,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,m9]al ,,& ,,lake ,,pigm5ts ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,m9]al ,,& ,,lake ,,pigm5ts ,,conta9+ ,,directions ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,all ,,artificial ,,arti/s' ,,& ,,pa9t]s' ,,col\rs1 ,,enamel ,,col\rs1 ,,soot ,,& ,,metallic ,,pigm5ts ,a ,text-,book ,= ,manufactur]s1 ,m]*ants1 ,arti/s & ,pa9t]s ,,by ,,dr4 ,,josef ,,b]s* ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,second1 ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,by ,,ar?ur ,c4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 7,,oxon471 ,b4 ,,sc4 7,,lond47 ,,=m]ly ,,assi/ant ,,lectur] ,,& ,,demon/rator ,,9 ,,*emi/ry ,,at ,,! ,,york%ire ,,college1 ,,le$s ,,) ,,=ty-,,?ree ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text ,,london ,,scott1 ,,gre5wood ,,co4 ,publi%]s ( ! 8,oil & ,col\rman's ,j\rnal0 #ai ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 #aija ,! sole "r ( publi%+ ?is "w 9 ,engli% re/s ) ! above firm4 ,,preface4 ,we "k h>dly ano!r bran* ( *emical te*nology :i* has made su* rem>kable advances ( late z ! manufacture ( col\rs2 a l>ge numb] ( pigm5ts h be5 rec5tly discov]$1 di/+ui%$ by beauty ( %ade & p]man5ce4 ,*emi/s are cont9ually endeav\r+ to replace h&some & poison\s col\rs by o!rs equally h&some b non-poison\s4 ,9 writ+ ?is "w ,i h endeav\r$ to give x su* a "* t x may be a text-book = ! practical man1 only ^? me?ods h be5 giv5 :i* c]ta9ly lead to a good result2 9 ! case ( new pigm5ts ,i h only describ$ me?ods ( prep>ation :i* ,i h myself f\nd to give good results4 ,s9ce x _c be imag9$ t any "o q ignorant ( *emi/ry c\ld successfully manufacture col\rs 7col\rs be+ always made by *emical processes :i* occasionally are r complicat$71 ,i h1 !re=e1 presuppos$ a k ( ! pr9ciples ( *emi/ry4 ,9 ! %ort sket* ( ! *emical prop]ties ( ! raw mat]ials us$ 9 mak+ ord9>y pigm5ts1 ! pr9cipal prop]ties ( ! mat]ials us$ by ! col\r mak] are giv54 ,9 ord] to make ?is treatise useful to deal]s 9 & consum]s ( col\rs1 ! *apt]s deal+ ) ! exam9ation ( pigm5ts h be5 s arrang$ t ! nature or adult]ation ( a pigm5t c be det]m9$ quickly & ) c]ta9ty by any "o4 ,recipes1 :i* orig9at$ at a "t :5 empiricism rul$ 9 *emi/ry1 h be5 omitt$1 s9ce !y w\ld only detract f ! cle>ness ( ! matt]4 ,z f> z x is possible ,i h avoid$ ! 8recipe feti%10 & h endeav\r$ to make cle> to ! read] ! *emical processes to :i* reg>d mu/ be _h 9 ! manufacture ( ! diff]5t pigm5ts4 ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ edition !re h be5 _m valuable innovations 9 ! m9]al col\r indu/ry1 to :i* reg>d has be5 giv5 9 prep>+ ?is second edition 9 s f> z !y possess a really practical value4 ,a critical exam9ation ( proposals & =mul1 :i* are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! j\rnals1 has be5 avoid$1 s9ce ,i wi%$ to keep = my book t "* ( a reliable text-book & book ( ref]5ce :i* 0 ascrib$ to x 9 ! =m ( its fir/ edition4 ,,dr4 ,,josef ,,b]s*4 ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,if excuse be ne$$ = pres5t+ a translation ( ,dr4 ,b]s*'s book at s long an int]val aft] ! publication ( ! orig9al 7#ahic71 x mu/ be s\ght 9 ! paucity ( ! ,engli% lit]ature on ! subject4 ,x is hop$ t ! practical nature ( ! "w w make x acceptable to ! ,engli% read]4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! orig9al has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! translation )\t alt]ation or addition1 ) ! exception ( an unimportant *ange 9 ! ord] ( arrangem5t4 ,! metric sy/em ( weights & measures has be5 us$ ?r\gh\t2 = ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o are n famili> ) ?is sy/em1 directions are giv5 9 an app5dix = conv]t+ into ,engli% weights & measures4 ,! section on pa9t gr9d+ 7,*apt] ,,lxix47 is p]haps some:at incomplete2 = a m detail$ & mod]n acc\nt ( ?is bran* ( ! subject ! read] is ref]r$ to ,practical ,pa9t ,gr9d+1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,cruick%ank ,smi?1 ,b4 ,sc41 %ortly to be issu$ by ! same publi%]s4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,wright4 ,,hull1 ,janu>y1 #aija4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,physico-,,*emical ,,behavi\r ,,( ,,pigm5ts #h ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,pigm5ts #ad ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,assi/ant ,,mat]ials #af ,wat]--,*lor9e--,ammonia--,! ,hydromet]--,sal ,ammoniac or ,ammonium ,*loride--,ammonium ,sulphide4 ,acids4--,hydro*loric ,acid--,sulphurett$ ,hydrog5 --,sulphuric ,acid3 ,oil ( ,vitriol1 ,nordhaus5 ,sulphuric ,acid--,nitric ,acid--,aqua ,regia --,c>bon--,c>bonic ,acid ,gas4 ,organic ,acids4--,acetic ,acid--,oxalic ,acid--,t>t>ic ,acid4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,metallic ,,comp\nds #cb ,alkalis4--,potassium ,comp\nds--,potassium ,c>bonate --,potassium ,hydroxide--,potassium ,nitrate--,potassium ,bit>trate--,potassium ,bi*romate--,potassium ,sodium ,*romate--,*rome ,alum--,potassium ,f]rocyanide --,potassium ,f]ricyanide--,sodium ,salts--,sodium ,c>bonate--,sodium ,hydroxide--,sodium ,?iosulphate --,sodium ,*loride--,salts ( ! ,alkal9e ,e>? ,metals4 ,calcium ,comp\nds4--,calcium ,oxide--,calcium ,hydroxide --,calcium ,c>bonate--,calcium ,sulphate--,calcium ,phosphate --,magnesium ,c>bonate--,b>ium ,comp\nds--,b>ium ,*loride4 ,alum9ium ,comp\nds--,alum9ium ,sulphate4 ,! ,alums4--,potassium ,alum9ium ,alum--,roman ,alum--,soda ,alum--,ammonia ,alum--,alum9a & ,hydrate ( ,alum9a4 ,comp\nds ( ! ,heavy ,metals4--,z9c ,comp\nds--,cadmium ,comp\nds--,iron ,comp\nds--,f]r\s ,sulphate--,f]r\s ,*loride--,manganese ,comp\nds--,nickel ,comp\nds--,cobalt ,comp\nds--,*romium ,comp\nds--,molybd5um1 ,tung/5 & ,vanadium ,comp\nds--,antimony ,comp\nds--,bismu? ,comp\nds --,t9 ,comp\nds--,ars5ic ,comp\nds--,lead ,comp\nds --,lead ,sulphate--,lead ,nitrate--,lead ,acetate--,basic ,lead ,acetate--,lead ,*loride--,copp] ,comp\nds--,copp] ,sulphate --,copp] ,nitrate--,copp] ,acetate--,m]cury ,comp\nds --,m]cur\s ,nitrate--,m]curic ,nitrate--,m]cur\s ,*loride --,m]curic ,*loride--,silv] ,comp\nds--,gold ,comp\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts #ga ,:ite ,m9]al ,pigm5ts--,:ite ,lead4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,:ite ,,lead #gg ,manufacture ( ,:ite ,lead f ,metallic ,lead4--,dut* ,process3 ,ca/+ ! ,lead into ,%eets--,build+ up ! ,/acks--,removal & ,gr9d+ ( ! ,:ite ,lead--,:ite ,lead ,mills--,h>d ,:ite ,lead--,s(t ,:ite ,lead4--,g]man ,process4--,fr5* ,process3 ,prep>ation ( ! ,solution ( ,basic ,lead ,acetate--,prep>ation ( ! ,c>bonic ,acid & ,precipitation ( ! ,:ite ,lead--,manufacture ( ,:ite ,lead by ,means ( ,natural ,c>bonic ,acid4--,engli% ,process4--,o!r ,me?ods4 --,oxy*loride ,:ite ,lead3 ,lead ,sulphite--,lewis ,b>tlett's ,:ite ,lead ,pigm5t4--,:ite ,lead -,antimony ,pigm5ts3 ,lead ,antimonite--,lead ,antimonate4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,enamel ,,:ite #aaf ,li?opone4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,wa%+ ,,app>atus #abj ,filt] ,presses4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,z9c ,,:ite #abf ,griffi?'s ,z9c ,:ite--,tung/5 ,:ite--,:ite ,antimony ,pigm5ts3 ,antimony ,trioxide--,antimony ,oxy*loride --,bismu? ,:ite--,t9 ,:ite--,manganese ,:ite --,magnesia ,:ite or ,m9]al ,:ite--,annal9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,yell[ ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts #acc ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,*rome ,,yell[s #acd ,lead ,*rome ,yell[--,prep>ation ( ! ,lead ,solution --,precipitation ( ! ,*rome ,yell[ --,! ,pale ,*rome ,yell[s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,lead ,,oxide ,,pigm5ts #adc ,r$ ,lead1 ,m9ium4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,o!r ,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts #adh ,cassel ,yell[--,montpelli] ,yell[--,turn]'s ,yell[ or ,engli% ,yell[--,naples ,yell[--,antimony ,yell[ --,calcium ,*rome ,yell[--,b>ium ,yell[1 ,yell[ ,ultram>9e or ,p]man5t ,yell[--,z9c ,*rome ,yell[ --,cadmium ,*rome ,yell[--,cadmium ,yell[--,lead ,iodide --,m>s ,yell[--,sid]9 ,yell[--,aureol9--,tung/5 ,yell[--,nickel ,yell[--,m]cury ,yell[ or ,turpe? ,m9]al--,yell[ ,ars5ic ,pigm5ts--,lead ,ars5ite --,?allium ,pigm5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,mosaic ,,gold #afj ,*rysean4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,r$ ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts #afc ,v]milion--,black ,m]curic ,sulphide--,r$ ,m]curic ,sulphide4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,v]milion #aff ,dry ,me?od3 ,*9ese ,v]milion4--,wet ,me?od3 ,firm5i*'s ,me?od--,liebig's ,process--,infusible ,:ite ,precipitate--,electrolytic ,process --,m]curic ,iodide4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,antimony ,,v]milion #agh ,app5dix--,antimony ,blue4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,f]ric ,,oxide ,,pigm5ts #ahj ,vogel's ,iron ,r$--,macay's ,engli% ,r$--,indian ,r$4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,o!r ,,r$ ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts #ahf ,*rome ,r$ or ,*rome ,v]milion--,cobalt ,r$--,cobalt ,magnesia ,r$--,cobalt ,ars5ate--,*romium ,/annate --,silv] ,*romate4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,purple ,,( ,,cassius #aij ,magnesia ,gold ,purple--,alum9a ,gold ,purple4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,blue ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts--,,iron-,,cyanog5 ,,pigm5ts #aid ,*9ese ,blue--,prussian ,blue--,m9]al ,blue--,soluble ,prussian ,blue--,special ,processes = ! ,manufacture ( ,*9ese ,blue--,turnbull's ,blue --,antw]p ,blue4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,ultram>9e #bjd ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,ultram>9e #baa ,prep>ation ( ,mixtures = ,ultram>9e--,ultram>9e ,violet--,*lor9e & ,/eam ,process--,hydro*loric ,acid & ,air ,process--,ammonium ,*loride ,process --,pale ,blue ,ultram>9e--,ultram>9e ,r$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,blue ,,copp] ,,pigm5ts #bbf ,brem5 ,blue & ,gre5--,neub]g ,blue--,lime ,blue --,pay5's ,m\nta9 ,blue--,oil ,blue--,copp] ,hydroxide4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,blue ,,cobalt ,,pigm5ts #bcj ,cobalt ,blue1 ,?n>d's ,blue1 ,cobalt ,ultram>9e1 ,k+'s ,blue1 ,leyd5 ,blue--,cruleum--,cobalt ,z9c ,phosphate4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,smalts #bcc ,prep>ation ( ! ,*>ge--,fusion ( ! ,*>ge --,gr9d+ ! ,fus$ ,mass--,tung/5 ,blue --,tessi du ,motay's ,blue--,molybd5um ,blue4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,gre5 ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts--,,gre5 ,,copp] ,,pigm5ts #bdj ,gre5 ,copp] ,pigm5ts3 ,copp] ,c>bonate--,copp] ,ars5ite --,s*eele's ,gre5--,sw$i% ,gre5--,brunswick ,gre5 --,gre5 ,v]dit]--,neuwi$ ,gre5--,copp] ,oxy*loride4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,em]ald ,,gre5 #bdd ,manufacture ( ,em]ald ,gre5 f ,v]digris--,manufacture ( ,em]ald ,gre5 f ,copp] ,sulphate--,mitis ,gre5 or ,vi5na ,gre5--,copp] ,/annate--,kuhlmann's ,gre5--,elsn]'s ,gre5--,casselmann's ,gre5--,lime ,gre5--,pat5t ,gre5--,copp] ,borate--,copp] ,silicate 7,egyptian ,blue74 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,v]digris #beb ,blue ,v]digris--,di/ill$ or ,cry/allis$ ,v]digris --,g]man ,v]digris4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,*romium ,,oxide #bfj ,*rome ,gre54 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,o!r ,,gre5 ,,*romium ,,pigm5ts #bfd ,guignet's ,gre5--,em]ald ,gre5--,*rome ,gre5 ,lake --,turki% ,gre5--,leaf ,gre54--,*romium ,phosphate ,pigm5ts3 ,arnaudan's ,gre5--,plessy's ,gre5 --,s*nitz]'s ,gre5--,*romav5tur9e--,*rome ,blue 7,g>ni]74 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,gre5 ,,cobalt ,,pigm5ts #bfh ,cobalt ,gre54 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,gre5 ,,manganese ,,pigm5ts #bgj ,manganese ,gre5--,ros5/iehl's ,gre5--,bttg]'s ,b>ium ,gre5--,mangan\s ,oxide--,manganese ,blue4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,comp\nd$ ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts #bgc ,*rome ,gre5--,elsn]'s ,*rome ,gre5--,silk ,gre5 --,natural ,gre5--,non-ars5ical ,gre54 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,violet ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts #bgf ,*romic ,*loride--,manganese ,violet--,t9 ,violet1 ,m9]al ,lake--,copp] ,violet1 ,guy>d's ,violet4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,br[n ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts #bgi ,lead ,br[n--,manganese ,br[n--,pyrolusite ,br[n --,prussian ,br[n--,iron ,br[n--,copp] ,br[n --,*rome ,br[n--,cobalt ,br[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,br[n ,,decomposition ,,products #bhc ,hum9s--,bi/re4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,black ,,pigm5ts #bhe ,*>coal ,blacks3 ,true ,*>coal ,black--,v9e ,black --,v9e ,black f ,w9e ,lees--,v9e ,black f ,press$ ,grapes--,bone ,black or ,ivory ,black4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,soot ,,pigm5ts #bid ,! ,manufacture ( ,soot ,blacks on ! ,l>ge ,scale4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,lamp ,,black #cjg ,calc9ation ( ! ,soot--,p9e ,black4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,soot ,,black ,,)\t ,,*amb]s #cac ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,indian ,,ink #caf ,neutral ,t9t ,black--,app5dix3 ,black ,m9]al ,pigm5ts --,*rome ,copp] ,black--,*rome ,black4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,enamel ,,col\rs #cai ,:ite ,enamels--,col\r$ ,enamels3 ,yell[ ,enamels--,r$ ,enamel--,blue ,enamels--,gre5 ,enamel--,violet ,enamel --,black ,enamel4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,metallic ,,pigm5ts #cbf ,%ell-,gold--,%ell-,silv]--,imitation ,silv]4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,,bronze ,,pigm5ts #cbi ,electrolytic ,copp] ,bronze--,tung/5 ,bronze ,pigm5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,,vegetable ,,bronze ,,pigm5ts #cci ,app5dix3 ,! ,brocade ,pigm5ts4 ,,pigm5ts ,,( ,,organic ,,orig94 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,,lakes #cdc ,,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,,yell[ ,,lakes #cdh ,dut* ,p9k--,weld ,lake--,gamboge ,lake--,prep>$ ,gamboge--,fu/ic ,lake--,qu]citron ,lake--,purree or ,indian ,yell[--,! ,col\r+ ,matt] ( ,saffron--,col\r+ ,matt] ( ,g>d9ia ,gr&iflora4 ,,*apt] ,l4 ,,r$ ,,lakes #ced ,co*9eal & ,c>m9e ,,*apt] ,,li4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,c>m9e #ceg ,c5ette's ,me?od--,muni*1 ,vi5na1 ,p>is or ,flor5t9e ,lake--,ammonia-,co*9eal4 ,,*apt] ,,lii4 ,,! ,,col\r+ ,,matt] ,,( ,,lac #cfc ,lac ,dye4 ,,*apt] ,,liii4 ,,saffl[] ,,or ,,c>?am9e ,,r$ #cff ,saffl[] ,c>m9e--,alkanet4 ,,*apt] ,,liv4 ,,madd] ,,& ,,its ,,col\r+ ,,matt]s #cgj ,g>anc9--,g>anceux--,madd] ,extract--,! ,con/itu5ts ( ,madd]4 ,,*apt] ,,lv4 ,,madd] ,,lakes #cge ,madd] ,c>m9e4 ,,*apt] ,,lvi4 ,,manjit 7,,indian ,,madd]7 #cgh ,*ica ,r$1 ,curucuru1 ,c>ajuru--,bigonia ,*ica4 ,,*apt] ,,lvii4 ,,li*5 ,,col\r+ ,,matt]s #chj ,ar*il--,fr5* ,purple--,cudbe>--,litmus4 ,,*apt] ,,lviii4 ,,r$ ,,wood ,,lakes #chd ,,*apt] ,,lix4 ,,! ,,col\r+ ,,matt]s ,,( ,,s&alwood ,,& ,,o!r ,,dye-,,woods #chh ,,*apt] ,,lx4 ,,blue ,,lakes #cij ,indigo--,! ,con/itu5ts ( ,indigo4 ,,*apt] ,,lxi4 ,,indigo ,,c>m9e #cid ,indigo ,mills--,blue ,lake4 ,,*apt] ,,lxii4 ,,! ,,col\r+ ,,matt] ,,( ,,logwood #cih ,logwood ,extract--,kohlraus*'s ,process = ,obta9+ ,conc5trat$ ,extracts ( ,col\r+ ,matt]s & ,tann9s4 ,,*apt] ,,lxiii4 ,,gre5 ,,lakes #dji ,*lorophyll--,sap ,gre5--,*9ese ,gre51 ,lokao --,*>v9's ,gre54 ,,*apt] ,,lxiv4 ,,br[n ,,organic ,,pigm5ts #dad ,asphaltum--,sepia4 ,,*apt] ,,lxv4 ,,sap ,,col\rs #daf ,,*apt] ,,lxvi4 ,,wat] ,,col\rs #dai ,moi/ ,wat] ,col\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,lxvii4 ,,crayons #dbc ,crayons = ,e>!nw>e4 ,,*apt] ,,lxviii4 ,,confection]y ,,col\rs #dbg ,,*apt] ,,lxix4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,pigm5ts ,,= ,,pa9t+ #dbi ,pa9t ,mills4 ,,*apt] ,,lxx4 ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,op ,,pigm5ts #dcd ,m9]al ,pigm5ts--,exam9ation ) ! ,bl[pipe --,reactions ( ! ,:ite ,pigm5ts--,reactions ( ! ,yell[ ,pigm5ts--,reactions ( ! ,r$ ,pigm5ts--,reactions ( ! ,blue ,pigm5ts --,reactions ( ! ,gre5 ,pigm5ts--,reactions ( ! ,br[n ,pigm5ts--,reactions ( ! ,black ,pigm5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxi4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,lakes #dde ,reactions ( ! ,organic ,col\r+ ,matt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxii4 ,,! ,,te/+ ,,( ,,dye-,,woods #ddi ,! ,colorimet]4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxiii4 ,,! ,,design ,,( ,a ,,col\r ,,works #deg ,,*apt] ,,lxxiv4 ,,comm]cial ,,names ,,( ,,pigm5ts #dfj ,,app5dix4 ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,metric ,,into ,,engli% ,,weights ,,& ,,measures --,,c5tigrade ,,& ,,fahr5heit ,,!rmomet] ,,scales #dfi ,,index4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ano!r bran* ( appli$ *emi/ry is record$ ( s great an age z ! col\r indu/ry2 at ! pres5t "t !re is h>dly a race on ! face ( ! e>? :i* does n make use ( col\rs 9 "s =m1 ei!r = ! decoration ( _! p]sons or surr\nd+s4 ,! art ( prep>+ col\rs is z anci5t z _! use4 ,x is true t we f9d f ! mo/ remote hi/orical records t ! s-call$ e>? col\rs 7 almo/ solely employ$1 & pr9cipally ^? :i* exi/ ready =m$ 9 nature4 ,b ^! natural col\rs also require _! p>ticul> process ( prep>ation be=e !y fulfil _! object1 ev5 ?\gh ?is be m]ely a me*anical op]ation1 su* z p[d]+ or levigat+4 ,t ! olde/ nations ( :om we possess la/+ records1 ei!r writt5 or o!rwise1 really und]/ood ! prep>ation ( col\rs by *emical processes is %[n by ! common occurr5ce 9 ! ,egyptian mural pictures ( figures clad 9 brightly col\r$ g>m5ts1 a pro( t ! ,egyptians n only und]/ood ! sci5ce ( col\r manufactur+1 b also ! m advanc$ art ( fa/5+ col\rs ^u fabrics--dye+4 ,! writ+s ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 & 9 "p also ! scanty rema9s ( _! build+s1 prove to u completely t !y und]/ood ! use ( col\rs to su* an advanc$ degree t !y already employ$ !m = pictures z works ( art4 ,t ! ,greeks 7 also acqua9t$ ) ! prep>ation ( col\rs & dye+ foll[s f v>i\s passages f ! classical writ]s1 9 :i* magnific5tly decorat$ rooms & beautifully col\r$ g>m5ts are (t5 describ$4 ,among ! ,romans1 :o 7 ! pupils ( ! ,greeks 9 ! arts & manufactures1 ! prodigal luxury :i* exi/$ 9 ,rome1 especially "u ! emp]ors1 caus$ a great dem& = col\rs1 :i* 7 us$ 9 ! mo/ pr(use mann] = ! decoration ( h\se & attire4 ,! ,roman col\r mak]s _h advanc$ s f> 9 _! art t !y c\ld col\r ! human hair rose-r$4 ,a glance at ,ea/ ,indian fabrics & pictures1 or at ! anci5t ,*9ese build+s1 ^: col\r+ is a matt] ( m>vel to-day1 %[s t ! ,ori5tal 7 n beh9d ! ,we/]n nations 9 ! discov]y ( col\rs & ! art ( manufactur+ !m4 ,9 s old an indu/ry x is n rem>kable t great *anges h tak5 place 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( exp]im5ts made by ! al*emi/s 9 ! attempt to prep>e gold fail$ 9 _! ma9 object1 b ! trem5d\s exp5diture ( "t & tr\ble 9 ?is "w 0 n fruitless2 ^u ! great mass ( *emical facts discov]$ by ! al*emi/s 7 laid ! f\ndations ( sci5tific *emi/ry4 ,we f9d on read+ ! writ+s ( ! al*emi/s t ! col\r indu/ry is indebt$ to !m = an imm5se numb] ( its products2 ! reason be+ t ! al*emi/s work$ by pref]5ce on metals1 e>?s & m9]al comp\nds1 & f ^! sub/ances a l>ge numb] ( col\rs are obta9able1 ( :i* _m are /ill 9 use to-day1 &1 on acc\nt ( _! *eapness1 w cont9ue 9 use4 ,! p]iod 9 :i* ! pa9t]s 7 also ! col\r mak]s lies n f> beh9d u4 ,! prep>ation ( _m a col\r ( p>ticul> beauty 0 treat$ by ! =tunate own] ( ! recipe z a great secret4 ,x 0 sold by him at a great price4 ,:at a diff]5ce betwe5 t "t & ! pres5t6 ,!re is n[ no pa9t] among civilis$ races to :om x w\ld occur to prep>e 8 own col\rs2 ! *emical works provide !m = him at a l[ price & 9 su* a condition t !y c be imm$iately us$ = pa9t+4 ,! ,italian pa9t]s prep>$ ! highly priz$ blue pigm5t1 ultram>9e1 by labori\s toil f ! co/ly lapis lazuli2 to-day1 ?is same col\r1 m beautiful & deep] 9 hue1 is made by sev]al works1 & sold at a price :i* be>s no comp>ison ) t ( ! col\r obta9$ f ! m9]al4 ,! latt] 0 wor? _m times its weight 9 gold3 a p\nd ( ! f9e/ ultram>9e c n[ be b\ght = a %ill+ or two4 ,we f9d a simil> comp>ison 9 ! case ( ! f9e sc>let pigm5t kn[n z v]milion3 =m]ly ! natural v]milion1 c9nab>1 0 sold at a v high price2 at ! pres5t "t ! f9e/ v]milion1 prep>$ artificially1 c be b\ght at a l[ rate4 ,x is no long] necess>y = any "o to use natural ,*9ese v]milion z an arti/s' col\r4 ,:il/ =m]ly m9]al col\rs 7 us$ 9 great prepond]ance1 we n[ "k a great numb] ( vegetable & animal col\r+ matt]s4 ,! discov]y ( ! sea r\te to ,india & ! discov]y ( ,am]ica _h an important influ5ce 9 ?is developm5t4 ,f ^! c\ntries1 z f o!r tropical l&s1 come ! majority ( ! plants :i* conta9 col\r+ matt]s4 ,! attempt to *ange ^! col\r+ matt]s into insoluble comp\nds l$ to ! discov]y ( ! lake pigm5ts4 ,) ! advance ( *emical k ! numb] ( col\rs grew apace2 e4g41 ! discov]y ( *romium 0 ( great importance to ! col\r indu/ry3 x pres5t$ u ) a l>ge numb] ( new col\rs4 ,to a m limit$ ext5t1 ! discov]y & /udy ( uranium1 molybd5um & o!r metals 7 ! occasions = ! inv5tion ( new col\rs4 ,9 m rec5t times1 ef=ts 9 ! col\r indu/ry h be5 especially direct$ to mak+ col\rs m p]man5t &1 at ! same "t1 h>mless4 ,9 ! fir/ respect1 ! position at pres5t leaves mu* to be desir$2 b1 z reg>ds ! second prop]ty1 great advances h be5 made4 ,! col\rs 9 use 9 =m] days 7 almo/ all v poison\s comp\nds2 ! great] numb] 7 d]iv$ f lead1 copp]1 m]cury or ars5ic4 ,m rec5tly ^! poison\s sub/ances h be5 9 _m cases replac$ by innocu\s mat]ials1 s t among ! col\rs n[ 9 use1 ?\gh ! li/ is mu* m compreh5sive ?an ( old1 !re are b few poison\s to a high degree4 ,9 all civilis$ /ates ! use ( poison\s col\rs has be5 mu* re/rict$ by law1 & 9 ^? cases 9 :i* an article is to be manufactur$ = use z food ! employm5t ( su* col\r+ matt]s has be5 absolutely =bidd54 ,= example1 9 ,g]many by ! law ( #e? ,july1 #ahhg1 conc]n+ ! use ( dang]\s col\rs 9 ! prep>ation ( foods & condim5ts1 ! application ( ! p]missible col\rs has be5 exactly def9$4 ,dur+ ! la/ decades ! col\r indu/ry &1 /ill m1 dye+ h und]gone a complete *ange4 ,! mom5t\s discov]ies :i* h be5 made 9 ^! dep>tm5ts leave f> beh9d ! advances :i* h be5 made 9 o!r bran*es ( *emical te*nology1 ! manufacture ( explosives1 p]haps1 except$4 ,we allude "h to ! beautiful col\rs :i* h be5 made f coal-t>1 col\rs :i* f> surpass 9 beauty all hi!rto kn[n1 & :i* we c already prep>e 9 e %ade & hue4 ,un=tunately1 we c only employ ! coal-t> col\rs1 z su*1 9 a re/rict$ measure among ! pigm5ts2 !y are ( m importance 9 dye+4 ,we use ! t]m pigm5ts "h 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( su* sub/ances :i*1 :5 spread out on c]ta9 mat]ials1 provoke a c]ta9 s5sation ( col\r4 ,dye+ is1 on ! contr>y1 t bran* ( col\r *emi/ry :i* g5]ally has = its object ! simultane\s production ( ! col\r & its fixation ^u a fabric4 ,?is def9ition 0 at lea/ applicable to ! majority ( ! col\rs :i* 7 9 use be=e ! discov]y ( ! coal-t> col\rs & _! introduction into ! indu/ry4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! latt] h acquir$ s great a prepond]ance 9 dye+1 x is no long] applicable1 = ! dy]s use at pres5t a l>ge numb] ( sub/ances :i* are includ$ 9 ! n>r[ def9ition ( pigm5ts4 ,! great] "p ( ! coal-t> col\rs are sub/ances :i*1 9 solution1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) a fabric1 adh]e to x & col\r x p]man5tly4 ,accord+ to _! use & prep>ation1 pigm5ts are divid$ into a numb] ( classes1 & "o speaks ( pa9t]s'1 arti/s'1 enamel1 porcela9 & glass col\rs1 also ( oil1 honey1 wat] & cake col\rs4 ,al?\gh ?is division is important = trade purposes1 x is ( little mom5t = ! col\r mak]1 = he c prep>e ! same col\r = bo? purposes1 ei!r = oil or wat] col\r4 ,:at is ( ! greate/ int]e/ = ! col\r mak] is ! prep>ation ( ! pigm5t itself4 ,! conv]sion ( ! prep>$ pigm5t into 7oil or wat]7 pa9t is unaccompani$ by difficulties4 ,:5 we look = a practical classification = pigm5ts1 we f9d t !re are col\rs :i* exi/ ready =m$ 9 nature1 & o!rs :i* c only be obta9$ by c]ta9 *emical processes1 at times v complicat$4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ gr\p ( pigm5ts--^? :i* exi/ ready =m$ 9 nature--! processes :i* !y und]go at ! h&s ( ! col\r mak] are almo/ entirely me*anical treatm5ts--gr9d+1 siev+1 levigat+ & simil> op]ations--9 ord] to conv]t !m into su* a condition t !y c be us$ = pa9t+4 ,s9ce a l>ge numb] ( ^! pigm5ts belong to t class ( m9]als :i* m9]alogi/s call e>?s1 ^! pigm5ts h also be5 designat$ e>? pigm5ts1 a t]m :i* we %all reta9 on acc\nt ( its g5]al use1 al?\gh x is incorrect1 s9ce _m ( ! s-call$ e>? pigm5ts are n obta9$ f 8e>?s0 9 ! m9]alogical s5se4 ,among ! pigm5ts :i* are prep>$ by human skill _m divisions c be drawn4 ,a l>ge numb] ( pigm5ts are prep>$ f m9]al s\rces2 an equally important numb] are d]iv$ f ! animal & vegetable k+dom1 ! latt] consi/+ ( comb9ations ( organic mat]ials ) c]ta9 inorganic sub/ances4 ,"s few pigm5ts 7putt+ aside ! coal-t> col\rs7 are simply organic products1 z1 = example1 ! majority ( ! black pigm5ts1 :i* consi/ ( c>bon4 ,! foll[+ classification is drawn up on ! l9es indicat$ above3-- #a4 ,natural ,col\rs or ,e>? ,pigm5ts4--,f\nd ready =m$ 9 nature & requir+ only me*anical prep>ation to be usable4 ,a l>ge numb] ( h&some & also *eap col\rs belong to ?is class4 #b4 ,artificially ,prep>$ ,m9]al ,pigm5ts4--,obta9$ by c]ta9 *emical processes1 &1 accord+ to _! composition1 ei!r comp\nds ( metals ) sulphur1 oxyg51 iod9e1 cyanog51 etc41 or ( oxides ) acids1 i4e41 salts4 #c4 ,lakes4--,comp\nds ( col\r+ matt]s f ! animal or vegetable k+dom ) a m9]al sub/ance1 su* z lead oxide or alum9a4 ,z a f\r? gr\p we might take ^? col\rs :i* d n fall into ! previ\s classes1 z1 = example1 ! black pigm5ts compos$ ( c>bon2 b s9ce ?is division is n made 9 practice we %all n reg>d ?is species ( pigm5t z a p>ticul> gr\p1 b %all discuss !m 9 ! prop] place4 ,z an entirely new gr\p ( col\rs are to be class$ ^? :i* are g5]ally call$ coal-t> col\rs4 ,^! col\rs1 :i*1 at pres5t1 are ! mo/ important 9 dye+ & calico pr9t+1 are prep>$ f s-call$ organic comp\nds 7m prop]ly1 c>bon comp\nds74 ,! manufacture ( ^! col\rs is a sep>ate bran* ( *emical indu/ry4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,physico-,,*emical ,,behavi\r ,,( ,,pigm5ts4 ,9 a "w :i*1 z its title indicates1 is devot$ to a description ( ! manufacture ( pigm5ts1 ! prop]ties ( ^? sub/ances :i* are necess>y = ! prep>ation ( col\rs _c be exhau/ively consid]$2 we mu/1 !re=e1 presuppose a k ( ! elem5ts ( *emi/ry4 ,we h to consid] 9 ?is book ! *emi/ry ( col\rs2 ! read] w1 !re=e1 n expect an exposition ( g5]al *emical laws2 we %all only /ate c]ta9 facts :i* are ( value to ! manufactur]4 ,) ! description ( ! manufacture ( ea* pigm5t & ( ! mat]ials requir$ = t manufacture1 we %all /ill discuss ! *emical processes :i* mu/ be conduct$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! col\rs1 s f> z x is necess>y 9 ord] to und]/& !m4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all say a few words ab\t ! physical & *emical behavi\r ( pigm5ts 9 g5]al4 ,! great majority ( pigm5ts are prep>$ by ! process ( precipitation1 g5]ally by mix+ ! solutions ( two sub/ances1 ^u :i* an int]*ange ( ! con/itu5ts occurs & ! less soluble comp\nd sep>ates 9 pulv]ul5t =m f ! solution z a precipitate4 ,mo/ ( ^! col\rs are obta9$ by ! admixture ( ! solutions ( two salts2 ! prep>ation ( ! s-call$ *rome yell[ may be tak5 z an example4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is pigm5t1 a solution ( a lead salt1 sug> ( lead 7lead acetate71 is mix$ ) a solution ( bi*romate ( pota%1 :]eupon a precipitate ( lead *romate 7*rome yell[7 is =m$1 :il/ potassium acetate rema9s dissolv$4 ,! lead *romate is =m$ because ! acetic acid has a great] aff9ity = pota% ?an = lead oxide1 :]e=e an int]*ange ( acid & base takes place1 b ! lead *romate be+ insoluble 9 wat] consequ5tly sep>ates 9 ! =m ( a precipitate4 ,_m m9]al pigm5ts are produc$ 9 ! =m ( precipitates by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 or c>bonic acid gas into c]ta9 metal solutions4 ,9 ^! cases a simil> ex*ange takes place betwe5 ! react+ sub/ances to t giv5 9 ! case ( *rome yell[2 ! metals h a great] aff9ity = ! sulphur or = ! c>bonic acid ?an = ! sub/ances ) :i* !y are already unit$1 !y unite ) ! =m]1 & ! new comp\nd sep>ates z an insoluble sub/ance4 ,we h examples ( su* comp\nds 9 cadmium sulphide1 :i* is obta9$ by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 into ! solution ( cadmium 9 an acid1 & 9 :ite lead1 :i* is =m$ by ! saturation ( a solution ( lead acetate by c>bonic acid4 ,_m organic col\r+ matt]s1 soluble 9 wat]1 h ! prop]ty ( =m+ comp\nds ) metallic oxides1 soluble ) great difficulty1 :5 _! solutions are mix$ ) a salt ( lead1 t9 or alum9ium1 & ! oxide is sep>at$ f ! solution by an alkali4 ,! precipitates obta9$ 9 ?is way are insoluble comp\nds ( ! col\r+ matt] & ! oxide ( ! metal2 !y are call$ lake pigm5ts1 or1 briefly1 lakes4 ,a l>ge numb] ( pigm5ts1 (t5 ( great beauty1 is obta9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! lakes are widely us$ 9 all bran*es ( pa9t+ & dye+4 ,( great importance = ! quality ( ! pigm5t is ! physical condition ( ! precipitate2 ?is is ei!r cry/all9e or amorph\s1 t is1 non-cry/all9e4 ,:5 a cry/all9e precipitate is exam9$ "u ! microscope1 x is se5 to consi/ ( v small1 col\r$1 transp>5t cry/als4 ,! amorph\s precipitates are1 h[ev]1 9 su* a f9e /ate ( division t ev5 ) ! highe/ magnification !y transmit little or no light1 & consequ5tly appe> opaque4 ,^! diff]5t *>act]s ( precipitates h ! greate/ influ5ce on t prop]ty ( pigm5ts :i* we call cov]+ p[]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its transp>5cy1 a cry/all9e precipitate w all[ ! col\r ( ! surface ^u :i* x is spread to appe> ?r\gh1 h5ce x mu/ be laid on mu* m ?ickly ?an is necess>y ) an opaque pigm5t1 ( :i* a ?9 coat+ is suffici5t to make ! col\r ( ! surface b5ea? invisible4 ,h[ extremely important is ! cry/all9e or non-cry/all9e nature ( a precipitate 9 practice is se5 by a consid]ation ( :ite lead4 ,?is pigm5t1 lead c>bonate1 c be made by mix+ solutions ( a lead salt & a soluble c>bonate 7soda72 b 9 ?is case a lead c>bonate ( cry/all9e nature is =m$1 :i*1 be+ transp>5t1 is ( s small cov]+ p[] t ?is process has no application 9 ! manufacture ( :ite lead2 b a f> m tr\blesome me?od is us$ by :i* a non-cry/all9e product1 amorph\s lead c>bonate1 is obta9$4 ,_m pigm5ts are =m$ by burn+ 7oxidis+7 metals1 z1 = example1 z9c :ite2 o!rs are prep>$ by melt+ salts toge!r1 z ,naples yell[2 o!rs aga9 are =m$ by v complicat$ processes /ill p>tially unexpla9$1 z is ! case ) ultram>9e4 ,9 ! manufacture ( col\rs we f9d all *emical processes 9 use4 ,x may be "h rem>k$ t x is q possible to manufacture "s col\rs1 inde$ a l>ge numb]1 accord+ to fix$ directions1 )\t any p>ticul> *emical k be+ necess>y to c>ry on ! processes4 ,inde$1 9 works we f9d mo/ processes be+ c>ri$ out by ord9>y lab\r]s :o are q de/itute ( any k ( *emi/ry4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 add t we are conv9c$ t any col\r mak] :o works simply 9 a purely empirical mann]1 accord+ to a /]eotyp$ recipe1 w nev] be 9 ! position to raise himself above ! position ( a workman2 he w n be able1 :5 a slight mi%ap occasions a *ange 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ! process1 to devise a means ( ov]com+ ! defect1 b w be compell$ to dispose ( ! faulty product 9 ! condition 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,su* a manufactur] is 9 a condition ( bl9d dep5d5ce on ! *emical works & deal]s f :om he receives ! raw mat]ials requisite = ! prep>ation ( 8 col\rs4 ,if he %\ld receive mat]ials :i* conta9 impurities n to be detect$ by empirical me?ods1 ! inevitable result w be t ! col\rs produc$ f !m w n be equal to ! /&>d4 ,if1 9 mak+ a col\r :i* is ! outcome ( sev]al processes1 a workman once makes a mi/ake1 ! product w n be ( ! requir$ quality4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! manufactur] possesses a c]ta9 am\nt ( *emical k1 x w n be difficult = him to asc]ta9 ! causes ( a failure 9 a process1 &1 at ! same "t1 to devise means by :i* ! defects may be remov$4 ,! manufactur] is m & m 9 ! habit ( buy+ ! *emicals :i* he requires = 8 manufactures r ?an ( mak+ !m himself4 ,he %\ld1 !re=e1 be 9 a position to =m an op9ion z to ! usability & purity ( ^! sub/ances1 :i* w only be possible :5 he has ! k requisite = subject+ !m to a *emical exam9ation4 ,al?\gh we %all presuppose1 z we h said1 t ^? :o int5d to conc]n !mselves ) col\r manufactur+ possess an acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( *emi/ry1 yet ?is book has be5 s plann$ t x may be ( use 7we hope7 to ! practical man :o is innoc5t ( *emical k4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 we h devot$ c>e to ! description ( ^? raw mat]ials :i* are b\ght 9 l>ge quantity1 & to ! simple inve/igation ( _! purity4 ,:5 ! manufactur] has ! advantage ( a *emical education1 ap>t f 8 endeav\rs to produce col\rs lack+ no?+ 9 beauty or dep? ( %ade1 he w direct 8 endeav\rs 9 two directions1 9 respect ( :i* great advances are yet to be made--! p]man5ce & h>mlessness ( 8 col\rs4 ,_m pigm5ts possess ! undesirable prop]ty ( los+ _! brightness "u atmosph]ic influ5ces2 _m1 inde$1 fade away completely 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,we h only to exam9e a picture "s c5turies old2 9 spite ( ! c>e be/[$ on its pres]vation1 we c say ) c]ta9ty t1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 x w be s completely alt]$ t no?+ w rema9 ( ! orig9al col\rs4 ,x is ! endeav\r ( ! s5sible manufactur] ( col\rs to make only su* z rema9 unalt]$ by atmosph]ic action1 & also und]go no *ange :5 !y are mix$ ) o!r pigm5ts4 ,al?\gh x may be highly desirable t ! pa9t] %\ld possess a k ( ! *emical prop]ties ( ! col\rs he uses1 /ill x %\ld be ! fir/ object ( ! mak] to take c>e t he places on ! m>ket only col\rs :i* w rema9 z mu* z possible unalt]$ :5 us$ alone1 & w rema9 undecompos$ :5 mix$4 ,?is is1 un=tunately1 n ! case ) _m col\rs n[ 9 use4 ,we %all return lat] to ?is po9t1 ( su* extraord9>y importance to ! arti/4 ,! second po9t to be obs]v$1 is to produce only h>mless col\rs4 ,! advances ( *emi/ry h made kn[n to u a s]ies ( col\rs :i* h ! advantage ov] o!rs kn[n = a long] p]iod t !y are non-poison\s4 ,unluckily1 ^! h>mless col\rs frequ5tly fall beh9d ! poison\s col\rs 9 brilliance1 & g5]ally !y are m exp5sive4 ,"h1 too1 is op5$ to ! manufactur] a wide field ( activity4 ,! m completely poison\s sub/ances disappe> f ! col\rs 9 use1 ! m widespread w be ! use ( col\rs4 ,we %\ld rem>k t ! expression 8poison\s col\rs0 is to be us$ ) a c]ta9 res]ve4 ,_m pigm5ts :i* conta9 lead1 copp]1 antimony1 m]cury1 etc41 are poison\s1 because !y conta9 poison\s metals2 b poison+ ) !m w n readily take place on acc\nt ( _! insolubility4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! v poison\s ars5ic comp\nds1 :i* %\ld be remov$ f ! li/ ( col\rs 9 common use2 _m a mis=tune caus$ by !m w\ld !n be avoid$4 ,endeav\rs to produce innocu\s col\rs h be5 m successful ?an ! ef=ts aft] p]man5ce4 ,!re are n[ v few commonly us$ col\rs :i* c be acc\nt$ v poison\s comp\nds1 & :i* _c be replac$ by o!r col\rs ( equal beauty4 ,on ! :ole1 we are n[ 9 ! position to prep>e h>mless col\rs suit$ to mo/ purposes4 ,special endeav\rs %\ld be made to sell ^!1 s t su* cases ( poison+ %\ld n occur z1 = example1 caus$ by g+]bread :i* _h be5 wrapp$ 9 pap] col\r$ by em]ald gre54 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,pigm5ts4 ,z we h m5tion$ be=e1 ! manufactur] ( col\rs n[ g5]ally uses mat]ials suppli$ to him by *emical works4 ,! pur] ^! are1 ! easi] x w be to "w ) !m1 & ! f9] w ! col\rs turn out4 ,we h indicat$ t x is important = ! manufactur] to "k accurately ! prop]ties ( 8 mat]ials 9 ord] to be able to e/imate _! value4 ,_m sub/ances requir$ 9 c]ta9 cases mu/ be made by ! col\r manufactur]1 s9ce1 on acc\nt ( _! condition1 !y _c =m articles ( comm]ce--*lor9e & sulphurett$ hydrog51 = example4 ,9 addition to ! sub/ances :i* are n to be b\ght1 !re are o!rs :i* d occur 9 comm]ce1 b are sold at s high a price t ! manufactur] is compell$ to make !m himself4 ,?is is ! case ) ! cobalt comp\nds1 f :i* _m beautiful col\rs are made4 ,! produc]s ( ^! dem& su* prices t x is to ! int]e/ ( ! col\r mak] to prep>e !m = 8 own use4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 we %all deal ) ! m important raw mat]ials :i* are employ$ 9 col\r manufactur+1 & %all re/rict our rem>ks to :at is ( p>ticul> importance !reto4 ,= m detail$ acc\nts ( ^! raw mat]ials ! read] is ref]r$ to ! text books ( *emi/ry1 9 :i* he w f9d !m m9utely describ$1 9 s f> z !y are *emical products4 ,! mat]ials employ$ may be divid$ into assi/ants 9 ! processes & compon5ts ( ! manufactur$ pigm5t4 ,! assi/+ sub/ances are ^? :i* are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( a col\r )\t ent]+ into its composition2 f ! compon5t mat]ials ! col\rs are directly d]iv$4 ,= example1 9 ! manufacture ( ,prussian blue1 yell[ prussiate ( pota%1 an iron salt1 wat] 79 :i* ! salts are dissolv$7 & nitric acid are us$4 ,9 ! blue obta9$ are conta9$ portions ( ! iron salt & ( ! yell[ prussiate1 ^! are1 !re=e1 compon5t mat]ials1 :il/ wat] & nitric acid are simply assi/ants1 s9ce !y d n ent] into ! composition ( ! pigm5t4 ,9 col\r mak+ a l>ge numb] ( assi/+ mat]ials are employ$1 :i* comprise a consid]able numb] ( elem5ts & comp\nds4 ,s9ce ^! are ( great importance = our purpose1 we %all describe _! prop]ties1 &1 :5 necess>y1 briefly ! me?od ( prep>ation4 ,among ! compon5t mat]ials are to be reckon$ a l>ge numb] ( salts ( ! alkal9e e>? & e>? metals & ( all ! heavy metals4 ,9 addition1 !re are also ! sub/ances ( animal or vegetable orig9 us$ 9 lake mak+4 ,9 ! description ( ! raw mat]ials1 if we 7 to ov]/ep ! l9e drawn "h1 we c\ld include a great v>iety ( comp\nds1 ^?1 = example1 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! s-call$ anil9e dyes4 ,^! sub/ances =m1 h[ev]1 z we h /at$1 ! object ( a p>ticul> bran* ( manufacture1 :i* =ms a sep>ate division ( col\r *emi/ry1 b ) :i* is n to be conf\nd$ :at has be5 hi!rto designat$ ! manufacture ( col\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,assi/ant ,,mat]ials4 ,wat]1 ,h,o #ah4a--,?is sub/ance plays a trem5d\s "p 9 col\r mak+2 almo/ all ! sub/ances :i* are us$ 9 solution are dissolv$ 9 wat]2 ! removal f precipitates ( admix$ =eign bodies1 ! s-call$ wa%+1 is always accompli%$ ) wat]4 ,! *emi/ does n und]/& by wat] q t liquid :i* 9 g5]al spee* is s designat$4 ,we mu/ consid] ! wat] :i* is at ! disposal ( ! col\r mak]4 #a ,we app5d ! *emical =mula & ! molecul> weight to ! description ( ea* comp\nd4 ,wat]1 9 ! *emical mean+ ( ! ^w1 is a liquid compos$ only ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 & leav+ no residue :5 evaporat$4 ,su* wat] is n f\nd 9 nature2 x c only be obta9$ by di/illation ( well or riv] wat]4 ,! wat] :i* falls 9 long cont9u$ ra91 or is obta9$ by melt+ sn[1 is mo/ ne>ly l di/ill$ wat]2 x conta9s only small quantities ( dissolv$ sub/ances1 & g5]ally su* z w\ld be )\t influ5ce 9 col\r mak+4 ,wat] ( ?is description is available = b a limit$ use2 ! l>ge quantities ( wat] requir$ 9 a col\r works mu/ be tak5 f spr+s or /reams4 ,^! wat]s conta91 h[ev]1 m or less l>ge am\nts ( dissolv$ salts1 :i* act 9 a m>k$ mann] ^u ! sub/ances dissolv$ 9 !m4 ,9 almo/ all spr+ & well wat]s is f\nd c>bonate ( lime2 su* wat]s are call$ 8h>d04 ,riv] wat] conta9s g5]ally little c>bonate ( lime2 x is !n call$ 8s(t wat]04 ,! influ5ce ( ! c>bonate ( lime is especially evid5t :5 salts ( lead1 copp]1 iron & o!r heavy metals are dissolv$ 9 wat]2 ! c>bonate ( ! p>ticul> metal gradually sep>ates f solution1 & ! liquid becomes v turbid4 ,:5 only h>d wat]s conta9+ mu* lime are at ! s]vice ( ! manufactur]1 turbid solutions are (t5 obta9$1 :i* mu/ be filt]$ be=e use4 ,9 _m cases ?is c be avoid$ by add+ milk ( lime to ! wat] 9 a l>ge vessel2 ! free c>bonic acid unites ) ! lime1 & ?us ! c>bonate ( lime1 :i* is only soluble 9 wat] conta9+ free c>bonic acid1 sep>ates z a f9e precipitate4 ,wat] :i* has be5 treat$ 9 ?is way becomes cle> aft] "s "t1 ?r\gh ! deposition ( ! c>bonate ( lime2 x is !n s(t wat]4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! c>bonate ( lime 9 ?is way1 no m ?an ! requisite quantity ( milk ( lime %\ld be add$1 s t no lime rema9s 9 excess1 s9ce ?is w\ld cause precipitates :5 salts ( lead1 copp]1 iron1 etc41 7 dissolv$4 ,9 _m cases--= example1 :5 lead or b>ium salts are dissolv$--! lime conta9$ 9 ! wat] c be made h>mless by slightly acidify+ ) acetic or nitric acid4 ,wat] :i* conta9s sulphate ( lime 7gypsum7 is equally useless = _m purposes1 z1 = example1 ! solution ( lead & b>ium salts4 ,^! metals =m insoluble comp\nds ) ! sulphuric acid1 :i* r5d] ! solution turbid1 & c be remov$ only ) difficulty by filt]+1 on acc\nt ( _! great f95ess4 ,!y are m easily remov$ by all[+ to settle4 ,wat] conta9+ gypsum (t5 conta9s 9 addition small quantities ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,h[ev] small ! quantities ( ?is gas may be1 !y /ill make ! wat] absolutely useless = c]ta9 purposes 9 ! manufacture ( col\rs2 = example1 = ! prep>ation ( all pigm5ts conta9+ lead :i* are obta9$ by precipitation4 ,! sulphurett$ hydrog5 =ms black comp\nds ) lead1 copp]1 bismu?1 m]cury & o!r metals1 :i* impair ! brilliance ( ! col\r4 ,a col\r made "u ^! conditions is nev] clean1 its hue is injur$ by ! admixture ( ! black sub/ance4 ,wat] :i* conta9s mu* common salt 7sodium *loride7 is unsuitable = ! solution ( lead1 m]cury & silv] salts4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great aff9ity ( ^! metals = *lor9e1 turbid solutions are obta9$ :5 _! salts are dissolv$ 9 wat] conta9+ common salt4 ,"s wat]s conta9 a consid]able quantity ( iron4 ,su* wat]s deposit on evaporation1 & (t5 on /&+ expos$ to ! air1 a br[n p[d] ( f]ric hydrate1 :i* w\ld h consid]able influ5ce on ! %ade ( a pigm5t4 ,:ite pigm5ts1 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* su* a wat] is us$1 h always a br[ni% t+e2 yell[ & r$ pigm5ts are also unfav\rably affect$4 ,c>bonate ( lime & common salt occur 9 small quantities 9 e well wat]4 ,! col\r mak] mu/ d ! be/ he c ) su* a wat]2 its use w n p>ticul>ly h>m ! %ade ( ! col\rs prep>$ ) x if ! am\nt ( ! impurities is n v l>ge4 ,wat] conta9+ mu* iron is practically useless2 ! oxide ( iron w\ld injure ! col\rs s mu* t x w\ld n be possible to obta9 brilliant %ades4 ,wat] f wells 9 ! neighb\rhood ( deposits ( turf or cemet]ies (t5 conta9s consid]able quantities ( organic sub/ances :i* act injuri\sly on ! %ade ( pigm5ts2 su* wat] %\ld n be us$ 9 col\r mak+4 ,! impurities 9 a wat] are m or less h>mful accord+ to ! purpose = :i* x is to be us$4 ,sulphate ( lime is g5]ally m injuri\s ?an c>bonate ( lime1 s9ce ! precipitates :i* ! latt] causes 9 solutions ( ! salts ( c]ta9 metals c be prev5t$ by ! addition ( acids4 ,?is is n ! case ) sulphate ( lime2 :5 lead or b>ium salts are dissolv$ 9 wat] conta9+ ?is sub/ance1 a precipitate ( lead or b>ium sulphate is obta9$1 :i* is insoluble4 ,9 deal+ ) ! salts ( co/ly metals1 su* z m]cury or silv]1 x is bett] to dissolve !m 9 di/ill$ wat]1 or1 at lea/1 v pure ra9 wat]4 ,! ra9 wat] :i* runs f z9c or well til$ ro(s is g5]ally v pure2 = practical purposes x may be reg>d$ z free f c>bonate & sulphate ( lime1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 & common salt4 ,! col\r mak] %\ld take c>e to obta9 z mu* ( ?is pure wat] z possible by erect+ l>ge ra9-wat] tanks4 ,! less impurity a wat] conta9s ! m useful x is = our purpose4 ,aft] ra9 wat] s(t riv] wat] is ! be/1 & aft] ?is ! s(t] well wat]s4 ,all m9]al wat]s di/+ui%$ by a high cont5t ( salts or gases are q useless = col\r mak+2 = ?is reason sea wat] is disqualifi$4 ,an accurate analysis ( a wat] is mu* too complicat$ = ! manufactur]2 x is suffici5t = him to conv9ce himself ( ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 sub/ances4 ,wat] :i*1 "s "t aft] ! addition ( a little tannic acid solution1 acquires a cle> gre5 or a blui% to black %ade conta9s mu* iron1 & is useless4 ,wat] :i* coagulates a l>ge quantity ( a solution ( soap 9 alcohol is v ri* 9 c>bonate or sulphate ( lime4 ,9 ord] to decide approximately 9 :at relative proportion ^! salts are pres5t1 a solution ( b>ium *loride is add$ to ! wat] s long z a precipitate =ms4 ,if ?is disappe>s completely on ! addition ( nitric acid1 ! wat] conta9s only c>bonate ( lime2 if x only p>tly dissolves1 sulphate ( lime is also pres5t4 ,! pres5ce ( *lor9e is %[n by a consid]able turbidity on acidify+ ! wat] ) nitric acid1 boil+ & add+ silv] nitrate4 ,if ! precipitate obta9$ on ! addition ( a lead salt is n pure :ite1 b discol\r$1 ! wat] conta9s sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* has =m$ black lead sulphide4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! wat] = organic sub/ances1 ab\t a litre is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a porcela9 di%1 & ! residue heat$ to r$ness2 if x turns br[n & black1 & possibly gives (f a smell ( burnt fea!rs1 ! wat] conta9s mu* organic matt]4 ,pure wat] is col\r$ p]man5tly r$ by a solution ( potassium p]manganate2 b if x conta9s organic matt]1 ! solution is decol\ris$ aft] "s "t & a br[n precipitate is deposit$ at ! bottom4 ,f ! am\nt ( ?is precipitate an idea ( ! quantity ( organic matt] pres5t may be obta9$4 ,x is only necess>y to be v scrupul\s conc]n+ ! quality ( ! wat] :5 x is to be us$ = ! solution ( salts or ! extraction ( dye-woods4 ,= wa%+ precipitates1 :i* requires a l>ge volume ( wat]1 !re c g5]ally be us$1 )\t detrim5t1 wat] conta9+ mu* lime1 b x mu/ be free f iron & sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! latt] is p>ticul>ly h>mful to mo/ ( ! lead col\rs1 :i* w\ld lose 9 beauty by wa%+ ) wat] conta9+ ?is sub/ance4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! wat] us$ 9 col\r mak+ mu/ be q cle>4 ,muddy riv] wat] mu/ 9 e case be completely fre$ f ! solid p>ticles conta9$ 9 x1 ei!r by settl+ or by filt]+4 ,filt]s fill$ ) well wa%$ s& give good results = ?is purpose4 ,*lor9e1 ,cl #cee4--;,= "s op]ations 9 col\r mak+ x is necess>y to employ *lor9e4 ,?is is a gre5i% yell[ gas at ord9>y temp]atures1 :i* is *>act]is$ by a suffocat+ smell & ! en]gy ) :i* x unites ) mo/ elem5ts4 ,on acc\nt ( its injuri\s effects on man c]ta9 precautions h to be obs]v$ 9 prep>+ *lor9e1 & x is advisable to erect ! app>atus necess>y = its production 9 a sep>ate room1 s t ! workm5 are n injur$ by ! gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,=m]ly *lor9e 0 exclusively made 9 lead app>atus1 because ?is metal is "o ( ! lea/ readily attack$4 ,:5 su* an app>atus is us$ = ! fir/ "t a lay] ( lead *loride is =m$1 :i*1 l a v>ni%1 protects ! metal b5ea? f fur!r attack4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts an app>atus =m]ly employ$ = ! prep>ation ( *lor9e 9 *emical works4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! pe>-%ap$ vessel1 ,k1 !re are f\r op5+s1 two ( :i*1 ,d & ,c1 are provid$ ) wat] lutes4 ,?is means t ! op5+ is surr\nd$ by a moat conta9+ wat]1 into :i* ! rim ( ! cov] dips1 ?us mak+ a jo9t4 ,?r\gh ! middle op5+ goes ! axle ( ! /irr+ app>atus1 ,r2 9 ! f\r? is a lead safety funnel1 ,j4 ,solid mat]ials are introduc$ ?r\gh ,d1 liquid ?r\gh ,j2 ! tube ,c c>ries away ! *lor9e =m$2 ! tube ,a1 furni%$ ) a /op cock1 c draw (f ! fluid cont5ts ( ! app>atus4 ,s9ce lead melts at l[ temp]ature1 ! app>atus _c be heat$ ov] ! fire )\t dang]1 !re=e x is surr\nd$ by an iron jacket1 ,w1 :i* is fill$ ) wat]1 or else ! app>atus is heat$ by /eam introduc$ into ,w4 ,l>g] quantities ( *lor9e are m conv5i5tly prep>$ 9 an app>atus1 ( simil> /ructure1 made ( /one or e>!nw>e1 :i* h ! advantage ov] lead t !y are n at all attack$ by *lor9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #b exhibits ! con/ruction ( su* an app>atus ( m$ium size4 ,x is con/ruct$ ( s&/one or e>!nw>e2 ! lid & "s ( ! small] p>ts c be made ( ei!r e>!nw>e or lead4 ,! pyrolusite is introduc$ at ,g 9 l>ge pieces2 ,h is ! funnel = p\r+ 9 ! acid2 ,e ,k ,d1 ! /eam pipe2 ,c1 ! p]=at$ false bottom ^u :i* ! pyrolusite lies2 ,f1 ! deliv]y tube = ! *lor9e2 ,j1 ! op5+ = runn+ (f ! manganese *loride2 a1 ! lead5 cov]4 ,to prep>e *lor9e1 #a "p 7by weight7 ( common salt1 #a "p ( p[d]$ pyrolusite1 #b p>ts ( vitriol & #a "p ( wat] are us$4 ,! salt & ! pyrolusite are introduc$ ?r\gh ,d into ! app>atus 7,fig4 #a72 ! acid1 dilut$ ) ! wat]1 is p\r$ 9 ?r\gh ! funnel1 ! mat]ials are mix$ by ! /irr] & g5tly w>m$ until *lor9e appe>s1 :5 ! application ( heat mu/ be consid]ably dim9i%$ or ! *lor9e w be viol5tly evolv$4 ,pyrolusite & hydro*loric acid are n[ g5]ally us$ = ! prep>ation ( *lor9e1 because ! solution ( manganese *loride1 left at ! end ( ! op]ation1 is valuable4 ,if all ! *lor9e made 9 "o op]ation is n at once requir$ = ! manufacture ( a col\r1 x c be utilis$ by s5d+ x into a box fill$ ) slak$ lime1 :i* is conv]t$ into *loride ( lime or blea*+ p[d]4 ,! liquid run away f ! app>atus at ! conclusion ( ! op]ation conta9s manganese & sodium sulphates1 or manganese *loride z ! case may be1 & c be us$ = ! prep>ation ( manganese pigm5ts4 ,ammonia1 ,,nh #ag4--;,ammonia is obta9$ f *emical works 9 ! =m ( a /rong solution ( ammonia gas 9 wat]1 :i* is g5]ally v pure4 ,! d5sity ( an aque\s solution ( ammonia is ! small] ! m ammonia x conta9s1 & ?us ! /r5g? ( a solution ( ammonia c easily be =m$ by means ( ! hydromet]4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! p]c5tage ( ammonia1 ,,nh1 9 a liquid ( kn[n specific gravity at ! temp]ature ( #ad ,c43-- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,specific ,ammonia ,specific ,ammonia ,gravity4 p] c5t4 ,gravity4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #jhhe #cfjj #jiec #aaej #jhhf #cejj #jiee #aajj #jhhi #cdjj #jieg #ajej #jhia #ccjj #jiei #ajjj #jhic #cbej #jifa #iej #jhie #cbjj #jifc #ijj #jhig #cacj #jife #hej #jijj #bfjj #jifh #hjj #jije #beci #jigj #gej #jibe #aied #jigb #gjj #jicb #ageb #jigd #fej #jidg #acdf #jigf #fjj #jiea #abjj #jigh #eej ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! ,hydromet]4--,9 ! above table ! p]c5tage cont5t ( ! ammonia solution is giv5 accord+ to its specific gravity1 t is1 accord+ to ! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( any volume ( ! liquid & ! weight ( an equal volume ( wat]4 ,accord+ to sci5tific pr9ciples1 only ^? hydromet]s %\ld be us$ :i* are graduat$ 9 specific gravities4 ,9 spite ( all ex]tions 9 ?is direction1 manufactur]s h n yet be5 induc$ to use su* in/rum5ts 9 e case4 ,hydromet]s1 ) q arbitr>y scales1 su* z ^? ( ,baum & ,twaddell1 are frequ5tly f\nd 9 works4 ,^! hydromet]s g5]ally only %[ t a liquid is ( s _m degrees on ! p>ticul> scale1 & ! manufactur] 9 us+ !m is re/rict$ to ! foll[+ out ( a c]ta9 recipe :i* requires ! use ( a liquid ( a c]ta9 /r5g? :i* is express$ 9 degrees ,baum1 etc4 ,he does n le>n by ?is h[ _m p] c5t4 ( ! p>ticul> sub/ance are dissolv$ 9 ! wat] :5 ! liquid has a c]ta9 hydrometric /r5g?4 ,= ! sake ( uni=mity1 x is urg5tly to be desir$ t all manufactur]s :o use ! hydromet] to e/imate ! cont5t ( a liquid 9 ammonia1 pota%1 soda1 hydro*loric1 sulphuric1 nitric acids1 etc41 %\ld employ simple specific gravities4 ,?is is desirable1 because ! p]c5tage /r5g? ( a solution1 correspond+ to ! specific gravity1 c be at once accurately f\nd f tables4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 9 ! pres5t "w1 we h re/rict$ ourselves to tables %[+ simply ! specific gravities ( solutions & ! correspond+ composition4 ,sal ,ammoniac or ,ammonium ,*loride1 ,,nh,cl #ece4--,?is sub/ance comes into comm]ce 9 ! =m ( a :ite cry/all9e meal1 m r>ely 9 ! =m ( sug> loaves 7cry/allis$ sal ammoniac7 or ( flat cakes 7sublim$ sal ammoniac74 ,x is usually v pure1 s9ce impure =ms1 g5]ally conta9+ mu* iron1 are difficult ( sale4 ,at a p>ticul> temp]ature sal ammoniac is volatile2 x is us$ 9 c]ta9 mixtures 9 ord] to prev5t ! temp]ature1 on heat+1 f ris+ beyond a c]ta9 po9t4 ,l ammonia1 x is m us$ 9 dye+4 ,ammonium ,sulphide1 ,,nh,,hs4--,?is comp\nd is obta9$ by lead+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 into ammonia solution s long z x is dissolv$1 & a te/ portion ( ! liquid /ill gives a :ite precipitate ) a solution ( magnesium sulphate4 ,ammonium sulphide decomposes by long /&+ 9 ! air1 sulphur be+ sep>at$4 ,x gives precipitates ) ! salts ( c]ta9 metals1 = example1 iron1 cobalt1 manganese1 z9c1 nickel4 ,^! precipitates1 :i* consi/ ( ! sulphides ( ! metals1 are n =m$ by sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 acid solutions4 ,,acids4 ,9 col\r mak+ _m acids are us$ = ! solution ( metals1 ! production ( precipitates1 = oxidations & s =?4 ,comm]cial acids1 especially inorganic acids1 g5]ally conta9 n inconsid]able quantities ( impurities :i* are injuri\s 9 ! manufacture ( _m col\rs4 ,hydro*loric ,acid1 ,h,cl #cfe4--,! comm]cial acid 7muriatic acid1 spirits ( salt7 g5]ally conta9s l>ge quantities ( iron1 :i* col\r x yell[--=tunately1 9 _m cases1 ?is is n a disadvantage1 & also at times ! iron c be remov$ f solutions made 9 ! acid4 ,ano!r impurity is sulphuric acid4 ,?is c be detect$ by dilut+ & add+ b>ium *loride2 if sulphuric acid be pres5t1 a :ite precipitate1 or1 at lea/1 a cl\d9ess1 appe>s4 ,ord9>y hydro*loric acid is a solution ( hydro*loric acid gas 9 wat]4 ,! /ronge/ acid conta9s #dbhe p] c5t4 ( ! gas1 & has ! specific gravity #aba4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! /r5g?s ( acids ( v>i\s specific gravities3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,specific ,hydro*loric ,specific ,hydro*loric ,gravity4 ,acid ,gravity4 ,acid p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aba #dbhe #aaj #bjbj #abj #djhj #aji #ahge #aai #chhh #ajh #afga #aah #cfcf #ajg #aedi #aag #cdcd #ajf #achf #aaf #cbcb #aje #aadi #aae #cjcj #ajd #hig #aad #bhbh #ajc #fic #aac #bfbf #ajb #dhi #aab #bdbd #aja #bjc #aaa #bbbb ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,sulphurett$ ,hydrog51 ,h,s #cd4--,?is is a gas ( acid prop]ties smell+ l rott5 eggs2 x precipitates ! sulphur comp\nds ( _m metals :5 l$ into ! acid solution ( ! correspond+ salt4 ,?is sub/ance is seldom requir$ 9 col\r works1 s t x is conv5i5t to h an app>atus :i* p]mits ( ! prep>ation ( any requir$ quantity4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts an app>atus devis$ by ! au?or1 :i* is well adapt$ = ! prep>ation ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,x consi/s ( a small1 wood5 tub1 on ^: upp] edge lies a ?ick pap] r+1 s t ! lid may be press$ d[n air-tight by ! screws ,b4 ,?r\gh ! lid pass a tap-funnel1 ,t1 a movable screw1 ,s1 & a tube1 ,r1 to c>ry away ! gas4 ,on ! screw ,s hangs a basket1 ,k1 by a h&le2 ?is is fill$ ) pieces ( iron sulphide z l>ge z nuts4 ,! tub is fill$ to ab\t "o-?ird ( its height ) a mixture ( #i p>ts ( wat] & #a "p ( sulphuric acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,:5 sulphurett$ hydrog5 is requir$ ! basket is l[]$ by ! screw1 ,s1 until x dips 9 ! liquid2 accord+ z ! basket dips m or less into ! liquid a fa/ or sl[ curr5t ( ! gas is obta9$4 ,:5 ! gas is no long] requir$ ! basket is rais$ out ( ! liquid1 & ! evolution ( gas at once ceases4 ,! funnel1 ,t1 s]ves = ! introduction ( ! liquid1 ! tap1 ,h1 = draw+ (f ! iron sulphate solution1 :i* c be us$ ) advantage = ! prep>ation ( f9e iron col\rs4 ,! app>atus %\ld n be op5$ s long z sulphide ( iron rema9s 9 ! basket4 ,sulphuric ,acid comes into ! m>ket 9 two diff]5t =ms3 oil acid2 bo? are us$ 9 col\r mak+4 ,oil ( ,vitriol1 ,h,,s #ih1 is a col\rless1 oily liquid ( high specific gravity2 x is g5]ally tol]ably pure1 & conta9s1 z a rule1 only a small quantity ( lead1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is indicat$ by a turbidity on l>gely dilut+ ! acid4 ,! am\nt ( pure sulphuric acid 9 ! liquid is practically det]m9$ by tak+ ! specific gravity4 ,! table indicates ! relation betwe5 ! specific gravity & ! cont5t ( sulphuric acid4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,specific ,gravity4,sulphuric ,acid,specific ,gravity4,sulphuric ,acid p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahdhe #ajj #ahjdc #hi #ahdge #ii #agifb #hh #ahdfj #ih #aghgj #hg #ahdci #ig #agggd #hf #ahdaj #if #agfgc #he #ahcgf #ie #agegj #hd #ahccf #id #agdfe #hc #ahbij #ic #agcfj #hb #ahbcc #ib #agbde #ha #ahagi #ia #agabj #hj #ahaae #ij ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nordhaus5 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,h,s,o ,h,,s ,,s1 is g5]ally a yell[i% br[n liquid1 :i* gives (f :ite fumes 9 ! air4 ,x conta9s v>y+ quantities ( sulphur trioxide dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid4 ,x (t5 conta9s sel5ium1 :i* sep>ates z a r$ p[d] :5 ! acid is dilut$4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is impurity does n int]f]e ) ! use ( ! acid = dissolv+ indigo1 ! only purpose = :i* x is requir$ 9 ! col\r factory4 ,nitric ,acid1 ,,hno #fc4--,?is acid1 :i* is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( _m col\rs1 is di/+ui%$ by ! read9ess ) :i* x gives up "p ( its oxyg51 & ?us conv]ts metals l antimony & bismu? into oxides1 & trans=ms o!r comp\nds into a high] /ate ( oxidation4 ,!re are two k9ds ( nitric acid3 ord9>y nitric acid1 a col\rless liquid :i* is m or less pure2 & fum+ nitric acid1 a yell[ or orange-col\r$ liquid1 fum+ /rongly 9 ! air1 :i* consi/s ( a solution ( nitrog5 p]oxide1 ,,no1 & nitric oxide1 ,,no1 9 nitric acid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,specific ,gravity ,nitric ,acid ,specific ,gravity ,nitric ,acid at #ae ,c4 p] c5t4 at #ae ,c4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aecj #ajjjj #acbc #eejj #aebj #igjj #abhd #ejdi #aeji #idjj #abea #dejj #aejc #ibjj #abaa #djjj #adii #iajj #aahe #cchf #adie #ijjj #aaeg #cjjj #adgh #hejj #aach #bega #adfj #hjjj #aabj #bcjj #addb #gejj #ajhi #bjjj #adbc #fiif #ajfg #aejj #adjj #fejg #ajbb #aada #acdf #fjjj #ajaj #djj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,s9ce ! action ( nitric acid *iefly dep5ds on its oxidis+ prop]ties1 :i* are possess$ by bo? k9ds1 x g5]ally does n matt] :i* is us$4 ,! usual impurities are *lor9e & sulphuric acid2 ! pres5ce ( ! fir/ is %[n by silv] nitrate solution1 ( ! latt] by b>ium *loride1 9 ea* case add$ aft] dilut+4 ,:5 ! acid is us$ = oxidations ^! impurities d n int]f]e1 b nitric acid conta9+ *lor9e _c be us$ to dissolve silv]1 because ! *lor9e w\ld =m insoluble silv] *loride4 ,! /r5g? ( nitric acid is gaug$ by its specific gravity z giv5 9 ! table4 ,aqua ,regia4--,a mixture ( #b p>ts ( hydro*loric acid & #a "p ( nitric acid gradually turns orange or yell[ & evolves *lor9e4 ,?is liquid1 :i* c dissolve gold 9 consequ5ce ( ! free *lor9e x conta9s 7h5ce its al*emi/ic "n1 f gold1 ! 8k+ ( metals071 is us$ z a v p[]ful oxidis+ ag5t 9 col\r mak+4 ,c>bon1 ,c #ab1 is ! only "o ( ! non-metallic elem5ts to be m5tion$ "h2 by itself x =ms a gr\p ( v important pigm5ts1 :i* we %all describe 9 detail at a lat] /age4 ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas1 ,,co #dd1 is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( :ite lead1 :i* x precipitates f lead acetate4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a p>ticul> bran* ( col\r mak+ c>ri$ on 9 special works4 ,9 describ+ ?is manufacture we %all return to ! prep>ation ( c>bonic acid on a l>ge scale4 ,,organic ,,acids4 ,! organic acids :i* are important 9 col\r mak+ are acetic1 oxalic & t>t>ic acids4 ,acetic ,acid1 ,c,h,o #eh4--,! v dilute =m ( ?is sub/ance is kn[n commonly z v9eg>1 ! /rong] z pyroligne\s acid1 & ! pure/ z glacial acetic acid2 ! latt] is1 h[ev]1 sc>cely us$4 ,=m]ly 9 col\r mak+ ord9>y v9eg> 0 us$1 b n[ pyroligne\s acid is almo/ exclusively employ$4 ,?is is di/+ui%$ by its /rong empyreumatic smell1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is )\t importance 9 col\r mak+4 ,! /r5g? ( a solution ( acetic acid _c be f\nd by a simple e/imation ( specific gravity1 s9ce ! d5sity does n increase ) ! p]c5tage ( acetic acid4 ,if an accurate e/imation ( ! /r5g? ( acetic acid is requir$1 x mu/ be obta9$ by neutralis+ ! acid ) an alkali by a process ( volumetric analysis4 ,= practical purposes1 :]e x is g5]ally kn[n :e!r a v /rong or a m dilute acetic acid is "u consid]ation1 ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! connection betwe5 specific gravity & p]c5tage /r5g?1 is suffici5t4 ---------------------------------- ,specific ,acetic ,specific ,acetic ,gravity4 ,acid ,gravity4 ,acid p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------- #ajfce #ajj #ajeh #dh #ajfgj #ih #ajee #df #ajfij #if #ajed #dd #ajgjf #id #ajeb #db #ajgaf #ib #ajea #dj #ajgcj #ij #ajdi #ch #ajgcj #hh #ajdg #cf #ajgcj #hf #ajde #cd #ajgcj #hd #ajdb #cb #ajgcj #hb #ajdj #cj #ajgce #hj #ajch #bh #ajgcb #gh #ajce #bf #ajgcj #gf #ajcc #bd #ajgbj #gd #ajca #bb #ajgaj #gb #ajbg #bj #ajgjj #gj #ajbe #ah #ajgjj #fh #ajbc #af #ajfij #ff #ajbj #ad #ajfhj #fd #ajag #ab #ajfgj #fb #ajae #aj #ajfgj #fj #ajab #h #ajffj #eh #ajjh #f #ajfdj #ef #ajje #d #ajfcj #ed #ajjb #b #ajfbj #eb #ajja #a #ajfjj #ej ---- ---- ---------------------------------- ,oxalic ,acid1 ,c,h,o4#b;,h,o #abf1 has b a limit$ use 9 col\r mak+4 ,x comes into comm]ce 9 ! =m ( m or less pure :ite cry/als :i* readily dissolve 9 wat]1 & are almo/ pure oxalic acid1 conta9+ only small quantities ( oxalate ( lime1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is )\t importance = ! purposes to :i* ! acid is put 9 col\r mak+4 ,frequ5tly1 in/ead ( oxalic acid1 ! acid potassium oxalate 7salt ( sorrel7 is us$4 ,t>t>ic ,acid1 ,c,h,o #aej1 occurs z :ite or yell[i% cry/als1 ) a slightly burnt smell1 :i* dissolve readily 9 wat]1 & h a /rong acid ta/e4 ,! pure acid1 :i* is :ite & )\t smell1 is consid]ably de>] ?an ! yell[ v>iety4 ,! impurities ( ! latt]1 :i* are small 9 quantity1 are )\t influ5ce on ! col\rs prep>$ by its help1 s t ?is =m is g5]ally us$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,metallic ,,comp\nds4 ,,alkalis4 ,! comp\nds ( ! alkali metals1 potassium & sodium1 play a consid]able "p 9 col\r mak+4 ,=m]ly ! potassium comp\nds 7 9 g5]al use1 b ! sodium comp\nds are at pres5t obta9able at a mu* l[] price1 & 9 mo/ cases !y c be us$ equally well4 ,?us1 9 col\r mak+1 sodium comp\nds are *iefly employ$4 ,! cyanog5 comp\nds are an exception2 _! potassium comp\nds are us$ exclusively4 ,potassium ,comp\nds4--,! potassium comp\nds :i* are *iefly us$ 9 col\r mak+ are potassium c>bonate 7pota%es1 pe>l-a%71 potassium hydroxide 7cau/ic pota%71 potassium nitrate 7saltpetre71 potassium t>trate 7t>t>71 & potassium f]rocyanide & f]ricyanide 7yell[ & r$ prussiate ( pota%74 ,! cyanog5 comp\nds h peculi> prop]ties4 ,we %all describe !m sep>ately aft] ! potassium & sodium comp\nds4 ,potassium ,c>bonate 7c>bonate ( pota%71 ,k,,co #ach1 is kn[n comm]cially z pota%es1 a "n d]iv$ f its =m] me?od ( prep>ation by heat+ ! a%es ( plants 9 pots4 ,at pres5t pota%es are prep>$ 9 l>ge quantities f o!r s\rces4 ,pure pota% =ms crumbl+ lumps ) a slight yell[ or blui% grey t+e1 rapidly absorb+ moi/ure f ! air1 & 9 "t completely liquefy+4 ,! yell[i% t+e is caus$ by oxide ( iron1 ! blui% by manganese comp\nds4 ,! s-call$ calc9$ pota% has be5 /rongly heat$1 & ?us all organic sub/ances conta9$ 9 x h be5 de/roy$4 ,pota%es are 9 no way pure potassium c>bonate2 !y conta9 a mixture ( all ^? salts :i* are f\nd 9 plants--potassium sulphate & *loride1 small quantities ( silicic acid1 etc4 ,^! impurities are r>ely h>mful1 /ill x is g5]ally necess>y to "k ! p]c5tage ( pure potassium c>bonate conta9$ 9 pota%es4 ,al?\gh at pres5t 9 comm]ce ! /r5g? ( pota%es is frequ5tly gu>ante$1 x is /ill desirable to e/imate ! /r5g?4 ,x is suffici5t = practice to all[ a small quantity1 say #ajj grammes1 to /& ) an equal quantity ( v cold wat] = "s h\rs1 !n to filt] & p\r a simil> quantity ( wat] ov] ! residue on ! filt]4 ,! weight ( undissolv$ sub/ance subtract$ f #ajj gives ) suffici5t accuracy ! weight ( pure potassium c>bonate conta9$ 9 #ajj p>ts ( pota%es4 ,?is me?od is f\nd$ on ! fact t potassium c>bonate dissolves readily ev5 9 cold wat]1 b ! o!r salts ) difficulty4 ,?is proc$ure c also be us$ to obta9 pure potassium c>bonate f crude pota%es2 x is only necess>y to filt] & evaporate to dryness ! solution obta9$ by p\r+ v cold wat] on crude pota%es4 ,potassium ,hydroxide 7,potassium ,hydrate1 ,cau/ic ,pota%71 ,,koh #ef4--,! comm]cial v>iety consi/s ( v deliquesc5t :ite lumps1 g5]ally conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( impurities4 ,on ?is acc\nt cau/ic pota%1 or r a solution ( x1 is prep>$ 9 ! col\r works4 ,) ?is object #aa p>ts ( pota%1 conta9$ 9 a tub ) an op5+ at ! bottom1 are mix$ ) #ajj p>ts ( cold wat]4 ,two h\rs lat]1 ! cle> solution is run (f into a clean iron pan1 9 :i* x is heat$ to boil+4 ,to ! boil+ solution is add$ milk ( lime prep>$ f wat] & #ce p>ts ( quicklime4 ,aft] ! liquid has boil$ a few m9utes1 a small portion is filt]$ & hydro*loric acid add$ to ! cle> filtrate2 if no eff]vesc5ce occurs1 !n all ! potassium c>bonate is conv]t$ into cau/ic pota%4 ,%\ld eff]vesc5ce occur1 milk ( lime is add$ until a new portion no long] eff]vesces on ! addition ( hydro*loric acid4 ,!n ! pan is cov]$ ) a well-fitt+ lid1 & ! cool$ liquid1 if n requir$ = imm$iate use1 pres]v$ 9 well-cork$ glass bottles4 ,! /r5g? ( a cau/ic pota% solution c be f\nd by means ( a hydromet]4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! relation betwe5 ! specific gravity ( a solution & ! p]c5tage ( cau/ic pota% x conta9s3-- -------------------------- ,specific ,cau/ic ,pota% ,gravity4 p] c5t4 -------------------------- #ajf #dg #aaa #ie #aae #acj #aai #afb #abc #aie #abh #bcd #aci #cbd #aeb #dbi #afj #dfg #afh #eab -------------------------- ,potassium ,nitrate 7,saltpetre71 ,,kno #aja1 consi/s ( l>ge cry/als1 :i* quickly dissolve 9 wat]4 ,on heat+ x readily gives up oxyg51 & ?us f9ds use z an oxidis+ ag5t4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 ! col\r manufactur] 0 compell$ to make 8 own mat]ials1 saltpetre 0 ( great importance 9 col\r mak+2 at pres5t1 :5 su* mat]ials are to be b\ght at l[ prices & no col\r mak] prep>es 8 own1 saltpetre is little us$4 ,potassium ,bit>trate1 ,c,h,,ko #ahh4--,?is salt1 kn[n z t>t> 9 l>ge cry/als1 & z cream ( t>t> 9 ! =m ( meal1 is occasionally us$ 9 col\r mak+4 ,x is little soluble 9 cold wat]1 b m easily 9 hot4 ,! hot solution is g5]ally us$4 ,potassium ,bi*romate 7,bi*romate ( ,pota%71 ,k,cr,o #bie4--,?is salt is made 9 special works1 by melt+ *rome iron ore ) saltpetre & extract+ ! mass ) wat]1 :5 a yell[ solution ( potassium *romate is obta9$2 to ?is sulphuric acid is add$1 :i* unites ) half ! potassium1 ?us leav+ potassium bi*romate1 :i* is obta9$ by evaporation ( ! solution 9 f9e r$ cry/als4 ,^! are purifi$ by recry/allisation4 ,at pres5t1 9 place ( ! above me?od1 calcium *romate is =m$ by roa/+ *rome iron ore ) lime2 ! calcium *romate is !n decompos$ by a soluble potassium salt1 ?us =m+ potassium *romate4 ,potassium bi*romate is unalt]$ 9 air2 x dissolves easily 9 wat]1 & is ( great importance 9 ! prep>ation ( _m col\rs1 9 p>ticul> *romium oxide & ! lead pigm5ts4 ,! comm]cial salt g5]ally conta9s potassium sulphate1 ) :i* at times x is int5tionally adult]at$4 ,! adult]ation is detect$ by dissolv+ 9 wat]1 add+ half ! volume ( pure hydro*loric acid1 & cauti\sly & c>efully dropp+ 9 spirits ( w9e4 ,a rapid action takes place1 :i* is only assi/$ by w>m+ :5 necess>y4 ,! r$ liquid *anges to em]ald gre54 ,if b>ium *loride be n[ add$1 a :ite precipitate is obta9$ 9 ! pres5ce ( potassium sulphate4 ,potassium ,sodium ,*romate1 ,k,na,cr,o #bgi1 is also us$ 9 col\r mak+4 ,its solution is made by add+ soda to a solution ( potassium bi*romate s long z an eff]vesc5ce ( c>bonic acid occurs1 & until ! liquid turns r$ litmus pap] blue2 ! solution ( ! d\ble salt is yell[4 ,*rome ,alum1 ,k,cr7,,s74#ab;,h,o #dii4--,?is salt occurs 9 comm]ce z beautiful violet cry/als4 ,x is obta9$ z a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( anil9e & an?rac5e dyes1 & may (t5 be b\ght at l[] prices ?an o!r *romium salts2 #ajj p>ts ( wat] dissolve approximately #bj p>ts ( *rome alum4 ,potassium ,f]rocyanide1 ,k,fe7,,cn74#c;,h,o #dbb4--,! potassium iron cyanog5 comp\nds are made 9 special works1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( l>ge t[ns1 by melt+ pota%es ) nitrog5\s organic sub/ances & iron1 wa%+ out ! mass & purify+ ! salt s obta9$ by recry/allisation4 ,potassium f]rocyanide 7yell[ prussiate ( pota%7 =ms l>ge transp>5t cry/als ( a peculi> s(t nature1 :i* dissolve readily 9 wat]4 ,x (t5 conta9s consid]able quantities ( potassium sulphate1 up to #e p] c5t41 & x is to be not$ t ! impurity is mu* ! *eap] ( ! two salts4 ,:5 b>ium *loride is add$ to a solution ( ! salt1 a :ite precipitate =ms if sulphate be pres5t4 ,! behavi\r ( yell[ prussiate t[>ds iron salts is notewor?y4 ,) f]r\s salts1 = example gre5 vitriol 7copp]as71 x gives a :ite precipitate :i* gradually turns blue 9 ! air2 ) f]ric salts1 = example f]ric *loride 78nitrate ( iron071 x at once gives a blue precipitate4 ,potassium ,f]ricyanide 7,r$ ,prussiate ( ,pota%71 ,k,fe7,,cn7 #cbi1 is obta9$ by pass+ *lor9e ?r\gh a solution ( yell[ prussiate until ! liquid smells /rongly ( *lor9e & no long] gives a precipitate ) a solution ( a f]ric salt4 ,! solution !n conta9s potassium f]ricyanide & *loride4 ,! =m] is obta9$ by evaporat+ & all[+ to cry/allise4 ,pure potassium f]ricyanide =ms beautiful d>k r$ cry/als1 :i* readily dissolve 9 wat]4 ,! solution gives a blue precipitate ) f]r\s salts1 b only a br[n col\ration & no precipitate ) f]ric salts4 ,bo? yell[ & r$ prussiate are us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( sev]al mu* us$ col\rs1 = ,prussian & ,*9ese blues1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,all cyanog5 comp\nds1 ) ! exception ( yell[ prussiate1 are extremely poison\s4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! solubility ( potassium f]ricyanide at diff]5t temp]atures3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ajj ,p>ts ( ,wat] ,temp]ature4,specific ,gravity dissolve ,p>ts ( ,salt4------------ ( ,solution4 ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #cc #d4dd #a4aea #cf #aj4jj #a4afd #dj4h #ae4ej #a4agh #eh4h #cg4hj #a4bbe #gg4e #ajj4jj #a4bej #hb4f #ajd4dj #a4bfe ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,sodium ,salts4--,9 *emical prop]ties ! sodium salts are v simil> to ! potassium salts1 &1 be+ *eap]1 !y are g5]ally us$ 9 place ( ! latt]4 ,sodium ,c>bonate 7,soda ,cry/als71 ,na,,co4#aj;,h,o #bhf1 is made 9 enorm\s quantities 9 great works & 9 a v pure /ate4 ,x =ms l>ge transp>5t cry/als1 :i* effloresce 9 ! air1 los+ a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & s fall+ to a :ite p[d]4 ,al?\gh ?is prop]ty does n int]f]e ) ! use ( soda1 s9ce x is g5]ally us$ 9 solution1 yet effloresc5ce %\ld be z f> z possible avoid$ by keep+ ! salt 9 well-clos$ packages1 because effloresc$ soda dissolves m sl[ly ?an cry/allis$1 s9ce x has to comb9e ) wat] be=e x c ent] into solution4 ,9 ! retail trade a =m ( soda is f\nd :i* is adult]at$ ) v l>ge quantities ( ,glaub]'s salt4 ,?is is recognis$ by ! diff]5t =m ( ! cry/als4 ,manufactur]s sell soda /at+ its /r5g?4 ,! col\r mak] %\ld only buy ) ?is gu>antee4 ,sodium ,hydroxide 7,sodium ,hydrate1 ,cau/ic ,soda71 ,na,o,h #dj1 comes into comm]ce 9 ! =m ( h>d masses1 ! use ( :i* w\ld be v conv5i5t = ! col\r mak] if x 7 n (t5 v impure4 ,?us x is bett] to prep>e a solution oneself1 :i* is accompli%$ 9 ! mann] giv5 above = cau/ic pota%4 ,cau/ic soda & cau/ic pota% h simil> prop]ties2 !y h a corrosive action on ! sk91 readily unite ) c>bonic acid f ! air1 & sep>ate ! heavy metals f _! solutions 9 ! =m ( hydrat$ oxides4 ,! /r5g? ( cau/ic soda solutions is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ,specific ,cau/ic ,specific ,cau/ic ,gravity4 ,soda ,gravity4 ,soda p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- #bjj #ggh #adj #bij #ahe #fcf #acf #bfj #agb #ech #acb #bcj #afc #dff #abi #aij #aef #dab #abc #afj #aej #cfh #aah #acj #adg #cdj #aab #ij #add #caj #ajf #dg ---------------------------------------- ,besides soda & cau/ic soda1 few soda salts are us$ 9 col\r mak+4 ,h[ev]1 sodium nitrate 7,*ili saltpetre71 ,na,n,o1 is frequ5tly us$ in/ead ( ord9>y saltpetre1 f :i* x diff]s 9 be+ deliquesc5t4 ,sodium ,?iosulphate 7,hyposulphite71 ,na,s,o4#e;,h,o #bdh1 is a common article ( comm]ce1 be+ mu* us$ by photograph]s2 x is us$ 9 a few cases 9 col\r mak+4 ,x =ms l>ge cry/als ) a some:at bitt] ta/e1 p]man5t 9 air & readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,sodium ,*loride 7,common ,salt71 ,na,cl #ehe1 :i* has a little application 9 col\r mak+1 is suffici5tly pure 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is g5]ally us$ = h\sehold purposes4 ,,salts ,,( ,,! ,,alkal9e ,,e>? ,,metals4 ,! metals :i* are kn[n z ! alkali e>? metals h mu* simil>ity ) ! alkali metals 9 _! comp\nds1 ) ! diff]5ce t _! alkal9ity is mu* less1 & t _! salts are mu* less soluble 9 wat]4 ,= col\r mak+ ! comp\nds ( ?ree ( ^! metals--calcium1 b>ium & magnesium--are us$4 ,,calcium ,,comp\nds4 ,! mo/ important calcium comp\nds are lime & c>bonate & phosphate ( lime4 ,c>bonate ( lime is us$ z a pigm5t1 & w be dealt ) 9 detail among ! m9]al col\rs2 x w be b briefly describ$ "h4 ,calcium ,oxide 7,quicklime71 ,ca,o #ef4--,:5 *alk & lime/one1 :i* consi/ ( calcium c>bonate1 are heat$1 c>bonic acid is evolv$1 & calcium oxide1 commonly call$ quicklime1 is left4 ,= our purposes only v pure quicklime is to be us$4 ,its ord9>y impurities are iron oxide & magnesia3 ! =m] is f\nd 9 lime made f r$ or br[n lime/one2 ! latt] 9 lime made f dolomitic lime/one4 ,! pres5ce ( oxide ( iron is recognis$ by ! r$di% t+e ( ! quicklime2 if magnesia be pres5t1 a small quantity ( ! quicklime1 :5 mix$ ) a v l>ge quantity ( wat]1 leaves an insoluble residue :i* consi/s ( magnesia4 ,:5 quicklime & wat] are br\ght toge!r !y unite v en]getically & =m calcium hydroxide or slak$ lime4 ,accord+ to ! quantity ( wat] us$ = slak+1 ei!r dry slak$ lime1 lime pa/e1 or milk ( lime is produc$1 all ( :i* f9d a use 9 col\r mak+4 ,calcium ,hydroxide 7,slak$ ,lime71 ,ca7,,oh7 #gd4--;,9 ord] to prep>e slak$ lime1 :i* conta9s lime unit$ ) j ! necess>y quantity ( wat]1 ! pieces ( quicklime are spr9kl$ ) wat] f a wat]+ c4 ,! wat] is rapidly tak5 up & ! spr9kl+ is repeat$ until ! lumps beg9 to fall to a f9e p[d]2 9 ! process ! lime becomes v hot4 ,! slak$ lime is !n pass$ ?r\gh a sieve 9 ord] to sep>ate ! l>g] pieces ( quicklime :i* h n be5 slak$2 ! p[d] mu/ be kept 9 well clos$ packages1 s9ce x en]getically absorbs c>bonic acid out ( ! air4 ,if s mu* wat] is add$ to ! lime t a homog5e\s wet mass is =m$ :i* c be readily mov$ ) a %ovel1 "o has !n lime pa/e1 :i* c be conv5i5tly kept 9 pits z ! masons d2 x may be /or$ 9 ?is way = _m mon?s )\t appreciable alt]ation1 /ill x is bett] to keep x cov]$4 ,to prep>e milk ( lime1 s mu* wat] is us$ 9 slak+ t a milky liquid is =m$1 or ! lime pa/e is mix$ up 9 ! prop] quantity ( wat]4 ,slak$ lime dissolves 9 #gjj to #hjj p>ts ( wat]2 on /&+1 ! undissolv$ slak$ lime settles to ! bottom ( ! milk ( lime3 ?us x is bett] to prep>e milk ( lime imm$iately be=e use1 & to /ir x well to prev5t ! settl+ ( ! solid p>ticles4 ,slak$ lime 9 "o ( its =ms is (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! m co/ly cau/ic soda 9 ord] to precipitate metallic oxides f _! salts4 ,at times "o f9ds a too /rongly burnt lime1 s-call$ 8dead-burnt0 lime1 :i* is v sl[ly slak$ by wat]4 ,su* quicklime is slak$ by all[+ x to lie 9 wat] = days1 or by means ( hot wat]1 :i* accompli%es ! slak+ m quickly4 ,calcium ,c>bonate1 ,ca,c,o #ajj1 is f\nd naturally 9 l>ge quantities z *alk1 :i* consi/s ( ! skeletons ( extremely small animals4 ,by p[d]+ & levigat+1 x is conv]t$ into a s(t p[d]1 :i* is us$ to light5 ! %ade ( lakes & o!r col\rs4 ,calcium ,sulphate 7,gypsum71 ,ca,s,o4#b;,h,o #agb4--,?is m9]al1 :5 f9ely p[d]$1 is add$ to "s col\rs4 ,calcium ,phosphate 7,bone ,a%71 ,ca7,,po7 #caj1 is sometimes us$ to light5 ! %ade ( c]ta9 col\rs :i* might be injur$ by calcium c>bonate4 ,x comes 9 l>ge quantities z a f9e1 :ite p[d] f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,naturally1 only q :ite bone a% c be us$2 if n completely burnt x is grey1 & w !n impair ! %ade ( col\rs ) :i* x is mix$4 ,magnesium ,c>bonate 7,magnesia71 ,mg,c,o #hd1 is also us$ z an addition to col\rs 9 ord] to obta9 pale %ades4 ,x is mo/ *eaply obta9$ by dissolv+ magnesium sulphate 7,epsom salts7 9 wat] & add+ soda solution s long z a precipitate =ms1 :i* is !n wa%$ & dri$4 ,! magnesium c>bonate prep>$ 9 ?is way is a v f9e1 light p[d]1 insoluble 9 wat]1 :i* c be mix$ ) ! mo/ delicate col\rs )\t h>m+ !m4 ,:ite magnesia is an extremely light p[d]1 :i* may be us$ :5 x c be b\ght at z l[ a price z ! above prep>ation4 ,b>ium ,comp\nds4--,! raw mat]ial us$ = ! prep>ation ( b>ium pigm5ts is ei!r b>ium sulphate 7b>ytes1 heavy sp>7 or b>ium c>bonate 7)]ite74 ,! latt] is mu* m r>e ?an b>ytes1 :i* is almo/ exclusively employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( b>ium comp\nds4 ,! b>ium comp\nds ( p>ticul> importance = our purpose are b>ium *loride & nitrate4 ,b>ium ,*loride1 ,ba,cl4#b;,h,o #bdd4--,?is salt is n[ a common article ( trade1 & c be b\ght at a l[ price4 ,:5 pure x =ms col\rless cry/als readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,if ! col\r mak] is able to get *eap b>ytes & fuel1 x may be advantage\s = him to prep>e b>ium *loride himself4 ,to prep>e b>ium *loride f b>ytes1 ! latt] is v f9ely gr\nd & levigat$1 intimately mix$ ) coal1 & ! mixture subject$ to a v high temp]ature1 :5 b>ium sulphide is =m$1 :i* is dissolv$ by wa%+ out ! mass ) wat] & conv]t$ into b>ium *loride by add+ hydro*loric acid1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 be+ evolv$4 ,! be/ me?od is to mix #d p>ts ( b>ytes ) #a "p ( bitum9\s coal & s mu* coal-t> t a pla/ic mass is =m$1 :i* is well knead$ & made into small cyl9d]s #c c5timetres 9 diamet] & #aj c5timetres long4 ,^! cyl9d]s are plac$ 9 lay]s 9 a cyl9drical furnace ) a good draught1 :i* conta9s at ! bottom a lay] ( coal #ae to #bj c5timetres ?ick1 !n a lay] ( ! cyl9d]s1 !n aga9 coal1 & s on until ! furnace is full4 ,! l[e/ lay] ( coal is light$1 & ! :ole burnt at a bright r$ heat1 :5 ! b>ium sulphate is *ang$ into sulphide4 ,hydro*loric acid is p\r$ ov] ! residue & ! insoluble "p1 consi/+ *iefly ( unalt]$ b>ytes1 is us$ = ! next op]ation4 ,)]ite 7b>ium c>bonate7 c be conv]t$ into b>ium *loride 9 a v simple mann]4 ,hydro*loric acid is add$1 9 :i* x dissolves ) ! evolution ( c>bonic acid4 ,! solution is all[$ to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs ) excess ( )]ite2 ! :ole ( ! dissolv$ iron is ?us precipitat$4 ,! solution is !n filt]$1 evaporat$ d[n & left1 :5 pure b>ium *loride cry/allises out4 ,b>ium *loride & all soluble b>ium salts %\ld only be dissolv$ 9 pure wat] 7ra9 or di/ill$74 ,wat] :i* conta9s c>bonates or sulphates always gives a turbid solution by precipitat+ b>ium c>bonate or sulphate4 ,,alum9ium ,,comp\nds4 ,! comp\nds ( ! e>? metal alum9ium play a v important "p 9 col\r mak+1 s9ce !y =m beautifully col\r$ comp\nds ) _m organic col\r+ matt]s4 ,=m]ly alum 0 ! only mat]ial us$ 9 col\r factories = ! prep>ation ( ! alum9a comp\nds2 at pres5t alum9ium sulphate is us$1 & :5 x is suffici5tly pure x is ! mo/ valuable mat]ial1 because x conta9s ! greate/ quantity ( alum9a4 ,"u ! designation ( alum only "o comp\nd1 ! s-call$ pota% alum1 0 at "o "t f\nd 9 comm]ce1 b n[ !re are o!r alums1 :i* conta9 soda or ammonia 9 place ( pota%4 ,^! salts are ( equal use 9 col\r mak+ to pota% alum4 ,! pref]5ce is to be giv5 to ! comp\nd :i* conta9s ! l>ge/ proportion ( alum9a4 ,! *ief po9t to be obs]v$ 9 connection ) alum9a comp\nds = use 9 col\r mak+ is t !y %all be free f iron1 because iron oxide1 :i* w\ld be precipitat$ out ( ! solution along ) ! col\rs1 9 consequ5ce ( its r$ col\r w\ld spoil ! %ade ( ! pigm5t4 ,alum9ium ,sulphate 7,sulphate ( ,alum9a71 ,al7,,s74#ah;,h,o #ffd4--;,any manufactur] :o c obta9 *eap *9a clay 7kaol97 & sulphuric acid c himself prep>e ?is comp\nd ) advantage4 ,! app>atus us$ = ?is purpose is an iron pan conta9+ s&1 9 :i* is plac$ a l>ge e>!nw>e di%4 ,9 ?is di% are put v f9ely gr\nd kaol9 & /rong sulphuric acid1 & ! mixture is heat$ s /rongly t ! acid boils1 evolv+ heavy1 :ite vap\rs4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to heat 9 ?is mann] 9 ord] to avoid dang]\s accid5ts4 ,sulphuric acid bumps s viol5tly on boil+ t x may ev5 break a ?ick e>!nw>e di%4 ,! use ( a s& ba? makes ! bump+ h>mless4 ,*9a clay1 :i* consi/s ( silicate ( alum9a1 is decompos$ by heat+ ) sulphuric acid into silicic acid & sulphate ( alum9a4 ,! orig9al milky liquid becomes m transp>5t dur+ boil+1 & has at la/ ! appe>ance ( />* pa/e4 ,kaol9 conta9s v>y+ quantities ( silica4 ,! quantity ( sulphuric acid necess>y = its decomposition c only be f\nd by trial4 ,! quantities are *os5 s t a small am\nt ( kaol9 rema9s undecompos$ 9 ord] t ! alum9ium sulphate %all conta9 no free sulphuric acid4 ,:5 ! decomposition is f9i%$ ! pan is all[$ to cool & ! solid mass is br\ght into a vat fill$ ) wat]1 9 :i* x is /irr$ until dissolv$2 !n ! liquid is left until ! jelly-l mass ( silicic acid has sunk to ! bottom1 :5 ! cle> solution ( alum9ium sulphate is drawn (f & c at once be us$4 ,if solid alum9ium sulphate is requir$--& ?is is to be recomm5d$ :5 l>ge quantities are to be prep>$--! solution is evaporat$ 9 e>!nw>e di%es until a portion solidifies :5 dropp$ on a cold plate4 ,! molt5 alum9ium sulphate is !n ca/ 9 prismatic blocks1 :i* are pres]v$ 9 boxes4 ,^! blocks are ( a pure :ite col\r & v cry/all9e2 !y dissolve ) difficulty 9 cold1 b readily 9 hot wat] )\t residue4 ,! solution has an acid ta/e1 ev5 :5 x conta9s no excess ( sulphuric acid4 ,:5 ! blocks h a yell[i% t+e1 ?is d5otes ! pres5ce ( iron1 & ! solution mu/ be fre$ f ?is impurity4 ,n[adays sulphate ( alum9a c be obta9$ s *eaply t x is h>dly ( advantage to make x4 ,,! ,,alums4 ,^! are d\ble salts ( alum9ium sulphate & potassium1 sodium or ammonium sulphate4 ,!re are also o!r d\ble sulphates kn[n z alums :i*1 9 place ( alum9ium1 conta9 *romium1 iron1 etc41 b !y are n ( int]e/ "h4 ,x may /ill be obs]v$ t all alums1 :atev] _! composition1 possess ! prop]ty ( cry/allis+ toge!r f mix$ solutions1 s t cry/als c be obta9$ 9 :i* e exi/+ alum is conta9$4 ,! potassium1 sodium & ammonium alum9ium alums are us$ 9 col\r mak+4 ,potassium ,alum9ium ,alum1 ,k,al7,,s74#ab;,h,o #dgd4--,?is is ! sub/ance commonly call$ alum4 ,l all alums x cry/allises 9 f9e octah$ral cry/als1 :i* at fir/ are q transp>5t1 b sl[ly effloresce 9 ! air & become cov]$ by a :ite p[d]4 ,x dissolves ) difficulty 9 cold1 b readily 9 hot wat]4 ,! solution has at fir/ a sweet ta/e1 ) an a/r+5t aft]-ta/e4 ,alum comes into ! m>ket 9 diff]5t =ms1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 z cry/allis$ alum1 9 ! =m ( l>ge cry/als unit$ toge!r2 z alum meal1 a co>se cry/all9e p[d] obta9$ by rapidly cool+ & /irr+ a hot alum solution4 ,on acc\nt ( ! l>g] surface ?is =m dissolves m quickly ?an ! l>ge cry/als4 ,roman alum is ! "n ( a v>iety *iefly import$ f ,italy2 x owes its reputation to its great purity--x conta9s a v small quantity ( iron4 ,9 ord] to prep>e alum q free f iron f ! ord9>y alum conta9+ iron1 x is recry/allis$1 t is1 z mu* z possible is dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat] & ! solution quickly cool$ ) cont9ual /irr+2 ! small cry/als s obta9$ are !n wa%$ ) cold wat]4 ,! residual saturat$ solution ( alum1 :i* conta9s ! great] "p ( ! iron1 c be us$ = ! prep>ation ( ^? col\rs :i* are n injur$ by ! pres5ce ( iron4 ,! solubility ( alum 9 wat] v>ies greatly at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,! table gives ! weight ( alum dissolv$ by #ajj p>ts ( wat] at diff]5t temp]atures4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,temp]ature4,cry/allis$ ,alum4,anhydr\s ,alum4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #j ,c4 #cij #baj #aj 0 #ieb #dii #bj 0 #aeac #ggd #cj 0 #bbja #ajid #dj 0 #cjib #adhh #ej 0 #ddaa #bjji #fj 0 #fffe #bfgf #gj 0 #ijfg #ceaa #hj 0 #acddg #deff #ij 0 #bjica #ehfd #ajj 0 #cegdh #gdec ---------------------------------------- ----- ,:5 pota% alum is heat$ x loses wat]1 #ge p] c5t4 ( ! total at #fa ,c42 at #ib ,c4 x melts completely1 & all ! wat] is lo/ by cont9u$ heat+ at #ajj ,c4 ,! residue is kn[n z burnt alum4 ,9 alum ! :ole acidity ( ! sulphuric acid is n neutralis$2 ! solution has always an acid reaction2 if soda solution is add$1 ! escap+ c>bonic acid causes ! liquid to eff]vesce4 ,if soda solution is add$ until a fur!r addition w\ld cause a precipitate1 a solution ( s-call$ neutral alum is =m$ :i* has no long] an acid reaction4 ,neutral alum is occasionally requir$ 9 col\r mak+4 ,9 prep>+ x ! soda solution mu/ be add$ ) great c>e :5 ! liquid is ne> its po9t ( neutralisation4 ,any addition ( soda solution aft] ?is po9t is rea*$ w cause a sep>ation ( alum9a4 ,?is is n desirable1 s9ce x is g5]ally only wi%$ to precipitate ! alum9a 9 comb9ation ) col\r+ matt]s4 ,roman ,alum4--,"u ?is "n1 or t ( 8cubic alum10 a v>iety ( alum is sold1 g5]ally at a r high] price ?an ord9>y alum1 f :i* x is di/+ui%$ by its cry/all9e =m4 ,ord9>y alum =ms octah$ral cry/als (t5 ! size ( a *ild's head1 b cubic alum well =m$ cubes4 ,! prop]ty ( cry/allis+ 9 cubes may be imp>t$ to any alum solution by ! addition ( a little pota%4 ,mu* s-call$ ,roman alum is made 9 ,g]man works 9 ?is way4 ,:5 ?is alum conta9s v little iron x is q equal 9 quality to ! be/ ,roman alum1 = ! high] value ( ! latt] is entirely due to its small cont5t ( iron4 ,! alum prep>$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,naples is /ill bett] ?an ,roman alum2 x conta9s less iron4 ,:5 alum is requir$ = ! prep>ation ( lakes ( bright & delicate %ades1 x is indisp5sable to use a prep>ation free f iron1 because ! br[ni% yell[ oxide ( iron w\ld appreciably injure ! %ade4 ,alum1 free f iron1 is mo/ simply prep>$ by dissolv+ alum 9 boil+ wat]1 runn+ ! boil+ solution quickly ?r\gh a clo?1 & quickly cool+ ) con/ant /irr+4 ,! alum meal prep>$ 9 ?is way conta9s mu* less iron ?an ! orig9al alum1 ! iron salts rema9+ dissolv$ 9 ! "m liquor4 ,:5 ?is alum meal is collect$ & cold wat] p\r$ ov] x to free x f "m liquor1 x is g5]ally suffici5tly pure to be us$ = any purpose1 b if n1 x is aga9 recry/allis$4 ,! alum liquors conta9+ ! iron are us$ = ! prep>ation ( col\rs :i* are n injur$ by ! pres5ce ( iron4 ,to te/ alum = iron yell[ prussiate ( pota% is us$1 :i* gives a blue precipitate ) f]ric salts4 ,! te/ is c>ri$ out by dissolv+ #aj grammes ( alum 9 #a litre ( wat]1 plac+ ! solution 9 a tall1 n>r[ cyl9d] /&+ on :ite pap]1 add+ #aj to #bj drops ( a saturat$ solution ( yell[ prussiate1 & well /irr+4 ,on look+ d[n ?r\gh ! liquid1 if a di/9ct col\ration is at once evid5t1 ! alum conta9s mu* iron1 & mu/ be recry/allis$2 inde$1 ! cry/als w\ld g5]ally be col\r$ yell[4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! solution does n %[ a blue t9t until aft] /&+ sev]al days1 ! alum conta9s b a small quantity ( iron1 & c be us$ = mo/ purposes )\t fur!r purification4 ,alum q free f iron is a r>e comm]cial article2 ! te/ w g5]ally %[ a feeble blue col\ration4 ,if ?is is n int5se & no blue precipitate is deposit$ at ! bottom1 ! alum is tol]ably pure1 & c be us$ 9 col\r works4 ,! long] ! "t be=e ! blue col\ration appe>s ! poor] is ! alum 9 iron4 ,soda ,alum1 ,na,al7,,s74#ab;,h,o #deh1 is made 9 "s alum works4 ,x has ! greate/ simil>ity 9 prop]ties ) ! pota% salt1 b is di/+ui%$ by a mu* great] solubility 9 wat] & m rapid effloresc5ce 9 air4 ,soda alum c be b\ght at v>y+ prices2 t conta9+ iron is mu* *eap] ?an t free f iron4 ,:5 ! latt] is to be b\ght at a fair price x is to be pref]r$ to pota% alum1 s9ce1 z we %all %[ lat]1 x conta9s a l>g] proportion ( alum9a4 ,ammonia ,alum1 7,,nh7,al7,,s74#ab;,h,o #dec4--,?is comp\nd ( alum9ium sulphate & ammonium sulphate is n[ (t5 met )2 ! m exp5sive potassium sulphate 9 ord9>y alum is replac$ by ammonium sulphate1 :i* is *eaply obta9$ f ! ammoniacal liquor ( ! gas works4 ,ammonia alum is bett] = our purpose ?an pota% alum s9ce x conta9s m alum9a1 is g5]ally *eap] & dissolves m easily 9 wat]4 ,un=tunately mo/ comm]cial ammonia alum conta9s s mu* iron t x has to be recry/allis$ be=e x c be us$ 9 col\r works4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( wat] dissolve at diff]5t temp]atures ! quantities ( ammonia alum giv5 9 ! table3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,temp]ature4,cry/allis$ ,ammonia ,alum4,anhydr\s ,ammonia ,alum4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #j ,c4 #ebb #bfb #aj 0 #iaf #dej #bj 0 #acff #feg #cj 0 #aibi #ije #dj 0 #bgbg #abce #ej 0 #cfea #aeij #fj 0 #eabi #baie #gj 0 #gaig #bfji #hj 0 #ajcjh #ceai #ij 0 #ahghb #ejcj #ajj 0 #dbaij #gjhc ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,( ! diff]5t alums1 ammonia alum conta9s ! l>ge/ & pota% alum ! smalle/ proportion ( alum9a4 ,! composition ( ! ?ree commonly occurr+ alums is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,pota% ,alum4,soda ,alum4,ammonia ,alum4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,pota%1 ,k,o #iie ,soda1 ,na,o #fhj ,ammonia1 ,,nh #chi ,alum9a1 ,al,o #ajhc #aabj #aaij ,sulphuric acid1 ,,s #ccga #cdij #cfaj ,wat]1 ,h,o #deea #dgaj #dhaa ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,?us ammonia alum is to be pref]r$ to soda alum & soda to pota% alum1 :il/ ! latt] is us$ on acc\nt ( its great] purity4 ,9 a col\r works1 9 :i* l>ge quantities ( alum are us$1 x is advantage\s to "w ) ammonia alum :i* is recry/allis$ on ! works4 ,! alums & alum9ium sulphate are ! alum9a comp\nds 9 ord9>y use 9 col\r works2 alum9ium acetate c\ld also be us$ if x 7 to be _h at a reasonable price4 ,alum9a1 ,al,o #ajb1 & ,hydrate ( ,alum9a4--,pure alum9a1 or r hydrate ( alum9a1 is requir$ 9 ! prep>ation ( _m col\rs4 ,:5 ! solution ( an alum9ium salt is precipitat$ by soda1 ! c>bonic acid escapes ) eff]vesc5ce1 & a gelat9\s precipitate is =m$ :i* x is extremely difficult to wa% clean4 ,! precipitate1 :i* consi/s ( hydrate ( alum9a1 %r9ks v greatly 9 dry+1 & turns to a horny mass2 :5 /rongly heat$ x loses wat]1 & becomes a :ite1 insoluble p[d] ( anhydr\s alum9a4 ,a v>iety ( hydrate ( alum9a1 heavy1 & !re=e easily wa%$1 is obta9$ by boil+ a solution ( alum ) a plate ( z9c ly+ on a copp] plate until all ! alum9a has sep>at$4 ,by collect+ ?is on a filt] & p\r+ hot wat] ov] x a numb] ( times x is obta9$ q pure4 ,alum9a plays a p>ticul>ly important "p 9 ! manufacture ( cobalt col\rs4 ,:5 treat$ ) a cobalt salt & heat$ x takes a f9e blue %ade4 ,9 ! =ego+ ^? metals & _! comp\nds h be5 treat$ :i* are ext5sively us$ 9 prep>+ col\rs )\t !mselves =m+ col\r$ comp\nds4 ,! *romates & prussiates are an exception to ?is4 ,! ammonia comp\nds1 ! alkalis & alkal9e e>?s1 also ! acids1 are us$ 9 mak+ _m col\rs1 al?