,transcrib]'s note3 ,italic font is indicat$ by und]scores4 ,bold font is indicat$ by ! equals symbol4 ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,apo!c>ies' ,co41 ,ceylon ,,bur/ ,,( ,,! ,,s\?-,,we/ ,,monsoon ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,colombo ,,breakwat] ,frontispiece ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep ,,& ,,:at ,,we ,,"k ,,( ,,x ,,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,,au?or ,,( 8,,sun1 ,,moon1 ,,& ,,/>s02 8,,radiant ,,suns02 8,,roy1 ,a ,,tale ,,( ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,sir ,,john ,,moore02 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 8,if ,i _h ask$ !e1 say+1 ,h[ _m dwell+s are !re 9 ! he>t ( ! ,sea8 444 p]adv5ture ?\ w\ld/ say unto me1 ,i nev] w5t d[n into ! ,deep40 #b ,esdras iv4 #g4 ,,) ,,illu/rations ,london ,c4 ,ar?ur ,pe>son ,ltd4 ,h5rietta ,/reet #aijb ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,rev]$ ,,memory ,,( ,,victoria ,,! ,,great1 ,r4,i4 ,,sov]eign ,,lady ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,empire ,,que5 ,,( ,,! ,,ocean ,,& ,,"m ,,( ,,h] ,,p ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,roy ,a ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,p59sul> ,,w> ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 ) illu/rations1 price #es4 ,,press ,,notices 8,an int]e/+ & well-/udi$ romance ( milit>y adv5ture40--,scotsman4 8,! illu/rations are good1 ! writ+ is pi?y1 & ! tone well calculat$ to inspire y\?ful read]s ) l(ty ambitions40--,morn+ ,adv]tis]4 ,,london3 ,c4 ,,ar?ur ,,pe>son1 ,,limit$ ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,preface ,?is little book makes no pr(ession to be a sy/ematic text-book ( ,oceanography1 or to conta9 exhau/ive discussions ( ! late/ discov]ies & !ories4 ,! subject is f> too va/ to be s dealt ) 9 "o small volume4 ,a libr>y w\ld almo/ be ne$$ = ! purpose4 ,mu* in=mation has be5 ga9$ )9 ! la/ decade or two ( ye>s ab\t ! ,ocean1 its make1 ! laws :i* gov]n its movem5ts1 its d>k & my/]i\s dep?s1 ! v>i\s deposits ^u its b$1 & ! innum]able liv+ creatures by :i* x is inhabit$4 ,all t ,i h attempt$ has be5 to cull a c]ta9 numb] ( lead+ facts f ! great /oreh\se ( k1 & to put !m 9 ord]1 = ! _m :o love sea-breezes & ocean-waves1 & :o may l to "k a little m ab\t ! fri5d :om !y s (t5 visit4 ,) reg>d to ,au?orities1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ! foll[+ books1 among _m o!rs3 ,! ,realm ( ,nature1 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,mill2 ,report ( ! ,sci5tific ,results ( ! ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,*all5g]--,deep ,sea2 ,coral ,reefs1 by ,pr(essor ,dana2 ,/&>d ,natural ,hi/ory1 edit$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,k+sley2 ,! ,microscope1 by ,c>p5t]1 revis$ edition2 ,briti% ,m]*ant ,s]vice1 by ,r4 ,j4 ,cornwall-,jones2 ,res\rces ( ! ,sea1 by ,mc,intosh2 ,h>ve/ ( ! ,sea1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,b]tram2 also num]\s pap]s & articles 9 ! ,geographical ,magaz9e1 ,national ,geographical ,magaz9e1 ,scotti% ,geographical ,magaz9e1 ,proce$+s ( ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 ,annual ,report ( ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,natural ,sci5ce1 etc41 etc41 by su* writ]s z ,sir ,john ,murray1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,mill1 ,pr(essor ,james ,geikie1 ,alb]t ,pr9ce ( ,monaco1 ,admiral ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,l4 ,:>ton1 ,mr4 ,john ,milne1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,gn!r1 ,mr4 ,john ,aitk91 etc4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i beg he>tily to ?ank ! ,libr>ians ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society & ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london = ! g5]\s c\rtesy ) :i* !y h l5t me books & suppli$ late/ in=mation1 )\t :i* ?is little book c\ld nev] h be5 writt52 also to express my w>m gratitude = ! invaluable help af=d$ by ! criticisms & sugge/ions ( ! k9d & able fri5ds :o h read my ,,ms4 & pro(s4 ,,worton ,,h\se1 ,,ea/b\rne4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 8,,! ,,sea6 ,,! ,,op5 ,,sea60 #a ,,ii4 ,,salt ,,wat] #aj ,,iii4 ,,e>?',s ,,va/ ,,ocean #ai ,,iv4 ,,subject ,,to ,,law #bg ,v4 ,,9 ,,ocean ,,dep?s #cg ,,vi4 ,,riv]s ,,9 ,,! ,,sea #ej ,,vii4 ,,( ,,w9d ,,& ,,wat] #fa ,,viii4 ,,an ,,ocean ,,( ,,azure #gj ,,ix4 ,,ice-,,ne$les ,,to ,,ice-,,m\nta9s #gi ,x4 ,,receiv+--,,to ,,give ,,aga9 #hi ,,xi4 ,a ,,/ory ,,( ,,conflict #ajb ,,xii4 ,,ab\t ,,! ,,long ,,pa/ #aaj ,,xiii4 ,,old ,,ocean ,,z ,a ,,build] #abb ,,xiv4 ,,h[ ,,*alk ,,is ,,made #ace ,,xv4 ,,( ,,ocean-,,we$s #adi ,,xvi4 ,,coral ,,ar*itects #afc ,,xvii4 ,,ov] ,,! ,,ocean-,,b$ #agf ,,xviii4 ,,multitud9\s ,,life #ahe ,,xix4 ,,ocean ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,lamps #aif ,,xx4 ,,arm\r$ ,,myriads ,,& ,,mon/]s #bjg ,,xxi4 ,a ,,goodly ,,company ,,( ,,crabs #bbj ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,fi%es #bcj ,,xxiii4 ,,"s ,,oddities ,,( ,,fi%-,,life #bda ,,xxiv4 ,,behemo?s ,,( ,,! ,,ocean #beb ,,xxv4 8,,d[n ,,to ,,! ,,sea ,,9 ,,%ips0 #bfa ,,xxvi4 ,,an ,,empire3 ,,ocean-,,wide #bgf ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,! bur/ ( ! ,s\?-we/ ,monsoon aga9/ ! ,colombo ,breakwat] ,frontispiece ,bore ( ! ,tsi5 ,tang ,kiang ,fac+ page #cd ,an ,iceb]g1 %[+ ! section "u wat] 0 #hf ,diatom ,cases 0 #aed ,"p ( ,diatom ,case 0 #aef ,deep-sea ,fi%es 0 #ahb ,beam-trawl & ,t[-net employ$ 9 deep-sea rese>* 0 #ahh ,a ,deep-sea ,crab 0 #bbj ,a ,blue ,:ale 0 #bed ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep ,,*apt] ,i4 8,,! ,,sea6 ,,! ,,op5 ,,sea60 8,h[ *e]y are ! m>9]s1 ,^? lov]s ( ! sea1 ,_! he>ts are l its ye/y waves1 ,z b\nd+ & z free40--,p4 ,,b5jam54 8,!re=e also d m5 entru/ _! lives to a little piece ( wood40 ,wisd4 ( ,sol4 xiv4 #e4 ,once ^u a "t1 ov] two ?\s& ye>s ago1 our ance/ors liv$ 9 a c\ntry small] ?an ours1 to ! nor?-ea/4 ,!y _h n yet tak5 possession ( two ,isles1 :i* 9 ! !n di/ant future 7 to become ! ,headqu>t]s ( a _w-wide ,empire4 ,already "o *>act]i/ic ( ! race 0 prom95t2 !y delight$ 9 ! ,sea4 ,)9 _! small limits ( p[] !y rang$ ! ,ocean1 !y wre/l$ ) its fury1 !y subdu$ x to _! w1 !y rejoic$ 9 its /r5g?1 !y f\nd (t5 _! graves b5ea? its surface4 ,! ,engli% !n1 z n[1 7 ,ocean-folk4 ,may x n be t we 9 mod]n days love ! sea1 & flock to its %ores1 & c>ry our ,flag to its fur!/ b\nds1 because our =efa!rs1 ! ,norsem51 ! ,angles1 ! anci5t ,vik+s1 f\nd _! joy 9 x8 ,_! m>*1 l ours1 0 on ! m\nta9-wave2 _! ,home1 l ours1 0 on ! deep4 ,probably ) !m1 z ) u1 x 0 n always an un*a/5$ joy4 ,ev5 a h>dy ,vik+ might "k ! unpleasant consequ5ces ( ,ocean's r\gh] moods4 ,b no su* discom=ts drove him to /ay a%ore4 ,_h our =efa!rs be5 made ( feebl] /uff1 _h !y be5 easily *eck$ 9 _! ent]prises1 c5turies ( hi/ory mu/ h be5 *ang$4 ,! developm5t ( ,engli% nature w\ld h foll[$ o!r l9es4 ,9 ^? days ! fight c\ld n b be sev]e4 ,no mighty ironclads1 no huge ?ree-deck]s1 exi/$4 ,no ,p4 & ,o4 l9]s1 no great m]*ant %ips rang$ ! seas4 ,our =efa!rs tackl$ ! wa/e ( wat]s ) :at we %\ld consid] ! m]e/ cockle%ells4 ,ev5 9 ^! days we "k :at is meant by 8p]ils ( ! seas20 b 9 ^? days ! t]m mu/ h c>ri$ a hundr$-fold deep] mean+1 bo? to ! brave fell[s :o v5tur$ on ! /ormy ma91 & to ! wait+ wives & mo!rs on l&4 ,all ! m hon\r to !m t !y 7 n daunt$4 ,ea* man's victory or failure 9 life's battle _c b help to %ape ! c\rse :i* 8 desc5dants 9 future ages w pursue4 ,! ,sea = u has a vivid p]sonality4 ,we "k gr& old ,neptune s well1 ) 8 trid5t & 8 sn[y hair1 8 da%+ waves & 8 imp5etrable dep?s1 8 g5tle breezes & 8 furi\s gales1 8 moods ( mild s]5ity & 8 fits ( vehem5t wra?4 ,he has 8 faults2 b 9 spite ( all we love him4 ,at "o "t ! ,sea 0 = m5 a type ( ! ,inf9ite1 ( ! ,immeasurable1 ( ! ,b\ndless4 ,we use /ill ! same words2 b !y h lo/ "s ( _! =ce4 ,9 ^! days ! :ole ocean has be5 mapp$ out f %ore to %ore4 ,we "k exactly :at c\ntries lie r\nd ea* "p ( x4 ,we c tell h[ long & h[ wide x is 9 any direction4 ,z we /& on ! %ore1 & talk ( ! 8b\ndless ocean10 we are p]fectly well aw>e t we are look+ across to ,france or ,spa91 to ,g]many or ,irel& or ,am]ica4 ,gr& & f>-rea*+ ! sea /ill is1 b to u no long] 8b\ndless40 ,9 ages gone by1 ^? :o /ood ^u ! coa/s ( ,pale/9e or ,egypt1 ( ,greece or ,italy1 gaz$ t[>ds unkn[n horizons1 across :at 0 to !m an illimitable ocean4 ,! civilis$ _w consi/$ ( a few c\ntries bord]+ ! ,m$it]ranean on ! ea/2 & ^? c\ntries %ad$ (f into unexplor$ b>b>ic regions4 ,z = ! 8great ,sea10 z !y call$ t :i* we reg>d z h>dly m ?an a huge inl& lake1 x 0 9 _! eyes ! embodim5t ( ,inf9itude4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod1 long be=e ! ,engli% ,nation 0 dreamt (1 be=e ! ,roman ,empire _h gr[n into be+1 :ile ! poli%$ ,greek ( ! future 0 /ill a semi-savage1 a nation ( ,ocean-lov]s already exi/$4 ,^! 7 ! ,ph5icians1 =e%ad[+ 9 _! pluck & ent]prise ! sea-go+ ,briti% ( lat] times4 ,!y1 unlike ! sailors ( o!r nations1 did n m]ely hug ! %ore1 b v5tur$ out into ! trackless ocean4 ,!y1 unlike ! sailors ( o!r nations1 did n g ^u ! sea only 9 daylight1 b !y trav]s$ x also 9 ! d>k h\rs ( night4 ,at fir/ !y 7 cont5t ) ! ne>] rea*es ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ) ! m ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,b gradually !y w&]$ f>!r4 ,colony aft] colony 0 plant$ beyond ,egypt1 till !y rea*$ ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 kn[n to u z ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 to face a wild & /range ,ocean1 full ( my/]y4 ,!re !y made a />tl+ discov]y1 en\gh to impress ! m ?\ghtful m9ds among !m4 ,f> to ! ea/1 9 ! 8,indian ,ocean0 ( our days1 _! sailors _h be5 acqua9t$ ) high & l[ tides2 :ile ?r\gh\t ! ,m$it]ranean sc>cely any tides exi/$4 ,b 9 ! op5 sea1 outside ! n>r[ ,*annel1 !y f\nd ! v same tidal *anges z 9 ! ea/]n ocean4 ,x is h>dly to be suppos$ t any "o ( !m _h a m9d ( su* f>-see+ grasp t he %\ld be able to conjecture ! gr& tru? ( ea/]n & we/]n oceans be+ ,,"o--sway$ by ! same influ5ces1 gov]n$ by ! same laws4 ,a ,ph5ician ( ^? days1 cat*+ a glimpse ( ?is tru?1 w\ld h be5 wor?y to take rank beside our ,sir ,isaac ,newton ( aft] days4 ,!y are believ$ to h obs]v$ ! co9cid5ce2 no d\bt ) a feel+ ( wond]2 & probably x 0 to !m m]ely a co9cid5ce4 ,v little 0 !n und]/ood ( ! mo/ ev]yday & commonplace work+s ( ,nature4 ,n mu*1 inde$1 c be said ) c]ta9ty ( :at ! ,ph5icians did truly discov]4 ,"s obs]vations !y mu/ h made ( ! heav5ly con/ellations2 & ! ,pole-/> at lea/ mu/ h be5 kn[n to !m1 o!rwise x is impossible to imag9e h[ !y c\ld h /e]$ _! vessels at night1 9 an age :5 ! ,m>9]'s ,compass 0 unkn[n4 ,!y are suppos$ to h sail$ f> s\? on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 if !y did n actually r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,x does n appe> t _! k 0 pass$ on to ! ,greek nation4 ,ei!r !y 7 curi\sly retic5t ( :at !y knew1 or else su* records z !y may h left 7 de/roy$ & =gott54 ,9 aft] times ! ,c>?ag9ians1 desc5dants ( ,ph5ician ,coloni/s1 71 l _! =efa!rs1 sea-lov]s1 sea-explor]s1 se>*+ ! ma91 n z travell]s se>* n[ f pure love ( k1 or f a lik+ = adv5ture1 b = ! sake ( comm]ce4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( be+ able to make use ( previ\s discov]ies1 & to "w onw>ds f a po9t already ga9$1 _h to />t afre% & to f9d _! way--j z if x _h nev] be5 f\nd be=e--to & beyond ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules4 ,to ! ,greek imag9ation t wide my/]i\s ,ocean1 op5+ out f ! n>r[ ,/rait1 0 unattractive & t]rible4 ,x 0 a sea ( limitless di/ances1 ( fog & gloom1 ( blackness & dea?2 n an unexplor$ ,ocean ( possible glory & beauty & weal?4 ,"t glid$ by1 & man advanc$ 9 8 acqua9tance ) ,l& & ,sea2 b ) ! latt] sl[ly4 ,x 0 n until five c5turies ago--& five c5turies are b z a day1 comp>$ ) ! full /ret* ( hi/ory--t two weighty /eps 7 tak54 ,"o /ep 0 s\?w>d4 ,"o /ep 0 we/w>d4 ,! ,african ,cont95t1 all along its nor!rn region1 _h be5 ! sc5e ( v old-_w hi/ory4 ,b ! s\? 0 %r\d$ 9 d>kness4 ,a brief glimm] ( light1 p]haps ?r[n !re 9 ,ph5ician days1 _h be5 long long lo/ sight (4 ,9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #adhf1 a f> leap f ,ph5ician & ,grecian days1 ,b>?olomew ,diaz made discov]y ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & "o ye> lat] ,vasco da ,gama sail$ r\nd x4 ,^! two explor]s 7 only a little 9 advance ( two great] voyag]s4 ,9 #adib ,*ri/oph] ,columbus />t$ on 8 fir/ cruise into ! unkn[n ,we/--& t\*$ ,l&4 ,less ?an ?irty ye>s lat]1 ,magellan's fam\s voyage 0 accompli%$ to ^? ,/raits1 betwe5 ,patagonia & ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 :i* be> 8 "n4 ,by t "t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t _h become an e/abli%$ fact4 ,b t ,cont95t _h to be se>*$ out4 ,& ! ,ocean1 ?\gh its limits 7 wid5$ 9 m5's imag9ations1 0 v f> f be+ mapp$ & f5c$ ar\nd ) def9ite b\nd>ies4 ,ye>s ( exploration /ill lay ahead2 & _m a valiant explor] _h to fall a m>tyr 9 ! cause ( ,sci5ce1 be=e my/]y %\ld yield to k4 ,d\btless1 9 ^? days z 9 ^!1 !re 0 always somebody to ask1 8,b :at is ! use8 ,:at good c x d to u to le>n t !re are l&s beyond ! sea8 ,:at %all we ga9 by x all80 ,"t alone1 ) its developm5ts1 ) ! gr[? ( ! human race1 ) ! enorm\s possibilities !n undreamt-(1 c\ld answ] su* que/ion+s4 ,happily1 brave explor]s h seldom be5 lack+1 :o lov+ k = its own sake h be5 cont5t to lab\r pati5tly1 n = money1 n = fame1 n = imm$iate results1 b = ! simple delight ( bett] und]/&+ ! _w ar\nd !m1 & = ! b5efit ( future g5]ations4 ,& inde$1 if once we beg9 cle>ly to realise t ! ?+s :i* we see & he>1 ! wond]s ( ,l& & ,ocean1 are ! outcome & expression ( ,div9e ,?\ght1 we %all sc>cely deem "t wa/$1 :i* is sp5t 9 try+ to f9d out a little m ab\t ^? wond]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,salt ,,wat] 8,! new sight1 ! new wondr\s sight1 ,! wat]s ar\nd me turbul5t40 ,e4 ,b4 ,,br[n+4 8,wat]1 wat]1 ev]y:]e1 ,& n a drop to dr9k40--,s4 ,t4 ,,col]idge4 ,! annual /amp$e ( ,britons to ! coa/ says mu* = our ,national belief 9 ,sea-breezes4 ,9 o!r c\ntries also p g to ! sea = *ange2 b p]haps n[h]e does ! ru% excel t on our ,isl&4 ,?is revivify+ gift1 ?\gh p>tly due to ! wide & free expanse ?r\gh :i* ! breezes h travell$1 is l>gely ow+ to ! br9y ocean ) :i* !y h be5 9 contact4 ,sea-wat] diff]s f ra9-wat]1 well-wat]1 riv]-wat]4 ,true1 x is made up ( all ^!1 s9ce soon] or lat] & 9 "o mode or ano!r all wat] on ,e>? f9ds its way to ! ,ocean4 ,wat] may travel op5ly by riv]-r\tes2 x may creep sil5tly by d>k & devi\s und]gr\nd passages2 x may float lightly vi cl\dl&2 b 9 any case its goal is ! sea4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! ocean includes 9 its composition e k9d ( l&-wat]1 ,sea-wat] z su* is diff]5t f !m all4 ,n only 9 its va/ ext5t1 9 its enorm\s dep?1 b 9 its /rong flav\r ( ,salt4 ,"o ( ! commone/ ( sub/ances is ,salt4 ,x is 9 ! gr\nd1 9 air1 9 wat]4 ,we ev5 "k t x does n belong to our e>? alone1 b to _m heav5ly bodies also4 ,p]haps "o reason = ?is abundance1 at lea/ ^u our ,e>?1 is t x is necess>y = life4 ,!re is salt 9 ! make ( blood & ( bra91 ( muscle & ( t5don4 ,salt is p]petually pass+ out ( a man's body2 !re=e cont9ual fre% supplies ( x are ne$$4 ,)\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( salt 9 8 food1 he _c keep 9 good heal?4 ,?is at "o "t 0 n und]/ood2 & salt 0 look$ ^u z a m]e luxury1 easily to be disp5s$ )4 ,condemn$ crim9als 7 =bidd5 t luxury2 & !y w5t ?r\gh a good deal ( suff]+1 ! reason = :i* 0 n guess$4 ,if pl5ty ( animal & vegetable food 0 giv5 to !m1 !y manag$ to get along1 s9ce bo? conta9 salt2 b if !y 7 kept on purely f>9ace\s f>e1 !y broke d[n4 ,:]e all ! salt 9 ! ,ocean comes f1 is a complex "q4 ,l>ge supplies are br\ght d[n annually by riv]s & /reams1 f v>i\s m9]als 9 _! b$s1 z well z f rock-salt regions4 ,b if we ask1 8,h[ comes ! rock-salt to be !re80 we are told t x is a deposit1 once =m$ b5ea? ocean-wat]s1 or at lea/ left by ! dry+ up ( salt lakes & seas4 ,a pro( ( ! latt] !ory is f\nd 9 multitudes ( sea-%ells1 (t5 di/ribut$ ?r\gh lay]s ( rock-salt4 ,if mu* sea-salt came orig9ally f rock-salt on l&1 & if rock-salt came orig9ally f ocean-deposits1 we are l$ into a curi\s circle ( cause & effect--n unlike t ( oak & acorn1 or ( h5 & egg1 ) ! att5dant puzzle (--,:i* fir/8 ,x is a qu]y :i* we are n able to answ]4 ,9 =m] days ! salt us$ = h\sehold & m]cantile purposes 0 almo/ entirely prep>$ by ! evaporation ( sea-wat]4 ,we no long] dep5d on ?is1 h[ev]2 & 9 ,engl& ! sea-salt trade has gone d[n greatly be=e t ( rock-salt1 :i* is f\nd to be ! bett] = table use4 ,x has n ! same t5d5cy to /ick toge!r 9 lumps1 aft] be+ pack$ 9 sacks4 ,great di/ricts ( rock-salt are f\nd 9 _m places--su* z ^? 9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 9 ! ,swiss ,alps1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,great ,brita94 ,"o huge m9e 9 ,galicia has be5 work$ = six hundr$ ye>s2 & ?is supply is said to rea* ?r\gh ab\t five hundr$ miles4 ,f ,briti% works alone ! quantity c>ri$ away e ye> am\nts to a cubic mile ( salt4 ,b l&-supplies gr[ pale & insignificant be=e ! quantities :i* float 9 ! ocean4 ,x has be5 reckon$ t1 if ! wat]s ( ! :ole ocean c\ld be dri$ up1 ! am\nt ( salt left ly+ on ! ocean-b$ w\ld be some?+ l f\r-&-a-half millions ( cubic miles4 ,su* an enorm\s mass h>dly conveys a cle> idea4 ,let u ?9k ( "o s+le cubic mile ( sea-wat]1 sep>at$ f ! ocean1 & see h[ mu* x w\ld conta94 ,fir/1 ! :ole ( t cubic mile ( wat] has to be dri$ up2 & !n ! mat]ials left beh9d h to be weigh$4 ,we %\ld f9d ab\t ?irty-?ree millions ( tons ( v>i\s k9ds ( sub/ances1 ! names ( :i* ne$ n be giv54 ,we %\ld also f9d ( common salt a supply :i*1 :5 weigh$1 w\ld rea* ! great figure ( "o hundr$ & sev5te5 millions ( tons4 ,all ?is1 be x rememb]$1 float+ unse5 9 a s+le cubic mile ( wat]4 ,no wond] ! sea ta/es salt4 ,9 its make ,wat] is always ! same4 ,:e!r x be cold or hot1 freez+ or boil+1 causes no diff]5ce4 ,x consi/s ( two gases1 unit$2 & ! union is rem>kable 9 k9d4 ,! two gases are n m]ely mix$ toge!r1 z s& & sug> may be mix$4 ,!y are by ! union *ang$ into a fre% sub/ance4 ,= ! "t ! gases exi/ no long]4 ,9 _! /ead1 wat] has be5 =m$4 ,& :5 ! gases ent] into ?is v close relation%ip1 !y d x always 9 ! same mann]4 ,!re is j s mu* ( ! "o1 & j s mu* ( ! o!r4 ,"o portion ( hydrog5 has to jo9 ) eight times z mu* by weight ( oxyg5--nei!r m nor less ( ei!r4 ,! same is true1 :e!r we are speak+ ( a great mass ( wat]1 or ( ! t9ie/ speck4 ,x is n actually correct to say1 z is said above1 t wat] 8consi/s0 ( ! two gases4 ,s long z ! wat] exi/s1 ! gases d n exi/4 ,& :51 ?r\gh ! action ( heat or electricity1 ! wat] is brok5 up & ! gases reappe>1 !n ! wat] no long] exi/s4 ,b at lea/ we may say t x is ! result ( ! unit+ ( ^? two gases1 & t x c be made 9 no o!r way4 ,an int]e/+ exp]im5t has be5 tri$4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( hydrog5 gas & eight times z mu* ( oxyg5 gas 7 weigh$ sep>ately1 by means ( v delicate in/rum5ts4 ,!n ?r\gh great heat ! two 7 caus$ to unite into wat]1 & ! wat] also 0 weigh$4 ,x 0 f\nd to be j z heavy z ! two gases toge!r _h be52 & q naturally s1 s9ce nei!r ( ! two gases _h lo/ or ga9$ 9 weight4 ,?is k9d ( union is call$ 8*emical40 ,fr5* p are fond ( 8eau sucr40 ,a lump ( sug> is dropp$ into a glass ( wat]1 & x disappe>s4 ,b x has n be5 de/roy$4 ,x has n ceas$ to be sug>4 ,no my/]i\s union has tak5 place betwe5 ! sug> & ! wat]4 ,nei!r wat] nor sug> has *ang$ its nature2 & no fre% sub/ance has come into exi/5ce 9 _! /ead4 ,! wat] is !re1 z x 0 be=e4 ,! sug> is !re too1 n visible1 b to be f\nd out by our s5se ( ta/e4 ,x has only be5 sep>at$ by ! wat] into su* m9ute p>ticles t we _c see !m4 ,?is is a case ( mix+1 n ( *emical union4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,sea ,wat]1 z comp>$ ) ,fre% ,wat]1 we h to d ) simple mix+4 ,z sug> floats1 unse5 b n unta/$1 9 tea or c(fee2 s salt floats1 unse5 b n unta/$1 9 ocean wat]s4 ,su* a ?+ z absolutely pure wat] is v r>e4 ,no matt] h[ cle> a /ream may seem to u1 x holds a va/ numb] ( specks ( mat]ial1 collect$ f e>? & air4 ,once a sci5tific man _h "s1 mo/ c>efully di/ill$1 :i* seem$ to be ( cry/al purity4 ,b he put x "u ! /rong beam ( an electric lamp1 &1 alas1 = human p[]s6 aft] s do+ he c\ld only decl>e t ! idea ( purity 0 ludicr\s4 ,if x is s ) di/ill$ wat]1 ! less said ! bett] ab\t common dr9k+-wat]4 ,x may be well = our peace ( m9d t we h n /rong] sight4 ,ocean-wat] holds ab\t two hundr$ times z mu* dissolv$ mat]ial z ord9>y fre% wat]4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( sub/ances f\nd 9 any p>ticul> wat]-supply det]m9e ! "* ( t wat]1 mak+ x sweet or s\r or salt1 r5d]+ x heal?-giv+ or dea?-deal+4 ,some?+ has be5 said ab\t ! dry+ away ( sea-wat]1 & ! leav+ ( salt beh9d4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( salt ?us left is se5 9 ! ,rann ( ,cut*1 a flat ,indian pla91 ab\t a hundr$ & n9ety miles long1 & half z wide4 ,dur+ ! s\?-we/ monsoon ! ocean wat]s are =c$ by p[]ful w9ds up ! ,gulf ( ,cut* to a consid]able height1 ov]spread+ ! ,rann1 :i* = a "t is turn$ into a %all[ lake4 ,:5 dry wea!r comes1 ! wat] vani%es1 p>tly retir+1 p>tly evaporat+2 & a salt-/rewn des]t is left1 v>i$ by s&-ridges1 gre5 spots1 & little lakes1 b cov]$ pr9cipally by 8%eets ( salt cru/40 ,my fa!r1 :5 !re _m ye>s ago ) 8 ,regim5t1 not$ d[n 8 impressions ( ! sc5e4 8,f ?is spot0--! spot on :i* he /ood--8! wat] is ab\t eight miles di/ant1 ! int]m$iate space be+ a flat surface1 entirely cov]$ a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick ) salt 9 cry/als1 look+ mu* l sn[1 9 su* quantities t x c be scrap$ up by ! h& p]fectly free f e>?2 & on all ?is space n a blade ( grass to be se540 ,! same task is c>ri$ on by ! work+ ( sun-heat1 z by ! fire "u a kettle4 ,all day long 9 a w>m climate ! sun's rays are busily at "w1 lift+ f ! ocean-surface a cont9u\s /ream ( f9e invisible vap\r4 ,! wat] is drawn up p>ticle by p>ticle1 n 9 masses2 & ! sun's rays h no p[] to lift ! ocean-salt1 :i* rema9s beh9d1 float+ /ill 9 ! sea4 ,b :5 a /rong w9d la%es ! surface into waves1 & r5ds ! tops ( bill[s into f9e spray1 x (t5 c>ries a great deal ( salt to a di/ance4 ,we "k h[ salt may be ta/$ on ! lips miles inl&1 & h[ w9d[s ne> ! coa/ become encru/$ ) x 9 /ormy wea!r4 ,mov+ air1 l mov+ wat]1 c c>ry weight2 & x is ?us1 ?r\gh ! action ( mov+ air1 & n ?r\gh ! heat ( ! sun1 t we h our heal?-giv+ breezes (f ! sea1 lad5 ) salt4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,e>?',s ,,va/ ,,ocean 8,?\ great /rong sea40--,,aub]on ,,h]b]t4 8,drop by drop ,he c\nts ,! flood ( ,ocean z x m\nts40--,c4 ,,rossetti4 ,9 ^! days we "k ! ,ocean z "o va/ :ole4 ,n l our e>ly =efa!rs1 /&+ on ! br9k1 to gaze ) awe-/rick5 eyes into my/]i\s di/ances1 & to speculate ^u ! unkn[n4 ,m9or oceans d exi/1 c]ta9ly4 ,we h ! ,atlantic1 ,nor? & ,s\?2 ! ,pacific1 ,nor? & ,s\?2 ! ,arctic1 ! ,ant>ctic1 & ! ,indian4 ,yet = u !re is b "o great _w-wide ,,ocean1 encircl+ ! ,e>?1 e "p be+ 9 connection ) e o!r "p4 ,a drop ( wat] :i* to-day floats 9 s\!rn seas may1 mon?s or ye>s h5ce1 h f\nd its way by curr5ts into ! f> nor?4 ,a speck ( ice1 at ?is mom5t fa/ 9 ! rigid embrace ( pol> b]g or floe1 may1 mon?s or ye>s h5ce1 be wa%+ to & fro 9 tropical wat]s4 ,a mu* great] area ( wat] ?an ( l& is f\nd ^u ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,s va/ is ! am\nt ( ! =m] t1 if ! :ole _h to be put into sep>ate vessels1 ea* vessel be+ "o cubic mile 9 size1 ! numb] ( su* vessels requir$ w\ld am\nt to no less ?an ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-five millions4 ,?is v l>ge ord] speaks = itself4 ,! out] ,cru/ ( our ,e>?1 tak+ l& & sea toge!r1 may be divid$ into ?ree di/9ct p>ts4 ,l mo/ su* divisions 9 ,nature1 ! "o is (t5 f\nd to glide by g5tle /ages into ano!r4 ,we h1 fir/1 ,l&1 ris+ above ! sea-level1 & consi/+ ( pla9s1 undulations1 hills1 m\nta9s4 ,x cov]s altoge!r less ?an "o-?ird ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 & x is call$ ,,! ,,cont95tal ,,area1 ?\gh ,isl&s z well z ,cont95ts belong to x4 ,we h1 secondly1 ! ,ocean-floor "u deep] p>ts ( ! ,ocean2 t :i* lies beyond a dep? ( ab\t two miles4 ,?is division has be5 describ$ z ! 8great subm]g$ pla910 & x comprises ab\t "o-half ( ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,x is kn[n z ,,! ,,abysmal ,,area4 ,we h1 ?irdly1 a middle region1 :i* may be spok5 ( z a k9d ( bord]l& "u ! sea1 connect+ ! dry l& ) ! great] ocean-dep?s4 ,x am\nts to ab\t "o-six? ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 & x has be5 nam$ ,,! ,,transitional ,,area4 ,by 8connect+0 ! two1 ,i d n mean t x mu/ always be betwe5 ! two4 ,x does v g5]ally s lie1 b !re are exceptions4 ,"s deep] portions ( ! sea are close to l&1 & "s p>ts ( ! ,transitional ,area are f\nd f> out at sea4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w 8,cont95tal0 ne$s no explanation2 & ! v ^w 8,abysmal0 c>ries its own s5se4 ,m1 h[ev]1 w be said 9 future *apt]s ab\t ^? rea*es ( ocean kn[n z ! 8,transitional ,area40 ,a curi\s law seems to h gov]n$ ! gr\p+ ( l& & wat]4 ,putt+ aside innum]able small isl&s1 scatt]$ ab\t1 we f9d t ! great mass ( l& clu/]s t[>ds & r\nd ! nor? pole1 ) a wat]-&-ice-fill$ holl[ = its c5tre4 ,:ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! great] mass ( wat] may be said to clu/] t[>ds & r\nd ! s\? pole1 )--s f> z we c conjecture--a l>ge ext5t ( l& = its c5tre4 ,! conditions ( nor? & s\? ?us seem to be exactly rev]s$4 ,n long ago x 0 believ$ t ! ocean's floor might be a fairly close imitation ( t :i* we see on l&4 ,! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 h be5 f\nd to be great] ?an 0 expect$4 ,p]haps x is n surpris+1 :5 "o ?9ks ( ! imm5se levell+ p[] ( wat]4 ,t mu/ be a firm make ( rock :i* c p]man5tly resi/ ! effect ( sea waves break+ ^u or ne> ! %ore4 ,& ev5 deep] d[n1 :]e waves are n & curr5ts may be sl[1 "s movem5t mu/ /ill exi/1 s9ce ! ocean is n[h]e q /agnant4 ,su* movem5ts1 no matt] h[ g5tle1 w\ld t5d to %ift all loose & s(t sub/ances4 ,! ocean-b$ is held to be g5]ally flat1 ?\gh ) gradual slopes "h & !re1 lead+ up or d[n to high] or l[] levels4 ,_m subm>9e m\nta9s re> _! heads1 sometimes ne> ! surface1 sometimes above x4 ,9 places high m\nta9-ridges run = a long di/ance bel[ ! sea1 ) pr(\nd dep?s on ei!r side2 & ^! aga9 (t5 %[ _! peaks1 =m+ gr\ps ( isl&s4 ,broad rea*es ( ! ocean are betwe5 two & ?ree miles deep1 & "h & !re spots are f\nd :]e ! s\nd+-l9e goes %e] d[n ?ree miles1 f\r miles1 five miles1 ev5 six miles1 be=e t\*+ bottom4 ,^! great] depressions h be5 nam$ 8,deeps40 ,at lea/ fifte5 ( !m are kn[n 9 ! ,atlantic1 & tw5ty-f\r 9 ! ,pacific2 _m ( ! latt] ly+ close to isl&s4 ,"s are long 9 %ape1 "s %ort2 "s are broad1 "s n>r[4 ,"o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd1 & almo/ ! only "o kn[n to exce$ five ?\s& fa?oms1 lies t[>ds ! s\?-ea/ ( ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s4 ,a dep? !re has be5 f\nd five hundr$ & ?irty feet beyond five geographical miles2 & five geographical miles are equal to almo/ six ( our common miles4 ,= a good :ile ! notion 0 ent]ta9$ t1 probably1 ! l(tie/ m\nta9-peak on l&1 & ! deepe/ dep? 9 ! ocean1 w\ld ab\t mat* "o ano!r1 reckon$ f ! sea-level4 ,b ?is p>ticul> 8deep0 9 ! ,pacific s9ks two ?\s& feet l[] ?an ! topmo/ peak on ,e>? rises4 ,m\nt ,ev]e/1 9 ! ,himalayas1 is tw5ty-n9e ?\s& feet high2 & ?is ocean-dep? is ab\t ?irty-"o ?\s& feet deep4 ,only "o o!r equal to x has yet be5 discov]$4 ,no abyss divides ,engl& f ,france4 ,! 8silv] /reak10 ?\gh suffici5t = purposes ( def5ce1 is comp>atively %all[4 ,all ,we/ ,europe1 inde$1 rises f a plateau1 rea*+ f ,norway into ! ,atlantic1 on no "p ( :i* is ! wat] m ?an six hundr$ feet 9 dep?4 ,! 8transitional area0 9 ?is case makes a true /epp+-/one or l$ge betwe5 dry l& & ocean's abyss4 ,b ano!r great plateau 9 ! ,atlantic1 :i* may be call$ ! 8backbone0 ( t ,ocean1 is f> f l&1 runn+ r\ghly f nor? to s\?4 ,x foll[s ! outl9es ( ! ea/]n & we/]n %ores1 & rises (t5 to )9 a mile & a half ( ! surface4 ,on ei!r side ( ! 8backbone10 :i* seems to be l>gely volcanic1 is a deep tr\gh1 ly+ nor? & s\?1 & v>y+ 9 dep? f two to f\r miles4 ,?is plateau unites ,europe ) ,icel&2 & x =ms a bond betwe5 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,azores1 ,asc5sion1 & ,tri/an ,d',acunha4 ,if by any means ! :ole ocean-surface c\ld be l[]$ six hundr$ feet1 rem>kable results w\ld be se54 ,at once ! ,briti% ,isles w\ld cease to be ,isl&s4 ,!y w\ld become a "p ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 jo9$ !reto by dry l&4 ,! ,hebrides1 ! ,orkneys1 ! ,%etl&s1 w\ld %>e 9 ?is *ange4 ,! ,cont95ts ( ,asia & ,nor? ,am]ica w\ld be unit$ at ! ,behr+ ,/raits2 ,ceylon w\ld f9d itself a "p ( ,india2 ,papua & ,tasmania w\ld be "o ) ,au/ralia2 & all places hi!rto on ! coa/s ( diff]5t c\ntries w\ld f9d !mselves six hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,su* a *ange 9 ! position ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 trans=m+ !m into a ,cont95tal ,c\ntry1 w\ld mean f>-rea*+ consequ5ces to ourselves z a ,p4 ,"o su* consequ5ce may be briefly giv5 9 ! words ( a rec5t newspap] article3 8,dry up ! ,atlantic to ! #ajj-;fa?om l9e1 & 9 six mon?s we %\ld be> ! load ( ,conscription z *e]fully & m effici5tly ?an any nation 9 ,europe40 ,suppose t ano!r great fall 9 ! ocean-surface c\ld foll[4 ,n ?is "t to six hundr$ feet1 b to ?ree ?\s& feet1 bel[ its pres5t level4 ,! result+ alt]ations w\ld be /ill m sweep+4 ,n only ,icel& & ! ,froe ,isl&s1 b ,gre5l& also--& n only ,gre5l&1 b ! ,cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica itself--w\ld become "o ) ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 no long] cut (f f ! ,old ,_w4 ,a ^w z to measurem5ts4 ,two k9ds ( 8miles0 h be5 m5tion$4 ,!re is ! ord9>y 8,/atute mile10 us$ 9 common conv]sation1 :i* is #hhj fa?oms1 or #a1gfj y>ds1 9 l5g?4 ,!re is also ! 8,geographical0 or 8,nautical0 mile--! 8knot0 ( our ,navy--:i* is #a1jac fa?oms or #b1jbf y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is n f> f "o-eigh? ( a /atute mile4 ,r\ghly1 sev5 miles are equal to six knots4 ,a fa?om is six feet or two y>ds4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,subject ,,to ,,law 8,?\ rule/ ! rag+ ( ! ,sea40--,,psalm lxxxix4 #i4 8,no?+ useless is or l[1 ,ea* ?+ 9 its place is be/1 ,& :at seems b idle %[ ,/r5g!ns & supports ! re/40--,,longfell[4 ,?+s are :at !y are 9 ?is _w v l>gely because ( ! pull ( oppos+ =ces1 & among su* =ces n "o is m univ]sal ?an t ( ,gravity4 ,_m causes beside ,weight h _! %>e 9 mak+ our ,e>? :at x is2 b if ,weight 7 bani%$ f our mid/1 ! ,e>? z we "k x w\ld exi/ no long]4 ,! only way to get rid ( weight w\ld be by gett+ rid ( ,gravity4 ,& s9ce no =ce 9 ,nature acts m /eadily & incessantly ?an ?is1 we are no m likely to get rid ( x ?an we are to get rid ( ! _w itself4 ,gravity1 or ,gravitation1 or ,attraction--x is kn[n by all ^! names4 ,sometimes x is call$ a ,law2 sometimes a ,=ce4 ,nei!r t]m may be c\nt$ amiss4 ,no law is wor? any?+ )\t a suffici5t =ce to back x up2 & no =ce is wor? any?+ unless x acts accord+ to law4 ,b we might almo/ z reasonably call ?is behavi\r ( ?+s 8an ,ob$i5ce0 z 8a ,law40 ,ea* p>ticle ( ea* sub/ance draws & is drawn by ea* o!r p>ticle ( e sub/ance4 ,& ea* body 9 ! ,univ]se1 f a gra9 ( s& to a sun1 draws & is drawn by ea* o!r body1 :e!r f> or ne>4 ,all ^! draw+s are 9 ob$i5ce to t my/]i\s some?+--t =ce1 or p[]1 or influ5ce--:i* has be5 nam$ ,attraction or ,gravitation4 ,s mu* we "k2 & beyond x we "k v little z to ! nature ( ! said 8,attraction20 b we f9d t ! outcome ( x is ,weight4 ,by means ( weight1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! planets1 yes1 & ev5 ! c\ntless multitudes ( />s1 are kept 9 _! pa?s2 9 ea* case ! inw>d pull+ be+ c\nt]balanc$ by ! impetus & outw>d pull+ ( a rapid ru%4 ,by means ( weight1 h\ses1 rocks1 /ones re/ firmly on ! e>?2 by means ( weight1 ! atmosph]e is b\nd to ! e>?1 ! ,ocean to its b$4 ,_h sea-wat] no weight x might be scatt]$ z f9e wat]-du/ ?r\gh ,space4 ,a l>g] & heavi] ,e>? w\ld b9d d[n ! ocean yet m /rongly1 :ile a small] & light] ,e>? w\ld h a weak] grip4 ,easily z ! sea is n[ /irr$ by e pass+ breeze1 an ocean su* z ours on a little _w l ! ,moon or ,m]cury w\ld be m rapidly agitat$4 ,! waves w\ld leap high] ) less cause4 ,s ! ,ocean1 l ! ,l&1 is subject to law1 kn[+ nei!r repose nor action except 9 ob$i5ce to ,nature's =ces4 ,:5 ocean-wat]s lie /ill z a mill-pond1 !y d s ?r\gh an exact poise ( cont5d+ p[]s4 ,:5 waves ru% high & curr5ts p\r /rongly1 ea* movem5t is /ill 9 /rict ob$i5ce to gov]n+ =ces1 :i* are !mselves gov]n$ by law4 ,ea* movem5t is due to a long s]ies ( pa/ movem5ts2 & ea* 9 turn helps to br+ ab\t a long s]ies ( future movem5ts4 ,!re are no breaks 9 ! *a94 ,e effect is also a cause4 ,curr5ts "h & drifts !re2 breezes "h & hurricanes !re2 all ^! di/urb ! calm ( ! sea4 ,only = a brief spell1 9 "o "p or ano!r1 is ! pull ( oppos+ =ces s f> balanc$ t ! wat] c lie /ill4 ,& at mo/ ! /illness is comp>ative4 ,ev5 9 a s-call$ 8dead calm0 g5tle heav+s to & fro w be f\nd4 ,absolute placidity 9 ! ocean is a ?+ unkn[n4 ,ev5 :5 ! wat]s are at _! /ille/ !y are always be+ drawn /eadily t[>ds ,e>?'s c5tre4 ,a p]fectly level ocean w\ld mean ea* portion ( its surface be+ equally di/ant f t c5tre4 ,! ocean ev] /rives aft] ?is ideal1 b nev] atta9s to x2 yet1 c5tury aft] c5tury t aim is pursu$1 ) a p]sev]ance :i* might af=d a lesson to ourselves4 ,despite all ?is *ange & re/lessness1 we talk ( ! ocean hav+ a 8level0 surface4 ,we picture x to our m9ds z be+ 9 out] %ape ! same z t ( ! ,e>?--a sph]e4 ,b ?is is n /rictly true to fact4 ,if we c\ld look ^u ! ,e>?1 ) l>ge f>-see+ eyes1 f a few ?\s&s ( miles (f1 we %\ld f9d curi\s irregul>ities 9 ! wat]y outl9e4 ,in/ead ( %[+ all r\nd a smoo? surface1 ! ocean w\ld be f\nd to rise "h & s9k !re1 to be 9 "o "p high]1 9 ano!r "p l[]4 ,a man rov+ ov] ! ocean1 all ab\t ! ,e>?1 w\ld h 9 places to asc5d undulations l hills1 almo/ high en\gh sometimes to be call$ m\nta9s1 9 o!r p>ts to desc5d declivities4 ,mo/ ( u h notic$ 9 a cup fill$ ) wat]1 t ! wat]-surface is n p]fectly flat4 ,close to ! sides ( ! cup may be notic$ a di/9ct rise4 ,x is ! same 9 a tumbl]1 9 a bas91 9 a sl5d] glass tube4 ,= ! sides ( ! cup or tumbl] or tube attract ! wat]1 draw+ x upw>d2 & ?is is kn[n z ,capill>y ,attraction4 ,) ! ocean ! v same ?