,,citiz5 ,,or ,,subject8 ,,by ,,francis ,x4 ,,h5nessy ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,b> ,illu/ration 8444 t ?is nation1 "u ,god1 %all h a new bir? ( fre$om2 & t gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 = ! p1 %all n p]i% f ! e>?40 ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company #fha ,,fif? ,,av5ue ,copyright1 #aibc ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,company ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,au?or',s ,,note ,quotations f ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are f ! 8,lit]al ,pr9t10 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #aibj4 ,! abbreviation 8,ell4 ,deb40 ref]s to ,elliot's ,debates1 #bnd ,edition1 #e vols41 ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott ,co41 ,philadelphia1 #ahff4 ,! 8,f$]ali/0 is quot$ f ! ,lodge ,edition1 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 ,:]ev] italics or capitals are us$ 9 a quotation & n directly /at$ to be ^? ( ! orig9al au?or1 !y are ! italics & capitals ( ! pres5t writ]4 ,:]e ! pres5t writ] int]polates 8 own words 9 a quotation1 !y are includ$ 9 squ>e brackets4 ,,preface ,_m ,am]icans are int]e/$ 9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,millions are int]e/$ 9 ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,x seems n to be kn[n t ! exi/5ce ( "o flatly d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r4 ,?is is n !ory4 ,x is pla9 /atem5t ( a v simple fact4 ,if !re is an ,am]ican citiz51 ! ,am5dm5t nev] ent]$ ! ,con/itution4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! ,am5dm5t is 9 ! ,con/itution1 !re nev] has be5 an ,am]ica or an ,am]ican citiz54 ,?r\gh\t ?is book ! nation ( free m5 is call$ 8,am]ica40 ,?is is done to di/+ui% ! nation f ! f$]ation ( /ates already exi/+ & kn[n z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :5 ! :ole ,am]ican p creat$ ! nation & cont9u$ ! f$]ation z a subord9ate "p ( "o sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,! f$]ation ( /ates 0 propos$ 9 #aggg & _h complete exi/5ce 9 #agha4 ,! nation ( m5 0 creat$ 9 #aghh4 ,on ,janu>y #ad1 #aibb1 !re 0 op5$ at ,williamsburg1 ,virg9ia1 ! ,m>%all-,wy! ,s*ool ( ,gov]nm5t & ,citiz5%ip4 ,judge ,alton ,b4 ,p>k]1 =m] ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,new ,york ,c\rt ( ,appeals & a =m] c&idate = ,presid5t1 deliv]$ ! op5+ address on 8,am]ican ,con/itutional ,gov]nm5t40 ,8 eloqu5t address has s9ce be5 made a public docum5t & pr9t$ 9 ! ,congressional ,record4 ,9 x1 he w>n$ u ( ! dang] to ,am]ica f ^? :o d n und]/& our =m ( gov]nm5t & are com+ "h to de/roy x4 8,z p ( ?is class h be5 com+ to u 9 l>ge numb]s f ne>ly e qu>t] ( ! globe1 we mu/ take up ! task ( s educat+ all classes ( our va/ population1 z t !y %all fully und]/& ! importance ( ma9ta9+1 9 its integrity1 our con/itutional plan ( gov]nm5t4 ,!y %\ld be taught 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 :y x 0 t ! p1 9 ! =mative p]iod ( our gov]nm5t1 7 b\nd to h1 & did at la/ secure1 a gov]nm5t :i* ! p c\ld control despite _! legislatures1 :e!r repres5t+ ! /ates or ! f$]al gov]nm5t40 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is bas$ on ! %e] assumption t we h n a gov]nm5t ( t k9d4 ,by all :o h discuss$ ! ,am5dm5t1 :e!r = or aga9/ x1 "o false assumption has be5 made4 ,f t false assumption ( all1 ! advocates ( ! ,am5dm5t h drawn _! conclusion4 ,on ! conclusion is bas$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,am5dm5t4 ,! conclusion itself is ! direct negation ( ! simple/ & mo/ important fact 9 ,am]ica4 ,moreov]1 ! conclusion itself means t ! ,am]icans1 twelve ye>s aft] !y 8did at la/ secure0 ! k9d ( gov]nm5t !y 87 b\nd to h0 & ( :i* ,judge ,p>k] spoke1 volunt>ily creat$ a 8gov]nm5t0 ( ! opposite k9d & made !mselves its absolute 8subjects40 ,& ! conclusion is correct1 if ! premise1 :i* is ! false assumption ( all1 be true4 ,( c\rse1 ! assumption is absolutely untrue4 ,b no "o has se5 its simple & pat5t untru?4 ,:]e=e1 ! fir/ /ep 9 our education is = u to acquire k ( ! pla9 fact t x is untrue4 ,because our lead]s d n "k ! fact1 we mu/ g to o!r tea*]s4 ,by ! common false assumption1 ! e>ly ,am]icans--:o 8did at la/ secure0 ! k9d ( gov]nm5t !y 87 b\nd to h0--are n[ *>g$ ) hav+ committ$ ! mo/ monum5tal blund] 9 all hi/ory1 a blund] :i* de/roy$ _! entire a*ievem5t4 ,re/ assur$6 ,!y did n commit t blund]4 ,!y !mselves make t cle> h]e94 ,9 s do+1 !y tea* u :at1 ) ,judge ,p>k]1 we agree t we all mu/ "k1 if ,am]ica & ! ,am]ican citiz5 are to rema94 ,!y are ! be/ tea*]s 9 ! _w4 ,!y "k :at !y tea* because !y did x4 ,!y d n we>y or p]plex u ) !ories or pr9ciples4 ,_! tea*+ is ! tell+ ( simple facts4 ,be/ ( all1 !y tell u 9 _! own simple words1 :ile !y are talk+ to "o ano!r & engag$ 9 ! v accompli%m5t ( ! facts !y tea*4 ,x is a m]e incid5t ( _! tea*+ t !y settle ! pla9 fact t ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is n 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,x is our own c&id belief t v few ,am]icans w be f\nd to pref] ! exi/5ce ( ! ,am5dm5t to ! exi/5ce ( ,am]ica itself4 ,! e>ly ,am]icans make amaz+ly cle> t !re is no ,am]ica & no ,am]ican citiz5 if ! ,am5dm5t is 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,! nation ( m51 :i* we call ,am]ica1 & ! subord9ate f$]ation ( /ates1 :i* we call ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are b\nd toge!r 9 "o dual sy/em4 ,!y h a common "n1 8,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica40 ,!y h a common ,con/itution1 ) national ,articles = ! m5 & f$]al ,articles = ! /ates4 ,!y h a common gov]nm5t1 national = ! m5 & f$]al = ! /ates4 ,?is is exactly ! ,am]ica ( :i* ,judge ,p>k] spoke4 ,we want to keep x4 ,! e>ly ,am]icans1 :o made x1 w enable u to keep x1 if we li/5 to _! tea*+ ( ! simple facts :i* !y accompli%$4 ,su* a result w\ld be "s cr$it to ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,ev5 ^? mo/ oppos$ to x w\ld be compell$ to ackn[l$ge t its brief imag9>y exi/5ce awoke u all to our fir/ real concept ( :at ,am]ica1 ! nation ( free m51 really is4 ,,francis ,x4 ,,h5nessy4 #cdb ,madison ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,m>* #ag?1 #aibc4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,subjects ,,become ,,citiz5s ,page #a ,! ,am]ican mu/ "k :at a citiz5 is--,o!rwise he w n rema9 a citiz5--,if ! ,am]ican citiz5 exi/s1 !re is no ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t--,am]icans ( #aggf knew di/9ction betwe5 8citiz50 & 8subject0--,:ile legally 8subjects10 !y _h gov]n$ !mselves z 8citiz5s0--,attempt to gov]n !m z 8subjects0 causes ,revolution--,decl>e ,am]ican concept1 no gov]nm5t int]f]5ce ) human lib]ty unless 8citiz5s0 grant gov]nm5t p[]--,make ?irte5 nations1 ea* compos$ ( citiz5s--,its 8citiz5s10 9 8conv5tions10 con/itute ea* gov]nm5t by grant ( p[] to int]f]e ) human lib]ty--8,democracy0 & 8,republic0 di/+ui%$--,revolution to make ,am]ican concept ,am]ican law4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,gov]nm5ts ,,=m ,a ,,union ,,( ,,/ates ,page #ag ,revolution cont9ues--,?irte5 nations =m league or f$]ation ( /ates--,memb]s ( f$]ation act ?r\gh respective attorneys-9-fact1 /ate legislatures--,legislatures con/itute f$]al gov]nm5t & grant its f$]al p[]s to gov]n /ates--,di/9ction betwe5 legislatures' p[] to make f$]al ,articles & citiz5s' p[] to make national ,articles "u :i* m5 are gov]n$--,citiz5s' p[] ex]cis$ 9 #aggf & legislatures' p[] 9 #agha--,revolution won1 e/abli%+ ,am]ican concept z ,am]ican law4 ,,iii4 ,,am]icans ,,f9d ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,a ,,s+le ,,nation ,page #be ,f$]ation ( /ates unsatisfactory--,g5]al gov]nm5t1 ) only f$]al p[] to gov]n /ates1 n able to secure :at :ole ,am]ican p want--,!y le>n ne$ ( g5]al gov]nm5t ) "s enum]at$ national p[]s to gov]n m54 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,nation ,page #bi ,philadelphia ,conv5tion assembles o/5sibly to draft & propose purely f$]al ,articles--,x drafts & proposes a 8,con/itution0 ) bo? national & f$]al p[]s--,fir/ ,article is ! con/itution ( ,am]ican national gov]nm5t because x grants all ! enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) human lib]ty ( ,am]ican citiz5s--,fif? & ,sev5? ,articles relate to ! grant ( national p[]1 ?\gh nei!r grant x--,o!r f\r ,articles nei!r grant nor relate to grant ( national p[]--,fif? prescribes con/itutional mode = its future grant by ,am]ican citiz5s 9 8conv5tions0--,also prescribes con/itutional mode = future grant ( f$]al p[] by /ate legislatures--,philadelphia kn[s & decides t legislatures c nev] grant national p[] & ,articles are s5t to 8conv5tions0 ( 8citiz5s10 z 9 #aggf--,:ole ,am]ican p become a nation--,am]ican citiz5 fir/ exi/s on ,june #ba1 #aghh1 :5 ,am]ican citiz5s make _! only grant ( national p[]s--,/ates & _! citiz5s & con/itutions & gov]nm5ts are made subord9ate to citiz5s ( ,am]ica--,^! facts entirely =gott5 9 #aiag4 ,v4 ,,! ,,cons5t ,,( ,,! ,,gov]n$ ,page #ee ,education ( p]sonal exp]i5ce1 f #agge to #agij1 accurately taught sci5ce ( gov]nm5t to av]age ,am]ican--,x taught him t citiz5s only c grant gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) human lib]ty1 ?\gh legislatures c grant f$]al p[] to gov]n /ates--,mod]n lead]s lack t practical education & ! accurate k x taught ! e>ly ,am]ican--,mod]n av]age ,am]ican has s5s$ some?+ curi\s ab\t mak+ ( ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t--,t he may und]/& :at he s5ses & "k :y !re is no su* ,am5dm5t1 mu/ briefly consid] ! ,con/itution4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,conv5tions ,,give ,,! ,,cons5t ,page #fd ,9 conv5tions1 :ole ,am]ican p !mselves make ,con/itution--8,felt & ackn[l$g$ by all0 t legislatures c\ld nev] make ,fir/ ,article because x con/itutes gov]nm5t ( m5--,f e>ly ,am]ican1 mod]n ,am]ican le>ns t grant ( p[] to gov]n m5 is ! con/itution ( ! gov]nm5t ( m5--,because ,fir/ ,article grants ( t k9d are enum]at$1 ,am]ican gov]nm5t kn[n z gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s--,primal security to human fre$om t citiz5s1 n legislatures1 grant all p[] ( t k9d--,because ?is primal security kn[n to e>ly ,am]icans1 _! 8conv5tions0 insi/ t ,con/itution 7,t5? ,am5dm5t7 decl>e t e p[] ( t k9d n grant$ by ,am]ican citiz5s rema9s ) ,am]ican citiz5s--,our own lead]s h n kn[n ?is security or und]/ood t all ungrant$ p[]s ( t k9d 7 res]v$ by ,am]ican citiz5s to !mselves4 ,,vii4 ,,p ,,or ,,gov]nm5t8--,,conv5tions ,,or ,,legislatures8 ,page #hj ,am]ican nation a society ( m5 l any o!r society ( m5--,h]e9 call$ ,am]ica to di/+ui% x f f$]ation ( unit$ /ates :i* c make & are gov]n$ by f$]al p>ts ( ,con/itution--,l any society ( m51 ,am]ica creat$ by its orig9al human memb]s 9 _! 8conv5tions0--,_! k ( t fact becomes our k--,supreme ,c\rt kn[s & /ates x--,citiz5 ( ,am]ica di/9ct f /ate citiz51 ?\gh ! same human be+--,di/9ction vitally important1 z ,supreme ,c\rt expla9s--,only citiz5s ( ,am]ica c grant new p[] to int]f]e ) _! own human fre$om--,all orig9al ,am]ican citiz5s "k ?is--,_m expla9 x to u1 ,daniel ,web/] vehem5tly & cle>ly4 ,,viii4 ,,philadelphia ,,answ]s 8,,conv5tions1 ,,n ,,legislatures0 ,page #ie ,philadelphia k & decision t legislatures ( /ates1 memb]s ( ! f$]ation1 _c make ,articles :i* create gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) fre$om ( m51 memb]s ( ! nation--,! decision1 bas$ on k ( basic ,am]ican law1 is embodi$ 9 ,sev5? ,article & propos+ ,resolution at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg--;,human memb]s ( nation describ$ z 8conv5tions0 9 ,sev5? ,article--,/ory ( ,sev5? ,article at ,philadelphia--,madison asks se>*+ "q ( any ,am]ican :o ?9ks possible any o!r decision ?an ! ,philadelphia decision--,n[ educat$ ) ! e>ly ,am]icans1 we give ! same answ] z t ( ,philadelphia1 :ile our lead]s h giv5 ! opposite answ]4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,fif? ,,article ,,names ,,only 8,,conv5tions0 ,page #aaj ,philadelphia /ory ( ,fif? ,article--,relates to future grants ( national p[] by ,am]ican citiz5s b makes no grant--,mean+ to 8conv5tions0 mu/ be mean+ n[--,madison writes x at ,philadelphia1 & he & _m o!rs f ,philadelphia are 9 8conv5tions0 :o made x--,its ,philadelphia /ory f ,may #bi to ,septemb] #aj1 #aghg1 "o week be=e end ( ,conv5tion4 ,x4 ,,ability ,,( ,,legislatures ,,rememb]$ ,page #aae ,fif? ,article 9 la/ ,philadelphia week--,philadelphia1 previ\sly conc5trat$ on its own ,fir/ ,article1 has s f> =gott5 t future ,articles w probably be f$]al1 :i* legislatures c make--,:]e=e1 legislatures n yet m5tion$ 9 t5tative ,fif? ,article--,madison & ,hamilton recall probability t all future ,articles w be f$]al & sugge/ a ,fif? ,article :i* m5tions 8legislatures0 z well z 8conv5tions0--,full record ( ,septemb] #aj1 #aghg1 day ( t ,madison sugge/ion--,add$ m5tion no support = mod]n error t ,fif? ,article a 8grant0--,mod]ns ignore t "o suppos$ grantee is suppos$ grantor & t 8grant0 w\ld make ,am]icans 8subjects0--,9 language ( ,fif? ,article1 ,philadelphia f9ds no sugge/ion ( mod]n error & ! ,article1 ) its add$ m5tion ( legislatures1 is pass$ )\t discussion--,hav+ no sugge/ion ( a 8grant10 x is kn[n at ,philadelphia to be con/itutional mode ( future ex]cise ( ! two exi/+ b diff]5t abilities ( 8legislatures0 & 8conv5tions0--,madison1 ,wilson & ,m>%all on ?is fact--,full ,philadelphia /ory ( ,septemb] #ae1 :5 ,fif? ,article f9ally consid]$--,defeat ( ,g]ry's motion to /rike out 8by conv5tions 9 ?ree-f\r?s !re(0--,mod]n error ( ?9k+ & act+ z if t motion _h be5 c>ri$4 ,,xi4 ,,conv5tions ,,create ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,m5 ,page #ada 8,conv5tions0 ( ,sev5? ,article1 mak+ ,con/itution1 "k same 8conv5tions0 ( ,fif? ,article to be !mselves1 ! ,am]ican citiz5s--,am]icans1 9 8conv5tions10 ) ,am]ican concept t gov]nm5t exi/s solely to secure individual & 8 fre$om1 read & make ,fif? ,article--,madison hits h>d mod]n concept ( ,bol%evi/ ,russian & ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t ,am]ican t human be+s are made = k+s or legislatures or political entities--,conv5tions he> ,madison expla9 ,fif? ,article z prescrib+ proc$ure 9 :i* 8conv5tions0 c aga9 assemble con/itutionally to ex]cise _! p[] & 9 :i* 8legislatures0 may act con/itutionally 9 mak+ future f$]al ,articles--,recognize its con/itutional mode z exact ,revolution>y mode j foll[$ by ,madison & o!rs at ,philadelphia & t future ,congress %\ld d exactly :at ,philadelphia did & no m--,recognize ,fif? ,article settles h[ ea* 8conv5tion0 vote %all c\nt z "o vote ( ,am]ican citiz5s & h[ _m 8conv5tion0 votes %all be necess>y & suffici5t to make a future ,article :i* 8conv5tions0 ( ,am]ican citiz5s alone c make--,recognize words 89 ?ree-f\r?s !re(0 aft] ^w 8conv5tions0 mo/ important words 9 ,fif? ,article & a great security to individual lib]ty--,av]age ,am]ican n[ sees :y ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t ,tories seek escape f t security by ass]t+ ,con/itution creat$ supreme w indep5d5t ( ,am]ican citiz5s1 i4e41 w ( /ate legislatures4 ,,xii4 ,,two ,,articles ,,"n 8,,conv5tions0 ,page #aga ,f #agge to #aghi1 all ,am]icans aim to secure individual welf>e--,) ?is "o aim1 8conv5tions0 cont9ue to read ,fif? ,article & recognize /atem5ts ( ,fif? & ,sev5?1 z to 8conv5tions10 id5tical 9 nature--,recognize bo? orda9 ,,:5 conv5tion-made ,articles1 grant+ p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 %all validly con/itute gov]nm5t ( ,am]ican citiz5s--,recognize 8conv5tions0 ( ,sev5? & ,fif? z :ole ,am]ican p ( ,preamble--,recall ability ( legislatures to make f$]al ,articles & "k m5tion ( 8conv5tions0 & 8legislatures0 grants no p[] to ei!r--,/ate 8legislatures0 less] res]vee & 8conv5tions0 ( ,am]ican citiz5s mo/ important res]vee 9 ,t5? ,am5dm5t--8,conv5tions0 recognize two exceptions 9 ,fif? ,article1 n z exceptions f p[] grant$ !re91 b z int5tional refusal to provide a con/itutional mode 9 :i* exi/+ ability may be ex]cis$ to d :at is m5tion$ 9 two exceptions--8,conv5tions0 f9i% read+ ,fif? ,article &1 f its cle> language1 "k x is n a grant ( p[] b a con/itutional mode = ! ex]cise ( ei!r ( two exi/+ p[]s1 "o limit$ & ! o!r unlimit$4 ,,xiii4 ,,conv5tions ,,"k 8,,conv5tions0 ,,are 8,,! ,,p0 ,page #ahj ,am]icans1 9 _! 8conv5tions10 expla9 & support & oppose ! propos$ ,articles--,:e!r = or aga9/ ! ,articles1 _! inv>iable & cle> /atem5ts confirm ! 8conv5tion0 k t ! ,fif? is n a grant ( p[] ei!r to !mselves1 8conv5tions10 or to ! /ate 8legislatures0--,conv5tions *eck ,fif? ,article m5tion ( 8legislatures0 & 8conv5tions0 ) /atem5t t propos$ con/itution is 8"o f$]al & national con/itution0--,h5ry insi/s t propos$ ,articles make ! /ate legislatures weak1 en]vat$ & def5seless--8,aboli% ! /ate legislatures at once0--,wilson admits t ! ,articles take p[] f ! /ate legislatures & give !m no new p[]--8,! dim9ution is necess>y to ! safety & prosp]ity ( ! p0--,madison expla9s ! importance ( 8 words1 89 ?ree-f\r?s !re(10 aft] ! ^w 8conv5tions10 z requir+ m ?an a m]e majority ( ,am]ican citiz5s = new int]f]5ce ) individual lib]ty--,hamilton /ates 8 own conviction t am5dm5ts w be to ! f$]al & n ! national "p ( ! ,con/itution & emphasizes ! legal necessity t grants ( national p[] mu/ come f ! p & n ! legislatures--8,conv5tions0 reluctant to give ev5 ! enum]at$ national p[]s ( ! ,fir/ ,article & insi/ on ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t decl>ation t all o!r p[] ( t k9d is res]v$ by !mselves to !mselves--8,9 _! h&s x rema9s secure4 ,!y c delegate x 9 su* proportions1 to su* bodies1 at su* times1 & "u su* limitations1 z !y ?9k prop]0--,9 #aijg1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt /ates1 :at ! 8conv5tions0 knew1 t all p[]s n grant$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article are res]v$ to ! 8conv5tions0 ( ,am]ican citiz5s 8& c be ex]cis$ only by !m or on fur!r grant f !m0--,! 8conv5tions10 hav+ secur$ ! lib]ty ( ,am]ican citiz5s f all gov]nm5t int]f]5ce except "u ! ,fir/ ,article grants1 end _! great "w4 ,,xiv4 ,,sev5te5 ,,articles ,,respect ,,human ,,fre$om ,page #bab ,hamilton's conviction1 t all ,am5dm5ts w\ld be ( ! f$]al k9d :i* legislatures c make1 v]ifi$ by ! sev5te5 am5dm5ts prior to #aiag--;,z ,supreme ,c\rt has repeat$ly held1 ! fir/ t5 ,am5dm5ts m]ely decl>$ :at 0 already 9 ,con/itution--,a relevant & important decl>ation 9 ! ,t5? is t ! entire ,con/itution gives no p[] ( any k9d to /ate legislatures--,amaz+ mod]n ,tory concept t ^! t5 ,am5dm5ts are an ,am]ican ,magna ,*>ta or compact betwe5 a ma/] gov]nm5t & its 8subjects0--,madison & ,supreme ,c\rt on ! 8impi\s doctr9e0 t ,am]icans are 8subjects0--,elev5? & ,twelf? ,am5dm5ts h naught to d ) individual fre$om--,?irte5?1 ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? nei!r ex]cise nor create gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) human lib]ty--,on ! contr>y1 _! purpose & effect are to make human lib]ty univ]sal--,sixte5? removes a f$]al limitation1 9 favor ( ! /ates1 f a p[] ! 8conv5tions0 gave to ,congress--,sev5te5? relates only to ! election ( ,s5ators--,:5 #aiag op5s1 ,congress has no p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty ( ,am]ican citiz5s :i* ,congress did n h 9 #agij--,:5 #aiag op5s1 no legislatures1 s9ce ,july #d1 #aggf1 h d>$ to int]f]e ) ! individual lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s outside ! ,fir/ ,article grants or h d>$ to attempt to create a new p[] s to int]f]e--,:5 #aiag op5s1 we h n become 8subjects0 b /ill are citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,,xv4 ,,! ,,exil$ ,,tory ,,ab\t ,,to ,,return ,page #bca ,:5 #aiag beg9s1 relation ( ,am]ican citiz5 to all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica & relations ( gov]nm5ts to "o ano!r j ! same z 9 #agij--;,am]ican gov]nm5t c int]f]e ) ! ,am]ican citiz5 on matt]s enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article--,no o!r gov]nm5ts c int]f]e ) him at all--,! gov]nm5t ( ea* /ate c int]f]e ) its own citiz5s1 except z ! ,am]ican ,con/itution =bids1 on matt]s 9 :i* ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate give _! own gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e--,no gov]nm5t1 ei!r ,am]ican gov]nm5t or /ate gov]nm5t1 c get any new p[] ( t k9d except directly f its own citiz5s--,no gov]nm5t c get any p[] ( t k9d f o!r gov]nm5ts--,new f$]al p[] ( ,am]ican gov]nm5t c be grant$ by memb]s ( f$]ation1 ! /ates1 act+ ?r\gh _! respective attorneys-9-fact1 ! /ate legislatures--,/ate legislatures are p[]less to gov]n or to create p[] to gov]n ,am]ican citiz5--,9 ^! respects1 supremacy ( ,am]ican citiz5s ov] all gov]nm5ts same 9 #aiag z 9 #agij--aiag lead]s did n "k1 :at #agij av]age ,am]ican knew1 t ,revolution _h end$ =ev] ,tory law t gov]nm5ts are ma/] & ,am]icans are 8subjects40 ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,tory 8,,eighte5? ,,am5dm5t0 ,page #bci ,decemb]1 #aiag1 clos+ mon? ( ,am]ica's fir/ ye> 9 ,_w ,w> = human lib]ty--,am]ican citiz5s h b "o gov]nm5t1 ,congress1 :i* c int]f]e ) _! human lib]ty 9 any matt]--,congress kn[s x _c int]f]e by mak+ ! comm& :i* is ,section #a ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t--,amaz+ ,resolution 9 ,s5ate t legislative gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s be ask$ directly to int]f]e ) human lib]ty ( ,am]ican citiz5 9 matt] n enum]at$ 9 ,fir/ ,article--,resolution asks "s /ate gov]nm5ts to give only ,am]ican gov]nm5t a new enum]at$ p[] to int]f]e ) fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz51 ! fir/ new p[] ( t k9d s9ce ,june #ba1 #aghh--,"s lead]s "q 8wisdom0 ( ,resolution--,no lead] que/ions p[] ( any gov]nm5ts 7except ,congress 9 ! enum]at$ ,fir/ ,article matt]s7 to int]f]e ) fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz5--,no lead] que/ions p[] ( any or all gov]nm5ts to give a new enum]at$ p[] ( t k9d to ! only ,am]ican gov]nm5t or to any gov]nm5t--,no lead] kn[s t1 9 #aiag z 9 #aghg & 9 #agij1 only ! 8conv5tions0 ( ,am]ican citiz5s c make ! comm& or ! grant ( p[]--,h\se ( ,repres5tatives adds absurdity to absurdity--,adds to ,resolution t /ate gov]nm5ts1 :ile int]f]+ ) lib]ty ( ,am]ican citiz5 & grant+ only ,am]ican gov]nm5t fir/ new enum]at$ p[] s to int]f]e1 %\ld also give !mselves 7! grant+ gov]nm5ts7 ! v p[] !y assume to ex]cise ov] ,am]ican citiz5s--,webb1 expla9+ to ! ,h\se 8 propos$ *ange 9 ,section #b ( ! ,am5dm5t1 /ates ?is to be ! mean+ & purpose ( ! *ange--,article ,,iv contra/$ ) absurd mod]n error1 z to mean+ ( ,article ,v--,t mod]n error is sole basis ( ,tory concept t any or all gov]nm5ts c\ld make ,articles l ,fir/ ,article or suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t--,article ,,iv gu>antees to citiz5s ( ea* /ate t _! /ate gov]nm5t %all be republican1 gett+ f !m its e p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om--,s5ate ,resolution asks /ate gov]nm5ts1 outside ea* /ate1 to give ea* /ate gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( its own citiz5s--,congress ( #aiag act$ on assumption t ,article ,v meant to enable ,congress to sugge/ any desir$ brea* ( ! gu>antee 9 ! clos+ words ( ,article ,,iv4 ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,tory ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,page #bed ,despite our education ) ,am]icans f #agge to #agij1 9 #aiag1 :5 ,am]icans are at w> = human lib]ty1 ! only ,am]ican gov]nm5t recognizes o!r gov]nm5ts 7! /ate legislatures7 z an omnipot5t ,p>liam5t ) all ,am]ican citiz5s z 8subjects0--,vol/ead ,act is only /atute 9 ,am]ica1 int]f]+ ) individual lib]ty1 :i* does n ev5 pret5d to be f\nd$ on direct grant ( p[] f its citiz5s to ! gov]nm5t :i* enact$ x--,webb1 9 ! ,h\se1 /ates1 8,we ?\ght x wise to give bo? ! ,congress & ! sev]al /ates0 new p[] to comm& ! ,am]ican citiz5 on ?is matt] n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article--,8 tribute to ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 z ma/] gov]nm5ts ( ,am]ican citiz51 exactly ! tribute paid by ,lloyd ,george to ! p[] ( ! ,we/m9/] ,p>liam5t ov] its 8subjects0--,m>%all1 ,hamilton1 ,madison1 ! ,virg9ia ,conv5tion ( #aghh1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt repeat$ly & ev5 9 #aijg1 flatly d5y ! concept ( ,webb & ! #aiag ,congress--,concept ( latt] m]ely repeats mi/ake ( gov]nm5t c\nsel on :i* ,supreme ,c\rt dwelt ) emphasis 9 #aijg--;,ignores mo/ important factor 9 ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 8p0 or 8conv5tions0--,f ! e>ly ,am]icans1 8,:o b ! p c delegate p[]s8 ,:at h ! /ate gov]nm5ts to d ) x80 & 8,h[ comes x1 sir1 t ^! /ate gov]nm5ts dictate to _! sup]iors--to ! maje/y ( ! p80--,webb reads to ! ,h\se a ,fif? ,article 9 :i* 8conv5tions0 does n appe>--,madison tells ,webb & all ( 8 ,tory concept1 8,^! g5tlem5 mu/ "h be rem9d$ ( _! error4 ,!y mu/ be told t ! ultimate au?ority resides 9 ! p alone1 & t x w n dep5d m]ely on ! comp>ative ambition or address ( ! diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 :e!r ei!r1 or :i* ( !m1 w be able to enl>ge its sph]e ( jurisdiction at ! exp5se ( ! o!r0--,webb closes 9 ! ,h\se ) an eloqu5t appeal to e o!r foll[] ( ,mohammet4 ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,tory ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,page #bge ,calm & s\nd reason+ ( ,f$]ali/1 advocat+ ! real ,con/itution1 contra/$ ) irrelevant p]sonal abuse by ^? support+ ! imag9>y new ,con/itution--,latt]1 because facts & law make _! ,tory concept absurd1 revive 8impi\s doctr9e ( ,old ,_w0 t human be+s 7 made = political entities & gov]nm5ts--,s5ator ,%epp>d & 8 eloqu5t claim t ,am]ican citiz5s1 l o!r ma*9]y1 mu/ be kept 9 good condition = _! gov]nm5t own]--,8 8discov]y0 t ! /ates1 political entities1 made ! ,con/itution ( ,am]ica1 ! nation ( m5--,/ory ( ,am]ica 7f ,may #bi1 #aghg1 to ,july1 #aiag7 be+ a seal$ book to him1 he does n "k t our ,con/itution is bo? f$]al & national--,supreme ,c\rt1 9 e>ly days & 9 #aijg1 & ,web/] & ,l9coln tell him 8 mi/ake--,n kn[+ ! decision ( ,gettysburg1 record$ at ,appomattox1 he *ooses betwe5 ,"l ,nor? ( #agge & ,calh\n & summons ! latt] to prove t ! ,am]ican p did n make _! ,con/itution & its grant ( enum]at$ p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om--,jeff]son1 ,p5dleton1 ,web/] & _m o!r ,am]icans correct ,%epp>d's error ( fact--,z ! ,am]ican p ( #aggf accompli%$ _! successful ,revolution aga9/ gov]nm5t1 may x n be ! ?\ght ( ,%epp>d & o!r ,tories t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t has be5 e/abli%$ by a successful revolution ( gov]nm5t aga9/ ! p--,m>%all aga9 tells u ( ! ,am]ican day :5 ! legal necessity 80 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all10 t e p[] to int]f]e ) human lib]ty mu/ be d]iv$ f ! p 9 _! 8conv5tions0--,act+ on ! ,congress proposal ( #aiag1 gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s comm& ! ,am]ican citiz5 & create a new gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) 8 individual lib]ty--,b no /atesman has yet told u h[ or :51 prior to #aiag1 we became 8subjects40 ,,xix4 ,,are ,,we ,,citiz5s8 ,page #bih ,hamilton ?9ks x a prodigy t ,am]icans1 9 8conv5tions10 volunt>ily con/itute ! enum]at$ ,fir/ ,article gov]nm5t p[]s to int]f]e ) _! individual lib]ty--,m>%all1 9 ,supreme ,c\rt1 decl>es 8conv5tions0 to be ! only mann] 9 :i* !y c act 8safely1 wisely & effectively0 9 con/itut+ gov]nm5t ( !mselves1 by mak+ su* grants--,:5 propos$ #aiag fir/ new grant ( t k9d is suppos$ly made1 ,am]ican p & _! 8conv5tions0 are completely ignor$--,! propos]s h a ,fif? ,article :i* does n m5tion 8conv5tions0--,! propos]s h ! old ,tory concept1 t ! p are ! assets ( ! /ate & t gov]nm5t is ! /ate--,/ill try+ to f9d out h[ & :5 we became 8subjects10 we expect to get in=mation f ! litigations ( #aibj--,we expect great c\nsel1 on "o side1 to urge ! facts we "k--,we fe> t o!r great c\nsel w urge1 9 reply1 "s fact or facts :i* we h n be5 able to asc]ta9--,we are c]ta9 t !re is no ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 if ! facts we h le>n$ are all ! facts--,t we may li/5 intellig5tly to all ! great c\nsel1 we review "s ( ! facts we h le>n$4 ,,xx4 ,,le/ ,,we ,,=get ,page #cjg 8,! important di/9ction s well und]/ood 9 ,am]ica1 betwe5 a con/itution e/abli%$ by ! p & unalt]able by ! gov]nm5t & a law e/abli%$ by ! gov]nm5t & alt]able by ! gov]nm5t0--,our fir/ glance at briefs ( #aibj gives u hope t "s mod]n lead]s h acquir$ ! k ( ,hamilton & 8 g5]ation--,we f9d1 9 "o brief1 9 ,m>%all's words1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt /atem5t ( ! fact t 8conv5tions0 ( ! p1 n /ates or _! gov]nm5ts1 made ! ,con/itution ) its ,fir/ ,article grants ( p[] to int]f]e ) human lib]ty--,b ?is brief1 to our amazem5t1 is t ( ! =emo/ *ampion ( ! only o!r grant ( t k9d1 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 a grant made entirely by gov]nm5t to gov]nm5t--,9 #aibj1 sev5 litigations argu$ & report$ "u ! "o title 8,! ,national ,prohibition ,cases0--,di/+ui%$ c\nsel appe> = _m cli5ts1 = ! claim$ omnipot5t ,p>liam5t ( ,am]ica1 = ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t :i* we us$ to "k z our supreme gov]nm5t1 = a few /ate gov]nm5ts :o did n wi% to be "p ( ! omnipot5t ,p>liam5t1 = ^? engag$ 9 ! lawful bus9ess ( manufactur+1 etc41 ! commodities nam$ 9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t--,l ! human "r to brea!1 su* manufacture1 etc41 0 n ! privilege ( a citiz5--,bo? rights are among ! human rights m5 h be=e !y create nations & give gov]nm5ts p[] to int]f]e ) "s or all ( _! human rights--,citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 giv+ _! only ,am]ican gov]nm5t its enum]at$ p[]s1 gave x no p[] to int]f]e ) ! human "r m5tion$ 9 ! new ,am5dm5t--,human rights nev] are privileges ( citiz5s--,citiz5s e/abli% gov]nm5t to protect exi/+ human rights--,only 8subjects0 get any rights or privileges f gov]nm5t--,all e>ly ,am]icans knew ^! primal tru?s--,nei!r ! ,fr5* ari/ocrats1 be=e ,fr5* ,revolution1 nor ,tories ( #aggf 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica knew !m--,eighte5? ,am5dm5t ,tories d n "k !m--,madison 79 #aghi7 & ,supreme ,c\rt 79 #ahij7 knew t commodities nam$ 9 new ,am5dm5t are among ^? 9 :i* a human "r 8( traffic exi/s0--,9 litigations ( #aibj1 no c\nsel appe> on behalf ( ! human rights ( ,am]ican citiz5s--,b we "k t no decision ( our own ,supreme ,c\rt1 e/abli%$ to secure our human rights1 al?\gh ! decision may settle disputes betwe5 o!r litigants1 c *ange u f 8citiz5s0 into 8subjects40 ,,xxi4 ,,briefs ,,ignore ,,! ,,am]ican ,,citiz5 ,page #cbe ,no c\nsel kn[s all are discuss+ :e!r ,am]icans1 twelve ye>s aft] #aggf1 volunt>ily became 8subjects0--,common concept ( all t ,fif? ,article a 8grant0 ( p[] to /ate gov]nm5ts 7( /ate citiz5s7 mak+ !m attorneys-9-fact = citiz5s ( ,am]ica--,discussion entirely z to ext5t ( p[] 8grant$0--,eighte5? ,am5dm5t concept t ,fif? ,article 8grant0 made "s gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s a supreme ,am]ican ,p>liam5t1 unre/ra9$ ma/] ( e human "r ( all ,am]ican citiz5s--,oppos+ concept t ! ,fif? ,article 8grant0 made ^? /ate gov]nm5ts a ,p>liam5t ^: "o limit is t x _c int]f]e ) ! sov]eignty ( any political entity :i* is a /ate--,bo? concepts ignore supremacy ( nation ( m5 ov] f$]ation ( /ates--,bo? ignore dual nature ( 8"o national & f$]al ,con/itution0--,bo? ignore 8conv5tions0 9 ,sev5? & ,fif? ,articles z ! citiz5s ( ! ,am]ican nation--,bo? ignore t ea* /ate 8legislature0 is attorney-9-fact = ! citiz5s ( its own /ate & t no legislatures are 7except ,congress 9 enum]at$ matt]s7 attorneys-9-fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica 9 any matt]--,our facts1 br\ght f our education ) ! e>ly ,am]icans1 all ignor$ by all c\nsel 9 ! litigations--,! ,virg9ia ,conv5tion itself & ,lee1 ,p9ckney1 ,hamilton1 ,madison1 ,wilson1 ,ir$ell & o!rs /ate :at all c\nsel ( #aibj entirely ignore4 ,,xxii4 ,,no ,,*all5ge ,,to ,,! ,,tory ,,concept ,page #cce ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t re/s on imag9>y ,fif? ,article 8grant0 mak+ ! /ate gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s attorneys-9-fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 emp[]$ to give away all human rights ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica--8,grant0 assum$ 9 e brief--,no brief recognizes t "o suppos$ 8grantee0 is suppos$ 8grantor0--,or t ea* ( two suppos$ 8grantees0 0 a compet5t mak] ( ,articles 7z propos$ ,articles 7 respectively f$]al or national7 be=e & :5 ! 8conv5tions0 made ! ,fif? ,article--,or t ,philadelphia ,conv5tion knew & held 8conv5tions0 exi/+ ability compet5t to make any ,article & /ate legislatures1 exi/+ ability incompet5t ev] to make ,articles l ,fir/ ,article or ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t--,or t ,t5? ,am5dm5t decl>es no p[] giv5 to /ate 8legislatures10 :ile all ability to make national ,articles 8res]v$0 to 8conv5tions0 ( 8! p0 ( ,am]ica--,no brief *all5ges %e] assumption ( ,fif? ,article 8grant0 or supports assumption by any fact--,e brief1 = or aga9/ ,am5dm5t1 is bas$ on ! %e] assumption--,no brief kn[s t enum]at$ p[]s ( only ,am]ican gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) human fre$om c be *ang$ by no "o save ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica !mselves 9 _! 8conv5tions0--,madison's tribute to ^! 8conv5tions0 9 :i* 8free inhabitants0 con/itute new gov]nm5t p[] ov] !mselves--,hamilton expla9s great dang] to human lib]ty if 8legislatures0 or p]man5t gov]nm5t bodies c\ld create su* new gov]nm5t p[]--,t k ( 8 g5]ation confirm$ by /ory ( gov]nm5t-made suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t--,our gratitude to t g5]ation ( m5 :o 7#aggf7 made x & 7#aghh7 left x impossible t gov]nm5ts c\ld create new gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) ,am]ican human lib]ty--,our regret t mod]n lead]s h n kn[n ?is great & immutable protection to ,am]ican lib]ty4 ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,*all5ges ,,t ,,fail$ ,page #cej ,supreme ,c\rt wisely writes no op9ion 9 8,national ,prohibition ,cases0--,9 ea* ( f\r numb]$ p>agraphs1 ,c\rt /ates its own negation ( "o *all5ge made to new ,am5dm5t--,all f\r *all5ges are negativ$ 9 sev5te5 l9es ( /atem5t--,fir/ two *all5ges trifl+ & purely te*nical--,?ird *all5ge bas$ on rights ( ! citiz5s ( "s p>ticul> /ate--,f\r? *all5ge to 8ext5t0 ( ,fif? ,article 8grant0 ( p[] by 8conv5tions0 to 8conv5tions0 & 8legislatures0--,?is *all5ge ass]ts 8grant0 :i* advocates ( ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t mu/ & _c prove--,c\rt negative amaz+ly accurate--,all c\nsel h argu$ incessantly ab\t 8ext5t0 ( p[] 8grant$0 by ,fif? ,article--,c\rt negatives 9 /atem5t :i* speaks ( p[] 8res]v$0 9 ,fif? ,article--,concept ( 8grant0 disappe>s--,c\rt kn[s :at 8conv5tions0 knew1 :5 !y made ,fif? ,article1 :5 !y insi/$ on ,t5? ,am5dm5t ,decl>ation expressly /at+ ! di/9ct res]vees ( ! two exi/+ p[]s 8res]v$0 9 ,fif? ,article--,supreme ,c\rt ( ,m>%all's day kn[s x & ,supreme ,c\rt ( #aijg kn[s x--8,citiz5 or ,subject80--,eighte5? ,am5dm5t answ]s 8,subject0--,real ,con/itution answ]s 8,citiz50--8,conv5tions0 insi/$ on pla9 /atem5t ( correct answ]--,c\nsel ( #aibj d n "k x--,_! f\r *all5ges make pla9 t fact--,all *all5ges bas$ on error t gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s are attorneys-9-fact = citiz5s ( ,am]ica--,9 ,virg9ia ,conv5tion & 9 ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,m>%all expla9s t p[]s ( /ate gov]nm5ts 8proce$ n f ! p ( ,am]ica0 b f ! citiz5s ( ea* respective /ate--,no c\nsel ( #aibj kn[s ?is important fact4 ,,xxiv4 ,,gov]nm5ts ,,claim ,,am]icans ,,z ,,subjects ,page #cga ,patrick ,h5ry1 oppos+ ,con/itution 9 ! 8conv5tions10 kn[s t x takes p[] f ! /ate legislatures & gives !m no p[]--,all mod]n lead]s 8"k0 t x gives ^? legislatures great p[] z attorneys-9-fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica--,_m mod]n lead]s 8"k0 t x makes ^? legislatures an omnipot5t ,p>liam5t ov] ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica--,no mod]n lead]s rememb] #agha & #aghg exi/+ ability ( ! /ate legislatures to make f$]al ,articles or ,articles n creat+ gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) human lib]ty--,common mod]n concept t ,fif? ,article is 8grant0 to ^! 8legislatures0 & to ! v 8conv5tions0 :i* made ! ,fif? ,article--,lead+ brief1 aga9/ ,am5dm5t1 m ?an fifty times admits or ass]ts ?is imag9>y & rem>kable 8grant0--,"s extraord9>y concepts ( our ,am]ican in/itutions 9 briefs--,9 a fam\s op9ion1 ,m>%all expla9s a fact & on x bases ! entire decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt--,! fact itself is t ! ,con/itution grant$ no p[] ( any k9d to ! /ate legislatures--,no brief kn[s or urges ?is fact or any ( ! facts we le>n$ 9 ! 8conv5tions10 ! facts on :i* we base our *all5ge to ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t concept t we are 8subjects0--,briefs = ! ,am5dm5t exam9$ to f9d out :y we are suppos$ to be 8subjects0--,amaz+ claim t1 :5 gov]nm5ts alone *ange ! national "p ( ! ,con/itution1 ,supreme ,c\rt has no p[] ev5 to consid] :e!r gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica c make a *ange 9 ! enum]at$ p[]s giv5 to _! own gov]nm5t by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica--,rem>kable ,tory concept t ! numb] ( ,s5ators f ea* /ate is ! only ?+ 9 ,am]ica immune f gov]nm5t invasion1 if en\gh gov]nm5ts comb9e--,indignation ( ,am]ican citiz5 *anges to mir? :5 he realizes ?is concept to be only basis ( ?\ght t he is a 8subject0 or t !re is an ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t--,am]ican citiz51 seek+ to f9d 79 ! briefs = ! ,am5dm5t7 :at happ5$1 betwe5 #aijg & #aiag1 to make him a 8subject10 />tl$ to he> ! answ]1 8,no?+0--,citiz5's amusem5t increas$ on le>n+1 9 same briefs1 t :ole ,am]ican p1 9 ,con/itution :i* expressly decl>es x gives no p[] to /ate gov]nm5ts1 made ^? gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s irrevocable & omnipot5t attorneys-9-fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica--,amusem5t increas$ by f9d+ t ma9 *ampion ( ,tory concept quotes ,m>%all's ,supreme ,c\rt /ory ( ! mak+ ( ! ,con/itution1 b omits1 f ! quotation1 ! p>agraph 9 :i* ,m>%all po9ts out t ev]yone knew :y ! 8legislatures0 c\ld n make & only ! 8conv5tions0 c\ld make ! national ,fir/ ,article1 ) its grant ( enum]at$ p[] to int]f]e ) human lib]ty--,curiosity add$ to mir? on f9d+ ?is brief e*o ,madison's own k t 8 ,fif? ,article conta9s no?+ b 8proc$ural provisions10 :ile brief bases its entire cont5tion on m]e ass]tion t ,fif? ,article is greate/ grant ( p[] ev] made by free m5 to gov]nm5t4 ,,xxv4 ,,citiz5 ,,or 8,,eighte5? ,,am5dm5t08 ,page #cig ,congress is only legislature ) any p[] ( attorney f ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica--,at v beg9n+ & v end ( orig9al ,con/itution1 citiz5s ( ,am]ica expressly s /ate--,all briefs ( #aibj bas$ on ass]t$ assumption d5y+ ^? two /atem5ts & insi/+ ,fif? ,article is 8grant0 to gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s--,briefs = new ,am5dm5t ass]t 8grant0 made gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s omnipot5t ma/] ( ev]y?+ 9 ,am]ica 7includ+ all human rights7 save numb] ( ,s5ators f ea* /ate--,on ?is ,tory concept dep5ds entirely exi/5ce ( ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t--,tory concept be+ absolute my?1 ,am5dm5t disappe>s--,amus+ to f9d ,tory briefs = ,am5dm5t ) ,am]ican citations & quotations :i* annihilate ,tory concept--,unconsci\s humor ( ,:eel] surpasses 8,comic ,black/one0--,tory legions1 fight+ "u cresc5t ( ,mohammet1 claim to be ,am]ican & ,*ri/ian crusad]s--,am]icans w\ld h rema9$ 8subjects0 if ,p>liam5t1 pass+ ! ,/amp ,act1 _h said3 8,y subjects mu/ obey ?is comm& we make b1 mak+ x1 we d n legislate0--8,/atem5t0 t citiz5s ( ,am]ica univ]sally dem&$ ?is sole ,am5dm5t :i* attempts to *ange ! ,fir/ ,article enum]at$ p[]s--8,pro(0 t #dgdb ,tory memb]s ( gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s said 8,yes0 to ! *ange--,jeff]son & ,madison tell u t conc5tration ( all p[] 9 legislatures 8is precisely ! def9ition ( despotic gov]nm5t10 t #agc 8despots w\ld surely be z oppressive z "o10 & t 8an elective despotism 0 n ! gov]nm5t we f\ght =0--,calh\n cont5d$ "o /ate might defy supreme w ( citiz5s ( ,am]ica--,tories = ,am5dm5t g f> beyond doctr9e f9ally repudiat$ by ,gettysburg--,on ,tory concept t we are 8subjects0 ( omnipot5t gov]nm5t1 ass]t t "s gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s may dictate1 9 all matt]s ( human "r1 :at ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica may & may n d--,e*o f 8conv5tions0 :i* made ,fif? ,article1 8,h[ comes x1 sir1 t ^! /ate gov]nm5ts dictate to _! sup]iors1 to ! maje/y ( ! p80 ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,citiz5 ,,w ,,rema9 ,page #daf ,supreme ,c\rt holds ,am]ican p1 8= mo/ important purposes10 *ose to be "o nation1 ) only "o gov]nm5t ( ! ,fir/ ,article enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) human lib]ty--,am]ica1 ! nation ( m51 & ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! subord9ate f$]ation ( /ates--,tories = new ,am5dm5t mu/ prove t ,am]ican p1 z "o 8important0 purpose1 meant t gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s c\ld int]f]e ) e human "r ( ,am]ican citiz5s--,res]v$ rights & p[]s ( ,am]ican citiz5s are entirely at _! own direct disposal1 = ex]cise or grant1 8despite _! legislatures1 :e!r repres5t+ ! /ates or ! f$]al gov]nm5t0--,am]ican citiz5 mu/ "k ?is ( 8 own k or 8 human fre$om w disappe>--,emmett & ,web/] & _! g5]ation knew x--,madison writes ,fif? ,article & /ates exactly :at x is to ! 8conv5tions0 :i* made x--,hughes unable to beg9 8 ,tory argum5t = new ,am5dm5t )\t add+ to t ,madison /atem5t :at ,madison po9t$ly did n say--,s5ate n[ ab\t to repeat #aiag blund] t gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s h aught to d ) alt]+ ! national "p ( ! ,am]ican ,con/itution1 :i* "p is )9 ! exclusive control ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica !mselves--8,conv5tions0 are ! p--8,legislatures0 are gov]nm5ts--8,citiz5 or ,subject80--,supreme ,c\rt answ] c]ta9--,c\rt's hi/ory & traditions %[ ,am]ican concept ( ,hamilton t ?is ,c\rt bulw>k ( ,am]ican citiz5 aga9/ gov]nm5t usurpation ( p[] to int]f]e ) human lib]ty--,web/] =eca/ ,c\rt decision on new & ,tory ,am5dm5t1 answ]+ 8,citiz5 or ,subject80--,all ,am]icans once knew same correct answ] to same "q by ,p5dleton 9 ,virg9ia ,conv5tion ( #aghh1 8,:o b ! p c delegate p[]8 ,:at h ! /ate gov]nm5ts to d ) x80 ,,app5dices ,i4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,page #dde ,,ii4 ,,! ,,resolution ,,:i* ,,propos$ ,,! ,,con/itution ,,to ,,! ,,conv5tions ,,( ,,! ,,p ,,( ,,am]ica ,page #deh ,,iii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,sev5te5 ,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution ,page #dfj ,,iv4 ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,eighte5? ,,am5dm5t ,page #dfe ,v4 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,am5dm5t ,page #dff ,,citiz5 ,,or ,,subject8 ,,*apt] ,i ,,subjects ,,become ,,citiz5s ,! av]age ,am]ican ( ?is g5]ation does n und]/& :at x means to be a citiz5 ( ,am]ica4 ,he does n "k ! relation ( su* a citiz5 to all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,he does n "k ! relations ( ^? gov]nm5ts to "o ano!r4 ,if ?is ignorance %\ld cont9ue1 ! citiz5 ( ,am]ica w\ld disappe>4 ,! ,am]ican w\ld become aga9 a subject1 z he 0 :5 ! ye> #aggf op5$4 ,! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is n 9 ! ,con/itution unless ! ,am]ican already is a subject4 ,x is vital to e individual int]e/ ( ! av]age ,am]ican t he %\ld "k ^! ?+s :i* he does n "k4 ,happily = him1 8 ignorance is n z t ( ! public lead]s ( 8 g5]ation4 ,_! concept ( ! ,am]ican & 8 relation to gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica is "o :i* contradicts ! mo/ def9itely settl$ & cle>ly /at$ ,am]ican law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! av]age ,am]ican m]ely has a m9d :i* is a blank page 9 ^! matt]s4 ,z a result1 x is ! greate/ dang] to 8 individual int]e/ t _! concept l>gely guides 8 attitude 9 public affairs ( ! utmo/ mom5t to him4 ,! ,am]icans ( an e>li] g5]ation1 :o creat$ ! ,am]ican nation ( m5 & all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica1 accurately knew ! /atus ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 & 8 relation to all gov]nm5ts4 ,_! accurate k 0 an insi/5t ?+ :i* guid$ _! e act z a p 9 ! p]iod betwe5 #agge & #agij1 9 :i* latt] ye> ! la/ ( ! ,am]icans became citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,_! k came to !m f _! own p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ^? fifte5 ye>s4 ,!y 7 a p1 born subjects ( gov]nm5t1 :o di$ citiz5s ( a great nation & ^: e gov]nm5t1 9 ,am]ica1 0 _! s]vant4 ,?is great miracle !y !mselves _h wr\ght 9 ! fifte5 ye>s betwe5 #agge & #agij4 ,_! greate/ a*ievem5t1 z ! disc]n+ m9d has always realiz$1 is :at !y did 9 ! la/ f\r ( ^? mom5t\s ye>s4 ,!y br\ght to its do+ _! valuable exp]i5ce & tra9+ ( ! previ\s elev5 ye>s4 ,t is :y !y succe$$1 s f> z human ef=t c secure human lib]ty by means ( writt5 con/itutions ( gov]nm5t1 9 secur+ to !mselves & _! po/]ity ! utmo/ measure ( protect$ enjoym5t ( human life & happ9ess4 ,t we1 _! po/]ity1 may keep _! legacy intact & transmit x to ! g5]ations to come1 x is necess>y t we1 ! av]age ,am]icans1 %\ld %>e some:at ) !m _! amaz+ly accurate k ( ! simple b vital facts :i* enabl$ !m to create a nation &1 by its ,am]ican ,con/itution1 to secure to !mselves1 its citiz5s1 protect$ enjoym5t ( life1 lib]ty & happ9ess4 ,:5 !y 7 actually engag$ 9 ?is "w ( creation1 x 0 tru?fully said ( !m t 8,! ,am]ican p are bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w40 ,= ov] a hundr$ ye>s ! hi/ory ( ,am]ica atte/$ ! tru? ( t /atem5t4 ,z !y 7 a simple p1 _! k ( ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t 0 d]iv$ f _! accurate und]/&+ ( a few simple facts4 ,x is a c]ta9ty t we c keep _! legacy by le>n+ ^? same facts4 ,let u quickly le>n !m4 ,! accurate k ( !m may be/ be acquir$ by briefly liv+ aga91 ) ^? simple ,am]icans ( an e>li] g5]ation1 ?r\gh _! days f #agge to #agij4 ,! individual ,am]icans ( t g5]ation 7 all born subjects ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,we d n und]/& ! mean+ ( t /atem5t until we accurately grasp ! vital di/9ction betwe5 a 8subject0 ( a gov]nm5t & a 8citiz50 ( a nation4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out1 b x is amaz+ly important to rememb]1 t a 8subject10 z well z a 8citiz510 is fir/ ( all a human be+1 creat$ by an omnipot5t ,creator & end[$ ) human rights4 ,all w\ld be well ) ! _w1 if ea* human be+ always accurately knew ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong & if 8 accurate k inv>iably controll$ 8 ex]cise ( 8 human fre$om ( w4 ,9 t case1 no human gov]nm5t w\ld be ne$$ to prescribe & to en=ce rules ( p]sonal conduct = ! individual4 ,z su* is n ! case1 human gov]nm5t mu/ exi/4 ,its sole reason = exi/5ce1 !re=e1 is t x may prescribe & en=ce rules = ^? :om x c compel to obey its comm&s & t x may ?us secure ! utmo/ measure ( protect$ enjoym5t ( human rights = ^? human be+s ^: gov]nm5t x is4 ,"t does n p]mit & necessity does n require t we dwell ^u ! v>i\s types ( gov]nm5t :i* h exi/$ or :i* h be5 creat$ suppos$ly to meet ?is human ne$4 ,x is suffici5t to grasp ! simple & important fact t gov]nm5t ability to say :at m5 may or may n d1 9 any matt] :i* is ex]cise ( human fre$om1 is ! v ess5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,:]e a gov]nm5t has no ability ( t k9d1 except :at ! m5 ( its nation grant to x1 :]e ^? m5 limit & det]m9e ! ext5t ( t ability 9 _! gov]nm5t1 ! m5 !mselves are citiz5s4 ,:]e a gov]nm5t claims or ex]cises any ability ( t k9d1 & has n receiv$ ! grant ( x directly f ! m5 ( ! nation1 :]e a gov]nm5t claims or ex]cises any ability ( t k9d1 )\t any grant ( x1 or by grant f gov]nm5t to gov]nm5t1 ! m5 ( t nation are subjects4 ,9 ! ye> #agge1 "u ! ,briti% law1 ! ,p>liam5t at ,we/m9/] claim$ ! unqualifi$ "r to det]m9e 9 :at matt]s & to :at ext5t laws %\ld be made :i* w\ld int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,f su* decision ( ! legislative "p ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t !re 0 no appeal save by =ce or revolution4 ,= ?is reason1 t e human be+ "u t ,gov]nm5t mu/ submit to any int]f]5ce ) individual fre$om comm&$ by t ,legislature1 all ,briti% human be+s 7 8subjects40 ,&1 z all ,am]icans 7 !n "u t ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 all ,am]icans 7 !n 8subjects40 ,su* 0 _! legal /atus "u ! s-call$ ,briti% ,con/itution4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 h[ev]1 until a comp>atively %ort "t prior to #agge1 su* _h n be5 ! actual /atus ( ! ,am]icans4 ,9 ?is %>p contra/ betwe5 _! legal & _! actual /atus1 !re w be f\nd bo? ! cause ( _! ,revolution & ! s\rce ( _! great & accurate k ( ! s\nd pr9ciples ( republican gov]nm5t :i* !y lat] made ! fundam5tal law ( ,am]ica4 ,f ! day _! ance/ors _h fir/ be5 ,briti% coloni/s 9 ,am]ica _! legal /atus _h be5 t ( subjects ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,b1 s long z !y rema9$ m]ely a few widely scatt]$ sets ( human be+s 9 a new _w1 /ruggl+ to get a b>e exi/5ce f day to day1 !y (f]$ no temptation to ! omnipot5t ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to oppress !m1 its subjects4 ,!y /ill _h to %[ ! signs ( acquir+ t community weal? :i* has always be5 ! temptation ( gov]nm5t to unju/ exaction f ! human be+s x gov]ns4 ,= t reason1 _! legal gov]nm5t conc]n$ itself v little ab\t !m or _! welf>e4 ,x ?us became _! necessity to gov]n !mselves = all ! purposes = :i* !y locally ne$$ gov]nm5t z security to _! individual welf>e4 ,only ?irte5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ p]man5t ,engli% settlem5t 9 ,virg9ia1 8,sir ,george ,ye>dley1 !n ! ,gov]nor ( ! colony1 9 #afai call$ a g5]al assembly1 compos$ ( repres5tatives f ! v>i\s plantations 9 ! colony1 & p]mitt$ !m to assume & ex]cise ! high functions ( legislation4 ,?us 0 =m$ & e/abli%$ ! fir/ repres5tative legislature t ev] sat 9 ,am]ica4 ,& ?is example ( a dome/ic p>liam5t1 to regulate all ! int]nal conc]ns ( ! c\ntry1 0 nev] lo/ sight (1 b 0 ev] aft]w>ds *]i%$ until #aiag ?r\gh\t ,am]ica1 z ! de>e/ bir?right ( freem540 7#a ,ell4 ,deb4 #bb47 8,on ! #aa? ( ,novemb]1 #afbj1 ^? humble b fe>less adv5tur]s1 ! ,plym\? coloni/s1 be=e _! l&+1 drew up & sign$ an orig9al compact1 9 :i*1 aft] ackn[l$g+ !mselves subjects ( ! cr[n ( ,engl&1 !y proce$ to decl>e3 #8,hav+ und]tak51 = ! glory ( ,god1 & ! advancem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ! honor ( our k+ & c\ntry1 a voyage to plant ! fir/ colony 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,virg9ia1 we d1 by ^! pres5ts1 solemnly & mutually1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god & ( "o ano!r1 cov5ant & comb9e ourselves toge!r into a civil body politic1 = our bett] ord]+ & pres]vation1 & fur!rance ( ! ends a=esaid4 ,& by virtue h]e( d enact1 con/itute1 & frame1 su* j & equal laws1 ord9ances1 acts1 con/itutions1 & (fic]s1 f "t to "t1 z %all be ?\ght mo/ meet & conv5i5t = ! g5]al good ( ! colony2 unto :i* we promise all due submission & ob$i5ce4' ,?is is ! :ole ( ! compact1 & x 0 sign$ by =ty-"o p]sons4 8,x is1 9 its v ess5ce1 a pure democracy2 &1 9 pursuance ( x1 ! coloni/s proce$$ soon aft]w>ds to organize ! colonial gov]nm5t1 "u ! "n ( ! ,colony ( ,new ,plym\?1 to appo9t a ,gov]nor & o!r (fic]s & to enact laws4 ,! ,gov]nor 0 *os5 annually by ! freem51 & _h at fir/ "o assi/ant to aid him 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 tru/4 ,f\r o!rs 7 soon aft]w>ds add$1 & f9ally ! numb] 0 increas$ to sev54 ,! supreme legislative p[] resid$ 91 & 0 ex]cis$ by1 ! :ole body ( ! male inhabitants1 e freeman1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! *ur*1 be+ admitt$ to vote 9 all public affairs4 ,! numb] ( settlem5ts hav+ increas$1 & be+ at a consid]able di/ance f ea* o!r1 a h\se ( repres5tatives 0 e/abli%$ 9 #afci1 ! memb]s ( :i*1 z well z all o!r (fic]s1 7 annually *os540 7#a ,ell4 ,deb4 #be47 ,^! are two examples typical ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,engli% coloni/s1 = ! fir/ hundr$ ye>s1 l>gely gov]n$ !mselves by legislators *os5 f among !mselves4 ,9 ?is mann]1 :ile legally 8subjects0 ( _! ,european gov]nm5t1 ^! ,am]icans 7 actually 8citiz5s0 ( _! respective communities1 actually gov]n$ 9 _! individual lives & lib]ties by gov]nm5ts :i* d]iv$ all _! p[]s ( gov]nm5t f ^! 8citiz5s40 ,9 ?is mann]1 ?r\gh ! be/ tea*] 9 ! _w1 p]sonal exp]i5ce1 !y le>n$ ! vital diff]5ce betwe5 ! relation ( 8subject0 & 8citiz50 to gov]nm5ts4 ,lat]1 ! e*o ( t education 0 he>d f ,l9coln :5 he plead$ t gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p & = !m %\ld n p]i% f ! e>?4 ,z e>ly z #aged ^! ,am]icans began to feel ! fir/ real burd5 ( _! legal /atus z 8subjects40 ,_! community weal? 0 beg9n+ to attract ! att5tion ( ! _w4 ,z a result1 ! legal ,gov]nm5t awoke to ! fact ( _! exi/5ce & ( its own omnipot5t ability to levy ^u t weal?4 ,! ,am]icans1 = m ?an a c5tury educat$ 9 actual self-gov]nm5t1 quickly %[$ ! result ( t education to ! accurate k t no gov]nm5t c h any j p[] except by ! cons5t or grant ( ^? to be gov]n$ by ! ex]cise ( su* p[]4 ,z f> back z #aged1 deputies ( ! v>i\s ,am]ican colonies1 :]e human be+s _h educat$ !mselves to be free m51 assembl$ at ,albany 9 an endeavor to propose "s compromise by :i* ! ,am]ican p w\ld be enabl$ to pres]ve _! human fre$om aga9/ unju/ int]f]5ce by ! ,we/m9/] ,legislature4 ,we are all famili> ) ! failure ( t endeavor4 ,we are all famili> ) ! successive /eps ( ! cont9u+ /ruggle betwe5 8subjects10 educat$ to be 8citiz5s10 & an omnipot5t gov]nm5t1 un%ak5 9 its purpose to make _! actual /atus ! same z _! legal "o4 ,:5 ! ye> #aggf dawn$1 ^! ,am]icans 7 /ill 8subjects0 "u ! law ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 8subjects0 9 op5 rebellion aga9/ _! gov]nm5t1 ju/ify+ _! rebellion on ! basic ,am]ican legal pr9ciple t e j p[]1 ev5 ( a lawful gov]nm5t1 mu/ be d]iv$ f ! cons5t or grant ( ! human be+s !mselves :o are to be gov]n$4 ,on ! memorable day 9 ,july ( t ye>1 despair+ ( any success 9 gett+ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to recognize t basic pr9ciple1 & ass]t+1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 t !y !mselves 7 collectively ! possessors ( ! supreme human w 9 & = ,am]ica1 !y enact$ ! immortal ,/atute :i* we "k z ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 :i* 0 ! fir/ political act ( ! ,am]ican p 9 _! indep5d5t sov]eign capacity1 lays ! f\ndation ( our national exi/5ce ^u ?is broad proposition3 8,t all m5 are creat$ equal2 t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9 inali5able rights2 t among ^! are life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess40 7,ju/ice ,bradley's op9ion 9 ,slaught] ,h\se ,cases1 #af ,wall4 #cf1 at page #aae47 ,9 ?is ,/atute1 ! ,am]ican p cle>ly /at$ & def9itely settl$ = all "t ! basic legal pr9ciple on :i* re/s ! validity ( e con/itutional article or /atute law1 :i* ei!r directly int]f]es or ve/s ability 9 gov]nm5ts to int]f]e ) an ,am]ican 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 human fre$om4 ,!re is no?+ vague or ambigu\s 9 _! /atem5t4 ,! legal pr9ciple1 s cle>ly /at$ & s def9itely settl$1 is t no gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica c h any j p[] ( direct int]f]5ce ) individual fre$om unless su* p[] be d]iv$ by direct grant f ! ,am]icans to be gov]n$ by ! ex]cise ( t p[]4 ,t ,/atute has nev] be5 repeal$4 ,! ,am]icans ( t g5]ation1 ?r\gh\t all ! mom5t\s political battles ( ! next ?irte5 ye>s1 :5 !y 7 mak+ & unmak+ nations & creat+ a f$]ation ( nations1 & lat] subord9at+ x to a union ( human be+s1 nev] fail$ to obey t ,/atute & to act 9 /rict con=mity to its basic ,am]ican pr9ciple4 ,f ! mom5t :5 t ,/atute 0 enact$ by ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica1 e ,am]ican ceas$ =ev] to be a 8subject0 ( any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 n until #aiag t any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts d>$ to act z if ! ,am]ican 7 /ill a 8subject40 ,9 t summ] ( #aggf1 z ! ,am]icans 7 engag$ ) _! =m] ,gov]nm5t 9 a bitt] & protract$ w>1 !y _h little "t or ?\ght to give1 z "o p1 to ! con/itution ( a gov]nm5t be/ design$ to secure to !mselves ! utmo/ possible measure ( protect$ enjoym5t ( individual human fre$om4 ,9 _! rebellion1 !y _h delegat$ ! managem5t ( _! common int]e/s to a committee ( deputies f ea* =m] colony1 :i* committee 0 call$ ! ,congress4 ,by ! decl>$ supreme w ( ! :ole ,am]ican p1 ! ,am]icans 9 ea* =m] colony n[ con/itut$ an indep5d5t nation1 ^: human memb]s 7 n[ ! 8citiz5s0 ( t nation4 ,"u ! decl>$ basic ,am]ican legal pr9ciple1 x 0 imp]ative t any gov]nm5t %\ld get its e valid p[] f its own citiz5s4 ,kn[+ ?is1 ! ,congress1 almo/ imm$iately aft] ! ,decl>ation ( ,july1 made ! =mal sugge/ion to ! citiz5s 9 ea* nation t !y con/itute a gov]nm5t = !mselves & t !y grant to su* gov]nm5t ability to int]f]e ) _! own human fre$om 9 su* matt]s & to su* ext5t z !y deem$ wise4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! citiz5s ( ea* nation act$ ^u ?is sugge/ion %\ld h /amp$ itself s irrevocably ^u ! m9d ( ,am]ica z nev] to h be5 =gott5 by any lat] g5]ation ( ,am]icans4 ,! citiz5s ( ^? nations 7 ( ! 8p :o 7 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w40 ,9 ea* nation !y 7 creat+ ! v ess5ce ( security = a free p1 namely1 a gov]nm5t ) limit$ ability to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 9 "s matt]s1 s z to secure ! greate/ possible protect$ enjoym5t ( human lib]ty4 ,!y knew1 z only human be+s c\ld "k :o 7 !n (f]+ _! v lives to uphold ! basic law ( ,am]ica1 t su* ability c\ld nev] be validly giv5 to any gov]nm5t by gov]nm5t itself1 act+ 9 any mann]1 b only by direct action & grant ( ^? lat] to be gov]n$ by ! ex]cise ( t ability4 ,:at me?od did ^? citiz5s1 s ?or\ghly educat$ 9 ! basic pr9ciples ( republican gov]nm5t1 employ to secure ! direct action ( ! human be+s !mselves 9 giv+ t ability ( t k9d to _! respective gov]nm5ts8 ,!y act$ ^u ! sugge/ion f ! ,congress ( #aggf1 z ,m>%all lat] express$ x f ! ,b5* ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 89 ! only mann] 9 :i* !y c act safely1 effectively & wisely on su* a subject1 by assembl+ 9 conv5tion0 9 _! respective /ates4 ,long be=e ,m>%all voic$ judicial approval ( ?is ,am]ican me?od ( direct action by ! p !mselves1 9 matt]s 9 :i* only ! p !mselves c validly act at all1 ,madison1 9 ! fam\s ,virg9ia conv5tion ( #aghh1 paid 8 tribute to ^! conv5tions ( ! p 9 ea* ( ! ?irte5 nations4 ,?is 0 ! tribute ( ,madison3 8,mr4 ,*airman1 no?+ has excit$ m admiration 9 ! _w ?an ! mann] 9 :i* free gov]nm5ts h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica2 = x 0 ! fir/ in/ance1 f ! creation ( ! _w to ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 t free inhabitants h be5 se5 delib]at+ on a =m ( gov]nm5t1 & select+ su* ( _! citiz5s z possess$ _! confid5ce1 to det]m9e ^u & give effect to x40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #faf47 ,lat] h]e9 !re w be occasion to speak at great] l5g? ( ?is ,am]ican me?od ( direct action by ! p !mselves1 ?r\gh ! delib]ative conv5tions ( deputies *os5 by ! p & f ! p = t "o purpose1 giv+ to gov]nm5ts a limit$ ability to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,at ?is po9t1 x is suffici5t to say t1 s9ce #aghi & until #aiag1 no gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica ev] claim$ to h acquir$ ability ( t k9d except ?r\gh ! action ( su* a conv5tion or conv5tions or ?r\gh ! direct vot+ ( its citiz5s !mselves = or aga9/ ! grant ( su* ability4 ,if we aga9 turn our m9ds ^u ^? lat] days ( #aggf1 we f9d t ! ,am]icans1 ?r\gh ! direct action ( ! p 9 ea* indep5d5t nation1 _h become respectively citiz5s ( :at we n[ "k z _! respective /ates1 ea* ( :i* 0 !n a free nation4 ,^? ?irte5 nations 7 !n alli$ 9 w>4 ,!re did n yet exi/ ev5 t political entity1 lat] creat$ & kn[n z a f$]ation ( ^? nations4 ,at t "t & until q "s ye>s aft] ! ,revolution _h end$1 !re 0 no su* ?+ z a 8citiz50 ( ,am]ica1 because ! ,am]ica we "k1 ! organiz$ human memb]%ip society :i* is ! ,am]ican nation1 did n yet exi/4 ,at t "t & until ! ,am]ican nation did actually exi/1 z a political entity1 !re 0 no gov]nm5t 9 ! _w & no collection ( gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w1 :i*1 on any subject or to any ext5t1 c\ld int]f]e g5]ally ) ! individual fre$om ( ,am]icans1 z ,am]icans4 ,9 ea* ( ! ?irte5 ,am]ican nations1 ! citiz5s ( t nation _h ve/$ _! own gov]nm5t ) "s ability ( t k9d4 ,at ?is po9t1 x is well to digress = a mom5t 9 ord] t we may well und]/& t 9 none ( ^! ?irte5 nations did its citiz5s ve/ 9 its gov]nm5t an unlimit$ ability to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,all ! citiz5s ( ^? respective nations 7 !n battl+ ) a mighty ,gov]nm5t :i* claim$ su* unlimit$ ability ov] all ( !m1 z subjects1 & !y 7 battl+ to e/abli% =ev] 9 ,am]ica ! basic doctr9e t no gov]nm5t ( free m5 c\ld ev] h unlimit$ ability ( t k9d4 ,9 ea* ( ! ?irte5 nations1 its citiz5s ve/$ its gov]nm5t ) ability ( t k9d only to a limit$ ext5t4 ,!y did ?is 9 /rict con=mity to republican pr9ciples4 ,= ! _m :o d n "k1 x is well to /ate cle>ly ! di/9ction betwe5 a pure democracy & a republic4 ,9 bo?1 ! human be+s con/itute ! nation or ! /ate & are its citiz5s4 ,9 bo?1 ! citiz5s !mselves limit ! matt]s & ! ext5t 9 :i* !y %all be gov]n$ at all 9 re/ra9t ( _! individual fre$om4 ,9 bo?1 !re=e1 x is accurate & tru?ful to /ate t ! p gov]n !mselves4 ,! actual diff]5ce lies 9 "o fact4 ,9 a democracy ! p !mselves assemble & !mselves enact ea* specific rule ( conduct or law int]f]+ ) individual fre$om4 ,9 a republic1 x is always possible t ! citiz5s may assemble1 z 9 a pure democracy1 & enact any specific rule ( conduct or law4 ,b1 9 a republic1 its citiz5s g5]ally pref] to act1 9 su* matt]s1 ?r\gh attorneys 9 fact or repres5tatives1 *os5 by !mselves = ! special purpose ( ex]cis+ a wise discretion 9 mak+ su* laws4 ,9 a true republic1 h[ev]1 :]e ! citiz5s are to rema9 free m51 !y secure to !mselves absolute control ( _! repres5tative lawmak]s ?r\gh two mo/ effective means4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y orda9 t _! attorneys 9 fact = ! purpose ( law-mak+1 g5]ally call$ _! legislators1 %all be select$ by !mselves f "t to "t1 at comp>atively %ort int]vals4 ,?is precaution enables ! p1 ?r\gh new attorneys 9 fact1 quickly to repeal a law ( :i* !y d n approve4 ,9 ! second place1 ! p1 9 con/itut+ _! gov]nm5t1 limit ! law-mak+ ability ( ^! tempor>y attorneys 9 fact or legislators4 ,?is is ! mo/ important fact 9 a free republic4 ,lat] h]e9 !re w be expla9$ ! m>vel\s & effective mann] 9 :i* ?is p>ticul> security = human fre$om 0 lat] a*iev$ by ! citiz5s ( ! ,republic :i* we "k z ,am]ica1 :5 !y con/itut$ _! gov]nm5t4 ,at pres5t1 !re is to be m5tion$ ! g5]al me?od :i* ! citiz5s ( ea* ( ^? ?irte5 nations1 9 #aggf1 employ$ to a*ieve ?is p>ticul> security4 ,9 ea* nation ! citiz5s con/itut$ a legislature to be _! only attorney 9 fact = ! purpose ( mak+ valid laws4 ,9 ?is legislative dep>tm5t !y did n ve/ enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,b 9 x !y did ve/ :atev] ability ( t k9d1 "u ! ,am]ican doctr9e ( human lib]ty1 !y ?\ght a gov]nm5t ( free m5 or citiz5s ought to h4 ,!y did n1 h[ev]1 grant unlimit$ ability to make laws int]f]+ ) individual fre$om4 ,:5 con/itut+ _! gov]nm5t !y nam$ _m matt]s 9 :i* no laws c\ld be made1 su* z laws abridg+ ! "r ( free spee*1 laws susp5d+ ! privilege ( habeas corpus1 etc4 ,outside ^! nam$ matt]s1 !y grant$ law-mak+ ability ( t k9d to :atev] ext5t ,am]ican pr9ciples ( human lib]ty det]m9$ a gov]nm5t ought to h4 ,! ext5t ( t ability1 s to be det]m9$1 !y left to ! legislature to asc]ta9 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,b to ! judicial dep>tm5t !y gave ! "r f9ally to asc]ta9 & decide :e!r1 9 any p>ticul> law1 ! legislative dep>tm5t _h exce$$ its grant$ ability4 ,9 liv+ aga9 ! education days ( ! ,am]icans1 :o lat] creat$ & con/itut$ ! republican nation :i* is ,am]ica1 we h come n[ to ! close ( ! ev5tful ye> #aggf4 ,we f9d ourselves1 at t "t1 view+ ?is /atus ( ! ,am]ican human be+ & 8 relation to all gov]nm5ts4 ,) 8 fell[ ,am]icans1 he has decl>$ t !y are n ! subjects ( any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w4 ,) 8 fell[ ,am]icans1 on _m battlefields1 he is fight+ _! =m] ,gov]nm5t1 :i* /ill claims t !y are its subjects4 ,if he is a ,virg9ian1 he & 8 fell[ ,virg9ians1 ) ! cons5t ( _! fell[ ,am]icans1 h con/itut$ !mselves a free & indep5d5t nation ( human be+s & h giv5 to _! law-mak+ attorney 9 fact1 ! legislature ( ,virg9ia1 "s ability to make laws 9 re/ra9t ( ! individual fre$om ( ,virg9ians1 9 su* matt] & to su* ext5t1 z ! citiz5s ( ,virg9ia h deem$ wise4 ,9 ea* ( ! o!r twelve nations ! situation is ! same4 ,9 no nation1 9 ,am]ica1 has any gov]nm5t s]vant & attorney 9 fact ( ! p any ability :atev] to int]f]e ) human fre$om 9 any matt] or to any ext5t1 except su* ability ( t k9d z has be5 giv5 to t gov]nm5t by direct grant f its citiz5s4 ,n[h]e1 9 ,am]ica1 has any gov]nm5t any p[] :atev]1 9 any matt] or to any ext5t1 to make a valid comm& re/ra9+ ! human fre$om ( ! individual ,am]ican z an ,am]ican4 ,all ,am]icans are fight+ ?r\gh\t ,am]ica ) ! armies ( ! only gov]nm5t 9 ! _w :i* claims su* ability4 ,all ,am]icans ev]y:]e are det]m9$ to w9 t w> & keep x ! basic law ( ,am]ica t no gov]nm5t ev] %all h ability ( t k9d unless ! :ole ,am]ican p1 by direct grant f !mselves1 %all give x to a g5]al ,am]ican gov]nm5t4 ,!re is yet no republic ( ,am]ica4 ,!re are yet no citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,!re are only citiz5s ( ?irte5 respective nations1 :i* nations are alli$ 9 an exi/+ w>4 ,! affairs ( ! alli$ nations are be+ direct$ by a committee ( delegates f ! diff]5t nations1 call$ ! ,congress4 ,! fir/ ,committee or ,congress ( t k9d1 kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,fir/ ,cont95tal ,congress1 _h met at ,philadelphia f ,septemb] #e to ,octob] #bf1 #aggd1 & 8recomm5d$ peaceful conc]t$ action aga9/ ,briti% taxation & co]cion40 ,! second ,committee1 kn[n z ! ,second ,cont95tal ,congress1 _h assembl$1 also at ,philadelphia1 on ,may #aj1 #agge1 & _h assum$ direction ( ! w>4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,/ate ,,gov]nm5ts ,,=m ,a ,,union ,,( ,,/ates ,we h n[ liv$ ) ! ,am]ican ( an e>li] g5]ation ?r\gh ! days 9 :i* he ceas$ to be a subject ( any gov]nm5t1 & 9 :i* he e/abli%$ =ev] 9 ,am]ica ! basic law t no gov]nm5t c ex]cise or possess any ability to int]f]e ) 8 individual fre$om except by direct grant f its citiz5s4 ,we h se5 him1 9 ea* ( ! =m] colonies1 create a nation1 become "o ( its citiz5s &1 ) 8 fell[ citiz5s ( t nation1 give to its gov]nm5t "s ability ( t k9d4 ,:5 we recall x to be ! tribute ( hi/ory t ^! ,am]icans 7 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w1 x is well to reflect = a mom5t ^u ! significant exhibition ( t k dur+ ! days ?r\gh :i* we h j liv$ ) !m4 ,:5 ! sugge/ion came f ,philadelphia1 9 ! summ] ( #aggf1 t ! ,am]icans 9 ea* =m] colony con/itute a gov]nm5t = _! own nation & give to x a limit$ ability to gov]n !mselves 9 re/ra9t ( _! individual fre$om1 x is record$ hi/ory t ,am]icans g5]ally knew t a gift ( t k9d to gov]nm5t c\ld nev] be validly made by gov]nm5ts4 ,x 80 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all0 t only its own citiz5s ev] c\ld grant ability ( t k9d to any gov]nm5t4 ,z ! p ( ,new ,engl& _h be5 ! mo/ ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! actual exp]i5ce ( self gov]nm5t1 we naturally f9d !m act+ ^u & cle>ly /at+ ! ,am]ican legal pr9ciple t legislatures nev] c give ability ( t k9d to gov]nm5t4 ,! records ( ,concord1 ,massa*usetts1 = ,octob] #ba1 #aggf1 %[ h[ cle>ly ?is 0 und]/ood by ! ,am]icans ( t g5]ation4 ,aft] ! ,philadelphia sugge/ion _h be5 made1 ! ,massa*usetts legislature fram$ a con/itution & s5t x to ! ,massa*usetts t[n%ips = approval4 ,on t ,octob] #ba1 #aggf1 ! p ( ,concord refus$ to act ^u x4 ,_! reason 0 t gov]nm5t ability to int]f]e ) human fre$om c\ld nev] come f legislatures b mu/ always come directly f ! citiz5s !mselves4 ,let ! ,am]icans ( ,concord1 9 _! own words1 imp>t "s ( _! k to ! ,am]icans ( ?is g5]ation4 8,resolv$ secondly1 t ! supreme ,legislative1 ei!r 9 _! prop] capacity or 9 jo9t committee1 are by no means a body prop] to =m & e/abli% a ,con/itution or =m ( gov]nm5t = reasons foll[+1 viz43 ,fir/1 because we conceive t ,con/itution 9 its prop] idea int5ds a sy/em ( pr9ciples e/abli%$ to secure ! subject 9 ! possession ( & enjoym5t ( _! ,rights & ,privileges aga9/ any encroa*m5t ( ! ,gov]n+ ,"p4 ,secondly1 because ! same body t =ms a ,con/itution h ( consequ5ce a p[] to alt] x4 ,?irdly1 because a ,con/itution alt]able by ! ,supreme ,legislative is no security at all to ! subject aga9/ ! encroa*m5t ( ! ,gov]n+ ,"p on any or on all _! ,rights & ,privileges40 7,see ,con/itutional ,review1 ,april1 #aiah1 p4 #ig47 ,! p ( ,concord or ,new ,engl& 7 n alone 9 ?is k4 ,on ?is we h ! lat] te/imony ( ,m>%all f ! ,b5* ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,speak+ ( t day1 a few ye>s aft] #aggf1 :5 ! :ole ,am]ican p creat$ _! nation & gave enum]at$ p[]s ( t k9d to its gov]nm5t1 he said3 ,b :51 89 ord] to =m a m p]fect ,union10 x 0 deem$ necess>y to *ange ?is alliance into an effective gov]nm5t1 possess+ great & sov]eign p[]s1 & act+ directly on ! p1 ! necessity ( ref]r+ x to ! p1 & ( d]iv+ its p[]s directly f !m1 0 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all4 7,m',cullo* v4 ,m>yl&1 #d ,:eat4 #caf47 ,fix+ ?is k ( t day firmly 9 our m9d1 let u g on ) ! rem>kable ,am]icans ( t g5]ation ?r\gh ! next p]iod 9 :i* ! relation ( gov]nm5t to gov]nm5t & ( nation to nation 0 *ang$1 b 9 :i* ! /atus ( ! citiz5 ( ea* nation & 8 relation to all gov]nm5ts rema9$ exactly :at he & 8 fell[ citiz5s ( t nation _h made x4 ,on ,novemb] #ae1 #aggg1 !re came f ! ,congress at ,philadelphia ano!r sugge/ion1 ?is "t a proposal to ! ?irte5 nations t !y1 already alli$ 9 an exi/+ w>1 %\ld =m a p]man5t union or f$]ation ( nations4 ,) t proposal w5t a draft$ set ( con/itutional ,articles1 hav+ = _! purpose ! e/abli%m5t ( a gov]nm5t 7to be call$ a ,congress7 = ! propos$ f$]ation1 "s ( :i* ,articles w\ld give to t gov]nm5t ability to gov]n ! memb]s ( ! union1 ! ?irte5 nations4 ,! proposal & ! con/itutional ,articles 7 s5t1 = ratification or rejection1 to ! legislature ( ea* nation z its prop] attorney 9 fact 9 creat+ a f$]al union ( nations & 9 giv+ f$]al ability to gov]n1 :i* f$]al ability nev] directly int]f]es ) individual fre$om4 ,let u reflect ^u ! accurate k ( ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t aga9 %[n by ! ,am]icans ( t g5]ation 9 t proposal4 ,only a few %ort mon?s e>li] !re _h come1 f ! same m5 at ,philadelphia1 ! proposal t national gov]nm5t be e/abli%$ 9 ea* nation4 ,^! m5 at ,philadelphia _h be5 subjects ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t until ,july1 #aggf4 ,all gov]nm5t ability to int]f]e ) human fre$om1 !n z n[1 "u ,briti% law1 _h its s\rce 9 a legislature1 ! ,we/m9/] ,p>liam5t4 ,& yet ^! m5 at ,philadelphia1 9 ! summ] ( #aggf1 _h accurately kn[n t1 "u basic ,am]ican law1 su* gov]nm5t ability c\ld only h "o valid s\rce1 direct action by ! citiz5s !mselves assembl$ 9 conv5tions4 ,act+ on ?is k 9 ! summ] ( #aggf1 ! sugge/ion t gov]nm5t 9 ea* /ate be giv5 national p[] to gov]n1 namely1 ability directly to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 _h come z a sugge/ion to ! citiz5s ( ea* nation = _! own direct action4 ,t sugge/ion _h be5 foll[$1 & ?us _h be5 ex]cis$1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ,am]icans ceas$ to be subjects1 ! inh]5t & inali5able & always exi/+ ability ( ! citiz5s ( a free nation to make any k9d ( con/itutional ,articles ( gov]nm5t1 includ+ ! national k9d :i* give gov]nm5t any p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,:51 !re=e1 ^! same m5 at ,philadelphia made _! proposal ( ,novemb]1 #aggg1 t o!r con/itutional ,articles ( gov]nm5t be made 9 ,am]ica1 ! propos$ ,articles ( ,union betwe5 nations1 x might h be5 natural t ?is proposal also %\ld h sugge/$ ratification ( ^! ,articles by ! p !mselves4 ,x w\ld h seem$ all ! m natural1 :5 we rememb] t "o ( ! lead]s at ,philadelphia 9 t "t 0 ,jeff]son1 ! hi/oric *ampion ( human individual fre$om aga9/ all gov]nm5ts4 ,b ! ,am]icans ( t g5]ation & _! lead]s 7 n z ! lead]s ( our own "t4 ,!y knew v accurately ! diff]5ce betwe5 a national ,article ( gov]nm5t1 :i* gave ability to int]f]e ) human fre$om1 & a f$]al ,article1 :i* gave no ability ( t k9d b only ability to gov]n nations or /ates1 z political entities4 ,) ?is accurate k ( ! vital di/9ction betwe5 a national & a f$]al ,article1 !y naturally knew t ei!r ! p !mselves or ! legislative attorney 9 fact ( ! nation1 :i* makes all agreem5ts = ! nation ) o!r nations1 may validly make a f$]al ,article4 ,!re=e1 !y s5t ! propos$ ,articles ( ,conf$]ation betwe5 nations 7n "o ( :i* gave national p[] to ! propos$ f$]al gov]nm5t7 to ! legislatures ( ! respective nations = ratification or rejection on behalf ( ! nations4 ,z ,m>%all lat] summ$ up ! k :i* prompt$ t s5d+ ( ^? f$]al articles to ! legislatures3 ,to ! =mation ( a league1 su* z 0 ! ,conf$]ation1 ! ,/ate sov]eignties 7 c]ta9ly compet5t4 7,m',cullo* v4 ,m>yl&1 #d ,:eat4 #caf47 ,ea* /ate legislature act$ favorably ^u ! propos$ articles & ratifi$ !m4 ,by ,july #i1 #aggh1 ! legislatures ( t5 /ates _h ratifi$4 ,! legislatures ( ,new ,j]sey & ,delaw>e foll[$ be=e ! end ( ,febru>y1 #aggi4 ,! legislature ( ,m>yl& did n ratify until ,m>* #a1 #agha4 ,x is well = ! av]age ,am]ican ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 at ?is po9t1 to fix firmly 9 8 m9d t ?is legislative ratification ( ^! f$]al ,articles 0 ! important ex]cise ( an exi/+ & recogniz$ ability ( /ate legislatures to make all con/itutional articles ( a f$]al nature1 :i* nev] conf] any gov]nm5t ability directly to int]f]e ) human fre$om4 ,x is well = ! same ,am]ican also to fix firmly 9 8 m9d t x 0 ! ex]cise ( an ability to make con/itutional articles entirely di/9ct f ! o!r exi/+ ability to make !m1 :i* _h be5 ex]cis$1 9 ea* nation1 directly by ! citiz5s !mselves1 9 8conv5tions10 9 ! prec$+ ye> ( #aggf4 ,9 t ye>1 !re _h be5 ex]cis$ ! inh]5t & inali5able & always exi/+ ability ( citiz5s ( a nation1 assembl$ 9 conv5tions ( deputies *os5 = t express purpose1 to make any k9d ( con/itutional article1 :e!r x conf]s f$]al or national p[] on gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! ye>s #aggg to #agha1 !re _h be5 ex]cis$ ! recogniz$ & exi/+ b limit$ ability ( /ate legislatures to make f$]al articles1 an ability cle>ly !n kn[n n to include ! ability to conf] ^u gov]nm5t national p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,liv+ ) ^? ,am]icans ?r\gh _! great days1 we h n[ rea*$ ! day 9 #agha :5 !y 7 all citiz5s ( "s nation b 7 n all citiz5s ( ! same nation4 ,! great ,republic1 ,am]ica1 _h n yet be5 born4 ,! legal /atus ( ! ,am]ican z an individual1 & 8 relation to all gov]nm5ts 0 exactly ! same z x _h be5 s9ce #aggf4 ,ea* ,am]ican 0 ! citiz5 ( "s nation4 ,8 individual fre$om c\ld be directly int]f]$ ) only by "s law ( ! legislature ( t s+le nation "u a valid grant1 f him & 8 fell[ citiz5s1 ( p[] to enact t law on t subject4 ,nei!r ! legislature ( any o!r nation 9 ,am]ica1 nor ! legislatures ( all o!r nations 9 ,am]ica1 nor ! gov]nm5t ( nations :i* ^? legislatures _h creat$ & end[$ ) f$]al p[]s1 ! ,congress ( ! ,f$]ation1 c\ld s+ly or collectively issue a s+le comm& to him1 int]f]+ 9 any mann] ) 8 human fre$om1 or c\ld give to any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts a p[] to issue su* a comm&4 ,!re 7 exi/+ & recogniz$ by all 9 ,am]ica two di/9ct & diff]5t abilities--"o limit$ & ! o!r unlimit$--to make con/itutional articles4 ,"o 0 ! limit$ ability ( /ate legislatures4 ,!y c\ld give f$]al p[] to a gov]nm5t1 b !y c\ld n give any national p[] or p[] directly to int]f]e ) human fre$om4 ,! o!r 0 ! unlimit$ ability ( ! citiz5s ( any nation4 ,!y c\ld give any k9d ( p[]1 f$]al or national1 to _! own gov]nm5t4 ,ea* ability1 at a diff]5t "t1 _h be5 evok$ to ex]cise by a di/9ct proposal f ! same ,am]icans at ,philadelphia1 ! ,second ,cont95tal ,congress1 :i* _h "u its direction ! conduct ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,dormant = ! "t be+1 b exi/+ ov] all o!r ability 9 ,am]ica1 0 ! supreme w ( ! collective p ( ,am]ica1 :o _h n yet creat$ _! own great ,republic or become its citiz5s or giv5 to its gov]nm5t its enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om4 ,?is 0 ! legal /atus ( ! ,am]ican1 & 8 relation to all gov]nm5ts1 & ! relation ( gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica to "o ano!r1 :5 ! ,treaty ( ,peace 0 conclud$ ) ,engl& on ,septemb] #c1 #aghc1 & 0 lat] ratifi$ by ! ,f$]al ,congress on ,janu>y #ad1 #aghd4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,am]icans ,,f9d ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,a ,,s+le ,,nation ,liv+ ov] ! great days ( our =efa!rs1 we n[ approa* ! greate/ ( all4 ,x comes f\r ye>s aft] ! end ( ! ,revolution4 ,n satisfi$ ) a m]e union ( _! /ates1 ! :ole ,am]ican p1 9 #aghg1 propos$ to =m ! great nation ( m51 ,am]ica4 ,on ,june #ba1 #aghh1 x is creat$ by !m4 ,on ,m>* #d1 #aghi1 its only gov]nm5t1 n[ also ! gov]nm5t ( ! cont9u$ union ( /ates1 beg9s to function4 ,betwe5 ,may #bi1 #aghg1 & ,m>* #d1 #aghi1 ! :ole ,am]ican p did _! greate/ "w = individual lib]ty4 ,t 0 _! greate/ day4 ,mo/ ,am]icans ( ?is g5]ation "k no?+ ab\t t p]iod4 ,/ill m is x to be regrett$ t our lead]s 9 public life1 ev5 our mo/ r5[n$ lawy]s1 d n und]/& :at 0 a*iev$ !re9 = human fre$om4 ,x is ( vital importance to ! av]age ,am]ican t he always "k & und]/& & realize t a*ievem5t4 ,t he d s1 x is n 9 ! slighte/ degree ess5tial t he be le>n$ 9 ! law4 ,x is only necess>y t he "k & und]/& a few simple facts4 ,! exp]i5ce ( five ye>s s9ce #aiag tea*es "o lesson4 ,x is t ,am]icans1 :o h n ! conviction t !y are great con/itutional ?9k]s1 f> m quickly ?an ^? :o h t conviction1 c grasp ! full mean+ ( ! greate/ ev5t 9 ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,! reason is pla94 ,back 9 ! ages1 !re 0 a "t :5 sci5tific m5 8knew0 t ! e>? 0 flat4 ,because !y 8knew0 x1 ! re/ ( m5 assum$ t x 0 s4 ,&1 because !y 8knew0 x1 x 0 mo/ difficult to conv9ce !m t _! 8k0 0 false 8k40 ,9 a simil> way1 our /atesm5 & con/itutional ?9k]s came to ! ye> #aiag ) ! 8k0 t legislatures 9 ,am]ica1 if en\gh ( !m comb9$1 _h exactly ! omnipot5ce ov] ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican :i* _h be5 d5i$ to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t by ! e>ly ,am]icans4 ,naturally1 x is difficult = !m to und]/& t _! 8k0 is false 8k40 ,= u :o h no false k to ov]come1 x is comp>atively simple to grasp :at ^? o!r pla9 ,am]icans ( #aghg & #aghh meant to accompli% & did accompli%4 ,:y %\ld x n be simple = u8 ,) ^? o!r pla9 ,am]icans1 we h j be5 ?r\gh _! /r5u\s ye>s :i* imm$iately prec$$ _! greate/ days ( #aghg & #aghh4 ,!y 7 a simple p z are we av]age ,am]icans ( ?is g5]ation4 ,f liv+ ) !m ?r\gh ^? e>li] days1 we h come to "k _! dom9ant purpose4 ,!y s\ght to secure to !mselves & to _! po/]ity ! greate/ measure ( protect$ enjoym5t ( human life1 lib]ty & happ9ess aga9/ int]f]5ce f outside ,am]ica & aga9/ usurpation ( p[] by any gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,c]ta9ly1 x ought n to be difficult = u to grasp accurately & quickly :at !y meant to d & :at !y did d 9 _! la/ & greate/ a*ievem5t 9 ! que/ ( t protect$ enjoym5t ( human fre$om4 ,b1 ) all our happy pr$isposition accurately to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! facts 9 #aghg & #aghh1 t und]/&+ _c come until we "k ! facts !mselves4 ,let u1 !re=e1 live ?r\gh ^? ye>s ) ^? o!r pla9 ,am]icans ( :om we are ! po/]ity4 ,only !n c we und]/& _! legacy ( secur$ lib]ty to u & keep x aga9/ usurpation by ^? :o d n und]/&4 ,s long z ! =m] subjects cont9u$ _! ,revolution1 x 0 only natural t ,am]icans %\ld n realize h[ inadequately a m]e f$]ation ( /ates w\ld s]ve really to secure ! protect$ enjoym5t ( individual human fre$om4 ,b1 z soon z t w> _h end$1 disc]n+ m5 began quickly to realize t fact4 ,jeal\sies betwe5 nations1 jeal\sies 9 abeyance :ile ^? nations 7 fight+ a common w> = indep5d5ce1 quickly _h _! m>k$ effect ^u ! relations ( ^! nations to "o ano!r & ^u ! respect :i* !y %[$ to ! comm&s ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! f$]ation ( :i* all ^? nations 7 memb]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ^? comm&s1 because ! gov]n+ p[]s ( t gov]nm5t 7 :olly f$]al1 7 tantam\nt to no?+ b requisitions4 ,^? requisitions 7 honor$ l>gely by ignor+ !m4 ,!re 0 no way ( en=c+ respect = !m or compell+ obs]vance ( !m4 ,! plan ( a purely f$]al union ( nations p]mitt$ no me?od ( en=cem5t save t ( w> ^u :atev] nation or nations might refuse ob$i5ce to a requisition4 ,su* a w> w\ld h be5 repugnant to ! m9d ( e patriotic ,am]ican4 ,?is 0 only "o ( ! _m defects com+ f ! fact t ,am]icans1 9 _s "o p or nation1 _h no political exi/5ce z "o nation & _h no g5]al national gov]nm5t1 ) g5]al p[]s ov] all ,am]icans1 to comm& respect at home & abroad = ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican4 ,!re is nei!r "t nor necessity = dwell+ fur!r ^u ! fact1 quickly br\ght home to ! ,am]ican p aft] ! close ( _! ,revolution1 t a purely f$]al gov]nm5t ( ! /ates 0 no adequate security = _! own fre$om4 ,let ! words ( "o ( !mselves1 apologiz+ = ! inadequacy ( t gov]nm5t1 atte/ _! quick recognition t x 0 inadequate4 ,!y are ! words ( ,jay 9 ,! ,f$]ali/ ( #aghg4 ,?is is :at he said3 8,a /rong s5se ( ! value & bless+s ( union induc$ ! p1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 to in/itute a f$]al gov]nm5t to pres]ve & p]petuate x4 ,!y =m$ x almo/ z soon z !y _h a political exi/5ce2 nay1 at a "t :5 _! habitations 7 9 flames1 :5 _m ( _! citiz5s 7 ble$+1 & :5 ! progress ( ho/ility & desolation left little room = ^? calm & mature inquiries & reflections :i* mu/ ev] prec$e ! =mation ( a wise & well-balanc$ gov]nm5t = a free p4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 t a gov]nm5t in/itut$ 9 times s inauspici\s1 %\ld on exp]im5t be f\nd greatly defici5t & inadequate to ! purpose x 0 int5d$ to answ]40 7,f$41 ,no4 #b47 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,nation ,liv+ ?r\gh ^? old days1 imm$iately aft] ! peace ) ,engl& ( #aghc1 we f9d t public & (ficial recognition ( a fatal defect 9 ! f$]al =m ( union came f ! inability ( its f$]al gov]nm5t1 :i* _h no p[] ov] comm]ce1 to e/abli% a uni=m regulation ( trade among ! ?irte5 ,am]ican nations !mselves & betwe5 !m & =eign nations4 ,disc]n+ m51 su* z ,madison & ,wa%+ton & o!rs1 already recogniz$ o!r incurable defects 9 any =m ( union :i* 0 solely a union ( nations & n a union ( ! ,am]ican p !mselves1 9 "o nation1 ) a gov]nm5t :i* %\ld h national1 z well z f$]al1 p[]s4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! g5]al recognition t "s c5tral p[] ov] comm]ce 0 ne$$1 ! legislature ( ! nation ( ,virg9ia appo9t$ ,james ,madison1 ,edmund ,r&olph & o!rs1 z commission]s to meet simil> commission]s to be appo9t$ by ! twelve o!r nations4 ,! in/ructions to ^! commission]s 7 to exam9e into ! trade situation & report to _! respective nations z to h[ f> a uni=m sy/em ( comm]ce regulations 0 necess>y4 ,! meet+ ( ^! commission]s 0 at ,annapolis 9 ,septemb]1 #aghf4 ,only commission]s f ! nations ( ,virg9ia1 ,delaw>e1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey & ,new ,york att5d$4 ,! o!r eight nations 7 n repres5t$4 ,madison & ,hamilton 7 bo? pres5t at ,annapolis & figur$ l>gely 9 :at 0 done !re4 ,x is an int]e/+ & important fact t ^! two play$ a l>ge "p f its v inception 9 ! peaceful ,revolution :i* br\ght to an end ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ?irte5 nations--a ,revolution :i* subord9at$ ^! nations1 _! respective national gov]nm5ts1 & _! f$]ation to a new nation ( ! :ole ,am]ican ,p1 & to ! ,con/itution & ! gov]nm5t ( t new nation4 ,at e /age ( t ,revolution1 ^! two m5 7 among its =emo/ lead]s4 ,record$ hi/ory has made x pla9 t ,madison1 m ?an any o!r man 9 ,am]ica1 p>ticipat$ 9 plann+ :at 0 accompli%$ 9 t ,revolution4 ,he draft$ ! sub/ance ( mo/ ( ! ,articles 9 :at lat] became ! ,con/itution ( ! new nation4 ,by ! fam\s essays 7ne>ly all ( :i* 7 writt5 by himself or ,hamilton7 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 expla9+ & %[+ ! necessity ( ea* ( ^? ,articles1 he contribut$ mo/ effectively to _! mak+ by ! p ( ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions4 ,he actually drew1 probably 9 conf]5ce ) ,hamilton1 :at we "k z ! ,fif? ,article1 :i* w lat] h]e9 be l>gely ! subject ( our exclusive int]e/4 ,! ,annapolis commission]s made a writt5 report ( _! recomm5dations4 ,?is report 0 s5t to ! respective legislatures ( ! five nations1 :i* _h commission]s at ,annapolis4 ,copies 7 also s5t to ! ,f$]al ,congress & to ! ,executives ( ! o!r eight nations 9 ! f$]ation4 ,! report expla9$ t ! commission]s _h become conv9c$ t !re 7 _m important defects 9 ! f$]al sy/em1 9 addition to its lack ( any p[] ov] comm]ce4 ,! report recomm5d$ t ! ?irte5 nations appo9t 8commission]s1 to meet at ,philadelphia on ! second ,monday 9 ,may next1 to take into consid]ation ! situation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 to devise su* fur!r provisions z %all seem to !m necess>y to r5d] ! con/itution ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t adequate to ! exig5cies ( ! ,union2 & to report su* an act = t purpose1 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,congress assembl$ z1 :5 agre$ to by !m1 & aft]w>ds confirm$ by ! legislature ( e /ate1 w effectually provide = ! same40 ,! ,annapolis recomm5dation 0 act$ ^u by ! legislatures ( twelve nations4 ,ea* nation1 except ,rhode ,isl&1 appo9t$ delegates to att5d ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion to beg9 9 ,may1 #aghg4 ,madison himself1 9 8 introduction to 8 report ( ! debates ( ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 gives 8 own explanation ( :y ,rhode ,isl& did n s5d delegates4 8,rhode ,isl& 0 ! only exception to a compliance ) ! recomm5dation f ,annapolis1 well kn[n to h be5 sway$ by an obdurate adh]5ce to an advantage1 :i* h] position gave h]1 ( tax+ h] neighbors ?r\gh _! consumption ( import$ supplies--an advantage :i* x 0 =ese5 w\ld be tak5 f h] by a revisal ( ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation40 ,?is is m5tion$ h]e9 m]ely to br+ home to ! m9ds ( ,am]icans ( ! pres5t g5]ation ! reality ( ! fact1 n[ s difficult to realize1 t !re 7 !n actually 9 ,am]ica ?irte5 indep5d5t nations1 ea* hav+ its p[]ful jeal\sies ( ! o!r nations & p>ticul>ly ( its own imm$iate neighbors4 ,! actual reality ( ?is fact is some?