,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,bold text display$ z3 bold ,,pitman',s ,,te*nical ,,prim] ,,s]ies ,edit$ by ,r4 ,e4 ,,neale1 ,b4,sc41 ,hons4 7,lond47 ,a4,c4,g4,i41 ,a4,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,,pneumatic ,,convey+ ,,pitman',s ,,te*nical ,,prim]s ,edit$ by ,r4 ,e4 ,,neale1 ,b4,sc4 7,hons471 ,a4,c4,g4,i41 ,a4,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,9 ea* book ( ! s]ies ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( "s sub-division ( eng9e]+ te*nology are treat$ 9 a practical mann]1 provid+ ! /ud5t ) a h&y survey ( ! p>ticul> bran* ( te*nology ) :i* he is conc]n$4 ,ea* #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,locomotive4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,ahrons1 ,m4,i4,me*4,e4 ,,belts ,,= ,,p[] ,,transmission4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,dunkley1 ,b4,sc4 ,,wat]-,,p[] ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,f4 ,f4 ,,f]gusson1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,,photographic ,,te*nique4 ,by ,l4 ,j4 ,,hibb]t1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,,hydro-,,electric ,,developm5t4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,me>es1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,,! ,,electrification ,,( ,,railways4 ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,,trewman1 ,m4,a4 ,,cont9u\s-,,curr5t ,,armature ,,w9d+4 ,by ,f4 ,m4 ,,d5ton4 ,,municipal ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,h4 ,,p]cy ,,b\lnois1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,,f\ndrywork4 ,by ,,b5 ,,%aw & ,,james ,,edg>4 ,,patt]nmak+4 ,by ,,b5 ,,%aw & ,,james ,,edg>4 ,,! ,,electric ,,furnace4 ,by ,,frank ,j4 ,,m(fett1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,,small ,,s+le-,,phase ,,trans=m]s4 ,by ,e4 ,t4 ,,pa9ton1 ,b4,sc4 ,,pneumatic ,,convey+4 ,by ,e4 ,g4 ,,phillips1 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,a4,m4,i4,me*4,e4 ,,boil] ,,inspection ,,& ,,ma9t5ance4 ,by ,r4 ,,clayton4 ,,electricity ,,9 ,,/eel ,,works4 ,by ,w4 ,,macf>lane1 ,b4,sc4 ,,mod]n ,,c5tral ,,/ations4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,m>%all1 ,b4,sc4 ,,/eam ,,locomotive ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,ma9t5ance4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,ahrons1 ,m4,i4,me*4,e41 ,m4,i4,loco4,e4 ,,high ,,t5sion ,,swit*ge>4 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,,poole1 ,b4,sc41 ,a4,c4,g4,i4 ,,high ,,t5sion ,,swit*bo>ds4 ,by ! ,same ,au?or4 ,,p[] ,,factor ,,correction4 ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,clayton1 ,b4,sc41 ,a4,k4,c4 ,,tool ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,sett+4 ,by ,p4 ,,gates4 ,,tidal ,,p[]4 ,by ,a4 ,,/rub51 ,o4,b4,e41 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,,sew]s ,,& ,,sew]age4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,:yatt1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,m4,r4,s4,i4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,illum9at+ ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,a4 ,p4 ,,trott]1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,,coal-,,cutt+ ,,ma*9]y4 ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,eag>1 ,m4,in/4,m94,e4 ,,gr9d+ ,,ma*9es ,,& ,,_! ,,use4 ,by ,t4 ,r4 ,,%aw1 ,m4,i4,me*4,e4 ,,electro-,,deposition ,,( ,,copp]4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,d5ny1 ,a4,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,,directive ,,wireless ,,telegraphy4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,walt]1 ,m4,a4 ,,te/+ ,,( ,,cont9u\s-,,curr5t ,,ma*9es4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,sc41 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,,electrical ,,transmission ,,( ,,en]gy4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,?ornton1 ,d4,sc4 ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,valves ,,& ,,valve ,,ge>4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,ahrons1 ,m4,i4,me*4,e4 ,,me*anical ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,goods4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,woodfield4 ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,p[] ,,alcohol4 ,by ,r4 ,c4 ,,f>m]1 ,d4,sc4 ,,position ,,& ,,direction ,,f9d+4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,walt]1 ,m4,a41 ,a4,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,,high ,,t5sion ,,trans=m]s4 ,by ,w4 ,t4 ,,taylor1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,,london3 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece ,,intake ,,end ,,( ,,pneumatic ,,conveyor4 ,adju/able to foll[ rise & fall ( vessel on tidal wat]s4 ,,pneumatic ,,convey+ ,a ,,concise ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples1 ,,me?ods ,,& ,,applications ,,( ,,pneumatic ,,conveyance ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,convey+ ,,& ,,elevat+ ,,( ,,heavy ,,solid ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,eng9e]s1 ,,works ,,manag]s1 ,,& ,,/ud5ts ,,by ,e4 ,g4 ,,phillips ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,a4,m4,i4,,me*4,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pitman',s ,,te*nical ,,prim]s ,,london ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,,p>k] ,,/reet1 ,,k+sway1 ,w4,c4#b ,,ba?1 ,,melb\rne1 ,,toronto1 ,,new ,,york #aiba ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,,ba?1 ,,engl& ,,preface ,pneumatic ,convey+ has rec5tly attract$ great & widespread int]e/ among/ eng9e]s & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! economical h&l+ ( mat]ials4 ,! in=mation hi!rto available on ! subject has1 h[ev]1 be5 s meagre & s indef9ite t ! au?or (f]s ?is concise treatm5t ( pr9ciples1 me?ods & applications 9 ord] t ^? :o are anxi\s to avail !mselves ( ?is flexible means ( transportation may "k j h[1 & :y1 x is wor?y ( _! att5tion4 ,! high co/ ( lab\r1 c\pl$ ) ! desire to improve ! condition ( ! work] :o has _h to "w 9 a du/-lad5 atmosph]e ( an objectionable1 or ev5 poison\s nature1 w create su* a dem& = pneumatic convey+ plant t pres5t day me?ods ( transportation w be revolutioniz$ 9 _m bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,! au?or has _h ?ree ye>s' exp]i5ce ) "o ( ! fir/ pneumatic plants erect$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 = use ) coal1 a%es1 & flue du/1 & he has conduct$ num]\s exp]im5ts on o!r mat]ials1 su* z s&1 oxide1 potatoes1 v>i\s *emicals1 etc41 & has endeav\r$ to add 8 quota to ! in=mation available = ! b5efit ( o!r eng9e]s & works manag]s4 ,exp]im5ts prov$ t ) c]ta9 mat]ials ! dis*>g] 0 ! weak l9k 9 ! *a91 z wet /icky mat]ials ent]+ at a high velocity 8pack$0 tight & w\ld n dis*>ge freely4 ,?is l$ to exp]im5ts :i*1 ) ! valuable assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,cl>ke1 ,a4,m4,i4,e4,e41 result$ 9 ov]com+ ?is difficulty by means :i* are describ$ fully 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,no attempt has be5 made to g fully into ! que/ions ( dome/ic vacuum clean]s1 remov+ du/ f manufactur+ processes1 etc4 ,! *ief aim has be5 r to br+ into prom95ce ! flexibility & o!r advantages ( mov+ air z a means ( convey+ & elevat+ heavy solid mat]ials :i* hi!rto x has be5 ?\ght c\ld n be h&l$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! au?or gladly ackn[l$ges ! int]e/ & in=mation giv5 by ! foll[+ firms & individuals ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,cl>ke1 ,a4,m4,i4,e4,e42 ,messrs4 ,a%well ,nesbit2 ,boby1 ,ltd42 ,h4 ,j4 ,h4 ,k+ ,co41 ,ltd42 ,! ,lamson ,/ore ,s]vice ,co42 & ! ,/urtevant ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,ltd4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,phillips4 ,,nott+ham4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,,preface vii ,i4 ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,applications ,,( ,,pneumatic ,,convey+ #a ,,ii4 ,,details ,,( ,,plant--,,pumps1 ,,exhau/]s ,,& ,,air ,,filt]s #aj ,,iii4 ,,details ,,( ,,plant 7,,contd47--,,dis*>g]s1 ,,pipe ,,l9es ,,& ,,suction ,,nozzles #bh ,,iv4 ,,typical ,,in/allations ,,= ,,gra9 #de ,v4 ,,pneumatic ,,coal ,,h&l+ ,,plants #ed ,,vi4 ,,! ,,induction ,,conveyor #fb ,,vii4 ,,/eam ,,jet ,,conveyors #gb ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,applications ,,( ,,pneumatic ,,convey+ #hj ,,bibliography #aje ,,index #ajg ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page ,intake end ( ,pneumatic ,conveyor1 ) rise & fall adju/m5t ,frontispiece #a4 ,k+'s pneumatic sy/em4 ,/eam-driv5 air pump #ab #b4 ,/urtevant rot>y bl[] #ag #c4 ,na% 8,hydro-,turbo0 exhau/] #ai #d4 ,/urtevant 8,cyclone0 du/ sep>ator #ba #e4 ,automatic bag filt] #bc #f4 ,moll]s' air filt] #bd #g4 ,/urtevant wet filt] #bf #h4 ,fix$ dis*>g] ) glass receiv] #cj #i4 ,/urtevant pat5t junction #cc #aj4 ,c\rse tak5 by mat]ial r\nd b5d #ce #aa4 ,segm5t-back b5d #ce #ab4 ,lob/] b5d #ce #ac4 ,k+ full-way junction valve #cg #ad4 ,suction nozzles = high pressure sy/ems #dj #ae4 ,/urtevant equipm5t remov+ wood refuse f d\ble t5on+ ma*9e #da #af4 ,/urtevant equipm5t remov+ du/ f s& pap]+ ma*9es #db #ag1 #ah4 ,anci5t & ,mod]n #df #ai4 ,typical gra9-h&l+ plant #dg #bj4 ,float+ pneumatic transport plant #di #ba4 ,portable pneumatic plant on railway truck #ej #bb4 ,portable railway plant 9 op]ation #eb #bc4 ,pneumatic unload+ ( coal #ee #bd4 ,dis*>g] = coal convey+ plant #eg #be4 ,brady /eam jet a% conveyor #ge #bf4 ,typical ,lamson int]-communication c>ri] #hb #bg4 ,tube c5tral 9 :olesale drug h\se #hg #bh4 ,lamson di/ribut+ /ation #hh #bi4 ,/ation>y turbo-exhau/] ) du/ sep>ator #ia #cj4 ,portable turbo-exhau/] #ia #ca4 ,suction clean+ = railway c>riage cu%ions #ic #cb4 ,/urtevant equipm5t = (fice clean+ #ic #cc1 #cd4 ,air-lift pump+ #ih ,,pneumatic ,,convey+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,applications ,,( ,,pneumatic ,,convey+ ,convey+ by me*anical means has exi/$ = _m c5turies1 & is "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( man's +5uity t[>ds lab\r sav+ z we "k x to-day4 ,! pneumatic conveyance ( mat]ials f "o position to ano!r1 ei!r horizontally or v]tically1 is ! mo/ rec5t =m ( automatic h&l+ ( solid sub/ances4 ,g5esis & ,applications ( ,pneumatic ,convey+4 ,! ne$ ( wat] = human consumption & = irrigation purposes caus$ ! anci5t inv5tor to c>ry out ne>ly all 8 exp]im5ts ) t sub/ance1 & ! fir/ in/ance we h ( any?+ approa*+ pneumatic convey+ is ! well kn[n injector 9 :i* /eam is pass$ ?r\gh "o pipe1 plac$ at "r angles to a second pipe1 at su* a velocity z to r$uce ! pressure 9 ! second pipe to bel[ ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! excess ( atmosph]ic pressure ov] ! r$uc$ pressure 9 ! second pipe !n drives up ! latt] ! mat]ial 79 ?is case wat]7 9 :i* ! end ( ! pipe is subm]g$4 ,?is inv5tion is ab\t a c5tury old1 if x emanat$ f ! ,m>quis ,mammonry d',eclet1 9 #ahah1 z is usually believ$4 ,! fir/ practical application ( ?is inv5tion to o!r ?an liquid mat]ials is suppos$ to h be5 9 connection ) ! convey+ ( cotton 9 a loose =m1 z an improvem5t ^u ! manual %ift+ ( l>ge bales4 ,?is developm5t 0 made ab\t #ahfg1 & aft] ?is date great progress 0 made1 pr9cipally 9 connection ) ! h&l+ ( gra91 :eat1 malt1 etc41 & l>gely ow+ to ! "w ( an ,am]ican nam$ ,a4 ,k4 ,williams4 ,at ! pres5t day x is h>dly possible to enum]ate all ! successful s*emes = ! pneumatic h&l+ ( mat]ials4 ,9 addition to in/allations = ! conveyance ( mat]ials su* z ^? m5tion$ above is ! pneumatic tube1 = convey+ pap]s1 messages & ca% 9 (fices & betwe5 %op c\nt] & ca% desk1 etc4 ,also1 !re is ! suction clean]1 rang+ 9 application f ! h&l+ ( refuse & du/ f saw mills & woodwork+ ma*9]y to ! removal ( f9e abrasive & poison\s p>ticles 9 c]ta9 manufactur+ processes4 ,small suction clean]s are1 ( c\rse1 n[ q famili> dome/ic appliances4 ,! s&-bla/+ ma*9e is really ano!r example ( a self conta9$ pneumatic conveyor on a small scale4 ,a%es1 coal1 oranges1 sug>1 *emicals1 sp5t oxide1 iron ore1 sp5t tann+ b>k1 & _m o!r mat]ials are n[ actually transport$1 elevat$ or convey$ pneumatically1 & x mu/ "h be ackn[l$g$ t ! fir/ really successful plant 9 ?is c\ntry 0 due entirely to ! initiative & inv5tive g5ius ( ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,eliot ,duckham1 late ,*ief ,eng9e] to ! ,millwall ,dock ,co41 :o 9 #ahhh comm5c$ exp]im5ts 9 gra9-h&l+ by suction4 ,9 #ahib he produc$ a v successful float+ plant = unload+ %ips into l& silos1 & ?is in/allation 0 ! prototype ( _m simil> plants :i* 7 plac$ 9 commission all ov] ! _w4 ,_m improvem5ts h be5 c>ri$ out & num]\s pat5ts issu$ = pneumatic h&l+ app>atus1 b ! orig9al s*eme z design$ by ,mr4 ,duckham has nev] be5 dep>t$ f s]i\sly4 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples & ,compon5ts4 ,! pneumatic conveyance ( mat]ials along pipes is mo/ easily und]/ood :5 ! equipm5t is consid]$ z a pump produc+ a high velocity /ream ( air 9 :i* ! mat]ial to be transport$ is float+1 & ) :i* x is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! pipe sy/em4 ,x is necess>y fully to und]/& ?is1 z x is o!rwise difficult to realize h[ x c be possible to lift solids at ! rate ( #ajj tons or m p] h\r1 sev]al hundr$ feet up a pipe 9 :i* ! vacuum does n exce$ ab\t #g in*es m]cury column 7say1 #aa lb4 p] sq4 94 absolute74 ,a mod]n pneumatic convey+ plant ( ! suction type comprises3 7#a7 ,an exhau/]1 or an air pump1 ( ei!r ! reciprocat+ or ! rot>y type4 7#b7 ,a suction nozzle4 7#c7 ,a dis*>g]1 :]eby ! mat]ial is extract$ f ! pipe l9e at ! desir$ position1 )\t 8break+0 or los+ ! vacuum4 7#d7 ,"o or m appliances = filt]+ ! air & extract+ any =eign mat]ial :i* may h be5 c>ri$ ov] f ! dis*>g] & :i* w\ld damage ! cyl9d] walls ( ! exhau/] if all[$ to ent] ! plant4 ,x is necess>y "h to m5tion t all pneumatic convey+ is n done by exhau/+1 b frequ5tly by ! use ( pressure1 t is1 t ! air is n suck$ along ! transport l9e b is actually bl[n 9 "u pressure by fans1 air compressors1 or rot>y bl[]s1 accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,! suction sy/em is pref]able :5 x is requir$ to convey mat]ials f sev]al outly+ po9ts to "o c5tral /orage bunk] or area4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pressure sy/em is less exp5sive 9 fir/ co/1 :5 x is requir$ to transport f "o c5tral po9t to num]\s outly+ plants 9 ! area to be s]v$4 ,a comb9ation ( ! suction & pressure sy/ems is n[ be+ develop$ = ! h&l+ ( mat]ials 9 cases :]e nei!r ! 