,transcriber's ,note ,italic text displayed as3 italic ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,,farmers' ,,bulletin ,no4 #acbg ,,canaries ,,their ,,care ,,and ,,management ,illustration3 ,canary in a bird cage ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,to meet the requests continually received for information on the care of canaries in sickness and health1 this bulletin has been compiled from numerous sources1 including personal experiences and observations of the author4 ,it is intended for all who are interested in canaries4 ,this bulletin is a revision of and supersedes ,farmers' ,bulletin #ggj4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issued ,may1 #aibc4 ,,canaries3 ,,their ,,care ,,and ,,management4 ,by ,,alexander ,,wetmore1 ,assistant ,biologist1 ,division of ,biological ,investigations1 ,bureau of ,biological ,survey4 ,,contents4 ,page4 ,introduction #a ,history #b ,varieties #c ,cages #e ,care of cages #g ,indoor and outdoor aviaries #h ,food #i ,bathing #aj ,molt #aa ,color feeding #ab ,breeding #ac ,sex and age #ae ,vermin #af ,care of feet and bill #ag ,diseases and injuries #ag ,broken limbs #ah ,loss of feathers about head #ah ,respiratory troubles #ai ,intestinal complaints #ai ,bibliography #bj ,,introduction4 ,among the birds kept for household pets none is more common or better known than the canary4 ,so simple are its requirements in the way of food and care that it needs little attention1 and because of its pleasing songs and interesting habits it is a universal favorite4 ,readily adaptable to cage life1 canaries display little of the fear shown by wild birds in captivity1 and the ease with which they may be induced to nest and rear young adds to their popularity4 ,canaries have been domesticated for several hundred years and1 though more common in western ,europe and the ,united ,states than elsewhere1 have been carried over practically the entire civilized world4 ,in ,england and ,germany there are hundreds of canary breeders and many avicultural societies4 ,several periodicals dealing solely with cage birds are published there1 and in the larger cities bird exhibitions are held annually4 ,similar activities in the ,united ,states1 while of younger growth1 are making considerable progress4 ,during the #aj-year period prior to #aiae more than #c1bej1jjj canaries were imported into the ,united ,states1 mainly from ,germany and ,england4 ,with the continuance of the ,world ,war the number brought in decreased steadily1 until it fell from an average of more than #a1jjj birds per day in #aiad to about #aj1jjj for the year #aiah4 ,importations from ,germany practically ceased1 and comparatively few birds were to be obtained from ,england1 so that dealers were forced to look to the ,orient1 mainly to ,china1 for the small number secured4 ,this depression continued until #aibj1 but with return to more normal conditions in #aiba1 about #gj1jjj were imported1 and in #aibb more than #aej1jjj1 largely from the former sources in ,europe as well as the ,orient4 ,canaries seem to thrive in any climate where not exposed to too severe weather conditions1 and in spite of the long period they have been protected and held in captivity they are capable of enduring a surprising degree of cold when hardened to it4 ,in ,england it is not unusual to find them in outdoor aviaries throughout the year1 and in the comparatively mild climate of ,california they thrive under these conditions4 ,they seem able to establish themselves again in a wild state under favorable circumstances4 ,a brood of domestic canaries released in #aiji on ,midway ,island1 a sandy islet in the ,hawaiian group1 had increased by #aiad until it was estimated that it numbered about #a1jjj4 ,,history4 ,the origin of the canary as a cage bird is as obscure as is the early history of other domesticated animals4 ,it seems probable that captive canaries were first secured from the ,canary ,islands1 a group with which they have long been popularly associated4 ,there are in the ,old ,world1 however1 two closely allied forms from which the domesticated canary may have come4 ,one of these1 the bird now recognized as the 8wild canary10 is found in the ,canary ,islands 7with the exception of the islands of ,fuerteventura and ,lanzarote71 ,madeira1 and the ,azores4 ,this form is illustrated in ,figure #a4 ,the other form1 the serin finch1#a ranges through southern ,europe and northern ,africa1 extending eastward into ,palestine and ,asia ,minor4 ,in a wild state these two forms are very similar in color and to a novice are hardly distinguishable4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,wild canary4 ,if1 as is supposed1 the original supply of canaries came from the ,canary ,islands1 it may be considered doubtful that the stock thus secured has furnished the ancestors of all our canaries4 ,the slight differences in color between the serin finch and the canary would probably have passed unnoticed by early ornithologists and bird lovers4 ,with bird catching a widespread practice in middle and southern ,europe1 the serin would often be made captive and be accepted without question as a canary4 ,in this way serins and wild canaries may have been interbred until all distinguishable differences were lost4 ,the original canary1 whether serin or true wild canary1 in its native haunt was much different in color from its modern pure-bred descendant4 ,the back of the wild bird is1 in general1 gray1 tinged with olive-green1 especially on the rump1 with dark shaft streaks on the feathers4 ,underneath it is yellowish1 streaked on sides and flanks with dusky4 ,wild canaries from the ,canary ,islands1 the ,azores1 and ,madeira differ from the ,continental serins in being slightly grayer with less of yellowish green in the plumage above4 ,in addition1 the rump is duller yellow and the bill is distinctly larger4 ,all the wild birds have the feet and legs 7tarsi7 horn brown1 the upper half of the bill dark brown or horn color1 and the lower half paler4 ,both of the wild varieties inhabit vineyards1 thickets1 and more open country where bordered by trees4 ,at times1 during fall and winter1 great flocks are found together4 ,the birds feed upon various seeds and occasionally eat figs or other small fruits in season4 ,in a wild state they nest early in spring and again later1 rearing two broods4 ,the nest1 made of plant stems and grasses and lined with hair and plant downs1 is placed in bushes or low trees4 ,the eggs are clear green in color1 spotted and clouded with deep wine red and reddish brown4 ,from three to five eggs are deposited4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,the scientific name of the serin is ,serinus serinus serinus4 ,the wild canary is known as ,serinus s4 canarius4 ,both were first described by ,linnaeus4 ,,varieties4 ,variation among domesticated canaries began early1 as ,hernandez1 in #aehg1 speaks of the canary as wholly yellow in color save for the tips of the wings4 ,the various forms have had their origin in distinct geographic areas1 and though some are almost extinct at present1 all at one time or another have had a devoted following of fanciers4 ,at present at least #ad distinct strains1 with a large number of varieties1 are known4 ,the common canary is reared primarily for its song1 and from it probably came the roller1 or song canary1 a great favorite in ,germany and1 more recently1 in ,england and the ,united ,states4 ,in rearing song canaries attempt is made to produce males with clear1 soft1 pleasing songs with long rolls or trills1 and no attention whatever is paid to other characters4 ,these birds1 therefore1 may be nondescript as regards color and appearance1 and in mating care is taken only to secure males that are good singers and females from good stock4 ,the young birds when fledged are put in rooms with males noted for their soft song1 and here1 through imitation1 they develop their own vocal powers4 ,careful watch is kept over them1 and any bird that develops harsh notes is removed at once to prevent his corrupting the purity of tone in the song of his brothers4 ,a mechanical instrument known as a bird organ1 that produces liquid trills1 is frequently utilized in training1 usually when the adult birds are silent during molt4 ,ordinarily the room where song canaries are being trained is darkened1 and frequently the cages containing the young birds are screened with cloth to lessen a tendency to objectionable loudness of song4 ,in six months or less1 their education completed1 these songsters may be sold or in their turn utilized in training others still younger4 ,it is common to teach these birds some simple strain or air1 through its constant repetition by whistling or by means of an instrument4 ,well-trained birds are popular pets and frequently bring high prices4 ,in the class of exhibition birds1 perhaps none is more striking than the ,belgian canary1 pictured in ,figure #b4 ,formerly known as the 8king of the fancy10 it was reared extensively in ,belgium1 but of late years its popularity has been on the decline1 so that as late as #aiaa it was said that few pure-bred ,belgians were to be found4 ,the typical ,belgian canary is a large bird with a small head1 long1 slender neck1 large shoulders1 and a long1 tapering body4 ,it is primarily a bird of 8position40 ,when assuming the peculiar and desired attitude the bird throws its shoulders up and brings the head down well below their level2 the back and tail form a perpendicular line and the feet are held close together4 ,another bird of position is the ,scotch fancy canary1 illustrated in ,figure #c4 ,this variety resembles the ,belgian1 but when in position throws the tail in under the perch until its outline in profile is almost a semicircle4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,belgian fancy canary4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,scotch fancy canary4 ,another well-marked variety is the cinnamon canary1 one of the earliest forms to appear1 but one whose origin is wholly unknown4 ,its true color is a dun or dull brown that has been likened to cinnamon4 ,in exhibition birds the color is usually intensified by color feeding 7see p4 #ad74 ,the cinnamon canary is peculiar also in possessing red or pink eyes1 a character that denotes cinnamon blood even in a yellow or buff bird4 ,the cinnamon inheritance is transmitted only by the male2 young reared from a cinnamon mother and a male of any other form lacking cinnamon blood never show signs of their cinnamon parentage4 ,among the old-established varieties that now are in decadence none is more striking than the lizard canary4 ,lizard canaries are known as 8gold0 or 8silver10 according as the body color is yellow or silvery gray4 ,the wings and tail are black and the back is spangled with numerous somewhat triangular black spots4 ,the crown in pure-bred birds is unspotted and light in color1 as shown in ,figure #d4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,lizard canary4 ,the crested canary1 pictured in ,figure #e1 is another unusual form1 with a long crest that extends down around the head below the level of the eyes4 ,another1 the frill or ,dutch frill canary1 is a large bird with long curling feathers4 ,the ,lancashire is the largest of known varieties of the canary1 standing head and shoulders above all others4 ,these 8giant0 canaries may be crested or smooth headed4 ,other forms that may be mentioned are the ,border ,fancy1 a small bird2 and the ,norwich1 or ,norwich plain-head1 from which come many of the common canaries4 ,it must not be supposed that the varieties of canaries enumerated above cover the entire field4 ,for each of the main forms there are almost endless groups or divisions that have been developed on color peculiarities4 ,to obtain pure-bred birds requires constant care and supervision1 and with any slackness of method hosts of mongrels appear4 ,interbreeding between various forms1 even though they differ widely in color1 results in reversion to the original type1 which was a spotted or striped greenish bird1 certain proof of the common origin of all4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,crested canary4 ,,cages4 ,when choosing cages in which to keep canaries1 the primary consideration should be the comfort of the birds1 and this should not be sacrificed to any desire for ornate appearance4 ,there are several types on the market1 any of which may serve4 ,so far as shape is concerned1 a square cage is best1 as it affords more room for exercise than one that is round4 ,for one bird1 the cage should not be less than #i inches long1 #f inches wide1 and #i inches high4 ,a larger size is to be preferred4 ,the ordinary cages obtained from dealers in this country are made of wire and are open on all sides4 ,each is fitted with receptacles for food and water1 usually at opposite ends4 ,a fine-mesh wire screen may be bought from the dealer and fastened around the lower half of the cage to prevent the scattering of seeds and seed hulls4 ,a common substitute for this is a simple muslin bag1 held in place by a drawstring fastening tightly about the middle of the cage4 ,in a cage of ordinary size three perches are sufficient4 ,one may be placed at either end at a distance that will allow easy access to the food and water receptacles1 and the third elevated above the middle of the cage at its center4 ,another convenient arrangement is to run one perch lengthwise of the cage1 in such way that the bird may reach the feeding receptacles from it1 and to place the two other perches transversely above it near either end4 ,a bird confined in small quarters is dependent for exercise on hopping about from perch to perch1 and this arrangement will give the maximum freedom of movement4 ,in larger cages four perches may be advisable4 ,these should not be placed so that they interfere with the free movement of the bird1 and for reasons of cleanliness one perch should not be directly above another4 ,in small wire cages1 if the swing perch usually found suspended in the center is removed1 the bird will have more room1 and in hopping back and forth will not be continually striking head or wings4 ,in larger cages this perch may remain4 ,perches should be large enough for the toes of the bird to grasp them readily and encircle them for three-fourths of their circumference4 ,if they are too small they cramp the foot1 while if too large they may cause malformed toes or claws1 especially in young birds4 ,perches should be elliptical in shape1 about three-eighths of an inch in the long diameter1 which should be horizontal4 ,if those furnished with the cage do not meet these requirements1 others may be made from soft wood without much trouble4 ,cages in which canaries are to breed must be large and roomy in comparison with those intended for single occupants4 ,an ,english authority gives the standard size for breeding cages as #bb inches long1 #ab inches wide1 and #af inches high4 ,several types of open breeding cages made of wire may be obtained1 or a box with a removable wire front may be made4 ,if it is planned to use wooden cages for several seasons they should be enameled or whitewashed inside to permit thorough cleaning4 ,such cages should be smooth inside and any with cracked or warped boards should be avoided1 as crevices may harbor dirt or mites4 ,though cages may be made of wire screen this is not advised1 as cages so constructed become very dirty1 and there is danger that birds may catch their claws in the wire and become injured4 ,where numbers of canaries are kept box cages with wire fronts are convenient1 as they may be placed in racks one above another or arranged on a series of shelves along the wall of the bird room4 ,they are provided with a sand tray three-fourths of an inch deep that slides in and out from the front and facilitates cleaning4 ,perches for these cages may be adjusted in the following manner3 ,one end is notched and the other has a brad driven in it filed to a sharp point4 ,the sharpened brad is pressed against the back of the cage and a wire on the front is slipped into the notch4 ,if made the right length the pressure of the wire will hold the perch in position4 ,for