z symbol1 #bdh1 #cjg ,philosophy1 tru? & individual attitude1 xv2 natural & hi/orical1 #g1 #h2 anonym\s ,indian1 #ab2 prov9cialism1 #bb1 #bc2 epo*al limitations1 cultural b\nd>ies1 #da1 #df1 #cfd1 #cfg2 te/ ( value1 actuality1 #da-dc2 pres5t-day ,we/]n1 & cultural de/9y1 #dc-de2 developm5t ( ,we/]n practical1 #de2 scepticism z f9al ,we/]n1 #de1 #cgd2 ( becom+ & become1 #din42 & ma!matics1 #ef1 #fd1 #cff2 ,kant's po/ulates1 #ei2 comp>ative =ms ( k1 #fj2 & names1 #abc2 sci5tific1 ( "t1 #abd2 tabulation ( categories1 #abe2 & dea?1 #aff2 ,we/]n art association1 #bbi2 ( ,culture & ,civilization1 #ced1 #cee2 cultural que/ions1 e>ly pos+1 #cfd2 c\rse )9 ea* ,culture1 #cfd2 metaphysical & e?ical p]iods1 #cfe-cfg4 ,see also ,e?ics2 ,metaphysics2 ,_s ,phiops1 ,we/]n contempor>y1 #bjbn42 /atue1 #bfe ,phlogi/on !ory1 ,/ahl's1 #chd ,phnicians1 & discov]y1 #fe1 #ccc ,phryni*us1 f9e1 #cba ,physics1 cauti\s hypo!ses1 #aef2 ,jesuits & !oretical1 #cadn42 & popul>ity1 cultural basis1 #cbg1 #cbh4 ,see also ,natural sci5ce ,physiognomy4 ,see ,de/9y2 ,portraiture ,picturesqu5ess1 & hi/orical expression1 #bee ,pi]o della ,francesca4 ,see ,francesca ,pigalle1 ,jean ,b41 sculpture1 #bdd ,p9d>1 z religi\s1 #ceh ,p9e1 z symbol1 #cif ,piombo1 ,seba/iano del4 ,see ,seba/iano ,piru1 & unkn[n gods1 #djd ,pisano1 ,giovanni4 ,see ,giovanni ,pisi/ratid1 z p]iod ( fulfilm5t1 #ajg ,planck1 ,max1 atomic !ory1 #che1 #dai ,plane1 significance 9 ,egyptian ar*itecture1 #ahi ,pla/ic4 ,see ,sculpture ,plato1 ahi/oric consci\sness1 #i1 #ad2 & clepsydra1 #ae2 prov9cialism1 #bb2 & actuality1 #db2 philosoph] ( ! becom+1 #din42 metaphysics & ma!matics1 #ef1 #fg1 #fi1 #ga1 #hd1 #ij1 #cff2 & ! irrational1 #ff2 & ,goe!'s 8mo!rs01 #gj2 & me*ani/ic _w-conception1 #ii2 =e%ad[+ by1 #aaa2 & ! ,almighty1 #abd2 ,kant on1 #abe2 z ,ari/otle's opposite1 #aei2 anamnesis1 #agd2 & idolatry #bfhn42 on s\l1 #cjd1 #cje2 & ego1 #caa2 & e?ics1 #ced2 & my/ic philosophy1 #cfen42 & sci5ce & religion1 #cid2 contempor>ies1 table i ,ple9-air1 z ,civilization pa9t+1 #beb2 *>act]iz$1 #bhh ,pl9y1 on ,mesopotamian temples1 #bajn42 on ,lysi/ratus1 #bfi2 on ,lysippus1 #bhg2 z collector1 #dbe ,plot9us1 _w1 #ef2 & philosophical transition1 #gb2 & vision1 #if2 homology1 #aaa2 & body1 #bdh2 & dualism1 #cjf2 & ,jesus1 #cdg2 & ,arabian ,culture1 #chc2 & me*anical necessity1 #cic2 contempor>ies1 table i ,plut>*1 z biograph]1 #ad1 #caf2 & dualism1 #cjf ,pneuma1 z ,arabian pr9ciple1 #baf1 #cbi2 & eyes 9 ,arabian art1 #cbi4 ,see also ,dualism ,pppelmann1 ,daniel1 ar*itecture1 #bhe ,poetry1 inf9ite space 9 ,we/]n1 #ahe2 ,we/]n1 z confession1 #bfd1 #bgc2 ,we/]n & ,classical lyric1 #bhf1 #cbd4 ,see also ,drama2 ,lit]ature ,po9c>1 ,h5ri1 on ma!matical vision1 #fan4 ,po9t1 & ,we/]n geometry1 #gd1 #hb1 #hi ,po9t de vue1 9 ,rococo p>ks1 #bdj ,pol> discov]y1 z symbol1 #cce ,polis1 z ,classical symbol1 #hc1 #adg1 #ccd ,poli%1 z symbol 9 art1 #bdhn4 ,politics1 inadequate basis = hi/orical d$uctions1 #df2 "u ,classical ,culture1 #hc1 #adg1 #ccd2 mean+ ( ! /ate1 #acg2 spatial aspect ( ,we/]n1 #aih2 orig9 ( ,arabian /ate1 #bab2 ,r5aissance attitude1 #bgc2 cultural conception1 #ccd-ccg2 & atomic !ories1 #chf2 contempor>y cultural epo*s1 table iii4 ,see also ,imp]ialism2 ,philosophy2 ,socialism ,pollaiuolo1 ,antonio1 ,dut* influ5ce1 #bcf2 goldsmi?1 #bcg ,polybius1 ahi/oric consci\sness1 #aj ,polycletus1 contempor>y ,we/]n music1 #bg1aab1 #agg1 #bhd2 contempor>y ma!matic1 #gh2 sculpture1 canon1 #agg1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bca1 #bfjn41 #bhc1 #bhd2 pres5t-day appeal1 #bee2 & self-criticism1 #bfd2 & /atue ( ,augu/us1 #bie2 & fresco1 #cba ,polycrates1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,polygnotus1 contempor>ies1 #aab1 table ii2 frescoes1 backgr\nd1 col\r1 #adg1 #ahc1 #bba1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bhc1 #ccj ,pombadi?a1 academy1 #cha ,pompeii1 wall-pa9t+s1 #bhg ,pompey ! ,great1 army1 #cf ,pope1 ,alex&]1 type1 #bed ,popul>ity1 cultural basis1 #he1 #bdc1 #cbf-cbh1 #cfb2 9 col\r1 #bdf ,porcela91 & ,we/]n music1 #bca ,porphyry1 & 8antique01 #bjn42 academy1 #bha ,port ,royal1 contempor>ies1 table i4 ,see also ,jans5ism ,porta1 ,baccio della4 ,see ,b>tolommeo ,porta1 ,giacomo della4 ,see ,giacomo ,port9>i alt>1 #bcf ,portraiture1 & biography1 #ab2 "* ( ,classical1 nude sculpture1 #ac1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bfi1 #bgb2 cultural basis & expression1 "* & attitude1 #aja1 #ajd1 #baf1 #bfj1 #cag2 portrait z ,we/]n expression1 #acj1 #bfa-bff2 & ,arabian ,culture1 #bbc2 & ,go?ic1 #bfa1 #bff2 & confession1 #bfd2 contra/ ( act & portrait1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bgj1 #bga2 dep?-exp]i5ce1 impressionism1 #bff1 #bhg2 *ild & gr\p portraits1 mo!rhood1 #bff-bfh2 ,r5aissance1 #bga-bgc2 ,leon>do's relation1 #bha2 l&scape z1 #bgjn41 #bhg2 ,roman /atues1 #bie2 & w1 #cji2 ,am]ican1 z irreligi\s1 #cehn4 ,see also ,s\l ,portuguese1 & discov]y1 #ccc ,poseidon1 temple (1 z model1 #bbd ,posidonius1 & dualism1 #cjf2 z collector1 #dbe ,potsdam1 ar*itecture1 #bjg ,p\ss91 ,nicolas1 musical analogy1 #bbj2 col\r1 #bdf2 p]iod1 #bhc ,prag1 loss ( pre/ige1 #cc ,praxiteles1 contempor>y ma!matic1 #ij2 sculpture1 #bbf1 #bgj2 ,h]mes1 #bfd2 & womanhood1 #bfh2 & ,haydn1 #bhd2 p]iod1 #bhd2 ease1 #bia ,pr$e/9ation4 ,see ,de/9y ,pres5t1 & becom+1 #ed2 significance 9 ,classical ,culture1 #fc1 #fe-fg ,pre-,socratics1 philosophy1 #da1 #age1 #cje2 & ma!matics1 #cff2 contempor>ies1 table i ,prime ph5om5a1 ,goe!'s liv+ nature1 vii1 #ie1 #if1 #aje1 #aaan41 #aac1 #adj1 #aed1 #chi2 9 hi/ory1 #aje2 & de/9y1 #aba2 ( ,we/]n ,culture1 #bdd4 ,see also ,symbols ,pr9ciple1 & causality1 #aba ,proclus1 & ,jesus1 #cdg ,procopius1 c\rti]1 #bjg ,progress1 z ph5om5on ( ,civilization1 #ceb1 #cfa ,prohibition1 & ,civilization1 #cfa ,prop]1 & ali51 #ec ,proportion1 & function1 #hd ,propyla1 popul>ity1 #cbg ,protagoras1 conception ( man1 #caa1 #cib2 popul>ity1 #cbg2 & ,classical morale1 #cea2 & ,/oicism1 #cef2 problem1 #cfe2 condemnation1 #daa ,prote/antism1 col\r symbolism1 #bej2 ( et*+1 #bij2 & works1 #cafn42 z symbol1 #cdc4 ,see also ,re=mation4 ,pr\d'hon1 ,pi]re ,joseph1 position 9 ,we/]n e?ics1 #cgc ,provid5ce1 & de/9y1 #ada ,prov9ces1 def9$1 #cc ,prov9cialism1 philosophical & hi/orical1 #bb-be ,prussia1 great p]iods1 #cf2 ,engli% basis ( reorganization1 #aejn4 ,psalmody1 ,jewi%1 #bbh ,pseudomorphosis1 ,late-,classical /yle1 #bji-bab1 #bad2 & image1 #baf2 music1 #bbh ,psy*ologi/s1 p]iod1 contempor>ies1 table i ,psy*ology1 8sci5tific01 & s\l1 #bii-cjc1 #cac2 z c\nt]-physics1 #cja2 & w & soma1 #cai ,ptolemy ,,ii ,philadelphus1 & rul]-cult1 #dje ,ptolemy1 ,l4 ,claudius1 relation ( ,cop]nicus1 #acin42 z copyi/1 #dbe ,puget1 ,pi]re1 sculpture1 #bdd ,punic ,w>s1 z classic1 #cf2 & cultural rhy?m1 #aajn42 homology1 #aaa2 int5sity1 #ccc ,purcell1 ,h5ry1 pictorial music1 #bhc ,pure reason1 & de/9y1 #abj ,puritanism1 z common cultural feature1 #aab2 & de/9y1 #ada2 & imp]ialism1 #adh2 cultural contempor>y epo*s1 table i ,putto1 z art motive1 #bff ,puvis de ,*avannes1 ,pi]re1 & religi\s pa9t+1 #bhhn4 ,pygmalion & ,galatea1 & m>ble1 #bgf ,pyramids1 p]iod1 #ehn41 #bjc ,pyrrho1 contempor>ies1 table i ,pyrrhus1 ,roman w>1 #cf ,py?agoras & ,py?agoreans1 analogy1 #ci2 & actuality1 #db2 ma!matical vision1 #eg1 #eh2 & ,classical ma!matic1 #fa1 #fb1 #fd2 new numb]1 & fate1 #fen41 #hb1 #ij2 ma!matic & religion1 #gj1 #cid2 contempor>ies1 #aab1 table i2 & ,cop]nicus1 #ccj2 & my/ic philosophy1 #cfen42 & metaphysics1 #cff ,quadratures1 & ,ar*im$es' me?od1 #fi ,quantum !ory1 effect1 #dai ,quattroc5to1 & ,go?ic1 #bba4 ,see also ,r5aissance ,qu]cia1 ,jacopo della4 ,see ,jacopo ,quesnay1 ,franois1 economic !ory1 #dag ,race-suicide1 z ph5om5on ( ,civilization1 #cei ,radioactivity1 effect on natural sci5ce1 #dbc ,ragn>k1 ,muspilli z contempor>y1 #djj2 & _w's end1 #djj ,rameses ,,ii1 analogy1 #ci2 & arti/ic impot5ce1 #dd1 #bid2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,ranke1 ,leopold von1 & analogy1 #d1 #e2 & hi/orical tact1 #bb2 on hi/orical vision1 #if ,raphael ,sanzio1 ,madonnas1 #acf1 #bfh1 #bhj2 te*nique1 #bba1 #bgh2 & ,titian1 #bbg2 & backgr\nd1 #bcg2 popul>ity1 #bdc2 col\r1 #bde2 & confession1 #bfd2 & portrait1 #bgb2 z dissatisfi$ ?9k]1 #bgd2 & fresco & oil1 l9e & space1 #bgi1 #bhj ,raskolnikov4 ,see ,do/oevsky ,rationalism1 & *ance1 #adbn42 contempor>ies ( ,engli%1 table i ,rav5na1 & ,arabian ,culture1 #bjf1 #baa1 #baf1 #bce2 mosaics1 #bba1 #bdg1 #cbi ,rayski1 ,l\is ,f4 von1 art & portrait1 #bgan4 ,reason1 & w1 #cjh ,r$1 symbolism1 #bdf ,re=mation1 conflicts 9 ,g]many1 #cc2 & ,dionysiac movem5t1 #aaa2 z common cultural epo*1 #aab2 class-opposition to ,r5aissance1 #bbi2 contempor>ies1 table i ,reims ,ca!dral1 #bbd2 /atu>y1 #bfg ,relations1 & magnitudes1 #hd1 #hf ,relativity !ory1 & "t1 #abdn42 effect on natural sci5ce1 #dai2 doma91 #dbf ,relief1 ,egyptian1 #ahi1 #bjb2 & ,classical r\nd sculpture1 #bbe4 ,see also ,sculpture ,religion1 reality ( ,classical1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac2 relation ( clock & bell1 #aen41 #acdn42 & numb]1 #ef2 ma!matical cultural analogy1 #ff1 #gj2 /age 9 a ,culture1 #ajh1 #cii-djb2 second p]iod1 sequel to ,civilization1 #ajh1 #dbd-dbh2 ,we/]n1 & 8memory01 #acbn42 & dea?1 #aff2 bir? ( ,we/]n s\l1 #afg2 & e>ly art p]iods1 #ahe2 cultural expression1 #ahe-ahh1 #cii1 #dja2 ,egyptian1 #ahh2 ,*9ese1 #aij2 & imitation1 #aia2 ar*itecture z ornam5t1 #aie2 ,russian1 #bjan42 ,arabian ar*itecture1 #bjh2 ,classical1 & art1 #bfh2 & ple9-air pa9t+1 #bhhn42 revelation & dualism1 #cjg2 cultural s\l-elem5ts1 & deities1 #cab2 & ,classical drama1 #cbj2 & a/ronomy1 #ccj2 relation to ,civilization1 #ceh2 & hygi5e1 #cfa2 & philosophy1 #cfe2 & natural sci5ce1 #chj-chb1 #cia1 #daa1 #daf2 ,we/]n exp]i5ce & fai?1 #cid2 v>ieties1 #cid2 & !ory1 #cie2 ,god-feel+s1 #cie2 dep?-exp]i5ce 9 ,we/]n1 ca!dral1 organ1 #cie-cig2 nam+ ( num9a1 #cig2 ,classical bodi$ pan!on1 #cih1 #djb2 ,we/]n deity z =ce1 unit>y-space symbol1 #cih1 #djc1 #dac2 ( primitive folk1 #cii2 elem5ts ( ,we/]n1 #cii-dja2 ,classical1 & /range gods1 #djd2 late ,classical1 dislocation & mono!ism1 ,arabian asc5d5cy1 #djf- #djh2 cult ( deifi$ m51 #dje1 #djg1 #daa2 a!ism z ph5om5on1 #djh-daa2 cult & dogma1 cultural attitude1 #daj1 #daa2 contempor>y cultural epo*s1 table i4 ,see also ,dea?2 ,s\l2 ,_s2 cre$s & sects by "n ,rembr&t1 portraiture1 & confession1 #aja1 #ajc1 #acj1 #adj1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bfi1 #bha1 #cjj2 contempor>ies1 #aab1 table ii2 inw>dness1 col\r1 #ahc1 #bea-bec2 et*+s1 nights1 #ahg1 #bdf1 #bij2 musical c\nt]p>t1 #bbj2 & horizon1 #bci2 esot]ic1 #bdc2 dep?1 #bdd2 & body1 #bga2 p]iod1 #bhc2 impressionism1 #bhg1 #bhh2 & psy*ology1 #cai ,r5aissance1 contempor>ies1 #bg1 table ii2 ma!matic1 #ga2 relation to ,classical1 z revolt1 illusion1 #bhn41 #acbn41 #bcb-bcd1 #bcg1 #bch1 #beb1 #bff1 #bgb-bgd1 #bgi1 #cbc2 homology1 #aaa2 & beautiful1 #aid2 & ,we/]n /yle1 #bjb1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bdd2 & ,arabian & ,go?ic1 #bab1 #bcd-bch2 & poly*rome sculpture1 #bbf2 class-opposition to ,re=mation1 #bbi2 ornam5t1 #bccn41 #bch2 faades & c\rty>ds1 #bce2 ar* & column1 #bcf2 p>k1 #bda2 & popul>ity1 #bdc1 #cbh2 & pat9a1 #bec2 & *ild-figures1 #bff2 & portrait1 #bga-bgc2 & spiritual developm5t1 #bgc2 lead]s z dissatisfi$ ?9k]s1 #bgd1 #bha2 ,mi*elangelo1 #bge-bgg1 #bha2 ,raphael1 #bgi1 #bhj2 ,leon>do1 #bgg-bha2 & backgr\nd1 #bcg2 & /atics1 #dad ,r5oir1 ,pi]re ,a41 /riv+1 #bib ,resana1 academy1 #cha ,rese>*1 & vision1 #ie1 #if1 #ajb1 #aje1 #adb2 hi/orical & sci5tific data1 #aed2 metaphysical1 #afc ,re/orations1 ,we/]n attitude t[>d1 #bed ,resurrection1 *ange 9 mean+1 #acen4 ,rh9e ,riv]1 z hi/oric1 #bedn4 ,rhodes1 ,cecil1 analogy1 #d2 & imp]ialism1 #cg1 #ch2 morale1 #cdi1 #cea ,rhodes1 z 8,v5ice ( ,antiquity01 #di2 & ,helios1 #djb ,ri*elieu1 ,c>d9al1 morale1 #cdi2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,riegl1 ,alois1 on ,arabian art1 #bjh1 #bae ,riemann1 ,georg ,f4 ,b41 arti/-nature1 #fa2 relation to ,ar*im$es1 #fi2 religion & ma!matic1 #gj2 notation1 #gg2 & b\ndlessness1 #hh2 ma!matical position1 #ij2 goal ( analysis1 #dah2 contempor>ies1 table i ,riem5s*neid]1 ,tilmann1 & portraiture1 #bgj ,robespi]re1 ,maximili51 adv5tur]1 #adi2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,rococo1 z /age ( /yle1 #bjb2 ar*itecture & music1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bhe2 p>ks1 #bdj2 contempor>ies1 table ii4 ,see also ,b>oque ,rod91 ,augu/e1 sculpture z pa9t+1 #bdd1 #bde ,rogi] van d] ,weyd51 9 ,italy1 #bcf ,roman ,ca?olicism1 col\r symbolism1 #bdg-bdi2 & music1 #bfhn42 mona/icism1 #cafn41 #cdc1 #cdh2 esot]ic dogma1 #cbh2 prelates & manly virtue1 #cdi4 ,see also ,*ri/ianity2 ,jesuitism ,roman law1 & cultural-language1 #cajn4 ,romanesque1 simplicity1 #aif2 z /age ( /yle1 #bja1 #bjb2 & ,classical1 #bgen4 ,romanticism1 def9$1 #aig2 & my/icism1 #cfen42 & ma!matics1 #cff ,rome1 city1 megalopolitanism1 #cb1 #cd ,rome1 empire1 & ,classical ,culture1 #h2 imp]ialism1 #cf-ch1 #ccf2 & ,arabian ,culture1 #gb1 #bjg1 #bjh2 army & citiz5%ip1 #cbe2 emp]or-wor%ip1 #dje1 #djg1 #daa2 & tol]ation1 #daa4 ,see also ,classical ,culture ,rondan9i ,madonna1 z music1 #bgg ,rondeau1 orig91 #bbi ,ro(1 z ,arabian expression1 #baj ,rore1 ,cyprian de1 9 ,italy1 #bcf2 music1 #bea1 #beb ,rossell9o1 ,antonio1 & portrait1 #bgb ,ross9i1 ,gioa*9o1 ,ca?olicism1 #bfhn42 on ,mey]be]1 #bic ,rottmann1 ,k>l1 & gr& /yle1 #bhi ,r\sseau1 ,jean ,jacques1 & naturalism1 #cc1 #bjg1 #bhh2 & sup]ficially incid5tal1 #add2 & imp]ialism1 #adi1 #aej2 autumnal acc5t1 #bjg2 & ,civilization1 #ceb2 contempor>ies1 #cecn41 table i2 & compassion1 #cfb2 & ,d>w9ism1 #cfi2 intellect & wisdom1 #dji ,rub5s1 ,pet] ,paul1 col\r1 #bec2 & body1 #bgj1 #bgan41 #bgh2 & dynamics1 #dad ,ru9s1 z ,we/]n expression1 #bed ,rul]-cult1 #dje1 #daa ,runge1 ,otto ,p41 & gr& /yle1 #bhi ,russia1 & ! ,we/1 #afn42 /age ( art1 #bja2 ar*itecture1 #baa2 ignor$ art1 #bbc2 w-less s\l1 #cji2 culture & *>ity1 #cej ,ru!r=d1 ,sir ,erne/1 atoms z quanta ( action1 #che1 #dai ,ruysdael1 ,jakob1 col\r1 #bdf2 p]iod1 #bhc ,sabans1 & e>ly ,*ri/ian designs1 #bbn41 #bjin42 temple-=m1 #bajn42 art1 #bbc2 art contempor>ies1 table ii ,sahu-r1 pyramid1 #bjc ,/4 ,d5is1 royal tombs1 #bfa1 #bfd ,/4 ,lor5z ,*ur*1 ,nrnb]g1 & /yles1 #bje ,/4 ,m>k1 ,v5ice1 orig9s1 #baa ,/4 ,patroclus1 ,soe/1 arcade-por*1 #bje ,/4 ,paul )\t ! ,walls1 z ,pseudomorphic1 #baj1 #bajn4 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome1 z ,b>oque1 #bjf1 #bch ,/ ,pi]re et ,/ ,paul1 ,moissac1 ornam5tation1 #aii ,/4 ,priscilla1 catacombs1 pa9t+s1 #acg ,/4 ,vitale1 ,rav5na1 *>act]i/ics1 #bjj ,sa9te-,*apelle1 ,p>is1 b\ndlessness1 #aii ,sa9ts1 contempor>y leg5ds1 #djj1 table i ,saivas1 ,l+ayats1 #acfn4 ,saktas1 #acfn4 ,salamanca1 loss ( pre/ige1 #cc ,salvation ,army1 z exception1 #cdh ,sam>ra1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,samnites1 ,roman w> z classic1 #cf1 #aean4 ,samos1 ,h]a ( ,*]amues1 #bben4 ,sangallo1 ,antonio da1 ,palazzo ,f>nese faade1 #bge ,sankhya1 & ,buddhism1 #cecn41 #cef2 contempor>ies1 table i ,sant' ,&rea1 ,pi/ora1 ,pisano's ,sibyls1 #bfc ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 ,flor5ce1 /yle1 #bcd2 ,flemi% pa9t+s1 #bcf ,sassanids1 & ,arabian /ate1 #bab2 art #bbc2 music1 #bbh ,satyrs1 mat]iality1 #djc ,savon>ola1 ,girolamo1 & art t5d5cies1 #bcc2 & ,r5aissance1 #cbh2 & ,we/]n morale1 #cdh2 contempor>ies1 table i ,sc>latti1 ,aless&ro1 "* ( arias1 #bain4 ,sc5e1 dramatic1 cultural basis1 #cbe ,scepticism1 z la/ /age ( ,we/]n philosophy1 #de1 #cgd ,s*>nhor/1 ,g]h>d von1 army re=ms1 #aejn4 ,s*ell+1 ,fri$ri* von1 & dualism1 #cjg2 esot]ic1 #cfi2 contempor>ies1 table i ,s*ill]1 ,johann ,c4 ,f41 tragic =m1 #adg2 banality1 #aee ,s*irazi1 & dualism1 #cjg ,s*lt]1 ,&reas1 ar*itecture1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bhe ,s*ngau]1 ,m>t91 col\r1 #bej ,s*ola/icism1 art association1 #bbi2 w & reason1 #cje2 & dualism1 #cjg2 cultural culm9ation1 #cfen42 contempor>ies1 table i ,s*op5hau]1 ,ar?ur1 & hi/ory1 #g1 #bi1 #ign42 prov9cialism1 #bc1 #bd2 practical philosophy1 #de1 #cfh2 & ma!matics1 #fg1 #abe1 #cff2 w1 & reason1 #cjh1 #cdb2 & ,civilization1 #ceb2 & e?ics1 #ced1 #cgc2 pessimism & sy/em1 #cff1 #cgj2 & critique ( society1 #cfg2 & ,d>w9ism1 #cfi1 #cgb1 #cgc2 contempor>ies1 table i ,s*roet]1 ,manfr$1 on criticism ( ,sp5gl]1 x ,s*tz1 ,he9ri*1 ,mat!w ,passion1 #aii1 #bdd2 & imag9ation1 #bbj2 pictorial music1 #bhc2 ,god-feel+1 #cie ,sci5ce1 ( hi/ory1 #aec1 #aed2 esot]ic ,we/]n1 #cbh4 ,see also ,art2 ,ma!matics2 ,natural sci5ce2 ,nature ,scipio1 ,p4 ,cornelius1 & economic organization1 #ach2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,scopas1 & self-criticism1 #bfd2 & body1 #bgj2 p]iod1 #bhd ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 z hi/orian1 #if ,scrope1 ,ri*>d1 z w>rior1 #cdin4 ,sculpture1 & proportion & function1 #hd2 ,classical1 z become1 #ig2 cultural basis1 #baf1 #bbe2 =m-ideal ( ,classical1 picture-orig91 #bbe2 poly*rome1 #bbf2 music-orig9 ( ,rococo1 #bca2 ,go?ic1 #bca1 #bfa2 use ( m>ble1 #bcb1 #bdin41 #bec1 #bgf2 ,r5aissance1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bec2 position 9 ,we/]n ,culture1 #bdd2 ,egyptian1 poli%1 #bdhn41 #bff2 bronze1 #bec1 #bgf2 ,classical expression ( body z s\l1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #cje2 ,mi*elangelo's attitude1 #bge-bgg1 #bha2 free ,classical1 & ,we/]n music1 #bhc1 #bhd2 ,classical1 & "t ( day1 #cbe2 ,classical1 & spectator1 #cbi2 contempor>y cultural p]iods1 table ii4 ,see also ,art2 ,portraiture ,seba/iano del ,piombo1 & ,raphael1 #bgb ,second religi\sness1 p]iod 9 a ,culture1 xi1 #ajh1 #dbd-dbh2 ( ,rome1 #cjf ,sel5e1 z goddess1 #adgn41 #djb ,seleucus1 a/ronomical !ory1 #fh ,seljuk art1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,semp]1 ,gottfri$1 on /yle1 #bba ,s5eca1 ,l4 ,annu1 ,/oicism & income1 #cc2 & ,b>oque drama1 #cag ,s5t9um1 battle1 #aea ,septimius ,sev]us1 fav\rite god1 #djf ,s]apis1 cult1 #djf ,s]5us1 z ,arabian ?9k]1 #fc ,s]vius ,tullius1 my?1 #aa ,seso/ris1 c\rt1 #ha2 z "n1 #bjf2 autumn ( ,culture1 #bjg ,se?os ,i1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,svres w>e1 & ,w$gwood1 #aejn4 ,sex1 naturalism1 #bd1 #cc1 #bjg1 #bhh2 problem ( ,civilization1 #ce2 cultural attitude1 #acf2 hi/orical aspects1 #acg ,s=zas1 ,hell5ic sorr9ess1 #bgc ,%aftesbury1 ,e>l (1 & imp]ialism1 #aej ,%akespe>e1 ,william1 tragic =m & me?od1 vision1 #abi1 #acj1 #adan41 #adb1 #adc1 #bbj1 #cai2 ,bacon controv]sy1 #acen42 & motive1 #aef2 z dramati/ ( ! incid5tal1 #adb1 #adf2 & hi/orical mat]ial1 #bee2 & ,classical drama1 #cbc2 & "t ( day1 #cbd2 sc5es1 #cbe2 ,god-feel+1 #ccj1 #cie2 e?ical passion1 #cdg1 #cee2 & evolution1 #cgj ,%ang ,p]iod1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,%aw1 ,george ,b]n>d1 sex problem1 #ce2 & hi/ory1 #been42 & morale1 #cdf1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #cgc1 #cgd2 sup]man1 #cej2 & diet1 #cfa2 on ,s*op5hau]1 #cfg2 & ,socialism & ,d>w9ism1 #cga1 #cgb ,%ih-huang-ti1 c>e]1 #aabn4 ,%iva1 cult1 #acfn4 ,%ort /ory1 ,we/]n1 #cahn4 ,siegfri$1 ar*type1 #djb2 contempor>ies1 table i ,si5a1 & c\nt]-,r5aissance1 #bcd2 s*ool1 #bfh ,signorelli1 ,luca de'1 & ,classicism1 #bba2 & body & col\r1 #bci1 #bdb1 #bgh2 act & portrait1 #bgj1 #bga2 & /atics1 #dad ,sikyon1 ,adra/os cult1 #ccn4 ,silesian w>s1 & cultural rhy?m1 #aajn4 ,simone ,m>t9i1 & ,go?ic1 #bce ,si/9e ,*apel1 ,mi*elangelo's frescos1 #bfc1 #bge1 #cie ,si/9e ,madonna1 #bfh1 #bhj ,six ,classical ,sy/ems1 contempor>ies1 table i ,skyscrap]1 & gigantoma*ia1 #bia ,slut]1 ,klaus1 sculpture1 #bfc ,smi?1 ,adam1 economic !ory1 #dag ,so>+1 z ,we/]n t]m1 #cig ,socialism1 & ,civilization1 #cb2 & ,d>w9ism1 #ce1 #cgj-cgb2 & economic motives1 #cf1 #cee2 & imp]ialism1 #cg2 ,fr$]ick ,william ,i's practice1 #ach2 e?ical1 def9$1 esot]ic1 #cbhn41 #cdb1 #cdg1 #cea1 #cee1 #cgd2 sci5tific basis ( ideas1 #cec2 z end-ph5om5on1 #cef1 #ceg2 & contempor>ies1 immaturity1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cfa2 irreligion1 #cei1 #dji2 necessity1 #cfa2 dynamic qualities1 & compassion1 #cfa2 & "w1 #cfb2 & future1 #cfc2 trag$y ( nebul\s aim1 #cfc2 & lie ( life1 #cfd2 & political economy1 #cfg2 contempor>ies1 table i ,sociology1 biological1 #aee2 & ,we/]n e?ics1 #cfg1 #cfh ,socrates1 ahi/oric consci\sness1 #ad2 e?ic1 #cdg2 & ,civilization1 #ceb2 & ,/oicism1 #cecn42 intellect & wisdom #dji2 condemnation1 #daj2 contempor>ies1 table i ,soe/1 *ur*1 #bje ,sol ,invictus1 cult1 #djf1 #djfn41 #djg ,sonata1 movem5t1 #bca ,sophi/s1 sci5tific basis1 #cecn41 #cef2 & diet1 #cfa2 contempor>ies1 table i ,sophocles1 ahi/oric consci\sness1 #i2 tragic =m & me?od1 #abi1 #acj1 #adan41 #adc1 #adf1 #cah1 #cba1 #ccj1 #chf2 /atue1 #bfi2 deification1 #dje ,s\l1 & _w & life1 #ed2 ma!matic expression1 #aja2 ( ,cultures1 inn] image1 #ajf1 #cjc2 & pr$e/9ation1 #aag2 individual1 & macrocosm1 #afe1 #bei2 cultural designations & attributes1 #ahc2 man z ph5om5on1 cultural expression1 #bei2 ,classical 8body0 expression1 #bei-bfa2 ,we/]n expression 9 portrait1 #bfa-bff2 k & fai?1 #bii1 #cjj2 z image ( c\nt]-_w1 #cjj2 & 8exact0 sci5ce1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cac2 culture-language1 #cjb2 cultural basis ( sy/ematic psy*ology1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cjg1 #cac1 #cad2 ,classical /atic & ,we/]n dynamic1 #cjd1 #cje2 ,arabian dualism1 #cje2 w & reason1 out] _w p>allels1 #cjh2 ,we/]n w-culture1 egoism1 #cjh-cab1 #cad2 & cultural religi\s concepts1 #cab1 #ceh2 cultural basis ( morale1 #cae2 dynamic1 & biography1 #cae1 #caf2 ,classical ge/ure1 beauty1 #caf2 & cultural =ms ( trag$y1 #cag-cbf2 popul>ity1 cultural basis1 #cbf-cbi2 cultural relation to univ]se1 #ccj-ccb2 & to discov]y1 #ccb-ccg2 & bra91 #cfg4 ,see also ,morale2 ,portraiture2 ,_s ,space1 & natural morphology1 #f1 #g2 & ! become1 #ef2 relation to ,classical & ,we/]n ,cultures1 #fd1 #ha-hd1 #hh2 _w-fe> & creative expression1 #gi-ha2 multi-dim5sional1 symbolism1 #hh1 #hi1 #afe2 direction & ext5sion1 #ii1 #agb2 & causality & de/9y1 #aai1 #abj2 aw>5ess1 #abb2 & sci5tific "t1 #abd1 #abe2 "t z c\nt]-concept1 #abf1 #agj1 #agb2 & dea?1 #aff2 _w-exp]i5ce & dep?1 #afh1 #afi1 #agb2 p]ception or compreh5sion1 #afi-agb2 cultural symbolism 9 dep?