,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text pr9t$ 9 italics has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores1 bold face pr9t$ text betwe5 equal signs4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,lit]ature ref]5ces are numb]$ & li/$ p] *apt] at ! end ( ! *apt]1 footnotes 7indicat$ by lett]s 9 squ>e brackets7 w be f\nd directly und]nea? ! p>agraph1 table or illu/ration to :i* !y ref]4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,lead ,,poison+ ,,& ,,lead ,,absorption ,,int]national ,,m$ical ,,monographs ,g5]al ,editors ,,leon>d ,,hill1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,william ,,bullo*1 ,m4,d4 ,,! ,,volumes ,,already ,,publi%$ ,,or ,,9 ,,prep>ation ,,are3 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,factors ,,( ,,dige/ion4 ,by ,,walt] ,b4 ,,cannon1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,george ,higg9son ,pr(essor ( ,physiology1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,ready4 ,,syphilis3 ,,f ,,! ,,mod]n ,,/&po9t4 ,by ,,james ,,mac9to%1 ,m4,d41 ,groc]s' ,rese>* ,s*ol>2 & ,,paul ,,fildes1 ,m4,d41 ,b4,c41 ,assi/ant ,bact]iologi/ to ! ,london ,hospital4 ,ready4 ,,blood-,,vessel ,,surg]y ,,& ,,its ,,applications4 ,by ,,*>les ,,claude ,,gu?rie1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology & ,ph>macology1 ,univ]sity ( ,pittsburgh1 etc4 ,ready4 ,,caisson ,,sickness ,,& ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,"w 9 ,compress$ ,air4 ,by ,,leon>d ,,hill1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,lectur] on ,physiology1 ,london ,hospital4 ,ready4 ,,lead ,,poison+ ,,& ,,lead ,,absorption4 ,by ,,?omas ,,legge1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,p4,h41 ,h4,m4 ,m$ical ,inspector ( ,factories1 etc42 & ,,k5ne? ,w4 ,,goadby1 ,d4,p4,h41 ,pa?ologi/ & ,lectur] on ,bact]iology1 ,national ,d5tal ,hospital4 ,,! ,,prote9 ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,nutrition4 ,by ,major ,d4 ,,mccay1 ,m4,b41 ,b4,*41 ,b4,a4,o41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,i4,m4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology1 ,m$ical ,college1 ,calcutta1 etc4 ,,%ock3 ,! ,pa?ological ,physiology ( ,"s ,modes ( ,dy+4 ,by ,,y&ell ,,h5d]son1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,! ,,c>ri] ,,problem ,,9 ,,infecti\s ,,disease4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,l$+ham1 ,d4,sc41 ,m4,b41 ,m4,a41 ,*ief ,bact]iologi/1 ,li/] ,in/itute ( ,prev5tive ,m$ic9e1 ,london2 & ,j4 ,a4 ,,arkwright1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,li/] ,in/itute ( ,prev5tive ,m$ic9e1 ,london4 ,,diabetes4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,macleod1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology1 ,we/]n ,res]ve ,m$ical ,college1 ,clevel&1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,a ,descriptive ,circul> ( ! ,s]ies w be s5t free on application to ! ,publi%]s3 ,,london3 ,,edw>d ,,arnold ,,new ,,york3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre5 ,,co4 ,,int]national ,,m$ical ,,monographs ,g5]al ,editors ,,leon>d ,,hill1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,william ,,bullo*1 ,m4,d4 ,,lead ,,poison+ ,,& ,,lead ,,absorption ,,! ,,symptoms1 ,,pa?ology ,,& ,,prev5tion1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,_! ,,indu/rial ,,orig9 ,,& ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,processes ,,involv+ ,,risk ,,by ,,?omas ,m4 ,,legge1 ,m4,d4 ,,oxon41 ,d4,p4,h4 ,,cantab4 ,h4,m4 ,,m$ical ,,inspector ,,( ,,factories2 ,,lectur] ,,on ,,factory ,,hygi5e ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,man*e/] ,,& ,,k5ne? ,w4 ,,goadby1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,d4,p4,h4 ,,cantab4 ,,pa?ologi/ ,,& ,,lectur] ,,on ,,bact]iology1 ,,national ,,d5tal ,,hospital ,,appo9t$ ,,surgeon ,,to ,,c]ta9 ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,:ite ,,lead ,,factories ,,9 ,,ea/ ,,london ,,london ,,edw>d ,,arnold ,,new ,,york3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre5 ,,co4 #aiab ,all rights res]v$ ,,g5]al ,,editors' ,,preface ,! ,editors hope to issue 9 ?is s]ies ( ,int]national ,m$ical ,monographs contributions to ! doma9 ( ! ,m$ical ,sci5ces on subjects ( imm$iate int]e/1 made by fir/-h& au?orities :o h be5 engag$ 9 ext5d+ ! conf9es ( k4 ,read]s :o seek to foll[ ! rapid progress made 9 "s new phase ( inve/igation w f9d !re9 accurate in=mation acquir$ f ! consultation ( ! lead+ au?orities ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 & illum9at$ by ! rese>*es & consid]$ op9ions ( ! au?ors4 ,amid/ ! press & ru% ( mod]n rese>*1 & ! multitude ( pap]s publi%$ 9 _m tongues1 x is necess>y to f9d m5 ( prov$ m]it & ripe exp]i5ce1 :o w w9n[ ! :eat f ! *aff1 & give u ! pres5t k ( _! own subjects 9 a duly balanc$1 concise1 & accurate =m4 ,?is volume deals ) a subject ( wide int]e/1 = lead is dealt ) 9 s _m important processes ( manufacture--9 ! mak+ ( :ite lead2 pott]y glaz+2 glass poli%+2 h&l+ ( pr9t+ type2 li?o-mak+2 h\se1 coa*1 & motor pa9t+2 manufacture ( pa9ts & col\r2 file-mak+2 t9n+ ( metals2 h>ness-mak+2 manufacture ( accumulators1 etc4 ,! au?ors br+ =w>d conv9c+ evid5ce1 exp]im5tal & /ati/ical1 9 fav\r ( ! causation ( lead poison+ by ! inhalation ( du/4 ,?is makes prev5tion a comp>atively simple matt]1 & ! me?ods ( prev5tion are effective1 & w contribute greatly to ! heal? ( ! work]s & ! prev5tion ( ph?isis1 :i* is s preval5t among lead-work]s4 ,exhau/ fans & hoods1 or vacuum clean]s1 = c>ry+ away ! du/ =m$ 9 ! v>i\s processes--^! are ! simple means by :i* ! du/ c be remov$ & ! work]s' heal? assur$4 ,,leon>d ,,hill4 ,,william ,,bullo*4 ,septemb]1 #aiab4 ,,au?ors' ,,preface ,progress 9 ! k ( ! use ( lead1 ! pa?ology ( lead poison+1 & ! means ( prev5t+ or mitigat+ ! risk f x1 has be5 rapid ( late ye>s1 & has l$ to mu* legislative action 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,! pres5t is a fitt+ "t1 !re=e1 to take /ock ( ! g5]al position4 ,we h bo?1 9 diff]5t ways1 be5 occupi$ ) ! subject = sev]al ye>s pa/1 ! "o adm9i/ratively1 & ! o!r exp]im5tally1 9 addition to ! practical k ga9$ by exam9+ weekly ov] two hundr$ lead-work]s4 ,! pres5t treatise takes acc\nt ma9ly ( our own p]sona exp]i5ce1 & ( "w done 9 ?is c\ntry1 especially by memb]s ( ! ,factory ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,home ,(fice1 & c]tify+ & appo9t$ surgeons c>ry+ out p]iodical m$ical exam9ations 9 lead factories4 ,! book1 h[ev]1 has no (ficial sanction4 ,we are famili> ) ! imm5se field ( ,cont95tal lit]ature be>+ on legislation aga9/ lead poison+1 b h consid]$ any detail$ ref]5ce to ?is outside ! scope ( our book1 except 9 reg>d to ! m$ical aspects ( ! disease4 ,mo/ ( ! prev5tive measures m5tion$ are en=c$ "u regulations or special rules apply+ to ! v>i\s indu/ries or "u p[]s conf]r$ by ! ,factory & ,work%ops ,act1 #aija4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 :]e1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 p>ticul> processes are n am5able to ! measures ord9>ily appli$1 we h sugge/$ o!r possible l9es on :i* ! dang]s may be met4 ,we h n repr9t$ ^! regulations & special rules1 z anyone consult+ ?is book is sure to h access to !m 9 ! v>i\s works publi%$ on ! ,factory ,acts4 ,! practical value ( ! exp]im5tal inquiry describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 & ! light x seems to ?r[ on mu* t has be5 difficult to und]/& 9 ! causation ( lead poison+1 has l$ u to give ! results 9 detail4 ,"o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 is responsible = ,*apt]s ,i41 ,,iii41 & ,v4 to ,,xi41 & ! o!r 7,t4 ,m4 ,l47 = ,*apt]s ,,ii4 & ,,xii4 to ,,xvii42 b ! subject-matt] 9 all 7except ,*apt] ,,vi41 :i* is ! "w entirely ( ,k4 ,w4 ,g47 has be5 work$ ^u by bo?4 ,our ?anks are due to ! ,/urtevant ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london2 ,messrs4 ,davidson & ,co41 ,ltd41 ,belfa/2 ! ,zephyr ,v5tilat+ ,co41 ,bri/ol2 & ,messrs4 ,en?ov5 & ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,limeh\se1 = k9dly supply+ u ) draw+s & photographs4 ,septemb]1 #aiab4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,hi/orical--,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,lead #a ,,ii4 ,,tiology #g ,,iii4 ,,susceptibility ,,& ,,immunity #bg ,,iv4 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,plumbism #dd ,v4 ,,pa?ology #fb ,,vi4 ,,pa?ology--,cont9u$ #ha ,,vii4 ,,symptomatology ,,& ,,diagnosis #aaj ,,viii4 ,,excretion ,,( ,,lead #abg ,,ix4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em #adj ,x4 ,,*emical ,,inve/igations #afe ,,xi4 ,,treatm5t #ahd ,,xii4 ,,prev5tive ,,measures ,,aga9/ ,,lead ,,poison+ #aii ,,xiii4 ,,prev5tive ,,measures ,,aga9/ ,,lead ,,poison+--,cont9u$ #bba ,,xiv4 ,,prev5tive ,,measures ,,aga9/ ,,lead ,,poison+--,cont9u$ #bcj ,,xv4 ,,description ,,( ,,processes #bdb ,,xvi4 ,,description ,,( ,,processes--,cont9u$ #bfe ,,xvii4 ,,description ,,( ,,processes--,cont9u$ #bhh ,,index #cje ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,fac+ ,,page ,,plate ,i4 #ib ,,plate ,,ii4 #ic ,,plate ,,iii4 #ie ,,plate ,,iv4 #bgf ,,lead ,,poison+ ,,& ,,lead ,,absorption ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/orical--,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,lead ,! use ( lead = v>i\s indu/rial processes & = pa9t+ 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,pl9y#a speaks ( :ite lead1 & a me?od ( corrod+ lead 9 e>!n pots ) v9eg>1 sunk into a heap ( dung1 z ! means by :i* :ite lead 0 made = pa9t4 ,agricola m5tions ?ree =ms ( lead--:ite lead1 a comp\nd :i* 0 probably bismu?1 & metallic lead itself4 ,! al*emi/s 7 acqua9t$ ) ! metal "u ! "n ( 8saturn10 ! t]m signify+ ! ease ) :i* ! nobl] metals1 silv] & gold1 disappe> :5 add$ to molt5 lead4 ,colic caus$ by lead 0 also kn[n 9 anci5t times1 & is describ$ by ,pl9y2 _m o!r writ]s ref] to x1 & ,hippocrates 0 app>5tly acqua9t$ ) lead colic4 ,n until ,/ockhus5#b1 h[ev]1 9 #afef1 ascrib$ ! colic ( lead-m9]s & smelt]s to ! fumes giv5 (f f ! molt5 liquid 0 ! def9ite co-relation betwe5 lead & s-call$ 8metallic colic0 prop]ly und]/ood1 & ! symptoms directly trac$ to poison+ f ! metal & its comp\nds4 ?ius1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 gave a description ( a type ( colic call$ 8bellon10 frequ5tly associat$ ) ! dr9k+ ( c]ta9 w9es4 ,tron*9#c1 9 #ageg1 discov]$ t _m ( ^! w9es 7 able to dissolve ! glaze ( ! e>!nw>e vessels 9 :i* !y 7 /or$1 ! glaze be+ comp\nd$ ) li?>ge4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ,john ,hunt]#d describes ! frequ5t incid5ce ( 8dry bellya*e0 9 ! g>rison ( ,jamaica1 caus$ by ! consumption ( rum :i* _h become contam9at$ ) lead4 ,_m o!r writ]s 9 anci5t & hi/orical books on m$ic9e h writt5 on ! causation ( colic1 palsy1 & o!r symptoms1 foll[+ ! +e/ion ( salts ( lead2 & z ! comp\nds ( lead1 ma9ly ! acetate or sug> ( lead1 7 freely us$ m$ic9ally1 (t5 9 l>ge doses1 opportunities con/antly occurr$ = obs]v+ ! symptoms produc$ 9 susceptible p]sons4 ,x is n to ! pres5t purpose to exam9e ! hi/orical side ( ! "q ( lead poison+1 b ^? int]e/$ w f9d sev]al valuable ref]5ces 9 ,meillre's "w 8,le ,saturnisme0#e4 ,lead 0 us$ 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies p>ticul>ly1 & 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! n9ete5?1 = its action ^u ! blood4 ,9 view ( exp]im5tal evid5ce ( ! action ( lead on ! tissues1 p>ticul>ly ! blood1 ?is empirical use has int]e/4 ,salts ( lead 7 f\nd to be hmo/atic1 & 7 !re=e us$ = ! treatm5t ( ulc]s because ( ! p[]1 notably ( lead acetate1 ( coagulat+ album9\s tissue4 ,x 0 also us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( fev]s1 :]e aga9 x is q possible t ! adm9i/ration ( a lead salt1 su* z an acetate1 produc$ increase 9 ! coagulability ( ! blood4 ,at ! same "t spasms ( colic & o!r accid5ts foll[$ its use4 ,!re is practically no disease to :i* ! human body is subject :i* 0 n treat$ by lead 9 "s =m or ano!r4 ,lead1 ) ! addition ( ars5ic1 0 giv5 = mal>ia1 :ile its use 9 ph?isis 0 also common4 ,! pres5t use ( dia*ylon pla/] is an in/ance ( ! cont9u\s use ( a salt ( lead m$ic9ally1 z also is ! lotion ( ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia conta9+ opium & lead4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,lead4 ,physical ,prop]ties4--,lead belongs to ! gr\p ( heavy metals1 & occupies a position betwe5 bismu? & ?orium 9 ! li/ ( ! atomic weights1 ! atomic weight be+ #bjfd1 & d5sity #aahe4 ,x is blue-grey 9 col\r1 & its s(tness & facility to =m a m>k ^u pap] are well kn[n4 ,lead melts at a temp]ature ( #cbe ,c41 & at ?is temp]ature a c]ta9 7if negligible7 am\nt ( volatilization takes place1 :i* vap\r becomes reprecipitat$ 9 ! =m ( an oxide4 ,use is made ( ! volatility ( ! metal at ! high] temp]atures1 #eej ,c4 & upw>ds1 9 ! oxidation ( lead f a mixture ( lead1 silv]1 & gold2 ! oxide ( lead1 or li?>ge1 is p>tially collect$ & absorb$ by ! crucible1 b ! great] "p is ma9ly remov$ f ! surface ( ! liquid metal z x is =m$1 :ile ! ri*] metal is left 9 ! crucible4 ,*emically speak+ lead is a tetrad1 & =ms a numb] ( organic d]ivatives1 especially ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( a p>ticul> oxide1 m9ium4 ,lead =ms metallic alkalies & alkal9e e>?s1 resembl+ silv] 9 ?is direction1 & also metallic comp\nds ) z9c & copp]2 9 ?is po9t x is v simil> to silv]4 ,small quantities ( lead pres5t 9 o!r metals--z1 = in/ance1 a small trace 9 gold--alt] its physical qualities to a great ext5t2 :il/ ! addition ( m9ute traces ( o!r metals to lead--z1 = in/ance1 antimony--cause x to become h>d1 a fact made use ( 9 ! manufacture ( %ot4 ,a numb] ( oxides ( ! metal are kn[n3 two v>ieties ( protoxides 7massicot & li?>ge71 protoxide hydrate1 & bioxide4 ,sulphide1 or gal5a1 repres5ts ! *ief =m 9 :i* lead is f\nd 9 ,nature1 & f :i* ! actual metal is produc$ by metallurgical processes4 ,! salts ( lead may be divid$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! c>bonates or hydrat$ c>bonates employ$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( indu/rial & o!r processes1 :i* are ! cause ( mu* lead poison+4 #b4 ,! acetates1 bo? normal & basic1 :i* are p>ticul>ly conc]n$ 9 ! production ( :ite lead--at any rate 9 ! process ( conv]t+ metallic lead into ! hydrat$ c>bonate ?r\gh ! m$ium ( acetic acid & /eam4 #c4 ,*romate ( lead1 :i* is us$ z a pigm5t1 & also 9 dye+ y>ns1 etc4 #d4 ,! nitrates & *lorides2 ! *loride p>ticul>ly is us$ z an oxidiz+ ag5t 7plumb+1 sold]+1 t9n+ ( metals74 #e4 ,! silicates1 silico-borates1 silico-fluoborates1 :i* con/itute ! _m v>ieties ( glass & cry/als us$ 9 optical in/rum5ts1 & ! v>i\s glazes & enamel col\rs us$ 9 ! pott]ies4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( o!r d]ivatives1 b ^! are n ( special int]e/ to ! subject 9 h&4 ,! ,action ( ,wat] ^u ,lead4--,! action ( wat] on lead 0 kn[n ev5 to ! anci5ts1 ,pl9y & ,gal5 hav+ writt5 on ! subject4 ,at times1 & "u c]ta9 conditions1 z mu* z #bj milligrammes p] litre h be5 f\nd1 z 9 ! ,bacup epidemic1 & #ad milligrammes p] litre 9 ! epidemic at ,cl>emont4 ,biss]ie#f 9 #aijj made an exhau/ive inquiry into ! action ( wat] ^u lead2 he gives ! foll[+ conclusions3 #a4 ,wat] & sal9e solutions attack lead m or less readily :5 x is 9 comb9ation ) ano!r metal1 su* z sold]1 copp]1 bronze1 iron1 or nickel1 ! result be+ a hydrat$ oxide4 #b4 ,! maximum effect is produc$ ) wat] slightly acid & ) solutions ( *lorides or nitrates4 ,) ^! x is n necess>y to h o!r metals pres5t1 & if ! wat] is ?or\ghly a]at$ ! pure metal is attack$4 #c4 ,bic>bonates & c>bonic acid ex]cise by !mselves an action on wet lead1 b ! c>bonate ( lead =m$ 9 ! process adh]es firmly to ! surface ( ! metal1 & prev5ts any fur!r action4 #d4 ,sulphates act 9 ! same way1 b 9 less degree4 #e4 ,?is protective action is mu* dim9i%$ :5 ! wat] is ev5 slightly *>g$ ) nitrates or organic mat]ial4 ,p\*et has po9t$ out t lead bran*-pipes fix$ to iron wat]-pipes1 ?us produc+ an 8iron-lead c\ple10 set up def9ite electro-*emical *anges1 & t5d to increase ! rate at :i* solution ( lead 9 ! pipe wat] takes place4 ,h\/on#g1 9 an ext5sive & v full report on ! effect ( wat] ^u lead1 especially und]tak5 = ! purpose ( inquiry into ! contam9ation ( supplies ( dr9k+ wat] by means ( lead1 di/+ui%es two species ( action--namely1 plumbo-solv5cy1 :i* is br\ght ab\t by ! acidity ( ! wat] 9 contact ) lead2 & a second k9d ( action1 erosion1 det]m9$ to "s ext5t by ! dissolv$ air 9 ! wat]4 ,he came to ! conclusion t ! plumbo-solv5cy & erosive action ( wat] on metallic lead diff]$ consid]ably1 & t ! protective lay] or plumbo-protective sub/ance did n always protect lead pipes f ! solv5t action ( wat]4 ,*emical ,*>act]s ( ,lead ,salts4--,a %ort summ>y ( ! *emi/ry ( lead salts may n be out ( place4 ,a soluble salt ( lead1 su* z ! acetate or nitrate1 is precipitat$ by 7#a7 hydrog5 sulphide or alkal9e sulphide z a br[n or black precipitate1 :i* is insoluble 9 ammonium sulphide4 ,9 dilute solutions ?is sulphide is1 h[ev]1 appreciably soluble 9 m9]al acids1 & may introduce errors 9 analysis1 especially z ! solubility is di/9ctly increas$ by ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 e>?y salts4 ,! sulphide produc$ ?r\gh ! action ( alkal9e sulphide on a soluble salt ( lead is less soluble ?an is ! correspond+ acid sulphide4 ,soluble salts ( lead are at once precipitat$ by album9 or peptone2 ! result+ precipitate has no /able composition4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions def9ite colloidal precipitates are =m$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! pres5ce ( sulphide ( copp] or m]cury4 7#b7 ,sulphuric acid or soluble sulphates produce a precipitate ( lead sulphate insoluble 9 excess ( ! precipitat+ salt or sulphuric acid1 & only slightly soluble 9 alkal9e solutions4 ,?is me?od is ! "o g5]ally adopt$ = gravimetric det]m9ation ( a lead salt4 7#c7 ,potassium *romate produces a precipitate ( *romate ( lead v little soluble 9 acid1 b soluble 9 cau/ic alkali4 7#d7 ,potassium iodide produces a yell[ lead iodide1 soluble on heat+1 & reprecipitat+ & cry/alliz+ on cool+4 7#e7 ,alkal9e *lorides & hydro*loric acid produce ne$le-l cry/als ( lead *loride soluble on heat+1 & reprecipitat+ on cool+4 7#f7 ,potassium nitrate 9 conjunction ) a copp] salt 7copp] acetate7 produces a precipitate ( a triple copp]1 lead1 & potassium nitrate1 cry/alliz+ 9 *>act]i/ic violet-black cubes4 ,?is reaction is "o made use ( 9 ! qualitative det]m9ation ( small quantities ( lead 9 organic fluids 7see p4 #afg74 ,all ! precipitates ( lead salts1 ) ! exception ( ! sulphide1 are soluble 9 fix$ alkalies1 9 ammonium acetate1 ammonium t>trate1 & ammonium citrate4 ,x is possible to det]m9e ! pres5ce ( lead 9 a l>ge volume )\t evaporat+ d[n ! :ole bulk ( fluid4 ,by ?is means liquid conta9+ lead is treat$ ) sulphide ( copp]1 sulphide ( m]cury1 or b>yta-wat]4 ,meillre /ates t he has detect$ ! pres5ce ( z small a quantity z #a milligramme ( lead 9 #a1jjj c4c4 ( wat] 9 ?is mann] )\t evaporat+ ! liquid4 ,:]e lead is 9 organic comb9ation1 z is ! case 9 ! ur9e ( p]sons suff]+ f lead poison+1 x is n decompos$ by hydrog5 sulphide1 & ! me?od is !re=e n applicable 9 su* cases1 b is useful 9 wat] exam9ation4 ,electrolytic ,reactions4--,solutions ( lead are easily electrolyz$1 & give a precipitate ( lead at ! ca?ode2 simultane\sly ! p]oxide is produc$ at ! anode1 & ! reaction is acid4 ,9 nitric acid solutions ,ri*e po9t$ out t ! :ole ( ! lead is c>ri$ to ! anode1 & ?is is ! reaction made use ( 9 ! det]m9ation ( lead pres5t 9 ! ur9e 7see p4 #agb74 ,! pres5ce ( copp] 9 an electrolyte regulates ! precipitation ( lead oxide1 copp] alone be+ deposit$ at ! ca?ode1 & at ! same "t ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( copp] promotes ! de/ruction ( organic mat]ials4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,,pl9y3 lxxxiii41 #aa1 ,n4c4v4 #b ,,/ockhus53 ,de ,li?>g4 ,fumo1 etc4 ,gosl>1 #afef4 #c ,,tron*93 ,de ,colica ,pictonum4 #ageh4 #d ,,john ,,hunt]3 ,obs]vations ( ,diseases ( ! ,army 9 ,jamaica4 ,london1 #aghh4 #e ,,meill,,re1 ,g43 ,le ,saturnisme4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 #f ,,biss]ie3 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,ph>macol4 ,may1 #aijj4 #g ,,h\/on3 ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ,annual ,report1 #aija-jb1 supplem5t1 vol4 ii4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,tiology ,lead poison+ ( indu/rial orig9 r>ely occurs 9 ! acute =m4 ,practically all cases com+ "u ! notice ( ei!r appo9t$ surgeons1 c]tify+ surgeons1 or ev5 9 ! w>ds ( g5]al hospitals1 are ( ! subacute or *ronic type4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t lead comp\nds are us$ m frequ5tly by ! work]s 9 lead indu/ries z abortifaci5ts ?an by o!r p]sons4 ,! comp\nds ( lead :i* are responsible = poison+ 9 indu/rial processes are = ! mo/ "p ! hydrat$ c>bonate1 or :ite lead1 & ! oxides ( lead1 :il/ a comp>atively small numb] ( cases owe _! orig9 to comp\nds1 su* z *romates & *lorides4 ,! poison\s nature ( any lead comp\nd f an indu/rial po9t ( view is proportional to 7#a7 ! size ( ! ultimate p>ticles ( ! sub/ance manufactur$1 & !re=e ! ease ) :i* su* p>ticles are capable ( dissem9ation 9 ! air2 & 7#b7 ! solubility ( ! p>ticles 9 ! normal fluids ( ! body1 su* z ! saliva1 ph>yngeal & tra*eal & bron*ial mucus1 etc41 & ! fluids ( ! /oma* & inte/9e4 ,an in/ance ( ! v>iation 9 size ( ! p>ticles ( lead comp\nds us$ indu/rially is ! diff]5ce betwe5 gr\nd lead silicate 7fritt$ lead7 us$ 9 ! pott]ies1 & ! size ( ! p>ticles ( ord9>y :ite or 8raw0 lead4 ,by micrometric measurem5ts "o ( u ,k4 ,w4 ,g4#a f\nd ! av]age size ( ! p>ticles ( fritt to be t5 times t ( ! :ite lead p>ticles4 ,fur!r1 direct exp]im5t made ) equal masses ( ! two comp\nds 9 su* a mann] t ! rate ( settl+ ( ! du/ aris+ c\ld be directly comp>$ 9 a beam ( p>allel light %[$ pres5ce ( du/ 9 ! :ite lead *amb] fifte5 m9utes aft] ! fritt *amb] 0 entirely cle>4 ,x is f\nd z a matt] ( practice t :]e du/ is especially creat$1 & :]e x is difficult to remove su* du/ by exhau/ fans1 ! greate/ incid5ce ( lead poison+ occurs4 ,! association ( du/y processes & incid5ce ( lead poison+ is discuss$ 9 relation to ! v>i\s trades 9 ,*apt]s ,,xv4 to ,,xvii4 ,fume & vap\r giv5 (f f ! molt5 metal or comp\nds1 su* z *lorides 7t9n+71 are only a special case ( du/4 ,! *annels ?r\gh :i* lead or its comp\nds may ga9 entrance to ! animal body are !oretically ?ree 9 numb]3 #a4 ,respiratory tract4 #b4 ,ga/ro-inte/9al4 #c4 ,cutane\s4 ,= _m ye>s mo/ au?orities h held t indu/rial poison+ by means ( comp\nds ( lead takes place directly ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal1 & t ! poison is convey$ to ! m\? ma9ly by unwa%$ h&s1 by food contam9at$ ) lead du/1 & by lead du/ susp5d$ 9 ! air becom+ deposit$ ^u ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & ph>ynx1 & !n swall[$4 ,z evid5ce t lead du/ is swall[$1 ! classical symptom ( colic 9 lead poison+ has be5 adduc$1 on ! supposition1 9 ! abs5ce ( any exp]im5tal pro(1 t ! lead swall[$ act$ z an irritant on ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal1 ?us caus+ colic1 &1 on absorption f ! canal1 sett+ up o!r g5]al symptoms4 ,mu* ( ! e>ly treatm5t ( lead poison+ is bas$ ^u ?is assumption1 & ! adm9i/ration ( sulphuric acid lemonade & ! exhibition ( sulphate ( magnesia & o!r simil> comp\nds z treatm5t is fur!r evid5ce ( ! view t ! poison+ 0 consid]$ prim>ily inte/9al4 ,"o ( ! *ief objections to ?is view1 ap>t f ! exp]im5tal evid5ce1 is t 9 ^? trades :]e metallic lead is h&l$1 p>ticul>ly lead roll+1 v few hygi5ic precautions h ev] be5 tak5 9 reg>d to wa%+ be=e meals1 smok+1 etc4 ,al?\gh 9 ^! trades ! h&s become coat$ ) a lead comp\nd 7oleate71 & ! work]s frequ5tly eat _! food ) unwa%$ h&s1 ?us af=d+ e opportunity = ! +e/ion ( lead1 ! incid5ce ( poison+ is by no means z high or s pron\nc$ 9 ^! occupations z 9 ^? giv+ rise to lead du/1 su* z ! :ite lead indu/ry1 :]e special precautions are tak51 & :]e ! incid5ce ( poison+ is always relat$ to ! du/ brea!d4 ,respiratory ,tract4--,9 a report on ! incid5ce ( lead poison+ 9 ! manufacture ( pa9ts & col\rs1 "o ( u ,t4 ,m4 ,l4#b 9 #aijb laid /ress on ! m>k$ incid5ce ( poison+ 9 ! specially du/y lead processes4 ,foll[+ on t report special att5tion 0 giv5 to ! removal ( du/ by means ( exhau/ v5tilation4 ,) ! introduction ( precaution>y measures1 ! incid5ce ( poison+ und]w5t a m>k$ decrease1 ?is decrease be+ mo/ def9ite 9 ^? indu/ries :]e effici5t exhau/ v5tilation c\ld be ma9ta9$ 7see p4 #dg74 ,exp]i5ce %[s t cases ( poison+ 9 any giv5 trade or manufactur+ process are always ref]able to ! op]ations :i* cause ! greate/ am\nt ( du/1 & :]e1 !re=e1 ! opportunity ( inhal+ lead du/ is greate/4 ,! inve/igations ( ,duck]+#c1 ref]r$ to on p4 #bjc1 %[ ! am\nt ( du/ pres5t 9 ! air 9 c]ta9 dang]\s processes4 ,8 results cl9* ! d$uctions made f g5]al obs]vation1 t du/y processes are ^? especially relat$ to incid5ce ( indu/rial poison+4 tiologically1 !re=e1 ! relation%ip ( du/-contam9at$ air & poison+ is und5iable1 & 9 n a few in/ances on record p]sons resid+ at a di/ance f a lead factory h develop$ poison+1 al?\gh n employ$ 9 any occupation involv+ contact ) lead1 a]ial infection ?r\gh du/ rema9+ ! only explanation4 ,! actual *annel ?r\gh :i* ! lead du/ susp5d$ 9 ! air ga9s entrance to ! body is1 !re=e1 ( especial importance2 "o ( two *annels is op5--ga/ro-inte/9al & respiratory4 ,! inve/igations ( "o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 on ! exp]im5tal production ( lead poison+ 9 animals has %[n conclusively t ! du/ inhal$ 0 f> m dang]\s1 & produc$ symptoms f> e>li] ?an did ! direct +e/ion ( a v mu* l>g] quantity ( ! same comp\nd by way ( ! m\? & ga/ro-inte/9al canal4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] t ! *ief ag5t 9 caus+ lead poison+ is du/ or fume susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,t a c]ta9 am\nt f9ds its way into ! /oma* direct is n d5i$1 b f exp]im5tal evid5ce we consid] ! lung r ?an ! /oma* to be ! *ief *annel ?r\gh :i* absorption takes place 7see p4 #ha74 ,! foll[+ table gives a specific in/ance ( ! incid5ce ( lead poison+ 9 a :ite lead factory1 & demon/rates cle>ly ! tiological importance ( du/4 ,! increase 9 report$ cases1 z well z 9 symptoms ( lead absorption n suffici5tly sev]e to prev5t ! individual f foll[+ 8 usual occupation1 0 associat$ ) ! rebuild+ ( a portion ( ! factory 9 :i* ! pack+ ( dry :ite lead _h be5 c>ri$ on = a l>ge numb] ( ye>s4 ,! alt]ations necessitat$ ! removal ( sev]al floors1 all ( :i* 7 ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) lead du/4 ,be=e ! alt]ations 7 und]tak5 x 0 recogniz$ t consid]able dang] w\ld arise2 /r+5t precautions 7 !re=e tak51 & ! h&s engag$ 9 ! alt]ations kept "u special obs]vation4 ,not)/&+ ?is !re 0 an increase 9 ! numb] ( report$ cases1 :i* 7 all mild cases ( colic2 all recov]$1 & 7 able to return to _! "w 9 a %ort "t4 ,,table ,i4--,,lead ,,poison+ ,,9 ,a ,,:ite ,,lead ,,factory4 ,! figures ref] to ! weekly exam9ation ( ! :ole ( ! m54 ,= example1 if a man 0 return$ z suff]+ f anmia on ?ree occasions1 he appe>s z ?ree cases 9 ,column #g4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total ,total ,cases ,cases ,numb] ,cases 9 9 ( ( ,du/y ,o!r ,cases ,cases ,cases ,exami-,poison- ,pro- ,pro- ( ,sus- ( ( ,blue ,ye> nations + cessescessesp5sion,anmia,tremor ,l9e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 7#i7 #aije #e1dfd #i #h #a #bj #gh;,b#bdi;,b#caa;,b #aijf;,a #e1jif #ah #af #b #i #bef #bae #ecb #aijg #d1cjc #d #c #a #f #fb #ha #ch #aijh #c1ife #d #c #a #e #dj #be #aa ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,a ,/ructural alt]ations 9 progress1 includ+ cutt+ up 8lead floor10 saturat$ ) :ite lead du/4 ,b ,^! numb]s = ! half-ye> only1 ! inspection be+ tak5 ov] 9 ,june1 #aije4 ,meillre#d goes to consid]able tr\ble to %[ t absorption ( lead du/ by ! lung is hypo!tical2 t x may take place1 b t x is n a *annel ( absorption ( practical importance4 ,he cites a numb] ( op9ions & exp]im5ts by v>i\s obs]v]s on ! absorption ( lead ?r\gh ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 alim5t>y canal1 conjunctiva1 etc41 & he reg>ds ! absorption ( lead z "o peculi>ly conf9$1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 to ! inte/9al canal4 ,! usual view is t1 9 ! passage ( ! respir$ du/-lad5 air ?r\gh ! nose1 ! l>g] p>ticles ( du/ are deposit$ fir/ ( all ^u ! muc\s membrane 9 ! int]ior *amb]s ( ! nose2 fur!r1 a second deposit takes place on ! po/]ior wall ( ! ph>ynx & 9 ! ?roat1 :]e ! eddies produc$ by ! curr5t ( air inhal$ ?r\gh ! no/rils all[ ! f9] p>ticles to become m easily deposit$4 ,f9ally1 %\ld a small trace ga9 access to ! l>ynx1 x is said to be deposit$ !re ^u ! muc\s membrane1 to be subsequ5tly eject$1 & only a v small proportion ( ! total may ev] f9d its way into ! lung4 ,9 all ardu\s lab\r1 directly ! respiration rate rises ?r\gh extra calls made ^u ! muscles ( ! body1 an increase 9 ! dep? ( respiration takes place2 yet ev5 "u ^! circum/ances ,meillre & o!rs incl9e to ! view t ! du/ is deposit$ on ! muc\s surfaces ( ! m\? & swall[$4 ,exp]im5tal evid5ce is entirely oppos$ to ^! suppositions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 unless p>ticles ( du/ readily f9d _! way into ! lung1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! lung itself becomes ! site ( s mu* deposit ( c>bon1 & ( fl9ty mat]ial 9 /onegr9d]'s pneumokoniosis4 ,! /a9+ ( ! lung by means ( c>bon p>ticles1 p>ticul>ly 9 dwell]s 9 cities1 is too well kn[n to w>rant m ?an a pass+ ref]5ce4 ,moreov]1 exp]im5tal "w has %[n t f9e p[d]s susp5d$ 9 ! air easily rea* ! lung4 ,armit#e has %[n t ! nickel 9 nickel c>bonyl poison+ ga9s direct access to ! lung1 & becomes deposit$ !re1 ! metallic p>ticles be+ readily demon/rat$ 9 ! lung tissue itself4 ,fur!r1 ! exp]im5ts 7see p4 #hd7 demon/rate t :ite lead du/ & o!r =ms ( lead du/ def9itely ga9 access to ! lung1 & ?us inhal$ produce all ! symptoms ( lead poison+ 9 animals subject$ to ! inhalation4 ,:ite lead1 li?>ge1 or r$ lead1 are n easily susp5d$ 9 wat]1 & long-cont9u$ mix+ is necess>y to make a susp5sion4 ,great difficulty is f\nd 9 8lay+0 lead du/ by wat]1 z ! foll[+ exp]im5t demon/rates3 ,five wa%-bottles are arrang$ 9 s]ies2 9 ! fir/ gr\nd dry :ite lead is plac$1 & ! o!r ?ree bottles are fill$ ) wat]1 & a tube laid "u ! surface ( ! wat] 9 su* a way t ! air f ! fir/ bottle mu/ pass ! :ole ( ! wat] seals 9 ea* subsequ5t bottle4 ,9 ! la/ bottle is dilute nitric acid saturat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,if ! s]ies is n[ atta*$ to an aspirat+ j>1 & air drawn sl[ly ov] at ! rate ( ord9>y respiration1 ! :ite lead p[d] 9 ! fir/ bottle be+ at ! same "t %ak5 s t ! air is fully *>g$ ) f9ely p[d]$ du/1 lead is quickly detect$ 9 ! air pass+ ?r\gh ! la/ bottle ( ! s]ies1 by ! d>k5+ ( ! solution4 ,9 ?is way ! pres5ce ( lead du/ has be5 demon/rat$ aft] pass+ ?r\gh f\r #b-;in* wat] seals & #h feet ( -in* wet rubb] tub+4 ,su* an exp]im5t negatives ! !ory t all1 or ev5 a l>ge quantity1 ( a f9ely divid$ p[d] becomes deposit$ on ! upp] portion ( ! respiratory tract4 ,p>ticles ( lead pres5t 9 ! air 9 indu/rial processes are exce$+ly m9ute1 & ev5 9 gr\nd :ite lead ! av]age size ( ! p>ticle is "u #a 4 ,f9ally1 ,tanqu]el#f & ,/anski#g succe$$ 9 produc+ lead poison+ exp]im5tally by bl[+ lead du/ ?r\gh a tube ins]t$ 9 a tra*eotomy op5+4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 no room = d\bt t ! lung is ! pre-em95t portal = lead absorption1 p>ticul>ly 9 indu/rial processes2 f :i* x foll[s1 z has be5 ext5sively %[n 9 actual practice1 t ! dim9ution ( du/ 9 work%ops & factories by means ( exhau/ v5tilation is inv>iably foll[$ by a dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( cases ( plumbism4 ,ga/ro-,inte/9al4--,we h dealt ) absorption by way ( ! lung1 & h insi/$ t su* inhalation ( du/ is ( great] importance 9 giv+ rise to indu/rial lead poison+ ?an ga/ro-inte/9al absorption4 ,ga/ro-inte/9al absorption c take place1 & is by no means negligible1 9 ord9>y indu/rial conditions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important confirmatory evid5ces ( ! absorption ( lead by ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal is to be f\nd 9 ! l>ge outbreaks ( poison+ 9 :i* wat]-supplies h be5 contam9at$1 ei!r at _! s\rce or locally4 ,we h already se5 t electrolysis may play an important "p 9 ! solution ( lead 9 wat]1 & also le>nt f ,gauti]#h t ! c>bon dioxide cont5t ( wat] is n necess>ily ! sole pr$ispos+ elem5t 9 ! solution ( lead4 ,9 ?is connection an important case is describ$ by ,?re%#i1 :]e wat] by no means s(t1 b hold+ "s #cj degrees ( h>dness1 produc$ lead poison+ 9 an isolat$ family4 ,! wat] 9 "q 0 di/9ctly acid to litmus-pap]1 & conta9$ a v high p]c5tage ( nitrates2 ! comp\nd or salt ( lead pres5t 0 !re=e "o easily absorb$ f ! alim5t>y canal 7see p4 #hf74 ,9 all in/ances ( wat]-borne lead poison+ ! am\nt ( lead pres5t 9 ! wat] 0 small2 b z su* lead w\ld n be remov$ by boil+1 ! am\nt ( wat] consum$ p] p]son f ! contam9at$ s\rce 0 probably l>ge4 ,z ! signs ( poison+ did n appe> until a consid]able "t _h elaps$1 a mu* l>g] quantity ( lead 0 probably absorb$ ?an w\ld appe> f ! simple /atem5t t ! wat] conta9$ gra9 p] gallon4 ,a numb] ( cases h be5 report$ f use ( dia*ylon z an abortifaci5t1 & ! symptoms 9 ^! cases are inv>iably ^? :i* occur 9 o!r sev]e =ms ( poison+ su* z are met ) 9 indu/rial processes4 ,9 ne>ly e case colic 0 ! fir/ symptom1 foll[$ lat] by p>esis ( v>i\s types--amaurosis1 album9uria1 album9uric ret9itis1 melan*olia1 encephalopa?y--& n a few ( ! p]sons succumb$4 ,9 mo/ ( ! report$ cases abortion 0 produc$1 b 9 "s1 p>ticul>ly 9 "o#aj1 ?ree doz5 pills conta9+ dia*ylon 7 tak5 9 a mon?1 produc+ acute lead poison+1 colic1 & p>esis1 b n abortion4 ,9 fifte5 record$ cases ( ! use ( dia*ylon1 f\rte5 %[$ a lead l9e1 9 _m cases di/9ct & broad4 ,?is po9t has consid]able int]e/1 z su* a l9e _c h be5 produc$ by oral contact4 ,! drug 9 ! =m ( pills w\ld be rapidly swall[$1 & little opportunity af=d$ = p>ticles to rema9 9 ! m\?4 ,its pres5ce1 !re=e1 sugge/s excretion f circulat+ blood ( lead :i* has be5 absorb$ 9 ! inte/9e4 ,! blue l9e w be ref]r$ to aga9 lat] 7see p4 #abb74 ,practically all cases ( wat] poison+ & ( swall[+ ( lead comp\nds h develop$ colic4 ,fur!r1 colic is cit$ 9 all ! e>ly record$ cases1 ev5 9 ! v e>lie/ cases ref]r$ to 9 ! hi/orical note1 ( lead poison+2 & z poison+ 9 ^? cases _h inv>iably tak5 place by swall[+ ! drug1 x may be presum$ f ?is association has aris5 ! belief t lead mu/ be swall[$ to produce ga/ro-inte/9al symptoms4 ,no att5tion has be5 paid to ! fact t a few cases ( def9ite cutane\s absorption ( lead f ! use ( hair lotions h be5 foll[$ by colic4 ,ga/ro-inte/9al symptoms1 !re=e1 c be produc$ )\t ! direct +e/ion ( ! drug1 & colic is a symptom ( g5]aliz$ blood-infection r ?an a localiz$ irritative action on ! inte/9al mucosa4 ,?is "q1 aga91 is m relat$ to pa?ology ?an tiology1 & is dealt ) 9 t section4 ,b m5tion may be made "h ( ! fact t a numb] ( obs]v]s1 m lately ,meillre1 h laid x d[n z an axiom t exp]im5tal production ( lead poison+ 9 animals gives no crit]ion or evid5ce ( lead poison+ produc$ 9 man indu/rially4 ,v grave exception mu/ be tak5 at once to su* a /atem5t4 ,9 ! majority ( exp]im5ts quot$ by ,meillre ! quantity ( lead giv5 = exp]im5tal purposes has be5 l>ge--mu* l>g]1 inde$1 ?an is necess>y to produce small & *>act]i/ic effects--& in/ead ( *ronic poison+ an acute lead poison+ has g5]ally be5 set up2 & ev5 :]e *ronic poison+ has sup]v5$1 ! condition has z a rule be5 mask$ by ! sev]] initial symptoms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! evid5ce to be d]iv$ f comp>ison ( ! v>i\s obs]vations f animal exp]im5ts br+s out ) rem>kable unanimity ! simil>ity ( ! symptoms to ^? produc$ 9 man1 &1 z w be se5 lat] 9 ! section devot$ to ,pa?ology1 exp]im5ts by "o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 h s f> confirm$ ?is surmise2 9 fact1 a description ( a case ( encephalopa?y com+ on aft] lead poison+ ( a *ronic nature1 describ$ by ,mott1 agrees 9 practically e p>ticul> ) ! tra9 ( symptoms z obs]v$ 9 ^! exp]im5tal animals4 ,c]ta9 slight diff]5ces z to ! muscles fir/ affect$ are obs]v$1 b x is practically always ! homolog\s muscle 7! physiological action ( :i* m ne>ly resembles ! human muscle7 :i* is ! "o to be affect$ 9 ! animal1 n ! anatomical homologue4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ! cat ! sp9al muscles1 & p>ticul>ly ! quadriceps ext5sor1 is ! muscle :i* is fir/ affect$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ant]ior crural n]ve4 ,?is ext5sor muscle is "o :i* only p]=ms a slight am\nt ( "w 9 ext5d+ ! knee-jo9t1 ! am\nt ( "w be+1 h[ev]1 disproportionate to ! size ( ! muscle4 ,! ext5sors ( ! =e-feet ultimately d become weak5$1 b x is ! h9d-limb ^u :i* ! /ress fir/ falls4 ,att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! solubility ( lead salts 9 ga/ric juices1 ! majority ( su* exp]im5ts hav+ be5 p]=m$ ) artificial ga/ric juice4 ,! me?od at pres5t 9 use1 prescrib$ by ! am5d$ rules ( ,augu/1 #aijj1 = e>!nw>e & *9a factories1 is bas$ on "s1 if slight1 consid]ation ( ! physiology ( dige/ion4 ,! me?od describ$ by ,rule ,,ii4 /ates t ! e/imation ( ! quantity ( lead pres5t 9 ! lead fritt %all be p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,a weigh$ quantity ( dry mat]ial is to be cont9u\sly %ak5 = "o h\r at room temp]ature ) "o ?\s& times its weight ( an aque\s solution ( hydro*loric acid1 conta9+ #jbe p] c5t4 ( ,h,cl4 ,?is solution is !reaft] to be all[$ to /& = "o h\r1 & to be pass$ ?r\gh a filt]4 ,! lead salt conta9$ 9 a portion ( ! cle> filt] is !n to be precipitat$ z lead sulphide1 & weigh$ z lead sulphate4 ,?is me?od has be5 adopt$ on ! supposition t ! solubility ( a lead salt 9 ! ga/ric juices is ! *ief s\rce ( ! lead poison+ 9 ! ,pott]ies1 & t ! hydro*loric acid cont5t ( ! solution det]m9es1 = practical purposes1 ! quantity ( lead dissolv$ out ( a giv5 sample4 ,! temp]ature1 h[ev]1 at :i* ?is e/imation is made--namely1 room temp]ature--is "o consid]ably l[] ?an t ( ! body1 & ! quantity ( lead tak5 up into solution at ?is temp]ature is less ?an t :i* occurs at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! body--#cg ,c4 ,practically twice z mu* lead is dissolv$ out ( fritt at #cg ,c4 = an h\r z is r5d]$ soluble at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! room--ab\t #ae ,c4 ,?omason#aa1 :o made "s exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction1 gives a figure ( #bce lead oxide dissolv$ at #ae ,c4 & #ded at #cg ,c4 ,9 ano!r e/imation--a matt]1 too1 ( "s consid]able importance--x 0 f\nd t acetic acid dissolv$ #aig p] c5t1 at #ae ,c41 & #cbg at #cg ,c4 ,9 lactic acid ! figure 0 #bbh at #ae ,c41 & #cec at #cg ,c4 ,x is !re=e a l[ e/imation ( ! solubility ( any sub/ance by ! ga/ric juices if ! sub/ance is op]at$ on at a temp]ature bel[ t ( ! body4 ,! "q ( ! solubility ( a lead salt 9 ! ga/ric cont5ts is important 9 view ( ! small quantities ( du/ swall[$2 & 9 addition to hydro*loric acid1 o!r sub/ances are also pres5t 9 ! ga/ric juice1 :i* is by no means a simple aque\s solution ( ! m9]al acid4 ,fur!r1 ! ga/ric juice1 except 9 cases ( pa?ological type1 is n acid 9 p]iods ( ga/ric re/1 unless su* acidity may be repres5t$ by ! pres5ce ( f]m5tative acids--acetic1 lactic1 & butyric4 ,! activity ( ! ga/ric juice on lead is directly caus$ by ! quantity ( organic acids pres5t 9 addition to ! hydro*loric acid1 & by ! pres5ce ( food/uffs--7#a7 9 ! undige/$ & 7#b7 9 ! semidige/$ condition4 ,9 consid]+ ! absorption ( lead products f ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal1 ! normal dige/ive processes %\ld n be lo/ sight (--t is1 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts :i* occur dur+ dige/ion ( food4 ,on swall[+ food1 no def9ite acidity is pres5t 9 ! /oma* = fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes1 & ev5 aft] t "t ! hydro*loric acid is only comm5c+ to be secret$4 ,z dige/ion proce$s1 & ! :ole mass becomes p>tially dissolv$1 su* portions z are 9 a soluble condition are pass$ ?r\gh ! pyloric op5+ at int]vals1 & ! :ole cont5ts ( ! /oma* d n pass /raight ?r\gh ! pyloric op5+ z ?r\gh an ord9>y /raight dra9-pipe4 ,z ea* mass ( food passes onw>ds ?r\gh ! pylorus1 x comes into contact 9 ! duod5um ) pancreatic juice1 & ) ! bile1 ^! alkal9e fluids rapidly *ange ! reaction1 & all[ ! o!r f]m5ts1 tryps91 etc41 to become active4 ,z ! mass proce$s onw>ds ?r\gh ! inte/9e1 ! succus ent]icus also ex]ts its function4 ,f9ally ! fluid cont5ts ( ! inte/9e are pass$ onw>ds ?r\gh ! ileo-ccal valve4 ,dur+ ! passage f ! pylorus to ! ileo-ccal valve1 ! reaction ( ! inte/9al cont5ts und]goes v>iations1 f an alkal9e 9 ! duod5um or upp] p>ts ( ! jejunum1 to acid at ! ileo-ccal valve4 ,practically no absorption takes place f ! /oma* itself2 a small quantity ( wat] & su* highly volatile fluids z alcohol may be absorb$1 b ! ma9 absorption is n comm5c$ until ! food has left ! /oma*2 9 fact1 ! /oma* conta9s no me*anism = food absorption4 ,! "w ( absorption ( ! products ( dige/ion is c>ri$ on actively ?r\gh ! small inte/9e until f9ally ! mat]ials h rea*$ ! l>ge inte/9e ?r\gh ! ileo-ccal valve2 wat] is !n ma9ly absorb$1 & album9\s fluids & sub/ances 9 solution to "s ext5t1 b ! am\nt ( absorption :i* takes place is inf9itesimal z comp>$ ) t ( ! small inte/9e4 ,^! po9ts 9 ! physiology ( dige/ion require to be tak5 into acc\nt :5 discuss+ ! absorption ( lead salts 9 ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal4 ,:5 human ga/ric juice is obta9$ direct f ! /oma* 9 man1 & lead is submitt$ to its action1 def9ite quantities ( lead pass into solution2 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 9 ! normal ga/ric juice lead sulphate is z soluble z bo? :ite lead & li?>ge4 ,! foll[+ two tables give ! results ( ! e/imation ( ! direct action ( human ga/ric juice ^u lead4 ,! p>ticul> po9t is t ! juice 0 obta9$ by ! /oma* tube f p]sons :o _h be5 giv5 a simple te/ meal prec$$ by a twelve h\rs' fa/2 ! juice 0 !re=e 9 a normal condition4 ,! te/s gave ! foll[+ results 9 ! normal /oma*3 ,lead sulphate #jjhj p] c5t4 ,:ite lead #jjdh ,li?>ge #jjdj ,9 ! second dige/ion1 9 :i* ! analysis ( ! cont5ts %[$ ! pati5t to be suff]+ f ! condition kn[n z 8hyp]hydro*loridia10 ! results 7-- ,lead sulphate #jjdf p] c5t4 ,:ite lead #jjdb ,li?>ge #jcdj ,a v l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts h also be5 p]=m$ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! solubility ( raw lead glaze1 & :ite lead1 9 artificial dige/ions1 ! dige/ions hav+ be5 made up 9 su* a way t !y resembl$ z f> z possible 9 e p>ticul> ! ord9>y /oma* cont5ts4 ,! type ( dige/ion us$ 0 z foll[s3 ,dry breadcrumbs #adj grammes4 ,hydro*loric acid #e c4c4 ,lactic acid #ja c4c4 ,acetic acid #ja c4c4 ,peps9 #ab grammes4 ,milk #a1bjj c4c4 ,dige/ions 7 p]=m$ ) ?is mixture1 & 9 e case ! dige/ 0 divid$ into two portions2 ea* portion 0 reta9$ at body temp]ature1 ) agitation = a c\ple ( h\rs1 & at ! end ( t "t "o portion 0 submitt$ to analysis4 ,! second portion 0 neutraliz$1 sodium c>bonate & pancreatic f]m5t add$1 & dige/ion c>ri$ on = ano!r two & a half h\rs at body temp]ature4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! pancreatic dige/ 0 exam9$4 ,?irty-five dige/ions 7 p]=m$4 ,:5 #a gramme ( :ite lead 0 us$--t is1 #jja p] c5t41 conta9+ #jge p] c5t4 ( lead oxide--! quantity ( lead f\nd z lead oxide 9 ! acid dige/ v>i$ f #b to #c p] c5t41 :il/ ! am\nt f\nd 9 ! pancreatic dige/ v>i$ f #d to #fe p] c5t4 ( ! add$ salt4 ,on increas+ ! am\nt to #ab grammes--t is1 #a p] c5t4--! quantity return$ 9 ! dige/ only increas$ f #ae to #b p] c5t4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! addition ( l>g] quantities ( mat]ial ! ratio ( solubility did n rise 9 proportion to ! quantity add$4 ,:]e a direct pancreatic dige/ion 0 p]=m$ )\t ! prelim9>y dige/ ( ! ga/ric cont5ts1 ! am\nt ( lead pres5t 9 ! dige/ 0 only ab\t #jb p] c5t4 ( ! quantity add$2 inde$1 x 0 v mu* small] ?an ! am\nt dissolv$ out aft] prelim9>y acid dige/ion--t is1 if ! normal sequ5ce ( dige/ion is foll[$1 ! solubility progresses aft] ! ga/ric dige/ has be5 neutraliz$ & pancreatic f]m5t has be5 add$1 :]eas v sl[ action inde$ occurs z ! result ( action ( ! pancreatic dige/ alone4 ,"s exp]im5ts describ$ by ,?omason#ab1 al?\gh c>ri$ out )\t special reg>d to ! physiological "q ( ! progressive nature ( dige/ion1 di/9ctly confirm ! po9t rais$4 ,?us1 9 a dige/ ( ga/ric juice1 milk1 & bread1 #ej p] c5t4 ( lead 0 dissolv$1 :]eas :5 pancreatic juice alone 0 us$ only #jd p] c5t4 0 f\nd to be dissolv$1 a rem>kable confirmation ( ! po9t "u discussion4 ,! difficulty ( e/imat+ lead pres5t 9 ^! ga/ric dige/ions is a v real "o1 z1 ow+ to ! precipitation ( lead by v>i\s fluids ( an album9oid nature1 x is difficult to det]m9e ! am\nt ( lead pres5t 9 a giv5 quantity ( dige/2 moreov]1 9 mak+ su* a dige/1 mu* ( ! mat]ial may become entangl$ among ! clot ( ! milk 9 a purely me*anical fa%ion1 &1 9 attempt+ to sep>ate ! fluid f ! o!r portion ( ! dige/1 filtration no d\bt removes any lead :i* has be5 r5d]$ soluble fir/ ( all1 & reprecipitat$ z an album9ate4 ,an album9ate ( lead may be =m$ ) great ease 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,a #e p] c5t4 solution ( album9 9 normal sal9e is tak51 #jjb p] c5t4 ( hydro*loric acid is add$1 & #aj p] c5t4 solution ( lead *loride add$ z long z a precipitate is =m$4 ,! precipitate is !n filt]$ (f1 & wa%$ 9 a dialys] ) acidulat$ wat] until no fur!r trace ( lead is f\nd 9 ! wa%+s4 ,a portion ( ?is sub/ance tak5 up 9 di/ill$ wat] =ms a solution ( an opalesc5t nature1 :i* readily passes ?r\gh ! filt] & gives ! reaction ( prote9 ) ,millon's reag5t1 & ! lead reaction by means ( cau/ic pota% & sulphurett$ hydrog51 b v l>ge quantities ( m9]al acid are requir$ to produce any col\r ) hydrog5 sulphide4 ,lead :i* ga9s access to ! /oma*1 ei!r dissolv$ 9 wat] or swall[$ z f9e du/1 becomes 9 all probability conv]t$ fir/ into a soluble sub/ance1 *loride1 acetate1 or lactate1 :i* comp\nd is !n precipitat$ ei!r by ! muc9 pres5t 9 ! /oma*1 or by ! prote9 con/itu5ts ( ! food1 or by ! p>tially dige/$ food 7peptonate ( lead may be =m$ 9 ! same way z ! album9ate describ$ above74 ,9 ?is =m1 or z an album9ate or o!r organic comp\nd1 x passes ! pylorus1 & becomes reprecipitat$ & r$ige/$ ?r\gh ! action ( ! pancreatic juice4 ,a consid]ation ( ! action ( artificial ga/ric juices & ! prop]ly comb9$ exp]im5ts ( ga/ric & pancreatic dige/ions sugge/ t ! =m 9 :i* lead becomes absorb$ is n a *loride1 b an organic comp\nd fir/ =m$ & gradually decompos$ dur+ ! normal process ( dige/ion1 & absorb$ 9 ?is mann] f ! inte/9e along ) ! ord9>y con/itu5ts ( food4 ,dixon ,mann#ac has %[n t ab\t two-?irds ( ! lead adm9i/]$ by ! m\? is dis*>g$ 9 ! fces1 & t ! rema9+ "o-?ird is also sl[ly b only p>tially elim9at$4 ,?is po9t is ( v consid]able importance 9 relation to indu/rial poison+ ( presumably ga/ro-inte/9al orig91 & consid]ation ( ! exp]im5ts quot$ sugge/s t ! dige/ion ( album9ate or peptonate may to "s ext5t be ! basis :i* det]m9es ! excretion ( s mu* ( ! lead via ! fces4 ,?is alt]ation ( solubility has no d\bt a be>+ on ! immunity exhibit$ by _m animals :5 f$ ) lead1 & probably expla9s ! fact t _m ( ! exp]im5tal animals f$ ) lead ov] long p]iods exhibit$ no symptoms ( poison+ 7see p4 #he71 :]eas control animals1 giv5 a f> small] quantity ( lead by o!r means & ?r\gh ! lung1 rapidly develop$ symptoms ( poison+4 ,a div]sity ( op9ion exi/s z to ! effect ( peps9 ^u ! solubility ( lead4 ,oliv]#ad consid]s t ! peps9 has a ret>d+ influ5ce on ! solubility ( lead 9 ! ga/ric juice1 & ,?omason's exp]im5ts also support ?is view1 al?\gh x is difficult to see :y ! action ( peps9 alone %\ld be ( su* extreme importance4 ,!re is also ! complicat+ fact t o!r add$ sub/ances 9 ! food may mask any direct peps9 factor t may be pres5t4 ,albumose & peptone r ?an peps9 are to be reg>d$ z ! m important sub/ance physiologically 9 _! reaction ) lead1 & x is int]e/+ to note t ,s*icksal#ae f\nd t by expos+ lead 9 ! =m ( :ite lead 9 a #a p] mille solution ( hydro*loric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( peptone produc$ a great] solv5t effect on :ite lead ?an did ! dilut$ acid alone1 & ! same effect 0 also se5 on metallic lead4 ,,table ,,ii4--,,s*icksal',s ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,am\nt dissolv$ return$ z ,metallic ,solution4 ,sub/ance4 ,"t4 ,lead4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7a7 #aj p] c5t4 peptone#ajj ,:ite lead1 #c days#jadga grm4 #ja p] c5t4 ,h,cl c4c4#aj grms4 at #cg ,c4 7b7 #aj p] c5t4 peptone#ajj ,metallic lead1 #jjccj #ja p] c5t4 ,h,cl c4c4#d grms4 7c7 #ja p] c5t4 ,h,cl1 #ajj ,:ite lead1 #jjihc c4c4#aj grms4 7d7 #ja p] c5t4 ,h,cl1 #ajj ,metallic lead1 #jjaid c4c4#d grms4 7e7 #jc p] c5t4 ,na,,co ,metallic lead1 ,none #d grms4 7f7 #jc p] c5t4 ,na,,co ,:ite lead 7g7 #jc p] c5t4 ,na,,co ,:ite lead #je p] c5t4 ,na,cl 7h7 #jc p] c5t4 ,na,,co ,metallic lead #je p] c5t4 ,na,cl ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! exp]im5ts ref]r$ to on p4 #ah und\bt$ly agree ) ^? ( ,s*icksal4 ,9 addition to ! pres5ce ( peptones1 ! effect ( c>bonic acid mu/ be also consid]$1 z increase 9 solubility 9 ga/ric & pancreatic dige/ions 0 produc$ :5 c>bonic acid gas 0 bubbl$ ?r\gh ! dige/ dur+ ! p]iod ( action4 ,! :ole "q ( solubility ( _m mat]ials 9 ! fluids ( ! /oma* & inte/9al canal requires entire revision1 n only z reg>ds lead1 b z reg>ds a numb] ( o!r metals1 includ+ ars5ic4 ,! ,me*anism ( ,lead ,absorption4--,! f9al me?od ( absorption ( lead p>ticles or lead solution into ! animal body rema9s to be consid]$4 ,exp]im5tal phagocytosis ( lead p>ticles--z1 inde$1 ( any m9ute p>ticles ( sub/ance--susp5d$ 9 an isotonic solution1 may be obs]v$ directly "u ! microscope4 ,lead p>ticles %[ no exception to ! rule1 & :ite blood-corpuscles 9 a hang+-drop prep>ation1 made by susp5d+ !m 9 an isotonic salt solution & s]um1 may be wat*$ englob+ p>ticles ( lead1 & by appropriate means ! +e/$ lead may be aft]w>ds demon/rat$4 ,9 su* an exp]im5t1 mu* ( ! lead absorb$ by ! individual corpuscles rapidly loses its prop]ty ( giv+ a black precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 & has app>5tly become conv]t$ into an organic comp\nd1 peptonate or album9ate4 ,9 ! section devot$ to ! ,*emi/ry ( ,lead1 x has be5 not$ t ! colloidal solutions ( lead are n precipitat$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 & t album9ates & peptonates ( lead are presumably ( colloidal =m4 ,!re seems evid5ce1 !re=e1 t ! direct absorption ( lead takes place by means ( ! phagocytes ( ! body1 & t 9 !m x becomes conv]t$ into a colloidal =m1 9 :i* x is probably elim9at$ ?r\gh ! kidney & inte/9e1 ma9ly ! latt]4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ! englobem5t ( lead p>ticles by ambic cells may be ga9$ if sections ( ! inte/9es ( exp]im5tal animals are exam9$2 9 ! lymphoid gl&s p>ticles ( lead may be se5 situat$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! walls1 & ev5 9 ! cells4 ,x does n by any means foll[ t ^! p>ticles ( lead sulphide pres5t 9 ! cells h be5 =m$ 9 situ2 m probably ! lead has be5 conv]t$ into a sulphide 9 ! inte/9al lum5 itself1 & subsequ5tly tak5 up by ! ambic cells situat$ 9 its p]iph]y4 ,ano!r solution is possible--namely1 t ! p>ticles se5 9 ! inte/9al wall are p>ticles ( lead 9 process ( excretion into ! inte/9e itself1 & t ! pigm5tation ( ! vessel walls & cells is caus$ by ! /a9+ ( ! p>ticles ( lead pass+ f ! blood into ! lum5 ( ! tube1 :i* h be5 conv]t$ into a sulphide dur+ _! passage4 ,! localization ( ! /a9+ 9 ! l>ge inte/9e1 especially 9 ! region ( ! app5dix 9 animals 7cats71 t5ds to support ?is !ory4 ,! l>ge b[el ne> ! ileo-ccal valve1 ! app5dix1 & ev5 ! gl&s 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 are f\nd to be discol\r$1 & to conta9 lead 9 l>g] quantities ?an any o!r portion ( ! inte/9e4 ,9 extreme cases ! :ole ( ! l>ge inte/9e may be /a9$ a greyi%-blue4 ,! bloodvessels 9 ! mes5t]y 9 ?is region are also engorg$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a salt ( lead1 su* z lead c>bonate or lead oxide1 ga9s access to ! /oma*1 x may be easily conv]t$ into *loride by ! free hydro*loric acid pres5t 9 ! /oma*2 &1 9 addition1 %\ld !re be any *ronic acid-dyspepsia 7hyp]*lorhydria71 p>ticul>ly ( ! f]m5tative type1 9 :i* free lactic acid & o!r organic acids are to be f\nd )9 ! viscus1 small quantities ( lead swall[$ z du/ und]go solution & conv]sion into *loride or lactate4 ,! p\r+ out ( acid ga/ric juice f ! /oma* gl&s does n take place imm$iately aft] ! fir/ bolus ( food is swall[$1 & x may be tw5ty m9utes or half an h\r be=e ! ga/ric cont5ts h an acid reaction4 ,dur+ ?is "t any lead salts previ\sly swall[$ may become incorporat$ ) ! bolus ( food & escape absorption4 ,lead 9 solution or susp5sion 9 ! /oma* :i* becomes mix$ up ) ! food1 & at ! same "t subject$ to ! action ( v>i\s album9\s con/itu5ts ( ! food 9 addition to acids1 causes an album9ate or peptonate ( lead to be easily =m$1 & z su* c nev] be absorb$ f ! /oma* direct2 practically no absorption takes place 9 ! /oma*1 & ! pres5ce ( food conta9+ album9ate precipitates any lead 9 solution z an organic insoluble salt4 ,! bolus ( food impregnat$ ) small quantities ( lead passes onw>ds to ! inte/9e1 :]e fur!r dige/ion takes place4 ,z ! mass passes ?r\gh ! inte/9e ! action gradually results 9 ! reappe>ance ( acidity1 b at ! same "t a c]ta9 quantity ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is produc$1 "s ( x f ! degradation ( ! sulphur-conta9+ moiety ( ! prote9 molecule by ord9>y hydrolytic process & inte/9al f]m5ts1 q ap>t f any bact]ial action4 ,a portion ( ! lead pres5t 9 ! *yme may be set free aga9 = absorption4 ,! bile is said to assi/ 9 ! solution ( lead 9 vitro4 ,9 exp]im5ts made by "o ( u1 :i* are quot$ lat]1 x has be5 %[n t an isolat$ loop ( inte/9e all[s ! absorption ( a soluble lead salt 7*loride7 :5 !re is no food pres5t 9 ! loop4 ,z ! food mass proce$s ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! inte/9e m & m sulphur is set free1 & an opportunity arises = ! fixation ( ! lead z a sulphide1 b ev5 z a sulphide x is slightly soluble4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! lead becomes absorb$ long be=e x rea*es ! /age at :i* free sulphur or sulphurett$ hydrog5 exi/s = ! =mation ( sulphide4 ,x is highly probable t lead1 9 common ) a numb] ( o!r heavy metals1 includ+ ars5ic1 is absorb$ gradually 9 ! upp] "p ( ! inte/9e1 & re-excret$ 9 ! l[]4 ,su* an hypo!sis is und\bt$ly /rongly support$ by ! rem>kable /a9+ ( ! l>ge inte/9e & ! ileo-ccal valve4 ,! exact me*anism ( ! absorption ( lead f its comp\nd ) album9 or peptone z a lead peptonate or album9ate is v difficult to /ate at pres5t2 lead album9ate is und\bt$ly insoluble 9 wat] or normal sal9e & 9 album94 ,! process ( absorption1 !n1 ( ! metal lead f ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal is v closely relat$ to ! absorption ( o!r heavy metals1 & ! fact t animals aft] v l>ge doses ( lead salts adm9i/]$ via ! m\? %[ hmorrhages 9 ! inte/9al wall1 9 addition to hmorrhages 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body1 ) occasional di/9ct ulc]ation1 sugge/s a localiz$ coagulative action on ! vessels 9 ! wall ( ! inte/9e z ! probable orig9 ( ! ulc]ation4 ,a consid]ation ( ?is problem ( lead absorption f ! inte/9e--probably only ! m9ute/ quantity ( lead1 if any1 is absorb$ f ! /oma* direct--is "o ( consid]able importance 9 ! prev5tion ( su* lead poison+ z is attributable to swall[+ lead4 ,no "w 9 a lead factory %\ld be comm5c$ 9 ! morn+ )\t p>tak+ ( food1 because if food be pres5t ! opportunities = absorption ( lead are greatly dim9i%$1 & ( all foods ! "o to be recomm5d$ z ! mo/ effici5t is milk1 or cocoa made ) milk4 ,! absorption ( du/ ?r\gh ! lung is probably an exce$+ly complicat$ reaction1 & ,armit's exp]im5ts ) nickel c>bonyl probably give ! clue4 ,he f\nd t 9 nickel c>bonyl poison+ ! volatile product 0 split up on ! surface ( ! lung cells1 ! metallic portion pass+ onw>ds into ! lung itself1 to be ev5tually absorb$ by ! s]um4 ,f ! pa?ological & hi/ological inve/igations describ$ on p4 #ha1 & f ! fact t p>ticles ( lead are v readily tak5 up by :ite blood-corpuscles1 we c conclude t absorption ( ! f9] lead p>ticles ga9+ access to ! lung takes place ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^! phagocyte cells1 z su* cells are well kn[n to exi/ )9 ! alveoli ( ! lung4 ,! /or$-up c>bon p>ticles f\nd 9 ! lungs 9 dwell]s 9 cities %[ t su* transf]5ce ( p>ticles f ! alveoli to ! inn] portions ( ! lung trabecul is a con/ant ph5om5on1 & x is !re=e easily und]/ood h[ rapidly any f9e p>ticles n ( !mselves irritant may be easily tak5 up by ! tissues4 ,once hav+ ga9$ access to ! int]ior ( ! cells1 ! p>ticles subject$ to ! action ( ! s]um ( ! blood 9 ! ord9>y process ( ba?+ ! tissues by ! exud+ lymph--nay1 m1 actual p>ticles ( lead--may ?us be actually transf]r$ bodily into ! f9] blood-spaces1 & s be c>ri$ =w>d to ! g5]al circulation4 ,su* p>ticles z rema9 fix$ 9 ! lung w und]go gradual absorption1 & ! con/ant pres5ce ( c>bonic acid 9 ! circulat+ blood br\ght to ! lung und\bt$ly l>gely contributes to _! solution1 & !re is no ne$ to presuppose ! necessity ( "s recondite int]action ( organic acid = ! solution ( ! inhal$ lead 9 ! lungs4 ,9 ! absorption ( ! sub/ance f ! inte/9e1 x may g direct into ! blood-/ream 9 a simil> fa%ion ?r\gh ! lacteals along ! lymph *annels1 & s into ! ?oracic duct1 & f9ally into ! g5]al circulation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a c]ta9 am\nt1 probably n an inconsid]able portion1 is tak5 up by ! portal circulation & transf]r$ direct to ! liv] itself4 ,*emical analysis ( ! liv] supports ?is view1 z does also ! consid]able am\nt ( /ress ?r[n ^u ! liv] :5 poison+ has tak5 place f ! inte/9al canal on adm9i/ration ( massive doses ( a highly soluble lead comp\nd4 ,accord+ to ,/e9b]g#af1 excretion ( lead takes place p>tly f ! liv] by ! bile4 ,?is is probable1 b !re is no exp]im5tal evid5ce at ! pres5t "t to support ! view4 ,if su* an excretion does take place1 ! =m 9 :i* ! lead is excret$ is probably "o 9 :i* x is no long] soluble by dige/ive action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be 9 s soluble a =m z to become reabsorb$ f ! inte/9e1 ?us sett+ up a con/ant cycle4 ,b su* a !ory is "o t w\ld require a consid]able am\nt ( exp]im5tal evid5ce to support x be=e x c\ld be reli$ on4 ,!re is no d\bt t1 h[ev] absorb$1 lead rema9s /or$ up 9 ! body 9 m9ute quantities 9 _m places1 & ! close analogy to ars5ic is met ) 9 ! curi\s elim9ation ( ! metal by ! fces4 ,cloetta#ag1 quot$ by ,dixon ,mann1 discov]$ t1 al?\gh dogs 7 unable to take a l>g] dose ( ars5ic ?an #jjjce gramme p] day )\t exhibit+ toxic results1 !y c\ld nev]!less take ars5ic 9 mu* l>g] doses if x 7 giv5 9 ! solid =m1 & he 0 able to increase ! dose to z mu* z #b grammes p] diem )\t %[+ any toxic symptoms4 ,exam9ation ( ! ur9e & fces %[$ t z ! am\nt ( ur9>y excretion ( ars5ic dim9i%$1 s t 9 ! fces increas$1 & 9 lead poison+1 ev5 9 massive doses swall[$ 9 error1 ! am\nt ( lead excret$ by ! ur9e rapidly dim9i%es 9 quantity1 al?\gh ! pati5t may be /ill suff]+ f ! effects ( lead poison+4 ,! exp]im5ts1 also1 quot$ on p4 #ajj con/antly po9t$ to ! elim9ation ( lead by way ( ! inte/9e1 & 9 practically all ! animals t _h suff]$ f *ronic poison+ well-m>k$ d>k /a9+ ( ! upp] "p ( ! ccum due to lead 0 inv>iably pres5t4 ,?is /a9+ & excretion ( lead ( ! l>ge inte/9e und\bt$ly takes place 9 man4 ,9 a case describ$ by ,little#ah1 :]e dia*ylon _h be5 adm9i/]$1 ! adm9i/ration ( a l>ge enema conta9+ sulphate ( magnesium came away black4 ,a m detail$ result ( ! exp]im5ts & a consid]ation ( ! elim9ation ( lead are res]v$ = ano!r *apt]1 b x is impossible to consid] ! tiology ( ! disease )\t "s ref]5ce to ! g5]al hi/ological *annels ( absorption & excretion4 ,cutane\s ,absorption ( ,lead4--,a consid]able am\nt ( controv]sy has c5tr$ on ! "q ( ! absorption ( lead ?r\gh ! unbrok5 sk94 ,x has be5 %[n t su* drugs z belladonna appli$ to ! sk9 alone may produce dilatation ( ! pupil2 an o9tm5t conta9+ salicylic acid spread ^u ! sk9 & ?or\ghly rubb$ 9 is foll[$ by ! appe>ance ( d]ivatives ( salicylic acid 9 ! ur9e2 m]cury may be appli$ to ! sk91 & rubb$ 91 9 suffici5t quantities to produce salivation2 & a v l>ge numb] ( o!r drugs may be cit$1 all ( :i* :5 appli$ to ! unbrok5 epid]mis ) friction produce ! physiological action ( ! drug4 ,!re is no reason to exclude lead f ! category ( drugs :i* may be absorb$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! sk91 &1 z sev]al obs]v]s h %[n1 animals may be poison$ by lead on apply+ a pla/] ( lead acetate to ! sk94 ,among/ ^! exp]im5ts may be quot$ ^? ( ,canuet#ai & ,dr\et#bj on rabbits4 ,"s obs]v]s1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,man\vri]#ba1 h attempt$ to prove t p>alysis ( ! h&s occurs m (t5 9 ! "r h& 9 "r-h&$ p1 9 ! left h& ) left-h&$ p1 & f ! v>i\s exp]im5ts %[+ absorption ( lead ?r\gh ! unbrok5 sk9 !y seek to connect ! lesion ( ! n]ve ) absorption direct ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! h&s4 ,_m objections c be urg$ aga9/ acceptance ( ?is !ory4 ,lead work]s :o are con/antly manipulat+ lead 9 a /ate ( solution ) b>e h&s d n appe> z a class to be m subject to wri/-drop ?an d p]sons :o are expos$ to inhalation ( fumes or du/ ( lead2 9 fact1 incid5ce ( p>alysis & ( n]ve lesions g5]ally is m sev]e among p]sons expos$ to prolong$ inhalation ( m9ute quantities ( lead ?r\gh ! respiratory tract4 ,! great] ! exposure to du/1 ! great] ! numb] ( cases ( anmia & colic1 :il/ 9 o!r indu/ries1 z has already be5 /at$1 :]e lead exi/s z an oleate on ! h&s ( ! work]s day 9 & day out = _m ye>s1 p>alysis & ev5 colic are ( r>e occurr5ce2 9 o!r words1 p]sons especially expos$ to ! absorption ( lead ?r\gh _! h&s %[ a mu* small] incid5ce ( lead poison+ ( all types ?an d ^? expos$ to lead du/4 ,fur!r1 ! pa?ology ( wri/-drop & simil> =ms ( p>esis t5ds to %[ t ! n]ve supply+ ! affect$ muscles is n affect$ prim>ily1 b t ! initial cause is hmorrhage into ! %ea? ( ! n]ve1 produc+ ultimate deg5]ative *ange4 ,! hmorrhage1 h[ev]1 is ! prim>y lesion4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,,goadby1 ,k4 ,w43 ,a ,note on ,exp]im5tal ,lead ,poison+4 ,j\rnal ( ,hygi5e1 vol4 ix41 ,no4 #a1 ,april1 #aiji4 #b ,,legge1 ,t4 ,m43 ,report on ! ,manufacture ( ,pa9ts & ,col\rs conta9+ ,lead 7,cd4 #bdff74 #aije4 #c ,,duck]+1 ,g4 ,e43 ,j\rnal ( ,hygi5e1 vol4 viii41 ,no4 #d1 ,septemb]4 #d ,,meill,,re1 ,g43 ,le ,saturnisme1 *ap4 iv4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 #e ,,armit1 ,h4 ,w43 ,j\rnal ( ,hygi5e1 vol4 viii41 ,no4 #e1 ,novemb]1 #aijh4 #f ,,tanqu]el ,,des ,,plan*es3 ,trait des ,maladies de ,plomb1 ou ,saturn9es4 ,p>is1 #ahci4 #g ,,/anski3 ,loc4 cit4 #h ,,gauti]3 ,intoxication ,saturn9e1 etc4 ,acadmie de ,mdec9e1 viii41 ,novemb]1 #ahhc4 #i ,,?re%1 ,j4 ,c43 ,! ,lancet1 p4 #ajcc1 ,octob] #g1 #aije4 #aj ,ibid41 ,janu>y #e1 #aiji4 #aa ,,?omason3 ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,lead ,manufacture3 ,e>!nw>e1 ,*9a1 vol4 ii41 app5dices1 p4 #fa4 #aiaj4 #ab ,ibid4 #ac ,,dixon ,,mann3 ,=5sic ,m$ic9e & ,toxicology1 p4 #die4 #aijh4 #ad ,,oliv]1 ,,sir ,t43 ,lead ,poison+ 7,g\l/onian lectures74 #ahia4 #ae ,,s*icksal3 ,die ,bekmpfung d] ,bleigefahr 9 d] ,indu/rie1 p4 #ch4 #aijh4 #af ,,/e9b]g3 ,int]national ,congress ( ,indu/rial ,hygi5e4 ,brussels1 #aiaj4 #ag ,,cloetta3 ,dixon ,mann's ,=5sic ,m$ic9e & ,toxicology1 p4 #dfc4 #ah ,,little3 ,! ,lancet1 ,m>* #c1 #aijf4 #ai ,,canuet1 ,t43 ,?se1 ,p>is1 #ahbe1 ,no4 #bjb4 ,essai sur le ,plomb4 #bj ,,dr\et3 ,?se1 ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,re*]*es ,exp]im5tales sur le ,rle de l',absorption ,cutane dans la ,p>alysie ,saturn9e4 #ba ,,man\vri]1 ,a43 ,?se1 ,p>is1 #ahgc1 ,no4 #dga4 ,intoxication p> ,absorption ,cutane4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,susceptibility ,,& ,,immunity ,a l>ge numb] ( poison\s sub/ances1 among :i* lead may be includ$1 are n equally poison\s 9 ! same dose = all p]sons4 ,x is cu/om>y to speak ( ^? p]sons :o %[ a dim9i%$ resi/ance1 or ^: tissues %[ little p[] ( resi/+ ! poison\s effects ( su* sub/ances1 z susceptible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is possible1 b n sci5tifically correct1 to speak ( immunity to su* poison\s sub/ances4 ,p]sons1 p>ticul>ly1 :o resi/ lead poison+ to a great] degree ?an _! fell[s are bett] spok5 ( z tol]ant ( ! poison\s effects ?an z be+ p>tially immune4 ,! degree ( resi/ance exhibit$ by any giv5 population t[>ds ! poison\s influ5ce ( lead %[s consid]able v>iation4 ,?us1 9 a community us+ a wat]-supply contam9at$ ) lead1 only a small proportion ( ! p]sons dr9k+ ! wat] becomes poison$4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r factors ?an t ( individual idiosyncrasy :i* may det]m9e ! effect ( ! poison1 z1 = example1 ! draw+ ( ! wat] fir/ ?+ 9 ! morn+ :i* has be5 /&+ 9 a p>ticul> pipe4 ,b ev5 if all di/urb+ factors are elim9at$ 9 wat]-borne lead poison+1 diff]+ degrees ( susceptibility are always to be obs]v$ among ! p]sons us+ ! wat]4 ,lead does n diff]1 !re=e1 f any o!r drugs to :i* p]sons %[ m>k$ idiosyncrasies4 ,?us1 v small doses ( ars5ic may produce symptoms ( colic 9 susceptible p]sons2 a limit$ numb] ( individuals are highly susceptible to "s drugs1 su* z cannabis indica1 :ile o!rs are able to +e/ l>ge doses )\t exhibit+ any sign ( poison+2 & x is well kn[n t ev5 9 susceptible p]sons ! quantity ( a p>ticul> drug :i* fir/ produces symptoms ( poison+ may be gradually increas$1 if ! dosage be cont9u$ ov] long p]iods 9 quantities insuffici5t to produce m>k$ symptoms ( poison+4 ,9 ?is direction a numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 p]=m$ ) ars5ic1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,cloetta#a1 :o f\nd t ! dose ( ars5ic = dogs c\ld be gradually rais$1 if giv5 by ! m\?1 to _m times ! ord9>y fatal dose1 b t if at ?is po9t a subm9imal fatal dose 0 inject$ b5ea? ! sk9 acute symptoms ( ars5ic poison+ foll[$4 ,we %[ 9 a lat] *apt] t ! excretion ( lead 9 p]sons tol]ant ( ! metal takes place ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! b[el1 & t probably ^? individuals :o are engag$ 9 :at are recogniz$ z dang]\s processes 9 lead indu/ries1 & yet %[ no signs ( illness1 h e/abli%$ a k9d ( balance betwe5 ! intake ( ! poison & its excretion by ! b[el4 ,x is r>ely possible 9 su* p]sons to f9d any lead excret$ ?r\gh ! kidney4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 su* p]sons1 aft] work+ a consid]able "t 9 a dang]\s lead process1 become sudd5ly poison$1 & inquiry frequ5tly discloses ! fact t "s di/urb+ factor1 ei!r int]curr5t illness1 alcoholic excess1 etc41 has occurr$1 or t ! brea?+ ( a big dose ( du/ has precipitat$ ! symptoms ( g5]al lead poison+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exp]i5ce ( all p]sons engag$ 9 ! r\t9e exam9ation ( lead work]s is t1 al?\gh a work] may %[ signs ( lead absorption z di/+ui%$ f def9ite lead poison+ dur+ ! e>li] p]iod ( 8 employm5t1 he lat] %[s less & less signs ( ! influ5ce ( ! poison\s sub/ance2 ev5 a mild degree ( def9ite poison+ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( "w 9 a lead process does n s]i\sly militate aga9/ ?is gradually acquir$ tol]ance1 :il/ c>eful treatm5t dur+ su* a "t z ! man is acquir+ tol]ance to ! poison frequ5tly tides him ov] ! p]iod1 & enables him to )/& ! ord9>y dang]s atta*$ to 8 "w4 ,! e>lie/ symptom ( lead absorption is anmia4 ,! anmia is n v pr(\nd1 & ! dim9ution 9 ! r$ blood-cells r>ely rea*es z l[ z #b1jjj1jjj p] c4c41 ! hmoglob9 rema9+ some:]e betwe5 #ge & #hj p] c5t4 ,"s loss ( orbital fat1 z well z fat 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! body1 occurs1 b beyond ?is no obvi\s cl9ical signs ( poison+ exi/4 ,%\ld su* p]sons possess unheal?y gums1 a blue l9e rapidly makes its appe>ance1 b :]e ! gums are heal?y x is unusual to see any sign ( deposit 9 ?is prodromal /age4 ,p]sons :o gradually acquire tol]ance g ?r\gh ! /age ( anmia )\t exhibit+ any symptoms ( colic or p>esis1 & )\t any treatm5t ! hmoglob9 & ! numb] ( r$ cells gradually pass back to a m or less normal condition4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod--t is1 :il/ ! blood %[s signs ( a dim9ution 9 its corpuscul> & col\r cont5t--basophile granules may always be f\nd if s\ght =1 b disappe> z a rule :5 ! blood-c\nt has return$ to ab\t #d1jjj1jjj p] c4c4 & an #hj p] c5t4 hmoglob94 ,su* a man has n[ develop$ tol]ance to ! poison\s influ5ce ( lead1 a tol]ance :i* may be describ$ z a p>tial immunity produc$ by recurr5t subm9imal toxic doses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a numb] ( p]sons :o %[ def9ite susceptibility1 ! blood-*anges are progressive1 & d n %[ signs ( automatic reg5]ation4 ,9 su* p]sons1 ev5 aft] s %ort "t z f\r to six weeks' exposure to lead absorption1 def9ite symptoms ( colic may make _! appe>ance4 ,! removal ( su* an individual f ! poison\s influ5ce ( lead g5]ally cle>s up ! symptoms 9 a %ort "t1 b ! symptoms may occasionally cont9ue = sev]al mon?s aft] removal f ! influ5ce ( ! poison4 ,an individual ( ?is type is to be look$ ^u z %[+ peculi> susceptibility1 & %\ld n be employ$ 9 any lead process :]e !re is risk4 ,su* /ati/ics z are available on ?is po9t %[ t an increas$ tol]ance to ! poison\s influ5ce ( lead is gradually acquir$ dur+ p]iods ( "w1 9 t ! numb] ( attacks ( poison+ dim9i% 9 frequ5cy v consid]ably 9 relation to ! numb] ( ye>s work$4 ,z w be se5 on ref]5ce to ! *apt] deal+ ) ! /ati/ics ( lead poison+ 7p4 #df71 ! greate/ numb] ( cases occur 9 p]sons :o h only work$ a %ort "t 9 lead4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sequel ( lead poison+ only make _! appe>ance1 z a rule1 aft] long-cont9u$ exposure4 ,x is important to be> 9 m9d t ! v>i\s =ms ( p>esis r>ely make _! appe>ance unless ! subject has be5 expos$ to long-cont9u$ absorption ( lead1 &1 fur!r1 t ! blood ( su* p]sons w z a rule %[1 on c>eful exam9ation1 evid5ces ( ! long-cont9u$ intoxication4 ,if measures1 !re=e1 7 tak5 to det]m9e ! pres5ce ( su* cont9u$ intoxication1 & to dim9i% ! am\nt ( poison absorb$ 7subject+ ! individual at ! same "t to a prop] c\rse ( treatm5t71 a l>ge numb] ( ! cases ( p>alysis1 encephalopa?y1 & dea?1 incid5tal to ! h&l+ & manufacture ( lead1 c\ld be elim9at$4 ,susceptibility may at times be %[n by sev]al memb]s ( "o family4 ,oliv]#b says t he has kn[n _m memb]s ( "o family suff] f & die ( lead poison+4 ,9 our exp]i5ce sev]al in/ances ( ?is susceptibility h be5 notic$4 ,9 "o case two bro!rs1 work+ 9 "o %ift ( m51 develop$ poison+1 al?\gh no o!r p]sons 9 t %ift %[$ any signs ( x4 ,a ?ird bro!r1 :o came into ! works aft] ! o!r two _h left1 & :o 0 plac$ "u special sup]vision on acc\nt ( ! susceptibility exhibit$ by 8 two bro!rs1 al?\gh giv5 "w :i* expos$ him to ! m9imal degree ( lead absorption1 develop$ signs ( poison+ six weeks aft] 8 entrance into ! factory4 ,9 ano!r factory1 ?ree sons1 two daught]s1 & ! fa!r1 all suff]$ f lead poison+ )9 a p]iod ( f\r ye>s3 ! fa!r _h ?ree attacks ( colic1 ultimately wri/-drop 9 bo? h&s2 "o daught] _h "o attack ( colic1 & ! o!r ?ree attacks2 :il/ ! ?ree bro!rs all suff]$ f colic & anmia1 & "o _h e>ly signs ( weakness ( ! wri/4 ,!re 0 no evid5ce at all to %[ t ^! p]sons 7 m c>eless1 or _h be5 m expos$ to lead du/1 ?an any o!r ( ! p]sons ) :om !y work$1 or t ! "w !y 7 engag$ ^u 0 m likely to h caus$ illness to !m ?an to o!r work]s4 ,p]sons ) a fre% complexion & r$ hair h be5 not$ to be m susceptible to lead poison+ ?an d>k-hair$ p]sons4 ,9 "o factory ) :i* we are famili>1 a numb] ( ,italian workm5 are employ$2 ^! %[ consid]ably less susceptibility to lead poison+ ?an d _! ,engli% comrades z long z !y adh]e to _! own national diet4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y give ?is up1 & p>ticul>ly if !y become addict$ to alcohol1 !y rapidly %[ dim9i%$ resi/ance2 9 fact1 all ! cases ( plumbism occurr+ among ! ,italians 9 ?is factory dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s h be5 complicat$ ) alcohol4 ,x is possible t ! relatively l>ge quantity ( vegetables 9 ! diet ( ^! ,italians influ5ces ! elim9ation ( absorb$ lead4 ,!re is "s reason to suppose1 h[ev]1 t !re may be racial immunity to lead poison+4 ,! foll[+ case 9 ! same factory illu/rates a po9t already m5tion$--namely1 ! gradually acquir$ tol]ance to poison+1 & ! un/able equilibrium exi/+4 ,! individual 0 a man ( tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,he comm5c$ "w on ,augu/ #b1 #aije4 ,six weeks lat] he 0 "u treatm5t = sev5 weeks1 = lead absorption1 & _h a peculi>ly deep blue l9e r\nd 8 gums1 & a dim9i%$ hmoglob9 ( #ge p] c5t4 ,! symptoms disappe>$ ) ord9>y r\t9e treatm5t1 & 8 "w 0 %ift$ to a position 9 ! factory :]e he 0 expos$ to ! m9imum am\nt ( lead absorption1 at :i* "w he cont9u$ dur+ ! re/ ( ! "t he rema9$ 9 ! factory4 ,he cont9u$ q well until ,june1 #aijf1 :5 he 0 aga9 "u treatm5t = two weeks1 ) ! same blue l9e & anmia1 & 8 blood %[$ ! pres5ce ( basophile granules4 ,he 0 "u treatm5t aga9 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #aiji1 = five weeks1 _h aga9 a deep blue l9e & basophile /a9+ ( 8 blood4 ,on ,novemb] #g1 #aiaa1 hav+ _h no anmia & no blue l9e1 he _h a slight attack ( colic4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( "w 8 blood _h be5 exam9$ on eight occasions1 & on ea* occasion x _h %[n basophile granules4 ,! attack ( colic 0 an exce$+ly mild "o4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t he _h indulg$ 9 alcoholic excess1 b !re 0 "s reason to ?9k t = ab\t a mon? he _h be5 subject$ to increas$ lung absorption4 ,no o!r p]sons work+ 9 ! same %ift at ! same "w develop$ poison+ dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod4 ,?is case illu/rates initial susceptibility1 p>tial tol]ance1 & ultimate break+ d[n ( su* p>tially e/abli%$ tol]ance4 ,dur+ ! exp]im5tal inquiry on lead poison+ by "o ( u ,k4 ,w4 ,g4#c1 ! "q ( ! subm9imal toxic dose & ! m9imal toxic dose 0 "u consid]ation4 ,animals subject$ to inhalation ( lead du/ inv>iably succumb$ to ! effects ( ! poison :5 ! dose giv5 repres5t$ f #jjjja to #jjjjc gramme p] litre ( air inhal$1 ! p]iod ( inhalation be+ half an h\r ?ree times a week4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! lead cont5t ( ! air 0 z l[ z #jjjjja gramme p] litre1 ! symptoms ( poison+ 7 long delay$1 & 9 m ?an "o in/ance1 aft] an e>ly dim9ution 9 weight1 recov]y ( ! lo/ weight took place1 & ! animals1 :il/ %[+ app>5t symptoms ( absorption1 _h no def9ite symptoms ( p>esis4 ,^! obs]vations t5d to confirm su* cl9ically obs]v$ facts z are giv5 9 ! case cit$ above1 b !y1 ( c\rse1 d n =m a crit]ion z to ! am\nt ( lead du/ :i* may be reg>d$ z innocu\s to man4 ,lead is peculi>ly a cumulative poison1 & po/-mortem analyses ( visc]a %[ t x may be /or$ up 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body1 m especially 9 ! bone & r$ bone m>r[ & bra91 & to "s ext5t 9 ! liv]1 sple51 & kidneys4 ,any circum/ance1 !re=e1 t tempor>ily int]f]es ) ! ord9>y *annels ?r\gh :i* lead is excret$ may det]m9e ! pres5ce ( a mu* l>g] quantity ?an usual ( ! metal 9 circulation 9 ! body2 & if 9 addition an increas$ quantity ( ! poison be inhal$1 m or less acute symptoms foll[4 ,! localization ( ! deposit ( lead is !re=e ( "s importance4 ,meillre & ,ri*]#d give an analysis ( v>i\s organs ( ! body1 b _! results are n 9 accord ) ! majority ( o!r obs]v]s4 ,!y f\nd t ! hair p>ticul>ly conta9s a l>ge quantity ( lead4 ,!y d n seem to h exam9$ ! bones4 ,next to ! hair1 ! liv] seems to h conta9$ ! l>ge/ am\nt4 ,wynt] ,bly?#e f\nd #aaga milligrammes ( lead 9 ! bra9 ( a p]son :o di$ ( encephalopa?y4 ,9 ano!r case he f\nd #jf gramme 9 ! liv]1 #jjjc 9 ! kidney1 & #jjgb 9 ! bra94 ,h\g\n5cq#f exam9$ ! organs ( a p]son :o di$ f lead poison+1 & f\nd ! l>ge/ am\nt ( lead 9 ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,l>ge inte/9e #jbaej gramme4 ,small inte/9e #jjdcj ,liv] #jjjej ,bra9 #jjjjh ,9 ! lung1 /oma*1 kidney1 & he>t1 only traces 7 f\nd4 ,dixon ,mann#g describes "s exp]im5ts 9 :i* potassium iodide 0 giv5 9 cases ( *ronic poison+1 & dur+ ! :ole ( ! exp]im5ts ! fces & ur9e 7 analyz$ ?ree times a week4 ,he f\nd by ?is means t a consid]able am\nt ( lead 0 be+ elim9at$ by ! inte/9e4 ,he !re=e adm9i/]$ #b grammes ( lead acetate ?ree times a day = five days to a pati5t1 & he f\nd t ! fces conta9$ #jagfb gramme ! fir/ day1 #jagdaa gramme ! second day2 ! f\r? day x _h fall5 to #jjjec gramme1 & on ! six? day to #jjjjf gramme4 ,! l>ge/ am\nt at any "o "t 9 a day obta9$ f ! ur9e 0 only j ov] #jjja gramme2 ! av]age am\nt f\nd 9 ! case ( *ronic poison+ 0 ab\t #c milligrammes1 :]eas ! greate/ am\nt at any "o "t 9 ! ur9e 0 only #ji milligramme4 ,! quantity ( lead pres5t 9 ! bra9 necess>y to det]m9e acute poison+ is n kn[n1 & x is probable t an extremely m9ute quantity w produce v s]i\s effects2 & 9 support ( ?is may be quot$ a numb] ( obs]vations 9 :i* se>* has be5 made = ! metal 9 p]sons :o h di$ ( diseases affect+ ! bra9 associat$ ) o!r symptoms ( poison+1 & yet po/-mortem exam9ation ( ! bra9 by *emical me?ods has n reveal$ ! pres5ce ( any lead :atev]4 ,9 ! case report$ by ,mott 7see p4 #ga71 no lead at all 0 recogniz$ 9 ! bra94 ,!re are no reasons1 !re=e1 = suppos+ t ! immunity to lead poison+ dep5ds on ! fixation & /or+ up ( ! poison\s metal 9 a non-poison\s =m 9 "s special situation 9 ! body1 &1 fur!r1 ! p>ticul> situation 9 ! body ri*e/ 9 lead 9 any giv5 case ( poison+ w dep5d r on 7#a7 ! type ( comp\nd caus+ ! poison+1 & 7#b7 ! portal ?r\gh :i* su* poison+ occurs4 ,! "q ( ! detection ( lead 9 ! body is ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ,*emical ,exam9ation4 ,x is z well to po9t out 9 ?is connection t *emical inve/igation ( ! am\nt ( lead pres5t 9 ! organs ( p]sons dy+ f lead poison+ %\ld1 if possible1 always be made :]e !re is any d\bt z to ! diagnosis4 ,c]ta9 obs]v]s--among/ !m ,gauti]#h--;are ( op9ion t traces ( lead may be f\nd 9 normal p]sons4 ,?us1 9 a rat 7,mus decumanus7 ,gauti] f\nd #b milligrammes ( lead 9 #fj grammes ( liv]4 ,he consid]s t 9 _m p]sons at lea/ #je milligramme ( lead may be swall[$ daily incorporat$ ) ! food1 z a numb] ( foods are liable to contam9ation by lead4 ,t9n$ foods1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* are sold]$ up aft] ! mat]ials h be5 plac$ 9 ! t91 c]ta9 t9n$ fruits ) acid juices1 (t5 conta9 small masses ( sold] loose 9 ! t9s2 9 ! case p>ticul>ly ( fruits ! natural acid may sl[ly dissolve ! lead f ! sold]4 ,! am\nt ( s-call$ 8normal0 lead1 if x is to be f\nd at all1 mu/ be v small1 & w\ld c]ta9ly be mu* small] 9 ! case ( a normal p]son ?an 9 "o :o _h be5 subject to def9ite lead poison+4 ,su* exp]im5tal evid5ce z is =?com+ supports ! cl9ical obs]vations t p]sons expos$ to small doses ( lead ev5tually develop tol]ance ( ! metal1 s t !y may ultimately )/& _m times ! dose suffici5t 9 ! fir/ in/ance to produce poison+4 ,su* circum/ances are ! natural factors 9 ! prev5tion ( poison+1 & if due c>e be giv5 to _! significance1 ! surgeon 9 *>ge ( any lead works may by judici\s treatm5t & alt]nation ( employm5t s assi/ & /r5g!n ! natural def5sive =ces t susceptibility may be dim9i%$1 & ! degree ( tol]ance increas$ to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,we d n imply t effici5cy 9 ! exhau/ v5tilation c be 9 any way relax$2 all we desire to emphasize is t c]ta9 natural def5sive =ces ( ! body d und\bt$ly exi/ by :i* susceptible p]sons ultimately become less susceptible1 & t by appropriate means ^! def5sive =ces may be augm5t$4 ,susceptibility & immunity to poison+ by lead may be consid]$1 accord+ to ! type ( lead comp\nd absorb$1 fur!r 9 its relation to age & sex4 ,all comp\nds ( lead are n poison\s 9 ! same degree2 ! m easily soluble comp\nds are m poison\s ?an ! less soluble4 ,on ! o!r h&1 comp\nds :i* appe> at fir/ sight unlikely to produce poison+ may d s2 = in/ance1 fritt$ lead or lead silicate1 a sub/ance l>gely us$ 9 ! pott]ies z a glaze1 & manufactur$ by fus+ toge!r li?>ge & a silicate1 w\ld appe> at fir/ sight to be q an innocu\s sub/ance4 ,ow+ to its me?od ( prep>ation1 h[ev]1 x is n a pure comp\nd ( lead & silica1 b conta9s lead oxide1 metallic lead1 etc41 entangl$ 9 its me%es1 & exp]im5tally "o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 has demon/rat$ t su* a comp\nd may be act$ on by ! tissues ( ! body1 bo? :5 inject$ subcutane\sly & ev5 :5 inhal$1 & s gradually produce def9ite symptoms ( lead poison+1 b at a mu* sl[] rate ?an ! m poison\s lead comp\nds4 ,! f95ess ( division 9 :i* ! comp\nd ( lead exi/s is ano!r factor affect+ its poison\s nature2 ! m f9ely divid$ p>ticles f9d _! way into ! lung m easily ?an ! co>s] p>ticles4 ,v>i\s subsidi>y matt]s may also det]m9e ! susceptibility 9 a giv5 individual1 & ( ^! a c]ta9 numb] require m5tion1 z !y probably act z def9ite pr$ispos+ factors4 ,age & sex may be reg>d$ z pr$ispos+ factors to lead poison+1 & c]ta9 diseases also4 ,age4--,"y p]sons are reg>d$ z m liable to lead poison+ ?an adults1 al?\gh x is difficult to obta9 def9ite figures on ! po9t1 ! duration ( employm5t act+ z a di/urb+ factor 9 e/imat+ ! susceptibility ( "y p]sons4 ,!y may h work$ 9 a lead works = a ye> or m )\t %[+ any signs ( poison+1 b develop !m lat] 9 adult life1 al?\gh x is v likely t absorption _h tak5 place dur+ ! e>li] p]iod4 ,9 ! ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ! ,use ( ,lead 9 ! ,pott]ies 7,app5dix ,,xii471 ! attack rate = ! p]iod #ahii to #aiji = "y p]sons is #aic p] #a1jjj1 & = adults #ahh = ! same p]iod1 b ! figures ^u :i* ^! attack rates are bas$ are too small to build any conclusion4 ,! g5]al cl9ical conclusions ( appo9t$ surgeons & c]tify+ surgeons 9 ! v>i\s lead factories w\ld be1 we believe1 t ! susceptibility ( "y p]sons is at lea/ twice t ( adults1 & !re is "s gr\nd = suppos+ t ! tissues ( an adult :5 gr[? has ceas$ m readily adapt !mselves to deal ) ! absorption & elim9ation ( poison\s doses ( lead ?an d ! tissues ( a "y p]son4 ,sex4--,wom5 are m susceptible to poison+ by lead ?an m51 & 9 lead poison+ f dr9k+ wat] ! proportion ( wom5 7especially pregnant wom57 & *ildr5 attack$ is /at$ to be high] ?an 9 m51 & "o su* epidemic is quot$ by ,oliv] :]e ! rise 9 ! numb] ( misc>riages & premature bir?s l$ to ! discov]y ( ! fact t ! wat]-supply 0 contam9at$ ) lead4 ,! close relation%ip ( lead poison+ to misc>riage has be5 repeat$ly made out1 especially by ,oliv]1 9 ! :ite lead indu/ry z c>ri$ on tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,oliv] also quotes ! effect ^u rabbits#i1 ,glib]t ^u gu9ea-pigs#aj1 & 9 ! exp]im5ts ( "o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g471 ref]r$ to on p4 #ii1 all ! animals to :i* lead 0 giv5 dur+ pregnancy abort$2 &1 fur!r1 ) "o exception out ( eight animals1 all di$ ( lead poison+1 n z ! result ( ! abortion1 b "s "t lat]1 al?\gh no fur!r adm9i/ration ( lead 0 made4 ,?is confirms ! well-kn[n abortifaci5t effect ( dia*ylon1 & !re is no d\bt t ! lead circulat+ 9 ! mat]nal blood det]m9es ! abortion4 ,fur!r1 obs]v]s :o h exam9$ ! ftus 9 su* cases h demon/rat$ ! pres5ce ( lead 9 ! ftus itself4 ,oliv]#aa f\nd t eggs pa9t$ ) lead nitrate did n hat* out1 & on op5+ ! eggs ! embryos 7 f\nd to h rea*$ only a limit$ /age ( developm5t1 & to h !n di$1 :]eas control eggs pa9t$ ) lime produc$ live *icks4 ,f :at is /at$ lat] ) reg>d to ! curi\s action ( lead ^u ! blood1 ! me*anism ( abortion is easily und]/ood2 x is probable t plac5tal hmorrhages are produc$1 z 9 o!r organs ( ! body4 ,b ! effect ( lead on ! female is n only app>5t dur+ pregnancy4 ,a consid]able numb] ( wom5 work+ 9 lead processes suff] f am5orrha1 & (t5 f p]iods ( m5orrhagia & dysm5orrha1 :i* z a rule is ! m /rik+ symptom4 ,! effect ( lead on ! ut]9e functions1 h[ev]1 only exi/s s long z ! con/ant intake ( ! poison is tak+ place1 & _m cases are record$ :]e wom51 aft] hav+ _h successive abortions :ile work+ 9 lead factories1 h ultimately gone ?r\gh a normal pregnancy & giv5 bir? to a liv+ *ild4 ,?is circum/ance be>s a /rong analogy to ! simil> tra9 ( ev5ts 9 syphilis4 ,9 ! ,report ( ! ,committee on ! ,use ( ,lead 9 ! ,pott]ies1 "s inquiry 0 made ) reg>d to ! possible association ( lead absorption on ! male side z a pr$ispos+ cause ( infant mortality & premature bir?4 ,! tables giv5 are n v conclusive1 & f our own obs]vations !re seems to be v little evid5ce = suppos+ t a male lead work] is less likely to beget *ildr51 or t 8 *ildr5 are m likely to be unheal?y ?an ^? ( m5 work+ 9 any o!r indu/rial process4 ,we are "h speak+ ( ! effect ( lead "u ! conditions ( its g5]al use 9 ?is c\ntry n[4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any precautions :atev] z to daily absorption ( dang]\s du/1 ! effect on ! (fspr+1 ev5 9 ! case ( male lead work]s1 may well be evid5t1 z has be5 %[n by ,*yz]#ab 9 ! manufacture ( pott]y z a home indu/ry 9 ,hung>y4 ,"o greatly di/urb+ factor 9 e/imat+ ! great] susceptibility ( ! female ?an ! male 9 _m lead indu/ries is t ! m dang]\s "w is p]=m$ by ! wom51 su*1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,pott]ies1 z ! process ( col\r-bl[+ & w>e-clean+4 ,pr$ispos+ ,causes ( ,lead ,poison+4--,9 lead poison+1 z 9 _m o!r diseases1 a numb] ( pr$ispos+ & contributory causes may be cit$ :i* t5d to l[] ! susceptibility ( ! individual to ! poison\s effect ( ! metal & its comp\nds1 or to s modify ! functions ( ! body t a small] dose ( poison may produce m pr(\nd *anges ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,c]ta9 diseases may be reg>d$ z pr$ispos+ causes by l[]+ ! g5]al resi/ance ( ! body tissues to ! influ5ce ( lead1 & a consid]ation ( ! *apt] on ,pa?ology w at once demon/rate h[ s]i\sly c]ta9 diseases may contribute 9 ?is way4 ,! peculi> effect ( lead is ^u ! blood & ! walls ( ! bloodvessels1 & x w !re=e foll[ t any disease :i* may affect ! intima ( ! bloodvessels may pr$ispose to lead poison+2 &1 fur!r1 z ! elim9ation ( lead takes place to a c]ta9 ext5t ?r\gh ! kidney1 any disease :i* affects ei!r ! r5al epi!lium or ! g5]al ma9t5ance ( ! excretory function ( ! kidney may pr$ispose t organ to ! irritative effects ( ! lead circulat+ 9 ! blood4 ,9 ! same way1 ! condition ( lead absorption 9 :i* ! balance ( absorption & elim9ation ( lead rema9s 9 su* a ratio t no def9ite symptoms ( lead poison+ appe> may h t delicate balance easily upset by ! introduction ( "s second>y cause1 :i*1 :5 op]at+ 9 association ) lead absorption1 may precipitate symptoms attributable to poison+ by t metal4 ,*ronic alcoholism especially1 produc+ z x does def9ite *anges 9 ! kidney ( itself--*anges :i* x is impossible to di/+ui% by ! nak$ eye f ! effects ( lead poison+--mu/ cle>ly act z a pr$ispos+1 if n ev5 an excit+1 cause ( lead kidney infection4 ,9 exp]im5ts ^u animals1 x 0 f\nd t ! addition ( alcohol to ! diet ( an animal :i* 0 ! subject ( *ronic lead absorption precipitat$ ! attack ( def9ite poison+2 9 o!r words1 ! lat5t p]iod ( lead poison+--t is to say1 ! resi/ance exhibit$ by ! tissues to ! toxic influ5ce ( lead--0 consid]ably dim9i%$ by ?is addition ( a second irritant1 alcohol4 ,9 sev]al exp]im5ts1 also1 :]e ! =m ( lead exp]im5t$ ) 0 "o ( ! lea/ toxic ( ! lead comp\nds1 ! animals subject$ to su* a comp\nd alone did n become poison$1 b succumb$ if alcohol 7 add$ to _! diet4 ,?is exp]im5tal "w is amply borne out by ! cl9ical evid5ce ( all p]sons :o h _h exp]i5ce ( indu/rial lead poison+1 z cases ( colic & wri/-drop are frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 lead work]s %ortly aft] alcoholic excesses4 ,individuals1 !re=e1 :o are suspect$ ( ! alcoholic habit %\ld n be employ$ 9 any process :]e !y are likely to run risk ( absorption ( lead du/4 ,su* diseases z syphilis & g\t1 by caus+ a height5$ art]ial t5sion or def9ite disease ( ! intima ( ! bloodvessels !mselves1 t5d to weak5 ! art]ies 9 mu* ! same mann] z does lead circulat+ 9 ! blood1 & mu/ on t acc\nt act z pr$ispos+ causes4 ,9 p]sons employ$ 9 lead trades "s species ( tol]ance is g5]ally develop$1 & if ! functions ( ! body progress 9 ! normal way ! balance ( elim9ation & absorption are equal1 &1 z w be se5 lat]1 ! *ief *annel = ! elim9ation ( lead f ! body is ?r\gh ! b[el4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t any disease :i* t5ds to produce con/ipation or *ronic inactivity ( ! normal inte/9al functions w also t5d to l[] ! resi/ance ( ! individual to lead poison+4 ,( ! v>i\s types ( inte/9al disease ( a *ronic nature--su*1 = in/ance1 z *ronic dys5t]y1 colitis1 & ! l--little ne$ be said2 b ! pr$ispos+ effect ( diseas$ conditions ( ! upp] portion ( ! alim5t>y canal mu/ n be ov]look$1 m p>ticul>ly affections ( ! oral cavity itself4 ,?is special type ( infection1 (t5 includ$ "u ! t]m ( 8oral sepsis10 besides produc+ anmia1 is also a con/ant cause ( inte/9al di/urbance1 & z su* op]ates z a p>ticul> pr$ispos+ cause ( lead poison+4 ,) reg>d to g\t ! evid5ce is n s cle>4 ,x 0 po9t$ out by ,g>rod#ac t g\t 0 common among h\se-pa9t]s1 & x has be5 g5]ally /at$ t lead poison+ pr$isposes to ?is compla9t4 ,9 ! op9ion ( a consid]able numb] ( obs]v]s1 h[ev]1 g\t is by no means common among p]sons work+ 9 :ite lead factories or lead-smelt+ works1 b !re seems to be "s reason to suppose t x is some:at common among ^? p]sons employ$ 9 ! pa9t+ trades1 b n among ^? employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( pa9ts & col\rs4 ,f ! exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by "o ( u ,k4 ,w4 ,g4#ac4 x seems probable t ! occurr5ce ( g\t among pa9t]s may be associat$ ) ! use ( turp5t9e1 l>gely employ$ 9 ! ord9>y processes ( pa9t+1 z ?is sub/ance 9 p>ticul> is n "o t is us$ by work]s 9 o!r lead trades1 &1 f exp]im5ts p]=m$ on animals1 ! inhalation ( turp5t9e vap\r 0 f\nd to produce v def9ite *anges bo? 9 ! kidney & ! g5]al metabolism ( ! body4 ,malnutrition4--,malnutrition is recogniz$ z a pr$ispos+ cause ( practically all =ms ( disease1 & ) a *ronic intoxication1 su* z lead poison+1 malnutrition & />vation1 ) its att5dant depression ( all ! vital =ces ( ! body1 is ess5tially a pr$ispos+ cause ( poison+1 s mu* s t ev5 ! fact ( comm5c+ "w )\t previ\sly p>tak+ ( food may op]ate directly z a cause ( poison+4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 moreov]1 exp]im5tally by "o ( u ,k4 ,w4 ,g4#ad t an animal f$ ) milk conta9+ lead nitrate did n develop poison+1 ?\gh ! control animal develop$ well-m>k$ symptoms ( poison+ ) a mu* small] dose giv5 9 wat]4 ,anmia4--,anmia has already be5 ref]r$ to z occurr+ ) great frequ5cy 9 p]sons :o are absorb+ lead1 & x usually =ms "o ( ! *ief factors 9 ! symptom-complex ( lead ca*exia4 ,z ! action ( lead is p>ticul>ly ^u ! blood & ! hmopoietic organs1 dim9i%+ ! numb] ( r$ cells & ! am\nt ( hmoglob91 & impair+ ! organs f :i* fre% blood-cells are produc$1 a disease or /ate associat$ ) anmia o!r ?an ( lead orig9 acts z a def9ite pr$ispos+ cause 9 ! developm5t ( toxic symptoms 9 a work] 9 an indu/rial lead process4 ,among ! anmias1 two p>ticul> types may be ref]r$ to z ( *ief importance4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 *lorosis1 ! anmia occurr+ p>ticul>ly 9 "y wom51 is (t5 associat$ ) inte/9al /asis4 ,lead anmia occurr+ 9 a *lorotic p]son is always m sev]e ?an simple lead anmia4 ,"y p]sons suff]+ f *lorosis1 !re=e1 %\ld n be employ$ 9 a dang]\s lead process until ! anmia has be5 treat$4 ,! second type ( anmia1 :i*1 f its frequ5cy1 may be also reg>d$ z a pr$ispos+ cause ( lead poison+1 is *ronic second>y septic anmia4 ,anmias ( ?is type1 z 0 po9t$ out by ,william ,hunt]#ae1 resemble 9 _m po9ts ! orig9al idiopa?ic or ,addisonian anmia1 (t5 t]m$ 8p]nici\s anmia10 & "o ( u has _h occasion to inquire into ! curi\s type ( second>y anmia associat$ ) septic affections ( ! upp] respiratory tract1 p>ticul>ly ^? relat$ to *ronic suppurative affections ( ! accessory s9uses ( ! nose1 ( ! gums1 ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & ! ?roat4 ,! commone/ =ms ( ?is second>y anmia are ^? due to *ronic po/-nasal dis*>ge1 & to *ronic infections ( ! gums & alveolus ( ! jaws1 ! latt] (t5 class$ toge!r "u ! t]m 8pyorrha alveol>is40 ,?is t]m is an exce$+ly clumsy "o1 indicat+ a dis*>ge ( pus f ! gum edges & sockets ( ! tee?1 :i* are (t5 loose4 ,! disease comm5ces z an infective g+ivitis along ! edges ( ! gum1 & progresses to r>efy+ o/eitis ( ! alveol> process1 & (t5 ( ! body ( ! bone4 ,! affection r>ely gives rise to pa91 & z a rule ! individual is entirely unaw>e t any *ronic suppuration is pres5t1 & little or no notice is !re=e tak5 ( ! disease4 ,progressive anmia may ?us be set up )\t any k ( its cause1 p>tly by absorption ( ! actual bact]ia & _! products ?r\gh ! alveol> bloodvessels1 & p>tly by ! fact ( ! con/ant swall[+ ( pus & bact]ial products1 :i* set up v>i\s =ms ( *ronic ga/ro-inte/9al incompet5ce4 ,f ! dis*>ges ( ! m\?1 & issu+ f ! gum edges1 num]\s bact]ia h be5 isolat$1 & 9 m rec5t "w "o ( u ,k4 ,w4 ,g4#af has succe$$ 9 isolat+ & id5tify+ c]ta9 bact]ia z a direct cause ( ar?ritis de=mans1 a malady occasionally1 b )\t suffici5t gr\nds1 ascrib$ to lead poison+4 ,ar?ritis ( v>i\s types may occur 9 p]sons engag$ 9 lead trades1 b 9 all su* cases we h _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ !re has be5 "s obvi\s s\rce ( septic infection1 & no evid5ce t ! ar?ritis 0 due to ! action ( lead4 ,x is mo/ important to draw ! att5tion ( ^? engag$ 9 ! protection ( lead work]s f ! dang]s ( _! occupation to ^! *ronic septic conditions ( ! m\?1 & x may be tak5 z a g5]al rule t1 :]ev] ! blue l9e makes its appe>ance along ! gums1 su* gums are 9 a /ate ( *ronic infection1 & ! appe>ance ( ! blue l9e is m]ely a second>y effect4 ,x is exce$+ly r>e to f9d ! blue l9e 9 p]sons ) intact gums & clean tee?2 & al?\gh att5tion is frequ5tly drawn to ! fact t a lead l9e exi/s 9 a p]son ^: tee? are normal1 little or no notice is tak5 ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a suppurative condition ( ! gum m>g9s4 ,moreov]1 su* a suppurative condition does n always result 9 obvi\s inflammation ( ! gum edges1 & v consid]able de/ruction ( ! alveolus & ! int]d5tal bone may exi/ )\t any obvi\s signs ( its pres5ce1 unless ! case be exam9$ c>efully ) a f9e probe4 ,?is p>ticul> po9t has be5 ! subject ( exp]im5t by "o ( u4 ,animals expos$ to ! influ5ce ( air lad5 ) lead du/ nev] develop a blue l9e1 al?\gh all ! usual symptoms ( lead poison+ make _! appe>ance4 ,:51 h[ev]1 "s slight suppurative lesion ( ! gums 0 produc$ by an inoculation into ! gum tissue ( organisms isolat$ f a case ( infective g+ivitis 9 a human be+1 ! site ( inoculation & any suppurative lesion t result$ locally at once all[$ ! developm5t ( a blue l9e1 & x 0 only 9 animals s treat$ t x 0 possible to produce exp]im5tally ! ,burtonian l9e4 ,!re is no d\bt t any *ronic septic infection may pr$ispose to lead poison+ ?r\gh ! production ( a second>y anmia1 & x is !re=e inadvisable to pass = "w 9 a lead process ( a dang]\s nature any p]sons suff]+ f an infect$ condition ( ! m\?4 ,x foll[s also t ! c>e ( ! m\? & gums %\ld be rigor\sly en=c$ ^u all p]sons employ$ 9 lead trades1 z ! m]e me*anical facilities = ! accumulation ( dbris ar\nd ! individual tee? t5ds to increase ! quantity ( lead du/ t may be reta9$ 9 ! m\?4 ,?is is gradually r5d]$ soluble & absorb$1 ?r\gh ! action ( ! bact]ial acids :i* are always produc$ along ! gum m>g9s :5 any entangl$ food is reta9$ 9 ! int]d5tal spaces4 ,"o fur!r po9t ( importance atta*es to ! infections ( ! upp] respiratory tract--namely1 ! con/ant +e/ion ( bact]ia ( a f]m5tative type4 ,by ?is means ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* may be ma9ta9$ 9 a /ate ( hyp]acidity1 & any small quantities ( lead :i* become swall[$ are !reby at once r5d]$ soluble 9 ! int]meal p]iods4 ,( ! o!r types ( anmia :i* may act z pr$ispos+ causes ( lead poison+1 little ne$ be said1 z !y are ei!r associat$ ) o!r grave symptoms or are r>e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b z all =ms ( anmia1 p>ticul>ly septic anmia1 mal>ial fev]1 etc41 are associat$ ) de/ruction ( ! blood-cells1 ! pres5ce ( basophile /a9+ granules 9 ! r$ corpuscles ( su* p]sons is a con/ant feature1 & mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! basophile /a9+ ow+ its orig9 to ! effect ( lead4 ,9 addition to ! diseases m5tion$ :i* may be said to pr$ispose to lead poison+1 c]ta9 o!r diseases h be5 /at$ to be pr$ispos$ to by ! action ( lead4 ,x is no d\bt a fact t :]e *ronic anmia1 wa/+1 loss ( subcutane\s fat1 decreas$ muscul> p[]1 & g5]al l[]+ ( ! metabolic activity ( ! body1 are produc$1 an individual s affect$ may be suppos$ to be m susceptible to c]ta9 infecti\s diseases1 & among ^! /ress has be5 laid on ! alleg$ association ( ph?isis ) lead absorption4 ,?is po9t is discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,9 summ+ up ! difficult "q ( pr$isposition to lead poison+1 toge!r ) ! correlat$ que/ions ( susceptibility & immunity1 c]ta9 facts may at any rate be cle>ly /at$3 #a4 ,und\bt$ individual susceptibility & immunity exi/ ) reg>d to lead poison+ 9 exactly ! same way z individual susceptibility & immunity may be %[n to exi/ t[>ds poison+ by _m o!r metals & drugs4 ,!re=e1 giv5 ! same opportunities = infection1 a p]son %[+ e>ly signs ( lead absorption may be reg>d$ z susceptible4 #b4 ,females are at lea/ twice1 & probably ?ree times1 z susceptible to lead poison+ z are males4 ,mu* ( ?is susceptibility is det]m9$ by ! extra /ress ?r[n ^u ! female g5]ative organs4 #c4 ,c]ta9 diseases pr$ispose to lead poison+ ma9ly by nature ( ! alt]ations 9 metabolism produc$--*iefly anmia4 #d4 ,_m p]sons engag$ 9 lead indu/ries become gradually tol]ant ( ! absorption ( lead1 & 9 "t resi/ mu* l>g] doses ?an w\ld h be5 possible at ! comm5cem5t ( exposure1 b 9 su* p]sons ! balance betwe5 absorption & excretion ^u :i* t tol]ance dep5ds may become easily di/urb$ by int]curr5t disease or sudd5 increase 9 absorption4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,,cloetta3 ,dixon ,mann's ,=5sic ,m$ic9e & ,toxicology1 p4 #dfc4 #b ,,oliv]1 ,,sir ,t43 ,diseases ( ,occupation1 p4 #adb4 #c ,,goadby1 ,k4 ,w43 ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,lead ,poison+1 etc41 9 ,*9a & ,e>!nw>e ,manufacture1 ,app5dix ,no4 ,,xxv4 #d ,,meill,,re ,,& ,,ri*]3 ,meillre's ,le ,saturnisme4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 #e ,,bly?3 ,ab/ract ( ,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahhg-hh4 #f ,,h\g\n5cq3 ,meillre's ,le ,saturnisme1 p4 #gc4 #g ,,dixon ,,mann3 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #ahic4 #h ,,gauti]3 ,socit de ,biologie1 ,april1 #aijc4 #i ,,oliv]1 ,,sir ,t43 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,may #ac1 #aiaa1 p4 #ajif4 #aj ,,glib]t1 ,d4 ,j43 ,le ,saturnisme ,exprim5tal4 ,extrait des ,rapports ,annuels de l',inspection du ,travail4 ,bruxelles1 #aijf4 #aa ,,oliv]1 ,,sir ,t43 ,diseases ( ,occupation1 p4 #aci4 #ab ,,*yz]1 ,a43 ,des ,intoxications p> le ,plomb se prs5tant dans la ,cramique en ,hongrie4 ,budape/1 #aijh4 #ac ,,g>rod3 ,! ,lancet1 #ahgj4 #ad ,,goadby1 ,k4 ,w43 ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,lead ,poison+1 etc41 9 ,*9a & ,e>!nw>e ,manufacture1 ,app5dix ,,xxv4 #ae ,,hunt]1 ,,william3 ,sev]e/ ,anmias4 #af ,,goadby1 ,k4 ,w43 ,! ,lancet1 ,m>* #aa1 #aiaa4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,plumbism,a ,a ,bas$ ma9ly on reports receiv$ f c]tify+ factory surgeons dur+ ! t5 ye>s #aijj-aiji4 ,classification ( notifi$ cases ( lead poison+ 0 c>ri$ out on practically ! same l9es betwe5 ! ye>s #aijj & #aiji1 & comp>ison ( ! data s collect$ has int]e/1 9 view ( _! l>ge numb]--ne>ly #g1jjj--;9 respect ( 7#a7 increase or decrease 9 record$ am\nt 9 ea* "o ( eighte5 classes ( indu/ries2 7#b7 sev]ity & numb] ( attack--i4e41 :e!r fir/1 second1 ?ird1 or *ronic2 & 7#c7 ma9 symptoms4 ,notification 0 fir/ enjo9$ by ,section #bi ( ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 #ahie1 :i* subsequ5tly1 on consolidation ( ! ,factory ,acts1 became ,section #gc ( ! ,act ( #aija4 ,?is enactm5t requires e m$ical practition]1 att5d+ on1 or call$ 9 to visit1 a pati5t :om he believes to be suff]+ f lead poison+ contract$ 9 a factory or work%op1 to notify ! case =?) to ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories at ! ,home ,(fice2 & a simil> obligation is impos$ on ! occupi] ( a factory or work%op to s5d writt5 notice ( e su* case to ! c]tify+ surgeon & inspector ( factories = ! di/rict4 ,9 =m !re is close simil>ity betwe5 ?is section & t requir+ notification "u ! ,infecti\s ,diseases 7,notification7 ,act2 b :]eas ! symptoms ( ^! diseases are1 )9 well-recogniz$ limits1 precise1 9 lead poison+ ! diff]5tial diagnosis has n infrequ5tly to be made f a v>iety ( common ailm5ts--heada*e1 anmia1 rheumatism1 abdom9al pa92 & !re is no precise /&>d ( :at con/itutes lead poison+4 ,! notification ( ! practition] z a rule gives no in=mation beyond ! belief t ! case is "o ( lead poison+4 ,z a matt] ( r\t9e ! notification is foll[$ up by an inquiry by ! c]tify+ surgeon & inspector to see :e!r regulations already 9 =ce h be5 infr+$ 9 ! p>ticul> "w-place or n1 & z to h[ f> !re may h be5 contributory neglig5ce on ! "p ( ! suff]]4 ,! data suppli$ on ! surgeon's report =m ! basis ( ! tabulation#a4 ,brief explanation is want$ ( ! me?od adopt$ 9 classification4 ,cases repres5t all attacks report$ )9 a ye>1 & n previ\sly report$ )9 ! prec$+ twelve mon?s1 s z to make ! numb] ( p]sons & cases 9 a ye> ! same4 ,:]e ! int]val betwe5 two reports on ! same p]son 0 m ?an twelve mon?s1 ! fre% attack 0 aga9 includ$4 ,! numb] ( su* second reports on p]sons already includ$ 9 a return numb]$ #bhd 7#db p] c5t471 & a portion ( ^! c]ta9ly1 probably n m ?an #ajj1 h be5 includ$ twice or ?rice 9 ! total #f1fch cases4 ,cases 9 :i* !re 0 obvi\s error 9 diagnosis1 or 9 :i* ! op9ion ( ! c]tify+ surgeon 0 v /rongly aga9/ ! diagnosis 7especially :5 ! report _h be5 made 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ! occupi] alone1 & n by a m$ical practition]71 7 exclud$ f ! return4 ,^! numb]$ #deh 7#fh p] c5t474 ,o!rs1 aga91 :]e !re 0 a /rong elem5t ( d\bt1 b n to be reg>d$ z m ?an a diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 two m$ical m51 7 m>k$ d\btful & includ$4 ,( ^! !re 7 #dbd 7#fc p] c5t474 ,! classification ( indu/ries 0 design$ to repres5t ! way 9 :i* ! poison+ may be suppos$ to orig9ate f 7a7 lead fumes 7#a to #d71 7b7 h&l+ metallic lead 7#e & #f71 7c7 du/ f lead comp\nds 7#g to #ad71 & 7d7 lead pa9t 7#ae to #ag74 ,we atta* n[ only slight importance to ?is attempt to def9e causation1 z x w appe> f our survey t we reg>d almo/ all cases z ! result ( inhalation ei!r ( fumes or du/4 ,! reports describe n only ! p>ticul> attack1 b also ! g5]al condition ( ! pati5t at ! "t ( ! attack4 ,v frequ5tly a comb9ation ( symptoms--colic1 anmia1 & v>y+ degree ( p>alysis--are describ$ z pres5t1 & :5 ?is is ! case ea* "o ( !m has be5 ent]$ "u ! appropriate head+4 ,! total numb] ( symptoms1 !re=e1 greatly exce$s ! numb] ( cases1 b ?is does n affect ! correctness ( ! e/imate ( ea* "o z a proportion on ! total numb] report$4 ,! reports d n give detail$ in=mation su* z c be ga9$ f hospital records4 ,especially is ?is ! case ) ! symptoms ( p>alysis & encephalopa?y4 ,table ,,iii4 %[s ! numb] ( report$ cases includ$ 9 returns = ea* ( ! ye>s #aijj to #aiji4 ,on ! total figures !re has be5 a r$uction ( #dgg p] c5t4 ,9 ! sev]al indu/ries ! sali5t feature is t ! consid]able dim9ution a*iev$ is limit$ to indu/ries--notably :ite lead1 e>!nw>e & *9a1 li?o-transf]s1 & pa9ts & col\rs--9 :i*1 "u regulations or special rules1 locally appli$ exhau/ v5tilation = ! removal ( du/1 & p]iodical m$ical exam9ation ( ! work]s1 h be5 requir$4 ,:]e1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! processes c>ri$ on1 x has be5 f\nd impracticable1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 to apply local exhau/ v5tilation1 & :]e p]iodical exam9ation ( ! work]s is lack+1 z 9 smelt+ ( metals,a & indu/ries us+ pa9t1 !re has be5 t5d5cy to increase 9 ! numb] ( cases4 ,9 coa*-build+ ! increase is 9 "p due to activity 9 ! motor-c> indu/ry4 ,a ,?is is n[ requir$ by ! regulations dat$ ,augu/ #ab1 #aiaa4 ,,table ,,iii4--,,notification ,,( ,,poison+ ,,by ,,lead 7,,"u ,s4 #gc1 #aija71 #aijj-aiji4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,report$ --------------------------------- ,total ,indu/ry4 #aijj-ji4aiji4aijh4aijg4aijf4aije4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 ,,lead ,,poison+ #f1gfbeecfdfeghfcbeib #a4 ,smelt+ ( metals #dab #ff #gj #bh #ch #bd #b4 ,brass works #ge #e #f #i #aa #e #c4 ,%eet lead & lead pip+ #aji #i #ad #f #g #i #d4 ,plumb+ & sold]+ #bag #bh #bg #bj #af #bd #e4 ,pr9t+ #bjj #ba #cj #bf #af #ai #f4 ,file-cutt+ #baa #h #i #aj #ae #ab #g4 ,t9n+ & enamell+ #ach #ba #aj #be #ah #ad #h4 ,:ite lead #a1bie #cb #gi #ga #ajh #ij #i4 ,r$ lead #ajh #aj #ab #g #f #aj #aj4 ,*9a & e>!nw>e #a1jfe #eh #aagajc #ajg #hd #aj;a4 ,li?o-transf]s #dh #a #b #aj #e #e #aa4 ,glass cutt+ & poli%+ #dh #d #c #d #d #c #ab4 ,enamell+ iron plates #eb #c #g #f #d #b #ac4 ,electric accumulators #bhe #bg #be #ba #bf #bg #ad4 ,pa9ts & col\rs #dbb #ci #be #ce #cg #eg #ae4 ,coa*-build+ #fig #ie #gj #gj #he #ef #af4 ,%ip-build+ #bfi #bg #ae #bb #bf #cb #ag4 ,pa9t us$ 9 o!r indu/ries #deb #db #dg #di #cg #di #ah4 ,o!r indu/ries #fei #eg #gh #ef #ff #gj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,cases4 --------------------------- ,indu/ry4 #aijd4aijc4aijb4aija4 #aijj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- 7#a7 7#h7 7#i7 7#aj7 7#aa7 7#ab7 ,,lead ,,poison+ #eigfadfbihfca1jeh #a4 ,smelt+ ( metals #cc #cg #bh #ed #cd #b4 ,brass works #aj #ae #e #f #c #c4 ,%eet lead & lead pip+ #g #aa #ab #ag #ag #d4 ,plumb+ & sold]+ #ba #bf #bc #bc #i #e4 ,pr9t+ #ae #ac #ai #bc #ah #f4 ,file-cutt+ #bj #bd #bg #df #dj #g4 ,t9n+ & enamell+ #aj #ad #aa #aj #e #h4 ,:ite lead #aaf #aji #adc #ahi #ceh #i4 ,r$ lead #aa #f #ac #ad #ai #aj4 ,*9a & e>!nw>e #ajf #ig #hg #ajf #bjj #aj;a4 ,li?o-transf]s #c #c #b #g #aj #aa4 ,glass cutt+ & poli%+ -- #d #h #aa #g #ab4 ,enamell+ iron plates #c #d #c #i #aa #ac4 ,electric accumulators #cc #bh #af #di #cc #ad4 ,pa9ts & col\rs #cb #ci #df #ef #ef #ae4 ,coa*-build+ #di #gd #fc #fe #gj #af4 ,%ip-build+ #dh #bd #ae #bh #cb #ag4 ,pa9t us$ 9 o!r indu/ries #bg #df #dd #fa #ej #ah4 ,o!r indu/ries #ec #dj #fd #hi #hf ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! pr9cipal figures are ^? ( ! cases1 fatal & non-fatal2 ! small figures relate to fatal cases only4 ,= ! sake ( complet5ess ! figures = ! ye>s #aiaj & #aiaa are giv5 bel[4 ,! gr& totals are comp>able ) ^? = ea* ( ! ye>s #aijj to #aiji1 b n ! total = all ( ! sev]al gr\ps ( indu/ries4 ,?us1 ! "n ( head+ ,no4 #g is alt]$ to 8,t9n+ ( metals10 & ,no4 #ab to 8,vitre\s enamell+10 because ( regulations wid5+ _! scope1 & n[ includ+ cases :i* previ\sly figur$ 9 ,no4 #ah1 8,o!r indu/ries40 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,indu/ry4 #aiaa4aiaj4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,lead ,,poison+ #ffieje ,smelt+ ( metals #dh #cd ,brass works #i #g ,%eet lead & lead pip+ #ab #d ,plumb+ & sold]+ #cg #be ,pr9t+ #cb #cc ,file-cutt+ #ah #i ,t9n+ ( metals #ac #ag ,vitre\s enamell+ #ai #ag ,:ite lead #da #cd ,r$ lead #ac #aj ,*9a & e>!nw>e #ib #gg ,li?o-transf]s #a #a ,glass cutt+ & poli%+ #e -- ,electric accumulators #bd #ca ,pa9ts & col\rs #ba #ag ,coa* & c> pa9t+ #ajd #gj ,%ip-build+ #cf #ba ,use ( pa9t 9 o!r indu/ries #ef #ea ,o!r indu/ries #hh #dg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,table ,,iv4--,,analysis ,,( ,,reports ,,on ,,lead ,,poison+ ,,by ,,c]tify+ ,,surgeons ,,f ,,janu>y #a1 #aijj1 ,,to ,,decemb] #ca1 #aiji4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sev]ity ( ,symptoms4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,no4 ,occupation4 ,total4 ,sev]e4 ,mod]ate4 ,slight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 #a ,smelt+ ( metals3 ,cases #daa -- #ajd -- #aje -- #aig -- ,p] c5t4 #ajj -- #bec -- #bef -- #dgi -- #b ,brass works3 ,cases #gj #d #bf #b #bj #a #bb #a ,p] c5t4 #ajj -- #cga -- #bhf -- #cae -- #c ,%eet lead & lead pip+3 ,cases #ajb #d #be #a #bi #a #dg #b ,p] c5t4 #ajj -- #bde -- #bhd -- #dfa -- #d ,plumb+ & sold]+3 ,cases #ahf #cj #fe #f #di #f #fe #af ,p] c5t4 #ajj #ajj #cdibjj #bfcbjj #cdiecc #e ,pr9t+3 ,cases #aij #f #ee -- #dc #a #hb #e ,p] c5t4 #ajj -- #bhi -- #bbf -- #dcb -- #f ,file-cutt+3 ,cases #agd #cd #he #h #cd #e #dh #ba ,p] c5t4 #ajj #ajj #dhibce #aieadg #bgffah #g ,t9n+ & enamell+ ( holl[-w>e3 ,cases #hd #ec #bf #ac #bg #af #ca #bd ,p] c5t4 #ajj #ajj #cajbde #cbacjb #cfidec #h ,:ite lead3 ,cases #a1afg #gf #cag #bg #bce #aa #eic #cc ,p] c5t4 #ajj #ajj #bgbcee #bjaade #ejhdcd #i ,r$ lead3 ,cases #ajh -- #cj -- #ca -- #de -- ,p] c5t4 #ajj -- #bgh -- #bhg -- #dag -- #aj ,*9a & e>!nw>e3 ,cases #dij #egb #ajb #hf #aeh #aha #baf #bhf ,p] c5t4 #ajj #ajj #bjhaej #cbbcaf #ddaejj #aj;a,li?o- transf]]s3 ,cases #bj #bh #b #e #b #h #ae #ae ,p] c5t4 #ajj #ajj #ajjagi #ajjbhf #gejecf #aa ,glass cutt+ & poli%+3 ,cases #dg -- #bj -- #aa -- #af -- ,p] c5t4 #ajj -- #dbe -- #bcd -- #cdj -- #ab ,enamell+ ( iron plates3 ,cases #ch #ad #f #f #ai #d #ac #c ,p] c5t4 #ajj #ajj #aehdbi #ejjbhf #cdbbad #ac ,electric accumulators3 ,cases #bha -- #eh -- #gj -- #aea -- ,p] c5t4 #ajj -- #bjf -- #bdi -- #ecg -- #ad ,pa9t & col\r works3 ,cases #cig #ba #aaa #b #ajd #d #agf #ae ,p] c5t4 #ajj #ajj #bgi #ie #bfbaij #dddgae #ae ,coa*-mak+3 ,cases #fgh #c #agf -- #ahg #b #bic #a ,p] c5t4 #ajj -- #bfj -- #bgf -- #dcb -- #af ,%ip-build+3 ,cases #bfa -- #ic -- #ea -- #ajh -- ,p] c5t4 #ajj -- #cef -- #aie -- #dad -- #ag ,pa9ts us$ 9 o!r indu/ries3 ,cases #dje #db #abg #aa #ig #g #agd #bb ,p] c5t4 #ajj #ajj #cadbfb #bciafg #dcjebd #ah ,o!r indu/ries3 ,cases #ebh #aad #afj #cg #aag #bb #bcj #eb ,p] c5t4 #ajj #ajj #cjccbe #bbbaic #dcfdef ,total cases #e1fcga1jjaa1ehh #bjda1chi #bfib1ebb #dif p] c5t4 #ajj #ajj #bhbbjd #bdgbfi #ddgdie ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,numb] ( ,attack4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,?ird1 or ,no4 ,occupation4 ,fir/4 ,second4 ,*ronic4 ---------------------------------------- ------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#g7 7#h7 7#i7 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 #a ,smelt+ ( metals3 ,cases #bgf -- #fe -- #fd -- ,p] c5t4 #fgb -- #afh -- #aef -- #b ,brass works3 ,cases #dj #c #aa #a #ag -- ,p] c5t4 #ega -- #aeg -- #bdc -- #c ,%eet lead & lead pip+3 ,cases #gb #c #ag -- #aa #a ,p] c5t4 #gjf -- #afg -- #ajh -- #d ,plumb+ & sold]+3 ,cases #aad #bb #cj #a #cb #c ,p] c5t4 #facgccafa #ccagbajj #e ,pr9t+3 ,cases #aah #f #bi -- #cc -- ,p] c5t4 #fba -- #aec -- #agd -- #f ,file-cutt+3 ,cases #di #bd #ci #d #gh #f ,p] c5t4 #bhbgjfbbdaahddhagf #g ,t9n+ & enamell+ ( holl[-w>e3 ,cases #ej #ca #ah #af #ae #f ,p] c5t4 #eieehebadcjbagiaac #h ,:ite lead3 ,cases #ifa #ef #ajh #i #di #c ,p] c5t4 #hbdgcg #icaah #db #ci #i ,r$ lead3 ,cases #ij -- #h -- #h -- ,p] c5t4 #hcc -- #gd -- #gd -- #aj ,*9a & e>!nw>e3 ,cases #big #dfi #ia #fe #hg #ag ,p] c5t4 #fjfhbjahfaadagg #cj #aj;a,li?o- transf]]s3 ,cases #ag #bg #b -- -- #a ,p] c5t4 #hejifdajj -- -- #cf #aa ,glass cutt+ & poli%+3 ,cases #ba -- #i -- #ag -- ,p] c5t4 #ddg -- #aia -- #cfb -- #ab ,enamell+ ( iron plates3 ,cases #ca #aa #g #b -- -- ,p] c5t4 #hafghfahdadc -- -- #ac ,electric accumulators3 ,cases #bbb -- #dj -- #ac -- ,p] c5t4 #gij -- #adb -- #df -- #ad ,pa9t & col\r works3 ,cases #bij #af #fa #c #ci #b ,p] c5t4 #gcagfbaedadc #ih #ie #ae ,coa*-mak+3 ,cases #dje #b #abg -- #aad #a ,p] c5t4 #eih -- #ahg -- #afh -- #af ,%ip-build+3 ,cases #aha -- #da -- #bd -- ,p] c5t4 #fij -- #aeg -- #ib -- #ag ,pa9ts us$ 9 o!r indu/ries3 ,cases #bch #cf #hc #d #ga #a ,p] c5t4 #ehhhegbje #ieage #bd #ah ,o!r indu/ries3 ,cases #cbi #ic #he #ad #hf #e ,p] c5t4 #fbchafafaabcafc #dd ,total cases #c1hjj #gii #hga #aai #geh #df p] c5t4 #fgdgihaeeaaiacd #df ---------------------------------------- ---- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ma9 ,symptoms4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,no4 ,occupation4 ,ga/ric4 ,anmia4 ,heada*e4 ,p>etic4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 7#a7 7#b7 7#aj7 7#aa7 7#ab7 7#ac7 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 #a ,smelt+ ( metals3 ,cases #cbe -- #ii -- #ah -- #ii -- ,p] c5t4 #gia -- #bda -- #dd -- #bda -- #b ,brass works3 ,cases #eg #d #bh #c #af #c #bh #b ,p] c5t4 #had -- #djj -- #bbi -- #djj -- #c ,%eet lead & lead pip+3 ,cases #hb #b #bh #a #i #a #bf #b ,p] c5t4 #hjd -- #bge -- #hh -- #bee -- #d ,plumb+ & sold]+3 ,cases #adf #be #eh #ad #bc #aj #df #g ,p] c5t4 #ghehcc #cabdfgabdccc #bdgbcc #e ,pr9t+3 ,cases #add #f #da #c #bb #a #cf -- ,p] c5t4 #geh -- #baf -- #aaf -- #ahi -- #f ,file-cutt+3 ,cases #ajd #bc #ej #ag #ae #b #hj #c ,p] c5t4 #eihfgg #bhgejj #hf #ei #dfj #hh #g ,t9n+ & enamell+ ( holl[-w>e3 ,cases #fe #di #cc #ab #i #c #ai #ac ,p] c5t4 #ggdibe #cicbbfajg #eg #bbfbde #h ,:ite lead3 ,cases #a1jjc #ei #bhf #h #ea #e #abj #g ,p] c5t4 #heiggf #beaje #dd #ff #ajc #ib #i ,r$ lead3 ,cases #hg -- #bh -- #h -- #ad -- ,p] c5t4 #hjf -- #bei -- #gd -- #acj -- #aj ,*9a & e>!nw>e3 ,cases #cah #dcj #ic #ahc #gh #aha #adg #gi ,p] c5t4 #fdigeb #aijcbjaeicaf #cjjach #aj;a,li?o- transf]]s3 ,cases #af #be #b #h #f #ad #a #h ,p] c5t4 #hjjhic #ajjbhfcjjejj #ejbhf #aa ,glass cutt+ & poli%+3 ,cases #bh -- #i -- #b -- #ad -- ,p] c5t4 #eif -- #aia -- #db -- #bih -- #ab ,enamell+ ( iron plates3 ,cases #cg #h #c #e #b #b #c #c ,p] c5t4 #igdega #giceg #ecadc #gibad #ac ,electric accumulators3 ,cases #bee -- #gj -- #aj -- #cd -- ,p] c5t4 #ijh -- #bdi -- #cf -- #aba -- #ad ,pa9t & col\r works3 ,cases #cdd #ai #aba #h #cf #b #ha #a ,p] c5t4 #hfgije #cjecha #ia #ie #bjd #dh #ae ,coa*-mak+3 ,cases #ecg #b #agh -- #aji -- #aeg #a ,p] c5t4 #gib -- #bfc -- #afa -- #bcb -- #af ,%ip-build+3 ,cases #bjg -- #gg -- #bg -- #ed -- ,p] c5t4 #gic -- #bie -- #ajc -- #bjg -- #ag ,pa9ts us$ 9 o!r indu/ries3 ,cases #cbi #cf #ajh #ba #dj #ac #aaj #ab ,p] c5t4 #habheg #bfgejj #iicaj #bgbbhf #ah ,o!r indu/ries3 ,cases #dbh #ia #afa #db #eh #ah #aba #ae ,p] c5t4 #haagih #cjecfhaajaeh #bbiacb ,total cases #d1eab #ggia1dgc #cbe #eci #beea1aij #aec p] c5t4 #hjjggh #bfacbe #ifbee #baaaec ---------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,encephalo- ,rheumat- ,no4 ,occupation4 pa?ic4 ic4 ,o!r4 ---------------------------------------- ------ 7#a7 7#b7 7#ad7 7#ae7 7#af7 ---------------------------------------- --- ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 #a ,smelt+ ( metals3 ,cases #i -- #ff -- #aa-- ,p] c5t4 #bb -- #afa -- #bg-- #b ,brass works3 ,cases -- -- #i #a #c-- ,p] c5t4 -- -- #abi -- #dc-- #c ,%eet lead & lead pip+3 ,cases #b -- #aa #a #a #a ,p] c5t4 #bj -- #ajh -- #aj-- #d ,plumb+ & sold]+3 ,cases #aj -- #ba #d #h-- ,p] c5t4 #ed -- #aacacc #dc-- #e ,pr9t+3 ,cases #h -- #ah -- #h-- ,p] c5t4 #db -- #ie -- #db-- #f ,file-cutt+3 ,cases #g -- #af -- #bj #c ,p] c5t4 #dj -- #ib -- #aaehh #g ,t9n+ & enamell+ ( holl[-w>e3 ,cases #d #b #h #d #a-- ,p] c5t4 #dh #ch #ie #ge #ab-- #h ,:ite lead3 ,cases #ei #f #ih #g #ad #b ,p] c5t4 #ea #gi #hd #ib #abbf #i ,r$ lead3 ,cases #i -- #ac -- #c-- ,p] c5t4 #hc -- #abj -- #bh-- #aj ,*9a & e>!nw>e3 ,cases #bf #dc #eb #fg #ci #h ,p] c5t4 #ec #ge #ajfaag #hjad #aj;a,li?o- transf]]s3 ,cases -- #b #e #b -- #a ,p] c5t4 -- #ga #bej #ga -- #cf #aa ,glass cutt+ & poli%+3 ,cases #b -- #d -- #i-- ,p] c5t4 #db -- #he -- #aia-- #ab ,enamell+ ( iron plates3 ,cases -- #a #f #a -- -- ,p] c5t4 -- #ga #aeh #ga -- -- #ac ,electric accumulators3 ,cases #e -- #ab -- #b-- ,p] c5t4 #ah -- #dc -- #jg-- #ad ,pa9t & col\r works3 ,cases #h #a #dc #b #g-- ,p] c5t4 #bj #dh #ajh #ie #ah-- #ae ,coa*-mak+3 ,cases #af -- #gi -- #bc-- ,p] c5t4 #bd -- #aag -- #cd-- #af ,%ip-build+3 ,cases #h -- #bc -- #d-- ,p] c5t4 #ca -- #hh -- #ae-- #ag ,pa9ts us$ 9 o!r indu/ries3 ,cases #aj #a #da #c #h #a ,p] c5t4 #be #bd #aja #ga #bjbd #ah ,o!r indu/ries3 ,cases #ag #f #dc #ae #ae-- ,p] c5t4 #cb #ec #haacb #bh-- ,total cases #bjj #fb #efh #ajg #agf #af p] c5t4 #ce #fb #ajcajg #caaf ---------------------------------------- --- ,to r$uce ! size ( ! table1 columns %[+ ! numb] 9 ea* occupation 9 :i* 7a7 ! sev]ity ( attack1 & 7b7 ! numb] ( attack 7 n /at$1 h be5 omitt$4 ,( ! =m] !re 7 #agj1 & ( ! latt] #bde4 ,! total figures1 h[ev]1 9 ,column #c include !m4 ,table ,,iv4 %[s ! sev]ity ( ! attacks z /at$ by ! surgeon1 ! numb] ( attack1 & ! ma9 symptoms4 ,! p]sonal elem5t ent]s into ! "* ( ! reports1 & symptoms :i* "o surgeon might describe z slight ano!r might reg>d z mod]ate1 or ev5 sev]e4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 8slight0 includes cases ( 7#a7 colic )\t complication1 & ( comp>atively %ort duration2 7#b7 anmia 9 adolesc5ce aggravat$ by employm5t2 & 7#c7 ei!r ( ! above ) t5d5cy to weakness ( ! ext5sors4 8,mod]ate0 includes 7#a7 a comb9ation ( colic ) anmia2 7#b7 pr(\nd anmia2 7#c7 p>tial p>alysis2 & 7#d7 cases 9 :i* !re is con/itutional debility4 8,sev]e0 includes 7#a7 m>k$ p>alysis2 7#b7 encephalopa?ic conditions--convulsions1 optic neuritis1 & m5tal affections2 7#c7 grave und]m9+ ( ! con/itution associat$ ) p>alysis1 r5al disease1 & art]io-scl]osis4 ,! reports are made dur+ ! attack1 & in=mation is n receiv$ ( ! sequel :i* may sup]v5e1 except 9 ! ev5t ( a lat] report z ! result ( fre% exposure to lead4 ,numb] ( attack has ref]5ce to def9ite occurr5ce ( disability4 ,transi5t attacks :i* h prec$$ ! disabl+ condition h be5 usually disreg>d$4 ,x 0 necess>y to limit ! numb] ( attacks :i* might be reg>d$ z indicat+ *ronic plumbism1 & all ^? includ$ 9 ,column #aj are ei!r ?ird attacks or cases ( *ronic lead poison+4 ,among ! ma9 symptoms1 ! head+s 8,ga/ric10 8,p>etic10 8,encephalopa?ic10 & 8,rheumatic or ,ar?ralgic10 repres5t fairly accurately ! relative incid5ce ( ^! 9 cases ( lead poison+ 9 ?is c\ntry2 ^? "u ! head+s 8,anmia0 & 8,heada*e0 are useful 9 comp>+ relative incid5ce on ! two sexes1 b !y occur1 probably1 mu* m frequ5tly ?an ! figures w\ld indicate2 ^? "u 8,tremor0 & 8,o!r0 are less valuable4 ,"u 8,o!r0 are includ$ 8,g\t10 8,nephritis10 or 8,c]ebral ,hmorrhage10 s t entry "u ?is head indicates *ronic1 r ?an mild1 lead poison+4 ,! conclusions f ! table are easy to draw1 z1 9 g5]al1 ! feature :i* causes sev]ity ( symptoms to be prom95t leaves its m>k also on 8,numb] ( ,attack0 & 8,ma9 ,symptoms40 ,?us1 9 ! indu/ries 9 :i* sev]e cases exce$ ! av]age 7brass1 plumb+1 pr9t+1 file-cutt+1 t9n+1 glass-cutt+1 %ip-build+1 pa9ts us$ 9 o!r indu/ries1 & o!r indu/ries71 ! *ronic nature ( ! plumbism is m>k$ly above ! av]age1 & "s sev]e symptom1 usually p>alysis1 is also above ! av]age4 ,an exception to ?is rule is *9a & e>!nw>e1 :]e sev]ity is consid]ably bel[ ! av]age1 b :]e1 among m51 ! figures = *ronic lead poison+ & p>alysis are di/9ctly high4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t ! proportion ( slight cases ev5 9 ?is indu/ry is bel[ ! av]age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sev]ity is bel[ ! av]age 9 smelt+1 :ite lead1 r$ lead1 li?o-transf]s1 enamell+1 electric accumulators1 pa9ts & col\rs1 & coa*-pa9t+1 & ! symptoms 9 ^! indu/ries are1 9 g5]al1 colic r ?an high degree ( p>alysis2 b 9 !m a sev]e symptom :i* is above ! av]age1 9 g5]al1 is encephalopa?y4 ,! explanation ( ^! diff]5ces dep5ds1 we believe1 on two factors3 7#a7 ,duration ( employm5t1 ) :i*1 naturally1 ! age ( ! work] is associat$2 7#b7 opportunity ( inhal+ lead du/4 ,! long] ! employm5t1 ! m likely1 naturally1 if absorption goes on1 is ! plumbism to become *ronic1 & to be associat$ ) p>alysis1 its prom95t sign4 ,duration ( employm5t among males 9 file-cutt+ & *9a & e>!nw>e1 z contra/$1 = in/ance1 ) t 9 :ite lead1 is v mu* long]1 & ! same c\ld be %[n ( comp>atively new indu/ries1 su* z electric accumulators & li?o-transf]s4 ,?us1 9 "o ye> ! age di/ribution & duration ( employm5t ( ^? attack$ 9 ?ree ( ^! indu/ries 0 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,duration ( ,age ,di/ribution4 ,employm5t4 ,indu/ry4 ------------------------------------ ,"u ,ov] ,"u #cj4 ,ov] #cj4 #e ,ye>s4 #e ,ye>s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,p] ,c5t4,p] ,c5t4,p] ,c5t4,p] ,c5t4 ,*9a & e>!nw>e #eid #djf #ebb #dgh ,:ite lead #deg #edc #hfh #acb ,file-cutt+ #bbi #gga -- #ajjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,p]sons employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( :ite & r$ lead1 electric accumulators1 pa9ts & col\rs1 & ! o!rs nam$1 are expos$ ess5tially to du/ f salts ( lead1 :i* are readily absorb$4 ,poison+1 !re=e1 if precautions are inadequate1 w quickly %[ itself1 caus+ c]ta9 work]s to seek o!r employm5t aft] "o attack4 ,poison+ ?us produc$ is m likely to induce colic1 or1 if ! dose has be5 l>ge or ! individual m>k$ly susceptible1 encephalopa?ic symptoms1 ?an p>alysis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sl[ness ( ! onset ( symptoms 9 ! case ( brass work]s1 plumb]s1 pr9t]s1 file-cutt]s1 & t9n]s1 is m ! result ( inhalation ( fumes or ( du/ ( metallic lead ?an ( salts ( lead2 or if ! inhalation be ( salts ( lead1 !n ( ^! 9 less am\nt & ov] a long p]iod1 )1 z a result1 gradual und]m9+ ( ! con/itution1 %[+ itself 9 p>alysis1 art]io-scl]osis1 & r5al disease4 ,! two factors indicat$ obvi\sly acc\nt = ! diff]5ces 9 sev]ity & numb] ( attack betwe5 males & females4 ,if second & ?ird attacks are comp>atively few] 9 females ?an 9 males1 x foll[s t1 9 g5]al1 ! attack w be less sev]e also1 & ?is is br\ght out 9 ! figures4 ,c]ebral symptoms--encephalopa?y1 to :i* heada*e may be add$--are m ?an twice z frequ5t 9 females z males4 ,?is may be due to idiosyncrasy1 b x may v possibly be simply ! result ( %ort duration ( employm5t ( "y work]s 9 processes :]e du/ ( salts ( lead is incid5tal4 ,attacks g5]ally are mo/ frequ5t 9 ! fir/ or second ye> ( employm5t4 ,?us1 ( #b1aie attacks report$ 9 ! f\r ye>s #aijd to #aijg1 z to :i* suffici5t data are giv51 #hih occurr$ 9 ! fir/ two ye>s ( employm5t1 & ( ^! #fgb occurr$ 9 ! fir/ ye>--t is1 ?ree-sev5?s ( all ! cases 7 report$ dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s1 & f\r-sev5?s 9 ! :ole ( ! rema9+ ye>s ( employm5t4 ,x is1 un=tunately1 impossible to say :at is ! proportion ( attacks among ^? employ$ = any giv5 age p]iod4 ,9 "s factories--z1 = example1 lead smelt+ works--! av]age duration ( employm5t is ab\t ?irte5 ye>s4 ,! l5g? ( employm5t prec$+ an attack 0 made out f reports on cases :i* occurr$ 9 ! :ite lead indu/ry 9 #ahih--;a "t :5 a numb] ( new work]s 7 tak5 on to replace ! female lab\r aboli%$ 9 ,june ( t ye>1 & conditions z reg>ds removal ( du/ 7 entirely diff]5t f :at !y are n[4 ,! figures1 !re=e1 c only be consid]$ to h be>+ ^u incid5ce "u almo/ ! wor/ possible circum/ances4 ,( #aee attacks1 duration ( employm5t 0 /at$ to h be5 less ?an #a week 9 #c1 f #a week to #a mon? 9 #h1 f #a to #c mon?s 9 #fb1 f #c to #f mon?s 9 #dd1 f #f to #ab mon?s 9 #ab1 & #a ye> & ov] 9 #bf4 ,attempt has be5 made to discr$it ! value ( ,section #gc ( ! ,factory ,act1 #aija1 on ! gr\nd t ! proportion ( cases 9 :i* "s degree ( p>alysis is pres5t is v high z comp>$ ) ! ext5t f\nd by o!r obs]v]s4 ,! po9ts we h laid /ress on--7#a7 duration ( employm5t1 7#b7 v>y+ k9ds & am\nts ( lead du/ & fumes--are1 we believe1 q suffici5t to acc\nt =1 & give value to1 ! figures dealt )4 ,to !m %\ld be add$ ano!r factor1 ?\gh "o ( less acc\nt--namely1 ! ext5t to :i* p>ticul> muscles are us$4 ,9 ! case ( file-cutt]s1 = in/ance1 !re is no d\bt t ! cramp$ position ( ! left h& hold+ ! *isel1 & ! "w ?r[n on ! "r 9 hold+ ! heavy mallet1 det]m9e ! direction ( ! p>alysis1 especially on to ! muscles ( ! !n> & hyp]!n> em95ces & ( ! f+]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 difficulty 9 decid+ :e!r su* entries on reports z 8weakness ( arms & legs10 8weakness ( arms10 8muscul> weakness10 etc41 %\ld be int]pret$ z incipi5t p>alysis4,a ,) a disease l lead poison+ %[+ m>k$ t5d5cy to affect ! muscles suppli$ by ! musculo-spiral & o!r n]ves1 ! only safe c\rse 0 to include all ^! t]ms z equival5t to p>tial p>alysis4 ,table ,v4 on p4 #ed %[s close p>allelism = ! six ye>s4 ,a ,dur+ ! ye>s #aiaj & #aiaa cases 7 classifi$ s z to di/+ui% def9ite p>alysis1 z f> z possible1 f ! m indef9ite t]ms ref]r$ to1 ) ! result tabulat$ opposite4 ,we h little d\bt t 9 mo/ ( ! cases includ$ 9 columns 7#c7 & 7#f7 "s slight degree ( p>esis 0 pres5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aiaj4 #aiaa4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,weakness ,weakness ( ,arms ( ,arms ,p>al- or ,loss ,p>al- or ,loss ,=m ( ,p>alysis4 ysis4( ,p[]4,total4 ysis4( ,p[]4,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 ,arms & complete -- -- -- #b -- #b legs p>tial #d #f #aj #a #d #e ,legs complete -- -- -- -- -- -- p>tial #d #d #h -- #f #f ,bo? complete #ae -- #ae #bg -- #bg =e>ms p>tial #ai #cj #di #bj #dd #fd ,"r complete #h -- #h #e -- #e =e>m p>tial #f #d #aj #d #g #aa ,left complete #c -- #c #b -- #b =e>m p>tial #b #a #c #a #g #h ,f+]s #c -- #c #g -- #g ,neuritis 7includ+ numbness ( h&s or arms7 #e -- #e #e -- #e ,o!r 7includ+ p>alysis ( deltoid1 muscles ( spee*1 locomotor ataxy1 & g5]al p>alysis7 #a -- #a #d #b #f ---------------------------------------- -- #gj #de #aae #gh #gj #adh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,if x is difficult to di/+ui% rightly all ! cases class$ z 8p>alysis10 x is ev5 m difficult to det]m9e :at %\ld be includ$ "u ! t]m 8encephalopa?y40 ,we h limit$ x to epilepti=m seizures1 optic neuritis 7uncomplicat$ by epilepsy71 & v>i\s =ms ( insanity4 ,table ,,vi4 on p4 #ed is int]e/+ z %[+ h[ fairly con/ant ! numb]s are f "o ye> to ano!r4 ,except 9 ! "o indu/ry ( e>!nw>e & *9a1 9 :i* a return ( ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ accord+ to process & k9d ( w>e has be5 made on ?ree sep>ate occasions1 & 9 :i* ! reports ( ! c]tify+ surgeons enable ! cases ( poison+ to be classifi$ 9 ! same way1 x is difficult to det]m9e accurately ! attack rate ( lead poison+4 ,ev5 9 ! e>!nw>e & *9a trade _m ?+s h to be borne 9 m9d4 ,! poison+ :i* occurs is n di/ribut$ ev5ly ov] all ! factories4 ,?us1 among ! #eej pott]ies1 9 ! ye>s #aijd to #aijh1 five pott]ies 7 responsible = #ge cases1 & #agc = ! total numb] ( cases 7#eag71 leav+ #cgg factories f :i* no cases 7 report$4 ,,table ,v4--,,=ms ,,( ,,p>alysis3 #aijd-aiji4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,=m ( ,p>alysis4 ,total4#aiji4aijh4aijg4aijf4aije4aijd4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 ,arms & legs complete #ab #b #b #a #b #a #d p>tial #fb #ac #g #i #ac #i #aa ,legs complete #c -- -- #a -- #a #a p>tial #be #e #g #a #c #e #d ,bo? =e>ms complete #afb #bi #cc #bi #bh #bd #ai p>tial #ccd #ei #gj #ef #ef #dc #ej ,"r =e>m complete #ci #aa #f #g #d #h #c p>tial #fb #i #ag #ad #aa #e #f ,left =e>m complete #ad #b #b #d #a #c #b p>tial #bb #d #a #d #f #d #c ,f+]s #cf #c #c #g #aj #f #g ,neuritis 7includ+ numbness ( h&s or arms7 #cb #g #h #c #c #e #f ,o!r 7includ+ p>alysis ( deltoid1 muscles ( spee*1 locomotor ataxy7 #aj #c #a #c #a -- #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #gih #adg #aeg #aci #ach #aad #aah ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,table ,,vi4--,,encephalopa?y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,symptom4 #aiaa4aiaj4aiji4aijh4aijg4aijf4aije4aijd 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,epilepsy #f #af #ab #ae #ad #aa #ab #ae ,optic neuritis #b #c #c #b #c #g #e #d ,m5tal defect #e #b #b #a #f #c #a #b ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #ac #ba #ag #ah #bc #ba #ah #ba ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,! same /ate ( ?+s is f\nd 9 all ! o!r indu/ries4 ,p>ticul> factories1 ow+ to special me?od ( manufacture or special mann] ( work+1 may h an incid5ce out ( all proportion to t prevail+ 9 ! trade g5]ally4 ,& x is1 ( c\rse1 control ( ^! m obvi\s s\rces ( dang] by ! ef=ts ( manufactur]s & ! factory inspectors t has l$ to ! notable r$uction record$--e4g41 9 :ite lead works & ! pott]y indu/ry4 ,returns ( occupi]s d n l5d !mselves readily to exact e/imate ( ! numb] ( p]sons expos$ to risk ( lead poison+1 z !y d n diff]5tiate ! processes1 & 9 ne>ly all factories 9 :i* lead is us$ "s ( ^? return$ w n come into contact ) x4 ,9 indu/ries1 h[ev]1 9 :i* !re is p]iodic m$ical exam9ation ( p]sons employ$ 9 lead processes an attack rate c be made out4 ,x mu/ be reg>d$ z approximate only1 z 9 ! manufacture ( electric accumulators1 = in/ance1 m$ical exam9ation is limit$ to p]sons employ$ 9 pa/+1 ca/+1 lead-burn+1 or any "w involv+ contact ) dry comp\nds ( lead1 :]eas ! report$ attacks include a few p]sons engag$ 9 processes o!r ?an ^? nam$4 ,,table ,,vii4--,,attack ,,rate ,,f ,,lead ,,poison+ ,,9 ,,! ,,ye> #aiaj ,,9 ,,c]ta9 ,,indu/ries4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,probable ,numb] (,numb] (,attack ,rate ,numb] ( ,p]sons ,report$ p] ,indu/ry4 ,exam9ations4 employ$4 ,cases4 ,?\s&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,:ite lead #gg1geb #a1die #cd #bb ,r$ lead #h1jif #fge #aj #ae ,vitre\s enamell+ #c1jfd #gff #ag #bb ,t9n+ ( metals #a1dge #dib #ag #cd ,electric accumulators #ac1jfe #a1jhi #ca #bh ,pa9ts & col\rs #ai1jha #a1eij #ag #aa ,e>!nw>e & *9a #gh1efj #f1edg #gg #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,z has be5 m5tion$ above1 ! accurate in=mation we h ( ! numb]s employ$ 9 ! sev]al processes 9 ! e>!nw>e & *9a indu/ry enable u to use ! figures = t indu/ry to illu/rate1 :at is c]ta9ly true ( all o!r lead indu/ries also1 ! fact ( ! relative great] degree ( risk 9 "o process ?an ano!r4 ,! fall 9 ! numb] ( fatal cases attribut$ to lead poison+1 z is p]haps to be expect$1 see+ t ! great majority are dea?s f *ronic lead poison+1 does n run p>allel ) ! dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( cases4 ,?us1 9 ! five ye>s #aije to #aiji ! dea?s numb]$ #add1 z comp>$ ) #aca 9 ! previ\s five ye>s1 al?\gh ! cases fell f #c1gfa to #c1jja4 ,we believe ?is is due to an increas+ incl9ation to attribute *ronic nephritis1 & ev5 7)\t suffici5t ju/ification 9 our op9ion7 ph?isis & pneumonia1 to lead poison+ on ! dea? c]tificates ( lead work]s4 ,copies ( all dea? c]tificates on :i* lead poison+ is ent]$ z directly or indirectly a cause are receiv$ by ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories4 ,all ( indu/rial orig9 are includ$ 9 ! return4 ,( a total ( #bfd :i* c\ld be foll[$ up1 encephalopa?ic symptoms appe>$ on ! dea? c]tificate 9 #ch 7#ajf p] c5t472 ,bright's disease1 c]ebral hmorrhage1 p>alysis1 or *ronic lead poison+ ei!r alone or z a comb9ation ( symptoms closely connect$1 9 #ahh 7#gab p] c5t472 ph?isis 9 #ac 7#ej p] c5t472 & o!r diseases1 su* z pneumonia1 etc41 9 #be 7#id p] c5t474 ,table ,,ix4 br+s out ! relative frequ5cy 9 ! sev]al gr\ps ( indu/ries1 &1 z is to be anticipat$1 ! diff]5t av]age age at dea? :5 due to acute & *ronic lead poison+4 ,,table ,,viii4--,,lead ,,poison+ ,,9 ,,e>!nw>e ,,& ,,*9a ,,works 7,,*9a1 ,,e>!nw>e1 ,,tiles1 ,,majolica1 ,,jet ,,& ,,rock+ham1 ,,*9a ,,furniture ,,& ,,electrical ,,fitt+s1 ,,sanit>y ,,w>e74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,attack-,rate p] ,p]- ,cases ,report$3 ,?\s& sons ,av]age employ$3 ,processes4 em- p] ,ye>4 ,av]age p] ,ye>4 ploy$------------------------------ 9 #aijg-aijc-ahii-aijg-aijc-ahii- #aijg4aiaj4aijf4aijb4aiaj4aijf4aijb4 ,a ,b ,c ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,9 dipp+-h\se3 ,dipp]s ,m4 #ghf #ag #ah #bf #bb #bc #cd ,f4 #aej #f #d #g #dj #cj #fh ,dipp]s' assi/ants ,m4 #dfc #c #c #g #g #g #ae ,f4 #cig #ac #ah #ag #cc #df #de ,w>e-clean]s ,m4 #aae #a #b #c #i #bj #cj ,f4 #dfa #ae #ah #cj #cc #da #fe ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,total ,m4 #a1cdf #ba #bc #cf #ae #ag #bg ,f4 #a1jjh #cd #dj #ed #cd #db #eh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,glo/-plac]s ,m4 #b1bia #af #ab #cc #g #e #ad ,f4 #abj #a #a #a #h #aj #ad ,majolica-pa9t]s ,m4 #bh -- -- -- -- -- -- ,f4 #ceh #f #h #aj #ac #ad #bj ,gr\nd-lay]s ,m4 #eh #a -- #a #ag -- #ag ,f4 #aeg #a #a #d #f #e #ac ,col\r & li?o ,m4 #ad -- -- -- -- -- -- du/]s ,f4 #adc -- #a #d -- #g #cc ,enamel col\r & ,m4 #ea -- -- #a -- -- #cf glaze bl[]s ,f4 #bhh #c #c #b #aj #ad #ab ,col\r-mak]s & ,m4 #cga #e #e #f #ac #ac #ag mill]s & mix]s ( ,f4 #ee #a #a #a #ah #dh #aad glaze or col\r ,o!r p]sons 9 ,m4 #cbg #b #a #b #f #e #aa contact ) lead ,f4 #acb #a #b #d #h #ba #ge ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,m4 #d1ejd #dd #da #hj #aj #i #ai ,gr& total ,f4 #b1cfa #de #eg #hj #ai #be #cg ------------------------------------ 7,m4 & ,f47 #f1hfe #hi #ih #afj #ac #ae #be ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a ,calculat$ on return ( employm5t = #aijg4 ,b ,calculat$ on return ( employm5t = #aijd4 ,c ,calculat$ on return ( employm5t = #aijj4 ,! /ati/ical evid5ce f dea? c]tificates publi%$ 9 ! dec5nial supplem5ts ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,/ati/ics#b is ( significance1 n only 9 enabl+ comp>ison to be made betwe5 "o indu/ry & ano!r1 9 reg>d to mortality f lead poison+1 b also 9 det]m9+ ! o!r causes ( dea? mo/ frequ5tly ent]$ on dea? c]tificates ( lead work]s1 & !re=e1 if !y are 9 high excess1 z comp>$ ) male work]s g5]ally1 !y are to be ascrib$ ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty to delet]i\s effects ( lead on "s ( ! pr9cipal organs4 ,?us1 9 ,table ,x4 a li/ ( occupations is giv5 9 :i* ! mortality f plumbism 9 ! ye>s #aijj to #aijb 0 d\ble or m ?an d\ble ! /&>d4 ,x repres5ts ! mortality :i* w\ld occur if ! male population 9 ! p>ticul> indu/ry _h exactly ! same age population z t ( 8all males40 ,fur!r1 ! annual mortality among 8all males0 is tak5 z #a1jjj1 & t ( males engag$ 9 ! sev]al indu/ries is /at$ z a proportion ( ?is4 ,?is 8mortality figure0 ( #a1jjj is made up ( ! mortality f v>i\s causes 7( :i* only ^? consid]$ to be> ^u lead poison+ are giv5 9 ! table7 9 ! proportion /at$4 ,! cont5tion t1 because lead work]s die f c]ta9 diseases m frequ5tly ?an 8all males10 su* diseases mu/ be ! sequel ( lead poison+ is unt5able unless o!r recogniz$ causes ( ! diseases 9 "q h be5 exclud$4 ,= excess ( dea?s f ph?isis & respiratory diseases ! conditions ( "w & exposure to inhalation ( m9]al & metallic du/ or vitiation ( atmosph]e1 9 pott]y1 spelt]1 pr9t+ works1 & file-cutt+ work%ops1 suffici5tly acc\nt4 ,! figures1 inde$1 take no acc\nt ( ?is1 & _! value1 9 "s at any rate1 is /ill fur!r dim9i%$ by ! v l>ge numb] ( occupations 7sev]al involv+ no contact at all ) lead7 includ$ 9 ! head+s4 ,) exception ( ! /rik+ly great] proportion ( dea?s among lead-work]s f ,bright's disease1 ! figures are too contradictory to draw d$uctions f z to :at are 8sequel0 ( lead poison+4 ,b ?is figure--#afj1 z comp>$ ) #ce = all males--is confirmatory evid5ce1 if any 7 ne$$1 t *ronic ,bright's disease is a sequela4 ,&1 f ! pa?ology ( lead poison+1 we believe t ! granul> condition ( ! kidney is due to ! scl]otic *ange br\ght ab\t 9 its sub/ance by microscopic hmorrhages4 ,we h v little evid5ce inde$ 9 man t ?is int]/itial *ange is set up or prec$$ by an acute tubal nephritis4 ,:ile we d n d5y t !re may be "s p>5*ymat\s *ange associat$ ) lead poison+1 we d n believe t x is ( ! k9d :i* gives rise to ! l>ge :ite kidney1 & we %\ld !re=e exclude su* disease z a sequela4 ,b if *ronic ,bright's disease is admitt$1 ! tra9 ( symptoms associat$ ) x--notably art]io-scl]otic *anges result+ 9 c]ebral hmorrhage & album9uric ret9itis--mu/ be admitt$ also4 ,unless x 7 e/abli%$ t granul> nephritis 7 pres5t 9 a lead-work] be=e comm5cem5t ( lead employm5t1 we ?9k x w\ld be useless to endeav\r to prove t ! condition 0 indep5d5t ( lead1 despite its comp>ative frequ5cy z a cause ( dea? ap>t f employm5t4 ,,table ,,ix4--,,ma9 ,,symptoms ,,appe>+ ,,z ,,! ,,cause ,,9 #bfd ,,dea? ,,c]tificates ,,( ,,lead ,,poison+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,indu/ry4 ,c]e- bral ,encepha-,bright's,hmor-,p>al- lopa?y4,disease4rhage4 ysis4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 ,smelt+ ( metals #a #f -- #c ,brass works -- #c -- #a ,%eet lead & lead pip+ -- #a -- -- ,plumb+ & sold]+ #b #c -- #a ,pr9t+ #c #c -- #b ,file-cutt+ #a #aa #b #b ,t9n+ & enamell+ -- #a -- -- ,:ite lead #ac #b #b #d ,*9a & e>!nw>e #h #bd #ad #c ,glass-cutt+ #a #f -- -- ,electric accumulators #b #a -- #a ,pa9ts & col\rs #d #a -- -- ,coa*-mak+ #a #h #e #f ,%ip-build+ #a #d #a -- ,pa9ts us$ 9 o!r indu/ries -- #c #a #d ,o!r indu/ries #a #b #a -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #ch #gi #bf #bg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,av]age at dea? #cb #dc #dg #dc ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,pneu- monia1 ,bron- *itis1 ,he>t ,failure1 ,indu/ry4 ,lead ,colic1 ,poi- ,h]nia1 son-,ph?i- & +4 sis4 ,aneurism4,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 7#a7 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 7#i7 ,smelt+ ( metals #e #a #a #ag ,brass works #a -- #a #f ,%eet lead & lead pip+ #a -- #a #c ,plumb+ & sold]+ #b #a #b #aa ,pr9t+ #e #a #c #ag ,file-cutt+ #b #a -- #ai ,t9n+ & enamell+ #a -- -- #b ,:ite lead #b #a #c #bg ,*9a & e>!nw>e #f #b -- #eg ,glass-cutt+ #a -- #a #i ,electric accumulators -- -- #b #f ,pa9ts & col\rs #b #a #c #aa ,coa*-mak+ #aj #c #d #cg ,%ip-build+ #a #a -- #h ,pa9ts us$ 9 o!r indu/ries #f #a #b #ag ,o!r indu/ries #aa -- #b #ag ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total #ef #ac #be #bfd ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,av]age at dea? #dd #ch #dj -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,table ,x4--,,comp>ative ,,mortality ,,f ,,specifi$ ,,causes ,,among ,,males ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,c]ta9 ,,occupations3 #aijj-aijb4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,causes ( ,dea?4 ---------------------------------------- - ,dis- ,dis- ,dis- easeseases eases ( ( ( ! ! ! ,cir- ,res- ,n]- cula-pira- v\s tory tory ,all ,alco- ,ph?i- ,sys- ,sys- ,sys- ,occupation4 ,causes4holism4,g\t4 sis4 tem4 tem4 tem4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 ,all males #a1jjj #af #b #ahf #aje #ade #agd ,pr9t] #iid #h #c #cjj #aaa #abe #aca ,file-mak] #a1gjj #ad -- #chg #bbe #aih #cbe ,copp]-work] #a1jij #g #c #afb #ajd #aci #ceg ,lead-work] #a1djh #ch -- #afe #acd #bbb #cji ,coa*-mak] #hbd #d #d #abi #aac #abi #aej ,e>!nw>e #a1dic #h -- #bhe #aca #bai #dgc ,glass #a1bfj #g #d #bhc #aca #agg #bfh ,pa9t] & plumb] #a1aad #ac #h #bac #acc #aje #afh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ----------------------------- ,o!r ,dis- ,dis- eases eases ( ( ! ! ,diges- ,uri- tive n>y ,sys- ,bright's ,sys-,plum-,acci- ,occupation4 tem4 ,disease4 tem4bism4d5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------- 7#a7 7#i7 7#aj7 7#aa7 7#ab7 7#ac7 ,all males #eg #ce #ag #a #ei ,pr9t] #ee #db #ae #b #ba ,file-mak] #gh #acd #bf #ef #df ,copp]-work] #de #bd #ba #c #ea ,lead-work] #ad #afj -- #ajb #eb ,coa*-mak] #df #ci #ad #h #bi ,e>!nw>e #eg #cc #bj #aj #cc ,glass #ed #eh #af #h #ca ,pa9t] & plumb] #ca #gd #bj #bc #ej ---------------------------------------- -------- ,o!r conditions :i* might readily be admitt$ z sequel are optic neuritis1 foll[+ on an attack ( encephalopa?y4 ,no g5]al /atem5t c be made 9 reg>d to m5tal & n]v\s diseases1 g\t1 p]nici\s anmia1 z sequel1 z ea* mu/ be consid]$ 9 relation to ! evid5ce adduc$ 9 ! p>ticul> case1 & aft] exclusion1 9 ! fir/ two1 ( syphilis z a cause4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 causation & association has to be borne 9 m9d be=e admitt+ z sequel ( lead poison+ diseases ( bact]ial orig91 su* z ph?isis or pneumonia1 or any disease to :i* ! affect$ p]son may be ?\ght to h be5 r5d]$ m prone by reason ( lead employm5t4 ,! cont5tion t a p]son may h be5 debilitat$ by lead poison+ is no pro( t ! enfeeblem5t ( ! con/itution 0 ! cause ei!r ( ! bacillus ga9+ entrance into ! lung or ( ! ultimate fatal issue f ! engraft$ disease4 ,su* ass]tion 9 e case mu/ re/ on supposition4 ,evid5ce t lead employm5t pr$isposes to ph?isis is n necess>ily made /rong]1 9 our op9ion1 by exi/5ce dur+ life ( cl9ical symptoms1 or1 9 _! abs5ce1 ( detection ( lead 9 ! tissues po/ mortem4 ,9 classify+ causes ( dea?1 ! g5]al rule %\ld be to select1 f ! sev]al diseases m5tion$ 9 ! c]tificate1 ! disease ( ! longe/ duration4 ,exceptions to ?is rule are t def9ite diseases ord9>ily kn[n z con/itutional diseases %\ld h pref]5ce ov] ! o!r diseases m5tion$4 ,aft] ?irty-five ye>s ( age1 c]tificates ( dea? f lead poison+ are almo/ always fill$ 9 9 association ) o!r diseases :i* are ! usual causes :i* lead to mortality g5]ally4 ,b nei!r ph?isis1 nor pneumonia1 nor any acute disease ( ! he>t or lungs1 nor valvul> disease ( ! he>t1 nor1 inde$1 any acute febrile condition1 c h direct relation )--i4e41 be a sequela (--lead poison+4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,annual ,reports ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories s9ce #ahih1 especially = #aiji1 p4 #ai4 #b ,supplem5t to ! ,sixty-fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al on ! ,mortality 9 ,c]ta9 ,occupations 9 ! ,?ree ,ye>s #aijj1 #aija1 #aijb1 by ,dr4 ,john ,ta?am1 pp4 cxix-cxxii1 ,cd4 #bfai4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,pa?ology ,! pa?ology ( lead poison+ has =m$ ! subject ( sci5tific inquiry f ! "t t ! association ( c]ta9 pa?ological symptoms 0 def9itely correlat$ ) poison+ by means ( ! metal or its salts4 ,acute poison+1 due to accid5tal swall[+ ( l>ge doses ( lead salts or to use ( lead salts crim9ally1 g5]ally produces a tra9 ( symptoms diff]5t f ^? met ) 9 *ronic indu/rial poison+4 ,b x is difficult to und]/& :y s _m writ]s ^u ! subject ( lead poison+ %\ld h attempt$ to draw a h>d-&-fa/ l9e betwe5 ! pa?ological symptoms 9 acute & *ronic poison+4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 ! aft]-hi/ory ( cases ( acute poison+ is trac$1 = 9 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances a case ( acute poison+ drifts on into a subacute1 & f9ally a *ronic1 /age4 ,all ! symptoms ( p>alysis1 encephalopa?y1 & ev5 kidney deg5]ation1 h be5 describ$ 9 p]sons :o 7 fir/ ( all ! subjects ( acute poison+4 ,! direct effect ( a lead salt1 su* z ! acetate1 ^u ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*1 is a cau/ic "o1 & ! att5tion ( obs]v]s seems to h be5 focuss$ on :at is really a second>y effect ( ! lead salt1 & n "o intr9sically associat$ ) actual poison+ by ! metal itself4 ,a good deal ( exp]im5tal "w has also be5 p]=m$ 9 "o way or ano!r--ma9ly by fe$+ )1 or inoculation (1 consid]able quantities ( soluble lead salts--b1 ) "o or two notable exceptions1 su* exp]im5ts h n c>ri$ ! k ( ! true pa?ology ( lead poison+ v mu* f>!r4 ,! /atem5t is n uncommonly made t no def9ite correlation exi/s betwe5 ! symptoms obs]v$ 9 animals & ^? obs]v$ 9 man1 ! reason be+ t ! massive doses giv5 to animals _c be simil> to1 nor c !y produce results comp>able )1 ! sl[ intoxication tak+ place 9 man2 al?\gh ! aft]-hi/ory ( ! majority ( cases ( acute poison+ %[s t ! symptoms suff]$ are g5]ally id5tical ) ! sev]] symptoms se5 9 cases ( *ronic poison+ ( indu/rial orig94 ,"o ( ! *ief reasons expla9+ ?is rem>kable po9t ( view arises f ! fact t ! tissues :i* come into ! h&s ( ! pa?ologi/ = po/-mortem & hi/ological exam9ation are z a rule d]iv$ f cases ( *ronic poison+1 cases 9 :i* ! acute symptoms h drift$ into ! subacute or *ronic /age1 :5 any m9ute *anges exi/+ 9 ! initial /ages ( ! poison+ h long s9ce disappe>$1 or _! significance has be5 s f> obscur$ by second>y *anges t ! prim>y lesions are lo/ sight (4 ,a critical exam9ation ( ! v l>ge am\nt ( lit]ature publi%$ on lead poison+ negatives ! idea t acute & *ronic poison+ diff] fundam5tally 9 _! pa?ology1 & obs]v]s are f\nd describ+ id5tical pa?ological lesions result+ f acute or *ronic indu/rial poison+4 ,x is impossible to review ! :ole ( ! exi/+ lit]ature4 ,kob]t#a1 9 summ+ up ! g5]al effect ( lead ^u ! animal body1 makes ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5t3 8,lead affects especially ! /rip$ & un/rip$ muscles1 ! epi!lium ( ! excretory gl&s1 ! neuroglia ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 & is ess5tially a protoplasmic poison40 ,we base our k on def9ite exp]im5ts1 s arrang$ t ! me?od ( exposure 0 9 e way simil> to t 9 lead indu/ries4 ,! only po9t ( diff]5ce t c be urg$ aga9/ !m is "o ( degree2 b z ! tra9 ( symptoms produc$ 0 9 e way comp>able ) ^? suff]$ by man1 ?is objection _c be su/a9$4 ,! fact t ! symptoms develop 9 a %ort] "t ?an !y d 9 indu/rial processes is m]ely a function ( ! int5sity ( ! poison+4 ,an attempt w be made fir/ to summ>ize ! lit]ature on ! pa?ology ( lead poison+1 &1 z su* lit]ature cov]s an imm5se am\nt ( gr\nd1 to gr\p ! pa?ological f9d+s ( v>i\s obs]v]s1 z f> z possible1 "u f\r ma9 head+s--namely3 ,ga/ro-inte/9al sy/em4 ,n]v\s sy/em4 ,excretory sy/em4 ,circulatory sy/em4 ,ga/ro-,inte/9al4--,z ! *ief e>ly symptom ( all types ( *ronic poison+ is abdom9al colic1 e>ly inve/igators turn$ _! att5tion to ! pa?ology 9 ?is region1 & ascrib$ ! colic to v>i\s causes4 ,oliv]#b not$ t1 9 animals poison$ ) lead1 ! inte/9e 0 f\nd to be irregul>ly contract$1 & ascrib$ ! pa9 9 abdom9al colic to ! irregul> contraction ( ! inte/9es !mselves1 suppos+ t ! effect ( lead 0 on ! muscul> tissues4 ,he also not$ ! pres5ce 9 ! inte/9e1 bo? l>ge & small1 ( /a9+ due to lead1 & ! consid]able am\nt ( lead to be f\nd 9 ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,we h only met ) /a9+ by lead 9 ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,dixon ,mann#c po9t$ out t ! fces conta9 two-?irds ( ! am\nt ( lead tak5 by ! m\? 9 exp]im5tal cases1 & consid]$ t ! lead 0 re-excret$ into ! inte/9e2 & a numb] ( o!r obs]v]s hold ?is view4 ,rec5t "w confirms ! supposition1 & !re is no d\bt t lead is elim9at$ 9 ?is way4 ,/ockvis#d has occasionally se5 small ulc]s or abrasions 9 ! small inte/9e2 ^! he ?9ks may be due to small hmorrhages4 ,mntri]#e1 quot$ by ,meillre1 describes a =m ( gl&ul> atrophy ( ! /oma* :i* is met ) 9 *ronic lead poison+4 ,he /ates t ! alcoholic ga/ritis g5]ally pres5t 9 p]sons ! subject ( saturn9e ga/ritis r5d]s ! diff]5tiation exce$+ly difficult4 ,?is obs]v] is also 9 complete agreem5t ) _m o!rs :o associate mu* ( ! *ronic lead poison+ to association ) alcoholic intemp]ance4 ,! p>ticul> type ( ga/ric deg5]ation ,mntri] reg>ds z due to ! effect ( lead is 8une sclrose regulire1 int]-tubulaire1 se recontrant d'une manire diffuse et gnrale dans le muqueuse ga/rique40 ,he fur!r consid]s t ?is ga/ric scl]osis occurs e>li] ?an ! disease ( ! kidneys4 ,kussmaul & ,mey]#f describe a *ronic inte/9al cat>rh ) *ronic deg5]ative *anges 9 ! inte/9al mucosa v simil> to ! *anges describ$ by ,mntri]4 ,tanqu]el#g incl9$ to ! view t ! colic 0 n associat$ ) spasm ( ! inte/9es1 & /ates t no cl9ical evid5ce c\ld be f\nd ( inte/9al spasm by rectal exam9ation dur+ a spasm ( colic4 ,b1 z ,b]n>d#h po9ts out1 inte/9al spasm may occur ) 8ballonm5t0 ( ! rectum4 ,ano!r cause ( colic is sugge/$ by ,bokai#i--namely1 hyp]s5sibility ( ! inte/9al n]ves--& he cites z evid5ce ! dim9ution 9 pa9 produc$ by ! adm9i/ration ( morph9e2 & x is n improbable t "s hyp]s5sibility ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! inte/9e goes h& 9 h& ) ! vaso-con/riction t has be5 %[n to exi/1 :ile1 9 addition1 _m obs]v]s h f\nd deg5]ative & ev5 subacute inflammatory *anges 9 ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em ( ! abdom51 ma9ly 9 ! splan*nic area & ! sol> ganglion4 ,! action ( vaso-dilator drugs on ! pa9 ( colic demon/rates ! close association ( vaso-motor *anges ) ! acute p>oxysmal pa94 ,riegels#aj inve/igat$ ! cause ( colic 9 #bjj cases4 ,he f\nd t 9 e in/ance !re 0 reason to suppose t toxic vaso-con/riction ( ! vessels 9 ! splan*nic area1 due to irritation 9 ! vaso-con/rictor n]ves1 0 br\ght ab\t by ! action ( lead4 ,def9ite ga/ritis has also be5 describ$ 9 "s way simulat+ t caus$ by ars5ic1 ) ?ick5+ 9 ! submucosa ( ! /oma* & inte/9e4 ,associat$ ) ?is ent]itis is end>t]itis1 atrophy ( ! gl&s1 & ,lieb]khn's follicles4 ,9 ! colon z well z ! ileum 0 a well-m>k$ ent]itis involv+ ! muscul> lesions ( ! gut4 ,v>i\s o!r au?ors describe deg5]ative processes ) cirrhotic *anges 9 ! ga/ro-inte/9al tract4 ,among/ ^!1 ,galv9i#aa describes1 9 a case ( dea? f v *ronic lead poison+1 extreme ca*exia1 p]ihepatitis1 p]ispl5itis1 atrophy ( ! /oma*1 liv]1 & sple51 & *ronic scl]os+ p]itonitis 7saturn9e p]itonitis74 ,associat$ ) g5]al *anges 9 ! abdom9al cavity1 m>k$ inflammation & scl]osis 0 f\nd 9 ! sol> plexus4 ,!re is said to be a v consid]able correspond5ce betwe5 ! condition ( ! p]itoneal cavity & its cont5ts 9 lead poison+ & b>ium poison+4 ,9 "s ( ! animals ref]r$ to 9 ! description ( ! exp]im5ts1 m>k$ inflammatory conditions ( ! small inte/9es & colon 7 f\nd1 & 9 n a few in/ances def9ite ulc]ation & signs ( rec5t hmorrhages 7 f\nd scatt]$ along ! inte/9al tract4 ,no scl]osis 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ! p]itoneal cavity1 ?\gh a common symptom ( all ! animals1 :e!r poison$ by inhalation1 inoculation1 or fe$+1 0 ! abs5ce ( practically all fat f ! p]itoneal cavity1 ! om5tum be+ repres5t$ by an exce$+ly ?9 membrane )\t any traces ( fat :atev]4 ,n]v\s ,sy/em4--,p]haps ! olde/ classical symptom ( lead poison+ is ! pott]'s palsy or wri/-drop due to int]f]5ce ) ! n]ve-supply ( ! ext5sor muscles ( ! h&1 lead+ to inability to ext5d ! wri/ or ! f+]s on ! arm1 wa/+ ( ! affect$ ext5sor muscles1 & f9ally a claw-%ap$ h& due to contractions produc$ by ! pull ( ! unoppos$ flexor gr\ps4 ,! orig9 ( ?is ext5sor p>alysis has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy4 ,"o p>ty reg>ds ! lesion z ( c5tral orig91 affect+ ! upp] motor neurons or _! connections 9 ! sp9al cord2 ! o!r takes ! view t p>alysis is ma9ly ( a p]iph]al type4 ,tanqu]el#ab1 ^: classical "w on lead poison+ /ill conta9s "o ( ! be/ descriptions ( ! disease f ! cl9ical /&po9t1 describes an associat$ affection ( ! p]iph]al s5sory n]ves result+ 9 def9ite an/hesia & hyp]/hesia1 & !re is no d\bt t s5sory n]ve affection1 al?\gh n v common 9 lead poison+1 does occur occasionally1 & is due to p]iph]al affection ( ! n]ves4 ,occasionally g5]aliz$ p]iph]al neuritis is to be met )1 b ev5 ?is is mu* less common ?an 9 alcoholism or o!r toxic =ms ( p]iph]al neuritis4 ,9 ! op9ion ( mo/ ( ! obs]v]s :o reg>d ! neuritis z ( p]iph]al orig91 ! ultimate int]f]5ce ) ! motor n]ves is due to an asc5d+ neuritis ( ! p]iph]al n]ves affect+ ! sp9al ganglia1 & ,pal & ,mannab]g#ac h describ$ polyneuritis2 :il/ ,we/phal#ad1 ,dej]9e#ae1 ,ei*hor/#af1 ,ramond#ag1 & o!rs1 support p>ticul>ly ! prim>y lesion ( ! p]iph]al n]ves z ! cause ( ! disease4 ,m>ie & ,bab9ski#ah 9 #ahid evolv$ ! c5tral !ory1 & support$ x by ref]5ce to ! app>5t bilat]al occurr5ce ( ! p>esis & ! analogy ) _m examples ( polymyelitis4 ,vulpian & ,/eiglitz#ai1 exam9+ cords ( animals poison$ by lead1 describ$ vacuolation ( ! cells 9 ! ant]ior cornua ( ! cord4 ,! orig9al sugge/ion ( ! sp9al orig9 ( ! disease 0 enunciat$ by ,erb#bj1 :o1 )\t p>ticul> ref]5ce to ei!r ! electrical or hi/ological *anges to be f\nd 9 lead poison+1 bas$ 8 !ory on ! simil>ity ( ! lesions to polymyelitis4 ,a few cords ( p]sons :o h di$ ( lead poison+ d %[ slight *anges 9 ! ant]ior cornua4 ,"o o!r !ory ( ! n]ve affections 9 plumbism is t advanc$ fir/ ( all by ,hitzig#ba1 & lat] by ,bo]w9kel#bb & ,ei*hor/#bc1 :o reg>d ! initial disease z "o relat$ to ! circulation1 & n necess>ily to ! n]ve lesions !mselves4 ,pota9#bd1 bas+ 8 obs]vations on ! anatomical di/ribution ( ! blood vessels1 po9ts out t ! flexor muscles1 exclud+ ! sup9ator longus1 are dra9$ by ! m$ian cephalic ve91 :il/ ! ext5sors are dra9$ by ! int]osse\s--a peculi>ity ( consid]able importance1 z ! sup9ator longus escapes p>alysis 9 ! majority ( cases ( wri/-drop4 ,! pres5ce ( p>alysis 9 ! muscles & ! association ( n]ve lesions to muscul> p>alysis l$ inve/igators to exam9e ! n]v\s sy/em1 & probably m att5tion has be5 paid to ! pa?ology ( poison+ 9 ?is direction ?an 9 any o!r4 ,_m records ( isolat$ cases are to be f\nd 9 ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 & ! exam9ation ( ! sp9al cord has be5 c>ri$ out 9 _m in/ances2 sev]al h be5 cases ( g5]aliz$ p>alysis or dem5tia1 ) involvem5t ( ! trunk muscles z well z ^? ( ! extremities 9 ! p>esis4 ,_m obs]v]s :o h made hi/ological exam9ations 9 su* cases h f\nd nucle> *anges 9 ! ant]ior columns ( ! cord sugge/+ polymyelitis4 ,a small numb] only ( ! total cases ( p>esis1 h[ev]1 come "u ?is head+4 ,vulpian#be1 ,opp5heim]#bf1 ,oell]#bg1 & o!rs1 describ$ deg5]ative & prolif]ative *anges 9 ! grey matt] ( ! cord4 ,/eiglitz#bh by animal exp]im5ts produc$ inflammatory processes 9 ! ant]ior grey sub/ance1 vacuolations 9 ! ganglion cells1 & deg5]ation 9 ! ant]ior root ganglia4 ,9 ! p>alyz$ muscles ! *anges ( deg5]ation are f\nd3 ! muscle nuclei become sp9dle-%ap$1 ! int]/itial tissue und]goes deg5]ation1 ! muscle becomes atrophi$1 takes ! /a9 badly1 %[s irregul> /riation1 & ! muscle bundles become ill-def9$ & fus$4 ,sc>cely any two obs]v]s are agre$ z to ! exact n]ve lesions :i* are to be f\nd1 & s at v>iance are ! v>i\s !ories bas$ ^u ! pa?ological f9d+s t x is by no means uncommon to f9d two sets ( obs]v]s quot+ ! same electrical reactions & hi/ological appe>ances z prov+ 9 ! "o case p]iph]al1 & 9 ! o!r ! c5tral1 orig9 ( ! p>alysis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! q e>ly obs]vations ( ,hitzig#bi p>ticul> att5tion 0 call$ to ! bloodvessels & _! possible association ) ! disease4 ,moreov]1 z has be5 already cit$1 anci5t physicians 7 9 ! habit ( mak+ use ( lead z a /yptic & hmo/atic because ( its peculi> action on ! blood4 ,probably z a result ( improv$ hi/ological me?ods ( exam9+ ! n]v\s tissue1 r5ew$ att5tion 0 giv5 to ! n]ve fibres & n]ve cells1 ) ! result t1 9 ! v l>ge numb] ( obs]vations record$1 _m diff]5t n]ve lesions are describ$ z ! sequel ( lead intoxication4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,hitzig's obs]vations on ! associat$ inflammation ( ! bloodvessels has receiv$ confirmation by sev]al indep5d5t work]s4 ,we/phal#cj cites a case ( *ronic lead poison+ result+ 9 dea? f encephalopa?y1 & describes deg5]ation & dema ( ! bra9 foll[+ a process ( *ronic inflammation 9 ! smalle/ & m9ute bloodvessels1 & also associat$ ) deg5]ation ( ! ganglion cells 9 ! vic9ity4 ,*vo/ek#ca also publi%es a simil> case :]e c]ebral deg5]ation & "s dema _h occurr$4 ,kolisko#cb1 9 exam9+ ! bra9 ( a girl :o _h di$ ( encephalopa?y1 f\nd *ronic dema ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 ! condition closely resembl+ t describ$ by ,hitzig z *ronic c]ebral hyp]trophy4 ,qu5sel#cc1 9 a man :o _h di$ ( encephalopa?y1 f\nd leptom5+itis1 atrophy ( ! cortex ) deg5]ation ( ! p>5*ymat\s elem5ts ( ! cells & n]ve fibres1 deg5]ative *anges 9 ! vessels1 nucle> de/ruction & pigm5tation ( ! cells1 & dema4 ,nissl#cd describ$ granules1 :i* be> 8 "n1 pres5t 9 ! ganglion cells 9 ! cortex1 ) p>5*ymat\s deg5]ation4 ,^! cases 7 n associat$ ) p>alysis1 nor is encephalopa?y by any means always complicat$ ) p>alysis ( muscles4 ,b]*?old#ce describes a case ( typical spa/ic p>aplegia due to lead1 & /ates t ! cortical neurons 7 b little damag$1 ! weight ( ! poison hav+ fall5 ^u ! p]iph]al segm5ts4 ,sorgo#cf describes a case ( progressive sp9al muscul> atrophy trac$ to lead1 9 :i* deg5]ation ( ! sp9al cord 0 a m>k$ feature4 ,/eiglitz#cg1 9 describ+ ! inflammatory processes produc$ 9 animals poison$ by lead1 makes special m5tion ( a di/9ct m9ute inflammatory *ange 9 ! grey matt] ( ! bra91 ) vacuolation occurr+ 9 ! ganglion cells 9 ! ant]ior horns ( ! sp9al cord4 ,prvo/ & ,b9et#ch1 on ! o!r h&1 describe an inflammation ( ! p]iph]al n]ves occurr+ aft] adm9i/ration ( lead to rabbits = "o mon?4 ,!y produc$ :at !y describe z 8a lead polyneuritis10 ) prim>y affection ( ! motor n]ves4 ,) ! bra91 z ) o!r p>ts ( ! body1 v>i\s writ]s describe widely diff]+ *anges4 ,exp]im5tally1 :5 ! doses h be5 massive & ! animals rapidly poison$1 v little has be5 f\nd1 & "s reg>d ?is z evid5ce aga9/ ! c5tral orig9 ( lead p>esis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 cases ( *ronic poison+ 7ma9ly *ronic indu/rial poison+71 :]e an opportunity ( po/-mortem exam9ation has be5 af=d$1 m>k$ atrophic *anges h be5 discov]$ bo? 9 ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 9 ! motor n]ves supply+ ! affect$ muscles1 & ?r\gh\t ! n]v\s sy/em g5]ally1 s mu* s t ant]ior polymyelitis ( old orig9 is describ$1 vacuolation & deg5]ation ( ! ganglion cells1 & v>i\s o!r pa?ological *anges associat$ ) n]ve deg5]ation4 ,on review+ ! lit]ature1 x becomes practically c]ta9 t 9 ! old & advanc$ cases ( poison+ lesions are inv>iably f\nd 9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 :ile 9 ! less advanc$ cases ! mo/ m>k$ *ange has be5 f\nd 9 ! p]iph]al n]ves4 ,9 only a v few in/ances h any obs]v]s not$ ! fact ( hmorrhages occurr+ 9 ! n]v\s tissues1 & "o ( ! mo/ important obs]vations on ?is po9t is ! c>eful description by ,mott#ci1 ( a fatal case ( lead poison+ 9 an asylum1 9 :i* di/9ct yield+ ( ! vessel walls ) m9ute hmorrhages 0 pres5t 9 ! c]ebral cortex4 ,?is case is quot$ 9 full on p4 #ga4 ,9 ! record ( ! exp]im5ts by "o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 on p4 #ie are describ$ ! hmorrhages occurr+ 9 ! ant]ior crural n]ves ( cats poison$ by lead4 ,^! animals %[$ mo/ di/9ct loss ( p[] 9 _! h9d-limbs1 z 0 evid5c$ by _! inability to jump1 & o!r symptoms homolog\s to wri/-drop 9 man4 ,9 ^! animals no n]ve deg5]ation or alt]ation 9 ! sp9al cord 0 f\nd suffici5tly gross to acc\nt = ! p>alysis1 :]eas ! am\nt ( pressure produc$ by ! yield+ ( ! vessel walls on ! n]ve bundles & ! associat$ exudation 0 evid5tly suffici5t to cause compression1 & !reby loss ( function 9 ! n]ve 9 "q4 ,n[1 ! pa?ological *anges describ$ by num]\s obs]v]s1 su* z p>5*ymat\s & int]/itial *anges 9 ! bra91 de/ruction ( ! ant]ior grey matt]1 &1 f9ally1 ! deg5]ative *anges 9 ! muscle gr\ps1 ! macroscopical & microscopical atrophy ( ! muscle bundles ) ! fibrillation & o!r *anges1 are none ( !m oppos$ to ! view t hmorrhage & exudation are ! e>lie/ & initial *ange2 9 fact1 9 exp]im5tal animals m9ute hmorrhages c\ld always be trac$ 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( poison+1 frequ5tly be=e def9ite symptoms appe>$4 ,confirmation ( ?is !ory is se5 9 ! "w ( ,glib]t#dj1 & ! draw+s he gives %[+ fibr\s *anges 9 ! lungs1 hyp]plasia1 conge/ion1 & emphysema1 cirrhotic conditions ( ! liv]1 &1 z he describes x1 blood-/asis caus$ by elongation & dilatation ( ! capill>ies1 are all ( !m highly confirmatory ( ! hmorrhage !ory4 ,fur!r confirmation is also af=d$ by ! obs]vations on ! action ( lead salts ^u ! blood itself4 ,f ! e>lie/ days lead has be5 us$ z a /yptic1 & its empirical use has be5 %[n by lat] obs]vation to be due to its p[] ( readily coagulat+ album9 & peptone4 ,fur!r1 9 *ronic lead poison+ !re is a m>k$ increase 9 ! coagulation "t ( ! blood4 ,glib]t1 9 ! "w already ref]r$ to1 po9ts out ! increas$ ductility ( ! r$ blood-cells 9 lead poison+4 ,q ap>t f ?is1 !re is no d\bt t def9ite alt]ations 9 ! r$ blood-cells occur2 a species ( ict]us is common 9 lead poison+1 ! anmia ( lead poison+ is ( a de/ructive type1 increas$ urobil9 may occur 9 ! ur9e1 & 9 "s in/ances hmatoporphyr9 is pres5t 9 consid]able quantities4 ,! bone-m>r[ 9 cases ( lead poison+ und]goes di/9ct inflammatory *ange1 & may possibly be ! cause ( "s ( ! curi\s a*+ ar?ralgias (t5 not$ z a cl9ical symptom4 ,all ! pa?ological evid5ce t c be adduc$ po9ts unmi/akably to ! blood z suff]+ ! initial /ress 9 lead poison+1 & x is !re=e by no means surpris+ t ! blood vessels %\ld be ! next 9 ord] to und]go deg5]ative *anges4 ,x is probably ?is deg5]ative *ange1 p>ticul>ly associat$ ) ! increas$ coagulability1 alt]ation 9 viscosity1 ! de/ruction ( ! blood-cells !mselves1 & ! p]meation ( ! vessel walls by def9ite1 if exce$+ly m9ute1 quantities ( lead salts1 t det]m9es ! yield+ ( ! small] & g5]ally ! weak] bloodvessels4 ,9 ! hi/ological exam9ation ( ! exp]im5tal animals !re 0 consid]able evid5ce t ! v5ules1 r ?an ! art]ioles1 are ! fir/ to yield4 ,! foll[+ case ( *ronic lead encephalitis1 ) ! exam9ation ( ! n]v\s sy/em describ$ by ,mott#da1 is a case t has a l>ge be>+ on ! g5]al pa?ology ( lead poison+1 & has ! m]it ( be+ s c>efully describ$ t we cite x at l5g?1 z br++ out "s ( ! special features connect$ ) ! pa?ology ( lead poison+4 ,! pati5t 0 a coa*-pa9t]1 ag$ =ty-f\r4 ,family hi/ory ( no p>ticul> int]e/4 ,_h be5 a pa9t] s9ce a boy4 ,no specific hi/ory4 ,treat$ = enl>gem5t ( liv] at "o "t4 ,m>ri$4 ,no *ildr54 ,8 wife a wid[2 f\r *ildr5 be=e m>ri$ to him4 ,be=e ! attack ( encephalitis1 :i* ultimately result$ 9 8 dea?1 he suff]$ f colic & ob/9ate con/ipation4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! f9al attack ( lead infection 0 associat$ ) an epilepti=m fit1 f :i* he recov]$ & resum$ 8 "w1 b f ?is "t onw>ds he suff]$ f progressive weakness & progressive inability to p]=m 8 ord9>y "w4 ,con/ant indulg5ce 9 alcohol did n pull him toge!r z be=e2 & al?\gh previ\sly he _h be5 able to indulge 9 l>ge quantities ( alcohol1 a v little n[ affect$ him adv]sely4 ,! fir/ epilepti=m attack 0 9 ,july1 & 9 ,novemb] he comm5c$ to h delusions1 0 re/less1 suspici\s4 ,on admission to ! asylum he %[$ m>k$ ca*exia4 ,weight1 #h /one #g p\nds2 height1 #e feet #i in*es4 ,!re 0 pres5t well-m>k$ oral sepsis & blue l9e4 ,m5tal ,condition4--,re/lessness2 disori5tation2 remitt+ deliri\s /ate2 p]iods ( %\t+ co9cid5t ) colic1 worse at night2 auditory halluc9ations4 ,physical ,condition4--,bilat]al wri/-drop2 ext5sor p>alysis ( ! f+]s2 h&-grip & gait impair$2 reaction ( deg5]ation ( p>alyz$ muscles2 co>se tremors2 fibrill>y twit*+2 /accato articulation4 ,s5sory4--,no def9ite *ange4 ,reflexes4--,pupils normal4 ,sluggi% reaction to light & accommodation4 ,organic4--,deglutition difficult4 ,micturition & defcation n "u control4 ,vaso-motor4--,t*e crbrale m>k$4 ,eye neuro-ret9itis4 ,unequal amaurosis4 ,he>t4--,increas$ action1 v>iable2 alt]ation dur+ exac]bations ( colic4 ,second s\nd 9 aortic area acc5tuat$4 ,high pressure1 v>iable4 ,majority ( art]ies ?ick5$4 ,he suff]$ gradual m5tal *ange2 ! :ole ( ! m5tal symptoms increas$ 9 sev]ity until ! pati5t look$ l ! f9al /ages ( a case ( g5]al p>alysis4 ,he di$ on ,decemb] #a4 ,colic 0 pres5t at int]vals dur+ ! :ole "t4 ,po/-mortem made ! next day4 ,septic bron*itis4 ,hmorrhage at ! base ( epiglottis & left vocal cord4 ,lungs4--,septic bron*o-pneumonia4 ,p]ic>dium4--,small am\nt ( fluid4 ,he>t4--,/riat$1 blui%4 ,weight #aa ounces4 ,v5tricles4--,slight hyp]trophy ( left v5tricle4 ,valves4--,compet5t4 ,aorta4--,a!roma ne> its bifurcation4 ,art]ies4--,all m or less ?ick5$4 ,p]itoneum4--,retrop]itoneal hmorrhage 9 region outside pancreas4 ,mes5t]ic gl&s enl>g$1 indurat$1 blui% on section4 ,/oma*4--,normal4 ,inte/9es4--,vessels conge/$4 ,l>ge b[el con/rict$ at irregul> int]vals4 ,ccum4--,mucosa slate-col\r$4 ,colon4--,d>k-gre5i% mass4 ,liv]4--,blue on section2 pale yell[ areas2 s(t 9 consi/5cy4 ,weight1 #dg ounces4 ,sple54--,normal4 ,kidneys4--,no fat4 ,cirrhotic1 adh]5t1 atrophic cortex1 granul>4 ,muscles4--,g5]ally d>k 9 col\r2 wa/$4 ,a v complete hi/ological exam9ation 0 made ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 & ?r\gh\t ! p>ticul> *anges notic$ 7 prolif]ation ( ! glia1 hyal9e ?ick5+ ( ! walls ( ! vessels1 bo? art]ies & ve9s1 & pres5ce ( conge/ion2 & "h & !re rupture ( ! smalle/ vessels1 caus+ mili>y microscopic hmorrhages into ! p]ivascul> %ea?s & ! sub/ance ( ! bra94 ,!re 0 no infiltration ) lymphocytes & plasma cells1 z is f\nd 9 g5]al p>alysis4 ,! neuroglia %[$ a =mative hyp]plasia result+ f *ronic irritation4 ,9 ! cortex !re 0 neuroglia prolif]ation 9 ! polymorpho lay] & ! molecul> lay]4 ,*anges 7 se5 9 ! ,betz cells1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,nissl sub/ance1 ) p]9ucle> *romatolysis1 su* z is g5]ally f\nd 9 *ronic p]iph]al neuritis1 :e!r due to lead1 alcohol1 or o!r toxic causes4 ,!re 0 no co>se atrophy or deg5]ation ( ! fibres ( ! cortex4 ,nei!r ! c]ebellum nor ! sp9al cord at any ( ! levels exam9$ %[$ fibre atrophy or deg5]ation1 except possibly a slight diffuse scl]osis 9 ! cross$ pyramidal tracts ( ! lumb> region4 ,microscopical exam9ation 0 made ( ! he>t1 sple51 kidney1 liv]1 lung1 & supr>5al gl&4 ,!re 0 a g5]al condition ( angioscl]osis2 9 ! liv] a fibrotic ov]gr[? ar\nd ! vessels2 9 ! kidneys well-m>k$ int]/itial fibrosis4 ,a *emical exam9ation ( ! bra9 0 also conduct$ by ! copp] potassium nitrite me?od1 b no lead 0 f\nd4 ,excretory ,sy/em4--,a l>ge numb] ( obs]v]s h %[n t great /ress is ?r[n on ! kidney 9 ! excretion ( lead4 ,discussion has tak5 place z to :e!r ! effect is a prim>y int]/itial or a p>5*ymat\s nephritis4 ,mo/ obs]v]s are agre$ t ! hi/ological *anges f\nd 9 ! kidneys ( lead work]s h v little by :i* !y may be diff]5tiat$ f ! effects ( alcohol4 ,al?