\gh !y d n conta9 col\r+ pr9ciples4 ,! alum9a comp\nds are 9 simil> case4 ,!mselves col\rless1 !y =m at ! same "t a c>ri] = ! col\r$ comp\nd & br+ x into a suitable =m = use z a pigm5t4 ,an example w expla9 :at we mean by 8c>ri]0 ( ! col\r+ matt]4 ,logwood conta9s a v h&some col\r+ matt] :i* c be extract$ by wat]4 ,9 ord] to be able to employ ?is col\r+ matt] z a pigm5t x is comb9$ ) alum9a1 a comp\nd insoluble 9 wat] be+ =m$1 :i* is call$ a lake4 ,9 ?is comp\nd ! alum9a is to be reg>d$ z ! c>ri] ( ! col\r+ matt]1 :i* x has fix$ 9 an insoluble =m4 ,9 dye+1 :i* 9 _m respects is closely alli$ to col\r mak+1 ! prop]ty ( c]ta9 metallic comp\nds1 !mselves col\rless1 ( fix+ dyes is commonly utilis$1 ! metallic comp\nd be+ call$ ! mordant4 ,! fabric is fir/ prep>$ ) ! metallic comp\nd or mordant1 & ! col\r !n =m$ by br++ ! mordant$ mat]ial 9 contact ) ! col\r+ matt]4 ,! 8heavy metals0 =m1 among _! num]\s comp\nds1 a great numb] ( col\r$ sub/ances1 & sev]al ( !m are di/+ui%$ by a great weal? ( col\r$ d]ivatives2 = example1 copp]1 *romium & cobalt =m col\r$ comp\nds only4 ,al?\gh ! use ( pigm5ts d]iv$ f ! heavy metals has be5 consid]ably re/rict$ 9 rec5t ye>s by ! discov]y ( a s]ies ( col\r+ matt]s :i* replace !m1 yet !y are n[1 & always w be1 ( v great importance 9 ! manufacture ( col\rs4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y briefly to describe ! v>i\s metals :i* are us$ 9 col\r mak+1 s t ! manufactur] may "k :at metals produce h>mless col\rs1 p]man5t & unalt]$ by ! atmosph]e1 & :at d n4 ,! metals are divid$ into two great gr\ps1 designat$1 accord+ to _! specific gravities1 ! gr\p ( ! light & ( ! heavy metals4 ,! light metals comprise ! alkali1 alkal9e e>? & e>? metals1 ^: important comp\nds we h j describ$4 ,! specific gravity ( ea* ( ^! metals is less ?an five times t ( wat]4 ,! heavy metals h a specific gravity exce$+ #e2 !y are g5]ally divid$ into gr\ps1 :i* are kn[n by ! "n ( ! commone/ metal 9 ! gr\p4 ,^! are z foll[s3-- ,z9c gr\p ,z9c1 ,zn #fe4 ,iron gr\p ,iron1 ,fe #ef4 ,tung/5 gr\p ,tung/51 ,w #ahd4 ,antimony gr\p ,antimony1 ,sb #abj4 ,t9 gr\p ,t91 ,sn #aai4 ,lead gr\p ,lead1 ,pb #bjg4 ,silv] gr\p ,silv]1 ,ag #ajh4 ,gold gr\p ,gold1 ,au #aig4 ,plat9um gr\p ,plat9um1 ,pt #aid4 ,to ! z9c gr\p belong ! metals z9c1 cadmium & indium1 ( :i* only ! two fir/ are ( importance "h4 ,! iron gr\p comprises iron1 manganese1 cobalt1 nickel1 *romium & uranium1 all ( :i* are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( col\rs4 ,! antimony gr\p conta9s antimony & bismu?1 ! latt] ( :i* is ( little importance4 ,to ! t9 gr\p belong t9 & ! r>e metals titanium1 zirconium1 ?orium1 niobium & tantalum2 ( ^! t9 alone is important 9 col\r mak+4 ,9 ! lead gr\p are lead & ?allium2 lead produces _m important pigm5ts4 ,! silv] gr\p conta9s silv]1 copp] & m]cury1 ! two latt] ( :i* are important4 ,( ! gold gr\p gold alone is ( int]e/1 & its importance has be5 dim9i%$ by ! discov]y ( f> *eap] sub/ances :i* replace x4 ,9 ! plat9um gr\p1 :i* conta9s plat9um1 iridium1 rhodium1 ru!nium1 palladium & osmium1 only plat9um itself is us$ z a col\r2 x is employ$ 9 porcela9 pa9t+ to produce ! peculi> metallic %imm] kn[n te*nically z 8lu/re40 ,! behavi\r ( ! comp\nds1 ( ! metals m5tion$ above t[>ds sulphurett$ hydrog5 is ( ! greate/ importance to ! col\r mak]1 s9ce on x dep5ds ! alt]ability ( ! pigm5ts :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,_m metallic comp\nds are unalt]$ by ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 pres5t 9 ! air1 :il/ o!rs are 9 a high degree affect$ by x & become gradually d>k]1 s t _! col\r may 9 ! end approximate to black4 ,! pigm5ts conta9+ lead1 copp]1 m]cury & bismu? are extremely susceptible to ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 by ! action ( :i* !y =m black comp\nds4 ,s9ce col\rs :i* conta9 ^! metals are n p]man5t1 b d>k5 consid]ably1 endeav\rs h be5 made = a long "t to replace !m by o!rs n susceptible to ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,?us x is desirable to manufacture only col\rs free f metals =m+ black comp\nds ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,= ! same reason pigm5ts :i* conta9 sulphur %\ld n be mix$ ) ^? conta9+ metals :i* =m black sulphur comp\nds4 ,! rules laid d[n 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs are ( ! greate/ importance = ! arti/1 = by foll[+ !m he w succe$ 9 compos+ a 8p]man5t palette10 t is1 conta9+ only su* col\rs z w n1 by _! composition1 br+ ab\t ! spe$y ru9 ( ! pa9t+4 ,al?\gh ! majority ( ! comp\nds ( ! heavy metals are poison\s1 "s possess ?is prop]ty 9 an em95t degree4 ,^! are *iefly col\rs :i* conta9 ars5ic1 antimony1 copp] & lead4 ,s f> z x is possible1 ^! col\rs %\ld be disp5s$ ) & h>mless pigm5ts sold 9 _! place1 ?\gh ?is is n always possible1 s9ce sev]al poison\s col\rs _c be replac$ by innocu\s ones4 ,,comp\nds ,,( ,,! ,,heavy ,,metals4 ,z9c ,comp\nds4--,z9c oxide1 ,zn,o1 & z9c sulphate1 ,zn,s,o4#g;,h,o1 are ! comp\nds ( ?is metal us$ 9 ! col\r indu/ry4 ,z9c oxide1 :i* is us$ z a :ite pigm5t1 is a p[d] :i* turns yell[ :5 heat$1 & is n act$ ^u by sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,z9c sulphate 7:ite vitriol7 occurs z col\rless cry/als1 or m frequ5tly z greyi% :ite cry/all9e masses4 ,! fre$om ( z9c sulphate f iron is ( p>ticul> importance2 ! comm]cial article is seldom satisfactory 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ord] to free comm]cial z9c sulphate f iron1 ! prop]ty ( z9c hydroxide ( precipitat+ iron oxide f neutral solutions may be employ$4 ,! z9c sulphate is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ammonia add$ 9 small quantities until ! precipitate ( z9c hydroxide rema9s on /irr+4 ,:5 ! liquid is left 9 contact ) ! precipitate & /irr$ up once or twice a day1 if iron is pres5t ! precipitate w turn yell[i% br[n1 ow+ to ! sep>ation ( f]ric hydroxide1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few days all ! iron w be remov$ f solution4 ,! liquid %\ld !n give no blue col\ration ) yell[ prussiate ( pota%4 ,z9c oxide is us$ z a :ite pigm5t1 z9c *romate z a yell[1 & z9c cobalt comp\nds z gre5 col\rs4 ,cadmium ,comp\nds4--,cadmium is a metal :i* possesses great simil>ity to z9c1 ) :i* x occurs 9 nature4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( cadmium comp\nds ! metal is g5]ally us$4 ,?is is dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 hydrog5 is evolv$1 & a solution ( cadmium sulphate obta9$4 ,cadmium is us$ 9 col\r mak+ only = ! prep>ation ( ! beautiful cadmium yell[s4 ,iron ,comp\nds4--,^! are ( ! greate/ importance to ! col\r mak]4 ,sev]al1 9 :i* iron alone is ! col\r pr9ciple1 are v valuable3 o*re1 r\ge1 ,v5etian r$1 si5na & umb]1 = example4 ,iron comp\nds are also us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( _m col\rs4 ,! mo/ important is3-- ,f]r\s ,sulphate 7,gre5 ,vitriol1 ,copp]as71 ,fe,s,o4#g;,h#j4--,?is sub/ance1 :i* occurs comm]cially 9 a =m ( great purity at a v l[ price1 is g5]ally ! />t+ po9t 9 ! prep>ation ( iron pigm5ts4 ,:5 pure1 x =ms f9e sea-gre5 cry/als1 ) an a/r+5t metallic ta/e1 :i* are n poison\s & are easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,aft] long exposure to ! air1 f]r\s sulphate becomes cov]$ ) an o*re-col\r$ cru/1 consi/+ ( basic f]ric sulphate4 ,! f]r\s oxide conta9$ 9 ! gre5 vitriol has unit$ ) oxyg5 & be5 conv]t$ into f]ric oxide4 ,! latt] requires a l>g] quantity ( acid ?an f]r\s oxide = ! =mation ( soluble salts1 s t an insoluble basic salt is sep>at$4 ,! same ?+ occurs :5 a solution ( f]r\s sulphate is expos$ to ! air4 ,:5 gre5 vitriol1 or any o!r f]r\s salt1 is expos$ to ! action ( oxidis+ ag5ts1 su* z *lor9e or nitric acid1 ! iron is rapidly *ang$ into ! f]ric /ate4 ,?is trans=mation is ( p>ticul> importance 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 blue pigm5ts4 ,we give 9 a table ! relation betwe5 ! p]c5tage ( cry/allis$ f]r\s sulphate 7,fe,s,o4#g;,h,o7 conta9$ 9 a solution at #ae ,c4 & its specific gravity3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,specific ,p]c5tage ( ,specific ,p]c5tage ( ,gravity4,f]r\s ,sulphate4,gravity4,f]r\s ,sulphate4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #ajjj #j #aaah #ba #ajje #a #aabe #bb #ajaa #b #aaca #bc #ajaf #c #aacg #bd #ajba #d #aadc #be #ajbg #e #aadi #bf #ajcb #f #aaee #bg #ajcg #g #aafa #bh #ajdc #h #aafh #bi #ajdh #i #aagd #cj #ajed #aj #aahj #ca #ajei #aa #aahg #cb #ajfe #ab #aaic #cc #ajga #ac #abjj #cd #ajgg #ad #abjf #ce #ajhb #ae #abac #cf #ajhh #af #abai #cg #ajid #ag #abbf #ch #aajj #ah #abcb #ci #aajf #ai #abci #dj #aaab #bj ---- ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,yell[ & r$ prussiate1 :i* h be5 already m5tion$1 also belong to ! iron comp\nds4 ,!y h be5 sep>ately m5tion$ because ! iron is conta9$ 9 !m 9 a peculi> =m z a portion ( an organic radical4 ,f]r\s ,*loride1 ,fe,cl1 may sometimes be us$ in/ead ( gre5 vitriol4 ,:5 iron is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid hydrog5 is giv5 (f & a solution ( f]r\s *loride is obta9$2 b :5 r\ge is dissolv$ 9 ! same acid1 f]ric *loride is =m$4 ,:5 iron is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 9 consequ5ce ( ! oxidis+ prop]ties ( ?is acid a f]ric salt is obta9$4 ,iron =ms two s]ies ( salts3 9 ! f]r\s comp\nds ! iron is 9 ! same =m z 9 gre5 vitriol & ! correspond+ salts2 9 ! f]ric comp\nds ! iron is conta9$ 9 a high] /ate ( oxidation4 ,by p[]ful oxidis+ ag5ts1 z nitric acid or *lor9e1 f]r\s comp\nds are conv]t$ into f]ric4 ,manganese ,comp\nds4--,manganese 7,mn7 is a metal ^: comp\nds %[ great simil>ity ) ^? ( iron1 l :i* x =ms two oxides 7also o!rs71 mangan\s oxide 7,mn,o7 & manganic oxide 7,mn,o74 ,! salts ( mangan\s oxide are n oxidis$ 9 ! air l ^? ( f]r\s oxide4 ,! raw mat]ial us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( manganese comp\nds is ! m9]al pyrolusite1 :i* is manganese dioxide 7,mn,o74 ,manganese sulphate 7,mn,s,o7 =ms rose-r$ cry/als conta9+ v>y+ quantities ( wat]4 ,! residues f ! prep>ation ( *lor9e c be us$ z ! mat]ial = ! prep>ation ( col\rs4 ,accord+ z pyrolusite & hydro*loric acid or pyrolusite1 salt & sulphuric acid are us$ = ?is purpose a solution ( mangan\s *loride or sulphate is obta9$4 ,manganese comp\nds h b a re/rict$ use 9 col\r mak+4 ,nickel ,comp\nds are g5]ally col\r$ gre51 b !y are n us$ z pigm5ts4 ,cobalt ,comp\nds4--,among ^! are f\nd _m important pigm5ts4 ,all cobalt comp\nds are col\r$2 9 beauty & v>iety ( %ade !y c only be comp>$ ) ^? ( *romium4 ,9 prop]ties cobalt is v simil> to iron & nickel4 ,! =m 9 :i* cobalt is us$ 9 prep>+ col\rs is ei!r cobalt nitrate1 ,co7,,no74#f;,h,o1 or cobalt *loride1 ,co,cl4#f;,h,o4 ,bo? salts are articles ( comm]ce1 b g5]ally !y are s de> t x is m pr(itable = ! col\r mak] to prep>e !m direct f ! cobalt m9]als4 ,a simple me?od = prep>+ cobalt comp\nds f ! ores is !re=e giv54 ,! mo/ important cobalt ores are speiss cobalt1 a comp\nd ( cobalt & ars5ic1 & cobalt glance1 a comp\nd ( cobalt1 ars5ic & sulphur4 ,! =m] m9]al (t5 conta9s only small quantities ( cobalt1 & x is advisable = our purposes to use cobalt glance1 :i* conta9s f ?irty to =ty p] c5t4 ( cobalt4 ,?is m9]al is fir/ roa/$1 t is1 is heat$ ) a pl5tiful air supply1 by :i* means ! ars5ic is driv5 (f4 ,on acc\nt ( ! poison\s nature ( ! ars5ic vap\rs ! roa/+ mu/ be conduct$ 9 a furnace ) a v good draught4 ,"u ! "n ( zaffre1 roa/$ cobalt ores come into comm]ce4 ,^! may be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( cobalt comp\nds1 by :i* means ! op]ation ( roa/+ is avoid$4 ,accord+ to ! quality ( ! ore :i* has be5 us$ to obta9 zaffre1 x conta9s a v v>y+ proportion ( cobalt4 ,! v>ieties ri*] 9 cobalt mu/ be us$2 !y are te*nically kn[n by ! m>k ,,fs1 or ,,ffs 7! be/74 ,! roa/$ cobalt ores or zaffre are treat$ ) fus$ acid potassium sulphate1 :5 ! salts ( iron & manganese are decompos$1 :il/ cobalt & nickel sulphates rema9 un*ang$4 ,9 a ,hessian crucible are melt$ #cjj p>ts ( acid potassium sulphate1 & #ajj p>ts ( ! p[d]$ zaffre are gradually add$1 mix$ ) "o "p ( gre5 vitriol & "o "p ( saltpetre2 ! mixture is heat$ s long z sulphuric acid escapes4 ,! mass is !n boil$ ) wat] & ! r$ solution treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 s long z a precipitate is =m$2 ?is may conta9 copp]1 manganese1 & bismu?4 ,aft] filt]+1 soda is add$ to ! boil+ liquid2 cobalt c>bonate is precipitat$1 :i* c be conv]t$ into nitrate or *loride by solution 9 ! correspond+ acid4 ,if cobalt sulphate is requir$1 ! solution1 aft] treatm5t ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 ne$ only be evaporat$ to cry/allisation1 :5 ! sulphate sep>ates 9 f9e r$ cry/als4 ,cobalt nitrate & *loride are v soluble 9 wat]2 to obta9 !m _! solutions mu/ be /rongly evaporat$ & quickly cool$ :il/ /irr+4 ,! cry/als ( cobalt nitrate & *loride absorb moi/ure f ! air & deliquesce2 !y mu/ be kept 9 glass vessels ) well-gr\nd /opp]s4 ,! cobalt comp\nds :i* are to be us$ 9 col\r mak+ mu/ be free f iron1 nickel & ars5ic1 :i* w\ld detract f ! cleanness ( ! col\rs4 ,if ! precipitate produc$ by soda conta9s iron x is mix$ ) excess ( solution ( oxalic acid1 & aft] a few h\rs ! cobalt oxalate is filt]$ f ! liquid1 9 :i* all ! iron is dissolv$4 ,! cobalt oxalate c !n be conv]t$ into nitrate or *loride by treatm5t ) nitric or hydro*loric acids4 ,^! salts =m ! mat]ial = ! prep>ation ( ! cobalt comp\nds1 a l>ge numb] ( :i* are us$ z extremely durable r$1 blue & gre5 pigm5ts2 sev]al ( !m1 su* z cobalt blue1 _c be exactly replac$ by o!r pigm5ts4 ,on acc\nt ( ! indu/rial importance ( ! cobalt col\rs1 ^! directions = ! prep>ation ( ! soluble cobalt salts f ! ores h be5 giv5 ) "s detail4 ,! prep>ation ( ! cobalt col\rs w be giv5 9 ext5so lat] on4 ,*romium ,comp\nds4--,z ! "n indicates1 ?is metal yields num]\s col\r$ comp\nds 71 col\r72 9 fact1 only col\r$ *romium comp\nds are kn[n1 & ! col\rs are mo/ v>i$--yell[1 gre51 r$ & violet4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! *romium comp\nds are among ! mo/ important us$ 9 col\r mak+2 a great numb] ( col\rs are prep>$ by _! aid4 ,*rome iron/one1 z we h already /at$1 is ! raw mat]ial = ! prep>ation ( *romium comp\nds4 ,f x potassium bi*romate is made on a l>ge scale 9 special works1 s t no col\r mak] is compell$ to prep>e *romium salts himself4 ,:5 ! *romium pigm5ts conta9 no metal black5$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 !y h ! desirable prop]ty ( be+ unalt]$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,l ! cobalt comp\nds1 !y are di/+ui%$ by _! great /ability :5 heat$2 on ?is acc\nt1 !y h a l>ge use 9 porcela9 pa9t+4 ,molybd5um1 ,tung/5 & ,vanadium ,comp\nds on acc\nt ( _! co/ h a v limit$ use z pigm5ts4 ,molybd5um comp\nds are obta9$ f molybdic acid2 comp\nds ( tung/5 f ! metal2 & ^? ( vanadium f ammonium vanadate4 ,antimony ,comp\nds c be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( sev]al pigm5ts1 b1 on acc\nt ( _! behavi\r t[>ds sulphurett$ hydrog51 ! pigm5ts _c be reg>d$ z really p]man5t1 & _! use is g5]ally dim9i%+4 ,! s-call$ antimony v]milion is ! only antimony comp\nd at all ext5sively employ$4 ,bismu? ,comp\nds possess prop]ties v simil> to ^? ( antimony4 ,only "o bismu? prep>ation is us$ z a pigm5t1 & ?is is v s5sitive to ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 be+ *ang$ into black bismu? sulphide4 ,t9 ,comp\nds are employ$ 9 two ways3 "s are !mselves col\rs1 su* z /annic sulphide 7mosaic gold72 o!rs1 !mselves col\rless1 are us$ 9 mak+ pigm5ts1 z /ann\s & /annic *lorides4 ,/ann\s ,*loride1 ,sn,cl4#b ,h,o1 is obta9$ :5 t9 is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 hydrog5 be+ evolv$4 ,/annic ,*loride1 ,sn,cl1 is =m$ :5 t9 is dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( hydro*loric & nitric acids 7aqua regia74 ,t9 comp\nds h1 simil>ly to alum9ium salts1 ! prop]ty ( =m+ col\r$ insoluble comp\nds 7lakes7 ) _m organic col\r+ matt]s4 ,_! use = ?is purpose is ext5sive4 ,ars5ic ,comp\nds =m]ly play$ an important "p 9 col\r mak+4 ,!y 7 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( a l>ge numb] ( pigm5ts1 v beautiful b extremely poison\s4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 we c1 =tunately1 entirely disp5se ) ars5ic 9 col\r mak+2 ! ars5ic col\rs c be replac$ by o!rs equally h&some & less1 or n at all poison\s4 ,! mo/ important ( ! ars5ic comp\nds is ! trioxide ,z,o1 or ,ars5i\s ,acid1 comm]cially kn[n z :ite ars5ic4 ,?is sub/ance is obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities z a by-product 9 ! extraction ( sev]al metals4 ,x =ms masses :i* are ei!r glassy or h ! appe>ance ( porcela94 ,fre%ly sublim$ ars5ic trioxide is glassy2 ?is =m gradually *anges into ! porcellane\s v>iety1 x dissolves ) difficulty 9 wat]4 ,a /rong solution c only be obta9$ by boil+ = _m h\rs4 ,! comp\nds ( ars5ic ) sulphur1 =m]ly ext5sively us$ z pigm5ts1 h n[ almo/ fall5 into disuse4 ,lead ,comp\nds belong to ! sub/ances mo/ l>gely us$ 9 mak+ col\rs4 ,un=tunately all lead col\rs h two v important drawbacks4 ,!y are all v poison\s & at ! same "t extremely s5sitive to sulphurett$ hydrog51 s t !y are v consid]ably alt]$ by ! action ( ! small quantities ( t gas conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( an ord9>y dwell+4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is is se5 9 ! lead pa9ts us$ on ! doors ( wat]-closets4 ,! pa9t1 at fir/ pure :ite1 becomes gradually d>k]1 & at la/ almo/ black1 ! lead comp\nd hav+ be5 *ang$ into black lead sulphide4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is great s5sitiv5ess ( lead comp\nds1 x w\ld be bett] if !y c\ld be exclud$ f ! li/ ( col\rs4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to mix lead comp\nds ) o!rs :i* conta9 sulphur2 a discol\ration ( ! mixture w\ld be ! inevitable result 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! oxides ( lead & a numb] ( its salts are !mselves pigm5ts1 = example1 li?>ge1 ,pb,o1 r$ lead1 ,pb,o1 & :ite lead 7basic lead c>bonate74 ,^! pigm5ts are prep>$ on a l>ge scale 9 p>ticul> works4 ,at ?is po9t only ^? lead comp\nds w be m5tion$ :i* are g5]ally us$ = ! prep>ation ( o!r lead pigm5ts2 !y are3 lead sulphate1 nitrate1 acetate & *loride4 ,lead ,sulphate1 ,pb,s,o1 is =m$ :5 sulphuric acid or ! solution ( a sulphate is add$ to ! solution ( a lead salt2 s obta9$ x is a :ite cry/all9e p[d] insoluble 9 wat]4 ,?is sub/ance is g5]ally n made 9 col\r works1 b is pur*as$ f *emical works or dye h\ses1 ( :i* x is a by-product4 ,9 ?is =m 7lead bottoms7 x is g5]ally n suffici5tly pure1 b conta9s admixtures ( sulphuric acid or alum9ium salts1 f :i* x is fre$ by wa%+4 ,! lead sulphate is /irr$ up 9 wat]1 ! heavy precipitate all[$ to settle1 ! wa% wat] drawn (f1 & aft] repeat+ ?is process until ! wa% wat] no long] %[s an acid reaction1 ! purifi$ precipitate is dri$4 ,9 ?is condition x is a heavy1 :ite p[d]1 & c alone be gr\nd into pa9t4 ,b on acc\nt ( its cry/all9e nature1 :i* r$uces ! cov]+ p[]1 su* use is inadvisable4 ,lead ,nitrate1 ,pb7,,no74--,?is v important comp\nd may be b\ght1 b x is advisable to prep>e x 9 ! works4 ,wat] is plac$ 9 a wood5 tub1 !n half ! volume ( nitric acid is add$1 & f9ely p[d]$ li?>ge gradually /irr$ 91 ! liquid be+ kept 9 con/ant movem5t4 ,:5 x is se5 t ! li?>ge is only sl[ly dissolv$1 ! liquid is well /irr$ aft] ea* addition ( li?>ge & !n te/$ by litmus pap]4 ,:5 ?is is no long] r$d5$1 ! nitric acid is completely saturat$1 & ! liquid conta9s only lead nitrate 9 solution4 ,x is all[$ to /& until ! insoluble portions h settl$1 & !n drawn (f into ano!r vessel :]e cry/als ( lead nitrate sep>ate 9 a few days4 ,if ! salt be requir$ 9 solid =m1 ! solution may be evaporat$ 9 e>!nw>e di%es2 g5]ally ! solution is us$ z x is obta9$4 ,pure lead nitrate =ms :ite cry/als :i* are n p>ticul>ly soluble 9 wat]1 #a "p requir+ #b p>ts ( wat] at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,lead nitrate is decompos$ on heat+1 l all nitrates1 & li?>ge rema9s4 ,! solution ( ?is salt is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ^? lead pigm5ts :i* are obta9$ by precipitation1 = example1 *rome yell[4 ,lead ,acetate1 ,pb7,c,h,o74#c;,h,o4--,! comp\nds ( lead ) acetic acid are ( great importance4 ,two ( ^! are to be consid]$3 neutral lead acetate1 commonly kn[n z sug> ( lead1 & basic lead acetate4 ,x may be advisable to manufacture bo? ^! comp\nds1 ! latt] always4 ,neutral lead acetate comes into comm]ce 9 ! =m ( col\rless heavy cry/als1 :i* are (t5 cov]$ by a :ite p[d] ( ! basic acetate2 !y dissolve readily 9 wat]1 & ! solution has a sweeti% ta/e1 h5ce ! "n 8sug> ( lead04 ,frequ5tly ! solution is v turbid2 ?is is caus$ by ! c>bonates conta9$ 9 ! wat]4 ,! turbidity may be remov$ by ! addition ( a little acetic acid4 ,x is only economical = ! col\r mak] to prep>e sug> ( lead :5 he c obta9 *eap raw mat]ials1 lead or li?>ge & v9eg>4 ,pyroligne\s acid may also be us$ if x is col\rless1 its od\r be+ )\t importance = ?is purpose4 ,! be/ me?od = prep>+ lead acetate f li?>ge is to place ! v9eg> 9 a tub & hang 9 x a /rong l95 bag fill$ ) f9ely gr\nd li?>ge4 ,! tub is kept cov]$ = a few days & its cont5ts !n te/$ ) r$ litmus pap]4 ,:5 ?is is turn$ blue1 ! liquid is drawn (f & v9eg> gradually add$ :il/ /irr+1 until blue litmus pap] is j turn$ r$4 ,9 ?is process1 aft] neutral lead acetate has be5 =m$1 m lead oxide is dissolv$1 & ! liquid ?us acquires an alkal9e reaction4 ,! fur!r addition ( acetic acid reconv]ts ! basic salt into neutral lead acetate4 ,lead acetate solution may1 ) advantage1 be prep>$ directly f metallic lead4 ,= ?is purpose1 lead is granulat$ by melt+ & p\r+ 9 a ?9 /ream into cold wat]1 :]e x solidifies 9 irregul> pieces4 ,?is is done 9 ord] to give ! lead z l>ge a surface z possible4 ,?ree high n>r[ tubs plac$ "o above ! o!r s t liquid may fl[ f ! highe/ to ! middle1 & f ?is into ! l[e/1 are fill$ ) granulat$ lead4 ,v9eg> is plac$ 9 ! upp]mo/ vessel to cov] ! lead2 aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs x is all[$ to fl[ into ! middle1 & aft] a fur!r tw5ty-f\r h\rs into ! l[e/ tub4 ,9 ?is way1 a solution ( basic lead acetate is =m$1 to :i* ! necess>y quantity ( acetic acid is add$ to br+ x into ! neutral condition4 ,if cry/all9e lead acetate is requir$1 ! liquid is evaporat$ d[n & quickly cool$ ) /irr+1 s t small cry/als are =m$4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 evaporation is unnecess>y1 s9ce lead acetate is always us$ 9 solution 9 prep>+ col\rs4 ,if ! lead acetate solution be n col\rless1 :i* is g5]ally ! case :5 col\r$ acetic acid is us$1 ! defect may be remov$ by /irr+ a little bone black into ! liquid & filt]+ aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 a completely col\rless solution is obta9$4 ,x is always necess>y to "k exactly h[ mu* lead acetate is conta9$ 9 ! solutions prep>$ by ^! processes4 ,! lead or ! li?>ge is !re=e weigh$ & ! volume ( ! lead acetate solution measur$4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts by weight ( cry/allis$ lead acetate are obta9$ f #fbed p>ts ( lead4 ,lead acetate solutions mu/ be kept 9 well-cov]$ vessels4 ,! c>bonic acid ( ! air w turn ! liquid turbid4 ,! turbidity may be remov$ by ! addition ( acetic acid4 ,9 ! foll[+ table is giv5 ! p]c5tage ( cry/allis$ lead acetate conta9$ 9 solutions ( diff]5t specific gravities3-- ---------------------------------------- ,specific,cry/allis$,specific,cry/allis$ ,gravity4,lead ,acetate,gravity4,lead ,acetate p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- #ajjjj #j #aahfi #bf #ajjfd #a #aaiee #bg #ajabg #b #abjdj #bh #ajaia #c #ababf #bi #ajbee #d #abbaa #cj #ajcai #e #abcjc #ca #ajchf #f #abcie #cb #ajdec #g #abdhf #cc #ajebj #h #abegh #cd #ajehg #i #abffi #ce #ajfed #aj #abgfh #cf #ajgbe #aa #abhfg #cg #ajgif #ab #abiff #ch #ajhfg #ac #acjfd #ci #ajici #ad #acafc #dj #aajaj #ae #acbfi #da #aajhd #af #accgf #db #aaaei #ag #acdhb #dc #aabcd #ah #acehh #dd #aacji #ai #acfie #de #aachd #bj #achaj #df #aadfd #ba #acibe #dg #aaedd #bb #adjda #dh #aafbd #bc #adaef #di #aagjd #bd #adbga #ej #aaghd #be ---- ---- ---------------------------------------- ,basic ,lead ,acetate1 ,pb7,c,h,o74#b,pb,o4--,?is salt may be reg>d$ z a comp\nd ( neutral lead acetate ) lead oxide4 ,x is obta9$ by dige/+ v9eg> ) excess ( li?>ge or ) metallic lead1 & also by treat+ lead acetate solution ) li?>ge s long z ! latt] is dissolv$4 ,9 ! me?od la/ giv51 #ajj p>ts ( sug> ( lead require ab\t #aah p>ts ( li?>ge to produce a saturat$ solution ( basic acetate4 ,! solution ( ?is comp\nd is alkal9e2 x turns r$ litmus pap] blue4 ,:5 expos$ to ! air1 a turbidity is quickly produc$ ow+ to ! sep>ation ( lead c>bonate4 ,9 "o :ite lead process basic lead acetate is ! />t+ po9t ( ! manufacture4 ,lead ,*loride1 ,pb,cl1 is seldom us$ 9 mak+ col\rs4 ,x may be prep>$ by /irr+ p[d]$ li?>ge 9 common salt solution until ! p[d] appe>s :ite4 ,?is1 :5 wa%$1 con/itutes basic lead *loride4 ,on add+ hydro*loric acid to ! wa%$ mass until ! liquid rema9s acid1 lead *loride is obta9$ 9 ! =m ( cry/all9e ne$les1 :i* are v little soluble 9 cold1 b m easily 9 hot1 wat]4 ,l any o!r soluble lead salt1 lead *loride may be us$ 9 ! precipitation ( col\rs1 b is seldom employ$ on acc\nt ( its small solubility4 ,basic lead *loride 01 at "o "t1 us$ z a :ite pigm5t1 & aft] melt+1 by :i* x is turn$ yell[1 z a yell[ pigm5t2 x is no long] 9 use = ^! purposes4 ,copp] ,comp\nds4--,^! are g5]ally gre5 or blue1 & h an ext5d$ use 9 ! production ( col\rs4 ,! metallic copp] :i* is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( col\rs is ( ! ord9>y comm]cial quality4 ,! impurities :i* x conta9s are g5]ally s small 9 quantity t !y are )\t importance = our purpose4 ,copp] ,sulphate 7,blue/one1 ,blue ,vitriol71 ,cu,s,o4#e;,h,o4--,?is is ! commone/ ( ! comm]cial copp] salts1 & on t acc\nt des]ves our especial att5tion4 ,x =ms l>ge sky-blue cry/als1 :i* effloresce slightly 9 ! air1 possess an unpleasant metallic ta/e1 & are poison\s1 l all soluble copp] comp\nds4 ,copp] sulphate comes into comm]ce 9 a v pure =m1 b "s qualities conta9 z9c sulphate or f]r\s sulphate4 ,! pres5ce ( z9c may be detect$ mo/ easily by boil+ ! solution ) excess ( cau/ic soda1 :5 copp] oxide sep>ates z a black p[d]1 :il/ z9c oxide rema9s dissolv$4 ,:5 sulphurett$ hydrog5 is pass$ ?r\gh ! liquid1 a :ite precipitate ( z9c sulphide is =m$4 ,iron is detect$ by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! solution s long z a precipitate is =m$1 all[+ ! liquid to /& 9 a cov]$ vessel1 p\r+ x (f f ! precipitate1 add+ nitric acid1 boil+ & add+ a solution ( potassium f]rocyanide2 a blue precipitate d5otes ! pres5ce ( iron4 ,copp] sulphate is r>ely f\nd :i* is q free f iron & z9c4 ,if ^! impurities are pres5t 9 b small quantity1 ! z9c n exce$+ #a p] c5t4 & ! iron at mo/ #je p] c5t41 ! copp] sulphate may be reg>d$ z suffici5tly pure = our purposes4 ,x may be "h rem>k$ t copp] sulphate obta9$ f m9ts is g5]ally ( great purity1 & h5ce p>ticul>ly adapt$ = col\r mak+4 ,:5 copp] sulphate & o!r copp] salts are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 pale blue flocks ( copp] c>bonate g5]ally sep>ate4 ,?is is due to ! c>bonate ( lime conta9$ 9 ! wat]4 ,an addition ( a few drops ( sulphuric1 nitric or hydro*loric acid suffices to prev5t ?is sep>ation4 ,copp] ,nitrate1 ,cu7,,no74#f;,h,o4--,?is salt may occasionally be obta9$ 9 col\r works z a by-product4 ,:5 nitric acid is p\r$ ov] copp]1 !re foll[s a copi\s evolution ( nitric oxide1 :i* produces br[n fumes ( nitrog5 p]oxide 9 air4 ,nitric oxide may be us$ to conv]t f]r\s into f]ric salts1 a trans=mation requir$ 9 mak+ ,prussian blue4 ,9 work+ 9 ?is way1 nitric acid is p\r$ ov] copp] conta9$ 9 a vessel provid$ ) a deliv]y tube = ! gas4 ,! blue solution is at once us$4 ,pure copp] nitrate =ms f9e blue cry/als1 :i* v readily deliquesce 9 ! air4 ,! solution is !re=e g5]ally us$ z x is prep>$4 ,copp] ,acetate1 ,cu7,c,h,o74,h,o4--,copp] is readily attack$ by acetic acid4 ,a numb] ( salts are =m$1 ( :i* "s are us$ z pigm5ts4 ,= our purpose x w be suffici5t to describe ! manufacture ( v]digris2 few col\r mak]s prep>e any o!r copp] acetate4 ,a solution ( ?is salt is mo/ simply prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,slak$ lime is /irr$ ) /rong v9eg>1 & ! solution left 9 contact ) ! excess ( lime s long z x has a weak acid reaction4 ,! solution1 :i* conta9s acetate ( lime1 is p\r$ into a solution ( copp] sulphate s long z a precipitate ( sulphate ( lime is =m$4 ,:5 ?is has be5 sep>at$ f ! liquid1 ! latt] is ready = fur!r treatm5t4 ,x conta9s only a v small quantity ( dissolv$ sulphate ( lime1 :i* is n h>mful 9 ! prep>ation ( col\rs4 ,9 addition to ! copp] comp\nds m5tion$ "h1 sev]al o!rs 7 =m]ly us$ z pigm5ts1 or 9 ! prep>ation ( pigm5ts :i* are no long] employ$1 because copp] comp\nds ( good col\r c be obta9$ 9 a *eap] mann]4 ,! same precautions %\ld be tak5 9 ! use ( copp] col\rs :i* 7 m5tion$ = lead pigm5ts2 copp] comp\nds are equally s5sitive t[>ds sulphurett$ hydrog51 by :i* !y are gradually discol\r$4 ,m]cury ,comp\nds4--,m]cury =ms comp\nds :i*1 v]milion 9 p>ticul>1 are us$ z pigm5ts1 & o!rs :i* are us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( pigm5ts4 ,9 _m cases metallic m]cury is ! />t+ po9t 9 ! prep>ation ( ! m]cury comp\nds4 ,! comp\nds commonly kn[n z calomel & corrosive sublimate are also us$4 ,m]cur\s ,nitrate1 ,hg,n,o4--,nitric acid acts ^u m]cury 9 a mann] diff]+ accord+ to its /r5g?1 & accord+ to :e!r ! m]cury or ! nitric acid is us$ 9 excess4 ,9 ord] to prep>e m]cur\s nitrate1 acid free f *lor9e mu/ be dilut$ at lea/ ) f\r times its volume ( wat]1 & ! m]cury mu/ be 9 excess4 ,on w>m+1 ! m]cury is gradually dissolv$1 &1 on cool+1 ! solution deposits col\rless cry/all9e ne$les ( ! salt4 ,a fur!r crop ( cry/als is obta9$ aft] evaporat+ ! solution4 ,:5 ! action ( nitric acid is ov]1 ! solution mu/ be at once sep>at$ f ! excess ( m]cury to prev5t ! =mation ( basic salts4 ,if ! salt has be5 prop]ly made1 x is completely soluble 9 wat]1 b if a lemon yell[ precipitate is =m$ on dissolv+1 ! nitrate conta9s a basic salt1 :i* c only be dissolv$ by w>m+ & add+ m nitric acid4 ,m]curic ,nitrate1 ,hg7,,no71 is mo/ simply obta9$ by w>m+ m]cury ) v /rong nitric acid4 ,! heat+ mu/ be cont9u$ until a te/ portion ( ! solution no long] gives a precipitate ) hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 ?is solution is evaporat$1 nitric acid is giv5 (f1 & a salt cry/allis+ 9 :ite ne$les is obta9$1 :i* dissolves 9 wat] ) ! sep>ation ( a yell[ basic salt4 ,x is !re=e bett] to use ! hot solution1 :i* conta9s a little free acid1 )\t evaporat+4 ,in/ead ( m]cur\s & m]curic nitrates1 ! correspond+ sulphates may be us$1 b ! *lorides are m frequ5tly employ$ s9ce !y c be readily obta9$ f ! mak]s4 ,m]cur\s ,*loride 7,calomel71 ,hg,cl1 is obta9$ pure by add+ common salt solution to a solution ( m]cur\s nitrate & wa%+ ! precipitate1 :i* is insoluble 9 wat]4 ,m]curic ,*loride 7,corrosive ,sublimate71 ,hg,cl a common article ( comm]ce1 is prep>$ by heat+ a c>efully made mixture ( m]curic sulphate & common salt1 :5 m]curic *loride sublimes4 ,x is a :ite cry/all9e mass1 soluble 9 #ace p>ts ( wat] at #bj ,c41 & soluble 9 #c p>ts ( alcohol4 ,al?\gh all m]cury comp\nds are v poison\s1 corrosive sublimate requires p>ticul> c>e 9 h&l+1 s9ce its easy solubility makes x surpass all o!r m]cury comp\nds 9 poison\sness4 ,! m]curic sulphate requir$ 9 ! above prep>ation is obta9$ by heat+ m]cury ) sulphuric acid4 ,corrosive sublimate c also be prep>$ by add+ hydro*loric acid to m]cur\s nitrate1 & heat+1 ) gradual addition ( hydro*loric acid until a cle> solution is =m$1 f :i* m]curic *loride cry/allises on cool+4 ,silv] ,comp\nds4--,silv] nitrate1 ,ag,n,o1 is ! only "o ( importance "h4 ,x is obta9$ by dissolv+ silv] 9 nitric acid1 :5 a blue solution is obta9$ because comm]cial silv] conta9s copp]1 evaporat+ ! solution to dryness1 melt+ ! residue1 & keep+ x molt5 until all ! copp] nitrate is decompos$4 ,?is po9t is recognis$ :5 a small portion ( ! melt dissolv$ 9 wat] does n give a blue col\ration ) excess ( ammonia4 ,fus$ silv] nitrate =ms a :ite cry/all9e mass readily soluble 9 wat] & turn+ black :5 expos$ to light1 l _m o!r silv] comp\nds4 ,gold ,comp\nds4--,gold is n[ v little us$ 9 prep>+ col\rs4 ,! comp\nd us$ = ?is purpose is gold *loride1 ,au,cl1 :i* is obta9$ by heat+ gold ) hydro*loric acid1 & add+ nitric acid 9 small quantities until all ! metal is dissolv$4 ,by c>eful evaporation ( ! yell[ solution gold *loride is obta9$ 9 br[ni% yell[ cry/als1 :i* easily dissolve 9 wat]4 ,! comp\nds ( molybd5um1 vanadium & uranium are less us$ ?an ^? ( gold1 yet ^! metals f9d a special use 9 ! prep>ation ( col\rs = porcela9 pa9t+ & = col\r+ glass1 = :i* !y are ( great importance4 ,! prep>ation ( _! comp\nds f ! raw mat]ials is complicat$ & n remun]ative to ! col\r mak]2 !y %\ld be obta9$ f *emical works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! =ego+1 ! mo/ important comp\nds ( inorganic orig9 us$ 9 mak+ col\rs h be5 briefly describ$1 less 9 ord] to tea* ! me?ods = _! prep>ation ?an to give ! manufactur] ! means ( le>n+ _! prop]ties4 ,s9ce ! great developm5t ( *emical indu/ries dur+ ! la/ decades x is m advantage\s = ! col\r mak] 9 mo/ cases to draw 8 supply ( ^! sub/ances f works ( good reputation ?an to make !m himself2 only 9 ! case ( a few sub/ances1 :i* are sold at unreasonably high prices1 w x be pr(itable = him to prep>e !m himself4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts4 ,by m9]al pigm5ts we und]/& ^? :i* consi/ ( comp\nds ( metals ) elem5ts su* z sulphur1 *lor9e & iod9e1 or ) comp\nd radicals1 su* z cyanog51 or ( metallic salts4 ,look+ at ! classification ( m9]al pigm5ts f ! *emical /&po9t1 a gr\p+ accord+ to ! con/itu5ts w\ld appe> pref]able1 & we %\ld h gr\ps ( col\rs consi/+ ( metallic oxides1 sulphides1 salts1 etc4 ,9 su* a division ( pigm5ts1 accord+ to _! con/itu5ts1 no reg>d w\ld be tak5 ( ! col\r ( ! pigm5t4 ,! :ite z9c oxide w\ld be plac$ 9 ! same gr\p ) yell[ lead oxide & r$ lead oxide2 & r$ m]cury sulphide & yell[ cadmium sulphide w\ld fall into ! same gr\p ( ! sulphur comp\nds4 ,! *emical composition ( a pigm5t is ( less importance to ! col\r manufactur] ?an its %ade1 & x !re=e appe>s to u m reasonable to pref] to classify m9]al pigm5ts accord+ to simil>ity ( col\r4 ,we %all !re=e place all ^? m9]al pigm5ts toge!r :i* possess ! same col\r4 ,common usage diff]s f ! sci5tific 9 ! description ( col\rs4 ,9 ! physical s5se1 yell[1 r$ & blue are ! s-call$ 8simple col\rs10 betwe5 :i* lie orange1 gre5 & violet z 8mix$ col\rs04 ,physics kn[s no :ite col\r & no black col\r1 b describes :ite z a mixture ( all ! simple col\rs & black z ! abs5ce ( col\r4 ,a grey or br[n %ade1 produc$ by diff]5t mixtures ( simple col\rs1 is j z little kn[n 9 ! scale ( col\rs z :ite or black4 ,! col\r mak] foll[s1 z we h said above1 ! common mann] ( speak+2 to him :ite & black are equally z mu* col\rs z r$ & gre54 ,besides ! pure pr9cipal col\rs 7yell[1 r$ & blue71 & ! mix$ col\rs obta9$ f !m 7orange1 gre5 & violet71 col\r mak]s di/+ui% _m %ades ( ea* col\r--lemon yell[1 sulphur yell[1 *]ry r$1 blood r$1 violet blue1 etc4 ,= ! pres5t purpose x is ( great importance to accurately di/+ui% ! sev]al %ades1 = ! value ( _m col\rs is 9 proportion to _! beauty ( %ade4 ,! col\r mak] is (t5 requir$ to produce a col\r ( "s p>ticul> %ade1 :i* he accompli%es 9 _m cases by a suitable alt]ation 9 ! process by :i* ! col\r is made1 9 o!r cases by mix+ diff]5t col\rs1 9 :i* ev5t *emi/ry is ( no help to him2 he mu/ dep5d on ! s5sitiv5ess ( 8 eyes to col\r4 ,:ite ,m9]al ,pigm5ts4--,we are acqua9t$ ) a great numb] ( :ite or1 m prop]ly1 col\rless m9]al comp\nds2 !y possess ! prop]ty ( reflect+1 undecompos$1 all ! rays ( light :i* fall ^u !m1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y produce t impression ^u ! eye :i* we call :ite4 ,accord+ z a :ite sub/ance reflects e ray ( light or absorbs a portion1 we see x z a brilliant pure :ite or1 9 ! latt] case1 z a :ite ) a grey t+e4 ,if a :ite body reflects ! majority ( ! rays ( light fall+ on x1 b decomposes a small numb]1 we p]ceive a :ite :i* has a yell[1 blue or r$ t+e4 ,! mo/ valuable :ite = ! col\r mak] is evid5tly t :i* reflects1 unalt]$1 all ! rays ( light2 x is ! mo/ brilliant1 & free f e t+e ( col\r4 ,! physical condition ( ! sub/ance is mo/ important4 ,solid sub/ances are ei!r cry/all9e1 t is1 possess def9ite %apes =m$ accord+ to a regul> law1 or !y are amorph\s1 t is1 are compos$ ( irregul>ly =m$ p>ticles4 ,sn[ & :ite lead may s]ve z repres5tatives ( ^! two classes4 ,sn[ is compos$ ( small col\rless cry/als ( ice1 ! flat surfaces ( :i* reflect1 undecompos$1 ! light fall+ on !m4 ,! small] are ! cry/als1 ! m pure appe>s to u ! :it5ess ( ! sn[1 & ! ?9n] is ! lay] ( sn[ requir$ to produce ! s5sation ( :it5ess4 ,b if ! sn[ cry/als are l>g]1 ! :ite appe>s to h a blui% t+e1 & only a ?ick lay] ( sn[ is opaque4 ,:ite lead1 be+ an amorph\s sub/ance 9 a condition ( v f9e division1 reflects ! light v regul>ly1 s t a ?9 lay] ( :ite lead appe>s q opaque4 ,among ! artificial pigm5ts1 cry/all9e or amorph\s1 exactly ! same conditions hold good z betwe5 sn[ & :ite lead4 ,( amorph\s pigm5ts a v ?9 lay] is 9 mo/ cases suffici5t to make ! surface ^u :i* !y are spread invisible1 or1 z ! te*nical expression runs1 8to cov]10 :il/ cry/all9e sub/ances possess a small] cov]+ p[]4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is is se5 by a comp>ison ( two :ite pigm5ts1 :ite lead & 8pat5t :ite0 7lead oxy*loride74 ,! =m] is amorph\s1 ! latt] cry/all9e4 ,bo? are completely col\rless & reflect :ite light1 b 9 consequ5ce ( its amorph\s condition & f9] p>ticles1 :ite lead possesses f> great] cov]+ p[] ?an 8pat5t :ite04 ,among all o!r col\rs ! same rule holds4 ,amorph\s pigm5ts h always a great] cov]+ p[] ?an cry/all9e4 ,! small] ! cry/als ( ! latt] ! great] is _! cov]+ p[]1 s t 9 prep>+ pigm5ts ( a cry/all9e "* c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ! cry/als z small z possible4 ,f ! above def9ition ( :ite pigm5ts x foll[s t an imm5se numb] mu/ exi/1 s9ce e col\rless sub/ance 9 a /ate ( f9e division appe>s :ite4 ,g5]ally only ^? bodies are us$ :i* are insoluble 9 wat]1 or almo/ insoluble1 & :i* possess great cov]+ p[]4 ,! foll[+ may be m5tion$ z :ite pigm5ts1 only a few ( :i* are 9 use3 :ite lead1 :ite z9c1 p]man5t :ite1 lead oxy*loride1 lead sulphate & sulphite1 z9c oxy*loride1 lead antimoniate1 antimony :ite1 t9 :ite1 tung/5 :ite1 & 9 addition c]ta9 e>?s1 pipe clay1 *9a clay1 etc4 ,sev]al ( ^! pigm5ts are f> too exp5sive = ord9>y use1 & h no advantage ov] mu* *eap] pigm5ts except = v special purposes1 su*1 = example1 z bismu? :ite = cosmetics4 ,9 g5]al use we f9d v few artificial :ite pigm5ts2 ^! are lead1 z9c & b>ium comp\nds4 ,circum/ances may arise :i* make x exp$i5t = ! col\r mak] to manufacture o!r :ite pigm5ts1 = example1 a dem& = !m1 or fav\rable opportunities = obta9+ ! requisite raw mat]ials4 ,! :ite lead pigm5ts1 ( :i* !re is a l>ge numb]1 z we h indicat$1 all h ! great disadvantage t !y are n p]man5t1 t is1 are *ang$ by atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,x is well kn[n t lead is a v delicate reag5t = sulphurett$ hydrog51 ) ! sulphur ( :i* x =ms a black comp\nd4 ,n[ ! air1 especially 9 t[ns1 conta9s sulphur 9 ! =m ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 or ammonium sulphide2 ?\gh ! quantity is v small1 ! fate ( e :ite or col\r$ lead pigm5t is decid$ by x2 aft] a long] or %ort] "t x w be discol\r$1 w gradually d>k51 & f9ally be turn$ black4 ,9 spite ( ?is great *angeabl5ess ( lead pigm5ts !y are us$ by arti/s & pa9t]s1 al?\gh ! majority c\ld be replac$ by m p]man5t pigm5ts entirely unalt]$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,,:ite ,,lead4 ,?is pigm5t1 :i* 9 addition to o!r good prop]ties has rem>kable cov]+ p[]1 0 among/ ! e>lie/ kn[n artificial pigm5ts4 ,already 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ,dioscorides describ$ ! prep>ation ( :ite lead1 :i* 0 obta9$ by expos+ lead to ! action ( ! vap\rs ( v9eg>1 remov+ ! :ite lay] & treat+ x ) wat]4 ,! ,roman writ]s describe a simil> me?od2 !y use ! "n c]ussa1 "u :i* :ite lead is kn[n to-day 9 comm]ce4 ,al?\gh :ite lead has be5 s long kn[n1 x 0 left to ,b]gmann1 9 #aggd1 to %[ t x conta9$ c>bonic acid2 be=e t x 0 believ$ to be lead acetate4 ,! developm5t ( analytical *emi/ry 0 foll[$ by a k ( its con/itution & ! use ( m rational me?ods ( manufacture4 ,:il/ 9 ! middle ages ! manufacture ( :ite lead 0 almo/ exclusively 9 ! h&s ( ! ,dut* & ,v5etians1 9 lat] ye>s x gradually spread1 & n[ _m works are conc]n$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is pigm5t4 ,t adult]ations ( :ite lead 7 n r>e 9 =m] times appe>s f ! writ+s ( ,basil ,val5t9e1 an al*emi/ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,comm]cially :ite lead is kn[n "u mo/ v>i$ titles1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal3 ,:ite lead1 ,v5etian :ite1 ,dut* :ite1 ,krems :ite1 ,kremnitz :ite1 flake :ite1 etc4 ,accord+ to its *emical composition1 :ite lead is a comp\nd ( lead c>bonate & lead hydroxide1 t is1 a basic lead c>bonate4 ,comm]cial :ite lead1 ap>t f int5tional admixtures ( o!r :ite sub/ances1 conta9s lead c>bonate & lead hydroxide 9 v>y+ proportions1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ analyses by ,muld]1 :o f\nd t all ! samples exam9$ by him 7 compos$ accord+ to "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ =mul3-- #b ,pb,c,o4,pb7,,oh71 conta9+ #hfbg p] c5t4 ( ,pb,o4 #e ,pb,c,o4#b,pb7,,oh7 0 #hehf 0 0 #c ,pb,c,o4,pb7,,oh7 0 #hede 0 0 #d ,pb,c,o4,pb7,,oh7 0 #hejj 0 0 ,accord+ to ,ho*/ett]1 ! manufacture ( :ite lead mu/ be direct$ to obta9+ ! comp\nd #b ,pb,c,o47,,oh71 :i* possesses ! foll[+ p]c5tage composition3-- ,pb,o #hfcb ,,co #aacf ,h,o #bcb ,! comp\nd ( ?is composition is di/+ui%$ by be+ completely amorph\s1 & s possesses ! greate/ cov]+ p[]4 ,comm]cial :ite leads1 z is se5 f ! =mul ( ,muld]1 may diff] appreciably f ?is composition1 :5 !y w h a small] cov]+ p[]1 s9ce !y w conta9 "s quantity ( neutral lead c>bonate1 ,pb,c,o 7conta9+ #hcdf p] c5t4 ( ,pb,o71 :i* is cry/all9e4 ,:ite lead is prep>$ accord+ to v diff]5t me?ods1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* consi/s 9 subject+ a solution ( tribasic lead acetate to ! action ( c>bonic acid1 by :i* ! basic c>bonate is produc$ & ! neutral acetate =m$1 ! latt] be+ !n reconv]t$ into ! basic acetate1 :i* aga9 s]ves to produce :ite lead & s on4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,:ite ,,lead4 ,! processes by :i* :ite lead is or 0 manufactur$ may be divid$1 accord+ to ! pr9cipal op]ations1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- #a4 ,processes 9 :i* metallic lead is subject$ to ! action ( acetic acid vap\r1 :il/ ! vessel 9 :i* ?is op]ation is conduct$ is expos$ to a high] temp]ature4 ,9 ! olde/ s-call$ ,dut* me?od ?is increase ( temp]ature is effect$ by ! decomposition ( manure1 by :i* ! vessels conta9+ ! lead & acetic acid are surr\nd$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! heat produc$ by ?is f]m5tation1 acetic acid & wat] are volatilis$1 & oxyg5 also be+ pres5t1 lead acetate is =m$4 ,also1 z a consequ5ce ( ! oxidation ( ! lead1 heat is produc$1 :i* accel]ates ! process1 & lead oxide is =m$ 9 l>ge quantity1 :i* unites ) ! neutral acetate already =m$ to produce a basic comp\nd4 ,! vessels 9 :i* ?is process is tak+ place are 9 an atmosph]e conta9+ mu* c>bonic acid produc$ by ! f]m5tation ( ! surr\nd+ organic matt]2 ?is c>bonic acid conv]ts ! basic lead acetate into :ite lead4 ,! ,g]man or ,au/rian me?od is to be reg>d$ z an improvem5t on ?is r\gh process4 ,! heat necess>y = ! normal c\rse ( ! *emical reactions is produc$ f fuel2 ! c>bonic acid =m$ by ! combu/ion ( ! fuel is us$ to conv]t ! basic lead acetate into :ite lead4 #b4 ,9 ! above me?ods ! manufacture ( :ite lead comm5ces ) ! production ( :ite lead f metallic lead & acetic acid4 ,9 ! s-call$ ,fr5* me?od a solution ( basic lead acetate is decompos$ by c>bonic acid into :ite lead & neutral lead acetate1 :i* latt] is aga9 conv]t$ into basic acetate4 #c4 ,! ,engli% me?od4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is process consi/s 9 moi/5+ li?>ge ) a solution ( lead acetate & expos+ x to ! action ( c>bonic acid1 :]eby :ite lead is =m$4 ,me?ods = manufactur+ :ite lead1 :i* are (t5 advanc$ z entirely new processes1 may be always trac$ to "o ( ! above1 f :i* !y deviate b little 9 pr9ciple1 & ! deviations _c always be reg>d$ z improvem5ts4 ,9 ! foll[+ detail$ acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( :ite lead we %all adh]e to ! classification j giv51 accord+ to :i* !re are ?ree pr9cipal me?ods3 7#a7 ,manufacture ( :ite lead f metallic lead1 acetic acid & c>bonic acid 7,dut* & ,g]man processes72 7#b7 manufacture ( :ite lead f basic lead acetate 7,fr5* process72 & 7#c7 f li?>ge moi/5$ ) lead acetate solution 7,engli% process74 ,we %\ld rem>k t e ye> 8new0 processes = ! manufacture ( :ite lead are pat5t$4 ,! majority ( ^! w n be m5tion$2 to ^? acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( *emi/ry !y at once appe> impracticable4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,:ite ,,lead ,,f ,,metallic ,,lead4 7a7 ,,dut* ,,process4 ,?is ess5tially primitive process1 :5 prop]ly conduct$1 produces :ite lead ( good col\r & cov]+ p[]1 :i* are ! prop]ties = :i* ?is pigm5t is valu$4 ,x is n[ seldom us$1#b because o!r me?ods give a product ( equal col\r 9 a %ort] "t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( economic int]e/1 z %[+ h[ a bran* ( indu/ry may rise f crude beg9n+s to a high /ate ( p]fection4 ,! op]ations compris$ 9 ! ,dut* process are z foll[s3-- #b ,9 ,engl& ! ,dut* process is 9 g5]al use4--,,translator4 7#a7 ,ca/+ ! lead into %eets2 7#b7 plac+ ^! %eets 9 pots & arrang+ ! pots 9 ! /acks 7plac+ ! pots conta9+ lead & acetic acid 9 ! b$ ( manure72 7#c7 remov+ ! pots f ! /ack2 7#d7 sep>at+ ! :ite lead =m$ 9 ! pots2 7#e7 fur!r purification ( ! impure :ite lead by gr9d+1 wa%+ & dry+4 #a4 ,ca/+ ! ,lead into ,%eets4--,at fir/ sight x w\ld appe> unsuitable to ca/ lead 9 %eets1 s9ce ?is metal c be readily roll$ into %eets ( any ?ickness4 ,exp]i5ce has1 h[ev]1 %[n t roll$ lead is only sl[ly attack$ by acetic acid vap\rs1 :il/ ca/ %eets are rapidly attack$4 ,an iron pan ab\t "o metre 9 diamet]1 ) an iron cov] furni%$ ) a pipe op5+ into a flue1 is us$ = melt+ ! lead4 ,?is arrangem5t is design$ to protect ! workman f ! dang]\s vap\rs evolv$ f ! molt5 metal4 ,at ! workman's side ( ?is cov] is a c\nt]pois$ slide1 :i* only rema9s op5 :5 ! c\nt]poise is held 9 *eck by a lev]4 ,9 front ( ! kettle !re is an iron plate movable ab\t a horizontal axis4 ,! lead be+ heat$ to j above its melt+ po9t1 ! workman takes #g to #h kilogrammes ( metal 9 a ladle1 & p\rs x on ! plate1 :i* is horizontal4 ,! lead solidifies 9 a v %ort "t1 b be=e x is completely solid ! plate is incl9$ t[>ds ! pan s t ! /ill liquid lead runs back into x1 leav+ a v ?9 %eet on ! plate4 ,! h>d %eet is remov$ f ! plate1 & ! latt] cool$ by cold wat] to be ready = a new ca/+4 ,! %eets made 9 ?is way are n m ?an #a to #b millimetres ?ick4 ,!y are !n cut into /rips ( a wid? to suit ! size ( ! pots 9 :i* !y are conv]t$ into :ite lead2 ! wid? ( ! %eets is g5]ally #e to #f c5timetres4 ,s9ce ! rate at :i* ! :ite lead is =m$ dep5ds on ! surface ( ! metallic lead1 in/ead ( cont9u\s %eets ! lead is g5]ally ca/ into grat+s4 ,= ?is purpose an iron plate1 ^u :i* are int]sect+ /rips1 is us$ in/ead ( ! flat plate4 ,plates = ! ca/+ are also us$ conta9+ grooves int]sect+ at "r angles4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 plates are obta9$ 9 :i* are op5+s meet+ at "r angles1 & 9 ! second case1 accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! grooves ap>t1 a m or less wide-me%$ lattice "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 #b4 ,build+ up ! ,/acks4--,! roll$-up lead plates are plac$ 9 ! pots4 ,^! 7,fig4 #d7 are some:at conical 9 %ape2 !y h at "s di/ance f ! bottom a project+ r+1 or sometimes ?ree projections only1 ^u :i* ! lead spiral re/s4 ,be=e ! spirals are put 9 position1 a quantity ( ord9>y v9eg>1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a litre1 is p\r$ 94 ,!re mu/ be suffici5t room bel[ ! spiral s t x %all n be 9 contact ) ! v9eg>4 ,! insides ( ! pots are glaz$ at lea/ half-way up1 s t ! liquid does n p5etrate ! por\s e>!nw>e4 ,! pots h a capacity ( ab\t #a litre1 & a diamet] at ! top ( #aj c5timetres4 ,if lead plates are us$1 ! pots are ab\t #bj c5timetres high2 if grat+s are us$ ! pots may be l[]1 by :i* !re is economy 9 room & a l>g] numb] c be plac$ 9 "o /ack4 ,! /acks1 built up ( pots & manure1 are ( diff]5t sizes2 x is n advisable to make !m too small1 or ! loss ( heat w\ld be consid]able4 ,a /ack #d to #e metres long1 #c metres wide & #f to #g metres high w conta9 #f1jjj to #h1jjj pots & #i1jjj to #aa1jjj kilogrammes ( lead4 ,! /ack consi/s ( a rectangul> pit wall$ on ?ree sides2 ! f\r? side is op51 ) ! e>? dug out 9 ! =m ( an incl9$ plane1 9 ord] to p]mit ! introduction ( ! pots & ! manure4 ,! con/ruction ( ! /ack is comm5c$ by plac+ ! pots at ! bottom 9 r[s1 avoid+ int]spaces z mu* z possible4 ,9 a /ack ( ! size m5tion$ a lay] conta9s #a1jjj to #a1bjj pots4 ,betwe5 ! pots conta9+ lead & acetic acid are arrang$ a numb] ( l>g] ones conta9+ acid only2 ! object ( ^! is to furni% acetic acid vap\r4 ,:5 ! pots are 9 place1 #c or #d lead plates are plac$ on ea* spiral1 ! top plate =m+ ! cov]2 imm$iately ov] ! pots /rong wood5 planks are laid1 & ^u !m a lay] ( bo>ds1 :i* mu/ fit s tightly t no?+ c fall ?r\gh4 ,on ! bo>ds is spread out a lay] ( fre% /able manure1 ) :i* ! space betwe5 ! outside r[ ( pots & ! wall is also fill$4 ,! lay] ( manure is #cj to #dj c5timetres ?ick4 ,^u ! l[e/ lay] ( pots1 a second1 ?ird & s on are built up exactly 9 ! same mann]1 s t ! :ole /ack is fill$ ) alt]nat+ lay]s ( pots & manure4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! cool+ ( ! upp]mo/ lay] ( pots1 x is cov]$ ) a ?ick] lay] ( manure #fj to #gj c5timetres ?ick4 ,:5 lead plates & ! tall] pots are us$1 a /ack w g5]ally conta9 #ae lay]s2 b :5 grat+s & ! small] pots are employ$1 #ah lay]s c be pack$ into ! same space4 ,9 arrang+ ! lay]s ( pots1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to leave spaces at tol]ably equal di/ances1 s t ! air necess>y = ! oxidation ( ! lead may ent]4 ,to prev5t ! cool+ ( ! /ack at ! front1 :]e x is n protect$ by masonry1 :5 full x is wall$ up ) bo>ds2 a bo>d ro( also protects ! erection f ra94 ,9 place ( manure1 sp5t tann]s' b>k c be us$1 :i* 9 ! same mann] f]m5ts1 produc+ heat & c>bonic acid4 ,9 places 9 ! neighb\rhood ( l>ge tann]ies ?is sp5t b>k is g5]ally obta9able at l[] prices ?an /able manure1 :i* is m valuable = agricultural purposes2 ! =m] has also a v consid]able advantage1 :ite lead made by means ( sp5t tann]s' b>k be+ g5]ally ( a pur] :ite ?an t made ) manure4 ,! reason = ?is is t 9 ! decomposition ( animal excrem5t small quantities ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 are produc$1 a gas :i* produces black lead sulphide :5 x comes into contact ) lead comp\nds4 ,accord+ to ! results ( practical exp]i5ce1 pigs' dung _c be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( :ite lead2 s mu* sulphurett$ hydrog5 is evolv$ f x t ! :ite lead is n :ite1 b has a greyi% t+e4 ,:5 b>k is us$ 9 place ( manure1 a discol\ration ( :ite lead by sulphurett$ hydrog5 is n to be fe>$1 b !re is ! drawback t a long] "t is necess>y = ! corrosion ( ! lead1 because ! b>k decomposes m sl[ly ?an ! manure1 & accord+ly gives out less heat & c>bonic acid4 ,accord+ to ! climate ( ! c\ntry1 ! /acks may be diff]5tly erect$4 ,9 cold] c\ntries x is necess>y to s9k !m 9 ! e>? & surr\nd !m ) masonry1 z direct$ above2 b 9 w>m] climates su* effectual protection aga9/ cool+ is unnecess>y1 yet 9 all cases x is bett] to s9k ! /ack 9 ! e>? on acc\nt ( ! regul>ity ( temp]ature s obta9$4 ,in/ead ( s9k+ ! /acks 9 ! e>?1 !y may be built 9 ! op5 :5 !re is a pl5tiful supply ( manure or b>k2 b !y mu/ !n be surr\nd$ by a v ?ick lay] ( manure to prev5t cool+4 ,x is a desirable alt]ation 9 ! con/ruction ( ! /acks to provide ! pots ) lids1 & s avoid ! use ( ! lay] ( bo>ds sep>at+ ea* two lay]s ( pots4 ,! object ( ! cov] is simply to prev5t dirt f fall+ into ! pot4 ,x %\ld n fit tightly on ! edge1 or ! entry ( c>bonic acid into ! int]ior ( ! pot w\ld be made difficult4 ,! lids are !re=e r\nd$ & fit loosely on ! pot4 ,:5 pots ) lids are us$1 ! l[e/ lay] is cov]$ ) manure 9 ! ord9>y way2 ^u ?is aga9 comes a lay] ( pots1 & s on4 ,! trans=mation ( ! lead may be reg>d$ z complete 9 f\r to six weeks :5 manure is us$1 b ) b>k ! "t ext5ds to t5 weeks4 ,! quantity ( :ite lead obta9$ v>ies 9 diff]5t cases2 = example1 f a /ack #e metres long1 #d metres wide1 & #f metres high1 into :i* #ab1jjj kilogrammes ( lead 7 put1 #aj1jjj kilogrammes ( :ite lead 7 obta9$1 & #d1jjj kilogrammes ( lead rema9$ unalt]$4 ,9 ano!r case1 = a /ack ( #h lay]s #bhj kilogrammes ( v9eg> & #i1fjj to #ab1jjj kilogrammes ( lead 7 us$1 & !re 0 a residue ( #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( lead4 #c4 ,removal & ,gr9d+ ( ! ,:ite ,lead4--,! /ack is pull$ d[n aft] ! lapse ( ! necess>y "t2 ! lead plates & rolls are collect$ 9 wood5 boxes & br\ght into ! room :]e ! :ite lead is sep>at$ f ! metallic lead4 ,=m]ly ! :ite lead 0 remov$ f ! %eets exclusively by manual lab\r1 an op]ation extremely dang]\s to ! workman4 ,x is q impossible to prev5t ! =mation ( :ite lead du/1 s t ! m5 7 cont9u\sly 9 an atmosph]e *>g$ ) ! poison\s mat]ial1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 suff]$ f ! v>i\s =ms ( lead poison+4 ,9 ord] to dim9i% z mu* z possible ! injuri\s effects ( :ite lead on ! heal? ( ! workm51 manual lab\r has be51 z f> z possible1 replac$ by ma*9]y1 yet ! greate/ c>e is necess>y 9 ! diff]5t manipulations ( s poison\s a sub/ance z :ite lead4 ,:5 ! :ite lead is remov$ by manual lab\r1 an op]ation :i* ought to be =bidd51 ! lead %eets are unroll$ & /ruck toge!r1 :]eupon ! great] "p ( ! :ite lead falls (f4 ,to remove ! rema9d] ( ! :ite lead ! plates are laid "o ^u ! o!r & /ruck ) a hamm] until ! :ite lead is loos5$2 or ! plates are clean$ ) metal bru%es4 ,! masses ( :ite lead obta9$ 9 ?is way are contam9at$ by l>g] or small] quantities ( metallic lead1 f :i* !y mu/ be fre$ by a fur!r me*anical op]ation1 namely gr9d+4 ,! l>g] pieces ( ! :ite lead1 :i* h a ?ickness ( sev]al millimetres1 7 pick$ out & sold sep>ately "u ! "n ( flake :ite4 ,?is 0 =m]ly a highly priz$ quality ( :ite lead1 its appe>ance be+ a gu>antee ( its purity4 ,! flake :ite g5]ally f\nd 9 ! m>ket n[adays is n obta9$ 9 ?is mann]1 b by mix+ :ite lead ) a solution ( dextr91 =m+ plates f ! pa/e & dry+ !m sl[ly 9 ! air4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! :ite lead me*anically f ! rema9s ( ! lead %eets1 groov$ roll]s are us$1 betwe5 :i* ! %eets are pass$4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ du/1 ! roll]s are surr\nd$ by a clos$ cas+1 9 :i* !re is also a sieve :i* s]ves to sep>ate ! l>g] pieces ( :ite lead 7flake :ite7 f ! f9e du/4 ,! arrangem5t is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! unroll$ plates pass ?r\gh ! op5+1 ,b1 on to an endless lea!r b&1 by means ( :i* !y are c>ri$ betwe5 ! groov$ roll]s1 ,d & ,e2 aft] !y h pass$ ?r\gh ^! !y g betwe5 a second pair ( roll]s1 ,f & ,g1 :i* are plac$ ne>] toge!r2 !y !n fall into ! drum-%ap$ sieve1 ,h1 out ( :i* !y leave ! app>atus 9 ! direction ( ,k4 ,! :ite lead falls ?r\gh ! sieve1 is caught 9 trucks plac$ at ,j1 & c>ri$ away to ! mills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,a me*anical arrangem5t = ! sep>ation ( :ite lead f ! unalt]$ metallic lead1 due to ,horn1 is repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #f & #g4 ,x consi/s ( a drum1 9 :i* is ! sp9dle1 b1 provid$ ) ! arms1 c4 ,! tee?1 e1 on ! arms rea* ne>ly to ! l[] curve ( ! drum1 b pass at a some:at great] di/ance f ! upp] portion s t ! pieces ( lead c fall d[n aga9 aft] !y are c>ri$ up4 ,! mat]ial is f$ 9 ?r\gh ! hopp]1 t1 ! rotation ( ! arms loos5s ! :ite lead f ! pieces ( metallic lead1 & x is c>ri$ on by ! wat] :i* passes ?r\gh ! sieve1 #c1 & ! /op cock1 h1 into ! settl+ tank4 ,! lead pieces :i* are c>ri$ =w>d h _! progress *eck$ by ! bridge1 o1 !y are collect$ by ! p]=at$ scoop1 n1 are rais$ above ! hopp]1 m1 & fall out ( ! app>atus at r4 ,if x is requir$ to cont9ue ! treatm5t ( ! mat]ial 9 ! drum = a long] p]iod x is only necess>y to close ! hopp]1 m1 by ! slide1 n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,:ite ,lead ,mills4--,be=e ! :ite lead is subject$ to ! real process ( gr9d+1 x is g5]ally fir/ gr\nd dry1 or1 m prop]ly1 press$ or cru%$4 ,?is cru%+ is accompli%$ by means ( v]tical or edge-runn] mills1 :i* consi/ ( mill-/ones runn+ r\nd ^u a /one b$ ab\t a v]tical axis4 ,! mill is surr\nd$ by a wood5 cas+ to prev5t ! escape ( du/4 ,wet gr9d+1 :i* is done betwe5 mill-/ones1 may be c>ri$ out 9 two ways1 ) ! production ( h>d or s(t :ite lead4 ,! =m] is obta9$ :5 ! lead acetate is n remov$1 ! latt] :5 all ! lead acetate is wa%$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,h>d ,:ite ,lead pres5ts a %9+ mass1 brok5 ) difficulty4 ,?is appe>ance is a gu>antee aga9/ adult]ation ) b>ytes2 :ite lead1 :i* conta9s ?is adult]ant1 does n give a smoo?1 b an unev5 e>?y fracture4 ,h>d :ite lead is r difficult to gr9d1 & requires v c>eful treatm5t to be br\ght into t /ate ( f9e division 9 :i* x is usable4 ,! dry :ite lead1 aft] p[d]+ "u ! edge-runn]s1 mu/ pass ?r\gh a sieve1 :i* reta9s ! p>ticles ( metallic lead1 be=e x is subject$ to wet gr9d+4 ,! mills us$ = wet gr9d+ diff] little1 or n at all1 f ! ord9>y patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,a mill design$ by ,ri*t] ( ,knigsee1 9 ,?ur+ia1 = wet gr9d+1 is con/ruct$ z foll[s 7,figs4 #h & #i74 ,! %aft1 ,f ,e1 is driv5 by a wat]-:eel & ! necess>y ge>+ at #fj revolutions p] m9ute2 ! bevell$ cog-:eel ,g1 by means ( ! cog-:eels ,h & ,j1 drives ! %afts ,k & ,l1 :i*1 by means ( ! bevell$ cog-:eels a & b1 communicate to ! runn] /ones ( ! mills1 ,m1 ,n & ,o1 a spe$ ( #adj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,c ,d is ! framework = ! support ( ! /ori$ arrangem5t ( mills1 f & g are be>+s ) ca/-iron cups to receive ! escap+ oil1 i is a clamp fa/5+ ! axle d to k4 ,a /eel cup 9 k re/s ^u ! h>d5$ top ( ! sp9dle1 l2 ! b$ /one re/s ^u ! beam n 7#hj millimetres ?ick7 & is prev5t$ f lat]al movem5t by ! surr\nd+ oo2 p is a wood5 support 9 ! op5+ 9 ! b$ /one1 c>ry+ ! /uff+ box1 q1 :i* prev5ts ! :ite lead f runn+ out1 & connects ! sp9dle1 l1 ) ! b$ /one4 ,! runn] /one1 r1 is surr\nd$ by ! box1 s1 cem5t$ ) :ite clay inside & out & fa/5$ to ! b$ /one4 ,! lev]1 t1 turn+ ab\t w1 mov$ by ! screw1 u1 & h&le1 v1 regulates ! position ( ! runn]4 ,! diamet] ( ! /ones is #ie c5timetres4 ,?irty kilogrammes ( :ite lead1 mix$ ) wat]1 are f$ into ! top mill ( ! s]ies %[n on ! "r2 ! mixture fl[s by ! sp\ts1 e1 into ! l[] mills1 & is receiv$ 9 vessels1 f :i* x is empti$ into ! hold]1 ,p4 ,f ,p x goes ?r\gh ! #c mills on ! left4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh #f mills1 :ite lead )\t b>ytes is ready = use4 ,if ! :ite lead conta9s an admixture ( b>ytes1 x is put ?r\gh ! #c mills on ! left a second "t4 ,9 #bd h\rs #ijj to #a1bjj kilogrammes 7#ah to #bd cwt47 ( :ite lead are gr\nd4 ,9 dry gr9d+1 mills are us$ arrang$ s t ! =mation ( du/ is avoid$1 a matt] :i* is ( p>ticul> importance4 ,! usual size ( ^! mills has a diamet] ( #ij to #ie c5timetres = bo? runn] & b$ /one4 ,! gr9d+ surfaces ( bo? /ones h radial grooves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,fig4 #aj repres5ts ! con/ruction ( ,lefbre's :ite lead mill1 :i* is design$ to give ! greate/ protection possible to ! workm54 ,at ,a1 ! :ite lead masses are enclos$ 9 a hopp] l9$ ) bronze1 ) int]nal angul> projections2 by means ( ,m1 :i* is groov$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ! l>g] lumps are brok5 up & ent] ! mill itself by means ( ! hopp] "u ,a4 ,! mill consi/s ( b$ /one1 ,h1 & runn]1 ,k4 ,! gr9d+ surfaces are groov$ to facilitate ! deliv]y ( ! gr\nd :ite lead4 ,z ! illu/ration %[s1 ! /ones are completely cov]$ by ,m1 s t ! escape ( du/ is almo/ completely prev5t$4 ,! gr\nd :ite lead is conduct$ by ! tubes1 ,o ,o1 to ! drums1 ,o ,o1 f :i* x is pack$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 h>d :ite lead1 ! mat]ial :i* has be5 gr\nd dry "u ! edge-runn]s is mix$ ) wat] to a s(t pa/e1 or if wat] has be5 add$ :il/ ! lead 0 "u ! edge /ones1 m is n[ add$ to make ! pa/e ?9 en\gh to be ready = ! mills1 :]e x is gr\nd1 be+ f$ 9 regul>ly by means ( a copp] spoon4 ,! pa/e issu+ f ! mill is collect$ 9 e>!nw>e pans or pla/] ( ,p>is m\lds1 9 :i* x is dri$4 ,^! pans h usually ! %ape ( a truncat$ cone1 :i* 0 ! =m 9 :i* :ite lead 0 =m]ly br\ght into trade f ,holl&4 ,9 dry+1 wat] is lo/1 & ! mass ( :ite lead %r9ks1 s t ! lump c be remov$ f ! m\ld aft] a few days on turn+ x upside d[n4 ,! dry+ is accompli%$ ei!r 9 ! air or 9 artificially heat$ /oves4 ,! heat+ mu/ at fir/ be gradual1 or ! mass ( :ite lead w\ld %r9k s rapidly t ! cone w\ld be full ( cracks1 & !n easily fall to pieces4 ,:5 once ! dry+ has rea*$ a c]ta9 /age1 ! temp]ature ( ! /ove may be rais$ to #ej ,c4 7#abb ,f47 )\t dang] ( break+ ! lumps4 ,:5 q dry1 ! surface ( ! :ite lead1 :i* is n[ r\gh1 mu/ be smoo!d by scrap+1 :5 x is ready = ! m>ket4 ,s(t ,:ite ,lead4--,! h>d :ite lead prep>$ z j describ$ consi/s ( v heavy & v h>d lumps ( ! pure/ :ite4 ,:5 s(t :ite lead is requir$1 ! admix$ lead acetate mu/ be remov$ by wa%+4 ,?is is accompli%$ by add+ a l>g] quantity ( wat]1 ei!r :5 gr9d+ "u ! edge-runn]s or 9 ! mills1 s t a ?9 pulp is =m$2 ?is is run into a receiv]1 9 :i* is a /irr]4 ,! :ite lead is n completely prev5t$ f s9k+ by ! /irr]2 a s(t mud is deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 :i* c only be /irr$ up ) difficulty on acc\nt ( its high d5sity4 ,:5 ?is vessel is full1 ! /irr] is /opp$ & ! milky liquid all[$ to settle1 :i* happ5s 9 a %ort "t on acc\nt ( ! high specific gravity ( :ite lead4 ,! cle> liquid above ! :ite lead is drawn (f into a tank l9$ ) cem5t4 ,x is advisable to arrange ! /irr] s t x may be plac$ at any height 9 ! vessel2 if ?is is ! case1 by gradually l[]+ ! /irr] :il/ 9 motion1 ! :ite lead ly+ at ! bottom c be mix$ up ) fre% wat]4 ,^! op]ations are repeat$ until all ! lead acetate is remov$4 ,soda solution is add$ to ! wa% wat]s 9 ord] to recov] ! lead dissolv$ 9 !m z lead acetate2 lead c>bonate is precipitat$ & settles at ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,?is precipitation may also be effect$ by putt+ lumps ( lime/one 9 ! tank4 ,! pa/e rema9+ 9 ! wa%+ tubs1 :i* n[ conta9s only pure :ite lead & wat]1 is fill$ into bags ( closely wov5 mat]ial & ! wat] press$ out by a gradually increas+ pressure1 until a /iff pulp rema9s beh9d4 ,?is is !n completely dri$1 ei!r 9 ! air or 9 dry+ /oves4 ,s(t :ite lead =ms ei!r irregul> lumps or a s(t1 heavy p[d]4 ,! l[] qualities ( :ite lead conta9 a small] or l>g] quantity ( f9ely gr\nd b>ytes2 ! high] ! proportion ( b>ytes ! small] is ! cov]+ p[] ( ! mixture4 ,a v simple me?od = detect+ b>ytes 9 :ite lead w be giv5 lat]4 7b7 ,,g]man ,,process4 ,! ,g]man or ,au/rian me?od ( mak+ :ite lead is also kn[n z ! *amb] process1 s9ce ! =mation takes place 9 clos$ *amb]s1 con/ruct$ ( wood or masonry4 ,9 ! old] processes1 ca/ lead %eets 7 b5t d\ble & hung on cross b>s 9 a wood5 box ) a wat]-tight bottom1 ) ! precaution t ! plates did n t\*4 ,a numb] ( ^! boxes1 g5]ally #ij1 7 arrang$ 9 a hot room1 ea* box be+ ab\t #af metre long1 #jd metre wide & #jc metre high4 ,on ! bottom ( ea* box 0 p\r$ a mixture ( v9eg> or dilute acetic acid & w9e refuse1 & ! box 0 cov]$ ) a well-fitt+ lid4 ,! temp]ature ( ! room 0 gradually rais$ week by week2 dur+ ! fir/ week rema9+ at #be ,c41 dur+ ! second at #ch ,c41 ! ?ird at #de ,c4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\r? week ! temp]ature 0 rais$ to #ej ,c41 at :i* x 0 kept = a =tnight4 ,at ?is high temp]ature a consid]able quantity ( acetic acid is evaporat$1 caus+ ! =mation ( lead acetate1 :i* is conv]t$1 by ! c>bonic acid evolv$ f ! w9e refuse1 into basic lead c>bonate4 ,:5 ! prop] temp]atures h be5 ma9ta9$1 on op5+ ! boxes almo/ all ! lead is f\nd *ang$ into :ite lead1 :i* is knock$ (f1 & ! residual lead us$ 9 ca/+ new plates4 ,x is easy to conceive t ! boxes may be well replac$ by brick *amb]s1 9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( lead plates are br\ght & into :i* acetic acid vap\rs & c>bonic acid are introduc$ aft] ! room has be5 clos$4 ,*amb]s are us$ :i* c conta9 #ab1jjj to #ab1ejj kilogrammes ( lead4 ,^! *amb]s1 9 :i* ! lead plates are hung ^u wood5 supports1 h an op5+ imm$iately above ! bottom1 :i* is connect$ ) a retort 9 :i* v9eg>1 conta9+ #d to #e p] c5t4 ( acetic acid1 is boil$4 ,aft] ab\t #ab h\rs1 by ! simultane\s action ( ! vap\rs ( acetic acid & ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 lead acetate is =m$4 ,c>bonic acid is n[ l$ into ! *amb]s4 ,! c>bonic acid is obta9$ by burn+ *>coal 9 a cyl9drical furnace2 x is cool$ by be+ pass$ ?r\gh a long iron tube be=e x ent]s ! *amb]4 ,= #ab1ejj kilogrammes ( lead !re are requir$ e day ab\t #dhb litres ( dilute acetic acid1 obta9$ by mix+ /rong acetic acid ) wat] until ! mixture conta9s #de p] c5t4 ( ! acid1 & #ah kilogrammes ( *>coal1 f :i* ! c>bonic acid is obta9$4 ,! "t requir$ is #e or #f weeks1 & ! residue ( unalt]$ lead v>ies f #aj to #ce p] c5t4 ,! :ite lead obta9$ by ?is process is q usable1 b ! process has ! consid]able disadvantage t !re is no control ov] ! quantities ( mat]ials us$4 ,9 ord] to produce a c]ta9 quantity ( :ite lead ( a c]ta9 composition1 def9ite quantities ( lead1 oxyg51 acetic acid & c>bonic acid are necess>y4 ,if1 !n1 ! app>atus c be s arrang$ t ! quantities ( mat]ial employ$ c be accurately measur$1 a great advance w h be5 made1 = ! op]ation w be no long] conduct$ at r&om1 b "u def9ite un*angeable conditions4 ,! quantities ( c>bonic acid & acetic acid c be calculat$ be=eh&4 ,! volumes ( ! gases requir$ may be measur$ )\t difficulty by met]s ( ! type us$ = measur+ coal gas4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple are bas$ a numb] ( m mod]n me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,accord+ to ! process ( ,major1 ! vap\rs ( wat] & acetic acid are introduc$ at ! same "t into ! *amb]s fill$ ) lead plates1 9 ord] to produce basic lead acetate4 ,?is "p ( ! process requires ab\t #ab h\rs4 ,!n c>bonic acid is introduc$2 x is produc$ by burn+ *>coal 9 an iron cyl9d]1 ?r\gh :i* air is =c$4 ,by means ( ?is c>bonic acid1 :i* is at a comp>atively high temp]ature1 ab\t #fj ,c41 ! lead acetate is quickly *ang$ into :ite lead4 ,a portion ( ! lead acetate rema9s undecompos$2 9 ord] to remove ?is1 at ! close ( ! op]ation ammonia is inject$1 :i* decomposes ! lead salt4 ,! ammonia salts n[ pres5t are f9ally driv5 out by means ( sup]heat$ /eam4 ,major's app>atus is depict$ 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a & ,b are *amb]s ) horizontal grat+s ^u :i* ! lead lies2 ,c is ! furnace = burn+ ! *>coal1 provid$ ) a fan4 ,! products ( combu/ion f ,c pass "u ! boil] ,d1 _! passage be+ regulat$ by ! valve1 a2 !y !n heat ! boil] ,e1 conta9+ acetic acid1 & ent] ! *amb]s1 ,a & ,b1 ?r\gh ! flue1 b1 or are direct$ by ! valve 9 b into ! *imney1 d4 ,! gases1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! *amb]1 f9d an exit at e4 ,! /eam pipe1 f1 conducts /eam into ! boil] ,e1 ?r\gh g1 & also into ! *amb]s1 ,a & ,b1 ?us heat+ !m & provid+ ! necess>y moi/ure2 h is ! funnel = fill+ ,e2 ! pipe1 k1 c>ries ! acetic acid vap\rs into ! *amb]s4 ,aft] ! ?9 lead plates h be5 br\ght into ! *amb]s !y are clos$ & ! temp]ature rais$ to #di to #fj ,c41 /eam & acetic acid vap\rs are l$ 9 = #aj to #bj h\rs 9 ord] to =m ! basic acetate1 !n ! furnace gases are introduc$ at a temp]ature ( #fj ,c4 ,! :ite lead obta9$ 9 ?is mann] c be f9i%$ 9 ! ord9>y way by wa%+ & gr9d+1 b x is bett] to remove ! lead acetate by introduc+ ammonia1 & !n hot air or sup]heat$ /eam1 z previ\sly /at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! process is complete 9 #b to #d weeks4 ,g>tn]1 work+ accord+ to ?is process ) #aej kilogrammes ( lead 9 a *amb] #abf metre long1 #jgh metre high & #jgh metre wide1 obta9$ good :ite lead 9 #bh days4 ,! app>atus design$ by ,h4 ,kirb]g = ! manufacture ( :ite lead is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ab1 #ac & #ad4 ,! lead plates are hung ^u ! la?s1 a1 9 ! *amb]s2 ! supports ( ! la?s1 b1 g ?r\gh ! slits1 c1 9 ! supports1 d1 & project ?r\gh ! walls at e4 ,! c>ri]s1 b1 hang f bolts by brass wire4 ,by /rik+ ! end ( ! la?s1 e1 !y are made to sw+ s t ! :ite lead loosely adh]+ to ! lead plates is %ak5 (f & fre% surfaces ( metal are expos$4 ,! op5+s 9 ! walls ?r\gh :i* ! ends ( ! la?s project are clos$ by indi>ubb]4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! production ( du/ :5 ! *amb]s are empti$1 wat] is introduc$ 9 a f9e spray ^u ! lead plates f ! copp] tubes1 v1 plac$ "u ! ro( ( ! *amb]4 ,! wat] wa%es (f ! rema9s ( ! :ite lead f ! plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! :ite lead process may be c>ri$ out 9 a %ort] "t :5 ! gases ent] ! *amb] "u increas$ pressure2 b ?is is att5d$ ) difficulties1 s9ce cont9u\s sup]vision ( ! app>atus & ( ! tightness ( ! *amb] is necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,! app>atus ( ,w4 ,?ompson 7,fig4 #ae7 consi/s ( a *amb]1 ,a1 con/ruct$ ) a false ro(1 ,b1 to c>ry (f ! cond5s$ vap\rs1 & provid$ at bo? sides ) doors1 ?r\gh :i* ! waggons1 c>ry+ ! lead1 are introduc$ & remov$4 ,! pipes1 n1 :i* convey air & c>bonic acid1 are provid$ ) bran*es1 e1 :i* rea* to ! sides ( ! *amb]1 & are jo9$ to ! p]=at$ tubes1 ,d4 ,! pipes1 n1 are provid$ ) res]voirs1 b1 :i* prev5t ! too rapid entry ( ! air or c>bonic acid1 & at ! same "t give a suffici5t heat+ surface4 ,^u ! waggon1 ,e1 are ! frames1 v1 :i* support ! lead plates4 ,! plates may be solid or grat+s2 !y are #c to #ab millimetres ?ick1 & are arrang$ at int]vals ( ab\t #be millimetres 9 ! frames4 ,! tr\ghs1 ,f1 = ! reception ( ! acetic acid are fill$ f ! res]voir1 ,z4 ,! /eam pipe1 ,c1 effects ! evaporation ( ! acid2 ! /eam pipe1 d1 heats ! *amb] at ! comm5cem5t ( ! process1 & also :5 ,c is out ( use4 ,:5 ! *amb] is fill$ ) lead1 ! tr\ghs1 ,f1 are fill$ ) acetic acid ( #e p] c5t4 /r5g?4 ,! *amb]s are clos$1 & /eam is l$ ?r\gh ,c & d until ! temp]ature 9 ! *amb] rea*es #be to #ej ,c41 & ! evaporation ( ! acid beg9s4 ,!n air is =c$ 9 "u a small pressure ?r\gh n1 e1 ,d dur+ #c to #d days1 aft] :i* foll[s a mixture ( equal p>ts ( c>bonic acid & air1 cont9u$ until ! =mation ( :ite lead is complete4 ,:5 plates #c millimetres ?ick are us$1 & ! temp]ature is gradually rais$ f #be to #ej ,c41 ab\t #ab days are requir$2 b if ! plates are #ab millimetres ?ick1 #bh days are necess>y4 ,= ! prop] c>ry+ out ( ?is process x is important t ! temp]ature ( ! *amb] %\ld be v gradually rais$ f #be to #ej ,c4 ,9 ! process ( ,p4 ,rey molt5 lead is p\r$ 9 a ?9 /ream into wat]1 & ! 8granulat$0 metal !n plac$ 9 vessels1 9 a lay] #cj c5timetres ?ick1 ^u a grat+ #e c5timetres above ! bottom4 ,9 ! bottom are n>r[ tubes :i*1 rea*+ above ! lead1 s]ve to admit air4 ,acetic acid is all[$ to fl[ ov] ! lead f vessel to vessel4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! prop] solution1 a lay] ( lead1 #b metres ?ick1 is necess>y1 s t #f to #g vessels are arrang$1 "o above ! o!r4 ,if lead acetate solution be us$1 ! lay] ( lead ne$ only be #ab metre ?ick4 ,! solution ( basic lead acetate is !n treat$ ) c>bonic acid accord+ to ! ord9>y process4 ,9 addition to ! modifications ( ! ,g]man :ite lead process :i* h be5 describ$1 _m o!rs h be5 propos$4 ,! pr9ciple ( _m ( ^! me?ods is1 t f9ely divid$ lead is mu* m rapidly conv]t$ into :ite lead ?an lead 9 ! =m ( plates2 f9ely divid$ lead exposes an enorm\sly great] surface to ! action ( ! acetic acid & o!r mat]ials ?an d lead plates4 ,9 ,ro/a+'s me?od ! lead is *ang$ into v small pellets1 by all[+ ! melt$ metal to fl[ on to a rapidly rotat+ iron disc2 ! molt5 lead1 9 consequ5ce ( ! c5trifugal =ce due to ! rapid rotation1 assumes ! =m ( v small drops1 :i* are ?r[n (f ! disc & cool$ 9 a vessel ( cold wat]4 ,torassa recomm5ds t lead1 obta9$ 9 pellets by p\r+ into cold wat]1 %\ld be br\ght into a rapidly rotat+ vessel1 :]eby ! great] "p w be conv]t$ into f9e du/ 7874 ,?is lead du/ is said to be !n conv]t$ into :ite lead by simple exposure to air1 lead oxide be+ fir/ =m$1 & f x basic lead c>bonate4 ,?is process is n workable on a l>ge scale4 ,! rapid oxidation ( f9ely divid$ lead by air has be5 appli$ by sev]al inv5tors to ! manufacture ( :ite lead4 ,! processes ( ,woods1 ,m',cannel & ,grneb]g are f\nd$ ^u ?is trans=mation4 ,9 ess5tials !y are z foll[s3 lead is f9ely divid$ 9 iron or e>!nw>e cyl9d]s1 & ei!r c>bonic acid & air1 or a mixture ( ^! ) acetic acid vap\r1 are introduc$ by means ( ! axle ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,if a special app>atus is n provid$1 z x %\ld be1 on ! l>ge scale1 to sep>ate ! unalt]$ lead f ! :ite lead1 ! lumps com+ f ! *amb]s mu/ be subject$ to a process ( levigation1 9 :i* ! lead1 be+ ! heavie/ body1 w be fir/ deposit$2 ! la/ portions deposit$ consi/ ( ! pure/ :ite lead1 ! l[] lay]s ( :i* w be t+$ m or less grey by an admixture ( f9ely divid$ lead & lead p]oxide4 ,:ite lead manufactur$ by ! ,g]man process occasionally exhibits p]ceptible r$di% or greyi% t+es1 ! cause ( :i* lies 9 ! defective execution ( ! process4 ,! r$ t+e d5otes ! pres5ce ( free lead oxide1 caus$ by ! use ( an insuffici5t quantity ( acetic acid4 ,a grey t9t is due to ! pres5ce ( metallic lead or an excess ( lead c>bonate4 7c7 ,,fr5* ,,process4 ,! ,fr5* process = mak+ :ite lead is bas$ ^u ! reaction :i* occurs :5 c>bonic acid is pass$ into a solution ( basic lead acetate2 basic lead c>bonate is precipitat$ & neutral lead acetate rema9s dissolv$2 ! latt] is aga9 conv]t$ into basic acetate1 f :i* c>bonic acid aga9 sep>ates :ite lead & s on4 ,?is process1 at pres5t us$ on an enorm\s scale1 is due to ! ,fr5* *emi/ ,?n>d1 :o fir/ put x into op]ation on ! l>ge scale at ,cli*y1 ne> ,p>is4 ,! me?od is also kn[n z ! ,cli*y process4 ,! op]ations ( ?is process are divid$ into ! production ( ! basic acetate & ! treatm5t ( its solution ) pure c>bonic acid1 :]eby ! basic c>bonate is precipitat$4 #a4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,solution ( ,basic ,lead ,acetate4--,! prep>ation ( ?is comp\nd has be5 already describ$2 ! foll[+ is supplem5t>y to :at 0 previ\sly giv54 ,if li?>ge be us$1 x is dissolv$ 9 wood5 tubs heat$ by /eam4 ,! acetic acid is br\ght ne>ly to boil+ by op5 /eam1 & ! f9ely gr\nd li?>ge gradually add$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its high specific gravity1 ! li?>ge w\ld quickly s9k to ! bottom1 s t x is advisable to keep ! liquid 9 motion by means ( a /irr]1 & to all[ ! li?>ge to fall 9 9 a ?9 /ream4 ,! introduction ( ! latt] is cont9u$ until ! specific gravity ( ! solution indicates t ! liquid conta9s ?ree equival5ts ( lead oxide to "o equival5t ( acetic acid4 ,9 work+ ) metallic lead1 ?is mu/ be us$ 9 a f9ely divid$ =m2 x is ca/1 z 9 ! ,dut* process1 into ?9 %eets or grat+s1 or into flat wires or ribbons4 ,^! ribbons are easily made by melt+ ! lead 9 a pan provid$ ) a deliv]y pipe ) /op cock2 b5ea? ! latt] is br\ght a vessel1 :i* c be mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds ^u a tram l9e1 fill$ ) wat]4 ,:5 ! melt$ lead is all[$ to fl[ into ?is vessel1 :i* is be+ mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 ! metal =ms long1 ?9 ribbons1 :i* possess a l>ge surface4 ,a wood5 tub is almo/ completely fill$ ) ^! lead ribbons1 :i* are !n cov]$ ) acetic acid4 ,aft] a %ort "t ! acid is run (f1 :51 by ! action ( ! air1 s en]getic an oxidation ( ! lead takes place t ! cont5ts ( ! tub become heat$1 & /eam & acetic acid vap\rs beg9 to rise4 ,:5 ?is is se51 ! orig9al acetic acid is pump$ back into ! tub1 & left !re = "s h\rs 9 contact ) ! lead 9 ord] t x may dissolve ! lead oxide4 ,:5 ! solution has rea*$ a specific gravity ( #aacbf to #aadae1 x is drawn (f f ! undissolv$ lead1 :i* aga91 9 a %ort "t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapid oxidation1 becomes w>m1 & is treat$ ) fre% acetic acid4 ,! lead ribbons become f9ally s ?9 t !y fall toge!r by _! own weight1 & =m tight masses1 ^u :i* air & acetic acid c no long] act4 ,^! residues are !n remov$ f ! solution vessel & new ribbons introduc$4 ,! residues h a velvety appe>ance2 :5 !y are mix$ up ) wat] !y make x d>k1 & f ! turbid liquid a f9e1 velvet-black p[d] soon sep>ates1 :i* consi/s ( f9ely divid$ silv]4 ,! liquid /ill rema9s turbid ow+ to ! susp5sion ( f9e p>ticles ( c>bon4 ,! lead ores1 especially gal5a1 (t5 conta9 notable quantities ( silv]2 silv] lead is g5]ally desilv]is$ be=e use2 usually1 h[ev]1 small quantities ( silv] rema9 9 ! lead4 ,:5 ! lead is dissolv$ 9 acetic acid1 ?is silv] settles z a s(t p[d] at ! bottom ( ! vessels 9 :i* ! lead residues f ! solution tubs are wa%$4 #b4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,c>bonic ,acid & ,precipitation ( ! ,:ite ,lead4--,! c>bonic acid requir$ = precipitat+ ! basic c>bonate is obta9$ ei!r by heat+ lime/one 9 a small furnace1 f :i* ! gas is drawn by a pump1 or directly by burn+ *>coal4 ,9 ! =m] case v pure c>bonic acid is obta9$1 &1 z a by-product1 valuable quicklime2 9 ! latt] case precautions mu/ be tak5 to produce pure c>bonic acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,! furnace design$ by ,k9dl] = prep>+ c>bonic acid 7,fig4 #af7 consi/s ( a conical furnace1 burn+ coal or coke ^u ! he>?1 a4 ,! passage1 c1 is divid$ by a v]tical wall1 9 ord] to avoid ob/ruction f ! pil+ up ( fuel4 ,! space1 ,k1 is fill$ ) lime/one1 ?r\gh :i* ! c>bonic acid passes2 ! tanks1 e1 fill$ ) wat]1 cool ! lime/one1 & ! gas1 :i* !n passes ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! wa%+ vessel1 ,d1 is drawn (f by a pump4 ,9 ! old process at ,cli*y ! app>atus depict$ 9 ,fig4 #ag 0 us$4 ,! basic lead acetate 0 made 9 ! wood5 tub1 ,a1 provid$ ) ! /irr]1 ,b ,c4 ,! solution 0 run (f f ?is vessel by means ( ! cock1 b1 into ! settl+ tank1 ,e1 9 :i* ! me*anical impurities sep>at$ f ! solution4 ,! cle> liquid ran into ! decompos+ vessel1 a l>ge %all[ cov]$ tank1 hold+ #i1jjj to #aj1jjj litres4 ,9 ?is tank op5$ #hjj copp] tubes1 giv5 (f f ! l>ge pipe1 ,s4 ,! small furnace1 ,d1 9 :i* lime/one 0 burnt ) coke1 produc$ ! c>bonic acid2 f ! pipe at ! top ( ! furnace ! c>bonic acid 0 br\ght into ! ,ar*im$ean screw1 h ,k1 0 wa%$ ) wat]1 & pump$ into ! solution ( lead acetate4 ,! introduction ( ! c>bonic acid 0 cont9u$ f #aj to #ab h\rs1 aft] :i* ! app>atus 0 left at re/ until ! liquid 9 ! decompos+ tank _h become q cle>1 ?r\gh deposition ( ! :ite lead4 ,! cle> solution1 n[ conta9+ neutral lead acetate1 0 run (f into ! receiv]1 m1 f :i* ! pump1 ,p1 c>ri$ x back into ! dissolv+ tub1 ,a1 :]e x 0 treat$ ) fre% quantities ( li?>ge4 ,! solution ( neutral lead acetate drawn (f f ! :ite lead _h approximately a specific gravity ( #ajija4 ,! :ite lead at ! bottom ( ! decompos+ tank 0 a tol]ably ?ick pa/e4 ,x 0 transf]r$ to ! tank1 ,o1 & wa%$ sev]al times ) wat]4 ,! fir/ wa% wat]s1 :i* conta9$ small quantities ( lead acetate1 7 return$ to ! dissolv+ tub4 ,! result+ :ite lead =m$ a v s(t p[d]2 x 0 at once plac$ 9 ! dry+ pans4 ,! :ite lead prep>$ by ?is process is a precipitate conta9+ no co>se lumps1 s t gr9d+ is unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,!oretically1 ! quantity ( acetic acid ) :i* ! process is comm5c$ is suffici5t to =m an unlimit$ quantity ( :ite lead1 s9ce all ! acetic acid br\ght into ! decompos+ tank 9 ! =m ( basic acetate is return$ to ! dissolv+ tub z neutral acetate4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 matt]s are some:at diff]5t4 ,small quantities ( acetic acid are lo/ 9 ! wa% wat]s2 ea* "t ! solution ( lead acetate is pump$ back into ! dissolv+ tub1 a small quantity ( acetic acid mu/ be add$ to make up ! loss4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,! me?od pursu$ by ,oz\f1 9 ,france1 is a consid]able improvem5t on ,?n>d's process4 ,pure c>bonic acid is us$ = ! precipitation1 & :ite lead ( simil> composition to t produc$ by ! ,dut* process is obta9$1 s9ce ! introduction ( ! c>bonic acid c be regulat$ accord+ to ! volume & /r5g? ( ! lead solution1 & ?us :ite lead ( any desir$ composition c be produc$4 ,! mo/ elaborate precautions = ! heal? ( ! "w-p are tak54 ,! prep>ation ( pure c>bonic acid gas is bas$ ^u ! absorption ( ?is gas f a mixture ( gases by a solution ( sodium c>bonate1 & its evolution on heat+ ! solution4 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,figs4 #ah & #ai4 ,! products ( combu/ion obta9$ f ! /ove1 ,a1 are drawn by ! air pump1 ,e1 ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,c1 into ! cool]1 ,b1 :i* is regul>ly f$ ) cold wat] by ,d4 ,! gases compress$ 9 ! receiv]1 ,e1 deposit moi/ure !re1 & !n proce$ ?r\gh #c horizontal cyl9d]s1 ,f1 ( %eet-iron1 provid$ ) agitators1 9 :i* ! c>bonic acid is absorb$ by a cold solution ( sodium c>bonate ( #i ,b4 ,! unabsorb$ gases escape into ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ,g 7,fig4 #ai74 ,! sodium bic>bonate solution is receiv$ 9 ! wood5 tank1 ,h1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! #c cyl9d]s1 ,f4 ,! pump1 ,i1 ( ! alt]nat+ pump1 ,i ,i1 lifts ! sodium bic>bonate solution out ( ,h & s5ds x ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,k1 into ! tubul> cyl9d]1 ,j1 :i* /&s ^u a cyl9d] ( l>g] diamet]1 ,j1 communicat+ ) x only by ! v]tical tubes4 ,! bic>bonate solution rises betwe5 ! tubes 9 ,j1 passes ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,l1 drops 9 a f9e spray ?r\gh ! rose =m+ its m\?1 & by means ( ! v]tical tubes passes into ,j & !nce into ,m1 :]e x is heat$ by means ( a /eam coil to #ajj ,c4 ,c>bonic acid is !n evolv$1 & ! residual solution ( neutral sodium c>bonate1 aft] cool+ 9 ! vessel1 ,r1 by means ( ! cold coil1 is drawn (f by ! pump1 ,i1 aga9 to ent] ! cyl9d]s1 ,f1 by means ( ! pipe1 ,k4 ,! c>bonic acid evolv$ 9 ,m1 toge!r ) /eam1 ent]s ,j ?r\gh ,n1 & 9 ris+ 9 ! tubes ( ! cyl9d]1 ,j1 is cool$ by ! fall+ spray ( bic>bonate solution4 ,! cool+ is complet$ 9 ! coil1 ,o1 surr\nd$ by wat]2 ! vessel1 ,p1 sep>ates ! cond5s$ wat] & passes ! gas on into ! hold]1 ,q4 ,! pipe1 ,s1 connect+ ,p ) ! suction pipe ( ! pump1 ,j1 s]ves to re/ore to ! solution ( sodium c>bonate ! wat] x has lo/1 ?us ma9ta9+ ! prop] conc5tration4 ,! co/ ( #a cubic metre ( c>bonic acid is #aj c5times1 ( #a kilogramme #e c5times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,= ! production ( :ite lead1 ! c>bonic acid1 by means ( ! pipe1 ,u 7,figs4 #ai & #bj71 ent]s ! cyl9d]1 ,t1 provid$ ) an agitator & conta9+ a solution ( basic lead acetate4 ,by means ( ! pump1 ,v1 ! lead solution is f$ into ! cyl9d]1 ,t1 ?r\gh ,w4 ,! absorption ( ! gas proce$s rapidly2 ! progress ( ! op]ation is foll[$ by ! obs]vation ( a po9t] mov+ ov] a scale2 z ! gas hold] s9ks ! po9t] moves upw>ds4 ,aft] ! precipitation ( :ite lead1 ! cont5ts ( ,t are empti$ into ! tub1 b1 9 :i* rotate rakes atta*$ to a v]tical axis ( iron plat$ ) copp]4 ,:5 ! :ite lead has settl$1 ! sup]natant solution ( neutral lead acetate is drawn (f ?r\gh ! pipe1 c1 by means ( ! pump1 d1 & conduct$ into ! wat]-tight vessel1 ,x1 conta9+ a /irr] on ! v]tical axis1 ,w1 made ( copp]$ /eel4 ,"h li?