shipping birds the small wicker cages in which canaries come to dealers are best4 ,these are fitted with deep1 narrow-necked food and water receptacles that do not readily spill1 so that there is a minimum of waste during the journey4 ,a small packet or sack of seed should be tied to the outside of the cage in order that the bird's supply may be replenished en route4 ,,care ,,of ,,cages4 ,though canaries when acclimated can endure a great degree of cold without discomfort1 they are susceptible to sudden changes in temperature1 and cold drafts may soon prove fatal4 ,this should be borne in mind in choosing a place for the cage4 ,direct exposure to a strong draft of cold air must always be avoided4 ,a cage may be placed on a small shelf along the wall or suspended from a bracket attached to the wall or window casing4 ,swinging brackets are inexpensive and are convenient for use when it is impracticable to fasten hooks in the ceiling4 ,when one or two canaries are kept as pets1 it is usual to suspend their cages before a window1 where the birds may enjoy light and sunshine1 a good practice where the window is kept closed during cool or stormy weather and the joints are tight4 ,it may be necessary to line the edges of the window frame and the junction of the upper and lower halves of the window with weather stripping to prevent drafts1 and it is best to suspend the cage so that it will hang opposite or below the junction of the two halves of the window frame4 ,the room must remain at a fairly even temperature day and night1 and in cold weather it is well to cover the cage with a towel or other light cloth at night4 ,a cage should never be suspended directly above a radiator1 and it is best to avoid keeping birds in small kitchens1 as the fluctuations in heat are perhaps more marked there than in any other part of the house4 ,exposure to damp air may prove fatal1 another reason for avoiding the steam-laden air of small kitchens4 ,wherever placed1 the cage must be kept scrupulously clean if the canary is to remain in good health and free from vermin4 ,the supply of water should be renewed daily1 and the seed cup replenished at least every other day4 ,the receptacles for these necessities should be cleaned and washed carefully at short intervals4 ,cages that have removable bases should have the tray in the bottom covered with several thicknesses of paper1 or the heavy coarse-grained sandpaper1 known as gravel paper1 that may be secured from dealers in cage-bird supplies1 may be used4 ,this should be renewed whenever the cage is cleaned1 and in addition the pan should be washed in hot water from time to time4 ,lime on the perches may be removed by means of a scraper made of a bit of tin fastened to a wire or tacked at right angles to a stick small enough to pass easily between the wires of the cage4 ,cages with bottom attached should be provided with a sand tray that slides in and out through a slot in the front4 ,this serves to catch droppings1 seed hulls1 and other waste1 and may be easily pulled out1 cleaned1 and refilled with fresh sand4 ,,indoor ,,and ,,outdoor ,,aviaries4 ,those who keep birds for pleasure1 and who do not care to breed them for exhibition or to maintain any particular standard1 may receive much enjoyment from aviaries in which numbers of canaries are kept in one inclosure4 ,the size of the aviary or bird room will be governed wholly by circumstances1 as it may range from an entire room to a small screened inclosure or part of a conservatory4 ,a room large enough for the owner to enter without unduly frightening the occupants makes an ideal indoor aviary1 and where space permits it may be fitted up without great expense4 ,the floor should be covered to the depth of half an inch to an inch with clean sand or sawdust4 ,small evergreen trees planted in large pots furnish suitable decorations1 and may be replaced from time to time as they are destroyed by the inmates of the aviary4 ,a branching dead tree and one or two limbs nailed across corners at suitable heights furnish more artistic perches than straight rods4 ,in addition1 pegs #d or #e inches long may be driven or nailed to the walls to furnish resting places4 ,seed should be supplied in self-regulating hoppers1 preferably attached to the wall1 and water given in self-feeding fountain containers4 ,these become less dirty than open dishes placed on the floor4 ,sand must be furnished in a box or dish where it is not used on the floor4 ,soft foods and green foods may be supplied on little shelves or a small table4 ,at the proper season nesting boxes may be hung on the walls1 and nesting material supplied in racks or in open-mesh bags hung to some support4 ,a shallow pan of water may be kept constantly on the floor or1 better1 may be inserted for an hour each day for bathing4 ,a screened flying cage may be built on the outside of a window and the birds admitted to it in pleasant weather4 ,perches1 if of natural wood1 should have smooth bark or should be peeled1 as crevices often harbor mites4 ,plants and other decorations should not be placed so near the wall that birds may be trapped behind them4 ,aviaries constructed out of doors1 like bird rooms1 may be made simple or elaborate1 large or small1 according to circumstances4 ,where there is sufficient ground available a small frame structure may be built and covered with strong galvanized wire screen of small-sized mesh4 ,part1 at least1 of the roof should be covered as a protection against stormy weather1 and two sides should be boarded up to afford protection from cold winds4 ,where the winter climate is severe it is necessary to build a closed addition with board or cement floor and a connecting door1 in which the birds may be protected during the cold season4 ,canaries when acclimatized1 however1 can withstand moderately cold weather as well as native birds4 ,the open portion of the aviary should have a board or cement base sunk to a depth of #h to #aj inches around the bottom to prevent entrance of rats1 mice1 or larger animals4 ,if a fence with an overhang at the top is not constructed to keep out animals1 it is best to make the screen walls double by nailing screen wire to both sides of the wooden frame1 so that birds clinging to the wire may not be injured by cats or dogs4 ,where space does not permit an elaborate structure a lean-to may be built against another wall to make an inclosure large enough for a number of birds4 ,where needed1 the sides of the aviary may be fitted with windows that can be put in place in winter4 ,the entrance to the outdoor aviary should be through a small porch or anteroom that need be merely large enough to permit entrance through an outside door1 with a second door leading into the aviary itself4 ,the outside door should be closed before the inner one is opened1 so that none of the birds can escape4 ,the fittings of the outdoor aviary may be adapted from those described for the indoor bird room4 ,with an earth floor it is possible to grow evergreen and deciduous shrubs for shelter and ornament4 ,where space permits a hedge of privet along the open side of the aviary furnishes a shelter in which birds delight to nest4 ,to avoid overheating in hot weather shade should be provided for part of the structure4 ,in aviaries birds pair more or less at random4 ,to avoid constant bickering or even serious fighting in the breeding season it is usual to regulate the number of males so that the females outnumber them two to one4 ,,food4 ,the food requirements of canaries are simple4 ,canary seed to which have been added rape seed and a little hemp is a staple diet that persons who keep only a few birds usually purchase ready mixed4 ,canary seed alone does not furnish a balanced food1 but forms a good combination with hemp and summer rape4 ,much of the rape seed in prepared seed sold in cartons is of a species that even wild birds do not eat1 as it is pungent and bitter in flavor1 but all relish the mild taste of true summer rape4 ,seed is given in little cups that are fastened between the wires of the cage4 ,in addition to a seed supply lettuce or a bit of apple