\gh ! kidney suff]s directly f ! effect ( circulat+ lead1 ! am\nt ( lead excret$ by ! kidney 9 *ronic cases is usually small1 v>iable 9 quantity1 & v r>ely exce$s m ?an #e milligrammes 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! *emical e/imations ( ! quantity ( lead f\nd 9 ! kidney ( p]sons :o h di$ ( lead poison+ giv5 by diff]5t obs]v]s1 v>y exce$+ly4 ,ev5 9 cases ( def9ite lead poison+1 :]e !re c be no reasonable d\bt z to ! diagnosis1 _m cases are on record :]e no lead at all has be5 discov]$ 9 ! kidney4 ,x is n acute nephritis :i* is se5 9 lead poison+1 b ! *ronic cirrhotic v>iety4 ,?is probably takes a v long "t to develop2 inde$1 animals kept "u ! influ5ce ( lead = two ye>s %[ v little kidney de/ruction4 ,x is q possible t 9 ! kidney disease met ) 9 lead-work]s ! comb9$ effect ( alcohol ) lead is really ! causative factor4 ,!re is n suffici5t /ati/ical evid5ce to make a def9ite /atem5t on ?is po9t1 & x w\ld only be possible by comp>+ ! records ( ! autopsies ( a numb] ( p]sons work+ 9 lead :o d n die f lead poison+1 & :o 7 non-alcoholic1 ) a simil> numb] ( p]sons :o1 9 addition to _! lead absorption1 7 alcoholic subjects4 ,x is unusual to f9d blood 9 ! ur9e1 & ! condition ( ! kidney does n sugge/ t x w\ld be pres5t4 ,gull & ,sutton#db h describ$ art]io-capill>y fibrosis 9 :i* ! intima ( ! l>g] vessels became greatly hyp]trophi$1 & _m ( ! small] vessels are practically de/roy$ by oblit]ative art]itis4 ,! production ( art]io-scl]osis1 ) att5dant ?ick5+ ( ! vessel walls & ) ! v>i\s symptoms commonly associat$ ) art]io-scl]osis1 7 reg>d$ z second>y symptoms ( lead poison+4 ,! action ( lead on ! vessel walls !mselves ?us indep5d5tly prov$ by a l>ge numb] ( obs]v]s work+ at diff]5t aspects ( ! problem sugge/s ! pa?ological *ange 9 ! vessels z ! common elem5t 9 ! cause ( ^! div]se symptoms ( lead poison+--colic1 p>alysis1 mania4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 ! att5tion ( mo/ has be5 r focuss$ on ! kidney & ! deg5]ative *anges occurr+ 9 t organ due to ! irritative action ( lead 9 ! process ( excretion ?an on ! vessels !mselves4 ,lead 9 ! ur9e is by no means s common nor s def9ite a symptom ( lead poison+ z might be suppos$1 consid]+ ! extreme mann] 9 :i* ! kidneys suff] 9 old-/&+ cases4 ,( p>ticul> importance 9 ?is respect is ! case ref]r$ to by ,z9n#dc1 :]e a woman ag$ ?irty-?ree receiv$ #bj grammes ( lead acetate 9 error4 ,aft] ! fir/ acute symptoms _h pass$ (f1 ! case drift$ on to "o ( *ronic poison+1 ) ! usual symptoms ( colic1 anmia1 & ca*exia4 ,dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! disease1 bo? acute & *ronic /ages1 exam9ations ( ! ur9e = lead 7 made1 us+ ! me?od ( ,fres5ius ,babo#dd2 yet lead 0 only detect$ 9 ! ur9e dur+ ! e>ly /ages1 & directly ! acute symptoms _h pass$ (f no fur!r lead c\ld be detect$4 ,?is po9t is ( "s importance1 p>ticul>ly :5 tak5 toge!r ) ! exp]im5ts quot$ by ,blum#de1 :o1 inject+ animals ) lead iodide1 0 unable to recov] lead f ! ur9e4 ,! iodide only pass$ ?r\gh ! kidney1 ! lead be+ reta9$ 9 ! body4 ,jaks*#df /ates v def9itely t lead is n f\nd 9 ! ur9e 9 *ronic cases1 b only 9 ! acute cases1 & !n q e>ly4 ,) reg>d to ! kidney two views are held--! "o reg>d+ ! disease ( ! kidney z prim>ily affect+ ! bloodvessels1 & ! o!r z an initial p>5*ymat\s *ange caus+ second>y ob/ruction & alt]ation 9 ! vessels !mselves4 ,!re is !re=e mu* evid5ce to %[ t1 :e!r ! bloodvessels be prim>ily or second>ily affect$1 almo/ all obs]v]s are 9 accord 9 ! op9ion t at "o "t or ano!r1 ei!r soon] or lat]1 ! bloodvessels become affect$ ?r\gh ! action ( lead4 ,kob]t#dg po9ts out t 9 no case 0 di/9ct cirrhosis ( ! kidney produc$ 9 exp]im5tal lead poison+ 9 animals2 inflammation c]ta9ly 0 to be se51 ei!r int]/itial or p>5*ymat\s1 b app>5tly ! poison+ _h n progress$ a suffici5t l5g? ( "t = def9ite cirrhosis to be produc$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 kidney *anges h be5 f\nd ( v>i\s types1 all ( :i* may be ! precursors ( ! ultimate cirrhotic & fibroid *ange occurr+ 9 ! kidneys se5 9 *ronic poison+ by lead z well z 9 *ronic alcoholism4 ,p>ticul> /ress mu/ be laid on ! fact t cirrhotic kidneys are s frequ5tly ! direct result ( long-cont9u$ alcoholic excess1 &1 f :at has be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! exp]im5tal rese>*es on pr$isposition to lead caus$ by alcohol1 ! condition ( cirrhosis ( ! kidney 9 a lead-work] is by no means indicative ( lead poison+1 z x may be an old alcoholic effect long ant$at+ t due to lead4 ,oliv]#dh1 ,*>cot#di1 ,gombault#ej1 ,h(f]#ea1 & o!rs1 f\nd a c]ta9 am\nt ( p>5*ymat\s deg5]ation4 ,von ,leyd5#eb1 h[ev]1 0 able to produce a granul> condition ( ! kidney ) glom]uli %runk5 & an art]io-capill>y fibrosis4 ,gayl]#ec1 on ! o!r h&1 ?9ks t ! art]itis ( ! smalle/ art]ies is ! prelim9>y effect ^u ! kidney1 :]eas m rec5tly ,glib]t#ed publi%$ plates ( ! kidney %[+ def9ite scl]osis z well z int]/itial nephritis4 ,cornil#ee & ,brault#ef ?9k ! vessels are affect$ only second>ily1 & t p>5*ymat\s *anges are ! prim>y lesion4 ,h(f]#eg1 by fe$+ gu9ea-pigs ) lead1 produc$ v def9ite oblit]ative art]itis4 ,klemp]]#eh claims to h produc$ inflammation & def9ite necrosis ( portions ( ! kidney sub/ance4 ,! :ole ( ! kidney is n necess>ily affect$4 ,only portions ( x may %[ *anges1 :ile ,kle95b]g]#ei notes t 9 *ronic lead poison+1 at ! "t ( acute exac]bation ( ! disease1 granul> ca/s z well z r$ blood-cells are f\nd2 &1 fur!r1 t 9 cutt+ ?r\gh !m cry/alliz$ masses are occasionally f\nd1 consi/+ ( urates1 & sometimes conta9+ lead4 ,gayl]#fj consid]s t ! effect on ! kidney comm5ces 9 ! muscul> coats ( ! small] vessels1 9 :i* end>t]itis foll[$ by oblit]ative art]itis is set up4 ,practically all obs]v]s1 !re=e1 are 9 agreem5t t ! kidney suff]s to a v consid]able ext5t 9 *ronic poison+1 & ! majority ( obs]v]s are also 9 agreem5t t ! bloodvessels !mselves are ! prim>y seat ( ! *ange4 ,fur!r1 ! pres5ce ( blood 9 ! ur9e is exce$+ly r>e 9 *ronic lead poison+1 despite ,kle95b]g]'s#fa /atem5t to ! contr>y4 ,x c]ta9ly may occur dur+ a v acute attack1 b we h nev] se5 ?is symptom4 ,circulatory ,sy/em4--,art]io-scl]osis occurr+ 9 lead-work]s has be5 kn[n = "s "t1 & ! anmia ( saturnism has be5 kn[n = an ev5 long] p]iod4 ,= "s "t no def9ite type ( anmia 0 associat$ ) lead ca*exia1 & ! anmia 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z "o aris+ f g5]al malnutrition4 ,"h & !re ?r\gh ! lit]ature ( ! pa?ology ( lead poison+ are to be f\nd rem>ks :i* sugge/ t ! action ^u ! bloodvessels may be a prim>y in/ead ( a second>y effect4 ,oblit]ative art]itis is describ$ by ,uh?(f#fb1 ,pflueg]#fc1 ,oell]#fd1 & ,pal#fe1 & 9 o!r cases oblit]ative ret9itis has be5 consid]$ to be associat$ ) ! action ( ! lead ^u ! vessel walls4 ,heubel#ff1 & lat] ,ros5/e9#fg1 f\nd t1 9 dogs poison$ ) lead1 def9ite c]ebral anmia 0 produc$1 due to vaso-con/riction1 & consid] x to be due to ! direct action ( lead ^u ! intima ( ! vessel walls4 ,associat$ ) su* poison+ 7 symptoms ( eclampsia & urmia1 & ! latt] au?or consid]s t ! urmia is due to vaso-con/riction ( ! kidney vessels4 ,oliv]#fh & o!rs h also po9t$ out ! alt]ation 9 ! pulse-rate associat$ ) exac]bations ( colic1 & a numb] ( obs]v]s h not$ t c]ta9 drugs1 su* z atrop9 & amyl nitrite1 :i* are kn[n vaso-dilators1 h a di/9ctly calm+ effect ^u ! p>oxysms ( pa94 ,"o or two o!r obs]v]s h actually not$ ! pres5ce ( hmorrhages 9 ! lesions2 ?us1 9 ! case quot$ by ,mott#fi def9ite yield+ ( ! vessel walls & signs ( old hmorrhage are describ$ among/ o!r lesions 9 ! bra94 ,seif]t#gj also describes ! pres5ce ( hmorrhages among/ ! ganglion cells 9 ! ant]ior columns ( ! cord1 bo? 9 ! case ( p]sons :o h di$ ( lead poison+ & animals to :i* lead _h be5 giv5 exp]im5tally4 ,9 addition1 ,saj\s#ga describes a case ( p>alysis ( ! sup]ior l>yngeal n]ve1 associat$ ) hmorrhages1 9 ! region ( ! abductor muscles ( ! l>ynx4 ,mott's case also %[$ ?is l>yngeal hmorrhage4 ,m rec5tly ,els*nig#gb1 9 8 obs]vations ^u ! eye1 has det]m9$ a close association betwe5 vaso-motor affections1 con/rictions1 & dilatations1 & v>i\s eye lesions1 su* z amaurosis & amblyopia1 occurr+ 9 lead poison+4 ,ramb\sek#gc1 9 summ+ up ,els*nig's "w1 po9ts out h[ mu* 8 obs]vations t5d to bridge ov] ! gap betwe5 ! action ( lead ^u ! blood1 ! bloodvessels1 & ! n]ves4 ,he po9ts out t ! eye is a peculi>ly fav\rable organ = wat*+ ! effect ( a poison s insidi\s z lead4 ,! bloodvessels1 ! n]ves1 & ! muscles1 are all op5 to inspection & actual obs]vation to a degree n to be f\nd 9 any o!r "p ( ! body4 ,els*nig#gd1 9 a typical case ( sudd5 lead amaurosis associat$ ) acute lead colic1 f\nd t v def9ite motor spasm ( ! vessels ( ! eye1 conjunctiva1 & ! ret9a1 7 associat$ ) ! amaurosis4 ,he argues f ?is t ! action ( lead is probably directly ^u ! un/rip$ muscul> fibre ( ! vessel walls2 t su* an action may1 & does1 ext5d to ! vessels ( ! eye muscles1 produc+ p>alysis ( ! muscles ( accommodation1 & a dilatation ( ! pupil1 :i* may be obs]v$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 conditions subject+ !m to lead absorption4 ,els*nig fur!r consid]s t ! transitory amaurosis :i* is (t5 associat$ ) lead poison+ may be due to vaso-motor di/urbances 9 ! bra9 itself1 z well z 9 ! eye4 ,/ill m rec5tly1 & due1 no d\bt1 to a great ext5t to ! "w ( ,els*nig1 fur!r att5tion has be5 drawn to ! vascul> sy/em 9 lead poison+4 ,els*nig's "w has c>ri$ ! "q ano!r /age =w>d by %[+ ! association ( vaso-motor di/urbances ) eye disease1 :il/ 9 ?is c\ntry ,oliv]#ge po9t$ out ! effect ^u ! pulse ( abdom9al colic4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! rese>*es on ?is po9t describ$ 9 ! next *apt]1 ?is clue runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! pa?ology ( lead poison+ 0 n appreciat$4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! inve/igations !re seem$ to be no ma9 g5]al l9e ( symptoms or hi/ological f9d+s t c\ld be adduc$ z *>act]i/ic ( lead poison+2 9 fact1 ! initial exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$1 ) ! object ( exam9+ ! association ( lung-absorb$ lead comp\nds z a possible cause ( lead poison+1 z aga9/ ! entrance ( lead by ! alim5t>y canal2 b z ! exp]im5ts proce$$ x became cle> t ! /ress ( ! initial intoxication 0 und\bt$ly fall+ ^u ! bloodvessels1 & m p>ticul>ly ^u ! m9ut] bloodvessels1 & less on ! art]ial side ( ! capill>ies 7al?\gh ! capill>ies 7 to a l>ge ext5t associat$ ) ! process7 ?an ^u ! v5\s radicles4 ,a g5]al consid]ation ( ! pa?ology %[s t lead causes *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em affect+ bo? upp] & l[] segm5ts1 deg5]ation ( ! ganglion cells 9 ! cord & 9 ! bra91 int]/itial inflammation ( ! neuroglia1 cortical deg5]ation1 di/9ct neuritis1 bo? axial & p]i-axial1 ( ! p]iph]al n]ves1 & also signs ( *ange 9 ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em 9 *ronic lead poison+4 ,lat] "w has1 h[ev]1 all t5d$ to po9t out t ! *ief & fir/ effect ( lead is ^u ! blood4 ,moritz#gf fir/ po9t$ out ! pres5ce ( basophile granules 9 ! r$ blood-cells4 ,! "w 0 foll[$ up by ,emd5#gg1 ,gravitz#gh1 ,z9n#gi1 ,otto#hj1 ,silb]t#ha1 & by ,es*]i*#hb4 ,all ^! au?ors f\nd basophilic ery?rocytes 9 ! blood associat$ ) blood-de/ruction1 & ,es*]i* 9 addition describes e>ly *anges tak+ place 9 ! intima ( ! bloodvessels associat$ ) vaso-con/riction4 ,! ,italian au?or ,mattirolo#hc1 z well z ,m>*et#hd & ,jores#he1 came to a simil> conclusion4 ,glib]t ( ,brussels#hf1 c>ry+ ! obs]vations some:at f>!r1 & al?\gh work+ ) gu9ea-pigs1 :i* normally %[ basophilic /a9+ 9 _! blood-cells1 0 able to demon/rate "o fur!r po9t ( consid]able value--namely1 ! increase 9 ! viscosity ( ! blood1 ) blood-corpuscles ( great] t\ghness1 ela/icity1 & p[] to resi/ de/ruction :5 mak+ films1 ?an 9 normal blood4 ,!re is ?us v /rik+ cont9uity 9 ! obs]vations ( all ! v>i\s obs]v]s1 despite ! fact t at fir/ sight _! descriptions may appe> discordant4 ,!re seems no d\bt t practically all au?ors :o h giv5 att5tion to ! subject are agre$ t ! circulatory sy/em1 & prim>ily ! blood circulat+ 9 ! vessels1 is affect$ by lead1 &1 fur!r1 t ! vessels !mselves und]go deg5]ation ( v>i\s types1 _m ( ! cases exam9$ %[+ complete oblit]ative art]itis z ! result ( long-/&+ irritation4 ,o!rs describe no oblit]ative *anges ( ?is type 9 ! vessels1 because att5tion 0 giv5 ma9ly to ! n]v\s sy/em1 :]e ! cells 7 f\nd deg5]at$ & %[+ *romatolysis4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 c>eful obs]v]s1 su* z ,mott1 h not$ ! pres5ce1 9 pass+1 ( ^! app>5t yield+s ( ! vessels "h & !re 9 ! region ( ! deg5]at$ n]v\s tissue4 ,aga91 ev5 ! hi/ological action ( a drug su* z amyl nitrite po9ts to involvem5t ( ! vaso-motor sy/em4 ,p]haps ?is curi\s association ?r\gh all ! describ$ pa?ology & bloodvessel infection w\ld n appe> s cle> b = ! m rec5t inve/igations describ$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,,kob]t3 ,lehrbu* d] ,intoxikation51 #bte ,aufl41 #aijf1 p4 #cfa4 #b ,,oliv]1 ,,sir ,t43 ,lead ,poison+4 #ahia4 #c ,,dixon ,,mann3 ,=5sic ,m$ic9e & ,toxicology1 p4 #die4 #d ,,/ockvis3 ,int]national ,congress ( ,indu/rial ,hygi5e4 ,brussels1 #aiaj4 #e ,m,n,,tri]3 ,meillre's ,le ,saturnisme1 pp4 #aca-acf4 #f ,,kussmaul ,,& ,,mey]3 ,deuts*es ,ar*iv fr ,kl94 ,m$41 ix41 p4 #bhc4 #g ,,tanqu]el3 ,trait des ,maladies de ,plomb1 ou ,saturn9es4 ,p>is1 #ahci4 #h ,,b]n>d3 ,meillre's ,le ,saturnisme1 p4 #aee4 #i ,,bokai3 ,trib4 ,m$41 ,june #aa1 #ahia4 #aj ,,riegels3 ,kob]t's ,lehrbu* d] ,intoxikation51 p4 #cfc4 #aa ,,galv9i3 ,rivi/a ,cl9ica1 fasc4 iii41 #ahhd4 #ab ,,tanqu]el3 ,ibid4 #ac ,,pal ,,& ,,mannab]g3 ,revue ,gnrale de ,vill>et1 ,gaz4 des ,hp41 ,fv4 #af & #ai1 #aijc4 #ad ,,we/phal3 ,ar*iv f4 ,phys4 u4 ,n]v5kr41 #ahgd4 #ae ,,dej]9e3 ,mm4 de la ,soc4 de ,biologie1 #ahgi1 et ,expos de ,titres1 p4 #eh1 #ahid4 #af ,,ei*hor/3 ,ueb] ,bleilhmung4 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 #ahij1 p4 #bag4 #ag ,,ramond3 ,maladies du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 t4 xi4 #ahie1 #ahif4 #ah ,,m>ie ,,& ,,bab9ski3 ,meillre's ,le ,saturnisme1 p4 #aic4 #ai ,,vulpian ,,& ,,/eiglitz3 ,ar*iv fr ,psy*41 #ahib1 xxiv41 p4 #a4 #bj ,,erb3 ,b]l4 ,kl94 ,wo*41 #ahhd1 p4 #aaj4 #ba ,,hitzig3 ,/udi5 b] ,bleiv]g4 ,b]l91 #ahfh4 #bb ,,bo]w9kel3 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 cxx41 #ahij4 #bc ,,ei*hor/3 ,ibid4 #bd ,,pota93 ,bull4 ,m$41 #ahhg4 #be ,,vulpian3 ,maladies du ,sy/me ,n]veux4 #ahgi4 #bf ,,opp5heim]3 ,zur ,k5nt4 d] ,exp4 ,bleiv]g4 ,b]l91 #ahih4 #bg ,,oell]3 ,pa?4 ,anatom4 d] ,bleilhmung4 ,mn*51 #ahhc4 #bh ,,/eiglitz3 ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 ,bd4 xxiv41 #ahib4 #bi ,,hitzig3 ,ibid4 #cj ,,we/phal3 ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 ,bd4 xix41 #ahhh4 #ca ,,*vo/ek3 ,neurol4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahig4 #cb ,,kolisko3 ,die ,bekmpfung d] ,bleigefahr 9 d] ,indu/rie1 von ,leymann1 p4 #ba4 #aijh4 #cc ,,qu5sel3 ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 ,bd4 xxxv41 #aijb4 #cd ,,nissl3 ,allgeme9e ,zeits*rift fr ,psy*iatrie1 ,bd4 xlv41 #ahib2 ,bd4 iv4 #ahig4 #ce ,,b]*?old3 ,die ,bekmpfung d] ,bleigefahr 9 d] ,indu/rie1 von ,leymann1 p4 #bc4 #aijh4 #cf ,,sorgo3 ,wi54 ,m$4 ,wo*41 #aijj4 #cg ,,/eiglitz3 ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 ,bd4 xxiv41 #ahib4 #ch ,,pr,,vo/ ,,& ,,b9et3 ,revue ,mdicale de la ,suisse ,rom&e1 ii41 #ahhi4 #ci ,,mott3 ,ar*ives ( ,neurology & ,psy*iatry1 vol4 iv41 p4 #aag4 #dj ,,glib]t3 ,le ,saturnisme ,exprim5tal3 ,extrait des ,rapports ,ann4 de l',insp4 du ,travail1 #aijf4 #da ,,mott3 ,ibid4 #db ,,gull ,,& ,,sutton3 ,kob]t's ,lehrbu* d] ,intoxikation51 #bte ,aufl41 #aijf1 p4 #cgj4 #dc ,,z9n3 ,b]l4 ,m$4 ,wo*41 #ahii4 #dd ,,fres5ius ,,babo3 ,liebig's ,annal51 vol4 xlix41 p4 #bhg4 #ahdd4 #de ,,blum3 ,wi54 ,m$4 ,wo*41 ,no4 #ac1 #aijd4 #df ,,jaks*3 ,kl9is*e ,diagno/ik4 #dg ,,kob]t3 ,ibid41 p4 #cfi1 & g5]al ,lit]ature1 p4 #cgf4 #dh ,,oliv]1 ,,sir ,t43 ,lead ,poison+4 #ahia4 #di ,,*>cot3 ,leons sur les ,maladies du ,foie et des ,re9s4 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 #ej ,,gombault3 ,ar*iv fr ,physiologie1 #ahha4 #ea ,,h(f]3 ,diss]tation1 ,freiburg1 #ahhc4 #eb ,,von ,,leyd53 ,zeit4 fr ,kl94 ,m$41 #ahhc4 #ec ,,gayl]3 ,ziegl]'s ,beitr41 ii41 #ahhh4 #ed ,,glib]t3 ,ibid4 #ee ,,cornil3 ,j\rnal de l'anat4 et physiol41 ,no4 #b1 #ahhc4 #ef ,,brault3 ,loc4 cit4 #eg ,,h(f]3 ,loc4 cit4 #eh ,,klemp]]3 ,kob]t's ,lehrbu* d] ,intoxikation51 #bte ,aufl41 #aijf1 p4 #cgj4 #ei ,,kle95b]g]3 ,mn*4 ,m$4 ,wo*41 ,no4 #h1 #aijd4 #fj ,,gayl]3 ,loc4 cit4 #fa ,,kle95b]g]3 ,loc4 cit4 #fb ,,uh?(f3 ,h&bu* d] ,aug4 ,lief4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 #fc ,,pflueg]3 ,die ,bekmpfung d] ,bleigefahr 9 d] ,indu/rie1 von ,leymann1 p4 #ba4 #aijh4 #fd ,,oell]3 ,ibid4 #fe ,,pal3 ,z5tralbl4 f4 inn]e ,m$4 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 #ff ,,heubel3 ,pa?4 und ,symp4 ,*ron4 ,bleiv]g4 ,b]l91 #ahga4 #fg ,,ros5/e93 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv4 #ahig4 #fh ,,oliv]1 ,,sir ,t43 ,lead ,poison+4 #ahia4 #fi ,,mott3 ,ibid4 #gj ,,seif]t3 ,b]l4 ,kl94 ,wo*41 #ahhd4 #ga ,,saj\s3 ,ar*iv fr ,l>yng41 iii41 #ahhb4 #gb ,,els*nig3 ,wi54 ,m$4 ,wo*41 #ahih4 #gc ,,ramb\sek3 ,die ,bekmpfung d] ,bleigefahr1 von ,leymann1 p4 #ae4 #aijh4 #gd ,,els*nig3 ,loc4 cit4 #ge ,,oliv]1 ,,sir ,t43 ,lead ,poison+4 #ahia4 #gf ,,moritz3 ,/4 ,pet]sb4 ,m$4 ,wo*41 #aija4 #gg ,,emd53 ,die ,bekmpfung d] ,bleigefahr1 von ,leymann1 p4 #ai4 #gh ,,gravitz3 ,deuts*e ,m$4 ,wo*41 ,no4 #cf4 #ahii4 #gi ,,z9n3 ,b]l4 ,kl94 ,wo*41 #ahii4 #hj ,,otto3 ,revue ,md41 #ahib4 #ha ,,silb]t3 ,ibid4 #hb ,,es*]i*3 ,die ,bekmpfung d] ,bleigefahr1 von ,leymann1 p4 #ah4 #hc ,,mattirolo3 ,ibid41 p4 #ai4 #hd ,,m>*et3 ,ibid41 p4 #ai4 #he ,,jores3 ,ziegl]'s ,beitr41 ,bd4 xxxi41 #aijb4 #hf ,,glib]t3 ,ibid4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,pa?ology--,cont9u$,a ,a ,?is *apt] is ! "w entirely ( "o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 ,x 0 ?\ght t "s light might be ?r[n on *ronic intoxication produc$ by lead salts if direct exp]im5t 7 made ^u animals1 resembl+ 9 ! arrangem5t ( su* exp]im5ts1 z f> z possible1 ! indu/rial conditions "u :i* human be+s contract lead poison+4 ,! animals *os5 = ! exp]im5ts 7 cats1 z x is a fact ( common k t x is impossible to keep cats 9 lead works1 p>ticul>ly :ite-lead1 because !y rapidly become poison$ if all[$ to /ray ab\t ! works4 ,! same holds good 9 ! case ( dogs4 ,f ! /ati/ics already giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 & f ! rem>ks 9 ! *apt] on tiology1 !re 0 no d\bt :atev] t du/ play$ a mo/ important rle 9 ! production ( indu/rial lead poison+4 ,9 attempt+1 !re=e1 to copy ! indu/rial conditions1 x is ess5tial to submit ! animals exp]im5t$ ^u to infection by means ( air 9 :i* lead du/ is susp5d$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! fir/ place1 by myself#a1 & lat] 9 conjunction ) ,dr4 ,goodbody#b1 & ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 also und]tak5 by myself#c4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts are /ill 9 progress 9 ?is & o!r directions4 ,! me?ods ( exp]im5t adopt$ 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,brea?+ ,exp]im5ts--,fir/ ,s]ies4--,a4 ,! animals exp]im5t$ ^u 7 plac$ 9 a l>ge clos$ *amb] at "o end ( :i* an electric fan 0 fitt$ 9 su* a way t ! air 0 kept 9 con/ant motion4 ,! lead du/ 0 introduc$ by means ( a funnel ?r\gh ! ro( 9 a def9ite quantity dur+ tim$ int]vals4 ,by means ( an aspirat+ j> & a tube ins]t$ into ! side1 samples ( air 7 )drawn f "t to "t dur+ ! exp]im5ts1 & submitt$ to *emical analysis to det]m9e ! quantity ( lead circulat+ 9 ! air4 ,^! samples 7 drawn (f at ! level ( ! animals' heads4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 to elim9ate any swall[+ ( du/ by ! animals dur+ ! exp]im5ts1 by protect+ _! coats f ! du/ & c>efully bru%+ !m at ! conclusion ( ea* exposure4 ,second ,s]ies4--,b4 ,9 o!r exp]im5ts a *amb] conta9+ two sep>ate comp>tm5ts 0 con/ruct$1 & lead du/ susp5d$ 9 air 0 bl[n into ! two comp>tm5ts by means ( an electric fan situat$ outside4 ,! app>atus 0 s arrang$ t ! draught ( air f ! fan pass$ ?r\gh two sep>ate boxes1 9 :i* ! lead comp\nd "u exp]im5t 0 kept agitat$ by means ( small fans situat$ 9 ! boxes & driv5 by a second electric motor4 ,9 ?is way two diff]5t samples ( lead 7 exp]im5t$ on at "o & ! same "t1 ! air curr5t driv+ 9 ! du/ ?r\gh ! two boxes be+ equal on ! two sides2 ! quantity ( du/ 0 !re=e directly proportional to ! comp\nd us$4 ,samples ( ! du/y air 7 aspirat$ (f & subject$ to analysis1 z 9 ! fir/ s]ies4 ,9 ?is s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! animals 7 s arrang$ t only _! heads project$ into ! du/ *amb] dur+ exposure4 #b4 ,fe$+ ,exp]im5ts4--,fe$+ exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out by mix+ a weigh$ dose ( ! lead comp\nd exp]im5t$ )1 & add+ ?is to a small portion ( ! animal's fir/ fe$ 9 ! morn+4 ,x 0 f\nd t unless ! lead 0 well incorporat$ ) ! animal's food x w\ld n take ! lead 9 ! dry =m2 & 9 deal+ ) :ite lead & o!r du/1 x 0 necess>y to give ! comp\nd 9 a simil> =m to t 9 :i* a man w\ld obta9 x "u indu/rial conditions1 :i* ( c\rse preclud$ ! use ( a solution4 ,! am\nt ( lead giv5 by ! m\? z a control to ! inhalation exp]im5ts 0 f sev5 to t5 times ! dose :i* c\ld be tak5 by ! animal dur+ its exposure 9 ! cage1 & ! dose 0 giv5 daily1 & n e ?ird day z 9 ! inhalation exp]im5ts4 ,all ! comp\nds us$ 9 ! inhalation exp]im5ts 7 giv5 to animals by ! m\?1 ! animals' weights be+ c>efully not$4 ,9 a fur!r s]ies ( fe$+ exp]im5ts a soluble salt ( lead 0 add$ to ! animals' food 7wat] or milk71 ! salt 9 ?is case be+ ! nitrate4 ,! quantity add$ 0 mu* small] ?an 9 ! du/ exp]im5ts4 #ja gramme 0 giv5 daily4 #c4 ,inoculation ,exp]im5ts4--,z a fur!r control to bo? ! brea?+ & fe$+ exp]im5ts1 ! v>i\s lead comp\nds simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! o!r exp]im5ts 7 inoculat$ into animals4 ,! insoluble salts gave "s difficulty 9 ! te*nique ( injection1 b by us+ a l>ge ne$le1 & mak+ ! susp5sion ( ! mat]ial 9 ! syr+e1 ! difficulty 0 ov]come4 ,! quantity ( mat]ial inoculat$ v>i$2 x 0 calculat$ 9 fractions ( a gramme p] kilogramme body weight1 ! quantity ( fluid us$ be+ ! same 9 all cases--namely1 #aj c4c4--& inoculations 7 made subcutane\sly & intramuscul>ly 9 ! muscles ( ! back aft] previ\s %av+4 ,9 only "o case 0 localiz$ inflammation produc$1 & ?is 0 :5 ! acetate 0 ! salt employ$4 ,none ( ! animals exhibit$ any signs ( discom=t dur+ ! exp]im5ts f ! pres5ce ( lead du/ 9 ! air2 once or twice sneez+ 0 notic$1 b ?is 0 an uncommon occurr5ce4 ,?is po9t is ( practical importance1 z ! lead du/ conta9$ 9 ! air 9 :ite-lead & o!r factories is n ( itself irritat+ to ! muc\s membrane ( ! lung4 ,! animals subject$ to ?is =m ( exp]im5t 7 no d\bt absorb+ mu* l>g] doses ( lead ?an are p]sons engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( lead comp\nds4 ,! only asc]ta9able diff]5ce 9 ! ultimate pa?ological lesions produc$ 9 animals1 :e!r inhal+ l>ge quantities or m9imal quantities ( du/1 0 ! rate at :i* ! poison+ took place4 ,9 c]ta9 exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd t ! animals ma9ta9$ a k9d ( equilibrium1 mu* z d workm5 engag$ 9 du/y lead processes4 ,x 0 f\nd1 moreov]1 t "s animals %[$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( tol]ance to ! effect ( lead du/1 9 t _! weights rema9$ almo/ con/ant1 b an increase 9 ! quantity ( lead pres5t 9 ! air imm$iately produc$ progressive dim9ution 9 ! body weight2 & z ?is dim9ution 9 ! body weight approa*$ to "o-?ird ( ! animal's initial weight1 s symptoms ( *ronic poison+ sup]v5$4 ,9 addition to ! animals inhal+ lead du/ ov] prolong$ p]iods1 c]ta9 o!r inhalation exp]im5ts 7 made = ! det]m9ation ( lead du/ 9 ! lung z oppos$ to ! /oma*4 ,9 ! inhalation exp]im5ts prop]1 :]e ! animals 7 expos$ to inhalation e o!r day or e ?ird day1 = only an h\r at a "t1 ! quantity ( lead pres5t 9 ! air 0 n v l>ge1 & x 0 ?\ght ess5tial to det]m9e if1 9 exce$+ly du/y atmosph]es1 any appreciable am\nt ( lead c\ld be f\nd 9 ! /oma*4 ,t5 animals 7 submitt$ to ! inhalation ( air heavily *>g$ ) v>i\s types ( lead du/4 ,! animal 0 expos$ to ! du/ = an h\r & a half to two h\rs2 at ! end ( ?is "t x 0 an/hetiz$1 & :5 ! respirations _h ceas$1 & ! animal 0 dead1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 0 bl[n into ! lung & into ! /oma*4 ,! animal 0 !n rapidly dissect$ & /a9+ look$ =4 ,! tissues 7 fur!r treat$ ) acid & re-expos$ to sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,9 "o animal only out ( ! t5 0 any /a9+ notic$ 9 ! /oma*4 ,9 none ( ! o!rs 0 any su* /a9+ f\nd1 b v def9ite black5+ 0 f\nd 9 ! l>ynx1 tra*ea1 & macroscopically ev5 9 "s ( ! bron*ioles4 ,sections ( ! lung 7 fur!r submitt$ to hi/ological exam9ation1 & by means ( micro-*emical te/s ) *romic acid & ) iod9e1 & also by comp>+ sections ( ! exp]im5tal animals & animals :i* _h n be5 subject$ to lead du/ inhalations1 a v mu* l>g] quantity ( mat]ial 0 f\nd pres5t 9 ! lungs ( ! inhalation animals ?an 9 ! normal animal4 ,! du/ 0 situat$ 9 ! alveoli & ! alveol> cells1 & (t5 9 ! lymphatics4 ,on exam9+ microscopically sections ( ! lungs ( ^? animals expos$ to graduat$ inhalation ov] ext5sive p]iods1 a f> l>g] numb] ( black5$ granules1 du/1 pigm5t1 & o!r sub/ances1 0 f\nd ?an 9 simil> sections ( animals :i* 7 "u normal conditions & _h n be5 expos$ to lead du/1 al?\gh x is true su* animals %[ a v fair proportion ( c>bon p>ticles tak5 up by ! lung tissue4 ,a fur!r important fact 0 noticeable 9 animals ,nos4 #ba & #bb 7see p4 #aja71 :i* _h be5 expos$ to a l[ solubility glaze su* z is us$ 9 ! ,pott]ies4 ,l[ solubility glaze is comp\nd$ ) lead frit--t is to say1 a lead glaze 7or lead silicate7 :i* has be5 f9ely gr\nd4 ,! p>ticles ( ?is sub/ance are mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( ord9>y :ite lead1 & 9 addition !y are mu* m angul>4 ,( ?ree animals expos$ to ?is glaze1 "o actually di$ ( pneumonia 7acute71 & ! o!r two suff]$ f "s bron*ial tr\ble1 bo? ( !m %[+ di/9ct signs ( pneumonic pat*es & old & *ronic inflammation :5 exam9$ hi/ologically2 :]eas 9 none ( ! o!r animals expos$ to :ite lead du/ or to ! high solubility glaze1 :i* conta9$ :ite lead z oppos$ to lead frit1 no su* pneumonic or fibroid *anges 7 f\nd4 ,?is po9t is ( "s pa?ological importance4 ,! inhalation exp]im5ts also ?r[ "s light on ! quantity ( lead necess>y to produce poison+4 ,! animals 9 ! inhalation exp]im5ts 7 expos$ = v>y+ p]iods1 & con/ant e/imations made ( ! lead pres5t 9 ! air4 ,9 a numb] ( in/ances samples 7 tak5 f ! cage air dur+ ! :ole ( ! exp]im5t1 z rapidly z possible4 ,! quantity ( lead float+ 9 ! air 0 f\nd to increase z ! exp]im5t progress$1 al?\gh a l>ge am\nt ( ! lead introduc$ 0 caught on ! side ( ! cage & deposit$ on ! floor4 ,9 ! lat] exp]im5ts ! me?od ( tak+ ! samples cont9u\sly dur+ ! exp]im5t 0 ab&on$1 & f\r samples only 7 tak51 & ! av]age record$4 ,a simple calculation w give ! quantity ( lead du/ x w\ld be possible = an animal to inhale dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod ( exposure4 ,! utmo/ tidal air 9 ! case ( a cat w\ld be tak5 at #ej c4c4 ,tak+ ! av]age1 ab\t #jbg gramme ( lead 0 inhal$ dur+ ! half-h\r ( exposure4 ,fe$+ ,exp]im5ts4--,twelve fe$+ exp]im5ts ( v>i\s types are record$4 ,! me?od ( exp]im5t 0 z foll[s3 ,! comp\nd "u inve/igation 0 c>efully weigh$ out ea* day 7#je to #aj gramme71 ! sub/ance be+ "s ( ! same comp\nd t 0 be+ made use ( = inhalation exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ! :ite lead x 0 f\nd ess5tial to mix x ) ! animals' food2 !y 7 giv5 :ite lead 9 a small am\nt ( _! food1 & no fur!r food 0 giv5 = "s little "t aft] ! dose ( lead _h be5 swall[$4 ,l[ & high solubility glazes 7 also made use ( = fe$+1 & z a fur!r exp]im5t alcohol 0 giv5 to ! animals 9 addition to ! previ\s c\rse ( lead inhalation or fe$+1 & ! exposure to lead cont9u$ aft] ! alcohol 0 giv54 ,9 addition to high solubility glazes1 :ite lead1 & flue du/1 a soluble salt ( lead 0 also us$1 9 "o s]ies ! salt be+ ! nitrate4 #ja gramme 0 giv5 daily2 & x is ^! two nitrate animals 7#df & #dg7 :i* %[$ di/9ct diff]5ces f ! :ite lead & o!r fe$+ exp]im5ts4 ,9 "o case ! lead 0 giv5 mix$ ) wat]1 9 ! o!r mix$ ) milk4 ,! animal :i* 0 f$ ) ! nitrate dissolv$ 9 wat] develop$ encephalopa?y1 :]eas ! "o 9 :i* ! sub/ance 0 mix$ 9 milk exhibit$ no signs1 ?\gh f$ = a simil> p]iod4 ,bo? ! animals increas$ 9 weight1 :i* is an unusual effect 9 exp]im5tal lead poison+4 ,! "q ( ! addition ( milk1 :i* app>5tly prev5t$ ! absorption ( lead1 is ( v consid]able importance1 z x is highly probable1 z has be5 po9t$ out ) reg>d to ! precipitation ( lead by means ( organic sub/ances1 t ! album9oid sub/ances 9 ! milk precipitate ! nitrate already 9 a /ate ( solution2 & x may be argu$ f ^! exp]im5ts t mix+ ! :ite lead ) ! food w\ld t5d to prev5t ! lead hav+ a toxic or delet]i\s effect1 b ev5 :5 ! lead 0 giv5 9 ! =m ( pills betwe5 meals no poison\s effect 0 notic$4 ,fur!r1 ! quantity ( :ite lead giv5 0 consid]able1 & x is highly que/ionable :e!r ! quantity ( lead s tak5 w\ld be dissolv$ by ! ga/ric juice excret$ "u normal circum/ances 9 its entirety1 z a v consid]able quantity w\ld pass onw>ds ?r\gh ! pylorus undissolv$4 ,until ! lead comp\nd has become soluble x _c react ) ! album9oid con/itu5t ( ! food4 ,ord9>y dry :ite lead or li?>ge does n comb9e directly ) album94 ,! majority ( ! exp]im5tal animals %[$ alt]ation 9 weight4 ,! mo/ important po9t :i* is br\ght out by ^! exp]im5ts1 consid]+ !m f ! po9t ( view ( inhalation1 is ! enorm\s quantity ( :ite lead ! 8fe$+0 animals swall[$ )\t produc+ any app>5t symptoms4 ,! quantities cit$ are ! am\nts giv5 p] diem1 :]eas 9 ! inhalation exp]im5ts ! animals 7 r>ely expos$ m ?an ?ree days a week = an h\r at a "t 7see table1 p4 #aja74 ,! quantity ( lead1 !re=e1 giv5 by ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal 0 at lea/ t5 times z mu*1 9 _m cases fifte5 or tw5ty times z mu*1 z c\ld be tak5 by ! o!r animals via ! lung dur+ inhalation1 & yet ^! animals %[$ little or no susceptibility to poison+ :5 f$ ) :ite lead or o!r lead comp\nds1 unless alcohol 0 giv5 9 addition4 ,an exam9ation ( ! /oma* aft] dea? %[$1 9 ! case ( ! alcoholic animals1 di/9ct evid5ce ( ga/ritis1 & !re is "s reason to suppose t 9 su* animals a degree ( hyp]acidity may h exi/$1 !reby promot+ ! rate ( solution ( ! lead4 ,! increas$ susceptibility to lead poison+ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( alcohol is int]e/+4 ,no4 #f receiv$1 9 addition to its inhalations or p]iod ( exposure 9 ! du/y air1 #ej c4c4 ( port w9e p] diem4 ,symptoms ( lead poison+ appe>$ a day soon] ?an 9 any o!r animal1 & if we elim9ate ?is exp]im5t1 z ! du/ 7flue du/ f bla/-furnace7 conta9$ also ars5ic & antimony1 ?ree days soon] ?an ! li?>ge animal1 & tw5ty-five days soon] ?an ! o!r animals expos$ to :ite lead du/4 ,9 addition1 ?is animal 0 ! only "o :i* actually di$ dur+ ! p]iod ( exp]im5t2 all ! o!r animals 7 kill$ at ! end ( two mon?s & submitt$ to hi/ological exam9ation2 b ! animal :i* _h receiv$ alcohol di$ ) symptoms closely simulat+ lead encephalopa?y 9 man4 ,! pr$ispos+ action ( alcohol is /ill fur!r emphasiz$ by ! subsequ5t exp]im5ts ) ?ree animals expos$ to :ite lead du/2 "o 0 expos$ ?irty-sev5 & ! o!r ?irty days be=e symptoms appe>$1 :]eas :5 alcohol 0 giv5 poison+ 0 app>5t )9 twelve days1 & aft] only f\r inhalations4 ,9 ! case ( animals f$ ) :ite lead1 "o aft] eight mon?s1 & ! o!r a ye> & a half1 %[$ no signs ( lead poison+ at all1 :ile ! weights rema9$ con/ant4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t alcohol 7#ej c4c4 ( port w9e7 0 add$ to ! animals' diet1 & "o mon? aft] ! addition ( alcohol to ! diet1 ! dose ( :ite lead be+ cont9u$ con/ant1 encephalopa?y ensu$4 ,9 a second case ! animal 0 />t$ on alcohol 9 addition to ! :ite lead4 ,9 a mon? x 0 %[+ signs ( slight p>esis4 ,aga91 an animal f$ on a l[-solubility frit consi/+ ( gr\nd-up lead silicate1 %[$ no ill-effects aft] receiv+ a daily dose ( ?is comp\nd4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t alcohol 0 add$ to its diet1 & six mon?s lat] ! animal develop$ symptoms ( c]ebral involvem5t1 :i* cont9u$ at int]vals until a fatal attack ( encephalopa?y at ! end ( a ye>4 ,!re is ?us def9ite evid5ce to %[ t ! addition ( alcohol to ! animal's diet und\bt$ly ha/5$ & det]m9$ ! appe>ance ( lead poison+1 & ?is1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! inhalation exp]im5ts previ\sly cit$1 is v /rong evid5ce ( ! increas$ susceptibility to lead poison+ produc$ by alcohol4 ,?is sup]s5sitiv5ess to lead ?r\gh ! m$ium ( alcohol is a matt] ( cl9ical exp]i5ce to mo/ p]sons :o h _h exp]i5ce ( indu/rial lead poison+1 p>ticul>ly ^? :o h be5 engag$ 9 ! r\t9e exam9ation ( p]sons work+ 9 factories4 ,inoculation ,exp]im5ts4--,9 ord] to control bo? ! fe$+ & ! inhalation exp]im5ts1 & m p>ticul>ly to obta9 direct in=mation ( ! effect ( lead ^u ! body tissues1 res\rce 0 _h to ! inoculation ( ! v>i\s lead comp\nds te/$--namely3 7#a7 ,:ite lead1 7#b7 li?>ge1 7#c7 lead frit4 ,^! ?ree comp\nds are ! ?ree types ( lead salt :i* are us$ 9 ! ,pott]ies1 :il/ :ite lead & li?>ge are ! comp\nds caus+ indu/rial poison+ 9 ! l>ge/ proportion ( cases 9 o!r indu/ries4 ,z a fur!r control1 ! m soluble lead salts 7 also made use (--namely1 acetate1 nitrate1 & *loride--ma9ly = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ "s /&>d ( poison+ bo? 9 rate & dose4 ,sev]al r unexpect$ results 7 d]iv$ f ! inoculation exp]im5ts1 :i* w be ref]r$ to4 ,! me?od ( inoculation 0 to susp5d ! lead comp\nd to be te/$ 9 normal sal9e solution or di/ill$ wat]4 ,! animal 0 !n %av$1 & ! lead comp\nd inoculat$ into ! muscles ( ! back4 ,! corrosive action ( ^! lead salts 0 avoid$ by us+ a consid]able quantity ( dilu5t4 ,lead frit is a con/itu5t ( l[-solubility glaze--t is to say1 a glaze :i* has n m ?an #e p] c5t4 soluble lead :5 subject$ to ! /&>d te/ ( expos+ #a gramme ( ! glaze to a litre ( #jjd p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid = an h\r at room temp]ature4 ,! frit :i* 0 ! con/itu5t ( ?is glaze is produc$ by heat+ toge!r li?>ge or lead & silica1 ! production be+ a yell[1 h>d1 glaze-l mat]ial look+ v mu* l sug>-c&y4 ,x is n by any means a comp\nd ( lead & silica ( simple composition1 z diff]5t samples %[ a wide v>iation 9 _! lead cont5t2 :il/1 9 addition1 ! mode ( its =mation closely resembles t ( an alloy or amalgam1 & all[s ( ! =mation ( a eutectic entangl+ 9 its me%es bo? ( ! con/itu5ts ( :i* x is =m$1 s t a c]ta9 am\nt ( free lead1 9 addition to ! silicates ( v>i\s descriptions1 are pres5t4 ,at ! same "t ! comp\nd is highly resi/ant to ! action ( m9]al acids1 &1 ( c\rse1 mu* m insoluble & refractory ?an :ite lead1 li?>ge1 or o!r lead oxides4 ,! body fluids1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly ! fluids 9 ! subcutane\s & muscul> tissue1 def9itely ex]t "s action ^u ?is fritt$ lead1 & x 0 f\nd exp]im5tally t symptoms ( poison+ c\ld be produc$ 9 ! exp]im5tal animals :5 ev5 small doses 7 adm9i/]$4 ,a gramme ( frit 0 inoculat$1 & 9 all b "o case ! animals %[$ def9ite signs ( lead poison+1 & 9 two in/ances actually di$ ) symptoms ( encephalitis4 ,by wa%+ ! frit ) di/ill$ wat]1 a slight dim9ution 9 ! poison\sness 0 f\nd1 b by wa%+ ! frit ) two or ?ree *anges ( dilute acetic acid 7#c p] c5t471 & !n ) di/ill$ wat]1 no pa?ological results foll[$ inoculation4 ,wat]-wa%+ frit alone def9itely r$uces ! poison\s effect1 b n to ! same ext5t z ! prelim9>y wa%+ ) acetic acid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wa%+ ) hot wat] _h a mu* great] effect ?an cold-wat] wa%+4 ,fur!r evid5ce giv5 by ! inoculation exp]im5ts %[s ! relation%ip betwe5 ! m soluble & ! insoluble lead salts4 ,! dose ( acetate requir$ to kill an animal 0 ab\t #ja gramme ( acetate p] kilogramme body weight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 #ja gramme ( :ite lead produc$ no ill-effects1 #je gramme p] kilogramme body weight produc$ dea? 9 ab\t two mon?s4 ,9 addition1 ^? animals suff]+ f ! m acute =ms ( poison+ develop$ def9ite eye *anges & ret9al hmorrhages4 ,tortuosity & increas$ size ( ! ret9al vessels 7 obs]v$ 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,besides controll+ ! exp]im5ts ( fe$+ & inhalation1 ! inoculation exp]im5ts play a /ill m important "p1 z !y furni% ! correlation1 necess>ily1 ( ! hi/ological *anges f\nd z ! result ( poison+ by means ( lead4 ,9 all ! animals :i* h di$ ( poison+1 c]ta9 def9ite tra9s ( symptoms made _! appe>ance4 ,^! symptoms 7 9 practically all p>ticul>s simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 indu/rial lead poison+ 9 man1 ! onset ( ! affection & its cl9ical c\rse correspond+ to ! symptom-complex 9 man1 includ+ ^? ( cortical involvem5t1 & (t5 simil> to ! classical ,jacksonian v>iety4 ,?r\gh\t ^! exp]im5ts ! animals exhibit$ no signs ( irritation1 & dur+ ! initial p]iod1 ev51 :5 loss ( weight 0 a noticeable feature1 _! appetites rema9$ exce$+ly good2 !y 7 q fri5dly1 & purr$ l\dly :5 /rok$2 b :5 symptoms ( poison+ became manife/1 p>ticul>ly ! onset ( p>alysis1 a def9ite *ange 9 m5tal ph5om5a took place3 ! animals became qu>relsome1 highly appreh5sive ( dang] )\t cause1 morose & le?>gic by turns4 ,at ?is /age1 9 m ?an "o in/ance1 acute encephalopa?y sup]v5$4 ,! m5tal *ange 0 peculi>ly /rik+ 9 ref]5ce to ,mott's case1 quot$ on p4 #ga1 z 9 all respects x 0 exactly analog\s ) ! tra9 ( symptoms record$ 9 t case4 ,to sum up1 ! symptoms produc$ 9 ! exp]im5tal animals by ! lead comp\nds inoculat$ & respir$1 no matt] :at ! p>ticul> comp\nd ( lead exp]im5t$ 01 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,slight prelim9>y rise 9 weight at ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t1 la/+ f "o to two weeks4 #b4 ,progressive loss ( weight1 ma9ly due to ! disappe>ance ( all fat1 subcutane\s1 kidney1 mes5t]ic1 etc41 ) associat$ anmia1 & ! curi\s sunk5 & p9*$ faces commonly associat$ ) saturn9e ca*exia4 #c4 ,p>esis ( v>i\s types4 ,9 ! cat ! muscles fir/ affect$ are ^? ( ! back & ! quadriceps ext5sor ( ! h9d-limbs4 ,! onset ( ! p>alysis is sl[ & insidi\s1 b may be acute2 z a rule weakness 9 ! muscles ( ! lumb> region & ! sp9e are ! fir/ symptoms2 secondly1 inability to jump1 ow+ to ! weakness ( ! quadriceps ext5sor1 :ile ! animal t5ds to fall ov] :5 turn+ r\nd quickly4 ,encephalitis occurs1 & is frequ5tly fatal4 ,z a rule ! affection is unilat]al2 complete loss ( consci\sness may occur1 foll[$ by sl[ b complete recov]y4 ,! animals gave no evid5ce ( suff]+ pa91 &1 :5 recov]$ f an attack ( encephalopa?y1 w\ld at once take milk1 b seem$ daz$ & unc]ta9 9 _! movem5ts4 ,:5 ! animals rea*$ ! /age ( p>alysis1 !y 7 de/roy$ "u an/hetics1 & subject$ to po/-mortem exam9ation4 ,! po/-mortem f9d+s ( a typical case 7 z foll[s3 ,! animal 0 emaciat$1 ! fur easily pull$ out1 & ! muscles 7 exce$+ly flaccid4 ,rigor mortis 0 sl[ 9 mak+ its appe>ance2 ! blood rema9$ fluid = a consid]able "t4 ,practically no fat 0 to be f\nd 9 ! :ole ( ! mes5t]y1 & ! om5tum 0 devoid ( fat & %rivell$4 ,! fat ar\nd ! kidneys _h entirely disappe>$4 ,!re 0 little orbital fat4 ,! p]itoneum 0 ?9 & gli/5+1 & v frail4 ,! :ole ( ! mes5t]ic vessels1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! region ( ! l>ge inte/9e & ! ileo-ccal valve1 7 engorg$ ) blood2 :il/ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! small inte/9e1 & (t5 9 ! duod5um1 occasionally 9 ! :ole ( ! jejunum & ileum1 traces ( m9ute hmorrhages 7 f\nd along ! inte/9al wall4 ,! liv] 0 engorg$ ) blood1 z 0 ! sple54 ,! kidney capsule /ripp$ easily1 b 0 occasionally adh]5t "h & !re4 ,! :ole ( ! cortical vessels 7 inject$ ) blood1 ! bran*+ %[+ mo/ di/9ctly4 ,a good deal ( s]\s fluid 0 at times f\nd und]nea? ! kidney capsule4 ,on section ! cortex appe>$ engorg$ ) blood1 & %[$ "h & !re1 ev5 to ! nak$ eye1 small hmorrhages4 ,9 ! region ( ! app5dix a few l>ge mes5t]ic gl&s 7 inv>iably f\nd1 :il/ a few gl&s might also be f\nd 9 ! wa/$ mes5t]y ( ! small inte/9e4 ,9 ! region ( ! app5dix ! gl&s 7 frequ5tly d>k 9 col\r4 ,on op5+ ! gut1 m9ute hmorrhages & ulc]at$ pat*es 7 to be f\nd 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ileum2 ! ileo-ccal valve1 & ! :ole ( ! l>ge inte/9e1 ext5d+ "r up to ! end ( ! app5dix1 0 cov]$ ) a d>k slate-blue slime1 9 :i* lead c\ld be easily recogniz$ by *emical processes4 ,ulc]ation ( ! ga/ric muc\s is uncommon1 & only on "o occasion 7 any hmorrhages f\nd4 ,9 ! ?oracic cavity ! lungs 7 g5]ally f\nd to be emphysemat\s1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ^? animals subject$ to inhalation ( lead frit conta9+ angul> p>ticles ( lead glaze bron*o-pneumonia 0 f\nd4 ,! he>t 0 flabby1 & occasionally di/9ct r\gh5+ & ?ick5+ ( ! valves 0 se54 ,n]v\s ,sy/em4--,on op5+ ! skull1 hmorrhages 7 frequ5tly f\nd at ! base ( ! bra91 occasionally situat$ ov] ! surface ( ! c]ebrum4 ,m9ute hmorrhages 7 f\nd (t5 und]nea? ! ara*noid membrane1 b ! l>ge/ hmorrhages 7 always f\nd at ! base ( ! bra91 & spread+ d[n into ! sp9al canal along ! m$ulla4 ,on remov+ ! cord1 m9ute hmorrhages 7 f\nd along ! surface1 irregul> 9 di/ribution1 & nev] v l>ge4 ,on section ! bra9 & cord appe>$ normal4 ,hi/ology4--,a l>ge numb] ( sections 7 prep>$ f ! animals develop+ symptoms ( poison+2 ! v>i\s tissues are describ$ s]iatim3 ,muscles4--,^! appe> to h und]gone g5]al fatty deg5]ation4 ,! individual muscle fibres are indi/9ct 9 outl9e1 & %[ irregul> areas /a9$ by hmatoxyl94 ,"s infiltration may be se5 "h & !re betwe5 ! muscle fibres1 & m9ute hmorrhages are occasionally detect$1 ! *ief appe>ance be+ t ( g5]al atrophy4 ,! he>t muscle %[s simil> deg5]ation1 & ! t5d5cy ( ! s>colemma to break d[n & /a9 irregul>ly is app>5t4 ,9 _m areas ! muscle fibres /a9 poorly1 if at all4 ,occasionally m9ute hmorrhages are f\nd1 pass+ betwe5 ! muscle fibres4 ,liv]4--,! hepatic cells %[ v>i$ deg5]ation2 ! vessels pass+ betwe5 ! cells are engorg$ ) blood1 ! cells be+ frequ5tly mu* di/ort$ f _! g5]al arrangem5t1 & "h & !re completely oblit]at$ by small areas ( exudation z well z actual hmorrhages4 ,sple54--,! p>5*yma %[s masses ( irregul> spaces fill$ ) rec5tly-%$ blood2 ! individual cells %[ a granul> deg5]ation1 ) occasional basophile /a9+1 ! g5]al appe>ance be+ "o ( *ronic conge/ion4 ,"h & !re cl\dy swell+ may be se54 ,inte/9e4--,sections across ! small inte/9e %[ atrophy ( ! inte/9al wall1 slight deg5]ation ( ! muscul> coats1 ) infiltration & m9ute hmorrhages4 ,l>ge ,inte/9e4--,"h simil> m9ute hmorrhages are f\nd1 9 no case l>ge en\gh to be se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,areas ( necrotic tissue are also se5 9 :i* consid]able quantities ( lead sulphide p>ticles are f\nd4 ,,plate ,i ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,section ,,( ,,l>ge ,,inte/9e ,,( ,,animal ,,poison$ ,,by ,,inhalation ,,( ,,:ite ,,lead1 ,,%[+ ,,excretion ,,( ,,lead ,,by ,,tissues4 7,,/a9$ ,,eos9 ,,& ,h,,matoxyl947 #bej4 ,! :ole ( ! l>ge inte/9e 0 /a9$ black1 ! /a9+ comm5c+ at ! ileo-ccal valve4 ,no /a9+ is obs]vable 9 ! small inte/9e2 ! l9e ( dem>cation is %>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,inte/9al ,,ulc]ation ,,9 ,,turp5t9e ,,poison+4 7,,/a9$ ,,eos9 ,,& ,h,,matoxyl947 #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,section ,,( ,,ant]ior ,,crural ,,n]ve ,,f ,,animal ,,poison$ ,,by ,,inhalation ,,( ,,:ite ,,lead ,,du/1 ,,%[+ ,h,,morrhage ,,9 ,,n]ve4 7,,/a9$ ,h,,matoxyl9 ,,& ,,eos947 #bej4 ,!re 0 p>alysis ( ! quadriceps ext5sor on ! "r side2 ! left leg 0 unaffect$ & ! left ant]ior crural n]ve 0 unaffect$4 ,,plate ,,ii ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,section ,,( ,,lung ,,( ,,animal ,,expos$ ,,to ,,inhalation ,,( ,,:ite ,,lead ,,du/1 ,,%[+ ,,mass ,,( ,,lead ,,9 ,,! ,,lung ,,sub/ance4 7,,/a9$ ,h,,matoxyl9 ,,& ,,eos91 ,,& ,,treat$ ,,) ,h,s47 #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,lung ,,( ,,animal ,,expos$ ,,to ,,turp5t9e ,,vap\r4 7,,/a9$ ,h,,matoxyl9 ,,& ,,eos947 #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,lung ,,( ,,animal ,,expos$ ,,to ,,inhalation ,,( ,,:ite ,,lead ,,du/1 ,,%[+ ,,*ronic ,,inflammation ,,) ,,exudation ,,& ,,capill>y ,,leakage ,,& ,h,,morrhage4 7,,/a9$ ,h,,matoxyl9 ,,& ,,eos947 #bej4 ,lung4--,r$ or grey hepatization may be f\nd1 or a g5]al appe>ance ( bron*o-pneumonia1 :]e ! du/ us$ conta9$ angul> or insoluble sub/ances4 ,9 animals subject$ to prolong$ inhalation1 p>ticles ( lead c\ld be demon/rat$ 9 ! alveol> cells1 & 9 ! tissue beyond1 ei!r by /a9+ ) *romic acid or by means ( iod9e4 ,/a9+ by sulphurett$ hydrog5 is n v satisfactory1 z mo/ animals resid5t 9 a l>ge city %[ masses ( c>bon situat$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! alveol> cells4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a section be treat$ by means ( iod9e or *romic acid1 & wat*$ "u ! microscope dur+ ! process1 ! p>ticles ( c>bon are easily diff]5tiat$ f ^? ( lead comp\nds4 ,n]v\s ,sy/em4--,sections ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 & ( ! n]ve supply+ ! p>alyz$ muscles1 all exhibit$ ! same ph5om5a ( m9ute hmorrhages4 ,9 lat] cases "s *ange 9 ! cells is f\nd1 b z a rule1 beyond a slight increase ( ! intracellul> sub/ance1 little or no *ange is f\nd 9 ! cellul> elem5ts ( ! bra92 b 9 ! region ( ! surface m9ute hmorrhages may be con/antly trac$1 spread+ ov] ! surface ( ! cortex4 ,9 ! cord1 sections made 9 v>i\s situations fail$ to %[ any v def9ite deg5]ation1 & little or no hmorrhage 0 obs]v$ among/ ! cells ( ! cord4 ,hmorrhages c\ld occasionally be se5 on ! surface4 ,9 a numb] ( animals ! ant]ior crural n]ves supply+ ! p>alyz$ quadriceps ext5sor muscles 7 exam9$ c>efully bo? = deg5]ation & = hmorrhages4 ,v few deg5]at$ n]ve fibres 7 f\nd1 n m ?an w\ld be acc\nt$ = by ! m9ute hmorrhages1 :i* 7 f\nd pass+ 9 betwe5 ! n]ve bundles1 & "h & !re produc+ pressure on ! n]ve bundles !mselves4 ,kidney4--,9 ! kidneys m9ute microscopical hmorrhages1 "s ( !m q l>ge1 7 f\nd 9 ! cortex4 ,! hmorrhages are diffuse & irregul>1 & app>5tly due "h1 z 9 o!r situations 9 ! body1 to ! break+ d[n ( m9ute v5ioles r ?an art]ioles4 ,9 _m cases ! *ange is capill>y4 ,p>5*ymat\s nephritis may be se51 probably result+ f ! transudation tak+ place f ! vessel walls4 ,! *ief view br\ght out 9 ! hi/ological exam9ation ( ! v>i\s organs is "o ( capill>y hmorrhage4 ,?is ph5om5on is n peculi> to lead poison+1 b1 f ! "w ( ,moore ( ,liv]pool#d1 x w\ld seem t all heavy metals1 su* z bismu?1 m]cury1 n except+ iron1 t5d to produce a curi\s g5]aliz$ yield+ ( ! m9ut] vessel walls4 ,armit#e has demon/rat$ a simil> effect ) nickel4 ,! ph5om5a is1 h[ev]1 typically associat$ ) lead poison+1 & may1 we ?9k1 be reg>d$ z ! def9ite factor ( *ronic lead poison+4 ,= ! purposes ( controll+ ! exp]im5ts ( inhalation1 two o!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 und]tak54 ,9 "o in/ance an animal 0 f$ = two ye>s on :ite lead2 ! animal 0 giv5 #ja gramme p] day1 & ?is 0 increas$ up to #je gramme1 & ultimately #a gramme4 ,?is animal exhibit$ no symptoms :atev] ( lead poison+1 & :5 x 0 kill$1 at ! end ( ! "t ( exp]im5t1 %[$ no app>5t lesion1 ) ! exception ( v m>k$ /a9+ ( ! colon & v]mi=m app5dix4 ,?is /a9+ ( ! l>ge inte/9e & ! app5dix1 ! engorgem5t ( ! vessels1 p>ticul>ly ( ! om5tum & mes5t]y1 ! enl>gem5t ( ! lymphatic gl&s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! colon1 ileo-ccal valve1 & app5dix1 sugge/ ! absorption ( lead 9 ! upp] "p ( ! inte/9e1 & its dis*>ge or elim9ation into ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,t lead is absorb$ into ! upp] "p ( ! inte/9e 0 demon/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,an animal 0 an/hetiz$1 an incision made1 & a loop ( inte/9e pull$ up & clamp$ (f1 a solution ( lead *loride be+ run into ! loop by means ( a hypod]mic syr+e4 ,! mes5t]ic ve9 pass+ f ?is loop ( inte/9e 0 !n c>efully secur$1 a small op5+ made 9 x1 & ! blood collect$ drop by drop until "s #dj c4c4 _h be5 collect$1 ! "t occupi$ be+ ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,! blood ?us collect$ 0 submitt$ to *emical exam9ation1 & lead 0 demon/rat$ to be pres5t4 ,lead !re=e passes direct f ! inte/9e into ! portal circulation4 ,9 only "o ( ! fe$+ exp]im5ts ) solid comp\nds ( lead 0 any def9ite symptom ( lead poison+ produc$1 & 9 ?is in/ance ! comp\nd us$ 0 du/ collect$ f ! flues ( a bla/-furnace4 ,?is du/ 0 aft]w>ds f\nd to conta9 a consid]able quantity ( ars5ic4 ,! exp]im5t _c !re=e be reg>d$ z conclusive4 ,) ! m soluble salts ( lead1 h[ev]1 su* z ! acetate1 lead poison+ may be set up by means ( lead adm9i/]$ via ! inte/9al canal3 #a gramme ( lead acetate adm9i/]$ by means ( a hypod]mic syr+e ?r\gh a ca!t] pass$ into ! /oma* ( a cat produc$ abortion 9 t5 days1 & dea? 9 ?ree weeks4 ,f\r grammes ( acetate produc$ a simil> effect 9 a dog 9 f\r weeks4 ,,plate ,,iii ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,kidney ,,( ,,animal ,,poison$ ,,) ,,:ite ,,lead 7,,inhalation71 ,,%[+ ,,microscopical ,h,,morrhages4 7,,/a9$ ,h,,matoxyl9 ,,& ,,eos947 #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,kidney ,,( ,,man ,,dy+ ,,( ,,*ronic ,,lead ,,poison+4 7,,/a9$ ,h,,matoxyl9 ,,& ,,eos947 #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,bra9 ,,( ,,"y ,,woman ,,dy+ ,,( ,,acute ,,lead ,,encephalopa?y1 ,,%[+ ,,small ,,c]ebral ,h,,morrhages4 7,,/a9$ ,h,,matoxyl9 ,,& ,,eos947 #bej4 ,! two foll[+ cases1 9 :i* bo? *emical & hi/ological exam9ation has be5 c>ri$ out on ! tissues ( p]sons :o _h be5 employ$ 9 occupations :i* r5d]$ !m expos$ to absorption ( lead1 & :o di$ ) symptoms directly sugge/ive ( lead poison+1 may be add$1 z !y confirm ! exp]im5tal results giv5 above 9 all p>ticul>s3 ,,case #a4--;,a woman ag$ tw5ty-"o1 employ$ 9 a li?o-transf] works1 :o di$ aft] a %ort illness dur+ :i* ! *ief symptoms 7 heada*e & m5tal cl\d+4 ,at ! po/-mortem exam9ation no pa?ological lesions 7 discov]able ) ! exception ( a small gl& :i* _h become calc>e\s1 situat$ ne> ! "r bron*us4 ,! bra9 0 inject$ ov] ! left c]ebral hemisph]e1 b no hmorrhages 7 to be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,!re 7 no o!r pa?ological signs4 ,a portion ( ! bra9 %[+ ! injection & conge/ion 7 submitt$ to hi/ological & *emical analysis4 ,hi/ologically ! bra9 tissue 0 f\nd to be normal1 ) ! exception ( slight *romatolysis ( "s ( ! l>g] cells2 b int]sp]s$ ab\t ! :ole section 9 ! slides exam9$1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ! area ( ! cortex1 m9ute microscopical hmorrhages 7 f\nd 7see ,fig4 #c74 ,"h & !re ^! hmorrhages 7 se5 relat$ to ! exp&$ capill>ies1 all ( :i* %[$ consid]able engorgem5t ) blood4 ,! art]ies & ve9s !mselves 71 9 addition1 consid]ably di/5d$4 ,!re 0 no int]/itial deg5]ation ( ! neuroglia notic$4 ,a few pat*es 7 f\nd :i* app>5tly repres5t$ old hmorrhages und]go+ gradual fibroid deg5]ation4 ,9 no case 7 ! hmorrhages ( a size t c\ld be detect$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,two hundr$ & fifty grammes ( ! inject$ area ( ! bra9 7 submitt$ to *emical exam9ation by ! moi/ process describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,*emical ,analysis4 ,! nitric acid filtrate f ! electrolytic deposition gave a well-m>k$ precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* 0 filt]$ (f & recogniz$ z lead4 ,!re 0 only ! m]e/ trace ( iron pres5t4 ,by colorimetric e/imation ! quantity ( lead f\nd pres5t 9 ! bra9 e/imat$ z ,pb 0 #jjadc gramme4 ,! quantity f\nd 9 #bej grammes ( bra9 sub/ance exam9$ f ! inject$ area 0 #jjjda gramme4 ,,case #b4--;,a man :o _h be5 employ$ 9 an electrical accumulator works = a consid]able "t1 & :o _h _h a hi/ory ( sev]al attacks ( lead colic & "o ( lead p>esis affect+ bo? h&s4 ,! man's "w 9 connection ) lead ceas$ f ! "t ( ! p>esis1 b "s ?ree ye>s subsequ5tly he di$ ) c]ebral hmorrhage4 ,portions ( ! organs1 bra91 kidney1 liv]1 & sple51 7 exam9$ hi/ologically1 /a9$ 9 ! ord9>y way ) hmatoxyl9 & eos94 ,9 ! bra9 ! same m>k$ microscopical hmorrhages 7 obs]v$ z describ$ 9 ! previ\s case1 & 9 addition _m m areas ( old fibroid sc>s1 v m9ute1 b app>5tly correspond+ to e>li] m9ute hmorrhages4 ,! kidney %[$ def9ite int]/itial hmorrhage 7see ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #b71 z did ! liv] & sple54 ,a portion ( ! bra9 0 fur!r submitt$ to *emical exam9ation1 & #jjjad gramme ( lead 0 det]m9$ z pres5t4 ,! importance ( ?is confirmatory evid5ce is und\bt$1 z ! pres5ce ( ! capill>y hmorrhage exi/+ 9 ! tissues ( a p]son dy+ "u suspici\s circum/ances :5 employ$ 9 a lead process is confirm$ by ! *emical det]m9ation ( lead 9 ! tissues4 ,! foll[+ tables1 arrang$ "u ?ree head+s1 give "s ( ! exp]im5tal results obta9$ by submitt+ animals to ! effect ( comp\nds ( lead4 ,table ,,xi4 gives ! inoculation exp]im5ts4 ,! mat]ials us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 7 ^? us$ 9 ! inhalation & fe$+ exp]im5ts4 ,! exp]im5ts are also arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t ea* s]ies is a control "o ( ! o!r4 ,! am\nt ( sub/ance us$ = ! inoculation gives "s r\gh idea ( ! dose requir$ to produce poison+ 9 an animal2 b ev5 ?is "q ( dose 9 absolute quantities1 adm9i/]$ hypod]mically1 %[s consid]able v>iation 9 ! degree ( poison\s effect4 ,! fir/ animal 9 ,table ,,xi4 0 inoculat$ ) acetate1 ?is be+ "o ( ! m soluble lead comp\nds1 & 0 giv5 x 9 ?ree small doses4 ,! animal receiv$ #jc gramme p] kilogramme ( body weight1 :]eas 9 ,no4 #ce #b grammes ( wa%$ frit--t is to say1 lead glaze =m$ by fus+ toge!r li?>ge & silica--actually did produce symptoms1 b ( a mild nature4 ,animal ,no4 #cc only _h #jaf gramme1 be+ #jje gramme p] kilogramme ( body weight2 & ?is caus$ acute symptoms4 #jce gramme ( :ite lead 9 a #cejj kilogramme animal 7,no4 #ca7 produc$ no symptoms at all4 ,9 ! li/ ( ! inoculation exp]im5ts1 ?ree animals only exhibit$ no symptoms--"o ( ^! 7,no4 #ca7 :i* 0 giv5 :ite lead hypod]mically1 & ,nos4 #da & #db1 :i* 7 inoculat$ ) lead silicate or lead frit1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly treat$ ) acetic acid or wat]4 ,sev]al practical po9ts arise f ^! exp]im5ts1 notably ) reg>d to ! frits1 z x is se5 t a consid]able am\nt ( ! toxic prop]ties conta9$ 9 frit are remov$ by wa%+--mo/ by wa%+ ) acetic acid & wat]1 b also to "s ext5t by wa%+ ) hot wat] alone1 %[+ t 9 ! ord9>y production ( lead frit = pott]y purposes a c]ta9 am\nt ( lead 9 a soluble condition z reg>ds ! body tissues 0 /ill pres5t4 ,?is is no d\bt entangl$ 9 ! true silicates 9 ! =ms ( oxides1 or ev5 z c>bonate4 ,fur!r1 ! toxicity ( ! lead comp\nds us$ may c]ta9ly be arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! solubility ) reg>d to ! animal tissues1 ! acetate be+ ! mo/ poison\s1 & ! frit1 :5 wa%$1 ! lea/2 b unwa%$ frit1 ev5 9 relatively small doses1 may produce poison+4 ,?is po9t is /ill fur!r emphasiz$ 9 ,table ,,xiii4 ,animal ,no4 #db1 f\r mon?s aft] previ\s inoculation1 %[$ no signs ( poison+4 ,lead nitrate 9 wat] 0 !re=e giv5 9 quantities ( #jja gramme p] diem2 "o mon? lat] ?is animal develop$ poison+4 ,table ,,xii4 deals ) ! fe$+ exp]im5ts4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts acetate 0 giv5 9 "o case only1 & !n 9 ! =m ( pills coat$ ) k]at94 ,x is impossible to say1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! animal ev] receiv$ any soluble lead1 z on "o or two occasions ! k]at9 pills pass$ "r ?r\gh ! animal )\t dissolv+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 fe$+ ) nitrate ( lead 9 wat] produc$ symptoms1 b :5 ! nitrate 0 giv5 9 milk no symptoms appe>$4 ,x w be notic$ x took a cat f\r mon?s to %[ any signs ( poison+ tak+ #ja gramme p] day2 :]eas ! animal receiv+ subcutane\s doses ( #jaf gramme ( acetate %[$ p>alysis 9 fifte5 days1 & 9 tw5ty-two days 0 s ill t x _h to be de/roy$ "u an an/hetic4 ,! same relation%ip 9 "t also obta9s 9 ! case ( ! animals f$ on dry :ite lead4 ,9 practically no in/ance did def9ite or sev]e poison+ foll[ ! fe$+ on dry :ite lead alone1 ev5 :5 q l>ge quantities 7 tak54 ,on ref]5ce to ! inoculation exp]im5ts ( ,table ,,xi41 x w be se5 t ! inoculation ( #b grammes ( dry :ite lead produc$ def9ite symptoms1 al?\gh ! fe$+ cats _h an am\nt v l>gely 9 excess ( ?is4 ,! only animals f$ on :ite lead or frit exhibit+ signs ( lead poison+ 7 ^? :i* 7 giv5 alcohol 9 addition to ! lead comp\nd4 ,a comp>ison ( ! results giv5 9 ,tables ,,xi4 & ,,xii4 %[s t animals :i* receiv$ lead comp\nds subcutane\sly suff]$ mu* m ?an ! animals :i* receiv$ ! lead via ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal1 ev5 :5 ! doses giv5 via ! m\? 7 exce$+ly l>ge4 ,x w foll[1 !n1 t ! actual contact ) ! m intimate fluids ( ! body1 r ?an ! dige/ive juices1 det]m9es ! solubility & g5]al di/ribution ( ! lead comp\nd 9 ! body4 ,?is is confirm$ by a rec5t pap] by ,/raub#f4 ,! animals exp]im5t$ ^u by fe$+ 7 kept 9 ! laboratory "u ! same conditions z ! inhalation animals1 b 7 s plac$ t "u no circum/ance c\ld !y obta9 any lead du/ by inhalation4 ,^! animals 7 us$ z control to ! brea?+ exp]im5ts1 ! sub/ance f$ to ! animals be+ 9 all cases ! same sub/ance z 0 us$ = ! v>i\s inhalation exp]im5ts2 b 9 addition a c]ta9 numb] ( ! animals 7 giv5 alcohol1 :i* are ref]r$ to 9 ,table ,,xii4 ,alcohol 0 also giv5 to animal ,no4 #f 9 ! inhalation s]ies4 ,! animals f$ ) lead 7 f$ ) ! same comp\nd :i* 0 us$ = ! inhalation exp]im5ts1 #jd to #a gramme be+ giv5 daily2 s t dur+ ! p]iod ^! animals 7 expos$ to lead du/ ! o!r animals 7 tak+ ! same comp\nd via ! inte/9al canal1 b 9 mu* l>g] quantities1 & yet !y exhibit$ no signs ( lead poison+4 ,,table ,,xi4--,,inoculation4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ( ,ani- mal4,weight4,total ,comp\nd us$ & ,quantity4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,kgs4 #af #cbjj #jia grm4 lead acetate3 7#a7 #jaf2 7#b7 #je2 7#c7 #jbe #be #ccej ,fritt$ lead3 7#a7 #jf2 7#b7 #bj #bf grms4 #bh #cjej #b grms4 :ite lead #ca #cdej #jce grm4 :ite lead #cb #bijj #jc grm4 frit #cc #caej #jaf grm4 ,pb,o z acetate #ce #cgej #bj grms4 wat]-wa%$ frit #dj #cjej #aj grm4 unwa%$ frit #da #cjjj #aj grm4 acetic acid & wat]-wa%$ frit #db #bhjj #aj grm4 wat]-wa%$ frit #dc #bijj ,lead nitrate 9 wat]3 #jja grm4 p] diem ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,no4 ,numb] ( ( ,ani- ,inocu- mal4lations4,date ( ,fir/ ,symptoms4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #af #c ,=ty-fif? day encephalopa?y #be #b ,tw5ty-six? day slight p>alysis ( left h9d-limb #bh #a ,f\r? day abort$ #ca -- ,no symptoms #cb #a ,elev5? day /iff jo9t2 /epp+ n normal #cc #a ,fifte5? day p>alysis #ce #a ,n9? day abort$ #dj #a ,=ty-sev5? day "s muscul> weakness #da #a ,no symptoms #db #a ,no symptoms #dc -- ,?irtie? day encephalopa?y ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,no4 ( ,ani-,duration4 ,result4 ,f9al mal4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,kgs4 #af #dg days ,di$ #agej #be #bf days ,kill$ #cbjj #bh #bc days ,di$ ,weight n affect$ #ca #a ye> ,recov]$ #ccjj #cb #bh days ,p>alysis2 di$ #bdjj #cc #bb days ,p>alysis2 kill$ #baej #ce #a ye> ,recov]$1 b ?9#bijj #dj #eh days ,di$ #bbej #da #e mon?s,recov]$ #bijj #db #d mon?s,recov]$ #biej #dc #e mon?s,di$ #bajj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,table ,,xii4--,,fe$+ ,,exp]im5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 ,fir/ ( ,o!r ,appe>ance ,ani- ,sub- ( ,poison+ mal4,weight4 ,comp\nd ( ,pb us$4 /ance4 ,symptoms4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,kgs4 #b #bgej #je to #ja grm4 flue du/ ,none ,vomit$ fif? day2 7#ee p] c5t4 ,pb,o7 f no o!r symptoms bla/-furnace flue #i;a #cejj #je grm4 dry :ite lead ,none ,vomit$ fif? day2 no o!r symptoms #aa;a #chej #jh grm4 ,none ,none #cijj ,aft] #h mon?s giv5 #ej c4c4#a mon? alcohol alcohol 7port w9e7 #ab #chjj #jh grm4 dry :ite lead #ej c4c4#a mon? slight port p>alysis w9e #ac #cdjj #jh grm4 dry :ite lead ,none ,none #ad #cfej #jd grm4 l[-solubility ,none ,none frit #cgcj #jd grm4 l[-solubility #ej c4c4#f mon?s en- frit & alcohol port cephalopa?y w9e #bc #dajj #a grm4 high-solubility ,none ,none glaze #dfjj ,giv5 lead nitrate1 #jja to,none ,none #ja grm4 #bd #bijj #a grm4 high-solubility ,none ,none glaze #df #baej #ja grm4 lead nitrate 9 ,none #d mon?s opi/ho- wat] tonus #dg #bajj #ja grm4 lead nitrate 9 ,none ,none milk #di #bejj #b grs4 acetate 9 k]at9 ,none ,none pill #ae #biej ,control no lead ,none ,none ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,no4 ,total ( ,duration ,ani-( ,exp]- ,f9al mal4 im5t4 ,result4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,kgs4 #b #b mon?s ,recov]$ #bjjj #i;a#b mon?s -- #ccej #aa;a#h mon?s -- #cijj #b mon?s ,di$ 7encephalopa?y7 #aejj #ab #ch days ,di$ 7encephalopa?y7 #bbej #ac #ah mon?s,recov]$ #biej #ad #h mon?s ,giv5 port w9e #cgej #a ye> ,di$ c]ebral symptoms #bfjj #bc #a ye> ,no symptoms #d #fjj #e mon?s ,no symptoms except loss ( weight #cdej #bd #f mon?s ,recov]$ #dcej #df #d mon?s ,di$ c]ebral symptoms #cbjj #dg #d mon?s ,recov]$,a #bijj #di #c mon?s ,recov]$,a #bfej #ae #a ye> ,no symptoms due to conf9em5t 9 cage #cajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a ,increas$ 9 weight4 ,,table ,,xiii4--,,inhalation ,,exp]im5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 ( ,comp\nd ( ,lead ,ani- 9 ,du/ & ,av]age ,numb] ( mal4,weight4,quantity 9 ,air dur+ ,exp]im5t4,me?od4,inhalations4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,kgs4 #a #cjjj #jjjg to #jja grm4 flue du/ f ,a #aa ( #a h\r bla/-furnace flue #b #cehj #jjjg to #jja grm4 li?>ge du/ ,a #ab #d #dajj #jjja to #jjjg grm4 :ite lead ,a #ab du/ #f #ebjj #jjja to #jjjg grm4 :ite lead ,a #ab 7alcohol3 #ej c4c4 port w9e daily 9 milk7 #g #cjjj #jjja to #jjjg grm4 :ite lead2 ,a #aa no alcohol #aj #dejj #jjjja to #jjja grm4 :ite lead ,b #dj ( #bj m9utes #aa #cgej #jjjja to #jjja grm4 :ite lead ,b #dj ( #bj m9utes #ba #cijj #jjja to #jji grm4 l[-solubility ,b #ad ( #a h\r glaze #bb #cijj #jjja to #jji grm4 l[-solubility ,b #bf glaze #cj #cejj #jjja to #jji grm4 l[-solubility ,b #ad glaze ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,no4 ( ,day ( ,dura- ,ani- ,fir/ tion ( ,f9al mal4 ,symptoms4 ,s]ies4 ,result4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,kgs4 #a #ac days 7#d #b mon?s,lead poison+ 7/opp$ #bbjj inhalations7 exp]im5t7 #b #ae days 7#e #b mon?s,lead poison+ 7/opp$ #cjjj inhalations7 exp]im5t7 #d #cg days 7#ab #b mon?s,lead poison+ 7/opp$ #cjcj inhalations7 exp]im5t7 #f #ab days 7#d #b mon?s,p>alysis2 di$ #cfej inhalations7 #g #cj days 7#i #b mon?s,p>alyz$2 kill$ #agjj inhalations7 #aj #abj days 7#cjadd days,p>alyz$2 kill$ #cbjj inhalations7 #aa #abj days 7#cjadd days,p>alyz$2 kill$ #bgej inhalations7 #ba #db days 7#ad #db days ,acute pneumonia #bgjj inhalations7 #bb #fj #hj days ,kill$2 old pneumonia #bejj #cj #de #de days ,kill$ #bdej ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,! exp]im5ts def9itely br+ out "o all-important fact--namely1 t lead du/ circulat+ 9 ! air is _m times m dang]\s ?an lead actually swall[$2 = ev5 if ! animals :i* 7 expos$ to ! inhalation ( du/ swall[$ ! :ole ( ! quantity conta9$ 9 ! respir$ air1 !y w\ld only obta9 "o-t5? ( ! am\nt ! o!r f$ animals 7 gett+4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to suppose t ! :ole ( ! lead conta9$ 9 ! inhal$ air rea*$ ! lung4 ,x c only h be5 ! small] p>ticles :i* did s4 ,!re=e ! ratio is _m m ?an t5 times betwe5 ! f$ & ! inhal+ animal2 9 all probability only "o-t5? ( ! conta9$ lead 9 ! respir$ air rea*es ! lung4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! ratio ( poison+ via ! lung to poison+ via ! inte/9al canal is z #ajj 3 #a4 ,table ,,xiii4 deals ) ! "q ( inhalation4 ,e c>e 0 tak5 dur+ ^! exp]im5ts to avoid any vitiation ( su* exp]im5ts by ! actual swall[+ ( lead du/ by ! animals expos$ to brea?+4 ,moreov]1 all ! animals 7 c>efully controll$1 9 t an animal ( some:at simil> weight at ! same "t 0 subject$ to ! +e/ion ( ! same lead comp\nd1 b 9 mu* bigg] quantities1 via ! m\?4 ,x w be se5 imm$iately1 on comp>+ ,tables ,,xi4 & ,,xii4 ) ,table ,,xiii41 t ! rate ( poison+ by means ( du/ is greatly 9 excess ( ! rate ( poison+ by fe$+1 ev5 :]e poison+ by fe$+ actually occurr$4 ,also t ! am\nt ( du/ pres5t 9 ! air inhal$ %[s a m>k$ correlation ) ! date ( appe>ance ( ! fir/ symptoms ( poison+1 & t :]e ! quantity ( du/ is v mu* r$uc$ ! poison+ 0 delay$ long] ?an might h be5 expect$1 & t :5 poison+ did appe> ! symptoms 7 mu* less pron\nc$ ?an ) ! m du/y atmosph]es2 & ?is al?\gh ! quantity ( lead obta9$ w\ld be relatively ! same ov] ! range ( "t ! animals 7 expos$4 ,! k ga9$ 9 deal+ ) indu/rial poison+ cl9ically receives v /rong corroboration f ^! inhalation exp]im5ts1 = x is a well-kn[n fact t _m p]sons engag$ 9 du/y trades exhibit a species ( immunity to lead poison+4 ,x is true t "s susceptible p]sons1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 v rapidly %[ signs ( poison+1 ev5 ) a dosage produc+ no effect 9 o!r p]sons work+ "u simil> conditions2 & x is highly probable t ^! p]sons h arriv$ at a species ( equilibrium by :i* !y are able to excrete ! lead +e/$1 & s prev5t any accumulation & g5]al damage to _! tissues4 ,directly1 h[ev]1 ! dosage is increas$1 signs ( poison+ come on1 z 9 ! case ( animals ,nos4 #aj & #aa4 ,= "s sev5ty to eighty days little or no sign ( poison+ 0 se5 ) ! small dosage comm5c$ )4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t1 z no symptoms appe>$1 ! quantity ( lead 9 ! air 0 increas$1 ) ! result t poison+ rapidly became manife/4 ,we h also 9 ^! inhalation exp]im5ts1 9 ,cases #ba & #bb1 def9ite evid5ce t a l[-solubility glaze--t is to say1 glaze conta9+ fritt$ lead--is capable ( sett+ up lead poison+ :5 tak5 via ! lung1 z :5 su* glaze is inoculat$1 al?\gh x produces no su* symptoms :5 giv5 via ! m\?1 except1 p]haps1 :5 x is complicat$ by excessive alcohol4 ,symptoms exhibit$ by ,exp]im5tal ,animals4--,! cat is peculi>ly susceptible to lead poison+4 ,9 lead works x is impossible to keep a cat any l5g? ( "t1 z x rapidly dies ( poison+4 ,all ! animals subject$ to lead absorption1 & def9itely suff]+ f symptoms ( lead poison+1 exhibit$ ! foll[+ symptoms3 #a4 ,slight increase ( weight ov] ! fir/ p]iod ( poison+1 la/+ f "o to ?ree weeks4 #b4 ,a progressive dim9ution 9 weight1 progress+ until ! animal exhibit$ def9ite signs ( poison+4 #c4 ,wa/+1 especially ( ! sp9al muscles 7! erector sp9 & 9 ! lumb> region71 out ( proportion to ! det]m9$ loss ( weight2 p9*$ facies1 ) frequ5t exhibition ( runn+ f ! eyes & nose1 ev5 :5 n expos$ to ! action ( lead du/1 m]ely by inoculation4 #d4 ,v>i\s types ( p>alysis1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! cat2 ! muscles ( ! back & ( ! quadriceps ext5sor ( ! h9d-legs %[ signs ( p>alysis4 ,9 ! cat ! quadriceps ext5sor is p>alyz$ soon] ?an ! ext5sor communis digitorum 9 man4 ,! cats %[ loss ( p[] 9 ! h9d-limbs by inability to jump4 ,! reflexes1 p>ticul>ly ! knee-j]ks & elb[-j]ks1 are fir/ ( all increas$1 & latt]ly become lo/4 ,! *ief & ma9 sign :i* 0 not$ 9 ! hi/ological exam9ation ( ! animals inoculat$ 0 "o ( m9ute microscopical hmorrhages 7?is has already be5 ref]r$ to72 ^! hmorrhages 7 n conf9$ to any p>ticul> position 9 ! body nor to any "o organ4 ,9 ! animals :i* %[$ symptoms ( epilepsy1 occasionally ?ick5+ ( ! pia mat] 0 f\nd1 b inv>iably 9 su* cases small hmorrhages 7 f\nd imm$iately "u ! ara*noid1 n cov]+ any great area1 b app>5tly caus+ pressure ^u small areas ( ! cortex4 ,9 o!rs1 aga91 ! hmorrhages 7 f\nd l[] d[n 9 ! bra91 & a few 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,at times a l>ge am\nt ( hmorrhage 0 to be f\nd pres5t at ! base ( ! bra91 spread+ d[nw>ds f ! m$ulla into ! sp9al canal1 b ?is only occurr$ 9 su* animals z di$ ) encephalopa?ic symptoms4 ,9 animals :i* _h signs ( m *ronic poison+--t is to say1 gradual loss ( body weight1 emaciation1 con/ipation1 contraction ( ! abdom51 & p>esis1 p>ticul>ly ( ! h9d-limbs & ! muscles ( ! back--hmorrhages 7 f\nd 9 ! muscles1 liv]1 sple51 lung1 he>t1 v>i\s positions 9 ! abdom51 9 ! sp9al cord1 9 ! n]ve-supply ( ! affect$ muscle1 & ev5 9 ! bra91 none ( !m l>ge en\gh to produce absolute de/ruction ( m ?an a v m9ute portion ( ! organ 9 :i* !y 7 situat$4 ,n[1 all ^! symptoms1 &1 m important /ill1 ! ph5om5a ( hmorrhage1 7 f\nd 9 all ! animals :i* exhibit$ simil> symptoms1 :e!r !y 7 poison$ by inhalation ( du/y lead comp\nds or f$ ^u lead comp\nds associat$ ) alcohol2 b ev5 9 "s ( ! animals :i* 7 f$ ^u lead comp\nds--p>ticul>ly :ite lead--& :i* _h exhibit$ no def9ite symptoms ( p>alysis1 or1 = t matt]1 any symptom ref]able to poison+1 "h & !re slight hi/ological *anges :i* 7 ref]able to m9ute hmorrhages4 ,! exp]im5tal "w !re=e c>ries u v consid]ably =w>d 9 correlat+ ! symptomatology & pa?ology ( lead poison+4 ,! symptoms produc$ 9 susceptible animals by ! actual inoculation ( a lead comp\nd diff] only 9 degree & rapidity ( onset f ^? produc$ 9 animals submitt$ to inhalation ) simil> comp\nds4 ,fe$+1 on ! o!r h&--t is1 +e/ion by way ( ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal--ev5 9 l>ge quantities1 did n produce poison+ to any great ext5t1 except :5 "s mat]ial su* z alcohol 0 add$1 !reby break+ d[n ! animal's resi/ance4 ,ano!r int]e/+ fact is giv5--t if lead is tak5 by ! m\? 9 addition to milk a great deal ( ! poison\s effect is got rid (2 ?us ( two animals--,nos4 #df & #dg--:i* receiv$ lead nitrate 9 _! food1 ! "o 9 wat] & ! o!r 9 milk1 ! "o :i* receiv$ x 9 milk %[$ no effects ev5 aft] f\r mon?s' exp]im5t1 :]eas at ! end ( f\r mon?s ! animal :i* 0 receiv+ ! comp\nd 9 its wat] di$4 ,?is br+s out a po9t already insi/$ ^u--namely1 t 9 all lead factories x is highly important t no "w %\ld be und]tak5 fir/ ?+ 9 ! morn+1 be=e ! work]s h _h a prop] meal1 & t 9 ! abs5ce ( a prop] meal milk is ! be/ sub/itute4 ,x is highly probable t ! soluble lead salt becomes unit$ 9 "s =m ( album9ate :i* is dealt ) lat]1 & p]haps turn$ into a sulphide & excret$ )\t absorption4 ,!re is no possible d\bt1 f ! l>ge s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* ,i h p]=m$1 t lead inhal$ is f> m poison\s ?an :5 absorb$ 9 any o!r way2 fur!r1 t ! am\nt ( poison+ produc$ diff]s some:at accord+ to ! type ( comp\nd inhal$1 & ! exp]im5ts1 moreov]1 give "s sugge/ion z to ! dose :i* is likely to produce poison+4 ,x is se51 :]e ! animal is inoculat$ ) :ite lead1 ! dose requir$ to produce symptoms is bel[ #a gramme p] kilogramme ( body weight1 b above #jb gramme p] kilogramme ( body weight4 ,9 fe$+1 #jh gramme1 & ev5 #a gramme1 p] diem = eighte5 mon?s produces no effect1 al?\gh ! same quantity plus an excess ( alcohol rapidly produces ! disease4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z small a dose z #ja gramme ( nitrate ( lead giv5 9 wat] = f\r mon?s produc$ dea?4 ,turn+ to ! inhalation exp]im5ts1 ! quantity ( du/ brea!d :5 z high z #jjjjg gramme p] litre produc$ symptoms aft] only twelve inhalations = a p]iod ( ab\t ?irty-sev5 days2 :]eas :5 ! dose 0 r$uc$ to #jjjja gramme p] diem ! "t requir$ to produce symptoms ( poison+ 0 #abj days2 9 fact1 ?is la/ dose 7#jjjja7 = ! animal "u exp]im5t 0 almo/ ! l[] limit1 z ?is animal %[$ an almo/ /eady l9e ( weight = a consid]able "t1 ! weight rema9+ up = ! fir/ hundr$ days1 a slight v>iation tak+ place f week to week until a progressive dim9ution set 94 ,practically all ! animals poison$ manife/$ a v di/9ct dim9ution 9 body weight2 9 f\r only o!r symptoms ( poison+ appe>$ fir/4 ,?is is a fact t is (t5 to be not$ among/ lead-work]s1 & if a progressive dim9ution 9 weight takes place1 !re is /rong reason = suppos+ t a consid]able alt]ation 9 ! metabolism ( ! body has tak5 place2 b x does n foll[ t microscopical hmorrhages or o!r def9ite effects ( poison+ are pres5t1 al?\gh su* is probable4 ,f9ally1 9 summ+ up ! conclusions to be drawn f ! above exp]im5ts1 x has be5 sugge/$ t su* exp]im5ts z inoculation1 exp]im5tal inhalation1 or ev5 fe$+1 are no crit]ion ( ! circum/ances "u :i* indu/rial work]s become infect$ ) lead4 ,x is p]haps h>dly necess>y to ref] to ?is po9t1 b = ! fact t x is possible ?is book may be made use ( by ^? :o are n 9 ! habit ( deal+ ) exp]im5tal pa?ology4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & mo/ important matt]s 9 deal+ ) any =m ( poison+ is to obta9 k ( ! actual symptoms bo? cl9ically & physiologically1 z well z pa?ologically1 ( ! effects ( any drug1 & to det]m9e if ! symptoms s produc$ 9 an exp]im5tal animal con=m to ! symptoms z se5 9 man4 ,= ! purpose1 !re=e1 an animal is requir$ :i* is susceptible to ! poison1 & !re=e cats 7 us$ 9 ! =ego+ exp]im5ts1 z x is absolutely impossible to keep a dome/icat$ cat 9 any :ite lead works1 = ! animals inv>iably become poison$ by lead4 ,! second po9t 9 prosecut+ an inquiry into ! pa?ology ( any disease is to det]m9e ! tra9 ( poison+ :5 def9ite dosage1 bo? 9 quantity & comp\nd1 is made use (4 ,by fe$+ an animal ) a comp\nd only1 ! absorption ?r\gh ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal c\ld be /udi$2 :]eas by inoculat+ "s ( ! comp\nd--9 susp5sion if x be insoluble1 or 9 solution if x be soluble--into ! subcutane\s or muscul> tissue1 ! direct action ( ! body fluids on ! comp\nd may be /udi$2 &1 fur!rmore1 its absorption by ! membranes--t is1 ! cell membranes & ! animal tissues--are det]m9$4 ,x is necess>y to give at fir/ a dose big en\gh to produce def9ite symptoms1 & !n to gradually decrease ! dose to f9d ! m9imum am\nt produc+ symptoms )9 a reasonable am\nt ( "t4 ,inoculation exp]im5ts !re=e give an answ] to a numb] ( ^! que/ions1 & are ! basis ^u :i* fur!r inquiry is conduct$2 !y =m a crit]ion f :i* x is possible to judge ! effect ( inhalation1 & ! same rem>ks :i* h be5 made ) reg>d to inoculation ref] to inhalation exp]im5ts4 ,x is ess5tial fir/ ( all1 9 ! exp]im5tal animals1 to subject !m to rigor\s en\gh conditions to obta9 def9ite symptoms1 & !n1 by v>y+ ! exp]im5ts1 to /udy ! am\nt1 entrance1 & g5]al behavi\r1 ( ! poison1 correlat+ ! evid5ce s obta9$ f ! def9ite k already ga9$ ) ! previ\s exp]im5ts4 ,x is hop$ t ?is brief note on exp]im5tal evid5ce w assi/ 9 ! elucidation ( ! =ego+ exp]im5ts to ^? :o are n conv]sant ) ! application ( exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,fur!r ,exp]im5ts relat+ to ,lead ,poison+ among/ ,pa9t]s4--,a s]ies ( fur!r exp]im5ts 7 made1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to lead poison+ exhibit$ by pa9t]s2 & z ^! exp]im5ts & _! results c\ld n h be5 und]tak5 )\t ! previ\s k ga9$ ( ! pa?ology ( lead poison+ due to ! inhalation ( p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! air1 _! discussion has be5 res]v$ until ! previ\s section _h be5 dealt )4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s t surfaces pa9t$ ) lead pa9t give (f c]ta9 emanations conta9+ ! metal lead z an organic comp\nd4 ,z ! incid5ce ( lead poison+ among/ pa9t]s is exce$+ly high1 z f> z any /ati/ical evid5ce c be obta9$ 7see p4 #dh71 x w\ld seem t ! pa9t] is peculi>ly expos$ to infection by lead du/2 & if1 9 addition1 organic comp\nds ( lead 7 giv5 (f1 he w\ld be /ill m liable to lead poison+4 ,two me?ods ( exp]im5t 7 us$3 #a4 ,! exposure ( animals to ! fumes giv5 (f f fre%ly pa9t$ surfaces1 ! pa9ts us$ be+ comp\nd$ ) :ite lead1 lead sulphate1 z9c sulphide1 & z9c oxide4 ,animals 7 expos$ 9 a cage simil> to t us$ 9 ! inhalation exp]im5ts previ\sly describ$1 b1 in/ead ( bl[+ 9 ! contam9at$ air1 ! cages 7 s arrang$ t bo>ds fre%ly pa9t$ ) ! special pa9t "u exp]im5t 7 introduc$ into ! cage daily1 ! animals rema9+ ! :ole "t 9 ! *amb]4 ,special precautions 7 tak5 ) reg>d to v5tilation4 #b4 ,an animal 0 plac$ 9 a *amb]1 & ! comp\nd to be te/$ 0 heat$ electrically by means ( a coil surr\nd+ ! glass tube 9 :i* ! comp\nd 0 plac$4 ,! curr5t 0 regulat$ by means ( resi/ances1 s t ! !rmo-c\ple & galvanomet] gave a con/ant read+ ( #ei ,c4 ,air 0 con/antly pass$ ?r\gh ! tube ov] ! heat$ sub/ance & into ! animal's cage1 :i* 0 effici5tly v5tilat$4 ,9 ?is way any emanations :i* 7 giv5 (f f ! normal room temp]ature or up to #ei ,c4 7 c>ri$ ov] into ! animal's cage1 & !re brea!d4 ,! app>atus 0 s arrang$ t ! heat+ coil ext5d$ close to ! po9t ( deliv]y into ! cage4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts %[$ t ! animals conf9$ 9 cages & expos$ to fre%ly pa9t$ surfaces1 :]e ! pa9t us$ 0 :ite lead1 z9c oxide1 or lead sulphate1 v soon %[$ signs ( poison+1 & !y became emaciat$ & suff]$ f recurr5t attacks ( salivation4 ,! animals expos$ 9 ! cages 9 :i* air 0 pass$ ov] ei!r :ite lead pa/e1 z9c pa/e1 or lead sulphate pa/e1 %[$ no signs ( illness1 al?\gh kept 9 ! cage & subject$ to ! inhalation ( any fumes :i* might be giv5 (f = ?ree mon?s1 sp5d+ ! :ole ( ! day 9 ! cage1 b be+ remov$ dur+ ! night to sep>ate cages4 ,x !re=e seem$ cle> t1 :atev] illness 0 produc$ 9 ! animals expos$ to fre% pa9t1 !y 7 n suff]+ f absorption ( lead1 b ( "s o!r comp\nd ( :i* ! pa9t 0 made4 ,v>i\s con/itu5ts ( ! pa9t 7 !re=e tri$--namely1 ! metallic bases1 lead or z9c1 & l9se$-oil1 ) turp5t9e & lead acetate mix$ ) turp5t9e4 ,! animal expos$ to ! turp5t9e alone v rapidly %[$ signs ( disease--salivation1 a t5d5cy to di>rha1 /rabismus1 b ! latt] only aft] a two-h\r exposure1 :il/ ! quantity ( turp5t9e pres5t 9 ! cage air did n exce$ #aj milligrammes p] litre4 ,! animal expos$ to turp5t9e & lead acetate exhibit$ few symptoms1 b ! same 9 k9d z ! animal expos$ to turp5t9e alone4 ,! l9se$-oil animal %[$ no signs ( disease :atev]4 ,! animals expos$ to ! metallic bases ( ! pa9t--namely1 z9c oxide or :ite lead--%[$ no signs ( poison+ z long z ! comp\nd itself 0 n ?r[n into ! air 9 ! =m ( du/2 b :5 lead du/ 0 pres5t 9 ! air ! animal rapidly %[$ ! ord9>y signs ( lead poison+4 ,! animal expos$ to z9c oxide du/ %[$ v little sign ( discom=t1 b by prolong$ exposure e>ly kidney disease 0 produc$1 & signs ( *ronic inflammation 7 detectable 9 ! lung4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t ,lehmann#g describes symptoms produc$ 9 cats :5 expos$ to ! vap\r ( turp5t9e4 ,! animals :i* ,i expos$ to turp5t9e vap\r exhibit$ ! same symptoms z ^? describ$ by ,lehmann4 ,he gave no result ( ! hi/ological inquiry ( ! animals s expos$1 b 9 no case1 app>5tly1 0 ! animal kill$ aft] exposure4 ,9 my animals expos$ to ! vap\r ( turp5t9e v def9ite disease ( ! kidney 0 produc$1 ! inflammation t5d+ r to ! tubul> ?an ! int]/itial v>iety ( nephritis4 ,! tubules 7 f\nd block$ ) dbris1 _! cont\r irregul> & de/roy$1 & _! sub/ance pale & almo/ hyal9e2 :il/ areas ( cl\dy swell+1 toge!r ) small hmorrhages1 7 to be f\nd scatt]$ ab\t ! kidney4 ,! he>t muscle 0 flabby1 & ! he>t t5d+ to dilatation2 :il/ microscopically hmorrhages c\ld be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! organ ( a m9ute capill>y nature1 & pass+ betwe5 & di/urb+ ! muscle bundles4 ,no *anges ( any sort 7 f\nd 9 ! tissues ( ! animals expos$ to ! emanations giv5 (f f :ite lead pa/e4 ,by analyses ^! emanations 7 f\nd to conta9 no lead1 b traces ( aldehyde1 =mic acid1 & ,,co4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! effect ( turp5t9e :5 inhal$ by ! pa9t] mu/ be to act z a contributory cause ( lead poison+1 & x is int]e/+ 9 ?is connection to recall ! fact not$ on p4 #ch1 t ,g>rod has describ$ g\t z occurr+ con/antly among pa9t]s4 ,! /atem5t already quot$1 t g\t is n common among work]s 9 :ite lead factories1 :]e ! exposure to lead is v mu* great] ?an among pa9t]s1 po9ts to turp5t9e z ! cause ( ! increas$ incid5ce ( g\t among h\se-pa9t]s r ?an lead absorption4 ,! importance ( du/ conta9+ lead z a s\rce ( illness & lead poison+ 9 pa9t]s mu/ n be m9imiz$1 z 9 s&-pap]+1 etc4 7see p4 #acg74 ,! importance ( lead du/ inhal$ 9 ?is way is p]fectly und]/ood4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 highly probable t ! comb9$ action ( ! turp5t9e ) ! lead acc\nts = ! fact t heada*e is a common symptom ( e>ly disease 9 pa9t]s1 :i* is n ! case among :ite-lead work]s4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,,goadby1 ,k4 ,w43 ,j\rnal ( ,hygi5e1 vol4 ix41 ,no4 #a1 #aiji4 #b ,,goadby1 ,k4 ,w41 ,,& ,,goodbody3 ,! ,lancet1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ihh1 #aiji4 #c ,,goadby1 ,k4 ,w43 ,report ( ! ,committee on ,lead1 etc41 9 ,pott]ies1 vol4 iii41 p4 #dgh1 #aiaj4 #d ,,moore3 ,private communication4 #e ,,armit3 ,j\rnal ( ,hygi5e1 vol4 viii41 ,no4 #e1 #aijh4 #f ,,/raub3 ,b]l4 ,m$4 ,wo*41 p4 #adfi1 #aiaa4 #g ,,lehmann3 ,ar*iv fr ,hygi5e1 vol4 xxxiv41 p4 #cba1 #ahii4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,symptomatology ,,& ,,diagnosis ,acute ,poison+4--,acute poison+ by lead is n common4 ,indu/rially x h>dly ev] occurs4 ,z9n#a /ates t1 out ( #bjj cases ( indu/rial lead poison+ 9 8 cl9ic 9 ,b]l91 only "o 0 to be reg>d$ z an acute case4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! poison+ is due to swall[+ "s comp\nd ( lead1 ei!r z an abortifaci5t or to commit suicide4 ,! pa?ology & symptoms ( su* acute lead poison+ dep5d 9 ! fir/ place ^u ! nature ( ! salt ( lead swall[$1 z1 = in/ance1 aft] swall[+ sug> ( lead a burn+ ta/e is compla9$ (1 ) acute ga/ric pa91 g5]ally com+ on )9 an h\r ( tak+ ! poison1 salivation1 metallic ta/e 9 ! m\?1 acute hicc\gh1 & grip+ pa9 9 ! abdom54 ,! m\? is /a9$ a :iti%-grey4 ,lat] !re is a great fall 9 blood-pressure1 ! sk9 becomes moi/1 or a cold sweat may appe>4 ,! respiration & pulse drop2 f9ally comes v]tigo1 acute heada*e1 coldness ( ! extremities1 an/hesia1 & dea? 9 "o or two days1 or ! case passes on to "o ( *ronic poison+4 ,if ! pati5t survives = ! fir/ two or ?ree days1 ret9al *anges frequ5tly make _! appe>ance1 & occasionally acute fev] may sup]v5e4 ,v>i\s p>alyses also appe>1 & ! case !n becomes "o ( subacute or *ronic poison+4 ,! le?al dose = heal?y adults is probably z l>ge z #ej grammes = lead acetate1 = lead c>bonate #be grammes2 ^! doses are1 ( c\rse1 only approximate4 ,po/ mortem 9 a case ( acute lead poison+ by +e/ion1 ! m\? & /oma* %[ ! pres5ce ( a lead salt 9 ! muc\s exudation1 toge!r ) corrosive ga/ritis & consid]able swell+ & dema ( ! muc\s membrane4 ,! l>ge inte/9e is g5]ally /a9$ d>kly1 f a light br[n to a deepi% black2 ?is /a9+ may n appe> until q l[ d[n 9 ! inte/9e4 ,!re is hyp]mia ( ! liv]1 mu* engorgem5t ( ! vessels 9 ! mes5t]y1 ! kidney1 & ! bra94 ,! re/ ( ! inte/9al visc]a %[ signs ( engorgem5t4 ,fluid may be pres5t 9 ! p]itoneal cavity1 & occasionally 9 ! o!r s]\s cavities4 ,! hi/ological exam9ation ( ! v>i\s organs exhibits ! same microscopical hmorrhages z are f\nd 9 ! cases ( *ronic poison+ to be describ$ lat]4 ,al?