,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 ,no4 #acbg ,,can>ies ,,_! ,,c>e ,,& ,,managem5t ,illu/ration3 ,can>y 9 a bird cage ,illu/ration3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,to meet ! reque/s cont9ually receiv$ = in=mation on ! c>e ( can>ies 9 sickness & heal?1 ?is bullet9 has be5 compil$ f num]\s s\rces1 includ+ p]sonal exp]i5ces & obs]vations ( ! au?or4 ,x is int5d$ = all :o are int]e/$ 9 can>ies4 ,?is bullet9 is a revision ( & sup]s$es ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ggj4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issu$ ,may1 #aibc4 ,,can>ies3 ,,_! ,,c>e ,,& ,,managem5t4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,wetmore1 ,assi/ant ,biologi/1 ,division ( ,biological ,inve/igations1 ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,introduction #a ,hi/ory #b ,v>ieties #c ,cages #e ,c>e ( cages #g ,indoor & outdoor avi>ies #h ,food #i ,ba?+ #aj ,molt #aa ,color fe$+ #ab ,bre$+ #ac ,sex & age #ae ,v]m9 #af ,c>e ( feet & bill #ag ,diseases & injuries #ag ,brok5 limbs #ah ,loss ( fea!rs ab\t head #ah ,respiratory tr\bles #ai ,inte/9al compla9ts #ai ,bibliography #bj ,,introduction4 ,among ! birds kept = h\sehold pets none is m common or bett] kn[n ?an ! can>y4 ,s simple are its requirem5ts 9 ! way ( food & c>e t x ne$s little att5tion1 & because ( its pleas+ songs & int]e/+ habits x is a univ]sal favorite4 ,readily adaptable to cage life1 can>ies display little ( ! fe> %[n by wild birds 9 captivity1 & ! ease ) :i* !y may be induc$ to ne/ & re> "y adds to _! popul>ity4 ,can>ies h be5 dome/icat$ = sev]al hundr$ ye>s &1 ?\gh m common 9 we/]n ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an else:]e1 h be5 c>ri$ ov] practically ! entire civiliz$ _w4 ,9 ,engl& & ,g]many !re are hundr$s ( can>y bre$]s & _m avicultural societies4 ,sev]al p]iodicals deal+ solely ) cage birds are publi%$ !re1 & 9 ! l>g] cities bird exhibitions are held annually4 ,simil> activities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile ( y\ng] gr[?1 are mak+ consid]able progress4 ,dur+ ! #aj-ye> p]iod prior to #aiae m ?an #c1bej1jjj can>ies 7 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ma9ly f ,g]many & ,engl&4 ,) ! cont9uance ( ! ,_w ,w> ! numb] br\ght 9 decreas$ /eadily1 until x fell f an av]age ( m ?an #a1jjj birds p] day 9 #aiad to ab\t #aj1jjj = ! ye> #aiah4 ,importations f ,g]many practically ceas$1 & comp>atively few birds 7 to be obta9$ f ,engl&1 s t deal]s 7 =c$ to look to ! ,ori5t1 ma9ly to ,*9a1 = ! small numb] secur$4 ,?is depression cont9u$ until #aibj1 b ) return to m normal conditions 9 #aiba1 ab\t #gj1jjj 7 import$1 & 9 #aibb m ?an #aej1jjj1 l>gely f ! =m] s\rces 9 ,europe z well z ! ,ori5t4 ,can>ies seem to ?rive 9 any climate :]e n expos$ to too sev]e wea!r conditions1 & 9 spite ( ! long p]iod !y h be5 protect$ & held 9 captivity !y are capable ( endur+ a surpris+ degree ( cold :5 h>d5$ to x4 ,9 ,engl& x is n unusual to f9d !m 9 outdoor avi>ies ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & 9 ! comp>atively mild climate ( ,cali=nia !y ?rive "u ^! conditions4 ,!y seem able to e/abli% !mselves aga9 9 a wild /ate "u favorable circum/ances4 ,a brood ( dome/ic can>ies releas$ 9 #aiji on ,midway ,isl&1 a s&y islet 9 ! ,hawaiian gr\p1 _h increas$ by #aiad until x 0 e/imat$ t x numb]$ ab\t #a1jjj4 ,,hi/ory4 ,! orig9 ( ! can>y z a cage bird is z obscure z is ! e>ly hi/ory ( o!r dome/icat$ animals4 ,x seems probable t captive can>ies 7 fir/ secur$ f ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 a gr\p ) :i* !y h long be5 popul>ly associat$4 ,!re are 9 ! ,old ,_w1 h[ev]1 two closely alli$ =ms f :i* ! dome/icat$ can>y may h come4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! bird n[ recogniz$ z ! 8wild can>y10 is f\nd 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s 7) ! exception ( ! isl&s ( ,fu]tev5tura & ,lanz>ote71 ,madeira1 & ! ,azores4 ,?is =m is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #a4 ,! o!r =m1 ! s]9 f9*1#a ranges ?r\gh s\!rn ,europe & nor!rn ,africa1 ext5d+ ea/w>d into ,pale/9e & ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 a wild /ate ^! two =ms are v simil> 9 color & to a novice are h>dly di/+ui%able4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,wild can>y4 ,if1 z is suppos$1 ! orig9al supply ( can>ies came f ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 x may be consid]$ d\btful t ! /ock ?us secur$ has furni%$ ! ance/ors ( all our can>ies4 ,! slight diff]5ces 9 color betwe5 ! s]9 f9* & ! can>y w\ld probably h pass$ unnotic$ by e>ly orni?ologi/s & bird lov]s4 ,) bird cat*+ a widespread practice 9 middle & s\!rn ,europe1 ! s]9 w\ld (t5 be made captive & be accept$ )\t "q z a can>y4 ,9 ?is way s]9s & wild can>ies may h be5 int]br$ until all di/+ui%able diff]5ces 7 lo/4 ,! orig9al can>y1 :e!r s]9 or true wild can>y1 9 its native haunt 0 mu* diff]5t 9 color f its mod]n pure-br$ desc5dant4 ,! back ( ! wild bird is1 9 g5]al1 gray1 t+$ ) olive-gre51 especially on ! rump1 ) d>k %aft /reaks on ! fea!rs4 ,und]nea? x is yell[i%1 /reak$ on sides & flanks ) dusky4 ,wild can>ies f ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 ! ,azores1 & ,madeira diff] f ! ,cont95tal s]9s 9 be+ slightly gray] ) less ( yell[i% gre5 9 ! plumage above4 ,9 addition1 ! rump is dull] yell[ & ! bill is di/9ctly l>g]4 ,all ! wild birds h ! feet & legs 7t>si7 horn br[n1 ! upp] half ( ! bill d>k br[n or horn color1 & ! l[] half pal]4 ,bo? ( ! wild v>ieties inhabit v9ey>ds1 ?ickets1 & m op5 c\ntry :]e bord]$ by trees4 ,at times1 dur+ fall & w9t]1 great flocks are f\nd toge!r4 ,! birds fe$ ^u v>i\s se$s & occasionally eat figs or o!r small fruits 9 season4 ,9 a wild /ate !y ne/ e>ly 9 spr+ & aga9 lat]1 re>+ two broods4 ,! ne/1 made ( plant /ems & grasses & l9$ ) hair & plant d[ns1 is plac$ 9 bu%es or l[ trees4 ,! eggs are cle> gre5 9 color1 spott$ & cl\d$ ) deep w9e r$ & r$di% br[n4 ,f ?ree to five eggs are deposit$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! sci5tific "n ( ! s]9 is ,s]9us s]9us s]9us4 ,! wild can>y is kn[n z ,s]9us s4 can>ius4 ,bo? 7 fir/ describ$ by ,l9naeus4 ,,v>ieties4 ,v>iation among dome/icat$ can>ies began e>ly1 z ,h]n&ez1 9 #aehg1 speaks ( ! can>y z :olly yell[ 9 color save = ! tips ( ! w+s4 ,! v>i\s =ms h _h _! orig9 9 di/9ct geographic areas1 & ?