-exp]i5ce1 #agc-age2 cultural prime symbols1 #agd-agh1 #ccg2 ,classical use ( t]m1 #agen42 cultural basis ( concepts1 #agi1 #caj2 & ar*itectural & religi\s expression ( ,culture1 #ahc-ahh1 #aih- #bjj2 ,egyptian & ,*9ese exp]i5c+1 #ahi-aia1 #bja-bjc2 ,we/]n arts & prime ph5om5on1 #bha1 #bhb2 ext5sion & reason1 #cjh4 ,see also ,become2 ,causality2 ,dep?-exp]i5ce2 ,nature2 ,"t ,spa91 p]iod ( asc5d5cy1 incid5t & de/9y1 #adh1 #aej ,spani>ds1 & discov]y1 #ccc ,spani%-,sicilian art1 contempor>ies1 table ii ,spani% ,succession ,w>1 & cultural rhy?m1 #aajn42 z epo*1 #adi ,sp>ta1 my?1 #aa2 & music1 #bbc ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 & economic asc5d5cy1 #cfg2 contempor>ies1 table i ,sp5gl]1 ,oswald1 reception ( book1 ix2 basis ( philosophy1 xiii-xv1 #din4 ,spey] ,ca!dral1 #ahe1 #bbd ,sp9oza1 ,b>u*1 & dualism1 #cjg2 & =ce1 #dac ,_s1 & s\l 9 ,arabian dualism1 #cjf4 ,see also ,body2 ,hi/ory2 ,morale2 ,nature2 ,philosophy2 ,religion2 ,s\l ,_s l&1 cultural conception1 #ccc ,_s-wall1 #bjc ,spitzweg1 ,k>l1 significance ( col\r1 #beb ,sport1 & ,civilization1 #ce ,/ahl1 ,georg ,ern/1 *emical !ory1 #chd ,/a9$ glass4 ,see ,glass pa9t+ ,/amitz1 ,johann ,k41 ,classical contempor>y1 #agg2 & f\r-"p movem5t1 #bca2 p]iod1 #bhd ,/ate4 ,see ,politics ,/atics1 z ,classical sy/em1 #chd1 #cic2 no ,we/]n concept1 #dad4 ,see also ,natural sci5ce ,/ati/ics1 & probability1 #dba ,/eam%ip1 ,classical anticipation1 #ccd ,/5dhal1 & psy*ology1 #cai ,/ipel1 & z]o1 #aghn4 ,/irn]1 ,max1 & morale1 #cdf2 & ,hegelianism1 #cfg2 contempor>ies1 table i ,/oicism1 & ,civilization1 #cb1 #ceb2 & money1 #cc1 #cf2 practicality1 #de2 homology1 #aaa2 & /ate1 #ach2 & corporeality1 #agg2 weak s\l1 #bjc2 e?ic1 #cae1 #cdg1 #cee1 #cfg2 & w1 #cddn41 #cdg2 sci5tific basis ( ideas1 #cec2 z end-ph5om5on1 #cef1 #ceg2 & contempor>ies1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cfa1 table i2 irreligion1 #cei1 #dji2 & diet1 #cfa ,/one1 z symbol1 #ahh1 #aie1 #bjf2 poli%1 #bdhn4 ,see also ,ar*itecture2 ,m>ble2 ,sculpture ,/rassburg ,m9i/]1 ,arabian influ5ce1 #bac ,/reets1 cultural attitude1 #aji2 ,we/]n aspect & dep?-exp]i5ce1 #bbd1 #bda2 ,egyptian aspect1 #bbdn4 ,/r9db]g1 ,augu/1 prov9cialism1 #bd1 #ccn42 sex problem1 #ce2 & morale1 #cdf1 #cgd2 & ,civilization1 #ceb ,/r+ music1 9 ,we/]n ,culture1 #bca1 #bebn4 ,/rzyg[ski1 ,josef1 on ,arabian art1 #ahd1 #bji ,/yle1 z cultural emanation1 #ajh1 #bjj1 #bjb2 brave ,egyptian1 #bja-bjc2 ,*9ese1 #bjc2 weak ,classical1 #bjc-bje2 hi/ory z organism1 cultural basis1 #bje2 /ages ( ea* /yle1 #bjf2 hi/ory ( ,arabian1 #bjg-bad2 & te*nical =m ( arts1 #bbj2 9 natural sci5ce1 #chg1 #cia ,suez ,canal1 ,goe!'s prophecy1 #db ,sufism1 contempor>ies1 table i ,suhraw>di1 on body1 #bdh ,suicide1 cultural attitude1 #bjd ,sulla1 incid5t1 #aci2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,sunda1 isl&s (1 ,roman k1 #ccd ,sup]man1 9 ,nietzs*e & ,%aw1 #cej1 #cfi1 #cgj2 natural selection1 #cga ,sutras1 contempor>ies1 table i ,sylve/] ,,ii1 pope1 & clock1 #aen4 ,symbolism1 9 liv+ ?\ght1 xiii2 symbols ( a culture1 #d1 #ac1 #ca2 9 hi/orical morphology1 #g1 #df2 clock & bell1 #ad1 #aca1 #acdn42 money & ,civilization1 #cd2 9 ! become1 #aja2 actuality1 #aja1 #afh2 symbols 7names7 & fe>1 #abc1 #aic1 #cig2 ( fun]al cu/oms1 #acd1 #ace2 ( museums1 #ace2 ( _w-hi/ory1 #afc2 symbols def9$1 #afc2 spatiality1 #afe2 & k ( dea?1 #aff2 k9d ( ext5sion z cultural symbol1 #agc-age2 cultural prime symbols1 plurality1 #agd1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aif1 #bjc1 #ccg2 writ+ z cultural symbol1 #aign42 w9d[1 #aii1 #baj1 #bbd2 9 col\r & gold1 #bde-bdi2 z replac+ images1 #djg ,synagogues1 patt]ns1 #baan4 ,syncretism1 ar*itectural expression1 #bji2 cults1 #bbh2 contempor>ies1 table i ,syracuse1 culture city1 #cb2 & ,plato1 #db ,syria1 music ( sun-wor%ip1 #bbh2 contempor>ies ( art1 table ii4 ,see also ,arabian ,culture ,taboo1 idea1 #hj2 effect ( nam+1 #abc2 side ( art1 #abg4 ,see also ,religion ,tacitus1 ,cornelius1 ahi/oric consci\sness1 #aj1 #aa2 limit$ backgr\nd1 #acb1 #acc ,talleyr&-,prigord1 ,*>les de1 on life be=e #aghi1 #bjg ,talmud1 dualism1 #cjf2 det]m9ism1 #cjg2 & nature1 #cic2 contempor>ies1 table i ,tanis1 ,hyksos ,sph9x1 #ajh1 #bfb ,tanit1 z deity1 #djf ,tao1 pr9ciple1 #ad1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bbh2 p]spective1 #caan4 ,t>qu9s1 my?1 #aa2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,t>tessus1 realm1 #ccbn4 ,t>t9i1 ,giuseppe1 or*e/ration1 #bca2 viol9 /ory1 #bgfn4 ,tasso1 ,torquato1 & fix$ sc5e1 #cbe ,taygetus1 ,m\nt1 ,lycurgus z local god1 #aa ,te*nics1 & future ( ,we/]n ,culture1 #da1 #dd ,te*nique1 & !ory1 #cie ,teleology1 z c>icature1 #abj ,telephus ,frieze4 ,see ,p]gam5e ,telescope1 z ,we/]n symbol1 #cca ,tell-el-,am>na1 art1 #aicn41 #bic ,tellez1 ,gabriel4 ,see ,tirso de ,mol9a ,tellus ,mat]1 mat]iality1 #djc ,temp]ature1 & dynamics1 #dad ,templum1 z cult-plan1 #ahe ,t5sion1 z ,we/]n pr9ciple1 #chf ,t5 ,?\s&1 exp$ition1 z episode1 #adg1 #ccfn4 ,t]p&]1 music1 #bbc ,?ales1 & problem ( kn[+1 #cfe1 #cha ,?ale/as1 music1 #bbc ,!bes1 autumnal city1 #ii ,!mi/ocles1 ahi/oric consci\sness1 #i2 morale1 #cdi ,!ocritus1 irreligion1 #ceh ,!ory1 & fact1 #cgh2 & religion1 #cie ,!osophy1 conv]sion1 #cdf ,!otokos1 & ,m>y-cult1 #acgn41 #bfg1 #bfh ,!resa1 ,sa9t1 & ,we/]n morale1 #cdh ,!rmodynamics1 fir/ law & en]gy1 #dac2 second law1 entropy1 #dbj ,!seus leg5ds1 contempor>ies1 table i ,?+-become4 ,see ,become ,?+-becom+4 ,see ,becom+ ,?9ite ,p]iod1 contempor>ies1 tables ii1 iii ,?9k]1 def9$1 xiii ,?ird ,k+dom1 z ,we/]n conception1 #cfc2 & lie ( life1 #cfd ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 z epo*1 #adi ,?oma1 ,hans1 pa9t+1 #bhi ,?omas ,aqu9as1 influ5ce ( ,joa*im ( ,floris1 #bj2 & de/9y1 #ada2 e?ic1 #cji2 religion1 #cid2 contempor>ies1 table i ,?or\ghbass1 & geometry1 #fa2 rise1 #bcj ,?orwalds51 ,alb]t1 sculpture1 #bde ,?o?mes1 work%op1 #aicn4 ,?ucydides1 ahi/oric consci\sness1 #i2 limit$ backgr\nd1 #aj1 #acb1 #accn4 ,?und]-patt]n1 #aif ,?u?mosis ,,iii1 maturity ( culture1 #id2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,tib]ius1 z episode1 #adj2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,tiepolo1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 pa9t+1 #bhc2 ease1 #bib ,"t1 & hi/orical morphology1 #f2 & hi/ory1 problems1 #di1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aeh2 & direction1 #ed1 #ef2 & ma!matics1 #fd1 #abe1 #abf2 enigma1 z ^w1 effect ( nam+1 #gi1 #aba-abc2 direction & ext5sion1 #ii1 #agb2 & de/9y & causality1 #aai1 #abj2 unaw>5ess1 #abb2 me*anical conception1 #abb2 8space ( "t01 #abbn42 & ,relativity1 #abdn41 #dai2 & space1 sci5tific explanation1 c\nt]-concept1 #abd-abf1 #agj2 ahi/oric & hi/oric drama1 cultural basis1 #acj2 cultural symbolism ( clock1 #aca1 #acd2 & cause & incid5t1 #adb2 z feel+1 #aed2 & nature1 #aeh1 #chg-cia2 pa/ & transi5ce1 #aff2 direction & dim5sion1 #afin42 & dep?1 #agb1 #agc2 & imitation & ornam5t1 #aic-aie1 #aig2 direction & w1 #cjh2 direction & aim1 #cfa4 ,see also ,becom+2 ,de/9y2 ,hi/ory2 ,space ,"t ( day1 cultural attitude1 #cbd1 #cbe ,t9toretto1 backgr\nd1 #bci ,tiresias1 cult1 #ahe ,tirso de ,mol9a1 & unities1 #cbc ,tiryns1 fun]al cu/oms1 #ace ,titian1 p]iod1 #ajh2 te*nique1 bru%work1 #bba1 #bdi2 & ,raphael1 #bbg2 & col\r1 #bdb1 #beb2 & popul>ity1 #bdc2 portraits z biography1 #bfd2 & body1 #bga2 ,b>oque1 #bgd2 impressionism1 #bhf2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,title1 symbolic importance1 #djhn4 ,tol]ation1 cultural attitude1 #cdc1 #djd1 #daj1 #daa ,tol/oi1 ,leo1 & ,europe1 #afn42 prov9cialism1 #bd2 on notion ( dea?1 #aff2 philosophy1 #cji ,totem1 side ( art1 #abh4 ,see also ,religion2 ,taboo ,trag$y4 ,see ,drama ,trajan1 analogy1 #ci2 & ,arabian art1 #baa2 =um1 #bae2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,transc5d5talism1 ,we/]n1 #caa ,transi5ce1 notion1 #aff ,trec5to1 s-call$ ,r5aissance1 #bccn4 ,tr5t1 ,c\ncil (1 ,jesuit dom9ation1 #adh2 & ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity1 #bdg2 & *ur* music1 #bfhn42 & ,we/]n morale1 #cdh ,trigonometry1 contempor>ies1 table i4 ,see also ,ma!matics ,tr9ity1 z physical problem1 #chc ,trojan ,w>1 & ,crusades1 #ajn41 #bg ,tr\bad\rs1 imitative music1 #bbi ,tru?1 relativity1 cultural basis1 xiii1 #da1 #df1 #fj1 #adf1 #agh-ahj1 #cjd1 #cac1 #cde ,ts*>vaka1 contempor>ies1 table i ,ts91 contempor>ies1 #cg1 table iii ,turfan1 ,indian dramas1 #bie ,turgot1 ,anne ,r4 ,j41 economic !ory1 #dag ,tuscany4 ,see ,flor5ce2 ,r5aissance ,tusculum1 battle1 #cdin4 ,twelf? ,night1 #cbe ,twilight ( ! ,gods1 ,*ri/ian =m1 #djj ,ty*e1 z deity1 #adf ,tzigane music1 improvisation1 #aie ,uhde1 ,fritz ,k4 ,h4 von1 & religi\s pa9t+1 #bhhn4 ,ulm ,m9/]1 z model1 #bbd ,unities1 dramatic1 ,classical & ,we/]n attitude1 #cbc ,univ]se1 cultural attitude1 #ccj-ccb ,upani%ads1 contempor>ies1 table i ,usefulness1 cult1 #aee1 #aef ,uzzano bu/1 ,donatello's1 #bgb ,vai%navism1 #acfn4 ,valca%ika1 contempor>ies1 table i ,valhalla1 conception1 #ahf1 #ahg2 hi/ory1 #djj2 & unit>y space1 #djc ,valkyries1 & unit>y space1 #djc ,valmy1 battle1 ,goe! & significance1 #adi ,van ,dyck1 ,an?ony1 musical expression1 #bej ,v>angians1 movem5t-/ream1 #cccn4 ,v>ro1 ,m4 ,t]5tius1 classification ( gods1 #aa2 on religions1 #cid ,v>yags1 movem5t-/ream1 #cccn4 ,vas>i1 ,giorgio1 on imitation1 #aib ,vase-pa9t+1 ,classical1 & "t ( day1 #bbf1 #cbe2 ,r5aissance1 #bcg ,vatican1 ,raphael's frescoes1 #bcg1 #bgi2 ,mi*elangelo's1 #bfc1 #bge1 #cie ,vaux-le-,vicomte1 p>k1 #bda ,vector1 concept & ,b>oque art1 #caa2 & motion1 #cad ,v$anta doctr9e1 #ceb1 #cee2 contempor>ies1 table i ,v$as1 homology1 #aaa2 contempor>ies1 table i ,veget>ianism1 & ,civilization1 #cfa ,velasquez1 ,diego1 musical expression1 #bej2 & body1 #bga2 p]iod1 #bhc2 z religi\s1 #ceh ,v5ice1 & ,arabian ,culture1 #baa1 #baf1 #bce2 art asc5d5cy1 #bbd2 s*ool ( pa9t+1 #bbg1 #bha2 music1 #bcj1 #bcf1 #bhb2 & ,r5aissance1 #bgc4 ,see also ,titian ,v5us & ,rome1 temple1 #baa ,v]la9e1 ,paul1 autumnal acc5t1 #bda ,v]me]1 ,jan1 te*nique1 #bba2 col\r1 #bea1 #bec2 p]iod1 #bhc ,v]onese1 ,paolo4 ,see ,paolo ,v]roc*io1 ,&rea1 sculpture1 ,colleone /atue1 #bce1 #bch1 #bgb2 goldsmi?1 #bcg2 & portrait1 #bga2 anti-,go?ic1 #bgen4 ,v]sailles1 p>k1 #bda ,ve/a1 mat]iality1 #djc ,viadana1 ,lodovico1 music1 #bcj ,vi5na1 ma/]-build]s1 #bjg2 *amb] music1 #bcb ,vieta1 ,franois1 significance ( algebraic notation1 #ga ,vignola1 ,giacomo1 ar*itecture1 lib]ation1 #hg1 #cac1 #dab ,village ,%eikh1 /atue1 #bfe ,viol91 z ,we/]n symbol1 #bca1 #bebn4 ,viollet-le-,duc1 ,eug5e ,e41 & re/orations1 #bedn4 ,virtue1 cultural concepts ( manly1 #cdh4 ,see also ,tru? ,vi%nu1 & ,kri%na1 #acfn4 ,vision1 & hi/ory & art1 #ie1 #if1 #ajb1 #adb ,vitruvius1 & ar* & column1 #bjd ,vlusp1 unit>y space1 #ahe4 ,see also ,eddas ,voltaire1 contempor>y ma!matics1 #ff2 & imp]ialism1 #aej2 contempor>ies1 table i ,voluntas1 mean+1 #cajn4 ,vulturnus1 mat]iality1 #djc ,wagn]1 ,ri*>d1 s5su\sness1 #ce2 & popul>ity1 #ce1 #cbg2 =e%ad[+ by1 #aaa2 mod]nity1 #aaa2 & imag9ation1 #bbj2 end-art1 #bbc1 #dbe2 impressionism1 & endless space1 #bhb1 #bhf1 #bib2 & =m & size1 #bia1 #ceb2 /riv+1 #bib2 & psy*ology1 #cai2 & ,civilization1 #ceb2 "* ( ,nihilism1 #ceg2 irreligion1 #ceh2 nebul\s aim1 #cfc1 #cfd2 & lie ( life1 #cfd2 & ,nietzs*e1 #cgj2 & socio-economic e?ics1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #cgc2 =e/-long+1 #cig ,wall5/e91 ,albre*t von1 horoscope1 #adg2 contempor>ies1 table iii ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1 lyrics1 #cbd ,wang-,*5g1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,wang ,h1 imp]ialism1 #cg ,wa%+ton1 ,george1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 contempor>ies1 #aab ,wasmann1 ,rudolf ,f41 act & portrait1 #bgan42 & gr& /yle1 #bhi ,watteau1 ,jean ,a41 p]iod1 #ajh2 8s++0 picture1 #bai1 #bcb1 #bhc2 col\r1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bec2 contempor>ies1 table ii ,way1 z ,egyptian prime symbol1 #agd1 #ahi1 #bja ,wazo ( ,lige1 ,bi%op1 z w>rior1 #cdin4 ,w$gwood w>e1 & ,svres1 #aejn4 ,wei]/rass1 ,k>l ,t4 ,w41 on poetry 9 ma!matics1 #fb2 & "t1 #abf ,weim>1 culture city1 #bi1 #aci ,we9+]1 ,otto1 position 9 ,we/]n e?ics1 #cgd ,we/]n ,culture1 clock & bell z symbols1 #ad1 #aen41 #aca1 #acd2 ma!matic1 function1 #ae1 #fb1 #fh1 #gd-gh1 #hg-ij2 irrational idea ( hi/orical culm9ation 91 #af-bj1 #ci2 prov9cialism1 #bb-be1 #ci2 ,classical contempor>y ( pres5t p]iod1 #bf2 de/9y1 acceptance1 #cb1 #cg-da1 #dd1 #ccf2 philosophy ( decl9e1 #de1 #df2 ,_w ,w> z type ( *ange1 #df-dh2 inf9ite space z prime symbol1 art expression1 #ha1 #hf1 #hg1 #hi1 #agd- #agh1 #ahd-ahg1 #aih-bja1 #bbd1 #bbi-bcb1 #bci-bdb1 #bha-bhe1 #ccg2 & popul>ity1 #he1 #bdc1 #cbf-cbh1 #cfb2 hi/oric basis1 de/9y-idea1 #ig1 #abi1 #acj1 #acc-ace1 #adc1 #ade1 #cfc2 morphological aspect1 #ajj2 dramatic =m1 #abi2 expression ( s\l1 portrait1 #acj1 #bfj-bff1 #cjd2 & c>e & sex1 #acf2 attitude t[>d /ate1 #acg2 economic organization1 #ach2 religi\s expression1 #adj1 #ahe-ahh1 #cab1 #cih-dja2 ,franco-,spani% p]iod ( maturity1 #adh1 #aejn42 ,engli% basis ( ,civilization1 #aea1 #cga2 f9al te/ ( =esee+ de/9y1 #aei2 bir? ( s\l1 attributes1 #afg1 #ahc2 lit]>y expression1 #ahe-ahh2 art-"w & s5se-organ1 imag9ation1 #bbj2 secul>ization ( arts1 #bcj2 =m & cont5t1 #bdb2 position ( sculpture1 #bdd2 col\r symbol1 #bde-bdg1 #bej2 bru%work z symbol1 #bdi2 unity1 #beb2 & mo!rhood1 #bff-bfh2 languages1 #cjbn42 z w-culture1 #cjh-cab2 & "t ( day1 #cbd2 significance ( a/ronomy1 #ccj-ccb2 & discov]y1 #ccb-ccg2 aspects ( e?ics1 #cfg-cfi2 culture & dogma1 #daj2 spiritual epo*s1 table i2 art epo*s1 table ii2 political epo*s1 table iii4 ,see also ,art2 ,civilization2 ,cultures2 ,hi/ory2 ,nature2 ,politics2 ,_s ,weyd51 ,rogi] van d]4 ,see ,rogi] ,wilhelm1 ,mei/]1 pa9t+1 #bfc ,w1 free w & de/9y1 #adj1 #ada2 unexpla9able1 #bii2 z ,we/]n concept1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cjh-cac2 & reason1 #cjh2 & ,we/]n concept ( ,god1 #cab2 & "*1 #cad2 & life1 #cae2 & ,we/]n morale1 #cda-cde1 #cgc ,willa]t1 ,adrian1 music1 9 ,italy1 #bcf1 #beb ,w9ckelmann1 ,johann ,j41 n>r[ ,classicalism1 #bhn4 ,w9d in/rum5ts1 col\r expression1 #bebn4 ,w9d[1 cultural significance1 #aii1 #baj1 #bbd ,wo]mann1 ,k>l1 on catacomb ,madonna1 #acgn4 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 _w-outlook1 #adb2 =e/-long+1 #ahf1 #cig2 & ,grail1 #bacn42 & popul>ity1 #bdc2 tragic me?od1 #cai1 #cbd ,woodw9d in/rum5ts1 col\r expression1 #bebn4 ,^w1 relation to numb]1 #eg4 ,see also ,language2 ,names ,"w1 ,prote/ant works1 #cafn42 & de$1 #cee2 & ,socialism1 #cfb2 ,we/]n concept1 #dac ,_w1 & s\l & life1 #ed ,_w-,a% ,yggdrasil1 z symbol1 #cif ,_w conceptions1 hi/orical & natural1 ov]lapp+1 #ih-ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aai1 #aec1 #aed1 #aeh2 7diagram71 #aed2 symbolic1 #afc-afe2 happ5+ & hi/ory1 #aec4 ,see also ,hi/ory2 ,macrocosm2 ,nature ,_w-end1 z symbol ( ,we/]n s\l1 #cfc1 #dbc ,_w-fe>1 creative expression1 #gi-ha ,_w-long+1 developm5t1 & _w-fe>1 #gh-ha ,_w ,w>1 & ,sp5gl]'s !ories1 ix1 xv2 z type ( hi/orical *ange ( phase1 #df-dh1 #aajn42 contempor>ies1 table iii ,writ+1 alphabet & hi/orical consci\sness1 #abn42 z ornam5t1 #aidn41 #aign4 ,see also ,language ,wrzburg1 ,m>i5kir*e & /yle1 #bjj2 ma/]-build]s1 #bjg ,wu-ti1 contempor>ies1 table iii ,yahweh1 dualism1 #cab1 #djb ,yang-*u1 practical philosophy1 #de ,yell[1 symbolism1 #bdf ,yggdrasil1 z symbol1 #cif ,yoga doctr9e1 #cee2 contempor>ies1 table i ,y\?1 & future1 #aeb ,zama1 z m>k+ a p]iod1 #cf ,z>a?u/ra4 ,see ,zoroa/] ,z>l9o1 ,giuseppe1 music1 #bcj1 #bhb ,z5d ,ave/a1 dualism1 #cjf1 #cjg2 & nature1 #cic2 contempor>ies1 table i ,z5o1 ( ,elea4 ,see ,eleatic philosophy ,z5o1 ! ,/oic1 e?ic1 #cdg1 #ced2 "* ( ,nihilism1 #ceg2 & ma!matics1 #cff2 contempor>ies1 table i ,z5odorus1 z ,arabian ?9k]1 #fc ,z]o1 ,classical ma!matic &1 #ff-fh2 & !ory ( ! limit1 #hf2 cultural conception1 #agh ,zeuxis1 pa9t+1 light & %ad[1 #bjg1 #bdbn41 #bhc1 #cben4 ,zola1 ,emile1 j\rnalism1 #cfj ,zoroa/]1 ,nietzs*e's 8,z>a?u/ra01 #cj1 #cdb1 #cfc1 #cgj1 #cga2 unimpos$ my/ic b5efits1 #cddn42 ,arabian epic1 #djb4 ,see also ,z5d ,ave/a ,zw+]1 ( ,dresd51 9 /yle hi/ory1 #ajh1 #bjg1 #bhe ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,tables ,,table ,i4 8,,contempor>y0 ,,spiritual ,,epo*s ,,indian ,,classical ,,arabian ,,we/]n 7f #aejj7 7f #aajj7 7f #j47 7f #ijj7 ,,spr+4 ,i4 ,,bir? ,,( ,a ,,my? ,,( ,,! ,,gr& ,,/yle1 ,,express+ ,a ,,new ,,god-,,feel+4 ,,_w-,,fe>4 ,,_w-,,long+ 7,rural-intuit- #aejj-abjj #aajj-hjj #j-cjj #ijj-abjj ive4 ,great crea- ,v$ic religion ,hell5ic-,ital- ,primitive ,g]man ,ca?olicism tions ( ! ian 8,demet]0 ,*ri/ianity ,edda 7,baldr7 newly-awak5$ religion ( 7,m&aeans1 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 dream-heavy ,s\l4 ! p ,gnosis1 ,sync- ,joa*im ( ,floris1 ,sup]-p]sonal retism ,m>cion1 ,francis ( ,assisi unity & ful- 7,mi?ras1 ,baal7 ,popul> ,epos ness7 ,aryan h]o- ,hom] ,gospels4 ,apoca- 7,siegfri$7 tales lypses ,we/]n leg5ds ( ! ,h]acles & ,*ri/ian1 ,maz- ,sa9ts ,!seus dai/ & leg5ds pagan leg5ds ,,ii4 ,,e>lie/ ,,my/ical-,,metaphysical ,,%ap+ ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,_w-,,outlook ,,z5i? ,,( ,,s*ola/icism ,pres]v$ 9 ,olde/ 7oral7 ,orig5 7d4 #bed71,?omas ,aqu9as 7d4 olde/ p>ts ( ,orphic1 ,etruscan,plot9us 7d4 #abgd71 ,duns ,scotus 7d4 ! ,v$as discipl9e #bfi71 ,mani 7d4 #acjh71 ,dante 7d4 #acba7 #bgf71 ,iambli*us& ,eckh>dt 7d4 #acbi7 7d4 #ccj7 ,aft]-effect2 ,ave/a1 ,talmud4 ,my/icism4 ,hesiod1 ,patri/ic ,s*ola/icism ,cosmogonies lit]ature ,,summ]4 ,,iii4 ,,re=mation3 ,,int]nal ,,popul> ,,opposition ,,to ,,! ,,great ,,spr+time ,,=ms 7,rip5+ ,brahmanas4 ,orphic movem5t4,augu/9e 7d4 ,nicolaus ,cusanus 7d4 consci\sness4 ,olde/ p>ts ( ,dionysiac #dcj7 #adfd7 ,e>lie/ urban ,upani%ads 7#aj?religion4 8,numa0,ne/orians ,john ,hus 7d4 #acjh7 & critical & #i? religion7#g? 7ab\t #dcj7 ,savon>ola1 ,k>l/adt1 /irr+s7 ,c5turies7 ,c5tury7 ,monophysites ,lu!r1 ,calv9 7d4 7ab\t #dej7 #aefd7 ,mazdak 7ab\t #ejj7 ,,iv4 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,a ,,purely ,,philosophical ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,_w-,,feel+4 ,,opposition ,,( ,,ideali/ic ,,& ,,reali/ic ,,sy/ems ,pres]v$ 9 ,! great ,pre- ,byzant9e1 ,galileo1 ,bacon1 ,upani%ads ,socratics 7#f? ,jewi%1 ,syrian1 ,desc>tes1 ,bruno1 & #e? ,coptic & ,boehme1 ,leibniz4 #af? ,c5turies7 ,p]sian & #ag? ,c5turies lit]ature ( #f? & #g? ,c5turies ,v4 ,,=mation ,,( ,a ,,new ,,ma!matic ,,conception ,,( ,,numb] ,,z ,,copy ,,& ,,cont5t ,,( ,,_w-,,=m 7lo/7 ,numb] z ,! indef9ite ,numb] z ,function magnitude numb] 7,algebra77analysis7 7proportion7 ,geometry4 ,ari?metic ,py?agoreans 7developm5t n,desc>tes1 ,pascal1 7f #edj7 yet ,f]mat 7ca4 #afcj7 inve/igat$7 ,newton & ,leibniz 7ca4 #afgj7 ,,vi4 ,,puritanism4 ,,rationali/ic-,,my/ic ,,impov]i%m5t ,,( ,,religion 7lo/7 ,py?agorean ,mohamm$ 7#fbb7 ,engli% ,puritans society ,paulicians & 7f #afbj7 7f #edj7 ,iconocla/s ,fr5* ,jans5i/s 7f #fej7 f #afdj7 ,port ,royal ,,autumn4 ,,vii4 8,,enlight5m5t40 ,,belief ,,9 ,,almight9ess ,,( ,,reason4 ,,cult ,,( 8,,nature40 8,,rational0 ,,religion 7,intellig5ce ,sutras2 ,sankhya2,sophi/s ( ,mutazilites ,engli% ,ration- ( ! ,city4 ,z5- ,buddha2 lat] ! #e? ,c5- ali/s 7,locke7 i? ( /rict ,upani%ads tury ,sufism ,fr5* ,encyc- intellectual cre- ,socrates 7d4 lopa$i/s ativ5ess7 #cii7 ,nazzam1 7,voltaire7 ,democritus 7d4 ,alk9di ,r\sseau ca4 #cfj7 7ab\t #hcj7 ,,viii4 ,,z5i? ,,( ,,ma!matical ,,?\ght4 ,,elucidation ,,( ,,! ,,=m-,,_w ,,( ,,numb]s 7lo/7 ,ar*ytas 7d4 7n inve/- ,eul] 7d4 #agfc71 #cfe7 igat$7 ,lagrange 7d4 #ahac71 ,plato 7d4 #cdf7 7,!ory ( ,laplace 7d4 #ahbg7 7,z]o z 7,conic ,sections7 numb]4 7,! ,inf9itesimal numb]7 ,sph]ical problem7 ,trigonometry7 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,great ,,conclusive ,,sy/ems ,idealism ,s*ell+ ,yoga1 ,v$anta ,plato 7d4 ,alf>abi 7d4 ,goe! ,epi/emology #cdf7 #iej7 ,hegel ,valca%ika ,ari/otle 7d4 ,avic5na 7d4 ,kant ,logic ,nyaya #cbb7 ca4#ajjj7 ,fi*te ,,w9t]4 ,x4 ,,mat]iali/ic ,,_w-,,outlook4 ,,cult ,,( ,,sci5ce1 ,,utility ,,& ,,prosp]ity 7,dawn ( ,mega- ,sankhya1 ,cynics1 ,cyr- ,communi/ic1 ,b5?am1 ,comte1 lopolitan ,civ- ,ts*>vaka enaics a!i/ic1 ,d>w9 ilization4 ,ex- 7,lokoyata7 ,la/ ,soph- ,epicurean sects,sp5c]1 ,/irn]1 t9ction ( i/s 7,pyr- ( ,abbassid ,m>x spiritual cre- rhon7 times4 8,bre?- ,feu]ba* ative =ce4 r5 ( ,s9c]- ,life itself be- ity0 comes problem- ,,xi4 ,,e?ical-,,social ,,ideals ,,( ,,life4 ,,epo* ,,( 8,,unma!matical ,,philosophy40 atical4 ,e?ical- ,,skepsis practical t5d- encies ( an ,t5d5cies ,hell5ism ,movem5ts ,s*op5hau]1 irreligi\s & 9 ,buddha's 9 ,islam ,nietzs*e unmetaphysical "t ,socialism1 cosmopolitan- ,an>*ism ism7 ,hebbel1 ,wag- n]1 ,ibs5 ,,xii4 ,,inn] ,,completion ,,( ,,! ,,ma!matical ,,=m-,,_w4 ,,! ,,conclud+ ,,?\ght 7lo/7 ,euclid1 ,al*w>izmi ,gauss 7d4 #ahee7 ,apollonius 7#hjj7 7ab\t #cjj7 ,ibn ,kurra 7#hej7 ,cau*y 7d4 #aheg7 ,ar*im$es ,alk>*i1 ,riemann 7d4 #ahff7 7ab\t #bej7 ,albiruni 7#aj? ,c5tury7 ,,xiii4 ,,degradation ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,?9k+ ,,into ,,pr(essional ,,lecture-,,room ,,philosophy4 ,,comp5dium ,,lit]ature ,! 