+ is se54 ,if high l& bord]s on deep wat]1 ! extra attraction ( m\nta9-masses w act j z ! sides ( a cup or tumbl] w act4 ,!y draw upw>d ! wat] ( ! ocean to a high] level4 ,:5 ,i say t ?is is 8se510 ,i d n mean t any c>eless look]-on w be aw>e ( ! fact4 ,x has to be discov]$ by c>eful measurem5t4 ,9 "s cases a m>k$ diff]5ce has be5 f\nd4 ,! enorm\s masses ( ! ,himalayas1 = in/ance1 ex]t a p[]ful draw+ ^u ! neighb\r+ sea2 & at ! delta ( ! ,indus ! ocean-level1 9 consequ5ce ( t attraction1 is actually ?ree hundr$ feet high] ?an on ! coa/ ( ,ceylon4 ,besides l& attraction1 w9ds h an extraord9>y p[] to heap up wat]s 9 "o place m ?an 9 ano!r4 ,to "s slight ext5t ?is may be se5 ^u ,engli% %ores1 :5 a /rong gale happ5s to bl[ l&w>d at high tide4 ,on su* occasions ! wat]s (t5 rise f> beyond _! usual m>k4 ,m5tion 0 made e>li] ( ^? ,ph5icians :o1 hav+ kn[n an ea/]n ocean ) tides1 & a ,m$it]ranean ,sea )\t tides1 mu/ h be5 p]plex$ to f9d a we/]n ocean :i* correspond$ ) ! ea/]n 9 its ebb & fl[4 ,we all "k = ourselves 9 ^! lat] days1 h[ ! tides rise & fall ar\nd our coa/1 twice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ea* high-wat] is twelve h\rs & tw5ty-five m9utes lat] ?an ! la/2 s ea* succe$+ day sees a diff]5ce ( fifty m9utes 9 ! "t ( high or ( l[ tide4 ,to a v l>ge ext5t ,tides are due to ! attractive p[] ( ! moon4 ,!y are due also to ! sun1 b 9 a mu* less degree1 :i* at fir/ sight seems s+ul>1 s9ce ! attraction ( ! sun1 by reason ( its great] size1 f> exce$s t ( ! moon4 ,f ! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! p[]ful draw+ ( ! sun comes f an imm5se di/ance1 x foll[s t x has mu* less effect ?an ! small attraction ( ! moon1 :i* comes f v ne> at h&4 ,h] influ5ce ov] our e>? is ex]t$ f> m /rongly ) respect to ^? ocean-wat]s ly+ j "u h]self1 & f> less ) respect to ^? wat]s on ! f>!r side ( ! globe4 ,! effect ( ^! diff]5t pull+s is to raise a d\ble wave or swell1--"o on ! surface ( ! ocean j bel[ ! moon1 & "o on ! opposite side ( ! e>?4 ,! waves mean high tides2 & l[ tides occur at places half-way betwe5 !m4 ,7 ! :ole ,e>? cov]$ by "o cont9u\s %eet ( wat]1 ^! tidal waves w\ld travel r\nd & r\nd ! globe1 9 a fa%ion easy & pleasant = /ud5ts ( ! subject4 ,un=tunately = ! said /ud5ts1 _! motions are v complicat$4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 :]e l& is abundant1 ! tidal waves are greatly int]f]$ ) by cont95ts & isl&s4 ,(t5 ! mo/ t ea* c d1 z x sweeps along1 is to s5d side-waves & curr5ts j\rney+ nor?w>d into *annels & bays1 e/u>ies & less] seas4 ,?r\gh ! op5 ocean ! tidal wave has no great height4 ,probably 9 c5tral regions ( ! ,pacific x rises only "s ?ree or f\r feet above ! usual sea-level4 ,b :5 ! fl[ ent]s n>r[+ bays & *annels1 a v diff]5t result is se52 & ! wat]s are (t5 pil$ up 9 a wond]ful mann]1--z 9 ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 :]e ! level at high tide is sometimes ne>ly =ty feet above t at l[ tide4 ,a m>k$ contra/ to ?is is se5 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!re1 z already said1 practically no tides exi/4 ,! rise & fall am\nt at mo/ to only a few in*es4 ,in/ead ( a wide entrance & a n>r[+ e/u>y1 we h j ! opposite--a n>r[ entrance & a wid5+ sea beyond4 ,connection ) ! outside ocean is too re/rict$ to admit ( any full fl[ ( ! tidal wave4 ,sol> tides1 or tides br\ght ab\t by ! sun's attraction1 are mu* ! same 9 cause & effect z lun> tides1 only f> small] 9 degree4 ,:5 ,sun & ,moon happ5 to be on ! same side ( ! ,e>?1 or on diff]5t sides b 9 ! same l9e1 s t _! comb9$ pull is ex]t$ 9 "o direction1 we h ,spr+ ,tides4 ,^! are always at ! "t ( ,new ,moon & ,full ,moon4 ,sun & ,moon !n "w toge!r1 ea* help+ ! o!r 9 a common aim2 & ! ocean-wat]s rise high] & s9k l[] ?an at o!r times4 ,:5 ,sun & ,moon are s plac$ ) reg>d to ! ,e>?1 t !y ex]cise _! pull 9 a cross direction1 ,neap ,tides result1--t is tides :i* h small ebb & fl[4 ,9 ?is case ! sun h9d]s in/ead ( help+ ! moon1 & ! moon does ! same = ! sun1 ea* t5d+ to c\nt]act ! "w ( ! o!r4 ,connect$ ) & p>tly caus$ by ! rise ( ! tide is ! curi\s ph5om5on kn[n z a 8,bore0--a s+le high wave1 mov+ onw>d l a wall ( wat]1 ) great rapidity & a ro>+ noise4 ,m usually ?is belongs to a riv]1 & ?us x has n mu* connection ) ! subject ( ! ocean2 b x is also sometimes se5 9 %>ply n>r[+ e/u>ies or ocean inlets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bore ,,( ,,! ,,tsi5 ,,tang ,,kiang ,face page #cd ,to ! inhabitants ( a flat & unprotect$ c\ntry1 bord]+ on riv] or e/u>y1 ! bore is (t5 a ?+ ( t]ror1 = its adv5t is unc]ta9 & abrupt1 & 9 its upw>d ru% x sweeps ev]y?+ be=e x4 ,! ent]+ ( su* a wave into ! ,sev]n is an almo/ daily ev5t1 & x rea*es (t5 a height ( _m feet4 ,bores are usual1 too1 9 ! ,riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 9 ! ,hoogly1 9 an e/u>y ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 & 9 o!r places innum]able2 & !y v>y 9 height f two or ?ree feet to ov] twelve feet4 ,! effect ( su* a wall ( wat] z ?is1 delug+ l[ l&s1 c>ry+ away trees & h\ses & liv+ creatures1 may be easily imag9$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,9 ,,ocean ,,dep?s 8,my s\l is full ( long+ ,= ! secret ( ! ,sea40--,,longfell[4 8,( ! old ,sea "s rev]5tial fe> ,is ) me40--,,wordswor?4 ,?r\gh ages ( ! _w's hi/ory1 man knew no?+ ( ! ,ocean beyond its surface4 ,he c\ld sail on ! sea2 he c\ld ba! 9 ! %all[ wat]s ne> l&4 ,if a good swimm]1 he might g f>!r out1 & might ev5 dive = "o or two m9utes out ( sight4 ,9 m rec5t times1 ) ! help ( a div+-bell1 he c\ld desc5d ?irty or =ty feet2 & 9 a div+-dress he might ev51 if exp]i5c$1 get f "o to two hundr$ feet d[n4 ,b t 0 all4 ,( ! va/ dep?s beyond he 0 sublimely ignorant4 ,he did n s mu* z "k ( _! exi/5ce4 ,until ! late sci5tific exp$ition made 9 ! vessel ,*all5g]1 t great _w ( ! ,"u-,ocean 0 swa!d 9 my/]y4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( x n[ by direct p]sonal obs]vation4 ,no liv+ man may p5etrate ^? dep?s4 ,! only mode 9 :i* we c le>n :at is1 :at lives1 :at happ5s !re1 is by means ( 8s\nd+s10 by s5d+ d[n & draw+ up specially prep>$ in/rum5ts1 ! read+ ( :i* gives u in=mation ab\t t ,"u-_w4 ,s\nd+s made 9 e>li] times did little m ?an tell navigators h[ deep ! sea !reab\t might be4 ,su* in/rum5ts z 7 !n us$ c\ld nei!r "w beyond a limit$ dep?1 nor say _! say ) accuracy4 ,( late ye>s imm5se improvem5ts h tak5 place1 bo? 9 ! make ( ! ma*9es employ$1 & 9 ! me?ods ( work+ !m4 ,pa/ s\nd+s 7 few & unsy/ematic2 :]eas n[ !y are _m & by rule4 ,!rmomet]s h be5 made :i* br+ up f ! bottom ( ! sea reports ( ! prevail+ heat or cold1 mov+ unaffect$ ?r\gh w>m or cold lay]s betwe54 ,specim5s ( ! mat]ials :i* lie on ! ocean-floor h be5 br\ght to light1 & analys$4 ,liv+ creatures 9 great numb]s h be5 haul$ f _! own doma9s1 exam9$ & classifi$4 ,all ?is means progress4 ,& ?\gh1 no d\bt1 fifty or a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 t :i* we n[ "k w be look$ ^u z ! b>e/ ,a ,b ,c ( ! sci5ce1 /ill our k is gr[+ ye> by ye>4 ,! ,"u-,ocean is no long] a vague fairy-l& ( possible m]maids1 or a wa/e region ( dea?4 ,a region ( dea? 9 "o s5se x is & mu/ be4 ,all liv+ creatures t die 9 ! sea1 unless dev\r$ by o!r creatures1 s9k to ! bottom1 !re to f9d a tomb4 ,cov]$ at fir/ by a va/ w9d+-%eet ( wat]1 !y may be sl[ly buri$ "u ! %ift+ mud & s&4 ,b 9 ?is s5se ! :ole ,cru/ ( ,e>? may be call$ "o va/ sepul*re1 :]e9 all animals t die are entomb$4 ,p are sl[ to realise h[ mod]n is our k ( ocean-dep?s4 ,ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago a fam\s navigator made ! fir/ s\nd+ :i* w5t bel[ two hundr$ fa?oms--t is1 ab\t "o hundr$ feet deep] ?an ! height ( ,bea*y ,head f ! %ore4 ,he at once decid$ t1 by a happy *ance1 he _h alight$ ^u ! utt]mo/ dep? 9 ! ocean4 ,to him x 0 an awe-inspir+ pr(undity4 ,yet1 :5 view$ beside su* abysses z h be5 rec5tly discov]$1 dep?s ( five & six miles1 8 little 8deep0 0 z a sauc] beside a lake4 ,x is n easy to picture to ourselves ! *angeless calm ( ^? abysses--^? five or six miles ( "u-wat]1 ) no?+ f sea-level to sea-floor to break ! dead monotony4 ,?r\gh\t su* regions /orms1 no matt] h[ t]rible1 h no p[]4 ,w9ds _c rea* !m4 ,:5 ,ocean's surface is la%$ by a hurricane into wild commotion1 t commotion is sup]ficial4 ,x means a furi\s /irr+ & flurry ( upp] lay]s2 & x means no m4 ,if at ! height ( "s fi]ce tornado1 a sailor c\ld leave 8 toss+ /ra9+ %ip1 & c\ld dive f> into ! sea1 keep+ brea? & s5se & life1 he w\ld soon quit ! turmoil1 & w\ld f9d himself 9 a sc5e ( deep repose4 ,/range to say1 ! idea ( subm>9e %ips actually do+ ?is has be5 moot$1 z "o ( ! new projects 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,wave-motion does n desc5d mu* bel[ ! surface4 ,x is believ$ t ! dep? ( wat] affect$ by a wave is usually ab\t equal to ! space :i* divides cre/ f cre/4 ,s1 if we are look+ at little ripples1 fl[+ "o aft] ano!r1 ) cre/s p]haps "o foot ap>t1 we may suppose t ! wat] is di/urb$ by ^? ripples to a dep? ( ab\t "o foot4 ,or1 if we are wat*+ l>g] waves1 ) cre/s tw5ty feet ap>t1 we may suppose ! di/urbance to rea* d[n to a dep? ( "s tw5ty feet4 ,& if our gaze is fix$ on dignifi$ ,atlantic roll]s1 ) cre/s six or eight hundr$ feet ap>t1 we may suppose t ! sea is affect$ to a dep? ( six or eight hundr$ feet--less & less affect$ ! deep] we g d[n4 ,six or eight hundr$ feet1 comp>$ ) six miles1 are h>dly m ?an a man's sk9 comp>$ ) 8 body4 ,& beyond ! %all[ dep?s :]e w9d & wave h sway1 we come to a region ( pr(\nd calm4 ,?is repose does n mean /agnation4 ,ocean's wat]s are ev] on ! move1 travell+ ?is way & t way4 ,curr5ts exi/ f> bel[1 z well z at ! surface2 b !y are g5]ally sl[ & placid1 n r\gh & hurry+4 ,old ,ocean's excitability lies all outside4 ,sup]ficially he is soon upset2 b deep d[n he is compos$4 ,a great deal ( discussion has tak5 place z to possibilities ( ,light 9 ^? dep?s4 ,are !y black ) midnight d>kness8 or d fa9t glimm]s ( daylight creep ?r\gh8 ,ocean-wat]1 l o!r wat]1 is transp>5t4 ,any sub/ance is transp>5t1 :5 ?9 en\gh1--ev5 gold4 ,a v ?9 film ( wat] is n1 h[ev]1 ne$$ = transp>5cy4 ,_m feet1 ev5 _m y>ds1 may be se5 ?r\gh1 if cle> & pure4 ,few ( u h n1 at "o "t or ano!r1 look$ d[n f a boat1 to see gold5 s&1 v>iegat$ pebbles1 small fi%es swimm+ ab\t1 at a consid]able dep?4 ,?us ) wat]1 z ) d5s] mat]ials1 transp>5cy is m]ely a "q ( ?ickness4 ,z ! ?ickness increases1 m & m rays ( sunlight are tak5 captive1 & ! wat] becomes less & less transluc5t1 till at l5g?1 if we c\ld get deep en\gh1 we %\ld f9d ourselves to be surr\nd$ ) blackness4 ,ano!r feature ( ocean-dep?s is t ( imm5se pressure4 ,we be> a c]ta9 degree ( x 9 t o!r & light] ocean--! ,atmosph]e4 ,a man ( m$ium size has ^u 8 body ab\t ?irty ?\s& p\nds' weight1 or "s fifte5 p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,b ?is is no?+ to :at he w\ld h to endure d[n 9 ocean-wat]s4 ,at a dep? ( "o mile1 an extra ton w\ld be pil$ ^u ea* squ>e in* ( 8 body2 two miles d[n1 w\ld mean two extra tons on ea* squ>e in*2 ?ree miles d[n1 ?ree extra tons2 & s on4 ,! load w\ld soon become intol]able4 ,= _m ye>s sci5ti/s ma9ta9$ t 9 su* dep?s no life c\ld exi/1 s9ce no bodies c\ld )/& ! awful pressure4 ,yet we n[ "k t frail jelly-fi%1 fragile %ell-inhabitants1 d )/& x1 fl\ri%+ !re by myriads4 ,p]haps ! fact 0 some:at ov]look$1 t ! pressure ^u a liv+ creature is n only inw>ds f )\t1 b also is outw>ds f )94 ,?is is true ( ourselves 9 ! ocean ( air1 brea?+ air4 ,x is true ( creatures 9 ! ocean ( wat]1 brea?+ wat]4 ,mu* less ?an ! weight ( ?irty ?\s& p\nds might cru% a man flat1 7 x n = ! resi/+ pressure f )94 ,if = "o in/ant he c\ld empty 8 body ( all inn] air & liquids1 & c\ld s h>d5 8 sk9 t no air %\ld squeeze ?r\gh its pores1 he w\ld be press$ z flat z a pancake by ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,a /ory has be5 told1 illu/rative ( ?is4 ,once ^u a "t a clev] fell[ />t$ an orig9al idea4 ,he propos$ to make a balloon1 :i* %\ld m\nt skyw>ds1 n f be+ full ( hydrog5 gas1 b f be+ empti$ ( air4 ,be+ !n light] ?an ! atmosph]e1 x w\ld1 he said1 ( c\rse rise4 ,s f> z ! reason+ w5t1 x 0 faultless4 ,x only did n g f> en\gh4 ,! balloon be+ made1 he nam$ a day = its asc5t1 & ask$ _m fri5ds to witness 8 triumph4 ,at ! la/ mom5t1 all air 0 )drawn2 & ev]ybody wait$ 9 expectation1 hop+ to see ! novel balloon skim lightly above _! heads4 ,b ! inv5tor1 :ile us+ /rong mat]ials1 _h fail$ to make full all[ance = ! trem5d\s pressure ( ! air1 :5 c\nt]active pressure f )9 %\ld h be5 done away )4 ,z ! air 0 drawn out1 ! sides ( ! balloon collaps$1 be+ cru%$ toge!r z an empty egg-%ell may be sma%$ 9 a boy's h&4 ,in/ead ( so>+ gaily upw>d1 ! w\ld-be a]onaut /ood on e>?1 scann+ ) disappo9t$ eyes a flatt5$ & useless %ell4 ,a div] go+ d[n into ! sea has a mu* increas$ weight ^u 8 body2 b he does n suff] f x to a s]i\s ext5t1 provid$ t he is n rais$ or l[]$ too fa/4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ?is4 ,bo? m5 & bea/s c endure a good deal ( alt]ation 9 ! degree ( pressure1 :e!r f air or f wat]2 b !y _c be> v abrupt *anges4 ,he>ts & lungs ne$ "t = gr[+ accu/om$ to a fre% condition4 ,9 e>ly days ( div+ ?is 0 n und]/ood1 & "s div]s lo/ _! lives ?r\gh be+ too hurri$ly haul$ up4 ,! same has be5 notic$ 9 animals br\ght quickly f great dep?s4 ,!y h be5 con/antly f\nd 9 ! net or trawl1 dy+ or dead1 _! bodies swoll5 & ev5 bur/+ f ! less5+ ( pressure4 ,x 0 natural t at fir/ ! belief %\ld arise ( ,life be+ 9 ^? p>ts impossible4 ,n[ we "k t animals die 9 ! act ( be+ drawn up1 & t !y live & fl\ri% 9 pr(\nd dep?s1 unaffect$ by ! va/ load ( wat]4 ,! weight t a man c endure is n to be comp>$ ) :at fragile sea-creatures ?rive "u4 ,beyond a dep? ( "s two hundr$ feet or m1 ! pressure becomes too great = any human be+s2 yet animals are f\nd at dep?s ( ?ree or f\r miles4 ,b ! fact t man brea!s air1 & t animals 9 ! sea brea!1 9 a s5se1 wat]1 makes an enorm\s diff]5ce 9 _! p[] to resi/ pressure4 ,"o might suppose t ! t]rific weight ( miles ( wat] w\ld squeeze l[] lay]s to a small] bulk4 ,wat] is1 h[ev]1 v difficult to compress2 unlike air4 ,at ! bottom ( ! sea1 f\r or five miles deep1 ! weight is said to be equal to ab\t f\r tons ^u ! squ>e in*4 ,if ?is trem5d\s load 7 press+ ^u a mass ( air1 elev5 ?\s& cubic feet 9 quantity1 ! :ole w\ld be cru%$ toge!r into only tw5ty-two cubic feet4 ,b ! same weight press+ ^u ! same quantity ( sea-wat]1 w\ld m]ely r$uce its size to t5 ?\s& cubic feet4 ,s !re is n mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! make ( sea-wat] ne> ! surface & sea-wat] at a great dep?4 ,n only are ocean's dep?s calm & free f /orms2 n only are !y black ) midnight d>kness2 n only are !y heavy ) ! weight ( miles ( wat] ov]head2 b also = ! mo/ "p !y are cold4 ,*anges f season to season1 l *anges ( wea!r1 are sup]ficial4 ,at a dep? ( ab\t six hundr$ feet1 ,seasons h ceas$ to be4 ,!re1 summ] & w9t]1 autumn & spr+1 exi/ no long]4 ,! dead level ( calm & d>kness is also a dead level ( uni=m wea!r & unalt]able climate4 ,:]e *anges ( cold & heat d come ab\t1 !y are v unc]ta91 & usually !y are due to o!r causes ?an ^? :i* br+ ab\t ! succession ( seasons ^u ,e>?4 ,_m rem>kable facts h lately come to light ) respect to ,ocean's temp]atures4 ,9 f> nor!rn & f> s\!rn regions1 ne> ! two poles1 ! :ole sea is v cold4 ,"o might expect ! conv]se ( ?is 9 tropical regions--a :ole sea int5sely w>m4 ,b ?is we d n f9d4 ,! %all[] p>ts--^? includ$ 9 ! hundr$-fa?om limit--may be ne>ly z w>m bel[ z above4 ,:51 h[ev]1 deep-sea s\nd+s are made1 :5 ! regi/]+ !rmomet] is despat*$ on its mission ( inquiry miles bel[ ! surface1 !n ! report br\ght up is g5]ally ( great cold4 ,9 almo/ all deep] p>ts1 ! tale is told ( a frigid "u-lay]1--( wat] ne>ly & sometimes q d[n to ! freez+-po9t ( fre% wat]4 ,?is1 n only 9 ,pol> ,seas1 n only 9 ,temp]ate ,oceans1 b 9 ! hotte/ portions ( ! ,tropics4 ,! ,atlantic1 ne> ! equator1 is icy 9 its dep?s4 ,a reckon+ has be5 made t1 if ! floor ( ! :ole ocean1 omitt+ %all[] p>ts1 c\ld be divid$ into "o hundr$ equal portions1 n9ety-two ( ^? portions w\ld be f\nd cov]$ by wat] at a temp]ature ( less ?an #dj2 & only eight ( !m w\ld lie "u w>m wat]4 ,! va/ mass ( ! ocean is cold1 ) a ?9 w>m lay] ov] c]ta9 di/ricts4 ,little d\bt c !re be t ?is "u-lay] is l>gely f$ f pol> regions4 ,we "k t cold ocean-riv]s p\r f nor?-pol> regions to ! s\?1 bo? 9 ! ,atlantic & 9 ! ,pacific4 ,a g5]al creep+ "u-fl[ ( icy wat]s t[>ds ! equator evid5tly balances ! g5]al surface drift ( w>m wat]s t[>ds ! poles4 ,s9ce cold wat] is heavi] ?an w>m1 x w\ld naturally f9d its way to l[] dep?s1 leav+ ! w>m light liquid to float on ! top4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea a m>k$ contra/ is f\nd4 ,!re no ice-cold lay] is spread ov] ! bottom2 & ! wat] 9 its utt]mo/ dep?s--ov] two miles & a qu>t]--does n s9k bel[ ! temp]ature ( #ed ,f4 ,! heat ( ! sun 9 ,s\? ,europe c h>dly be comp>$ ) ! heat ( ! sun ov] ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,yet ! latt] has wat] f> bel[ ! surface d[n to at lea/ #ce4 ,practically ! ,m$it]ranean1 despite its dep?1 may be look$ ^u z an inl& sea4 ,! "o op5+ :i* connects x ) ! op5 ocean is n only comp>atively n>r[1 b also is %all[1 be+ less ?an two hundr$ fa?oms deep4 ,! wat] on ?is divid+ ridge rema9s at ab\t #ee1 & ! ,m$it]ranean ?r\gh\t1 to its greate/ dep?s1 keeps to ab\t t same degree ( w>m?4 ,no entrance is af=d$ to ! heavy cold curr5ts f pol> regions4 ,! ,r$ ,sea is sep>at$ f ! ,indian ,ocean by a simil> ridge1 & ! same result is se5 !re4 ,ov] ! floor ( ! ,indian ,ocean lies a c>pet ( *ill wat]4 ,b ! :ole body ( ! ,r$ ,sea nev] s9ks1 9 summ] or w9t]1 bel[ #gj ,f4 ,"h1 too1 ! cold /reams are n able to surm\nt ! b>ri]4 ,9 _m deep mid-ocean holl[s1 cut (f by surr\nd+ sub-ocean walls ( rock1 ! same is f\nd aga9--w>m wat] )9 ! holl[1 cold wat] on ! ocean-b$ outside4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,riv]s ,,9 ,,! ,,sea 8,s9u\s or /raight1 n[ rapid & n[ sl[40--,,c[p]4 8,z w9ds t co]ce ! sea40--,c4 ,g4 ,,rossetti4 ,actual ,riv]s 9 ! ,ocean2 di/9ct /reams ( wat]1 fl[+ ov] a b$ ( wat]1 ) banks ( wat]4 ,n m]ely "o or two su* riv]s1 b scores ( !m1 hundr$s ( !m1 great & small1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,*ief p]haps 9 importance is ! ,gulf ,/ream1 t va/ flood :i* p\rs out ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & acts z a w9t] heat+ app>atus = ! we/ ( ,europe4 ,?\gh by no means ! l>ge/ ( ocean /reams1 x is "o ( ! mo/ useful to man4 ,aft] quitt+ ! ,gulf1 x hurries at spe$ ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,florida2 !n spreads out into a riv]1 ab\t fifty miles wide & ov] two ?\s& feet deep1 j\rney+ at a rate ( "s sixty miles 9 twelve h\rs4 ,= a :ile x hugs ! ,am]ican coa/2 b1 happily = ,europe1 x =sakes ?is fri5d ( its y\?1 & w&]s to ! nor?-ea/w>d across ! ,atlantic4 ,to call x a 8riv]0 is no m]e fiction ( spee*4 ,ne> ,halifax ! sep>ation betwe5 w>m & cold wat] is s %>p1 t ^? on bo>d a %ip may "k :at latitude !y h rea*$1 on ent]+ or leav+ ! /ream1 by simply dipp+ a bucket 9 ! wat] & tak+ ! temp]ature4 ,lit]ally ! ,gulf ,/ream is a w>m riv]1 fl[+ ov] a b$ ( cold wat]1 ) cold-wat] banks4 ,s f> z ,cape ,hatt]as ! /ream cl+s to its e>ly fri5d2 & aft] t ! ,am]ican coa/ kn[s x no m1 be+ left to ! m]cies ( a v diff]5t acqua9tance4 ,an icy /ream fl[s s\?w>d f ! f> nor?1 cl++ to ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :ile we 9 we/]n ,europe b5efit by ! pres5ce ( ! w>m curr5t :i* travels ov] to u4 ,?is /ream has be5 describ$ z =m+ a 8cold wall0 to ! mild ,gulf ,/ream4 ,fan-l1 ! ,gulf ,/ream spreads z x j\rneys1 gr[+ gradually wid] & wid]1 %all[] & %all[]1 cool] & cool]--yet ! la/ s sl[ly t1 ev5 (f ! coa/ ( ,scotl&1 wat] n9e hundr$ fa?oms deep is f\nd to be at #dj ,f4 ,h[ /rongly ?is mass ( w>m wat] affects ! air above x is well kn[n to sailors4 ,:5 pass+ f ! /ream to ! outside ocean1 or f ! ocean to ! /ream1 !y (t5 *ange 9 a few h\rs f a w>m to a cool or f a cool to a w>m climate4 ,! atmosph]e is ev] ready to tune its mood sympa!tically to t ( ! ocean ov] :i* x sweeps4 ,we "k well 9 ,great ,brita9 t our s(t s\?-we/ breezes seldom fail to br+ u w>m?2 ?\gh we d n always rememb] ! debt t we owe to our fri5d ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,b = ! imm5se /ores ( heat c>ri$ nor?w>d1 & giv5 ov] to u1 our ,isl& climate w\ld be diff]5t inde$ f :at x n[ is4 ,t is :y our fell[-subjects 9 ea/]n & c5tral ,canada1 liv+ no f>!r f ! equator ?an we d ourselves1 suff] f an int5sity ( cold 9 w9t] :i* we nev] endure4 ,x is difficult to realise t p>ts ( ice-b\nd ,labrador & ( ,canada1 :]e ! !rmomet] (t5 drops to #dj bel[ z]o1 are no f>!r nor? ?an ,london & ,p>is2 :ile ,newf\ndl& lies actually m to ! s\? ?an ,er9's gre5 ,isle4 ,turn+ to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 we f9d !re a correspond+ riv]1 aga9 fl[+ to ! nor?-ea/4 ,j z ! ,gulf ,/ream w&]s across ! ,atlantic1 s ?is riv] w&]s ov] ! ,pacific1 c>ry+ /ores ( tropical w>m? to opposite coa/s4 ,at its quicke/1 x is less rapid ?an ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & ab\t ?ree times z wide4 ,x too1 z x j\rneys1 becomes gradually broad]1 %all[]1 sl[]1 cold]4 ,?is 8,kuro ,sivo0 or 8,black ,/ream10 s nam$ f its d>k col\r1 fl[s outside ,japan1 & !n /rikes freely = ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,& because ( its "w z a w9t] heat+ app>atus 9 ,alaska1 ! humm+ bird is f\nd at a latitude :i*1 on ! o!r side ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 means1 n ! play & :irr ( humm+-birds 9 a s(t air1 b ! disport+ ( walruses among ice-floes4 ,z 9 ! ,atlantic1 s 9 ! ,pacific1 ! w>m nor?w>d-travell+ curr5t is balanc$ by a cold s\?w>d-travell+ curr5t4 ,! ,arctic /ream ( ! ,pacific is n s m>k$ z t ( ! ,atlantic1 p]haps p>tly because ( ! mu* %all[] outlet f ! ,arctic ,ocean2 /ill x is q *illy en\gh 9 its effects ^u ! ,sib]ian climate4 ,"h aga9 ! cold /ream acts z a 8wall0 to ! w>m riv] fl[+ ! o!r way4 ,m reasons ?an "o may help to expla9 :y ^! two curr5ts slant (f to ! ea/w>d in/ead ( p\r+ due nor?4 ,! %ape ( ! v>i\s coa/-l9es has some?+ to d ) x2 also ! pres5ce ( ridges & holl[s 9 ! ocean-b$s1 & ! resi/ance ( o!r cont5d+ curr5ts4 ,a riv]1 ei!r on l& or 9 ! sea1 w always travel :]e x f9ds lea/ opposition4 ,"o ma9 cause1 h[ev]1 is ! :irl ( our ,e>? ^u its axis4 ,?is1 :i* greatly affects ! directions ( prevail+ w9ds1 alt]s also ! l9es foll[$ by ocean riv]s4 ,a curr5t />t+ f ne> ! equator = ! nor? %>es 9 ! rapid ru% ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 :i* at ! equator sp9s ea/w>d at a rate ( ab\t "o ?\s& miles ea* h\r4 ,z ! volume ( wat] gets f>!r nor?1 x rea*es p>ts ( ! ,e>? :i* are :irl+ m sl[ly1 :ile x has n lo/ mu* ( its own ea/w>d :irl4 ,a sideways fl[ is ! result1 *ang+ ! nor?w>d into a nor?-ea/w>d direction4 ,b a /ream />t+ f ! f> nor? = ! s\? is affect$ 9 ! opposite way4 ,ne> ! nor? pole ! ,e>?'s surface h>dly moves at all2 & ! s\?w>d-fl[+ curr5t1 be+ weight$ ) nor!rn in]tia1 takes a contr>y c\rse to ! curr5t fl[+ nor?4 ,x lags m & m beh9d ! fa/]-revolv+ surface1 & s w&]s we/w>d in/ead ( ea/w>d4 ,or1 if prev5t$ by ! l& f s do+1 x hugs ! coa/ :i* h9d]s x4 ,s ! pull ( ! two great /reams 9 ! ,atlantic is exactly oppos$1 ea* to ! o!r4 ,t ( ! ,gulf ,/ream is t[>ds ! ea/2 t ( ! ,labrador ,/ream is t[>ds ! we/2 & ! resolute mann] 9 :i* ! two refuse to m+le may be p>tly due to ?is fact4 ,if our ,e>? c\ld be made to *ange ! pres5t :irl f we/ to ea/1 & to revolve in/ead f ea/ to we/1 ^? two great curr5ts w\ld alt] _! directions4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream w\ld hug ! ,am]ican coa/s1 & ! ,labrador w\ld f9d its way ov] to ,europe4 ,!n ! ,briti% ,isles 9 w9t] w\ld "k a temp]ature ( #cj or #dj bel[ z]o1 & ! ,canadians w\ld exp]i5ce s(t damp w9t]s & mod]ate summ]s4 ,p]haps !y w\ld no m welcome ! ex*ange ?an we %\ld4 ,!n1 too1 ! ,black ,/ream w\ld cl+ to ! ,asiatic side1 trans=m+ ! climate ( we/]n ,sib]ia1 & ! cold ,arctic riv] w\ld put a spe$y end to humm+-birds 9 ,alaska4 ,b abundance ( ice floes w\ld soon be await+ ! walruses :i* w\ld h to emigrate f ! o!r side ( ! cont95t4 ,a good deal ( discussion has be5 held z to :e!r we d truly owe our mildness to ! ,gulf ,/ream alone1 or :e!r t ,gulf ,/ream is m]ely "p ( a g5]al nor?w>d movem5t ( ,atlantic wat]s f ! tropics t[>ds ! pole4 ,! "q has be5 w>mly conte/$2 & no d\bt on bo? sides1 z g5]ally is ! case1 tru? has be5 mix$ ) error4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream _c be view$ z a sep>ate entity4 ,its v bir? 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico dep5ds on a great mass ( wat] ev] fl[+ f ! s\?-ea/ into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,s9ce s mu* wat] p\rs 91 ! same volume mu/ p\r out1 & z x does s x ga9s ! "n ( ! 8,gulf ,/ream40 ,b aft] quitt+ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico ! /ream does n exi/ alone4 ,x becomes a lead+ "p ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic circulation4 ,! :ole surface ( t ocean is sl[ly turn+ r\nd & r\nd--8:irl+ z if /irr$ 9 ! direction ( ! h&s ( a wat*10#a & ! ,gulf ,/ream occupies "o side or m ( ! va/ mael/rm4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is revolv+ mass ( wat] lies a di/rict :]e ! motion is slight1 & at t c5tre floats an enorm\s collection ( drift & sea-we$ call$ ! ,s>gasso ,sea4 #a ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,mill4 ,suppose we p\r "s wat] 9 a l>ge bas91 drop into x a h&ful ( small leaves & *ips1 & make ! :ole sp9 g5tly ) "o h&4 ,we %all !n see h[ ! *ips & leaves w collect at ! c5tre1 & w float !re1 almo/ /ation>y4 ,t is :at happ5s1 on a l>ge scale1 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,o!r ,oceans also h ?is /eady circul> movem5t1 n ( ! :ole body ( wat]1 b ( ! surface-wat]1 d[n to a great] or less dep?--precisely h[ deep "o _c say2 x less5s gradually ) increas+ dep?4 ,! same is f\nd also 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 9 ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,pacific1 & d\btless 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,to f9d its direction 9 any "p1 "o ne$ only lay a wat*1 face upw>ds1 ^u a map ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic or ! ,nor? ,pacific4 ,9 bo? cases ! wat] travels r\nd ) ! wat*-h&s4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ! ,s\? ,pacific ! fl[ is j 9 ! opposite direction4 ,s bo? ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! ,black ,/ream are m]ely p>ts ( a big oceanic :irlpool4 ,ea* ocean on ,e>? has its own sy/em ( circulation2 & t sy/em is "p ( a _w-wide sy/em4 ,! wat]s are 9 p]petual & complicat$ motion4 ,/reams p\r incessantly hi!r & ?i!r1 to nor? & s\?1 to ea/ & we/4 ,two va/ /reams1 kn[n z ! ,equatorial ,curr5ts1 nom9ally p\r r\nd ! _w1 b really are be/ se5 9 ! op5 ,pacific1 :]e = long di/ances no l& m$dles ) _! c>e]4 ,!y fl[ /eadily we/w>d1 "o to ! nor? & "o to ! s\? ( ! equator4 ,betwe5 !m fl[s a rev]se /ream1 call$ ! 8,equatorial ,c\nt] ,curr5t40 ,if a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] travels nor?1 an equal quantity mu/ travel s\?4 ,or if1 z 9 ?is case1 s mu* wat] runs 9 a we/]ly direction1 a correspond+ am\nt has to run 9 an ea/]ly direction4 ,wat] may be m>vell\sly pil$ up "h or !re1 by influ5ces ( l& or ( w9d1 b x _c rema9 pil$ up1 )\t ef=ts on ! "p ( ! ocean to re/ore ! equilibrium4 ,7 ! :ole ,e>? cov]$ by a s+le unbrok5 %eet ( wat]1 ^! drift curr5ts might circle r\nd & r\nd ! globe = ev]1 undi/urb$ 9 _! work+4 ,b ! ,e>? has l&s z well z oceans2 & :5 a curr5t /rikes a coa/ its c\rse is alt]$1 "p at lea/ be+ turn$ 9 a fre% direction4 ,mu* discussion has tak5 place ab\t ! causes :i* br+ ^! great ,drift ,curr5ts into be+4 ,di/urb+ elem5ts1 _m 9 numb]1 may h _h a h& 9 ! matt]4 ,s soon z "o "p ( ! sea-surface becomes w>m] ?an ano!r "p1 movem5ts are set go+2 ! heavy cold wat] s9ks1 ! light w>m wat] rises1 & /reams are />t$ f ! "o place to ! o!r4 ,!re are also c\ntless riv]s p\r+ into ! ocean1 ea* help+ to upset its equilibrium4 ,heavy d[np\rs ( ra9 raise ! level ( ! sea "h or !re1 induc+ m curr5ts4 ,b ^! are less] causes4 ,x is n[ recognis$1 z a fact beyond "q1 t ! ma9 p[] 9 />t+ & su/a9+ ocean-curr5ts is t ( ,w9d4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,w9d ,,& ,,wat] 8,he comm&e? & raise? ! /ormy w9d1 :i* lifte? up ! waves !re(40--,,psalm cvii4 #bj4 8,measure me a measure ( w9d40--#b ,,esdras4 ,ov] ! great ,deep ( blue wat] lies ! great] ,deep ( blue air4 ,& betwe5 ^! two--! ,ocean ( ,air & ! ,ocean ( ,wat]1 bo? dragg$ e>?w>d by ! p]petual pull ( gravitation--endless int]c\rse takes place4 ,ea* f9ds its way 9 small fragm5ts into ! o!r4 ,!re is always wat] pres5t 9 ! air4 ,!re is always air pres5t 9 ! wat]4 ,p]haps ! latt] fact is n s widely recognis$ z ! =m]2 yet x is equally true4 ,sea-wat] conta9s l>ge supplies ( dissolv$ gases1 absorb$ by ! ocean-surface f ! atmosph]e1 & pass$ on into l[] dep?s1 = ! use ( creatures liv+ !re4 ,b ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 air is kn[n to u all4 ,:5 we casually rem>k1 8,:at a damp day x is60 we mean1 8,:at an am\nt ( wat] to-day is 9 ! atmosph]e60 ,wat]-vap\r1 drawn up f ,ocean's broad bosom1 is c>ri$ f> & wide 8on ! w+s ( ! w9d10 to fall z ra9 :]e ne$$2 & dry+ w9ds 9 _! turn pass ov] regions :]e mu* ra9 has fall51 to be> away sup]flu\s moi/ure4 ,a good deal 0 said 9 ! la/ *apt] ab\t oceanic curr5ts2 & m5tion 0 made ( ,w9ds z _! *ief cause4 ,t ! p[] ( w9d ov] wat] is great1 anybody may "k :o has wat*$ ! la%+ ( ! ocean into fury by a gale4 ,b ! degree ( t p[] 0 sc>cely grasp$1 until )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,riv]s & /reams 9 ! sea 7 long ascrib$ to any cause1 except ! mo/ weighty ( all4 ,no "o suppos$ ! imm5se curr5t-produc+ =ce to be t ( ,w9d--n ( m]e local breezes or gales "h & !re1 b ( /rong con/ant w9ds1 :i* prevail mon? aft] mon? ov] wide ocean-di/ricts4 ,:5 a /orm-w9d p\rs up a n>r[+ gulf1 :]e ! sea has no outlet1 x (t5 piles ! wat] up 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,hurricanes h be5 kn[n to turn ! entire ,gulf ,/ream = a :ile out ( its c\rse1 & ev5 to =ce ! wat]s back s z actually to rev]se ! curr5t4 ,once ! volume ( wat]1 ?us *eck$ by a t]rific gale1 0 heap$ up "s ?irty feet above ! prop] level1 :i* ( c\rse caus$ a fe>ful delug+ ( ! l&4 ,! above words _h n be5 long writt51 :5 pap]s told u ( ! awful hurricane ( ,septemb]1 #aijj1 9 ,u4,s4 ,texas4 ,a deep cyclone pass$ ov] ! devot$ t[n ( ,galve/on1 ! direction ( ! w9d sudd5ly *ang+ z ! c5tre ( ! cyclone w5t by3 & ! heap$-up wat]s f ei!r side com+ toge!r p\r$ _! unit$ volume ov] ! l&4 ,t 0 a flood :i* 8turn$ ! city into a rag+ sea40 ,build+s 7 levell$2 h\ses fell l packs ( c>ds2 vessels 7 c>ri$ miles inl&2 m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 p]i%$ by ?\s&s4 ,:5 ! less5+ w9d all[$ ! wat]s to retire1 an in*-deep lay] ( slime 0 f\nd ov] ev]y?+4 ,su* facts z ^! help to %[ h[ va/ is ! p[] ( mov+ air ov] ! ocean4 ,z a /rong w9d bl[s1 ! upp] lay] ( wat] slips along 9 ob$i5ce to its pu%2 & fre% l[] surfaces are b>$ to ! same influ5ce4 ,also1 ! movem5t ( ! upp] lay] t5ds to drag on ! lay] j bel[1 :i* aga9 affects ! "o l[] /ill4 ,by influ5ce ?us ex]t$ & pass$ f "o to ano!r1 ! result ( a long-cont9u$ w9d-pressure 9 "o direction is to set go+ p[]ful /reams1 :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance 7 due *iefly or only to w9d4 ,r\nd ! ,e>?1 :]e fairly op5 sea p]mits !m to develop1 are two wide belts ( v p]si/5t w9ds--! ,trades--:i* rema9 practically ! same all ! ye> r\nd2 only %ift+ _! limits ) ! *ang+ seasons4 ,!y bl[ f ! nor?-ea/ & f ! s\?-ea/ slant+ t[>ds ! equator4 ,s1 speak+ r\ghly1 !y are ea/]ly w9ds travell+ t[>ds ! we/4 ,z a consequ5ce ( _! /eady pressure1 we h ! great ,equatorial ,curr5t ( ! tropics1 p\r+ f ea/ to we/ 9 two halves1 nor? & s\? ( ! equator4 ,?is va/ ocean-riv]1 />t$ & kept go+ by ! trade-w9ds1 has be5 describ$ 9 ! m important "p ( its c\rse z a 8magnific5t surface-curr5t ( hot wat]1 f\r ?\s& miles long by f\r hundr$ & fifty broad10 mov+ 8at an av]age rate ( ?irty miles a day0--&1 x may be add$1 at lea/ ov] six hundr$ feet 9 dep?4 ,betwe5 ! ,trade-w9d belts is a belt ( dead calms1 kn[n to sailors z 8,! ,doldrums40 ,?is belt divides 9 two ! ,equatorial ,curr5t2 & 9 x is f\nd ! inevitable 8,c\nt] ,curr5t10 m5tion$ e>li]1 fl[+ f we/ to ea/4 ,ano!r belt ( /eadfa/ w9ds is t ( ! 8,ro>+ ,=ties10 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ocean2 a wide /ret* ( all b l&less sea1 betwe5 #dj & #ej s\? latitude4 ,^! 8,brave ,we/ ,w9ds10 z !y are call$1 be+ aga9 ! rev]se ( ! ea/]ly ,trades1 bl[ all ! ye> r\nd1 & ne>ly all ! _w r\nd1 s9ce only ! s\!rn extremity ( ,s\? ,am]ica int]f]es ) !m4 ,!y too give bir? to a p[]ful curr5t1 fl[+ f we/ to ea/2 & ?is mighty /ream1 almo/ encircl+ ! ,e>?1 has a mission to fulfil4 ,already x has be5 said t ea* less] ocean 9 ! _w has its own sep>ate circulation-sy/em4 ,?is s\!rn /ream1 ) ! ,ro>+ ,=ties = its p>5t1 has = its especial task to unite all ^? small] sy/ems into "o4 ,x has to refuse to ! m9or oceans a lonely & self-absorb$ policy1 & to insi/ on ! great tru? ( a _w-wide ,ocean unity4 ,x has to c>ry gifts f ! ,pacific to ! ,atlantic1 f ! ,atlantic to ! ,indian1 f ! ,indian to ! ,pacific aga94 ,x has to despat* /reams nor?w>d into m di/ant regions1 ) messages ( goodwill to all4 ,is ?is some:at imag9ative8 ,well1 be x s4 ,! facts are sci5tifically true4 ,sugge/$ mean+s1 ga!r$ !refrom1 may be accept$ or reject$1 accord+ to ! read]'s pleasure4 ,we see1 at all ev5ts1 t f ! va/ ,drift-,curr5ts ( ! ,ocean1 born ( ! ,w9ds1 spr+ ! ,gr&*ildr5 ( ! ,w9ds1 su* p[]ful riv]s z ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! ,black ,/ream2 !y 9 _! turn giv+ bir? to an inf9ite numb] ( less] curr5ts1 ,great-gr&*ildr5 ( ! ,w9ds2--"o & all tak+ _! %>e 9 a _w-wide circulation ( ,ocean-wat]s4 ,! s\!rn belt ( we/]ly w9ds1 ) its result+ we/]ly curr5t1 w\ld be repeat$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 b = ! pres5ce ( great masses ( l&4 ,cont95ts "w havoc ) s*emes ( ocean circulation4 ,t we/]ly w9ds d greatly prevail 9 correspond+ latitudes to ! nor? is a well-kn[n fact1 ?\gh we _c boa/ ! possession ( any?+ l ! 8,ro>+ ,=ties40 ,no broad belts ( un*ang+ air-curr5ts c exi/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( s mu* l&1 = ! c\nt]-influ5ces are too _m4 ,f /eadfa/ ,w9d-belts1 giv+ bir? to /eadfa/ ,ocean-/reams1 we pass naturally to ^? fitful /orms :i* la% ! ocean into pass+ passions1 & to ! unc]ta9 breezes ( temp]ate climes4 ,!re are curr5ts & c\nt]-curr5ts1 breezes & contr>y breezes1 w9ds f nor? & s\? & ea/ & we/1 ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,ea* sep>ate movem5t ( air helps to /ir ! wat]s ( ! sea into r5ew$ re/lessness4 ,?\gh few ?+s are m wond]ful ?an ^? va/ riv]s ( air & wat]1 p\r+ always 9 ! same direction1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 !y are p]haps less impressive f a man's po9t ( view ?an _m a m]e :irl+ eddy1 :i* fl+s itself along1 r\s+ a huge flurry ( wat]1 & soon dy+ out ( exi/5ce4 ,a man _c grasp z a :ole ! ,trades or ! ,ro>+ ,=ties1 ) _! companion ocean riv]s4 ,practically he kn[s only t little portion ( ea* :i* happ5s to be ne> 8 %ip4 ,if he is ov]tak5 by a hurricane1 ! :ole life ( :i* is compress$ into a few miles ( space & a few h\rs ( "t1 he feels a great] awe4 ,small wond] t he %\ld4 ,^? impetu\s & %ort-liv$ eddies are t]rible 9 _! fury4 ,_! w9ds bl[ ) a fi]c5ess nev] approa*$ by ! /iffe/ ,trade4 ,a hurricane1 te>+ ov] ,e>?'s surface at ! rate ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles an h\r1 r$uces ! mo/ muscul> ( m5 to helplessness4 ,none ! less1 su* a hurricane is 9 itself a m]e accid5t1 a m]e pass+ incid5t1 a m]e swirl ( air1 com+ into be+ to adju/ a lo/ balance1 & vani%+ s soon z its "w is done4 ,we h se5 t9y swirls ( air danc+ along ! road1 on a w9dy day1 sweep+ up bits ( /raw or dri$ leaves into _! embrace4 ,su* little swirls are hurricanes 9 m9iature4 ,! real ?