,,! ,,ideal ,,book ,,or ,,book          
,,beautiful                      ,a     
,,tract ,,on ,,calligraphy ,,pr9t+      
,,& ,,illu/ration  ,,on ,,! ,,book      
,,beautiful ,,z ,a ,,:ole               
,,! ,,doves ,,press                     
,no4 #a ,,! ,,t]race ,,hamm]smi?        
,,mdcccc          ,,! ,,ideal ,,book    
,,or ,,book ,,beautiful is a composite  
?+ made up ( _m  p>ts  may be made      
beautiful by ! beauty ( ea* ( its       
p>ts--its  lit]>y cont5t1 its mat]ial or
 mat]ials1 its writ+ or pr9t+1  its     
illum9ation or illu/ration1 its b9d+    
decoration--( ea*  ( its p>ts 9         
subord9ation to ! :ole :i* collectively 
!y  con/itute3 or x may be made         
beautiful by ! supreme beauty (  "o or m
 ( its p>ts1 all ! o!r p>ts subord9at+  
or ev5  effac+ !mselves = ! sake ( ?is  
"o or m1  ea* 9 turn  be+ capable (     
play+ ?is supreme "p & ea* 9 its own    
peculi>  & *>act]i/ic way4 ,on ! o!r h& 
ea* contributory craft may  usurp !     
functions ( ! re/  ( ! :ole & gr[+      

beautiful  beyond all b\nds ru9 = its   
own ! common cause4 ,i propose 9  ?is   
brief essay1 putt+ aside = ! mom5t !    
mat]ial1 pap] or  vellum1 ! b9d+        
decoration1  ! lit]>y cont5t ( ! ,book  
,beautiful1 to say a few words on !     
arti/ic treatm5t ( ! vehicle  (         
expression--,calligraphy1 ,pr9t+1       
,illu/ration--& on ! ,book  ,beautiful z
 a :ole4      ,,calligraphy    ,,h&writ+
 & h& decoration ( lett]  page are at ! 
root ( !  ,book ,beautiful1 are at !    
root ( ,typography  ( woodcut or engrav$
  ,decoration1  e pr9t]1  inde$ e "o    
hav+ to d ) !  mak+ ( books %\ld gr\nd  
himself 9 ! practice or k (  ! ,art (   
,beautiful ,writ+ or ,calligraphy1 & let
 bo? h& &  s\l luxuriate & rejoice = a  
:ile 9 ! art ( ,illum9ation4 ,su*       
practice w\ld keep ,type alive "u !     
influ5ce ( an ev] liv+   flu5t          
prototype4 ,x w\ld supply a /ock (      
exempl>s  sugge/ions  f :i* !           
,typograph] might cauti\sly borr[1      
conv]t+ into 8  own rigid /ock su* ( !  

new beautiful gr[?s ( ,calligraphy z    
comm5d$ !mselves to him = ! purpose4    
,9 ! mak+ ( ! ,writt5 ,book1 moreov]1 9 
:i* v>i\s modes  ( pres5tm5t are comb9$1
 symbolical & pictorial1 ! adju/m5t  (  
lett] to lett]1 ( ^w to ^w1 ( picture to
 text  ( text to  picture1 & ( ! :ole to
 ! subject matt]  to ! page1 admits  (  
great nicety & p]fection4 ,! type is    
fluid1 & ! lett]s  & words1 picture1    
text1  page are conceiv$ ( z "o & are   
all  execut$ by "o h&1 or by sev]al h&s 
all work+ toge!r )\t  int]m$iation on "o
 id5tical page & ) a view to "o id5tical
  effect4 ,9 ! ,pr9t$ ,book ?is adju/m5t
 is m difficult4 ,!  type is rigid &    
implacable4 ,! lab\r is divid$ &        
disp]s$3  ! picture or illu/ration1 =   
example1 is too (t5 done q  indep5d5tly 
at a di/ance1 )\t ?\ght ( ! pr9t$ page1 
ins]t$1 a /rang]1 amid an ali5 type4    
,yet 9 ! mak+ ( !  pr9t$ book1 z 9 !    
mak+ ( ! writt5 book1 ?is adju/m5t is   
ess5tial1  %\ld be specially borne 9    
m9d1 & ,calligraphy &  imm$iate         