should be placed between the wires of the cage frequently4 ,and those properly situated may1 in season1 vary this menu by the addition of chickweed1 dandelion heads1 thistle and plantain seeds1 and the fruiting heads and tender leaves of senecio and shepherd's purse4 ,watercress1 wild oats1 knot grass1 and other grasses are relished1 especially in spring and early in summer4 ,bread moistened in scalded milk1 given cold at intervals1 is beneficial4 ,soft foods must not be made too wet4 ,with bread1 enough liquid to soften the food but not to run or render it a paste is sufficient4 ,supplies of moist foods must be kept strictly fresh and clean or sickness may result4 ,special dishes1 known as food holders1 or slides that slip through the wires of the cage are often used in giving softened bread and similar supplies4 ,cuttle bone should always be available4 ,when canaries do not seem to thrive it is well to crack open a few of the seeds to make certain that empty husks alone are not being fed4 ,hemp1 while a valuable addition to the diet1 should not be given in excess1 as it is fattening and may make birds so lethargic that they cease to sing1 or in exceptional cases may even cause death4 ,when canaries cease to sing from the effects of overfeeding it is well to supply some of the stimulating foods known as song restorers1 or other prepared foods that may be obtained from dealers4 ,during the time of molt a few linseeds added to the seed supply are believed to give gloss and sheen to the new feathers4 ,linseeds should be given in small quantity1 as they are injurious if eaten in excess4 ,meal worms fed occasionally are beneficial for birds that are not thriving4 ,a craving for animal food may be satisfied by bits of raw steak1 but it is not well to continue feeding raw meat for any length of time1 as it may cause a foul odor about the cage4 ,delicate birds may be fed canary1 rape1 and hemp seed soaked in cold water for #bd hours1 rinsed1 and then drained4 ,maw seed 7poppy seed7 is favored by ,english canary fanciers as a stimulant1 but its use must be guarded1 as it may be poisonous to other animals1 including man4 ,during the breeding season egg food must be given daily as soon as the birds are paired4 ,this is prepared by mincing an entire hard-boiled egg or passing it through a sieve1 and adding to it an equal quantity of bread or unsalted cracker crumbs4 ,this may be given to unmated birds as well at intervals of a week or so4 ,when female canaries begin to incubate1 egg food may be fed every three or four days or even less frequently4 ,addition of brown sugar in small quantity to the egg food is supposed to prevent egg-binding in young females4 ,when the young hatch1 egg food should be supplied at once4 ,some recommend that the yolk of a hard-boiled egg be given alone for the first day4 ,bread crumbs are added to this daily until on the third day egg food as ordinarily prepared is supplied4 ,attempt should be made to regulate the supply of egg food or other soft food so that it will be eaten without waste4 ,the actual quantity will vary in individual cases4 ,the usual seed supply should be present1 no matter what other food is given4 ,egg food must be given until the young are fully grown and able to crack seed for themselves4 ,cracked seed may be fed to lighten the labor of the parents1 but it is well to eliminate hemp from such a supply1 as the hull of hemp seed contains a poisonous substance that occasionally kills young birds4 ,drinking water should be available to canaries at all times4 ,,bathing4 ,under normal conditions most birds probably bathe daily1 and canaries in captivity should be allowed the same opportunity4 ,in open wire cages in common use for singing birds the base is removed and the cage placed over a small dish containing water4 ,in open-front cages in which the bottom is not detachable small bath cages which fasten at the open door are used4 ,these are only a few inches wide but serve to hold a dish for water4 ,many birds are notional in bathing and at times ignore the offered bath4 ,usually the process of cleaning the cage and renewing the seed and water will excite in them a desire for bathing1 and often when a bath is not provided the bird will do its best to perform its ablutions in the small supply of water in the drinking cup4 ,when individual birds obstinately refuse to enter the water1 if enough clean sand to cover the bottom is placed in the dish they bathe more readily4 ,after the bath the water may be drained carefully and the sand left to dry in the dish for use another time4 ,birds brought into strange quarters may refuse to bathe for the first few days4 ,when water is offered they either ignore it or sitting on a perch go through the motions of bathing and drying1 fluttering wings and tail with a great whirring of feathers4 ,the bath should be offered whenever the cage is cleaned1 and if left alone the birds will act normally after a few days4 ,small china or earthenware dishes that are not too deep make good bathing pans4 ,when a bird becomes accustomed to one dish it will usually refuse to bathe in another of different shape or color4 ,in winter the water should be warmed until tepid4 ,even in warm weather very cold water is not advisable4 ,if the room1 ordinarily warm1 becomes cold temporarily1 birds should not be allowed to bathe4 ,with the plumage wet and bedraggled there is increased susceptibility to cold drafts4 ,during molt the bath should be given not more than twice each week4 ,if the bird is molting on color food1 one bath each week is sufficient4 ,the female canary should not be allowed to bathe from the time the eggs hatch until the young are #c or #d days old4 ,,molt4 ,canaries renew their covering of feathers once each year4 ,in adults this molt occurs late in summer1 and the first sign of it may be the presence of a wing or tail feather on the bottom of the cage4 ,these large feathers are shed in pairs1 so that one from either wing or from either side of the tail is dropped at approximately the same time4 ,never in ordinary circumstances does the canary have the wing and tail entirely devoid of large feathers4 ,this provision is of no particular significance in a cage bird1 but enables wild birds to maintain their powers of flight4 ,the bodily covering is renewed piecemeal as well1 so that except about the head there is normally no extensive area wholly devoid of feathers at any time4 ,some birds drop a few of the body feathers all through the year1 a symptom that need cause no anxiety4 ,with breeding birds the molt usually comes immediately after the breeding season and may begin as early as the latter part of ,july4 ,normally it comes during ,august1 and on the average should be at its height in ,september4 ,young birds molt the juvenal body plumage after leaving the nest1 but retain the first growth of wing and tail feathers for a year4 ,in healthy birds the entire molt requires about two months4 ,canaries usually need no special care during molt4 ,though in an abnormal bodily state at this time1 healthy individuals will come through the period in good condition4 ,birds are somewhat dull and stupid when molting and should be disturbed as little as possible4 ,bathing may be permitted once or twice each week1 but if birds do not wish to bathe they should not be sprayed with water4 ,it is well to add egg food or moistened bread to the ordinary fare once or twice each week during molt4 ,for ailing birds a very slight quantity of sulphur may be added to the egg food1 or a weak saffron tea given instead of pure drinking water4 ,a few linseeds in the seed supply give a gloss and sheen to the new feathers not otherwise obtainable4 ,when canaries fail to molt at the proper season molt may sometimes be induced by covering the cage with a dark cloth and placing it in a warm protected place where the bird will not be disturbed4 ,old birds or those weak in physical vigor often fail to renew their entire feather covering1 a condition for which little remedy may be offered4 ,usually this incomplete molt is a sign of extreme age or breakdown1 though