+ :i* ! read] %\ld n =get4 ,x is important to a correct und]/&+ ( mu* t is said lat] h]e94 ,x is (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! argum5ts t accompani$ ! mak+ ( our ,con/itution1 t ! nation ( ,new ,j]sey 0 suff]+ f exactly ! same tr\ble z ! nation ( ,rhode ,isl& 0 caus+ to its neighbors4 ,almo/ all import$ supplies consum$ by ! citiz5s ( ,new ,j]sey came ?r\gh ! ports ( ,new ,york & ,philadelphia & 7 tax$ by ! nations ( ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania4 ,int]e/+ ?\gh x w\ld be1 x is impossible h]e9 to give 9 detail ! rem>kable /ory ( ! f\r mon?s' ,conv5tion at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg4 ,x began on ,may #ad & its la/ day 0 ,septemb] #ag4 ,x is recomm5d$ to e ,am]ican1 :o desires any real k ( :at 8 nation really is1 t he read1 9 pref]5ce to any o!r /ory ( t ,conv5tion1 ! actual report ( its debates by ,madison1 :i* he himself /ates 7 8writt5 out f my notes1 aid$ by ! fre%ness ( my recollections40 ,x is possible only to ref] briefly b accurately to ^? actual facts1 9 ! hi/ory ( ^? f\r mon?s1 :i* are p]t95t to ! object ( ?is book4 ,at ! v outset1 x is well = u ,am]icans to "k & to rememb] ! extraord9>y nature ( ! recomm5dation :i* _h come f ,annapolis & ( ! v assembl+ ( t ,philadelphia ,conv5tion4 ,! sugge/ion & ! ,conv5tion 7 entirely outside any writt5 law 9 ,am]ica4 ,e "o ( ! ?irte5 colonies 0 !n an indep5d5t nation4 ,^! nations 7 unit$ 9 a f$]ation4 ,ea* nation _h its own con/itution4 ,! f$]ation _h its f$]al con/itution4 ,9 none ( ^? con/itutions 0 !re any provision :atev] "u :i* any su* conv5tion z t ( ,philadelphia c\ld be sugge/$ or held4 ,! f$]al ,con/itution provid$ ! specific mode 9 :i* ability to am5d any ( its f$]al ,articles c\ld be ex]cis$4 ,su* provision nei!r sugge/$ nor contemplat$ any su* conv5tion z t to be held at ,philadelphia4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,madison & ,wilson ( ,p5nsylvania & o!r lead+ delegates at t ,conv5tion /\tly insi/$ t ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion _h n ex]cis$ any p[] :atev] 9 mak+ a proposal4 8,! fact is1 !y h ex]cis$ no p[] at all2 &1 9 po9t ( validity1 ?is ,con/itution1 propos$ by !m = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 claims no m ?an a production ( ! same nature w\ld claim1 fl[+ f a private p540 7,wilson1 ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,conv5tion 9 #aghg1 #b ,ell4 ,deb4 #dgj47 8,x is !re=e ess5tial t su* *anges 9 gov]nm5t be in/itut$ by "s in=mal & unau?oriz$ propositions1 made by "s patriotic & respectable citiz5 or numb] ( citiz5s40 7,madison1 ,f$4 ,no4 #dj47 ,b !re 0 a developm5t ev5 m rem>kable on ! second day ( ?is unau?oriz$ ,conv5tion4 ,! ,conv5tion 0 presid$ ov] by ,wa%+ton4 ,among ! o!r delegates 7 ,hamilton ( ,new ,york1 ,madison & ,r&olph & ,mason ( ,virg9ia1 ,frankl9 & ,wilson & ,rob]t ,morris & ,g\v]neur ,morris ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ! two ,p9ckneys ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,madison himself1 speak+ ( ! delegates 9 8 ,introduction to 8 report ( ! ,debates1 says t !y 7 select$ 9 ea* /ate 8f ! mo/ exp]i5c$ & highe/ /&+ citiz5s40 ,! read] w n =get t ea* ( ^! m5 came "u a commission f ! indep5d5t gov]nm5t ( a sov]eign & indep5d5t nation1 twelve su* indep5d5t gov]nm5ts & nations be+ repres5t$ 9 t ,conv5tion4 ,9 ! face ( ?is important fact1 x is amaz+ to realize ! />tl+ proposition (f]$ = consid]ation1 on ,may #cj1 #aghg4 ,on t day1 ! ,conv5tion hav+ gone into a ,committee ( ! ,:ole1 ,r&olph1 commission$ delegate f ! indep5d5t gov]nm5t & nation ( ,virg9ia1 mov$1 on ! sugge/ion ( ,g\v]neur ,morris1 commission$ delegate f ano!r indep5d5t gov]nm5t & nation1 t ! assembl$ delegates consid] ! ?ree foll[+ resolutions3 8#a4 ,t a union ( ! /ates m]ely f$]al w n accompli% ! objects propos$ by ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation--namely1 common def5se1 security ( lib]ty1 & g5]al welf>e4 8#b4 ,t no treaty or treaties among ! :ole or "p ( ! /ates1 z individual sov]eignties1 w\ld be suffici5t4 8#c4 ,t a national gov]nm5t ought to be e/abli%$1 consi/+ ( a supreme legislative1 executive1 & judici>y40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #acb47 ,if we wi% to realize ! s5sational nature ( ^? resolutions1 let u assume = a mom5t a simil> conv5tion ( delegates assembl$ 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,let u assume t ! delegates h be5 commission$ respectively by ! gov]nm5ts ( ,am]ica1 ,great ,brita91 ,irel&1 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,france1 ,belgium & o!r nations4 ,let u assume t ! o/5sible & proclaim$ purpose ( ! conv5tion1 /at$ 9 ! commissions ( ! delegates1 is t x frame a set ( f$]al ,articles = a league or f$]ation ( ! indep5d5t nations repres5t$ & report ! draft$ ,articles to ! respective gov]nm5ts = ratification or rejection4 ,let u !n assume t1 on ! second day ( ! conv5tion1 ,lloyd ,george1 on ! sugge/ion ( ,*>les ,e4 ,hughes1 calmly proposes t ! conv5tion1 z a ,committee ( ! ,:ole1 consid] ?ree resolutions1 exactly simil> to ^? propos$ by ,r&olph on ,may #cj1 #aghg4 ,imag9e ! amazem5t ( ! _w :5 x f\nd t ! resolutions 7 to ! effect t ! conv5tion %\ld draft & propose a con/itution ( gov]nm5t :i* w\ld create an entirely new nation out ( ! human be+s 9 all ! assembl$ nations1 & create a new national gov]nm5t = ! new nation1 & de/roy =ev] ! indep5d5ce & sov]eignty ( ea* repres5t$ nation & its gov]nm5t & subord9ate !m to ! new national & supreme gov]nm5t4 ,?is 0 exactly ! nature ( ! />tl+ resolutions ( ,r&olph4 ,moreov]1 be=e t "o day clos$1 ! ,committee ( ! ,:ole actually did resolve 8t a national gov]nm5t ought to be e/abli%$ consi/+ ( a supreme legislative1 executive & judici>y40 ,! vote 0 six to "o4 ,massa*usetts1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,virg9ia & ,s\? ,c>ol9a vot$ 8aye40 ,f t day on1 ! ,conv5tion cont9u$ to prep>e a proposal involv+ ! de/ruction ( ! complete indep5d5ce ( ! exi/+ nations & ( ! gov]nm5ts :i* respectively commission$ ! delegates to ! ,conv5tion4 ,f t day on1 ! ,conv5tion conc]n$ itself entirely ) ! draft+ ( con/itutional ,articles :i* w\ld create a new nation1 ,am]ica1 ! memb]s !re( to be all ! ,am]ican p1 & w\ld con/itute a national gov]nm5t = !m1 & give to x national p[]s ov] !m1 & make x supreme1 9 its own sph]e1 ov] all ! exi/+ nations & gov]nm5ts4 ,x is int]e/+ & in/ructive to "k t all ?is />tl+ purpose1 lat] completely a*iev$ by appeal to ! exi/+ ability ( ! possessors ( ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica1 ! p1 assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions1 _h n be5 ! conception ( a mom5t4 ,we f9d ,madison1 by _m cr$it$ ) ! mo/ logical m9d ( 8 rem>kable g5]ation1 c>efully plann+1 long be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,conv5tion1 a q detail$ conception ( ! />tl+ proposal ( ,r&olph4 ,9 a lett] f ,madison to ,r&olph1 dat$ ,april #h1 #aghg 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #ajg71 he speaks ( 8! bus9ess ( ,may next10 & ( ! fact 8t "s lead+ propositions at lea/ w\ld be expect$ f ,virg9ia10 & says1 8,i w j h9t ! ideas t h occurr$1 leav+ explanations = our int]view40 ,:5 we rememb] ! rem>kable mann]1 entirely novel 9 ! hi/ory ( political sci5ce1 9 :i* our ,con/itution creates a new nation & its supreme national gov]nm5t & yet keeps alive ! =m] indep5d5t nations & _! f$]ation1 ! next s5t5ce ( t lett] is ( absorb+ int]e/4 ,x reads1 8,i ?9k1 ) y1 t x w be well to reta9 z mu* z possible ( ! old ,conf$]ation1 ?\gh ,i d\bt :e!r x may n be be/ to "w ! valuable articles into ! new sy/em1 in/ead ( engraft+ ! latt] on ! =m]40 ,:5 we read ! detail$ /ory ( ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion & /udy its product1 our ,con/itution1 !re word$ & lat] made by ! p1 we realize t ,madison's idea1 express$ 9 ! quot$ s5t5ce1 0 accurately c>ri$ out l>gely ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts4 ,turn+ n[ to a lat] p>agraph 9 t same ,april lett]1 we m>vel at ! =esight1 ! logical m9d & ! effective ability ( ! writ] 9 lat] secur+ almo/ ! exact execution ( 8 idea by ! entire p ( a cont95t1 ev5 ?\gh t idea 0 ! de/ruction ( ! indep5d5ce ( _! respective nations & ( _! exi/+ respective gov]nm5ts4 ,t p>agraph reads3 8,i hold x = a fundam5tal po9t1 t an individual indep5d5ce ( ! /ates is utt]ly irreconcilable ) ! idea ( an aggregate sov]eignty4 ,i ?9k1 at ! same "t1 t a consolidation ( ! /ates into "o simple republic is n less unatta9able ?an x w\ld be inexp$i5t4 ,let x be tri$1 !n1 :e!r any middle gr\nd c be tak51 :i* w at once support a due supremacy ( ! national au?ority1 & leave 9 =ce ! local au?orities s f> z !y c be subord9ately useful40 ,?is rem>kable lett] !n goes on1 p>agraph by p>agraph1 to sugge/ t1 9 ! new ,articles1 ! pr9ciple ( repres5tation be *ang$1 s z n to be ! same = e /ate2 ! new gov]nm5t be giv5 8positive & complete0 national p[] 89 all cases :]e uni=m measures are necess>y02 ! new gov]nm5t keep all ! f$]al p[]s already grant$2 ! judicial dep>tm5t ( ! new gov]nm5t be nationally supreme2 ! legislative dep>tm5t be divid$ into two bran*es2 ! new gov]nm5t h an executive dep>tm5t2 !re be an ,article gu>antee+ ea* /ate aga9/ int]nal z well z ext]nal dang]s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! lett] reads l a synopsis ( ! pr9cipal provisions ( our pres5t ,con/itution1 al?\gh ! lett] 0 writt5 ov] a mon? be=e ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion began to draft t ,con/itution4 ,"o p>agraph 9 t rem>kable lett] is v important z ! fir/ ( _m simil> /atem5ts1 ) ! reasons !re=1 made by ,madison 9 ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion :i* ratifi$ ! ,con/itution & 9 ,! ,f$]ali/ :i* urg$ its ratification4 ,madison 0 writ+ 8 lett] )9 a few %ort ye>s aft] ! ,am]ican p _h made _! fam\s ,/atute ( #aggf4 ,he knew its basic law t e ability 9 gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) individual fre$om mu/ be d]iv$ directly by grant f ^? to be gov]n$4 ,he knew t gov]nm5ts c\ld give to gov]nm5t f$]al p[] to prescribe rules ( conduct = nations4 ,he also knew t gov]nm5ts c\ld n give to gov]nm5t any p[] to prescribe rules ( p]sonal conduct :i* int]f]$ ) ! ex]cise ( individual human fre$om4 ,9 o!r words1 he knew ! exi/+ & limit$ ability ( legislatures to make f$]al ,articles & t su* limit$ legislative ability 0 n & nev] c\ld be1 9 ,am]ica1 compet5t to make national ,articles4 ,he also knew ! exi/+ ability ( ,am]icans !mselves1 assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions1 to make any k9d ( con/itutional ,article1 :e!r x 7 f$]al or national4 ,he knew t ! limit$ ability _h be5 ex]cis$ 9 mak+ ! f$]al ,articles ( ! exi/+ f$]ation & t ! unlimit$ ability _h be5 ex]cis$1 9 ea* exi/+ nation1 9 mak+ its national ,articles4 ,) ?is accurate k always pres5t 9 8 m9d & repeat$ly f9d+ expression by him 9 ! ensu+ two ye>s1 x is natural t we f9d 9 8 rem>kable lett] ( #aghg1 aft] 8 summ>y ( :at ,articles ! new ,con/itution ought to conta9 & ne>ly e "o ( :i* x does conta91 ! foll[+ significant /atem5t3 8,to give ! new sy/em its prop] en]gy1 x w be desirable to h x ratifi$ by ! au?ority ( ! p1 & n m]ely by t ( ! legislatures40 ,f su* a logical ,am]ican1 x is expect$ t we %\ld f9d accurate e*o aga9 & aga9 ( ?is def]5ce to basic ,am]ican law 9 su* lat] expressions z 8 /atem5t 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,numb] #cg1 8,! g5ius ( republican lib]ty seems to dem& 444 t all p[] %\ld be d]iv$ f ! p40 ,hav+ ?us gr[n well aw>e ( ! trem5d\s "p play$ by ,madison 9 %ap+ ! sub/ance ( ! ,con/itution ( gov]nm5t "u :i* we ,am]icans live1 let u return to ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion 9 :i* he figur$ s prom95tly & :i* word$ & propos$ ! ,articles ( t ,con/itution4 ,9 ! sev5 ,articles1 :i* 7 f9ally word$ by t ,conv5tion1 !re are b ?ree :i* conc]n !mselves at all ) ! ve/+ ( national p[] 9 gov]nm5t4 ,!y are ! ,fir/1 ! ,fif? & ! ,sev5?4 ,! ,fir/ ,article purports to give1 9 relation to enum]at$ matt]s1 all ! national p[] :i* ! ,con/itution purports any:]e to grant to its only donee ( p[] to make laws int]f]+ ) human fre$om1 ! national ,legislature or ,congress4 ,inde$1 ! op5+ words ( t ,fir/ ,article explicitly /ate t1 8,all legislative ,p[]s h]e9 grant$ %all be ve/$ 9 a ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all consi/ ( a ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives40 ,!n ! rema9+ sections ( t ,article g on to enum]ate all ! p[]s ( t k9d1 ! national p[]s1 :i* are grant$ 9 ! ,con/itution by ! donors1 ! ,am]ican p or citiz5s1 assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions4 ,if !re be any d\bt 9 ! m9d ( any ,am]ican t ! ,fir/ ,article conta9s ! enum]ation ( all national p[]s grant$ by ! ,con/itution1 ! /atem5ts ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 voic$ by ,m>%all1 ought to dispel t d\bt4 ,?is in/rum5t conta9s an enum]ation ( p[]s expressly grant$ by ! p to _! gov]nm5t4444 ,9 ! la/ ( ! enum]at$ p[]s1 t :i* grants1 expressly1 ! means = c>ry+ all o!rs into execution1 ,congress is au?oriz$ 8to make all laws :i* %all be necess>y & prop]0 = ! purpose4 7,gibbons v4 ,ogd51 #i ,:eat4 #a47 ,?is 8la/0 ( ! enum]at$ p[]s1 z ,m>%all accurately t]ms x1 is t grant$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph ( ,section #h ( ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,x is because ! ,fir/ ,article ,,is ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 t 8 gov]nm5t has receiv$ its tribute z a gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s4 ,?is fact is cle>ly expla9$ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ,kansas v4 ,colorado1 #bjf ,u4 ,s4 #df4 ,inde$1 we ne$ no ,m>%all to make u fully und]/& t :5 human be+s con/itute a gov]nm5t1 ! "o important ?+ :i* !y d is to grant gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e1 )9 a limit$ discretion1 ) _! own individual fre$om by issu+ comm&s 9 re/ra9t ( ! ex]cise ( t fre$om4 ,any?+ else t ! gov]nm5t is au?oriz$ to d is a m]e incid5t ( its exi/5ce z a gov]nm5t4 ,! p[] to issue comm&s int]f]+ ) human fre$om is ! sub/ance & ess5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,t is :y all ! national p[]s ( any ,am]ican gov]nm5t are includ$ 9 :atev] ability its legislature has to make valid comm&s ( t k9d4 ,! lett] :i* w5t f ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 ) ! propos$ ,con/itution1 accurately expresses ?is fact 9 ! words1 8,individuals ent]+ into society mu/ give up a %>e ( lib]ty to pres]ve ! re/40 7#a ,ell4 ,deb4 #ag47 ,by surr5d] ( "s ( _! lib]ties is meant _! grant ( p[] to make comm&s or laws int]f]+ ) ^? surr5d]$ lib]ties4 ,:5ev] gov]nm5t is con/itut$1 8! p mu/ c$e to x "s ( _! natural rights1 9 ord] to ve/ x ) requisite p[]s40 7,jay1 ,f$4 ,no4 #b47 ,we ?us "k = a c]ta9ty t ! ,fir/ ,article ( our ,con/itution is ! only "o :i* purports to ve/ 9 gov]nm5t any national p[]s4 ,! ,second ,article deals entirely ) ! executive dep>tm5t1 ! au?ority ( ! presid5t & t dep>tm5t to en=ce valid laws1 ! election ( ! presid5t & vice-presid5t1 etc4 ,! ,?ird ,article deals ) ! au?ority ( ! judicial dep>tm5t includ+ au?ority to decl>e :at laws h be5 validly pass$1 etc4 & ) ! mann] ( ! appo9tm5t ( ! memb]s ( t dep>tm5t1 etc4 ,! ,f\r? ,article conta9s miscellane\s decl>atory /atem5ts ( c]ta9 ?+s :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica make ! fundam5tal law ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,six? ,article conta9s o!r decl>atory /atem5ts ( :at is also made ! fundam5tal law ( ,am]ica4 ,?is leaves to be consid]$ only ! ,fif? & ! ,sev5? ,articles4 ,l ! ,fir/ ,article1 !y relate to ! ve/+ ( national p[] 9 our ,am]ican national gov]nm5t2 b1 unlike ! ,fir/ ,article1 nei!r ( !m purports to grant any su* p[] to any gov]nm5t4 ,!y deal ) ! mann] ( its grant by ! only compet5t grantors ( p[] ( t k9d1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican p1 call$ by t "n1 8conv5tions10 9 ! ,fif? & ,sev5? ,articles4 ,z ! ,sev5? ,article 0 int5d$ by ^? :o word$ x to accompli% its purpose simultane\sly ) & by reason ( its ratification1 & z its purpose 0 ! ma9 object ( ! ,conv5tion :i* fram$ all ! ,articles1 we w consid] x be=e ! ,fif?4 ,! ,sev5? is m]ely ! explicit decl>atory /atem5t ( ^? ^: 8express$ au?ority 444 alone c\ld give due validity to ! ,con/itution10 ! ,am]icans !mselves assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions1 t :5 ! ,am]icans1 assembl$ 9 n9e ( ^? ?irte5 conv5tions1 h answ]$ 8,yes0 to ! entire propos$ ,con/itution1 ! ,am]ican nation %all in/antly exi/1 all ,am]icans 9 ^? =m] nations :]e ^? n9e conv5tions assembl$ %all in/antly be ! citiz5s ( ! new nation1 & all ! grants ( national p[]1 express$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article ( t ,con/itution1 %all h be5 validly made z ! fir/ important act ( t collective citiz5%ip4 ,we n[ consid] = a mom5t ! ,fif? ,article1 ! only rema9+ "o :i* relates to grant ( national p[]4 ,t ,fif? ,article does n relate to grant ( national p[] alone4 ,x also relates to grant ( f$]al p[]4 ,x relates to ! future grant ( ei!r ( ^? vitally di/9ct k9ds ( p[]4 ,x is fur!r pro( ( ! logical m9d ( ! man :o wrote t extraord9>y lett] ( ,april1 #aghg1 & :o l>gely1 9 sub/ance1 plann$ ! entire sy/em ( a con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 bo? f$]al & national1 :i* is embodi$ 9 our ,con/itution4 ,madison & 8 associates1 9 ,! ,f$]ali/ & 9 ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion & 9 ! v>i\s ratify+ conv5tions1 repeat$ly /at$ _! k t ! propos$ ,con/itution c\ld n possibly be p]fect4 ,) ! utmo/ frankness1 !y express$ ! sane conviction t x w\ld be contr>y to all human exp]i5ce1 if x 7 f\nd p]fect 9 ! work+ out ( an entirely new & rem>kable dual sy/em ( gov]nm5t ( a free p by !mselves1 ,= ?is reason1 ! ,fif? ,article 0 word$ s z to prescribe a con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* ! exi/+ ability ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s to make any k9d ( ,article1 :e!r national or f$]al1 c\ld !reaft] be invok$ to ex]cise & be ex]cis$4 ,x 0 also word$ s z to provide a con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* !re c\ld be likewise invok$ to ex]cise & be ex]cis$ ! exi/+ limit$ ability ( ! /ate legislatures to make articles :i* 7 n national4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x 0 only at ! la/ mom5t1 9 ! ,conv5tion1 t ,madison & ,hamilton1 rememb]+ ?is limit$ ability ( ^? legislatures1 wrote into ,article ,v any m5tion ( x & its future con/itutional ex]cise4 ,z ! /ory ( ! ,fir/1 ,fif? & ,sev5? ,articles1 at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg1 w be m fully treat$ h]e9aft]1 we leave !m n[ to cont9ue ! brief /ory ( ! volunt>y & direct action ( ! ,am]icans !mselves1 by :i* !y creat$ ! nation t is ,am]ica1 became its citiz5s &1 z su*1 ve/$ its only gov]nm5t ) its enum]at$ national p[]s4 ,:5 ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 on ,septemb] #ag1 #aghg1 _h complet$ its volunt>y task ( word+ ! propos$ ,con/itution ( a nation & its supreme gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s1 ! propos$ ,con/itution 0 ref]r$ to ! ,am]ican p1 = _! own approval or rejection1 assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions4 ,9 _m respects1 ! ,philadelphia asc]ta9m5t ( ! legal necessity t x mu/ be ref]r$ to ^? p !mselves & ! ,philadelphia decision to t effect1 foll[+ t asc]ta9m5t1 con/itute ! mo/ important & au?oritative legal reason+ & decision ev] made 9 ,am]ica s9ce ,july #d1 #aggf4 ,bo? reason+ & decision 7 naturally bas$ ^u ! fact t ! ,fir/ ,article purports to give national p[]s to ,congress to make laws1 int]f]+ ) ! individual fre$om ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ! face ( t decisive fact1 x 0 impossible = ! ,am]icans at ,philadelphia1 :o _h word$ t propos$ ,article ) its grant ( enum]at$ p[]s ( t k9d1 to h made any o!r legal decision ?an a ref]5ce ( su* an ,article to ! ,am]ican p !mselves assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions1 z ! only compet5t grantors ( any national p[]4 ,! ,am]icans at ,philadelphia 7 human be+s ( exactly ! same type z all ( u4 ,!y _h _! human ambitions & diff]5ces ( op9ion & jeal\sies4 ,!y 7 n sup]m5 any m ?an we are4 ,!y 7 grappl+ ) trem5d\s problems along an un*>t$ way 9 ! comp>atively new sci5ce ( self gov]nm5t by a free p1 sp>sely settl$ along ! ext5sive ea/]ly coa/ ( a cont95t &1 at ! "t1 citiz5s ( ?irte5 di/9ct & indep5d5t nations4 ,_! p]sonal ambitions & diff]5ces ( op9ion & jeal\sies1 = !mselves & _! respective nations1 made ! problem1 :i* !y set !mselves to solve1 "o almo/ unp>allel$ 9 hi/ory4 ,if !y _h :olly fail$ 9 _! ef=t1 z m5 ) any o!r tra9+ & dom9ant purpose 9 life w\ld c]ta9ly h fail$1 no j hi/orian w\ld ev] h attribut$ su* failure to any lack ( intellig5ce or ability or patriotism on _! "p4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 _! =tune & our own t _! tra9+ & dom9ant purpose 9 life _h be5 unique 9 hi/ory4 ,among !m 7 m51 :o only elev5 ye>s e>li]1 at t same ,philadelphia1 9 ! "n & on behalf ( ! ,am]ican p1 _h enact$ ! ,/atute ( #aggf4 ,z _! presid+ (fic]1 9 _! ef=t ( #aghg1 sat ! man :o _h l$ ! same ,am]ican p 9 _! successful ef=t1 by ! sacrifices ( a ,valley ,=ge & ! battlefields ( ! ,revolution1 to make ! decl>ations ( t ,/atute ! basic pr9ciple ( ,am]ican law4 ,prom95t 9 ! ,conv5tion 0 ,hamilton1 :o _h left college at sev5te5 to become a tru/$ lieut5ant ( ! lead] 9 t w> :i* did make t ,/atute our basic law4 ,among ! delegates 7 q a few o!rs :o _h play$ simil> p>ts 9 t same w> = t same purpose4 ,mo/ ( ! delegates _h play$ "s "p1 entail+ p]sonal sacrifice & ef=t1 9 t same w> & = t same purpose4 ,) su* an education 9 ! s*ool ^: tra9+ m5 f9d x impossible to ignore1 ! s*ool ( actual life1 x 0 m5tally impossible t ?is body ( m5 c\ld ei!r =get or ignore or disobey ! basic ,am]ican law1 :i* !n comm&$ !m & /ill comm&s u1 t no gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica c ev] h or ex]cise any valid national p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om except by direct grant f its citiz5s !mselves4 ,if ! education ( ! lead]s ( ! pres5t g5]ation _h be5 ! same1 ,am]ican hi/ory ( ! la/ five ye>s c\ld h be5 diff]5tly writt5 9 a lat] *apt] h]e94 ,because ! ,conv5tion 0 educat$ to "k ! ,/atute ( '#gf1 ! propos$ grant ( enum]at$ national p[]s 9 ! ,fir/ ,article 0 necess>ily ref]r$ to ! only compet5t grantors1 ! ,am]ican p !mselves1 assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions4 ,famili> z we are ) ! result ( _! ef=t to solve _! great problem1 a result told 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ensu+ "o hundr$ & ?irty-five ye>s 9 ,am]ica1 x seems fitt+ "h to h ,madison describe ! clos+ mom5t ( t ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 9 8 own words3 8,:il/ ! la/ memb]s 7 sign+1 ,dr4 ,frankl91 look+ t[>d ! presid5t's *air1 at ! back ( :i* a ris+ sun happ5$ to be pa9t$1 obs]v$ to a few memb]s ne> him1 t pa9t]s _h f\nd x difficult to di/+ui%1 9 _! art1 a ris+ f a sett+ sun4 #8,i h1' said he1 #8(t5 & (t51 9 ! c\rse ( ! session1 & ! vicissitudes ( my hopes & fe>s z to its issue1 look$ at t beh9d ! presid5t1 )\t be+ able to tell :e!r x 0 ris+ or sett+2 b n[1 at l5g?1 ,i h ! happ9ess to "k t x is a ris+1 & n a sett+ sun4'0 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #efe47 ,! /ory ( ! actual mak+ ( t ,con/itution by ! p ( ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions1 is a m>vel\s /ory4 ,no ,am]ican c fully grasp :at an ,am]ican really is unless he p]sonally reads t /ory1 n z told ev5 by ! mo/ gift$ writ]1 b z told by ! record$ debates 9 ! v conv5tions !mselves ( ! v ,am]icans :o creat$ ! nation :i* is ,am]ica1 made !mselves its citiz5s &1 z its citiz5s1 made ! only valid grants ( enum]at$ national p[]1 ! grants 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,9 a lat] *apt]1 some:at ( t /ory w be told1 mo/ly 9 ! v words ( ^? :o made ^? grants4 ,at ?is po9t1 we are conc]n$ only to set out ! h\r & ! mom5t :5 ,am]ican human be+s1 z su*1 9 _! greate/ ,revolution1 ex]cis$ _! exclusive ability to give _! "o gov]nm5t "s national p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,ea* ( !m 0 already a citiz5 ( "o ( ! exi/+ nations4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 z ,am]ican human be+s1 always collectively ! possessors ( ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica1 & n z citiz5s ( any nation1 t !y assembl$ 9 ! conv5tions &1 9 ! ex]cise ( t supreme w1 creat$ a new & "o ,am]ican nation1 by becom+ its *>t] memb]s & citiz5s4 ,t 0 ! fir/ & imm$iate effect ( ! sign+ ( t ,con/itution 9 ! n9? conv5tion ( ! ,am]ican p1 ! conv5tion 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 on ,june #ba1 #aghh4 ,t is ! actual day ( ! bir? ( ! ,am]ican nation z a political entity4 ,x is ! day on :i* ! ,am]ican citiz51 memb] ( ! ,am]ican nation1 fir/ exi/$4 ,:ile x is true t !re yet 0 no actual gov]nm5t ( ! new nation1 x _c be d5i$ t legally1 f t ,june #ba1 #aghh1 !re did exi/ an ,am]ican nation1 z a political society ( human be+s1 & t its memb]s 7 ! human be+s 9 ! =m] nations ( ,delaw>e1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,georgia1 ,connecticut1 ,massa*usetts1 ,m>yl&1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,! v mom5t ! ,am]icans 9 ^? n9e =m] nations _h sign$ t ,con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 !y _h con/itut$ !mselves a nation & _h become its citiz5s4 ,simultane\sly !re)1 z its citiz5s1 !y _h made _! grant ( enum]at$ national p[]s to int]f]e ) _! own human fre$om4 ,simultane\sly !re)1 !y _h de/roy$ =ev] ! absolute indep5d5ce ( _! n9e nations2 !y _h kept alive ^? nations1 z p>tially indep5d5t political societies1 ea* to s]ve c]ta9 purposes ( its memb]s :o /ill rema9$ citiz5s ( t political society z well z citiz5s ( ! new nation2 !y _h tak5 f ! gov]nm5t ( ea* ( ^? nations mu* ( its national p[]1 _h giv5 to ea* su* gov]nm5t no new p[] :atev]1 b _h left ) x mu* ( its =m] national p[] ov] its own citiz5s2 !y _h kept alive ! f$]ation ( nations1 n[ a f$]ation ( p>tially indep5d5t /ates2 !y _h made _! own new national gov]nm5t also ! f$]al gov]nm5t ( t cont9u+ f$]ation & _! own national ,con/itution also ! f$]al ,con/itution ( t cont9u$ f$]ation2 !y _h subord9at$ all ^? n9e /ates & ! gov]nm5t ( ea* & ( ! f$]ation to _! own supreme w1 z ! citiz5s ( ! new nation1 express$ 9 its ,con/itution4 ,?is 0 ! mean+ ( ! second section ( ! ,six? ,article 9 ! docum5t1 :i* !y _h sign$1 :i* reads3 8,?is ,con/itution1 & ! ,laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* %all be made 9 pursuance !re(2 & all ,treaties made1 or :i* %all be made1 "u ! ,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be ! supreme ,law ( ! ,l&2 & ! ,judges 9 e ,/ate %all be b\nd !reby1 any ,?+ 9 ! ,con/itution or ,laws ( any ,/ate to ! ,contr>y not)/&+40 ,! mak]s ( ! new nation are id5tifi$ by ! op5+ words ( ! docum5t3 8,we ! ,p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,ord] to =m a m p]fect ,union1 e/abli% ,ju/ice1 insure dome/ic ,tranquillity1 provide = ! common def5ce1 promote ! g5]al ,welf>e1 & secure ! ,bless+s ( ,lib]ty to ourselves & our ,po/]ity1 d orda9 & e/abli% ?is ,con/itution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica40 ,x w\ld be div]t+1 7 x n some:at pa!tic1 to he> t ! ,con/itution 0 made by ! /ates4 ,f t quot$ ,preamble alone1 volumes might be writt5 to %[ ! absurdity ( su* ?\ght4 ,x id5tifies ! mak]s z 8p0 & n z political entities4 ,x expressly says t its mak]s1 8! p10 orda9 x 89 ord] to =m a m p]fect ,union40 ,! /ates already _h a p]fect union ( /ates4 ,b ! human be+s or 8p0 ( all ,am]ica _h no union ( !mselves4 ,! only 8p0 9 ,am]ica1 :o _h no union ( !mselves1 id5tify !mselves unmi/akably :5 !y say1 8,we ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,ord] to =m a m p]fect ,union1 etc40 ,!y are ! 8p0 or human be+s ( ,am]ica1 ! :ole p ( ,am]ica1 ! collective possessors ( ! supreme w :i* _h enact$ ! ,/atute ( '#gf4 ,if ?is fact _h be5 kept cle>ly 9 m9d by our mod]n lead]s & lawy]s1 ! hi/ory ( ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t w\ld nev] h be5 writt54 ,:5 ! :ole ,am]ican p assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions 9 _! respective geographic /ates1 !y did n assemble !re9 z ! citiz5s ( _! respective /ates4 ,x is true t ! ,am]icans1 :o assembl$ 9 any p>ticul> conv5tion1 happ5$ to be citiz5s ( a p>ticul> /ate4 ,b !y 7 also "p ( ! :ole ,am]ican p1 ^: act z a :ole p _h fre$ all ! colonies & _h p]mitt$ ! ,am]icans 9 ea* colony to con/itute a nation = !mselves4 ,&1 :5 ! ,am]icans 9 ea* conv5tion assembl$1 x 0 to decide :e!r t "p ( ! ,am]ican p1 :i* resid$ 9 t /ate1 w\ld agree ) ! ,am]ican p resid+ 9 o!r /ates to become memb]s & citiz5s ( an entirely diff]5t society ( m5 & grant to ! gov]nm5t ( ! new society p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual rights ( ! memb]s ( ! new society4 ,h[ c\ld ! 8citiz5s0 ( an indep5d5t nation1 9 _! capacity z su* citiz5s1 become 8citiz5s0 ( an entirely diff]5t nation1 ) an entirely diff]5t human memb]%ip or citiz5ry8 ,if ! individual memb]s ( a l>ge a?letic club 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york %\ld assemble 9 its club h\se to det]m9e :e!r !y1 z individual human be+s1 %\ld jo9 ) ! human memb]s ( a numb] ( o!r a?letic clubs & create a l>ge golf club1 ) a l>ge human memb]%ip1 & become memb]s ( t l>ge golf club1 w\ld any ( !m ent]ta9 ! absurd ?\ght t he 0 becom+ a memb] ( ! golf club 9 8 capacity z a memb] ( 8 exi/+ & small] a?letic club8 ,?is is exactly :at happ5$ :5 ! ,am]ican p z a :ole assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions & decid$ to become memb]s or citiz5s ( ! new & l>g] political society ( m51 :ile /ill rema9+ memb]s & citiz5s ( _! respective small] societies ( m54 ,! vital di/9ction betwe5 ! citiz5 ( ,am]ica & ! citiz5 ( a /ate1 al?\gh (t5times "o is ! same human be+1 is probably kn[n to _m ( ! mod]n lead]s & lawy]s :o h consid]$ & argu$ ab\t ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,b x has be5 :olly ignor$ 9 e argum5t = or aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( t ,am5dm5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 t vital di/9ction has always be5 s important a "p ( our ,am]ican in/itutions t x has be5 ! subject-matt] ( repeat$ decisions 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,x is a di/9ction amaz+ly important1 9 sub/ance1 to individual fre$om 9 ,am]ica4 ,s true is ?is t "o ( ! mo/ important ,am5dm5ts ev] made to ! f$]al "p ( our ,con/itution 0 prim>ily int5d$ to require t e /ate mu/ ext5d to ! 8privileges or immunities ( citiz5s0 ( ,am]ica ! same respect & protection :i* ! ,am]ican ,con/itution _h previ\sly only requir$ t ea* /ate mu/ ext5d to ! citiz5s ( ! o!r /ates4 ,:5 ! conv5tions made ! orig9al con/itution1 ,section #b ( ,article ,,iv comm&$ t 8,! ,citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate %all be entitl$ to all ,privileges & ,immunities ( ,citiz5s 9 ! sev]al ,/ates40 ,aft] ! ,civil ,w> _h clos$1 x quickly 0 realiz$ t ?is f$]al comm& ( ! ,con/itution did n protect ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica 9 any /ate4 ,& s ?is comm& 0 add$ to ! f$]al "p ( ! ,con/itution by ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t1 namely1 t 8,no ,/ate %all make or en=ce any law :i* %all abridge ! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s0 ( ,am]ica4 ,x w\ld be idle to repeat "h ! fam\s ,supreme ,c\rt decisions 9 :i* t ,c\rt has be5 oblig$ to dwell ^u ! important result accompli%$ by ?is vital *ange 9 ! f$]al "p ( our ,con/itution4 ,9 su* cases z ! ,slaught] ,h\se ,cases1 #af ,wall4 #cf1 ,paul v4 ,virg9ia1 #h ,wall4 #afh1 ,re ,kemml]1 #acf ,u4,s4 #dcf1 ,u4,s4 v4 ,cruik%ank1 #ib ,u4,s4 #edb1 ,blake v4 ,mc,clung1 #agb ,u4,s4 #bci1 ,maxwell v4 ,s[1 #agf ,u4,s4 #eha & num]\s o!r cases ! important decisions h turn$ entirely ^u ! vital di/9ction betwe5 a citiz5 ( ,am]ica & a citiz5 ( a p>ticul> /ate1 ev5 ?\gh ! same man _h ! two capacities4 ,ea* decision turn$ ^u ! fact t ! protection giv5 to him 9 "o capacity1 by "s con/itutional provision1 did n ext5d to him 9 ! o!r capacity4 ,if all ?is _h n be5 =gott5 & ignor$ dur+ ! five ye>s :i* began 9 #aiag1 ! /ory ( t five ye>s w\ld h be5 entirely diff]5t4 ,ev]yone w\ld h kn[n t ! respective attorneys 9 fact = societies or /ates c\ld n grant new p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! memb]s ( an entirely diff]5t society1 ,am]ica4 ,!re nev] 0 a day at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg :5 ! cle>-m9d$ ,am]icans did n rememb] & realize ?is vital di/9ction betwe5 ,am]icans1 9 _! capacity z memb]s ( _! respective exi/+ societies1 & ,am]icans1 9 _! capacity z memb]s ( ! prospective society ( ! :ole ,am]ican p4 ,!re nev] 0 a day :5 !y did n realize t ! memb]s ( ! propos$ new & supreme society ( m5 w\ld nev] h b "o attorney 9 fact = any purpose1 ! gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton1 :ile ! memb]s ( ea* small & inf]ior society w\ld /ill h1 z !y already _h1 9 _! capacity z su* memb]s1 _! own attorney 9 fact1 _! own gov]nm5t4 ,"o in/ance alone is suffici5t to %[ h[ t ,philadelphia ,conv5tion nev] =got ^! important ?+s4 ,:5 ! ,committee ( ,detail1 on ,augu/ #f1 #aghg1 report$ to ! ,conv5tion ! fir/ draft ev] made ( our ,con/itution1 ! ,preamble read3 8,we1 ! p ( ! /ates ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,massa*usetts1 etc40 7enum]at+ all ! /ates71 8d orda91 decl>e1 & e/abli%1 ! foll[+ con/itution = ! gov]nm5t ( ourselves & our po/]ity40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #cgf47 ,b1 s t future g5]ations1 l our own1 %\ld n ignore ! fact t x 0 n ! p ( ! respective /ates b ! :ole p ( ,am]ica :o made ! ,con/itution1 be=e ! proposal 0 made f ,philadelphia1 ! ,preamble1 id5tify+ ! mak]s ( ! ,con/itution1 0 *ang$ to read1 8,we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10--! :ole p ( ! new nation1 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion1 ,patrick ,h5ry put ! cle> fact all 9 "o pi?y /atem5t4 ,he made t /atem5t 9 "o ( 8 eloqu5t argum5ts aga9/ ratification ( ! ,con/itution4 ,_m ,am]icans today d n "k t ,patrick ,h5ry 0 ! mo/ zeal\s oppon5t ( ! propos$ ,con/itution4 ,he 0 a citiz5 ( ! nation ( ,virg9ia4 ,8 human lib]ty z an individual c\ld n be int]f]$ ) by any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w except ! ,virg9ia gov]nm5t & only by x1 "u grant ( national p[] to x f him & 8 fell[ citiz5s ( ,virg9ia4 ,t is exactly ! /atus :i* he wi%$ to reta9 = himself & :i* he insi/$ 0 ! be/ security = individual fre$om ( all ,am]icans 9 ,virg9ia4 8,?is is an ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 n a ,virg9ia gov]nm5t60 he exclaim$4 ,no?+ c\ld m cle>ly express 8 k1 ! common k ( all 9 t day1 t he & 8 fell[ ,am]icans 9 t conv5tion 7 be+ ask$ z ,am]icans1 n z citiz5s ( ,virg9ia1 to con/itute a new nation ( ! ,am]ican p & a national gov]nm5t = t p4 ,t is :y ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 responsive to ! dem& ( t ,virg9ia conv5tion & o!r simil> conv5tions ( ! ,am]ican p1 names ! citiz5s ( ! respective /ates z "o class ( res]vees & ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica z ! great res]vee & 8mo/ important factor0 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t4 ,?is is ! pla9 mean+ ( ! language ( t ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 to ^? :o "k :at ,am]ica is1 :]e t language reads 8to ! /ates respectively1 or to ! p40 ,! ^w 8respectively0 is po9t$ly pres5t aft] ! ^w 8/ates0 & x is po9t$ly abs5t aft] ! ^w 8p40 ,no?+ c\ld make m cle>1 to ^? :o d n =get t ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate 7 ! /ate itself1 t ! words 8to ! /ates respectively0 mean to ! respective peoples or citiz5s ( ea* /ate & t ! words 8or to ! p0 mean to ! p or citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 9 t capacity4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,cons5t ,,( ,,! ,,gov]n$ ,we av]age ,am]icans h n[ liv$ ) ^? e>li] ,am]icans ?r\gh ! ye>s 9 :i* !y 7 educat$ to _! mak+ ( ! ,am]ican nation1 to _! con/itution ( its only g5]al gov]nm5t ) national p[]s4 ,we h be5 ) !m 9 ^? e>ly days :5 legally !y 7 subjects1 inasmu* z _! ,briti% ,legislature at ,london _h unlimit$ ability1 n delegat$ by !m1 to int]f]e ) ! individual human fre$om ( ea* ( !m & all ( !m4 ,we h realiz$ t1 9 ^? v e>ly days1 despite _! legal /atus1 ^? ,am]icans 7 actually & 9 sub/ance citiz5s ( _! own respective communities1 inasmu* z ! legislatures :i* actually did int]f]e ) su* fre$om 7 ! legislatures ( _! own *oos+ to :i* !y !mselves delegat$ su* p[]s ( int]f]5ce4 ,we h be5 ) !m :5 _! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t began its attempt to ex]cise its omnipot5t ability4 ,we h se5 ! inevitable result1 ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 by a p1 educat$ ?r\gh actual exp]i5ce 9 self gov]nm5t1 aga9/ ! attempt ( any gov]nm5t to ex]cise a national p[] n directly grant$ by its citiz5s4 ,we h se5 _! inv9cible det]m9ation1 9 an eight ye> w> ( sacrifice1 t no gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica %all ev] h any national p[] except by direct grant f its citiz5s4 ,we h se5 !m1 9 _! ,/atute ( '#gf--nev] repeal$--decl>e ?is pr9ciple to be ! basic law ( ,am]ica4 ,we h be5 ) !m :5 ! ,am]icans 9 ea* =m] colony con/itut$ = !mselves a gov]nm5t & gave x limit$ ability to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om4 ,liv+ ) !m at t "t1 we h realiz$ h[ accurately !y !n grasp$ ! vital fact t ! grant+ ( su* national ability is ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t & t no p ev] are free or self-gov]n+ unless e grant ( t k9d is made directly by ! citiz5s ( ! nation !mselves4 ,we h realiz$ t1 9 con/itut+ _! respective national gov]nm5ts1 ! citiz5s ( ea* ( ^? nations )held f its gov]nm5t _m possible national p[]s1 su*1 = example1 z ^? m5tion$ 9 ! v>i\s ,bills ( ,rights or ,decl>ations ( human lib]ty 9 ! diff]5t writt5 con/itutions ( ^? nations4 ,we h realiz$--a vital legal fact nev] to be =gott5--h[ accurately ^? ,am]icans & _! gov]nm5ts knew t n all ( ^? sov]eign legislatures ( ^? indep5d5t nations c\ld1 ev5 toge!r1 ex]cise or grant a s+le "o ( ^? possible national p[]s res]v$ by ! p to !mselves4 ,we h also realiz$--aga9 a legal fact :i* %\ld h sunk deep into our s\ls--t ! v national p[]s1 :i* ! citiz5s ( ea* ( ^? nations _h grant$ to its legislative gov]nm5t1 7 to be ex]cis$ only by t legislative gov]nm5t & c\ld n be delegat$ by x to any o!r gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts4 8,! p[]s delegat$ to ! /ate sov]eignties 7 to be ex]cis$ by !mselves1 n by a di/9ct & indep5d5t sov]eignty creat$ by !mselves40 7,m>%all1 ,m',cullo* v4 ,m>yl&1 #d ,:eat4 #caf47 ,we h liv$ ) ^? ,am]icans 9 ^? ,revolution>y days :5 ! legislative gov]nm5ts ( _! ?irte5 nations creat$ 8a di/9ct & indep5d5t sov]eignty0 to gov]n a f$]al union ( ^? nations b n to gov]n1 by ! ex]cise ( national p[]s1 ! human be+s :o 7 ! ,am]ican p4 ,we h se5 ^? legislative gov]nm5ts !n aw>e ( _! exi/+ ability1 ea* z ! repres5tative or attorney 9 fact ( its own nation = all f$]al purposes1 to ve/ f$]al p[]s 9 a f$]al gov]nm5t4 8,to ! =mation ( a league1 su* z 0 ! ,conf$]ation1 ! /ate sov]eignties 7 c]ta9ly compet5t40 7,m>%all1 ,m',cullo* v4 ,m>yl&1 #d ,:eat4 #caf47 ,b ^? legislative gov]nm5ts knew t !y c\ld n delegate to any gov]nm5t ev5 ^? limit$ national p[]s 8delegat$ to ! /ate sov]eignties0 by _! respective citiz5s4 8,! p[]s delegat$ to ! /ate sov]eignties 7 to be ex]cis$ by !mselves1 n by a di/9ct & indep5d5t sov]eignty creat$ by !mselves40 7,m>%all1 supra47 ,z to ! national p[]s n delegat$ b res]v$ by ! p to !mselves1 ! legislative gov]nm5ts ( t day 7z well z ! ,am]ican p7 knew :at ! ,supreme ,c\rt /ill knew 9 #aijg z to national p[]s simil>ly )held f ! lat] national gov]nm5t ( ,am]ica3 ,! p[]s ! p h giv5 to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t are nam$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 & all n !re nam$1 ei!r expressly or by implication1 are res]v$ to ! p & c be ex]cis$ only by !m1 or ^u fur!r grant f !m4 7,ju/ice ,brew] 9 ,turn] v4 ,williams1 #aid ,u4 ,s4 #bgi47 ,we h be5 ) ^? ,am]icans 9 ! few %ort ye>s 9 :i* !y le>n$ t ! maximum ( protect$ enjoym5t ( individual fre$om c\ld nev] be obta9$ ?r\gh a g5]al gov]nm5t possess+ naught b f$]al p[]s1 ! only k9d ( p[] :i* any ,am]ican gov]nm5t c ev] obta9 ?r\gh grants made by gov]nm5ts or1 9 any way1 except by direct grant f its citiz5s !mselves4 ,we h be5 ) ^? ,am]icans ?r\gh ! greate/ ,revolution ( all1 :5 _! lead]s & ! av]age ,am]icans !mselves1 /ill det]m9$ to obta9 t maximum protect$ enjoym5t ( individual human lib]ty & awake to ! k t x c\ld n be obta9$ ?r\gh a g5]al gov]nm5t ) naught b f$]al p[]s1 rose aga9 to ! great occasion4 ,we h be5 ) !m :51 outside ( all !n exi/+ con/itutions & outside ( all writt5 ,am]ican law except ! ,/atute ( '#gf1 ^? ,am]icans1 at ! sugge/ion ( _! ,am]ican lead]s1 made !mselves ! memb]s ( "o great political society ( human be+s1 ! nation :i* is ,am]ica4 ,we h be5 ) !m :5 !y gave ! gov]nm5t ( ,am]ica1 by direct grant f !mselves1 su* enum]at$ national p[]s to comm& !m1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 z !y--n ! /ate gov]nm5ts--deem$ wise & necess>y to protect _! human lib]ty aga9/ all oppressors1 includ+ all gov]nm5ts4 ,we h be5 ) !m--& we h m>vel$--:ile !y !mselves actually made1 by _! own action1 _! amaz+ly effective di/ribution ( all delegat$ p[]s to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,we h se5 t !y gave to ! new gov]nm5t1 ! only gov]nm5t ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 naught b enum]at$ national p[]s1 ) ! ability to make all laws necess>y = ! prop] execution ( ^? enum]at$ p[]s1 & res]v$ to !mselves alone--n to any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w--all o!r possible national p[]s ov] ! self-gov]n+ p1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,we h se5 h[ !y1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! possessors ( ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica1 !n end$ ! complete indep5d5ce ( ea* ( ! ?irte5 nations b res]v$ to ! citiz5s ( ea* nation mu* ( _! =m] ability to ex]cise _! own national p[]s ( gov]nm5t ov] !mselves1 ?r\gh _! own delegation ( su* p[] to _! only attorney 9 fact = su* purpose1 _! own legislature4 ,we h se5 ^? ,am]ican citiz5s1 :ile de/roy+ ! complete indep5d5ce ( ^? =m] nations1 incorporate ! =m] f$]ation ( /ates into _! own sy/em ( a society or nation ( all ! human be+s ( ,am]ica4 ,we h se5 !m1 9 ! con/itution ( _! own national gov]nm5t1 make x also ! f$]al gov]nm5t ( t f$]ation & leave ) x su* f$]al p[]s z !y !mselves deem$ wise4 ,we "k1 !re=e1 z !y knew 9 #agij :5 _! great di/ribution ( p[] _h become effective1 t no legislature 9 ,am]ica c\ld ex]cise a national p[] n grant$ by its own citiz5s1 & t no legislature or legislatures 9 ,am]ica c\ld give any national p[] to any gov]nm5t4 ,we av]age ,am]ican citiz5s ( ?is pres5t g5]ation mu/ n[ feel qualifi$ to und]/& ! ,con/itution & its settl$ di/ribution ( all national p[]s to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,if ^! ,am]icans c\ld use _! k intellig5tly to make t amaz+ ,con/itution to protect our human lib]ty & _! own1 x _c be beyond u1 n[ also taught by _! exp]i5ce1 to und]/& ! protection :i* t ,con/itution gave to !m & gives to u aga9/ ev5 ! usurpation ( our own gov]nm5ts4 ,only by t und]/&+ may we hope to keep t legacy ( protection4 ,no long]1 n[ t we h acquir$ t und]/&+1 c we make ! great mi/ake ( believ+ t ! public lead]s or lawy]s ( ?is g5]ation are qualifi$ to tea* u any?