>ge is add$1 & ! result+ solution ( basic lead acetate is convey$ to ! cyl9d]s1 ,t1 by means ( ! pump1 ,v1 z already describ$4 ,! :ite lead 9 ! tub1 b1 by putt+ ! /irr] 9 motion1 is wa%$ once ) wat] :i* has be5 previ\sly purifi$ by a little lead acetate4 ,x !n goes into ano!r tub provid$ ) /irr]s1 :]e x is sev]al times wa%$1 sodium c>bonate be+ add$ to ! la/ wa% wat] until a sample ( ! :ite lead is n col\r$ by a drop ( potassium iodide solution4 ,9 ?is way ! wa% wat] is obta9$ free f lead1 & ! product is said to be ( bett] quality4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n 9 accordance ) ! fact t good ,dut* :ite lead g5]ally conta9s "s lead acetate4 ,! two-cyl9d] pump1 h1 :i* is 9 connection ) ! gas hold]1 =ces gas ov] ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ,t 9 ord] to drive x into tubs :i* are n 9 ! position %[n = b 9 ! illu/ration1 & into :i* !re is no direct fl[4 ,! wa%$ :ite lead is br\ght into bags :i* are press$ 9 a hydraulic press1 dri$1 gr\nd1 siev$ & pack$ 9 casks4 ,^! tr\blesome & (t5 dang]\s op]ations h be5 modifi$ by ,oz\f 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! pulp :ite lead runs f ! tub1 b1 into ! hopp]1 g1 :]e x is kept mix$ by a small /irr]1 & f :i* x passes on to ! cyl9d]1 f1 heat$ by gas f ! inside4 ,9 its rotation ! cyl9d] c>ries along ! :ite lead & dries x1 x is !n remov$ by a knife bel[ ! hopp]1 & falls on to an incl9$ plane4 ,! hopp] & cyl9d] are 9 a room provid$ ) a good draught4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,! lumps com+ f ! dry+ room are plac$ by workm5 we>+ respirators 9 buckets on an endless *a91 are c>ri$ to ! mills1 gr\nd & siev$2 !n1 by means ( an ,ar*im$ean screw1 ! :ite lead is convey$ to a cask 9 :i* x is ev5ly press$ by means ( a special me*anism4 ,a bell ann\nces :5 a cask is full4 ,manufacture ( ,:ite ,lead by means ( ,natural ,c>bonic ,acid4--,9 di/ricts :]e curr5ts ( c>bonic acid gas issue f ! gr\nd1 !y c be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( :ite lead1 & are actually utilis$ = ?is purpose4 ,natural c>bonic acid may1 ( c\rse1 be us$ = any ( ! :ite lead processes4 7d7 ,,engli% ,,process4 ,9 ?is process1 n[ no long] 9 use1 :ite lead 0 obta9$ by mix+ li?>ge to a /iff pa/e ) a weak solution ( lead acetate & expos+ ! pa/e to ! action ( c>bonic acid4 ,by cont9ually knead+ ! mass by means ( groov$ roll]s or ( rotat+ cyl9d]s1 ?r\gh ! holl[ axis ( :i* c>bonic acid 0 l$1 ! pa/e 0 ?or\ghly br\ght into contact ) ! c>bonic acid4 ,by ?is process a good product is only obta9$ :5 pure li?>ge1 entirely free f ! oxides ( iron & copp]1 is us$4 ,! copp] oxide may be remov$ f ! li?>ge by means ( ammonia if ?is c be obta9$ at a l[ price2 b oxide ( iron _c be remov$1 & v small quantities ( x are suffici5t to imp>t a yell[ t+e to ! :ite lead4 7e7 ,,o!r ,,me?ods4 ,9 ,pay5's process ! lead sulphate obta9$ 9 consid]able quantities z a by-product 9 calico pr9t+ is ! raw mat]ial employ$4 ,by treat+ ?is lead sulphate ) a solution ( ammonium or sodium c>bonate1 :ite lead & ammonium or sodium sulphate are produc$4 ,! :ite lead is !n fre$ f ! soluble salts by wa%+1 mix$ ) a small quantity ( lead acetate1 & press$ into ! dry+ m\lds4 ,by boil+ lead sulphate ) cau/ic soda & pass+ 9 c>bonic acid 7,puissant's process71 a :ite lead is obta9$ :i* diff]s consid]ably 9 composition f ord9>y :ite lead4 ,_m me?ods h be5 propos$ ) ! object ( conv]t+ insoluble lead salts1 obta9$ z by-products or by an inexp5sive process1 by treatm5t ) alkal9e or alkal9e e>? c>bonates1 into :ite lead4 ,! fact t none ( ^! me?ods has obta9$ a p]man5t foot+ 9 ! indu/ry %[s t ea* mu/ be accompani$ by s]i\s defects1 or c only be practicable "u peculi> conditions4 ,magnesium c>bonate is us$ 9 ,pattison's process to decompose lead *loride4 ,dolomite 7magnesian lime/one7 is ! raw mat]ial = ! magnesium c>bonate4 ,co>sely p[d]$1 x is heat$ at a l[ r$ heat1 :5 magnesia is =m$1 ! calcium c>bonate rema9+ almo/ entirely unalt]$1 s9ce x requires ne>ly a :ite heat = its decomposition4 ,! p[d] gr\nd 9 wat] 01 :5 treat$ ) c>bonic acid "u a high pressure1 soluble1 magnesium bic>bonate be+ =m$1 ! saturat$ solution ( :i* conta9s #bc p] c5t4 ( magnesia1 & has a specific gravity ( #ajbh4 ,! solution ( lead *loride conta9s #a "p ( ! salt 9 #abf p>ts ( wat]2 x is mix$ ) a slight excess ( ! magnesium c>bonate solution z quickly z possible4 ,! liquid is drawn (f f ! mix+ vessel into a l>ge receiv] 9 :i* a precipitate deposits1 consi/+ ( :ite lead & a little oxy*loride4 ,aft] dry+1 ! precipitate is gr\nd ) a small quantity ( cau/ic soda to decompose ! oxy*loride4 ,a few days aft]w>ds ! mass is wa%$ to remove sodium *loride & ! product dri$4 ,! process ( ,dale & ,miln] is simil> to ! above magnesia process4 ,li?>ge1 lead hydroxide or insoluble lead salts are mix$ ) sodium bic>bonate solution1 &1 ) repeat$ additions ( wat]1 gr\nd until ! =mation ( :ite lead is complet$4 ,! lead comp\nd & sodium bic>bonate are us$ 9 equival5t proportions4 ,accord+ to ! process ( ,p4 ,bronn] 7,g]man pat5t #eb1bfb71 #c molecules ( fre%ly precipitat$ lead sulphate are heat$ ) a solution ( #b molecules ( cau/ic soda1 :5 ! basic sulphate #b ,pb,s,o4,pb7,,oh7 is =m$ accord+ to ! equation-- #c ,pb,s,o #b ,na,o,h #b ,pb,s,o4,pb7,,oh7 ,na,,s4 ,or #d molecules ( lead sulphate are decompos$ by #b molecules ( cau/ic soda1 accord+ to ! equation-- #d ,pb,s,o #b ,na,o,h #c ,pb,s,o4,pb7,,oh7 ,na,,s4 ,?is trans=mation takes place at a temp]ature ( #gj ,c4 ,! result+ basic sulphate1 al?\gh pure :ite1 _c be us$ z a pigm5t on acc\nt ( its lack ( cov]+ p[]2 b by heat+ ) a solution ( sodium c>bonate x is conv]t$ into :ite lead4 #b ,pb,s,o4,pb7,,oh7 #b ,na,,co #b ,pb,c,o4,pb7,,oh7 #b ,na,,s4 #c ,pb,s,o4,pb7,,oh7 #c ,na,,co #c ,pb,c,o4,pb7,,oh7 #c ,na,,s4 ,by ?is process1 :i* is h>mless to ! workm51 ! lead sulphate obta9$ z a by-product 9 ! prep>ation ( mordants = calico pr9t+1 c be conv]t$ into good saleable :ite lead4 ,! lead sulphate may also be obta9$ f li?>ge1 lead acetate or nitrate4 ,x occasionally happ5s t :ite lead has a rose t9t1 :i* is cle>ly p]ceptible by comp>ison ) a pure :ite sample4 ,?is col\ration occurs 9 :ite lead made f arg5tif]\s lead4 ,a v small quantity ( silv] is suffici5t to produce ! t+e ( col\r4 ,occasionally :ite lead :i* has be5 gr\nd 9 oil & us$ = pa9t+ turns p]ceptibly yell[1 ! col\ration be+ simil> to t obs]v$ on a surface pa9t$ ) :ite lead f :i* light is almo/ exclud$4 ,! yell[ col\ration is due to lead oxide4 ,?is has be5 prov$ by susp5d+ su* a :ite lead 9 wat] & treat+ x ) c>bonic acid1 aft] :i* a surface pa9t$ ) x rema9s p]man5tly :ite4 7f7 ,,oxy*loride ,,:ite ,,lead4 ,"u ! "n ( :ite lead1 b diff]+ f x 9 composition1 v>i\s products are f\nd :i* consi/ ( lead oxy*loride4 ,?is comp\nd is also kn[n z ,pattison's :ite lead4 ,pattison's :ite lead c be mu* m *eaply manufactur$ ?an real :ite lead1 ! raw mat]ial employ$ be+ ! *eap gal5a4 ,! f9ely-p[d]$ m9]al is boil$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid 9 clos$ lead vessels4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 is evolv$1 :i* may be burnt to sulphur dioxide & s us$ to make sulphuric acid4 ,a hot saturat$ solution ( lead *loride rema9s1 f :i* ! salt sep>ates 9 small cry/als on cool+4 ,! cry/als are dra9$ 9 a basket & wa%$ ) cold wat] to remove ! acid4 ,! pure lead *loride is !n dissolv$ 9 hot wat] & mix$ ) lime wat]4 ,pattison obta9$ lime wat] f dolomite by burn+ x1 treat+ ) a little wat] to remove ! easily soluble salts1 &1 aft] ! removal ( ?is wa% wat]1 treat+ ! residue repeat$ly ) wat] 9 ord] to obta9 a cle> solution ( pure hydrate ( lime4 ,:5 pure lime/one is us$1 x may be treat$ ) wat] imm$iately aft] burn+ )\t any prelim9>y prep>ation4 ,two equival5ts ( lead *loride are us$ to "o equival5t ( calcium hydroxide4 ,practical exp]i5ce %[$ t ! be/ product 0 obta9$ :5 ! precipitation 0 v rapidly br\ght ab\t4 ,) ?is object1 bo? solutions ent]$ ! precipitation tanks ?r\gh pipes ) n>r[ slits at ! side1 s t ! liquids met 9 a ?9 lay]1 9 :i* ! precipitation ( ! pigm5t 0 in/antane\s4 ,x is also necess>y t lead *loride %\ld be 9 excess ?r\gh\t4 ,! liquid is all[$ to /& = ! precipitate to settle1 :i* x does 9 a brief "t on acc\nt ( its high specific gravity4 ,! solution n[ conta9s ! small excess ( lead *loride 9 addition to calcium *loride2 lime wat] is add$ until ! liquid turns r$ litmus pap] blue4 ,f ! alkal9e solution all ! lead soon sep>ates z lead hydroxide1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 & ?us aga9 comes into ! process4 ,9 ord] to utilise ! l>ge quantities ( hydro*loric acid obta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( soda1 ,p]cy describ$ a process 9 :i* gal5a is gr\nd ) hydro*loric acid1 :]eby 9 #cj to #dj h\rs all ! lead is conv]t$ into lead *loride1 :il/ ! /ony admixtures are unattack$4 ,! lead *loride is !n sep>at$ by levigation f ! undissolv$ m9]als & wa%$ until free f iron1 :5 x is dissolv$ 9 hot wat] & conv]t$ into oxy*loride by means ( lime wat]4 ,lead ,sulphite1 ,pb,s,o1 c be obta9$ by pass+ sulphur dioxide into a solution ( basic lead acetate2 lead sulphite is precipitat$ & a solution ( neutral lead acetate rema9s4 ,! process is simil> to ! ,fr5* :ite lead process1 ) ! diff]5ce t sulphur dioxide is us$ in/ead ( c>bon dioxide4 ,lead sulphite has no advantages ov] :ite lead1 & is m exp5sive2 x has ?us nev] f\nd practical application4 ,lewis & ,b>tlett's ,:ite ,lead ,pigm5t4--,9 ! lead works at ,zopl91 9 ,miss\ri1 gal5a is smelt$ ) lime/one & coal1 lead fume be+ obta9$ 9 addition to metallic lead4 ,! lead fume deposits are ignit$1 & aga9 work$ = lead & lead fume4 ,?is la/ lead fume c at once be us$ z a :ite pigm5t2 x consi/s pr9cipally ( lead sulphate1 lead oxide & z9c oxide4 ,,:ite ,,lead-,,antimony ,,pigm5ts4 ,lead antimonite & antimonate are bo? heavy1 :ite p[d]s :i* c be us$ z pigm5ts4 ,!y are de>] ?an :ite lead1 to :i* !y are inf]ior 9 cov]+ p[]1 & :i* !y d n exce$ 9 p]man5ce4 ,lead ,antimonite is obta9$ by heat+ #e p>ts ( f9ely p[d]$ antimony ) #bj p>ts ( sulphuric acid until a dry1 :ite mass ( antimony sulphate is left4 ,?is is fus$ ) soda a%1 ! melt is extract$ ) wat]1 & lead antimonite obta9$ by precipitat+ ) lead acetate4 ,lead ,antimonate is =m$ by introduc+ 9 small quantities at a "t a mixture ( #a "p ( f9ely p[d]$ /ibnite 7antimony trisulphide7 ) #e p>ts ( sodium nitrate into a r$-hot crucible1 boil+ ! mass ) wat] & precipitat+ ! solution ) lead acetate4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,enamel ,,:ite4 ,b>ium sulphate1 kn[n z p]man5t :ite1 enamel :ite1 blanc fixe1 b>ytes :ite1 is ! only :ite pigm5t :i* is absolutely unalt]$ by exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,lead pigm5ts are discol\r$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & 9 ! end turn black2 bismu? :ite behaves 9 ! same mann]2 z9c :ite is mu* m la/+1 b n q p]man5t4 ,enamel :ite is really p]man5t2 x des]ves ! greate/ att5tion f ! col\r manufactur]1 especially z x c be made by a v simple & *eap me?od4 ,:5 sulphuric acid or a soluble sulphate is add$ to ! solution ( a b>ium salt1 all ! b>ium is at once precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( b>ium sulphate4 ,:5 q pure1 b>ium sulphate =ms an extremely s(t1 brilliantly :ite p[d]1 :i* (f]s complete resi/ance to ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 & also ( /rong acids & alkalis4 ,x is extremely insoluble1 & c be precipitat$ f ! mo/ dilute solutions1 & is !n obta9$ 9 s f9e a /ate ( division t x _c be filt]$ f ! liquid2 x passes ?r\gh ! close/ filt] toge!r ) ! liquid4 ,:5 ! b>ium solution is heat$ to boil+ be=e precipitation1 ! precipitate is some:at co>s]1 & c be filt]$ (f )\t difficulty4 ,b>ium sulphate occurs ready =m$ 9 nature z ! m9]al b>ytes or heavy sp>4 ,f9ely gr\nd b>ytes may be us$ alone z a pigm5t1 b m commonly is us$ = r$uc+ :ite lead1 = :i* purpose x is p>ticul>ly applicable on acc\nt ( its high specific gravity4 ,?is admixture mu/ be reg>d$ z dim9i%+ ! quality ( ! pigm5t1 because gr\nd b>ytes has f> less cov]+ p[] ?an :ite lead4 ,artificial b>ium sulphate is 9 a /ate ( division :i* _c be rea*$ by gr9d+ b>ytes1 consequ5tly x consid]ably surpasses ! latt] 9 cov]+ p[]4 ,! raw mat]ial = ! manufacture ( enamel :ite is ei!r b>ytes or )]ite 7b>ium c>bonate72 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 occurs s r>ely1 9 comp>ison ) b>ytes1 t ! great] quantity ( all b>ium comp\nds is obta9$ f b>ytes4 ,if )]ite is obta9able 9 l>ge quantity1 enamel :ite c be prep>$ f x by dissolv+ 9 hydro*loric acid & precipitat+ ! solution ( b>ium *loride s obta9$ by sulphuric acid4 ,if ! )]ite is v pure1 ! process may be simplifi$ by treat+ ! m9]al directly ) sulphuric acid1 & sep>at+ ! enamel :ite by a process ( levigation f ! impurities4 ,9 ?is case x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to add a small quantity ( hydro*loric acid to ! sulphuric acid1 = ! latt] =ms on ! surface ( ! )]ite1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! reaction1 a ?9 lay] ( b>ium sulphate1 :i* is q suffici5t to prev5t ! fur!r action ( ! acid on ! )]ite ly+ bel[4 ,! hydro*loric acid =ms b>ium *loride1 :i* is at once decompos$ by ! sulphuric acid into b>ium sulphate & free hydro*loric acid2 ?is aga9 dissolves a fre% quantity ( )]ite1 & ?is process is repeat$ until ! m9]al is completely & quickly dissolv$4 ,enamel :ite is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally prep>$ f b>ytes1 :i* is gr\nd into a v f9e p[d] & conv]t$ into b>ium sulphide by heat+ ) coal 7see pages #da & #db74 ,hydro*loric acid act+ on ! sulphide produces b>ium *loride & sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! cov]+ p[] ( a pigm5t is great] ! f9] its /ate ( division1 s t x w\ld appe> advisable to precipitate a weak solution ( b>ium *loride by sulphuric acid at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,:5 ! b>ium sulphate has be5 completely precipitat$1 a solution ( pure hydro*loric acid rema9s1 :i* ought to be utilis$2 b :5 v dilute b>ium *loride solution is us$1 ! hydro*loric acid is s dilute z to be useless4 ,! b>ium *loride is1 !re=e1 giv5 9 practice su* a /r5g? t x has a specific gravity ( ab\t #aaih2 :5 ! b>ium sulphate has be5 precipitat$ f ?is solution ! residual hydro*loric acid has a specific gravity ( #ajdc4 ,wat] ( consid]able purity mu/ be us$ to dissolve ! b>ium *loride4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t wat] :i* conta9s appreciable quantities ( organic matt] does n give a pure :ite product4 ,! pres5ce ( sulphate ( lime 9 ! wat]1 :i* precipitates b>ium sulphate1 ne$ n be reg>d$1 because ! b>ium sulphate is s f9ely divid$ t x rema9s susp5d$ 9 ! liquid1 & is c>ri$ d[n on precipitation ( ! enamel :ite by sulphuric acid4 ,c>bonate ( lime 9 ! wat] causes ! sep>ation ( b>ium c>bonate2 ?is may be avoid$ by slightly acidify+ ! b>ium *loride solution1 ?us conv]t+ ! calcium c>bonate into *loride4 ,accord+ to ,c4 ,a4 ,f4 ,meissn]1 artificial b>ytes1 suitable = use 9 oil pa9ts1 is obta9$ by precipitat+ b>ium salts by soluble sulphates 9 place ( sulphuric acid1 !n quickly heat+ ! wa%$ & dri$ precipitate 9 a muffle to a r$ heat & ?r[+ into cold wat]4 ,z has be5 already /at$1 enamel :ite is ! mo/ p]man5t pigm5t t exi/s2 x appe>s de/9$ 9 c\rse ( "t to replace :ite lead & all o!r :ite pigm5ts1 especially z its co/ is g5]ally l[] ?an t ( ! o!r :ite pigm5ts4 ,x co/s1 = example1 only half z mu* z :ite lead4 ,at pres5t1 ! pr9cipal uses ( enamel :ite are f\nd 9 pap] /a9+2 x is n us$ to any ext5t 9 oil pa9ts4 ,on acc\nt ( its p]man5ce1 x %\ld be us$ 9 ! place ( :ite lead & :ite z9c4 ,x also appe>s p>ticul>ly suitable = obta9+ pale %ades2 x c be mix$ ) any o!r pigm5t 9 any quantity )\t alt]+ x 9 ! lea/4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 only true :5 ! enamel :ite is completely pure1 & :5 x has be5 fre$ f e trace ( hydro*loric acid by c>eful wa%+4 ,,li?opone4 ,a :ite pigm5t is obta9$1 accord+ to ,orr's process1 by lixiviat+ crude b>ium sulphide1 obta9$ by ignit+ b>ytes ) coal1 ) wat] & divid+ ! solution into two p>ts4 ,z9c *loride is add$ to ! fir/ portion1 !n z9c sulphate1 & f9ally ! second portion ( b>ium sulphide solution4 ,! :ite precipitate obta9$ by ?is process conta9s "o equival5t ( b>ium sulphate to two equival5ts ( z9c sulphide4 ,x is collect$1 quickly dri$1 heat$ 9 retorts to r$ness1 &1 :il/ /ill hot1 ?r[n into cold wat]1 by :i* its d5sity & !re=e cov]+ p[] are increas$4 ,! pigm5t is f9ally wa%$ & gr\nd4 ,x is a good :ite1 b :5 mix$ ) lead pigm5ts discol\rs !m by reason ( ! sulphide x conta9s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,wa%+ ,,app>atus4 ,9 all col\r works op]at+ on a l>ge scale1 special app>atus is us$1 9 :i* are c>ri$ out ! wa%+1 press+ & dry+ ( ! pigm5ts obta9$ z precipitates4 ,only pigm5ts prep>$ 9 small quantities are filt]$ ?r\gh filt] pap]4 ,! treatm5t ( enamel :ite & :ite lead requires ! use ( app>atus = ?is purpose 9 a special degree4 ,we ins]t a %ort description "h4 ,! prep>ation ( enamel :ite takes place mo/ conv5i5tly 9 tubs provid$ ) a /irr+ app>atus4 ,:5 ! precipitate ( b>ium sulphate has once settl$ to ! bottom1 x is v difficult to aga9 mix x up ) wat] by means ( a h& /irr]1 an op]ation :i* mu/ be (t5 p]=m$ 9 wa%+4 ,if vessels be us$ provid$ ) a suitable me*anical /irr]1 ! precipitates are rapidly & ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,we h already /at$ t vessels ) a /irr] capable ( be+ rais$ out ( ! liquid 7 specially suitable = wa%+ :ite lead4 ,su* an arrangem5t c ) advantage be us$ 9 wa%+ all precipitates4 ,_m ( ! m9]al pigm5ts h to be fre$ f admix$ salts by wa%+4 ,a description foll[s ( an effective wa%+ app>atus ) movable /irr]4 ,9 ! cyl9drical vessel 7,fig4 #ba71 :i* may be ( any size1 is a v]tical iron %aft rotat+ ^u a p9 9 ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,on ?is axis is a horizontal wood5 crosspiece1 ! "u surface ( :i* is /udd$ ) bru%es2 ! disc1 :i* ?is crosspiece c>ries1 is unit$ by means ( two b>s ) a second1 9 :i* is cut a screw mov+ on ! screw$ %aft4 ,! %aft is rotat$ by means ( ! cog-:eels %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! h&le fa/5$ to ! upp] disc enables ! crosspiece c>ry+ ! bru%es to be rais$ or l[]$4 ,:5 ! h&le is held fa/1 ?is crosspiece rises or falls accord+ to ! direction ( rotation ( ! axis4 ,! pipe %[n at ! side supplies ! wat] = wa%+ ! precipitates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( col\rs liquids h (t5 to be br\ght into ! precipitat+ vessel :i* w\ld attack ! iron ( ! /irr+ app>atus1 s t x is advisable to make ! connect+ rods betwe5 ! two discs ( su* a l5g? t ! screws may be above ! vessel4 ,all iron p>ts ( ! app>atus dipp+ into ! liquid %\ld be protect$ by asphaltum v>ni%4 ,:5 a specially heavy precipitate is to be wa%$1 su* z enamel :ite1 *rome yell[ or :ite lead1 ! /irr] is rais$ z high z possible be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! precipitate has =m$ & settl$1 ! liquid is run (f1 ! wat] tap op5$1 & ! /irr] sl[ly br\ght d[n to ! precipitate2 ! bru%es fa/5$ to ! crosspiece /ir up fir/ ! top ( ! precipitate1 !n ! next portions1 & s on until ! :ole ( ! precipitate has be5 /irr$ up into ! liquid4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ! /irr] is kept go+ = "s "t1 s t ! wat] may take up z mu* ( ! soluble mat]ials z possible2 x is !n rais$ out ( ! vessel1 9 :i* ! precipitate aga9 settles4 ,z a rule1 two or ?ree wa%+s ( p]man5t :ite1 9 an app>atus ( ! con/ruction describ$1 are suffici5t to r5d] x q free f acid4 ,wa%+ mu/ be cont9u$ until ! wa% wat] leaves blue litmus pap] q un*ang$4 ,:5 dry1 precipitat$ b>ium sulphate is a v s(t p[d] ( great :it5ess1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! f95ess ( its p>ticles1 c be readily gr\nd ) b9d+ mat]ials4 ,enamel :ite loses1 9 a rem>kable mann] :5 completely dry1 a great portion ( its cov]+ p[] & ( its valuable prop]ty ( be+ easily gr\nd ) oil or size to a homog5e\s pa/e4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ?is alt]ation is caus$ by a molecul> *ange ( ! b>ium sulphate1 z is n altoge!r improbable4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ! valuable prop]ties ( enamel :ite x is n1 z a rule1 completely dri$1 b is br\ght into ! m>ket 9 ! =m ( pulp1 :i* is obta9$ by br++ ! wa%$ precipitate into /rong l95 bags & all[+ ! wat] to drop ?r\gh4 ,?is object is m quickly accompli%$ :5 ! la/ wa% wat] is drawn (f only to su* a po9t t1 :5 ! precipitate is aga9 mix$ up by means ( ! /irr]1 a ?9 pa/e is =m$4 ,?is pa/e is run into a c5trifugal ma*9e1 ( :i* ,fig4 #bb is an illu/ration4 ,9 ! drum1 ,b1 provid$ ) an outfl[1 ,r1 ! small] removable drum1 ,c1 ) p]=at$ walls1 is caus$ to rotate by ge>+1 ,g1 to :i* x is atta*$ by ! screw1 ,v4 ,! drum1 ,c1 is l9$ by a tight l95 bag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,:5 ! drum is 9 rapid motion1 ! ?ick liquid 9 ! wa%+ vessel is run 94 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! c5trifugal =ce due to ! rapid rotation1 ! :ole mass is at once ?r[n on ! sides ( ! drum1 ! liquid p5etrates ! f9e op5+s1 is caught 9 ! out] vessel1 & runs away to a receiv]1 9 :i* x is kept until ! f9e/ p>ticles ( ! precipitate1 :i* w p5etrate ev5 ! close/ fabric1 h settl$4 ,! op]ation is cont9u$ until ! excess ( wat] has be5 sep>at$1 :5 ! bag conta9+ ! precipitate is lift$ out ( ! drum4 ,c5trifugalis$ enamel :ite is a fairly /iff1 :ite pa/e1 :i* %\ld be pack$ 9 sacks l9$ ) oil$ pap] to prev5t dry+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,filt] ,,presses4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! use ( filt] presses = sep>at+ liquids f precipitates & = wa%+ ! latt] has become g5]al4 ,a filt] press consi/s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 ( a numb] ( frames1 betwe5 :i* are p]=at$ plates & %eets ( filt] clo?1 & :i* c be press$ tight toge!r by a screw4 ,a p[]ful pump =ces ! liquid conta9+ ! precipitate into ! holl[ spaces ( ! frames 7kn[n z *amb]s71 9 :i* ! solid body rema9s1 :il/ ! liquid goes ?r\gh ! filt] clo?4 ,by aft]w>ds pump+ fre% wat] ?r\gh1 ! solid rema9+ 9 ! *amb]s is soon completely wa%$4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,z9c ,,:ite4 ,z9c oxide1 kn[n z a pigm5t "u ! "n ( z9c :ite1 is "o ( ! mo/ important :ite pigm5ts4 ,al?\gh n absolutely p]man5t1 yet x has1 9 common ) enamel :ite1 ! valuable prop]ty ( pres]v+ its :it5ess 9 air conta9+ sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,its l[ price has br\ght x into g5]al use4 ,al?\gh z9c :ite is a mo/ important pigm5t1 x is v seldom made 9 col\r works1 because on acc\nt ( its orig9 x is a product ( metallurgical processes4 ,z9c :ite 9 *emical composition is pure z9c oxide2 x is =m$ :5 z9c vap\r burns 9 air4 ,9 z9c-smelt+ works z9c :ite is obta9$ by putt+ z9c 9 tubes :i* are heat$ to :it5ess2 ! z9c vap\rs burn :5 !y come 9 contact ) ! air1 & ! z9c oxide is caught by special arrangem5ts4 ,! retorts us$ = ?is purpose are simil> to ^? employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( coal gas4 ,f #h to #ah ( ^! retorts are arrang$ 9 a furnace1 9 two r[s1 "o above ! o!r4 ,9 ! lid ( ! retorts is an op5+1 :i* s]ves = *>g+ & = c>ry+ (f ! z9c vap\rs4 ,:5 ! op]ation is comm5c$1 ! retorts be+ heat$ to a :ite heat1 two z9c plates are br\ght into ea*1 ! metal is soon volatilis$1 & ! vap\rs pass ?r\gh ! above-m5tion$ op5+s4 ,a curr5t ( air1 heat$ to #cjj ,c41 is bl[n 9 to meet ! z9c vap\rs1 :i* take fire & burn ) a bl9d+ :ite flame1 produc+ a v f9e :ite p[d]1 :i* is c>ri$ by ! curr5t ( air ?r\gh a s]ies ( *amb]s 9 :i* x deposits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,c4 ,freitag recomm5ds = ! production ( z9c :ite ! use ( retorts ( oval section1 ,a1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,^! retorts1 conta9+ crude z9c1 are heat$ to a :ite heat1 & !n a mixture ( g5]ator gas f coke & air is introduc$ by ,b & ! pipe runn+ ?r\gh ,b4 ,! z9c burns completely 9 ! flame ( ! g5]ator gas1 :i* conta9s excess ( oxyg54 ,a product ( faultless nature is said to be obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 z9c works z9c :ite is always made 9 ! mann] :i* has be5 describ$4 ,x may also be obta9$ z a by-product 9 ano!r metallurgical op]ation1 ! desilv]isation ( lead by ,p>kes' process4 ,9 ?is process an alloy ( silv] & z9c is obta9$4 ,by s5d+ a curr5t ( sup]heat$ /eam ov] ! molt5 alloy ! z9c decomposes ! /eam1 hydrog5 & z9c oxide be+ =m$4 ,! z9c :ite is c>ri$ by ! curr5t ( gas into *amb]s1 9 :i* x deposits4 ,! z9c :ite obta9$ by burn+ z9c is1 z has be5 said1 a v f9e pure :ite p[d]1 :i* c at once be us$ = pa9t )\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,! price ( z9c :ite is r high] ?an t ( :ite lead1 b ! diff]5ce is c\nt]balanc$ by ! great] cov]+ p[] ( ! z9c :ite4 ,t5 p>ts by weight ( z9c :ite completely cov] a surface = :i* #ac p>ts ( :ite lead are requir$4 ,:il/ :ite lead _c be mix$ ) _m pigm5ts1 su* z ^? :i* conta9 sulphur1 z9c :ite may be mix$ ) all )\t fe> ( alt]ation4 ,z9c :ite is ev5 bett] ?an enamel :ite = produc+ pale pigm5ts f lakes2 x has a l[] specific gravity ?an enamel :ite1 s t ! mixture ) ! light lake c be m easily made4 ,z9c grey1 :i* is produc$ by "s works1 is z9c oxide discol\r$ by metallic z9c4 ,pure z9c :ite always has a pure :ite col\r2 if x is t+$ ) grey x is contam9at$ by metallic z9c1 :il/ a br[ni% hue d5otes ! pres5ce ( cadmium oxide4 ,! latt] impurity w be r>ely met ) 9 comm]cial samples1 s9ce cadmium is wor? mu* m ?an z9c4 ,z9c oxide is us$ by ! col\r mak] 9 ! prep>ation ( ,r9mann's gre52 x is also us$1 z /at$ above1 z an addition to o!r pigm5ts4 ,griffi?'s ,z9c ,:ite4--,?is pigm5t1 :i* is equal 9 cov]+ p[] to :ite lead1 consi/s ( z9c oxysulphide4 ,x is obta9$ by precipitat+ a z9c solution ) a solution ( b>ium sulphide1 wa%+1 dry+1 ignit+ & gr9d+ ! precipitate4 ,z x conta9s sulphur1 x %\ld n be mix$ ) copp] or lead pigm5ts4 ,tung/5 ,:ite 7,lead ,tung/ate71 ,pb,w,o1 is obta9$ z a heavy p[d] by precipitat+ a solution ( sodium tung/ate ) lead acetate & treat+ ! precipitate1 :i* consi/s ( basic lead tung/ate1 ) dilute acetic acid1 by :i* lead oxide is dissolv$ & a salt ( ! above composition left4 ,?is :ite pigm5t is de>] ?an o!r lead pigm5ts1 & has no special advantages ov] !m2 x is1 !re=e1 seldom us$4 ,,:ite ,,antimony ,,pigm5ts4 ,antimony =ms a numb] ( :ite comp\nds :i* c be made by a simple & inexp5sive process1 & might1 !re=e1 be us$ z pigm5ts4 ,two antimony comp\nds 9 p>ticul> are s us$--antimony trioxide & oxy*loride 7p[d] ( alg>o?74 ,antimony ,trioxide occurs ready =m$ 9 nature z :ite antimony or antimony bloom4 ,x is v simply prep>$ by burn+ ! metal 9 air1 :5 x =ms s(t ne$les ) a silv]y lu/re4 ,x is only necess>y to heat melt$ antimony to a little above its melt+ po9t 9 a crucible plac$ 9 a slant+ position1 :5 ! metal takes fire & burns ) a blue flame4 ,nitric acid conv]ts metallic antimony v quickly into antimony oxide ) a copi\s evolution ( br[n fumes4 ,antimony trioxide may be m *eaply prep>$ f antimony sulphide1 artificial or natural 7/ibnite71 by f9ely p[d]+1 moi/5+ ) wat]1 & g5tly w>m+ on plates4 ,oxidation takes place1 ! sulphur is conv]t$ into sulphur dioxide & ! antimony to trioxide4 ,! heat+ %\ld n be c>ri$ too f>1 or ! antimony takes up fur!r oxyg5 & =ms ! tetroxide4 ,antimony ,oxy*loride1 or ,p[d] ( ,alg>o?1 is obta9$ by dissolv+ /ibnite 9 /rong hydro*loric acid1 ! op]ation be+ p]=m$ "u a *imney to c>ry (f ! sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! solution ( antimony tri*loride1 :5 ! impurities h settl$1 is p\r$ into a l>ge vessel ( wat]4 ,at once a pure :ite precipitate is =m$1 :i* quickly s9ks2 x is wa%$ ) wat] until ! wa%+s h no acid reaction4 ,wa%+ %\ld n be cont9u$ too long or ! oxy*loride w be fur!r decompos$2 by wa%+ ) hot wat] x is almo/ entirely *ang$ to antimony trioxide4 ,! precipitate1 aft] wa%+ ) cold wat]1 has g5]ally ! composition express$ by ! =mula ,sb,o,cl4 ,antimony oxide & oxy*loride are bo? v cry/all9e p[d]s1 & h 9 consequ5ce small cov]+ p[]4 ,bismu? ,:ite is n us$ z a pa9t]s' pigm5t2 x has no advantage ov] ! :ite pigm5ts previ\sly describ$1 & is mu* m exp5sive4 ,its only use z a pigm5t is = ! prep>ation ( :ite cosmetics1 & ev5 = ?is purpose z9c :ite is n[ frequ5tly us$2 x is *eap] & q z satisfactory4 ,bismu? :ite is prep>$ by treat+ metallic bismu? ) fum+ nitric acid4 ,! :ite precipitate at fir/ =m$ completely dissolves 9 an excess ( acid1 & :5 ! solution is p\r$ into a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 basic bismu? nitrate--bismu? :ite--sep>ates4 ,pure bismu? :ite is a s(t1 heavy p[d]1 brilliantly :ite2 x mu/ be pres]v$ 9 air-tight vessels z soon z x is dry1 o!rwise x acquires a yell[i% t+e4 ,bismu? comp\nds are1 if possible1 m susceptible to ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?an lead comp\nds4 ,! yell[ col\ration1 turn+ to black 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 is due to black bismu? sulphide4 ,t9 ,:ite is us$ = e>!nw>e enamels4 ,x is obta9$ by treat+ granulat$ metallic t9 ) v /rong fum+ nitric acid4 ,! heavy1 :ite p[d] :i* is =m$ is sep>at$ f ! undissolv$ t9 by float+4 ,t9 :ite has no application z a pigm5t2 :5 mix$ ) glazes x gives !m a h&some1 milky appe>ance4 ,manganese ,:ite4--,:5 l>ge quantities ( a solution ( impure manganese *loride are at h&1 su* z are produc$ 9 ! prep>ation ( *lor9e1 manganese c>bonate may be obta9$4 ,a small quantity ( soda solution is fir/ add$ & ! liquid left = sev]al days s t ! oxide ( iron may sep>ate4 ,:5 ?is is ! case an addition ( soda gives a pure :ite precipitate4 ,magnesia ,:ite or ,m9]al ,:ite is obta9$1 accord+ to ,t4 ,h4 ,cobley1 by mix+ a solution ( magnesium sulphate ) calcium *loride1 add+ #aj p] c5t4 ( alum9ium *loride to ! mixture & /irr+ 9 slak$ lime s long z a precipitate is =m$4 ,a *eap] process is to precipitate mix$ solutions ( magnesium & alum9ium sulphates by slak$ lime4 ,annal9e4--,a :ite pigm5t is recomm5d$ = use "u ?is "n2 x consi/s ( dead-burnt gypsum1 :i* has be5 conv]t$ into a f9e p[d] by gr9d+ & levigat+4 7,dead-burnt gypsum has be5 s /rongly heat$ t x is n able to aga9 unite ) wat]47 ,to obta9 pal] %ades ( c]ta9 col\rs1 additions are made ( natural pigm5ts1 su* z *alk1 :i* has be5 conv]t$ into a v f9e p[d] by levigation4 ,an addition ( *alk to a heavy m9]al pigm5t1 su* z *rome yell[1 is n advisable2 x w\ld1 besides1 s]i\sly dim9i% its cov]+ p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! prec$+ pages1 a l>ge numb] ( :ite pigm5ts has be5 enum]at$4 ,x w\ld be easily possible to increase ! li/1 b ! result w\ld be ( no practical int]e/1 = o!r pigm5ts1 nei!r 9 respect ( quality nor price1 c compete ) ! *eap] :ite pigm5ts4 ,al?\gh :ite lead has at ! pres5t "t an enorm\s use1 x is to be hop$ t ?is pigm5t1 ( good col\r b little p]man5ce1 may be replac$ entirely 9 ! c\rse ( "t by z9c :ite1 & = "s purposes by enamel :ite4 ,:ite pigm5ts1 9 addition to _! use alone1 are employ$ to produce t9ts1 :i* are obta9$ by mix+ deep] col\rs ) ! :ite pigm5t4 ,by add+ ! prop] quantity ( :ite to a col\r x is possible to produce all pal] %ades ( t col\r4 ,= example1 ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! r$ lakes :i* are f\nd 9 comm]ce are obta9$ by mix+ :ite pigm5ts ) ! deep r$ lakes4 ,! p>ticul> :ite pigm5t to be employ$ 9 ^! mixtures dep5ds on ! nature ( ! col\r & on its specific gravity4 ,x %\ld always be rememb]$ t :ite lead w n increase ! p]man5ce ( a col\r1 s9ce x w be discol\r$ 9 a %ort "t by ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! manufacture ( f9e col\rs = arti/s lead pigm5ts %\ld be absolutely exclud$4 ,to produce pal] %ades ( col\rs :i* conta9 lead & !re=e h a high specific gravity1 e4g41 *rome yell[1 :ite lead may be us$2 = o!r col\rs1 b>ytes or z9c :ite %\ld be employ$4 ,9 ! case ( lakes enamel :ite is too heavy2 z9c :ite or magnesia is suitable4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,yell[ ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts4 ,z 0 ! case ) :ite pigm5ts1 s ) yell[3 ( ! l>ge numb] kn[n v few are 9 ext5sive use4 ,9 =m] times ! numb] ( yell[ pigm5ts employ$ 9 pa9t+ 0 f> great] ?an at pres5t2 sev]al1 =m]ly 9 g5]al use1 h dropp$ out1 p>tially or entirely1 ow+ ei!r to _! poison\s "* or to _! replacem5t by o!rs1 deep] & m h&some4 ,especially s9ce ! discov]y ( cadmium yell[ & ! developm5t ( ! manufacture ( *rome yell[s1 _m col\rs once 9 g5]al use h prop]ly fall5 into disuse4 ,aga91 un=tunately1 ! mo/ important ( ! yell[ m9]al pigm5ts conta9 lead1 & h little /ability2 b a s]ies ( yell[ col\rs free f lead is kn[n1 & ?\gh "s ( !m are inf]ior 9 %ade to ! lead pigm5ts !y surpass ! latt] 9 p]man5ce4 ,9 addition to lead comp\nds1 pigm5ts d]iv$ f b>ium1 z9c1 antimony & cadmium are 9 g5]al use4 ,! yell[ lead pigm5ts 7 =m]ly pref]r$1 & at pres5t1 s f> z conc]ns beauty1 !y mu/ be reg>d$ z sup]ior to o!r m9]al yell[s4 ,! endeav\r to provide ! arti/ ) p]man5t col\rs has result$ 9 ! use ( o!rs1 p]haps less brilliant1 b v la/+4 ,"u ! "n ( *rome yell[ a s+le pigm5t consi/+ ( lead *romate 0 =m]ly und]/ood2 to-day1 "u ?is title is compris$ a s]ies ( pigm5ts conta9+ z9c or b>ium 9 place ( lead1 b all comm]cially kn[n z *rome yell[4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,*rome ,,yell[s4 ,! *rome yell[s are ! lead1 z9c or b>ium salts ( *romic acid4 ,9 describ+ ! diff]5t me?ods us$ 9 mak+ ^! col\rs1 lead *rome yell[ w be tak5 fir/1 s9ce ?is is ! "o mo/ l>gely us$4 ,,lead ,,*rome ,,yell[4 ,bo? neutral & basic lead salts ( *romic acid are kn[n4 ,neutral lead *romate is f\nd 9 nature z ! some:at r>e m9]al crocoisite1 :i* is f\nd 9 v small b p]fectly %ap$ cry/als 9 _m lead m9es4 ,neutral ,lead ,*romate1 ,pb,cr,o1 is =m$ z a v heavy precipitate ( a f9e deep yell[ col\r :5 a solution ( potassium *romate or bi*romate is add$ to a solution ( a lead salt 9 wat]4 ,:5 exactly equival5t quantities ( potassium *romate & lead solution are us$1 & ! /r5g? ( ! solutions is ! same1 ! product has ! same %ade ea* "t ! op]ation is p]=m$4 ,x is n immat]ial :e!r ! "o or ! o!r salt is 9 excess1 or :e!r /rong or weak solutions are us$2 all ^! conditions modify ! %ade ( ! *rome yell[ produc$4 ,_m col\r mak]s are app>5tly ( ! op9ion t "s p>ticul> skill ( ! workman is necess>y to produce *rome yell[ ( a p>ticul> %ade4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! case2 manufactur]s :o "k ! simple conditions :i* are important 9 mak+ *rome yell[s may produce any desir$ %ade )\t difficulty4 ,neutral lead *romate readily p>ts ) half ! *romic acid x conta9s4 ,:5 treat$ ) alkalis1 su* z lime or cau/ic soda1 or ev5 :5 dige/$ ) f9ely gr\nd li?>ge1 ! neutral salt gives up half ( its *romic acid1 & is conv]t$ into ! basic *romate or *rome r$1 ,pb,cr,o4 ,basic lead *romate has1 z ! "n *rome r$ indicates1 a f9e r$ col\r4 ,if ! quantity ( lime or cau/ic soda us$ is suffici5t to decompose only a portion ( ! neutral lead *romate1 a mixture ( ! yell[ neutral & ! r$ basic *romate is =m$1 ! %ade ( :i* w incl9e to yell[ or r$ accord+ z x conta9s a prepond]ance ( "o or ! o!r comp\nd4 ,! pigm5t kn[n z orange *rome is a mixture ( approximately equal p>ts ( ! neutral & basic lead *romates4 ,9 ord] to bright5 ! deep yell[ %ade :i* di/+ui%es neutral lead *romate1 x is ei!r mix$ ) a :ite pigm5t1 or a :ite sub/ance 7lead sulphate7 is precipitat$ f ! solution simultane\sly ) ! lead *romate4 ,9 ?is mann] all ! imag9able pale yell[ %ades1 lemon yell[1 sulphur yell[1 etc41 c be obta9$4 ,j z ! quantities ( ! solutions us$ & _! /r5g? influ5ce ! %ade ( ! *rome yell[ !y produce1 s x also appe>s to be n immat]ial :i* lead salt is employ$4 ,col\r mak]s are g5]ally agre$ t ! f9e/ product is obta9$ f neutral lead acetate4 ,any lead salt1 ev5 insoluble 9 wat]1 may be us$ = ! prep>ation ( *rome yell[4 ,! aff9ity ( *romic acid = lead is s great t an int]*ange ( con/itu5ts occurs betwe5 ! insoluble salt & ! potassium *romate4 ,*rome yell[ may be made f lead acetate1 *loride or sulphate2 ! result+ sub/ances are ! same1 b !re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 reg>d to ! beauty ( ! product4 ,! f9e/ *rome yell[1 :i* leaves no?+ to be desir$ 9 beauty ( %ade1 is obta9$ by proce$+ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,lead acetate is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! solution dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 & !n mix$1 "u con/ant /irr+1 ) a simil>ly dilut$ solution ( potassium *romate or bi*romate4 ,! precipitate is imm$iately =m$1 & quickly s9ks to ! bottom 9 consequ5ce ( its high specific gravity4 ,x is wa%$ ) clean wat] s long z ?is removes soluble salts4 ,! precipitate is !n dra9$ on clo?s & dri$ 9 ! air4 ,! f9e/ product is obta9$ by work+ ) ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,sug> ( lead #ajj ,potassium bi*romate1 or #ej ,potassium *romate #dj ,if lead sulphate is us$ ! foll[+ quantities are to be employ$3-- ,lead sulphate #ajj ,potassium bi*romate #be ,9 ! case ( lead *loride ! foll[+ is ! proportion3-- ,lead *loride #ajj ,potassium bi*romate #bg ,! *rome yell[s prep>$ f insoluble lead salts h no p>ticul> beauty1 b !y may be us$ = mix$ col\rs su* z ! spuri\s *rome gre54 ,prep>ation ( ! ,lead ,solution4--,_m mak]s ( *rome yell[ d n use comm]cial lead acetate1 b prep>e its solution !mselves4 ,! prep>ation ( ?is solution requires nei!r mu* space nor lab\r1 s t consid]+ ! high price ( lead acetate ?is proc$ure may be reg>d$ z advisable1 b only :5 acetic acid is obta9able at a l[ rate4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od by :i* lead acetate solution is made4 ,lead is granulat$ by p\r+ ! molt5 metal f a height ( sev]al y>ds into cold wat]1 :i* is kept 9 rapid motion4 ,! small] ! p>ticles ( lead1 ! l>g] surface !y w possess1 & ! m quickly !y w dissolve4 ,= ! solution ( ! lead small tubs are us$1 #ej c5timetres 9 diamet] & #ij to #ajj c5timetres 9 height1 provid$ ) a tap imm$iately above ! bottom to run (f ! liquid4 ,f\r ( ^! vessels are s plac$1 "o above ! o!r1 t ! cont5ts ( ea* may be run into ! "o next bel[ x4 ,! lead 9 ! top vessel is cov]$ ) acetic acid2 9 a few m9utes ?is is all[$ to fl[ into ! second vessel1 & simil>ly aft] a few m9utes f ! second to ! ?ird1 f ! ?ird to ! f\r?1 f :i* x runs away into a receiv] bel[4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t x conta9s b a small quantity ( lead acetate2 ! object ( ! op]ation is to />t ! oxidation ( ! lead1 :i* quickly foll[s :5 air has suffici5t access1 ! lead p>ticles lose _! metallic appe>ance & become cov]$ ) a :ite lay]4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ! acetic acid is pump$ f ! receiv] back into ! top vessel1 :]e x is left "o to two h\rs 9 contact ) ! lead4 ,x is !n run (f into ! second1 & !nce into ! ?ird & f\r?1 rema9+ 9 ea* vessel = ab\t ! same "t2 ! result+ liquid is an almo/ completely neutral solution ( lead acetate4 ,! treatm5t ) acetic acid is cont9u$ s long z lead rema9s undissolv$4 ,! solution ( potassium *romate is prep>$ 9 a tub4 ,! salt is easily soluble1 & w>m+ is unnecess>y if ! *romate is plac$ 9 a basket1 l9$ ) close l95 clo?1 hung 9 ! liquid s t x is imm]s$ to half its dep?4 ,! salt rapidly dissolves1 its solution has a great] d5sity ?an wat]1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x s9ks & fre% quantities ( wat] cont9ually come 9 contact ) ! salt4 ,precipitation ( ! ,*rome ,yell[4--,be=e ! *rome yell[ c be precipitat$ x is necess>y to e/imate ! quantity ( lead acetate conta9$ 9 ! solution1 s9ce ^u ?is dep5ds ! quantity ( potassium *romate solution to be us$4 ,if ! lead solution conta9$ only acetate & wat]1 its /r5g? c\ld be simply f\nd by means ( ! hydromet]4 ,x conta9s1 h[ev]1 v>y+ quantities ( acetic acid1 on :i* acc\nt ! hydromet] w\ld give v inaccurate results4 ,! te/ by :i* ! relation betwe5 lead solution & potassium *romate solution is f\nd is p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! lead solution is measur$ (f 9 a cyl9d] divid$ into #ajj divisions2 ! same volume ( potassium *romate solution is measur$ & plac$ 9 a high n>r[ vessel2 ! lead solution is gradually add$ to ! *romate solution s long z a precipitate is =m$4 ,! precipitate settles rapidly1 & !re is no p>ticul> difficulty ) a little practice 9 f9d+ ) suffici5t accuracy ! quantities requir$ = ! precipitation4 ,9 ord] to precipitate #ajj litres ( potassium *romate solution1 !re are requir$ z _m litres ( lead solution z 7 us$ divisions ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! prep>ation ( ! *rome yell[ is n[ a v simple matt]4 ,:il/ /eadily /irr+1 ! measur$ quantity ( lead solution is run into ! solution ( potassium *romate2 ! precipitate is all[$ to settle1 is well wa%$ & dri$4 ,x does n make any diff]5ce to ! col\r :e!r potassium *romate or bi*romate is us$2 ! same product is obta9$ 9 ea* case4 ,x is /at$ by ,dullo t *rome yell[ prep>$ by ! prec$+ process alt]s 9 col\r on long keep+4 ,?is is ascrib$ to ! =mation ( a basic comp\nd4 ,accord+ to ! same au?or1 a *rome yell[ free f ?is objectionable prop]ty is obta9$ by us+ lead nitrate 9 place ( acetate & an excess ( potassium *romate solution4 ,! writ] has kept *rome yell[1 made f lead acetate1 = ye>s )\t obs]v+ ! slighte/ alt]ation 9 ! col\r4 ,on *emical gr\nds1 x is incompreh5sible t a *rome yell[ prep>$ f lead nitrate %\ld h diff]5t prop]ties to ! same sub/ance prep>$ f ano!r soluble lead salt1 & fre$ f =eign sub/ances by suffici5t wa%+4 ,! product ( ?is process is t :i* p> excell5ce is kn[n z *rome yell[1 ! *emi/'s neutral lead *romate2 x exhibits a *>act]i/ic deep yell[ col\r1 a %ade :i* is kn[n z *rome yell[4 ,"u ! microscope *rome yell[ is se5 to be a cry/all9e mass2 x w possess great] cov]+ p[] ! small] ! cry/als4 ,n[1 ! motion ( a liquid 9 :i* cry/als are =m+ prev5ts ! production ( l>ge cry/als1 ?us ! reason is cle> = ! rapid /irr+ ( ! solutions 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is pigm5t4 ,accord+ to ,c4 ,o4 ,web]1 :o has publi%$ an exhau/ive acc\nt ( *rome pigm5ts 7,d+l]'s ,j\rnal1 #bhb71 ! co/ ( ! lead *rome pigm5ts v>ies greatly accord+ to ! raw mat]ials employ$4 ,assum+ t #ajj kilogrammes ( li?>ge co/ #ce m>ks1 #ajj kilogrammes ( #cj p] c5t4 acetic acid #be m>ks1 & #ajj kilogrammes ( #fj p] c5t4 nitric acid #bf m>ks1 ,web] calculates t #ajj kilogrammes ( li?>ge1 9 a =m suitable = mak+ *rome yell[1 w co/ z foll[s3-- ,f lead acetate at #ef m>ks p] #ajj kilogrammes #if m>ks 0 0 solution made 9 ! works #hj 0 0 lead nitrate at #ej m>ks p] #ajj kilogrammes #ge 0 0 0 solution made 9 ! works #fd 0 ,by ! basic lead acetate me?od #ea 0 0 0 *loride 0 #dj 0 ,:ite lead me?od #ee 0 ,! ,pale ,*rome ,yell[s4--,:5 ! solution ( ! *romate us$ = ! precipitation ( ! lead solution is mix$ ) sulphuric acid1 !n a mixture ( lead sulphate & lead *romate is =m$ on precipitation4 ,lead sulphate is :ite1 s t ! col\r ( ! precipitate w\ld be pal] accord+ to ! quantity ( sulphuric acid add$ to ! potassium *romate solution4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 comp\nds ( lead *romate & lead sulphate1 ( :i* we "k two4 ,_! composition is express$ by ! =mul3-- ,pb,cr,o4,pb,s,o & ,pb,cr,o4#b,pb,s,o4 ,! =m] is a beautiful lemon yell[ %ade1 ! latt] ne>ly approa*es sulphur yell[4 ,by correspond+ alt]ations 9 ! quantity ( sulphuric acid add$1 all int]m$iate %ades c be obta9$4 ,on ! works ^! %ades are made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 buckets are us$ = tak+ ! potassium *romate solution out ( ! vessel 9 :i* x 0 made2 ^! buckets hold #abe litres4 ,n[1 if ! solution ( potassium *romate has be5 made f #be kilogrammes ( ! salt & #gej kilogrammes ( wat]1 "o ( ^! buckets holds exactly #jdc kilogramme ( *romic acid4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! lemon yell[ comp\nd1 #jci kilogramme ( sulphuric acid mu/ be add$ to a bucketful ( solution2 #jgh kilogramme mu/ be add$ to obta9 ! sulphur yell[ *rome4 ,^! liquids are prep>$ by p\r+ ! sulphuric acid 9 a ?9 /ream into ! potassium *romate solution made z above1 ! liquid mu/ be /irr$ :il/ ! sulphuric acid is be+ add$4 ,! lemon *rome has ! peculi> prop]ty ( increas+ consid]ably 9 volume soon aft] =mation1 a prop]ty to :i* reg>d mu/ be _h 9 ! manufacture4 ,a description ( ! rational prep>ation ( ! lemon & sulphur yell[ %ades ( *rome yell[ on ! manufactur+ scale foll[s4 ,9 mak+ lemon *rome1 ! tub 9 :i* ! precipitation is to take place is two-?irds fill$ ) wat]1 ! lead solution is /irr$ 91 & !n ! *romate solution1 mix$ ) ! prop] quantity ( sulphuric acid1 is run 92 ! liquid is well /irr$ s t ! precipitate may =m z quickly z possible ?r\gh\t ! :ole liquid4 ,! precipitate is all[$ to settle1 ! liquid drawn (f1 & ! col\r wa%$ twice ) wat] z quickly z possible4 ,! pa/e is !n remov$ f ! tub & p\r$ on a /rong l95 /ra9]4 ,at fir/1 ! f9e precipitate goes ?r\gh ! /ra9]1 ! liquid is p\r$ back on ! /ra9] until ! size ( its pores is s f> dim9i%$ by ! precipitate itself t only cle> liquid runs ?r\gh4 ,! precipitate is left on ! /ra9] until x =ms a /iff mass1 :i* c be easily spread out ^u bo>ds by spatulas4 ,to obta9 a good1 t is1 a loose product1 x is necess>y to c>ry out ! processes s quickly t ! swell+ m5tion$ above does n take place :ile ! col\r is be+ /ra9$1 b :5 x has be5 spread out on ! bo>ds4 ,?is swell+ only takes place completely :5 ! lay] ( precipitate is fairly ?94 ,l>ge bo>ds %\ld be us$1 ^u :i* ! precipitate is spread out 9 a v ?9 lay]4 ,to prev5t ! mass--:i* is /ill fairly fluid--f runn+ (f ! bo>ds1 !y are provid$ ) rais$ edges1 & ! pa/e is spread out smoo?ly 9 ^! flat trays4 ,if ! op]ations h be5 prop]ly p]=m$1 ! precipitate at once beg9s to swell & becomes ( a loose nature4 ,:5 x has acquir$ a butt]y consi/5cy x is cut up1 by means ( a ?9 %eet ( brass1 into prisms1 :i* are plac$ ne> "o ano!r /&+ on ! n>r[ side1 & dri$ fir/ 9 ! %ade & !n 9 ! sun4 ,x is necess>y t ! dry+ %\ld take place sl[ly at fir/1 or ! cakes w crack or ev5 fall to pieces4 ,! precipitate _c be wa%$ completely 9 ! tub1 because x (t5 beg9s to swell on ! /ra9]s1 consequ5tly a cry/all9e cru/ cov]s ! surface ( ! cakes dur+ dry+4 ,?is lay] mu/ be remov$ by scrap+ ! cakes ( col\r1 9 :i* op]ation small quantities ( *rome yell[ du/ become susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,to protect ! workman aga9/ poison+ by ?is lead comp\nd1 precautions mu/ be tak5 aga9/ brea?+ 9 ! du/4 ,! simple/ & mo/ efficaci\s is to tie a wet sponge ov] m\? & nose2 ?is reta9s ! p>ticles ( du/ 9 ! inspir$ air4 ,! du/1 scrap$ (f ! cakes1 is put into wat]1 9 :i* ! salts dissolve1 :il/ ! *rome yell[ s9ks to ! bottom4 ,9 ?is process = prep>+ *rome yell[ ! solution ( potassium acetate left aft] ! precipitation conta9s a consid]able quantity ( free acetic acid1 :i* may be utilis$ to dissolve lead4 ,:5 sulphur yell[ *rome is to be made1 ! process is sub/antially ! same z = ! prep>ation ( ! lemon %ade1 b ) ! diff]5ce t ev]y?+ is done to prev5t ! swell+ ( ! precipitate4 ,! precipitation & wa%+ ( ! precipitate are done z quickly z possible3 ! wa%$ precipitate is fill$ into press bags & /rongly press$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! press+ t ! pressure is only gradually increas$2 if p[]ful pressure is appli$ at once1 ev5 ! /ronge/ clo?s w be bur/4 ,! m ?or\ghly ! precipitate is press$1 ! clos] w be ! fracture ( ! *rome1 a prop]ty :i* is reg>d$ z a sign ( good quality 9 ?is species ( *rome yell[4 ,! manufacture ( *rome yell[ is intimately connect$ ) t ( a numb] ( col\rs1 v>y+ f orange to d>k r$1 :i* are kn[n "u ! names ( *rome orange or *rome r$4 ,9 accordance ) ! division adopt$ ( pigm5ts accord+ to _! col\r1 *rome orange & *rome r$ w be consid]$ among ! r$ m9]al pigm5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,lead ,,oxide ,,pigm5ts4 ,lead monoxide1 ,pb,o1 exi/s 9 two diff]5t modifications2 9 ! cry/all9e =m1 z li?>ge1 :i* is g5]ally pale yell[ ) a r$di% t+e1 & amorph\s1 z massicot1 :i* is yell[i% r$4 ,lead monoxide is a product ( metallurgical works r ?an ( col\r works2 /ill ! prep>ation ( ! crude oxide falls 9 ! doma9 ( ! col\r mak]1 s9ce f li?>ge sev]al pigm5ts may be prep>$ by a simple treatm5t4 ,massicot is obta9$ by heat+ :ite lead1 lead nitrate or r$ lead1 & also by heat+ melt$ lead 9 ! air1 ) ! precaution t ! oxide =m$ does n itself melt4 ,li?>ge is obta9$ z a by-product 9 sev]al metallurgical processes1 su* z ! cupellation ( lead conta9+ silv]1 9 :i* ! lead is melt$ 9 a furnace ) a %all[ he>? & a p[]ful curr5t ( air bl[n ov] ! melt$ metal4 ,! lead is oxidis$1 ! oxide melts at ! high temp]ature approa*+ #ajjj ,c41 & fl[s ?r\gh an orifice 9 ! wall ( ! furnace1 :il/ ! silv] rema9s on ! cupel4 ,! li?>ge is gr\nd & levigat$ &1 accord+ z x is pale yell[ or r$di%1 sold "u ! "n ( silv] or gold li?>ge4 ,bo? massicot & li?>ge h no p>ticul>ly /rik+ col\r2 !y are seldom us$ z pigm5ts4 ,li?>ge has an ext5sive use 9 oil boil+ & = ! manufacture ( lead p]oxide1 :i* is us$ = mat*es4 ,r$ ,lead1 ,m9ium4--,lead =ms a numb] ( o!r oxyg5 comp\nds1 "o ( :i*1 r$ lead1 has ! composition1 ,pb,o4 ,x is a bright r$ p[d]1 us$ z a pigm5t & z a con/itu5t ( c]ta9 cem5ts 7= gas & wat] pipes74 ,r$ lead is1 l li?>ge & massicot1 a metallurgical product1 b1 by work+ on a small scale1 products c be obta9$ ( a mu* bright] col\r ?an ! produce ( ! l>ge scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,r$ lead is made 9 two ways--directly f metallic lead or by heat+ easily decompos$ lead salts4 ,:5 x is made f ! metal1 ! foll[+ is ! process3 ! lead1 :i* mu/ be v pure1 is melt$ 9 a rev]b]atory or calc9+ furnace1 oxidis$ to massicot by ! air pass+ ov] x1 & ! massicot !n1 by c>eful heat+1 *ang$ into r$ lead1 a process 9 :i* p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! mass is n melt$4 ,by cont9u$ heat+ ! massicot absorbs ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( oxyg51 & *anges 9 col\r to a bright r$4 ,! art 9 mak+ r$ lead by ?is process lies 9 ma9ta9+ ! prop] temp]ature2 ! furnaces are con/ruct$ s t ! temp]ature may be regulat$ dur+ ! heat+4 ,a rev]b]atory furnace is us$1 9 :i* is a /irr+ app>atus1 s t ! heat$ mass may be cont9ually turn$ ov] to accel]ate ! oxidation4 ,muffle furnaces are also us$1 9 :i* ! massicot is plac$ 9 crucibles on an iron plate1 :i* c be pull$ out ( ! furnace = obs]vation ( ! *ange ( col\r4 ,:atev] me?od is us$1 ! temp]ature mu/ be s regulat$ t ov]-heat+ ( ! mat]ial is avoid$1 o!rwise li?>ge is =m$1 :i* is only v sl[ly conv]t$ into r$ lead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,m]ci] /ates t ! muffle furnaces are arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,! muffle1 a1 is #be metres long & #b metres wide2 its bottom re/s on an iron plate4 ,! passage1 d1 runn+ "u ! muffle is #bj c5timetres high2 x is divid$ by a p>tition1 & at ea* end are two he>?s1 c1 #gj c5timetres long & wide4 ,! products ( combu/ion pass f ! long passages into side *annels1 f1 provid$ ) damp]s1 g r\nd ! muffle & unite 9 ! space1 g4 ,! flue1 k1 at ! back ( ! muffle is provid$ ) damp]s1 m1 :i* exactly regulate ! curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! muffle2 n is ! *amb] 9 :i* are collect$ ! p>ticles ( oxide c>ri$ ov] by ! draught4 ,! furnaces us$ = manual lab\r consi/1 accord+ to ,p]cy 7,figs4 #bf & #bg7 ( a rectangul> or circul> he>?1 a1 ( ab\t #c metres diamet]1 :i* is deep] 9 ! middle & has two fireplaces1 b4 ,! l[ ar* surm\nt+ ! he>? is cov]$ ) s& 9 ord] to prev5t cool+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,:5 f9i%$1 ! r$ lead is drawn out ( ! furnace & f9ely gr\nd "u edge-runn]s1 or occasionally levigat$4 ,! temp]ature necess>y 9 mak+ r$ lead is t at :i* ! angles ( ! muffles1 :5 ^! are us$1 beg9 to %[ a d>k r$ gl[4 ,orange lead1 :i* is a bright] v>iety ( r$ lead1 is prep>$ f lead salts2 :ite lead or lead nitrite is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! latt] salt is made by ! process ( ,pis*on1 by heat+ #a equival5t ( lead nitrate ) #d equival5ts ( granulat$ lead & wat] at a temp]ature betwe5 #ej & #fj ,c4 ,aft] ab\t #b h\rs1 ! lead nitrite sep>ates 9 ! =m ( a granul> yell[ mass4 ,accord+ to ,burton's process1 lead c>bonate is oxidis$ by heat+ ) #bj p] c5t4 ( sodium nitrate & extract+ ! mass ) wat]4 ,!re are also o!r me?ods by :i* r$ lead is obta9$ f li?>ge by ! use ( potassium *lorate or saltpetre2 b ^! me?ods1 )\t produc+ a f9] product ?an ^? previ\sly giv51 are m exp5sive1 & consequ5tly h f\nd no application on ! l>ge scale4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,o!r ,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts4 ,cassel ,yell[1 also kn[n z m9]al or ,v]onese yell[1 has n[ a v re/rict$ use2 x has be5 replac$ by ! deep] & *eap] *rome yell[4 ,mu* ( ! ,cassel yell[ ( comm]ce is no?+ b *rome yell[ %ad$ ) b>ytes4 ,z reg>ds *emical composition1 ,cassel yell[ has ! foll[+ =mula3 ,pb,cl4#g,pb,o4 ,x is obta9$ by heat+ li?>ge1 r$ lead or :ite lead ) ammonium *loride4 ,to #aj p>ts ( ! lead comp\nd #a "p ( ammonium *loride is us$2 on melt+1 ammonia is set free1 by :i* "p ( ! lead oxide is decompos$1 metallic lead sep>at+4 ,! melt$ mass is p\r$ (f f ! lead into iron m\lds1 9 :i* x solidifies to a v cry/all9e sub/ance ( a f9e yell[ col\r4 ,by gr9d+ & levigat+1 ! ,cassel yell[ is prep>$ = use4 ,pale yell[ %ades1 obta9$ by admixtures ( b>ytes1 are occasionally enc\nt]$4 ,montpelli] ,yell[ consi/s1 l ! prec$+ pigm5t1 ( basic lead *loride4 ,x is obta9$ by gradually mix+ #djj p>ts ( p[d]$ li?>ge ) a solution ( #ajj p>ts ( common salt 9 #djj p>ts ( wat]4 ,aft] ea* addition ( salt solution ! pa/y mass mu/ be ?or\ghly /irr$1 or x w h>d54 ,:5 all ! salt solution has be5 mix$ ) ! li?>ge to a homog5e\s :ite mass1 ! latt] is treat$ ) wat] to remove excess ( salt1 & ! wa%$ mat]ial dri$ & melt$ 9 e>!nw>e crucibles4 ,! melt1 :i* has a bright yell[ col\r1 is gr\nd & levigat$1 :5 x =ms a h&some pigm5t4 ,!re are sev]al o!r yell[ pigm5ts ( simil> composition1 ( :i* "o only ne$ be m5tion$1 obta9$ by treat+ a solution ( z9c *loride ) lead hydroxide4 ,turn]'s ,yell[ or ,engli% ,yell[ is prep>$ by two me?ods3 ei!r by melt+ #g p>ts ( f9ely gr\nd li?>ge ) #a "p ( common salt2 or by treat+ li?>ge ) a solution ( common salt & conv]t+ ! :ite oxy*loride into a yell[ pigm5t by melt+4 ,naples ,yell[4--,?is h&some pigm5t1 :i* is1 un=tunately1 susceptible to ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 is kn[n comm]cially "u diff]5t names4 ,naples yell[ takes its names f ! fact t x 0 =m]ly exclusively made 9 ,italy1 :]e ! me?od 0 kept secret1 a secret :i* disappe>$ ) ! advance ( analytical *emi/ry4 ,naples yell[ is n[ kn[n to be lead antimoniate4 ,naples yell[ is a h&some pigm5t4 ,its prep>ation is m t$i\s ?an t ( *rome yell[1 h5ce x is n[ r>ely employ$4 ,! au?or has _h practical exp]i5ce t mu* ( ! s-call$ ,naples yell[ ( comm]ce is no?+ b a suitably %ad$ *rome yell[4 ,naples yell[ c be prep>$ by diff]5t me?ods4 ,accord+ to ! olde/1 giv5 by ,brunn]1 #a "p ( pure t>t> emetic is c>efully & ?or\ghly gr\nd ) #b p>ts ( lead nitrate & #d p>ts ( common salt4 ,! mixture is melt$ at a l[ heat 9 a ,hessian crucible1 & ! fluid mass p\r$ on a cold iron plate4 ,aft] cool+1 x is boil$ out ) wat]1 :5 lead antimoniate rema9s z a p[d] ( a m or less deep yell[ col\r4 ,x is n easy to obta9 ?is fav\rable result ) c]ta9ty 9 e case4 ,if a c]ta9 temp]ature is exce$$ only by a little1 a h>d mass results1 :i* by long boil+ does n become a f9e p[d]1 b a s&y sub/ance ( little brilliance4 ,ev5 :5 ! op]ation succe$s1 ! product (t5 v>ies consid]ably 9 %ade1 sometimes a sulphur yell[1 at o!r times an orange pigm5t be+ =m$4 ,z a rule1 ! pal] product is obta9$ at a l[] temp]ature2 by /rong] heat+1 d>k] products ( a r$ %ade are obta9$4 ,accord+ to ano!r recipe1 #b p>ts ( t>t> emetic are melt$ ) #d p>ts ( lead nitrate & #h p>ts ( common salt4 ,! mass is treat$ ) v dilute hydro*loric acid = a long "t1 :i* extracts "s quantity ( lead oxide1 a deep] product be+ ?us obta9$4 ,c>e is1 h[ev]1 necess>y 9 ?is treatm5t2 acid ( too great /r5g? w\ld spoil ! :ole product4 ,! ,p>is me?od = ,naples yell[ is z foll[s3 metallic antimony is oxidis$ by melt+ 9 air2 to #ab p>ts ( antimony1 #h p>ts ( r$ lead & #d p>ts ( z9c oxide are us$1 & ! mixture is melt$ at a l[ r$ heat4 ,a *eap1 b n p>ticul>ly bright product1 c be obta9$ f old pr9t]'s type4 ,! metal1 :i* is an alloy ( antimony & lead1 is p[d]$1 mix$ ) #c p>ts ( saltpetre & #d p>ts ( common salt1 melt$1 & ! mass wa%$ out ) wat]4 ,o!r =mul :i* are said to yield a good result are z foll[s3 #ab p>ts ( :ite lead1 #c p>ts ( antimony oxide1 #a "p ( ammonium *loride1 #a "p ( alum4 ,or3 #af p>ts ( /ibnite1 #bd p>ts ( lead1 #a "p ( common salt & #a "p ( ammonium *loride4 ,! intimate mixture ( ^! mat]ials is fir/ g5tly heat$ ) access ( air1 !n m /rongly1 & ! mass extract$ ) wat]4 ,!re are _m o!r recipes = ! prep>ation ( ,naples yell[1 ! majority ( :i* are di/+ui%$ by an app>5tly arbitr>y arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials2 = !re is no sci5tific reason4 ,if x 7 possible to accurately obta9 any desir$ high temp]ature 9 a furnace1 ! manufacture ( ,naples yell[ w\ld no long] be a matt] ( skill1 b ! same product c\ld be obta9$ at e attempt4 ,s9ce ?is is n yet ! case1 ! exact proc$ure = ! prep>ation ( ?is col\r c only be f\nd by c>eful exp]im5ts4 ,naples yell[ is1 z has be5 said1 a h&some col\r1 & (f]s a great resi/ance to v>i$ reag5ts4 ,x is only *ang$ by "o ( !m1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 by ! prolong$ action ( :i* x is turn$ completely black4 ,antimony ,yell[ is v simil> 9 composition to ,naples yell[4 ,x consi/s ( a mixture ( lead antimoniate ) ! oxides ( lead & bismu?4 ,x is prep>$ by ! process recomm5d$ by ,m]om by intimately mix+ #c p>ts ( f9ely p[d]$ bismu? ) #bd p>ts ( p[d]$ /ibnite & #fd p>ts ( saltpetre1 melt+ ! mixture & %ak+ x :il/ molt5 into wat]4 ,! brittle mass is f9ely p[d]$1 wa%$ & dri$1 !n melt$ ) #abh p>ts ( li?>ge & #h p>ts ( sal ammoniac4 ,! mass obta9$ has a f9e pale yell[ col\r2 :5 p[d]$ x is antimony yell[4 ,?is pigm5t has almo/ fall5 into disuse because ( its in/ability & ! high price ( bismu?4 ,calcium ,*rome ,yell[4--,calcium =ms a yell[ pigm5t ) *romic acid1 :i*1 al?\gh f> surpass$ by ! lead *romes 9 f95ess ( %ade1 has ! advantage ov] !m ( great] /ability & *eapness4 ,= purposes = :i* *eap & at ! same "t p]man5t col\rs are requir$ calcium *rome yell[ c be recomm5d$4 ,x is mo/ simply prep>$ f potassium *romate & calcium *loride1 :i*1 z a by-product ( _m *emical op]ations1 is obta9able at v l[ prices4 ,! deepe/ pigm5t is obta9$ :5 ! precipitation is done ) a boil+ solution ( ! *romate4 ,calcium *romate1 9 addition to its use alone1 may be employ$ in/ead ( :ite pigm5ts to produce pale %ades f deep lead *romes4 ,?is addition %\ld n be c>ri$ to a great ext5t or ! *rome w be made too light1 s9ce calcium *romate has a mu* l[] specific gravity ?an lead *romate4 ,b>ium ,yell[1 ,yell[ ,ultram>9e or ,p]man5t ,yell[4--,?is pigm5t consi/s ( b>ium *romate4 ,! f9e/ product is obta9$ :5 a solution ( a b>ium salt1 g5]ally b>ium *loride1 is precipitat$ boil+ by a solution ( potassium *romate4 ,! v f9ely divid$ precipitate has a pale yell[ col\r v simil> to t ( pale lead *romes4 ,?is h&some pigm5t is di/+ui%$ by ! valuable prop]ty ( be+ practically unalt]$ by ! atmosph]e2 x is only attack$ by /rong acids & alkalis4 ,by long heat+1 ! col\r ( ?is comp\nd is gradually *ang$ to a h&some gre51 :i* consi/s ( a comp\nd ( b>ium & *romic oxides1 & has occasional use z an arti/s' col\r4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ?is pigm5t1 ! heat+ mu/ be int5se & long cont9u$4 ,accord+ to ! au?or's exp]im5ts1 x is n suffici5t to heat = a %ort "t to a v high temp]ature2 9 t way a mass is obta9$ ( v unequal col\r4 ,! be/ result 0 obta9$ by spread+ b>ium yell[ 9 a ?91 ev5 lay] 9 a flat porcela9 di% & heat+ to :it5ess = #aj h\rs4 ,z9c ,*rome ,yell[4--,z9c *romate is inf]ior to lead *romate 9 beauty1 b has ! advantage ( p]man5ce4 ,x does n black5 9 an atmosph]e ( pure sulphurett$ hydrog51 & resi/s v well ! action ( o!r ag5ts4 ,z9c yell[ may be prep>$ by ! imm$iate precipitation ( a solution ( z9c sulphate by a solution ( potassium *romate1 bo? be+ boil+1 b ! v bright precipitate obta9$ 9 ?is way is n /able2 on wa%+1 x gives up *romic acid cont9ually to ! wa% wat]1 & only a pale yell[ residue rema9s4 ,a v f9e col\r is obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 z9c sulphate is dissolv$ 9 wat] & boil$ = half an h\r ) #a p] c5t4 ( :ite z9c :il/ /irr+4 ,?is op]ation effects ! sep>ation ( iron oxide & ! neutralisation ( ! free acid g5]ally pres5t 9 comm]cial z9c sulphate4 ,:5 ! solution has cle>$ by /&+1 x is precipitat$ by a solution ( potassium *romate1 ! precipitate collect$ on a filt] & all[$ to dra9 completely2 x is !n wa%$ ) v small quantities ( wat] & f9ally dri$4 ,a pure yell[ precipitate is only obta9$ :5 all ! iron oxide has be5 remov$ by boil+ ! z9c sulphate solution ) :ite z9c2 if ! liquid conta9s only a v small quantity ( iron1 x has yet a v consid]able influ5ce on ! col\r1 ! yell[ is n pure1 b has a br[ni% t+e4 ,z9c yell[ is us$ alone1 & mix$ ) o!r pigm5ts4 ,*rome yell[s ( all possible %ades may be obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,*rome yell[s are (t5 f\nd 9 comm]ce :i* consi/ ess5tially ( z9c *romate4 ,cadmium ,*rome ,yell[4--,:5 a solution ( cadmium sulphate1 or any o!r cadmium salt1 is mix$ ) a solution ( potassium *romate1 a precipitate ( cadmium *romate1 ,cd,cr,o1 is =m$4 ,?is pigm5t has a beautiful1 deep yell[ col\r1 9 no way inf]ior 9 %ade to ! f9e/ lead *romes1 & hav+ ! great advantage ov] ! latt] ( be+ entirely unalt]$ by ! atmosph]e2 x is ?us to be highly recomm5d$ = arti/ic purposes4 ,! high price at :i* x is sold prev5ts its g5]al use1 ?\gh n[ t cadmium comp\nds are to be obta9$ at s mu* l[] prices ?an =m]ly1 ! price ( cadmium *romate appe>s to be excessively high4 ,cadmium ,yell[ is cadmium sulphide1 ,cd,s2 9 nature x occurs z ! some:at r>e m9]al gre5ockite4 ,cadmium yell[ is obta9$ by dissolv+ metallic cadmium 9 sulphuric acid1 & precipitat+ ! solution ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! solution ( cadmium sulphate mu/ be dige/$ = "s "t ) excess ( cadmium1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! =eign metals pres5t z impurities2 ! col\r is n s f9e :5 a q pure cadmium solution is n us$4 ,cadmium yell[ is a v bright yell[4 ,sev]al %ades are obta9$ accord+ z ! solution ( cadmium sulphate us$ 9 its precipitation is neutral or acid4 ,! reason ( ?is diff]5ce 9 %ade lies app>5tly 9 ! diff]5t size ( ! cry/als ( :i* ! precipitate is compos$4 ,! deep1 pure yell[ col\r becomes /ill deep] by fusion1 :i* takes place at a :ite heat4 ,weak alkalis1 acids & sulphurett$ hydrog5 d n alt] cadmium yell[2 x is ?us to be reg>d$ z a durable arti/s' col\r4 ,x c be mix$ ) ultram>9e )\t decomposition1 :5 a f9e gre5 is =m$2 b mix$ col\rs _c be made f cadmium yell[ & blue copp] pigm5ts1 s9ce ^! w\ld black5 9 ! light4 ,lead ,iodide4--,on precipitat+ a solution ( lead nitrate ) potassium iodide1 lead iodide is =m$4 ,?is is b slightly soluble 9 wat]1 &1 :5 dry1 has a h&some1 deep yell[ col\r4 ,un=tunately x is n p]man5t1 b is decompos$ on exposure to light4 ,x c be us$ = bronz+1 b o!r & *eap] pigm5ts are available = ?is purpose4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great solubility ( lead iodide 9 a solution ( potassium iodide1 x is prep>$ 9 ano!r way1 & accurately weigh$ quantities are us$4 ,calcium iodide may be us$ in/ead ( ! potassium salt2 #ajj p>ts ( iod9e1 #ae p>ts ( f9e iron fil+s & #be p>ts ( lime are mix$ ) suffici5t wat] to =m a ?9 pa/e1 :i* is w>m$ until all ! iod9e is dissolv$1 :5 wat] is add$1 ! liquid filt]$1 & ! residue wa%$ 9 ord] to extract all ! calcium iodide4 ,! solution & wa% wat]s are unit$1 !n a solution ( #aeb p>ts ( lead acetate is add$1 :5 all ! iod9e is precipitat$ z lead iodide4 ,a simpl] me?od is to dissolve equal p>ts ( lead nitrate & potassium iodide sep>ately1 ea* 9 #bj p>ts ( hot wat]1 to mix ! solutions & cool quickly1 :5 lead iodide sep>ates 9 v small cry/als4 ,:5 pure lead iodide is melt$ 9 ! abs5ce ( air1 & ! fus$ mass p[d]$1 a product ( yet f9] col\r is =m$4 ,x is necess>y to completely imb$ ! crucible 9 :i* ! fusion is p]=m$ 9 ! fire4 ,! action ( air on ! melt$ mass w\ld produce a basic iodide4 ,! f9e gold5 yell[ col\r ( lead iodide adapts x especially = ! production ( gold bronzes on wall pap]s & fabrics4 ,m>s ,yell[1 :i* is g5]ally reckon$ among ! be/ arti/s' col\rs1 is usually a mixture ( f]ric oxide & calcium sulphate or alum9a4 ,! pigm5t is prep>$ by mix+ a solution ( f]r\s sulphate ) milk ( lime1 :5 f]r\s oxide is precipitat$1 :i* becomes yell[i% br[n on exposure to air1 9 consequ5ce ( ! oxidation ( ! f]r\s oxide4 ,by heat+ ! precipitate1 accord+ to ! temp]ature diff]5t %ades are obta9$1 v>y+ betwe5 yell[ & r$4 ,9 addition to ,m>s yell[1 ,m>s orange & ,m>s r$ are f\nd 9 comm]ce4 ,! manufacture ( ?is pigm5t is v simple3 #a "p ( f]r\s sulphate is dissolv$ 9 #aj p>ts ( wat]1 & ! solution mix$ ) milk ( lime made f #a "p ( quicklime & #dj p>ts ( wat]4 ,if x is desir$ to produce a d>k] %ade1 & especially a product to be aft]w>ds conv]t$ into ,m>s orange1 ! am\nt ( f]r\s sulphate is increas$ to #b p>ts4 ,:5 ! mixture has be5 made1 x mu/ be /irr$ = a long "t1 9 ord] t ! react+ sub/ances may come ?or\ghly into contact4 ,! precipitate1 :i* at fir/ is gre5i% grey1 soon acquires by ! action ( ! air ! col\r ( f]ric hydroxide1 :i* becomes deep] on dry+4 ,:5 dri$ & f9ely gr\nd ,m>s yell[ is heat$ 9 ?9 lay]s1 x *anges to d>k yell[1 & f9ally to orange r$1 a simil> alt]ation tak+ place to t occurr+ :5 f]ric hydroxide itself is heat$4 ,a ,m>s yell[ ( a deep] %ade1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( f]ric hydroxide & alum9a1 is obta9$ by precipitat+ ) cau/ic soda a solution ( f]r\s sulphate & alum4 ,! sodium sulphate :i* is =m$ at ! same "t mu/ be remov$ z completely z possible by wa%+ ) boil+ wat]4 ,by calc9+ ,m>s yell[ = a long "t at a high temp]ature1 ,m>s br[n is produc$1 a f9e br[n pigm5t4 ,! value ( ,m>s yell[ & ! pigm5ts obta9$ f x lies n only 9 _! f9e %ade1 b 9 _! p]man5ce1 :i* di/+ui%es ! majority ( ! iron col\rs4 ,sid]9 ,yell[4--,?is n v h&some yell[ consi/s ( f]ric *romate2 x is obta9$ by add+ a neutral solution ( f]ric *loride to a /rong boil+ solution ( potassium bi*romate s long z a precipitate is =m$4 ,sid]9 yell[ is said to be us$ bo? 9 oil & wat]1 & to be p>ticul>ly adapt$ = use 9 sodium silicate pa9ts1 s9ce 9 ! c\rse ( "t x =ms a /ony mass ) t sub/ance4 ,! l[ price ( iron salts w\ld make x desirable to employ *romates ( iron1 b x appe>s to be difficult to obta9 a comp\nd ( con/ant composition4 ,9 exp]im5ts ) ?is object ! au?or did n succe$ 9 obta9+ products ( ! same %ade4 ,o!rs h probably be5 equally unsuccessful1 = sid]9 yell[ has nev] be5 us$ 9 quantity1 z x w\ld h be5 7 !re no difficulties 9 ! way ( its prep>ation4 ,aureol9 is a d\ble nitrite ( cobalt & potassium1 ,co7,,no74#c ,,kno4 ,?is pigm5t is prep>$ by add+ excess ( potassium nitrite to a solution ( cobalt nitrate acidifi$ ) acetic acid4 ,z ! liquid cools1 a deep lemon yell[ cry/all9e p[d] sep>ates1 :i*1 :5 dry1 is kn[n z ,indian yell[ or aureol94 ,x is di/+ui%$ f o!r yell[ pigm5ts by be+ unaffect$ by sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! potassium nitrite requir$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is pigm5t is mo/ easily made by melt+ saltpetre 9 a ?ick iron vessel & /irr+ 9 f9e iron fil+s 9 small quantities z soon z ! saltpetre beg9s to decompose4 ,! iron gl[s brightly & burns to oxide1 ! saltpetre *anges to potassium nitrite4 ,! mass is dissolv$ 9 a little hot wat]1 ! solution filt]$ & cool$1 :5 mo/ ( ! undecompos$ saltpetre cry/allises out1 :il/ ! nitrite rema9s 9 solution4 ,aft] fur!r evaporation & sep>ation ( ano!r crop ( potassium nitrate cry/als1 ! solution c be us$ to precipitate ! aureol94 ,x is advisable to use /rong solutions 9 ! precipitation ( aureol92 ! f9e/ precipitate is obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,if dilute solutions are us$1 ! precipitate =ms gradually2 x is !n co>se & has little cov]+ p[]4 ,accord+ to ! me?od ( ,hayes1 aureol9 is prep>$ by pass+ into a solution ( cobalt nitrate ! vap\rs produc$ by p\r+ nitric acid ov] copp] & all[+ air to ent]4 ,cau/ic pota% is add$ to ! liquid f "t to "t4 ,9 ?is way all ! cobalt c be obta9$ 9 ! =m ( a yell[ precipitate4 ,tung/5 ,yell[4--,f9ely p[d]$ tung/5 is introduc$ 9 small quantities into fus$ potassium c>bonate s long z eff]vesc5ce occurs4 ,aft] boil+ ) wat] & filt]+1 calcium tung/ate is precipitat$ f ! filtrate by means ( calcium *loride4 ,! moi/ precipitate is add$ to hot dilute nitric acid until ! liquid is only slightly acid1 :5 x is boil$ = half an h\r & all[$ to cool4 ,! precipitate1 aft] wa%+ ) a little wat] & dry+1 is a deep lemon yell[ p[d]4 ,nickel ,yell[ consi/s ( nickel phosphate4 ,x is obta9$ by add+ sodium phosphate to a solution ( nickel sulphate or nitrate1 & heat+ ! pale gre5 precipitate to r$ness4 ,nickel yell[ has a pleas+ %ade1 & is di/+ui%$ by great p]man5ce4 ,up to ! pres5t x has f\nd little use z an arti/s' col\r1 b on acc\nt ( its p]man5ce1 :i* does n di/+ui% _m yell[ pigm5ts1 its use is to be recomm5d$4 ,m]cury ,yell[ or ,turpe? ,m9]al is a basic m]curic sulphate ( ! =mula ,hg,,s4 ,x is obta9$ by heat+ #aj p>ts ( m]cury ) #ae p>ts ( sulphuric acid 9 a porcela9 di% 9 a good draught1 until a :ite cry/all9e mass ( neutral m]cury sulphate rema9s4 ,?is salt1 ,hg,s,o1 is decompos$ 9 contact ) wat] into free sulphuric acid & a basic salt ( ! above composition4 ,! decomposition is effect$ by treat+ ! f9ely p[d]$ neutral sulphate ) hot wat] s long z ! wa%+s are acid1 :5 a h&some lemon yell[ sub/ance rema9s4 ,! wa% wat]s conta9 acid m]curic sulphate4 ,!y are all[$ to /& ) m]curic oxide s long z ?is is dissolv$1 & ! solution !n us$ to prep>e new quantities ( m]cury yell[4 ,turpe? m9]al has a v bright %ade & great cov]+ p[]1 b x has little p]man5ce4 ,sunlight soon turns x grey1 & air conta9+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 a %ort "t turns x q black1 m]cury sulphide be+ =m$4 ,yell[ ,ars5ic ,pigm5ts4--,! extremely poison\s "* ( ars5ic pigm5ts has practically bani%$ ^! h&some & *eap col\rs f use4 ,9 _m c\ntries _! use is ju/ly illegal4 ,! majority ( ars5ic pigm5ts h1 !re=e1 m]ely hi/oric int]e/4 ,! two yell[ ars5ic pigm5ts are f\nd 9 nature z realg> & orpim5t2 ?\gh ^! are n r>e m9]als1 ! artificial products 7 g5]ally us$ z pigm5ts1 & :5 !y 7 9 common use !y 7 g5]ally made 9 metallurgical works1 9 :i* m9]als conta9+ ars5ic 7 treat$4 ,realg>1 ,z,s1 has an orange r$ col\r1 :il/ orpim5t1 ,z,s1 is a pure yell[4 ,:5 ^! sub/ances 7 us$ z pigm5ts !y _h ! same drawbacks 9 reg>d to mix+ ) o!r pigm5ts z o!r sulphur comp\nds4 ,k+'s yell[ is f9ely p[d]$ natural or artificial orpim5t4 ,lead ,ars5ite is a p]man5t deep yell[1 b extremely poison\s4 ,x c be made by fus+ an intimate mixture ( #ajj p>ts ( :ite ars5ic ) #ge p>ts ( gold li?>ge1 gr9d+ & levigat+ ! mass4 ,cadmium yell[1 :i* has /ill m p]man5ce & is less poison\s1 replaces ?is pigm5t4 ,?allium ,pigm5ts4--,?allium is a metal :i* exhibits c]ta9 simil>ities to lead4 ,by precipitat+ a solution ( a ?allium salt ) potassium *romate or bi*romate1 accord+ to ! proportion betwe5 ! quantities ( ! two salts1 precipitates are obta9$ ( yell[1 orange or deep r$ col\r1 or1 aft] fusion1 br[n4 ,by ! addition ( a mixture ( potassium *romate & f]ricyanide to a mixture ( a ?allium salt & f]r\s sulphate an olive gre5 pigm5t is obta9$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! r>ity ( ?allium comp\nds1 te*nical employm5t is out ( ! "q1 & ! s5sitiv5ess ( ?allium pigm5ts t[>ds sulphurett$ hydrog5 prev5ts _! use = arti/ic purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,mosaic ,,gold4 ,mosaic gold consi/s ( t9 disulphide1 ,sn,s1 f9e scales ( a gold5 yell[ col\r1 :i* sublime undecompos$ at a fairly high temp]ature & )/& ! action ( *emical reag5ts4 ,x has a peculi> greasy nature1 & c be easily gr\nd4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mu* us$ = bronz+ picture frames1 z a pigm5t = pa9t]s & = wall pap]s4 ,t9 disulphide c be prep>$ ei!r 9 ! wet or ! dry way2 9 ! wet way1 by ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 on a solution ( t9 tetra*loride4 ,! yell[ precipitate s obta9$ has no h&some col\r4 ,a f> f9] product is obta9$ 9 ! dry way4 ,! process is (t5 reg>d$ z accompani$ by p>ticul> difficulties1 b 9 reality x is q simple4 ,x is only necess>y 9 prep>+ ?is pigm5t to take c>e n to raise ! temp]ature above a c]ta9 po9t1 o!rwise a great portion ( ! t9 disulphide w be decompos$ into sulphur & t9 monosulphide4 ,to prev5t ! temp]ature f ris+ too high1 an addition ( ammonium *loride is made4 ,?is salt is volatile at a c]ta9 temp]ature2 heat :i* w\ld o!rwise raise ! temp]ature above ?is po9t is us$ 9 volatilis+ ! ammonium *loride4 ,) a little c>e x is easy to int]rupt ! op]ation be=e all ! ammonium *loride has be5 driv5 (f4 ,! mosaic gold !n obta9$ has a real gold5 glitt]4 ,if ! temp]ature rises too high1 grey t9 monosulphide is =m$1 :i* naturally consid]ably dim9i%es ! brilliancy ( ! product4 ,ammonium *loride may be replac$ by m]cury or m]cury comp\nds1 :i* are volatile at a temp]ature bel[ t at :i* mosaic gold is decompos$4 ,:5 m]cury comp\nds are us$1 bo? on acc\nt ( _! co/ & poison\s nature ! heat+ mu/ be conduct$ 9 glass retorts 9 ord] to recov] ! m]cury4 ,?is op]ation requires great c>e if loss due to ! breakage ( ! glass vessels at ! high temp]ature is to be avoid$4 ,! process 9 :i* metallic m]cury is us$ gives ! f9e/ product ( all1 & is to be recomm5d$ :5 a pigm5t is to be prep>$ :i* %all z ne>ly z possible approximate to ! appe>ance ( gold4 ,9 ord] to obviate ! dang] & loss associat$ ) ! use ( glass vessels1 manufactur]s :o make mosaic gold 9 l>ge quantity %\ld use an iron vessel4 ,?is w la/ a v long "t4 ,su* an app>atus consi/s ( an iron pan ) a broad rim1 ^u :i* is fa/5$ a head :i* has ! =m ( a retort neck2 to ?is are connect$ %ort1 wide tubes lead+ to a *amb] 9 :i* sub/ances n cond5s$ 9 ! retort neck may deposit1 s t ! use ( ?is inexp5sive app>atus w n only be )\t dang]1 b w be accompani$ by ! recov]y ( almo/ ! :ole ( ! volatilis$ sub/ances4 ,! pan is fill$ ) ! mat]ials1 ! head plac$ on1 ! jo9t tightly lut$1 & ! retort neck connect$ ) ! *amb] by ! wide iron tubes4 ,!re are _m =mul = ! prep>ation ( mosaic gold4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important are giv51 :i* 9 e case w yield a good result3-- ,t9 fil+s #dj p>ts ,sulphur #ce 0 ,ammonium *loride #be 0 ,! t9 fil+s1 :i* mu/ be v f9e1 are well mix$ 9 a mort> ) ! sulphur & ammonium *loride4 ,! heat+ is gradual at fir/2 :5 ! evolution ( vap\rs has ceas$ ! temp]ature is v sl[ly increas$ to a d>k r$ heat4 ,! mosaic gold is f\nd z a yell[ mass at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 b p>tly 9 cry/all9e scales on ! walls & head ( ! retort4 ,o!r recipes are z foll[s3-- ,t9 dioxide #hj p>ts ,sulphur #fj 0 ,ammonium *loride #cj 0 ,t9 fil+s #de 0 ,sulphur #ce 0 ,ammonium *loride #be 0 ,9 all ^! cases ! *ief endeav\r %\ld be n to raise ! temp]ature too high2 a d>k r$ heat is suffici5t to give a p]fectly satisfactory result4 ,:5 metallic m]cury is us$1 x is employ$ 9 ! =m ( an amalgam ) t91 :i* is !n 9 su* a f9ely divid$ condition t x readily ent]s into *emical comb9ation ) ! sulphur4 ,! amalgam is mo/ simply obta9$ by heat+ #a "p ( m]cury almo/ to boil+1 & /irr+ #b p>ts ( t9 fil+s into ! hot metal2 #ah p>ts ( ?is amalgam mix$ ) #g p>ts ( sulphur & #f ( ammonium *loride are heat$ toge!r4 ,! mosaic gold made aft] any ( ^! me?ods may be us$ = gild+ gold frames or z a pa9t]'s pigm5t4 ,mu* s-call$ gold pa9t consi/s ( mosaic gold gr\nd ) a ?ick gum solution4 ,*rysean4--,walla* f\nd t :5 a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 0 pass$ ?r\gh a saturat$ solution ( potassium cyanide a precipitate 0 =m$1 :i* _h ! =mula ,c,h,n,s4 ,?is sub/ance1 *rysean1 is simil> 9 appe>ance to mosaic gold2 its te*nical employm5t is prev5t$ by its extremely poison\s nature & its high co/ z comp>$ ) mosaic gold4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,r$ ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts4 ,,v]milion4 ,?is beautiful sc>let r$ pigm5t1 :i* has be5 us$ = s long a "t1 consi/s ( m]curic sulphide1 ,hg,s4 ,! same comp\nd occurs ready =m$ 9 nature z c9nab>2 pick$ pieces ( ?is m9]al come into ! m>ket "u ! "n ( m\nta9 v]milion 7,b]gz9nob]74 ,a f> l>g] quantity ( v]milion is made artificially4 ,m]curic sulphide exi/s 9 two =ms--z a black non-cry/all9e p[d] & 9 ! cry/all9e =m1 :i* is us$ z a pigm5t4 ,ea* modification may be trans=m$ into ! o!r by suitable treatm5t1 & ea* may pass into ! o!r spontane\sly "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,9 ! manufacture ( v]milion1 ! black =m ( m]curic sulphide plays an important "p2 x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to give an acc\nt ( ! *emical behavi\r ( ! two modifications be=e proce$+ to an acc\nt ( ! me?od by :i* v]milion is made4 ,black ,m]curic ,sulphide may be obta9$ ei!r by ! direct union ( metallic m]cury ) sulphur1 or by precipitat+ ! solution ( a m]curic salt ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,x is mo/ simply =m$ by rubb+ toge!r equal p>ts ( sulphur & m]cury moi/5$ ) wat]1 until ! mixture is uni=mly black4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult 9 ?is way to conv]t all ! m]cury into sulphide4 ,a bett] result is obta9$ :5 ! mixture is moi/5$ by ammonium sulphide in/ead ( wat]4 ,9 ?is case ! "t requir$ = ! op]ation is %ort5$ by w>m+ ! vessel4 ,if ! mort> is plac$ 9 hot wat] x is g5]ally suffici5t to gr9d = ab\t two h\rs to br+ ab\t ! comb9ation ( ! m]cury & sulphur4 ,?is comp\nd c also be easily obta9$ by heat+ m]cury ) sulphur4 ,9 a vessel1 plac$ "u a *imney ) a good draught1 :i* is necess>y to c>ry away ! poison\s m]cury vap\rs1 #f p>ts ( ! metal are heat$ ne>ly to boil+ & #a "p ( sulphur add$4 ,comb9ation takes place at ?is temp]ature ) a slight explosion1 & pure m]curic sulphide results :5 ! heat+ is cont9u$ until ! excess ( sulphur is driv5 (f4 ,= ! purpose ( ! manufacture ( v]milion1 black m]curic sulphide is mo/ simply made by fill+ a ?ick-wall$ vessel ) equal weights ( m]cury & sulphur1 moi/5+ ! mixture ) wat] & %ak+ or rotat+ ! vessel = sev]al h\rs4 ,?is c be done ei!r 9 a rotat+ cyl9d] conta9+ iron balls1 or ! vessel c be fa/5$ to any rotat+ object--to a wat]-:eel or to ! fly-:eel ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,! vessel 9 :i* ! comb9ation is effect$ %\ld ( c\rse n be q full4 ,x has be5 f\nd t a m j]ky motion ?an t ( rotation effects ! comb9ation ( ! m]cury & sulphur 9 a %ort] "t4 ,= example1 an opportunity ( fa/5+ ! vessel to a saw-mill w\ld be ( great advantage4 ,! m]curic sulphide made by ! above me?ods is a velvety black mass1 :i*1 ev5 :5 exactly equival5t weights ( sulphur & m]cury h be5 us$1 is nev] q pure4 ,c>bon bisulphide w always extract a c]ta9 quantity ( uncomb9$ sulphur4 ,! mo/ important prop]ty ( ! black sulphide = ! pres5t purpose is t x is *ang$ into ! cry/all9e modification by heat+ to ! temp]ature at :i* x volatilises4 ,! sublim$ m]curic sulphide has ! well-kn[n fi]y sc>let col\r *>act]i/ic ( v]milion4 ,r$ ,m]curic ,sulphide1 or v]milion1 exhibits1 = a sulphur comp\nd1 consid]able resi/ance to ! action ( *emical reag5ts2 dilute m9]al acids d n decompose x4 ,un=tunately1 v]milion has ano!r prop]ty :i* makes x q unsuitable = ! arti/'s use3 9 ! c\rse ( "t x gradually turns dull & at la/ is completely discol\r$4 ,?is alt]ation ( col\r c only be ascrib$ to a return ( ! r$ cry/all9e modification into ! black non-cry/all9e4 ,:5 a :ite pigm5t is t9t$ by v]milion x %\ld n be a lead pigm5t1 or 9 a brief "t x w turn black4 ,a :ite pigm5t su* z z9c :ite1 :i* is n act$ ^u by sulphur comp\nds1 %\ld be us$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,v]milion4 ,! r$ modification ( m]curic sulphide c be prep>$ 9 ! wet or ! dry way4 ,! latt] 0 =m]ly 9 g5]al use1 b at pres5t ! wet me?od is m g5]ally employ$1 z x m easily & c]ta9ly produces a h&some pigm5t4 ,ea* me?od has its advantages1 & bo? w be describ$4 7a7 ,,dry ,,me?od4 ,! num]\s prescriptions :i* h be5 giv5 = ! manufacture ( v]milion by ! dry me?od are all f\nd$ on endeav\rs to conv]t black m]curic sulphide into ! r$ =m4 ,_m ( ^! prescriptions conta9 directions = ! s\ndness ( :i* no reason c be discov]$1 & x is n go+ too f> to say t none exi/s1 & t op]ations describ$ z ess5tial = ! success ( ! process h be5 ins]t$ m]ely to give ! recipe ! appe>ance ( novelty4 ,x _c be d5i$ t c]ta9 manipulations imp>t a great] brilliancy to ! product1 al?\gh x is impossible to assign a physical or *emical reason2 b ! manufactur] w quickly be able to diff]5tiate ! valuable f ! wor?less 9 ^! processes4 ,two conditions h ! greate/ influ5ce on ! beauty ( ! pigm5t--! temp]ature at :i* ! black sulphide is sublim$1 & ! complete fre$om ( ! v]milion f excess ( sulphur4 ,( less importance is ! repeat$ gr9d+ ( ! v]milion2 ! (t5] x is gr\nd1 ! small] ! cry/als become & ! pal] ! %ade4 ,! op]ation ( gr9d+ ! pigm5t 9 ord9>y mills is kn[n practically z 8prep>+10 ! extraction ( excess ( sulphur by boil+ ) alkal9e liquids z 8ref9+10 ! product4 ,! usual process 9 ,holl&1 especially 9 ! ,am/]dam works1 is z foll[s3 ,! black sulphide is made by heat+ #bgj p>ts ( m]cury ) #cge p>ts ( sulphur 9 copp] pans--! fire is s regulat$ t ! temp]ature is n high en\gh to ignite ! sulphur4 ,if prop]ly prep>$ ! product has n[ a pure black col\r4 ,x is imm$iately f9ely gr\nd & pres]v$ 9 e>!nw>e bottles conta9+ only #jg kilogramme ea*4 ,x is sublim$ f hemisph]ical vessels1 provid$ ) iron cov]s c>efully jo9$ to ! rim ( ! sublimation vessel by a suitable fire-resi/+ cem5t4 ,g5]ally #c su* vessels are conta9$ 9 "o furnace4 ,! op]ation is comm5c$ by heat+ !m until ! bottom %[s a d>k r$ heat4 ,! temp]ature %\ld n[ be increas$ to su* an ext5t t1 :5 ! cont5ts ( "o ( ! above-m5tion$ small bottles are p\r$ into ! vessel1 a small flame only appe>s2 if on ! contr>y ! cont5ts burn explosively1 ! temp]ature is too high1 & fur!r quantities ( ! black sulphide mu/ n be add$ until ! vessels h cool$ d[n to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,if1 on introduc+ ! fir/ quantity ( m]curic sulphide1 a flame appe>s unaccompani$ by an explosion1 ! cont5ts ( sev]al ( ! bottles may be introduc$2 ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* ?is addition is made are imm$iately clos$ by a well-fitt+ iron plate4 ,f "t to "t ?is cov] is rais$ & fre% quantities ( m]curic sulphide add$4 ,! op]ation la/s ab\t #cf h\rs1 :5 d\ble ! quantity ( m]curic sulphide1 made f ! above mixture ( m]cury & sulphur1 w h be5 introduc$ into ! #c vessels4 ,= ! complete success ( ! process1 ! accurate regulation ( ! temp]ature to :i* ! vessels are expos$ is p>ticul>ly important2 9 practice1 ! temp]ature is judg$ by ! height ( ! flame :i* issues on remov+ ! iron plates3 if ?is rea*es to #a metre ! fire is too fi]ce1 b if ! flame is v small ! fire mu/ be increas$4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sublimation ! mass 9 ! vessels is /irr$ ab\t e #ae m9utes4 ,z soon z ! sublimation is f9i%$ ! fire is ext+ui%$4 ,! vessels are brok5 :5 completely cold2 ! v]milion is !n f\nd 9 ! upp] portion z a sublimate ( fibr\s "*4 ,! v]milion made by ?is process requires simply wet gr9d+ "u ord9>y mills & dry+ to be ready = m>ket4 ,9 ! great m]cury works at ,idria1 9 ,au/ria1 v]milion is also made f ! black sulphide4 ,! latt] is made by mix+ #hd p>ts ( m]cury ) #af p>ts ( f9ely p[d]$ sulphur 9 rotat+ vessels driv5 by wat] p[]1 ! op]ation la/+ ab\t #c h\rs4 ,?is quantity ( sulphur is l>g] ?an is requir$ to =m m]curic sulphide2 exp]i5ce has %[n t ! comb9ation takes place m rapidly :5 m ?an ! equival5t quantity ( sulphur is us$4 ,heat is develop$ by ! reaction & ! temp]ature ( ! mixture rises to ov] #cj ,c4 ,! black sulphide is !n sublim$ 9 ca/-iron vessels1 :i* are pe>-%ap$ & built #f toge!r 9 a furnace2 ea* holds a *>ge ( #cae kilogrammes ( black4 ,sev]al p]iods are di/+ui%$ dur+ ! heat+ ( ! mass 9 ! sublimation vessels4 ,! op]ation is comm5c$ by heat+ #b ( ! vessels fir/4 ,z soon z ! vap\rs ( sulphur1 issu+ f ! neck ( ! vessels1 take fire ) explosion1 ! fire is made to heat ! adjac5t vessels4 ,:5 ! cont5ts ( all ! vessels h explod$1 ! fir/ "p ( ! process kn[n z ! 