\gh acute lead poison+ is r>e 9 indu/rial exp]i5ce1 x may occur f "t to "t4 ,sev]al cases are on record :]e a workman develop$ an acute attack ( poison+ z a result ( imm]sion 9 a :ite lead beck2 ano!r case is describ$ :i* foll[$ imm]sion 9 a tank ( solution ( lead acetate4 ,an accid5t ( ?is description may conceivably occur2 ! treatm5t ( su* a case %\ld be en]getic1 z ! poison+ is *iefly due to lead swall[$4 ,an emetic %\ld be giv51 foll[$ by sublim$ sulphur1 or1 bett] /ill1 ! /oma* wa%$ out ) dilute hydrog5 sulphide wat] slightly acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 s z to *ange any lead pres5t 9 ! /oma* into ! lea/ soluble =m4 ,a brisk purge %\ld be giv51 & ! pati5t enc\rag$ to dr9k consid]able quantities ( lemonade conta9+ sodium or potassium citrate4 ,alcohol1 ev5 dur+ collapse1 %\ld be avoid$2 a hypod]mic injection ( /ry*n9e is pref]able4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t lead is absorb$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! inte/9e1 & only 9 a m9ute degree1 if at all1 f ! /oma*2 x is re-excret$ ma9ly by ! l>ge b[el & by ! ur9e2 to "s ext5t also by ! sweat & saliva4 ,treatm5t is !re=e direct$ t[>ds 7a7 =m+ an insoluble comp\nd z f> z possible2 7b7 promot+ ! elim9ation ( ! poison2 7c7 plac+ z little "w z possible ^u ! tissues mo/ affect$4 ,only milk %\ld be giv5 z food = two to ?ree days4 ,! diagnosis ( lead poison+ is n 9 itself ( any great difficulty :]e any "o ( ! classical symptoms ( lead poison+ is pres5t1 su* z lead colic1 p>esis1 or ! *>act]i/ic lead anmia or ca*exia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! premonitory symptoms ( poison+1 z se5 by a club doctor1 p>ticul>ly 9 p]sons engag$ 9 indu/rial processes1 are m difficult to det]m9e2 b = ! appo9t$ surgeon1 :o has an opportunity ( wat*+ !m f week to week1 ! gradual developm5t ( anmia1 ext5sor weakness1 & o!r e>ly symptoms1 %\ld give no difficulty4 ,! cl9ical diagnosis requires to be made e>li] by ! appo9t$ surgeon ?an by ! g5]al practition]2 = ! appo9t$ surgeon's duty 9 a :ite lead works is n only to treat lead poison+ :5 x is once e/abli%$1 b1 by c>efully not+ premonitory signs1 to avoid ! developm5t ( actual symptoms 9 susceptible p]sons4 ,x is conv5i5t1 !re=e1 to divide ! diagnosis ( lead poison+1 f ! cl9ical /&po9t1 into two divisions--incipi5t & pron\nc$4 ,su* incipi5t *anges are = ! mo/ "p notic$ among/ lead-work]s1 & 9 _m cases are m /rictly signs ( lead absorption ?an signs ( lead poison+4 ,! e>lie/ symptoms ( poison+ are f\nd 9 ! vascul> sy/em1 & ! curi\s pallor ( ! face 9 p]sons :o h work$ 9 lead = a consid]able p]iod is (t5 pron\nc$1 al?\gh ! conjunctiva may n %[ su* a dim9ution 9 col\r z might be expect$ f ! facial *ange1 :ile ! actual det]m9ation ( hmoglob9 may be almo/ normal4 ,9 addition to ?is1 a p]son ( fre% col\r work+ 9 lead1 if susceptible1 v quickly loses 8 florid appe>ance1 (t5 height5$ by ! col\r ( ! face only rema9+ on ! *eek-bones z a hectic flu%4 ,su* a p]son w also %[ dim9ution 9 ! col\r ( ! conjunctival vessels1 & inv>iably a di/9ct yell[i% appe>ance ( 8 scl]otics1 due to ! pigm5tation ( t tissue by brok5-d[n blood-pigm5t4 ,! yell[ col\r ( ! eyes is def9ite evid5ce t blood-de/ruction is 9 progress4 ,foll[+ on ! anmia1 or1 m /rictly speak+1 ! pallor ( ! face1 a well-m>k$ wa/+ ( ! subcutane\s fat takes place4 ,9 animals poison$ ) lead 9 small or l>ge doses--p>ticul>ly 9 small doses giv5 ov] a consid]able p]iod--?is wa/+ ( all subcutane\s & o!r fat is a v m>k$ feature1 s mu* s t practically no kidney1 mes5t]ic or abdom9al fat is to be f\nd4 ,! fat is lo/ 9 a great] proportion ?an o!r body tissues4 ,9 man ! infra-orbital fat1 toge!r ) ! fat ab\t ! bucc9ator muscle1 suff]s e>ly1 & a curi\s facial cont\r is produc$1 two well-m>k$ folds be+ se5--"o ! ord9>y naso-labial fold1 & ! o!r situat$ at ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! masset]4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! loss ( ! orbital fat1 gives ! face a curi\s p9*$ appe>ance4 ,su* a p9*$ appe>ance is also to be f\nd 9 animals 7cats7 poison$ by lead4 ,! wa/+ frequ5tly prec$es any o!r symptoms1 & x is no uncommon ?+ to f9d t a man :o has be5 work+ 9 a lead process expos+ him to inhalation ( du/ = a ye> is los+ weight4 ,9 "o case a man ( #aj /one #g p\nds 0 r$uc$ 9 weight to #i /one #b p\nds 9 f\rte5 mon?s1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* "t he %[$ no signs at all ( lead poison+1 & only t[>ds ! latt] end ( ! "t did he exhibit any blue l9e on 8 gums2 !re 7 no symptoms ref]able to lead poison+4 ,su* a case is typically "o ( lead absorption1 :i*1 if cont9u$1 w\ld ultimately result 9 pron\nc$ anmia ) ei!r colic or p>alysis1 probably ! =m]4 ,! man 9 "q 0 n engag$ 9 any lead process1 b 0 an electrician att5d+ to ! electric light & motors 9 a smelt+ works4 ,8 occupation necessitat$ "w above ! g5]al gr\nd-level1 & !re=e he inhal$ ! fumes & f9] du/ p>ticles deta*$ especially f ! arc lamps :i* requir$ adju/m5t4 ,9 _m p]sons :o h work$ 9 lead = long p]iods1 wa/+ does n progress beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 & ^! p]sons may be reg>d$ z hav+ e/abli%$ a c]ta9 degree ( immunity4 ,m5 are met ) :o h work$ 9 :ite lead factories & 9 smelt+ works = p]iods ( f tw5ty to1 9 "o case1 =ty-?ree ye>s1 a consid]able portion ( su* p]iod be+ antec$5t to ! "t at :i* ! regulations 9 =ce = du/ removal & g5]al protection ( ! work]s 7 e/abli%$1 & !y mu/ h be5 expos$ to mu* lead du/4 ,nev]!less !y 7 less emaciat$ ?an _m :o h only work$ a ye> or two ye>s 9 a factory "u mod]n hygi5ic conditions & special regulations4 ,su* p]sons are ei!r immune f ! comm5cem5t1 or !y h e/abli%$ a c]ta9 degree ( tol]ance t[>ds ! metal2 ! latt] supposition is ! m probable1 z !re is reason to ?9k sev]al ( !m suff]$ f a mild degree ( poison+ dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( _! employm5t4 ,! rate ( developm5t ( pallor & wa/+ are ! important facts 9 incipi5t poison+4 ,anmia1 toge!r ) ! pres5ce ( basophile granules 9 ! r$ cells1 9 a previ\sly heal?y p]son1 & dim9ution 9 ! hmoglob9 to #ge p] c5t41 is def9ite evid5ce t absorption is lead+ on to poison+--t is1 blood-de/ruction--& co9cid5tly insidi\s damage to ! f9] bloodvessels & _! n]ve-supply 7see ,*apt] ,v474 ,su* a p]son may at any mom5t develop a sudd5 attack ( colic or p>esis4 ,associat$ ) ! wa/+ & pallor comes wa/+ ( ! muscles !mselves1 q ap>t f any n]ve lesions1 & ) x a c]ta9 degree ( m5tal le?>gy1 sl[ness 9 compreh5sion1 & loss ( p[] ov] individual muscles or gr\ps ( muscles1 m usually ! latt]4 ,! m5tal le?>gy %[s itself 9 _m ways--among/ o!rs1 heav9ess & dr[s9ess--& c>eful exam9ation %\ld be made ( any man :o1 previ\sly a good "t-keep]1 comm5ces some:at sudd5ly to be late 9 ! morn+4 ,! muscles ( ! h&s & ! arms1 may %[ no def9ite wa/+ z comp>$ "o ) ano!r2 b e>ly loss ( p[]1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ext5sors ( ! wri/ or f+]s1 may be pres5t = six mon?s to a ye> be=e def9ite wri/-drop makes its appe>ance4 ,9 two cases "u our own obs]vation1 loss ( p[] ( ! ext5sor muscles ( ! wri/ 0 pres5t--9 ! "o case = eight1 & 9 ! o!r case elev51 mon?s be=e def9ite p>esis occurr$4 ,9 ! "o case ! fir/ symptom ( p>alysis 0 inability to ext5d ! little f+]s ( bo? h&s2 ! case 0 at once susp5d$ f "w1 & 0 giv5 treatm5t4 ,)9 =ty-eight h\rs bo? wri/s 7 s f> affect$ t !y c\ld n be ext5d$4 ,9 ! second case ! fir/ symptom ( p>esis o!r ?an ! loss ( ext5sor p[] 0 ! inability to oppose ! ?umb to ! fir/ index-f+] ( ! left h&2 )9 sev5 days complete wri/-drop ( ! left h&1 p>tial drop ( ! "r h&1 includ+ ! middle & r+ f+]s1 occurr$4 ,bo? cases made a complete recov]y4 ,by no means all wri/s :i* %[ weakness ( ! ext5sor muscles ultimately develop p>alysis2 =1 on look+ ?r\gh ! records ( ! exam9ation ( ?ree factories1 only #d p] c5t4 ( p]sons ^: wri/s 7 not$ z %[+ loss ( ext5sor p[] ultimately develop$ def9ite p>alysis4 ,9 ! ext5d$ position ( ! h&s1 :5 ! surgeon is exam9+ = ext5sor weakness1 note %\ld be made ( any tremor1 z f9e tremor is frequ5tly an e>ly symptom ( ensu+ p>alysis4 ,! tremor is g5]ally f9e1 increas$ on attempt+ to p]=m conc]t$ acts 7int5tion tremor72 "s loss ( co-ord9ation may be f\nd4 ,:]e ! n]ve supply+ ! muscle has suff]$ alt]ation 9 its conductivity1 z by ! occurr5ce ( a small hmorrhage 9 its %ea?1 gradual dim9ution 9 ! nutrition ( ! muscle takes place2 b :e!r or n ?is is suffici5t explanation = ! *ronic wa/+ :i* is se5 9 ! h&s is n yet def9itely prov$4 ,9 exam9+ ! h&s out/ret*$ = tremor & loss ( muscul> p[]1 wa/+ ( ! int]ossei may be se5 be=e any def9ite evid5ce ( p>alysis sup]v5es4 ,on ! palm ( ! h& bo? ! !n> & ! hypo!n> em95ces may %[ flatt5+1 & att5tion %\ld always be paid to ?is portion ( ! h&1 z an e>ly flatt5+ ( ! hypo!n> em95ce p>ticul>ly is "o ( ! e>li] symptoms ( wri/ p>alysis4 ,con/ipation4--,con/ipation is a well-kn[n precursor ( colic 9 lead poison+ cases1 b is by no means an inv>iable rule4 ,ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( cases ( lead colic suff] f int]mitt5t di>rha4 ,a numb] ( cases 7see ! table on p4 #di7 %[ t 8rheumatic0 symptoms are among/ ^? associat$ ) lead poison+4 ,"s ( ^! rheumatic symptoms1 z has be5 expla9$1 may be due to m9ute hmorrhages1 9 ! muscle or else:]e1 sett+ up ! pa9s ( a rheumatic nature 9 ! "p affect$4 ,"o o!r symptom occurs ) consid]able frequ5cy bo? z a precursor ( colic & z an associat$ symptom 9 con/ipation1 & ev5 9 di>rha associat$ ) lead poison+1 & (t5 reg>d$ z ( rheumatic orig9--namely1 lumbago4 ,compla9ts ( lumbago 9 lead-work]s %\ld always be reg>d$ s]i\sly1 z !y may be a guide 9 discov]+ an e>ly intoxication4 ,f :at has be5 said ( ! excretion ( lead into ! l>ge inte/9e 9 poison$ animals1 ! symptom ( lumbago (t5 compla9$ ( by lead-work]s may1 9 "s in/ances at any rate1 owe its orig9 to ov]load+ ( ! l>ge inte/9e1 due to ! inhibitory action ( lead on ! inte/9al muscles4 ,x has be5 se5 t excretion ( lead into ! l>ge inte/9e is ! normal me?od ( excretion ( ! metal1 & t concomitant conge/ion ( ! vessels 9 ! correspond+ mes5t]ic area is an associat$ symptom 9 poison$ animals4 ,local vasomotor spasm may also contribute4 ,! ,pulse4--,! pulse 9 lead poison+ 9 ! incipi5t /age is p]haps n s important z :5 poison+ has become pron\nc$4 ,consid]able v>iation exi/s among/ diff]5t obs]v]s ) reg>d to ! blood-pressure ( lead-work]s4 ,our exp]i5ce is1 on ! :ole1 t x t5ds to be high1 & pressures ( #aej to #agj mm4 ,hg are common4 ,9 an av]age ( #ajj cases we f\nd ! highe/ pressure to be #agh1 & ! l[e/ #aae1 ! mean #aej4 ,collis#b1 9 a special report on smelt+ ( mat]ials conta9+ lead1 gives ! av]age blood-pressure ( #ada smelt]s z #adhb1 & ( #ch :ite lead-work]s z #aefe4 ,increase ( t5sion und\bt$ly takes place z lead absorption becomes m e/abli%$1 & ! well-kn[n high art]ial t5sion ( art]io-scl]osis is to be f\nd 9 mo/ work]s employ$ 9 lead = any consid]able p]iod4 ,ev5 9 ! cases quot$ above %[+ no signs ( lead poison+1 not)/&+ long duration ( employm5t 9 lead factories1 !re 0 a di/9ct increase ( art]ial t5sion1 n necess>ily attributable to lead alone1 b possibly also to su* incid5tal causes z g\t1 alcoholism1 syphilis1 etc4 ,:5 colic is pres5t1 m>k$ dim9ution 9 ! pulse-rate may be notic$ dur+ ! spasms1 & ev5 )\t ! pres5ce ( colic a dim9ution 9 ! pulse-rate1 ) a def9ite increase ( t5sion1 z e/imat$ by ! f+]1 is a matt] ( practical importance 9 ! diagnosis ( absorption4 ,9 q e>ly /ages ! pulse may be increas$1 & a small1 rapid pulse %\ld be reg>d$ z a suspici\s sign4 ,only 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! disease d alt]ations 9 ! he>t-s\nds take place4 ,sphygmograph trac+s ( ! pulse ( lead-poison$ p]sons %[s ! well-m>k$ high t5sion type4 ,lead ,colic4--,probably ! commone/ symptom1 & ! "o = :i* fir/ & =emo/ relief is s\ght1 is abdom9al colic4 ,! colic ( lead poison+1 :5 once se51 is r>ely mi/ak5 a second "t4 ,! pa9 is g5]ally ref]r$ to ! l[] portion ( ! abdom51 l[ d[n1 & (t5 ! suff]] po9ts to a position imm$iately above ! pubes2 pa9 may (t5 be ref]r$ also to ! "r iliac fossa1 & on ?is acc\nt ! possibility ( app5dicitis1 or ev5 p]ityphlitis or *ronic colitis1 mu/ n be =gott54 ,colic1 z %[n 9 ! /ati/ics on p4 #di1 is ! *ief symptom compla9$ (4 ,no d\bt1 z has be5 previ\sly sugge/$1 ! fact t colic is s common a symptom induc$ e>li] pa?ologi/s to reg>d ! entrance ( lead ?r\gh ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal z be+ ! portal ( lead infection4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 demon/rat$ 9 ! *apt] on ,pa?ology t ! absorption ( lead1 p>ticul>ly 9 indu/rial processes1 is ma9ly by way ( ! lung1 & 9 ! rsum ( ! lit]ature x has already be5 po9t$ out t /rong evid5ce exi/s = reg>d+ colic & o!r abdom9al symptoms associat$ ) pa9 z due to vaso-motor di/urbances 9 ! splan*nic & mes5t]ic areas4 ,lead colic is usually irregul>1 ) m>k$ exac]bations & remissions1 & 9 ! acute =m ! legs are drawn upw>ds t[>ds ! abdom51 ! body is flex$ at ! hips1 ! face anxi\s & drawn1 :il/ ! body is cov]$ ) a cold sweat1 ! eyes are />+1 & convulsive movem5ts ( ! limbs occur4 ,! suff]] (t5 f9ds relief f firm pressure ^u ! abdom51 a po9t ( consid]able importance 9 diagnosis2 ! pa9 is n increas$1 b di/9ctly reliev$1 by firm pressure4 ,if ! abdom5 be digitally exam9$ dur+ a p>oxysm ( pa91 ! inte/9es w be f\nd contract$ "u ! f+]s1 (t5 9 an irregul> fa%ion4 ,9 an animal acutely poison$ ) lead ! inte/9es are f\nd irregul>ly contract$ dur+ a v l>ge portion ( _! l5g?1 & :5 remov$ f ! body h ! appe>ance ( a /r+ ( sausages4 ,!re is evid5ce t spasmodic contraction ( ! circul> fibres ( ! muscles ( ! mucosa has tak5 place1 & ! wave ( p]i/alsis1 mov+ =w>d1 meets ) a block at ^! po9ts ( con/riction1 !reby caus+ pa94 ,! colic affect+ ! l[] "p ( ! abdom5 may possibly be relat$ to ! excretion ( lead into ! l>ge inte/9e1 & ! affection ( ! bloodvessels 9 ! mes5t]y1 & 9 animals poison$ by means ( lead ! vessels 9 ! mes5t]y1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! region ( ! ileo-ccal valve & ! l>ge inte/9e1 are engorg$ ) blood4 ,dur+ a p>oxysm ! pati5t frequ5tly screams 9 agony & rolls ab\t ^u ! b$ or ! floor4 ,tempor>y relief may be obta9$ by lean+ ^u a pill[ plac$ ^u ! back ( a *air4 ,! relief af=d$ by su* proc$ure is also /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! vaso-motor orig9 ( ! pa94 ,dur+ ! spasm ! abdom5 is retract$1 & fibrill>y twit*+ ( ! abdom9al p>ietes may (t5 be se52 a con/ant desire to g to /ool is g5]ally pres5t1 b only results 9 /ra9+ &1 p]haps1 ! passage ( a little mucus & blood4 ,vomit+ is (t5 associat$ ) ?is /age1 & ! pati5t frequ5tly vomits a consid]able am\nt ( ?ick1 t5aci\s mucus4 ,! vomit is n uncommonly reg>d$ by ! pati5t z compos$ ( :ite lead1 if he has be5 work+ 9 t indu/ry4 ,tanqu]el 9 #a1bag cases not$ vomit+ #djj times1 & m>k$ retraction ( ! abdom5 #fdi times4 ,occasionally ! pati5t compla9s ( a s5se ( great weight 9 ! abdom51 p>ticul>ly 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! spasms ( pa94 ,dur+ ! exac]bations ( colic v m>k$ dim9ution 9 ! pulse-rate takes place1 a fact t has already be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! section deal+ ) vaso-motor di/urbances4 ,! pulse may be z l[ z #bj beats p] m9ute1 b x v>ies g5]ally betwe5 #dj & #ej p] m9ute4 ,v occasionally ! fir/ /age ( colic is associat$ ) a slight rise ( temp]ature4 ,?is mu/ be reg>d$ z an int]curr5t affection r ?an z "o def9itely associat$ ) lead poison+4 ,probably 9 su* circum/ances a ga/ritis o!r ?an ! lead vaso-motor colic is ! reason = ! elevation ( temp]ature1 b x may confuse ! diagnosis1 sugge/+ r an acute ga/ritis ?an lead colic4 ,"u normal conditions ! temp]ature falls dur+ ! colic1 ! extremities are cold1 & ! body is cov]$ ) a moi/ p]spiration1 ! temp]ature dropp+ to #if1 & ev5 l[]4 ,on palpat+ ! abdom5 dur+ ^! acute exac]bations1 x is f\nd t n only ! ga/ric region1 b ! :ole ( ! abdom51 is affect$4 ,occasionally ! acute pa9 is ref]r$ to ! navel1 b g5]ally to ! l[] region ( ! abdom52 & v frequ5tly ! pa9 is describ$ z runn+ d[n into ! scrotum1 :il/ !re may also be pa9 compla9$ ( z f> z ! knee-jo9t1 b ?is la/ is unusual4 ,!re may or may n be well-m>k$ p]i/alsis tak+ place1 b q commonly l>ge h>d5$ tum\rs c be felt 9 v>i\s situations 9 ! abdom51 correspond+ to ! contract$ inte/9al walls4 ,%ift+ tum\rs1 !n1 may be reg>d$ r z a diagno/ic sign ( ! acute =ms ( lead colic4 ,! colic r>ely comm5ces )\t "s slight prodromal symptoms ( dyspepsia or ga/ric discom=t2 g5]ally = two or ?ree days prec$+ ! attack !re is loss ( appetite1 ) a di/a/e = food1 & ob/9ate con/ipation1 p>ticul>ly a g5]al feel+ ( languor associat$ ) an unpleasant ta/e 9 ! m\?4 ,tanqu]el1 & lat] ,grissolle#c1 among o!rs1 describ$ a =m ( /omatitis :i* !y ?\ght 0 a prodromal symptom ( an attack ( lead colic4 ,our own exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 does n at all co9cide ) ^! /atem5ts4 ,v occasionally ! suff]] f acute colic may die dur+ a p>oxysm due to he>t failure1 b we h _h no exp]i5ce ( su* a fatality1 al?\gh su* an occurr5ce has be5 record$ on m ?an "o occasion4 ,aft] ! fir/ acute attack ( colic1 :i* g5]ally comm5ces sudd5ly1 (t5 )\t previ\s w>n+1 b is z a rule u%]$ 9 by irregul> & f9ally complete con/ipation1 or ) di>rha alt]nat+ ) con/ipation1 ! colic /ill occurs at irregul> int]vals2 & al?\gh ! con/ipation be reliev$ by enemata or ! use ( /rong purgatives1 p>oxysmal pa9 w recur = days1 & ev5 weeks4 ,9 "o p>ticul> case colic recurr$ at int]vals = eight weeks1 al?\gh ! b[els 7 op5 ea* day & ! pati5t _h be5 "u regul> treatm5t1 :il/ ! anmia & o!r g5]al symptoms ( poison+ _h disappe>$4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,meillre#d & o!rs1 lead is /or$ up 9 ! body 9 v>i\s situations1 & is gradually elim9at$1 su* elim9ation tak+ place ma9ly ?r\gh ! fces1 & only to a limit$ ext5t ?r\gh ! ur9e4 ,probably ! elim9ation ( lead ?r\gh ! l[] "p ( ! inte/9e acc\nts = ! recurr5t attacks ( colic4 ,am9o#e1 ,*at9#f1 & ,h>nack#g1 reg>d ?is colic z due to vaso-con/riction tak+ place 9 ! splan*nic area1 & ! rapid action ( su* drugs z atrop91 *lor(orm1 & nitroglyc]9e1 support ?is view4 ,9 fact1 ,may]#h 9 #ahha demon/rat$ t 9 lead colic ! splan*nic vessels und]go well-m>k$ m9ute inflammatory *anges4 ,o!rs1 f inve/igations c>ri$ on 9 p]sons :o _h di$ ( lead poison+1 reg>d ! acute pa9 z set up by irritation ( ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em1 p>ticul>ly ( ! sol> plexus1 irritation ( ! n]ves 9 ?is region presumably sett+ up reflex colic4 ,! inhalation ( amyl nitrite dur+ an attack ( colic w (t5 entirely relieve x1 & ! pulse w imm$iately rise to ! normal rate4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 9 obs]v+ a case ( colic1 to det]m9e :e!r ! colic is prec$$ by sl[+ ( ! pulse & ! rise ( blood-pressure1 or :e!r ! colic is ! imm$iate excit+ cause ( ! con/riction ( ! vessels & ! alt]ation ( ! pulse-rate4 ,*ronic ,colic4--,! acute =m ( lead colic frequ5tly passes on to a *ronic condition2 ! attacks become mu* less int5se1 & may at times only am\nt to g5]al discom=t 9 ! abdom51 b ! symptoms may la/ = sev]al weeks1 & ev5 mon?s1 ) no abdom9al discom=t = a p]iod ( a week or t5 days1 !n recurr5ce ( pa91 gradually increas+ until x has atta9$ a consid]able degree ( int5sity1 & !n pass+ away1 only to reappe> 9 two or ?ree days' "t4 ,9 su* cases ( prolong$ colic aft] an int]val ( two or ?ree weeks1 small doses ( /ry*n9e or t9cture ( nux vomica w det]m9e ! onset ( an attack ( colic1 %[+ t ! inte/9al muscul> tissue rema9s 9 a /ate ( hyp]s5sibility long aft] ! attack appe>s to h pass$ away4 ,a p>ticul> =m ( colic ( long duration ) exac]bations & remissions has be5 kn[n = _m ye>s 9 ! ,fr5* navy1 call$ 8seam5's colic40 ,be=e ?is "t outbreaks _h occurr$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & ,john ,hunt]#i describ$ a =m ( dry bellya*e occasion$ by dr9k+ c]ta9 ,we/ ,indian w9es1 ! w9es 9 "q hav+ be5 /or$ 9 contact ) lead--9 fact1 ! vigor\s ,saxon ( ,john ,hunt] peculi>ly describes ?is *ronic =m ( lead colic4 ,al?\gh ! prodromal /ages ( malaise1 lassitude1 loss ( appetite1 nausea1 etc41 g5]ally prec$e bo? ! acute & ! *ronic =ms1 colic (t5 comm5ces sudd5ly4 ,m5 may be exam9$ 9 ! factory 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! ord9>y r\t9e exam9ation has elicit$ no symptoms1 & yet cases ( acute colic h occurr$ lat] 9 ! same day 9 ! v m5 exam9$4 ,! *ief po9ts associat$ ) lead colic are-- #a4 ,! int]mitt5t "*4 #b4 ,! relation ( ! colic ma9ly to ! l[] "p ( ! abdom54 #c4 ,! sl[+ ( ! pulse4 #d4 ,! relief af=d$ by firm pressure on ! abdom54 ,to :i* may be add$ ! action ( amyl nitrite & o!r drugs ( a simil> physiological action4 ,heada*e4--,p]si/5t heada*e is ano!r ( ! symptoms associat$ ) lead poison+1 b x is n common z an e>ly symptom4 ,! heada*e compla9$ ( by pa9t]s is probably n due to lead poison+1 b1 z has be5 sugge/$1 to turp5t9e4 ,! heada*e ( lead poison+ is inv>iably a lat] symptom1 & frequ5tly foll[s an attack ( colic a week or m aft] ! abdom9al pa9 has ceas$4 ,! position ( ! heada*e v>ies2 x may be ( ! v]tex type1 almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! v]tex & occipital regions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is frequ5tly irregul>1 & neuralgic 9 type2 b 9 ?is type1 frontal & temporal1 m p>ticul>ly temporal1 ! pati5t describes ! pa9 z if a blunt in/rum5t 7 be+ pu%$ ?r\gh 8 head f bo? temporal regions at ! same "t4 ,e>a*e1 or pa9 9 ! region ( ! petr\s portion ( ! temporal bone1 may at times sugge/ e> disease1 b ?is situation is n s common z suboccipital or temporal pa94 ,! heada*e 9 ^! situations is no d\bt associat$ ) ! m5+eal art]y 9 ! temporal region1 & ) ! s9uses 9 ! occipital region4 ,! heada*e1 n unlike ! colic1 und]goes remissions & exac]bations4 ,) ! exac]bations v]tigo is common1 & on m ?an "o occasion 9 our exp]i5ce a p]son suff]+ f p]si/5t lead heada*e & v]tigo has be5 arre/$ z suspect ( alcoholism4 ,heada*e & v]tigo )\t ei!r colic or p>esis is by no means uncommon1 & may be associat$ ) pa9s 9 ! arms & legs4 ,^! pa9s are g5]ally ref]r$ to by ! pati5t z rheumatic1 & x is a little int]e/+ to call to m9d ! numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* rheumatic symptoms are return$ z associat$ ) lead poison+ 9 ! /ati/ics giv5 on p4 #dh4 ,x is probable t ^! pa9s are nei!r muscul> nor purely n]v\s 9 orig91 b are prim>ily due to small lesions ( ! bloodvessels1 z describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,pa?ology1 occurr+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 & !reby sett+ up localiz$ irritation1 too m9ute to =m an area :i* c be discov]$ by palpation1 b suffici5tly pron\nc$ to produce irritation & reflex pa91 9 "s respects simil> to 8b5ds0 9 compress$ air disease4 ,?is special type ( rheumatic pa9 diff]s1 ( c\rse1 f ! lumbago associat$ ) con/ipation4 ,p]si/5t heada*e is an exce$+ly grave feature1 & al?\gh x may at times disappe> quickly on treatm5t1 m5tal cl\d+ & alt]ation ( ! high] functions is always to be fe>$2 n infrequ5tly p]si/5t heada*e u%]s 9 a f9al & fatal encephalopa?y4 ,9 su* a case ! heada*e p]si/s1 becomes m & m excruciat+1 ! pati5t rapidly %[s loss ( m5tal p[]1 & may gradually s9k into a condition ( delirium4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an attack ( acute delirium may sudd5ly sup]v5e1 comm5c+ ) sudd5 loss ( consci\sness1 foll[$ by irregul> movem5ts ( all ! limbs1 fro?+ at ! m\? & nose1 & f9ally mania4 ,recov]y is by no means uncommon1 & aft] a sudd5 attack ( ?is description ! pati5ts are entirely ignorant ( ! :ole circum/ance2 !y may occasionally recov] p[]s ( locomotion1 & w&] to long di/ances1 unable to give an acc\nt ( !mselves or to rememb] _! names1 & only aft] a consid]able "t recov] consci\sness ( _! id5tity2 b ?is type ( case is comp>atively r>e4 ,! case quot$ by ,mott#aj gives a typical hi/ory ( m5tal affection due1 no d\bt1 to lead1 b p>tially complicat$ by alcohol4 ,! ,burtonian ,l9e4--,mu* controv]sy has rag$ ar\nd ! significance ( ! blue l9e on ! gums to be se5 9 c]ta9 p]sons work+ 9 lead1 z to :e!r ?is p>ticul>ly well-m>k$ sign is to be reg>d$ z a diagno/ic symptom ( lead poison+ or n4 ,= a long "t x 0 reg>d$1 & by _m is /ill reg>d$1 z suffici5t evid5ce 9 itself to det]m9e t a p]son is suff]+ f lead poison+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o h _h consid]able exp]i5ce ( indu/rial lead poison+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! r\t9e exam9ation ( workm5 occupi$ 9 v>i\s lead indu/ries1 d n reg>d ! occurr5ce ( ! ,burtonian l9e z ( m value ?an t ! p]son %[+ su* pigm5t$ gums has be5 expos$ to lead absorption4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ,burtonian l9e3 #a4 ,a f9e blui% l9e is se5 ar\nd ! g+ival m>g9s1 m pron\nc$ on ! int]d5tal papill ( ! gum1 & always m m>k$ ar\nd su* tee? z are coat$ ) a deposit ( t>t> ?an ar\nd tee? :i* are clean4 ,?is l9e is und\bt$ly due to ! decomposition ( ! lead salts :i* h ga9$ access to ! m\?1 by ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 produc$ by ! decomposition & putrefaction ( food1 epi!lial dbris1 & o!r mat]ials1 :i* h accumulat$ ar\nd ! edges ( ! tee? & 9 ! int]d5tal spaces4 ,peculi> evid5ce ( ?is may (t5 be se5 9 ! m\?s ( c]ta9 p]sons ^: p>otid gl&s are dis*>g+ saliva :i* promotes deposits ( calculus4 ,?us1 "o may (t5 f9d m]ely ! two fir/ upp] mol> tee? on bo? sides ( ! upp] jaw coat$ ) t>t>1 no o!r tee? 9 ! upp] jaw be+ simil>ly affect$4 ,?is deposit ( calcium phosphate & c>bonate is exce$+ly por\s1 & becomes saturat$ ) ! products ( decomposition1 evolv+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 fairly l>ge quantities4 ,9 ! m\?s ( su* p]sons work+ 9 lead factories a d>k blui% /a9+ ( ! *eek 9 apposition to ! fil?y too? may be frequ5tly se51 & :]e ! re/ ( ! tee? are free f deposit no su* /a9+ is obs]vable4 ,view$ ) a h&-l5s1 ! blue l9e is se5 to be made up ( a l>ge numb] ( m9ute granules ( d>k col\r :i* are deposit$1 (t5 deeply1 9 ! tissue4 ,x is a matt] ( importance to note t a blue l9e is r>ely se5 9 ! m\?s ( ^? p]sons :o pay att5tion to d5tal hygi5e2 :]e ! tee? are clean1 ! gums closely adh]5t to ! tee?1 & entire abs5ce ( pus & fre$om f deposit we h nev] se5 a ,burtonian l9e produc$4 ,_m ( ! s-call$ heal?y m\?s ) p]fect tee? h yet infect$ gums4 ,on exam9+ sections ( su* a l9e1 x is int]e/+ to note t at fir/ sight ! p>ticles appe> to be situat$ deeply 9 ! tissue1 & ma9ly 9 relation to ! bloodvessels supply+ ! gum4 ,a little clos] att5tion %[s t ! p>ticles are really aggregat$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! defici5cies betwe5 ! epi!lial cells :i* are con/antly ?r[n (f f ! surface ( ! gum1 a process :i* has its orig9 9 an inflammatory condition1 ! :ole gum becom+ hyp]trophi$1 ) num]\s small areas ( ulc]ation4 ,9 ^! positions a c]ta9 am\nt ( direct absorption ( du/ & f9e p>ticles takes place f ! ulc]at$ surface1 & becomes conv]t$ into lead sulphide by ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 produc$ locally f ! decompos+ tissue4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( pigm5tation is also ref]able to ! muc\s gl&s4 ,x is well kn[n t1 9 infections ( ! m\? ( ! type ( pyorrha alveol>is or ( r>efaction ( ! alveol> process1 a good deal ( infection coexi/s 9 ! muc\s gl&s ( ! buccal membrane1 especially along ! gum m>g9s !mselves1 & ! lead du/ also becomes deposit$ 9 ^! gl&s1 & lat] =ms a sulphide4 ,x is possible t "s blue l9es are due to excretion ( lead f ! blood4 ,"s little c>e is requir$ to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! e>ly lead ,burtonian l9e & ! curi\s blui%-grey appe>ance ( ! gum edges 9 cases ( pyorrha alveol>is2 :5 once ! two conditions h be5 /udi$1 little difficulty exi/s1 b ! use ( a h&-l5s w at once settle ! matt]4 ,! blui% appe>ance ( ! gum 9 _m cases ( gum disease is due to local cyanosis4 ,a few o!r =ms ( pigm5tation ( ! gum edges exi/1 su* z an occasional blue l9e se5 9 work]s ) m]cury1 a black l9e 9 coal-m9]s1 & s on1 b ^! h>dly call = discussion 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,any pigm5tation ( ! nature discuss$ above is to be reg>d$ z a sign t ! work] has be5 subject$ to ! inhalation ( lead du/1 & is !re=e suspect ( lead absorption1 9 :om def9ite symptoms ( lead poison+ may be expect$ to occur if ! exposure to ! h>mful influ5ce be long-cont9u$4 #b4 ,9 ! second v>iety ( blue l9e ! pigm5tation is n conf9$ to ! gum edge or to a b& r>ely exce$+ a millimetre 9 wid?1 z is ! ord9>y common blue l9e4 ,9 ?is case ! :ole ( ! g+ival muc\s membrane f ! edges ( ! tee?1 & ext5d+ "s way into ! buccal sulcus1 five or six millimetres or ev5 a c5timetre wide1 may be se54 ,:5 ?is ph5om5on is pres5t1 x is always associat$ ) a m>k$ degree ( pyorrha alveol>is1 ! gums are s(t1 demat\s1 & pus oozes f _! edges1 ! tee? are frequ5tly loose1 & ! o!r symptoms ( disease ( ! os m>g9um are pres5t4 ,sections made f su* a case sugge/ /ill m t "s excretion ( lead has tak5 place f ! bloodvessels1 z ! lead p>ticles may be se5 closely relat$ to ! capill>ies2 b "h aga9 !re is little d\bt t x is due to absorption f ! ext]nally inflam$ surfaces ( ! gum r ?an excretion ( ! vessels !mselves4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t1 9 all ! exp]im5tal animals1 9 no in/ance has any ,burtonian l9e be5 obs]v$1 al?\gh ! animals 7cats & dogs7 h be5 f$ ^u cat's meat1 :i* readily und]goes putrefaction1 & organisms capable ( produc+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 are inv>iably pres5t 9 ! m\?s ( su* animals4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! blue l9e has n be5 obs]v$1 because ! animals' gums 7 entirely free f infection or pa?ological *anges4 ,by caus+ an artificial inflammation ar\nd ! can9e tee? ( an animal expos$ to lead infection1 a def9ite blue l9e 0 produc$ 9 two weeks4 ,?is l9e _h all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! common ,burtonian l9e4 ,?is =m ( blue l9e ) a deep pigm5tation ( ! :ole ( ! gums1 al?\gh 9 itself n to be reg>d$ z diagno/ic ( lead poison+ alone1 r>ely occurs unless ! p]son has be5 subject$ to su* long-cont9u$ poison+ t o!r symptoms h already made _! appe>ance4 ,! blue l9e1 !n1 :i*ev] type is obs]v$1 _c 9 our op9ion be reg>d$ z a diagno/ic sign ( lead poison+1 b is m]ely an indication t ! p]son :o exhibits ! ph5om5on has be5 at "s "t or o!r subject$ to lead absorption4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ t lead is excret$ by ! saliv>y gl&s4 ,a numb] ( cases ( poison+ c]ta9ly compla9 ( a metallic ta/e 9 ! m\?1 &1 judg+ f ! analogy ( m]cury1 x is possible t excretion ( small quantities ( lead may take place ?r\gh ! saliva2 b su* a po9t is m]ely ( sci5tific int]e/1 & has no practical be>+ on ! "q ( lead poison+4 ,pigm5tation 9 ! saliv>y gl&s sugge/+ excretion ( lead has n be5 obs]v$1 not)/&+ ! con/ant pres5ce ( potassium sulphocyanide 9 ! p>otid saliva4 ,! blue l9e ( ,burton may occasionally be obs]v$1 9 o!r regions ( ! body4 ,f "t to "t ! inte/9e is f\nd /a9$ ) a blui%-black deposit ( lead sulphide1 & 9 a case ( acute poison+ foll[+ ! +e/ion ( a l>ge quantity ( lead acetate1 & 9 ! cases describ$ by ,oliv] ( ! +e/ion ( lead oxide 7li?>ge71 black /a9+ ( ! inte/9es 0 peculi>ly well m>k$4 ,9 all ! animals ref]r$ to x =ms a con/ant feature 9 ! l>ge inte/9e1 & 9 ! *apt] on ,pa?ology ?is blue /a9+ ( ! l>ge inte/9e is m m9utely describ$4 ,we h met ) x once 9 ! po/-mortem exam9ation ( a man :o di$ ( lead poison+1 & :5 f\nd x may1 we ?9k1 be reg>d$ z a diagno/ic sign4 ,macroscopical evid5ce is n suffici5t2 x is necess>y to make a hi/ological exam9ation ( ! tissues1 :5 ! /a9$ areas are se5 to be associat$ ) ! lymphoid tissue 9 ! inte/9al wall1 & n only int]/itial portions1 b actually ! int]ior ( ! cells !mselves1 are f\nd to be pack$ ) small blui% granules4 ,su* a hi/ological f9d+ w\ld be highly *>act]i/ic ( an extreme case ( lead poison+4 ,:]e consid]able quantities ( lead h be5 tak5 into ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal1 a blue r+ has occasionally be5 describ$ surr\nd+ ! anus4 ,ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( cases ( lead poison+ ) colic %[ ob/9ate con/ipation z a lead+ symptom4 ,! con/ipation g5]ally exi/s = sev]al days prec$+ ! onset ( ! colic1 & may p]si/ = z long z twelve to f\rte5 days1 :ile six to sev5 days is a common p]iod4 ,!re is v little t is *>act]i/ic ab\t ! con/ipation o!r ?an its intractability2 inde$1 x is frequ5tly ( ! greate/ difficulty to relieve ?is symptom4 ,no d\bt ! direct orig9 is due to ! excretion ( lead into ! l>ge inte/9e 7see p4 #id74 ,palpation ( ! colon (t5 %[s di/5sion1 ) a good deal ( pa9 on pressure at bo? ! hepatic & splan*nic flexures1 m p>ticul>ly ! latt]4 ,di/9ctly pa9ful spots may be f\nd 9 ! l5g? ( ! inte/9e1 due to small ulc]s1 or m probably to ! m9ute hmorrhages :i* we h else:]e describ$ z associat$ ) lead poison+4 ,! rema9+ #ae p] c5t4 ( cases h z a prodromal symptom di>rha4 ,fur!r1 di>rha is n uncommon among/ p]sons :o are work+ 9 a lead factory1 & :o d n %[ o!r signs ( poison+2 & z lead tak5 into ! body 9 v>i\s ways is excret$ ?r\gh ! fces 9 common ) o!r heavy metals1 su* z iron1 bismu?1 nickel1 z well z ars5ic1 ! occurr5ce ( di>rha %\ld sugge/ to ! surgeon ! possibility ( consid]able lead absorption hav+ tak5 place4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,,z9n3 ,b]l4 ,kl94 ,wo*41 ,no4 #ej1 #ahii4 #b ,,collis1 ,e4 ,l43 ,special ,report on ,dang]\s or ,injuri\s ,processes 9 ! ,smelt+ ( ,mat]ials conta9+ ,lead1 p4 #f4 #aiaj4 #c ,,grissolle3 ,?se1 ,p>is1 #ahce4 #d ,,meill,,re1 ,g43 ,le ,saturnisme1 p4 #abb4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 #e ,,am9o3 ,ar*iv4 ,ital4 di ,cl94 ,m$41 #ahic4 #f ,,*at93 ,prov9ce ,md41 ,lyon1 ,no4 #d1 #ahib4 #g ,,h>nack3 ,deuts*4 ,m$4 ,wo*41 #ahig4 #h ,,may]3 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 #ahha4 #i ,,hunt]1 ,,john3 ,obs]vations ( ! ,diseases ( ! ,army 9 ,jamaica4 ,london1 #aghh4 #aj ,,mott1 ,f43 ,ar*ives ( ,neurology & ,psy*iatry1 vol4 iv41 p4 #aag4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,excretion ,,( ,,lead ,symptomatology & ,diagnosis 7,cont9u$7--,excretion ( ,lead4--,! two *ief *annels = excretion ( lead are ! ur9e & ! fces1 :ile "s include ! saliva & ! sweat4 ,9 ! case ( ! sweat !re is n mu* evid5ce1 b a few obs]v]s1 ma9ly ,fr5*1 claim to h discov]$ traces ( lead 9 ! sk9 ( lead-work]s4 ,9 su* a case1 h[ev]1 x is exce$+ly difficult to elim9ate ! "q ( surface contam9ation2 & al?\gh brisk p]iph]al circulation & transudation may possibly c>ry (f a c]ta9 am\nt ( lead1 ! *ance ( ?is is highly improbable4 ,!re seems r m evid5ce t ! saliv>y gl&s may elim9ate lead1 z a numb] ( o!r sub/ances are und\bt$ly pass$ 9 ?is way4 ,m]cury c]ta9ly und]goes excretion ?r\gh ! saliv>y gl&s & ! muc\s gl&s ( ! m\?1 & x is !re=e n improbable t a metal s closely relat$ 9 its *emical1 & p]haps physiological1 relations may be excret$ 9 a simil> fa%ion4 ,meillre#a cites ?ree in/ances ( p>otitis :i* 7 consid]$ to be ( lead orig91 & fur!r quotes an in/ance :]e1 9 *emical exam9ation ( ! saliv>y gl&s aft] dea?1 lead 0 f\nd 9 small quantities4 ,*ronic p>otitis is n infrequ5tly cit$ z a symptom 9 cases ( report$ indu/rial lead poison+1 & may owe its orig9 to impairm5t ( ! saliv>y gl& by ! passage ( ! metal4 ,*ronic p>otitis1 or ev5 t5d]ness ( ! p>otid gl&s1 does n occur frequ5tly among lead-work]s ) symptoms ( lead absorption4 ,excretion1 h[ev]1 ( lead ?r\gh ! saliv>y gl&s is n ( great importance1 except f ! occasional compla9t ( a metallic ta/e 9 ! m\? 9 *ronic lead poison+1 & 9 su* in/ances possibly def9ite excretion ( lead is tak+ place ?r\gh ! p>otid gl&s4 ,a case may be cit$ :i* r supports ! view t lead may be excret$ ?r\gh ! saliv>y gl&s4 ,a c]ta9 work] engag$ 9 a dang]\s lead process f "t to "t1 b nev] z a con/ant symptom1 %[$ di/9ct pigm5tation 9 ! int]nal surfaces ( bo? *eeks 9 ! region ( ! buccal papill ( ! p>otid duct4 ,! pigm5tation 0 int]mitt5t2 at times a l>ge pat* ( deep blue-black pigm5tation 0 f\nd 9 ! situation on bo? sides1 ) no /a9+ ( ! *eeks ar\nd or ( ! gum m>g9s1 al?\gh 8 tee? 9 ^! regions 7 coat$ ) f\l t>t>4 ,if ! lead 9 ?is in/ance ga9$ access ?r\gh ! m\?1 :y %\ld x h be5 deposit$ m]ely ^u ! *eek 9 ?is "o situation1 despite ! fact t sev]al o!r situations 9 ! m\? exhibit$ ! same conditions ( bact]ial decomposition = ! production ( sulphurett$ hydrog58 ,we h n obs]v$ ?is pigm5tation 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ducts ( ! submaxill>y & subl+ual gl&s1 b only 9 ! p>otid4 ,by f> ! mo/ important organ 9 ! excretion ( lead1 f ! po9t ( view ( symptomatology & diagnosis1 is ! kidney4 ,lead is n uncommonly f\nd 9 ! ur9e ( lead-work]s & 9 ! ur9e ( ^? suff]+ f lead poison+4 ,! quantity pres5t is usually small & 9 a =m 9 :i* x is exce$+ly difficult to detect4 ,yet v pron\nc$ *anges 9 ! kidneys may take place1 ) little evid5ce 9 ! ur9e itself t pa?ological *anges are tak+ place4 ,! ur9e ( work]s 9 lead factories is frequ5tly high-col\r$2 9 fact1 z a g5]al rule ! degree ( pigm5tation is great] ?an is normal1 & 9 ^? p]sons :o %[ "s degree ( ict]us1 ) ! curi\s yell[i%-br[n col\r ( ! conjunctiv1 hmatoporphyr9 may be detect$ on apply+ suitable te/s4 ,9 well-e/abli%$ cases ( *ronic poison+1 album9uria z a rule is f\nd1 toge!r ) c]ta9 alt]ations 9 ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! ur9e1 su* alt]ation frequ5tly mak+ its appe>ance be=e ! def9ite onset ( album9uria4 ,fur!r1 ! *anges 9 ! eye1 ref]r$ to "u a special head+1 h be5 frequ5tly describ$ z album9uric ret9itis ( lead orig91 x be+ true t eye *anges are (t5 associat$ ) *ronic *anges 9 ! kidney4 ,9 acute poison+ lead is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! ur9e1 b 9 *ronic poison+ x is by no means a common occurr5ce4 ,f "t to "t small quantities are excret$1 & 9 ! *emical analysis made ( ! kidneys 9 cases ( fatal lead poison+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( lead has frequ5tly be5 not$4 ,wynt] ,bly?#b f\nd 9 ! kidneys ( two :ite lead work]s a total ( #jjjc gramme4 ,peyrusson & ,pillault#c1 quot$ by ,meillre1 f\nd a simil> quantity1 #jjjc gramme1 :ile 9 exp]im5tal animals ,meillre himself f\nd consid]ably less1 only #jjjja gramme2 ,/ev5son1 9 a case report$ by ,newton ,pitt#d1 #jjjhf p] c5t4 ( lead 9 ! ccum & colon4 ,not)/&+ a small quantity ( lead :i* may be det]m9$ by *emical me?ods z pres5t 9 ! ur9e or ! kidney1 v def9ite nephritis is set up 9 ^! organs1 obvi\sly due to ! irritative effect ( ! metallic poison4 ,! ,kidneys4--,kidney disease ( sev]al types has be5 describ$ z associat$ ) poison+ by lead1 p>ticul>ly ) *ronic lead poison+1 :]e l>ge quantities ( a soluble lead salt h be5 +e/$4 ,v consid]able /ra9 is ?r[n ^u ! kidney1 ) ! result t ! lead salts !mselves are pass$ ?r\gh2 b1 z has be5 po9t$ out :5 deal+ ) acute poison+1 ! passage ( lead ?r\gh ! kidneys does n cont9ue = any consid]able "t1 & 9 lead poison+ ( an indu/rial & *ronic nature no lead at all has be5 f\nd 9 ! ur9e 9 und\bt$ cases4 ,ev5 :5 pres5t1 x may be difficult to detect unless ! electrolytic me?od is us$ 7see p4 #agd74 ,at ! same "t kidney disease und\bt$ly does occur 9 a v l>ge numb] ( work]s4 ,all heavy metals1 ( :i* silv]1 m]cury1 iron1 z9c1 & f9ally lead1 may be quot$ z examples1 appe> to be elim9at$ by ! kidney :5 !y are pres5t 9 ! body 9 toxic doses1 & (t5 :5 9 small non-toxic doses1 b 9 ! latt] case to a great] ext5t ?r\gh ! b[el ?an ?r\gh ! kidney4 ,! lead circulat+ 9 ! blood1 9 common ) o!r heavy metals1 may be f\nd *emically 9 ! kidney1 b ! quantity recov]$ is n z l>ge z "o w\ld expect f ! consid]able am\nt ( inflammation (t5 pres5t4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts on animals1 subject$ to poison+ ov] consid]able p]iods1 ! condition ( ! kidney 9 e in/ance %[$ di/9ct hi/ological *anges2 & ! long] su* animals _h be5 subject$ to ! poison\s effects ( ! metal1 ! m advanc$ 7 ! signs ( deg5]ation 9 its /ructure4 ,9 ! e>lie/ cases ! disease p>took mu* m ( ! nature ( an int]/itial nephritis1 & x 0 9 ! lat] & m *ronic /ages only t *anges 9 ! glom]uli & fibroid deg5]ation 7 to be f\nd1 b 9 ev5 ^! e>lie/ cases ( poison+ def9ite m9ute int]/itial hmorrhages 7 to be f\nd scatt]$ ab\t ! kidney4 ,^! m9ute hmorrhages did n cause symptoms ( hmaturia1 z 9 none ( ! exp]im5tal animals 0 bloody ur9e obs]v$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 besides def9ite small areas ( hmorrhage1 pat*es 7 discov]able1 indicative ( hmorrhage :i* _h und]gone fibroid *ange4 ,ev5 9 ! illu/rations giv5 by ,glib]t#e1 !re appe>s to be evid5ce t hmorrhage _h tak5 place & _h und]gone fibroid deg5]ation1 & !re is v little d\bt t 9 cases ( kidney disease1 ! prelim9>y action ( ! poison det]m9es small local yield+s ( ! vessel walls1 ) leakage1 (t5 h>dly am\nt+ to true hmorrhage1 at su* spots4 ,!re is no?+ oppos$ to ! !ory 9 ! f9d+s ( o!r obs]v]s2 9 fact1 if ! prelim9>y gross effect be leakage ( ! description giv51 all ! o!r lesions describ$ by v>i\s obs]v]s foll[ z a coroll>y4 ,9 ! kidney1 z 9 ! o!r regions ( ! body1 ! v5ioles r ?an ! art]ioles appe> to be ! prelim9>y site ( de/ruction1 & microscopical obs]vation ( ! sections leads to ! view t ! intima ( ! vessels & n ! m$ia or ! muscul> coat is ! "o affect$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,capill>y hmorrhages "u ^! conditions are easi] to und]/& ?an if ! art]ioles !mselves or _! muscul> or middle coats 7 prim>ily affect$4 ,z deg5]ative *anges progress1 ! :ole ( ! vessel--ext]nal & middle coats & intima--und]goes *ange1 ultimately result+ 9 ! extreme n>r[+ & consequ5t block+ ( ! vessels !mselves4 ,fur!r %r9kage tak+ place 9 ?is area produces ! %runk5 scl]os$ kidney4 ,z9c 9 ! =m ( oxide behaves 9 v mu* ! same way ^u ! kidney z does lead4 ,an exp]im5tal animal1 :i* 0 giv5 #jb gramme ( z9c oxide p] kilogramme body weight by hypod]mic injection 9 ! muscles ( ! back1 di$ 9 fifte5 days1 & ! kidneys %[$ ext5sive hmorrhages--n m]ely ! m9ute & capill>y hmorrhages f\nd 9 lead poison+1 b hmorrhages ext5d+ "r ?r\gh f ! cortex4 ,cl9ically1 kidney disease1 unless album9 be detect$ 9 ! ur9e1 is n a prom95t symptom dur+ ! progress ( an attack ( *ronic lead poison+1 & is to be reg>d$ z a late symptom1 develop+ z ! result ( long-cont9u$ irritation4 ,! difficulty ( elim9at+ alcoholic complication has be5 discuss$1 & !re are no specific symptoms or po/-mortem signs :i* enable "o to di/+ui% alcoholic nephritis f ! nephritis ( lead poison+4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,pa?ology1 ! effect ( alcohol on ! kidney 0 cit$ z a common pr$ispos+ cause ( kidney disease 9 lead-work]s1 & ! effect ( alcoholic excess 9 ! case ( a p]son :o is already ! subject ( *ronic lead absorption may det]m9e ! *ange f absorption to def9ite poison+1 because ( alt]ation 9 ! excret+-p[] ( ! kidney4 ,s long z ! ratio betwe5 +e/ion & excretion is ma9ta9$ ! balance is kept up1 &1 al?\gh ! tissues ( ! body may %[ signs ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( deg5]ation1 no def9ite disease is produc$2 b ! ga/ric irritation & ! "w ?r[n ^u ! kidney 9 remov+ f ! blood l>ge quantities ( alcohol may be suffici5t to alt] ?is absorption-excretory balance & det]m9e ! attack ( poison+4 ,acute nephritis is r>e1 & _c be reg>d$ z a sequela ( *ronic lead poison+4 ,acute nephritis occurr+ 9 a lead-work]1 ) ! associat$ symptoms ( g5]al dema ( ! face1 eyes1 h&s1 feet1 is ( ! grave/ possible mom5t1 & su* a sudd5 appe>ance ( nephritis is almo/ inv>iably fatal4 ,9 *ronic nephritis1 to :i* mo/ ( ! lead cases belong1 ! usual signs are to be f\nd 9 ! ur9e4 ,pa9 is r>ely a symptom2 & al?\gh pa9 9 ! back is (t5 compla9$ ( by lead-work]s1 exam9ation r>ely sugge/s t ! backa*e is ( kidney orig91 b r ! lumbago type associat$ ) *ronic con/ipation4 ,c>e1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak51 :5 backa*e is compla9$ (1 9 elim9at+ kidney disease z a possible orig9 ( ! pa94 ,a quantitative exam9ation ( ! ur9e1 ) ref]5ce to ! total acidity & phosphate excretion1 may assi/2 & al?\gh ?is is n possible 9 a r\t9e exam9ation ( cases ( lead absorption1 x may be useful 9 cases ( suspect$ poison+1 especially :]e !re are evid5ces ( a good deal ( blood-de/ruction4 ,= conv5i5ce ( description1 x is bett] to consid] ! action ( lead ^u ! blood "u two head+s3 #a4 ,t ( ! corpuscul> & o!r *anges4 #b4 ,! action on ! vessel walls1 & pa?ological *anges second>y to disease ( ! vessels4 ,! ,anmia ( ,lead ,poison+ & ,saturn9e ,anmia4--,f ! e>ly days ( m$ic9e x has be5 kn[n t lead produces pov]ty ( ! blood1 & ! :ite or yell[i%-:ite appe>ance ( p]sons :o h be5 subject$ to long-cont9u$ inhalation ( lead du/ or fumes con/itutes /rik+ evid5ce ( blood-alt]ation4 ,at ! same "t x is a common fact t ! facial pallor does n always g h& 9 h& ) dim9ution 9 ! hmoglob94 ,! conjunctiva may be obs]v$ z a te/ = col\r1 & "h may be se5 ! curi\s vaso-motor di/urbances :i* are p>tially responsible = ! facial pallor4 ,facial pallor 9 "s =ms ( lead ca*exia owes its orig9 to int]f]5ce ) ! n]ve-supply to ! vessel walls1 & x is a noticeable fact t a lead-work] ^: face %[s unmi/akable signs ( pallor rapidly flu%es :5 spok5 to sudd5ly or if m5tally di/urb$4 ,! anmia ( lead poison+ is1 h[ev]1 a v def9ite fact4 ,all obs]v]s are agre$ t a m>k$ dim9ution 9 ! hmoglob9 ( ! blood takes place1 to z l[1 (t51 z #ce p] c5t41 )\t necessitat+ ab/5tion f "w1 & )\t any s]i\s int]f]5ce ) respiration1 ev5 :5 p]=m+ heavy manual lab\r4 ,9 p]sons 9 :om ! hmoglob9 is dim9i%$ !re is frequ5tly a yell[i% or ict]\s hue ( ! sk91 p>ticul>ly ! conjunctiva1 due to /a9+ ( ! tissues ) alt]$ blood-pigm5t4 ,! hmoglob9 d]ivative--hmatoporphyr9--c also be f\nd 9 ! ur9e ( p]sons suff]+ f a m>k$ degree ( r$uction 9 ! blood-pigm5t1 & may be tak5 z confirmatory evid5ce ( de/ructive or hmolytic anmia4 ,! symptom is1 h[ev]1 a lat] "o ?an is frequ5tly /at$ by ! ,fr5* obs]v]s1 & c only be reg>d$ z a lat] & confirmatory symptom1 & n z an e>ly "o ( diagno/ic importance4 ,z w\ld be expect$ f ! de/ruction ( blood-pigm5t1 ! morbid process leaves its impr9t ^u ! individual r$ cells1 & basophile /a9+ ( a numb] ( ! r$ corpuscles is to be f\nd 9 a v l>ge proportion ( p]sons poison$ by lead4 ,moritz#f fir/ po9t$ out t ^! alt]ations 9 ! r$ cells 7 pres5t 9 lead poison+4 ,! basophile granules are by no means conf9$ to lead anmia1 b are to be f\nd 9 any sev]e second>y anmia :]e hmolysis has tak5 place1 z 9 nitrob5z5e & anil9e poison+1 c>bon bisulphide1 etc4 ,9 addition to ! basophile-/a9+ granules 9 ! blood-cells1 ! :ole corpuscle may take on a blui%-grey t9t :5 /a9$4 ,! be/ /a9 to demon/rate ^! bodies is ,lei%man's modification ( ,roman[ski's1 & !re is no occasion to /a9 ! blood 9 ! fre% condition1 z ! pres5ce ( ! granules may be demon/rat$ easily1 ev5 aft] two or ?ree mon?s4 ,s*midt#g ?9ks t if ! basophile corpuscles rea* #ajj p] million r$ cells ! cause is und\bt$ly lead poison+4 ,alt]ations are also to be obs]v$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! r$ blood-cells 9 addition to ! basophile /a9+4 ,di/9ct vacuoles appe>1 b z a g5]al obs]vation--fir/ not$ by ,glib]t#h--! blood appe>s to be m resi/ant to damage :5 mak+ ! films1 & ! r$ corpuscles !mselves seem to be m ela/ic ?an normal 7increas$ viscosity74 ,alt]ation 9 ! %apes ( ! corpuscles also takes place1 & n only small v>ieties--microcytes--b also ! l>ge macrocytes are to be f\nd4 ,nucleat$ r$ cells are r>e4 ,! dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( ! r$ cells is n s pron\nc$ z w\ld be suppos$ f ! dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( hmoglob92 b 9 ! lat] /ages1 z 9 o!r second>y anmias ( toxic orig91 ! total quantity ( r$ cells s9ks to a c\nt ( a million or less p] cubic millimetre4 ,accord+ to ,g>rod1 etc41 ! alkal9ity ( ! blood is decreas$ 9 lead absorption4 ,! :ite blood-corpuscles d n %[ any *ange 9 _! /ructure by ! ord9>y me?ods ( /a9+1 b !y app>5tly %[1 z d ! r$ cells1 m resi/ance to injury 9 spread+ blood-films--t is to say1 ! viscosity ( ! blood1 :i* is app>5tly increas$ 9 lead poison+1 is also exhibit$ by ! :ite cells4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( lead poison+1 m especially 9 acute lead poison+1 di/9ct leucocytosis may be obs]v$1 su* a leucocytosis %[+ itself r 9 relation to ! lymphocytes ?an to ! polymorphonucle> cells4 ,9 addition1 ! l>ge mononucle> cells are also greatly increas$1 & a diff]5tial blood-c\nt f a case ( lead poison+ :i* also %[s ! pres5ce ( basophile granules 9 ! cells inv>iably br+s to light a def9ite increase 9 ! p]c5tage numb] ( lymphocytes1 & a decrease 9 ! numb] ( polymorphonucle>s1 & ?is ev5 :5 ! total leucocyte c\nt is n outside ! ord9>y limit ( normal v>iation4 ,on ! :ole1 ! numb] ( leucocytes pres5t 9 ! blood ( p]sons suff]+ f lead absorption w always be f\nd to t5d r t[>ds ! high] ?an ! l[] limit ( normal v>iation4 ,at times a consid]able increase 9 ! numb] ( eos9ophile cells is f\nd 9 films made f p]sons suff]+ f lead poison+1 p>ticul>ly :5 !re has be5 prolong$ ob/9ate con/ipation4 ,! c\nt is nev] high1 & is r>ely m ?an #e or #f p] c5t4 ,x is n usual to f9d any ( ! o!r =ms ( :ite cells 9 ! blood1 & 9 ?is way ! anmia ( lead poison+ may be easily diff]5tiat$ f ! o!r =ms1 su* z p]nici\s anmia1 lymphatic leucmia1 spl5o-m$ull>y lymphocy?mia4 ,by exam9+ a numb] ( blood-films d]iv$ f p]sons subject$ to lead absorption1 & %uffl$ ) a numb] ( films f normal p]sons1 "o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 has be5 able to sep>ate out1 by ! above me?od1 ! blood-films tak5 f ! suspect$ p]sons4 ,! crit]ia 9 ! det]m9ation 7-- #a4 ,! pres5ce ( basophile granules4 #b4 ,total basophile /a9+ & size ( corpuscles--poikilocytosis4 #c4 ,diff]5tial c\nt1 %[+ increase 9 a numb] ( lymphocytes & l>ge mononucle> cells4 ,det]m9ation ( ! pres5ce ( lead poison+ f ! exam9ation ( ! blood1 !re=e1 receives consid]able support2 b at ! same "t x is op5 to "s objection f ! fact t x is n 9 lead poison+ alone t basophile granules make _! appe>ance 9 ! blood4 ,any cause produc+ de/ruction ( ! r$ blood-cells1 & ev5 _! depletion by prolong$ hmorrhage1 is foll[$ by an increase 9 ! output ( ! r$ cells f ! bone-m>r[#i4 ,dur+ ?is output ( extra blood-cells f ! bone-m>r[1 num]\s cells ga9 entrance to ! blood1 9 :i* ! nuclei are n entirely deg5]at$2 & x is ^! p>ticul> cells :i* give ! ph5om5a ( basophile /a9+1 & _! pres5ce is r indicative ( ! increas$ blood-=mation t is progress+1 foll[+ blood-de/ruction1 r ?an direct evid5ce ( blood-de/ruction itself4 ,9 a numb] ( =ms ( anmia--9 fact1 9 almo/ all =ms ( sev]e second>y anmia1 & c]ta9ly all =ms ( anmia associat$ ) hmolysis--! pres5ce ( basophile granules may be demon/rat$4 ,!y are commonly f\nd 9 p]nici\s anmia1 second>y septic anmia1 & ! anmia ( mal>ia4 ,practically1 ! use ( basophile granules 9 ! pres5ce ( ! blood ( lead-work]s is be+ utiliz$ 9 ,leipzig = ! e>ly detection ( lead poison+4 ,by means ( ! ,zeiss eyepiece enum]ation disc ! relative numb] ( basophile granule cells to normal r$ cells is det]m9$2 & :5 ! numb] ( r$ cells conta9+ basophile granules exce$s #ajj p] million r$ cells1 ! individual f :om ! blood is d]iv$ is reg>d$ z 9 a presaturn9e condition1 & giv5 prop] treatm5t4 ,by ?is means x has be5 f\nd possible to dim9i% ! numb] ( p]sons actually suff]+ f lead poison+4 ,! adoption ( su* a me?od has "s drawbacks1 especially 9 view ( ! fact t sub/ances o!r ?an lead may cause ! basophilia4 ,at ! same "t !re is no d\bt t1 if all p]sons employ$ 9 lead trades :o %[$ basophilia 7 susp5d$ f _! employm5t at ! pres5t "t1 a v l>ge numb] ( p]sons w\ld be dealt )4 ,yet ! practical application ( ?is me?od is by no means impossible "u indu/rial conditions1 & w\ld at any rate give a def9ite te/ ^u :i* diagnosis c\ld be made1 ?\gh x w\ld be q impossible to expect ! g5]al practition] or ! c]tify+ surgeon to e/imate ! basophilic cont5t4 ,all su* e/imations w\ld necess>ily h to be p]=m$ at "s prop]ly equipp$ pa?ological laboratory1 su* z at ! pres5t "t _m municipal au?orities possess4 ,^! facts are ( importance1 z a diff]5tial c\nt ( ! :ite cells1 toge!r ) a c>eful inspection ( a blood-film = basophile /a9+ & alt]ation 9 ! r$ cells1 z well z o!r ph5om5a not$1 toge!r ) an e/imation ( ! hmoglob9 conta9$ 9 ! blood1 are to our m9d ( consid]ably m value 9 ! diagnosis ( lead poison+ ?an is ! quantitative e/imation ( ! r$ or :ite cells4 ,! foll[+ tables give a c]ta9 numb] ( enum]ations1 etc41 made f ! blood ( lead-poison$ p]sons3 ,,blood-,,exam9ation ,,( ,,lead ,,an,,mia--,,diff]5tial ,,c\nt ,,p] ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,no4 ,hb4 ,r4,b4,c4 ,w4,b4,c4,index4,a4,b4,c4,d4,e4,f4,g4,h4 ,i4,j4,k4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,p] ,c5t4 #a #fj #c1dfj1jjj #g1jjj #jg #fcbj #f #c #h #j - - #b #de #a1gjg1jjj #i1jjj #ad #dfch #h #a #g #j #c #ee #b1fbj1jjjbj1jjj #aj #ehcb #d #b #d #j - - #d #fj #a1ccd1jjjaj1jjj #cj #eece #h #j #e #j - #e #ed #c1baj1jjj #h1jjj #ji #ebda #d #b #a #j - #f #fj #a1cdg1jjjaj1jjj #cj #eicb #c #b #c #a #g #fe #c1gfj1jjj #i1jjj #ji #h #fe #b1bjj1jjjaj1jjj #jg #i #ej #c1hfj1jjj #h1jjj #jf - #aj #fj #c1dbj1jjj #i1jjj #aj #gfafac #c #j #j ---------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ,"w4 ,notes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a,pa9t mill #e ye>s4 #b,pa9t mill #aj ye>s4 #c,pa9t mill #g ye>s4 #d,pack] :ite lead #e ye>s4 #e;,gr9d] #f ye>s4 #f,:ite lead #h ye>s4 #g,press & /oves #h ye>s4 #h,z9c di/illation /ill#bj ye>s2 d\ble wri/-drop #b ye>s4 #i,:ite lead b$s #aj ye>s4 #aj,pack] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,a ,polymorphonucle>s4 ,b ,lymphocytes4 ,c ,l>ge hyal9e4 ,d ,eos9ophile4 ,e ,transitional4 ,f ,basophile4 ,g ,microcytes4 ,h ,megalocytes4 ,i ,poikilocytes4 ,j ,nucleat$ r$4 ,k ,plehn's bodies4 ,corpuscles1 ,?oma-,zeiss4 ,hmaglob91 ,haldane's in/rum5t4 ,films1 /a9$ ,lei%man4 ,! =m ( lead inhal$ is immat]ial1 & def9ite poison+ ) alt]ation 9 ! blood may be occasion$1 n only ) :ite lead & lead fume1 b also ev5 ) lead sulphate & lead silicate4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! result ( blood-c\nts p]=m$ ^u ! blood ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( a pa9t errone\sly suppos$ to be innocu\s1 z ! base consi/$ ( lead sulphate & oxysulphate3 ,,diff]5tial ,,c\nts ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,( ,,blood-,,films ,,f ,,lead ,,sulphate ,,work]s4 ---------------------------- ,no4,a4,a,b4,c4,d4,e4,f4,g4,h4,i4,j4,k4 ---------------------------- #a #ee #af #e #a #j - #c #eg #afbf #a #j - - - #f #fg #bc #i #a #j #g #gb #ah #e #e #j - - - #h #fe #bf #g #b #j - - ---------------------------- ,a ,a ,polymorphonucle>s4 ,b ,lymphocytes4 ,c ,mononucle>s4 ,d ,eos9ophiles4 ,e ,myelocytes4 ,f ,basophiles4 ,g ,microcytes4 ,h ,megalocytes4 ,i ,poikilocytes4 ,j ,vacuolat$ r$ cells4 ,k ,normobla/s4 ,s&-pap]+ surfaces ( pa9t$ objects1 walls1 coa*es1 etc41 also ?r[s a def9ite am\nt ( lead du/ into ! air :5ev] ! s&-pap]$ pa9t conta9s lead4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! diff]5tial c\nts ( ! blood ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! furniture-pa9t+ trades3 ,,diff]5tial ,,c\nts ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,( ,,blood-,,films ,,f ,,furniture-,,mak]s 7,,s&-,,pap]]s74 ---------------------------- ,no4,a4,a,b4,c4,d4,e4,f4,g4,h4,i4,j4,k4 ---------------------------- #aj #dh #ciaa #a #a #ac #ed #ce #i #b #j - #ae #ec #cbac #a #a - - - - - #af #eh #cj #i #c #j - - - - #ai #ef #caab #j #a - - - ---------------------------- ,a ,a ,polymorphonucle>s4 ,b ,lymphocytes4 ,c ,mononucle>s4 ,d ,eos9ophiles4 ,e ,myelocytes4 ,f ,basophiles4 ,g ,microcytes4 ,h ,megalocytes4 ,i ,poikilocytes4 ,j ,vacuolat$ r$ cells4 ,k ,normobla/s4 ,circulatory ,sy/em4--,a v l>ge numb] ( ! symptoms ref]able to *ronic & well-def9$ lead poison+ are ref]able to circulatory lesions1 &1 z has be5 else:]e po9t$ out1 ! ultimate n]ve deg5]ation occurr+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body is probably b a f9al symptom ( ! e>li] hmorrhage :i* has tak5 place4 ,c]ta9 symptoms are1 h[ev]1 m closely relat$ to ! circulation ?an o!rs1 & may !re=e be m conv5i5tly gr\p$ toge!r "u ! pres5t head+4 ,! small] *anges1 _m ( !m connect$ ) special organs 7su*1 = in/ance1 z ! eye7 or p>ticul> regions 7z ! mes5t]ic vessels71 h be5 already ref]r$ to 9 deal+ ) colic & eye *anges4 ,vaso-motor *anges prec$e ! actual *ange 9 ! vessel walls !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! alt]ations 9 ! /ructure ( ! liv]1 lung1 sple51 & m especially ! kidney1 are second>y to *ange 9 ! /ructure ( ! walls ( ! vessels !mselves4 ,vaso-motor di/urbances may or may n be ( n]v\s orig91 al?\gh ! =m] view is probably correct1 & x is also equally possible t ! direct affection ( ! vessels is associat$ ) ! n]ve irritation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 direct inflammation ( ! vessel walls1 result+ 9 oblit]ative art]itis1 9 art]io-scl]osis1 & deg5]ation & exudation 9 ! kidney1 lung1 & liv]1 are practically due to deg5]ative *anges ei!r 9 ! intima or ! middle coats ( ! f9] vessels4 ,! common symptoms ( art]io-scl]osis1 v]tigo1 heada*e1 & pulsation 9 ! vessels1 & ( ! p]si/5t heada*e already ref]r$ to1 all sugge/ *anges tak+ place 9 ! vessels complicat$ by dema4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( kidney deg5]ation1 h[ev]1 x is common to f9d an int]/itial nephritis due app>5tly to exudation f ! vessel walls4 ,su* an hypo!sis is to "s ext5t support$ by ! some:at alli$ condition ( engorgem5t & fibroid *ange 9 ! liv] & lung1 & to a less] ext5t 9 ! sple54 ,9 ! lung1 ev5 9 p]sons n expos$ to inhalation ( lead1 & 9 animals1 z po9t$ out by ,glib]t1 second>y *anges 9 ! lung foll[ lead intoxication1 su* *anges tak+ ! =m ( emphysema & g5]aliz$ fibrosis2 :il/ ! liv] is engorg$ ) blood1 & lat] und]goes simil> deg5]ative *anges4 ,! bloodvessels 9 ^! organs are f\nd to h lo/ a consid]able am\nt ( _! ela/icity1 to h yield$ "h & !re1 & 9 o!r places to be completely clos$ by oblit]ative art]itis4 ,microscopical hmorrhages are to be f\nd ma9ly 9 ! ve9s lead+ f ! capill>ies4 ,9 ! kidney su* vessel *anges z are outl9$ are ! precursors ( disease1 & album9 is f\nd 9 ! ur9e1 b ! quantity is r>ely v l>ge4 ,ca/s are n common1 & ! am\nt ( lead pres5t 9 ! ur9e may be exce$+ly small1 difficult to trace1 & 9 _m cases entirely abs5t4 ,9 ! lat] /ages ( *ronic saturnism ! he>t may %[ deg5]ative *anges4 ,microscopical exam9ation ( ! he>t muscle %[s t alt]ation ( ! fibres ( ! muscles takes place 9 a mann] simil> to t ( ! volunt>y muscles4 ,disease ( ! he>t valves is uncommon2 alt]ations 9 ! he>t s\nds are infrequ5t2 ! cl9ical picture ( ! c>diac condition is t ( a 8flabby0 he>t4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,,meill,,re1 ,g43 ,le ,saturnisme4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 #b ,,bly?1 ,,wynt]3 ,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc1 #ahhg-hh4 #c ,,peyrusson ,,& ,,pillault3 ,meillre's ,le ,saturnisme1 *ap4 iv4 #d ,,newton ,,pitt3 ,trans4 ,pa?4 ,soc1 ,no4 #db1 #ahia4 #e ,,glib]t3 ,le ,saturnisme ,exprim5tal3 ,extrait des ,rapports ,ann4 de l',inspect4 du ,travail1 ,brussels1 #aijf4 #f ,,moritz3 ,m$iz4 ,wo*41 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aija4 #g ,,s*midt3 ,ar*4 fr ,hygi5e1 vol4 lxiii41 p4 #a1 #aijg4 #h ,,glib]t3 ,ibid4 #i ,,boycott3 ,j\rnal ( ,hygi5e1 #aiaj4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,symptomatology & ,diagnosis 7,cont9u$7--,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4--,! mo/ def9ite objective symptoms ( *ronic poison+ by means ( lead are ^? ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,f ! "t ( ,tanqu]el#a affections ( ! h&s & f+]s & ! muscles ( ! back h all be5 well kn[n4 ,associat$ ) ! p>alysis are local vaso-motor effects1 su* z cyanos$ condition ( ! sk9 ov] ! p>alyz$ muscles1 cold h&s1 etc42 :il/ lat]1 if ! p>alysis be sev]e & p]si/s1 atrophic *anges take place 9 ! sk91 muscles1 bone1 :il/ def9ite contracture occurs f unoppos$ contraction ( ! unaffect$ muscles4 ,p>alysis w !re=e be associat$ ) two ( ! great sy/ems into :i* ! body is divid$ = ! purposes ( m$ical & physiological description--namely1 ! muscul> & ! n]v\s--&1 on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity ( ! cl9ical symptoms ( lead p>alysis1 att5tion has be5 drawn r to ! n]ve *anges prec$+ muscul> p>alysis & deg5]ation ?an to o!r influ5ces affect+ ! n]ve inflammation4 ,lanc]eaux#b consid]$ t lead poison+ result+ 9 p>alysis takes ! =m ( a gradual impregnation ( ! n]v\s tissue ) lead salts1 until su* a "t z deg5]ative effects are set up1 & ) x muscul> p>alysis4 ,meillre#c1 :o has giv5 mu* att5tion to ! tiology ( lead poison+1 z well z to ! cl9ical /udy ( ! disease1 consid]s t plumbism may be divid$ into ?ree p]iods3 7a7 ,impregnation ( ! tissues ( ! body1 ! n]v\s tissue be+ ! *ief "o affect$ by lead salts4 7b7 ,ret>dation ( ! g5]al oxidation *anges ( ! body1 result+ 9 malnutrition & g5]al loss ( tone4 7c7 ,e/abli%m5t ( intoxication1 ) ! g5]aliz$ affections1 p>esis1 etc4 ,if ?ree su* p]iods c be recogniz$1 z no d\bt !y c1 z divisions ( ! "t dur+ :i* lead gradually affects ! tissues1 ! symptoms 9 ! m sev]e cases w\ld be expect$ to be ^? associat$ ) ! m prolong$ exposure4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is true to a limit$ ext5t1 m p>ticul>ly 9 indu/rial poison+1 dep5d+ = its developm5t on a long-cont9u$ dosage ( lead 9 m9ute quantities1 & = ! mo/ "p ( metallic lead4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) "s ( ! salts ( lead1 notably ! hydrat$ c>bonate1 acute disease may take place dur+ ! fir/ /age--namely1 impregnation ( lead--! det]m9+ factor !n be+ ei!r ! ret>dation ( ! elim9ation ( lead1 or a sudd5ly increas$ quantity 9 lead dosage1 or "s int]curr5t disease1 or ev5 alcoholic excess1 :]eby a sudd5 l>ge excess ( ! poison is ?r[n into ! g5]al circulation4 ,! commone/ type ( p>alysis occurr+ is ! "o affect+ ! muscles ( ! h&s1 :i* may = a consid]able "t %[ "s dim9ution 9 _! ext5sor p[] be=e ! actual onset ( ! disease takes place4 ,! onset ( p>alysis is practically always unaccompani$ by pyrexia2 ! only occasions 9 :i* pyrexia may be associat$ ) ! onset ( ! attack are ^? cases 9 :i* "s second>y cause det]m9es ! p>alysis1 & ! pyrexia 9 ^! in/ances is due to ! int]curr5t disease1 & n to ! lead infection4 ,al?\gh weakness ( ! ext5sor muscles ( ! h&s may be pres5t 9 p]sons subject$ to lead absorption = a consid]able "t1 ! actual onset ( ! disease itself is frequ5tly sudd52 b 9 ! majority ( cases x is di/9ctly *ronic1 & is r>ely1 9 ! case ( p>esis1 associat$ ) any def9ite prodromal symptoms4 ,prodromal symptoms h be5 not$1 su*1 = in/ance1 z lassitude1 g5]al debility1 & m especially loss ( weight4 ,cramps ( ! muscles ! n]ve-supply ( :i* is becom+ affect$1 alt]ation ( ! sk9 ov] areas correspond+ to def9ite cutane\s n]ves1 hyp]/hesia1 an/hesia1 or analgesia1 may occasionally be pres5t4 ,neuralgic pa9s h also be5 describ$1 b ^! are incon/ant1 & g5]ally ( ! ar?ralgic type relat$ to ! p]i>ticul> tissues ( jo9ts r ?an to pa9 9 ! c\rse ( ! n]ves4 ,! pa9 is r ( ! visc]al ref]r$ type ?an a def9ite neuralgia4 ,tremor is1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly associat$ ) ! prelim9>y condition ( p>esis1 & 9 sev]al cases v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( weakness ( ! ext5sor muscles ( ! wri/ h be5 notic$1 z f> z c be e/imat$ cl9ically )\t ! use ( a dynamomet]4 ,associat$ ) ?is weakness is tremor ( a f9e type1 (t5 increas$ by movem5t 7int5tion tremor71 & 9 e case m m>k$ dur+ ! p]iods ( increas$ weakness4 ,in/ances h occurr$ :]e def9ite wri/-drop foll[$ aft] a prolong$ p]iod ( weakness2 9 o!rs ! weakness has tempor>ily cle>$ up = six mon?s1 & no diff]5ce c\ld be det]m9$ 9 ! ext5sor p[] ( ! two wri/s2 :ile 9 o!rs1 aga91 ! weakness is progressive1 b slight1 & insuffici5t to w>rant ! removal ( ! workman f 8 occupation4 ,aga91 progressive weakness may rema9 a symptom ( ! wri/s ( workm5 = ye>s4 ,! ,=ms ( ,lead ,p>esis4--,! p>alysis may be p>tial or g5]aliz$1 b ! *ief muscles affect$ are ! ext5sors ( ! wri/s & ! =e>m1 & ! int]ossei ( ! h&4 ,z a rule1 ! fir/ muscles to be affect$ are ! ext5sor communis digitorum & ! ext5sor indicis4 ,! muscles ( ! %\ld]--ma9ly ! deltoid--come next 9 ord]1 foll[$ by ! muscles ( ! leg1 p>ticul>ly ! p]oneus longus & brevis1 ) occasionally ! int]ossei ( ! foot2 ! muscles ( ! back1 neck1 & abdom9al walls1 are occasionally affect$1 z are ^? ( ! l>ynx & diaphragm1 & x is ( int]e/ to note t ,tr\sseau po9t$ out t among horses employ$ 9 lead works p>alysis ( ! sup]ior l>yngeal n]ve (t5 occurr$4 ,consid]able difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 e/imat+ ! reason ( ! pr$ilection ( lead = ! musculo-spiral n]ve1 ?is be+ ! n]ve ma9ly affect$ 9 wri/-drop4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! sup9ator longus receives an additional n]ve-supply to ! musculo-spiral1 ?is muscle frequ5tly escapes p>alysis :5 ! :ole ( ! o!r ext5sors ( ! h& are involv$4 ,moreov]1 ! pr$ilection = giv5 n]ves diff]s 9 diff]5t animals1 & "o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 has f\nd exp]im5tally t 9 cats ! fir/ n]ve to be affect$ is ! ant]ior crural supply+ ! quadriceps ext5sor1 :il/ ! second gr\p ( muscles affect$ are ! sp9al muscles1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! lumb> region4 ,among ! speculations :i* h be5 made ) reg>d to ?is pr$ilection = def9ite gr\ps ( muscles suppli$ by "o n]ve1 ,teleky#d exam9$ =ty cases ( p>alysis ) special ref]5ce to ,ed+]'s !ory--namely1 t ! function ( muscles 7& ( o!r organs7 breaks d[n "u c]ta9 circum/ances be=e ! /ra9 set ^u !m4 ,9 ?is way ,ed+] expla9s p>alysis foll[+ lead poison+ z be+ due to excessive /ra9 on ! p>ticul> gr\p ( muscles affect$1 bas$ on a consid]ation ( ! relative volumes & weights ( ! muscles ( ! h& & =e>m1 & ! dem&s made on ! sev]al gr\ps1 flexors1 ext5sors1 sup9ators1 etc41 by ! co>se or f9e "w respectively dem&$ ( !m 9 indu/rial employm5t4 ,he concludes t-- #a4 ,( ! =e>m1 ! flexors 7triceps1 anconeus1 ext5sors1 biceps1 bra*ialis anticus1 & sup9ator longus7 possess a high degree ( capacity = "w1 b are n call$ into play ma9ly 9 ! execution ( f9e "w2 :ile ! sup9ators are *>act]iz$ by great mass1 & are br\ght into play ma9ly 9 "w ( co>se & heavy nature1 & n dur+ f9e manipulations4 #b4 ,! muscles conc]n$ 9 pronation are ( small capacity = "w1 & are n call$ on = su/a9$ "w4 ,z = ! muscles act+ on ! wri/ & h&1 he concludes t ! ext5sors 7c>pi radialis longior & brevior1 c>pi uln>is1 & ! ext5sors ( ! f+]s7 are p[]ful1 & mu* exce$ 9 capacity = "w ! flexors 7flexor c>pi radialis1 flexor c>pi uln>is1 ! flexors ( ! f+]s1 etc471 b 9 all f9e manual "w1 & specially :]e close grasp+ movem5ts ent] into association ) ! flexors1 ext]nal /ra9 is put ^u !m1 :il/ ! flexors m]ely support _! action4 ,! ext5sor communis digitorum is ! weake/ ( all ! long f+] muscles2 its volume is h>dly "o-f\r? t ( ! correspond+ flexors1 & :ile x acts only on ! fir/ ( ! phalanges1 ! flexors act on all ?ree4 ,9 all f9e "w !y are call$ on = heavy /ra91 especially ! int]ossei & ! lumbricals1 b 9 h>mony ) ! long flexors :5 grasp+ movem5ts are p]=m$4 ,! small muscles ( ! f+]s h ne>ly ! same mass z ! ext5sor communis1 & 9 all f9e movem5ts ! grasp+ ef=ts are tax$ sev]ely2 b _! play is "u consid]ably m fav\rable physical relations ?an t ( ! ext5sors1 :il/ 9 addition !y are aid$ 9 _! "w at times by ! long flexors4 ,! *ief adductor muscle ( ! ?umb 7ext5sor metac>pi pollicis7 is p>ticul>ly p[]ful2 ! o!r ext5sors ( ! ?umb are v weak1 & "w "u unfav\rable physical conditions1 b are support$ 9 _! action by ! /rong abductor muscle4 ,! muscles ( ! abductor1 oppon5s & flexor brevis1 9 ! complicat$ "w ?r[n on ! ?umb 9 manipulation1 are mu* ex]t$1 s t ! effects ( ov]ex]tion %[ !mselves fir/ 9 ?is region4 ,?us1 ,ed+] ma9ta9s t ! muscle-supply ( ! arm is design$ = co>se heavy "w1 ! muscles ( ! f+]s & ! h& hav+ to c>ry out m "w ?an c be expect$ ( !m f a consid]ation ( _! volume & _! physical action4 ,! commone/ =m ( lead palsy1 ! antibra*ial type ( ,dj]9e-,klumpke#e1 is explicable f consid]ation ( ov]ex]tion ( ! p>ticul> gr\p ( muscles nam$4 ,! sup9ator muscle1 suppli$ also by ! musculo-spiral n]ve :i* s]ves ! p>alyz$ muscles1 escapes because ( its size1 & ! fact t functionally x belongs to ! flexor gr\p1 & ! fir/-nam$ reason also1 expla9 ! frequ5t escape ( ! long abductor ( ! ?umb4 ,teleky#f inve/igat$ ?irte5 slight cases ( ! antibra*ial type4 ,9 "o bo? h&s 7 affect$1 9 "o ! left only1 & 9 all ! o!rs ! "r only--facts :i* he ?9ks br+ out ! rule ( causation by employm5t4 ,( f\rte5 pa9t]s1 ?ree _h ! "r =e>m affect$ only1 ! o!r elev5 bo? "r & left1 b always m m>k$ 9 ! "r4 ,among/ !m he cites cases :]e ! %\ld] muscles 7 p>alyz$1 :i* he consid]$ 0 due to ! extra /ra9 ( unusual employm5t1 involv+ a rais+ ( ! arms above ! head1 or ly+ on ! back pa9t+ ! "u p>ts ( c>riages4 ,9 sev]al ( ! pa9t]s ! index-f+] 0 ! lea/ affect$1 by reason ( ! less ex]tion ?r[n on x by ! position assum$ 9 hold+ ! bru% betwe5 ! second & ?ird f+]s4 ,! long abductor1 probably because ( its size & p[]1 is 9 no case completely p>alyz$4 ,9 file-cutt]s he insi/s t ! pr$om9ant %>e1 fall+ on a s+le or on sev]al small muscles ( ! h&s1 makes ! e>ly appe>ance ( p>alysis ( ! small muscles ! *>act]i/ic sign4 ,9 ?is connection we h frequ5tly obs]v$ decrease 9 ! size ( ! !n> & hypo!n> em95ces among/ lead roll]s2 9 fact1 9 ! majority ( lead roll]s :o h foll[$ _! occupation = a l>ge numb] ( ye>s ! flatt5+ ( bo? !n> & hypo!n> em95ces is well m>k$1 b x is only fair to po9t out t 9 ^! cases v consid]able /ress is ?r[n on ! muscle ( ?is "p ( ! h& by ! pressure ( ! lead plate 9 pu%+ x inw>ds into ! roll] & grasp+ x on its appe>ance back aga9 ?r\gh ! roll]1 & t1 fur!r1 ! use ( l>ge & clumsy gloves ) all ! f+]s ins]t$ into "o "p1 & ! ?umb only into ! o!r1 t5ds to produce inaction ( portions ( ! lumbricals & ( ! oppon5s pollicis1 & may1 !re=e1 f purely me*anical reasons cause damage to ?is "p ( ! h&4 ,teleky#g cites cases ( "r-sid$ p>alysis ( ! adductor brevis pollicis suppli$ by ! m$ian n]ve1 & p>tial p>alysis ( ! long ext5sors & ( ! ext5sor ossis metac>pi pollicis suppli$ by ! radial n]ve1 & 9 "o or two cases complete p>alysis ( ! !n> muscles & adductor1 :il/ ! ext5sors ( ! f+]s & wri/s 7 only p>tially p>alyz$4 ,! cases all occurr$ 9 lead capsule poli%]s4 ,?is p>ticul> selection ( muscles is cle>ly ! result ( ! peculi> movem5t necess>y 9 poli%+ ! capsules ( bottles on a revolv+ sp9dle1 involv+ specially ! use ( ! oppon5s muscle4 ,?is obs]vation ( ,teleky's is 9 direct accord ) ! obs]vation quot$ above ( ! h&s ( p]sons engag$ 9 lead roll+4 ,9 ! l[] extremity1 p>alysis ( ! muscles associat$ also ) p>alysis ( ! adductor & ext5sors ( ! ?umb 0 f\nd by ,teleky 9 a %oemak] :o _h contract$ plumbism by ! use ( :ite lead4 ,he expla9s ?is l[] extremity p>alysis by ! ex]tion ?r[n on ! adductor muscles ( ! ?igh :il/ hold+ ! %oes4 ,9 *ildr5 affect$ ) lead palsy ! l[] extremities are m frequ5tly p>alyz$ ?an ! upp]1 due to ! relatively great] /ra9 9 *ildhood on ! legs ?an on ! arms4 ,ed+]'s !ory1 support$ z x is und\bt$ly by ,teleky's obs]vations1 is a matt] ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! production ( p>alysis2 = if we accept ! view t lead is a poison t has a selective p[] on c]ta9 n]ves1 we h /ill to consid] :i* is ! greate/ =ce1 ! selection ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( muscles or ! effect ( functional action4 ,! !ory ( muscul> ov]ex]tion c]ta9ly falls 9 ) ! type ( p>alysis1 & ,teleky has und\bt$ly %[n t "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 by special ex]tion ( o!r muscle gr\ps n usually affect$1 ^! muscles alone1 or to a great] ext5t ?an ^? usually affect$1 are involv$ 9 ! p>esis4 ,if1 !re=e1 lead has a selective action1 :i* is exce$+ly d\btful1 x mu/ be v slight4 ,su* selective action is1 ( c\rse1 exce$$ by a functional activity :i* br+s ab\t ! affection ( ^? n]ves :i* supply ! muscles mo/ us$4 ,if1 !re=e1 we judge ( p>alysis z be+ due to ! selective action ( lead on c]ta9 n]ves1 we are met at once ) ! objection t ! muscles affect$ d n always correspond to su* a n]ve di/ribution1 & t muscles suppli$ by o!r ?an ! musculo-spiral n]ve are affect$ by p>alysis4 ,c>eful consid]ation ( ! *apt] on ,pa?ology1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! hi/ological f9d+s describ$1 9 :i* ! prelim9>y action ( lead is f\nd to be typically & inv>iably on ! blood1 sett+ up deg5]ative *anges microscopical 9 size & limit$ 9 area1 affect+ ! vessel walls & produc+ a yield+ ( ! vessel1 det]m9+ m9ute microscopical hmorrhages di/ribut$1 n necess>ily 9 "o position ( ! body1 b all ov] ! body1 & peculi>ly 9 ! case ( ! cat affect+ ^? muscles call$ ^u to p]=m sudd5 & viol5t movem5t--namely1 jump+--enables u to reg>d su* microscopical hmorrhages z an adequate explanation ( ! association ( p>alysis 9 muscle gr\ps1 functionally relat$ to v>i\s trades & indu/rial processes4 ,x may be argu$1 & we ?9k ) consid]able reason1 bo? f pa?ological & cl9ical f9d+s1 t1 z muscul> ex]tion is app>5tly associat$ ) ! onset ( p>alysis1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? muscles :i* may be reg>d$ z physically some:at inadequate to ! "w !y h to p]=m1 & t1 z ! p>alysis is associat$ ) def9ite functional gr\ps ( muscles1 & to a curi\s ext5t v>ies accord+ to ! trade 9 :i* ! suff]] is engag$1 !re=e great] /ress ?r[n ^u ! muscul> tissue at "s p]iod or ano!r dur+ occupation det]m9es ! microscopical hmorrhage 9 ! n]ve supply+ ! muscles1 or 9 ! muscle itself1 s t ! p>alysis affects j su* muscles z h an increas$ /ra9 ?r[n ^u !m4 ,x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! prelim9>y initial hmorrhage occurr+ %\ld be a l>ge "o--9 fact1 f ! :ole ( ! hi/ological hi/ory1 hmorrhages are exce$+ly m9ute2 nei!r does x foll[ t x is ess5tial = su* hmorrhages to take place 9 ! :ole l5g? ( ! n]ve itself2 b x is only necess>y t ! f9] bran*es ( ! n]ve %\ld h _! v5ioles or art]ioles affect$1 & x is ( c\rse 9 ! f9] bran*es p>ticul>ly1 z has be5 po9t$ out 9 relation to ! v5ioles1 t deg5]ation ( ! intima ( ! vessels takes place4 ,f9ally1 ! effect ( e>ly treatm5t on lead palsy t5ds to be> out ?is !ory4 ,if a case ( lead palsy be treat$ 9 ! e>ly /ages1 ! cl9ical c\rse ( ! case is good2 increas$ p>alysis g5]ally takes place 9 ! fir/ week1 &1 :]e1 p]haps1 only two or ?ree f+]s are involv$ :5 ! case is fir/ se51 spreads g5]ally to o!r regions )9 a week1 & ! :ole h& is affect$2 b f ?is mom5t onw>ds improvem5t takes place on ! application ( suitable treatm5t1 &1 if cont9u$1 almo/ inv>iably results 9 ! entire recov]y f ! p>esis4 ,!re is little d\bt t ?is is ! true explanation ( ! ord9>y p>esis ( lead poison+1 & a v great deal m evid5ce is requir$ to combat x & to prove ! selective action ( lead ^u individual n]ves1 s9ce ! !ory ( hmorrhage does n owe its orig9 to conjecture1 b is bas$ on cl9ical & hi/ological exam9ation ( e>ly cases ( poison+4 ,9 attempt+ to f9d a cause = ! p>alysis ( ! h&s s commonly pres5t 9 pa9t]s1 x has be5 sugge/$ t lead is absorb$ ?r\gh ! sk91 & affects ! n]ves at _! junction ) ! muscles1 sett+ up a p]iph]al neuritis ,gombault#h4 ,! !ory breaks d[n at once :5 su* commonly-occurr+ affections z p>alysis ( ! ocul> muscles1 p>alysis ( ! p]oneal type1 p>alysis ( ! muscles ( ! %\ld]1 etc41 are consid]$4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( description lead p>alyses are g5]ally divid$ into a s]ies ( gr\ps1 ! gr\p+ v>y+ accord+ to ! function ( ! v>i\s muscles r ?an to _! anatomical gr\p+4 ,! v>i\s types ( p>alysis h to be consid]$ 9 detail3 #a4 ,antibra*ial ,type 7,dj]9e-,klumpke--,remak74--,! fir/ muscle affect$ is ! ext5sor communis digitorum1 ) dropp+ ( middle & r+ f+]s1 :ile ext5sion ( ! fir/ & f\r? is possible because ( _! sep>ate muscles ( ext5sion 7ext5sor m9imi digiti & ext5sor indicis74 ,p>alysis may be limit$ to ^!1 & n advance f>!r1 b x is common to see ^! two muscles prim>ily affect$1 & = o!r muscles to become involv$ aft] ! pati5t is put on treatm5t1 al?\gh exposure to lead has ceas$4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! p>alysis advances1 involv+ ! ext5sors ( ! index & little f+]s1 s t ! basal phalanges ( ! f\r f+]s _c be ext5d$4 ,! long ext5sor ( ! ?umb is next involv$1 b ?is may be delay$4 ,! two t]m9al phalanges are /ill able to be ext5d$ by ! int]ossei 7z %[n by ,du*5ne7 :5 ! basal phalanx is passively ext5d$ on ! metac>pal4 ,abduction & adduction ( ! f+]s also rema9 unaffect$4 ,! wri/ muscles are affect$ next4 ,! h& rema9s 9 semi-pronation1 & :5 hang+ d[n =ms a "r angle ) ! =e>m1 ! f+]s slightly flex$ ) ! ?umb t[>ds ! palm1 & ! h& deflect$ to ! uln> side4 ,9 grasp+ an object ! flexors rema9 unaffect$1 ! wri/ is mu* flex$ ow+ to ! %ort5+ ( ! flexors 9 consequ5ce ( ! ext5sor p>alysis4 ,! h& _c pass ! m$ian l9e4 ,! long abductor ( ! ?umb--t is1 ! ext5sor ossis metac>pi pollicis1 also kn[n z ! 