8,six ,class- ,academy1 ,p]i-1 ,s*ools ( ,kantians4 ical ,sy/ems0 patos1 ,/o- ,baghdad & 8,logicians0 ics1 ,epicur- ,basra & 8,psy*o- eans logi/s0 ,,xiv4 ,,spread ,,( ,a ,,f9al ,,_w-,,s5tim5t ,indian ,buddhism ,hell5i/ic- ,practical ,e?ical ,socialism f ,roman ,/oicism fatalism 9 #aijj f #bjj ,islam aft] #ajjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,table ,,ii4 8,,contempor>y0 ,,culture ,,epo*s ,,egyptian ,,classical ,,arabian ,,we/]n ,,pre-,,cultural ,,p]iod4 ,,*aos ,,( ,,primitive ,,expression ,,=ms4 ,,my/ical ,,symbolism ,,& ,,na,,ve ,,imitation ,?9ite ,p]iod ,myc5ean ,age ,p]sian- ,m]ov+ian- ,seleucid ,c>ol+ian ,p]iod ,era 7#cdjj-cjjj7 7#afjj-agjj7 7#ejj-j7 7#ejj-ijj7 ,late-,egyptian ,late-,classical 7,m9oan7 7,hell5i/ic7 ,late-,babylonian ,late-,indian 7,asia ,m9or7 7,indo- ,iranian7 ,,excitation ,,culture4 ,,life-,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,/yle ,,=mative ,,( ,,! ,,entire ,,inn]-,,be+4 ,,=m- ,,language ,,( ,,deepe/ ,,symbolic ,,necessity ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,p]iod,,old ,,k+dom ,,doric ,,e>ly-,,arabian ,,go?ic ,,=m-,,_w4 7,ornam5t & 7#bijj-bdjj7 7#aajj-ejj7 7,sassanid1 7#ijj-aejj7 ar*itecture z ,byzant9e1 elem5t>y ,arm5ian1 expression ( ! ,syrian1 "y _w- ,saban1 feel+47 7,! 8,late- 8,primitives07 ,classical0 & 8,e>ly ,*ri/ian0 7#j-ejj7 #a4 ,bir? & ,rise4 ,=ms sprung f ! ,l&1 unconsci\sly %ap$ ,dyna/ies ,,iv-,v4 #aa? to #i? #a/ to #crd #aa? to #ac? ,c5turies ,c5turies ,c5turies 7#bicj-bfbe7 ,cult int]iors ,basilica1 ,romanesque & ,cupola ,e>ly-,go?ic 7,pan!on z vault$ ,mosque7 ca!drals ,geometrical ,timb] build+ ,temple /yle ,pyramid temples ,doric column ,column-&-ar*,fly+ buttress ,rank$ plant- ,ar*itrave ,/em-trac]y ,glass-pa9t+1 columns fill+ ,ca!dral blanks ,r[s ( flat- ,geometric ,s>cophagus sculpture relief 7,dipylon7 /yle ,tomb /atues ,burial urns #b4 ,completion ( ! e>ly =m-language4 ,exhau/ion ( possibilities4 ,contradiction ,,vi ,dyna/y #h? & #g? #d-e? ,c5turies#ad-ae? 7#bfbe-begd7 ,c5turies ,c5turies ,ext9ction ( ,end ( ar*aic ,end ( ,syrian1 ,late ,go?ic & pyramid-/yle ,doric-,etruscan ,p]sian1 & ,r5aissance & epic- /yle ,coptic idyllic relief pictorial art /yle ,floraison ( ,proto-,cor9?ian-,rise ( mosaic-,floraison & ar*aic ,e>ly-,attic pictur+ & wan+ ( portrait- 7my?ological7 ( arabesque fresco & pla/ic vase /atue4 ,f pa9t+ ,giotto 7,go?ic7 to ,mi*elangelo 7,b>oque74 ,si5a1 ,nrnb]g4 ,! ,go?ic picture f ,van ,eyck to ,holbe94 ,c\nt]po9t & oil- pa9t+ ,,ii4 ,,late ,,p]iod ,,middle ,,k+dom ,,ionic ,,late-,,arabian ,,b>oque 7,=mation ( 7#baej-ahjj7 7#fej-cej7 ,,=m-,,_w 7#aejj-ahjj7 a gr\p ( arts 7,p]sian-,ne/- urban & con- orian1 ,byz- sci\s1 9 ! ant9e-,arm- h&s ( individ- enian1 ,islam- uals7 78,great ic ,moori%7 ,ma/]s07 7#ejj-hjj7 #c4 ,=mation ( a mature arti/ry ,x,ith ,dyna/y4 ,completion ( ,completion ( ,! pictorial ,delicate & ! temple- ( ! mosque- /yle 9 tell+ art body 7,p]i- int]ior 7,c5- ar*itecture 7,almo/ no pt]os1/one7 tral dome ( f ,mi*el- traces left7 ,! ,ionic col- ,hagia ,sophia7 angelo to ,b]- umn n9i 7d4 #afhj7 ,reign ( fresco- ,z5i? ( mos- ,reign ( oil- pa9t+ till aic pa9t+ pa9t+ f ,polygnotus ,titian to ,rem- 7#dfj7 br&t 7d4 ,rise ( free ,completion ( #affd7 pla/ic 89 ! c>pet- ,rise ( music ! r\nd0 l arabesque f ,orl&o 78,apollo ( /yle 7,ma*at- ,lasso to ,h4 ,t5ea0 to ta7 ,s*tz 7d4 ,hageladas7 #afga7 #d4 ,p]fection ( an intellectualiz$ =m-language ,x,i,ith ,dyna/y ,maturity ( ,ommayads ,rococo 7#bjjj-aghh7 ,a!ns 7#dhj- #cej7 ,pylon-temple1 ,! ,acropolis 7#g?-#h? ,musical ,labyr9? ,c5tury7 ar*itecture 78,rococo07 ,"*- ,reign ( ,complete ,reign ( /atu>y & ,classical victory ( classical hi/orical pla/ic f featureless music f reliefs ,myron to arabesque ,ba* to ,phidias ov] ,moz>t ar*itecture also ,end ( /rict ,end ( fresco & classical c]amic oil-pa9t+ pa9t+ 7,watteau to 7,zeuxis7 ,goya7 #e4 ,exhau/ion ( /rict creativ5ess4 ,dissolution ( gr& =m4 ,end ( ! ,/yle4 8,classicism0 & 8,romanticism0 ,confusion aft] ,! age ( 8,h>\n-al- ,empire & ab\t #agej ,alex&] ,ras*id0 ,bi$]mey] 7ab\t #hjj7 7,no rema9s7 ,! ,cor9?ian 8,moori% ,art0 ,classici/ column ta/e 9 ar*itecture ,lysippus & ,bee?ov51 ,apelles ,delacroix ,,civilization4 ,,exi/5ce ,,)\t ,,inn] ,,=m4 ,,megalopolitan ,,art ,,z ,a ,,commonplace3 ,,luxury1 ,,sport1 ,,n]ve-,,excitem5t3 ,,rapidly-,,*ang+ ,,fa%ions ,,9 ,,art 7,,revivals1 ,,arbitr>y ,,discov]ies1 ,,borr[+s7 #a4 8,mod]n ,art40 8,art problems40 ,attempts to portray or to excite ! megalopolitan consci\sness4 ,trans=mation ( ,music1 ar*itecture & pa9t+ into m]e craft- arts ,hyksos ,p]iod ,hell5ism ,sultan #ai? & #bj? dyna/ies ( ,c5turies #i?-#aj? ,c5tury 7,pres]v$ only ,p]gam5e ,art ,liszt1 ,b]lioz1 9 ,crete2 7!atricality7 ,wagn] ,m9oan art7 ,hell5i/ic ,prime ( ,impressionism pa9t+ modes ,spani%- f 7v]i/ic1 ,sicilian art ,con/able to biz>re1 ,leibl & subjective7 ,manet ,ar*itectural ,sam>ra ,am]ican display 9 ! ar*itecture cities ( ! ,diado*i #b4 ,end ( =m-developm5t4 ,mean+less1 empty1 artificial1 pret5ti\s ar*itecture & ornam5t4 ,imitation ( ar*aic & exotic motives ,,xviii ,dyna/y ,roman ,p]iod ,seljuks 7f ,f #bjjj 7#aehj-acej7 7#ajj-j-ajj7 #ajej7 ,rock temple ( ,indiscrim9ate 8,ori5tal ,dehr-el-,bahri4 pil+ ( all ,art0 ( ! ,memnon- ?ree ord]s4 ,crusade ,colossi4 ,art ,=a1 !atres p]iod ( ,cnossos & 7,colosseum74 ,am>na ,triumphal ar*es #c4 ,f9ale4 ,=mation ( a fix$ /ock ( =ms4 ,imp]ial display by means ( mat]ial & mass4 ,prov9cial craft-art ,,xix ,dyna/y ,trajan to ,mongol ,p]iod ,f #bjjj 7#acej-abje7 ,aurelian 7f #abej7 ,gigantic ,gigantic =a1 ,gigantic build+s ( !rm1 build+s ,luxor1 ,k>nak colonnades1 7e4g4 9 & ,abydos4 triumphal ,india7 ar*es ,small-art 7bea/,roman prov9cial ,ori5tal craft- pla/ic1 art 7c]amic1 art textiles1 /atu>y1 arms7 7rugs1arms1 arms7 implem5ts7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,table ,,iii4 8,,contempor>y0 ,,political ,,epo*s ,,egyptian ,,classical ,,*9ese ,,we/]n ,,pre-,,cultural ,,p]iod4 ,,primitive ,,folk4 ,,tribes ,,& ,,_! ,,*iefs4 ,,z ,,yet ,,no 8,,politics0 ,,& ,,no 8,,/ate0 ,?9ite ,p]iod ,myc5ean ,age ,%ang ,p]iod ,franki% ,p]iod 7,m5es7 78,agamemnon07 7,*>lemagne7 #cdjj-cjjj #afjj-aajj 7#agjj-acjj7 7#ejj-ijj7 ,,culture4 ,,national ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,def9ite ,,/yle ,,& ,,p>ticul> ,,_w-,,feel+4 8,,nations40 ,,work+ ,,( ,,an ,,imman5t ,,/ate-,,idea ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,p]iod4 ,organic articulation ( political exi/5ce4 ,! two prime classes 7noble & prie/74 ,feudal economics2 purely agr>ian values #a4 ,feudalism4 ,,old ,,k+dom ,,doric ,,p]iod ,,e>ly ,,*\ ,,go?ic ,,p]iod ,_s ( c\ntry- 7#bijj-bdjj7 7#aajj-fej7 ,,p]iod 7#ijj-aejj7 side & c\ntry- ,feudal conditions,! ,hom]ic 7#acjj-hjj7 ,roman-,g]man man4 ,! 8,city0 ( ,,iv ,dyna/y k+ ,! c5tral ,imp]ial p]- only a m>ket or ,increas+ p[] 7,wang7 iod /ronghold4 ,*iv- ( feudatories ,rise ( ! press$ ,crusad+ nob- alric-religi\s & prie/- nobility h>d by ! ility ideals4 ,/ruggles hoods 7,i?aca4 ,et- feudal nob- ,empire & ( ideals4 ,/rug- ,! ,ph>aoh z ruria1 ,sp>ta7 ility ,papacy gles ( vassals inc>nation ( among/ !m- ,ra selves & a- ga9/ ov]lord #b4 ,crisis & ,,vi ,dyna/y4 ,ari/ocratic #icd-ijd4 ,i-,wang ,t]ritorial dissolution ( ,break-up ( ! synoecism & ! vassals pr9ces patri>*al =ms ,k+dom into ,dissolution ( ,r5aissance ,f feudalism to h]itable k9%ip into #hdb4 t[ns4 ari/ocratic ,/ate pr9cipalities4 annual (fices ,int]regnum ,lanca/] & ,,vii & ,,viii ,olig>*y ,york ,dyna/ies1 #abed int]regnum ,int]regnum ,,ii4 ,,late ,,p]iod4 ,actualiz+ ( ! matur$ ,/ate-idea4 ,t[n v]sus c\ntryside4 ,rise ( ,?ird ,e/ate 7,b\rgeoisie74 ,victory ( money ov] l&$ prop]ty #c4 ,fa%ion+ ( a,,middle ,,k+dom ,,ionic ,,p]iod ,,late ,,*\ ,,p]iod ,,b>oque ,,p]iod _w ( ,/ates ( 7#baej-ahjj7 7#fej-cjj7 7#hjj-ejj7 7#aejj-ahjj7 /rict =m4 ,x,ith ,dyna/y4 #f? ,c5tury4 ,p]iod ( ! ,dyna/ic ,frondes ,ov]?r[ ( ,fir/ 8,protectors0 family p[]1 ! b>onage by ,tyrannis4 7,m+-,*u #fhe- ,fronde ! rul]s ( 7,clei/h5es1 #eia7 & ! 