+ levels =e/s1 wrecks t[ns1 la%es ! ocean into m\nta9\s heights ( wat]1 s9ks gallant %ips1 de/roys human lives4 ,yet ! little swirl & ! hurricane are closely ak94 ,only 9 rec5t ye>s has ! circul>--m /rictly1 ! oval--%ape ( a hurricane become kn[n4 ,x may be describ$ z a revolv+ eddy ( air1 ! w9ds p\r+ 9 a corkscrew-l fa%ion r\nd ! c5tre1 inw>ds f )\t1 & upw>ds f )94 ,ano!r k9d ( air-eddy1 call$ an anti-cyclone1 gyrates j ! o!r way1 d[nw>d & outw>d4 ,?is usually br+s light w9ds & dry wea!r1 in/ead ( /orms & ra94 ,"o might imag9e t 9 ! c5tre ( a wild cyclone a %ip c\ld f9d safety1 because !re calm reigns4 ,b ! furi\s :irl ( w9ds all ar\nd raises tumultu\s bill[s2 & t[>ds ! c5tre1 al?\gh ! w9ds !mselves die d[n1 ! /ate ( ! sea is a p]fect 8*aos0 ( tempe/u\s waves conv]g+ f all sides4 ,sailors /rive _! utmo/ to avoid t c5tral *aos4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,an ,,ocean ,,( ,,azure 8,! boom ( ! waves on ! %+le40--,,lewis ,,morris4 8,roll on1 ?\ deep & d>k-blue ,ocean1 roll60--,,byron4 ,n t ! ,ocean is always & ev]y:]e blue4 ,9 a c]ta9 8arm ( ! sea10 ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 x is commonly any t9t t y please r ?an blue--br[n1 gre51 yell[1 *ocolate1 only n ! col\r t we love4 ,if by *ance x dons = a few h\rs a robe ( azure1 t robe is m]ely a pass+ loan f ! sky4 ,& 9 dull wea!r x c only be describ$ z a huge puddle ( muddy liquid4 ,p (t5 gr[ to l be/ t to :i* !y are accu/om$4 ,a lady1 :o _h sp5t mo/ ( h] life on ! bord]s ( t br[n ,*annel1 once assur$ me t %e inf9itely pref]r$ x to ! 8deep blue sea40 ,%e _h be5 to /ay by ! latt]1 & _h f\nd its monotony ( t9t s un9t]e/+ t %e 0 *>m$ to get back to h] old fri5d4 ,ta/es diff]1 c]ta9ly4 ,n _m w\ld agree ) h]4 ,yet x is a fact t ! great ,turn] w5t to ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 ) all its mud1 = _m ( 8 m>vell\s sea & cl\d effects4 8,deeply1 d>kly1 beautifully blue10 sang ,byron ( ! ocean1 & he sang truly1 ev5 ?\gh ! ocean itself1 putt+ aside ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 is n always & uni=mly azure4 ,ne> l& ! t9t is (t5 gre5i%4 ,sometimes x is pure gre54 ,(t5 x is a pale & wat]y blue4 ,at o!r times we h a lead5 grey4 ,! g5u9e ocean-blue1 :i* resembles no?+ else on ,e>?1 c seldom be enjoy$ till "o gets on really deep wat]1 f> f l&4 ,or--till "o is look+ at ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,:y %\ld ! sea be blue8 ,& :y %\ld ! sky be blue8 ,= ! matt] ( t1 :y %\ld any?+ be blue8 ,:at d we mean by col\r8--:e!r blue or gre51 r$ or yell[8 ,we mean t p>ticul> t9t--or s5sation--:i* ! object 9 "q causes u to see--or feel4 ,! object receives sunlight1 & reflects x to our eyes4 ,& s9ce sunlight is :ite or yell[i%-:ite1 "o might expect t ev]y?+ we look ^u w\ld appe> to u :ite or yell[i%-:ite4 ,b ev]y?+ does n4 ,& ! reason is t a ray ( sunlight is really a bundle ( less] rays1 ea* ( :i* has its own col\r4 ,if a ray ( light is made to pass ?r\gh a prism1 ^! less] sub-rays are spread out ^u wall or floor1 always 9 ! same ord]1 f violet at "o end to r$ at ! o!r end4 ,light is believ$ to be due to enorm\s numb]s ( mo/ m9ute wavelets2 & = ea* col\r ! wavelets h a def9ite b diff]5t size4 ,!y are smalle/ at ! violet end1 & l>ge/ at ! r$ end4 ,n[ :5 a ray ( sunlight falls ^u any?+--leaf or fl[]1 e>? or wat]--"s ( ! sub-rays are absorb$ or tak5 91 & "s are reject$ or refus$ admission4 ,a heal?y leaf1 = in/ance1 absorbs ! r$1 ! yell[1 ! blue1 ! violet1 & refuses ! gre51 :i* is !re=e ?r[n back f ! leaf-surface to our eyes1 mak+ x gre5 to u4 ,a ripe tomato absorbs ! yell[ & gre51 ! blue & violet1 & reflects ! r$4 ,a lump ( blacklead absorbs gre$ily all ! rays1 reflect+ none1 & s to our eyes x is black or )\t col\r4 ,! petals ( a :ite rose1 on ! contr>y1 absorb s little col\r ( any k9d1 t practically ! entire ray is s5t aga9 to u z :ite light4 ,if ?is is ! mann] 9 :i* ! ocean is blue1 x means t sea-wat]1 & inde$ wat] g5]ally1 mu/ 9 itself be actually blue1 z a cake ( ultram>9e1 a sapphire1 a corn-fl[]1 a =get-me-n1 are blue4 ,c\ld t be ! case8 ,= a long :ile m5 decisively answ]$--,no4 ,ev]ybody knew t wat] 0 col\rless1 s ! idea 0 flung aside z impossible4 ,ano!r explanation came up in/ead4 ,! sea is full ( f9e du/2 & x 0 sugge/$ t1 z va/ multitudes ( ^! float+ du/-p>ticles are exce$+ly small1 !y might be able to reflect only ! small] blue light-waves1 & n ! l>g] yell[ or ! /ill l>g] r$ waves4 ,?us ! sea w\ld naturally seem to be blue4 ,aft] mu* discussion1 c>eful exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,diff]5t objects 7 l[]$ to v>i\s dep?s1 & ! effect ^u _! col\r+ 0 not$4 ,! outcome ( ^! & o!r te/s w5t f> to prove t ! old c]ta9ty 0 wrong1 & t wat] is 9 itself blue4 ,somebody may feel incl9$ to prote/4 8,wat] blue6 ,b t is out ( ! "q4 ,i h good sight1 & ,i assure y !re isn't ! lea/ sign ( col\r 9 wat]4 ,n ! fa9te/4 ,if y dip a bucket 9 ! sea1 y w see = y\rself40 ,yet all ! :ile ! col\r may be !re1 actually exi/5t1 ?\gh n to be detect$ by y\r eyes or m9e 9 a pailful4 ,a %ort "t ago ,i _h to buy a piece ( lace2 & my int5tion 0 to *oose a pale /raw or deep cream4 ,! lace 0 w\nd 9 _m folds r\nd a l>ge c>dbo>d1 & x seem$ to be exactly ! "r hue--a ri* yell[-cream1 almo/ butt] col\r4 ,)\t fur!r demur1 ,i ord]$ ab\t a y>d to be cut (f4 ,on rea*+ home1 ,i f\nd myself 9 possession ( a piece ( wide dead-:ite lace--or all b dead-:ite4 ,x 0 actually a v pale cream2 & :5 a great _m folds lay "o ov] ano!r ! comb9$ effect 0 ri* & yell[4 ,b a s+le ?ickness ( ! mat]ial %[$ no col\r+4 ,! same may be se5 ) a s+le piece ( v pale blue musl94 ,x w appe> to be :ite4 ,b y>ds ^u y>ds ( ! same1 fold$ toge!r1 w become q a deep blue4 ,a s+le ?9 lay] ( ocean-wat]1 9 l mann]1 has too fa9t a hue to be visible to ord9>y eyesight4 ,x is only :5 lay]s are pil$ ^u lay]s t ! blue becomes di/9ct2 & ! deep] ! wat]1 ! deep] g5]ally w be ! col\r4 ,"s y>ds ( wat]-?ickness may be said to correspond to a s+le ?ickness ( lace or musl94 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 we may say ) tol]able confid5ce t ! blue ( ! ocean is a 8,true ,blue10 ?is alone w n expla9 all ! v>ieties ( t9t+1 se5 at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t places4 ,sea-wat] is sometimes a ri* pr(\nd blue1 & sometimes a pale sickly blue4 ,x is sometimes dull1 sometimes brilliant4 ,x is sometimes gre51 & sometimes almo/ black4 ,= ^! v>iations1 ev5 :ile accept+ ! new explanation1 x has be5 f\nd ne$ful to rev]t to ! old !ory 9 que/ ( add$ help4 ,! sea is blue1 because x really & truly is blue4 ,b t is n all4 ,x is a deep] or less deep blue1 a dull] or bright] blue1 a gre5i% blue or ev5 a dull yell[1 because ( ! va/ supplies ( du/ float+ 9 x4 ,! ,m$it]ranean 0 p>ticul>ly exam9$1 on acc\nt ( its rem>kable dep? & brilliancy ( col\r+2 & x 0 f\nd to be exceptionally lad5 ) du/1 bo? f9e & co>se1 br\ght f l& by innum]able riv]s1 & also p\nd$ by break+ waves on ! long surr\nd+ coa/-l9es4 ,su* float+ p>ticles1 at all ev5ts ! bigg] ones1 are no long] suppos$1 z once !y 71 to reflect only ! t9y blue light-waves4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are believ$ to reflect all ! waves ( light indiscrim9ately1 :e!r l>ge or small2 :ile ! sea1 by virtue ( its own p[] z a ,blue mat]ial1 captures all ^? reflect$ waves except ! blue1 & all[s ! latt] alone to rea* our eyes4 ,ne> ,briti% %ores ! wat] has (t5 a /rongly gre5 t9t2 & ?is may be due 9 "p to float+ p>ticles ( s&4 ,! yell[ ( ! s&1 comb9+ ) ! blue ( ! wat]1 w\ld naturally =m gre54 ,possibly also ! sea1 ne> %ore1 is sometimes affect$ 9 col\r by float+ sea-we$s1 gre5-t9t$4 ,! blue ( ! sky is (t5 reflect$ on ! sea-surface1 & sometimes s p[]fully z to ov]come ! real ocean-col\r4 ,"o h>dly und]/&s h[ int5se su* a sky-reflection may be1 until "o has wat*$ ! :ole sea trans=m$ into gl[+ crimson or gold f a radiant sunset4 ,mu* ! same p]plexity has be5 felt ab\t ! blue col\r ( air1 z ab\t ! blue col\r ( ! ocean2 & mu* ! same c\rse ( explanation has be5 foll[$4 ,its blu5ess 0 long ma9ta9$ to be due only or ma9ly to ! 8scatt]+ ( sunlight0 by inf9ite numb]s ( float+ du/-specks1 :i* also s]ve to acc\nt = ! gold5 & crimson t9ts ( sunset4 ,x n[ appe>s t oxyg51 an important elem5t 9 ! atmosph]e1 has a fa9t blue t9t ( its own1 l wat]1 :i* at lea/ helps to answ] = ! blue ( ! air4 ,we may !re=e say ( ,wat] t x is believ$ to be transp>5tly & intr9sically blue2 & t its col\r1 ?\gh n actually due to float+ specks ( du/ & o!r impurities1 is a good deal affect$ by !m4 ,su* mat]ials 9 ! ,ocean help to modify its col\r+1 sometimes deep5+ x1 sometimes add+ to its brilliance1 sometimes dead5+ its brightness1 sometimes turn+ x gre5 or yell[4 ,c>eful obs]vation has also %[n t1 :5 wat] is especially free f du/-specks1 x is ( a d>k] & dull] hue ?an :5 !y are pres5t 9 l>ge quantities to capture & reflect ! sunbeams4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,ice-,,ne$les ,,to ,,ice-,,m\nta9s 8,9 all "t1 ,calm or convuls$1--9 breeze or gale or /orm1 ,ic+ ! pole1 or 9 ! torrid clime ,d>k-heav+2--b\ndless1 endless1 & sublime-- ,! image ( ,et]nity1--! ?rone ,( ! ,invisible40--,,byron4 ,s f> mo/ ( our ?\ghts h be5 giv5 to ,e>?'s mild] regions2 :]e1 inde$1 ! w>m ocean wat] is at be/ b a ?9 slice laid ov] va/ dep?s ( cold wat]1 yet :]e1 s f> z man is conc]n$1 heat has ! upp] h&4 ,9 o!r p>ts1 f> to nor? & s\?1 ! ,reign ( ,fro/ is a dire reality2 & t *ill mon>* 8rules ! roo/0 9 a ma/]ful fa%ion1 lord+ x ov] l& & sea = mon?s toge!r1 ) none to resi/ 8 sway4 ,:]ev] ,k+ ,fro/ waves 8 sceptre1 "o result always foll[s4 ,wat] *anges f a liquid to a solid4 ,nor is wat] ! only liquid :i* s *anges4 ,quicksilv]1 kn[n to u usually z a liquid1 may be froz51 ?\gh n )\t a great] am\nt ( cold ?an t :i* freezes wat]4 ,!n1 aga91 molt5 iron--t is1 iron made s(t ?r\gh great heat--is a liquid :i* :5 cold h>d5s into a solid4 ,iron z we mo/ (t5 see x is simply 9 its froz5 /ate2 j z mu* ! froz5 =m ( iron z ice is ! froz5 =m ( wat]4 ,& ! freez+ ( ! two comes ab\t 9 ! same mode4 ,z molt5 iron cools & h>d5s x cry/allizes4 ,m9ute ne$les1 f> too m9ute to be se51 take %ape1 cross+ & re-cross+ at v>i\s angles1 till ! :ole becomes a solid mass ( int]lac$ iron ne$les1 held 9 position by attraction4 ,:5 wat] *anges into ice1 ! same ?+ happ5s4 ,! wat]-p>ticles %ape !mselves into t9y ne$les1 & ^! ice-ne$les cross & re-cross1 till !y are knitt$ into a compact mass1 some?+ l ! mass ( iron ne$les4 ,nor are ne$les alone f\nd 9 ice4 ,exquisite =ms resembl+ ice-fl[]s are !re also1 commonly invisible1 b compos$ ( ice-ne$les wov5 into v>i\s %apes1 :i* aga9 are wov5 into ! fabric ( ! solid ice4 ,s a block ( ice may p]haps be said to be =m$ ( ice-fl[]s1 & ! ice-fl[]s to be =m$ ( ice-ne$les4 ,su* fl[]s are ( _m %apes1 b m g5]ally !y h six petals ea*4 ,if a ray ( sunlight is ?r[n ^u a slab ( ice1 ?r\gh a l5s1 s z to conc5trate ! heat1 !n1 z ! ice melts1 ! sp>kl+ ( ^! t9y florets c be se52 & :5 _! magnifi$ image is ca/ ^u a %eet1 ! six-petall$ fl[]s become cle>ly visible4 ,ev5 m beautiful ?an ! ice-fl[]s emb$d$ 9 solid ice are ! ice-fl[]s emb$d$ 9 sn[4 ,!y too are made ( t9y spicules or ne$les ( ice2 & !y too1 :ile v>y+ mu* 9 %ape1 are commonly six-petall$4 ,solid blocks ( ice are at fir/ sight s unlike masses ( fea!ry sn[ t a *ild w\ld be surpris$ to he> a sn[flake spok5 ( z 8ice40 ,yet ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two lies ma9ly 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! little ice-ne$les1 9 ! way !y are put toge!r4 ,^? ( h>d ice are m d5sely pack$2 ^? ( sn[ are m loosely jo9$1 ) op5 spaces betwe51 full ( air4 ,x is ! abundance ( air1 mix$ 9 ) ice-ne$les1 cat*+ & reflect+ light1 :i* gives to sn[ its :it5ess4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 z ) glaci]-ice1 ! texture is s close--l t ( glass--t nei!r fl[]s nor ne$les are disc]nible4 ,! fact t sn[ may be1 ?r\gh h>d pressure1 actually trans=m$ into firm ice--& ?is is an ev]yday occurr5ce 9 ! high ,alps--%[s h[ closely ak9 ! two are4 ,e c\ntry 9 ! _w has1 at a c]ta9 height1 t :i* is call$ 8! l9e ( p]petual sn[10 or1 m briefly1 8! sn[-l9e40 ,bel[ t limit sn[ may fall 9 w9t]1 & wat] may freeze1 b bo? vani% 9 ! summ]4 ,above t limit sn[ & ice are f\nd all ! ye> r\nd1 less5+ to "s ext5t 9 summ] mon?s1 b nev] disappe>+4 ,ov] ! equator ! sn[-l9e is ab\t sixte5 ?\s& feet high1 or high] ?an ,mont ,blanc2 s if ,mont ,blanc 7 situat$ on ! equator x w\ld n be a sn[-clad m\nta94 ,at ! nor? & s\? poles ! sn[-l9e is d[n at ! sea-level4 ,summ] w>m? !re does n suffice to get rid ( w9t] ice & sn[4 ,betwe5 ! equator & ! poles ! sn[-l9e v>ies 9 ea* c\ntry1 accord+ to t c\ntry's position & climate4 ,above ! sn[-l9e on l(ty ,swiss m\nta9s heavy falls add p]petually to ! mass ( sn[4 ,dur+ ! summ] a c]ta9 degree ( ?aw+ goes on1 b nev] any?+ l en\gh to balance ! w9try additions4 ,exactly at ! sn[-l9e ! quantity ( sn[ :i* falls & ! quantity :i* ?aws 9 ! ye> are ab\t equal4 ,l[] d[n ! ye>ly ?aw+ exce$s ! ye>ly sn[fall4 ,b if1 above t l9e1 m sn[ is be+ add$ ye> by ye> ?an c ?aw & fl[ away1 mu/ x n be t ^? m\nta9s :i* we> p]petual sn[ are always gr[+ high]8 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld be s if ! sn[ heap$ ^u ^? summits _h no o!r outlet1 no o!r means ( escape to ! ,ocean--! goal ( all ,e>?'s wat]s4 ,b ano!r mode ( escape is f\nd4 ,sup]abundant sn[ on m\nta9 heights gets away by means ( glaci]s4 ,we h _h to ?9k ab\t liquid riv]s fl[+ 9 ! ocean1 & "h are solid riv]s fl[+ on ! l&4 ,liquid riv]s ) liquid banks2 solid riv]s ) solid banks4 ,a curi\s anomaly 9 ei!r case4 ,! high] levels ( l& are dra9$ by riv]s p\r+ d[n to l[] levels & !nce into ! sea2 & x is ! same ) ! mighty sn[fields ( ,switz]l& z ) any g5tle range ( ,engli% hills1 only "h we h riv]s ( ice in/ead ( riv]s ( wat]4 ,b :y n riv]s ( sn[1 if a glaci] means ! dra9+ away ( sn[fields8 ,well1 s !y are--riv]s ( sn[4 ,b ! heavy weight ( ov]ly+ sn[ above1 & ! great pressure ( desc5d+ masses lat]1 welds ! light & delicate sn[ into h>d ice4 ,^? t9y ne$les1 ( :i* ! fall+ sn[ 0 made1 are cru%$ clos] & clos]1 till !y =m a solid block1 :i* loses all resemblance to sn[4 ,9 summ] ! melt+ ( ! surface by day1 & its freez+ aga9 by night1 help =w>d ?is trans=mation4 ,?us a glaci] is lit]ally an ,ice-,riv]1 a huge long tongue ( ice1 squeez$ f b5ea? sn[fields1 & creep+ d[n a valley4 ,su* riv]s v>y mu* 9 size4 ,"s ( ! ,swiss glaci]s are betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty miles long1 9 p>ts two or ?ree miles wide1 & (t5 hundr$s ( feet deep4 ,/>t+ above ! sn[-l9e !y sometimes rea* ?\s&s ( feet bel[ x1 ! mild] air fail+ to end _! exi/5ce soon]4 ,s enorm\s are ! ice-masses1 t n all ! /r5g? ( ! summ] sun c make away ) !m4 ,( c\rse1 ea* squ>e y>d 9 turn does melt1 & does help to fe$ ! riv] ( wat] :i* ru%es away f ! l[] end ( ! glaci]--soon] or lat] to rea* ! ocean4 ,switz]l&'s gr&e/ glaci]s dw9dle into insignificance beside ! enorm\s ice-riv]s ( ! froz5 nor?4 ,:5 ! 8,humboldt ,glaci]0 ( ,gre5l& gets to ! ocean x is ab\t =ty-five miles 9 wid?4 ,a g5]\s gift ( wat] inde$1 f l& to ocean4 ,ano!r mon/] glaci] ends 9 a cliff ( solid ice1 ris+ 9 p>ts to f\r hundr$ feet ( height4 ,gre5l& lies "u "o unbrok5 %ield ( sn[ & ice2 & ! weight ( ?is trem5d\s 8ice-cap0 presses out numb]less riv]s ( ice f its %ores into ! sea4 ,^! d n1 l ,alp9e glaci]s1 end 9 riv]s ( wat]1 fl[+ ?r\gh mild] climates to ! ocean4 ,! ,gre5l& glaci]s !mselves rea* ! sea1 ea* ?ru/+ an enorm\s 8foot0 f> into deep wat]4 ,= a :ile1 z x does s1 ! glaci]-ice holds firmly toge!r 9 a solid mass1 glid+ sl[ly ov] ! ocean-b$1 gett+ deep] & deep]1 till only a small "p ( x %[s above ! surface4 ,b ice naturally floats4 ,! upw>d pressure ( ! sea becomes increas+ly great1 fight+ aga9/ ! t5acity ( ! ice1 & 9 ! end old ,ocean has ! be/ ( ! conte/4 ,a huge mass ( ice snaps (f f ! glaci]-foot & spr+s to ! surface1 mak+ ! wat]s see! & swirl ) ! %ock1 & s5d+ heavy waves 9 all directions4 ,!n ! buoyant mass floats away z a newly made ,iceb]g4 ,"s ,iceb]gs1 brok5 ?us f a ,gre5l& glaci]1 are two or ?ree hundr$ feet high4 ,t is to say1 a sailor on bo>d a %ip c see two or ?ree hundr$ feet ( solid ice above ! surface ( ! sea4 ,b ?is is by no means ! true iceb]g height4 ,:5 we talk ( ice 8float+10 we d n mean t ! :ole piece ( ice re/s ^u ! top ( ! wat]4 ,x floats 9 ! wat]4 ,only ab\t "o-eigh? ( x is visible above1 & ! o!r sev5-eigh?s are hidd5 bel[4 ,s 9 ! case ( an iceb]g ris+ two or ?ree hundr$ feet above ! sea1 we may be sure t at lea/ sev5 times z mu* ice is und]nea? ! ocean-surface4 ,?is %[s :at an enorm\s mass ! :ole ( a float+ ice-m\nta9 mu/ be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,iceb]g1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,section ,,"u ,,wat] ,= e cubic foot ( ice above wat] !re are sev5 cubic feet bel[ ,face page #hf ,no wond] t a c]ta9 iceb]g1 :i* held its head "o hundr$ & fifty feet high1 %\ld h run agr\nd 9 wat] five hundr$ feet deep6 ,no wond]1 ei!r1 t :5 two su* b]gs come toge!r1 & an un=tunate %ip happ5s to lie betwe51 x %\ld be sma%$ l an egg-%ell4 ,9 ,baff9's ,bay ,dr4 ,kane once c\nt$ a pack ( two hundr$ & eighty b]gs1 mo/ ( !m be+ betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ feet high4 ,! 8bir?0 ( su* oceanic hills has be5 wat*$ by travell]s1 at ! mom5t ( _! break+ (f f a glaci]-foot1 ) no small int]e/1 & also ) no small dang]1 if !y *anc$ to be )9 rea* ( ! t]rific bill[s />t$ by su* an ev5t4 ,sometimes iceb]gs come into exi/5ce diff]5tly4 ,if ! glaci] comes to an end1 n 9 b above ! sea1 ! mass breaks (f above ) its own weight1 & plunges d[nw>d1 to float away on its new c>e]4 ,?is 0 lately witness$ 9 f> s\!rn seas1 & ! travell]s b>ely escap$ ) _! lives1 s trem5d\s 0 ! ru% ( ! ocean-wave foll[+ ! plunge ( ! new m\nta94 ,a great deal ( c>ry+ "w is done by iceb]gs4 ,_m & _m a block ( /one or rock--n to speak ( supplies ( gravel & s& & mud--is borne by !m to mid-ocean1 & !re dropp$4 ,9 ! ,atlantic !y seldom get fur!r s\? ?an ! neighb\rhood ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,z !y j\rney1 !y sl[ly weep & trickle out ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ,ant>ctic bo? glaci]s & iceb]gs are abundant4 ,! nor!rn b]gs are g5]ally high] & m %>ply peak$2 ! s\!rn b]gs ( a flatt] %ape1 b mu* l>g] & ( a deep] blue4 ,sea-wat] does n freeze s quickly z fre% wat]4 ,on acc\nt ( ! salt :i* x conta9s1 x does n become solid until x is f\r degrees cold] ?an fre% wat] ne$s to be4 ,! freez+-po9t ( fre% wat] is #cb ,f42 t ( salt wat] is #bh ,f4 ,z ocean-wat] freezes1 mo/ ( ! salt is sep>at$ f x2 & ! ice =m$ is practically fre%1 ?\gh (t5 x holds unfroz5 salt wat] 9 t9y holl[s4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,receiv+--,,to ,,give ,,aga9 8,o end to :i* our curr5ts t5d1 ,inevitable ,sea60--,a4 ,h4 ,,cl\gh4 8,all ! riv]s run into ! sea2 yet ! sea is n full40 ,s wrote ! wise/ ( m51 long c5turies ago2 & ! words are true 9 a _w-wide s5se1 :i* ! writ] ) all 8 wisdom c\ld n !n h fully grasp$4 8,all ! riv]s0 meant to him a great _m /reams1 l>ge & small1 9 s\!rn ,asia1 & 9 s\!rn ,europe1 ) "s 9 nor!rn ,africa4 8,all ! riv]s0 ( ! _w n[---- ,let u see :at x means4 ,! *ief "w ( a riv] is to dra9 ! l&2 to be> sup]flu\s wat]s into ! great deep4 ,wat] ly+ /agnant on l& becomes h>mful4 ,imm5se supplies are p]petually ne$$2 b x mu/ be fre% wat]1 cle> wat]1 runn+ wat]1 wat] newly fall5 f ! skies1 or newly receiv$ f ev] fre% because ev] r5ew$ spr+s4 ,nev] /agnant wat]4 ,s ,e>?'s riv]s--we are talk+ ( l&-riv]s n[--ga!r+ to !mselves ! multitude ( less] /reams & tribut>ies1 :i* 9 _! turn h be5 e>li] f$ by an inf9ite numb] ( burns & runnels 9 c\ntry & t[n1 hurry d[nw>d to ! ,ocean1 ) ri* pres5ts f ! ,l&4 ,b all ! :ile1 ,l& expects 8to receive z mu* aga940 ,:5 we /& beside a broad riv]1 wat*+ ! /eady fl[1 he>+ ! little murmurs ( s\nd & ! s(t suck & 8swi%0 aga9/ ! banks1 we d n (t5 realise ! greatness ( ! task :i* t riv] may h 9 h&4 ,suppose we are on ! banks ( ! ,se9e1 ! "m-/ream ( gay ,p>is4 ,_m a c5tury has ,p>is liv$2 b ! ,se9e exi/$ c\ntless c5turies be=e ,p>is 0 ev] he>d (4 ,ye> by ye> ! ,se9e dra9s away surplus wat] f "s tw5ty-?ree ?\s& squ>e miles ( ,fr5* t]ritory4 ,ye> by ye> ! ,se9e c>ries d[n to ! ,ocean a gift ( m ?an five cubic miles ( wat]4 ,five hundr$ cubic miles 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury6 ,or suppose we turn to ! ,rh9e1 t riv] ( ca/les & leg5ds1 :i* />ts ) ! melt+s ( ov] "o hundr$ & fifty glaci]s1 & is said to be f$ 9 its c\rse by some?+ l twelve ?\s& less] /reams4 ,! ,rh9e dra9s1 at ! v lea/1 betwe5 ?irty & =ty ?\s& squ>e miles ( c\ntry2 & x pays to ! ,ocean an annual tribute ( m ?an t5 cubic miles ( wat]4 ,m ?an a ?\s& cubic miles ea* hundr$ ye>s4 ,let u take a look at ! ,yangtsekiang--a ,*9ese riv] ( special int]e/ = ,briti% trade4 ,x dra9s ov] six hundr$ & fifty ?\s& squ>e miles ( l&2 & ea* ye> x h&s ov] to ! ,ocean m ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five cubic miles ( wat]4 ,see ! ,mississippi4 ,m ?an a million squ>e miles ( ,am]ican t]ritory are dra9$ by x2 & its annual gift to ! ,ocean am\nts1 l t ( ! great ,*9ese riv]1 to ov] "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five cubic miles ( wat]4 ,or once m--take ! ,amazon4 ,by t mighty /ream m ?an two million squ>e miles ( l& are dra9$2 & m ?an five hundr$ cubic miles ( wat] are p\r$ annually into ! sea4 ,s ! ,amazon pres5ts to ! ,ocean 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> :at ! ,se9e pres5ts 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury4 ,x has be5 reckon$ t 8all ! riv]s0 ( ,e>? comb9$ p\r e ye> into ! sea a mass ( wat] equal to ab\t six ?\s& five hundr$ cubic miles4 ,?is w\ld suffice to fill a va/ tank1 "o mile broad1 "o mile deep1 rea*+ ! :ole way f ! nor? ( ,scotl& to ! s\? ( ,africa4 8,all ! riv]s run into ! sea2 yet ! sea is n full40 ,x does n ov]fl[ its limits4 ,& long ago z ,k+ ,solomon wrote ^! words1 he 0 able to give ! reason4 8,unto ! place f :5ce ! riv]s come1 ?i!r !y return aga940 ,! ocean receives ^! g5]\s gifts f ! l&1 only to be g5]\s 9 return4 ,t :i* ! ocean freely accepts %e gives aga91 lavi%ly & royally4 ,enorm\s supplies ( wat] are ne$$ on l&1 & x is ! "w ( ! ocean to meet t ne$4 ,?r\gh\t ! _w1 & especially )9 ! tropics1 a con/ant dry+ up ( ! sea-surface is go+ on4 ,?is pass+ away ( visible wat] out ( sight is1 l c\ntless o!r ev]yday ev5ts1 v extraord9>y2 ?\gh we ?9k no?+ ( x because ( its famili>ity4 ,a tumbl] ( wat] is spilt ^u a bo>d$ floor4 8,oh1 nev] m9d10 says a c>eless voice4 8,x w soon dry up40 ,yes1 ( c\rse x w2 & :o tr\bles himself to ?9k :at ! 8dry+ up0 means8 ,p>ticle by p>ticle ! spilt wat] w creep s(tly away1 n z a liquid b z a vap\r1 into ! atmosph]e1 !re to float1 hidd5 f sight1 & to be c>ri$ hi!r & ?i!r :]ev] ! air may be mov+4 ,_h su* a ?+ nev] be5 se5 be=e1 x w\ld ar\se ! wond]m5t ( e ?\ghtful m9d 9 ,europe4 ,b miracles ( daily occurr5ce cease to be miracles4 ,"s few solids1 su* z camphor1 h ! same prop]ty ( pass+ sl[ly out ( sight into ! air1 ?\gh x is a mu* sl[] process ) camphor ?an ) wat]4 ,sn[ & ice also1 :5 !re is no ?aw1 dry (f gradually4 ,i h kn[n a :ole slight fall ( sn[ disappe> ?us1 )\t any ?aw4 ,vap\r is always pres5t 9 ! air2 sometimes a l>ge am\nt1 z mu* z ! atmosph]e is able at t p>ticul> temp]ature to hold2 sometimes a less am\nt1 n s mu* z ! air c\ld conta94 ,9 ! latt] case 8dry+0 goes on briskly2 9 ! =m] case x langui%es1 & wet clo!s1 wet pavem5ts1 rema9 long damp4 ,w>m air c hide away a mu* m abundant supply ( vap\r ?an cold air2 s ! hott] & dri] ! air1 ! quick] is ! evaporation or dry+-up ( wat]-surfaces4 ,?is is rem>kably se5 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,an am\nt ( wat] passes away f t sea 9 a s+le ye>1 suffici5t to br+ d[n its level "s fifte5 or tw5ty feet1--:i* x w\ld d1 b = a p[]ful curr5t always fl[+ 9 f ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,:5 sea-wat] ?us passes (f 9 vap\r1 x leaves ! salt beh9d4 ,7 ?is am\nt ( evaporation to g on /eadily 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 )\t any fre% supplies ( wat] be+ receiv$1 ab\t two ?\s& ye>s w\ld suffice to dry up ! :ole ,sea1 no?+ b a great mass ( salt rema9+ 9 its b$4 ,if ! ,r$ ,sea alone loses 9 "o ye> a slice ( wat]1 fifte5 or tw5ty feet ?ick1 imag9e :at ! enorm\s quantity mu/ be :i* is rais$1 ye> by ye>1 f ! surfaces ( all tropical oceans1 & 9 a less degree f ! seas 9 cold] regions4 ,! weight ( ! :ole c\ld only be told 9 hundr$s ( millions ( millions ( tons4 ,& ?is va/ mass is drawn up1 g5tly & mildly1 p>ticle by p>ticle2 to be waft$ by breezes to regions :]e wat] is urg5tly requir$1 & !re to be p\r$ d[n z ra9 ^u ! ?ir/y gr\nd4 ,?us ! great ex*ange is c>ri$ on1 ) /eady sequ5ce1 betwe5 ,l& & ,ocean1 ,ocean & ,l&4 ,:5 %[]s come to gladd5 ! he>ts ( our f>m]s1 & to provide food = ! p1 !y might sometimes give a ?\ght to ! ,ocean--to ! mann] 9 :i*1 ) ,sun & ,air z help]s1 he s5ds al(t millions ( tons ( wat]1 = ! use ( ^? on l&4 ,= 8unto ! place f :5ce ! riv]s come1 ?i!r !y return aga940 ,!re are p>ts ( ! _w :]e ra9s1 l w9ds1 come at regul> & almo/ unfail+ dates4 ,9 disappo9t+ ye>s1 :5 !y fail1 an ,empire may be disorganis$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,b 9 our ,briti% ,isles no su* regul>ity has sway2 & a pleas+ unc]ta9ty prevails ab\t ,wea!r 9 g5]al4 ,?is gives scope = some?+ to talk ab\t1 & some?+ to grumble at4 ,:at ! av]age ,briton w\ld d )\t ^! p]petual possibilities is a s]i\s "q4 ,no d\bt our ,wea!r is a v unc]ta9 quantity to be reckon$ )4 ,yet x may be t we are unfair to our fri5d ! ,ocean1 :o does s mu* = u 9 ! wea!r-l9e--ev] at "w z he is1 night & day1 s5d+ upw>d supplies ( wat]1 br++ to our %ore /ores ( tropical heat1 s(t5+ ! we/]ly breezes :i* excel4 ,is ,engli% wea!r really s bad z is popul>ly suppos$8 ,!re are climates & climates 9 ! _w2 "s worse1 "s bett]4 ,may x n be t ours really is1 9 _m respects1 n worse b bett]8 ,p]haps a slight digression "h w be p>don$1 = ! sake ( ,old ,ocean's good "n1 9 8 deal+s ) ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,foggy days1 dull & damp days1 are apt to make a m la/+ impression ^u "s p's memories ?an sunny days4 ,"o reason = ! g5]ally m\rnful idea ( ,briti% wea!r may be due to ! fact t =eign]s1 ,fr5*m5 especially1 are by nature m light-he>t$ ?an ,engli%m51 & t !y keep *iefly 9 m9d _! sunny days1 :ile we p]haps keep *iefly 9 m9d our dull days4 ,to ga9 a fair e/imate ( av]age ,briti% wea!r1 long & c>eful obs]vation is necess>y4 ,!re is absolutely no safe crit]ion1 save t ( record-keep+4 ,n _m p h ! p]sev]ance to d ?is = any l5g? ( "t1 & few non-sci5tific p h ! fairness ( m9d & judgm5t to d x dep5dably4 ,x is 9 my p[] to tell ( a record :i* has be5 kept1 /eadily1 c>efully1 p]sev]+ly1 by an ,engli% lady dur+ _m ye>s1 & to give ! results at :i* %e arriv$4 ,)\t be+ /rictly sci5tific %e 0--,i h to say 8010 s9ce %e has pass$ f our mid/--accurate1 regul>1 consci5ti\s1 & fair-m9d$4 ,= all ?is ,i c v\* f p]sonal k4 ,at ! same "t t %e kept records ( ! wea!r1 %e regi/]$ day by day ! read+s ( h] !rmomet] & ! daily am\nt ( ra9fall4 ,) ! two latt] we are n n[ conc]n$4 ,h] me?od z to wea!r-regi/ration 0 z foll[s4 ,f\r m>ks 7 us$3 ,x = a ?or\ghly f9e day2 ,v = a day 9 :i* f9e & dull m+l$1 b 9 :i* ! f9e pr$om9at$2 ,i = a day 9 :i* aga9 ! two m+l$1 b 9 :i* ! dull or ra9 _h ! be/ ( ! matt]2 & ,o = a day :i* c\ld only be describ$ z decid$ly bad4 ,( c\rse _m days occur :i* x is difficult to assign to ei!r class1 especially ( ! two middle divisions4 ,b a con/ant endeav\r 0 made to keep a fair proportion4 ,if "o d\btful day 7 plac$1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,v division1 ! next equally d\btful day w\ld be c>efully plac$ 9 ! ,i division1 to ensure accuracy4 ,at ! end ( ea* mon? all ^! f\r classes 7 add$ up sep>ately4 ,also1 to simplify results1 ! ,good & ! ,half-good1 ! ,bad & ! ,half-bad1 7 class$ 9 two columns z compreh5sively ,good & ,bad4 ,f ^! two columns curi\s results 7 obta9$4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t ! lady 9 "q liv$ at ,reigate1 & 0 seldom abs5t f home1 nev] m ?an = a few weeks at a "t4 ,! record is ?us ma9ly ( "o place4 ,n[ & aga9 a %ort abs5ce occurr$1 & h] obs]vations 7 !n c>ri$ on :]ev] %e might be2 b ! abs5ces 7 s few & g5]ally s %ort z to be unimportant4 ,be=e go+ f>!r1 x is wor? :ile = ! read] to ask himself1 p]haps also to ask "o or two fri5ds1 :at might be ! proportions ( 8,good0 & 8,bad0 days t he or !y w\ld expect to f9d 9 ! ,engli% climate1 z ! result ( su* a computation8 ,w\ld x be ?ree-qu>t]s bad & "o-qu>t] good8 ,or c\ld x be possibly half bad & half good8 ,"h is ! actual result3-- ,a4,d4 ,bad ,days4 ,good ,days4 #ahhf #hi #bgf #ahhg #ei #cjf #ahhh #he #bhj #ahhi #ajg #beh #ahij #he #bhj #ahia #ia #bgd #ahib #gg #bhh #ahic #ga #bid #ahid #aji #bdb #ahie #hh #bgg #ahif #hf #bhb ,if ! second column be add$ up1 ! sum-total am\nts to ?ree ?\s& & fifty-sev5 days4 ,if ! fir/ column be also add$ up1 ! sum-total am\nts to n9e hundr$ & =ty-sev5 days4 ,a v simple calculation1 :i* anybody may "w out1 w %[ t ! proportion ( 8,good0 days t[>ds 8,bad0 days is t ( ab\t ,?ree to ,"o4 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght x8 ,n c]ta9ly ! majority ( fri5ds to :om ,i h appeal$ = an op9ion4 ,n ev5 an able sci5tific man1 :o frankly confess$ 8 a/oni%m5t4 ,ov] ?ree-qu>t]s ( fairly ,good ,wea!r1 z oppos$ to "u "o-qu>t] ( fairly ,bad ,wea!r--& ?is ! av]age ( elev5 ye>s6 ,h we n giv5 ! re9 too freely to our ,national grumbl+ t5d5cies8 ,w\ld x n be bett] if we ?\ght m ( ! sun%9e1 less ( ! cl\ds & ra98 ,x may p]haps be ( int]e/ to "s to "k m exactly ! proportions ( ! f\r classes dur+ ^? ye>s4 ,bo? 9 ^! & 9 ! =m] columns x w be not$ t "o ye> ( ! elev5 is a few days %ort ( ! full l5g?--! ye> #ahid4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! only lapse 9 regul>ity4 ,"h is ! full] /atem5t3-- ,a4,d4 ,bad4 ,half-bad4 ,half-good4 ,good4 #ahhf #ae #gd #hf #aij #ahhg #af #dc #aaf #aij #ahhh #ah #fg #aaj #aga #ahhi #ab #ie #aac #ade #ahij #ai #ff #aaj #agj #ahia #ba #gj #ajg #afg #ahib #ag #fj #ie #aic #ahic #ag #ed #hg #bjg #ahid #ai #ij #ajf #acf #ahie #ai #fi #hd #aic #ahif #bb #fd #aae #afe ,s if we owe our wea!r to ! ,ocean's influ5ces1 x appe>s t we h m to be ?ankful = ?an to compla9 (4 ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii41 wise 9 ^w ?\gh n 9 de$1 is report$ to h said t 9 ,engl& a man c\ld "w m days 9 ! op5 air ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,:e!r ?is be s or n1 x at lea/ %[s t ! ,m]ry ,mon>* 0 n "o 9 ! army ( wea!r-compla9]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,a ,,/ory ,,( ,,conflict 8,?\ ,sea1 :o wa/ to me a prophet deep1 ,?r\gh all ?y re/less waves & wa/+ %ores1 ,( sil5t lab\r & et]nal *ange40--,,k+sley4 ,betwe5 ,l& & ,ocean a ceaseless conte/ is c>ri$ on4 ,! l& is always endeav\r+ to keep its pres5t /ate un*ang$4 ,! ocean is ev] try+ to te> d[n & demoli% ! l&4 ,yet ! v object ( ! ocean 9 s do+ seems to be t new l& may be rais$ up ) ! /ol5 mat]ials4 ,!re are ,cont95ts & ,isl&s1 m\ld$ long ago1 :i* we see z f9i%$ /ructures1 t h rea*$ ! m]idian ( _! exi/5ce & ent]$ ^u _! decad5ce4 ,) _m ( ^! ,ocean's ef=ts are *iefly employ$ = de/ruction4 ,inde$1 9 all cases1 ! p[] :i* once erect$ an isl& or a cont95t is at "w ^u x /ill1 n always & only = de/ruction1 b sometimes = modification1 alt]+ its %ape1 mak+ x l>g] or small]1 r\nd+ a curve "h1 add+ a protub]ance !re1 giv+ f9i%+ t\*es1 & 9 ! end1 if n f ! beg9n+1 act+ also z spoliator4 ,b ! "w ( build+ has n ceas$2 x nev] does cease4 ,?r\gh ! ages x has gone on1 & x goes on yet4 ,!re are embryo isl&s1 p]haps embryo cont95ts1 be+ n[ sl[ly fa%ion$ 9 ,ocean's work%ops1 n ready = use4 ,a great "p ( ! "w ( l&-build+ takes place 9 d>kness4 ,x is c>ri$ on1 n m]ely f day to day1 b f c5tury to c5tury1 nev] ha/+1 nev] paus+4 ,! mat]ials are br\ght (t5 f f> di/ances1 n by m51 b by /reams1 by riv]s1 by glaci]s1 by ocean-wat]s2 & ! weight ( ^? wat]s helps to weld ! ga!r$ mat]ials into a solid :ole4 ,anybody :o wat*es ! results ( ev5 "o heavy d[np\r ( ra9 on l& may ga9 "s notion ( :at is go+ on ev]y:]e4 ,if y\r h\se has a s(t-wat] tank1 y c h>dly h fail$ to note h[ black ! wat] becomes1 aft] a pelt+ %[]1 foll[+ ^u a dr\ght4 ,no wond]1 = ! ra9 has wa%$ ! ro(1 & has c>ri$ (f a supply ( collect$ du/ & soot4 ,n ! ro(s ( h\ses alone1 b ! /reets1 ! walls1 ! pavem5ts1 9 a t[n--! trees1 h$ges1 grass1 roads1 9 ! c\ntry--are all reliev$ ( du/y lay]s1 :ile1 if ! ra9 be heavy en\gh1 s& & soil also are swept away4 ,sometimes !y are only tak5 to a l[] level 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 b l>ge quantities f9d _! way into ! dra9s or /reamlets1 :i* jo9 bigg] brooks1 & ?us rea* ! ne>e/ riv]1 f9ally jo9+ ! sea4 ,any mov+ /ream is able to c>ry along float+ mat]ials1 :i* 9 /ill wat] w\ld s9k to ! bottom4 ,! fa/] ! curr5t ! heavi] is ! weight :i* x c support4 ,a m\nta9 torr5t conveys pebbles1 gr9d+ !m to a small] size z x ru%es along2 & "s ( ! m p[]ful torr5ts transport ev5 great /ones4 ,if "o is sceptical ab\t ?is lift+ p[] ( wat]1 & if "o _c g to ! m\nta9s to see = oneself1 ! next be/ ?+ is to wat* ! break+ ( waves ^u a %+ly bea*4 ,! pebbles 9 r\gh wea!r are caught up & :irl$ ab\t l gra9s ( s&2 & aft] a sev]e gale ! :ole look ( a bea* is (t5 completely *ang$4 ,! %+le may h be5 pil$ to an unusual height1 or x may h be5 borne away4 ,s x is easy to recognise t wat] has no mean c>ry+ /r5g?4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw :at huge gifts ( wat] are h&$ ov]1 ye> by ye>1 f ! ,l& to ! ,ocean4 ,b ! ,riv]s1 act+ z h&maid5s to c>ry ^! (f]+s1 d n be/[ wat] only4 ,! wat]-gifts are lad5 ) solid mat]ials1 to be us$ = build+ purposes4 ,a riv] te>s e>? & s& f its own banks1 & we>s d[n ! /ones & rocks 9 its b$2 & to ?is gr[+ collection1 z x fl[s1 x adds contributions ( e>? & s&1 br\ght f high] rea*es by its tribut>y /reams4 ,mo/ ( ^? mat]ials are kept afloat4 ,to make sure t !y are s1 we only h to exam9e ! m\? ( a riv]4 ,float+ mud & s& may n be app>5t 9 ! riv] itself2 b j :]e ! riv] jo9s ! sea1 j :]e ! outfl[+ /ream enc\nt]s ! infl[+ ocean-tides1 a bank or banks ( mud & s& may be se54 ,^! are a common feature ( riv]-m\?s4 ,_m a l>g] riv] has at its m\? an enorm\s network ( banks1 divid$ by /reams1 & ! :ole is describ$ z ! 