8evaporation0 is at an end4 ,e>!nw>e heads are !n plac$ on ! vessels & ! fire is increas$ until ! excess ( sulphur pres5t beg9s to di/il2 its vap\rs take fire 9 ! air ) a slight explosion4 ,:5 ?is takes place1 e>!nw>e receiv]s are atta*$ :i* h only a small op5+ = ! escape ( uncond5s$ vap\rs4 ,! sulphur cond5ses 9 ^!4 ,:5 sulphur vap\rs are no long] giv5 (f 9 quantity1 ! int]m$iate p]iod 7/ckp]iode7 is f9i%$ & ! real sublimation ( ! v]milion comm5ces4 ,! fire is n[ consid]ably increas$ & ! sublim$ v]milion collects 9 ! cool] p>ts ( ! app>atus4 ,:5 ! sublimation is completely f9i%$1 small blue flames1 :i* quickly vani%1 appe> at ! jo9ts ( ! app>atus4 ,! furnace is all[$ to get q cold1 :5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! app>atus are tak5 ap>t1 ! v]milion deposit$ 9 ! tubes is c>efully remov$1 s t !y may be aga9 us$1 :il/ ! receiv]s & head are brok51 s t ! v]milion !y conta9 c be collect$4 ,! l>g] pieces =m lump v]milion2 ! fragm5ts ( ! receiv]s are clean$ ) a wet bru% to collect :at adh]es4 ,! :ole process ( sublimation f ! introduction ( ! black to ! end la/s ab\t #g h\rs4 ,! sublim$ v]milion is gr\nd 9 mills :i* diff] little f ord9>y gr9d+ mills4 ,to prev5t ! =mation ( du/1 wat] is add$ & ! /ones are surr\nd$ by wood5 cas+s4 ,! r$ pa/e f ! mills1 :i* is n[ kn[n z v]milion1 is !n ref9$4 ,! ref9+ consi/s 9 extract+ ! excess ( sulphur by means ( boil+ pota% solution2 #cjj kilogrammes ( ! gr\nd v]milion are /irr$ up ) wat] 9 a tub1 ! wat] is drawn (f & ! wet mass br\ght into an iron pan1 9 :i* x is heat$ ) #bbe kilogrammes ( pota% lye = ab\t #aj m9utes4 ,accord+ to ! composition ( ! crude v]milion ! lye has a /r5g? ( f #aj to #ac ,b4 ,! small] ! quantity ( sulphur1 ! weak] is ! pota% solution2 x is1 or 01 made 9 ,idria 9 a v primitive mann]1 by extract+ wood a%es4 ,= v]milion ( a bright r$ %ade pota% solution ( #aj1 = ! d>k r$ ( #aa1 & = 8,*9ese v]milion0 ( #ac is us$4 ,! excess ( sulphur1 toge!r ) a trace ( m]curic sulphide1 dissolves 9 ! pota% solution2 ! sulphur *iefly =ms potassium p5tasulphide4 ,:5 ! boil+ is f9i%$1 ! v]milion is c>efully wa%$ & dri$ 9 di%es plac$ 9 a heat$ furnace4 ,dur+ dry+1 ! v]milion agglom]ates2 f9ally ! lumps are brok5 & siev$4 ,*9ese ,v]milion is 9 simil> case to ,indian ink4 ,bo? sub/ances are 9 common use 9 ,europe1 !y f> surpass 9 quality our own manufacture1 & 9 nei!r case d we "k ! exact me?od by :i* !y are made4 ,g5u9e ,*9ese v]milion s f> surpasses ,european 9 brightness t x is b\ght at five or six times ! price4 ,x is said on unau!nticat$ au?ority to be made by sublim+ a mixture ( #d p>ts ( quicksilv] ) #a "p ( sulphur 9 e>!nw>e pots clos$ by an iron plate1 :i* is kept con/antly wet & s]ves z a receiv]1 on :i* ! v]milion deposits4 ,! sublim$ masses adh]+ to ! lid are sort$1 gr\nd & repeat$ly wa%$ ) wat]4 ,accord+ to ,callum's description ( ! manufacture ( v]milion at ,hong ,kong1 m]cury & sulphur are heat$ 9 a l>ge iron pan1 ) cont9ual /irr+ at ab\t ! melt+ po9t ( sulphur 7#aaa ,c471 until ! :ole has *ang$ to a black mass4 ,aft] cool+1 ?is is mix$ ) wat] & m]cury1 ! mixture ?or\ghly /irr$1 dri$1 plac$ 9 a hemisph]ical di% & cov]$ ov] ) brok5 porcela94 ,a simil> di% is cem5t$ on ! top ( ! fir/1 & ! di%es are heat$ = #af h\rs2 ! v]milion adh]+ to ! porcela9 fragm5ts is remov$1 wet gr\nd & dri$4 ,a v]milion approa*+ ,*9ese 9 beauty is said to be obta9$ by mix+ ord9>y v]milion ) #a p] c5t4 ( antimony sulphide & aga9 sublim+ ! mixture4 ,! d>k grey sublimate produces a r$di% br[n p[d]1 :i* is repeat$ly boil$ ) a solution ( 8liv] ( sulphur0 7potassium polysulphide71 wa%$ ) wat] & dige/$ = a long "t ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! au?or has repeat$ly made v]milion by ?is process1 b c\ld nev] obta9 a product diff]+ appreciably f ! orig9al v]milion4 7b7 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,! manufacture ( v]milion 9 ! wet way is f\nd$ on ! conv]sion ( metallic m]cury or its comp\nds into m]curic sulphide by heat+ ) alkal9e sulphides1 su* z ammonium sulphide & liv] ( sulphur4 ,! product always conta9s uncomb9$ sulphur1 :i* is elim9at$ by treatm5t ) alkalis4 ,ap>t f ! dang] to ! heal? ( ! workm5 caus$ by ! poison\s m]cury vap\rs1 :i* are pres5t 9 rooms :]e m]cury or its comp\nds are heat$ 9 app>atus ev5 ( ! be/ con/ruction1 & :i* is n to be fe>$ 9 a wet process1 ! v]milion prep>$ 9 ! latt] mann] has a f9] & bright] %ade ?an t prep>$ by a dry process4 ,! great] co/ ( ! wet process is cov]$ by ! high] value ( ! product4 ,! />t+ po9t ( ! wet me?od may be ei!r metallic m]cury1 black m]curic sulphide or ano!r m]cury salt4 ,:5 metallic m]cury is us$1 accord+ to an old process1 #ajj p>ts are gr\nd ) #bc p>ts ( fl[]s ( sulphur & a little cau/ic pota% solution to a homog5e\s mass1 :i* is !n heat$ ) a solution ( #ec p>ts ( cau/ic pota% 9 an equal quantity ( wat]1 ! evaporat$ wat] be+ cont9ually replac$1 until ! col\r *anges f br[ni%-r$ to ! fi]y r$ ( v]milion4 ,:5 ! col\r approa*es ! desir$ %ade a c>eful wat* mu/ be kept1 & imm$iately ! prop] %ade is obta9$ ! heat+ mu/ be /opp$4 ,if x is cont9u$ beyond ?is po9t = b a %ort "t1 ! v]milion at once loses its fire & _c be aga9 bright5$4 ,an int]ruption 9 ! heat+ is equally h>mful1 a dull %ade be+ produc$4 ,:5 ! prop] %ade has appe>$1 ! cont5ts ( ! vessel are p\r$ into a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,! v]milion is !n wa%$ ) dilute cau/ic pota% & aft]w>ds ) wat] until ! alkal9e reaction disappe>s4 ,x is f9ally dri$4 ,! alkal9e solutions obta9$ 9 ?is process conta9 consid]able quantities ( m]cury 9 solution4 ,!y are collect$1 & :5 a suffici5t quantity has accumulat$ ! m]cury is extract$4 ,b>ff recomm5ds ! foll[+ me?od3 ,m]cury is rubb$ ) to ( its weight ( sulphur until a uni=m grey p[d] results4 ,?is is heat$ 9 a porcela9 di% ) cau/ic pota% solution 7#acc p>ts ( pota% 9 #aej p>ts ( wat]7 at #de ,c4 until ! p[d] has become bright r$4 ,heat+ above #de ,c4 is to be avoid$2 x w\ld imp>t a br[n t+e to ! v]milion4 ,a conv5i5t process = mak+ v]milion 9 ! wet way is to fir/ produce ! black sulphide 9 ! dry way & !n treat ?is ) alkalis4 ,brunn]'s me?od is f\nd$ on ?is proc$ure3 #ajj p>ts ( m]cury & #ch p>ts ( sulphur are us$ to prep>e ! black sulphide4 ,?is is heat$ ) a solution ( #be p>ts ( cau/ic pota% 9 #aej p>ts ( wat]4 ,! op]ation is be/ conduct$ 9 a vessel plac$ 9 a wat] ba?1 ! temp]ature ( :i* does n exce$ #de ,c4 ,aft] heat+ #g to #h h\rs1 ! mass beg9s to turn r$1 :5 ! *ange proce$s m quickly1 & ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 n to exce$ ! po9t at :i* ! col\r has rea*$ its greate/ brilliance4 ,z soon z ! desir$ %ade has appe>$1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ba? is l[]$1 b x is kept w>m = sev]al h\rs4 ,cau/ic solutions ( diff]5t /r5g?s produce diff]5t %ades4 ,?us1 9 ord] always to obta9 ! same product f ! same quantities1 x is necess>y to replace ! evaporat$ wat] at %ort int]vals4 ,9 ?is process "s quantity ( m]cury rema9s uncomb9$2 x is sep>at$ f ! v]milion by a process ( levigation 9 ! wa%+4 ,firm5i*'s ,me?od4--,_m wet me?ods = ! manufacture ( v]milion diff] b little f ! prec$+4 ,9 ,firm5i*'s me?od ! production ( ! black sulphide is unit$ ) ! =mation ( v]milion 9 "o op]ation4 ,a solution ( potassium sulphide ( a c]ta9 /r5g? is made by ignit+ #bj p>ts ( potassium sulphate ) #f p>ts ( coal1 boil+ ! mixture ) #ae "t ! quantity ( ra9 wat]1 cool+ ! solution1 sep>at+ f ! potassium sulphate :i* cry/allises out1 & boil+ ! solution ) sulphur s long z x is dissolv$4 ,a mixture ( #de p>ts ( ?is solution1 #ajj p>ts ( m]cury1 & #b p>ts ( sulphur is plac$ 9 flasks1 :i* are subject$ = sev]al h\rs to a %ak+ or rock+ motion4 ,! liquid becomes gre5i%1 & its temp]ature rises 9 consequ5ce ( ! comb9ation ( m]cury ) a portion ( ! sulphur ( ! potassium sulphide4 ,! latt] imm$iately dissolves ! free sulphur pres5t1 & aga9 gives x up to ! m]cury1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs is completely conv]t$ into ! black sulphide4 ,! %ak+ is discont9u$ :5 ! cont5ts ( ! flasks h acquir$ a deep br[ni%-r$ col\r4 ,! flasks are !n plac$ 9 a room heat$ to #de ,c41 & _! cont5ts repeat$ly %ak5 up4 ,at ?is temp]ature ! trans=mation ( ! black into ! r$ m]curic sulphide is complet$4 ,! deposit 9 ! flasks acquires m & m a sc>let %ade4 ,z soon z ! col\r is f\nd to h rea*$ its greate/ int5sity ! liquid is c>efully p\r$ (f1 & ! v]milion treat$ ) cau/ic soda solution 9 ord] to dissolve free sulphur2 x is !n v c>efully wa%$4 ,9 ?is process1 ! temp]ature at :i* ! op]ation comm5ces is important4 ,! cool] ! mixture :i* is plac$ 9 ! flasks be=e %ak+1 ! pal] w be ! col\r ( ! v]milion obta9$4 ,x is to be suppos$ t ! reaction1 :i* is b sl[ 9 ! cold1 =ms 9 consequ5ce ( its sl[ness a black sulphide ( su* "* t 9 its subsequ5t trans=mation into ! r$ cry/all9e sulphide v small cry/als are produc$4 ,! ,gauti]-,b\*>t me?od = ! prep>ation ( v]milion f m]cury & ammonium sulphide is appli$ on ! l>ge scale z foll[s3 #a1jjj p>ts ( m]cury are %ak5 = #g h\rs ) #bjj p>ts ( fl[]s ( sulphur & #djj p>ts ( ammonium sulphide saturat$ ) sulphur2 ! d>k-col\r$ mixture is expos$ = sev]al days to a temp]ature ( #fj ,c41 :5 ! col\r *anges to r$4 ,9 addition to ! usual wa%+s1 ! mass is fur!r treat$ ) nitric acid4 ,! purpose ( ?is op]ation is to oxidise all ! free sulphur to sulphuric acid4 ,= a col\r works 9 :i*1 9 addition to v]milion1 are made o!r pigm5ts1 especially su* z are s5sitive to ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 ?is process1 :i* produces v]milion ( a good %ade1 al?\gh n p>ticul>ly /able1 is n to be recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( ! evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* _c be completely prev5t$ ev5 by ! greate/ c>e4 ,liebig's ,process4--,! />t+ po9t 9 ! manufacture ( v]milion by ?is process is ! comp\nd kn[n z :ite precipitate 7see bel[74 ,x is only necess>y to heat :ite precipitate ) a solution ( ammonium sulphide saturat$ ) sulphur1 at #dj to #ej ,c41 = a long "t4 ,! op]ation may be conduct$ 9 well-clos$ flasks 9 a place ! temp]ature ( :i* is1 z ne>ly z possible1 #de to #ej ,c41 su* z ! flues lead+ f a furnace 9 con/ant use4 ,! *ange ( col\r is gradual2 ?is is an advantage1 s9ce x is easi] to obta9 ! correct %ade4 ,by treat+ ! product ) weak cau/ic pota% solution x may be made /ill bright]4 ,aft] wa%+ & dry+ at a g5tle heat ! pigm5t is f9i%$4 ,?is me?od is especially adapt$ = manufactur]s n exclusively engag$ 9 mak+ v]milion4 ,no special arrangem5t ( app>atus is necess>y2 ! app>atus = mak+ ammonium sulphide & a numb] ( glass flasks are ! only ess5tials4 ,!re is ano!r consid]able advantage1 t ! product _c be completely spoil$4 ,! process ( =mation ( ! v]milion is tol]ably sl[2 a c>eful obs]vation ( ! progress ( ! e>li] op]ations is suffici5t to det]m9e ! "t requir$4 ,9 ord] to be able to d ?is ) c]ta9ty1 x is necess>y to "w always "u exactly ! same conditions2 ! same quantity ( :ite precipitate mu/ always be us$ & ! solution ( ammonium sulphide mu/ always h ! same /r5g?4 ,m]curic ,ammonium ,*loride1 ,infusible ,:ite ,precipitate1 ,hg,cl,n,h4--,?is comp\nd1 :i* is requir$ 9 ! la/-m5tion$ process = ! manufacture ( v]milion1 is mo/ *eaply made 9 ! foll[+ way3 to a solution ( #a "p ( common salt 9 #cb p>ts ( wat]1 #b p>ts ( dry m]curic sulphate are add$ 9 small quantities1 :il/ ?or\ghly /irr+4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to "w 9 ?is way1 because m]curic sulphate is decompos$ by wat] into free sulphuric acid & a basic salt1 :i* is mu* m sl[ly conv]t$ into :ite precipitate ?an ! neutral salt4 ,! liquid n[ conta9s m]curic *loride2 on ! addition ( ammonia to alkal9e reaction x gives a heavy :ite precipitate4 ,! liquid is p\r$ (f & ! precipitate wa%$ ) wat] conta9+ a little ammonia1 until ! wa%+s give only a slight turbidity ) b>ium *loride4 ,?is process may also be comm5c$ ) m]curic *loride1 b ! above me?od is *eap]4 ,:ite precipitate %\ld volatilise )\t fus+ :5 heat$ on plat9um foil & %\ld keep its :ite col\r :5 treat$ ) ammonia4 ,electrolytic ,process4--,9 a wood5 vessel #a metre 9 diamet] & #b metres deep are plac$1 at ! sides1 di%es #ae c5timetres wide1 conta9+ a lay] ( m]cury #a c5timetre deep4 ,^! di%es are connect$ ) ! positive pole ( a dynamo4 ,! negative pole is connect$ to an iron plate1 electrolytically coat$ by copp]1 plac$ at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 :i* is fill$ ) a solution conta9+ #h p] c5t4 ( ammonium nitrate & #h p] c5t4 ( sodium nitrate4 ,a regul> curr5t ( sulphur dioxide is introduc$ ?r\gh a p]=at$ coil4 ,! excess ( gas escapes by a tube 9 ! cov]4 ,:5 ! curr5t is pass$ a precipitate ( r$ m]curic sulphide is at once =m$4 ,attempts h be5 made to disp5se ) ! curr5t ( sulphur dioxide4 ,! ba? !n conta9s #ajj litres ( wat] & #h kilogrammes ea* ( ammonium nitrate1 sodium nitrate1 sodium sulphide & sulphur4 ,"u ^! conditions x is only necess>y to add sulphur & m]cury 9 ord] to obta91 at ! end ( ! op]ation1 v]milion :i* is 9 no way inf]ior to t made by ! fir/ process4 ,v]milion is frequ5tly grossly adult]at$ by *eap] pigm5ts4 ,sub/ances are (t5 f\nd "u ! "n ( v]milion :i* conta9 no trace ( m]cury1 b consi/ ( bright orange lead mix$ ) a few p] c5t4 ( f]ric oxide1 & hav+ a deceptive simil>ity 9 col\r to ! be/ v]milion4 ,m]curic ,iodide4--,:5 corrosive sublimate solution is precipitat$ ) exactly ! necess>y quantity ( potassium iodide1 m]curic iodide is obta9$ z a sc>let precipitate :i* surpasses 9 beauty ev5 ! be/ samples ( v]milion4 ,un=tunately1 ?is sub/ance _c be us$ z an arti/s' col\r4 ,exposure to light soon turns x br[n & f9ally black4 ,x appe>s to be unalt]$ 9 ! d>k2 ! au?or possesses a sample :i* has be5 s kept = #cj ye>s )\t los+ its %ade 9 any way4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,antimony ,,v]milion4 ,antimony v]milion is a r$ pigm5t :i* w be> comp>ison 9 f95ess ( %ade ) m]cury v]milion1 ov] :i* x has ! advantage ( *eapness4 ,9 composition x is antimony trisulphide1 ,sb,s4 ,?is comp\nd is obta9$ by precipitat+ a solution ( antimony tri*loride ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,h[ev]1 ! precipitate1 :i* is a v f9e r$ :il/ wet1 loses its col\r 9 dry+1 & ! product is almo/ wor?less z a pigm5t4 ,9 ano!r way x c be obta9$ 9 su* a condition t x loses no?+ ( its beauty 9 dry+1 b reta9s its brilliance4 ,bttg] gives ! foll[+ process3 a solution ( antimony tri*loride is mix$ ) a solution ( sodium hyposulphite 7?iosulphate7 & ! liquid heat$ s long z a precipitate =ms1 :i* is !n wa%$ on a filt] ) wat] conta9+ acetic acid4 ,if pure wat] 7 us$ = wa%+1 ! antimony *loride /ill pres5t w\ld be decompos$1 =m+ ! :ite oxy*loride1 :i* w\ld detract f ! %ade ( ! antimony v]milion4 ,9 ?is process p>ticul> reg>d is to be paid to ! use ( exact quantities ( mat]ials4 ,! f9e/ product is obta9$ :5 #b p>ts ( a solution ( antimony tri*loride1 :i* has exactly ! specific gravity #ace1 are mix$ ) a solution ( #c p>ts ( sodium hyposulphite 9 #f p>ts ( wat]4 ,accord+ to ,r4 ,wagn]1 antimony v]milion is obta9$ by dissolv+ #d p>ts ( t>t> emetic & #c p>ts ( t>t>ic acid 9 #ah p>ts ( wat]1 heat+ to #fj ,c41 mix+ ) a solution ( sodium hyposulphite 7?iosulphate7 & heat+ to #ij ,c4 ,! precipitate is !n c>efully wa%$ & dri$4 ,pure antimony v]milion closely approa*es1 z we h said1 ord9>y v]milion 9 %ade1 & = a sulphur comp\nd %[s a rem>kable resi/ance t[>ds *emical reag5ts4 ,by dilute acids1 ammonia & alkal9e c>bonates1 x is attack$ only on long cont9u$ contact1 b x is easily decompos$ by v dilute hydro*loric acid & by cau/ic alkalis4 ,a mixture ) :ite lead keeps = a long "t1 b !re c be no "q ( ! p]man5ce ( su* a mixture1 9 consequ5ce ( ! (t-repeat$ prop]ties ( lead pigm5ts4 ,antimony v]milion is well adapt$ = oil pa9t+4 ,:5 gr\nd ) oil x exhibits a r$ ( a brilliance 9 no way inf]ior to t ( g5u9e v]milion4 ,x may also be us$ z a wat] col\r1 b is n adapt$ = fresco "w1 s9ce x is quickly decompos$ by lime4 ,9 spite ( ^! fav\rable prop]ties antimony v]milion has s f> be5 little us$4 ,consid]+ ! small co/ ( its prep>ation1 especially :5 calcium hyposulphite1 :i* gives an equally good result1 is us$ 9 place ( ! sodium salt1 its use is to be recomm5d$ 9 ! place ( m]cury v]milion4 ,x appe>s z if ! high price dem&$ = ?is sub/ance by sev]al manufactur]s has prev5t$ its g5]al employm5t4 ,app5dix4 ,antimony ,blue4--,?is f9e blue pigm5t c be prep>$ by ! addition ( a dilute solution ( potassium f]rocyanide to a cle> solution ( antimony 9 aqua regia4 ,accord+ to ,krauss1 x conta9s no antimony z col\r+ pr9ciple1 b is a ,prussian blue obta9$ f ! f]rocyanide1 :i* is decompos$ by ! /rong acid1 ) evolution ( hydrocyanic acid4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,f]ric ,,oxide ,,pigm5ts4 ,! pigm5ts compos$ ( f]ric oxide are us$ 9 enorm\s quantity4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by a high degree ( p]man5ce4 ,l>ge deposits ( f]ric oxide occur 9 nature1 & 9 places :]e x is f\nd 9 consid]able quantity iron is manufactur$ f x on ! spot4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( natural f]ric oxide are di/+ui%$3 specul> iron ore =ms cry/all9e masses ( brilliant lu/re2 ano!r v>iety 9 small cry/als is call$ iron glance2 micace\s iron ore consi/s ( %9+ scales2 r$ hmatite has ! appe>ance ( bundles ( fibres2 an e>?y v>iety ( hmatite is also common4 ,! comp\nd ( f]ric oxide ) wat]1 f]ric hydroxide1 is /ill m abundant ?an hmatite2 br[n hmatite1 limonite & o!r iron ores consi/ ess5tially ( ?is comp\nd4 ,! pigm5t kn[n z o*re is also f]ric hydrate4 ,v pure r$ hmatite has s f9e a r$ col\r t x may (t5 be us$ z a pigm5t aft] gr9d+ or levigat+4 ,! fam\s r$ ( ,pompeii1 :i* has be5 f\nd on ! ru9$ walls ( ! t[n1 /ill %[s1 aft] eighte5 c5turies' exposure to damp1 ! brighte/ %ade1 c]ta9ly a /rik+ pro( ( ! extraord9>y p]man5ce ( ?is pigm5t4 ,consid]+ its great p]man5ce1 its easy prep>ation1 & its l[ price1 x is surpris+ t f]ric oxide is n m ext5sively us$ by arti/s ?an x is at pres5t4 ,x is us$1 h[ev]1 ext5sively 9 col\r+ e>!nw>e1 = :i* purpose its /ability at high temp]atures makes x suitable4 ,pr9cipally on acc\nt ( its *eapness x is l>gely us$ 9 ord9>y pa9t+1 b = arti/ic purposes x is n us$ to ! ext5t x des]ves4 ,e col\r mak] well kn[s t arti/s ju/ly compla9 t ! pigm5ts (f]$ to !m h g5]ally b a small degree ( p]man5ce4 ,!y are surpris$ t ! pa9t+s ( ! old ma/]s %[ n[1 aft] ! lapse ( c5turies1 _! col\rs unalt]$1 :il/ ! pigm5ts manufactur$ at ! pres5t day1 in/ead ( correspond+ to ! high /&>d ( *emical k1 are (t5 discol\r$ )9 a few mon?s aft] use4 ,b x 0 j ! re/rict$ k ( *emi/ry :i* ! anci5ts possess$ :i* compell$ !m to make ext5sive use ( ! p]man5t e>? pigm5ts1 to :i* class ( p]man5t col\rs f]ric oxide belongs4 ,! advances ( sci5ce h succe$$ 9 prep>+ f]ric oxide1 n only z a r$ pigm5t1 b 9 ! diff]5t %ades ( r$1 f yell[ to br[n & deep violet1 all consi/+ entirely ( pure f]ric oxide4 ,f]ric oxide has ! prop]ty ( alt]+ its molecul> condition on protract$ heat+2 ?is *ange is accompani$ by an alt]ation 9 col\r4 ,if f]ric oxide is heat$ = a v long "t at ! highe/ temp]atures its col\r *anges at la/ to black4 ,f]ric oxide c be prep>$ by diff]5t me?ods = arti/s' purposes4 ,! process by :i* x is made is n unimportant4 ,ei!r f]r\s or f]ric salts c be employ$ z ! raw mat]ial4 ,) ! latt]1 pure f]ric oxide is at once =m$1 or hydroxide1 :i* is conv]t$ into oxide by heat+4 ,! f]r\s salts are g5]ally *eap] ?an f]ric salts2 !y are !re=e commonly us$ = ! prep>ation ( f]ric oxide1 z well z ( ! o!r iron pigm5ts4 ,ev5 9 comb9ation ) ! /ronge/ acids1 f]r\s oxide has b little /ability2 :5 sep>at$ f its salts z f]r\s hydroxide1 ! greate/ precautions mu/ be tak5 to obta9 x pure2 9 contact ) ! air x at once takes up oxyg5 & *anges to f]ric hydroxide4 ,f]r\s c>bonate %[s ?is same degree ( in/ability2 ! natural sub/ance1 occurr+ 9 l>ge cry/als z spa?ic iron/one1 is no exception3 on exposure to ! air x is gradually *ang$ to f]ric oxide4 ,!re is ano!r reason = ! advisability ( us+ f]r\s salts to prep>e f]ric oxide4 ,:5 f]ric hydroxide is made by precipitat+ ! solution ( a f]ric salt ) ammonia or cau/ic pota%1 ! lea/ excess ( ! precipitant unites ) ! hydroxide to =m a comp\nd :i* is only decompos$ by long wa%+ ) wat]4 ,! precipitate is1 h[ev]1 gelat9\s1 & consequ5tly v difficult to wa%4 ,9 ord] to prep>e f]ric oxide suitable = an arti/s' pigm5t ! foll[+ process may be us$3 #ag p>ts ( soda are dissolv$ 9 #fh p>ts ( wat]2 ! solution is boil$ 9 an iron pan1 & #aj p>ts ( cry/allis$ f]r\s sulphate are add$ 9 small quantities ) cont9ual /irr+4 ,! boil+ & /irr+ are cont9u$ until ! gre5 vitriol has completely dissolv$1 :5 ! gre5i% :ite precipitate is all[$ to settle1 wa%$ sev]al times ) wat]1 & !n expos$ to ! air 9 ?9 lay]s4 ,! precipitate1 :i* beg9s to turn yell[ dur+ wa%+1 becomes 9 a %ort "t o*re yell[ 9 ! air1 be+ *ang$ into f]ric hydroxide4 ,aft] dry+ & calc9+1 a f9e r$ p[d] ( pure f]ric oxide is =m$4 ,! %ade dep5ds on ! temp]ature at :i* ! sub/ance is calc9$3 ! high] ! temp]ature & ! long] ! heat+ is cont9u$1 ! d>k] is ! product4 ,vogel's ,iron ,r$4--,?is prep>ation1 :i* is p>ticul>ly brilliant & !re=e highly suitable = an arti/s' col\r1 is made by add+ a saturat$ solution ( oxalic acid to a boil+ solution ( gre5 vitriol4 ,! gre5i% yell[ precipitate ( f]r\s oxalate is collect$ on a filt] & well wa%$ ) wat]4 ,aft] dry+1 ! precipitate is heat$ 9 a %all[ iron di% to a temp]ature ( #bjj ,c41 at :i* ! f]r\s oxalate decomposes & is conv]t$ into a s(t fi]y r$ p[d] consi/+ ( pure f]ric oxide4 ,by ignit+ ?is p[d] 9 cov]$ crucibles ! diff]5t %ades ( f]ric oxide c be obta9$4 ,macay's ,engli% ,r$4--,sev5 hundr$ & f\r p>ts ( f]r\s sulphate1 #a1jjj p>ts ( copp] *loride1 & #a1fgh p>ts ( common salt are dissolv$1 ! solution boil$ & ! precipitate ignit$4 ,9 ! manufacture ( fum+ or ,nordhaus5 sulphuric acid1 f]ric oxide is obta9$ z a residue4 ,x is !n kn[n "u ! names ( ,engli% r$1 caput mortuum1 colco?>1 r\ge & ,indian r$ z a v *eap pigm5t4 ,x is also us$ z a poli%+ mat]ial4 ,fum+ sulphuric acid is made by heat+ gre5 vitriol at a :ite heat 9 retorts plac$ 9 furnaces2 sulphur dioxide & trioxide are evolv$1 :il/ 9 ! retorts !re rema9s a residue ( almo/ pure f]ric oxide1 conta9+ small quantities ( basic f]ric sulphate1 :i* c only be decompos$ by long cont9u$ viol5t heat+4 ,! vap\rs ( sulphur trioxide are caught 9 receiv]s conta9+ oil ( vitriol1 9 :i* !y dissolve & produce fum+ sulphuric acid4 ,! residue 9 ! retorts1 :i* has only a l[ comm]cial value1 c be conv]t$ into a good pigm5t )\t ! exp5diture ( mu* money or lab\r4 ,x is gr\nd 9 mills z f9ely z possible1 &1 if necess>y1 aft]w>ds levigat$4 ,! f9e p[d] is mix$ ) v>y+ quantities ( common salt1 ! object ( :i* is to prev5t ! temp]ature f ris+ too high 9 ! calc9+ process4 ,common salt is volatile at a temp]ature approa*+ a /rong r$ heat2 :5 ! temp]ature has once ris5 s f>1 a fur!r rise is prev5t$ by ! heat tak5 up 9 volatilis+ ! salt4 ,9 ord] to make f]ric oxide ( a yell[ t+e1 #b p] c5t4 ( salt are add$1 & ! mixture heat$ ) a mod]ate fire = #a h\r4 ,to obta9 ! deep] %ades1 ! addition ( common salt is increas$ ev5 to #f p] c5t4 ,= a br[ni%-r$ oxide1 #d p] c5t4 ( salt are add$ & ! mixture heat$ = #d h\rs2 = a d>k violet oxide1 #f p] c5t4 ( salt are us$1 & ! mixture is heat$ = #f h\rs ) ! fi]ce/ fire4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! %ade ( ! product is f9] ! m completely air is exclud$ f ! gl[+ mass & ! m quickly ! product1 aft] suffici5t heat+1 is cool$ d[n to ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,fire-clay tubes are us$ = heat+ ! f]ric oxide1 :i* are simil> to gas retorts1 & are built "o above ! o!r 9 furnaces4 ,! numb] 9 "o furnace may rea* #fj4 ,ea* retort is clos$ by a well-fitt+ lid1 :i* is lut$ ) clay aft] ! retorts are fill$1 a small op5+ be+ left ?r\gh :i* ! heat$ air may escape4 ,if ! retorts 7 clos$ completely air-tight !y w\ld bur/ on heat+4 ,f]ric oxide pigm5ts are made 9 v l>ge quantity by sev]al works1 :i* br+ up to #bj diff]5t %ades1 v>y+ f r$di% yell[ to d>k violet1 into ! m>ket4 ,on acc\nt ( _! great resi/ance to ! action ( ! atmosph]e & ( *emical ag5ts1 ! f]ric oxide pigm5ts are p>ticul>ly suitable = pa9t+ iron & o!r metals :i* are expos$ to air or wat]4 ,!y are also suit$ to fresco "w4 ,l[] qualities ( iron r$s are made by calc9+ o*res1 l>ge deposits ( :i* occur 9 nature1 & also f ! residues ( basic f]ric sulphate obta9$ 9 ! alum manufacture4 ,^! v>ieties are at ! be/ usable = ord9>y pa9t+1 b nev] = arti/s' pigm5ts4 ,accord+ to ! me?od ( ,/e9au1 iron pigm5ts c be made f wr\ght-iron scraps1 turn+s1 etc41 by caus+ !m to ru/ ?r\gh alt]nate contact ) air & wat]4 ,! result+ f]ric hydrate is ei!r at once us$ z a pigm5t or conv]t$ into o!r %ades by calc9+4 ,by heat+ 9 ! air a r$ pigm5t is =m$2 by heat+ ) coal 9 ! abs5ce ( air a black2 & f mixtures ( r$ & black diff]5t %ades ( br[n4 ,if ! iron turn+s c be obta9$ *eap1 ?is process %\ld be well adapt$ to ! manufacture ( f9e iron pigm5ts4 ,indian ,r$ consi/s ( f]ric oxide4 ,x 0 orig9ally obta9$ f a v pure hmatite1 occurr+ 9 ,india1 by gr9d+ & levigat+4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 also be artificially made1 9 %ades v>y+ betwe5 bright r$ & d>k br[ni%-r$1 by heat+ pure f]ric oxide4 ,?is valuable pigm5t is extremely brilliant & durable4 ,! d>ke/ br[ni%-r$ %ades c be obta9$ f ,indian r$ by mix+ x ) v>y+ quantities ( li?>ge1 & heat+ ! mixture v /rongly 9 a cov]$ crucible4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,o!r ,,r$ ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts4 ,*rome ,r$ or ,*rome ,v]milion4--,"u ! mo/ v>i$ names1 *rome orange1 ,p]sian r$1 ,d]by r$1 ,*9ese r$1 ,indian r$1 *rome v]milion1 etc41 !re occur 9 comm]ce num]\s pigm5ts1 orange to d>k r$ 9 col\r1 :i* c all be made f neutral lead *romate4 ,:5 ?is salt1 i4e41 ord9>y *rome yell[1 is treat$ ) small] or l>g] quantities ( a /rong base1 su* z cau/ic pota% or cau/ic soda1 8basic0 lead *romates are =m$1 :i* exhibit a m int5se r$ %ade ! m lead !y conta94 ,^! comp\nds c be made ei!r by add+ cau/ic pota% to ! solution ( potassium *romate us$ = mak+ ! *rome1 or ! precipitat$ *rome yell[ may be treat$ ) cau/ic pota%4 ,! latt] process readily yields good results1 s t x is g5]ally foll[$4 ,rec5t rese>*es h %[n t diff]5ces 9 ! %ade ( *rome r$ are due to ! v>y+ size ( ! s+le microscopic cry/als ( :i* x consi/s4 ,:5 *rome r$s ( ! mo/ diff]5t %ades are gr\nd ! p[d] has almo/ ! same col\r4 ,! l>g] are ! cry/als ! deep] is ! %ade ( ! r$1 s t ! art ( mak+ deep *rome r$ lies 9 work+ s z to produce l>ge cry/als4 ,z 0 said 9 describ+ ! prep>ation ( *rome yell[1 ! lead liquors us$ 9 its manufacture conta9 v>y+ quantities ( acetic acid1 :i* affect ! %ade ( ! product4 ,! quantities ( cau/ic pota% necess>y to turn a c]ta9 quantity ( *rome yell[ into *rome r$ ( a c]ta9 %ade c1 !re=e1 only be e/imat$ f "t to "t 9 an empirical mann]4 ,?is e/imation may be p]=m$ by ! me?od ( ,habi* ) great c]ta9ty4 ,! precipitate ( *rome yell[ is made 9 ! ord9>y way1 & well wa%$ #f to #h times4 ,equal portions ( ! pa/e are br\ght into vessels ( equal height & diamet]4 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! portions cau/ic soda solution ( a c]ta9 /r5g? is add$2 to ! second r /rong] cau/ic soda solution2 9 ea* succe$+ vessel ! /r5g? ( ! solution is increas$ to a kn[n ext5t4 ,aft] ! addition ( cau/ic soda ! vessels are en]getically %ak54 ,!y are !n set aside = ! precipitate to settle 9 a place completely free f vibration4 ,9 "o ( ! vessels1 an orange or r$ %ade w be se5 v simil> to t x is desir$ to make4 ,n[1 x is kn[n h[ mu* cau/ic soda solution ( a c]ta9 /r5g? has be5 add$ to ?is quantity ( col\r1 s t ! quantity necess>y = ! :ole ( ! *rome yell[ precipitate may be f\nd by a simple calculation4 ,9 work+ on ! l>ge scale1 ! process is exactly ! same z 9 ! prelim9>y te/2 ! calculat$ am\nt ( cau/ic soda solution is add$ to ! precipitate 9 ! tub1 x is well /irr$1 & left at re/ = "s h\rs4 ,:5 ! prop] %ade appe>s1 ! liquid above ! precipitate1 :i* conta9s sodium *romate 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! cau/ic soda solution us$1 c be drawn (f & us$ to precipitate fre% lead acetate solution4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ fir/ 9 ! tub & !n on ! /ra9]s4 ,s9ce1 z has be5 said1 ! dep? ( col\r dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! s+le cry/als1 c>e %\ld be tak5 9 wa%+ ! precipitate n to agitate x too vigor\sly1 or ! pigm5t w lose 9 dep? by ! breakage ( a l>ge numb] ( cry/als4 ,special =mul = ! manufacture ( *rome r$ are abundant1 b if ! above process be foll[$ !y are sup]flu\s1 & x is only = ! sake ( complet5ess t "o or two are giv54 ,deep *rome r$ is made by ! action ( #be p>ts ( cau/ic soda on #ajj p>ts ( pure *rome yell[4 ,a notewor?y process is due to ,liebig4 ,saltpetre is melt$ 9 a crucible1 & heat$ to a temp]ature bel[ t at :i* oxyg5 is evolv$4 ,dry *rome yell[ is introduc$ s long z eff]vesc5ce occurs2 ! fus$ mass appe>s1 :il/ liquid1 deep black4 ,z soon z x is 9 quiet fusion x is p\r$ on a cold plate4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! rapid cool+ x becomes brittle & c be easily p[d]$4 ,! hot mass is brok5 up & boil$ ) wat]1 potassium *romate go+ into solution4 ,! *rome r$ made by ?is process is little inf]ior 9 brilliance to v]milion4 ,accord+ to ,pr9veault a h&some *rome r$ is obta9$ by treat+ #be grammes ( neutral lead c>bonate ) #aj grammes ( yell[ potassium *romate dissolv$ 9 #e litres ( wat]1 boil+ = half an h\r1 wa%+ ! violet precipitate1 & f9ally treat+ ) #a gramme ( sulphuric acid dilut$ ) #ajj grammes ( wat]4 ,cobalt ,r$ consi/s ( cobalt phosphate4 ,x 0 fir/ recomm5d$ by ,salvetat4 ,x is obta9$ by precipitat+ a solution ( a cobalt salt by sodium phosphate4 ,aft] dry+ at ! ord9>y temp]ature ! precipitate has a beautiful rose-r$ col\r4 ,by c>eful heat+1 ! %ade becomes m violet accord+ to ! temp]ature us$4 ,cobalt-,magnesia ,r$4--,:5 magnesia is moi/5$ ) ! solution ( a cobalt salt & /rongly heat$1 a rose-r$ mass is obta9$ :i* c be us$ z an extremely durable arti/s' col\r4 ,x probably consi/s ( a comp\nd ( cobalt oxide ) magnesia4 ,! me?od ( prep>ation is z foll[s3 ,magnesium c>bonate is mix$ to a ?9 pa/e ) a dilute solution ( cobalt nitrate2 ?is is heat$ & /irr$ until q dry1 :5 ! residue is /rongly heat$ 9 a cov]$ crucible4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ?is & o!r cobalt pigm5ts x is ( p>ticul> importance to prev5t ! entry ( ! fire gases into ! crucible4 ,unless ?is is done a product ( good col\r is n obta9$4 ,cobalt ,ars5ate4--,by precipitat+ a cobalt salt ) sodium ars5ate1 a violet-r$ precipitate is obta9$ :i* leaves a f9e durable r$ on heat+4 ,! m9]al ery?rite has a simil> composition & col\r4 ,?is pigm5t has a bright %ade1 is p]man5t1 & al?\gh x conta9s ars5ic is n p>ticul>ly poison\s1 s9ce aft] fusion x is little soluble4 ,*romium ,/annate4--,?is arti/s' pigm5t1 :i* may be us$ 9 oil & porcela9 pa9t+1 is made 9 ! foll[+ mann] 7,g5tele73 #a kilogramme ( t9 is conv]t$ by /rong nitric acid into meta/annic acid1 #ej grammes ( potassium *romate are dissolv$ 9 #a litre ( wat]1 ! solution mix$ ) #b kilogrammes ( *alk & #a kilogramme ( p[d]$ qu>tz1 & f9ally ) ! meta/annic acid4 ,! mixture is dri$ & /rongly heat$4 ,! temp]ature mu/ be rais$ to a :ite heat1 at :i* ! mass s9t]s & acquires a d>k rose-r$ col\r4 ,x is !n completely extract$ ) boil+ wat]1 :5 a f9e p[d] is left4 ,?is pigm5t1 :i* is kn[n 9 ! m>ket z 8p9k col\r10 may be us$ ) advantage 9 oil pa9t+ 9 ! place ( rose madd] lake1 ov] :i* x has ! advantage 9 durability4 ,silv] ,*romate4--,a solution ( silv] nitrate gives1 ) potassium *romate1 a deep r$ precipitate ( silv] *romate1 :i* is occasionally us$ z an arti/s' pigm5t "u ! "n ( 8purple r$04 ,n only is ! price ( ?is pigm5t high1 b x has little durability1 s9ce1 l all silv] comp\nds1 x is act$ ^u by sulphurett$ hydrog5 & turn$ d>k1 ow+ to ! =mation ( black silv] sulphide4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,purple ,,( ,,cassius4 ,purple ( ,cassius1 or gold purple1 is n a pigm5t = pa9t]s' use2 x is employ$ = col\r+ glass1 = porcela9 pa9t+ & = col\r$ glazes4 ,= ^! la/ purposes we "k no?+ :i* c completely replace purple ( ,cassius1 s t its prep>ation w be describ$ "h4 ,its co/l9ess prev5ts its g5]al use4 ,z reg>ds ! *emical con/itution ( purple ( ,cassius v div]se views are held4 ,*emi/s h n yet succe$$ 9 expla9+ x2 "s reg>d x z aur\s /annate1 o!rs z /annic acid1 9 :i* a p>ticul> =m ( gold ( a r$ col\r is conta9$ 9 an extremely f9ely divid$ condition4 ,!re are reasonable gr\nds = bo? op9ions4 ,!oretical consid]ations are ( little int]e/ to ! manufactur]1 :o is *iefly int]e/$ 9 ! me?od by :i* he c prep>e a product :i* satisfies ! dem&s ( ! consum]4 ,purple ( ,cassius has be5 kn[n = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s1 h5ce !re are _m =mulas = its prep>ation4 ,be=e ^! are enum]at$ x is necess>y to give an acc\nt ( ! conditions "u :i* ?is sub/ance is =m$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 gold purple1 a solution is requir$ :i* conta9s bo? /ann\s & /annic *lorides2 if ?is solution is mix$ ) a v dilute solution ( gold *loride a precipitate is obta9$ :i* is g5]ally br[ni% r$1 & only acquires its f9e r$ %ade on ignit+4 ,! col\r %[n by ! purple aft] precipitation is no guide to ! %ade ( ! f9i%$ product2 a purple :i* %[s a v f9e col\r :il/ wet (t5 produces a pigm5t ( mu* less beauty ?an an actually ugly precipitate4 ,^! diff]5ces are to be ascrib$ to ! v>y+ molecul> condition ( ! purple1 = ! diff]5t v>ieties %[ v small diff]5ces 9 *emical composition4 ,accord+ to ! directions ( ,fu*s1 a f9e purple is obta9$ by mix+ a solution ( /ann\s *loride ) suffici5t f]ric *loride solution to give ! mixture a gre5 col\r4 ,"p ( ! f]ric salt is !n r$uc$ to f]r\s salt1 :il/ ! /ann\s *loride is p>tially oxidis$4 ,at ! same "t a solution ( gold *loride is made2 ?is mu/ be q free f nitric acid & conta9 #a "p ( ! salt 9 #djj to #ejj p>ts ( wat]4 ,! t9 solution is add$ drop by drop to ! gold solution ) con/ant /irr+2 ! mixture becomes turbid1 b ! precipitate requires a long "t to settle on acc\nt ( its f9e /ate ( division4 ,! dep? ( col\r %[n by ! purple v>ies accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! solutions4 ,m4 ,mll] /ates t ! foll[+ process gives ! be/ results3 ,! quantity ( /annic *loride equival5t to #i grammes ( /annic acid is dissolv$ 9 #bjj cubic c5timetres ( wat]2 potassium c>bonate is add$ to alkal9e reaction1 !n #a gramme ( gold 9 ! =m ( *loride4 ,grape sug> is add$ to ! mixture1 :i* is made up to #cjj cubic c5timetres by wat]1 & w>m$ until ! brighte/ %ade is rea*$4 ,:5 a v gelat9\s mass is =m$ aft] ! addition ( ! potassium c>bonate x is heat$ = a %ort "t be=e add+ ! gold solution & grape sug>4 ,w*t] gives directions = obta9+ pale & deep %ades4 ,to obta9 ! pale purple #e grammes ( t9 are dissolv$ 9 aqua regia1 ! solution evaporat$ to dryness on ! wat] ba?1 ! solid residue mix$ ) a solution ( #b grammes ( /ann\s *loride & dissolv$ 9 #aj litres ( wat]4 ,to ?is liquid is add$ a solution ( #je gramme ( gold 9 aqua regia1 & imm$iately #ej grammes ( ammonia to neutralise free acid4 ,! precipitate sep>ates spontane\sly f ! d>k r$ liquid2 its =mation may be ha/5$ by add+ sulphuric acid4 ,! wa%$ precipitate is mix$ :il/ moi/ by means ( a silv] spatula ) #bj grammes ( lead flux1 #b grammes ( r$ lead1 #a gramme ( qu>tz s&1 & #a gramme ( calc9$ borax4 ,! mixture is !n dri$2 x produces a purple r$ col\r4 ,if #c grammes ( silv] c>bonate are add$1 a clean1 pale purple pigm5t results4 ,! deep purple is made by mix+ a solution ( #je gramme ( gold 9 #aj litres ( wat] ) #ge grammes ( /ann\s *loride solution 7specific gravity1 #ag7 :il/ /irr+1 & add+ a few drops ( sulphuric acid4 ,! wa%$ precipitate is mix$ ) #aj grammes ( lead flux & #je gramme ( silv] c>bonate4 ,a rose-r$ %ade ( gold purple is obta9$ by dissolv+ #a gramme ( gold & mix+ ! solution simultane\sly ) solutions ( #ej grammes ( alum 9 #bj litres ( wat]1 & ( #ae gramme ( /ann\s *loride 7specific gravity1 #ag74 ,ammonia is n[ add$ until all ! alum9a is precipitat$4 ,9 ord] to prep>e f ! dri$ precipitate ! mixture :i* w produce ! col\r on fusion1 x is mix$ ) #ej grammes ( lead flux & #be grammes ( silv] c>bonate4 ,magnesia ,gold ,purple4--,accord+ to ,m4 ,mll]1 ! col\r ( gold purple is produc$ by cov]+ ! p>ticles ( a v f9ely divid$ :ite sub/ance ) metallic gold4 ,?us1 :5 calc9$ magnesia is /irr$ up ) wat]1 gold *loride solution add$1 & ! mixture w>m$ to #ajj ,c41 ! gold is precipitat$ ^u ! magnesia2 ! wet1 yell[ p[d] acquires a r$di% %ade on dry+1 :i* at a r$ heat becomes s beautiful a c>m9e-r$ t x surpasses purple ( ,cassius 9 f95ess ( %ade4 ,a purple :i* conta9s #bj grammes ( gold z *loride to #hd grammes ( magnesia has ! mo/ pure c>m9e t9t2 ! %ade v>ies ) ! proportion ( gold to magnesia4 ,! diff]5t %ades ( purple conta9 ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( gold3-- ,p]c5tage ( ,gold4 ,%ade ( ! ,purple4 #cce ,br[ni%-r$ 7excess ( gold74 #bej ,deep c>m9e-r$4 #bjj ,m$ium c>m9e-r$4 #ajj ,pale c>m9e4 #ej ,a good rose-r$4 #cj ,rose-r$4 #aj ,pale rose4 #jb ,delicate rose4 #ja ,appreciable r$ t9t4 ,alum9a ,gold ,purple is obta9$1 accord+ to ,mll]1 by add+ gold *loride & excess ( potassium c>bonate to alum solution & boil+4 ,! purple obta9$ 9 ?is way is z deep 9 col\r ) #aj p] c5t4 ( gold z a magnesia purple ) #bj p] c5t4 ( gold1 b has a m blui% violet %ade4 ,if1 9 ! prep>ation ( purple1 ! alum9a is precipitat$ by potassium c>bonate & ! gold *loride r$uc$ by grape sug>1 a diff]5t %ade ( purple is obta9$ to t 9 ! precipitation ( :i* ammonia is us$4 ,! alum9a gold purple is specially adapt$ = ! production ( porcela9 enamels4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,blue ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts--,,iron-,,cyanog5 ,,pigm5ts4 ,! pigm5ts occurr+ 9 comm]ce "u ! names ( ,prussian1 ,*9ese1 ,b]l9 or ,p>is blue consi/1 :5 pure1 ( f]ric f]rocyanide1 ,fe,fe7,,cn74 ,?is comp\nd is obta9$ z a deep blue precipitate :5 yell[ prussiate 7potassium f]rocyanide7 is mix$ ) ! solution ( a f]ric salt4 ,! precipitate %[s c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 composition accord+ to ! exact me?od by :i* x is obta9$4 ,a diff]5t result is obta9$ :5 ! solution ( ! f]ric salt is p\r$ into t ( a f]rocyanide1 to t produc$ by ! rev]se proc$ure1 ! precipitate produc$ 9 ! "o case has prop]ties :i* x does n possess 9 ! o!r4 ,simil> diff]5ces (t5 occur 9 precipitat+ pigm5ts4 ,if ! solution ( ! f]rocyanide is p\r$ into ! iron solution1 ! latt] be+ 9 excess1 an insoluble precipitate is =m$2 b if ! iron solution is p\r$ into ! f]rocyanide solution ( :i* an excess is pres5t1 ! blue precipitate is =m$1 b x is soluble 9 pure wat]1 ?\gh n 9 wat] conta9+ salts4 ,?us :5 ?is precipitate is sep>at$ f ! liquid & wa%$1 ! wa%+s are at fir/ q col\rless & rema9 s :il/ salts are pres5t1 b :5 ^! h be5 completely wa%$ away1 a f9e blue solution ( ! f]ric f]rocyanide is =m$1 f :i* ! addition ( a salt solution aga9 sep>ates ! dissolv$ ,prussian blue4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! manufacture ( ,prussian blue on ! l>ge scale1 x is necess>y to consid] ! behavi\r ( f]r\s salts t[>ds yell[ prussiate1 s9ce ^! are commonly us$ in/ead ( f]ric salts4 ,:5 a solution ( potassium f]rocyanide is mix$ ) a solution ( a f]r\s salt1 !re is =m$ a pure :ite precipitate ( potassium f]r\s f]rocyanide1 ,k,fe,fe7,,cn74 ,9 ord] to obta9 a completely :ite precipitate1 x is necess>y t ! f]r\s salt %\ld be completely free f f]ric salts & t ! solutions %\ld conta9 no dissolv$ oxyg52 ! solutions w\ld !re=e h to be boil$ be=e mix+4 ,if "o ( ! solutions conta9s ! smalle/ quantity ( oxyg5 a blui% precipitate is =m$4 ,:5 ! :ite precipitate ( potassium f]r\s f]rocyanide is expos$ to ! air x imm$iately acquires at ! surface a d>k blue col\r1 & is completely *ang$ to ,prussian blue by suffici5tly long contact ) air4 ,9 accordance ) ?is behavi\r ( f]r\s & f]ric salts diff]5t me?ods may be us$ to obta9 ,prussian blue4 ,ei!r ! process is comm5c$ ) a f]ric salt f :i* a precipitate ( ,prussian blue is at once obta9$1 or ! solution ( a f]r\s salt is conv]t$ into f]ric salt by a p[]ful oxidis+ ag5t1 su* z *lor9e or nitric acid1 or a solution ( a f]r\s salt is precipitat$ ) yell[ prussiate & ! :ite or blui% precipitate1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( potassium f]r\s f]rocyanide1 conv]t$ into f]ric f]rocyanide or ,prussian blue by treatm5t ) nitric acid4 ,prussian blue is also kn[n1 z we h said1 z ,*9ese blue1 ,b]l9 blue & ,p>is blue2 ,brunswick blue or m9]al blue is ano!r =m4 ,g5]ally ! product "u ! "n ( ,*9ese or ,p>is blue1 :i* has an int5se d>k blue col\r1 is q pure1 :il/ "u ! names ( ,prussian blue & ,b]l9 blue mixtures ) />* or alum9a are includ$1 :i* consequ5tly h a m or less pale col\r4 ,! pigm5ts kn[n z m9]al or ,brunswick blue are ! lea/ valuable1 !y h g5]ally a less deep col\r & are q )\t ! metallic lu/re :i* di/+ui%es ,*9ese blue & ! bett] v>ieties ( ,prussian blue4 ,m9]al blue (t5 conta9s v l>ge quantities ( alum9a1 *alk1 or ev5 b>ytes2 ! addition ( ! la/ is to be reg>d$ z irrational1 s9ce x makes ! pigm5t conspicu\sly heavy4 ,*9ese ,blue4--,pure ,*9ese blue appe>s 9 ! =m ( deep blue masses1 *>act]is$ by a peculi> metallic lu/re1 :i* is especially m>k$ :5 ! surface ( a lump is rubb$ ) ! f+] nail4 ,?is metallic lu/re is accompani$ by a copp]-r$ %imm] :i* is simil> to t exhibit$ by f9e indigo4 ,9 l>ge pieces pure ,*9ese blue appe>s v d>k by artificial light2 x possesses enorm\s /r5g? ( col\r4 ,! foll[+ te/ s]ves = ! recognition ( ! complete purity ( ,*9ese blue3 ,a small quantity is p[d]$ & rubb$ 9 a ?9 lay] on :ite pap]2 if ! metallic lu/re %[s 9 undim9i%$ /r5g? ! blue may be reg>d$ z q pure1 = ,*9ese blue quickly loses ?is prop]ty by additions ( o!r sub/ances4 ,f :at has be5 said above conc]n+ ! diff]5t behavi\r ( f]r\s & f]ric salts1 ! simple/ me?od ( mak+ ,*9ese blue w\ld be to precipitate ! solution ( a f]ric salt ) yell[ prussiate1 keep+ ! f]ric salt 9 excess1 to wa% & dry ! precipitate4 ,f]ric salts are1 h[ev]1 de>] ?an f]r\s salts1 s t ! latt] are g5]ally us$4 ,9 mak+ ,*9ese blue f a f]r\s salt f]r\s sulphate or gre5 vitriol is g5]ally tak54 ,?is salt is dissolv$ 9 wat]2 x is advisable to add a small quantity ( sulphuric acid1 s9ce ! wat] w conta9 c>bonates1 :i* produce f]r\s c>bonate4 ,air oxidises ! latt] to f]ric hydroxide1 :i* is br[n1 & if pres5t ev5 9 small quantity w spoil ! %ade ( ! blue4 ,?is addition ( sulphuric acid is ( special importance :5 ! :ite precipitate produc$ by ! prussiate solution is to be oxidis$ by ! air4 ,a solution ( yell[ prussiate is add$ to ! iron solution 9 su* quantity t a v small excess ( iron salt is left2 !re results a :ite or r1 s9ce ! f]r\s sulphate always conta9s small quantities ( f]ric oxide1 a pale blue precipitate4 ,?is is all[$ to settle1 ! liquid drawn (f z completely z possible f ! precipitate1 & nitric acid !n add$1 or a solution ( blea*+ p[d]1 foll[$ by ! am\nt ( sulphuric acid requir$ to decompose x4 ,! nitric acid or ! *lor9e lib]at$ f ! blea*+ p[d] spe$ily effects ! oxidation1 *ang+ ! pale blue col\r to ! deep blue ( ,*9ese blue4 ,! precipitate %\ld be left = sev]al days 9 contact ) ! liquid 9 ord] to complete ! oxidation2 x is !n well wa%$ & dri$4 ,pieces ( def9ite %ape & size be>+ ! trade m>k ( ! firm are (t5 press$ f ! blue :5 x has acquir$ a /iff consi/5cy4 ,!re are _m =mul = ! prep>ation ( ,*9ese blue1 diff]+ 9 reg>d to ! quantities ( gre5 vitriol1 yell[ prussiate1 & nitric acid or blea*+ p[d] to be us$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 cle> t only "o =mula c be correct1 t 9 :i* ! quantities ( mat]ials are equival5t1 s9ce ! reactions take place betwe5 equival5t quantities4 ,9 practice ! equival5t quantities w\ld n be weigh$ to ! t5? ( a gramme--!re w\ld be no object 9 su* a proce$+1 s9ce 9 works *emically pure sub/ances are n us$2 b manufactur]s %\ld "w accord+ to equival5t quantities 9 ord] to use up _! mat]ials z completely z possible4 ,no increase 9 lab\r is involv$1 ! same lab\r weighs "o or ano!r quantity4 ,! proportion ( mat]ials 9 :i* ! lea/ loss is involv$ is "h giv54 ,n9e kilogrammes ( gre5 vitriol are dissolv$ 9 #ajj litres ( wat]1 #ae kilogrammes ( /rong sulphuric acid are add$1 & !n a solution ( #ae kilogrammes ( yell[ prussiate 9 #ajj litres ( wat]4 ,! solutions are kept 9 con/ant motion dur+ ! mix+4 ,z soon z ! decomposition is f9i%$1 )\t wait+ = ! precipitate to settle1 /eam is l$ 9 & #bj kilogrammes ( nitric acid ( #acbih specific gravity add$ 9 small portions4 ,! heat+ by direct /eam is cont9u$ until r$ vap\rs are no long] evolv$ f ! liquid1 :i* is a sign t ! oxidation is f9i%$4 ,al?\gh ! use ( direct /eam is v conv5i5t = heat+1 s9ce wood5 vessels c be us$ & ! heat+ quickly accompli%$1 x may be disp5s$ )1 & ! solutions heat$ 9 pans or ev5 n at all4 ,9 ?is case ! oxidation la/s consid]ably long] ?an :5 ! liquid is heat$4 ,9 ! process recomm5d$ by ,g5tele #aji p>ts ( yell[ prussiate are us$ to #bj p>ts ( gre5 vitriol1 ea* dissolv$ 9 mu* wat]4 ,! precipitate is heat$ = a %ort "t ) #ea p>ts ( nitric acid ( #abbhe specific gravity & #af p>ts ( sulphuric acid4 ,! mixture is all[$ to /& = sev]al days to complete ! oxidation be=e ! precipitate is sep>at$ f ! liquid4 ,9 ,ho*/tt]'s me?od1 solutions ( #f p>ts ( yell[ prussiate 9 #ae p>ts ( wat] & ( #f p>ts ( gre5 vitriol 9 #e p>ts ( wat] are mix$4 ,to ! precipitate #bd p>ts ( /rong hydro*loric acid & #a "p ( sulphuric acid are add$1 & !n a solution ( blea*+ p[d] 9 #hj p>ts ( wat] until ! liquid smells di/9ctly ( *lor9e4 ,ap>t f ! fact t ?is me?od does n employ equival5t quantities ( iron salt & yell[ prussiate1 x is also to be reg>d$ z unsuitable1 s9ce ! addition ( sulphuric acid produces calcium sulphate1 :i*1 be+ soluble ) great difficulty1 w be precipitat$ along ) ! blue1 mak+ ! %ade light]4 ,! addition ( sulphuric acid %\ld be omitt$ & only hydro*loric acid us$1 ! calcium *loride =m$ by ! decomposition ( ! blea*+ p[d] be+ v soluble 9 wat]4 ,_m =mul giv5 = ! manufacture ( ,*9ese blue are said to produce a pigm5t ( special beauty4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is incorrect4 ,*9ese blue is a comp\nd ( fix$ composition1 :i* is always =m$ :5 equival5t quantities ( ! salts are us$ & ! precipitate conv]t$ into ! blue comp\nd by "o ( ! oxidis+ ag5ts giv54 ,x is mo/ simple to use nitric acid z ! oxidis+ ag5t2 = ?is purpose ! pres5ce ( *lor9e 9 ! acid is h>mless4 ,:5 suffici5t space & "t are all[$1 a special oxidis+ ag5t may be omitt$ & ! oxidation ( ! :ite precipitate accompli%$ by atmosph]ic air4 ,9 work+ 9 ?is mann] ! precipitate is wa%$ sev]al times ) wat]1 & spread 9 a ?9 lay] ^u bo>ds :i* are plac$ 9 r[s "o above ! o!r4 ,9 a %ort "t ! mass turns blue on ! surface1 b ! pale col\r rema9s und]nea? mu* long]1 s9ce ! access ( oxyg5 to ! int]ior is difficult4 ,! bo>ds mu/ be left until ! mass has a uni=m col\r ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ord] t ! pa/e %all n dry too ?or\ghly :il/ on ! bo>ds x is desirable to make x v fluid4 ,if ! precipitate has be5 completely wa%$ be=e ! oxidation ! product is f9i%$ aft] dry+1 b if a portion :5 completely dri$ %[s a cry/all9e incru/ation1 salts are /ill pres5t1 :i* mu/ be remov$ by c>eful wa%+4 ,prussian ,blue4--,z we h already /at$1 ,prussian blue is id5tical 9 *emical nature ) ,*9ese blue1 f :i* x diff]s only by c]ta9 additions :i* are made 9 ord] to r$uce ! price4 ,prussian blue %\ld !re=e be reg>d$ z a m or less impure ,*9ese blue2 less pure mat]ials are us$ 9 its prep>ation ?an = ! f9e ,*9ese blue4 ,in/ead ( pure potassium f]rocyanide1 ! crude salt1 :i* is sold by ! prussiate mak]s at a l[] price1 is us$ = ,prussian blue2 9 addition to ! f]rocyanide ?is crude salt conta9s a consid]able proportion ( o!r salts1 includ+ a quantity ( potassium c>bonate4 ,! f]r\s sulphate us$ = ,prussian blue is mix$ ) alum1 :i* neutralises ! potassium c>bonate1 precipitat+ alum9a1 by :i* ! precipitate =m$ f ! yell[ prussiate & f]ric salt is made pal]4 ,if ! pale blue precipitate 7 treat$ ) acids !y w\ld fir/ dissolve out ! alum9a2 ?is %\ld be avoid$1 s9ce ! alum has be5 add$ ) ! int5tion ( increas+ ! quantity ( precipitate & mak+ ! pigm5t pal]4 ,! precipitate c !re=e only be *ang$ into ! blue pigm5t by spontane\s oxidation2 ?is is accompli%$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air 9 ! mann] previ\sly describ$4 ,! oxidation is m rapid accord+ to ! quantity ( f]ric salt conta9$ 9 ! gre5 vitriol at ! comm5cem5t2 x is conv5i5t to prep>e a l>ge quantity ( gre5 vitriol solution & expose x 9 %all[ vessels to ! air s t ! oxidation may proce$4 ,b if ! solution ( gre5 vitriol 7 expos$ alone to ! action ( ! air a ru/-col\r$ precipitate ( basic salt w\ld be deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! vessels4 ,to prev5t ! =mation ( ?is basic salt1 sulphuric acid is add$ 9 small quantity1 &1 z ! oxidation proce$s1 fur!r small quantities ( acid are add$4 ,9 ?is way a solution ( f]ric sulphate is sl[ly =m$1 :i* gives ) yell[ prussiate a blue precipitate requir+ little fur!r oxidation4 ,m9]al ,blue1 ,brunswick ,blue4--,?is pigm5t1 ! mo/ r$uc$ ( ! col\rs ( ?is class1 is obta9$ by mix+ :ite pigm5ts1 b>ytes1 pipe clay1 etc41 ) ! already impure ,prussian blue4 ,soluble ,prussian ,blue4--,! modification ( f]ric f]rocyanide easily soluble 9 wat] is obta9$ by add+ a solution ( a f]ric salt to a solution ( yell[ prussiate1 ! latt] be+ 9 consid]able excess4 ,brcke gives ! foll[+ me?od3 a solution is prep>$ ( #bag grammes ( yell[ prussiate 9 #aa kilogrammes ( wat]4 ,ano!r solution conta9s #ajj grammes ( f]ric *loride 9 #a litre1 #a litre ( :i* is mix$ ) #b litres ( a saturat$ solution ( ,glaub]'s salt & ! mixture add$ to ! prussiate solution s long z a blue precipitate =ms4 ,! ,glaub]'s salt plays no "p 9 ! =mation ( ! col\r2 x is add$ to prev5t ! solution ( ! precipitate1 :i* is insoluble 9 salt solutions4 ,! precipitate is br\ght on to a filt] & wa%$ ) wat] until ! wa%+s beg9 to be blue1 :i* is a sign t ! salts h be5 almo/ completely remov$4 ,! precipitate _c be fur!r wa%$ )\t ! loss ( a l>ge quantity :i* w\ld be dissolv$ by ! wat]2 )\t fur!r wa%+ x is sl[ly dri$ 9 ! air4 ,soluble ,prussian blue has b a limit$ application2 anatomi/s use its solution to inject specim5s1 & x 0 =m]ly us$ = blue writ+ inks1 = :i* purpose anil9e dyes are n[ pref]r$4 ,x may also be rem>k$ t ord9>y ,prussian blue readily dissolves 9 a solution ( oxalic acid2 ! solution 0 also us$ z a writ+ ink1 b s9ce x attacks /eel p5s1 x has n[ be5 replac$ by solutions ( dyes :i* h no action on /eel4 ,special ,processes = ! ,manufacture ( ,*9ese ,blue4--,9 place ( *lor9e or nitric acid manganic *loride c be us$ to oxidise ! :ite precipitate obta9$ f yell[ prussiate & gre5 vitriol4 ,?is process is bas$ ^u ! prop]ty ( manganic *loride to readily give up "p ( its *lor9e & be *ang$ into mangan\s *loride 7! ord9>y *loride ( manganese74 ,! conv]sion ( ! :ite precipitate into ! blue is ?us also 9 ?is case indirectly effect$ by *lor9e4 ,_m v>ieties ( pyrolusite conta9 consid]able quantities ( manganic oxide :i* are ( little use 9 ! manufacture ( *lor9e1 = :i* pyrolusite is *iefly employ$4 ,if su* pyrolusite be dige/$ ) crude hydro*loric acid = sev]al days1 ! manganic oxide is dissolv$ ) ! production ( manganic *loride4 ,! oxidation ( ! :ite precipitate is p]=m$ 9 ! usual way2 aft] runn+ (f ! liquid an excess ( manganic *loride solution is add$1 z soon z two te/s tak5 at an int]val ( a few m9utes %[ no fur!r increase 9 ! dep? ( ! col\r1 ! reaction is end$ & ! solution ( mangan\s *loride is drawn (f4 ,any p[]ful oxidis+ ag5t may be us$ to oxidise ! :ite precipitate2 *romic acid has be5 propos$ = ?is purpose1 b up to ! pres5t ! *romates are too de> to be us$ 9 place ( ! *eap oxidis+ ag5ts previ\sly m5tion$4 ,9 reg>d to ! pres5t endeav\rs to utilise by-products ( ! *emical indu/ries1 a me?od = prep>+ ?is pigm5t may be m5tion$ :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be v pr(itable on ! l>ge scale4 ,coal gas be=e purification conta9s "s quantity ( ammonium cyanide1 :i* is decompos$ by f]ric oxide ) ! production ( ,prussian blue4 ,?is pigm5t might be made by pass+ coal gas ov] v f9ely divid$ f]ric oxide1 until x 0 completely conv]t$ into ,prussian blue4 ,! process is1 h[ev]1 n practicable on ! l>ge scale3 ! f]ric oxide w\ld h to be expos$ 9 an extremely ?9 lay] to be completely conv]t$ into ,prussian blue1 & ! trans=mation w\ld require a long "t4 ,a bett] process is to make yell[ prussiate in/ead ( ,prussian blue4 ,a mixture ( f]ric oxide ) co>se sawdu/ is spread out 9 ?9 lay]s1 ov] :i* ! impure coal gas passes4 ,:5 ! mass has acquir$ a blue col\r ow+ to ! ,prussian blue produc$1 x is treat$ ) a mixture ( quicklime & potassium sulphate4 ,potassium f]rocyanide is =m$2 x is obta9$ 9 cry/als by ! evaporation ( ! solution & c be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ,prussian blue4 ,! 8,lam+'s mass10 n[ g5]ally us$ 9 gas works1 conta9s1 aft] use1 a consid]able quantity ( cyanog5 comp\nds1 & x w\ld only require a %ort trial to decide :e!r x 0 m advantage\s to make ?is mixture by exposure to air aga9 suitable = ! purification ( coal gas1 or to use x to obta9 yell[ prussiate4 ,turnbull's ,blue4--,:5 a solution ( a f]r\s salt is precipitat$ by potassium f]rocyanide1 a f9e blue precipitate is =m$1 id5tical 9 physical prop]ties ) ,*9ese blue1 b diff]+ 9 *emical con/itution4 ,x is f]r\s f]rocyanide1 ,fe,fe7,,cn74 ,! manufacture ( ,turnbull's blue is exp5sive2 ! pigm5t has no specially advantage\s prop]ties & is !re=e seldom made4 ,9 prep>+ ?is pigm5t1 a solution ( yell[ prussiate is trans=m$ into r$ prussiate by pass+ *lor9e ?r\gh x s long z x is absorb$ by ! liquid2 ! "m liquors f :i* r$ prussiate has be5 cry/allis$ may be us$ ) advantage4 ,:5 to ! solution ( r$ prussiate gre5 vitriol solution is add$ s t ! =m] rema9s 9 excess1 a soluble ,turnbull's blue is obta9$1 b :5 excess ( gre5 vitriol is us$ ! insoluble =m is produc$4 ,*9ese blue & ,turnbull's blue are us$ bo? z oil & wat] col\rs1 & ^! h&some b n p>ticul>ly durable pigm5ts are also employ$ 9 col\r+ wall pap]s4 ,antw]p ,blue is a mixture ( ,prussian blue ) z9c cyanog5 comp\nds4 ,x is obta9$ by precipitat+ a solution ( #b p>ts ( z9c sulphate & #a to #b p>ts ( gre5 vitriol 7accord+ z pale or deep blue is requir$7 by a dilute solution ( yell[ prussiate4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,ultram>9e4 ,at ! pres5t "t blue1 gre51 r$ & violet pigm5ts come into ! m>ket "u ! "n ( ultram>9e4 ,! gre5 & blue h be5 comm]cial articles = ab\t sev5ty ye>s2 ! violet & r$ 7 introduc$ ab\t ! ye> #ahfj4 ,at fir/ ! "n ultram>9e 0 re/rict$ to a natural blue pigm5t obta9$ f lapis lazuli1 :i* 0 extremely co/ly4 ,acc\nts ( ! paym5ts ( ,italian arti/s1 /ill extant1 %[ ! exp5sive nature ( ! ultram>9e blue us$ 9 _! pa9t+s4 ,at t "t1 :5 arti/s 7 compell$ !mselves to make ! majority ( _! pigm5ts1 ultram>9e 0 made 9 a mo/ labori\s mann] f lapis lazuli1 = :i* incr$ibly high prices 7 paid4 ,9 ord] to make ! m9]al easi] to p[d] ! lumps 7 heat$1 &1 :il/ hot1 ?r[n into wat]4 ,!y 7 !n p[d]$ z f9ely z possible4 ,! p[d] 0 mix$ ) melt$ res91 & ! mixture knead$ "u wat] = a long "t4 ,! ultram>9e susp5d$ 9 ! wat] by ?is crude me?od ( levigation 0 obta9$ by all[+ ! wa% wat]s to settle4 ,few places are kn[n at :i* lapis lazuli occurs 9 quantity4 ,x is *iefly obta9$ 9 ,*9a & ,?ibet1 &1 consid]+ ! little int]c\rse betwe5 ,europe & ^! di/ant c\ntries at t "t1 x is no wond] t ! price ( ultram>9e 0 fabul\sly high4 ,"o ounce co/ ab\t #h--;a price :i* is expla9$ by ! small yield ( ultram>9e f ! be/ lapis lazuli4 ,by ! mo/ c>eful "w n m ?an f #b to #c p] c5t4 ( ! m9]al 0 obta9$1 ! residue consi/$ ( =eign m9]als4 ,! enorm\sly high price ( ?is pigm5t 0 ! /imulus = ! endeav\rs to make x artificially4 ,! attempts are to be reg>d$ n only z completely successful1 b x mu/ be all[$ t sci5ce has gone a consid]able /ep fur!r ?an nature1 s9ce ! rese>*es h made x kn[n t !re is n only a blue ultram>9e1 b also a gre51 &1 accord+ to ! late/ rese>*es1 !re exi/ 9 addition violet1 r$ & :ite comp\nds1 also to be describ$ z ultram>9es4 ,) ! discov]y ( ! me?ods by :i* ultram>9e c be made artificially1 ! prep>ation ( ?is pigm5t f lapis lazuli came to an end1 & has n[ b hi/oric int]e/4 ,! discov]y ( artificial ultram>9e is due to ! ,fr5* *emi/ ,guimet & to ! great ,g]man *emi/ ,gmel94 ,ultram>9e 0 fir/ manufactur$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! ye> #ahbh by ,a4 ,kttig1 z a bran* ( ! porcela9 works at ,meiss5 9 ,saxony1 :]e ! manufacture 0 cont9u$ = ab\t fifty ye>s4 ,! discov]y ( ! anil9e dyes is rightly call$ a triumph ( human intellect4 ,! artificial manufacture ( ultram>9e des]ves ! same description 9 no less degree1 al?\gh x has n effect$ s great a revolution z ! =m]4 ,attempts to make ultram>9e artificially w\ld naturally be bas$ on ! analysis ( ! natural product4 ,! foll[+ comp>ison ( ! compositions ( natural & artificial ultram>9es %[s h[ ne>ly ! artificial product approa*es ! natural3-- ,,natural ,,ultram>9e4 ,clm5t & ,desormes4 ,gmel94 ,silica #ceh p] c5t4 #dgca p] c5t4 ,alum9a #cdh 0 #bbjj 0 ,soda #bcb 0 #abjf 0 ,lime #ca 0 #aee 0 ,sulphuric acid ---- 0 #dfh 0 ,sulphur #ca 0 #jai 0 ,wat] & organic matt] ---- 0 #abba 0 ,,artificial ,,ultram>9e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,blue4 ,gre54 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,obs]v]4 ,w>r5trapp4,elf54,brunn]4,pohl4 ,g5tele4 ,silica #defj #djj #cbed #cffg #dgca ,alum9a #bcca #bie #bebe #cbab ,soda #badg #bcj #afia #bade #ciic 7sodium silicate7 ,pota% #age ---- ---- ---- #cib ,lime #jjb ---- #bch ---- #aac ,sulphuric ,acid #chc #cd ---- #bjh ---- ,sulphur #afi #da #aafc #gbb #ffb ,iron #ajf #aj #bbe trace #aie 7f]ric silicate7 ,wat] ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ,oxyg5 ---- ---- #ijd #jeh ---- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,i4 ,szilasi f\nd ?ree samples ( gre5 ultram>9e to h ! foll[+ composition3-- ,wat] #bbj #abj #aai ,alum9\s residue #ahj #adb #ada ,silica #afgc #agah #afgd ,alum9ium #aeib #aehg #afae ,sodium #ahdb #ahah #ahaj ,sulphur #gai #fig #fhe ,!re are _m o!r analyses 9 addition to ^? we h giv5 & agree+ ) !m1 s t !re is no d\bt z to ! composition ( ultram>9e1 b z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! elem5ts are gr\p$ no?+ is def9itely kn[n4 ,"s *emi/s are ( ! op9ion t ! col\r+ pr9ciple ( ultram>9e is a sulphur comp\nd ( iron1 :il/ o!rs oppose ?is view & consid] t ! col\r is due to ! comb9ation ( a d\ble silicate ( alum9a & soda ) an unkn[n sulphide ( sodium4 ,al?\gh no blue or gre5 comp\nd is kn[n ( correspond+ composition1 ! majority ( *emi/s incl9e to ! latt] view4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! pres5ce ( iron 9 any ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! manufacture ( artificial ultram>9e is v dang]\s to ! success ( ! op]ation1 & at ! lea/ consid]ably injures ! beauty ( ! product4 ,al?\gh ! manufacture ( ultram>9e is n[ v well kn[n1 x _c be d5i$ t "s works produce a pigm5t ( a %ade :i* _c be obta9$ by o!rs4 ,^! works keep _! me?od v secret1 s t x is n possible to say ) c]ta9ty :e!r !y h introduc$ a process v>y+ f t commonly kn[n1 or :e!r1 by c>efully wat*+ ! process1 !y h a*iev$ great te*nical dext]ity 9 ! manufacture ( ?is product4 ,! latt] appe>s ! mo/ probable1 = 9 ord] to obta9 a good result1 _m exp]im5ts1 & an accurate k ( ! raw mat]ials1 are necess>y4 ,! raw mat]ials us$ are z foll[s3 pure alum9ium silicate1 sodium sulphate1 soda1 sulphur1 coal4 ,! alum9ium silicate is us$ 9 ! =m ( f9e *9a clay or kaol91 sodium sulphate & soda mu/ be us$ 9 ! anhydr\s =m1 ! sulphur is ! ord9>y comm]cial sub/ance purifi$ by di/illation4 ,*>coal or coal conta9+ little a% c be us$4 ,:il/ ! rema9+ raw mat]ials are always ( simil> composition1 ! *9a clay f diff]5t localities possesses a v v>y+ composition4 ,?is sub/ance mu/ be c>efully *os54 ,!re is h>dly any kaol9 :i* is naturally ( suffici5t purity to be us$ )\t purification2 x is well kn[n t ! *9a clay us$ = porcela9 is subject$ to a ?or\gh prep>ation be=e x is us$4 ,kaol91 l all clays1 has be5 produc$ by ! decomposition ( feldsp>2 :5 ! alum9ium silicate s =m$ 0 able to deposit )\t =eign admixtures1 t m9]al 0 =m$ :i* is ! pure/ ( all clays & is call$ kaol94 ,! m =eign sub/ances are mix$ ) ! alum9ium silicate ! fur!r is ! clay remov$ f kaol94 ,! impurities :i* g5]ally accompany ! alum9ium silicate are qu>tz s&1 *alk & f]ric oxide4 ,we di/+ui% accord+ly betwe5 kaol91 :ite clay or pipe clay1 clay1 & la/ly m>l1 a clay conta9+ mu* *alk4 ,ev5 ! pure/ kaol9 conta9s c]ta9 impurities1 ( :i* qu>tz s& is ! pr9cipal & ! lea/ h>mful4 ,be=e kaol9 c be us$ 9 ! ultram>9e manufacture x mu/ always be purifi$ by levigation2 x is !n ignit$ at a l[ temp]ature & p[d]$ "u /amps or 9 mills4 ,! o!r mat]ials requir$ are g5]ally produc$ by ! *emical works 9 a condition ( su* purity t !y c be at once us$4 ,occasionally ,glaub]'s salt conta9s iron1 :i* w\ld spoil ! %ade ( ! ultram>9e4 ,! iron c be easily remov$ by dissolv+ ! cry/allis$ salt 9 wat]1 add+ a little milk ( lime & leav+ ! liquid = sev]al days1 /irr+ frequ5tly4 ,! lime neutralises e trace ( free acid1 & at ! same "t produces an o*re-yell[ precipitate ( f]ric hydrate4 ,! solution ( ,glaub]'s salt ?us fre$ f iron is evaporat$ 9 rev]b]atory furnaces1 9 :i* ! salt is !n calc9$4 ,?is op]ation is n only simpl] ?an evaporat+ ! solution 9 iron pans to cry/allisation & subject+ ! dri$ salt alone to calc9ation1 b x also gu>ds aga9/ fre% contam9ation by iron1 :i* might be caus$ by ! use ( iron evaporat+ pans4 ,! sulphur & coal are employ$ 9 a s(t p[d]1 :i* is mo/ readily obta9$ by plac+ ! co>sely p[d]$ mat]ials 9 rotat+ drums conta9+ a numb] ( iron balls4 ,by cont9u$ rotation ! mat]ials are conv]t$ to any desir$ degree ( f95ess )\t ! production ( du/4 ,! p[d] is !n put ?r\gh f9e sieves by :i* ! l>g] p>ticles are reta9$4 ,! proportions 9 :i* ! raw mat]ials are mix$ v>y )9 c]ta9 limits2 fix$ quantities c only be giv5 = a kaol9 ( def9ite composition4 ,def9ite =mul are kn[n by :i* ultram>9e is made1 b ^! c only be reg>d$ z approximate4 ,! proportions employ$ by ,fr5* manufactur]s diff] consid]ably f ^? usual 9 ,g]man works4 ,?is v>iation is *iefly due to ! diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( ! kaol9 employ$ 9 ! two c\ntries4 ,f ! composition ( ! diff]5t mixtures "o conclusion may be drawn ) c]ta9ty--suffici5t sodium is always us$ to neutralise half ! silicic acid ( ! kaol9 & to =m "s quantity ( sodium sulphur comp\nds4 ,9 ! successful process ( ! ,g]man mak]s a portion ( ! soda unites ) ! silica dur+ heat+4 ,by ! action ( ! coal on ! ,glaub]'s salt x is r$uc$ to sodium sulphide1 :i*1 s9ce sulphur is pres5t1 unites ) a fur!r quantity ( t elem5t4 ,! sodium sulphur comp\nds !n unite ) ! silicates ( alum9ium & sodium to =m a gre5 comp\nd1 :i* is conv]t$ into blue ultram>9e by a fur!r treatm5t ) sulphur 9 ! pres5ce ( air4 ,in/ead ( us+ ,glaub]'s salt1 :i* mu/ always be decompos$ 9 ! fir/ process1 ! sodium sulphide may be =m$ by ! action ( sulphur on soda 9 ! pres5ce ( coal4 ,?is proc$ure is adopt$ 9 ! ,fr5* process4 ,! proportions ( ! mixture us$ 9 diff]5t works v>y4 ,if ! kaol9 employ$ is assum$ to be bisilicate ( alum9a--a some:at arbitr>y assumption--! foll[+ mixture c be successfully us$3-- ,anhydr\s kaol9 #ajj 0 ,glaub]'s salt #db 0 soda #db ,sulphur #fj ,coal #ac ,9 work+ by ! ,fr5* me?od ! foll[+ =mula is suitable3-- ,anhydr\s kaol9 #ajj 0 soda #ajj ,sulphur #fb ,coal #ad ,^! =mul are n to be reg>d$ z unalt]able4 ,9 ! diff]5t works su* v>i$ mixtures are us$ t x may be said ) tru? t ea* works has its p>ticul> =mula = ! mixture1 ! composition ( :i* dep5ds on ! nature ( ! clay us$ 9 ! works4 ,! composition ( ! mixtures us$ 9 works is kept secret z f> z possible4 ,! =mul giv5 above ref] to a clay approximat+ 9 composition to ! bisilicate ( alum9a4 ,x w appe> f ! description ( ! manufacture ( ultram>9e t c]ta9 quantities ( sodium sulphide are produc$4 ,! process is1 h[ev]1 conduct$ s t sodium sulphide %all be =m$2 ?us ! soda & ,glaub]'s salt us$ 9 ! mixture may be replac$ by ! sodium sulphide produc$ 9 previ\s op]ations4 ,! liquors 9 :i* ! sodium sulphide is conta9$ are evaporat$ to dryness1 & z mu* ( ! residue add$ to ! clay z corresponds to ! quantity obta9$ f ! usual am\nts ( soda & ,glaub]'s salt4 ,assum+ t ^! latt] mat]ials are pure1 #hj p>ts ( ! sodium sulphide residue correspond to #ajj p>ts ( soda1 & #fj p>ts to #ajj p>ts ( ,glaub]'s salt4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,ultram>9e4 ,we h ?\ght x necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! manufacture ( ultram>9e to discuss ! production ( ?is important pigm5t 9 "s detail1 = x is only possible to prop]ly conduct an op]ation regulat$ by *emical laws :5 ! processes :i* take place are accurately kn[n4 ,! mixture ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 mak+ ultram>9e mu/ be mo/ intimate 9 ord] t ! con/itu5ts may act *emically ^u "o ano!r4 ,9 "s works ! mix+ is p]=m$ 9 a v labori\s mann]--^u a heap ( ! dri$1 levigat$ clay ! rema9+ mat]ials are ?r[n1 & ! :ole %ovell$ ab\t till x is completely homog5e\s4 ,naturally1 in/ead ( ?is primitive & co/ly op]ation1 me*anical mix]s may be us$1 b ! mixture c also be effect$ 9 a simpl] mann]1 :i* almo/ disp5ses ) ! necessity = a me*anical process4 ,( ! sub/ances to be mix$ only kaol9 & sulphur are insoluble 9 wat]2 ! o!rs & also ! by-products ( previ\s processes are easily soluble4 ,! soluble & insoluble con/itu5ts ( ! *>ge may be mix$ 9 a v simple way by br++ ! levigat$ kaol9 9 ! =m ( pa/e1 )\t dry+1 into a pan1 add+ ! solutions ( ! salts & ! p[d]$ sulphur4 ,! pans are mo/ conv5i5tly heat$ by ! fire gases f ! ultram>9e furnaces4 ,aft] mix+ ! solutions ) ! clay to a ?ick pa/e ! heat+ is comm5c$1 ! solid sub/ances are prev5t$ f s9k+ to ! bottom by cont9ual /irr+1 ! mixture is sl[ly evaporat$1 & an extremely intimate & complete incorporation ( ! con/itu5ts occurs4 ,! heat+ is cont9u$ until a dry mass is obta9$1 :i* may be us$ = ! second op]ation )\t p[d]+4 ,! mixture ( raw mat]ials is heat$ = a long "t at a cle> r$ heat1 or1 9 "s works1 at a :ite heat4 ,! op]ation dem&s "s c>e2 air mu/ be exclud$ & ! :ole mass mu/ acquire a uni=m temp]ature4 ,if bo? ^! conditions are n obta9$ 9 heat+ x is v difficult to obta9 a product ( uni=m col\r4 ,9 diff]5t works diff]5t arrangem5ts are us$ = ! calc9+ process4 ,9 ! old] me?ods crucibles or di%es ( fire-clay 7 us$1 ( su* a %ape t ! bottom ( "o crucible =m$ ! lid ( ! crucible b5ea?1 j z is ! case ) ! sagg]s us$ 9 porcela9 kilns4 ,! mixture is closely press$ into ! crucibles1 ( :i* piles are built 9 ! furnaces4 ,^! mu/ be s arrang$ t ea* crucible is surr\nd$ by ! fire4 ,! furnaces are v simil> to porcela9 kilns4 ,?is me?od ( calc9+ is obvi\sly att5d$ ) _m drawbacks2 a l>ge numb] ( co/ly crucibles is requir$1 a c]ta9 proportion ( :i* is lo/ at ea* burn+1 ei!r by breakage 9 ! fire or 9 fill+4 ,! press+ ( ! *>ge into ! small crucibles requires mu* lab\r1 z also ! plac+ ( ! crucibles 9 ! furnace & _! removal2 at ! end ( ! n9e to t5 h\rs' calc9+1 x is necess>y to wait "s "t to take ! crucibles out ( ! furnace1 or consid]able loss w be caus$ by breakage ( ! crucibles due to rapid cool+4 ,= ^! reasons 9 mo/ works crucibles h be5 ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( muffles1 a l>ge numb] ( :i* are built 9 "o furnace4 ,! *>ge is plac$ 9 ! muffles2 aft] completion ( ! calc9+ x is quickly rak$ out1 & ! /ill hot muffle at once re*>g$1 ?us ! losses ( "t & heat are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! muffles are g5]ally ab\t #a metre long1 #a metre wide & #cj to #dj c5timetres high4 ,!y are made ( fire-clay1 &1 :5 kept 9 un9t]rupt$ use1 la/ a long "t4 ,! muffles h a small op5+ at ! back :i* communicates ) ! furnace1 s t ! gases evolv$ h a free outlet )\t rea*+ ! work+ place4 ,! front ( ! muffle is clos$ by an iron plate 9 :i* are small op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* ! cont5ts c be exam9$ )\t ! entry ( mu* air4 ,?ree muffles are g5]ally built 9 a furnace1 b1 by suitable alt]ations 9 ! con/ruction1 a consid]ably l>g] numb] may be heat$ 9 "o furnace4 ,:atev] ! numb] ( muffles1 ! furnace mu/ be s arrang$ t ! fire c be controll$ at w4 ,?is is be/ done by a good damp]2 all ! muffles mu/ be uni=mly heat$4 ,j4 ,curtius recomm5ds ca/-iron cyl9d]s1 l9$ ) a ?9 lay] ( fire-clay4 ,= ?is purpose a cov]+ ( fire-pro( cem5t is us$ to protect ! retorts4 ,?is cov]+1 z x is gradually de/roy$1 may be r5ew$ by sme>+ ov] ! damag$ places ) fire-pro( cem5t1 mix$ ) wat] or "s b9d+ mat]ial4 ,alum9ium silicate1 graphite & coke may also be us$4 ,! retorts1 a 7,fig4 #bh71 project ?r\gh ! wall ( ! furnace at "o end4 ,!y re/ on fire-pro( /one bridges1 & c be put into communication ) ! air by ! pipe1 m1 :i* c be clos$ air-tight4 ,%ort pipes1 k & d1 :i* c be clos$1 connect ! int]ior ( ! retort ) ! cool+ & collect+ *amb]s1 ,p & g1 ! latt] ( :i* is connect$ by r ) ! vessel1 h1 :]e ! gase\s products are absorb$4 ,! por\s plate1 f1 prev5ts ! *>ge 9 ! h9d] "p ( ! retort f becom+ op5 & fall+ to pieces dur+ /ok+4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a regul> heat+ ( ! retorts ! fire gases pass+ ?r\gh ! space1 q1 are l$ away at two opposite places by flues into ! ma9 flue1 ,f4 ,! intimate mixture ( f9ely-p[d]$ mat]ials is introduc$ into ! h9d] "p ( ! retort1 ! por\s plate1 f1 plac$ 9 position1 ! cov]1 t1 clos$ up air-tight1 & ! connection ) ! *amb]1 ,p1 clos$4 ,on heat+1 ! volatile products pass ?r\gh ! por\s plate & ! pipe1 d1 into ! *amb]1 g1 ! m volatile portions1 )\t mix+ ) ! furnace gases1 pass+ direct to ! absorption vessel1 h1 or to a lead *amb]1 :il/ ! sulphur :i* di/ils ov] rema9s 9 g4 ,:5 ! reaction is f9i%$1 by op5+ ! cov]1 t1 & ! tube1 m1 ! crude gre5 ultram>9e 9 ! retort c be rapidly oxidis$ to blue by aspirat+ air at m1 or aft] clos+ ! op5+1 d1 & remov+ ! plate1 f1 ! gre5 ultram>9e c be rak$ into ! collect+ *amb]1 ,p1 & !re oxidis$4 ,! retorts are !n imm$iately re-fill$ ) ! mixture & ! temp]ature rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,! heat+ ( a *>ge la/s n9e to t5 h\rs2 ! l>g] ! quantity ( sodium sulphide 9 ! mixture ! %ort] is ! "t requir$4 ,! mixture is spread out 9 ! muffles 9 a lay] #g to #i c5timetres ?ick1 & br\ght to a mod]ate r$ heat4 ,:5 ! :ole mass is uni=mly hot x is m /rongly heat$2 ! *ange ( ! con/itu5ts !n becomes visible4 ,! mixture takes at fir/ a br[ni% col\r1 & is some:at simil> 9 appe>ance to liv] ( sulphur4 ,! col\r soon beg9s to incl9e to gre51 & f9ally *anges to a tol]ably pure gre51 b always has a yell[ t+e4 ,^? p>ts ( ! hot mass :i* come into contact ) air are m blue1 & occasionally *ange to a pure blue4 ,:5 crucibles are us$ ! upp] lay] ( ! cont5ts is always blu] ?an ! l[]1 & :5 crucibles crack dur+ ! heat+ ! portions ne> ! cracks always %[ di/9ctly a m or less blue col\r4 ,:5 ! calc9ation is f9i%$ ! hot mass drawn out ( ! muffles is at once br\ght into wa%+ vessels1 9 :i* x is treat$ ) wat] s long z soluble mat]ials are extract$4 ,! comp\nds dissolv$ 9 ! wat] are *iefly sodium sulphide & sulphate & a little alum9a dissolv$ 9 cau/ic soda4 ,! pres5ce ( a l>g] quantity ( cau/ic soda 9 ! wa% wat]s indicates too viol5t heat+4 ,9 ?is case ! mass w n mix up easily 9 wat]2 x conta9s s9t]$ lumps4 ,! wa%$ mat]ial is /ra9$1 spread out on bo>ds or l95 /ret*$ across frames1 & completely dri$ by artificial heat4 ,at ?is /age ! product may be describ$ z gre5 ultram>9e & sold z su*1 or x may be conv]t$ into blue ultram>9e4 ,= ! latt] purpose x is gr\nd to a mod]ately f9e meal1 b gre5 ultram>9e mu/ be gr\nd to a v f9e p[d]2 ! f9] ! p[d] ! bright] ! %ade4 ,9 ord] to obta9 blue ultram>9e f ! wa%$ & gr\nd sub/ance1 x is subject$ = a %ort "t to a mod]ate r$ heat ) unre/rict$ access ( air4 ,! heat+ by :i* ! blue col\r is produc$ mu/ be cont9u$ until ! prop] %ade is obta9$4 ,?is op]ation is conduct$ 9 special muffles2 9 _m works x is cu/om>y to spr9kle p[d]$ sulphur ^u ! heat$ mass dur+ ! roa/+4 ,! sulphur burns1 =m+ sulphur dioxide1 :i* escapes into ! furnace ?r\gh an op5+ at ! back ( ! muffle4 ,! object ( ! addition ( sulphur may be to keep ! temp]ature f ris+ beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 or to prev5t a possible r$uction ( ! sulphur comp\nds 9 ! ultram>9e4 ,! muffles us$ = f9i%+ ! ultram>9e are simil> to ^? us$ 9 mak+ gre5 ultram>9e2 !y are g5]ally #ej c5timetres wide & #ajj to #abj c5timetres long4 ,a muffle ( ?is size w conta9 #f to #ah kilogrammes ( gre5 ultram>9e4 ,! temp]ature is gradually rais$ to a g5tle r$ heat1 ea* muffle be+ provid$ 9 front ) an iron plate :i* prev5ts ! cool+ ( ! cont5ts by ! ext]nal air4 ,:5 ! *>ge 9 ! muffles is c>efully obs]v$1 x is notic$ t ! blue col\r fir/ appe>s at ! surface & ! edges1 i4e41 at ^? places :]e ! oxyg5 ( ! air has unre/rict$ access4 ,! mass is frequ5tly turn$ ov] ) an iron rake1 9 ord] to expose all p>ts to ! action ( ! air2 samples are frequ5tly tak5 9 ord] to obs]ve ! mom5t at :i* ! col\r has rea*$ its greate/ int5sity1 :5 ! heat+ is at once /opp$4 ,by prop] treatm5t ab\t half an h\r is requir$ to conv]t ! *>ge ( a muffle ( ! above dim5sions into ultram>9e ( ! deepe/ blue4 ,! hot mass is drawn out ( ! muffles & spread out ^u flags s t x may cool quickly4 ,dur+ ! cool+ ! col\r is (t5 obs]v$ to become consid]ably d>k]1 :i* is a sign t ! ultram>9e has n be5 heat$ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t4 ,me*anical arrangem5ts are (t5 us$ to cont9ually turn ov] ! ultram>9e 9 ! muffles1 :i* are !n made 9 ! =m ( cyl9d]s 9 :i* ! ultram>9e is cont9ually turn$ by a /irr] provid$ ) w+s4 ,! :ole arrangem5t is v simil> to ! app>atus us$ = roa/+ c(fee4 ,! ultram>9e is !n c>efully gr\nd to a v f9e meal2 x is tol]ably h>d1 & granite /ones %\ld be us$1 ord9>y /ones w\ld be too quickly worn d[n4 ,x is n possible1 by ! mo/ c>eful gr9d+1 to conv]t ultram>9e into t condition ( f9e division :i* is necess>y if x is to be gr\nd into pa9t2 gr9d+ mu/ be foll[$ by levigation4 ,! v>i\s qualities & %ades br\ght into ! m>ket diff] only 9 reg>d to ! f95ess ( _! p>ticles2 !y d n v>y 9 *emical nature1 = ! sub/ance has always ! same composition4 ,x occasionally happ5s 9 ultram>9e works t a *>ge does n turn out a bright blue2 ! product is !n sold z inf]ior quality at a l[] price1 or is mix$ ) a l>g] quantity ( good mat]ial4 ,9 work+ by a settl$ process ! diff]5t %ades ( ultram>9e v>y 9 composition betwe5 n>r[ limits2 ! diff]5ce is caus$ by v>iations 9 ! raw mat]ials4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ t !re is no agreem5t z to ! composition ( ! col\r+ pr9ciple ( ultram>9e2 "s ma9ta9 t x is an iron comp\nd1 :il/ o!rs reg>d ! iron f\nd 9 ultram>9e z an accid5tal impurity1 :i* has no connection ) ! col\r4 ,rec5tly ?is po9t appe>s to h be5 decid$ f ! results ( _m mo/ accurate analyses ( ultram>9e4 ,x has be5 f\nd t its *emical composition %[s ! greate/ simil>ity ) ! m9]al nephel9e4 ,nephel9e is a d\ble silicate1 its composition is express$ by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,na,o4,si,o ,al,o4#b,si,o4 ,by a comp>ison ( ! analyses ( gre5 & blue ultram>9e ) t ( nephel9e1 x is se5 t blue ultram>9e may be reg>d$ z nephel9e comb9$ ) sodium p5tasulphide1 :il/ gre5 ultram>9e is nephel9e comb9$ ) sodium bisulphide4 ,if ?is is ! correct view1 ! two species ( ultram>9e h ! foll[+ =mul3-- #b,na,o4,si,o ,al,o4#b,si,o ,na,s4 #b,na,o4,si,o ,al,o4#b,si,o ,na,s4 ,ultram>9e is "o ( ! mo/ p]man5t pigm5ts4 ,x is n alt]$ by ! sub/ances ) :i* a pigm5t g5]ally comes 9 contact4 ,be+ a sulphur comp\nd1 x reta9s its col\r completely 9 air conta9+ sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,by acids1 ev5 weak organic acids su* z malic1 citric or t>t>ic1 x is rapidly decompos$1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 be+ evolv$1 & a greyi% :ite residue left4 ,x is sometimes f\nd t ! sug> us$ 9 mak+ lemonade produces a p]ceptible smell ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,?is is due to ultram>9e1 :i* has be5 add$ to ! sug> to hide its yell[ col\r4 ,f ! prec$+ acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( ultram>9e x w be und]/ood t !re exi/ only two species ( ultram>9e1 gre5 & blue4 ,9 comm]ce a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t %ades are f\nd1 :i* are n to be reg>d$ z pure ultram>9e2 !y owe _! p>ticul> %ade to additions4 ,by mix+ 9 a :ite pigm5t1 su* z b>ytes or />*1 ! pal] %ades are obta9$2 by add+ a small quantity ( a pure r$ pigm5t a col\r ) a violet t+e is produc$4 ,9 a simil> mann] any numb] ( %ades ( ultram>9e c be obta9$4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is tak5 f a new compreh5sive "w by ,j4 ,wund]1 on ! diff]5t ultram>9es4 ,prep>ation ( ,mixtures = ,ultram>9e4--,! foll[+ po9ts are to be obs]v$3 ,*emically pure soda & ammonia soda react ) difficulty4 ,! pres5ce ( cau/ic soda 9 ! soda facilitates ! =mation ( sodium sulphide1 & gives a f9] product4 ,x is also ( advantage to spr9kle ! soda ) a /rong solution ( sodium sulphide4 ,! m silica ! mixture conta9s ! m difficult is ! trans=mation into ultram>9e1 b ! product is deep] & bett] 9 %ade1 & has m resi/ance to alum & weak acids4 ,! sodium sulphide mu/ react ) silica & alum9a4 ,:5 oxyg5 ent]s dur+ ! burn+1 silica is re-=m$1 :i* ) soda & alum9a produces slags4 ,9 ord] to exclude oxyg5 _m manufactur]s burn ) re/rict$ access ( air2 !n ! c>bon bisulphide & sulphur gases evolv$ are n burnt1 b1 toge!r ) t>ry mat]ials f ! coal1 =m an evil-smell+ smoke1 :i* r5d]s ! neighb\rhood objectionable4 ,! coal consumption 9 burn+ is also great]4 ,! v>ieties ri* 9 silica & /able t[>ds alum are g5]ally d>k r$di%-blue4 ,9 ord] to obta9 pure blue %ades f mixtures ri* 9 silica !y are burnt 9 clos$ crucibles to produce ! gre51 :i* is p[d]$ & heat$ ) re/rict$ air supply1 & ! admission ( a little /eam1 to #afj to #ahj ,c41 :5 pure blue or gre5i%-blue %ades are obta9$ z requir$4 ,9 ?is way a mixture ri* 9 silica c be burnt to a good blue1 conta9+ #ficb p>ts ( silica to #cjfg p>ts ( alum9a1 or #a equival5t ( ,al,o to #chd equival5ts ( ,si,o2 :il/ ultram>9e ri* 9 silica1 made 9 ! ord9>y way1 conta9s at ! mo/ #ffg p>ts ( silica to #ccc p>ts ( alum9a4 ,ultram>9e ,violet 0 fir/ introduc$ into comm]ce ab\t ! ye> #ahei by ! ,nuremb]g ,ultram>9e ,works1 "u ! direction ( ,leykauf4 ,by ! reaction ( moi/ calcium *loride on ultram>9e blue 9 ! w>m *amb]s above ! furnaces ! blue 0 *ang$ to violet4 ,by ! action ( air a portion ( ! moi/ calcium *loride is decompos$ into lime & hydro*loric acid1 ! latt] ( :i*1 toge!r ) air1 reacts on ! blue4 ,9 #ahgb ,wund]1 int5d+ to apply to ! e/imation ( sulphur 9 ultram>9e blue a me?od :i* gives good results ) metallic sulphides1 pass$ *lor9e ov] heat$ ultram>9e4 ,! pigm5t 0 conv]t$ into a br[ni%-r$ sub/ance1 :i* on wa%+ comb9$ ) wat] & turn$ violet4 ,! r$ sub/ance is n produc$ at e temp]ature2 #cjj ,c4 is ! mo/ fav\rable4 ,on wa%+ sodium *loride is dissolv$2 ! wa%$ violet is free f *lor9e1 b has tak5 up wat]1 :i* is expell$ on heat+1 :5 ! violet turns to blue4 ,a simil> br[ni%-r$ body is =m$ :5 sulphur trioxide is l$ ov] heat$ ultram>9e blue1 & :5 sulphur *loride acts on w>m ultram>9e blue4 ,:5 ! br[ni%-r$ *lor9e comp\nd is introduc$ into absolute alcohol1 a r$di%-violet comp\nd is produc$1 conta9+ organic matt]4 ,e?yl *loride is =m$ at ! same "t4 ,:5 ammonia gas is pass$ ov] ! heat$ *lor9e comp\nd x is absorb$2 a violet ultram>9e is produc$1 f :i* ! ammonia is n remov$ by wa%+ ) wat]1 b only by heat+ ne>ly to r$ness1 or1 bett]1 by fus+ ) cau/ic alkalis4 ,anil9e comb9es 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a good violet ! br[ni%-r$ *lor9e comp\nd mu/ n be =m$2 ! violet is produc$ by lead+ *lor9e & /eam ov] ultram>9e blue at #afj to #bjj ,c4 ,blue ri* 9 silica is mo/ suitable = trans=mation into violet4 ,! violet s obta9$ is n decompos$ by lime4 ,c4 ,mahla produc$ ! *lor9e 9 ! blue itself by ! reaction3 ,,nh,cl #b,,nh,,no #f;,h,o #e,n ,cl4 ,by heat+ a mixture ( ultram>9e blue ) ammonium *loride & nitrate 9 crucibles at #bjj ,c4 a f9e violet is produc$4 ,x conta9s ammonia1 :i* _c be remov$ by wa%+1 b only by /rongly heat+ or heat+ ) conc5trat$ alkalis4 ,?is violet is decompos$ by ! prolong$ action ( lime1 9 ?ree days x is *ang$ to a grey gre54 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! manufacture x 0 notic$ t less nitrate 0 requir$ 9 ! mixture accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t x 0 expos$ 9 por\s crucibles to ! action ( air & heat2 by heat+ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t ) access ( air1 a good violet is obta9$ ) ammonium *loride alone4 ,9 ! manufacture ( violet by means ( moi/ *lor9e hydro*loric acid is =m$1 :i* is also ! active mat]ial 9 its =mation by means ( ammonium *loride4 ,x 0 !re=e to be expect$ t *lor9e gas might be replac$ by hydro*loric acid1 if x 7 accompani$ by suffici5t air4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to be ! case4 ,! temp]ature mu/ be ma9ta9$ betwe5 #ahj & #bcj ,c4 ,bel[ #aej ,c4 ! blue is decompos$ by moi/ hydro*loric acid gas2 at temp]atures above #bcj ,c4 x is un*ang$4 ,hydro*loric acid gas & air1 )\t /eam1 give ) ultram>9e blue on heat+ a br[ni% r$ sub/ance simil> to t produc$ by dry *lor9e2 x also is *ang$ to violet by wa%+ ) wat]4 ,! violet obta9$ by means ( moi/ *lor9e diff]s f ! blue f :i* x 0 =m$1 9 t ! latt] has lo/ "o-six? ( its sodium & comb9$ ) wat] & mu* oxyg54 ,! foll[+ is ! approximate =mula = a blue3-- ,na,al,si,s,o1 & = ! violet obta9$ f x ,na,h,al,si,s,o ,h,o4 ,! violet conta9s mu* ?iosulphate4 ,if x is decompos$ by nitric acid & silv] nitrate add$ to ! filt]$ solution a precipitate is obta9$ :i* *anges 9 col\r f :ite to yell[1 orange & br[n1 j z ! precipitate giv5 by silv] nitrate 9 solutions ( ?iosulphates conta9+ nitric acid4 ,*lor9e & ,/eam ,process4--,*lor9e does n attack iron at #aej to #bej ,c4 ,! reaction is c>ri$ out 9 heat$ iron boxes #a metre wide1 #b metres long & #fe c5timetres high4 ,! blue is spread out 9 a lay] #b c5timetres ?ick on e>!nw>e plates1 :i* /& "o above ano!r at a di/ance ( #e c5timetres1 ea* support$ on ?ree feet4 ,! plates are introduc$ by means ( iron tongs ?r\gh l>ge op5+s 9 ! top ( ! box2 aft] fill+ iron plates are screw$ on to ! op5+s1 ?r\gh !m pass %eet-iron tubes rea*+ to ! bottom1 9 :i* !rmomet]s c be l[]$ on wires4 ,! iron boxes /& 9 heat$ *amb]s1 :i* h op5+s correspond+ ) ! op5+s 9 ! boxes1 & %ut (f f ! int]ior ( ! furnace4 ,*lor9e & /eam are l$ into ! iron boxes at bo? ends ?r\gh lead tubes rea*+ to ! bottom2 ! p>ts ( ^! tubes 9 ! furnace & ! iron boxes are protect$ by wide %eet-iron tubes1 ! space betwe5 be+ fill$ ) clay4 ,! gases evolv$1 hydro*loric acid1 sulphur *loride & /eam1 pass f ! cov]s ?r\gh e>!nw>e pipes into boxes fill$ ) lime/one1 ^u :i* wat] drops1 & !nce to ! *imney4 ,aft] fill+1 ! boxes are heat$ to #bhj ,c4 & /eam introduc$ to remove sulphur2 !y are !n all[$ to cool to #afj ,c41 :5 *lor9e & /eam are l$ 9 = ?ree h\rs4 ,! violet is !n f9i%$1 & ! residual gases are bl[n out by a fan4 ,hydro*loric ,acid & ,air ,process4--,! op]ation is conduct$ 9 ! same iron boxes1 ^u ! bottoms ( :i*1 b5ea? ! op5+s1 are e>!nw>e di%es into :i* hydro*loric acid c be p\r$ ?r\gh e>!nw>e pipes4 ,! *imney draught mu/ be /rong en\gh to draw suffici5t air ?r\gh ^! pipes into ! boxes4 ,aft] ! temp]ature has be5 ma9ta9$ = sev5 h\rs at #bbj to #bcj ,c41 hydro*loric acid be+ p\r$ 9 f "t to "t1 ! blue is *ang$ to a dull violet1 :i* becomes bright] :5 hydro*loric acid is repeat$ly add$ at dim9i%+ temp]atures1 #baj1 #bjj1 #ahj & #afj ,c4 ,m rec5tly ! iron boxes h be5 replac$ by /one *e/s or by *amb]s above ! ultram>9e furnaces1 ! temp]ature 9 ?is case be+ kept at ab\t #bjj ,c4 ,ammonium ,*loride ,process4--,a mixture ( ultram>9e blue ) #e p] c5t4 ( ammonium *loride is heat$ dur+ f\rte5 days 9 por\s crucibles plac$ 9 ! upp] *amb]s ( ! ultram>9e furnaces1 :5 ! cont5ts ( ! crucibles become a h&some violet ?r\gh\t4 ,if sodium nitrate is us$ toge!r ) ammonium *loride1 ! violet is =m$ 9 a mu* %ort] "t4 ,aft] wa%+1 ! violet /ill conta9s nitrog52 on ignition or heat+ ) /rong alkalis x loses ammonia4 ,un=tunately1 ?is f9e violet is decompos$ by ! cont9u$ action ( moi/ slak$ lime4 ,! violets made by ! fir/ two processes absorb ammonia :5 ?is gas is l$ ov] !m at #ahj to #bjj ,c41 & x _c be remov$ by wa%+4 ,pale ,blue ,ultram>9e4--,if ! violet is heat$ 9 hydrog5 at #bhj to #bij ,c41 x is conv]t$ into a pure1 bright1 pale blue4 ,?is has an absorption spectrum 9 :i* ! r$ is n absorb$1 b appe>s m brilliant ?an 9 ! spectrum ( ultram>9e ri* 9 alum9a4 ,pale blue is turn$ violet blue by heat+ at #cjj ,c41 & at a r$ heat a dull blue4 ,x is n yet made on a comm]cial scale1 b on acc\nt ( its great purity ( %ade x appe>s to be valuable = _m purposes2 p]haps x may replace alum9a cobalt blue4 ,! composition ( pale blue is3-- ,calculat$ = ,f\nd4 ,na #abd p] c5t4 #aai p] c5t4 ,h #jed 0 #jfb 0 ,al #aag 0 #aca 0 ,si #ahb 0 #aig 0 ,s #aci 0 #abg 0 ,o #dcc 0 #dbj 0 7by diff]5ce74 ,by a comp>ison ( ! composition ( ! violet & pale blue ultram>9es1 x is se5 t ! *ief diff]5ce is an increase ( hydrog5 9 ! latt]4 ,ultram>9e ,r$4--,s9ce ultram>9e violet increases 9 brightness & r$ness ( %ade 9 ! air1 ,wund] errone\sly believ$ t ?is 0 due to oxidation1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! violet c\ld be conv]t$ into a r$ by oxidis+ ag5ts4 ,nitric acid vap\rs l$ ov] ultram>9e violet at #agj to #bjj ,c4 d n act ^u x1 b :]e drops ( nitric acid are spirt$ ov]1 ! violet is *ang$ to r$4 ,wund] !n r$uc$ ! temp]ature to #ace to #ade ,c4 & obta9$ ! fir/ ultram>9e r$4 ,iron is attack$ by nitric acid at l[] temp]atures1 b n at #ace ,c42 ! iron boxes previ\sly describ$ c\ld !re=e be us$4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds f\nd t at a suffici5tly l[ temp]ature hydro*loric acid gas conv]ts ultram>9e violet into r$4 ,! iron boxes _c be us$ = ?is op]ation1 z !y are attack$ at ! temp]ature2 ! /one *e/s are us$ in/ead4 ,o!r acids also act on ultram>9e violet2 boric acid gives a r$di%-violet4 ,! violet is spread out on ! di%es /&+ on ?ree feet m5tion$ be=e1 & heat$ to #abh to #acb ,c4 ,at high] temp]atures ! violet is unalt]$1 :il/ bel[ #ajj ,c4 x is decompos$4 ,! hydro*loric acid is p\r$ 9 f "t to "t ?r\gh e>!nw>e tubes into di%es 9 :i* x evaporates4 ,a mixture ( r$ & blue w\ld appe> violet1 b w\ld behave t[>ds reag5ts 9 a diff]5t mann] to real ultram>9e violet4 ,ultram>9e blue is decompos$ at #abh to #acb ,c4 by hydro*loric acid to a gelat9\s mass1 :il/ at ?is temp]ature ultram>9e violet is *ang$ into a bright r$4 ,f ! blue no violet c be obta9$ by nitric acid1 b ! violet gives a r$ at #ace to #ade ,c4 ,analysis w\ld also indicate ! diff]5ce4 ,ultram>9e r$ has ! foll[+ composition3-- ,calculat$ = ,f\nd4 ,na #gi p] c5t4 #ha p] c5t4 ,h #jeg 0 #jgb 0 ,al #abc 0 #acc 0 ,si #aia 0 #aic 0 ,s #adf 0 #aeb 0 ,o #def 0 #dcd 0 7by diff]5ce74 ,x appe>s t 9 ! r$ two m equival5ts ( sodium h be5 replac$ by hydrog54 ,! violet is app>5tly a sodium salt ( :i* ! r$ is ! acid4 ,! violet made by means ( ammonium *loride is also conv]t$ by hydro*loric acid gas at #abh to #acb ,c4 into a h&some r$ conta9+ nitrog51 & ! r$ is *ang$ by hydrog5 at #bhj to #bij ,c4 into a light] pale blue4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,blue ,,copp] ,,pigm5ts4 ,brem5 ,blue & ,gre54--,! pigm5t kn[n z ,brem5 blue or ,brem5 gre5 consi/s ( copp] hydroxide4 ,x possesses all ! disadvantages ( copp] comp\nds2 x is v s5sitive t[>ds sulphurett$ hydrog5 & sulphur dioxide2 9 contact ) air conta9+ ! =m] gas x is quickly turn$ black4 ,x has also o!r disadvantages2 x _c be us$ 9 oil1 = :5 gr\nd 9 oil x is quickly discol\r$1 on acc\nt ( ! =mation ( copp] oleate4 ,if a wall :i* has n completely dri$ be cov]$ ) ,brem5 gre51 9 a %ort "t x w be cov]$ ) spots4 ,9 spite ( ?is small /ability1 ,brem5 gre5 is /ill l>gely us$ by arti/s on acc\nt ( its l[ price1 al?\gh x c\ld be replac$ by o!r pigm5ts almo/ z *eap & consid]ably m durable4 ,copp] hydroxide comes into ! m>ket "u _m names4 ,! pigm5ts kn[n z blue v]dit]1 lime blue & m\nta9 blue conta9 ess5tially copp] hydroxide4 ,! prep>ation ( pure copp] hydroxide on ! l>ge scale w be fir/ describ$4 ,copp] sulphate is ! usual raw mat]ial4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a col\r ( a pure blue %ade x mu/ be free f iron1 ! pres5ce ( :i* w\ld result 9 ! production ( a discol\r$ precipitate4 ,a fairly conc5trat$ solution ( copp] sulphate is w>m$ 9 a pan to ab\t #cj ,c42 weak cau/ic pota% solution is add$ until ! liquid is slightly alkal9e4 ,a gre5 precipitate sep>ates1 :i* consi/s ( copp] sulphate & hydroxide4 ,9 ord] to remove ! copp] sulphate f ! precipitate1 & imp>t to x ! correct blui%-gre5 col\r1 x is left on a /ra9] until x has acquir$ a pa/y consi/5cy1 :5 x is br\ght into a tub & mix$ ) weak cau/ic pota% solution4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ?is pota% solution is n too conc5trat$1 or x w )draw wat] f ! copp] hydroxide & produce black copp] oxide4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ?is result1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! :ole mass useless1 a portion ( ! precipitate is te/$ ) ! cau/ic pota% solution4 ,if x is black5$1 ! solution mu/ be dilut$ ) ! necess>y quantity ( wat] be=e x is us$4 ,in/ead ( dilut+ ) wat]1 potassium c>bonate solution is (t5 add$4 ,! addition ( ! cau/ic liquor is cont9u$ until ! col\r ( a te/ portion ( ! precipitate is n deep5$ by fur!r additions4 ,:5 ?is po9t is rea*$ ! col\r mu/ be at once )drawn f ! action ( ! alkali4 ,x is br\ght into a l>ge tub fill$ ) wat]1 9 :i* x is mo/ c>efully wa%$ ) _m wat]s4 ,basic copp] *loride may also be us$ z ! raw mat]ial = ?is pigm5t4 ,x is obta9$ by treat+ scrap copp] ) #fj p] c5t4 ( common salt & #cj p] c5t4 ( sulphuric acid4 ,! pale gre5 basic *loride is !n treat$ ) cau/ic pota% solution4 ,?is me?od is n[ r>ely us$2 copp] sulphate is consid]ably l[] 9 price ?an =m]ly & copp] hydroxide is prep>$ f x ) ! lea/ tr\ble4 ,neub]g ,blue is a mixture ( copp] blue ) ,*9ese blue4 ,! l>g] ! quantity ( ! latt] compon5t ! deep] ! col\r4 ,neub]g blue c be m easily gr\nd ) oil ?an pure copp] blue4 ,x %\ld n be us$ z a di/emp] col\r1 = ! ,*9ese blue is decompos$ by ! action ( lime1 & ! col\r w quickly be spoil$ by ! sep>at$ f]ric oxide4 ,lime ,blue is ord9>y copp] blue1 mix$ ) v>y+ quantities ( gypsum4 ,x is pal] ?an pure copp] blue2 diff]5t %ades are obta9$ by increas+ ! quantity ( gypsum4 ,?is pigm5t is made by dissolv+ #ae p>ts ( copp] sulphate 9 #a1cjj p>ts ( wat]1 add+ a /rong solution ( #aba p>ts ( ammonium *loride1 & !n milk ( lime prep>$ f #cj p>ts ( quicklime4 ,! precipitate is well wa%$1 /ra9$1 gr\nd1 & f9ally dri$4 ,lime blue is br\ght into ! m>ket 9 sev]al =ms2 9 cubes obta9$ by cutt+ up ! /iff pa/e & !n completely dry+1 & 9 irregul> lumps or a co>se p[d]4 ,! pigm5ts conta9+ copp] hydroxide z _! col\r+ pr9ciple are us$ less z arti/s' col\rs ?an = di/emp]+4 ,pay5's ,m\nta9 ,blue is a mixture ( copp] hydroxide ) v>y+ quantities ( calcium c>bonate4 ,x is prep>$ by add+ calcium *loride to a solution ( copp] sulphate & /irr+ 9 dilute milk ( lime4 ,a gre5 precipitate ( basic copp] *loride is =m$2 potassium c>bonate solution mix$ ) milk ( lime is !n add$4 ,! latt] mixture conta9s cau/ic pota%1 :i* decomposes ! copp] *loride1 copp] hydroxide & calcium c>bonate be+ simultane\sly precipitat$4 ,diff]5t %ades may be obta9$2 by increas+ ! quantity ( lime ! product is pal]4 ,?is pigm5t commonly comes into ! m>ket 9 ! pa/e =m4 ,:5 x is dri$ ! op]ation mu/ be conduct$ at a l[ temp]ature2 copp] hydroxide is conv]t$ into copp] oxide at relatively l[ temp]atures4 ,oil ,blue4--,! pigm5t kn[n "u ?is "n consi/s ( copp] sulphide 7,cu,s74 ,x c be made 9 sev]al ways4 ,! simple/ process1 :i* also gives a good product1 is "h describ$4 ,sulphur is boil$ 9 a glass flask ) a long neck4 ,:5 ! heavy r$di% br[n vap\rs beg9 to fill ! neck1 copp] turn+s or wire free f oxide are ?r[n 94 ,! copp] burns 9 ! sulphur vap\r ) a r$ flame to cupric sulphide4 ,:5 x has once comm5c$ to burn1 ! flask requires little heat+1 s mu* heat is produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ! copp] t ! sulphur cont9ues to boil4 ,! introduction ( copp] is cont9u$ until only a small excess ( sulphur is left1 ! flask is !n clos$ & all[$ to cool4 ,:5 ! cont5ts h rea*$ ! temp]ature ( ! air ! flask is brok51 & ! mass boil$ ) cau/ic pota% solution 9 ord] to remove excess ( sulphur4 ,! product obta9$ by ?is process has a h&some violet blue col\r1 :i* mu/ be %[n by ! :ole mass4 ,if portions tak5 out ( ! flask are black1 an excess ( copp] has be5 us$4 ,9 ord] to improve ! col\r ( a faulty bat*1 x is mix$ ) sulphur & quickly heat$ to ! boil+ po9t ( sulphur1 air be+ exclud$4 ,! excess ( sulphur is !n remov$ by boil+ ) cau/ic pota% solution4 ,oil blue is a h&some b n v durable pigm5t4 ,:5 us$ 9 v>ni%1 :i* protects x f ! action ( air1 x is fairly p]man5t4 ,copp] ,hydroxide4--,by precipitat+ c>efully a solution ( a copp] salt ) cau/ic soda1 a blue precipitate ( copp] hydroxide is obta9$1 :i*1 ?