8suction0 nor ! 8bl[+0 s*eme alone c be said to be successful4 ,?is comb9$ sy/em is kn[n z ! induction sy/em & is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,advantages ov] ,me*anical ,conveyors4 ,! reasons :y pneumatic me?ods = elevat+ & convey+ are n[ receiv+ su* att5tion are to be f\nd 9 ! advantages ( pneumatic ov] me*anical convey+4 ,^! may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,economy 9 lab\r2 flexibility ( plant bo? 9 design & op]ation2 elim9ation ( du/ & its h>mful effects on ! employees2 & 9 _m in/ances ! recov]y ( du/ :i* is valuable & :i* w\ld o!rwise repres5t a s]i\s f9ancial loss4 ,we> & te> on mov+ p>ts is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,all ob/acles su* z build+s1 roads1 riv]s1 railways1 etc41 c be ov]come easily s9ce ! conveyor is 8only a pipe40 ,%\ld circum/ances n p]mit ( a /raight s+le run = su* appliances z bucket elevators1 x is usually necess>y to bag & c>t ! mat]ial f "o position to ano!r1 b ?is is avoid$ by pneumatic elevat+ & convey+1 because ! pipe c be c>ri$ up or d[n1 r\nd corn]s1 ov] or "u roads1 etc4 ,hundr$s ( in/ances /ill exi/ 9 :i* loose mat]ial 9 b>ges is %ovell$ into bags1 :i* are lift$ by an ord9>y friction hoi/ into a build+ ov] ! quay-side4 ,! sacks are :eel$ by manual lab\r into ! build+1 & empti$ into hopp]s or silos1 ! empty bags be+ l[]$ aga9 = a fur!r cycle ( op]ations4 ,?is co/ly multiple h&l+ may be obviat$ by ! erection ( a small pipe l9e :i* w automatically fe$ itself at "o end1 & dis*>ge ev5ly & cont9u\sly into ! receptacle provid$4 ,! :ole ( ! 8mov+ p>ts0 may be situat$ 9 "o position1 :i* enables !m to be c>efully inspect$1 oil$ & kept 9 repair1 etc4 ,cranes1 hoi/s1 telph]s1 & belt conveyors all h _! special sph]es ( usefulness1 b no o!r plant c claim all ! advantages ( ! pneumatic sy/em z outl9$ above4 ,pneumatic ,convey+ ,sy/ems4 ,z m5tion$ above !re are ?ree ma9 sy/ems ( pneumatic convey+1 viz4-- 7#a7 ,convey+ by air above atmosph]ic pressure4 7#b7 ,convey+ by air bel[ atmosph]ic pressure4 7#c7 ,convey+ by air above & bel[ atmosph]ic pressure1 by a comb9ation ( 7#a7 & 7#b71 kn[n z ! induction sy/em4 ,al?\gh ^! are ! ma9 head+s "u :i* ! subject may be consid]$1 !y mu/ be sub-divid$ fur!r z foll[s-- 7#a7 ,convey+ above ,atmosph]ic ,pressure4 7a7 ,l[ pressure sy/ems us+ s+le-/age c5trifugal fans1 & suitable = convey+ su* mat]ials z wool1 cotton1 b>k1 *opp$ /raw1 pap] clipp+s1 sawdu/1 %av+s1 jute1 & fibr\s mat]ials ( _m k9ds4 7b7 ,high pressure sy/ems us+ multi-/age fans & bl[]s ( ! rot>y type or positive design1 & suitable = convey+ mat]ials ( a d5s] nature su* z dry s&1 sug>1 etc41 also = pneumatic despat* tubes4 7#b7 ,air ,suction ,sy/ems4 7a7 ,l>ge pipe sy/ems us+ ord9>y /eel plate c5trifugal fans1 & appli$ to h&l+ ! wa/e products & injuri\s du/ 9 _m indu/ries1 su* mat]ials be+ sawdu/ & %av+s f woodwork+ ma*9]y2 em]y du/ f gr9d+ :eels2 du/ & l9t f poli%+ mops2 lea!r du/ f heel & sole sc\r+ plants2 />* du/ 9 confection]y works2 col\r du/ 9 works manufactur+ pigm5ts2 & bronze du/ 9 pr9t+ works4 ,_m o!r examples w no d\bt occur to ! read]4 7b7 ,small pipe sy/ems us+ multi-/age c5trifugal fans or rot>y bl[]s4 ,"u ?is section ! mo/ important plants are und\bt$ly ^? = dome/ic vacuum clean+4 ,l>ge /ation>y plants = ?is purpose are in/all$ 9 _m hotels1 (fices1 build+s1 work%ops1 !atres1 l>ge private h\ses1 etc4 7c7 ,heavy comm]cial sy/ems 9 :i* ! fan is replac$ by a reciprocat+ exhau/]1 produc+ curr5ts ( air suitable = convey+ su* mat]ials z coal1 a%es1 sug>1 lea!r tann+ b>k1 ores1 granite *ipp+s1 wood blocks1 oranges1 etc41 :i* x w\ld be impossible1 or undesirable1 to pass ?r\gh a fan4 7#c7 ,induction ,sy/em4 ,a compress$ air injector is us$ to produce a p>tial vacuum on ! suction or inlet end ( ! pipe sy/em1 & to produce a pressure above atmosph]ic at ! deliv]y end1 ?us avoid+ ! necessity = a dis*>g]4 ,?is sy/em1 :i* is suitable = use ) heavy /icky mat]ials--su* z hot sug>1 saturat$ s&1 f9ely gr\nd heavy ores1 sp5t oxide z us$ 9 gas works1 etc4--is n[ be+ develop$ s z to make possible pneumatic conveyance ( all mann] ( mat]ials :i* are unsuitable = pass+ ?r\gh ! dis*>g]1 or air lock1 ( a suction sy/em4 ,factors influ5c+ ,design4 ,9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 8pneumatic convey+0 really implies ! conveyance ( a quantity ( mat]ial f "o po9t to ano!r1 us+ air z ! convey+ ag5t4 ,z w be se5 f ! above1 ! subject also embraces ! removal ( comp>atively light du/ produc$ 9 _m indu/rial processes4 ,al?\gh ! same "n is impli$ 9 bo? cases1 ! me?ods to be adopt$ v>y1 & ea* case mu/ be consid]$ on its own m]its4 ,) reg>d to a convey+ plant prop]1 ! po9ts = consid]ation 9 ! initial /ages are z foll[s-- 7#a7 ,! nature ( ! mat]ial to be h&l$ & ! quantity requir$ 9 a giv5 "t4 7#b7 ,! size ( ! l>ge/ & smalle/ pieces ( mat]ials & ! d5sity ( ! mat]ial4 7#c7 ,! di/ance ov] :i* ! mat]ial is to be convey$4 7#d7 ,! diff]5ce 9 level betwe5 ! po9t at :i* ! mat]ial is f$ into ! sy/em1 & ! po9t :]e x is deliv]$4 7#e7 ,! me?od & regul>ity ( fe$+ ! mat]ial into ! sy/em4 7#f7 ,! means to be adopt$ = sep>at+ ! mat]ial f ! convey+ air at ! desir$ po9t ( deliv]y4 ,!re is a v important di/9ction betwe5 plants 9 :i* ! mat]ial passes ?r\gh ! fan or bl[] & ^? 9 :i* ! convey+ is c>ri$ out entirely "u suction4 ,! latt] sy/em has _m advantages1 b x c>ries ) x ! necessity ( provid+ automatic deliv]y ( ! mat]ial )\t s]i\sly impair+ ! suction4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 "s =m ( 8air lock0 is requir$1 & a necess>y feature ( ?is is a device ) close-fitt+ surfaces or m or less air-tight valves4 ,! simpl] plan is und\bt$ly to pass ! mat]ial ?r\gh ! fan1 z !re is !n no "q ( break+ ! suction 9 ord] to get ! mat]ial out ( ! sy/em4 ,x is common practice to convey = long di/ances su* mat]ials z wood *ipp+s & sawdu/1 cotton1 jute1 wool1 esp>to grass1 pap] *ipp+s & _m o!r mat]ials4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! design] is confront$ ) ! problem ( sep>at+ ! mat]ial f ! air1 & 9 _m in/ances to d ?is satisfactorily is m difficult ?an ! actual convey+2 especially is ?is s ) c]ta9 /icky mat]ials or mat]ials :i* w readily 8pack0 or build up :5 ent]+ any me*anical dis*>g] at ! high velocity necess>y 9 ! suction sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,details ,,( ,,plant ,,pumps1 ,,exhau/]s ,,& ,,air ,,filt]s ,a pneumatic convey+ plant ( practically any type comprises ! foll[+ five ma9 compon5ts3 7#a7 ,a pump or exhau/] to create a p>tial vacuum 9 ! pipe l9e & s induce a high velocity air curr5t 9 :i* ! mat]ial w be convey$4 7#b7 ,an air filt] 9 :i* any light du/ c>ri$ ov] beyond ! receiv] is trapp$1 to prev5t its ent]+ ! exhau/] :]e x w\ld quickly damage ! pi/on r+s & cyl9d] walls ( reciprocat+ pumps4 7#c7 ,a ma9 receiv] or dis*>g]1 & occasionally "o or m subsidi>y receiv]s1 9 :i* ! convey$ mat]ial is extract$ f ! sy/em & dis*>g$ into ! receptacle or on to a dump z requir$4 7#d7 ,! pipe l9e1 junctions1 etc41 to connect ! po9t ( supply ) ! desir$ po9t ( deliv]y4 7#e7 ,! suction nozzle ?r\gh :i* ! mat]ial ent]s ! sy/em1 toge!r ) ! 8free air0 :i* is to act z ! convey+ m$ium4 ,pumps & ,exhau/]s4 ,! type ( app>atus us$ = creat+ ! fl[ ( air v>ies accord+ to ! ideas ( ! num]\s mak]s ( ! plants4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t = a pump work+ "u ! conditions requir$ = pneumatic plants x is n a high vacuum t is requir$2 ! mo/ important function is to h&le v l>ge quantities ( air at a comp>atively l[ vacuum4 ,! mo/ effici5t type ( plant = deal+ ) l>ge quantities ( air is c]ta9ly ! reciprocat+ pump1 al?\gh sev]al mak]s are n[ devot+ a lot ( att5tion to ! multi-/age turb9e type ( bl[]1 or exhau/]4 ,! probability is t ?is type may %ortly be z effici5t z ! reciprocat+ pump1 & if s x is almo/ sure to be us$ ext5sively1 z x has di/9ct advantages 9 o!r directions comp>$ ) ! cyl9d] & pi/on type4 ,?is rem>k has special ref]5ce to ! high pressure sy/em = convey+ s&1 coal1 sug>1 etc41 & does n apply to ! 8small pipe sy/em0 detail$ lat]4 ,9 deal+ ) a%es1 flue du/1 cru%$ iron ore1 & simil> abrasive mat]ials1 x is ess5tial t ! air pass+ ?r\gh ! pump %\ld be filt]$ ?or\ghly s t no du/ %\ld ent] ! cyl9d]s & cut ! walls & pi/on r+s4 ,! turbo-bl[]1 hav+ no rubb+ surfaces1 w\ld suff] little or no damage f a small p]c5tage ( du/1 h5ce ! filt]+ equipm5t might be less elaborate & less co/ly4 ,no lubrication w\ld be necess>y 9 ! rot>y pump 7except1 ( c\rse1 at ! be>+s71 h5ce no difficulties w\ld arise ow+ to oil act+ z a du/ trap1 z is sometimes ! case 9 reciprocat+ pumps ) defective air filt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,k+',s ,,pneumatic ,,sy/em4 ,,/eam-,,driv5 ,,air ,,pump4 ,,key ,,to ,,fig4 #a4 ,a cyl9d] ( d\ble-act+ /eam eng9e driv+ ! :ole ma*9e4 ,b semi-rot>y valve controll+ admission ( /eam to ,a4 ,c /eam gl& = pi/on rod connect+ ,l & ,m4 ,d ,corliss-type air-inlet valves ) semi-rot>y motion4 ,^! valves are alt]nately op5 to ! pipe sy/em & ! air cyl9d] ,e :5 ! pi/on is travell+ 9 "o direction1 & are clos$ 7bo? to cyl9d] & air pipe7 directly ! pi/on rev]ses its travel4 ,e cyl9d] ( d\ble-act+ air pump4 ,f valve ge> = op]at+ ! ,corliss valves1 ,d ?is ge> is driv5 by a p9 out ( c5tre on ! fly:eel4 ,g cross-head & slide4 ,h big-end be>+ & crank4 ,i fly:eels on ! ma9 %aft4 ,j ecc5tric & /rap op]at+ ! valve1 ,b1 on ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,k lea!r air-outlet valves held on two sides by metal /rips4 ,! lea!rs are op5$ by air pressure on ! exhau/ /roke1 & are drawn on to _! gridiron seat+s dur+ ! inlet /roke4 ,l /eam pi/on4 ,m air pi/on4 ,note4--,if pref]r$1 ! /eam cyl9d] may be omitt$ & ! air pump driv5 by electric motor direct-c\pl$ or ge>$ to ! ma9 %aft4 ,belt drive on to ! fly:eels or special pulley is possible b n advisable4 ,typical ,reciprocat+ ,pump4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! g5]al con/ruction ( a v]tical /eam-driv5 air pump su* z is g5]ally us$ 9 pres5t day plants4 ,! pump %[n has a /roke ( #ad ins41 ) an air-cyl9d] diamet] ( #bh ins4 ,! ma*9e is a dry air pump1 & is fitt$ ) ,corliss inlet valves & special lea!r exhau/ valves3 x is fitt$ ) r+-oil+ be>+s & automatic cont9u\s lubrication1 & "u te/ x %[s a me*anical effici5cy ( #gh p] c5t4 f p[] input to air horse-p[] deliv]$4 ,su* a pump is suitable = a plant h&l+ #bj to #be tons p] h\r &1 if pref]r$1 ! pump may be driv5 ?r\gh ge>+ f an electric motor on ! same b$-plate4 ,rot>y ,bl[]s & ,exhau/]s4 ,! turb9e bl[] & exhau/] dep5d entirely ^u c5trifugal =ce = _! p[] to compress or exhau/ air or gas1 etc4 ,! use ( c5trifugal =ce makes ?is type ( ma*9e resemble ! c5trifugal wat]-pump1 b radical diff]5ces 9 design h to be introduc$1 see+ t wat] is n compressible1 :]eas air is capable ( compression1 & alt]ations are also necess>y1 due to ! great diff]5ce 9 specific gravity ( ! two sub/ances4 ,ow+ to ! v l[ specific gravity ( air1 ! ma*9e mu/ run at a mu* high] spe$ ?an w\ld be requir$ ) wat] to develop a giv5 pressure4 ,! high spe$ ( ! /eam turb9e has giv5 impetus to ! design ( l>ge exhau/]s on ! turb9e pr9ciple4 ,x w be recogniz$ t1 :5 air is made to fl[ /eadily along a conduit or pipe ( gradually dim9i%+ cross-sectional area1 ! velocity ( ! air mu/ increase correspond+ly1 9 ord] t ! con/ant quantity may fl[ ?r\gh ! small] section ( pipe4 ,increas+ ! velocity w dim9i% ! pressure due to ! great] k9etic en]gy to increase ! velocity4 ,! conv]se is ! result ( pass+ air at con/ant pressure ?r\gh a *annel gradually increas+ f a small] to a l>g] area1 ! velocity be+ !n r$uc$ & ! pressure increas$4 ,n[ if a numb] ( impell]s be m\nt$ turb9e fa%ion on a high spe$ %aft1 & ! cas+ be s design$ t ! area betwe5 /ages gradually increases1 ! air w ent] ! fir/ /age & w be caught up by ! impell] & accel]at$ until x leaves ,no4 #a impell] at a high] pressure & velocity4 ,leav+ ! cas+ ?r\gh a diffus] :i* gradually increases 9 area ! velocity is trans=m$ into pressure 9 ! diffus]4 ,! air !re=e travels to ! second /age ) its initial pressure plus ! pressure due to ! conv]sion ( velocity 9 ! fir/ diffus]4 ,?is process may be repeat$ /age by /age until almo/ any desir$ pressure is obta9$4 ,z !re are no rubb+ surfaces 9 ?is type ( ma*9e x is p>ticul>ly suitable = ! "w "u consid]ation1 & :5 develop$ = effici5t runn+ 9 small sizes x w be v effective 9 8boom+0 pneumatic convey+4 ,/urtevant ,bl[] or ,exhau/]4 ,! ,/urtevant ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,ltd41 has develop$ a special rot>y bl[] or exhau/] suitable = use ) pneumatic convey+ in/allations &1 al?