8delta0 ( t riv]2 its %ape be+ r\ghly l ! ,greek lett] 8delta10 or l an op5$ fan4 ,ev]ybody has he>d ( ! ,delta ( ! ,nile1 ! ,delta ( ! ,ganges1 ! ,delta ( ! ,mississippi4 ,b h>dly a riv] exi/s1 no matt] h[ small1 :i* on jo9+ ! sea does n make its own little delta4 ,& ! =mation ( ^! deltas comes ab\t 9 a v simple mann]4 ,s long z a riv] fl[s onw>d1 at a fair pace1 x is able to hold up its float+ mat]ials1 to keep ! e>? & s& 9 its embrace f s9k+ to ! bottom4 ,b :5 x rea*es ! sea1 its progress is *eck$2 & no soon] does x slack5 spe$1 ?an "s ( its buoy$-up mat]ials beg9 to s9k4 ,! heavi] k9ds are ! fir/ to t\* bottom1 gett+ pil$ up s z to =m a b> or bank2 & f>!r out1 z ! /ream gr[s yet m sl[1 light] sub/ances f9d _! way d[nw>d1 mak+ ano!r bank4 ,9 fact1 ! riv]1 ) ,ocean's help1 is busily build+ ,l&1 =m+ an isl& or a gr\p ( isl&s1 ei!r ( pebbles or s& or mud4 ,9 ! case ( a great riv] su* isl&s are (t5 v ext5sive4 ,! fl[ ( a small riv] is quickly /opp$ by ! sea1 b su* p[]ful /reams z ! ,ganges or ! ,nile p\r onw>d = _m _m miles1 be=e !y beg9 to m+le ) ! salt wat]1 _! spe$ slack5+ gradually4 ,n only d !y =m great deltas ( isl&s1 b !y c>ry va/ supplies ( mat]ial f> into ! ocean4 ,rec5tly an exam9ation 0 made into ! wat]s ( n9ete5 important riv]s1 to discov] :at quantity ( mat]ial 0 c>ri$ by ea*4 ,! result ( ?is exam9ation 0 some:at />tl+4 ,we h se5 already h[ _m cubic miles ( wat] a riv] may give ov] ye>ly to ! great deep4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 on an av]age1 ^! riv]s may be reckon$ to give ov] also1 ) ea* cubic mile ( wat]1 m ?an sev5 hundr$ & sixty ?\s& tons ( mat]ial1 torn f ! l&4 ,^! enorm\s collections1 toge!r ) va/ quantities :i* ! waves h dug & wr5*$ f bea*es & cliffs1 are dropp$ to ,ocean's floor4 ,n inde$ g5]ally to h] deepe/ p>ts4 ,s f> z we yet "k1 ! ,ocean does n build cont95ts 9 ^? black pr(\nd abysses1 miles deep1 flat-floor$1 calm1 un*angeable4 ,no traces h be5 !re discov]$ ( su* /rata z =m ! ,cont95tal p>ts ( ,e>?'s ,cru/4 ,ocean's ma9 "w1 z build]1 goes on 9 8,! ,transitional ,area20 & mo/ s 9 t "p ( x :i* is call$ 8,! ,cont95tal ,%elf10 :]e ! dep? does n exce$ ab\t six hundr$ feet4 8,transitional0 regions are s nam$ because x is believ$ t "s ( !m may once h be5 ,cont95ts1 t o!rs ( !m may yet become ,cont95ts4 ,!re 0 a "t1 9 ! long pa/1 :5 ocean-wat]s fl[$ ov] all ^? p>ts ( ,e>? :i* n[ are kn[n to u z dry l&4 ,!re may be a "t1 9 ! f> future1 :5 areas ( comp>atively %all[ wat] w become dry l&4 ,?r\gh ages ! task ( tak+ mat]ials f ! l& = build+ purposes has be5 c>ri$ on by ! ,ocean1 & x goes on /ill4 ,! ,cont95ts are be+ /eadily worn away2 ! ,isl&s are becom+ cont9ually small]4 ,7 ?is to cont9ue always1 ) no c\nt]act+ =ces1 isl&s & cont95ts mu/ 9 ! end disappe>4 ,x w\ld take a v long "t2 probably well ov] six millions ( ye>s1 at ! pres5t rate ( demolition4 ,/ill1 h[ev] long def]r$1 ! end w\ld be sure4 ,b c\nt]act+ =ces exi/4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,ab\t ,,! ,,long ,,pa/ 8,! cold & sil5t pa/40--,,:itti]4 8,?\ cov]$/ x ) ! ,deep z ) a g>m5t2 ! wat]s /ood above ! m\nta9s40--,ps4 civ4 #f4 ,! v long pa/--h[ long no man c say4 ,"s ra% attempts h be5 made to "n ! numb]s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s :i* may h elaps$ s9ce ?is or t p>ticul> /age 9 ! _w's geological hi/ory4 ,su* reckon+s c possess little or no true value4 ,x is bett] to confess frankly t we _c fix dates4 ,we only "k t c]ta9 *anges did come ab\t--v long ago4 ,our ,e>? has n always be5 z %e is n[4 ,%e has alt]$ greatly4 ,%e is alt]+ /ill4 ,developm5t has gone on ?r\gh ! ages4 ,developm5t goes on /ill4 ,cont95ts & p>ts ( ,ocean h1 s to speak1 *ang$ places4 ,m\nta9s h ris52 & tablel&s1 high uplift$1 h sunk l[4 ,sea-b$s h become dry l&2 & dry l&s h become sea-b$s4 ,riv]s h c>v$ new pa?s = !mselves2 & cat>acts h worn away va/ masses ( rock1 c>ry+ ! dbris to ! sea4 ,ocean-waves h batt]$ d[n l9es ( cliffs1 & new cliffs h em]g$ f "u wat]4 ,all ^! ?+s h come ab\t1 n 9 a few ye>s1 b 9 hundr$s ( ye>s1 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 "s say 9 millions ( ye>s4 ,su* "t-possibilities are n1 h[ev]1 )\t limits4 ,soon] or lat] ! ,a/ronom] /eps 9 ) a--8,hold6 ,en\gh6 ,! ,sun z a light & heat giv] c\ld n h exi/$ !n40 ,b we may leave su* p]plex+ comp>isons & calculations1 & may cont5t ourselves ) a g5]al--8,v long s9ce60 ,!re 0 a "t :5 m5 believ$ our ,e>? to be at re/1 9 ! c5tre ( a revolv+ ,univ]se4 ,t notion _h to be giv5 up z k grew4 ,!re 0 a "t1 f> m rec5t1 :5 we all felt confid5t t ?is firm gr\nd1 on :i* we live & move1 /& & "w1 0 solidly calm & immovable4 ,t notion too has _h to be ab&on$4 ,= ! ,e>?-cru/ itself is 9 motion2 c]ta9ly 9 p>ts2 probably z a :ole4 ,"h x is g5tly heav+ upw>d2 !re x is sl[ly s9k+ d[nw>d4 ,true1 we d n see or feel su* movem5ts4 ,b nei!r d we feel ! :irl ( our ,e>? ^u h] axis1 or h] ru% ar\nd ! sun4 ,nei!r d we see f h\r to h\r ! gr[+ ( a boy into a man1 or ! *ange f a sapl+ into a tree4 ,/raight ?r\gh f side to side1 ! ,e>? measures "s eight ?\s& miles2 & ( ^? eight ?\s& a v slight 8sk90 is all t we c /udy1 by any?+ approa*+ to direct obs]vation4 ,no wells or m9es on l& c be sunk s deep z ! sailor's plumbl9e 9 ! ocean4 ,if we add ! six miles or m ( ! ocean's great] dep?s to ! five miles or m ( ,e>?'s high] m\nta9s1 we h at mo/ twelve miles1 :i*1 comp>$ ) ! :ole diamet] ( ! ,e>?1 mu/ be look$ ^u z a m]e no?+4 ,by "o means we are able to le>n some?+ ( :at lies deep] 9 ! e>?-cru/4 ,half a doz5 deep wells may be sunk 9 diff]5t places1 ! same bor+ app>atus be+ us$1 & ! same me?ods be+ foll[$4 ,b ! same results w\ld n be obta9$4 ,e>?'s cru/ is n "o solid cont9u\s sub/ance1 l a %ell ( iron4 ,x is made up ( diff]5t sub/ances1 ly+ "o ^u ano!r1 or mix$ confus$ly toge!r4 ,:5 m5 "w _! way d[nw>ds1 9 well-s9k+ or 9 m9e-s9k+1 !y come across a great v>iety ( lay]s1 ea* unlike ! re/4 ,"h p]haps is a /ratum ( /iff clay1 & !re is a deposit ( s&/one4 ,"h h>d granite b>s ! pa?1 & !re an easy road is f\nd ?r\gh crumbl+ *alk4 ,"h a great ?ickness ( pebbles appe>s1 b\nd toge!r into a rock-l conglom]ate2 & !re seams ( coal alt]nate ) lime/one4 ,ea* :isp]s a tale ( ,e>?'s pa/ hi/ory2 & n ! same tale4 ,!y 7 n all made 9 ! same work%op1 or aft] ! same mode4 ,ea* has its own sep>ate biography4 ,& ! v>i\s lay]s d n lie flat & ev51 "o ^u ano!r4 ,once ^u a "t !y may s h la91 b s9ce ^? days !y h be5 mov$ & %ov$ ab\t1 tilt$ & l[]$1 heav$ up & dragg$ d[n1 s t "s ( ! upp] lay]s h 9 places disappe>$ bel[ ! pile1 & 9 o!r places "s ( ! und]mo/ lay]s h be5 pu%$ to ! top4 ,x is by /udy+ ! latt]1 :]e !y happ5 to crop up )9 rea*1 t ! geologi/ c le>n a little ab\t deep] portions ( ! e>?-cru/ & ab\t ! rocks ( :i* x is made4 ,by t ^w 8rock0 mu/ be und]/ood1 n only su* h>d k9ds z granite & m>ble1 b s(t] mat]ials1 su* z *alks1 clays1 s&s1 & ev5 muds4 ,rocks g5]ally h be5 r\ghly divid$ into two classes--! ,/ratifi$ & ! ,un/ratifi$4 ,/ratifi$ ,rocks1 kn[n also z ,s$im5t>y1 h be5 put toge!r 9 ! pa/1 gra9 by gra91 lay] by lay]1 "u wat]1 built gradually ?r\gh ages1 & sl[ly weld$ into firmness4 ,un/ratifi$ ,rocks1 kn[n also z ,igne\s1 f ! ,lat9 ^w = 8fire10 h be5 melt$ d[n by great heat into a liquid /ate1 & h !n cool$ into solid cry/alliz$ masses4 ,:5 ^! fire-made rocks h be5 heav$ up f l[] dep?s & are expos$ to ! we>+ effects ( ra9 & w9d1 riv]s & waves1 !y too h to "p ) mu* ( _! mat]ial1 l /ratifi$ rocks1 only m sl[ly1 ow+ to _! h>d] make4 ,^! mat]ials are c>ri$ seaw>d1 to be us$ 9 ! build+ ( fre% /ratifi$ rocks4 ,!n aga91 "s k9ds ( /ratifi$ rocks1 :5 expos$ to int5se heat1 w cry/allize into igne\s rocks4 ,s ! "o k9d may be ! *ild ( ! o!r2 & _m rocks p>take ( ! *>act]i/ics ( bo?4 ,) reg>d to ! we>+ away ( rocks1 ! de/ruction ( l& by wat]1 x 0 said 9 ! close ( ! la/ *apt] t1 b = c]ta9 8c\nt]act+ =ces10 ! :ole ( ! ,cont95ts might 9 ! c\rse ( ages be sl[ly c>ri$ (f by ! ,ocean1 & be buri$ 9 ! mighty deep4 ,?is s\nds l :at1 9 mod]n p>lance1 may be t]m$ 8a v l>ge ord]40 ,:o c\ld imag9e a feeble sub/ance l wat] hav+ any effect ^u massive granite cliffs8 ,few p grasp ! trem5d\s batt]+ =ce ( ocean-waves ^u a rocky coa/1 & few] /ill realise ! wa/+ p[] ( runn+ riv]s1 or ( endless successions ( ra9drops4 ,"h is a fact z to ! /r5g? ( ocean-waves4 ,"s ( u may h wat*$ ! maje/ic gr\nd-swell :i* beats ^u ! we/]n coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,x is said t1 ^u a r\gh av]age1 tak+ smoo? & tempe/u\s wea!r toge!r1 ea* summ] wave t breaks ^u t %ore f ! ,atlantic does s ) a =ce ( ov] six hundr$ p\nds ^u ! squ>e foot4 ,= w9t] mon?s alone1 :5 gales h sway1 ! av]age bl[ rises to ab\t "o ton2 & "s mighty bill[s are kn[n to batt] ) a weight ( ?ree tons4 ,su* a fi]ce assault z ?is1 cont9u$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s1 might well 9 "t we> away ! h>de/ rocks1 demoli% ! l(tie/ cliffs4 ,a c\nt]act+ =ce1 h[ev]1 exi/s1 & has already be5 nam$4 ,our e>?-cru/ is 9 motion4 ,p>ts ( x are s9k+1 & 9 ^? regions ! ocean has ! be/ ( ! conte/2 = fight z man may1 raise walls & bulw>ks & breakwat]s z he w1 he c b ret>d ! inevitable4 ,if ! s9k+ cont9ue1 no matt] h[ sluggi%ly1 he mu/ 9 ! end be beat51 & ! p]si/5t sea w encroa* ^u ! l&'s doma94 ,b _m coa/s are sl[ly ris+1 sl[ly lift+ !mselves out ( ! sea1 sl[ly %ak+ !mselves free f ,ocean's dom9ion2 & 9 ^? regions1 no less inevitably1 ! action ( ! sea is ?w>t$4 ,z to ! :y & ! :]e=e ( su* ,cru/-movem5ts1 sci5ce sugge/s explanations4 ,once ^u a "t1 long ago1 our ,e>? 0 a gl[+ molt5 mass4 ,s9ce t p]iod x has be5 cool+1 & x is cool+ /ill4 ,_m facts po9t to ! great probability ( a /ill molt5 c5tre4 ,n only d we f9d volcanoes scatt]$ ov] ! ,e>?1 on l& & "u ! ocean2 b numb]less hot-wat] spr+s exi/1 "s ( !m a ?\s& miles away f any kn[n volcano4 ,!n aga91 :5 deep m9+ or bor+ op]ations take place1 x is not$ t ! degree ( w>m? = a :ile corresponds to ! /ate ( ! wea!r above1 b t beyond ! limits ( seasonal *ange ! temp]ature rises ) increase ( dep?4 ,?is looks l great] heat bel[4 ,_m sci5ti/s h held /rongly t1 z above sugge/$1 ! :ole inside ( our ,e>? is s f> heat$ z to be 9 a molt5 condition1 conta9$ )9 a cool h>d cru/1 :i* may be f tw5ty to fifty miles 9 ?ickness4 ,o!rs h ma9ta9$ t ! said cru/ _c be less ?an two ?\s& miles ?ick1 ) a small molt5 core4 ,o!rs believe t ! entire ,e>? is actually solid ?r\gh\t2 ! out] p>ts f coolness2 ! inn] p>ts f great pressure4 ,aga91 a !ory has be5 />t$ ( a solid c5tre & a solid cru/1 ) an int]v5+ 8fire-sea0 ( molt5 rocks2 & ano!r ( a gase\s inn] globe1 surr\nd$ fir/ by molt5 lay]s1 !n by a firm inclos+ cru/4 ,all ^! diff]5t explanations re/ ^u "o f\ndation--t ( a /eadily cool+ ,e>?--t ( a m or less heat$ int]ior1 & ( a h>d5$ cru/4 ,! cool+ ( ! inside goes on sl[ly1 & n uni=mly1 s9ce conditions diff] 9 diff]5t places4 ,z ! heat$ mat]ials become cool] !y less5 9 size4 ,?us ! nucleus is con/antly gett+ a little too small = ! inclos+ cru/4 ,if ! said cru/ 7 a solid %ell1 compact & /rong en\gh 9 all its p>ts to resi/ ! /ra9 ( its enorm\s weight1 x might be expect$ to keep its %ape & position un*ang$1 hold+ loosely )9 itself ! %r9k+ c5tre4 ,b x is =m$ ( a great numb] ( mat]ials1 "s h>d1 "s s(t & yield+4 ,!re=e1 z ! c5tral p>ts less5 9 size1 ! cru/ s9ks d[nw>ds1 & 9 s do+ x wr9kles into huge folds1 l ! r9d ( a %rivell+ orange or ! sk9 ( a v old man's face4 ,a ridge is pu%$ up "h2 a furr[ ext5ds !re4 ,"h a long range ( m\nta9s is f\nd2 !re we see a succession ( valleys4 ,by ^! movem5ts ! ,ocean is bo? help$ & h9d]$ 9 its 8build+40 ,z new l& is =m$ "u wat]1 ! 8cru/-creep0 p]haps raises x g5tly1 & a /rip ( sea becomes dry l&4 ,b ano!r portion ( ! "w1 t ( pull+ l& to pieces1 is *eck$2 = let ! waves /rive z !y may to we> away a coa/-l9e1 a v slight upheaval is en\gh to c\nt]balance _! utmo/ ex]tions4 ,su* *anges are usually gradual--s quiet1 s delib]ate1 z only to become app>5t 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies4 ,n t cru/-movem5ts are always sluggi%4 ,! ceaseless s9k+ & cr9kl+ ( va/ ext5ts ( c\ntry1 ! cr[d+ toge!r into a small] space ( imm5se masses ( mat]ial1 _c b cause enorm\s pressure2 & "h or !re a portion sudd5ly gives "u ! /ra94 ,!n ! gr\nd %akes & heaves1 or "s t]rible l&slip takes place4 ,e>?quakes are n[ look$ ^u g5]ally z signs ( abrupt yield+ to int5se pressure4 ,sometimes !y indicate t a huge weight ( mat]ial deep d[n has slid to a l[] level1 pack+ m closely or pu%+ aside o!r masses1 & caus+ :at m9]s call 8a fault0--t is a break or dislocation 9 ! regul> l9es ( ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,or slip aft] slip may take place1 "o mass be+ di/urb$ by ! movem5ts ( a neighb\r+ mass2 & s ! gr\nd above may tremble aga9 & aga9 ) recurr+ %ocks4 ,su* %ocks are fe>fully common 9 "s p>ts4 ,9 ,japan1 = in/ance1 x 0 not$ t n9e ?\s& _h be5 felt 9 ! c\rse ( only eight ye>s2 & 9 "o great e>?quake alone--t ( ,octob] #bf?1 #ahia--;almo/ t5 ?\s& human be+s p]i%$4 ,movem5ts ( ! cru/1 :e!r sl[ or rapid1 are n due always & only to ! %r9kage ( ! c5tral portions ( our globe1 & to ! s9k+ & re-adju/m5t ( ! /rata4 ,!re are mighty fire-=ces bel[2 molt5 mat]ials p5t up1 wait+ = ! slighte/ yield+ ( ! solid cru/ to fight _! way out2 heat$ & imprison$ gases /ruggl+ = fre$om4 ,sometimes ^! captive giants escape ?r\gh :at may be t]m$ ! or?odox safety-valves1 old volcanic v5ts4 ,sometimes !y break op5 new crat]s = !mselves4 ,sometimes !y fail to get out1 & only %ake ! gr\nd1 or =ce x g5tly upw>d4 ,?\gh e>?quakes are m usually ascrib$ to ! effects ( a /eady 8cru/-creep10 !y are sometimes caus$ by heat$ gases seek+ lib]ty4 ,^! heav+s & twi/+s1 ^! crumpl+s & sway+s1 ( ! e>?-cru/ d n belong only to l&1 b g on 9 ! same mann] "u ! ocean4 ,_m an e>?quake felt on l& has its orig9 "u ! sea2 & o!rs are s f> out z to be felt only by pass+ %ips4 ,9 ! ,pacific alone x is said t ab\t two ?\s& five hundr$ %ocks occur 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,( ! eight or t5 ?\s& %ocks1 believ$ to be ab\t ! av]age numb] ?r\gh\t ! _w annually1 fully half h _! orig9 b5ea? ocean-wat]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,old ,,ocean ,,z ,a ,,build] 8,gra9 by gra9 ,8 ,h& ,numb]s ! unmeasurable s&40--,c4 ,g4 ,,rossetti4 8444 ,! ev] *ang+ /r& ,( %ift+ & un/able s& ,:i* wa/es b5ea? ! /eady *ime ,& beat+ ( ! waves40--,,:itti]4 ,z a va/ ,ca!dral is made ( sep>ate blocks ( /one1 laid "o ^u ano!r & cem5t$ toge!r1 s a /ratifi$ rock is =m$ ( t9y p>ticles ( sub/ance1 plac$ "o ov] ano!r & press$ into solidity4 ,let u scoop up a little s& f ! sea-%ore1 & look at x "u a magnify+-glass4 ,we %all f9d a numb] ( loose yell[ gra9s1 n all alike 9 %ape1 b all some:at r\nd$4 ,mo/ ( !m are *>act]is$ by a glitt]+ h>dness1 & probably "s are transp>5t4 ,= ! mo/ "p ^! gra9s are ( a sub/ance call$ qu>tz1 :i* may be almo/ any col\r f :ite to black4 ,"s beautiful =ms ( x are kn[n to u1 su* z ame?y/1 agate1 & jasp]4 ,b we h n[ to d ) ! humbl] relatives ( ^? ari/ocratic gems2 ) ! m commonplace k9ds ( qu>tz1 su* z s&/one4 ,s&/one rock is *iefly made ( gra9s ( s&1 firmly compact$ toge!r4 ,an especial int]e/ belongs to ! r\nd$ %ape ( ^! little gra9s4 ,l _m voiceless ?+s 9 ! _w ( inanimate ,nature1 x tells its own tale1 if only we w pause to he>4 ,:y %\ld gra9s ( s& be r\nd$8 ,:y n squ>e1 or po9t$1 or angul>8 ,t is j :at !y 71 n v long ago4 ,ea* s&-speck1 :5 fir/ deta*$ f rock or /one1 _h its angles & corn]s4 ,b ^! h be5 gradually rubb$ away2 & by ! v same process :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 rubs away angul>ities & ecc5tricities f ! *>act]s ( human be+s4 ,! "w has be5 done ?r\gh contact ) its neighb\rs--n by an occasional rub1 b by /eady friction1 long cont9u$4 ,ea* gra9 ( s&1 rubb+ aga9/ & be+ rubb$ by its companion-gra9s1 has be5 r\nd$1 smoo!d1 poli%$1 till x has gr[n into ! f9i%$ specim51 )\t any obtrusive po9ts or disagreeable angles rema9+4 ,an unpleasant discipl9e1 p]haps2 yet1 9 ! case ( s&-gra9s & also ( human be+s1 wor? und]go+ = ! sake ( results4 ,look$ ^u f a geological po9t ( view1 ?is %ape ( ! s&-gra9s means m]ely ! we>+ & wa/+ away ( sub/ance1 ) no pretty explanation atta*$1 ?\gh ) a v def9ite und]ly+ /ory ( _! pa/ hi/ory4 8,no workman ev] manufactur$ a half-worn article1 & ! /ones 7 all worn40 ,s wrote ,hugh ,mill] :5 describ+ 8 fir/ boyi% exp]i5ce ( toil 9 a ,scot* qu>ry tw5ty ye>s e>li]4 ,boy z he !n 01 8 ke5 eyes not$ ! /ones1 8r\nd$ & wat]-worn1 z if !y _h be5 toss$ 9 ! sea or 9 ! b$ ( a riv] = hundr$s ( ye>s40 ,boy z he 01 he knew t /ones1 brok5 (f f l>g] /ones or rocks1 h at fir/ _! irregul> %apes1 _! corn]s & jagg$ po9ts1 :i* c only be work$ into smoo?ness by ! action ( wat]4 ,boy z he 01 he realis$ t ^! qu>ry inl& /ones _h once be5 rubb$ & %ap$ by ocean-waves4 ,he made a mi/ake 9 8 ass]tion4 ,"s workm5 d manufacture articles1 n inde$ really half-worn1 b ) ! look ( be+ half-worn ?\gh actually new1 = m]cantile purposes--to pass (f ! new1 z if x 7 old1 :5 ! old has great] value4 ,b x may safely & ) confid5ce be decl>$ t ! ,div9e ,ar*itect ( ,e>? & ,heav5 nev] s puts =? ,8 mighty p[]4 ,:5 we see 9 ,nature a ?+ worn 9 appe>ance we "k t x has be5 worn 9 reality4 ,9 8 fir/ day ( qu>ry "w ,hugh ,mill] saw m ?an ?is4 ,he not$ surfaces ( s&/one rock1 laid b>e by bla/+1 all 8ridg$ & furr[$1 l a bank ( s& t _h be5 left by ! tide an h\r be=e40 ,he _h se5 ! latt] hundr$s ( times :5 sail+ ov] %all[s ne> ! %ore4 ,b "h ! ridges & furr[s 7 petrifi$1 *angeless1 & on dry l&1 :]e no ocean-waves c\ld rea*4 ,no wond] he 0 puzzl$4 ,su* ripple-m>k$ s&/one is f> f uncommon4 ,x gives a p]fect reproduction ( ! little s&-ripples or r\nd$ ridges & holl[s1 (t5 to be f\nd on a s&y %ore1 ei!r visible ?r\gh a ?9 lay] ( wat] or left b>e aft] ! tide goes d[n4 ,& x %[s u h[ ! s&/one rock mu/ orig9ally h be5 put toge!r1 "u wat]4 ,s(t undulations 7 made 9 ! wet s& by "o high tide1 becom+ 9 a measure h>d5$ be=e ! next high tide1 & s keep+ _! %apes1 :ile a fre% supply ( s& 0 dropp$ ^u !m1 p>tak+ ( ! same outl9es4 ,z "t pass$1 m & m s& w\ld be ?us deposit$1 ! gr\nd probably s9k+ & ! weight ( s& increas+1 until ! l[] lay]s _h /iff5$ into rock4 ,9 aft] days a sl[ upheaval ( ! gr\nd came ab\t1 & :]e ocean wat]s _h fl[$ w\ld be dry l&4 ,by-&-by--:o c say h[ long aft]8--! ripple-m>k$ slabs ( s&/one1 petrifi$ memorials ( ! pa/1 w\ld be f\nd2 p]haps f> inl&1 if ! c\ntry _h ris5 mu*2 p]haps 9 a qu>ry by a "y ,scot* work+-lad1 to be m>vell$ ov] z a specim5 ( old ,ocean's bygone "w4 ,ano!r su* tok5 ( ! pa/ is f\nd 9 h>d5$ ra9drop traces1 impress$ on solid s&/one4 ,! ra9 fell on a s(t s&y %ore1 mak+ t9y holes 9 ! s&1 ) spla%$-up ridges r\nd ea* small hole4 ,h we n all se5 ?is8 ,if n1 we might h us$ our eyes bett]4 ,be=e ! com+ 9 ( ! next tide ! surface h>d5$1 l ! s&-ridges already describ$1 & s1 be+ cov]$ ov] by new lay]s ( s& & gradually trans=m$ into rock1 x 0 lat] uplift$ above ! sea1 & ! holes h la/$ intact until n[4 ,x may be object$ t ! "t betwe5 "o high tide & ano!r is h>dly long en\gh = any su* h>d5+ process--ev5 on ! hotte/ & drie/ ( summ] days4 ,!n ! h>d5+ may h tak5 place only on t sl5d] belt ( s&1 :i* is cov]$ = a day or two by ! spr+ tides1 & is n aga9 rea*$ by ocean-waves = ne>ly a =tnight4 ,9 e>li] *apt]s x 0 %[n--fir/1 h[ ! ,ocean is ev] /riv+ to keep a level surface2 & secondly1 h[ ! object s\ght is nev] atta9$ to4 ,n only are ! wat]s 9 ceaseless motion1 heav+ to & fro "u ! influ5ce ( e pass+ breeze1 borne hi!r & ?i!r by mighty /reams1 di/urb$ by innum]able /orms4 ,b also ! p[]ful attraction ( ! l&1 p>ticul>ly ( great m\nta9 ranges1 lifts ! sea-surface 9 "s regions hundr$s ( feet high] ?an 9 o!rs4 ,s t a %ip1 pass+ f ! neighb\rhood ( a m\nta9\s coa/ to mid-ocean1 may be actually sail+ or /eam+ d[nhill1 actually desc5d+ a va/ g5tle wat]y slope4 ,ano!r "q z to ,ocean's level has mu* ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( m54 ,?r\gh\t ! _w1 rema9s ( sea-creatures 9 c\ntless multitudes are f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! sub/ance ( wat]-built rocks3 sometimes ! v rocks be+ made up ( !m4 ,?is1 n only on ! tops ( less] hills1 b at ! summits ( m\nta9s eight ?\s& feet high1 twelve ?\s& feet high1 sixte5 or eighte5 ?\s& feet high4 ,v anci5t rema9s !y (t5 are1 c]ta9ly _m t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s old4 ,b :atev] _! age may be1 !y e*o & add to ! /ory :i* is told by ! rocks !mselves4 ,f ! rocks we le>n t1 once ^u a "t1 long ago1 !y 7 put toge!r1 scrap by scrap1 "u wat]1 n ^u dry l&4 ,& f ! fossil rema9s 9 ^? rocks we le>n ) equal c]ta9ty t1 once ^u a "t1 !y lay "u ocean-wat]s4 ,fossil rema9s1 buri$ 9 rocks1 are ( _m k9ds4 ,n only relics ( animals1 or ( p>ts ( animals1 su* z tee? & bones & %ells4 ,n only relics ( sea-we$s & o!r ocean vegetation4 ,n m]ely ! actual rema9s1 h>d5$ into /one2 b also ! ca/s or %apes ( all su* rema9s1 f\nd impress$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! rocks4 ,! :ole ( ^! v>i\s records ( ! pa/ mu/ be includ$ "u ! t]m 8fossils40 ,firm] sub/ances1 l %ells & bones1 h become (t5 trans=m$ into actual solid /one4 ,b s(t] liv+ sub/ances h m frequ5tly pass$ out ( exi/5ce1 leav+ only an impress or ca/1 :i* is fill$ up lat] by "s o!r sub/ance4 ,:5 ^u high m\nta9-tops su* fossils are f\nd--! rema9s ( sea-we$s & sea-creatures emb$d$ 9 rock--! "q mu/ naturally arise1 ,h[ c\ld ^! ocean-inhabitants h f\nd _! way to su* a height8 ,t ! sea mu/ once h fl[$ ov] !m _c be d\bt$4 ,b h[ did x come ab\t8 ,7 ^? wat]-built heights "u ! sea1 because 9 ^? times ! l& lay l[]1 or because ! sea-surface /ood high]8 ,t ! e>?-cru/ is re/less1 heav+1 dispos$ to rise & s9k1 to crumple into furr[s1 to fold into rav9es & m\nta9 ranges1 we n[ "k4 ,yet ?is may n be ! :ole explanation ( sea-%ells ^u high summits4 ,x may be also t ! surface ( ! sea itself--! g5]al level ( ! ocean--has n be5 always ! same4 ,x too may h ris5 & sunk2 n once only1 b _m times4 ,betwe5 "o & two hundr$ ye>s ago !re 0 a !ory t ! sea _h z a :ole sunk l[]1 on acc\nt ( ! enorm\s dry+ up ( its surface4 ,( c\rse ! surface does dry up v mu* & v rapidly4 ,yet ?is deficit 9 ocean-wat]s be+ met by equally enorm\s d[n-p\r+s ( ra9 & gifts ( riv]-wat]1 evaporation w n s]ve to acc\nt = a l[]$ ocean-level all ov] ! e>?4 ,s ! notion _h to be giv5 up2 & 9 lat] ye>s x 0 look$ ^u z c]ta9 t ! l& mu/ h ris51 & t ! ocean-level mu/ h be5 *angeless4 ,until rec5tly ?is 0 reg>d$ z e/abli%$2 b 9 ! curi\s see-saw ( sci5tific !ories ! p5dulum has begun to sw+ back4 ,n all ! way4 ,t ! l& has ris5 9 p>ts1 %ak+ its skirts free f ocean-tides1 is n d\bt$4 ,sci5ti/s are1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9+ t :ile ?is is true1 ! o!r ne$ n be untrue4 ,!y hold t1 :ile l& 9 _m places has und\bt$ly ris5 & sunk1 ! ocean-surface may h ris5 & sunk also4 ,! ocean c\ld n1 inde$1 l ! l& h ris5 or sunk only 9 p>ts4 ,except :]e x is =cibly held at a high] level by "s /rong =ce ( local attraction1 ?is w\ld be impossible4 ,yet causes might exi/ :i* %\ld affect ! :ole ocean-surface4 ,"o su* may be m5tion$4 ,! ris+ or s9k+ ( great tracts ( l& c\ld n fail to affect ! ocean-level4 ,t x mu/ d s may be easily und]/ood4 ,let u fill a bas9 ) wat]1 to )9 an in* ( ! brim1 & !n sl[ly l[] into ! wat] a ball1 or any o!r solid body4 ,z ! ball ent]s1 ! level ( ! wat] rises--mu/ rise4 ,!n let u sl[ly lift ! ball out aga92 & z x leaves ! wat]1 ! level ( ! latt] s9ks--mu/ s9k4 ,precisely ! same result w\ld foll[ ^u ! ris+ or s9k+ ( "s great cont95tal mass4 ,:5 x rises1 ! ocean conta9s less l&1 & ! wat]-level mu/ g d[n4 ,:5 x s9ks1 ! ocean conta9s m l&1 & ! wat]-level mu/ g up4 ,?is "q has be5 long "u discussion4 ,= _m ye>s1 z ) o!r que/ions1 ea* side look$ ^u its own view = ! "t be+ z ! only "r "o4 ,b--z aga9 ) _m difficult problems--! fair] & wid] view recognises ! possibility ( tru? 9 bo? explanations1 & probably 9 ! end bo? w prove to be 9 a measure "r4 ,_m o!r k9ds ( rock1 z well z s&/one1 h be5 built "u ocean-wat]s 9 pa/ ages1 con/ruct$ ( m9ute p>ticles1 pil$ toge!r1 & h>d5$4 ,"s sorts1 l s&/one1 are only or *iefly m9]al2 :ile o!rs are only or *iefly 8organic0--t is1 are ma9ly compos$ ( ! rema9s ( 8organis$0 or liv+ be+s4 ,ab\t ! latt] mu* has to be said 9 future *apt]s4 ,a v few words 9 ! close ( ?is *apt]1 z to ! classify+ ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,rocks1 may n be amiss4 ,ocean-deposits1 or ,ocean-build+s1 are (t5 r\ghly divid$ into ?ree gr\ps4 ,9 8,deep-,sea ,deposits0 are includ$ all t lie beyond ! ,hundr$-fa?om ,l9e1 or a dep? ( six hundr$ feet4 ,9 8,%all[-wat] ,deposits0 are includ$ all t lie betwe5 six hundr$ feet deep & l[-wat] m>k4 ,9 8,littoral ,deposits0--! ^w com+ f ! ,lat9 = 8%ore0--are includ$ all deposits t lie on %ore-l9es1 betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/ tides4 ,at fir/ sight ! tide-deposits might seem to be b a small matt]4 ,n s small1 really6 ,e>?'s coa/-l9es rea* to some?+ l "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five ?\s& miles 9 l5g?4 ,s9ce ! m$ium bread? ( gr\nd affect$ by tides is ab\t half-a-mile1 ! :ole tidal area am\nts to ov] sixty ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,no mean work%op ?is1 "u ! auspices ( cru%+ & gr9d+ bill[s4 ,on %ore-l9es build+ takes place rapidly4 ,! 8,%all[0 zone is mu* m ext5sive1 rea*+ to "s t5 millions ( squ>e miles4 ,its pr9cipal deposits are mu* ! same z ^? ( ! tidal zone--muds1 s&s1 gravels1 pebbles4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,e>? !y also include volcanic & coral muds4 ,great]1 f> great]1 f> m widely rea*+1 are ! regions ( 8,deep-,sea ,deposits10 :i* cov] m ?an "o-half ( ! :ole surface ( our globe4 ,9 ^? cold & d>k & sil5t work%ops1 hidd5 f ! eyes ( m51 build+ goes on1 v quietly1 v sl[ly1 ?r\gh int]m9able ages4 ,9 ^? work%ops are deposit$ div]s mat]ials--,r$ ,clay1 ,r$ ,mud1 ,blue ,mud1 ,gre5 ,mud1 ,volcanic ,mud1 ,diatom ,ooze1 ,globig]9a ,ooze1 & _m o!rs1 =m+ ,ocean's c>pet4 ,almo/ any ( ^! muds & oozes may occasionally be f\nd 9 ! second division1 b !y m g5]ally belong to ! 8,deep ,sea40 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,h[ ,,*alk ,,is ,,made 8,peace1 moan+ ,sea1 :at tale h y to tell1 ,:at my/ic tid+s1 all unkn[n be=e8 ,:e!r y break & ?und] on ! %ore1 ,or :isp] l ! voice )9 ! %ell1 ,o moan+ ,sea1 ,i "k y\r burd5 well60 ,,lewis ,,morris4 8,! t9y cell is =lorn1 ,void ( ! little liv+ w40--,,t5nyson4 ,"o ( ! tasks c>ri$ on 9 ,ocean wat]s is ,*alk-,build+4 ,! 8,:ite ,cliffs ( ,albion0 & ^? also ( ,gaul are va/ masses ( *alk1 conta9+ lay]s ( fl9t1 & mix$ ) _m o!r mat]ials1 b *iefly compos$ ( ! crumbl+ :ite sub/ance1 :i* is famili> to all :o live ne> ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,d[ns4 ,?is =mation /ret*es a long way4 ,! heights ( ,salisbury are ( *alk4 ,! ,*ilt]n ,hills are ( *alk4 ,! ,york%ire ,wolds are ( *alk4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,norfolk2 x is f\nd 9 ,k5t2 x is f\nd 9 ,surrey2 x is f\nd 9 ,sussex4 ,!re are *alk-b$s 9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe--n to speak ( ,asia--:i*1 ) ^? ( ,great ,brita91 ext5d ?r\gh _m hundr$s ( miles4 ,& :]ev] ^! masses ( *alk are f\nd1 !re we "k t1 once ^u a "t1 ! l& lay "u ocean-waves4 ,= ,*alk1 l ,s&/one1 0 n =m$ on dry l&4 ,x c\ld n be =m$ on dry l&4 ,x 0 built--x c\ld only be built--"u ! sea1 to be 9 lat] ages uplift$ z dry l&4 ,dur+ ^? f>-back days1 :5 ! *alk-b$s ( ,europe 7 be+ made1 a diff]5t /ate ( ?+s prevail$ f t ( ! pres5t4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ,europe mu/ h la9 "u wat]1 f :i* ! summits ( ! ,alps1 ! ,pyr5ees1 & o!r m\nta9s em]g$ z gr\ps ( isl&s4 ,great ,brita9 mu/ h be5 *iefly or entirely hidd54 ,s f> ,i h spok5 ( s&/one & *alk toge!r4 ,b a m>k$ di/9ction--a vital di/9ction--exi/s betwe5 ! two4 ,9 ! mode ( _! build+ !y may be alike4 ,9 ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are built !y are utt]ly diff]5t4 ,if a lump ( *alk is exam9$ by ! *emi/1 its pr9cipal sub/ance is f\nd to be ,c>bonate ( ,lime4 ,n[ !re is some?+ v rem>kable ab\t ,c>bonate ( ,lime4 ,x is absolutely diff]5t f ! mat]ials ( :i* s&/one & granite are made4 ,:]ev] we /umble ^u c>bonate-(-lime1 !re we are on ! track ( ,,life4 ,& ! mom5t t we t\* ^u ,,life1 ev5 9 its simple/ & l[e/ =ms1 we rise to a high] level4 ,hi!rto1 9 ?is subject ( ! ,mighty ,deep1 we h _h to d ) ?+s inanimate2 ?+s )\t consci\sness2 ?+s bl9dly controll$ by ! =ces ( nature4 ,9 ! /ory ( ocean-wat]s1 ( ocean-salt1 ( ocean-riv]s1 ( iceb]gs & ice-floes1 ,life has no "p4 ,!re is no life 9 a gra9 ( s&1 no life 9 a granite rock4 ,b "h1 sudd5ly1 we are arre/$4 ,"h1 9 ! composition ( ,*alk1 we come across a diff]5ce4 ,"h1 at "o /ep1 we pass ov] a va/ divid+ *asm1 & /& face to face ) t :i* has ,life4 ,n inde$ t :i* lives n[1 b ) t :i* did live1 ! signs ( :i* may bett] help u to und]/& ,life 9 ! pres5t4 ,is ?is s new8 ,h we n already 9 =m] *apt]s f\nd tok5s ( creatures :i* once exi/$1 ( fossil rema9s emb$d$ 9 rock8 ,yes2 b t 0 n ! same4 ,fossil rema9s are discov]$ 9 _m k9ds ( /ratifi$ rock4 ,"h we are n conc]n$ ) sep>ate rema9s1 buri$ 9 masses ( *alk1 b ) ! actual sub/ance ( *alk itself4 ,! m]e build+ ( x1 z e>li] told1 closely resembles ! build+ ( s&/one4 ,*alk1 l s&/one1 0 =m$ 9 pa/ ages out ( t9y p>ticles1 c>ri$ by ocean-waves1 dropp$ ^u ocean's b$1 sl[ly consolidat$1 !n gradually upheav$4 ,p>ticles (---- ,ah1 !re we rea* ! great di/9ction6 ,n p>ticles ( inanimate m9]al sub/ances1 su* z gra9s ( qu>tz4 ,no2 b p>ticles :i* once =m$ ! habitation ( liv+ creatures4 ,m ?an ?is--p>ticles :i* once %>$ 9 ! ,life ( ! be+s ) :i* = ! "t !y 7 9 t\*4 ,inf9itesimal specks1 (t5 s m9ute z to appe> only z f9e du/ to man's unaid$ sight2 yet real organic rema9s1 ea* "o ( :i* has be5 ! home ( an active animal4 ,a lump ( *alk is a mass ( d5sely pack$ t9y fossil %ells1 m or less cru%$ & brok54 ,x has be5 reckon$ t a cubic in* ( *alk probably holds at lea/ "o million %ells4 ,try to imag9e :at ?is means4 ,! "w ( ! ,ocean 9 build+ solid s&/one1 f unnumb]$ myriads ( myriads ( gra9s ( s&1 is m>vell\s en\gh4 ,b "h we h some?+ f> m wond]ful4 ,"h we h rocks & cliffs1 ranges ( hills & ext5ts ( c\ntry1 to a great degree compos$ ( almo/ invisible sea-%ells1 s small1 s num]\s1 t a million or m ( !m may be pack$ into "o little cubic in* ( space1 :ile ! *alk-b$s lie ?r\gh hundr$s ( miles4 ,?9k ( cont9u\s piles ( ^! %ells1 _m hundr$s ( feet 9 ?ickness1 all built out ( ! dead %ells ( dy+ millions ( t9y creatures4 ,deep1 deep bel[ ! surface1 :]e waves _h no p[]1 :]e curr5ts 7 sluggi%1 fell a ceaseless g5tle ra9 ( ^! m9ute %ells4 ,life _h fl$ f ea* jelly inhabitant2 its brief day 0 ov]2 & ! empty %ell w5t quietly d[n1 :e!r f ne> ! surface or f l[] dep?s1 till x rea*$ ! ocean-b$4 ,!re x lay1 =m+ "p ( a ga!r+ /icky ooze or mud1 :i* 9 lat] times %\ld be sl[ly h>d5$ into *alk4 ,b ! great] wond] has yet to be told ab\t ^! %ells--^! t9y highly-f9i%$ con/ructions4 ,n only did a speck ( liv+ jelly once inhabit ea* %ell4 ,t speck ( liv+ jelly actually ,,made ! %ell4 ,n delib]ately4 ,n ) int5tion4 ,n ev5 consci\sly4 ,! 8mak+0 is 9 no s5se to be conf\nd$ ) volunt>y ef=t1 ) ! lab\r :i* means ex]tion & fatigue4 ,x 0 z in/9ctive1 z involunt>y1 z ! 8mak+0 ( bones 9 y\r body & m9e4 8,b we d n make our bones10 somebody may prote/1 ) a t\* ( indignation4 ,und\bt$ly1 9 a s5se1 we d4 ,! jelly-speck does n m surely 8secrete0 its %ell1 ?an a man 8secretes0 8 skeleton4 ,p]sonal w has n to d ) ! task 9 ei!r case1 beyond ! tak+ 9 ( necess>y food2 & nei!r man nor jelly-speck may claim any cr$it on ! score ( ! patt]n work$ out4 ,we h all se5 a g>d5-snail1 c>ry+ lightly ^u its back its %ell or 8h\se10 or outside skeleton4 ,t %ell is =m$ ( c>bonate-(-lime4 ,9 ! snail's slimy body exi/s a small manufactory = produc+ or 8secret+0 c>bonate-(-lime4 ,! mat]ials are obta9$ by ! snail ?r\gh its food4 ,! deposits ( x--made z ! snail's nature1 c]ta9ly n ! snail's reason--dictates1 gr[ into a %elt]+ framework = its protection4 ,9 a ,diction>y we may f9d ! /rict mean+ ( ?is ^w 8secrete40 ,x is giv5 z--8to hide2 to conceal2 to deposit 9 "s secret or private place2 to sep>ate f ! blood 9 animals1 or f ! sap 9 vegetables1 & elaborate into a new product40 ,"o _c d5y t ! ^w1 ?\gh us$ = all su* 8elaborations10 is m appropriate 9 ! case ( a man's hidd5 & private framework ( bones1 ?an 9 a snail's or jelly-creature's outside %ell4 ,t :i* ! g>d5-snail s deftly does1 is done also by c\ntless billions ( m9ute jelly-specks 9 ! ocean2 ?\gh ) ! latt] ! me*anism is f> simpl]1 because ! animal belongs to a f> l[] & m primitive type4 ,/ill1 simple ?\gh ! app>atus may be1 ! t9ie/ ( ^! jelly-specks has p[] to sep>ate lime f ocean-wat]s1 to unite x ) c>bonic acid 9 its own frame1 to =m c>bonate-(-lime f ! two1 & to build ( ! manufactur$ c>bonate-(-lime a %ell = its own use4 ,!nce=w>d1 = a little space1 ! jelly-speck lives 9 t %ell1 & fe$s 9 t %ell1 & !n x dies 9 t %ell4 ,:5 x exi/s no long]1 d[n s9ks ! lifeless skeleton1 to s]ve a new purpose at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,no m]e %apeless lumps are ^! %ells1 flung toge!r )\t c>e or plan4 ,ea* "o1 h[ev] inf9itesimal 9 size1 is a delicate & elaborate con/ruction2 ea* "o %[s ! c>ry+ out ( a def9ite & beautiful plan4 ,a diff]5t design s]ves = ea* species & k9d ( jelly-speck--n = ea* individual4 ,su* ,design we mu/ ascribe to a ,m9d ly+ beyond t :i* we see2 n to ! jelly-speck itself1 :i* acts z an unconsci\s ar*itect1 work+ automatically1 z y & ,i "w 9 ! e>ly gr[? & lat] r5ewal ( our bony frameworks1 ! 8secret+0 ( our skeletons4 ,no *ance toss+ toge!r ( p>ticles ( c>bonate-(-lime c\ld result 9 ! exquisite =ms1 ! intricate patt]ns1 ( ^! little %ells2 /ill less1 9 su* patt]ns be+ fai?fully reproduc$ by millions ( liv+ jelly-specks1 ea* accord+ to its own class or v>iety4 ,= all ?is ! pres5t t5se is z true z ! pa/ t5se4 ,^? :ite cliffs along ! coa/ 7 =m$ ages ago4 ,b ! ocean is work+ /ill1 build+ /ill1 pil+ gra9s ( s& toge!r /ill1 heap+ specks ( mud toge!r /ill1 & lay+ %ells1 %ells1 %ells1 toge!r /ill1 9 am\nts beyond all reckon+4 ,*alk-build+ w5t on 9 ages pa/2 x goes on n[2 & d\btless x w g on 9 c5turies to come4 ,n only beyond reckon+1 b beyond imag9ation1 are ! enorm\s multitudes ( ^! creatures1 :i* live & die 9 ! ocean1 =m+ _! %ells1 & add+ _! skeletons to ! ev]-gr[+ pile bel[4 ,ov] a l>ge "p ( ! ,atlantic b$1 z ov] o!r ,ocean-b$s too1 lies a ?ick ooze4 ,:5 ?is 0 fir/ br\ght to ! surface1 9 s\nd+s t 7 made be=e ! lay+ ( ! e>lie/ ,atlantic cable1 x 0 suppos$ to mean a ?9 deposit ( no p>ticul> importance4 ,!n a deep-sea dr$ge1 plung$ into ! ooze1 c>ri$ away half-a-ton ( x1 & m5 began to realise :at its pres5ce might mean4 ,by a long succession ( s\nd+s1 its true nature became sl[ly manife/4 ,! ooze 0 f\nd to be compos$ *iefly ( t9y r\nd$ %ells1 call$ 8,globig]9a10 :i* belong to a l>g] class1 kn[n z 8,=am9if]a40 ,& ! :ite *alk ( our ,briti% cliffs is made pr9cipally ( ,=am9if]a %ells4 ,?is la/ "n spr+s f two ,lat9 words1 mean+ 8,i be> a hole40 ,! ,=am9if]a %ells be> _m holes4 ,ea* is 9 %ape a t9y collection ( r\nd$ comp>tm5ts1 usually n m ?an sixte5 9 numb]2 & ea* comp>tm5t has num]\s m9ute holes 9 its walls4 ,its inhabitant1 a speck ( jelly1 is "o ( ! lea/ ( liv+ creatures1 belong+ to ! great ,division ( 8,protozoa10 or 8,fir/ ,animals40 ,none rank bel[ !m1 = !y are on ! fir/ or l[e/ rung 9 ! ladd] ( life4 ,a jelly-speck has no head1 no limbs1 no /oma*1 n ev5 a m\?4 ,x c take 9 food at any "p ( its s(t body4 ,:5 x wi%es--& app>5tly ev5 a jelly-speck c wi%1 :i* at once sep>ates x f inanimate mat]ials--x makes a tempor>y t5tacle or 8foot10 by pu%+ out a sl5d] filam5t ( its own sub/ance ?r\gh "o ( ! t9y holes 9 its %ell4 ,:5ce ! "n 8,rhizopod40 ,n all ! ,=am9if]a specks live 9 ! same k9d ( %elt]+ skeletons4 ,"s con/ruct delicate domes or _m-*amb]$ discs ( s&-gra9s1 jo9$ toge!r ) en\gh c>bonate-(-lime to act z build+-cem5t4 ,su* skeletons are call$ 8te/s10 to di/+ui% !m f 8%ells0 prop]4 ,h>dly any?