8ext5sor primi int]nodii pollicis0--is only v r>ely involv$1 b has be5 describ$ z be+ ! muscle alone involv$ 9 ! p>alysis affect+ p]sons engag$ 9 poli%+ lead capsules4 #b4 ,! ,sup]ior or ,bra*ial ,type 7,remak74--,! muscles affect$ are ^? ( ! ,du*5ne-,erb gr\p--namely1 ! deltoid1 biceps1 bra*ialis anticus1 & sup9ator longus4 ,! supra- & infrascapul> muscles are also z a rule involv$1 b ! pectoralis major r>ely4 ,?is type ( p>alysis is usually f\nd 9 old cases associat$ ) o!r =ms ( p>alysis1 b may be f\nd z a prim>y affection 7z already not$ among/ pa9t]s72 sometimes ! deltoid is ! only muscle affect$1 ) dim9ution 9 electrical contractility ( ! o!r muscles ( ! gr\p4 ,! arm hangs loosely by ! trunk1 ) ! =e>m semi-pronat$4 ,! arm _c be rais$1 nor c ! =e>m be b5t on ! upp] arm4 ,ext5sion is unaffect$1 z ! triceps is nev] involv$4 ,sup9ation is impossible because ( p>alysis ( ! sup9ator brevis4 ,movem5t effect+ rotation ( ! %\ld]s is involv$1 due to ! p>alysis ( ! supra- & infra-sp9atus4 ,electrical reactions are said to be less m>k$ 9 ! bra*ial ?an ! antibra*ial type1 & complete loss ( f>adic contractility is r>e2 b 9 "o ( ! ?ree cases describ$ bel[1 9 :i* electrical reactions 7 c>efully te/$1 ! "r deltoid %[$ entire loss ( contractility to f>adism4 #c4 ,aran-,du*5ne ,type4--,! muscles ( ! !n> & hypo!n> em95ces & int]ossei are affect$4 ,?is type ( lead p>alysis may be di/+ui%$ f progressive muscul> atrophy by ! electrical reactions1 & ! fact t ! atrophy is accompani$ by m or less pron\nc$ muscul> p>alysis4 ,! atrophy is almo/ always mo/ m>k$1 & advances p>i passu ) ! p>alysis4 ,?is =m may occur alone1 or be complicat$ ) ! antibra*ial type1 :i* is ! mo/ common4 ,x is se5 9 file-cutt]s z ! result ( ov]/ra9 ( ! muscles 9 "q4 ,moebius#i1 9 8 obs]vations on file-cutt]s1 not$ 9 "o case p>alysis ( ! left ?umb1 ) integrity ( ! o!r muscles ( ! left upp] extremity4 ,opposition ( ! ?umb 0 v defective2 !re 0 p>alysis ( ! %ort flexor & ( ! adductor & atrophy ( ! int]nal half ( ! hypo!n> em95ce4 ,reaction ( deg5]ation 0 not$ 9 ! muscles nam$1 b n 9 ! ext5sors ( ! f+]s & wri/4 ,9 ano!r case1 9 addition to feebl5ess ( ! deltoid1 flexors ( =e>m on ! upp] arm1 & small muscles ( h&1 !re 0 p>alysis & atrophy ( ! adductor ( ! ?umb & fir/ int]osse\s & p>alysis ( ! oppon5s4 #d4 ,p]oneal ,type4--,?is is a r>e type1 & ne>ly always associat$ ) ! antibra*ial or ) g5]aliz$ p>alysis4 ,9 ! =m] ! p>alysis is slight1 especially :5 x affects ! psoas2 b !re is pr$ilection = c]ta9 gr\ps ( muscles1 especially ! p]oneal & ext5sor ( ! toes1 :ile ! tibialis anticus escapes4 ,hyp]/hesia1 or m r>ely an/hesia1 prec$es ! onset4 ,! pati5t walks on ! outside ( ! feet1 has difficulty 9 climb+ /airs1 & _c /& on ! toes4 ,! toes drag on ! gr\nd 9 walk+1 s t ! foot has to be swung r\nd at ea* /ep1 & ! inn] side is lift$ 9 excess by ! action ( ! tibialis anticus1 ) unc]ta9ty 9 gait4 ,if walk+ is cont9u$1 ! toes drag m1 & 8/epp+0 gait is assum$ by br++ into action ! muscles ( ! ?igh4 ,! foot _c be flex$ on ! leg2 abduction ( ! foot & ext5sion ( ! basal phalanx ( ! toes is impossible4 ,lat] ! p]oneal muscles1 ext5sor communis ( toes1 & ext5sor ( great toe1 are p>alyz$1 f :i* fact arises ! difficulty ( walk+ & ( desc5d+ /airs1 z ! :ole weight ( ! body is support$ !n by ! tibialis anticus4 ,?is type corresponds ) ! antibra*ial type ( ! upp] extremity4 ,if ! tibialis anticus is p>alyz$1 x is 9 association ) ! ga/rocnemius4 #e4 ,p>alysis ( ,special ,s5se ,organs4--,tanqu]el#aj call$ att5tion to ! aphonia ( horses 9 lead works1 necessitat+ tra*eotomy1 & ,saj\s#aa describ$ adductor p>alysis ( ! glottis 9 a h\se-pa9t]4 ,morell ,mack5zie#ab also describ$ unilat]al p>alysis ( ! adductors 9 p]sons suff]+ f lead poison+1 :il/ ,seif]t#ac p>ticul>ly describes a curi\s case 9 :i* p>alysis ( ! transv]se & oblique aryt5oid muscles prev5t$ contraction ( ! cord 9 its po/]ior qu>t]1 & 9 a second case ( p>alysis1 affect+ ! po/]ior crico-aryt5oid muscles on bo? sides1 ! adductors rema9$ unaffect$4 ,:at is /ill m int]e/+ 9 ,seif]t's case is ! fact t at ! po/-mortem old hmorrhages 7 f\nd 9 ! mucosa ( ! aryt5oids & aryepiglottidean folds4 ,occasionally s5sory p>alysis may be f\nd 9 ! special s5se organs--su*1 = in/ance1 z loss ( ta/e1 loss ( smell1 &1 9 addition1 dim9i%$ p[] ( he>+--b ^! defects r>ely if ev] occur unless accompani$ by di/9ct m5tal *anges & g5]aliz$ p>alysis4 #f4 ,eye4--,poison+ affects ! eye 9 two ways3 7a7 ,defects ( ! visual me*anism4 7b7 ,defects ( ! muscul> me*anism ( ! eye4 ,lockh>t ,gibson#ad describes a l>ge numb] ( cases ( p>alysis ( ! muscles ( ! eye met ) among/ *ildr5 9 ,que5sl&4 ,! cause 0 trac$ to ! pa9t$ rail+s ne> :i* ! *ildr5 _h be5 play+4 ,! :ite lead pa9t _h some:at dis9tegrat$ "u ! action ( ! sun's rays1 =m+ an effloresc5ce2 ! *ildr5 admitt$ to h rubb$ ! pa9t & !n suck$ _! f+]s4 ,betwe5 ,july1 #aije1 & #aijh1 sixty-two cases ( plumbism 9 *ildr5 7 admitt$ to ! *ildr5's hospital1 & ( ^! sixty-two cases ?irte5 _h well-m>k$ ocul> symptoms4 ,! p>alysis ( ! muscles ( ! eye 0 almo/ inv>iably "o ( ! ext]nal rectus1 b o!r muscles 7 at ! same "t affect$2 occasionally p>alysis ( ! :ole ( ! oculo-motor muscles 0 se5 ) ! exception ( ! sup]ior oblique4 ,x is wor?y ( note t among/ ^! *ildr5 a v l>ge numb] suff]$1 9 addition to _! eye p>alysis1 ) foot-drop & wri/-drop1 &1 on ! :ole1 suff]$ f foot-drop to a mu* l>g] ext5t ?an f p>alysis ( ! h&s4 ,galez[ski#ae describes p>alysis ( accommodation ( ! eye1 & 9 cases describ$ by ,folk]#af "s am\nt ( orbital p>alysis 0 also pres5t4 #g4 ,g5]aliz$ ,p>alysis4--,^! types d n diff] 9 =m f ! previ\sly describ$ types1 except1 p]haps1 z reg>ds _! rapidity ( onset4 ,:]e ! onset is sl[ 7*ronic7 ! subject is usually "o :o has be5 previ\sly affect$ ) p>alysis ( ! ext5sors ( ! h&1 foll[$ by developm5t ( ! p>alysis 9 ! %\ld]s1 h&1 leg1 ?orax4 ,9 ! acute =m1 p>alysis may affect all ! muscles 9 a giv5 limb or gr\p1 & r$uce !m 9 a few days to a complete condition ( p>alysis4 ,9 extreme cases ! pati5t lies on ! back & is incapable ( ris+1 & sometimes ev5 unable to eat4 ,! int]co/als1 diaphragm1 & l>ynx1 are also affect$1 :ile !re is g5]ally dyspna & aphonia4 ,! muscles ( ! head & neck appe> to escape4 ,9 ^! acute cases1 pyrexia may be a common symptom4 ,electrical ,reactions4--,! diagnosis ( ! affect$ muscle is greatly assi/$ by c>eful exam9ation ( all ! muscles 9 ! affect$ physiological gr\p by means ( ! galvanic & f>adic curr5ts4 ,! batt]y = ! purpose ( te/+ ! electrical reactions mu/ h an available electromotive =ce ( ov] #dj volts4 ,a batt]y ( ?irty-two ,leclan* dry cells is ample4 ,= ! f>adic curr5t1 a small induction coil op]at$ by two ,leclan* cells is suffici5t4 ,"o l>ge1 flat electrode %\ld be us$1 & sev]al small] ones4 ,! f>adic curr5t %\ld be us$ fir/1 z x /imulates ! n]ves directly1 & ! muscles only indirectly1 ?r\gh _! n]ve-supply4 ,ea* n]ve trunk %\ld be exam9$ sy/ematically4 ,! motor po9ts correspond = ! mo/ "p ) ! po9ts ( entry ( ! motor n]ves into ! muscles :i* !y supply4 ,a small electrode1 ei!r a button or a small disc ab\t ! size ( a sixp5ce1 %\ld be us$ = ! exam9+ electrode1 :ile ! l>g] electrode %\ld be plac$ ei!r on ! abdom5 or betwe5 ! %\ld]s4 ,! electrodes %\ld be well soak$ 9 normal sal9e4 ,! int5sity ( ! m9imum curr5t requir$ to produce a contraction = ea* po9t %\ld be not$1 & comp>$ ) ! effect ( a simil> curr5t on ! opposite side ( ! body4 ,! reaction ( deg5]ation ( ! f>adic curr5t consi/s 9 no contraction at all be+ elicit$1 ev5 :5 a v /rong curr5t is employ$4 ,if !re be unilat]al wri/-drop 9 ! left h&1 consi/+ ( loss ( p[] ( ! ext5sor communis digitorum on t side1 no movem5t ( ! muscle is produc$ at all :5 ! electrode is plac$ across ! motor po9ts ( ! muscle4 ,^! are situat$ to ! out] side ( ! arm :5 ! dorsum ( ! h& is upp]mo/1 ab\t #a to #b in*es bel[ ! olecranon4 ,! same quantity ( curr5t1 :5 appli$ to ! unaffect$ muscle on ! opposite side1 produces a brisk reaction4 ,hav+ obs]v$ ! effect ) ! f>adic curr5t1 & ! results hav+ be5 record$1 ! cont9u\s curr5t is us$1 & ! electrodes made use ( 9 an exactly simil> fa%ion4 ,:5 a small electrode is us$1 ! sup]ficial n]ves & muscles are m /imulat$ ?an ^? ly+ deeply4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to beg9 ) a small curr5t & gradually increase x until ! individual muscle responds4 ,! /r5g? ( ! curr5t employ$ is regi/]$ by means ( a milliampremet]4 ,) ! cont9u\s curr5t quantitative z well z qualitative alt]ations may be det]m9$1 & ) ! quantitative *ange ( ! galvanic curr5t ! muscul> excitability is increas$1 contraction foll[+ ! application ( a weak] curr5t ?an is necess>y to produce x 9 heal? or 9 ! s\nd muscle on ! o!r side ( ! body4 ,) ! qualitative *ange1 ! contraction is no long] %>p1 b sluggi%4 ,! anodal clos+ contraction is elicit$ ) a weak] curr5t ?an ka?odal clos+ contraction1 s t ,,acc,,kcc4 ,! quantitative *ange dep5ds p>tly on ! nutrition ( ! muscle2 ! qualitative *ange dep5ds on ! fact t ! n]ve no long] regulates ! "* ( ! contraction1 & also to a small ext5t is ! result ( *anges 9 ! muscle itself4 ,9 a complete reaction ( deg5]ation 9 an affect$ muscle1 reaction to ! f>adic curr5t is abs5t1 contraction to ! galvanic curr5t is sluggi%1 & is produc$ ) a small] curr5t 9 ! anode ?an ! ka?ode4,a ,a ,! ka?ode1 or negative electrode1 is atta*$ to ! z9c rod2 ! anode1 or positive electrode1 to ! copp] or c>bon4 ,z ! n]ve lesion passes away1 ! volunt>y contraction g5]ally beg9s to return be=e ! n]ves %[ any reaction to electrical /imulus4 ,! foll[+ ?ree cases 9 :i* ! electrical reactions ( ! muscles 7 det]m9$1 give examples ( typical cases ( lead p>esis4 ,9 ,no4 #c1 ow+ to ! fact t ! case 0 treat$ imm$iately ! p>alysis occurr$1 complete recov]y _h tak5 place1 &1 z w be se51 ! electrical reactions h aga9 become normal4 ,,case #a4--,li?>ge & bla/-furnace work]4 ,employ$ 9 lead works1 :]e a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t metallurgical processes associat$ ) ! recov]y ( lead f ! ore 7 c>ri$ on4 ,d\ble wri/-drop1 exi/+ = eight ye>s1 untreat$ until "s f\r ye>s aft] p>alysis took place1 :5 slight improvem5t occurr$4 ,! electrical reactions %[ t ! ext5sor communis digitorum on ! "r side is completely deg5]at$1 :il/ ! fir/ int]osse\s ( ! "r side %[ reactions ( deg5]ation4 ,on ! left side ! ext5sor communis digitorum %[$ normal b v feeble reaction4 ,?is latt] po9t is "o ( consid]able importance if e>ly hmorrhage acc\nts = lead p>alysis1 = if ! n]ve itself 0 completely de/roy$1 or if1 z 0 ! case1 ! muscle appe>$ completely p>alyz$ on inspection1 obvi\sly ! n]ve-supply mu/ be completely cut (f if ! lesion 0 due to de/ruction ( ! n]ve ( ! sp9al cord or to ! de/ruction ( ! l[] motor neuron4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5ce ( small localiz$ fibrill> contraction1 f\nd by ! galvanic curr5t1 toge!r ) ! pres5ce ( a slight reaction to f>adism1 sugge/s t "s small portion ( ! n]ve has rema9$ unaffect$1 & t = ?is reason c]ta9 portions ( ! muscle h n und]gone deg5]ation--a circum/ance :i* c h>dly be expect$ if ! cause ( ! p>alysis is 9 ! de/ruction ( ! :ole ( ! n]ve-supply4 ,,electrical ,,reactions ,,9 ,,lead ,,p>alysis4 7,,case #a47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,muscle4 ,galvanism4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,m4,a4 ,m4,a4 ,r4 ,deltoid 7ant]ior ,k4,c4,c4 #h ,a4,c4,c4 #h portion7 ,l4 ,deltoid 7ant]ior ,k4,c4,c4 #f ,a4,c4,c4 #i portion7 ,r4 ,deltoid 7po/]ior ,k4,c4,c4 #f ,a4,c4,c4 #i portion7 ,l4 ,deltoid 7po/]ior portion7 ,r4 ,sup9ator longus ,k4,c4,c4 #f ,a4,c4,c4 #aj ,reaction brisk ,l4 ,sup9ator longus ,k4,c4,c4 #e ,a4,c4,c4 #f ,reaction brisk ,r4 ,ext5sor communis ,no reactions ei!r ,a4,c4,c4 or ,k4,c4,c4#ae digitorum ,l4 ,ext5sor communis ,k4,c4,c4 #h ,a4,c4,c4 #ab ,brisk1 b feeble digitorum ,r4 ,ext5sor primi ,k4,c4,c4 none,a4,c4,c4 #ac ,brisk int]nodii pollicis at #ac ,l4 ,ext5sor primi ,k4,c4,c4 #f ,a4,c4,c4 #ab ,reaction brisk int]nodii pollicis ,r4 ,ext5sor c>pi ,k4,c4,c4 #h ,a4,c4,c4 #h ,brisk ,contraction uln>is ,l4 ,ext5sor c>pi ,k4,c4,c4 #h ,a4,c4,c4 #ab ,brisk ,contraction uln>is ,r4 ,fir/ int]osse\s ,k4,c4,c4 #h ,a4,c4,c4 #f ,contraction sl[ ,l4 ,fir/ int]osse\s ,k4,c4,c4 #f ,a4,c4,c4 #f ,brisk contraction ,r4 ,second int]osse\s,k4,c4,c4 #h ,a4,c4,c4 #aj ,brisk contraction ,l4 ,second int]osse\s,k4,c4,c4 #f ,a4,c4,c4 #h ,brisk contraction ,r4 ,?ird int]osse\s ,k4,c4,c4 #i ,a4,c4,c4 #f ,brisk contraction ,l4 ,?ird int]osse\s ,k4,c4,c4 #f ,a4,c4,c4 #h ,brisk contraction ,r4 ,f\r? int]osse\s,k4,c4,c4 #h ,a4,c4,c4 #f ,brisk contraction ,l4 ,f\r? int]osse\s,k4,c4,c4 #aj ,a4,c4,c4 #i ,brisk contraction ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,muscle4 ,f>adism4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,r4 ,deltoid 7ant]ior ,good ,evid5tly ext5sor communis portion7 digitorum on "r side is ,l4 ,deltoid 7ant]ior ,good completely deg5]at$4 ,fir/ portion7 int]osse\s on "r side ,r4 ,deltoid 7po/]ior ,good %[ reactions ( deg5]a- portion7 tion4 ,on left side ext5sor ,l4 ,deltoid 7po/]ior ,good communis digitorum %[s portion7 normal b feeble contrac- ,r4 ,sup9ator longus ,good tions ,l4 ,sup9ator longus ,good ,r4 ,ext5sor communis ,no reaction digitorum ,l4 ,ext5sor communis ,feeble reaction digitorum ,r4 ,ext5sor primi ,good int]nodii pollicis ,l4 ,ext5sor primi ,good 7b less int]nodii pollicis?an "r7 ,r4 ,ext5sor c>pi ,good uln>is ,l4 ,ext5sor c>pi ,good uln>is ,r4 ,fir/ int]osse\s ,no reaction ,l4 ,fir/ int]osse\s ,good ,r4 ,second int]osse\s,slight reaction ,l4 ,second int]osse\s,good ,r4 ,?ird int]osse\s ,slight reaction ,l4 ,?ird int]osse\s ,slight reaction ,r4 ,f\r? int]osse\s,slight reaction ,l4 ,f\r? int]osse\s,good ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,electrical ,,reactions ,,9 ,,lead ,,p>alysis4 7,,case #b47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,muscle4 ,m4,a4 ,galvanism4 ,f>adism4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,r4 ,deltoid #i ,sl[ reaction ,no ,reaction ( ,a4,c4,c4 ,k4,c4,c4reaction deg5]ation ,l4 ,deltoid #i ,sl[ reaction ,sl[ ,a4,c4,c4 ,k4,c4,c4reaction ,r4 ,ext5sor communis #i ,sl[ reaction ,no digitorum ,a4,c4,c4 ,k4,c4,c4reaction ,l4 ,ext5sor communis #i ,sl[ reaction ,no digitorum ,a4,c4,c4 ,k4,c4,c4reaction ,ante bra*ial & bra*ial gr\ps give normal reaction ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,electrical ,,reactions ,,9 ,,case ,,( ,,recov]$ ,,wri/-,,drop4 7,,case #c47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,muscle4 ,m4,a4 ,galvanism4 ,f>adism4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,r4 ,ext5sor communis #i ,good reaction ,good ,all muscles digitorum ,k4,c4,c4 ,a4,c4,c4reaction react well to ,l4 ,ext5sor communis #i ,good reaction ,good bo? curr5ts2 digitorum ,k4,c4,c4 ,a4,c4,c4reaction no sign ( any ,r4 ,ext5sor ossis #i ,good reaction ,good reaction ( metac>pi pollicis ,k4,c4,c4 ,a4,c4,c4reaction deg5]ation ,l4 ,ext5sor ossis ,good reaction ,good metac>pi pollicis ,k4,c4,c4 ,a4,c4,c4reaction ,r4 ,deltoid ,good reaction ,good ,k4,c4,c4 ,a4,c4,c4reaction ,l4 ,deltoid ,good reaction ,good ,k4,c4,c4 ,a4,c4,c4reaction ,r4 ,ext5sor c>pi ,good reaction ,good uln>is ,k4,c4,c4 ,a4,c4,c4reaction ,l4 ,ext5sor c>pi ,good reaction ,good uln>is ,k4,c4,c4 ,a4,c4,c4reaction ,r4 ,int]ossei ,good reaction ,good ,k4,c4,c4 ,a4,c4,c4reaction ,l4 ,int]ossei ,good reaction ,good ,k4,c4,c4 ,a4,c4,c4reaction ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,?is case is a typical "o ( ! ant]ior bra*ial type1 %[+ p>tial recov]y ( function4 ,! man is able to grasp1 al?\gh ! wri/ becomes /rongly flex$ 9 s do+4 ,,case #b4--,we are indebt$ to ,dr4 ,gossage = ?is case1 :i* 0 pres5t$ at ! ,out-pati5ts ( ! ,we/m9/] ,hospital2 & to ,dr4 ,worrell1 :o made ! electrical inve/igations4 ,we are fur!r indebt$ to ,dr4 ,worrell = ! reports :i* are giv5 9 tabul> =m ( ! electrical reactions ( ^! ?ree cases4 ,?is is a case ( bra*ial type1 ) weakness ( bo? deltoids1 & ! pati5t 0 unable to raise 8 "r arm at ! %\ld]4 ,x w be se5 t !re is "h also evid5ce t ! electrical contractility dim9i%es be=e ! entire loss4 ,x w be also notic$ t ! sup9ators are unaffect$4 ,,case #c4--,^! are ! electrical reactions ( a case :i* _h recov]$4 ,?is man %[$ ! ord9>y ant]ior bra*ial type1 :i* came on sudd5ly1 al?\gh he _h %[n di/9ct weakness ( wri/s :5 =cible flexion 0 p]=m$ = n9e mon?s previ\sly1 b !re _h be5 no obvi\s increase 9 ! weakness4 ,he 0 imm$iately remov$ f 8 "w1 & )9 sev5 days p>alysis1 :i* at fir/ only affect$ ! ext5sor communis digitorum1 _h spread to ! m9imi digiti & ! ext5sor indicis1 ! oppon5s pollicis be+ also involv$ on ! "r side4 ,he 0 treat$ f ! />t ) f>adic curr5t1 & 0 in/ruct$ to use ! batt]y himself1 :i* he did twice a day = a ye>4 ,at ! end ( two mon?s he 0 suffici5tly recov]$ to be giv5 light "w1 & at ! "t ( tak+ ! reactions 8 wri/s h s f> recov]$ _! p[] t we 7 unable to flex !m =cibly4 ,! progressive weakness not$ 9 ! ?ree cases has already be5 ref]r$ to1 & may be a prodrome ( p>alysis1 b !re may be recov]y )\t p>alysis sup]v5+4 ,tremor4--,tremor may be obs]v$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases ( lead poison+1 & is inv>iably associat$ ) p>alysis1 al?\gh ! symptom ( tremor by no means always progresses to def9ite palsy4 ,two types ( tremor are describ$--f9e & co>se--& ,gbl] fur!r describes a type ( tremor :i* is bo? rhy?mic & int]mitt5t4 ,! tremor is usually di/9ctly increas$ on attempt+ to grasp or po9t ! h& 7int5tion tremor71 b x is difficult to sep>ate tremor f alcoholic tremor1 &1 fur!r1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t p]sons engag$ 9 ardu\s "w may %[ a c]ta9 am\nt ( tremor due to muscul> fatigue4 ,p]si/5t tremor1 h[ev]1 is a symptom t is always to be not$ & c>efully wat*$4 ,( ! types ( p>alysis1 ! antibra*ial is ! mo/ common1 &1 secondly1 probably ! bra*ial4 ,! lea/ common is ! p]oneal4 ,! table on p4 #ed %[s ! di/ribution ( cases ( p>alysis1 s f> z !y c be made out f reports receiv$ s9ce #aijd4 ,closely associat$ ) p>alysis are affections involv+ ! bra94 ,tanqu]el1 9 8 classical description ( affections ( ! bra9 associat$ ) lead poison+1 gives ! foll[+ classification3 #a4 ,delirium4 #b4 ,lead mania4 #c4 ,psy*ic depression4 #d4 ,coma4 #e4 ,convulsions1 saturn9e eclampsia1 or epilepsy4 ,!re is probably a v consid]able relation%ip betwe5 insanity & lead poison+1 z po9t$ out by ,rob]t ,jones#ag1 ! resid5t physician & ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,claybury ,asylum4 ,rayn]#ah rem>k$ t ! compulsorily c>eful habits ( life ( pa9t]s & lead-work]s ought to protect !m aga9/ vici\s habits1 & %\ld protect !m aga9/ a too free indulg5ce 9 ! use ( alcohol6 ,our own exp]i5ce is t p>alysis1 & p>ticul>ly affections ( ! bra91 occur 9 ! majority ( cases 9 p]sons :o are addict$ to alcohol1 & ! exp]im5ts quot$ 9 ! *apt] on ,pa?ology on ! influ5ce ( alcohol 9 ! production ( encephalitis 9 animals is /rong presumptive evid5ce t alcohol is "o ( ! *ief pr$ispos+ causes 9 ! det]m9ation ( saturn9e encephalopa?y4 ,encephalitis is giv5 z a cause ( dea? 9 ! report already ref]r$ to 9 #adc p] c5t4 ( #bfd fatal cases4 ,among/ ?is numb] encephalopa?y acc\nt$ = #adc p] c5t41 c]ebral hmorrhage #ih p] c5t41 & p>alysis #ib p] c5t4 ,n[1 all ^! are cases 9 :i* c]ebral lesions may be confid5tly /at$ to h exi/$1 :i* br+s ! total to #cdd p] c5t4 ( dea?s at lea/ due to bra9 involvem5t4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! high incid5ce ( p>alysis among/ file-cutt]s--#dj p] c5t4 z aga9/ #baa p] c5t4 = all indu/rial =ms ( poison+4 ,:5 encephalitis occurs1 x is usually an acute symptom1 & (t5 develops be=e p>alysis is set up1 b z a rule is prec$$ by a p]iod ( p]si/5t heada*e1 su* heada*e be+ inv>iably temporal or occipital4 ,rob]t ,jones1 9 8 pap]1 /ates t ( ! #acc cases :o1 f ! nature ( _! "w 7pa9t]s1 plumb]s1 etc471 7 liable to lead impregnation1 #ai _h signs ( poison+ ^u admission1 :il/ #bb _h a di/9ct hi/ory ( lead poison+ at "s "t or o!r4 ,he gives ! foll[+ analysis ( ! m5tal condition3 ,mania #cg ,melan*olia #cc ,dem5tia #ai ,dem5tia ) epilepsy #aj ,dem5tia ) g5]al p>alysis #bd 8 ,g5]al p>alysis #g ,alcoholic mania #c --- #acc ,savage#ai is ( op9ion t lead w produce any ( ! symptoms ( g5]al p>alysis ( ! insane1 & may ev5 be a contributory cause ( ! disease1 b no /ati/ics are available ( ! ,wass]mann reaction 9 ^! cases4 ,goodall#bj ref]s to ! fact t n]ve poisons1 su* z syphilis1 alcohol1 & fev]s1 injury or sun/roke1 :i* are int]m$iate 9 fixity betwe5 alcohol & lead1 seem to h an int]m$iate influ5ce 9 ! production ( g5]al p>alysis4 ,jones /ates t ! m5tal symptoms f\nd 9 ! cases are to be gr\p$ among/ "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ v>ieties3 #a4 ,( a toxmic nature1 ) s5sory di/urbances1 :i* t5d to get well rapidly4 #b4 ,halluc9ations ( sight & he>+1 m *ronic 9 nature1 :i* may be p]man5t4 ,! delusions 9 ?is class are almo/ inv>iably ^? ( be+ poison$ or foll[$ ab\t1 & are 9 ! ma9 p]secutory4 #c4 ,^? resembl+ g5]al p>alysis ) tremors1 increas$ knee-j]k1 inco-ord9ation1 accompani$ ) li/lessness am\nt+ to pr(\nd dem5tia1 b :i* t5d to get well4 ,eye ,*anges4--,two ma9 =ms ( eye *ange are to be f\nd among/ lead-work]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 tempor>y & sudd5 amaurosis makes its appe>ance1 due no d\bt to vascul> *ange1 ei!r vaso-motor or hmorrhagic4 ,! tr\ble may occur 9 "o or bo? eyes1 may come on gradually1 ! pati5t m]ely be+ unable to di/+ui% lett]s or faces at a di/ance1 or he may become sudd5ly totally bl9d4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! affection disappe>s "u treatm5t1 b 9 a small numb] ( cases total bl9dness p]si/s4 ,occasionally ny/agmus may be se51 b is n a common symptom2 b dilatation ( ! pupils1 q ap>t f ret9al *anges1 is n unusual4 ,inequality ( ! pupils may be obs]v$1 b p>tial dilatation ( bo? pupils is m common1 & is (t5 associat$ ) e>ly anmia4 ,conjunctival hmorrhages are to be not$ f "t to "t1 )\t obvi\s cause1 su* z injury1 etc41 b 9 ! majority ( cases ^! h be5 associat$ ) o!r symptoms4 ,! fir/ feature notic$ 9 ! eye is loss ( brightness1 & a curi\s lack-lu/re ( ! eyes ( p]sons intoxicat$ by lead is "o ( ! g5]al features mak+ up ! saturn9e ca*exia4 ,loss ( brightness ( ! eye is associat$ 9 _m o!r diseases ) anmia1 b is p>ticul>ly prom95t 9 lead poison+1 mu* m s ?an is to be acc\nt$ = alone by ! degree ( blood-de/ruction1 & is a po9t ( :i* ! exam9+ surgeon %\ld always take notice4 ,"o o!r =m ( eye *ange requires att5tion--namely1 ret9al *anges due to circulatory di/urbances4 ,9 an advanc$ case ! :ole picture is "o ( sev]e album9uric ret9itis1 b 9 ! e>li] /ages "s engorgem5t ( ! vessels )\t alt]ation ( ! surr\nd+ tissue is se54 ,els*nig#ba associat$ ?is alt]ation 9 ! vessels ( ! eye ) vaso-motor *anges caus$ by direct action ( ! poison1 produc+ a vascul> con/riction or dilatation1 & is incl9$ to reg>d ! kidney disease frequ5tly associat$ ) ?is condition ( ! eye z some?+ q ap>t4 ,he w\ld reg>d ! two affections z indep5d5t1 & m]ely correlat$ ?r\gh _! common orig9--lead intoxication4 ,x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ by "s obs]v]s t ! *ange 9 ! eye is second>y to c]ebral dema4 ,?us ,mannab]g#bb reg>ds ! encephalitis ( saturn9e orig9 z associat$ ) *ronic dema ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 :i* ?us produces reflex irritation ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! eye4 ,bikl]#bc & ,web]#bd consid] ! symptoms z circulatory4 ,f :atev] cause ! disease is set up1 soon] or lat] *anges 9 ! =m ( oblit]ative art]itis take place1 ) gradual b ultimately complete loss ( vision4 ,!re are said to be no *>act]i/ic eye symptoms 9 acute cases ( lead poison+1 :]eas ) *ronic lead poison+ 9 _m cases !re is c5tral & p]iph]al affection4 ,! affections may be fur!r divid$ into subjective & objective4 ,_m ( ! subjective symptoms1 su* z loss ( sight & bl9dness1 are associat$ ) def9ite eye lesions1 :i* may be se5 ) ! oph?almoscope1 b o!r def9itely objective lesions may be pres5t )\t any influ5ce on sight to comm5ce )4 ,folk]#be describes five cases ( lead amblyopia 9 lead-work]s f a pott]y di/rict1 9 all ( :i* !re 0 a peculi> symptom--! gradual fail+ ( sight associat$ ) col\r fla%es4 ,:5 exam9$1 ! discs 7 describ$ z :ite1 & ! vessels small4 ,lockh>t ,gibson#bf1 9 describ+ ! cases ( eye disease among/ ! *ildr5 9 ,que5sl&1 f\nd "o symptom app>5tly 9 all ! eyes exam9$--namely1 great swell+ ( ! discs4 ,?is swell+ ( ! discs might be accompani$ ) no loss ( sight :atev]1 & at o!r times _h be5 accompani$ ) defective sight = _m mon?s previ\sly4 ,"s ( ! discs 7 excessively swoll54 ,!re 7 also to be se5 pat*es ( pigm5t & irregul> swell+ ( ! vessels1 b no def9ite hmorrhages4 ,9 ! m acute cases1 & p>ticul>ly ^? associat$ ) complete p>alysis ( ! ocul> muscles1 total bl9dness usually foll[$4 ,z a rule1 :5 complete amaurosis occurs 9 lead poison+1 bl9dness foll[s ?r\gh d\ble optic neuritis or neuro-ret9itis1 b amblyopia may be pres5t )\t fundus *anges4 ,occasionally ! loss ( sight may be reg>d$ z ( c5tral orig94 ,! r5al disease s (t5 associat$ ) lead poison+ may cause ! ret9al *anges accompany+ x4 ,an album9uric neuro-ret9itis may occur )\t album9 9 ! ur9e4 ,z a rule1 ! eye ( a lead-work] reacts to light & accommodation4 ,oph?almoscopic exam9ation may %[ v p9k discs1 pat*es ( pigm5t scatt]$ ab\t irregul>ly outside ! discs1 ) occasional def9ite hmorrhage4 ,! edge ( ! discs may %[ blurr+1 ) fur!r scl]osis & p]i-art]itis ( ! vessels1 a :ite %ea? ar\nd ! art]ies be+ (t5 visible4 ,! neuritis on "o or bo? sides may be associat$ ) di/urbances ( sight1 & diffusely r$ & cl\dy papilla1 ) swell+ or hmorrhages4 ,9 *oroidal atrophy pigm5tation may also be se54 ,muscul> ,sy/em4--,"o fur!r po9t may be ref]r$ to 9 relation to ! muscul> sy/em--namely1 ! occurr5ce ( pa9 ( a rheumatic type4 ,q a numb] ( cases ( mild degrees ( lead poison+ compla9 ( ar?ralgic symptoms--t is to say1 8rheumatism40 ,c>eful exam9ation ( su* cases %[s no evid5ce t ! pa9 is a true ar?ralgia1 nei!r does x seem to h a true relation to g\t4 ,! pa9 z a rule is ref]able to ! muscles !mselves1 & 9 su* in/ances digital exam9ation ( ! muscle 9 ! region ( ! pa9 g5]ally exhibits deep-seat$ t5d]ness4 ,!re does n appe> to be any special m>k$ t5d]ness along ! trunks ( ! n]ves supply+ ! muscle1 nor is !re evid5ce ( hyp]/hesia ( ! sk94 ,su* hyp]/hesia does occur 9 lead poison+1 b is g5]ally associat$ ) c]ebral lesions4 ,! pa91 !re=e1 mu/ be reg>d$ r z myalgic1 & int]co/al di/ribution ( ! pa9 is n infrequ5t2 b al?\gh ! symptom is "o t is (t5 compla9$ (1 x is an exce$+ly difficult "o to diff]5tiate f o!r myalgias z a def9ite symptom ( lead poison+4 ,! *ief po9t 9 fav\r ( ! inclusion ( ?is s-call$ lead rheumatism z a symptom ( lead poison+ is ! frequ5cy ) :i* x is not$ 9 ! reports by c]tify+ surgeons4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 hav+ no evid5ce to reg>d x z necess>ily a def9ite symptom ( poison+1 x is "o :i* has be5 record$ 9 a consid]able numb] ( cases4 ,z has be5 already sugge/$1 !re is "s reason to ?9k ^! myalgic pa9s may be due to m9ute hmorrhages tak+ place 9 ! muscles1 !reby produc+ localiz$ irritation to "s ext5t comp>able ) ! 8b5ds0 ( div]s4 ,po/-,mortem ,signs ( ,plumbism4--,v real difficulty exi/s 9 det]m9+ f nak$-eye appe>ances at a po/-mortem exam9ation :e!r ! cause ( dea? be due to *ronic plumbism or n4 ,! *anges produc$ by sev]al o!r =ms ( intoxication1 notably *ronic alcoholism1 produce _m ( ! same *anges 9 ! tissues z lead4 ,inspection ( ! organs 9 ! case ( plumbism c only give rise to a surmise t ! cause ( dea? is due to lead poison+4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 macroscopical appe>ances at an autopsy 9 ! case ( saturnism :i* %\ld be c>efully not$1 & al?\gh alone !y d n con/itute suffici5t evid5ce ^u :i* to pass a def9ite op9ion1 !y are /ill important z diagno/ic signs 9 ! light ( hi/ological & *emical exam9ation4 ,p>ticul> note %\ld be paid at an autopsy ( a case ( suspect$ lead poison+ to ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,m\?1 = ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( blue l9e1 :i*1 if pres5t1 mu/ be exam9$ ) a l5s4 #b4 ,g5]al condition ( ! abdom9al visc]a1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! mes5t]ic & p]9ephritic fat4 ,9 plumbism ?is is inv>iably r$uc$ 9 quantity4 #c4 ,! condition ( ! mes5t]ic vessels1 z to :e!r or n !y are engorg$ ) blood1 or :e!r or n leakage appe>s to h tak5 place4 #d4 ,g5]al condition ( ! art]ies1 = ! pres5ce ( a!roma1 etc4 #e4 ,! he>t muscle1 :i* 9 plumbism is g5]ally pale1 flabby1 & ) a t5d5cy to g5]al dilatation ( ! cavities4 #f4 ,inte/9es4 7a7 ,! pres5ce ( injection ( ! muscul> coat1 p>ticul>ly ! l[] portion ( ! inte/9e1 & ab\t ! ileo-ccal valve4 7b7 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( m9ute ulc]ations1 or ev5 hmorrhages along ! inte/9e1 ev5 9 ! mucosa ( ! /oma*4 7c7 ,! pres5ce ( d>k /a9+ 9 ! coats ( ! l[] inte/9e1 n altoge!r disappe>+ :5 wa%$ "u a g5tle /ream ( wat]4 ,%\ld !re be any evid5ce ( ?is /a9+1 x is highly important to remove "s ( ! fces1 z well z a portion ( ! inte/9e1 = *emical exam9ation4 #g4 ,! condition ( ! liv]1 :i* 9 poison+ by lead1 z by alcohol1 frequ5tly %[s a consid]able am\nt ( enl>gem5t1 & may ev5 %[ pat*es ( p]ihepatitis due to second>y causes4 ,b ! cirrhosis occurr+ 9 lead poison+ is n s great z 9 alcohol4 ,9 lead poison+ ! liv] z a rule is l>ge & s(t1 & engorg$ ) blood4 #h4 ,! kidney1 = signs ( int]/itial r ?an tubul> nephritis1 adh]5t capsule1 & blood-/a9$ exudate4 #i4 ,if p>esis ( any sort has be5 pres5t dur+ ! illness1 exam9ation ( ! cord & bra9 %\ld be made ) especial c>e1 & 9 addition ! n]ves on ! affect$ side supply+ ! affect$ muscles %\ld also be exam9$4 ,9 ! bra9 def9ite small b co>se hmorrhages may be occasionally obs]v$1 b z a rule ! only signs to be f\nd are injection ( ! cortical vessels1 frequ5tly ov] c]ta9 def9ite areas1 & n involv+ ! :ole ( ! vascul> sy/em ( ! bra94 ,m9ute hmorrhages may be also f\nd 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,= ! purposes ( hi/ological exam9ation1 a portion ( ! foll[+ organs %\ld be remov$ & plac$ 9 a #e p] c5t4 =mal9 solution at once3 ,liv]1 sple51 kidney1 inte/9e1 ! la/-nam$ specim5 be+ select$ f any area :i* %[s injection1 or ulc]ation1 or d>k /a9+4 ,sme>s may also be made f ! bone-m>r[1 z 9 prolong$ anmia ( saturn9e orig9 def9ite *anges may at times be f\nd 9 ! bone-m>r[ cells4 ,:]e p>esis has exi/$1 a portion ( ! p>ticul> n]ve supply+ ! muscles %\ld be obta9$1 & hi/ological exam9ation made1 z well z a portion ( ! cord above ! lesion1 & :]e c]ebral symptoms h be5 pres5t1 a portion ( ! bra91 ! portions tak5 be+ "p ( t %[+ engorgem5t ( ! vessels4 ,= ! n]v\s tissue g5]ally1 x is bett] to place "s ( ! specim5s 9 ,mll]'s solution1 & o!rs 9 _s4 ,equal p>ts ( ,mll]'s solution & =mal9 may be us$ if desir$4 ,mat]ial = ,*emical ,exam9ation4--,= ! purposes ( *emical exam9ation1 any ( ! organs :i* appe> to be ma9ly affect$ by *ronic inflammation may s]ve1 b x is usually important to exam9e ! bra91 kidney1 & liv]4 ,if any d>k /a9+ exi/ 9 ! inte/9e1 a portion ( ?is1 toge!r ) ! conta9$ fces1 %\ld be remov$4 ,x is bett] to tie ligatures r\nd ! inte/9e1 & divide ! coat betwe5 ! ligatures1 & place ! :ole ( ! specim5 9 dilute =mal94 ,specim5s ?us obta9$ %\ld be s5t (f = exam9ation at once4 ,! :ole ( ! organ ne$ n necess>ily be despat*$ = exam9ation 9 e case1 b if only a portion is s5t1 x is ess5tial t ! weight ( ! :ole organ be accurately tak5 be=e any portion is remov$1 & ! total weight not$ ) ! specim5 :5 s5t4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,,tanqu]el3 ,trait des ,maladies de ,plomb ou ,saturn9es4 ,p>is1 #ahci4 #b ,,lanc]eaux3 ,gaz4 ,md41 #ahfb2 ,tribune ,md41 #ahif4 #c ,,meill,,re1 ,g43 ,le ,saturnisme1 *ap4 iv4 #d ,,teleky3 ,deuts* ,zeits*rift fr ,n]v5 ,heilk41 vol4 xxxvii41 #aiji4 #e ,d,,j]9e-,,klumpke3 ,!sis on ,des ,polynephrites en ,gnral et des ,p>alysies et ,atrophiques ,saturn9es en ,p>ticuli]4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 #f ,,teleky3 ,ibid4 #g ,,teleky3 ,ibid4 #h ,,gombault3 ,ar*4 ,phys41 #ahgc4 #i ,,moebius3 ,ueb] e9ige ,ungewhnli*e ,flle von ,bleilhmung4 ,c5t4 fr ,n]v5heilk4 #ahhf4 #aj ,,tanqu]el3 ,ibid4 #aa ,,saj\s3 ,ar*iv fr ,l>yng41 iii41 #ahhb4 #ab ,,morell ,,mack5zie3 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 epitome1 p4 #abjb1 #ahic4 #ac ,,seif]t3 ,b]l4 ,kl94 ,wo*41 #ahhd4 #ad ,,lockh>t ,,gibson3 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 vol4 ii41 p4 #adhh1 #aijh4 #ae ,,galez[ski3 ,jahr4 f4 ,aug41 p4 #chb1 #ahgg4 #af ,,folk]3 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ii41 p4 #aeef1 #ahih4 #ag ,,rob]t ,,jones3 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,septemb] #bb1 #aijj4 #ah ,,rayn]3 ,j\rn4 ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 #ahhj4 #ai ,,savage3 ,clif=d ,allbutt's ,m$ic9e1 vol4 vii41 p4 #feg4 #bj ,,goodall3 ,ibid41 p4 #fic4 #ba ,,els*nig3 ,wi54 ,m$4 ,wo*41 ,nos4 xxvii1 xxix41 #ahih4 #bb ,,mannab]g3 ,b]4 ,kl94 ,wo*41 #ahif4 #bc ,,bikl]3 ,ar*4 fr ,aug5heilk41 b4 xl41 #aijj4 #bd ,,web]3 ,?se de ,p>is1 #ahhd4 #be ,,folk]3 ,ibid4 #bf ,,lockh>t ,,gibson3 ,ibid4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,*emical ,,inve/igations ,v great assi/ance is af=d$ by *emical & hi/ological diagnosis 9 ! det]m9ation ( cases ( lead poison+1 especially :5 ! case is likely to involve proce$+s "u ! ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act4 ,9 addition1 a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation is af=d$ to ! c]tify+ or appo9t$ surgeon & ! m$ical practition] by adoption ( c]ta9 easily c>ri$ out me?ods ( diagnosis4 ,x w be our purpose 9 ! pres5t *apt] to describe z f> z possible me?ods by :i* *emical or o!r inve/igation ( a case ( lead poison+ c be pursu$1 & ! cl9ical me?ods ( diagnosis :i* are appli$ 9 ord9>y r\t9e4 ,! majority ( ! me?ods describ$1 especially ! *emical inve/igation ( mat]ial obta9$ f alleg$ fatal lead poison+ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( lead1 ! hi/ological exam9ation ( su* tissues1 & ! exam9ation quantitatively ( excretions = lead1 are processes :i* c only be c>ri$ out 9 a fully equipp$ laboratory1 & c]ta9ly d n belong to ! ord9>y r\t9e ( m$ical "w4 ,! m$ical practition] _c be expect$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( 8 r\t9e "w to exam9e blood-films = basophile /a9+ or to make diff]5tial blood-c\nts4 ,especially is ?is ! case 9 ! r\t9e exam9ation ( l>ge numb]s ( factory h&s4 ,fur!r1 _m ( ! processes involv$ 9 ei!r ! *emical or hi/ological exam9ation ( ! tissues require s mu* special app>atus1 )\t :i* su* "w _c be und]tak51 t ! m]e co/ ( ! necess>y in/rum5ts precludes ! inve/igation be+ c>ri$ on except 9 special laboratories4 ,at ! same "t1 our purpose is to po9t out h[ additional me?ods ( rese>* may be made use ( 9 obscure cases1 & h[ rec\rse %\ld be _h to a well-equipp$ laboratory 9 d\btful cases4 ,fur!r1 ! coron]1 :5 ord]+ a po/-mortem exam9ation1 may ask = a hi/ological & *emical exam9ation4 ,me?ods ( ,*emical ,diagnosis4--,! pres5ce ( lead may require to be det]m9$ qualitatively & quantitatively1 & ! proc$ure may diff] slightly z to :i* process x is necess>y to adopt4 ,! quantitative det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( lead pres5t 9 organs or excretions ( ! body is ( f> m importance ?an ! e/imation or det]m9ation ( ! fact ( its pres5ce4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! "w ( ,gauti]#a1 :o has f\nd lead pres5t 9 ! tissue ( normal p]sons ) su* con/ancy t ,fr5* obs]v]s1 at any rate1 n[ speak ( 8normal lead10 to di/+ui% x f lead :i* may be f\nd 9 pa?ological conditions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 little d\bt t ! quantity ( lead exi/+ 9 ! human body is exce$+ly small4 ,x is possible1 ) c]ta9 ref9$ me?ods ( *emical exam9ation1 t qualitative traces ( ?is sub/ance might be f\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! me?ods ( det]m9ation ( lead are "s ( ! mo/ difficult 9 toxicological analyses1 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( o!r metals1 p>ticul>ly iron1 :i* are exce$+ly difficult to get rid (1 & may easily lead to errors4 #a4 ,qualitative ,te/s4--,! gr\p reag5t = lead is sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 acid or alkal9e solution4 ,lead is precipitat$ by ?is reag5t z a black precipitate4 ,:]e no o!r metals are pres5t1 & :]e no organic matt] is pres5t at ! same "t1 !re is v little difficulty1 & ! usual me?od ( ! det]m9ation ( lead 9 wat] by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is exce$+ly easy4 ,potassium iodide gives a yell[ precipitate soluble on w>m+1 & =ms l>ge cry/als on ! tube4 ,hydro*loric acid & *lorides give ne$le-%ap$ cry/als1 soluble 9 heat1 & cry/alliz+ out :5 cold4 ,b ! d\ble *loride ( potassium & lead is m soluble 9 heat1 & /ill m soluble 9 cold1 ?an is ! pure *loride4 ,?is fact is made use ( 9 ! process to be describ$ pres5tly 9 sep>at+ lead f organic mixtures4 ,! direct exam9ation is r>ely possible or satisfactory1 b ! potassium cupric acetate me?od is "o t may be appli$ to ! qualitative e/imation ( lead 9 ! tissues4 ,me?od = detect+ ,small ,quantities ( ,lead qualitatively4--,dry & inc9]ate ! mat]ial to be te/$4 ,extract ) hot dilute nitric acid1 aft] repeat$ inc9]ations1 f9ally extract+ ) ammonium acetate4 ,filt]1 inc9]ate1 & take up ! residue 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,evaporate to dryness & add a few drops ( dilute acetic acid1 & transf] drop to microscope slide4 ,to ! drop on ! microscope slide add "o drop ( dilute copp] acetate solution1 & two to ?ree drops ( saturat$ solution ( potassium nitrate4 ,/ir up ! drops & well mix ) a plat9um wire1 all[ to /& = a few m9utes1 & !n exam9e ) a two-?irds objective4 ,if lead is pres5t1 violet-black cubes ( potassium copp] lead nitrate appe> 7,k,cu,pb,,no74 ,?is te/ is said to give a reaction 9 ! pres5ce ( #jjjjjc gramme4 ,det]m9ation ( ,lead 9 ! ,ur9e4--,! quantity ( lead pass$ by ! kidneys into ! ur9e is always small1 ev5 9 acute lead poison+4 ,fur!r1 ! lead is excret$ 9 organic comb9ation1 & is !re=e difficult to detect4 ,= absolute quantitative exam9ation x is ess5tial to evaporate ! :ole bulk1 us+ at lea/ gallon ( ! fluid1 & proce$+ ) ! conc5trate 9 ! mann] indicat$ 9 ! e/imation ( lead4 ,= ! qualitative exam9ation _m me?ods h be5 sugge/$1 b all ( !m are m or less fallaci\s4 ,9 c]ta9 in/ances 9 acute lead poison+1 or :]e a relatively l>ge quantity ( lead is excret$ by ! kidney1 acidulation ( ! fluid ) /rong sulphuric acid direct w at times produce a precipitate ( lead sulphate1 :i* may be filt]$ (f & ! filtrate exam9$ by ! usual te/s--namely3 ,a :ite precipitate ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,a yell[ precipitate ) potassium *romate1 h>dly soluble 9 nitric acid1 b soluble 9 alkalies4 ,a blue flame on heat+ on a plat9um wire1 & f9ally1 if suffici5t sub/ance is pres5t1 ! r$uction to metallic =m ) ! bl[pipe flame4 ,a me?od has be5 recomm5d$ ( susp5d+ a small bag ( calcium sulphide 9 ! sample to be exam9$1 ! supposition be+ t1 if ! calcium sulphide 9 ! bag %[$ black5+1 x w\ld be due necess>ily to lead4 ,?is is highly que/ionable1 & 9 ! h&s ( "o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 has n giv5 satisfactory results4 ,a fur!r me?od1 :i* is q simple 9 application1 & occasionally gives confirmatory results1 may be appli$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! ur9e to be exam9$ is inoculat$ ) ! ,bacillus coli communis4 ,= ?is purpose a small quantity ( fces may be us$4 ,! ,b4 coli 9 its gr[? makes use ( ! organic sub/ances 9 ! ur9e1 & at ! same "t sets free sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! ur9e left is filt]$1 ! filtrate dissolv$ 9 #aj p] c5t4 nitric acid 7m9imal quantity71 & ! filtrate exam9$ by ! usual te/s4 ,?is me?od has occasionally giv5 q good results 9 ! h&s ( "o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g471 & is1 moreov]1 an exce$+ly easy "o to c>ry out4 ,pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 direct ?r\gh ! fluid is ( no value1 z x is necess>y fir/ ( all to split up ! organic comp\nd be=e x w react to sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,electro-,*emical ,me?ods4--,( all ! me?ods at pres5t 9 use = ! e/imation ( ! pres5ce ( lead 9 ! ur9e1 ! electro-*emical gives by f> ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,sev]al me?ods are describ$3 ,! fir/ me?od consi/s 9 us+ magnesium1 :i* is left = "s h\rs 9 ! ur9e1 :i* has be5 previ\sly /rongly acidulat$4 ,9 ?is mann] ,m>sd5 & ,abram#b say t !y h be5 able to detect #a "p 9 #ej1jjj 9 ! ur9e )\t difficulty4 ,! me?od adopt$ is z foll[s3 8,a /rip ( pure magnesium is plac$ 9 ! fluid to be exam9$4 ,ammonium oxalate 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #a gramme to #aej c4c4 is add$4 ,if lead is pres5t1 x is deposit$ on ! magnesium4 ,a deposit is se5 )9 half an h\r1 b we h usually left x tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! slip is !n wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat] & dri$4 ,confirmatory te/s3 7#a7 ,w>m ! slip ) a cry/al ( iod9e 7yell[ iodide proves lead1 cadmium may be ignor$72 7#b7 dissolve deposit 9 ,,hno1 & apply usual te/s4 ,! magnesium c be us$ aga9 aft] c>eful wa%+ ) acid & di/ill$ wat]4 ,! surface ( ! magnesium1 :5 us$1 mu/ be bright & free f oxide4 ,! delicacy ( ! me?od has be5 te/$ ) aque\s solutions conta9+ kn[n quantities ( lead1 also ) normal ur9e to :i* kn[n quantities ( lead h be5 add$4 ,9 all cases a control exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ to insure ! fre$om ( ! mat]ials f lead4 ,lead has be5 detect$ :5 pres5t 9 ! proportion ( #a "p to #ej1jjj1 :e!r 9 simple aque\s solution or 9 ur9e40 ,%ufflebo?am & ,mellor#c describe ! foll[+ me?od z "o by :i* lead may be detect$ 9 organic tissue1 & 9 ea* case ?is necessitat$ a l>ge am\nt ( evaporation4 ,! me?od has value1 b ! difficulty ( deal+ ) l>ge quantities ( fum+ nitric acid1 & ! addition ( ?is acid f "t to "t dur+ ! op]ations1 r5d] x difficult unless a good fume *amb] is at h&4 ,%ufflebo?am & ,mellor /ate t !y obta9$ no reaction ) ! potassium *loride-hydro*loric acid me?od sugge/$ by ,dixon ,mann4 8,on ! ,detection ( ,lead 9 ,ur9e & ,po/-,mortem ,specim5s4--,a piece ( kidney ( #bj c4c4 capacity 0 cut up into ab\t a doz5 pieces4 ,^! 7 plac$ 9 an evaporat+ bas91 & ab\t #ej c4c4 ( fum+ nitric acid 7 p\r$ into ! di%4 ,d5se br[n fumes ( nitrog5 oxides 7 evolv$4 ,:5 ! action _h subsid$ 79 f two to ?ree m9utes71 ! di% 0 plac$ ^u a %eet ( asbe/os1 & all[$ to simm] ov] ! ,buns5 flame = ab\t an h\r4 ,if ! fro?+ appe>s 9 dang] ( runn+ ov] ! sides ( ! di%1 /irr+ ) a glass rod or removal ( ! flame = a %ort "t may be necess>y4 ,tw5ty-five c4c4 ( ! fum+ acid 7 add$ at int]vals ( a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & ?is process 0 repeat$ ?ree times4 ,! de/ruction ( ! organic matt] 0 s complete t ! :ole ( ! piece ( kidney pass$ into complete solution4 ,! solution 0 !n evaporat$ d[n to a few c4c41 neutraliz$ ) cau/ic soda1 filt]$1 & treat$ ) hydrog5 sulphide4 ,a d>k-br[n precipitate ( lead sulphide 0 obta9$4 ,) potassium *romate a yell[ precipitate ( lead *romate 0 obta9$ ) ! same specim5 ( kidney :i* gave a negative result ) ! ,k,cl,o-,h,cl me?od ( de/roy+ ! organic matt]4 ,our reag5ts1 di%es1 etc41 7 !n exam9$ ) a blank te/1 b we f\nd no lead4 8,ur9e4--,we !n s\ght ! pres5ce ( lead 9 ! ur9e ( ,cases #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,half a gallon ( ur9e 0 evaporat$ d[n to dryness 9 ea* ( two bas9s4 ,9 "o bas9 ! residue 0 heat$ until x 0 *>r$4 ,bo? residues 7 !n treat$ sep>ately ) fum+ nitric acid1 z j describ$4 ,! un*>r$ residue pass$ into solution1 & on cool+ deposit$ a :ite s$im5t4 ,! "m-liquor 0 neutraliz$ & te/$ 9 ! usual way4 ,a br[n precipitate ( lead sulphide 0 obta9$ 9 ,case #b1 :ile 9 ,case #c a well-m>k$ black precipitate 0 obta9$4 ,! ur9e ( ,case #d gave a negative result4 ,! *>r$ residue did n pass completely into solution1 & ! te/s = lead 7 n s well def9$ z :5 ! residue 0 un*>r$4 ,?is %[s t c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t *>r+ ( ! residue dur+ evaporation40 ,a me?od has rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,heb]t#d--;a modification ( ,trillet's4 ,?is me?od is bas$ ^u ! fact t p]oxide ( lead1 :5 mix$ ) tetrame?yl ( diph5yl-me?yl51 gives 9 acetic acid solution a f9e blue coloration4 ,un=tunately1 a numb] ( o!r p]oxides give ! same blue coloration1 among/ !m manganese1 pota%1 copp]1 magnesium4 ,9 addition1 ! sodium p]oxide us$ to conv]t ! lead pres5t into ! p]oxide also gives a bright blue coloration ) ! reag5t1 ev5 if pres5t 9 m9ute quantities4 ,! te/ is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! sub/ance is inc9]at$1 sulphuric acid add$ 9 ! usual way1 & ! sub/ance evaporat$ to dryness4 ,x is treat$ ) a cold solution ( sodium hypo*lorite4 ,! hypo*lorite is !n remov$ p>tly by wa%+ & p>tly by heat+1 & ! reag5t is !n add$ directly to ! sub/ance 9 ! capsule1 & if a p]oxide is pres5t ! blue col\r results4 ,un=tunately1 ?is dissociation-po9t ( ! hypo*lorite & ! temp]ature at :i* p]oxide ( lead is *ang$ back aga9 to ! oxide are v close toge!r1 be+ only ab\t #be ,c4 ,9 addition1 x is v difficult to remove ! la/ traces ( ! sub/ances :i* give a blue coloration 9 addition to lead4 ,"o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 has made ext5sive trials ) ?is me?od1 z1 if x _h be5 a reliable process1 x w\ld h be5 "o :i* w\ld h consid]ably facilitat$ ! e/imation ( lead 9 small quantities4 ,! me?od has be5 adopt$ by c]ta9 ,fr5* obs]v]s1 :o by draw+ #b c4c4 ( blood f ! m$ian basilic ve91 & e/imat+ ! lead pres5t 9 ?is small am\nt by means ( ! blue coloration1 h s\ght to %[ t at lea/ #be milligrammes ( lead 7 circulat+ 9 ! blood ( ! body4 ,9 addition to o!r grave consid]ations1 ! fact t ! reag5t itself is col\rable by c]ta9 o!r p]oxides :i* exi/ 9 ! blood-a% r5d]s ^! figures entirely untru/wor?y4 #b4 ,quantitative ,me?ods ( ,e/imation4--,two me?ods may be us$ 9 ! detection ( lead 9 organic sub/ances1 ei!r 9 organic fluids or 9 solids1 & are g5]ally t]m$ ! 8wet0 & 8dry0 me?ods1 f ! orig9al treatm5t ( ! sub/ance4 ,9 ! dry me?od ! sub/ance is inc9]at$ ) or )\t ! addition ( sulphuric & nitric acid2 9 ! wet ! mat]ial is treat$ ) hydro*loric acid & potassium *lorate4 ,subsequ5t treatm5t 9 bo? cases is on ! same l9es4 ,me?od ( ,fres5ius & ,von ,babo#e--,moi/ ,me?od4--,! sub/ance :i* is suspect$ to conta9 ! poison1 if solid1 is r$uc$ to a pulp1 & is mix$ ) suffici5t wat] until ( ! consi/5cy ( ?9 gruel4 ,! ur9e %\ld be evaporat$ to "o-f\r? or "o-six? ( its volume4 ,fces %\ld be well /irr$ up ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! sub/ance is !n plac$ 9 a l>ge flask toge!r ) cry/als ( potassium *lorate2 ea* #ajj grammes ( ! sub/ance require #c to #d grammes ( potassium *lorate4 ,pure ,h,cl ( ! same weight z ! orig9al sub/ance is !n add$1 ! flask is plac$ on a wat]-ba? & g5tly heat$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! heat+ is n too brisk1 z o!rwise ! evolution ( ! *lor9e p]oxide takes place too rapidly4 ,if necess>y1 additional cry/als ( potassium *lorate are add$ f "t to "t until ! fluid becomes limpid & ( a slight yell[ col\r1 or1 if !re is mu* organic matt]1 until x assumes ! appe>ance & col\r ( ?9 oatmeal gruel4 ,on acc\nt ( m gradual evolution ( *lor9e1 ! *lorate t is pres5t be=e ! flask is heat$ acts mu* m en]getically1 weight = weight1 ?an fragm5ts add$ aft] ! liquid is heat$1 z a great deal ( ! gas !n escapes )\t r5d]+ any s]vice4 ,if ! sub/ance conta9s sug>1 />*1 or alcohol1 extra c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid fro?+ ov]4 ,:5 ! fluid cont5ts are cle> or r$uc$ to a ?9 consi/5cy1 ! liquid is transf]r$ to an evaporat+ bas91 & all[$ to rema9 on a wat]-ba? until ! smell ( *lor9e has disappe>$2 x is !n filt]$ :ile hot4 ,! :ole ( ! organic matt] is n de/roy$ by ?is process1 fatty sub/ances especially be+ resi/ant2 b if ! organic matt] is r$uc$ to small fragm5ts1 any m9]al poison pres5t w be lib]at$4 ,! objections rais$ aga9/ ?is process are t "s important poisons--su*1 = in/ance1 z ars5ic & antimony1 specially ! =m]--are liable to escape p>tially 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 & t o!rs1 su* z lead & silv]1 may rema9 z insoluble precipitates on ! filt]4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ objection1 x is to be obs]v$ t1 :5 ! hydro*loric acid is dilut$ ) wat] 7z 9 a moi/ me?od ( de/roy+ organic matt]71 any ars5ic :i* may be pres5t 9 ! hot solution is n giv5 (f ) its acid aque\s vap\r1 ars5i\s *loride dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid be+ volatile only :5 ! solv5t is conc5trat$4 ,any possibility ( loss may be avoid$1 h[ev]1 by furni%+ ! flask1 9 :i* ! organic matt] is be+ de/roy$1 ) a cond5s] & receiv]4 ,! second objection1 z f> z lead is conc]n$1 is met by tak+ c>e to filt] ! solution :il/ hot2 if only a limit$ am\nt ( lead is pres5t1 x !n rema9s 9 solution z *loride s long z ! liquid is hot1 & w consequ5tly pass ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,a consid]able quantity is kept 9 solution 9 ! cold1 z x =ms a comb9ation ) potassium *loride1 :i* is m soluble ?an lead *loride alone4 ,if a l>ge am\nt is pres5t1 x w n all be f\nd 9 ! filtrate2 ! sub/ance left on ! filt]1 !re=e1 mu/ always be te/$ = lead4 ,9 toxicological "w1 h[ev]1 ! am\nt ( lead pres5t is n z a rule m ?an w rema9 dissolv$ 9 ! cold4 ,silv] *loride1 be+ insoluble ei!r 9 hot or cold wat]1 w n pass ?r\gh ! filt]2 consequ5tly ! salts ( silv] require deal+ ) 9 a special mann]4 ,dry ,me?od4--,?is is effect$ by heat+ ! f9ely divid$ sub/ance to r$ness1 s t x is ei!r c>boniz$ or completely inc9]at$4 ,:5 cold1 ! residue is dr5*$ ) nitric acid1 & suffici5t heat is aft]w>ds appli$ to drive (f ! free acid4 ,! nitrate ( ! metal is !n dissolv$ 9 wat]1 filt]$1 & dealt ) accord+ to ! k9d ( metal pres5t4 ,! dry me?od is unsuitable 9 ! case ( ! m volatile metals1 z ars5ic1 antimony1 &1 9 a less] degree1 lead1 t91 & z9c4 ,fur!r1 x is extremely difficult & tr\blesome to c>ry out ) l>ge masses ( organic matt]4 ,x is conv5i5t ) small am\nts1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! m volatile metals yields good results4 ,! foll[+ two me?ods are giv5 by ,glai/]#f on ! "o h&1 & ,dixon ,mann#g on ! o!r4 ,bo? me?ods are good4 ,x w be se5 t ,glai/] recomm5ds ! e/imation ( ! lead z sulphide4 ,:5 m9ute quantities ( lead are pres5t 9 comb9ation ) l>ge am\nts ( organic matt]1 ! dry process is t$i\s1 difficult to c>ry out1 & unc]ta9 9 its results4 ,! plan adopt$ 9 ! elim9ation ( lead by ,dixon ,mann is z foll[s3 ,! ur9e is evaporat$ d[n to ! consi/5cy ( gruel1 & ! fces mix$ 9 di/ill$ wat] to a l consi/5cy4 ,!y are !n treat$ by ! wet me?od1 z giv5 above4 ,! filtrate aft] cool+ is plac$ 9 a glass cell1 ! bottom ( :i* consi/s ( a %eet ( vegetable p>*m5t2 ! cell is imm]s$ to su* a dep? 9 a deep] cell1 conta9+ di/ill$ wat] acidulat$ ) a few drops ( sulphuric acid1 t ! liquids 9 ! inn] & out] cells /& at ! same level4 ,a piece ( plat9um-foil enclos+ a surface ( ab\t #ej squ>e c5timetres1 con/itut+ ! ka?ode1 0 subm]g$ 9 ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! inn] cell1 a simil> piece ( plat9um-foil1 con/itut+ ! anode1 be+ imm]s$ 9 ! out] cell4 ,! pieces ( foil are s plac$ z to be opposite ea* o!r1 sep>at$ by ! p>*m5t diaphragm4 ,a curr5t1 #c or #d volts1 is !n pass$ ?r\gh = f six to eight h\rs1 aft] :i* ! foil is remov$ f ! inn] cell & g5tly wa%$ & dri$4 ,! metallic lead is dissolv$ (f ! foil ) dilute nitric acid aid$ by heat1 & aft] driv+ (f mo/ ( ! free acid ! solution is decompos$ ) dilute sulphuric acid ) an equal volume ( alcohol add$4 ,x is !n set aside = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! precipitate ( lead sulphate is wa%$ ) wat] conta9+ #ab p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 until all ! free acid is remov$2 x is !n sep>at$ by decantation1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! am\nt ( lead is calculat$ f ! weight ( ! sulphate2 #ajj p>ts ( sulphate are equal to #fhcai p>ts ( metallic lead4 ,:e!r ! moi/ or ! dry process is us$1 ! residue aft] ! prim>y filtration %\ld be te/$ = lead1 :i* may be pres5t z sulphate & rema9 undissolv$4 ,if ! orig9al sub/ance conta9s lead z sulphate1 ! salt %\ld be dissolv$ ) heat 9 an aque\s solution ( ammonium t>trate to :i* a little free ammonia has be5 add$1 !n precipitat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 7#ajj p>ts ( lead sulphide equal #hffa p>ts ( metallic lead74 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to conv]t ! sulphide into sulphate by treat+ x ) nitric & subsequ5tly sulphuric acid1 aft] :i* x is ignit$1 weigh$1 & ! am\nt ( ! metal calculat$ by ! lead sulphate factor4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! sub/ance by decompos+ ! organic matt]1 two me?ods ( e/imation may be made use (3 7#a7 ,colorimetric2 7#b7 gravimetric4 ,:]e ! e/imation is to be made gravimetrically1 ! sub/ance is always obta9$ z a sulphate1 & ! lead e/imat$ by weigh+ z a sulphate4 ,?is process is an exce$+ly t$i\s "o :5 a l>ge numb] ( small samples h to be e/imat$1 z 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( lead du/ pres5t 9 ! air4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is probable t ! use ( ! balance 9 ! e/imation ( lead z sulphate is m accurate :]e l>g] quantities up to #aj milligrammes are pres5t2 b :]e only #b or #c milligrammes are pres5t 9 ! am\nt ( sub/ance exam9$1 ! exp]im5tal error 9 wa%+ is too l>ge to w>rant ! exp5diture ( "t requir$ 9 ?is =m ( e/imation1 & ! colorimetric me?od is us$4 ,detection ( ,lead 9 ,organic ,mixtures4--,acidulate ! organic sub/ances1 r$uc$ to f9e proportions1 ) nitric acid1 heat = "s "t1 !n p]mit to cool2 filt]1 wa% residue1 & mix wa%+s ) filtrate2 conc5trate filtrate2 pass ,h,s2 place mixture 9 w>m place to all[ precipitate to settle2 aft] :i* decant sup]natant fluid1 collect precipitate on t>$ filt]1 ?or\ghly wa%1 dry on wat]-ba?1 & weigh4 ,"o "p ( sulphide is equival5t to #jicca "p ( lead oxide & #aehcg p>ts ( acetate ( lead4 ,! electrolytic me?od is bett] adapt$ = ! detection ( m9ute quantities ( lead1 z1 = example1 9 ! ur9e or fces or 9 vomit$ matt]4 ,! ur9e may be evaporat$ to a visc\s /ate2 ! o!rs1 f9ely brok5 up1 are treat$ 9 ! same way1 aft] ,h,cl is add$1 z recomm5d$ above1 ! mixture heat$1 & p9*es ( p[d]$ *lorate ( pota% add$1 z necess>y1 to break d[n organic matt]4 ,! heat+ is cont9u$ until ! od\r ( *lor9e disappe>s1 aft] :i* x is filt]$ & ! filtrate all[$ to cool4 ,! filtrate is !n plac$ 9 ! out] cell ( a two-cell$ arrangem5t1 n unlike a dialys]1 ! bottom ( :i* is =m$ ( vegetable p>*m5t1 ! out] cell conta9+ di/ill$ wat] acidulat$ ) ,h,,s4 ,into ! inn] cell is plac$ a piece ( plat9um-foil measur+ ab\t #ej squ>e c5timetres ( expos$ surface1 :i* is connect$ ) ! ka?ode or negative pole ( f\r ,grove cells1 & into ! out] cell is plac$ a l-siz$ piece ( plat9um-foil connect$ ) ! anode or positive pole4 ,^! pieces ( foil are s plac$ 9 relation to "o ano!r t !y are only sep>at$ by ! p>*m5t4 ,! galvanic circuit be+ n[ clos$ = "s h\rs1 any lead 9 ! filtrate w be deposit$ on ! plat9um-foil connect$ ) ! ka?ode 9 ! inn] cell4 ,! foil is !n remov$1 c>efully wa%$1 & ! metallic lead dissolv$ by dilute nitric acid aid$ by heat1 aft] :i* ! solution is conc5trat$ until mo/ ( ! free acid is driv5 (f2 dilute sulphuric acid is add$ to ?r[ d[n ! sulphate1 alcohol be+ also add$ to exp$ite precipitation4 ,! precipitate is all[$ to settle = tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs1 filt]$ on a t>$ filt]1 wa%$ ) wat] conta9+ #ab p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,"o "p ( sulphate is equival5t to #jfhcai "p ( metallic lead & to #abe p>ts ( acetate ( lead4 ,! e/imation ( ! lead1 especially if ! am\nt be small1 may be m accurately made by ! volumetric colorimetric me?od4 ,! metallic lead deposit$ on ! plat9um-foil is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & di/ill$ wat] add$1 & an aliquot portion plac$ 9 a ,nessl] glass4 ,a few drops ( fre%ly-prep>$ ,h,s wat]1 or ,h,s gas itself1 may be add$ to or bubbl$ ?r\gh ! cont5ts ( ! glass s z to =m lead sulphide4 ,! col\r =m$ is n[ mat*$ 9 a simil> glass1 us+ a /&>d solution ( lead nitrate1 & =m+ ! lead sulphide z be=e4 ,"s h advocat$ ! magnesium wire deposition te/1 orig9ally devis$ by von ,jaks*1 & modifi$ by ,hill ,abram1 = ! detection ( lead 9 ! ur9e ( p]sons :o are suspect$ to be suff]+ f *ronic lead poison+ 7see ante74 ,! colorimetric me?od ( e/imat+ lead has be5 made use ( ) v great success by ,duck]+ 9 ! e/imation ( lead 9 ! air ( pott]ies4 ,! me?od is t devis$ by ,mr4 ,v]non ,h>c\rt#h1 ) a few modifications4 ,! :ole ( ! me?od is giv51 z obs]vation on ! quantity ( lead pres5t 9 ! air ( lead factories helps greatly 9 sugge/+ rational me?ods ( precaution4 8,aft] dry+ & weigh+ ! filt]s1 ! foll[+ is ! me?od4 ,solutions requir$3 8,nitric ,acid4--,"o "p ( pure conc5trat$ nitric acid to ?ree p>ts ( wat]4 8,cau/ic ,soda4--,"o hundr$ grammes ( pure cau/ic soda dissolv$ 9 #bej c4c4 ( wat]4 8,sug>4--,a saturat$ solution ( sug> 9 wat]4 8,sulphurett$ ,hydrog54--,a saturat$ solution ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 wat]4 8,col\r$ ,solution4--,cotton-wool dissolv$ 9 conc5trat$ nitric acid & evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue dissolv$ 9 a little wat] & filt]$2 ! solution is deep yell[ 9 col\r4 8,/&>d ,lead4--,a solution ( lead acetate or lead nitrate made up to conta9 exactly #jjjja gramme ( lead p] c4c4 ( solution4 8,! bulk ( ! du/ 9 ! filt] 0 remov$ to a beak] 7,no4 #a71 by g5tly tapp+ ! inv]t$ funnel4 ,! cotton-wool 0 !n remov$ f ! funnel1 & ! upp] "o-?ird1 conta9+ ! rema9d] ( ! du/1 0 cut (f & add$ to ! du/ 9 beak] ,no4 #a4 ,! rema9d] ( ! cotton-wool 0 plac$ 9 a second beak] 7,no4 #b72 #b c4c4 ( hot nitric acid 0 dropp$ on ! du/ 9 beak] ,no4 #a f a pipette1 a little wat] add$1 & ! :ole heat$4 ,! solution 0 filt]$ into a #ej c4c4 ,nessl] glass1 & ! liquid rema9+ 9 ! cotton-wool also remov$ by squeez+ ! wool ) a glass rod aga9/ ! side ( ! beak]4 ,! cotton-wool 9 beak] ,no4 #b 0 simil>ly extract$ ) #b c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & ! solution add$ to t rema9+ 9 beak] ,no4 #a4 ,! liquid 0 heat$1 ! cotton-wool mac]at$ 9 x & filt]$ z be=e4 ,! wool 0 !n wa%$ ) hot wat] ab\t ?ree or f\r times1 & ! liquid filt]$ into ! ,nessl] glass4 ,a numb] ( /&>ds 7 !n made up by runn+ into ,nessl] glasses1 f a burette1 v>y+ am\nts ( /&>d lead solution cov]+ a fair range4 ,usually five /&>ds 7 made up1 conta9+ #je1 #jh1 #aj1 #ab1 & #ad c4c4 lead solution1 dep5d+ on ! volume ( ! air aspirat$ & ! quantity ( lead expect$ 9 ! kn[n weight ( du/ f\nd4 ,to ea* /&>d #d c4c4 nitric acid 0 add$1 & #e c4c4 ( ! cau/ic soda solution & #d c4c4 ( ! sug> solution 7 run into all ! six solutions--i4e41 "o te/ & five /&>ds--f pipettes4 ,x 0 inv>iably f\nd t ! te/ 0 col\r$ fa9tly yell[1 & if ?is is n all[$ = 9 ! /&>ds high results are obta9$4 ,h5ce a drop or two ( ! col\r$ solution 7see solutions requir$7 0 add$ to ! /&>ds plac$ on :ite pap] till !y mat*$ ! te/4 ,la/ly1 to ! cont5ts ( ea* ( ! six glasses 0 add$ #d c4c4 ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 solution1 & ! liquid 9 ea* made up to ! #ej c4c4 m>k1 & ! :ole well /irr$4 ,usually x 0 f\nd t ! col\r ( ! te/ came some:at deep] ?an t ( "o /&>d1 & a drop or two ( lead solution 0 add$ to ! /&>d till its col\r mat*$ t ( ! te/4 ,! elaborate me?od ( mak+ up a numb] ( /&>ds 0 adopt$ because x 0 f\nd t any o!r way gave high results4 ,9 ! way describ$ _m trial exp]im5ts 7 made1 & !y 7 inv>iably correct )9 half a drop ( ! /&>d solution40 ,! e/imation ( ! quantity ( lead pres5t 9 organic fluids1 ) ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( o!r metals1 is a factor :i* always complicates ! use ( ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 colorimetric e/imation4 ,x is almo/ impossible1 :5 deal+ ) fces1 ) blood1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ) artificial dige/s conta9+ bread & milk1 to elim9ate ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( iron4 ,fur!r1 if /eps are tak5 to remove ! iron & o!r metals1 s mu* loss takes place 9 ! manipulations necess>y t ! results arriv$ at are n satisfactory4 ,:5ev] deal+ ) organic matt]1 su* z ur9e & fces1 x is be/ to make a blank te/ ) a simil> quantity ( ! sub/ance "u exam9ation obta9$ f o!r s\rces1 & to subtract ! error f\nd due to iron1 :5 a r clos] approximation may be arriv$ at4 ,s f> z c be e/imat$1 ! m9imal quantity ( lead requir$ to produce poison+ is #jjje gramme p] kilogramme ( body weight2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 p]sons :o h swall[$ mu* l>g] doses ?an ?is h exhibit$ no symptoms ( poison+4 ,!re is e reason to suppose t lead absorb$ ?r\gh ! lung produces a maximum toxic effect1 &1 f ! e/imation ( ! quantity ( lead f\nd 9 ! body aft] dea?1 x is highly probable t exce$+ly m9ute quantities ( lead h1 :5 absorb$ ov] long p]iods1 produc$ *anges n only by _! actual pres5ce 9 ! tissues1 b also h set up deg5]ative *anges :i* progress ev5 aft] ! elim9ation ( ! metal f its local position4 ,hi/ological ,exam9ation4--,9 addition to ! *emical exam9ation ( tissues f a p]son :o has di$ ( suspect$ lead poison+1 x is ( ! highe/ importance to make hi/ological exam9ations1 z ! nak$-eye appe>ance ( po/-mortem exam9ation is frequ5tly insuffici5t to give any clue to ! cause ( ! poison+4 ,moreov]1 9 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances ! necropsy may exhibit a numb] ( signs ( disease1 su*1 = in/ance1 z granul> kidney1 cirrhosis ( ! liv]1 & s =?1 :i* are associat$ ) diseases o!r ?an lead poison+1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( any pres5t or pa/ evid5ce ( def9ite hmorrhages f\nd associat$ ) ! o!r lesions already m5tion$1 an ord9>y autopsy mu/ be inconclusive4 ,x is true t su* pa?ological conditions are consi/5t ) poison+ by lead2 & if ! individual has be5 a lead-work]1 x is easy1 b frequ5tly errone\s1 to conclude t ! symptoms owe _! orig9 to ! work]'s occupation4 ,we are entirely 9 sympa?y ) ! rem>ks ( ,k+ ,alcock#i1 :o says3 8,i plead none ! less = an imp>tial inve/igation ( ! symptoms pres5t$ by a lead-work]1 be=e assign+ full or ev5 p>tial responsibility ( ! disease to ! occupation4 ,if any & e dep>ture f ! normal 9 a lead-work] is at once assign$--! occupation be+ kn[n--to plumbism1 e>ly diagnosis naturally pres5ts v few difficulties to ! expon5ts ( su* me?ods4 ,& h[ev] sev]ely we may condemn 9 ! ab/ract su* a c>eless1 unsci5tific attitude1 ! t5d5cy has1 9 practice1 to be reckon$ ) & combat$4 ,! balance ( probabilities w\ld possibly sugge/ t ! occupation is1 aft] all1 responsible1 9 "o s5se or ano!r1 = ! m usual illnesses classically associat$ ) ! poison2 nev]!less1 ! att5d+ practition] is 9 duty b\nd to take into consid]ation1 & to e/imate ! relation (1 all ! concurr5t causes ( su* symptoms40 ,on ! extremely unsatisfactory position ! c]tify+ surgeon may f9d himself 9 at a coron]'s inque/ ,k+ ,alcock says3 8,! problem1 f a /rictly sci5tific po9t ( view1 is complicat$--"o might almo/ say t ! tru? is /ifl$--by ! fact t ! tiological relations ( ! symptoms ( any susp5d$ work] are swamp$ by ! insi/5t legal relations "u :i* he claims & receives comp5sation4 8,:5 once a =mal c]tificate ( susp5sion has be5 issu$1 :i* has embodi$ a recognition ( lead z a cause ( c]ta9 exi/+ symptoms1 !n x becomes almo/ hopeless ev] to reop5 ! "q ( causation ( ^! or o!r sup]v5+ tr\bles1 be _! orig9 indep5d5t ( lead or n4 ,! doctor1 9 a legal cross-exam9ation1 is1 9 sci5tific hone/y1 b\nd to admit at la/ ! b>e possibility ( any fanta/ic *a9 ( remote sequel2 & 8 prote/s aga9/ ! probabilities ( su* sequel are ( no avail1 z oppos$ to 8 own admission4 ,! po/1 ergo propt]1 appeal c>ries ! day easily40 ,= ! purpose ( hi/ological exam9ation x is ess5tial t portions ( ! bra91 sp9al cord1 liv]1 kidney1 & inte/9e1 %\ld be exam9$ microscopically4 ,! n]v\s tissue %\ld be plac$ 9 =mal9 & ,mll]'s fluid1 & a portion 9 alcohol = ! exam9ation ( ! fibres4 ,! liv]1 kidney1 etc41 %\ld be plac$ 9 #e p] c5t4 =maldehyde4 ,! tissues are !n treat$ by ! ord9>y hi/ological me?ods1 & sections prep>$4 ,) n]v\s tissue x is ess5tial t ^? prep>$ = ! exam9ation ( ! cells %\ld be made by ! celloid9 me?od2 ! o!rs may be treat$ by imb$d+ 9 p>aff94 ,! po9ts to be s\ght = 9 ! tissues are suffici5tly indicat$ 9 ! *apt] on ,pa?ology & ,symptomatology1 b may be briefly recapitulat$3 ,9 ! bra91 z well z 9 all ! tissues1 c>eful se>* %\ld be made = m9ute microscopical hmorrhages1 & = evid5ces ( old hmorrhages 9 ! =m ( small masses ( fibr\s tissue1 etc4 ,p>5*ymat\s deg5]ation1 *romatolysis ( nuclei1 etc41 n]ve deg5]ation4 ,! art]ies & ve9s %\ld also receive close scrut9y1 z ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( art]itis %\ld be not$4 ,9 ! kidney p>ticul>ly1 se>* %\ld be made = bo? int]/itial & p>5*ymat\s nephritis4 ,! liv] frequ5tly %[s signs ( microscopic hmorrhage1 & x is z well1 9 tak+ a portion ( tissue = exam9ation1 to *oose ^? portions :i* appe> to be specially conge/$4 ,9 ! bra9 & sp9al cord & n]v\s tissue1 se>* is to be made = ! same hmorrhages z already not$4 ,9 addition1 ! condition ( ! n]ve fibres %\ld be not$1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( p]iaxial neuritis1 z well z deg5]ation ( ! axis cells1 & ! v>i\s ganglion cells bo? 9 ! bra9 & sp9al cord %\ld be closely exam9$ = *romatolysis & nucle> atrophy4 ,no evid5ce is af=d$ by micro-*emical te/s ( any ( ! sections ?us obta9$1 except ^? ( ! lung4 ,x may be possible 9 ! case ( ! lung to det]m9e ! pres5ce ( lead granules 9 ! alveol> cells1 & att5tion %\ld be paid to ?is4 ,x is possible also t "s evid5ce may be af=d$ by exam9ation microscopically ( ! r$ bone-m>r[4 ,! inte/9al walls %\ld be exam9$ = evid5ce ( lead p>ticles4 ,if any d>k /a9+1 deep or sup]ficial1 be f\nd 9 ! inte/9e1 x %\ld be remov$ = *emical analysis4 ,necrotic areas ( ! inte/9al wall %\ld be s\ght =4 ,hmatology4--,= all practical purposes1 ! be/ /a9 = detection ( basophile granules 9 ! ery?rocytes is ,wright's modification ( ,roman[ski's /a94 ,?is /a9 may be obta9$ 9 appropriate tablets1 & may be prep>$ imm$iately be=e use1 al?\gh a /a9 :i* has be5 /&+ = t5 days or a =tnight gives mu* bett] results ?an a q new /a94 ,! /a9 consi/s ( a solution ( poly*rome me?yl5e blue1 toge!r ) eos9 9 me?yl alcohol1 & ! me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,blood is obta9$ by a small puncture1 & slides sme>$ & all[$ to dry4 ,imm$iately on dry+ ! slip is flood$ ) ! /a91 & all[$ to rema9 = two m9utes4 ,?is causes fixation4 ,at ! end ( ! two m9utes ! /a9 is dilut$ ) an equal volume ( di/ill$ wat]1 & all[$ to rema9 on = a fur!r ?ree m9utes4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! /a9 is p\r$ (f1 & ! slip wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat] = ano!r ?ree m9utes1 or until ! *>act]i/ic purple-violet appe>ance is produc$4 ,x is bett] to exam9e su* films ) an oil-imm]sion l5s1 ! oil be+ plac$ directly ^u ! films1 & n cov]$ ) a cov]-slip1 z ! action ( ,canada balsam t5ds to decolorize ! blue4 ,if su* specim5s are requir$ to be kept1 ! oil may be wa%$ (f ) xylol4 ,x is possible to obs]ve basophile /a9+ ) a good six?1 b an oil-imm]sion l5s gives mu* ! be/ result4 ,! typical /a9+ produc$ by ?is means gives d>ki% bodies scatt]$ ab\t ! r$ corpuscles1 /a9+ sometimes deeply z ! nuclei ( ! :ite corpuscles4 ,9 o!r cases ! appe>ance is l t ( f9e du/ scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! cell4 ,9 addition to ^! two =ms1 ! :ole r$ cell may take on a slight g5]aliz$ lilac t9t1 ! normal cells rema9+ free f granules1 & /a9$ r$ by ! eos94 ,se>* ( #ajj fields ( ! microscope %\ld be made1 & if no basophile granules are f\nd 9 su* fields x is unlikely t !y w be f\nd4 ,basophile /a9+ is n m pa?ognomonic ( lead poison+ ?an ( any o!r =m ( anmia1 b may be reg>d$ z a highly important confirmatory diagno/ic sign4 ,a diff]5tial c\nt ( ! leucocytes pres5t may be also made on ! same film 9 :i* basophile /a9+ is obs]v$2 #cjj %\ld be c\nt$ at lea/4 ,9 a typical case ( lead poison+ x is f\nd t dim9ution 9 ! polymorphonucle> leucocytes has tak5 place ) a correspond+ increase ( ! lymphocytes1 & possibly also ! l>ge mononucle>s1 & probably a slight increase 9 ! numb] ( eos9ophiles4 ,?is hmatological me?od ( diagnosis is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 lead poison+4 ,a diff]5tial c\nt su* z is giv5 on p4 #acg1 %[+ a l>ge dim9ution 9 ! polymorphonucle>s1 an increase 9 ! lymphocytes1 evid5ce ( *anges 9 ! r$ cells1 consi/+ ( basophile /a9+1 alt]ation 9 ! %ape ( individual cells1 poikilocytosis1 ) vacuolation1 is /rong presumptive evid5ce ( lead absorption4 ,to complete ! hmatological exam9ation1 ! hmoglob9 %\ld be e/imat$4 ,?is is be/ p]=m$ ) ,haldane's in/rum5t--an exce$+ly simple "o to use4 ,! e/imation ( ! numb] ( r$ cells & :ite cells pres5t is useful1 b does n by any means give su* valuable in=mation z does ! diff]5tial c\nt & se>* = basophile granules4 ,blood-,pressure4--,sev]al me?ods are available = ! e/imation ( ! blood-pressure4 ,! pressure may be r\ghly e/imat$ z too high or too l[ by means ( ! f+]4 ,! pres5ce ( ?ick5+ ( ! art]ies may be also e/imat$ 9 ?is way1 b = det]m9+ ! absolute blood-pressure x is necess>y to use "o or o!r ( ! in/rum5ts on ! m>ket4 ,! e/imation ( blood-pressure is an important po9t 9 relation to ! suspect$ pres5ce ( art]io-scl]osis1 & %\ld be p]=m$ :]ev] possible4 ,sphygmographic trac+s may also be tak54 ,su* a trac+ 9 a case ( typical poison+ gives a peculi> =m ( curve1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be pres5t 9 alcoholism & heavy "w1 & art]io-scl]osis ( _m types4 ,ur9e ,exam9ation4--,9 suspect$ cases ( lead poison+ ! exam9ation ( ! ur9e may reveal ! pres5ce ( lead4 ,9 addition1 album9 is frequ5tly pres5t1 especially 9 ! e>ly /ages ( kidney inflammation4 ,! ord9>y te/s = album9 %\ld be c>ri$ out1 & x is also advisable to exam9e ! ur9e spectroscopically1 z at times hmoglob91 me?moglob91 hmatoporphyr91 may be pres5t 9 small quantities1 ea* ( :i* c be detect$ by means ( spectroscopic exam9ation4 ,blood is n common 9 ! ur9e ( lead-poison$ p]sons1 al?\gh microscopically hmorrhages und\bt$ly take place 9 ! kidney4 ,^! hmorrhages are int]/itial1 & z a rule d n cause any blood-pigm5t to be pass$ 9 a quantity t c be det]m9$4 ,x is z well1 h[ev]1 to c5trifugalize ! ur9e1 & exam9e ! deposit = r$ blood-cells4 ,! pres5ce ( hmatoporphyr91 z sugge/$ by ,/e9b]g#aj1 is probably due to hmorrhages 9 ! inte/9e1 & its pres5ce 9 ! ur9e %\ld be reg>d$ ) suspicion 9 a lead-work]4 ,:]e a lead-work] is suff]+ f cont9u$ absorption ( lead1 ev5 )\t ! manife/ation ( o!r symptoms1 a *ange has be5 not$ 9 ! acidity ( ! blood--namely1 a loss ( normal alkal9ity4 ,! e/imation ( ! alkal9ity or acidity ( ! blood direct is an exce$+ly difficult process1 b mu* in=mation may be obta9$ by c>eful e/imation ( ! acidity ( ! ur9e1 & ( ! acidity ( ! ur9e 9 relation p>ticul>ly to ! phosphates4 ,j\lie#aa has po9t$ out ! extreme value :i* may be obta9$ f a k ( ! ur9>y con/itu5ts by ! means ( e/imation ( ! acidity ) su*rate ( *alk4 ,! reag5t is made by slak+ lime 9 su* a way t ! result+ comp\nd is practically dry4 ,a quantity ( ?is--ab\t #be grammes--is !n ?or\ghly %ak5 up ) #aj p] c5t4 solution ( cane-sug>1 all[$ to /&1 & ! solution titrat$ aga9/ dec9ormal acid until x is ( "o-tw5tie? normal4 ,! ur9e is !n e/imat$ directly1 ! su*rate is run into ! #be c4c4 ( ur9e until a fa9t :ite floccul5t precipitate appe>s4 ,! numb] ( c4c4 ( ! solution ( su*rate is !n not$1 & multipli$ by ! factor ( ! solution4 ,?is gives ! acidity relat$ to ! phosphate & o!r organic acid cont5ts1 & is simil> to ! me?od us$ to det]m9e ! acidity ( w9es4 ,! second e/imation consi/s ( e/imat+ ! phosphates pres5t by means ( a /&>d solution ( uranium nitrate1 us+ ei!r potassium f]rocyanide or co*9eal z an indicator4 ,! specific gravity ( ! ur9e is also det]m9$4 ,! result is !n express$ 9 t]ms ( ?is specific gravity1 or1 r1 9 ! t]ms ( ! d5sity ( ! ur9e 9 relation to di/ill$ wat]1 & ! :ole answ] return$ p] litre4 ,by ?is me?od x is n necess>y to obta9 a tw5ty-f\r h\rs sample ( ! ur9e1 ! ur9e pass$ fir/ ?+ 9 ! morn+ be+ tak5 = exam9ation4 ,by us+ ?is d5sity figure ! quantity ( acid & phosphate is express$ 9 relation to ! d5sity1 ! equation be+-- ,! obs]v$ acidity --------------------- ,acidity p] litre4 ,! d5sity p] litre ,! phosphate cont5t is express$ 9 ! same mann]1 :ile ! ratio ( phosphate to acidity gives ! ratio ( excretion ( phosphate to acidity4 ,!re is 9 lead-work]s a consid]able dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( phosphate excret$1 &1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,g>rod & o!rs1 lead app>5tly produces alt]ation 9 ! solubility ( ! uric acid cont5t ( ! blood1 & may !re=e all[ ( its decomposition4 ,probably lead z a urate is /or$ up 9 ! tissues4 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s ( ?is me?od ( ! e/imation ( ! ur9e1 ! read] is ref]r$ to 8,urologie ,pratique et ,?rapeutique ,n\velle10 by ,h4 ,j\lie4 ,an exam9ation ( ! fces ( p]sons suspect$ ( lead poison+ may (t5 give def9ite results bo? ( ! pres5ce ( lead & hmatoporphyr94 ,if small hmorrhages h occurr$ high up 9 ! inte/9e1 ! pres5ce ( hmatoporphyr9 9 ! fces may result4 ,! sub/ance may be easily det]m9$ by means ( ! *>act]i/ic absorption b&s4 ,a quantity ( fces is tak5 & extract$ ) acid alcohol1 & ! filtrate exam9$ spectroscopically4 ,urobil9 b&s are commonly pres5t1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 :]e mu* con/ipation exi/s ^! b&s are v well m>k$4 ,!re is no difficulty :atev]1 h[ev]1 9 di/+ui%+ !m f ! *>act]i/ic b&s ( acid hmatoporphyr94 ,exam9ation ( ! ,fces = ,lead4--,! moi/ me?od or *emical exam9ation giv5 above is ! be/ "o to apply = ! det]m9ation ( lead 9 ! fces4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 lead is commonly excret$ 9 ! fces1 &1 if only ab\t #b milligrammes p] diem are be+ excret$ by ! fces 9 a lead-work]1 ! quantity _c be reg>d$ z indicative ( poison+4 ,"o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 has at times f\nd z mu* z #h to #aj milligrammes ( lead excret$ 9 ! fces ( p]sons engag$ 9 a lead factory1 & exhibit+ no signs or symptoms :atev] ( lead poison+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! quantity ( lead 9 ! fces rises to any?+ above #f milligrammes p] diem1 !re is def9ite evid5ce ( an increas$ absorption ( lead1 & if at ! same "t cl9ical symptoms be pres5t1 sugge/+ lead poison+1 su* a *emical det]m9ation is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,9 e/imat+ ! pres5ce ( lead 9 fces1 x may be necess>y to deal ) ! sep>ation ( iron1 :i* may be precipitat$ z phosphate & filt]$ (f1 ! quantitative e/imation be+ proce$$ ) 9 ! filtrate4 ,lead is mu* m commonly pres5t 9 ! fces ( lead-work]s ?an 9 ! ur9e1 & x is bett] to exam9e ! fces r ?an ! ur9e 9 suspect$ cases4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,,gauti]3 ,meillre's ,le ,saturnisme1 p4 #gd4 #b ,,m>sd5 ,,& ,,abram3 ,! ,lancet1 vol4 i41 p4 #afd1 #ahig4 #c ,,%ufflebo?am ,,& ,,mellor3 ,ibid41 vol4 ii41 p4 #gdf1 #aijc4 #d ,,heb]t3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 tome cxxxvi41 p4 #abje1 #aijc4 #e ,,fres5ius ,,& ,,von ,,babo3 ,liebig's ,annal51 vol4 xlix41 p4 #bhg1 #ahhd4 #f ,,glai/]3 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce & ,toxicology4 #aiaj4 #g ,,dixon ,,mann3 ,=5sic ,m$ic9e & ,toxicology1 p4 #dif4 #h ,,v]non ,,h>c\rt1 ,a43 ,a ,me?od = ! ,approximate ,e/imation ( ,small ,quantities ( ,lead--,transactions ( ! ,*emical ,society1 vol4 cxvii41 #aiaj4 #i ,,k+ ,,alcock1 ,s43 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 vol4 i41 p4 #acga1 ,june #bd1 #aije4 #aj ,,/e9b]g3 ,int]national ,congress ,indu/rial ,hygi5e4 ,brussels1 #aiaj4 #aa ,,j\lie1 ,h43 ,urologie ,pratique et ,?rapeutique ,n\velle4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,treatm5t ,9 lay+ d[n ! g5]al l9es ( treatm5t = bo? lead poison+ & lead absorption1 x is ess5tial 9 ! fir/ place to di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 ! two /ates2 = al?\gh lead absorption may gradually drift into def9ite lead intoxication & lead poison+1 ) all ! classical symptoms associat$ ) ! saturn9e ca*exia1 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 indu/rial processes1 d n & %\ld n progress beyond ! e>ly symptoms ( lead absorption4 ,! treatm5t1 !re=e1 w dep5d 9 ! fir/ place on :e!r ! case be "o s con/antly met ) 9 indu/rial processes1 :]e g5]aliz$ symptoms ( lead absorption are manife/ )\t any def9ite & disabl+ symptoms traceable & suffici5tly pron\nc$ to enable a diagnosis ( lead poison+ to be made4 ,! facts giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,pa?ology1 on ! me?ods ( entrance ( lead1 on ! toxic manife/ations1 & ! blood-*anges1 &1 above all1 ! facts relat+ to microscopical hmorrhages & o!r pr(\nd *anges 9 ! bloodvessels1 po9t cle>ly to ! l9es along :i* ! g5]al treatm5t = amelioration1 prev5tion1 or cure ( poison+ %\ld be und]tak54 ,! treatm5t ( ! s-call$ 8presaturn9e /ate10 or :at is pref]ably t]m$ ! 8/ate ( lead absorption10 is "o t ! appo9t$ surgeon or c]tify+ surgeon 9 lead factories or o!r processes 9 :i* lead is manufactur$ or us$1 is con/antly call$ ^u to treat4 ,lead poison+ is a def9ite entity z a disabl+ disease1 :]eas lead absorption1 al?\gh ! prodromal /age ( su* disease1 _c be def9$ z actual lead poison+1 z 9 _m in/ances p]sons may %[ signs ( cont9u$ lead absorption1 b _! p[]s ( elim9ation c be ma9ta9$ at su* a level t ! ratio ( absorption to elim9ation rema9s 9 equilibrium4 ,) ! prev5tive treatm5t ( lead poison+ we h dealt 9 ano!r place 7see p4 #aii74 ,:at is p>ticul>ly requir$ "h is ! m$ic9al treatm5t1 :i* may be helpful 9 prev5t+ lead absorption pass+ on to def9ite lead poison+4 ,= _m ye>s x has be5 cu/om>y 9 ! treatm5t ( m5 employ$ 9 lead works to give occasional purgatives1 & x is1 moreov]1 a common & prop] precaution to keep a /ock ( "s simple ap]i5t m$ic9e1 pref]ably sal9e compos$ ( sodium sulphate & magnesium sulphate1 at ! works 9 *>ge ( ! =eman1 s t any man :o s desires may obta9 a dose ( an ord9>y ap]i5t mixture4 ,we h se5 f ! pa?ological evid5ce t ! l>ge/ proportion ( lead is excret$ by ! b[el1 & t1 !re=e1 ! sweep+ away ( ! b[el cont5ts--p>ticul>ly :]e con/ipation is set up--w naturally t5d to remove f ! body a good deal ( ! lead :i* has be5 already excret$ into ! inte/9e & :i* may presumably become reabsorb$ unless x be swept away4 ,9 a l>ge electric accumulator factory ,epsom salts 9 ! =m ( ! granul> eff]vesc+ prep>ation is mu* appreciat$4 ,9 w9t] #ej p] c5t41 & 9 summ] #ij p] c5t4 ( ! m5 are said to take a daily dose4 ,9 an important :ite-lead works *ocolate tablets conta9+ hypo-7?io-7sulphite ( sodium are suppli$ to ! work]s4 ,ano!r m$ic9e made use ( 9 lead works is ! sulphuric acid lemonade1 ?is be+ acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid & flav\r$ ) lemon4 ,x is v que/ionable :e!r ?is sub/ance has any def9ite effect 9 ! special direction 9 :i* x is suppos$ to "w--namely1 t ( =m+ an insoluble sulphate ( lead 9 ! /oma* & s prev5t+ its absorption4 ,! use ( ?is drug 0 sugge/$ on ! presumption t lead poison+ z a rule took its orig9 f ! du/ swall[$ & conv]t$ into a soluble =m 9 ! /oma*4 ,z we h se51 !re is v little evid5ce t ?is entrance ( lead is ( mu* importance1 al?\gh x does occasionally take place4 ,fur!rmore1 f ! exp]im5ts ( "o ( u ,k4 ,w4 ,g4#a1 x has be5 f\nd t ! sulphate ( lead is at any rate z soluble z o!r lead salts1 su* z :ite lead or li?>ge1 :5 act$ ^u by normal ga/ric juice4 ,) reg>d to ! dr9ks suppli$ to work]s 9 lead factories1 x is highly important t "s =m ( fluid %\ld be suppli$ :i* ! m5 may dr9k )\t h>m1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! m labori\s =ms ( employm5t1 &1 above all1 9 ! factories :]e smelt+1 desilv]iz+1 etc41 ( lead is c>ri$ on4 ,9 ^! factories ! use ( "s type ( lemonade conta9+ sodium citrate is to be recomm5d$1 z x has be5 %[n t "o ( ! pa?ological effects ( lead absorption is to produce an increas$ viscosity ( ! blood1 & ! use ( su* drugs t5ds to "s ext5t to dim9i% ?is4 ,a dr9k conta9+ a few gra9s ( sodium citrate to ! ounce & flav\r$ ) lemon is freely drunk by workm5 engag$ 9 ! labori\s processes4 ,f9ally1 z a g5]al r\t9e treatm5t1 x is advisable to keep at ! factory "s =m ( mixture conta9+ iron1 :i* may be giv5 to ^? p]sons :o are %[+ signs ( slight anmia1 g5]ally associat$ ) "s degree ( con/ipation1 & x is !re=e bett] to use a =m ( iron ca?>tic4 ,?is m$ic9e %\ld also be kept 9 ! c>e ( ! =eman1 :o w see t x is adm9i/]$ to ! m5 prop]ly4 ,9 ?is way any p]sons :o at ! weekly exam9ation exhibit signs ( anmia may be promptly treat$1 & :at is m1 ! surgeon is assur$ t ! workm5 9 "q actually obta9 ! m$ic9e prescrib$ regul>ly4 ,dur+ ! r\t9e weekly or mon?ly exam9ation1 or at :atev] int]vals ! m$ical exam9ation takes place1 p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid to ! records kept ( ! /ate ( heal? ( ! v>i\s p]sons1 & :5ev] possible alt]ation ( employm5t %\ld always be enjo9$ :5 e>ly signs ( anmia make _! appe>ance4 ,! surgeon %\ld sp>e no pa9s to det]m9e if any ( ! workm5 are confirm$ alcoholics1 & su* p]sons %\ld be remov$ f "w 9 dang]\s processes1 :ile at ! same "t c>e %\ld also be tak5 to elim9ate any p]sons suff]+ f ^? diseases :i* are kn[n to be pr$ispos+ causes ( lead poison+4 ,! c>d sy/em ( regi/ration ( any symptoms not$ or treatm5t giv5 facilitates sup]vision ( ! heal? ( ! m54 ,9 times ( /ress :]e "s p>ticul>ly dang]\s process is 9 op]ation1 z1 = in/ance1 :]e portions ( a build+ :i* has become ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) lead du/ is be+ pull$ d[n1 or :]e ma*9es are be+ alt]$1 remov$1 or rebuilt1 especial c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ ) ! workm5 s employ$1 & x is advisable 9 su* cases to adopt prev5tive measures on ! supposition--g5]ally correct--t su* p]sons are absorb+ a l>g] quantity ( lead ow+ to _! peculi>ly du/y employm5t ?an !y 7 "u normal circum/ances4 ,at su* times1 also1 x may be advisable to adm9i/] "s =m ( mild iron ca?>tic to all p]sons employ$ 9 ! factory =1 say1 a week at a "t4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ^! me?ods ( treatm5t 9 any way sup]s$e ! precautions = ! prev5tion ( lead poison+ by me*anical & hygi5ic means2 !y are m]ely additional precautions :i* may be put 9 =ce "u special circum/ances4 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,lead ,poison+4--,! treatm5t ( def9ite lead poison+1 z ! treatm5t ( lead absorption1 is direct$ t[>ds ! elim9ation ( ! poison1 ! promotion ( repair to ! damag$ tissues1 & special treatm5t direct$ t[>ds ^? special organs :i* suff] mo/ly 9 lead poison+4 ,at ! same "t1 special treatm5t ( urg5t symptoms may be call$ =2 b 9 ! treatm5t ( ! urg5t symptoms ! fact ( ! g5]al elim9ation ( ! poison mu/ n be lo/ sight (4 ,we h already se5 t ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ! poison leaves ! body is ma9ly ! fces4 ,treatm5t mu/ !re=e be direct$1 z 9 ! =m] in/ance 7lead absorption71 t[>ds elim9at+ ! poison by ?is means z mu* z possible1 bo? by ! use ( enemata1 & lat] ! use ( sulphate ( magnesia1 :i* may be add$ to ! ord9>y fluid enema2 & x is f> bett] 9 ob/9ate cases ( con/ipation & colic to give enemata ?an to cont9ue ) ! huge doses ( sal9es or o!r ap]i5ts1 su* z croton-oil1 elat]9um1 or ca/or-oil4 ,colic4--,lead colic may be simple1 acute1 recurr5t1 or *ronic & cont9u$4 ,9 :atev] =m colic appe>s pa9 is inv>iably ref]r$ to ! l[] "p ( ! abdom51 frequ5tly into ! gro9s1 & occasionally to ! umbilicus4 ,! pa9 has to be di/+ui%$ p>ticul>ly f acute ga/ritis1 & occasionally f app5dicitis1 & sometimes f t ( typhoid fev]4 ,acute colitis--n common 9 ?is c\ntry--& dys5t]y1 may1 to "s ext5t1 simulate ! pa9 ( lead colic1 b ,john ,hunt]'s#b orig9al def9ition ( 8dry bellya*e0 conveys v vividly ! type ( pa94 ,occasionally di>rha may be met )1 b z a rule ob/9ate con/ipation is pres5t4 ,9 cont9u$ colic1 or *ronic colic1 sometimes la/+ = sev]al mon?s1 ob/9ate con/ipation is ! rule4 ,9 ! simple acute colic ! pa9 passes (f 9 ! c\rse ( five or six days1 g5]ally disappe>+ ab\t f\r days aft] ! l[] inte/9e has be5 ?or\ghly cle>$4 ,! pa9 ( lead colic is reliev$ by pressure ^u ! abdom51 :]eas t ( ga/ritis & mo/ o!r =ms ( abdom9al pa9 may be g5]ally elicit$ along ! desc5d+ colon & spl5ic flexure2 mucus is commonly f\nd 9 ! /ools1 especially ! fir/ evacuation1 aft] ob/9ate con/ipation occasionally ( sev]al days' duration associat$ ) an ord9>y attack ( lead colic4 ,blood may be pass$1 b ?is symptom is n common4 ,! pa9 9 ! acute =m is p>oxysmal2 x is r>ely p]si/5t1 be+ typically int]mitt5t4 ,dur+ ! p>oxysm di/9ct sl[+ ( ! pulse-rate ) an increas$ blood-pressure takes place1 & ! adm9i/ration ( vaso-dilators--su*1 = in/ance1 z amyl nitrite--dur+ a p>oxysm rapidly relieves ! pa9 & l[]s ! blood-pressure1 & 9 ?is way di/+ui%es acute colic ( lead poison+ f1 say1 subacute app5dicitis4 ,vomit+ may or may n be pres5t1 ?