\gh ?is ma*9e has n a wat]-seal = surfaces "u pressure 7z 9 ! ,na% ,hydro-,turbo describ$ bel[71 x has a numb] ( di/9ctive po9ts1 & ! dis*>ge ( ! air1 or ! intake ( air1 z ! case may be1 occurs at a m ne>ly con/ant pressure & ) small] pulsations ?an ) any o!r rot>y bl[] kn[n to ! writ]4 ,! sectional diagrams 7,fig4 #b7 %[ ! f\r successive /ages 9 ! movem5t ( ! rotors4 ,9 position 7#a71 *amb] ,d has be5 fill$ ) air1 :ile *amb] ,e is dis*>g+ air aga9/ pressure 9 ! deliv]y pipe4 ,9 position 7#b71 *amb] ,d is cut (f f ! inlet1 & ! air 9 x is be+ c>ri$ r\nd4 ,blade ,c has ent]$ pocket ,z1 :i* is fill$ ) air "u pressure2 ?is air1 h[ev]1 9 turn is releas$ into pocket ,y ?r\gh leakage passage ,o4 ,cont9u$ rotation c>ries ! rotors ,a1 ,b & ,c to position 7#c71 & ! rema9+ pressure 9 ,z is n[ be+ transf]r$ to ,x by leakage passage ,n4 ,z ! f\r? position is rea*$1 *amb] ,f is fill+ & pocket ,y is dis*>g+ its air4 ,:5 fur!r rotation br+s impell] blade ,b into ! dis*>ge passage1 ! air 9 space ,d w be deliv]$ f ! bl[]4 ,aft] leav+ position 7#d71 ! rotors aga9 rea* a position simil> to t %[n at 7#a71 & ! cycle is !n repeat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,/urtevant ,,rot>y ,,bl[]4 ,a /udy ( ! above w conv9ce ! read] t ?is bl[] is +5i\s & v suitable = ! class ( "w "u inve/igation4 ,= c]ta9 conditions ! ,roots bl[] & ! multif>i\s types ( drum pumps or bl[]s c be us$1 see+ t x is quantity r ?an pressure t is requir$1 b x is ess5tial t ! mo/ reliable & effici5t exhau/] %\ld be in/all$ 9 accordance ) ! conditions = ea* in/allation1 be>+ 9 m9d always ! que/ions ( du/1 spe$1 lubrication1 etc4 ,na% ,hydro-,turb9e4 ,an entirely new type ( rot>y exhau/] 0 rec5tly illu/rat$ 9 ! ,*emical ,age1 & a /udy ( ,fig4 #c w %[ ! pr9ciple ( ?is pump4 ,?is pump 0 built j be=e ! w> by ,messrs4 ,siem5s-,s*uck]t1 & simil> pumps are n[ be+ introduc$ by ! ,na% ,eng9e]+ ,co4 7,u4,s4,a471 & are kn[n z ! ,na% ,hydro-,turb9e4 ,?is exhau/] has a cyl9droid ext]nal cas+1 inside :i* is a %aft c>ri$ on ! two end brackets & hav+ m\nt$ ^u x a crude type ( wat]-:eel4 ,x %\ld be not$ "h t ?is arrangem5t has ! effect ( br++ ! edges ( ! :eel into a position ( ecc5tricity 9 relation to ! inside ( ! ext]nal cas+4 ,! :eel %aft is connect$ directly to a high spe$ electric motor1 & :5 ! pump is runn+ ! wat] :i* is f$ into ! cas+ is ?r[n by c5trifugal =ce to ! p]iph]y ( ! cas+ & ?us =ms c]ta9 air pockets into :i* ! air ( ! sy/em is drawn4 ,! air is n[ lock$ betwe5 ! hub ( ! :eel & ! %eet ( wat] surr\nd+ ! outside ( ! :eel4 ,z ! :eel revolves1 ! air 9 ea* pocket 9 turn is compress$ into a small] capacity & ev5tually1 :5 x arrives opposite ! outlet po9t1 x at once escapes into ! atmosph]e due to its additional pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,na% 8,,hydro-,,turbo0 ,,exhau/]4 ,trac+ ! :eel "r r\nd we !n f9d t ano!r pocket is =m$ into :i* ! air is aga9 suck$1 & s ! cycle ( op]ations cont9ues1 two compressions & extractions occurr+ p] revolution ( ! sp9dle4 ,= _m mat]ials su* a pump has ! great advantage t ! wat] acts z a wet filt] & traps all ! du/ 9 susp5sion :i* c be wa%$ out 9 ! =m ( sludge4 ,:]e ! du/ is valuable ?is *>act]i/ic w\ld be a disadvantage1 b x is v useful 9 plants deal+ ) corrosive & abrasive mat]ials4 ,lubrication4 ,! lubrication ( cyl9d]s 9 ! reciprocat+ type ( pump has be5 m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! necessity = tak+ special c>e 9 filt]+ all du/ f ! air pull$ ov] f ! dis*>g]4 ,ord9>y oil makes a /icky surface to :i* any du/ adh]es readily1 & ! two comb9$ make an abrasive mixture :i* w quickly score & damage ! walls ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,"o firm1 at lea/1 has gone a long way t[>ds remov+ ?is tr\ble by ins]t+ pieces ( solid graphite into ! pi/on3 ?is provides dry lubrication & produces a v smoo? surface on :i* du/ f9ds great difficulty 9 obta9+ a 8foot+40 ,! use ( 8,aquadag0 is also fairly successful3 ?is lubricant consi/s ( deflocculat$ graphite 9 su* v f9e p>ticles t !y w rema9 9 susp5sion 9 wat] ev5 )\t me*anical agitation4 8,aquadag0 is f$ into ! cyl9d]s 9 ! same way z oil & deposits its graphite 9 ! pores ( ! cyl9d] walls1 :il/ ! wat] is atomiz$ & bl[n out ) ! air4 ,! turb9e exhau/] solves ! problem by elim9at+ ! necessity = int]nal lubrication1 & ! p]fect filt]+ ( ! air is !n n s important4 ,air ,filt]s4 ,x is impossible to deal ) practically any granul> mat]ial )\t c>ry+ ov] m or less du/ beyond ! dis*>g]1 & to obviate ! damage & inconv5i5ce :i* w\ld result f all[+ ?is to ent] ! exhau/]1 an air filt] is fitt$ betwe5 ! dis*>g] & ! pump4 ,_m types ( air filt]s h be5 introduc$1 & repres5tative examples are describ$ bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,/urtevant 8,,cyclone0 ,,du/ ,,sep>ator4 8,cyclone0 ,sep>ators4 ,= su* mat]ials z gra91 malt1 etc41 ! ord9>y type ( cyclone sep>ator is frequ5tly m\nt$ inside ! receiv]4 ,?is sep>ator consi/s ( an inv]t$ cone3 ! du/ lad5 air ent]s at ! top & ! heavy mat]ial circulates inside1 & gradually falls to ! bottom f :i* x is dis*>g$ into suitable conta9]s 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,! cyclone is an excell5t sep>ator1 & has ! advantage t x is self-clean+1 & (f]s little or no resi/ance to ! fl[ ( air1 b s l>ge a cone w\ld be requir$ to sep>ate v f9e du/s t x frequ5tly becomes impossible to use ?is type ( plant4 ,bag ,filt]s4 ,an alt]native type ( air filt] is ! ord9>y bag filt]1 :i* consi/s ( a numb] ( closely wov5 fabric 8/ock+s0 9 a ca/ iron conta9]4 ,! air is l$ into ! cas+ s t x passes d[n ?r\gh ! inside ( ! tubes1 ?r\gh ! fabric1 :]e x deposits ! great] proportion ( ! du/1 & !n out to ! atmosph]e4 ,naturally1 aft] work+ a c]ta9 p]iod1 ! fabric becomes *ok$ ) deposit$ du/1 & x is !n necess>y to dislodge ! du/ by %ak+ ! 8/ock+0 some:at viol5tly4 ,?is is usually c>ri$ out by a me*anically op]at$ vibrat+ app>atus1 b clean+ is done m effectively & "t is sav$ if ! air is %ut (f f ! filt] :ile ! du/ is dislodg$4 ,?is is done mo/ conv5i5tly by hav+ two simil> filt]s in/all$1 work+ 9 p>allel2 !n1 :5 clean+ becomes necess>y1 all ! air is pass$ ?r\gh ea* filt] 9 turn1 :il/ ! o!r is clean$4 ,! bags or tubes hang v]tically 9 ! cas+1 & z ! air is br\ght 9 at ! top & dis*>g$ 9 a d[nw>d v]tical direction1 x naturally dis*>ges ! heavi] mat]ial /raight into ! bottom ( ! cas+1 ow+ to ! in]tia ( ! heavy p>ticles & ! high velocity ( ! incom+ air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,automatic ,,bag ,,filt]4 ,%[+ filt] bags ?r\gh ! op5 access doors ,fig4 #e illu/rates a ,/urtevant automatic bag filt]4 ,9 ?is case ! air is br\ght 9 at ! bottom4 ,! clean+ ( ! bags is effect$ automatically4 ,at frequ5t int]vals & 9 rotation1 ea* section ( bags is cut (f automatically f ! supply ( du/-lad5 air by clos+ ! outlet valve ( t section4 ,at ! same "t1 t section is op5$ to ! atmosph]e at ! top1 caus+ a rev]se curr5t ( air d[nw>ds4 ,! bags are !n agitat$ automatically & ! du/ adh]+ to ! fabric drops1 & is bl[n into ! dis*>ge hopp] bel[4 ,! op5+ & clos+ ( ! valves is accompli%$ by a simple me*anism driv5 by ! pulley %[n at ! top ( ! illu/ration4 ,:]e ! am\nt ( du/ to be h&l$ is l>ge & cont9u\s x c be extract$ f ! hopp] by a worm or screw conveyor1 or1 z 9 "s o!r patt]ns1 by a rot>y valve plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! hopp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,moll]s' ,,air ,,filt]4 ,moll]s' ,air ,filt]4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( sep>ate fabric pockets m\nt$ on a frame4 ,! pockets are rectangul> & tap] t[>ds ! top4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #f1 ,a is ! frame on :i* ! fabric is /ret*$1 & ,b is ! fabric pocket4 ,z _m ( ^! units z necess>y are m\nt$ side by side 9 an adju/able frame1 ea* unit hav+ fix+ & t5sion bolts4 ,?is arrangem5t p]mits a filt] ( any desir$ capacity to be built up quickly1 & facilitates repairs & clean+ ( filt] bags4 ,wet ,filt]s4 ,! type ( filt]+ app>atus us$ = deal+ ) poison\s mat]ial1 em]y du/ f gr9d+ :eels1 s& f s&-bla/+ app>atus1 etc41 is usually ( ! wet type1 ( :i* ,fig4 #g is a good example4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a tank hav+ a wire %elf on :i* a lay] ( coke is support$4 ,! tank is p>tially fill$ ) wat]1 ! level ( :i* is regulat$ by an ov]fl[4 ,! du/-lad5 air imp+es on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & ! major portion ( ! du/ is trapp$ by be+ driv5 actually into ! wat]4 ,! du/ p>ticles too light to be br\ght into contact ) ! wat] are compell$ to pass ?r\gh ! coke scre5 & are !re arre/$4 ,if necess>y1 ! s*eme c be made to deal ) f9] du/s by hav+ ! coke con/antly spray$ ) wat]4 ,! du/ is reclaim$ f ! tank 9 ! =m ( sludge or mud ?r\gh ! door or valve provid$ = t purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,/urtevant ,,wet ,,filt]4 ,ano!r type ( air filt] :i* might be develop$ 9 connection ) ! pneumatic h&l+ ( mat]ial consi/s ( a v sl[ly revolv+ drum or cyl9d]1 :i* is fitt$ ) a cont9u\s corrugat$ tape runn+ spirally f ! c5tre to ! extreme edge ( ! cas+4 ,! space betwe5 ! corrugat$ %eets is v small1 & z a /ream ( wat] is cont9ually runn+ ov] & ar\nd ! divisions1 ! air pass+ ?r\gh ! v tortu\s pa? provid$ is b\nd to come into contact ) ^! wet surfaces & give up its du/ or o!r contam9ation1 :i* is wa%$ (f :5 x arrives at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,naturally1 ?is or any o!r wet filt] w\ld n be us$ :]e ! recov]y ( du/ 9 dry =m 0 desir$4 ,ano!r =m ( wet filt] consi/s ( a *amb] ( suitable proportions 7accord+ to ! am\nt ( air to be cleans$71 fitt$ ) racks 9 :i* are plac$ /rips ( glass at an angle ( #de to ! fl[ ( air1 & at #ij to "o ano!r4 ,! glass /rips h a s]rat$ or prismatic face1 & ! air c>ries ! du/ =w>d into ! angles ( ! glass4 ,a v f9e wat] spray keeps ! glass moi/ & ev5tually trickles d[n to ! dra9 *annels1 wa%+ ! glass 9 its c\rse4 ,! developm5t ( app>atus = air-wa%+ has receiv$ consid]able att5tion dur+ rec5t ye>s1 ow+ to ! necessity ( hav+ pure1 du/-free air = v5tilat+ turbo-g5]ators1 etc41 & no difficulty %\ld pres5t itself 9 obta9+ satisfactory results = pneumatic convey+ plants1 except 9 cases :5 ! collection & ret5tion ( du/ is requir$4 ,9 ^! cases ! bag or fabric %eet filt] is ! only type available4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,details ,,( ,,plant--7,contd47 ,,dis*>g]s1 ,,pipe ,,l9es ,,& ,,suction ,,nozzles ,dis*>g]s4 ,! advocates ( 8bl[+0 mat]ial1 in/ead ( 8suck+0 x ?r\gh ! pipe1 (t5 lay great /ress on ! alleg$ difficulties ( extract+ ! mat]ial f ! sy/em )\t all[+ air leakage4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has be5 ov]come successfully by sev]al design]s & is n ! s]i\s difficulty s frequ5tly sugge/$1 provid+ t ! mat]ial is suitable = ?is means ( treatm5t4 ,! only exception to ?is is1 :5 ! high velocity at :i* ! mat]ial ent]s ! dis*>g]--say1 #de to #ej ft4 p] sec4--causes x to pack or b9d s t x w n fall by gravity into ! rot>y valves & !n out into ! /orage b9s4 ,! function ( ! dis*>g] is to cause ! incom+ mat]ial to lose its velocity & to fall into a comp>tm5t :i* c ev5tually be dis*>g$ aft] x has be5 mov$ f ! l[ pressure to :i* ! *amb] itself is subject$4 ,?is is be/ accompli%$ by ! use ( a rot>y valve1 some:at simil> to a paddle-:eel1 :i* is revolv$ sl[ly b cont9u\sly4 ,?is :eel c be plac$ ei!r v]tically or horizontally at ! bottom ( ! receiv+ *amb]2 ! mat]ial ent]s ! l>ge *amb] above1 loses its velocity1 drops by gravity1 is caught 9 ! box =m$ by ! revolv+ paddle-:eel1 & gradually is c>ri$ =w>d out ( ! *amb]1 ev5tually pass+ ov] an ap]ture ?r\gh :i* x aga9 gravitates to ! bunk]1 silo1 or o!r conta9]4 ,probably ! horizontal type ( rot>y valve is pref]able because1 ow+ to ! increas$ surface expos$ to ! vacuum1 ! 8suction0 effect assi/s 9 hold+ ! valve up to its seat4 ,:5 deal+ ) su* mat]ials z malt & gra91 x is an advantage to be able to inspect ! mat]ial ent]+ ! receiv]1 & at lea/ "o mak] secures ?is advantage by con/ruct+ ! *amb] ( a glass cyl9d] to :i* are bolt$ ca/ iron top & bottom pieces c>ry+ ! necess>y pipe connections & dis*>ge valves4 ,fig4 #h illu/rates ?is con/ruction & also %[s fairly cle>ly ! me?od ( driv+ or revolv+ ! dis*>ge valves4 ,! top flange ( ! valve has a worm :eel too? cut ar\nd its p]iph]y & ! actuat+ worm engages 9 ?is :eel1 !reby obta9+ a l>ge r$uction 9 spe$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! worm c be driv5 by a light1 high spe$ belt & pulley1 & /ill revolve ! valve at a v l[ spe$2 su* ge>+ is smoo?1 sil5t runn+1 & altoge!r admirable = su* a purpose z ! "o "u consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,fix$ ,,dis*>g] ,,) ,,glass ,,receiv]4 ,a v common =m ( sep>ator1 :i* is us$ almo/ inv>iably on plants deal+ ) wood %av+s1 sawdu/ & simil> mat]ials1 is kn[n z ! cyclone or c5trifugal sep>ator4 ,?is is usually con/ruct$ ) a %eet /eel body ) ! inlet = ! du/-lad5 air at ! top1 & s arrang$ t ! air ent]s tang5tially4 ,inside !re is a small] cyl9d] ( %eet /eel =m+ an air outlet1 & ! lad5 air sweeps r\nd ! annul> space betwe5 ! body & ! inn] cyl9d]4 ,?is results 9 a :irl+ action & ! mat]ial entra9$ 9 ! air is project$ by c5trifugal =ce aga9/ ! side ( ! sep>ator body4 ,9 "s in/ances an int]nal l$ge1 or plate ( 8corkscrew0 =m1 leads ! mat]ial d[nw>ds t[>ds ! outlet at ! bottom ( ! sep>ator4 ,9 ! case ( "s ( ! d5s] mat]ials :i* c be convey$ by air1 x is suffici5t to connect ! dis*>ge pipe to an op5 b9 or *amb]1 ! mat]ial 9 su* cases be+ heavy en\gh to sep>ate itself by ! action ( gravity4 ,mr4 ,gordon ,s4 ,layton1 describ+ dis*>g]s 9 8 pap]1 be=e ! ,eng9e]+ ,gr\p ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry 7,birm+ham1 ,april1 #aibj71 /at$-- 8,!re are two types ( dis*>g]s 9 use3 ,! fir/ consi/s ( a l>ge /eel box divid$ into two comp>tm5ts4 ,?is box is arrang$ to oscillate ab\t a horizontal axis1 s t ea* comp>tm5t alt]nately is br\ght "u ! l[] op5+ ( ! receiv] vessel4 8,! o!r type ( dis*>g] consi/s ( a bucket :eel rotat+ cont9u\sly inside a closely fitt+ cas+4 ,! mat]ial :i* is be+ convey$ falls into ! pockets ( ! bucket :eel :5 ^! are on ! top ( _! revolution1 & is pass$ out ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! l[] side ( ! cas+4 8,x w be obvi\s t ! work+ ( bo? types is liable to be int]rupt$ by ! jamm+ ( a =eign body 7su* z a piece ( wood or a bolt7 9 ! work+ p>ts2 9 ea* case1 special me*anism = driv+ ! dis*>g] has be5 devis$1 to avoid ! int]ruption result+ f su* block+1 & to enable ! dis*>g] to keep on work+ cont9u\sly40 ,! rot>y type ( dis*>g] is pref]able to ! tipp+ box type1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 because ! rot>y dis*>g] is m easily kept air-tight1 works )\t vibration1 & gives a practically cont9u\s /ream1 :]eas ! dis*>ge f ! tipp+ box occurs z l>ge isolat$ masses ( mat]ial4 ,x is impossible to give specific details conc]n+ ! dis*>g] because1 9 all cases1 ! conditions "u :i* ! plant has to "w affect ! :ole design4 ,= in/ance1 :]e ! work+ is only int]mitt5t1 e4g4 ! removal ( a%es f a boil]-h\se1 ! dis*>g] c be elim9at$1 provid$ t ! a% bunk] is l>ge en\gh to hold ! quantity ( a%es to be dealt ) at ea* op]ation4 ,9 su* a case1 ! a% conta9] w\ld be capable ( be+ exhau/$1 & ! mat]ial ent]+ z be=e w\ld simply drop by gravity into ! conta9] & rema9 !re until ! pump 0 %ut d[n2 x w\ld !n be all[$ to gravitate into ! truck or o!r conveyance = dispos+ ( ! a%es4 ,h&-holes = clean+1 & easy access to ! int]ior are ess5tial 9 ! design ( a dis*>g]1 especially if ! mat]ial to be h&l$ is liable to 8pack0 :5 ent]+ at a high velocity4 ,pipe ,l9es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important po9ts 9 ! design+ ( a pneumatic convey+ sy/em is ! correct lay-out ( ! pipe l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,/urtevant ,,pat5t ,,junction4 ,a fatal mi/ake (t5 made 9 l[ pressure & exhau/+ sy/ems is t ! num]\s bran* pipes are add$ to or alt]$ aft] ! mak]s h left ! orig9al in/allation4 ,almo/ inv>iably1 bran*es ?us add$ are made to approa* ! ma9 trunk at too great an angle1 ) ! result t eddies & :irlpools are creat$ )9 ! pipe1 s]i\sly r$uc+ ! output ( ! ma9 trunk4 ,s ess5tial is x t ?is junction %\ld be correct & t ! two /reams %\ld run z ne>ly p>allel z possible1 t ! ,/urtevant ,eng9e]+ ,co4 has pat5t$ a special junction 7,fig4 #i7 to br+ toge!r ! two /reams ( air 9 ! ma9 & ! bran* pipe practically p>allel1 z %[n4 ,b5ds4 ,9 connection ) high pressure sy/ems1 ! foll[+ po9ts are ( great importance4 ,all v]tical & horizontal /raight l5g?s may be ( a light section con/ruct$ 9 /eel4 ,b5ds %\ld be avoid$ :5ev] possible1 & ^? :i* are inevitable %\ld be made 9 h>d ca/ iron1 ) e possible provision = easy replacem5t ( we>+ p>ts4 ,! we> takes place at ! po9t ( actual contact :i*1 9 elb[s1 is practically conf9$ to "o place only4 ,! mat]ial ru%es to ! end1 /rikes ! b5d1 &--sudd5ly *ang+ its direction ( travel--:irls (f d[n ! next /raight l5g?4 ,! impact & ! result+ we> on ! pipe1 z well z ! break+ ( ! mat]ial convey$1 are naturally mu* great] 9 elb[s ?an 9 easy b5ds1 b if ! break+ ( ! mat]ial is n detrim5tal1 elb[s %\ld be employ$1 z !y are less co/ly & c be replac$ m quickly & easily4 ,c]ta9 raw mat]ials--su* z salt1 soda1 lime & v>i\s *emicals--:i* h to be gr\nd be=e use1 may be prep>$ to a consid]able ext5t = ?is op]ation by ! use ( elb[s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 easy b5ds %\ld be employ$ = mat]ial :i* x is desir$ to convey )\t damage1 e4g4 malt1 coal1 & granul> sub/ances1 :i* are f9ally requir$ 9 granul> =m & n z p[d]4 ,! we> 9 b5ds is only on ! ext]nal radius ( ! b5d1 & !n is incl9$ to be localiz$ at c]ta9 po9ts r ?an di/ribut$ ov] ! full sweep ( ! b5d 7see ,fig4 #aj72 ?is be+ s1 x is (t5 desirable s to con/ruct ! b5ds t ! back is 9 segm5ts :i* c be r5ew$ easily 7see ,fig4 #aa74 ,alt]natively1 ! b5d may be con/ruct$ on ! 8lob/]0 pr9ciple 7,fig4 #ab71 only ! worn sections be+ replac$ :5 ov]haul+4 ,x is n necess>y always to take a b5d at an angle ( #ij1 & if ! small %ort angle sections are int]*angeable1 !n almo/ any angle c be con/ruct$ by build+ up ) ! necess>y numb] ( sections4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,c\rse ,,tak5 ,,by ,,mat]ial ,,r\nd ,,b5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,segm5t-,,back ,,b5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,lob/] ,,b5d4 ,) reg>d to ! /raight l5g?s ( pipe1 x is necess>y to ensure a smoo? int]nal bore1 especially at ! jo9ts4 ,x is !re=e desirable t ! jo9ts %\ld be self-align+ z1 if ?is is n ! case1 eddies w be =m$ :i* w cause ! mat]ial to deviate f ! c5tre ( ! pipe1 /rik+ ! side at "o or m def9ite po9ts :]e holes w ev5tually be worn ?r\gh ! pipe4 ,9 v]tical pipes ! evid5ce ( we> is negligible1 9 fact ! convey$ mat]ial presumably does n t\* ! pipe at all1 b travels up ! c5tre ( x z a core4 ,capacity ( ,pipes4 ,! velocity ( ! air pass+ up ! pipe %\ld be f #dj to #ej ft4 p] sec41 equival5t to ab\t #ce miles p] h\r4 ,! convey+ capacity ( an effici5t pipe l9e is approximately #ae p] c5t4 ( ! total capacity3 9 o!r words1 if ! total cross-sectional area ( ! pipe be tak5 z #ajj1 ! effective cross-sectional area z reg>ds convey+ is #ae4 ,flexible ,connections4 ,! flexible connections atta*$ to ! p]man5t pipes may be ord9>y tub+1 z made by ! ,flexible ,metallic ,co4 ,phosphor bronze & o!r metals h be5 tri$1 b ! extra co/ is n ju/ifi$4 ,a loose screw coll> connection makes possible easy fix+1 & p]mits ! flexible connection to be remov$ easily to prev5t damage :5 n 9 use4 ,rubb] tub+1 re9=c$ ) /eel wires1 w\ld be be/ :]e x is important t ! mat]ial convey$ %\ld n be damag$1 b ! we> on su* tub+ is s rapid t ! extra co/ is n recov]$ by ! sav+ 9 damage to ord9>y mat]ials4 ,! l5g? ( ! flexible pipe %\ld be su* t ! movem5t ov] ! greate/ area to be cov]$ does n put too great a /ra9 on ! b5d+ prop]ties ( ! tub+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 unnecess>y increase 9 ! l5g? ( ! flexible pipe m]ely increases ! co/ ( "o ( ! %orte/ liv$ portions ( ! plant1 ! 8scrap value0 ( :i* is almo/ negligible4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ,?ree ,positions ( ! ,valve4 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,k+ ,,full-,,way ,,junction ,,valve4 ,valves1 etc4 ,= use :]e bran*es are ins]t$ 9 ! ma9 pipe l9e = conv5i5ce 9 ei!r lift+ ov]1 or dis*>g+ ov]1 a l>ge area1 special appliances h be5 design$ & ^! %\ld be us$1 z !y d n create eddies or increase ! pipe friction appreciably1 or r$uce ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! pipe l9e4 ,! ,k+ pat5t full-way junction valve is an excell5t example1 & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 f :i* x w be se5 t a full bore circuit c be complet$ 9 any ( ?ree directions4 ,?is valve has no corn]s :]e ! mat]ial c collect1 h5ce ! pipes are suck$ p]fectly clean ! mom5t ! fe$ is %ut (f4 ,ano!r conv5i5t fitt+ ( ?is description is ! ,boby pat5t pipe swit*4 ,?is device is simil> to a swit* z us$ on a railway track1 & by its use ?ree sep>ate side positions may be connect$ ) "o "p on ! ma9 transport l9e4 ,:5 ! swit* is ?r[n ov] s z to connect to any "o p>ticul> bran*1 all o!r bran*es are disconnect$4 ,telescopic ,pipes4 ,:5 ! unload+ ( %ips is c>ri$ out by 8suction0 x is necess>y to make provision = l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! v]tical suction pipe1 or pipes 7see ,frontispiece71 because ! %ip w rise z reliev$ ( its c>go1 & ! suction nozzle w simultane\sly move t[>ds ! bottom ( ! hold z ! c>go is dis*>g$4 ,a /ill great] difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 tidal riv]s1 :]e ! rise & fall may be _m feet & mu/ be all[$ = cont9u\sly4 ,?is is be/ done by ! introduction ( telescopic pipes 9 ! v]tical d[nright pipes4 ,^! mu/ be s con/ruct$ t :ile x is fairly easy to increase or decrease _! l5g?1 ! pipes mu/ rema9 air-tight at ! jo9ts & connections4 ,:]e ! rise & fall is small ! diff]5ce 9 level may be comp5sat$ by a ball & socket jo9t1 & a c\nt] balance on ! jib arm1 b ?is me?od has its limitations4 ,pipes = ,high ,pressure ,sy/ems4 ,com+ n[ to ! 8small pipe10 high pressure sy/ems z us$ = vacuum clean+ plants1 ! pipe l9es mu/ be design$ & in/all$ c>efully & on a lib]al basis4 ,x is mi/ak5 policy to attempt to economize by us+ a small] ma9 on bran* pipes4 ,small diamet] pipes cause excessive losses by friction1 & naturally are less effici5t z reg>ds p[] consumption4 ,! frictional losses 9 a sy/em ( ?is description v>y directly z ! l5g? ( ! pipe1 & inv]sely z ! fif? p[] ( ! diamet]4 ,l>ge pipes are !re=e v desirable1 n only because ( _! great] c>ry+ capacity--:i* is v desirable--b also because su* ?+s z mat*es1 hairp9s1 etc41 are pick$ up e day by an in/allation z fitt$ 9 hotels1 re/aurants & !atres4 ,su* mat]ial quickly clogs small pipes & causes endless tr\ble & delay4 ,! flexible hose %\ld be z %ort z is consi/5t ) ease ( work+1 because ! frictional losses 9 ?is class ( tub+ are v great4 ,x w\ld be pref]able to increase ! numb] ( wall plugs1 r ?an h to use v long l5g?s ( flexible hose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,suction ,,nozzles ,,= ,,high ,,pressure ,,sy/ems4 ,suction ,nozzles4 ,probably m pat5ts h be5 tak5 out on new suction nozzles ?an on any o!r portion ( a pneumatic suction plant4 ,! *ief desid]ata = a nozzle on a high pressure sy/em = :eat1 coal1 a%es1 etc41 are t x be ( light con/ruction to all[ ( easy manipulation by ! op]ator1 & t x h "s means ( all[+ a 8free air0 inlet1 mak+ x impossible to *oke ! nozzle by bury+ ! end4 ,x is an advantage to be able to regulate ! free air inlet accord+ to ! conditions exi/+ ) diff]5t mat]ials4 ,! same nozzle t w act be/ :ile deal+ ) a l>ge bulk ( mat]ial1 may be q unsuitable :5 x becomes necess>y to 8clean up0 9 ! corn]s ( ! hold or waggon4 ,fig4 #ad %[s diff]5t types ( nozzles = high pressure plants1 b z ! effici5cy & capacity ( ! plant c be affect$ s]i\sly by ! design ( ?is portion ( ! app>atus1 x is highly advisable to all[ ! design] to h a free h& & to make use ( ! exp]i5ce already ga9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,/urtevant ,,equipm5t ,,remov+ ,,wood ,,refuse ,,f ,,d\ble ,,t5on+ ,,ma*9e4 ,nozzles design$ = l[ pressure sy/ems1 deal+ ) du/1 %av+s1 etc41 h to be built to suit ! ma*9e to :i* !y are atta*$1 & !y !re=e v>y indef9itely 9 details ( design & con/ruction4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! nozzles = use on suction clean+ plants4 ,figs4 #ae & #af %[ h[ ! suction nozzles are adapt$ to ! ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,/urtevant ,,equipm5t ,,remov+ ,,du/ ,,f ,,s&-,,pap]+ ,,ma*9es4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 l[ pressure sy/ems h&l+ %av+s1 du/1 etc41 ! problem is q diff]5t f t 9 high pressure sy/ems h&l+ :eat1 etc4 ,9 ! case ( remov+ du/ or %av+s f a ma*9e1 ! mat]ial is already 9 motion1 & only requires draw+ =w>d & into ! pipe sy/em1 b 9 ! case ( conveyors = :eat1 coal1 etc41 & 9 ! case ( suction clean]s1 ! mat]ial to be mov$ is heavy & /ation>y & has to be lift$ & />t$ 9 motion be=e x c be c>ri$ away4 ,?is necessitates a mu* high] air velocity ?r\gh ! collect+ nozzles4 ,idle ,nozzles %\ld be ,clos$4 ,x is p]haps advisable to draw att5tion at ?is po9t to ! disadvantages ( us+ m ?an "o suction nozzle on "o receiv] at "o & ! same "t4 ,! read] is ask$ to recall ! fact t ! mat]ial is n lift$ by vacuum1 b t ! production ( a p>tial vacuum causes a /ream ( air to pass up ! pipe at high velocity4 ,! mat]ial to be convey$ is entra9$ ) ! air1 & due to ! frictional contact betwe5 ! p>ticles ( air & ! p>ticles ( mat]ial1 ! latt] is lift$ & c>ri$ =w>d4 ,if ! convey+ plant is to be effici5t & ( reasonable capacity1 ! pipes mu/ be relatively l>ge1 & 9 ord] t ! desir$ p>tial vacuum may be ma9ta9$ 9 !m 7e/abli%+ a vigor\s air curr5t7 )\t ! use ( an unduly l>ge pump1 x is important t air be admitt$ only ?r\gh ^? nozzles :i* are actually 9 use4 ,also1 :5 m ?an "o nozzle is 9 use at ! same "t1 x is necess>y to keep ea* nozzle cov]$ ) mat]ial to su* an ext5t t ! same am\nt ( air passes into ea* pipe4 ,unless ?is is done a l>ge quantity ( air w pass up "o pipe1 & a small quantity up ! o!r1 & ! am\nt ( mat]ial tak5 9 at ea* nozzle w v>y z ! quantity ( air v>ies4 ,to consid] an extreme case1 suppose t ! man op]at+ at "o ( ! pipes all[s 8 nozzle to become expos$4 ,air w ru% 9 at ?is nozzle to ! full capacity ( ! pump1 ) ! result t little or no air w pass up ! second pipe1 & consequ5tly no mat]ial ei!r4 ,?us1 if "o man is suffici5tly neglectful to leave 8 nozzle idle & op51 he r5d]s practically useless ! o!r nozzle or nozzles on ! same ma94 ,ev5 ) c>e ?is is b\nd to occur to a c]ta9 ext5t1 z is %[n by ! figures giv5 by mak]s = ! e/imat$ p[] consumption1 viz41 ab\t #a h4p4 p] ton on s+le-nozzle plants1 & #a h4p4 on d\ble-nozzle plants4 ,"u ^! conditions x %\ld be consid]$ :e!r x is m advisable to in/all "o l>ge plant ) two nozzles1 or two small plants1 ea* ) only "o nozzle4 ,! decision dep5ds ^u ! extra co/ ( p[] = ! d\ble-nozzle plant comp>$ ) ! high] capital *>ges on ! two s+le-nozzle plants4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,typical ,,in/allations ,,= ,,gra9 ,! pneumatic pr9ciple has be5 appli$ to ! h&l+ ( gra9 9 bulk to a mu* great] ext5t ?an to any o!r mat]ial4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! orig9al successful plant inv5t$ & design$ by ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,duckham 0 = ! h&l+ ( :eat = ! ,millwall ,docks ,co41 & ! success ( ?is plant 0 su* t x 0 imitat$ by eng9e]s 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad ) equally satisfactory results4 ,gra9 l5ds itself admirably to pneumatic transport because x is easy ( fl[1 regul> 9 size1 & practically self-fe$+4 ,also1 ! removal ( du/1 :i* is incid5tal to pneumatic convey+1 is a special advantage :]e gra9 is conc]n$4 ,figs4 #ag & #ah %[ cle>ly ! advantages ( pneumatic convey+ 9 po9t ( simplicity & lab\r sav+4 ,typical ,quayside ,plant4 ,fig4 #ai %[s a typical lay-out = a comp>atively small plant h&l+ #ej tons p] h\r4 ,! diagram is almo/ self explanatory4 ,a repres5ts ! special suction nozzle ?r\gh :i* ! gra9 ent]s ! sy/em1 toge!r ) ! 