decoration by h& & ! unity :i* %\ld be  
insep>ably  associat$ !re) w\ld s]ve z  
an admirable discipl9e to t end4        
,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s to note       
hi/orically 9 ?is  connexion are 7#a7 t 
all ,calligraphy 9 ,italy1 ,spa91       
,france1 ,g]many   ,engl& w\ld seem to  
be a developm5t1 ) _m subdivisions1  (  
,roman ,calligraphy1 itself a developm5t
 ( ,greek1 & t !  beautiful =mation ( ! 
lett]s & _! ord]ly placem5t 9  sequ5ce  
^u ! rectangul> page are b modes ( t    
g5]al  delight 9 ! mak+ ( ord] & beauty 
:i* is ! note ( unity  ?r\gh\t all !    
arts3 & 7#b7 t 9 ,calligraphy1 z 9 all !
  arts1 a beauty ( decoration once />t$ 
on its way1 proce$s to  ?r[ (f !        
conditions ( its bir? & :]e x 0 meant to
 be  only a m9i/] to make itself ma/]4  
,! /ages 9 ?is usurpation  9 ! case (   
,calligraphy are s+ul>ly well m>k$      
app>5t4 ,at  ! outset1 ,calligraphy 0   
uni=m writ+ only1 a succession (        
,,squ>e ,,capitals all ( equal value4   
,!n came ! enl>gem5t ( !  sph]e (       

action1 s to speak1 ( lett]s 9 prom95t  
positions1 (  initial lett]s  _!        
decorative treatm5t3 !n1 9 consequ5ce ( 
?is v enl>gem5t1 a fur!r enl>gem5t or   
emphasis :i* end$  9 ceas+ to be        
adjective decoration  becom+ a          
sub/antive beauty1  z ( a picture1 fram$
 by ! adjac5t illum9ation  writ+1 b     
sup]ior to !m z ! fl[] to ! leaf4 ,ea* (
 ^! /ages has  a beauty ( its own1 & ea*
 9 its turn con/itutes a ,book 9 "s     
s5se a ,beautiful ,book4 ,b 9 ! passage 
f ! image creat$ 9  ! m9d by ab/ract    
symbolism to ! image express$ on ! page 
by  v]isimilitude1 ! book itself und]w5t
 a *ange  became 9 !  process1 n a      
vehicle = ! conveyance ( an image1 b    
itself !  image1 to be appreciat$ n s   
mu* by ! imag9ation1 ! inn] eye1  z     
directly by ! out] eye1 ! s5se ( sight  
itself2 j z on !  /age ! sc5]y creat$ at
 fir/ imag9atively by ! spectators1 9   
ob$i5ce to ! influ5ce ( ! actor1 is n[  
pres5t$ ext]nally by  ! sc5e pa9t]      
co/umi] 9 simulat$ reality4 ,i appreh5d 

t  :5 ! illum9ator1 pass+ on f !        
decoration ( significant  or initial    
lett]s1 took to ! mak+ ( pictures 9 ?is 
fa%ion  )9 ! folds ( !m1 he 0 press+ 8  
art too f>4 ,he 0 9  dang]1 z ! ev5t    
%[$1 ( subord9at+ 8 ,text to himself1 ( 
sacrific+ ! ?+ signifi$ to ! mode ( its 
signification1 =  9 ! end ! writt5      
communication became z x 7 no?+1 or b  !
 framework or apology to support a      
succession ( beautiful pictures1        
beautiful inde$1 b beautiful at ! exp5se
 ( ! ,text :i* !y  _h set out to        
magnify4     ,& we may 9 ?is connexion  
safely moralize  say t :5 _m  arts      
comb9e1 or propose to comb9e1 to ! mak+ 
( "o ?+1 z  ! process cont9ues1  !      
sev]al arts develop1 ea* w attempt  to  
ass]t itself to ! de/ruction ( ! "o ?+  
ne$ful1 to !  mak+ ( :i* !y at fir/ all 
comb9$ 9 a common subord9ation4  ,?us 9 
our own case ! illum9ator de/roy$ by ov]
 relative  developm5t ! purely writt5   
text1  ! moral is t e arti/1  9         
contribut+ to ! ,book ,beautiful1 mu/   