\gh ! pati5t usually compla9s ( feel+ sick1 b !re may be at times vomit+ ( a fro?y mucus4 ,x is unusual = a pati5t to die f acute colic1 b acute p>oxysms h be5 record$ 9 :i* yield+ ( ! blood-vessels ( ! bra9 has occurr$4 ,recurr5t colic is z a rule less sev]e ?an ! simple acute =m1 b may la/ = sev]al weeks1 cle>+ up = ?ree or f\r days at a "t & !n recurr+ ) little dim9ution 9 viol5ce f ! fir/ attack4 ,su* cases are probably due to ! gradual excretion ( lead by ! inte/9e1 & %\ld be treat$ on ?is supposition4 ,9 ! cont9u$ or *ronic colic ! pa9 may p]si/ = z long z two mon?s1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* "t ! pati5t compla9s ( uneas9ess & ev5 con/ant pa9 9 ! l[] "p ( ! abdom51 :i* becomes consid]ably worse aft] ea* evacuation1 & almo/ inv>iably is associat$ ) exce$+ly ob/9ate con/ipation4 ,x is ?is type ( case t olive-oil or liquid p>aff9 relieves1 :ile 9 ! acut] =ms dra/ic purgatives su* z ca/or-oil1 croton-oil1 or pulv4 jalap comp4 may be adm9i/]$4 ,= ! treatm5t ( pa9 9 colic "o ( ! v>i\s vaso-dilators %\ld be us$1 z1 9 addition to ! spasm ( ! inte/9e1 a v consid]able vaso-con/riction ( ! :ole ( ! vessels 9 ! mes5t]ic area occurs4 ,amyl nitrite gives imm$iate relief1 b ! effect passes (f some:at rapidly1 :il/ scopolam9e1 al?\gh tak+ some:at long] to act1 is bett] = cont9u\s use1 z its action is long] ma9ta9$4 ,sodium nitrite1 liquor tr9itr9i1 & antipyr9 are also ( use4 ,atrop9 may be us$1 b x is p]haps bett] giv5 9 conjunction ) magnesium sulphate4 ,:atev] =m ( purgative is giv51 "s =m ( anodyne %\ld be comb9$4 ,drissole & ,tanqu]el#c are said to h obta9$ excell5t results ) croton-oil2 "o drop is giv51 foll[$ sev5 or eight h\rs lat] by ano!r1 & !n by an enema ( #b p9ts ( normal sal9e4 ,aft] two or ?ree days ! croton-oil may be aga9 giv51 "o drop at a "t ea* day4 ,9 addition1 ,tanqu]el made use ( belladonna & opium toge!r1 f9d+ t _! comb9$ action 0 bett] ?an t ( opium alone1 z ! physiological effect ( belladonna probably assi/s 9 prev5t+ ! inte/9al cramp4 ,h(fmann#d recomm5ds ! use ( olive-oil & opium1 giv+ #c to #d ounces ( olive-oil4 ,he says t ?is relieves ! spasm ( ! pylorus1 & is ( p>ticul> use :]e sev]e vomit+ is associat$ ) ! colic4 ,?is use ( olive-oil1 fir/ sugge/$ by ,h(fmann 9 #agfj1 & reviv$ by ,weill & ,duplant#e 9 #aijb1 is some:at int]e/+1 9 view ( ! mod]n t5d5cy to adm9i/] p>aff9um liquidum 9 ! treatm5t ( *ronic con/ipation4 ,briquet#f recomm5ds #d grammes ( alum & #d grammes ( dilute sulphuric acid ?ree times daily1 ) ! addition ( #jje gramme ( pulv4 opii at night4 ,briquet says t al?\gh ! purgative me?od rapidly dim9i%es ! colic1 ! elim9ation ( ! poison does n take place z rapidly z by means ( ! treatm5t he recomm5ds1 ?\gh x is op5 to d\bt :e!r ! use ( ei!r ( ^! two drugs is likely to produce any fur!r neutralization or excretion ( absorb$ lead ?an sulphate ( magnesia4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ! magnesium sulphate does n act z a neutraliz] ( ! poison1 z 9 a factory :]e sulphate ( lead is manufactur$ "s cases ( def9ite lead poison+ occurr$1 9 :i* at lea/ half mu/ h be5 due to ! inhalation ( lead sulphate du/4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x seems h>dly wor? :ile to attempt to =m a sulphate ( lead 9 ! body4 ,! action ( magnesium sulphate & o!r sal9es1 h[ev]1 9 promot+ ! fl[ ( fluid t[>ds ! inte/9es1 & rapidly dilut+ & wa%+ out ! cont5ts1 t5d to elim9ate su* lead z has already be5 excret$ into ! b[el4 ,a numb] ( o!r drugs h be5 giv5 f "t to "t = ! purpose ( =m+ an insoluble comp\nd ) ! metal 9 ! inte/9e1 su*1 = in/ance1 z sulphur 9 _m =ms1 :i* is /ill mu* us$ 9 ,fr5* hospitals4 ,peyr[#g advises sulphide ( soda1 :il/ ,meillre pref]s potassium sulphide z be+ less irritat+4 ,he consid]s sulphurett$ hydrog5 a prop] prophylactic aga9/ reabsorption4 ,bo? exp]im5tal "w & cl9ical obs]vation %[ t a *ange to sulphide does take place 9 ! l[] b[el1 & t /a9+ ( ?is "p ( ! inte/9e is due to lead sulphide2 b z ! figure on ,plate ,,ii4 %[s1 ! lead may exi/ 9 ! =m ( granules ( a d>k nature1 deeply emb$d$ 9 ! inte/9al wall1 besides be+ situat$ 9 ! ext]ior4 ,/ev5s#h sugge/s ! use ( -gra9 doses ( calcium p]manganate ?rice daily to relieve pa94 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( o!r drugs may be also made use ( f ! po9t ( view ( dim9i%+ ! pa91 & "o ,fr5* obs]v] advocates ! hypod]mic injection ( coca9e1 b x is d\btful :e!r any good w\ld foll[ f su* a proc$ure4 ,hypod]mic injections ( morphia %\ld be giv5 :5ev] ! pa9 is great1 & diaphoretics z well z diuretics %\ld also be giv51 su*1 = in/ance1 z ammonium acetate1 citrate ( pota%1 or soda4 ,*lor(orm wat] & *loral & brom9e wat] may be also us$1 & :5 no o!r drug is at h&1 ! inhalation ( *lor(orm w rapidly relieve ! acute vaso-motor spasms associat$ ) colic4 ,dur+ ! attack ( colic1 & = at lea/ a day subsequ5t to its disappe>ance1 ! pati5t %\ld be kept on a fluid diet2 milk is be/1 & #aj gra9s ( sodium citrate %\ld be add$ to ea* glass ( milk4 ,aft] ! colic has subsid$1 a light f>9ace\s diet %\ld be giv51 & x is bett] n to give meat until at lea/ a week has elaps$4 ,alcohol is to be avoid$4 ,! ,anmia ( ,lead ,poison+4--,z has be5 po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,,viii 7p4 #ace71 ! anmia ( lead poison+ is "o due to ! de/ruction ( ! r$ blood-cells4 ,?is is evid5c$ n only by ! curi\s sall[ complexion1 by ! occasional pres5ce ( hmatoporphyr9 9 ! fces & ur9e1 & (t5 by ! curi\s yell[ ( ! scl]otics1 b also by an increase 9 ! viscosity ( ! blood itself4 ,moreov]1 ! ur9e ( p]sons suff]+ f lead poison+ is inv>iably highly col\r$1 & may ev5 %[ ! pres5ce ( me?moglob94 ,z ! anmia is g5]ally a symptom ( cont9u$ lead absorption = a long p]iod1 & does n necess>ily occur ) e case ( colic--9 fact1 acute colic may (t5 sup]v5e )\t any symptoms ( cont9u$ anmia--! p]sons suff]+ f lead anmia %\ld be remov$ f _! direct contact ) ! dang]\s processes1 & %\ld be giv51 if possible1 "w 9 ! op5 air4 ,iron & ars5ic may be us$1 pref]ably 9 comb9ation1 :il/ ! iodide ( iron (t5 gives good results4 ,:atev] prep>ation ( iron is giv51 c>e %\ld always be ex]cis$ 9 avoid+ any con/ipat+ effect1 & ! free action ( ! b[el %\ld be ma9ta9$1 toge!r ) a lib]al supply ( milk4 ,potassium iodide may be also giv54 ,) reg>d to ! action ( potassium iodide1 !re is division ( op9ion among/ v>i\s physicians z to ! efficacy ( ! drug 9 ! elim9ation ( lead f ! body4 ,at ! same "t a v l>ge numb] ( p]sons hold t ! adm9i/ration ( fairly l>ge doses ( potassium iodide 9 ! case ( a p]son suff]+ f *ronic lead absorption may at times be associat$ ) sudd5 exac]bation ( ! disease1 & t ! drug app>5tly may det]m9e ! production ( acute symptoms1 su* z encephalopa?y or p>alysis1 :5 ^! h n be5 previ\s features ( ! case4 ,our exp]i5ce supports ?is /atem5t1 & on m ?an "o occasion "o ( u 7,k4 ,w4 ,g47 has se5 a di/9ct increase ( symptoms foll[ ! adm9i/ration ( l>ge doses ( potassium iodide4 ,f a comp>ison ) o!r cases x seems t ^! symptoms w\ld h be5 unlikely to make _! appe>ance )\t "s second>y cause4 ,aga9/ ?is po9t ( view mu/ be quot$ fur!r exp]im5ts already ref]r$ to by ,z9n#i1 :o f\nd t :5 lead iodide 0 adm9i/]$ to exp]im5tal animals iod9e alone 0 f\nd 9 ! ur9e2 b x mu/ be po9t$ out t no e/imations 7 made ( ! fces1 & x is possible t a c]ta9 am\nt ( lead 0 elim9at$ 9 ?is way4 ,:at exactly is ! action ( iodide on ! solubility ( lead 9 ! body x is difficult to say2 yet ! use ( iod9e comp\nds has be5 foll[$ ) consid]able success 9 a numb] ( *ronic inflammatory diseases1 & x is possible t x may h ! action ( splitt+ (f ! p>ticul> lead comp\nd f its organic association ) ! tissues1 especially z x is well kn[n t iod9e plays a v important rle 9 ! process ( cell metabolism4 ,ano!r po9t :i* t5ds to support ! use ( iod9e is ! fact t ! o!r two halog5s1 bromide & *loride1 bo? ( :i* ent] l>gely into cell metabolism1 also h a slightly b5eficial effect on ! excretion ( lead4 ,! dose ( ! iod9e giv5 %\ld n be l>ge to comm5ce )1 #c gra9s ?ree times a day is suffici5t1 ! dose be+ run up to "s #cj or #dj gra9s p] diem1 ! symptoms mean:ile be+ c>efully wat*$4 ,o!r symptoms (t5 associat$ ) ! anmia ( lead poison+ are-- ,rheumatic ,pa9s4--,^! pa9s are sugge/ive ( muscul> affection1 & are possibly due to m9ute hmorrhages occurr+ 9 ! muscle tissue1 :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! muscles ( exp]im5tally poison$ animals4 ,= ! rheumatic pa9s diaphoretics & citrates ( soda & potassium may be giv54 ,lumbago4--,! lumbago con/antly compla9$ ( 9 *ronic lead poison+ & ev5 9 ! e>ly /age ( lead absorption1 is v g5]ally relat$ to *ronic con/ipation r ?an to a def9ite affection ( ! lumbo-sacral jo9ts4 ,nephritis4--,affections ( ! kidney associat$ ) lead poison+ are almo/ entirely conf9$ to scl]osis4 ,! pres5ce ( album9 9 ! ur9e is n a v common symptom4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out already1 ! pres5ce ( lead 9 ! ur9e is by no means a regul> feature ( lead poison+1 ?\gh x may at times be pres5t1 & ! ur9e %\ld always be exam9$ = *anges 9 ! kidneys2 b z a numb] ( cases ( *ronic lead poison+ are associat$ ) alcohol poison+1 ! *anges 9 ! kidney cell are almo/ c]ta9 to be pres5t4 ,on p4 #ie ! illu/ration %[+ ! disease 9 ! kidney produc$ by exp]im5tal dosage ) lead1 & ! kidney ( a fatal case ( lead poison+ 9 a man :o at ! same "t _h a /rong alcoholic hi/ory1 %[s fairly def9itely ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two po9ts4 ,acute nephritis occurs s r>ely 9 ! c\rse ( indu/rial lead poison+ t x _c be consid]$ to be a disease due to lead4 ,9 *ronic nephritis treatm5t %\ld be along ! ord9>y l9es & ! same rem>k applies to enl>gem5t ( ! liv]4 ,he>t4--,symptoms due directly to disease ( ! he>t are r>ely caus$ by lead alone4 ,! he>t muscle may suff] 9 ! same way z ! o!r muscles ( ! body1 & 9 lead poison+ 9 animals di/9ct hmorrhages are f\nd betwe5 ! muscul> fibres 9 ! he>t muscle1 & x is !re=e probable t a =m ( myoc>ditis may exi/ 9 lead poison+4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! increas$ art]ial t5sion1 may cause dilatation1 b ! symptoms are ^? relat$ m to ! g5]al condition ( art]io-scl]osis ?an to any direct he>t lesion1 & z a rule ^! symptoms d n call = any special treatm5t4 ,treatm5t ( ,n]v\s ,manife/ations 9 ,lead ,poison+4--,) "o or two exceptions1 ! diseases ( ! n]v\s sy/em associat$ ) lead intoxication only appe> :5 actual lead poison+ is e/abli%$4 ,c]ta9 evid5ces ( affection ( ! n]v\s sy/em are occasionally se5 9 ! prodromal /age1 or /age ( lead absorption4 ,^! may be m]ely tempor>y & disappe> (t5 "u treatm5t1 by *ange ( employm5t & r$uction 9 ! quantity ( lead absorb$4 ,?us1 dilatation ( ! pupils--! reaction to light be+ extremely sluggi% or abs5t--is (t5 a feature ( ! lat] /ages ( ! condition ( lead absorption4 ,tremor may also be a symptom1 ! out/ret*$ h&s exhibit+ a f9e undulatory movem5t1 (t5 increas$ on attempt+ to p]=m "s act su* z t\*+ ! nose1 or t\*+ ! two f+]s toge!r1 & :5 ^! symptoms occur !y mu/ always be reg>d$ z ( some:at grave import4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t tremor may occur z a common complication ( alcoholic cases1 & fur!r1 foll[s excessively h>d manual "w1 ?\gh !re is usually little difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! v>i\s =ms4 ,! symptomology ( n]v\s diseases associat$ ) lead poison+ has already be5 c>efully set out 9 ,*apt] ,,ix41 & ! pa?ological *anges und]ly+ ^! symptoms 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,( ! g5]al treatm5t1 little ne$s to be add$ to :at has already be5 /at$ = ! treatm5t ( lead anmia & g5]al lead intoxication4 ,iron & ars5ic 7n /ry*n9e1 especially 9 pres5ce ( colic71 & o!r simil> drugs1 %\ld be employ$ toge!r ) iodides ei!r z potassium iodide or z an injection 9 ! =m ( an organic comp\nd1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties on ! m>ket4 ,! injection ( normal s]um has be5 advis$1 z well z sal9e injections1 & 9 "s in/ances v5esection has be5 practis$1 b x is d\btful :e!r any?+ is to be ga9$ by ?is =m ( treatm5t4 ,fur!r1 x has be5 /at$ t "s lead is excret$ ?r\gh ! sk91 & = ?is reason sulphur ba?s1 ba?+ 9 sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat]1 etc41 h be5 recomm5d$ to neutralize any lead t has ga9$ access to ! sk94 ,s]af9i#aj has claim$ t by means ( electrolytic ba?s a c]ta9 am\nt ( lead c be f\nd pres5t 9 ! wat] aft] cont9u\s pass+ ( a curr5t1 & x has be5 suppos$ by ^! obs]v]s t ! lead has be5 actually driv5 out ( ! body "u ! action ( ! electric curr5t4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t su* lead z is discov]able 9 ! wat] 0 m]ely t :i* _h already become incorporat$ ) ! pati5t's sk9 ?r\gh me*anical contact4 ,:atev] =m ( treatm5t be adopt$ ( a g5]al type1 ! pati5t mu/ c]ta9ly be remov$ f ! *ance ( any fur!r lead absorption2 a p]son :o is suff]+ f wri/-drop or o!r =m ( p>esis %\ld n be employ$ 9 any portion ( a lead works :]e he may come into contact ) any =m ( lead or its comp\nds = at lea/ a ye> aft] ! p>esis has disappe>$1 & ev5 !n x is inadvisable = su* a p]son to return to any =m ( dang]\s lead "w4 ,! electrical treatm5t ( ! injur$ n]ves & muscles %\ld be und]tak5 en]getically2 bo? ! galvanic or f>adic curr5ts may be us$4 ,probably ! be/ =m is ! galvanic4 ,a small m$ic9al batt]y may be utiliz$1 ! me?od ( application be+ z foll[s3 ,"o pole ( ! batt]y %\ld be plac$ ov] ! affect$ muscle1 & ! o!r pole plac$ 9 a bas9 ( wat] into :i* ! pati5t's h& is dipp$4 ,! curr5t %\ld !n be pass$4 ,x is bett] n to use a curr5t ( too great int5sity1 p>ticul>ly at ! />t1 al?\gh x is f\nd 9 practice t a mu* great] curr5t c be borne 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! treatm5t ?an :5 ! muscles & n]ves comm5ce to recov]4 ,z a rule ! pati5t exp]i5ces no inconv5i5ce :atev] f a consid]able curr5t dur+ ! fir/ week ( 8 affection1 b at ! end ( a =tnight or ?ree weeks less ?an "o-?ird ( ! initial curr5t c be borne4 ,! curr5t %\ld n be pass$ cont9u\sly1 b %\ld be us$ = a %ort "t & !n %ut (f1 be+ aga9 swit*$ on = five or six m9utes1 & !n aga9 %ut (f4 ,! applications may also be modifi$ by plac+ "o h& 9 ! vessel ( wat] & /rok+ ! affect$ muscle & n]ve ) ! free electrode4 ,! application ( ! curr5t %\ld be = n m ?an half an h\r at a "t1 & may be appli$ twice 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is q easy to in/ruct ! pati5t to p]=m ! electrical treatm5t = himself 9 ?is mann] :5 ! p>esis is affect+ ei!r ! upp] or l[] extremity4 ,) ! f>adic curr5t ! circuit %\ld be clos$ :ile ! curr5t is at a m9imum1 & !n ! quantity ( curr5t rais$ to "s #ae to #bj milliampres4 ,= affections ( ! l[] extremity ! application may be made by means ( "o ( ! usual ba?s 9 :i* ! foot is imm]s$1 ! o!r electrode be+ plac$ on ! back or o!r suitable position4 ,if bo? ! l[] extremities are involv$1 !n bo? feet %\ld be plac$ 9 a ba? into ea* ( :i* ! s\rce ( electricity is connect$4 ,ionization by means ( ! f>adic curr5t may also be made use (4 ,= ?is purpose "o ( ! halog5s1 pref]ably iod9e or *lor9e1 %\ld be us$1 x be+ rememb]$ t *lor9e & iod9e ions ent] f ! negative pole1 s t 9 su* a case ! ba? 9 :i* ! affect$ limb is plac$ mu/ be connect$ ) ! negative pole ( ! batt]y4 ,subsequ5tly1 ) ei!r =m ( electrical treatm5t1 ! "p %\ld be well rubb$1 & passive movem5ts z well z massage are an advantage 9 promot+ ! return ( normal function4 ,z ! muscles gradually return t[>ds _! normal /ate1 graduat$ muscul> ex]cises %\ld be us$4 ,:5 treat$ 9 ! fir/ week or two ( ! onset1 lead p>esis frequ5tly recov]s1 & 9 a p]son suff]+ f lead palsy = ! fir/ "t1 conf9$ only to ! h&s or to a gr\p ( muscles 9 ! %\ld]1 prognosis is good4 ,! prognosis ( palsy ( ! l[] limbs is n s good4 ,p>alysis ( ! facial n]ve is occasionally se5 9 lead poison+1 & :]e ?is occurs x %\ld be treat$ z previ\sly recomm5d$1 by means ( iodides 9 association ) localiz$ electrical treatm5t4 ,"o pole ( ! batt]y %\ld be plac$ bel[ ! ext]nal auditory meatus1 & ! o!r "o pass$ ov] ! face on ! affect$ side4 ,9 long-/&+ cases :]e no attempt has be5 made at treatm5t 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! disease1 & :]e consid]able muscle deg5]ation has already tak5 place1 ! prognosis z a rule is v bad4 ,ef=ts %\ld always be made 9 an e>ly case by passive movem5ts & massage ( ! affect$ muscles to improve _! nutrition z f> z possible4 ,! diet %\ld be light1 & alcohol %\ld n be giv5 at any "t4 ,affections ( ! ,c5tral ,n]v\s ,sy/em4--,! typical =m ( affection ( ! c5tral c]ebral n]v\s sy/em caus$ by lead1 is lead encephalopa?y4 ,! disease may be insidi\s 9 its onset1 & may be prec$$ by a long /age ( *ronic heada*e ) slight or total remissions4 ,heada*es may la/ = sev]al mon?s be=e ! actual acute /age ( ! disease is rea*$4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( sev]al bra9s ( p]sons :o h di$ f lead encephalitis1 microscopic sections ( ! bra9 h %[n signs ( hmorrhages :i* mu/ h tak5 place "s consid]able "t prior to dea?1 & 7 no d\bt associat$ ) ! heada*e t _h be5 compla9$ ( = "s "t previ\sly1 be=e ! onset ( ! fatal illness4 7,see ,plate ,,iii47 ,p]si/5t heada*e occurr+ 9 a lead-work] %\ld always be reg>d$ ) grave suspicion1 & su* a case %\ld be treat$ on ! assumption t x is an e>ly case ( lead encephalitis4 ,bromides & iodides %\ld be giv51 & ! pati5t plac$ 9 quiet surr\nd+s1 & f$ on light1 nutriti\s diet1 & e attempt made to produce elim9ation ( ! poison4 ,9 ! acute attacks vaso-motor spasm is no d\bt p>tially acc\ntable = ! symptoms1 & v>i\s dilators1 previ\sly not$ 9 discuss+ colic1 may be made use (1 su*1 = in/ance1 z amyl nitrite1 scopolam9e1 etc41 :il/ pyramidon1 antipyr91 ph5acet91 & o!r simil> drugs may be giv5 betwe5 ! attacks4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld any p]son :o has suff]$ f encephalitis or o!r c]ebral symptom ( lead poison+ be all[$ to resume "w 9 a lead indu/ry4 ,! treatm5t ( eye affections 9 lead poison+ requires little comm5t1 z ! ess5tial treatm5t mu/ be ! same z 9 o!r cases1 ma9ly devot$ t[>ds ! elim9ation ( ! poison4 ,attempts may be made to treat p>esis ( ! ocul> muscles by means ( mild electric curr5ts1 b ( ?is we h _h no exp]i5ce4 ,ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( cases ( lead amaurosis & amblyopia recov]1 b a numb] progress to total & p]man5t bl9dness1 & prognosis 9 su* cases mu/ always be gu>d$4 ,prognosis4--,! prognosis ( ! fir/ attacks ( lead poison+ ( simple colic or ev5 slight unilat]al p>esis is good2 practically all cases recov] "u prop] treatm5t4 ,x is unusual = a p]son to succumb to a fir/ attack ( simple colic1 or p>esis4 ,9 mo/ cases ! s]i\s =ms ( poison+ only make _! appe>ance aft] ?ree or f\r previ\s attacks ( colic1 b a s+le attack ( p>esis is mu* m frequ5tly foll[$ by a sev]e =m ( poison+1 su* z encephalitis4 ,a limit$ numb] ( p]sons are highly susceptible to lead poison+1 & ^! p]sons rapidly %[ _! susceptibility :5 work+ 9 a dang]\s lead process4 ,lead poison+ occurr+ 9 an alcoholic subject is m likely to result 9 p>etic & m5tal symptoms ?an 9 a p]son :o is n addict$ to alcohol1 & ! prognosis ( lead poison+ 9 an alcoholic is mu* less fav\rable ?an 9 ! case ( a normal p]son4 ,m5tal symptoms v r>ely foll[ f a s+le attack ( lead colic1 & z a rule d n become e/abli%$ "u ?ree or f\r attacks at lea/4 ,a small numb] ( p]sons expos$ to excessive doses ( lead absorption ?r\gh ! lungs develop m5tal symptoms1 su* z acute encephalitis1 )\t any prodromal /age4 ,! prognosis 9 su* cases is always exce$+ly grave4 ,sudd5 g5]aliz$ =ms ( p>alysis are n common 9 ! e>ly /ages1 b are inv>iably ( grave import4 ,a few cases ( p>esis1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! p]oneal type1 & affect+ ! l[] limbs1 become progressive1 & ev5tually develop into a condition resembl+ progressive muscul> atrophy ) sp9al cord deg5]ation4 ,! prognosis ( simple colic 9 wom5 is ab\t z good z = males1 b if an attack ( abortion is associat$ ) lead poison+1 eclampsia (t5 sup]v5es & p]man5t m5tal d]angem5t may foll[4 ,9 ! dem5tia associat$ ) lead poison+ ! prognosis is n s grave z 9 o!r =ms ( dem5tia1 especially alcoholic1 b depression is an unfav\rable symptom4 ,! mania ( lead poison+ is n s noisy z t ( alcoholic mania1 b :]e !re is suspicion ( alcoholic z well z lead poison+ ! prognosis is exce$+ly grave4 ,z a rule ! prognosis ( cases ( lead poison+ occurr+ 9 indu/rial conditions is m fav\rable :5 colic is a m>k$ feature ?an :5 x is abs5t1 & !re is no d\bt t ! prognosis 9 cases ( indu/rial lead poison+ at ! pres5t "t is m fav\rable ?an x 0 be=e ! introduction ( exhau/ v5tilation & g5]al m$ical sup]vision--a fact no d\bt to be expla9$ by ! relative decrease 9 ! am\nt ( lead absorb$4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,,goadby1 ,k4 ,w43 ,j\rn4 ( ,hygi5e1 vol4 ix41 #aiji4 #b ,,hunt]1 ,,john3 ,obs]vations ( ,diseases ( ! ,army 9 ,jamaica4 ,london1 #aghh4 #c ,,drissole ,,& ,,tanqu]el3 ,meillre's ,le ,saturnisme1 p4 #afd4 #d ,,h(fmann3 ,j\rn4 de ,md41 ,octob]1 #agej4 #e ,,weill ,,& ,,duplant3 ,gazette des ,hpitaux1 lxxix41 #gif1 #aijb4 #f ,,briquet3 ,bull4 ,?rap41 ,aot1 #aheg4 #g ,,peyr[3 ,?se de ,p>is1 #ahia4 #h ,,/ev5s3 ,bullet9 ( ,bureau ( ,lab\r1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,no4 #ie1 p4 #ach1 #aiaa4 #i ,,z9n3 ,b]l4 ,kl94 ,wo*41 ,nr4 #ej1 #ahii4 #aj ,,s]af9i3 ,le ,morgagni1 ,no4 #aa1 #ahhd4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,prev5tive ,,measures ,,aga9/ ,,lead ,,poison+ ,am\nt ( ,lead ,fume & ,du/ 9 ! ,atmosph]e ,brea!d4--,lead fuses at #cbe ,c4 & boils at betwe5 #adej & #a1fjj ,c4 ,x is volatile :5 heat$ to a *]ry-r$ col\r--ab\t #eej ,c4 ,exp]im5ts,a c>ri$ out 9 ! laboratory ( a lead smelt+ works 9 ,london to det]m9e ! temp]ature at :i* leady fumes rise f ! surface ( op5 ba?s ( molt5 lead1 %[$ t unless pure lead is heat$ to ab\t #ejj ,c41 & at ! same "t /irr$1 no appreciable fume comes (f1 & t f lead1 at ! same temp]ature1 "u ord9>y work+ conditions1 little or no lead 9 ! =m ( oxide passes into ! air4 ,f lead t has be5 unref9$ or :i* conta9s z9c--t is1 lead 9 ! e>li] /ages ( its manufacture 79 ! rev]b]atory furnace7--leady fume 0 n giv5 (f at temp]atures less ?an #gfj ,c4 ev5 :5 /irr$1 because at a temp]ature ( #fjj ,c4 ! surface ( ! molt5 metal became cov]$ ) fluid slag1 :i* w n all[ any oxide to be giv5 (f4 ,impurities su* z t9 or antimony prev5t ! oxidation ( molt5 lead at l[] temp]atures1 & give x a bright1 %9y col\r4 ,:5 heat$ to ab\t #fjj ,c41 ^! impurities =m a slag on ! surface ( ! lead conta9+ antimoniates & /annates ( lead1 :i* d n evolve lead fumes unless heat$ to temp]atures nev] likely to be rea*$ 9 op5 lead pots4 ,! reason :y molt5 ref9$ lead c give (f lead fume m readily ?an ^? nam$ is because ! oxide =m$ on ! surface is a dry p[d] & n 9 ! =m ( slag4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! ba? is /irr$1 "s ( ! dry oxide is brok5 up & may rise into ! air4 ,:5 a ba? ( molt5 lead is n /irr$ at all1 x c be heat$ to ov] #gdj ,c4 )\t f9d+ oxide 9 ! air aspirat$--a temp]ature n obta9$ "u ord9>y work+ conditions4 ,a ,9 ^! exp]im5ts air 0 aspirat$ ?r\gh an iron funnel hav+ an area ( #aac squ>e in*es 7#ab in*es diamet]71 plac$ at a height ( #a in*es above ! molt5 metal1 & connect$ to an iron tube #c feet 9 l5g? & in* 9 diamet]4 ,inside ! iron tube 0 a glass tube1 "o end rea*+ own to ! top ( ! funnel & ! o!r connect$ ) a tube conta9+ pure loose asbe/os wool1 & cont9u$ d[n to a tightly /opp]$ bottle hold+ dilute sulphuric acid4 ,ano!r glass tube connect$ ?is bottle ) an aspirator4 ,! asbe/os tube 0 weigh$ be=e & aft] ea* te/1 & ! asbe/os !n treat$ ) nitric acid1 & ! lead det]m9$ volumetrically4 ,9 none ( ! te/s made 0 lead f\nd 9 ! bottle conta9+ sulphuric acid4 ,7 !re no?+ else to consid] b escape ( lead fume f a pot or ba? ( molt5 metal1 obvi\sly hood+ ov] ( ! ba? & removal ( ! fume f ! atmosph]e ( ! workroom w\ld be unnecess>y until ?is temp]ature 0 rea*$4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! ba? is kept /&+ expos$ to ! air1 & ! oxide :i* =ms on ! surface has to be skimm$ (f p]iodically1 & :5ev] ! ladle is empti$ a small cl\d ( du/ arises4 ,or at times1 9 c]ta9 processes1 *emical int]action takes place 9 ! ba?1 z 9 ! dipp+ ( holl[-w>e articles previ\sly clean$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 ) evolution ( fume ( volatile *loride ( lead4 ,any vessel1 !re=e1 ( molt5 metallic lead 9 :i* skimm+ is necess>y1 or 9 :i* *emical action gives rise to fume1 requires a hood & exhau/ %aft1 ev5 al?\gh ! temp]ature is little1 if at all1 above ! melt+-po9t--unless1 inde$1 a sep>ate exhau/ c be arrang$ = ! removal ( ! du/ imm$iately above ! po9t :]e ! skimm+s are deposit$4 ,( _m samples ( du/ collect$ 9 workrooms :]e !re are ba?s ( molt5 lead1 x is impossible to say def9itely h[ mu* ( ! lead pres5t is due to fume1 & h[ mu* to du/4 ,?us1 a p]son temp]+ ! tangs ( files 0 attack$ by plumbism1 & a sample ( du/ collect$ f an electric p5d5t directly ov] ! pot1 at a height ( #d feet f ! gr\nd1 0 f\nd to conta9 #aef p] c5t4 ( metallic lead4 ,simil>ly1 a sample tak5 above a ba? = temp]+ railway spr+s conta9$ #dha p] c5t4 metallic lead#a4 ,&1 aga91 a sample collect$ f ! top ( ! magaz9e ( a l9otype ma*9e conta9$ #hah p] c5t4 ,su* analyses po9t to ! necessity ( enclos+1 z f> z possible1 ! s\rces ( dang]--ei!r ! fume or ! du/1 or bo?4 ,det]m9ation ( ! melt+-po9t ( ! molt5 mass w (t5 help 9 decid+ :e!r !re is risk ( fume f ! pot1 &1 if !re is n 7z 9 ! sample ( du/ f ! l9otype ma*9e ref]r$ to71 w direct att5tion to ! s\rces ( du/ 9 ! room4 ,proce$+ on ^! l9es1 ,s4 ,r4 ,b5nett#b1 us+ a !rmo-electric pyromet] :i* _h be5 previ\sly /&>diz$ & its rate ( error asc]ta9$1 & *eck+ ! results 9 "s cases by a m]cury-9-glass !rmomet] 7! bulb ( :i* 0 protect$ by metal tub+71 det]m9$ ! temp]ature ( ! v>i\s pots & ba?s ( molt5 lead us$ 9 ! ,%effield di/rict4 ,z 0 anticipat$1 tempor>y cessation ( "w1 /irr+ up ( metal1 recok+ ( furnaces1 & o!r causes1 produc$ fluctuations ( temp]atures f m9ute to m9ute 9 ! same pot1 & 9 its diff]5t p>ts4 ,! comp5sat$ pyromet] us$ gave = file-h>d5+ pots a maximum ( #hej ,c41 & a m9imum ( #gfj ,c41 ! av]age mean work+ temp]ature be+ ab\t #hjj ,c4 ,! v>iations ( temp]ature ( lead us$ = temp]+ tangs ( files & rasps 0 f\nd to be high1 & l>gely unre/rict$ f a practical /&po9t4 ,! maximum 0 #gce ,c41 & ! m9imum #ebj ,c41 ! av]age mean work+ temp]ature be+ #fej to #gjj ,c41 v>y+ m ?an ?is )9 a few h\rs 9 ! same pot4 ,spr+ temp]+ is c>ri$ out at "s comp>atively con/ant temp]ature betwe5 a maximum ( ne>ly #fjj ,c4 & a m9imum ( #daj ,c41 dep5d+ on ! k9d ( /eel & ! purpose = :i* ! /eel is to be employ$4 ,g5]ally1 ! temp]ature requir$ rises z ! p]c5tage ( c>bon 9 ! /eel is dim9i%$4 ,z ^! ba?s are l>g] ?an file-h>d5+ pots1 ! temp]ature range is high] at ! bottom ?an at ! top unless well /irr$ up4 ,"s lead pots are set 9 "o side ( a flue1 & ! temp]ature 9 ! mass is !n great] on ! furnace side4 ,f fur!r obs]vation ( ^! pots dur+ exp]im5ts1 he 0 incl9$ to believe t ! lead did n volatilize directly into ! atmosph]e1 z heat$ wat] does1 b t ! p>ticles ( coke1 fus$ oil1 etc41 :i* rise f ! surface1 act z c>ri]s ( ! rapidly oxidiz$ lead p>ticles :i* cl+ to !m4 ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 lett]press pr9t+ works4 ,! av]age temp]ature 0 #cgj ,c4 9 ! /]eo pots1 & 9 ! l9otype pots at "w #cjc ,c4 ,scrap lead melt+-pots :5 hotte/ regi/]$ #dbd ,c41 b regi/]$ z l[ z #caj ,c41 accord+ to ! am\nt ( scrap add$1 ! /ate ( ! fire und]nea?1 etc4 ,! be/ practical work+ temp]ature dep5ds l>gely on ! composition ( ! metal us$4 ,t at "s factories is ! same = /]eo drums z = l9o pots--viz41 #haf p] c5t4 lead1 #afc p] c5t4 antimony1 & #bj p] c5t4 t91 add$ to h>d5 ! lead4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s pr9t]s use a high] p]c5tage ( antimony 9 ! l9o ?an 9 ! /]eo metal4 ,lead melts at #cbe ,c41 & antimony at #fcj ,c41 b by add+ antimony to lead up to #ad p] c5t4 ! melt+-po9t is r$uc$ at an almo/ uni=m rate to #bdg ,c41 aft] :i* fur!r addition ( antimony raises ! melt+-po9t4 ,?is expla9s :y temp]atures z l[ z #bij ,c4 are practicable = l9otype pots4 ,! molt5 eutectic has a specific gravity ( ab\t #aje1 :]eas ! cubic cry/als av]age #fe only2 !re=e 9 ^! pots ! latt] float on ! top1 & excess ( antimony is to be expect$ 9 ! skimm+s or on ! surface4 ,adm9i/ration ( c]ta9 sections ( ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 #aija1 w\ld be simplifi$ 7 !re a ready means available = det]m9+ ! ext5t ( contam9ation ( ! air--especially ( ,section #a1 requir+ ! factory to be v5tilat$ s z to r5d] h>mless1 z f> z practicable1 all gases1 vap\rs1 du/1 or o!r impurities1 g5]at$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! manufactur+ process1 t may be injuri\s to heal?2 ( ,section #gd1 emp[]+ an inspector to require a fan or o!r means if ?is w m9imize inhalation ( injuri\s fumes or du/2 ( _m regulations hav+ z _! pr9cipal object removal ( du/ & fumes2 & ( ,section #ge1 prohibit+ meals 9 rooms :]e lead or o!r poison\s sub/ance is us$1 s z to give rise to du/ or fumes4 ,un=tunately1 ow+ to ! difficulty hi!rto ( accurate collection1 only a v few det]m9ations ( ! actual am\nt ( lead du/ & fume pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e brea!d h be5 made4 ,?is l5ds peculi> value to a s]ies ( inve/igations by ,g4 ,elmhir/ ,duck]+1 :i* h ?r[n mu* light on ! am\nt ( lead fume pres5t 9 ! air ( a t9n+ work%op1 & ! am\nt ( lead du/ 9 ! air dur+ c]ta9 pott]y processes1 & ! process ( s&-pap]+ aft] pa9t+4 ,incid5tally1 also1 !y help to det]m9e ! m9imal daily dose ( lead :i* w set up *ronic lead poison+#c4 ,aspirat+ ! air at ab\t ! level ( ! work]'s m\? = v>y+ p]iods ( "t1 he det]m9$ ! am\nt ( lead 9 ! fume1 or 9 ! du/1 p] #aj cubic metres ( air1 & f k ( ! "t dur+ :i* inhalation took place he calculat$ ! approximate quantity inhal$ p] work] daily4 ,we h summ>iz$ "s ( 8 conclusions 9 ! table on pp4 #bjd1 #bje3 ,duck]+'s exp]im5ts z to ! pres5ce ( fumes conta9+ comp\nds ( lead 9 ! atmosph]e brea!d 7 c>ri$ out 9 a work%op = ! t9n+ ( iron holl[-w>e ) a mixture consi/+ ( half lead & half t94 ,! process ( manufacture & ! ma9 s\rces ( lead contam9ation 9 ! air 7k arriv$ at f ^! exp]im5ts7 are expla9$ on p4 #ei4 ,z ! result ( laboratory exp]im5ts design$ to %[ ! effect ( ! viol5t escape ( vap\r produc$ bel[ ! surface ( molt5 metal 9 caus+ contam9ation ( ! air1 & ! nature ( ! contam9at+ sub/ances1 he 0 able to conclude t ! *emical action ( ! mat]ials 7acid & flux7 us$1 & subsequ5t vaporization ( ! products ( ?is action1 0 a mu* m important factor ?an ! me*anical action ( escap+ vap\r4 ,subsequ5tly1 exp]im5ts c>ri$ out on factory premises gave ! results :i* are express$ 9 ! table z to ! relative dang]1 f lead1 to 7a7 a t9n] us+ an op5 ba?2 7b7 a t9n] work+ at a ba? provid$ ) a hood & exhau/ by means ( a furnace flue2 & 7c7 ! nature & ext5t ( air contam9ation caus$ by ! op]ation ( wip+ excess ( metal 7:ile /ill 9 a molt5 /ate7 f ! t9n$ article4 ,9 all ?ree exp]im5ts aspiration ( air 0 made sl[ly3 x 0 ma9ta9$ at ! rate ( #c to #d cubic feet an h\r 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t = betwe5 sev5 & eight h\rs2 9 ! second = tw5ty-eight to tw5ty-n9e h\rs2 & 9 ! ?ird = tw5ty-f\r to tw5ty-five h\rs4 ,! p]son engag$ 9 t9n+ at ! op5 ba? 0 %[n to be expos$ to mu* m dang] ?an "o work+ at a hood$ ba?1 :ile ! wip] 0 expos$ to ev5 m dang] ?an ! t9n] us+ an op5 ba?1 s9ce n only 0 he inhal+ fume f ! hot article1 b also fibre to :i* consid]able quantities ( metallic lead & t9 adh]$4 ,analysis ( samples ( du/ collect$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! workroom bore out ! conclusions d]iv$ f analysis ( ! fumes4 ,?us1 samples collect$ f l$ges at v>y+ heights above ! t9n+ ba? conta9+ ! mixture ( t9 & lead conta9$ p]c5tages ( soluble lead 7lead *loride7 9 /rik+ am\nt z comp>$ ) samples collect$ at po9ts 9 ! same room remote f any s\rce ( lead fume1 :ile ! insoluble lead pres5t1 z 0 to be expect$ f ! fact t x consi/$ ( lead atta*$ to p>ticles ( t[ float+ 9 ! air1 0 less v>iable4 ,,table ,,xii41 ,,%[+ ,,quantities ,,( ,,lead 7,,pb7 ,,9 ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,at ,,brea?+ ,,level4 7,g4 ,e4 ,,duck]+',s ,,exp]im5ts47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,e/i- mat$ ,pres5t ,"t 79 ,approximate 9 #aj ,cubic ,h\rs7 ,quantities ,metres ( dur+ ( ,lead 7,pb7 ,air 7,milli- :i* express$ 9 grammes74 ,9- ,milligrammes ------------halation inhal$ ,total ,lead took by ,work] ,occupation4 ,du/4 7,pb74 place4 p] ,day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 ,t9n] us+ op5 ba? -- #cggi #e #ajgj ,t9n] us+ ba? cov]$ by -- #fcf #e #ahj hood1 & hav+ fumes exhau/$ by draught ( furnace ,wip+ (f 7t9n+7 -- #abdca #e #cebj furnace furnace furnace furnace ,e>!nw>e dipp+ 7pott]y7 #ch #ahj #g #jfi 7av]age ( #d expts47 ,e>!nw>e dipp+ 7pott]y7 #hd #fbg #g #bdj 7s+le furnace expt47 furnace ,*9a dipp+ 7pott]y7 #cf #bab #g #jhc 7av]age ( #d expts47 ,rock+ham w>e dipp+ #dd #bbf #g #jhf 7s+le 7pott]y7 expt47 ,e>!nw>e clean+ 7pott]y7 #dg #bbi #g #jhh 7av]age ( #g expts47 ,*9a w>e clean+ 7pott]y7 #abc #accd #f #djh 7s+le expt47 ,e>!nw>e dry+ 7pott]y7 #be #bai #h #jib 7av]age ( #c expts47 ,e>!nw>e glo/ plac+ #cd #bjh #h #jic 7av]age 7pott]y7 ( #c expts47 ,*9a glo/ plac+ 7pott]y7 #cj #ajh #i #jej 7s+le expt47 ,*9a glo/ plac+ 7pott]y7 #ba #jcb #i #jaf 7s+le expt47 ,majolica-pa9t+ ( tiles #fa #iaa #g #cdh 7s+le 7pott]y7 expt47 #bjf #ecgj -- -- ,s&-pap]+ & du/+ railway coa*es #bda #aafaj -- -- #dec #hcaj -- -- ,s&-pap]+ coa* :eels #acdc #ajbefj -- -- ,s&-pap]+ motor-c> body #fjj #bghcj -- -- #hh #chgj -- -- ,s&-pap]+ motor-c> :eels #ce #dgj -- -- ,s&-pap]+ van :eel #did #adchj -- -- ,burn+ (f old pa9t #eb #cdj -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p]- c5t- age ( ,lead 9 ,occupation4 ,du/4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 7#a7 7#f7 7#g7 ,t9n] us+ op5 ba? -- ,! :ole inhal$ 9 ! =m ( vap\r ( lead or simil> comp\nd4 ,t9n] us+ ba? cov]$ by -- ,! :ole inhal$ 9 ! =m ( hood1 & hav+ fumes vap\r ( lead or simil> exhau/$ by draught ( comp\nd4 furnace ,wip+ (f 7t9n+7 -- #ada milligrammes ( metallic furnace lead inhal$ z lead *loride1 furnace & #baa milligrammes z furnace metallic lead adh]+ to furnace float+ fibres ( t[4 ,e>!nw>e dipp+ 7pott]y7 #hcj;,dipp+ bo>ds n us$4 ,e>!nw>e dipp+ 7pott]y7 #gdb,v dirty dipp+ bo>ds us$4 furnace ,"w v rapid1 & mu* furnace %ak+ ( w>e aft] dipp+4 ,*9a dipp+ 7pott]y7 #edc;,*9a glaze usually conta9s ab\t two-?irds z mu* lead z t ( e>!nw>e4 ,rock+ham w>e dipp+ #dcg;,dirty dipp+ bo>ds 9 use4 7pott]y7 ,glaze conta9s ?ree times z mu* lead z ord9>y e>!n- w>e glaze1 b ! w>e is n %ak5 aft] dipp+4 ,e>!nw>e clean+ #eij;,clean+ done 9 or at front ( 7pott]y7 exhau/ hood4 ,*9a w>e clean+ 7pott]y7#ajhe,v defective exhau/2 hood s arrang$ t clean+ _h to be done outside4 ,glaze conta9s ab\t two-?irds z mu* lead z t = e>!nw>e4 ,e>!nw>e dry+ 7pott]y7 #heh;,filt] plac$ at brea?+ level 9 c5tre ( dry+ /illage4 ,e>!nw>e glo/ plac+ #feh 7pott]y7 ,*9a glo/ plac+ 7pott]y7 #cfd;,bo>ds us$ 7 fairly dirty4 ,*9a glo/ plac+ 7pott]y7 #aej,"o man only work+4 ,majolica-pa9t+ ( tiles #aejj,tiles clean$1 :ile /ill damp1 7pott]y7 ) knife4 ,mu* dry wa/e glaze on wood5 floor1 & mu* traffic4 ,sev]al cases ( lead poison+ 9 ?is room4 #bfaj,pass5g] fi% truck aft] "o ,s&-pap]+ & du/+ coat ( lead col\r4 railway coa*es #dhaj,railway coa* aft] "o coat ( lead col\r on fill$ & fac$ surface4 #ahcj;,aft] two coats ( quick-dry+ ,s&-pap]+ :ite lead pa9t4 coa* :eels #gfdj,old cream-pa9t$ :eel be=e repa9t+4 ,s&-pap]+ motor-c> body #dfdj;,door ( motor body aft] "o coat ( lead col\r & quick- dry+ s&-pap] /opp+4 ,urg5t "w4 #ddjj,wood5 motor :eels aft] two coats ( lead col\r & s&- ,s&-pap]+ pap]+ betwe54 ,exhau/ n motor-c> :eels runn+4 #accj,same po9t1 b ) exhau/ runn+4 ,s&-pap]+ van :eel #biaj;,aft] "o coat ( quick-dry+ p]man5t r$ on two coats ( fle% col\r 7s&-pap]+ aft] ea* coat74 ,burn+ (f old pa9t #fej,:ite pa9t ( ,london & ,nor?- ,we/]n coa*4 ,gas-burn] us$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,du/4--,ref]5ce to ! table %[s t ! conditions 9 ! pott]y workrooms1 z /at$ 9 ,column #g1 are reflect$ 9 ,columns #c & #e4 ,fur!r details f 8 exp]im5ts may be useful4 ,?us1 9 a dipp+ room :]e l[-solubility glaze 0 9 use1 ! am\nt ( lead 9 ! du/ collect$ p] #aj cubic metres ( air 0 #jgj milligramme4 ,! av]age ( f\r exp]im5ts :]e !re 7 no dipp+ bo>ds 0 #ahj milligrammes1 & :]e dipp+ bo>ds 7 us$1 #cge2 i4e41 #aie milligrammes ( lead 9 ! du/ p] #aj cubic metres ( air is add$ by ! use ( dirty dipp+ bo>ds4 ,z ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts1 ,duck]+ believes t approximately #aie milligrammes ( lead p] #aj cubic metres ( air 0 due to ! f9e spray giv5 (f 9 ! %ak+ ( ! w>e4 ,9 bright sunlight1 he says1 ! spray c be se5 danc+ high above ! dipp+ tub4 ,9 a dipp+ h\se :]e "w 0 done sl[ly by two occupants only1 ! proportion ( lead 9 ! measur$ quantity ( air 0 also l[--#jeh milligramme p] #aj cubic metres4 ,:]e1 9 ! abs5ce ( special provision made = admission ( fre% air to a fan1 ! air 0 drawn f a neighb\r+ room 9 :i* lead processes 7 c>ri$ on1 ! am\nt ( lead rose to #egf milligrammes at ! level brea!d by ! ga!r] at a mangle4 ,9 w>e-clean+ ! av]age ( all 8 obs]vations :]e lead 0 us$ 7elev57 0 #cdd milligrammes2 & he conclud$ t 8wet clean+ ( w>e causes less direct contam9ation ( ! atmosph]e1 ev5 :]e no local exhau/ is appli$4 ,a /ill m important result ( wet clean+1 h[ev]1 is t ! ov]alls keep mu* fre] ( du/40 ,! highe/ results 7 obta9$ :5 ! process ( w>e-clean+ 0 done outside ! influ5ce ( ! exhau/ draught4 ,9 "o in/ance1 :]e ! w>e 0 clean$ at a di/ance ( #f feet f ! exhau/ op5+1 #accd milligrammes p] #aj cubic metres ( air 7 f\nd4 ,subsequ5tly at ! same po9t1 aft] ! exhau/ sy/em ( v5tilation _h be5 remodell$1 #jie milligramme only 0 pres5t4 ,ev5 9 a /illage room 9 :i* no "w 0 done o!r ?an ! plac+ on & removal ( ! bo>ds f ! racks1 ! lead cont5t p] #aj cubic metres ( ! air 0 #ajh milligrammes4 ,9 glo/-plac+1 ! av]age ( f\r exp]im5ts 0 #ahc milligrammes--no d\bt ! result ( glaze on ! bo>ds4 ,z mu* z #iaa milligrammes ( lead 0 f\nd p] #aj cubic metres ( air 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge majolica-pa9t+ room1 ) wood5 floors & mu* traffic 9 x4 ,wood5 floors g5]ally appe>$ to influ5ce ! results1 z det]m9ations ( ! lead pres5t 7 high] 9 rooms ) !m ?an ) til$ floors4 ,9 coa*-pa9t+ ! proportion ( lead f\nd by ,duck]+ 9 ! air brea!d dur+ ! actual "t ( s&-pap]+ expla9s ! sev]e incid5ce ( poison+ 9 ?is class ( "w4 ,! table %[s ! am\nt ( lead 9 ! air to be enorm\s1 & 9 _m cases mu* 9 excess ( ! am\nt f\nd 9 ! air :5 wip+ (f 9 ! t9n+ ( holl[-w>e4 ,! "w ( s&-pap]+ is1 h[ev]1 v r>ely cont9u\s1 ! "t occupi$ 9 x be+1 = ! pa9t]1 ab\t "o to two h\rs daily2 = ! bru% h&1 two to ?ree & a half h\rs2 & = ! pa9t]'s lab\r]1 f\r to five h\rs4 ,kn[+ intimately ! processes at :i* ! e/imations record$ 9 ! table 7 made1 ! relative frequ5cy ( cases ( plumbism report$ among ^? employ$ at !m1 & ! duration ( employm5t prior to attack1 we believe t1 if ! am\nt ( lead pres5t 9 ! air brea!d conta9s less ?an #e milligrammes p] #aj cubic metres ( air1 cases ( encephalopa?y & p>alysis w\ld nev]1 & cases ( colic v r>ely1 occur4 ,& ?is figure is a q practical "o 9 any process am5able to locally-appli$ exhau/ v5tilation4 ,some:]e ab\t #b milligrammes1 or #jjjb gramme1 ( lead we reg>d z ! l[e/ daily dose :i*1 inhal$ z fume or du/ 9 ! air1 may1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 set up *ronic plumbism4 ,local ,exhau/ ,v5tilation4--,9 consid]+ prev5tive measures aga9/ lead poison+1 prec$5ce mu/ be giv5 to removal ( fumes & du/ by locally-appli$ exhau/ v5tilation1 z1 un=tunately1 ! we>+ ( a respirator is nei!r 9 itself a suffici5t protection1 nor1 if x 71 c\ld ! con/ant we>+ ( "o be en=c$4 ,a respirator is ( no use aga9/ lead fume4 ,9 ! case ( du/1 ! conditions :i* x mu/ fulfil to be effective are1 fir/1 t ! air brea!d is fre$ f du/1 &1 secondly1 t x %\ld n incommode ! we>]4 ,fur!r1 x %\ld be simple 9 con/ruction1 easily appli$1 & all[ ( frequ5t r5ewal ( ! filt]+ m$ium4 ,no exi/+ respirator ( mod]ate price con=ms q satisfactorily ) ^! requirem5ts4 ,! m closely to ! face x is made to fit1 & ! m effectually ! air is filt]$1 ! great] is ! inconv5i5ce exp]i5c$ :5 x is worn4 ,?is inconv5i5ce is due to ! ex]tion 7%[+ itself 9 increase ( ! respiratory movem5ts & pulse-rate7 caus$ 9 aspirat+ ! air ?r\gh ! filt]+ m$ium1 & rebrea?+ "s portion ( ! expir$ brea?1 conta9+ a mu* great] proportion ( c>bonic acid gas & ( moi/ure at a high] temp]ature ?an are pres5t 9 fre% air4 ,respirators1 !re=e1 except = "w la/+ a %ort "t--half an h\r to an h\r--_c be consid]$ an effective or suffici5t means ( protect+ ! work] aga9/ du/4 ,if a respirator mu/ be worn1 ! simple/ =m is a pad ( ord9>y non-absorb5t cotton-wool 7absorb5t wool quickly becomes sodd5 & imp]vi\s71 ab\t #c in*es by #d in*es1 plac$ ov] ! m\? & no/rils1 & kept 9 position by ela/ic b&s pass$ r\nd ! e>s4 ,! pad %\ld be burnt aft] use4 ,) a smoo?1 imp]vi\s floor1 h[ev]1 & v5tilation design$ to remove ! fumes & du/ at1 or z ne> z possible to1 ! po9t ( orig91 lead poison+ w\ld become v r>e 9 mo/ ( ! indu/ries to be describ$4 ,! ess5tial po9ts ( su* a sy/em are--7#a7 ,! draught or curr5t ( air set 9 motion ei!r by heat or by a fan2 7#b7 ! ducts along :i* ! curr5t travels2 7#c7 ! hoods or air-guides design$ to int]cept & cat* ! fumes & du/ at ! po9t ( g5]ation2 7#d7 inlets f ! outside air into ! room to replace cont9u\sly ! air extract$1 &1 9 _m cases1 7#e7 a suitable du/ filt] or collector4 ,exhau/ by ,heat4--,processes giv+ rise to fumes or to du/ lib]at$ on /irr+ or skimm+1 :i* c be dealt ) by ! draught creat$ 9 ! furnace flue or ov] a ba? ( molt5 metal provid$ ) adequate hood & duct up :i* ! heat$ air travels1 are--,smelt+1 ref9+1 spelt] manufacture1 & ! num]\s op]ations necessitat+ ! melt+ ( lead1 su* z t9n+ ) a mixture ( t9 & lead1 %eet lead & lead pip+1 /]eo pots 9 lett]press pr9t+1 patt]n-mak+1 temp]+ spr+s1 file-h>d5+1 etc4 ,! du/+ ( r$-hot metallic surfaces1 z 9 vitre\s enamell+1 might possibly also be dealt ) 9 ! same way4 ,! disadvantage ( ! exhau/ by heat is ! unc]ta9ty & inequality ( ! draught1 & ! size ( ! duct necess>y to cope ) ! volume ( r>efi$ air f above ! molt5 vessel4 ,! clos] ! hood is br\ght d[n ov] ! po9t :]e ! fumes escape1 ! less risk is !re ( cross-curr5ts deflect+ !m into ! workroom4 ,h5ce all ba?s ( molt5 metal %\ld h ! sides & back clos$ 91 leav+ z small a space op5 9 front z is practicable 9 view ( necess>y skimm+ or o!r op]ations4 ,9 ! case ( t9n+ ba?s1 ,duck]+#d describes completely successful results :5 f ! top ( ! hood a %aft at lea/ #bd in*es 9 diamet] 0 c>ri$ v]tically upw>ds into ! op5 air to a height ( #ah feet1 & ! top ( ! %aft fitt$ ) a w9d scre5 9 ! =m ( a v l>ge cone1 hav+ its l[] edge bel[ ! upp] edge ( ! %aft1 & its ne>e/ po9t at lea/ #h in*es f ! top ( ! %aft4 ,smoke produc$ 9 l>ge quantity at any po9t #f in*es outside ! front ( ! hood 0 entirely drawn into x4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! inru% ( air caus$ an eddy ( ! fumes at ! upp] edge ( ! op5+1 ! edges ( ! hood 7 turn$ inw>ds1 s t ! op]ation ( wip+ 0 done 9 a sort ( %ort tunnel4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! diamet] ( pipes lead+ f hoods to ! out] air 7on ! efficacy ( ! draught 9 :i* success dep5ds7 is mu* too small4 ,frequ5tly m]e increase 9 size w conv]t an indiff]5t draught into a good "o4 ,! height ( ! hood also--i4e41 ! di/ance betwe5 its l[] bord] & ! po9t :]e x jo9ts ! duct--is ( importance4 ,! %ort] ?is di/ance is1 ! less s]viceable does x become = ! removal ( fume4 ,inde$1 x may ev5 reta9 ! fume :i*1 7 ! hood n pres5t1 w\ld rise to ! ro(4 ,sometimes safety is increas$ by mak+ ! hood d\ble1 leav+ a space betwe5 ! two %eets1 & s conc5trat+ ! draught at ! c5tre & at ! m>g94 ,) a fan1 ducts ( less diamet] c be us$ ?an :5 dep5d5ce is plac$ on heat alone4 ,a duct c>ri$ into a *imney-/ack has ! advantage ( disp]s+ ! fume at a safe di/ance f ! workroom4 ,! v>iabl5ess ( ! draught produc$ by heat makes x unsuitable = removal ( du/1 except su* z arises f skimm+4 ,! receptacle = ! skimm+s %\ld always be kept inside ! canopy ( ! hood4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 se5 ! du/ giv5 (f 9 ! head+ ( y>n dy$ ) *romate ( lead successfully c>ri$ away "u hoods connect$ up by bran* ducts ) ! ma9 *imney-/ack4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,davidson',s ,,sirocco ,,propell] ,,fan4 ,exhau/ by ,fans4--,! draught = removal ( du/1 & frequ5tly also ( fumes1 is produc$ by a fan1 ( :i* !re are two types3 7#a7 l[-pressure volume fans & 7#b7 high-pressure c5trifugal fans4 ,9 ! fir/ ! draught is creat$ by ! rotation ( a :eel ) incl9$ vanes1 caus+ ! air to be driv5 transv]sely ?r\gh ! :eel p>allel to ! axis ( rotation 7,fig4 #a74 ,dur+ a revolution a portion ( ! air is cut (f f "o side ( ! :eel1 & transf]r$ ?r\gh ! :eel to ! o!r4 ,su* fans are light1 run easily1 & are *eap4 ,!y are ( _m =ms1 bo? ) reg>d to ! numb] ( blades--f two to eight--& g5]al mann] 9 :i* !y are arrang$4 ,"s closely resemble ! screw-propell] ( a %ip1 :ile o!rs h blades turn$ ov] & fa/5$ on an out] rim4 ,_! ma9 defect is inability to ov]come any b slight resi/ance 9 ! c\rse ( suction beh9d1 z f con/riction 91 or friction along ! sides (1 ! ducts & "r-angl$ b5ds1 or ( outfl[ 9 front1 z f w9d-pressure4 ,"u fav\rable conditions1 h[ev]1 & :5 c>efully fitt$1 a volume fan w exhau/ du/ & fumes ?r\gh a sy/em ( ducts sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 z1 = example1 f mono & l9otype ma*9es & electro melt+-pots 9 lett]press pr9t+ works4 ,b1 9 ord] to avoid resi/ance f friction1 ! ducts h to be some:at l>g] 9 diamet] ?an :5 a c5trifugal fan is us$4 ,) n9e,a l9otype ma*9es connect$ up to a #ad-;in* propell] fan1 ! bran* ducts %\ld be ab\t #d in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! ma9 duct #ab in*es1 increas+ f #ab to #ae in*es )9 #b feet ( ! fan-box4 ,! %ort] & /raight] ! c\rse ( ! duct to ! propell] fan1 ! m effici5tly x works4 ,w9d-gu>ds are necess>y to ov]come resi/ance f ?is s\rce 9 front1 b _! position requires to be c>efully consid]$1 s z to prev5t ! scre5 itself crippl+ ! outfl[4 ,a ,if grat+s are also ins]t$ 9 ! same duct = g5]al v5tilation ! numb] ( ma*9es mu/ be decreas$ pro rat4 ,all fans require frequ5t clean+1 & 9 ?is respect propell] fans h ! advantage ov] c5trifugal1 9 t !y are usually m accessible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,davidson',s ,,du/ ,,c5trifugal ,,fan4 ,c5trifugal ,fans4--,g5]ally1 9 ! removal ( du/1 a /rong suction has to be set up 9 a sy/em ( n>r[ ducts by means ( a c5trifugal fan--i4e41 a fan-:eel =m$ by a numb] ( vanes atta*$ to an axle m\nt$ 9 a spiral-%ap$ cas+--s t :5 ! :eel rotates air is c>ri$ along by ! vanes1 & flies (f tang5tially into ! space betwe5 ! blades & ! cas+1 & !nce to ! outlet 7,fig4 #b74 ,! air inlet or junction ( ! fan ) ! exhau/ duct is at ! c5tre ( ! fan1 an arrangem5t by :i* ! k9etic en]gy creat$ by ! rapid motion ( ! air leads to increase ( draught in/ead ( be+ wa/$ 9 production ( eddies 9 ! surr\nd+ spaces4 ,!y are made 9 _m diff]5t patt]ns1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! "w to be done4 ,_! advantage ov] ! propell] type 9 ! removal ( du/ lies 9 ! fact t !y ov]come great] int]nal resi/ance1 & a uni=m high velocity 9 a complicat$ sy/em ( pipes c ?us m easily be ma9ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c %[s adju/able hoods & ducts fitt+ closely ov] roll]s = mix+ col\r$ inks1 & s]v+ n only to prev5t inhalation ( lead du/ by ! work]s1 b also ! col\r f "o ma*9e affect+ t on ano!r4 ,9 ! p>ticul> room :]e ! in/allation is fitt$ !re are ?irte5 sep>ate sets ( roll]s2 ! diamet] ( ! bran* duct ( ea* ma*9e is ab\t #e in*es1 & t ( ! ma9 duct close to ! fan ab\t #bj in*es4 ,! special po9ts we h consid]$ z to entrance ( all bran* ducts into ! ma9 duct tang5tially1 gradual tap]+ ( ! ma9 trunk1 & collection ( ! du/ 9 filt]-bags1 are noticeable4 ,fur!r1 :5 "o set ( roll]s is n 9 use ! rais+ ( ! hood automatically cuts (f ! draught ?r\gh x4 7,draw+ suppli$ by ! ,/urtevant ,eng9e]+ ,company1 ,limit$1 ,london47 ,ducts4--,! ma9 duct %\ld be ( metal 7/eel1 %eet-iron1 or z9c72 x %\ld be circul> 9 %ape1 h z /raight & %ort a c\rse z possible1 & be tap]$ 9 su* mann] t ! area ( cross-section at any po9t %all equal ! comb9$ areas ( all ! bran* pipes :i* h ent]$ x at t po9t 7,fig4 #c74 ,prop] dim5sions mu/ be /udi$ 9 relation to ! size ( ! fan & ! "w to be done4 ,wood5 ducts1 unless *os5 = specific reasons1 su* z ! pres5ce ( acid 9 ! fumes to be remov$1 are v unsatisfactory1 z x is difficult to ma9ta9 !m 9 an air-tight condition or to make bran* pipes ent] ) r\nd$ junctions4 ,:]e sev]al bran* ducts ent] a ma9 duct1 situation ( ! fan midway betwe5 !m has advantage1 n only 9 sav+ metal 9 pip+1 b also 9 caus+ ! di/ance ( ! fan f ! f>!/ bran* duct to be only half :at x w\ld be 7 ! fan plac$ at ! end ( ! sy/em 7see ,fig4 #g1 p4 #bag74 ,fur!r1 ! sectional area ( ! two collect+ ducts w be less ?an t ( "o ma9 duct1 & great] uni=mity ( fl[ !reby secur$4 ,:]e ! two ducts jo9 up into ! s+le duct ( ! fan1 ! b5ds mu/ be easy2 o!rwise ! draughts w\ld collide & neutralize "o ano!r4 ,bran* ducts1 if !y _c be made tang5tial to a r\nd$ curve1 %\ld ent] ! ma9 duct at an angle ( #cj degrees1 z by s do+ equalization ( ! draught at diff]5t op5+s is made fairly uni=m4 ,! v common defect ( a "r-angle jo9t dim9i%es ! draught by ne>ly "o-half4 ,bran* ducts %\ld nev] be made to ent] a ma9 duct on ! out] side ( a b5d1 because at ?is po9t ! pressure ( ! curr5t ( air inside ! duct is increas$4 ,!y %\ld jo9 up on ! inside ( a b5d1 :]e ! pressure is r$uc$4 ,hoods & ,air-,guides4--,z ! object ( hoods is to conc5trate ! draught on ! fumes or du/ to be remov$ f ! work]1 position 9 reg>d to orig9 ( ! fumes or du/ requires fir/ consid]ation4 ,! m re/rict$ ! op5+ consi/5t ) unimp$$ "w1 ! m effective is ! draught1 & ! less di/urb$ w x be by cross-curr5ts 9 ! workroom4 ,p5dock lays x d[n z a useful pr9ciple t ! area ( ! front op5+ into ! hood %\ld n be m ?an f\r times t ( ! exhau/ ?roat--i4e41 ! po9t ( junction ( ! hood & duct 7,fig4 #d74 ,n less important is x t ! draught %\ld op]ate bel[ ! brea?+ level4 ,pref]5ce z to ! direction to be giv5 to ! exhau/ curr5t %\ld be 9 ! ord] nam$3 7#a7 ,d[nw>ds2 7#b7 d[nw>ds & backw>ds comb9$2 7#c7 backw>ds & upw>ds comb9$2 & 7#d7 upw>ds only4 ,use %\ld be made1 = ! removal ( ! fumes or du/1 ( any initial curr5t ( hot air set up f a ba? ( molt5 metal or f a heat$ metallic surface1 z 9 vitre\s enamell+4 ,h5ce "u su* circum/ances only 7#c7 & 7#d7 ne$ be consid]$4 ,g5]ally hoods appli$ err 9 hav+ too wide an op5+1 or !y are plac$ too f> away f ! s\rce ( dang]4 ,!y require sometimes to be adju/able to suit diff]5t-siz$ articles4 ,c>e is necess>y to see t1 :5 a hood has be5 adju/$ = l>ge articles1 x is readju/$ = small]-siz$ articles4 ,! pr9ciple ( v5tilation d[nw>ds & backw>ds is recogniz$ z "r = gr9d+ & poli%+ on a :eel1 s9ce ! tang5tial curr5t set up by ! :eel 9 its rotation is utiliz$4 ,pug-mills 9 pa9t-works are p]haps be/ v5tilat$ by apply+ ! exhau/ to a dome-%ap$ hood cov]+ ! po/]ior half ( ! mill4 ,edge-runn]s mu/ be encas$1 ) an exhau/ pipe atta*$ to ! cas+ & slid+ doors or %utt]s = introduction or removal ( mat]ial 7,fig4 #e74 ,a small negative pressure inside ! cas+ is all t is necess>y1 s z to insure passage ( air inw>ds & n outw>ds4 ,bran* ducts mu/ protect ! casks out ( :i* mat]ial is scoop$1 & ! receptacle into :i* x is dis*>g$4 ,9 scoop+ out dry col\r f a b>rel1 x is unwise to attempt to remove ! du/ creat$ at e displacem5t ( air on removal ( a scoopful by means ( a hood susp5d$ ov] ! b>rel4 ,in/ead1 ! la/ jo9t ( ! duct %\ld be a telescopic "o1 s t x c be l[]$ into ! b>rel1 & be kept at a di/ance ( ab\t #f in*es above ! mat]ial4 ,! air is ?us drawn d[nw>ds into ! b>rel 7,fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d %[s a well-design$ arrangem5t ( hoods1 duct1 & fan1 9 ! pack+ ( :ite lead1 & ! filt]-bags = collect+ ! du/ s remov$4 ,an additional safegu>d is introduc$1 z ! casks /& ^u grids ?r\gh :i* a d[n-draught is ma9ta9$ by connect+ ! space und]nea? ) ! exhau/ sy/em4 7,draw+ suppli$ by ! ,/urtevant ,eng9e]+ ,company1 ,limit$1 ,london47 ,processes su* z col\r-du/+1 a]ograph+1 w>e-clean+1 enamel-bru%+1 & ! l1 are be/ c>ri$ out at b5*es "u hoods ) glass tops4 ,air w ent] f 9 front1 & c>ry ! du/ or spray away into ! exhau/ duct plac$ at ! back ( ! b5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e %[s a pan mill ) edge runn]s fitt$ ) cas+ 7p>tially op574 ,! cas+ is connect$ to a p[]ful fan1 & bran* ducts ) telescopic t]m9al sections control ! du/ 9 scoop+ out f ! b>rel1 9 fe$+ into ! mill1 & at ! po9t :]e ! gr\nd mat]ial is dis*>g$4 ,collection ( ,du/4--,frequ5tly no he$ is paid to ! collection ( ! du/4 ,sometimes a du/ *amb] is arrang$ to int]cept x on ! f> side ( ! fan1 or attempt is made to bl[ ! du/ into a tank ( wat]4 ,! f9e du/ ( :i* we are speak+ _c be satisfactorily collect$ by ei!r ( ^! me?ods1 nor ev5 by a cyclone sep>ator1 s useful = ! collection ( _m k9ds ( du/4 ,9 lead works g5]ally1 ! du/ remov$ by ! fan is be/ collect$ 9 filt]-bags made ( "s por\s fabric4 ,v>i\s effici5t filt]s con/ruct$ on ^! l9es by ,messrs4 ,h5ry ,simon1 ,ltd42 ,messrs4 ,be? & ,co41 ,ltd42 & ! ,/urtevant ,eng9e]+ ,company1 ,ltd41 are on ! m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f %[s an arrangem5t ( pip+ ) balanc$ telescopic jo9ts fitt$ to a ,sirocco du/ fan = removal ( du/1 9 an electric accumulator works1 :5 scoop+ out li?>ge f a cask into ! receptacle prior to empty+ ! weigh$ quantity into ! mix+ ma*9e1 also "u a hood connect$ ) ! exhau/ sy/em4 7,illu/ration suppli$ by ,davidson & ,company1 ,limit$1 ,belfa/47 ,9 collect+ ! du/1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to provide an adequate outlet = ! sp5t air1 s z to prev5t creation ( a s\rce ( friction 9 front :i* might de/roy ! effectiv5ess ( ! in/allation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,exhau/ ,,v5tilation ,,on ,,! ,,pat5t 8,,p5t>comb0 ,,pr9ciple ,,appli$ ,,to ,,l9otype ,,& ,,monotype ,,ma*9es ,,9 ,,pr9t+ ,,works1 ,,z ,,in/all$ ,,by ,,! ,,zephyr ,,v5tilat+ ,,company1 ,,bri/ol4 ,p1 ,pat5t 8p5t>comb0 = equaliz+ exhau/2 ,v1 pat5t 8p5t>comb0 = g5]al v5tilation2 ,d1 ma9 & bran* ducts2 ,f1 fan2 ,u1 upca/ f fan2 ,m1 hoods ov] metal-pots ( monotype ma*9es1 con/ruct$ to raise & l[]1 & sw+ out & 9 ) metal-pot2 ,l1 hoods ov] metal-pots ( l9otype ma*9es1 con/ruct$ to raise & l[]4 ,9 ! illu/ration 8p5t>comb0 grids connect ! bran* ducts ov] ! metal-pots ( mono & l9otype ma*9es ) ! ma9 duct4 ,! 8p5t>comb0 grids are arrang$ also else:]e 9 ! ma9 duct itself to assi/ 9 ! g5]al v5tilation ( ! workroom4 ,! hoods ov] ! metal-pots are con/ruct$ to be rais$ & l[]$1 & to sw+ out & 9 radially ) ! melt+-pot arm4 7,draw+s suppli$ by ! ,zephyr ,v5tilat+ ,company1 ,bri/ol47 ,9 ord] to secure equality ( fl[ f a numb] ( bran*$ ducts1 ! ,zephyr ,v5tilat+ ,company apply a special grat+ ( curv$ & slant+ inlets--! 8p5t>comb0--to ea* bran* duct4 ,! air pass+ ?r\gh ! comb is split up into num]\s small columns1 & ! incl9ation ( ! curve :i* ea* is made to take is su* z to r$uce friction to a m9imum4 ,by means ( ?is device we h f\nd1 9 a trunk ) tw5ty bran*es1 ! draught at ! "o f>!/ f ! fan z s]viceable z t next to x4 ,! me?od is illu/rat$ appli$ locally to remove ! fumes f l9otype ma*9es1 & g5]ally 9 ! ma9 duct = removal ( f\l air ne> ! ceil+4 ,:]e electricity is available z a motive p[] = driv+ ! fan1 "s modification 9 ! views express$ z to ! curvature ( ! pipes & sy/em ( in/allation c be all[$4 ,9 a r$ lead plant1 = in/ance1 x may be desirable to h ! pipes lead+ to ! sift] or pack+ ma*9e ) %>p angles1 s z to prev5t t5d5cy ( su* heavy du/ to collect 9 !m4 ,! electric curr5t all[s a fan to be in/all$ at any po9t desir$2 & if appli$ ) k t ! increas$ friction due to an acute angle has to be ov]come1 ! result may be q satisfactory4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( vacuum clean+ app>atus ) m\?pieces design$ to aspirate ! du/ f diff]5t surfaces are sure to be increas+ly us$4 ,9 our op9ion1 :]ev] electric p[] is available1 !y w obviate b>b>\s me?ods involv+ use ( h&-bru%es to collect du/ f ma*9es1 su* z ^? = li?o-du/+ or = sweep+ lead du/ f b5*es & floors1 or use ( bell[s to bl[ out ! du/ f compositors' cases4 ,f9ally1 ! c>ry+ out ( lead processes by automatic me?ods & ) ! int]ior ( ! cas+ "u a negative pressure1 s t ! mat]ial is transport$ f "o process to ano!r by means ( worms or conveyors1 is ev]y:]e to be aim$ at4 ,or1 aga91 x has be5 f\nd possible on a comm]cial scale1 by means ( compress$ air 9 a clos$ sy/em ( receiv]s & pipes1 to =ce mat]ial 9 v f9e /ate ( division f "o place to ano!r1 z1 = in/ance1 ( li?>ge f ! cask into ! mix+ ma*9e = prep>ation ( ! pa/e = manufacture ( accumulator plates1 )\t risk ( contact4 ,indication ( ! effici5cy ( ! draught may be ga9$ by hold+ smoke-pap] at ! orifice ( ! hood4 ,! def9ition ( effici5t exhau/ 9 "s regulations = ! removal ( fumes1 z 9 ! ,t9n+ ,regulations1 is t x %all n be deem$ to be effici5t unless x removes smoke g5]at$ at ! po9t :]e ! fume orig9ates4 ,accurate gaug+1 h[ev]1 ( ! draught c only be done ) an anemomet]1 s z to det]m9e ! numb] ( l9e> & cubic feet pass+ ?r\gh ! ?roat p] m9ute4 ,only r>ely does "o f9d an occupi] alive to ! value ( ! use ( su* an in/rum5t4 ,! importance ( ?is po9t has be5 recogniz$ 9 ! ,regulations = ,head+ ( ,y>n1 by ! requirem5t t ! spe$ ( ea* exhau/ op5+ %all be det]m9$ once 9 e ?ree mon?s at lea/1 & record$ 9 ! g5]al regi/]4 ,we pref] to use ,davis's,a self-tim+ anemomet]1 :i* gives read+s 9 feet p] second )\t ! ne$ ( a wat*4 ,o!r useful anemomet]s--,casella's or ,negretti & ,zambra's--require to be tim$4 ,a ,x is n available = velocities exce$+ #a1bjj l9e> feet p] m9ute4 ,! details ( all r\t9e obs]vations on localiz$ exhau/ v5tilation might well be ent]$ on a c>d hung up 9 ! workroom4 ,su* a c>d drawn up by our colleagues1 ,miss ,lovibond & ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,p5dock1 has ! foll[+ head+s3 ,,firm4444444444444444444444444444444 ,,process444444444444444444444444444 ,,fans3 ,no44444 ,k9d4444444444444444 ,size4444444 ,mak]44444444444444444 ,motive p[]44444444 ,h4,p44444444 ,me?od ( driv+44444 ,o!r load4444444444 ,condition ( driv+44 ,scre544444444444444 ,du/ col- ,direction44444444444 lection4444 ,p]iodic clean+444 ,,hoods3 ,no44444 ,k9d4444444444444444 ,size4444444 ,/ructure44444444444 ,di/ance betwe5 ea*44 ,,ducts3 ,no44444 ,k9d4444444444444444 ,size4444444444444444 ,l5g?44444 ,section444444444444444 ,/ructure44444444444 ,p]iodic clean+444 ,,fre%-,,air ,,inlets3 ,no4444 ,k9d4444444444444444 ,position444444444444 ,size4444444444444444 ,fix$ or tempor>y44 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,hood3 ,position,date4444444444444444,date44444 44444444444 ,ref]- ( ence ,anemo- ,ext]nal ,ext]nal ,numb]4 met]4 ,conditions4444444444,conditions44444444 44,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,spe$,volume ,spe$,volume ,area ( ,f4 ,c4,f4 ,area ( ,f4 ,c4,f4 ,?roat4 p4m4 p4m4 ,?roat4 p4m4 p4m4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,frequ5t clean+ & inspection ( exhau/ in/allations are v important1 z accumulation ( du/ greatly imp$es ! fl[ ( air at all po9ts ( ! sy/em4 ,! p]son employ$ 9 clean+ ! fan %\ld we> a respirator4 ,hoods & ducts %\ld always be clean$ ) ! exhau/ 9 full action4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aiaj1 p4 #agb4 #b ,ibid41 pp4 #agb1 #agc4 #c ,g4 ,,elmhir/ ,,duck]+3 ,a ,report on an ,exp]im5tal ,inve/igation into ! ,conditions ( ,"w 9 ,t9n+ ,work%ops1 & ,app5dices4 ,includ$ 9 ,special ,report on ,dang]\s or ,injuri\s ,processes 9 ! ,coat+ ( ,metal ) ,lead or a ,mixture ( ,lead & ,t94 ,cd4 #cgic4 ,wyman & ,sons1 ,ltd4 ,price #as4 ,g4 ,,elmhir/ ,,duck]+3 ,! ,cause ( ,lead ,poison+ 9 ! ,t9n+ ( ,metals4 ,j\rnal ( ,hygi5e1 vol4 viii41 pp4 #dgd-ejc1 #aijh4 ,g4 ,,elmhir/ ,,duck]+3 ,report on an ,inve/igation ( ! ,air ( ,workplaces 9 ,pott]ies4 ,includ$ z ,app5dix ,,xlix4 9 ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee appo9t$ to inquire into ! ,dang]s att5dant on ! ,use ( ,lead1 & ! ,dang] or ,injury to ,heal? aris+ f ,du/ & ,o!r ,causes 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,e>!nw>e & ,*9a1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ic-aac1 #aiaj4 ,cd4 #ebgh4 ,price #as4 #i;d4 #d ,g4 ,,elmhir/ ,,duck]+3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aiaj1 p4 #dg4 #e ,c4 ,r4 ,,p5dock 7"o ( ,h4,m4 ,inspectors ( ,factories73 ,report on ,sy/ems ( ,v5tilation 9 ,use 9 ,pott]ies4 ,includ$ z ,app5dix ,,xlviii4 9 vol4 ii4 ( ,pott]ies ,committee's ,report ref]r$ to "u#c4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,p5dock3 ,second ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee appo9t$ to inquire into ! ,v5tilation ( ,factories & ,work%ops1 "p i41 & especially "p ii41 #aijg4 ,cd4 #ceeb & #ceec4 ,price toge!r1 #ds4 #h;d4 ,o!r works ref]r$ to include--,con/ruction des ,us9es au ,po9t de ,vue de l',hygine1 by ,+nieur-,ar*itecte ,maniguet4 ,*4 ,brang]1 ,p>is1 #aijf2 ,hygine ,indu/rielle1 by ,,mm4 ,lecl]c de ,pulligny1 ,b\l91 & o!rs4 ,j4 ,b4 ,baillire et ,fils1 ,p>is1 #aijh2 & _m excell5tly illu/rat$ trade catalogues issu$ by v5tilat+ eng9e]+ firms1 su* z ! ,/urtevant ,eng9e]+ ,company1 ,ltd41 ,london2 ,h5ry ,simon1 ,ltd41 ,man*e/]2 ,davidson & ,company1 ,ltd41 ,belfa/2 ,john ,gibbs & ,son1 ,liv]pool4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,prev5tive ,,measures ,,aga9/ ,,lead ,,poison+--,cont9u$ ,p]iodical ,exam9ation4--,9 v>i\s codes ( regulations a surgeon is requir$ to make p]iodical m$ical exam9ation ( ! work]s4 ,! t]m 8surgeon0 is def9$ z ! 8,c]tify+ ,factory ,surgeon ( ! di/rict1 or a duly qualifi$ m$ical practition]1 appo9t$ by writt5 c]tificate ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories1 :i* appo9tm5t %all be subject to su* conditions z may be specifi$ 9 t c]tificate40 ,! word+ ( ! regulation v>ies some:at 9 diff]5t codes1 b ! int5tion 9 all is ! same1 & ! foll[+ example f ! ,t9n+ ,regulations w indicate ! purpose & scope3 8,e p]son employ$ 9 t9n+ %all be exam9$ by ! surgeon once 9 e ?ree mon?s 7or at su* %ort] or long] int]vals z may be prescrib$ 9 writ+ by ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories71 on a day ( :i* due notice %all be giv5 to all conc]n$4 ,! surgeon %all h ! p[] ( susp5sion z reg>ds all p]sons employ$ 9 t9n+1 & no su* p]son aft] susp5sion %all be employ$ 9 t9n+ )\t writt5 sanction f ! surgeon ent]$ 9 ! heal? regi/]4 8,e p]son employ$ 9 t9n+ %all pres5t himself at ! appo9t$ "t = exam9ation by ! surgeon4 ,no p]son employ$ 9 t9n+ %all1 aft] susp5sion1 "w at t9n+ )\t writt5 sanction f ! surgeon ent]$ 9 ! heal? regi/]40 ,"u ! ,special ,rules = :ite-lead works1 exam9ation is requir$ at weekly int]vals2 "u ! ,special ,rules = ,e>!nw>e & ,*9a1 ,manufacture ( ,li?o-,transf]s & ,r$ ,lead1 & "u ! ,regulations = ,electric ,accumulators1 & ,pa9ts & ,col\rs1 mon?ly2 "u ! ,regulations = ,t9n+1 ,y>n dy$ ) ,*romate ( ,lead1 & ,enamell+1 at qu>t]ly int]vals1 subject to ! limitation or ext5sion specifi$ 9 ! regulation quot$4 ,! limitation z to qu>t]ly exam9ation is useful to meet conditions1 on ! "o h&1 :]e special incid5ce calls = increas$ safegu>ds2 &1 on ! o!r1 relaxation1 by reason ( adoption ( special processes or measures less5+ risk4 ,?us1 9 a y>n-dye+ factory1 9 consequ5ce ( occurr5ce ( six cases )9 five mon?s1 a weekly in/ead ( a qu>t]ly exam9ation 0 prescrib$4 ,aft] eight mon?s1 z no fur!r cases 7 report$1 a mon?ly exam9ation 0 sub/itut$ = ! weekly1 & ev5tually1 ) cont9u$ abs5ce ( illness1 ! normal qu>t]ly exam9ation 0 resum$4 ,an appo9t$ "t = ! surgeon's att5dance at ! factory has be5 f\nd necess>y1 because1 9 con=mity ) ! lit]al word+ ( ! regulation1 ! occupi] %\ld n cont9ue to employ a work] :o1 = "o reason or ano!r1 has n be5 exam9$ by ! surgeon dur+ ! prescrib$ int]val4 ,) k ( ! date & h\r po/$ 9 a conspicu\s place 9 ! factory1 excuse = abs5ce becomes difficult4 ,alt]ation by ! surgeon ( 8 appo9t$ "t %\ld1 :5ev] possible1 be giv5 be=eh&4 ,surgeons 9 ! pa/ frequ5tly made exam9ation ( ! p]sons employ$ ) ! view ( tak+ !m unaw>es1 & s ( preclud+ special prep>ation be=eh&--a practice :i* _h its advantages2 b !y are outweigh$ by ! h>d%ip inflict$ on work]s :o 7 unavoidably abs5t1 z1 = example1 night-work]s4 ,a heal? regi/] is suppli$ to all occupi]s :]e p]iodical m$ical exam9ation is enjo9$1 ! head+s ( :i* & mann] ( entry are indicat$ lat] on 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! objects :i* ! surgeon %\ld h 9 m9d 9 mak+ 8 exam9ation are3 #a4 ,to prev5t lead poison+ & m9imize lead absorption4 #b4 ,to obta9 in=mation = ! occupi] & ,inspector ( ,factories ( ! relative dang] ( "o process & ano!r ) a view to adoption ( rem$ial measures4 ,9 safegu>d+ ! heal? ( ! work]s1 he %\ld make ef=t to ga9 _! confid5ce1 9 ord] to be able to atta* prop] value to /atem5t z to subjective symptoms4 ,suspicion 9 _! m9ds t ! exam9ation is made solely 9 ! int]e/s ( ! employ] militates aga9/ success1 & increases incl9ation to conceal symptoms & to give untru?ful answ]s z to ! /ate ( heal? s9ce ! la/ exam9ation4 ,9 our op9ion1 ! surgeon w be/ c>ry out ! fir/ object by att5tion to ! second4 ,! /udy ( ?\s&s ( reports on cases ( lead poison+ conv9ces u t #ij p] c5t4 at lea/ are due to inhalation ( du/ & fumes4 ,! surgeon1 !re=e1 %\ld utilize ! e>lie/ sign ( lead absorption to w>n ! occupi] & inspector ( conditions fav\rable to ! developm5t ( plumbism1 & due probably ei!r to "s ungu>d$ spot 9 ! manufactur+ process :]eby du/ or fumes are n be+ remov$ completely1 or to ignorance or c>elessness 7(t5 excusable 9 ! abs5ce ( prop] in/ruction7 on ! "p ( ! work]4 ,he %\ld direct1 !re=e1 especial att5tion to new work]s1 n only because ( _! ne$ = guidance z to precautions to be obs]v$ & great] liability to attack dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( employm5t1 b also because developm5t ( signs 9 !m con/itutes ! sure/ guide to defects 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,occasionally symptoms 9 a work] may be s m5ac+ z to dem& imm$iate susp5sion1 b g5]ally be=e ! p[] is ex]cis$ attempt to rectify ! condition :i* gives rise to !m %\ld be made4 ,! surgeon c d mu* by influ5c+ ! =em5 & =ewom51 :o w necess>ily come be=e him = exam9ation1 9 insi/+ on ! sup]vision by !m ( c>e & cleanl9ess by ! workpeople "u _! *>ge4 ,%\ld susp5sion1 despite att5tion 9 ! mann] sugge/$1 be necess>y1 he w recognize t transf]5ce to a non-lead process1 if feasible1 is pref]able to entire cessation f "w 9 v _m cases4 ,! surgeon1 !re=e1 %\ld "k :at dep>tm5ts are possible alt]natives to lead "w4 ,! fact t an exam9ation is made on factory premises1 is direct$ to detection & prev5tion1 treatm5t tak+ a subord9ate place1 & is (t5 made on p]sons :o1 unlike hospital pati5ts1 seek to conceal _! symptoms1 causes x to be an exam9ation sui g5]is4 ,h5ce ! surgeon mu/ tru/ 8 sight m ?an 8 he>+4 ,a surgeon ) exp]i5ce ( su* "w has said3 8,! work] 9 lead mu/ be survey$ z an individual1 & idiosyncrasies mu/ be c>efully /udi$ & all[$ =2 ! #8p]sonal equation' is ( vital importance0#a4 ,= ! exam9ation a well-light$ room af=d+ privacy is ess5tial4 ,:ile x is desirable = ! surgeon p]iodically to see ! processes & conditions "u :i* "w is c>ri$ on1 sy/ematic exam9ations ( work]s %\ld n be made else:]e ?an 9 a private room4 ,! cu/om ( m>%all+ work]s 9 a queue1 al?\gh p]haps unavoidable 9 _m cases1 is liable to detract f ! s]i\sness ( ! proce$+s1 a s5se ( :i* x %\ld be "o ( ! aims ( ! exam9ation to ar\se4 ,9 discuss+ ! me?od ( int]rogation & usual exam9ation1 ,dr4 ,k+ ,alcock#b1 ,c]tify+ ,factory ,surgeon ( ,burslem1 says3 8,note ! g5]al mann] assum$ 9 answ]+ que/ions & any indications ( c>elessness 9 dress & toilet4 ,inquire into ! /ate ( dige/ion1 exi/5ce ( colicky pa9s1 regul>ity ( b[els1 m5ses1 hi/ory ( pregnancies & misc>riages1 :e!r be=e1 9 ! int]vals (1 or dur+ lead employm5t2 exi/5ce ( heada*e1 diplopia1 or amaurosis4 ,note ! type1 facies1 /ate ( tee? & nails1 complexion1 spee*1 tongue1 /r5g? ( grasp 7if possible1 ) dynamomet]71 any tremor 9 out/ret*$ h&1 resi/ance to =cible flexion ( wri/4444 ,if /rabismus is pres5t1 note :e!r ( old /&+ or rec5t2 & if ocul> tr\bles seem imm95t1 exam9e = optic neuritis1 ei!r at once or at home 7?is is v important1 z cases ( acute & s]i\s optic neuritis /ill baffle exam9ation by _! int]m5sual developm5t740 ,he recomm5ds ! surgeon1 ap>t f entry 9 ! heal? regi/]1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be v brief1 to keep a private notebook1 & to ent] 9 x z a matt] ( r\t9e su* details z "n1 process1 age1 duration ( employm5t1 condition 7m>ri$ or s+le71 pregnancies1 /ate ( b[els & m5ses1 d5tal toilet1 & any special po9t wor?y ( note 9 individual work]s4 ,a c>d index1 if 9 use1 might conv5i5tly s]ve = su* entries4 ,9 ! actual r\t9e exam9ation x may be useful to describe ! proc$ure :]e a l>ge numb] ( work]s pass be=e ! surgeon 9 a :ite-lead works e week4 ,! po9ts not$ are3 #a4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! man z he walks =w>d1 especially ! face ) reg>d to anmia1 :i* 9 ! majority ( cases ( e>ly lead absorption is n a true anmia1 b is due to vaso-motor spasm ( ! art]ioles ( ! face & eyes4 ,frequ5tly1 on speak+ to a lead-work]1 ! face1 app>5tly anmic1 flu%es directly4 #b4 ,! brightness ( ! eyes1 /ate ( ! pupils1 & condition ( ! conjunctiva & ( ! ocul> muscles4 #c4 ,! m\? %\ld next be exam9$1 & se>* made = any evid5ce ( blue l9e ar\nd ! gum4 #d4 ,! gait %\ld be wat*$ bo? on advanc+ to1 & retir+ f1 ! surgeon4 ,if necess>y1 ! man %\ld be made to walk a few /eps4 ,al?\gh ! p]oneal type ( palsy is extremely r>e1 ! possibility ( its occurr5ce %\ld nev] be abs5t f ! m9d ( ! surgeon4 #e4 ,! man %\ld !n be direct$ to /ret* 8 h&s out 9 front ( him1 ) wri/s ext5d$ & f+]s widely spread4 ,pres5ce or abs5ce ( tremor %\ld be look$ =1 & ! condition ( ! f+]-nails1 z to ! practice ( bit+1 etc4 ,! ext5sor p[] %\ld !n be te/$1 fir/ly ( ! f+]s4 ,:ile ! h&s ( ! workman rema9 out/ret*$1 ! surgeon places ! =ef+] ( 8 h& 9 ! out/ret*$ palm ( ! workman1 & ! ball ( ! ?umb ^u ! extreme tip ( ea* f+]1 & by g5tly pull+ x d[n1 not+ ! spr+ pres5t 9 ! muscles4 ,?is te/ is probably ! mo/ delicate !re is = detection ( e>ly ext5sor p>alysis4 ,! condition ( ! lumbricals & int]ossei are not$ on movem5t ( ! f+]s4 ,! ext5sors ( ! wri/ are !n fur!r exam9$1 ! workman be+ direct$ to flex 8 arm at ! elb[ & /rongly pronate ! wri/1 s t ! palm ( ! h& is direct$ =w>ds4 ,he is !n told to close ! fi/ :5 ! surgeon endeav\rs to flex ! wri/1 ! workman at ! same "t resi/+ by =cible ext5sion ( 8 wri/4 ,ord9>ily ! ext5sor communis digitorum & m9imi digiti are suffici5tly p[]ful to resi/ a v p[]ful pull ^u ! wri/2 & if ! wri/ is f\nd to yield1 x is a sign t ! muscles are affect$4 ,sometimes ! /r5g? ( ! wri/s & f+]s is judg$ by ! surgeon plac+ 8 palms on ! dorsum ( ! pati5t's out/ret*$ h&s1 & see+ :e!r ! pati5t c be prev5t$ f lift+ !m )\t flex+ ! wri/s or f+]-jo9ts4 ,! te/ detects 7#a7 p>alysis :i* has be5 recov]$ f to a l>ge ext5t2 7#b7 comm5c+ p>tial p>alysis2 & 7#c7 weakness ( muscul> p[]1 especially 9 ^? :o h work$ 9 lead = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,?is weakness appe>s to be an effect ( lead ^u ! muscul> tissue or dep5d5t on debility1 ! result ( lead absorption1 & indep5d5t ( n]ve implication4 ,we h kn[n ! condition to rema9 unalt]$ = ye>s1 & also to und]go alt]ation1 be+ at times abs5t = mon?s toge!r4 ,occasionally reports ( def9ite p>alysis ref] to pre-exi/+ weakness4 #f4 ,! pulse is next not$4 ,! pulse-rate ne$ n ord9>ily be c\nt$1 b if x is ei!r v sl[ or fa/ c>eful exam9ation at ! conclusion ( ! g5]al inspection %\ld be made4 ,x is well to make all ^! po9ts be=e ask+ any que/ions4 ,aft] !y are complet$ inquiry z to regul>ity ( ! b[els1 exi/5ce ( pa9 or discom=t1 w\ld foll[4 ,! spee* %\ld be not$1 z slurr+ or hesitat+ spee* is occasionally associat$ ) e>ly lead poison+4 ,all ^! po9ts c be gone ?r\gh q rapidly1 & at ! conclusion ( ! g5]al exam9ation1 if judgm5t is 9 susp5sion1 c>eful exam9ation 9 ! r\t9e m$ical mann] %\ld be made4 ,9 "s factories all new work]s are exam9$ by ! surgeon be=e !y comm5ce "w 9 dang]\s processes4 ,at any rate1 a li/ ( su* p]sons %\ld be giv5 to ! surgeon at 8 visit1 z naturally ! "q ( p]sonal fitness = employm5t %\ld be decid$ at 8 fir/ exam9ation4 ,conditions :i* %\ld lead to rejection are tub]cul> disease ( e k9d1 idiopa?ic epilepsy1 all =ms ( m5tal disease or weakness 7hy/]ia1 feeble-m9d$ness1 & neura/h5ia71 obvi\s alcoholism1 wom5 :o are pregnant or :o give a hi/ory ( repeat$ misc>riages prior to "w 9 lead1 p]sons ) m>k$ errors ( refraction unless correct$ by glasses1 kidney disease ( all k9ds1 evid5ce ( previ\s *ronic saturnism1 & bad oral sepsis4 ,special att5tion w h to be paid to casual lab\r]s1 & x %\ld be ! aim ( ! surgeon to disc\rage ?is class ( lab\r 9 lead indu/ries4 ,"w "u special rules or regulations requires to be c>ri$ out "u /rict discipl9e1 & ?is x is extremely difficult to ma9ta9 on o!r ?an regul> work]s1 :o recognize ! ne$ = cleanl9ess & obs]vance ( regulations4 ,o!r aids to diagnosis _c be c>ri$ out z a matt] ( r\t9e1 b w necess>ily be us$ 9 p>ticul> cases1 su* z oph?almoscopic exam9ation ( ! fundus1 electrical reactions ( muscles1 analysis ( ! ur9e1 & exam9ation ( ! blood-pressure4 ,a few words may be add$ on ! significance ( ! two commone/ signs--! blue l9e & anmia4 ,x _c be too /rongly insi/$ on t pres5ce ( ! ,burtonian l9e on ! gums is1 z a rule1 indicative ( lead absorption1 & n ( lead poison+4 ,z a dang] signal its value is imm5se1 & h>dly less s its value 9 cl9*+ diagnosis 9 d\btful cases4 ,:5ev] ! l9e is se5 risk is imm95t1 & poison+ 7n necess>ily ( ! individual 9 :om x is pron\nc$7 among ! work]s is inevitable 9 ! abs5ce ( adoption ( precautions4 ,un=tunately1 c>eful d5tal toilet1 :i* ! surgeon w necess>ily lay /ress on1 may prev5t developm5t1 or ! practice1 :5 adopt$1 cause disappe>ance ( ! l9e aft] ! lapse ( a few mon?s4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! m]e/ trace w h all ! significance ( ! fully-develop$ l9e 9 a work] neglectful ( c>e ( ! tee?4 ,among new work]s a comm5c+ blue l9e %\ld be /rong evid5ce ( ! ne$ = du/ removal at "s po9t 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,! l9e1 9 our exp]i5ce1 is d5se 9 occupations giv+ rise to fumes or to du/ ( comp\nds ( lead1 b comp>atively r>e 9 ^? h&l+ metallic lead or its alloys1 z compositors1 tea-lead roll]s1 sold]]s1 & ! l4 ,"s degree ( pallor is s commonly met ) 9 adolesc5ce t x is ! progressive developm5t ( ! anmia :i* ! surgeon mu/ especially wat* =4 ,z a dang] signal1 !re=e1 x has ! same significance ne>ly z ! blue l9e2 b :5 lead absorption has affect$ ! elem5ts 9 ! blood1 progressive anmia 9 new work]s1 attributable to ! employm5t1 & %[+ no t5d5cy to improve aft] wat*+ = a few mon?s1 is an indication = susp5sion or transf]5ce to o!r "w4 ,9 old] work]s1 ) a duration ( employm5t ( five ye>s or m1 !re may be a quasi-pa?ognomonic pallor :i* does n v>y f ye> to ye>4 ,9 !m x mu/ be suppos$ t an equilibrium has be5 e/abli%$1 & developm5t ( o!r symptoms1 su* z tremor1 wri/ weakness1 or album9uria1 becomes significant4 ,att5tion has already be5 direct$ to ! di/9ct saturn9e facies associat$ ) anmia1 & *>act]iz$ by loss ( fat1 p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! orbit & bucc9ator region ( ! face4 8,s f> z ! "q ( any work]'s susp5sion is conc]n$10 says ,dr4 ,k+ ,alcock1 8,i pref] to make my in/9ctive prim facie di/ru/ ( a saturn9e pallor ! basis = action4 ,! pallor ( plumbism _c be summ$ up 9 hmoglob9 & corpuscul> cont5t2 x is ! expression ( a complex toxmia result+ f defective assimilation & excretion0#c4 ,! k ! surgeon %\ld ga9 ( ! idiosyncrasies ( ! work]s by 8 p]iodical exam9ation w enable him to appraise at _! prop] value ! nature & degree ( ! symptoms 9 notifi$ cases4 ,sometimes a rule is made t no lead-work] :o has suff]$ f an attack ( plumbism %\ld be all[$ to resume "w4 ,?is we consid] too h>% a measure4 ,x may be true = pa9t]s1 b :5 rem$ial measures1 su* z locally appli$ exhau/ v5tilation1 c be appli$1 ) consequ5t removal ( ! dang] 9 ! process at :i* ! poison+ has aris51 prohibition ( employm5t seems an unnecess>ily dra/ic measure4 ,! heal? regi/] 9 g5]al use :]e p]iodic m$ical exam9ation is requir$ 9 pursuance ( special rules & regulations is divid$ into two p>ts1 9 ea* ( :i* entries by ! surgeon are requir$ at ea* visit4 ,,"p ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,li/ ( ,p]sons ,employ$ 9 ,p>ticul>s ( ,exam9ation4 ,processes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,fir/ ,employ$ 9 su* ,work]'s ,process4 ,date ,date ,date ,date ,"n1 ------------------------------------- ,no49 full4,process4,age4,date4,result4,result 4,result4,result4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 7#i7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,"p ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,p>ticul>s ( any ,directions giv5 by ! ,surgeon4 ,any ,c]- tificate ( ,susp5- ,ref]5ce sion or ,c]tificate to ,"p #a4 ,numb] (p]mitt+ ,resumption,signature --------- ,date ( ,p]sons ( ,"w mu/ be ( ,page4,col4,exam9ation4,exam9$4ent]$ "h 9 full4 ,surgeon4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,9 ,"p ,i4 ( ! regi/] ! surgeon %\ld1 at ! times ( exam9ation1 ent] ! date at ! head ( "o ( ! columns numb]$ #f to #i2 & 9 ! space bel[1 opposite ! "n ( ea* p]son exam9$ on t date1 a brief note 7see next page7 ( ! condition f\nd4 ,9 ,"p ,,ii4 he %\ld aga9 ent]1 9 ,column #c1 ! date ( exam9ation1 ) a /atem5t ( ! total numb]s exam9$ on t occasion 7,column #d72 & 9 ,column #e any c]tificate ( susp5sion f "w1 or c]tificate p]mitt+ resumption ( "w1 & p>ticul>s ( any o!r direction giv5 by him1 app5d+ 8 signature 9 ,column #f4 ,x is ! duty ( ! occupi] to ent] 9 ,"p ,i4 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ) reg>d to ea* p]son exam9$3 7#a7 ,"n 9 full 7,column #b72 7#b7 ! process 9 :i* he or %e is employ$ 7,column #c72 7#c7 age :5 fir/ employ$ 7,column #d72 & 7#d7 date ( fir/ employm5t 9 t process 7,column #e72 & ^! p>ticul>s1 9 respect ( ea* p]son s employ$1 mu/ be ent]$ imm$iately on comm5cem5t ( "w 9 ! process nam$4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( not+ ! /ate ( heal? ( ! work]s h be5 adopt$4 ,use ( ! words 8,good10 8,v fair10 & 8,fair10 is common z indicat+ ! /ate ( g5]al heal?1 ) special note 9 addition1 (t5 9 ! =m ( a symbol1 ( ! pres5ce & "* ( def9ite ill-effects4 ,! object ( ! regi/]1 h[ev]1 is to keep a record intelligible n only to ! ,c]tify+ ,surgeon1 ,factory ,inspector1 & occupi]1 b also to ! work]s4 ,entries1 !re=e1 on a uni=m sy/em are desirable1 tak+ acc\nt ( ! two aspects ( ! heal? ( e lead-work]1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ 7a7 t indicative ( specific effects f ! occupation1 & 7b7 t ( g5]al heal? un9flu5c$ by ! employm5t4 ,) ?is 9 m9d1 ! foll[+ sy/em ( entry 9 ! heal? regi/] has be5 adopt$3 ,! entries %\ld be made ^u a uni=m sy/em1 z bel[1 indicat+ degrees ( deviation f normal heal?1 & di/+ui%+ 7by use ( num]als7 ^? attributable 7or possibly attributable1 9 :ole or "p7 to "w 9 lead1 f ^? n s attributable1 = :i* latt] lett]s %\ld be us$4 ,! conclusion is p]haps be/ express$ z a fraction #a #b ---1 ---1 ,a ,c & s on4 ,! num]als %\ld be tak5 to mean3 #a4 ,pass$ )\t comm5t 7no obs]v$ effect ( lead74 #b4 ,blue l9e 7or indication !re(74 #c4 ,m>k$ 7quasi-pa?ognomonic7 anmia1 or o!r signs ( impairm5t ( heal?4 7,album9uria1 or slight defici5cy 9 tone ( ! ext5sor muscles ( ! =e>m1 w\ld1 & misc>riage1 or o!r suspici\s hi/ory ( illness betwe5 exam9ations1 might1 come "u ?is head47 #d4 ,susp5sion or transf]1 by reason ( impairm5t ( heal? f effects ( "w 9 lead4 7,9 su* cases ! surgeon w\ld be prep>$ to ent]ta9 an application = a c]tificate "u ! ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act47 ,except 9 ! case ( a work] ^: exposure to lead is only rec5t1 r5al disease %\ld always be indicat$ by a num]al4 ,lett]s %\ld be> ! foll[+ mean+3 ,a4 ,no comm5t 7i4e41 fair g5]al heal?74 ,b41 ,c4 ,increas+ degrees ( impairm5t ( g5]al heal?4 7,pregnancy1 if )\t susp5sion1 %\ld be ent]$ z ,c47 ,d4 ,susp5sion or transf]1 = reasons o!r ?an impairm5t ( heal? f effects ( "w 9 lead4 ,x4 ,c>elessness1 or neglect ( precautions1 or unsuitability = "w 9 lead4 7,susp5sions = su* reasons %\ld be m>k$ ,,dx47 ,su* entries ( num]als & lett]s w 9 g5]al suffice = ! int5d$ purpose2 b ! surgeon may1 ( c\rse1 f9d x desirable to make o!r notes = 8 own in=mation1 & x is )9 8 discretion to supply fur!r details to occupi]s or work]s conc]n$4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a1 #b ,s4 ,,k+ ,,alcock1 ,b4 ,m4 ,,bond1 ,a4 ,,scott & o!rs1 9 discussion on ! ,value ( ,sy/ematic ,exam9ation ( ,work]s 9 ,dang]\s ,trades4 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #gda-gdi1 #aijb4 #c ,,k+ ,,alcock3 ,! ,e>ly ,diagnosis ( ,indu/rial ,lead ,poison+4 ,pap] contribut$ to ! ,second ,int]national ,congress = ! ,/udy ( ,indu/rial ,diseases held at ,brussels1 #aiaj4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,prev5tive ,,measures ,,aga9/ ,,lead ,,poison+--,cont9u$ ,ov]alls & ,head ,cov]+s4--,/ress has be5 laid on ! we>+ ( ov]alls & head cov]+s 9 processes giv+ rise to du/ or to spla%es ( glaze or pa9t 9 special rules & regulations 9 ! pa/4 ,) ! improvem5t t has tak5 place 9 exhau/ v5tilation1 !y h become less important4 ,inde$1 ! aim ( all manufactur]s & v5tilat+ eng9e]s %\ld be to r5d] processes s free ( du/ z to make !m altoge!r unnecess>y4 ,increas+ k ( ! insidi\s mann] 9 :i* lead du/ c arise has %[n t f ?is po9t ( view ov]alls ( ! cotton or l95 mat]ial ord9>ily worn con/itute a real s\rce ( dang]4 ,spla%es ( glaze dry on !m1 & at e movem5t involv+ rubb+ ( ! surface du/ is g5]at$4 ,"s op]ations almo/ oblige ! work] to press ! article work$ ^u aga9/ ! *e/1 s t *ance ( inhalation ( du/ f ?is s\rce alone is consid]able4 ,tak+ !m (f creates du/1 & aft] ?is is done a repreh5sible practice exi/s ( ei!r %ak+ or beat+ !m aga9/ a po/4 ,9 l>ge factories !y are usually wa%$ on ! premises1 & ! wat] 9 :i* ?is is done w become a solution conta9+ "s lead 9 susp5sion4 ,h5ce1 ev5 :5 wa%$ & dri$ ready = we>1 ov]alls may n be q free ( lead4 ,ap>t f ! g5]al obligation recogniz$ t an employ] %\ld provide & ma9ta9 ev]y?