\gh "s are almo/ ext9ct at pres5t1 all at "o "t or ano!r h _h a devot$ foll[+ ( fanci]s4 ,at pres5t at lea/ #ad di/9ct /ra9s1 ) a l>ge numb] ( v>ieties1 are kn[n4 ,! common can>y is re>$ prim>ily = its song1 & f x probably came ! roll]1 or song can>y1 a great favorite 9 ,g]many &1 m rec5tly1 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 re>+ song can>ies attempt is made to produce males ) cle>1 s(t1 pleas+ songs ) long rolls or trills1 & no att5tion :atev] is paid to o!r *>act]s4 ,^! birds1 !re=e1 may be nondescript z reg>ds color & appe>ance1 & 9 mat+ c>e is tak5 only to secure males t are good s+]s & females f good /ock4 ,! "y birds :5 fl$g$ are put 9 rooms ) males not$ = _! s(t song1 & "h1 ?r\gh imitation1 !y develop _! own vocal p[]s4 ,c>eful wat* is kept ov] !m1 & any bird t develops h>% notes is remov$ at once to prev5t 8 corrupt+ ! purity ( tone 9 ! song ( 8 bro!rs4 ,a me*anical in/rum5t kn[n z a bird organ1 t produces liquid trills1 is frequ5tly utiliz$ 9 tra9+1 usually :5 ! adult birds are sil5t dur+ molt4 ,ord9>ily ! room :]e song can>ies are be+ tra9$ is d>k5$1 & frequ5tly ! cages conta9+ ! "y birds are scre5$ ) clo? to less5 a t5d5cy to objectionable l\dness ( song4 ,9 six mon?s or less1 _! education complet$1 ^! song/]s may be sold or 9 _! turn utiliz$ 9 tra9+ o!rs /ill y\ng]4 ,x is common to tea* ^! birds "s simple /ra9 or air1 ?r\gh its con/ant repetition by :i/l+ or by means ( an in/rum5t4 ,well-tra9$ birds are popul> pets & frequ5tly br+ high prices4 ,9 ! class ( exhibition birds1 p]haps none is m /rik+ ?an ! ,belgian can>y1 pictur$ 9 ,figure #b4 ,=m]ly kn[n z ! 8k+ ( ! fancy10 x 0 re>$ ext5sively 9 ,belgium1 b ( late ye>s its popul>ity has be5 on ! decl9e1 s t z late z #aiaa x 0 said t few pure-br$ ,belgians 7 to be f\nd4 ,! typical ,belgian can>y is a l>ge bird ) a small head1 long1 sl5d] neck1 l>ge %\ld]s1 & a long1 tap]+ body4 ,x is prim>ily a bird ( 8position40 ,:5 assum+ ! peculi> & desir$ attitude ! bird ?r[s its %\ld]s up & br+s ! head d[n well bel[ _! level2 ! back & tail =m a p]p5dicul> l9e & ! feet are held close toge!r4 ,ano!r bird ( position is ! ,scot* fancy can>y1 illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #c4 ,?is v>iety resembles ! ,belgian1 b :5 9 position ?r[s ! tail 9 "u ! p]* until its outl9e 9 pr(ile is almo/ a semicircle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,belgian fancy can>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,scot* fancy can>y4 ,ano!r well-m>k$ v>iety is ! c9namon can>y1 "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms to appe>1 b "o ^: orig9 is :olly unkn[n4 ,its true color is a dun or dull br[n t has be5 lik5$ to c9namon4 ,9 exhibition birds ! color is usually int5sifi$ by color fe$+ 7see p4 #ad74 ,! c9namon can>y is peculi> also 9 possess+ r$ or p9k eyes1 a "* t d5otes c9namon blood ev5 9 a yell[ or buff bird4 ,! c9namon inh]itance is transmitt$ only by ! male2 "y re>$ f a c9namon "m & a male ( any o!r =m lack+ c9namon blood nev] %[ signs ( _! c9namon p>5tage4 ,among ! old-e/abli%$ v>ieties t n[ are 9 decad5ce none is m /rik+ ?an ! liz>d can>y4 ,liz>d can>ies are kn[n z 8gold0 or 8silv]10 accord+ z ! body color is yell[ or silv]y gray4 ,! w+s & tail are black & ! back is spangl$ ) num]\s some:at triangul> black spots4 ,! cr[n 9 pure-br$ birds is unspott$ & light 9 color1 z %[n 9 ,figure #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,liz>d can>y4 ,! cre/$ can>y1 pictur$ 9 ,figure #e1 is ano!r unusual =m1 ) a long cre/ t ext5ds d[n ar\nd ! head bel[ ! level ( ! eyes4 ,ano!r1 ! frill or ,dut* frill can>y1 is a l>ge bird ) long curl+ fea!rs4 ,! ,lanca%ire is ! l>ge/ ( kn[n v>ieties ( ! can>y1 /&+ head & %\ld]s above all o!rs4 ,^! 8giant0 can>ies may be cre/$ or smoo? head$4 ,o!r =ms t may be m5tion$ are ! ,bord] ,fancy1 a small bird2 & ! ,norwi*1 or ,norwi* pla9-head1 f :i* come _m ( ! common can>ies4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! v>ieties ( can>ies enum]at$ above cov] ! entire field4 ,= ea* ( ! ma9 =ms !re are almo/ endless gr\ps or divisions t h be5 develop$ on color peculi>ities4 ,to obta9 pure-br$ birds requires con/ant c>e & sup]vision1 & ) any slackness ( me?od ho/s ( mongrels appe>4 ,int]bre$+ betwe5 v>i\s =ms1 ev5 ?\gh !y diff] widely 9 color1 results 9 rev]sion to ! orig9al type1 :i* 0 a spott$ or /rip$ gre5i% bird1 c]ta9 pro( ( ! common orig9 ( all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,cre/$ can>y4 ,,cages4 ,:5 *oos+ cages 9 :i* to keep can>ies1 ! prim>y consid]ation %\ld be ! com=t ( ! birds1 & ?is %\ld n be sacrific$ to any desire = ornate appe>ance4 ,!re are sev]al types on ! m>ket1 any ( :i* may s]ve4 ,s f> z %ape is conc]n$1 a squ>e cage is be/1 z x af=ds m room = ex]cise ?an "o t is r\nd4 ,= "o bird1 ! cage %\ld n be less ?an #i in*es long1 #f in*es wide1 & #i in*es high4 ,a l>g] size is to be pref]r$4 ,! ord9>y cages obta9$ f deal]s 9 ?is c\ntry are made ( wire & are op5 on all sides4 ,ea* is fitt$ ) receptacles = food & wat]1 usually at opposite ends4 ,a f9e-me% wire scre5 may be b\ght f ! deal] & fa/5$ ar\nd ! l[] half ( ! cage to prev5t ! scatt]+ ( se$s & se$ hulls4 ,a common sub/itute = ?is is a simple musl9 bag1 held 9 place by a draw/r+ fa/5+ tightly ab\t ! middle ( ! cage4 ,9 a cage ( ord9>y size ?ree p]*es are suffici5t4 ,"o may be plac$ at ei!r end at a di/ance t w all[ easy access to ! food & wat] receptacles1 & ! ?ird elevat$ above ! middle ( ! cage at its c5t]4 ,ano!r conv5i5t arrangem5t is to run "o p]* l5g?wise ( ! cage1 9 su* way t ! bird may rea* ! fe$+ receptacles f x1 & to place ! two o!r p]*es transv]sely above x ne> ei!r end4 ,a bird conf9$ 9 small qu>t]s is dep5d5t = ex]cise on hopp+ ab\t f p]* to p]*1 & ?is arrangem5t w give ! maximum fre$om ( movem5t4 ,9 l>g] cages f\r p]*es may be advisable4 ,^! %\ld n be plac$ s t !y int]f]e ) ! free movem5t ( ! bird1 & = reasons ( cleanl9ess "o p]* %\ld n be directly above ano!r4 ,9 small wire cages1 if ! sw+ p]* usually f\nd susp5d$ 9 ! c5t] is remov$1 ! bird w h m room1 & 9 hopp+ back & =? w n be cont9ually /rik+ head or w+s4 ,9 l>g] cages ?is p]* may rema94 ,p]*es %\ld be l>ge en\gh = ! toes ( ! bird to grasp !m readily & encircle !m = ?ree-f\r?s ( _! circumf]5ce4 ,if !y are too small !y cramp ! foot1 :ile if too l>ge !y may cause mal=m$ toes or claws1 especially 9 "y birds4 ,p]*es %\ld be elliptical 9 %ape1 ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ! long diamet]1 :i* %\ld be horizontal4 ,if ^? furni%$ ) ! cage d n meet ^! requirem5ts1 o!rs may be made f s(t wood )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,cages 9 :i* can>ies are to bre$ mu/ be l>ge & roomy 9 comp>ison ) ^? int5d$ = s+le occupants4 ,an ,engli% au?ority gives ! /&>d size = bre$+ cages z #bb in*es long1 #ab in*es wide1 & #af in*es high4 ,sev]al types ( op5 bre$+ cages made ( wire may be obta9$1 or a box ) a removable wire front may be made4 ,if x is plann$ to use wood5 cages = sev]al seasons !y %\ld be enamel$ or :itewa%$ inside to p]mit ?or\gh clean+4 ,su* cages %\ld be smoo? inside & any ) crack$ or w>p$ bo>ds %\ld be avoid$1 z crevices may h>bor dirt or mites4 ,?\gh cages may be made ( wire scre5 ?is is n advis$1 z cages s con/ruct$ become v dirty1 & !re is dang] t birds may cat* _! claws 9 ! wire & become injur$4 ,:]e numb]s ( can>ies are kept box cages ) wire fronts are conv5i5t1 z !y may be plac$ 9 racks "o above ano!r or arrang$ on a s]ies ( %elves along ! wall ( ! bird room4 ,!y are provid$ ) a s& tray ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* deep t slides 9 & out f ! front & facilitates clean+4 ,p]*es = ^! cages may be adju/$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,"o end is not*$ & ! o!r has a brad driv5 9 x fil$ to a %>p po9t4 ,! %>p5$ brad is press$ aga9/ ! back ( ! cage & a wire on ! front is slipp$ into ! not*4 ,if made ! "r l5g? ! pressure ( ! wire w hold ! p]* 9 position4 ,= %ipp+ birds ! small wick] cages 9 :i* can>ies come to deal]s are be/4 ,^! are fitt$ ) deep1 n>r[-neck$ food & wat] receptacles t d n readily spill1 s t !re is a m9imum ( wa/e dur+ ! j\rney4 ,a small packet or sack ( se$ %\ld be ti$ to ! outside ( ! cage 9 ord] t ! bird's supply may be repl5i%$ en r\te4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,cages4 ,?