keep himself well 9 h&  & /rictly       
subord9ate bo? 8 art & 8 ambition to !  
end 9  view4 ,he mu/ rememb] t 9 su* a  
case 8 art is a means only   n itself an
 end4     ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! ,*ur* 
f\ght aga9/ ! idolatry  ( its ,scribes1 
s\ght to curtail ! too exub]ant beauty (
 _!  illum9ators1  a simil> attempt 0   
made to keep d[n ! idolatry  ( ! ,b9d]4 
,! ,*ur* has p]haps lo/ all pret5sion   
ev5 to  influ5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,b      
arti/s %\ld n ne$ ! guidance  ( any?+   
outside !mselves z arti/s4 ,!y %\ld1 z  
arti/s1  realise t ! _w ( art is a      
commonweal1 & t ! mo/  beautiful art is 
a composite "w1 high] ?an ! art ( ea*1 &
  t ! art ( ea* is contributory1 only to
 be ex]cis$ 9 due  subord9ation to !    
ideal :i* is ! creation ( all4          
,,typography    ,,! ,,passage f !       
,writt5 ,book to ! ,pr9t$ ,book 0 sudd5 
complete4 ,nor is x wond]ful t ! e>lie/ 
productions (  ! pr9t+ press are ! mo/  
beautiful  t ! hi/ory (  its subsequ5t  
c>e] is b ! hi/ory ( its decad5ce4 ,!   

,pr9t] c>ri$ on into ,type ! tradition (
 ! ,calligraph]   ( ! ,calligraph] at 8 
be/4 ,z ?is tradition di$ out 9 !       
di/ance1 ! craft ( ! ,pr9t] decl9$4 ,x  
is ! function (  ! ,calligraph] to      
revive  re/ore ! craft ( ! ,pr9t] to its
  orig9al purity ( int5tion             
accompli%m5t4 ,! ,pr9t] mu/ at !  same  
"t be a ,calligraph]1 or 9 t\* ) him1   
!re mu/ be  9 association ) ! ,pr9t+    
,press a ,scriptorium :]e beautiful     
writ+ may be practis$ & ! art (         
lett]-design+ kept alive4  ,& !re is ?is
 fur!r evid5ce ( ! dep5d5ce ( pr9t+ ^u  
writ+3 ! great revival 9 pr9t+ :i* is   
tak+ place "u our  own eyes1 is ! "w ( a
 ,pr9t] :o be=e he 0 a ,pr9t] 0 a       
,calligraph]  an ,illum9ator1 ,,william 
,,morris4     ,! :ole duty (            
,typography1 z ( ,calligraphy1 is to    
communicate to  ! imag9ation1 )\t loss  
by ! way1 ! ?\ght or image int5d$  to be
 communicat$ by ! ,au?or4 ,& ! :ole duty
 ( beautiful  typography is n to        
sub/itute = ! beauty or int]e/ ( ! ?+   

?\ght & int5d$ to be convey$ by !       
symbol1 a beauty or int]e/  ( its own1  
b1 on ! "o h&1 to w9 access = t         
communication  by ! cle>ness  beauty ( !
 vehicle1 & on ! o!r h&1  to take       
advantage ( e pause or /age 9 t         
communication to  int]pose "s *>act]i/ic
  re/ful beauty 9 its own art4 ,we ?us  
h a reason = ! cle>ness & beauty ( !    
text z a :ole1  = ! especial beauty ( ! 
fir/ or introductory page & ( !  title1 
& = ! especial beauty ( ! head+s (      
*apt]s1 capital  or initial lett]s1  s  
on1 & an op5+ = ! illu/rator z we  %all 
see by & by4     ,fur!r1 9 ! case (     
,poetry1 v]se1 9 my op9ion1 appeals by  
its  =m to ! eye1 z well z to ! e>1     
%\ld be plac$ on ! page  s t its        
/ructure may be tak5 9 at a glance &    
di/9ctively  appreciat$1 & any?+ :i*    
int]f]es ) ?is swiftness (  appreh5sion 
& appreciation1 h[ev] beautiful 9       
itself1 is 9  relation to ! book z a    
:ole a typographical imp]t95ce4         
,,illu/ration    ,,illu/ration1 ! o!r   

expressive con/itu5t ( ! ,book          
,beautiful1  is a "p ( ! :ole subject   
matt]1 9 process ( symbolical           
communication1 pick$ out1 isolat$1      
pres5t$ pictorially4 ,besides  its      
relation 9 ! field ( ! imag9ation to !  
re/ ( ! subject  matt]1 ! ?\ght ( !     
book1 x has a relation  a mo/ important 
relation1 9 ! field ( ! s5ses1 to !     
vehicle ( communication1  ! imm$iate    
typographical environm5t1 amid :i* x    
appe>s4 ,&  "h comes 9 ! "q1 :i* has    
sometimes be5 confus$ )  ! "q (         
relation%ip1 ! "q ( ! mode 9 :i* !      
pictorial illu/ration may be produc$    
transf]r$ to ! page1 by  woodcut1 by    
/eel or copp] engrav+1 or by process4 ,b
 ?is seems to  me to be an entirely     
subord9ate ?\gh important "q4 ,! ma9  "q
 is ! aspect :i* ! illu/ration %all be  
made to take  9 ord] to fit x into &    
amid a page ( ,typography4 ,& ,i submit 
t its aspect mu/ be ess5tially =mal & ( 
! same texture1  s to speak1 z !        
lett]press4 ,x %\ld h a set frame or    