7,ri*elieu1 ,!bes4 ,p]i&]1 rul]s ( ,wall5/e91 ,c5traliz$ ,polycrates1 ,!bes4 ,cromwell7 bureaucracy- ! ,t>qu9s47 congresses ( ab\t #afcj4 /ate ,! ,city- pr9ces 7-#dfj7 ,/ate4 #d4 ,climax ( ,x,i,ith ,dyna/y ,! pure ,polis ,*un-,*iu p]- ,anci5 ,rgime4 ! ,/ate-=m 7#bjjj-aghh7 7absolutism ( iod 78,spr+0 ,rococo4 78,absolutism07 ,/ricte/ c5t- ! ,demos74 & 8,autumn071 ,c\rt nobility ,unity ( t[n & ralization ( ,agora politics #eij-dhj ( ,v]sailles4 8,society40 ,! p[] ,rise ( ! ,sev5 p[]s ,cab9et poli- 8?ree e/ates07 ,c\rt & f9- tribunate ,p]fection ( tics ance nobility ,!mi/ocles1 social =ms ,habsburg & ,p]icles 7,li7 ,b\rbon4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great #e4 ,break-up ( #aghh-afhj4 ,rev- #d? ,c5tury4 #dhj4 ,beg9n+ ,end ( ,,xviii ! ,/ate-=m olution & ,social revol- ( ! ,*an- ,c5tury4 ,rev- 7,revolution & milit>y gov]n- ution & ,sec- ,kwo p]iod olution 9 ,ame- ,napoleonism74 m5t4 ,decay ( ond ,tyrannis ica & ,france ,victory ( ! ! realm4 ,small 7,dionysius ,i1 7,wa%+ton1 city ov] ! pot5tates1 9 ,jason ( ,phe- #dda4 ,fall ( ,fox1 ,mira- c\ntryside 7( "s cases rae1 ,appius ! ,*\ dyn- beau1 ,robes- ! 8p0 sprung f ! ,claudius ! a/y pi]re7 ov] ! priv- p ,c5sor7 ,revolutions & ileg$1 ( ! annihilation- ,napoleon intellig5tsia ,alex&] w>s ov] tradition1 ( money ov] policy7 ,,civilization4 ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,! ,,p1 ,,n[ ,,ess5tially ,,urban ,,9 ,,con/itution1 ,,dissolves ,,into ,,=mless ,,mass4 ,,megalopolis ,,& ,,prov9ces4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,e/ate 78,,masses071 ,,inorganic1 ,,cosmopolitan #a4 ,dom9ation ( #afhj 7#aghh7 #cjj-ajj4 ,politi-#dhj-bcj4 ,p]iod #ahjj-bjjj4 ,x,i,xth ,money 78,democracy07 -#aehj4 ,hyksos cal ,hell5ism4 ( ! 8,cont5d- ,c5tury4 ,f ,economic p[]s p]iod4 ,deepe/ ,f ,alex&] + ,/ates0 ,napoleon to ! p]meat+ ! pol- decl9e4,dicta- to ,hannibal &#bhh4 ,! ,imp]ial ,_w-,w>4 itical =ms & tures ( ali5 ,scipio royal title 8,sy/em ( ! au?orities g5]als 7,*ian7 all-p[]2 f,! imp]iali/ ,great ,p[]s10 ,aft] #afjj ,cleom5es ,,iii /atesm5 ( /&+ arm- def9itive & ,c4 ,flam9- ,ts9 ies1 con/it- victory ( ! ius 7#bbj7 to ,f #bhi incorp- utions4 ,x,xth- rul]s ( ,c4 ,m>ius1 rad- oration ( ! ,c5tury trans- ,!bes ical demagogues la/ /ates 9 ition f ! ,empire con/itutional to in=mal sway ( indivi- duals4 ,annihi- lation w>s4,imp]ialism ,imp]ialism #b4 ,=mation ( #aehj-acej4 #ajj-j-ajj4 ,sulla ,cs>ism4 ,victory ,x,v,i,i,ith ,dyna/y to ,domitian #bej-j-bf4 ,h\se ( =ce-politics ( ,wang-,*5g ov] money4 ,9- & ,we/]n ,han #ajjj-abjj creas+ primitive- ,dyna/y ness ( political ,?u?mosis ,,iii ,cs>1 ,tib]ius #bba4 ,augu/us =ms4 ,inw>d de- -title 7,%i7 cl9e ( ! nat- ( ,emp]or ions into a =m- ,hwang-,ti less population1 #adj-hj4 ,wu-ti & con/itution !re( z an ,imp- erium ( gradually- increas+ crudity ( despotism #c4 ,matur+ ( !#acej-abje4 ,x,i,xth #ajj-cjj4 ,trajan #be-bbj ,a4,d4 f9al =m4 ,private,dyna/y to ,aurelian ,ea/]n ,han aft] #abjj & family policies ,dyna/y ( individual ,se?os ,i ,trajan1 ,septi- #eh-ga4 ,m+-ti lead]s4 ,! _w mius ,sev]us z spoil4 ,egyptic- ism1 ,m&>9ism1 ,rameses ,,ii ,byzant9ism4 ,8- tory less /iff5- + & enfeeble- m5t ev5 ( ! imp]ial ma*9- ery1 aga9/ "y peoples eag] = spoil1 or ali5 conqu]ors4 ,primi- tive human condi- tions sl[ly ?ru/ up into ! highly-civiliz$ mode ( liv+ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! use ( an extra #8,s' 9 ! "n ( #8,hagia ,s ,sophia' on p4 #bjj is que/ionable4 ,if x is an abbreviation ( #8,sa9t' z x is a l9e e>ly1 x is r$undant "h giv5 ! ^w #8,hagia'1 mean+ ! same ?+4 ,on p4 #djg1 footnotes #ejh & #eji ref] to ! same "w1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]4 ,h[ev] ! citation ( ! fir/ note is g>bl$1 z ,kult4 und4 ,relig4 d4 ,rm]4 ,9 ! ,index1 a ref]5ce to ! effect on natural sci5ce ( ! ,relativity ,!ory 0 corrupt$ z #8#ai2d'4 ,! prop] page is p4 #dai1 & ! ref]5ce is correct$4 ,! page ref]5ce to a note on ,goe! & ,mat]ialism %\ld h be5 to p4 #aaa1 n p4 #baa4 ,! page ref]5ces 9 footnote #dhf mo/ likely ref] to ,volume ,,ii1 s9ce ! two pages m5tion$ conta9 no p]t95t mat]ial4 ,!re are a numb] ( index entries :i* ref] to footnotes on a giv5 page :ile ! topics appe> 9 ! ma9 text4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t ! prep>ation ( ! ,index 0 n review$ aft] ! f9al v]sion ( ! text 0 complete4 ,^! ref]5ces h be5 am5d$ to direct ! read] to ! correct page3 ,int]cultural ,contemporaneity 7multiple times7 7p4 #aab71 ,frescos 7p4 #bbe71 ,tasso 7p4 #cbe71 ,! ref]5ce to ,sa9t ,john & _w-hi/ory z a note on p4 #ah seems incorrect4 ,footnote #ac on t page ref]s to ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,! ref]5ce is left unl9k$4 ,on p4 vi ( ! ,index1 a cross-ref]5c$ #8,mo!rl&' topic is miss+4 ,m9or punctuation lapses 9 ! ,index h be5 correct$ )\t fur!r notice4 ,o!r errors deem$ mo/ likely to be ! pr9t]'s h be5 correct$1 & are not$ "h4 ,! ref]5ces are to ! page & l9e 9 ! orig9al4 xvii4#ah ,geometry & ari?emetic ,remov$4 #h4d lead to a naturali/ic1 ,*ronology ,remov$4 #h4bg !re is c]ta9tly no _w-hi/ory ,remov$4 #ab4bi unp>allelled 9 art-hi/ory ,remov$4 #be4ai all ^! arbitrary & n>r[ s*emes ,ins]t$4 #bf4ci occurr+ fu_/or u ,replac$4 #cg4bj & !ori_/etically ,replac$4 #fb4db de souda9et et de c]titude absolue ,add$4 #hb4cj ,! ,greek me_/a!maticians ,replac$4 #abf4ce approa*$ ^! "qs ,add$4 #abh4ah a glad mat]ialization ( ! spiritual4 ,ins]t$4 #abi4ci _/ _/ _/ ,replac$4 4 #abi4da 444 _/ ' ,replac$4 #acc4dc 7 u_/o _/ _/ ,replac$4 7 #acd4cf 8,h&book ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,antiquities704 ,add$4 #acd4dc 8,h&book ( ,may on ,antiquities40 ,add$4 #aej4da 0 ?or\ghly ,engli% 9 _s ,ins]t$4 #aia4bb 7mits*w+5 in_/m ,leb5/akte7 ,replac$4 #bjj4af ,hagia ,s ,sophia 9 ,con/ant9ople ,remov$4 #bab4cj ,"h !re 0 no brilliant in/ant ,ins]t$4 #bac4db ,ency4 ,brit41 ,,xi ,ed47 ,add$4 #bbg4bh to ! h>pis_/si*ord ,transpos$4 #bfi4bd absorb$ philosoph] ,ins]t$4 #bfi4ch important & significant ,ins]t$4 #bgj4cd compare 8 unbridl$ dynamism ,ins]t$4 #bga4dc ,olda*1 ,wasmann1 ,rayski & _m ano!r ,ins]t$4 #bgg4ah he %att]eed ! canon ,remov$4 #bhh4ci x is s ?or\ghly irreligi\s ,ins]t$4 #bij4ca some?+ ( ,rembr&t's pro_/ortraiture ,transpos$4 #bii4f ,e pr(ess$ philosoph] ,ins]t$4 #cjb4bg ! ess5s_/ce ( ! s\l ,replac$4 #cjg4af ( our ,nature-picture4 ,add$4 #cjg4dj ,gess_/ch4 d4 neu]5 ,philosophie ,replac$4 #cac4db ,ins]t$4 #cah4f _/ _/ 4 ,replac$4 #ccj4be t w\ld n in_/mpugn ! primacy ,replac$4 #ccc4dc q indep5d5tly ( gunp[der ,ins]t$4 #cee4h oppressive actualitites ,remov$4 #cfj4ah spiritual pro/itution ,ins]t$4 #cfc4ca :at %\ld be de/roy$ ,ins]t$4 #cgc4cj d] politis*5 ,o_/konomie ,replac$4 #djj4cf ,mov_/reov]1 x is only ,replac$4 #daj4b 9 its attitude torw>ds tol]ation ,remov$4 a4iii4#bj ,see ,b>tholommeo ,remov$4 a4v4#da ,calculus1 & ,classical a/romon_/nomy ,transpos$4 a4vi4#ag ance/oral wor%ip ,remov$4 a4xii4#cc ,we/]n ma?ematic & t]m ,ins]t$4 a4xiii4#dg wids_/sdom & intellect ,transpos$4 a4xxv4#de intellect & wids_/sdom ,transpos$4 a4xxviii4#ch ,t>t9i1 ,gui_/iuseppe ,transpos$4 a4xxix4#db #8_/8space ( "t0 ,replac$4 a4xxxi4#aa ,wey d51 ,rogi] van d]4 ,remov$4 t#c4bj dissolution ( ,ins]t$4