+ ab\t t protection4 ,! exp]i5ce ( our lead]s & lawy]s has giv5 !m an entirely diff]5t education1 9 ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t1 ?an 0 ! education ( ^! e>li] av]age ,am]icans & _! lead]s1 ?an is our own education 9 hav+ liv$ ov] aga9 ! days 9 :i* all valid grants ( national p[] 9 con/itutions ( ,am]ican gov]nm5t 7 made by ! p !mselves because p & gov]nm5ts alike knew t su* grants c\ld nev] be made by gov]nm5ts4 ,! exp]i5ce ( public lead]s & lawy]s 9 ,am]ica1 = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s1 has be5 almo/ exclusively conc]n$ ) prop]ty & ) law & ,con/itutions 9 relation to prop]ty4 ,9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 ! ,slaught] ,h\se ,cases1 #af ,wall4 #cf at page #aaf1 ,ju/ice ,bradley po9ts out t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 ! fir/ political act ( ! ,am]ican p 9 _! indep5d5t sov]eign capacity & t !re9 !y laid ! f\ndation ( national exi/5ce on ! basic pr9ciple t m5 are creat$ ) equal & inali5able rights to 8life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess40 ,he !n goes on to /ate t 8,rights to life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess are equival5t to ! rights ( life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty40 ,we ?us realize t ! education ( ! ,am]icans1 :o made all our con/itutions1 tra9$ !m to make ,articles ( gov]nm5t :i* w\ld secure protect$ enjoym5t ( ^! ?ree human rights4 ,& we h le>n$ t to ^? ,am]icans1 life & lib]ty came be=e prop]ty 9 importance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lead]s & lawy]s ( ! pres5t g5]ation h be5 educat$ to ?9k t prop]ty is ! "o important "r :i* con/itutions are made to protect4 ,:]e=e x w\ld be extraord9>y if any ( !m knew t ! ,am]ican p con/itut$ all _! gov]nm5ts1 & made _! di/ribution ( national p[]s among ^? gov]nm5ts & res]v$ to !mselves _m national p[]s1 all = ! ma9 purpose ( secur+ individual life & lib]ty1 & !n1 ! enjoym5t ( prop]ty4 ,t ^! lead]s & lawy]s1 s educat$ by exp]i5ce1 h n kn[n ^! ?+s or und]/ood at all ! con/itutional ,articles1 an accurate und]/&+ ( ^: mean+ dep5ds ^u a k :i* _! education has )held f !m1 ! /ory ( ! la/ five ye>s amply demon/rates4 ,9 its detail1 t /ory & t demon/ration w be lat] dwelt ^u h]e94 ,=tunately1 we av]age ,am]icans ( ?is g5]ation h n receiv$ any wrong education 9 ! relative importance ( human life & lib]ty to prop]ty 9 ! eyes ( ! ,am]ican p :o con/itut$ all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 ! con/itutions :i* ^? p made to secure all ?ree human rights aga9/ ev5 ! usurpations ( delegat$ p[] by ! v gov]nm5ts :i* ^? con/itutions creat$4 ,our wrong education 9 t respect has und\bt$ly be5 attempt$4 ,! ev5ts ( ! la/ five ye>s1 h[ev]1 :ile demon/rat+ ! ?or\ghly wrong education ( our lead]s1 h also %[n t ! av]age ,am]icans /ill s5se some?+ extraord9>y ab\t gov]nm5ts ex]cis+ undelegat$ p[] ov] citiz5s ( :i* !y are n ! gov]nm5ts & ab\t gov]nm5ts claim+ ability to give to !mselves & to o!r gov]nm5ts undelegat$ national p[]s to int]f]e ) individual human fre$om4 ,x has be5 entirely ! result ( ! wrong education ( our lead]s & 8con/itutional0 lawy]s t we h n be5 told ! legal fact t1 & ! con/itutional reason :y1 ^! extraord9>y p]=mances on ! "p ( gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica h be5 j z void z !y are extraord9>y4 ,n[ t we h turn$ f ! uns\nd tea*+ ( ^? wrongly educat$ lead]s & lawy]s & h educat$ ourselves by liv+ ) ! e>li] ,am]icans ?r\gh _! mak+ ( all our con/itutions ( gov]nm5t1 we are ready to approa*1 ) cle> & und]/&+ m9ds1 a brief consid]ation ( ! great ,con/itution propos$ at ,philadelphia & made by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,only by su* brief b accurate consid]ation c we ev] realize ! di/ribution ( delegat$ national p[]s betwe5 a supreme gov]nm5t--legislat+ = all ,am]ican citiz5s--& less] gov]nm5ts1 ea* legislat+ only = its own citiz5s & )\t any p[] to legislate = ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,only by su* consid]ation c we realize ! importance to u ( ! legal fact t ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 :5 mak+ t di/ribution ( grant$ national p[]s1 res]v$ to !mselves alone all o!r national p[]s to legislate = ,am]ican citiz5s except ^? national p[]s grant$ & enum]at$ 9 ,article ,i ( our ,con/itution to ! only national gov]nm5t ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,conv5tions ,,give ,,! ,,cons5t ,! proposal :i* came f ,philadelphia 9 #aghg 0 absolutely )\t prec$5t 9 hi/ory4 ,simply /at$ x 0 t1 outside ( all writt5 law save ! ,/atute ( '#gf1 ! entire ,am]ican p1 :o 7 n "o nation or its citiz5s1 %\ld make !mselves "o nation & ! supreme nation 9 ,am]ica2 t1 simultane\sly ) ! bir? ( ?is new nation1 !y %\ld de/roy ! complete indep5d5ce ( ea* exi/+ society or nation1 9 "s "o ( :i* ea* ,am]ican 0 a memb] or citiz51 b keep alive ea* su* society or =m] nation1 subject to ! supreme w ( ! citiz5s ( ! new nation2 t !y %\ld keep alive ! f$]ation ( ^? old nations also subject to ! supreme w ( ! citiz5s ( ! new nation2 t !y %\ld leave ) ea* =m] nation 7n[ to be a subord9ate /ate7 & to its citiz5s mu* ( its own & _! own national p[] to gov]n !mselves on _m matt]s )\t int]f]5ce f any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts outside ( t /ate2 t !y %\ld leave ) ^? cont9u+ /ates & _! gov]nm5ts _! exi/+ & limit$ ability to give f$]al p[] to gov]nm5t by mak+ f$]al ,articles 9 ! ,con/itution ( f$]al gov]nm5t2 t !y %\ld1 z ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 give to no /ate or /ates or _! respective gov]nm5ts any new p[] ( any k9d1 leav+ to ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate to det]m9e 7)9 ! limits fix$ by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s7 h[ mu* p[] its own national gov]nm5t %\ld h to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( its own citiz5s2 t--mo/ unique & m>vel\s conception ( all--^! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 simultane\sly ) ! bir? ( ! new nation & 9 _! capacity z its citiz5s1 %\ld grant to its gov]nm5t1 ! only gov]nm5t ( ^? citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 def9ite & enum]at$ national p[]s to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om2 & t--probably ! mo/ important & ! lea/ rememb]$ feature ( ! :ole proposal--all o!r possible national p[]s ov] !mselves1 z citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 %\ld be res]v$ exclusively to !mselves & be ex]cis$ or grant$ by !m alone1 89 ! only mann] 9 :i* !y c act safely1 effectively1 & wisely1 on su* a subject1 by assembl+ 9 ,conv5tion40 7,m>%all1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,m',cullo* v4 ,m>yl&1 #d ,:eat4 #caf47 ,we h n =gott5 t ^! ,am]icans1 to :om t proposal 0 made1 did act ^u x 9 t only effective way1 by assembl+ 9 _! conv5tions4 ,to ! =mation ( a league1 su* z 0 ! ,conf$]ation1 ! /ate sov]eignties 7 c]ta9ly compet5t4 ,b :51 89 ord] to =m a m p]fect ,union10 x 0 deem$ necess>y to *ange ?is alliance into an effective gov]nm5t1 possess+ great & sov]eign p[]s1 & act+ directly on ! p1 ! necessity ( ref]r+ x to ! p1 & ( d]iv+ its p[]s directly f !m1 0 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,union1 !n1 7:atev] may be ! influ5ce ( ?is fact on ! case17 is1 emphatically1 & truly1 a gov]nm5t ( ! p4 ,9 =m & 9 sub/ance x emanates f !m4 ,its p[]s are grant$ by !m1 & are to be ex]cis$ directly on !m1 & = _! b5efit4 7,m>%all1 ,m',cullo* v4 ,m>yl&1 #d ,:eat4 #caf47 ,9 view ( ! />tl+ fact t our lead]s & 8con/itutional0 lawy]s h nei!r felt nor ackn[l$g$ ! necessity t new national p[]s ( t gov]nm5t1 new p[]s to int]f]e directly ) ! individual fre$om ( its citiz5s1 mu/ be d]iv$ 8directly0 f ^? citiz5s1 9 ! only effective way 9 :i* !y c act1 on su* a subject1 by assembl+ 9 _! conv5tions1 x is ! duty ( ourselves1 ! av]age ,am]ican citiz5s ( ?is g5]ation1 to insi/ t !y le>n ?is legal fact4 ,:5 !y %all h le>n$ :at all ,am]icans once knew1 ! fre$om ( ! ,am]ican individual w be z secure z x 0 9 #agij4 ,no legislature1 no matt] :5ce comes a sugge/ion to ! contr>y1 w d>e to issue any comm& except to its own citiz5s1 & only to !m 9 matt]s on :i* ^? citiz5s h grant$ p[] to t legislature to comm& !m4 ,t we may intellig5tly s insi/1 & t our insi/5ce may be made 9 ! prop] place & at ! prop] "t1 let u briefly consid] on :at subjects1 9 ! mak+ ( our ,con/itution1 our pr$ecessors1 z ,am]ican citiz5s1 grant$ _! enum]at$ national p[]s to our only gov]nm5t ( all ,am]icans4 ,l ^? pr$ecessors1 assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions1 we f9d all ^? enum]at$ p[]s 9 ! ,fir/ ,article ( ! ,con/itution propos$ f ,philadelphia4 ,9 sub/ance !y are ! w> p[]2 ! p[] ( mak+ treaties2 ! p[] ( regulat+ comm]ce betwe5 ourselves & all p outside ( ,am]ica & betwe5 ! citiz5s ( ! diff]5t /ates2 ! p[] ( taxation2 & all o!r incid5tal & supplem5t>y p[]s necess>y to make laws 9 ! execution ( ^! enum]at$ & grant$ p[]s4 ,noticeably abs5t f ^! enum]at$ p[]s grant$ to ! only g5]al gov]nm5t ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica is t p[]1 !n exi/+ & /ill 9 ! national gov]nm5t ( ea* nation or /ate1 kn[n 7r inaccurately7 z ! police p[] or ! p[] to pass any law1 9 re/ra9t ( individual human fre$om1 reasonably design$1 9 ! judgm5t ( t p>ticul> legislature1 to promote ! g5]al welf>e ( its own citiz5s4 ,x seems h>dly necess>y1 at ?is mom5t1 to ref] to ! innum]able decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt t su* p[] 0 n among ^? enum]at$ & grant$ to ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t by its citiz5s4 ,x 0 solely because su* p[] _h def9itely n be5 grant$ by !m to x t ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s made its fam\s proposal t a portion ( su* p[]1 9 relation to "o subject1 be grant$ to x 9 ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t ( our ,con/itution4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! police p[] ( any gov]nm5t is really all its p[] to pass any laws :i* int]f]e ) ! ex]cise ( individual fre$om4 ,9 t respect1 ! ,am]ican p made a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! quantum ( t k9d ( p[] :i* !y grant$ to _! "o g5]al national gov]nm5t & ! quantum !y left 9 ! national gov]nm5t ( ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate4 ,! quantum !y grant$ to _! own gov]nm5t 0 def9itely enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,on ! o!r h&1 except = ! limitations :i* !y !mselves impos$ ^u ! respective gov]nm5ts ( ea* /ate1 !y left ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate to det]m9e :at quantum ! gov]nm5t ( t /ate %\ld h4 ,9 o!r words1 ! police p[] ( ! ,am]ican ,congress is /rictly limit$ to ! enum]at$ p[]s ( t k9d grant$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,&1 al?\gh ! fact does n seem to be g5]ally kn[n1 x is because ! ,fir/ ,article ve/s 9 ! sole ,legislature ( ! :ole ,am]ican p no?+ b enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ! individual ,am]ican t our ,am]ican gov]nm5t has receiv$ its univ]sal tribute z a gov]nm5t ( no?+ b enum]at$ p[]s ov] a free p1 :o are its citiz5s4 ,9 ! ,con/itution are provisions 9 sep>ate ,articles = ! ?ree great dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t1--legislative1 executive1 & judicial4 ,b !re is ?is significant diff]5ce 9 ! grants ( p[]s to ^! dep>tm5ts3 ! ,fir/ ,article1 treat+ ( legislative p[]s1 does n make a g5]al grant ( legislative p[]4 ,x reads3 8,article "o1 section "o4 ,all legislative p[]s h]e9 grant$ %all be ve/$ 9 a ,congress10 etc42 & !n1 9 ,article #h1 m5tions & def9es ! legislative p[]s t are grant$4 ,by reason ( ! fact t !re is no g5]al grant ( legislative p[] x has become an accept$ con/itutional rule t ?is is a gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s4 7,ju/ice ,brew]1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,kansas v4 ,colorado1 #bjf ,u4 ,s4 #df47 ,among ! national p[]s1 :i* are enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article1 !re is "o :i* 7:5ev] op]ative7 approximates ! ext5sive police p[] ( a /ate gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( its citiz5s4 ,t is ! w> p[] ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,am]ica4 ,z ! purpose ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t is to protect ! fre$om ( ! ,am]ican & z su* fre$om ne$s effective protection f =eign attack1 ! ,am]icans ( t e>li] g5]ation made ! w> p[] ( _! gov]nm5t almo/ z unlimit$ z t ( a despotic gov]nm5t4 ,all hi/ory & _! own human exp]i5ce _h taught !m t ! w> p[]1 if x 0 to be effective = _! protection1 mu/ be practically unlimit$4 ,if we grasp ?is ext5t ( ! ,am]ican w> p[]1 we realize :y our sole ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 )\t ! grant ( a new national p[] to x1 c\ld validly enact :at we "k z ! ,w> ,"t ,prohibition ,/atute1 al?\gh )\t su* a new grant1 x 0 p[]less to enact :at we "k z ! ,vol/ead ,act or ,national ,prohibition = "t ( peace4 ,x is because ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate1 9 _! ,con/itution ( _! national gov]nm5t1 _h giv5 to x a g5]al 7al?\gh specifically limit$7 ability to int]f]e ) _! own human fre$om 9 mo/ matt]s1 t ea* /ate gov]nm5t c\ld validly make prohibition laws = its own citiz5s4 ,x is because ! ,am]ican citiz5s _h n giv5 to _! gov]nm5t any su* g5]al ability to int]f]e ) _! fre$om1 t ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 = any "t except t ( w>1 c\ld n validly enact ,national ,prohibition = ! ,am]ican p )\t a new grant ( a new national p[] directly f its own citiz5s4 ,9 ! days ( ^? e>li] ,am]icans1 ! legal necessity ( d]iv+ su* p[] directly f ! ,am]ican citiz5s !mselves 0 8felt & ackn[l$g$ by all40 ,9 our day1 among our lead]s & our 8con/itutional0 lawy]s1 !re 0 none s humble z to "k or honor ?is basic legal necessity4 ,! o!r enum]at$ national p[]s1 :i* ,am]ican citiz5s ev] gave _! national gov]nm5t1 are few 9 numb]1 al?\gh !y ve/$ a va/ & necess>y ability 9 t gov]nm5t to protect ! fre$om ( its citiz5s & promote _! happ9ess & welf>e by laws 9 c]ta9 matt]s4 ,= our pres5t purpose1 !y ne$ only be m5tion$4 ,!y require no pres5t explanation4 ,!y are ! p[] to make all treaties ) =eign nations or gov]nm5ts2 ! p[] to regulate comm]ce1 except ! comm]ce )9 any "o p>ticul> /ate2 & ! p[] ( taxation4 ,hav+ n[ "s accurate conception ( ! limit$ & specific quantum ( national p[] :i* ,am]ican citiz5s cons5t$ to grant 9 ^? e>li] days1 x is p]t95t to our inquiry1 z to :e!r we 7_! po/]ity7 h aga9 become subjects1 to dwell briefly ^u ! reluctance ) :i* !y made ev5 ^? grants4 ,9 consid]+ t attitude1 x is ess5tial always to keep 9 m9d ! /atus ( ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate1 at t "t1 & _! relation to _! own national gov]nm5t & ! relation ( ea* /ate to ! f$]al gov]nm5t ( all ! /ates4 ,"u ! exi/+ sy/em ( gov]nm5ts1 ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate 7 subject to no valid int]f]5ce :atev] ) _! own individual fre$om except by laws ( a legislature1 e memb] ( :i* !y !mselves elect$ & to :i* !y !mselves grant$ e p[] ( su* int]f]5ce :i* t legislature c\ld validly ex]cise4 ,to ^? free m5 9 ^? free /ates1 m5 educat$ 9 ! k ( :at is real republican self-gov]nm5t1 ^! two facts meant ! utmo/ security ( _! human rights4 ,no gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w1 except _! own "o /ate gov]nm5t c\ld int]f]e at all directly ) ^? rights1 & !y _h giv5 to1 & !y c\ld take f1 t gov]nm5t any p[] ( t k9d4 ,z = ! respective /ates & ! relation ( ea* to ! f$]al gov]nm5t ( all1 ea* /ate _h an equal voice 9 ! giv+ to or tak+ f t gov]nm5t any f$]al p[] & ea* _h an equal voice1 9 ! f$]al legislature1 9 ex]cis+ ea* valid f$]al p[]4 ,^! exi/+ facts1 respectively ( va/ importance to ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate & to its gov]nm5t1 influ5c$1 m ?an any o!r facts1 ! fram+ ( ! new ,articles1 p>ticul>ly ! ,fir/ ,article1 at ,philadelphia & ! opposition to ^? ,articles 9 ! conv5tions 9 :i* ! p ( ,am]ica assembl$4 ,! ,fir/ ,article1 z we "k x1 />ts ) ! explicit /atem5t t all national p[]s1 :i* are grant$ by ,am]icans 9 t ,con/itution1 are grant$ to ! only ,am]ican legislature1 ,congress4 ,x !n provides h[ ! memb]s ( ea* ( ! two bodies 9 t legislature %all be elect$4 ,x !n enum]ates ! grant$ p[]s1 conf9+ !m to specific subjects ( int]f]5ce ) ! human fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,x !n1 = ! p>ticul> security ( t human fre$om1 imposes specific re/ra9ts ^u t legislature ev5 9 ! ex]cise ( its grant$ national p[]s4 ,f9ally1 x prohibits ! fur!r ex]cise ( specific p[]s by any /ate gov]nm5t4 ,no ,am]ican1 :o reads ! debates ( ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion ( #aghg1 c fail to realize t ! grant ( any national p[]1--p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om--is ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ,fir/ ,article 0 ! subject ( almo/ all ! discussion ( ^? f\r mon?s at ,philadelphia4 ,seem+ly inv9cible diff]5ces ( desire & op9ion1 z to :o %\ld elect & ! proportion 7= citiz5s ( ! new nation & = /ates ( ! cont9u+ f$]ation7 9 :i* !re %\ld be elect$ ! memb]s ( ! legislature :i* 0 to ex]cise ! grant$ national p[]s1 almo/ end$ ! ef=t ( t ,conv5tion4 ,?is 0 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,july4 ,= exhau/+ days patriotic m5 _h /ruggl$ to reconcile ! conflict ( desire & op9ion 9 t respect4 ,"o elem5t1 ma9ly f ! l>g] /ates1 insi/$ t ! memb]s 7f ea* /ate7 ( bo? bran*es ( ! new legislature %\ld be proportion$ to ! numb] ( ,am]icans 9 t /ate4 ,! o!r elem5t1 ma9ly f ! small] /ates1 insi/$ t ! ,am]icans 9 ea* /ate %\ld h an equal repres5tation 9 ea* bran* ( ! new legislature4 ,ea* elem5t 0 fur!r divid$ z to :o %\ld *oose ! memb]s ( t legislature4 ,"s held t ! p %\ld *oose e memb]4 ,o!rs held t ! /ate legislatures %\ld *oose e memb]4 ,/ill o!rs held t ea* /ate %\ld1 by its legislature1 *oose ! memb]s ( "o bran*1 s t ^? memb]s might speak = t /ate1 & t ! ,am]ican p !mselves1 divid$ into di/ricts1 %\ld *oose ! memb]s ( ! o!r bran*1 s t ^? memb]s might speak = ! g5]al citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,mason ( ,virg9ia1 lat] "o ( ! great oppon5ts ( ! adoption ( all ! ,articles1 insi/$ t election by ! p 0 8! only security = ! rights ( ! p40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #bbc47 ,madison 8consid]$ an election ( "o bran*1 at lea/ ( ! legislature by ! p imm$iately1 z a cle> pr9ciple ( free gov]nm5t40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #afa47 ,wilson ( ,p5nsylvania 8wi%$ = vigor 9 ! gov]nm5t1 b he wi%$ t vigor\s au?ority to fl[ imm$iately f ! legitimate s\rce ( all au?ority40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #afj47 ,lat] he said1 8,if we are to e/abli% a national gov]nm5t1 t gov]nm5t ought to fl[ f ! p at l>ge4 ,if "o bran* ( x %\ld be *os5 by ! legislatures1 & ! o!r by ! p1 ! two bran*es w re/ on diff]5t f\ndations1 & diss5sions w naturally arise betwe5 !m40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #afg47 ,dick5son ( ,delaw>e 8consid]$ x ess5tial t "o bran* ( ! legislature %\ld be drawn imm$iately f ! p1 & exp$i5t t ! o!r %\ld be *os5 by ! legislatures ( ! /ates40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #afc47 ,g]ry ( ,massa*usetts1 consi/5t ,tory 9 8 m5tal attitude t[>d ! relation ( gov]nm5t to p1 insi/$ t 8! comm]cial & money$ int]e/ w\ld be m secure 9 ! h&s ( ! /ate legislatures ?an ( ! p at l>ge4 ,! =m] h m s5se ( "*1 & w be re/ra9$ by t f inju/ice40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #afi47 ,on ,june #be1 ,wilson1 at "s l5g?1 oppos$ ! election ( s5ators by ! /ate legislatures4 ,he /at$ t3 8,he 0 oppos$ to an election by /ate legislatures4 ,9 expla9+ 8 reasons1 x 0 necess>y to obs]ve ! two-fold relation 9 :i* ! p w\ld /&--fir/1 z citiz5s ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t2 &1 secondly1 z citiz5s ( _! p>ticul> /ate4 ,! g5]al gov]nm5t 0 meant = !m 9 ! fir/ capacity2 ! /ate gov]nm5ts 9 ! second4 ,bo? gov]nm5ts 7 d]iv$ f ! p2 bo? meant = ! p2 bo? !re=e ought to be regulat$ on ! same pr9ciples4444 ,! g5]al gov]nm5t is n an assemblage ( /ates1 b ( individuals1 = c]ta9 political purposes4 ,x is n meant = ! /ates1 b = ! individuals compos+ !m2 ! individuals1 !re=e1 n ! /ates1 ought to be repres5t$ 9 x40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #bci47 ,!re came a day1 e>ly 9 t memorable ,july1 :5 all hope ( cont9u+ ! ,conv5tion 0 almo/ ab&on$1 by reason ( ! diff]5ce ( desire & op9ion on ?is "o subject4 ,let u av]age ,am]icans ( ?is g5]ation rememb] t ?is "o subject 0 m]ely ! decision :e!r ! p 7 to *oose all ! memb]s ( ! legislature :i* 0 to ex]cise grant$ national p[]s to int]f]e ) ! human fre$om ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,happily = all ( u1 !re 7 _m patriotic z well z able lead]s at ,philadelphia4 ,f _! patriotism & ability !y evolv$ ! compromise1 on t "q1 :i* is express$ 9 _! ,fir/ ,article4 ,:5 x came f ,philadelphia1 x provid$ t ea* /ate %\ld h equal repres5tation 9 ! ,s5ate1 s5ators to be *os5 by ! /ate legislatures1 & t ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %\ld consi/ ( memb]s *os5 directly by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 9 di/ricts proportion$ to ! numb] ( ^? citiz5s 9 x4 ,no "o has read ! record$ debates ( ! ,conv5tion :i* propos$ & ! conv5tions :i* adopt$ our ,con/itution )\t le>n+ t ! ,am]icans 9 ^? conv5tions knew t ! grant ( enum]at$ national p[]s 9 ! ,fir/ ,article ,,0 ! con/itution ( ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t ( m54 ,9 & out ( ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 ! greate/ & mo/ p]si/5t attack ^u its proposal 0 ! insi/5t claim t x _h act$ :olly )\t au?ority 9 propos+ an ,article :i* purport$ to grant any su* national p[] to int]f]e ) ! human fre$om ( all ,am]icans4 ,s9ce ,july #d1 #aggf1 no legislature or legislatures 9 ! _w _h possess$ any national p[]s ov] all ,am]icans4 ,! ,am]icans 9 ea* exi/+ nation elect$ e memb] ( ! "o legislature :i* _h any su* p[] ov] !m4 ,x 0 felt & /at$ at ,philadelphia1 x 0 felt & urg$ & insi/$ ^u1 sometimes ) dec5cy & reason1 sometimes ) bitt]ness & rancor & hatr$1 betwe5 ! clos+ day at ,philadelphia & ! assembl+ ( v>i\s ,am]icans 9 ea* /ate1 t ! ,am]icans 9 ea* /ate w\ld be unwill+ to give any su* national p[] ov] !mselves to any legislature ^: memb]s 7 n all elect$ by ! p 9 t /ate4 ,9 all ! conv5tions :i* adopt$ ! ,con/itution1 ! "o great object ( attack 0 ! grant ev5 ( enum]at$ p[]s ( a national k9d to a legislature ^: memb]s w\ld n all be *os5 by ! ,am]icans 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ! conv5tion 0 held4 ,! record ( ! ,virg9ia conv5tion fills "o entire volume ( ,elliot's ,debates4 ,almo/ "o-half ( ! pages ( t volume are claim$ by ! eloqu5t attacks ( ,patrick ,h5ry ^u ^? grants ( enum]at$ p[]s 9 t ,fir/ ,article4 ,! basis ( all 8 argum5t 0 ! fact t ?is grant ( national p[] 9 ! ,fir/ ,article w\ld make him & all 8 fell[ ,virg9ians1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 citiz5s ( a nation--n ,virg9ia--:o mu/ obey ! laws ( a legislature only "s ( ^: memb]s ,virg9ians w\ld elect4 8,suppose10 he says1 8! p ( ,virg9ia %\ld wi% to alt]0 ?is new gov]nm5t :i* gov]ns !m4 8,c a majority ( !m d x8 ,no2 because !y are connect$ ) o!r m51 or1 9 o!r words1 consolidat$ ) o!r /ates4 ,:5 ! p ( ,virg9ia1 at a future day1 %all wi% to alt] _! gov]nm5t1 ?\gh !y %\ld be unanim\s 9 ?is desire1 yet !y may be prev5t$ !refrom by a despicable m9ority at ! extremity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! f\nd]s ( y\r own ,con/itution made y\r gov]nm5t *angeable3 b ! p[] ( *ang+ x is gone f y4 ,:i!r is x gone8 ,x is plac$ 9 ! same h&s t hold ! rights ( twelve o!r /ates2 & ^? :o hold ^? rights h "r & p[] to keep !m4 ,x is n ! p>ticul> gov]nm5t ( ,virg9ia3 "o ( ! lead+ features ( t gov]nm5t is1 t a majority c alt] x1 :5 necess>y = ! public good4 ,?is gov]nm5t is n a ,virg9ian1 b an ,am]ican gov]nm5t40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #ee47 ,h[ =ceful & effective 0 ?is objection1 we av]age ,am]icans ( ?is g5]ation may well realize :5 we "k t ! ,con/itution 0 ratifi$ 9 ,virg9ia by ! scant majority ( t5 votes4 ,9 ,new ,york & ,massa*usetts & o!r /ates1 ! adoption 0 secur$ by simil> small majorities4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! fir/ conv5tion refus$ to adopt at all4 ,fur!rmore1 x is record$ hi/ory t1 9 ,massa*usetts1 9 ,virg9ia1 9 ,new ,york1 & else:]e1 ! vote ( ! p w\ld h be5 aga9/ ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 if a promise _h n be5 made to !m by ! advocates ( ! ,con/itution4 ,x 0 ! hi/oric promise t ,congress1 "u ! mode ( proc$ure prescrib$ 9 ,article ,v1 w\ld propose new decl>atory ,articles1 sugge/$ by ! v>i\s conv5tions & specifically secur+ c]ta9 res]v$ rights & p[]s ( all ,am]icans f all ability ( gov]nm5t to int]f]e !re)4 ,?is hi/oric promise 0 fulfill$1 :5 ! fir/ ,congress ( ! new nation propos$ ! sugge/$ decl>atory ,articles & t5 ( !m 7 adopt$4 ,^! are ! ,articles n[ kn[n z ! fir/ t5 ,am5dm5ts4 ,x has be5 settl$ beyond dispute1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 t e "o ( ! decl>ations 9 ^! t5 ,articles 0 already 9 ! ,con/itution :5 x 0 orig9ally adopt$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,! mo/ important decl>ation 9 ^? amaz+ly important t5 decl>ations1 :i* secur$ ! adoption ( our ,con/itution1 is ! pla9 /atem5t t e national p[] to int]f]e ) ! human fre$om ( ,am]icans1 n grant$ 9 ,article ,i1 0 res]v$ to ! ,am]ican p !mselves 9 _! capacity z ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,t is ! explicit /atem5t ( :at we "k z ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t4 ,9 itself1 t /atem5t 0 b ! pla9 & accurate e*o ( :at 0 /at$ by ! ,am]ican p 7:o made ! enum]at$ grants ( su* p[]s 9 ,article ,i7 9 ! conv5tions :]e !y made ^? grants4 ,_! /atem5t 0 n[h]e m accurately express$1 9 t respect1 ?an 9 ! resolution ( ! ,virg9ia ,conv5tion1 :i* ratifi$ ! ,con/itution4 ,t resolution began1 8,:]eas ! p[]s grant$ "u ! propos$ con/itution are ! gift ( ! ,,p1 & e p[] ,,n ,,grant$ !reby rema9s ) ,,!m1 & at ,,_! w1 etc40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #fec47 ,aft] ! same /atem5t _h be5 expressly made 7) au?oritative effect z "p ( ! orig9al ,con/itution7 9 t ,article :i* we "k z ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 x 0 aga9 & aga9 e*o$1 9 ! pla9e/ language1 f ! ,b5* ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,z f> back z #agie1 9 ! case ( ,vanhorne's ,lessee vs4 ,dorrance1 #b ,dall4 #cjd1 ,ju/ice ,patt]son /at$ t ! ,con/itution ( ,engl& is at ! m]cy ( ,p>liam5t1 b 89 ,am]ica1 ! case is widely diff]5t40444 ,a ,con/itution 8is ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 del9eat$ by ! mighty h& ( ! p1 9 :i* c]ta9 fir/ pr9ciples ( fundam5tal laws are e/abli%$4 ,! ,con/itution is c]ta9 & fix$2 x conta9s ! p]man5t w ( ! p1 & is ! supreme law ( ! l&2 x is p>am\nt to ! p[] ( ! legislature1 & c be revok$ or alt]$ only by ! au?ority t made x4 ,! life-giv+ pr9ciple & ! dea?-deal+ /roke mu/ proce$ f ! same h&4444 ,! ,con/itution fixes limits to ! ex]cise ( legislative au?ority1 & prescribes ! orbit )9 :i* x mu/ move4444 ,:atev] may be ! case 9 o!r c\ntries1 yet 9 ?is !re c be no d\bt1 t e act ( ! legislature1 repugnant to ! ,con/itution1 is absolutely void40 ,to u av]age ,am]icans1 :o h liv$ ) ^? e>li] ,am]icans ?r\gh ! days 9 :i* !y con/itut$ _! nation & di/ribut$ all grant$ national p[]s betwe5 gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica & res]v$ all o!r g5]al ,am]ican national p[]s exclusively to !mselves1 ! ,virg9ia ,resolution1 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 & ! quot$ language ( ! ,circuit ,c\rt are 9 /rict con=mity ) ! education we h receiv$4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 are we to ?9k ( ! ,tory education ( s _m ( our lead]s & 8con/itutional0 lawy]s1 :o h calmly accept$ & act$ ^u ! amaz+ assumption t /ate gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica c ex]cise & c grant to o!r gov]nm5ts any or all g5]al national p[]s to int]f]e ) ! human fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz5s1 includ+ ev5 ! national p[]s expressly res]v$ by ^? citiz5s to !mselves 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t8 ,if !y adopt _! famili> m5tal attitude t all ^! /atem5ts 7 made m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago & h no mean+ or weight n[1 we ref] !m to ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 #aijg1 :5 x /at$3 ,! p[]s ! p h giv5 to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t are nam$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 & all n !re nam$1 ei!r expressly or by implication1 are res]v$ to ,,! ,,p & c be ex]cis$ only by ,,!m1 or ,,^u ,,fur!r grant f !m4 7,ju/ice ,brew] 9 ,turn] v4 ,williams1 #aid1 ,u4 ,s4 #bgi47 ,= ourselves1 we av]age ,am]icans turn n[ to exam9e 9 detail h[ cle>ly ! ,am]icans at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg did "k & obey ! basic law ( ,am]ica t all national p[]s to int]f]e ) individual fre$om are ! p[]s ( ! p !mselves & c be ex]cis$ only by !m or ^u direct grant f !m4 ,we f9d _! k1 9 t respect1 evid5c$ by an exam9ation ( ! reason+ by :i* !y rea*$ ! correct legal conclusion t _! propos$ grants ( g5]al national p[]s1 9 _! ,fir/ ,article1 c\ld only be made by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica !mselves1 assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions0--t grants ( su* p[]s c\ld n be made ev5 by all ! legislatures ( ! !n indep5d5t /ates4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,p ,,or ,,gov]nm5t8--,,conv5tions ,,or ,,legislatures8 ,x is no long] op5 to "q t by ! ,con/itution a nation 0 br\ght into be+1 & t t in/rum5t 0 n m]ely op]ative to e/abli% a clos] union or league ( /ates4 7,ju/ice ,brew]1 9 ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,kansas v4 ,colorado1 #bjf ,u4 ,s4 #df at page #hj47 ,in/ruct$ by liv+ ?r\gh ! education ( ! e>li] ,am]icans to _! mak+ ( t ,con/itution1 we accurately "k t !y !mselves1 by _! own direct action1 br\ght t new nation into be+4 ,?r\gh our c\rse 9 _! education1 we h _! k t only ! m51 :o are to be its fir/ memb]s1 c create a new political society ( m51 :i* is exactly :at any ,am]ican nation is4 8,individuals ent]+ into society mu/ give up a %>e ( lib]ty to pres]ve ! re/40 ,s said ! lett] :i* w5t f ,philadelphia ) ! propos$ ,articles ^: lat] adoption creat$ ! new nation & ve/$ ! delegat$ & enum]at$ national p[]s ( its gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) ! lib]ty ( its citiz5s1 7#a ,ell4 ,deb4 #ag47 ,fur!rmore1 ?r\gh our own p]sonal exp]i5ce1 we und]/& h[ all societies ( m5 are br\ght into be+4 ,!re are few ( u :o h n p>ticipat$ 9 ! creation ( at lea/ "o society ( m54 ,mo/ ( u h p]sonally p>ticipat$ 9 ! creation ( _m su* societies4 ,= :i* reason1 we are q well acqua9t$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* all societies ( m5 are br\ght into be+4 ,we "k t ourselves1 ! prospective memb]s ( ! propos$ society1 assemble & organize x & become its fir/ memb]s & con/itute ! p[]s ( its gov]nm5t to comm& u1 its memb]s1 = ! a*ievem5t ( ! purpose = :i* we create x4 ,= "o simple reason1 ! ,am]icans1 ?r\gh ^: education we h j liv$1 7 8bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w40 ,t reason 0 _! accurate k t a free nation1 l any o!r society ( individuals1 c be creat$ only 9 ! same mann] & by its prospective memb]s & t ! gift ( any national p[]s to its gov]nm5t c only be by direct grant f its human memb]s4 ,?is is ! surr5d] 8( a %>e ( _! lib]ty1 to pres]ve ! re/40 ,! k ( ^? ,am]icans is n[ our k4 ,= :i* reason1 we "k t !y !mselves creat$ t new nation & imm$iately became its citiz5s &1 z su*1 gave to its gov]nm5t all ! valid & enum]at$ national p[]s ( t gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) _! & our human fre$om4 ,we "k t !y did all ^! ?+s1 by _! own direct action1 89 ! only mann]1 9 :i* !y c act safely1 effectively or wisely1 on su* a subject1 by assembl+ 9 conv5tions40 ,?us1 :atev] may h be5 ! lack ( k on ! "p ( our lead]s & 8con/itutional0 lawy]s = ! la/ five ye>s1 we ourselves "k1 ) k t is a c]ta9ty1 t ! ratify+ conv5tions ( #aghg & #aghh ,,7 ! ,am]ican p !mselves or ! citiz5s ( ! new nation1 ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 _! respective /ates4 ,our ,supreme ,c\rt has always _h ! same k & act$ ^u x4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 orda9$ & e/abli%$1 n by ! /ates 9 _! sov]eign capacities ! respective peoples or citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate b emphatically1 z ! preamble ( ! ,con/itution decl>es1 by 8! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates0 namely ! "o p ( ,am]ica4444 ,x 0 compet5t to ! p to inve/ ! g5]al gov]nm5t ) all ! p[]s :i* !y might deem prop] & necess>y2 to ext5d or re/ra9 ^! p[]s accord+ to _! own good pleasure1 & to give !m a p>am\nt & supreme au?ority4444 ,! p _h a "r to prohibit to ! /ates ! ex]cise ( any p[]s :i* 71 9 _! judgm5t1 incompatible ) ! objects ( ! g5]al compact betwe5 ! citiz5s or memb]s ( ! new nation1 to make ! p[]s ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 9 giv5 cases1 subord9ate to ^? ( ! nation1 or to res]ve to !mselves ^? sov]eign au?orities :i* !y might n *oose to delegate to ei!r4 7,supreme ,c\rt1 ,m>t9 v4 ,hunt]'s ,lessee1 #a ,:eat4 #cjd1 at p4 #cbd47 ,in/ruct$ by exp]i5ce1 ! ,am]ican p1 9 ! conv5tions ( _! respective /ates1 adopt$ ! pres5t ,con/itution4444 ,! p made ! ,con/itution & ! p c unmake x4 ,x is ! creature ( _! w1 & lives only by _! w4 ,b ?is supreme & irresi/ible p[] to make or to unmake resides only 9 ! :ole body ( ! p1 n 9 any subdivisions ( !m4 7,m>%all1 9 ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,coh5s v4 ,virg9ia1 #f ,:eat4 #bfd47 ,! ,con/itution 0 orda9$ & e/abli%$ by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = !mselves1 = _! own gov]nm5t1 & n = ! gov]nm5t ( ! individual /ates4 ,ea* /ate e/abli%$ a con/itution = itself1 & 9 t con/itution provid$ su* limitations & re/rictions on ! p[]s ( its p>ticul> gov]nm5t z its judgm5t dictat$4 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates fram$ su* a gov]nm5t = ! ,unit$ ,/ates z !y suppos$ be/ adapt$ to _! situation1 & be/ calculat$ to promote _! int]e/s4 ,! p[]s !y conf]r$ on ?is gov]nm5t 7 to be ex]cis$ by itself2 & ! limitations on p[]1 if express$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 are naturally1 &1 we ?9k1 necess>ily1 applicable to ! gov]nm5t creat$ by ! in/rum5t4 ,!y are limitations ( p[] grant$ 9 ! in/rum5t itself2 n ( di/9ct gov]nm5ts1 fram$ by diff]5t p]sons & = diff]5t purposes4 7,m>%all1 9 ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,b>ron v4 ,mayor ( ,baltimore1 #g ,pet]s1 #bdc47 ,:5 ! ,am]ican p creat$ a national legislature1 ) c]ta9 enum]at$ p[]s1 x 0 nei!r necess>y nor prop] to def9e ! p[]s reta9$ by ! /ates4 ,^! p[]s proce$1 n f ! p ( ,am]ica1 b f ! p ( ! sev]al /ates2 & rema91 aft] ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 :at !y 7 be=e1 except s f> z !y may be abridg$ by t in/rum5t4 7,m>%all1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,/urges v4 ,cr[n9%ield1 #d ,:eat4 #abb47 ,we av]age ,am]icans "k & w rememb] ! cle> di/9ction1 ! sub/antial di/9ction1 recogniz$ by ! great juri/1 betwe5 8! p ( ,am]ica0 & 8! p ( ! sev]al /ates10 al?\gh !y happ5 to be ! same human be+s act+ 9 diff]5t capacities1 z memb]s ( diff]5t political societies ( m54 ,x is a matt] ( con/ant m5tion 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt t we ourselves1 9 addition to our capacity z human be+s1 h two o!r di/9ct capacities1 t ( citiz5 ( ,am]ica & t ( citiz5 ( our respective /ate2 t1 z citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 we alone validly give to its gov]nm5t any p[] to comm& u1 &1 z citiz5s ( our p>ticul> /ate1 we alone validly give to its gov]nm5t all its national p[] to comm& u4 ,! decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 t respect1 are m5tion$ else:]e h]e94 ,mean:ile1 we av]age ,am]icans und]/& ^! matt]s p]fectly & w n =get !m4 ,we are q accu/om$1 :ile reta9+ our /atus z free human be+s1 to be memb]s ( _m diff]5t societies ( m5 &1 z ! memb]s ( "s p>ticul> society1 to give to its gov]nm5t c]ta9 p[]s to int]f]e ) our fre$om4 ,we h 9 our political sy/em a gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & a gov]nm5t ( ea* ( ! sev]al /ates4 ,ea* "o ( ^! gov]nm5ts is di/9ct f ! o!rs1 & ea* has citiz5s ( its own :o owe x allegiance1 & ^: rights1 )9 its jurisdiction1 x mu/ protect4 ,! same p]son may be at ! same "t a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & a citiz5 ( a /ate1 b 8 rights ( citiz5%ip "u "o ( ^! gov]nm5ts w be diff]5t f ^? he has "u ! o!r4444 ,exp]i5ce made ! fact kn[n to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t !y requir$ a national gov]nm5t = national purposes4444 ,= ?is reason1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 444 orda9$ & e/abli%$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & def9$ its p[]s by a ,con/itution1 :i* !y adopt$ z its fundam5tal law1 & made its rules ( action4 ,! gov]nm5t ?us e/abli%$ & def9$ is to "s ext5t a gov]nm5t ( ! /ates 9 _! political capacity4 ,x is also1 = c]ta9 purposes1 a gov]nm5t ( ! p4 ,its p[]s are limit$ 9 numb]1 b n 9 degree4 ,)9 ! scope ( its p[]s1 z enum]at$ & def9$1 x is supreme & above ! /ates2 b beyond1 x has no exi/5ce4 ,x 0 erect$ = special purposes & end[$ ) all ! p[]s necess>y = its own pres]vation & ! accompli%m5t ( ! ends its p _h 9 view4444 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates resid5t )9 any /ate are subject to two gov]nm5ts1 "o /ate1 & ! o!r national2 b !re ne$ be no conflict betwe5 ! two4 ,p[]s :i* "o possesses1 ! o!r does n4 ,!y are e/abli%$ = diff]5t purposes1 & h sep>ate jurisdictions4 ,toge!r !y make "o :ole1 & furni% ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) a complete gov]nm5t1 ample = ! protection ( all _! rights at home & abroad4 7,ju/ice ,waite1 9 ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,unit$ ,/ates v4 ,cruik%ank1 #ib ,u4 ,s4 #edb47 ,x mu/ seem rem>kable to u av]age ,am]icans1 ) ! education we h acquir$ at ?is po9t1 to realize t our lead]s & 8con/itutional0 lawy]s h n kn[n :y only we ourselves1 9 our capacity z citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 c give any new national p[] to int]f]e ) our fre$om & t we1 = su* new giv+1 mu/ act1 9 ! only way 9 :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica 8c act safely1 ,,effectively1 or wisely1 on su* a subject1 by assembl+ 9 conv5tion10 9 our respective /ates1 ! v 8conv5tions0 m5tion$ = valid grant ( su* national p[] 9 ! ,fif? ,article ( ! ,con/itution made by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 s assembl$ 9 su* 8conv5tions40 ,be=e dwell+ briefly ^u ! accurate appreciation ( t legal fact display$ by ^? fir/ citiz5s 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! mak+ ( t ,con/itution & t ,fif? ,article1 let u realize h[ well ! lead]s & great con/itutional lawy]s ( o!r ,am]ican g5]ations betwe5 t day & our own did "k ?is settl$ legal fact4 ,aft] ! ,am]icans 9 n9e /ates _h creat$ ! new nation & _h become its citiz5s & _h 79 t capacity7 grant$ ! national p[]s ( its ,fir/ ,article1 ! ,am]icans 9 ,virg9ia assembl$ to det]m9e :e!r !y also w\ld become citiz5s ( ! new nation4 ,z ! presid5t ( ! conv5tion1 9 :i* !y assembl$1 !y *ose ,edmund ,p5dleton1 !n ,*ancellor ( ,virg9ia4 ,v e>ly 9 ! debates1 ,h5ry & ,mason1 great oppon5ts ( ! ,con/itution1 attack$ x on ! gr\nd t its ,preamble %[$ t x 0 to be made by ! p ( ,am]ica & n by ! /ates1 ea* ( :i* 0 !n an indep5d5t p4 ,h5ry & ,mason want$ ^? peoples to rema9 indep5d5t4 ,!y want$ no new nation b a cont9uance ( a m]e union ( indep5d5t nations4 ,!y knew t a con/itution ( gov]nm5t orda9$ & e/abli%$ by ! "o p ( ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 _! respective 8conv5tions10 z ! ,preamble ( ?is ,con/itution %[$ x to be1 creat$ an ,am]ican nation & made ! ratify+ ,am]icans1 9 ea* /ate1 ! citiz5s ( t new nation4 ,= ?is reason1 ! op5+ ?und] ( ,h5ry's eloqu5ce 0 on t ,preamble4 8,my political curiosity1 exclusive ( my anxi\s solicitude = ! public welf>e1 leads me to ask1 ,:o au?oriz$ !m to speak ! language ( ,we1 ! p1 in/ead (1 ,we1 ! /ates8 ,/ates are ! *>act]i/ics & ! s\l ( a conf$]ation4 ,if ! /ates be n ! ag5ts ( ?is compact1 x mu/ be "o great1 consolidat$1 national gov]nm5t1 ( ! p ( all ! /ates40 7,h5ry1 #c ,ell4 ,deb4 #bb47 ,! le>n$ ,p5dleton1 s\nd 9 8 k ( basic ,am]ican law & quick to grasp ! pla9 mean+ ( ! ,fif? ,article ( ! new ,con/itution1 quickly answ]$ ,h5ry4 8,:]e is ! cause ( al>m8 ,we1 ! p1 possess+ all p[]1 =m a gov]nm5t1 su* z we ?9k w secure happ9ess2 & suppose1 9 adopt+ ?is plan1 we %\ld be mi/ak5 9 ! end2 :]e is ! cause ( al>m on t qu>t]8 ,9 ! same plan we po9t out an easy & quiet me?od ( re=m+ :at may be f\nd amiss4 ,no1 b say g5tlem51 we h put ! introduction ( t me?od 9 ! h&s ( our s]vants1 :o w int]rupt x = motives ( self-int]e/4 ,:at !n8444 ,:o %all d>e to resi/ ! p8 ,no1 we w assemble 9 conv5tion2 :olly recall our delegat$ p[]s or re=m !m s z to prev5t su* abuse2 & puni% ^? s]vants :o h p]v]t$ p[]s1 design$ = our happ9ess1 to _! own emolum5t4444 ,b an objection is made to ! =m2 ! expression1 ,we1 ! p1 is ?