\gh n di/+ui%$ by any p>ticul> beauty1 is adapt$ = use z a di/emp] col\r & = simil> purposes4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ at ord9>y temp]atures2 on acc\nt ( its volum9\s nature ! pale blue precipitate requires a long "t = wa%+4 ,hot solutions mu/ n be us$2 at a temp]ature ne> ! boil+ po9t ( wat] copp] hydroxide is completely decompos$ into black copp] oxide4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,blue ,,cobalt ,,pigm5ts4 ,cobalt ,blue1 ,?n>d's ,blue1 ,cobalt ,ultram>9e1 ,k+'s ,blue1 ,leyd5 ,blue4--,! pigm5t kn[n "u ^! names is a comp\nd ( cobalt oxide ) alum9a1 & is prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] to ,r9mann's gre54 ,( all ! blue pigm5ts us$ 9 pa9t+1 cobalt blue is ! mo/ h&some & mo/ durable4 ,x is completely unalt]$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,! mo/ p[]ful *emical reag5ts h b a slight action ^u x1 & _! action is less ! high] ! temp]ature us$ 9 ! manufacture4 ,cobalt blue is made by precipitat+ mix$ solutions ( a cobalt salt & alum1 wa%+1 dry+1 & ignit+ ! precipitate4 ,a product ( pure blue col\r is only obta9$ :5 alum absolutely free f iron is us$4 ,if b v small quantities ( iron are pres5t1 ! r$ f]ric oxide has a v consid]able influ5ce on ! %ade ( ! product4 ,! dep? ( col\r v>ies accord+ to ! proportion ( cobalt salt us$4 ,! v>iation is n s consid]able z 9 ! case ( cobalt gre52 z a rule1 #ej to #ajj p>ts ( cobalt sulphate or nitrate are us$ to #ajj p>ts ( alum4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ! precipitate is ignit$ mu/ be mu* high] ?an t us$ = cobalt gre52 x %\ld be rais$ to a :ite heat4 ,! crucible %\ld be provid$ ) a well-fitt+ lid--! fire gases damage ! %ade ( ! col\r4 ,:5 cobalt sulphate is ignit$ ) ammonia alum1 cobalt blue is obta9$2 b ?is me?od is n to be recomm5d$4 ,! ignition mu/ be ( long duration to completely drive (f ! sulphuric acid4 ,! au?or has made a cobalt blue ( rem>kable beauty 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,alum9a obta9$ by precipitat+ electrolytically an alum solution 7page #di7 0 mix$ ) a solution ( pure cobalt *loride to a ?9 pulp1 :i* 0 quickly dri$ 9 a %all[ porcela9 di%4 ,! mixture1 :il/ /ill hot1 0 press$ into a crucible plac$ 9 a l>g] "o fill$ ) magnesia2 ! crucible 0 heat$ to a good :ite heat1 at :i* x 0 ma9ta9$ = an h\r1 :5 x 0 all[$ to cool4 ,! cobalt blue made by ?is me?od has ! pure/ blue col\r1 be+ )\t t admixture ( r$ :i* is n r>ely to be p]ceiv$ 9 ?is pigm5t4 ,to avoid ! appe>ance ( ?is r$ t9t1 c]ta9 additions are made2 a small quantity ( a z9c salt is mo/ frequ5tly employ$1 accord+ to ! quantity ( :i* m or less pale %ades are produc$4 ,cruleum is a pale blue pigm5t consi/+ ( a comp\nd ( ! oxides ( cobalt & t94 ,x is made by conv]t+ t9 by ! action ( nitric acid into :ite /annic oxide1 add+ a solution ( cobalt nitrate & evaporat+ to dryness 9 a porcela9 di% :il/ /irr+2 :il/ /ill w>m ! p[d] is /rongly ignit$4 ,9 cruleum ! *emical comb9ation is less firm ?an 9 ! comp\nds ( cobalt oxide ) z9c oxide or alum9a1 /rong hydro*loric & dilute sulphuric acids decompose x1 cont9u$ treatm5t ) nitric acid extracts all ! cobalt4 ,cruleum resi/s completely all atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,! circum/ance t all ! cobalt 9 ?is comp\nd may be remov$ by treatm5t ) nitric acid leads to ! conclusion t ! pigm5ts compos$ ( cobalt oxide & ano!r oxide are n *emical comp\nds ( ! two oxides1 b t ! alum9a1 z9c oxide & t9 oxide s]ve simply z bases = ! blue modification ( cobalt oxide4 ,t a *emical comp\nd _c be pres5t foll[s f ! fact t ! quantities ( ! oxides unit+ toge!r may be v consid]ably alt]$ & a col\r$ product /ill obta9$4 ,! au?or has %[n 9 #ahfh t ! blue modification ( cobalt oxide is obta9$ by heat+ ! r$4 ,! *ange ( ! r$ col\r ( cobalt *loride into ! blue is n caus$1 z 0 =m]ly ?\ght1 by loss ( wat]1 b by ! trans=mation ( ! cobalt oxide conta9$ 9 ! comp\nd f ! r$ into ! blue modification4 ,/rong bases are able to reta9 ! cobalt oxide 9 ! blue =m1 & /rongly basic oxides are !re=e us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is s]ies ( pigm5ts4 ,cobalt ,z9c ,phosphate4--,?is pigm5t is made by precipitat+ a solution ( z9c sulphate1 free f iron1 by sodium phosphate1 add+ a solution ( cobalt sulphate & aga9 sodium phosphate s long z a precipitate is produc$4 ,excess ( sodium phosphate is to be avoid$1 o!rwise a consid]able quantity ( cobalt rema9s unprecipitat$4 ,9 ! directions giv5 by ,g5tele x is /at$ t ! sodium phosphate mu/ be 9 excess1 & t ! liquid above ! precipitate mu/ possess a r$di% col\r4 ,! au?or's exp]im5ts h %[n t a pigm5t 9 e respect equal to t produc$ by ,g5tele's process is obta9$ :5 all ! cobalt is precipitat$4 ,! precipitate1 :i* consi/s ( v>iable quantities ( z9c & cobalt phosphates1 is dri$ & ignit$1 :5 x acquires a v deep blue col\r4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,smalts4 ,?is blue pigm5t is a v f9ely p[d]$ glass1 col\r$ by cobalt oxide1 accord+ to ! quantity ( :i* products ( v diff]5t %ades are obta9$4 ,if a v small am\nt ( cobalt oxide is us$ ! smalts has a beautiful pale blue col\r1 b by ! use ( l>g] quantities an almo/ black mass c be obta9$4 ,al?\gh ! proportion ( cobalt oxide conta9$ 9 smalts is s v>iable1 yet x is probably pres5t z a comp\nd ( con/ant composition--! cobalt potassium d\ble silicate ( ! =mula ,co,o4 #b,si,o ,k,o4 #b,si,o4 ,! num]\s publi%$ analyses ( smalts lead to ?is conclusion4 ,! small quantities ( o!r metallic oxides :i* are f\nd 9 smalts are to be reg>d$ z *ance impurities4 ,be+ a glass free f lime smalts is easily decompos$2 9 ?is respect x %[s great simil>ity ) wat]-glass1 :i* is completely soluble 9 boil+ wat]4 ,smalts comes into comm]ce 9 ! =m ( p[d]4 ,9 ! 0,blue ,col\r ,works0 9 :i* smalts is made a numb] ( qualities are di/+ui%$2 ^! are sep>at$ accord+ to ! f95ess ( ! p[d]4 ,smalts ( good quality is compos$ ( p>ticles ( ! same size & has a pure sky-blue col\r4 ,a %ade incl9+ to r$ is g5]ally to be ascrib$ to ! pres5ce ( iron2 mat]ial ( ?is nature is ( little value4 ,smalts is n easily attack$ by *emical reag5ts4 ,x has be5 above /at$ to belong to ! easily decompos$ glasses1 & x is attack$ by reag5ts :i* ord9>y glass completely resi/s4 ,f9ely gr\nd smalts is /rongly attack$ by boil+ sulphuric acid1 &1 aft] fusion ) soda1 is soluble 9 acids4 ,wat] has "s action ^u smalts2 by ! long cont9u$ action ( a l>ge quantity ! %ade is injur$1 ! col\r acquires a gre5i% t+e4 ,9 ! manufacture ( smalts !re are ?ree pr9cipal op]ations3-- #a4 ,prep>ation ( ! *>ge4 #b4 ,fusion ( ! *>ge4 #c4 ,gr9d+ ! fus$ mass4 ,^! processes are pr9cipally me*anical4 ,only z reg>ds ! composition ( ! *>ge is *emical k requir$4 #a4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,*>ge4--,! cobalt is suppli$ by sub/ances ( diff]5t orig9--z a rule1 roa/$ speiss cobalt & cobalt glance are us$2 occasionally ores are employ$ )\t previ\s prep>ation4 ,:5 pure cobalt salts 7sulphate & nitrate7 are us$1 a product ( v f9e %ade is produc$1 b 9 practice ^! salts are n applicable on acc\nt ( _! co/4 ,!re rema9 !re=e only ! comp\nds ( cobalt occurr+ 9 nature4 ,on acc\nt ( ! =eign sub/ances !y conta91 ^! require a special treatm5t be=e !y c be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( smalts2 ! treatm5t v>ies accord+ to ! o!r elem5ts pres5t 9 ! cobalt ores4 ,ores conta9+ bismu? are fir/ treat$ 9 ord] to obta9 ?is valuable metal2 ores conta9+ ars5ic are roa/$ 9 furnaces ( special con/ruction1 :i* are connect$ ) a s]ies ( /one or wood5 passages 9 ord] to cond5se ! ars5ic trioxide completely4 ,if ores are employ$ :i* conta9 only a small quantity ( cobalt1 ! same quantity ( glass is melt$ "t aft] "t ) fre% quantities ( ! poor ore4 ,at ea* op]ation cobalt is tak5 up4 ,9 place ( glass a mixture ( pota% & v f9e qu>tz s& may be us$ ) advantage4 ,x produces t species ( glass :i* mo/ easily takes up cobalt oxide4 ,! qu>tz s& is g5]ally made by ignit+ fl9t & qu5*+ 9 wat] to facilitate ! gr9d+2 x is !n p[d]$4 ,riv] s& is g5]ally s impure t x w\ld produce a br[n or gre5 col\r$ glass1 :i*1 :5 fus$ ) cobalt ores1 w\ld give smalts ( a bad %ade4 #b4 ,fusion ( ! ,*>ge4--,?is process is v simil> to ! fusion ( ord9>y glass4 ,! mat]ials1 9 v f9e p[d]1 are c>efully mix$ & !n 0fritt$10 t is1 heat$ until ! mass s9t]s toge!r )\t melt+4 ,! real fusion is accompli%$ 9 glass furnaces4 ,! fritt$ mass is fus$ 9 small 0glass pots0 made ( fire-clay1 9 a furnace simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! ord9>y glass furnace4 ,! glass pots are made r small1 to hold ab\t #ej kilogrammes1 9 ord] to obta9 z homog5e\s a product z possible4 ,!y are plac$ to ! numb] ( six 9 a furnace heat$ by coal1 9 :i* a v high temp]ature c be obta9$4 ,?is is ess5tial1 because ! *>ge has a high melt+ po9t & mu/ be made q fluid 9 ord] t impurities may settle4 ,! furnace mu/ be sl[ly heat$ at fir/ to prev5t ! pots f crack+4 ,:5 !y are once heat$ ! temp]ature is rais$ to fuse ! *>ge1 :i* is repeat$ly /irr$ s t ! residues may s9k to ! bottom4 ,^! residues consi/ *iefly ( metallic sulphides & ars5ides4 ,aft] six to sev5 h\rs' fusion ! /irr+ is discont9u$1 & ! temp]ature rais$ = a %ort "t to ! highe/ x is possible to atta91 s t ! smalts may be z fluid z possible4 ,:5 ?is is ! case x c be drawn out into long ?9 ?reads4 ,! melt$ glass is !n tak5 out & p\r$ into cold wat]4 ,! rapid cool+ makes x extremely brittle1 & consid]ably facilitates ! p[d]+4 ,:5 new pots are us$ = ! fusion1 _! walls are consid]ably attack$ by ! alkalis conta9$ 9 ! glass4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ?is a small quantity ( common smalts is fus$ 9 !m be=e ! introduction ( ! real *>ge2 ! inn] surface !n becomes cov]$ ) a protective glaze4 #c4 ,gr9d+ ! ,fus$ ,mass4--,! smalts is next p[d]$ "u /amps4 ,^! only diff] f ! ord9>y con/ruction 9 t bo? /amp & tr\gh are made ( granite4 ,! co>se p[d] f ! /amps !n goes to mills ( ord9>y con/ruction1 9 :i* x is gr\nd z f9ely z possible 9 a curr5t ( wat]4 ,a blue liquid runs f ! mills into tubs4 ,! co>s] p>ticles :i* settle 9 ^! vessels con/itute ! article kn[n comm]cially z /rew+ smalts1 :i* is ( small value4 ,! quantity ( ?is quality is fairly consid]able2 x _c all be sold2 "p is fus$ 9 a lat] op]ation ) a fre% quantity ( ! fritt$ mixture4 ,! liquid rema9+ 9 ! tubs !n gives ! diff]5t qualities ( smalts4 ,aft] hav+ deposit$ ! co>se/ p>ticles 9 ! fir/ vessel x is br\ght into ano!r1 9 :i* x /ays only a few m9utes1 :5 x is run (f into ano!r vessel1 9 :i* also x rema9s b a %ort "t4 ,! liquid goes 9 ?is mann] ?r\gh f ?ree to five vessels1 & 9 ! process deposits all ! co>s] p>ticles4 ,! (t5] ! liquid is br\ght into fre% vessels ! f9] are ! p>ticles /ill susp5d$ 9 x1 & ! long] x %\ld rema9 be=e be+ drawn (f into ano!r4 ,:5 ! liquid has run ?r\gh ?ree or f\r vessels1 z ! case may be1 x /ill reta9s ! f9e/ p>ticles 9 susp5sion4 ,x is n[ run into a tank1 9 :i* x rema9s until x is p]fectly cle> & has deposit$ all ! blue4 ,! deposit 9 ?is tank has a dirty blui%-grey col\r2 x is utilis$ by be+ add$ to a lat] fusion4 ,x w\ld be expect$ t ?is la/ deposit w\ld h ! be/ %ade1 s9ce x consi/s ( smalts 9 ! f9e/ /ate ( division1 :i* w\ld no d\bt be ! case if ! smalts rema9$ un*ang$4 ,smalts is1 h[ev]1 a glass :i* is r easily decompos$4 ,9 gr9d+1 ! smalts comes 9 contact ) l>ge quantities ( wat]1 & 9 ! succe$+ levigation ! wat] decomposes x2 ! f9al residue is ?us produc$4 ,9 view ( ! easy decomposition ( smalts by wat]1 x is necess>y to c>ry out all processes 9 :i* x is 9 contact ) wat] z rapidly z possible1 9 ord] to obta9 ! l>ge/ yield ( smalts4 ,! smalts deposit$ 9 ! successive vessels h a diff]5t degree ( f95ess1 & are sold "u p>ticul> m>ks4 ,! ,saxony works1 :i* produce ! great] "p ( ! smalts us$ 9 ,g]many1 di/+ui% ! qualities by lett]s4 ,! bett] qualities are di/+ui%$ by ! same lett]1 ! f95ess ( ! quality be+ indicat$ by ! repetition ( ?is lett]4 ,?us ,,fffe1 ,,ffe1 & ,,fe indicate qualities :i* are ( l[] value ! less (t5 ! lett] ,f occurs 9 ! m>k4 ,! qualities foll[+ ^? m>k$ ,f are di/+ui%$ by ,m2 ! l[e/ quality is m>k$ ,,oe4 ,f indicates f9e2 ,m1 m$ium2 & ,o1 ord9>y4 ,! qualities g5]ally designat$ smalts are ^? deposit$ 9 ! ?ird & f\r? vessels2 !y are also kn[n z k+'s blue or azure blue4 ,! processes us$ 9 diff]5t works app>5tly v>y4 ,! ess5tials ( ! processes are1 h[ev]1 z !y h j be5 describ$2 ! "t dur+ :i* ! liquid is left 9 ! v>i\s deposit+ vessels is diff]5t4 ,smalts1 be+ a glass1 well resi/s ! action ( ! wea!r1 al?\gh on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( lime x has n ! great *emical indiff]5ce ( ord9>y glass4 ,smalts is n alt]$ by atmosph]ic influ5ces1 b f analogy ) ! behavi\r ( wat]-glass1 to :i* smalts is closely relat$ 9 *emical composition1 we %\ld conclude t1 al?\gh smalts resi/s ! action ( ! air = a tol]ably long "t1 x _c be reg>d$ z absolutely p]man5t2 9 ! c\rse ( "t potassium c>bonate & silica w be =m$4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ! manufacture ( ultram>9e1 ! use ( smalts has consid]ably decreas$4 ,ultram>9e is incomp>ably ! m h&some pigm5t1 b x _c be expos$ to high temp]atures )\t und]go+ *ange ( %ade4 ,= purposes 9 :i* ! pigm5t is subject$ to a high temp]ature1 z 9 porcela9 pa9t+ or e>?w>e glaz+1 smalts has ma9ta9$ its position4 ,smalts is also us$ 9 fresco pa9t+1 = col\r+ wax & t9t+ writ+ pap]4 ,= ! latt] purpose x %\ld be reject$4 ,x has no influ5ce on ! durability ( ! pap]1 b x spoils /eel p5s4 ,any "o :o has writt5 = a long "t on pap] col\r$ ) smalts mu/ h obs]v$ ?is2 ! be/ /eel p5s are soon worn out by su* pap]4 ,! v f9e spl9t]s ( glass pres5t 9 l>ge numb] 9 ! pap] act ^u ! /eel z a v f9e b v h>d file1 & quickly we> x d[n4 ,:5 smalts are us$ = pa9t+ e>!nw>e1 ! outl9es ( ! design are q oblit]at$1 ! cause ( :i* is t smalts1 be+ itself a glass1 fuses ) ! glaze 7also a glass7 ( ! vessel4 ,:5 clean outl9es are requir$ smalts %\ld n be us$2 "s o!r cobalt pigm5t resi/+ heat %\ld be sub/itut$4 ,9 addition to ! above blue pigm5ts :i* are 9 common use1 !re are two o!rs to be m5tion$1 r>ely us$ & v co/ly--tung/5 blue & molybd5um blue4 ,tung/5 ,blue is made by add+ excess ( ammonium *loride solution to a hot solution ( potassium tung/ate1 collect+ ! precipitate result+ :5 ! liquid has completely cool$1 dry+ & heat+ to r$ness 9 a crucible1 ?r\gh ! cov] ( :i* a porcela9 tube rea*es to ! bottom4 ,:5 ! crucible beg9s to gl[1 hydrog5 is pass$ ?r\gh ! tube2 ! crucible is !n heat$ to a full r$ heat = fifte5 m9utes1 ! curr5t ( hydrog5 be+ cont9u$4 ,! pigm5t obta9$ 9 ?is way is a deep blue p[d] ( velvety appe>ance4 ,tessi du ,motay's ,blue4--,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( prep>ation3 #aj p>ts ( sodium tung/ate1 #h p>ts ( t9 cry/als1 #e p>ts ( yell[ prussiate1 & #a "p ( f]ric *loride are dissolv$ sep>ately & ! solutions mix$4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ & expos$ to light 9 ?9 lay]s4 ,! blue col\r develops 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al days4 ,accord+ to ! discov]]1 ?is pigm5t consi/s ( a comp\nd ( tung/5 oxide ) a d\ble cyanide ( iron & t92 9 physical prop]ties x is simil> to good ,prussian blue1 b is di/+ui%$ by great] durability on exposure to light & also by a mu* high] co/4 ,up to ! pres5t ?is pigm5t has n be5 made comm]cially4 ,molybd5um ,blue4--,?is f9e b co/ly pigm5t is obta9$ by mix+ a solution ( sodium molybdate ) a solution ( /ann\s *loride4 ,a blue precipitate is =m$1 :i*1 aft] wa%+ & dry+1 may be us$ z an arti/s' col\r4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by great durability4 ,a good %ade ( molybd5um blue c be obta9$ ) great] c]ta9ty by add+ f9ely-p[d]$ t9 & a few drops ( hydro*loric acid to a solution ( pure molybdic acid4 ,9 composition x is a mixture ( /annic molybdate & ! blue modification ( molybd5um oxide4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,gre5 ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts--,,gre5 ,,copp] ,,pigm5ts4 ,copp] ,c>bonate4--,9 nature two salts occur conta9+ copp]1 c>bonic acid1 & wat] 9 diff]5t proportions--"o1 ! m9]al mala*ite1 has a f9e em]ald gre5 col\r2 ! o!r1 azurite1 is sky blue4 ,bo? m9]als are gr\nd & levigat$1 & br\ght into comm]ce z m\nta9 gre5 & m\nta9 blue4 ,comp\nds ( copp] ) c>bonic acid1 made artificially1 are us$ "u diff]5t names z pigm5ts4 ,! t]ms m\nta9 blue & m9]al blue are appli$ indiscrim9ately to v>i\s copp] comp\nds2 z m\nta9 blue1 or ,brunswick gre51 pigm5ts come into comm]ce conta9+ v>y+ quantities ( copp] c>bonate 7made by precipitat+ a copp] salt ) soda7 mix$ ) b>ytes1 z9c :ite1 or ano!r :ite pigm5t1 9 ord] to obta9 pal] & deep] %ades4 ,! poison\s ,s*eele's gre5 is also giv5 ! same "n z t "u :i* copp] c>bonate is sold1 viz41 m9]al gre51 s t ! composition ( ?is col\r c only be decid$ by analysis4 ,a gre5 pigm5t1 simil> 9 composition to mala*ite1 is obta9$ by precipitat+ copp] sulphate ) soda 9 ! cold & wa%+ quickly4 ,if ! precipitate is left 9 contact ) ! liquid1 its col\r *anges & x is conv]t$ into a blue mass simil> 9 prop]ties to gr\nd mala*ite4 ,a gre5 precipitate is obta9$ ) m c]ta9ty by precipitat+ a boil+ solution ( copp] sulphate ) soda solution4 ,bo? gre5 & blue copp] c>bonate are pigm5ts ( little dep?2 z a rule gr\nd & levigat$ mala*ite & azurite h a great] int5sity ( col\r ?an ! artificial pigm5ts4 ,copp] ,ars5ite4--,! comp\nds ( ars5i\s acid ) copp] are among ! mo/ h&some & bright col\rs :i* exi/4 ,x is ?us to be regrett$ t ^! pigm5ts are disappe>+ m & m1 & inde$ ) e reason1 f ! pigm5ts p]mitt$ by law4 ,9 ! end !y mu/ fall into complete disuse4 ,x is a matt] ( common report t ^! pigm5ts1 & p>ticul>ly em]ald gre51 h frequ5tly caus$ ars5ical poison+4 ,numb]s ( p h be5 repeat$ly made ill by ! du/ ( em]ald gre5 fix$ on light fabrics1 su* z are us$ = ball dresses1 simply by album9 or dextr9e1 & br\ght into ! air by ! movem5ts ( ! danc]s4 ,x has be5 fur!r %[n t ! air ( rooms pap]$ ) hang+s col\r$ by em]ald gre5 conta9s small quantities ( ! mo/ poison\s ( all ars5ic comp\nds1 ars5iurett$ hydrog54 ,al?\gh x is 9 ! int]e/ ( col\r mak]s to produce ! brighte/ possible col\rs1 yet1 on acc\nt ( _! dang]\s prop]ties1 pigm5ts conta9+ ars5ic %\ld be q exclud$4 ,9 sev]al c\ntries _! use is =bidd5 by law4 ,s9ce !re are sev]al pigm5ts :i* c compete 9 brightness ) ! ars5ic col\rs1 x is to be hop$ t ! latt] w %ortly disappe> f comm]ce4 ,s*eele's ,gre51 ,sw$i% ,gre54--,a solution ( #cb p>ts ( pota% is boil$ ) #aa p>ts ( :ite ars5ic 7ars5i\s acid7 until ! latt] is completely dissolv$4 ,?is solution ( potassium ars5ite is mix$ ) a hot solution ( #cb p>ts ( copp] sulphate free f iron4 ,! beautiful gre5 precipitate is wa%$ ) hot wat] & dri$4 ,^! directions = ! prep>ation ( copp] ars5ite are due to ,s*eele1 ! discov]] ( ! pigm5t4 ,x c be prep>$ by sev]al o!r me?ods4 ,:5 :ite ars5ic & copp] sulphate are dissolv$ toge!r1 & cau/ic soda add$ to ! boil+ solution1 ,s*eele's gre5 is precipitat$4 ,:5 made by ?is me?od ! pigm5t mu/ be v c>efully wa%$2 if ! excess ( cau/ic soda is n completely remov$ x is v h>d :5 dry1 & is difficult to p[d]4 ,9 ord] to obta9 d>k] gre5s ! quantity ( copp] sulphate is increas$4 ,a p>ticul>ly bright gre5 is obta9$ by dissolv+ copp] sulphate 9 wat]1 ) ! addition ( #ab to #ae p] c5t4 ( :ite ars5ic1 & precipitat+ by a solution ( potassium z9cate1 :i* is obta9$ by boil+ cau/ic pota% solution ) z9c fil+s1 hydrog5 be+ evolv$4 ,! %ade ( ,s*eele's gre5 dep5ds on ! relative quantities ( ars5i\s acid & copp] sulphate employ$4 ,if ! ars5i\s acid pr$om9ates1 a pale product is obta9$2 :5 excess ( copp] sulphate is us$1 ! col\r is pure gre54 ,! pigm5t made accord+ to ! =ego+ directions possesses only small cov]+ p[]4 ,a product bett] 9 ?is respect is obta9$ by precipitat+ a solution ( #ajj p>ts ( copp] sulphate by a solution ( #ij p>ts ( potassium c>bonate1 9 :i* #ff p>ts ( ars5i\s acid h be5 dissolv$4 ,s*eele's gre5 is a bright gre5 pigm5t1 :i* resi/s ! action ( ! atmosph]e tol]ably well4 ,x is easily decompos$ by dilute acids2 :5 /rongly heat$ ars5i\s acid is set free1 & copp] ars5ate & ars5ide are produc$4 ,copp] ars5ite is ! ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! pigm5ts sold "u ! "n ( m9]al gre51 :i* is g5]ally a mixture ( copp] ars5ite ) v>y+ quantities ( m\nta9 gre54 ,brunswick ,gre51 ,gre5 ,v]dit]1 is a mixture ( copp] ars5ite1 copp] hydroxide & gypsum4 ,x is prep>$ by dissolv+ #ajj p>ts ( copp] sulphate 9 wat]1 add+ a solution ( "p ( ars5i\s acid & #aj p>ts ( anhydr\s potassium c>bonate1 & f9ally precipitat+ ) milk ( lime made f #bj p>ts ( quicklime4 ,! pale to blui%-gre5 precipitate is wa%$ & press$ into flat cakes1 :i* are br\ght into ! m>ket & us$ z lime col\rs4 ,?is pigm5t is n adapt$ = use 9 oil2 :5 appli$ 9 t m$ium x d>k5s consid]ably4 ,neuwi$ ,gre5 is made 9 almo/ exactly ! same mann] z ,brunswick gre51 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ t a l>g] quantity ( ars5ic is us$1 & ?us a product obta9$ incl9+ m to gre5 ?an to blue4 ,z a rule #b to #b p>ts ( ars5i\s acid are us$ to #ajj p>ts ( copp] sulphate4 ,! col\rs f\nd 9 comm]ce "u ?is "n v (t5 consi/ ( mixtures ( em]ald gre5 & f9ely gr\nd b>ytes4 ,copp] ,oxy*loride 0 at "o "t l>gely us$4 ,at pres5t x is sc>cely employ$2 x has be5 replac$ by h&som] & *eap] pigm5ts4 ,copp] oxy*loride is made by expos+ a wet mixture ( copp]1 copp] sulphate & common salt to ! action ( ! air4 ,to #aaa p>ts ( copp] sulphate #aabe p>ts ( copp] & ! same quantity ( common salt are employ$4 ,! mixture is made into heaps1 :i* are wett$ & f "t to "t %ovell$ ab\t1 s t ! air may come 9 contact ) all portions ( ! mass1 & ! copp] *loride be conv]t$ into basic *loride4 ,x is advisable to all[ ! heaps to dry frequ5tly aft] !y h be5 turn$ ov]1 s t ! air may m readily p5etrate into ! int]ior4 ,copp] oxy*loride has a pale gre5 col\r ( little brilliance4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is h>dly ev] us$ n[2 x =ms ! raw mat]ial = ! prep>ation ( ,brem5 gre54 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,em]ald ,,gre54 ,!re are _m v]sions z to ! discov]y ( ?is pigm5t4 ,accord+ to "o x 0 fir/ made 9 ,s*we9furt by ,russ & ,sattl]2 ano!r v]sion gives x t ,mitis ( ,vi5na fir/ made x on ! l>ge scale4 ,x is possible1 z has be5 ! case ) _m *emical products1 t ?is pigm5t 0 simultane\sly discov]$ by bo?4 ,! me?od ( mak+ ! pigm5t 0 at fir/ a secret possess$ by few4 ,n until ! publication ( a me?od by ,liebig 9 #ahbb 0 ! prep>ation ( em]ald gre5 g5]ally kn[n4 ,9 rec5t times ! indu/ry has suppli$ o!r col\rs :i* are less poison\s4 ,! "t %\ld n be f> di/ant 9 :i* ?is h&some b highly poison\s pigm5t %all no long] be f\nd 9 comm]ce4 ,! circum/ance t ! poison\s nature ( ! pigm5t & cautions z to its use 7 giv5 great publicity1 br\ght ab\t ! discov]y ( ! c\ntless names "u :i* x has be5 sold4 ,x 0 endeav\r$ by re-nam+ ! pigm5t to pass x (f z a diff]5t sub/ance4 ,all ! pigm5ts :i* h be5 sold "u ! names ( ,mitis1 moss1 pat5t1 new1 k+'s gre51 etc41 are ei!r pure em]ald gre5 or mixtures ( x ) b>ytes or gypsum1 :i* additions 7 int5d$ to alt] ! %ade ( ! gre5 & make x appe> to ! buy] z a new pigm5t4 ,9 *emical composition em]ald gre5 is a comp\nd ( copp] ars5ite & copp] acetate4 ,x has ! foll[+ =mula3-- #c7;,cu,o4,z,o7 ,cu7,c,h,o74 ,?is comp\nd r>ely comes into comm]ce 9 ! pure /ate2 x is g5]ally mix$ ) *rome yell[ or lead sulphate1 :i* are add$ ) ! object ( produc+ %ades betwe5 yell[i%-gre5 & d>k gre54 ,em]ald gre5 is a comp\nd ( con/ant composition4 ,:5 made by diff]5t processes x has ! same prop]ties4 ,"u ! microscope x is se5 to consi/ ( cry/als2 :5 ! pure sub/ance is gr\nd x becomes pal]1 ! int5sity ( ! col\r be+ dim9i%$ by ! breakage ( ! cry/als4 ,! col\r ( em]ald gre5 is n alt]$ by artificial light4 ,?is is a mo/ valuable prop]ty2 ! majority ( gre5 pigm5ts appe> yell[i%-gre5 9 artificial light4 ,em]ald gre5 c be made on ! l>ge scale by two processes2 ^! diff] accord+ to ! copp] salt us$1 :i* is ei!r ! acetate 7v]digris7 or ! sulphate4 ,! latt] is by f> *eap] ?an v]digris1 :i* is n[ seldom us$ = ?is purpose4 ,manufacture ( ,em]ald ,gre5 f ,v]digris4--,by boil+ = sev]al h\rs1 #gj p>ts ( ord9>y v]digris are dissolv$ 9 wat]2 9 a second vessel #ajj p>ts ( ars5i\s acid are dissolv$ 9 #a1ejj p>ts ( hot wat]2 ! v]digris solution is filt]$ ?r\gh a clo? into a l>g] wood5 vessel & mix$ ) two-?irds ( ! ars5ic solution4 ,! mixture is well /irr$ & all[$ to /& = "s h\rs4 ,a precipitate ( dull gre5 col\r is =m$4 ,?is consi/s ( copp] ars5ite4 ,aft] ?ree to f\r h\rs ! rema9+ "o-?ird ( ! ars5ic solution is add$2 ! precipitate !n *anges into ! d\ble salt ( :i* em]ald gre5 consi/s4 ,! use ( su* dilute solutions z are giv5 9 ^! directions is ess5tial :5 a product ( p>ticul>ly good col\r is requir$4 ,em]ald gre5 is a cry/all9e sub/ance :i* is deep] 9 col\r 9 proportion to ! size ( its cry/als4 ,l>ge cry/als c only be =m$ f v dilute solutions2 :5 /rong solutions are us$1 ! em]ald gre5 has nev] ! deep col\r possess$ by ! product ( dilute solutions4 ,9 ! place ( ord9>y 7basic v]digris7 ! s-call$ di/ill$ v]digris 7neutral copp] acetate7 c be us$1 ( :i* sev5ty-six p>ts are requir$ = ! quantity ( ars5i\s acid giv54 ,! em]ald gre5 made f 0di/ill$0 v]digris is ( a yet deep] col\r ?an t made f ord9>y v]digris1 b is consid]ably de>]4 ,su* em]ald gre5 is comm]cially describ$1 v incorrectly1 z di/ill$ em]ald gre54 ,! me?od giv5 by ,liebig is z foll[s3 #d p>ts ( basic v]digris & #c p>ts ( ars5i\s acid are sep>ately dissolv$ 9 boil+ v9eg>2 ! liquids are mix$ & evaporat$ until a precipitate ( em]ald gre5 sep>ates4 ,accord+ to ,ehrmann & ,ka/n]1 #gj p>ts ( v]digris & #ef to #fc p>ts ( ars5i\s acid are sep>ately dissolv$1 ! boil+ solutions mix$ & boil$ until ! dirty gre5 precipitate *anges into a bright gre54 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! rapid =mation ( ! precipitate due to ! boil+1 ! col\r is pale gre52 if a d>k-col\r$ product is requir$1 ! solutions are all[$ to cool be=e mix+4 ,aft] sev]al days a v d>k-col\r$ precipitate sep>ates f ! liquid2 x consi/s ( comp>atively v l>ge cry/als ( em]ald gre54 ,manufacture ( ,em]ald ,gre5 f ,copp] ,sulphate4--,!re are two processes4 ,ei!r ! solution ( copp] sulphate is mix$ ) an acetate1 by :i* x is conv]t$ into copp] acetate1 & !n ) ars5i\s acid1 or copp] ars5ite is precipitat$ f ! solution ( copp] sulphate & !n conv]t$ into em]ald gre5 by treatm5t ) acetic acid4 ,if acetic acid c be *eaply obta9$1 ! latt] process is to be recomm5d$4 ,braconnet gives ! foll[+ directions3 #c p>ts ( copp] sulphate are dissolv$ 9 a little boil+ wat]1 ! hot solution is mix$ ) a hot solution ( #d p>ts ( ars5i\s acid & f\r p>ts ( potassium c>bonate2 ! precipitate is !n treat$ ) #c p>ts ( pyroligne\s acid4 ,! dull-col\r$ precipitate at fir/ =m$ is *ang$ by ! acetic acid to a bright gre54 ,! col\r is m quickly produc$ :5 ! liquid is heat$ ne>ly to boil+ = sev]al h\rs4 ,:5 ! desir$ %ade appe>s ! boil+ is /opp$ & ! precipitate at once sep>at$ f ! liquid1 by long contact ) :i* x w\ld give up ars5i\s acid & ?us lose 9 %ade4 ,accord+ to ,fu*s1 #e kilogrammes ( lime & #be kilogrammes ( copp] sulphate are dissolv$ 9 acetic acid1 !n a boil+ solution ( #be kilogrammes ( ars5i\s acid is add$4 ,! precipitate is at once =m$2 x is imm$iately sep>at$ f ! liquid1 wa%$1 & dri$2 ! top liquor1 ) ! addition ( ars5i\s acid1 c be aga9 us$ to precipitate ! copp] lime solution4 ,em]ald gre5 has an extremely bright col\r :i* surpasses o!r gre5 m9]al pigm5ts 9 beauty4 ,! l>g] are ! microscopic cry/als ( :i* x consi/s ! deep] is ! col\r4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! desir$ deep %ade ( em]ald gre5 x is necess>y to use v dilute solutions2 f /rong solutions ! precipitate is in/antane\sly produc$1 9 :i* case x is impossible to obta9 l>ge cry/als4 ,! cov]+ p[] ( em]ald gre51 9 consequ5ce ( its cry/all9e nature1 is less ! deep] ! %ade4 ,x _c be reg>d$ z a p]man5t col\r3 v dilute alkalis & acids attack x4 ,by ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 x is discol\r$1 ow+ to ! =mation ( black copp] sulphide4 ,x ought n to be us$ ^u lime1 :i* )draws acetic acid & produces yell[i%-gre5 copp] ars5ite4 ,?is pigm5t %\ld n be us$ = di/emp]+ or = col\r+ wall pap]s4 ,by ! action ( ! atmosph]e on ! ars5ic x conta9s1 ars5iurett$ hydrog5 is =m$--an extremely poison\s gas1 v small quantities ( :i* are suffici5t to cause s]i\s illness 9 ! case ( susceptible p4 ,9 spite ( its poison\s nature1 em]ald gre5 is /ill l>gely us$4 ,all possible %ades ( gre5 c be produc$ f x1 yell[i%-gre5 or pale gre51 by admixtures ( yell[ pigm5ts1 su* z *rome yell[1 or :ite pigm5ts1 su* z b>ytes or :ite lead4 ,_m qualities ( gre5 kn[n z palette gre51 ,basle gre51 etc41 are g5]ally compos$ ( su* mixtures4 ,mitis ,gre5 or ,vi5na ,gre5 is obta9$ by dissolv+ v]digris 9 acetic acid & add+ a boil+ solution ( :ite ars5ic 9 wat]2 acetic acid is !n add$ until ! precipitate dissolves4 ,on boil+ ! cle> solution a gre5 precipitate =ms1 :i*1 :5 dry1 is a deep blui%-gre5 ( *>act]i/ic %ade4 ,?is pigm5t is n[ practically disus$ because ( its poison\s nature1 :i* is equal to t ( em]ald gre54 ,copp] ,/annate4--,?is gre5 pigm5t1 also kn[n z ,g5tele's gre51 c be made by two me?ods4 ,g5tele gave ! foll[+ process3 #ei p>ts ( t9 are conv]t$ into /annic *loride by solution 9 aqua regia2 a solution ( #abe p>ts ( copp] sulphate is add$ & copp] /annate is precipitat$ f ! mixture by cau/ic soda1 on wa%+ & ignit+ x acquires a pretty gre5 col\r4 ,x may also be made by fus+ #ei p>ts ( t9 ) saltpetre2 ! potassium /annate is !n dissolv$ 9 dilute cau/ic soda & copp] sulphate solution add$2 ! precipitate is wa%$ & ignit$4 ,copp] /annate is tol]ably durable1 9 ?is respect x consid]ably surpasses em]ald gre54 ,only sulphurett$ hydrog5 has any consid]able action ^u x1 turn+ x to a dirty br[ni%-gre5 hue4 ,kuhlmann's ,gre5 is a basic *loride ( copp]1 obta9$ by heat+ #b equival5ts ( lime ) a solution ( #c equival5ts ( copp] *loride4 ,x is important t ! copp] salt %\ld be pres5t 9 excess4 ,9 %ade ,kuhlmann's gre5 is v simil> to em]ald gre51 ) :i* x agrees 9 reta9+ its col\r by artificial light4 ,x is a some:at less pure gre5 ?an em]ald gre52 ! diff]5ce is only p]ceiv$ :5 ! two pigm5ts are directly comp>$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is consid]$ t x is f> m p]man5t ?an em]ald gre5 & *eap]1 a m ext5d$ use is indicat$ ?an is yet ! case4 ,elsn]'s ,gre5 is a species ( lake1 made by mix+ a solution ( copp] sulphate ) a decoction ( fu/ic1 add+ a small quantity ( /ann\s *loride & precipitat+ ) cau/ic soda4 ,to #ajj p>ts ( copp] sulphate #aj to #ad p>ts ( /ann\s *loride are us$4 ,accord+ z ! copp] salt or fu/ic extract pr$om9ates1 ! col\r ( ! precipitate incl9es to blue or yell[4 ,elsn]'s gre5 is also sold "u ! "n ( 0non-poison\s gre504 ,?is description is incorrect2 ! pigm5t is inde$ free f ars5ic1 b is poison\s on acc\nt ( ! copp] x conta9s4 ,casselmann's ,gre5 approa*es em]ald gre5 9 brightness4 ,x consi/s ( a comp\nd ( copp] sulphate ) copp] hydroxide & wat]1 ,cu,s,o4#c;,cu7,,oh74,h,o4 ,?is pigm5t is obta9$ by mix+ solutions ( #d equival5ts ( copp] sulphate & #c equival5ts ( sodium acetate at a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,! au?or's exp]im5ts h %[n t ! be/ results are obta9$ :5 ! solutions are mix$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj ,c4 ,) ?is object ! solutions are plac$ 9 vessels /&+ 9 a pan ( boil+ wat]2 :5 _! temp]atures h ris5 to ab\t #ajj ,c4 !y are quickly mix$1 ! mixture /irr$1 & ! precipitate all[$ to settle4 ,:5 ! precipitate is cauti\sly treat$ ) v weak cau/ic soda solution a r deep] col\r is obta9$4 ,?is treatm5t %\ld n be cont9u$ too long1 or ! precipitate may acquire an ugly blui% %ade4 ,lime ,gre5 is a mixture ( copp] ars5ite & calcium sulphate4 ,x is ?us a pigm5t :i* ought no long] to be us$1 on acc\nt ( its poison\s prop]ties4 ,x is made by boil+ milk ( lime ) excess ( ars5i\s acid s long z ! latt] is dissolv$4 ,to ?is solution ( calcium ars5ite1 copp] sulphate solution is add$ s long z a precipitate is =m$4 ,a mixture ( copp] ars5ite & calcium sulphate is precipitat$4 ,pat5t ,gre5 is simil> 9 composition to lime gre54 ,a solution ( calcium acetate is made by add+ quicklime or pure p[d]$ lime/one to acetic acid2 copp] sulphate solution is !n add$1 :5 gypsum is precipitat$ & copp] acetate rema9s 9 solution4 ,a hot solution ( ars5i\s acid is next add$1 & ! precipitat$ copp] salt mix$ ) ! gypsum at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,copp] ,borate4--,a pale gre5 precipitate ( copp] borate is obta9$ by add+ a solution ( #c p>ts ( borax to a solution ( #b p>ts ( copp] sulphate4 ,x mu/ be dri$ at a v mod]ate temp]ature1 or x w decompose4 ,:5 p]fectly dry ! precipitate c be heat$ to a r$ heat )\t decomposition2 accord+ to ! temp]ature employ$ diff]5t %ades are obta9$4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5t to take te/s out ( ! crucible f "t to "t dur+ ! ignition1 & to quickly cool ! crucible :5 ! desir$ %ade is obta9$4 ,:5 levigat$ ?is pigm5t may be us$ 9 oil1 or z a porcela9 col\r4 ,copp] ,silicate 7,egyptian ,blue74--,:5 a solution ( wat]-glass is add$ to a solution ( copp] sulphate a pale gre5 precipitate ( copp] silicate is obta9$1 :i* c be heat$ to r$ness )\t alt]ation4 ,:5 #gj p>ts ( :ite qu>tz s&1 #ae p>ts ( copp] oxide1 #be p>ts ( *alk & #f p>ts ( soda are fus$ toge!r a glass is produc$ :i*1 aft] p\r+ into wat]1 gr9d+ & levigat+1 exhibits a pretty blue & v p]man5t col\r4 ,x appe>s f ! exam9ation ( ! col\rs ( ! ,egyptian mural pa9t+s t ?is pigm5t 0 already kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,v]digris4 ,v]digris is little us$ z a pigm5t1 b is important to ! col\r mak]1 because copp] col\rs are made f x4 ,9 w9e-gr[+ c\ntries x is made f ! m>c at small exp5se & )\t mu* lab\r4 ,9 comm]ce sev]al k9ds ( v]digris are di/+ui%$2 !y diff] 9 physical & *emical prop]ties4 ,all v]digris consi/s ( copp] acetate1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) v>y+ quantities ( copp] hydroxide4 ,blue ,v]digris is made 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,france & is commonly kn[n z ,fr5* v]digris 7v]t de gris naturel74 ,x has ! foll[+ =mula3-- ,cu7,,oh77,c,h,o74#b;,h,o4 ,! process adopt$ 9 s\!rn ,france1 especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,montpelli]1 is z foll[s3 copp] plates are plac$ 9 lay]s 9 heaps ( ! fre%ly press$ grape residues1 :i* always conta9 a c]ta9 quantity ( mu/ ev5 :5 ! mo/ p[]ful presses are us$4 ,! process is conduct$ ei!r 9 l>ge heaps or 9 pots2 9 ! fir/ case c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! heaps are 9 a room ^: temp]ature does n lie bel[ #ae ,c4 ,x is important to ma9ta9 ?is temp]ature1 because ! =mation ( acetic acid takes place ) suffici5t rapidity only at temp]atures n bel[ #ab to #ae ,c4 ,too high a rise ( temp]ature 9 ! heaps mu/ also be avoid$ or a consid]able quantity ( acetic acid w be volatilis$4 ,! heaps %\ld !re=e n be made too l>ge1 o!rwise ! temp]ature _c be kept )9 ! prop] limits4 ,! residues conta9 a consid]able quantity ( sug>1 :i* c be trans=m$ by f]m5tation into alcohol4 ,if air has free access1 ! alcohol is at once oxidis$ to acetic acid1 :i* is recognis$ by ! acid smell giv5 (f4 ,9 ord] to make possible ! entry ( air into ! int]ior ( ! heaps1 rectangul> wood5 b>s are introduc$ 9 pil+ up ! heaps4 ,^! are c>efully )drawn :5 ! heap is f9i%$1 s t x is trav]s$ by passages ?r\gh :i* air c ent]4 ,by ! simultane\s action ( air & acetic acid copp] acetate is =m$1 & s9ce copp] is always 9 excess1 ! acetate produc$ is a basic salt4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! *emical processes1 ! temp]ature ( ! heap rises to #ce to #dj ,c42 x is endeav\r$ to atta9 ?is temp]ature by artificial heat4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t too great a rise ( temp]ature is accompani$ by a consid]able evaporation ( acetic acid4 ,! process is !n f9i%$ 9 a %ort "t1 b ! loss ( acetic acid is rem>kable4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is s regulat$ t x v>ies betwe5 #be & #cj ,c4 ! process takes a normal c\rse--f\r to five days may be reg>d$ z its duration4 ,! grape residues are effective on acc\nt ( ! sug>1 :i* is trans=m$ into alcohol & !n into acetic acid4 ,residues :i* h be5 extract$ ) wat] aft] press+ %\ld n be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( v]digris2 !y conta9 b little sug> & h5ce und]go a v feeble acetic f]m5tation4 ,:5 su* residues are us$ ! v]digris is (t5 accompani$ by black spots ( copp] sulphide ^u ! plates2 ?is is due to incipi5t decomposition ( ! residues4 ,z a practical te/ = ! t]m9ation ( ! process a /rip ( copp] is plung$ into ! heap & left = "s h\rs4 ,x %\ld be cov]$ by a uni=m coat+ ( v]digris2 if x is cov]$ ) small drops t is a sign t ! process is n complet$ & ! heaps mu/ be left "s "t long]4 ,! c\rse ( ! process c be simply & safely foll[$ by means ( a !rmomet]4 ,?is is plac$ 9 a p]=at$ copp] tube & plung$ into ! int]ior ( ! heap4 ,a cont9u\s rise ( temp]ature indicates a /eady increase ( *emical action2 ! temp]ature ( ! room is regulat$ 9 accordance4 ,:5 ! temp]ature 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass beg9s to fall ! process is ne>+ ! end4 ,m heat is n[ suppli$ to assi/ ! *emical action4 ,! process is at an end :51 9 spite ( ext]nal heat1 ! temp]ature ( ! heap decreases & approa*es ! temp]ature ( ! air ( ! room4 ,v]digris c also be made by plac+ %eet copp] & grape residues 9 lay]s 9 pots1 :i* are deposit$ 9 a room ( fairly uni=m temp]ature1 su* z a cell>4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage t ! =mation ( ! v]digris is f9i%$ 9 a %ort] "t1 :i* is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! lab\r & exp5se ( fill+ ! pots4 ,! copp] plates1 :5 remov$ f ! heaps or pots1 are cov]$ by a cru/ ( ?9 ne$le-%ap$ cry/als ( a bright gre5 col\r4 ,!y are %ak5 to free !m f ! adh]+ grape sk9s & se$s1 & !n treat$ ) weak v9eg>1 9 :i* !y are dipp$2 !y are !n left /&+ on edge = sev]al days4 ,?is treatm5t ) v9eg> has ! object ( conv]t+ ! neutral salt =m$ on ! plates into basic salt4 ,! dipp+ into v9eg> & exposure to air are repeat$ six to eight times1 :5 ! orig9ally pure gre5 cru/ on ! plates is gradually *ang$ into blui%-gre5 v]digris4 ,^! processes are cont9u$ until ! plates are cov]$ uni=mly by a lay] ( v]digris ab\t #e c5timetres ?ick4 ,! cru/ is !n scrap$ (f by copp] knives & /irr$ ) wat] to a pa/e1 :i* is press$ 9 lea!r bags 9 rectangul> m\lds4 ,! lumps are !n sl[ly dri$ 9 ! air4 ,plates :i* h be5 once us$ give a l>g] quantity ( v]digris 9 a second op]ation1 :i* is to be ascrib$ to ! fact t !y possess a l>g] surface ?an unus$ plates4 ,new plates are made m susceptible to ! fur!r action ( ! acid by dipp+ 9 /rong v9eg>1 by :i* !y become cov]$ ) a lay] ( copp] acetate4 ,! v]digris obta9$ by ?is me?od consi/s ( cry/all9e scales ( a pale blui%-gre5 col\r1 :i* produce a pale blue p[d]4 ,9 crude v]digris grape se$s are (t5 f\nd1 & occasionally /alks & pieces ( metallic copp]4 ,^! admixtures are a consequ5ce ( ! me?od ( manufacture & _c be reg>d$ z adult]ants4 ,gypsum is to be reg>d$ z an adult]ant4 ,v]digris (t5 conta9s basic copp] c>bonate4 ,v]digris behaves 9 a peculi> mann] ) wat]4 ,9 contact ) a small quantity x swells to a blui%-gre5 mass1 :i* becomes q w>m4 ,neutral copp] acetate & ! basic salts #b;,cu7,c,h,o74,cu7,,oh74#e;,h,o & ,cu7,c,h,o74#b;,cu,o4#a;,h,o are =m$1 ! latt] ( :i* is insoluble4 ,by ! addition ( a l>g] quantity ( wat] ! basic comp\nds are decompos$1 neutral copp] acetate dissolves1 & a mixture rema9s ( ! comp\nd ,cu7,c,h,o74#b;,cu,o4#a;,h,o & a br[n basic acetate conta9+ /ill less acetic acid4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is peculi> behavi\r ( v]digris t[>ds wat] "s c>e is requir$ :5 x is us$ z a wat] col\r4 ,a v dilute solution is n gre51 b has an indef9ite %ade4 ,di/ill$ or ,cry/allis$ ,v]digris consi/s ( neutral copp] acetate1 ,cu7,c,h,o74,h,o4 ,x c be made f blue v]digris by treat+ ) ! am\nt ( acetic acid requir$ to completely neutralise ! copp] oxide1 or by decompos+ copp] sulphate ) ! acetate ( a metal :i* =ms an insoluble or difficultly soluble sulphate4 ,cry/allis$ v]digris is v simply made f ord9>y v]digris2 ! latt]1 :il/ /ill moi/1 b conta9+ only a small quantity ( wat]1 or ! acetic acid w\ld be too l>gely dilut$1 is br\ght into a pan & /rong acetic acid p\r$ ov]4 ,/rong pyroligne\s acid may be us$1 its empyreumatic od\r is )\t influ5ce on ! quality ( ! product4 ,! pan is heat$ until ! cont5ts almo/1 b n q1 boil4 ,!y are frequ5tly /irr$ s t ! p>ticles at ! bottom are br\ght 9 contact ) ! acid4 ,a d>k gre5 solution is =m$2 :5 its col\r no long] increases 9 dep? x is all[$ to /& until susp5d$ solids s9k to ! bottom4 ,! cle> solution is !n drawn (f & rapidly evaporat$ 9 %all[ copp] pans4 ,x is important t ! liquid %\ld n conta9 an appreciable quantity ( free acid4 ,:5 a cry/all9e sk9 beg9s to =m on ! surface ( ! solution x is drawn (f into ! cry/allis+ vessels4 ,^! are made ( glaz$ e>!nw>e2 wood5 rods are plac$ 9 !m1 on :i* ! cry/allisation takes place4 ,9 ord] t l>ge cry/als %all be obta9$1 x is necess>y to ma9ta9 a regul> temp]ature 9 ! room 9 :i* ! cry/allis+ vessels are plac$4 ,x is heat$ at ! comm5cem5t1 & ! temp]ature is all[$ to s9k a little t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,f twelve to f\rte5 days are requir$ to obta9 l>ge cry/als4 ,! mass ( v]digris cry/als adh]+ to ea* rod weighs #be to #c kilogrammes4 ,! residual liquid is a saturat$ solution ( v]digris1 & is us$ 9 ! next op]ation4 ,x is only necess>y to heat x ) ! residue f ! fir/ op]ation & "s acetic acid 9 ord] to obta9 a cry/allisable solution ( v]digris4 ,! residue 9 ! pan conta9s metallic copp]1 grape /ems & se$s1 & basic copp] acetate4 ,! copp] is extract$ by moi/5+ ) acetic acid & expos+ to ! air1 :5 v]digris is =m$1 :i* is add$ to a lat] bat*4 ,x is (t5 advisable to make v]digris f a soluble copp] salt2 ! process v>ies some:at accord+ to ! salt employ$4 ,f copp] sulphate v]digris is obta9$ by ! action ( calcium acetate4 ,:5 solutions ( ^! comp\nds are mix$1 calcium sulphate sep>ates z a :ite precipitate1 :il/ a solution ( ! easily soluble copp] acetate is left4 ,x is only necess>y to mix ! solutions 9 equival5t proportions1 sep>ate ! liquid f ! precipitat$ gypsum & evaporate4 ,gypsum is some:at soluble 9 wat]1 s t :5 ! solution is evaporat$ a d\ble salt sep>ates out fir/4 ,?is consi/s ( copp] calcium acetate2 x may be us$ z a pigm5t1 b is ( less value ?an v]digris4 ,x is advisable to prev5t ! =mation ( ?is d\ble salt1 :i* is accompli%$ by add+ copp] sulphate to a slightly acid solution ( calcium acetate until a precipitate is no long] produc$4 ,! solution ( copp] acetate is boil$ = sev]al h\rs to effect ! sep>ation ( ! dissolv$ gypsum2 at ! same "t ! iron conta9$ z impurity 9 ! copp] sulphate is also precipitat$4 ,! purifi$ solution ( v]digris is conc5trat$ & all[$ to cool1 :5 a fur!r quantity ( gypsum sep>ates2 ! solution is !n evaporat$ to cry/allisation4 ,if b>ium salts & lead acetate are *eap1 b>ium acetate c be obta9$ by d\ble decomposition4 ,:5 copp] sulphate is add$ to ! solution ( b>ium acetate s long z a precipitate is =m$1 a solution ( v]digris is produc$1 :i* only requires evaporation to cry/allise4 ,! precipitate is b>ium sulphate1 & c be us$ z enamel :ite4 ,x ob/9ately reta9s a quantity ( copp]1 :i*1 ?\gh small1 is suffici5t to give x a gre5i% t9t4 ,by sev]al wa%+s ) acetic acid ?is copp] is remov$2 ! acid c be us$ to obta9 fre% quantities ( v]digris1 s t none is lo/1 & ! copp] reta9$ 9 ! precipitate is rega9$4 ,! precipitate1 aft] treatm5t ) acetic acid1 only requires ?or\gh wa%+ ) wat] to produce p]man5t :ite1 satisfactory 9 e respect4 ,ammonia may also be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( v]digris f copp] sulphate4 ,/rong ammonia is left 9 contact ) copp] sulphate 9 a cov]$ vessel = sev]al h\rs2 g5tle w>m+ accel]ates ! =mation ( copp] ammonium sulphate4 ,! liquid has !n a f9e blue col\r2 x %\ld n conta9 suffici5t ammonia to be p]ceptible by ! smell4 ,x is !n g5tly w>m$ & acetic acid gradually add$4 ,on cont9u$ heat+ small gre5 cry/als sep>ate f ! solution1 :i* is boil$ ) cont9ual additions ( acetic acid 9 small quantities until small cry/als appe> on ! surface1 :5 x is all[$ to cool & ! cry/als are /ra9$ (f4 0,di/ill$0 v]digris =ms deep blui%-gre5 cry/als1 :i* effloresce slightly 9 ! air2 !y dissolve 9 #e p>ts ( boil+ wat] & 9 #acd p>ts at #bj ,c4 ,:5 ! solution is boil$ = "s "t ! tribasic acetate sep>ates2 ! liquid becomes br[n & acquires an acid reaction4 ,g]man ,v]digris does n diff] ess5tially f ord9>y v]digris4 ,x is a comp\nd ( ! foll[+ basic acetates3 #b;,cu7,c,h,o74,cu,o & ,cu7,c,h,o74#b;,cu,o4 ,! me?od is simil> to t 9 :i* grape residues are us$2 :]e acetic acid is *eap ! process is especially appropriate4 ,9 ,sw$51 :]e pyroligne\s acid is made 9 l>ge quantities & copp] is also *eap1 v]digris is made by arrang+ copp] plates & flannel 9 alt]nate lay]s4 ,! plates are frequ5tly turn$ ov] & ! flannel kept saturat$ ) acetic acid4 ,! same *emical reactions occur z 9 ! process 9 :i* grape residues are us$4 ,:5 a lay] ( v]digris has =m$ on ! copp] plates !y are tak5 ap>t1 expos$ to ! air1 & frequ5tly wett$4 ,! =mation ( ! v]digris is ?us complet$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is process & t adopt$ 9 w9e-produc+ c\ntries lies simply 9 ! use ( pure acetic acid2 ! product is free f ! me*anical impurities introduc$ by ! grape residues4 ,9 prop]ties ,g]man or ,sw$i% v]digris is completely id5tical ) blue v]digris4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,*romium ,,oxide4 ,*rome ,gre54--,al?\gh v diff]5t sub/ances are comm]cially kn[n z *rome gre51 ?is "n is usually appli$ to ! v valuable pigm5t :i* consi/s ( pure *romium oxide4 ,!re is h>dly ano!r pigm5t = ! prep>ation ( :i* su* v>i$ directions h be5 giv5 & ^: %ade v>ies s mu* accord+ to ! mann] ( production4 ,! *eape/ process is to ignite potassium bi*romate ) sulphur1 extract ! mass ) v dilute sulphuric acid & wa% ! residue4 ,! *romic acid is r$uc$ by ! sulphur2 :5 ! mass is treat$ ) sulphuric acid sulphur dioxide is evolv$1 potassium sulphide & sulphate are dissolv$1 :il/ pure *romium oxide rema9s4 ,! l>g] ! quantity ( sulphur us$ ! pal] is ! *romium oxide4 ,! purity ( ! potassium bi*romate has consid]able influ5ce on ! %ade ( ! pigm5t2 if iron is pres5t 9 any quantity a discol\r$ product always results4 ,conv5i5t proportions are3 #ai p>ts ( potassium bi*romate & #d p>ts ( sulphur1 :i* produce #icc p>ts ( *romium oxide4 ,if potassium bi*romate free f iron _c be obta9$1 ! %ade ( ! product is some:at improv$ by treatm5t ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 9 :i* f]ric oxide dissolves m easily ?an *romium oxide4 ,:5 ! latt] has be5 /rongly ignit$ x is soluble ) v great difficulty4 ,!re are _m =mul = ! prep>ation ( *romium oxide by means ( sulphur3 9 all ! above /atem5t holds good1 t ! m sulphur ! pal] ! product4 ,accord+ to ,a4 ,casali1 a *rome gre5 :i* satisfies e requirem5t is obta9$ by /rongly ignit+ #a "p ( potassium bi*romate ) #c p>ts ( burnt gypsum4 ,aft] ignition ! mass is boil$ ) v dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,9 ?is process ! *romic oxide is produc$ accord+ to ! foll[+ equation3-- #b,k,c,o ,ca,s,o #b;,cr,o #b,k,,s #b;,ca,o #c,o4 ,on boil+ ) hydro*loric acid ! lime is dissolv$2 :5 ! liquid rema9s di/9ctly acid aft] long boil+ x is p\r$ (f & ! *romium oxide wa%$ ) hot wat] & dri$4 ,9 ano!r me?od ammonium *romate is v gradually heat$4 ,at a c]ta9 temp]ature ! salt sudd5ly becomes inc&esc5t & is conv]t$ into a d>k gre51 almo/ black1 mass :i* has a v simil> appe>ance to dry tea-leaves4 ,! gre5 obta9$ aft] wa%+ & p[d]+ is h&som] ! l[] ! temp]ature ( ! decomposition4 ,*romium oxide may also be made 9 ! wet way1 b ! product does n comp>e 9 beauty ) t obta9$ 9 ! dry way4 ,:5 soda solution is add$ to a solution ( *rome alum1 a greyi% gre5 precipitate ( *romium hydroxide is =m$2 on ignition ( ! wa%$ precipitate pure *romium oxide rema9s4 ,9 a simil> mann] *romium oxide is produc$ by precipitat+ ) soda solution ! solution ( *romium *loride obta9$ by add+ hydro*loric acid to a solution ( potassium bi*romate1 & !n alcohol 9 small quantities1 s long z a reaction occurs & ! gre5 liquid becomes deep] 9 col\r4 ,a h&some & bright *rome gre5 is only obta9$ :5 ! potassium bi*romate is q free f iron1 a v small quantity ( :i* has a v h>mful effect ^u ! brightness ( ! pigm5t4 ,! au?or has f\nd t !re is no great difficulty 9 r5d]+ comm]cial potassium bi*romate tol]ably free f iron by recry/allisation4 ,z mu* ( ! salt is dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat] z x w take up1 ! boil+ solution is quickly filt]$ & rapidly cool$ ) cont9ual /irr+2 ! f9e cry/all9e meal is left on a /ra9] until no m liquid filt]s ?r\gh1 & !n wa%$ ) a little cold wat] to remove ! "m liquor4 ,! salt obta9$ by ?is simple op]ation is ( great purity & always produces *rome gre5 ( a good %ade4 ,:5 *rome gre5 conta9s f]ric oxide x %[s a blacki% col\r4 ,f su* *rome gre51 :i* has little value1 a product ( m pure col\r c be obta9$ ) a little c>e4 ,by treatm5t ) dilute hydro*loric acid ! f]ric oxide dissolves1 ev5 :5 x has be5 some:at /rongly ignit$2 *romium oxide loses almo/ all solubility 9 dilute hydro*loric acid aft] heat+ at a relatively l[ temp]ature4 ,to facilitate ! solution ( ! f]ric oxide1 ! gre5 to be treat$ is f9ely p[d]$2 x is !n cov]$ ) a mixture ( equal p>ts ( hydro*loric acid & wat]4 ,aft] sev]al days ! mass is /ra9$ & wa%$ ) pure wat] until ! acid reaction disappe>s4 ,comp>ative analyses h %[n t almo/ ! :ole ( ! f]ric oxide c be remov$ f *rome gre5 9 ?is mann]2 ! brightness ( ! col\r is consid]ably increas$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 advisable to employ mat]ials free f iron 9 ! manufacture ( *rome gre54 ,*romium oxide c be obta9$ z a col\r ( p>ticul> brightness1 accord+ to ! process ( ,leune1 by precipitat+ x v sl[ly f a solution 9 :i* x is conta9$ 9 ! gre5 modification4 ,= ?is purpose a solution ( *rome alum is boil$ until ! violet col\r has *ang$ to gre52 ! gre5 modification ( *romium oxide is n[ conta9$ 9 ! solution4 ,x is cool$ to ab\t #aj ,c41 & ei!r fre%ly precipitat$ alum9a or z9c c>bonate add$1 v gradually & 9 small quantities4 ,a f9e gre5 %ade ( *romium oxide sep>ates2 aft] wa%+ & dry+ x is obta9$ 9 a condition 9 :i* x c be us$ z a pigm5t4 ,*romium oxide c inde$ be obta9$ by ?is process1 b x is n di/+ui%$ by p>ticul> beauty2 ! au?or has nev] be5 able to obta91 ev5 by us+ ! precipitant 9 v small quantities1 a *romium oxide surpass+ 9 %ade t obta9$ by ! direct precipitation ( a *romium salt ) an alkali4 ,! em]ald gre5 describ$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt] is obta9$ 9 a simil> mann] by precipitation ) z9c oxide4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,o!r ,,gre5 ,,*romium ,,pigm5ts4 ,guignet's ,gre5 is a *romium oxide made 9 ! dry way2 x is obta9$ by gr9d+ #a "p ( potassium bi*romate ) #c p>ts ( pure boric acid & wat]1 dry+ & heat+ to a d>k r$ heat ) access ( air4 ,! hot mass is br\ght into wat]2 by boil+ repeat$ly ) wat] x is fre$ f ! boric acid :i* x ob/9ately reta9s4 ,9 ord] to remove ! la/ portions ( boric acid x is necess>y to boil ) sulphuric acid & !n ) cau/ic soda2 ?is treatm5t may be omitt$ = te*nical purposes1 s9ce ! small quantities ( boric acid conta9$ 9 ! pigm5t are n h>mful4 ,guignet's gre5 is di/+ui%$ by ! great resi/ance x (f]s to *emical reag5ts2 x is l>gely us$ 9 pa9t+ & calico pr9t+4 ,pale %ades are obta9$ by additions ( b>ytes4 ,em]ald ,gre54--,?is pigm5t mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! m important copp] comp\nd previ\sly describ$1 to :i* ! "n em]ald gre5 is usually appli$4 ,x consi/s ( *romium hydroxide obta9$ by precipitat+ a solution ( ! gre5 modification ( a *romium salt by z9c hydroxide4 ,aft] c>eful wa%+ x has a dull gre5 %ade2 x is a v durable pigm5t4 ,*rome ,gre5 ,lake is a mixture ( *romium oxide ) alum9a2 x is obta9$ by precipitat+ a solution ( alum & a *romium salt by a soda solution4 ,! precipitate1 :i* conta9s alum9ium & *romium hydroxides1 on ignition takes a pal] %ade 9 proportion to ! quantity ( alum9a x conta9s4 ,= ! *romium salt a solution ( potassium bi*romate1 :i* has be5 all[$ to /& ) sulphuric acid & alcohol until if has acquir$ a pure gre5 col\r1 may be us$4 ,turki% ,gre54--,?is pigm5t1 :i* reta9s its f9e gre5 col\r 9 artificial light1 is prep>$ 9 a peculi> mann]3 #dj p>ts ( alum9a free f iron1 #cj p>ts ( cobalt c>bonate & #bj p>ts ( *romium oxide are ?or\ghly gr\nd 9 a mort>4 ,! mixture is plac$ 9 a porcela9 tube1 :i* is expos$ to a /rong :ite heat :il/ pure oxyg5 is l$ ?r\gh4 ,! oxyg5 may be replac$ by air if x is previ\sly heat$ & "u pressure4 ,ano!r recipe = ,turki% gre5 is to intimately mix #d p>ts ( fre%ly precipitat$ alum9a ) #c p>ts ( cobalt c>bonate & #b p>ts ( *romium oxide1 heat ! mixture 9 a crucible at a :ite heat1 p[d] & levigate4 ,turki% gre5 has a *>act]i/ic blui%-gre5 col\r2 ! %ade is incl9$ to blue or gre5 by increas+ ! quantity ( cobalt c>bonate or *romium oxide4 ,leaf ,gre5 is a pale gre51 v durable pigm5t simil> to *rome gre5 lake4 ,x is obta9$ by ignit+ mixtures ( *romium oxide ) pure alum9ium hydrate2 ! pal5ess ( ! %ade is 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( alum9a4 ,*romium ,phosphate ,pigm5ts4--,sev]al *romium phosphates are us$ z pigm5ts2 ! m important are describ$ "h4 ,arnaudan's ,gre5 is *romium metaphosphate2 x is obta9$ by intimately mix+ #abh p>ts ( neutral ammonium phosphate ) #adi p>ts ( potassium bi*romate by long gr9d+1 & c>efully heat+ ! mixture at #agj to #ahj ,c41 b n high]1 until ! mass is pure gre54 ,x is !n br\ght into hot wat] & ?or\ghly wa%$2 x has a v h&some gre5 col\r1 :i* is n alt]$ 9 artificial light4 ,ammonium ars5ate may be us$ 9 ! place ( ammonium phosphate2 a h&som] gre5 is !n obta9$1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 v poison\s4 ,plessy's ,gre5 is ess5tially a *romium phosphate mix$ ) v>iable am\nts ( *romium oxide & calcium phosphate4 ,x is obta9$ by boil+ a solution ( #a "p ( potassium bi*romate 9 #aj p>ts ( wat] ) #c p>ts ( a solution ( acid calcium phosphate & #a "p ( sug>1 until ! :ole has become deep gre54 ,! *romic acid is r$uc$ by ! sug>1 s t ! precipitate conta9s *romium phosphate1 *romium oxide & neutral calcium phosphate4 ,^! two *romium phosphate gre5s are v /able t[>ds *emical reag5ts1 & v durable t[>ds atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,s*nitz]'s ,gre54--,?irty-six p>ts ( sodium phosphate are melt$ 9 its wat] ( cry/allisation1 #ae p>ts ( potassium bi*romate & #ad p>ts ( ,ro*elle salt are !n add$4 ,a l>ge di% mu/ be us$ = ! fusion1 s9ce ! mass eff]vesces4 ,! col\r *anges gradually f yell[ to gre54 ,:5 x is pure gre5 ! heat+ is /opp$1 &1 aft] cool+ some:at1 z mu* hydro*loric acid is add$ z ! mass w absorb2 !n1 aft] /&+ "s "t1 x is wa%$ ) cold & f9ally ) boil+ wat]4 ,on acc\nt ( _! great durability1 ! *romium phosphate pigm5ts are well adapt$ = pap]hang+s1 calico pr9t+ & oil pa9t+4 ,*romav5tur9e is a glass col\r$ gre5 by *romium oxide4 ,x is h>dly us$ z a pa9t]s' col\r 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m2 x is appli$ 9 porcela9 pa9t+ z an "u-glaze col\r1 & is l>gely us$ = col\r+ glass4 ,*romav5tur9e is mo/ simply made by ! process ( ,pel\ze3 #bej p>ts ( qu>tz s&1 #ajj p>ts ( soda1 #ej p>ts ( calcium c>bonate & #dj p>ts ( potassium bi*romate are fus$ toge!r4 ,! pres5ce ( iron w\ld h a v h>mful effect on ! %ade ( ! product4 ,qu>tz s& g5]ally conta9s a small quantity ( f]ric oxide1 :i* %\ld be extract$ by treatm5t ) /rong hydro*loric acid :5 a product ( ! be/ col\r is requir$4 ,! calcium c>bonate %\ld also1 z f> z possible1 be free f f]ric oxide4 ,*rome ,blue 7,g>ni]74--,a mixture ( #dhfb p>ts ( potassium *romate ) #fe p>ts ( fluorsp> & #aeg p>ts ( silica is fus$ 9 a crucible l9$ ) coal-du/4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,gre5 ,,cobalt ,,pigm5ts4 ,f mixtures ( *romium oxide1 cobalt c>bonate & alum9a 9 diff]5t proportions a s]ies ( pigm5ts c be obta9$ v>y+ 9 %ade betwe5 pale blue & blui%-gre54 ,on acc\nt ( ! great /ability ( ^! col\rs at ! highe/ temp]atures !y are ( great importance 9 porcela9 pa9t+1 = :i* !y are pr9cipally us$4 ,x is necess>y t ! porcela9 %\ld be free f iron1 s9ce f]ric oxide =ms a black comp\nd ) *romium oxide1 v small quantities ( :i* w\ld be suffici5t to consid]ably damage ! f95ess ( ! col\r4 ,cobalt ,gre51 :i* is also kn[n z ,r9mann's gre5 or z9c gre51 is a comp\nd ( ! oxides ( cobalt & z9c4 ,x is always produc$ :5 a cobalt comp\nd is ignit$ ) z9c oxide4 ,r9mann's gre5 has n s deep a col\r z ! poison\s em]ald gre51 b x is di/+ui%$ by extraord9>y durability1 & des]ves to be m l>gely us$ ?an x is at pres5t4 ,?is pigm5t is mo/ simply made by precipitat+ ! mix$ solutions ( a z9c salt & a cobalt salt4 ,x is also =m$ by moi/5+ pure z9c oxide ) a cobalt solution & ignit+4 ,9 precipitat+ ! mix$ solutions ( z9c & cobalt salts products ( diff]5t %ades are obta9$1 accord+ to ! proportions 9 :i* ! salts are us$4 ,if equival5t quantities are us$1 an almo/ black product is obta9$1 q useless z an arti/s' col\r4 ,! be/ result is obta9$ by mix+ intimately pure precipitat$ cobalt c>bonate ) z9c oxide & ignit+ ! mixture2 a mixture ( #i to #aj p>ts ( z9c oxide ) #a to #ae "p ( cobalt c>bonate gives col\rs betwe5 pale gre5 & d>k gre54 ,especially f9e ,r9mann's gre5 is obta9$ by ignit+ cobalt ars5ate ) z9c oxide & ars5i\s acid4 ,! addition ( ! la/-nam$ sub/ance c only h ! object ( prev5t+ ! temp]ature f ris+ too high1 :i* might injure ! beauty ( ! col\r2 ars5i\s acid is volatile at a fairly l[ temp]ature4 ,cobalt gre5 is also obta9$ by evaporat+ a solution ( cobalt nitrate & z9c nitrate & ignit+ ! residue1 or by ignit+ a mixture ( ! sulphates4 ,9 ! latt] case a tol]ably high temp]ature is necess>y 9 ord] t ! sulphates may be decompos$4 ,! au?or has f\nd t a p>ticul>ly h&some product is obta9$ by mix+ pure z9c oxide ) a dilute solution ( cobalt *loride1 dry+ & !n sl[ly heat+ to r$ness 9 a crucible ) a well-fitt+ lid4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation ! heat is consid]ably increas$ & ma9ta9$ = a %ort "t1 aft] :i* ! mass is rapidly cool$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,gre5 ,,manganese ,,pigm5ts4 ,manganese ,gre51 ,ros5/iehl's ,gre54--,?is pigm5t1 :i* is h&some b difficult to produce1 consi/s ( b>ium manganate4 ,x c be obta9$ by sev]al me?ods1 all ( :i* produce a good gre51 b ) v unequal prop]ties4 ,manganese gre5 made f b>ium nitrate has little durability2 :5 made f b>ium hydrate x is m co/ly1 b v durable4 ,b>ium manganate is mo/ easily obta9$ by precipitat+ a boil+ solution ( potassium manganate by b>ium *loride4 ,! almo/ blue precipitate becomes ne>ly :ite :5 wa%$ & dri$1 b :5 x is gradually heat$ on a porcela9 plate to a d>k r$ heat x acquires a f9e gre5 col\r4 ,! heat+ mu/ be c>efully conduct$2 if ! temp]ature rises too high1 ! col\r *anges to a dirty greyi% br[n1 ow+ to ! r$uction ( ! manganic acid4 ,?is pigm5t is also made by heat+ #ad p>ts ( manganic oxide1 #hj p>ts ( b>ium nitrate & #f p>ts ( b>ytes ) access ( air until ! desir$ %ade appe>s4 ,! mass is !n gr\nd 9 a cont9u\s curr5t ( wat] until x is *ang$ into a v f9e p[d] & no?+ m is dissolv$ by ! wat]4 ,! be/ result is obta9$ by ,ros5/iehl's process3 #d p>ts ( b>ium hydrate1 #b p>ts ( f9ely-p[d]$ b>ium nitrate & #je "p ( artificial manganese dioxide are rapidly mix$2 ! mixture is moi/5$ & heat$ to a d>k r$ heat4 ,! fus$ mass is boil$ out ) wat] & ! residue dri$ "u a bell j>1 "u :i* are di%es ( sulphuric acid & cau/ic pota%1 ! =m] ( :i* absorbs ! wat]1 :il/ ! latt] keeps ! air free f c>bonic acid1 :i* w\ld injure ! %ade ( ! moi/ sub/ance4 ,manganese gre5 is among/ ! pigm5ts m rec5tly discov]$4 ,on acc\nt ( its high price x has f\nd b limit$ use up to ! pres5t4 ,x may be us$ 9 any vehicle1 & is di/+ui%$ by great p]man5ce4 ,9 reg>d to ! prep>ation ( ?is col\r by ,ros5/iehl's me?od1 :i* ( all gives ! be/ results1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! %ade l>gely dep5ds on ! quantity ( b>ium hydrate us$2 ! great] ?is is ! m ! %ade incl9es to blue4 ,if x is desir$ to produce a col\r ( a gre5] tone ?an is produc$ by ! fusion1 ?is c be accompli%$ by boil+ = a v long "t ) v weak hydro*loric acid1 :i* extracts a portion ( ! base f ! comp\nd & produces a deep] %ade4 ,bttg]'s ,b>ium ,gre54--,a beautiful gre5 is obta9$ by ! process giv5 by ,bttg]1 z ! au?or has f\nd4 ,x consi/s ( b>ium manganate4 ,! process is1 h[ev]1 some:at co/ly1 s t ! pigm5t w\ld only be available = arti/s' purposes4 ,a solution ( potassium manganate is fir/ made by gradually add+ #b p>ts ( v pure pyrolusite1 f9ely p[d]$1 to a fus$ mixture ( #b p>ts ( cau/ic pota% & #a "p ( potassium *lorate1 br++ ! mass to a l[ r$ heat aft] ! introduction ( ! :ole ( ! pyrolusite1 & f9ally extract+ ) wat]1 9 :i* ! potassium manganate dissolves to a f9e em]ald gre5 solution4 ,?is process is unatt5d$ by difficulty if ! pyrolusite conta9s a suffici5t quantity ( manganese p]oxide & is 9 a suffici5tly f9e p[d]1 :i* is mo/ important4 ,potassium manganate is a v un/able sub/ance4 ,cold wat] mu/ be us$ to dissolve x1 & ! solution %\ld n long /& expos$ to ! air1 b %\ld at once be us$ to obta9 b>ium manganate4 ,:5 ! solution ( potassium manganate is mix$ ) a solution ( a b>ium salt1 a h&some violet precipitate imm$iately =ms4 ,?is is wa%$ ) wat] & quickly gr\nd ) to #a "p ( its weight ( b>ium hydrate4 ,! mixture is heat$ 9 a copp] di% ) con/ant /irr+ to a l[ r$ heat2 ! col\r *anges gradually to a v f9e gre54 ,:5 ! mass has rea*$ ! prop] %ade x is treat$ ) cold wat] to remove excess ( b>ium hydrate1 until ! wa%+s %[ no trace ( alkal9e reaction4 ,mangan\s ,oxide is occasionally us$ z a gre5 pigm5t1 especially = pa9t+ metal "w2 x is obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,manganese sulphate solution is precipitat$ by soda solution1 & ! mangan\s c>bonate obta9$ /rongly ignit$ 9 a crucible4 ,9 ord] to avoid oxidation ( ! mangan\s oxide1 :i* w\ld readily occur 9 ! process1 x is necess>y to prev5t air f rea*+ ! sub/ance4 ,) ?is object ! crucible 9 :i* ! heat+ is conduct$ is cov]$ by ano!r f :i* ! bottom has be5 remov$ & :i* is fill$ ) coal4 ,! air ent]+ ! crucible on cool+ mu/ pass ?r\gh ! lay] ( gl[+ coals1 by :i* x is depriv$ ( oxyg54 ,manganese ,blue is obta9$1 accord+ to ,g4 ,bong1 by ignit+ a mixture ( #c p>ts ( qu>tz1 #f p>ts ( soda a%1 #e p>ts ( lime/one & #c p>ts ( manganese oxide1 or ( #c p>ts ( qu>tz1 #h p>ts ( b>ium nitrate & #c p>ts ( manganese oxide1 air be+ admitt$ & r$uc+ gases exclud$4 ,all mat]ials mu/ be free f iron4 ,! quantity ( manganese oxide regulates ! dep? ( ! col\r1 b n its %ade2 by increas+ ! soda a gre5]1 by increas+ ! qu>tz a m violet1 %ade is obta9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,comp\nd$ ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts4 ,mixtures ( a yell[ & a blue pigm5t produce a gre52 accord+ z "o or ! o!r pr$om9ates col\rs are obta9$ incl9+ to yell[ or blue4 ,9 "s cases ! mix+ c be accompli%$ 9 ! actual production ( ! pigm5ts1 s t a gre5 precipitate is directly produc$4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 r>ely ! case2 g5]ally ! comp\nd pigm5ts are obta9$ by simply mix+ ! two col\rs4 ,! mix+ c be done ei!r 9 ! dry or ! wet way2 col\rs 9 ! wet /ate are m easily mix$ ?an :5 dry1 s t ev5 :5 dry col\rs are employ$ ! mix+ is done ) ! addition ( wat]4 ,al?\gh ! mixture !n requires a second dry+1 ?is me?od is /ill to be recomm5d$1 9 ! fir/ place1 because ! mix+ c be m quickly done 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] mobility ( ! mass1 & 9 ! second1 because ! =mation ( poison\s du/ is completely avoid$4 ,! mix+ is g5]ally accompli%$ by me*anical arrangem5ts4 ,if dry col\rs are to be mix$1 rotat+ cyl9d]s may be us$2 ^! are fill$ ) ! mat]ials to be mix$1 well clos$ & rotat$ ab\t ! axis z long z may be necess>y4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t :5 col\rs :i* h a v diff]5t specific gravity1 su* z *rome yell[ & ,prussian blue1 are to be mix$1 ! cyl9d]s mu/ be rotat$ = a mu* long] "t ?an :5 col\rs ( approximately equal specific gravity are to be unit$4 ,9 work+ 9 ! wet way1 :i* is to be pref]r$1 suffici5t wat] is add$ to ! col\rs to make a pa/e ?9 en\gh to be mix$ by spatulas2 ! mixture is ?or\ghly /irr$ & ! pulp gr\nd 9 ord9>y mills until ! mixture is q uni=m4 ,already :il/ on ! mills ! pulp becomes ?ick] 9 consequ5ce ( evaporation2 :5 ! gr9d+ is f9i%$ x is spread out 9 ?9 lay]s s t x may dry z quickly z possible4 ,?is is important 9 ! case ( mixtures ^: con/itu5ts h v diff]5t specific gravities1 o!rwise ! heavi] pigm5t may s9k to ! bottom ( ! pa/e & ! mass ?us lose its uni=mity4 ,! comp\nd gre5 pigm5ts come into ! m>ket "u mo/ v>i$ names1 :i* are (t5 entirely )\t connection ) _! *emical composition4 ,su* names are3 m9]al gre51 ,engli% gre51 oil gre51 gre5 v]milion2 ! mo/ common are *rome gre5 & ,brunswick gre54 ,x %\ld be not$ t ^! names are m /rictly appli$ to simple col\rs previ\sly describ$4 ,*rome ,gre5 is g5]ally made by mix+ deep *rome yell[ & ,prussian blue2 x c naturally be obta9$ 9 all possible %ades4 ,! brightness ( ?is already h&some pigm5t c be consid]ably increas$ by ! addition ( a small quantity ( indigo c>m9e4 ,9 ?is case ! mix+ is be/ done by add+ a solution ( ! indigo c>m9e to ! /iff pa/e & aga9 s5d+ ! mixture ?r\gh ! mill4 ,by additions ( :ite sub/ances pal] %ades ( *rome gre5 are obta9$2 levigat$ t]ra alba or :ite pipe clay c be advantage\sly employ$4 ,elsn]'s ,*rome ,gre5 is obta9$ by prep>+ a solution ( yell[ prussiate ( pota% & potassium *romate & ano!r solution ( lead acetate & f]ric *loride4 ,! two liquids are mix$ ) vigor\s /irr+2 accord+ to ! proportions ( ! mat]ials a blue or a yell[ %ade ( gre5 is produc$4 ,silk ,gre54--,=ty-"o p>ts ( lead nitrate are dissolv$ 9 #bj to #cj times ! weight ( wat]1 ! solution is boil$ 9 a copp] pan1 &1 accord+ to ! %ade requir$1 #aj to #cj p>ts ( f9e ,*9ese blue are add$4 ,aft] well /irr+1 a solution ( #aj p>ts ( potassium bi*romate & #a "p ( nitric acid is p\r$ into ! boil+ liquid1 ! mixture is aga9 well /irr$1 ! precipitate all[$ to settle1 wa%$ & dri$4 ,! gre5 pigm5t obta9$ 9 ?is way has a peculi> silky lu/re1 h5ce ! "n 0silk gre504 ,natural ,gre5 is a mixture ( ,guignet's gre5 ) picric acid2 x is us$ 9 mak+ artificial fl[]s in/ead ( em]ald gre54 ,non-ars5ical ,gre5 0 propos$ z a sub/itute = em]ald gre51 :i*1 h[ev]1 x does n equal 9 brilliance4 ,x is obta9$ by mix+ copp] blue 7basic copp] c>bonate7 ) *rome yell[1 *alk & f]ric oxide1 9 some:at v>iable proportions4 ,x usually conta9s #hj to #hb p] c5t4 ( ! copp] comp\nd & #ac to #ae p] c5t4 ( *rome yell[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 mak+ mixtures ( pigm5ts x is to be rememb]$ t *emical actions may occur 9 ! mixture2 col\rs :i* act ^u "o ano!r %\ld n be mix$3 ! mixture w\ld conta9 ! cause ( its own de/ruction4 ,= example1 a lead pigm5t %\ld n be mix$ ) "o conta9+ sulphur 9 ! =m ( a sulphide or sulphate4 ,by foll[+ ?is important rule ! numb] ( pigm5ts :i* may be mix$ toge!r is consid]ably dim9i%$2 ! advantage is t durable col\rs are produc$1 :i* d n *ange 9 a %ort "t to an unrecognisable %ade4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,violet ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts4 ,*romic ,*loride4--,! violet modification ( *romic *loride is a comp\nd :i* is little us$1 b des]ves ! highe/ att5tion on acc\nt ( its durability & beauty ( %ade4 ,up to ! pres5t *romic *loride has be5 almo/ exclusively us$ = col\r+ pap] hang+s "u ! "n ( *rome bronze1 :i* x has receiv$ 9 consequ5ce ( its prop]ty ( imp>t+ a peculi> metallic lu/re to pap] ^u :i* x is rubb$4 ,x is also possible to fix ?is sub/ance ^u fabrics1 :i* ?us acquire a simil> metallic lu/re4 ,pure *romic *loride =ms beautiful pea*-blossom col\r$ scales1 :i* c only be obta9$ by treat+ *romium oxide 9 a c]ta9 mann] ) *lor9e4 ,! pure sub/ance is practically insoluble 9 wat]1 b if ! wat] conta9s b a trace ( *rom\s *loride ! *romic *loride readily dissolves to a gre5 solution4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is comp\nd x is necess>y to avoid ! lea/ trace ( *rom\s *loride1 o!rwise ! product w beg9 to *ange :5 x comes into contact ) moi/ air4 ,pure *romic *loride is obta9$ by proce$+ accord+ to ! me?od fir/ giv5 by ,whl]3 ! simple app>atus necess>y is depict$ 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,pure *romic oxide is fir/ made by any suitable process2 ?is is made into a pa/e ) *>coal1 />* pa/e & wat]1 & =m$ into small balls :i* are heat$ 9 a crucible to a :ite heat4 ,! residual intimate mixture ( *romic oxide & c>bon is loosely plac$ 9 a crucible :i* /&s 9 a furnace2 a porcela9 tube is cem5t$ into ! bottom ( ! crucible1 x passes ?r\gh ! a%pit to connect ) a *lor9e app>atus4 ,^u ! crucible ano!r l>g] "o is plac$1 :i* has a small op5+ 9 ! bottom & s]ves z a receiv] = ! sublim$ *romic *loride4 ,! heat+ & curr5t ( *lor9e are />t$ at ! same "t1 ! fire is regulat$ s t ! l[] crucible gl[s brightly4 ,?is is cont9u$ = an h\r1 dur+ :i* a rapid curr5t ( *lor9e mu/ pass into ! crucible2 ! fire is !n remov$ & a sl[ curr5t ( *lor9e pass$ ?r\gh ! app>atus until x is q cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,if ! op]ation has succe$$ ! l[] crucible is f\nd empty & ! int]ior ( ! upp] cov]$ ) ! magnific5t pea*-blossom cry/als ( *romic *loride4 ,a small quantity ( ! *romic *loride is te/$ z to its behavi\r t[>ds wat]2 if x rema9s unalt]$ ! :ole may be wa%$1 b if x dissolves to a gre5 solution x mu/ be aga9 ignit$ 9 a curr5t ( *lor9e4 ,! wa%+ is necess>y to remove small quantities ( alum9ium *loride =m$ by ! action ( *lor9e on ! clay ( ! crucible4 ,manganese ,violet1 or ,nuremb]g ,violet1 consi/s ( manganic phosphate4 ,x is obta9$ by fus+ glacial phosphoric acid ) pure pyrolusite1 boil+ ! melt ) ammonium c>bonate1 filt]+ ! solution1 evaporat+ to dryness1 & aga9 fus+ ! residue4 ,aft] boil+ ) wat] ?is =ms a h&some violet p[d]2 x is suitable = use z a v durable arti/s' col\r4 ,%ades ( ?is pigm5t incl9+ to blue are obta9$ :5 a f]ric comp\nd is add$ 9 ! fir/ fusion2 ! m iron ore is us$ ! m int5se is ! blue tone4 ,t9 ,violet or ,m9]al ,lake is obta9$ z a violet mass by ignit+ an intimate mixture ( #ajj p>ts ( t9 dioxide ) #b p>ts ( *romic oxide4 ,?is pigm5t is completely p]man5t 9 air2 x is suitable = pr9t+ pap] hang+s & = col\r+ fai5ce4 ,copp] ,violet1 ,guy>d's ,violet4--,accord+ to ,j4 ,depi]re1 ?is pigm5t is obta9$ by precipitat+ a solution ( copp] ammonium sulphate ) potassium f]rocyanide1 wa%+ & dry+ ! precipitate & heat+ 9 a porcela9 di%4 ,at #agj ,c4 cyanog5 & ammonia are evolv$1 ! mass takes up oxyg5 & becomes violet2 x !n resi/s ! action ( dilute acids & alkalis1 & z a pigm5t has great cov]+ p[]4 ,on heat+ to #bjj ,c4 x turns blue1 & at #bdj to #bej ,c4 becomes gre5i%4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,br[n ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts4 ,lead ,br[n4--,:5 r$ lead is treat$ ) nitric acid1 lead monoxide is dissolv$1 :il/ deep br[n lead p]oxide rema9s4 ,:5 ! action ( ! nitric acid is f9i%$ ! residue is well wa%$ & dri$4 ,lead p]oxide is n[ ext5sively us$ = lucif] mat*es2 x readily gives up oxyg5 on heat+1 & ?us accel]ates ! ignition ( ! composition4 ,br[n mat*-heads owe _! col\r to lead p]oxide4 ,manganese ,br[n consi/s ( manganic oxide2 x occurs 9 nature1 b seldom 9 a /ate ( suffici5t purity to be us$ z a pigm5t2 x is1 !re=e1 g5]ally made artificially4 ,! process is v simple4 ,a solution ( manganese sulphate is precipitat$ by cau/ic soda solution1 ! mangan\s hydroxide produc$ is quickly *ang$ by ! action ( ! air into manganic hydroxide4 ,! col\r is mo/ rapidly develop$ :5 ! precipitate is spread out 9 ?9 lay]s2 x is well wa%$ aft] x has *ang$ to br[n4 ,pyrolusite ,br[n is manganese p]oxide 9 a /ate ( f9e division4 ,x c be made f ! residual liquors ( ! prep>ation ( *lor9e by add+ sodium hypo*lorite4 ,a br[n precipitate results1 :i* is kept 9 contact ) ! liquid until x no long] *anges 9 col\r4 ,x is !n wa%$ ) wat] slightly acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1 & f9ally ) pure wat]4 ,:5 f9ely p[d]$1 manganese p]oxide has a v f9e br[n col\r4 ,x is q unalt]$ by ! air & ?us1 9 consid]ation ( its *eapness1 des]ves a mu* great] use ?an x has yet f\nd4 ,prussian ,br[n4--,:5 ,prussian blue is heat$ 9 air x soon beg9s to gl[1 & is conv]t$ into a br[n mass1 ! %ade ( :i* dep5ds on ! am\nt ( impurity 9 ! ,prussian blue4 ,x is desirable to use ,prussian blue q free f impurities1 s t a br[n ( ! same %ade is always obta9$4 ,! br[n obta9$ c be %ad$ by additions ( indiff]5t sub/ances4 ,iron ,br[n4--,by ignit+ a mixture ( #ajj p>ts ( f9ely levigat$ natural yell[ o*re ) #e p>ts ( common salt a br[n product is obta9$1 :i* is pale or deep accord+ to ! temp]ature us$4 ,x is a *eap & durable col\r4 ,copp] ,br[n4--,accord+ to ,c>!us] solutions ( #b p>ts ( copp] sulphate & #a "p ( ,epsom salts are mix$1 & a /rong solution ( potassium c>bonate gradually add$ s long z a precipitate =ms4 ,! precipitate is wa%$1 dri$ & ignit$1 :5 copp] br[n is obta9$ z a br[n p[d] ( great p]man5ce 9 air4 ,accord+ to ,s*reg] solutions ( #b p>ts ( copp] sulphate1 #b p>ts ( alum & #je to #a "p ( f]r\s sulphate are mix$1 potassium c>bonate solution add$1 ! precipitate dri$ & ignit$4 ,! r$ness ( ! %ade is proportional to ! quantity ( f]r\s sulphate4 ,hat*ett ,br[n is copp] potassium f]rocyanide4 ,x is obta9$ by precipitat+ a soluble copp] salt ) potassium f]rocyanide4 ,copp] salts behave t[>ds potassium f]rocyanide 9 ! same mann] z iron salts2 diff]5t comp\nds result accord+ z ! f]rocyanide or ! copp] salt is 9 excess4 ,hat*ett br[n is some:at l>gely us$ = pa9t+ wood4 ,*rome ,br[n4--,:5 solutions ( potassium *romate & a copp] salt are mix$ a precipitate ( ! composition ,cu,cr,o4#b;,cu,o4#b;,h,o is obta9$4 ,on dry+ x acquires a f9e br[n col\r2 x =ms a v /able pigm5t4 ,*rome br[n c also be made by dissolv+ #aj p>ts ( potassium bi*romate 9 #bj p>ts ( wat]1 heat+ to boil+1 add+ #ace p>ts ( solid copp] *loride & !n gradually a boil+ solution ( #aj p>ts ( soda 9 #bj p>ts ( wat]1 until eff]vesc5ce no long] takes place4 ,on cool+1 *rome br[n sep>ates z a s(t br[n precipitate4 ,cobalt ,br[n is a v durable comp\nd pigm5t ( a pleas+ %ade4 ,x is obta9$ 9 v>i\s hues by add+ f]ric oxide to ! mixture ( alum9a & a cobalt salt us$ = mak+ cobalt blue4 ,! process may also be c>ri$ out by ignit+ ammonia alum ) cobalt sulphate & f]r\s sulphate4 ,! temp]ature requir$ 9 ?is case to obta9 a bright col\r is v high1 & mu/ be ma9ta9$ = a long "t to decompose ! :ole ( ! f]r\s sulphate4 ,! pigm5t c be obta9$ at a f> l[] temp]ature :5 f]ric *loride is us$ 9 place ( f]r\s sulphate4 ,! mixture is made by gr9d+ toge!r #e p>ts ( cobalt hydroxide & #be p>ts ( ammonia alum1 !n add+ a solution ( f]ric *loride1 rapidly dry+ ! :ole to a p[d]1 & :il/ /ill hot fill+ x into ! crucible 9 :i* ! ignition is p]=m$4 ,:5 small quantities ( f]ric *loride are us$ *ocolate br[n %ades incl9+ to violet are produc$2 ! l>g] ! quantity ( ! iron comp\nd ! m pure is ! br[n4 ,x has be5 /at$ t x is important1 9 ! prep>ation ( cobalt pigm5ts1 to prev5t ! entry ( fire gases to ! heat$ mixture2 ! r$uc+ action ( ! gases w\ld mat]ially damage ! beauty ( ! col\r4 ,x has be5 propos$ to place a small quantity ( m]curic oxide at ! bottom ( ! crucible4 ,?is w\ld decompose on heat+1 & create an atmosph]e ( pure oxyg5 9 ! crucible4 ,ap>t f ! co/ ( ! m]curic oxide1 :i* is consid]able1 x w\ld only be effective at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation1 s9ce x is completely decompos$ at a l[ r$ heat4 ,! au?or has f\nd an addition ( pyrolusite consid]ably m effective4 ,?is may be appli$ by spread+ a small quantity1 ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( ! mixture to be heat$1 on ! bottom ( ! crucible & cov]+ x ) p[d]$ glass1 ^u :i* ! col\r mixture is plac$4 ,an alt]native c\rse is to place ! crucible 9 a second1 fill+ ! space betwe5 ! crucibles ) p[d]$ pyrolusite4 ,at a /rong r$ heat oxyg5 is sl[ly evolv$ f ! pyrolusite2 ! entry ( fire gases into ! crucible is ?us prev5t$4 ,9 us+ ! fir/ me?od ! crucible is frequ5tly spoilt1 :il/ 9 ! second me?od ! surr\nd+ pyrolusite protects x1 s t x c be us$ aga94 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,br[n ,,decomposition ,,products4 ,hum9s4--,wood decomposes1 l _m o!r sub/ances ( organic orig91 to =m comp\nds ( a deep br[n col\r1 :i* are kn[n z hum9s1 on acc\nt ( _! occurr5ce 9 ! humus ( till$ soil4 ,! num]\s comp\nds f\nd 9 humus h all a deep br[n col\r1 :i*1 toge!r ) _! great /ability1 makes !m v suitable = use z pigm5ts4 ,by v>i\s me?ods sub/ances c be made s ri* 9 hum9s t !y c be us$ z pigm5ts4 ,= ?is purpose sug>1 />*1 "y plant fibres & beet-sug> molasses may be us$1 :i* are conv]t$ into hum9s ) great rapidity :5 !y are heat$ ) wat]4 ,9 ?is way ! au?or has obta9$ h&some col\rs f sawdu/4 ,^! hum9s are mo/ easily made by ! foll[+ process3 ,?ick beet-sug> molasses are cauti\sly heat$ ) #e p] c5t4 ( cau/ic soda 9 a v capaci\s iron pan4 ,! already d>k mass soon becomes q black :5 se5 9 ?ick lay]s1 & evolves a consid]able quantity ( gas2 if ! heat+ is too rapid ! s(t mass may boil ov] out ( a v l>ge vessel4 ,:5 ! evolution ( gas dim9i%es ! heat is increas$ & ! mass frequ5tly /irr$4 ,) "s practice x is possible to tell :5 ! action is f9i%$ f ! smell1 :i* is at fir/ sweeti% b lat] ( a *>act]i/ic nature4 ,at fir/ te/s %\ld be repeat$ly tak5 f ! mass2 ^! are consid]ably dilut$ ) wat] until ! liquid beg9s to be transp>5t4 ,:5 two te/s tak5 at an int]val %[ no diff]5ce ( col\r ! heat+ is /opp$4 ,! :ole mass is !n p\r$ into wat] 9 ord] to dilute ! alkali1 s t x w n de/roy ! /ra9]2 ! s(t mass1 :i* 9 ! wet /ate appe>s q black1 is wa%$ ) wat] until ! wa%+s are neutral4 ,! hum9 br[n made 9 ?is way1 :5 gr\nd ) oil or gum solution1 produces a v h&some br[n ( great cov]+ p[] & w>m? ( %ade1 also di/+ui%$ by complete indiff]5ce t[>ds *emical reag5ts4 ,! pigm5ts we h designat$ hum9s conta9 a v l>ge quantity ( c>bon1 to :i* !y owe _! d>k col\r4 ,:5 peat or lignite is treat$ ) cau/ic soda 9 a simil> mann]1 good %ades ( br[n are obta9$2 !y are1 h[ev]1 surpass$ 9 beauty by ! br[n f molasses4 ,a h&some b co/ly br[n is obta9$ :5 crude spirits ( w9e are heat$ ) fum+ sulphuric acid4 ,equal volumes ( alcohol & sulphuric acid are us$2 ! mixture is heat$ 9 a retort connect$ to a cond5s]1 :i* is requir$ on acc\nt ( ! combu/ible vap\rs evolv$ f ! mixture4 ,:5 ! mass is q black ! heat is )drawn2 ! residue is dilut$ ) wat]1 & soda solution add$ s long z eff]vesc5ce occurs4 ,on filt]+ a v s(t br[n p[d] is left1 :i* =ms a v h&some & durable pigm5t4 ,bi/re4--,:5 soot is produc$ at a v l[ temp]ature x is v lu/r\s1 &1 9 addition to c>bon1 conta9s a notable quantity ( ! products ( dry di/illation4 ,:5 ?is soot is p[d]$ & treat$ ) wat] ! latt] sub/ances are dissolv$2 boil+ wat] %\ld be us$4 ,:5 wat] is no long] col\r$ ! soot is susp5d$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat] & subject$ to a process ( levigation4 ,! f9e p[d] obta9$ by repeat$ levigation has1 :5 dry1 an ugly br[n col\r1 b :5 gr\nd x acquires an extremely w>m %ade4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,black ,,pigm5ts4 ,c>bon occurs 9 nature 9 _m diff]5t =ms--! diamond1 graphite 7black lead71 & purifi$ lamp black are1 f ! *emical po9t ( view1 "o & ! same sub/ance1 namely1 c>bon4 ,9 col\r mak+ ! non-cry/all9e =m ( c>bon1 :i* is pure black1 is alone us$2 almo/ all black pigm5ts us$ 9 pa9t+ are compos$ ( tol]ably pure c>bon4 ,9 :atev] way & f :atev] mat]ials c>bon is made = use z a pigm5t1 ! manufactur] mu/ always endeav\r to obta9 x z pure z possible1 & 9 a condition ( ! f9e/ division2 ! dep? ( col\r & ! cov]+ p[] dep5d on ^! two conditions4 ,c>bon only %[s a pure black col\r :5 x is pure2 if x conta9s relatively small quantities ( impurities1 x has a m or less br[n %ade4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s to be a v simple matt] to obta9 black pigm5ts f organic mat]ials2 x is simply necess>y to expose !m 9 ! abs5ce ( air to a temp]ature high en\gh to decompose !m1 c>bon is !n left z a residue4 ,9 spite ( ! app>5t simplicity ( ?is op]ation !re are _m difficulties4 ,! prep>ation ( good black pigm5ts dem&s consid]able practice4 ,!re are two me?ods by :i* c>bon c be made = use z a pigm5t4 ,"o has be5 indicat$1 ! heat+ ( organic mat]ials 9 ! abs5ce ( air1 i4e41 _! dry di/illation2 ! second1 :i* produces ! be/ qualities ( black1 consi/s 9 burn+ sub/ances v ri* 9 c>bon ) a v small supply ( air4 ,! product ( ?is process1 commonly kn[n z soot1 is v diff]5t 9 ext]nal appe>ance f c>bon made by dry di/illation4 ,! latt] =ms an easily p[d]$ mass1 :i* only acquires lu/re by gr9d+ ) oil1 :il/ soot consi/s g5]ally ( v light flocks1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( _! greasy nature1 exhibit a peculi> velvety lu/re4 ,9 comm]ce !re are _m qualities ( black1 ! names ( :i* are g5]ally *os5 q arbitr>ily4 ,! s-call$ ivory black is an example ( ?is4 ,at "s p]iod x 0 obs]v$ t ivory produc$ a v f9e black :5 c>bonis$2 ?is black 0 made = a long "t f refuse ivory4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t a simil> black c\ld be made q z well f mu* *eap] mat]ials1 x 0 no long] made f ivory4 ,! "n1 h[ev]1 rema9s 9 trade to ! pres5t day3 x has come to be reg>d$ z a description ( quality4 ,by ! "n ( ivory black a f9e black pigm5t is und]/ood2 x is immat]ial to ! consum] :e!r x is made f ivory or n3 to him ! quality ( ! pigm5t1 b n its s\rce1 is important4 ,accord+ to ! me?od ( production1 ! black pigm5ts c be divid$ into *>coal blacks & soot blacks4 ,,*>coal ,,blacks4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to ! pigm5ts obta9$ by heat+ organic sub/ances 9 ! abs5ce ( air4 ,! *>coal blacks h two valuable prop]ties3 !y are easily made1 & !y exhibit a pure black %ade :i* x is f> m difficult to obta9 ) ! soot blacks4 ,x is v difficult to conv]t ^! pigm5ts into ! requisite /ate ( f9e division4 ,!y _c be levigat$ on acc\nt ( _! l[ specific gravity1 :i* causes !m to settle v sl[ly 9 wat]4 ,x only rema9s to conv]t ! *>coal into a v s(t p[d] by gr9d+1 b ev5 !n ! pigm5t has b little cov]+ p[]1 because x is n possible to de/roy ! organic /ructure ( ! sub/ance c>bonis$4 ,:5 ! f9e/ *>coal p[d]1 made by c>bonis+ any organic sub/ance1 is exam9$ "u a p[]ful microscope ! /ructure ( ! p>ticles is at once recognis$1 s t x is almo/ always possible to decide :e!r ! *>coal is ( plant or animal orig94 ,a v c>eful exam9ation may %[ :at p>ticul> "p ( ! plant has be5 c>bonis$4 ,if a manufactur] succe$$ 9 produc+ by direct c>bonisation a black ) ! cov]+ p[] ( a soot black1 t black w\ld soon be ! only "o f\nd 9 comm]ce4 ,! *>coal blacks come on ! m>ket "u v>i\s names--ivory black1 bone black1 v9e black1 ,frank=t black1 ,p>is black1 etc4 ,! ivory blacks are ! be/ quality1 b rec5tly true v9e black1 i4e41 made f grape residues1 has come into use4 ,true ,*>coal ,black4--,9 *>coal-burn+ wood is burn$ 9 great piles ) re/rict$ air supply2 ! great] "p ( ! c>bon conta9$ 9 ! wood rema9s beh9d z *>coal1 :i* is us$ = fuel4 ,! *>coal made f h>d wood1 su* z maple or bee*1 is n well suit$ = pigm5ts2 ! light] & m por\s ! wood1 ! m pure is g5]ally ! %ade ( ! *>coal1 & ! m easily x c be gr\nd4 ,:51 !re=e1 *>coal is to be us$ z a pigm5t x %\ld be made f wood ( a por\s nature2 ! wood ( ! lime1 black-ald] & sp9dle tree is p>ticul>ly adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,sp5t tan-b>k is a v *eap1 & at ! same "t suitable mat]ial = ?is purpose4 ,x g5]ally consi/s ( oak b>k1 & has lo/ ! great] "p ( ! salts x conta9$ by long contact ) wat]2 also ! woody sub/ance ( ! b>k has suff]$ a *ange :i* is fav\rable to c>bonisation4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 ! b>k has be5 /or$ = "s "t2 a consid]able quantity ( ! hum9s previ\sly m5tion$ has =m$ 9 x1 & ^! are easily decompos$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! *>coal1 h[ev] obta9$1 is gr\nd to a s(t p[d]4 ,:5 x has rea*$ ! prop] degree ( f95ess x %\ld be repeat$ly wa%$ ) wat] to remove ! salts4 ,:5 in/ead ( pure wat] a v dilute acid1 su* z hydro*loric1 is us$1 practically all ! salts dissolve1 & ! residue consi/s ( ne>ly pure c>bon4 ,v9e ,black4--,9 w9e-produc+ c\ntries a good & *eap black c be made f ! residues ( ! w9e manufacture2 ?is is ! s-call$ v9e black4 ,ei!r ! press$ grapes or ! lees sep>at$ 9 ! f]m5t+ vessels may be us$4 ,v9e ,black f ,w9e ,lees4--,! lees always conta9 a consid]able quantity ( liquid1 !y mu/ be ?or\ghly dri$ be=e !y are c>bonis$2 ?is is mo/ simply done by spread+ out ! pa/y mass 9 a ?9 lay]1 & expos+ x to a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj to #abj ,c4 ,9 dry+ ! volume consid]ably dim9i%es4 ,! lees are *ang$ into a br[n mass :i* is easily p[d]$2 x is pack$ into b>rels :ile /ill w>m1 & c be kept = a consid]able "t )\t alt]ation4 ,fre% lees c be kept b a %ort "t2 !y are quickly de/roy$ by a rapid f]m5tation4 ,! dri$ lees are c>bonis$ 9 iron tubes1 protect$ f ! fire by a ?9 coat+ ( clay mix$ ) *opp$ hair s t ! coat m readily adh]es to ! iron4 ,old /ove pipes or ca/-iron gas or wat] pipes may be us$4 ,! tubes are ab\t "o metre long2 !y are clos$ ) well-fitt+ cov]s1 9 "o ( :i* is a small op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! gases produc$ on heat+ c escape4 ,^! cov]s are fa/5$ on air-tight ) clay4 ,! process beg9s by affix+ ! unp]=at$ lid1 & pack+ ) a wood5 ramm] ! dry lees z tightly z possible into ! tube2 ! second lid is !n lut$ 9 place4 ,! tubes are plac$ ne> "o ano!r 9 a suitable furnace & fir/ sl[ly heat$ at ! back1 i4e41 ! end clos$ by ! unp]=at$ cov]4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation heat mu/ be gradually appli$4 ,) too l>ge a fire ! products ( dry di/illation might be evolv$ 9 suffici5t quantity to =ce ! cov]s f ! tube2 air w\ld !n ent] & ! cont5ts be burnt4 ,:5 ! h9d] "p ( ! tube is r$-hot1 ! heat+ is conduct$ =w>d1 & f9ally ! :ole l5g? ( ! tube is br\ght to a good r$ heat4 ,! t]m9ation ( ! op]ation is %[n by ! disappe>ance ( ! po9t$ flame ( ! products ( di/illation :i* protrudes f ! op5+ 9 ! cov] ( ! tube4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! fires are drawn2 ! tubes are left to cool 9 ! furnace until !y c be tak5 out by ! h&s protect$ by wet clo?s4 ,! cov]s are at once tak5 (f & ! hot cont5ts empti$ into a l>ge tub fill$ ) wat]1 :i* is ?us soon rais$ almo/ to boil+ po9t4 ,! "t requir$ = wa%+ is ?us consid]ably %ort5$4 ,! *>coal falls f ! tubes 9 lumps1 :i* soon fall to a f9e p[d] 9 ! wat]4 ,w9e lees consi/ ( a mixture ( yea/ cells & small cry/als ( t>t> 7a mixture ( ! t>trates ( potassium & calcium74 ,on ignition ^! salts are conv]t$ into c>bonates1 by :i* ! p>ticles ( c>bon are unit$4 ,potassium c>bonate is v readily soluble 9 wat]2 9 contact ) ! w>m wat] x dissolves 9 a v %ort "t1 ! c>bon p>ticles !n fall ap>t4 ,:5 ! *>coal has settl$ to ! bottom ( ! vessel ! liquid is drawn (f4 ,x c be utilis$ 9 a col\r works1 s9ce x is a fairly /rong solution ( potassium c>bonate4 ,! *>coal is mix$ ) calcium c>bonate1 aris+ f ! decomposition ( ! calcium t>trate1 & ) ! o!r insoluble salts :i* yea/ a%es conta9 9 "s quantity4 ,^! salts w\ld prev5t ! prop] gr9d+ ( ! *>coal2 !y are !re=e remov$ by treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid aft] ! wat] has be5 drawn (f z completely z possible4 ,a small quantity ( hydro*loric acid1 dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 is p\r$ ov] ! *>coal1 an eff]vesc5ce ( c>bonic acid foll[s1 ! easily soluble calcium *loride is =m$ & ! rema9+ salts are also dissolv$4 ,! *>coal made 9 ?is way is v pure4 ,aft] wa%+1 gr9d+ & dry+1 x =ms a pigm5t ^: %ade leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,! dry+ mu/ be conduct$ at a l[ temp]ature2 *>coal 9 su* a f9e /ate ( division is v easily inflammable4 ,v9e ,black f ,press$ ,grapes4--,! mat]ial conta9s ! /ems & press$ rema9s ( ! grapes aft] ! mu/ has be5 express$4 ,aft]-w9e1 spirits or v9eg> c be obta9$ be=e x is us$ = v9e black4 ,! process is exactly ! same z = w9e lees4 ,! *>coal tak5 f ! tubes has r m coh]5ce ?an t made f lees & mu/ be gr\nd4 ,! black is a v useful pigm5t1 b is inf]ior to ! black f lees4 ,9 reg>d to ! latt]1 x %\ld be /at$ t x is a p>ticul>ly good black pigm5t1 & :5 f9ely gr\nd is z well suit$ = ! prep>ation ( ! f9e/ blacks1 su* z are us$ 9 copp]-plate pr9t+1 z ! f> m co/ly soot black4 ,! black f grape residues1 or f grapes !mselves 7! poor grapes remov$ 9 prun+ ! v9e are us$71 c be employ$ ) advantage = _m purposes = :i* ! be/ black is n necess>y4 ,! great] numb] ( ! pigm5ts sold "u ! names ( ,frank=t & ,p>is black consi/ ( ?is sub/ance4 ,bone ,black or ,ivory ,black4--,bone black1 = ( ivory black only ! "n n[ exi/s1 is di/+ui%$ by a peculi> quality :i* x owes to ! /ructure ( ! raw mat]ial f :i* x is made4 ,?is raw mat]ial is animal bones1 :i* l>gely consi/ ( incombu/ible mat]ials 7bone a%72 ^! =m a delicate framework ^: int]/ices are fill$ by organic matt]4 ,:5 bones are c>bonis$1 ! c>bon result+ f ! decomposition ( ! organic matt] is deposit$ on ! incombu/ible framework ( bone a% & ?us acquires a v great surface4 ,c>bon is well kn[n to possess v p[]ful absorptive prop]ties1 :i* are especially develop$ 9 bone black1 9 consequ5ce ( its f9e division4 ,! use ( granul> bone black 7kn[n z 0*>07 9 sug> works1 & g5]ally = decol\ris+ liquids1 is due to ! peculi> /ate ( division ( ! *>coal4 ,= ^! purposes bone black is us$ 9 enorm\s quantities2 x is made 9 special works4 ,x does n fall )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to give a detail$ description ( ! manufacture ( bone black1 & we mu/ "h re/rict ourselves to matt]s ( special int]e/ to ! col\r mak]4 ,! bones are co>sely p[d]$ & fre$ f fat by boil+2 !y are !n g5]ally c>bonis$ 9 iron retorts1 a numb] ( :i* are built 9 a furnace 9 a v]tical position2 a valve at ! bottom s]ves to empty ! retorts4 ,9 a well arrang$ app>atus ! products ( ! dry di/illation ( ! bones1 *iefly consi/+ ( ammonium c>bonate1 are collect$4 ,! retorts are c>efully clos$ s t air _c ent]1 o!rwise a portion ( ! c>bon w\ld burn & ! black w\ld acquire a grey %ade in/ead ( ! pure black :i* x %\ld possess4 ,bone black mak]s :o "w = sug> factories c>bonise by pref]5ce ! d5se/ bones2 ^! produce a black ( ! mo/ p[]ful decol\ris+ prop]ties4 ,?is prop]ty is ( no advantage to ! col\r mak]1 :o simply requires a v d5se black4 ,! bones ( "y animals1 & especially c]ta9 bones1 conta9 a l>g] proportion ( c>tilage ?an ! holl[ bones :i* produce ! be/ 0*>04 ,9 mak+ bone black to be us$ z a pigm5t j ^? bones %\ld be *os5 :i* are ( less value = 0*>04 ,on ! small scale1 bone black c be made by c>bonis+ 9 crucibles2 ^! hold ab\t #af kilogrammes ( bones1 !y h a project+ rim1 s t :5 "o is plac$ ^u ! o!r x s]ves z a lid = ! fir/4 ,piles ( ^! pots are =m$1 ! top "o be+ cov]$ by a well-fitt+ lid4 ,! piles are heat$ 9 a furnace 9 su* a mann] t ! flames c freely circulate betwe5 !m4 ,at fir/ a small fire is appli$2 z soon z dry di/illation ( ! bones beg9s1 :i* is recognis$ by pale :ite flames at ! rims ( ! crucibles1 ! fire is damp$1 because ! burn+ products ( di/illation produce s mu* heat t ! crucibles are soon at a good r$ heat4 ,:5 ! flames disappe> ! fire is ma9ta9$ = ab\t fifte5 m9utes long]1 & :5 ! crucibles h cool$ to "s ext5t !y are tak5 out ( ! furnace & imm$iately empti$ into a %eet-iron cyl9d]1 9 :i* ! *>coal rema9s until q cold4 ,if ! black comes 9 contact ) air :il/ /ill hot a portion ( ! c>bon burns & ! product has little value ei!r z a pigm5t or = decol\ris+ purposes4 ,:5 q cold ! black is gr\nd & levigat$4 ,! bone a% x conta9s makes ^! op]ations easy4 ,bone black conta9s at ! mo/ #ab to #ac p] c5t4 ( c>bon2 ! rema9d] consi/s ( bone a% & wat] absorb$ by ! hygroscopic c>bon f ! air4 ,bone black :i* has be5 p>tially burnt 9 ! process has a greyi% t+e2 x may also h an ugly %ade ( br[n3 ?is is ! case :5 x has n be5 heat$ to a suffici5tly high temp]ature1 s t x /ill conta9s "s quantity ( organic matt]4 ,su* black c be made usable by aga9 heat+1 b x w\ld always be desirable to te/ a small portion be=e ! :ole 0 gr\nd & levigat$2 a uni=m heat+ ( ! f9ely-p[d]$ black w\ld be att5d$ ) difficulty4 ,f9ely gr\nd bone black has num]\s uses z a pigm5t2 by a simple process x c be conv]t$ into almo/ pure c>bon1 :i* c be us$ z an excell5t black pigm5t = all purposes = :i* blacks are employ$4 ,bone black consi/s ( bone a% ^u :i* f9e p>ticles ( c>bon are deposit$4 ,bone a% is easily soluble 9 hydro*loric acid2 if f9ely gr\nd bone black is treat$ ) ?is acid & ! residue wa%$ ) wat] until ! wa%+s are neutral1 a residue ( extremely s(t & pure c>bon is obta9$1 :i* has a deep black col\r &1 9 consequ5ce ( its f9e division1 v great cov]+ p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,soot ,,pigm5ts4 ,! soot :i* is =m$ 9 ! incomplete combu/ion ( organic sub/ances conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( c>bon is a mixture ( diff]5t sub/ances1 ( :i* c>bon is ! *ief2 9 addition to ?is1 we f9d 9 soot almo/ all ! products :i* result by ! dry di/illation ( ! sub/ance f :i* x is =m$4 ,soot f h>d wood conta9s diff]5t comp\nds to soot f s(t wood2 aga91 ros9 soot is ( a diff]5t nature to t obta9$ 9 ! incomplete combu/ion ( fats4 ,we c ?us def9e soot z v f9ely divid$ c>bon1 mix$ ) ! products ( dry di/illation4 ,! soot ( h>d woods1 :i* conta9 little or no res91 has a deep black1 ?