if the bird lives1 a supply of nutritious1 easily assimilated food and careful protection during the next molt may result in improvement4 ,a great change in temperature or a sudden chill may check the progress of molt and occasionally cause serious trouble4 ,if a bird shows signs of distress1 it should be placed at once in a warm1 protected place4 ,ten drops of sweet spirits of niter and a few shreds of saffron added to the drinking water are beneficial4 ,,color ,,feeding4 ,that the color of canaries may be deepened or intensified by certain foods given during the molt is well known and has attracted much interest4 ,turmeric1 marigold flowers1 saffron1 cochineal1 annatto1 mustard seed1 and other agents rich in natural color are often used for this purpose1 ordinarily in combination with red pepper as a base4 ,for a long time methods of preparing and feeding color foods were kept secret1 but now they are outlined in many manuals on canary feeding4 ,in selecting canaries for experiments in color feeding preference should be given to strong1 vigorous1 male birds4 ,during digestion and assimilation the concentrated food used puts more or less of a strain upon the system1 and birds that are old or constitutionally weak may not thrive1 or may even succumb under the treatment4 ,color food may be given young canaries at the age of #g or #h weeks to produce a deep color at their first molt4 ,birds with color that is naturally full and rich should be selected4 ,those having greenish markings or those descended from a male parent well marked with green are preferable4 ,pale birds seldom color well4 ,a standard color food may be prepared as follows3 ,to the ordinary egg food 7one hard-boiled egg chopped fine with an equal bulk of bread crumbs or unsalted cracker crumbs7 add a teaspoonful of ground sweet red pepper4 ,mix until the food shows an even reddish tint throughout4 ,care should be taken to see that the supply of ground sweet pepper used is fresh and clean and that it is not artificially colored4 ,each bird to be experimented upon should receive one small teaspoonful of the prepared food daily4 ,the quantity of pepper in the mixture is increased gradually1 until two heaping teaspoonfuls are used4 ,addition of a little brown sugar and a few drops of pure olive oil is beneficial1 and a small quantity of hot red pepper gives a better flavor4 ,the food should be prepared fresh each day1 and in mixing allowance must be made for variation in the size of eggs used4 ,some breeders increase the proportion of sweet red pepper until #d teaspoonfuls are added to the usual quantity of egg food4 ,half a teaspoonful of this concentrated food is allowed each bird4 ,this method may be used during a short1 quick molt4 ,the usual supply of seed must be kept in the cage1 for canaries can not subsist on the color food alone4 ,those who do not care to use such an elaborate preparation in color feeding may substitute pieces of the common sweet red peppers sold in fresh vegetable markets for the bits of lettuce ordinarily given as green food4 ,canaries eat these readily1 and from the effect of this food eaten during molt become noticeably deeper and richer in color4 ,color feeding to be successful must be started as soon as the canaries are ready to molt1 and feeding must be continued until no more pin feathers can be found anywhere on the body when the feathers are carefully blown aside4 ,the color food actually supplies an enriched color element that otherwise is lacking4 ,until the artificial color is firmly fixed in the matured feather it fades easily when exposed to strong light4 ,the birds chosen for color feeding should be kept in a dim light away from the windows and with the cages shaded4 ,open-front cages are easily provided with a screen of paper or cloth1 but care must be taken to leave space for ventilation4 ,direct sunlight must be avoided4 ,bathing must not be permitted more often than once a week1 and the birds should be disturbed as little as possible4 ,should a bird refuse the color food1 the seed supply may be removed for a short time morning and evening and the color food substituted4 ,usually in a day or two the stimulating food will be eaten eagerly4 ,linseeds should be given 7as during the regular molt7 to impart a gloss to the new feathers4 ,with proper care there will be little trouble in producing fine1 healthy birds with rich1 highly colored plumage4 ,the enhanced color lasts only during the continuance of the growth of feathers1 and if color feeding is not resorted to at the next molt the canary will again be plain4 ,,breeding4 ,the breeding season for canaries begins properly in ,march4 ,though birds often show signs of its approach as early as ,january1 it is better1 because of the effect of changing weather conditions upon callow young1 to postpone nesting activities until later1 if possible4 ,some canary fanciers keep canaries paired throughout the year1 but the more common practice is to separate the sexes except when breeding4 ,the beginning of the mating season is marked by ringing1 vigorous song among male birds1 accompanied by much restless activity4 ,females1 indifferent until now1 respond with loud call notes1 flit their wings1 and otherwise evince their interest4 ,birds may be paired without these preliminary signs1 but usually this tends only to lengthen the breeding season without material benefit4 ,the instinct to breed may be stimulated when necessary by the addition of egg food and green stuff to the diet4 ,canaries in captivity are polygamous when opportunity offers1 and many breeders place two or even three females with each male4 ,others1 however1 keep canaries in pairs1 as they are more readily handled1 and when the young are hatched the male is able to assist in caring for them4 ,where two females are kept with one male the birds should be placed in a cage divided by slides into three compartments4 ,the male is placed in the middle1 and a female on either side4 ,during half the day the male is thrown with one female and during the remainder with the other4 ,this arrangement necessitates the use of three sets of seed and water cups in each cage4 ,when the females begin to incubate the male is removed or excluded from both4 ,a cage suitable for one pair of canaries should be equipped with a sliding wire partition4 ,the male and the female are placed one in either compartment and the two left to make acquaintance4 ,the male will begin to feed the female through the wires in a day or two1 or perhaps at once1 and when this is observed the slide may be withdrawn and the birds kept together4 ,if a cage is used that has no slide1 there is usually some bickering between the birds at first1 but birds are rarely found that do not in the end agree4 ,a cage thus used without a slide should be new to both birds1 in order that neither may resent the presence of an intruder in a cage which it has been accustomed to consider its own4 ,soon after pairing the female will be seen carrying feathers in her bill or searching about the bottom of the cage4 ,if a little nesting material is given her she will be content to arrange and rearrange it for a few days4 ,as soon as she shows serious intention of building1 enough material for actual nest construction may be supplied4 ,if a considerable quantity is furnished at first it is merely wasted4 ,the material may be held in a small wire rack suspended on the outside of the cage or placed inside4 ,bits of string1 cotton1 slender blades of dried grass1 dried moss1 cow's hair1 or other soft material will serve well4 ,no long strings or long hairs should be given1 as these may cause trouble later by entangling the feet and legs of mother and young4 ,everything furnished should be clean and free from dust4 ,some canaries are expert nest builders1 while others construct a slovenly structure that barely serves to contain the eggs4 ,some fanciers prefer to construct nests for their birds1 and with certain birds this is necessary as some females may refuse to build4 ,canaries build in anything that offers support4 ,a nest box of wood1 or1 better1 an earthenware