8free air0 :i* acts z ! convey+ m$ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,anci5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,mod]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,typical ,,gra9-,,h&l+ ,,plant2 #ej ,,tons ,,p] ,,h\r4 ,b is a l5g? ( flexible pipe to enable ! nozzle to sweep ! wid? ( ! b>ge1 ! l5g? be+ dealt ) by mov+ ! boat to )9 ! radius ( ! swivel arm ,e4 ,c is a p]man5t pipe c>ri$ on ! jib arm :i* is m\nt$ on a swivel jo9t2 ,b is ano!r %ort flexible pipe to p]mit ( ! swivell+ already m5tion$4 ,f indicates ! receiv] into :i* ! gra9 is deposit$1 & ,g ! special rot>y valves1 = releas+ ! mat]ial f ! sy/em )\t int]f]+ ) ! vacuum ( ! convey+ l9e4 ,h illu/rates ! tw9 air filt]s :i* are provid$ ) valves1 s t ea* ( ! filt]s c be isolat$ 9 turn f ! re/ ( ! plant = clean+ ( ! fabric tubes1 )\t int]rupt+ ! cont9u\s work+ ( ! plant4 ,j indicates ! connect+ pipes betwe5 ! receiv]1 air filt]s1 & pump1 & x %\ld be not$ !y are consid]ably l>g] ?an ^? on ! suction end ,c1 ?is be+ necess>y to all[ = ! expansion ( ! air "u vacuum4 ,k is ! reciprocat+ air pump1 driv5 electrically by ! motor ,m ?r\gh l>ge helical ge> :eels1 :i* act z fly:eels & are helpful 9 equaliz+ ! torque requir$ by ! pump4 ,l is ! outlet pipe = ! air z x is exhau/$ f & by ! pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,float+ ,,pneumatic ,,transport ,,plant2 #bjj-bej ,,tons ,,p] ,,h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,portable ,,pneumatic ,,plant ,,on ,,railway ,,truck4 ,?is plant is simple1 b e possible modification c be add$ t circum/ances make desirable2 su* z dis*>g+ on to a belt conveyor1 = fe$+ ! silos or o!r /orage b9s4 ,:]e gra9 is b\ght by bulk x w\ld be necess>y to *eck ! weight1 & 9 ?is case an automatic weigh] w\ld be in/all$1 into :i* ! mat]ial w\ld be dis*>g$ f ! receiv]4 ,) a bag filt] ! collect$ du/ c also be weigh$1 ! total weight be+ !n obta9$ by addition4 ,typical ,float+ ,plant4 ,! mo/ popul> developm5t ( ! above type ( plant is ! float+ plant1 design$ = erection on a hulk1 or b>ge1 & int5d$ to suck gra9 f an ocean-go+ /eam] & dis*>ge x into b>ges or light]s on ! o!r side ( ! dis*>g+ plant1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! plant %[n is "o ( _m 9 actual op]ation & its con/ruction may be foll[$ by ref]5ce to ! description ( ! plant %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 ! same index lett]s be+ us$ 9 ea* case4 ,"o great advantage ( float+ plants is t ! diff]5ce 9 height due to tides is ( no consequ5ce4 ,portable ,plants4 ,/ill ano!r modification consi/s ( a complete quay-side plant m\nt$ l a travell+ crane1 s t x c be mov$ longitud9ally along /eel rails on ! quay-side4 ,?is plant is p>ticul>ly useful :]e l>ge c>go %ips h to be empti$ & !n all[$ to rema9 at _! b]? until reload$ ) ano!r c>go4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,portable ,,railway ,,plant ,,9 ,,op]ation4 ,complete plants h also be5 m\nt$ on railway trucks1 ! eng9e & pump 9 ?is case be+ on a second waggon 7see ,figs4 #ba1 #bb74 ,9 su* a case ! plant has to be m\nt$ v l[1 & x is necess>y to lift f ! "u-side ( ! truck to1 say1 a railway waggon1 by means ( an adju/able belt or bucket elevator 7%[n at ! extreme left ( ,fig4 #ba74 ,_m o!r applications w sugge/ !mselves to ! read]1 & suffici5t has be5 said to prove t = ! h&l+ ( :eat ! pneumatic sy/em is di/9ctly flexible & conv5i5t2 also1 x effects a great sav+ 9 lab\r1 :i* is an important consid]ation n[adays4 8,bu%ell+10 convey+1 & weigh+ by h& us$ to co/ well ov] a %ill+ p] ton1 :i* figure 0 r$uc$ to j ov] #a;d4 p] ton by pneumatic convey+2 ^! are pre-w> co/s 9 bo? in/ances1 b ! relative sav+ effect$ by pneumatic convey+ is c]ta9ly n less "u pres5t conditions4 ,all ! previ\s rem>ks also apply to l9se$ & cotton se$ 9 bulk1 maize1 oats1 & 9 fact all c]eals4 ,su* mat]ials h to be accept$ z & :5 ! %ips arrive irrespective ( conv5i5ce1 & x is an important advantage ( pneumatic convey+ t ! mat]ial c be lift$ & dis*>g$ 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t position2 also1 :5 ! b>ge or %ip has dep>t$ ! same app>atus c be utiliz$ to lift ! mat]ial f its position 9 /ore to ! clean+ or gr9d+ plant4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,pneumatic ,,coal-,,h&l+ ,,plants ,! writ] 0 directly int]e/$ 9 ! erection & in/all+ ( "o ( ! fir/ plants in/all$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ! elevation & convey+ ( coal1 & a description ( ! v>i\s details may give a good idea ( a complete plant1 h&l+ coal on a comm]cial scale4 ,! conditions to be compli$ ) are z foll[s3 #bj tons ( 8slack0 p] h\r1 to be rais$ #ij ft4 above canal level or #hj ft4 above road level4 ,! coal is br\ght alongside ! p[]-h\se by canal b>ges ( #be tons capacity1 or by tipp+ /eam waggons f ! railway sid+s1 a di/ance ( "o mile away4 ,9 bo? cases ! coal is requir$ to be elevat$ into ov]head bunk]s ( #fjj tons capacity plac$ v]tically ov] ! boil]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,pneumatic ,,unload+ ,,( ,,coal ,,at ,,messrs4 ,,boots1 ,,ltd4 7,,nott+ham74 ,9 ! fir/ case1 imm$iately ! b>ge is alongside1 ! flexible suction pipe is l[]$ into ! b>ge 7,fig4 #bc71 & coal imm$iately beg9s to rise 9 ! pipe & is dis*>g$ z requir$4 ,little or no h&l+ ( ! coal is requir$ aft] ! suction nozzle has once rea*$ ! bottom ( ! b>ge2 all t x is necess>y to d is to br+ ! b>ge gradually up to ! nozzle1 ! coal !n 8avalan*+0 d[n to ! nozzle4 ,fig4 #bd %[s ! dis*>g] plac$ on gird]s ov] ! bunk]s into :i* x dis*>ges cont9u\sly4 ,! coal ent]s at ,a & ! major portion ( ! fuel is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! rot>y valves ,b4 ,! coal dis*>g] itself consi/s ( a ca/ iron vessel ) two ,k+'s pat5t rotat+ valves4 ,^! are design$ 9 ! =m ( a slightly conical tap] divid$ into f\r sections1 "o portion ( ! circul> valve be+ "u vacuum1 & ! o!r "u ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! outlet ( ! valves is l>g] ?an ! inlet to all[ ! coal :i* is 9 ! valve to drop out easily4 ,ov] ea* valve is also provid$ a f\r-arm$ sweep] to prev5t any damp coal f =m+ a cone inside4 ,! dis*>g] is provid$ ) two inlets ) full-way bor$ valves1 s t ! coal c be drawn ei!r f ! wat] side or f ! l& side at w4 ,aft] ! coal has be5 deposit$ 9 ! ma9 dis*>g]1 !re is provid$ a supplem5t>y dis*>g] consi/+ ( a vessel #f ft4 high by #cj ins4 diamet]1 ) two inlet pipes ( #h ins4 diamet]1 to provide a contra-fl[1 s t any p>ticles ( coal du/ 9 ! air w meet "o ano!r 9 ! #cj ins4 box at equal velocity & be deposit$4 ,! small p>ticles are deliv]$ by a supplem5t>y rot>y dis*>ge valve :i* is set to run v mu* sl[] ?an ! ma9 dis*>g] valves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,dis*>g] ,,= ,,coal ,,convey+ ,,plant4 ,! ma9 dis*>g] valves are driv5 by worm ge>+1 ! latt] hav+ "o "r-h& ?read & "o left-h& ?read1 s t ! end ?ru/ on ! worms is neutraliz$4 ,ball be>+s are provid$ & ! small motor :i* drives all ?ree valves is c\pl$ up ) an electrical device design$ by ! au?or4 ,?is device ensures t if any?+ happ5s to ! top dis*>ge valves--s t ! #c h4p4 motor driv+ !m cuts out1 ow+ to an ov]load or o!r cause--!n ! ma9 motor also is cut out by ! op5+ ( its circuit break]4 ,?is prev5ts any 8flood+0 ( ! pipes & dis*>g]s4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ! valves are s design$ t a portion ( ! weight ( ea* valve is c>ri$ by ! vacuum1 s t ! v]tical we>+ lift on ! valves :5 at "w is v slight4 ,! intake pipes = ! coal are #e ins4 diamet]1 & !y are provid$ ) heavy ca/ iron b5ds1 hav+ extra ?ick metal on ! outside radius to all[ = ! we>+ effect ( coal pass+ at ! rate ( #bj tons p] h\r4 ,! pipe into ! b>ge is provid$ ) a flexible /eel pipe at ! suction nozzle end1 = conv5i5ce ( h&l+4 ,india-rubb] pip+ has be5 tri$1 b ! extra co/ does n ju/ify its cont9u$ use4 ,! nozzle is made z light z possible = conv5i5ce ( h&l+1 & is fitt$ ) a special 8free air0 inlet = ! regulation ( ! am\nt ( air necess>y to bl5d ) ! coal4 ,a% ,h&l+4 ,9 addition to unload+ coal1 ! above plant is capable ( deal+ ) hot a%es :i* are fir/ cru%$ 9 a portable cl9k] break]1 electrically driv51 :i* runs "u all ! a% hopp]s ( ! boil]s4 ,! a% :5 cru%$ gravitates into funnel-topp$ tee-pieces1 ins]t$ 9 ! ma9 a%-convey+ pipe1 :5ce x is imm$iately suck$ up into an ov]head a% hopp] to await ! conv5i5ce ( ! waggons :i* dispose ( x on ! 8tips40 ,flue ,clean+4 ,a #c 94 suction pipe has be5 run r\nd ! boil]-h\se 9 su* positions t flexible hose c be atta*$ = flue clean+ purposes4 ,9 ?is case ! clean]s simply use an enl>g$ nozzle su* z is suppli$ ) a dome/ic equipm5t & ! du/ is remov$ f ! flues1 economiz] soot *amb]s1 etc41 into ! a% hopp] )\t tr\ble or du/4 ,! success ( ?is plant is be/ indicat$ by ! fact t1 at ! mom5t ( writ+1 a duplicate plant is be+ erect$4 ,ow+ to ! gr[? ( ! bus9ess1 & its dem& = p[] & /eam1 ! orig9al plant has to be work$ cont9u\sly on coal1 s t ! a% & flue du/ problem has become acute aga94 ,portable ,float+ ,plant4 ,a ?ird plant ord]$ by ! same firm is ( consid]able int]e/4 ,?is is int5d$ to be m\nt$ 9 a b>ge s z to be portable4 ,ow+ to lack ( space 9 close proximity to ! p[]-h\se1 consid]able difficulty is f\nd 9 keep+ adequate /ocks ( coal on ! site except ! #fjj tons 9 ! ov]head bunk]s4 ,9 ord] to secure cont9uity ( work+1 x is ess5tial t z mu* fuel z possible be /or$1 & = ?is purpose a coal pile has be5 made ab\t half a mile away f ! works1 adjo9+ ! canal4 ,a%es c be dispos$ ( on c]ta9 fields a few miles outside ! city 9 swamps & pools caus$ by subsid5ces1 due to colli]y work+s4 ,! portable plant is !re=e arrang$ to op]ate z foll[s3 ! b>ge is self-propell$ by a #cj h4p4 p>aff9 eng9e :i* c be c\pl$ by clut*es to ei!r ! propell] or a ,roots bl[]1 ! latt] be+ ! exhau/] = ! portable suction plant4 ,! b>ge is load$ ) a%es = disposal1 & !n proce$s "u its own p[] to ! site :]e !y are to be dump$4 ,! clut* is op]at$ disconnect+ ! propell] & op]at+ ! bl[]4 ,! suction side ( ! bl[] is c\pl$ up ) ! pipe l9e 9 ! boat & ! b>ge fe$s ! plant by means ( ! flexible hose3 ! dis*>ge pipe is rais$ ov] ! t[+ pa? s z n to int]f]e ) pass+ traffic1 & ! a%es are bl[n out into ! swamps previ\sly m5tion$4 ,x w readily be recogniz$ h[ simple ?is unload+ becomes comp>$ ) try+ to dig out ! a%es ) ei!r a spade or a =k4 ,! empty b>ge !n returns to ! coal pile & takes up a load ( coal 9 a simil> mann]1 !n proce$+ to ! p[]-h\se "u its own p[] & be+ unload$ by ! orig9al fix$ pneumatic in/allation 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! coal arriv+ by road is tipp$ into a concrete hopp] excavat$ bel[ ! gr\nd level1 & s design$ ) slop+ sides t x is self fe$+ into a suction pipe connect$ to ! bottom ( ! hopp]4 ,! same proc$ure occurs except t 9 ?is case ! coal ent]s ! ma9 dis*>g] at ! top 7,e1 ,fig4 #bd74 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! v f9e du/ collect$ f ! air filt] is eag]ly s\ght aft] by ! f\ndry trade1 & :at w\ld at fir/ appe> to be a wa/e product impossible to burn1 is actually a valuable by-product ( ! plant4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,induction ,,conveyor ,num]\s means h be5 devis$ to cause ! necess>y curr5t ( air to fl[ along ! conveyor pipe1 b ! ideal me?od is probably yet to seek4 ,probably ! mo/ satisfactory & economical sy/em1 until rec5tly1 0 ! positive pump exhau/+ a vacuum *amb]2 ! latt] receiv+ ! mat]ial1 & dis*>g+ x into ! receptacle provid$ = t purpose4 ,! difficulties aris+ 9 practice1 h[ev]1 incit$ ! inv5tive g5ius ( eng9e]s responsible = ! op]ation ( ^! plants1 & a numb] ( attempts 7 made to induce an air curr5t by o!r means4 ,ejector ,sy/ems4 ,/eam ejectors 7 fitt$ to ! clos$ tank provid$ = ! reception ( ! mat]ial1 ?us conv]t+ ! tank into a vacuum *amb]1 & elim9at+ ! dis*>g]4 ,9 o!r cases injectors1 also op]at$ by /eam1 7 plac$ at int]vals along ! conveyor pipe1 usually at su* conv5i5t po9ts z #ij b5ds1 & ! slight vacuum creat$ by ! cond5sation ( ! /eam & also by ! velocity ( ! jet1 induc$ an air curr5t :i* swept ! mat]ial along ) x into ! receiv] *amb]4 ,al?\gh bo? ^! me?ods are 9 practical use1 _! applications are /rictly limit$ to mat]ials :i* d n suff] by contact ) heat & moi/ure2 ! me?ods are !re=e us$ pr9cipally = convey+ a%es & soot f boil] furnaces & flues4 ,a%es =m$ by ! combu/ion ( coal conta9 l>ge am\nts ( abrasive matt]1 & x is v important t all ?is matt] %\ld be extract$ f ! air1 be=e ent]+ ! exhau/] ( ! suction sy/em4 ,! /eam jet cuts out ! exhau/] entirely1 b absorbs an excessive am\nt ( p[] 9 ! =m ( /eam4 ,x has ! advantage1 h[ev]1 ( qu5*+ ! a%es on _! way to ! settl+ tank4 ,= flue du/1 h[ev]1 ! /eam jet is unsuitable1 z ! cond5s$ vap\r causes ! mat]ial to cake 9 ! pipes1 & ! latt] rapidly become *ok$1 involv+ consid]able delay & tr\ble 9 clean+ out4 ,! ejector sy/em is us$ = ?is mat]ial1 ! tank be+ ( ! clos$ type1 & ! necess>y vacuum be+ creat$ by a /eam ejector fix$ 9 a bran* at ! side ne> ! top1 ! du/ /rik+ a baffle & fall+ by gravity to ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,a special air-tight gate or valve is op5$ to empty ! tank4 ,air ,induction4 ,! c>d9al feature ( ! induction sy/em is ! ease ) :i* mat]ials may be h&l$ :i* _c be convey$ by ! suction me?od4 ,s&1 sug>1 salt1 soda a%1 & _m o!r sub/ances ( a granul> nature1 :i* are v tr\blesome :5 convey$ by ! suction me?od1 may be dealt ) economically by ! induction sy/em &1 al?\gh ! latt] is only 9 its exp]im5tal /ages at ! mom5t ( writ+1 x is possible t x may displace all o!r sy/ems 9 ! ne> future4 ,! induction sy/em diff]s f ! suction sy/em 9 t ! air fl[ along ! pipe is induc$ by a jet ( air1 at v high velocity1 fix$ at any conv5i5t di/ance f ! intake nozzle ( ! conveyor pipe1 & ! mat]ial convey$ is dis*>g$ ei!r f an op5 end into an op5 conta9]1 or by "s =m ( cyclone4 ,! clos$ dis*>g] or conta9]1 ) its baffles & rot>y valves or air locks1 is elim9at$1 & ! sub/ance to be h&l$ has a free & unre/rict$ fl[ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! pipe4 ,advantages ( ! ,induction ,sy/em4 ,! advantages ( ! induction conveyor may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,l[ fir/ co/1 ! p[] unit be+ ! only exp5sive item4 7#b7 ,l[ ma9t5ance co/1 !re be+ no mov+ p>ts & little we>4 7#c7 ,l[ lab\r co/1 practically no att5dance be+ requir$4 7#d7 ,flexibility & ease ( h&l+4 7#e7 ,high effici5cy ( p[] unit & reliability ( sy/em4 7#f7 ,ability to h&le mat]ials :i* are easily damag$4 ,9 ! case ( a suction plant h&l+ gra9 or coal1 ! intake end ( ! conveyor is fairly flexible1 & ! nozzle may be op]at$ ov] a fairly l>ge radius1 say1 all ov] ! floor ( a vessel's hold4 ,! dis*>ge end1 h[ev]1 is fix$1 unless a cumb]some & exp5sive gantry is provid$ to p]mit ( ! dis*>ge app>atus be+ mov$ ab\t4 ,ev5 %\ld ! dis*>g] be m\nt$ on rails1 ! area ov] :i* x c op]ate is limit$ by ! rails on :i* x runs4 ,) a l>ge plant1 ?is w\ld mean t a numb] ( dis*>g]s w\ld be requir$ to lift f a %ip into a w>eh\se or /ore1 f ! latt] into bunk]s or silos1 or p]haps into trucks or waggons4 ,ea* dis*>g] w\ld require a sep>ate exhau/] & a sep>ate intake1 & valuable space w\ld be occupi$ by ! plant & exp5se incurr$ = ma*9]y :i* w\ld n be 9 use = a consid]able "p ( ! "t4 ,! induction sy/em1 h[ev]1 is flexible at bo? intake & dis*>ge ends ( ! pipe4 ,x is only necess>y to l[] ! nozzle into ! mat]ial to be remov$1 & to place ! deliv]y pipe ov] ! receptacle = ! mat]ial1 & to turn on ! air jet4 ,! deliv]y may be h&l$ easily :ile work+1 & ! mat]ial di/ribut$ :]e requir$2 or suitable valves & bran*es may be fix$1 & a numb] ( dis*>ge pipes us$ 9 turn to deliv] into diff]5t b9s or into v>i\s floors4 ,! s\rce ( p[] = ! op]ation ( ! induction conveyor is ! air compressor4 ,z e op]at+ eng9e] is well aw>e1 all ma*9]y is kept 9 bett] condition & runs m