\gh can>ies :5 acclimat$ c endure a great degree ( cold )\t discom=t1 !y are susceptible to sudd5 *anges 9 temp]ature1 & cold drafts may soon prove fatal4 ,?is %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 *oos+ a place = ! cage4 ,direct exposure to a /rong draft ( cold air mu/ always be avoid$4 ,a cage may be plac$ on a small %elf along ! wall or susp5d$ f a bracket atta*$ to ! wall or w9d[ cas+4 ,sw++ brackets are inexp5sive & are conv5i5t = use :5 x is impracticable to fa/5 hooks 9 ! ceil+4 ,:5 "o or two can>ies are kept z pets1 x is usual to susp5d _! cages be=e a w9d[1 :]e ! birds may enjoy light & sun%9e1 a good practice :]e ! w9d[ is kept clos$ dur+ cool or /ormy wea!r & ! jo9ts are tight4 ,x may be necess>y to l9e ! edges ( ! w9d[ frame & ! junction ( ! upp] & l[] halves ( ! w9d[ ) wea!r /ripp+ to prev5t drafts1 & x is be/ to susp5d ! cage s t x w hang opposite or bel[ ! junction ( ! two halves ( ! w9d[ frame4 ,! room mu/ rema9 at a fairly ev5 temp]ature day & night1 & 9 cold wea!r x is well to cov] ! cage ) a t[el or o!r light clo? at night4 ,a cage %\ld nev] be susp5d$ directly above a radiator1 & x is be/ to avoid keep+ birds 9 small kit*5s1 z ! fluctuations 9 heat are p]haps m m>k$ !re ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! h\se4 ,exposure to damp air may prove fatal1 ano!r reason = avoid+ ! /eam-lad5 air ( small kit*5s4 ,:]ev] plac$1 ! cage mu/ be kept scrupul\sly clean if ! can>y is to rema9 9 good heal? & free f v]m94 ,! supply ( wat] %\ld be r5ew$ daily1 & ! se$ cup repl5i%$ at lea/ e o!r day4 ,! receptacles = ^! necessities %\ld be clean$ & wa%$ c>efully at %ort int]vals4 ,cages t h removable bases %\ld h ! tray 9 ! bottom cov]$ ) sev]al ?icknesses ( pap]1 or ! heavy co>se-gra9$ s&pap]1 kn[n z gravel pap]1 t may be secur$ f deal]s 9 cage-bird supplies1 may be us$4 ,?is %\ld be r5ew$ :5ev] ! cage is clean$1 & 9 addition ! pan %\ld be wa%$ 9 hot wat] f "t to "t4 ,lime on ! p]*es may be remov$ by means ( a scrap] made ( a bit ( t9 fa/5$ to a wire or tack$ at "r angles to a /ick small en\gh to pass easily betwe5 ! wires ( ! cage4 ,cages ) bottom atta*$ %\ld be provid$ ) a s& tray t slides 9 & out ?r\gh a slot 9 ! front4 ,?is s]ves to cat* dropp+s1 se$ hulls1 & o!r wa/e1 & may be easily pull$ out1 clean$1 & refill$ ) fre% s&4 ,,indoor ,,& ,,outdoor ,,avi>ies4 ,^? :o keep birds = pleasure1 & :o d n c>e to bre$ !m = exhibition or to ma9ta9 any p>ticul> /&>d1 may receive mu* enjoym5t f avi>ies 9 :i* numb]s ( can>ies are kept 9 "o inclosure4 ,! size ( ! avi>y or bird room w be gov]n$ :olly by circum/ances1 z x may range f an entire room to a small scre5$ inclosure or "p ( a cons]vatory4 ,a room l>ge en\gh = ! own] to ent] )\t unduly fright5+ ! occupants makes an ideal indoor avi>y1 & :]e space p]mits x may be fitt$ up )\t great exp5se4 ,! floor %\ld be cov]$ to ! dep? ( half an in* to an in* ) clean s& or sawdu/4 ,small ev]gre5 trees plant$ 9 l>ge pots furni% suitable decorations1 & may be replac$ f "t to "t z !y are de/roy$ by ! inmates ( ! avi>y4 ,a bran*+ dead tree & "o or two limbs nail$ across corn]s at suitable heights furni% m arti/ic p]*es ?an /raight rods4 ,9 addition1 pegs #d or #e in*es long may be driv5 or nail$ to ! walls to furni% re/+ places4 ,se$ %\ld be suppli$ 9 self-regulat+ hopp]s1 pref]ably atta*$ to ! wall1 & wat] giv5 9 self-fe$+ f\nta9 conta9]s4 ,^! become less dirty ?an op5 di%es plac$ on ! floor4 ,s& mu/ be furni%$ 9 a box or di% :]e x is n us$ on ! floor4 ,s(t foods & gre5 foods may be suppli$ on little %elves or a small table4 ,at ! prop] season ne/+ boxes may be hung on ! walls1 & ne/+ mat]ial suppli$ 9 racks or 9 op5-me% bags hung to "s support4 ,a %all[ pan ( wat] may be kept con/antly on ! floor or1 bett]1 may be ins]t$ = an h\r ea* day = ba?+4 ,a scre5$ fly+ cage may be built on ! outside ( a w9d[ & ! birds admitt$ to x 9 pleasant wea!r4 ,p]*es1 if ( natural wood1 %\ld h smoo? b>k or %\ld be peel$1 z crevices (t5 h>bor mites4 ,plants & o!r decorations %\ld n be plac$ s ne> ! wall t birds may be trapp$ beh9d !m4 ,avi>ies con/ruct$ out ( doors1 l bird rooms1 may be made simple or elaborate1 l>ge or small1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,:]e !re is suffici5t gr\nd available a small frame /ructure may be built & cov]$ ) /rong galvaniz$ wire scre5 ( small-siz$ me%4 ,"p1 at lea/1 ( ! ro( %\ld be cov]$ z a protection aga9/ /ormy wea!r1 & two sides %\ld be bo>d$ up to af=d protection f cold w9ds4 ,:]e ! w9t] climate is sev]e x is necess>y to build a clos$ addition ) bo>d or cem5t floor & a connect+ door1 9 :i* ! birds may be protect$ dur+ ! cold season4 ,can>ies :5 acclimatiz$1 h[ev]1 c )/& mod]ately cold wea!r z well z native birds4 ,! op5 portion ( ! avi>y %\ld h a bo>d or cem5t base sunk to a dep? ( #h to #aj in*es ar\nd ! bottom to prev5t entrance ( rats1 mice1 or l>g] animals4 ,if a f5ce ) an ov]hang at ! top is n con/ruct$ to keep out animals1 x is be/ to make ! scre5 walls d\ble by nail+ scre5 wire to bo? sides ( ! wood5 frame1 s t birds cl++ to ! wire may n be injur$ by cats or dogs4 ,:]e space does n p]mit an elaborate /ructure a lean-to may be built aga9/ ano!r wall to make an inclosure l>ge en\gh = a numb] ( birds4 ,:]e ne$$1 ! sides ( ! avi>y may be fitt$ ) w9d[s t c be put 9 place 9 w9t]4 ,! entrance to ! outdoor avi>y %\ld be ?r\gh a small por* or ant]oom t ne$ be m]ely l>ge en\gh to p]mit entrance ?r\gh an outside door1 ) a second door lead+ into ! avi>y itself4 ,! outside door %\ld be clos$ be=e ! inn] "o is op5$1 s t none ( ! birds c escape4 ,! fitt+s ( ! outdoor avi>y may be adapt$ f ^? describ$ = ! indoor bird room4 ,) an e>? floor x is possible to gr[ ev]gre5 & decidu\s %rubs = %elt] & ornam5t4 ,:]e space p]mits a h$ge ( privet along ! op5 side ( ! avi>y furni%es a %elt] 9 :i* birds delight to ne/4 ,to avoid ov]heat+ 9 hot wea!r %ade %\ld be provid$ = "p ( ! /ructure4 ,9 avi>ies birds pair m or less at r&om4 ,to avoid con/ant bick]+ or ev5 s]i\s fight+ 9 ! bre$+ season x is usual to regulate ! numb] ( males s t ! females outnumb] !m two to "o4 ,,food4 ,! food requirem5ts ( can>ies are simple4 ,can>y se$ to :i* h be5 add$ rape se$ & a little hemp is a /aple diet t p]sons :o keep only a few birds usually pur*ase ready mix$4 ,can>y se$ alone does n furni% a balanc$ food1 b =ms a good comb9ation ) hemp & summ] rape4 ,mu* ( ! rape se$ 9 prep>$ se$ sold 9 c>tons is ( a species t ev5 wild birds d n eat1 z x is pung5t & bitt] 9 flavor1 b all reli% ! mild ta/e ( true summ] rape4 ,se$ is giv5 9 little