nest pan1 may be fastened to the side or back of the cage midway between the two perches4 ,the rush or willow nests sold by many dealers1 while serviceable1 may harbor vermin4 ,the earthenware nest pan is best1 as when the breeding season is over it is readily cleaned and put away for another year4 ,failing this1 a box #a inches or more deep made of thin wood may be used4 ,the nest box or pan should have a lining or bottom covering of felt4 ,this may be pasted in the earthenware pan1 and may be soaked loose without trouble when it is desired to renew it4 ,the nest receptacle1 of whatever description1 should be suspended an inch above the level of the perches4 ,this prevents the young from leaving the nest too soon4 ,the receptacle should not be near enough to the top of the cage to interfere with the movements of the occupants4 ,if the nest is not too near the perches the male is not so likely to be obtrusive during incubation4 ,the first egg will be deposited from a week to a month after the birds are paired4 ,normally it is laid in about two weeks4 ,the number of eggs in a sitting may vary from three to six1 with four or five as the usual number4 ,the eggs should be removed as soon as laid4 ,this may be done readily with a teaspoon1 with care not to injure the delicate shells4 ,they should be kept in a cool place1 slightly embedded in fine corn meal or bran or cared for in some other manner that does not allow them to roll about or touch each other4 ,on the evening of the day on which the third egg is laid all may be returned to the nest4 ,removing the eggs and then replacing them postpones incubation and development in those first laid and makes the time of hatching more even4 ,the normal period of incubation is #ad days4 ,egg binding sometimes causes trouble and may be dealt with as follows3 ,the vent may be oiled carefully with a drop or two of warmed castor oil and the bird returned to the cage4 ,if the egg is not deposited within half an hour the canary should be held for a few minutes with the vent over the steam of hot water4 ,a good method is to fill a narrow-necked jar or bottle with hot water and cover the mouth of the receptacle with cheese cloth2 the female is then held carefully for a minute or two in the rising steam4 ,often the egg will drop at once and be caught in the cheesecloth1 or it may be deposited in the normal manner after the bird is returned to the cage4 ,the male canary is ordinarily a model husband and parent1 giving no trouble1 but if he should annoy the female during incubation or attempt to injure the young he should be removed at once4 ,it is the natural instinct of an incubating bird to conceal itself as much as possible1 and though canaries are tame1 this tendency should be recognized and respected4 ,this does not mean that they are to be neglected4 ,each breeding cage should be equipped with a sand tray which should be cleaned at least every other day4 ,in no other way can it be hoped to rear numbers of birds successfully4 ,except for this necessary care and the provision of food1 water1 and bathing facilities1 the birds should be bothered as little as possible4 ,sometimes trouble is caused by inability of the young to free themselves from the shell or egg membrane1 a condition for which there is usually no remedy at the time4 ,with succeeding settings the difficulty may be obviated by sprinkling the eggs slightly with water each evening4 ,some breeders when the young canaries are #h days old place them in a new nest1 a practice that may be necessary when the old nest is infested with parasites4 ,in such instances a little insect powder should be sprinkled over the body before the young birds are placed in their new quarters4 ,the young birds leave the nest when #bj to #cj days old4 ,they may be left with the parents as long as they are fed and should never be removed entirely until it is found that they are able to crack the seeds upon which they must feed4 ,it is advisable to continue the use of egg food for a time and gradually to decrease the amount given to get the birds accustomed to a diet of seed alone4 ,canaries often rear two or three broods a season and the female may be ready to breed again when the young are three weeks old4 ,it is only necessary to provide a second nest and nesting material and let her proceed4 ,the care of the young will then devolve on the male4 ,nesting material should be provided at once or the female may pluck the feathers from her growing young4 ,if this can not be stopped the young should be placed in a small nursery cage suspended from the side of the breeding cage in a manner that will allow feeding between the wires4 ,when the young are finally removed they must not be placed with birds older and stronger for a time4 ,they should be watched carefully the first day1 and if any one does not feed it must be returned to the parents at once4 ,though most of the losses among canaries come at this time1 with care in food and cleanliness there should be little trouble4 ,,sex ,,and ,,age4 ,to determine sex and age in living canaries is difficult and is to be attempted only by one who has had long experience as a canary fancier4 ,the external characters denoting sex are not easily described4 ,in nearly all cases a male may be recognized by his proficiency as a songster1 but occasionally female birds also possess a clear1 full song4 ,when in breeding condition the sex may be determined readily by examining the vent4 ,in males it is protuberant1 while in females it does not project below the level of the abdomen4 ,by daily observation the canary breeder is generally able to distinguish the sexes through slight differences in carriage and mannerisms not apparent to one not familiar with them4 ,in judging age the feet offer the only characters easily seen1 but even these can not always be relied upon4 ,birds a year old or less usually have the skin and scales covering the feet and tarsi smooth and of fine texture4 ,in older birds they appear coarser and roughened4 ,very old birds usually have had the claws trimmed until they appear blunt or rounded rather than sharp and pointed 7see p4 #ai74 ,canaries have lived many years when cared for regularly4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,richmond1 ,associate ,curator of ,birds in the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 relates that two birds1 hatched in the same brood and kept entirely separated after they left the nest1 lived #ah years1 dying within a few weeks of each other4 ,another case is on record in which a canary was known to be at least #cd years old when it died1 and even this advanced age may have been exceeded4 ,usually with advancing years birds molt irregularly or lose part of the feathers entirely4 ,often their eyesight is impaired4 ,it is said that canaries that have not been paired live much longer than those allowed to breed4 ,,vermin4 ,canaries are affected by two forms of external parasites4 ,the larger of these1 a bird louse#b known usually as the gray louse1 is an insect with a slender1 elongate body and a large head armed with strong jaws4 ,this pest feeds upon the feather structure of the bird's outer covering1 and though it does not suck the blood of its host1 its sharp claws irritate the skin and cause discomfort to the bird4 ,the eggs of the gray louse are attached to the feathers by a gum and are not easily removed4 ,the young insects resemble the adults and in a few weeks after hatching are fully grown4 ,they are best combated by blowing insect powder 7pyrethrum7 into the plumage of the affected bird with a small bellows or blower4 ,this treatment should be repeated two or three times at intervals of a week to insure the destruction of any young lice hatching in the meantime4 ,the other parasite of canaries is a small mite1#c a minute spiderlike creature that when fully grown is barely visible to the unaided eye4 ,its natural color is whitish1 but nearly always it is filled with blood sucked from the body of the unfortunate bird harboring it1 so that it appears bright red4 ,these mites are nocturnal1 and except in cases of