\gh dull hue2 x is a gritty p[d]1 & has little value z a pigm5t4 ,wood conta9+ mu* res91 su* z ! wood ( ! p9e1 ros91 fi% oil1 asphaltum1 9 %ort1 all bodies :i* are at ! same "t easily combu/ible & ri* 9 c>bon1 produce on ! contr>y a h&some1 gli/5+ soot1 :i* =ms a valuable pigm5t4 ,9 addition to ?is diff]5ce 9 composition1 soot f diff]5t s\rces diff]s also 9 ! size ( its p>ticles4 ,soot =ms light flocks1 :i* adh]e to projections 9 ! flues ?r\gh :i* ! products ( combu/ion pass2 ! l>g] ! flocks ! soon] !y are deposit$1 ! small] !y are ! long] !y rema9 susp5d$4 ,! f9e/ p>ticles ( soot are call$ 0fly+ soot10 :i* is v highly priz$ on acc\nt ( its f9e division4 ,! manufacture ( soot blacks is a v important indu/ry3 black pr9t+ ink1 :i* is us$ 9 su* enorm\s quantities1 is made f a soot black2 9 addition1 all ! be/ black pa9ts & lacqu]s4 ,soot black 0 =m]ly made 9 ! mo/ primitive mann]1 & is /ill1 to "s ext5t1 z w be se5 f ! acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( ros9 black4 ,! process us$ = pr9t+ blacks is m rational1 b is /ill capable ( great improvem5ts4 ,! pr9ciples ( a rational manufacture ( soot blacks w be briefly indicat$4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,soot ,blacks on ! ,l>ge ,scale4--,! pr9ciple ( ! arrangem5ts necess>y = mak+ soot blacks is v simple4 ,an app>atus is requir$ 9 :i* sub/ances v ri* 9 c>bon c be burnt at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature2 ?is app>atus mu/ be connect$ ) suitable arrangem5ts = reta9+ ! soot c>ri$ away ) ! products ( combu/ion4 ,! soot works z at pres5t arrang$ are developm5ts ( ! crude arrangem5ts /ill us$ 9 di/ricts 9 :i* !re is an abundant supply ( p9e wood conta9+ mu* res94 ,! app>atus us$ 9 su* localities consi/s ( a l[ masonry flue connect$ ) a long pipe built ( wood5 bo>ds4 ,9 ord] to give ?is pipe a r\gh surface ^u :i* ! soot c readily deposit1 x is l9$ 9 sev]al places ) co>se l951 to ! project+ fibres ( :i* ! soot adh]es4 ,9 ! flue ! v res9if]\s wood is burnt1 especially ! roots ( p9es1 :i* are v ri* 9 res92 ^! burn ) an unre/rict$ air supply ) a bright flame1 b :5 ! air is re/rict$1 !y give (f a l>ge quantity ( a v heavy smoke4 ,! op]ation is comm5c$ by fir/ mak+ a good fire ( dry split wood1 ! object ( :i* is to heat ! flue & ?us prev5t ! deposition ( soot 9 x 9 ! lat] "p ( ! process4 ,if a deposit ( soot =m$ 9 ! flue x might take fire1 ! fire w\ld !n spread fur!r into ! wood5 flue & a consid]able loss ( soot w\ld occur4 ,:5 ! /onework has become s hot t deposition ( soot 9 x is no long] to be fe>$1 ! mat]ials are introduc$ f :i* ! soot is to be made4 ,z has be5 said1 p9e roots are g5]ally us$1 ! *ips ( p9e wood are also us$ 9 "s di/ricts1 & 9 g5]al su* combu/ible mat]ials z produce a l>ge quantity ( smoke4 ,! combu/ion 9 ! flue mu/ be conduct$ ) c>e1 x %\ld proce$ at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature1 b ?is %\ld n s9k bel[ a c]ta9 m9imum4 ,if ! fire is too /rong ! great] portion ( ! c>bon is burnt1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be obta9$ z soot2 ! yield ( soot is v small1 & g5]ally only 0du/ soot0 w\ld be obta9$1 )\t any quantity ( 0fly+ soot04 ,on ! o!r h&1 if too little air ent]s1 s t ! combu/ion takes place at too l[ a temp]ature1 a l>ge yield ( soot is obta9$1 b x is ( poor quality4 ,soot obta9$ by combu/ion at too l[ temp]atures has n a pure black b a p]ceptibly br[n col\r2 x has n ! floccul5t nature ( ! be/ product1 a small weight ( :i* occupies a v l>ge volume1 b is greasy & has a high specific gravity4 ,! l[] ! temp]ature us$ 9 produc+ soot black1 ! fur!r is ! *emical *ange remov$ f t ( ord9>y combu/ion1 & ! ne>] to t ( dry di/illation4 ,soot produc$ ) an insuffici5t supply ( air conta9s a consid]able quantity ( liquid & solid products ( dry di/illation1 :i* give x a br[n col\r & ! above-m5tion$ greasy nature4 ,9 _m soot works ! air supply is regulat$ 9 a mo/ primitive mann]3 ! workman places aga9/ ! op5+s by :i* air is admitt$ to ! burn+ mat]ials a l>g] or small] numb] ( bricks accord+ z ! combu/ion appe>s to be too rapid or too sl[4 ,un=tunately !re is no cle> sign to indicate ! temp]ature mo/ fav\rable = ! production ( ! greate/ quantity ( soot1 ! appe>ance ( ! flame alone c be tak5 z a guide4 ,if ! flame appe>s pure :ite & v lum9\s & %[s at its end no ?ick black smoke ! combu/ion is v complete1 & b a v small yield ( soot is to be expect$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! flame cont9ually ?reat5s to g out ! air supply is too small & a lib]al am\nt ( soot w be =m$1 b mix$ ) a l>ge quantity ( ! products ( dry di/illation4 ,z f> z x c be describ$ 9 words ! flame %\ld appe> z foll[s3 ,! col\r %\ld be a murky r$1 simil> to t ( ! flame ( a bad tall[ c&le2 9 %ape ! flame %\ld be a long drawn out tongue1 f ! po9t ( :i* a ?ick black smoke is cle>ly se54 ,! soot deposits 9 ! long bo>d flues 9 ! =m ( flocks or du/4 ,! prop]ties ( ! soot :i* is deposit$ 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! long flue v>y accord+ to ! di/ance f ! place ( combu/ion1 ne> to :i* a good black soot is deposit$1 requir+1 h[ev]1 long gr9d+ ) oil or gum solution to =m a good pa9t4 ,at a great] di/ance ! s(t & v f9e 0fly+ soot0 is deposit$2 x is ! mo/ pure black & is reg>d$ z ! be/ quality4 ,! soot deposit$ f>!r on is m & m br[n1 & has a m greasy nature ! great] ! di/ance f ! place ( combu/ion4 ,! flue = ! reception ( ! soot mu/ be made s long t h>dly any smoke is p]ceptible at ! end1 :i* x is conv5i5t to connect ) a *imney ) a good draught1 regulat$ by a damp]4 ,9 ?is case ! combu/ion & ! spe$ at :i* ! products ent] ! flues are twice regulat$4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ! flues are con/ruct$ ?r\gh :i* ! products ( combu/ion are l$ influ5ces ! mann] 9 :i* ! soot is deposit$2 ! portions ne>e/ to ! grate mu/ be ( /onework1 b :5 ! smoke has cool$ to a c]ta9 ext5t diff]5t mat]ials c be us$ 9 addition to wood2 flues made ( sack+ /ret*$ ov] la?s are us$4 ,! f9e fly+ soot adh]es to ! r\ghnesses ( ! co>se sack+1 & is easily loos5$ by /rik+ ! wall ( ! flue4 ,z we h said1 ! arrangem5ts ( mo/ soot works are v primitive2 !y obta9 only a fraction ( ! quantity ( soot :i* !y c\ld produce by a prop] regulation ( ! draught 9 ! combu/ion *amb] & 9 ! flue 9 :i* ! soot deposits4 ,we %all n[ briefly describe ! conditions :i* %\ld be reg>d$ 9 con/ruct+ a soot works2 ^! conditions h n be5 f\nd to be obs]v$ 9 any works we h se51 9 ?is bran* ( *emical indu/ry s-call$ practical exp]i5ce is alone reg>d$1 & consequ5tly ! 0practical0 soot burn] loses l>ge sums1 lit]ally up ! *imney4 ,a black works c be prop]ly design$ by any "o :o kn[s suffici5t *emi/ry to und]/& ! process ( combu/ion4 ,( ?is mo/ educat$ m5 h "s und]/&+1 b ! practical soot burn] appe>s to h b hazy ideas on ! subject1 = "o occasionally f9ds ! arrangem5ts = mak+ soot 9 direct opposition to ! prop] disposition4 ,= ! sake ( ! uni=mity ( ! product & ( safety aga9/ fire1 ! flues 9 :i* ! soot is deposit$ %\ld be entirely ( masonry2 ! jo9ts ( ! bricks %\ld be smoo?ly cem5t$ ov]1 s t soot _c collect 9 quantity 9 !m4 ,! end ( ?is flue %\ld be connect$ ) a high *imney provid$ at ! top ) a well-fitt+ damp]1 s t ! draught 9 flues & *imney c be regulat$ at w or completely /opp$4 ,su* an arrangem5t1 p]haps some:at co/ly1 has _m important advantages3 x is fire-pro(1 & :5 once w>m rema9s s = a long "t1 s9ce bricks are bad conductors ( heat4 ,:5 ! flue is hot no wat] cond5ses 9 x2 all ! wat] =m$ 9 ! combu/ion rema9s 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 & is c>ri$ away by ! *imney4 ,a fur!r advantage is t x is n (t5 necess>y to ent] ! flue to collect ! soot2 burn+ may be cont9u$ = a long "t1 & a l>ge quantity ( soot tak5 at once f ! flues or soot *amb]s4 ,! soot collects on ! walls ( ! *amb]s 9 flocks1 :i* f9ally become s heavy t !y fall (f & collect on ! floor4 ,! entry to ! soot *amb]s %\ld be ?r\gh a s+le iron door1 tightly clos$ :il/ ! *amb]s are 9 use1 & cem5t$ r\nd4 ,if ?is door does n fit air-tight ! combu/ion _c be exactly regulat$ by ! damp] on ! *imney4 ,! soot is remov$ f ! *amb]s by a workman1 :o sweeps (f ) a s(t bru% into a %eet-iron vessel ! soot adh]+ to ! walls & ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,x is extremely important t soot & no?+ else %\ld be collect$2 ! bru% us$ = loos5+ ! soot %\ld be s s(t t x does n rub (f mort> f ! brickwork2 ! workman's %oes %\ld be provid$ ) felt soles1 s t no p>ticles are loos5$ f ! floor ( ! *amb] & mix$ ) ! soot4 ,! admixture ( ! smalle/ quantity ( s& w\ld be extremely h>mful 9 ! ensu+ gr9d+ ( ! soot2 ! mills w\ld be damag$4 ,! flues = collect+ ! soot 9 well arrang$ works are v simil>1 b ! app>atus us$ = burn+ ! mat]ials :i* produce ! soot v>ies greatly accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial4 ,"s quantity ( ! soot black us$ 9 ! arts is /ill made by burn+ p9e roots & *ips1 b = ! f9] qualities ,am]ican ros9 is l>gely employ$4 ,e>?-wax or ozok]ite & ! hydroc>bons obta9$ f petroleum & 9 ! di/illation ( %ale are mat]ials frequ5tly us$ 9 mak+ soot blacks ( v good quality4 ,= ! f9e/ qualities1 su* z are us$ = f9e pr9t+ inks1 copp]-plate inks & black lacqu]s1 soot obta9$ by burn+ fi% oils or *eap fatty oils is mo/ commonly us$4 ,! great diff]5ces 9 ! physical nature ( ^! mat]ials dem& ! use ( diff]5t app>atus = _! combu/ion4 ,! space allott$ to soot blacks 9 ?is "w w\ld be f> exce$$ if ! con/ruction ( all ! =ms ( app>atus 7 describ$2 ! mo/ important only w be giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,:5 ros9 is ! raw mat]ial1 ! combu/ion c be conduct$ 9 flat spoon-%ap$ vessels plac$ be=e a n>r[ op5+ into ! flue4 ,fig4 #cj %[s an arrangem5t v successful 9 practice4 ,! spoon-%ap$ iron vessel1 ,g1 /&s 9 a second1 ,g1 :i* is fill$ ) wat]3 ?is prev5ts ! fus$ ros9 f becom+ too hot4 ,if ! temp]ature 9 ,g rose too high1 dry di/illation w\ld take place along ) ! combu/ion ( ! ros91 & ! soot w\ld be l>gely contam9at$ by ! products ( ?is di/illation4 ,?is may proce$ s f> t 9 place ( ! f9e flocks ( soot a greasy mass is deposit$ 9 ! flues1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( soot ) products ( di/illation1 f :i* ! soot c\ld be obta9$ only ) great difficulty4 ,! soot & gase\s products ( combu/ion pass ?r\gh ! op5+1 ,o1 into ! flues1 ,r ,r4 ,?is op5+ is only sev]al c5timetres wide1 b is ne>ly z long z ! combu/ion vessel4 ,above ! vessel1 ,g1 is a movable iron cov]1 ,d1 9 :i* are slides by :i* ! air supply is regulat$4 ,! cov] is only tak5 (f :5 fre% mat]ial is introduc$4 ,! air supply _c be suffici5tly regulat$ by ! slides 9 ! cov]2 ^! mu/ be us$ 9 conjunction ) ! *imney damp]4 ,! combu/ion is obs]v$ ?r\gh a ?ick glass plate let into ! cov]4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation slides & damp] are completely op5$4 ,:5 ! *imney is se5 to emit a ?ick black smoke ! flues are fill$ ) ! products ( combu/ion1 & ! spe$ ) :i* !y pass ?r\gh ! flues mu/ be regulat$4 ,! curr5t ( air is decreas$ until only a little visible smoke escapes f ! *imney1 & ! flame is no long] :ite1 b a murky r$4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! fir/ soot obta9$ f a new works is nev] ( ! be/ quality1 ! production ( ?is is only gradually atta9$4 ,! cause ( ?is is t ! new masonry is damp & gives up wat] to ! hot gases1 s t !y are cool$ & _! velocity di/urb$2 ! soot w also be damp4 ,?us a greasy soot is obta9$4 ,x is ( v little use to all[ ! in/allation to rema9 unus$ = "s mon?s aft] x is complet$2 ! brickwork w\ld only dry sup]ficially1 & :5 x 0 fir/ heat$ ! pres5ce ( ! wat] w\ld become evid5t4 ,9 ord] to dry ! :ole erection to su* an ext5t t ! moi/ure f ! brickwork has no effect on ! regul> c\rse ( ! op]ation1 x is advisable to comm5ce ) mat]ials ( little value & to all[ a portion ( !m to be lo/ by ! use ( a /rong] draught ?an is g5]ally us$1 s t ! flues c be fre$ f all moi/ure z soon z possible4 ,?is applies equally to all k9ds ( arrangem5ts = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,lamps are us$ to burn liquid fats & m9]al oils4 ,^! lamps naturally h a diff]5t con/ruction to ^? us$ = light+1 :i* are con/ruct$ ) ! object ( burn+ all ! c>bon 9 ! oil1 s t ! temp]ature may rise z high z possible & ! c>bon burn at a high :ite heat4 ,! lamps us$ 9 ! soot black manufacture are design$ to burn only z mu* c>bon z is absolutely necess>y to ma9ta9 ! flame1 at ! same "t ! temp]ature ( ! flame mu/ be kept l[1 s t no portion ( ! soot is aga9 burnt4 ,^! lamps h flat burn]s & are enclos$ 9 a %eet-iron cas+ provid$ ) an air regulator1 :i* mu/ "w v accurately1 o!rwise air w ent] betwe5 ! jo9ts & ! work+ ( ! regulator w be deceptive4 ,s t ! mat]ial to be burnt %all n be too /rongly heat$1 :i* w\ld be accompani$ by great loss :5 m9]al oil is us$1 ! res]voir %\ld be plac$ outside ! iron cas+ :i* surr\nds ! burn]4 ,fig4 #ca %[s ! con/ruction ( a soot lamp4 ,! flat burn]1 ,b1 is plac$ 9 ! cyl9drical %eet-iron mantle1 ,h1 :i* is b5t above at n too %>p an angle4 ,! products ( combu/ion are l$ into a *amb]1 ,k1 f :i* !y pass into ! flues :]e ! soot is deposit$4 ,! =m ( ! upp] portion ( ! cyl9d] is ( importance2 if ?is is b5t at "r angles1 soot accumulates on ! angle1 & :5 a mass has =m$ x falls (f1 & is p>tly burn$ 9 ! flame4 ,if ! cyl9d] is giv5 a prop] b5d no soot is deposit$ 9 x1 b x is all c>ri$ away into ! soot *amb]s4 ,! air regulator1 ,s1 is plac$ at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]2 x mu/ turn easily4 ,! l>g] ! slits are made by ! rotation ( ?is regulator1 ! m oxyg5 ent]s ! flame1 & ! m vigor\s is ! combu/ion4 ,a small1 well-fitt+ door is plac$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! cyl9d]1 ?r\gh :i* ! wick c be rea*$2 opposite to ?is a glass plate is ins]t$1 s t ! flame may be obs]v$ )\t op5+ ! door4 ,! wick is rais$ or l[]$ by means ( ! screw1 ,r4 ,! oil res]voir1 ,o1 mu/ be outside ! cyl9d]3 9 ! old] arrangem5ts x is s plac$ t ! wick sucks up ! oil2 ! workman :o is 9 *>ge ( ! lamps mu/ !n take p>ticul> c>e t ! res]voirs always conta9 ! prop] quantity ( oil1 if he neglects to keep ! oil at ! prop] level ! wick is *>r$2 x !n sucks up too mu* oil1 :i* _c completely burn & is *iefly di/ill$1 s t ! soot is oily & _c easily be treat$ aft]w>ds4 ,! mo/ dilig5t & att5tive workman :o is 9 *>ge ( a l>ge numb] ( lamps may easily all[ "o ( !m to run %ort ( oil4 ,) ! oil res]voir above depict$1 a new quantity ( oil fl[s only :5 ! level ( ! liquid s9ks bel[ ! l9e1 ,u4 ,z soon z a small quantity is us$ air ent]s ! res]voir1 ,o1 9 place ( :i* oil runs out until ! op5+1 ,u1 is aga9 clos$ by ! liquid4 ,?is con/ruction ( lamp only works well :5 ?9 oils are burn$1 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! lamps are kept con/antly clean4 ,lamps ( all con/ructions h "s drawbacks1 !y mu/ always be clean$1 & losses ( oil occur 9 fill+4 ,^! defects are obviat$ :51 in/ead ( provid+ ea* lamp ) its own res]voir1 a s+le "o is us$ = a l>ge numb] ( lamps1 :i* are automatically f$ f x4 ,9 ?is case ! att5dant has only to regulate ! air supply to ! lamps1 & to see t ! me*anical arrangem5t by :i* ! oil fl[s to ! diff]5t lamps is work+ prop]ly4 ,:5 ! lamps are automatically f$1 ! burn]s mu/ be firmly fix$1 & all 9 ! same horizontal plane4 ,a pipe connects ea* burn] ) a ma9 pipe runn+ "u ! lamps1 :i* latt] pipe is connect$ ) ! res]voir1 & ?is 9 its turn is connect$ ) ano!r res]voir plac$ a little high]4 ,9 ! pipe connect+ ! two res]voirs is a tap1 :i* is op5$ by a float 9 ! l[] vessel z soon z ! level ( ! liquid 9 x s9ks a little1 & :i* rema9s op5 until ! level ( ! liquid has aga9 ris5 to a c]ta9 height4 ,! float 9 ! res]voir connect$ ) ! lamps is arrang$ s t ! level ( ! liquid is slightly high] ?an ! burn]s4 ,"u ! slight pressure oil cont9ually fl[s to ! burn]s1 & x is n difficult to regulate its fl[ s t all :i* rea*es ! burn] is burn$4 ,9 us+ a new oil x is n easy at fir/ to regulate ! fl[ s t absolutely all is burn$ )\t any dropp+ (f ! burn]2 to prev5t ! loss ( ?is portion1 ! l[] end ( ! air regulator is conical1 at ! apex ( ! cone is a small tube & "u ?is a vessel 9 :i* ! unburnt oil is caught4 ,9 ,fig4 #cb1 ,s is ! air regulator1 ,t ! vessel to cat* ! unburnt oil1 ,l ! pipe lead+ f ea* burn] to ! common pipe ,h1 ,g ! vessel 9 :i* a float regulates ! fl[ f a l>g] res]voir1 s t ! liquid always rema9s at ! same level4 ,:5 t> oils are us$1 or ?9 m9]al oils1 ! pipes :i* convey ! oil to ! burn]s may be made tol]ably n>r[1 b :5 visc\s oils or fi% oils are burn$1 n>r[ tubes w\ld (f] too great resi/ance to ! fl[1 s t x is always advisable to use fairly wide pipes4 ,visc\s oils become consid]ably m fluid at high] temp]atures1 x is !re=e well to place ! res]voirs 9 ! same room z ! lamps2 9 w9t] ! temp]ature ( ?is room is kept fairly high by ! burn+ ( ! lamps1 & ?us ! oils rema9 fluid4 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,9 rec5t ye>s hydroc>bons ( v l[ boil+ po9t h be5 plac$ on ! m>ket at l[ prices2 ^! produce a black ( v good quality4 ,on acc\nt ( ! l[ boil+ po9t ( ^! v inflammable liquids1 p>ticul> c>e is necess>y 9 burn+ !m2 !y are v fluid & reta9 _! fluidity at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! res]voirs = !m %\ld be plac$ = safety outside ! lamp room1 & %\ld be clos$ by an air-tight lid1 ) only "o small op5+ ?r\gh :i* air c ent]4 ,:5 ^! l[ boil+ liquids are us$1 p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 to regulate ! fl[ to ! lamp1 or l>ge quantities w evaporate )\t be+ burnt4 ,! mat]ials us$ 9 ! manufacture ( soot black diff] consid]ably 9 *emical con/itution4 ,ros91 animal & vegetable fats1 di/ill$ oils & volatile hydroc>bons are us$4 ,ea* ( ^! sub/ances gives diff]5t decomposition products :5 heat$1 to :i* prop] reg>d mu/ be _h1 s9ce ! quality ( ! black is dep5d5t on !m4 ,! m difficultly volatile are ! products ( di/illation1 ! high] mu/ be ! temp]ature at :i* ! combu/ion is conduct$1 o!rwise ! soot w conta9 a consid]able quantity ( ^! products ( di/illation4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! great v>iety ( mat]ials us$ = mak+ soot black1 x is impossible to say exactly 9 :at mann] ea* %\ld be treat$3 ?is mu/ be left to ! practical exp]i5ce ( ! manufactur]4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,lamp ,,black4 ,! v>iety ( soot black kn[n z lamp black is ! be/2 x is us$ = mak+ copp]-plate inks & black coa* pa9ts4 ,its price is mu* high] ?an t ( ord9>y soot black2 = ! be/ qualities1 tw5ty times ! price ( an ord9>y black is paid4 ,! mat]ials already m5tion$ are us$ = mak+ lamp black1 fi% oils & rancid vegetable oils1 & 9 rec5t times m9]al oil & t> oils4 ,9 reg>d to vegetable oils x is to be obs]v$ t x is advisable to use v rancid oil1 :i* gives a l>g] yield ( soot2 exp]i5ce has %[n t a v rancid oil requires a l>g] quantity ( oxyg5 to burn )\t a smoky flame ?an a sweet oil4 ,?is indicates t a portion ( ! c>bon 9 ! rancid oil is pres5t 9 su* a =m t x requires a high] temp]ature to burn x ?an is requir$ = ! c>bon 9 sweet oils4 ,! use ( rancid oils = mak+ soot blacks has ?us two advantages1 x is mu* *eap] & produces a l>g] yield4 ,! only disadvantage1 & n a v important "o1 att5d+ ! use ( rancid oil is t ! free fatty acids 9 ^! oils /rongly attack ! metallic p>ts ( ! lamps4 ,?is is especially ! case ) copp] & brass2 only su* portions ( ! lamps z is absolutely necess>y %\ld be made ( ^! metals2 all o!r p>ts1 & 9 p>ticul> ! oil res]voirs1 %\ld be made ( t9 plate4 ,s9ce ! developm5t ( ! coal-t> indu/ry oils di/ill$ f coal t> h come into comm]ce at l[ prices4 ,^! oils consi/ ( c>bon & hydrog5 & are equally volatile ) ! ess5tial oils1 to :i* class turp5t9e belongs4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ^! t> oils1 light & heavy2 !y diff] bo? 9 specific gravity & 9 ! boil+ temp]ature1 :i* ranges betwe5 tol]ably wide limits4 ,:5 ! burn+ qualities ( ^! oils are exam9$1 !y %[ a great diff]5ce 9 ! quantities ( oxyg5 necess>y = complete combu/ion ) a :ite flame )\t smoke4 ,! m oxyg5 an oil requires to burn ) a non-smoky flame1 ! m suit$ x is = ! manufacture ( blacks4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! difficulty ( completely burn+ ^! oils is 9 proportion to _! specific gravity & ! height ( _! boil+ po9t4 ,by ! di/illation ( ros91 oils are obta9$ :i* also consi/ ( c>bon & hydrog5 & =m a useful mat]ial = ! manufacture ( soot blacks4 ,! m9]al kn[n z e>?-wax or ozok]ite1 a sub/ance int]m$iate betwe5 asphaltum & petroleum1 c also be us$1 b s9ce x is a solid x mu/ be burnt 9 tr\ghs4 ,9 burn+ light oils ! arrangem5ts c be v simply made2 wicks are n requir$ & ?us a consid]able outlay is sp>$4 ,9 place ( ! burn]1 %all[ di%es are us$ into :i* ! oil ent]s f bel[1 replac+ t burnt away4 ,x is necess>y to cool ^! di%es cont9u\sly f bel[1 o!rwise !y w\ld soon become s hot t ! great] "p ( ! oil w\ld evaporate )\t burn+1 & x w\ld also be v difficult to regulate ! flame prop]ly4 ,black c be obta9$ f v res9if]\s coal by burn+ 9 furnaces ) a regulat$ air supply4 ,! product is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally l>gely contam9at$ by a%1 & c only be us$ = common purposes4 ,v res9if]\s lignite gives a bett] product ?an coal2 ! black c be p>tially sep>at$ f ! a%es by %ak+ ^u wat] & !n /irr+1 :5 ! p>ticles ( a% s9k to ! bottom & ! light black floats on ! top4 ,h[ev] c>efully ! manufacture ( soot black is conduct$1 x w always conta91 9 addition to c>bon1 v>y+ quantities ( ! products ( di/illation1 p>tly solid & p>tly liquid4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! admixtures ! soot w n be pure black1 b w %[ a m or less br[n t+e1 :i* is cle>ly obs]v$ :5 ! black is sme>$ on :ite pap]4 ,at a c]ta9 ?ickness ( ! lay] ( soot x w be se5 t ! col\r is n black1 b an impure br[n4 ,:5 su* soot1 z x is tak5 f ! *amb]s1 is *emically exam9$1 x is f\nd t x gives up a l>ge quantity ( soluble matt] to diff]5t *emical reag5ts4 ,by prop] treatm5t x is possible to remove ! admixtures almo/ completely1 s t ne>ly *emically pure c>bon rema9s4 ,su* pure c>bon c be made by boil+ lamp black ) /rong cau/ic soda solution s long z ! liquid is col\r$1 & :5 cau/ic soda c dissolve no?+ m1 ! residue is boil$ ) aqua regia until ?is no long] takes up soluble matt]4 ,! black is !n wa%$ ) wat] until free f e trace ( acid1 & ! residue dri$4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! soot is conv]t$ into a p[d] ( ! pure/ black hue :i* x is possible to obta94 ,x is n[ no long] soot1 b *emically pure c>bon 9 ! non-cry/all9e =m2 heat$ ^u plat9um foil x burns to pure c>bonic acid )\t produc+ smoke or smell4 ,9 practice ! purification ( ! soot is n c>ri$ to ! ext5t ( produc+ pure c>bon2 ?is w\ld be accompani$ by a dim9i%$ yield ( ! pigm5t )\t increas+ ! comm]cial value ( ! product3 ! aim ( ! manufactur] is simply to produce a sub/ance ( a pure black appe>ance f ! br[n soot4 ,to remove ! br[n sub/ances pres5t 9 ! crude soot ! solv5t action ( cau/ic soda solution c be us$4 ,! soot is sev]al times boil$ 9 iron pans ) /rong cau/ic soda solution 9 ord] to dissolve ! products ( dry di/illation4 ,x is sup]flu\s to repeat ?is op]ation until fre% cau/ic soda rema9s col\rless4 ,! treatm5t may be /opp$ :5 ! solution acquires a slight br[ni% col\r4 ,:5 ! soot has be5 purifi$ s f> x has lo/ its br[n %ade & n[ appe>s z a velvety black p[d]1 v s(t & v light1 & di/+ui%$ by extraord9>y cov]+ p[]4 ,x is n s easy z x appe>s at fir/ sight to judge ( ! quality ( a black pigm5t by its appe>ance4 ,to ! unaccu/om$ eye a pigm5t may appe> to be ( an unexceptionable black1 :i* to ! exp]t appe>s decid$ly br[n2 only long practice c give ! eye ! requisite ke5ness4 ,9 addition to ! te/ already giv5--( sme>+ on :ite pap]--!re is ano!r especially to be recomm5d$ to ! inexp]i5c$ = discrim9at+ betwe5 pigm5ts4 ,a small quantity ( ! black "u exam9ation is intimately mix$ ) a :ite pigm5t2 :ite lead or z9c :ite is v suitable4 ,if ! mixture has a pure grey %ade1 ! black may be reg>d$ z ( good quality1 b if x conta9s br[n sub/ances ! mixture has an indef9ite1 dirty %ade in/ead ( a pure grey4 ,?is is a sure sign t ! black requires fur!r purification4 ,al?\gh cau/ic soda is n[ v *eap1 its use = ! purification ( soot black is tol]ably co/ly1 because x entails mu* lab\r4 ,?is process is !re=e only us$ = ! f9e/ qualities :i* are to be employ$ = copp]-plate inks & black coa* col\rs4 ,= inf]ior qualities ! me?od ( calc9ation is us$1 :i* produces1 :5 prop]ly c>ri$ out1 a black ( su* purity t x c be us$ = ! prep>ation ( ev5 ! f9e/ black pa9ts4 ,calc9ation ( ! ,soot4--,! sub/ances :i* give ! soot its br[n col\r are products ( dry di/illation1 & h5ce are all volatile at a c]ta9 temp]ature2 !y c be sep>at$ f ! soot by heat+ x 9 ! abs5ce ( air4 ,! temp]ature necess>y completely to volatilise ^! comp\nds is fairly high4 ,! soot mu/ be heat$ to a good r$ heat to obta9 a safe result4 ,:5 ! soot is heat$ too quickly or to too high a temp]ature x und]goes an alt]ation :i* affects ! quality ( ! product4 ,by too long or too vigor\s ignition ! soot *anges its flocky consi/5cy to a s&y nature2 x w !n require mu* long] gr9d+ ) oil to produce a uni=m mixture ?an is ! case ) ! light floccul5t soot1 :i* v readily mixes ) oil4 ,! soot is ignit$ 9 %eet-iron boxes ) a coat+ to protect ! metal f burn+4 ,?is coat+ is be/ made f clay & hair4 ,a v ?9 pa/e ( clay & wat] is pa9t$ uni=mly ov] ! boxes ) a bru%2 :5 ! fir/ coat is dry a second & ?ird are giv54 ,:5 once ! metal is completely cov]$ ) clay1 sev]al coats are giv5 ( clay mix$ ) *opp$ t[ until ! lay] is sev]al millimetres ?ick4 ,! coat+ c>efully made 9 ?is mann] is v durable1 & ! boxes c be us$ = a long "t1 :il/ )\t ! coat+ !y w\ld v soon be burnt4 ,p>ticul> c>e mu/ be giv5 to ! manufacture ( ! boxes !mselves2 ! bottoms mu/ fit v accurately1 & %\ld be coat$ ) clay 9 ord] to ensure an air-tight jo9t4 ,! lids also mu/ fit accurately1 & :5 !y are clos$ mu/ equally be made tight by clay4 ,! soot is at fir/ loosely pack$ into ! box & ea* portion !n press$ ) a ramm] s t x tightly fills ! boxes4 ,9 ! lid is a v small op5+1 ?r\gh :i* ! volatile products c escape4 ,! heat+ beg9s q g5tly at ! back1 & proce$s gradually to ! front2 ! boxes are f9ally br\ght to a good r$ heat1 at :i* !y are ma9ta9$ = ab\t half an h\r2 at ?is temp]ature ! sub/ances mix$ ) ! c>bon are almo/ entirely volatilis$1 & ! soot acquires its true black appe>ance4 ,! soot itself atta9s a r$ heat 9 ! boxes & 9 consequ5ce ( its loose nature x v readily burns4 ,! precautions giv5 above mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ord] to protect completely ! soot aga9/ ! action ( ! air4 ,! boxes %\ld n h ! smalle/ op5+ besides t 9 ! cov] necess>y = ! escape ( ! volatile matt]s2 ?r\gh an op5+ invisible to ! nak$ eye s mu* oxyg5 may ent] dur+ ! cool+ ( ! boxes t a consid]able quantity ( c>bon w burn to c>bonic acid4 ,to avoid losses ?r\gh ! c>bon burn+ precautions mu/ equally be tak5 9 ! cool+ ( ! boxes4 ,:5 ! ignition is f9i%$ !y are drawn out ( ! furnace by tongs & plac$ upright on a /one floor2 z ! cool air ent]s1 & 9 contact ) ! r$-hot c>bon w\ld burn a portion ( x4 ,?is c be prev5t$ by a simple artifice3 a r$-hot coal is plac$ on ! small op5+ 9 ! lid2 ?is conv]ts ! oxyg5 ( ! air :i* ent]s ! boxes into c>bonic acid4 ,:5 all ! boxes are tak5 out ( ! furnace ! doors ( ! room 9 :i* !y are plac$ are op5$1 s t !y are cool$ 9 ! draught4 ,f9ely divid$ c>bon takes fire at a temp]ature f> bel[ a r$ heat1 s t ! boxes %\ld n be op5$ until _! cont5ts are q cold4 ,if !y 7 op5$ :il/ hot ! soot might take fire4 ,p9e ,black4--,"u ?is "n a poor quality ( black comes into ! m>ket1 :i* is mu* us$ = ord9>y black pa9ts1 etc4 ,! p9e black =m]ly br\ght into ! m>ket 0 :at its "n purport$2 x 0 made f ! roots ( ! p9e 9 ! primitive fa%ion already describ$4 ,! black 0 sold )\t fur!r purification3 x 0 a s(t light p[d]1 v v>iable 9 %ade on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( control ov] ! process3 x v>i$ f pure black to a d>k br[n4 ,at pres5t1 "u ! "n ( p9e black _m sub/ances are sold1 g5]ally )\t purification1 made f ! mo/ diff]5t mat]ials1 frequ5tly f ros91 ros9 residues1 & o!r *eap mat]ials4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,soot ,,black ,,)\t ,,*amb]s4 ,a c]ta9 temp]ature is necess>y = ! combu/ion ( e sub/ance2 if a cold body is plac$ 9 ! flame ( a c&le or an oil lamp x becomes cov]$ ) soot1 because x cools ! flame to su* an ext5t t ! c>bon is no long] heat$ to ! temp]ature necess>y = its combu/ion1 & is1 !re=e1 sep>at$ 9 a f9ely divid$ condition4 ,use is made ( ?is ph5om5on 9 a me?od ( mak+ soot black :i* has _m advantages1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is t exp5sive build+s are n requir$1 & ! manufacture c be conduct$ 9 re/rict$ space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,a conv5i5t arrangem5t = obta9+ black by ?is process is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! ?9-wall$ holl[ ca/-iron cyl9d] is turn$ smoo? on ! out] surface1 & is surr\nd$ by a %eet-iron cov] at ! di/ance ( a few c5timetres2 x rotates 9 be>+s1 :i*1 l ! sp9dles1 are holl[2 cold wat] is ?us l$ ?r\gh ! cyl9d] f a tank at a high] level4 ,bel[ ! cyl9d] are plac$1 ne> to "o ano!r1 smok+ lamps1 & at ! side ( ! cyl9d] is a broad bru% ( s(t hair :i* cont9u\sly removes ! soot deposit$ on ! surface1 :i* !n falls ov] an incl9$ plate into ! collect+ vessel4 ,! cyl9d] is kept 9 sl[ rotation by any me*anical arrangem5t4 ,! lamps are devis$ n to produce a hot flame1 b :5 ?is comes 9 contact ) ! cold surface ( ! cyl9d]1 x deposits a r+ ( soot on ! rotat+ cyl9d] :i* is !n remov$ by ! bru%4 ,! cyl9d] is kept cool$ by ! wat] :i* runs ?r\gh x4 ,! soot :i* is collect$ %[s a tol]ably /rong br[n %ade 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapid cool+ ( ! flame1 :i* causes ! =mation ( a l>ge quantity ( products ( di/illation2 ! soot w always require ignition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,x has be5 propos$ fur!r to simplify ! manufacture ( soot black by ?is me?od1 by burn+ coal gas "u ! cyl9d] f num]\s small op5+s 9 a pipe4 ,coal gas inde$ gives a v f9e deep black1 b ! yield is s small t ?is process c\ld nev] be adopt$ ) advantage4 ,! app>atus con/ruct$ by ,?alwitz] = ! manufacture ( oil black 7,fig4 #cd7 consi/s ( a plate1 ,a1 ) a rim1 a1 fa/5$ to a v]tical axis1 b4 ,?is is c>ri$ by be>+s 9 ,b1 & is kept 9 rotation by ! cog-:eels1 d & f1 mov$ f ! %aft+1 ,o4 ,! plate is cool$ by wat] suppli$ by ! pipe1 g1 x fl[s away by h & ! annul> vessel1 ,d4 ,! lamps1 e1 are connect$ ) ! common oil res]voir by n4 ,h is a scrap] fa/5$ to ,b by x4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,indian ,,ink4 ,indian ink consi/s ( purifi$ soot mix$ ) gum1 z b9d+ m$ium1 & a little camphor & musk4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ,indian ink is made 9 ,*9a by a process :i* is /ill a secret2 ?is op9ion is support$ by ! fact t ! ink made 9 ,europe is almo/ always inf]ior to ! ,*9ese4 ,x is q possible t a sub/ance :i* produces a p>ticul>ly f9e black is us$ 9 ,*9a to prep>e ! soot us$ = ! ink1 & :i* we d n yet "k or d n use on acc\nt ( its high price4 ,b x appe>s t ! difficulty ( produc+ an ink equal 9 quality to ! ,*9ese lies less 9 ! quality ( ! soot --= by ! me?ods ( purification already giv5 we c make almo/ *emically pure c>bon--?an 9 ! extremely c>eful me*anical treatm5t ( ! soot ) ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! ink4 ,! g5u9e ,*9ese ink has a peculi> smell1 :i*1 :5 n hidd5 by musk1 di/9ctly recalls ! smell ( burn+ camphor2 ! camphor tree is a native ( ,*9a1 s t x is n impossible t ! soot ( ! wood ( ?is tree is us$ = ! ink4 ,! soot f camphor alone w\ld be too exp5sive1 s t x is probable t camphor wood is us$ f :i* camphor has be5 prep>$1 or t camphor soot is mix$ ) ! soot ( a *eap] sub/ance4 ,9 fact sev]al v>ieties ( ,*9ese ink %[ di/9ctly ! smell peculi> to soot produc$ by fat4 ,! b9d+ mat]ial is animal glue1 :i* is mo/ ?or\ghly gr\nd ) ! c>bon2 ! secret ( mak+ good ,indian ink lies 9 ! c>eful gr9d+ ) ! b9d+ m$ium4 ,accord+ to ,pi\1 :o liv$ = a long "t 9 ,*9a & le>n$ ! process !re us$1 ! black employ$ = ! ink is made f ! res9s ( ! p9e & o!r trees4 ,! soot is siev$ ?r\gh silk1 boil$ ) glue & wat]1 & knead$ by h& ) a little oil until ! mass has become completely homog5e\s4 ,x is !n left = "s days1 heat$1 & press$ into ! m\lds4 ,?is description is n v satisfactory2 ! products obta9$ are f> inf]ior to ^? made by ! ord9>y ,european process4 ,! visc\s mass obta9$ by long treatm5t ( ! black ) ! b9d+ m$ium is sl[ly dri$1 & aga9 gr\nd :5 x has become ?ick4 ,:5 a completely homog5e\s pa/e has be5 obta9$ x is made into /icks :i* are press$ into m\lds1 & !n v sl[ly dri$ s t !y d n crack4 ,small cracks always occur2 !y are fill$ 9 by a bru% dipp$ 9 ! ?ick pa/e1 f9ally ! /icks are entirely or p>tially cov]$ ) gold leaf4 ,9 ord] to imp>t to ! ink ! od\r *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*9ese ink1 x is suffici5t to use good lamp black1 made od\rless by extraction ) cau/ic soda1 & to add a little solution ( camphor 9 turp5t9e dur+ ! gr9d+4 ,if x is desir$ to imp>t ! musk smell :i* sev]al ,*9ese v>ieties possess1 a small quantity ( a _s extract ( g5u9e musk may be add$4 ,! size solution is made by long boil+ is+lass ) wat]2 x mu/ be s conc5trat$ t x =ms a /rong jelly on cool+4 ,a small quantity ( acetic acid is add$1 s t ! gr9d+ may n be h9d]$ by ! visc\s nature ( ! size1 :i* ! acid prev5ts f gelat9is+4 ,:5 ! mixture has be5 made by long gr9d+1 ! mort> is w>m$ to #dj or #ej ,c41 :]eupon ! acetic acid is soon volatilis$1 & ! mass rapidly becomes v ?ick4 ,neutral ,t9t ,black4--,a mixture ( ,indian ink1 ,*9ese blue1 & a v small quantity ( madd] lake =ms ! col\r kn[n z 0neutral t9t10 ! %ade ( :i* is a peculi> greyi% violet4 ,by alt]ations 9 ! proportions ( ! con/itu5ts diff]5t %ades ( 0neutral t9t0 are produc$4 ,,app5dix4--,,black ,,m9]al ,,pigm5ts4 ,*rome ,copp] ,black4--,:5 copp] *romate is /rongly ignit$ 9 air & !n treat$ ) boil+ nitric acid a glitt]+ black comp\nd is obta9$1 :i* %[s up well :5 pr9t$ on fabrics ) album94 ,?is & all simil> pigm5ts are di/+ui%$ by great durability4 ,*rome ,black4--,:5 a mixture ( *romium oxide ) v>y+ quantities ( f]ric oxide is /rongly heat$1 pigm5ts are obta9$ ( all %ades f dirty yell[ & gre5 to ! deepe/ black4 ,?is pigm5t is l>gely us$ 9 porcela9 pa9t+ to produce a black1 :i* also c be obta9$ by o!r b mu* m co/ly me?ods4 ,! be/ mixture to produce a deep black conta9s "o "p ( *romium oxide to f\r p>ts ( f]ric oxide4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,enamel ,,col\rs4 ,an enamel is a glass di/+ui%$ f ord9>y glazes by a mu* l[] melt+ po9t1 & g5]ally by opacity4 ,mo/ enamels are col\r$ by additions ( metallic oxides4 ,)\t go+ 9 detail into ! art ( enamell+1 "s obs]vations may "h be giv5 :i* appe> indisp5sable = an und]/&+ ( ! manufacture ( enamel col\rs4 ,! enamels are glasses1 b n e glass c be us$ = an enamel1 s9ce ! con/itu5ts ( ! glass react ) ! sub/ances by :i* ! enamel is col\r$1 & ) c]ta9 col\r+ matt]s q diff]5t %ades to ! int5d$ might be produc$4 ,( equal importance ) ! composition ( ! glass us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! enamel is ! temp]ature at :i* ! glass melts4 ,_m col\rs be> b a l[ heat2 !y decompose at a some:at high] temp]ature & produce q ! wrong col\r4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! enamels col\r$ purple r$ by gold4 ,! enamel col\rs are fix$ by mix+ !m ) an easily fusible glass 7! flux71 apply+ !m to ! object to be enamell$1 :e!r metal1 glass1 or porcela91 & heat+ ! pa9t$ article 9 muffles until ! glass melts1 & ei!r dissolves ! col\r+ matt] or encloses x unalt]$4 ,accord+ z ! enamel melts z a :ole1 or ! flux alone melts & encloses ! col\r+ matt]1 s transp>5t or opaque enamels are produc$4 ,! =m] are really col\r$ glasses1 ! latt] are glasses 9 :i* is enclos$ ! s9t]$ col\r+ sub/ance4 ,:il/ enamels 7 =m]ly ( importance only = arti/ic purposes1 !y h rec5tly atta9$ great indu/rial employm5t2 n only is e>!nw>e n[ cov]$ ) enamel1 & ?us made to resi/ ! attack ( *emical reag5ts1 b boil] tubes are l9$ ) enamel to prev5t ! =mation ( scale4 ,! col\rs us$ = enamels mu/ 9 all cases be metallic oxides2 = yell[1 silv] & antimony oxides2 = r$1 gold1 copp] oxide & f]ric oxide2 = blue1 cobalt comp\nds2 = gre51 copp] oxide or *romium oxide4 ,two op]ations are requir$ 9 ! production ( enamel col\rs1 ! prep>ation ( ! flux & its fusion ) ! real col\r+ sub/ance4 ,9 mo/ cases ! latt] op]ation takes place simultane\sly ) ! fixation on ! enamell$ article1 b ! enamels may be melt$ & ca/ into lumps1 :i* are !n p[d]$4 ,:ite ,enamels4--,^! are always ord9>y cry/al glass1 to :i* t9 dioxide or potassium antimoniate has be5 add$4 ,p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 t only pure raw mat]ials are us$1 = almo/ unweighable quantities ( iron comp\nds are suffici5t to imp>t to ! enamel a yell[ t+e4 ,9 almo/ all cases ! glass mu/ be decol\ris$ by ! addition ( pure pyrolusite 7manganese dioxide71 :i* at a r$ heat gives up a portion ( its oxyg5 to ! f]r\s oxide conta9$ 9 ! glass1 produc+ f]ric oxide1 :i* has mu* less col\r+ p[]4 ,too l>ge a quantity ( pyrolusite imp>ts a blue t+e to ! enamel4 ,! t9 dioxide us$ 9 ! glaze is made by direct oxidation ( t9 9 air4 ,x has be5 f\nd t t9 burns mu* m easily 9 air :5 x is mix$ ) lead2 #bj to #dj p>ts ( t9 are melt$ ) #ajj p>ts ( lead1 & ! alloy heat$ 9 %all[ vessels 9 ! air2 x takes fire at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & x is only necess>y to remove cont9ually ! lay] ( oxide 9 ord] to oxidise ! :ole ( ! metal )9 a %ort space ( "t4 ,! mixture ( oxides obta9$ 9 ?is mann] is fre$ f p>ticles ( metal by gr9d+ & levigation2 :5 x is fus$ ) ! glass1 ! lead oxide ent]s into comb9ation1 :il/ ! t9 oxide is emb$d$ 9 ! col\rless glass4 ,:5 pa/e enamels are requir$ ! mass is melt$ 9 %all[ crucibles1 p\r$ into wat] & brok5 up to a co>se p[d]1 :i* is aga9 fus$4 ,9 "s cases ?is op]ation mu/ be repeat$ sev]al times to obta9 a q homog5e\s product1 = t9 dioxide is v heavy & s9ks to ! bottom ( ! fluid glass2 ?is is readily se5 if ! fus$ enamel is all[$ to cool 9 ! crucible4 ,:5 ! crucible is brok5 ! l[] portions ( ! fus$ mass are d5se :ite1 :il/ ! upp] are m]ely milky :ite4 ,by repeat$ly fus+ ! mass x is endeav\r$ to obta9 x uni=m4 ,9 fus+ ! enamel c>e mu/ be tak5 t x is heat$ 9 a vessel f :i* ! fire gases are completely exclud$1 s9ce ! smalle/ quantity ( coal or ( f]rug9\s a%es com+ into contact ) ! melt$ mass w\ld injure its col\r4 ,if ! melt+ po9t ( ! enamel is too high x c be l[]$ by ! addition ( a small quantity ( pure qu>tz s&4 ,a f9e :ite enamel is obta9$ by us+ li?>ge or r$ lead4 ,! mixture conta9s #fj p>ts ( qu>tz s&1 #cj ( alum1 #ce ( common salt & #ajj ( r$ lead4 ,x is advisable to add a small quantity ( f9ely-p[d]$ talc to ! s&4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! consid]able proportion ( alum9a conta9$ 9 ?is enamel x is difficult to melt1 & c be heat$ to v high temp]atures )\t injury to ! %ade4 ,:5 antimony oxide is us$ a glass free f lead mu/ be tak52 lead glass does n give a pure :ite ) antimony oxide4 ,a v good :ite enamel is obta9$ by fus+ #c p>ts ( cry/al glass ) #a "p ( sodium antimoniate4 ,col\r$ ,enamels owe _! col\r to metallic oxides4 ,enamels col\r$ by metallic oxides1 9 :i* ! oxyg5 is firmly unit$1 c be fir$ )\t great precaution1 b if !y conta9 oxides easily decompos$1 great c>e is requir$ to obta9 a f9e col\r4 ,9 enamell+ metals a :ite "u-glaze is g5]ally us$ b5ea? ! col\r$ enamel2 x consi/s ( a refractory :ite enamel4 ,by ?is means x is m easy to obta9 pure col\rs4 ,yell[ ,enamels are col\r$ by silv]1 antimony oxide comb9$ ) li?>ge1 or f]ric oxide2 f ! latt] a r$ c also be obta9$4 ,to produce a yell[ enamel by means ( silv] ! article is fir/ enamell$ :ite at a l[ temp]ature2 silv] oxide is !n appli$ :]e requir$1 & ! article aga9 heat$4 ,x !n frequ5tly happ5s t ! surface has a metallic appe>ance ow+ to ! r$uction ( a "p ( ! silv] oxide to metallic silv]4 ,:5 ?is coat+ is scrap$ (f ! enamel b5ea? is f\nd to be col\r$ a f9e yell[4 ,! antimony yell[ is obta9$ by mix+ #a "p ( antimony oxide1 #a "p ( alum & #a to #c p>ts ( :ite lead1 accord+ to ! dep? ( col\r requir$4 ,^! f9ely-p[d]$ mat]ials are intimately mix$ ) #a "p ( sal ammoniac1 & heat$ 9 an op5 vessel ) /irr+ until ! yell[ col\r appe>s4 ,! vap\rs ( ! ammonium *loride indicate ! prop] temp]ature = ! op]ation4 ,:5 ?is sub/ance is completely volatilis$ ! temp]ature %\ld n be fur!r rais$1 or ! mixture w\ld fuse4 ,by means ( f]ric oxide a f9e & durable yell[ is produc$2 ! quantity employ$ mu/ n be too l>ge1 or a r$ col\r w result4 ,a v high temp]ature is requir$ = burn+ 9 ?is col\r4 ,! alum us$ 9 mak+ ! yell[ enamel col\rs s]ves to prev5t ! oxides f fus+4 ,r$ ,enamel4--,f]ric oxide is g5]ally us$4 ,:5 a purple r$ is requir$ x is obta9$ ei!r directly f metallic gold or f purple ( ,cassius4 ,r$ iron enamel is made by sl[ly heat+ #bj to #be p>ts ( pure f]r\s sulphate ) #aj p>ts ( alum9ium sulphate until all ! wat] ( cry/allisation is expell$1 :5 ! temp]ature is gradually rais$ to an int5se heat4 ,! %ade dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature3 ! high] x is ! d>k] is ! col\r4 ,te/s are tak5 f "t to "t ( ! mixture1 & rapidly cool$4 ,hot f]ric oxide is black1 consequ5tly ! %ade c only be judg$ ) complete c]ta9ty 9 a cool$ portion4 ,al?\gh ! temp]ature requir$ = ! prep>ation ( ?is col\r is v high1 yet x ought n to rise s f> t ! magnetic oxide is produc$1 a small quantity ( :i* w\ld cause ! enamel to appe> dirty r$1 s9ce x gives to ! flux a blacki% gre5 col\r4 ,! r$ f]ric oxide col\r %\ld n be dissolv$ 9 ! glass ( ! enamel1 b %\ld be emb$d$ 9 x4 ,?us1 :5 ! enamel is burnt on1 ! temp]ature %\ld n rise s high t f]ric silicate is =m$1 o!rwise a yell[ or ev5 completely black enamel results4 ,purple r$ is obta9$ by means ( gold2 =m]ly purple ( ,cassius 0 exclusively employ$ = ?is purpose1 b an equally bright r$ c be obta9$ f gold *loride4 ,! col\r obta9$ f gold w be> only a v l[ heat2 x mu/ be mix$ ) a v fusible glass1 br\ght on to ! article to be enamell$1 & heat$ j suffici5tly to melt ! mass4 ,! foll[+ mixture is us$ = gold r$ & o!r delicate col\rs3 #c p>ts ( calc9$ borax1 #c p>ts ( qu>tz s& & #a "p ( *alk4 ,a v small quantity ( gold is suffici5t to produce a deep r$1 ! am\nt ( gold prep>ation us$ = a pale r$ or a m$ium purple mu/ be c>efully weigh$4 ,blue ,enamels are always col\r$ by cobalt oxide4 ,any cobalt comp\nd c be us$1 s9ce at a r$ heat ! silica ( ! glass displaces o!r acids1 & produces cobalt silicate4 ,x is mo/ simple to take cobalt nitrate4 ,?is salt is readily obta9$ completely pure1 & absolute purity is ( great importance1 = only ?us is a pure blue produc$4 ,cobalt oxide produces a m or less deep blue :5 fus$ ) v>y+ quantities ( glass4 ,9 ord] to produce %ades simil> to turquoise & =get-me-n1 a :ite enamel mu/ be us$ b5ea? ! blue1 or bone a% mu/ be mix$ ) ! blue enamel2 ?is produces a pal] col\r1 :i* is also opaque4 ,gre5 ,enamel is col\r$ by copp] oxide or *romium oxide4 ,9 ! =m] case #a "p ( copp] oxide is us$ to #cj to #ej p>ts ( glass1 accord+ to ! dep? ( %ade requir$4 ,! enamel made ) copp] oxide alone has nev] a pure gre5 col\r2 x exhibits a blue t+e4 ,a pure gre5 is obta9$ by add+ a v small am\nt ( f]ric oxide1 :i* produces a yell[ & comp5sates = ! blue %ade1 s t a pure gre5 is =m$4 ,*romium oxide produces a beautiful em]ald gre5 )\t any addition4 ,! enamel may be expos$ to v high temp]atures )\t injury4 ,gre5 enamels may also be made by mix+ blue cobalt enamel ) a yell[ enamel3 an unexceptional %ade results1 b ?is me?od is seldom us$1 s9ce gre5 enamels are obta9$ 9 a simpl] mann] f copp] & *romium oxides4 ,violet ,enamel4--,manganese dioxide is us$ exclusively to produce violet enamel2 an extremely small quantity is suffici5t to col\r a consid]able quantity ( glass4 ,a pure violet %ade is only obta9$ :5 v pure manganese dioxide is us$2 ! artificially prep>$ sub/ance %\ld be us$ to produce ! f9e/ violet3 ! co/ is consid]ably great] ?an t ( ! m9]al pyrolusite1 b equally good results c r>ely be obta9$ f pyrolusite4 ,black ,enamel4--,:5 a l>ge quantity ( f]ric oxide1 copp] oxide or cobalt oxide is fus$ ) a glass1 a deep black enamel is obta9$4 ,g5]ally mixtures ( ^! oxides are us$2 exp]i5ce has %[n t a mu* deep] black is ?us obta9$ ?an f any "o alone4 ,n[ t enamels are n us$ exclusively = arti/ic purposes1 b 9 consid]able quantities = e>!nw>e & o!r te*nical purposes1 ! manufacture ( enamel col\rs has atta9$ consid]able importance2 works already exi/ occupi$ almo/ exclusively ) ?is special bran* ( manufacture4 ,by ,lacroix' process enamel col\rs are made :i* c be appli$ to porcela9 )\t fur!r admixture ) a flux2 = example1 a v f9e blue is made by dissolv+ #cjj p>ts ( pure alum9a & #ajj p>ts ( cobalt c>bonate 9 nitric acid1 evaporat+ ! solution to dryness1 ignit+ ! residue & fus+ x ) #cjj p>ts ( qu>tz s& free f iron1 #ijj p>ts ( cry/allis$ boric acid & #a1hjj p>ts ( r$ lead4 ,a blue glass is obta9$ :i* easily melts1 b is difficult to p[d]2 b if p\r$ :5 fluid 9 a ?9 /ream into cold wat]1 x =ms ?9 ?reads1 :i* are v brittle 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapid cool+1 & may be easily conv]t$ into a s(t p[d]4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,metallic ,,pigm5ts4 ,metallic pigm5ts d n always consi/ ( metals2 ! "n is also appli$ to comp\nds :i* possess a pron\nc$ metallic lu/re2 mosaic gold1 ! prep>ation ( :i* has be5 previ\sly describ$1 is an example ( su* a pigm5t4 ,ano!r v>iety ( metallic pigm5t is made by heat+ f9ely-p[d]$ alloys2 a lay] ( oxide is ?us produc$ ^u ! surface ( ! metallic p>ticles1 ?is lay] produces a %ade ( ! col\r ( ! metal or alloy4 ,metallic pigm5ts are only unalt]able :5 !y are compos$ ( metals :i* are n *ang$ by ! action ( ! air4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is prop]ty is n possess$ by any ( ! metals us$ = ?is purpose2 ev5 gold & silv] are black5$ by ! action ( ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 ! air4 ,?is alt]ation proce$s1 h[ev]1 v sl[ly :5 ! metal is envelop$ by a lay] ( a b9d+ m$ium1 :i* is always ! case :5 ! metallic p[d] is us$ = pa9t+4 ,!re are _m manuscripts1 ! initial lett]s ( :i* h be5 col\r$ by gold or silv]1 9 :i* ! metals reta9 _! peculi> lu/re aft] ! lapse ( c5turies4 ,metallic pa9ts made f yell[ alloys h nev] mu* durability3 !y always conta9 copp]1 :i* readily alt]s2 articles pa9t$ ) imitation gold soon lose _! lu/re1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t become gre54 ,%ell-,gold4--,?is v exp5sive arti/s' pa9t is made by rubb+ gold-beat]s' refuse ) gum solution ^u a /one slab until a completely homog5e\s mixture results1 :i* is !n rapidly ?ick5$ ov] ! fire & g5]ally all[$ to dry 9 small %ells4 ,! prep>ation s made is kn[n z %ell-gold3 x is sold at v high prices4 ,! op]ation ( gr9d+ ! gold is v l5g?y2 x consid]ably increases ! co/ ( ! already exp5sive mat]ial4 ,! process may be consid]ably %ort5$ if ! gold is obta9$ 9 a v f9ely divid$ /ate by a *emical op]ation4 ,= ?is process co9s or brok5 jewell]y is heat$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 & nitric acid gradually add$4 ,! gold dissolves 9 ! mixture4 ,if x 0 alloy$ ) silv] a :ite precipitate ( silv] *loride is =m$1 :i* is filt]$ (f aft] l>gely dilut+ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! solution is boil$ = "s "t to remove excess ( nitric acid4 ,a solution ( f]r\s sulphate is !n add$2 ! liquid at once becomes blui% black1 & 9 a %ort "t deposits a br[n precipitate compos$ ( *emically pure gold1 :i* is s f9ely divid$ t x is almo/ )\t ! *>act]i/ic glitt] ( gold4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 dri$ & pres]v$ 9 /opp]$ bottles4 ,9 ord] to prep>e %ell-gold f ?is gold p[d] x is simply necess>y to gr9d x ) ?ick gum solution 9 a porcela9 mort>2 "u ! pressure ( ! pe/le ! gold rapidly acquires its natural glitt]4 ,! gr9d+ ne$ only be cont9u$ until ! gold & gum solution are uni=mly mix$4 ,! mixture s made %\ld be at once fill$ into ! %ells1 s9ce on /&+ ! gold w\ld soon sep>ate f ! gum solution 9 consequ5ce ( its high specific gravity4 ,%ell-,silv]4--,g5u9e %ell-silv] c be made by rubb+ silv] leaf ) gum solution ^u a slab exactly z g5u9e %ell-gold4 ,9 ?is case also ! lab\r may be consid]ably less5$ by conv]t+ ! silv] into a /ate ( f9e division by a *emical process4 ,silv] is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 :i* mu/ be q free f hydro*loric acid1 or insoluble silv] *loride w\ld be =m$4 ,9 ! op]ation br[n suffocat+ fumes are evolv$ :i* attack ! respiratory organs2 x %\ld !re=e be conduct$ 9 ! op5 air or "u a flue ) a good draught4 ,! silv] solution1 :i* is g5]ally col\r$ blue by admix$ copp]1 is dilut$ ) a l>ge quantity ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,a %eet ( copp] is !n dipp$ into ! liquid & rapidly mov$ ab\t 9 x4 ,! silv] !n sep>ates z a d>k grey p[d]2 aft] wa%+ x is *emically pure1 & :5 gr\nd ) gum solution x produces g5u9e %ell-silv]4 ,%ell-silv] & %ell-gold are r>ely us$ 9 pa9t+ on acc\nt ( _! co/2 !y are *iefly us$ = illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,:5 ^! metallic pigm5ts are to be us$ 9 oil pa9t+1 9 place ( gum !y mu/ be gr\nd ) a liquid :i* mixes ) boil$ oil or ess5tial oils4 ,= ?is purpose copaiba balsam is to be recomm5d$4 ,imitation ,silv]4--,! imitation silv] pigm5ts are made f an alloy ( t9 & bismu?1 or f a t9 amalgam4 ,! latt] is mo/ easily made by melt+ t9 9 a porcela9 di% & add+ "o qu>t] ( its weight ( m]cury2 ! mixture is !n well /irr$1 & all[$ to cool4 ,x quickly solidifies to a cry/all9e mass1 :i* is tol]ably brittle & c be p[d]$ )\t difficulty4 ,to obta9 a sub/ance ( a true silv]y appe>ance ! amalgam mu/ be conv]t$ to a p[d] ( a c]ta9 degree ( f95ess4 ,if ! p[d]+ is c>ri$ too f> ! product loses a great "p ( its metallic lu/re1 & acquires a dull grey col\r4 ,! bismu? alloy is made by fus+ #ajj p>ts ( t91 add+ #ajj p>ts ( bismu?1 & !n #aj p>ts ( m]cury4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y to add m]cury1 b ! addition has ! advantage t ! solid alloy is f> m easily p[d]$4 ,! imitation silv] made by ?is process has a :ite metallic col\r approa*+ t ( g5u9e silv]1 b n equal to x1 especially 9 lu/re4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 l>gely us$ 9 ! indu/ries on acc\nt ( its l[ price2 = example1 = pap] hang+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,,bronze ,,pigm5ts4 ,x w\ld be anticipat$ f ! "n t bronze pigm5ts 7 compos$ ( an alloy ( copp] & t92 9 reality ! alloy is compos$ ( copp] & z9c1 i4e41 brass4 ,! bronze pigm5ts are made by a simil> process to t describ$ = g5u9e gold & silv] pigm5ts4 ,! wa/e produc$ 9 ! manufacture ( imitation gold leaf is gr\nd ) a solution ( dextr9e ^u a slab until ! mixture is uni=m & sep>ate metallic p>ticles c be p]ceiv$ only ?r\gh a l5s4 ,:il/ g5u9e gold & silv] pa9ts are always made 9 small quantities1 on acc\nt ( ! exp5sive nature ( ! mat]ial1 & ma*9]y is n employ$1 ! bronze pigm5ts are 9 diff]5t case2 ! use ( me*anical arrangem5ts is necess>y = produc+ ! f9e subdivision1 o!rwise ! bronze w\ld be v de> on acc\nt ( ! great co/ ( gr9d+4 ,! me*anical arrangem5ts requir$ to divide ! alloy are ( ! ord9>y nature1 b special ma*9es h be5 con/ruct$ = ! manufacture ( bronze pigm5ts1 by :i* ! metal is f> m quickly conv]t$ into p[d] ?an by means ( gr9d+ ma*9]y4 ,^! ma*9es consi/ ( metal drums /udd$ on ! int]ior ) a l>ge numb] ( f9e ne$les & capable ( v rapid rotation4 ,:5 a metal p[d] already tol]ably f9e is br\ght into ^! drums1 x is rapidly br\ght to su* a condition ( f9e division z w\ld be atta9$ by h& gr9d+ only by prolong$ & labori\s ex]tion4 ,! raw mat]ial = ! manufacture ( bronze p[d]s is produc$ 9 mak+ imitation gold & silv] leaf2 ! wa/e metal obta9$ 9 beat+ ! %eets is us$4 ,! employm5t ( ?is wa/e has two advantages3 ! metal is already 9 v ?9 %eets & is compos$ ( alloys v>y+ 9 col\r f silv] :ite1 ?r\gh gold1 to a bright copp]4 ,9 mak+ leaf metal ! wa/e ( ea* col\r is kept c>efully sep>ate1 s t x simply requires to be brok5 up to produce bronze p[d]s ( diff]5t %ades4 ,be=e ?is wa/e is br\ght into ! drums m5tion$ above x mu/ be subject$ to a prelim9>y gr9d+ 9 a mort> ) a small quantity ( a fatty oil1 :i* s]ves to b9d toge!r ! mass4 ,suffici5t oil %\ld be us$ to give ! mass "s degree ( coh]5ce2 if too mu* oil is add$ ! space betwe5 ! ne$les ( ! drum w\ld be coat$ ) ! mass & ! process 9 ! drum w\ld require a mu* long] "t4 ,! uni=m mixture ( oil & bronze wa/e is !n br\ght ^u a wire sieve ( ! f9e/ possible me%1 & ! mass is rubb$ ?r\gh by means ( a f9e metal bru% into a vessel bel[2 ?us ! l>g] p>ticles are reta9$ by ! sieve & only ^? :i* are small] ?an ! me% pass ?r\gh4 ,! product ( ?is process is !n br\ght into ! drums1 :i* are rapidly revolv$2 ! small p>ticles ( metal are ?r[n ) great =ce aga9/ ! side & are conv]t$ by ! f9e po9ts ) :i* x is /udd$ into a v f9e p[d]4 ,! "t requir$ = ?is process dep5ds on ! rate ( revolution & on ! quantity ( p[d] treat$ at once4 ,! drums are /opp$ f "t to "t & ! cont5ts exam9$4 ,:5 ! p[d] is suffici5tly f9e x is tak5 out ( ! drum4 ,?is is mo/ easily accompli%$ if ! drum is arrang$ to take ap>t into two halves4 ,9 mo/ works x is usual to free ! bronze p[d] f ! admix$ oil by subject+ ! mass to ! greate/ pressure t c be produc$ by a v p[]ful hydraulic press4 ,! oil :i* fl[s f ! press is always gre51 :i* %[s t *emical action has tak5 place4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! l>ge surface imp>t$ to ! oil x becomes spe$ily rancid1 & !n conta9s free fatty acids :i* attack copp] v en]getically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,! use ( hydraulic presses may be avoid$ by remov+ ! oil by means ( a solv5t4 ,fatty oils dissolve v readily 9 c>bon bisulphide1 b ?is solv5t _c be us$ 9 ?is case1 because comm]cial c>bon bisulphide always conta9s dissolv$ sulphur1 :i* w\ld black5 ! bronze p[d]4 ,petroleum e!r & b5z5e are v suitable solv5ts = ?is purpose4 ,on acc\nt ( ! volatility ( ^! inflammable liquids lights mu/ be absolutely exclud$ f ! room 9 :i* !y are us$1 & 9 ord] to avoid loss ( solv5t ! bronze p[d] mu/ be treat$ 9 clos$ vessels4 ,! safe/ plan is to use a special app>atus ( simple con/ruction to dissolve ! oil4 ,fig4 #ce %[s ! con/ruction ( an arrangem5t suitable = ?is purpose4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9drical vessel ( t9 plate surr\nd$ by a rim into :i* fits ! edge ( ! cov]4 ,:5 ! lid is plac$ on & ! rim fill$ ) wat]1 ! cont5ts ( ! vessel are clos$ 9 air-tight & _c evaporate4 ,! l[] portion ( ! vessel is conical1 & is jo9$ to a pipe 9 :i* is a tap1 & :i* communicates at ! side by a tube ) ! glass vessel 9 :i* ! solv5t is conta9$2 ano!r tube connects ! neck ( ?is vessel ) ! cov]4 ,:5 ?is app>atus is us$ = extract+ ! oil f bronze p[d]1 a filt] ( /rong blott+ pap] is plac$ 9 ! conical portion ( ! vessel1 c>e be+ tak5 t x fits accurately s t x is n torn by ! weight ( ! bronze4 ,! oily bronze p[d] is plac$ on ?is filt]1 ! cov] set on1 & ! rim fill$ ) wat]4 ,by op5+ ! tap atta*$ to ! solv5t res]voir ! liquid is all[$ to ent] ! cyl9d] f bel[1 ! air 9 ! latt] pass+ ?r\gh ! tube 9 ! cov] to ! res]voir4 ,aft] "s h\rs ! oil is dissolv$1 ! tap 9 ! cov] is !n op5$ & ! liquid run (f by op5+ ! l[e/ tap4 ,if ! bronze p[d] is n q free f oil aft] "o treatm5t ) ! solv5t1 ! op]ation is repeat$ ) a fre% quantity4 ,:5 free f oil ! p[d] & filt] are remov$ f ! app>atus & dri$2 ! dry mass =ms a solid cake1 :i* is brok5 up 9 a mort> & by a little gr9d+ *ang$ into a f9e p[d]4 ,! col\r ( ! bronze p[d] is ! same z t ( ! alloy us$1 b ! %ade is always r pal] ?an t ( ! coh]5t metal2 reg>d mu/ be paid to ?is circum/ance 9 mak+ a bronze ( a det]m9$ col\r3 ! alloy employ$ mu/ h a r deep] col\r ?an ! %ade ! bronze is to possess4 ,! manufacture ( leaf metal & bronze p[d] is frequ5tly conduct$ 9 ! same works1 :i* also (t5 prep>e ! requisite alloys2 we1 !re=e1 give a few examples ( ! composition ( ! alloys :i* produce c]ta9 %ades4 ,! m z9c ! alloys conta9 ! l[] is _! melt+ po9t1 ! great] _! brittl5ess & h>dness & ! pal] _! col\r4 ,an increase 9 ! copp] causes ! col\r ( ! alloy to approa* m ne>ly to t ( gold1 & increases ! malleability1 a prop]ty useful 9 mak+ leaf metal1 b n desirable 9 mak+ metallic p[d]4 ,a z9c copp] alloy :i* conta9s betwe5 #a & #g p] c5t4 ( z9c has an almo/ pure r$1 or ev5 a d>k r$ col\r2 an alloy conta9+ #gd to #ach p] c5t4 ( z9c has a pure gold5 yell[ col\r1 betwe5 #aff & #be p] c5t4 ( z9c a yell[ appe>s4 ,an increase ( ! p]c5tage ( z9c above ?is po9t produces ! col\r ( brass2 x is notewor?y t an alloy conta9+ /ill m z9c1 #cc to #da p] c5t41 aga9 %[s a r$di% col\r1 :i* is mo/ develop$ :5 ! alloy conta9s equal p>ts ( z9c & copp]4 ,if ! z9c is increas$ /ill fur!r ! %ade gradually goes ov] to :ite2 ?is *ange is already obs]v$ 9 an alloy conta9+ #ea p] c5t4 ( z9c1 :i* %[s a pure gold5 yell[ col\r1 & is v brittle4 ,:5 ! z9c rises to #ec p] c5t4 ! col\r is r$di% :ite2 at #ef p] c5t4 x is yell[i% :ite1 at #fd p] c5t4 blui% :ite1 & betwe5 #ge & #ij p] c5t4 ! alloy is blui%-grey4 ,! alloys = bronze p[d]s ( diff]5t %ades h ! foll[+ composition1 accord+ to ,r4 ,wagn]3-- ,copp]1 ,z9c p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,pale yell[ #hc #ag ,r$ #id-ij #f-aj ,deep r$ #ajj ,bronzes f ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,bav>ian works conta9 ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( copp]3-- ,,engli% ,,bronzes4 ,orange #ihb p] c5t4 ,deep yell[ #hbcg 0 ,pale yell[ #hjdb 0 ,,fr5* ,,bronzes4 ,copp] r$ #igcb p] c5t4 ,orange #iddd 0 ,pale yell[ #habi 0 ,,bav>ian ,,bronzes4 ,copp] r$ #ihib p] c5t4 ,violet #ihhb 0 ,orange #iecj 0 ,/raw yell[ #haee 0 ,speiss yell[ #hbcd 0 ,9 ea* case ! rema9d] ( ! alloy consi/s entirely ( z9c4 ,alloys conta9+ f #a to #ce p] c5t4 ( z9c are only malleable 9 ! cold4 ,! malleability is at ! greate/ ) a cont5t ( z9c betwe5 #ae & #bj p] c5t42 su* alloys are ! mo/ suitable = mak+ leaf metal4 ,alloys conta9+ betwe5 #cf & #dj p] c5t4 ( z9c may be hamm]$ ei!r cold or hot1 :il/ ! =m] alloys become brittle on heat+4 ,:5 ! p]c5tage ( z9c is /ill fur!r increas$ ! malleability decreases4 ,! mo/ brittle alloys conta9 #fj to #fg p] c5t4 ( z9c4 ,! alloys are made 9 a furnace ) a good draught1 = copp] liquefies at a v high temp]ature4 ,to prev5t loss ( copp] by oxidation ! molt5 metal %\ld n come 9 contact ) air2 x %\ld be cov]$ by a lay] ( r$hot coal1 :i* prev5ts oxyg5 f rea*+ x4 ,:5 ! copp] is completely melt$1 :i* is asc]ta9$ by /irr+ ) a piece ( wood1 ! :ole ( ! z9c is add$4 ,"s skill is requir$ 9 ?is op]ation1 o!rwise a l>ge proportion ( ! z9c w be volatilis$1 & ! vap\rs w burn :5 !y come 9 contact ) air1 9 :i* case dazzl+ blui% :ite flames are se5 ov] ! crucible4 ,! be/ me?od is to ?r[ ! z9c into ! crucible & imm$iately /ir x into ! molt5 metal ) a wood5 rod4 ,! products ( ! dry di/illation ( ! wood1 :i* are giv5 (f 9 great quantity at ?is high temp]ature1 keep ! air f ! surface ( ! metal & prev5t ! oxidation ( ! z9c vap\rs4 ,! z9c is ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! copp] by /irr+ ) ! wood5 rod1 ! crucible is !n sl[ly cool$1 ) ! precaution t ! surface ( ! metal is kept cov]$ by r$-hot coals s long z ! metal is fluid4 ,:5 suffici5tly cool ! metal is p\r$ into %all[ iron m\lds1 9 :i* x quickly solidifies2 x is !n roll$ into %eets1 :i* may be conv]t$ into ?9 leaves by hamm]+ 9 a simil> mann] to t 9 :i* ! gold-beat] makes gold leaf4 ,to obta9 bronze p[d]s ( diff]5t %ades alloys ( diff]5t col\rs may be us$2 ! bronze p[d]s may also be %ad$ by two me?ods--ei!r by add+ c]ta9 col\r+ matt]s ( v great col\r+ p[] or by p>tially oxidis+ ! f9ely divid$ metallic p[d]4 ,9 ! fir/ process ! f9ely gr\nd col\r+ matt] is me*anically mix$ ) ! bronze p[d]4 ,! use ( manual lab\r w\ld involve a great loss ( "t2 ev5 :5 q small quantities ( bronze & col\r+ matt] are mix$ 9 a mort> x is necess>y to gr9d dilig5tly = a v long "t be=e a mixture ( homog5e\s appe>ance is obta9$4 ,9 work+ on a some:at l>g] scale x is !re=e advisable to adopt me*anical mix+ arrangem5ts4 ,a v simple app>atus suffices4 ,a %eet-iron cyl9d] is us$ :i* c be revolv$1 & provid$ ) a well-fitt+ slide4 ,9 ?is cyl9d] are plac$ ! bronze p[d] & ! col\r+ matt] until x is ab\t half full2 !n1 aft] tightly clos+ ! slide1 x is set 9 sl[ rotation1 :i* is cont9u$ until a te/ tak5 out %[s a uni=m col\r4 ,:5 bronze p[d] is sl[ly heat$ 9 a %all[ vessel ! col\r beg9s to d>k5 at a temp]ature n mu* above ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! f95ess ( ! p>ticles ( ! metallic p[d] ! copp] readily takes up oxyg51 & is sup]ficially conv]t$ into copp] oxide4 ,?is oxide is ( a d>k] col\r1 & ?us by ?is me?od ! %ade ( ! bronze c be deep5$ z desir$4 ,?is simple op]ation requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( practice to produce a product ( a det]m9$ %ade4 ,! desir$ result is mo/ safely atta9$ :5 ! bronze is spread out q uni=mly 9 a ?9 lay] ^u a metal plate1 :i* is g5tly heat$ f bel[4 ,! p[d] soon beg9s to d>k52 by cool+ ! plate ! progress ( ! oxidation may be arre/$ at any mom5t4 ,rec5tly bronze p[d]s h come into ! m>ket %[+ all possible col\rs 9 ! deepe/ %ades1 by ! aid ( :i* v rem>kable col\r effects c be produc$4 ,^! bronzes are made by dissolv+ an anil9e dye 9 a little alcohol1 p\r+ ?is solution ov] ! p[d]1 & mix+ ! dye uni=mly ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! bronze by work+ ! mass = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t4 ,9 ?is way bronze p[d]s are produc$ :i* possess a gre51 r$1 blue or violet lu/re1 accord+ to ! col\r ( ! dye us$4 ,^! col\rs ) metallic lu/re c also be produc$ by bronz+ ! article ) a :ite 7z9c7 bronze1 & !n coat+ x ) a v>ni% 9 :i* ! requir$ anil9e dye is dissolv$4 ,a bronze ) a f9e gold5 r$ glitt] is produc$ by apply+ a gold5 yell[ bronze & !n a v>ni% 9 :i* a little anil9e r$ is dissolv$4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ "h t ^! effects1 produc$ by a coat ( v>ni% 9 :i* an anil9e dye is dissolv$1 only turn out well :5 ! dye is us$ 9 v small quantity1 = ^! col\rs are ! /ronge/ ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 & 9 col\r+ p[] f> surpass co*9eal c>m9e1 :i* is r5[n$ = ?is prop]ty4 ,:5 bronze is col\r$ by dyes ! mo/ v>i$ %ades c be obta9$ ) a metallic lu/re4 ,accord+ to ,conradty a v f9e blue bronze is obta9$ by boil+ :ite bronze = "s h\rs ) a weak alum solution1 wa%+ & dry+1 & !n mix+ 9 a mort> ) a /rong solution ( anil9e blue 9 alcohol until ! solv5t has evaporat$4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ until ! desir$ dep? ( %ade is obta9$4 ,! bronze is !n wa%$ ) pure wat]4 ,conradty also recomm5ds t ! col\r$ bronze %\ld be gr\nd ) a little petroleum1 & !n expos$ to ! air to all[ ! petroleum to evaporate4 ,?is op]ation1 = :i* no *emical reason c be giv51 is q unnecess>y4 ,if o!r dyes or mixtures ( !m are us$ 9 place ( anil9e blue1 bronzes ( correspond+ col\r are obta9$4 ,h[ev] h&some are ! bronzes col\r$ by ?is process1 ne>ly all h ! disadvantage t ! col\rs h little p]man5ce1 & quickly fade :5 expos$ to light4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 ! bronz$ article is coat$ ) an oil v>ni%2 if1 h[ev]1 a _s v>ni% is us$1 or inde$ any v>ni% compos$ ( a res9 & a volatile solv5t1 ! col\r ( ! bronze1 protect$ by ! lay] ( res91 rema9s q unalt]$ = a long "t4 ,electrolytic ,copp] ,bronze4--,electrolytically precipitat$ copp] may be us$ z a bronze pigm5t2 x is mo/ simply made by add+ pieces ( metallic z9c to a solution ( copp] sulphate free f iron & viol5tly %ak+ ! flask = a long "t4 ,! liquid becomes w>m1 & ! copp] sep>ates 9 ! =m ( a v f9e precipitate1 :i* is collect$ on a filt] & wa%$ ) air-free wat] 7boil+ wat] is be/7 & !n quickly dri$4 ,! upp] portions ( ! precipitate 9 ! filt]1 :i* are expos$ to ! air1 h g5]ally a br[ni% col\r due to ! incipi5t oxidation ( ! f9ely divid$ metal4 ,!y are remov$1 & ! l[] portions %[ ! *>act]i/ic col\r ( pure copp]4 ,9 ! same way silv] c be precipitat$ f a solution ( silv] nitrate 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 b ! p>ticles ( ! silv] p[d] are s v small t !y reflect v little light1 & consequ5tly ! p[d] has an unsightly grey col\r4 ,:5 a surface pa9t$ ) ?is silv] is rubb$ g5tly ) a h>d body1 ! metallic lu/re appe>s4 ,tung/5 ,bronze ,pigm5ts are exp5sive & r>ely employ$4 ,!y are obta9$ by fus+ sodium or potassium tung/ate 9 a porcela9 crucible & gradually add+ tung/ic acid until ! mass has an acid reaction4 ,t9 dioxide is !n add$ 9 quantity suffici5t to neutralise ! tung/ic acid2 ! mass is cool$ & f9ely p[d]$4 ,accord+ z potassium or sodium tung/ate is us$1 a violet or r$di% pigm5t is obta9$ :i* exhibits ! peculi> metallic lu/re ( a bronze p[d]4 ,/ill m co/ly is vanadium bronze1 :i* is made by add+ ammonium vanadate to a solution ( #b p>ts ( copp] sulphate & #a "p ( ammonium *loride ) cont9ual /irr+1 until ! precipitate no long] re-dissolves on /irr+4 ,! liquid is !n heat$ = sev]al h\rs to ab\t #ce ,c41 :5 vanadium bronze sep>ates 9 gold5 yell[ scales4 ,^! are collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ & dri$ ,:5 gr\nd ) oil or gum solution !y c be us$ z a r$ gold bronze4 ,! col\r is unalt]$ by ! air4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,,vegetable ,,bronze ,,pigm5ts4 ,"u ?is app>5tly contradictory t]m1 sub/ances come into ! m>ket :i* produce a peculi> metallic lu/re4 ,:5 appli$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! appe>ance is simil> to t produc$ by real bronze4 ,! vegetable bronze pigm5ts are lakes z pure & free f =eign admixtures z possible4 ,! lakes obta9$ f r$ wood or logwood c be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,f ! r$ woods 7see p4 #chd7 a magnific5t bronze pigm5t c be obta9$1 :i* is ei!r pure gold5 yell[ or possesses a gre5i% gold5 metallic lu/re n unlike ! col\r ( ! w+ cases ( ! rose-bug4 ,to obta9 ei!r %ade a pure lake is fir/ made by extract+ r$ wood ) boil+ wat]1 add+ a little c>bolic acid to ! decoction 7#jja p] c5t4 ( ! quantity ( liquid7 & all[+ to /& = sev]al weeks4 ,! liquid is syphon$ (f f ! deposit1 heat$1 & alum add$ equal 9 quantity to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! wood us$4 ,! mixture is !n all[$ to /& = ab\t a week1 ! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 wa%$1 &1 if necess>y1 dri$4 ,if ! bronze is to be us$ 9 ! =m ( wat] col\r1 ! precipitate is dri$ to a ?ick pa/e & mix$ ) ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( its volume ( ?ick gum solution1 s t a viscid mass is obta9$ :i* c j be appli$ ) ! bru%4 ,:5 ! coat+ is made s ?ick z to hide ! surface ( ! bronz$ article1 x has :5 dry ! gold5 gre5 col\r4 ,9 us+ ?is lake to prep>e a pigm5t simil> to gold bronze x mu/ be almo/ completely dri$1 & !n mix$ ) ! liquid obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,:ite soap is melt$ on ! wat] ba? ) ! smalle/ possible quantity ( wat]1 & :5 completely dissolv$ ! same quantity ( :ite wax is /irr$ 91 f9ally wat] is add$1 s t ! cool$ liquid has ! consi/5cy ( a mod]ately ?ick v>ni%4 ,:5 ?is liquid is gr\nd ) ! requisite quantity ( ! /ill damp lake & ! mixture appli$ to pap]1 wood1 or lea!r1 & aft] dry+ rubb$ ) a glass ball1 x gradually acquires a v f9e gold5 bronze col\r4 ,?is me?od ( bronz+ is l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( wall pap]s & = col\r+ fancy lea!r4 ,to protect ?is coat+ aga9/ ! action ( wat]1 x %\ld be v>ni%$ :5 dry4 ,^! bronze pigm5ts may also be us$ 9 v>ni%4 ,! lake is !n completely dri$ & gr\nd ) v>ni% 9 su* quantity z to give a ?ick mass :i* c j be bru%$ on4 ,! vegetable bronze is obta9$ f logwood 9 a simil> mann]1 a solution ( /annic *loride be+ g5]ally us$ to precipitate ! lake :5 a deep bronze is requir$1 & alum = a pale gold %ade4 ,by us+ mixtures ( ! two salts int]m$iate %ades are produc$4 ,! precipitate produc$ by alum may be %ad$ by means ( potassium bi*romate4 ,hmatoxyl9 =ms ) *romium oxide a deep blui% black comp\nd :i* has su* int5se col\r+ p[] t x is us$ to col\r writ+ ink4 ,! ink is prep>$ by add+ a little potassium bi*romate to a decoction ( logwood4 ,if a v small quantity ( ?is d>k precipitate is mix$ ) ! lake precipitat$ f logwood extract by alum solution1 col\rs are produc$ possess+ ! peculi> metallic lu/re & a %ade dep5d+ ^u ! quantity ( potassium bi*romate add$4 ,! addition ( ?is salt mu/ be v c>efully made1 z a v small excess is suffici5t to r5d] ! col\r s d>k t x is useless z a bronze4 ,! %ade ( ! precipitate dep5ds ^u ! conc5tration ( ! liquid & o!r conditions1 s t x is impossible to give precise quantities4 ,9 practice1 ! safe/ & mo/ conv5i5t me?od is to dissolve ! bi*romate 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat] & add v small quantities ( ! dilute solution to ! logwood extract along ) ! alum4 ,aft] ea* addition a portion ( ! precipitate is rapidly mix$ ) ! above-m5tion$ solution ( soap & wax1 to :i* a little size has be5 add$1 & !n spread ^u pap]4 ,if ! desir$ %ade has n yet appe>$1 a little m bi*romate is add$ & ano!r te/ made1 & ! process repeat$ until ! prop] %ade is atta9$4 ,pigm5ts = col\r+ wall pap]s & fancy lea!r are n easily made :i* produce su* f9e effects at s small a co/ z ! vegetable bronze pigm5ts1 :i* des]ve ! greate/ reg>d f ! col\r mak] & lea!r & pap] manufactur]s4 ,app5dix--,! ,brocade ,pigm5ts 70,brocatf>b5074--,"u ?is designation p[d]s h be5 rec5tly introduc$ *>act]is$ by a /rong metallic or glassy lu/re1 & v suitable = c]ta9 purposes1 su* z ! manufacture ( wall pap]s1 s9ce !y enable rem>kably f9e effects to be produc$4 ,!y consi/ ( mica 9 a tol]ably f9e /ate ( division4 ,mica is a m9]al :i* occurs frequ5tly 9 nature & :i* v readily splits into ?9 %eets2 x occurs 9 v>i\s col\rs4 ,9 ?9 %eets mica is col\rless & completely transp>5t2 9 some:at ?ick] pieces x g5]ally %[s a di/9ct metallic lu/re simil> ei!r to t ( gold or silv]4 ,:5 gr\nd to fairly f9e p[d]1 x has ! same gold or silv] lu/re1 & gold or silv] brocade col\rs are di/+ui%$ 9 comm]ce4 ,!y are made by gr9d+ mica :i* has be5 previ\sly sort$ accord+ to its appe>ance4 ,! p[d]$ mica c be sold z p[d] or may be mix$ ) a b9d+ sub/ance 9 ord] to be ready = use4 ,gum ,arabic is g5]ally us$ z ! b9d+ m$ium1 b x c be replac$ by ! *eap] dextr9e4 ,:5 pr9t$ ^u pap] ! brocade pigm5ts produce ! effect ( a bronze1 & 9 addition to _! *eapness !y h ! great advantage ( be+ completely unalt]$ by ! air4 ,,pigm5ts ,,( ,,organic ,,orig94 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,,lakes4 ,! pigm5ts comm]cially designat$ lakes g5]ally consi/ ( an organic col\r+ matt] unit$ ) a metallic oxide4 ,9 isolat$ cases o!r comp\nds ( col\r+ matt]s are includ$ "u ! t]m1 su* z indigo sulphonic acid1 & yet m r>ely pure col\r+ matt]s are includ$1 = example c>?am9e r$4 ,b ! ov]:elm+ majority ( lake pigm5ts are comp\nds ( a col\r+ matt] ) ! oxide ( a metal4 ,= ?is purpose ! oxides ( t91 lead & alum9ium are commonly us$4 ,lakes are g5]ally made by mix+ ! solution ( ! col\r+ matt] ) ! solution ( a salt ( ! metallic oxide1 & precipitat+ ! oxide by an alkali4 ,! col\r+ matt] is sep>at$ along ) ! oxide & =ms ) x a sub/ance kn[n z a lake4 ,x has n yet be5 decid$ :e!r ! lakes are true *emical comp\nds ( ! col\r+ matt] ) ! metallic oxide1 or :e!r ! col\r+ matt] is simply held fa/ by ! surface attraction ( ! f9ely divid$ oxide4 ,9 fav\r ( ! latt] view is ! fact t a l>g] or small] quantity ( ! col\r+ matt] c be unit$ ) a giv5 quantity ( ! oxide4 ,! lakes v>y greatly 9 durability2 "s1 su* z ! madd] lakes1 c be c\nt$ among ! mo/ durable pigm5ts1 :il/ o!rs h v little p]man5ce1 z = example1 ! logwood lakes4 ,! majority ( ! col\r+ matt]s us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( lakes are ( vegetable orig91 b sev]al are d]iv$ f animal s\rces4 ,! prop]ties ( ! col\r+ matt]s us$ = ?is purpose v>y greatly2 ea* mat]ial dem&s a special treatm5t = ! production ( lakes4 ,!re=e1 9 describ+ ! me?ods by :i* lakes are made1 we %all give fir/ ! prop]ties ( ! col\r+ matt] 9 "q1 & !n proce$ to ! prep>ation ( ! lake4 ,9 ! prec$+ portion ( ! book ! pigm5ts h be5 arrang$ accord+ to _! col\r2 ! lakes w be describ$ 9 ! same ord]4 ,! yell[1 r$ or gre5 lakes ( diff]5t orig9 w be treat$ 9 ! same section 9 ord] to facilitate ref]5ce to any p>ticul> pigm5t4 ,:ite lakes are n kn[n1 nei!r are !re lakes :i* c be describ$ z black4 ,) ^! exceptions lakes ( all col\rs c be made & also ( all %ades4 ,z an example ( ?is madd] lake may be giv51 :i* is f\nd 9 comm]ce 9 a great v>iety ( %ades2 x c be made f ! pale/ rose-r$ to ! deepe/ purple r$1 or1 m prop]ly1 madd] r$1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic %ade4 ,! %ades ( any lake are obta9$ by mix+ 9 a :ite pigm5t j z 9 ! manufacture ( m9]al pigm5ts4 ,:il/1 h[ev]1 9 ! latt] case ! :ite pigm5t mu/ (t5 be me*anically mix$ ) ! col\r1 ! %ad+ ( ! lakes is accompli%$ 9 _! prep>ation4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a pale %ade ( a lake is obta9$ by increas+ ! am\nt ( ! salt1 ! oxide ( :i* is us$ to precipitate ! col\r+ matt]4 ,! oxides 9 "q are :ite 7) ! exception ( lead oxide72 ?us 9 ! pale %ades a small am\nt ( col\r+ matt] is precipitat$ ^u a l>ge am\nt ( oxide1 :il/ 9 ! deep lakes ! rev]se is ! case1 a l>ge quantity ( col\r+ matt] is precipitat$ ^u a small quantity ( oxide1 & ! %ade ?us appe>s v deep4 ,ap>t f ! nature ( ! col\r+ matt] conta9$ 9 a lake1 & consid]+ only ! metallic oxide ) :i* ! col\r+ matt] is unit$1 x appe>s t lakes conta9+ lead oxide h little durability4 ,! comb9ation betwe5 ! col\r+ matt] & ! metallic oxide 9 a lake is s loose t x is easily de/roy$ by sulphurett$ hydrog52 if a lake conta9+ lead is expos$ to ! action ( air conta9+ t gas ! col\r w1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 inevitably black54 ,! lakes conta9+ t9 are also susceptible to sulphurett$ hydrog52 9 air conta9+ b a trace ( ?is gas !y quickly lose _! brilliance & 9 "t are q discol\r$4 ,alum9a is n affect$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 & mu/ ?us be reg>d$ z ! mo/ suitable oxide = ! prep>ation ( lakes4 ,x is g5]ally appli$ 9 ! =m ( alum1 9 ! selection ( :i* great c>e is necess>y if f9e col\rs are to be produc$4 ,comm]cial alum frequ5tly conta9s f]ric oxide2 :5 ! alum9a is precipitat$ simultane\sly ) ! col\r+ matt] ! f]ric oxide is also ?r[n d[n1 & is mix$ ) ! lake1 its d>k col\r influ5c+ ! %ade ( ! lake greatly to its disadvantage4 ,! effect ( ! f]ric oxide ^u ! col\r ( ! lake is s important t x is impossible1 = example1 to obta9 a pale r$ lake ) alum conta9+ iron4 ,to avoid ! bad results giv5 by alum conta9+ iron x %\ld be exam9$ be=e x is us$1 & if x is f\nd to conta9 any consid]able quantity ( iron x %\ld be reject$ = ?is purpose4 ,aft] alum a solution ( /annic *loride is mo/ commonly us$ to precipitate lakes1 b x mu/ be free f /ann\s *loride2 x produces z a rule d>k] lakes ?an alum4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! /annic *loride solution is free f iron4 ,! ord9>y process = mak+ lakes is v simple3 a cle> aque\s solution ( ! col\r+ matt] is obta9$2 to ?is alum or /annic *loride solution is add$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( col\r+ matt] dissolv$ by ! wat]2 ! metallic oxide is !n precipitat$ by an alkali4 ,sodium or potassium c>bonate or cau/ic alkalis may be us$2 ammonia is v suitable = ?is purpose1 s9ce x is free f iron4 ,! precipitant mu/ be cauti\sly add$1 x is introduc$ 9 drops :5 ! great] "p ( ! col\r+ matt] has be5 precipitat$2 an excess ( ! alkal9e solution w\ld h consid]able effect on ! %ade ( ! precipitate4 ,! precipitat$ lake rapidly settles to ! bottom ( ! almo/ col\rless liquid2 ! settl+ is p>ticul>ly rapid :5 /annic *loride has be5 us$4 ,! liquid is !n drawn (f1 ! pa/y residue br\ght ^u a /ra9]1 wa%$ sev]al times ) wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air or 9 /oves4 ,:5 dry1 a prop]ly prep>$ lake =ms a mass ( little coh]5ce1 & c be readily gr\nd to a s(t p[d]1 :i* may !n be gr\nd ) oil or gum solution to produce oil or wat] pa9ts4 ,at ! same "t ! mat]ials are add$ to ! pure lake :i* are us$ to %ade its col\r2 :ite pigm5ts are g5]ally employ$ = ?is purpose--! pal5ess ( ! %ade is proportional to ! am\nt ( :ite pigm5t introduc$4 ,c]ta9 lakes are %ad$ by small quantities ( o!r col\r+ matt]s2 = example1 ! admixture ( a small quantity ( a blue pigm5t ) a pure r$ lake produces a mu* deep] col\r incl9+ to purple4 ,if a small quantity ( a r$ or blue col\r+ matt] is add$ to a yell[ pigm5t !re is produc$ a deep] yell[ incl9+ to orange1 or a yell[ incl9+ to gre51 9 proportion to ! quantity ( ! add$ col\r+ matt]4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t x is ( great importance = ! col\r mak] to h a practis$ eye1 s5sitive to f9e diff]5ces ( col\r4 ,he may !n produce col\rs faultless 9 %ade1 = if by *ance a col\r does n turn out well x may be improv$ by judici\s admixtures4 ,x is q impossible to give def9ite rules = ! mix+ ( col\rs2 ! e/imation ( a %ade _c be taught 9 words1 x dem&s long practice4 ,by ! use ( a sy/em1 provid$ ! us] has normal eyes1 v slight diff]5ces ( col\r c be readily e/imat$4 ,a scale ( col\rs %\ld be made f pigm5ts ( pure & def9ite %ades1 9 :i* scale successful mixtures are gradually ins]t$1 s t a s]ies is produc$ 9 :i* ! sep>ate pure col\rs bl5d regul>ly into "o ano!r4 ,!n1 :5 x is requir$ to produce a pigm5t correspond+ to a c]ta9 %ade on ! scale1 ) a little practice ! %ade c be readily produc$1 = ! scale indicates :i* col\r pr$om9ates4 ,! s-call$ sap col\rs are g5]ally *>act]is$ by v pure %ades4 ,!y are produc$ by decompos+ a lake by an acid or a /rong base1 evaporat+ ! solution ( ! col\r+ matt] s obta9$ at a g5tle heat & mix+ ) gum1 />*1 or "s o!r ?ick5+ mat]ial to produce a mass ( su* consi/5cy t x c be =m$ into balls or /icks4 ,! decoctions ( ! dye-woods always conta9 o!r sub/ances 9 addition to ! col\r+ matt]s1 :i* are precipitat$ ) ! col\r+ matt]1 & some:at injure its %ade4 ,:5 su* a lake is decompos$ ! col\r+ matt] is obta9$ 9 a purifi$ =m1 ?us %[+ its full beauty4 ,?is solution ( ! purifi$ col\r+ matt] might be aga9 precipitat$ ) a salt solution & lakes be produc$ :i* w\ld be mu* bright] ?an ! orig9al1 b ! losses incid5tal to ?is d\ble precipitation w\ld be s great t ! lake w\ld be made mu* too exp5sive4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,,yell[ ,,lakes4 ,yell[ col\r+ matt]s are widespread 9 nature2 f !m are obta9$ _m yell[ pigm5ts us$ 9 dye+ & 9 ! manufacture ( col\rs4 ,! col\rs produc$ by ! yell[ vegetable col\r+ matt]s are n p>ticul>ly bright2 ?us ! yell[ lakes are us$ *iefly to produce *eap pigm5ts1 :il/ ! inorganic pigm5ts are us$ = bright yell[s4 ,dut* ,p9k4--,sev]al species ( buck?orn 7,rhamnus7 conta9 a yell[ col\r+ matt]--xan?orhamn9--:i* is obta9$ pure by extract+ ! yell[ b]ries ) hot alcohol4 ,on cool+1 ! impure col\r+ matt] sep>ates2 by repeat$ recry/allisation f alcohol x is obta9$ 9 ! =m ( cry/all9e ne$les1 :i* are soluble 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,! yell[ lake kn[n z ,dut* p9k is prep>$ f yell[ 7,p]sian7 b]ries1 by boil+ ! cru%$ b]ries ) wat] & mix+ ! extract ) a solution ( alum4 ,! lake is !n precipitat$ by ! addition ( p[d]$ *alk4 ,z a rule1 #ejj p>ts ( wat] are us$ to #ajj p>ts ( b]ries1 #bj p>ts ( alum are add$ to ! decoction1 & ! mixture p\r$ ^u #ge p>ts ( f9ely p[d]$ *alk4 ,! liquid is decant$ (f1 ! residue filt]$1 wa%$ & dri$4 ,comm]cial ,dut* p9k is made f a mixture ( ! decoctions ( yell[ b]ries1 qu]citron b>k & turm]ic1 to :i* ! alum solution is add$1 & !n *alk4 ,! precipitate is made into conical lumps1 :i* are sold z ,dut* p9k1 & us$ = ord9>y pa9t+ & = col\r+ lea!r4 ,weld ,lake4--,! dy]s' weld 7,res$a luteola7 conta9s a yell[ col\r+ matt] =m]ly mu* us$ 9 dye+2 a yell[ lake c also be obta9$ f x4 ,:5 weld is boil$ ) wat] a deep yell[i% gre5 decoction is obta9$1 f :i* yell[i%-gre5 flocks sep>ate on cool+4 ,! lake c be obta9$ f all p>ts ( ! plant except ! root1 ! fl[]+ %oots giv+ ! l>ge/ yield ( col\r2 ! lake is g5]ally precipitat$ by alum9a4 ,equal p>ts ( weld & alum are boil$ ) wat] until ! latt] is dissolv$ & ! liquid is col\r$ deep yell[2 ! hot solution is quickly filt]$ ?r\gh a ?ick l95 clo? & soda solution gradually add$ 9 small quantities ) cont9ual /irr+ s long z eff]vesc5ce foll[s4 ,alum entirely free f iron is requir$ to produce a bright yell[ lake2 a small quantity ( iron has great influ5ce on ! %ade4 ,weld conta9s m or less tann91 :i* gives v d>k blue or gre5 comp\nds ) iron salts1 ! production ( a v small quantity ( :i* suffices to conv]t ! yell[ %ade into an ugly dirty col\r4 ,*alk may be us$ in/ead ( soda to precipitate ! alum9a2 9 ?is case ! precipitate w conta9 calcium sulphate 9 addition to ! alum9a comp\nd ( luteol94 ,weld lake may be us$ 9 oil1 or size1 or z a wat] col\r4 ,gamboge ,lake4--,crude gamboge is ! dri$ sap ( c]ta9 ,ea/ ,indian trees2 x is us$ z an arti/s' col\r1 b only 9 wat]2 = use 9 oil x is conv]t$ into a lake4 ,a p>ticul> treatm5t is necess>y to obta9 a h&some lake4 ,gamboge is treat$ = sev]al days ) wat] & ! s(t mass gr\nd on ! slab or 9 a mill until x =ms a uni=m pa/e1 :i* is mix$ ) wat] to a ?ick liquid1 :i* is !n put ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,a hot solution ( alum is !n add$ 9 ! proportion ( ?ree p>ts ( alum to "o "p ( gamboge1 ! mixture is boil$ 9 a wood5 vessel & two p>ts ( nitric acid add$ :il/ well /irr+2 f9ally a dilute solution ( pota% is add$ 9 small quantities until ! liquid solidifies to a jelly1 :i* is spread out 9 ?9 lay]s on filt] clo?1 well wa%$ ) wat] & dri$ at a g5tle heat4 ,prep>$ ,gamboge4--,crude gamboge _c be us$ 9 oil pa9t+ because x nev] gives a uni=m %ade1 b :5 ! col\r+ matt] is fre$ f admixtures & gr\nd ) oil1 x gives a deep durable col\r ( great beauty4 ,! col\r+ con/itu5t ( gamboge is a res9 :i* is fairly soluble 9 /rong alcohol1 :il/ ! impurities are insoluble4 ,! pure col\r+ matt] is obta9$ )\t great exp5se 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,co>sely p[d]$ gamboge is plac$ 9 a l>ge flask ) /rong alcohol2 ! flask is well clos$1 plac$ 9 a w>m position & repeat$ly %ak52 ! deep yell[ solution is c>efully p\r$ (f f ! s$im5t1 wat] is !n add$1 :5 ! col\r+ matt] sep>ates 9 flocks4 ,only suffici5t wat] %\ld be add$ to precipitate all ! col\r+ matt]2 te/ portions ( ! liquid %\ld be exam9$ f "t to "t1 ! alcohol c !n be recov]$ by di/illation & us$ aga94 ,! col\r+ matt] sep>at$ f ! alcoholic solution =ms a h>d mass on dry+2 x mu/ be v f9ely p[d]$ be=e x is gr\nd 9 oil4 ,!re are _m o!r yell[ lakes :i* c be obta9$ by add+ alum to an aque\s decoction ( ! col\r-be>+ mat]ial & neutralis+ ! liquid4 ,su* decoctions are obta9$ f fu/ic1 qu]citron 7,qu]cus t9ctoria71 "y fu/ic 7,rhus cot9us71 ! root ( b>b]ry 7,b]b]is vulg>is71 annatto 7! fruit ( ,bixa orrellana71 turm]ic 7! root ( ,curcuma longa71 etc4 ,! yell[ lakes obta9$ f ^! s\rces are seldom us$ 9 pa9t+1 ! m9]al pigm5ts are pref]r$ on acc\nt ( _! f9] appe>ance4 ,^! col\r+ matt]s are l>gely us$ 9 dye+ to produce %ades v>y+ f yell[ to br[n1 ! majority are also us$ 9 calico pr9t+4 ,fu/ic ,lake4--,( ! col\r+ mat]ials m5tion$ above fu/ic produces a lake :i* is s h&some t x des]ves l>g] use 9 pa9t+ ?an x has yet f\nd4 0,old fu/ic0 is *ipp$ imm$iately be=e use & extract$ ) boil+ wat]2 :il/ /ill hot ! extract is mix$ ) a hot solution ( alum2 on cool+ a f9e yell[ precipitate is =m$1 :i* :5 dry is frequ5tly sold "u ! "n ( ,dut* p9k4 7,g5u9e ,dut* p9k is made f a decoction ( yell[ b]ries2 ! majority ( ! pigm5ts sold "u ?is "n are made f decoctions ( mixtures ( ! diff]5t yell[ dye w>es47 ,to obta9 ! be/ lake f fu/ic ! alum us$ mu/ be completely free f iron1 o!rwise only a dirty gre5 lake is produc$4 ,s9ce ! lea/ trace ( iron damages ! %ade ( ! col\r1 fu/ic lake is m frequ5tly made by means ( lead oxide4 ,to obta9 ! lead fu/ic lake ! decoction is all[$ to /& = sev]al days1 s t ! mor91 :i* toge!r ) maclur9 =ms ! col\r+ pr9ciple ( fu/ic1 may sep>ate2 ! liquid is filt]$ f ! precipitate1 & lead acetate solution add$ :i* has be5 boil$ ) li?