+ c be m rem>kable ?an ! way 9 :i* ^! te/s are put toge!r by m]e specks ( jelly1 alive inde$1 b )\t p>ts1 )\t developm5t1 )\t und]/&+4 ,h[ & :y !y %\ld *oose f "o place1 ea* ! especial mat]ials :i* g to =m its own k9d ( 8te/10 is "o ( ! my/]ies 9 ,nature = :i* ,sci5ce has no explanation4 ,we c b look & m>vel4 ,"o k9d ( jelly-speck w use ! l>g] gra9s ( qu>tz1 arrang+ !m1 & jo9+ !m into a bottle-%ap$ te/ or %elt]4 ,ano!r1 9 ! same spot1 belong+ to a diff]5t species1 w select t9i] gra9s ( ! same sub/ance1 & w build out ( !m a r\nd$ sph]e1 exquisitely modell$1 ) t9y holes at int]vals = ! protrud+ 8limbs40 ,ano!r1 ( yet a diff]5t species1 picks out ! m9ute/ ( s&-gra9s & ( bits ( sponge-spicules1 & knits !m toge!r1 )\t any cem5t1 into delicate :ite globes1 8l homopa?ic globules10 giv+ to ea* a s+le op5+4 ,& /ill ano!r1 ( aga9 a diff]5t species1 =ms a te/ ( div]s comp>tm5ts1 ) a t9y doorway lead+ f ea* into ! next4 ,beh9d all ^! extraord9>y con/ructions lies a ,,m9d4 ,b--n ! m9d ( ! jelly-speck6 ,s(t oozes1 =m$ *iefly ( ,=am9if]a & o!r %ells1 v>y+ 9 size f a p9's head to almo/ invisible specks--?\gh "s few k9ds are l>g]--cov] imm5se rea*es ( ! ocean-b$1 ext5d+1 x is said1 ov] fifty millions ( squ>e miles4 ,yet !y are n f\nd ev]y:]e bel[ ! sea4 ,ne> to ,cont95ts1 if !y exi/ !y are lo/ sight ( amid ! masses ( s& & mud c>ri$ d[n f ! l&4 ,& 9 ! pr(\nd] abysses ( ! ocean !y are lack+4 ,?is la/ fact 0 long a puzzle4 ,if ! wat]s above 7 sw>m+ ) live ,=am9if]a1 ! dead %ells ( :i* mu/ be ev] p\r+ 9 a quiet ra9 to ! ocean-b$1 :y %\ld n ! same ooze be f\nd !re1 z else:]e8 ,t ! wat]s above1 at lea/ 9 all w>m] climates1 d sw>m ?us1 is c]ta94 ,t[>ds nor? & s\?1 9 cold] seas1 !y rapidly less52 b 9 tropical regions1 & 9 w>m ocean-/reams _! numb]s are legion4 ,yet1 f dep?s beyond ab\t two miles1 ! ooze 0 n br\ght up4 ,"o explanation c be giv52 & x is t ( ! /rong dissolv+ p[] ( sea-wat]4 ,aft] a dep? ( ab\t two miles1 ! delicate little %ells fail to resi/ t p[]4 ,once at ! bottom1 !y might be cov]$ up & pres]v$2 b !y cease to exi/ en r\te ?i!r4 ,s 9 ?is z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 we see opposite =ces at "w4 ,! "o =ce is p]petually undo+ :at ! o!r =ce is p]petually do+4 ,innum]able multitudes ( liv+ creatures are at "w1 tak+ lime f ! wat]1 & con/ruct+ c>bonate-(-lime4 ,b ! ocean is ev] seek+ to re-dissolve t c>bonate-(-lime4 ,ano!r difficult "q z to ! ooze 0--:e!r ! %ells ( :i* x is ma9ly made 7 ^? ( ,=am9if]a liv+ 9 ! deep sea1 f> d[n bel[ ! surface1 or ( ,=am9if]a liv+ ne> ! surface4 ,able m5 took bo? sides ( ! discussion1 "s ascrib+ ! ooze entirely to deep-sea jelly-specks1 o!rs ascrib+ x entirely to surface jelly-specks4 ,! "q _c be said yet to h met ) complete settlem5t4 ,b "h once m x seems t bo? sides h be5 p>tly 9 ! "r4 ,!re are ,=am9if]a :i* live only at great dep?s1 & !re are ,=am9if]a :i* live only ne> ! surface4 ,! ooze is f\nd to consi/ ( %ells belong+ to bo? k9ds1 ?\gh x may be t ! surface species c>ry away ! palm 9 po9t ( great] multitudes4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,( ,,ocean-,,we$s 8,h hung ,my dank & dripp+ we$s40--,trans4 ,,horace4 8,! tide is full1 ! moon lies fair ,^u ! ,/raits2 on ! ,fr5* ,coa/ ! light ,gleams1 & is gone2 ! ,cliffs ( ,engl& /&1 ,glimm]+ & va/1 out 9 ! tranquil bay40 ,,mat!w ,,arnold4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh ! va/ ,*alk-b$s ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t are ?\s&s ( lay]s ( ,,fl9t1 su* lay]s z any ( u may h se5 int]sect+ ! smoo? :ite face ( ,*alk ,cliffs4 ,& z ) ,*alk1 s ) ,fl9t--we at once f9d ourselves ^u ! track ( ,life4 ,n inde$ always ( animal life4 ,sometimes vegetable life takes its place4 ,?\gh ! highe/ ,vegetables /& on a l[] level ?an ! l[e/ ,animals1 !y too h ,life1 & !reby !y are entirely ap>t f ! :ole _w ( inanimate ,nature4 ,widely di/9ct are ! ,animal ,k+dom & ! ,vegetable ,k+dom2 yet on ! bord]l& betwe5 ! two is f\nd a hazy belt ( unc]ta9ty4 ,s g5tly does ! "o glide into ! o!r t1 ?\gh a l9e ( dem>cation does exi/1 x is n always easily made out4 ,b ! transition f ! l[e/ =m ( t :i* lives to any & e =m ( t :i* has no ,life is abrupt1 absolute1 precipit\s4 ,"h we see no quiet slid+ ( ! "o into ! o!r1 no wav]+ hesitancy z to :e!r a c]ta9 some?+ may belong to ?is or t side ( ! divid+ p>apet4 ,! t]m 8,vegetables10 us$ sci5tifically ab\t ,l& ,vegetation1 includes all mann] ( gr[?s1 f ! li*5 to ! =e/ tree4 ,b by t ^w1 us$ 9 connection ) ! ,ocean1 is meant1 n cabbages & caulifl[]s1 n g>d5-plants or =e/-trees1 b an enorm\s v>iety ( ,sea-,we$s4 ,& among ocean-vegetables ( humble/ =m1 fl\ri%+ 9 salt wat]1 is t ( ,diatoms--,fl9t-mak]s4 ,x ne$ n be imag9$ t ! manufacture ( ,fl9t is a monopoly ( ! ,diatom tribe4 ,t w\ld be a mi/ake4 ,we h _h to d 9 ! la/ *apt] ) small c>bonate-(-lime build+ jelly-specks4 ,we %all h to d 9 ! next *apt] ) c>bonate-(-lime build+ jelly-polyps4 ,b !re are also little vegetable-gr[?s 9 ! sea :i* =m c>bonate-(-lime1 & "s ( ^! add _! quota to ! "w ( re>+ ,coral-reefs4 ,we h to d 9 ! pres5t *apt] ) small fl9t-build+ vegetable-gr[?s4 ,b !re are also little animal jelly-specks 9 ! sea :i* =m fl9t4 ,s nei!r ,c>bonate-(-lime nor ,fl9t c be spok5 ( z belong+ only to ,animal or only to ,vegetable ,life4 ,!y mu/ bo? be describ$ 9 g5]al t]ms z ! outcome ( t :i* ,lives4 ,among o!r ,fl9t-build]s 9 ! ocean are ! ,radiol>ians2 liv+ jelly-specks1 & mak]s ( ! mo/ exquisite %ells1 s t9y 9 size t millions ( !m may be pack$ into "o cubic in*4 ,^! belong to ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,!y rank ) ! ,=am9if]a1 diff]+ f !m *iefly 9 ! fact t _! %ells or skeletons are =m$ ( silica1 n c>bonate-(-lime4 ,b 9 ?is *apt] we are conc]n$ ) ! ,vegetable ,life ( ! ocean1 & we mu/ !re=e let ! wond]ful ,radiol>ians alone4 ,prop]ly ! *apt] on ,vegetables ought to h come be=e any *apt] on ,animals1 s9ce we h be5 climb+ upw>d f inanimate ,nature1 & s9ce all vegetables rank bel[ all animals4 ,:5 on ! topic ( ,ocean-build+1 h[ev]1 ! subject ( ,*alk seem$ to foll[ naturally aft] t ( ,s&/one4 ,& ?is little volume makes no pret5sions to /iff classification4 ,no surprise ne$ be felt at vegetables be+ able to make or 8secrete0 fl9t & *alk4 ,?is mak+ is1 z we h se51 an unconsci\s "w4 ,! liv+ jelly-speck secretes automatically1 n ) int5tion4 ,su* secret+ is n conf9$ to ocean vegetables4 ,trees & plants on l& manufacture a ho/ ( sub/ances--sweet oil1 cocoa-nut milk1 indi>ubb]1 & c\ntless o!rs4#b ,=e/ trees 9 l mann] gr[ _! own framework ( h>d wood1 :i* may be said to take ! place ) !m ( a skeleton4 #b ,! spicules ( silica may be se5 on co>se grass1 secret$ by ! grass4 ,all ?is is a "p ( ,,life4 ,inanimate rocks & /ones may lie = c5turies un*ang$1 except ?r\gh friction ) o!r rocks & /ones1 or ) runn+ wat]4 ,b :]e ,life reigns1 ?\gh x be ( ! simple/ k9d1 !re gr[? & developm5t mu/ foll[4 ,life1 f its v nature1 _c mean /agnation1 or /&+ /ill4 ,x mu/ always be assimilat+4 ,x mu/ always be exp&+4 ,x mu/ always be do+4 ,:5 ^! ?+s cease1 dea? has begun4 ,s mu* alike are ! l[] =ms ( life 9 ! two classes1 t _m an animal has be5 = a "t mi/ak5ly call$ a vegetable1 & _m a vegetable has be5 = a :ile suppos$ to be an animal4 ,! =am9if]a 7 once rank$ z vegetables1 & ! diatoms 7 rank$ z animals4 ,9 deep-sea regions1 d>k & cold1 no vegetable life c possibly exi/1 n ev5 ! almo/ ubiquit\s diatoms4 ,b _! rema9s are pres5t 9 va/ multitudes4 ,z ! t9y plant-life dies out1 ! little h>d vegetable-cases s9k to ! ocean-b$1 !re to m+le ) ga!r+ muds & oozes--!re1 too1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 to be trans=m$ into ,fl9t4 ,diatoms fl\ri% on l& z well z 9 ! ocean2 9 cold climates z well z 9 w>m4 ,on ! :ole !y pref] ! cold] regions1 !re9 diff]+ f ! w>m?-lov+ =am9if]a4 ,sometimes imm5se float+ banks ( ^! microscopic plants are f\nd1 rea*+ ?r\gh _m miles4 ,a net1 l[]$ into su* a bank & !n drawn up1 is fill$ ) a 8br[n-col\r$ slimy & felt-l mass10 made up *iefly ( unc\ntable myriads ( diatoms4 ,su* masses are held toge!r by a k9d ( /icky jelly1 & if ! h& is pass$ ?r\gh x a v slight r\ghness may be p]ceptible1 caus$ by ! fl9ty diatom %ells or cases4 ,m]e specks inde$ !y are1 individually too m9ute to be se5 by a human eye1 unaid$4 ,yet h[ m>vell\s 9 _! make6 ,a ,diatom plant or vegetable or sea-we$1 :i*ev] we *oose to call x1 is l a ,=am9if] ( ! simple/ possible /ructure4 ,x consi/s ( a s+le cell1 ) an outside fl9ty coat+ or inclosure1 answ]+ to ! wood ( a tree or ! skeleton ( an animal4 ,?is fl9t cas+1 ?\gh inf9itely small & delicate1 is yet firm en\gh to prev5t ! passage ( wat] ?r\gh x2 & also x is practically inde/ructible by ord9>y =ces4 ,diatom-cases1 dropp+ to ! ocean-b$1 may lie !re = ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diatom ,,cases 7,,ara*noidiscus ,,japonicus7 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,r4 & ,j4 ,beck1 ,ltd41 & ,messrs4 ,j4 & ,a4 ,*ur*ill1 publi%]s ( ,c>p5t]'s 8,! ,microscope0 ,face page #aed ,! liv+ cell is inclos$ 9 ! said 8case10 :i* is a k9d ( box1 consi/+ ( two halves or 8fru/ules10 neatly jo9$ toge!r by a r+ or girdle4 ,diatoms increase 9 numb]s1 l _m ( ! ,=am9if]a1 by simply divid+ into two4 ,:5 ! liv+ cell ?us p>ts1 ea* half takes z its %>e "o side ( ! box1 & ea* !n makes ano!r side1 or 8fru/ule10 to complete itself4 ,= ?is op]ation1 ! t9y r+ or hoop d\bles into a pair ( hoops1 "o ( :i* cl+s to ea* half ( ! case4 ,p]haps 9 all ! _w no great] m>vels are to be se5 ?an ^! extraord9>y m9ute vegetable-cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,,diatom ,,case 7,,pleurosigma ,,angulatum7 ,magnifi$ #d1ijj diams4 ,f a photo-micrograph by ,dr4 ,r4 ,zeiss ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,c4 ,zeiss & ,co4 & ,messrs4 ,j4 & ,a4 ,*ur*ill1 publi%]s ( ,c>p5t]'s 8,! ,microscope0 ,face page #aef ,m9ute6 ,yes4 ,a mass ( millions ^u millions1 held toge!r1 may be p]ceiv$ & felt4 ,b let a light scatt]+ ( !m be dropp$ ^u a slip ( glass 9 broad daylight1 & let a man ( ke5 eyesight set himself to exam9e !m4 ,he w see--no?+6 ,n ev5 an appe>ance ( delicate du/4 ,! diatoms are to him z if !y did n exi/4 ,!n let him put t f9e scatt]+ "u a good microscope1 *ang+ l5s aft] l5s1 to high] p[]s4 ,a _w ( beauty1 ( f9i%1 ( orig9ality1 ( unb\nd$ v>iety 9 con/ruction1 w op5 out be=e him4 ,ea* little %ell is exquisitely %ap$1 exquisitely put toge!r1 exquisitely ornam5t$4 ,?\gh ?\s&s1 nay1 millions1 ( !m might be pack$ into a cubic in*1 yet !re has be5 no c>elessness1 no scamp+1 9 ! "w1 no say+1 8,nobody w see1 s any?+ w d40 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( ,diatoms are innum]able2 & ea* k9d1 ea* species1 ev5 ea* v>iety1 has its own especial =m1 its own complex design1 foll[$ out & fai?fully reproduc$ 9 hundr$s ( millions ( individuals4 ,patt]n-m>k+s1 by :i* ea* v>iety is di/+ui%$1 =m$ ( an inf9itude ( delicate l9es & dots1 arrang$ 9 e imag9able fa%ion1 v>y to an ext5t almo/ beyond conception4 ,!re are cases r\nd1 triangul>1 l5g?y1 _m-sid$1 *a9-l--b to picture !m 9 words is hopeless4 ,!y h to be /udi$ 9 _! own wond]ful m9ut5ess & delicacy1 complexity1 & lovel9ess1 be=e !y c be kn[n4 ,9 all ?is aga9 we surely f9d unmi/akable evid5ce ( a ,,m9d1 hidd51 out ( sight1 inv5t+ & design+4 ,n ! m9d ( ! vegetable-speck1 :i* = a brief space is %elt]$ 9 ! ornate little fl9t-box1 b ( a ,high] ,intellig5ce--:e!r t ( ! ,creator ,himself directly1 or :e!r1 z may seem to "s m probable1 ! m9d ( "s int]m$iate ,work]1 ,div9ely appo9t$ to ! task4 ,:y %\ld n ,angelic or o!r be+s1 9 ! ,unse5 ,_w1 be all[$ to ex]cise _! p[]s 9 su* wise1 ev5 z man ^u ,e>? is all[$ to ?9k1 to plan1 to discov]1 to devise1 to inv5t1 accord+ to 8 m5tal gifts8 ,"s su* possibility may well sugge/ itself to a ?\ghtful imag9ation1 z ! v>iety ( developm5ts 9 ^! t9y sea-%ells or cases becomes app>5t4 ,all ! m1 because ! developm5ts are n f\nd scatt]$1 haphaz>d1 9 s+le specim5s1 b--z above /at$--are accurately foll[$ out by ! multitudes belong+ to ea* v>iety4 ,x seems t e individual ( e sep>ate k9d has p[] to =m c]ta9 %apes1 ) c]ta9 m>k+s1 & no m4 ,x is z if ^u ea* m9ute speck ( vegetable life _h be5 orig9ally impress$ its own--n individual "*1 b class "*4 ,?is "* unconsci\sly expresses itself 9 su* & su* a =m ( %ell1 j z ) m5 ! individual "* expresses itself 9 su* & su* outl9es ( face4 ,! same may be said ( ,=am9if]a & ,radiol>ian %ells4 ,"s ,diatoms h a s+ul> p[] ( movem5t2 & f ?is sprang e>ly mi/akes1 ?r\gh :i* !y 7 wrongly class$ z animals4 ,_m ( !m gr[1 l ord9>y plants1 fix$ 9 "o spot4 ,b _m o!rs are 9 cont9u\s & regul> motion4 ,c>eful /udy has1 h[ev]1 made x cle> t ! movem5ts ( ,diatoms are purely me*anical1 purely involunt>y1 l ^? ( "s s5sitive l&-plants4 ,x is probably due to ! work+ ( food1 tak5 into ! little organism1 & n ob$i5t to any ,w on its "p4 ,x may be t h]e9 lies ! great diff]5ce betwe5 a ,diatom & a ,=am9if]4 ,! "o exi/s1 b has no approa* to consci\sness2 or1 at lea/1 probably no approa* to any p[] ( *oice4 ,! o!r1 ?\gh ( ! v l[e/ & feeble/ type ( ,animal-life1 may yet be suppos$ 9 its inf9itesimal measure to h a wi%1 & to be able to act ^u t wi%4 ,b "h we d n get beyond conjecture4 ,:]e ,life exi/s1 x may be t 9 all cases "s dim =m ( consci\sness exi/s also1 :i* may involve "s fa9t p[] ( *oice4 ,fl9t-mak+1 l ,*alk-mak+1 is n only an old-_w & long-pa/ op]ation1 b a pres5t "o4 ,diatoms liv$ & di$ 9 ages gone by1 & _! rema9s are f\nd h>d5$ into fl9t4 ,diatoms live & die 9 ^! days2 & _! rema9s may yet1 9 c5turies to come1 be trans=m$ into ! same sub/ance4 ,f ,diatoms "o might range upw>d ?r\gh an enorm\s v>iety ( ,ocean-we$s1 ( all k9ds & descriptions4 ,?\gh !y are ! 8la/ & l[e/ ( all ! tribes ( plants10 yet x is a wide /ep f ! und]mo/ to ! upp]mo/ ( ev5 ?is humble ,vegetable ,tribe4 ,at lea/ five or six ?\s& species ( ,sea-we$s are kn[n to ,naturali/s4 ,ea* ocean1 ea* less] sea1 has its own p>ticul> vegetation1 l>gely affect$ by ! v>y+ degrees ( saltness1 ! w>m? or coldness ( ! wat]1 & ! fa/] or sl[] curr5ts :i* happ5 !re to prevail4 ,sea-we$s ( all sizes are f\nd1 f ! invisible diatoms to enorm\s gr[?s 9 ,pacific wat]s1 rea*+ to y>ds ^u y>ds 9 l5g?1 ) solid trunk-l /ems1 & huge fronds l ^? ( a tropical palm4 ,ne> ,ti]ra del ,fuego imm5se gr[?s h be5 se51 ) /ems betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ feet 9 l5g?4 ,great sub-ocean =e/s ( kelp are !re1 & float+ fucus-isl&s1 ) leaves or fronds sev5 or eight feet f base to tip1 cov]$ ) liv+ animals1 & hav+ air-vessels sev]al in*es long4 ,9 ! matt] ( col\r no great v>iety exi/s4 ,sea-we$s are g5]ally ei!r grass-gre51 olive-br[n1 or r$4 ,! gre5 are usually close to l&1 & !y nev] gr[ beyond t\* ) direct sunlight4 ,! olive-br[n are ! m abundant2 & ! r$ belong1 p]haps1 m (t5 to deep wat]4 ,a l>ge majority gr[ atta*$ ei!r to /ones or to ! %all[ sea-bottom1 b "s k9ds float unatta*$4 ,to ?is la/ class belong ! masses ( we$ 9 ! ,s>gasso ,sea--! c5tre ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic curr5ts4 ,r\nd t huge collection ( we$s & drift1 :i* rea*es ov] some?+ l two hundr$ & sixty ?\s& squ>e miles1 ! entire ,nor? ,atlantic sl[ly revolves4 ,& ( ^! we$s--call$ 8,s>gassum0--none are atta*$ to rock or gr\nd1 b all float loosely 9 mid-ocean4 ,!y seem to fl\ri% ?us1 ?\gh ! fact t fructification is n f\nd ^u !m po9ts to a some:at unusual condition ( ?+s4 ,sea-we$s m (t5 multiply by means ( spores1 :i* is a =m ( vegetable-gr[? inf]ior to t ( se$s4 ,all spore-gr[+ plants1 :e!r on l& or 9 ! sea1 take a l[] rank ?an se$-gr[+ plants4 ,a /ill l[] & humbl] me?od has be5 e>li] describ$--t ( simply divid+ into half4 ,!re is yet ano!r way by :i* ocean-we$s increase1 & x rem9ds "o curi\sly ( ! g>d5]'s plan ( gr[? by cutt+s4 ,9 r\gh wea!r1 on %all[ rea*es n f> f l&1 ! waves te> quantities ( sea-we$ fronds f _! moor+s1 & c>ry !m to %ore or to rocky p>ts1 :]e !y become entangl$1 & are held fa/4 ,!re1 if lat] waves d n aga9 dislodge !m1 & if o!r circum/ances are fav\rable1 ! w&]+ fronds settle d[n1 atta* !mselves1 & become fre% plants4 ,s 9 ?is case ! waves act z g>d5]s1 & make cutt+s ( ocean-plants4 ,:ile plant-life 9 ! ocean is pl5tiful 9 am\nt & abundant 9 v>iety1 x is conf9$ )9 limits4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ,sea-we$ exi/5ce is conta9$ 9 ! ,hundr$-fa?om limit--t is1 )9 six hundr$ feet ( ! surface4 ,n _m k9ds1 inde$1 c gr[ 9 any?+ l z mu* dep? z five or six hundr$ feet4 ,sea-we$s 9 abundance are f\nd on %all[ %ores1 ne> cont95ts & isl&s2 on ! zone betwe5 high & l[ tides2 & on g5tly-%elv+ slopes beyond t zone4 ,float+ unatta*$ sea-we$s1 ( ! type :i* belongs to ! ,s>gasso ,sea1 may be any:]e1 ov] ! deepe/ dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n f\nd liv+ & gr[+ v f> b5ea? ! surface3 & ,ocean's dep?s are )\t any k9d ( vegetable-life1 except probably bact]ia4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,coral ,,ar*itects 8,:o laye? ! beams ( ,8 *amb]s 9 ! wat]s40--,ps4 civ4 #c4 8,& surges ro>+ f bel[40--,,dibd54 ,coral is a famili> en\gh object ) u all1 :e!r 9 ! %ape ( a *ild's fir/ play?+1 or a girl's fir/ tr9ket1 or a ,museum curiosity4 ,x may be r$ or p9k or :ite2 x may be poli%$ into smoo?ness or left 9 its natural /ate ( jagg$ r\ghness1 dott$ ov] ) t9y pits4 ,9 any case1 x is a ?+ ( int]e/ & beauty4 ,9 any case1 x is ! dead skeleton ( a once-liv+ animal4 ,9 ! ,r$ ,sea alone ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty k9ds ( ,coral are f\nd1 & 9 ,ocean wat]s ! numb]s rise rapidly4 ,p]haps "o ( ! species be/ kn[n to u is ! small r$ coral ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 usually ga!r$ f %all[ p>ts1 ?\gh sometimes fi%$ up f a ?\s& feet deep4 ,?is k9d seldom exce$s t5 or twelve in*es 9 l5g?2 & :5 alive1 ! pretty bran*+ skeleton is clo!d 9 a ?9 t9t$ jelly-l ve/ure1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 a s5se "o1 is yet no 8s+le individual40 ,x is =m$ ( _m polyps1 all unit$ toge!r1 :ile ea* has its own sep>ate m\?1 & ea* holds out its own t9y feel]s = food4 ,once let ! bran* be tak5 f ! wat]1 & only "o result c foll[4 ,life quickly fades2 ! enfold+ ve/ure disappe>s2 & a b>e r$ skeleton is left = use 9 ! m>ket1 to be made into toy or ornam5t4 ,! ^w ,coral has o!r associations4 ,x c>ries our ?\ghts f> f home to fair isles 9 tropical seas--isles connect$ 9 our memories ) tales ( %ipwreck$ m>9]s & hair-bread? escapes1 ( da%+ waves & peaceful lagoons1 ( breadfruit trees & wav+ palms1 ( p]petual sun%9e & endless holidays1 ( ,rob9son ,crusoe adv5tures & int]e/+ isl&]s1 ( poison$ arr[s & f]oci\s %>ks4 ,su* isl&s d exi/1 & 9 numb]s f> great] ?an we commonly realise4 ,at ?is mom5t ,i h be=e me a map ( ! _w1 made = ! express purpose ( %[+ 8,coral ,seas10 or ! regions :]e ,coral isl&s are con/ruct$4 ,& ! r$ pat*es are a/oni%+ly pl5tiful1 dott+ a broad belt ( ocean all r\nd ! _w1 except :]e t belt is int]rupt$ by ,cont95ts1 )9 ! limits1 r\ghly1 ( #cj nor? latitude & #cj s\? latitude4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies coral isl&s ab\nd4 ,travell+ we/w>d f ,am]ica we come across ! same mat]ial1 9 ext5sive regions to ! nor?-ea/1 ! nor?1 & ! nor?-we/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,tahiti1 ,samoa1 ! ,fijis1 ! ,solomons1 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ! ,c>ol9es1 ! ,m>%all ,isl&s1 ! ,sey*elles1 & innum]able o!rs1 are lit]ally made ( coral4 ,n made z s&/one & *alk are made1 put toge!r by ! sl[ action ( ! sea1 f> bel[ ! surface4 ,?is is ano!r k9d ( mak+4 ,coral is built by liv+ creatures1 ne> ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,all t ! waves h to d is1 fir/ly1 to br+ abundance ( food to ! polyps1 :5 alive1 s9ce by reason ( _! pond]\s rock-skeletons !y _c g 9 se>* ( food2 & secondly1 aft] ! dea? ( ! polyps1 to break & gr9d & heap toge!r ! skeleton-rema9s4 ,we h se5 some?+ ( ocean 8/one-mak]s10 9 ! /ory ( ,*alk4 ,"h we h ! same ?+ aga94 ,z ! t9y %ells1 :i* g to ! build+ ( *alk1 are ! dead rema9s ( once-liv+ jelly-specks1 s ^! great masses ( coral1 =m+ isl&s & reefs 9 s\!rn seas1 are l>gely ! skeletons ( once-liv+ polyps4 ,a coral-polyp1 l a jelly-speck1 has p[] to take lime f sea-wat]4 ,x has p[] to secrete c>bonate-(-lime4 ,x has p[] to deposit t c>bonate-(-lime 9 solid masses4 ,b :]eas ! jelly-speck lives inside its %ell1 putt+ out t9y tempor>y limbs ?r\gh holes = food1 ! coral-polyp m (t5 lives outside its skeleton1 clo?+ ! dry bones ) transluc5t jelly4 ,?is is r m aft] ! fa%ion 9 :i* man clo!s 8 skeleton4 ,yet because ( its make ! coral-polyp _c prop]ly1 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 8secrete0 or hide its int]nal framework4 ,x is h>dly fair to speak ( 8! polyp0 & ( 8x0 9 ?is connection4 8,polyps0 & 8!y0 are m correct4 ,= ! coral-polyps live 9 close communities1 9 v ne> fell[%ip1 act+ on co-op]ative pr9ciples ( ! mo/ advanc$ k9d4 ,ea* individual may1 x is true1 h its own m\?1 its own t5tacles1 & ev5 its own small /oma*4 ,b ! latt] at lea/ c h>dly be reckon$ z p]sonal prop]ty1 s9ce all are s connect$ t liquids pass freely f "o to ano!r1 & ! food :i* is tak5 9 by "o polyp helps to n\ri% its neighb\rs4 ,& aga91 :ile we speak ( coral z be+ 8built10 t really is n ! "r ^w2 unless we may also talk ( ! 8build+0 ( a man's skeleton1 or ( an elephant's framework4 8,built0 und5iably x is2 b ! build+ implies no consci\s ef=t1 no delib]ate int5tion1 no praisewor?y ex]tions1 on ! "p ( ! build]4 ,coral is simply 8secret$0--is unkn[+ly & )\t *oice put toge!r by ! polyps4 ,!re is inv5tion2 !re is plan2 !re is design4 ,b ^! belong to a ,m9d1 above & beyond & out ( sight2 n 9 anywise to ! live jelly :i* clo!s ! coral-skeleton1 or to ! extremely limit$ und]/&+ ( t co-op]ative jelly-%eet4 ,n all polyps h /ony skeletons4 ,on our sea-%ores we h species _m1 & individuals by t5s ( ?\s&s1 :i* secrete no coral4 ,!y are kn[n to u z ,sea-,anemones3 & ! fir/-c\s9s ( ^! da9ty fl[]-l be+s1 inhabit+ ,briti% salt-pools1 con/ruct miles & miles ( coral f> (f 9 s\!rn seas4 ,"s few ev5 among coral-polyps live individual lives1 b ! great] numb] foll[ ! community-sy/em4 ,?is mu/ always be look$ ^u z an inf]ior way ( exi/5ce4 ,! mo/ usual way 9 :i* polyps increase is by 8budd+0--n unlike ! gr[? ( a plant by buds4 ,a small lump appe>s on "o side ( ! p>5t1 :i* increases fa/ 9 size1 develops a m\? & t5tacles1 & by-&-by gives bir? itself to o!r buds4 ,! increase ( numb]s is enorm\s4 ,"o polyp may produce 9 a %ort "t ?\s&s or ev5 t5s ( ?\s&s ( desc5dants4 ,b 9 ! case ( coral-polyps ! *ildr5 d n leave ! p>5ts or g out into ! _w4 ,!y cl+ to ! old /ock2 !y p>take ( ! unit$ family-life2 & ea* little m\? & /oma* works = ! b5efit ( all ! little /oma*s ( ! :ole community4 ,"s polyps1 in/ead ( budd+ l a plant1 increase by division4 ,"o polyp sep>ates into two p>ts1 ea* ( :i* becomes a full-gr[n animal2 & ea* !n divides anew2 ?is plan cont9u+ ad inf9itum4 ,"h aga9 ! gr[? ( numb]s is n sl[4 ,occasionally1 9 place ( spread+ 9 bran*-l %apes1 !y gr[ 9 solid r\nd$ masses4 ,su* a sph]e-l mass 9 tropical wat]s ( ! ,pacific may be tw5ty feet 9 diamet]--"o huge family ( unit$ be+s1 ea* p]haps "u a tw5tie? ( an in* across1 & all toge!r clo?+ a skeleton common to ! entire clan4 ,9 ^! cases ! tips ( ! bran*es or ! out] edges ( ! r\nd$ mass are ! "y polyps1 :ile ! old] ones lie l[] d[n or m inw>d4 ,z ! tree or ball ( coral gr[s1 spread+ f>!r1 giv+ bir? to fre% g5]ations ( polyps1 ! old ones die (f4 ,s ! liv+ & ! dead are f\nd 9 "o community1 9 close t\*1 on a s+le bran* or a s+le m\nd ( coral4 ,at ! tip ( ea* twig may be ! brightly-col\r$ active jelly1 :ile ! /em bel[ is a dead skeleton4 ,on a solid mass ( coral1 tw5ty feet 9 diamet]1 ! :ole outside may be alive1 d[n p]haps to a dep? ( half-an-in*1 :ile ! :ole inside is lifeless bone4 ,t is h[ ! coral gr[s4 ,liv+ coral is seldom f\nd at any great] dep? 9 ! sea ?an ab\t tw5ty fa?oms1 & ! limits ( temp]ature :i* ! polyps c endure are n>r[4 ,_! gr[? is quickly *eck$ by wat] a little too deep or a little too cold1 & by wat] n v pure4 ,abundance ( lime also is ne$ful4 ,an 8atoll0 is a coral-reef /&+ alone1 g5]ally ( a r\nd or oval %ape1 ) a lake ( calm sea-wat] 9 its c5tre1 :ile ocean-bill[s ?und] on ! out] m>g94 ,! polyps love ^? waves2 b !y fade & die 9 ! inclos$ lagoon1 :]e ! wat] is n (t5 en\gh r5ew$ to supply !m ) food4 ,mu* ! same 9 make are ! ,fr++ ,reefs & ,b>ri] ,reefs1 except t ! =m] skirt ! %ore m closely1 :ile ! latt] may lie at a di/ance ( _m miles f isl& or ma9l&4 ,x is impossible = ! polyps to raise _! /ony /ructure above ! sea4 ,"s k9ds c endure exposure to ! air = a %ort "t )\t dy+1 b only = a %ort "t4 ,a coral isl&1 :5 fir/ built1 is m]ely level ) ! ocean-surface at l[ tide4 ,b old ,ocean c>ries on ! "w :i* ! polyps h begun4 ,heavy roll]s break incessantly aga9/ ! reef1 loos5+ blocks ( coral1 "s ( :i* are flung bodily ^u x1 :ile o!rs are p\nd$ into s&1 :i* fills up holes & crevices4 ,gradually ?us ! :ole becomes cem5t$ into h>d reef-rock4 ,z ?is goes on ! l[ isl& sl[ly rises1 until x has climb$ above high-tide level4 ,!n ! task c only be complet$ by waves ( exceptional rea*4 ,/ill ! gr9d+ ( coral to f9e s& goes on2 & 9 "t x ga9s a dep? ( "s in*es4 ,& ! waves c>ry se$s & cocoa-nuts to ! spot2 & %rubs & trees spr+ up1 to s[ aga9 _! own se$s1 & by gradual decay to =m m\ld4 ,?us x comes ab\t t a little isl& is made ready = man to live on4 ,"o might expect ^! /ages to be v sl[ inde$1 b su* ev5ts m>* at ! d\ble 9 tropical climates4 ,9 ! ,l[ ,ar*ipelago "o atoll 0 f\nd1 9 ! space ( only ?irty-f\r ye>s1 to h be5 trans=m$ f a m]e rock-reef to a lagoon isl&1 f\rte5 miles 9 l5g?1 ) tall trees gr[+ along almo/ ! :ole ( "o side4 ,z a specim5 ( ! sizes to :i* coral-build+s rea*1 ! ,maldive ,ar*ipelago may be nam$4 ,x is a va/ collection ( isl&s & reefs1 /ret*+ to a l5g? ( f\r hundr$ & sev5ty miles1 & 9 p>ts fifty miles broad4 ,b>ri]-reefs1 rea*+ ?r\gh _m hundr$s ( miles1 are ev5 m rem>kable4 ,travell]s write /irr+ descriptions ( ! beauty ( ^! erections4 ,! vivid p5 ( ,miss ,gordon-,cumm+1 = in/ance1 has pa9t$ _m a picture ( ,pacific reefs1 ( ?und]+ break]s1 & dazzl+ :ite surf4 ,we are told by h] ( 8! pat*es ( coral1 sea-we$1 & sometimes :ite s&1 ly+ at irregul> dep?s b5ea? a %all[ cov]+ ( ! mo/ cry/all9e em]ald-gre5 wat]10 produc+ 8e %ade ( aqua-m>9e1 mauve1 si5na1 & orange1 all m>vell\sly bl5d$40 ,&1 aga91 ( ! wond]ful masses ( liv+ coral :i* gr[ l g>d5-plants bel[ ! cle> wat]1 & ( bran*+ %rubs ( all imag9able t9ts1 su* z p9k1 blue1 mauve1 & primrose4 ,to pluck & c>ry (f ^! ocean-blossoms w\ld be a va9 attempt1 = ! 8gelat9\s slime0 to :i* ! col\rs belong 8drips away1 z ! liv+ creatures melt & die1 :5 expos$ to ! upp] air40 ,f ! p5 ( ano!r eye-witness#c we h a description ( a visit at l[-tide to ! b>ri]-reef ( ,levuka1 ! old ,fiji capital4 ,we le>n t ! reef itself consi/s ma9ly ( dead coral--8r\gh1 un9t]e/+1 %apeless lime/ones1 ) a v small cov]+ ( seawe$40 ,b aft] ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile ( difficult walk+1 ! travell]s drew ne> to ! 8ro>+ surf on ! outside10 :]e 8f+]y lumps ( beautiful live coral began to appe>1 ( ! pale/ lav5d]-blue col\r40 ,by ! "t t !y 7 ne>ly )9 t\* ( ! spray1 8! :ole floor 0 "o mass ( liv+ bran*es ( coral40 #c ,! ,hon4 ,ralph ,ab]cromby4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until !y v5tur$ actually into ! wat]1 beyond ! out] v]ge ( ! 8great sea-wall10 t !y c\ld see = !mselves ! true nature ( ! reef4 ,?is 0 ! description giv54 8,y look d[n1 & see a /eep irregul> wall1 ext5d+ deep] into ! ocean ?an ! eye c foll[1 & brok5 into lovely grottoes & holes & canals1 ?r\gh :i* small respl5d5t fi%es ( ! brighte/ blue or gold flit fitfully betwe5 ! lumps ( coral4 ,! sides ( ! natural grottoes are entirely cov]$ ) endless =ms ( t5d]-col\r$ coral1 b all beautiful1 & all m or less ( ! f+]y or bran*+ species1 kn[n z madrepores4 ,x is really impossible to draw or describe ! sight40 ,equally impossible 0 x to photograph ^! fairy grottoes1 8se5 ?r\gh tw5ty feet ( surg+ wat]10 ?\gh "s snap%ots 7 tak5 9 mom5ts :5 ! va/ bill[s )drew !mselves4 ,"o difficult "q 9 connection ) coral reefs has be5--,h[ c !y rise1 z !y d1 out ( consid]able dep?s1 :5 coral-polyps _c live bel[ "s tw5ty fa?oms f ! surface8 ,two *ief explanations h be5 (f]$1 ea* ( :i* has be5 w>mly tak5 up & def5d$4 ,"o meets ! difficulty by means ( ! !ory ( a ris+ & s9k+ e>?-cru/4 ,a m\nta9-top might h be5 fir/ heav$ up to )9 tw5ty fa?oms ( ! surface4 ,!n lat]1 :ile ! polyps 7 build+ ^u x1 ! m\nta9 might h sl[ly sunk4 ,9 t case ! polyps bel[ w\ld die1 z ! wat] deep5$2 b ! wall ( dead coral w\ld rema91 rea*+ 9 "t v f> d[n4 ,! o!r explanation also admits t coral-reefs h be5 g5]ally built ^u sub-ocean heights4 ,b x supposes t height to h be5 p>tly rais$ by volcanic =ces1 & aft]w>ds built up to ! ne$$ height by a gr[+ collection ( oozes & animal-rema9s1 deposit$ ?r\gh ages4 ,_m pro(s h be5 f\nd 9 rec5t ye>s ( ! probable tru? ( ! latt] !ory4 ,/ill1 x does n ( necessity d away ) ! e>li] explanation4 ,"h1 once m1 ! "q may be ask$--,:y %\ld n bo? be true8 ,if "s subm>9e peaks h be5 lift$ to j ! "r level by gradual build+ up ( s$im5t1 o!rs may h be5 s rais$ by volcanic action or cru/-cr9kl+4 ,ei!r way1 x is a m>vell\s tale4 ,?\s&s ( miles ( solid reef-rocks2 hundr$s ( sub/antial inhabit$ isl&s1 all re>$1 in* aft] in*1 by a m]e 8gelat9\s slime10 by s(t-bodi$ jelly-l creatures1 fir/ c\s9s to ! dull ?\gh pretty anemone ( our %ores6 ,! ?+ s\nds incr$ible6 ,a /rang] f "s f>-(f _w--a /rang] ev5 f pol> regions on our ,e>?1 unle>n$ 9 ! lore ( w>m] oceans--might sc\t ! /ory z absurd4 ,yet no fact 9 ,natural ,hi/ory is bett] atte/$1 or /&s on a firm] f\ndation4 ,!re is a good deal m 9 ! philosophy ( ?is small _w ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,ov] ,,! ,,ocean-,,b$ 8,! wrecks dissolve above u3 _! du/ drops d[n f af>2-- ,d[n to ! d>k1 ! utt] d>k1 :]e ! bl9d :ite sea-snakes are4 ,!re is no s\nd1 no e*o ( s\nd1 9 ! des]ts ( ! deep1 ,o'er ! great grey level pla9s ( ooze1 :]e ! %ell-burr$ cables creep40--,,rudy>d ,,kipl+4 ,by way ( v>iety1 %all we take a little excursion toge!r1 y & ,i1 into ^? "u-sea regions ( :i* s mu* has be5 said 9 pa/ *apt]s8 ,regions :i* ! foot ( man has nev] trod2 :i* ! eye ( man has nev] se52 :i*1 except 9 dea?1 ! h& ( man has nev] t\*$4 ,%all we leave beh9d ! fair ,e>? t we love1 ! sun%9e1 ! bright sky1 ! fields & h$g][s1 ! blue sp>kles ( ,ocean's surface1 & g d[n & d[n1 ?r\gh a wa/e ( lonely wat]s1 till our feet re/ ^u firm gr\nd bel[8 8,eh1 b x's e]ie60 we might say1 7 we ( ,scots desc5t4 ,sunlight is at once lo/ sight (1 & twilight deep5s fa/4 ,a heavy cyclone may be rag+ above1 b ! tr\bl\s turmoil soon ceases to affect u4 ,/ormy bill[s1 ) _! %[]s ( spray1 _c di/urb ! calm ( ^! dep?s4 ,z we s9k l[]1 we f9d ourselves enwrapp$ 9 /illness4 ,a creep+ curr5t is ar\nd u1 yet ) movem5t s g5tle t we are n aw>e ( x4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( our desc5t we come across innum]able sea-we$s2 delicate float+ r$ fronds1 & long br[n ribbons tangl$ toge!r4 ,pres5tly we pass ?r\gh a /icky slimy mass ( ,diatoms1 rea*+ f> to "r & left1 & ( great dep?4 ,untold millions ( ^? t9y vegetables are liv+ & gr[+ toge!r1 9 "o enorm\s float+ bank4 ,n[ we h rea*$ ! 8hundr$-fa?om limit10 & z we g beyond x1 we f9d m>k$ *anges f ! life we h kn[n above4 ,no seasons "h4 ,no v>iations f summ] to w9t]1 f spr+ to autumn4 ,only "o dead level ( p]petual *ill1 becom+ cold] & cold]4 ,no light "h4 ,no v>iations f night to day1 f ev5+ to morn+4 ,no?+ b cont9u\s midnight blackness1 unreliev$ by ! fa9te/ gleam ( sun%9e4 ,no plant-life "h4 ,no ocean-we$s ( any k9d4 ,^? ?+s we h left beh9d u1 f> above4 ,dead sea-we$ fronds are inde$ abundant1 s9k+ sl[ly d[nw>d1 9 company ) ourselves2 & dead ,diatoms1 ) dead microscopic creatures ( _m k9ds1 ra9 incessantly f ! surface wat]s to ! ocean's b$4 ,b !y are f> too m9ute = u to feel !m1 z !y slip noiselessly pa/4 ,see+ any?+1 small or l>ge1 is out ( ! "q4 ,no light2 no waves2 no col\r2 no beauty4 ,only unbrok5 /ret*es ( sil5t wat]1 ) int5se & p5etrat+ cold4 ,a mile or m bel[ we f9d ourselves on firm gr\nd4 ,?is is ! topmo/ peak ( a sub-ocean m\nta9 range1 ris+ f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,9 ! d>kness we grope our way to ! v]ge1 !n sl[ly walk d[n its slop+ side1 "u a pond]\s weight ( wat]1 :ile our feet are ^u a /icky unpleasant ooze1 :i* seems to be ev]y:]e4 ,only n q ev]y:]e4 ,! nature ( ! ocean-floor v>ies4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 we come to a pat* ( h>d gr\nd1 rea*+ "s little way4 ,b ! /icky ooze ma9ly prevails1 v>i$ by less /icky mud4 ,& nei!r ooze nor mud is always ( ! same description1 z we %\ld discov] if we walk$ f> & exam9$ specim5s f ea* di/rict4 ,!re are muds & muds--oozes & oozes4 ,crabs 9 abundance scuttle ov] ! gr\nd1 z we may "k by feel+1 if we h left our boots beh9d4 ,& slimy creatures ( v>i\s k9ds fl\ri%1 none ( !m precisely ! same z ^? :i* inhabit our sea-bea*es 9 regions ( light1 yet _! ne> relatives4 ,/oop+ d[n1 we t\* a r\gh-coat$ h$gehog2 & !n our f+]s come into contact ) a mass ( slimy t5tacles1 :i* /+ %>ply4 ,"o w\ld l to be able to see1 z well z to feel4 ,b into ^! dep?s no gleam ( sunlight may ev] p5etrate4 ,yet1 z we /roll onw>d1 plodd+ ?r\gh ! ?ick pla/ic ooze1 9 ! pit*y d>kness we become aw>e ( a light1 a hazy light1 draw+ ne>4 ,"o does n expect to f9d a lant]n d[n "h 9 ! deep ocean-wat]s4 ,x positively seems to be a lant]n1 mov+ z if x _h a w ( its own4 ,& ab\t ! small liv+ lant]n1 dur+ its approa*1 we see _m creatures congregat$1 swimm+ & :isk+ r\nd1 evid5tly mak+ use ( ! glimm] to cat* _! prey4 ,:5 x has come close1 we f9d ! light to proce$ f a s(t-bodi$ jelly-l animal1 :i*1 z x travels1 c>ries its own illum9ation ) x4 ,_h we 9 upp] regions su* p[] to %9e = ourselves1 we %\ld be delightfully indep5d5t ( artificial light aft] d>k4 ,at fir/ our impression is t ! sub-ocean lamp mu/ be a v uncommon ph5om5on4 ,b z we g on we enc\nt] ano!r & ano!r--diff]5t inde$ 9 species1 yet alike 9 ! possession ( natural light-giv+ organs4 ,x dawns ^u our m9ds gradually t1 ev5 9 ocean-dep?s1 ! law ( comp5sation is n unrepres5t$4 ,ev5 ^? d>k regions1 cut (f ?