cups t are fa/5$ betwe5 ! wires ( ! cage4 ,9 addition to a se$ supply lettuce or a bit ( apple %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ! wires ( ! cage frequ5tly4 ,& ^? prop]ly situat$ may1 9 season1 v>y ?is m5u by ! addition ( *ickwe$1 d&elion heads1 ?i/le & planta9 se$s1 & ! fruit+ heads & t5d] leaves ( s5ecio & %eph]d's purse4 ,wat]cress1 wild oats1 knot grass1 & o!r grasses are reli%$1 especially 9 spr+ & e>ly 9 summ]4 ,bread moi/5$ 9 scald$ milk1 giv5 cold at int]vals1 is b5eficial4 ,s(t foods mu/ n be made too wet4 ,) bread1 en\gh liquid to s(t5 ! food b n to run or r5d] x a pa/e is suffici5t4 ,supplies ( moi/ foods mu/ be kept /rictly fre% & clean or sickness may result4 ,special di%es1 kn[n z food hold]s1 or slides t slip ?r\gh ! wires ( ! cage are (t5 us$ 9 giv+ s(t5$ bread & simil> supplies4 ,cuttle bone %\ld always be available4 ,:5 can>ies d n seem to ?rive x is well to crack op5 a few ( ! se$s to make c]ta9 t empty husks alone are n be+ f$4 ,hemp1 :ile a valuable addition to ! diet1 %\ld n be giv5 9 excess1 z x is fatt5+ & may make birds s le?>gic t !y cease to s+1 or 9 exceptional cases may ev5 cause dea?4 ,:5 can>ies cease to s+ f ! effects ( ov]fe$+ x is well to supply "s ( ! /imulat+ foods kn[n z song re/or]s1 or o!r prep>$ foods t may be obta9$ f deal]s4 ,dur+ ! "t ( molt a few l9se$s add$ to ! se$ supply are believ$ to give gloss & %e5 to ! new fea!rs4 ,l9se$s %\ld be giv5 9 small quantity1 z !y are injuri\s if eat5 9 excess4 ,meal worms f$ occasionally are b5eficial = birds t are n ?riv+4 ,a crav+ = animal food may be satisfi$ by bits ( raw /eak1 b x is n well to cont9ue fe$+ raw meat = any l5g? ( "t1 z x may cause a f\l odor ab\t ! cage4 ,delicate birds may be f$ can>y1 rape1 & hemp se$ soak$ 9 cold wat] = #bd h\rs1 r9s$1 & !n dra9$4 ,maw se$ 7poppy se$7 is favor$ by ,engli% can>y fanci]s z a /imulant1 b its use mu/ be gu>d$1 z x may be poison\s to o!r animals1 includ+ man4 ,dur+ ! bre$+ season egg food mu/ be giv5 daily z soon z ! birds are pair$4 ,?is is prep>$ by m9c+ an entire h>d-boil$ egg or pass+ x ?r\gh a sieve1 & add+ to x an equal quantity ( bread or unsalt$ crack] crumbs4 ,?is may be giv5 to unmat$ birds z well at int]vals ( a week or s4 ,:5 female can>ies beg9 to incubate1 egg food may be f$ e ?ree or f\r days or ev5 less frequ5tly4 ,addition ( br[n sug> 9 small quantity to ! egg food is suppos$ to prev5t egg-b9d+ 9 "y females4 ,:5 ! "y hat*1 egg food %\ld be suppli$ at once4 ,"s recomm5d t ! yolk ( a h>d-boil$ egg be giv5 alone = ! fir/ day4 ,bread crumbs are add$ to ?is daily until on ! ?ird day egg food z ord9>ily prep>$ is suppli$4 ,attempt %\ld be made to regulate ! supply ( egg food or o!r s(t food s t x w be eat5 )\t wa/e4 ,! actual quantity w v>y 9 individual cases4 ,! usual se$ supply %\ld be pres5t1 no matt] :at o!r food is giv54 ,egg food mu/ be giv5 until ! "y are fully gr[n & able to crack se$ = !mselves4 ,crack$ se$ may be f$ to light5 ! labor ( ! p>5ts1 b x is well to elim9ate hemp f su* a supply1 z ! hull ( hemp se$ conta9s a poison\s sub/ance t occasionally kills "y birds4 ,dr9k+ wat] %\ld be available to can>ies at all times4 ,,ba?+4 ,"u normal conditions mo/ birds probably ba! daily1 & can>ies 9 captivity %\ld be all[$ ! same opportunity4 ,9 op5 wire cages 9 common use = s++ birds ! base is remov$ & ! cage plac$ ov] a small di% conta9+ wat]4 ,9 op5-front cages 9 :i* ! bottom is n deta*able small ba? cages :i* fa/5 at ! op5 door are us$4 ,^! are only a few in*es wide b s]ve to hold a di% = wat]4 ,_m birds are notional 9 ba?+ & at times ignore ! (f]$ ba?4 ,usually ! process ( clean+ ! cage & r5ew+ ! se$ & wat] w excite 9 !m a desire = ba?+1 & (t5 :5 a ba? is n provid$ ! bird w d its be/ to p]=m its ablutions 9 ! small supply ( wat] 9 ! dr9k+ cup4 ,:5 individual birds ob/9ately refuse to ent] ! wat]1 if en\gh clean s& to cov] ! bottom is plac$ 9 ! di% !y ba! m readily4 ,aft] ! ba? ! wat] may be dra9$ c>efully & ! s& left to dry 9 ! di% = use ano!r "t4 ,birds br\ght into /range qu>t]s may refuse to ba! = ! fir/ few days4 ,:5 wat] is (f]$ !y ei!r ignore x or sitt+ on a p]* g ?r\gh ! motions ( ba?+ & dry+1 flutt]+ w+s & tail ) a great :irr+ ( fea!rs4 ,! ba? %\ld be (f]$ :5ev] ! cage is clean$1 & if left alone ! birds w act normally aft] a few days4 ,small *9a or e>!nw>e di%es t are n too deep make good ba?+ pans4 ,:5 a bird becomes accu/om$ to "o di% x w usually refuse to ba! 9 ano!r ( diff]5t %ape or color4 ,9 w9t] ! wat] %\ld be w>m$ until tepid4 ,ev5 9 w>m wea!r v cold wat] is n advisable4 ,if ! room1 ord9>ily w>m1 becomes cold tempor>ily1 birds %\ld n be all[$ to ba!4 ,) ! plumage wet & b$raggl$ !re is increas$ susceptibility to cold drafts4 ,dur+ molt ! ba? %\ld be giv5 n m ?an twice ea* week4 ,if ! bird is molt+ on color food1 "o ba? ea* week is suffici5t4 ,! female can>y %\ld n be all[$ to ba! f ! "t ! eggs hat* until ! "y are #c or #d days old4 ,,molt4 ,can>ies r5ew _! cov]+ ( fea!rs once ea* ye>4 ,9 adults ?is molt occurs late 9 summ]1 & ! fir/ sign ( x may be ! pres5ce ( a w+ or tail fea!r on ! bottom ( ! cage4 ,^! l>ge fea!rs are %$ 9 pairs1 s t "o f ei!r w+ or f ei!r side ( ! tail is dropp$ at approximately ! same "t4 ,nev] 9 ord9>y circum/ances does ! can>y h ! w+ & tail entirely devoid ( l>ge fea!rs4 ,?is provision is ( no p>ticul> significance 9 a cage bird1 b enables wild birds to ma9ta9 _! p[]s ( flight4 ,! bodily cov]+ is r5ew$ piecemeal z well1 s t except ab\t ! head !re is normally no ext5sive area :olly devoid ( fea!rs at any "t4 ,"s birds drop a few ( ! body fea!rs all ?r\gh ! ye>1 a symptom t ne$ cause no anxiety4 ,) bre$+ birds ! molt usually comes imm$iately aft] ! bre$+ season & may beg9 z e>ly z ! latt] "p ( ,july4 ,normally x comes dur+ ,augu/1 & on ! av]age %\ld be at its height 9 ,septemb]4 ,"y birds molt ! juv5al body plumage aft] leav+ ! ne/1 b reta9 ! fir/ gr[? ( w+ & tail fea!rs = a ye>4 ,9 heal?y birds ! entire molt requires ab\t two mon?s4 ,can>ies usually ne$ no special c>e dur+ molt4 ,?\gh 9 an abnormal bodily /ate at ?is "t1 heal?y individuals w come ?r\gh ! p]iod 9 good condition4 ,birds are some:at dull & /upid :5 molt+ & %\ld be di/urb$ z little z possible4 ,ba?+ may be p]mitt$ once or twice ea* week1 b if birds d n wi% to ba! !y %\ld n be spray$ ) wat]4 ,x is well to add egg food or moi/5$ bread to ! ord9>y f>e once or twice ea* week dur+ molt4 ,= ail+ birds a v slight quantity ( sulphur may be add$ to ! egg food1 or a weak saffron tea giv5 in/ead ( pure dr9k+ wat]4 ,a few l9se$s 9 ! se$ supply give a gloss & %e5 to ! new fea!rs n o!rwise obta9able4 ,:5 can>ies fail to molt at ! prop] season molt may sometimes be induc$ by cov]+ ! cage ) a d>k clo? & plac+ x 9 a w>m protect$ place :]e ! bird w n be di/urb$4 ,old birds or ^? weak 9 physical vigor (t5 fail to r5ew _! entire fea!r cov]+1 a condition = :i* little rem$y may be (f]$4 ,usually ?is incomplete molt is a sign ( extreme age or breakd[n1 ?