+ necess>y to gu>d aga9/ dang] contract$ 9 8 factory1 we ?9k t ! risk run by a work] 9 tak+ ! ov]all home & wa%+ x !re is negligible1 & (f]s advantages 9 ! ultimate cleanl9ess ( ! ov]all ov] wa%+ on factory premises4 ,laundresses %ak+ ov]alls prior to wa%+ !m h be5 kn[n to contract plumbism4 ,:]e "w ) ! arms is incessant1 z 9 ! head+ ( y>n1 ov]alls are burd5some1 & = ?is reason & ! fact t ) effici5t exhau/ v5tilation !re %\ld be practically no dang]\s du/1 ! regulations = ! head+ ( y>n enjo9 provision ( !m only on writt5 c]tificate ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories4 ,protection = ! clo?+1 h[ev]1 :]e spla%+ is incid5tal to ! op]ations1 _c be disp5s$ )4 ,h5ce ei!r ! ov]alls !mselves or ! front ( !m %\ld be made ( "s light v5tilat$ wat]pro( mat]ial1 or a wat]pro( apron worn ov] ov]alls ( ! k9d at pres5t 9 use4 ,daily spong+ w\ld !n take ! place ( wa%+4 ,if lead du/ be visible on ! hair ( work]s1 !re mu/ be a defect 9 ! conditions ( "w to be rectifi$ by o!r means ?an cumb]+ ! head4 ,9 our op9ion1 head cov]+s ought nev] to be necess>y4 ,we _c ?9k t an attack ( plumbism c ev] be precipitat$ by ! am\nt ( lead du/ inhal$ on bru%+ ! hair4 ,a common provision 9 regulations = ov]alls is3 8,ov]alls %all be provid$ = all p]sons employ$ 9 lead processes1 & %all be wa%$ or r5ew$ e week4 8,! occupi] %all provide & ma9ta9 = ! use ( all p]sons employ$ 9 lead processes--7a7 ,a cloakroom or o!r suitable place 9 :i* su* p]sons c deposit clo?+ put (f dur+ work+ h\rs1 & sep>ate & suitable arrangem5ts = ! /orage ( ov]alls requir$ by regulation2 7b7 a d9+-room1 unless all work]s leave ! factory dur+ meal-h\rs4 8,all p]sons employ$ 9 lead processes %all we> ! ov]alls provid$ 444 & %all deposit su* ov]alls & any clo?+ put (f dur+ work+ h\rs 9 ! places provid$ "u ! regulations4 ,! ov]alls %all n be remov$ by p]sons employ$ f ! factory or work%op40 ,g5]al s5se ( propriety--& x is on ?is gr\nd1 & n f dang] atta*+ to non-obs]vance1 t we press x--sugge/s t ov]alls %\ld be kept ap>t f work+ clo!s1 & pref]ably outside any room 9 :i* a lead process is c>ri$ on4 ,s long z actual contact betwe5 ! two sets ( g>m5ts is prohibit$1 we d n see objection to ! same cloakroom suffic+ = bo?4 ,! be/ arrangem5t t we h se5 is a room 9 :i* ea* work] has two lock]s--"o = ! /orage ( ov]alls1 & ! o!r = clo?+ put (f dur+ work+ h\rs4 ,?is presupposes sup]vision & effective discipl9e4 ,we ?9k t all reasonable ne$ 9 ! provision to be made is met by numb]$ pegs on "o side ( ! room or wide passage = clo?+1 & on ! o!r pegs correspond+ly numb]$ = ! ov]alls4 ,means = heat+ & dry+ ! clo!s %\ld n be ov]look$ 7see ,fig4 #h74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h %[s a good arrangem5t 9 a :ite-lead factory1 by :i*1 z is be/1 cloakroom1 meal-room1 & wa%+ & ba? accommodation1 are all "u "o ro(4 ,! m5 on ent]+ hang up _! clo!s 9 ! private clo!s lobby1 & pass ?r\gh ! sw++ doors to ! lobby :]e ! ov]alls are hung4 ,on leav+ ! factory & at midday !y ent] by ! door lead+ into ! lobby = /or+ ov]alls1 & f t pass to ! lavatory & ba?room4 ,hav+ wa%$ & put on _! ord9>y clo!s1 !y ent] ! meal-room4 ,! build+ ?r\gh\t is l9$ ) :ite glaz$ bricks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h;,a4--,,well ,,light$ ,,mess-,,room ,,9 ,a ,,smelt+ ,,works4 ,meal-,room ,accommodation4--,:]ev] lead processes are c>ri$ on ! provision ( a mess-room is call$ = 9 a "p ( ! factory remote f possible contam9ation f lead du/4 ,?is we hold on g5]al gr\nds ( cleanl9ess & self-respect1 & n because we ?9k ! eat+ ( meals 9 rooms :]e lead is us$ w\ld noticeably increase ! numb] ( cases4 ,! m conv5i5tly situat$ 9 relation to ! workrooms ! mess-room is1 ! m w x be us$4 ,set out briefly1 ! requirem5ts ( a mess-room are t x %\ld be-- #a4 ,well v5tilat$1 w>m$1 & light$4 #b4 ,n less ?an #aj feet high1 & ) floor-space ample = ea* p]son likely to occupy x at any "o "t4 #c4 ,h walls ! surface ( :i* is smoo? & imp]vi\s to a height ( at lea/ #d feet f ! gr\nd4 #d4 ,h pigeon-holes or o!r arrangem5t 9 :i* ea* p]son c deposit 8 food sep>ate f t ( o!rs4 #e4 ,h means ( w>m+ & cook+ food4 #f4 ,be kept prop]ly clean & dry4 ,no "p ( a factory becomes s unsightly 9 ! abs5ce ( daily clean+ z a mess-room1 especially :]e provision has only to be made = five or six work]s4 ,reid#a has sugge/$ ! foll[+ scale ( floor-space p] p]son 9 mess-rooms3 #f p]sons & "u #aj squ>e feet p] p]son4 ,ov] #f & up to #ab #g #ab #bj #f #bj #bh #e #bh & any numb] #e ,9 a factory well kn[n to u = manufacture ( :ite lead !re is a re/aurant orig9ally />t$ 9 connection ) ! sick club ( ! factory4 ,= fivep5ce ! workman obta9s a hot meal ( meat1 bread1 & vegetables4 ,any pr(its g to ! sick fund4 ,s9ce ?is has be5 />t$ improvem5t 9 ! physical condition ( ! m5 has be5 m>k$2 sev]al cases ( anmia & malnutrition h entirely cle>$ up4 ,no workman1 z has already be5 emphasiz$1 %\ld comm5ce "w 9 a lead factory unless he has _h a good meal--t is1 unless !re is "s food at lea/ 9 ! /oma*--p>ticul>ly album9\s food1 su* z milk1 cocoa made ) milk1 or caf au lait4 ,! mo/ suitable foods g5]ally = lead-work]s are ^? conta9+ proteids--meat1 eggs1 milk1 *eese1 & fatty foods4 ,acids--v9eg>1 pickles1 & ! l--are especially to be avoid$4 ,section #ge 7#b7 ( ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 #aija1 requires t1 :]e lead or o!r poison\s sub/ance is us$ s z to give rise to du/ or fumes1 meal-room accommodation %all be provid$4 ,! "q1 z a rule1 is easily decid$1 b !re are bord]-l9e cases :]e d\bt may arise1 z1 = example1 9 lett]press pr9t+ factories 9 reg>d to du/1 & 9 sold]+ op]ations 9 reg>d to fume4 ,op]ations 9 ! compos+-room und\bt$ly give rise to du/1 & 9 /]eotyp+ & ca/+ ! dbris trodd5 und]foot causes du/ to rise4 ,9 l9otype rooms1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 a difficult burd5 ( pro( w\ld re/ on ! p]son :o s\ght to %[ t du/ or fumes 7 pres5t to su* an ext5t z to ju/ify action "u ! section4 ,& ! same view holds1 9 our op9ion1 9 reg>d to sold]+4 ,lavatories4--,! usual requirem5t = ?is 9 ne>ly all regulations is3 ,! occupi] %\ld provide & ma9ta9 9 good repair = all p]sons employ$ 9 lead processes-- 7#a7 ,suitable lavatory accommodation1 includ+ at lea/ "o lavatory bas9 = e five su* p]sons1 fitt$ ) a wa/e pipe1 or plac$ 9 a tr\gh hav+ a wa/e pipe1 & hav+ a con/ant supply ( hot & cold wat] laid on2 or alt]natively tr\ghs ( enamel or simil> smoo? imp]vi\s mat]ial1 fitt$ ) wa/e pipes )\t plugs1 & hav+ a con/ant supply ( w>m wat] laid on1 & af=d+ a l5g? ( at lea/ two feet ( tr\gh = e five su* p]sons4 7#b7 ,soap1 nail-bru%es1 & a suffici5t supply ( clean t[els1 r5ew$ daily4 ,discipl9e1 & responsibility plac$ on "s "o p]son to see to ! cleanl9ess ( ! lavatory appliances & adequate supply ( ! necess>y means = wa%+1 c alone insure prop] use ( !m by ! p]sons employ$4 ,! workman has s n>r[ a m>g9 ( "t 9 :i* to get 8 breakfa/ & d9n] t he _c be expect$ to wa% if facilities = do+ s fail4 ,! alt]native ( an enamell$ iron tr\gh ) jets ( w>m$ wat] is 9 our exp]i5ce mu* ! mo/ satisfactory in/allation :]e ! numb] employ$ is m ?an five or six4 ,provision ( s(t soap or ( soap 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 & nail-bru%es nail$ to ! table1 h9d] peculation4 ,wood5 /&s = hold+ wa%-bas9s pres5t almo/ inv>iably a mo/ un9vit+ appe>ance unless cov]$ ) %eet lead4 ,well-equipp$ wa%-h& bas9s ) hot & cold wat] laid on close to ! "w-place are sometimes provid$ 9 addition to ! lavatory prop]4 ,if look$ aft] !y are valu$ & us$1 b if n !y become conv]t$ into receptacles = oddm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,good ,,wa%+ ,,& ,,ba? ,,accommodation ,,9 ,a ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,wa%+ ,,tr\gh1 ,,d\*e ,,ba?s1 ,,& ,,clo!s ,,cupbo>ds4 ,type common on ! ,cont95t4 ,roll] t[els %\ld be at lea/ #ae squ>e feet 9 area = e ?ree p]sons employ$1 & r5ew$ daily4 ,! m]its ( soluble sulphides 9 8akremn90 soap h be5 advanc$ on ! gr\nd t ! lead is conv]t$ into ! insoluble black sulphide1 :i* is !reby made visible to ! eye1 & ! sight ( :i* w1 x is hop$1 /ill fur!r /imulate ! desire to wa%4 ,probably su* lead z rema9s on ! h&s aft] well wa%+ ) soap is s closely adh]5t to ! sk9 z to r5d] risk ( contam9ation ( ! food 9 ?is way negligible4 ,dr4 ,rob]tson1 ,*emi/ ( ! ,royal ,gunp[d] ,factory at ,wal?am ,abbey1 has f\nd t results z good z ^? to be obta9$ f use ( akremn9 soap 7& )\t any discoloration ( ! sk97 are obta9$ f use ( a solution made up z foll[s3 ,sal ammoniac add$ to saturation to a solution conta9+ #he c4c4 ( comm]cial hydro*loric acid 7specific gravity1 #aae7 p] #ajj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,! proc$ure adopt$ at ,wal?am ,abbey is--7#a7 ,usual wa%+ ) soap1 wat]1 & a nail-bru%2 7#b7 scrubb+ ) ! special solution by means ( a nail-bru% dipp$ 9 x2 7#c7 r9s+ 9 wat]2 & 7#d7 wa%+ ) soap & wat]4 ,somm]feld#b1 f 8 wide exp]i5ce1 consid]s t pumice-soap1 ) ! addition ( turp5t9e1 is ! be/ cleans+ mat]ial lead-work]s c use4 ,ba?s4--,provision ( ba? accommodation is requir$ "u ! special rules = :ite-lead factories & ! regulations = electric accumulators4 ,9 sev]al factories1 h[ev]1 ba?s are provid$ = ! use ( ! work]s4 ,!y naturally make = improvem5t 9 g5]al heal?1 b we _c reg>d provision ( !m1 any m ?an cloakrooms & mess-rooms1 z likely to influ5ce mat]ially incid5ce ( lead poison+ 9 a factory4 ,! ?ree requisites ( 7#a7 conv5i5ce & quickness1 7#b7 com=t1 & 7#c7 regul> use1 c be/ be secur$ by ! use ( %[] ba?s 9 place ( slipp] ba?s4 ,! advantage !y h are--7#a7 ,initial co/ ( in/allation is less2 7#b7 economy 9 space2 7#c7 economy 9 wat]2 7#d7 economy 9 "t requir$ = ba?+2 7#e7 no work] comes into contact ) wat] us$ by ano!r2 7#f7 cleans+ mu/ be f ! head d[nw>ds4 ,dang] ( scald+ c be absolutely exclud$ by use ( valve lev]s1 s plac$ 9 relation to "o ano!r t /eam _c be turn$ on until ! cold-wat] valve has be5 op5$1 & ! heat] c be s arrang$ t ! wat] is n rais$ above a def9ite temp]ature4 ,sep>ation ( ,processes4--,lead processes %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be c>ri$ on 9 su* a way t !re is a]ial disconnection ( "o process f ano!r4 ,sep>ate workrooms1 al?\gh desirable unless v small1 may n always be possible1 b by exhau/ v5tilation processes may be arrang$ s t du/ is n a s\rce ( dang] to p]sons work+ else:]e4 ,in/ances c\ld be giv5 :]e1 9 pa9t & col\r works1 p]sons employ$ 9 ! gr9d+ ( e>? col\rs1 9 :i* no lead ent]$1 succumb$ to attacks ( plumbism f contiguity ( ! plant ) t = gr9d+ lead col\rs4 ,?read+ up ( ca/or runn]s on a wire previ\s to dipp+ us$ to be done1 prior to #aija1 9 ! dipp+-h\se itself1 ) ! result t "s sev]e cases ( poison+ occurr$4 ,by ! rules ( #aija ! process 0 requir$ to be done 9 a place sep>ate f any place :]e dipp+ 7or o!r s*$ul$ process7 0 c>ri$ on1 & v few cases h occurr$ s9ce4 ,& if exhau/ v5tilation is reli$ on1 ,duck]+'s exp]im5ts 7p4 #bjf7 %[ ! att5tion to detail necess>y to prev5t air *>g$ ) lead du/ be+ drawn to ! spot by ! fan4 ,! ne$ = sep>ation ( processes becomes less 9 proportion z ! cubic space ( ! room increases1 & du/ & fumes are locally remov$4 ,age ( ,employm5t4--,! same consid]ations z h be5 /at$ above gov]n ?is po9t also4 ,:]ev] lead du/ or fumes arise1 :e!r exhau/ v5tilation is appli$ or n1 p]sons ( ei!r sex "u eighte5 ye>s ( age are probably r m susceptible to attack by reason ( natural failure to appreciate ! risk run4 ,:5 p]iodical m$ical exam9ation 9 addition to exhau/ v5tilation has be5 adopt$1 ! age limit c safely be r$uc$ to sixte54 ,:]e h&l+ only ( metallic lead & ord9>y sold]+ ) an iron are done1 risk ( contract+ plumbism is s remote t an age limit may be unnecess>y4 ,wall ,surface4--,:]ev] walls are likely to be spla%$1 z 9 dipp+ rooms & enamell+ work%ops1 ! inn] surface ( ! walls %\ld be ( glaz$ bricks or tiles or enamell$ plates1 any ( :i* help also 9 increas+ ! light necess>y 9 su* rooms4 ,if1 on acc\nt ( ! co/1 su* p]fectly smoo? mat]ial is impracticable1 ! walls %\ld be pa9t$ ) oil col\r1 :i* w enable !m p]iodically to be wet-cleans$4 ,du/+ ! walls is to be deprecat$4 ,h5ce accumulations ( du/ & dbris on l$ges1 raft]s1 beams1 ro(s1 etc41 %\ld1 9 our op9ion1 only v occasionally be clean$ d[n4 ,we consid] t ! risk f "o big clean+ d[n is less ?an t f repeat$ small ones4 7,see p4 #bah74 ,floors4--,^! %\ld be smoo? & imp]vi\s4 ,wood floor+ c h>dly be reg>d$ z com+ )9 ?is category2 x is unsuitable :]e lead processes are c>ri$ on4 ,pref]5ce mu/ be giv5 to floors ( concrete & ! l mat]ial1 :i* c be wa%$ d[n easily r ?an swept4 ,frequ5tly ! du/ rais$ 9 sweep+ ! floor has det]m9$ an attack ( lead poison+4 ,no objection c be rais$ to wood5 grids & iron roll matt+ plac$ on ! concrete floor = ! work]s to /& on4 ,cold feet & transf]5ce ( lead du/ by ! boots are less5$ by _! use4 ,:]e traffic is heavy1 z is (t5 ! case 9 lead works1 vibration is set up ) wood5 floors1 & du/ dissem9at$4 ,9 smelt+ works ca/-iron plates are s]viceable z floor+4 ,in/ruction ( ! ,work]4--,too mu* /ress _c be laid on ?is po9t4 ,to insi/ ^u x1 h[ev]1 is useless unless ! occupi] has in/all$ ! necess>y exhau/ v5tilation1 & equipp$ 8 factory ) ! o!r ess5tials = enabl+ ! workman to gu>d aga9/ du/ & free 8 h&s ( adh]+ lead1 9 :atev] =m4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 !n ! work] himself c d some?+4 ,(t5 he creates du/ unnecess>ily4 ,9 %ovell+ out ( a cask ) spade or tr[el1 9 ord] to get out ! la/ trace ( ! mat]ial to be transf]r$1 he g5]ally gives x a knock1 :i* causes du/ to fly s %>ply z to escape ! exhau/2 or he removes ! implem5t quickly f ! exhau/1 be=e x has be5 completely empti$ & :ile du/ is /ill be+ giv5 (f4 ,he w use a bru% to clean 8 b5* 9 pref]5ce to clean+ x by a wet me?od4 ,! pr9t] may hold type betwe5 8 tee?4 ,_m work]s bite _! nails4 ,m\/a*e & be>d may be f+]$1 & because ( ?is work]s may ev5 be advis$ to be clean-%av54 ,!y may *ew or smoke con/antly :ile at "w1 & w frequ5tly eat ) unwa%$ h&s4 ,notices enjo9+ c>e & cleanl9ess may be1 & (t5 are1 hung up 9 ! workrooms1 or a leaflet1 su* z ! "o "h pr9t$1 is h&$ to ! work] on 8 fir/ exam9ation by ! surgeon4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c take ! place ( actual v]bal in/ruction f occupi]1 =eman1 & fell[-work] impress$ ) ! importance ( ! matt]4 ,,lead ,,poison+3 ,,h[ ,,caus$ ,,& ,,h[ ,,be/ ,,prev5t$4 ,unless great c>e is tak51 "w 9 lead & lead comp\nds is injuri\s to heal?1 because ! lead ent]s ! sy/em & causes lead poison+4 ,dang] is greate/ f brea?+ leady du/ or fume1 b eat+ ) unwa%$ h&s1 & bit+ nails or putt+ su* ?+s z sweets or pipes into ! m\? :ile ! f+]s are soil$ ) lead1 all help to cause poison+4 ,_m work]s 9 lead h a blue l9e r\nd ! edge ( ! gums1 b ! fir/ actual symptoms ( ! injuri\s action ( lead on ! sy/em are co/iv5ess1 colicky pa9s 9 ! /oma*1 heada*e1 & m>k$ pal5ess4 ,occasionally heada*e is associat$ ) epileptic fits1 a v s]i\s condition1 :i* may be foll[$ by loss ( sight4 8,wri/-drop10 loss ( p[] 9 ! muscles mov+ ! f+]s & wri/1 results sometimes f lead poison+1 & may cause p]man5t disablem5t f "w4 ,x does n usually come on until aft] a p]son has work$ 9 lead = "s ye>s4 ,lead1 ev5 if absorb$ 9 small quantities1 has a t5d5cy to rema9 9 ! sy/em1 & if c>e be n tak5 x w g on accumulat+1 s t 9 "t ! heal? may become p]man5tly damag$1 ev5 )\t any def9ite attack recogniz$ z lead poison+4 ,girls & boys1 because !y are n s likely to obs]ve ! necess>y precautions z gr[n-up p1 %\ld be closely wat*$4 ,wom5 %\ld be especially c>eful1 z ! injuri\s effect ( lead 9 !m may s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! heal?9ess ( _! *ildr54 ,z lead does n ent] ! sy/em ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sk91 x c 9 great measure be avoid$ by-- #a4 ,tak+ special c>e to avoid rais+ du/4 ,x is to ! int]e/ ( ev]yone to see t v5tilat+ arrangem5ts are 9 ord] = c>ry+ du/ away at ! po9t :]e x is produc$4 ,any little cl\d con/antly made at "w is sure1 if brea!d1 to set up lead poison+4 ,:]e lead col\rs are us$ wet1 dang] arises f ! spla%+ ( ! mat]ial & its subsequ5t dry+ into du/4 #b4 ,pay+ scrupul\s att5tion to cleanl9ess ( ! h&s1 face1 tee?1 & clo?+4 ,! h&s & nails %\ld always be clean$ ) soap & nail-bru% be=e food is eat51 & x is a wise practice also to wa% out ! m\?4 ,! tee? %\ld be bru%$ at lea/ once a day1 pref]ably be=e ! ev5+ meal4 #c4 ,nev] comm5c+ "w on an empty /oma*4 ,food conta9+ fat1 su* z bacon & milk1 is suitable4 ,ov]all suits1 if worn1 %\ld nev] be %ak5 to rid !m ( du/4 ,!y require wa%+ at lea/ once a week4 ,ap]i5t m$ic9e1 su* z ,epsom salts 7"o or two teaspoonfuls 9 wat]71 c be tak5 once or twice a week ) advantage by lead-work]s4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! habits & home life ( ! work]s influ5ce _! liability to lead poison+4 ,intemp]ate p]sons are ! fir/ to fall victims4 ,^? :o beg9 "w on an empty /oma* incur additional risk by s do+4 ,c>efulness :ile at "w1 & cleanl9ess1 (f] ! be/ means ( escap+ attacks ( lead poison+4 ,^? :o "w 9 lead %\ld keep 9 m9d e h\r ( e work+ day ! importance ( n brea?+ lead du/ & n c>ry+ lead to ! m\? 9 any way4 ,m$ical advice %\ld at once be obta9$ if signs ( lead poison+ pres5t !mselves4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,,george ,,reid3 ,memor&um on ,mess-room ,accommodation3 ,app5dix ,,xxv4 ( ! ,pott]ies ,committee's ,report1 vol4 ii41 #aiaj4 ,cd4 #ebgh4 #b ,,?4 ,,somm]feld3 ,die ,bekmpfung d] ,bleigefahr1 edit$ by ,leymann1 p4 #gf4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,description ,,( ,,processes ,lead smelt+--,r$ & orange lead & li?>ge--,lett]press pr9t+--,file-cutt+--,file-h>d5+--,t9n+ ( metals--,plumb+ & sold]+--,brass4 ,lead ,smelt+ & ,silv] ,ref9+4--,lead poison+ v r>ely occurs 9 lead m9+ 9 ,europe1 z gal5a 7sulphide ( lead71 ! pr9cipal ore 9 :i* ! metal is f\nd1 is insoluble4 ,gal5a always1 & o!r lead ores v (t51 conta9 a small proportion ( silv]1 rang+ f #jjja to #a p] c5t41 & at times traces ( gold4 ,ow+ to ! great aff9ity ( lead = silv]1 lead smelt+ is necess>ily a process prelim9>y to ! extraction ( silv] & gold f x#a4 ,lead ores1 drosses1 etc41 on arrival at ! factory1 are1 aft] sampl+1 deposit$ 9 b9s or heaps 7(t5 9 ! op5 air71 & wat]$ to prev5t du/4 ,all ores may1 & refractory ores 7conta9+ ov] #d p] c5t4 silica7 & dross mu/1 be smelt$ 9 a bla/ furnace by aid ( coke4 ,! bulk ( ! *>ge 9 a bla/ furnace may consi/ ( m or less complex ores ( ! preci\s metals1 especially silv]4 ,:5 gal5a is treat$ 9 a bla/ furnace1 prelim9>y roa/+ is indisp5sable1 & 9 _m smelt+ works its treatm5t takes place 9 a rev]b]atory or op5-he>? furnace1 & n 9 a bla/ furnace4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal me?ods applicable to extraction ( lead f ores are--7#a7 ,! roa/ & reaction me?od2 7#b7 ! roa/ & r$uction me?od2 & 7#c7 ! precipitation process4 ,by ! roa/ & reaction me?od a "p ( ! gal5a is fir/ conv]t$ into oxide & sulphate ( lead ) access ( air4 ,subsequ5tly1 on %utt+ (f ! air-supply & increas+ ! temp]ature1 a reaction takes place4 ,! sulphur 9 ! un*ang$ sulphide comb9es ) ! oxyg5 ( ! oxide & sulphate to =m sulphur dioxide1 :i* is c>ri$ away by ! draught into ! brick$ flue1 leav+ metallic lead beh9d4 ,! process is c>ri$ on 9 a rev]b]atory or op5-he>? furnace4 ,9 ! roa/ & r$uction me?od ! fir/ portion ( ! process is c>ri$ out 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 ! gal5a be+ roa/$ pretty completely to lead oxide & sulphate1 :i* are !n--usually 9 a bla/ furnace--r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate ) coke & o!r r$uc+ ag5ts1 su* z iron4 ,by ! precipitation process gal5a 0 decompos$ at a high temp]ature by means ( metallic iron1 =m+ a mixture ( iron & lead sulphide4 ,?is me?od 0 only applicable to ri* lead ores1 & is n[ giv5 up4 ,! ?ree me?ods are h>dly ev] indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 z ! ri* slag or residues1 = in/ance1 :i* are obta9$ by ! fir/ me?od are retreat$ by ! second1 & ! second is1 z has be5 /at$1 almo/ always comb9$ ) ! fir/4 ,on tapp+ ! bla/ or rev]b]atory furnace1 ! lead is drawn (f into a lead well or sump1 f :i*1 :5 cool1 x is ladl$ into m\lds1 :ile ! slag is run into movable metal pots or along specially-prep>$ *annels4 ,! slag run (f f ! rev]b]atory furnace conta9s mu* lead lock$ up z silicate1 :i* requires to be retreat$1 usually 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,dur+ ! roa/+ process mu* rak+ ( ! mat]ial is necess>y4 ,! slag f ! bla/ furnace %\ld conta9 less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( lead4 ,on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,hunt+don-,heb]le9 process has be5 ext5sively adopt$1 ) less5$ incid5ce ( poison+1 ! result ( me*anical me?ods ( work+1 obviat+ h& lab\r1 & ! l[ temp]ature 7dim9i%+ risk f lead fume7 at :i* ! roa/+ is c>ri$ on4 ,9 ?is process ! cru%$ ore is desulphuriz$ by fir/ mix+ ) lime & heat+ 9 pres5ce ( air 9 a revolv+ furnace1 provid$ ) automatic rabble1 at mod]ate temp]ature 7ab\t #gjj ,c474 ,subsequ5tly ! roa/$ mat]ial is convey$ f clos$ b9s1 into :i* x falls automatically1 by du/-pro( elevators to a conv]t]1 9 :i* atmosph]ic air at slight pressure is =c$ ?r\gh x4 ,! agglom]at$ mass s =m$1 :5 tipp$ out ( ! conv]t] 79 do+ :i* !re is risk f du/71 is well damp$1 brok5 by h&1 & *>g$ ) coke 9 ! usual way into ! bla/ furnace4 ,9 "s lead-smelt+ works ! mat]ial arrives on ! premises 9 ! =m ( +ots ( base bullion--i4e41 impure lead ri* 9 silv]--! product ( previ\s smelt+ ( ! ore :]e x is m9$ 9 ,au/ralia or ,spa94 ,& "o ( ! ma9 objects ( ! bla/-furnace smelt+ ( gal5a 9 ! factory is to produce a base bullion ri* 9 preci\s metals4 ,! lead s obta9$ requires fur!r s(t5+ or ref9+ to get rid ( copp]1 antimony1 ars5ic1 & t94 ,?is is effect$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 fir/ at a l[ temp]ature to all[ ( =mation ( furnace dross1 :i* is remov$ ?r\gh ! work+ doors1 & secondly ) increase ( heat & access ( air to oxidize1 9 ! ord] nam$1 ! t91 ars5ic1 & antimony4 ,f9ally ! lead is tapp$ into kettles or pots4 ,if free f silv]1 su* lead1 :5 p\r$ into m\lds1 is ready = ! m>ket2 b if ri* 9 silv]1 x is treat$ = ! recov]y ( t metal ei!r by 7a7 ,patt9son's process1 dep5d+ on ! high] temp]ature ( cry/allization ( lead ?an ( an alloy ( lead & silv]1 :i* enables a sep>ation ( "o f ! o!r to be made by a process ( ladl+ ! cry/all9e f ! liquid portion2 or1 mu* m commonly1 by 7b7 ,p>kes's process1 dep5d+ on ! =mation1 on addition ( z9c to a pot ( molt5 lead1 ( cru/s consi/+ ( an alloy ( silv]1 lead1 & z9c4 ,! cru/s obta9$ 9 ! latt] process1 aft] cool+1 are brok5 up1 plac$ 9 a crucible1 & ! z9c driv5 (f at a temp]ature ( #a1jjj ,c4 9 a dez9c+ ,fab] du ,faur retort4 ,! ri* bullion1 reta9$ ei!r 9 ! la/ kettle by ! ,patt9son process1 or rema9+ 9 ! crucible aft] dez9c+1 next und]goes cupellation--i4e41 exposure to a bla/ ( air 9 a furnace4 ,! lead is oxidiz$ into li?>ge1 :i* drops into a receptacle bel[ ! furnace1 leav+ ! silv] beh9d4 ,9 all lead-smelt+ works ! draught f ! furnace c>ries mu* du/ ( ore & fuel1 & fume1 consi/+ ( sulphide1 sulphate1 & oxides ( lead1 into ! flues4 ,! du/ is easily collect$ 9 du/ *amb]s1 b ! fume requires ducts ( great l5g?--sometimes a mile or m--9 :i* to deposit4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,! risk f du/ 9 g5]al lab\r+ "w1 9 deposit+ ! ores 9 b9s1 9 remov+ !m to1 & *>g+ !m into1 ! furnace1 c only be controll$ by wat]+1 pref]ably by a spray4 ,f ! bla/ furnace lead fume & c>bon monoxide may escape at ! po9t :]e *>g+ is done1 if !re is back pressure f blockage 9 ! flues1 or if ! furnace bla/ is n work+ p]fectly4 ,9 tapp+ ! lead & 9 manipulations su* z *>g+1 dross+1 & skimm+1 conduct$ ?r\gh ! doors ( furnaces ( all descriptions1 hoods1 ext5d+ at ! sides d[n to ! floor level1 require to be arrang$ ov] ! work+ doors1 & connect$ ei!r ) ducts pass+ v]tically ?r\gh ! ro( or directly ) ! exhau/ creat$ 9 ! furnace or flue itself4 ,dross & skimm+s remov$ ?r\gh ! work+ doors %\ld be receiv$ into iron trolleys capable ( be+ cov]$1 & n be all[$ to fall on to ! floors1 to be %ovell$ up lat] on to b>r[s4 ,be=e su* dross or slag f rev]b]atory furnaces is brok5 up = fur!r treatm5t x %\ld be well wat]$4 ,lead absorption among ! m5 actually employ$ 9 ! ,patt9son & ,p>kes's processes is comp>atively r>e1 z ! temp]ature ( ! molt5 metal does n exce$ #dej to #ejj ,c4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! z9c-silv]-lead & gold alloy is remov$ = treatm5t 9 special furnaces = di/illation (f ( ! z9c1 prior to cupellation1 ! lead f ! ,p>kes's pot1 n[ free f silv]1 b conta9+ traces ( z9c1 antimony1 & o!r impurities1 is run 9 "s works into :at are t]m$ 8m>ket pots0 = a f9al ref9+4 ,air & /eam are bl[n ?r\gh to oxidize ! impurities4 ,! pot is skimm$ twice1 ! fir/ dross conta9+ antimony1 etc41 & ! second a f9e du/ consi/+ ( lead 7#fj p] c5t47 & z9c4 ,! risk ( poison+ at ?is po9t is consid]able1 al?\gh an exhau/ fan connects up ! cov] ( ! pot ) a cyclone sep>ator1 to c>ry away ! fume :5 ! /eam is bl[n ?r\gh4 ,9 o!r works ?is dez9c+ is done 9 a ref9+ furnace1 ! mat]ial be+ !n 9 a slaggy /ate1 ?us h9d]+ developm5t ( fumes4 ,aft] ! cond5sation ( ! z9c 9 ! di/illation ( ! silv]-lead & z9c cru/ ! cov] ( ! pot is rais$1 & ! rema9+ metal1 conta9+ #hj p] c5t4 ( lead at a temp]ature ( ab\t #b1jjj ,f41 is ladl$ out into m\lds = treatm5t 9 ! cupell+ furnace4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ?is ladl+ op]ation has to be done makes ! "w impossible = ^? unaccu/om$ to x4 ,exhau/ v5tilation 9 ! op]ation ( empty+ ! pot1 & cutt+ (f ! heat by a wat]-cool$ jacket1 sugge/ !mselves z means to combat ! und\bt$ risk4 ,9 cupellation ! temp]ature is high 7ab\t #b1jjj ,c471 & fume w escape f ! work+ door & f ! op5+ :]e ! ri* lead is f$ into ! furnace4 ,! dang] "h is suffici5tly recogniz$ by hoods & ducts plac$ 9 front ( ! furnace1 b ! draught1 unless ! ducts are connect$ up ) a high-pressure fan1 may prove inadequate to c>ry away all ! fume4 ,flue-clean+1 c>ri$ out usually at qu>t]ly or half-ye>ly p]iods1 is du/y "w1 z mu* ( ! du/ is 9 s f9e a /ate ( division z to repel contact ) wat]4 ,smelt+ ( o!r metals :5 ! ores conta9 appreciable am\nts ( lead is equally productive ( plumbism4 ,?us1 9 ! ye> #aija f\rte5 cases 7 report$ f an iron works = ! manufacture ( spiegeleis51 ! ore 7n[ no long] us$7 com+ f ,greece#b4 ,9 previ\s ye>s x w\ld appe> to h be5 ev5 great]4 ,a rem>kable feature ( all ! report$ cases f ?is factory 0 t ! =m assum$ 0 colic1 & nev] p>alysis4 ,! poison+ 0 due to vaporization ( ! molt5 lead by ! v high temp]ature to :i* x 0 rais$ z ! molt5 iron fl[$ out ( ! furnace on tapp+4 ,! dang] f fume 0 limit$ to ! fir/ few feet ( ! *annel1 z ! heavi] molt5 lead gravitat$ d[n betwe5 loose brickwork into a pit4 ,du/ collect$ above ! po9t :]e ! furnace 0 tapp$ conta9$ #cigg p] c5t4 ( lead monoxide1 & ! flue du/ #dbb p] c5t4#c4 ,a flannel respirator worn once only by "o ( ! furnace m5 conta9$ lead equal to #af milligrammes ( lead monoxide4 ,9 #aijf ?ree cases 7 report$ 9 ! extraction ( copp]4 ,! p]sons affect$ 7 employ$ 9 *>g+ ore into ! cupola#d4 ,heavy incid5ce ( poison+ 7twelve cases 9 two mon?s7 9 a smelt+ works 7n[ clos$7 l$ to exam9ation ( sixte5 m54 ,! gums ( only "o man 7 free ( a blue l9e--9 mo/ x 0 p>ticul>ly d5se--eight 7 anmic1 "o _h p>alysis ( ! wri/s1 & five o!rs weakness4 ,analysis ( ! air 0 made at diff]5t po9ts 9 ! factory by ! *emi/ ( ! works1 ,g4 ,d4 ,c[an1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,! samples f ! cupola 7 tak5 f inside ! hood 7ab\t #e feet above ! m5's heads74 ,! gas 0 filt]$ ?r\gh cotton-wool1 s t all solid p>ticles 7 reta9$1 & ! rema9+ gas 0 treat$ sep>ately4 ,! solid p>ticles w be call$ 8du/10 & ! gas1 aft] filtration1 8fume40 ,! cupola samples on be+ exam9$ gave-- ,du/1 fir/ sample #jjhaeb gra9 ( lead p] cubic foot4 second sample #jjgbig ,fume1 fir/ sample #jjjebf second ,! samples f ! lead well 7 tak5 #ab in*es above ! molt5 metal at ! end ( ! lead siphon1 & gave ! foll[+ results3 ,du/ #jjefec gra9 p] cubic foot4 ,fume ,nil4 ,! briquett+ ma*9e samples 7 tak5 f ! plat=m :]e all ! ore & fluxes are mix$ be=e briquett+4 ,! results obta9$ "h 7 z foll[s3 ,du/ #jiegae gra9 ( lead p] cubic foot4 ,fume1 or f9e du/ t pass$ ?r\gh filt] #jjacad ,! reason = ^! high results 0 ow+ to du/ rais$ :5 waggons ( ore 7 tipp$ prior to mix+4 ,assum+ t #bj cubic in*es ( air pass 9 & out ( ! lungs at ea* respiration1 a man 9 eight h\rs w\ld inhale & exhale #idd cubic feet4 ,?is am\nt ( air1 inhal$ at ! position 9 ! cupola :]e ! sample 0 tak51 w\ld conta9 #gchah gra9s ( lead2 at ! lead well1 #ecjfd gra9s2 & at ! briquett+ ma*9es1 #iaeiec gra9s4 ,al?\gh ! condition ( ! air :]e ! m5 actually work$ mu/ h conta9$ mu* less ?an ^! am\nts1 ! analyses q s]ve to expla9 ! heavy incid5ce4 ,collis#e quotes ! foll[+ analysis ( du/ & fumes f ,h(man's 8,metallurgy ( ,lead40 ,,lead ,,smelt+3 ,,analyses ,,( ,,du/ ,,& ,,fumes 7,,f ,,h(man',s 8,,metallurgy ,,( ,,lead074 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p]c5tage (-- ----------------------------- ,arse- ,lead ,lead ,ar- ni\s ,monox- ,sul- ,mat]ial ,analys$4 s5ic4,oxide4,lead4 ide4 phate4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 ,all du/ collect$ 9 t5 ye>s1 -- -- #bef -- -- av]age ,du/ f-- ,d[ncom]s ( elev5 bla/ -- -- #dge -- -- furnaces ,ro( ( bla/-furnace build+ -- -- #bga -- -- ,fumes f-- ,slag pot :ile boil+ -- #dh -- #daj #bfb ,rev]b]atory settl+ furnace #bc -- -- #caj -- ,flue du/-- ,fri$ri*%tte1 ,silesia -- -- -- #fbh -- ,a #ge -- #bfb -- -- ,freib]g1 ,saxony ,b #cge -- #bac -- -- ,c #dfd -- #afb -- -- ,pribram1 ,bohemia -- #aj -- #dee -- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,collis#f e/imat$ ! attack rate 9 lead-smelt+ works at #cj1 & 9 spelt] works at #aj1 p] #a1jjj p] annum4 ,9 "o factory he f\nd x #hj p] #a1jjj1 & 9 a spelt] works five cases occurr$ 9 a few mon?s among sev5 work]s4 ,! di/ribution ( ! report$ cases f ye> to ye> 0 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,process4 #aijj4aija4aijb4aijc4aijd4aije4aijf4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,lead smelt+ #ba #bf #ac #ac #g #aj #af ,desilv]iz+ #a #c #i #aj #af #f #i ,spelt] #e #aa #c #d #d #e #i ,o!r 7copp]1 #g #ad #c #aj #f #c #d iron1 etc47 ----------------------------------- #cd #ed #bh #cg #cc #bd #ch ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,process4 #aijg4aijh4aiji4aiaj4aiaa4,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,lead smelt+ #ba #ca #bh #ba #cc #bdj ,desilv]iz+ #d #c #f -- #c #gj ,spelt] #b #ca #be #ab #aa #abb ,o!r 7copp]1 #a #e #g #a #a #fb iron1 etc47 ------------------------------- #bh #gj #ff #cd #dh #did ---------------------------------------- ----- ,spelt] 7,z9c7 ,manufacture4--,lead is pres5t 9 z9c ores 9 a proportion ( f #a to #aj p] c5t4 7usually #c p] c5t474 ,despite ?is small proportion1 incid5ce ( *ronic plumbism among ^? engag$ 9 ! manufacture is high1 z 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k ! lead fume giv5 (f 9 di/illation ( ! z9c _c be effici5tly remov$4 ,bl5de 7z9c sulphide7 is fir/ calc9$1 & ! residue1 aft] mixture ) calam9e 7z9c a%es7 & an?racite1 =ms ! *>ge = ! furnace4 ,! retorts are arrang$ 9 long r[s "o above ! o!r1 & frequ5tly back to back 9 ! furnace1 s t !re may be #bej or m to ea* furnace1 & ( ! furnaces !re may be sev]al 9 a %$4 ,atta*$ to ! retort is a fireclay receptacle 7cond5s]7 into :i* ! z9c di/ils1 & an iron nozzle 7prolong7 to prev5t oxidation 9 ! cond5s]4 ,:ile di/illation goes on ! c>bonic oxide gas evolv$ burns brightly1 t+$ ) ! gre5i%-:ite col\r imp>t$ by ! z9c4 ,! products ( combu/ion1 ) traces ( lead fume f ! hundr$s ( prolongs1 are dis*>g$ into ! atmosph]e ( ! %$s1 :]e temp]ature is high4 ,! late/ design ( prolongs1 h[ev]1 has an exit at :i* ! products ( combu/ion escape ne> ! furnace1 s t ! great] portion pass up into ! v5tilat+ hoods4 ,p]iodically--?ree times to ea* *>ge--! workman removes ! prolong1 ladles out su* z9c z has cond5s$1 & p\rs x into m\lds4 ,f9ally1 :5 di/illation is complet$1 ! cont5ts ( ! retorts are rak$ out1 & x is 9 ! fum+ hot residues s deposit$ on ! floors t mu* ( ! dang] arises4 ,9 di/ill+ furnaces ( mod]n design ! hot residues fall ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! w9d[ ( ! furnaces into 8pockets10 9 :i* !y cool (f consid]ably be=e !y are drawn out into iron skips4 ,9 ano!r =m ( furnace us$ 9 ! manufacture ( spelt] 7,silesian71 ! workman aft] *>g+ c leave ! furnace until ! "t = tapp+ arrives4 ,! two op]ations involve "w = six h\rs a day only4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,dur+ di/illation ! detrim5tal effect ( a curr5t ( air 7=mation ( z9c oxide7 on ! z9c is an ob/acle to ! removal ( ! fume by exhau/ v5tilation locally appli$ ov] ! prolongs ( ! cond5s]s4 ,exhau/ v5tilation ( a k9d c1 h[ev]1 be arrang$1 except "u unfav\rable wea!r conditions1 by erect+ hoods ( mat]ial su* z galvaniz$ iron "r across ! ro( ( ! %$ ov]1 & p>allel )1 ! furnaces1 up :i* ! heat$ curr5t ( air f ! furnaces travels4 ,l(ty1 roomy %$s assi/ mat]ially 9 ! escape ( ! fumes4 ,v>i\s =ms ( modification 9 ! cond5s]s1 design$ to less5 escape ( fume1 & s recov] m z9c1 are be+ tri$4 ,samples ( fume cond5s$ z a grey p[d]1 & collect$ by ,collis f diff]5t k9ds ( prolongs1 %[$ #ac to #bg p] c5t4#g ( metallic lead respectively1 & a sample ( du/ deposit$ f mat]ial conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( lead1 #cbe p] c5t4#h4 ,manufacture ( ,r$ & ,orange ,lead & ,li?>ge4--,^! processes are frequ5tly c>ri$ on z "p ( lead-smelt+ works4 ,r$ lead is produc$ by oxidation1 fir/1 ( metallic pig-lead1 9 a rev]b]atory furnace at dull r$ heat1 into massicot 7yell[ monoxide74 ,dur+ ! process ! mat]ial is con/antly rak$4 ,! massicot is )drawn f ! furnace1 & subsequ5tly1 aft] dry+ & siev+1 is aga9 subject$ to simil> treatm5t at slightly l[] temp]ature4 ,orange lead is made by treat+ :ite lead 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s #aijj-aiji ! numb] ( report$ cases f ! manufacture ( r$ lead 0 #ajh1 ( :i* #dg 7 attribut$ to "w at ! furnaces1 #dc to pack+ & siev+1 & #af occurr$ among g5]al lab\r]s1 "p ( ^: duty x 0 to sweep up ! floors4 ,collis e/imates ! attack rate 9 ! five ye>s #aije-aiji1 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( factories employ+ #aga p]sons1 at #ej p] #a1jjj4 ,ref]5ce to ! table on p4 #dh %[s t ! proportion ( ^? suff]+ f encephalopa?y is high] ?an 9 any o!r indu/ry--an obs]vation previ\sly not$ by ,layet#i4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,dang] is practically limit$ to escape ( du/ 9 7#a7 rak+ ! *>ge out f ! he>? on to iron trolleys1 7#b7 siev+1 & 7#c7 pack+4 ,9 all ^! op]ations exhau/ v5tilation is ess5tial1 & = siev+ & pack+ ! in/allation requires to be design$ ) especial c>e1 s z to be able to keep )9 ! sph]e ( ! exhau/ ! spad+ & %ovell+ ( ! mat]ial1 9 v f9e /ate ( division1 into ! cask4 ,sometimes ! mat]ial is elevat$ f pits1 & ev5tually pack$ by me*anical means into b>rels re/+ on a jolt]4 ,unless ! elevators are q du/-pro(1 & ! coll> h]metically seals ! connection ( ! %oot ) ! b>rel1 ! vibration ( ! heavy ma*9]y & pressure ( air inside ! cas+ w cause du/ to escape4 ,r$ lead c be1 & is1 n[ made on an ext5sive scale 9 su* a way t all op]ations1 f comm5cem5t ) pig-lead to ! f9al pack+1 are c>ri$ out by me*anical means s entirely clos$ 9 t ! work] does n come into contact ) ! mat]ial4 ,! p]son :o !n may be affect$ is ! fitt] att5d+ to repairs ( ! ma*9]y4 ,! pig-lead is melt$1 /irr$1 & mix$ 9 a cov]$-9 melt+-pot4 ,! massicot :i* is =m$ is drawn (f by an exhau/ into a hopp]1 f ! bottom ( :i* x is f$ me*anically on to ! floor ( ! furnace4 ,me*anical rabbles /ir x f ! c5tre to ! outside ( ! furnace floor1 f :]e x is convey$1 "u negative pressure1 to ! hopp] ( a gr9d+ mill4 ,f "h x is aga9 simil>ly f$ into ano!r furnace4 ,! exhau/ pipe f ?is furnace collects ! f9i%$ product1 c>ry+ x me*anically to a hopp] :i* automatically fe$s ! r$ lead into casks4 ,negative pressure ?r\gh\t prev5ts escape ( du/4 ,manufacture ( ,li?>ge4--,pig-lead is plac$ 9 a cupellation furnace1 & con/antly /irr$ & rak$ ov] to cause entire oxidation1 & !n is ei!r rak$ out or run out f ! furnace he>? into m\lds1 & all[$ to cool 9 ! =m ( l>ge balls4 ,^! balls1 ( a r\ghly cry/all9e nature1 are deposit$ on ! floor1 :]e !y are expos$ to ! air4 ,dis9tegration is accel]at$ by break+ up ! l>ge fragm5ts by h&4 ,subsequ5tly ! mat]ial is plac$ 9 a dis9tegrator = f9e division & pack$4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,manufacture ( li?>ge may cause a great] am\nt ( du/ ?an any o!r process ) :i* we are famili>4 ,! nature ( ! op]ations is su* t x is impossible at all /ages to control ?is du/4 ,dang] is greate/ 9 ! e>ly op]ations ( %ovell+ up ! dis9tegrat$ p[d]y mat]ial f ! floors into receptacles1 & 9 dis*>g+ ! cont5ts into ! dis9tegrat+ ma*9e4 ,! "w is heavy1 & a respirator is ) difficulty worn4 ,a movable hood atta*$ to a flexible duct 9 connection ) an exhau/ :i* c\ld be mov$ f place to place on ! floor sugge/s itself1 b :5 tri$ x has n effectively controll$ ! du/1 ow+ to bo? ! tr\ble involv$ & ! difficulty ( br++ ! exhau/ ne> en\gh to ! "w4 ,:5 once ! mat]ial rea*es ! dis9tegrator1 exhau/ ov] ! hopp]1 & 9 connection ) ! enclos$ sift] & gr9d] & pack+ ma*9e1 c readily be secur$4 ,b9s %\ld be provid$ = ! li?>ge lumps1 s z to avoid trampl+ ! p[d] und]foot1 & cov]$ b>r[s = remov+ ! semi-p[d]$ mat]ial4 ,alt]nation ( employm5t less5s risk1 & %\ld be always arrang$4 ,9 any new plant ! possibility ( automatic me?ods ( c>ry+ out ! process z f> z possible %\ld be consid]$4 ,%eet ,lead & ,lead ,pip+4--,?is indu/ry also is n infrequ5tly c>ri$ out on smelt+ premises4 ,to make lead pip+1 molt5 ref9$ lead is run into a cyl9d] conta9+ an adju/able m&rel 9 its c5tre4 ,! cyl9d] is =c$ by hydraulic pressure aga9/ a holl[ ram hav+ an adju/able orifice to =m ! desir$ ?ickness ( pipe4 ,9 ! case ( %eet lead ! ?ick plates are gradually r$uc$ to ! desir$ ?ickness by pressure ( heavy /eel roll]s4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,little risk atta*es to h&l+ ! clean %eet lead or drawn lead4 ,dang] is 9 ! e>ly /ages4 ,old oxidiz$ lead pip+1 lead ci/]ns1 tea lead1 old accumulator plates1 etc41 lie 9 heaps on ! premises4 ,^! _c be h&l$ )\t g5]ation ( du/4 ,:5 melt$ & /irr$1 copi\s fumes arise1 c>ry+ up du/1 f :i*1 & f t rais$ 9 dross+ ! surface ( ! metal1 absorption ( lead is inevitable unless ! melt+-pot is fully protect$ f side-draughts & provid$ ) a hood & duct lead+ into ! ma9 *imney-/ack4 ,doors 9 front ( ! hood s]ve /ill fur!r to conf9e ! fumes4 ,! skimm+s f ! pot require to be plac$ 9 a receptacle "u ! hood4 ,( #aji cases report$ 9 ! t5 ye>s #aijj-aiji1 op]ations at ! melt+-pot acc\nt$ = at lea/ #dg4 ,we are 9 agreem5t ) ,dixon ,mann1 :o rem>ks3 8,work]s 9 metallic lead d n suff] unless !y are frequ5tly 9 ! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( ! molt5 metal1 or inhale f9e p>ticles ( solid lead or its oxide :il/ manipulat+ old metal4 ,lead1 ?\gh n usually class$ among/ ! volatile metals1 is capable ( volatilization at a high temp]ature1 & 9 ! =m ( vap\r may be tak5 into ! sy/em ?r\gh ! respiratory tract1 & also into ! /oma*4 ,"o ( ! wor/ cases ( *ronic lead poison+ ,i ev] saw 0 t ( a man :o b\ght ! %eets ( lead l9+s ( old tea-*e/s1 & melt$ !m d[n into pig-lead4 ,he did ! "w 9 a small room1 )\t any contrivance = v5tilation1 & att5d$ to ! :ole process himself0#aj4 ,lett]press ,pr9t+4--,9 ?is indu/ry acc\nt has to be tak5 ( contact )-- #a4 ,molt5 lead 9 7a7 ca/+ ! type 9 diff]5t k9ds ( ma*9es1 includ+ ! monotype & l9otype2 7b7 9 /]eotyp+2 & 7c7 9 reca/+ into m\lds ! l9e or s+le type aft] x has be5 once us$1 toge!r ) dbris f ! /]eo ma*9e & sweep+s f ! floor4 #b4 ,metallic lead 9 h&l+ & dress+ ! type1 & subsequ5t use ( x by ! compositor4 ,! type metal itself usually consi/s (--,lead1 #ge p] c5t42 antimony1 #bc p] c5t42 & t91 #b p] c5t4 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s #aijj-aiji1 #bjj cases 7 report$--#ib compositors1 #ga /]eotype & l9otype op]ators1 & #cg 9 subsidi>y processes1 ma9ly 9 ! ca/+-room4 ,?us1 app>5tly1 op]ations involv+ contact ) molt5 metal are m likely to cause lead poison+ ?an actual h&l+4 ,type-,ca/+4--,9 lett] f\nd+ & 9 ! monotype lett]-ca/+ ma*9e ! molt5 metal1 heat$ by a coal fire 9 ! =m] & ,buns5 burn] 9 ! latt]1 at regul> int]vals fills ! matrices at a po9t :]e x is cool$ by a jet ( compress$ air1 & ! =m$ lett] is !n me*anically eject$ into a receptacle4 ,! temp]ature ( ! molt5 metal has to be c>efully regulat$1 & does n usually rise above #djj to #dej ,c4--a temp]ature at :i* x is extremely d\btful if lead fume c be produc$4 ,somm]feld#aa /ates t 9 #fj cubic metres ( air aspirat$ close to a type-ca/+ ma*9e no trace ( lead 0 f\nd1 because vaporization does n take place bel[ #eej ,c4 ,su* skimm+ z mu/ occasionally be made ( ! small surface ( molt5 metal is 9 a slaggy /ate1 & does n appe> to conta9 mu* oxide4 ,?is is deposit$ usually 9 a small box & remov$ to be remelt$ once a day4 ,:at fume1 (t5 ( unpleasant od\r1 is not$ is probably due to acroleic acid vap\r f ! grease & dirt4 ,! lett]s hav+ be5 ca/1 ! type may be rubb$ on s&/one or on a file1 by :i* small quantities ( metallic du/ are giv5 (f2 set up on sett+-bo>ds s t all lett]s face ! same way 7"w on :i* female "y p]sons are usually engag$72 c]ta9 portions ( lett]s und]cut s z to make !m lie p]fectly p>allel2 dress$1 plan$1 & exam9$1 s z to be ( precisely ! same height2 & f9ally assort$ into f\nts & pack$ 9 ! w>eh\se4 ,9 all ^! op]ations ! f+]s necess>ily get black5$ by contact1 & !re mu/ be slight dislodgm5t ( metal p>ticles to acc\nt = ! cases report$4 ,9 ! l9otype ma*9e1 matrices are br\ght d[n f ! magaz9e by t\*+ ! correspond+ lett]s on ! type indicator until !y are arrang$ s z to =m ! l9e2 a lev] !n c>ries !m sideways into position1 s z to all[ ! molt5 metal to fl[ into ! m\ld & ca/ ! l9e4 ,ano!r lev] !n raises ! matrices1 :i* are c>ri$ into ! magaz9e aga91 ! slab ( metal ) ! ca/ l9e ^u x fall+ into a receptacle4 ,"h1 aga91 dang] ( lead fume is h>dly 9 "q4 ,z ! matrices drop d[n f ! magaz9e1 p>ticles ( lead :i* !y h ga!r$ :5 9 contact ) ! metal are deta*$1 & are visible on e l9otype ma*9e at ?is po9t4 ,! brass cov] ( ! magaz9e1 if n frequ5tly clean$1 soon becomes coat$ ) f9e du/4 ,al?\gh lead fume may n be giv5 (f1 x is none ! less necess>y to remove ! products ( combu/ion f ! heat+ app>atus1 9 ord] to prev5t con/ant vitiation ( air & to r$uce ! temp]ature 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ma*9es4 ,monotype ma*9es give (f mu* heat4 ,exhau/ v5tilation by hoods rea*+ well ov] ! pots1 & bran* ducts ent]+ ! ma9 duct 9 connection ) a fan tang5tially1 c alone accompli% ?is satisfactorily4 ,hoods & ducts lead+ m]ely into a %aft runn+ up ! side ( ! build+ fail to prev5t cond5sation ( ! wat] vap\r1 :i* 9 consequ5ce trickles back4 ,:]ev] a well-?\ght-out sy/em ( exhau/ v5tilation has be5 in/all$1 r$uction 9 temp]ature & com=t to ! op]atives has be5 secur$4 ,temp]atures above #fe ,f4 mu/ incommode a l9otype op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,exhau/ ,,v5tilation ,,on ,,! ,,pat5t 8,,p5t>comb0 ,,pr9ciple ,,appli$ ,,to ,,metal ,,melt+-,,pots1 ,,etc41 ,,9 ,,pr9t+ ,,f\ndry1 ,,z ,,in/all$ ,,by ,,! ,,zephyr ,,v5tilat+ ,,company1 ,,bri/ol4 ,p1 ,pat5t 8p5t>comb0 = equaliz+ exhau/2 ,d1 ma9 & bran* ducts2 ,u1 upca/ f fan2 ,f1 fan2 ,h1 hoods ov] melt+-pots & dross drums2 ,s1 /]eo metal melt+-pots2 ,b1 boxes or drums = dross4 ,! illu/ration %[s exhau/ v5tilation appli$ to ! melt+ & /]eo pots & dross drums 9 a lett]press pr9t+ f\ndry4 ,! draught ov] ea* pot is equaliz$ at ! po9t :]e ! bran* ducts jo9 ! ma9 duct by ins]tion ( a pat5t 8p5t>comb0 grid1 :i* breaks up ! columns ( air into num]\s small] *annels by specially curv$ metal plates s z to m9imize friction4 ,! ducts are graduat$1 & ! exhau/ is provid$ by a volume fan4 ,9 ! f\ndry ! reca/+ ( old us$ type1 etc41 is effect$1 & p]iodically scraps & sweep+s are melt$ d[n4 ,^! melt+-pots %\ld h telescopic hoods s balanc$ t !y c readily be l[]$1 s z to enclose ! ba? ( molt5 metal & all[ ! fume to be drawn by ! fan into a duct ( su* wid? z to (f] no ob/acle to escape4 ,a duct too n>r[ to deal ) ! great expansion ! heat$ air und]goes is a defect v frequ5tly f\nd4 ,a pr9cipal s\rce ( dang] is ! skimm+ ( ! melt+-pot = sweep+s1 etc41 & deposit ( ! l>ge am\nt ( dross by ! side ( ! pot4 ,receptacles = ! dross 9 connection ) ! exhau/ sy/em are imp]atively ne$$4 ,exhau/1 :]e practicable1 ov] ! (t5 l>ge melt+-pot = /]eotype ca/+ is desirable1 9 ord] to secure a reasonable temp]ature4 ,"h !re is ! dang] ( spla%+ ( molt5 metal1 :i* is subsequ5tly trodd5 und]foot4 ,compositors' ,"w4--,! lett]s are di/ribut$ 9 ! small comp>tm5ts ( ! type cases4 ,f attrition du/ may lie ?ick 9 ! comp>tm5ts1 & :5 at "w !re is always t5d5cy = small quantities ( ?is du/ to be disp]s$4 ,:ile ?is is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( poison+1 inasmu* z du/ conta9+ lead mu/ adh]e to ! f+]s1 lead may ?us ent] ! sy/em ) food or :5 smok+4 ,x is q z easy1 also1 to believe t lead poison+ may result f solv5t action ( ! blood & tissue fluids on small spicules ( lead type :i* p5etrate ! sk9 z to cr$it ! well-sub/antiat$ cases ( plumbism ensu+ on ret5tion ( bullets or %ot 9 ! body4 ,compositors sometimes contract ! habit ( hold+ type betwe5 _! tee?4 ,! old dang]\s me?od ( bl[+ out ! du/ on ! /aircase by means ( a bell[s %\ld be=e long be entirely supplant$ by use ( suction bell[s or use ( pr9t]s' case du/-extractors4 ,9 ! ,clem5ts app>atus ! cases are plac$ on a %elf1 :i* is made to oscillate2 air is =c$ into ! comp>tm5ts f num]\s jets1 s z to raise ! du/1 :i* is remov$ by suction & collect$4 ,! cases are ?us clean$ ) great sav+ ( "t 9 ! compos+-room itself1 & )\t contam9ation ( ! g5]al atmosph]e by du/4 ,! du/ remov$ f a compos+ box by a vacuum clean] 0 f\nd 9 ! ,gov]nm5t laboratory to conta9 #ih p] c5t4 ( metallic lead1 & t collect$ f ! top ( ! magaz9e ( a l9otype ma*9e #hah p] c5t4 ,regulations issu$ 9 #aiaa 9 ,au/ria require1 among o!r ?+s--7#a7 ,melt+-pots1 &1 s f> z is practicable1 l9otype pots also1 to be provid$ ) hoods & ducts to c>ry ! fumes to ! outside air or into a *imney2 7#b7 ! type cases to fit ei!r close on to ! floor or ) a suffici5t space bel[ ! l[e/ draw] to enable ! floor und]nea? to be easily clean$2 7#c7 ! int]ior ( all compositors' boxes to be clean$ at lea/ once e ?ree mon?s--if possible1 by means ( a vacuum suction app>atus2 & 7#d7 qu>t]ly p]iodical m$ical exam9ation to be made ( p]sons employ$ 9 ca/+1 /]eotyp+1 l9otyp+1 assort+ type1 & compos+4 ,somm]feld#ab believes t 9 ,b]l9 #ajg p] c5t4 ( ! compositors suff] f lead poison+ e ye>1 & t #be p] c5t4 ( all ! diseases !y suff] f are due to lead4 ,among #c1fda pr9t]s apply+ = sick relief1 ,silb]/e9#ac f\nd #fe suff]+ f lead poison+ 7#ag p] c5t474 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 diagnosis ( lead poison+ is bas$ ^u exam9ation ( ! blood1 z 9 ,leipzig1 ! am\nt ( comp5sation paid by ! ,sickness ,insurance ,society has dim9i%$ consid]ably4 ,?us1 ( #bjg compositors :o 7 ei!r s5t by m$ical m5 z cases (1 or w5t !mselves suspect+ t !y 7 suff]+ f1 lead poison+1 only #ag 7#hb p] c5t47 %[$ basophilia to su* degree z to w>rant ! diagnosis4 ,! proportion1 on ! o!r h&1 among lett] f\nd]s & electrotyp]s 0 #bhf p] c5t4 ,pr9t]s suff] ext5sively f ph?isis1 _! comp>ative mortality f ?is cause z comp>$ ) ! figure = all occupi$ males be+ #bij 3 #agead4 ,?is high mortality is probably due ma9ly to ! vitiation ( ! atmosph]e1 & reluctance1 on acc\nt ( extreme s5sitiv5ess to draughts1 to admit fre% air4 ,?is clos+ ( w9d[s by p]sons employ$ %\ld be an additional reason = *eck+ ! vitiation f ,buns5 burn]s 9 connection ) l9otype & monotype ma*9es by ! only practicable means ( prev5t+ p]ceptible draught--namely1 exhau/ v5tilation4 ,file-,cutt+#ae4--,! /eel file to be cut is plac$ on a /one block 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is ins]t$ a small] /eel block1 call$ a 8/iddy40 ,! work] holds 9 8 "r h& a hamm]1 weigh+ sometimes #g or #h p\nds1 & 9 8 left1 closely gripp$1 a *isel4 ,ea* too? 9 ! file--& !re may be z _m z #c1hjj tee? to be cut--is ! result ( a bl[ on ! *isel1 & we h c\nt$ z _m z #abj bl[s ) a #g-p\nd & #bjj ) a #d-p\nd hamm] p] m9ute4 ,to (f] resi/ance to ! bl[ & yet prev5t a recoil1 ! file 79 ! case ( ! f9] k9ds7 is plac$ on a lead b$--t is1 a ?9 /rip ( metallic lead4 ,) attrition f repeat$ impact ! lead b$ becomes worn away 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 & "p ( :at is s worn away necess>ily takes ! =m ( lead 9 f9e p>ticulate /ate4 ,dang]s4--,absorption ( lead foll[s f ! du/ g5]at$ by ea* bl[1 f bru%+ ! du/ (f ! cut file1 & f lick+ ! f+] & ?umb hold+ ! *isel4 ,o!r conditions pr$ispos+ to plumbism be=e ! pres5t regulations came into =ce1 & n altoge!r )\t effect /ill1 7--too close proximity ( "o /ock to ano!r1 defective v5tilation ( ! 7frequ5tly7 small %$ 9 :i* ! "w 0 done1 ov]cr[d+1 accumulation ( du/ on ! b5*es1 unev5 floors1 inadequate wa%+ facilities1 &1 app>5tly1 lack ( appreciation ( ! dang]4 ,! rem>kable feature ( plumbism 9 ?is indu/ry is ! long duration ( employm5t be=e pron\nc$ symptoms manife/ !mselves 7see p4 #ea74 ,! insidi\s onset is1 h[ev]1 accompani$ by an und]m9+ ( ! con/itution1 %[+ itself ev5tually 9 atrophy ( ! muscles1 especially ( ! !n> & hypo!n> em95ces ( ! h&1 & ( ! lumbricals & int]osse\s muscles ( ! f+]s1 ! result ( cont9ual gripp+ ( ! hamm] & *isel1 *ronic int]/itial nephritis1 ) its associat$ art]io-scl]otic *anges1 & heavy incid5ce ( ph?isis4 ,provision ( locally appli$ exhau/ v5tilation has nev] be5 sugge/$ = ?is indu/ry1 ow+ to abs5ce ( p[] to drive a fan 9 ! small work%ops1 & because no lead du/ is se5 to be giv5 (f4 ,dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( cases is due to ! fact t ma*9e file-cutt+ 7) z9c z ! b$7 has be5 sub/itut$ = h& file-cutt+ = co>se files4 ,9 h& cutt+1 9 "s in/ances1 b$s ( pewt]1 or ( alloys ) comp>atively small proportion ( lead1 h replac$ ! use ( lead b$s4 ,! rem$ial measures prescrib$ 9 ! regulations h also play$ a "p4 ,at ! "t ! regulations came into =ce1 9 #aijc1 !re 7 ab\t #gjh file-cutt+ %ops 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ( :i* #eag 7 9 ,%effield4 ,imm$iately aft] !y came into =ce #abf c]tificates ( exemption 7 grant$ = use ( b$s conta9+ less ?an #e p] c5t4 ( lead1 & e ye> fre% applications are receiv$#af4 ,!re does appe>1 h[ev]1 to be difficulty 9 secur+ b$s :i* con=m to ! /&>ds laid d[n4 ,?us1 9 ! f\r ye>s #aijg-aiaj1 ( #bc samples submitt$ z conta9+ less ?an #e p] c5t41 #af 7 9 excess4 ,! numb] ( report$ cases ( poison+ 9 ! five ye>s #aijj-aijd 0 #aea1 & #ea 9 ! five lat] ye>s #aije-aiji4 ,! attack rate is ab\t #aj p] #a1jjj1 b1 al?\gh ?is may be l[ comp>$ ) o!r trades1 ! mu* great] sev]ity ( ! attacks has to be borne 9 m9d4 ,file-,h>d5+4--,! process consi/s 9 keep+ ! files 9 a ba? ( molt5 lead at high temp]ature1 cov]$ ) *>coal4 ,! file is remov$ :5 r$-hot1 /raight5$ if necess>y1 & plung$ into a solution ( br9e4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,poison+ is attributable to fume giv5 (f by ! molt5 lead 7a temp]ature ( #hej ,c4 0 record$ by ,s4 ,r4 ,b5nett--see p4 #bja71 risk ( :i* c only be met by effici5t hood+ & exhau/ unless an alt]native me?od ( h>d5+ is adopt$1 disp5s+ ) ! lead ba?--e4g41 by exposure to heat on a he>?1 9 a gas furnace1 or by o!r means4 ,9 ?is small indu/ry 9 & ar\nd ,%effield ?ree cases 7 report$ )9 a ye>1 ea* involv+ p>tial or complete p>alysis ( ! ext5sors ( ! =e>m4 ,( t5 m5 employ$ at ! "w1 ?ree %[$ pres5ce ( a blue l9e1 ?ree 7 ca*ectic1 & "o _h weakness ( ! arms & wri/s4 ,9 two ( ! ?ree factories attempts _h be5 made unsuccessfully to c>ry ! fumes away by a hood & duct#ag4 ,h>d5+ ( =ks & simil> articles 9 ! same mann] has also giv5 rise to poison+4 ,we are in=m$ t me?ods ( h>d5+ & temp]+ drills1 tools1 etc41 by ! use ( fus$ metallic salts1 are be+ adopt$ 9 "s works4 ,by mix+ toge!r two or m salts 9 def9ite proportions1 suitable fus+-po9ts c 9 all cases be produc$4 ,^! ba?s c be rais$ to any desir$ melt+-po9t to suit ! requirem5t ( diff]5t /eels4 ,= example1 sodium nitrate & potassium nitrate 9 c]ta9 proportions give melt+-po9ts f #bbj to #cdj ,c41 & c be us$ = temp]+ ba?s up to #fjj ,c4 ,= temp]+ above #fjj ,c4 mixtures ( sodium *loride & potassium *loride c be us$1 :il/ = h>d5+1 sodium *loride or b>ium *loride give adequate ranges ( temp]ature4 ,simil>ly1 mixtures ( sodium sulphate 7melt+-po9t1 #hij ,c47 & li?ium sulphate 7#hfj ,c47 c be made to give any melt+-po9t f #fje to #hfj ,c4 ,t9n+ ( ,metals#ah4--;,*eap holl[-w>e vessels su* z kettles & fry+-pans are (t5 coat$ ) a mixture ( 7usually7 half lead & half t9 by dipp+ !m into a ba? ( ! molt5 metal1 aft] clean+ 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,dang] & ,prev5tion4--,duck]+ has %[n 7see p4 #bjc7 t fumes ( *loride ( lead are giv5 (f :i* are especially noticeable :5 ! dipp$ article is remov$ to a /& to h ! sup]flu\s metal wip$ f x ) t[ :ile /ill 9 a molt5 /ate4 ,detail$ ref]5ce is made on p4 #bjd to ! nature ( ! fume giv5 (f & ! am\nt ( lead pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e brea!d & inhal$ daily by ! work]4 ,! dang] f fumes c be 9 great measure remov$1 bo? f ! ba? & f ! wip+ /&1 by locally appli$ exhau/ v5tilation1 :i* may be secur$ by utilization ( ! draught f ! fire "u ea* melt+-pot1 or by a hood & duct c>ri$ v]tically ?r\gh ! ro( if arrang$ z describ$ on p4 #bji4 ,dang] f du/ arises also f ! skimm+s1 if n deposit$ 9 a receptacle )9 ! hood1 f du/ & dbris on ! floor1 & possibly f traces ( metallic lead & lead *loride atta*$ to p>ticles ( t[ float+ 9 ! air4 ,risk ( lead absorption is less 9 lat] processes1 su* z affix+ ! sp\t & h&le 7m\nt+71 & hamm]+ or d5t+4 ,occasionally r\ghnesses are remov$ by rubb+ ! coat+ ) em]y pap]4 ,h>ness ,furniture4--,hames1 buckles1 bits1 etc41 are usually coat$ ) nickel or copp]1 m r>ely ) silv]4 ,! process is 9 ! nature ( sold]+1 & ! /eel1 prep>$ 9 ! same way z has be5 describ$ = holl[-w>e1 has a mixture ( two p>ts t9 & "o "p lead p\r$ ov] x on a he>?4 ,! /rip ( ?9 nickel %eet+ is pass$ ?r\gh a simil> mixture1 & is wip$ ) t[--! op]ation to :i* su* poison+ z occurs 9 ?is indu/ry is ma9ly due1 9 consequ5ce ( ! difficulty ( effici5tly remov+ ! vap\r ( lead *loride f ! molt5 metal ^u ! long /rip ( nickel4 ,subsequ5tly ! prep>$ /eel article & ! /rip ( nickel or copp] are made to unite "u pressure ( a sold]+-iron4 ,9 silv] plat+ dang] f fume is slightly less1 z ! /eel portion 7= example1 ! hame7 only is t9n$4 ,9 ! f9al op]ation ( poli%+ on a mop dang] arises f du/1 unless locally appli$ exhau/ is provid$4 ,iron ,drums & ,kegs4--,use ( a t9n+ mixture ( lead & t9 9 ?is indu/ry is obvi\sly 9 ! nature ( sold]+4 ,! body ( ! drum is made ei!r ( black %eet-iron or ( t]ne 7lead-coat$7 %eet4 ,9 ord] to unite ! seam & to fix ! bottom %eet1 ! drum is made to /& 9 a %all[ ba? & laid on its side4 ,! dang] f lead *loride vap\r is consid]able1 & ! me?od ( prev5tion is precisely ( ! k9d describ$ above4 ,simil> coat+ ( articles fir/ clean$ 9 hydro*loric acid is met )1 z1 = example1 ( ! compon5t p>ts ( radiators ( motor-c>s1 ( /eel b>s1 & ( wire4 ,incid5ce ( poison+ has n occurr$ to an ext5t to make necess>y m ?an ! application ( locally-appli$ exhau/ to remove ! fumes4 ,manufacture ( ,t]ne ,plates4--,! manufacture ( lead-coat$ %eets = ro(+ purposes is c>ri$ on 9 a few works 9 ,s\? ,wales along ) ! manufacture ( t9 plates4 ,lead poison+ 9 ! indu/ry is practically unkn[n4 ,we c only recollect occurr5ce ( "o case1 despite ! fact t ! mixture conta9s f #fe to #ie p] c5t4 ( lead4 ,= clean+ ! plates prior to pass+ !m ?r\gh ! conc5trat$ z9c *loride flux into ! molt5 mixture1 dilute sulphuric acid is us$1 & n hydro*loric acid4 ,z to ! rem>kably diff]5t results on heal? ( ! two processes1 ,duck]+ concludes3 8,! abs5ce ( lead poison+ among t]ne-plate work]s & t9n]s w\ld appe> to be expla9$ by--7#a7 ,! use ( clean+ ag5ts & a flux ( su* a nature1 & 9 su* a way1 z to involve a m9imum contact ) ! t9n+ metals1 & "u su* conditions z to inhibit ext5sive int]action betwe5 !m1 & also "u su* conditions z to inhibit production ( fume or vap\rs1 ev5 if any int]action occurs2 7#b7 use ( a sci5tifically prep>$ flux conta9+ no uncomb9$ acid or excess ( wat] 9 su* a way z to prev5t introduction ( ^! sub/ances1 or ( f]r\s comp\nds com+ into intimate contact ) ! t9n+ metal2 7#c7 s conduct+ ! op]ation ( t9n+ t any *lorides possibly adh]+ to ! plates are remov$ be=e ! plate reappe>s 9 ! op5 air1 "u conditions prev5t+ !m f appe>+ 9 ! air z vap\r1 b x is v d\btful :e!r any *lorides c\ld adh]e to ! plates2 & 7#d7 abs5ce ( any manual "w on ! plates be=e ! metallic coat+ is set & h>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exi/5ce ( widespread lead poison+ 9 t9n+ ( holl[-w>e is expla9$ by--7#a7 ,use ( clean+ ag5ts & flux 9 su* a way z to br+ ^! mat]ials into intimate contact ) ! t9n+ metals "u conditions em95tly fav\rable to *emical int]action & vaporization ( resultant comp\nds2 7#b7 use ( an unsci5tifically prep>$ flux conta9+ a l>ge excess ( wat] & mu* free acid2 7#c7 s conduct+ ! op]ations z to fav\r ! escape into ! atmosph]e ( vap\rs ( soluble lead comp\nds1 su* z lead *loride1 & ( metallic lead & soluble lead comp\nds1 c>ri$ me*anically by fibres ( t[ dur+ processes subsequ5t to t9n+1 z 9 wip+2 & 7#d7--;a m9or po9t n to be lo/ sight (--possibility ( contam9ation ( ! h&s by soluble lead comp\nds1 due to manipulat+ ! mat]ial ) :i* ! articles are wip$4 8,x %\ld be add$ t :ile use ( a sci5tifically prep>$ flux 7#b7 above 9 holl[-w>e t9n+ w\ld no d\bt less5 ! possibility ( ! production ( fumes1 x is n to be anticipat$ 7unless a flux conta9+ no *lorides 7 us$7 t ?is w\ld d away ) lead poison+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! me?od ( use is1 z indicat$ above1 a f> m important factor40 ,9 ! t5 ye>s #aijj-aiji ! numb] ( report$ cases 9 t9n+ holl[-w>e 0 #ic among ab\t #bjj p]sons employ$1 9 h>ness furniture #bc among ab\t #aej p]sons employ$1 & 9 iron drums & kegs #dg among ab\t #bej p]sons employ$4 ,plumb+ & ,sold]+4--,! figures includ$ 9 ! table on p4 #dg h ref]5ce only to ^! processes z c>ri$ on 9 factory premises4 ,h\se plumb]s1 :5 report$1 are includ$ ) h\se pa9t]s4 ,! figures are made up ( two classes--7#a7 ,^? h&l+ :ite & r$ lead pa/e1 & 7#b7 ^? engag$ 9 sold]+ & lead burn+4 ,! numb] ( cases report$ 9 ! t5 ye>s #aijj-aiji 01 9 ! fir/ class #abb1 & 9 ! second #ie4 ,any work] us+ r$ lead z a jo9t+ pa/e :o is n a h\se plumb] or a coa* or %ip build] is includ$ "u ! fir/ head+1 z1 = example1 electricians1 p]sons engag$ 9 me*anics' work%ops1 lead-light mak+ :]e r$ lead cem5t is bru%$ betwe5 ! lead l9es & ! glass to r5d] !m wat]-tight1 & su* occupations z plac+ /rips ( canvas coat$ ) r$ lead betwe5 %eets ( iron "w be=e rivet+1 s z to af=d protection aga9/ ru/4 ,9 sev]al reports !re is ref]5ce to ! du/ creat$ 9 ! break+ up ( old jo9ts ) aid ( hamm] & *isel be=e proce$+ to recaulk !m4 ,du/ 9 mak+ up ! pa/e is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( dang]4 ,?is is crudely done1 & unless l>ge quantities ( pa/e are made exhau/ v5tilation is nev] provid$1 9 view ( ! int]mitt5cy ( ! "w4 ,! we>+ ( a respirator %\ld be possible1 b x w\ld be unsafe to recomm5d t z a suffici5t means ( prev5tion4 ,in/allation1 :5ev] possible1 ( localiz$ exhau/ v5tilation at ! mix+ b5* is mo/ desirable4 ,p]sonal cleanl9ess is important1 z ! h&s become +ra9$ ) ! pa/e4 ,! head+ 8,sold]+0 includes 9 ! ma9 7a7 ! sold]+ ( t9s ( all descriptions1 bicycle lamps1 etc41 ) a /ick ( sold]1 ei!r held 9 ! h& or ly+ on ! b5*1 :i* is t\*$ by ! hot sold]+-iron1 ! surface to be sold]$ hav+ previ\sly be5 clean$ ) 8kill$ _s0--i4e41 z9c *loride flux2 & 7b7 lead burn+1 by means ( a hydrog5 or oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe flame1 ( lead-l9$ boxes1 vats 9 sulphuric acid & o!r *emical works4 ,"s cases are includ$ :i* occurr$ 9 ! manufacture ( sold] itself4 ,gre5 wood is held at ! bottom ( ! pot ( molt5 metal1 & ! gases di/ill$ f ! wood pass upw>ds ?r\gh ! metal & escape at ! surface1 c>ry+ small quantities ( lead into ! atmosph]e ( ! workroom4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,x c be confid5tly said ( sold]+ t1 be>+ 9 m9d ! v l>ge numb] ( p]sons employ$1 ! numb] ( cases report$ is rem>kably small1 & x is difficult to ass]t g5]ally1 z c easily be ass]t$ ( t9n+1 t inhalation ( sold]+ fumes mu/ necess>ily set up lead poison+4 ,moreov]1 exam9ation ( p]sons employ$ 9 sold]+ = signs ( lead absorption is almo/ always negative1 a blue l9e on ! gums ev5 be+ r>ely visible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! process ( sold]+ is s analog\s to t ( t9n+ t su* poison+ z occurs is probably due to inhalation by susceptible p]sons ( lead *loride fumes4 ,& ?is is borne out by ! results ( analysis 9 ! ,gov]nm5t laboratory ( a sample ( deposit collect$ f a duct :]e exhau/ v5tilation _h be5 appli$ to take away ! fumes4 ,! mat]ial 0 a black mass1 obvi\sly conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( c>bon4 ,on completely extract+ ) wat]1 ! solution 0 f\nd to %[ an acidity equal to #jbj p] c5t4 ( hydro*loric acid calculat$ on ! orig9al sample1 & 9 ?is solution ! foll[+ metallic sub/ances 7 pres5t--viz43 ,p]c5tage on ,orig9al ,sub/ance4 ,z9c1 calculat$ z z9c *loride #aiec ,copp]1 calculat$ z copp] *loride #agg ,lead1 calculat$ z lead *loride #jai ,t9 & ars5ic 7 bo? abs5t1 & ! *lor9e pres5t closely correspond$ ) ! proportion ( *loride %[n above4 ,! portion ( ! sub/ance :i* 0 insoluble 9 wat] 0 f\nd to conta9 ! foll[+ metallic sub/ances3 ,p]c5tage on ,orig9al ,sub/ance4 ,t91 calculat$ z t9 oxide #fji ,lead1 calculat$ z lead oxide #acc ,copp]1 calculat$ z copp] oxide #jeg ,z9c1 calculat$ z z9c oxide #jbj ,?is portion ( ! sample 0 also free f ars5ic4 ,we believe t :]e sold]+ is done by sev]al p]sons 9 a workroom1 inhalation ( ! fumes is prejudicial to heal?1 & t ! usual me?ods ( localiz$ v5tilation are desirable4 ,:]e ?is has be5 done ! result has be5 9 e way satisfactory4 ,9 lead burn+ ! heat f ! bl[pipe flame is suffici5t1 if kept long en\gh 9 contact ) ! lead %eet1 to cause volatilization ( ! metal1 &1 z ! work]'s face mu/ necess>ily be close to ! flame1 inhalation ( fume is inevitable4 ,su* "w1 h[ev]1 has (t51 un=tunately1 to be c>ri$ on 9 conf9$ spaces :]e exhau/ v5tilation _c be appli$4 ,brass#ai4--,! malady ! brass ca/] has suff]$ f 9 ! pa/ is p> excell5ce brassf\nd]s' ague4 ,lead1 h[ev]1 is introduc$ 7r>ely exce$+ #aj p] c5t47 = ! purpose ( s(t5+ ! alloy ( copp] & z9c4 ,( #gg cases ( lead poison+ 9 ! t5 ye>s #aijj-aiji includ$ "u ! head+ 8,brass10 #ch 7 poli%]s1 #bh ca/]s & o!rs1 & #aa *&eli] fitt]s4 ,cases occur among ! ca/]s probably f inhalation ( ! fumes 9 p\r+1 & among ! poli%]s f inhalation ( ! small proportion ( lead 9 ! du/ giv5 (f 9 ! abs5ce ( adequate exhau/4 ,9 a factory :]e !re 7 two em]y :eels1 "o ) a hood & fan to c>ry ! du/ away1 :ile ! o!r rema9$ unprotect$1 ! work] at ! ungu>d$ :eel suff]$ f lead poison+4 ,9 fil+ & dress+ ! article is held 9 a clamp ) lead5 claws1 :i* gradually become worn away1 j z does ! lead b$ us$ by ! file-cutt]4 ,?is may acc\nt = ! poison+ report$ among fil]s & dress]s4 ,a sample ( du/ tak5 f "u a calico mop = brass poli%+ 0 f\nd 9 ! ,gov]nm5t laboratory to conta9 #ba p] c5t4 ( lead4 ,! jo9ts ( *&eli] fitt+s are seal$ ) a :ite lead pa/e4 ,in/ead ( always te/+ ! complet5ess ( ! seal by means ( an air pump & pressure gauge1 ! fitt] frequ5tly te/s x by apply+ 8 lips to ! unseal$ end & bl[+ ?r\gh ! pipe4 ,all ! cases among *&eli] fitt]s are caus$ 9 ?is way--p]haps ! cle>e/ in/ance ( poison+ by absorption ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal1 z di/+ui%$ f absorption ?r\gh ! lungs1 t c be cit$4 ,:ile use ( an air pump & imm]sion ( ! jo9t 9 wat] or pressure gauge only is an entire protection1 & %\ld be provid$ :]ev] ?is "w is done1 con/ant sup]vision z to its use is call$ =4 ,! seal+ ( ! jo9t c be done ) a mat]ial kn[n z 8caulkite10 conta9+ nei!r :ite nor r$ lead4 ,= ref]5ces1 see end ( ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,description ,,( ,,processes--,cont9u$ ,manufacture ( ,:ite ,lead#bj4--,! usual me?od 9 ?is c\ntry is t kn[n z ! 8,dut* process10 al?\gh ! ,g]man *amb] process1 precipitation processes1 & o!rs1 are all practis$4 ,dut* ,process4--,a lay] ( sp5t tan is plac$ on ! floor ( ! /ack 7a *amb] ) walls ( brick "s #be feet high1 & a v]tical op5+ f top to base ?r\gh :i* ! m5 ent]71 ^u :i* are arrang$ e>!nw>e pots p>tially fill$ ) dilute acetic acid4 ,/rips ( lead are !n plac$ on small squ>e 8cockney0 pots1 or m r>ely 9 ! =m ( fold$ grids1 inside deep1 long 8ca/le0 pots1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) bo>ds1 re/+ on special 8be>] pots0 conta9+ dilute acetic acid4 ,t5 to fifte5 ( su* lay]s 7blue b$s7 "o on ! top ( ! o!r are built into ! /acks to a height ( "s #bj feet4 ,:5 complet$1 ! /acks rema9 = #hj to #ajj days be=e be+ empti$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! temp]ature rises to #ge to #hj ,c41 consid]able evolution ( c>bonic acid gas takes place1 & ! lead is conv]t$ fir/ into acetate & subsequ5tly ! :ite basic c>bonate4 ,! lay]s 7:ite b$s7 are uncov]$ & ! corrod$ /rips 7corrosions7 collect$ by h&4 ,!y are plac$ 9 trays & c>ri$ to heavy /eel roll]s by means ( :i* & subsequ5t rak+ 9 wa% becks ! c>bonate is deta*$ f ! uncorrod$ c5tral core ( blue lead4 ,9 _m factories corrosions are n[ convey$ f ! /acks to ! wa% becks or roll]s by travell+ cranes4 ,! recov]$ blue lead is remov$ 9 a wet /ate to be remelt$ & reca/4 ,! corrosions1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! roll]s & wa% becks1 are %ovell$ on to a pick+-bo>d & transf]r$ gradually to ! gr9d/ones4 ,f ! /ones ! gr\nd pulp passes to ! settl+ becks ?r\gh sev]al grat+s ( f9e copp] me%4 ,9 ! =m ( pulp ! mat]ial is ladl$ by h& into b[ls = conveyance to ! dry+ /oves4 ,:5 dry1 ! cont5ts ( ! b[l are empti$ into b>rels & head$1 or into hopp]s1 f :5ce ! mat]ial is convey$ to be pack$ ei!r by h& or automatically by me*anical pack]s1 or to be conv]t$ into pa9t4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,9 ca/+ ! /rips1 risk does n arise f lead fume1 z ! temp]ature at :i* ?is is effect$ 7#cej ,c47 is too l[ = appreciable fume to be giv5 (f4 ,dang] "h is f skimm+s & deposit ( !m on ! floor or into a receptacle unprovid$ ) exhau/ draught4 ,pots 9 :i* remelt+ ( ! uncorrod$ cores 7returns7 is done %\ld be provid$ ) hoods & exhau/1 because ( ! du/ giv5 (f 9 /irr+ & skimm+ & ! spurt+ :i* occurs z !y are ?r[n 9 wet4 ,9 mak+ ! blue b$s1 du/ arises f p>ticles ( :ite lead adh]+ to ! pots & 9 ! tan b>k4 ,pots1 on removal f ! :ite b$s1 %\ld h all :ite lead inside !m remov$ by wa%+ 9 a tank4 ,scre5+ ( ! b>k %\ld be disp5s$ )4 ,empty+ ! :ite b$s acc\nts1 p]haps1 = ! l>ge/ numb] ( cases1 ow+ to ! impossibility1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 ( deal+ ) ! du/ by means ( exhau/ v5tilation1 or q adequately by wat]+ or we>+ ( respirators4 ,wat]+ by means ( a hosepipe ) rose atta*$ is1 h[ev]1 ! ma9 safegu>d4 ,sub/itution ( ! squ>e cockney pots = ! long ca/le pot is also ( mom5t1 z ! flat plates ( lead =m a d5s] & m porcellan\s corrosion ?an t ( ! grids 9 ! ca/le pots4 ,moreov]1 9 /ripp+ ! b$s ! flat corrosions c be lift$ into trays )\t creat+ du/1 :]eas to dislodge ! cont5ts ( ! ca/le pots may require a %>p tap1 & ! unglaz$ portion ( ! int]ior surface ( ! latt] reta9s "s c>bonate :5 moi/5$4 ,wat]+ requires to be ?or\gh & done ) c>e1 or else ! s(t] mat]ial ( ! corrosion may be wa%$ into ! tan4 ,no less important is x to wat] ! lay]s ( tan1 & at a "t :ile !y are yet w>m & slightly damp1 o!rwise ! tan becomes s dry t ! wat] runs ?r\gh1 & does n adequately prev5t du/ =mation on its removal4 ,a requirem5t ( ! special rules is t ! trays = collect+ ! corrosions %all n /& directly ^u ! b$s4 ,:5 corrosions conta9 an undue proportion ( lead acetate1 !y are t]m$ te*nically 8fl\ry10 & mu* du/ may arise f !m on wat]+ unless ?is be done ) a v f9e rose4 ,du/ at ! roll]s & wa% becks is usually *eck$ by prelim9>y imm]sion ( ! tray ( corrosions 9 a tr\gh ( wat]1 b ! extra weight ( ! wat] causes ?is sometimes1 9 ! abs5ce ( me*anical arrangem5ts = imm]sion1 to be done p]functorily4 ,:]e !re are roll]s1 ! tray is ins]t$ 9 a small op5+ above !m1 ! cont5ts saturat$ by a spray1 & !n tipp$ ov]4 ,?is me?od also may fail to control ! du/1 z1 unless ! m5 engag$ 9 wa%+ ! corrosions 9 ! wa% beck keep ! mass tipp$ 9 f pil+ up 9 a heap1 ! cont5ts ( ! trays are dis*>g$ on to ! heap1 & n into wat]4 ,9 "s factories exhau/ v5tilation at ! roll]s or wa% becks has be5 necess>y4 ,dur+ subsequ5t wet processes ( gr9d+ dang] is ma9ly f spla%+4 ,f ! settl+ tanks ! :ite lead is pump$ into filt] presses1 & ! result+ cake is dri$4 ,"h ! consid]able risk f spla%+ is aga9 almo/ unavoidable4 ,concrete floors are necess>y4 ,empty+ ! /oves involves mu* h&l+1 ) inevitable creation ( du/1 especially :5 ! b[ls are )drawn f ! racks4 ,risk has be5 greatly less5$ by r$uc+ ! height ( ! %elves to #aj feet & prohibit+ ! pil+ ( "o b[l ^u ano!r4 ,me*anical dry+ /oves into :i* m5 ne$ n ent] ei!r = fill+ or draw+ are n[ commonly met )4 ,( ^! !re are v>i\s types--7#a7 ,horses simil> to ^? common 9 laundries1 :i* c be )drawn on rails2 7#b7 small *amb]s built up "o ^u ano!r some:at 9 ! =m ( gas retorts 9 a gasworks1 heat$ by /eam jackets & coils1 ea* *amb] conta9+ only two or ?ree cakes ( :ite lead pulp1 ! cakes !mselves be+ remov$ by a me*anical process f ! press into ! dry+ *amb]s2 7#c7 bogies c>ry+ ! :ite lead 9 b[ls on racks made to pass ?r\gh ! tunnel-l /ove2 7#d7 dry+ ma*9es--i4e41 clos$ cyl9d]s fitt$ ) a s]ies ( plat=ms s arrang$ t !y may be *>g$ ) :ite lead on "o side1 & s fix$ z to be turn$ r\nd by means ( me*anical appliances4 ,:5 dry1 ! mat]ial is dis*>g$ into a *ute by a s]ies ( scrap]s into a small enclos$ comp>tm5t1 hold+ ! b>rel to be fill$4 ,) ! dry+ ma*9e1 h[ev]1 !re is consid]able risk ( du/ leakage1 especially :5 ! doors are op5$4 ,9 pack+ by h&1 safety dep5ds on effici5t exhau/ v5tilation :5 ! cont5ts are tipp$ into ! b>rel1 b a dang] con/antly pres5t is t1 to get ?r\gh ! "w quickly1 ! b[ls may be )drawn f ! influ5ce ( ! exhau/ be=e ! la/ traces ( du/ h be5 remov$ f ! b[l4 ,me*anical pack+1 by means ( a l>ge blad$ screw =c+ ! :ite lead into ! b>rel1 :i* z x becomes fill$ is l[]$ automatically1 is ev]y:]e desirable4 ,an ess5tial condition ( ?is me?od is t a du/-pro( coll> %\ld connect ! automatic pack] ) ! b>rel4 ,"s du/ almo/ inevitably escapes1 & a hood & exhau/ %\ld be provid$1 h[ev] p]fectly ! ma*9e is said to act4 ,mu* ( ! :ite lead is conv]t$ into pa9t on ! premises1 be+ gr\nd 9 oil ei!r 9 pug mills1 ,torrance mills1 or "u edge-runn]s4 ,a negative pressure mu/ be ma9ta9$ inside ! cas+1 :i* mu/ enclose ! /ones4 ,"h ! conditions are precisely ^? describ$ "u ! manufacture ( pa9ts & col\rs4 ,9 "s :ite lead works conv]sion into pa9t is done )\t ! dang]\s process ( /ove dry+1 ei!r by dry+ "u a vacuum or by mix+ ! :ite lead directly ) oil4 ,9 ! process ( gr9d+ ! oil incorporates itself ) ! :ite lead1 & ! wat] is =c$ out1 runn+ away 9 a cle> /ream4 ,*amb] ,process4--,9 ?is me?od1 almo/ univ]sally us$ 9 ,g]many1 & adopt$ 9 at lea/ "o l>ge :ite lead works 9 ?is c\ntry1 a *amb] arrang$ ) num]\s sets ( p>allel b>s on :i* ! ?9 /rips ( lead are set saddle-wise takes ! place ( ! /ack 9 ! ,dut* process4 ,c>bonic acid gas & acetic acid vap\r act on & corrode ! /rips4 ,9 a p]iod ( f eight to t5 weeks ! corrosions mo/ly fall to ! gr\nd4 ,su* ( ! /rips z d n fall h to be lift$ (f ! b>s1 hav+ be5 previ\sly well saturat$ ) wat] f a hosepipe1 & are dropp$ on to ! floor ( ! *amb]4 ,we are n satisfi$ t work+ 9 ! d>k1 conf9$ *amb] by artificial light is less dang]\s ?an work+ on ! /acks4 ,*amb]-made lead und]goes practically ! same subsequ5t processes z h be5 describ$4 ,precipitation ,processes4--,^! also disp5se ) /acks & ! consequ5t risks att5d+ "w on ! blue & :ite b$s1 b !y sub/itute ano!r--namely1 use ( oxide ( lead 7li?>ge or ! suboxide7 z ! initial product to be c>bonat$1 ) ! inevitable dang]1 9 ! abs5ce ( me*anical contrivances entirely clos$ 91 ( %ovell+ du/y mat]ial4 ,9 _m ( ^! me?ods1 h[ev]1 me*anical arrangem5ts obviate h& lab\r or contact ) du/ 9 all b ! fir/ process4 ,! ,brimsd[n process#ba1 = in/ance1 is automatic & free f du/1 except 9 ! initial /age ( prep>ation ( li?>ge 9 cupellation furnaces4 ,! great risk f ! dis9tegration ( ?is mat]ial 7see p4 #bej7 by turn+ x out on ! floors is obviat$ by all[+ dis9tegration to take place 9 ! pots 7:i* mu/ n1 !re=e1 be completely fill$71 & tipp+ ^! :5 cool$ directly into a break] "u p[]ful exhau/ draught4 ,f ! b9 into :i* x falls ! mat]ial is convey$ by du/-pro( elevators to 7a7 scre5s & pack+ arrangem5ts :5 ! object is flak$ li?>ge1 or 7b71 9 ! case ( ! bulk ( ! mat]ial = manufacture ( :ite lead1 by enclos$ conveyors to r$uc]s & mix+ mills1 :]e r$uction & hydration take place4 ,x is !n *>g$ automatically into weak solution ( acetic acid1 & by agitation ) c>bonic acid gas conv]t$ into basic c>bonate ( lead4 ,f ! c>bonators pumps =ce x into filt] presses1 :]e ! acetate is dra9$ (f & wa%$ out by pure wat]4 ,! cakes ( :ite lead are f$ into mix+ ma*9es & pugg$ ) l9se$-oil until ! wat] has be5 entirely remov$1 & f9ally pass$ ?r\gh ! roll] mills to be pack$ 9 casks4 ,dry :ite lead is made by fe$+ a metal travell+ lattice ) pulp :ite lead inside a dry+ *amb] entirely clos$ 94 ,:5 dry1 ! :ite lead is automatically bru%$ (f1 elevat$1 & automatically pack$ 9 a *amb] "u effici5t exhau/ draught4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! process1 !re=e1 risk to ! work]s is v small4 ,! /r+5t ,special ,rules = ! ,:ite ,lead ,indu/ry %[ :at o!r precautions1 9 addition to exhau/ v5tilation1 are necess>y--especially p]sonal cleanl9ess4 ,! effect ( "o o!r factor--casual lab\r--h[ev]1 mu/ be ref]r$ to4 ,! condition at ! pres5t "t is v diff]5t f t :i* exi/$ twelve ye>s ago4 ,f "o factory 9 #ahii1 dep5d+ mu* on casual lab\r1 #aaa cases 7 report$1 & f ano!r #gb4 ,9 an inquiry made by "o ( u 9 #ahih1 in=mation 0 obta9$ ( ! actual numb] employ$ on any "o date1 & ( ! total numb] pass+ ?r\gh ! factories 9 a ye>4 ,among ! firms ) regul> employm5t at t "t1 ! incid5ce ( lead poison+ 0 #fj p] #a1jjj on ! av]age numb] employ$1 & 9 ^? ) casual employm5t #cij p] #a1jjj4 ,"w 9 lead _h secur$ a bad "n1 & no "o :o c\ld get employm5t else:]e w\ld take to x4 ,consequ5tly1 ! class ( m5 apply+ = "w 0 a l[ "o--m5 dis*>g$ f o!r employm5t & ^? unfitt$ = skill$ lab\r4 ,n a few 7 addict$ to alcohol4 ,! "w 0 unskill$1 & _h ! additional advantage to m5 ( t class t mu* ( x 0 piece "w1 paid at a good rate1 :i* c\ld be f9i%$ z a rule by ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( cases f #cii 9 #ahii to #cd 9 #aiaj has be5 br\ght ab\t ma9ly by--7#a7 ,improv$ /ructural conditions2 7#b7 adoption ( me*anical means 7cranes1 rails1 hoi/s1 etc47 = conveyance ( mat]ial 9 sub/itution = h& c>ry+2 7#c7 exhau/ v5tilation1 :]e du/ arises z 9 pack+ & pa9t-mix+2 7#d7 p]iodical m$ical exam9ation2 7#e7 dim9ution 9 height ( ! /oves or adoption ( me*anical dry+ /oves2 7#f7 conv]sion ( :ite lead into pa9t by means ( direct mixture ) oil :ile 9 ! pulp /age2 & 7#g7 sub/itution ( small1 squ>e1 glaz$ pots--cockney pots--requir+ ! lead /rips to be plac$ on !m1 = ! deep ca/le pots into :i* ! lead grids are fold$ 9 ! :ite b$s4 ,prohibition ( female employm5t 9 ! dang]\s processes 0 made prior to ! ,special ,rules ( #ahii4 ,_! great] susceptibility z comp>$ ) m51 ! special effect ( lead on ! ut]9e functions1 & ! unsuitability ( mu* ( ! "w = wom51 fully ju/ifi$ ! /ep recomm5d$ by ! ,:ite ,lead ,committee 9 #ahih4 ,e>!nw>e & ,*9a#bb4--,! indu/ry includes ! manufacture ( e>!nw>e1 *9a1 tiles1 majolica w>e1 ,rock+ham w>e 7teapots71 sanit>y w>e1 *9a furniture1 & electrical fitt+s1 & any o!r articles made f clay2 b ( ! total #f1hfe p]sons employ$ 9 lead processes 9 ! :ole ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #aijg1 #e1hcd are includ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! fir/ ?ree4 ,& ev5 9 ! manufacture ( e>!nw>e1 *9a1 & tiles1 ! poison+ :i* occurs is n di/ribut$ ev5ly ov] ! :ole ( ! factories4 ,^! numb] #eej1 &1 tak+ ! p]iod #aijd-aijh1 #e pott]ies 7 responsible = #ge cases1 #ag = #aai1 & #aea = #cbc1 leav+ #cgg factories out ( ! #eej f :i* no case 0 report$4 ,incid5ce seems to dep5d m on ! scale & rapidity ( ! output ( cups1 sauc]s1 plates1 & tiles1 9 ev]yday use1 ?an on any?+ else4 ,! numb] ( report$ cases ye> by ye> f #aijj to #aiji has be5 z foll[s3 ,,all ,,lead-,,work]s ,,9 ,,places ,,"u ,,e>!nw>e ,,& ,,*9a ,,special ,,rules4 ,,:ole ,,( ,,unit$ ,,k+dom 7,,includ+ ,,nor? ,,/af=d74 ,,numb] ,,( ,,p]sons ,,employ$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,*9a1 ,furni- ture ,jet & & ,elec- ,e>?