m>g9  to itself1 dem>cat+ x di/9ctly f !
 text1 & ! %ape   "* ( ! frame1 if      
decorative1 %\ld h relation to ! page  z
 well z to ! illu/rative cont5t2 & !    
illu/rative cont5t  itself %\ld be =mal 
& kept "u s z lit]ally to illu/rate1  & 
n to dim by ov] brilliancy ! re/ ( !    
subject matt] left  to be communicat$ to
 ! imag9ation by ! lett]press alone4    
,,! ,,book ,,beautiful ,,z ,a ,,:ole    
,,f9ally1 if ! ,book ,beautiful may be  
beautiful by virtue ( its  writ+ or     
pr9t+ or illu/ration1 x may also be     
beautiful1 be ev5  m beautiful1 by !    
union ( all to ! production ( "o        
composite  :ole1 ! consummate ,book     
,beautiful4 ,"h ! idea to be communicat$
  by ! book comes fir/1 z ! ?+ ( supreme
 importance4 ,!n comes  9 att5dance ^u  
x1 /riv+ = ! love ( ! idea to be itself 
beautiful1 ! writt5 or pr9t$ page1 !    
decorat$ or decorative  lett]s1 !       
pictures1 set amid ! text1 & f9ally !   
b9d+1  hold+ ! :ole 9 its /rong grip & =
 v love aga9 itself  becom+ beautiful   

because 9 company ) ! idea4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,?is is ! supreme ,book ,beautiful or   
,ideal ,book1 a dream1 a symbol (  !    
inf9itely beautiful 9 :i* all ?+s (     
beauty re/ & into  :i* all ?+s ( beauty 
d ultimately m]ge4     ,! ,book         
,beautiful1 !n1 %\ld be conceiv$ ( z a  
:ole1  !  self-ass]tion ( any ,art      
beyond ! limits impos$ by ! conditions  
( its creation %\ld be look$ ^u z an    
,act ( ,treason4 ,! prop]  duty ( ea*   
,art )9 su* limits is to co-op]ate ) all
 ! o!r  arts1 simil>ly employ$1 9 !     
production ( some?+ :i* is  di/9ctly    
,n-,itself4 ,! :ol5ess1 symmetry1       
h>mony1 beauty )\t  /ress or /ra91 ( !  
,book ,beautiful1 w\ld !n be "o 9       
pr9ciple  ) ! :ol5ess1 symmetry1 h>mony1
 & beauty )\t /ress or  /ra91 ( t ,,:ole
 ,,( ,,life ,,:i* ,,is ,,con/itut$ ,,(  
,,ourselves  ,,!  ,,_w1 ,,t ,,complex   
,,& ,,m>vell\s ,,:ole ,,:i*1 ,,amid ,,! 
,,/rife ,,(  ,,competitive ,,=ces1      
,,supremely ,,holds ,,its ,,own1 ,,& ,,9

 ,,! ,,language ,,(  ,,life ,,writes1   
,,^u ,,! ,,illum9$ ,,pages ,,( ,,!      
,,days1 ,,! ,,volumes ,,( ,,!           
,,c5turies1  ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,inf9itudes   
,,( ,,"t  ,,space ,,moves ,,rhy?mically 
,,onw>d ,,to ,,! ,,full ,,developm5t ,,(
 ,,its ,,a/oni%+ ,,/ory ,,! ,,true      
,,ar*etype ,,( ,,all ,,books ,,beautiful
 ,,or ,,sublime4      ,?is ,tract1      
writt5 by ,t4 ,j4 ,cobd5-,s&]son1 0     
pr9t$ by him   ,em]y ,walk] at ,! ,doves
 ,press & f9i%$ ,oct4 #ai1 #aijj4       
,compositor  ,j4 ,h4 ,mason4 ,pressman  
,h4 ,gage-,cole4 ,sold at ,! ,doves     
,press4