\gh if ! bird lives1 a supply ( nutriti\s1 easily assimilat$ food & c>eful protection dur+ ! next molt may result 9 improvem5t4 ,a great *ange 9 temp]ature or a sudd5 *ill may *eck ! progress ( molt & occasionally cause s]i\s tr\ble4 ,if a bird %[s signs ( di/ress1 x %\ld be plac$ at once 9 a w>m1 protect$ place4 ,t5 drops ( sweet spirits ( nit] & a few %r$s ( saffron add$ to ! dr9k+ wat] are b5eficial4 ,,color ,,fe$+4 ,t ! color ( can>ies may be deep5$ or int5sifi$ by c]ta9 foods giv5 dur+ ! molt is well kn[n & has attract$ mu* int]e/4 ,turm]ic1 m>igold fl[]s1 saffron1 co*9eal1 annatto1 mu/>d se$1 & o!r ag5ts ri* 9 natural color are (t5 us$ = ?is purpose1 ord9>ily 9 comb9ation ) r$ pepp] z a base4 ,= a long "t me?ods ( prep>+ & fe$+ color foods 7 kept secret1 b n[ !y are outl9$ 9 _m manuals on can>y fe$+4 ,9 select+ can>ies = exp]im5ts 9 color fe$+ pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to /rong1 vigor\s1 male birds4 ,dur+ dige/ion & assimilation ! conc5trat$ food us$ puts m or less ( a /ra9 ^u ! sy/em1 & birds t are old or con/itutionally weak may n ?rive1 or may ev5 succumb "u ! treatm5t4 ,color food may be giv5 "y can>ies at ! age ( #g or #h weeks to produce a deep color at _! fir/ molt4 ,birds ) color t is naturally full & ri* %\ld be select$4 ,^? hav+ gre5i% m>k+s or ^? desc5d$ f a male p>5t well m>k$ ) gre5 are pref]able4 ,pale birds seldom color well4 ,a /&>d color food may be prep>$ z foll[s3 ,to ! ord9>y egg food 7"o h>d-boil$ egg *opp$ f9e ) an equal bulk ( bread crumbs or unsalt$ crack] crumbs7 add a teaspoonful ( gr\nd sweet r$ pepp]4 ,mix until ! food %[s an ev5 r$di% t9t ?r\gh\t4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! supply ( gr\nd sweet pepp] us$ is fre% & clean & t x is n artificially color$4 ,ea* bird to be exp]im5t$ ^u %\ld receive "o small teaspoonful ( ! prep>$ food daily4 ,! quantity ( pepp] 9 ! mixture is increas$ gradually1 until two heap+ teaspoonfuls are us$4 ,addition ( a little br[n sug> & a few drops ( pure olive oil is b5eficial1 & a small quantity ( hot r$ pepp] gives a bett] flavor4 ,! food %\ld be prep>$ fre% ea* day1 & 9 mix+ all[ance mu/ be made = v>iation 9 ! size ( eggs us$4 ,"s bre$]s increase ! proportion ( sweet r$ pepp] until #d teaspoonfuls are add$ to ! usual quantity ( egg food4 ,half a teaspoonful ( ?is conc5trat$ food is all[$ ea* bird4 ,?is me?od may be us$ dur+ a %ort1 quick molt4 ,! usual supply ( se$ mu/ be kept 9 ! cage1 = can>ies c n subsi/ on ! color food alone4 ,^? :o d n c>e to use su* an elaborate prep>ation 9 color fe$+ may sub/itute pieces ( ! common sweet r$ pepp]s sold 9 fre% vegetable m>kets = ! bits ( lettuce ord9>ily giv5 z gre5 food4 ,can>ies eat ^! readily1 & f ! effect ( ?is food eat5 dur+ molt become noticeably deep] & ri*] 9 color4 ,color fe$+ to be successful mu/ be />t$ z soon z ! can>ies are ready to molt1 & fe$+ mu/ be cont9u$ until no m p9 fea!rs c be f\nd any:]e on ! body :5 ! fea!rs are c>efully bl[n aside4 ,! color food actually supplies an enri*$ color elem5t t o!rwise is lack+4 ,until ! artificial color is firmly fix$ 9 ! matur$ fea!r x fades easily :5 expos$ to /rong light4 ,! birds *os5 = color fe$+ %\ld be kept 9 a dim light away f ! w9d[s & ) ! cages %ad$4 ,op5-front cages are easily provid$ ) a scre5 ( pap] or clo?1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to leave space = v5tilation4 ,direct sunlight mu/ be avoid$4 ,ba?+ mu/ n be p]mitt$ m (t5 ?an once a week1 & ! birds %\ld be di/urb$ z little z possible4 ,%\ld a bird refuse ! color food1 ! se$ supply may be remov$ = a %ort "t morn+ & ev5+ & ! color food sub/itut$4 ,usually 9 a day or two ! /imulat+ food w be eat5 eag]ly4 ,l9se$s %\ld be giv5 7z dur+ ! regul> molt7 to imp>t a gloss to ! new fea!rs4 ,) prop] c>e !re w be little tr\ble 9 produc+ f9e1 heal?y birds ) ri*1 highly color$ plumage4 ,! enhanc$ color la/s only dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! gr[? ( fea!rs1 & if color fe$+ is n resort$ to at ! next molt ! can>y w aga9 be pla94 ,,bre$+4 ,! bre$+ season = can>ies beg9s prop]ly 9 ,m>*4 ,?\gh birds (t5 %[ signs ( its approa* z e>ly z ,janu>y1 x is bett]1 because ( ! effect ( *ang+ wea!r conditions ^u call[ "y1 to po/pone ne/+ activities until lat]1 if possible4 ,"s can>y fanci]s keep can>ies pair$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b ! m common practice is to sep>ate ! sexes except :5 bre$+4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! mat+ season is m>k$ by r++1 vigor\s song among male birds1 accompani$ by mu* re/less activity4 ,females1 indiff]5t until n[1 respond ) l\d call notes1 flit _! w+s1 & o!rwise ev9ce _! int]e/4 ,birds may be pair$ )\t ^! prelim9>y signs1 b usually ?is t5ds only to l5g!n ! bre$+ season )\t mat]ial b5efit4 ,! in/9ct to bre$ may be /imulat$ :5 necess>y by ! addition ( egg food & gre5 /uff to ! diet4 ,can>ies 9 captivity are polygam\s :5 opportunity (f]s1 & _m bre$]s place two or ev5 ?ree females ) ea* male4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 keep can>ies 9 pairs1 z !y are m readily h&l$1 & :5 ! "y are hat*$ ! male is able to assi/ 9 c>+ = !m4 ,:]e two females are kept ) "o male ! birds %\ld be plac$ 9 a cage divid$ by slides into ?ree comp>tm5ts4 ,! male is plac$ 9 ! middle1 & a female on ei!r side4 ,dur+ half ! day ! male is ?r[n ) "o female & dur+ ! rema9d] ) ! o!r4 ,?is arrangem5t necessitates ! use ( ?ree sets ( se$ & wat] cups 9 ea* cage4 ,:5 ! females beg9 to incubate ! male is remov$ or exclud$ f bo?4 ,a cage suitable = "o pair ( can>ies %\ld be equipp$ ) a slid+ wire p>tition4 ,! male & ! female are plac$ "o 9 ei!r comp>tm5t & ! two left to make acqua9tance4 ,! male w beg9 to fe$ ! female ?r\gh ! wires 9 a day or two1 or p]haps at once1 & :5 ?is is obs]v$ ! slide may be )drawn & ! birds kept toge!r4 ,if a cage is us$ t has no slide1 !re is usually "s bick]+ betwe5 ! birds at fir/1 b birds are r>ely f\nd t d n 9 ! end agree4 ,a cage ?us us$ )\t a slide %\ld be new to bo? birds1 9 ord] t nei!r may res5t ! pres5ce ( an intrud] 9 a cage :i* x has be5 accu/om$ to consid] its own4 ,soon aft] pair+ ! female w be se5 c>ry+ fea!rs 9 h] bill or se>*+ ab\t ! bottom ( ! cage4 ,if a little ne/+ mat]ial is giv5 h] %e w be cont5t to arrange & re>range x = a few days4 ,z soon z %e %[s s]i\s int5tion ( build+1 en\gh mat]ial = actual ne/ con/ruction may be suppli$4 ,if a consid]able quantity is furni%$ at fir/ x is m]ely wa/$4 ,! mat]ial may be held 9 a small wire rack susp5d$ on ! outside ( ! cage or plac$ inside4 ,bits ( /r+1 cotton1 sl5d] blades ( dri$ grass1 dri$ moss1 c['s hair1 or o!r s(t mat]ial w s]ve well4 ,no long /r+s or long hairs %\ld be giv51 z ^! may cause tr\ble lat] by entangl+ ! feet & legs ( "m & "y4 ,ev]y?+ furni%$ %\ld be clean & free f du/4 ,"s can>ies are exp]t ne/ build]s1 :ile o!rs con/ruct a slov5ly /ructure t b>ely s]ves to conta9 ! eggs4 ,"s fanci]s pref] to con/ruct ne/s = _! birds1 & ) c]ta9 birds ?is is necess>y z "s females may refuse to build4 ,can>ies build 9 any?