- ,ma- ,rock-trical ,totals1 ,*i- en- joli- +- ,fit- ,sani- ,m4 & na4w>e4 ,tiles4 ca4 ham4t+s4t>y4,totals4 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijd ,m4 #ecf #b1gea #eeg #ajj #baf #dd #aij #d1cid #f1fid ,f4 #bch #a1abb #efb #aaj #ga #aeh #ci #b1cjj #aijg ,m4 #fbe #b1hce #dgd #if #aga #ff #bcg #d1ejd #f1hfe ,f4 #cjb #a1aaa #dhg #agj #gj #agi #db #b1cfa ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,numb] ,,( ,,cases ,,( ,,lead ,,poison+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,attack ,attack ,attack ,attack ,rate ,rate ,rate ,rate p] p] p] p] ,cases4#a1jjj4;,cases4#a1jjj4;,cases4#a1 jjj4;,cases4#a1jjj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ahii ,m4 #ac #bd #ajf #ci #g #ac #b #bj ,f4 #h #cd #hc #gd #ba #cg #d #cf #aijj ,m4 #aa #ba #fb #bc #ab #bb #c #cj ,f4 #aj #db #fg #fj #ae #bg #b #ah #aija ,m4 #g #ac #cg #ac #i #af -- -- ,f4 #b #h #bh #be #g #ab #b #ah #aijb;,a ,m4 #c #f #cj #aa #f #aa -- -- ,f4 #b #h #cc #bi #e #i #b #ah #aijc ,m4 #a #b #bi #aa #h #ad #a #aj ,f4 #f #be #cb #bi #i #af #f #ee #aijd;,b ,m4 #b #d #ca #aa #f #aa -- -- ,f4 #a #d #da #cg #ai #cd #a #i #aije ,m4 #d #h #be #i #d #g -- -- ,f4 #c #ac #bc #bj #ad #be #d #cf #aijf ,m4 #e #h #cd #ab #g #ae -- -- ,f4 #b #g #da #cg #aj #ba #c #ah #aijg ,m4 #f #aj #ch #ac #d #h -- -- ,f4 #g #bc #cc #cj #f #ab #a #f #aijh ,m4 #d #f #de #af #c #f -- -- ,f4 #a #c #db #ch #h #af #a #f #aiji ,m4 #b #c #bb #h #d #h -- -- ,f4 #a #c #ag #ae #g #ad -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------ ,attack ,attack ,attack ,rate ,rate ,rate p] p] p] ,cases4#a1jjj4;,cases4#a1jjj4;,cases4#a1 jjj4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ahii ,m4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,f4 -- -- #e #cb -- -- #aijj ,m4 #e #bc #a #bc #a #e ,f4 -- -- #aa #gj -- -- #aija ,m4 #c #ad #a #bc -- -- ,f4 #a #ad #i #eg -- -- #aijb;,a ,m4 -- -- -- -- #a #e ,f4 #a #ad #d #be -- -- #aijc ,m4 #c #ad -- -- #a #e ,f4 -- -- #a #f -- -- #aijd;,b ,m4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,f4 #a #ad #d #be -- -- #aije ,m4 -- -- #b #de #a #e ,f4 #b #bh #b #ac -- -- #aijf ,m4 -- -- -- -- #a #d ,f4 -- -- #c #ag #a #bd #aijg ,m4 #a #f -- -- #c #ac ,f4 -- -- #c #ag #a #bd #aijh ,m4 #a #f #a #ae #b #h ,f4 -- -- #h #de #a #bd #aiji ,m4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,f4 #b #bi #b #aa #a #bd ---------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------- ,attack ,total,attack ,rate ,cases1 ,rate ,total p] ,m4 p] ,cases4#a1jjj4 ,f4 #a1jjj4 ---------------------------------- #ahii ,m4 #abh #bi #bdi #cg ,f4 #aba #ec #aijj ,m4 #ie #bb #bjj #cj ,f4 #aje #df #aija ,m4 #eg #ac #ajf #af ,f4 #di #ba #aijb;,a ,m4 #dj #i #hg #ac ,f4 #dg #bj #aijc ,m4 #dc #aj #ig #ad ,f4 #ed #bc #aijd;,b ,m4 #ci #i #ajf #af ,f4 #fg #bi #aije ,m4 #cf #h #hd #ac ,f4 #dh #ba #aijf ,m4 #dg #aj #ajg #af ,f4 #fj #be #aijg ,m4 #eb #ab #ajc #ae ,f4 #ea #bb #aijh ,m4 #ef #ab #aag #ag ,f4 #fa #bf #aiji ,m4 #bh #f #eh #h ,f4 #cj #ac ---------------------------------- ,a ,"l ,james's ,code--,rule #c onw>ds--came into =ce4 ,b ,m$ical exam9ation ( m5 began4 ,! processes 9 s f> z lead ent]s c be/ be divid$ into--7#a7 ,glaze2 7#b7 decorative4 #a4 ,glaze ,processes4--,! *>ge ( glaze is made by weigh+ out & mix+ c>bonate ( lead ) ! necess>y silicates & silico-borates 9 ! lead h\se or mix+-room1 :]e wet gr9d+ prep>es ! mixture = ! dipp+-tub4 8,putt]s-up0 h& ! w>e to ! dipp]1 f :om 8tak]s-(f0 place x on bo>ds = removal to ! dry+ /ill1 or place x 79 l>ge works7 directly on to ! %elf ( an appliance kn[n z a 8mangle10 9 :i* an endless *a9 c>ries ! w>e ?r\gh a heat$ *amb]4 ,subsequ5tly sup]flu\s glaze has to be remov$ f ! base1 rims1 & n infrequ5tly also o!r p>ts ( ! articles4 ,?is w>e clean+ is p]=m$ ) a wet sponge or flannel1 ei!r :ile ! w>e is /ill moi/ or by scrap+1 ! p>ticles remov$ dropp+ into a vessel ( wat]2 or1 if ! glaze is dry1 ov] a grat+ provid$ ) exhau/ draught4 ,! w>e is next remov$ by ! glo/-plac] on bo>ds1 & ea* piece is sep>ately plac$ by him 9 ! sagg] 7fireclay receptacle7 & c>ri$ into an ov5 to be fir$4 #b4 ,decorative ,processes4--,majolica pa9t+ is ! application ( a col\r$ glaze ri* 9 lead by means ( a bru%4 ,gr\nd-lay+ consi/s 9 du/+ p[d]$ enamel col\r on to a patt]n fir/ pr9t$ on glaz$ w>e ) an oily m$ium4 ,col\r du/+ diff]s f ! same only 9 detail4 ,a]ograph+ 7col\r bl[+7 is ! bl[+ on to ! w>e1 by means ( a jet ( compress$ air1 col\r$ glaze1 or enamel col\r held 9 susp5sion 9 oil or o!r liquid 9 a glaze kettle or a]ograph in/rum5t4 ,dang]s4--,ap>t f risk insep>able f1 & increas$ by1 defective light+1 unev5 floors ( wood or brick1 collection ( du/ on b5*es & floors1 & ! risk entail$ 9 ! sweep+ ( ^! ev5 :5 wat]+ is practis$1 & lack ( c>e & att5tion to detail on ! "p ( ! work]1 ! foll[+ special dang]s are incid5tal to ! v>i\s processes3 ,9 dipp+ ! glaze 7except 9 tiles1 :]e ! surface only is all[$ to t\* ! liquid71 spla%es on to ! face & ov]alls ( ! dipp]1 8h&]-up10 & 8tak]-(f0 7dipp]'s assi/ants71 & 8?read]-up0 79 ! case ( *9a furniture71 especially :51 z ) plates1 !re is mu* %ak+ ( ! w>e4 ,^! spla%es dry1 & ! ov]alls may become s coat$ ) glaze t e movem5t1 su* z c>ry+ bo>ds or lean+ aga9/ ! mangle1 crumbles x (f z du/ into ! air4 ,z ! dipp] %akes ! w>e1 "s ( ! drops are dissem9at$ into ! atmosph]e z a f9e spray4 ,9 w>e clean+ ! "w may h to be done s rapidly t x is difficult always to obs]ve prop] c>e1 & ! work] is tempt$ to )draw ! article f ! range ( ! exhau/4 ,sometimes a w>e clean] is se5 bl[+ away ) h] m\? du/ ly+ on ! w>e4 ,dipp+-bo>ds1 unless fre$ f adh]5t glaze by wa%+ aft] use1 create du/ :5ev] w>e is plac$ on1 or remov$ f1 !m1 :5 !y are h&l$ & plac$ on or tak5 (f ! /illage b>s1 & :5 !y are /ack$4 ,p]sons ga!r+ at ! mangle are expos$ to du/ if !re is any outw>d curr5t ( air f x4 ,! glo/-plac] raises a slight am\nt ( du/ z he takes ! w>e f ! bo>d & places x 9 ! sagg]4 ,! dang]\s practice =m]ly almo/ univ]sal ( rubb+ ! bottoms & rims ( cups1 etc41 ei!r toge!r 7)\t use ( an exhau/7 or rubb+ !m on a piece ( lea!r fix$ r\nd ! *e/1 is g5]ally replac$ by removal ( ! glaze on a moi/ piece ( flannel1 b x is /ill possible to f9d m5 do+ x 9 outly+ pott]ies4 ,9 majolica dipp+ & pa9t+ 7ap>t f ! obvi\s risk ( spla%+ & contam9ation ( ! h&s71 dang] arises mo/ly f scrap+ ! edges & "u surfaces ( ! tiles on to :i* glaze1 :5 apply+ ! backgr\nd1 has ov]fl[$4 ,! am\nt ( glaze s remov$ is consid]able1 & if x is n all caught 9 ! tr\gh ( wat]1 ! floor becomes an add$ s\rce ( dang]4 ,9 all ! decorative processes--gr\nd-lay+1 a]ograph+1 col\r-du/+1 & gr9d+ ( col\rs = a]ograph+1 etc41 ! dang] is "o solely aris+ f du/4 ,prev5tion4--,meticul\s att5tion to detail1 n only 9 ! provision1 b also 9 ! ma9t5ance1 ( ! locally-appli$ exhau/ v5tilation1 alone c allay ! dang] 9 ! processes to :i* du/ is incid5tal1 su* z w>e clean+1 ga!r+ at ! mangle1 glo/-plac+1 & ! decorative processes4 ,! ,lead ,committee consid]$ t1 z !re 0 no rapid me?od ( te/+ ! actual degree ( moi/ure1 exhau/ v5tilation might be requir$ 9 ! case ( w>e t 0 n clean$ )9 fifte5 m9utes ( ! application ( ! glaze4 ,su* a requirem5t w\ld prev5t ! practice n[ preval5t ( pa9t+ z _m z ?ree doz5 tiles1 pil+ !m "o on top ( ano!r1 & !n proce$+ to ! op]ation ( scrap+4 ,no dang] atta*es to removal ( glaze ) a damp sponge or flannel1 b means mu/ always be at h& = wa%+ & damp+ !m4 ,9 ! dipp+-h\se1 7a7 imp]vi\s floors %\ld be provid$1 :i* c\ld be wa%$ d[n s z to prev5t ! risks f sweep+1 & f glaze dry+1 & be+ rais$ z du/2 7b7 p>tial cov]+ ( ! dipp+-tub to prev5t spla%+ & spray2 & 7c7 sub/itution = ! ov]alls at pres5t worn by p]sons 9 ! dipp+-h\se1 glo/-plac]s1 mill]s & mix]s ( glaze1 majolica pa9tresses1 & o!rs1 ( ov]alls ( "s light wat]pro( mat]ial :i* c\ld be spong$1 or ( aprons ( wat]pro( mat]ial worn 9 front ( ! ov]alls4 ,dipp+-tubs & walls & floors 9 close proximity to !m c ) advantage be pa9t$ r$4 ,dipp+-bo>ds %\ld be wa%$ ) clean wat] aft] e "t ( use4 ,automatic ma*9es = wa%+ & scrubb+ bo>ds are 9 use 9 "s factories4 ,to r$uce risk or remove ! dang] ( lead poison+ 9 ?is indu/ry1 use ( l[ solubility glazes or ( leadless glazes are advocat$4 ,on ?is po9t ! ,lead ,committee say3 8,! effect ( melt+ ! lead ) silici\s matt] am\nts to imprison+ x 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] x less liable to ! action ( ! acids :i* x meets 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! human body1 & 9 consequ5ce l>gely r$uces ! likelihood ( its absorption into ! blood4 ,if ! frit is prop]ly comp\nd$1 all b a small fraction ( ! lead is r5d]$ insoluble1 & glazes s made are spok5 ( z #8l[ solubility glazes4' ,! f9i%$ glaze g5]ally conta9s f #ab to #bb p] c5t41 or m1 ( lead oxide1 b aft] ! process ( fritt+ ) suffici5t silici\s mat]ial only f #b to #e p] c5t4 rema9s soluble40,a ,a ,raw lead comprises r$ lead1 :ite lead1 & li?>ge4 ,if introduc$ 9 ?is =m z a con/itu5t ( glaze x is soluble 9 dilute acids4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! raw lead is flux$ by heat+ ) a "p or ! :ole ( ! silica1 x is conv]t$ into 8fritt$ lead40 ,! solubility ( ! frit dep5ds ^u ! relative proportions ( mat]ial tak54 ,?orpe#bc1 z a result ( num]\s analyses ( lead silicates 7aft] det]m9+ _! solubility z reg>ds lead71 bo? simple & complex1 9 use 9 ! pott]ies & on ! ,cont95t1 f\nd t ! quantity ( lead dissolv$ _h no necess>y relation to ! quantity ( lead 9 ! silicate4 8,prim>ily & 9 ! ma9 ! insolubility ( ! lead dep5ds n ^u any "o oxide or gr\p ( oxides1 b ^u ! ma9t5ance ( a c]ta9 proportion betwe5 ! :ole ( ! basic oxides on ! "o h& & ! :ole ( ! acidic oxides on ! o!r4 ,if ! value ( ratio bases_/acids is high] ?an1 or approximately equal to1 two1 ! am\nt ( ! lead extract$ is small1 b if x fall mu* bel[ two1 ! quantity ( lead dissolv$ beg9s rapidly to increase40 ,on ! subject ( ! use ( leadless glazes1 ! ,committee conclude t 9 all classes ( pott]y w>e a great _m articles c be manufactur$ 9 a v high /ate ( p]fection1 ) r$uction 9 ! co/ ( production ( c]ta9 classes ( common w>e1 su* z jampots & ,p]sian pa9t$ w>e2 b t 9 c]ta9 o!r classes1 ow+ to ! excessive numb] ( 8seconds10 _! use w\ld entail increas$ co/ or sacrifice ( quality1 s mu* s z to involve loss ( important m>kets2 &1 f9ally1 t c]ta9 k9ds ( w>e1 9 consequ5ce ( difficulties relative to accuracy 9 reproduc+ old patt]ns1 col\rs1 or me?ods ( decoration1 _c at pres5t be made at all )\t use ( lead4 ,9 ! case ( manufactur]s :o are able to con=m to ! ,?orpe te/ ( l[ solubility--i4e41 glaze :i* yields to a dilute solution ( hydro*loric acid n m ?an #e p] c5t4 ( its dry weight ( a soluble lead comp\nd1 calculat$ z lead monoxide 7,pb,o7--important relaxation ( c]ta9 special rules are all[$1 su* z limitation plac$ on ! employm5t ( females & "y p]sons1 & p]iodical m$ical exam9ation ( ! work]s4 ,h4 ,r4 ,rog]s#bd1 "o ( ,h4,m4 ,inspectors ( ,factories1 ,/oke-on-,tr5t1 has work$ out a simple te/ to %[ approximately h[ mu* lead has be5 us$ 9 ! glaze ( a piece ( pott]y4 ,?us1 by treat+ glazes ) hydr(luoric acid = =ty seconds1 absorb+ ! liquid ) filt] pap]1 precipitat+ ! lead on ! pap] z ! sulphate1 dissolv+ out ! sulphate soluble 9 wat]1 & !n precipitat+ ! lead on ! pap] z sulphide1 /a9s are produc$ v>y+1 9 dep? ( col\r1 accord+ to ! proportion ( lead 9 ! glazes conc]n$ 7see ,plate ,,iv474 ,briefly summ>iz$1 ! recomm5dations ( ! ,pott]ies ,committee 9 reg>d to ! processes are-- ,manufacture ( ,glazes4--,no h&l+ ( :ite or r$ lead )\t at lea/ #e p] c5t4 ( add$ moi/ure1 & no weigh+ out1 etc41 nor employm5t 9 ! room1 to be all[$ )9 ?irty m9utes ( su* weigh+ out1 etc41 )\t ! we>+ ( a respirator4 ,lawn+--i4e41 /ra9+ glaze s z to remove insuffici5tly gr\nd mat]ial ?r\gh a f9e lawn sieve--to be done by an adult male only1 except :]e less ?an a qu>t ( glaze is lawn$4 ,dipp+4--,imp]vi\s floors slop$ t[>ds a dra9 to be clean$ by an adult male1 aft] "w has ceas$1 ) a jet ( wat] & a mop4 ,walls adjac5t to dipp+-tubs to be til$ or pa9t$ ) wa%able pa9t1 & clean$ daily4 ,dipp+ n to be done :]e artificial light is necess>y dur+ h\rs ( daylight4 ,?read+-up & ,?imble-pick+ to be done 9 a room suffici5tly sep>at$ f any place :]e s*$ul$ processes are c>ri$ on4 ,dry+ ,w>e aft] ,dipp+4--,! same requirem5t z to floors z 9 dipp+-h\se4 ,bo>ds4--,to be clean$ ) clean wat] by an adult male aft] ea* "t t dipp$ w>e has be5 plac$ on !m & be=e subsequ5t use4 ,bo>ds = use 9 lead processes to be pa9t$ r$ at ! ends4 ,mangles4--,v5tilation to be s arrang$ z to ma9ta9 a fl[ ( air into ! hot *amb] f ! workroom4 ,mangle %elves to be ?or\ghly wet cleans$ once a week4 ,w>e ,clean+4--,local exhau/ v5tilation to be appli$ except :5 ! process is c>ri$ on entirely ) use ( wet mat]ials 7damp sponges1 etc471 or :5 done )9 fifte5 m9utes ( application ( glaze4 ,tr\ghs to be provid$ to collect glaze1 & to be clean$ out & suppli$ ) fre% wat] at lea/ once a week4 ,! floors & /&>d ( light+ to be ! same z = ! dipp+-h\se4 ,glo/-plac+4--,bo>ds to be treat$ z already describ$4 ,floors to be imp]vi\s4 ,wom51 "y p]sons1 & *ildr5 to be exclud$1 except t wom5 to be all[$ to place *9a furniture & electrical fitt+s4 ,majolica ,pa9t+ & ,mottl+4--,a sponge & clean wat] to be plac$ beside ea* pa9tress2 special wa%+ accommodation 9 ! pa9t+-room or adjo9+ x2 spla%es to be remov$ imm$iately by wet spong+4 ,"w-b5*es & floors to be subject to ! same conditions z pott]s' %ops4 ,fl[ ,mat]ial--i4e41 ! sub/ance usually conta9+ mu* lead 9 ! =m ( p[d] & plac$ 9 ! sagg] to cause c]ta9 col\rs appli$ to biscuit w>e to run slightly--to be weigh$ out 9 front ( an exhau/ draught & deliv]$ to ! glo/-plac] by an adult male4 ,,plate ,,iv ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,no ,,lead ,,us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,fritt$ ,,lead ,,us$4 #ji p] c5t4 solubility4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,fritt$ ,,lead ,,us$4 #ae p] c5t4 solubility4 #aci p] c5t4 total lead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,fritt$ ,,lead ,,us$4 #ej p] c5t4 solubility4 #ej p] c5t4 total lead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,raw ,,lead ,,us$4 #aid p] c5t4 solubility4 #aid p] c5t4 total lead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,raw ,,lead ,,us$4 #dda p] c5t4 solubility4 #deb p] c5t4 total lead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,rock+ham 7,,raw ,,lead7 ,,us$4 #eji p] c5t4 solubility4 #eji p] c5t4 total lead4 ,gr\nd-lay+1 col\r-du/+1 & a]ograph+ to be done "u locally appli$ exhau/ v5tilation4 ,prop] receptacles to be provid$ = cotton-wool us$ & wa/e cotton-wool to be burnt4 ,no %ort-sight$ p]son to be employ$ to d ei!r glaze or col\r bl[+1 unless we>+ suitable glasses1 & c]tificate to ?is effect to be ent]$ 9 ! ,heal? ,regi/]4 ,li?o-,transf] ,mak+#be4--,transf]s = ! decoration ( e>!nw>e & *9a are made 9 special factories1 ( :i* !re are sev51 employ+ #beg p]sons4 ,! patt]ns are impress$ 9 ! ord9>y *romo-li?ographic fa%ion1 b z ! enamel col\rs1 conta9+ high p]c5tages ( lead1 are du/$ ei!r me*anically 9 ! ma*9e1 or by h& by means ( a pad ( cotton-wool1 dang] f du/ is great 9 ! abs5ce ( ma9t5ance ( a negative pressure inside ! du/+ ma*9e & an effici5t exhau/ draught beh9d ! b5* :]e ! f9al du/+ ) fl\r1 to remove ! sup]flu\s col\r1 is done4 ,9 "o factory1 be=e a fre% col\r 0 appli$ to ! adhesive patt]n on ! %eets1 ! ma*9es _h to be clean$ z f> z possible ( ! previ\s col\r us$4 ,to d ?is x 0 necess>y = ! att5dant to ent] a clos$ *amb] at ! back ( ea* ma*9e1 s z to supply ! p[d] to ! hopp]s :i* fe$ ! roll]s1 or to clean !m by means ( a bru%1 sometimes z (t5 z e half-h\r4 ,! upw>d exhau/ v5tilation appli$ to ! int]ior ( ! ma*9e t5d$ to draw ! du/ creat$ 9 bru%+ pa/ ! work]'s face1 & l$ to sev]e incid5ce ( poison+4 ,! rem$y sugge/$ by ,p5dock#bf 0 to disp5se altoge!r ) ! ne$ = ent]+ ! *amb]1 to ma9ta9 a slight negative pressure inside ! ma*9e by d[nw>d exhau/1 & to remove ! du/ by means ( a small vacuum clean+ plant4 ,at ! same factory ! fl\r+ b5* 0 9 ! same room z ! ma*9es1 & ! locally appli$ exhau/ drew its air-supply f ! g5]al atmosph]e ( ! room4 ,ap>t f faulty arrangem5t ( ! exhau/ ducts lead+ to effects ( too local a "*1 du/ 0 drawn f o!r p>ts ( ! room1 includ+ ! ma*9es1 s mu* s z to necessitate frequ5t clean+ ( ! glass hoods4 ,poison+ among ^? employ$ 9 fl\r+ occurr$4 ,to rem$y ?is1 an air-grid ) curv$ inlets at int]vals ( #b in*es ap>t1 lead+ into a trunk 9 connection ) a fan1 0 plac$ along ! back ( ! b5* & "u ! top ( ! glass hood4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t its action %\ld n int]f]e unduly ) ! g5]al v5tilation ( ! room1 b be1 9 l>ge measure1 indep5d5t ( ?is1 a some:at simil> grid1 introduc+ air f ! /reet outside1 0 fitt$ along ! front ( ! b5*4 ,! :ole arrangem5t 0 op]at$ by "o suction fan4 ,t5 cases occurr$ 9 ?is factory 9 ! ye> be=e ?is arrangem5t 0 c>ri$ out4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s s9ce1 ?ree cases only h be5 report$4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s #aijj-aiji1 #dh cases 7 report$ among #beg p]sons employ$4 ,vitre\s ,enamell+#bg4--,surfaces1 su* z %eet iron = adv]tisem5t signs1 ca/ iron = ba?s & gas /oves1 copp] = copp] lett]s & tablets1 brass = jewell]y1 & glass = lett]+ & decoration1 are treat$ ) glaze or enamel col\rs1 :i*1 ei!r 9 ! mode ( application or subsequ5t treatm5t be=e f9al vitrefaction1 give rise to du/4 ,9 ! manufacture ( adv]tisem5t signs1 glaze is swill$ on to ! %eet ( iron4 ,aft] dry+1 x is fir$ or vitrifi$1 & ^u ?is surface z _m o!r coats ( glaze are appli$ z may be want$4 ,z soon z ! col\r is dry1 lett]+ is effect$ by bru%+ away ! dri$ 7b n fir$7 glaze expos$ ?r\gh /5cils4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,exhau/ v5tilation = ! removal ( ! du/ is ess5tial1 b x is1 un=tunately1 unable to draw ! du/ away :5 bru%+ is done at a di/ance ( m ?an ab\t #ah in*es f ! exhau/ op5+4 ,& "s ( ! plates requir$ are v l>ge4 ,no exhau/-pipe has yet be5 inv5t$ :i* w foll[ ! h& ( ! work] )\t imp$+ movem5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( sev]e incid5ce ( poison+1 ma9ly on "y wom5 :o d ! "w ( bru%+1 :5 ! process 0 fir/ introduc$ ) enamel glazes conta9+ f #ae to #ge p] c5t4 ( lead1 manufactur]s quickly turn$ _! att5tion to use ( enamels free f lead4 ,= ?is class ( "w !y appe> to h be5 entirely successful1 & n[ lead poison+ is almo/ a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,?us1 ( #abb samples exam9$ 9 #aiaj f factories claim+ exemption f ! regulations by reason ( ! use ( enamels conta9+ less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( lead1 excess 0 f\nd 9 ?ree only#bh4 ,porcela9 ,enamell+4--,! ca/-iron ba? or /ove is heat$ to r$ness 9 a muffle furnace4 ,on )drawal f ! furnace x is plac$ by ! help]s on a table capable ( be+ turn$ 9 e direction4 ,enamel p[d] is !n du/$ on to ! heat$ metallic surface ?r\gh a sieve atta*$ to a long wood5 h&le1 held by ! du/]1 :o protects himself f ! int5se heat by a mask & an asbe/os clo? cov]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,! fir/ glaze is spray$ on ) an a]ograph4 ,! portion ( ! /ove to be glaz$ is %[n on supports on ! slid+ table1 :i* is half out ( ! cab9et4 ,:5 ! ca/+ is fully 9 ! cab9et1 ! end piece & ! c5tre piece close ! cab9et sides1 &1 fitt+ on a felt bead+1 make an air-tight jo9t4 ,! spray1 %[n 9 front ( ! cab9et1 is work$ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! glass front4 ,exhau/ is provid$ at ! top4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,! heat$ column ( air c>ries up mu* ( ! p[d]$ glaze z x is unev5ly di/ribut$ by jolt+ ! h&le ( ! receptacle1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( v effici5t exhau/ v5tilation ?is du/ w1 z ! curr5t ( air /rikes ! ro( & cools1 fall d[n aga94 ,! hood plac$ ov] ! ba? mu/ h /eep sides & be br\ght d[n z l[ z is possible )\t int]f]+ ) "w1 & ! duct lead+ to ! fan mu/ be unusually wide1 s z to be able to cope ) ! up-ru% ( heat$ air4 ,if ! sides ( ! hood be %all[1 n only w ! du/ fail to be remov$1 b ! hood itself may become s hot z noticeably to increase ! discom=t f heat to :i* ! m5 are expos$ dur+ ! ?ree or f\r m9utes1 five or six times an h\r1 t ! du/+ op]ation la/s4 ,a me?od has be5 pat5t$ by ,m4 ,dormoy ( ,s\gl&#bi1 ,aisne1 ,france1 = c>ry+ out automatically 9 a clos$ *amb] ! process ( du/+ on to small r$-hot ca/+s1 su* z are requir$ 9 ! manufacture ( /oves4 ,x is n applicable = ba?s4 ,occasionally1 9 ! case ( small ca/+s1 aga91 ! enamel is spray$ on by means ( an a]ograph4 ,= ?is excessively dang]\s process we h se5 simple & +5i\s devices = c>ry+ x on q safely 9 a space "u negative pressure1 & cov]$ 9 except = ! necess>y op5+s ?r\gh :i* to "w ! spray 7see ,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad74;,a ,a ,! cab9ets h be5 pat5t$ by ,messrs4 ,wilsons & ,ma?iesons1 ,ltd41 ,le$s1 by :om !y are made & suppli$4 ,s9ce us+ !m !re has be5 no trace ( illness among ! p]sons employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,aft] fir+ ! ca/+ is lift$ out = treatm5t ) dry glaze1 :i* is spr9kl$ on ) a sift] %[n on ! table4 ,! turntable enables ! op]ator to manipulate ! r$-hot ca/+ m easily4 ,:ite enamel p[d]s free f lead are us$ entirely by "s firms1 b ! black & col\r$ enamels on /ove grates conta9 lead4 ,a frit analyz$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,laboratory 0 f\nd to conta9 #bfff p] c5t4 ( lead oxide4 ,! fact t all ! lead us$ is 9 ! =m ( a silicate1 ev5 al?\gh ! silicate is readily soluble 9 dilute acid1 t5ds1 we believe1 to cause incid5ce ( poison+ to be less ?an might h be5 expect$ f ! am\nt ( du/ (t5 pres5t 9 ! air1 & attacks1 :5 !y occur1 to be less sev]e1 z a rule1 ?an !y w\ld be 7 raw c>bonate ( lead alone us$4 ,= ! ardu\s "w entail$ ! m5 are specially select$4 ,despite _! exposure to lead du/1 ! majority cont9ue to "w = _m ye>s )\t m>k$ signs ( lead absorption4 ,! managem5t %\ld provide a suitable room = ! m5 to cool !mselves 9 ! int]vals ( du/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,! cab9et is %[n :5 dry du/+ is be+ done4 ,! ca/+ is work$ by tongs ?r\gh a slot 9 ! side ( ! cab9et 7n se571 :ile ! work] du/s ! ca/+ ) 8 arms ?r\gh ! two front holes4 ,he c see 8 "w ?r\gh ! squ>e pane ( glass4 7,photographs k9dly made by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hunt1 ,le$s47 ,manufacture ( ,electric ,accumulators#cj4--;,electric accumulators are second>y batt]ies :i* s]ve = ! /orage ( electricity1 9 ord] to all[ ( a curr5t :5 desir$4 ,a prim>y batt]y is "o 9 :i* ! mat]ials become exhau/$ by *emical action1 &1 unless a portion or ! :ole ( ! mat]ials is r5ew$1 fails to supply electricity4 ,! second>y batt]y becomes exhau/$ 9 ! same way1 b ! *emical cont5ts are ( su* a nature t x is m]ely necess>y to pass a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh ! batt]y 7*>g+7 9 ord] to re*>ge !m4 ,9 ! accumulator batt]y ! positive elem5t is p]oxide ( lead1 & ! negative elem5t spongy lead4 ,! elem5ts--sev]al positive connect$ toge!r & sev]al negative--are plac$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid conta9$ 9 vessels ( glass4 ,! =m ( accumulator 9 almo/ univ]sal use n[ is ! pa/$ plate1 b x v>ies greatly 9 size1 accord+ to ! use = :i* x is requir$4 ,x may be ei!r l>ge1 to act z an equaliz] or res]voir ( curr5t 9 electric-light+ in/allations1 or q small = ignition purposes 9 motor-c>s4 ,! li?>ge sme>$ on to "o plate becomes conv]t$ into ! positive elem5t1 p]oxide ( lead1 dur+ :at is call$ ! 8=m+ process0 7passage ( ! electric curr5t ?r\gh ! dilute sulphuric acid solution 9 :i* x is plac$71 & r$ lead sme>$ on to ! o!r becomes spongy lead to =m ! negative4 ,! indu/ry gives employm5t to ab\t #a1bjj p]sons4 ,plates are fir/ ca/ 9 m\lds f a ba? conta9+ molt5 lead or ( lead ) admixture ( antimony4 ,irregul>ities 9 ! plates s ca/ are remov$ by a saw or knife 7trimm+71 & sometimes fil$ or bru%$ ) a wire bru%4 ,! int]/ices 9 ! plates are next fill$ 9 by means ( a spatula ) pa/e ( li?>ge or r$ lead1 z ! case may be1 :i* has be5 previ\sly mix$ ei!r by h& at ! b5* or 9 a special me*anical mix+ ma*9e4 ,aft] dry+1 ! plates are remov$ to ! =mation room to be *>g$4 ,to all[ ( ! passage ( ! curr5t1 positive elem5ts are connect$ toge!r1 & negative also1 by means ( a sold]+ iron or1 m frequ5tly1 ( an oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe flame4 ,aft] =mation is complete ! plates h to be built into batt]ies1 or 8assembl$40 ,tailpieces1 te*nically kn[n z 8lugs10 h to be connect$ ) ea* plate1 effect$ usually by ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe flame4 ,f9ally1 a connect+ b> ( lead is ca/ on or burnt on to ! lugs4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,9 ca/+1 dang] is ma9ly f du/ 9 deposit+ ! skimm+s1 & f fume also :5 old accumulator plates are melt$ d[n4 ,= ^! reasons exhau/ v5tilation ov] ! melt+ pots %\ld be provid$1 embrac+ also 7by bran* ducts if necess>y7 ! receptacles into :i* ! lead a%es are ?r[n4 ,9 mix+ & pa/+1 ! dang] is f du/ ( oxides ( lead to be controll$ 7see ,fig4 #f7 by--7#a7 ,exhau/ v5tilation by bran* ducts protect+ 7a7 ! b>rel f :i* ! mat]ial is scoop$1 7b7 ! me*anical mix] into :i* ! weigh$ quantity ( oxide is dis*>g$1 7c7 ! b5* at :i* ! mix+ by h& is done2 7#b7 dampness ( b5*es & floor to prev5t rais+ ( du/ ei!r by manipulation ( ! 7(t57 heavy plates or trampl+ into p[d] ! pa/e :i* may fall on ! gr\nd4 ,9 assembl+ or putt+ toge!r ( ! =m$ plates1 & 9 e>li] /ages ( ! manufacture also1 fil+ or use ( a wire bru% causes production ( metallic lead du/ & ( ! oxides :5 ! bru% t\*es !m--a dang] only to be met by exhau/ v5tilation4 ,h[ f> ! poison+ to :i* ! lead burn]s engag$ 9 assembl+ plates is attributable to lead fume1 produc$ by ! high temp]ature ( ! bl[pipe flame1 & h[ f> to h&l+ 7) inevitable dislodgm5t ( du/7 has n be5 satisfactorily settl$4 ,incid5ce ( poison+ on ?is class ( work] 9 ! pa/ has be5 m>k$4 ,g5]ally !re is ne$ = imp]vi\s floors1 solidly built1 s z to prev5t vibration & ! rais+ ( du/ f passage ( trolleys convey+ ! heavy plates4 ,gloves are frequ5tly provid$1 m to protect ! h&s f contact ) ! sulphuric acid us$ 9 mak+ ! pa/e & jagg$ edges ( ! plates ?an z a prev5tive ( lead absorption4 ,9 ! #aj ye>s #aijj-aiji incid5ce1 accord+ to precise occupation1 has be5--,ca/+1 #cc2 pa/+1 #aad2 lead burn+1 #fi2 & assembl+ ! plates1 etc41 #fi4 ,glass-,cutt+#ca4--,r$ lead ent]s l>gely into ! mixture ( raw mat]ials = ! manufacture ( glass4 ,fl9t glass1 = in/ance1 conta9s #dc p] c5t4 ( lead4 ,! raw mat]ials 7:ite s&1 r$ lead1 & g5]ally saltpetre7 require to be v c>efully mix$1 & a few cases ( poison+ h be5 report$ f ! du/ rais$ 9 siev+4 ,"o man works ! sieve1 re/+ on two runn]s across ! b91 :ile ano!r %ovels ! mixture into ! sieve4 ,! op]ation is n a cont9u\s "o1 & respirators h pr9cipally be5 reli$ on to protect ! work]s4 ,x %\ld be possible to c>ry out ! mix+ op]ations 9 a du/-tight clos$ app>atus4 ,poison+ f lead fumes g5]at$ 9 a glass furnace is unkn[n4 ,lead poison+ us$ to be common 9 ! process ( poli%+ cut glass on a bru% by means ( 8putty p[d]0 7oxide ( t91 #bi p] c5t42 & oxide ( lead1 #ga p] c5t471 mix$ ) wat] to ! consi/5cy ( a pa/e4 ,! bru% 0 made to revolve at high spe$1 ) dissem9ation ( ! putty p[d] z a f9e spray into ! atmosph]e ( ! workroom4 ,al?\gh r\ge & oxide ( iron h replac$ putty p[d] to "s ext5t--especially = ! poli%+ ( ! bevell$ edges ( plate glass--no sub/itute c at pres5t be f\nd to give ! f9al lu/re & brilliancy requir$ 9 ! case ( cut glass & 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( high-class "w1 su* z poli%+ l5ses4 ,locally appli$ exhau/ v5tilation has robb$ ! process ( its dang]s4 ,pyramidal-%ap$ hoods enclose ! sp9dle & putty box & bru% be=e :i* ! workman sits4 ,! draught ( ! fan prev5ts escape ( spray4 ,! lad :o fe$s ! bru% ) putty p[d] /&s at ! side1 & 9 our exp]i5ce 8 cap & clo!s are n[ free f signs ( spla%+4 ,=m]ly ! poli%+ 0 done by ea* man at 8 own b]?1 ?us endang]+ ! heal? ( all work+ 9 ! vic9ity1 z ! cu/om ( ! trade is t ! same man c>ries ?r\gh ! "w bo? ( cutt+ & poli%+4 ,poli%+ occupies only ab\t a fif? ( a man's "t1 & x has n[1 ow+ to ! position ( ! fan1 to be c>ri$ out 9 "o p>ticul> "p ( ! room4 ,dr4 ,d',arcy ,ellis#cb1 ,c]tify+ ,surgeon = ! ,/\rbridge di/rict1 has describ$ ! processes z =m]ly c>ri$ out3 8,! mixture ( lead & t9 is heat$ ov] a bright fire 9 a %all[ iron pan4 ,z x melts1 ! top scum :i* =ms is skimm$ (f1 dri$1 p\nd$ to a p[d] 9 an iron mort>1 & aft]w>ds siev$4 ,! p]son :o does ?is "w always suff]s m or less4 ,he usually protects himself by we>+ a respirator--!re is a good draught at ! flue1 & ! sieve is enclos$ 9 a box--b !re is always a c]ta9 am\nt ( du/4 ,?is putty-p[d] is us$ on ! wood5 :eel1 & is dabb$ on ! :eel z x revolves4 ,all good bold "w c be poli%$ 9 ?is way1 & !re is n mu* risk to ! workman1 z ! spe$ at :i* ! :eel revolves causes ! mixture to cl+ & n fly ab\t4 ,?is process does n answ] = any f9e "w1 s x is cont5d$2 & to enable ?is k9d ( "w to be prop]ly poli%$ bru%es made ( bri/les are us$4 ,!y are m\nt$ on an iron sp9dle1 & are usually ab\t #f in*es to #g in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a face ( #a in* to #a in*es broad4 ,!y are driv5 at a spe$ ( ab\t #b1jjj revolutions a m9ute4 ,! putty p[d] is appli$ to ^! bru%es 7:i* are ( v>i\s sizes7 9 ! same way z to ! wood5 :eel--t is1 by dabb+ x on4 ,= small] "w1 su* z tumbl]s & w9e-glasses1 ! workman applies ! putty mixture himself1 hold+ ! glass aga9/ ! bru% ) 8 "r h&1 & us+ 8 left und]nea? to apply ! mixture4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 l>g] "w has to be done 9 :i* ! workman _c manage ) "o h&1 ! s]vice ( a boy is call$ 91 :o does :at is call$ ! #8fe$+ up4' ,?is boy /&s p>tly 9 front & p>tly at ! side ( ! bru%1 & applies ! mixture ) "o h& ) ! wisp ( /raw4 ,9 ?is position ! boy gets spla%$ ) ! putty mixture :i* flies (f ! bru%1 & x is g5]ally believ$ by ! workm5 to be ! mo/ dang]\s occupation4 ,at "o "t--n v long ago--all ! v>i\s processes ( ! "w 7 done indiscrim9ately 9 ! work%op1 & consequ5tly ! m5 7 frequ5tly f\nd work+ 9 a p]fect haze ( f9e du/1 :i* _h be5 ?r[n (f f ! bru%es4 ,!re 0 no attempt made to sep>ate & deta* ! less injuri\s "p ( ! "w1 su* z ! r\gh+ & cutt+1 f ! g5]al work%op1 ! lead poli%+ only occupy+ ab\t "o-fif? ( ! workm5's "t4 ,aft] ! glass has be5 poli%$ by ! putty x is tak5 away to ano!r dep>tm5t1 :]e girls are employ$ z #8wip]s out4' ,!y take ! glass ) ! dri$ putty ^u x1 dip x into a bas9 ( wat]1 & !n wipe x dry4 ,"s ( ^! girls h be5 kn[n to suff] f lead poison+4444 ,drop-wri/ 0 frequ5tly to be se5--9 fact1 !re 0 h>dly a work%op 9 ! di/rict 9 :i* cases ( wri/-drop c\ld n be f\nd4 ,!y 7 all anmic1 & ! album9uric & prematurely ag$ 7 frequ5tly met )40 ,9 ?is small indu/ry 9 ! pa/ ! poison+ mu/ h be5 consid]able4 ,9 #ahih n9ete5 cases 7 report$4 ,ref]5ce to ! table on p4 #dg %[s t ! numb] n[ is greatly r$uc$4 ,^? report$ are g5]ally cases :i* h end$ fatally f ! sequel ( lead poison+ contract$ _m ye>s previ\sly4 ,/a9$-glass pa9t+--a =m ( vitre\s enamell+--v r>ely gives rise to poison+1 z no du/ is g5]at$ 7see vitre\s enamell+ = use ( a]ograph 9 glass-pa9t+74 ,pa9ts & ,col\rs#cc4--,mo/ ( ! cases h occurr$ 9 ! manufacture ( :ite-lead pa9t1 al?\gh manufacture ( *romate ( lead & ( ,brunswick gre5s 7b>ytes ) :i* ,prussian blue & *rome yell[s are mix$7 acc\nt = sev]al4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! precise occupation ( p]sons affect$1 ! numb] ( cases di/ribut$ accord+ to precise occupation1 & ! proportion ( ^! to ! total 9 #bbe cases :i* 7 closely exam9$3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,numb] ( ,cases ,proportion ( ,precise ,occupation 9 ea* ,cases to ,total ( ,p]son affect$4 ,subdivision4 7p] ,c5t474 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,mix+ & gr9d+ 7ma9ly ( :ite #add #fdj lead7 ,pack+ 7ma9ly ( r$ lead7 #ai #hd ,siev+ #b #ji ,manufacture ( *rome yell[ #bb #ih ,col\r h\se & filt]s #af #gb ,pa9t+ & /5cill+ #f #bg ,o!r processes #af #gj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,kn[+ ! conditions ( "w1 we c confid5tly ass]t t ! poison mu/ h ent]$ ! sy/em 9 ! =m ( du/ 9 at lea/ #ijj p] c5t4 ( ! cases1 & 9 ! rema9d] ! possibility ( du/ hav+ be5 ! cause is n exclud$4 ,9 a small factory ! cask ( :ite lead is brok5 & ! mat]ial scoop$ out into a pail4 ,scales are at h&1 & :5 ! am\nt ( lead remov$ weighs half a hundr$weight ! cont5ts ( ! pail are dis*>g$ ei!r into a cyl9drical pug-mill or into ! pan ( an edge-runn] to be mix$ ) oil4 ,9 l>ge factories ! dry :ite lead is g5]ally %ovell$ directly f ! cask d[n op5+s or %oots 9 ! floor to ! gr9d+ mills bel[4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,du/ arises 9 unhead+ ! casks f ! displacem5t ( air foll[+ ! scoop+ or %ovell+ out ( ! lead1 9 fill+ ! pails1 & 9 dis*>g+ ! lead into ! mill4 ,all po9ts %\ld1 & c1 be adequately protect$ by locally appli$ exhau/ v5tilation at ea* "o ( ! po9ts enum]at$4 ,a telescopic arrangem5t ( ! bran* duct 9 connection ) ! b>rel enables du/ g5]at$ 9 scoop+ out to be remov$ z ! cont5ts ( ! b>rel get l[] & l[] 7see ,fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4;,a ,a ,,fig4 #ae %[s ! arrangem5t = prev5t+ du/ at e po9t :]e x is produc$ 9 a factory :]e dry col\rs are gr\nd1 sift$1 & pack$ on a l>ge scale4 ,on ! upp] floor1 ! *amb] is %[n 9 :i* ! cont5ts ( a cask are tipp$ d[n a %oot lead+ 9 ! "o case to ! burr /one mill on ! left1 & 9 ! o!r into ! ,black/one sift]s4 ,exhau/ is arrang$ at two levels to cat* ! du/ aris+ f ! displacem5t ( air4 ,aft] gr9d+ 9 ! clos$-9 burr /one mill1 a hood & duct is arrang$ ov] ! po9t :]e ! mat]ial is dis*>g$ into ! b>rel4 ,simil>ly1 ! cas+ ( ! two ,black/one sift]s is connect$ ) ! exhau/ fan1 & also ! cov] ( ! b>rel into :i* ! gr\nd mat]ial falls4 ,inside ! edge-runn] 7! door ( :i* is %[n op57 a negative pressure is ma9ta9$1 & "o bran* duct controls ! du/ 9 ! scoop+ out ( ! mat]ial f ! b>rel1 :ile ano!r is connect$ to ! cov] ( ! receptacle into :i* ! gr\nd mat]ial is dis*>g$4 ,tap]+ ( ! ducts1 tang5tial entry ( bran*es1 fan-box1 & collect+ filt]s1 are all %[n4 ,9 ! factory 9 "q !re are f\r edge-runn]s1 ?ree burr /one mills1 & two ,black/one sift]s4 ,altoge!r exhau/ v5tilation is appli$ at tw5ty-five po9ts4 7,draw+ k9dly suppli$ by ! ,/urtevant ,eng9e]+ ,company1 ,limit$1 ,london47 ,! light] %ades ( yell[ *rome are made by a cold precipitation process1 or 7z is usual = ! deep] %ades ( *rome1 orange1 & r$7 by boil+ ! +r$i5ts--lead acetate1 pulp :ite lead1 bi*romate ( pota% & soda1 & sulphate ( soda--:ile b>ytes is add$ z ! col\r is be+ made4 ,dang] 9 ! fir/ me?od does n arise 7or only 9 m9or degree :5 /eam is inject$ to br+ ab\t m spe$y solution7 until dry+ & gr9d+ 79 edge-runn]s71 siev+1 & pack+1 are effect$4 ,! du/1 :5 inhal$1 is quickly absorb$1 & 9 all ^! dry processes dang]1 9 ! abs5ce ( v c>efully ?\ght out exhau/ v5tilation1 is great4 ,9 processes involv+ ebullition1 dang] is pres5t 9 ! /eam :i* c>ries up ) x *romate ( lead 9 f9e p>ticulate /ate4 ,vats & vessels1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! boil+ is effect$ require p>tial hood+ ov] & connection ( ! hood ) an effici5t exhau/4 ,9 subsequ5t wet processes ( press+ ! cakes ( *romate ( lead1 ! h&s1 arms1 & ov]alls become ?ickly coat$ ) pigm5t4 ,dang] f *rome gre5s is practically limit$ to ! du/ creat$ 9 dry gr9d+1 usually effect$ 9 l>ge edge-runn]s4 ,= ref]5ces1 see end ( ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,description ,,( ,,processes--,cont9u$ ,coa*-,pa9t+#cd4--,lead poison+ is peculi>ly preval5t 9 ?is indu/ry1 & no correspond+ r$uction 9 ! numb] report$ c be obs]v$ f ye> to ye> 7see ! table on p4 #dg71 or 9 ! _m indu/ries gr\p$ "u ! head+1 8,pa9t us$ 9 ,o!r ,indu/ries10 su* z is not$ = lead indu/ries tak5 z a :ole4 ,( ! #fig cases includ$ 9 returns dur+ ! t5 ye>s #aijj-aiji1 #ceb 7 report$ f railway c>riage & waggon works1 #bii f ord9>y c>riage works & :eelwrights' %ops1 & #df 7sep>ate tabulation 0 only comm5c$ 9 #aije7 9 motor-c> works4 ,9 ! ye> #aijc inquiry 0 made 9 #fjc factories & work%ops1 includ+ all classes ( coa* & c>riage build+1 railway c>riage & eng9e works1 & agricultural implem5t works4 ,in=mation 0 ask$ 7among o!r ?+s7 z to--7#a7 ,! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 pa9t+ ) lead pa9ts2 7#b7 description ( ! me?od adopt$ = smoo?+ ! coats ( pa9t2 & 7#c7 ! sub/itutes tri$ = :ite-lead pa9t4 ,p]sons employ$ numb]$ #i1fjh4 ,9 #eb factories & work%ops smoo?+ ( ! coats ( pa9t 0 n practis$1 :ile 9 ! rema9+ #eea x 0 affirm$ t a wet me?od alone 7pumice/one & wat]7 0 us$ 9 #agh1 a dry me?od alone 7s&pap]7 9 #ci1 & bo? wet & dry me?ods at "s /age or o!r ( ! "w 9 #ccd4 ,sub/itutes 7 m5tion$ z hav+ be5 tri$ 9 #id in/ances1 b ?is 0 almo/ exclusively = fill+ & jo9t+1 & n = ! fir/ or prim+ coat4 ,! figure #agh 7wet me?od alone7 is probably mu* too high1 because1 :ile x is true t pumice/one & wat] alone are us$ = ! flat surfaces ( ! body--! bulk ( ! "w--dry s&pap]+ ( ! fir/ two prim+ coats & ( ! f9al f9i%+ coats 7:5 ( :ite1 cream1 or yell[ col\r71 ( ! "u p>ts ( c>riages1 iron *assis ( motor-c>s1 & ( curv$ surfaces1 su* z ! spokes ( :eels1 is almo/ univ]sal4 ,! reason = ?us treat+ ! prim+ coat dry is t a wet process w\ld raise ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,! #eb factories 9 :i* x 0 /at$ t no smoo?+ 0 done 7 ne>ly all premises = ! repair or manufacture ( railway trucks1 requir+ no special f9i%1 & ! #ci factories 9 :i* only s&pap] 0 said to be us$ 9 smoo?+ 7 premises 9 :i* r\gh1 *eap1 or common vehicles1 su* z c>ts1 7 made4 ,use ( s&pap] is quick] & less exp5sive ?an use ( pumice/one1 & wat] & wet me?ods _c be us$ v well on iron surfaces4 ,9 ord9>y coa* & c>riage pa9t+1 aft] ! s&pap]+ ( ! fir/ two prim+ coats1 six or sev5 coats ( 8fill+0 7usually gr\nd slate mix$ ) gold size & turp5t9e7 are appli$1 & ea* coat is rubb$ d[n wet4 ,jo9ts & int]/ices ( woodwork & irregul>ities 9 iron surfaces are g5]ally fill$ 9 ) a /opp+ or pa/e ( :ite lead1 9 ! smoo?+ ( :i* s&pap] is us$4 ,9 ! manufacture ( motor-c>s1 ! t]ne 7lead7 coat$ %eets :i* =m ! body1 aft] prelim9>y prep>ation1 receive two coats ( a lead pa9t4 ,^! are ei!r lightly s&pap]$ or 8flatt$0 ) pumice & wat]4 ,?ree coats ( non-poison\s fill+ foll[1 & are flatt$ ) pumice or ,g]man brick & wat]4 ,! body !n passes to a skill$ workman1 :o applies ! f9al coats ( col\r4 ,= fac+ m\ld+s & = corn]s ?r\gh\t all /ages ( ! processes1 dry s&pap] takes ! place ( pumice & wat]4 ,all /opp+ on ! *assis1 ! fir/ lead coat on ! bonnet1 & all coats ( pa9t on ! :eels1 are s&pap]$ dry4 ,sometimes a ?ird ( a man's "t may be tak5 up 9 s&pap]+ alone4 ,dang]s & ,prev5tion4--,grave risk ( inhal+ lead du/ is pres5t 7see ! table on p4 #dg7 :5 s&pap] is us$1 (t5 at a po9t j above ! m\? & no/rils4 ,rubb+ d[n ! :eels is p]haps ! mo/ dang]\s "w1 & = ?is exhau/ v5tilation c be appli$ locally4 ,inv5tive g5ius has yet to be direct$ to "s modification ( ! vacuum-clean+ app>atus1 s t an exhau/ c be atta*$ to ! back ( ! work]'s h& or 9 connection ) a frame 9 :i* ! s&pap] is held4 ,9 ! process ( wet rubb+1 ! abrad$ coats drip on to ! floor1 & :5 dry may rise z du/ into ! atmosph]e4 ,precisely simil> op]ations1 or only modifi$ 9 detail1 h acc\nt$ = heavy incid5ce ( lead poison+ 9 ! pa9t+ ( p]ambulators1 ( safes1 ( bicycles1 ( b$/eads1 ( gas-met]s1 ! 8metallic0 enamell+ ( ba?s 79 :i* also *ipp+ (f ( ! old pa9t n infrequ5tly occasions an attack71 9 eng9e]+ & ma*9e-mak+ works1 9 cab9et & furniture mak+1 9 ,fr5* poli%+1 9 ! mak+ ( arti/s' canvases1 etc4 ,sev]al cases are report$ among railway employees engag$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( bridges1 gird]s1 & signal-po/s4 ,a me?od = ! removal ( ! du/ giv5 (f 9 ^! processes has n yet be5 arrang$4 ,*ipp+ (f ( old pa9t c be effectually replac$ by solv5t solutions1 9 ! use ( :i*1 z !y are v inflammable1 precautions aga9/ nak$ lights are necess>y4 ,9 ! mak+ ( bett]-class measur+ tapes1 ! tape1 aft] passage ?r\gh ! :ite-lead mixture & dry+1 is made to travel ?r\gh a ma*9e to remove r\ghnesses1 & subsequ5tly ?r\gh ! f+]s ( ! work]1 protect$ by lea!r4 ,du/ arises 9 bo? ! la/ op]ations1 & requires to be remov$ by exhau/ v5tilation4 ,simil> means ( prev5tion are necess>y :]ev] pa9t is appli$1 z 9 photo-engrav+1 & col\r+ artificial fl[]s by means ( an a]ograph in/rum5t4 ,ow+ to ! limit$ ext5t to :i* exhau/ v5tilation is possible1 reliance mu/ be plac$ on sub/itution ( wet processes = dry :]ev] possible4 ,cleanl9ess ( floors requires special att5tion4 ,al?\gh 9 all pa9t+ op]ations du/ is ! mo/ pot5t cause ( poison+1 we w\ld assign to contam9ation ( ! h&s & ! eat+ ( food ) unwa%$ h&s a m prom95t place z a cause ?an 9 any ( ! o!r processes involv+ use ( lead or lead col\rs4 ,9 a po/-mortem on a sign-pa9t] employ$ only a few days1 made ?ree weeks aft] 8 cessation ( employm5t on acc\nt ( an attack ( encephalopa?y1 pa9t 0 f\nd ?ickly adh]5t "u ! nails4 ,sub/itution ( col\rs conta9+ no lead sugge/s itself z a simple rem$y1 b ! progress 9 ?is direction made s f> 9 ! indu/ries m5tion$ is limit$4 ,sev]al important firms manufactur+ motor-c>s use no lead col\rs at all2 m ?an "o important railway company 7! outside ( ! c>riages ( :i* has no :ite col\r7 & a few mak]s ( p]ambulators d ! same4 ,x is difficult to obta9 k h[ f> leadless are replac+ lead col\rs4 ,9 ! manufacture ( cornice poles 79 :i* small indu/ry sev]al sev]e attacks 7 report$7 ! sugge/ion ( a factory inspector to employ li?opone 0 adopt$1 ) entire success4 ,a pat5t graphite has be5 sub/itut$ = orange lead1 ) :i* wood5 patt]ns to =m ! m\lds ( articles to be subsequ5tly ca/ 9 metal are frequ5tly pa9t$4 ,h\se-,pa9t+#ce4--,! "w ( h\se-pa9t+ & plumb+ outside a work%op does n come "u ! ,factory & ,work%op ,act1 #aija1 except to a limit$ ext5t "u ,section #aje 9 build+s 9 c\rse ( erection2 & ev5 9 t case ! requirem5t ( notification ( lead poison+ impos$ by ,section #gc does n apply4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a h\se-pa9t] is employ$ = "p ( 8 "t 9 mix+ pa9ts 9 a work%op belong+ to a build]1 !n ! "q may legitimately be rais$ z to :e!r plumbism may n h be5 due 9 "s measure to su* work%op conditions4 ,despite ! limit$ ext5t to :i* ! ,act applies to lead poison+ ( h\se-pa9t]s & plumb]s1 see+ t x is indu/rial 9 orig9 _m practition]s notify cases1 ) ! result t ! numb] e ye> exce$s consid]ably t f any o!r lead indu/ry 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?us1 ! numb] notifi$ 9 ! t5 ye>s #aijj-aiji 0 #a1igc1 includ+ #chc dea?s4 ,! proportion ( dea?s to p]sons notifi$ is mu* high] ?an = lead indu/ries g5]ally 7#aid p] c5t41 z comp>$ ) #dj p] c5t474 ,if ! proportion ( cases to dea?s 7 ! same 9 h\se-pa9t+ z 9 o!r indu/ries 7& x is a fair assumption to make71 ! numb] ( cases w\ld be #i1dah4 ,:5 inve/igation is made into ! report$ cases1 ! pre-dom9ance ( ! sev]] symptoms--p>alysis1 bra9 symptoms1 & *ronic plumbism--is br\ght out4 ,causation ( poison+1 9 ord] ( importance1 appe>s to be3 7#a7 ,du/ f s&pap]+ "o surface ( pa9t be=e apply+ ano!r2 7#b7 du/ f mix+ dry :ite lead ) oil2 7#c7 du/ aris+ f pa9t t has dri$ on ov]alls2 7#d7 contam9ation ( food ) unwa%$ h&s2 & 7#e7 fumes f burn+ (f old pa9t4 ,use ( ,leadless ,pa9ts4--,op9ion /ill diff]s z to ! feasibility ( sub/itut+ z9c sulphide or z9c oxide 7or a comb9ation ( ! two7 = :ite lead 9 pa9ts1 9 spite ( elaborate inve/igation ( ! po9t by commissions ( inquiry appo9t$ notably by ! ,fr5*1 ,au/rian1 & ,dut* ,gov]nm5ts4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion t = ! pa9t+ ( int]nal surfaces ( h\ses & ( all surfaces :i* are n expos$ to ! wea!r z9c pa9ts h ! advantage 7ap>t f _! non-poison\s quality7 ov] :ite-lead pa9t ( n *ang+ col\r4 ,! te*nique = apply+ z9c oxide pa9t diff]s mu* f t = apply+ :ite lead4 ,be+ mu* less d5se1 x requires to be gr\nd ) a great] proportion ( oil1 & ! vehicles & dri]s necess>y = ! ?9n+ ( ! /iff pa/e are diff]5t f ^? ord9>ily us$ = ?9n+ & mix+ :ite lead4 ,coats ( z9c oxide %\ld be appli$ z ?9 z possible1 & h5ce !re is ! drawback t :]e ?ree coats ( :ite lead w suffice1 f\r coats ( z9c oxide may be necess>y unless ! pa9t is skilfully appli$4 ,! be/ me?od ( apply+ z9c oxide pa9t ) ! bru% has to be le>nt 9 ord] to get ! be/ effect4 ,! ord9>y h\se-pa9t]1 !re=e1 accu/om$ to ! use ( lead pa9t1 _c expect to obta9 ! same result f z9c pa9t treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,& z9c oxides diff] 9 value z pigm5ts accord+ to ! me?ods ( production4 ,t obta9$ by direct roa/+ ( ! ore 7frankl9ite & z9cite7 is sup]ior to t prep>$ by ! indirect me?od ( oxidation ( spelt]4 ,z9c sulphide ent]s into ! composition ( _m :ite pa9ts mix$ ) z9c oxide1 b>ytes1 & (t5 lead sulphate4 ,its defect 9 col\r is ?us conceal$1 & x adds to ! mixture ! important prop]ty kn[n to ! pa9t] z 8body40 ,"u a v>iety ( names1 su* z 8,orr's enamel :ite10 8pat5t z9c :ite10 & 8li?opone10 su* mixtures h a l>ge sale1 & = _m purposes c act z a sub/itute = :ite-lead pa9t4 ,ext5sive inquiries h be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ,cont95tal c\ntries into ! effect ( use ( :ite-lead pa9t 9 produc+ plumbism1 ! processes employ$1 & ! possibility ( sub/itutes--9 ,au/ria1 f #aijd to #aijg2 9 ,g]many1 9 #aije2 9 ,holl&1 f #aijc to #aiji2 9 ,france1 f #aija to #aiji2 9 ,switz]l&1 9 #aijd2 & 9 ,belgium1 f #aijd to #aiji4 ,9 #aijb ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 by a decree apply+ to h\se-pa9t+1 prohibit$ 7#a7 use ( :ite lead except :5 ready mix$ ) oil2 7#b7 direct h&l+ ( :ite lead2 7#c7 dry-rubb+ or s&-pap]+ ( pa9t$ surfaces2 & requir$ 7#d7 provision ( ! usual means = cleanl9ess1 includ+ ov]alls4 ,?is decree 9 #aijd 0 ext5d$ to all k9ds ( pa9t+ ) use ( :ite lead4 ,f9ally1 9 #aiji1 a law1 to take effect f #aiad1 0 pass$ prohibit+ ! use ( :ite lead 9 pa9t altoge!r4 ,9 ,belgium1 foll[+ on regulations issu$ "u royal decree 9 #aije1 9 :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 qu>t]ly p]iodical m$ical exam9ation ( h\se-pa9t]s 0 requir$1 ! law dat$ ,augu/ #bj1 #aiji1 came into =ce1 prohibit+ ! sale1 transport1 & use1 ( :ite lead 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 lumps1 or small pieces1 & requir+1 if int5d$ = ! purpose ( pa9t+1 ! :ite lead to be mix$ ready gr\nd 9 oil4 ,dry-rubb+ & s&pap]+ are also prohibit$4 ,9 ! ,g]man ,empire ! "w ( h\se-pa9t+ is controll$ by regulations dat$ ,june #bg1 #aije1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! ma9 provisions3 7#a7 ,prohibition ( actual contact ) :ite lead 9 gr9d+ & mix+1 & adequate protection f ! du/ s creat$2 7#b7 me*anical incorporation ( ! :ite lead ) ! oil or v>ni%1 & prev5tion ( ! escape ( du/ into ! workroom2 7#c7 prelim9>y moi/5+ prior to scrap+1 *ipp+ (f1 or rubb+ d[n1 dry oil col\rs2 7#d7 & 7#e7 provision ( ov]alls & wa%+ accommodation1 includ+ soap1 nailbru%es1 & t[els 79 erection ( new build+s ! workm5 mu/ be able to wa% 9 a place free f fro/72 7#g7 in/ruction ( ! workman by ! employ] z to ! risk atta*+ to ! "w by supply+ him ) a copy ( ! regulations & caution>y notice4 ,fur!r1 :]e pa9t+ op]ations are c>ri$ on 9 factories or work%ops z subsidi>y to o!r processes1 !re mu/ be 7#h7 provision ( wa%+ accommodation 9 a special room capable ( be+ heat$1 & ( a place 9 :i* to keep clo?+2 7#i7 p]iodical m$ical exam9ation at half-ye>ly p]iods2 & 7#aj7 prohibition ( smok+ & consumption ( alcohol 9 ! workrooms4 ,! ,au/rian ,regulations1 dat$ ,april #ae1 #aiji1 foll[ ! ,g]man ,code closely1 b diff] 9 t !y 7#a7 prohibit ! use ( :ite lead pa9t = ! int]ior surfaces ( h\ses or ( any surfaces n expos$ to ! wea!r2 7#b7 affix+ ( a notice on ! c or cask t x conta9s lead2 & 7#c7 p]iodical m$ical exam9ation at qu>t]ly in/ead ( half-ye>ly p]iods4 ,at ! pres5t "t committees appo9t$ by ! ,home ,(fice are inquir+ into ! coa*-pa9t+ & h\se-pa9t+ indu/ries 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! results ( c>eful & detail$ exp]im5ts made by ! ,:ite ,lead ,commission appo9t$ by ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t1 :i* inquir$ into ! subject1 are summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,i4 ,z9c-:ite pa9ts are mu* bett] able to )/& ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas ?an :ite-lead pa9ts4 ,,ii4 ,z9c-:ite pa9ts d n )/& ! action ( sulphur\s acid 9 ! atmosph]e z well z :ite-lead pa9ts4 ,z ?is gas is pres5t 9 coal-smoke ( locomotives1 /eam]s1 tall *imneys1 etc41 z9c-:ite pa9t mu* expos$ to su* smoke--= in/ance1 9 railway-/ations1 etc4--w soon become corrod$1 & _c !n replace :ite lead4 ,,iii4 ,z9c-:ite pa9ts appli$ on z9c1 ,portl& cem5t1 or iron 7! latt] hav+ previ\sly be5 provid$ ) fir/ coats ( r$ oxide ( lead or iron71 are able to )/& ! action ( ! op5 air = a space ( five ye>s q z well z :ite-lead pa9ts1 & c entirely replace ! latt]1 provid$ !y are n expos$ to ! action ( vap\rs conta9+ sulphur\s acid4 ,,iv4 ,9 ! int]ior ( build+s z9c-:ite pa9ts1 appli$ on wood1 iron1 z9c1 ,portl& cem5t1 & pla/]1 are z good z :ite-lead pa9ts2 & c entirely replace ! latt]1 provid$ !y are n expos$ mu* to vap\rs conta9+ sulphur\s acid or to mu* damp4 ,v4 ,z9c-:ite pa9ts appli$ on wood1 if n expos$ mu* to ! action ( sulphur\s acid gas1 w 9 _m cases la/ dur+ five ye>s 9 ! op5 air z well z :ite-lead pa9ts1 & c replace ! latt] ) good results4 ,b 9 all places :]e wat] accumulates1 z on w9d[-sills1 ! l[] side ( cornice-"w1 etc41 !y w1 ev5 aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s1 det]iorate to su* a degree t repa9t+ w become necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! wood2 9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 !y are inf]ior to :ite-lead pa9ts4 ,,vi4 ,z9c-:ite pa9ts1 su* z ! ,:ite ,lead ,commission h us$ successfully1 cov] at lea/ equally z well z ! :ite-lead pa9ts cu/om>y 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! z9c-:ite putty us$ by ! ,:ite ,lead ,commission is q z s]viceable z ord9>y :ite-lead putty4 ,,vii4 ,pa9t+ ) z9c-:ite pa9t1 su* z ! ,commission us$ on new woodwork 9 ! op5 air1 does n co/ m ?an pa9t+ ) ! :ite-lead pa9ts cu/om>y = t purpose4 ,,viii4 ,pa9t+ on exi/+ pa9twork1 s-call$ 8repa9t+10 9 ! op5 air1 ) z9c-:ite pa9ts su* z ! ,:ite ,lead ,commission us$1 co/s m ?an ! :ite-lead pa9ts hi!rto 9 use1 inasmu* z ! prep>ation ( ! wood pa9t$ ) z9c-:ite pa9ts involves great] exp5se 9 r5d]+ x fit = ! repa9t+ ?an 9 ! case ( wood pa9t$ ) :ite lead 9 r5d]+ x fit = fur!r pa9t+ ) :ite lead4 ,9 ! case ( pa9t$ wood :i* is expos$ to ! op5 air1 ! possibility is1 moreov]1 n exclud$ t1 :]e su* wood is 9 an unfav\rable condition ( humidity 7see "u ,v471 x may h to be repa9t$ soon] ?an if x _h be5 pa9t$ ) :ite-lead pa9ts4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! co/ ( ma9t5ance ( wood pa9t$ ) z9c-:ite pa9t1 & expos$ to ! op5 air1 is fur!r increas$ z comp>$ ) wood pa9t$ ) :ite-lead pa9t4 ,,ix4 ,li?opone pa9ts _c replace :ite-lead pa9ts 9 ! op5 air2 !y h prov$ to be q unfit 9 ?is respect4 ,x4 ,= pa9twork above wat]1 fir/ coats ( oxide ( iron h1 dur+ five ye>s1 prov$ to be q z good & s]viceable z fir/ coats ( r$ oxide ( lead4 ,= coats ( pa9t "u wat]1 oxide ( iron _c be us$4 ,coats ( oxide ( iron pa9t are *eap] ?an coats ( r$ oxide ( lead pa9t4 ,:5 oxide ( iron is us$ = ! fir/ coat1 mu* m te*nical skill is requir$ = ! pa9t+ ( ! cov]+ coats ?an is ! case :5 r$ oxide ( lead is us$ = ! fir/ coat4 ,%ipbuild+#cf4--;,cases aris+ 9 %ipbuild+ are due n s mu* to mix+ ! pa9ts or r$-lead pa/e z to ! du/ produc$ 9 s&pap]+ ! coats ( :ite pa9t appli$ 9 cab9s1 etc41 9 *ipp+ & scrap+ (f old r$-lead pa9t1 (t5 9 conf9$ spaces su* z d\ble bottoms1 tanks1 bilges1 etc4 ,spla%+ f inject+ r$ lead betwe5 plates1 fumes f burn+ (f old pa9t1 & fumes f pa9t :ile us+ x 9 conf9$ spaces1 are m5tion$ 9 reports4 ,sev]al attacks h occurr$ to p]sons engag$ 9 ins]t+ r$-hot rivets into holes conta9+ y>n soak$ 9 r$ lead & oil4 ,lead fumes1 x is sugge/$1 are giv5 (f4 ,! numb] ( cases includ$ "u ?is head+ ea* ye> has be5-- #aijj #cb #aija #bh #aijb #ae #aijc #bd #aijd #dh #aije #cb #aijf #bf #aijg #bb #aijh #ae #aiji #bg #aiaj #ba ,! figures illu/rate ! difficulty ( obta9+ a r$uction 9 ! attacks :5 ! cause is to be f\nd 9 conditions n am5able to control by exhau/ v5tilation4 ,! possibility ( effect+ "s r$uction by su* precautions z c be adopt$ is sugge/$ by ! dim9ution 7f #aaj to #fj7 9 ! numb] ( cases 9 ! ,gov]nm5t docky>ds 9 ! six ye>s #aije-aiaj & #ahii-aijd respectively1 z comp>$ ) ! increase 7f #fg to #hg7 9 all o!r %ipbuild+ y>ds4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t docky>ds1 among o!r precautions1 m5 employ$ on r$-lead+ appe> be=e ! m$ical (fic] p]iodically1 & no man is all[$ to d ! "w = m ?an two days a week4 ,fur!r1 oxide ( iron pa9t is to be us$ 9 ! d\ble bottoms1 w+ passages1 & o!r conf9$ spaces on bo>d %ips4 ,all m5 employ$ z pa9t]s are all[$ five m9utes out ( _! work+ "t = wa%+4 ,o!r ,indu/ries4--,! indu/ries & processes :i* are ga!r$ toge!r "u ?is head w be se5 f ! foll[+ di/ribution3 ,indu/ries4 ,cases 7,t5 ,ye>s3 #aijj-aiji74 7#a7 ,iron drums & kegs #dg 7#b7 ,h>ness furniture #bc 7#c7 ,temp]+ spr+s #ac 7#d7 ,o!r contact ) molt5 lead #ajc 7#e7 ,metal sort+ #ac 7#f7 ,h&l+ lead & du/ f metallic lead #abb 7#g7 ,%ot-mak+ #ad 7#h7 ,glass-mak+ #ac 7#i7 ,india-rubb] #bc 7#aj7 ,y>n-dye+ #bh 7#aa7 ,copp] lett]s & opal signs #bh 7#ab7 ,o!r lead comp\nds #aif 7#ac7 ,miscellane\s #cf --- ,total #fei 7#a7 & 7#b7 h be5 describ$ "u t9n+ ( metals1 z ! processes are simil>1 & 9 ! ye> #aiji !y 7 includ$ along ) t9n+ ( holl[-w>e "u ! same code ( regulations4 ,temp]+ ( /eel buff] spr+s 7#c7cg1 c>ri$ on 9 ,%effield1 gives rise to poison+ f fumes ( molt5 metal into :i* ! spr+s are imm]s$1 & f du/ ( skimm+s1 unless !re is effici5t hood+ & exhau/4 ,a sample ( du/ collect$ f a lamp%ade ov] a melt+-pot 0 f\nd 9 ! ,gov]nm5t laboratory to conta9 #dha ( metallic lead1 or #eah p] c5t4 ( lead monoxide4 ,9 te/+ ! spr+s "u a hydraulic press1 & subsequ5t /raight5+ by hamm]+ on an anvil1 ! ?9 coat+ ( lead on ! surface scales (f1 & may be inhal$4 ,o!r contact ) molt5 metal 7#d7 includes op]ations :i* d n diff] f sev]al already describ$1 9 :i* dang] is incurr$ f ei!r fumes & du/ 9 skimm+ ! dross or subsequ5t h&l+1 su* z manufacture ( sold]1 coat+ cables1 fill+ copp] cyl9d]s ) molt5 lead = ! purpose ( b5d+ !m1 & subsequ5tly re-imm]s+ !m 9 ! ba? to melt out ! lead1 t9n+ ( nails1 mak+ lead patt]ns = f5d]s 79 :i* !re may be dang]1 also1 f use ( a wire bru% to get rid ( adh]+ s&71 etc4 ,h&l+ lead & du/ f metallic lead 7#e7 includes op]ations su* z die-/amp+1 /amp+ tickets & o!r articles on a lead5 slab 7:]e ! dang] is ak9 to1 ?\gh probably less 9 degree ?an 9 file-cutt+71 exam9+ bullets1 manufacture ( metallic capsules1 l9+ boxes ) %eet lead1 lead glaz+ 7:]e ! dang] is ess5tially t ( plumb+ "w71 etc4 ,x includes also a numb] ( cases :i* 7 report$ previ\s to #aije 9 ! m>k]s ( te/+ ranges at a small-arms factory4 ,duck]+#ch1 :o inve/igat$ ^! cases1 f\nd t ! bullets 7 /opp$ by dry s& 9 boxes #h feet long4 ,on ent]+ ! s& ! bullets became dis9tegrat$1 s t1 aft] be+ 9 use = "s "t1 ! s& conta9$ a l>ge am\nt ( lead1 & _h to be remov$4 ,9 do+ ?is ! box 0 turn$ ov]1 & ! s& deposit$ on ! floor imm$iately beh9d ! t>gets4 ,! lead 0 !n sep>at$ by sift+ by h&1 & ! s& us$ ov] aga94 ,9 ^! op]ations mu* float+ du/ 0 produc$1 :i* 0 inhal$ by ! m>k]s1 :o /ood 9 an op5 tr5* imm$iately 9 front ( & bel[ ! t>gets4 ,metallic ,capsules4--,"s cases h occurr$ f ! manufacture ( capsules = bottles4 ,! capsule consi/s ( a lead leaf roll$ betwe5 two leaves ( t94 ,cases aris+ 9 ! e>ly processes ( ca/+ & roll+ d n diff] f ^? describ$ z due to contact ) molt5 metal & h&l+ ( lead4 ,! mo/ difficult to deal ) are ^? :i* occur 9 ! f9al process ( clean+ & col\r+4 ,be=e col\r+ ) v>ni% pa9t1 ! capsule is plac$ on a rapidly revolv+ la!1 & ! h& ( ! work]1 c>ry+ a clo? conta9+ :it5+1 is plac$ lightly on ! capsule4 ,a slight am\nt ( du/ is inevitably rais$1 & ?is du/1 collect$ f ! b5*1 0 f\nd to conta9 f #aae to #bef p] c5t4 ( lead2 :ile du/ :i* _h settl$ on a beam #i feet f ! floor conta9$ #ic p] c5t4 ,( ?irty-"o work]s employ$ 9 clean+ & col\r+1 fifte5 %[$ evid5ce ( lead absorption 9 a blue l9e on ! gums1 & 9 "o !re 0 consid]able weakness ( ! left wri/4 ,simil> exp]i5ce ( lead poison+ 9 ?is indu/ry has be5 not$ 9 ,g]man & ,au/rian factories4 ,p]iodical m$ical exam9ation at qu>t]ly int]vals has be5 in/itut$ 9 ! pr9cipal factory1 ) good results1 z x enables ^? :o %[ e>ly signs ( lead absorption to be transf]r$ to o!r processes4 ,exhau/ v5tilation has be5 tri$1 b1 except at ! few la!s :]e clean+ alone is done1 )\t complete success1 9 view ( ! nature ( ! "w4 ,%ot-mak+4--,cases 9 %ot-mak+ arise f ! du/ giv5 (f :5 sift+ ! %ot into diff]5t sizes--an op]ation :i* %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 sieves entirely clos$ 9 & "u negative pressure4 ,du/ collect$ f ! glass cas+ ov] a sift+ ma*9e conta9$ #fjc p] c5t4 ( metallic lead4 ,! sample 0 free f ars5ic4 ,head+ ( ,y>n dy$ ) ,*romate ( ,lead4--,cotton y>n is dy$ 7#aj7 on a consid]able scale ) *romate ( lead1 *iefly = ,ori5tal m>kets2 & x is ! orange *rome--t mo/ heavily weight$ ) lead--:i* is mo/ 9 dem& !re4 ,! orange *rome col\r is obta9$ by dipp+ hanks ( y>n into solution ( lime1 & !n into acetate ( lead4 ,! process is repeat$ a second "t1 aft] :i* ! *romate is =m$ by dipp+ 9 bi*romate ( soda1 & f9ally boil+ 9 lime-wat]#ci4 ,9 production ( yell[ *rome col\r1 ! y>n is treat$ only once 9 a ba? ( lead acetate4 ,o!r col\rs made are lemon *rome & 7by addition ( an indigo ba?7 *rome gre54 ,! e>ly processes ( dye+ r>ely give rise to poison+1 b ! /rong solution ( bi*romate ( soda readily causes *>act]i/ic ulc]ation ( ! sk9--8*rome holes40 ,dang] arises f du/ 9 ! process ( head+ or 8noddl+10 z x is sometimes call$1 ( ! dri$ y>n ov] po/s4 ,! hanks ( y>n are tugg$ & %ak5 by wom5 z a rule1 & 9 ! case ( orange *rome v consid]able quantities ( du/ are lib]at$4 ,we h be5 told t a hank ( ?is k9d ( y>n does n comm5d itself to an ,ori5tal buy] unless1 :5 %ak51 du/ is visible4 ,! indu/ry 0 c]tifi$ z dang]\s 9 #ahie1 9 view ( s]i\s illness & dea? 9 ,glasg[ & ,man*e/]1 & special rules 7 made to apply1 n only to ! head+ op]ations1 b also to ! w9d+1 reel+1 & weav+1 ( ! dy$ y>n--processes 9 :i* cases ( poison+ are v r>e4 ,detail$ inquiry 0 made 9 #aijf 9 elev5 factories :]e y>n 0 dy$ on a consid]able scale by means ( *romate ( lead--9 eight ma9ly = export to ,india1 & 9 ?ree = ! home m>ket4 ,y>n dy$ = ! home m>ket gives (f less du/ :5 head$1 z ! mat]ial und]goes additional wa%+ 9 wat] & 9 dilute acid2 & x is also sometimes pass$ ?r\gh a siz+ ( />*1 :i* fixes ! *romate ( lead to ! y>n m securely4 ,pro( ( ! great] dang] f orange *rome is f\nd 9 ! fact t ,dupr 0 able to wa% #a p\nd ( du/ 7#jbi p] c5t47 f #cde p\nds ( heavy orange y>n1 & only #a p\nd 7#jjc p] c5t47 c\ld be wa%$ f #c1cjj p\nds ( light yell[ or gre5 y>n4 ,9 none ( ! factories 7 ! work]s engag$ solely on ! dang]\s yell[ & orange *rome-dy$ y>n4 ,9 "s ! "w may la/ an h\r or two e day1 9 o!rs = an h\r or two e day 9 alt]nate weeks1 or = "o week 9 e ?ree or f\r weeks1 & p]haps 9 a doz5 factories ! "w may n be done m frequ5tly ?an half a day a mon?1 or ev5 "o 9 ?ree mon?s4 ,p>ticul> att5tion 0 paid to ! nature ( ! exhau/ v5tilation at ! 8head+0 po/s1 z ?is is ! mo/ important po9t 9 ! protection ( ! work]s4 ,x 0 provid$ 9 eight out ( ! n9e pr9cipal y>n-dye+ factories4 ,! exception 0 "o :]e ! "w 0 said to be solely = ! home m>ket4 ,9 "o a #b foot #f in* ,blackman fan 0 plac$ 9 ! wall )\t connection ( ! 8head+0 po/s ) x by means ( ducts & hoods4 ,9 f\r1 hoods & ducts ( wood1 squ>e 9 section1 ) "r-angle b5ds1 _h be5 locally appli$ to ! po/s4 ,9 o!r f\r1 hoods & ducts 7 ( metal1 circul> 9 section4 ,! velocities 9 feet p] m9ute 7obta9$ ) a ,davis self-tim+ anemomet]7 7 tak5 at ! op5+ into ! bran* duct beh9d or "u ! po/4 ,! value ( anemometric te/s 9 detect+ blockages or int]f]5ce 9 ! ducts is evid5t f ! table on p4 #cjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 7#aj7 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,fan4,fan4 ,fan4 ,fan4 ,fan4,fan4 ,fan4 ,fan4,fan4,fan4 ,fan4,fan4 #bdj #hbj #ccj ,nil#a1bjj #dbj #dej #baj #ghj #egj #gjj #hej #dej #dej #bj #dbj #eaj #baj #egj #gjj #dhj #bgj #dej #bgj #ghj #cfj #dbj #cij #ffj #edj #dij #hej #dhj7gej7 #dbj #bgj #cfj #dbj #dcj #edj #egj #egj #dhj #ccj ,nil #bej #bgj #abj #dbj #eaj #edj #ecj #dej7ddj7 ,nil #cjj #cjj #abj #dij #edj #edj #cbd #cbj #cjj #ahj #cej #dhj #dej #cjj #cjj #dej #bhj7dbj7 #bej #aej #bij #dhj #dbj #cjj #dej #be #acj #cej #dcj #cij #eaj #dbj #be #bbj #ahj #dbj #cfj #dfj #djj #cfj #cjj #bdj #dbj #bdj #bhj #dej #dhj ,nil #baj #cij ,nil #baj #cij ,nil ,nil ---------------------------------------- -------------- 7#a7 ,! draught "h 0 obta9$ f ! ma9 *imney-%aft4 ,! small velocities at ! end po/1 x 0 subsequ5tly f\nd1 arose f ! fact t ! d\ble head+ po/ 0 connect$ by means ( a v small duct to ! end ( ! l>ge duct :i* s]v$ ! o!r po/s4 7#b7 ,wood5 duct connect$ up ) fan4 ,! area ( ! op5+s into ! duct c\ld be enl>g$ or dim9i%$ by means ( a %utt]4 ,! figures 9 brackets 7 ^? obta9$ :5 ! %utt] 0 fully op5$4 7#c7 ,9 ?is factory orig9ally a #b foot #f in* fan 0 simply plac$ 9 ! wall4 ,subsequ5tly !y 7 box$ 9 & ducts ( wood br\ght )9 a foot ( ! noddl+ b>4 ,f\r ( ! bran* ducts 7 f\nd to be block$4 7#e7 ,wood5 ducts & hoods beh9d b> bo? close to ! fan4 7#f7 ,circul> metal ducts ) curv$ angles1 & plac$ ab\t #h to #aj in*es beh9d po/2 all connect$ up ) a #d foot #f in* fan4 ,! small velocities 7#abj feet7 at two po/s 0 due to loose connection ( ! bran* ducts all[+ air to be drawn 9 at ! foot4 7#g7 ,metal duct di/ant ab\t #b feet f ! po/1 & situat$ imm$iately bel[ & n beh9d ! b>4 ,du/ 0 prev5t$ f ris+ above ! po/ by a glass scre51 ! projection ( :i* also prev5t$ ! work] f com+ too ne> to1 or gett+ 8 head ov]1 ! po/4 7#h7 ,metal ducts1 #i in*es 9 diamet]4 ,evid5ce ( ill-heal? 0 greate/ "h1 not)/&+ good draught1 because ! bran* ducts 7 n br\ght close en\gh to ! po9t :]e 8head+0 0 done1 b 7 di/ant #ae in*es f ! c5tre ( ! po/1 & 8noddl+0 0 done at a di/ance ( #b feet f ! duct1 "o man /&+ betwe5 ! draught & ! b>4 7#aj7 ,draught arrang$ z 9 7#g71 bel[ ! b>1 )\t protection ( ! work] by a glass scre54 ,regulations n[ apply to ! indu/ry4 ,s cle> is x t locally-appli$ exhau/ v5tilation is ( p>am\nt importance 9 prev5tion ( poison+1 t1 h[ev] int]mitt5t ! op]ation ( 8head+10 exemption f ?is requirem5t _c be p]mitt$4 ,det]m9ation p]iodically by ! occupi] ( ! spe$ ( ! draught at ea* exhau/ op5+ %\ld prev5t blockage ( ducts4 ,! regulations d n apply to ! w9d+ (1 & weav+ )1 y>n dy$ ) *romate ( lead4 ,r>ely 9 ! sp9n+ & weav+ factories ( ,blackburn does ! am\nt ( ! p>ticul> y>n 9 "q con/itute z mu* z #e p] c5t4 ( ! total quantity ( col\r$ y>n us$4 ,section #gd1 #aija1 is suffici5t to meet ! isolat$ cases :]e injury to heal? arises4 ,! habit ( bit+ *rome-dy$ ?read has giv5 rise to lead poison+4 ,nor d ! regulations apply to treatm5t ( calico or clo? into :i* lead may ent]4 ,su* poison+ z may occur mu/ be practically conf9$ to p]sons employ$ 9 ! pa9t-mix+ h\se4 ,manufacture ( ,india-rubb]4#i--,li?>ge1 massicot1 r$ lead1 & sulphide ( lead1 are g5]ally mix$ ) rubb]4 ,li?>ge is reg>d$ n only z a valuable fill] = rubb]1 b has ! faculty ( ha/5+ vulcanization4 ,all dry-heat goods dep5d ^u x :]e a d>k or black effect is want$4 ,e ye> a few cases are report$ 9 ! process ( mix+ ! bat*es 9 ! weigh+ room ( ! rubb] factory1 or m frequ5tly at ! hot cal5d] rolls1 :]e ! bat* ( dry p[d] conta9+ ! lead comp\nd is gradually di/ribut$ by h& on to ! rubb] s z to effect an intimate mixture4 ,! heat$ air ov] ! roll]s causes du/ to rise4 ,accord+ to ! purpose = :i* ! rubb] is want$1 ! quantity ( li?>ge 9 ! bat* v>ies4 ,9 "o factory ( f\rte5 m5 employ$ at ! cal5d] rolls1 t5 %[$ a blue l9e1 five 7 m>k$ly anmic1 "o _h weakness ( ! wri/s1 & two weakness ( grasp#dj4 ,only "o case has be5 report$ s9ce exhau/ v5tilation 0 appli$ locally ov] ea* cal5d] roll4 ,9 a rubb] tyre factory five cases foll[$ "o ano!r 9 quick succession1 all 9 p]sons employ$ on ! rolls4 ,!re %\ld be no hesitation 9 requir+ exhau/ v5tilation :]ev] employm5t 9 mix+ ! bat*es or at ! rolls is con/ant4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! "w 9 weigh+ out is int]mitt5t1 & reliance is plac$ on ! we>+ ( a respirator4 ,no attempt has be5 made to enum]ate all ! indu/ries & processes 9 :i* lead poison+ may arise4 ,! task w\ld become we>isome1 z !y are s num]\s4 ,nor is x necess>y to give details ( all t are kn[n1 z x is d\btful :e!r !re c be any diff]5t 9 nature or requir+ diff]5t treatm5t f ! _m :i* h be5 describ$4 ,,ref]5ces4 #a ,special ,report on ,dang]\s or ,injuri\s ,processes 9 ! ,smelt+ ( ,mat]ials conta9+ ,lead1 & 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,r$ & ,orange ,li?>ge & ,flak$ ,li?>ge1 by ,e4 ,l4 ,collis1 ,m4,b4 ,cd4 #eaeb4 #aiaj4 ,wyman & ,sons1 ,ltd4 ,price #f;d4 #b ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aija1 p4 #bac4 #c ,ibid41 p4 #bdb4 #d ,ibid4 = #aijf1 p4 #bgb4 #e ,h4 ,o4 ,,h(man3 ,metallurgy ( ,lead4 #aijf4 #f ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aijj1 p4 #dch4 #g ,ibid4 = #aiaj1 p4 #aed4 #h ,special ,report above1 p4 #ae4 #i ,,layet3 ,quot$ by ,oliv] 9 ,dang]\s ,trades1 p4 #bhh4 #aj ,,dixon ,,mann3 ,=5sic ,m$ic9e & ,toxicology1 p4 #dgg4 #aa ,,somm]feld3 ,bekmpfung d] ,bleigefahr1 p4 #bbj4 #ab ,,somm]feld3 ,quot$ by ,silb]/e9 bel[1 p4 #beg4 #ac ,,silb]/e93 ,die ,krankheit5 d] ,bu*druck]1 9 ,weyl's ,h&bu* d] ,arbeit]krankheit51 p4 #beg4 ,gu/av ,fis*]1 ,j5a1 #aijh4 #ad ,,ta?am3 ,dec5nial ,supplem5t to ,sixty-fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al4 ,cd4 #bfai4 #ae ,?ird ,int]im ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,c]ta9 ,miscellane\s ,dang]\s ,trades4 ,c4 #ijgc4 #ahih4 ,report on ! ,draft ,regulations = ,file-,cutt+ by ,h&1 by ,*e/] ,jones4 ,cd4 #afeh4 #aijc4 #af ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aijd1 p4 #abe4 #ag ,ibid4 = #aijf1 p4 #bgc4 #ah ,special ,report on ,dang]\s or ,injuri\s ,processes 9 ! ,coat+ ( ,metal ) ,lead or a ,mixture ( ,lead & ,t91 by ,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,&]son1 ,h4,m4 ,pr9cipal ,lady ,inspector ( ,factories1 & ,t4 ,m4 ,legge1 ,m4,d41 ,h4,m4 ,m$ical ,inspector ( ,factories2 toge!r ) a ,report on an ,exp]im5tal ,inve/igation into ! ,conditions ( ,"w 9 ,t9n+ ,work%ops1 & ,app5dices1 by ,g4 ,elmhir/ ,duck]+1 "o ( ,h4,m4 ,inspectors ( ,factories4 ,cd4 #cgic4 ,london3 ,wyman & ,sons1 #aijg4 ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aijb1 pp4 #bif-cah4 ,report on ,draft ,regulations on ! ,t9n+ ( ,metal ,articles1 by ,e4 ,t4 ,h4 ,lawes4 ,! ,cause ( ,lead ,poison+ 9 ! ,t9n+ ( ,metals1 by ,g4 ,e4 ,duck]+4 #ai ,! ,heal? ( ,brass ,work]s1 by ,t4 ,m4 ,legge4 ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aije1 pp4 #chh-cig4 #bj ,ibid4 = #ahih1 pp4 #aai-abc2 & _m ref]5ces 9 lat] ,annual ,reports4 #ba ,! ,bis*( ,process = ! ,manufacture ( ,:ite ,lead1 by ,pr(essor ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,d4,sc4 #aijf4 #bb ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ! ,use ( ,lead1 & ! ,dang] or ,injury to ,heal? aris+ f ,du/ & ,o!r ,causes 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,e>!nw>e & ,*9a3 vol4 i41 ,report2 vol4 ii41 ,app5dices4 ,cd4 #ebgg-h4 #aiaj4 ,lead ,comp\nds 9 ,pott]y3 ,report to ,h4,m4 ,pr9cipal ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ! ,home ,dep>tm5t on ! ,employm5t ( ,comp\nds ( ,lead 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,pott]y2 _! ,influ5ce ^u ! ,heal? ( ! ,workpeople2 ) ,sugge/ions z to ! ,means :i* might be adopt$ to ,c\nt]act _! ,evil ,effects1 by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,e4 ,?orpe1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,laboratory2 & ,pr(essor ,?omas ,oliv]1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician to ! ,royal ,infirm>y1 ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,london3 ,eyre & ,spottiswoode1 ,febru>y1 #ahii4 ,price #e;d4 #bc ,"w ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,laboratory on ! ,"q ( ! ,employm5t ( ,lead ,comp\nds 9 ,pott]y1 by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,e4 ,?orpe4 ,cd4 #fgi4 #aija4 #bd ,h4 ,r4 ,rog]s3 ,report ( a ,s]ies ( ,exp]im5ts = ,det]m9+ ! ,am\nt ( ,lead 9 ! ,glaze ( ,f9i%$ ,w>e1 bas$ on ! ,me?od describ$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,cunynghame1 ,k4,c4,b41 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ! ,use ( ,lead 7see #bb1 above74 #be ,see #bb1 above1 pp4 #ic1 #id4 #bf ,c4 ,r4 ,,p5dock3 ,unpubli%$ ,report4 #bg ,special ,report on ,dang]\s & ,injuri\s ,processes 9 ! ,enamell+ & ,t9n+ ( ,metals1 by ,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,&]son & ,t4 ,m4 ,legge1 9 ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aijb1 pp4 #bif-cah4 #bh ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aiaj1 p4 #aed4 #bi ,zeits*rift fr ,gew]behygi5e1 ,unfall ,v]htung und ,arbeit]-,wohlfahrtse9ri*tung51 ,janu>y1 #aijb4 #cj ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aija1 pp4 #bba-bbi4 ,die 9 electris*5 ,akkumulator5 ,fabrik5 beoba*tet5 ,gesundheitss*digung54 ,arbeit5 aus dem ,kais]li*5 ,gesundheitsamte1 by ,dr4 ,wutzdorff4 #ahih4 #ca ,?ird ,int]im ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee appo9t$ to inquire into & report ^u ,c]ta9 ,miscellane\s ,dang]\s ,trades1 pp4 #af-ai4 ,c4 #ijgc4 #ahih4 #cb ,d',,arcy ,,ellis3 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #djf-djh1 #aija4 #cc ,report on ! ,manufacture ( ,pa9ts & ,col\rs conta9+ ,lead1 z affect+ ! ,heal? ( ! ,op]atives employ$1 by ,t4 ,m4 ,legge1 ,m4,d4 ,cd4 #bdff4 #aije4 ,pa9t]s' ,col\rs1 ,oils1 & ,v>ni%es1 by ,g4 ,h4 ,hunt1 ,griff91 p4 #ceg4 #aija4 #cd ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aije1 pp4 #cff-cfh1 & ref]5ces 9 o!r ,annual ,reports4 #ce ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee appo9t$ to inquire into ! ,dang]s att5dant on ,build+ ,op]ations1 ,app5dix ,,ix41 pp4 #ahd-ahg4 ,cd4 #chdh4 #aijg4 ,pa9t]s' ,col\rs1 ,oils1 & ,v>ni%es1 by ,g4 ,h4 ,hunt1 ,griff94 #aija4 #cf ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aiaj1 pp4 #age-agf4 #cg ,ibid4 = #aijf1 pp4 #bgb1 #bgc4 #ch ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aije1 pp4 #cfh1 #cfi4 #ci ,dang]\s ,trades ,committee's ,f9al ,report1 ,c4 #ieji1 pp4 #bf-cj4 ,,alex4 ,,scott3 ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce ( ,v>i\s ,lead ,indu/ries ,committee1 #ahid1 ,c4 #gbci-a1 pp4 #aje-ajh4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,clayton3 ,indu/rial ,lead ,poison+ among ,y>n ,work]s4 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 vol4 i41 p4 #caj1 #aijf4 #dj ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #aija1 p4 #bca4 ,,index ,abortion caus$ by lead1 #ce ,absorption ( lead3 cutane\s1 #be2 f lung1 #bc2 ga/ric1 #ai2 inte/9al1 #ba1 #bb2 9 liv]1 #bd2 me*anism (1 #bj2 prev5tion (1 f /oma*1 #bc ,accumulators4 ,see ,electric accumulators ,acetate ( lead1 poison+ by1 #id ,acetic acid1 solv5t action (1 on lead oxide1 #ae ,acid lemonade1 #ahe ,acidity1 ga/ric cont5ts1 #ae ,action ( lead3 on gold & silv]1 #c2 on wat]1 #c ,acute encephalopa?y1 #ed1 #ie ,acute lead poison+1 #aaj1 #aaa ,acute nephritis1 #fj1 #aca ,a]ograph+1 #bgb1 #bhj tiology ( lead poison+1 #g ,age z affect+ lead poison+1 #ce1 #bci ,akremn9 soap1 #bch ,album9ate ( lead1 prep>ation (1 #ag ,album9uria1 #abh ,album9uric ret9itis1 #afj ,alcohol3 z pr$ispos+ cause1 #cg1 #fd2 ga/ritis & plumbism1 #fd2 9 exp]im5tal poison+1 #he2 simil> effect to lead on kidney1 #aca ,alt]ation 9 blood-corpuscles 9 lead anmia1 #acc ,alt]nation ( employm5t1 #cd1 #bea ,amaurosis1 #gj1 #afj ,amblyopia1 #gf ,am5orrha1 #cf ,anmia1 #ci1 #aab1 #acb1 #acf1 #bbg2 treatm5t (1 #aij ,anemomet]s1 #bai ,antibra*ial p>alysis1 #add1 #adh ,antimony1 effect (1 on lead fume1 #aii ,appo9t$ surgeon1 #aab1 #bba ,aran-,du*5ne p>alysis1 #adi ,armit1 nickel poison+1 #aa ,ars5ic3 ,cloetta's exp]im5ts1 #bd2 excretion (1 9 fces1 #bd ,art]io-scl]osis1 #aaf ,ar?ralgia1 #ej1 #afa ,ar?ritis1 #dj ,artificial ga/ric juice1 action (1 #ag ,atrophic n]ve *anges1 #fi ,attack rate f lead poison+ 7table71 #ee ,autopsy1 po9ts to be not$ 91 #afb ,bacup epidemic1 #d ,basophile granules1 #gg1 #acc1 #ace1 #agi ,ba?s1 #bch ,blood3 action ( lead salts on1 #b2 9 lead poison+1 #gj1 #gh1 #acd1 #agi2 pressure1 #aaf1 #ahj2 vessels1 #fh1 #gj1 #ge ,blue l9e1 #abb1 #abc1 #abh1 #bbf2 exp]im5tal production (1 #da1 #abd2 f dia*ylon1 #ac ,bra*ial p>alysis1 #adh ,bra91 analysis (1 #if ,brass1 pres5ce ( lead 91 #bfc ,brasswork]s & plumbism1 #ea1 #bfc ,brea?+ exp]im5ts1 #ha ,bright's disease & lead poison+1 #fj ,burtonian l9e4 ,see ,blue l9e ,c>bon 9 lung1 #aa ,c>d sy/em1 use (1 #ahf ,c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 #fi1 #aeg2 treatm5t1 #aif ,c]ebral symptoms1 #ea1 #aeg ,c]tify+ surgeons1 reports (1 #de1 #bba ,*&eli] fitt]s1 poison+ among1 #bfd ,*annels ( lead absorption1 #h ,*emical analysis ( bra91 #ie ,*emical *>act]s ( lead salts1 #d ,*emical diagnosis1 #aff ,*emical exam9ation ( organs1 #afc ,*emi/ry ( lead1 #b ,*oroidal atrophy1 #afa ,*romate ( lead 9 y>n-dye+1 #bih ,*rome col\rs1 #bhg ,*ronic colic1 #aai ,circulatory sy/em1 #ge1 #acg ,cirrhosis ( kidney1 #gd ,coa*-pa9t+1 #bhh2 du/ 9 atmosph]e brea!d1 #bje2 leadless pa9ts1 #bij2 report$ cases f1 #bhi2 s&pap]+ 91 #bhi ,colic1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #ahh1 #aij2 diff]5tial diagnosis1 #ahh2 treatm5t (1 #ahg ,colloidal lead1 #e ,colon1 palpation (1 #abf ,col\rs1 #bhe ,comp>ative mortality1 #ei ,conjunctiva 9 lead anmia1 #acb ,con/ipation1 #aae ,copp] extraction1 plumbism 91 #bdf ,cutane\s absorption1 #be ,dea? c]tificates 9 plumbism1 #eg ,deg5]ation ( blood vessels1 #fh ,det]m9ation ( lead 9 ur9e1 #afi ,dia*ylon1 #ac ,diagnosis3 f *emical analysis1 #aff2 ( lead colic1 #abj1 #ahh ,di>rha1 #aae ,diff]5tial c\nt 9 lead anmia1 #acd1 #acg1 #ahj ,dige/ion exp]im5ts1 #af1 #ag ,dr9k = lead-work]s1 #ahf ,drugs 9 lead colic1 #ahi ,duration ( employm5t & plumbism1 #eb ,du/1 lead3 am\nt (1 9 air brea!d1 #aii1 #bjg2 *ief cause ( plumbism1 #aj2 8lay+10 difficulties (1 #aa2 rate ( settl+1 #g2 respirators =1 #bjg ,dysm5orrha1 #cf ,e>!nw>e3 & *9a1 #bgj2 attack rate1 #ef2 decorative processes1 #bgb2 du/ 9 atmosph]e1 #bjd1 #bjf2 glaze processes1 #bgb2 leadless glaze1 #bgd2 l[ solubility glaze1 #bgd2 ,pott]ies ,committee on1 recomm5dations (1 #bge2 report$ cases 9 7table71 #bga ,electric accumulators1 #bha2 report$ plumbism 91 #bhc2 v5tilation 91 #baf ,electrical reactions1 #aea1 #aec1 #aed ,electrical treatm5t1 #aid ,electro-*emical te/s1 #afh ,electrolytic e/imation ( lead1 #agd2 reactions1 #e ,enamell+ 7vitre\s71 #bgh2 a]ograph+ 91 #bhj2 use ( leadless col\rs 91 #bgh ,encephalitis1 case ( *ronic1 #ga ,encephalopa?y1 #ed1 #fh1 #ga1 #aeg ,e/imation ( lead3 9 dige/ion1 difficulties (1 #ah2 9 ur9e1 #afi1 #agj1 #age ,excretion3 ( ars5ic1 #bd2 ( lead salts1 #cb1 #abg1 #abh ,excretory sy/em1 #gb ,exhau/ v5tilation4 ,see ,v5tilation ,exp]im5tal lead poison+3 pa?ology (1 #ha2 po/-mortem f9d+s1 #ia2 symptoms1 #fi1 #hi1 #ajc ,exp]im5tal ars5ic poison+1 #bd ,exp]im5tal results1 summ>y1 #ajd ,eye *anges1 #gf1 #aej1 #aeh ,facial n]ve1 p>alysis (1 #aie ,fces3 exam9ation = lead 91 #ahb2 lead 91 #cb1 #fd ,family susceptibility1 #cj ,fans4 ,see ,v5tilation ,f>adism = p>alysis1 #aie ,file-cutt+1 #bef2 atrophy ( muscles 91 #eb1 #beg2 report$ cases 91 #beh ,file-h>d5+1 #beh2 lead fume f1 #bjj1 #bja2 use ( fus$ metallic salts =1 #beh ,=ms ( p>alysis1 #ed1 #adb ,fritt$ lead3 action ( wat] on1 #hi2 poison+1 #cd1 #ig2 solubility te/1 #ad ,fume 7lead7 9 atmosph]e brea!d1 #aih1 #bjg ,ga/ric absorption1 #ai1 #ba1 #bb ,ga/ric dige/ion1 artificial1 #ag ,ga/ric juice1 action on lead salts1 #ae1 #af ,ga/ritis 9 plumbism1 #fe ,ga/ro-inte/9al absorption1 #ab1 #ac1 #fd ,g5]aliz$ p>alysis1 #aea ,glass-cutt+1 #bhc ,glaze1 #bgb2 leadless1 #bgd2 l[ solubility1 #bgd ,g\t1 #ch ,hmatoporphyr91 #ahj1 #ahb ,hmoglob91 #aac1 #acb ,hmorrhages 9 plumbism1 #gf ,hmo/atic action ( lead salts1 #b ,hair lotions1 poison+ f1 #ac ,h>ness furniture1 t9n+ (1 #bei ,heada*e1 #abj ,heal? ,regi/]1 #bbh ,he>t1 #aci1 #aic ,he>t symptoms1 #aic ,heat1 exhau/ by1 #bjh ,hi/ological exam9ation ( lead tissues1 #afc1 #agf ,hi/ology3 ( exp]im5tal poison+1 #ib2 ( n]v\s sy/em1 #fg ,h\se-pa9t+1 #bia2 regulations =1 #bic2 report$ plumbism 91 #bia ,hunt]1 ,john1 8dry bellya*e0 f rum1 #a ,hyp]/hesia1 #afa ,immunity1 #bg1 #bi1 #aac ,incipi5t symptoms1 #aab1 #bbb ,india-rubb]1 manufacture (1 #cja ,inhalation exp]im5ts 7table71 #aja ,inoculation exp]im5ts1 #hc1 #hh1 #ii ,in/ruction ( work]1 #bdj ,int]/itial nephritis1 #acj ,inte/9al absorption1 #bb1 #id ,inte/9al /a9+1 #ba1 #id1 #abe ,iod9e 9 plumbism1 #aib ,ionization 9 p>alysis1 #aie ,iron drums1 t9n+ (1 #bfj ,italians & lead poison+1 #cj ,kidney3 *anges1 #gc1 #gd1 #abi2 excretion ( lead by1 #abh2 int]/itial hmorrhages1 #acj ,lactic acid1 solv5t action (1 #ae ,l>ge inte/9e & lead absorption1 #ba ,lavatories1 #bce1 #bch ,lead3 comp\nds1 #g2 fume & du/ 9 atmosph]e1 #aih-bjg2 9 ur9e1 #abi1 #afg2 melt+-po9t1 #b1 #aii ,lead b$ 9 file-cutt+1 #beg ,lead burn+1 #bfb2 9 electric accumulators1 #bhc ,lead *loride 9 t9n+1 #bjj ,lead du/3 m9imal toxic dose1 #ca1 #bjg2 rate ( settl+1 #g2 size ( p>ticles1 #ab ,lead fume 9 t9n+1 #bjb ,lead oxide1 dang] f skimm+1 #bjj ,lead pip+1 #bea ,lead poison+3 acute1 #aaj2 mortality1 #eg2 entry ( poison1 #h ,lead silicate1 #cd ,lead smelt+3 & silv] ref9+1 #bdb2 analysis ( fumes 91 #bdf2 cupellation process1 #bdf2 ,hunt+don-,heb]le9 process1 #bdc2 9 bla/ furnace1 #bdc2 ,p>kes's process1 #bdd2 ,patt9son process1 #bde2 report$ plumbism1 #bdh ,leadless glaze1 #bgd ,leadless pa9ts1 #bia ,lead salts3 action on blood1 #b2 action ( ga/ric juice on1 #af1 #ag ,lemonade1 sulphuric acid1 #ahe ,lett]press pr9t+4 ,see ,pr9t+ ,li?>ge1 manufacture (1 #bej ,li?opone1 #bia1 #bib ,li?o-transf]s1 #bgg ,liv]1 absorption by1 #bd ,loss ( fat 9 plumbism1 #aab ,lumbago1 #aae1 #aib ,lung3 absorption by1 #ih2 phagocytic absorption ( lead1 #bc ,meal-rooms1 requirem5ts (1 #bcd ,me*anism ( lead absorption1 #bj ,m$ical exam9ation1 p]iodical1 #aae1 #bba-bbi ,m$ical ,heal? ,regi/]1 #bbh ,m$ical practition]s & notification1 #dd ,melt+-po9t ( lead1 #b1 #aii ,m5orrhagia1 #cf ,m5tal symptoms1 #aad1 #aba1 #aeh ,metallic capsules1 #big ,metallic ta/e1 #abg ,micro-*emical te/s1 #afg ,molt5 lead1 contact )1 #big ,mortality figures1 #ei ,motor-c>s4 ,see ,coa*-pa9t+ ,muscles p>alyz$ 9 exp]im5tal poison+1 #add ,muscul> sy/em1 affections (1 #aad-afa ,nephritis1 #aib ,n]v\s symptoms1 #ff1 #fg1 #adj2 treatm5t1 #aic ,neuritis1 p]iph]al1 #ff1 #fg ,nickel c>bonyl poison+ via lung1 #aa ,normal lead1 #cc ,notification ( plumbism1 #dd dema ( bra91 #aei ,olive oil 9 colic1 #ahi ,oph?almoscopic exam9ation1 #afj ,oral sepsis1 #ch ,orange *rome1 #bii ,organic mixtures1 lead 91 #agc ,organic comp\nds ( lead1 #e ,organs ( g5]ation1 effect on1 #cf ,ov]alls & head cov]+s1 #bcj ,oxides ( lead1 #c1 #bdi ,pa9t]s & lead poison+1 #ajg4 ,see also ,h\se-pa9t+ ,pa9ts3 & col\rs1 manufacture (1 #bhe2 leadless1 #bi1 #bia ,pancreatic dige/ion1 action (1 #ag ,p>alysis3 9 animals1 #ad2 electrical reactions 91 #aha2 =ms (1 #fd1 #ff1 #adb2 g5]al1 #aea2 9 file-cutt]s1 #aeb2 insidi\s onset (1 #aad2 ( special s5se organs1 #aej2 prognosis (1 #aig2 /ati/ics (1 #ec ,p>otitis1 #abg ,pa?ology ( lead poison+1 #fb 8,p5t>comb0 exhau/1 #bag1 #bed ,peptonate ( lead1 #ah ,peptone1 solv5t action (1 #ai ,p]ambulators1 pa9t+ (1 #bij ,p]ihepatitis1 #bfd ,p]iph]al neuritis1 #bff ,p]itonitis1 saturn9e1 #fe ,p]oneal p>alysis1 #adi ,phagocytosis ( lead p>ticles1 #bj ,ph?isis3 9 pr9t+1 #bef2 n a sequela1 #fj ,physiology ( dige/ion1 #af ,plumb+1 #bfa ,plumbism1 report$ cases 7#aijj-aiji71 #df1 #dg ,plumbo-solv5cy ( wat]1 #d ,porcela9 enamell+1 #bgh ,po/-mortem signs1 #ia1 #afa ,potassium iodide1 action (1 #cb1 #aia ,pott]y4 ,see ,e>!nw>e ,pr$ispos+ causes1 #cf1 #db ,presaturn9e /ate1 #ahd ,prev5tive measures3 age ( employm5t1 #bci2 ba?s1 #bch2 cloakroom1 #bca2 exhau/ v5tilation1 #bjg2 floors1 #bdj2 food1 #hf2 head cov]+s1 #bca2 in/ruction ( work]1 #bdj2 meal-room1 #bcd2 ov]alls1 #bcj2 p]iodical exam9ation1 #bba2 sep>ation ( processes1 #bci2 wa%+ accommodation1 #bce ,pr9t+3 compositors' "w1 #bee2 l9otype ma*9e1 #bjj1 #baa1 #bag1 #bec2 report$ cases f1 #beb2 /]eo-ca/+1 #bed2 type-ca/+1 #beb ,prodromal symptoms3 ( colic1 #aah2 ( p>alysis1 #ada ,prognosis 9 lead poison+1 #aig ,progressive sp9al muscul> atrophy1 #fh ,pulse-rate1 alt]ation (1 #gf1 #aae1 #aah ,purgatives 9 lead colic1 #ahh ,putty p[d]1 #bhc ,pyorrha alveol>is z pr$ispos+ cause1 #dj1 #abd ,qualitative te/s1 #aff ,quantitative e/imation ( lead1 #agj ,reactions ( deg5]ation1 #aeb ,r$ lead3 manufacture (1 #bdi2 report$ attacks 91 #bdi ,relative toxic dose ( lead comp\nds1 #aje ,repairs 9 factory z cause ( plumbism1 #aj ,respirators1 ineffici5cy (1 #bag ,respiratory absorption1 #i ,rheumatic pa9s1 #aba1 #afa1 #aib ,safes1 pa9t+ (1 #bij ,saliv>y gl&s & excretion ( lead1 #abe 8,selective0 action ( lead on n]ves1 #adg ,sequel ( lead poison+1 #eg1 #fj ,sex z affect+ susceptibility1 #ce ,%eet lead1 #bda ,%ipbuild+1 #bie2 report$ plumbism1 #bie ,%ot-mak+1 #bih ,silicates ( lead1 #cd ,silv] ref9+4 ,see ,lead smelt+ ,size ( p>ticles ( lead comp\nds1 #ab1 #cd ,sk91 col\r (1 #acb ,smelt+ ( lead4 ,see ,lead smelt+ ,sol> plexus1 #fe ,sold]+1 #bfa ,solubility3 ( lead salts1 #e1 #ae1 #af1 #ag2 te/ = fritt$ lead1 #ad ,solv5t action ( peptone1 #ai ,spa/ic p>aplegia1 #fh ,spiegeleis51 poison+ 9 manufacture (1 #bdf ,spr+ temp]+1 fume f1 #bja1 #bif ,/a9$-glass pa9t+1 #bhe ,/ati/ics ( plumbism1 #dd1 #de ,susceptibility1 #bg ,tape measures1 pa9t+ (1 #bij ,tea lead1 #bea ,temp]ature 9 lead poison+1 #aah ,temp]+ files1 #bjj ,t]ne plates1 #bfj ,te/s = lead1 #afg ,tetrame?yl diph5yl te/1 #afi ,?orpe te/1 #bge ,tiles4 ,see ,e>!nw>e ,t9n+3 ( holl[-w>e1 #bei2 ( h>ness furniture1 #bei2 ( irondrums1 #bfj2 du/ 91 #bjc2 lead *loride fume 91 #bjb-bjc2 repeat$ attacks 91 #bfa ,tol]ance ( lead1 #bh1 #aac ,toxic dose3 ( lead acetate1 #aaj2 ( lead c>bonate1 #aaj2 ( lead du/1 #ca1 #bjg2 ( fritt$ lead du/1 #hh1 #ig2 ( :ite-lead du/1 #he ,treatm5t ( acute lead poison+1 #aaa1 #ahd ,tremor1 #adb1 #aef ,turp5t9e poison+1 exp]im5tal1 #ajh ,type metal1 #bjb ,ur9e3 acidity1 #aha2 *emical exam9ation (1 #ahj2 det]m9ation ( lead 91 #afg2 lead 91 #cb1 #gc1 #afi2 phosphates1 #aha ,vaso-motor *anges1 #fe1 #gf1 #adj ,v5tilation 7exhau/71 #bjg-bbj2 by fans1 #baj2 by heat1 #bjh2 compos+ boxes1 #bee2 ess5tial po9ts1 #bjh2 9 e>!nw>e1 #bgc2 9 electric accumulators1 #baf1 #bhb2 9 enamell+1 #bgh2 9 glass-cutt+1 #bhd2 9 india-rubb]1 #cjb2 9 lead smelt+1 #bde2 9 li?>ge1 #bea2 9 pa9ts1 #bae1 #bhf2 9 pr9t+ f\ndry1 #bed2 9 r$ lead1 #bej2 9 spelt]1 #bdi2 9 t9n+1 #bei2 9 vacuum clean+1 #bah2 9 :ite lead1 #bad1 #bfh2 9 y>n-head+1 #cjj2 smoke-te/1 #bah ,volatility ( lead1 #b ,wa%+ accommodation1 #bce ,wa/+ 9 lead poison+1 #aac1 #aae1 #ade ,wat]1 action on lead1 #c1 #d ,:ite lead3 ,brimsd[n process1 #bfi2 casual lab\r 91 #bfi2 cause ( dang]s 91 #bff2 *amb] process1 #bfh2 dim9ution 9 report$ cases1 #bgj2 ,dut* process1 #bfe2 precipitation process1 #bfi2 v5tilation 91 #bad ,works' m$ic9es1 #ahe ,wri/-drop4 ,see ,p>alysis ,y>n-dye+ ) *romate ( lead1 #bih ,z9c3 action on kidney1 #acj2 pa9ts1 #bib1 #bid ,,bill+ ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,guild=d ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! text us$ 9 ?is docum5t is ! "o us$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,9 p>ticul>1 non-,engli% words & phrases & titles & au?or names ( ref]5ces1 & summations & o!r calculations 9 tables h n be5 correct$1 unless m5tion$ bel[4 ,table numb]+ 7or ! lack !re(7 has n be5 /&>dis$4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ to read ?is text & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,page #a1 #f3 ,/ockhus5 is probably an error = ,/ockhaus54 ,page #ch1 ! ref]5ce to ,goadby#ac po9ts to a publication by ,g>rod4 ,page #eb3 hyp]!n> em95ce may be an error = hypo!n> em95ce4 ,page #fd1 444 se recontrant d'une manire diffuse 4443 possibly an error = 444 se r5contrant d'une manire diffuse 4444 ,page #gj1 bottom r[ ( ,table ,,ix3 possibly ! fir/ column %\ld read ,av]age age at dea?4 ,page #bbj1 ,lit]ature ref]5ce #e3 !re is no footnote m>k] 9 ! text4 ,*anges made ,tables & illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs4 ,"s ( ! tables h be5 re-arrang$ or split = legibility2 ditto m>ks & ! ^w ,ditto h 9 sev]al places be5 replac$ ) ! ditto$ text4 ,"s obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,page #c3 444 mascicot & li?>ge 444 *ang$ to 444 massicot & li?>ge 4444 ,page #dg1 ,table ,,iii bottom "p3 value = #aiaa 9 ! r[ ,o!r indu/ries *ang$ f #h to #hh 7bas$ on ! totals giv574 ,page #fa1 ,footnote #b3 ,dr4 ,john ,ta?an *ang$ to ,dr4 ,john ,ta?am4 ,page #ge3 ,pfleug] *ang$ to ,pflueg]4 ,page #gf3 ,seiff]t *ang$ to ,seif]t4 ,page #gi1 ref]5ces #af & #bg3 ,bleilhnung *ang$ to ,bleilhmung2 ref]5ce #di3 les ,maladies du ,pois et ,re9s *ang$ to les ,maladies du ,foie et des ,re9s4 ,page #hh3 eutetic entangl+ *ang$ to eutectic entangl+4 ,page #acg3 ,! footnote "u second table 7,furniture-,mak]s--,s&-,pap]]s7 has be5 copi$ to "u ! fir/ table 7on ,lead ,sulphate ,work]s7 = cl>ity4 ,page #aea3 ,electrical ,reactions4 *ang$ to ,electrical ,reactions4 ,page #afi3 magnese *ang$ to manganese4 ,page #bbj3 ,lecl]e de ,pulligny *ang$ to ,lecl]c de ,pulligny4