economically1 :5 x is h\s$ 9 prop] environm5t & receives skill$ att5tion4 ,! compressor1 9 ?is case1 ne$ n be erect$ ne> ! "w1 b may be plac$ "s di/ance away1 pref]ably 9 ! p[] /ation1 z ! pipe l9e connect+ ! conveyor ) ! ma*9e w h a v small bore1 comp>$ ) ! air pipe to ! exhau/] on a suction plant1 & w also be inexp5sive to erect & ma9ta94 ,9 ! in/ance quot$ above1 :]e a numb] ( suction & deliv]y po9ts are requir$1 only ^! small pipes ne$ be run f a common ma91 & turn$ on & (f z ne$$1 ! compressor runn+ cont9u\sly at or ne> its mo/ economical load4 ,con/ruction ( ,induction ,plant4 ,! induction conveyor may be said to be a compromise betwe5 ! suction & bl[+ me?ods4 ,! air jet is fix$ 9 ! conveyor pipe at a suitable angle1 "s di/ance above ! intake nozzle1 & a /ream ( air at high velocity is pass$ along ! pipe 9 ! direction ( ! dis*>ge4 ,?is air jet is design$ c>efully = ! duty x has to p]=m1 & its dis*>ge entra9s ! free air 9 ! pipe1 caus+ x to move 9 ! requir$ direction4 ,a p>tial vacuum is creat$ 9 ! conveyor pipe1 beh9d ! jet1 & free air ru%es 9 at ! intake1 c>ry+ ! mat]ial along ) x4 ,9 ord] to effect ! greate/ economy 9 ! op]ation ( ?is plant1 x is important t ! p[] unit %\ld be c>efully *os51 & t ! pipe sy/em %\ld be design$ to give ! full pressure at ! jet4 ,) mod]n multiple-/age compressors ( ! rot>y or reciprocat+ type1 work+ at ab\t full load1 v high effici5cies c be obta9$1 & ! pressure pipe l9e %\ld be arrang$ to avoid loss by friction z f> z possible4 ,! receiv] %\ld be ( suffici5t capacity to absorb any pulsations1 & to ?r[ d[n oil & moi/ure be=e ! air ent]s ! pipes4 ,a sep>ator ( good design %\ld also be incorporat$4 ,9 design+ ! conveyor pipe l9e1 b5ds %\ld be avoid$ :5 possible1 by erect+ ! lift+ pipes at an angle ) ! horizontal4 ,x is n suffici5tly well appreciat$ t b5ds & angles rapidly increase ! frictional resi/ance to ! fl[ ( ! convey+ m$ium1 & mean loss ( p[]2 9 fact !re is no d\bt t ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure 9 pneumatic convey+ is l>gely a matt] ( design4 ,_m sub/ances :i* are o!rwise q suitable = h&l+ 9 ?is mann] are v fragile1 & any friction on pipe walls or contact ) metal baffles at high velocity1 s r$uces or pulv]izes !m t _! value is r$uc$ consid]ably4 ,9 ! case ( a%es f boil] furnaces1 ?is effect is advantage\s r ?an o!rwise1 b :5 deal+ ) coal x is necess>y to arrange ! sy/em s t ! m9imum am\nt ( damage is done to ! mat]ial4 ,"s coals1 su* z ,d]by%ire bitum9\s1 is n easily brok5 or abrad$1 & c be lift$ v satisfactorily by ! usual suction me?od4 ,wel% coal1 on ! o!r h&1 is v friable1 & if convey$ into ! usual dis*>g]1 w em]ge 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 ev5 ?\gh x may be f$ to ! intake 9 l>ge pieces4 ,= h&l+ su* mat]ials1 ! induction me?od is mo/ suitable1 z ! dis*>ge end may be arrang$ s t ! mat]ial is n deliv]$ at high velocity1 & does n /rike any ob/acle :i* w\ld r$uce x or break x up4 ,x is possible to elevate potatoes & ev5 oranges by ! induction process1 & x is q )9 ! b\nds ( probability t eggs may be deliv]$ 9 ?is mann]1 )\t m ?an ! usual p]c5tage ( breakages4 ,9 convey+ _m mat]ials1 :i* are convey$ :il/ hot1 x is bett] if !y c be kept at practically ! same temp]ature at ! deliv]y z :5 !y ent] ! pipe4 ,?is is provid$ = by heat+ ! air to a suitable temp]ature j be=e x ent]s ! jet4 ,?is is also an additional s\rce ( economy 9 op]ation4 ,z is well kn[n1 air1 l all o!r gases1 increases 9 volume ) ! temp]ature1 & if ! heat lo/ by ! air cool+ aft] compression be replac$ at ! jet1 consid]ably m p[] is obta9$4 ,if ! compressor is situat$ 9 su* a position t mo/ ( ! heat ( compression is deliv]$ at ! jet1 !re is little to be ga9$ by reheat+4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! air has return$ to normal temp]ature by ! "t x rea*es ! po9t :]e x is to be us$1 &1 if a suitable air heat] is in/all$ at ?is po9t1 ! volume may be increas$ greatly by a comp>atively small exp5diture4 ,a heat] consi/+ ( tubes ?r\gh :i* ! air passes1 ^! tubes surr\nd$ by wat] "u high /eam pressures1 (f]s ! mo/ conv5i5t & satisfactory me?od ( heat+ ! air4 ,! air pipes betwe5 ! heat] & conveyor pipe %\ld be lagg$ 9 ord] to reta9 ! heat4 ,! pressure ( ! air may be increas$ by #ej p] c5t4 by heat+ to ! temp]ature ( /eam at #bjj lbs4 p] sq4 94 gauge pressure1 :ile ! co/ w be comp>atively small4 ,!oretically1 a ga9 ( ab\t #dj p] c5t4 9 economy %\ld be obta9$1 & ! practical results %\ld be reasonably close to ?is figure4 ,air ,receiv]s4 ,x is a decid$ advantage 9 practice to in/all an effici5t sep>ator betwe5 ! ord9>y receiv] ( ! compressor & ! pipe l9e1 z l>ge quantities ( moi/ure w travel ov] ) ! air1 & w be cond5s$ directly !y meet "s cool] surface4 ,! ord9>y receiv] is suppos$ to fulfil ?is function1 b x does n d s because x is1 9 effect1 an enl>gem5t ( ! pipe l9e1 &1 be+ fill$ ) hot air "u pressure1 has no t5d5cy to cond5se ! moi/ure4 ,! latt] does n beg9 to cool to any ext5t until x rea*es ! small diamet] pipes1 ) ! consequ5ce t ^! pipes conta9 quantities ( oil & wat] :i* ev5tually rea* ! jet1 & are bl[n into ! mat]ial h&l$4 ,:]e compressors ( ! rot>y or turb9e type are in/all$1 !re w be only wat] 9 expansion1 b x is good practice to remove ?is1 ev5 ?\gh ! air be re-heat$1 because ! moi/ure w recond5se 9 ! conveyor pipe1 & t5d to *oke ! latt] :5 small gra9$ sub/ances are be+ convey$4 ,types ( ,compressors4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! p[] unit1 & x is h>dly )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to describe 9 detail ! v>i\s ma*9es available4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! economy ( air convey+ dep5ds 9 a l>ge measure on ! co/ ( p[]1 x is evid5t t ! compressor %\ld be ( ! mo/ suitable type = ! duty to be p]=m$4 ,= small in/allations1 s+le-/age reciprocat+ ma*9es1 driv5 directly by /eam eng9es or by electric motors are1 no d\bt1 ! mo/ suitable4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge plants1 us+ ! air cont9u\sly 9 a numb] ( air jets1 :]e ! load factor is high1 x is c]ta9ly m important to in/all a two or ?ree-/age compressor1 ow+ to ! great] economy ( work+4 ,! l>g] capital exp5diture w be comp5sat$ by ! consid]able sav+ ( en]gy4 ,z comp>$ ) s+le-/age compression to #ajj lbs4 gauge pressure1 a sav+ ( #bj p] c5t4 c be effect$ by ?ree-/age work+1 & ) a con/ant load ( f #ge p] c5t4 to #ajj p] c5t4 ( full load1 a turb9e or electrically driv5 rot>y multiple-/age compressor is decid$ly ! be/ type to adopt4 ,9 plants :]e exhau/ /eam c be us$ to advantage1 z 9 l>ge g5]at+ /ations1 a /eam turbo-compressor1 multiple-/age1 exhau/+ to a fe$ wat] heat] w %[ great economy1 & ! op]at+ co/s ( a l>ge plant ( ?is type are v l[ comp>$ ) any o!r =m ( conveyor4 ,?is w be obvi\s :5 x is po9t$ out t ma9t5ance co/s on ! conveyor are conf9$ to r5ewals ( b5ds & junctions 9 ! pipe l9es1 & ( flexible hose4 ,!re are no dis*>ge valves or air locks to be kept vacuum tight1 no filt] /ra9]s or sleeves to r5ew1 & ! p[] unit is n subject$ to undue we> ?r\gh extrane\s matt] ent]+ ! cyl9d]s & scor+ ! walls or we>+ ! valves4 ,comp>$ ) o!r =ms ( me*anical convey+1 ! pneumatic induction sy/em is v l[ 9 ma9t5ance co/s1 :ile ! s]i\s *>ges incurr$ 9 employ+ human lab\r are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,/eam ,,jet ,,conveyors ,a me?od ( remov+ a%es f boil] furnaces :i* has be5 develop$ ext5sively 9 ,am]ica is ess5tially a pneumatic sy/em1 al?\gh /eam is ! convey+ m$ium in/ead ( mov+ air4 ,/eam is us$ because ! app>atus is always 9 use on boil] plants1 f :i* /eam c be tak5 z convey+ m$ium4 ,no air compressor or o!r special plant is requir$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! simple use ( a connection f ! /eam ma9 is a matt] ( v little importance1 & no *eck is ev] made z to ! am\nt ( /eam s us$1 h5ce #ii p] c5t4 ( ! us]s consid] t ! /eam jet co/s practically no?+ = 8p[]0 comp>$ ) a compressor :i* w\ld h a c]ta9 siz$ motor connect$1 & c\ld n escape att5tion z an additional p[] consum]4 ,/eam ,consumption4 ,inve/igation into ! actual consumption ( /eam jets w\ld (t5 give v />tl+ results1 especially aft] ! plant _h be5 9 op]ation = "s "t & ! nozzles _h begun to cut & we>4 ,z pro( ( ! wa/e ( /eam possible 9 su* a plant1 x is int]e/+ to note t ,mr4 ,david ,br[nlie1 9 a pap] on ,automatic ,/ok]s1#a gave results ( actual te/s made on /eam jets z us$ 9 c]ta9 classes ( /ok]s 9 :i* /eam jets are all[$ to bl[ d[n ! holl[ furnace b>s4 ,^! te/s %[$ t1 :]eas ! mak]s e/imat$ ! /eam consumption ( ! jets to be ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ! boil] output1 ! te/s on #hj plants %[$ a consumption v>y+ f #je p] c5t4 up to z mu* z #bad p] c5t4 ( ! total output ( boil]4 ,z fur!r evid5ce ( ! wa/e ( /eam t c occur due to neglect ( ! cutt+ effect on ! nozzles1 "o ,am]ican firm has design$ an +5i\s w>n+ or 8tell-tale40 ,a small hole is drill$ almo/1 b n q1 ?r\gh ! nozzle4 ,:ile ! nozzle reta9s its initial %ape & size ! app>atus acts normally1 b z soon z ! small am\nt ( metal cov]+ ! end ( ! hole has worn away1 ! hole is expos$1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( /eam passes ?r\gh x to a /eam :i/le :i* bl[s cont9u\sly until a new nozzle has be5 ins]t$ 9 place ( ! "o :i* is n[ worn s mu* z to make x uneconomical 9 /eam consumption4 ,provid$ t means are tak5 to prev5t wa/e ( /eam due to worn nozzles1 ! /eam jet conveyor is v s]viceable &1 be+ flexible & conv5i5t1 x is v useful = ! purpose = :i* x has be5 develop$4 ,! foll[+ e/imat$ /eam consumptions are giv5 = :at !y are wor?2 !y are ( comp>ative value 9 relation ) ! p[] consumption on ! 8suction0 s*eme3 ,"o firm claims1 9 an actual proposal = a plant to be erect$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 a consumption ( #cj lbs4 ( /eam p] m94 to deal ) #aej lbs4 ( a%es p] m941 or #d tons p] hr4 ,?is is approximately equival5t to #gb electrical h4p4 = deal+ ) #d tons ( a%es p] hr4 ,a second firm /ates t a /eam jet plant deal+ ) #ab tons p] hr4 w require #c1dff lbs4 ( /eam p] hr4 at #acj lbs4 pressure3 ?is1 if pass$ into a mod]n /eam driv5 g5]ator1 w\ld produce ov] #acj h4p4 h\rs4 ,^! figures indicate h[ v>iable are ! e/imates ( p[] requir$4 ,note4--,! 8suction0 s*emes = :eat actually "w out at slightly m ?an #a h4p4 p] ton p] hr4 9 s+le-nozzle plants1 & #a h4p4 p] ton p] hr4 9 tw9 nozzle plants4 ,lay-out ( ,plant4 ,! plant is usually design$ on ! foll[+ l9es3 ,imm$iately "u ! a% hopp]s are funnel-%ap$ tee-pieces fitt$ to a ca/ iron pipe laid on ! floor1 or pref]ably 9 a small tr5* j bel[ ! gr\nd level4 ,^! funnel inlets are usually cov]$ ) a cap :5 n 9 use1 a tight jo9t be+ e/abli%$ by ! 8suction0 9 ! pipe l9e4 ,:5 us$ on ,lanca%ire boil]s hav+ no a% basem5t ! a%es are rak$ f "u ! furnaces on to ! floor1 & swept into ! inlets m5tion$ 7see ,fig4 #be74 ,l>ge pieces ( cl9k] are brok5 by h& until !y ent] ! intake pipe1 :5 !y are imm$iately convey$ ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,,brady ,,/eam ,,jet ,,a% ,,conveyor4 ,9 all l>ge boil] h\ses ) a prop] a% basem5t x is usual to h a travell+ cl9k] break]1 motor driv51 :i* c be mov$ on light rails "u ea* a% hopp] & ov] ea* intake4 ,! break] receives all ! a%es :5 releas$ by ! hopp] valve1 cru%es !m to a suitable size & dis*>ges !m by gravity ov] ! intake funnels1 :5ce !y are transport$ to ! a% tank or hopp]4 ,! me?od ( creat+ ! mov+ air curr5ts is by pass+ /eam ?r\gh specially design$ nozzles :i* are plac$ at ! extreme end ( ! intake pipe1 & =ce ! air out ( ! pipe1 ?us induc+ a /ream ( air to ent] at ! intake op5+s1 & c>ry =w>d ! a%es :i* h be5 f$ into ! pipe ) ! air4 ,:5 ! und]gr\nd pipe has to rise v]tically to cross roads1 etc41 or to rea* an ov]head tank1 x is usually f\nd necess>y to ins]t 8boo/]0 jets to imp>t additional velocity to ! a%es1 :i* are naturally ret>d$ s]i\sly 9 *ang+ _! direction at ! b5d or elb[4 ,%\ld circum/ances necessitate _m b5ds be+ employ$ 9 ! pipe l9e ! numb] ( 8boo/]0 jets has to be increas$1 & ! total co/ ( /eam = op]ation is increas$ s]i\sly4 ,! capacity ( ! conveyor dep5ds ^u ! volume ( air pass$ ?r\gh ! pipe 9 a giv5 "t1 & ! a%es mu/ n be slack$ be=e h&l+1 b mu/ be h&l$ ei!r /raight f ! furnaces or all[$ to cool & !n convey$ to ! a% hopp]4 ,an #h 94 pipe is ! l>ge/ us$1 & ?is w h&le approximately #h tons ( a% p] h\r4 ,any increase ov] ?is size ( pipe necessitates a consumption ( /eam :i* makes ! s*eme impracticable4 ,! conveyor pipe may be run at any angle1 elevation or level1 & !re=e is n h&icapp$ by ! rigid /raight l9e1 po9t-to-po9t1 requirem5ts ( bucket elevators1 skips1 etc4 ,! abrasive action ( a%es is well kn[n1 & :5 !y are travell+ at ! high spe$ necess>y ) ?is =m ( conveyor !y cause consid]able we> at ! b5ds & elb[s 9 ! pipe l9e4 ,to ov]come ?is a special mixture ( iron has be5 obta9$1 :i* is extremely h>d & we>-resi/+4 ,/eel is q unsuitable & ord9>y ca/ iron is too s(t = ^! conditions4 ,/eam ,jets4 ,! ,james ,brady ,f\ndry ,co4 7,*icago1 ,u4,s4,a47 /ate1 9 _! ,bullet9 on ?is subject1 t ! special /eam jet elb[s are usually plac$ at ! top & bottom ( a v]tical ris]4 ,! jet ( /eam f ! nozzle ent]s ! elb[ directly 9 front (1 & p>allel to1 ! face ( a special we>+ l9]4 ,?is prev5ts or r$uces ! we> on ! l9]s1 z ! jet protects ! l9]s f ! p\nd+ action ( ! a%4 ,a r5ewable sectional l9] is provid$ ( specially h>d metal at all po9ts 9 :i* ! mat]ial makes actual contact ) ! pipe or fitt+s4 ,^! l9]s are int]*angeable 9 all elb[s1 & ea* individual l9] c be turn$ end = end :5 affect$ by we>4 ,9 cases :]e ! l5g? ( horizontal run exce$s #abe ft4 x is necess>y to supplem5t ! prim>y nozzles by 8boo/]0 /eam jets to ma9ta9 ! velocity ( ! air curr5t4 ,buff] ,boxes4 ,at ! dis*>ge end ( ! pipe l9e x is necess>y to ins]t a baffle or buff] box to take ! impact ( ! a%es1 & ?us prev5t we> on c]ta9 p>ts t are n design$ to /& up to ! de/ructive effects ( ! impact4 ,! function ( ! box is to br+ ! a%es to re/1 s t !y may fall by gravity into ! a% tank or on to ! /orage pile4 ,:5 deliv]+ into a tank x is v ess5tial to in/all a buff] box1 z o!rwise ! velocity ) :i* ! a%es ent] ! tank w pack !m s tightly t !y w n dis*>ge automatically ?r\gh ! valve or gate4 ,! location ( ! a% hopp] c be :]ev] mo/ conv5i5t = load+ ! vans1 railway trucks1 or b>ges1 etc41 b pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to a site :i* makes possible a pipe run ) a m9imum numb] ( b5ds4 ,"o ,am]ican firm ( eng9e]s1 ! ,vacuum ,a% & ,soot ,conveyor ,co41 ,new ,york1 h done away ) ! num]\s /eam jets & ! bl[+ effect produc$ !reby1 & rely entirely on suction by us+ a seal$ a% tank & exhau/+ ! conta9] & pipe sy/em by means ( a s+le /eam jet injector built into ! ro( ( ! a% tank1 & dis*>g+ its /eam directly into ! air4 ,by ?is means x is claim$ t ! foll[+ advantages are obta9$3 7#a7 ,no s&-bla/ effect1 su* z is inevitable :5 bl[+ at high velocity4 7#b7 ,no /eam ent]s ! a% tank & consequ5tly !re are no cond5sation tr\bles4 7#c7 ,mu* less du/ is bl[n into ! atmosph]e z ! /eam is nev] 9 contact ) ! du/4 7#d7 ,conveyor pipes are clean] s9ce no /eam ent]s !m1 z 9 8bl[+10 & !re is !re=e no cond5sation1 cak+ & corrosion4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,in/4 ,me*anical ,eng9e]s ,j\rnal1 ,m>*1 #aibj1 p4 #bia4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,miscellane\s ,,applications ,,( ,,pneumatic ,,convey+ ,pneumatic ,despat* ,tubes4 ,! ord9>y pneumatic conveyor picks up mat]ial at "o po9t & unloads x at ano!r & cont9ues ?is c\rse consi/5tly1 :]eas ! 