+ t (f]s support4 ,a ne/ box ( wood1 or1 bett]1 an e>!nw>e ne/ pan1 may be fa/5$ to ! side or back ( ! cage midway betwe5 ! two p]*es4 ,! ru% or will[ ne/s sold by _m deal]s1 :ile s]viceable1 may h>bor v]m94 ,! e>!nw>e ne/ pan is be/1 z :5 ! bre$+ season is ov] x is readily clean$ & put away = ano!r ye>4 ,fail+ ?is1 a box #a in*es or m deep made ( ?9 wood may be us$4 ,! ne/ box or pan %\ld h a l9+ or bottom cov]+ ( felt4 ,?is may be pa/$ 9 ! e>!nw>e pan1 & may be soak$ loose )\t tr\ble :5 x is desir$ to r5ew x4 ,! ne/ receptacle1 ( :atev] description1 %\ld be susp5d$ an in* above ! level ( ! p]*es4 ,?is prev5ts ! "y f leav+ ! ne/ too soon4 ,! receptacle %\ld n be ne> en\gh to ! top ( ! cage to int]f]e ) ! movem5ts ( ! occupants4 ,if ! ne/ is n too ne> ! p]*es ! male is n s likely to be obtrusive dur+ incubation4 ,! fir/ egg w be deposit$ f a week to a mon? aft] ! birds are pair$4 ,normally x is laid 9 ab\t two weeks4 ,! numb] ( eggs 9 a sitt+ may v>y f ?ree to six1 ) f\r or five z ! usual numb]4 ,! eggs %\ld be remov$ z soon z laid4 ,?is may be done readily ) a teaspoon1 ) c>e n to injure ! delicate %ells4 ,!y %\ld be kept 9 a cool place1 slightly emb$d$ 9 f9e corn meal or bran or c>$ = 9 "s o!r mann] t does n all[ !m to roll ab\t or t\* ea* o!r4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! day on :i* ! ?ird egg is laid all may be return$ to ! ne/4 ,remov+ ! eggs & !n replac+ !m po/pones incubation & developm5t 9 ^? fir/ laid & makes ! "t ( hat*+ m ev54 ,! normal p]iod ( incubation is #ad days4 ,egg b9d+ sometimes causes tr\ble & may be dealt ) z foll[s3 ,! v5t may be oil$ c>efully ) a drop or two ( w>m$ ca/or oil & ! bird return$ to ! cage4 ,if ! egg is n deposit$ )9 half an h\r ! can>y %\ld be held = a few m9utes ) ! v5t ov] ! /eam ( hot wat]4 ,a good me?od is to fill a n>r[-neck$ j> or bottle ) hot wat] & cov] ! m\? ( ! receptacle ) *eese clo?2 ! female is !n held c>efully = a m9ute or two 9 ! ris+ /eam4 ,(t5 ! egg w drop at once & be caught 9 ! *eeseclo?1 or x may be deposit$ 9 ! normal mann] aft] ! bird is return$ to ! cage4 ,! male can>y is ord9>ily a model husb& & p>5t1 giv+ no tr\ble1 b if he %\ld annoy ! female dur+ incubation or attempt to injure ! "y he %\ld be remov$ at once4 ,x is ! natural in/9ct ( an incubat+ bird to conceal itself z mu* z possible1 & ?\gh can>ies are tame1 ?is t5d5cy %\ld be recogniz$ & respect$4 ,?is does n mean t !y are to be neglect$4 ,ea* bre$+ cage %\ld be equipp$ ) a s& tray :i* %\ld be clean$ at lea/ e o!r day4 ,9 no o!r way c x be hop$ to re> numb]s ( birds successfully4 ,except = ?is necess>y c>e & ! provision ( food1 wat]1 & ba?+ facilities1 ! birds %\ld be bo!r$ z little z possible4 ,sometimes tr\ble is caus$ by inability ( ! "y to free !mselves f ! %ell or egg membrane1 a condition = :i* !re is usually no rem$y at ! "t4 ,) succe$+ sett+s ! difficulty may be obviat$ by spr9kl+ ! eggs slightly ) wat] ea* ev5+4 ,"s bre$]s :5 ! "y can>ies are #h days old place !m 9 a new ne/1 a practice t may be necess>y :5 ! old ne/ is infe/$ ) p>asites4 ,9 su* in/ances a little insect p[d] %\ld be spr9kl$ ov] ! body be=e ! "y birds are plac$ 9 _! new qu>t]s4 ,! "y birds leave ! ne/ :5 #bj to #cj days old4 ,!y may be left ) ! p>5ts z long z !y are f$ & %\ld nev] be remov$ entirely until x is f\nd t !y are able to crack ! se$s ^u :i* !y mu/ fe$4 ,x is advisable to cont9ue ! use ( egg food = a "t & gradually to decrease ! am\nt giv5 to get ! birds accu/om$ to a diet ( se$ alone4 ,can>ies (t5 re> two or ?ree broods a season & ! female may be ready to bre$ aga9 :5 ! "y are ?ree weeks old4 ,x is only necess>y to provide a second ne/ & ne/+ mat]ial & let h] proce$4 ,! c>e ( ! "y w !n devolve on ! male4 ,ne/+ mat]ial %\ld be provid$ at once or ! female may pluck ! fea!rs f h] gr[+ "y4 ,if ?is c n be /opp$ ! "y %\ld be plac$ 9 a small nurs]y cage susp5d$ f ! side ( ! bre$+ cage 9 a mann] t w all[ fe$+ betwe5 ! wires4 ,:5 ! "y are f9ally remov$ !y mu/ n be plac$ ) birds old] & /rong] = a "t4 ,!y %\ld be wat*$ c>efully ! fir/ day1 & if any "o does n fe$ x mu/ be return$ to ! p>5ts at once4 ,?\gh mo/ ( ! losses among can>ies come at ?is "t1 ) c>e 9 food & cleanl9ess !re %\ld be little tr\ble4 ,,sex ,,& ,,age4 ,to det]m9e sex & age 9 liv+ can>ies is difficult & is to be attempt$ only by "o :o has _h long exp]i5ce z a can>y fanci]4 ,! ext]nal *>act]s d5ot+ sex are n easily describ$4 ,9 ne>ly all cases a male may be recogniz$ by 8 pr(ici5cy z a song/]1 b occasionally female birds also possess a cle>1 full song4 ,:5 9 bre$+ condition ! sex may be det]m9$ readily by exam9+ ! v5t4 ,9 males x is protub]ant1 :ile 9 females x does n project bel[ ! level ( ! abdom54 ,by daily obs]vation ! can>y bre$] is g5]ally able to di/+ui% ! sexes ?r\gh slight diff]5ces 9 c>riage & mann]isms n app>5t to "o n famili> ) !m4 ,9 judg+ age ! feet (f] ! only *>act]s easily se51 b ev5 ^! c n always be reli$ ^u4 ,birds a ye> old or less usually h ! sk9 & scales cov]+ ! feet & t>si smoo? & ( f9e texture4 ,9 old] birds !y appe> co>s] & r\gh5$4 ,v old birds usually h _h ! claws trimm$ until !y appe> blunt or r\nd$ r ?an %>p & po9t$ 7see p4 #ai74 ,can>ies h liv$ _m ye>s :5 c>$ = regul>ly4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,ri*mond1 ,associate ,curator ( ,birds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 relates t two birds1 hat*$ 9 ! same brood & kept entirely sep>at$ aft] !y left ! ne/1 liv$ #ah ye>s1 dy+ )9 a few weeks ( ea* o!r4 ,ano!r case is on record 9 :i* a can>y 0 kn[n to be at lea/ #cd ye>s old :5 x di$1 & ev5 ?is advanc$ age may h be5 exce$$4 ,usually ) advanc+ ye>s birds molt irregul>ly or lose "p ( ! fea!rs entirely4 ,(t5 _! eyesight is impair$4 ,x is said t can>ies t h n be5 pair$ live mu* long] ?an ^? all[$ to bre$4 ,,v]m94 ,can>ies are affect$ by two =ms ( ext]nal p>asites4 ,! l>g] ( ^!1 a bird l\se#b kn[n usually z ! gray l\se1 is an insect ) a sl5d]1 elongate body & a l>ge head arm$ ) /rong jaws4 ,?is pe/ fe$s ^u ! fea!r /ructure ( ! bird's out] cov]+1 & ?\gh x does n suck ! blood ( its ho/1 its %>p claws irritate ! sk9 & cause discom=t to ! bird4 ,! eggs ( ! gray l\se are atta*$ to ! fea!rs by a gum & are n easily remov$4 ,! "y insects resemble ! adults & 9 a few weeks aft] hat*+ are fully gr[n4 ,!y are be/ combat$ by bl[+ insect p[d] 7pyre?rum7 into ! plumage ( ! affect$ bird ) a small bell[s or bl[]4 ,?is treatm5t %\ld be repeat$ two or ?ree times at int]vals ( a week to insure ! de/ruction ( any "y lice hat*+ 9 ! meantime4 ,! o!r p>asite ( can>ies is a small mite1#c a m9ute spid]like creature t :5 fully gr[n is b>ely visible to ! unaid$ eye4 ,its natural color is :iti%1 b ne>ly always x is fill$ ) blood suck$ f ! body ( ! un=tunate bird h>bor+ x1 s t x appe>s bright r$4 ,^! mites are nocturnal1 & except 9 cases ( sev]e infe/ation are seldom f\nd ^u ! body ( _! ho/ dur+ ! day4 ,!y are (t5 f\nd 9 ! slits at ! ends ( ! p]*es or 9 ! r\nd piece ( metal =m+ ! support at ! top ( ! ord9>y wire cage4 ,9 wood5 cages !y hide 9 cracks1 nail holes1 or crevices1 & _! pres5ce is betray$ ^u close exam9ation by m9ute :ite spott+s4 ,if unnotic$1 !y multiply rapidly & sap ! /r5g? ( ! bird by suck+ its blood4 ,:5 _! pres5ce is suspect$ a little coal oil1 or k]os5e1 appli$ freely to ! cage ) a bru% may be suffici5t to kill ! pe/s4 ,or ! bird may be remov$ tempor>ily & ! cage clean$ ?or\ghly ) a solution ( #a ounce ( comm]cial c>bolic acid 9 a gallon ( wat]1 appli$ ) a small bru%1 tak+ c>e to rea* all crevices4 ,9 sev]e infe/ations x may be necess>y to imm]se ! cage = sev]al m9utes 9 wat] t is boil+ hot4 ,insect p[d] may be us$ z = ! gray l\se4 ,:]e facilities = frequ5t ba?