\ght improp]4 ,p]mit me to ask ! g5tlem5 :o made ?is objection1 ,,:o ,,b ,,! ,,p ,,c ,,delegate ,,p[]s8 ,:o b ! p h ! "r to =m gov]nm5t8444 ,:at h ! /ate gov]nm5ts to d ) x80 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #cg47 ,we av]age ,am]icans "k & w rememb] t ?is le>n$ ,am]ican lawy]1 only twelve ye>s e>li] a subject ( an omnipot5t legislature1 already knew ! basic ,am]ican pr9ciple to be t ! delegation ( national p[] 0 ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t ( a free p & t only ! p1 assembl$ 9 conv5tion1 c\ld delegate su* p[] & t ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 "u basic ,am]ican law1 nev] c h ! ability to delegate t k9d ( p[]4 ,we regret t our 8con/itutional0 lawy]s1 all born free citiz5s ( a free republic1 h n ! same accurate k ( basic ,am]ican law4 ,b ! k ( ,h5ry & ( ,p5dleton1 t ! docum5t "u consid]ation 0 ! ,con/itution ( a nation ^: citiz5s alone c\ld give to its gov]nm5t any valid p[] to int]f]e ) _! human fre$om1 0 ! k ( all 9 t & ! o!r 8conv5tions10 9 :i* ! "o p ( ,am]ica assembl$ & adopt$ t ,con/itution4 ,let u note ano!r di/9ct type 9 t ,virg9ia conv5tion1 ! fam\s ,light-horse ,h>ry ,lee ( ! ,revolution4 8,desc5d$ f "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ honorable families 9 ! colony1 a graduate ( ,pr9ceton ,college1 "o ( ! mo/ d>+1 picturesque1 & attractive (fic]s ( ! ,revolution1 9 :i* by %e] gallantry & milit>y g5ius he _h become comm&] ( a fam\s cavalry comm&1 ! gallant ,lee 0 a p]fect contra/ to ! v5]able ,p5dleton40 7,bev]idge1 ,life ( ,m>%all1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #chg47 ,lee also repli$ to ,h5ry's attack on ! expression 8,we1 ! p0 & n 8,we1 ! /ates40 ,9 8 reply1 !re 0 %[n ! same accurate k ( basic ,am]ican law4 8,?is expression 0 introduc$ into t pap] ) great propriety4 ,?is sy/em is submitt$ to ! p = _! consid]ation1 because on !m x is to op]ate1 if adopt$4 ,x is n b9d+ on ! p until x becomes _! act40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #db47 ,9 ! ,massa*usetts conv5tion1 ,g5]al ,william ,hea?1 ano!r soldi] ( ! ,revolution1 %[$ 8 accurate conception ( ! legal fact ( :i* we av]age ,am]icans h j be5 read+ 9 ! decisions ( our ,supreme ,c\rt4 8,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i consid] myself n z an inhabitant ( ,massa*usetts1 b z a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #ab47 ,9 ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a conv5tion1 ,william ,g\dy seems to h _h "s prophetic vision ( our own imm$iate day4 ,speak+ ( ! docum5t "u discussion & cle>ly hav+ 9 m9d its ,fir/ ,article1 ?is is ! w>n+ he gave u3 8,its int5t is a concession ( p[]1 on ! "p ( ! p1 to _! rul]s4 ,we "k t private int]e/ gov]ns mank9d g5]ally4 ,p[] belongs orig9ally to ! p2 b if rul]s all gov]nm5ts be n well gu>d$1 t p[] may be usurp$ f !m4 ,p ought to be cauti\s 9 giv+ away p[]4444 ,p[] is g5]ally tak5 f ! p by impos+ on _! und]/&+1 or by fett]s40 7#d ,ell4 ,deb4 #aj47 ,9 t same ,nor? ,c>ol9a conv5tion1 ,james ,ir$ell1 lat] a di/+ui%$ judge ( our ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 reply+ to ! common attack t ! ,con/itution conta9$ no ,bill ( ,rights1 display$ cle>ly ! g5]al accurate k t1 9 ,am]ica1 any grant ( national p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om is ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t & t ! citiz5s ( any nation 9 ,am]ica are n citiz5s b subjects1 if ev5 a s+le p[] ( t k9d is ex]cis$ by gov]nm5t )\t its grant directly f ! citiz5s !mselves1 assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions4 8,( :at use1 !re=e1 c a ,bill ( ,rights be 9 ?is ,con/itution1 :]e ! p expressly decl>e h[ mu* p[] !y d give1 & consequ5tly reta9 all t !y d n8 ,x is a decl>ation ( p>ticul> p[]s by ! p to _! repres5tatives1 = p>ticul> purposes4 ,x may be consid]$ z a great p[] ( attorney1 "u :i* no p[] c be ex]cis$ b :at is expressly giv540 7#d ,ell4 ,deb4 #adh47 ,:5 we av]age ,am]icans read ! debates ( ^? human be+s1 ! fir/ citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 "o ?+ /eadily amazes u1 z we contra/ x ) all t we h he>d dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s4 ,"s ( ^? fir/ citiz5s 7 di/+ui%$ lawy]s or /atesm51 q well kn[n to hi/ory4 ,"s ( !m bore names1 !n di/+ui%$ b n[ =gott54 ,mo/ ( !m1 ev5 at t "t1 7 q unkn[n outside ( ! imm$iate di/ricts :5ce !y came4 ,all ( !m1 twelve ye>s e>li]1 _h be5 8subjects0 9 an empire ^: fundam5tal law 0 & is t its legislative gov]nm5t c ex]cise any p[] :atev] to int]f]e ) human fre$om & c delegate any su* p[] to o!r gov]nm5ts 9 t empire4 ,! object ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution 0 to *ange t fundam5tal law1 embody+ ! ,tory concept ( ! prop] relation ( gov]nm5t to human be+1 into ! basic law ( ,am]ica1 embody+ ! ,am]ican concept ( t relation decl>$ 9 ! great ,/atute ( '#gf1 t no gov]nm5t c h any p[] ( t k9d except by direct grant f its own citiz5s4 ,dur+ t ,revolution1 human be+s 9 ,am]ica1 9 con=mity ) _! respective beliefs 9 ! ,tory or ! ,am]ican concept ( ! relation ( human be+ to gov]nm5t1 _h be5 divid$ into :at hi/ory kn[s z ! ,tories & ! ,am]icans4 ,_m ( ! human be+s1 assembl$ 9 ^? conv5tions ( t5 or twelve ye>s lat]1 _h be5 s9c]e ,tories 9 ! days ( ! ,revolution4 ,yet1 if we av]age ,am]icans pick up any volume ( _! record$ debates 9 ^? 8conv5tions10 we _c scan a few pages any:]e )\t f9d+ ! cle>e/ recognition1 9 ! m9ds ( all1 t ! ,am]ican concept _h become ! basic ,am]ican law1 t ! ,tory concept _h disappe>$ =ev] f ,am]ica4 ,all ( !m knew t1 s long z ! ,/atute ( '#gf is n repeal$ & ! result ( ! ,revolution n rev]s$1 no legislatures 9 ,am]ica c ex]cise any p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om1 except p[]s obta9$ by direct grant f ! human be+s ov] :om !y are to be ex]cis$1 & t no legislatures c give to !mselves or to ano!r legislature any su* p[]4 ,x 0 common 9 ^? 8conv5tions0 ( long ago to illu/rate "s argum5t by ref]5ce to ?is admitt$ legal fact & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fundam5tal law ( ,great ,brita9 & ( ,am]ica1 9 ^! respects4 ,9 t ,nor? ,c>ol9a conv5tion1 ! same ,ir$ell1 aft] po9t+ out t ! ,am]ican concept ( ! relation ( citiz5 to all gov]nm5ts _h become basic ,am]ican law1 contra/s t fact ) ! fundam5tal law ( ,great ,brita9 :]e 8,magna ,*>ta itself is no con/itution1 b a solemn in/rum5t asc]ta9+ c]ta9 rights ( individuals1 by ! legislature = ! "t be+2 & e article ( :i* ! legislature may at any "t alt]40 7#d ,ell4 ,deb4 #adh47 ,9 ! ,p5nsylvania conv5tion1 on ,decemb] ,i1 #aghg1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ lawy]s ( t g5]ation made a memorable spee*1 express+ ! univ]sal k t ! ,am]ican concept _h tak5 =ev] ! place ( ! ,tory concept 9 fundam5tal ,am]ican law4 ,we comm5d a c>eful /udy ( t spee* to ^? ( our public lead]s & 8con/itutional0 lawy]s1 :o = five ye>s h be5 act+ on ! assumption t ! ,tory concept has aga9 become our fundam5tal ,am]ican law4 ,we av]age ,am]icans1 aft] liv+ ) ^? e>li] ,am]icans1 are n surpris$ to li/5 to ! /atem5ts ( ,wilson4 8,! secret is n[ disclos$1 & x is discov]$ to be a dread1 t ! boa/$ /ate sov]eignties w1 "u ?is sy/em1 be disrob$ ( "p ( _! p[]4444 ,^u :at pr9ciple is x cont5d$ t ! sov]eign p[] resides 9 ! /ate gov]nm5ts8444 ,! propos$ sy/em sets out ) a decl>ation t its exi/5ce dep5ds ^u ! supreme au?ority ( ! p alone4444 ,:5 ! pr9ciple is once settl$ t ! p are ! s\rce ( au?ority1 ! consequ5ce is1 t !y may take f ! subord9ate gov]nm5ts p[]s :i* !y h hi!rto tru/$ !m1 & place ^? p[]s 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 if x is ?\ght t !re !y w be productive ( m good4 ,!y c di/ribute "o portion ( p[] to ! m contract$ circle1 call$ /ate gov]nm5ts2 !y c also furni% ano!r proportion to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:o w und]take to say1 z a /ate (fic]1 t ! p may n give to ! g5]al gov]nm5t :at p[]s1 & = :at purposes1 !y please8 ,h[ comes x1 sir1 t ^! /ate gov]nm5ts dictate to _! sup]iors--to ! maje/y ( ! p80 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #ddc47 ,we av]age ,am]icans1 legally b\nd 7z ,am]ican citiz5s7 by no comm& 7int]f]+ ) our human fre$om7 except f our only legislature at ,wa%+ton & !n only 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* we ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 h directly giv5 x p[] to comm& u1 n[ int5d insi/5tly to ask all our gov]nm5ts1 ! supreme "o at ,wa%+ton & ! subord9ate ones 9 ! /ates ( :i* we are also citiz5s1 exactly ! same "q :i* ,wilson ask$4 ,daniel ,web/] ask$ almo/ exactly ! same "q ( ,hayne & hi/ory does n record any answ] deem$ satisfactory by ! ,am]ican p4 ,web/] believ$ implicitly 9 ! concept ( ,am]ican law /at$ by ^? :o made our ,con/itution4 ,l !m1 & unlike our 8con/itutional0 lawy]s1 he knew t ! ,tory concept ( ! relation ( m5 to _! gov]nm5t _h disappe>$ f ,am]ican basic law4 8,?is leads u to inquire into ! orig9 ( ?is gov]nm5t1 & ! s\rce ( its p[]4 ,^: ag5t is x8 ,is x ! creature ( ! /ate legislatures1 or ! creature ( ! p8444 ,x is1 sir1 ! p's con/itution1 ! p's gov]nm5t--made = ! p1 made by ! p1 & answ]able to ! p4 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h decl>$ t ?is ,con/itution %all be ! supreme law4 ,we mu/ ei!r admit ! proposition1 or dispute _! au?ority4 ,! /ates are1 unque/ionably1 sov]eign1 s f> z _! sov]eignty is n affect$ by ?is supreme law4 ,b ! /ate legislatures1 z political bodies1 h[ev] sov]eign1 are yet n sov]eign ov] ! p4444 ,! national gov]nm5t possesses ^? p[]s :i* x c be %[n ! p h conf]r$ on x1 & no m4444 ,we are "h to adm9i/] a ,con/itution emanat+ imm$iately f ! p1 & tru/$ by !m to our adm9i/ration4444 ,?is gov]nm5t1 sir1 is ! indep5d5t (fspr+ ( ! popul> w4 ,x is n ! creature ( /ate legislatures2 nay1 m1 if ! :ole tru? mu/ be told1 ! p br\ght x into exi/5ce1 e/abli%$ x1 & h hi!rto support$ x1 = ! v purpose1 among/ o!rs1 ( impos+ c]ta9 salut>y re/ra9ts on /ate sov]eignties4444 ,! p1 !n1 sir1 erect$ ?is gov]nm5t4 ,!y gave x a con/itution1 & 9 t con/itution !y h enum]at$ ! p[]s :i* !y be/[ ^u x4444 ,sir1 ! v *ief end1 ! ma9 design = :i* ! :ole con/itution 0 fram$ & adopt$1 0 to e/abli% a gov]nm5t t %\ld n be oblig$ to act ?r\gh /ate ag5cy1 dep5d on /ate op9ion & /ate discretion4444 ,if any?+ be f\nd 9 ! national con/itution1 ei!r by orig9al provisions1 or subsequ5t int]pretation1 :i* ought n to be 9 x1 ! p "k h[ to get rid ( x4 ,if any con/ruction be e/abli%$1 unacceptable to !m1 s z to become practically a "p ( ! con/itution1 !y w am5d x at _! own sov]eign pleasure4 ,b :ile ! p *oose to ma9ta9 x z x is--:ile !y are satisfi$ ) x1 & refuse to *ange x--:o has giv51 or :o c give1 to ! /ate legislatures a "r to alt] x1 ei!r by int]f]5ce1 con/ruction1 ,,or ,,o!rwise8444 ,sir1 ! p h n tru/$ _! safety1 9 reg>d to ! g5]al con/itution1 to ^! h&s4 ,!y h requir$ o!r security1 & tak5 o!r bonds40 7,f ,web/]'s reply to ,hayne1 ,u4 ,s4 ,s5ate1 ,janu>y1 #ahcj4 #d ,ell4 ,deb4 #dih et seq47 ,we av]age ,am]icans1 n[ educat$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! av]age ,am]ican f #aggf to ! beg9n+ ( #aghg1 f9d mu* m]it & com=t 9 ,web/]'s und]/&+ ( basic ,am]ican law4 ,he _h a reason$ & firm conviction t ,am]icans really are citiz5s & n subjects4 ,8 conviction1 9 t respect1 :ile oppos$ to ! convictions ( our lead]s & 8con/itutional0 lawy]s1 has seem$ to u q 9 accord ) ! convictions ( e>li] lead]s su* z ,ir$ell & ,wilson & ! o!rs1 & also ) ! decisions ( our ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,briefly /at$1 x has become q cle> to u t ! ,am]ican p1 f #aggf to #aghg1 7 fix$ 9 _! det]m9ation to make our basic ,am]ican law :at ! conviction ( ,web/] & ! lead]s ( e g5]ation prior to our own knew x to be4 ,let u g back1 !re=e1 to ! ,am]icans 9 ! ,philadelphia conv5tion ( #aghg1 :o word$ ! ,con/itution :i* is ! supreme law ( ,am]ica1 & asc]ta9 h[ _! k ( fundam5tal ,am]ican law dictat$ ! word+ ( _! propos$ ,sev5? ,article4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,philadelphia ,,answ]s 8,,conv5tions1 ,,n ,,legislatures0 ,we recall h[ cle>ly ! ,am]icans at ,philadelphia1 9 #aghg1 knew t any grant ( national p[] to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( individuals 0 ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t4 ,we recall ! bitt] conflict ( op9ion1 ?reat5+ ! de/ruction ( ! assembly1 ov] ! mann] ( *oos+ ! memb]s ( ! legislature to ex]cise :atev] p[]s ( t k9d ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica might grant4 ,we recall ! great opposition to ! proposal ( a grant ( any p[] ( t k9d & to ! p>ticul> proposal ( ea* ( ! enum]at$ p[]s ( t k9d1 all embodi$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,we h ?us come to "k ) c]ta9ty t ! m9ds ( ! ,am]icans at ,philadelphia1 dur+ ^? /r5u\s f\r mon?s1 7 conc5trat$ ma9ly ^u a proposal to grant "s national p[] to int]f]e ) ! human fre$om ( all ,am]icans4 ,9 o!r words1 we h _! k t _! propos$ ,fir/ ,article1 by reason ( its grants ( su* p[]1 w\ld con/itute a new nation & gov]nm5t ( m51 if ^? grants 7 validly made by ^? compet5t to make su* grants4 ,"u :i* circum/ances1 we realize t x became necess>y = !m to make a great legal decision1 9 ! con/ruction ( basic ,am]ican law1 &1 be=e mak+ t decision1 :i* 0 compell$ to be ! result ( judgm5t & n ( w1 accurately to asc]ta9 "o important legal fact4 ,inde$1 _! decision 0 to be ! actual conclusion rea*$ 9 ! ef=t to asc]ta9 t legal fact4 ,?is 0 ! s+le "q to :i* !y mu/ f9d ! "r answ]3 8,"u our basic ,am]ican law1 c legislatures ev] give to gov]nm5t any p[] to int]f]e ) ! human fre$om ( m51 or mu/ e gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica obta9 its only valid p[]s ( t k9d by direct grant f its own citiz5s80 ,x is easy = u to /ate t !y %\ld h kn[n t ! answ] to t "q 0 expressly & au?oritatively giv5 9 ! ,/atute ( '#gf4 ,x 0 !re pla9ly enact$ t e j p[] ( any gov]nm5t mu/ be d]iv$ f ! direct grant ( ^? to be gov]n$ by its ex]cise4 ,yet our own lead]s = ! la/ five ye>s h n ev5 ask$ ! "q1 mu* less kn[n ! "r answ]4 ,at ,philadelphia1 9 #aghg1 !y did "k x4 ,!y _h no d\bt :atev] ab\t x4 ,we %all see t quickly 9 our brief review ( ! record !y made at ,philadelphia 9 asc]ta9+ & decid+1 z a legal necessity1 to :om _! ,fir/ ,article & its enum]at$ grants ( national p[] mu/ be s5t &1 :5 we boa/ ( h[ quickly we knew ! answ]1 we %\ld admit t we did n "k x until aft] we _h liv$ aga9 ) !m ?r\gh _! exp]i5ce ( ! prec$+ t5 or twelve ye>s :i* _h educat$ !m1 z x has j educat$ u1 to t k4 ,fur!rmore1 _m ( u av]age ,am]icans w be unable to expla91 until lat] h]e91 :y1 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 our own lead]s h n kn[n ! "r answ]4 ,! ,/atute ( '#gf has n be5 :olly unkn[n to !m4 ,! record ( ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion & ! ratify+ conv5tions has n be5 entirely a clos$ book to !m4 ,! important & au!ntic /atem5ts ( ,web/] & o!r lead]s ( pa/ g5]ations h be5 read by _m ( !m4 ,if !y did n und]/& & "k ! correct answ]1 z we n[ realize !y h n kn[n1 let u n )hold f ! ,am]icans at ,philadelphia our j tribute ( gratitude t !y did accurately "k1 :5 x 0 amaz+ly important to u t !y %\ld "k4 ,:5 ^? ,am]icans came to answ] t "q1 !re 7 facts :i* might h misl$ !m z o!r simil> facts ( less] importance h und\bt$ly misl$ our lead]s4 ,9 #aggf1 f t same ,philadelphia _h gone a sugge/ion t a con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 ) ,articles grant+ p[] to gov]nm5t1 be made 9 ea* =m] colony4 ,9 #aghg1 !re _h gone f t same ,philadelphia a proposal t a con/itution ( a g5]al gov]nm5t = ,am]ica be made1 ) ,articles grant+ p[] to t gov]nm5t4 ,! proposal ( #aggf _h sugge/$ t ! propos$ ,articles be made by ! p !mselves1 assembl$ 9 conv5tions4 ,! proposal ( #aggg _h sugge/$ t ! propos$ ,articles be made by ! legislative gov]nm5ts ( ! /ates4 ,bo? proposals1 ev5 z to ! mak]s ( ! respective ,articles1 _h be5 act$ ^u4 ,all ! ,articles1 al?\gh "s _h be5 made by ! p !mselves & o!rs by legislatures1 _h be5 g5]ally recogniz$ z valid law4 ,"s ( ! m5 at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg _h be5 memb]s ( ! propos+ ,second ,cont95tal ,congress1 :5 ! respective proposals ( #aggf & #aggg _h gone f ,philadelphia4 ,:51 9 #aghg1 !y 7 call$ ^u to f9d & /ate1 z _! legal decision1 ! correct answ] to _! important "q1 x 0 necess>y = !m to asc]ta91 z betwe5 /ate 8legislatures0 & ! p !mselves1 9 8conv5tions10 :i* c\ld validly make ! ,articles :i* _h be5 word$ & 7 ab\t to be propos$4 ,x w\ld n1 !re=e1 h be5 beyond ! pale ( our own exp]i5ce if ! e>li] proposals _h misl$ !m & !y _h made ! wrong answ] to ! "q :i* confront$ !m4 ,fur!rmore1 z we h already not$1 al?\gh we c little realize ! influ5ce ( su* a fact ^u m5 seek+ ! correct legal answ] to an important "q1 _! :ole proposal 0 a new adv5ture = m5 on an un*>t$ sea ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,"u all ( :i* circum/ances1 let u aga9 pay !m _! des]v$ tribute t !y w5t un]r+ly to ! only correct answ]4 ,we "k t ! ess5ce ( t answ] is express$ 9 ! ,sev5? ,article propos$ f ,philadelphia4 ,only "o answ] 0 possible to ,am]icans ( t g5]ation4 ,!y _h be5 8subjects0 & _h become 8citiz5s40 ,!y knew ! vital di/9ctions betwe5 ! two relations to gov]nm5t4 ,! ,conv5tion :i* fram$ ! ,con/itution 01 inde$1 elect$ by ! /ate legislatures4 ,b ! in/rum5t1 :5 x came f _! h&s1 0 a m]e proposal1 )\t obligation1 or pret5sions to x4 ,x 0 report$ to ! !n exi/+ ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! reque/ t x might 8be submitt$ to a conv5tion ( delegates1 *os5 9 ea* /ate by ! p !re(1 "u ! recomm5dation ( its legislature1 = _! ass5t & ratification40 ,?is mode ( proce$+ 0 adopt$2 & by ! ,conv5tion1 by ,congress1 & by ! /ate legislatures1 ! in/rum5t 0 submitt$ to ! p4 ,!y act$ ^u x 9 ! only mann] 9 :i* !y c act safely1 effectively1 & wisely1 on su* a subject1 by assembl+ 9 conv5tion4 ,x is true1 !y assembl$ 9 _! sev]al /ates2 & :]e else %\ld !y h assembl$8 ,no political dream] 0 ev] wild en\gh to ?9k ( break+ d[n ! l9es :i* sep>ate ! /ates1 & ( comp\nd+ ! ,am]ican p into "o common mass4 ,( consequ5ce1 :5 !y ! ,am]ican p act1 !y act 9 _! /ates4 ,b ! measures !y adopt d n1 on t acc\nt1 cease to be ! measures ( ! p !mselves1 or become ! measures ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,f ^! conv5tions ! ,con/itution ! ,fir/ ,article grants ( p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om d]ives its :ole au?ority4 ,! gov]nm5t proce$s directly f ! p2 is 8orda9$ & e/abli%$0 9 ! "n ( ! p4444 ,x requir$ n ! affirmance1 & c\ld n be negativ$1 by ! /ate gov]nm5ts4444 ,to ! =mation ( a league1 su* z 0 ! ,conf$]ation1 ! /ate sov]eignties 7 c]ta9ly compet5t4 ,b1 :5 a g5]al gov]nm5t ( ,am]ica 0 to be giv5 any national p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( its citiz5s1 z 9 ! ,fir/ ,article ( #aghg & 9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t ( #aiag1 act+ directly on ! p1 ! necessity ( ref]r+ x to ! p1 & ( d]iv+ its p[]s directly f !m1 0 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,union1 !n1 7:atev] may be ! influ5ce ( ?is fact on ! case17 is1 emphatically1 & truly1 a gov]nm5t ( ! p4 ,9 =m & 9 sub/ance x emanates f !m4 ,its p[]s are grant$ by !m1 & are to be ex]cis$ directly on !m1 & = _! b5efit4 7,m>%all 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,m',cullo* v4 ,m>yl&1 #d ,:eat4 #caf47 ,m>%all 0 "o ( ! ,am]icans :o _h be5 at ,valley ,=ge 9 #aggh1 & at o!r places ^: sacrifices made x ! basic law ( ,am]ica t all p[] ov] ,am]ican citiz5s mu/ be d]iv$ by direct grant f !mselves4 ,lat]1 he 0 prom95t 9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion :]e all ,am]icans 9 ,virg9ia knew & act$ ^u ?is basic law4 ,^! facts qualifi$ him to te/ify1 f ! ,b5* ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 t all ,am]icans !n knew & ackn[l$g$ ! b9d+ comm& ( t basic law4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 x 0 impossible t ! ,am]icans at ,philadelphia %\ld n h kn[n & obey$ t law 9 ! draft+ ( _! propos$ ,sev5? & ,fif? ,articles4 ,bo? ( ^! ,articles1 ! ,sev5? :olly1 & ! ,fif? p>tly1 deal ) ! !n future grant ( national p[] ov] ! p & its only legal gift by direct grant f ! p !mselves1 assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions40 ,bo? ,articles "n ! p ( ,am]ica1 by ! "o ^w 8conv5tions40 ,t ,philadelphia %\ld n h /ray$ f ! legal road cle>ly m>k$ by ! ,/atute ( '#gf 0 c]ta9 :5 we recall h[ l>ge a "p ,madison play$ at ,philadelphia1 & p>ticul>ly h[ he p]sonally word$ & introduc$1 9 ! clos+ h\rs at ,philadelphia1 :at we "k z its ,fif? ,article4 ,z to 8 p]sonal k ( ?is basic law1 we recall 8 lett] ( ,april1 #aghg1 :]e he said1 8,to give ! new sy/em its prop] en]gy1 x w be desirable to h x ratifi$ by ! au?ority ( ! p1 & n m]ely by t ( ! legislatures40 ,& we recall 8 lat] words1 :5 urg+ ,am]icans to adopt ! ,con/itution ) its ,fif? & ,sev5? ,articles1 he said ( ! ,sev5?1 8,?is ,article speaks = itself4 ,! express au?ority ( ! p alone c\ld give due validity to ! ,con/itution10 to its grants ( p[] ov] ! p 9 its ,fir/ ,article4 7,f$4 ,no4 #dc47 ,t we may fix firmly 9 our own m9ds ! k :i* all ,am]icans !n _h1 :i* our lead]s nev] acquir$ or h entirely =gott51 let u briefly review :at ! e>li] ,am]icans did at ,philadelphia 9 ob$i5ce to t k ( basic ,am]ican law4 ,on ,may #bh1 ,r&olph ( ,virg9ia 8op5$ ! ma9 bus9ess0 ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,he propos$ fifte5 resolutions embody+ ! sugge/ion ( :at %\ld be 9 ! diff]5t ,articles4 ,resolution ,numb] #ae 0 t su* ,articles %\ld be submitt$ to 8conv5tions10 8to be expressly *os5 by ! p1 to consid] & decide !reon40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #abh47 ,! fir/ %ort debate on ?is ,resolution took place on ,june #e4 ,9 x ,madison /at$ t he 8?\ght ?is provision ess5tial4 ,! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation !mselves 7 defective 9 ?is respect1 re/+1 9 _m ( ! /ates1 on ! legislative sanction only40 ,! resolution 0 !n po/pon$ = fur!r consid]ation4 ,on ,june #ab1 8,! "q 0 tak5 on ! #ae? ,resolution1 to wit1 ref]r+ ! new sy/em to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ratification4 ,x pass$ 9 ! affirmative40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #ahc47 ,?is 0 all 9 ! ,committee ( ! ,:ole4 ,on ,june #ac1 t ,committee made _! full report1 9 :i* ! ,r&olph ,resolution ,numb] #ae 0 embodi$ 9 words z ,resolution ,numb] #ai ( ! report4 ,on ,june #af1 :ile ! ,conv5tion 0 aga9 sitt+ z a ,committee ( ! ,:ole1 ! great /ruggle 0 on betwe5 ! conflict+ op9ions z to h[ & 9 :at proportion %\ld be elect$ ! future legislators :o 7 to ex]cise ! grant$ p[]s ov] ,am]icans4 ,on t day1 ! discussion c5t]$ on ! relative m]its ( ! ,r&olph national proposals & a set ( f$]al ,articles am5d+ ! exi/+ ,f$]al ,con/itution4 ,9 support+ ,r&olph1 ,wilson ( ,p5nsylvania /at$ t 8he did n fe> t ! p w\ld n foll[ u into a national gov]nm5t2 & x w be a fur!r recomm5dation ( ,mr4 ,r&olph's plan t x is to be submitt$ to !m1 & n to ! legislatures1 = ratification40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #aif47 ,on ,july #bc1 ,resolution ,numb] #ai came up = action4 ,rememb]+ h[ insi/5t _m ( ! delegates 7 t ! g5]al gov]nm5t %\ld be kept a purely f$]al "o1 x is n surpris+ to f9d ,oliv] ,ellswor? ( ,connecticut op5+ ! %ort debate ) a motion t ! ,con/itution 8be ref]r$ to ! legislatures ( ! /ates = ratification40 ,b x w also be rememb]$ t ! p[]s to be grant$ 9 ! new ,articles _h n yet be5 settl$4 ,! nationali/s 9 ! ,conv5tion1 int5t on hav+ "s national ,articles1 knew t ! propos$ ratification mu/ be by ! p !mselves1 8felt & ackn[l$g$ by all0 to be ! only compet5t grantors ( national p[]s4 ,colonel ,mason ( ,virg9ia 8consid]$ a ref]5ce ( ! plan to ! au?ority ( ! p z "o ( ! mo/ important & ess5tial ( ! resolutions4 ,! legislatures h no p[] to ratify x4 ,!y are ! m]e creatures ( ! /ate con/itutions1 & _c be great] ?an _! creators4444 ,:i!r1 !n1 mu/ we resort8 ,to ! p1 ) :om all p[] rema9s t has n be5 giv5 up 9 ! con/itutions d]iv$ f !m4 ,x 0 ( great mom5t t ?is doctr9e %\ld be *]i%$1 z ! basis ( free gov]nm5t40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #ceb47 ,rufus ,k+ ( ,massa*usetts1 influ5c$ und\bt$ly by ! error ( ?9k+ t ! ,conv5tion meant to act )9 ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation1 0 incl9$ to agree ) ,ellswor? 8t ! legislatures _h a compet5t au?ority1 ! acquiesc5ce ( ! p ( ,am]ica 9 ! ,conf$]ation be+ equival5t to a =mal ratification by ! p4444 ,at ! same "t1 he pref]r$ a ref]5ce to ! au?ority ( ! p1 expressly delegat$ to conv5tions1 z ! mo/ c]ta9 means ( obviat+ all disputes & d\bts conc]n+ ! legitimacy ( ! new ,con/itution40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #cee47 ,madison 8?\ght x cle> t ! legislatures 7 incompet5t to ! propos$ *anges4 ,^! *anges w\ld make ess5tial inroads on ! /ate con/itutions2 & x w\ld be a novel & dang]\s doctr9e1 t a legislature c\ld *ange ! con/itution "u :i* x held its exi/5ce40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #cee47 ,ellswor?'s motion to s5d to ! /ate legislative gov]nm5ts1 & n to ! p !mselves1 assembl$ 9 8conv5tions10 0 lo/ by a vote ( sev5 to ?ree4 ,resolution ,numb] #ai1 t ! new ,articles mu/ be s5t to ! p !mselves 0 adopt$ by a vote ( n9e to "o1 ,ellswor? & ,k+ bo? vot+ = x4 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #cef47 ,?is impressive discussion1 n[ cont9u$ = ov] a mon? ( #aghg1 ) its display ( accurate k ( ! di/9ction betwe5 s5d+ ,articles to legislatures & 8ref]r+0 !m to ! p1 makes q amus+ :at we %all he> lat] 9 #aiag4 ,x w come f ! c\nsel ( ! political organization :i* dictat$ t gov]nm5ts %\ld make ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,aft] he k9dly tells u t hi/ory has prov5 t ^! ,am]icans ( #aghg 8build$ m wisely ?an !y knew10 mean+ 8?an he knew10 he %all lat] imp>t to u ! rem>kable in=mation t 8! fram]s 9 ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion knew v little1 if any?+1 ab\t ref]5dums40 ,! ,resolutions1 :i* _h n[ become tw5ty-?ree 9 numb]1 on ,july #bf1 7 ref]r$ to ! ,committee ( ,detail to prep>e ,articles 9 con=mity !re)4 ,on ,augu/ #f1 t ,committee made its report ( tw5ty-?ree word$ ,articles4 ,9 ,article ,,xxii 0 embodi$ ! requirem5t t ! ,con/itution %\ld be submitt$ 8to a conv5tion *os5 9 ea* /ate1 "u ! recomm5dation ( its legislature1 9 ord] to receive ! ratification ( su* conv5tion40 ,?is provision1 ! ,philadelphia answ] & always ! only legal answ] to ! "q z to :o c validly grant p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 0 lat] se5 n prop]ly to belong 9 ! ,con/itution itself4 ,= :i* reason1 x 0 tak5 out ( ! ,con/itution & embodi$ 9 a sep>ate ,resolution :i* w5t ) ! ,con/itution f ,philadelphia4 ,9 ,article ,,xxi1 ! fir/ draft ( our ,article ,,vii1 x 0 provid$3 8,! ratification ( ! conv5tions ( ---- /ates %all be suffici5t = organiz+ ?is ,con/itution40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #cha47 ,! mon? ( ,augu/ 0 pass$ 9 ! great debates on ! propos$ grants ( national p[] & ! o!r propos$ ,articles4 ,:5 ! ,conv5tion 0 draw+ to a close on ,augu/ #cj1 ,articles ,,xxi & ,,xxii 7 rea*$4 ,g\v]neur ,morris ( ,p5nsylvania 8mov$ to /rike out ( ,article ,,xxi ! words1 #8conv5tions ( !1' aft] #8ratification1' leav+ ! /ates to pursue _! own modes ( ratification40 ,rufus ,k+ 8?\ght t /rik+ out #8conv5tions1' z ! requisite mode1 0 equival5t to giv+ up ! bus9ess altoge!r40 ,madison po9t$ out t1 8,! p 71 9 fact1 ! f\nta9 ( all p[]40 ,! motion ( ,morris 0 beat54 ,an attempt 0 made to fill ! blank 9 ,article ,,xxi ) ! ^w 8?irte540 8,all ! /ates 7 #8,no' except ,m>yl&40 ,! blank 0 !n fill$ by ! ^w 8n9e0 ! vote be+ eight to ?ree4 ,! two articles 7 !n pass$1 ! vote !reon be+ t5 to "o4 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #dii-ejb47 ,on ,septemb] #aj1 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ bus9ess week ( ! ,conv5tion1 ,g]ry ( ,massa*usetts mov$ to reconsid] ^! two ,articles4 ,! %ort discussion 0 n 9 connection ) any matt] 9 :i* we are n[ int]e/$4 ,8 motion 0 lo/4 ,! entire set ( word$ ,articles 0 !n ref]r$ to a committee = revis+ ! /yle & arrangem5t ( ! ,articles agre$ ^u4 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #ece47 ,on ,w$nesday1 ,septemb] #ab1 t ,committee report$ our ,con/itution1 ) its sev5 ,articles1 z we "k !m except = "s slight *anges made dur+ ! discussions ( ! la/ ?ree or f\r days ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,9 ^! sev5 ,articles1 ! language ( ! e>li] ,article ,,xxii did n appe>4 ,z x really 0 ! /atem5t ( ! correct legal conclusion ( ! ,conv5tion t its propos$ ,articles1 because !y w\ld grant p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 mu/ necess>ily be made by ! p !mselves1 its prop] place 0 outside ! ,con/itution itself & 9 a special ,resolution ( ! same nature z e ,congress resolution propos+ an am5dm5t to t ,con/itution4 ,t 0 ! view ( ! ,committee &1 on ,?ursday1 ,septemb] #ac1 ! ,committee report$ su* special ,resolutions1 9 ! v words ( ! =m] ,article ,,xxii4 8,! proce$+s on ^! ,resolutions are n giv5 by ,mr4 ,madison1 nor 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,f$]al ,conv5tion4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,congress1 ,septemb] #bh1 #aghg1 ,volume #d1 p4 #gha1 !y are /at$ to h be5 pres5t$ to t body1 z hav+ pass$ 9 ! ,conv5tion on ,septemb] #ag imm$iately aft] ! sign+ ( ! ,con/itution40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #fjb47 ,?is is ! ,resolution3 8,,resolv$1 ,t ! prec$+ ,con/itution be laid be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,congress assembl$2 & t x is ! op9ion ( ?is ,conv5tion1 t x %\ld aft]w>ds be submitt$ to a conv5tion ( delegates *os5 9 ea* /ate by ! p !re(1 "u ! recomm5dation ( its legislature1 = _! ass5t & ratification2 & t ea* conv5tion1 ass5t+ to & ratify+ ! same1 %\ld give notice !re( to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,congress assembl$4 8,,resolv$1 ,t x is ! op9ion ( ?is ,conv5tion1 t1 z soon z ! conv5tions ( n9e /ates %all h ratifi$ ?is ,con/itution1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,congress assembl$ %\ld fix a day1 etc40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #eda47 ,?is ,resolution is ! mo/ au?oritative /atem5t ( ! legal conclusion rea*$ by ^! lead]s ( a p !n 8bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w40 ,! conclusion itself 0 compell$ by accurate k t ! gov]nm5t ( 8citiz5s0 c validly obta9 only f ! citiz5s !mselves1 by _! direct grant1 any p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om4 ,! expression ( t k1 9 ! ,resolution1 is1 9 _m respects1 "o ( ! mo/ important record$ legal decisions ev] made 9 ,am]ica4 ,we av]age ,am]icans1 educat$ ) ^? ,am]icans at ,philadelphia ?r\gh _! exp]i5ce ( ! ye>s betwe5 #agge & #aghg1 _c misund]/& ! mean+ & importance ( t decision4 ,in/ruct$ by our review ( _! actions & _! reason+ at ,philadelphia 9 rea*+ t conclusion & mak+ t legal decision1 we "k1 ) an accurate c]ta9ty1 t x 0 _! decl>ation to ! _w & to u t no proposal f ,philadelphia sugge/$ t ,am]icans aga9 resume ! relation ( 8subjects0 to any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts4 ,our m9ds impress$ ) ?is accurate k t su* 0 n _! purpose1 we n[ prep>e to complete our education z ,am]ican citiz5s1 n subjects1 by read+ ! ,philadelphia /ory & language ( _! ,fif? ,article1 _! only o!r ,article :i* ev5 p>tly conc]n$ ! future grant ( new gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) individual ,am]ican fre$om4 ,by reason ( our education1 we w !n come to ! read+ ( ! language ( ?is ,article1 z ! ,am]icans read x & und]/ood x :5 !y made x 9 _! 8conv5tions0 t foll[$ ! propos+ conv5tion ( ,philadelphia4 ,be+ educat$ 8citiz5s0 & n 8subjects10 we ourselves w no long]1 z our lead]s h done = five ye>s1 mi/ake ! only correct & legal answ] to ! indignant outbur/ ( ,madison1 :o wrote ?is ,fif? ,article at ,philadelphia4 8,01 !n1 ! ,am]ican ,revolution effect$1 0 ! ,am]ican ,conf$]acy =m$1 0 ! preci\s blood ( ?\s&s spilt1 & ! h>d-e>n$ sub/ance ( millions lavi%$1 n t ! p ( ,am]ica %\ld enjoy peace1 lib]ty1 & safety1 b t ! gov]nm5ts ( ! individual /ates1 t p>ticul> municipal e/abli%m5ts1 might enjoy a c]ta9 ext5t ( p[]1 & be array$ ) c]ta9 dignities & attributes ( sov]eignty8 ,we h he>d ( ! impi\s doctr9e 9 ! ,old ,_w1 t ! p 7 made = k+s1 n k+s = ! p4 ,is ! same doctr9e to be reviv$ 9 ! ,new1 9 ano!r %ape--t ! solid happ9ess ( ! p is to be sacrific$ to ! views ( political in/itutions ( a diff]5t =m80 7,f$4 ,no4 #de47 ,! ,am]ican answ]1 f ! p ( ,am]ica assembl$ 9 ! conv5tions t ratifi$ t ,fif? ,article1 0 a cle> & emphatic 8,no40 ,! ,tory answ] ( ! la/ five ye>s1 f our lead]s & our gov]nm5ts1 has be5 an insi/5t 8,yes40 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 ) any consid]able degree ( tru?fulness1 c ass]t t !re has come f ! ,am]ican p !mselves1 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 any v audible 8,yes40 ,to :atev] ext5t individual op9ions may diff] z to ! wisdom or legality ( ! new con/itution ( gov]nm5t ( m51 made entirely by gov]nm5ts1 no unbias$ obs]v] has fail$ to note "o /rik+ fact4 ,by a v ext5sive numb] ( ,am]icans o!rwise law-abid+1 ,am]icans 9 all classes ( society1 ! new gov]nm5t edict1 ! gov]nm5t comm& to 8subjects10 has be5 greet$ ) a respect & ob$i5ce /rik+ly simil> to ! respect & ob$i5ce ) :i* an e>li] g5]ation ( ,am]icans receiv$ ! ,/amp ,act & ! o!r gov]nm5t edicts betwe5 #agfe & #aggf4 ,:5 ! ,am]icans ( t e>li] g5]ation 7 d5\nc$ by ! gov]nm5t :i* _h issu$ ^? edicts to its 8subjects10 "o ( ! latt]1 five ye>s be=e ,am]icans ceas$ to be 8subjects0 ( t gov]nm5t1 /at$3 8,is x a "t = u to sleep :5 our free gov]nm5t is ess5tially *ang$1 & a new "o is =m+ ^u a q diff]5t sy/em--a gov]nm5t )\t ! lea/ dep5d5ce ^u ! p80 ,x may be b a co9cid5ce t1 :ile our ,am]ican gov]nm5t 0 ann\nc+ its recognition ( ! wide-spread ,am]ican disrespect = ! new gov]nm5t edict1 x is only a few days s9ce ?r\gh\t ,am]ica !re res\nd$ _m eulogies ( ! ,samuel ,adams1 :o made t /atem5t 9 ! ,bo/on ,gazette ( ,octob] #g1 #agga4 ,9 ^? eulogies1 !re 0 paid to him ! tribute t he l>gely help$ to br+ ab\t ! amaz+ result ( ,am]ican desire = individual fre$om :i* culm9at$ 9 ! assembl+ ( ! ,am]icans 9 ! 8conv5tions0 :i* ratifi$ ! propos$ ,con/itution4 ,we h already s5s$ t ! exi/5ce ( ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t dep5ds entirely ^u an amaz+ mod]n mean+ put into ! ,fif? ,article made 9 ^? conv5tions4 ,let u1 !re=e1 :o are ,am]icans n[ educat$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,am]icans :o assembl$ 9 ^? 8conv5tions10 sit !re9 ) !m & !re read ! /ory & ! language ( ! ,fif? ,article z !y read x :5 !y made x4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,fif? ,,article ,,names ,,only 8,,conv5tions0 ,x has be5 ! mis=tune ( our prom95t ,am]icans ( ?is g5]ation t !y read ! ,fif? ,article ) preconceiv$ notions ( its mean+4 ,to ! error ( t me?od ( read+ x1 we av]age ,am]icans w n pay ! tribute ( imitation4 ,we "k t its mean+ to ^? :o made x 9 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! e>li] c5tury is ! mean+ :i* x mu/ h z "p ( ! supreme law ( ! l&4 ,t we may read x z !y read x & get its cle> & only possible mean+1 z !y got x1 we %all briefly review ! /ory ( its word+ & its proposal at ,philadelphia4 ,t ,conv5tion imm$iately prec$$ ! assembl+ ( ! p 9 _! own 8conv5tions40 ,9 ea* ( _! 8conv5tions10 among ! p assembl$1 7 "s :o _h be5 prom95t at ,philadelphia1 su* z ,madison & ,r&olph & ,mason 9 ,virg9ia1 ,hamilton 9 ,new ,york1 ,wilson 9 ,p5nsylvania & ! ,p9ckneys 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,moreov]1 betwe5 ! ,philadelphia proposal & ! assembl+ ( ^! conv5tions1 ,madison & ,hamilton1 propos] & second] ( ! ,fif? ,article at ,philadelphia1 _h be5 publi%+ _! fam\s essays1 n[ collectively kn[n z ,! ,f$]ali/1 9 ! ,new ,york newspap]s to expla9 ! ,articles word$ at ,philadelphia & to urge _! adoption4 ,"u :i* circum/ances1 x is cle> t1 if we want to read & "k ! mean+ ( ! ,fif? ,article z x 0 und]/ood 9 ^? conv5tions1 ! ,fif? ,article :i* nam$ ^? same 8conv5tions10 we mu/ complete our education by an accurate & brief review ( ! /ory ( t ,article at ,philadelphia4 ,only 9 t way %all we av]age ,am]icans ( today be 9 ! position 9 :i* 7 ! ,am]icans :o made t ,article4 ,:5 we read t /ory ( ,philadelphia1 9 relation to ! ,fif? ,article1 "o ?+ /&s out ) amaz+ cl>ity & importance4 ,we already "k h[ t ,conv5tion1 until its la/ days1 0 conc5trat$ ^u ! hotly debat$ "q ( its own propos$ grants ( national p[]s 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,9 ! light ( :i* cont9u$ conc5tration1 x is n surpris+ to le>n t1 until almo/ ! v la/ days1 ! delegates =got entirely to m5tion1 9 _! t5tative ,fif? ,article1 ! exi/+ & limit$ ability ( /ate legislatures to make f$]al or decl>atory ,articles1 & m5tion$ only 8conv5tions0 ( ! p1 :o alone c\ld or c make national ,articles4 ,! fir/ sugge/ion ( :at we n[ "k z ! ,fif? ,article 0 on ! second day1 ,may #bi1 :5 ! ,r&olph ,resolution #ac read 8t provision ought to be made = ! am5dm5t ( ! ,articles ( union :5soev] x %all seem necess>y40 ,?is word+ 0 ! exact language ( ,resolution #ag ( ! report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,:ole4 ,x 0 adopt$ by ! ,conv5tion on ,july #bc4 ,?ree days lat]1 ) ! o!r ,resolutions1 x 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee ( ,detail 8to prep>e & report ! ,con/itution40 ,on ,augu/ #f1 ?is ,committee1 9 ! fir/ draft ( our ,con/itution1 report$ ! foll[+3 8,art4 ,,xix4 ,on ! ,application ( ! legislatures ( two-?irds ( ! /ates 9 ! ,union1 = an am5dm5t ( ?is ,con/itution1 ! legislature ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all call a conv5tion = t purpose40 ,we see cle>ly :y ! delegates1 _! m9ds conc5trat$ on _! own propos$ grants ( national p[]s1 m5tion$ only ! p !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! 8,sev5?0 & 8,fif?0 ,articles1 :o alone c make national ,articles1 & =got to m5tion legislatures1 because ! latt] nev] c make national ,articles4 ,t k9d ( ,article 0 ! only ?+ !y 7 !n ?9k+ ab\t4 ,naturally1 x !n escap$ _! att5tion t1 if !y propos$ a wise & prop] di/ribution ( national p[] betwe5 ! new ,am]ican gov]nm5t & ! respective exi/+ /ate gov]nm5ts1 almo/ e future ,article1 if n e "o1 w\ld be ( ! f$]al k9d1 :i* legislatures or gov]nm5ts c\ld validly make1 z !y _h made all ! ,articles ( ! exi/+ f$]ation4 ,cle>ly = t reason ?is ,article ,,xix nev] ev5 m5tion$ ! exi/+ & limit$ ability ( legislatures4 ,betwe5 ?is report ( ,augu/ #f & ,augu/ #cj1 ! ,conv5tion 0 aga9 entirely occupi$ ) ! grants ( national p[] & ! election ( ! legislators to ex]cise x or1 9 o!r words1 ) :at is n[ ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,on ,augu/ #cj1 ,article ,,xix 0 adopt$ )\t any debate4 ,we are n[ aw>e t ! ,conv5tion 0 )9 two weeks ( its end & no "o _h m5tion$1 9 :at is n[ ! ,fif? ,article1 ! /ate gov]nm5ts or legislatures z possible mak]s ( f$]al ,articles1 if & :5 su* ,articles 7 to be made 9 ! future4 ,x 0 n until ,septemb] #aj1 ,monday ( ! la/ ,conv5tion week1 t ,article ,,xix aga9 came up = action1 :5 ,g]ry ( ,massa*usetts mov$ to reconsid] x4 ,8 purpose1 z he himself /at$ x1 0 to object because x made x possible t1 if ! p 9 two-?irds ( ! /ates call$ a conv5tion1 a majority ( ! ,am]ican p assembl$ 9 t conv5tion 8c b9d ! ,union ) innovations t may subord9ate ! /ate con/itutions altoge!r40 ,hamilton /at$ t he c\ld see 8no great] evil1 9 subject+ ! p 9 ,am]ica to ! major voice ?an ! p ( any p>ticul> /ate40 ,he w5t on to say t he did ?9k ! ,article %\ld be *ang$ s z to provide a m desirable 8mode = introduc+ am5dm5ts10 namely1 draft+ & propos+ !m to ^? :o c\ld make !m4 ,9 ?is respect he said3 8,! mode propos$ 0 n adequate4 ,! /ate legislatures w n apply = alt]ations1 b ) a view to increase _! own p[]s4 ,! national legislature w be ! fir/ to p]ceive1 & w be mo/ s5sible to1 ! necessity ( am5dm5ts2 & ought also to be emp[]$1 :5ev] two-?irds ( ea* bran* %\ld concur1 to call a conv5tion4 ,!re c\ld be no dang] 9 giv+ ?is p[]1 z ! p w\ld f9ally decide 9 ! case40 7#e ,ell4 ,deb4 #eca47 ,rog] ,%]man ( ,connecticut !n tri$ to h ! ,article provide t ! national gov]nm5t might also propose am5dm5ts to ! sev]al /ates1 z su*2 su* am5dm5t to be b9d+ if cons5t$ to by ! sev]al /ates1 namely1 all ! /ates4 ,= reasons t w appe> 9 a mom5t1 ?is cle> attempt to enable ! /ates1 m]e political entities1 & _! legislatures1 always gov]nm5ts1 to d :at !y might wi% ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5--?us mak+ him _! subject--0 nev] vot$ ^u4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 second$ by ,g]ry ( ,massa*usetts4 ,its probable appeal to ,%]man1 always a /rong oppon5t ( ! national gov]nm5t ( individuals in/ead ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t ( /ates1 0 t x w\ld make x difficult to take away any p[] f ,connecticut1 unless ,connecticut wi%$ to give x up4 ,its appeal to ,g]ry1 consi/5tly a ,tory 9 8 m5tal attitude to ! relation ( gov]nm5t & human be+1 0 und\bt$ly ! fact t x w\ld p]mit gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts to d :at !y might wi% ) individual fre$om4 ,x does n escape ! att5tion ( ! av]age ,am]ican t our gov]nm5ts & lead]s1 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 h n only display$ ! m5tal attitude ( ,g]ry b h also act$ z if ! proposal1 :i* he urg$1 _h be5 put into :at is our ,fif? ,article4 ,only on t !ory c we av]age ,am]icans1 ) our education1 und]/& :y gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica h und]tak5 to ex]cise & to ve/ 9 our gov]nm5t a national p[] ov] u1 :i* p[] nei!r is enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article nor 0 ev] grant$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica to _! only gov]nm5t2 nor c we und]/& :y our lead]s h assum$ t gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica1 :i* are n ev5 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 c d ei!r or bo? ( ^! ?