\gh !y are f all rays ( sunlight1 d n lie "u total midnight blackness unreliev$4 ,ev5 "h1 9 ^! desolate ne!rmo/ p>ts ( ! ocean1 creatures ) eyes may live1 & may f9d a good use = ^? eyes4 ,= glimm] aft] glimm] is se52 & jelly-l animals "u our feet1 :5 accid5tally t\*$1 give =? rays1 sometimes rays ( _m col\rs2 & fi%es1 z !y fla% pa/1 l5d occasional gleams2 & l>g] unc\? mon/]s d ! same--all help+ to light up a _w beyond rea* ( ! sun4 ,talk ( dep?s6 ,we are 9 !m at la/1 & no mi/ake4 ,d[n--d[n6 ,deep] & deep]6 ,above our heads are pil$ ?ree or f\r miles ( wat]1 & ! pressure ^u our un=tunate bodies is t]rific4 ,"h creatures ( simple/ =m ab\nd1--,protozoa1 or ,fir/ ,animals1 t9y jelly-l specks1 m]e liv+ cells1 too small by f> = u to see1 ev5 ) ! help ( animat$ deep-sea lant]ns1 unless we h c>ri$ ) u a p[]ful microscope4 ,b we "k !m to be !re4 ,! ooze & mud alone1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 prove ! fact4 ,"h are =am9if]a1 liv+ & dead2 & skeletons ( reef-coral1 all dead2 & specim5s ( deep-sea coral1 bo? liv+ & dead2 & rema9s ( bigg] creatures innum]able1 :i* h disport$ !mselves 9 ! wat]s above4 ,yet n s _m ( ^! la/ z "o might h expect$1 because ( ! de/ructive p[] ( sea-wat]4 ,!re are also plant-l zoophytes1 & disc-%ap$ jelly-fi%es4 ,!re are sea-ur*9s & />fi%es4 ,!re are sponges 9 great numb]s1 w&]+ "y ones & old ones settl$ d[n = life1 once look$ ^u z vegetables1 n[ kn[n to be animals4 ,!re are molluscs ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,!re are long slimy wriggl+ worms4 ,!re are ! inevitable crabs1 l>ge & small4 ,!re are c\ntless fi%es swimm+ ab\t1 n 9 ! lea/ emb>rass$ by ! a/\nd+ fact t !y h some?+ l ?ree & a half miles ( wat] betwe5 !m & fre% air & sunlight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,deep-,,sea ,,fi%es ,face page #ahb ,unexpect$ly we come ^u a great %ip1 ly+ :]e x has lately sunk4 ,! busy sea1 always busy ev5 :5 mo/ quiet1 is h>d at "w demoli%+ ! /ructure ( ! vessel2 ?\gh /ill 9 ! d>kness we c feel ! tall ma/1 ! solid sides1 ( ! noble craft1 :i* once float$ buoyantly f> above1 9 light ( day4 ,n[ x reposes on ! ocean-b$1 nev] aga9 to be ( s]vice to man4 ,its race is run2 its tale is told4 ,alas6 good %ip6 :i*1 b = "o fatal /orm1 might /ill be actively engag$ 9 its c\ntry's s]vice4 ,b we f9d no human rema9s4 ,if !y be !re1 our se>*+ has fail$ to alight on !m4 ,small wond]1 9 ! great space & ! blackness4 ,a m$usa gleam ( light has little p[] to aid u 9 ?is se>*4 ,p]haps sl[ curr5ts h c>ri$ else:]e ! bodies ( m5 :o w5t d[n ) ! %ip4 ,or p]haps ! bones h succumb$ already to ! de/ructive work+ ( ocean-wat]s4 ,or p]haps all on bo>d 7 sav$1 :5 ! gallant vessel sank4 ,let u hope t x 0 s4 ,we are leav+ ! /icky ooze & gett+ into a region ( /iff clay4 ,if !re 7 light en\gh1 we %\ld f9d x to be ( a r$di% t9t4 ,"h we d f9d bones--rema9s ( creatures ( a high] class1 ?\gh n ( man1 ! highe/ ( all4 ,"h are %>ks' tee? 9 great abundance1 & _m e>bones ( :ales4 ,n mu*1 aft] all1 b some?+ t tells ( ,life4 ,ano!r l(ty m\nta9 height "u wat]1 ris+ f ! ocean-b$4 ,%all we climb x1 & see :i!r x may lead u8 ,h we n _h en\gh ( ^! black my/]i\s dep?s8 ,n[ up & up1 cauti\sly feel+ our way & us+ any su* glimm]s ( liv+ light z we come across4 ,by-&-by we f9d ourselves gett+ into %all[] wat]4 ,evid5tly ?is sub-ocean m\nta9 approa*es ne> to ! surface4 ,x w n end1 l ! la/1 a mile or m b5ea?4 ,"h is a region ( solid lime/one rocks1 made ( reef-coral1 :i* has be5 gr\nd & p\nd$ by ! waves1 & aft]w>ds cem5t$ firmly toge!r4 ,we are gett+ into levels :]e ! waves h p[]4 ,pres5tly ! firm lime/one is ex*ang$ = coral mud1 & lat] t gives place to reef-s&4 ,by ?is "t we h ar\nd u1 n only liv+ animals b liv+ sea-we$s1 :i* fact tells ( our ne>ness to sunlight4 ,x may /ill seem d>k to u1 b "s light mu/ be able to filt] ?r\gh1 or plant-life c\ld n exi/4 ,a few m fa?oms ( asc5t1 & we too are aw>e ( light--dim & fa9t at fir/1 yet /eadily increas+4 ,%all we /ep out into ! fre% air1 ! radiant sun%9e1 ( a ,s\?-,sea coral isl&--into a _w ( light & life & beauty1 all ! fair] & ! sweet] 9 its contra/ ) ^? gloomy "u-ocean regions ?r\gh :i* we h be5 w&]+8 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,multitud9\s ,,life 8,?is great & wide sea1 :]e9 are ?+s creep+ innum]able1 bo? small & great bea/s40--,ps4 civ4 #be4 8,! d5se imm5sity ,( ev]-/irr+ ,life1 9 ?y /range =ms ,( fi% & %ell & worm & oozy mud40--,,k+sley4 ,"s ?irty or =ty ye>s ago ! k :i* man _h ( ! 8,great ,deep0 0 practically nil4 ,we "k a good deal m n[1 ?anks to ! fam\s voyage ( ! ,*all5g]1 & to _m o!r obs]vations1 ?\gh /ill ! full sum ( our in=mation is small comp>$ ) ! mu* t we d n "k4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgb ! good %ip ,*all5g] quitt$ ,briti% %ores = h] long t\r ( discov]y4 ,dur+ ne>ly ?ree ye>s & a half %e cruis$ ab\t ! _w1 dipp+ h] in/rum5ts into ! wat] at frequ5t int]vals1 measur+ ! dep?s1 /udy+ ! temp]atures1 mak+ note ( o!r conditions1 & br++ up f ! ocean-b$ mat]ials :]eby to judge ( ! /ate ( t d>k ne!r-_w1 hidd5 f our eyes by int]v5+ miles ( wat]4 ,?ree & a half ye>s ( /eady "w2 hundr$s ^u hundr$s ( s\nd+s2 ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( miles trav]s$2 t5s ( ?\s&s ( specim5s haul$ up2 days & weeks & mon?s devot$ to unremitt+ /udy ( ^? specim5s6 ,?is is :at ! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition meant4 ,no wond] our k ( ! ,"u-,ocean has gr[n by leaps4 ,& yet no wond] x is /ill conf9$ )9 n>r[ limits4 ,s enorm\s is ! ext5t ( ! ,ocean1--s few comp>atively are ! p>ts :i* h be5 "u close exam9ation6 ,imag9e a mon/] giant /rid+ ) va/ /eps ov] ! sea1 & at int]vals ( a mile or two dipp+ a long arm into ! dep?1 to br+ away a h&ful ( :atev] might lie ^u ! b$ bel[4 ,no d\bt he might & w\ld ?us le>n a good deal t he _h n kn[n be=e4 ,/ill1 at ! be/1 t5s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles w\ld lie ar\nd 9 all directions1 unt\*$ by 8 se>*+ f+]s4 ,?is is v mu* :at ! ,exp$ition 0 able to d4 ,a h&ful "h & a h&ful !re 0 br\ght up1 z a specim5 ( :at might be f\nd bel[4 ,b t5s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 to nor? & s\? & ea/ & we/1 rema9$ unt\*$4 ,none ! less1 f ^! occasional 8dips10 h[ev] few by comp>ison ) rea*es n exam9$1 we "k f> m ?an our =efa!rs c\ld h dreamt ( z )9 ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,in/rum5ts1 _m & complicat$1 are us$ 9 deep-sea rese>*es--f> too _m & too complicat$ to be describ$ "h4 ,two or ?ree may be m5tion$4 ,s\nd+-ma*9es prop] are l>gely employ$1 sometimes c>ry+ wat]-bottles1 & always brass tubes1 weigh$ d[n by 8s9k]s10 :i* rema9 beh9d :5 ! tubes are drawn up full ( mud or ooze4 ,small dr$ges are dragg$ along ! sea-bottom1 ga!r+ :atev] may lie !re loosely1 & br++ x to ! surface4 ,trawls also are necess>y1 ) beams f t5 to sev5te5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,su* trawls1 held by /rong /eel cables ?\s&s ( fa?oms long1 c (t5 lift sev5 tons ( mat]ial4 ,into ! bottom ( a dr$ge-bag & ( a trawl-net f9e clo? is frequ5tly sewn1 s t mud & small animals may n slip ?r\gh & be lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dragg+ ,,! ,,t[-,,net ,,to ,,cat* ,,m9ute ,,surface ,,animals ,note sailors ) small nets ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,beam-,,trawl ,,& ,,t[-,,net ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,deep-,,sea ,,rese>* ,face page #ahh ,imm5se supplies h be5 ?us dr$g$ & haul$ up f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,muds & oozes1 s&s & pebbles1 /ones & rocks1 %elly deposits1 volcanic deposits1 rema9s innum]able ( dead plants1 rema9s /ill m abundant ( animals1 includ+ e>bones ( :ales & tee? ( %>ks1 & m r>ely o!r p>ts ( animal-skeletons--l>ge1 small1 microscopic1 ^! all h be51 ) inf9ite c>e1 ) inf9ite pati5ce1 sort$ & exam9$ & classifi$4 ,tee? & e>bones6 ,b :]e are ! great %>k-skeletons8 ,:]e are ! mighty bone frameworks ( :ales8 ,if a :ale's e>bones lie "h1 surely "h also mu/ h sunk ! enorm\s c>case4 ,yet all ! re/ has vani%$4 ,all has be5 dissolv$--dis9tegrat$--eat5 up1 z x 71 by ! black & sil5t wa/e ( wat]4 ,sea-wat] has an extraord9>y dissolv+ p[]1 mu* int5sifi$ by add$ pressure at great dep?s1 & few sub/ances c long )/& t p[]4 ,n ev5 ! massive skeletons ( %>ks & :ales1 ) ! exception ( ! tee? & e>bones1 :i* are =m$ ( peculi>ly h>d mat]ial4 ,& nev] once1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole cruise1 0 any s+le bone ( ,man br\ght up f ! ocean-b$4 ,aft] all is ?is surpris+8 ,:]e ev5 :ale-skeletons are ma/]$1 small *ance c rema9 = a human skeleton to /& out long aga9/ absorption4 ,! m>vel is h[ t9y =am9if] %ells c la/ z !y d4 ,! majority no d\bt disappe>4 ,unless !y rea* ! bottom quickly1 & are !re cov]$ up & protect$1 !y mu/ soon be dissolv$4 ,yet t va/ numb]s d ?us escape we "k by ! masses ( ooze f\nd ov] ! sea-bottom2 by ! fifty millions or m ( squ>e miles ( ! ocean-floor c>pet$ ) coral muds & s&s1 & ) oozes ( =am9if]a & k9dr$ %ells4 ,only d[n to a dep? ( ab\t two miles4 ,beyond t1 c>bonate-(-lime %ells are seldom f\nd4 ,x is believ$ t ^! light %ells take z mu* z ?ree or f\r days to s9k "o mile2 & 9 ab\t two miles !y all succumb to ! p[] ( sea-wat]4 ,b ! h>d little diatom cases are pres5t 9 all dep?s1 m especially 9 ,e>?'s cold] regions1 :]e !y ab\nd mo/ freely4 ,! ocean-b$ has be5 describ$ z "o huge sepul*re1 full ( ! rema9s ( once-liv+ creatures4 ,& ?is is true2 yet by itself x gives a v "o-sid$ view4 ,n less is ! ocean-b$ to be describ$ z a _w ( ab\nd+ ,life4 ,ev]y:]e1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole sea1 9 all p>ts1 above & bel[ & betwe5--ne> ! surface1 on ! floor1 9 all int]m$iate rea*es--liv+ creatures fl\ri% 9 numb]s pa/ imag9ation4 ,n ev]y:]e equally4 ,"h may be f\nd a wond]ful ri*ness ( animal-life4 ,!re ! explor] may alight on a b>r5 region4 ,yet ev5 ^? p>ts m scantily suppli$ ne$ n be always ?us4 ,liv+ creatures 9 va/ hordes1 9 enorm\s companies1 drift to & fro1 rise upw>ds & s9k d[nw>ds2 & ! di/rict :i* to-day seems almo/ devoid ( life may to-morr[ be ?rong$ ) active be+s4 ,! ,ocean's inhabitants h be5 r\ghly divid$ into ?ree ,classes-- ,deep-,sea ,life1 ,int]m$iate ,ocean ,life1 & ,surface ,ocean ,life4 ,! fir/ ( ^! includes all animals :i* crawl ^u ! sea-b$1 or :i* live )9 ab\t ?ree hundr$ fa?oms ( x4 ,! second includes all animals :i* live betwe5 ab\t ?ree hundr$ fa?oms ( ! sea-bottom & ?ree hundr$ fa?oms ( ! ocean-surface4 ,! ?ird includes all animals :i* live )9 ?ree hundr$ fa?oms ( ! surface1 & ^? on %all[ %ores4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( liv+ creatures appe> to inhabit ! surface regions2 & x may be t ! next 9 numb] are ^? on & ne> ! ocean-b$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is unc]ta94 ,x is difficult to judge ab\t ! int]m$iate dep?s4 ,all creatures liv+ !re mu/ be extremely good swimm]s1 & !y are v %y ( nets4 ,we _c readily picture to ourselves ! mann] ( life :i* goes on 9 ^? int]m$iate p>ts4 ,creatures !re h1 z x seems1 no connection ) ei!r ! ocean-b$ or ) %all[ %ores--no re/+-place to :i* !y may turn--9 %ort1 no home4 ,?\gh "o may n realise ! fact1 few animals )9 our k5 h n some?+ 9 ! %ape ( a home1 a pi$ t]re1 to use a famili> t]m1 ?\gh t 8t]re0 may be "u wat]4 ,! v idea ( a life sp5t always 9 swimm+ or float+ ?r\gh b\ndless dep?s1 nev] t\*+ firm gr\nd1 hav+ no k9d ( home or retreat1 sugge/s vagabondage1 & s\nds disconsolate4 ,x may be t ! difficulty is at lea/ p>tly met by ^? great float+ banks ( liv+ creatures :i* are (t5 f\nd4 ,diatom-,banks h be5 already spok5 (4 ,b o!r animals ( l>g] gr[? also b& toge!r1 =m+ va/ companies4 ,to ea* individual 9 su* a cong]ies ! ,float+ ,bank w\ld be a home4 ,x w\ld matt] little to t individual :e!r ! bank z a :ole float$ "h or drift$ !re1 :e!r x rose at night to ! surface ( ! sea1 or :e!r 9 daytime x sank l[] to escape f ! sun's gl>e4 ,_m su* banks ( life belong /rictly to ! ,surface ,class r ?an to ! ,int]m$iate4 ,b ! want ( a home applies equally to all creatures :o live a free & rov+ life 9 ! ,ocean1 unatta*$ to %ore or to sea-b$1 :e!r !y live above or bel[ ! ?ree-hundr$ fa?om limit4 ,ano!r puzzl+ "q has be5 z to h[ deep-sea creatures are f$4 ,9 ,life on t]ra firma1 g5]ally1 ! "w ( plants is to make ready food = animals4 ,_m sub/ances1 :i* are ne$ful = animal-/ructure1 _c be tak5 9 by !m until brok5 up & re-made by plants4 ,& plants c only c>ry out ?is task 9 sunlight4 ,:]e ! light ( ! sun fails1 !re plant-life fails also4 ,b direct vegetable food is n always necess>y4 ,arctic animals--be>s1 seals1 walruses1--_c get x except at second or ?ird h&1 ?r\gh ! bodies ( o!r animals4 ,p]haps ?is 0 =gott5 by "s :o ma9ta9$ t no animals c\ld1 by any possibility1 fl\ri% 9 ocean's great] dep?s4 ,numb]less obs]vations h n[ ?ru/ t !ory on "o side4 ,by ! dr$g+s & trawl+s ( ! ,*all5g]1 n to speak ( lat] explorations1 x has be5 conclusively prov$ t1 ev5 d[n to great dep?s1 animal life is m>vell\sly pl5tiful4 ,two or ?ree examples may be giv54 ,a s+le haul1 made 9 wat] m ?an a mile deep1 br\ght up animals ( two hundr$ diff]5t k9ds4 ,ano!r haul1 9 a dep? ( two miles1 _h ! same result4 ,ano!r1 9 a dep? ( ?ree miles1 br\ght up fifty diff]5t k9ds4 ,all ^! x 0 kn[n1 by tok5s le>nt f close /udy & mu* exp]i5ce1 _h c]ta9ly liv$ ne> ! bottom4 ,aga91 f dep?s ( f\r miles _m creatures1 includ+ fi%es1 appe>$4 ,ev5 9 a dep? ( ov] five miles1 signs ( life 7 n lack+4 ,:o1 aft] ?is1 may v5ture to "n a dep? at :i* ,life is altoge!r impossible8 ,al?\gh plants _c live & gr[ 9 ! d>kness ( ne!r ocean1 _! decay+ rema9s are incessantly ra9+ d[nw>d f high] levels4 ,animals 9 ! int]m$iate p>ts1 & p]haps also ne> ! sea-b$1 c fe$ l>gely ^u ^! fall+ sea-we$s4 ,imm5se quantities are d\btless snapp$ up en r\te2 b _m also rea* ! ocean-floor undev\r$1 s9ce vegetable-rema9s (t5 figure 9 ! muds & oozes br\ght up !nce4 ,deep-sea animals are v ext5sively eat]s ( mud & ooze & clay4 ,x does n s\nd l appetis+ f>e1 or :at our gr&p>5ts us$ to describe z 8palatable40 ,b ! palate ( a deep-sea fi% or crab diff]s f t ( a man2 & s9ce no bett] vegetable-food (f]s itself1 !y are probably cont5t4 ,t ! said creatures d really subsi/ 9 a measure ^u su* mat]ials1 is kn[n = a fact4 ,:5 drawn up to ! surface1 !y are f\nd (t5 to h _! /oma*s full ( ! mud or ooze or clay :i* 9 t p>ticul> place c>pets ! ocean-b$4 ,ev5 9 f> %all[] wat]s1 n mu* remov$ f ! 8hundr$-fa?om l9e10 ?\gh /ill beyond ! region ( liv+ sea-we$1 crabs dr$g$ up are f\nd to h indulg$ freely 9 ! same frugal rations4 ,!re is ( c\rse no difficulty z to animal-food 9 any dep?4 ,! fight = life goes on bel[1 z above2 & ! weak] succumbs to ! /rong]1 or ! less cunn+ to ! m subtle1 9 ! deep z )9 rea* ( sunlight4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,ocean ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,lamps 8,^! are ! works ( ! ,"l & ,8 wond]s 9 ! ,deep40 ,ps4 civ4 #bd4 8,e track ,0 a fla% ( liv+ fire40--,,col]idge4 8,we h already le>n$10 wrote ,alb]t1 ,pr9ce ( ,monaco1 n long s9ce1 9 ref]5ce to rec5t ,ocean rese>*es--8t a :ole _w ( ,fi%es1 ,molluscs1 ,annelids1 ,m$us1 ,cephalopoda1 & ,cru/aceans1 come to ! surface at night1 & return be=e day to a dep? ( "s hundr$s ( fa?oms1 =m+ a liv+ tide :i* ebbs & fl[s 9 e sea40 ,lett+ alone = ! mom5t o!r creatures m5tion$ 9 ! above li/1 let u ?9k ab\t ! va/ _w ( ,,m$us--( ,,jelly-,,fi%es & _! relatives--) :i* ! ,ocean is l>gely peopl$4 ,:e!r ,hydroids1 ,jelly-fi%es prop]1 ,coral-polyps1 or ,sea-,anemones1 !y all belong to a l[ ord] 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,high]1 c]ta9ly1 ?an ! m9ute specks ( life describ$ 9 pa/ *apt]s2 high] ?an ,=am9if]s2 high] ?an ,sponges2 b l[] ?an ,sea-ur*9s & ,/>fi%es2 v mu* l[] ?an ,worms & ,oy/]s4 ,!y v>y imm5sely 9 size1 rang+ f m9ute jelly-bags1 )\t limbs or heads1 m\?s or /oma*s1 to great masses ( jelly-l sub/ance1 ) eyes & m\?s & p[]ful /++ app>atus4 ,all ^! are includ$ 9 ! circle ( ne> relatives to ! 8,m$us10 :i* "n 0 fir/ be/[$ ^u ! anemones f a suppos$ lik5ess betwe5 ! snaky tresses ( ! my?ological ,m$usa & ! t5tacles ( ^! s(t-bodi$ animals4 8,ocean-fl[]s10 _m ( !m may truly be call$1 s9ce !y live & gr[1 root$ l a plant to "o spot2 s9ce also !y put =? v]itable buds & blossoms4 ,only !y are 9 nature n vegetable1 b animal4 ,_m ( ^! ocean blooms are exquisitely beautiful2 b !y may n always be ga!r$ ) impunity4 8,ocean-lamps10 too1 _m may ) tru? be nam$4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ! coral-polyps1 l>ge numb]s ( ! hydroids1 & p]haps all ( ! free-swimm+ m$us or jelly-fi%es1 c>ry ) !m _! own little lant]ns1 :]e) at night to make bright ! surface ( ! sea--:]e) also to be> glimm]s ( light d[nw>d into ^? black dep?s :]e sunlight _c rea*4 ,t ,jelly-fi% :i* 8swam 9 a tropical sea10 & said1 8,?is _w x consi/s ( ,,me60 mu/ h be5 an unusually intellig5t specim5 ( its k9d4 ,jelly-fi%es 9 g5]al are n cr$it$ ) ev5 mu* bodily s5sation1 f> less ) m5tal orig9ality4 ,coral-polyps h _h _! me$ ( att5tion 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,!re is a ne> relation%ip betwe5 ! reef-build]s ( equatorial seas & ! anemones ( ,briti% sea-bea*es4 ,b ! anemone is a creature ( di/9ctly high] developm5t ?an ! co-op]ative coral-polyp4 ,x has at lea/ ! great gift ( individuality1 :i* its reef-c\s9s h n4 ,sea-anemones h be5 comp>$ to g>d5 a/]s1 & inde$ ! resemblance is n slight4 ,! liv+ t5tacles ( ! "o might almo/ be tak5 = a r\gh copy ( ! ?ick petals ( ! o!r4 ,9 g5]al =m sea-anemones are r\nd s(t disc-l bodies1 surr\nd$ or trimm$ by a bord] ( fle%y t5tacles1 & m\nt$ on a ?ick fle%y /alk or cyl9d]1 :i* is usually ei!r fa/5$ to a rock or buri$ 9 ! s&4 ,!y v>y 9 size betwe5 half-an-in* & m ?an a foot 9 diamet]4 ,a spl5did specim51 to be f\nd 9 ! ,pacific1 is f\rte5 in*es across ! disc4 ,^! creatures are n )\t a limit$ p[] ( mov+ f place to place2 ?\gh1 9 ! case ( mo/ 8atta*$0 anemones1 movem5t is extremely sl[4 ,a few k9ds d n atta* !mselves at all1 b rove freely ?r\gh ocean-wat]s1 aft] ! fa%ion ( _! c\s9s ! jelly-fi%es4 ,"o p>ticul> species1 :i* seems to approve ( *ange ( sc5e1 & yet n to love ex]tion1 has hit ^u a clev] dodge4 ,:5 q "y x fixes itself ^u ! %ell ( a c]ta9 k9d ( crab2 & z x gr[s l>g]1 x gradually cov]s ! :ole back ( ! crab4 ,:]e ! crab goes1 ! anemone goes2 :5 ! crab re/s1 ! anemone re/s4 ,oddly en\gh1 ! crab does n appe> to object to 8 burd54 ,?is is no m]e accid5tal comrade%ip1 se5 only 9 r>e cases2 = t special description ( crab is nev] se5 )\t its fri5d ! anemone p]*$ confid+ly ^u its back2 & t special description ( anemone is nev] se5 )\t its fri5d ! crab = a /e$4 ,a sea-anemone1 l a coral-polyp1 has a m\? & a /oma*4 ,b unlike ! coral-polyp1 x has ! m\? & /oma* = its own use1 n m]ely 9 tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! :ole community4 ,:5 ! pretty fl[]-l creature wi%es to op5 itself out1 x takes 9 a quantity ( salt wat]4 ,:5 x wi%es to %ut itself up1 x spurts ! wat] out1 draw+ its t5tacles close4 ,bo? m\? & /oma* are ela/ic2 & x is able to swall[ animals t are v little small] ?an itself4 ,sometimes x gulps up gre$ily a :ole crab or bivalve1 dige/+ ! s(t animal p>ts1 & gett+ rid ( ! useless %ell z easily z x gets rid ( wat]1 :5 ab\t to close4 ,s(t & mild & helpless z a sea-anemone may seem1 x is really f> f be+ def5celess4 ,)9 t plump body1 ar\nd ! m\?1 9 ! sk91 ab\t ! t5tacles1 & along ! sl5d] hang+ :ite cords1 lie conceal$ ?\s&s1 ev5 millions1 ( weapons4 ,ea* weapon is a v f9e & delicate ?read ( holl[ make1 curl$ tightly up 9 a m9ute cell1 ready = use4 ,:5 a sea-anemone desires to injure or to kill1 ei!r 9 def5ce or 9 attack1 x d>ts out a numb] ( ^! little 8lassos0 z !y are call$4 ,ea* lasso is n m]ely unw\nd1 b is actually turn$ inside out1 z y may turn a /ock+ inside out1 :5 draw+ x (f4 ,& z ! in/antane\s process takes place1 poison fl[s ) ! t9y d>t into ! w\nd t is made4 ,small ?\gh ea* lasso may be1 :5 doz5s or hundr$s ( !m are laun*$ toge!r1 ! result is n contemptible1 ev5 z reg>ds man2 & ocean creatures die fa/ f ! poison4 ,a cell :i* conta9s a lasso is ab\t "o five-?\s&? ( an in* across2 & two hundr$ lassos1 plac$ end to end1 w\ld rea* to ab\t an in* 9 l5g?4 ,:5 once a lasso has be5 d>t$ =?1 x c nev] aga9 be us$1 because x _c be return$ to ! cell4 ,b s great are ! supplies ( !m1 t a sea-anemone nev] gets to ! end ( its arm\ry4 ,ev5 if all 7 us$1 o!rs w\ld spe$ily gr[ 9 _! place4 ,"s k9ds ( animals1 liv+ 9 ! sea & ( s]vice to man1 are 9 dang] ( be+ ?9n$ out ( exi/5ce by ! incessant ravages ( net & trawl1 ( hook & h>poon4 ,n s ! _w ( ,anemones4 ,s va/ are _! numb]s1 s rapid is _! increase1 t no antagoni/ic =ces c annihilate !m4 ,x has be5 said t if e anemone on ,briti% %ores 7 "o day swept away1 c>ri$ (f by an army ( ard5t naturali/s1 or de/roy$ by waves 9 "s trem5d\s tempe/1 ! next infl[+ tide w\ld br+ a fre% supply1 suffici5t to fill all gaps4 ,n less num]\s1 p]haps f> m num]\s1 are ! c\ntless hordes ( ,jelly-fi%es1 s call$1 ?\gh !y are n fi%es--( ,sea-nettles1 s call$1 ?\gh !y are n nettles4 ,!y travel freely ?r\gh ! ocean dep?s1 l fi%es2 & !y /+ %>ply1 l nettles4 ,yet !y are nei!r4 ,ano!r "n giv5 to !m is t ( 8,sun-fi%es10 because 9 calm wea!r !y (t5 float close to ! surface ( ! sea1 z if delight+ to bask 9 sun%9e4 ,"o c\ld almo/ imag9e t1 aft] ! fa%ion ( mod]n 8lum9\s pa9t10 !y are tak+ 9 sunlight1 to c>ry /ores !re( lat] into d>k dep?s1 = ! b5efit ( less fav\r$ comrades4 ,b let a heavy /orm arise1 & swiftly ^! fragile creatures w5d _! way into ! placid dep?s1 beyond rea* ( w9d & wave4 ,_m ye>s ago a /ory 0 told ( a c]ta9 f>m]1 :o _h he>d t m$us 7 p>ticul>ly good z manure4 ,he _h l>ge supplies ( !m c>t$ to 8 l&1 ) mu* exp5se & tr\ble4 ,n till lat] did he le>n h[ small a "p ( ! creatures consi/$ ( any?+ b wat]2 h[ easily he might h _h ! :ole mass ( !m dri$1 & !n c>ri$ by h&1 at almo/ no co/4 ,m$us1 z e>li] /at$1 are ( all sizes1 f t9y transluc5t bags ( liquid to huge discs ( jelly-l sub/ance1 rivall+ a man's umbrella 9 diamet]4 ,!y are also ( all k9ds & %apes4 ,_m ( umbrella-%ape h1 9 place ( a h&le1 bundles ( fle%y t5tacles hang+ d[n bel[1 & ?9 /ream]s rea*+ to a l5g? ( a hundr$ feet4 ,"s are m l sauc]s or b[ls4 ,o!rs ( long] & n>r[] make h be5 lik5$ to l>ge ?imbles4 ,"s are ribbon-l be+s1 mov+ 9 graceful s]p5t9e folds4 ,o!rs h ! outl9es ( elegant tubes4 ,_m1 aga91 are l little inv]t$ delicate %rubs1 or fairy-seawe$ fronds1 hang+ d[nw>d4 ,"s c>ry sail ^u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,:ile all are ( a m or less jelly-l sub/ance1 "s are s frail & wat]y t !y c only be lift$ out ( ! sea 9 a pail4 ,any o!r mode causes !m to drop to pieces4 ,b ! mo/ wond]ful & beautiful *>act]i/ic ( ! jelly-fi% is t ( its self-illum9at+ p[]4 ,"h is a description ( "o k9d1 f\nd 9 ! ,atlantic1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica3-- 8,objects ( m exquisite beauty ?an "s ( ^! hydroid-m$us d n p]haps exi/4 ,ea* m9ute cry/al *alice1 ) its beautifully curv$ outl9e1 elongat$ delicate t5tacles1 g5tly coil+ & uncoil+1 & its sl5d] proboscis :i* hangs l a lamp 9 ! c5tre1 light+ x ) a s(t phosphoresc5t gl[1 is ! v type ( delicate beauty1 sugge/+ ! wond]s ( fairyl&40#d #d ,j4 ,s4 ,,k+sley4 ,& "h is ano!r description1 no less /rik+2 n ?is "t ( a float+ m$usa1 b ( a small coral-zoophyte1 ab\t t5 in*es long1 common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & 9 ! ,atlantic3-- 8,no?+ c exce$ ! beauty ( ! elegant opal9e polyps ( ?is zoophyte :5 fully exp&$1 & clu/]$ l fl[]s on _! orange-col\r$ /alk2 a beauty1 h[ev]1 almo/ equall$ by night :51 on ! slighte/ irritation1 ! :ole colony gl[s f "o extremity to ! o!r ) undulat+ waves ( pale gre5 phosphoric light4 ,a l>ge bucketful ( ^! ,alcyon>ia 0 exp]im5tally /irr$ up "o ev5+1 & ! lum9osity evolv$ produc$ a spectacle too brilliant = words to describe4 ,! support+ /em appe>$ always to be ! *ief seat ( ^! phosphoresc5t prop]ties1 & f !nce ! sc9tillations travell$ onw>d to ! bodies ( ! polyps !mselves40#e #e ,corals & ,coral ,isl&s1 by ,,dana4 ,travell]s 9 all ages h describ$ ! m>vell\s illum9ations se5 at night on ! ocean surface2 illum9ations long a my/]y to ^? :o gaz$ ) admiration4 ,at times ! :ole sea is "o blaze ( light2 & ! %ip cleaves h] way ?r\gh liquid silv]1 or crimson glory1 ?r\gh milky :it5ess or flames ( blue & r$4 ,& ! great] "p1 if n ! :ole1 z we n[ "k1 is due to unc\ntable multitudes ( jelly-creatures1 float+ close to ! surface1 ea* contribut+ its t9y %>e to ! radiant %e54 ,sometimes !y are l>ge en\gh to be visible to ! nak$ eye1 b m g5]ally !y are m9ute microscopic be+s1 f> too small individually to be se5 by u1 yet app>5t 9 ! mass by _! unit$ brilliance4 ,if millions ( _! gl[+ lamps %9e 9 ocean's deep] p>ts1 we ne$ no long] m>vel to f9d deep-sea animals ) l>ge & well-develop$ eyes4 ,:ile on ?is subject1 x %\ld be add$ t ! ,m$us h n a monopoly ( ocean-lamps4 ,o!r creatures %>e 9 ! task ( light+ up ^? midnight dep?s4 ,n long s9ce two new species ( fi%es 7 discov]$ (f ! ,azores1 bo? ( :i* possess$ delicate organs ( light-giv+ p[]4 ,9 "o ( !m ! r[s ( t9y lamps c\ld be us$ or hidd5 8at w0--all[$ to %9e ^u ! _w ar\nd1 or %ut (f by a ?ick d>k sk91 some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( a policeman's 8d>k lant]n40 ,cuttlefi%es too h be5 f\nd c>ry+ natural lamps = sub-ocean use4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,arm\r$ ,,myriads ,,& ,,mon/]s 8,! ,sea ha? its ,pe>ls40--,,longfell[4 8,f out ?y slime ,! ,mon/]s ( ! ,deep are made40--,,byron4 ,among ! multitud9\s ho/s ( liv+ creatures :i* ?rong ! ,ocean1 va/ hordes are furni%$ ) "s k9d ( protective arm\r1 ! bett] to take _! "p 9 ! ceaseless w>f>e = exi/5ce4 ,?\gh ! arm\r diff]s widely 9 diff]5t k9ds ( animals1 !y (f] "o & all a great contra/ to ! s(t jelly-l ,m$us4 ,/>fi%es & ,sea-ur*9s1 = example1 are gu>d$ by t\gh or h>d sk9s1 ) actual plat$ arm\r & %>p prickles4 ,limpets are %elt]$ beh9d s+le firm %ields1 & 9 any mom5t ( p]il become in/antly glu$ by suction to a rock4 ,oy/]s dwell )9 /\t bivalve %ells4 ,h]mit-crabs c>ry ) !m empty purlo9$ %ells1 ( o!r creatures' con/ruction4 ,crabs & ,lob/]s we> /rong suits ( %elt]+ arm\r1 jo9$ toge!r bit by bit1 z knights & squires ( old 7 clo!d f head to foot 9 ! _m 8pieces0 ( a m$ival soldi]'s milit>y suit4 ,! arm\r$ ho/s belong to v>i\s divisions 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom1--/>fi%es & sea-ur*9s to "o2 limpets & oy/]s to ano!r2 crabs & lob/]s to a ?ird4 ,& all ?ree1 toge!r ) microscopic jelly-specks & sponges & coral-polyps & m$us1 belong to a mu* great] ,division1 :i* embraces all 8,inv]tebrate0 or ,backboneless creatures4 ,if !y h n backbones & ribs1 !y h skeletons ( a k9d4 ,only1 z a g5]al rule1 ! skeletons lie outside or are visible ?r\gh ! transp>5t body1 in/ead ( be+ hidd5 away inside1 z 9 mo/ fi%es4 ,! prickly-sk9n$ />fi%es & sea-ur*9s are famili> objects ) mo/ ( u4 ,bo? belong to a ,division 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom :i* is well above ! level ( jelly-fi%es4 ,bo? h arms or rays1 proce$+ f a c5tral disc4 ,b 9 ! />fi% ! rays are sep>at$2 9 ! sea-ur*9 !y are jo9$ toge!r4 ,/>fi%es & sea-ur*9s are able to move & ev5 to travel1 ?\gh 9 mo/ cases ) extreme delib]ation4 ,bo? c put out little tube-feet suck]s1 by means ( :i* !y c *ange _! position1 & c ev5 sl[ly "r !mselves1 :5 turn$ ! wrong way up4 ,sometimes ! sea-ur*9 uses its %>p sp9es z an additional means ( gett+ along4 ,& :ile ! common />fi% c seldom advance fa/] ?an at a rate ( ab\t "o half-in* p] m9ute1 !re is a species :i* fl+s itself =w>d 9 a m reckless & rapid /yle1 by us+ its rays z limbs4 ,/>fi% & sea-ur*9 are alike protect$ by an arm\r ( h>d little plates1 arrang$ 9 neat r[s ^u ! sk94 ,n plates made 9 a work%op1 & pur*as$ by ! own] = its use1 b unkn[+ly secret$ by ! animal itself2 =m$1 l ,=am9if]a %ells1 f lime drawn out ( ! wat]4 ,betwe5 ^! plates are t9y op5+s2 & ?r\gh ^? op5+s are put out ! m9ute tube-feet4 ,ev5 9 arm\r made by skill$ workm5 = human be+s1 jo9ts h always be5 necess>y2 & we "k f hi/ory h[ _m a gallant fight] 9 pa/ c5turies 0 sla9 by an arr[ pi]c+ :]e a jo9t all[$ x to ent]4 ,c]ta9 memb]s ( ! imm5se ,worm ,family1 liv+ 9 ! sea1 we> protective scales & bri/les2 b ^! c only be nam$ 9 pass+4 ,! great ,,mollusc ,family is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,ocean1 f sea to sea1 f %ore to %ore1 f ! surface to ! utmo/ dep?s4 ,x includes numb]less subdivisions1 & enorm\s v>ieties 9 %ape & size1 9 col\r+ & k9d4 ,x conta9s millions ( ! t9ie/ little fragile %ells1 su* z ^? describ$ by ! poet 9 well-kn[n l9es3-- 8,slight1 to be cru%$ ) a tap ,( my f+]-nail on ! s&40 ,x conta9s also ! giant clams ( s\!rn seas1 ! huge/ bivalves ev] se51 "o pair ( :i* may weigh five hundr$ p\nds4 ,a ,mollusc is usually a s(t-bodi$ creature1 ) a s-call$ 8foot10 a n]v\s sy/em1 a m\?1 a 8mantle10 & a protect+ "o-valve or two-valve %ell4 ,! 8mantle0--a peculi>ity ( ?is family--is a curi\s loose fold ( ! sk9 or wall ( ! body1 wrapp$ r\nd l a mantle4 ,f ! 8mantle0 is =m$ or secret$ ! h>d %ell1 l>gely compos$ ( c>bonate-(-lime4 ,9 ! %ell itself !re are no blood-vessels1 !re is no actual life2 & x _c gr[1 z ! creature )9 x gr[s4 ,yet 9 a s5se x gr[s1 s9ce by ! addition ( con/ant fre% lay]s to ! edges x becomes l>g] & l>g]1 ?us accommodat+ itself to ! increas$ size ( its inhabitant4 ,mollusc %ells are ( all imag9able %apes & k9ds2 & (t5 !y are ( extraord9>y beauty4 ,sometimes !y are ?ick & h>d1 s z to refuse ! passage ( light4 ,sometimes !y are s ?9 z to be transluc5t4 ,sometimes !y are exquisitely pe>ly or iridesc5t4 ,! latt] effect1 se5 9 ! "m-(-pe>l l9+ ( oy/] %ells1 is due to enorm\s numb]s ( mo/ f9e & delicate l9es1 close toge!r1 :i* reflect & break up ! rays ( sunlight1 mu* aft] ! mann] ( a prism4 ,p]haps 9 ! :ole ,mollusc ,family none ( ! memb]s are s int]e/+ to man z ! oy/]--p>tly z a mu*-reli%$ food1 p>tly z ! manufactur] ( pe>ls4 ,among gems worn by wom5 few are fair]1 none m emblematic ( purity & grace1 ?an ^!4 ,yet1 s f> z relates to any int5tion on ! "p ( ! oy/]1 any idea ( =m+ t :i* is lovely & valuable1 no ?anks :atev] are due to ! produc]4 ,an oy/] makes pe>ls simply = its own conv5i5ce4 ,z 9 ! case ( o!r bivalves1 if any =eign sub/ance happ5s to get inside ! %ell1 & _c be pu%$ out1 x is /raightway cov]$ ov]1 & !reby r5d]$ h>mless4 ,sometimes ! intrud] is a gra9 ( s&1 sometimes a p>asite4 ,(t5] yet1 x is an oy/]-egg :i* has prov$ a failure4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! oy/] promptly clo!s x 9 t beautiful mat]ial--pe>l--:i* x secretes by nature1 & because x _c d o!rwise4 ,we "k well en\gh ! ord9>y size ( 8edible0 oy/]s4 ,! pe>l-=m+ relatives are (t5 mu* l>g]1 hav+ %ells f eight to twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"o does n commonly associate ! idea ( ,m9d ) a ,limpet4 ,yet x appe>s t ev5 limpets are n )\t ! organ ( locality4 ,human be+s1 brilliant 9 o!r respects1 are sometimes woefully defici5t 9 ?is quality4 ,b a limpet kn[s :at he is ab\t z to ! geography ( 8 own locality4 ,he *ooses 8 re/+-place ) c>e1 mu* pref]r+ a smoo? rock-surface to "o t is brok5 or d5t$4 ,!n he cl+s fa/1 & ! %ell 9 its gr[? is /udi\sly adju/$ to ! outl9es ( t select$ surface4 ,:5 ! limpet 8excursionises0 9 se>* ( sea-we$s1 vegetables be+ a ne$ful "p ( 8 diet1 x is rem>kable t he returns to ! same spot4 ,evid5tly he pref]s 8 own home to new qu>t]s4 ,^! l[] ,molluscs h to be pass$ ov] quickly4 ,a :ole volume might be fill$ 9 m]ely indicat+ ! diff]5t species & v>ieties ( !m4 ,at ! top ( ! ,mollusc ladd]1 c\s9 to limpets1 :elks1 oy/]s1 clams1 & %ell-fi% innum]able1 b 9 /atus f> above !m all1 we f9d ! p[]ful ,cuttlefi%4 ,a 8fi%0 9 popul> language2 yet no fi% truly1 b a v highly develop$ ,mollusc4 8,cephalopod0 or 8,head-foot$0 is ! di/+ui%+ "n = ?is sub-class ( ,molluscs4 ,v unpleasant creatures !y are to tackle--m p>ticul>ly ^? describ$ by ! famili> titles ( 8,octopus10 8,squid10 & 8,devil-fi%40 ,m p>ticul>ly too :5 an individual ( l>ge dim5sions has to be reckon$ )4 ,! species t make _! home ne> ,briti% %ores seldom rea* any great size4 ,!y _c = a mom5t be comp>$ ) ! great creatures ( w>m] climes2 /ill less ) ! mon/]s ( ,ocean's dep?s4 ,yet x is n desirable to h a h& or a foot 9 _! t5aci\s grip4 ,mo/ ( u h se5 small specim5s 9 an aqu>ium--evil-look+ at ! be/4 ,sometimes individuals ( ! l>ge species visit u f a di/ance1 ?\gh !y probably d n take up _! abode by *oice 9 our neighb\rhood4 ,! body ( a cuttlefi%1 l ! bodies ( mo/ ,molluscs1 is enwrapp$ 9 a loose mantle1 :i* 9 ?is in/ance is ( /rong & muscul> make1 p]petually enl>g+ & contract+4 ,f ! "o op5+ 9 ! mantle em]ges ! head1 ) two l>ge eyes & a m\?2 & r\nd ! latt]1 :i* g5]ally boa/s a %>p beak l t ( a p>rot1 spr+ eight or t5 long lissom p[]ful 8arms0 or limb-l t5tacles1 ea* furni%$ ) a r[ ( suck]s1 :i* 9 ! small] k9ds look r l buttons4 ,?r\gh ! op5+ at its neck ! creature draws 9 & p\rs out wat]--brea!s x 9 & out1 9 fact4 ,:5 9 repose1 ?is brea?+ goes on quietly & automatically4 ,b if ! animal wi%es to move1 x =ces ! wat] out 9 a viol5t spurt ?r\gh :at is call$ ! 8siphon10 always 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* x int5ds to g4 ,s great is ! =ce ?us employ$ t ! cuttlefi% ru%es ) wond]ful spe$1 (t5 ) lightn+-l rapidity1 ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,:ile n protect$ by outside arm\r1 l limpets & oy/]s1 x really does secrete a %ell2 b ! %ell is inside in/ead ( outside ! mantle1 /iff5+ ! latt]1 ?\gh n protect+ x f injury4 ,9 its case1 h[ev]1 ! weapons ( (f5ce are suffici5t1 & !re is less ne$ = def5sive arm\r4 ,9 ! cuttlefi% we h a v tig] ( ! ocean1 haunt+ va/ areas 9 numb]s :i* _c be calculat$4 ,"o or two k9ds are kn[n :i* pref] to live solit>y lives1 b usually !y h]d toge!r4 ,woe betide all weak] creatures :]e !y ab\nd6 ,once caught 9 ^? p[]ful arms1 )9 rea* ( ! fi]ce beak1 no *ance = !m rema9s4 ,molluscs1 crabs1 fi%es1 all alike fall victims to ?is ru?less de/roy]4 ,x is said t ! cuttlefi%1 l its /rip$ prototype on l&1 w kill :5 n hungry = ! pure pleasure ( kill+4 ,! small] species are a pr9cipal article 9 ! diet ( dolph9s & ( codfi%es4 ,b ! giants ( ! race w\ld be 9 all cases too mu* = ^! puny foes4 ,ev5 a ,b5gal tig]1 h[ev]1 may be ma/]$ by an elephant2 & ! mightie/ ( squids has to succumb be=e ! yet mighti] sp]m :ale4 8,! mon/]s va/ ( ages pa/0 receiv$ att5tion 9 a well-kn[n poem4 ,b ! mon/]s va/ ( ocean-dep?s 9 ! pres5t may surely compete ) !m4 ,happily = mank9d1 ^! awful creatures d n frequ5tly come out ( _! 8ocean-caves0 to be int]view$4 ,n[ & aga9 "o is caught1 or is flung a%ore by a /orm1 or its dead rema9s are f\nd & exam9$4 ,"o huge creature1 captur$ ne> ,labrador1 0 report$ to h a body ?irte5 feet long1 ) arms rea*+ to a di/ance f ! head ( ?irty-sev5 feet4 ,ano!r1 left by ! retreat+ tide on a ,newf\ndl& bea*1 _h a body tw5ty feet long1 & arms ab\t ! same 9 l5g? z ^? la/ m5tion$4 ,b no m /rik+ description has be5 giv5 ?an t ( ,mr4 ,frank ,bull51 9 8 fasc9at+ volume1#f :5 he tells ( ! trem5d\s midnight conflict betwe5 a l>ge sp]m :ale &1 surely1 ! mon>* ( ! squids1 8almo/ z l>ge z himself1 ^: int]m9able t5tacles seem$ to embrace ! :ole ( 8 great body40 ,! :ale's head 8seem$ a p]fect network ( wri?+ arms10 & by its side 8appe>$ ! head ( ! great squid1 z awful an object z "o c\ld well imag9e ev5 9 a fev]$ dream1 ) imm5se black eyes1 at lea/ a foot 9 diamet]40 ,z ! 