+ are (f]$ & ! cage is kept clean1 !re is usually little tr\ble ) ei!r mites or bird lice4 ,:5 a bird is sick & neglects its cu/om>y ba?+1 clean+1 & pre5+1 x is surpris+ to see h[ rapidly ^! pe/s multiply4 ,) c>e1 h[ev]1 !y may be completely eradicat$1 ?\gh fre% outbreaks are likely to occur :5 new birds are obta9$4 ,9 wood5 cages cracks 9 ! bo>ds t h h>bor$ mites may be clos$ ) glue to prev5t a return ( ! pe/s4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,docophorns communis ,nitzs*4 ,ord] ,mallophaga4 #c ,d]manyssus avium ,de ,ge]1 closely alli$ to ! *ick5 mite ,d4 gall9ae ,de ,ge]4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,feet ,,& ,,bill4 ,z a can>y gr[s old x w be notic$ t its claws become long & cat* on ! p]*es & wires z x hops ab\t ! cage4 ,9 a /ate ( nature ! activities ( ! bird z x moves ab\t on ! gr\nd or among twigs & limbs keep ! claws prop]ly worn d[n4 ,conf9$ 9 a cage ! can>y is less active1 & :ile ! claws h ! same rate ( gr[? !y are "h subject to mu* less abrasion4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to trim !m ) a pair ( %>p scissors e few mon?s4 ,x is important to wat* ! condition ( ! claws c>efully1 z by cat*+ !y may cause a brok5 leg4 ,9 ea* claw a sl5d] blood vessel ext5ds well d[n t[>d ! tip4 ,?is is indicat$ 9 ,figure #f by ! lett] ,a1 & may be se5 on close exam9ation ?r\gh ! transp>5t %ea? ( ! bird's claw4 ,9 trimm+ cut well beyond ?is canal 7at ! po9t ,b 9 ! figure7 & take special c>e n to break ! leg :ile h&l+ ! bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,diagram ( foot ( can>y ) ov]gr[n claws4 ,a1 ,t]m9al blood vessel2 ,b1 po9t at :i* claw may be trimm$ )\t injury4 ,9 cage birds ! horny cov]+ ( ! bill1 z well z ! claws1 sometimes becomes di/ort$ ?r\gh gr[? )\t suffici5t we>4 ,! tips ( ! m&ibles may be p>$ d[n ) a %>p knife1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to cut deep en\gh to rea* ! quick4 ,,diseases ,,& ,,injuries4 ,) ord9>y c>e 9 cleanl9ess1 fre$om f cold damp drafts1 & a well-regulat$ food supply1 can>ies are subject to few ills4 ,9 fact1 mo/ ( _! tr\bles may be trac$ to "s unt[>d circum/ance 9 h&l+ !m4 ,_! diseases are v little und]/ood & correct diagnosis is difficult1 & ?\gh mu* has be5 writt5 reg>d+ !m ?is has s]v$ ma9ly to reveal g5]al ignorance on ! subject4 ,pres5t k does n w>rant an exhau/ive acc\nt ( diseases1 b 9 ! foll[+ notes in=mation is giv5 on ! m usual compla9ts ( can>ies4 ,:5 can>ies become sick ! fir/ c>e %\ld be to see t ! diet is prop] & to exam9e into ! g5]al sanit>y conditions "u :i* ! birds are liv+4 ,if can>ies are conf9$ 9 company ) o!rs1 sick birds mu/ be remov$ at once to a sep>ate cage1 s9ce _! companions w cont9ually peck & worry !m4 ,:]e numb]s ( can>ies are kept1 z a precaution to prev5t spread ( contagi\s or infecti\s diseases ail+ birds %\ld be remov$ f ! bird room4 ,x is always well to move a sick bird to a w>m place4 ,heat & protection f drafts "w wond]s ) ail+ can>ies & (t5 are suffici5t alone to re/ore !m to heal?4 ,:5 m$ic9e is necess>y x is be/ to adm9i/] x 9 ! dr9k+ wat]4 ,if ?is c n be done x may be giv5 directly 9 ! bill by means ( a quill or a m$ic9e dropp]4 ,9 adm9i/]+ m$ic9es x mu/ be rememb]$ t a can>y is small & t a s+le drop 9 mo/ cases is a l>ge dose4 ,indiscrim9ate dos+ ( birds ) v>i\s rem$ies is to be avoid$4 ,! few in/ructions t foll[ are n to be reg>d$ z infallible1 b !y may be ( assi/ance 9 simple ailm5ts4 ,:5 a bird is s]i\sly ill !re is usually little *ance ( its recov]y4 ,,brok5 ,,limbs4 ,9 case ( bad fractures or injuries x is p]haps be/ = all conc]n$ to end ! tr\ble by kill+ ! bird4 ,if a valuable bird breaks a leg1 a sl5d] spl9t ( wood wrapp$ 9 a slight wisp ( cotton & held by a b&age may be appli$ ) c>e4 ,?is support mu/ n be t\*$ = two or ?ree weeks1 b !n x may be remov$ entirely4 ,:5 ! break occurs 9 ! l[] leg 7t>sus7 a small quill makes a simple support4 ,! quill is split & cut d[n until x fits snugly ar\nd ! "p affect$4 ,x is !n padd$ inside ) a few %r$s ( cotton & ti$ c>efully 9 place ) silk ?read4 ,brok5 w+s %\ld be all[$ to heal )\t outside int]f]5ce4 ,all high p]*es %\ld be remov$ f ! cage1 & food & wat] made easily accessible4 ,a bird ) a brok5 w+ mu/ be kept z quiet z possible 9 ord] t ! fracture may heal4 ,,loss ,,( ,,fea!rs ,,ab\t ,,head4 ,baldness is sometimes occasion$ by mites or bird lice & may be treat$ be/ by remov+ ! cause4 ,loss ( fea!rs ab\t ! head1 h[ev]1 may indicate old age or g5]al debility4 ,at ! natural "t ( molt ! gr[? ( fea!rs on ! b>e spots may be aid$ by w>m? & a well-regulat$ diet4 ,9 addition to ! usual food1 twice a week give a little bread moi/5$ ) milk :i* has be5 du/$ ) a mixture ( two p>ts ( sulphur to "o ( potassium *lorate4 ,at ! same int]vals rub a little c>boliz$ petrolatum on ! b>e places4 ,baldness is said to arise at times1 p>ticul>ly 9 spr+1 ?r\gh failure to provide ! can>y ) lettuce1 apple1 or o!r gre5 food4 ,9 su* cases improvem5t may be made by supply+ ?is ne$4 ,,respiratory ,,tr\bles4 ,! fact t can>ies are injur$ by cold drafts c n be too /rongly emphasiz$1 & x may be said t a l>ge proportion ( _! common ailm5ts come f su* exposure4 ,9 _m cases exposure is foll[$ by conge/ion 9 ! inte/9al region1 & dea? ensues 9 a v %ort "t4 ,9 ord9>y colds !re is difficulty 9 brea?+ & "s liquid dis*>ge f ! nose4 ,frequ5tly ?is is accompani$ by c\gh+4 ,a bird ?us affect$ %\ld be kept 9 a w>m room free f all drafts & protect$ f irritat+ du/1 vapor1 or tobacco smoke4 ,! symptoms are increas$ z ! cold progresses & becomes acute1 & ! bird sits ) fea!rs puff$ out1 seem+ really ill4 ,brea?+ is difficult & rapid4 ,if !re is en\gh cat>rhal secretion p>tly to block ! respiratory passages a slight blui% t9t is notic$ b5ea? ! transp>5t %ea? ( ! bill4 ,z a rem$y1 place 9 ! dr9k+ cup #a ounce ( wat] to :i* h be5 add$ #bj drops ( sirup ( tolu1 #aj ( sweet spirits ( nit]1 & #aj ( glyc]94 ,pneumonia 9 cage birds (t5 foll[s exposure & is ne>ly always fatal4 ,! symptoms1 rapid & difficult brea?+ ) little cat>rhal dis*>ge1 appe> sudd5ly4 ,! bird becomes v weak at once & usually dies 9 f two to sev5 days4 ,little c be done beyond %elt]+ ! bird1 z not$ above1 & provid+ an easily assimilat$ food1 z egg food & bread moi/5$ 9 milk4 ,a/hma is a *ronic affection1 9 :i* !re is difficulty 9 expiration ( air 9 brea?+4 ,9 sev]e cases a contraction ( ! abdom9al muscles is evid5t 9 =c+ ! air f ! lungs4 ,a/hma is m 9 evid5ce at night1 & (t5 birds app>5tly free f x dur+ ! day w :eeze :5 at re/4 ,!re is practically no?