+s4 ,we "k1 if gov]nm5ts & lead]s d n1 t nei!r ?+ c ev] be possible 9 a l& :]e m5 are 8citiz5s0 & n 8subjects40 ,,*apt] ,x ,,ability ,,( ,,legislatures ,,rememb]$ ,liv+ ?r\gh ! days ( t ,conv5tion1 we h n[ se5 ?ree mon?s & t5 days ( its s9c]e & able ef=t to ^w a ,con/itution :i* w\ld 8secure ! ,bless+s ( ,lib]ty0 to ! individual ,am]ican4 ,we h se5 !m sp5d mo/ ( _! "t 9 ! patriotic endeavor to adju/ & settle h[ mu*1 if any1 national p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om t ,con/itution %all give to its only donee1 ! new & g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 we h se5 ! m9d & ?\ght & w ( t ,conv5tion almo/ entirely conc5trat$1 = ^? ?ree mon?s & t5 days1 ^u ! ,article :i* is ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 ! ,fir/ ,article1 ) its enum]at$ grants ( g5]al p[] to int]f]e ) ! human rights ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,keep+ 9 m9d ! object ( t int5se conc5tration1 ! ,fir/ ,article grants ( p[] ( t k9d1 we av]age ,am]icans note1 ) det]m9$ int5t nev] to =get1 ! effect ( t conc5tration ^u ! word+ ( our ,fif? ,article up to t t5? day ( ,septemb]4 ,we note1 ) det]m9$ int5t nev] to =get1 t1 f ,may #cj to ,septemb] #aj1 ! only mak] ( future *anges m5tion$ 0 ! 8p0 ( ,am]ica1 ! mo/ important res]vee ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican p nam$ 9 bo? ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles4 ,z ?is fact & its trem5d\s mean+ h nev] be5 kn[n or m5tion$ 9 ! sorry tale ( ! five ye>s f #aiag to #aibb1 we av]age ,am]icans are det]m9$ to dwell ^u x briefly s t we _c escape an accurate appreciation ( ! %ort rema9+ /ory ( ! "o week at ,philadelphia1 9 #aghg1 9 relation to our ,fif? ,article4 ,only a week e>li]1 because ! ,fir/ ,article did grant enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) individual rights1 ! ,conv5tion _h kn[n t ! sev5 articles mu/ g to ! p directly to say _! 8,yes0 or 8,no0 to ^? grants ( ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,= t reason ! ,conv5tion 7consid]+ limit$ legislative ability to make f$]al ,articles & omnipot5t ability ( ! 8p0 to make all ,articles7 _h decid$ t x ,,mu/ propose ! mode ( ratification by ! 8p10 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles4 ,z ,m>%all lat] au?oritatively /at$ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ! legal necessity ( d]iv+ national p[]s f ! p !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions10 0 !n kn[n & ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 up to t ,septemb] #aj1 t a conv5tion1 conc5trat$ entirely ^u grants ( t k9d1 :5 word+ its ,article ) a mode ( proc$ure = mak+ future *anges1 %\ld h =gott5 any *anges except ( ! k9d on :i* its own m9d 0 conc5trat$ & %\ld h m5tion$ 9 its am5d+ ,article1 up to ,septemb] #aj1 no mak] ( future *anges except ! p !mselves1 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles4 ,&1 at ?is po9t1 we av]age ,am]icans note1 aga9 ) int5t nev] to =get1 t if ! "o compet5t mak] ( su* ,articles1 ! 8conv5tions10 _h rema9$ ! only mak] ( ,articles m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 ev5 ! great 8con/itutional0 lawy]s ( #aibj w\ld nev] h made ! monum5tal error ( assum+ t ! ,fif? ,article 0 a grant ( p[] 7to ^? :o made x & all ! orig9al ,con/itution7 to make future ,articles4 ,ev5 !y w\ld h notic$ & appli$ to _! read+ ( ! ,fif? ,article ! well kn[n legal fact t grantors nev] c & nev] d grant to !mselves :at !y already h or a "p ( x4 ,!re=e1 not+ & rememb]+ ^! significant facts1 we turn ) int]e/ to ! %ort /ory ( h[ ^? able ,am]icans at ,philadelphia1 _! m9ds no long] exclusively conc5trat$ on _! own enum]at$ grants1 rememb]$ t !re 0 ano!r mak] ( ,articles ) exi/+ b limit$ ability to make f$]al or decl>atory ,articles4 ,&1 ) int]e/1 we %all le>n h[ ?is la/ week ?\ght caus$ ! ,conv5tion to *ange ! ,fif? ,article by add+ a m5tion ( t exi/+ limit$ ability & prescrib+ ! mode ( its future con/itutional ex]cise4 ,t we av]age ,am]icans may nev] be misl$ by inaccurate /atem5ts ( ! %ort /ory ( h[ ! m5tion ( t limit$ ability 0 add$ to ! m5tion ( ! unlimit$ ability ( ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article1 x is fitt+ t ! full record ( ! /ory be giv5 v]batim4 ,x adds n a little to our amusem5t t ! /ory is copi$ f ! brief ( ! lead+ 8con/itutional0 lawy] ( #aibj :o *ampion$ ! validity ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t on ! rem>kable assumption & error1 common to all 8 associates & 8 oppon5ts1 t ! new m5tion *ang$ ! ,fif? ,article into a grant ( ability to ^? legislatures in/ead ( :at its au?or1 ,madison1 knew & /at$ t ,article to be1 a 8mode ( proc$ure0 = ! future con/itutional ex]cise ei!r ( t exi/+ limit$ ability or ! o!r exi/+ unlimit$ ability ( ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ,fif? ,articles4 ,?is is ! record ( t ,septemb] #aj1 z copi$ f t brief1 beg9n+ imm$iately aft] ,hamilton _h voic$ 8 op9ion t !re c\ld be no dang] 9 lett+ ,congress propose an ,am5dm5t 8z ! p w\ld f9ally decide 9 ! case40 8,mr4 ,madison rem>k$ on ! vagu5ess ( ! t]ms1 #8call a ,conv5tion = ! purpose' z suffici5t reason = reconsid]+ ! ,article4 ,h[ 0 a ,conv5tion to be =m$8 by :at rule decide8 :at ! =ce ( its acts8 8,on ! motion ( ,mr4 ,g]ry to reconsid] 8,n4 ,h4 div4 ,mas4 ay4 ,ct4 ay4 ,n4 ,j4 no4 ,pa4 ay4 ,del4 ay4 ,md4 ay4 ,va4 ay4 ,n4 ,c4 ay4 ,s4 ,c4 ay4 ,geo4 ay4 7,ayes--#i2 noes--#a2 divid$--#a47 8,mr4 ,%]man mov$ to add to ! article #8or ! ,legislature may propose am5dm5ts to ! sev]al ,/ates = _! approbation1 b no am5dm5ts %all be b9d+ until cons5t$ to by ! sev]al ,/ates4' 8,mr4 ,g]ry #b;d$4 ! motion4 8,mr4 ,wilson mov$ to ins]t #8two ?irds (' be=e ! words #8sev]al ,/ates'--on :i* am5dm5t to ! motion ( ,mr4 ,%]man 8,n4 ,h4 ay4 ,mas4 7no74 ,ct4 no4 ,n4 ,j4 7no74 ,pa4 ay4 ,del4 ay4 ,md4 ay4 ,va4 ay4 ,n4 ,c4 no4 ,s4 ,c4 no4 ,geo4 no4 7,ayes--#e2 noes--#f74 8,mr4 ,wilson !n mov$ to ins]t #8?ree f\r?s (' be=e #8! sev]al ,/s4' :i* 0 agre$ to nem3 con3 8,mr4 ,madison mov$ to po/pone ! consid]ation ( ! am5d$ proposition 9 ord] to take up ! foll[+1 8#8,! ,legislature ( ! ,u4,s4 :5ev] two ?irds ( bo? ,h\ses %all deem necess>y1 or on ! application ( two ?irds ( ! ,legislatures ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all propose am5dm5ts to ?is ,con/itution1 :i* %all be valid to all int5ts & purposes z p>ts !re(1 :5 ! same %all h be5 ratifi$ by ?ree f\r?s at lea/ ( ! ,legislatures ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 or by ,conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(1 z "o or ! o!r mode ( ratification may be propos$ by ! ,legislature ( ! ,u4,s4' 8,mr4 ,hamilton #b;d$4 ! motion4 8,mr4 ,rutlidge said he nev] c\ld agree to give a p[] by :i* ! articles relat+ to slaves might be alt]$ by ! ,/ates n int]e/$ 9 t prop]ty & prejudic$ aga9/ x4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is objection1 ^! words 7 add$ to ! proposition3 #8provid$ t no am5dm5ts :i* may be made prior to ! ye> #ahjh1 %all 9 any mann] affect ! #d #e sections ( ! ,,vii article4' ,! po/ponem5t be+ agre$ to1 8,on ! "q ,on ! proposition ( ,mr4 ,madison ,mr4 ,hamilton z am5d$ 8,n4,h4 divd4 ,mas4 ay4 ,ct4 ay4 ,n4,j4 ay4 ,pa4 ay4 ,del4 no4 ,md4 ay4 ,va4 ay4 ,n4,c4 ay4 ,s4,c4 ay4 ,geo4 ay4 7,ayes--#i2 noes--#a2 divid$--#a470 ,,ii ,f>r&1 #eeh1 #eei4 ,no ,am]ican citiz51 n[ liv+ or 9 ! g5]ations to come1 if he values at all ! human lib]ty :i* ! entire ,con/itution 0 e/abli%$ to secure1 c sp5d too mu* "t 9 read+ & und]/&+ t %ort record4 ,x is ! record left by ,madison himself1 ev5 ?\gh x be copi$ f ! brief ( ! lead+ 8con/itutional0 lawy] ( #aibj :o ma9ta9$ 8 :ole argum5t = ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t on ! gr\nd t we h be5 8subjects0 ( an omnipot5t gov]nm5t1 8 cli5ts1 s9ce ! day1 ,june #ba1 #aghh1 :5 t ,fif? ,article 0 enact$ by ! ,am]ican p to secure 8! ,bless+s ( ,lib]ty = !mselves & _! po/]ity40 ,z we %all lat] f9d h]e91 x is ! claim ( all :o believe ! new ,am5dm5t to be 9 our ,con/itution1 al?\gh !y h hi!rto n und]/ood _! own claim1 t ! words ( ! ,article1 :i* appe> 9 t %ort record1 are ! words :i* *ang$ ! ,am]ican individuals1 free m5 f ,july #d1 #aggf1 into subjects ( an omnipot5t gov]nm5t1 compos$ ( ! legislative gov]nm5ts ( a fractional "p ( ! /ates4 ,moreov]1 z we %all also lat] le>n h]e91 ?is absurd & amaz+ claim is bas$ :olly on ! monum5tal error ( assum+1 )\t ! fa9te/ sugge/ion or pr(f] ( support = su* an assumption1 t ! new word+ ( ! ,fif? ,article1 z propos$ by ,madison on ,septemb] #aj1 *ang$ ! am5d+ ,article into a grant ( ability to make e k9d ( ,article4 ,! monum5tal error fails to see t ,madison m]ely add$ to ! previ\s m5tion ( ! unlimit$ ability ( ! p or 8conv5tions0 a simil> m5tion ( ! exi/+ limit$ ability ( ! /ate legislative gov]nm5ts to make f$]al ,articles or ,articles :i* nei!r ex]cise nor grant p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om4 ,moreov]1 z we %all also le>n lat] h]e91 ! extraord9>y & unf\nd$ assumption 7t ! am5d+ ,article 0 *ang$ on ,septemb] #aj into a grant ( ability to make ,articles in/ead ( a recognition & m5tion ( two exi/+ diff]5t abilities1 "o ( :i* _h always be5 m5tion$ !re97 has be5 hi!rto concurr$ 9 by e "o :o has *all5g$ ! validity ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,!y h only diff]$ f ! support]s ( ! new ,am5dm5t 9 cont5d+ t ! impossible grant1 absurdly imag9$ to h be5 made by ! grantors to !mselves z well z to /ate legislatures1 0 a grant ( limit$ ability b did n include ! ability to make an am5dm5t su* z ! ,eighte5?4 ,:5 we d come lat] h]e9 to ! briefs & argum5ts ( ! oppon5ts & support]s ( ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 we %all look 9 va9 to f9d !re9 ! fa9te/ sugge/ion ( a claim t !re is any?+ 9 ! record ( ,septemb] #aj1 #aghg1 to ju/ify _! extraord9>y & unf\nd$ assumption t ! ,fif? ,article1 on t day1 0 *ang$ s z to make x a grant ( p[] f ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! p to ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! :ole ,am]ican p & to ! /ate legislatures4 ,on ! contr>y1 we %all f9d e oppon5t ( ! suppos$ new ,am5dm5t mak+ easy ! way ( its support]s by jo9+ 9 ! common assumption ( all & pr$icat+ e argum5t aga9/ ! new ,am5dm5t on ! same extraord9>y assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a grant ( p[] to ! grantors & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,n once1 9 any brief or argum5t ( ! mo/ r5[n$ lawy]s 9 ,am]ica1 %all we f9d ev5 ! fa9te/ k ( two facts :i* mu/ be s if ! ,fif? ,article is a grant ( p[] to ! two suppos$ grantees4 ,t ea* ( ! two facts is a pat5t absurdity w n alt] ! logic t !y mu/ be facts1 if ! ,fif? ,article is a grant to ^? two grantees4 ,! fir/ pat5tly absurd fact is t1 if ! ,fif? ,article is a grant1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( #aghh grant$ to !mselves1 ! suppos$ grantors1 exactly ! same omnipot5t p[] to make all ,articles1 :i* ! grantors 7a suppos$ grantee7 7 ex]cis+ at ! v mom5t :5 !y made ! ,fif? ,article4 ,! second pat5tly absurd fact1 if ! ,fif? ,article is a grant1 is t ! :ole p ( ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions10 aft] elev5 ye>s z free m51 volunt>ily rel9qui%$ t /atus to become1 z ! :ole p ( ,am]ica1 8subjects0 ( ! same legislative gov]nm5ts :o are "o ( ! suppos$ donees ( ! absurd & imag9>y grant4 ,?is rem>kable fact foll[s z ! logical conclusion ( ! concept t ! 8conv5tions0 grant$ to ! 8conv5tions0 & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 ) ,congress to det]m9e :i* %all ex]cise x1 ! v omnipot5t p[] :i* ! p !mselves 7! suppos$ grantors7 7 !n ex]cis+ 9 _! 8conv5tions0 & :i* elev5 ye>s be=e !y _h d5i$ to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,:5 we lat] realize t none ( our mod]n lead]s saw ei!r absurd fact to be ! c]ta9 result ( ! concept t ! ,fif? ,article is a grant1 we av]age ,am]icans ought c]ta9ly to be conv9c$ t1 if we wi% to keep our individual rights 9 any matt]1 x is go+ to be necess>y = u to und]/& = ourselves h[ our ,con/itution secures ^? rights to u4 ,=ew>n$ ( su* necessity1 we return ) r5ew$ int]e/ to ! exam9ation ( ! record ( ! day on :i* x is assum$ t ,madison sugge/$ t ! ,fif? ,article %\ld be *ang$ into a 8grant0 & !n propos$ to ! ,am]ican p1 s t !y might volunt>ily rel9qui% _! /atus z free m5 & become 8subjects0 ( a gov]nm5t ) omnipot5t ability to legislate 9 re/ra9t ( _! individual fre$om 89 all matt]s :atsoev]40 ,x ought n to detract f our amusem5t t ?is rem>kable proposal ( su* a 8grant0 7z our mod]n lead]s see x7 0 to g to ! ,am]ican p 9 ea* /ate & !re be approv$ by t p ) ! k t ! p 9 t p>ticul> /ate1 on ! occasion ( a future proposal1 might n elect a s+le memb] ( ! legislative gov]nm5ts :o w\ld ex]cise t omnipot5t p[] ov] _! e individual "r4 ,our amusem5t is n less5$ :5 we f9d t ! suppos$ 8grant0 0 sugge/$ by ,madison & second$ by ,hamilton4 ,! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion 0 be+ held 9 ! ,am]ica :i* _h j em]g$ f an eight ye> ,revolution to e/abli% ! doctr9e t no gov]nm5t c\ld be omnipot5t 9 its ability to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,! ,conv5tion itself _h devot$ ?ree mon?s & t5 days1 be=e ! day 9 "q1 to bitt] dispute ab\t giv+ ev5 enum]at$ p[]s ( t k9d to ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t m5tion$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,x is !re=e1 ) great amusem5t b ) s]i\s int5t nev] to =get1 t we note t n a s+le voice 0 rais$ 9 ! ,conv5tion ei!r to uphold or to prote/ ?is suppos$ & absurd 8grant0 ( omnipot5ce to an entirely diff]5t gov]nm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 z we note ) int5t nev] to =get1 ! newly word$ ,article 0 treat$ by ! ,conv5tion z if e important matt] 9 x _h be5 settl$ be=e ! /ate gov]nm5ts 7 ev5 m5tion$ 9 x z mak]s ( ! k9d ( ,articles :i* !y already _h ! p[] to make1 f$]al ,articles4 ,z soon z ! newly word$ ,article _h be5 sugge/$ by ,madison & ,hamilton1 ! ,article :i* ,madison himself describes z a con/itutional mode = ! ex]cise ( exi/+ abilities to make ,articles1 only "o *ange 7utt]ly unimportant n[7 0 sugge/$ 9 ! new word+4 ,?is 0 ! sugge/ion t ! ,article %\ld n provide a con/itutional mode 9 :i* exi/+ ability to int]f]e ) slav]y c\ld be con/itutionally ex]cis$ prior to ! ye> #ahjh4 ,?is *ange 0 imm$iately made by ! ,conv5tion4 ,!n1 )\t ! slighte/ objection to any o!r "p ( ! suppos$ absurd 8grant10 ! ,conv5tion approv$ ! newly word$ ,article4 ,f ! abs5ce ( "o ^w ( prote/ we q cle>ly realize t no man 9 t ,conv5tion s miscon/ru$ ! simple /atem5t ( ,madison's ,fif? ,article z to read into x an imag9>y 8grant0 ( any ability :atev] to ! /ate legislative gov]nm5ts4 ,we realize t ^! m51 :o 7 accurate ?9k]s1 knew t ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ?is ,madison ,article 7 exactly ! same 8conv5tions0 :i* ,philadelphia _h already nam$ 9 :at we "k n[ z ! ,sev5? ,article4 ,we realize t !y knew at once1 :5 ,madison propos$ 8 ,article1 t ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 x1 l ! same 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5?1 7 8,we1 ! p0 ( ,am]ica1 nam$ 9 ! ,preamble4 ,&1 f a mom5t's reflection1 we are aw>e t ! delegates at ,philadelphia imm$iately knew t ,madison 0 n mak+ ! absurd sugge/ion t ! ,am]ican p1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ,madison's new ,article1 %\ld grant1 9 ! v 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5?1 to !mselves1 any?+ :atev] ( p[]1 ei!r all or "p ( ! p[] :i* !y w\ld be !n ex]cis+ 9 ^? 8conv5tions40 ,f :i* x foll[s1 z ! night ! day1 t ! delegates also knew t if ,madison's ,article 0 n a grant by ! 8conv5tions0 to ! 8conv5tions10 x 0 n a grant to ! 8legislatures40 ,= :i* reason we w n dwell at all ^u ! obvi\s fact t !re is n ! slighte/ sugge/ion ( a ^w ( grant 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,be=e emphasiz+ ! absurdity ( ! ?\ght t ! ,am]icans at ,philadelphia ev] int5d$ ! pla9 /atem5t ( ! ,fif? ,article to be a 8grant0 ( p[] ( any k9d1 x seems prop] t we %\ld grasp at once :at x cle>ly 0 und]/ood by !m to be4 ,_! und]/&+ & k ( its mean+ become v cle> to u1 :5 we read x1 z !y he>d x f ,madison1 fre% f _! great debate z to ! grant ( enum]at$ p[]s 9 _! ,fir/ ,article & _! proposal ( a ratification by 8conv5tions0 z ! only valid mode ( ratification = an ,article :i* grants p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om4 ,we recall n[ t1 :5 ,madison sugge/$ 8 ,fif? ,article to !m1 on ,septemb] #aj1 ! e*oes 7 /ill r++ ( ! s\nd /atem5ts ( ,madison & o!rs t ,philadelphia mu/ propose a mode ( ratification by ! p or 8conv5tions0 because legislatures nev] c\ld be compet5t1 9 ,am]ica1 to make ,articles :i* did con/itute gov]nm5t by grant+ p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om4 ,:5 we read ,madison's ,fif? ,article1 ) ! same /atem5ts /ill fre% 9 our m9ds1 we realize at once h[ ! delegates at ,philadelphia recogniz$1 9 ! ,madison ,article1 ! mean+ ( e ref]5ce to ! duties impos$ ^u1 n ! p[]s grant$ !re91 to ,congress4 ,! delegates _h met at ,philadelphia ) purpose & int5t to draft & propose con/itutional ,articles 9 _! judgm5t be/ design$ to secure human lib]ty to ,am]icans1 & !n1 aft] !y _h draft$ _! ,articles & knew ! nature ( su* ,articles1 :e!r national or f$]al1 to propose a mode ( ratification 9 :i* _! propos$ ,articles w\ld be made by ^? compet5t to make !m4 ,:5 ,septemb] #aj _h come !y _h f9i%$ _! "w ( draft+ _! ,article1 :i* con/itut$ gov]nm5t1 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,= ! purpose ( rea*+ _! decision z to ! valid mode ( ratification = an ,article ( t k9d1 !y _h consid]$ & discuss$ ! exi/+ unlimit$ ability ( ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions0 to make all ,articles1 & ! exi/+ limit$ ability ( ! /ate legislatures to make "s4 ,! un]r+ decision :i* !y _h made 0 t _! ,articles w\ld n be validly made1 because ! ,fir/ ,article con/itut$ national gov]nm5t ( m51 unless !y propos$ a mode ( ratification by ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,we note1 ) int5t to rememb]1 t !y 7 well aw>e t draft+ & propos+ an ,article did n make x valid or "p ( a ,con/itution & t propos+ a mode ( ratification did n make x a valid mode1 unless ! ratifi]s 7 compet5t to make ! propos$ ,article4 ,we recall t ,wilson1 :o appe>s 9 ! brief record ( ,septemb] #aj1 lat] made cle> ! k ( ^? at ,philadelphia t _! proposal ( ,articles & _! proposal ( a mode ( ratification c\ld n make ei!r valid1 t ! mak+ ( a proposal is n ! ex]cise ( any p[]4 ,9 ! ,p5nsylvania conv5tion he said3 8,i come n[ to consid] ! la/ set ( objections t are (f]$ aga9/ ?is ,con/itution4 ,x is urg$ t ?is is n su* a sy/em z 0 )9 ! p[]s ( ! ,conv5tion2 !y assum$ ! p[] ( propos+4444 ,i nev] he>d1 be=e1 t to make a proposal 0 an ex]cise ( p[]4444 ,! fact is1 !y h ex]cis$ no p[] at all2 &1 9 po9t ( validity1 ?is ,con/itution1 propos$ by !m = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 claims no m ?an a production ( ! same nature w\ld claim1 fl[+ f a private p540 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #dfi-dgj47 ,n[1 if ,wilson & ! o!r delegates at ,philadelphia1 on ,septemb] #aj1 knew t to make a proposal 0 no ex]cise ( p[]1 !y cle>ly und]/ood t ,madison's ,fif? ,article1 :5 x /at$ t ,congress might propose an ,am5dm5t & ,congress might propose a mode ( ratification1 0 an ,article :i* purport$ to grant no p[] to ,congress4 ,if we recall ! tru?1 :i* ,madison s (t5 express$1 t x is ! privilege ( any citiz5 or body ( citiz5s to propose t exi/+ p[] be ex]cis$1 we realize t1 if ! ,fif? ,article _h n m5tion$ ,congress z ! mak] ( ei!r proposal1 ,congress w\ld /ill h _h full ability to make ei!r or bo? proposals at any "t4 ,z ! delegates at ,philadelphia knew ?is z well z we n[ "k x1 z we h be5 help$ to our appreciation ( x by !m & _! /atem5ts1 x is app>5t h[ in/antly !y knew t ! m5tion ( ,congress1 z ! propos] ( an ,am5dm5t & z ! propos] ( its mode ( ratification1 meant t ,congress alone 0 to be left )--n giv5--! duty :i* !y _h assum$ !mselves to p]=m at ,philadelphia4 ,t duty1 z !y knew & we n[ "k1 0 to draft a propos$ ,article &1 aft] x _h be5 word$1 to exam9e x & its nature & 7) ! validity ( _! ultimate proposal absolutely det]m9$ by t nature7 !n to propose ! ,article & a mode ( ratification = x :i* w\ld mean ratification by ^? compet5t to ratify an ,article ( its p>ticul> k9d4 ,9 o!r words1 !y knew t1 :5ev] ,congress p]=m$ ! duty !y _h j p]=m$ !mselves1 aft] an ,article _h be5 draft$1 x w\ld be legally necess>y = ,congress1 z x _h be5 = !m at ,philadelphia1 to consid] ! exi/+ & diff]5t abilities ( ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions0 & ! /ate legislatures to make ,articles1 & f t consid]ation to asc]ta9 a compet5t ratifi] = ! p>ticul> ,article !y _h draft$ &1 ! validity ( ! ratification to dep5d entirely on ! accuracy ( _! asc]ta9m5t & n on _! own proposal ( ratification1 to propose a mode ( ratification 9 :i* t ,article w\ld be made by ^? compet5t to make x4 ,) ! mean+ & effect ( a 8proposal0 s cle>ly kn[n to !m all1 ) _! own imm$iate rec5t exp]i5ce 9 ! p]=mance ( ! v duty :i* ,madison's ,fif? ,article left ! duty ( ,congress 9 ! future1 x 0 a simple matt] = ^! delegates at ,philadelphia to "k exactly :at 0 ! only possible mean+ ( ,madison's words1 :5 ! same 8%all h be5 ratifi$ by ?ree f\r?s at lea/ ( ! legislatures ( ! sev]al /ates1 or by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(1 z "o or ! o!r mode ( ratification may be propos$ by ! legislature ( ! ,u4 ,s40 ,h[ accurately ,madison himself knew all ?is1 h[ accurately he knew t ! ,philadelphia proposal w\ld validate nei!r propos$ ,articles nor propos$ mode ( ratification1 & t ,congress proposal 9 ! future w\ld nev] validate ei!r propos$ ,article or propos$ mode ( ratification1 he has n left to speculation4 ,x 0 ! *>ge ( ! oppon5ts ( ! propos$ ,con/itution t ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion _h exce$$ its p[]s 9 propos+ ^? ,articles4 ,madison def5d$ himself & 8 ,philadelphia associates 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,numb] #dj1 publi%$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,packet on ,friday1 ,janu>y #ah1 #aghh4 ,) 8 logical m9d1 he e*o$ ! k ( ,wilson & 8 o!r colleagues1 :o _h draft$ & propos$ ! ,articles & propos$ _! ratification by ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles4 ,x 0 8 k1 z x 0 _! k1 t ! ,philadelphia proposals 71 z ! future ,congress proposals w\ld be1 no ex]cise ( p[] & t ! validity ( any ,article1 propos$ at ,philadelphia or propos$ by ,congress1 mu/ always dep5d1 n m]ely ^u its be+ ratifi$ 9 ! mode propos$ respectively by ,philadelphia or by ,congress1 b also--& immeasurably ! mo/ important te/ ( valid ratification--^u its be+ ratifi$ by ratifi]s compet5t to make ! p>ticul> ,article4 ,x 0 8 k1 z x 0 _! k1 z x is n[ our k1 t if a propos$ ,article directly int]f]e ) or grant p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om1 z ! ,fir/ ,article1 or ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 x c nev] be validly made by gov]nm5t b only by ! 8p0 ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t2 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! 8,sev5?0 & 8,fif?0 ,articles4 ,among o!r ?+s1 9 8 def5se ( himself & 8 ,philadelphia associates1 ?is is :at ,madison said ( !m3 8,!y mu/ h reflect$1 t 9 all great *anges ( e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts1 =ms ought to give way to sub/ance2 t a rigid adh]5ce 9 su* cases to ! =m] w\ld r5d] nom9al & nugatory ! transc5d5t & preci\s "r ( ! p to #8aboli% or alt] _! gov]nm5ts z to !m %all seem mo/ likely to effect _! safety & happ9ess1' s9ce x is impossible = ! p spontane\sly & univ]sally to move 9 conc]t t[>ds _! object2 & x is !re=e ess5tial t su* *anges be in/itut$ by "s in=mal & unau?oriz$ propositions made by "s patriotic & respectable citiz5 or numb] ( citiz5s4 ,!y mu/ h recollect$ t x 0 by ?is irregul> & assum$ privilege ( propos+ to ! p plans = _! safety & happ9ess t ! /ates 7 fir/ unit$ aga9/ ! dang] ) :i* !y 7 ?reat5$ by _! anci5t gov]nm5t2 t committees & congresses 7 =m$ = conc5trat+ _! ef=ts & def5d+ _! rights2 & t conv5tions 7 elect$ 9 ! sev]al /ates = e/abli%+ ! con/itutions "u :i* !y are n[ gov]n$2444 ,!y mu/ h borne 9 m9d t z ! plan to be fram$ & propos$ 0 to be submitt$ to ! p !mselves1 ! disapprobation ( ! supreme au?ority w\ld de/roy x =ev]2 its approbation blot out antec$5t errors & irregul>ities40 ,& s we come f t ,septemb] #aj1 #aghg1 ) ! accurate k t ,madison !n propos$ & ,hamilton second$ & all ! delegates adopt$ ! fir/ am5d+ ,article :i* ev] m5tion$ ! /ate gov]nm5ts z mak]s ( any future ,am5dm5ts4 ,& we "k t !y did s ) ! unmi/akable int5t & und]/&+ t x *ang$ n at all ! exi/+ inability ( any gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica to create1 = !mselves or = o!r gov]nm5ts1 any national p[] to int]f]e ) ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica 9 ! ex]cise ( _! human fre$om4 ,& we also come f t record ) ! c]ta9 k t ! ,madison ,fif? ,article ( ,septemb] #aj m]ely provid$ t1 :5 future ,articles 7 sugge/$1 ! ,congress %\ld play ! "p :i* ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion 0 play+1 :i* "p involv$ no ex]cise ( p[] ( any k9d1 & t su* "p ( ,congress %\ld consi/ 9 m]ely propos+ an ,article & propos+ its mode ( ratification4 ,& we also come f t day ) ! equally c]ta9 k1 :i* we d n int5d to =get1 t ,madison himself knew cle>ly t ! valid ratification ( future ,articles w\ld dep5d1 z he knew ! valid ratification ( ! ,philadelphia ,articles did dep5d1 n on ! fact t ratification 0 9 ! mode propos$ b on ! fact t ! propos] ( a mode ( ratification %\ld propose a mode 9 :i* ! propos$ ,article c\ld be made by ^? compet5t to make an ,article ( its p>ticul> k9d4 ,= ^! reasons1 if ! support]s ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t expect u1 n[ educat$ ) ^? e>li] ,am]icans up to & includ+ ! record ( ,septemb] #aj1 #aghg1 to believe t ! ,madison ,fif? ,article1 fir/ word$ on t day1 purport$ to grant or 0 und]/ood & int5d$ by ,madison & 8 colleagues to grant any p[] to ! /ate legislative gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica ov] ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 we %all h]eaft] li/51 ) naught b amusem5t1 to ^! amateur 8con/itutional0 ?9k]s & _! ef=t to *ange legal fact into fiction by assumption4 ,confirm$ by our education ) ,madison & ! o!rs :o _h all to d ) ! word+ & ! mak+ ( t ,fif? ,article ( ,septemb] #aj1 #aghg1 we recognize1 ev5 if ^! 8con/itutional0 ?9k]s d n recognize1 t we ourselves are ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article 9 :i* sit ! ,am]ican p to ex]cise _! exclusive ability to grant to gov]nm5t any p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om4 ,we h n[1 ev5 if ^! 8con/itutional0 ?9k]s nev] h _h1 ! k ( ! legal necessity t p[] ( t k9d mu/ be d]iv$ f ourselves1 ! 8p0 ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles--! necessity 9 #aghg 8felt & ackn[l$g$ by all40 ,we "k1 z ,m>%all knew 9 "o ( ^? 8conv5tions0 ( #aghh & z he knew & /at$ on ! ,b5* ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 t !re is b "o way 9 :i* we1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 c act safely or effectively or wisely on ! subject ( new int]f]5ce ) our individual fre$om1 by assembl+ 9 our 8conv5tions10 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? z well z ! ,sev5? ,article4 ,& s1 ) our k & c]ta9ty t ! ,madison ,fif? ,article ( ,septemb] #aj nev] c\ld *ange ! /atus ( ! free ,am]ican into t ( ! subject ( an omnipot5t gov]nm5t1 we come to ! la/ bus9ess day ( ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 ,septemb] #ae1 ! only o!r day on :i* ! ,madison ,fif? ,article1 ) its m5tion ( legislative ability to make f$]al ,articles b n national ,articles1 0 ev] consid]$ at ,philadelphia4 ,on t day ! ,committee ( ,/yle report$ ! sev5 ,articles :i* we n[ "k z our ,con/itution4 ,! ,madison am5d+ ,article1 except t 8! legislature ( ! ,u4 ,s40 0 call$ 8! ,congress10 0 id5tical ) t ( ,septemb] #aj4 ,z x is important t we ,am]icans %all nev] be told any?+ ab\t ! record ( ,septemb] #aj or ,septemb] #ae1 9 relation to ?is ,madison ,fif? ,article1 :i* is n some?+ t is 9 ! record1 t we may be giv5 no di/ort$ v]sion ( :at happ5$ 9 t ,conv5tion ab\t ! only ,article :i* ev] m5tion$ /ate 8legislatures0 z mak]s ( "s future ,articles1 we %all h aga9 ! pleasure ( read+ ! entire record ( ,septemb] #ae4 ,aga9 we read x f ! brief ( ! great 8con/itutional0 lawy] ( #aibj :o argu$ on ! assumption t ?is ,article1 word$ by ,madison1 0 int5d$ to make u & did make u1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! subjects ( an omnipot5t gov]nm5t1 compos$ mo/ly ( ! cli5t gov]nm5ts :om he repres5t$ 9 ! ,c\rt ,room ( #aibj4 ,?is is 8 record ( ! full /ory ( ,septemb] #ae 9 relation to ! ,fif? ,article ( ,madison1 f :i* record ?is 8con/itutional0 lawy] & 8 associates hope to d]ive--h[ we "k n--"s support = ?is belief & ?is argum5t4 8,mr4 ,%]man express$ 8 fe>s t ?ree f\r?s ( ! ,/ates might be br\ght to d ?+s fatal to p>ticul> ,/ates1 z aboli%+ !m altoge!r or depriv+ !m ( _! equality 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,he ?\ght x reasonable t ! proviso 9 favor ( ! ,/ates import+ slaves %\ld be ext5d$ s z to provide t no ,/ate %\ld be affect$ 9 its int]nal police1 or depriv$ ( its equality 9 ! ,s5ate4 8,col4 ,mason ?\ght ! plan ( am5d+ ! ,con/itution exceptionable & dang]\s4 ,z ! propos+ ( am5dm5ts is 9 bo? ! modes to dep5d1 9 ! fir/ imm$iately1 & 9 ! second1 ultimately1 on ,congress1 no am5dm5ts ( ! prop] k9d w\ld ev] be obta9$ by ! p1 if ! gov]nm5t %\ld become oppressive1 z he v]ily believ$ w\ld be ! case4 8,mr4 ,govr4 ,morris ,mr4 ,g]ry mov$ to am5d ! article s z to require a ,conv5tion on application ( two ?irds ( ! ,/s4 8,mr4 ,madison did n see :y ,congress w\ld n be z mu* b\nd to propose am5dm5ts appli$ = by two ?irds ( ! ,/ates z to call a ,conv5tion on ! l application4 ,he saw no objection h[ev] aga9/ provid+ = a ,conv5tion = ! purpose ( am5dm5ts1 except only t difficulties might arise z to ! =m1 ! quorum etc4 :i* 9 ,con/itutional regulations ought to be z mu* z possible avoid$4 8,! motion ( ,mr4 ,govr4 ,morris & ,mr4 ,g]ry 0 agre$ to nem3 con 7see3 ! fir/ "p ( ! article z f9ally pa/7 8,mr4 ,%]man mov$ to /rike out ( art4 ,v4 aft] #8legislatures' ! words #8( ?ree f\r?s' & s aft] ! ^w #8,conv5tions' leav+ future ,conv5tions to act 9 ?is matt]1 l ! pres5t ,conv5tions accord+ to circum/ances4 8,on ?is motion 8,n4,h4 divd4 ,mas4 ay4 ,ct4 ay4 ,n4,j4 ay4 ,pa4 no4 ,del4 no4 ,md4 no4 ,va4 no4 ,n4,c4 no4 ,s4,c4 no4 ,geo4 no4 7,ayes--#c2 noes--#g2 divid$--#a47 8,mr4 ,g]ry mov$ to /rike out ! words #8or by ,conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(' 8,on ?is motion 8,n4,h4 no4 ,mas4 no4 ,ct4 ay4 ,n4,j4 no4 ,pa4 no4 ,del4 no4 ,md4 no4 ,va4 no4 ,n4,c4 no4 ,s4,c4 no4 ,geo4 no4 7,ayes--#a2 noes--#aj47 8,mr4 ,%]man mov$ accord+ to 8 idea above express$ to annex to ! end ( ! article a fur!r proviso #8t no ,/ate %all )\t its cons5t be affect$ 9 its int]nal police1 or depriv$ ( its equal suffrage 9 ! ,s5ate' 8,mr4 ,madison ,beg9 ) ^! special provisos1 & e ,/ate w insi/ on !m1 = _! b\nd>ies1 exports1 etc4 8,on ! motion ( ,mr4 ,%]man 8,n4,h4 no4 ,mas4 no4 ,ct4 ay4 ,n4,j4 ay4 ,pa4 no4 ,del4 ay4 ,md4 no4 ,va4 no4 ,n4,c4 no4 ,s4,c4 no4 ,geo4 no4 7,ayes--#c2 noes--#h47 8,mr4 ,%]man !n mov$ to /rike out art4 ,v4 altoge!r 8,mr4 ,bre>ley #b;d$ ! motion1 on :i* 8,n4,h4 no4 ,mas4 no4 ,ct4 ay4 ,n4,j4 ay4 ,pa4 no4 ,del4 divd4 ,md4 no4 ,va4 no4 ,n4,c4 no4 ,s4,c4 no4 ,geo4 no4 7,ayes--#b2 noes--#h2 divid$--#a47 8,mr4 ,govr4 ,morris mov$ to annex a fur!r proviso--#8t no ,/ate1 )\t its cons5t %all be depriv$ ( its equal suffrage 9 ! ,s5ate' 8,?is motion be+ dictat$ by ! circulat+ murmurs ( ! small ,/ates 0 agre$ to )\t debate1 no "o oppos+ x1 or on ! "q1 say+ no40 #aa ,f>r& #fbi-fca4 ,at once we notice ) int]e/ t ^! m51 r5[n$ z ! m>vel\s lead]s ( a p bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w1 m5 :o h sp5t ?ree entire mon?s & fifte5 days 9 _! wond]ful ef=t to frame a con/itution :i* w secure 8! ,bless+s ( ,lib]ty0 to all ,am]ican individuals & _! po/]ity1 /ill h no k :atev]1 ! weird & m>vel\s k ( #aiag & #aibj1 t ?is ,madison ,fif? ,article gives to ! /ate gov]nm5ts ! v omnipot5ce :i* ! ,am]ican p1 by a successful ,revolution1 _h j wre/$ f ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,we note ) int]e/ ,mason's objection to ! ,madison 8mode ( proc$ure0 9 :i* may !reaft] be ex]cis$ ! limit$ ability ( ^! v /ate gov]nm5ts to make f$]al ,articles & ! unlimit$ ability ( ! p or conv5tions to make national ,articles4 ,mason's objection1 hav+ direct ref]5ce to ! grant ( national p[]s 9 ! ,fir/ ,article & 8 fe> 7! cont9u$ & express$ fe> = ! next two ye>s 9 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles7 t ! p may f9d ^! enum]at$ p[]s oppressive1 is t1 if ! p d f9d !m oppressive1 ,congress1 :i* has ^! p[]s1 w nev] propose an ,am5dm5t to take any ( ^! p[]s away f ,congress4 ,= :i* reason ,morris & ,g]ry mov$ to am5d ! ,article s t1 if ,congress does n propose an ,am5dm5t = :i* !re seems to be a dem&1 ! legislatures ( two ?irds ( ! /ates may insi/ t ,congress call a conv5tion & t su* conv5tion may propose an ,am5dm5t4 ,?is sugge/ion 0 c>ri$4 ,we next f9d ,%]man mov+ to /rike out ! words 8?ree f\r?s0 aft] ! ^w 8legislatures0 & aft] ! ^w 8conv5tions40 ,?is motion 0 defeat$4 ,we next f9d1 & we fix firmly 9 our m9d ) int5t nev] to =get1 t ,g]ry mov$ to /rike out ( ,madison's ,article all ref]5ce to ! 8p0 ( ! ,preamble & ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,article1 z ! mak]s ( any future ,articles or *anges 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,8 motion 0 8to /rike out ! words #8or by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(4'0 ,z almo/ e "o1 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 includ+ ! sponsor ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 seems to h _h an edition ( our ,con/itution1 9 :i* ! ,fif? ,article does n conta9 ^! words1 & z ev]yone1 dur+ ! same five ye>s1 has argu$ & act$ z if ^! words 7 n 9 ! ,fif? ,article or h no mean+ :atev] ( ! slighte/ importance1 we int5d to note & nev] =get t ,g]ry's motion to /rike ^! words out 0 beat5 by a vote ( t5 to "o4 ,z we "k1 ! 8p0 ( ,am]ica !mselves are id5tifi$ by ! ^w 8conv5tions0 9 ?is ,fif? ,article1 j z !y are id5tifi$ by ! same ^w 9 ! ,sev5? ,article4 ,z we "k1 we ourselves--! po/]ity ( ! 8p0 ( ! ,preamble--are id5tifi$ by ?is ^w 8conv5tions0 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 j z we are id5tifi$ 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t z ! mo/ important res]vee !re( by ! ^w 8p40 ,:]e=e our int]e/ 9 ?is motion ( ,g]ry & its ov]:elm+ defeat is only exce$$ by our absolute amazem5t1 = ! la/ five ye>s1 at ! univ]sal ignorance ( ! fact t x 0 defeat$ & ( ! fact t we are m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article z ! only compet5t mak]s ( any new ,articles :i* ei!r directly int]f]e or grant p[] to int]f]e ) our individual fre$om4 ,we d n "k1 & to an ext5t we d n c>e1 :at 0 ! purpose ( ,g]ry4 ,g]ry 0 always an oppon5t ( a ,con/itution :i* ve/$ national p[] 9 a g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 an advocate ( ! cont9u$ complete indep5d5ce ( ea* /ate & its gov]nm5t & ( a m]e f$]al union ( /ates ) a purely f$]al con/itution4 ,he 0 also always a consi/5t ,tory 9 8 m5tal attitude z to ! relation ( human be+ to gov]nm5t4 ,if he _h be5 successful 9 /rik+ out any m5tion ( ourselves1 ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions10 leav+ only ! m5tion ( ! /ate legislatures1 ) _! exi/+ ability to make f$]al ,articles1 x w\ld h be5 impossible t any fur!r national p[] 7beyond ! grants ( ! ,fir/ ,article7 be ve/$ 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t or tak5 f ea* /ate gov]nm5t1 z only we ourselves c\ld make national ,articles l ! ,fir/4 ,we surmise t a mixture ( 8 ,tory m5tal attitude & 8 opposition to a g5]al national gov]nm5t 7:i* m9imiz$ ! importance & dim9i%$ ! indep5d5t sov]eignty ( ea* /ate gov]nm5t7 prompt$ 8 motion4 ,t 8 motion 0 ov]:elm+ly defeat$ is ! only important fact = u ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,we %all n =get x ev5 if our lead]s & our 8con/itutional0 ?9k]s =get x & ignore x4 ,we h no fur!r int]e/ 9 ! %ort record ( t ,septemb] #ae4 ,no o!r *ange 0 made 9 ! ,madison ,fif? ,article except to take out ( x any con/itutional mode ( proc$ure = ! ex]cise ( ! exi/+ ability ( ourselves1 ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions10 to deprive any /ate ( an equal repres5tation 9 ! ,s5ate ) e o!r /ate4 ,we /ill c d t1 b we h no con/itutional mode ( proc$ure "u ! ,fif? ,article by :i* we c ex]cise our ability to d x4 ,?is *ange 0 n1 h[ev]1 z s _m h absurdly ?\ght1 an exception to an imag9>y p[] :i* we ourselves1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article & ! 8p0 ( ! ,preamble & ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 9 ^? v 8conv5tions10 8grant$0 to ourselves1 ! same 8p0 & 8conv5tions0 m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,x 0 a recognition ( our exi/+ ability1 ab\t to be ex]cis$ 9 ^? 8conv5tions10 ! ability ( ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica to deprive any /ate ( its equal repres5tation 9 ! ,s5ate2 & x 0 our own exclusion ( t ability f any con/itutional ex]cise4 ,! reflect+ m9d w rememb] t1 9 ! heat$ argum5ts at ,philadelphia1 !re 0 /rong s5tim5t 9 favor ( ask+ u1 ! p ( ,am]ica1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article1 to ex]cise our exclusive ability 9 t v respect & make ! ,s5ate a body compos$ ( memb]s elect$ f l>g] proportions ( ! p ?an ! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,x 0 ! recollection ( t ef=t :i* prompt$ ! reque/ t our exclusive ability to d t v ?+ %\ld n be provid$ ) a con/itutional mode ( future ex]cise4 ,we av]age ,am]icans may n[ leave1 9 our pres5t education1 ! entire /ory ( t wond]ful ,conv5tion at ,philadelphia4 ,we leave x ) a k ( our ,con/itution we nev] _h until we _h liv$ ) ^? ,am]icans ?r\gh ! actual record ( ^? ?ree mon?s & sev5te5 days f ! end ( ,may to ,septemb] #ag1 #aghg4 ,we br+ f x a k t brooks no contradiction4 ,we are c]ta9 t no?+ 9 any ( ! ,articles propos$ at ,philadelphia purport$ to give ! /ate legislatures any p[] ( any k9d :atev]1 9 ! ,fif? ,article or any:]e else1 ei!r to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 or to grant ! p[] ( su* int]f]5ce to !mselves or to our only gov]nm5t1 ! ,congress4 ,we br+ f t ,conv5tion ! k t1 unless some?+ 9 ! conv5tions ( ! ,am]ican p1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article & ! ,fif? ,article1 *ang$ ! free m5 ( ,am]ica1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 into subjects ( an omnipot5t legislative gov]nm5t1 we ourselves 9 #aibc are /ill ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica & possessors ( ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica & are subjects ( no gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,conv5tions ,,create ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,m5 ,! ,con/itution is a writt5 in/rum5t4 ,z su* its mean+ does n alt]4 ,t :i* x meant :5 adopt$ x means n[4 ,be+ a grant ( p[]s to a gov]nm5t its language is g5]al4444 ,:ile ! p[]s grant$ d n *ange1 !y apply f g5]ation to g5]ation to all ?+s to :i* !y are 9 _! nature applicable4 ,?is 9 no mann] abridges ! fact ( its *angeless nature & mean+4 ,^? ?+s :i* are )9 its grant ( p[]1 z ^? grants 7 und]/ood :5 made1 are /ill )9 !m1 & ^? ?+s n )9 !m rema9 /ill exclud$4 7,ju/ice ,brew]1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a v4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aii ,u4 ,s4 #dcg1 at p4 #ddh47 ,x is n only ! same 9 words1 b ! same 9 mean+1 & delegates ! same p[]s to ! gov]nm5t1 & res]ves & secures ! same rights & privileges to ! citiz52 & z long z x cont9ues to exi/ 9 its pres5t =m1 x speaks n only 9 ! same words2 b ) ! same mean+ & int5t ) :i* x spoke :5 x came f ! h&s ( its fram]s1 & 0 vot$ on & adopt$ by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,scott v4 ,s&=d1 #ai ,h[4 #cic1 p4 #dbf47 ,f :i* common s5se /atem5ts ( :at always has be5 bo? reason & law1 we "k t :atev] ! ,fif? ,article meant to ^? :o made x1 9 ! conv5tions nam$ 9 x z well z 9 ! ,sev5? ,article1 x means today4 ,!re is no bett] way 9 :i* we c grasp its mean+ to ! ,am]ican p assembl$ 9 ^? conv5tions1 ?an by sitt+ ) !m & read+ x z !y read x1 ) _! fre% k ( all ! wond]ful ?+s 9 :i* !y _h p>ticipat$ f ! ,/atute ( '#gf to ! proposal f ,philadelphia ( #aghg4 ,z we h j liv$ ?r\gh all t p]iod ) !m1 we are 9 a wond]ful position to read x & und]/& x z !y und]/ood x4 ,moreov]1 we are 9 a wond]ful position to li/5 to ! /atem5ts ( ! m5 9 ^? 8conv5tions40 ,9 ^? /atem5ts1 :e!r by advocates or oppon5ts ( ! ,con/itution1 we %all f9d ! inv9cible negation--)\t "o diss5t--( ! absurd assumption t ,madison's ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 ( any ability to make ,articles4 ,9 ^? /atem5ts1 we %all f9d all discussion ( t ,fif? ,article c5t]+ ^u ! "o "q1 i4e41 :e!r x provides a practical mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* ! exclusive ability ( ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions0 c def5d individual rights by )drawal ( "s "p ( ! p[] ( int]f]5ce !re) grant$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,mason _h po9t$ out at ,philadelphia t ! proc$ural provisions ( ! ,fif? ,article--& x consi/s entirely ( proc$ural provisions = ! ex]cise ( exi/+ p[]s--left ! draft+ & proposal ( ,am5dm5ts entirely to gov]nm5ts4 ,= :i* reason1 9 ! 8conv5tions10 ,h5ry & all ! great oppon5ts ( ! ,con/itution argu$ t1 if ! individual ,am]icans f\nd ! grant$ national p[]s ( ! ,fir/ ,article dang]\s to human lib]ty1 ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions0 w\ld nev] get ! con/itutional opportunity to ex]cise _! ability to )draw4 8,y0--! 8y0 be+ ! individual ,am]icans assembl$ 9 "o conv5tion--8!re=e1 by a natural & unavoidable implication1 give up y\r rights to ! g5]al gov]nm5t4444 ,if y give up ^! p[]s10 ! enum]at$ p[]s ( ! ,fir/ ,article1 8)\t a bill ( rights1 y w exhibit ! mo/ absurd ?+ to mank9d t ev] ! _w saw--a gov]nm5t t has ab&on$ all its p[]s--! p[]s ( direct taxation1 ! sword1 & ! purse4 ,y h dispos$ ( !m to ,congress1 )\t a bill ( rights--)\t *eck1 limitation1 or control4 ,& /ill y h *ecks & gu>ds2 /ill y keep b>ri]s--po9t$ :]e8 ,po9t$ aga9/ y\r weak5$1 pro/rat$1 en]vat$ /ate gov]nm5t6 ,y h a bill ( rights to def5d y aga9/ ! /ate gov]nm5t1 :i* is b]eav$ ( all p[]1 & yet y h none aga9/ ,congress1 ?