>ge to saturation1 s t ! mo/ basic acetate is produc$4 ,! lead fu/ic lake has a deep yell[ col\r2 x is well adapt$ = use 9 pa9t+1 b1 l all lead pigm5ts1 is n specially p]man5t 9 air4 ,by admixtures ( levigat$ *alk or />* pal] %ades ( ! dull yell[ lake are obta9$4 ,qu]citron ,lake4--,lakes are seldom made f qu]citron alone1 al?\gh !y possess a deep yell[ col\r2 !y are m frequ5tly employ$ 9 dye+ :5 !y are produc$ directly ^u ! fibre4 ,qu]citron lake c be made by treat+ ! aque\s decoction ( ! gr\nd b>k ) t9 cry/als & a little alum solution4 ,) t9 cry/als alone a d>k] yell[ lake is obta9$ ?an :5 alum is us$ at ! same "t4 ,diff]5t %ades may ?us be produc$4 ,extract ( qu]citron b>k comes into comm]ce z a greyi% yell[ p[d] "u ! "n ( flav9e1 :i* has great col\r+ p[]1 & may be us$ ) advantage 9 ! place ( aque\s extracts ( ! b>k4 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( ! anil9e dyes ! applications ( all lakes h be5 l>gely ext5d$1 s9ce ! dyes enable bright] %ades to be obta9$ )\t ! _m processes necess>y :5 natural col\r+ matt]s are us$1 & d n require s mu* skill on ! "p ( ! workman4 ,?is applies n only to yell[ col\r+ matt]s1 b to ! _m o!r col\r+ matt]s =m]ly us$ by ! dy]4 ,! pr9cipal reasons :i* h s quickly br\ght ! new dyes to ! front lie 9 _! great] beauty & 9 ! dim9i%$ lab\r requir$ 9 _! use4 ,purree or ,indian ,yell[ mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! yell[ cobalt pigm5t kn[n also "u ! latt] "n4 ,x is a comp\nd ( magnesia ) an organic acid--euxan?ic acid4 ,x is obta9$ f ! ur9e ( c[s f$ ^u mango leaves4 ,x comes into comm]ce 9 lumps weigh+ ab\t #ej to #fj grammes1 :i* are d>k br[n on ! ext]ior1 b on fracture %[ a f9e orange yell[ col\r4 ,indian yell[ is little us$1 & is n likely to atta9 importance4 ,_m *eap] col\r+ matt]s equal 9 %ade are kn[n4 ,! ,col\r+ ,matt] ( ,saffron4--,! dri$ /igma ( ! fl[]s ( ! saffron1 a species ( iris1 has be5 long us$ = col\r+ foods4 ,x conta9s a v h&some yell[ col\r+ matt] ( a *>act]i/ic %ade2 =m]ly ?is 0 l>gely us$ 9 silk-dye+1 & especially = dye+ glove lea!r4 ,x is practically n[ no long] us$2 consid]ably *eap] anil9e dyes produce an equally good %ade4 ,on acc\nt ( its high price 7#a kilogramme ( saffron conta9s ab\t #fj1jjj /igmata7 ?is mat]ial _c be us$ = lakes1 al?\gh !y leave no?+ to be desir$ 9 f95ess ( %ade1 b !y h no great p]man5ce4 ,! ,col\r+ ,matt] ( ,g>d5ia ,gr&iflora4--,! fruits ( ?is plant1 :i* are import$ f ,s\!rn ,asia1 conta9 a beautiful d>k yell[ col\r+ matt]1 :i*1 accord+ to ,ro*l$]1 is id5tical ) ! col\r+ matt] ( saffron4 ,x is readily soluble 9 wat]2 lakes ( v>i\s %ades c readily be obta9$ by ! addition ( salts to ! aque\s solution4 ,alum gives a pure yell[1 lead acetate a yell[i% r$1 & /ann\s *loride a d>k orange r$ lake4 ,,*apt] ,l4 ,,r$ ,,lakes4 ,,co*9eal ,,& ,,c>m9e4 ,! purple ( ! anci5ts 0 obta9$ f ! %ellfi% purpura2 x 0 s co/ly t x 0 reg>d$ z an attribute ( royalty4 ,accord+ to hi/ory ! ,tyrians discov]$ ?is col\r2 at any rate !y 7 able to use x = dye+4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts ,tyrian purple g>m5ts 7 reg>d$ z ! greate/ luxury4 ,! art ( obta9+ a purple f ?is s\rce 0 lo/2 m rec5tly x has be5 re-discov]$1 b ! col\r is f\nd 9 no way to correspond ) :at we reg>d z a bright %ade4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds conqu]$ ,mexico !y f\nd an insect cultivat$ :i* produc$ a spl5did r$ col\r+ matt]4 ,?is insect1 ! co*9eal1 is p>asitic ^u c]ta9 cacti1 especially ,cactus cocc9ellif] & ,cactus opuntia4 ,! females only are us$ z col\r+ mat]ial2 ! males are v small1 & mu* few] 9 numb]4 ,! cultivation ( ! prop] species ( cactus & ( ! co*9eal has spread to mo/ tropical c\ntries4 ,! females1 :i* are atta*$ 9 enorm\s numb]s1 are bru%$ (f & kill$ by heat+ ^u hot plates4 ,!y !n appe> z gra9s ( ! size ( millet se$s1 ) a wr9kl$ surface cov]$ ) a silv]y grey du/4 ,?is v>iety ( co*9eal is ! be/4 ,black co*9eal also comes into comm]ce2 x has a br[ni% black col\r4 ,x is produc$ by kill+ ! insects 9 boil+ wat]1 by :i* ! grey du/ :i* cov]s ! liv+ insect is remov$4 ,co*9eal produces :5 gr\nd an ugly r$di% br[n p[d]4 ,! animal nature ( co*9eal _c be recognis$ by ! nak$ eye1 x is se5 on exam9ation "u ! microscope2 ?is has giv5 opportunity = ! mo/ incr$ible adult]ations ( ! co/ly sub/ance4 ,cases h be5 kn[n 9 :i* a pa/e *iefly compos$ ( fl\r has be5 press$ into ! =m ( co*9eal1 ! gra9s col\r$ by "s *eap r$ col\r+ matt]1 p[d]$ ) ! du/ f boxes 9 :i* co*9eal has be5 pack$1 & plac$ ^u ! m>ket z co*9eal4 ,! exp]t w\ld n be deceiv$ by ?is gross fraud1 b ano!r me?od ( adult]ation is f> m difficult to recognise2 g5u9e co*9eal is br\ght into comm]ce f :i* ! great] "p ( ! col\r+ matt] has be5 extract$1 & :i* has be5 aga9 p[d]$ ) ! grey co*9eal du/4 ,su* extract$ co*9eal does n produce ! same br[ni%-r$ p[d] z ! fre% sub/ance4 ,9 ! co*9eal insect !re is a v l>ge quantity ( col\r+ matt]3 x may rea* #ej p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! dry insect4 ,! col\r+ matt]1 :i* is kn[n z c>m9e 7! same "n is also appli$ to its lake71 is soluble 9 wat] ) a f9e r$ col\r4 ,:5 co*9eal is extract$ ) wat] ! op]ation mu/ be (t5 repeat$1 & ea* "t fre% quantities ( col\r+ matt] are dissolv$4 ,! co*9eal may be exhau/$ by repeat$ boil+ ) wat]1 b a l>ge quantity ( liquid conta9+ little col\r+ matt] is !n produc$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a /rong solution ( ! col\r+ matt] ! co*9eal mu/ be p[d]$2 ?is is difficult on acc\nt ( ! s(tness ( ! mat]ial1 :i* does n give a f9e p[d]1 b a pa/y mass4 ,! object is be/ atta9$ by gr9d+ ! co*9eal ?r\gh a mill simil> to a c(fee mill1 b s9ce ! grooves ( ! /eel cone1 :i* effects ! cru%+1 may be easily clogg$1 ! mill mu/ be arrang$ s t ! cone c be tak5 out & clean$4 ,! col\r+ pr9ciple ( co*9eal is an acid1 c>m9ic acid1 :i* 0 obta9$ by its discov]]1 ,w>r5 de la ,rue1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #a "p ( p[d]$ co*9eal is boil$ ) #dj p>ts ( wat] = #bj m9utes2 aft] /&+1 ! liquid is p\r$ (f f ! s$im5t1 & mix$ ) a solution ( #f p>ts ( lead acetate1 acidifi$ by #a "p ( acetic acid4 ,! precipitate1 :i* consi/s ( impure lead c>m9ate1 is filt]$ f ! col\rless liquid & c>efully wa%$2 :il/ /ill wet x is susp5d$ 9 wat]1 ?r\gh :i* sulphurett$ hydrog5 is pass$2 ! lead c>m9ate is decompos$ into lead sulphide & c>m9ic acid1 :i* dissolves 9 ! wat]4 ,! col\r+ matt] is n yet q pure2 ! treatm5t ) lead acetate & sulphurett$ hydrog5 mu/ be repeat$1 ! solution !n obta9$ is evaporat$ at a l[ temp]ature1 ! residue dissolv$ 9 boil+ alcohol1 phosphoric acid add$ to decompose traces ( lead c>m9ate /ill pres5t1 !n e!r1 f9ally ! cle> liquid is sep>at$ f ! precipitate & evaporat$4 ,by ?is process c>m9ic acid is obta9$ 9 a /ate ( complete purity2 un=tunately ! process is too complicat$ = practical application4 ,pure c>m9ic acid is a purple r$ mass1 :i* transmits r$ light at ! edges & =ms a pure sc>let r$ p[d] :5 gr\nd4 ,! aque\s solution gives1 ) alum & ammonia1 a *>act]i/ic precipitate1 ! col\r ( :i* is ! pure/ c>m9e-r$2 lead1 z9c & copp] salts produce purple r$ precipitates4 ,! composition ( c>m9ic acid is express$ by ! =mula ,c,h,o4 ,,*apt] ,,li4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,c>m9e4 ,! col\r+ matt] ( co*9eal is us$ 9 ! =m ( a lake "u ! "n ( c>m9e1 ! f9e/ & mo/ exp5sive col\r us$ 9 pa9t+4 ,h[ev] simple ! prep>ation ( c>m9e may appe>1 x is n easy to obta9 a product ( great beauty2 c]ta9 conditions1 /ill unexpla9$1 play an important "p 9 ! process4 ,until n long ago ! manufacture ( f9e c>m9e 0 reg>d$ z a secret2 ?is x is no long]1 & ) prop] c>e any "o may produce an entirely satisfactory product4 ,_m recipes h be5 giv51 "s ( ! be/ w be m5tion$4 ,:atev] me?od is us$ to obta9 c>m9e c]ta9 precautions mu/ be tak51 )\t :i* x is impossible to obta9 a bright col\r4 ,alkalis & alkal9e e>?s 9 v small quantity affect ! %ade ( c>m9e1 s t spr+ wat] %\ld nev] be us$ 9 its prep>ation4 ,pure ra9 wat]1 or1 /ill bett]1 di/ill$ wat]1 %\ld be employ$4 ,! decoction ( co*9eal is difficult to filt]4 ,pap] _c be us$1 because ! pores are s rapidly /opp$ up t new filt]s w\ld be cont9ually requir$4 ,f9e silk is ! mo/ s]viceable2 x %\ld n be wa%$ ) soap--! alkal9ity ( ! small quantity ( soap ! fabric w\ld reta9 w\ld affect ! col\r4 ,! decoction is made 9 a well-t9n$ copp] pan1 all o!r vessels %\ld be ( glass or porcela91 :i* are mo/ easily clean$1 & great cleanl9ess is ! prime ess5tial to ! success ( ! process4 ,! greate/ c>e is requir$ to prev5t ! contact ( ! liquid ) iron dur+ ! :ole process1 ! smalle/ trace ( ?is metal w\ld result 9 a discol\r$ product4 ,! ess5tials ( ! manufacture ( c>m9e on ! l>ge scale are t ! col\r+ matt] is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & precipitat$ by ! addition ( an alum9ium salt1 g5]ally alum1 absolutely free f iron4 ,! m sl[ly ! c>m9e sep>ates ! f9] is its col\r4 ,x is g5]ally obs]v$ t ! la/ portions to precipitate %[ ! brighte/ %ade4 ,?is is because ! =eign sub/ances occurr+ ) ! c>m9ic acid 9 ! decoction are ?r[n d[n ) ! fir/ portions ( ! precipitate4 ,9 ! process ( ,frau ,c5ette1 fam\s = ! beauty ( ! product1 a solution is made f :i* ! :ole ( ! c>m9e is sep>at$ 9 ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,dur+ ?is long "t ! majority ( ! sub/ances :i* h be5 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] toge!r ) ! c>m9ic acid are decompos$2 ! liquid acquires an unpleasant smell1 & is cov]$ ) m\ld4 ,9 ! au?or's op9ion s good a product is obta9$ by ?is process because ! great] "p ( ! impurities is decompos$3 ! ne>] ! product approa*es ! pure comp\nd ( c>m9ic acid & alum9a1 ! pur] & bright] w be ! %ade ( ! c>m9e4 ,x is kn[n t light has consid]able influ5ce on ! beauty ( c>m9e4 ,dur+ dull w9t] days x is q impossible to produce s f9e a product z 9 summ]4 ,in/ead ( alum a t9 solution may be us$ to precipitate ! col\r+ matt]2 ! %ade ( ! product is diff]5t to t ( alum9a c>m9e4 ,,c5ette',s ,,me?od4--#a kilogramme ( f9ely p[d]$ co*9eal is boil$ ) #ge litres ( wat] = two h\rs2 #ij grammes ( saltpetre are add$1 ! liquid boil$ = ?ree m9utes1 !n #abj grammes ( salt ( sorrel 7acid potassium oxalate7 are add$ & ! liquid aga9 boil$ = t5 m9utes4 ,! liquid is !n completely cl>ifi$ by /&+1 drawn (f f ! residue by a syphon1 & br\ght into %all[ glass di%es :i* are plac$1 protect$ f du/1 9 a bright light 9 a uni=mly w>m place4 ,dur+ sev]al weeks ! c>m9e sep>ates1 ! la/ portions be+ always bright] ?an ! fir/4 ,! addition ( potassium oxalate has ! object ( assi/+ ! sep>ation ( ! c>m9e1 = acid salts sep>ate ! c>m9e f solutions2 ! saltpetre may reasonably be omitt$4 ,! majority ( ! recipes = c>m9e1 :i* are frequ5tly sold at a high price1 diff] b little f ! above2 acid potassium t>trate is us$ in/ead ( ! oxalate1 b ! latt] is to be pref]r$ because ( ! slight solubility ( ! t>trate4 ,x is important n to use too /rong decoctions ( co*9eal1 & to add only small quantities ( alum4 ,! cle> liquid is plac$ 9 %all[ glass di%es4 ,aft] a few days ! nature ( ! deposit %\ld be exam9$3 if a consid]able quantity ( a r$ precipitate has =m$1 ! liquid is p\r$ (f into o!r di%es1 9 :i* c>m9e aga9 sep>ates dur+ ! foll[+ days1 & usually ( a bright] col\r ?an ! fir/4 ,= example1 #abe grammes ( co*9eal are boil$ ) #e litres ( wat] dur+ fifte5 m9utes1 #cj grammes ( v f9ely p[d]$ alum are add$ to ! boil+ liquid1 :i* is aga9 boil$ = a few m9utes1 all[$ to cl>ify & cool4 ,! great] "p ( ! c>m9e is !n obta9$ 9 a few h\rs1 b ! liquid /ill sep>ates c>m9e aft] sev]al days4 ,accord+ to ano!r =mula #ejj grammes ( co*9eal are boil$ ) #cj litres ( wat]1 #fj grammes ( cream ( t>t> are add$1 !n #cj grammes ( alum1 boil+ is cont9u$ = sev]al m9utes1 & ! liquid !n all[$ to cool4 ,c>m9e may be obta9$ 9 a v %ort "t by means ( t9 solution4 ,! process is simil> to t j giv54 ,! liquid :i* w\ld be set aside = ! spontane\s deposition ( ! c>m9e is1 h[ev]1 return$ to ! pan1 & a solution ( pure /ann\s *loride add$ 9 drops1 s long z ! solution is /ill cle>ly r$4 ,! c>m9e sep>ates at ! bottom ( ! pan2 ! liquid drawn (f1 ev5 :5 x appe>s almo/ col\rless1 produces a fur!r small quantity ( c>m9e 9 a few days4 ,accord+ to ,j4 ,j4 ,hess1 a bright] c>m9e is obta9$ :5 ! fat ( ! co*9eal is previ\sly extract$ by e!r or b5z5e4 ,proposals h (t5 be5 made to deep5 ! col\r ( prep>$ c>m9e2 ?is mu/ be done ) ! greate/ c>e1 = x is v easy to produce a less h&some in/ead ( a f9] pigm5t4 ,! c>m9e is moi/5$ ) di/ill$ wat] conta9+ ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( ammonia solution4 ,c>m9e readily dissolves 9 ammonia4 ,?is prop]ty may be appli$ to te/ its purity1 pure c>m9e %\ld dissolve )\t residue 9 #e to #f times its quantity ( ammonia4 ,any consid]able residue d5otes an int5tional addition ( "s adult]ant4 ,/>*1 v]milion1 & *eap] lakes are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! r$ solution obta9$ by treat+ c>m9e ) ! above quantity ( ammonia may be us$ z a r$ ink4 ,?is solution c also be us$ to purify c>m9e2 :5 x is all[$ to /& 9 an uncork$ bottle = "s "t ! ammonia escapes1 & ! great] "p ( ! c>m9e is deposit$ z a v f9e p[d]4 ,c>m9e solution is made by dissolv+ c>m9e 9 ! necess>y quantity ( ammonia1 add+ glyc]9e equal 9 quantity to ! ammonia1 driv+ (f ! latt] by heat & dilut+ ! liquid4 ,?is solution is well adapt$ = col\r+ confection]y1 b _c be employ$ 9 pa9t+ & writ+1 s9ce ! glyc]9e w\ld prev5t x f dry+4 ,c>m9e is ext5sively us$ 9 pa9t+1 & = _m purposes _c be replac$ by ano!r pigm5t1 e4g41 ! cosmetic kn[n z vegetable r\ge c be made f no o!r pigm5t4 ,c>m9e may be us$ 9 all me?ods ( col\r+2 x is q h>mless = confection]s' purposes4 ,muni*1 ,vi5na1 ,p>is1 or ,flor5t9e ,lake4--,?is f9e deep r$ lake diff]s f c>m9e 9 conta9+ a mu* l>g] quantity ( alum9a1 ?us possess+ ! "* ( an ord9>y lake4 ,occasionally c>m9e lake is int5tionally mix$ ) light :ite sub/ances1 su* z magnesia1 to obta9 pal] %ades or *eap] pigm5ts4 ,:il/ only ! f9e/ v>ieties ( co*9eal c be us$ to make f9e c>m9e1 ! *eap] sorts c be us$ = ,flor5t9e lake4 ,! co*9eal us$ = c>m9e is boil$ b a %ort "t ) wat]1 s t ! residue conta9s consid]able quantities ( col\r+ matt]1 :i* may am\nt to half ( t orig9ally pres5t4 ,! same mat]ials are us$ z 9 ! prep>ation ( c>m9e1 & 9 ?is case1 too1 /ress %\ld be laid ^u _! purity4 ,! weight ( ! alum is usually #aj to #ae times t ( ! co*9eal2 a little /ann\s *loride & cream ( t>t> are also add$ to bright5 ! %ade4 ,all ^! mat]ials are boil$ ) ! co*9eal1 soda is add$ to ! cle> solution until eff]vesc5ce no long] occurs1 ! sep>at$ lake is !n wa%$4 ,! lake may be made ) magnesia in/ead ( alum9a1 x is add$ 9 ! =m ( magnesium sulphate2 ! m magnesia is us$ ! pal] is ! lake4 ,! proportions 9 :i* ! mat]ials are employ$ v>y ) ea* manufactur]4 ,! foll[+ quantities h always giv5 ! au?or a fav\rable result3 ,co*9eal #aj p>ts1 alum #aej p>ts1 wat] #bej p>ts2 or co*9eal #aj p>ts1 magnesium sulphate #e p>ts1 alum #je "p4 ,9 mak+ ,flor5t9e lake a fairly deep col\r %\ld be produc$4 ,?is may be mix$ )\t difficulty 9 ! wet or ! dry /ate ) a :ite pigm5t1 ?us produc+ any desir$ %ade1 ev5 to ! mo/ delicate rose-r$4 ,ammonia-,co*9eal4--,?is prep>ation1 :i* is *iefly us$ by dy]s1 is obta9$ by treat+ co*9eal 9 a well-clos$ flask ) /rong ammonia1 :i* dissolves ! col\r+ matt]4 ,aft] ab\t a mon? alum equal to ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( ! am\nt ( co*9eal is add$ )\t sep>at+ ! undissolv$ residue f ! solution1 & ! :ole is evaporat$ at a g5tle heat 9 a t9n$ pan until x becomes a /iff pa/e on cool+4 ,! mass solidifies m readily if a small quantity ( />* pa/e is add$4 0,co*9eal pa/e0 is co*9eal :i* has be5 treat$ 9 ?is mann]2 x is g5]ally br\ght into ! m>ket 9 ! =m ( cakes or small slabs4 ,9 addition to ! true co*9eal o!r species ( ! same insect conta9 a r$ col\r+ matt] & h a re/rict$ use 9 dye+4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! ,poli% co*9eal 7,coccus polonicus71 :i* lives on ! roots ( ! scl]an?us4 ,x has n be5 prov$ t ^! insects conta9 ! same col\r+ matt] z true co*9eal1 b x is c]ta9 t ! col\r+ matt]s ( ,poli% & also ( ,russian co*9eal 7,coccus euv ursi7 are f> inf]ior 9 beauty to t ( true co*9eal4 ,,*apt] ,,lii4 ,,! ,,col\r+ ,,matt] ,,( ,,lac4 ,f ! punctures ( ! insect ,coccus lacca on c]ta9 ,ea/ ,indian trees1 especially ^? belong+ to ! g5us ,ficus1 fl[ at ! same "t res9 & col\r+ matt] 9 su* quantities t ! insects are frequ5tly enclos$ & l>ge r$ masses are =m$ on ! trees4 ,! insects live 9 "s measure 9 ^! masses1 ! females lay _! eggs 9 ! spaces & ! l>v are said to fe$ on ! r$ sap conta9$ 9 ! mass4 ,:5 ! l>v h left ! incru/ation1 g5]ally 9 ,novemb]1 x is brok5 (f f ! bran*es & collect$4 ,x is n[ kn[n z /ick-lac2 x consi/s ( l>ge masses ( res9 ( a f9e deep r$ col\r4 ,9 ! int]ior ! cells ( ! insects may /ill be p]ceiv$4 ,on *ew+1 x becomes s(t & col\rs ! saliva a deep violet4 ,:5 /ick-lac is boil$ 9 wat] a portion ( ! col\r+ matt] dissolves4 ,good /ick-lac conta9s #aj p] c5t4 ( col\r+ matt] & #hj p] c5t4 ( res94 ,se$-lac has ! same orig9 z /ick-lac1 b frequ5tly ! great] "p ( ! col\r+ matt] has be5 extract$2 x r>ely conta9s m ?an #be p] c5t41 & is consequ5tly ( little value = col\r+ purposes4 ,lac ,dye4--,! col\r+ matt] ( /ick-lac is g5]ally sep>at$ f ! res9 9 ,india & comes into ! m>ket "u ! "n ( lac dye4 ,x is made by /irr+ co>sely p[d]$ /ick-lac 9 l>ge vessels = sev]al h\rs ) w>m wat]4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! col\r+ matt] dissolves1 :il/ ! res9 rema9s z a ruby r$ mass :i* is melt$ & br\ght into ! m>ket "u ! "n ( %ellac4 ,! solution ( ! col\r+ matt] is evaporat$ 9 %all[ vessels 9 ! sun or boil$ d[n 9 pans2 ! residue is made into cakes4 ,at pres5t soda solution is us$ in/ead ( pure wat] to extract ! col\r+ matt]2 a l>g] yield is obta9$4 ,lac dye usually conta9s #de to #ej p] c5t4 ( col\r+ matt]1 #be p] c5t4 ( res91 &1 9 addition1 e>?y sub/ances :i* are to be reg>d$ z int5tional admixtures4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( lac dye by ,/eph5's me?od co>sely p[d]$ /ick-lac is boil$ ) soda1 & ! rema9d] ( ! col\r+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! res9 extract$ by repeat$ boil+ ) wat]4 ,all ! extracts are !n unit$ & precipitat$ by alum4 ,! col\r+ matt] sep>ates z a lake :i* /ill conta9s a l>ge quantity ( res94 ,accord+ to ! pat5t$ process ( ,h5ley1 ! col\r+ matt] ( se$-lac is extract$ by hydraulic presses4 ,! lac is fill$ into press bags :i* are plac$ betwe5 iron boxes heat$ by /eam4 ,on apply+ pressure ! melt$ res91 %ellac1 comes ?r\gh ! bags1 :il/ ! col\r+ matt] rema9s beh9d4 ,if ?is me?od 7 employ$ on ! l>ge scale1 presses simil> to ^? us$ 9 /e>9 c&le works w\ld be suitable4 ,:5 lac dye is treat$ ) hydro*loric acid ! col\r+ matt] dissolves2 ! solution c be us$ to dye wool1 :i* x col\rs a beautiful r$4 ,! col\r+ matt] is v simil> 9 appe>ance to t ( co*9eal1 b has ! appe>ance ( mu* great] fa/ness4 ,x appe>s also to be simil> 9 composition to c>m9ic acid1 b little is kn[n z to its *emical con/itution4 ,:5 lac dye is to be us$ = pa9t+ x mu/ be fre$ f res92 ?is is accompli%$ by treat+ ! f9ely p[d]$ mass = a long "t ) boil+ alcohol & sep>at+ ! solution ( res9 f ! undissolv$ col\r+ matt]1 :i* is !n dri$4 ,9 ?is way a lake is produc$ kn[n comm]cially z ,vi5na r$ & little inf]ior to c>m9e lake4 ,un=tunately ! price ( lac dye1 al?\gh x is import$ 9 l>ge quantities f ,india to ,engl&1 is s high t x c only be us$ = arti/s' col\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,liii4 ,,saffl[] ,,or ,,c>?am9e ,,r$4 ,! saffl[] or ba/>d saffron 7,c>?amus t9ctoria7 gr[s wild 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 & is also cultivat$4 ,x conta9s two col\r+ matt]s1 yell[ & r$4 ,! =m] is n us$ 9 dye+1 b is employ$ = col\r+ liqueurs1 s9ce x is innocu\s4 ,! r$ col\r+ matt] is us$ = col\r+ artificial fl[]s & = f9e cosmetics2 =m]ly x 0 employ$ 9 dye+1 b is n[ r>ely us$ = ?is purpose1 s9ce c>?am9e r$ has little p]man5ce & c be replac$ by *eap] dyes4 ,! yell[ col\r+ matt]1 :i* is n us$1 is g5]ally remov$ by treat+ ! corolla ( ! saffl[]1 :i* conta9s ! col\r+ matt]1 ) wat]4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t x is kn[n z wa%$ saffl[]4 ,9 ! dri$ corolla ( ! fl[] up to #cf p] c5t4 ( ! yell[ col\r+ matt] is f\nd1 :il/ only #jd to #jf p] c5t4 ( ! r$ is conta9$4 ,x appe>s t ! col\r+ matt] ( ! saffl[] has be5 us$ f ! mo/ anci5t times4 ,! ,*9ese employ x to obta9 a h&some cosmetic1 ! ,tyrians are said to h us$ x 9 dye+4 ,9 ,europe x 0 n cultivat$ be=e ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 x came into use = dye+4 ,9 ord] to obta9 pure c>?am9e r$--& ?is is ! =m 9 :i* x is g5]ally us$--saffl[] is treat$ = a long "t ) wat] conta9+ a little acetic acid until a yell[ solution no long] results4 ,! residue is !n treat$ ) soda solution = sev]al h\rs1 :5 ! col\r+ matt] dissolves2 ! solution is filt]$ & neutralis$ ) acetic acid4 ,cotton is !n introduc$4 ,c>?am9e r$ is a col\r+ matt] :i* at once dyes animal & vegetable fibres :5 ^! are br\ght 9 contact ) its solution4 ,?us ! :ole ( ! col\r+ matt] is precipitat$ on ! cotton1 :i* is col\r$ a deep r$4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! cotton is tak5 out1 wa%$1 & treat$ ) soda solution1 9 :i* ! col\r+ matt] dissolves4 ,:5 ?is solution is c>efully neutralis$ ) citric acid ! col\r+ matt] sep>ates 9 ! =m ( f9e flocks4 ,^! are collect$1 dissolv$ 9 /rong alcohol1 ! solution evaporat$ to a small volume1 ! col\r+ matt] aga9 precipitat$ by ! addition ( a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & wa%$ ) pure wat] until ! wa% wat]s beg9 to be col\r$ r$4 ,! pure c>?am9e ?us obta9$ is spread ^u small cups1 9 :i* x dries to a beautiful r$ mass :i* 9 some:at ?ick] lay]s has a f9e gre5 lu/re4 ,x is br\ght into comm]ce z 0cup r$0 or 0plate r$04 ,! small quantity ( col\r+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! saffl[]1 z well z ! complicat$ process = obta9+ x1 make x evid5t t ?is col\r+ matt] w be among ! mo/ exp5sive f\nd 9 comm]ce4 ,! high price is1 h[ev]1 neutralis$ by its great col\r+ p[]1 & by ! fact t no?+ c 9 all cases replace x = col\r+ ! be/ artificial fl[]s4 ,saffl[] ,c>m9e4--,?is sub/ance1 us$ by dy]s1 is a solution ( c>?am9e r$ 9 soda solution4 ,x is only necess>y to add an acid aft] once introduc+ ! fabric 9 ord] to fix ! col\r+ matt] at once ^u ! fibre4 ,! %ades produc$ by c>?am9e r$ are di/+ui%$ by a delicacy ( t9t n produc$ by o!r dyes2 all %ades betwe5 ! deepe/ r$ & ! pale/ rose-r$ may be obta9$ f x4 ,un=tunately x is v susceptible to ! action ( alkalis2 "o c>eless wa%+ ( an article dy$ ) c>?am9e is suffici5t to remove ! great] "p ( ! col\r4 ,on acc\nt ( its co/ & little durability c>?am9e r$ is n us$ 9 pa9t+4 ,x is pr9cipally employ$ 9 ! artificial fl[] indu/ry = col\r+ fl[]s4 ,pure c>?am9e or a mixture ) f9ely p[d]$ /eatite is appli$ by rubb+4 ,alkanet4--,! roots ( alkanet 7,alkanna t9ctoria7 conta9 9 ! b>k a f9e r$ col\r+ matt]1 f :i* also a violet lake c be obta9$1 ?\gh ?is is r>ely made4 ,! plant is l>gely gr[n 9 ,s\!rn ,europe & also ar\nd ,vi5na4 ,! col\r+ matt] is obta9$ pure by mac]at+ ! root = a long "t ) wat] & !n treat+ ) /rong alcohol1 :i* dissolves ! col\r+ matt]1 toge!r ) a l>ge quantity ( res94 ,! alcohol is di/ill$ (f1 ! residue extract$ ) e!r1 & ! e!real extract treat$ ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 :i* extracts ! col\r+ matt]4 ,?is is left 9 ! pure /ate1 :5 ! solution is sl[ly evaporat$4 ,accord+ to ,c>nelutti & ,r4 ,nas9i alkann9 is obta9$ by extract+ ! root ( ,an*usa t9ctoria ) petroleum e!r1 evaporat+1 treat+ ! residue ) weak cau/ic pota%1 filt]+1 & %ak+ ! filtrate sev]al times ) e!r4 ,! solv5t is remov$1 ! col\r+ matt] precipitat$ by c>bonic acid1 dri$ ov] sulphuric acid1 & dissolv$ 9 e!r4 ,! filt]$ solution is !n all[$ to evaporate4 ,alkann9 is !n obta9$ z a d>k br[ni%-r$ mass1 :i* is easily p[d]$4 ,x has a metallic lu/re1 & readily dissolves 9 alcohol1 glacial acetic acid & *lor(orm4 ,:5 alum is add$ to ! aque\s solution ( ! col\r+ matt] a beautiful violet precipitate sep>ates1 :i* :5 dry is v suitable = arti/ic purposes4 ,alkanet is little us$4 ,x is completely replac$ by mu* *eap] col\r+ matt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,liv4 ,,madd] ,,& ,,its ,,col\r+ ,,matt]s4 ,! root ( ! madd] 7,rubia t9ctoria7 conta9s a r$ col\r+ matt] :i* is di/+ui%$ ov] all o!r col\rs ( vegetable orig9 by great fa/ness1 on acc\nt ( :i* x occupies a mo/ important position 9 dye+ & col\r mak+4 ,! use ( madd] 9 dye+ has be5 mu* re/rict$ by ! discov]y ( artificial me?ods ( mak+ aliz>9e1 ! mo/ important col\r+ matt] ( madd]4 ,?us ! foll[+ acc\nt ( madd] & its products is *iefly ( hi/orical int]e/ only4 ,madd] is cultivat$ 9 _m c\ntries4 ,! roots1 :i* v>y f ! ?ickness ( a quill to t ( a f+]1 are cleans$ f adh]5t e>?1 c>efully sort$ accord+ to size1 & dri$4 ,9 comm]ce a di/9ction is made betwe5 /ripp$ & un/ripp$ madd]4 ,! cortex ( ! root conta9s b little col\r+ matt] & is g5]ally remov$ by mill-/ones mov+ at "s di/ance ap>t4 ,! /ripp$ roots are f9ely gr\nd1 & are !n kn[n comm]cially z madd]4 ,m]*ants di/+ui% a l>ge numb] ( v>ieties1 :i* are designat$ accord+ to ! place ( production4 ,9 addition to gr\nd madd] !re are a numb] ( madd] prep>ations :i* conta9 ! col\r+ matt] 9 conc5trat$ =m1 & are consequ5tly us$ 9 small] quantity4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! prep>ations are g>anc91 g>anceux1 & ! madd] extracts4 0,ref9$ madd]0 is made f ! natural sub/ance by subject+ x to a process ( f]m5tation1 by :i* ! sub/ances accompany+ ! col\r+ matt]s are l>gely decompos$1 & ! product becomes relatively ri*] 9 col\r+ matt]4 0,fl[]s ( madd]10 :i* h d\ble ! col\r+ p[] ( madd]1 are made by treatm5t ) v dilute sulphuric acid4 ,madd] is /irr$ ) five or six times its quantity ( wat] to :i* ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( sulphuric acid has be5 add$4 ,aft] leav+ ! mixture 9 a fairly w>m place = five to six days alcoholic f]m5tation takes place1 & _m sub/ances :i* w\ld be injuri\s 9 dye+ are decompos$4 ,! residue becomes 9 consequ5ce ri*] 9 col\r+ matt]4 ,:5 ! f]m5tation is f9i%$ ! residue is filt]$ (f1 subject$ to p[]ful hydraulic pressure1 & ! mass brok5 up & v ?or\ghly dri$ at a temp]ature ( #fj to #gj ,c4 ,if x is n ?or\ghly dri$ x soon becomes m\ldy4 ,?is me?od ( treat+ madd]1 due to ,julians1 is simple1 & has ! advantage t f ! alcoholic liquid _s may be obta9$4 ,9 "s respects ?is process is m rational ?an ! "o imm$iately foll[+3 c]ta9 sub/ances :i* are de/roy$ 9 ! manufacture ( g>anc9 are made useful1 & also ! process requires little outlay4 ,g>anc9 is obta9$ f madd] by treatm5t ) sulphuric acid1 :i* decomposes ! glucoside1 & also sets free ! col\r+ matt] unit$ to lime & magnesia1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be lo/4 ,9 addition1 ! w>m acid radically attacks ! nitrog5\s comp\nds1 ! great] portion ( :i* is de/roy$4 ,?us ! residue conta9s relatively m col\r+ matt]1 & ! removal ( sub/ances :i* accompany ! col\r+ matt] consid]ably facilitates ! dye+ process4 ,al?\gh ! prep>ation ( g>anc9 0 recomm5d$ 9 #ahbh1 x 0 mu* lat] be=e ! prejudice :i* prev5t$ its g5]al employm5t 0 completely ov]come1 & g>anc9 recognis$ z a v valuable mat]ial = ! dy]4 ,! simple/ process = prep>+ g>anc9 is z foll[s3 ,madd] is sev]al times wa%$ ) wat]1 !n press$1 & ! residue mix$ ) dilute sulphuric acid 9 a lead-l9$ vessel4 ,to #ajj p>ts ( madd] #ej p>ts ( sulphuric acid & #ej p>ts ( wat] are tak51 ! mixture is heat$ by /eam to #ajj ,c41 & ma9ta9$ at ?is temp]ature = half an h\r4 ,by ! action ( sulphuric acid ( ?is /r5g? consid]able *>r+ occurs1 & 9 p>ticul> ! cell walls ( ! madd] are attack$1 s t 9 ! succe$+ process ! col\r+ matt] is readily dissolv$2 9 consequ5ce ( ! *>r+1 ! g>anc9 acquires a deep br[n to black col\r4 ,:5 ! action ( ! acid is f9i%$1 x is drawn (f & ! residue wa%$ ) wat] until x is free f acid1 :5 x is dri$4 ,! process "h describ$ is ! orig9al me?od2 x has be5 mu* modifi$1 hydro*loric acid1 z9c *loride1 alkalis1 soap solution1 etc41 be+ us$ 9 ! manufacture ( g>anc94 ,! col\r mak] w r>ely require to make g>anc9 himself1 s t x is suffici5t = our purpose to indicate :at is und]/ood by g>anc91 & 9 :at mann] x is made4 ,g>anceux4--,madd] :i* has be5 once us$ 9 dye+ /ill reta9s "s quantity ( col\r+ matt]2 ?is is utilis$ by treat+ x by ! same process :i* is us$ to obta9 g>anc9 f fre% madd]4 ,! treatm5t ) sulphuric acid almo/ entirely de/roys ! cellul> /ructure1 s t ! residual col\r+ matt] is made accessible to solv5ts1 & consequ5tly ! g>anceux may be aga9 us$ = dye+4 ,madd] ,extract4--,! fixation ( ! col\r+ matt] ( madd] ^u ! fibre is att5d$ ) _m difficulties2 attempts 7 made to pres5t x 9 ! pure/ =m possible1 or 9 su* a condition t ! op]ation ( dye+ 0 simplifi$4 ,! comm]cial madd] extracts consi/ ei!r ( liquid extracts ( madd]1 or ( ! m or less pure col\r+ matt] itself4 ,among ! num]\s solid or liquid madd] extracts1 )\t d\bt ! mo/ important is ! crude aliz>9 7! pr9cipal col\r+ matt] ( madd]71 made by ! process discov]$ almo/ simultane\sly by ,ro*l$] & ,p]nod4 ,?is is produc$ by extract+ ei!r madd] or g>anc9 ) hot wat] conta9+ sulphuric acid2 ab\t #e grammes ( acid are mix$ ) #a kilogramme ( wat] & ! madd] boil$ ) ?is dilute acid 9 a lead-l9$ vessel4 ,! liquid sep>at$ f ! solid residue becomes turbid on cool+1 & yell[ flocks sep>ate :i* consi/ ( impure aliz>92 no fur!r purification is requir$ = practical purposes4 ,crude aliz>9 is also obta9$ by treat+ madd] ) sup]heat$ /eam4 ,^! prep>ations are important1 n only to ! dy] & calico pr9t]1 b also to ! col\r mak]2 f !m ! madd] pigm5ts c be made 9 a v simple mann]4 ,! ,con/itu5ts ( ,madd]4--,madd] has be5 mo/ ?or\ghly inve/igat$3 its col\r+ matt]1 aliz>91 is n[ made artificially4 ,9 addition to woody fibre1 madd] conta9s sug>1 mucilage1 res91 a glucoside 7i4e41 a sub/ance :i* c be decompos$ into a sug> & ano!r sub/ance71 &1 9 p>ticul>1 two col\r+ matt]s kn[n z aliz>9 & purpur94 ,aliz>9 occurs ready =m$ 9 madd]1 & is also produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! madd] glucoside into aliz>9 & sug>4 ,to obta9 pure aliz>9 f9ely gr\nd madd] is extract$ ) boil+ wat]2 on ! addition ( sulphuric acid to ! decoction aliz>9 sep>ates toge!r ) o!r sub/ances4 ,! moi/ precipitate is boil$ ) a solution ( alum9ium *loride1 &1 aft] filt]+1 hydro*loric acid is add$ to ! filtrate1 :5 deep r$ flocks sep>ate1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( aliz>9 & purpur94 ,! col\r+ matt]s are fur!r purifi$ by dissolv+ 9 alcohol & add+ fre%ly precipitat$ alum9a1 :i* unites ) !m2 ! alum9a comp\nds are !n boil$ ) /rong soda solution1 9 :i* ! purpur9 dissolves4 ,! residue consi/s ( alum9ium aliz>9ate mix$ ) res91 ! latt] is extract$ ) e!r or b5z5e1 & ! residue !n decompos$ ) hydro*loric acid1 :5 aliz>9 is set free & is purifi$ by recry/allisation4 ,aliz>9 has ! =mula ,c,h,o7,,oh74 ,x =ms f9e r$ cry/als :i* are v little soluble 9 cold b m easily 9 hot wat]2 !y dissolve readily 9 /rong alcohol to a yell[ solution4 ,aliz>9 dissolves 9 alkal9e liquids1 ! solution is di*roic2 x appe>s d>k purple by transmitt$ light & pure blue by reflect$ light4 ,:5 ! alkal9e solution ( aliz>9 is br\ght 9 contact ) fre%ly precipitat$ alum9a ! col\r+ matt] is completely ?r[n d[n & a beautiful r$ lake is =m$4 ,! second madd] col\r+ matt] is purpur94 ,?is is m soluble 9 wat] ?an aliz>91 x also dissolves 9 alum solutions2 its alkal9e solutions are n di*roic4 ,! =mula ( purpur9 is ,c,h,o7,,oh74 ,9 addition to ^! two col\r+ matt]s1 madd] conta9s a ?ird1 kn[n z rubiac91 :i* also =ms r$ comp\nds4 ,x appe>s to be fix$ ^u fabrics dy$ ) madd] 9 company ) ! o!r col\r+ matt]s4 ,dye+ & pr9t+ ) ! col\r+ matt]s ( madd] are among ! mo/ difficult processes 9 dye+2 a long s]ies ( op]ations is requir$ to fix ! col\r p]man5tly on ! fabric4 ,! beautiful deep r$ col\r kn[n z ,turkey r$ is produc$ by madd]2 x is di/+ui%$ f o!r vegetable col\rs by its great fa/ness4 ,by means ( madd] v>i\s o!r %ades besides pure r$ may be produc$4 ,?is v valuable sub/ance is l>gely us$ 9 dye+ & calico pr9t+ to produce p]man5t col\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,lv4 ,,madd] ,,lakes4 ,! madd] lakes are equally z p]man5t z ! madd] col\r+ matt]s dy$ ^u fabrics4 ,on ?is acc\nt & because ( _! h&some col\r !y are highly priz$ by pa9t]s4 ,! be/ qualities ( madd] are necess>y to produce f9e lakes2 x is m conv5i5t to use g>anc9 or madd] extract4 ,only :5 ! col\r+ matt] is tol]ably free f ! =eign sub/ances :i* accompany x c a pure r$ madd] lake be produc$2 ! poor] qualities ( madd] produce a lake :i* is n a pure r$ & is nev] bright4 ,! good repute ( ! madd] lakes ( c]ta9 mak]s is 9 great "p due to c>eful *oice ( ! raw mat]ials4 ,?is *oice & c>e 9 ! process are ! secrets ( ! manufactur]s :o produce good madd] lakes4 ,! au?or has f\nd t ! f9e/ lakes c be obta9$ )\t difficulty f ! aliz>91 sep>at$ 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ mann] f madd] by means ( sulphuric acid4 ,! small co/ ( obta9+ crude aliz>9 by ?is process enables x to be us$ on a comm]cial scale4 ,! lab\r involv$ 9 ! process is f> outweigh$ by ! excell5t qualities ( ! lakes produc$4 ,a v bright lake is obta9$ directly f madd] by treat+ ) sulphuric acid 7?us g>anc9 is really us$71 dige/+ ! mass = sev]al h\rs ) a solution ( alum absolutely free f iron1 filt]+ & add+ at fir/ a small quantity ( soda solution2 a little madd] lake is precipitat$ :i* is ( ! f9e/ %ade4 ,:5 ?is lake has settl$ ! liquid is p\r$ (f & aga9 mix$ ) a little soda solution4 ,! lake n[ precipitat$ is inf]ior to ! fir/1 if ! madd] is n ( specially f9e quality4 ,by ?is fractional precipitation ( ! col\r+ matt]1 madd] lakes v>y+ 9 beauty are produc$2 ! sep>ate fractions (t5 diff] consid]ably 9 %ade1 ?is is because ! lat] portions are m & m contam9at$ by ! =eign sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! madd]4 ,f inf]ior madd] lake1 :i* c\ld only be sold at a l[ price1 a lake ( ! be/ quality c be produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! lake is f9ely p[d]$1 mix$ ) acetic acid & left to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 ! madd] lake dissolves 9 ! acid to a f9e r$ solution1 :il/ ! impurities rema9 on ! filt] :5 ! solution is filt]$4 ,! cle> solution is mix$ ) a l>ge volume ( wat] free f lime1 & ! acetic acid neutralis$ by soda1 :5 pure madd] lake sep>ates4 ,! addition ( soda is n cont9u$ until all ! lake is precipitat$1 b only until ! liquid is /ill slightly r$4 ,hydro*loric acid may be us$ in/ead ( acetic2 x is mu* *eap]1 b mu/ be absolutely free f iron4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! crude aliz>9 prep>$ z describ$ above is well suit$ z a s\rce ( madd] lake1 s9ce x is free f ! majority ( ! sub/ances :i* injure ! purity ( ! %ade4 ,x is treat$ ) a boil+ solution ( alum & filt]$ :il/ hot2 madd] lake is !n precipitat$ by cauti\s additions ( soda1 ! fir/ portions precipitat$ be+ ! be/4 ,madd] ,c>m9e is n (t5 f\nd 9 comm]ce2 x consi/s ( ! almo/ pure lakes ( aliz>9 & purpur94 ,! process by :i* ?is valuable pigm5t is produc$ is bas$ ^u ! great /ability ( ! madd] col\r+ matt]s4 ,! foll[+ is ! process on ! l>ge scale3 ,good madd]1 v f9ely gr\nd1 is spread out 9 small heaps 9 a room1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is ab\t #af to #ah ,c42 ! heaps are moi/5$ ) wat] & left = sev]al days4 ,! mass f]m5ts & gives (f a peculi> smell2 9 ! f]m5tation n only is ! glucoside decompos$1 b also _m ( ! o!r comp\nds conta9$ 9 ! madd]1 consequ5tly ! mass becomes d>k & consid]ably dim9i%es 9 weight4 ,! end ( ! f]m5tation process may be recognis$ by a little practice ) tol]able c]ta9ty by ! disappe>ance ( ! peculi> smell2 ! mass is brok5 up & transf]r$ to a lead-l9$ vessel1 9 :i* x is mix$ ) ?ree or f\r times its weight ( ord9>y sulphuric acid4 ,! acid is all[$ to act = sev]al h\rs1 ! plant fibres are almo/ completely *>r$1 & ! mixture becomes black4 ,:5 ! *>r$ residue has settl$1 ! liquid is filt]$ ?r\gh pure qu>tz s& or p[d]$ glass1 & mix$ ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,! c>m9e1 :i* is insoluble 9 wat]1 sep>ates z a r$ p[d]2 x is !n wa%$ & dri$4 ,! col\r ( madd] c>m9e is ( su* beauty t x c only be comp>$ ) t ( good co*9eal c>m9e1 b x is incomp>ably m p]man5t ?an ! latt] & may be us$ 9 all v>ieties ( pa9t+4 ,,*apt] ,,lvi4 ,,manjit 7,,indian ,,madd]74 ,! roots ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,rubia mungi/a conta9 purpur9 & ano!r *>act]i/ic col\r+ matt]1 manji/94 ,?is mat]ial is a r>ity 9 ,g]man comm]ce1 b is import$ into ,engl& f ,india 9 tol]able am\nt & us$ 9 dye+4 ,manji/9 may be extract$ by boil+ manjit repeat$ly ) a solution ( alum9ium sulphate1 unit+ ! liquids & acidify+ /rongly ) hydro*loric acid4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs a r$ precipitate =ms 9 ! liquid2 x is dri$ & treat$ ) boil+ c>bon disulphide1 :i* extracts purpur9 & manji/9 & leaves undissolv$ a d>k res94 ,! residue1 aft] di/ill+ (f ! c>bon bisulphide1 gives up purpur9 to dilute acetic acid1 manji/9 rema9+ undissolv$4 ,:5 ! purpur9 has be5 completely extract$1 ! residue is treat$ ) a little boil+ alcohol & repeat$ly recry/allis$2 manji/9 is f9ally obta9$ 9 gold5 yell[ cry/als ( ! composition ,c,h,o7,,oh74,,co,h4 ,:5 a solution ( manji/9 9 a little alcohol is mix$ ) wat] no precipitate occurs2 on !n add+ alum9ium hydrate & long boil+ an orange r$ lake is produc$4 ,lead acetate produces a deep orange r$ lake :5 us$ 9 j suffici5t quantity2 ) excess a f9e sc>let lake is obta9$4 ,if manjit 7 a common article 9 ! ,g]man m>ket1 x w\ld be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( f9e pigm5ts ) z mu* advantage z madd] & ! v>i\s madd] prep>ations4 ,*ica ,r$1 ,curucuru1 ,c>ajuru4--,! col\r+ matt] kn[n "u ^! names r>ely comes into comm]ce2 x =ms br[ni%-r$ masses :i* acquire a peculi> gold5 glitt] on rubb+4 ,x is obta9$ f ! leaves ( ,bignonia *ica1 a native ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,! leaves are sup]ficially dri$ & !n cov]$ ) wat]2 9 ! w>m climate ! mac]at$ leaves soon f]m5t1 & a deep r$ p[d] sep>ates at ! bottom ( ! vessel3 ?is is ! col\r+ matt]2 x is dri$1 made into small cakes & br\ght into ! m>ket4 ,*ica r$ is only p>tially soluble 9 /rong alcohol1 ! residue *iefly consi/s ( plant cells4 ,alum & /ann\s *loride precipitate beautiful r$ lakes f ! solution1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by great p]man5ce :5 expos$ to light4 ,on acc\nt ( ! pres5t high price1 ?is col\r+ matt] has n yet obta9$ admission into ! col\r indu/ries1 ?\gh x w\ld be a valuable recruit4 ,*ica r$ has be5 little /udi$2 an inve/igation w\ld c]ta9ly consid]ably increase our k ( ! organic col\r+ matt]s4 ,t[>ds r$uc+ ag5ts x behaves 9 a simil> mann] to indigo2 9 contact ) cau/ic soda1 grape sug> & wat] 9 clos$ flasks1 a violet liquid is produc$2 :5 expos$ 9 an op5 vessel ! violet at once *anges to br[n1 b if ! liquid is syphon$ (f into dilute hydro*loric acid a pure r$ precipitate sep>ates1 :i* is to be reg>d$ z ! pure col\r+ matt]4 ,,*apt] ,,lvii4 ,,li*5 ,,col\r+ ,,matt]s4 ,_m li*5s conta9 comp\nds f :i* col\r+ matt]s c be obta9$ by appropriate treatm5t2 ! col\r+ matt]s kn[n z cudbe>1 ar*il & litmus 7 =m]ly mu* m ext5sively us$ 9 dye+ ?an at pres5t3 l s _m natural col\r+ matt]s !y h be5 replac$ by coal-t> dyes4 ,! li*5s :i* produce col\r+ matt]s live ^u trees & rocks1 *iefly on ! sea-%ore2 ! col\r+ matt]s are ?us g5]ally manufactur$ 9 places ne> ! coa/4 ,! species pr9cipally us$ = ?is purpose are ,lecanora1 ,rocella & ,usnea4 ,! li*5s conta9 col\rless comp\nds1 :i* by treatm5t ) acid or alkalis produce orc9ol4 ,9 contact ) moi/ air & ammonia1 orc9ol is decompos$ into wat] & orce91 :i* is ! col\r+ matt]4 ,! li*5s are treat$ s z to produce ! l>ge/ quantity ( orc9ol1 :i* is !n conv]t$ into orce94 ,!re is n space "h to enum]ate & describe ! _m comp\nds obta9$ f li*5s1 only ! mo/ important c be m5tion$2 ^! are ery?ric1 lecanoric & usnic acids4 ,lecanoric acid produces1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 orsellic acid1 :i* is aga9 *ang$ to orc9ol4 ,pure orc9ol1 ,c,h,o4 ,h,o1 is a cry/all9e sub/ance ( sweet ta/e2 x is soluble 9 e!r1 alcohol1 wat]1 etc4 ,9 damp air conta9+ ammonia1 orc9ol gradually acquires a f9e r$ col\r1 be+ conv]t$ into orce91 ,c,h,,no1 accord+ to ! foll[+ reaction3-- ,c,h,o ,,nh #c,o ,c,h,,no #b;,h,o4 ,:5 pure1 orce9 is a br[ni%-r$ amorph\s p[d]1 soluble 9 alcohol to a sc>let solution & 9 alkalis to a purple solution4 ,on ! addition ( wat] to ! ammoniacal solution or ( salt to ! alkal9e solution1 orce9 is aga9 sep>at$2 ?is proc$ure may be us$ to completely purify ! col\r+ matt]4 ,ar*il is pr9cipally obta9$ f ! li*5s ,lecanora & ,rocella4 ,^! li*5s h a wide geographical di/ribution2 ar*il is made 9 ,sw$51 ,italy & ,spa94 ,x is obta9$ 9 a simple mann]3 ! p[d]$ li*5 is mix$ ) decompos+ ur9e to a pa/e1 :i* is all[$ to lie 9 ! air until ! col\r has *ang$ ?r\gh r$ to violet2 on ! av]age f\rte5 days are requir$ = ! trans=mation4 ,m rec5tly ! process has be5 made less disgu/+ by replac+ ur9e by ammoniacal gas liquor4 ,:5 ! mixture is violet all ?r\gh ! process is f9i%$2 ! wet mass is pack$ into b>rels1 :i* are well clos$ to prev5t x f dry+4 ,! pres5ce ( alkalis accel]ates ! =mation ( orce92 9 _m di/ricts x is cu/om>y to add a little lime to ! mixture ( li*5 & ur9e2 alum is also add$ to ret>d putrefaction1 :i* readily occurs 9 w>m climates4 ,in/ead ( us+ li*5s to produce ! col\r+ matt]1 !y may be extract$ by boil+ wat]1 ! solution consid]ably evaporat$ & !n expos$ to ! air ) ! addition ( ammonia1 until ! violet col\ration appe>s4 ,slight additions ( sulphuric acid give a m purple t9t2 soda produces a deep] violet4 ,fr5* ,purple is a comp\nd ( ! ar*il col\r+ matt] ) lime1 i4e41 a lime lake4 ,?is beautiful sub/ance is obta9$ by treat+ ! li*5 = "s m9utes ) ammonia1 press+ out ! liquid & neutralis+ x exactly ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! precipitate obta9$ consi/s ( ! li*5 acids2 x is aga9 dissolv$ 9 ammonia & ! solution expos$ to ! air until x has become *]ry r$4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! liquid is quickly boil$ & plac$ 9 l>ge %all[ di%es1 :i* are kept at a temp]ature ( #ge ,c4 until ! col\r is purple-violet4 ,calcium *loride is !n add$2 a g>net r$ precipitate is produc$1 :i*1 :5 wa%$ & dri$1 con/itutes ,fr5* purple4 ,ar*il & ,fr5* purple produce %ades ( great beauty & purity1 b !y h little durability & are quickly alt]$ by exposure to light4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 seldom us$ z pigm5ts4 ,! same is ! case ) cudbe> & litmus4 ,cudbe> is a dirty purple p[d] ) an ammoniacal od\r & salt ta/e4 ,x is made on a l>ge scale 9 ,holl&4 ,x diff]s f ar*il only 9 conta9+ ! col\r+ matt] 9 ! solid =m4 ,litmus is g5]ally made f li*5s ( ! g5us ,v>iol>ia1 ?\gh v>ieties ( ,rocella & ,lecanora are (t5 us$4 ,x is n made 9 q ! same mann] z ar*il & cudbe>4 ,toge!r ) ! ammonia1 pota% is add$ to ! p[d]$ li*54 ,! mixture is left until x has become violet1 :5 ur9e1 pota% & lime are add$ at int]vals to cont9ue ! decomposition until ! col\r is *ang$ to blue & ! :ole mass has become a pa/e4 ,gypsum & lime are !n add$1 ! mixture =m$ into rectangul> plates1 & br\ght into ! m>ket1 describ$ by a numb]1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( gypsum add$4 ,pure litmus %\ld leave little solid residue :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! solution %\ld be a f9e violet4 ,on acc\nt ( its want ( /ability ?is col\r+ matt] is n us$ 9 dye+4 ,x c be us$ = col\r+ foods s9ce x is innocu\s2 b indigo c>m9e has mu* great] col\r+ p[] & at ! same "t gives f9e %ades4 ,! only use ( litmus at ! pres5t "t is z an indicator to decide :e!r a solution is acid1 neutral or alkal9e4 ,9 a q neutral solution litmus is violet4 ,acids turn ! solution to r$ & alkalis to pure blue4 ,9 prep>+ litmus t9cture reg>d mu/ be giv5 to ! fact t ! aque\s solution ( ! col\r+ matt] is always alkal9e2 acid mu/ be cauti\sly add$ until ! col\r is violet1 & ! lea/ addition ( acid or alkali suffices to *ange x to r$ or blue4 ,,*apt] ,,lviii4 ,,r$ ,,wood ,,lakes4 ,r$ wood is obta9$ f species ( ,csalp9ia gr[+ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! foll[+ v>ieties are di/+ui%$3 ,f]nambuco or ,brazil wood1 ,bahia wood1 ,/4 ,m>?a wood1 ,lima wood & ,sapan wood1 all ( :i* conta9 ! same col\r+ matt]1 b 9 diff]5t quantities4 ,r$ wood comes into comm]ce ei!r z ?ick logs ( a f9e r$ col\r or z f9ely-rasp$ *ips4 ,f]nambuco & ,sapan woods are acc\nt$ ! be/ v>ieties4 ,al?\gh ! col\r+ matt]s conta9$ 9 ^! woods h be5 inve/igat$ = a long "t1 an accurate k ( !m has only rec5tly be5 obta9$4 ,! pure col\r+ matt] ( r$ wood1 brasil91 =ms orange-col\r$ ne$le-%ap$ cry/als1 soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol & e!r4 ,on c>eful heat+ x p>tially sublimes undecompos$4 ,brasil9 mo/ probably results f ! alt]ation ( a sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! inn] less col\r$ portion ( ! wood2 ?is comp\nd1 brasilen1 has be5 obta9$ 9 col\rless ne$les2 its solution acquires a r$ col\r on boil+1 & produces ! pure col\r+ matt]4 ,brasil9 is a weak acid ( ! composition ,c,h,o4 ,x =ms h&somely col\r$ comp\nds ) mo/ metallic oxides1 :i* are mu* us$ 9 dye+4 ,a decoction ( r$ wood gives ) alum & soda solution a h&some lake ( a pure r$ col\r4 ,) a solution ( /annic *loride x at once produces a r$ precipitate4 ,:5 a solution ( potassium *romate is add$ to a decoction ( r$wood1 a d>k br[n precipitate sep>ates1 :i* is a comp\nd ( *romium oxide ) ! p>tially alt]$ col\r+ matt]4 ,! decoction produces a br[ni% r$ comp\nd ) f]ric oxide4 ,! decoctions ( r$ wood conta91 9 addition to ! col\r+ matt]1 a numb] ( o!r sub/ances :i* w\ld injure ! %ade ( ! lake obta9$ f ! decoction4 ,! great] portion ( ^! sub/ances may be sep>at$ by all[+ ! decoction to /& = sev]al days1 :5 a dirty r$di% br[n mud =ms at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,?is simple me?od ( purification is att5d$ ) ! disadvantage t1 especially 9 summ]1 ! decoction rapidly becomes m\ldy4 ,?is may be prev5t$ by ! addition ( a little c>bolic acid2 n m ?an #jja p] c5t4 ( ! quantity ( liquid is requir$4 ,! =eign matt]s may also be sep>at$ by add+ milk or a solution ( glue to ! decoction1 b ! simpl] process ( all[+ x to /& gives ! be/ result4 ,f ! behavi\r ( brasil9 t[>ds ! metallic oxides1 z giv5 above1 x foll[s t comp\nds ( diff]5t col\rs c be made f r$ wood4 ,^! are utilis$ 9 dye+1 b 9 col\r works r$ wood is only us$ = ! prep>ation ( r$ lakes4 ,! lakes are f\nd 9 comm]ce "u num]\s names1 ! mo/ common ( :i* are ,v5etian lake1 ,vi5na lake1 ,flor5t9e lake1 ,b]l9 lake1 etc4 ,accord+ z ! col\r+ matt] is comb9$ ) alum9a alone or ) /annic *loride 9 addition1 pale or deep lakes are obta9$4 ,! diff]5t %ades ( r$ wood lakes f\nd 9 comm]ce are obta9$ by additions ( a :ite pigm5t4 ,= ?is purpose levigat$ *alk1 gypsum1 lycopodium p[d]1 & o!r :ite pigm5ts light 9 weight are us$4 ,9 prep>+ r$ wood lakes ! decoction %\ld always be purifi$ by ! process m5tion$ above2 !re is !n m c]ta9ty ( obta9+ a bright lake4 ,x is advisable to dilute ! decoction consid]ably ) pure wat] be=e precipitat+ ! lake2 exp]i5ce has %[n t bright] col\rs are ?us obta9$4 ,to #ajj p>ts ( wood #acj to #aej p>ts ( alum are us$4 ,! latt] is dissolv$ alone & mix$ ) ! decoction1 ! lake is !n precipitat$ by soda solution4 ,z ! lake sep>ates ! liquid becomes light]2 portions %\ld be tak5 out ( ! vessel 9 ord] to see :5 all ! col\r+ matt] is ?r[n d[n4 ,if too mu* soda solution is add$ ! lake takes a violet %ade4 ,a p>ticul>ly f9e lake is obta9$ f ,f]nambuco wood :5 ! extract is acidifi$ ) a weak acid1 su* z acetic1 & /annic *loride us$ toge!r ) alum 9 precipitat+ ! lake4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( rasp$ wood are boil$ ) #cjj p>ts ( wat] to :i* acetic acid has be5 add$2 ! extract is !n boil$ ) #acj p>ts ( alum until ! latt] is dissolv$4 ,to ! filt]$ liquid #bj to #be p>ts ( /annic *loride are add$ :il/ /irr+ well1 & ! lake is at once precipitat$ by soda solution4 ,if ! lake f ,f]nambuco wood does n turn out well1 a bett] product may be obta9$ by treat+ ! lake ) su* a quantity ( hydro*loric acid t a small portion rema9s undecompos$4 ,?is is filt]$ (f1 & ! col\r+ matt] reprecipitat$ 9 comb9ation ) alum9a by neutralis+ ) soda solution4 ,by add+ a little ,dut* p9k m orange %ades ( ! ,f]nambuco lake are obta9$4 ,9 ?is mann] any int]m$iate %ade betwe5 pure r$ & pure yell[ c be produc$4 ,x is important to lay d[n a /&>d s]ies ( %ades1 & always to make pigm5ts :i* exactly correspond ) "o ( !m4 ,x is n possible to make a det]m9$ %ade ( r$ wood lake or any o!r lake obta9$ f a decoction by work+ ) accurately weigh$ quantities4 ,9 g5]al ! result w be ne> ! desir$ %ade1 b only by *ance w x be hit exactly4 ,?is is because diff]5t samples ( ! dye-wood d n always conta9 ! same quantity ( col\r+ matt]4 ,x is inde$ possible ) practice to e/imate approximately f ! col\r ( ! decoction ! %ade ( ! lake :i* w be obta9$ f x2 b ?is c only be done exactly by comp>+ ! %ade ( a small bat* ( ! lake ) ! /&>d %ades4 ,?us 9 ! case ( a ,f]nambuco lake x w be se5 by comp>ison ) ! /&>d %ades :e!r ! col\r ( ! small bat* is too deep1 too violet1 etc42 !n by us+ m alum or m t9 solution ! defects c be remov$4 ,,*apt] ,,lix4 ,,! ,,col\r+ ,,matt]s ,,( ,,s&alwood ,,& ,,o!r ,,dye-,,woods4 ,9 addition to ! dye-woods 9 m common use1 ! tropics furni% a numb] ( woods :i* conta9 f9e col\r+ matt]s1 b :i* are only 9 re/rict$ use1 ei!r on acc\nt ( _! co/ or because !y are n always to be b\ght4 ,to ^! belong ! camwood or b>wood ( ,madagasc>1 ! ,ea/ ,indian s&alwood1 & o!r woods :i* h n yet be5 us$ = col\r+ purposes ev5 9 ! tropics4 ,! mo/ commonly us$ ( ! r>] dye-woods is s&alwood1 obta9$ f ,pt]oc>pus santal9us4 ,x is g>net r$ 9 col\r1 s9ks 9 wat]1 & produces a f9e r$ meal1 :i* rapidly becomes br[n 9 air ow+ to oxidation ( ! col\r+ matt]4 ,accord+ to rec5t rese>*es1 s&alwood conta9s two col\r+ matt]s1 "o obta9$ f ! o!r by oxidation4 ,only "o ( ^!1 santal91 is kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,s&alwood conta9s ab\t #af p] c5t4 ( santal91 :i* :5 pure =ms a cry/all9e p[d]1 diff]+ f o!r wood col\r+ matt]s 9 be+ almo/ insoluble 9 wat]4 ,up to ! pres5t x has only be5 us$ 9 dye+ to obta9 h&some & fa/ r$ col\rs4 ,f x v bright lakes may be obta9$1 :i* may be us$ equally z well z ! r$ wood lakes4 ,! alum9ium & t9 lakes are especially f9e4 ,! extract ( s&alwood is obta9$ by boil+ v f9e *ips ) wat]1 !n add+ alcohol & leav+ ! mixture4 ,:5 /annic *loride or alum1 or a mixture ( ! two1 is add$ to ! solution ( ! col\r+ matt] a r$ precipitate is produc$ :i*1 aft] wa%+ & dry+1 furni%es a bright r$ lake4 ,,*apt] ,,lx4 ,,blue ,,lakes4 ,indigo4--,! col\r+ matt] ( ! indigo plant is di/+ui%$ by great resi/ance to ! action ( light1 air1 & *emical reag5ts4 ,x is ?us (t5 cit$ z a p>ticul> example ( a fa/ & durable col\r4 ,x is v l>gely us$ 9 dye+1 & 9 c]ta9 comb9ations is important z a pa9t]s' col\r4 ,indigo comes into comm]ce 9 a great v>iety ( qualities1 all import$ f ! tropics1 9 :i* alone ! plant gr[s4 ,! pr9cipal v>ieties are ,indian1 ,java1 ,egyptian1 ,am]ican & ,african1 b 9 ^! m]*ants make num]\s subdivisions :i* are (t5 to be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r only by v small diff]5ces4 ,good indigo1 :atev] its s\rce1 has ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 ,x appe>s 9 almo/ cubical lumps1 b may also =m irregul> masses4 ,! lumps mu/ %[ a small specific gravity1 a high] might be caus$ by int5tional additions ( s& or e>?4 ,x is )\t ta/e & smell1 & ! col\r ( ! f9e/ v>ieties is n p>ticul>ly bright1 b :5 rubb$ ) a h>d sub/ance1 or ev5 by ! pressure ( ! f+] nail1 x acquires a peculi> copp]y lu/re1 :i* is ! m int5se ! pur] ! indigo1 & is ?us reg>d$ z a common te/ ( quality4 ,indigo is completely insoluble 9 almo/ all solv5ts2 9 hot oils a small quantity dissolves1 :i* aga9 sep>ates on cool+4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal signs by :i* ! quality ( indigo is recognis$ 9 comm]ce3 ,x =ms a dull-col\r$1 loose1 light mass ( e>?y nature1 a fre% fracture ( :i* has a completely uni=m appe>ance4 ,x mu/ be s por\s t x at once adh]es to ! tongue4 ,uni=mity ( col\r1 light weight & f9e fracture are ! mo/ important ( ! practical te/s = good indigo4 ,! composition ( indigo is well kn[n2 we %all glance rapidly ov] ! mo/ important sub/ances :i* occur 9 indigo 9 v>y+ quantity4 ,! ,con/itu5ts ( ,indigo4--,indigo conta9s ! foll[+ comp\nds3 ,indigo blue1 indigo r$1 indigo br[n1 indigo glut51 wat] & salts4 ,! s+le important con/itu5t = ! purposes ( ! col\r mak] is indigo blue1 or indigot94 ,pure indigo blue c be obta9$ f indigo only by a l5g?y process4 ,! indigo is boil$ 9 turn ) dilute sulphuric acid1 cau/ic pota%1 & /rong alcohol4 ,! glut5 dissolves 9 ! acid1 ! indigo br[n 9 ! pota% solution1 & ! indigo r$ 9 ! alcohol4 ,by ^! op]ations indigo blue is f9ally obta9$ 9 a /ate ( almo/ complete purity1 x n[ conta9s only a small quantity ( inorganic sub/ances4 ,! quantity ( pure indigo blue obta9$ 9 ?is mann] v>ies1 accord+ to ! purity ( ! indigo employ$1 f #bj to #ge p] c5t4 ,indigo blue c also be obta9$ by direct sublimation f indigo1 b ! yield is v small1 s9ce a l>ge proportion is decompos$ by dry di/illation4 ,! mo/ important con/itu5t ( indigo1 indigo blue1 c be obta9$ 9 q pure =m by a peculi> *emical process4 ,:5 f9ely p[d]$ indigo is br\ght 9 contact ) a r$uc+ ag5t 9 ! pres5ce ( a /rong alkali1 ! indigo blue is conv]t$ into indigo :ite1 :i* =ms a soluble comp\nd ) ! alkali1 :i* comp\nd is /able only s long z x is protect$ f ! action ( ! air4 ,9 contact ) air indigo :ite is at once oxidis$1 & is reconv]t$ into indigo blue1 :i* sep>ates f ! liquid z a s(t deep blue p[d]2 aft] wa%+ & dry+ x is q pure4 ,:il/ sublim$ indigo blue =ms ne$les ) a spl5did copp]y lu/re1 :5 precipitat$ f a solution ( indigo :ite by ! action ( oxyg5 x is obta9$ z an amorph\s p[d]1 :i* acquires ! copp]y lu/re only :5 rubb$4 ,! process ( ! r$uction ( indigo blue by a r$uc+ ag5t 9 ! pres5ce ( a /rong base is n only ( !oretical int]e/1 b is l>gely us$ 9 practice4 ,fabrics are g5]ally dy$ ) indigo by imm]s+ !m 9 a solution ( indigo :ite 7kn[n z ! indigo vat71 & !n expos+ !m to ! air4 ,! oxidation ( ! indigo :ite !n takes place on ! fibre1 ^u :i* ! indigo is deposit$ 9 a v f9ely divid$ =m2 ! blue col\r is n imm$iately =m$1 !re is an int]m$iate gre5 /age4 ,indigo is us$ pr9cipally 9 dye+4 ,c]ta9 ( its comp\nds are us$ z pigm5ts2 ! />t+ po9t 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! is a comp\nd ( indigo blue ) sulphuric acid4 ,:5 indigo is treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 accord+ to ! duration ( ! reaction & ! temp]ature at :i* x is p]=m$1 ei!r ! monosulphonic acid or disulphonic acid is =m$4 ,! reactions proce$ accord+ to ! foll[+ equations3-- ,c,h,n,o ,h,,s ,h,o ,c,h,n,o4,,hso ,c,h,n,o #b;,h,,s #b;,h,o ,c,h,n,o47,,hso7 ,:5 indigo is treat$ ) eight times its weight ( /rong sulphuric acid1 & ! solution consid]ably dilut$1 indigot9 monosulphonic acid sep>ates z a f9e blue precipitate1 :i* dissolves ) difficulty 9 wat] & alcohol1 & is insoluble 9 dilute acids4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! disulphonic acid #a "p ( indigo is dige/$ ) #ae p>ts( sulphuric acid at #ej to #fj ,c4 = sev]al days4 ,if fum+ sulphuric acid be us$ ! solution is effect$ 9 a %ort] "t4 ,! solution is dilut$ ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 :5 a little monosulphonic acid sep>ates2 ! cle> solution is drawn (f & a piece ( wool imm]s$ 9 x4 ,! sulphonic acid is soon fix$ by ! animal fibre2 ! wool is wa%$ ) wat] & !n treat$ ) a solution ( ammonium c>bonate1 :5 a deep blue solution ( ammonium indigot9 disulphonate is produc$4 ,?is solution is evaporat$ at a l[ temp]ature & treat$ ) /rong alcohol1 :i* leaves a residue ( ! pure disulphonate1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! solution precipitat$ ) lead acetate & ! lead indigot9 disulphonate treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! col\rless solution becomes blue on evaporation2 f9ally pure indigot9 disulphonic acid is left z an amorph\s deliquesc5t mass4 ,! solution became col\rless ow+ to ! r$uc+ action ( ! sulphurett$ hydrog52 :5 ?is 0 driv5 (f by heat+ ! blue col\r reappe>$4 ,,*apt] ,,lxi4 ,,indigo ,,c>m9e4 ,indigo c>m9e is us$ 9 ! laundry1 = blue inks & z an arti/s' pigm5t2 9 *emical composition x is a mixture ( ! sodium salts ( ! two indigot9 sulphonic acids describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,9 work+ on ! l>ge scale x is p>ticul>ly important t ! indigo %\ld be f9ely p[d]$ & completely free f moi/ure4 ,x is a labori\s process to p[d] indigo 9 mort>s1 & loss always occurs ?r\gh ! =mation ( du/4 ,?us :5 l>ge quantities ( indigo are to be p[d]$ x is advisable to use rotat+ cyl9d]s4 ,^! are /rong casks b\nd ) iron hoops & provid$ ) a well-fitt+ slide1 ?r\gh :i* ! indigo & a numb] ( iron balls are introduc$4 ,:5 ^! casks are rotat$ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t ! indigo is conv]t$ into ! f9e/ p[d] )\t any loss4 ,indigo ,mills4--,special mills h be5 design$ = p[d]+ indigo4 ,!y may be advantage\sly employ$ = o!r mat]ials also4 ,! con/ruction ( a well-design$ col\r mill is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cf1 9 :i* indigo may be v f9ely p[d]$ )\t loss4 ,x consi/s ( a ca/-iron pan1 :i* c be clos$ by a well-fitt+ cov]4 ,?r\gh ! cov] passes ! axis ( ! rotat+ "p1 :i* is mov$ by ! bevel cog-:eels & ! h&le4 ,above ! cog-:eel fa/5$ to ! axis is a cross piece c>ry+ heavy balls at ! ends1 :i* s]ve to keep ! motion regul>4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! pan f\r v]tical rods are atta*$ to ! axis2 ^! are plac$ at su* a di/ance t !y drive be=e !m ! heavy balls 9 ! circul> depression ( ! pan4 ,! action ( ?is app>atus is v simple4 ,aft] ! introduction ( ! indigo ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! cov] ! axis is put 9 rotation1 ! v]tical rods atta*$ to ! axis roll ! balls be=e !m1 & ?us break up ! lumps ( indigo4 ,! l>g] pieces ( indigo oppose consid]able resi/ance to ! rotation1 :i* %\ld at fir/ be sl[4 ,:5 ! lumps h be5 brok5 d[n ! spe$ ( rotation c be consid]ably increas$4 ,aft] ! op]ation has be5 cont9u$ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t ! indigo is conv]t$ into an impalpable p[d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,to facilitate ! removal ( ! gr\nd indigo1 an arm c>ry+ a bru% ( f9e hair %\ld be atta*$ to ! horizontal arm ( ! axis4 ,if ?is bru% is plac$ s t x sweeps ! bottom ( ! circul> depression 9 :i* ! balls move1 all ! indigo p[d] 9 ?is depression w be c>ri$ 9 "o direction4 ,9 ! depression is an op5+ clos$ by a slide dur+ ! gr9d+4 ,! bru% expels ! gr\nd indigo ?r\gh ?is op5+ :5 ! axis is sl[ly rotat$2 x is collect$ 9 a vessel bel[4 ,! l>g] & heavi] are ! balls 9 ?is mill1 ! m rapidly w a giv5 quantity ( indigo be p[d]$1 & ! great] w be ! p[] requir$ to drive ! ma*9e4 ,by means ( a pulley on ! axis ( ! cog-:eel ! mill c be driv5 by me*anical p[]4 ,! p[d]$ indigo is expos$ = a long "t to a temp]ature ( #abj ,c41 to completely dry x4 ,= ?is purpose x is spread out on %eets ( t9 plate 9 a ?9 lay] & heat$ s long z a te/ portion decreases 9 weight4 ,! p[d] :il/ /ill w>m is at once mix$ ) ! sulphuric acid2 #de kilogrammes ( fum+ sulphuric acid & #a kilogramme ( ord9>y sulphuric acid 7#ff ,b7 are us$ to #a kilogramme ( indigo4 ,heat is develop$ 9 ! op]ation1 & 9 ord] to prev5t ! indigo f be+ *>r$ ! vessel 9 :i* ! mixture is made is plac$ 9 a l>g] vessel fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,! mixture is /irr$ ) a glass spatula until x is q uni=m4 ,! vessel is !n ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ej ,c4 7n m ?an #fj ,c47 = #g to #h days4 ,aft] ! lapse ( ?is "t ! indigo is completely dissolv$1 & ! vessel is f\nd to conta9 two di/9ct lay]s1 ! upp] fluid & ! l[] a pa/e4 ,! cont5ts are mix$ ) cold wat]1 ab\t #aj kilogrammes ( wat] to #a kilogramme ( indigo4 ,a solution ( #aj kilogrammes ( common salt is !n add$ 9 small quantities at a "t4 ,indigo c>m9e is insoluble 9 /rong salt solutions2 x sep>ates z a deep blue precipitate1 :i* is all[$ to settle & !n filt]$4 ,if x 7 attempt$ to wa% out ! rema9d] ( ! salt solution reta9$ by ! c>m9e1 a consid]able quantity ( ! latt] w\ld dissolve z soon z ! salt solution became dilut$ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,to avoid su* loss ! precipitate is all[$ to dra9 completely on ! filt]1 & !n spread out ^u bricks1 :i* absorb ! wat]1 s t ! c>m9e =ms a /iff pa/e4 ,indigo c>m9e1 f :i* ! salt has n be5 completely wa%$ out1 dries completely :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,?is may be prev5t$ by ! addition ( glyc]9e1 :i* is a v hygroscopic sub/ance1 & s keeps ! c>m9e always moi/1 ?us prev5t+ ! cry/allisation ( ! salt4 ,indigo c>m9e easily dissolves 9 wat] to a deep blue liquid4 ,x has trem5d\s col\r+ p[]1 9 :i* respect x is only equall$ by g5u9e co*9eal c>m9e4 ,z m5tion$ above1 indigo c>m9e is ext5sively employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ink4 ,! s-call$ aliz>9 inks %[ a v pale col\r z !y fl[ f ! p51 & only become deep black aft] "s "t4 ,to make ^! inks equally visible at ! fir/ indigo c>m9e is add$1 by :i* !y acquire a h&some blue col\r4 ,indigo c>m9e may also be made by dige/+ #a "p ( dry p[d]$ indigo = #bd to #cf h\rs ) #d p>ts ( /rong sulphuric acid1 dilut+ ) wat]1 quickly filt]+ ?r\gh a l95 clo?1 & add+ #d p>ts ( common salt4 ,! precipitate is !n collect$ & dri$ on gypsum or clay plates4 ,blue ,lake4--,:5 alum is add$ to a solution ( indigo sulphonic acid1 & !n soda solution1 a blue precipitate is =m$1 :i*1 :5 dry1 resembles ,*9ese blue 9 appe>ance4 ,x is us$ 9 pa9t+4 ,?is indigo blue lake is sup]ior to o!r blue lakes by reason ( its fa/ness to light4 ,x is r de>1 & is mix$ ) />*1 s t x may be sold at l[ prices2 ! mixture is =m$ into slabs & sold z 0new blue10 0indigo extract10 etc4 ,x is *iefly us$ 9 ! laundry4 ,"u v>i\s names a numb] ( blue pigm5ts are sold consi/+ ( ord9>y qualities ( indigo mix$ ) ,prussian blue1 smalts1 *alk1 etc4 ,^! are us$ 9 ! laundry1 & also = di/emp]+4 ,,*apt] ,,lxii4 ,,! ,,col\r+ ,,matt] ,,( ,,logwood4 ,! wood ( ,hmatoxylon campe*ianum 7logwood71 a native ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 comes into ! m>ket 9 small logs ( a r$ col\r2 x conta9s a col\r+ matt] ^: prop]ties are fairly well kn[n4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ! coal-t> dyes logwood 0 a mo/ important col\r+ mat]ial2 by means ( x r$1 blue1 violet & black col\rs c be obta9$4 ,at pres5t x /ill plays an important "p 9 dye+4 ,_m v>ieties ( logwood come into comm]ce4 ,! mo/ important are ,campea*y wood1 ,honduras1 ,jamaica & ,/4 ,dom+o logwood2 ! fir/ nam$ is ! be/1 & ! la/ ! poore/ quality4 ,to facilitate ! extraction ( ! col\r+ matt] by wat] logwood is frequ5tly sold 9 *ips4 ,_m dye-wood gr9d]s moi/5 logwood ) lime wat]2 ?is gives ! p[d] a bett] col\r1 b dim9i%es ! yield ( col\r+ matt]4 ,s9ce ! only useful con/itu5t ( logwood c be extract$ by treatm5t ) wat]1 & ! wood is only a c>ri] ( ! col\r+ matt]1 :i* is only useful = fuel :5 exhau/$1 logwood extracts are l>gely us$ 9 place ( ! wood4 ,! extracts are black res9-l masses1 :i* easily dissolve 9 wat]2 !y are v hygroscopic1 & %\ld !re=e be kept 9 clos$ vessels4 ,logwood ,extract4--,solid extracts c be obta9$ f ! majority ( dye-woods4 ,! use ( ^! is a great conv5i5ce to ! dy] & ! col\r mak]2 ! me?od by :i* extracts are made is !re=e briefly describ$4 ,dye-wood extracts c be made on ! small scale1 by wa%+ out ! f9ely divid$ wood until soluble matt]s are no long] tak5 up by ! wat]1 & cauti\sly evaporat+ ! unit$ extracts4 ,:5 ! extract becomes conc5trat$ ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t burn+ on ! bottom ( ! vessel2 a burnt extract is always d>k5$ by ! pres5ce ( products ( decomposition1 & its solution has a br[n col\r4 ,ap>t f ?is1 ! complete extraction ( ! col\r+ matt] requires mu* "t1 & su* dilute solutions are produc$ t !y _c be evaporat$1 b at ! be/ c be us$ 9 ! place ( wat] to extract fre% quantities ( wood4 ,:5 /eam is utilis$ to extract dye-woods ^! defects are remov$4 ,a burnt extract is n to be fe>$1 & a small quantity ( wat] is suffici5t to extract ! col\r+ matt] completely4 ,! app>atus illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cg is v suitable = ! extraction ( dye-woods1 & 9 g5]al = obta9+ vegetable extracts4 ,! extraction vessel is pe>-%ap$1 its two holl[ axes move 9 holl[ be>+s4 ,?us x may be turn$ upside d[n1 & /eam & wat] c be introduc$ into ! int]ior ?r\gh ! axes1 :i* are connect$ ) ! pipes1 ,e1 ,w1 & ,r4 ,! op5+ at ! po9t$ end ( ! pe> is clos$ by ! screw1 ,s2 ?r\gh x ! sub/ances to be extract$ are introduc$4 ,9 ! l[] portion ( ! vessel is a sieve ^u :i* ! mat]ials are spread out4 ,! op5+ ( ! pipe connect$ ) ,e & ,w is bel[ ! sieve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,! process is comm5c$ by introduc+ ! mat]ials ?r\gh ! upp] op5+1 fa/5+ ! cov] d[n /eam-tight by ! lev]1 ,b1 & ! screw1 ,s1 & !n runn+ 9 wat] ?r\gh ,w until x fl[s out ?r\gh ! l[] ( ! two n>r[ pipes :i* are %[n some:at pal] 9 ! %ad$ portion ( ! draw+4 ,all ! taps are !n clos$ ) ! exception ( t on ! upp] ( ! two small pipes4 ,by op5+ ! cock on ,r /eam is l$ 94 ,z a rule1 /eam at a l[ pressure is us$1 n m ?an half an atmosph]e4 ,! cont5ts beg9 to boil 9 #ae to #cj m9utes1 /eam !n issues f ! op5 tap4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial to be extract$1 boil+ is cont9u$ f #dj to #fj m9utes4 ,! side tap is !n clos$1 & ! tap on ! pipe ,e op5$4 ,! pressure ( ! /eam n[ =ces ! liquid up ! pipe ,e2 ! pressure ( half an atmosph]e is suffici5t to raise x ab\t #d metres4 ,9 ?is way x c be =c$ into a tank above4 ,! re/ ( ! liquid c be run (f ?r\gh ! cock1 h1 at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,:5 q empty ! cov] is tak5 (f1 ! vessel turn$ ov]1 & ! solid residue remov$4 ,"o extraction ( dye-woods is n suffici5t to remove ! :ole ( ! col\r+ matt]2 9 mo/ cases ! wood is treat$ a second "t be=e ! app>atus is empti$4 ,ev5 !n "s quantity ( col\r+ matt] rema9s 9 ! wood4 ,! twice extract$ wood is br\ght into a tub fill$ ) wat]1 & ! solution result+ f ! long contact ( ! wat] ) ! wood is us$ 9 ! next op]ation to extract new quantities ( wood in/ead ( fre% wat]4 ,! dim5sions ( ! extraction vessel v>y accord+ to ! size ( ! works4 ,a l>ge app>atus co/s n mu* m ?an a small]1 s9ce 9 bo? cases ! lab\r is ! same1 s t x is advisable to use a l>ge app>atus4 ,:5 ! copp] extraction vessel is made to h its greate/ diamet] ab\t #a metre1 x c be *>g$ ) ab\t #ej kilogrammes ( rasp$ wood at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,! extraction app>atus ( ,hnig & ,o4 ,re9h>d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,x c be turn$ ov] by means ( cog-:eels4 ,9 ! cov] are an air valve1 e1 & safety valve1 f2 bel[ ! cov] is a coil1 k1 f$ ) cold wat] f c4 ,9 ! extraction1 by op5+ ! valve v1 /eam ent]s ?r\gh a at l2 x is cond5s$ by ! cool$ cov]1 ! cond5s$ wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! mat]ial on ! sieve1 & collects 9 ! space ,b4 ,aft] "s "t v & z are op5$1 ! liquid is !n boil$ by ! /eam 9 ! coil1 s4 ,/eam rises ?r\gh ! mat]ial1 is cond5s$ on ! cov]1 & aga9 drops d[n4 ,at ! end ( ! op]ation ! solution is drawn (f ?r\gh ! cock1 h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,kohlraus*'s ,process = ,obta9+ ,conc5trat$ ,extracts ( ,col\r+ ,matt]s & ,tann9s4--,:5 dye-wood or tan-b>k is cont9ually br\ght 9 contact ) fre% quantities ( wat]1 aft] "s "t x is exhau/$2 if ! solution conta9+ a c]ta9 quantity ( ! soluble matt]s is br\ght 9 contact ) fre% mat]ial n yet extract$1 x takes up m soluble matt]1 & ?us becomes m conc5trat$4 ,! sub/ances conta9$ 9 tan-b>k are v soluble 9 wat]1 s t by ! appropriate treatm5t ( a c]ta9 quantity ( b>k1 divid$ among/ diff]5t vessels1 ) a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]1 on ! "o h& ! b>k c be exhau/$ completely1 & on ! o!r v conc5trat$ solutions 70b>k extracts07 obta9$4 ,! process pat5t$ by ,kohlraus* is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples j /at$2 x c be us$ to obta9 tann9 extracts f tan-b>k & col\r extracts f dye-wood4 ,9 ?is process ! raw mat]ials ne$ n be f9ely gr\nd 9 ord] to be completely extract$2 !y may be us$ 9 l>ge pieces4 ,x w be und]/ood f ! foll[+ description t f9e b>k meal or f9ely-rasp$ dye-wood c\ld n be work$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a numb] ( #aj to #bj extractors connect$ toge!r1 also ) a wat] tank above1 & ) a boil]4 ,a s+le extractor is repres5t$ 9 section 9 ,fig4 #ci1 toge!r ) ! necess>y pipes & valves by :i* x is connect$ ) ! neighb\r+ extractors1 ! wat] tank & ! boil]4 ,fig4 #dj is a plan ( ?ree extractors connect$ toge!r4 ,! extractors consi/ ( wood5 or copp] vessels1 slightly conical 9 %ape1 & ( suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ ! pressure ( "o atmosph]e4 ,on ! top is a copp] dome clos$ by a lid1 ?r\gh :i* ! raw mat]ial is introduc$1 & also /eam & wat]4 ,imm$iately above ! bottom is an op5+1 also clos$ by a screw1 :i* s]ves to remove ! exhau/$ mat]ials4 ,an incl9$ sieve is plac$ at "s di/ance above ! bottom2 ^u ?is ! mat]ial re/s4 ,! extract collects bel[ ! sieve1 & may be run (f by ! pipe or br\ght into ano!r extractor4 ,all ! metallic portions ( ! app>atus :i* come 9 contact ) ! liquid mu/ be made ( a metal su* z copp]1 :i* does n act ^u tannic acid4 ,iron _c be us$2 x =ms deep blui% or gre5i% black comp\nds ) tannic acid1 :i* w\ld cause ! extract1 in/ead ( be+ pale & cle>1 to resemble ord9>y writ+ ink4 ,9 a range ( #aj extractors ! process is c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! extractors numb]$ #a to #aj are fill$ ) b>k or dye-wood & clos$2 #a is !n fill$ ) wat] f ! tank1 & heat$ by /eam to #ej to #gj ,c4 ,aft] "s "t ! cont5ts ( #a are =c$ into #b1 & #a is aga9 fill$ ) wat]1 s t ! mat]ial 9 #b is 9 contact ) ! solution f #a1 :il/ ! mat]ial 9 #a is w>m$ ) a fre% quantity ( wat] "u pressure2 ! extract 9 #b is transf]r$ to #c1 t 9 #a to #b1 & #a is aga9 fill$ ) wat]1 & s on4 ,f9ally f #aj a v /rong extract ( tann9 or col\r+ matt] is obta9$4 ,! quantity ( wat] requir$ to fill "o extractor has come t5 times 9 contact ) fre% b>k or dye-wood4 ,! mat]ial 9 #a has be5 treat$ ) t5 times ! quantity ( wat]2 x is n[ exhau/$1 & is replac$ by fre% mat]ial4 ,! sequ5ce ( ! vessels is n[ *ang$4 ,! orig9al extractor #b is to be reg>d$ z #a1 & #a z #aj4 ,aft] t5 repetitions ! orig9al ord] ( ! extractors re-obta9s4 ,n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 ( ! tannic acid ( b>k is extract$ 9 ?is way4 ,! conc5trat$ extracts obta9$ 9 ?is app>atus %\ld be mix$ ) a little c>bolic acid to prev5t decomposition2 !y may !n be fill$ into b>rels4 ,! extracts may also be s f> conc5trat$ by evaporation t !y become syrupy4 ,! tann9s are readily decompos$2 !y w\ld be consid]ably alt]$ if _! solutions 7 evaporat$ 9 op5 vessels4 ,! extracts are !re=e evaporat$ at a v l[ temp]ature "u dim9i%$ pressure 9 vacuum pans1 :i* are n[ mu* us$ = ! conc5tration ( solutions ( sub/ances1 su* z sug>1 :i* w\ld be injur$ by heat+ above a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,ess5tially1 a vacuum pan is a ?ick-wall$ copp] vessel1 9 :i* ! liquid is w>m$ by a /eam coil4 ,x is connect$ ) an air pump1 :i* exhau/s ! air at ! comm5cem5t ( an op]ation1 & aft]w>ds /eam4 ,! liquid is ?us con/antly evaporat$ "u a l[ pressure4 ,extracts ( tan-b>k & dye-woods boil briskly "u ^! conditions at temp]atures bel[ #fj ,c41 at :i* no decomposition ( ! tann9 or ! col\r+ matt] is to be fe>$4 ,:5 ! solutions h be5 evaporat$ to ! prop] /r5g? !y are run (f directly into ! packages 9 :i* !y are to be despat*$1 & 9 :i* !y become syrupy or ev5 solid masses1 accord+ to ! ext5t to :i* ! evaporation has be5 driv54 ,! packages %\ld be at once clos$2 ! ?ick extract is !reby mo/ simply & safely prev5t$ f decompos+1 to :i* risk x w\ld be expos$ by ! access ( m\ld spores4 ,if ^! 7 already pres5t 9 ! b>rels or 7 communicat$ to ! extract by ! air1 !y w\ld ei!r be kill$ by ! hot liquid or w\ld be prev5t$ f develop+ = a long "t4 ,9 ! clos$ vessels ! extracts rema9 completely unalt]$4 ,! conc5trat$ solution ( col\r+ matt] obta9$ by extract+ dye-woods 9 ! above app>atus c be at once us$1 aft] dilution1 9 ! prep>ation ( lakes & 9 dye+1 b x is n an extract 9 ! ord9>y comm]cial s5se ( ! t]m1 i4e41 x does n solidify on cool+4 ,to obta9 solid extracts ! conc5trat$ solutions mu/ be evaporat$2 conc5tration ) fire heat w\ld be att5d$ ) dang] to ! quality ( ! extract1 /eam heat is !re=e us$4 ,! liquid to be evaporat$ is br\ght into %all[ /eam-jacket$ pans1 9 :i* ! op]ation is cont9u$ until ! liquid solidifies into a res9-l mass :5 dropp$ on cold /one4 ,:5 suffici5tly evaporat$ ! extract is all[$ to solidify1 brok5 into lumps1 & ^! pack$ :il/ /ill w>m into b>rels l9$ ) pap]4 ,! l9+ is necess>y on acc\nt ( ! hygroscopic nature ( ! extracts2 :5 !y are expos$ to ! air !y absorb wat] & =m a visc\s fluid :i* soon becomes m\ldy4 ,a prop]ly prep>$ dye-wood extract %\ld dissolve 9 wat] )\t residue1 & ! solution :5 l>gely dilut$ %\ld %[ ! *>act]i/ic col\r ( ! wood ) no br[ni% %ade1 & :5 ! col\r+ matt] is precipitat$ f su* a solution by a metallic salt ! residual solution %\ld be almo/ col\rless4 ,if ! extract dissolves incompletely 9 wat] & ! solution is br[n aft] precipitation ( ! col\r+ matt]1 ! extract has be5 burnt 9 ! evaporation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,logwood & logwood extract conta9 two sub/ances ( importance 9 dye+ & col\r mak+4 ,^! are hmatoxyl9 & hmaten4 ,hmatoxyl9 is f\nd 9 logwood 9 greate/ am\nt %ortly be=e ! wood is cut4 ,:5 pure x =ms col\rless cry/als ( a peculi> sweet ta/e1 :i* are soluble 9 cold wat] ) difficulty1 m easily 9 hot1 & readily soluble 9 alcohol or e!r4 ,! composition ( hmatoxyl9 is express$ by ! =mula ,c,h,o4 ,hmatoxyl9 is n a col\r+ matt]4 ,x is important because f x is obta9$ ! ess5tial col\r+ matt] ( logwood--hmaten4 ,:5 a trace ( ammonia is add$ to ! col\rless solution ( hmatoxyl91 ! liquid at once becomes d>k r$ ow+ to ! =mation ( hmaten4 ,:5 a l>g] quantity ( ammonia is add$ ! liquid acquires a deep r$ col\r1 & !n conta9s only hmaten 7its ammonia comp\nd71 :i* is =m$ accord+ to ! foll[+ equation3-- ,c,h,o ,,nh ,o ,c,h,o4,,nh #b;,h,o4 ,to obta9 hmaten 9 ! pure /ate x is !n only necess>y to add suffici5t acetic acid to decompose ! hmaten ammonia comp\nd4 ,hmaten sep>ates z d>k violet cry/als1 :i* readily dissolve 9 wat] & alcohol2 its aque\s solution gives blue precipitates ) ! majority ( ! metallic salts4 ,?is behavi\r ( hmatoxyl9 t[>ds ammonia expla9s ! increase 9 col\r+ p[] ( logwood1 :i* has be5 expos$ = a long "t to ! action ( ! air 9 ! rasp$ /ate4 ,?r\gh ! action ( ! ammonia 9 ! air a l>g] quantity ( ! hmaten ammonia comp\nd has be5 =m$4 ,x has be5 propos$ to facilitate ! =mation ( ?is ammonia comp\nd by moi/5+ rasp$ logwood ) a v dilute glue solution & all[+ x to lie 9 ! air4 ,?is process c only h ! object ( utilis+ 9 ! =mation ( hmaten ! ammonia result+ f ! decomposition ( ! glue1 b 9 ?is decomposition deep-seat$ reactions occur1 :i* might affect ! hmaten itself4 ,x ?us appe>s m suitable to effect ! =mation ( hmaten by ! direct use ( ammonia4 ,?is c be done ) little co/ by wat]+ heaps ( rasp$ logwood ) ammonia & repeat$ly %ovell+ ab\t ! wood s t x comes into contact ) ! air4 ,! au?or has f\nd t ! conv]sion ( hmatoxyl9 to hmaten is v complete 9 ?is process2 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to make ! lay] ( rasp$ wood too deep1 & to take its temp]ature frequ5tly4 ,9 ! trans=mation ( hmatoxyl9 to hmaten ! temp]ature rises1 ! rise might be injuri\s if x proce$$ too f>4 ,?us if ! temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! heap is f\nd to be high ! wood %\ld be turn$ ov]4 ,! solution ( ! logwood col\r+ matt] produces h&some lakes1 all ( :i* h1 h[ev]1 ! inconv5i5t prop]ty ( acquir+ an ugly grey col\r on long /&+4 ,! f9e/ & mo/ durable ( ! logwood lakes is kn[n z violet lake1 :i* is made ) alum9a salts4 ,! be/ result is obta9$ :5 a solution ( alum9ium acetate1 obta9$ by precipitat+ alum ) lead acetate1 is mix$ ) a logwood decoction or a solution ( logwood extract4 ,! precipitate is pale or deep violet accord+ to ! am\nt ( alum9ium salt add$4 ,aft] dry+ to a c]ta9 po9t at a g5tle heat x c be mix$ ) gum solution to a pa/e1 :i* is !n completely dri$4 ,logwood is mo/ valuable 9 dye+ & calico pr9t+1 9 :i* x s]ves to produce a f9e & durable black4 ,:5 potassium *romate is add$ to a decoction ( logwood a deep black liquid results1 :i* c be us$ z a good & *eap writ+ ink4 ,if some:at /rong] solutions are us$ a gre5i% precipitate fir/ sep>ates1 :i* soon acquires a pure black hue2 x is ! *romium lake ( hmaten4 ,?is comp\nd is v durable & is l>gely us$ 9 dye+ to produce fa/ blacks4 ,! black precipitate might be dri$ & us$ z an arti/s' black pigm5t if ! c>bon blacks 7 n *eap] & m durable4 ,,*apt] ,,lxiii4 ,,gre5 ,,lakes4 ,! yell[ col\r+ matt]s produce gre5 comp\nds ) copp] salts4 ,^! are important because !y c be produc$ )\t great co/1 & are n z poison\s z ! ars5ic pigm5ts1 al?\gh copp] comp\nds are f> m poison\s sub/ances ?an %\ld be us$ = c]ta9 purposes4 ,_! employm5t might be att5d$ ) dang] if us$ to col\r *ildr5's toys & pictures4 ,^! gre5 copp] lakes are simply made by add+ copp] sulphate solution1 free f iron1 to a hot decoction ( yell[ b]ries or weld until ! liquid is em]ald gre51 & !n add+ cau/ic soda solution 9 small quantities to precipitate ! lake4 ,! temp]ature ( ! liquid %\ld n be m ?an #ej to #fj ,c4 :5 ! cau/ic soda is add$4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ^! lakes turn out well only :5 ! precipitation is s conduct$ t ! residual liquid is q col\rless4 ,! au?or has1 h[ev]1 f\nd x m satisfactory to discont9ue ! addition ( cau/ic soda :5 ! liquid is some:at col\r$1 s9ce :5 ! precipitation is complete o!r sub/ances besides col\r+ matt] may be precipitat$4 ,*lorophyll4--,all ! high] plants conta9 ! same gre5 col\r+ matt]--*lorophyll4 ,x has a v f9e %ade1 is fairly fa/1 & ! raw mat]ial f :i* x is produc$ is to be obta9$ at nom9al co/4 ,special att5tion %\ld1 !re=e1 be paid to ?is col\r+ matt]4 ,*lorophyll is v easily obta9$4 ,grass ( a good gre51 gre5 leaves1 or any gre5 portion ( a plant is all[$ to /& ) weak cau/ic soda solution 9 a l>ge vessel = tw5ty-f\r to ?irty h\rs4 ,! liquid is p\r$ (f1 br\ght to ! boil = a mom5t1 at once filt]$ & neutralis$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! *lorophyll1 :i* has be5 dissolv$ by ! cau/ic soda1 is !n ?r[n d[n z a grass gre5 precipitate2 aft] wa%+ & dry+ x c be us$ z a pigm5t4 ,a *lorophyll lake c be obta9$ by dissolv+ ! col\r+ matt] 9 cau/ic soda & add+ alum solution4 ,! gre5 precipitate is a comp\nd ( *lorophyll & alum9a4 ,ts*ir* gives ! foll[+ me?od = obta9+ *lorophyll3 ,gre5 leaves 7grass71 n conta9+ tann91 are extract$ ) boil+ alcohol1 ! extract cool$1 filt]$ & evaporat$ until a /icky mass rema9s4 ,?is is wa%$ ) hot wat] until ! wa%+s are col\rless1 & ! residue extract$ ) cold alcohol4 ,! solution is evaporat$ to half its volume1 ! sep>at$ cry/als are dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & ! solution heat$ on ! wat] ba? ) z9c du/4 ,a deep em]ald gre5 solution ) a r$ fluoresc5ce is obta9$2 x c be pres]v$ unalt]$ = a long "t 9 blue glass bottles4 ,x reta9s its col\r 9 diffus$ daylight also = a l5g?y p]iod4 ,a beautiful gre5 *lorophyll lake is obta9$ by boil+ ?is solution ) ! solution ( an alum9ium salt & precipitat+ ) soda4 ,un=tunately1 ! lake is n fa/4 ,! *lorophyll solution obta9$ by ?is process is q innocu\s1 & is well adapt$ = col\r+ liqueurs & confection]y4 ,sap ,gre54--,?is lake1 also kn[n z bladd] gre51 is obta9$ f unripe yell[ 7,p]sian7 b]ries4 ,x c be us$ z a wat] col\r1 b n 9 oil pa9t+4 ,?is pigm5t diff]s f ! ord9>y yell[ b]ry lake 9 col\r & *emical composition2 ! yell[ lake is a comp\nd ( xan?orhamn9 ) ! metallic oxide1 :il/ sap gre5 conta9s an uncry/allisable bitt] sub/ance1 rhamnoca?>t94 ,! lake is obta9$ f yell[ b]ries :i* are n q ripe4 ,!y are brok5 up & left 9 a w>m place4 ,! mass soon f]m5ts2 aft] ab\t t5 days x is press$4 ,f\r p>ts ( ! liquid are !n mix$ ) #je "p ( alum & #je "p ( potassium c>bonate4 ,! salts are dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & ! solutions add$ to ! hot sap4 ,! mixture is !n evaporat$ to ! consi/5cy ( a ?ick syrup1 :i* is g5]ally pack$ 9 animal bladd]s1 h5ce ! "n ( 0bladd] gre504 ,"s c>e is necess>y 9 ! evaporation to prev5t ! burn+ ( ! s(t mass on ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,if ! evaporation is c>ri$ some:at fur!r ! mass solidifies on cool+2 x is !n black1 & only transmits gre5 light at ! edges4 ,! use ( pota% 9 prep>+ sap gre5 is att5d$ ) ! disadvantage t ! hygroscopic nature ( ! salt prev5ts ! col\r f dry+4 ,if magnesia is us$ in/ead ( pota% ! lake dries f> m rapidly1 b has mu* less cov]+ p[]4 ,sap gre5 is pr9cipally us$ = col\r+ pap] & lea!r4 ,orange-col\r$ lakes also c be obta9$ f yell[ b]ries by precipitat+ ! decoction ) /annic *loride4 ,^! lakes are n directly employ$1 b are produc$ imm$iately ^u ! fabric 9 dye+4 ,*9ese ,gre51 ,lokao4--,"u ?is description a gre5 lake has rec5tly be5 import$ f ,*9a4 ,x is a valuable pigm5t4 ,*9ese gre5 is sold 9 flat cakes1 :i* are blue1 ) a gre5 or violet lu/re4 ,! p[d]$ lake is pure gre5 & p>tially soluble 9 wat]2 x conta9s col\r+ matt]1 wat] & inorganic matt] consi/+ *iefly ( clay & lime4 ,*9ese gre5 is made 9 ,*9a 9 a peculi> mann] f ! twigs ( c]ta9 species ( ,rhamnus4 ,accord+ to report1 ! b>k is boil$ ) wat] & a cotton clo? imm]s$ 9 ! decoction4 ,! fibre fixes a col\rless sub/ance :i* becomes gre5 on exposure to air4 ,! cotton is repeat$ly dipp$ into ! decoction until x has absorb$ a l>ge quantity ( col\r+ matt]4 ,x is !n wa%$ ) cold wat] & boil$ ) wat] ^u :i* cotton y>n is laid4 ,! col\r+ matt] susp5d$ 9 ! liquid adh]es to ! y>n1 :i* is wa%$ ) a little cold wat]1 & ! col\r+ matt] !n collect$ ^u pap] & dri$4 ,if ,*9ese gre5 is really made by ?is process1 x is n a lake b a vegetable col\r+ matt]1 to :i* clay has be5 add$ to increase its weight or to make x pla/ic4 ,v f9e lakes c be obta9$ f ,*9ese gre5 by dissolv+ x 9 a solution ( alum1 & add+ soda solution4 ,:5 ,*9ese gre5 is dissolv$ 9 acetic acid & ammonium *loride & a z9c salt add$1 a blue lake is produc$ on ! fur!r addition ( sodium acetate4 ,a blui% violet lake is obta9$ by treat+ ,*9ese gre5 ) a /rong r$uc+ ag5t & add+ calcium acetate4 ,*>v9's ,gre54--,! v high price at :i* g5u9e ,*9ese gre5 0 sold :il/ x 0 /ill a novelty1 gave rise to attempts at imitation4 ,*>v91 ( ,lyons1 succe$$ 9 produc+ a pigm5t f ,rhamnus :i* has ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( ,*9ese gre5 ( reta9+ its col\r 9 artificial light4 ,he plung$ ! b>k ( common buck?orn into boil+ wat]1 boil$ = a few m9utes1 & all[$ ! :ole to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,lime wat] 0 add$ to ! br[n liquid1 :i* 0 !n expos$ to ! action ( ! air 9 %all[ vessels1 :5 x gradually turn$ gre5 & deposit$ a gre5 precipitate4 ,:5 ?is appe>$1 ! liquid 0 br\ght into glass vessels & potassium c>bonate solution add$ s long z a precipitate result$1 :i* aft] dry+ _h all ! prop]ties ( g5u9e ,*9ese gre54 ,al?\gh = "s "t ,*9ese gre5 0 a v fa%ionable col\r1 its use is n[ almo/ discont9u$1 al?\gh x c be us$ ) advantage z an arti/s' pigm5t1 & its prep>ation by ,*>v9's me?od is nei!r difficult nor specially co/ly4 ,,*apt] ,,lxiv4 ,,br[n ,,organic ,,pigm5ts4 ,asphaltum is f\nd 9 l>ge deposits 9 sev]al regions ( ! e>?4 ,x is a comp\nd ( c>bon & hydrog51 & v>ies 9 appe>ance f cobbl]s' wax to t>4 ,asphaltum is ( organic orig9 & is closely relat$ to ! m9]al oils4 ,among ! pigm5ts usually employ$ by arti/s asphaltum plays an important "p2 x produces v w>m %ades betwe5 br[n & deep black4 ,! prep>ation ( asphaltum = arti/s' use is v simple4 ,good uni=m lumps1 free f s& & o!r impurities1 are co>sely p[d]$ & mix$ ) a solv5t 9 a well-/opp]$ flask4 ,asphaltum readily dissolves 9 ess5tial oils1 & also1 ?