+ t c be done = x4 ,sometimes a semblance ( a/hma is caus$ by indige/ion f ov]eat+4 ,fanci]s consid] a/hma h]$it>y & d n recomm5d birds s affect$ = bre$+ purposes4 ,,inte/9al ,,compla9ts4 ,inte/9al tr\bles 9 can>ies arise 9 mo/ cases f ! food or wat] supply & are avoid$ by cleanl9ess & prop] c>e4 ,dirty wat] cups ) f\l wat]1 decay$ or s\r$ fre% or s(t foods1 or a poor se$ supply lead inevitably to tr\ble4 ,%\ld ! can>y contract di>rhea1 remove all gre5 & s(t foods f ! cage = a "t & give only ! normal se$ supply4 ,z a rem$y1 add a small quantity ( ,epsom salts to ! dr9k+ wat] = a day4 ,if !re is no improvem5t1 fe$ ! bird a bit ( moi/ bread1 ) ! surface cov]$ lightly ) bismu? 7subnitrate71 or place an ounce ( wat] 9 ! dr9k+ cup1 to :i* h be5 add$ ?ree or f\r drops ( t9cture ( opium4 ,= con/ipation1 ! addition ( lettuce1 apple1 *ickwe$1 or o!r gre5 food to ! regul> m5u is usually suffici5t2 if n1 a p9* ( ,epsom salts may be add$ to ! dr9k+ wat]4 ,! quantity ( ! purgative %\ld be en\gh to imp>t a fa9tly sal9e ta/e to ! solution4 ,ca/or oil is n a good corrective rem$y = small birds4 ,occasionally birds 9 conf9em5t 8g light10 or wa/e away until !y are f> bel[ _! normal /&>d ( plumpness1 )\t m>k$ symptoms ( disease4 ,9 su* cases *ange ! se$ supply1 mak+ sure t ! se$ is fre% & :olesome1 & v>y ! diet ) gre5 foods1 & ) bread s(t5$ ) milk4 ,x is also b5eficial to *ange ! location ( ! cage2 if possible1 place ! cage :]e x w receive ! sun = a few h\rs ea* day1 except 9 ! heat ( midsumm]4 ,make sure t ! can>y is n infe/$ ) mites4 ,:5 worms are pres5t1 z sometimes happ5s1 small fragm5ts ( ^! int]nal p>asites may be se5 9 ! dropp+s :5 ! cage is clean$4 ,z a rem$y1 place 9 ! dr9k+ cup #h or #aj drops ( t9cture ( g5tian 9 an ounce ( wat]4 ,?is may be giv5 = two days1 &1 9 addition1 two drops ( olive oil may be adm9i/]$ 9 ! bill by means ( a m$ic9e dropp]4 ,= m s]i\s compla9ts ?an ^? enum]at$ x w be well1 if possible1 = ! amateur to seek ! advice ( "s p]son ) exp]i5ce 9 h&l+ cage birds4 ,,bibliography4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o may wi% fur!r in=mation on ! c>e ( can>ies a %ort li/ ( /&>d works on ! subject is app5d$4 7,none ( ^! is available = free di/ribution by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47#d ,,books4 ,,battye1 ,h4 ,w4 ,york%ire ,can>ies1 ,h[ to ,bre$1 ,manage1 & ,exhibit4 #hj pp41 ill4 ,f4 ,c>l1 #aed ,fleet ,/41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,boal]1 ,g4 ,h4 ,se$s1 ,foods1 & ,wild ,plants = ,cage ,birds4 #ig pp41 ill4 ,f4 ,c>l1 #aed ,fleet ,/41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,brunskill1 ,e4 ,can>y ,culture = ,amateurs4 ,f4 ,c>l1 #aed ,fleet ,/41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,*ur*1 ,t4 ,a4 ,! ,roll]2 ,conc]n+ ,its ,heal?1 ,habits1 ,fe$+1 etc4 #bbc pp41 ill4 ,/uyvesant ,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,cr&all1 ,l4 ,s4 ,pets2 ,_! ,hi/ory & ,c>e4 ,ill4 ,h4 ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ---- ,pets & ,h[ to ,c>e = ,!m4 ,ill4 ,pub4 by ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,creswell1 ,w4 ,g4 ,! ,hygi5e ( ,bird ,keep+4 ,f4 ,c>l1 #aed ,fleet ,/41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,h\se1 ,c4 ,a4 ,can>y ,manual4 #acj pp41 ill4 ,f4 ,c>l1 #aed ,fleet ,/41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ---- ,norwi* ,can>ies4 #dh pp41 ill4 ,f4 ,c>l1 #aed ,fleet ,/1 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,lew]1 ,s4 ,h4 ,can>ies1 ,hybrids1 & ,briti% ,birds 9 ,cage & ,avi>y4 #dbd pp41 #bf pls4 7color71 & o!r ills4 ,wav]ly ,book ,co41 #g & #h ,old ,bailey1 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,norman1 ,h4 ,avi>ies1 ,bird ,rooms1 & ,cages4 ,f4 ,c>l1 #aed ,fleet ,/41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,page1 ,w4 ,t4 ,=eign ,birds = ,beg9n]s4 #fj pp41 ill4 ,f4 ,c>l1 #aed ,fleet ,/41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,ramsd51 ,j4 ,w4 ,! ,col\r ,fe$+ ( ,can>ies & ,o!r ,birds4 ,f4 ,c>l1 #aed ,fleet ,/41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,/4 ,,john1 ,c4 ,our ,can>ies3 ,a ,?or\ghly ,practical & ,compreh5sive ,guide to ! ,successful ,keep+1 ,bre$+1 & ,exhibit+ ( ,e ,kn[n ,v>iety ( ! ,dome/icat$ ,can>y4 #cb pls4 7color7 & _m ills4 ,pub4 9 #af p>ts1 #aiaj-aa4 ,f4 ,c>l1 #aed ,fleet ,/41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,v]rill1 ,a4 ,h4 ,pets = ,pleasure & ,pr(it4 #cei pp41 #aeb ills4 #aiae4 ,*>les ,scribn]s' ,sons1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,avicultural ,,magaz9e4 ,pub4 = ! ,avicultural ,society1 by ,/eph5 ,au/9 ,sons1 #e ,=e ,/41 ,h]t=d1 ,engl&4 ,,cage ,,birds ,,& ,,bird ,,_w4 ,pub4 weekly by ,f4 ,c>l1 #aed ,fleet ,/41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,roll] ,,can>y4 ,pub4 mon?ly at #badd ,sacram5to ,/41 ,san ,francisco1 ,calif4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,addresses ( deal]s 9 cage birds & cage-bird supplies may be obta9$ on application to ! ,biological ,survey1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture ,,h5ry ,c4 ,,wallace4 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ,c4 ,w4 ,,pugsley4 ,director ( ,sci5tific ,"w ,e4 ,d4 ,,ball4 ,director ( ,regulatory ,"w ----4 ,wea!r ,bureau ,,*>les ,f4 ,,m>v91 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,agricultural ,economics ,,h5ry ,c4 ,,taylor1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry ,,john ,r4 ,,mohl]1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry ,,william ,a4 ,,taylor1 ,*ief4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,w4 ,b4 ,,greeley1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry ,,walt] ,g4 ,,campbell1 ,act+ ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,soils ,,milton ,,:itney1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,entomology ,l4 ,o4 ,,h[>d1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey ,e4 ,w4 ,,nelson1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,public ,roads ,,?omas ,h4 ,,macdonald1 ,*ief4 ,fix$ ,nitrog5 ,rese>* ,laboratory ,f4 ,g4 ,,cottrell1 ,director4 ,division ( ,acc\nts & ,disbursem5ts ,a4 ,,zappone1 ,*ief4 ,division ( ,publications ,,edw9 ,c4 ,,p[ell1 ,act+ ,*ief4 ,libr>y ,,cl>ibel ,r4 ,,b>nett1 ,libr>ian4 ,/ates ,relations ,s]vice ,a4 ,c4 ,,true1 ,director4 ,f$]al ,horticultural ,bo>d ,c4 ,l4 ,,m>latt1 ,*airman4 ,insecticide & ,fungicide ,bo>d ,j4 ,k4 ,,haywood1 ,*airman4 ,pack]s & ,/ocky>ds ,adm9i/ration ,,*e/] ,,morrill1 ,gra9 ,future ,trad+ ,act ,adm9i/ration ,assi/ant to ! ,secret>y4 ,(fice ( ! ,solicitor ,r4 ,w4 ,,williams1 ,solicitor4 ,?is bullet9 is a contribution f !-- ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey ,e4 ,w4 ,,nelson1 ,*ief4 ,division ( ,food ,habits ,rese>* ,w4 ,l4 ,,mcatee1 9 ,*>ge4 ,,additional ,,copies ,,( ,,?is ,,publication ,,may ,,be ,,procur$ ,,f ,,! ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,docum5ts ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,at #e ,,c5ts ,,p] ,,copy ,,pur*as] ,,agrees ,,n ,,to ,,resell ,,or ,,di/ribute ,,?is ,,copy ,,= ,,pr(it4--,,pub4 ,,res4 #eg1 ,,approv$ ,,may #aa1 #aibb