\gh 9 full & exclusive possession ( all p[]6 ,y arm y\rselves aga9/ ! weak & def5seless10 ! /ate legislatures m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 8& expose y\rselves nak$ to ! arm$ & p[]ful4 ,is n ?is a conduct ( unexampl$ absurdity80 ,s ?und]$ ,h5ry 9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion4 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #ddf47 8,to enc\rage u to adopt x1 !y tell u t !re is a pla91 easy way ( gett+ am5dm5ts4 ,:5 ,i come to contemplate ?is "p1 ,i suppose t ,i am mad1 or t my c\ntrym5 are s4 ,! way to am5dm5t is1 9 my conception1 %ut4 ,let u consid] ?is pla91 easy way40 ,!n foll[s ! v]batim /atem5t ( ! ,madison ,fif? ,article z propos$ f ,philadelphia4 8,h5ce x appe>s t ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ates mu/ ultimately agree to any am5dm5ts t may be necess>y4 ,let u consid] ! consequ5ce ( ?is4 ,h[ev] un*>itable x may appe>1 yet ,i mu/ tell my op9ion--t ! mo/ unwor?y *>act]s may get into p[] & prev5t ! introduction ( am5dm5ts4 ,let u suppose--= ! case is supposable1 possible1 & probable--t y happ5 to deal ^? p[]s to unwor?y h&s2 w !y rel9qui% p[]s already 9 _! possession1 or agree to am5dm5ts8 ,two ?irds ( ! ,congress1 or ( ! /ate legislatures1 are necess>y ev5 to propose am5dm5ts4444 ,to suppose t s l>ge a numb] z ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ates w concur is to suppose t !y w possess g5ius1 intellig5ce1 & integrity1 approa*+ to miracul\s4 ,x w\ld inde$ be miracul\s t !y %\ld concur 9 ! same am5dm5ts1 or ev5 9 su* z w\ld be> "s lik5ess to "o ano!r2 = f\r ( ! smalle/ /ates1 t d n collectively conta9 "o t5? "p ( ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 may ob/ruct ! mo/ salut>y & necess>y am5dm5ts4 ,nay1 9 ^! f\r /ates1 six t5?s ( ! p may reject ^! am5dm5ts4444 ,s t we may fairly & ju/ly conclude t "o tw5tie? "p ( ! ,am]ican p may prev5t ! removal ( ! mo/ griev\s inconv5i5ces & oppression1 by refus+ to acc$e to am5dm5ts4 ,a trifl+ m9ority may reject ! mo/ salut>y am5dm5ts4 ,is ?is an easy mode ( secur+ ! public lib]ty8 ,x is1 sir1 a mo/ fe>ful situation1 :5 ! mo/ contemptible m9ority c prev5t ! alt]ation ( ! mo/ oppressive gov]nm5t2 = x may1 9 _m respects1 prove to be su*40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #dh47 ,s ?und]$ ,h5ry aga9/ ! weakness ( ! ,madison proc$ure 9 :i* only by proposal f gov]nm5ts c\ld !re be con/itutionally evok$ ! exclusive ability ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica to dictate h[ mu* p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om %\ld be left = ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate to use 9 gov]n+ !mselves1 & h[ mu* p[] ( t k9d %\ld be reta9$ by ! individual p ( ,am]ica !mselves4 ,h5ry 0 oppos+ a ,con/itution 9 :i* ! individual p ( ,am]ica 7 dictat+ t _! g5]al gov]nm5t1 ! ,congress1 %\ld h only ! enum]at$ p[]s ( t k9d :i* are 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,9 x1 !y 7 dictat+ t ea* /ate gov]nm5t1 except z ! ,am]ican p =bade x1 %\ld h j s mu* ( t k9d ( p[] z ! citiz5s ( t p>ticul> /ate %\ld grant t gov]nm5t4 ,& 9 x1 !y 7 dictat+ t ! p ( ,am]ica !mselves1 ! mo/ important factor & res]vee ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 %\ld reta9 all o!r p[] ( t k9d to be grant$ only by !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,madison ,fif? ,article4 ,?r\gh\t all 8 ?und] aga9/ t ,con/itution1 ,h5ry1 l e o!r oppon5t ( t ,con/itution1 nev] que/ion$ t ?is 0 ! exact di/ribution ( p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om :i* 0 dictat$ 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,8 only compla9t1 & _! only compla9t1 0 t ! ,madison ,fif? ,article1 because its con/itutional proc$ure c\ld only be evok$ by a proposal f gov]nm5ts1 0 no protection to human lib]ty aga9/ ! grant$ p[] ( t k9d 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,! absurd ?\ght ( our mod]n 8con/itutional0 ?9k]s 7contradict+ ! pla9 /atem5t ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & contradict+ ev]y?+ t 0 said 9 ! 8conv5tions0 t made ! ,fif? ,article7 is t ! ,article itself is a 8grant0 ( omnipot5t p[] to gov]nm5ts 7! legislative gov]nm5ts ( ! /ates7 to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,:5 we contra/ ! k ( ,h5ry & 8 colleagues ) ! mod]n absurdity1 we e*o ,h5ry's words & exclaim1 8,we suppose t we are mad1 or t our mod]n con/itutional ?9k]s are s40 ,if ,h5ry _h read into t ,fif? ,article1 if ! oppon5ts ( ! propos$ ,con/itution _h read into x1 any 8grant0 ( ability to /ate gov]nm5ts1 c]ta9ly x 0 an absurdity = him to ref] to ^? gov]nm5ts z 8weak5$1 pro/rat$1 en]vat$0 by ! propos$ ,con/itution4 ,& s1 educat$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ^? ,am]icans :o assembl$ 9 ^? 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? & ,fif? ,articles1 we sit ) !m 9 ! conv5tions ( t e>li] day & read t ,fif? ,article ) !m1 :ile !y decide to make x ) ! six o!r ,articles4 ,liv+ ?r\gh _! exp]i5ce1 l !m we h become 8a p bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w10 s f> z gov]nm5t is int5d$ to secure individual lib]ty & happ9ess4 ,:5 we sit ) !m1 we int5d n to =get1 z !y nev] did =get 9 ^? conv5tions1 t ?is 0 ! sole purpose ( ! ,con/itution !y consid]$ & made1 ! purpose ( secur+ individual lib]ty & happ9ess4 ,9 ?is respect1 !y diff]$ 9 _! :ole philosophy ( gov]nm5t ) ! new s*ool ( ?\ght t1 9 our day1 has its diff]5t manife/ations ( exactly ! same philosophy ( gov]nm5t on ! "p ( ! ,bol%evik 9 ,russia & ! m9ority 9 ,am]ica :i* has dictat$ t gov]nm5t enactm5t ( ! new con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 kn[n z ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,! ,am]icans ( '#gf & '#hg set ! individual lib]ty & fre$om ( man above ev]y?+ 9 ?is _w except ! ,div9e ,w ( ! ,creator ( man4 ,9 ! ,preamble ( _! ,con/itution1 !y e*o ! decl>ations ( _! ,/atute ( '#gf4 ,_! cre$ 0 t ! laws ( "r & wrong are immutable2 t ! ,creator made ! individual man & grant$ human fre$om to him2 t su* fre$om is inh]5tly subject only to ! ,div9e ,w1 ! immutable law ( "r & wrong1 b t x may volunt>ily become subject1 by ! w ( ! individual man1 to ! ex]cise ( p[]s ( int]f]5ce :i* only he & 8 fell[ m5 !mselves c ev] validly grant to gov]nm5t4 8,b :at is gov]nm5t itself1 b ! greate/ ( all reflections on human nature8 ,if m5 7 angels1 no gov]nm5t w\ld be necess>y4 ,if angels 7 to gov]n m51 nei!r ext]nal nor int]nal controls on gov]nm5t w\ld be necess>y4 ,9 fram+ a gov]nm5t :i* is to be adm9i/]$ by m5 ov] m51 ! great difficulty lies 9 ?is3 ,y mu/ fir/ enable ! gov]nm5t to control ! gov]n$2 & 9 ! next place1 oblige x to control itself40 7,madison or ,hamilton1 ,f$4 ,no4 #ea47 ,:5 we sit 9 ! conv5tions ( #aghg & #aghh ) ! ,am]icans :o _h ?is common concept ( ! only purpose ( gov]nm5t ( m51 _! concept is our own z we read ) !m ! language ( ! ,fif? ,article4 ,& x is impossible = u1 z x is impossible = !m1 to f9d conceal$ 9 t language ! ?\ght ( a 8grant0 to gov]nm5t1 a 8grant0 :i* w\ld *all5ge ?is concept ( ! v purpose ( gov]nm5t4 ,!y are sitt+ 9 8conv5tions0 assembl$ to det]m9e :e!r ,am]ican individuals w ent] into ! new society ( m51 :i* is to be ,am]ica4 ,!y h receiv$ ! ,fif? ,article f ,am]icans 9 ,philadelphia1 :o h accompani$ ! proposal ( t ,fif? ,article ) a lett] :i* /ates1 8,individuals ent]+ into society mu/ give up a %>e ( lib]ty1 to pres]ve ! re/40 ,?is /atem5t is recogniz$ by ! ,am]icans1 9 ! 8conv5tions0 :]e we sit1 z ! exact /atem5t ( ! concept ( ! sole purpose ( a gov]nm5t ( m54 ,) t concept & t lett] be=e u1 h[ c we or ! ,am]icans ) :om we sit f9d 9 ! ,fif? ,article ! rem>kable idea t ,am]icans1 ent]+ ! society ( ,am]ica1 are to give up all _! lib]ties to ! /ate gov]nm5ts 9 ord] t ,am]icans may pres]ve ! re/ ( _! lib]ties8 ,9 ^! mod]n days1 h[ev]1 !re has ass]t$ itself1 9 ,bol%evik ,russia & 9 ! ,am]ica ( :i* we are ! citiz5s1 two di/9ct manife/ations ( an entirely diff]5t concept ( ! purpose ( gov]nm5t ?an 0 ! concept ( ! ,am]icans 9 ! 8conv5tions40 ,al?\gh ! manife/ation ( ! new concept by ! ,bol%evik 9 ,russia has be5 diff]5t f ! manife/ation ( ! new concept by an aggressive & organiz$ m9ority 9 ,am]ica1 ! new concept1 at ! bottom ( ea* manife/ation1 is exactly ! same4 ,x is ! concept t ! purpose ( con/itut+ a gov]nm5t ( m5 is to secure ! welf>e ( ! /ate or community or nation & n ! lib]ty & happ9ess ( ! individuals :o compose ! nation4 ,?is is ! exact concept ( ! ,bol%evik ,russian & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t ,am]ican4 ,to nei!r ( !m w\ld ! words ( t lett] f ,philadelphia convey ! slighte/ mean+1 ! words 8individuals ent]+ into society mu/ give up a %>e ( lib]ty1 to pres]ve ! re/40 ,9 _! mutual concept1 ! individual has no lib]ty :i* gov]nm5t ne$ respect4 ,9 ! ,bible ( _! concept1 m5 _c f9d ! words :i* decl>e ! basic ,am]ican pr9ciple1 t e j p[] ( gov]nm5t mu/ come f ! individuals :o are to be gov]n$ by its ex]cise4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a misnom] to call ?is common concept ( ! ,bol%evik ,russian & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t ,am]ican a new concept4 ,x is id5tical ) ! old concept kn[n z 8,socialism10 ! concept t community welf>e1 ! prosp]ity & p[] & /r5g? ( a nation1 are m important ?+s ?an individual lib]ty & happ9ess & enjoym5t ( human fre$om4 ,x is a concept :i* sets ! /ate 7a political entity creat$ by m57 & ! welf>e ( ! /ate above :at ! ,am]icans ( '#gf & '#hg knew & proclaim$ to be sup]ior to all human creations1 namely1 ! individual man1 ! noble/ creation ( ! ,div9e ,creator4 ,9 o!r words1 ! common concept ( ! ,bol%evik ,russian & ! new ,am5dm5t ,am]ican is b ! reaction to ! c5tury-old concept ^: repudiation 0 ! ma9 !me ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! concept t individual m51 ! creation ( ,god1 are made = k+s or gov]nm5ts or political entities4 ,to ^? :o hold su* a concept !re comes no %ock :5 !y are ask$ to imag9e t ! language ( ! ,fif? ,article implies a grant ( ability to ! /ate gov]nm5ts to d :at ^? gov]nm5ts w ) ! lib]ties ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,b we are sitt+ 9 8conv5tions0 ( ,am]icans ( a diff]5t type1 ,am]icans :o1 elev5 ye>s e>li]1 h repudiat$ =ev] ! concept t m5 are made = k+s or gov]nm5ts or political entities4 ,&1 if we wi% to "k :at ! ,am]icans 9 ^! conv5tions ?9k ( ! concept ( ! ,bol%evik ,russian & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t ,am]ican1 we get our wi% f ! man :o wrote ! language ( ! ,fif? ,article4 8,we h he>d ( ! impi\s doctr9e 9 ! ,old ,_w10 ! reaction>y doctr9e ( mod]n ,russia & ( our own aggressive m9ority1 manife/$ 9 two diff]5t disguises1 8t ! p 7 made = k+s1 n k+s = ! p4 ,is ! same doctr9e to be reviv$ 9 ! ,new1 9 ano!r %ape--t ! solid happ9ess ( ! p is to be sacrific$ to ! views ( political in/itutions ( a diff]5t =m8444 ,z f> z ! sov]eignty ( ! /ates c n be reconcil$ to ! happ9ess ( ! p1 ! voice ( e good citiz5 mu/ be1 ,let ! =m] be sacrific$ to ! latt]4 ,h[ f> ! sacrifice is necess>y1 has be5 %[n4 ,h[ f> ! unsacrific$ residue w be endang]$1 is ! "q be=e u40 ,?is is ! language ( ,madison1 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,numb] #de1 ask+ ! individual ,am]icans to make ! ,con/itution to secure _! individual happ9ess4 ,x w amaze u lat] h]e9 to he> ! ?\ght ( our mod]n 8con/itutional0 ?9k]s t 8 ,fif? ,article makes ! /ate gov]nm5ts 7f :om t ,con/itution took sov]eignty to secure ! individual happ9ess ( ! ,am]ican citiz57 a supreme & omnipot5t gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 a gov]nm5t kn[+ no w b its own4 ,mean:ile let u =get ?is latt] day nons5se & brea! aga9 ! real ,am]ican atmosph]e1 :]e individuals1 ent]+ a society1 give up a %>e ( _! lib]ty1 to pres]ve ! re/4 ,let u sit ) ! real 8con/itutional0 ?9k]s ( ,am]ica z !y sat 9 ! conv5tions & read ) !m ! ,fif? ,article word$ by ,madison4 ,?is is :at !y read3 ,,article ,v ,! ,congress1 :5ev] two ?irds ( bo? ,h\ses %all deem x necess>y1 %all propose ,am5dm5ts to ?is ,con/itution1 or1 on ! ,application ( ! ,legislatures ( two ?irds ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all call a ,conv5tion = propos+ ,am5dm5ts1 :i*1 9 ei!r ,case1 %all be valid to all ,int5ts & ,purposes1 z ,"p ( ?is ,con/itution1 :5 ratifi$ by ! ,legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 or by ,conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(1 z ! "o or ! o!r ,mode ( ,ratification may be propos$ by ! ,congress2 ,provid$ t no ,am5dm5t :i* may be made prior to ! ,ye> ,"o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight %all 9 any ,mann] affect ! fir/ & f\r? ,clauses 9 ! ,n9? ,section ( ! fir/ ,article2 & t no ,/ate1 )\t its ,cons5t1 %all be depriv$ ( its equal ,suffrage 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,sitt+ ) ^! ,am]icans1 9 _! 8conv5tions10 we note imm$iately1 z !y note1 t ! ,article names !mselves4 ,& we note1 z !y note1 t x names !mselves1 ! individual ,am]ican citiz5s1 ! 8p0 ( ! ,preamble & ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 by exactly ! same "n1 8conv5tions10 z 9 ! ,sev5? ,article & z 9 ! ,resolution ( ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 :i* propos$ ! only valid mode ( ratification = ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t ( m5 9 ! ,fir/ ,article1 ! mode :i* requir$ ratification by ! individual ,am]icans !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles4 ,we _c help not+ x--z we int5d nev] to =get x--because we are sitt+ ) !m1 z ! p ( ,am]ica1 9 ! v 8conv5tions0 s nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? ,article4 ,hav+ _! vital & accurate k ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 f$]al & national ,articles1 t only ! latt] k9d ex]cises or grants p[] to int]f]e ) individual human fre$om1 we recognize at once :y ! /ate legislatures are also m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 al?\gh !y nev] c make national ,articles4 ,we "k x is because ^? 8legislatures10 z ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly decl>es1 reta9 _! exi/+ ability to make f$]al ,articles or ,articles :i* nei!r ex]cise nor grant p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,&1 sitt+ 9 ^? 8conv5tions10 :]e ,hamilton also sits1 we recall 8 rem>kable prophecy1 j made to u 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 z we 7 ab\t to ent] ! 8conv5tions0 ) ! o!r ,am]icans !re94 8,= my own "p1 ,i ackn[l$ge a ?or\gh conviction t any am5dm5ts :i* may1 ^u mature consid]ation1 be ?\ght useful1 w be applicable to ! organization ( ! gov]nm5t1 n to ! mass ( its p[]s40 7,f$4 ,no4 #he47 ,9 t absolutely accurate advance k ( ! complete hi/ory ( con/itutional am5dm5t f #aghi to #aiag1 we recognize ! motive :i* prompt$ ,madison & ,hamilton1 on ,septemb] #aj1 #aghg1 to add ! m5tion ( ^? legislative gov]nm5ts to ! ,fif? ,article m5tion ( ! exclusive ability ( ! p or 8conv5tions0 to make all future ,articles :i* d relate to ! 8mass ( its p[]s0 to int]f]e ) individual fre$om conf]r$ ^u ! "o gov]nm5t ( ,am]ica4 ,we und]/& t ^! legislative gov]nm5ts are m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 :i* we are n[ read+ 9 ! 8conv5tions0 ( old1 because ^? 8legislatures0 h an exi/+ ability to make f$]al ,articles :i* relate to o!r ?+s ?an ! national p[] ( gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,hav+ ?us satisfi$ ourselves1 9 ^? conv5tions1 t we ourselves1 ! 8p0 ( ,am]ica1 are m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article z ! sole mak]s ( any future ,article :i* ex]cises or grants p[] to int]f]e ) our individual fre$om1 we turn ) int]e/ to ! proc$ure :i* ! ,article e/abli%es z ! only con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* t exclusive ability ( our own may h]eaft] be evok$ to ex]cise & be ex]cis$4 ,f ! language ( ! ,article itself1 we "k at once t x is simply ! /atem5t ( a mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* our own unlimit$ ability or ! limit$ ability ( ! /ate legislatures1 :5 ! occasion seems to arise = ! respective ex]cise ( ei!r ability1 are h]eaft] to be evok$ by "s body ( m51 play+ ! "p :i* ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion has j play$ 9 evok+ our own exclusive ability1 ! ability ( ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions40 ,outside ! language ( ! ,fif? ,article itself1 _m o!r ?+s make t fact cle> to u4 ,= in/ance1 we recall :at ,madison has j told u4 ,he _h writt5 ?is ,article at ,philadelphia4 ,!n1 ask+ ! ,am]ican p to prescribe ?is con/itutional mode ( proc$ure = ! future ex]cise ( ei!r respective exi/+ ability1 he has expla9$ to u1 j be=e ! conv5tion 9 :i* we sit1 :at ! ,fif? ,article means4 8,t useful alt]ations w be sugge/$ by exp]i5ce1 c\ld n b be =ese54 ,x 0 requisite1 !re=e1 t ,a ,,mode ,,= ,,introduc+ ,,!m %\ld be provid$4 ,! mode pref]r$ by ! ,conv5tion seems to be /amp$ ) e m>k ( propriety4 ,x gu>ds equally aga9/ t extreme facility1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! ,con/itution too mutable2 & t extreme difficulty1 :i* might p]petuate its discov]$ faults4 ,x1 moreov]1 equally enables ! g5]al & ,/ate gov]nm5ts ,,to ,,orig9ate ! am5dm5t ( errors1 z !y may be po9t$ out by ! exp]i5ce on "o side1 or on ! o!r40 7,f$4 ,no4 #dc474 ,sitt+ 9 ! conv5tions ( m ?an a c5tury ago1 we are naturally un9flu5c$ 79 our read+ ( pla9 ,engli%7 by ! /ory ( a c5tury :i* has n ev5 yet begun1 ! c5tury t lat] began 9 #ahjj4 ,& s we get f 8 own words ! k t ! au?or ( ! ,fif? ,article knew x to be no?+ b a con/itutional mode ( proc$ure1 = ! future ex]cise ( ei!r ability to make ,articles4 ,we see t ! mode leaves ) ei!r 8! g5]al & /ate gov]nm5ts0 ! ability to propose an ,am5dm5t to ^? ) exi/+ p[] to make ! p>ticul> propos$ ,am5dm5t4 ,& we note1 ) int5t to rememb]1 t ! au?or ( ! ,fif? ,article1 :ile he tells u ab\t ?is res]vation ( exi/+ abilities to propose am5dm5ts1 po9t$ly does n tell u t ! ,article grants any p[] to any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts to make ,am5dm5ts4 ,9 o!r words1 we "k t ! ,fif? ,article res]ves to ! g5]al gov]nm5t & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts exclusively :at o!rwise !y & e "o else w\ld h _h--:at ,madison himself call$ 8! unau?oriz$ privilege ( any respectable citiz5 or body ( citiz5s0--! ability to propose1 b t x does n grant to any ( ^? gov]nm5ts or all ( !m collectively ! ability :i* none ( !m ev] _h or c h1 ! ability to make1 con/itutional ,articles ( a national k9d1 :i* relate to int]f]5ce ) individual fre$om4 ,) ?is k confirm$ by ! cle> /atem5t ( ! au?or ( ! ,fif? ,article1 we read ) int]e/ its proc$ural provisions ab\t ! orig9at+ ( new ,articles1 ab\t _! draft+ & _! proposal & ! proposal ( a mode ( ratification = !m1 aft] !y h be5 draft$ & _! nature has det]m9$ :o c make !m4 ,sitt+ 9 ^? conv5tions ( old1 we are 9 ! company ( _m ( ! m5 :o 7 at ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion4 ,9 ,virg9ia we see ,madison & ,r&olph & ,mason & o!rs2 9 ,new ,york we see ,hamilton & o!rs2 9 ,p5nsylvania we see ,wilson & o!rs2 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a we see ! ,p9ckneys & o!rs4 ,t is our exp]i5ce 9 all ! conv5tions4 ,on all sides1 among ! ,am]ican p assembl$ !re91 are ^? famili> ) & talk+ ab\t ! "w at ,philadelphia & ! great debate !re1 9 :i* 0 asc]ta9$1 f ! "* ( ! ,articles draft$ !re1 :i* mak] ( ,articles1 ! /ate legislatures1 ) _! exi/+ ability to make f$]al ,articles1 or ! 8p0 !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions10 ) _! exi/+ unlimit$ ability to make all ,articles1 c\ld make ! ,articles draft$ & ab\t to be propos$4 ,^! m51 by _! pres5ce & _! words1 rem9d u h[ ! nature ( _! ,fir/ ,article1 ! fact t x con/itut$ gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) human fre$om1 compell$ ! ann\ncem5t ( ! decision t legislative gov]nm5ts c\ld nev] make t k9d ( an ,article4 ,^! m51 by _! pres5ce & _! words1 rem9d u h[ !y rea*$ ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! fact :i* compell$ _! ,propos+ ,resolution to propose a mode ( ratification by ! 8p0 !mselves1 by ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles4 ,!y rem9d u1 z "o ( ! m5 ) u lat] said 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 t all assembl$ 9 our 8conv5tions0 feel & ackn[l$ge ! legal necessity t e p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om mu/ be d]iv$ by direct grant f ! p4 ,&1 sitt+ 9 ^? conv5tions ) !m1 :]e we all read ! ,fif? ,article !y are ask$ to make1 we recognize ) c]ta9ty t x prescribes t ! ,congress %all d exactly :at ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion has j done--propose1 & no?+ m4 ,! words ( ! ,fif? ,article tell u t only ,congress %all draft & propose a new ,article1 j z ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion draft$ & propos$ its new ,articles2 t1 aft] ,congress has draft$ its new ,article & is ab\t to propose x1 j z ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion did1 :5 x ex]cis$ no p[] at all1 ,congress %all exam9e c>efully ! nature ( ! draft$ ,article &1 hav+ asc]ta9$ by su* exam9ation :i* exi/+ ability to make ,articles 7! limit$ ability ( legislative gov]nm5ts or ! unlimit$ ability ( ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions07 is compet5t to make t p>ticul> ,article1 ,congress %all propose ratification by ! ability :i* c make ! propos$ ,article4 ,we are n misl$ because ! ,article prescribes ?is "o con/itutional mode to evoke ! exi/+ limit$ ability or ! exi/+ unlimit$ ability4 ,provid+ a ,,con/itutional mode = ! ex]cise ( ei!r does n less5 "o ability or increase ! o!r4 ,by reason ( our education1 we "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! revolution>y ex]cise ( exi/+ p[] & ! con/itutional ex]cise ( exi/+ p[]4 ,because we h become ( ! 8p bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w10 we "k t to d some?+ 9 a revolution>y mann] does n necess>ily mean to d x by blood%$ or on ! battle-field4 ,we "k t to d some?+ 9 a revolution>y mann] means to d x outside ( any legally prescrib$ mode ( proc$ure = ! ex]cise ( exi/+ p[]4 ,we "k t to d ! same ?+1 9 a con/itutional mode1 is to d x 9 "s mode prescrib$ by human law or con/itution4 ,& t is :y we und]/&1 z did ! m5 ) :om we are sitt+ 9 ^? conv5tions1 t ,congress1 9 ! future1 is to d exactly :at ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion did & no?+ m4 ,congress is to d x con/itutionally 7:]e ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion did x outside ( any human law & 9 a revolution>y mann]7 because ! ,fif? ,article comm&s t ,congress alone %all d x4 ,congress1 :5 do+ x1 w be ex]cis+ no p[]4 ,! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion ex]cis$ no p[] :5 x did exactly ! same ?+s4 ,&1 :5 ,congress does x1 ,congress w be b\nd1 z ,philadelphia 0 b\nd1 to asc]ta9 & propose ! mode ( ratification by :i* ! propos$ ,article w be ratifi$ by ratifi]s compet5t to make t p>ticul> k9d ( an ,article4 ,z we sit 9 ! 8conv5tions0 & keep cle>ly 9 our m9d t ! 8conv5tions0 & ! 8/ate legislatures0 7bo? ( :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article7 ea* h exi/+ b v diff]5t abilities to make ,articles1 e "p ( ! language ( ! ,fif? ,article confirms our k t ! :ole ,article is no 8grant0 ( p[] b is a 8con/itutional0 mode = ! ex]cise ( exi/+ p[]s4 ,long aft] ! conv5tions 9 :i* we sit1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt paid ! tribute to ^? :o wrote ! ,fif? ,article t !y 7 8ma/]s ( apt1 precise & classic ,engli%40 ,keep+ ?is ?\ght 9 m9d1 our att5tion is direct$ to ! ?ree-"t use ( ! "o ^w 8propose0 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,we "k t to use ! same ^w ?ree times 9 "o s5t5ce is v poor ,engli% unless !re is a di/9ct & def9ite int5t & purpose t ! mean+ ea* "t %all be id5tically ! same4 ,su* def9ite int5t & purpose is ! only d$uction f :at w\ld o!rwise be ! inexcusable tautology ( ! language ( ! ,fif? ,article4 ,s1 :5 we read t ,congress 8%all propose am5dm5ts0 or %all 8call a conv5tion = propos+ ,am5dm5ts0 & t 8"o or ! o!r mode ( ratification may be propos$ by ! ,congress10 we "k ) c]ta9ty t ea* use ( ! ^w 8propose0 is int5d$ to convey an id5tical %ade ( mean+4 ,f :i* we "k t1 z ! proposal ( a new ,article 7by ,congress or a ,conv5tion7 w be a m]e proposal & w n make ! propos$ ,article valid1 s also ! ,congress proposal ( a mode ( ratification w rema9 a m]e proposal & w n make t propos$ mode valid = t propos$ ,article1 unless its propos$ ratifi]s are compet5t to make t p>ticul> k9d ( an ,article4 ,?is is :at !y _h j kn[n at ,philadelphia ab\t _! own proposals 7bo? ( ,articles & ( mode ( ratification7 to u z we sit 9 ! 8conv5tions40 ,& s1 9 ^! conv5tions1 we "k ! proposals m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article to be id5tical 79 nature7 ) ! proposals made f ,philadelphia4 ,we "k ! proc$ure outl9$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article to be exactly ! same proc$ure z has j be5 foll[$ at ,philadelphia4 ,we "k t our ratification 79 ^! 8conv5tions07 ( t proc$ure w be our approval ( ! proc$ure !y foll[$ at ,philadelphia & w be its prescription z ! ,,con/itutional proc$ure h]eaft] to be foll[$ :5 ei!r exi/+ ability1 t ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts or t ( ourselves 9 8conv5tions10 is to be h]eaft] evok$ to ex]cise4 ,f all ( :i* we recognize t1 if ,congress %\ld propose a mode ( ratification by /ate legislatures & ! propos$ ,article is a grant ( p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican citiz51 ! /ate legislatures w rema9 j z incompet5t to make t ,article z !y 7 kn[n to be at ,philadelphia :5 ,madison & 8 colleagues held !m to be incompet5t to make _! propos$ ,article ( t k9d1 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,& s we und]/& t ! m]e ,congress proposal ( a mode ( ratification 7= su* an ,article7 by /ate gov]nm5ts w n give /ate gov]nm5ts ability to make su* an ,article4 ,sitt+ 9 ^? old conv5tions1 we n[ h read ! proc$ural provisions ( ! ,fif? ,article up to ! po9t :]e proposals br+1 9 a con/itutional mann]1 a propos$ new ,article to mak]s ) exi/+ ability to make ! p>ticul> ,article :i* has come to !m4 ,we n[ read ) int]e/ ! next *ronological /ep ( ! proc$ural provisions1 ! m5tion ( ! two exi/+ mak]s ( ,articles--! /ate legislatures1 mak]s ( f$]al or decl>atory ,articles1 & ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 mak]s ( any ,article4 ,we are actually sitt+ 9 8conv5tions0 id5tical ) ^? nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,we are 9 ! 8conv5tions0 m5tion$ 9 ! ,sev5? ,article & nam$ !re9 by exactly ! same ^w z is us$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 ! ^w 8conv5tions40 ,bo? ,sev5? & ,fif? ,articles h be5 word$ at ,philadelphia4 ,we1 assembl$ 9 ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? ,article1 are ! :ole ,am]ican p4 ,9 our conv5tions1 s assembl$1 we are to make bo? ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles1 ) _! common use ( exactly ! same ^w 8conv5tions40 ,& s we und]/&1 ) a k :i* no?+ c di/urb1 t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article mean exactly :at ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article mean4 ,?us we "k1 ) k :i* no?+ c di/urb1 t ! 8conv5tions10 nam$ 9 bo? ,articles1 are ! ,am]ican p1 only compet5t mak]s 79 #aghg or at any future "t7 ( national ,articles :i* int]f]e ) or grant p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,we recall vividly ! proposal t came f ,philadelphia elev5 ye>s e>li] or 9 #aggf1 t ! ,am]icans 9 ea* =m] colony con/itute a gov]nm5t ) su* p[]s to int]f]e ) ! human fre$om ( its citiz5s4 ,we recall t su* gov]nm5ts 7 con/itut$ 9 :at ,m>%all /ates to be ! only way 9 :i* m5 c act safely1 effectively or wisely1 :5 con/itut+ gov]nm5t ( !mselves1 namely1 by assembl+ 9 8conv5tions40 ,we also recall vividly ! proposal t came f ! same ,philadelphia a ye> lat] or 9 #aggg1 t ! /ates con/itute a f$]al gov]nm5t ( /ates4 ,& we recall t ! /ate legislatures1 because !y possess$ exi/+ ability to make f$]al ,articles1 did validly make ! f$]al ,articles sugge/$ 9 t proposal4 ,we also recall1 t ! new ,con/itution1 :i* is be=e u 9 ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? ,article1 is to be bo? a national ,con/itution1 con/itut+ gov]nm5t ( m51 & a f$]al ,con/itution1 con/itut+ gov]nm5t ( /ates4 ,& we recall t only "o ( ! pres5t ,articles 9 t propos$ ,con/itution1 ! ,fir/ ,article1 con/itutes gov]nm5t ( m5 by grant+ gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,& we recall1 ) ,hamilton 9 ! ,conv5tion beside u1 ! probability t all future ,articles 9 t dual ,con/itution1 w probably be ( ! f$]al or ! decl>atory k9d :i* ! exi/+ ability ( /ate legislatures c make4 ,& s we und]/& :y ,madison & ,hamilton1 9 _! ,fif? ,article1 m5tion t exi/+ ability ( ! /ate legislatures to make ,articles :i* d n relate to int]f]5ce ) individual fre$om1 z well z !y m5tion our own exclusive ability1 ! ability ( ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican p1 to make ,articles :i* d relate to int]f]5ce ) individual fre$om4 ,&1 sitt+ 9 ^? conv5tions ) ! 8p bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w10 :5 we read ! language ( ! ,fif? ,article1 x is impossible = u to make ! monum5tal error ( assum+ t ! m5tion ( ! two exi/+ abilities adds any?+ to "o or subtracts any?+ f ! o!r4 ,& s1 ) our m9ds 9 ^? 8conv5tions0 free f any possibility ( su* monum5tal error1 we n[ read & cle>ly und]/& ! mo/ important words 9 ! con/itutional mode ( proc$ure = exi/+ p[]s1 :i* we "k z ! ,fif? ,article4 ,to none ( ! ,am]icans 9 ^? conv5tions is !re any d\bt1 to no ,am]ican1 :o und]/&s :at ,am]ica is1 c !re ev] be any d\bt1 :at are ! mo/ important words4 ,!y are ! words 89 ?ree f\r?s !re(0 imm$iately foll[+ ! words :i* "n ! v k9d ( 8conv5tions0 9 :i* we sit4 ,^! words1 8by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(10 br+ home to u ! m>vel ( :at our 8conv5tions0 are do+4 ,9 !m sit ! p ( ,am]ica1 possessors ( ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 _! respective /ates1 z free m5 & n z ! citiz5s ( ! p>ticul> /ate 9 :i* ea* conv5tion ( ,am]icans assembles4 ,we realize1 z ! ,preamble ( ! ,con/itution be=e u expressly decl>es1 :at is ! fir/ proposal ^u :i* we act affirmatively1 :5 we say 8,yes0 to ! :ole proposal f ,philadelphia4 ,! fir/ effect ( t 8,yes0 is t we1 t "p ( ! ,am]ican p 9 t p>ticul> /ate1 d cons5t 7) ! ,am]icans 9 eight or m o!r will+ /ates7 to jo9 ! new nation or political society ( m51 :i* is to be ,am]ica1 & t we cons5t to be1 ) ^? o!r ,am]icans1 ! citiz5s ( ! new nation z soon z ! ,am]icans 9 eight o!r will+ /ates give _! simil> 8,yes40 ,we are well aw>e1 z we sit 9 "o ( ! 8conv5tions10 t ! ,philadelphia proposal has left x op5 = ! free ,am]icans 9 ea* /ate to become memb]s or n ( ! new society z !y please1 & t1 !re=e1 ! jo9+ ( t society1 by ! ,am]icans 9 at lea/ n9e /ates1 w mean t ! new nation is creat$ by unanim\s action ( ! majority 9 e /ate ^: ,am]icans become citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,f :i* we realize t ! orig9al grants ( national p[] by its citiz5s to ! only gov]nm5t ( ! new nation w be ! second effect ( ! 8,yes0 f ! ,am]icans 9 n9e conv5tions4 ,?us ^! orig9al grants1 ! ,fir/ ,article grants ( enum]at$ p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz51 w be made simultane\sly by ! majority ( ,am]icans 9 e /ate :]e ,am]icans become citiz5s4 ,b1 once ^! e>ly ,am]icans leave ^? fir/ 8conv5tions10 ! :ole ,am]ican p w con/itute ! memb]s or citiz5s ( ! new nation1 ,am]ica4 ,! p ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itute "o nation4 ,!y h a gov]nm5t 9 :i* all ( !m are deeply int]e/$4 7,ju/ice ,mill] 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,cr&all v4 ,nevada1 #f ,wall4 #ce47 ,z 9 any o!r republican nation1 all national p[]s mu/ be grant$ by its memb]s or citiz5s4 ,any future national p[]1 n grant$ by ! citiz5s !mselves1 w be nei!r j nor valid because p[] ( ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 w n h be5 grant$ by ^? to be gov]n$ by its ex]cise4 ,b1 :5 ! :ole ,am]ican p leave ^! 8conv5tions0 z ! unit$ citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 al?\gh x w be wise & prop] & necess>y t ,am]ican citiz5s %all h]eaft] assemble 9 8conv5tions0 9 _! respective /ates = ! mak+ ( new propos$ grants ( p[] to int]f]e ) _! fre$om1 x w no long] be necess>y t a 8,yes0 f e 8conv5tion0 %\ld be giv5 to any future grant ( su* p[]4 ,:5 ! :ole ,am]ican p assembl$ 9 ^? fir/ conv5tions1 a 8,yes0 f e 8conv5tion0 0 necess>y because t 8,yes0 meant ! will+ness ( ! ,am]icans 9 t /ate to become citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,b1 once !y all h become its citiz5s1 x is 9 t capacity--& n z citiz5s ( ea* respective /ate--t ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t w int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om4 ,& x n[ dawns ^u u1 probably = ! fir/ "t1 h[ imp]ative x is t ! new ,con/itution %\ld conta9 an explicit comm&1 prescrib+ h[ ! vote ( ea* 8conv5tion0 %\ld c\nt & h[ _m 8conv5tion0 votes %\ld be suffici5t & necess>y = any future propos$ grant ( p[] to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,?is br+s home to u ! impressive & important mean+ ( ! words 89 ?ree f\r?s !re(0 aft] ! ^w 8conv5tions0 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,if !y _h n be5 writt5 !re9 by ! g5ius ( ! m5 at ,philadelphia1 ! me?od ( c\nt+ ! vote ( ea* 8conv5tion0 & ! numb] ( 8conv5tion0 votes ,,con/itutionally requisite h]eaft] = a new grant ( national p[] w\ld be a matt] ( inf9ite dispute4 ,& s we recognize & pay our tribute1 z we sit 9 "o conv5tion ( ! fir/ ,am]ican citiz5s1 to ! wond]ful =esight ( ,madison & ,hamilton & _! colleagues at ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion :i* has j complet$ its labors4 ,t tribute is evok$ by ! words 8?ree f\r?s !re(0 aft] ! ^w 8conv5tions40 ,we see t ^! words end all possibility ( dispute 9 two important respects :]e dispute w\ld be c]ta9 if ! ,,con/itutional mode ( proc$ure did n conta9 our comm& t1 :5 future 8conv5tions0 are ask$ = fur!r grant ( p[] to int]f]e ) our individual fre$om1 ! 8,yes0 ( ea* conv5tion %all c\nt z "o 8,yes0 & a 8,yes0 f ?ree f\r?s ( ! 8conv5tions0 %all be bo? necess>y & suffici5t to make a new grant ( su* p[]4 ,&1 z we dwell ^u ^! amaz+ly important words1 _! pres5ce 9 ! ,fif? ,article compels a great] tribute to ! m5 :o wrote !m ?an t dem&$ by ! fact t ?is ends ! possibility ( ! disputes we h m5tion$4 ,x gr[s ^u u t ^! words are among ! mo/ important securities to individual lib]ty 9 ! :ole ,con/itution4 ,) increas+ admiration = ! m5 at ,philadelphia1 we sit 9 ^? e>ly 8conv5tions0 & recall h[ mu* ,madison & 8 colleagues h j told u 9 ,! ,f$]ali/ ab\t ! dang] to individual "r f ! tyranny ( ! citiz5s ( a republic !mselves1 :e!r t tyranny is attempt$ by a majority or an aggressive m9ority ( su* citiz5s4 ,we recall ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,numb] #ea1 & its =ceful exposition ( ! m]its ( ! propos$ ,con/itution & its rem>kable di/ribution ( p[]s 7p[]s grant$ to ! new gov]nm5t 9 ! ,fir/ ,article1 p[]s left ) ea* /ate ov] its own citiz5s & p[]s reta9$ by ! ,am]ican p !mselves7 z security = individual rights4 8,9 ! comp\nd republic ( ,am]ica1 ! p[] surr5d]$ by ! p is fir/ divid$ betwe5 two di/9ct gov]nm5ts1 & !n ! portion allott$ to ea* subdivid$ among di/9ct & sep>ate dep>tm5ts4 ,h5ce arises a d\ble security to ! rights ( ! p4444 ,x is ( great importance 9 a republic n only to gu>d ! society aga9/ ! oppression ( its rul]s1 b to gu>d "o "p ( ! society aga9/ ! inju/ice ( ! o!r "p4 ,diff]5t int]e/s necess>ily exi/ 9 diff]5t classes ( citiz5s4 ,if a majority be unit$ by a common int]e/1 ! rights ( ! m9ority w be insecure4 ,!re are b two me?ods ( provid+ aga9/ ?is evil3 ,! "o by creat+ a w 9 ! community indep5d5t ( ! majority--t is1 ( ! society itself2 ! o!r1 by compreh5d+ 9 ! society s _m sep>ate descriptions ( citiz5s z w r5d] an unju/ comb9ation ( a majority ( ! :ole v improbable1 if n impracticable4 ,! fir/ me?od prevails 9 all gov]nm5ts possess+ an h]$it>y or self-appo9t$ au?ority4 ,?is1 at be/1 is b a prec>i\s security2 because a p[] indep5d5t ( ! society may z well esp\se ! unju/ views ( ! major1 z ! rightful int]e/s ( ! m9or p>ty1 & may possibly be turn$ aga9/ bo? p>ties4 ,! second me?od w be exemplifi$ 9 ! f$]al republic ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:il/ all au?ority 9 x w be d]iv$ f & dep5d5t on ! society1 ! society itself w be brok5 into s _m p>ts1 int]e/s1 & classes ( citiz5s1 t ! rights ( individuals1 or ( ! m9ority1 w be 9 little dang] f int]e/$ comb9ations ( ! majority4444 ,ju/ice is ! end ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is ! end ( civil society4 ,x ev] has be5 & ev] w be pursu$ until x be obta9$1 or until lib]ty be lo/ 9 ! pursuit4 ,9 a society "u ! =ms ( :i* ! /rong] faction c readily unite & oppress ! weak]1 an>*y may z truly be said to reign z 9 a /ate ( nature1 :]e ! weak] individual is n secur$ aga9/ ! viol5ce ( ! /rong]4444 ,9 ! ext5d$ republic ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & among ! great v>iety ( int]e/s1 p>ties1 & sects :i* x embraces1 a coalition ( a majority ( ! :ole society c\ld seldom take place on any o!r pr9ciples ?an ^? ( ju/ice & ! g5]al good4444 ,x is no less c]ta9 ?an x is important1 und]/&+ ! contr>y op9ions :i* h be5 ent]ta9$1 t ! l>g] ! society1 provid$ x lie )9 a practical sph]e1 ! m duly capable x w be ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,&1 happily = ! republican cause1 ! practicable sph]e may be c>ri$ to a v great ext5t1 by a judici\s modification & mixture ( ! f$]al pr9ciple40 7,f$4 ,no4 #ea47 ,9 ^? important words ( ! ,fif? ,article1 89 ?ree f\r?s !re(0 aft] ! ^w 8conv5tions10 we n[ recognize ! judici\s mixture ( ! f$]al pr9ciple 9 our own comm& :i* controls our future ,,con/itutional ex]cise ( our exclusive ability to create new p[] to int]f]e ) our individual fre$om4 ,^! words d n *all5ge or di/urb ! legal ,am]ican necessity t our ,am]ican gov]nm5t mu/ get any new p[] ( t k9d f u ourselves1 assembl$ 9 our 8conv5tions40 ,b1 ) a practical wisdom nev] exce$$ 9 fram+ ! 8con/itution0 ( a self-gov]n+ nation1 ^! words impose an amaz+ly effective *eck ^u ! exi/+ ability ( a majority or aggressive m9ority1 9 ! republic :i* is ,am]ica1 to int]f]e ) individual rights4 ,^! words d n attempt to de/roy or alt] t exi/+ ability ( ! citiz5s ( ! new republic4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! words recognize ! exi/5ce ( t ability4 ,b1 ) ! wisdom :i* means s mu* security to e individual "r 9 ,am]ica1 ^! words make x impossible t su* ability c be ,,con/itutionally ex]cis$ unless a majority or an aggressive & organiz$ m9ority1 :5 seek+ new gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz51 obta9 a majority support f ! ,am]ican citiz5s resid+ 9 e "o ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ate 9 ,am]ica4 ,leav+ 7j = a mom5t7 ! conv5tions ( ! old days1 we ( ?is g5]ation realize ) gratitude ! *eck s provid$4 ,we und]/& n[1 z we nev] und]/ood be=e1 :y ! organiz$ m9ority :i* dem&$ t gov]nm5t write ! new ,am5dm5t into our ,con/itution 0 driv5 by ?is con/itutional *eck to ignore ! pla9 fact t ! new ,am5dm5t c nev] validly be put into ! ,con/itution 7if we /ill are citiz5s & n subjects7 unless a 8,yes0 f ! 8p0 !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article1 is obta9$ f ?ree f\r?s ( ^? 8conv5tions40 ,we realize t ! organiz$ m9ority 9 "q mu/ support _! proposition on ! concept t ,madison & ,hamilton1 :o introduc$ & second$ ! ,fif? ,article at ,philadelphia1 int5d$ t ,article 8to create a w 9 ! community0 7:i* is ,am]ica7 8indep5d5t0 ( ! supreme w ( ! ,am]ican p !mselves1 int5d$ x to create t anomaly ( a sup]ior w to ! supreme w & to make t sup]ior w ! w ( ! legislative gov]nm5ts ( a fraction ( ! /ates4 ,we ref] t organiz$ m9ority to ! quot$ words ( ,madison or ,hamilton1 ref]r+ to su* creation ( a w indep5d5t ( ! p !mselves3 8,?is1 at be/1 is b a prec>i\s security1 because a p[] indep5d5t ( ! society may z well esp\se ! unju/ views ( ! major1 z ! rightful int]e/s ( ! m9or p>ty1 & may possibly be turn$ aga9/ bo? p>ties4 ,! second me?od n ! creation ( a w indep5d5t ( ! human memb]s ( ! society w be exemplifi$ 9 ! f$]al republic ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 ! v ,con/itution ( :i* conta9s ! ,fif? ,article4 ,we av]age ,am]icans are n[ satisfi$1 beyond dispute1 t nei!r ,madison nor 8 associates 9 ! e>ly conv5tions1 to :i* we w n[ return1 und]/ood or meant t ! ,fif? ,article w\ld or %\ld create su* an indep5d5t w4 ,sitt+ aga9 9 ! conv5tions ( old1 we recall exactly ! same ?\ght express$ by ,madison himself 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,no4 #aj1 :]e he says3 8,:5 a majority is includ$ 9 a faction1 ! =m ( popul> gov]nm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 enables x to sacrifice to its rul+ passion or int]e/ bo? ! public good & ! rights ( o!r citiz5s4 ,to secure ! public good & private rights aga9/ ! dang] ( su* a faction1 & at ! same "t to pres]ve ! _s & =m ( popul> gov]nm5t1 is !n ! great object to :i* our inquiries are direct$4444 ,ei!r ! exi/5ce ( ! same passion or int]e/ 9 a majority at ! same "t mu/ be prev5t$1 or ! majority1 hav+ su* co-exi/5t passion or int]e/1 mu/ be r5d]$1 by _! numb] & local situation1 unable to conc]t & c>ry into effect s*emes ( oppression40 ,^! ?\ghts1 f ! word] ( ! ,fif? ,article1 s9k deep into our m9ds & he>ts z we sit 9 ^? conv5tions4 ,!y come be=e u ) />tl+ cle>ness1 :5 we read 8 words 9 t ,article1 8conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(10 & 8 words 9 ref]5ce to t ,fif? ,article mode ( proc$ure1 8,9 requir+ m ?an a majority1 & p>ticul>ly 9 comput+ ! proportion by /ates1 n by citiz5s1 x dep>ts f ! national & advances t[>d ! f$]al "*40 7,f$4 ,no4 #ci47 ,we realize t 8 mode ( proc$ure is national1 9 its /rict con=mity to ! ,/atute ( '#gf1 t all p[] ov] ! p mu/ come directly f ! p1 b t a judici\s mixture ( ! f$]al sy/em1 9 c\nt+ ! votes ( ! p1 is ! be/ *eck human +5uity has yet devis$ to protect individual rights aga9/ a tyrannical majority or an aggressive m9ority4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,two ,,articles ,,"n 8,,conv5tions0 ,z we sit 9 ^? conv5tions & dwell ^u ! wisdom ( ! practical ?