8titanic /ruggle w5t on10 ! :ale1 89 a bus9ess-l me?odical way10 mun*$ at 8 huge enemy1 gradually ov]com+ its resi/ance4 #f ,cruise ( ! ,ca*alot4 ,su* a battle-royal z ?is is p]haps v seldom to be se51 ev5 by ^? :o sp5d _! lives ^u ! sea4 ,x may be t ^! t]rible creatures r>ely come to ! surface1 unless compell$ to d s by a hungry :ale4 ,:at !y mu/ be to ! d5iz5s ( ! deep1 ev] wat*+ = prey1 or pursu+ x ) swift det]m9ation 9 ! d>kness--8e cup-%ap$ disc ( ! hundr$s ) :i* ! re/less t5tacles are furni%$ ready at ! slighte/ t\* to grip :atev] is ne>1 n only by suction1 b by ! great claws set all r\nd )9 its circle--& 9 ! c5tre ( ?is network ( liv+ traps 444 ! *asm-l m\?1 ) its enorm\s p>rot-beak0--all ?is & m has be5 pictur$ by ,mr4 ,bull51 f p]sonal obs]vation1 9 words :i* _c be /r5g!n$4 ,no tale ( mon/]s 9 bygone ages c well exce$ x4 ,if fur!r pro( be ne$$ ( ! "p play$ by cuttlefi%es 9 ! l>d] ( ,sp]m :ales1 x is giv5 by ^? :ales1 :i*1 :5 h>poon$ & 9 _! dy+ agonies1 ?r[ up ! cont5ts ( _! va/ /oma*s4 ,out ( ! /oma*s come great masses ( undige/$ cuttlefi%1 cubic blocks _m feet 9 diamet]1 swall[$ :ole & n yet brok5 up4 ,9 #ahie an imm5se cuttlefi% 0 ?us disgorg$ by a :ale1 & 0 f\nd on exam9ation to belong to a new & unkn[n species4 ,! head _h vani%$2 b ! body 0 clo!d 9 a /rong arm\r ( neatly arrang$ scales4 ,s ?is 0 v]itably an 8arm\r$0 k9d4 ,ano!r mon/]1 eject$ f ! /oma* ( ano!r :ale1 _h great suck]s1 ea* suck] be+ suppli$ ) 8claws z p[]ful z ^? ( a tig]40#g ,?is la/ also _h ocean-lamps1 or 8phosphoresc5t organs10 d\btless a help to himself 9 ocean depr$ations1 & an add$ t]ror to myriads ( flee+ fi%es4 #g ,geographical ,j\rnal1 ,nov41 #ahih4 ,yet nei!r /r5g? nor spe$1 nor grasp+ arms1 nor cl++ suck]s1 nor tig]-l claws1 nor p>rot-l beak1 c protect ! cuttlefi% aga9/ its supreme foe1 ! ,sp]m :ale4 ,b x has a me?od ( def5ce1 or r ( escape1 (t5 efficaci\s ev5 "h4 ,:5 9 dang]1 x is able to p\r =? a copi\s /ream ( black liquid1 :i* s ?ick5s & d>k5s ! wat] ar\nd1 t ! wily creature is hidd51 & slips away beyond rea* ( its pursu]4 ,! n]v\s sy/em ( ! ,cuttlefi% is m develop$ ?an t ( o!r ,molluscs4 ,inde$1 f ! rem>kable *anges ( col\r se5 :5 x is excit$1 & ! tub]cles :i* spr+ to view on its sk9 if x is made angry1 "o w\ld be incl9$ to speak ( its temp]am5t z 8highly irritable40 ,x also %[s mu* m und]/&+ ?an its c\s9s1 ! oy/]s & ! clams4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,a ,,goodly ,,company ,,( ,,crabs 8,! slimy bottom ( ! ,deep40--,k+ ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,9 all ! weal? ( ,ocean-life1 p]haps no creature fl\ri%es m abundantly ?an d ,crabs & _! relatives4 ,we /ill talk ( ,jelly-fi%es1 ,/>fi%es1 ,craw-fi%es1 ,cuttlefi%es1 b no long] ( ,crab-fi%es4 ,once ^u a "t t "n 0 equally common4 ,ev]y?+ t _h its home 9 ! sea 0 popul>ly suppos$ to be a fi%4 ,we "k n[ t n "o ( ! above belongs to any ,fi% tribe2 yet 9 ,cons]vative /yle we keep ! old titles go+4 ,crabs & ,lob/]s1 ,%rimps & ,prawns1 are memb]s ( ! va/ ,,cru/acean division or family4 ,!y are s call$ on acc\nt ( ! h>d protect+ cru/1 or arm\r1 by :i* _! s(t bodies are gu>d$4 ,*ief & =emo/ among ! numb]less k9ds includ$ "u ?is head is ! busy vigor\s sidl+ ,crab4 ,& v important animals are crabs1 9 ! economy ( ! ,ocean4 ,n only f _! enorm\s numb]s2 n only f ! wide ext5ts ( l& & sea :i* own to _! pres5ce2 n only f ! fact t !y =m a pr9cipal item ( food to fi%es & ev5 to :ales2 b also because at lea/ "o species is reckon$ excell5t eat+ = man4 ,!re are l&-crabs z well z sea-crabs4 ,!re are deep-sea crabs1 z well z %all[-wat] & %ore crabs4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,deep-,,sea ,,crab ,! holes 9 front are = ! admission ( wat] conta9+ nutriti\s animal food ,face page #bbj ,!re are crabs mu* less ?an half-an-in* across2 & !re are giant ,japanese crabs1 c>ry+ heavy back-arm\r or 8c>apace10 ab\t a foot 9 l5g? & bread?1 :ile ! sprawl+ limbs ext5d to a y>d & a half or m on ei!r side4 ,^? ( ord9>y sizes are f\nd ev]y:]e2 9 numb]s beyond reckon+4 ,n only 9 tropic wat]s1 b 9 mod]ate climes1 & 9 frigid zones2 alike ne> ! poles & "u ! equator4 ,diff]5t species1 ( c\rse1 9 diff]5t p>ts1 b all connect$4 ,moreov]1 !y are q z mu* at home 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 ) miles ( wat] pil$ ov] _! heads1 z on %elv+ bea*es ne> to l&4 ,dur+ ! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition crabs 7 fi%$ up f all dep?s--f "o mile1 two miles1 ?ree miles1 ev5 betwe5 ?ree & f\r miles4 ,9 ^? d>k & icy regions ! cold mu/ be great1 ! pressure trem5d\s2 /ill crabs innum]able are !re4 ,"s sub-ocean k9ds h display$ :at may be look$ ^u z an inquir+ disposition4 ,a %ip pass+ ne> ! ,azores br\ght up 9 a trap _m l>ge ones1 belong+ to a !n new species4 ,& ! curi\s "p ( ! matt] 0 t n all ( !m ne$ h come4 ,"s 7 entrapp$1 & c\ld n get away2 b o!rs rose to ! surface ( _! own free w1 cl++ to ! outside ( ! trap1 & n attempt+ to escape1 ev5 :5 drawn out ( ! wat]1 & on deck4 ,p]haps !y 7 dazzl$ by ! unaccu/om$ brightness ( light1 aft] ! few & feeble glimm]s bel[4 ,b ! puzzle rema9s--:y1 9 ! beg9n+1 !y %\ld h *os5 to leave _! home1 & to j\rney upw>d into unkn[n regions8 ,7 !y ( an aspir+ "*8 ,_h !y fri5ds caught 9 ! net1 f :om !y w\ld n be p>t$8 ,or 0 ! attraction m]ely t ( ! appetis+ food :i* ^? fri5ds 7 enjoy+8 ,an int]e/+ haul 0 "o day made by ! ,*all5g] :ile cross+ ! ,bay ( ,biscay2 n inde$ f a great dep?1 s9ce ! ,bay is 9 no "p v pr(\nd1 b f ! sea-b$4 ,m ?an five ?\s& small %>p-claw$ crabs came up 9 company2 & !y took q k9dly to ! new conditions ( life on bo>d4 ,!y *e]fully explor$ ! :ole vessel1 turn+ up 9 e direction1 dur+ ! next few days4 ,some?+ 9 ! nature ( a love = home has be5 %[n by crabs1 at lea/ 9 "o in/ance4 ,_m ye>s ago a s+ul> /ory to ?is effect 0 told 9 a sci5tific pap]4#h #h ,nature1 ,april #crd1 #ahgc4 ,! fi%]m5 ( ,falm\?1 captur+ crabs (f ! rocks at ,liz>d ,po9t1 br\ght !m by boat to ,falm\? ,h>b\r1 & kept !m !re till ne$$1 9 a box sunk "u wat]1 "s f\r miles out4 ,ea* crab _h be5 br&$ on ! back ) its own]'s m>k4 ,by accid5t "o ( ^! boxes 0 brok52 & all ! prison]s made good _! escape4 ,naturally1 no "o expect$ to see !m aga94 ,b only two or ?ree days lat] ^? v same crabs--) br&$ c>apaces--7 caught anew by ! fi%]m52 n ne> ,falm\?1 b z be=e1 (f ! ,liz>d4 ,h[ !y _h manag$ to get !re1 h[ !y _h fir/ f\nd _! way to ,falm\? ,h>b\r1 a di/ance ( f\r miles1 & !n = miles m along ! coa/1 are que/ions m easily put ?an answ]$4 ,! ^w 8in/9ct0 fails to meet ! difficulty4 ,"o ?+ only is cle>1 t !y pref]r$ ! neighb\rhood to :i* !y 7 accu/om$4 ,v fe>less creatures are small crabs1 g5]ally2 brave1 no d\bt1 p>tly because ( _! numb]s4 ,9 nets & trawls1 :]e animals ( _m k9ds are toge!r = long h\rs ( captivity1 ! weak are (t5 de/roy$ by ! /rong1 be=e !y c be drawn up4 ,b sometimes ! weak comb9e toge!r1 & prove too mu* = ! /rong4 ,notably ?is 0 ! case1 :5 a dog-fi%1 br\ght up f a dep? ( ov] f\rte5 hundr$ fa?oms1 0 entirely dispos$ ( 9 tw5ty h\rs by cr[ds ( hungry little cru/aceans4 ,mo/ ( ! crabs & lob/]s1 %rimps & prawns1 :i* live on or ne> ! bottom1 s5d _! "y ones up into high] levels = education4 ,!re = a :ile ! juv5iles swim & develop1 till old en\gh 9 _! turn to take to ! ocean-b$4 ,great numb]s h mean:ile be5 prey$ ^u by multitudes ( fi%es 9 ^? upp] levels4 ,crabs und]go curi\s *anges 9 ! c\rse ( _! gr[? f infancy to adult age4 ,at c]ta9 /ages !y are s utt]ly unlike 9 appe>ance to :at !y become lat]1 t = a long :ile !y 7 class$ by naturali/s "u sep>ate names1 be+ actually reckon$ z diff]5t creatures4 ,s9ce ! protect+ arm\r ( a crab is f> too rigid to admit ( its /ret*+1 x becomes f "t to "t too tight = ! gr[+ body )94 ,:5 x c no long] be endur$1 x has to be ca/ (f1 & a new suit1 l>g] 9 size1 has to =m 9 its place4 ,?is arm\r1 l ! %ells ( =am9if]s1 & ! skeletons ( coral-polyps1 is unconsci\sly secret$ by ! crab2 & dur+ ! =mation ( a new suit ( arm\r ! crab has a "t ( weakness1 ( delicate heal?1 & also ( dang]\s exposure to ! attacks ( enemies4 ,"s k9ds ( crabs h sunk to ! mis]able level ( p>asites1 liv+ on ! ex]tions ( o!rs1 & refus+ to ex]t !mselves4 ,"o pref]s to ?9k ( ! active & indep5d5t & intellig5t k9ds2 & really1 crabs h a good deal ( intellig5ce4 ,q z mu* z an av]age insect2 ?\gh p]haps few ( !m c\ld compete 9 an exam9ation ) ants or bees4 ,if any might d s successfully1 x w\ld be 9 all probability "s memb] ( ! ,spid]-crab family4 ,to ?is sl5d]-limb$ untidy class belongs ! unwieldy ,giant-crab ( ,japan4 ,b x is 8 small] relatives :o excel 9 s5se4 ,! spid]-crab has a slov5ly appe>ance1 because he atta*es to himself /ray bits ( sea-we$ & scraps ( sponge or o!r gr[?s1 ) ! pla9 int5tion ( becom+ less easily se54 ,he keeps to no regul> or p]man5t /yle ( adornm5t4 ,! nature ( 8 trimm+s dep5ds entirely on ! "* ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,_m ye>s ago my fa!r _h be5 = a %ort dr$g+ excursion1 ne> ,wor?+2 & he br\ght home ) him "o ( ^! small creatures1 elaborately ornam5t$ ) slim /rips ( bright-r$ sea-we$4 ,he plac$ ! crab 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 :i* conta9$ a supply ( gre5 sea-we$4 ,& next morn+ a *ange 0 se54 ,! crab _h ca/ aside 8 r$ ribbons1 & _h deck$ himself out ) a sm>t array ( gre5 ribbons in/ead4 ,su* conduct may1 if we *oose1 be acc\nt$ = by ! magic ^w 8in/9ct20 b x c]ta9ly we>s ! aspect ( delib]ate int5tion1 & ev5 ( "s dim consci\sness ( cause & effect1 n to speak ( a k ( col\r4 ,?is habit ( ! spid]-crab is n[ well kn[n & recognis$2 & he has be5 closely wat*$ dur+ ! 8dress+0 process4 ,x has be5 not$ t he always puts ea* slip ( sea-we$ or scrap ( sponge1 or aught else t he uses = ! purpose1 to 8 m\?1 be=e fa/5+ x to 8 body or limbs4 ,a sugge/ion has be5 made t 8 object 9 s do+ is to lick x & r5d] x /icky4 ,p]haps 9 "s cases x c\ld n o!rwise be atta*$2 b _m ( ! spid]-crabs h hook$ hairs1 exactly adapt$ = hold+ fa/ su* objects z !y love to adorn !mselves )4 ,nor are ! adornm5ts always m]ely /uck on4 ,bo? sea-we$s & sponges frequ5tly take root1 & fl\ri% z heal?y gr[?s ^u ! crab's back4 ,x is an extraord9>y fact t ! crabs seem to "k p]fectly well f :i* k9ds ( sea-we$ or zoophyte !y may snip (f little bits1 ) a prospect ( n kill+ !m4 ,s un]r+1 inde$1 is _! k 9 ?is respect1 t1 z an au?ority on ! subject has /at$1 8! keep]s ( ,aqu>ia h only to consult ! crabs to le>n :at k9ds ( sea-animals w be> be+ ?us transplant$ piecemeal40#i #i ,cru/acea1 by ,,/ebb+4 ,is ?is too m]ely 8in/9ct08 ,_m a "t baits 7 l[]$ 9 ! nets ( ! ,*all5g] to attract victims4 ,oddly en\gh1 x 0 f\nd t no m effective bait c\ld be us$ = crabs & _! k9dr$ ?an--pieces ( look+-glass6 ,may "o imag9e t "s fri5dly ,m$usa l5t h] little glimm]1 f> bel[1 to enable ! ,h]mit-crabs1 :5 putt+ on fre% ribbons1 to see _! reflections1 & judge ( ! effect8 ,x reads r l a page ( ,alice 9 ,wond]l&4 ,h]mit-crabs or ,soldi]-crabs1 hav+ an insuffici5t protective arm\r ( _! own1 are 9 ! habit ( us+ empty ,mollusc %ells to %elt] t "p ( _! bodies :i* is n gu>d$4 ,"o ( ^! crabs1 :5 "y1 *ooses a %ell1 fitt$ to its size2 & :5 gr[n too l>ge = x1 t %ell is disc>d$ 9 fav\r ( a new "o4 ,b :e!r ! said crab commonly cont5ts himself ) an empty habitation1 ! occupant ( :i* has di$ e>li]1 or :e!r he fir/ kills & eats ! live ,mollusc1 & !n 8comm&e]s0 ! %ell1 does n seem to be kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,fi%es 8,he give? food to all fle%40--,ps4 cxxxvi4 8,:i* give? food to ! hungry40--,ps4 cxlvi4 #g4 ,a _w abundantly peopl$4 ,a _w :i* holds its myriads1 unc\ntable 9 k9ds1 beyond reckon+ 9 numb]s4 ,no "p ( ! wide ,ocean may be f\nd :]e fi%es are n1 & 9 places1 at seasons1 ! wat] positively teems ) !m1 s t !y may be said almo/ to hu/le "o ano!r = want ( space4 ,fi%es1 tak5 by !mselves1 lett+ alone jelly-inhabitants & %ell-inhabitants & crab-inhabitants1 w\ld suffice to keep ! :ole sea alive4 ,no picture ( ! ,great ,deep w\ld be1 ev5 9 ! humble/ s5se1 complete )\t "s little description ( ! _w ( ,fi%-life conta9$ !re94 ,b ! subject is "o ( hopeless magnitude to be dealt ) 9 a c\ple ( %ort *apt]s4 ,a m]e li/ ( ! names & *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! pr9cipal 8,ord]s0 ( ,fi%es1 putt+ on "o side ! imm5se array ( 8sub-ord]s0 & 8v>ieties10 w\ld spe$ily outrun ! limits ( ^! pages4 ,besides1 su* a li/ w\ld be to ! ord9>y read] unreadable4 ,natural ,hi/ory savants h n tr\bl$ !mselves to curtail syllables 9 titles s us$4 ,on l& we h bea/s & birds1 :i* s]ve z food = man2 bea/s & birds ( prey2 bea/s & birds t are simply h>mless1 attractive1 pretty1 or int]e/+4 ,9 ! ,ocean also we f9d fi%es good = food2 fi%es ( prey2 fi%es :i* may be class$ z m]ely pretty1 or curi\s1 or rem>kable4 ,?is r\gh classification w d well en\gh = our pres5t purpose4 ,_m fi%es belong ( c\rse to m ?an "o ( ! divisions4 ,t :i* is good = food may be also curi\s4 ,t :i* acts z an ocean 8bea/ ( prey0 may be also beautiful4 ,! spe$ ) :i* fi%es c d>t along is (t5 v great4 ,bo? f9s & tails are us$ z a means ( advance2 & ! smoo? scale-clo!d sk9 glides ) ! lea/ possible friction ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,no bett] =m ?an ! 8boat-%ap$0 outl9e c\ld be devis$ = rapid progress 9 a heavy elem5t4 ,n only are fi%es light 9 make1 (t5 weigh+ h>dly m ?an ! wat] :i* upholds !m2 b also1 unlike mo/ backbon$ animals1 !y are cold-blood$4 ,a few deep-sea k9ds h no eyes1 ?\gh commonly !y c see & he> & smell well4 ,9 ! s5se ( feel+ !y are believ$ to be v defici5t1 & x is d\btful :e!r !y suff] any pa9 at all1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,probably !y c be consci\s ( discom=t4 ,"o ( _! unfail+ *>act]i/ics is ! possession ( a /up5d\s appetite1 & ) x ( a sup]latively good dige/ion4 ,!y live to eat2 & !y are at x incessantly4 ,p]haps 9 _! case x does n always mean gre$9ess1 b only a due satisfy+ ( ,nature's ne$s4 ,c]ta9ly1 z a race1 !y are n tr\bl$ ) da9t9ess2 & if !y love v>iety ( f>e1 !y c h ! same ) ease4 ,pretty mu* :atev] comes 9 _! pa? is gulp$ d[n )\t hesitation--8gobbl$ up 9 ! tw9k ( an eye40 ,mo/ ( !m1 9 cannibali/ic /yle1 fe$ )\t compunction ^u o!r fi%es4 ,:ile !y may be popul>ly said to 8brea! wat]10 because !y take 9 wat] in/ead ( air1 !y dep5d ^u life-su/a9+ oxyg5 e :it z mu* z d l& animals1 only 9 a diff]5t mode4 ,l>ge quantities ( oxyg5 are ev] pres5t1 dissolv$1 9 ! sea4 ,x is n ! wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ! fi%'s gills1 b ! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 t wat]1 :i* c>ries on combu/ion 9 ! body1 & s keeps x 9 life & heal?4 ,! am\nt ( oxyg5 ?us obta9$ is small2 !re=e ! combu/ion is sl[2 !re=e ! blood is cold4 ,b if1 = a v %ort "t1 all oxyg5 c\ld be )drawn f ! ocean1 ! :ole multitude ( fi%es !re9 w\ld fa/ die ( suffocation4 ,sea-wat] alone1 )\t oxyg51 c\ld n keep !m alive4 ,! gills are1 h[ev]1 s con/ruct$ t1 :ile !y c use small supplies ( oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 !y _c use l>ge supplies ( oxyg5 =m+ "p ( ! free air4 ,s :5 a fi% out ( wat] draws 9 atmosph]ic air1 its gills become dry & useless1 & x dies ( suffocation4 ,a _w ( rapid liv+ & dy+ is ?is :i* we h n[ 9 view--( kill+ & be+ kill$--( an incessant /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,_m ( its inhabitants h no means ( def5ce1 save by flight2 & ^! fe$ only on be+s weak] ?an !mselves2 l>gely on ! va/ hordes ( ! "y ( crabs & jelly-fi%es4 ,o!rs are furni%$ ) =midable weapons1 :]e) !y c actively attack p[]ful foes4 ,cold-blood$ ?\gh !y be1 & probably )\t ! s5se ( physical pa91 !y yet h _! little range ( emotions4 ,accord+ to "o ?\ghtful & compet5t obs]v]1#aj !y c be fright5$1 !y c be angry1 !y c endure pangs ( jeal\sy1 !y c be excit$ by a _s ( curiosity4 ,& ?\gh "o may p]haps h>dly g s f> z to speak ( 8fi%y0 affection1 %[n by "o to ano!r1 yet "s fa9t reflection ( mat]nal anxiety seems occasionally to exi/4 #aj ,,romanes4 ,!y also display a real enjoym5t ( life1 a pleasure 9 8be+10 a delight 9 play+ ) wat] & wave1 & ev5 a sportiv5ess1 su* z "o might imag9e to belong only to creatures ( a high] grade4 ,on ! :ole1 ! bra9 ( a fi% is bett] develop$ ?an ! bra9s ( any o!r animals ( l[ rank1 except+ only t ( ! ,cuttlefi%4 ,"s in/ances h be5 kn[n ( tame fi%es recognis+1 or seem+ to recognise1 human be+s4 ,x is op5 to d\bt h[ f> ! 8recognition0 meant m ?an an expectation ( some?+ to eat1 foll[+ ^u c]ta9 famili> s\nds4 ,fi%es good = food--^! are & h be5 ?r\gh ages by f> ! mo/ important to man4 ,o!r k9ds may be dang]\s or int]e/+4 ,b )\t ! 8,food-fi%es0 ( ! ,ocean ! difficulties ( fe$+ mank9d w\ld be l>gely increas$4 ,= !y are always !re4 ,!y come )\t ex]tion on our "p4 ,no s[+1 no digg+1 no t5d+ ( ! wat]s1 is ne$$ to br+ =? ! mighty h>ve/4 ,ye> aft] ye>1 multitudes pa/ imag9ation come into exi/5ce1 & any numb] ( !m may be _h = ! tr\ble ( tak+4 ,all t man did 9 ! pa/ 0 8 level be/1 by reckless de/ruction1 to kill ! goose :i* lays ! gold5 eggs1 to ext]m9ate ! creatures :i* are to him ( s incalculable a value4 ,( late ye>s "s /eps h be5 tak5 9 ! o!r direction1 "s ef=ts h be5 made t[>ds ! pres]vation ( fi% & ! culture ( spawn4 ,b mu* m rema9s to be done4 ,! incessant use ( l9e & net & trawl ?r\gh c5turies has ?9n$ ! multitudes ( "s species v greatly1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t !y may ev5 cease to exi/4 ,t ! h>m done ?us f> has n be5 f> great] mu/ be ascrib$ to ! enorm\s numb]s ( ea* k9d1 & to ! va/ness ( ^? ocean-regions1 :]e !y may at any "t retreat beyond man's rea*4 ,= ?is we h to be ?ankful4 ,x w\ld be an ill day = u1 on :i* ! *ief food-fi%es %\ld fail4 ,h]r+s1 = example4 ,:at w\ld ! poor] ?rongs ( our l>ge cities d1 )\t t useful little *eap di%8 ,! am\nt ( h]r+s caught ye>ly ar\nd ,briti% %ores almo/ exce$s belief4 ,!y appe> (t5 9 mighty %oals1 swimm+ closely pack$ ?r\gh\t a mile or m1 be+ dev\r$ z !y swim1 to ! tune ( millions1 & be+ captur$ by fi%]m5 9 masses4 ,yet ye> by ye> ! supply goes on1 app>5tly undim9i%$4 ,"o fi%]man alone1 at "w ne> ! ,fr5* coa/1 reckon$ t 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le night he _h tak5 ov] five hundr$ ?\s& h]r+s1 half :i* he ?rew back into ! sea4 ,an unusual am\nt1 ( c\rse4 ,b :at mu/ be ! sum-total captur$ 9 a ye> by ! comb9$ ef=ts ( all fi%]m58 ,9 a ye>1 h[ev]1 a h]r+ produces some:]e ab\t ?irty ?\s& eggs4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ be ! sum-total ( eggs produc$ by all h]r+s 9 ! ocean8 ,true1 va/ numb]s ( ! eggs come to no?+2 va/ numb]s s]ve z food = o!r creatures4 ,yet enorm\s supplies escape c\ntless dang]s1 & succe$4 ,?us ! poor man's food is b\ntifully giv51 9 an ev]-recurr+ h>ve/4 ,among 8,food-fi%es0 ! 8,:ite0 k9ds are prom95t1 belong+ ma9ly to two l>ge families4 ,"o ( ^! families includes ,cod1 ,:it+1 & ,haddock4 ,! o!r consi/s ( ,flat ,fi%es1 su* z ,turbot1 ,halibut1 ,sole1 ,dab1 ,plaice4 ,at ! head ( ! fir/ family /&s ! ,cod1 t mo/ useful & abundant creature1 f\nd ?r\gh\t ! deep] wat]s ( nor!rn seas4 ,dur+ p>ticul> seasons ! multitudes ( cod are accompani$ by multitudes ( cuttlefi%es--r s+ul>ly1 s9ce cuttlefi% are ! fav\rite food ( cod4 ,b p]haps x w\ld be m correct to say t ! cuttlefi% are accompani$ by ! cod--! latt] d\btless go+ :]e !y c f9d ! food t !y l4 ,at ^! seasons millions ( cuttlefi% are caught1 to be us$ z bait1 by means ( :i* enorm\s supplies ( cod are tak5 = ! m>ket4 ,a calculation has be5 made t1 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le spr+1 on ! banks n f> f ,newf\ndl&1 some?+ l "o hundr$ & tw5ty millions ( cod are ! result ( comb9$ ,briti% & ,am]ican & ,fr5* ex]tions4 ,happily1 ?is fi% also is v prolific4 ,an individual (t5 produces ?ree or f\r millions ( eggs 9 a season2 & z _m z eight millions h be5 f\nd on "o fi%4 ,"h1 aga91 imm5se numb]s ( ! eggs fail to develop1 imm5se numb]s are dev\r$4 ,yet multitudes come to p]fection1 & ! ocean is /ill furni%$ ) cod4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v s]i\s dang]1 beg9n+ to be recognis$1 9 ! case ( cod & yet m ( "s o!r 8:ite-fi%0 k9ds2 & ?is is t 9 "t ! reckless havoc work$ may outrun ev5 ^! wond]ful s\rces ( r5ewal4 ,fi%+ has be5 c>ri$ on 9 ! pa/1 )\t ?\ght = ! future4 ,little or no att5tion has be5 paid to sp>+ ! "y2 & ! valuable roe itself has be5 us$ z an article ( food4 ,man may by-&-by h to pay de>ly = 8 lack ( =esight & common-s5se4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! numb]s ( fi%es 9 ! sea1 a curi\s tale is told ab\t a deep-wat] k9d ( ,mullet1 kn[n z ! ,tile-fi%4 ,?is p>ticul> species _h n be5 discov]$ be=e ! ye> #ahgi4 ,a few specim5s 7 !n tak5 f ov] a bank ab\t eighty miles f ! coa/ ( ,massa*usetts--l>ge & brightly col\r$4 ,ne> t bank1 :]e !y _h made _! home1 !y c\ld at any "t be easily caught4 ,b 9 ! spr+ ( #ahhb a heavy gale took place2 aft] :i* ^! fi%es 7 se5 9 enorm\s quantities1 float+ at ! surface ( ! wat]1 cov]+ a space ( ?ree hundr$ miles 9 l5g? & fifty 9 bread?4 ,"o :o saw ! s+ul> sight reckon$ t some?+ l f\rte5 hundr$ millions ( !m mu/ h be5 !re--en\gh to h suppli$ e man & woman & *ild 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ p\nds' weight ( fi%4 ,9 ! foll[+ autumn1 :5 fi%]m5 w5t aga9 to ! bank = tile-fi%1 !y f\nd none4 ,n a s+le specim5 turn$ up4 ,! /orm1 probably by %ift+ ! direction ( ! ,gulf-/ream & its 8cold wall10 _h ei!r de/roy$ !m all1 or _h sla9 s _m z to fright5 ! survivors to a di/ance4 ,9 t p>ticul> di/rict !y _h n1 :5 ! /ory 0 writt51 be5 se5 aga94 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,"s ,,oddities ,,( ,,fi%-,,life 8#c ,,fi%4 ,ma/]1 ,i m>vel h[ ! fi%es live 9 ! sea4 #a ,,fi%4 ,:y1 z m5 d a-l&2 ! great ones eat up ! little ones40 ,,p]icles4 ,( fi%es :i* are rem>kable = beauty names might be m5tion$ by ! hundr$2 alike ( food-fi%es1 ( p[]ful & fi]ce-temp]$ k9ds1 & ( ^? :i* may be describ$ z purely ornam5tal4 ,n all are graceful 9 %ape2 b va/ numb]s are exquisite 9 col\r+1 especially :5 fir/ drawn f ! wat]4 ,z !y gasp out _! lives1 ! brilliant t9t+ fades4 ,among h>mless & lovely k9ds1 p]haps n _m c\ld vie ) ! small radiant creatures ( ,coral-reefs1 describ$ by _m a travell] 9 t]ms :i* tell ( a lack ( suffici5t v>iety 9 adjectives4 ,b words 9 ^! cases convey a dim impression ( ! reality4 ,fi%-beauty mu/ be se51 & se5 at its be/1 to be appreciat$4 ,among curiosities ( ,fi%-exi/5ce1 too _m to "n1 a few may be cit$ 9 pass+4 ,fly+-fi%es1 ) _! blue bodies & w+-l f9s ( silv]1 are well kn[n to voyag]s4 ,!y rise f ! wat] ) a vigor\s upw>d spr+1 :i* w be> !m to a height ( fifte5 feet or m above ! surface2 & !re !y skim lightly along1 ) app>5tly ?or\gh enjoym5t4 ,sometimes ?\s&s are se5 at once1 all leap+ out ( _! native elem5t1 & tak+ to ! air = a v>iety4 ,(t5 !y d ?is to escape f a pursu+ foe bel[2 b ! plan is n always successful1 s9ce !y h o!r enemies above4 ,_m a fly+-fi% 9 its a]ial c>e] is snapp$ up by a hungry gull4 ,"o unc\? specim5 is ! 8,frog-fi%10 kn[n also z ! 8,fi%+-frog0 or 8,goose-fi%10--a flat ?ick r\nd$ creature1 ) a cock$-up tail1 an enorm\s m\? ne>ly z wide z its :ole body1 & kn[+ eyes4 ,x be>s a c]ta9 resemblance to a frog4 ,_m in/ances are relat$ ( fi%es 8imitat+0 or 8copy+0--to use v inadequate t]ms--diff]5t l& animals4 ,! ,bat-fi%1 = example1 be>s a curi\s lik5ess to a ,bat4 ,! ,snipe-fi% might be mi/ak5 = fir/ c\s9 to a ,snipe4 ,!re is also ! ,pelican-fi%1 an inhabitant ( deep-wat]4 ,x has a m\? ( port5t\s dim5sions1 ) a huge pelican-l p\* hang+ loosely bel[4 ,little is kn[n ( its habits2 b x is suppos$ to swim ab\t ne> ! ocean-b$1 ) its enorm\s jaws ext5d$ 9 a /]eotyp$ yawn1 tak+ food 9 a va/ & :olesale fa%ion4 ,ano!r oddity1 kn[n z ! ,spook1 ?\gh n int]e/+ 9 its ways1 has a mo/ 8biz>re0 look4 ,its body is long & w9d+1 almo/ l t ( an eel2 its f9s are l>ge2 its eyes are big2 &1 judg+ f its picture1 its head seems to be a cross betwe5 t ( a fi% & t ( a quadrup$4 ,among innum]able fi% gorm&is]s "o p>ticul> specim5 c>ries (f ! palm1 & might w9 ! fir/ prize 9 a _w-wide competition = excell5ce 9 voracity4 ,! ,black ,swall[]1 mo/ appropriately nam$1 manages1 at lea/ n[ & !n1 to accompli% ! r>e feat ( swall[+ a morsel _m times l>g] ?an itself4 ,x is a fi% ( sl5d] make2 b aft] su* a meal ! sl5d]ness disappe>s4 ,x seizes ^u a fi%1 p]haps six or eight times z l>ge z its own body1 & 8gradually climbs ov] x ) its jaws0--a truly m>vell\s exploit6 ,its m\? & /oma* /ret* ela/ically dur+ ?is process1 till ! :ole ( ! l>ge fi% has pass$ inside ! little fi%1 & a va/ p\* hangs bel[1 fill$ ) ! meal j tak54 ,?is bag is ! di/5d$ /oma*4 ,b ! tale c>ries its own moral4 ,! gre$9ess ( ! fi%--& app>5tly x is a case ( individual gre$9ess1 ?\gh x spr+s f a family t5d5cy--is puni%$ z x des]ves by dea?4 ,z ! swall[$ 8m\?ful0 decomposes1 x loads ! bag ) gases1 l an inflat$ balloon2 & l a balloon ! /oma* acts1 be>+ ! unhappy victim to ! sea-surface1 :]e x floats wrong way up4 ,a suffici5tly tragic end+6 ,a /\t-built animal is ! ,wolf-fi%1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f ?ree to sev5 feet2 & 9 8 ways a v]itable 8wild bea/10 p[]ful & savage1 ) /rong jaws1 tee? fa%ion$ l ^? ( a tig]1 a vici\s temp]1 & a f]oci\s sc[l4 ,an abnormal appetite too is 81 ?\gh h>dly equal to t ( ! ,black ,swall[]4 ,9 ,ma9e ^! brutes h be5 kn[n to attack fi]cely human be+s wad+ 9 ! sea at l[ tide4 ,sometimes ! above is call$ also ! 8,sea ,cat-fi%20 b true ,cat-fi%es belong to q ano!r family2 & !y c h>dly be describ$ z m desirable acqua9tances4 ,) _! solemn ,grimalk9-l expression1 _! love ( fight+1 _! %>p s]rat$ sp9es1 ) :i* !y c give mo/ pa9ful w\nds1 ! ,cat ( ! ,ocean is n likely to be trans=m$ into a dome/ic pet1 = at lea/ "s "t to come4 ,^! two la/ qu>relsome creatures may lead u f 8int]e/+0 specim5s ( ,fi%-life to ^? :i* h be5 r\ghly class$ above z 8,fi%es ( ,prey40 ,prom95t among ! latt] /&s ! dread$ ,%>k4 ,9 common p>lance we speak ( a %>k z a fi%4 ,yet sci5tifically ! description is incorrect4 ,%>ks & ,skates are n[ look$ ^u z ap>t f ,fi%es prop]1 be+ describ$ r z 8,fi%-l ,v]tebrates10--n true fi%es4 ,"o v m>k$ diff]5ce is f\nd 9 ! numb]s ( _! "y4 ,) true fi%es1 z already %[n1 eggs are produc$ 9 enorm\s quantities4 ,b ) %>ks & skates1 only "o or two or at mo/ a v few "y ones are br\ght into exi/5ce at a "t1 z ) high] animals4 ,if among wild bea/s ( ! ,ocean cuttlefi%es repres5t tig]s1 !n p]haps we may say t %>ks repres5t lions or pan!rs4 ,b ! reput$ nobility ( ! lion is nev] f\nd 9 %>ks4 ,fe>some creatures !y are2 (t5 huge 9 size1 long-%ap$1 flat-tail$1 ) cav]n\s m\?s1 cruel tee?1 imm5se /r5g?1 & blood?ir/y dispositions4 ,cannibals too1 s9ce !y fe$ l>gely on less] fi%es4 ,to ! bigg] k9ds a human be+ is m]ely a ta/y morsel1 :i* may be dispos$ ( 9 two snaps & a c\ple ( gulps4 ,?\gh exclusively inhabitants ( ! salt sea1 !y sometimes *ase _! prey into a riv]1 putt+ up ) fre% wat] = ! nonce4 ,%>ks are f\nd ne>ly all ov] ! _w1 b mu* m abundantly 9 hot climates4 ,_! numb]s gradually dim9i%1 f>!r & f>!r f ! equator4 ,9 tropical wat]s !y are (t5 pres5t 9 ov]:elm+ multitudes2 & a man :o %\ld v5ture to ba! 9 su* p>ts1 w\ld be z a scrap ( bread flung to a horde ( hungry little fi%es4 ,9 less ?an a m9ute no?+ ( him w\ld rema94 ,(f ,kurra*ee1 :]e ! cat*+ ( !m is sy/ematically c>ri$ on1 ab\t =ty ?\s& are sla9 e ye>4 ,?is is = ! sake ( _! f9s1 f :i* gelat9e is obta9$ = ! ,*9ese4 ,t s _m are kill$1 z a regul> ?+1 says mu* ) respect to ! va/ hordes :i* are n kill$4 ,( small %all[-wat] %>ks1 ! mo/ widely kn[n are v>ieties ( ,dog-fi%es4 ,?\gh n l>ge en\gh to be a t]ror to man1 !y are an endless tr\ble to fi%]m51 de/roy+ great numb]s ( captur$ fi% 9 ! nets1 & bit+ (f ! hooks f fi%+-l9es4 ,among l>g] species1 "o k9d f\nd 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic is ! huge mild-mann]$ ,bask+ ,%>k1 :i* at times lies long & lazily close to ! surface ( ! wat]1 9 company ) a s*ool ( comrades4 ,its tee? are unimportant1 & x fe$s on small] creatures1 n attempt+ to include man among its eatables4 ,b s9ce x (t5 has a l5g? ( ?irty feet1 &1 l mo/ sluggi% natures1 is capable ( be+ r\s$1 x becomes dang]\s :5 excit$4 ,a bl[ ( its tail may easily sma% 9 ! side ( a :al+ boat4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! creatures is ! va/ ,:ale-%>k1 belong+ to ! ,indo-,pacific ,seas1 sometimes ov] fifty feet 9 l5g?1 & /at$ ev5 to rea* sev5ty feet4 ,h[ev]1 if acc\nts be correct1 ?is giant is mu* less ( an enemy to ! :ale ?an ! ,gre5l& ,%>k4 ,9 ! fa%ion ( "s savage nations1 ! latt] fe$s delib]ately ^u ! live :ale1 bit+ raw /eaks at pleasure f ! worri$ levia?an--8scoop+ & gorg+ lump aft] lump10 s long z x feels 8dispog$40 ,! ,gre5l& ,%>k is cr$it$ ) feel+ no pa91 & x is extremely difficult to kill1 z ! un=tunate :ale attack$ by x f9ds to 8 co/4 ,worse ?an all1 s f> z human be+s are conc]n$1 are ! fam\s ,man-eat+ ,%>ks ( tropical wat]s1 :i* occasionally1 b n v (t51 f9d _! way to cold] latitudes4 ,among !m1 ! ,great ,blue ,%>k1 f fifte5 to tw5ty-five feet long1 & ! awful ,:ite ,%>k1 kn[n sometimes to rea* a l5g? ( ?irty-sev5 feet1 h an undesirable pre-em95ce4 ,^! mon/]s are furni%$ ) tee?1 ! rev]se ( 8unimportant40 ,9 %ape !y are g5]ally triangul>1 s]rat$1 & %>ply po9t$4 ,9 arrangem5t !y occupy r[s1 ! =emo/ only ( :i* is 9 actual use4 ,o!r r[s are fold$ back & kept 9 res]ve1 to be br\ght =w>d :5 requir$4 ,?us a %>k is nev] )\t a ready supply ( 8 =midable weapons4 ,:ite %>ks are mu* giv5 to keep+ 9 ! wake ( ocean-%ips1 on ! look-out = scraps ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,"o su* p]si/5t foll[] hav+ be5 kill$1 an inv5tory 0 made ( ! cont5ts ( its /oma*1 z foll[s--8,a t9 c1 a numb] ( mutton bones1 ! h9d] qu>t]s ( a pig1 ! head & =equ>t]s ( a bull-dog1 & o!r & small] ?+s1 z ! auction-bill says1 too num]\s to m5tion40#aa #aa ,/&>d ,natural ,hi/ory1 ii4 p4 #hc4 ,closely relat$ to ! ,%>ks are ^? savage creatures kn[n z ,rays or ,skates4 ,! l>g] numb] ( !m live usually at ! bottom ( ! sea1 9 some:at %all[ wat]s1 ly+ on ! ocean-floor1 or swimm+ ab\t j above x4 ,?us !y d n s (t5 come into contact ) man z d %>ks4 ,b x is want ( opportunity1 n want ( w1 :i* keeps !m f do+ h>m4 ,:5 !y h a *ance !y seldom fail to use x4 ,among diff]5t bran*es ( ! 8,ray0 division is f\nd ! tropical ,saw-fi%1 ) its long %>p tee?-lad5 sn\t1 ev] ready to fight ! :ale4 ,9 y\? ! saw-fi% has a /rong resemblance to a %>k4 ,!n !re are ! ,/+-rays1 ) b>b$ sp9es1 a m]e t\* f :i* causes a man t]rible suff]+1 z if f poison2 :ile a sev]e /+ may end 9 dea?4 ,^! are f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,!re is also ! family ( ,torp$o ,rays1 q di/9ct f ! bett]-kn[n ,s\? ,am]ican ,electric ,eel1 b able to adm9i/] electric %ocks /rong en\gh to r5d] a man = ! "t helpless4 ,!y are f\nd 9 _m wat]s--l>ge creatures1 r\nd$ 9 %ape1 smoo?-bodi$1 ?ick1 ) longi% tails4 ,wor/ ( all are ! huge unga9ly ,eagle-,rays & ,sea-devils1 ) _! p[]ful gr9d+ tee?4 ,^! gr[ to an enorm\s size2 & ! l>g] ones are q capable ( upsett+ a big boat4 ,nor w\ld !y hesitate s to d1 if attack$4 ,"o su* creature 0 said to be fifte5 feet 9 bread?1 ) a tail sev]al feet long2 ano!r to h be5 tw5ty feet 9 l5g?2 ano!r to h be5 ?ree or f\r feet 9 ?ickness2 ano!r to h weigh$ well ov] twelve hundr$ p\nds2 ano!r to h ne$$ f\rte5 ox5 to drag its dead body4 ,!y sometimes %>e ) ,cuttlefi% ! di/9ction ( be+ call$ 8,devil-fi%es40 ,^! mon/rosities are f\nd (f ,b>badoes1 (f ,jamaica1 & 9 ! tropical wat]s ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific4 ,a p>ticul>ly vici\s k9d hov]s ab\t ! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ne> ,panama1 to ! t]ror ( ! div]s4 ,! creature is report$ to fold its va/ 8w+s0 ab\t any un=tunate man )9 rea*1 & !n to dev\r him4 ,?is answ]s to ! usual me?od ( gr\nd-rays 9 fe$+4 ,!y glide ov] ! object !y wi% to dev\r1 settle d[n ^u x1 hold x fa/ by ! grip ( a broad & heavy body1 & delib]ately te> x to pieces4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,behemo?s ,,( ,,! ,,ocean 8,!re is t levia?an1 :om ,?\ ha/ =m$ to take 8 pa/ime !re940--,ps4 civ4 #bf1 ,r4,v4 8,can/ ?\ draw out ,levia?an ) a fi% hook8 ,or press d[n 8 tongue ) a cord8 ,can/ ?\ put a rope into 8 nose8 ,or pi]ce 8 jaw ?r\gh ) a hook80--,,job xli4 #a1 ,r4,v4 ,f ! company ( hungry m]ciless ,%>ks & _! relatives1 an easy transition c>ries u to ! l>ge/ ( ,ocean-inhabitants--! ,:ale4 ,n t %>ks & :ales belong to ! same division 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,n t !y h aught 9 common beyond ! possession ( great size & p[]4 ,b because ( t size & p[]1 !y naturally come toge!r at ! close ( a sket* ( ,ocean ,life4 ,%>ks1 if n 9 e respect to be reg>d$ z fully & entirely ,fi%es1 are yet 9 mo/ ess5tials 8fi%-l40 ,b ,:ales belong to a high] level4 ,:5 we rea* ,:ales we leave l[] animals beh9d u2 we /ep ^u ! upp]mo/ rungs ( ! ,ladd] ( ,life2 we are 9 ! society ( ,mammals4 ,at ! bottom ( t ladd] we f\nd microscopic be+s1 specks ( liv+ jelly1 s m9ute z to be invisible1 s primitive z to be )\t developm5t1 )\t sep>ate organs4 ,at ! top ( t ladd] /&s ,man2 f> m ?an animal1 by virtue ( 8 m5tal & spiritual be+2 & yet an animal1 by virtue ( 8 bodily developm5t4 ,! physical "p ( a man m>ks him z a ,mammal4 ,to ,mammals belong all ,quadrup$s2 b n ,birds1 n ,reptiles1 n ,fi%es4 ,a :ale is n a fi%4 ,he is a ,mammal4 ,he is w>m-blood$4 ,he brea!s air ?r\gh lungs4 ,he--or r1 %e--fe$s ! "y ( ! race1 z !y are f$ by quadrup$s & human be+s on l&4 ,a :ale-"m w fight to ! dea? 9 def5ce ( h] little "o4 ,nor is ! :ale ! only ,mammal ( ocean-wat]s4 ,to ?is highe/ division ( backbon$ creatures belong also ! ,porpoise1 a ne> relative ( ! ,:ale2 & ! fi]ce ,walrus1 met (t5 by ,arctic travell]s2 & ! g5tle ,seal1 ) its pa!tic human eyes1 & its w>m s(t coat1 = ! sake ( :i* x suff]s too frequ5tly cruel treatm5t at ! h& ( man4 ,_m diff]5t k9ds ( :ales inhabit ! sea1--su* z ! ,rorqual1 ! ,hump-back$1 ! ,ziphoid4 ,! two :i* are mo/ widely kn[n1 & :i* may be reg>d$ z =emo/ ?\gh unconsci\s rivals 9 human fav\r1 are--! ,"r ,:ale1 ( high] latitudes1 & ! ,sp]m ,:ale ( tropical regions4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,blue ,,:ale ,face page #bed ,!re is a ,"r ,:ale ( ,atlantic wat]s1 closely relat$ to ! ,"r or ,gre5l& ,:ale ( ,arctic ,seas1 ?\gh 9 "s respects diff]5t4 ,b ! ,gre5l& ,:ale may be tak5 z ! typical specim5 ( its race4 ,& a mighty creature x is2 (t5 fifty feet1 & sometimes sixty or sev5ty1 9 l5g?4 ,a ribbon pass$ belt-wise ar\nd t massive =m1 at its ?icke/1 w\ld ne$ to be some?+ l =ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,s ! ,"r ,:ale does n boa/ a slim wai/4 ,! enorm\s head1 ) its capaci\s cav]n ( a m\?1 takes up ab\t "o-?ird ( ! :ole body4 ,an individual ( ?is size weighs "s sev5ty tons4 ,& yet s light is its make--p>tly due to ! con/ruction ( its bones1 p>tly no d\bt to its great lung capacity--t x actually weighs less ?an wat]1 & c ) ! utmo/ ease float close to ! surface4 ,inde$1 a ,gre5l& :ale seldom by *oice w&]s v f> bel[4 ,he mu* pref]s to come up & brea! e t5 or fifte5 m9utes2 ?