8pneumatic despat* tube0 is a conveyor ( small articles enclos$ 9 a special c>tridge :i* is built to fit ! tube & :i* travels to & fro z requir$1 c>ry+ a v>iety ( articles1 or if necess>y1 ! same articles1 backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 ! same two /ations or a s]ies ( fix$ /ations4 ,! despat* tube ?us con/itutes an effective 8me*anical mess5g]40 ,"o or m tubes are run betwe5 ! po9ts to be connect$1 ) a despat* & receiv+ t]m9al at ea* end1 or if necess>y1 a s+le l9e to op]ate 9 bo? directions c be design$4 ,! tubes v>y f #a ins4 to #d ins4 diamet]1 & !y are also made ( oval sections up to #d ins4 #g ins42 rectangul> tubes h be5 in/all$ 9 special in/allations1 *iefly 9 telephone ex*anges = conv5i5ce 9 deal+ ) c]ta9 c>ds !re employ$4 ,tubes4 ,! tubes are ( lead & are usually encas$ = protection aga9/ me*anical damage1 & ! erection is c>ri$ out ) great c>e s z to pres]ve ! smoo? int]ior4 ,jo9ts occur at int]vals ( #bh ft4 or less1 & are 8wip$0 ) an ord9>y plumb]'s jo9t ov] an int]nal m&ril :i* is heat$ previ\s to ins]tion 9 ! tube4 ,air-tight jo9ts & smoo? int]iors are absolutely ess5tial to a successful in/allation4 ,c>ri]s4 ,! c>ri]s or c>tridges 9 :i* ! mat]ial to be transmitt$ is plac$ are made ( gutta-p]*a cov]$ at ! ends ) felt4 ,"o end ( ! conta9] is clos$ & ! o!r end is left op51 b a 8skirt0 ( felt surr\nds ! op5 end1 &1 z ?is is ! 8trail+0 end & ! air pressure is beh9d x1 ! air =ces op5 ! 8skirt10 mak+ a tight fit & prev5t+ leakage ( air pa/ ! c>ri]4 ,! nose ( ! c>ri] is usually fitt$ ) a felt 8buff]0 :i* also assi/s 9 mak+ an air-tight fit4 ,a c>ri] = a #b 94 tube is #f ins4 long & weighs empty ab\t #c ozs4 ,fig4 #bf %[s a l>ge c>ri]4 ,me?ods ( ,work+4 ,pneumatic tubes are work$ ei!r by air above atmosph]ic pressure or by r$uc+ ! pressure bel[ atmosph]ic4 ,9 ! pressure sy/em ! usual pressure is ab\t #aj lbs4 p] sq4 94 above atmosph]ic pressure1 :il/ 9 ! suction sy/em ! vacuum employ$ is equival5t to ab\t #f lbs4 p] sq4 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,typical ,,lamson ,,int]communication ,,c>ri]4 ,also1 ! me?od ( work+ may be ei!r 8cont9u\s0 or 8int]mitt5t02 9 ! fir/ sy/em ! air1 ei!r above or bel[ atmosph]ic pressure1 is circulat+ cont9u\sly & ! c>tridge or c>ri] is ins]t$ into a /ream ( air already 9 circulation1 :il/ 9 ! 8int]mitt5t0 sy/em ! p[]1 ei!r pressure or suction1 is admitt$ to ! conveyor tube only aft] ! c>ri] has be5 ins]t$1 & x is aga9 cut (f :5 ! c>ri] rea*es ! end ( its j\rney4 ,to a great ext5t ! success ( a pneumatic tube sy/em is ! spe$ at :i* x c transmit ! message s5t by ?is means4 ,9 ! 8cont9u\s0 sy/em1 work+ above atmosph]ic pressure1 ! spe$ is n s great z 9 ! 8int]mitt5t0 s*eme1 because ! pressure 9 ! tube is ! same 9 front ( & beh9d ! c>ri]1 :i* has to displace ! air 9 front ( x4 ,9 ! 8int]mitt5t0 sy/em ! pressure is turn$ on aft] ! c>ri] is 9 place1 & ! advanc+ c>ri] has only to move ! air at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if suction is employ$1 ! 8int]mitt5t0 sy/em is sl[] ?an ! 8cont9u\s0 sy/em because ! air has to be exhau/$ to a c]ta9 po9t be=e ! c>ri] beg9s to travel4 ,x is true t x w beg9 to move z soon z ! diff]5ce 9 pressure am\nts to a few ounces1 b !re is a di/9ct 8"t lag0 comp>$ ) ins]t+ ! c>tridge into a tube cont9u\sly exhau/$ :5 x />ts (f at practically full pressure & spe$ imm$iately4 ,! diff]5ce 9 "t is /at$ by ,kemp to be #c p] c5t4 long] ) 8cont9u\s0 pressure1 comp>$ ) 8int]mitt5t0 pressure at #f lbs4 p] sq4 942 ! diff]5ce increas+ to #f p] c5t4 :5 ! pressure is rais$ to #ad lbs4 p] sq4 94 ,! av]age work+ spe$ ( ^! tubes is f #be to #cj miles p] h\r4 ,p[] ,requir$ = ,op]ation4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e ! actual am\nt ( p[] necess>y to c>ry a c>tridge ?r\gh a tube4 ,kemp's ,eng9e]'s ,ye> ,book /ates t1 work+ at ! /&>d pressure ( #aj lbs4 p] sq4 941 ! p[] requir$ is !oretically #cce h4p4 = a #b 94 tube1 #a mile long1 b actual exp]i5ce sugge/s t at lea/ #ej p] c5t4 %\ld be add$ to all[ = losses f v>i\s causes1 mak+ ! actual p[]1 say1 #e h4p4 p] #b 94 tube p] mile4 ,pressure receiv]s or tanks are ins]t$ betwe5 ! pump & ! travell+ tube to comp5sate = ! impulses due to ! irregul>ity ( ! pumps & also to act z res]voirs furni%+ additional p[] dur+ p]iods ( abnormal work+4 ,! vacuum sy/em takes less p[] 7= a def9ite "t ( transmission7 ?an is requir$ by ! pressure me?od ( work+1 b local conditions always influ5ce results consid]ably1 & x is inadvisable to give any def9ite figure z to ! p[] requir$1 )\t actual k ( ! sy/em & conditions involv$4 ,! air compressors are usually driv5 electrically1 b !y c1 ( c\rse1 be op]at$ by any o!r prime mov] su* z oil1 gas1 or /eam eng9es4 ,x is economical to comb9e ! pressure & suction sy/ems by arrang+ ! air compressor to draw air f ! vacuum receiv] into ! compressor cyl9d]s :5ce x is return$ to ! pressure l9e4 ,automatic valves keep ! pressures 9 ! pressure & vacuum sides ( ! sy/em )9 pre-det]m9$ limits4 8,make up0 air is admitt$ by ! automatic op5+ ( an atmosph]ic valve :5 ! pressure side ( ! sy/em is l[ & ! vacuum side high1 s t ! pump is depriv$ ( suffici5t air to op]ate ! sy/em effici5tly4 ,%\ld ! conditions become rev]s$1 t is1 a l[ vacuum & a high pressure1 !n ! pump is work+ aga9/ a high back pressure1 & ?is is r$uc$ by ! op5+ ( an atmosph]ic relief valve :i* rema9s op5 until ! vacuum is re/or$ to normal pressure4 ,?is sy/em is pref]able to & m economical ?an ! use ( two sep>ate pump+ & exhau/+ ma*9es4 ,elaborate & valuable tables ( horse-p[] requir$ by compressors & ( 8transit times0 = di/ances up to #d1ejj yds4 ) #a 941 #b 941 & #c 94 tubes are giv5 9 ,kemp's ,eng9e]'s ,ye> ,book4 ,! ,lamson ,tube ,co41 ,ltd41 h br\ght :at 0 orig9ally inv5t$ z a means ( convey+ p]sons to a practical bus9ess accessory1 capable ( sav+ a great am\nt ( "t by despat*+ sket*es1 pap]s1 small articles1 money1 etc41 "h1 !re1 & ev]y:]e at ! rate ( #cj miles an h\r4 ,! utility ( ^! plants has long be5 recognis$ by bank+ e/abli%m5ts1 ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice1 l>ge /ores1 factories1 newspap] publi%+ (fices1 etc4 7see ,figs4 #bg & #bh74 ,9 addition to ! conveyance ( messages & pap]s1 !y are frequ5tly in/all$ to convey money & bills f ! num]\s dep>tm5ts ( a l>ge /ore to ! ca%i]s1 ?us sav+ "t & effect+ economy 9 lab\r & floor space4 ,"o ca%i] c att5d to f #aj to #ae /ations1 or 9 small e/abli%m5ts all ! /ations c be c5traliz$ ar\nd ! book-keep]4 ,! in/allation ( a p[]-driv5 plant is n ess5tial1 provid+ t ! s]vice requir$ is n too great4 ,a foot p[] pneumatic s]vice is available & x is 9 use 9 _m bus9ess e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! me?ods ( transportation are simil> to ^? 9 a p[] plant1 b ! tubes are br\ght to a special cab9et #ae ins4 squ>e by #b ft4 #f ins4 high1 9 :i* is m\nt$ a foot-op]at$ pump ( pat5t$ design )\t bell[s or cords4 ,! pump is op]at$ z & :5 ! s]vice is requir$1 & !re is no loss ( any description :5 ! app>atus is n 9 use4 ,pneumatic ,tubes = ,heavy ,articles4 ,x is int]e/+ to recall1 especially 9 view ( ! propos$ use ( pneumatically-propell$ p>cel-convey+ tra9s by ! ,g4,p4,o4 9 ,london1 ! proposal made by ,mr4 ,m$hur/1 9 #ahaj1 :5 x 0 sugge/$ t a c>riage some:at simil> to ! mod]n railway c>riage %\ld be mov$ ?r\gh a tunnel by pneumatic means4 ,s long ago z #affg1 ,d59 ,pap9 read be=e ! ,royal ,society a pap] entitl$ 8,a ,d\ble ,pneumatic ,pump10 & def9ite m5tion ( despat* tubes 0 made 9 ?is pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,tube ,,c5tral ,,9 ,,:olesale ,,drug ,,h\se1 ,,di/ribut+ ,,ord]s ,,to ,,all ,,dep>tm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,lamson ,,di/ribut+ ,,/ation ,,9 ,,well-,,kn[n ,,publi%+ ,,h\se4 ,9 #ahdj a pneumatic railway 0 actually built & work$ betwe5 ,london & ,croydon1 & 9 view ( its success 0 foll[$ by o!rs betwe5 ,dalkey & ,k+/[n & betwe5 ,exet] & ,plym\?4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t transportation by pneumatic means is n mod]n 9 its application1 & 0 orig9ally int5d$ = v l>ge tubes & weights1 b mod]n developm5t has be5 t[>d small tubes & light weights4 ,! ,vacuum ,clean]4 ,! pneumatic transport+ ( mat]ial 9 ! =m ( du/ has be5 br\ght to a v high /ate ( p]fection dur+ rec5t ye>s & an enorm\s numb] ( plants is n[ 9 use1 rang+ f ! h&-propell$ ma*9e to v l>ge /ation>y equipm5ts4 ,c]ta9 h&-propell$ ma*9es h be5 con/ruct$ 9 su* a way t ! fan is directly op]at$ by ge>+ f ! runn+ :eels1 & aft] a few mom5ts a v consid]able spe$ is atta9$ & ! suction ( ! fan is us$ = lift+ ! du/ f ! surface ov] :i* ! app>atus is travell+4 ,num]\s designs ( m p[]ful ma*9es actuat$ by h& bell[s h be5 plac$ on ! m>ket & ^! possess ! advantage t !y are indep5d5t ( ! use ( p[]2 b x is n altoge!r easy to op]ate a ma*9e by "o h& & to manipulate ! nozzle ) ! o!r4 ,electrically driv5 ma*9es ( almo/ numb]less designs are available4 ,^! usually employ a high spe$ fan ( ! s+le-/age type1 b a pi/on pump is embodi$ 9 "s designs4 ,9 ! removal ( du/ ! same pr9ciple applies z 9 ! convey+ ( heavi] mat]ials1 i4e4 x is n s imp]ative to obta9 a high vacuum z x is to h a l>ge volume ( air mov+ at high velocity1 h5ce ! multi-/age turb9e ma*9e has di/9ct advantages z reg>ds weight ( mat]ial mov$ & economy ( p[]4 ,! multi-/age exhau/] consi/s ( turb9e :eels m\nt$ on a s+le %aft1 ! air be+ drawn into ! fir/ :eel1 f ?is to ! second :eel & s on "r ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 ea* :eel increas+ ! suction on ! intake end accord+ to ! total numb] ( :eels or /ages4 ,?is /yle ( ma*9e is procurable 9 ei!r ! /ation>y or portable type1 & 9 bo? x is made 9 v>i\s sizes1 ! portable ma*9es rang+ f #a_/ab h4p4 up to h4p4 = dome/ic purposes1 & f #a to #c h4p4 on trucks = clean+ electrical ma*9]y1 railway c>riages1 etc4 ,figs4 #bi & #cj illu/rate typical /ation>y & portable plants respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,/ation>y ,,turbo-,,exhau/] ,,) ,,du/ ,,sep>ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,portable ,,turbo-,,exhau/] ,,driv5 ,,by #a ,h4,p4 ,d4,c4 ,,motor4 ,x is n g5]ally recogniz$ :at enorm\s am\nts ( du/ & dirt may be extract$ by ^! ma*9es4 ,f "o ,london hotel a h4p4 clean] remov$ #aff lbs4 ( du/ f ! c>pets ( ! public rooms only4 ,on a clean+ te/ 9 a fir/ class d9+ c> on "o ( ! ,engli% railways #be lbs4 ( du/ 0 remov$ f #ch sq4 yds4 ( c>pet4 ,a rug 9 front ( a lift 9 a ,london /ores yield$ #ia lbs4 #a oz4 ( dirt to a small ma*9e4 ,! /ation>y plants are usually in/all$ 9 ! basem5ts ( l>ge (fice build+s1 !atres1 hotels1 clubs1 etc41 & ! :ole build+ is pip$ suitably1 wall plugs or connectors be+ fitt$ to :i* ! /aff make connection by flexible hose z & :5 requir$4 ,! free end ( ! flexible hose is fitt$ ) "o or o!r ( a s]ies ( special nozzles1 ! latt] be+ adapt$ to ! v>y+ requirem5ts ( ev]y?+ 9 ! room f floor to ceil+4 ,) ! portable h& sets or ev5 ) ! l>g] truck type1 ! design is complete z a work+ unit2 ! equipm5t is us$ z manufactur$ & !re is little or no *ance = ! us] to endang] ! work+ effici5cy ( ! plant4 ,9 p]man5t plants1 h[ev]1 z in/all$ 9 hotels1 etc41 x is necess>y t all po9ts previ\sly m5tion$ reg>d+ pipe l9es1 valves1 junctions1 b5ds1 etc41 %\ld be consid]$ & act$ ^u4 ,! pipe l9es %\ld be too l>ge r ?an re/rict$ 9 any way1 ! suction flexible %\ld be kept z %ort z possible1 & if necess>y extra connections %\ld be all[$ r ?an require flexibles too long = use )\t 8k9k+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,suction ,,clean+ ,,= ,,railway ,,c>riage ,,cu%ions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,/urtevant ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,(fice ,,clean+4 ,fig4 #ca illu/rates a /ation>y suction clean+ plant appli$ to clean+ railway c>riage cu%ions1 & ,fig4 #cb %[s a simil> in/allation 9 use 9 an (fice build+4 ,clean+ by ,air ,bla/4 ,by transf]r+ ! hose f ! suction side to ! dis*>ge1 a suction clean] may be us$ to bl[ du/ f ma*9]y ( all k9ds & f places t are high up & _c be clean$ economically by suction4 ,= clean+ electric g5]ators & motors by bla/1 ^! ma*9es h _m advantages1 & on acc\nt ( ! l>ge volume ( air h&l$ !y are mu* to be pref]r$ to ! small-volume high pressure jet ( ! ord9>y air compressor (t5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,) ! portable turbo-bl[] !re is no dang] ( damage to ! insulation ?r\gh high pressure1 or ?r\gh ! c>ry+ ( moi/ure & oil into ! w9d+s ) ! air jet4 ,pump+ by ,compress$ ,air4 ,al?