severe infestation are seldom found upon the body of their host during the day4 ,they are often found in the slits at the ends of the perches or in the round piece of metal forming the support at the top of the ordinary wire cage4 ,in wooden cages they hide in cracks1 nail holes1 or crevices1 and their presence is betrayed upon close examination by minute white spottings4 ,if unnoticed1 they multiply rapidly and sap the strength of the bird by sucking its blood4 ,when their presence is suspected a little coal oil1 or kerosene1 applied freely to the cage with a brush may be sufficient to kill the pests4 ,or the bird may be removed temporarily and the cage cleaned thoroughly with a solution of #a ounce of commercial carbolic acid in a gallon of water1 applied with a small brush1 taking care to reach all crevices4 ,in severe infestations it may be necessary to immerse the cage for several minutes in water that is boiling hot4 ,insect powder may be used as for the gray louse4 ,where facilities for frequent bathing are offered and the cage is kept clean1 there is usually little trouble with either mites or bird lice4 ,when a bird is sick and neglects its customary bathing1 cleaning1 and preening1 it is surprising to see how rapidly these pests multiply4 ,with care1 however1 they may be completely eradicated1 though fresh outbreaks are likely to occur when new birds are obtained4 ,in wooden cages cracks in the boards that have harbored mites may be closed with glue to prevent a return of the pests4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,docophorns communis ,nitzsch4 ,order ,mallophaga4 #c ,dermanyssus avium ,de ,geer1 closely allied to the chicken mite ,d4 gallinae ,de ,geer4 ,,care ,,of ,,feet ,,and ,,bill4 ,as a canary grows old it will be noticed that its claws become long and catch on the perches and wires as it hops about the cage4 ,in a state of nature the activities of the bird as it moves about on the ground or among twigs and limbs keep the claws properly worn down4 ,confined in a cage the canary is less active1 and while the claws have the same rate of growth they are here subject to much less abrasion4 ,it is necessary1 therefore1 to trim them with a pair of sharp scissors every few months4 ,it is important to watch the condition of the claws carefully1 as by catching they may cause a broken leg4 ,in each claw a slender blood vessel extends well down toward the tip4 ,this is indicated in ,figure #f by the letter ,a1 and may be seen on close examination through the transparent sheath of the bird's claw4 ,in trimming cut well beyond this canal 7at the point ,b in the figure7 and take special care not to break the leg while handling the bird4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,diagram of foot of canary with overgrown claws4 ,a1 ,terminal blood vessel2 ,b1 point at which claw may be trimmed without injury4 ,in cage birds the horny covering of the bill1 as well as the claws1 sometimes becomes distorted through growth without sufficient wear4 ,the tips of the mandibles may be pared down with a sharp knife1 but care must be taken not to cut deep enough to reach the quick4 ,,diseases ,,and ,,injuries4 ,with ordinary care in cleanliness1 freedom from cold damp drafts1 and a well-regulated food supply1 canaries are subject to few ills4 ,in fact1 most of their troubles may be traced to some untoward circumstance in handling them4 ,their diseases are very little understood and correct diagnosis is difficult1 and though much has been written regarding them this has served mainly to reveal general ignorance on the subject4 ,present knowledge does not warrant an exhaustive account of diseases1 but in the following notes information is given on the more usual complaints of canaries4 ,when canaries become sick the first care should be to see that the diet is proper and to examine into the general sanitary conditions under which the birds are living4 ,if canaries are confined in company with others1 sick birds must be removed at once to a separate cage1 since their companions will continually peck and worry them4 ,where numbers of canaries are kept1 as a precaution to prevent spread of contagious or infectious diseases ailing birds should be removed from the bird room4 ,it is always well to move a sick bird to a warm place4 ,heat and protection from drafts work wonders with ailing canaries and often are sufficient alone to restore them to health4 ,when medicine is necessary it is best to administer it in the drinking water4 ,if this can not be done it may be given directly in the bill by means of a quill or a medicine dropper4 ,in administering medicines it must be remembered that a canary is small and that a single drop in most cases is a large dose4 ,indiscriminate dosing of birds with various remedies is to be avoided4 ,the few instructions that follow are not to be regarded as infallible1 but they may be of assistance in simple ailments4 ,when a bird is seriously ill there is usually little chance of its recovery4 ,,broken ,,limbs4 ,in case of bad fractures or injuries it is perhaps best for all concerned to end the trouble by killing the bird4 ,if a valuable bird breaks a leg1 a slender splint of wood wrapped in a slight wisp of cotton and held by a bandage may be applied with care4 ,this support must not be touched for two or three weeks1 but then it may be removed entirely4 ,when the break occurs in the lower leg 7tarsus7 a small quill makes a simple support4 ,the quill is split and cut down until it fits snugly around the part affected4 ,it is then padded inside with a few shreds of cotton and tied carefully in place with silk thread4 ,broken wings should be allowed to heal without outside interference4 ,all high perches should be removed from the cage1 and food and water made easily accessible4 ,a bird with a broken wing must be kept as quiet as possible in order that the fracture may heal4 ,,loss ,,of ,,feathers ,,about ,,head4 ,baldness is sometimes occasioned by mites or bird lice and may be treated best by removing the cause4 ,loss of feathers about the head1 however1 may indicate old age or general debility4 ,at the natural time of molt the growth of feathers on the bare spots may be aided by warmth and a well-regulated diet4 ,in addition to the usual food1 twice a week give a little bread moistened with milk which has been dusted with a mixture of two parts of sulphur to one of potassium chlorate4 ,at the same intervals rub a little carbolized petrolatum on the bare places4 ,baldness is said to arise at times1 particularly in spring1 through failure to provide the canary with lettuce1 apple1 or other green food4 ,in such cases improvement may be made by supplying this need4 ,,respiratory ,,troubles4 ,the fact that canaries are injured by cold drafts can not be too strongly emphasized1 and it may be said that a large proportion of their common ailments come from such exposure4 ,in many cases exposure is followed by congestion in the intestinal region1 and death ensues in a very short time4 ,in ordinary colds there is difficulty in breathing and some liquid discharge from the nose4 ,frequently this is accompanied by coughing4 ,a bird thus affected should be kept in a warm room free from all drafts and protected from irritating dust1 vapor1 or tobacco smoke4 ,the symptoms are increased as the cold progresses and becomes acute1 and the bird sits with feathers puffed out1 seeming really ill4 ,breathing is difficult and rapid4 ,if there is enough catarrhal secretion partly to block the respiratory passages a slight bluish tint is noticed beneath the transparent sheath of the bill4 ,as a remedy1 place in the drinking cup #a ounce of water to which have been added #bj drops of sirup of tolu1 #aj of sweet spirits of niter1 and #aj of glycerin4 ,pneumonia in cage birds often follows exposure and is nearly always fatal4 ,the symptoms1 rapid and difficult breathing with little catarrhal discharge1 appear suddenly4 ,the bird becomes very weak at once and usually dies in from two to seven days4 ,little can be done beyond sheltering the bird1 as noted above1 and providing an