\gh1 :5 flee+ f ! deadly h>poon1 he has be5 kn[n to /ay "u wat] at a /ret* m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,b ?is is exceptional4 ,at ! top ( ! head are a c\ple ( 8bl[-holes10 ?r\gh :i*1 :5 he rises to ! surface1 he brea!s4 ,9 col\r+ he is black above1 :ite bel[4 ,a sk9 ab\t "o in* ?ick cov]s enorm\s masses ( fat1 m ?an a foot 9 ?ickness2 a f9e w>m blanket to gu>d him f cold1 b also1 un=tunately = ! :ale1 an attraction to human be+s1 = ! sake ( ! oil :i* x yields4 ,! out] sk9 is (t5 ?ickly ov]gr[n ) masses ( b>nacles4 ,p]haps ! mo/ s+ul> ?+ ab\t ?is great creature is t x has no tee?1 & t x fe$s 9 consequ5ce ^u ! lighte/ possible f>e4 ,9 place ( tee?1 inside ! m\? are massive fr+es ( :alebone plates1 side by side1 smoo? on ! out] side t[>ds ! lips1 b cov]$ )9 by long d5se supplies ( hair4 ,simil> horny plates dep5d f ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,s9ce ! plates ( ?is 8bale510 z x is call$1 are (t5 t5 or twelve feet long1 & am\nt 9 numb] to _m hundr$s1 "o _c b imag9e t ! :ale's m\? mu/ be pack$ unpleasantly full ( furniture4 ,b !y h _! use4 ,z he swims he holds 8 m\? habitually op5--some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,pelican-fi%--& into ! va/ cave fl[ multitudes ( small creatures ( e k9d & description4 ,pres5tly a good supply has be5 collect$1 all ly+ on ! enorm\s tongue1 a mass ( fle% (t5 z big z a room1 "s eighte5 feet long by t5 wide4 ,he !n ne>ly closes 8 jaws1 & =ces out ! wat]4 ,b ! d5se hairy fr+es hold back ! liv+ creatures1 :i* he proce$s to swall[4 ,aft] :i* he aga9 goes =w>d1 op5-m\!d1 z be=e4 ,9 a good _m respects ! ,sp]m ,:ale is a contra/ to ! ,gre5l& ,:ale4 ,he too is ( levia?an-l dim5sions2 g5]ally f sixty to sev5ty feet 9 l5g?1 & n m sl5d] z to 8 wai/4 ,b only ! male ,sp]m boa/s ^! proportions4 ,! female is1 by comp>ison1 a da9ty little be+1 seldom m ?an ?irty or ?irty-five feet long4 ,a ,sp]m has "o sp\t-hole1 in/ead ( two2 & 9 col\r he is black above1 grey bel[4 ,9 8 outl9es a m>k$ diff]5ce is visible4 ,look$ ^u sideways1 ! =m ( ! huge squ>e head is precisely l ! trunk ( an imm5se =e/ tree1 cut (f %ort2 & ! 8bl[-hole0 is situat$ close to ! end or front ( ?is 8truncat$0 head4 ,! latt] is really a res]voir1 conta9+ a l>ge supply ( valuable sp]maceti oil1 = ! sake ( :i* ! creature is kill$ by man4 ,in/ead ( a m\? full ( hair-fr+$ 8bale510 ^! :ales h prop] tee?1 bett] suit$1 "o w\ld ?9k1 to _! size4 ,_! food too is ( a f> m sub/antial k9d4 ,x 0 told 9 an e>li] *apt] h[ ,sp]m ,:ales live ma9ly on cuttlefi%es2 & h[ sometimes1 9 midnight combat1 !y fight & conqu] ev5 ! mightie/ ( ^? loa?some mon/]s ( ! deep4 ,sp]ms are f\nd ?r\gh wide ranges ( ! ocean1 9 mo/ tropical wat]s1 z f> nor? & z f> s\? z #fj 9 ea* direction f ! equator4 ,b :]eas ,"r ,:ales ( cold] seas pref] to hunt 9 c\ples only1 ,sp]m ,:ales cr[d toge!r 9 l>ge companies4 ,sometimes1 x is true1 lonely specim5s are f\nd4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 are usually morose & ill-condition$ brutes1 ready to fight ev5 m54 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t p]haps !y are ?us solit>y because ( _! morose temp]am5t1 :i* has made x impossible = _! fell[s to put up ) _! pres5ce4 ,bo? ^! huge :ales h p[]ful fluk$ tails & small flipp]s4 ,x is curi\s t inside ! flipp]s are sep>ate bran*+ bones1 n unlike ! bones ( a human h&1 only cov]$ ) ?ick sk9 9 "o piece1 l a f+]less glove4 ,?is r seems to indicate t ! flipp]s may be ( ! nature ( h&s 9 embryo4 ,! ,sp]m does n come to ! surface = air ne>ly s (t5 z 8 ,gre5l& c\s94 ,regul>ly once 9 ea* h\r & t5 m9utes is ! plan he foll[s2 & !n he rema9s = sev]al m9utes at ! surface1 go+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( sixty or sev5ty mighty puff+s & bl[+s4 ,aft] :i* he vani%es = ano!r h\r & t5 m9utes4 ,"s pa!tic tales h be5 told ( ! devotion ( a "m-:ale to h] infant--%e usually has b "o at a "t4 ,e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury a h>poon] delib]ately s5t 8 h>poon into an infant-:ale1 hop+ ?us to take ! "m4 ,& he _h n miscalculat$ ! /r5g? ( mat]nal love4 ,no ?\ght _h t poor "m ( sav+ h]self by flight4 ,%e came fe>lessly close to ! boat1 seiz$ h] w\nd$ little "o1 & dragg$ x away ) extraord9>y rapidity1 us+ up six hundr$ feet ( l9e4 ,!n %e rose aga91 da%+ to & fro 9 su* evid5t 8extreme agony0 t "o c only m>vel at ! m5 :o 7 able to wat* x unmov$4 ,two h>poons 7 flung at h]1 & fail$ to /rike4 ,a ?ird succe$$2 b /ill1 absorb$ 9 h] little "o's p]il1 %e paid no he$ to h] own injury1 made no ef=t to get away1 & 89 ! c\rse ( an h\r0 %e 0 kill$4 ,t 0 9 #ahaa4 ,! same de$ has be5 lately describ$ by ,mr4 ,bull5--! slay+ ( a "m-:ale1 :i*1 ) h] infant by h] side1 refus$ to use h] great /r5g? 9 self-def5ce1 le/ %e might hurt t little "o4 ,su* love z ?is %\ld surely be respect$1 ev5 by r\gh fi%]m54 ,if n 9 pity to ! :ale1 ano!r reason w\ld sugge/ ! same l9e ( conduct4 ,! folly ( recklessly slay+ ! ris+ g5]ation is beg9n+ to be app>5t4 ,already ! supply ( :ales ?reat5s to run %ort4 ,al?\gh "o may speak ( 8little ones10 & al?\gh !y are g5u9ely 8little10 comp>$ ) gr[n-up specim5s1 "o mu/ n be l$ a/ray by ! t]m4 ,"o v "y baby-:ale1 :5 measur$1 0 f\nd to be ab\t tw5ty feet long4 ,a f9e /rapp+ infant6 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 8,,d[n ,,to ,,! ,,sea ,,9 ,,%ips0 8,) ,%ips ! ,sea 0 spr9kl$ f> & wide40--,,wordswor?4 8,fair is our lot--,o goodly is our h]itage6 7,humble ye1 my p1 & be fe>ful 9 y\r mir?67 ,= ! ,"l our ,god ,mo/ ,high1 ,he ha? made ! ,deep z dry1 ,he ha? smote = u a pa?way to ! ends ( all ! ,e>?40 ,,rudy>d ,,kipl+4 ,) ,:ales we h rea*$ ! highe/ class among ,ocean creatures4 ,yet x is impossible to end "h4 ,"s few pages mu/ be giv5 to ^? among m5 :o 8g d[n to ! ,sea 9 %ips10 :o 8d bus9ess 9 great wat]s40 ,n t 9 any s5se c ,man be reckon$ z an inhabitant ( ! 8,mighty ,deep40 ,b ?\s&s ( m5 sp5d ! great] "p ( _! lives ^u ! ,deep2 t5s ( ?\s&s m cont9ually pass & repass ov] its surface4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory %ips became soon a necessity1 p>tly z a means ( go+ f place to place along ! coa/s or ( travell+ to o!r ,cont95ts & ,isl&s1 & p>tly = ! purpose ( cat*+ fi%4 ,^? e>ly vessels 7 crude & ram%ackle affairs1 f a mod]n po9t ( view4 ,unclo!d & woad-/a9$ ,britons1 ance/ors to ! ,wel% ( our day1 _h _! boats1 wood-ribb$ & sk9-cov]$1 or osi]-fram$ & hide-clo!d4 ,rickety con/ructions at ! be/4 ,yet 9 !m half-savage sailors w5t ov] ! /ormy ,*annels1 to ,irel& & to ,france1 & ev5 v5tur$ into ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,ent]pris+ ,romans1 ) bett] %ips1 did m2 & be=e ! close ( ! ,fir/ ,c5tury !y _h made _! way r\nd ,great ,brita94 ,no light feat ?is1 9 days :5 ligh?\ses & buoys exi/$ n2 :5 ! geography ( s&-banks & rocks 0 unkn[n4 ,! boats 9 :i* our ,saxon & ,vik+ ance/ors came to invade ! wild little ,isl& ( ,brita91 ?\gh ( light /ructure1 7 sup]ior to ! primitive ,briti% skiffs2 & 9 ! conte/ :i* foll[$ !y _h ! upp] h&4 ,lat] on ! ,danes1 ) vessels sixty or sev5ty feet long1 built ( heavy timb]s & r[$ by ?irty m5 apiece1 prov$ 9 _! turn too mu* = ,saxon resi/ance1 at a "t :5 ! ,saxons _h become e/abli%$ z ! p ( ! ,isl&4 ,k+ ,alfr$1 ( noble memory1 com+ to ! ?rone1 f\nd 8 c\ntry a prey to ^! m>aud+ ,danes4 ,he !n & !re grasp$ ! pr9ciple1 :i* /ill has sway 9 ,engl&'s c\nsels1 t ! v exi/5ce ( ,brita9 z a ,nation re/s ^u ! /r5g? ( h] ,navy4 ,) all possible despat* he _h a new fleet built1 compos$ ( vessels :i* 7 = ! mo/ "p d\ble ! size ( ! l>ge/ ,dani% boats4 ,!y 7 long]1 wid]1 /\t]1 & 7 r[$ ea* by f =ty to sixty m54 ,! fir/ ,naval battle :i* foll[$ may be look$ ^u z a =e%ad[+ ( ,trafalg>2 = ! ,engli% boats ga9$ a complete victory ov] ^? ( ! enemy1 & !reby ,engl& obta9$ comm& ( ! sea4 ,9 ^? times no cle> di/9ction exi/$ betwe5 w>-%ips & m]*ant-%ips4 ,all 7 prep>$ to def5d !mselves :5 ne$ arose2 & any might be us$1 ei!r to c>ry fight+-m51 or to convey m]*&ise4 ,n until ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i4 did a diff]5ce gr[ up1 sep>at+ ^? vessels :i* z a rule kept to m peaceful occupations1 m]ely fight+ 9 self-def5ce :5 attack$1--& ^? vessels :i* devot$ !mselves to aggressive w>f>e4 ,f t date1 gradually1 ! ,royal ,navy grew into be+4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe? ! sep>at+ l9e 0 n v m>k$4 ,!re 0 a ,royal ,navy1 :i* took its %>e 9 repell+ ! ,spani% invasion2 & ! :ole ( t ,navy 9 tonnage 0 f> f equall+ "o huge %ip ( mod]n days1 ! ,celtic1 ,:ite ,/> ,l9]4 ,( ! hundr$ & n9ety-sev5 vessels1 h[ev]1 :i* met ! va/ array ( ! ,armada1 only ?irty-f\r 7 9 any s5se /rictly ,m5-(-,w>2 & ( ^? ?irty-f\r "o alone 0 ov] a ?\s& tons 9 weight4 ,! rema9+ hundr$ & sixty-?ree 7 ,m]*ant-%ips1 fitt$ up z be/ !y might be = w>like purposes2 mo/ ( !m be+ "u f\r hundr$ tons4 ,b no mi/ake exi/$ ab\t ! way 9 :i* ^! pigmies set to "w1 l bulldogs1 to worry ! great ,spani% %ips4 ,c5tury aft] c5tury ! ,navy grew1 add+ 9 ea* g5]ation to its size & /r5g?4 ,engli% sailors f\nd _! way hi!r & ?i!r1 9 ! int]e/s ( _! c\ntry1 = w>1 = exploration1 = purposes ( trade1 discov]+ unkn[n l&s1 p5etrat+ t[>ds ! ,nor? ,pole1 mapp+ out ! ,ocean4 ,o!r ,nations took _! "p 9 ^! explorations1 & ! hon\r ( f9d+ a ,new ,_w did n re/ ) our ance/ors4 ,b 9 m rec5t days ! ,lion's %>e ( rese>* has und\bt$ly fall5 to ! ,briti%2 & ! coa/-l9es ( ! _w h be5 survey$ & mapp$ out *iefly by %ips ( ! ,briti% ,royal ,navy4 ,up to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 all vessels1 small or l>ge1 mov$ by means ( ! w9d or by o>s4 ,!n began a *ange ( imm5se importance1 due to ! use ( /eam = c>ry+ %ips across ! sea1 n only ) b 9 ! tee? ( ! w9d4 ,?is me?od took hold & prevail$1 ?\gh at fir/ v sl[ly4 ,ev5 9 ! pres5t day ho/s ( m]*ant-%ips /ill travel by means ( sails only1 mak+ sy/ematic use ( ! ,trades & o!r /eadfa/ w9ds4 ,:5 "t is n a prime consid]ation1 sail+ is ( c\rse f> *eap] ?an /eam+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c>ry+ p[] ( a /eam] is ab\t ?ree times t ( a sail+-vessel ( ! same size1 s9ce x c g5]ally p]=m ?ree j\rneys 9 ! same "t t a sail+-vessel c manage "o4 ,all ov] ! _w1 9 e sea1 are ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( %ips ( e k9d & description1 night & day spe$+ onw>d1 ea* to its de/9$ port4 ,l9es ( ,pass5g]-%ips regul>ly pl\gh ! ma91 />t+ on fix$ days1 & seldom fail+ to arrive on fix$ days4 ,m]*ant %ips innum]able foll[ c]ta9 r\tes1 go+ f c\ntry to c\ntry ov] ! ,ocean1 c>ry+ ! _w's produce4 ,mighty ,navies ( w>-vessels1 huge 9 bulk & t]rible 9 possibilities1 re/ l sleep+ levia?ans ^u ! bosom ( ! deep1 or /eam f po9t to po9t ) resi/less en]gy4 ,all ?is d5otes a wond]ful *ange s9ce ! days1 :5 a few r\ghly-made boats us$ to creep r\nd ! coa/s ( a few inhabit$ c\ntries4 ,wide ?\gh ! ocean be1 ) ?\s&s ( miles ( wat] unbrok5 save by occasional isl&s1 ! numb] ( %ips n[ always at sea is s great1 t ! p]ils ( collisions are mu* increas$4 ,b ?is1 ( c\rse1 is *iefly 9 ! m frequ5t$ r\tes1 n 9 ,ocean's loneli] wa/es4 ,def9ite rules are laid d[n = ! avoidance ( collisions4 ,:5 two vessels meet1 ea* mu/ /e] 8to ! "r40 ,all %ips h to c>ry1 aft] d>k1 two p[]ful lights3 a gre5 "o on ! />bo>d or "r side2 a r$ "o on ! port or left side2 & 9 ! case ( /eam]s1 a :ite light also mu/ be se5 ^u ! ma/4 ,! gradual developm5t ( %ips1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 f rude sk9-cov]$ coracles to top-heavy m$ival vessels2 f !m to ! /ately ,wood5 ,walls ( ,old ,engl&1--&1 la/ly1 to ! massive ,ironclads ( ! ,empire2 is full ( int]e/4 ,by f> ! m rapid "p ( ?is developm5t 0 witness$ 9 ! ye>s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,p]haps a slight comp>ison betwe5 pa/ & pres5t sizes ( %ips may be wor? giv+4 ,to beg9 ) ,pass5g] ,vessels4 ,9 #ahbi ! ,cun>d wood5 paddle /eam]s1 ( ab\t two hundr$ tons1 p]haps f "o to two hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 c>ry+ sails z well z us+ /eam1 & able to advance at ! rate ( eight knots an h\r1 7 c\nt$ good en\gh = ! ,atlantic4 ,by ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury ! same ,l9e _h tak5 to screw-/eam]s1 built ( iron1 "s ?ree hundr$ & =ty feet 9 l5g?1 ( f\r ?\s& tons burd51 & able to get along at ! rate ( twelve knots4 ,9 #ahic /eel-built vessels replac$ ! iron-built2 ! l5g? _h gr[n to f\r hundr$ & sev5ty feet2 & ! spe$ _h increas$ to sev5te5 or eighte5 knots4 ,! ,celtic1 m5tion$ above1 laun*$ 9 #aija1 ( ov] tw5ty ?\s& tons1 is sev5 hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & ?\gh n equal to _m mod]n %ips 9 spe$1 c d h] sev5te5 knots ) ease4 ,! same advance 0 se5 9 ano!r l9e ( /eam]s1 ply+ _! way to & f ! ,cape4 ,be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury1 %ips two hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & go+ at ! rate ( sev5 knots an h\r1 7 reckon$ suffici5tly up to ! m>k4 ,n[ vessels five hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 /eam+ at a pace ( tw5ty or m knots1 are 9 use4 ,"o _c b "q h[ long x w\ld h tak51 "u ! old rgime1 to transf] two hundr$ ?\s& soldi]s f ,great ,brita9 to ,s\? ,africa4 ,"u ! new ord] ( ?+s t feat 0 lately accompli%$ 9 less ?an eight mon?s4 ,! same /eady gr[? is app>5t 9 ,m]*ant vessels g5]ally--9 _! gradual increase f small to l>ge1 f sl[ to fa/4 ,aga91 ! same developm5t is se5 9 ,m5-(-,w>4 ,up to ! ye> #ahfj1 twelve or ?irte5 knots = ! be/ spe$ ( a battle%ip 0 reg>d$ z em95tly satisfactory4 ,by #ahgj ?is _h ris5 to ne>ly fifte5 knots4 ,!re = _m ye>s x /ood /ill2 b s9ce #ahhj ! outside spe$ ( battle%ips has arriv$ at n9ete5 knots4 ,fa/ ,cruis]s h exce$$ ! ,battle%ips4 ,up to #ahgj !y _h rea*$ ne>ly n9ete5 knots2 & s9ce #ahhj !y h ris5 to tw5ty-?ree knots4 ,^!1 aga91 h be5 excell$ by ,torp$o ,de/roy]s1 :i* c g at ! rate ( tw5ty-six or tw5ty-sev5 knots4 ,toge!r ) increase ( spe$ has come gr[? 9 size4 ,a mod]n fa/ ,cruis] has (t5 f t5 to f\rte5 ?\s& tons displacem5t2 a mod]n ,battle%ip f ?irte5 to fifte5 ?\s& tons4 ,b ! popul> notion1 t ,m5-(-,w> exce$ 9 size & weight all ,pass5g] & ,m]*ant vessels1 is a delusion4 ,x arises f a diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( measurem5t4 ,! 8tonnage0 ( a ,man-(-,w> ref]s to its actual & lit]al weight4 ,! 8tonnage0 ( a m]*ant-%ip ref]s to its space = goods or pass5g]s--its 8c>ry+ p[]10 9 %ort4 ,! two c no m be fairly comp>$ by m]e figures1 ?an c\ld a measurem5t by p\nds & "o by qu>ts4 ,_m a fir/-class m]*ant or pass5g] %ip actually weighs m & exce$s 9 l5g? ! l>ge/ battle%ip4 ,) ! latt]1 size & space _c be ! pr9cipal aim1 b r /r5g? & endurance1 ) spe$4 ,a vessel lately con/ruct$ may h a mo/ important be>+ on w>%ips ( ! future4 ,?is 8turbo-motor10 z x is call$1 ) a new k9d ( eng9e1 has rea*$ ! unexampl$ spe$ ( ?irty-f\r knots an h\r2 & !re seems to be no reason :y 9 "t x %\ld n d mu* m4 ,su* a success ?reat5s to revolutionise ! life ( %ips at sea4 ,?us f> ,briti% %ips h be5 ma9ly spok5 (2 & naturally s4 ,n only because a ,briti% subject might be expect$ to put !m fir/1 b because ( _! enorm\s prepond]ance 9 numb]s & tonnage ov] ! %ips ( all o!r ,nations4 ,am]ican & ,g]man m]*ant-%ipp+ has1 x is true1 ( late ye>s made huge /rides2 & ! la/ ?+ to be done is to und]rate _! dilig5ce & en]gy1 or to wi% !m non-success4 ,yet /ill we1 ,*ildr5 ( ! ,empire :i* dom9ates ! ,ocean1 mu/ desire our ,empire to hold h] own1 mu/ /rive our utmo/ to keep ahead ( all competitors 9 ! race4 ,p]haps n ev]ybody realises h[ f> ahead we h be5 up to ! pres5t day4 ,o!r nations inde$ h made great advance4 ,:at ! future may mean = !m & = u1 ,"t alone c %[4 ,b z yet !y d n seem likely to out/rip u1 unless ,great ,brita9 gr[s lazy & lies ^u h] o>s4 ,9 ! ye> #aijj1 ! ,m]*ant ,%ipp+ ( ! :ole _w1 includ+ all vessels ( m ?an "o hundr$ tons1 0 reckon$ to am\nt 9 r\nd numb]s to ov] ,tw5ty-eight ,?\s& ,%ips1 & 9 burd5 to ov] ,tw5ty-n9e ,millions ( ,tons4 ,( t va/ _w-fleet ,elev5 ,?\s& vessels 7 ,briti%4 ,& s9ce ! ,briti% %ips 71 on an av]age1 l>g] ?an ! =eign %ips1 x meant t ne>ly "o-half ( ! tonnage ( ! :ole _w's m]*ant %ipp+ sail$ "u ! ,r$ ,ensign4 ,to put ! matt] diff]5tly4 ,9 #ahib ano!r reckon+ 0 made2 ! comp>ison be+ express$ by numb]s1 = ! ,m]*ant-,navies ( sev]al ,nations4 ,x /ood z foll[s3-- ,! ,m]*ant fleet ( ,italy 0 tak5 z slightly ov] ,"o4 ,!n1 9 proportion1 ! ,fr5* fleet 0 repres5t$ by some?+ ov] ,two2 ! ,norwegian1 by ! same2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,?ree2 ! ,g]man1 by some?+ ov] ,?ree2 & ! ,briti%1 by some?+ ov] ,tw5ty-two6 ,?is includ$ ! :ole tonnage or c>ry+ p[] ( ! fleets 9 "q1 bo? sail+ & /eam-driv5 vessels4 ,! figures speak = !mselves4 ,or1 aga91 let u take all ! /eam fleets ( ! _w1 reckon+ only vessels ov] "o hundr$ tons1 & only ^? us$ = m]*&ise2 n ,m5-(-,w>4 ,^! /eam-fleets %all be pictur$ 9 our m9ds or on pap] by broad black l9es1 "o-t5? ( an in* wide4 ,n[ let u see h[ long su* l9es w\ld h to be1 at two diff]5t dates1 = a few ( ! lead+ fleets4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhi !y w\ld h be5 giv5 ?us3-- ,japanese4--,less ?an "o-t5? ( an in* long4 ,am]ican4--,?ree & a half t5?s ( an in* long4 ,fr5*4--,f\r & a half t5?s ( an in* long4 ,g]man4--,six & a half t5?s ( an in* long4 ,& next1 aft] a great divid+ gap-- ,briti%4--,fifty-"o t5?s ( an in*1 or ov] five in*es long4 ,once m1 ! figures speak = !mselves4 ,b ?is 0 a good _m ye>s ago4 ,let u h ! same plan repeat$ = ! ye> #ahig1 or eight ye>s lat]1 not+ ! advance made 9 ea* case4 ,"h1 aga91 ! tonnage ( ! :ole /eam-driv5 fleet ( ea* ,nation may be repres5t$ by a black l9e1 "o-t5? ( an in* 9 wid?1 & v>y+ 9 l5g? accord+ to ! size ( ! p>ticul> fleet4 ,"s *anges h tak5 place 9 ^? few ye>s4 ,! ,japanese1 in/ead ( be+ q at ! end ( ! li/1 rank above ! ,spani% & ! ,norwegian2 & ! ,am]icans h out/ripp$ ! ,fr5*4 ,! results n[ /& ?us3-- ,japanese4--,ne>ly ?ree-t5?s ( an in*4 ,fr5*4--,five-t5?s ( an in*4 ,am]ican4--,ov] five-t5?s ( an in*4 ,g]man4--,ov] a :ole in*1 or m ?an t5-t5?s4 ,& once m1 aft] ano!r big divid+ gap3-- ,briti%4--,ab\t sixty-sev5 t5?s ( an in*2 or ov] six in*es & a qu>t]4 ,we he> a good deal ( ! rapid gr[? ( ! ,g]man & ,am]ican ,m]*ant fleets1 & n s mu* ( ! gr[? ( our own4 ,yet c]ta9ly we h n /ood /ill4 ,accord+ to ! above comp>ison1 :i* is tak5 f an ,am]ican1 n a ,briti% report1#ab we h n held our own badly dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,briti% transport has actually gr[n ! mo/4 ,true1 we h m]ely add$ sixte5 t5?s to an already great l5g?2 :]eas1 9 ! same p]iod1 ! ,g]man fleet1 add+ ?ree & a half t5?s1 has ne>ly d\bl$ itself1 & ! ,japanese1 add+ ab\t two-t5?s1 has trebl$ itself4 ,b a v small am\nt is easily d\bl$ or trebl$2 & ! ne>e/ is /ill a long way beh9d ! ,briti% total4 #ab ,m]*ant ,m>9e ( ,=eign ,c\ntries1 vol4 xviii4 ,?is %\ld n be all[$ to induce a _s ( ov]-confid5ce1 :i* might probably mean 9 "t ! tortoises ov]tak+ ! h>e4 ,& al?\gh our ,m]*ant fleet is /ill almo/ ! d\ble ( all o!r ,m]*ant fleets ^u ,e>? put toge!r1 yet ! proportionate diff]5ce has begun to gr[ less ?an x once 04 ,o!r c\ntries are /ra9+ e n]ve 9 ! race2 & if ,great ,brita9 w\ld keep h] pres5t position1 ?is is no "t = slack5+ ( ef=t4 ,p[]ful ?\gh our ,royal ,navy und\bt$ly is1 x has n t va/ prepond]ance ov] o!r ,fleets ( ,w> :i* our ,m]*ant ,navy has ov] o!r ,m]cantile ,fleets4 ,! aim g5]ally set be=e ,great ,brita9 ( late ye>s has be5 to make & to keep ! ,royal ,navy /rong en\gh to be able to cope ) any two o!r ,w> ,navies exi/+4 ,b if we _h a ,w> ,navy proportion$ to our ,m]*ant ,s]vice1 :i* might seem only reasonable1 x w\ld h to be ne>ly equal 9 tonnage to all ! o!r fight+ ,navies 9 all ! _w4 ,is our pres5t aim high en\gh1 9 view ( ! trem5d\s int]e/s1 ! enorm\s risks1 involv$8 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,an ,,empire3 ,,ocean-,,wide 8,?is ,royal ?rone ( k+s2 ?is sceptr$ ,isle2 ,?is e>? ( maje/y2 ?is seat ( ,m>s2 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is happy bre$ ( m52 ?is little _w2 ,?is preci\s /one1 set 9 a silv] sea40 ,k+ ,ri*>d ,,ii4 8,nev] 0 isle s little1 nev] 0 sea s lone1 ,b ov] ! scud & ! palm trees an ,engli% flag 0 fl[n40 ,,rudy>d ,,kipl+4 8,see :at a glori\s ?rong !y come1 ,turn$ to _! anci5t ,home1 ,! ,*ildr5 ( our ,engl&40--,,lewis ,,morris4 ,deep d[n "u ! sea1 on ! slop+ ocean-floor1 amid dead vegetable & animal rema9s1 lie /range snake-l =ms4 ,n natural creations1 b made by man & plac$ !re = 8 own b5efit4 ,up to ! ye> #ahdj any?+ 9 ! %ape ( a subm>9e telegraph 0 n only non-exi/5t1 b1 s f> z is kn[n1 x _h n ev5 be5 ?\ght (4 ,"s wild dreams may h be5 indulg$ 9 "h or !re2 b if s1 ! dream]s kept _! dreams to !mselves4 ,on l& ! electric telegraph 0 gett+ into wid] & wid] use4 ,! b>e idea1 h[ev]1 ( s unit+ l&s sep>at$ by ! ocean _h n be5 br\ght =w>d4 ,betwe5 #ahdj & #ahej ! notion did come up1 & 0 discuss$4 ,a small attempt 0 made 9 ,am]ica1 ) :at may be call$ a baby-cable1 across a slight ext5t ( wat]1 ne> l&4 ,! ,pr(essor :o made ?is exp]im5t#ac v5tur$ on a pr$iction t1 9 days to come1 an electric cable might unite ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica4 ,8 fri5ds probably piti$ him z a vision>y4 #ac ,pr(essor ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4 ,?r\gh t decade !re 0 no fur!r advance4 ,b 9 #ahej ano!r /ep 0 tak54 ,! fir/ 8op5-sea0 subm>9e cable 0 laid d[n betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais2 "o ( copp] wire1 cov]$ ) gutta-p]*a1 outside :i* 0 a ?ick lead5 tube4 ,= ! mom5t a sl5d] l9e jo9$ ,engl& to ! ,cont95t4 ,!n an ent]pris+ ,fr5* fi%]man1 9 que/ ( cong]-eels1 caught ! cable 9 8 p[]ful hook1 & haul$ x up4 ,he took x = a /\t sea-we$ /em1 & tri$ ! effect ( a nibble4 ,x 0 n appetis+1 & he flung x back into ! wat]4 ,some:at lat]1 h[ev]1 he hook$ x up aga92 & ?is "t he secur$ 8 spoil1 cutt+ (f a l5g?1 :i* he c>ri$ to 8 native t[n1 z a r>e ocean-curiosity4 ,naturally1 no fur!r telegraphic messages c\ld be ex*ang$ betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,no?+ daunt$1 ! projectors />t$ afre%2 made ano!r cable2 & put t d[n4 ,?is "t !y met ) good success2 & s9ce #ahea ,engl& & ,france h talk$ 9 confid5tial :isp]s bel[ ! ,*annel4 ,_m m cables "u ! sea 7 laid 9 diff]5t places ) success4 ,b all ^! 7 %ort ones4 ,a great s*eme1 dimly =etold 9 #ahdb by "o f>-sight$ ,am]ican1 0 /irr+4 ,:y %\ld n ! ,new ,_w be unit$ to ! ,old1 ev5 z ,great ,brita9 0 unit$ to ! ,cont95t8 ,:y n b9d ,europe & ,am]ica toge!r by cables b5ea? ! ,ocean8 ,n tw5ty or =ty or sixty miles w\ld ?is require1 b two ?\s& miles ( cable4 ,& 9 any "p ( ^? two ?\s& miles1 "o slight break1 "o little flaw1 w\ld undo ! :ole4 ,! plan meant ?\s&s ( p\nds risk$1 ) p]haps no return4 ,yet x 0 p]sev]$ 94 ,be=e ! close ( #aheg1 t ye> ( ,indian ,mut9y horrors1 ! fir/ attempt 0 made4 ,f\r hundr$ miles ( cable slid safely d[n1 & lay ^u ! ocean-b$4 ,!n z x ran out f ! %ip1 x snapp$4 ,t 0 a failure4 ,next ye> ano!r attempt 0 made4 ,two %ips1 ea* be>+ half ( ! great coil1 came toge!r 9 ! middle ( ! ,atlantic1 & 8splic$0 ! ends4 ,aft] :i* !y p>t$1 "o go+ ea/1 "o go+ we/1 ea* lay+ its own %>e4 ,b aga9 ! cable broke4 ,en\gh rema9$ on h& to supply ! place ( ! lo/ l5g?4 ,a ?ird ef=t foll[$ quickly4 ,= a :ile success seem$ to cr[n p]sev]ance4 ,! :ole cable 0 safely d[n2 & messages 7 ex*ang$4 ,:isp]s f ! ,old ,_w to ! ,new w5t "u two ?\s& miles ( ocean1 & answ]s came back4 ,!n ! wire ceas$ to speak4 ,9 "s mann]1 connection 0 sev]$4 ,"t pass$1 & = a space no m 0 done4 ,b 9 #ahfd ! ,great ,ea/]n />t$1 c>ry+ ! :ole ( a new & mu* /rong] cable--m ?an two ?\s& two hundr$ miles long2 & ( s solid a make t ea* mile ( x weigh$ ?ree ?\s& p\nds4 ,once aga9 disappo9tm5t lay ahead4 ,m ?an half ! task _h be5 accompli%$1 :5 ! cable broke anew1 ! l[] end z usual vani%+4 ,_m days ! great %ip hov]$ r\nd1 hunt+ = t lo/ l9e2 b %e _h to give up ! que/1 & to g home4 ,a ye> lat]1 h[ev]1 ! se>* 0 resum$2 & ! cable1 ly+ quietly ^u ! ocean-b$ m ?an two miles bel[1 0 f\nd & pull$ up by p[]ful grapnels4 ,n yet 0 man beat5 9 8 conte/ ) ! ,ocean4 ,x takes a good deal ( beat+ to make ! ,anglo-,saxon give 94 ,w9d & wave1 dep? & di/ance1 all 7 aga9/ him2 b he w5t on4 ,! plan _h to be c>ri$ out4 ,he meant to see ?is ?+ ?r\gh4 ,he _h made up 8 m9d to h 8 v]bal "u-sea int]c\rse1 betwe5 ,cont95t & ,cont95t4 ,& at la/ he _h 8 way4 ,a new cable 0 manufactur$2 & ?is "t1 n only 0 x laid safely1 b x held good4 ,side by side ) ! new 0 laid also ! old lo/ cable1 :i* _h be5 fi%$ up f ! deep4 ,s a d\ble l9e ( connection exi/$ betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & h] ,daught]-l& across ! ,atlantic4 ,t aim fulfill$1 aft] s mu* ( failure & disc\ragem5t1 o!r cables 7 put d[n 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b5ea? ! sea 9 all directions !y lie1 jo9+ c\ntries widely sep>at$4 ,a ye> or two ago x 0 reckon$ t ! full ext5t ( all subm>9e cables 9 ! _w _h already rea*$ a gr& total ( ab\t two hundr$ ?\s& miles4 ,n mu* m w br+ x to a l5g? :i* might span ! di/ance betwe5 ,e>? & ,moon4 ,lately a spl5did new s*eme has come up1 & has be5 adopt$4 ,?is is--to unite ! entire ,briti% ,empire by "o va/ 8,all-,briti%0 telegraphic sy/em4 ,z is ! n]v\s sy/em to a man1 s w be ! said telegraphic sy/em to ! ,empire4 ,at pres5t _m telegrams h to be s5t to outly+ p>ts ?r\gh =eign dom9ions--:i* is mu* z ?\gh a man's bra9 %\ld h to s5d messages to 8 f+]s ?r\gh ano!r man's arm4 ,b :5 once ?is s*eme has become a reality1 ! ,"m-l& w be able to convey1 "u ! broade/ ocean-rea*es1 to any ( h] ,*ildr5 9 di/ant p>ts1 h] reque/s1 h] w>n+s1 h] sympa?y1 h] secrets1 h] congratulations1 )\t fe> ( be+ he>d by outsid]s2 )\t risk ( hav+ h] utt]ances /opp$ by p]haps 8unfri5dly0 h&s1 at "s critical mom5t4 ,9 ?is va/ plan ! *ief cable w cov] a di/ance ( ne>ly n9e ?\s& miles2 & t w include a s+le /ret* f ,vanc\v] to ,fann+ ,isl&1 m ?an half z long aga9 z ! wire betwe5 ,irel& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ab\t ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ miles4 ,no surprise ne$ be felt at ! frequ5t break+ ( cables1 /rong ?\gh !y may be4 ,! great dep? ( wat] into :i* !y h to be l[]$1 _! own weight1 ! increas$ difficulties att5dant ^u /ormy wea!r1 &--:5 once !y are d[n--! unev5 "* ( ! ocean-b$1 h all to be reckon$ )4 ,c>eful previ\s s\nd+s are ( c\rse made1 ) a view to avoid+1 if possible1 abrupt desc5ts & precipit\s breaks 9 ! l9e :]e ! cable is to be4 ,"o c easily und]/& h[1 if a cable lies taut across f "o ridge to ano!r1 x may snap ) its own weight4 ,b ev5 ^u a fairly smoo? b$1 o!r dang]s exi/4 ,sometimes1 deep d[n1 a big 8l&slip0 takes place1 & a va/ mass ( dbris slides to a l[] level4 ,if su* a mass happ5s to desc5d ^u a cable1 ! breakage ( ! latt] is no unlikely ev5t4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & less1 ,engli%m5 liv+ & toil+ 9 ,india reckon$ !mselves happy if1 :5 !y wrote 8home10 a reply came by return ( po/ 9 t5 or twelve mon?s4 ,n[ answ]s to que/ions c be obta9$ 9 a few weeks1 by po/2 & 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 news ( life or dea?1 ( safe arrival or recov]y f illness1 )9 a few h\rs4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 a ,briti% ,embassy 0 s5t to ,*9a1 to int]view ! !n ,emp]or ( t always difficult c\ntry4 ,! ,ambassador & 8 suite 7 receiv$ ) elaborate polit5ess1 at ! end ( _! t$i\s voyage4 ,*9a 0 v]bally polite !n1 z n[4 ,b an intimation foll[$1 w>n+ ! visitors t1 if !y wi%$ to escape unpleasant consequ5ces1 !y _h bett] take !mselves (f s soon z might be4 ,:i* !y _h to d1 s9ce no ,army 0 at h& to back !m up aga9/ a good _m millions ( yell[ b>b>ians4 ,! /ory ( all ?is rea*$ ,engl&1 & 0 giv5 9 ! ,times1 exactly "o ye> aft] x happ5$4 ,n[ ! contra/6 ,we "k at breakfa/ "o morn+ :at has gone on1 ! previ\s aft]noon1 9 ,*9a1 9 ,india1 9 ,au/ralia1 9 ,am]ica1 9 ,africa4 ,dur+ ! days ( ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 battles 7 f\ght1 rev]ses took place1 victories 7 won--& ! news filt]$ sl[ly home by h&4 ,l>g] items ( in=mation arriv$ g5]ally 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks2 p>ticul>s z to individuals (t5 n = mon?s4 ,n[1 n only does a *eck or a success on "o day become kn[n to ! ,empire at l>ge on ! day foll[+2 b ev5 :ile a h>d-f\ght battle is be+ c>ri$ on1 we at home sometimes he> ( x1 & /ra9 our m5tal vision1 & wat* 9 susp5se = ! end+4 ,:at w\ld our =efa!rs h ?\ght ( t hi/oric day1 :5 ! beleagu]$ g>rison ( ,ladysmi? 0 fi]cely assault$1 & we--sev5 ?\s& miles di/ant--knew :at 0 be+ done2 he>+ t ! h]oic def5d]s 7 8h>d-press$10 & no m8 ,h\rs ( agonis$ impati5ce 7 liv$ ?r\gh2 n only 9 ,engl&1 b 9 _m a f>-(f ,colony beyond ! ,ocean1 all wait+ = ! result4 ,n t ! news might n h be5 soon] s5t f ,s\? ,africa4 ,delay 0 due to ! cutt+ %ort ( local sun%9e1 s t a heliographic message c\ld n be fla%$ across a few miles ( veldt4 ,?is great advance has come ab\t1 n by improvem5ts 9 ! _w's %ipp+1 ?\gh su* improvem5ts h n be5 small1 b by means ( ! ,electric ,cable4 ,n ov] ! ,ocean1 b "u ! ,ocean1 messages are despat*$ ) lightn+ spe$1 f man to man1 9 all p>ts ( ! civilis$ ,e>?4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,q lately ano!r & /ill m m>vell\s means ( communication has be5 discov]$2 a means :i*1 if successfully foll[$ out1 z seems n[ probable1 w t5d /ill fur!r to revolutionise ! life ( %ips at sea4 ,by means ( ,wireless ,telegraphy man c ex*ange ?\ghts ) man1 :5 ! two are sep>at$ by _m miles ( di/ance4 ,wat*]s on a lonely light%ip1 f> f l&1 c appeal 9 tr\ble to _! fri5ds on %ore4 ,! ,admiral ( a great w> fleet c s5d 8 voiceless comm&s ?r\gh space1 unhamp]$ by wire or cable1 unh9d]$ by fog or /orm4 ,n "u ! wat]1 b ?r\gh or above ! wat] ^! messages j\rney2 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ?is la/ new me?od ( signall+ may ev5 l>gely sup]s$e ! use ( subm>9e cables4 ,small] & small] gr[s our _w1 z great] & great] become ! possibilities ( int]c\rse betwe5 places & c\ntries1 ! inhabitants ( :i*1 n v long ago1 7 cut (f f "o ano!r by mon?s ( ardu\s travel4 ,di/ance is a matt] ( "t1 n ( miles4 ,engl& is ne>] n[ to h] ,indian ,dom9ions ?an %e 0 two hundr$ ye>s ago to ,italy4 ,! enorm\s importance ( ! comm& ( ! sea to ! inhabitants ( ,great ,brita9 is1 p]haps1 m fully realis$ at ! pres5t "t by ,britons g5]ally ?an ev] be=e4 ,o!r ,nationalities are compact1 homog5e\s1 self-conta9$1 self-support+4 ,!y h sometimes _! ,colonies ov] ! wat]1 m or less m]e excresc5ces1 additions hook$ on = a purpose1 sep>ation f :i* w\ld entail no vital loss to ! rul+ c\ntry4 ,! ^w 8,"m-c\ntry0 w\ld be a misnom] 9 su* cases4 ,b ) ,great ,brita9 h] ov]-sea ,colonies are an ess5tial "p ( ! 8body-politic0--no m to be lopp$ (f )\t injury & p]il to ! :ole ,empire1 ?an a man's limbs c be lopp$ (f )\t suff]+1 & loss ( blood1 & dang] to 8 life4 ,?is great ,empire ( mod]n days is reckon$ to conta9 8betwe5 elev5 & twelve millions ( squ>e miles0 ( l&2 & 89 r\nd numb]s f\r hundr$ millions0 ( subjects4 ,! f\r hundr$ millions are n1 l ! hundr$s ( millions ( ,*9ese1 all toge!r 9 "o "p1 all surr\nd$ by a s+le conta9+ bord]4 ,!y are ev]y:]e2 9 e clime2 on e ocean2 "u tropical skies2 ar\nd temp]ate seas2 amid froz5 pla9s4 ,ea* fraction ( ! ,empire is divid$ f o!r fractions by ! ,ocean2 & ?is makes ne$ful1 z an absolute ess5tial to ! integrity ( ! ,empire1 ! comm& ( lead+ ,ocean-highways1 by :i* ! diff]5t portions are unit$4 ,f ,engl& to ,india2 f ,engl& to ,canada2 f ,engl& to ,au/ralia2 f ,engl& to ,s\? ,africa2 f ,engl& to ,gibralt> & ,malta & ,egypt2 f ,engl& to less] ,dep5d5cies innum]able--always ! 8roadway0 is ov]-sea2 always ! r\te is across ! ocean-wat]s4 ,^? ocean highways are ?rong$ by ! ,empire's %ips2 & "u ^? seas ?\s&s ( miles ( /\t cable 9 all directions s]ve z d ! 8speak+ tubes0 9 "s l>ge bus9ess e/abli%m5t4 ,z surely z ! exi/5ce ( ,great ,brita9 dep5d$ 9 e>li] days ^u ! /r5g? ( h] ,navy1 s surely does ! exi/5ce ( ! ,briti% ,empire dep5d 9 ^! lat] days ^u h] comm& ( ! sea4 ,once let t vani%1 & ! ,empire mu/ fall to pieces4 ,a little ,isl& 9 nor!rn wat]s1 clo!d (t5 9 fogs1 small 9 ext5t1 cr[d$ 9 population1 )\t ! means 8abo>d0 ( fe$+ its own p2--yet1 f t same little ,isl& are ext5d$ wide %elt]+ ,w+s ar\nd ! :ole globe1 gu>d+ h] ,dep5d5cies1 w>n+ (f int]f]5ce on ! "p ( o!r ,p[]s4 ,s t1 9 ! infancy ( _m a "y ,daught]-l&1 & ev5 9 lat] m vigor\s gr[?1 ! ,*ildr5 h be5 protect$2 & no man1 no pot5tate1 :atev] 8 ambitions might be1 has d>$ to lay a f+] on !m4 ,b ! b5efit is n all or only on "o side4 ,z ye>s g by1 *ildr5 repay _! p>5ts' c>e4 ,^! "y %elt]$ l&s across ! ,ocean are gr[+ /rong4 ,& 9 ! day :5 ! ,"m-l& f\nd h]self 9 difficulties1 !y joy\sly sprang "o & all to h] help1 giv+ freely ( _! "t1 _! money1 _! /r5g?1 _! brave/ & be/1 _! v life-blood1 9 h] s]vice4 ,god-giv51 surely1 is ?is mighty ,empire into ! h&s ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,race1 to be us$ = ,god & = ! good ( ,man1 to be gov]n$ 9 ! ,"n & 9 ! ,_s ( ,*ri/4 ,x is a m>vell\s & unique sight4 ,a _w-wide ,empire ( mod]n days2 divid$ by broad ext5ts ( ,ocean2 held toge!r1 n by fe>1 n by ! sword1 n by ! iron heel ( despotism1 n ev5 prim>ily by self-int]e/1 b by ,bonds ( ,love4 ,a cong]ies ( free ,nations1 ,"m & ,*ildr51 unit$ into ,,"o1 by ! noble/ & pure/ ( all ties2 hav+ _h ?r\gh ov] sixty ye>s = its c5tre1 = ! controll+ idea & motive ( ,empire1 a ,woman ( t5d] he>t & ,royal _s1 a ,que5ly figure on ,h] ,?rone1 to :om ^? hundr$s ( millions 9 _m ,l&s 7 de>1 s9ce "o & all !y 7 to ,h]--8,my ,p40 ,& ?\gh ,%e has pass$ away1 t ?\ght has be5 tak5 up by ,h] ,royal successor1 "o ( ^: fir/ ,k+ly utt]ances 0 9 ! =m ( lett]s address$--n only to 8,my ,p10 b to 8,my ,p beyond ! ,seas40 ,?us ar\nd ! :ole _w1 9 e zone1 ?r\gh bo? hemisph]es1 ab\t e ocean1 ! ,union ,jack nev] ceases to flutt] 9 ! breeze4 ,a ,fr5*man lately1 speak+ 9 public1 describ$ half humor\sly h[1 z he j\rney$ r\nd our globe1 at ea* halt+-place1 at ea* coal+-/ation1 he f\nd inv>iably 8t bit ( ,rag10 s de> to ! ,briton4 ,& no wond]6 = x is ! ,,rag :i* /&s = ,fre$om4 ,9 ! l[] ,creation1 "u ocean-wat]s1 we h se5 h[ ! fi]ce p]petual /ruggle = exi/5ce goes on2 h[1 ) sc>cely m ?an "o exception1 t ( ! "m = h] little "o1 ea* creature lives & ?9ks & fights = itself alone4 ,b man is capable ( bett] ?+s4 ,a man may =get self = 8 ,c\ntry's sake4 ,he may lose sight ( ease & ga91 9 ?\ght = ! poor]1 ! weak]1 ! d>k] tribes ( ,e>?--"u t protect+ ,flag4 ,:]ev] x goes1 nor? or s\?1 ea/ or we/1 !re g also ,fre$om1 ,ju/ice1 & a lib]al recognition ( ! rights ( ,man1 ev5 ( ! feeble/1 ev5 ( ! blacke/-sk9n$4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,_w's ,hi/ory ?is gr& & high ideal rules 9 ! c\nsels ( an ,empire wide z ! ,ocean itself4 ,illu/ration ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made to ! text z pr9t$4 #a4 ,illu/rations & footnotes h be5 locat$ 9 appropriate p>agraph breaks4 #b4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 #c4 ,:]e a ^w is us$ repeat$ly 9 ! same way1 hyph5ation has be5 made consi/5t1 pref]r+ ! =m mo/ (t5 us$ 9 ! pr9t$ "w1 or fail+ t ! m usual =m 9 g5]al use at ! "t ( publication4 ,no typographical *ange has be5 made )9 direct quotes f o!r works4 #d4 ,page #h3 ,vasco de ,gama has be5 *ang$ to ,vasco da ,gama4