\gh ) m difficulty1 9 fatty oils4 ,x dissolves sl[ly at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 b quickly on w>m+4 ,on acc\nt ( ! inflammability ( ! ess5tial oils g5]ally us$1 c]ta9 precautions mu/ be tak54 ,! asphaltum is mix$ ) turp5t9e 9 a l>ge flask :i* is well clos$ & heat$ by hot wat]4 ,9 a %ort "t a visc\s mass is =m$ :i* is mix$ ) ! solv5t by %ak+4 ,asphaltum may also be prep>$1 )\t dissolv+1 by p[d]+ & gr9d+ ) oil exactly z a m9]al pigm5t4 ,sepia4--,?is br[n pigm5t has a w>m hue :i* is n readily surpass$4 ,x is an animal product2 ! cuttle-fi%1 a species ( cephalopod :i* ab\nds 9 all w>m seas1 produces a peculi> col\r+ matt] :i* is /or$ 9 a sac1 commonly call$ ! ink-bag4 ,x is us$ by ! animal = protection1 :5 pursu$ x ejects ! cont5ts ( ! bag1 & ?us makes ! surr\nd+ wat] s d>k t x is enabl$ to escape4 ,sepia is made almo/ exclusively 9 ,italy4 ,! cont5ts ( ! ink-bag are quickly dri$1 & !n rubb$ ) /rong cau/ic lye to a ?ick pulp4 ,m cau/ic lye is !n add$1 & ! mixture heat$ almo/ to boil+2 f ! filt]$ solution sulphuric acid precipitates ! pure col\r+ matt]4 ,z "o ( ! mo/ h&some br[n pigm5ts1 sepia is l>gely us$1 b un=tunately x c only be us$ z a wat] col\r4 ,on acc\nt ( its co/1 sepia is frequ5tly imitat$4 ,vegetable sub/ances are *>r$1 extract$1 & ! extract conc5trat$ until x solidifies on cool+2 x is !n f9ely p[d]$1 made into a pa/e ) gum ,arabic or tragacan?1 & =m$ into cakes4 ,all su* imitations are1 h[ev]1 s imp]fect t !y are at once recognis$4 ,on comp>ison ) g5u9e sepia1 none ( !m is f\nd to possess ! w>m %ade peculi> to sepia4 ,br[n col\r+ matt]s c be obta9$ by heat+ all s(t portions ( plants4 ,! products h a deep br[n %ade 9 consequ5ce ( ! high proportion ( c>bon !y conta94 ,:5 ! "y twigs ( s(t woods are expos$ 9 clos$ cyl9d]s to a temp]ature ( ab\t #cjj to #djj ,c41 & ! residue p[d]$1 col\rs rang+ f a d>k ru/ br[n to almo/ pure black are produc$4 ,! high] ! temp]ature employ$ ! m ne>ly ! %ade approa*es to black4 ,p>ts ( plants :i* conta9 sug> or simil> comp\nds become deep br[n at comp>atively a l[ temp]ature4 ,! col\r1 :i* v>ies f br[n to hyac9? r$1 is due to c>amel4 ,?is sub/ance is produc$ :5 c(fee1 beetroot1 or *icory root1 all ( :i* conta9 a l>ge proportion ( sug>1 are heat$4 ,su* pigm5ts are little us$2 !y _c be gr\nd ) oil1 & 9 wat] c r>ely be mix$ ) o!r col\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,lxv4 ,,sap ,,col\rs4 ,"u ! designation ( 0sap col\rs0 sev]al pigm5ts are br\ght into ! m>ket 9 ! condition 9 :i* !y are ready = imm$iate use 9 pr9t+4 ,! t]m is practically re/rict$ to lake pigm5ts :i* =m a transp>5t lay] :5 dry1 ?us ! sap col\rs may be def9$ z dissolv$ lakes mix$ 9 a visc\s m$ium1 su* z ?ick gum solution4 ,9 g5]al ! sap col\rs are n mu* us$1 s9ce :5 wett$ ) wat] !y aga9 dissolve1 :i* is n ! case ) pigm5ts gr\nd 9 oil4 ,yet = c]ta9 purposes !y are commonly us$1 z 9 ! manufacture ( play+ c>ds4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ^! pigm5ts only col\r+ matt]s soluble 9 wat] c be us$1 ! numb] ( :i* is re/rict$4 ,accord+ to a p>ticul> me?od a t9 lake is fir/ made1 :i* is decompos$ by a /rong base1 su* z ammonia1 s t ! col\r+ matt] aga9 goes into solution4 ,! v deep col\r$ liquid is !n mix$ ) a ?ick5] & an indiff]5t :ite sub/ance su* z fl\r or />*1 =m$ into ?9 /icks1 & s5t into ! m>ket4 ,a decoction ( buck?orn b]ries is us$ = ! yell[ sap col\rs4 ,x is consid]ably evaporat$1 & !n mix$ ) #b to #c p] c5t4 ( alum1 aft] :i* />* pa/e or gum ,arabic & sug> are add$ 9 prop] quantity1 & ! mixture evaporat$ at a l[ temp]ature s t x is n br[n$ by ov]-heat+4 ,:5 a t9 lake is employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a sap col\r1 ! precipitate obta9$ by add+ /annic *loride to ! solution ( ! col\r+ matt] is wa%$1 &1 )\t dry+1 treat$ ) a small quantity ( /rong ammonia2 g5]ally ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! volume ( ! precipitate is suffici5t to dissolve ! lake4 ,x is always bett] to leave a portion ( ! precipitate undissolv$ ?an to modify ! col\r by ! addition ( too mu* ammonia4 ,! precipitate %\ld be dissolv$ 9 a glass vessel2 ! liquid is well /irr$1 cov]$ ov]1 & all[$ to /& until ! undissolv$ portion ( ! precipitate has settl$4 ,! ammoniacal solution ( ! col\r+ matt] _c be conc5trat$ by evaporation4 ,?us1 be=e ! precipitate is dissolv$ x mu/ be well fre$ f wat] by long dra9+4 ,to give ! solution ! prop] consi/5cy ab\t an equal quantity ( ?ick gum solution is add$1 & !n suffici5t />* to =m a pa/e :i* c be roll$ into ?9 /icks1 :i* are !n dri$ ^u bo>ds at a g5tle heat4 ,sap col\rs are made 9 exactly ! same way f any o!r col\r+ matt] adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,9 us+ ^! col\rs x is simply necess>y to br+ !m into wat]2 if !y conta9 only gum & sug> 9 addition to col\r+ matt] !y completely dissolve1 b if !y conta9 />* ! solution is incomplete4 ,z a rule />* is only add$ to give ! col\r ! consi/5cy requisite = pr9t+4 ,r$ sap col\rs c be made ei!r f r$ wood lake or f co*9eal c>m9e2 ! =m] is us$ 9 ammoniacal solution1 ! latt] z a solution ( ! pure c>m9e 9 ammonia4 ,! col\r is prep>$ f r$ wood by all[+ a decoction to /& = sev]al days1 add+ #b to #c p] c5t4 ( alum1 evaporat+ & ?ick5+ ) gum solution4 ,?is col\r is *eap1 b _c comp>e 9 beauty ) t obta9$ by treat+ r$ wood t9 lake ) ammonia4 ,! solution ( g5u9e c>m9e 9 ammonia produces a sap col\r :i* leaves no?+ to be desir$ 9 reg>d to %ade1 b on acc\nt ( ! co/ ( c>m9e x c b r>ely be us$4 ,a solution ( pure indigo c>m9e mix$ ) gum solution is us$ z a blue sap col\r2 x c be %ad$ by additions ( r$ or yell[ col\rs4 ,*9ese blue may be us$ in/ead ( indigo c>m9e2 x dissolves 9 a solution ( oxalic acid4 ,:5 ,*9ese blue1 :i* has be5 ?or\ghly wa%$1 is mix$ :il/ /ill moi/ ) a little saturat$ oxalic acid solution1 ! blue dissolves1 & ! solution may !n be made into a pa/e by ! addition ( ?ick5+ mat]ials4 ,gre5 sap col\rs are made1 z a rule1 by mix+ yell[ & blue4 ,all %ades c be ?us obta9$4 ,a gre5 col\r ( diff]5t composition is obta9$ by boil+ ! violet solution ( *rome alum ) gum solution until ! col\r *anges to gre54 ,violet col\rs are obta9$ by mix+ r$ & blue4 ,sepia produces a br[n sap col\r4 ,x has be5 propos$ to use glucose 9 place ( ! mu* de>] gum ,arabic1 & also to use malt extract z ?ick5]4 ,^! sub/ances absorb wat] f ! air1 & ?us ! col\rs prep>$ ) !m nev] become q h>d1 b always rema9 pa/y4 ,= "s purposes ?is is a decid$ advantage1 s9ce su* col\rs c be readily tak5 up by ! bru% & easily rubb$ up ) wat]1 b !y _c be =m$ into cakes z is usually done ) wat] col\rs4 ,:5 ! col\rs are to be made into cakes !y mu/ be ?ick5$ ) gum ,arabic alone1 )\t glucose or malt extract4 ,! cakes mu/ be dri$ ) great c>e2 if !y are dri$ too quickly !y w crack or ev5 fall to pieces4 ,,*apt] ,,lxvi4 ,,wat] ,,col\rs4 ,! col\rs ?us call$ are s prep>$ t !y easily mix ) wat] to su* a condition t !y c be appli$ ) ! bru%4 ,special pigm5ts are n requir$ = ?is purpose1 ord9>y dry col\rs are simply mix$ ) a b9d+ m$ium soluble 9 wat]1 & ! pa/e is g5]ally press$ into cakes4 ,9 comm]ce v diff]5t qualities ( wat] col\rs are f\nd1 rang+ f *eap *ildr5's play?+s to ! mo/ co/ly col\rs us$ by pa9t]s 9 wat] col\r4 ,^? pigm5ts :i* are n already 9 v f9e p[d]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! process by :i* !y are made1 su* z *rome yell[1 mu/ be subject$ to a v c>eful process ( levigation4 ,to simplify z f> z possible ?is labori\s process1 x %\ld be conduct$ by gr9d+ ! pigm5t z f9ely z possible1 well /irr+ x 9 a tub ) wat]1 all[+ to re/ = sev]al m9utes1 & !n runn+ (f ! liquid into a second tub1 f :i* x is aga9 drawn (f into a ?ird aft] sev]al1 m9utes4 ,! liquid rema9s 9 ! la/ vessel until x is q cle>1 :5 ! deposit is collect$4 ,?is is n[ s f9e a p[d] t a p[]ful microscope is requir$ to di/+ui% ! sep>ate p>ticles4 ,! residue 9 ! fir/ & second vessels consi/s ( ! co>s] p>ticles2 x is aga9 gr\nd ) fre% mat]ial4 ,9 ?is process reg>d mu/ be giv5 to ! specific gravity ( ! mat]ial3 ! high] x is ! %ort] is ! "t dur+ :i* ! liquid is all[$ to rema9 9 ! tubs1 s9ce ! co>s] p>ticles ( heavy sub/ances settle v rapidly4 ,9 deal+ ) ! light lakes1 su* z ! alum9a lakes1 ! liquid 9 :i* ! lake is susp5d$ mu/ rema9 mu* long] at re/4 ,two vessels may be us$ in/ead ( ?ree1 )\t dang] ( ! precipitate conta9+ co>se p>ticles4 ,gum ,arabic & tragacan? are us$ z b9d+ mat]ials = ! pigm5ts4 ,dextr9e is also mu* us$ 9 place ( ! exp5sive gums2 = ?is purpose only pure :ite dextr9e %\ld be us$1 s9ce ! br[n col\r ( ord9>y dextr9e w\ld injure ! %ade ( ! col\rs1 especially ( pale col\rs4 ,gum ,arabic & dextr9e1 :i* are readily soluble 9 wat]1 require no special prep>ation be=e _! solutions are mix$ ) ! pigm5ts4 ,! solutions are made by treat+ ) wat]2 !y are !n all[$ to /& = sev]al days 9 a tall vessel s t impurities may settle4 ,if ! solutions are v turbid1 !y are filt]$ ?r\gh closely wov5 l954 ,gum tragacan? requires r diff]5t treatm5t4 ,x is n completely soluble 9 wat]1 9 :i* x only swells up to a great ext5t4 ,x is prep>$ by leav+ x = sev]al days 9 wat]1 & :5 x has swoll51 rubb+ ! slimy mass 9 a mort> until x is completely uni=m4 ,! levigat$ pigm5ts are all[$ to dry 9 ! air to a s(t pa/e1 :i* is mix$ ) ! prop] quantity ( gum ,arabic & tragacan? solutions4 ,z a rule ! two gums are us$ toge!r4 ,! col\r+ matt] & b9d+ m$ium may simply be gr\nd toge!r1 b long gr9d+ w\ld be requir$ to produce a completely homog5e\s mixture4 ,! co/ly manual lab\r is !re=e z f> z possible replac$ by ma*9]y1 by :i* means a *eap] & also m uni=m product is obta9$4 ,! ma*9es by :i* ! pigm5t is gr\nd ) ! b9d+ mat]ial are ( simple con/ruction4 ,!y consi/ ( roll]s plac$ 9 pairs "o above ! o!r & mov+ 9 opposite directions4 ,! two roll]s ( ea* pair are connect$ by cog-:eels1 9 su* a way t ! l[] moves m sl[ly ?an ! upp]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t1 ! roll]s1 9 addition to cru%+1 ex]t a gr9d+ action ^u ! visc\s mass pass+ betwe5 !m4 ,z a rule1 aft] ! col\r has pass$ ?r\gh "o pair ( roll]s1 x goes ?r\gh a second & ?ird1 f ! la/ ( :i* x is tak5 (f by a scrap]4 ,x is n[ completely uni=m4 ,! b9d+ m$ium mu/ be ( su* consi/5cy t1 aft] gr9d+ ) ! pigm5t1 a fairly /iff pa/e results :i* is suitable = press+4 ,! cakes ( col\r are press$ out 9 an ord9>y sp9dle press1 :i* %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! /amp 9 ! d[n /roke comes ^u ! pa/e b5ea? x & /amps out cakes ^u :i* ! engrav+ ( ! die is cle>ly %[n4 ,if ! cakes crack :5 sl[ly dri$1 ! m$ium conta9s too mu* gum ,arabic4 ,if ! impression ( ! die ^u ! cakes is n %>p1 & if !y rema9 r ela/ic :5 completely dry1 too mu* tragacan? has be5 us$4 ,x is r difficult to gr9d a /iff pa/e1 _m manufactur]s pref] to gr9d ! col\r 9 a r m fluid condition1 & !n to all[ ! pa/e to ?ick5 by dry+ to ! consi/5cy necess>y = ! production ( good cakes4 ,! m\lds 9 :i* ! cakes are made mu/ be v c>efully work$ 9 metal1 s t ! description & trade m>k pr9t cle>ly ^u ! cakes4 ,! cakes %\ld be dri$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature or b little high]4 ,!y are plac$ ^u smoo? bo>ds1 & c>e is tak5 t ! temp]ature ( ! dry+ room rema9s uni=m1 :i* is ! condition requisite = ! production ( ! fewe/ cracks4 ,:5 x is int5d$ to place on ! m>ket only faultless & well-/amp$ cakes !y mu/ be sort$ :5 dry1 & ! crack$ ones reject$2 ^! c be work$ up 9 ! next op]ation4 ,! dry cakes are giv5 a good appe>ance by coat+ !m ) a weak solution ( gum1 & !n dry+4 ,accord+ to ! price at :i* ^! col\rs are to be sold ! cakes are giv5 a diff]5t "*4 ,! f9e/ col\rs are g5]ally made into l>g] cakes & pack$ 9 h&some boxes1 :il/ ord9>y *eap col\rs are made into small lumps or circul> plates1 flat on "o side & some:at convex on ! o!r1 & pack$ 9 boxes ( s(t wood4 ,moi/ ,wat] ,col\rs4--,in/ead ( gr9d+ wat] col\rs ) gum ,arabic or tragacan? & br++ !m on ! m>ket 9 ! dry /ate1 !y may also be sold 9 a condition resembl+ t ( oil pa9ts4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by us+ v viscid glucose syrup in/ead ( gum ,arabic1 & gr9d+ ! pigm5ts 9 ?is exactly z 9 oil4 ,glucose is v hygroscopic1 ! col\rs prep>$ ) x rema9 moi/1 & may be spread out ^u ! palette l oil col\rs4 ,x is !n only necess>y to wet ! bru% 9 wat] & mix ! mass ) x 9 ord] to obta9 col\r ( ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,moi/ wat] col\rs h also be5 kn[n z 0honey col\rs10 s9ce ?is mixture ( sug>s 0 =m]ly us$ = _! prep>ation2 x also is hygroscopic4 ,honey is no long] us$2 ! mu* *eap] glucose answ]s ! same purpose4 ,on acc\nt ( _! semi-fluid nature1 moi/ wat] col\rs are put up 9 tubes j z oil col\rs4 ,!y are ?us r de>1 b are little us$4 ,,*apt] ,,lxvii4 ,,crayons4 ,crayons are col\r$ p5cils by :i* pictures may be1 s to speak1 0dry pa9t$04 ,at pres5t ?is me?od ( pa9t+ is little us$1 ?\gh x 0 9 vogue 9 ! la/ c5tury1 b col\r$ p5cils1 especially blue & r$1 are mu* us$ = writ+4 ,crayons are n[ us$ 9 a v conv5i5t =m1 be+ g5]ally made 9 ! same mann] z lead p5cils4 ,! col\r$ mixture f :i* ! crayon is made is produc$ 9 ! =m ( a pa/e conta9+ a s(t1 f9ely gr\nd m9]al1 well mix$ ) ! col\r+ matt] & an am\nt ( b9d+ m$ium j suffici5t to hold ! p[d]s toge!r4 ,gypsum is g5]ally us$ z ! s(t :ite m9]al =m+ ! base ( ! col\r$ mass4 ,x is mu* bett] to use /eatite 7soap-/one71 :i* is n mu* de>]1 & has _m advantages ov] gypsum4 ,! pref]5ce giv5 to /eatite is bas$ ^u a comp>ison ( ! prop]ties ( ! two m9]als2 gypsum is cry/all9e1 /eatite is non-cry/all9e4 ,p[d]$ gypsum has ess5tially a dry "*1 :il/ p[d]$ soap-/one is ( a peculi> greasy nature1 & consequ5tly c be readily sme>$ ^u a flat surface2 x also imp>ts a pleas+ lu/re to ! col\rs ) :i* x is mix$4 ,! manufacture ( crayons consi/s 9 prep>+ & m\ld+ ! col\r$ mass4 ,! process is comm5c$ by mix+ ! p[d]$ col\r & soap-/one 9 a clos$ rotat+ cyl9d]4 ,! rotation is cont9u$ until ! mixture is uni=m 9 col\r4 ,! quantity ( col\r to be mix$ ) ! soap-/one dep5ds ^u ! %ade to be produc$4 ,manufactur]s :o make a speciality ( crayons prep>e a numb] ( %ades ( ea* col\r4 ,! arti/s :o use crayons1 h[ev]1 usually require only ^? ( a pure %ade1 s9ce !y !mselves c produce ! int]m$iate %ades f ! ess5tial col\rs4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is advisable to make crayons ( di/9ct & deep col\rs4 ,! m9]al pigm5ts are ! mo/ suitable3 = yell[1 deep *rome yell[2 = r$1 v]milion or deep madd] lake2 = gre51 "o ( ! pure gre5 pigm5ts1 su* z *rome gre52 = blue1 ,*9ese blue or ultram>9e2 = br[n1 burnt si5na or manganese bi/re4 ,= :ite & black crayons levigat$ *alk is us$1 alone or mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( f9e v9e black or "s o!r good black4 ,ei!r gum ,arabic or size may be us$ z b9d+ mat]ial4 ,:5 ! =m] is employ$ ! crayon becomes s brittle :5 dry t x breaks :5 po9t$ ) ! knife1 9 spite ( ! greate/ c>e4 ,size produces a less brittle crayon1 & is also mu* *eap]1 s t x is pref]r$4 ,! pa/e f :i* ! crayons are to be =m$ is made by mix+ ?9 size ) ! col\r+ matt] & /eatite to a s(t pulp1 :i* is !n knead$ to secure uni=mity4 ,! process !n proce$s 9 a diff]5t mann] accord+ z ! crayon is to be press$ or sawn out4 ,= produc+ ! crayons by press+1 a simple app>atus is requir$4 ,x consi/s ( a horizontal metal cyl9d] ) a well-fitt+ pi/on4 ,! front ( ! cyl9d] is clos$ by a metal plate 9 :i* is an orifice ( r great] diamet] ?an ! crayons to be made4 ,9 front ( ! cyl9d] is an endless b& :i* moves away f x4 ,9 us+ ?is app>atus to %ape ! crayons1 ! pa/e is made ( su* consi/5cy t a slight pressure =ces x out ( ! orifice 9 ! front ( ! cyl9d] 9 a coh]5t rod4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] is fill$ ) ! pa/e1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t x includes no air bubbles1 = ^! w\ld cause ! rod to break4 ,! pi/on is !n put 9 position & ! mass =c$ by uni=m g5tle pressure out ( ! n>r[ op5+4 ,! endless b& mu/ move away at ! same rate z ! rod proce$s f ! cyl9d]1 s t a long /ick ( ! crayon mass re/s ^u x4 ,?is /ick is cut up by a blunt knife into uni=m l5g?s1 :i* are dri$ ^u bo>ds cov]$ ) blott+ pap]1 & are !n enclos$ 9 cas+s simil> to ^? ( ! ord9>y lead p5cil4 ,! rods mu/ be giv5 a r great] diamet] ?an !y are to possess :5 dry1 s9ce !y %r9k some:at 9 dry+4 ,! second me?od consi/s 9 produc+ a ?ick pa/e :i* is m\ld$ into blocks ( ! l5g? ( ! crayons4 ,^! blocks are v sl[ly dri$ at a uni=m temp]ature1 & :5 completely dry1 are cut by a f9e saw into ?9 rods1 :i* are !n enclos$ 9 a wood5 case4 ,! p[d] produc$ 9 saw+ is us$ 9 ! next op]ation4 ,?is simple process has _m drawbacks4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is difficult 9 dry+ l>ge blocks ( ! crayon mass to avoid cracks1 :i* mu/ be c>efully fill$ ) ?9 pa/e4 ,also 9 saw+ up ! blocks a l>ge numb] ( rods w be brok51 ev5 ) ! mo/ c>eful treatm5t 7^! are aga9 work$ up ) ! p[d] produc$ 9 saw+74 ,?us1 g5]ally1 ! =mation ( crayons by pressure is pref]r$4 ,x is important to dry ! crayon rods s f> t !y d n %r9k fur!r aft] !y are plac$ 9 ! case2 o!rwise !y w\ld break up :5 %>p5$4 ,at times x is q impossible to make a usable po9t on su* a faulty crayon4 ,crayons = ,e>!nw>e4--,crayons = ?is purpose are made1 accord+ to ,m4 ,rsl]1 by f9ely p[d]+ col\rs suitable = glass & e>!nw>e1 & mix+ !m to a pa/e ) a solution ( #b p>ts ( gum ,arabic & #a "p ( ,m>seilles soap4 ,p5cils are !n m\ld$ f ! pa/e & wrapp$ 9 a /rip ( pap] j previ\sly dipp$ 9 a pa/e ( gypsum4 ,^u unglaz$ articles or gr\nd glass ^! crayons c be us$ l a lead p5cil4 ,! col\r is fix$ by burn+ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,,*apt] ,,lxviii4 ,,confection]y ,,col\rs4 ,confection]s employ sev]al col\rs4 ,yell[1 br[n & black are usually obta9$ by means ( c>amel2 ! o!r col\rs1 r$1 gre5 & blue1 :i* are also l>gely us$1 mu/ be made f h>mless comp\nds4 ,un=tunately1 col\r mak]s h be5 kn[n to (f] ! consum] = ?is purpose col\rs :i* by no means correspond to ?is requirem5t2 ev5 ! poison\s ars5ic pigm5ts h be5 us$ = col\r+ sweets4 ,9 su* a case ! us] ( ! col\rs is less to be blam$ ?an ! manufactur]1 :o %\ld sell = ?is purpose only col\rs 9 no way injuri\s to heal?4 ,=tunately we possess among ! pigm5ts ( organic orig9 a suffici5t numb] to satisfy ^! requirem5ts3 = gre51 ei!r sap gre5 or leaf gre5 may be us$ )\t hesitation2 = r$1 co*9eal c>m9e is well suit$1 & = blue1 indigo c>m9e4 ,! two pigm5ts la/ nam$ are inde$ exp5sive1 b s9ce !y possess great col\r+ p[] !y c /ill be us$ = col\r+ *eap sweets4 ,= col\r+ liqueurs equal c>e mu/ be tak5 to *oose non-injuri\s col\rs4 ,^? m5tion$ above may also be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,rec5tly ^! col\rs h be5 l>gely displac$ by ! anil9e dyes1 :i* are p>ticul>ly adapt$ by _! beauty & great col\r+ p[] = ! col\r+ ( confection]y or liqueurs4 ,!re %\ld be "s hesitation 9 us+ ^! dyes = col\r+ articles ( food4 ,"s ( !m are made by means ( ars5ic comp\nds1 & x is v difficult to free !m absolutely f e trace ( ars5ic4 ,b suppos+ ! dye to be free f ars5ic1 !re may /ill be objections to its use1 = ! pure dyes !mselves may possess poison\s prop]ties1 & ?us ought n to be us$ = col\r+ articles ( food4 ,= col\r+ foods ! col\rs above m5tion$ are suffici5t4 ,orange is obta9$ by mix+ c>amel ) r$1 violet by mix+ r$ & blue1 & ! %ades ?us produc$ are q suffici5t = ! purpose 9 "q4 ,! col\r mak] %\ld sell ! col\rs 9 su* a condition t !y c be us$ )\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,! col\rs = confection]s & liqueur mak]s %\ld be put on ! m>ket 9 a semi-fluid or pa/y condition4 ,= ?is purpose c>m9e %\ld be gr\nd ) a v ?ick sug> syrup4 ,leaf gre5 & indigo c>m9e require no fur!r prep>ation2 !y are already semi-fluid1 !y readily diffuse1 & are also soluble 9 alcoholic liquids4 ,,*apt] ,,lxix4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,pigm5ts ,,= ,,pa9t+4 ,accord+ to ! purpose = :i* !y are to be us$ pigm5ts require a diff]5t me?od ( prep>ation4 ,! prep>ation ( pigm5ts = c]ta9 special purposes1 su* z sap col\rs1 cake col\rs & wat] col\rs1 has be5 already describ$4 ,! pres5t *apt] deals ) ! prep>ation ( ^? pigm5ts :i* are us$ 9 l>ge quantities by arti/s & = ord9>y pa9t+4 ,col\rs = arti/ic purposes require diff]5t treatm5t to ^? us$ = ord9>y pa9t+4 ,x is important t bo? %\ld be gr\nd to a completely homog5e\s mixture ) ! b9d+ m$ium4 ,at fir/ sight ?is appe>s to be a simple op]ation1 b 9 practice !re are difficulties :i* are n too easily ov]come4 ,arti/s' col\rs are g5]ally gr\nd ) a dry+ oil4 ,! dry+ oils are vegetable oils :i*1 :5 expos$ to ! air 9 a ?9 lay]1 9 a %ort "t become v visc\s1 & f9ally completely res9ify2 l9se$1 poppy1 & nut oils possess ?is prop]ty4 ,z a rule1 arti/s' oil pa9ts are gr\nd ) poppy oil4 ,to prev5t ! pa9t f dry+ to a solid mass by exposure to air x is enclos$ 9 protect+ vessels4 ,=m]ly ! gr\nd pa9t 0 sold 9 small bags ( bladd]4 ,^! are n[ no long] us$2 in/ead1 collapsible tubes made ( a s(t t9 alloy are employ$4 ,!y are clos$ at "o end2 ! o!r has a neck ^u :i* a metal cap screws d[n4 ,pigm5ts gr\nd ) j suffici5t oil to =m a ?ick pa/e may be pres]v$ 9 ^! air-tight tubes )\t alt]+ 9 consi/5cy4 ,*eap] pigm5ts1 su* z :ite lead1 :ite z9c1 *rome yell[1 etc41 :i* are pr9cipally us$ 9 ord9>y pa9t+1 are gr\nd ) raw or boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,ord9>y boil$ oil is made by boil+ l9se$ oil ) li?>ge2 x conta9s a c]ta9 quantity ( lead 9 solution4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly /at$ 9 ?is "w t lead comp\nds are v s5sitive to sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,pigm5ts :i* are n !mselves alt]$ by sulphurett$ hydrog5 acquire a d>k %ade :5 !y are gr\nd ) ord9>y lead-boil$ oil1 because ! lead is sl[ly b c]ta9ly conv]t$ into black lead sulphide on exposure to air4 ,?us1 9 ord] to reta9 ! orig9al beauty ( col\r1 lead-boil$ oil %\ld be replac$ by oil boil$ ) manganese borate1 :i* is at lea/ z *eap & has ! advantage t ! oil does n d>k5 9 air4 ,n[ t z9c oxide is s *eap x is m & m us$ 9 place ( :ite lead1 x is n s5sitive to sulphurett$ hydrog51 & does n ev5 *ange its col\r 9 an atmosph]e ( ! pure gas4 ,x seems to be q illogical to use ?is pigm5t ) a lead-boil$ oil4 ,a coat+ w\ld be q discol\r$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 :il/1 if us$ ) manganese-boil$ oil1 x w\ld reta9 its :ite %ade unalt]$4 ,! dry pigm5t 0 =m]ly mix$ ) ! oil by manual lab\r4 ,! pigm5t 0 spread out ^u a smoo? /one slab1 ! oil p\r$ ov]1 & ! two sub/ances rubb$ to a uni=m pa/e by means ( a glass or /one rubb] kn[n z a mull]4 ,pa9t ,mills are con/ruct$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! mixture ( col\r & oil is gr\nd ei!r betwe5 two metal plates or betwe5 two roll]s press$ close toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,fig4 #da repres5ts ! con/ruction ( a pa9t mill 9 :i* ! gr9d+ is accompli%$ by a rotat+ disc4 ,! mixture ( pigm5t & oil /irr$ toge!r is br\ght into ! hopp]1 ,t1 f :i* x mu/ pass betwe5 ! rotat+ gr9d+ disc1 ,m1 & ! l[] surface ( ! hopp]4 ,! two sub/ances are ?us mix$ toge!r4 ,! gr\nd pa9t fl[s out ( ! r+-%ap$ vessel surr\nd+ ,m into a receiv] bel[4 ,! gr9d+ disc is driv5 by means ( horizontal & v]tical too!d :eels1 ! latt] ( :i* is connect$ ) a pulley driv5 by p[]4 ,by means ( a screw on ! l[] "p ( ! plate 9 :i* is ! be>+ ( ! axle ( ! gr9d+ disc1 ! di/ance ( ! latt] f ! l[] surface ( ! hopp] c be adju/$4 ,! process beg9s by adju/+ ! disc at a consid]able di/ance f ! hopp]4 ,:5 ! pa9t has once gone ?r\gh ! app>atus ! disc is rais$ s t ! col\r is m f9ely gr\nd4 ,! gr\nd pa9t is return$ to ! hopp] until x is q uni=m4 ,?is =m ( mill c be made 9 diff]5t sizes4 ,fig4 #db %[s ! con/ruction ( a =m = gr9d+ by h&4 ,! actual gr9d+ arrangem5ts are exactly ! same z ^? previ\sly describ$2 ! diff]5ce lies simply 9 ! use ( a fly-:eel turn$ by a h&le4 ,! illu/rations are due to ! k9dness ( ,w4 ,sattl] ( ,s*we9furt1 :o makes pa9t mills z a speciality 9 diff]5t sizes & ( excell5t quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,9 ! second =m ( pa9t mill ! pa9t is pass$ betwe5 smoo? roll]s mov+ 9 opposite directions ) diff]5t spe$s1 :i* ?us ex]t a gr9d+ action 9 addition to ! cru%+ effect4 ,! two roll]s are provid$ ) cog-:eels ) a diff]5t numb] ( cogs 9 ord] to give ! diff]5t spe$s4 ,9 ord] t ! pa9t may be suffici5tly gr\nd 9 "o op]ation1 roll] mills are made ) sev]al pairs ( roll]s1 "o above ! o!r1 ! l[] roll]s be+ some:at ne>] toge!r ?an ! upp]4 ,! pa9t is f$ on to ! top pair ( roll]s1 &1 aft] go+ ?r\gh ^!1 passes to ! next1 & f9ally1 aft] go+ betwe5 all ! pairs ( roll]s1 collects 9 a receiv] bel[ 9 a f9i%$ condition4 ,by ! use ( su* mills ! pa9ts c be gr\nd suffici5tly f9e 9 "o op]ation1 if a prop] numb] ( roll]s is us$4 ,:5 only two or ?ree pairs are us$ & ! pa9t is to be v f9ely gr\nd1 x mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole mill two or ?ree times4 ,,*apt] ,,lxx4 ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,pigm5ts4 ,:5 an accurate exam9ation ( a pigm5t is requir$1 ! only c\rse is to conduct an exact *emical analysis1 :i* c only be done by an exp]t *emi/ 9 a well-equipp$ laboratory4 ,b (t5 x is necess>y 9 ! c\rse ( trade to decide rapidly ! nature ( a pigm5t or to detect ! adult]ation ( a de> pigm5t ) a *eap]1 & = ?is purpose x is important to h a me?od ( exam9ation :i* c be conduct$ )\t mu* app>atus1 & :i* requires no great *emical k4 ,x is q possible to te/ ! majority ( pigm5ts 9 a simple mann]4 ,few reag5ts are necess>y4 ,= an exam9ation ( ! m9]al pigm5ts ! foll[+ are g5]ally suffici5t3 hydro*loric1 nitric & sulphuric acids1 cau/ic soda solution & ammonium sulphide4 ,! exam9ation ( a pigm5t conta9+ organic comp\nds is some:at m difficult1 especially :5 x is necess>y to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! col\r+ matt]4 ,9 ?is case additional reag5ts are requir$--/ann\s *loride1 alum solution1 etc4 ,s9ce ! pres5t "w is int5d$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! practical man1 ! behavi\r ( ! diff]5t pigm5ts t[>ds ord9>y reag5ts is giv5 9 tabul> =m1 ! pigm5ts ( ! same col\r be+ tak5 toge!r4 ,s9ce ! col\r+ matt]s ( organic orig91 z !y occur 9 ! lakes1 require a r m detail$ exam9ation1 ! te/+ ( pigm5ts compos$ ( inorganic mat]ials only is fir/ giv51 aft]w>ds ! prop]ties ( ! organic col\r+ matt]s1 s f> z is necess>y1 w be add$4 ,m9]al ,pigm5ts4--,if ! sub/ance to be exam9$ is 9 ! =m ( a dry p[d]1 x may at once be te/$ ) ! reag5ts m5tion$1 b if x is a pa9t or wat] col\r1 ! oil or gum mu/ be fir/ remov$1 o!rwise x w\ld n be possible to recognise ) c]ta9ty ! action ( ! reag5ts4 ,f wat] col\rs1 :i* are gr\nd ) gum ,arabic or tragacan? solution1 x is easy to sep>ate ! pigm5t f ! b9d+ m$ium4 ,! col\r is all[$ to /& 9 a tall n>r[ beak] ) a some:at l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,aft] "s "t ! lumps become s(t1 !y are !n repeat$ly /irr$ up1 ! pigm5t all[$ to deposit1 & ! wat]1 :i* n[ conta9s ! b9d+ m$ium1 p\r$ (f4 ,! removal ( oil f a pa9t is some:at m difficult4 ,a quantity ( ! pa9t is plac$ 9 a flask ) a mixture ( equal p>ts ( /rong alcohol & e!r1 or ) b5z9e4 ,! flask is lightly cork$1 &1 aft] frequ5t %ak+1 all[$ to /&4 ,! liquids m5tion$ are good solv5ts = oils4 ,aft] a day or two ! pigm5t w g5]ally h deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,! solution is !n p\r$ (f1 ! residue mix$ ) a small quantity ( ! solv5t & transf]r$ to a filt]1 :]e ano!r small quantity ( solv5t is p\r$ ov] x4 ,! solv5t is all[$ to dra9 (f1 & ! residue is dri$4 ,a p[d] )\t coh]5ce %\ld be left2 ?is is ! pigm5t free f oil4 ,x c be treat$ l an orig9ally dry col\r4 ,! pigm5ts are mo/ conv5i5tly exam9$ 9 te/ tubes4 ,if ^! are n at h& ! reactions may be c>ri$ out on a plate ( glass ly+ on :ite pap]4 ,! p[d] is plac$ on ! glass & ! reag5t dropp$ on to x f a glass rod dipp$ 9 ! liquid4 ,exam9ation ) ! ,bl[pipe4--,f ! behavi\r ( pigm5ts at high temp]atures important conclusions may be drawn z to _! nature4 ,= ?is purpose small porcela9 crucibles are us$2 brok5 pieces ( porcela9 or an iron spoon may also be employ$4 ,an ord9>y _s lamp is g5]ally suffici5t z a s\rce ( heat4 ,9 "s cases a high] temp]ature is requir$1 :i* is obta9$ by means ( ! bl[pipe4 ,! bl[pipe is an invaluable in/rum5t 9 ! exam9ation ( m9]al pigm5ts4 ,by means ( x1 almo/ )\t reag5ts1 ! nature ( ! pigm5t c g5]ally be asc]ta9$4 ,! reag5ts necess>y 9 us+ ! bl[pipe are soda1 borax1 & ! solution ( a cobalt salt4 ,! foll[+ me?od %\ld be obs]v$ 9 exam9+ pigm5ts by means ( ! bl[pipe4 ,a quantity ( ! sub/ance1 ab\t equal 9 volume to two gra9s ( rice1 is plac$ 9 a small hole cut by a knife 9 a piece ( *>coal1 :]e x is heat$ by ! bl[pipe flame4 ,! behavi\r ( sub/ances is diff]5t 9 ! oxidis+ & r$uc+ flames ( ! bl[pipe4 ,:5 a flame is bl[n out to a po9t by means ( ! bl[pipe x may be se5 t ! flame consi/s ( two conical portions1 "o inside ! o!r4 ,! inn] is kn[n z ! r$uc+ flame1 because metallic oxides heat$ 9 x produce a bead ( metal1 or1 z ! *ange is *emically express$1 are r$uc$ to metal4 ,! out] cone has ! opposite prop]ties2 metals melt$ 9 x are quickly *ang$ into oxides by ! action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 :i* has unre/rict$ access4 ,9 exam9+ a pigm5t ) ! bl[pipe ! r$uc+ flame is fir/ us$4 ,! nature ( ! bead ( metal1 su* z is readily obta9$ f lead pigm5ts1 (t5 all[s ! composition ( ! sub/ance to be recognis$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,if ! behavi\r ( ! bead ( metal is n conclusive x is fur!r heat$ 9 ! oxidis+ flame4 ,! metal is ?us conv]t$ into oxide1 :i* deposits on ! *>coal1 & by its col\r & volatility or want ( volatility enables ! metal conta9$ 9 ! pigm5t to be det]m9$4 ,a solution ( cobalt nitrate or *loride is us$ 9 te/+ = c]ta9 metallic oxides4 ,! sub/ances are moi/5$ ) a v dilute solution ( "o ( ^! sub/ances be=e heat+4 ,aft] !y h be5 heat$ !y %[ *>act]i/ic col\rs if c]ta9 oxides are pres5t4 ,sev]al metallic oxides give a *>act]i/ic col\r :5 fus$ ) borax4 ,= ?is purpose a small loop is made at ! end ( a ?9 plat9um wire2 ?is is moi/5$ & dipp$ 9 p[d]$ anhydr\s borax4 ,on heat+ 9 ! bl[pipe flame ! borax adh]+ to ! wire melts to a col\rless glass4 ,9 te/+ a pigm5t ! transp>5t bead ( borax is !n dipp$ into ! p[d]1 & aga9 fus$ 9 ! bl[pipe flame4 ,x is ( great importance 9 ?is te/ to fuse b a v small quantity ( mat]ial 9 ! borax bead2 "s metallic oxides h su* great col\r+ p[] t1 :5 too mu* is us$1 ! bead appe>s q black1 s t its col\r _c be recognis$4 ,,reactions ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,pigm5ts4 ,on ,heat+ on ,*>coal3--,lead pigm5ts give a lead bead 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 :i* is conv]t$ 9 ! oxidis+ flame to lead oxide1 =m+ a deposit on ! *>coal surr\nd+ ! hole4 ,antimony :ite gives a brittle metallic bead 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,?is burns 9 ! oxidis+ flame ) ! evolution ( :ite vap\rs1 & is at ! same "t cov]$ by small %9+ cry/als4 ,bismu? :ite 9 ! oxidis+ flame gives a ra9b[-col\r$ incru/ation spread+ f> ov] ! *>coal4 ,t9 :ite gives a malleable metallic bead1 conv]t$ by nitric acid into a :ite p[d]4 ,z9c :ite is conv]t$ into a gre5 mass :5 moi/5$ ) cobalt solution & heat$ 9 ! oxidis+ flame4 ,! m exp5sive :ite pigm5ts are frequ5tly mix$ ) *eap] sub/ances1 e4g41 :ite lead ) f9ely p[d]$ b>ytes1 *alk or gypsum4 ,su* admixture is di/9ctly to be reg>d$ z adult]ation1 s9ce ! add$ sub/ances h n ! cov]+ p[] ( :ite lead4 ,9 ! case ( col\r$ pigm5ts an addition ( a :ite mat]ial is n to be reg>d$ z adult]ation1 s9ce ! addition is made 9 ord] to imp>t a pal] %ade to ! col\r4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,pigm5t4 ,hydro*loric ,cau/ic ,ammonium ,on ,heat+4 ,acid4 ,soda4 ,sulphide4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,antimony :ite ,dissolves1 ,dissolves4 ,turns ,turns yell[ solution r$di% & melts4 on turbid yell[4 add+ wat]4 ,:ite lead ,dissolves ),dissolves4 ,turns ,becomes eff]vesc5ce1 black4 p]man5tly solution gives yell[4 cry/all9e lead *loride4 ,lead ,dissolves ,dissolves ,turns ,turns yell[4 oxy*loride )\t on boil+4 black4 eff]vesc5ce4 ,lead sulphate ,insoluble4 ,dissolves ,turns ,unalt]$4 on boil+4 black4 ,p]man5t :ite,insoluble4 ,insoluble4 ,unalt]$4,unalt]$4 7b>ium sulphate7 ,bismu? :ite ,insoluble4 ,insoluble4 ,turns ,evolves black4 r$di% br[n fumes1 :i* r$d5 litmus pap]4 ,z9c :ite ,dissolves ,dissolves4 ,unalt]$4,turns yell[1 )\t becomes :ite eff]vesc5ce4 aga9 on cool+4 ,t9 :ite ,dissolves4 ,dissolves4 ,turns ,unalt]$4 yell[4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,reactions ,,( ,,! ,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,pigm5t4 ,hydro*loric ,cau/ic ,soda4 ,ammonium ,on ,heat+4 ,acid4 ,sulphide4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,*rome ,gre5 solution ,becomes ,black5$4,fuses to a yell[ above a :ite orange on yell[ mass4 & residue1 :i* boil+ & *rome r$is soluble on dissolves4 l>gely dilut+4 ,cassel ,unalt]$1 ,becomes pal],black5$4,melts4 yell[ becomes :ite on boil+1 on boil+4 liquid yell[4 ,naples ,on boil+ ,r$di% ,turns ,melts at yell[ orange1 !n yell[4 br[ni% a high :ite4 black4 temp]ature4 ,massicot ,turns :ite4 ,p>tially ,black5$4,melts soluble on ) "s boil+4 difficulty4 ,lead iodide,turns :ite4 ,dissolves4 ,black5$4,melts4 ,b>ium ,yell[ solution,unalt]$4 ,unalt]$4,unalt]$4 yell[ :i* 7*romate7 gives :ite precipitate ) sulphuric acid4 ,cadmium ,dissolves ) ,unalt]$4 ,unalt]$4,melts ) yell[ evolution ( difficulty4 sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,z9c ,yell[ ,yell[ ,unalt]$4,melts ) yell[ solution4 solution1 difficulty4 :ite residue4 ,cobalt ,r$ solution4 ,col\rless ,unalt]$4,becomes yell[ solution1 blacki% greyi% blue at high precipitate4 temp]atures4 ,orpim5t ,unalt]$4 ,col\rless ,yell[ ,volatilises4 solution4 solution4 ,turpe? ,dissolves4 ,unalt]$4 ,black5$4,turns r$4 m9]al ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,on ,heat+ on ,*>coal3--,*rome yell[1 *rome r$1 ,cassel yell[1 massicot & lead iodide give lead beads 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,*rome yell[ & r$ :5 fus$ ) soda give r$ masses soluble 9 wat]4 ,naples yell[ gives a lead bead & :ite fumes )\t smell4 ,orpim5t gives an od\r ( g>lic4 ,cobalt yell[1 :5 heat$ ) alum9a1 is turn$ blue4 ,cadmium yell[ produces a br[n incru/ation on ! *>coal4 ,! exam9ation be=e ! bl[pipe s]ves especially = ! recognition ( lead1 *romium1 antimony & ars5ic4 ,if a pigm5t black5s on heat+1 ! pres5ce ( an organic col\r+ matt] is indicat$1 su* z ,dut* p9k1 weld lake1 etc4 ,! adult]ation ( pigm5ts free f lead by col\rs conta9+ t metal is recognis$ by ! black5+ produc$ by ammonium sulphide4 ,,reactions ,,( ,,! ,,r$ ,,pigm5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,pigm5t4 ,hydro*loric ,acid4 ,cau/ic ,ammonium ,on ,heat+4 ,soda4 ,sulphide4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,*rome ,gre5 solution1 ,yell[ ,turns ,fuses4 r$ :ite residue solution gre5i% soluble on & :ite black4 l>gely dilut+4residue4 ,r$ lead ,*lor9e is ,almo/ ,turns ,turns yell[ evolv$1 :ite un*ang$4 black4 & f9ally residue4 melts4 ,f]ric ,sl[ly dissolve to ,unalt]$4 ,sl[ly ,become d>k oxide yell[ solution4 black5$4blacki% pigm5ts br[n4 ,antimony ,dissolves ) ,dissolves to,becomes ,melts4 v]milion evolution ( col\rless d>k]1 sulphurett$ solution4 p>tially hydrog54 soluble4 ,m]cury ,unalt]$4 ,turns ,unalt]$4,volatilises1 v]milion yell[i%4 sulphur dioxide evolv$4 ,m]curic ,dissolves to ,dissolves to,black5$4,fuses & iodide col\rless yell[i% !n solution4 solution4 volatilises4 ,realg> ,unalt]$4 ,dissolves to,dissolves ,volatilises4 col\rless to yell[ solution4 solution4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,on ,heat+ on ,*>coal3--,*rome r$ & r$ lead give lead beads 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! =m] gives a r$ mass :5 fus$ ) soda1 :i* dissolves to a yell[ solution4 ,f]ric oxide pigm5ts become d>k]1 b give no incru/ation4 ,antimony v]milion burns ) production ( sulphur dioxide & :ite fumes )\t smell :5 heat$ 9 ! oxidis+ flame2 :5 fus$ ) soda be=e ! bl[pipe1 x gives a :ite brittle bead ( metallic antimony4 ,v]milion volatilises 9 ! oxidis+ flame & gives a smell ( sulphur dioxide4 ,m]curic iodide readily fuses & volatilises4 ,realg> volatilises4 ,:5 heat$ ) soda 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 :ite fumes ) an od\r ( g>lic are produc$4 ,,reactions ,,( ,,! ,,blue ,,pigm5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,pigm5t4 ,hydro*loric ,cau/ic ,ammonium ,on ,heat+4 ,acid4 ,soda4 ,sulphide4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,prussian1 ,dissolve to ,decol\r- ,liquid ,black5$4 ,*9ese1 gre5 solution1 is$1 yell[i% ,p>is1 !n yell[4 br[n gre54 ,turnbull's1 residue4 & ,brunswick blue ,m\nta9 blue ,dissolves to ,black5$4,black5$4,black5$4 yell[i%-gre5 solution4 ,ultram>9e ,rapidly ,un*ang$4,un*ang$4,un*ang$4 decompos$ ) evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,smalts ,almo/ ,un*ang$4,black5$4,fuses at unalt]$1 a high gre5i% temp]ature4 solution on long boil+4 ,cobalt blue ,un*ang$4 ,un*ang$4,un*ang$4,infusible & un*ang$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,on ,heat+ on ,*>coal3--,prussian1 ,*9ese1 ,p>is1 ,turnbull's & ,brunswick blue are turn$ black1 ! residue col\rs ! borax bead pale br[n 9 ! oxidis+ flame1 & pale gre5 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,ultram>9e is unalt]$ at a high temp]ature4 ,smalts1 on long heat+ 9 ! r$uc+ flame ) borax1 gives a d>k blue bead4 ,cobalt blue is infusible2 x col\rs ! borax bead blue4 ,! bead loses its f9e col\r on long heat+ 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,m\nta9 blue is black5$ be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,:5 ! residue is moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid & aga9 heat$1 ! flame is col\r$ bright gre54 ,:5 fus$ ) borax 9 ! oxidis+ flame1 an em]ald gre5 bead is =m$4 ,,reactions ,,( ,,! ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,pigm5t4 ,hydro*loric ,cau/ic ,ammonium ,on ,heat+4 ,acid4 ,soda4 ,sulphide4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,v]digris ,dissolves ,unalt]$4,black5$4 ,black5$ 7all v>ieties7to gre5 ) solution1 evolution smell ( ( peculi> acetic acid4 od\r4 ,brem5 gre51 ,gre5 ,unalt]$4,black5$4 ,black5$4 ,brunswick gre5solution & :ite residue4 ,em]ald gre51 ,dissolve to ,gradually ,become ,black5$ ,s*eele's gre5gre5i% col\r$ br[ni% & evolve solution4 br[ni% black4 g>liclike yell[4 od\r4 ,copp] borate ,dissolves to ,black ,becomes ,fuses4 gre5i% residue4 br[ni% solution4 black4 ,r9mann's gre5,dissolves to ,unalt]$4,black5$4 ,unalt]$4 rose-r$ solution4 ,*romium oxide ,almo/ ,unalt]$4,becomes d>k,unalt]$4 unalt]$4 dirty gre54 ,*rome gre5 ,becomes deep] ,unalt]$4,becomes d>k,unalt]$4 lake 9 col\r4 dirty gre54 ,manganese gre5,dissolves to ,dissolves ,discol\r$4,unalt]$4 gre5 to gre5 solution4 solution4 ,gre5 ,is decol\ris$,unalt]$4,unalt]$4 ,unalt]$4 ultram>9e ) evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,on ,heat+ on ,*>coal3--,v]digris1 ,brem5 & ,brunswick gre5s give black residues on *>coal1 :i* produce a blui%-gre5 bead :5 fus$ ) borax 9 ! oxidis+ flame4 ,em]ald gre5 & ,s*eele's gre5 behave 9 a simil> mann]1 b on heat+ evolve an od\r ( g>lic4 ,r9mann's gre5 gives a blue borax bead4 ,manganese gre5 is discol\r$ 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,,reactions ,,( ,,! ,,br[n ,,pigm5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,pigm5t4 ,hydro*loric ,cau/ic ,ammonium ,on ,heat+4 ,acid4 ,soda4 ,sulphide4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,lead br[n ,:ite ,dissolves4 ,black5$4,turns residue1 yell[ *lor9e & fuses4 evolv$4 ,manganese br[n ,dissolves ,unalt]$4 ,becomes ,unalt]$4 to yell[ fle% solution4 col\r$4 ,pyrolusite br[n,dissolves ,unalt]$4 ,becomes ,unalt]$4 to yell[ fle% solution1 col\r$4 *lor9e evolv$4 ,prussian br[n ,dissolves ,unalt]$4 ,black5$4,turns to to yell[ r$di% solution4 br[n4 ,iron br[n ,dissolves ,unalt]$4 ,black5$4,unalt]$4 to yell[ solution4 ,*rome br[n ,dissolves ,yell[ ,black5$4,black5$4 to gre5i% solution1 yell[ black solution4 residue4 ,cobalt br[n ,dissolves ,unalt]$ ,black5$4,unalt]$4 to r$di% or yell[ black5$4 solution4 ,hat*ett br[n ,unalt]$4 ,becomes ,black5$4,black5$4 gre5i% blue4 ,hum9s1 ,bi/re ,unalt]$1 ,give yell[,unalt]$4,burn4 yell[ liquid4 liquid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,on ,heat+ on ,*>coal3--,lead br[n gives a lead bead 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,manganese br[n & pyrolusite br[n1 :5 fus$ ) saltpetre on plat9um foil at a high temp]ature1 give a blui%-gre5 mass4 ,prussian br[n & iron br[n give a pale gre5 borax bead 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 :i* turns yell[i% br[n 9 ! oxidis+ flame4 ,*rome br[n heat$1 moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & aga9 heat$1 col\rs ! flame gre54 ,x also gives a gre5 borax bead4 ,cobalt br[n produces a blue borax bead4 ,hum9 sub/ances burn :5 heat$ on *>coal4 ,,reactions ,,( ,,! ,,black ,,pigm5ts4 ,almo/ all black pigm5ts consi/ ( c>bon1 ^u :i* reag5ts h no action4 ,!y %\ld be at once heat$ on *>coal4 ,if !y burn away completely 9 ! oxidis+ flame !y consi/ ( lamp black or c>bon obta9$ by "s process ( incomplete combu/ion2 if a :ite1 infusible residue is left1 ! pigm5t is bone 7ivory7 black2 if ! residue is black ! sub/ance "u exam9ation mu/ be 0neutral t9t10 *rome black1 or *rome-copp] black4 ,! two =m] give a pale gre5 borax bead1 :il/ *rome-copp] black gives a deep gre5 bead1 & :5 heat$1 moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & aga9 heat$1 x col\rs ! flame gre54 ,,*apt] ,,lxxi4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,lakes4 ,9 exam9+ lakes x is necess>y to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! organic col\r+ matt]1 ! base ) :i* ?is is unit$1 & also ! nature ( ! sub/ances me*anically mix$ ) ! lake to light5 its %ade4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5t to exam9e ! pigm5t fir/ = me*anical admixtures4 ,if an eff]vesc5ce foll[s ! addition ( hydro*loric acid1 d5ot+ ! pres5ce ( a c>bonate1 ?is is g5]ally calcium c>bonate4 ,:ite lead is r>ely us$1 s9ce x is v heavy & is m exp5sive4 ,gypsum & magnesia are occasionally add$ to lakes2 !y are recognis$ by exam9+ ! residue left on ignition4 ,9 te/+ = ! metallic oxide :i* is unit$ ) ! col\r+ matt] a small quantity ( ! lake is heat$ 9 a little porcela9 crucible until all organic sub/ances are completely de/roy$4 ,! residue is !n exam9$ = alum9ium & t9 oxides1 by means ( :i* lakes are mo/ frequ5tly prep>$4 ,,reactions ,,( ,,! ,,organic ,,col\r+ ,,matt]s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,col\r+ ,dilute ,cau/ic ,lime ,/rong ,alum4 ,matt]4 ,acids4 ,soda4 ,wat]4 ,nitric ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,yell[4 ,buck?orn ,slight ,yell[i% ,slight ,r$di% ,pale b]ry turbidity4 r$4 gre5i%br[n4 yell[4 extract precipi- tate4 ,dut* p9k,yell[ ,br[n4 ,br[ni%,r$di% ---- solution4 br[n4 ,weld ,slight ,gold5 ,gre5i%,gold5 ,slight extract turbidity4 yell[4 yell[4 yell[4 yell[ precipi- tate4 ,weld lake ,yell[ ,unalt]$4,gre5i%,gold5 ---- solution4 yell[4 yell[ solution4 ,gamboge ,unalt]$4,deep ,deep] ,deep ---- r$di% yell[4 yell[4 yell[4 ,gamboge ,yell[ ,deep ,deep] ,deep ,yell[ lake solution4 r$di% yell[4 yell[4 precipi- yell[4 tate4 ,fu/ic ,becomes ,dirty ,deep]4 ,slight ,pale pal]4 br[ni% precipi- yell[ r$4 tate4 precipi- tate4 ,qu]citron,becomes ,deep]4 ,deep]4 ,pal]4 ,pal]1 pal]4 slight precipi- tate4 ,"y ,slight ,purple ,r$di%4,gre5i%4,slight fu/ic gre5i% r$4 gre5i% precipi- precipi- tate4 tate4 ,turm]ic ,c>m9e ,br[n4 ,br[n4 ,c>m9e ,yell[4 r$4 r$4 ,,blue4 ,indigot9 ,unalt]$4,yell[i% ---- ,yell[4 ---- br[n solution4 ,indigo ,unalt]$4,yell[i% ---- ,yell[4 ---- c>m9e br[n blue lake solution4 ,litmus ,turns r$4,unalt]$4 ---- ---- ---- ,logwood ,r$4 ,violet4 ,blue4 ,yell[4 ,dirty violet4 ,,r$4 ,co*9eal ,becomes ,violet4 ,becomes ,yell[4 ,r$ decoction pal]4 d>k]4 flocks4 ,c>m9e ,r$ ,violet ,becomes ,yell[4 ---- solution4solution4 d>k]4 ,lac1 ,yell[i% ,violet ---- ,yell[4 ,r$ lac dye r$4 solution4 precipi- tate4 ,saffl[] ,unalt]$4,r$ ---- ---- ---- r$ solution4 ,madd] ,r$ ,r$ ---- ,yell[4 ,r$ lake solution4precipi- precipi- tate4 tate4 ,r$ wood ,pale r$4 ,violet4 ,c>m9e ,yell[4 ,r$ r$ precipi- precipi- tate4 tate4 ,r$ wood ,r$ ,violet ---- ,yell[4 ---- lake solution4solution4 ,! rema9+ r$ col\r+ matt]s give su* unc]ta9 reactions t x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 !m by ord9>y means2 !y are !re=e n includ$ "h4 ,,gre54 ,sap gre5 ,r$di% ,br[ni% ,becomes ,r$di% ---- br[n4 gre54 deep]4 yell[4 ,leaf gre5,gre5 ,gre5 ---- ,r$di% ---- solution4 solution4 yell[4 ,,br[n4 ,sepia ,unalt]$4,br[n ---- ---- ---- solution4 ,cate*u ,pal]4 ,r$di% ,r$di% ,yell[i%,r$di% solution br[n4 br[n4 br[n4 yell[ color- ation4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,col\r+ ,/ann\s ,f]ric ,copp] ,gelat9e ,matt]4 ,*loride4,*loride4 ,acetate4 ,solution4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,yell[4 ,buck?orn ,slight ,olive ,dirty ,slight ---- b]ry gre5i% gre54 yell[4 precipi- extract yell[ tate4 precipi- tate4 ,dut* p9k ---- ---- ---- ---- ,*>s :5 heat$ on plat9um foil4 ,weld ,consid]-,gre5i%4,r$di% ,slight ,gives yell[ extract able yell[ turbid- scales yell[ precipi- ity4 "s "t precipi- tate4 aft] add+ tate4 potassium bi*romate4 ,weld lake ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ,gamboge ---- ---- ---- ---- ,readily melts & burns4 ,gamboge ,yell[ ---- ---- ---- ---- lake precipi- tate4 ,fu/ic ,yell[ ,blacki% ,br[ni% ,consid]-,lead acetate precipi- gre5 yell[ able gives an tate4 precipi- precipi- precipi- orange r$ tate4 tate4 tate4 precipitate4 ,qu]citron,yell[i%,becomes ,yell[i% ,r$di% ---- r$ gre51 gre5 precipi- precipi- gre5 precipi- tate4 tate4 precipi- tate4 tate4 ,"y ,orange ,br[ni% ,br[n ,yell[i%,ammonia fu/ic r$ gre5 floccul5tr$ gives r$ precipi- precipi- precipi- precipi- coloration4 tate4 tate4 tate4 tate4 ,turm]ic ,yell[4 ,br[n4 ---- ,fairly ,v l>ge s5sitive precipi- to alkalis4 ,,blue4 tate4 ,indigot9 ---- ---- ---- ---- ,on heat+ gives peculi> od\r & purple r$ vap\rs4 ,indigo ---- ---- ---- ---- ,on heat+ c>m9e gives blue lake peculi> od\r & purple vap\rs4 ,litmus ---- ---- ---- ---- ,unpleasant smell on heat+1 :ite a%4 ,logwood ,dirty ,d>k ---- ,v ,black ) violet4 col\r$ turbid4 potassium solution4 bi*romate4 ,,r$4 ,co*9eal ,r$di% ---- ---- ---- ,completely decoctionviolet soluble flocks4 9 ammonia4 ,c>m9e ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ,lac1 ,r$ ---- ---- ---- ---- lac dye precipi- tate4 ,saffl[] ---- ---- ---- ---- ,rapidly r$ decompos$ by boil+ ) alkalis4 ,madd] ,r$ ---- ---- ---- ---- lake precipi- tate4 ,r$ wood ,deep ,violet ,violet ---- ---- r$ precipi- r$ precipi- tate4 precipi- tate4 tate4 ,r$ wood ---- ---- ---- ---- ,mu* a% lake on ignition4 ,! rema9+ r$ col\r+ matt]s give su* unc]ta9 reactions t x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 !m by ord9>y means2 !y are !re=e n includ$ "h4 ,,gre54 ,sap gre5 ---- ---- ---- ---- ,:ite a% on ignition4 ,leaf gre5 ---- ---- ---- ---- ,:ite a% on ignition4 ,,br[n4 ,sepia ---- ---- ---- ---- ,burns ) peculi> smell4 ,cate*u ,br[ni% ,br[ni% ,br[n ,consid]- ---- solutionprecipi- gre5 precipi- able tate4 precipi- tate4 precipi- tate4 tate4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,x is n easy to decide :i* col\r+ matt] is unit$ ) ! metallic oxide1 because ! organic col\r+ matt]s d n give1 z a rule1 decid$ reactions4 ,9 exam9+ pigm5ts ( ?is k9d x is always advisable to te/ at ! same "t a pigm5t ( kn[n composition1 & to comp>e ! reactions ( ! two4 ,! col\r+ matt] ( ! lake is fir/ br\ght into solution4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! action ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 :i* decomposes ! comp\nd ( metallic oxide & col\r+ matt]1 ! latt] dissolv+4 ,a portion ( ! lake %\ld rema9 undecompos$1 s t ! solution has no /rong acid reaction by :i* ! action ( ! reag5ts to be us$ w\ld be modifi$4 ,:5 ! lake has be5 treat$ = "s "t ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 wat] is add$ & ! solution ( ! col\r+ matt] filt]$ f ! residue4 ,small quantities ( ?is solution are !n treat$ ) ! diff]5t reag5ts4 ,by a comp>ison ( ! reactions giv5 by ! solution & by a solution ( ! pure col\r+ matt]1 ! nature ( ! col\r+ matt] "u exam9ation may be decid$4 ,9 decid+ 9 ! fir/ place if a col\r is ( organic orig91 x is treat$ ) hydro*loric acid 9 ! above mann]4 ,if a col\r$ solution results1 an organic col\r is probably pres5t4 ,*lor9e wat] is !n add$ to a portion ( ! solution2 if ! latt] is quickly decol\ris$ an organic col\r+ matt] is c]ta9ly pres5t1 = !y are all decompos$ by ! cont9u$ action ( *lor9e4 ,! foll[+ reag5ts are us$ 9 te/+ organic col\r+ matt]s3 dilute sulphuric or hydro*loric acid1 cau/ic soda solution or lime wat]1 /rong nitric acid1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( its oxidis+ prop]ties1 gives diff]5t reactions to ! o!r acids4 ,( ! metallic salts1 alum1 /ann\s *loride & f]ric *loride are us$1 & occasionally copp] acetate4 ,glue solution is also us$ 9 ! pure =m ( is+lass or gelat9e solution1 ) :i* sev]al col\r+ matt]s give *>act]i/ic precipitates4 ,! =ego+ tables give ! behavi\r ( ! col\r+ matt]s conta9$ 9 ! organic pigm5ts t[>ds ! reag5ts m5tion$ above4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxii4 ,,! ,,te/+ ,,( ,,dye-,,woods4 ,9 ! manufacture ( pigm5ts f dye-woods or o!r organic sub/ances1 ! value ( ! raw mat]ial is 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( col\r+ matt] x conta9s1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,x is specially desirable to e/imate accurately ! col\r+ matt] 9 exp5sive mat]ials su* z indigo & co*9eal4 ,!re are a numb] ( me?ods :i* p]mit an accurate e/imation ( ! indigo blue 9 indigo4 ,"o good process is f\nd$ ^u ! decomposition ( indigo blue by *lor9e1 :5 ! col\r ( ! solution *anges f blue to yell[4 ,s9ce a def9ite am\nt ( *lor9e is requir$ to decompose indigo blue1 f ! quantity ( *lor9e requir$ by a sample ( indigo1 its cont5t 9 indigo blue c be asc]ta9$4 ,:il/ ! p]c5tage ( indigo blue conta9$ 9 indigo c be f\nd ) tol]able accuracy1 ?\gh by a r elaborate process requir+ special app>atus1 !re is no conv5i5t me?od = exam9+ ! o!r organic col\r mat]ials by :i* _! cont5t 9 active con/itu5ts c be readily f\nd4 ,9 practice a process is p>ticul>ly valuable :i* requires little "t & no complicat$ app>atus4 ,col\r+ mat]ials c be rapidly te/$ by a physical process :i* requires little "t & an inexp5sive app>atus4 ,"u simil> conditions ! extract ( a dye-wood is deep] 9 col\r 9 proportion to ! col\r+ matt] x conta9s4 ,if !re=e ! int5sity ( ! col\r ( ! extract c be accurately measur$1 !re is no difficulty 9 draw+ a c]ta9 conclusion z to ! am\nt ( col\r+ matt] 9 ! raw mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,! ,colorimet] is ! app>atus adapt$ = ! purpose 9 "q4 ,!re are _m =ms ( colorimet]4 ,! in/rum5t devis$ by ,dubosq is di/+ui%$ by simplicity & accuracy ( results be=e o!r app>atus ( simil> con/ruction4 ,dubosq's colorimet] consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts 7,fig4 #dc73 two glass cyl9d]s1 ,c & ,c1 ! bottoms ( :i* mu/ be p]fectly plane bo? inside & outside 7! accuracy ( ! results dep5ds ^u ?is71 /& ^u a %eet ( plate glass4 ,two glass cyl9d]s ( small] diamet]1 ,t & ,t1 are susp5d$ 9 ,c & ,c4 ,! bottoms ( ^! cyl9d]s mu/ also be q plane4 ,x w\ld be v exp5sive to make glass cyl9d]s ( ?is k9d 9 "o piece4 ,! same result is obta9$ by provid+ ea* cyl9d] ) a metal r+ ^u :i* screws ano!r r+ 9 :i* is cem5t$ a circul> piece ( plate glass4 ,light %\ld only rea* ! eye ( ! obs]v] 9 a direction p>allel ) ! axis ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,c & ,c are !re=e black5$ on ! outside4 ,! inn] cyl9d]s1 ,t & ,t1 are fa/5$ to racks mov+ v]tically4 ,! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! cyl9d] is mov$ is measur$ by a scale on "o ( ! racks4 ,above ! cyl9d]s ,t & ,t are ,fresnel's prisms4 ,bel[ ,c & ,c is a mirror1 ,s1 :i* c be adju/$ to ?r[ light v]tically upw>ds4 ,beams ( light pass ?r\gh ! plate glass & ! bottoms ( ! cyl9d]s ,c & ,t1 ,c & ,t1 unrefract$1 !y are !n deviat$ by ! ,fresnel's prisms s t ! obs]v] look+ d[n ?r\gh ! telescope1 ,f1 has a circul> field ( view1 "o half ( :i* is illum9at$ by ! light pass+ ?r\gh ! cyl9d] ,c1 & ! o!r by ! beam pass+ ?r\gh ,c4 ,! int5sity ( ! light :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! two cyl9d]s c ?us be accurately comp>$4 ,9 ord] to use ?is app>atus to comp>e ! int5sity ( col\r ( two liquids1 ! foll[+ process is p]=m$3 ,a liquid is made1 ! col\r int5sity ( :i* is tak5 z #ajj4 ,! col\r int5sity ( ! liquid "u exam9ation w !n be repres5t$ by a numb] indicat+ ! relation betwe5 its int5sity & t ( ! /&>d liquid4 ,a solution ( c>amel 9 wat] is g5]ally us$ z ! /&>d1 s9ce ?is sub/ance has v great int5sity ( col\r4 ,! prep>ation ( absolutely pure c>amel is difficult1 & x is !re=e advisable1 9 ord] always to h ! /&>d solution ( ! same int5sity1 to prep>e a l>ge quantity ( c>amel solution at once1 to add c>bolic acid to prev5t x f decompos+1 & to keep x 9 well-clos$ bottles4 ,:5 ! /&>d solution is almo/ us$ up ! colorimet] is employ$ to prep>e a fre% quantity ( equal int5sity4 ,to r5d] possible an exact comp>ison ( two sub/ances !y mu/ be te/$ "u ! same conditions1 t is1 ! solutions ( ! col\r+ matt]s mu/ be made 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,f9ely-p[d]$ mat]ials dissolve m readily ?an co>se p[d]s4 ,9 mak+ ! solutions :i* are to be exam9$ = int5sity ( col\r1 ! raw mat]ials mu/ be br\ght into a condition ( f9e division by ! same in/rum5t1 = example1 a rasp4 ,! col\r solution is made by boil+ #ajj grammes ( ! dye-wood ) exactly a litre ( di/ill$ wat] = precisely ?irty m9utes4 ,! liquid is !n filt]$ into a #a-litre flask4 ,! dye-wood absorbs wat]1 & "s is lo/ by evaporation1 s t consid]ably less ?an #a litre ( liquid is collect$ 9 ! flask4 ,di/ill$ wat] is add$ to make up ! volume to #a litre4 ,if two samples ( logwood are treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 solutions are obta9$ :i* conta9 ! col\r+ matt] 9 ! same proportions 9 :i* x exi/s 9 ! two samples4 ,! int5sity ( col\r ( ! solutions is !n e/imat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! cyl9d] ,c is fill$ ) ! /&>d c>amel solution up to a m>k on ! outside ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! cyl9d] ,c is fill$ ) ! decoction to ! same height4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! bottoms ( ! cyl9d]s1 ,r & ,t1 ,r & ,t1 mu/ be made small] 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( col\r ( ! liquid betwe5 !m4 ,if n[ ! am\nt ( light :i* p5etrates a lay] ( c>amel solution ( a c]ta9 ?ickness be tak5 z unity1 ! dep? ( a lay] ( ! decoction mu/ be great]1 ! small] ! quantity ( col\r+ matt] x conta9s1 9 ord] t ! two halves ( ! field ( view may be equally illum9at$4 ,! cyl9d] ,t mu/ be rais$ to a great] height ! small] ! quantity ( col\r+ matt] 9 ! liquid1 9 ord] t ! two halves ( ! field may be illum9at$ to ! same ext5t4 ,if ! col\r+ p[] ( ! c>amel solution is tak5 z #ajj1 ! col\r+ p[] ( ! decoction c be readily calculat$ f ! height to :i* ! cyl9d]1 ,t1 is rais$4 ,! heights ( ! lay]s ( liquid betwe5 ! bottoms ( ! cyl9d]s ,c & ,t1 ,c & ,t1 are inv]sely z ! quantities ( col\r+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! respective cyl9d]s4 ,:5 c>amel solution is us$ z ! /&>d ! int5sity ( ! light 9 ! two halves ( ! field c be judg$1 b n ! int5sity ( col\r4 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! latt] a solution ( t col\r+ matt] mu/ be us$ z a /&>d :i* is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ! decoction "u exam9ation4 ,?us1 9 a c>eful exam9ation ( logwood a solution ( hmatoxyl9 w\ld be us$1 & 9 ! exam9ation ( r$ wood a solution ( pure brasil91 z ! /&>d4 ,9 ?is case a saturat$ solution ( ! col\r+ matt] w\ld be tak5 z ! /&>d4 ,if ! int5sity ( its col\r 7 repres5t$ by #ajj1 ! col\r int5sity ( ! wood "u exam9ation w\ld always be less ?an #ajj1 & w\ld1 ) tol]able accuracy1 repres5t ! p]c5tage ( col\r+ matt] 9 ! wood4 ,! result w\ld n be q accurate1 because ! dye-wood conta9s o!r sub/ances :i* dissolve 9 wat] on boil+ & affect ! col\r ( ! decoction1 b ! results are ( su* accuracy t = practical purposes no mat]ial mi/ake w be made by tak+ !m z p]c5tages ( col\r+ matt]4 ,al?\gh at fir/ sight ! e/imation ( ! col\r+ matt] 9 a dye-wood by means ( ! colorimet] appe>s some:at complicat$1 yet x yields ! mo/ accurate results ) ! smalle/ exp5diture ( lab\r & "t4 ,! value ( a col\r+ mat]ial may also be e/imat$ by prep>+ ! pure col\r+ matt] f a weigh$ quantity4 ,?is process is l5g?y1 dem&s consid]able practice1 & only gives good results :5 x is c>ri$ out ) ! mo/ pa9ful accuracy4 ,! col\r+ matt]s 9 "q are precipitat$ by lead salts4 ,if ! dye-wood extract conta9$ col\r+ matt] alone its am\nt c\ld be f\nd by obs]v+ ! volume ( a lead solution ( kn[n /r5g? requir$ to precipitate ! col\r+ matt] completely4 ,! decoctions1 h[ev]1 conta9 o!r sub/ances :i* =m lead comp\nds1 & are precipitat$ toge!r ) ! col\r+ matt]1 s t if ! precipitate 7 reg>d$ z ! pure lead comp\nd ( ! col\r+ matt] a v inaccurate result w\ld be obta9$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 results ) "s pret5sions to accuracy ! lead comp\nd ( ! col\r+ matt] mu/ be purifi$4 ,! impure precipitate is wa%$ & susp5d$ 9 wat]1 ?r\gh :i* sulphurett$ hydrog5 is pass$ until all ! lead is precipitat$ z lead sulphide1 :i* is filt]$ (f1 excess ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 expell$ by boil+1 & ! solution aga9 precipitat$ by a lead salt4 ,?is precipitate may be reg>d$ )\t consid]able error z ! lead comp\nd ( ! col\r+ matt]4 ,! weight ( col\r+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! quantity ( wood us$ c be calculat$ f ! weight ( ! dry precipitate4 ,?is me?od is some:at complicat$ & t$i\s2 ! results are inf]ior 9 accuracy to ^? obta9$ by means ( ! colorimet]1 :i* in/rum5t furni%es ! mo/ suitable me?od = te/+ dye-woods = practical purposes4 ,a ?or\gh k ( *emi/ry is indisp5sable to ! col\r manufactur] :o wi%es to c>ry on 8 bus9ess on any ext5sive scale4 ,x enables him to mat* any sample ( col\r submitt$ to him & to te/ 8 raw mat]ials ) ease4 ,we h inde$ giv5 9 a section ( ?is book simple me?ods by :i* ! majority ( comm]cial pigm5ts c be te/$ ) tol]able accuracy by means ( a few reag5ts1 & = ord9>y purposes ^! me?ods are suffici5t4 ,b :5 an accurate exam9ation ( a pigm5t is requir$1 x mu/ be conduct$ by ! ord9>y processes ( analytical *emi/ry4 ,! col\r manufactur] has n only to c>ry out ^! occasional exam9ations1 b has frequ5tly to te/ c]ta9 raw mat]ials :i* he uses 9 l>ge quantities4 ,soda may be tak5 z an example4 ,an e/imation ( ! p]c5tage ( sodium c>bonate 9 ?is sub/ance is an exce$+ly simple matt] to ! *emi/1 b c h>dly be c>ri$ out )\t a k ( *emi/ry4 ,a manufactur] )\t *emical k1 :o is c>ry+ on an indu/ry :i*1 l ! manufacture ( col\rs1 re/s entirely ^u a *emical f\ndation1 w con/antly be compell$ to seek advice f a sci5tific *emi/4 ,_m pigm5ts c be made accord+ to a settl$ =mula1 b ! results ( work+ /rictly accord+ to ! =mula1 )\t a k ( ! reasons = ! op]ations1 c only be satisfactory :il/ no irregul>ity occurs4 ,! lea/ irregul>ity places ^? :o "w bl9dly 9 a completely helpless position1 = !y d n "k :at is wrong & _c remove ! h9drance4 ,9 ! manufacture ( pigm5ts c]ta9 by-products are produc$4 ,^! c be utilis$ by a manufactur] possess$ ( *emical k1 :il/ !y are simply ?r[n away by _m1 ?us mak+ ! manufacture ( ! p>ticul> pigm5t f> m exp5sive ?an :5 ! by-product is also made valuable4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re are no wor?less by-products 9 mak+ pigm5ts1 e liquid obta9$ 9 precipitat+ a col\r might be fur!r utilis$4 ,salt solutions c only be reg>d$ z wor?less by-products :5 ! co/ ( sep>at+ ! salt f ! solution w\ld be great] ?an ! value ( ! product4 ,?us we _c conclude ?is section ( ! "w )\t aga9 insi/+ t ! /udy ( *emi/ry is indisp5sable to ! col\r mak]1 s9ce 8 indu/ry is *emical f beg9n+ to end4 ,! col\r mak] :o works simply by recipes w nev] raise himself above ! position ( an ord9>y workman1 :o does :at he is told )\t ?9k+ ( :at he is do+4 ,! smalle/ mi/ake 9 c>ry+ out ! process g5]ally results 9 ! complete failure ( ! :ole op]ation & ?us causes ! manufactur] mat]ial loss4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxiii4 ,,! ,,design ,,( ,a ,,col\r ,,works4 ,9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a col\r works sev]al conditions are necess>y4 ,! mo/ important is ! supply ( wat] 9 suffici5t quantity & purity4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t _m pigm5ts _c be made ) wat] conta9+ mu* organic matt] or salts1 s9ce ! dissolv$ sub/ances affect ! %ade4 ,?is action n only takes place 9 ! =mation ( ! col\r1 b is also unpleasantly manife/ :5 x is wa%$4 ,! delicate lakes are discol\r$ by organic matt] 9 ! wat]1 & are s *ang$ by any consid]able quantity ( lime t ! alt]ation 9 %ade is cle>ly p]ceptible aft] cont9u$ treatm5t4 ,if ! wat] conta9s b a v small quantity ( iron1 ! prep>ation ( "s pigm5ts is made q impossible1 s9ce--& ?is is especially ! case ) ! lakes--! f]ric oxide is precipitat$ toge!r ) ! pigm5t1 & 9 consequ5ce ( its *>act]i/ic col\r imp>ts to x an ugly %ade4 ,?us 9 *oos+ a site = a col\r works ! available wat] supply mu/ be c>efully exam9$4 ,if x is n suffici5tly pure or 9 suffici5t quantity1 ! position mu/ be reg>d$ z unsuitable4 ,no col\r mak]1 al?\gh work+ on ! l>ge/ scale1 is 9 a position to make all ! mat]ials he requires4 ,) ! cont9ual developm5t ( ! *emical indu/ries1 ! numb] ( ^! sub/ances :i* c be made economically 9 ! col\r works cont9ually dim9i%es4 ,x is f> m advantage\s to obta9 !m f works 9 :i* !y are made on ! l>ge scale4 ,_m ( ^! sub/ances are requir$ 9 l>ge quantity1 s t a site %\ld be *os5 9 direct communication ) ! railway1 s t ! co/ ( c>riage is dim9i%$1 & also ! co/ ( di/ribut+ ! manufactur$ mat]ials4 ,?is is especially necess>y = mat]ials :i* h a l[ value & consequ5tly c be> no high co/ ( c>riage4 ,9 reg>d to ! space requir$ by a col\r works1 no actual dim5sions c be giv51 s9ce ^! v>y ) ! ext5t ( ! bus9ess1 & ) ! pigm5ts produc$4 ,9 ! price li/s ( l>ge col\r works all ! comm]cial pigm5ts are g5]ally quot$1 b !y are r>ely if ev] actually made 9 "o works1 b are obta9$ at a l[] price f o!r e/abli%m5ts1 :i* make a speciality ( c]ta9 pigm5ts1 & by work+ on a l>ge scale c produce !m at su* a co/ t ! small] manufactur] is n 9 a position to compete ) !m4 ,?us !re are works 9 :i* only :ite lead or ultram>9e is made4 ,if a col\r manufactur] is 9 ! =tunate position ( plac+ 8 works on a riv]1 he has n only an unre/rict$ wat] supply1 b may also be able to use wat] p[]1 ! *eape/ ( all p[]s4 ,:5 wat] p[] is available1 x w be us$ to raise ! l>ge volumes ( wat] requir$ & to move ! ma*9]y = gr9d+ ! raw mat]ials1 rasp+ dye-woods1 etc4 ,9 a col\r works ( any size a boil] is requir$2 if wat] p[] is n us$1 x mu/ be ( suffici5t p[] to give /eam = driv+ ! eng9e1 = boil+ liquids & = heat+ ! dry+ /oves4 ,! boil] is ( great advantage 9 provid+ /eam = dissolv+ salts1 extract+ dye-woods & boil+ liquids4 ,:5 liquids are boil$ by /eam !re is consid]able economy 9 t ! majority ( ! boil+ tubs c be ( wood1 :i* is provid$ ) a protective coat+ = liquids :i* attack wood4 ,?us !re is economy 9 disp5s+ ) l>ge metal pans & ) ! fireplaces 9 :i* !y w\ld be built1 & also 9 ! c\rse ( "t !re is consid]able sav+ 9 fuel4 ,= a well-equipp$ col\r works a dry+ /ove1 9 :i* ! pigm5ts c be ?or\ghly dri$1 is important4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5t to heat dry+ /oves ) /eam4 ,! temp]ature c be easily regulat$ by increas+ or dim9i%+ ! supply ( /eam4 ,= dry+ pigm5ts :i* w\ld n be injur$ by consid]able increase ( temp]ature1 ! dry+ /ove may be heat$ by a fire4 ,9 a col\r works 9 :i* _m pigm5ts are made sulphurett$ hydrog5 is frequ5tly requir$4 ,s9ce all lead pigm5ts are black5$ by ?is gas1 ! greate/ c>e is requir$ 9 us+ x4 ,also ! poison\s nature ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is g5]ally "u-e/imat$4 ,9 work+ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 ! app>atus depict$ 9 ,fig4 #c %\ld be us$4 ,x %\ld be plac$ 9 a position1 su* z a clos$ y>d1 9 :i* escap+ gas w be h>mless4 ,if ?is _c be done ! precipitation %\ld be accompli%$ 9 clos$ vessels1 f :i* a pipe %\ld c>ry ! gas to a fire1 :]e x w be burnt to sulphur dioxide & wat]4 ,9 mo/ cases ! manufactur] ( col\rs makes b a c]ta9 numb] ( pigm5ts & r>ely or nev] all :i* are m5tion$ 9 8 price li/s4 ,! dim5sions ( ! e/abli%m5t w be 9 accordance4 ,9 comm5c+ a new col\r works x is advisable f purely f9ancial reasons to produce at fir/ a limit$ numb] ( col\rs1 b ^! 9 p]fection4 ,by _m exp]im5ts & dilig5t /udy ( *emi/ry a col\r manufactur] may hope to compete successfully 9 s difficult a bran* ( *emical te*nology z ! manufacture ( col\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxiv4 ,,comm]cial ,,names ,,( ,,pigm5ts4 ,9 comm]ce ! pigm5ts are f\nd "u ! mo/ diff]5t names1 ! mo/ common ( :i* h be5 giv5 toge!r ) ! description ( ! pigm5t4 ,no regul>ity c be f\nd 9 ! names *os5 = ! diff]5t pigm5ts2 q arbitr>y designations h be5 tak54 ,pigm5ts are mo/ commonly nam$ aft] places--= example1 ,prussian blue1 ,p>is blue1 ,brem5 gre52 also aft] ! discov]]--,turnbull's blue1 ,hat*ett br[n4 ,:il/ ^! names give ! place ( production or ! "n ( ! discov]]1 & ?us h "s f\ndation1 !re are _m o!rs = :i* no reason c be assign$1 e4g41 ,k+'s yell[4 ,c]ta9 names are bas$ ^u ! *emical composition ( ! pigm5t4 ,^! %\ld be us$ by pref]5ce1 b n[ t ! expressions :ite lead1 *rome yell[ & ,*9ese blue h become common no "o w\ld ?9k ( speak+ ( basic lead c>bonate1 lead *romate or f]ric f]rocyanide4 ,! confusion 9 ! nom5clature ( col\rs is increas$ by plac+ pigm5ts :i* possess ,engli% names ^u ! m>ket "u ,fr5*1 ,g]man or ,lat9 names1 :i* are (t5 sadly mutilat$4 ,?is is m ! case 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,x may easily happ5 t a read] ( a "w on col\r mak+ might se>* 9 va9 = a pigm5t ^: "n he _h some:]e he>d1 :il/ ! book conta9$ a description ( ! col\r & its prop]ties1 b "u ano!r "n4 ,to remove ?is difficulty x has be5 ?\ght necess>y to collect ! names ( ! diff]5t pigm5ts1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,! ,fr5* & ,g]man names are also giv54 ,! mo/ usual names are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,,:ite ,,pigm5ts4 ,basic ,lead ,c>bonate4--,:ite lead1 flake :ite4 ,cruse1 blanc de plomb1 blanc d'arg5t1 blanc de neige1 fleur de neige1 blanc de ,v5ise4 ,bleiweiss1 ,s*ief]weiss1 ,s*neeweiss1 ,silb]weiss1 ,krems]weiss1 ,kremnitz]weiss1 ,b]l9]weiss1 ,v5etian]weiss1 ,holl&]weiss1 ,hamburg]weiss4 ,lead ,oxy*loride4--,pattison's :ite lead4 ,blanc de ,pattison1 blanc d',anglet]re4 ,bleiweiss1 ,pattisonweiss1 englis*es ,pat5tweiss4 ,lead ,sulphate4--,lead bottoms4 ,cruse de ,mulh\se4 ,bleiweiss1 ,vitriolweiss4 ,b>ium ,sulphate4--,enamel :ite1 p]man5t :ite1 blanc fixe1 b>yta :ite4 ,blanc fixe1 blanc p]man5t4 ,p]man5tweiss1 ,b>ytweiss1 ,s*neeweiss1 ,m9]alweiss1 ,neuweiss4 ,z9c ,oxide4--,z9c :ite1 p]man5t :ite1 fl[]s ( z9c4 ,blanc de z9c1 oxyde de z9c1 fleur de z9c4 ,z9kweiss1 ,z9kblum51 weisses ,ni*ts1 ,ewigweiss4 ,basic ,bismu? ,nitrate4--,pe>l :ite1 bismu? :ite1 ,spani% :ite4 ,blanc d',espagne1 blanc de bismu?1 blanc de f>d4 ,wismu?weiss1 ,spanis*weiss1 ,p]lweiss1 ,s*m9kweiss4 ,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts4 ,lead ,*romate4--,*rome1 ,*rome yell[4 ,jaune de *rome1 jaune d'or4 ,*romgelb1 ,knigsgelb1 ,citron5gelb1 ,neugelb1 ,p>is]gelb1 ,leipzig]gelb1 ,kln]gelb1 ,zwickau]gelb1 am]ikanis*es ,gelb4 ,lead ,oxide4--,li?>ge1 massicot4 ,bleigltte1 ,gltte1 ,massicot4 ,lead ,oxy*loride4--,pat5t yell[4 ,jaune m9ral1jaune brevet1 jaune de ,montpelli]4 ,cassel]gelb1 ,v]ones]gelb1 ,m9]algelb1 ,pat5tgelb1 ,englis*gelb1 ,p>is]gelb1 ,montpelli]gelb4 ,lead ,antimoniate4--,naples yell[4 ,jaune de ,naples1 jaune d'antimo9e4 ,neapelgelb1 ,antimongelb4 ,giallol9o1 ,giallo di ,napoli4 ,b>ium ,*romate4--,lemon yell[1 b>yta yell[1 yell[ ultram>9e1 p]man5t yell[4 ,b>ytgelb1 gelbes ,ultram>91 ,*romgelb4 ,z9c ,*romate4--,z9c yell[1 z9c *rome4 ,jaune de z9c1 jaune p]man5t1 jaune b\ton d'or1 jaune de *rome inaltrable1 jaune d'outrem]4 ,z9kgelb1 ,*romgelb4 ,cadmium ,sulphide4--,cadmium yell[1 aurora yell[4 ,jaune brillant4 ,cadmiumgelb4 ,basic ,m]curic ,sulphate4--,turpe? m9]al1 m]cury yell[4 ,jaune de m]cure4 ,m]curgelb1 ,knigsgelb1 m9]alis*] ,turpe?4 ,cobalt ,potassium ,nitrite4--,aureol91 cobalt yell[4 ,jaune indi54 ,kobaltgelb4 ,ars5ic ,disulphide & ,trisulphide4--,realg>1 orpim5t1 ,k+'s yell[4 ,orpim5t1 jaune royal4 ,realg>1 ,auripigm5t1 ,raus*gelb1 ,raus*ro?1 ,knigsgelb1 ,*9agelb1 ,p]sis*gelb1 ,spanis*gelb4 ,/annic ,sulphide4--,mosaic gold4 ,musivgold4 ,,yell[ ,,lakes4 ,dut* p9k1 ,fr5* yell[1 /il de gra91 jaune d',avignon1 jaune franais1 ,s*ttgelb4 ,yell[ lake1 jaune de gau*e1 ,waulack4 ,indian yell[1 jaune indi51 ,purre1 ,indis*gelb4 ,gamboge1 gomme-g\tti1 ,gummigutt1 ,gummigutti4 ,,r$ ,,pigm5ts4 ,basic ,lead ,*romate4--,*rome r$1 orange *rome1 ,p]sian r$1 ,d]by r$1 ,*9ese r$4 ,jaune d'or1 jaune orange1 pte orange4 ,*romro?1 ,*romorange4 ,m]curic ,sulphide4--,v]milion1 c9nab>4 ,v]million1 c9abre4 ,z9nob]1 ,v]millon1 ,*9esis*ro?1 ,pat5tro?4 ,m]curic ,iodide4--,sc>let4 ,ec>late4 ,jod9ro?1 ,s*>la*ro?4 ,f]ric ,oxide4--,r\ge1 colco?>1 ,indian r$1 ,v5etian r$1 crocus1 caput mortuum1 ,m>s r$4 ,r\ge des ,indes1 r\ge de ,m>s1 r\ge d',anglet]re4 ,englis*ro?1 ,engelro?1 ,b]l9]ro?1 ,knigsro?1 ,kais]ro?1 ,neapelro?1 ,indis*ro?1 ,p]sis*ro?1 ,eis5safran1 ,todt5kopfro?1 ,m>sro?4 ,cobalt ,phosphate or ,ars5ate4 ,*aux mtallique4 ,kobaltrosa4 ,,r$ ,,lakes4 ,co*9eal ,lakes4--,c>m9e1 crimson lake4 ,laque c>m9e4 ,c>m91 ,co*5ill]o?1 ,mn*5]lack1 ,wi5]lack1 ,flor5t9]lack1 ,p>is]lack4 ,lac ,dye4 ,lack-lack1 ,lack-dye4 ,madd] ,lakes4--,rose madd]1 purple madd]1 madd] c>m9e4 ,laque de g>ance4 ,krapplack1 ,wi5]lack1 ,krappc>m91 ,g>anc9c>m94 ,r$ ,wood ,lakes4--,rose p9k1 ,flor5t9e lake4 ,laque en b\les1 laque de ,vi5ne1 laque de ,v5ise1 laque de ,flor5ce4 ,kugellack1 ,mn*5]lack1 ,wi5]lack1 ,b]l9]lack1 ,flor5t9]lack1 ,v5ezian]lack1 ,neulack4 ,c>?am9e4--,saffl[]1 ,spani% r$4 ,r\ge de c>?ame1 r\ge de ,*9e1 r\ge d'or1 r\ge en cailles1 r\ge vgtal1 r\ge de ,portugal4 ,safflorc>m9e1 ,safflorro?1 ,tass5ro?1 ,tell]ro?1 ,vegetalro?4 ,,blue ,,pigm5ts4 ,f]ric ,f]rocyanide4--,prussian blue1 ,*9ese blue1 ,p>is blue1 ,b]l9 blue1 ,brunswick blue4 ,bleu de ,prusse1 bleu de ,p>is1 bleu de ,b]l91 bleu d',anv]s4 ,p>is]blau1 ,b]l9]blau1 ,preussis*blau1 ,s*sis*blau1 ,neublau1 ,oelblau1 ,wass]blau1 ,m9]alblau1 ,erlang]blau1 ,zwickau]blau1 ,was*blau1 ,l\is5blau1 ,raymondblau4 ,f]r\s ,f]ricyanide4--,turnbull's blue4 ,bleu de ,turnbull4 ,turnbull's ,blau4 7,! names giv5 "u f]ric f]rocyanide are also us$47 ,ultram>9e4--,lime blue1 ,royal blue4 ,outrem]1 bleu d'azur4 ,ultram>91 ,azurblau1 ,lazurblau1 ,lapis lazuli-,blau4 ,copp] ,hydroxide or ,c>bonate 7s+ly or toge!r74 --,blue v]dit]1 lime blue1 m\nta9 blue4 ,bleu de montagne1 bleu de *aux1 bleu de cuivre1 c5dres bleues1 bleu de ,pay54 ,b]gblau1 ,m9]alblau1 ,oelblau1 ,kalkblau1 ,neub]gblau1 ,kupf]blau1 ,brem]blau1 ,/e9blau1 ,hamburg]blau1 ,neuwi$]blau1 ,cassel]blau4 ,cobalt ,oxide ,alum9a ,comp\nd4--,cobalt blue1 ,?n>d's blue4 ,bleu de ,?n>d1 bleu de cobalt4 ,kobaltblau1 ,?n>d's*es ,blau1 ,kobalt-ultram>91 ,knigsblau1 ,leyd5]blau1 ,lei?n]blau1 ,wi5]blau1 ,cruleum4 ,cobalt ,potassium ,silicate4--,smalts4 ,bleu de smalt1 bleu d'azur1 bleu de ,saxe4 ,smalte1 ,s*malte1 ,blauf>b5glas1 ,s*sis*blau1 ,/reublau1 ,knigsblau1 ,kais]blau1 ,azurblau1 ,es*el4 ,,blue ,,organic ,,pigm5ts4 ,indigo ,sulphonates4--,indigo c>m9e1 soluble indigo4 ,bleu de ,saxe4 ,indigoc>m91 ,c>m9blau1 prcipitirt] ,indigo1 ,c>m9blau4 ,indigo ,lake4--,bleu d',anglet]re1 bleu de ,holl&e4 ,neublau1 ,was*blau1 ,hollnd]blau1 ,englis*blau1 ,tafel9digo4 ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts4 ,copp] ,c>bonate4--,m\nta9 gre51 ,hung>ian gre51 lime gre54 ,v]t de montagne1 v]t m9ral1 v]t de cuivre1 v]t de ,hongrie4 ,b]ggrn1 ,kupf]grn1 ung>is*es ,grn1 ,tirol]grn1 ,mala*itgrn1 ,m9]algrn1 ,s*ief]grn1 ,glanzgrn1 ,/aubgrn1 ,wies5grn1 ,apollogrn1 ,wass]grn1 ,oelgrn1 ,alex&]grn4 ,copp] ,ars5ite4--,s*eele's gre51 v]dit]1 lime gre51 m9]al gre54 ,v]t de ,sude1 v]t de ,s*eele4 ,s*eel's*es ,grn1 ,s*w$is*es ,grn1 ,m9]algrn1 ,brauns*weig]grn1 ,neuwi$]grn1 ,erdgrn1 ,as*5grn4 ,copp] ,aceto-,ars5ite4--,em]ald gre54 ,v]t de ,vi5ne1 v]t de ,mitis1 v]t brevet4 ,s*we9furt] ,grn1 ,mitisgrn1 ,wies5grn1 ,englis*grn1 ,pat5tgrn1 ,hrmann's ,grn1 ,papageigrn1 ,kais]grn1 ,knigsgrn1 ,wi5]grn1 ,kir*b]g]grn1 ,leipzig]grn1 ,zwickau]grn1 ,basl]grn1 ,p>is]grn1 ,neuwi$]grn1 ,wrzburg]grn1 ,orig9algrn1 ,jasng]grn4 ,copp] ,/annate4 ,g5tele's ,grn1 ,z9ngrn4 ,copp] ,oxy*loride4-- ,kuhlmann's ,grn1 ,elsn]'s ,grn1 giftfreies ,grn4 ,copp] ,borate4 ,borgrn1 ,kupf]grn1 giftfreies ,kupf]grn4 ,copp] ,acetate4--,v]digris1 di/ill$ or cry/allis$ v]digris4 ,v]t de gris1 v]t de gris naturel1 v]t de gris di/ill1 v]t de gris en grappes4 ,grnspan1 de/illirt]1 franzsis*]1 deuts*]1 prcipitirt] or kry/allisirt] ,grnspan4 ,*romium ,oxide & ,hydroxide4--,guignet's gre51 *rome gre51 lime gre51 viridian4 ,v]t de *rome1 v]t ,panneti]1 v]t ,guignet1 v]t de soie1 v]t m]aude1 v]t naturel1 v]t virg9al4 ,*romgrn1 grn] ,z9nob]1 ,laubgrn1 ,sm>agdgrn1 ,deckgrn1 ,myr!ngrn1 ,p]man5tgrn1 ,am]ikan]grn1 ,neapelgrn1 ,go?a]grn1 ,guignet's ,grn1 ,mittl]'s ,grn1 ,panneti]'s ,grn1 ,*romgrn 9 ,lack1 ,tkisgrn1 ,seid5grn1 ,naturgrn4 ,! gre5 produc$ by mix+ *rome yell[ ) ,prussian blue is kn[n 9 ,engl& z *rome gre51 ,brunswick gre51 oil gre51 etc41 & on ! cont95t by ! names giv5 above = *romium oxide4 ,*romium ,phosphate4--,arnaudan's gre54 ,v]t ,arnaudan1 v]t de ,plessy4 ,arnaudan's1 ,plessy's1 ,s*nitz]'s ,grn4 ,cobalt ,oxide-,z9c ,oxide4--,cobalt gre51 ,r9mann's gre54 ,v]t de ,r9mann1 v]t de cobalt4 ,kobaltgrn1 ,r9mann's ,grn1 ,z9kgrn1 p]man5t] grn] ,z9nob]4 ,b>ium ,manganate4--,ros5/iehl's gre54 ,v]t tiges de roses4 ,mangangrn1 ,ros5/iehl's ,grn1 ,bttg]'s ,grn4 ,,violet ,,pigm5ts4 ,*romic ,*loride4 ,*rombronze1 ,p]man5tbronze1 ,tapet5bronze4 ,manganese ,phosphate4--,nuremb]g violet4 ,manganviolett1 ,nrnb]g] ,violett4 ,,br[n ,,pigm5ts4 ,lead ,p]oxide4 ,bleibraun1 ,flohbraun4 ,manganic ,oxide & ,p]oxide4--,manganese br[n4 ,brun de ,mangane1 bi/re m9ral4 ,manganbraun1 ,bi/]braun1 ,m9]albi/]1 ,ka/ani5braun1 ,braun/e9braun4 ,copp] ,potassium ,f]rocyanide4--,hat*ett br[n4 ,brun de ,prusse4 ,hat*ett's ,braun1 ,kupf]braun1 ,*emis*braun1 ,breslau]braun4 ,f]ric ,oxide4--,br[n o*re1 ,m>s br[n4 ,eis5braun1 ,van ,dyck ,braun1 ,ock]braun1 ,si5abraun4 ,prussian br[n is ,prussian blue decompos$ by heat 7see page #bhj74 ,*rome br[n & cobalt br[n 7see pages #bhj1 #bha74 ,,black ,,pigm5ts4 ,c>bon4--,ivory black1 bone black1 ,frank=t black1 v9e black1 vegetable black1 drop black1 c>bon black1 lamp black4 ,noir d'ivoire1 noir de ,frank=t1 noir de ,cologne1 noir d',allemagne4 ,ki5russ1 ,flatt]russ1 ,russs*w>z1 ,reb5s*w>z1 ,hefes*w>z1 ,be9s*w>z1 ,spodium1 ,elf5be9s*w>z1 ,frankfurt]s*w>z1 ,p>is]s*w>z1 ,wi5]s*w>z1 ,lamp5s*w>z1 ,oels*w>z1 ,spanis*s*w>z1 ,drus5s*w>z4 ,c>bon mix$ ) ,o!r ,sub/ances4 ,neutral t9t1 composition black1 neutral black4 ,te9t neutre1 noir de composition4 ,compositionss*w>z1 ,neutralt9te1 ,naturalt9te4 ,indian ink4 ,encre de ,*9e4 ,tus*e4 ,,app5dix4 ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,metric ,,into ,,engli% ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4 ,! conv]sion ( metric into ,engli% weights & measures c be readily accompli%$ by means ( ! foll[+ relation%ips3-- ,,measures ,,( ,,l5g?4 #a metre #ajj c5timetres #cicg in*es4 #a foot ,o#ccha metre4 ,,measures ,,( ,,capacity4 #a litre #a1jjj cubic c5timetres #bbji gall4 #a gall4 #dedcf litres4 ,,measures ,,( ,,weight4 #a kilogramme #a1jjj grammes #bbje lb4 #a gramme #aeddc gra9s4 #a cwt4 #ejhjb kilogrammes4 ,,c5tigrade ,,& ,,fahr5heit ,,!rmomet] ,,scales4 ,to conv]t temp]atures express$ 9 ,c5tigrade degrees to ,fahr5heit degrees multiply by #i1 divide by #e1 & add #cb4 ,to conv]t temp]atures express$ 9 ,fahr5heit degrees to ,c5tigrade degrees subtract #cb1 multiply by #e1 & divide by #i4 ,,index4 ,acid1 acetic1 #cj4 -- c>bonic1 #cj4 -- hydro*loric1 #be4 -- nitric1 #bh4 -- oxalic1 #ca4 -- sulphuric1 #bg4 -- t>t>ic1 #ca4 ,acids1 #be4 ,aliz>91 #cgb4 ,alkalis1 #cb4 ,alkanet1 #cfh4 ,alum1 ammonia1 #dh4 -- ,roman1 #df4 -- soda1 #dg4 ,alum9a1 #di4 -- gold purple1 #aic4 ,alum9ium comp\nds1 #db4 -- sulphate1 #dc4 ,alums1 #dd4 ,ammonia1 #bc4 -- co*9eal1 #cfb4 ,ammonium *loride1 #be4 -- sulphide1 #be4 ,annal9e1 #aca4 ,antimony blue1 #agi4 -- comp\nds1 #ei4 -- oxy*loride1 #abi4 -- trioxide1 #abi4 -- v]milion1 #agh4 -- yell[1 #aea4 ,antw]p blue1 #bjc4 ,app>atus1 wa%+1 #abj4 ,app5dix1 #dfi4 ,aqua regia1 #bi4 ,ar*il1 #cha4 ,ars5ic comp\nds1 #ei4 ,asphaltum1 #dad4 ,aureol91 #aef4 ,b>ium c>bonate1 #db4 -- *loride1 #da4 -- comp\nds1 #da4 -- gre51 ,bttg]'s1 #bga4 -- sulphate1 #aaf4 -- yell[1 #aeb4 ,b>ytes1 #aaf4 ,bismu? comp\nds1 #ei4 -- :ite1 #acj4 ,bi/re1 #bhd4 ,black1 bone1 #bij4 -- *>coal1 #bhf4 -- *rome1 #cah4 -- *rome-copp]1 #cah4 -- enamel1 #cbe4 -- ivory1 #bij4 -- lamp1 #cjg4 -- neutral t9t1 #cah4 -- pigm5ts1 #bhe1 #ddd4 -- p9e1 #cab4 -- soot1 #bid1 #cac4 -- v9e1 #bhh4 ,bl[pipe1 #dcf4 ,blue1 antimony1 #agi4 -- ,antw]p1 #bjc4 -- ,brem51 #bbf4 -- ,brunswick1 #bjj4 -- ,*9ese1 #aif1 #bja4 -- *rome1 #bfg4 -- cobalt1 #bcj4 -- copp] pigm5ts1 #bbf4 -- ,egyptian1 #bej4 -- enamels1 #cbc4 -- lakes1 #cij1 #cig4 -- lime1 #bbh4 -- manganese1 #bgb4 -- m9]al1 #bjj4 -- m9]al pigm5ts1 #aid4 -- molybd5um1 #bci4 -- ,neub]g1 #bbg4 -- oil1 #bbh4 -- ,pay5's1 #bbh4 -- pigm5ts1 exam9ation (1 #dda4 -- ,prussian1 #aii4 -- ,soluble ,prussian1 #bjj4 -- ,tessi du ,motay's1 #bic4 -- tung/51 #bch4 -- ,turnbull's1 #bjc4 -- ultram>9e1 #bjd4 -- -- pale1 #bbc4 -- v]digris1 #beb4 ,bone black1 #bij4 ,bttg]'s b>ium gre51 #bga4 ,brasilen1 #chd4 ,brasil91 #chd4 ,brazil wood1 #chd4 ,brem5 blue1 #bbf4 -- gre51 #bbf4 ,brocade pigm5ts1 #cda4 ,bronze1 electrolytic copp]1 #ccg4 -- pigm5ts1 #cbi4 -- pigm5ts1 tung/51 #cch4 ,br[n1 *rome1 #bhj4 -- cobalt1 #bha4 -- copp]1 #bhj4 -- decomposition products1 #bhc4 -- ,ha*ett's1 #bhj4 -- iron1 #bhj4 -- lead1 #bgi4 -- manganese1 #bgi4 -- m9]al pigm5ts1 #bgi4 -- organic pigm5ts1 #dad4 -- pigm5ts1 exam9ation (1 #ddc4 -- ,prussian1 #bhj4 -- pyrolusite1 #bgi4 ,brunswick gre51 #bdc4 ,cadmium comp\nds1 #ec4 -- yell[1 #aec4 ,cruleum1 #bca4 ,calcium c>bonate1 #dj4 -- comp\nds1 #ci4 -- hydroxide1 #ci4 -- oxide1 #ci4 -- phosphate1 #dj4 -- sulphate1 #dj4 ,c>ajuru1 #cgi4 ,c>bon1 #cj4 ,c>m9e1 #ced1 #ceg4 -- indigo1 #cid4 -- madd]1 #cgf4 -- saffl[]1 #cfg4 ,c>?am9e r$1 #cff4 ,casselmann's gre51 #bdi4 ,cassel yell[1 #adh4 ,cassius1 purple (1 #aij4 ,cau/ic pota%1 #cc4 ,cau/ic soda1 #cg4 ,*>coal blacks1 #bhf4 ,*>v9's gre51 #dab4 ,*ica r$1 #cgi4 ,*9ese blue1 #aif1 #bja4 -- gre51 #daa4 -- v]milion1 #agj4 ,*lor9e1 #bj4 ,*lorophyll1 #dji4 ,*romav5tur9e1 #bff4 ,*rome alum1 #ce4 -- black1 #cah4 -- blue1 #bfg4 -- br[n1 #bhj4 -- copp] black1 #cah4 -- gre51 #bfj1 #bgd4 -- -- ,elsn]'s1 #bgd4 -- -- lake1 #bfd4 -- r$1 #ahf4 -- yell[1 #acd4 -- -- cadmium1 #aec4 -- -- calcium1 #aea4 -- -- pale1 #aci4 -- -- z9c1 #aeb4 ,*romic *loride1 #bgf4 ,*romium comp\nds1 #eh4 -- oxide1 #bfj4 -- /annate1 #ahi4 ,*rysean1 #afb4 ,cobalt ars5ate1 #ahi4 -- blue1 #bcj4 -- br[n1 #bhj4 -- comp\nds1 #ef4 -- gre51 #bfh4 -- magnesia r$1 #ahh4 -- r$1 #ahh4 -- ultram>9e1 #bcj4 -- z9c phosphate1 #bcb4 ,co*9eal1 #ced4 ,colorimet]1 #dej4 ,col\rs1 simple & mix$1 #ga4 ,col\r works1 design (1 #deg4 ,comm]cial names ( pigm5ts1 #dfj4 ,confection]y col\rs1 #dbg4 ,copp] acetate1 #fe4 -- ars5ite1 #bda4 -- borate1 #bej4 -- br[n1 #bhj4 -- c>bonate1 #bdj4 -- comp\nds1 #fe4 -- hydroxide1 #bbi4 -- nitrate1 #fe4 -- oxy*loride1 #bdc4 -- silicate1 #bej4 -- /annate1 #bdh4 -- sulphate1 #fe4 -- violet1 #bgh4 ,cov]+ p[]1 #aj4 ,crayons1 #dbc4 ,cream ( t>t>1 #cd4 ,cudbe>1 #chb4 ,curucuru1 #cgi4 ,design ( a col\r works1 #deg4 ,dextr9e1 #dbj4 ,dry+ oils1 #dbi4 -- /ove1 #dei4 ,dut* p9k1 #cdh4 ,dye-woods1 #ddi4 ,egyptian blue1 #bej4 ,elsn]'s *rome gre51 #bgd4 -- gre51 #bdi4 ,em]ald gre51 #bdd1 #bfd4 ,enamel col\rs1 #cai4 ,enamel :ite1 #aaf4 ,enamels1 black1 #cbe4 -- blue1 #cbc4 -- gre51 #cbd4 -- r$1 #cbb4 -- violet1 #cbd4 -- :ite1 #cbj4 -- yell[1 #cbb4 ,exam9ation ( pigm5ts1 #dcd4 ,extracts1 #cih1 #djb4 ,f]nambuco wood1 #chd1 #chf4 ,f]ric oxide pigm5ts1 #ahj4 ,f]r\s *loride1 #ed4 -- sulphate1 #ed4 ,filt] press1 #abd1 #abe4 ,flor5t9e lake1 #cfa4 ,fr5* purple1 #ch4 ,fu/ic lake1 #cea4 ,gamboge lake1 #cdi4 -- prep>$1 #cej4 ,g>anceux1 #cgb4 ,g>anc91 #cga4 ,g>d9ia gr&iflora1 col\r+ matt] (1 #cec4 ,glucose1 #dbb4 ,gold1 comp\nds (1 #fi4 ,gre51 ,arnaudan's1 #bfe4 -- ,brem51 #bbf4 -- ,brunswick1 #bdc4 -- ,casselmann's1 #bdi4 -- ,*>v9's1 #dab4 -- ,*9ese1 #daa4 -- *rome1 #bfj1 #bgd4 -- cobalt1 #bfh4 -- ,elsn]'s1 #bdi4 -- em]ald1 #bdd1 #bfd4 -- enamel1 #cbd4 -- ,guignet's1 #bfd4 -- ,kuhlmann's1 #bdi4 -- lakes1 #dji4 -- leaf1 #bfe4 -- lime1 #bej4 -- manganese1 #bgj4 -- m9]al pigm5ts1 #bdj4 -- natural1 #bge4 -- ,neuwi$1 #bdc4 -- non-ars5ical1 #bge4 -- pat5t1 #bej4 -- pigm5ts1 comp\nd$1 #bgc4 -- pigm5ts1 exam9ation (1 #ddb4 -- ,plessy's1 #bff4 -- ,ros5/iehl's1 #bgj4 -- sap1 #daj4 -- ,s*eele's1 #bda4 -- ,s*nitz]'s1 #bff4 -- silk1 #bge4 -- ,turki%1 #bfe4 -- v]dit]1 #bdc4 -- ,vi5na1 #bdh4 ,guignet's gre51 #bfd4 ,gum ,arabic1 #dbj4 ,guy>d's violet1 #bgh4 ,gypsum1 #dj4 ,ha*ett's br[n1 #bhj4 ,hmaten1 #djf4 ,hmatoxyl91 #djf4 ,hum9s1 #bhc4 ,hydromet]1 #bd4 ,indian ink1 #caf4 -- madd]1 #cgh4 -- r$1 #ahe4 -- yell[1 #ceb4 ,indigo1 #cij4 -- c>m9e1 #cid4 ,introduction1 #a4 ,iron br[n1 #bhj4 -- comp\nds1 #ed4 -- r$1 #ahb4 ,ivory black1 #bij4 ,kuhlmann's gre51 #bid4 ,lac1 #cfc4 -- dye1 #cfc4 ,lake1 blue1 #cij1 #cig4 -- ,flor5t9e1 #cfa4 -- fu/ic1 #cea4 -- gamboge1 #cdi4 -- gre51 #dji4 -- qu]citron1 #cea4 -- weld1 #cdi4 ,lakes1 #f1 #i1 #cdc4 -- exam9ation (1 #dde4 -- madd]1 #cge4 -- r$1 #ced4 -- yell[1 #cdh4 ,lamp black1 #cjg4 ,lead acetate1 #fb4 -- antimonate1 #aae4 -- antimonite1 #aae4 -- ars5ite1 #aei4 -- br[n1 #bgi4 -- *loride1 #fd4 -- *romate1 #acd4 -- comp\nds1 #fj4 -- iodide1 #aed4 -- monoxide1 #adc4 -- nitrate1 #fa4 -- orange1 #adf4 -- oxy*loride1 #aac4 -- r$1 #add4 -- sulphate1 #fa1 #aab4 -- sulphite1 #aad4 -- tung/ate1 #abh4 -- :ite1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #gg4 -- :ite1 h>d & s(t1 #aia4 ,leaf gre51 #bfe4 ,li*5s1 #chj4 ,lime1 #ci4 -- blue1 #bbh4 -- gre51 #bej4 ,li?>ge1 #adc4 ,li?ophone1 #aai4 ,litmus1 #chb4 ,logwood1 #cih4 ,lokao1 #dd4 ,madd]1 #cgj4 -- c>m9e1 #cgf4 -- extract1 #cgb4 -- ,indian1 #cgh4 -- lakes1 #cge4 ,magnesia1 gold purple1 #aib4 -- :ite1 #acj4 ,magnesium c>bonate1 #da4 ,manganese blue1 #bgb4 -- br[n1 #bgi4 -- comp\nds1 #ei4 -- gre51 #bgj4 -- sulphate1 #ef4 -- violet1 #bgh4 -- :ite1 #acj4 ,mangan\s oxide1 #bgb4 ,mangit1 #cgh4 ,m>s yell[1 #aee4 ,massicot1 #adc4 ,m]curic ammonium *loride1 #age4 -- *loride1 #fh4 -- iodide1 #agf4 -- nitrate1 #fh4 -- sulphite1 #afc4 ,m]cur\s *loride1 #fh4 -- nitrate1 #fg4 ,m]cury comp\nds1 #fg4 -- yell[1 #aeh4 ,metallic pigm5ts1 #cbf4 ,metals1 heavy1 #ea4 ,mills1 pa9t1 #dcj4 -- :ite lead1 #hf4 ,m9]al lake1 #bgh4 ,molybd5um blue1 #bci4 -- comp\nds1 #ei4 ,montpelli] yell[1 #adh4 ,mosaic gold1 #afj4 ,naples yell[1 #adi4 ,natural gre51 #bge4 ,neub]g blue1 #bbg4 ,neutral t9t black1 #cah4 ,neuwi$ gre51 #bdc4 ,nickel comp\nds1 #ef4 -- yell[1 #aeg4 ,non-ars5ical gre51 #bge4 ,oil blue1 #bbh4 ,orange lead1 #adf4 -- ,m>s1 #aee4 ,orcen1 #cjj4 ,orc9ol1 #chj4 ,orpim5t1 #aei4 ,pa9t mills1 #dcj4 ,pat5t gre51 #bej4 ,pay5's m\nta9 blue1 #bbh4 ,p]man5t yell[1 #aeb4 ,pigm5ts1 artificial m9]al1 #f4 -- comm]cial names (1 #dfj4 -- e>?1 #f4 ,p9e black1 #cab4 ,p9k1 ,dut*1 #cdh4 ,plessy's gre51 #bff4 ,poison\s pigm5ts1 #ac4 ,potassium alum1 #de4 -- bi*romate1 #ce4 -- bit>trate1 #cd4 -- c>bonate1 #cb4 -- comp\nds1 #cb4 -- f]ricyanide1 #ce4 -- f]rocyanide1 #ce4 -- hydroxide1 #cc4 -- nitrate1 #cd4 -- sodium *romate1 #ce4 ,precipitation1 #g4 ,prep>ation ( pigm5ts1 #dbi4 ,prep>$ gamboge1 #cej4 ,prussian blue1 #aii4 -- br[n1 #bhj4 ,purple1 alum9a gold1 #aic4 -- ,fr5*1 #cha4 -- magnesia gold1 #aib4 -- ( ,cassius1 #aij4 -- r$1 #ahi4 ,purpur91 #cgc4 ,purree1 #ceb4 ,pyrolusite br[n1 #bhj4 ,qu]citron lake1 #cea4 ,quicklime1 #ci4 ,realg>1 #aei4 ,r$1 c>?am9e1 #cff4 -- *ica1 #cgi4 -- *rome1 #ahf4 -- cobalt1 #ahh4 -- -- magnesia1 #ahh4 -- enamels1 #cbb4 -- hmatite1 #ahj4 -- ,indian1 #ahe4 -- iron1 #ahb4 -- lakes1 #ced4 -- lead1 #add4 -- ,m>s1 #aee4 -- m9]al pigm5ts1 #afc4 -- pigm5ts1 exam9ation (1 #ddj4 -- purple1 #ahi4 ,r$ wood lakes1 #chd4 ,ros5/iehl's gre51 #bgj4 ,saffl[]1 #cff4 -- c>m9e1 #cfg4 ,saffron1 #ceb4 ,sal ammoniac1 #be4 ,salt1 common1 #ch4 ,s&alwood1 #chh4 ,sap col\rs1 #daf4 -- gre51 #daj4 ,s*eele's gre51 #bda4 ,s*nitz]'s gre51 #bff4 ,sepia1 #dad4 ,%ell-gold1 #cbf4 ,%ell-silv]1 #cbg4 ,sid]9 yell[1 #aef4 ,silk gre51 #bge4 ,silv] *romate1 #ahi4 -- comp\nds1 #fi4 -- imitation1 #cbh4 ,smalts1 #bcc4 ,sodium *loride1 #ch4 -- hydroxide1 #cg4 -- salts1 #cg4 -- ?iosulphate1 #ch4 ,soluble ,prussian blue1 #bjj4 ,soot black1 #cac4 -- pigm5ts1 #bid4 ,/annic *loride1 #ei4 ,/ann\s *loride1 #ei4 ,/ove1 dry+1 #dei4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 #bf4 ,sw$i% gre51 #bda4 ,tessi du ,motay's blue1 #bci4 ,?allium pigm5ts1 #aei4 ,?n>d's blue1 #bcj4 ,t9 comp\nds1 #ei4 -- violet1 #bgh4 -- :ite1 #acj4 ,tragacan?1 #dbj4 ,tung/5 blue1 #bch4 -- bronze pigm5ts1 #cch4 -- comp\nds1 #ei4 -- yell[1 #aeg4 ,turki% gre51 #bfe4 ,turnbull's blue1 #bjc4 ,turn]'s yell[1 #adi4 ,turpe? m9]al1 #aeh4 ,ultram>9e1 #c1 #bjd1 #baa4 -- artificial1 #bjf4 -- cobalt1 #bcj4 -- natural1 #bje4 -- violet1 #bai4 -- yell[1 #aeb4 ,vanadium comp\nds1 #ei4 ,vegetable bronze pigm5ts1 #cci4 ,v]digris1 #beb4 -- blue1 #beb4 -- di/ill$1 #bee4 -- ,g]man1 #beh4 ,v]dit]1 gre51 #bdc4 ,v]milion1 #c1 #afc1 #aff4 -- antimony1 #agh4 -- ,*9ese1 #agj4 -- *rome1 #ahf4 ,vi5na gre51 #bdh4 ,v9e black1 #bhh4 ,violet copp]1 #bgh4 -- enamel1 #cbd4 -- ,guy>d's1 #bgh4 -- manganese1 #bgh4 -- m9]al pigm5ts1 #bgf4 -- ,nuremb]g1 #bgh4 -- t91 #bgh4 -- ultram>9e1 #bai4 ,vitriol1 blue1 #fe4 -- gre51 #ed4 -- oil (1 #bg4 ,wa%+ app>atus1 #abj4 ,wat]1 #af4 -- col\rs1 #dai4 -- -- moi/1 #dbb4 -- exam9ation (1 #bj4 -- h>d1 #ag4 -- iron 91 #ah4 -- organic matt] 91 #ah4 ,weld lake1 #cdi4 ,:ite1 bismu?1 #acj4 -- enamel1 #aaf1 #aba1 #cbj4 -- lead1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge4 -- lead mills1 #hf4 -- magnesia1 #aca4 -- manganese1 #acj4 -- m9]al pigm5ts1 #gb4 -- pat5t1 #gc4 -- p]man5t1 #aaf1 #aba4 -- pigm5ts1 exam9ation (1 #dcg4 -- t91 #acj4 -- tung/51 #abh4 -- z9c1 #abf4 ,)]ite1 #db1 #aag4 ,yell[1 antimony1 #aea4 -- b>ium1 #aeb4 -- cadmium *rome1 #aec4 -- calcium *rome1 #aea4 -- ,cassel1 #adh4 -- *rome1 #acd4 -- enamels1 #cbb4 -- ,engli%1 #adi4 -- ,indian1 #ceb4 -- lakes1 #cdh4 -- ,m>s1 #aee4 -- ,m]cury1 #aeh4 -- m9]al pigm5ts1 #acc4 -- ,montpelli]1 #adh4 -- ,naples1 #adi4 -- nickel1 #aeg4 -- pale *rome1 #aci4 -- pigm5ts1 exam9ation (1 #dci4 -- ,sid]91 #aef4 -- tung/51 #aeg4 -- ,turn]'s1 #adi4 -- z9c *rome1 #aeb4 ,z9c *rome yell[1 #aeb4 -- oxide1 #ec4 -- sulphate1 #ec4 -- sulphide1 #aai4 -- :ite1 #abf4 -- -- ,griffi?'s1 #abh4 ,,! ,,ab]de5 ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,limit$4