\gh1 g5]ally speak+1 ! rais+ ( wat] by compress$ air is n an economical me?od1 x is frequ5tly adopt$ 9 m9+ & tunnell+ :]e ! use ( /eam or electricity is objectionable4 ,9 ^! cases1 co/ ( op]ation is a m9or factor1 & x may be int]e/+ to give a few p>ticul>s ( ?is =m ( pneumatic convey+4 ,! simple/ =m ( compress$ air pump consi/s ( a clos$ *amb] or tank imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 to be rais$ or fix$ at su* a level t ! wat] w fl[ into ! tank4 ,an air pipe is connect$ to ! top ( ! *amb]1 & ! ris+ ma9 is c>ri$ inside ! tank to ! bottom4 ,on op5+ ! air valve1 pressure is ex]t$ on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! tank1 & ! wat] is expell$ ?r\gh ! lift pipe or ris+ ma94 ,on clos+ ! air valve1 wat] aga9 fills up ! tank1 & ! process is repeat$4 ,a decid$ improvem5t on ?is pump is ! return air pump1 :i* consi/s ( two clos$ *amb]s connect$ ?r\gh valves ) ! ris+ ma94 ,! compress$ air pipe passes ?r\gh a two-way valve1 ei!r into "o tank or ! o!r1 ?is valve be+ positively op]at$4 ,! me?od ( work+ is simil> to t ( ! s+le act+ pump1 consid]+ ea* *amb] sep>ately1 b "o tank is fill+ :ile ! o!r is be+ empti$4 ,! air expell$ f ! fill+ tank1 in/ead ( be+ dis*>g$ to atmosph]e1 & "p ( its expansive p[] lo/1 is c>ri$ back ?r\gh ! pipe1 :i* w\ld be ! air intake pipe :5 dis*>g+1 ?r\gh a port 9 ! two-way valve1 & into ! compressor intake pipe4 ,! air leav+ ! fill+ tank is naturally above atmosph]ic pressure1 & assi/s ! pi/on on ent]+ ! compressor1 ?us r$uc+ ! p[] absorb$ 9 driv+ ! latt]4 ,air-lift ,pump+4 ,! air-lift pump is a common means ( convey+ by pneumatic means & %\ld n be confus$ ) ! above me?ods ( rais+ wat] by compress$ air4 ,9 ! air-lift me?od ( pump+ air "u pressure is admitt$ at ! foot ( a pipe already subm]g$ 9 ! well4 ,! air does n m]ely bubble ?r\gh ! wat]1 z might be suppos$1 b passes up ! pipe z a mixture ( air & wat]4 ,! introduction ( ! air into ! ris+ column ( wat] makes ! latt] z a :ole less d5se ?an ! wat] ar\nd ! tube1 & !re=e we h a diff]5ce 9 head betwe5 ! int]nal & ext]nal columns ( wat] :i* w c>ry ! int]nal column consid]ably high] ?an ! ext]nal column4 ,z ! lift+ =ce dep5ds ^u ! 8head0 ( wat] outside ! ris+ ma91 x foll[s t ! maximum height to :i* ! wat] c be rais$ dep5ds ^u ! dep? to :i* ! air pipe & ris+ ma9 are subm]g$ bel[ ! /&+ level ( ! wat] 9 ! bore-hole4 ,9 o!r words1 ! great] ! lift1 ! great] ! dep? to :i* ! air pipe mu/ be c>ri$ be=e releas+ ! air into ! ris+ ma94 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! wat] pipe %\ld be subm]g$ #ah ins4 = e #a ft4 lift above ! wat] level 9 ! bore-hole1 & all[ance mu/ be made = ! 8depression0 ( ! wat] level 9 ! bore-hole1 :i* w probably take place :5 pump+ is 9 progress4 ,?is depression w v>y accord+ to ! wat] be>+ capacity ( ! /rata1 9 :i* ! hole has be5 bor$1 h5ce x is necess>y to g c>efully into ! conditions be=e bor+ ! hole4 ,if available1 data %\ld be /udi$ conc]n+ ! /&+ wat] level1 & ! pump+ depression 9 o!r bore-holes 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,also te/s %\ld be made be=e ! bor+ ma*9]y is remov$ because1 al?\gh ! initial dep? ( bore-hole may be satisfactory on ! basis ( /&+ level calculations1 x may be f\nd t :5 pump+ ! depression is s great t ! bore-hole has to be c>ri$ to a great] dep?4 ,! air is suppli$ at a pressure suitable = ! conditions1 & c be c>ri$ d[n a sep>ate tube & connect$ to ! ris+ ma9 at ! correct dep? 7,fig4 #cc71 or1 z is (t5 done1 "o pipe may be l[]$ & ! ris+ ma9 support$ c5trally inside ! cas+ tube1 ! annul> space betwe5 ! two be+ us$ z ! air pipe 7see ,fig4 #cd74 ,! am\nt ( free air requir$ is f #jf to #aj cu4 ft4 p] gallon ( wat] rais$ p] m941 provid$ t all ! details h be5 /udi$ c>efully & ! design ( ! plant work$ out accord+ly4 ,if ! air pipe is too small ! air w bubble sl[ly ?r\gh ! wat]1 :ile if x is too l>ge x w bl[ out ) great =ce1 spray+ & los+ ! wat]3 ! ratio betwe5 ! cross-sectional area ( ! air & wat] pipes is ab\t #a to #d4 ,advantages ( air-lift pump+ are t a great] am\nt ( wat] c be obta9$ f a hole ( giv5 size ?an by ord9>y pump+2 & t "o compress+ plant c deal ) sev]al wells in/ead ( ne$+ a sep>ate pump to ea* well4 ,,air-,,lift ,,pump+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,,air ,,pipe ,,outside ,,ris]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,,air ,,betwe5 ,,cas+ ,,& ,,ris]4 ,! disadvantages are1 t ! me*anical effici5cy is l[2 t a consid]able am\nt ( air is entra9$ 9 ! wat]1 & a]at$ wat] is v unsuitable = boil] fe$ purposes2 & t means mu/ be provid$ to all[ air to escape by pass+ ! dis*>ge f ! pump ov] a weir or simil> contrivance4 ,x is necess>y to h "s reliable =m ( oil trap betwe5 ! compressor & ! well to prev5t contam9ation ( ! wat] by oil c>ri$ ov] by ! air f ! cyl9d]s ( ! compressor2 ?is is difficult1 because ! oil is n only 8atomiz$0 b is actually vaporiz$ :ile 9 ! compressor cyl9d]s & z a gas x is difficult to reclaim4 ,! air mu/ be kept z l[ 9 temp]ature z possible1 & x is usually pass$ ?r\gh a cool] be=e be+ deliv]$ d[n ! well4 ,at times1 air-lifts are in/all$ = convey+ o!r liquids to a height1 & :5 ^! c be treat$ at a high temp]ature x is advisable1 z ! effici5cy is !n mu* improv$4 ,ev5 "u ^! conditions x is advisable to cool ! air to ! l[e/ feasible temp]ature1 be=e us+ x z a lift+ m$ium4 ,:5 />t+ up1 ! column ( wat] 9 ! ris+ ma9 has to be mov$ z a solid column1 & consequ5tly a high] pressure ( air is requir$ at />t+ ?an :5 ! column has be5 set 9 motion1 z ! wat] & air !n pass up 9 alt]native 8pellets40 ,9 *emical works & alli$ indu/ries ?is pneumatic me?od is frequ5tly us$ = pump+ acids1 & o!r corrosive liquids f "o place to ano!r4 ,compress$ air is a v h&y m$ium = ?is class ( "w z ord9>y me*anical me?ods are rul$ out1 due to ! impossibility ( introduc+ corrosive liquids into ! pumps & syphons unless great exp5se is incurr$ by ! use ( acid-pro( mat]ials4 ,! air-lift is also v advantage\s = pump+ wat] :i* conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( s& or simil> gritty mat]ial :i* w\ld cut & score ! walls ( an ord9>y pi/on pump4 ,air-lift pump+ is frequ5tly us$1 !re=e1 on new bore-holes until ! s&1 etc41 has be5 elim9at$1 aft] :i* ! f9al pump c be in/all$ )\t fe> ( damage4 ,! "q ( subm]g5ce w frequ5tly make x impossible to use air-lift )\t bor+ _m feet deep] ?an w\ld o!rwise be necess>y1 b :5 ! wat] be>+ /rata is l[ ?is =m ( pump+ is frequ5tly v conv5i5t4 ,miscellane\s ,applications ( ,pneumatic ,convey+4 ,sev]al o!r int]e/+ applications ( pneumatic convey+ may be enum]at$ b1 be+ some:at outside ! prim>y scope ( ?is book1 !y w n be discuss$ 9 detail4 ,! ma9 object ( ! au?or is to raise int]e/ 9 ! h&l+ ( solid mat]ials 9 a mann] practically unkn[n to ! g5]al read]4 ,! h\s+ problem has develop$ ! pneumatic h&l+ ( cem5t 9 a liquid =m1 & h\ses are n[ be+ built ( re9=c$ cem5t 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,an exp&$ /eel frame is support$ betwe5 concrete or brick pi]s1 & on wood %eet+ :]e necess>y1 & liquid cem5t is bl[n on to ! metal 9 ! =m ( a liquid spray3 ! fir/ coat dries quickly & leaves a c]ta9 am\nt ( cem5t cov]+ ! framework4 ,!n foll[s ano!r coat1 & aga9 ano!r & s on1 until ! :ole ( ! framework has be5 cov]$ to an appreciable ?ickness4 ,! result is a ?9 wall or slab ( cem5t re9=c$ ) ! /eel & ( great comb9$ /r5g?4 ,slightly dom$ ro(s con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann] h prov$ v /rong & durable4 ,! ,a]ograph is an in/rum5t work+ on ! same pr9ciple = ! application ( pa9t1 & x is us$ a great deal 9 ! art _w1 9 ! manufacture ( ,*ri/mas c>ds1 9 panel pa9t+1 & 9 int]ior decoration g5]ally4 ,excell5t 8tones0 & %ades are obta9$ by ! simple me?od ( v>y+ ! ?ickness ( ! col\r or ! numb] ( coats appli$4 ,x is usual to convey ! surplus col\r & fumes away f ! op]ator by means ( a /ream ( air ?r\gh a special hood plac$ at ! back ( ! "w1 ?us ma9ta9+ clean pure air = ! op]ator4 ,a simil> ma*9e ( m crude design is us$ = :itewa%+ walls ( /ables1 cattle p5s1 etc4 ,all ^! plants comprise an air compressor1 ei!r p[] or h& op]at$1 f :i* ! air is l$ to a special injector :i* draws up ?r\gh a second pipe a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! mat]ial to be spray$4 ,! pa9t or o!r mat]ial is !n atomiz$ & impell$ ) consid]able =ce on to ! surface to be cov]$4 ,! s& bla/ is ano!r application ( pneumatic convey+ 9 :i* ! m$ium convey$ is s&1 :i* has well-kn[n cutt+ & erosive effects :5 x imp+es on a surface at high velocity4 ,?is plant is us$ = decorat+ glassw>e1 obscur+ %eet glass1 & also = clean+ /one build+s by ! actual removal ( ! face ( ! previ\sly discol\r$ /one4 ,! pneumatic conveyance ( en]gy is exemplifi$ by rock drills1 rivet+ ma*9es1 coal-cutt]s & innum]able o!r portable tools4 ,en]gy is exp5d$ 9 compress+ air :i* is transmitt$ ?r\gh pipes & made to yield its /or$ en]gy by driv+ ! air motors ( ! tools or o!r app>atus 9 "q4 ,conclusion4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t pneumatic convey+ has made great progress1 & t ! possibilities ( ?is me?od ( deal+ ) ! mov+ ( solid mat]ials are mu* great] ?an has be5 g5]ally recogniz$4 ,almo/ any?+ t w ent] a pipe up to ab\t #i ins4 diamet] c be convey$ 9 ?is way1 ei!r by 8bl[+0 or 8suction0 or by ! 8induction0 me?od4 ,weight & size is an advantage r ?an o!rwise1 & bricks c be dealt ) m successfully ?an fl\r4 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce1 9 ! results ( actual work+ ) pneumatic convey+1 indicates t no problem %\ld be consid]$ too difficult to be tackl$ by ?is me?od1 & t ev5 ! mo/ unlikely mat]ials c be convey$ successfully by pneumatic means4 ,,bibliography ,read]s wi%+ to amplify _! k ( pneumatic convey+ may f9d useful ! foll[+ ref]5ces-- 8,pneumatic ,dispat*10 by ,h4 ,r4 ,kemp1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,m4,r4,m4 ,pap] be=e ! ,in/4 ( ,po/ ,(fice ,eng9e]s4 ,octob]1 #aiji4 8,p[] ,plant = ,pneumatic ,tubes 9 ! ,po/ ,(fice10 by ,a4 ,b4 ,eason1 ,m4,a41 ,a4,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,pap] be=e ! ,in/4 ( ,po/ ,(fice ,eng9e]s4 #ah? ,octob]1 #aiac4 8,portable ,plant40 ,editorial article 9 ,cassi]'s ,eng9e]+ ,mon?ly1 ,june1 #aiai4 8,pneumatic ,h&l+ ,ma*9]y40 ,eng9e]+ & ,indu/rial ,managem5t1 #e? ,june1 #aiai4 8,hi/ory ( ,convey+10 by ,g4 ,f4 ,zimm]1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,eng9e]+ & ,indu/rial ,managem5t1 ,july to ,sept41 #aibj4 8,boots z ,p[] ,us]s10 by ,e4 ,g4 ,phillips1 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,a4,m4,i4,me*4,e41 describ+ ! coal h&l+ plant us$ by ,messrs4 ,boots ,pure ,drug ,co41 ,ltd41 ,nott+ham4 ,p[] ,us]1 ,m>*1 #aibj4 8,pneumatic ,h&l+ ,in/allation = ,calcium ,sulphide10 by ,g4 ,f4 ,zimm]1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,*emical ,age1 #aj? ,april1 #aibj4 8,pneumatic ,convey+ ( ,granul> ,sub/ances1 includ+ ,*emicals10 by ,g4 ,s4 ,layton4 ,pap] be=e ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,?ird ,conf]5ce 7,birm+ham71 #bcrd ,april1 #aibj4 8,pneumatic ,convey+ ( ,coal & ,simil> ,sub/ances10 by ,j4 ,h4 ,k+1 ,m4,i4,me*4,e4 ,pap] be=e ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,?ird ,conf]5ce 7,birm+ham71 #bcrd ,april1 #aibj4 ,in/ructive catalogues on ?is & alli$ subjects are issu$ by ! foll[+ firms 7among/ o!rs73 ,messrs4 ,a%well ,nesbit1 ,ltd41 ,leice/]2 ,r4 ,boby1 ,ltd41 ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds2 ,h4 ,j4 ,k+ ,co41 ,nailswor?1 ,gl\ce/]2 ,! ,lamson ,/ore ,pneumatic ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london2 & ,! ,/urtevant ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,,index ,advantages ( sy/em1 #e ,a]ograph1 #aja ,air compressors1 #fg1 #gj1 #ga ---- filt]s1 #aj1 #ba-bg ---- induction1 #fc ---- lift1 advantages1 #ig ---- ----1 air requir$1 #ig ---- ---- 8depression10 #if ---- ---- pump+1 #ie-ajj ---- ---- subm]g5ce1 #if1 #ajj ---- receiv]s1 #fi ---- reheat+1 #fh1 #fi ---- velocity1 #cf 8,aquadag10 #bj ,a% h&l+1 #eh1 #gd-gg ,bag filt]s1 #bb-bd ,b5ds & elb[s1 #cd1 #ce1 #fg ,bibliography1 #aje 8,bl[+0 sy/em1 #d ,break+ ( mat]ials1 #cd1 #ce1 #fg ,buff] boxes1 #gh ,capacity ( pipe l9es1 #cf ,cem5t h&l+ plants1 #aja ,clean+ ) air bla/1 #id ,coal-h&l+ plants1 #ed-eh1 #fj1 #fa ,comp>ative co/s1 #ec ,convey+ above atmosph]ic pressure1 #f ---- bel[ atmosph]ic pressure1 #f ---- above & bel[ atmosph]ic pressure1 #f1 #fd-ff ,cyclone sep>ators1 #ba ,design1 factors influ5c+1 #h ,despat* tubes1 #hj1 #ha ,dis*>g]s design1 #aj1 #bh-cb1 #ef1 #eg ---- difficulties1 #i ---- valves1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb1 #ef1 #eh ,exhau/]s1 #aj1 #ad ,factors influ5c+ design1 #h ,flexibility1 #e ,flexible suction pipes1 #cf ,float+ plants1 #c1 #df1 #ea1 #ei-fa ,flue clean+1 #ei ,foot p[] pumps1 #hf ,fundam5tal pr9ciples1 #c ,gra9-h&l+1 #de1 #dg ,heavy comm]cial sy/ems1 #g ,high pressure sy/ems1 #f1 #ci ,hi/orical1 #a1 #b 8,induction0 sy/em1 #d1 #f1 #fb-ff 8,int]mitt5t0 tube sy/em1 #ha1 #hc ,junctions 9 pipe l9es1 #cc ,k+'s exhau/]1 #aj-ad ---- ?ree-way valve1 #cg 8,k9k+0 to be avoid$1 #ib ,l>ge pipe sy/ems1 #g ,lime wa%+1 #aja ,l[ pressure sy/ems1 #f ,lubrication1 #bj ,mat]ials1 break+ (1 #cd1 #ce1 #fg ,moll]s' air filt]1 #bd ,na% hydro-turb9e1 #ah1 #ai ,nozzles 7suction71 #aj1 #dj-dc ,oil contam9ation1 #aa ,pipe l9es1 #aj1 #cc1 #cf1 #ci ---- ----1 capacity (1 #cf ,pneumatic tube c>ri]s1 #ha1 #hb ---- ----1 8cont9u\s10 #ha1 #hc ---- ---- foot p[]1 #hf ---- ----1 8int]mitt5t10 #ha1 #hc ---- ----1 p[] requir$1 #hd1 #he ---- ---- pressure sy/em1 #ha1 #he ---- ---- vacuum sy/em1 #hd ,portable quay-side plant1 #e ---- railway plant1 #di-ea ---- vacuum clean]s1 #ib ,p[] requir$1 #dd ,pressure sy/ems1 #d1 #f ,pump+ by compress$ air1 #id1 #ie ,quayside plants1 #ea ,reheat+ compress$ air1 #fh1 #fi ,rot>y bl[]s1 #ad1 #ae ,s&-bla/+1 #ajb ,/ation>y plants1 vacuum1 #ib ,/eam consumption1 #gb-gd ---- jet conveyors1 #gb1 #gd1 #gf ---- jets1 #gg ---- jets1 economy (1 #gb1 #gc ,/urtevant bl[]s1 #af1 #ag 8,suction0 nozzles1 #aj1 #dj-dc ---- sy/ems1 #d-g ,sy/ems1 advantages (1 #e ,telescopic pipes1 #ch ,turbo-bl[]s1 #aa ,vacuum clean]s1 #hi ---- ----1 te/s1 #ib ---- requir$1 #c ,valves 9 pipe l9e1 #cg ,velocity ( air 9 pipes1 #cf ,wat] pump+1 #ie-ajj ,wat]side plants1 #de1 #dg1 #dh1 #ei ,we> ( pipes & b5ds1 #cd1 #ce ,wet air filt]s1 #be-bg ,pr9t$ by ,sir ,isaac ,pitman ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,ba?1 ,engl& ,transcrib]'s ,notes pg #ei ,*ang$3 await ! conv5i5ce ( ! wagons to3 await ! conv5i5ce ( ! waggons pg #fi ,*ang$3 practice to in/al an effici5t sep>ator to3 practice to in/all an effici5t sep>ator