easily assimilated food1 as egg food and bread moistened in milk4 ,asthma is a chronic affection1 in which there is difficulty in expiration of air in breathing4 ,in severe cases a contraction of the abdominal muscles is evident in forcing the air from the lungs4 ,asthma is more in evidence at night1 and often birds apparently free from it during the day will wheeze when at rest4 ,there is practically nothing that can be done for it4 ,sometimes a semblance of asthma is caused by indigestion from overeating4 ,fanciers consider asthma hereditary and do not recommend birds so affected for breeding purposes4 ,,intestinal ,,complaints4 ,intestinal troubles in canaries arise in most cases from the food or water supply and are avoided by cleanliness and proper care4 ,dirty water cups with foul water1 decayed or soured fresh or soft foods1 or a poor seed supply lead inevitably to trouble4 ,should the canary contract diarrhea1 remove all green and soft foods from the cage for a time and give only the normal seed supply4 ,as a remedy1 add a small quantity of ,epsom salts to the drinking water for a day4 ,if there is no improvement1 feed the bird a bit of moist bread1 with the surface covered lightly with bismuth 7subnitrate71 or place an ounce of water in the drinking cup1 to which have been added three or four drops of tincture of opium4 ,for constipation1 the addition of lettuce1 apple1 chickweed1 or other green food to the regular menu is usually sufficient2 if not1 a pinch of ,epsom salts may be added to the drinking water4 ,the quantity of the purgative should be enough to impart a faintly saline taste to the solution4 ,castor oil is not a good corrective remedy for small birds4 ,occasionally birds in confinement 8go light10 or waste away until they are far below their normal standard of plumpness1 without marked symptoms of disease4 ,in such cases change the seed supply1 making sure that the seed is fresh and wholesome1 and vary the diet with green foods1 and with bread softened with milk4 ,it is also beneficial to change the location of the cage2 if possible1 place the cage where it will receive the sun for a few hours each day1 except in the heat of midsummer4 ,make sure that the canary is not infested with mites4 ,when worms are present1 as sometimes happens1 small fragments of these internal parasites may be seen in the droppings when the cage is cleaned4 ,as a remedy1 place in the drinking cup #h or #aj drops of tincture of gentian in an ounce of water4 ,this may be given for two days1 and1 in addition1 two drops of olive oil may be administered in the bill by means of a medicine dropper4 ,for more serious complaints than those enumerated it will be well1 if possible1 for the amateur to seek the advice of some person with experience in handling cage birds4 ,,bibliography4 ,for the benefit of those who may wish further information on the care of canaries a short list of standard works on the subject is appended4 7,none of these is available for free distribution by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture47#d ,,books4 ,,battye1 ,h4 ,w4 ,yorkshire ,canaries1 ,how to ,breed1 ,manage1 and ,exhibit4 #hj pp41 ill4 ,f4 ,carl1 #aed ,fleet ,st41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,boaler1 ,g4 ,h4 ,seeds1 ,foods1 and ,wild ,plants for ,cage ,birds4 #ig pp41 ill4 ,f4 ,carl1 #aed ,fleet ,st41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,brunskill1 ,e4 ,canary ,culture for ,amateurs4 ,f4 ,carl1 #aed ,fleet ,st41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,church1 ,t4 ,a4 ,the ,roller2 ,concerning ,its ,health1 ,habits1 ,feeding1 etc4 #bbc pp41 ill4 ,stuyvesant ,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,crandall1 ,l4 ,s4 ,pets2 ,their ,history and ,care4 ,ill4 ,h4 ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ---- ,pets and ,how to ,care for ,them4 ,ill4 ,pub4 by ,new ,york ,zoological ,park1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,creswell1 ,w4 ,g4 ,the ,hygiene of ,bird ,keeping4 ,f4 ,carl1 #aed ,fleet ,st41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,house1 ,c4 ,a4 ,canary ,manual4 #acj pp41 ill4 ,f4 ,carl1 #aed ,fleet ,st41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ---- ,norwich ,canaries4 #dh pp41 ill4 ,f4 ,carl1 #aed ,fleet ,st1 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,lewer1 ,s4 ,h4 ,canaries1 ,hybrids1 and ,british ,birds in ,cage and ,aviary4 #dbd pp41 #bf pls4 7color71 and other ills4 ,waverly ,book ,co41 #g and #h ,old ,bailey1 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,norman1 ,h4 ,aviaries1 ,bird ,rooms1 and ,cages4 ,f4 ,carl1 #aed ,fleet ,st41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,page1 ,w4 ,t4 ,foreign ,birds for ,beginners4 #fj pp41 ill4 ,f4 ,carl1 #aed ,fleet ,st41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,ramsden1 ,j4 ,w4 ,the ,colour ,feeding of ,canaries and ,other ,birds4 ,f4 ,carl1 #aed ,fleet ,st41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,st4 ,,john1 ,c4 ,our ,canaries3 ,a ,thoroughly ,practical and ,comprehensive ,guide to the ,successful ,keeping1 ,breeding1 and ,exhibiting of ,every ,known ,variety of the ,domesticated ,canary4 #cb pls4 7color7 and many ills4 ,pub4 in #af parts1 #aiaj-aa4 ,f4 ,carl1 #aed ,fleet ,st41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,verrill1 ,a4 ,h4 ,pets for ,pleasure and ,profit4 #cei pp41 #aeb ills4 #aiae4 ,charles ,scribners' ,sons1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,periodicals4 ,,avicultural ,,magazine4 ,pub4 for the ,avicultural ,society1 by ,stephen ,austin ,sons1 #e ,fore ,st41 ,hertford1 ,england4 ,,cage ,,birds ,,and ,,bird ,,world4 ,pub4 weekly by ,f4 ,carl1 #aed ,fleet ,st41 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,roller ,,canary4 ,pub4 monthly at #badd ,sacramento ,st41 ,san ,francisco1 ,calif4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,addresses of dealers in cage birds and cage-bird supplies may be obtained on application to the ,biological ,survey1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,secretary of ,agriculture ,,henry ,c4 ,,wallace4 ,assistant ,secretary ,c4 ,w4 ,,pugsley4 ,director of ,scientific ,work ,e4 ,d4 ,,ball4 ,director of ,regulatory ,work ----4 ,weather ,bureau ,,charles ,f4 ,,marvin1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,agricultural ,economics ,,henry ,c4 ,,taylor1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,animal ,industry ,,john ,r4 ,,mohler1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry ,,william ,a4 ,,taylor1 ,chief4 ,forest ,service ,w4 ,b4 ,,greeley1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,chemistry ,,walter ,g4 ,,campbell1 ,acting ,chief4 ,bureau of ,soils ,,milton ,,whitney1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,entomology ,l4 ,o4 ,,howard1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,biological ,survey ,e4 ,w4 ,,nelson1 ,chief4 ,bureau of ,public ,roads ,,thomas ,h4 ,,macdonald1 ,chief4 ,fixed ,nitrogen ,research ,laboratory ,f4 ,g4 ,,cottrell1 ,director4 ,division of ,accounts and ,disbursements ,a4 ,,zappone1 ,chief4 ,division of ,publications ,,edwin ,c4 ,,powell1 ,acting ,chief4 ,library ,,claribel ,r4 ,,barnett1 ,librarian4 ,states ,relations ,service ,a4 ,c4 ,,true1 ,director4 ,federal ,horticultural ,board ,c4 ,l4 ,,marlatt1 ,chairman4 ,insecticide and ,fungicide ,board ,j4 ,k4 ,,haywood1 ,chairman4 ,packers and ,stockyards ,administration ,,chester ,,morrill1 ,grain ,future ,trading ,act ,administration ,assistant to the ,secretary4 ,office of the ,solicitor ,r4 ,w4 ,,williams1 ,solicitor4 ,this bulletin is a contribution from the-- ,bureau of ,biological ,survey ,e4 ,w4 ,,nelson1 ,chief4 ,division of ,food ,habits ,research ,w4 ,l4 ,,mcatee1 in ,charge4 ,,additional ,,copies ,,of ,,this ,,publication ,,may ,,be ,,procured ,,from ,,the ,,superintendent ,,of ,,documents ,,government ,,printing ,,office ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,at #e ,,cents ,,per ,,copy ,,purchaser ,,agrees ,,not ,,to ,,resell ,,or ,,distribute ,,this ,,copy ,,for ,,profit4--,,pub4 ,,res4 #eg1 ,,approved ,,may #aa1 #aibb