\ght :i* inspir$ ^? words1 89 ?ree f\r?s !re(0 aft] ! ^w 8conv5tions10 we "k :y ! p ) :om we sit compell$ ! tribute t !y grasp$ ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t bett] ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w4 ,! "o aim ( all ( !m 0 ! happ9ess & welf>e ( ! individual4 ,! welf>e or prosp]ity ( ! political entities1 :i* we "k z ,am]ica & ! respective /ates1 7 ( no importance to ^! p1 except z !y contribut$ to ! welf>e ( ! individual4 ,! pre/ige & ! p[] ( ea* & e gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica & ( all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica toge!r 7 ( no importance to ^! p1 except z !y contribut$ to ! welf>e ( ! individual4 ,& :5 we sit ) !m 9 _! conv5tions1 aft] liv+ ) !m ?r\gh _! exp]i5ce f #agge1 we realize 7z we h nev] realiz$ be=e7 t ! ,/atute ( '#gf 0 enact$1 t ! national con/itutions ( gov]nm5t 7 made by ! p 9 ea* colony1 t ! sacrifices ( ! ,revolution 7 endur$ = eight ye>s1 t ! f$]ation ( /ates 0 e/abli%$ by /ates 9 #agha1 t ! wisdom & ability & patriotism ( ,am]ica _h j assembl$ at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg & made its proposal :i* we are consid]+ 9 ^! conv5tions--all t ! welf>e ( ! ,,individual might be secur$4 ,we realize t ! wisdom & ability & patriotism ( ,am]ica1 at ,philadelphia1 _h labor$ = mon?s to asc]ta91 by ! light ( all human exp]i5ce1 9 :at proportion 7solely to secure ! welf>e ( ! individual7 p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om ought to be surr5d]$ at all to gov]nm5ts & reta9$ by ! p1 & 9 :at proportion ! quantum ( surr5d]$ p[] %\ld be left ) ea* /ate gov]nm5t ov] its own individuals & giv5 to ! new g5]al gov]nm5t ov] its individual citiz5s4 ,we realize t ! wisdom & ability & patriotism ( ,am]ica1 at ,philadelphia1 _h kn[n t no gov]nm5ts1 !n or 9 ! future1 if individual welf>e 0 to be secur$1 c\ld ev] legally det]m9e ei!r proportion or c\ld ev] alt] ei!r proportion1 :5 once e/abli%$ by ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica1 ! 8p0 ( ! ,preamble & ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ,fif? ,articles4 ,& s we1 ( ?is lat] g5]ation1 sit 9 ^? 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article & we read ! ,fif? ,article1 :]e ! same 8conv5tions0 are nam$1 & look ) awe ^u ! practical wisdom :i* dictat$ ^! words 89 ?ree f\r?s !re(10 aft] t m5tion ( ^? 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican p 9 ! future4 ,we realize n[ t ^? words are among ! greate/ securities to individual welf>e writt5 into ! propos$ ,con/itution by ! wisdom & ability & patriotism ( ,am]ica1 at ,philadelphia4 ,9 t ,con/itution1 o!r great securities protect individual welf>e aga9/ usurpation f outside ,am]ica & aga9/ usurpation by gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica beyond ! ex]cise ( ! national p[]s grant$ to ea* gov]nm5t by its own respective individual citiz5s4 ,b ?is p>ticul> great security ( individual welf>e1 ! words 89 ?ree f\r?s !re(10 secures individual welf>e aga9/ ! unju/ oppression ( a majority or an aggressive m9ority ( ! ,am]icans !mselves unless t majority or m9ority secure a majority ( ! ,am]icans 9 ea* ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ates to support ! unju/ oppression ( individual welf>e4 ,& ?us1 9 ^? conv5tions1 we realize1 p]haps = ! fir/ "t1 t ! important /atem5ts ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles are1 9 sub/ance1 id5tical /atem5ts by ! supreme w ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,!y are respectively ! two /atem5ts or comm&s ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! new nation1 z to ,,:5 ! grants ( p[] 9 ! ,fir/ ,article %all be ! grant ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s & z to ,,:5 ! grants ( any simil> p[]1 9 ! g5]ations to come1 %all be ! grants ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,9 _! language1 9 _! purpose & 9 _! pla9 comm&1 bo? /atem5ts are exactly alike 9 sub/ance4 ,! /atem5t or comm& ( ! ,am]ican p1 9 ! ,sev5? ,article1 is t ! con/itution ( ! gov]nm5t ( int]f]5ce ) individual fre$om1 ! ,fir/ ,article1 %all be ! ,con/itution ( ! ,am]ican p :5 n9e ( ! 8conv5tions0 7nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? & ,fif? ,articles7 %all h said 8,yes0 to t con/itution1 to ! enum]at$ grants ( national p[] 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,! /atem5t or comm& ( ! ,am]ican p1 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 is t any new propos$ con/itution ( gov]nm5t ( int]f]5ce ) individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 7! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t be+ ! fir/ new con/itution ( t k9d7 %all be ! ,con/itution ( ! ,am]ican p :5 ?ree f\r?s ( ! 8conv5tions0 7nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles7 %all h said 8,yes0 to t new propos$ con/itution4 ,at ?is po9t1 we av]age ,am]icans1 sitt+ ) ^? amaz+ ,am]icans 9 _! 8conv5tions10 fix firmly 9 our m9ds1 ) int5t nev] to =get1 ! fact t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article comm& are indisputably ! ,am]ican p !mselves2 t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article comm& are id5tical 7except z to ! "t 9 :i* ! ,am]ican p assemble7 ) ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article comm&2 & t1 !re=e1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article comm& are also ! p ( ,am]ica !mselves4 ,b ! :ole p ( ,am]ica are ! 8,we1 ! p0 ( ! ,preamble4 ,!y are ! only res]vee ( ! ,n9? ,am5dm5t1 8! p0 !re94 ,!y are ! 8mo/ important factor0 & res]vee ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 8! p0 !re94 ,:]e=e1 we grasp cle>ly :y !y are m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 because !y h no gov]nm5t attorney 9 fact--z !y c\ld n h if we are 8citiz5s ( ,am]ica0--to surr5d] :at !y res]v$ to !mselves 9 ! ,n9? & ,t5? ,am5dm5ts4 ,sitt+ 9 ^? conv5tions1 we recall ! limit$ ability ( /ate legislatures1 ea* speak+ = its own /ate1 to make f$]al ,articles1 ,articles t nei!r int]f]e nor give p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty1 ! ability t made all ! f$]al ,articles ( #agha4 ,& we recall t ! ,con/itution does n take t ability f ! 8/ates respectively0 & _! gov]nm5ts b res]ves x to ! 8/ates respectively0 & _! gov]nm5ts1 z ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly decl>es4 ,& s we und]/& ! m5tion ( t limit$ ability 9 ! ,fif? ,article 9 ! words 8ratifi$ by ! legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! sev]al /ates40 ,&1 educat$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! amaz+ ,am]icans ) :om we sit1 we realize ! mean+ ( ?is p>ticul> /atem5t or comm& ( ! supreme w1 ! p ( ,am]ica4 ,t supreme w is creat+ a new nation out ( its human possessors4 ,x is de/roy+ =ev] ! complete indep5d5ce ( ! respective /ates1 b leav+ ea* ( ! /ates a political entity ) citiz5s & mu* indep5d5ce4 ,x is incorporat+ ! sy/em ( a f$]al union ( /ates into ! new national sy/em ( a union ( all individual ,am]icans1 & x is subord9at+ ! memb]s ( ! f$]al union & also ! f$]ation itself to ! union ( human be+s1 to ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica1 ! w ( ! citiz5s ( t nation4 ,!re=e1 z ea* /ate is no long] completely indep5d5t1 x is no long] necess>y t e memb] ( ! f$]al union %all utt] its 8,yes0 to ! mak+ ( any new ,article ( ! f$]al or decl>atory k9d1 ! only k9d :i* gov]nm5ts ev] c make4 ,& s we cle>ly und]/&1 z ! e>ly ,am]icans 9 _! conv5tions und]/ood at once1 t ! words 8ratifi$ by ! legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! sev]al /ates0 0 to be ! comm& ( ! ,am]ican p1 sitt+ 9 ^? conv5tions1 t a 8,yes0 f ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts w\ld1 !reaft]1 be necess>y & suffici5t = ! mak+ ( a new propos$ f$]al or decl>atory ,article4 ,& we d n und]/&1 z ! ,am]icans 9 ^? conv5tions nev] und]/ood1 t ^? words impli$ any 8grant0 ( ability to ! /ate gov]nm5ts to make any ,articles 9 our ,con/itution1 mu* less ,articles by :i* gov]nm5ts int]f]e or give p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 outside ! matt]s enum]at$ 9 our ,fir/ ,article4 ,on ! contr>y1 x becomes amaz+ly cle> to u t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s are m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article because ! ,am]ican citiz5s are ! important res]vee ( ! ,n9? & ,t5? ,am5dm5ts4 ,& x becomes equally cle> t ! 8legislatures ( ! sev]al /ates0 are m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article because ! 8/ates respectively0 are ! less] res]vees nam$ 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t4 ,! ,t5? ,am5dm5t tells u t no p[] ( any k9d is giv51 by ! new ,con/itution1 to any grantee except to ! new nation & its gov]nm5t1 ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t4 ,x tells u t "s p[]s1 :i* ea* /ate _h hi!rto possess$1 are tak5 f x2 t ! ex]cise ( o!r p[]s1 :i* ea* /ate _h hi!rto possess$1 are n[ prohibit$ to x2 & t only ! o!r p[]s 7:i* ea* /ate _h hi!rto possess$7 are left ) t /ate by ! comm& ( ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica1 ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,x tells u emphatically t no new p[]s ( any k9d are giv5 to any /ate or to any collection ( /ates or to _! gov]nm5ts4 ,x tells u t ! ,am]ican p1 9 mak+ _! ,con/itution1 left ea* /ate & ea* /ate gov]nm5t p[]less1 z !y _h be51 alone or 9 comb9ation ) o!r gov]nm5ts1 to int]f]e ) ! individual rights ( any human be+ outside t p>ticul> /ate4 ,& f9ally x tells u1 :at ! ,supreme ,c\rt has expressly decl>$ to be ! mo/ important decl>ation 9 t ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 t we ourselves1 ! individual citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! 8p0 ( ! ,preamble & ( t ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 reta9 7secure f any valid ex]cise by any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w & only capable ( ex]cise by ourselves 9 our 8conv5tions07 e p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 except 9 ! matt]s enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,& s1 9 ^? 8conv5tions10 we ne$ no con/itutional ?9k] to tell u ! simple fact t only ^? :o h c give4 ,if ! /ate legislatures h n1 z indisputably !y h n1 any ability to ex]cise or to grant p[] ( g5]al int]f]5ce ) individual rights ?r\gh\t ,am]ica1 & if1 z ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly decl>es1 ! entire ,con/itution adds naught to _! exi/+ ability to make ,articles ( ano!r k9d1 ! ,fif? ,article m]ely prescribes ! con/itutional mode ( proc$ure1 9 :i*1 by comm& ( ! ,am]ican p1 t exi/+ & limit$ ability %all !reaft] be ex]cis$4 ,& likewise1 if ! ,am]ican p !mselves1 ! ,sev5? ,article 8conv5tions0 9 :i* we are sitt+1 h exclusive ability to ex]cise or to give p[] ( g5]al int]f]5ce ) _! own individual rights1 & if1 z ! ,n9? & ,t5? ,am5dm5ts toge!r expressly /ate1 ^? 8conv5tions0 reta9 t exclusive ability1 cle>ly ! ,fif? ,article ref]5ce to ! same 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s is b prescrib+ ! con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i*1 by comm& ( ! ,am]ican p1 t exclusive ability ( _! own %all !reaft] be ex]cis$4 ,:5 ! 8apt1 precise & classic ,engli%0 ( ! ,fif? ,article p]mits no o!r mean+1 we _c imply t ! ,article int5ds to grant :at "o suppos$ grantee 7:o is ! suppos$ grantor7 already has & :at ! o!r _c ev] h4 ,nor c we imply t ! ,article int5ds to provide a con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* ^?1 :o h n1 may give4 ,moreov]1 z ?is absurd implication w\ld make ! individual ,am]ican p 8subjects10 z soon z !y adopt$ t ,article1 we n[ "k1 ) absolute c]ta9ty1 t ! ,am]icans1 9 ! 8conv5tions0 9 :i* we are sitt+1 adopt$ x z _! fundam5tal law ( proc$ure ) ! only mean+ :i* its own 8apt1 precise & classic ,engli%0 p]mits4 ,we h n[ read1 9 ^? conv5tions ( old & ) ! ,am]icans !re9 :o made x1 all ( ! ,madison ,fif? ,article save ! two exceptions at ! end !re(1 beg9n+ 8provid$ t no am5dm5t1 etc40 ,9 ^? conv5tions1 ! mean+ ( ^? two exceptions ne$s b a mom5t's ?\ght4 ,"o exception is t no *ange may be con/itutionally made1 prior to #ahjh1 9 relation to ! exi/+ evil ( human slav]y4 ,! o!r exception is t no *ange may be con/itutionally made :i* %all give any /ate great] repres5tation 9 ! ,s5ate ?an ea* o!r /ate4 ,^! are n exceptions to any p[] 8grant$0 9 ! ,article4 ,no p[] ( any k9d1 z we already "k1 is 8grant$0 any:]e 9 ! ,article1 b ! ,article does m5tion two exi/+ abilities1 "o limit$ & ! o!r unlimit$1 & prescribes ! con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* ea* ( ! respective exi/+ abilities may be ex]cis$4 ,! exceptions simply mean t ! ,article provides no con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* may be ex]cis$ exi/+ ability to *ange ! ,con/itution 9 ! matt]s m5tion$ 9 ! two exceptions4 ,we av]age ,am]icans h n[ exam9$ c>efully ! record ( ! word+ ( all our ,con/itution at ,philadelphia & p>ticul>ly ! record ( ! word+ ( ! ?ree ,articles1 ! ,fir/ & ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif?1 :i* ei!r purport to give or m5tion future giv+ 7by ! 8p10 :o alone c give7 p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,fur!rmore1 we h sat 9 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican p1 9 :i* all ^? word$ ,articles 7 made1 & h read1 ) ! ,am]icans 9 ^? 8conv5tions10 ! apt1 precise & classic ,engli% ( ! ,fif? ,article1 :i* told !m1 z x tells u1 t ! ,article m]ely prescribes ! con/itutional mode ( proc$ure1 9 :i* !reaft] c be ex]cis$ ei!r ! exi/+ limit$ ability ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts or ! exi/+ unlimit$ ability ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles4 ,we are c]ta91 !re=e1 t n[h]e 9 ! ,con/itution1 made 9 ^? e>ly 8conv5tions10 c ! mo/ +5i\s m9d discov] :at w\ld h be5 ! greate/ blund] 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 any?+ :i* *ang$ ! actual & legal relation ( ! individual ,am]ican to gov]nm5t & made him ! 8subject0 ( any gov]nm5t or collection ( gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,x w\ld be unwise1 h[ev]1 = u to leave ^? conv5tions )\t li/5+ to "s few ( ! great ,am]icans1 :o sat !re91 tell+ u h[ ! new ,con/itution does secure ! /atus ( ! free individual ,am]ican & protect 8 individual fre$om f all usurpation by any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,conv5tions ,,"k 8,,conv5tions0 ,,are 8,,! ,,p0 8,:5 a s+le gov]nm5t is in/itut$1 ! individuals ( :i* x is compos$ surr5d] to x a "p ( _! natural indep5d5ce1 :i* !y be=e enjoy$ z m54 ,:5 a conf$]ate republic is in/itut$1 ! communities ( :i* x is compos$ surr5d] to x a "p ( _! political indep5d5ce1 :i* !y be=e enjoy$ z /ates4444 ,s9ce /ates z well z citiz5s are repres5t$ 9 ! ,con/itution be=e u1 & =m ! objects on :i* t ,con/itution is purport$ to op]ate1 x 0 necess>y to notice & def9e f$]al z well z civil lib]ty4444 ,"u ^! impressions1 & ) ^! views1 0 ! late conv5tion appo9t$2 & "u ^! impressions1 & ) ^! views1 ! late conv5tion met4 ,we n[ see ! great end :i* !y propos$ to accompli%4 ,x 0 to frame1 = ! consid]ation ( _! con/itu5ts1 "o f$]al & national ,con/itution 444 a con/itution t w\ld insure peace1 fre$om1 & happ9ess to ! /ates & p ( ,am]ica40 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #dbi1 et seq47 ,s spoke ! great ,wilson1 beg9n+ 8 explanation ( ! propos$ ,con/itution to ! fir/ ,am]icans assembl$ 9 ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? & ,fif? ,articles1 ! ,am]icans 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,z we li/5 to him1 we rem>k ! insi/5ce ^u ! fact t ! ,con/itution to be consid]$ is bo? a 8f$]al & national ,con/itution40 ,&1 9 /rict con=mity to ?is fact1 ,wilson is he>d expla9+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! f$]al lib]ty ( a /ate1 controll$ by ! f$]al ,articles ( a con/itution1 & ! natural lib]ty ( a man1 controll$ by ! national ,articles ( a con/itution4 ,we li/5 to him ) great int]e/ :5 he tells u t ?is f$]al & national ,con/itution has be5 fram$ to insure 8peace1 fre$om & happ9ess to ! /ates & ! p ( ,am]ica40 ,9 8 words we he> ! e*o ( ! fact s cle>ly decl>$ 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 t ! f$]al p[]s1 n delegat$ 9 ?is ,con/itution to ! new gov]nm5t1 are res]v$ 8to ! /ates respectively10 & ! national p[]s1 n !re9 delegat$1 are res]v$ 8to ! p0 !mselves ( ,am]ica4 ,&1 rememb]+ t ! two di/9ct res]vees ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t are respectively nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 we keep 9 m9d t ! new ,con/itution is bo? 8a f$]al & a national ,con/itution40 ,f :i* we "k1 z ,wilson knew1 t ^! res]vees are nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 ! 8/ate legislatures0 because ( _! limit$ ability to make f$]al or decl>atory ,articles1 & ! 8conv5tions0 because ( _! ability to make ,articles ( e k9d1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? & ,sev5? ,articles be+ ! p !mselves4 ,z we are actually sitt+ ) ,wilson 9 "o ( ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article1 !re is no possibility ( our =gett+1 z none ( ! p 9 any ( ^? conv5tions ev] =got1 t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article are exactly ! same z ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article & t bo? are ! p ( ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions40 ,none ( ! ,am]icans 9 ^? conv5tions c\ld be guilty ( ! ridicul\s mod]n blund] ab\t ! ,fif? ,article4 ,none c\ld possibly read t ,article to mean t ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 8assembl$ 9 conv5tions10 7 grant+ to ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 8assembl$ 9 conv5tions10 any ability :atev] to make ,articles4 ,! mod]n blund] becomes cle> to u4 ,al?\gh ! ,sev5? & ,fif? ,articles h only be5 propos$ & h n yet be5 made1 we sit 9 "o ( ^? 8conv5tions0 ab\t to ex]cise ability to say 8,yes0 to any ,article1 :e!r f$]al or national4 ,s1 ) amazem5t at ! blund] ( #aiag & #aibj ab\t ! ,fif? ,article1 we li/5 int5tly to ! ,wilson /atem5t :i* br+s home ! absurdity ( ! idea t ! ,article is a grant ( ability to make ,articles4 ,z 9 all ^? conv5tions1 he is meet+ ! usual *>ge t ! new ,con/itution endang]s individual lib]ty because x lacks a bill ( rights4 ,z 9 all ! conv5tions1 he is po9t+ out t no bill ( rights is ne$$ 9 a ,con/itution :i* gives to gov]nm5t no p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 except ! specific & enum]at$ p[]s ( ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,he is repudiat+ ! ?\ght t any:]e 9 ! ,con/itution1 9 its ,fif? ,article or else:]e1 outside ( ! ,fir/ ,article1 is !re any grant to any gov]nm5t ( p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty4 ,& ?is is :at he has to say ab\t ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 :i* end$ 9 ! prec$+ ,septemb]1 & ab\t ! con/itutional ,articles t ,conv5tion propos$1 includ+ ! ,fif? ,article4 8,a proposition to adopt a measure t w\ld h suppos$ t we 7 ?r[+ into ! g5]al gov]nm5t e p[] n expressly res]v$ by ! p1 w\ld h be5 spurn$1 9 t ,h\se1 ) ! greate/ indignation40 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #dcf47 ,we ,am]icans1 :o w li/5 lat] h]e9 to "s extraord9>y ideas ab\t ! ,fif? ,article f our mod]n 8con/itutional0 ?9k]s1 wond] j exactly ) h[ mu* indignation ! ,fif? ,article w\ld h be5 spurn$ 9 all ! conv5tions ( t e>li] day1 if ,patrick ,h5ry or any o!r great oppon5t ( ! propos$ ,con/itution _h only be5 able to po9t out t ! ,fif? ,article 0 a 8grant0 to a g5]al gov]nm5t 7! legislative gov]nm5ts ( "s ( ! /ates7 n only ( e p[] 8expressly res]v$ by ! p0 b also ( e p[] giv5 to ,congress by ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,we also wond] :e!r ! indignation w\ld h be5 increas$ or entirely dissipat$ if ,h5ry or "s o!r oppon5t _h in=m$ ^? conv5tions1 ! assembl$ p ( ,am]ica1 a p s jeal\s ( all gov]nm5t int]f]5ce1 t ! omnipot5ce 0 grant$ s t ! /ate legislatures1 nev] elect$ by ! ,am]ican citiz5s at all1 might1 )\t ! slighte/ re/ra9t or any con/itutional re/riction1 int]f]e ) e individual "r ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,:ile _m app>5tly sane & reasonable mod]n inhabitants ( ,am]ica h li/5$ to su* ideas 9 ! la/ five ye>s z if ^? :o advanc$ ! ideas 7 talk+ or ?9k+ intellig5tly1 we r believe t ! ,am]icans 9 ^? e>ly conv5tions1 ev5 f ,h5ry1 w\ld n h receiv$ su* ideas complac5tly4 ,h[ev]1 z we h f\nd 9 ^? e>ly ,am]icans mu* ( ! natural humor :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( a human be+ :o ?9ks = himself1 we are incl9$ to believe t ! mod]n ideas 9 relation to ! ,fif? ,article1 ab\t :i* ideas we h j be5 talk+1 w\ld n h be5 receiv$ 9 any ( ^? conv5tions ) indignation b w\ld h be5 greet$ ) prolong$ laught]4 ,b ! ,h5ry ( ^? days _h n ! intellectual calibre ( our 8con/itutional0 ?9k]s4 ,!re=e1 9 ^? conv5tions1 n ev5 f "o ( ! _m bitt] oppon5ts ( ! propos$ ,con/itution1 d we he> any sugge/ion t !re lurks some:]e 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 betwe5 its l9es1 because n h9t$ at 9 its apt1 precise & classic ,engli%1 ! extraord9>y grant ( omnipot5ce to ! legislative gov]nm5ts ( "s ( ! /ates4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 e conv5tion1 we f9d ! new ,con/itution bitt]ly assail$ because its provisions r$uce ! /ate gov]nm5ts to t pitiable condition :]e ,h5ry calls !m ! weak5$1 en]vat$ & def5seless /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,inde$1 we are incl9$ to mir? :5 we contra/ ^! mod]n ideas ( ! ,fif? ,article 7t x grants omnipot5ce ov] individual rights to "s /ate gov]nm5ts7 ) _m ( ,h5ry's ^w pictures ( ! effect ( ! propos$ ,con/itution on ^? /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,?is is "o ( ^? pictures :i* he exhibits to ! ,am]icans 9 ,virg9ia1 assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions3 8,:at %all ! /ates h to d8 ,take c>e ( ! poor1 repair & make highways1 erect bridges1 & s on1 & s on8 ,aboli% ! /ate legislatures at once4 ,:at purposes %\ld !y be cont9u$ =8 ,our legislature w be inde$ a ludicr\s spectacle--"o hundr$ & eighty m5 m>*+ 9 solemn1 f>cical procession1 exhibit+ a m\rnful pro( ( ! lo/ lib]ty ( _! c\ntry1 )\t ! p[] ( re/or+ x4 ,b1 sir1 we h ! consolation t x is a mix$ gov]nm5t2 t is1 x may "w sorely on y\r neck1 b y h "s com=t by say+1 t x 0 a f$]al gov]nm5t 9 its orig940 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #aga47 ,cle>ly1 nei!r ,h5ry nor ! o!r oppon5ts ( ! new ,con/itution _h ! mod]n ability to disc]n t x only appe>$ to deprive ! /ate gov]nm5ts ( mu* ( _! =m] p[]s4 ,!y c\ld n see1 !y did n "k1 t its ,fif? ,article grant$ ^? /ate gov]nm5ts ! omnipot5ce ov] individual lib]ty :i* ! ,/atute ( '#gf _h d5i$ to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,& because ,h5ry & 8 colleagues _h n ! disc]nm5t ( our lead]s1 we he> ,wilson & ! support]s ( ! ,con/itution def5d+ x aga9/ ! pla9 fact t x did rob ! /ate gov]nm5ts ( mu* ( _! =m] p[]4 ,= example1 we he> ,wilson say+3 8,! secret is n[ disclos$1 & x is discov]$ to be a dread1 t ! boa/$ /ate sov]eignties w1 "u ?is sy/em1 be disrob$ ( "p ( _! p[]4444 ,i "k v well1 sir1 t ! p h hi!rto be5 %ut out ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t2 b x is n meant t !y %\ld any long] be dispossess$ ( _! rights4 ,9 ord] to recognize ?is lead+ pr9ciple1 ! propos$ sy/em sets out ) a decl>ation t its exi/5ce dep5ds ^u ! supreme au?ority ( ! p alone4444 ,:5 ! pr9ciple is once settl$ t ! p are ! s\rce ( au?ority1 ! consequ5ce is1 t !y may take f ! subord9ate gov]nm5ts p[]s ) :i* !y h hi!rto tru/$ !m1 & place ^? p[]s 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 if x is ?\ght t !re !y w be productive ( m good4 ,!y c di/ribute "o portion ( p[] to ! m contract$ circle1 call$ /ate gov]nm5ts2 !y c also furni% ano!r proportion to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:o w und]take to say1 z a /ate (fic]1 t ! p may n give to ! g5]al gov]nm5t :at p[]s1 & = :at purposes1 !y please8 ,h[ comes x1 sir1 t ^! /ate gov]nm5ts dictate to _! sup]iors--to ! maje/y ( ! p8444 ,i h no idea t a safe sy/em ( p[] 9 ! gov]nm5t1 suffici5t to manage ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c\ld be drawn f any o!r s\rce1 or ve/$ 9 any o!r au?ority1 ?an t ( ! p at l>ge2 & ,i consid] ?is au?ority z ! rock on :i* ?is /ructure w /&4 ,if ?is pr9ciple is unf\nd$1 ! sy/em mu/ fall4444 ,) h[ mu* contempt h we se5 ! au?ority ( ! p treat$ by ! legislature ( ?is /ate60 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #ddc1 et seq47 ,b we _c /ay mu* long] 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,conv5tion4 ,x w\ld be unwise1 h[ev]1 = u to dep>t !refrom )\t he>+ ! accurate confirmation ( our own read+ & und]/&+ ( ! ,fif? ,article f its own 8apt1 precise & classic ,engli%40 ,wilson 0 expla9+ 8 opposition to ! doctr9e t a con/itution is a compact betwe5 a ma/] gov]nm5t & s]vant p4 ,9 o!r words1 he 0 expla9+ ! ,am]ican ,/atute ( '#gf1 /at+ ! legal pr9ciple t ,am]icans are n 8subjects40 8,! citiz5s ( unit$ ,am]ica1 ,i presume1 d n wi% to /& on t foot+ ) ^? to :om1 f conv5i5ce1 !y please to delegate ! ex]cise ( ! g5]al p[]s necess>y = su/a9+ & pres]v+ ! ,union4 ,!y wi% a pr9ciple e/abli%$1 by ! op]ation ( :i* ! legislatures may feel ! direct au?ority ( ! p4 ,! p1 possess+ t au?ority1 w cont9ue to ex]cise x by am5d+ & improv+ _! own "w40 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #dih47 ,to u av]age ,am]icans ?is seems l s\nd ,am]ican law & 9 /rict keep+ ) our read+ ( ! pla9 language ( ! ,fif? ,article1 z we read x ) ! ,am]icans 9 ^? old conv5tions4 ,wilson & 8 associates seem to "k ) c]ta9ty t ! ,fif? ,article is n to *ange all ! free individual ,am]icans into 8subjects0 ( ! legislative gov]nm5ts ( :i* he speaks4 ,inde$1 he calls all ^? free ,am]icans1 to "s ( :om he 0 speak+1 8! citiz5s ( ,am]ica10 al?\gh ! nation ( ,am]ica w\ld n exi/ & !y w\ld n be its citiz5s until !y & ! ,am]icans1 9 eight o!r conv5tions1 _h said 8,yes0 to ! ,con/itution !y 7 discuss+4 ,!re=e1 :5 he speaks ( t ,con/itution z e/abli%+ a pr9ciple 8by ! op]ation ( :i* ! legislatures may feel ! direct au?ority ( ! p0 or 8citiz5s ( ,am]ica10 & imm$iately adds t ^? citiz5s1 possess+ ! exclusive au?ority to ex]cise & ve/ ability to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 8w cont9ue to ex]cise x by am5d+ & improv+ _! own "w10 ! enum]at$ grants ( su* au?ority 9 ! ,fir/ ,article1 we realize ) c]ta9ty t he & 8 associates "k t ! ,fif? ,article 9 t ,con/itution does n mean t ! legislatures 7:o are to feel ! direct au?ority ( ! p7 c !reaft] ex]cise ! au?ority ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica by alt]+1 subtract+ f or add+ to ! ,fir/ ,article quantum ( delegat$ p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,9 ?is conv5tion1 :]e ! ,am]icans 9 ,p5nsylvania are assembl$1 we h he>d ! consi/5t emphasis laid ^u ! fact t ! ,con/itution is bo? a f$]al & a national ,con/itution1 ! di/9ction f all o!r con/itutions s cle>ly recogniz$ by ! ,fif? ,article m5tion ( ! two mak]s ( ,articles4 ,lat] h]e9 we w le>n h[ ?is di/9ctive quality ( our ,con/itution1 ?is di/9ction recogniz$ 9 its ,fif? ,article z well z 9 its ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 has nei!r be5 felt or ackn[l$g$ b has be5 :olly ignor$ by our mod]n 8con/itutional0 ?9k]s = five ye>s la/ pa/4 ,at ?is po9t1 !re=e1 x is well t we sit = a mom5t 9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion & li/5 to ,h5ry1 ! greate/ & mo/ det]m9$ oppon5t ( ! ,con/itution be=e x 0 adopt$4 ,) our m9ds fix$ ^u ! language ( ! ,fif? ,article & its cle> m5tion ( ! exclusive exi/+ ability ( 8conv5tions0 to make national ,articles1 a m5tion emphasiz$ by ! equally cle> recognition ( ! limit$ ability ( ! legislative /ate gov]nm5ts to make ,articles :i* are n national1 x is int]e/+ to he> ,h5ry ref] to ! diff]5ce betwe5 f$]al & national ,articles2 & x is m ?an int]e/+1 x is amaz+ly important to he> him prov+1 by ! fact t ! ,am]icans 9 ,virg9ia are assembl$ 9 "o ( ! 8conv5tions10 t ! ,articles :i* h be5 j propos$ f ,philadelphia1 are national &1 !re=e1 ( ! k9d t legislative gov]nm5ts c nev] make4 ,x is ,?ursday1 ,june #e1 #aghh1 ! day on :i* began ! immortal ,virg9ia debate4 ,= a ye>1 s9ce ! proposal f ,philadelphia1 ! new ,articles h be5 ! subject ( ! sev]e/ scrut9y on ! "p ( ^? det]m9$ to secure ! rejection ( ^? ,articles by ! ,am]ican p 9 ,virg9ia4 ,?r\gh\t all ,am]ica1 ^! ,articles h be5 exam9$ & assail$ & condemn$ 9 public writ+ & spee* by ^? equally det]m9$ to secure _! rejection by ! ,am]icans assembl$ 9 ! o!r 8conv5tions40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same ,articles h be5 expla9$ & _! necessity1 if ,am]ican individual lib]ty is to be secure1 has be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! fam\s essays :i* we n[ "k z ,! ,f$]ali/1 ne>ly all ( :i* essays 7 ! "w ( ,madison & ,hamilton1 :o are responsible = ! word+ & ! mean+ ( ! ,fif? ,article4 ,l ! o!r 8conv5tions10 assembl+ :5 all m9ds s\ght ! be/ protection = individual lib]ty aga9/ oppressive gov]nm5ts1 ! memb]s ( ! ,virg9ia conv5tion h be5 c>efully *os5 to speak ! w ( ! ,am]icans 9 ,virg9ia by a simple 8,yes0 or 8,no0 to ^! sev5 ,articles1 ! fir/ ( :i* con/itutes gov]nm5t ability to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty4 ,c\ld any?+ be m vitally important to individual lib]ty ?an t j su* 8conv5tions10 s *os51 n ! /ate legislatures1 ea* elect$ by ! citiz5s ( its own /ate = an entirely diff]5t purpose1 %\ld cont9ue to h _! exclusive ability to det]m9e h[ mu* p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om %all be surr5d]$ by ! ,am]ican p1 & h[ ! quantum 7:i* is surr5d]$7 %all be apportion$ = ex]cise betwe5 ! "o ,am]ican gov]nm5t & ! respective /ates & _! respective legislative gov]nm5ts8 ,lat] h]e9 we %all le>n h[ cle>ly ,madison & ,hamilton1 responsible = ! word+ & mean+ ( ! ,fif? ,article1 knew & appreciat$ ! practical & amaz+ importance z security to individual lib]ty1 9 ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! two mak]s 78conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican p !mselves & /ate 8legislatures07 nam$ 9 _! ,fif? ,article & 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 _! respective & exi/+ abilities to make ,articles 9 a ,con/itution :i* is bo? a f$]al & national ,con/itution4 ,&1 z we "k1 z ! ,supreme ,c\rt has decl>$ 9 ! voice ( ! ,m>%all :o sits ) u 9 t ,virg9ia conv5tion1 ! k & appreciation 0 n peculi> to ,madison & ,hamilton4 ,x 0 ! common k & appreciation ( all ! ,am]icans :o made ! ,fif? ,article 9 ^? conv5tions4 8,to ! =mation ( a league1 su* z 0 ! ,conf$]ation1 ! /ate sov]eignties 7 c]ta9ly compet5t02 b :5 a grant ( enum]at$ p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om 0 ask$1 8! legal necessity ( ref]r+ x to ! p & ( d]iv+ its p[]s directly f !m 0 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all40 ,:5 su* a grant is ask$1 :e!r x be ask$ 9 ! %ape ( ! ,fir/ ,article or ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 x is n ref]r$ to ! p at all1 unless x is s5t to !m to be consid]$ & discuss$ be=e !y *oose1 f among !mselves1 ^? ( !mselves :o w assemble 9 ! 8conv5tions0 = ! "o & sole purpose ( utt]+ ! c>efully weigh$ 8,yes0 or 8,no0 ( ! ,am]icans 9 ! /ate :]e ! p>ticul> conv5tion assembles4 ,z all 9 ^? e>ly conv5tions knew1 z ,m>%all decl>$ f ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 t assembl+ 9 ^? 8conv5tions0 is ! only way 9 :i* ! ,am]ican p c act 8safely1 effectively & wisely0 :5 ask$ = a grant ( p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 &1 z ! ,/atute ( '#gf & good s5se & practical exp]i5ce alike tea* all free m51 t is ! only way 9 :i* any j p[] ( gov]nm5t c be d]iv$ 8directly0 f ! citiz5s ^u :om x is to be ex]cis$4 ,we comm5d a c>eful ?\ght ( ?is di/9ction1 vital & important to individual human lib]ty1 to ! con/itutional ?9k]s ( #aiag & #aibj4 ,:5ev] !y read a ,fif? ,article :i* includ$ ! words 8or 9 conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(10 !y h assum$ t two mak]s ( ,articles 7 nam$ 9 ! am5d+ proc$ure ( ! ,con/itution 7:i* is bo? f$]al & national7 9 ord] t ,congress1 :5 x want$ new p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 might weigh ! *ance ( gett+ x f ea* mak] & !n ask x ei!r f ^? :o res]v$ x exclusively to !mselves1 ! 8p0 ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 or f ^? :o nev] _h x or ! ability to grant x1 ! o!r res]vee ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 8! /ates respectively0 & _! gov]nm5ts4 ,or p]haps x 0 ! concept ( ^! mod]n con/itutional ?9k]s t ! ,fif? ,article m5tions two mak]s ( ,articles m]ely t ,congress may *oose ei!r1 accord+ to its :im1 z a =tunate golf] *ooses betwe5 8 two golf suits4 ,t is _! idea ( ! security to human individual lib]ty aga9/ gov]nm5t usurpation :i* ,madison & ,hamilton & ! ,am]ican p e/abli%$ ab\t elev5 ye>s aft] !y decl>$ t no j p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om c\ld ev] be obta9$1 except f ! citiz5s ) ^: individual lib]ty ! ex]cise ( ! p[] 0 to int]f]e6 ,z ,h5ry & 8 fell[ ,am]icans 9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion _h no su* absurd concept1 we return to he> him *>ge t ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion _h exce$$ its au?ority 9 propos+ ! ,con/itution ( national gov]nm5t & to prove t ! propos$ ,con/itution 0 national by ! fact t ! ,am]icans 9 ,virg9ia are assembl$ 9 8conv5tion0 to say 8,yes0 or 8,no0 to t ,con/itution1 :]eas1 if x _h consi/$ only ( f$]al ,articles1 x w\ld h be5 s5t to ! legislatures4 8,! di/9ction betwe5 a national gov]nm5t & a conf$]acy is n suffici5tly disc]n$4 ,_h ! delegates1 :o 7 s5t to ,philadelphia1 a p[] to propose a consolidat$ gov]nm5t in/ead ( a conf$]acy8 ,7 !y n deput$ by /ates1 & n by ! p8 ,! ass5t ( ! p1 9 _! collective capacity1 is n necess>y to ! =mation ( a f$]al gov]nm5t4444 ,!y are n ! prop] ag5ts = ?is purpose4 ,/ates & =eign p[]s are ! only prop] ag5ts = ?is k9d ( gov]nm5t4 ,%[ me an in/ance :]e ! p h ex]cis$ ?is bus9ess4 ,has x n always gone ?r\gh ! legislatures8444 ,are ! p1 !re=e1 9 _! aggregate capacity1 ! prop] p]sons to =m a conf$]acy8 ,?is1 !re=e1 ought to dep5d on ! cons5t ( ! legislatures1 ! p hav+ nev] s5t delegates to make any proposition = *ang+ ! gov]nm5t40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #eb47 ,9 ^! words1 z always 9 ! conv5tion :]e we sit & li/5 to him1 ,h5ry atte/s ! univ]sal k1 common to advocate & oppon5t ( ! propos$ ,con/itution1 t ! ,con/itution has n be5 ref]r$ to ! /ate gov]nm5ts because ( _! absolute inability to con/itute gov]nm5t ( individuals1 to give to gov]nm5t any p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty4 ,9 ?is1 he & ! o!rs b e*o ! k ( ! ,am]icans at ,concord1 on t ,octob] day1 elev5 ye>s e>li]1 :]e !y return$ a propos$ ,con/itution ) ,articles ( t k9d to ! legislature :i* _h propos$ x4 ,we recall _! own /atem5ts t ev5 a supreme legislative gov]nm5t 8ei!r 9 _! prop] capacity or 9 jo9t committee1 are by no means a body prop] to =m & e/abli% a ,con/itution40 ,we recall _! /atem5ts ( ! important k t 8a ,con/itution1 alt]able0 ev5 8by ! supreme legislative1 is no security at all aga9/ ! encroa*m5t ( ! gov]n+ "p on any or on all _! rights & privileges40 ,b we also he>1 9 ^! words ( ,h5ry1 8 k--! k ( all ,am]icans at t "t--( some?+ else int]e/+ & important to u4 ,we he> him twice id5tify ! assembl+ ( ! ,am]ican p1 9 ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles1 z ! p 89 _! collective capacity0 & ! p 89 _! aggregate capacity40 ,z we he> him1 & z we he> ,wilson 9 ! ,p5nsylvania conv5tion /at+ t 89 ?is ,con/itution ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica appe> disp5s+ a portion ( _! p[]10 z we he> simil> /atem5ts 9 all ^? 8conv5tions10 we s5se ! univ]sal k ( all ^? conv5tions t !y are ! ,am]ican p1 ! citiz5s ( ! new republic4 ,& lat] h]e91 ) our education ( #agij complet$ by sitt+ 9 ^! v conv5tions1 we int5d to li/5 7) amazem5t & )\t ! slighte/ belief7 to ! rem>kable /atem5ts ( #aiag & #aibj1 t ! /ates1 political entities1 made our ,con/itution or t ! citiz5s ( ! diff]5t /ates1 9 _! capacity z su* citiz5s1 gave to ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t ! enum]at$ ,fir/ ,article p[]s to int]f]e ) ! individual lib]ty ( ! citiz5s ( t entirely diff]5t & great] nation1 ,am]ica4 ,impress$ by ,h5ry's k t ! conv5tions :i* made ! ,con/itution 7 ! p ( ,am]ica1 89 _! collective capacity10 89 _! aggregate capacity10 & impress$ ) ,wilson's k t 8! citiz5s ( ,am]ica0--n ! /ates or ! citiz5s ( ! /ates--8are se5 disp5s+ a portion ( _! p[]10 we are go+ to laugh at ! concepts ( #aiag & #aibj & "k t ,m>%all 0 "r :5 he said1 speak+ ( ! ,am]ican p & _! assembl+ 9 ^? 8conv5tions03 8,x is true1 !y assembl$ 9 _! sev]al /ates1 & :]e else c\ld !y h assembl$8444 ,:5 !y act1 !y act 9 _! /ates4 ,b ! measures !y adopt d n1 on t acc\nt1 cease to be ! measures ( ! p !mselves or become ! measures ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts40 ,yet1 :5 we lat] come to ! mod]n days ( #aiag & #aibj1 we %all see all our lead]s1 :e!r = or aga9/ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 bl&ly assume a mo/ extraord9>y mean+ f ! ,fif? ,article m5tion ( ! /ate legislatures4 ,n a s+le memb] ( any /ate legislature is elect$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,moreov]1 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly decl>es t ! ,con/itution--t great p[] ( attorney f ,am]ican citiz5s to _! only ,am]ican gov]nm5t--gives no p[] :atev] to ! /ates or _! gov]nm5ts4 ,nev]!less1 ) amusem5t & absolute incr$ulity1 we %all he> e /atesman ( #aiag & e lawy] ( #aibj assume & act & argue ^u ! extraord9>y concept t ! ,fif? ,article ( t ,con/itution is a great p[] ( attorney to ! /ate legislatures z attorneys 9 fact = ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 8,we all "k ! sev]e scrut9y to :i* ! ,con/itution 0 expos$--"s f _! own k1 o!rs f diff]5t s\rces4 ,we "k ) :at jeal\sy1 ) :at wat*fulness1 ) :at scrupul\s c>e its m9ute/ provisions 7 exam9$1 discuss$1 resi/$1 & support$ by ^? :o oppos$ & ^? :o advocat$ its ratification40 7#d ,ell4 ,deb4 #dhf47 ,s spoke ,m>t9 ,van ,bur5 9 ! ,s5ate on ,april #g1 #ahbf4 ,we sit 9 ! conv5tions :i* made ! ,con/itution ( :i* he spoke4 ,we li/5 to e ^w t is said !re94 ,we he> ! ,fif? ,article expla9$ by its word]1 ,madison1 z no?+ b a mode ( proc$ure4 ,f n "o ( ! oppon5ts ( ! ,con/itution1 n ev5 f ,h5ry1 d we he> a s+le ^w ( attack ^u ! ,fif? ,article except z to ! weakness ( ! mode ( proc$ure :i* x provides = evok+ ! p[] ( ! 8p0 !mselves1 assembl$ 9 8conv5tions0 ( ! v same k9d1 to )draw f ! "o ,am]ican legislature1 ! ,congress1 "s enum]at$ p[] ( ! ,fir/ ,article :i* is f\nd oppressive to individual lib]ty4 ,on ! contr>y1 we n only he> no s+le ^w ( compla9t t ! ,fif? ,article or any ,article gives "o iota ( p[] to ! /ate legislatures1 b ! :ole compla9t ( all ! oppon5ts ( ! ,con/itution :i* we d he> is t x practically de/roys all exi/+ ability & p[] ( ^? /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,only a mom5t ago we h he>d ,h5ry ask3 8,if y adopt ?is ,con/itution1 :y cont9ue ! /ate legislatures at all80 ,anticipat+ ! extraord9>y concept :i* we are lat] to he> 9 #aiag & #aibj1 t ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica by ! ,fif? ,article made a collection ( ! /ate legislatures an omnipot5t gov]nm5t ov] ev]y?+ 9 ,am]ica1 includ+ e individual "r1 we wond] if ! con/itutional ?9k]s ( #aiag & #aibj rememb] t we are sitt+ ) a p :o1 j five ye>s be=e ! conv5tions 9 :i* !y & we sit1 end$ an eight-ye> w> to make c]ta9 t !re nev] aga9 %\ld be a gov]nm5t ( t k9d 9 ,am]ica1 to make c]ta9 t !y !mselves %\ld nev] be ! 8subjects0 ( any gov]nm5t or ! citiz5s ( any nation ^: gov]nm5t %\ld h ev5 "o p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty1 except p[] ( t k9d grant$ directly by its citiz5s !mselves4 ,x 0 ,macla9e 9 ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a conv5tion :o fir/ us$ ! exact expression t ! ,am]icans1 :o sit 9 ! conv5tions :]e we are1 7 a p 8bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w40 ,9 ! same conv5tion1 on ,july #bi1 #aghh1 ?is is :at he _h to say ab\t ! consi/5t attack ^u ! ,con/itution1 because x robb$ ! /ate legislative gov]nm5ts ( s mu* ( _! previ\s p[]4 8,mr4 ,*airman1 t x w de/roy ! /ate sov]eignty is a v popul> argum5t4444 ,gov]nm5t is =m$ = ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( ! p at l>ge4 ,! p[]s giv5 x are = _! own good4444 ,! p[]s to be giv5 ! g5]al gov]nm5t are propos$ to be )drawn f ! au?ority ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 9 ord] to protect & secure ! union at l>ge4 ,?is proposal is made to ! p4 ,no man w d5y _! au?ority to delegate p[]s & recall !m1 9 all free c\ntries4444 ,x may be ju/ly said t x ! ,con/itution :i* conta9s ! ,fif? ,article dim9i%es ! p[] ( ! /ate legislatures1 & ! dim9ution is necess>y to ! safety & prosp]ity ( ! p40 7#d ,ell4 ,deb4 #ahj47 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld h surpris$ ,macla9e1 z well z all ! ,am]icans 9 ^? conv5tions1 to h he>d any "o ( !mselves /at+ t ! same ,con/itution ve/$ ! /ate gov]nm5ts ) an omnipot5ce !y _h nev] possess$1 ! v omnipot5ce d5i$ to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t elev5 ye>s e>li]4 ,9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion we he> ,madison1 :o draft$ & sugge/$ ! ,fif? ,article at ,philadelphia1 speak ( ! important di/9ction betwe5 ! mak]s ( ! f$]al ,articles ( #agha1 only sev5 ye>s made1 :5 we sit 9 t ,virg9ia conv5tion1 & ! 8conv5tion0 mak]s ( ! propos$ ,articles ( ! new national ,con/itution4 ,if ^! 8conv5tions0 make x1 he says1 x w be a gov]nm5t e/abli%$1 n ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! legislatures b by ! p at l>ge4 ,fie goes on to say 8,9 ?is p>ticul> respect1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! exi/+ & propos$ gov]nm5ts is v mat]ial4 ,! exi/+ sy/em has be5 d]iv$ f ! dep5d5t d]ivative au?ority ( ! legislatures ( ! /ates2 :]eas ?is is d]iv$ f ! sup]ior p[] ( ! p4 ,if we look at ! mann] 9 :i* alt]ations are to be made10 n[ ref]r+ directly to ! ,fif? ,article1 8! same idea is1 9 "s degree1 att5d$ to40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #id47 ,we feel t x w be q difficult1 :5 we come lat] to ! con/itutional ?9k]s ( #aiag & #aibj1 = !m to conv9ce u t ,madison meant 8 ,fif? ,article to alt] 8! dep5d5t d]ivative au?ority ( ! legislatures ( ! /ate0 &1 :5ev] ano!r gov]nm5t makes ! sugge/ion1 put t dep5d5t au?ority above :at he calls 8! sup]ior p[] ( ! p40 ,& we feel t ^! 8con/itutional ?9k]s0 w f9d x impossible to conv9ce u :5 we recall ,madison's o!r words1 directly ref]r+ to 8 ,fif? ,article & ! exi/+ p[] ( ! p1 m5tion$ !re9 by ! ^w 8conv5tions40 ,^! are ! words to :i* we allude3 8,7 x 8 ,fif? ,article :olly national1 ! supreme & ultimate au?ority w\ld reside 9 ! majority ( ! p ( ! ,union1 & ?is au?ority w\ld be compet5t at all times1 l t ( a majority ( e national society1 to alt] or aboli% its e/abli%$ gov]nm5t40 ,x is ,madison himself :o puts ! "o ^w 8majority0 9 italics4 ,he does s to call att5tion to ! fact t 8 ,article leaves 8! supreme & ultimate au?ority0 9 ! p 7nam$ z 8conv5tions0 9 8 ,article7 b n necess>ily capable ( ex]cise by ! majority 9 any con/itutional mann]4 ,he goes on to expla9 ?is v fact by say+ t :5 ! mode ( proc$ure prescrib$ 9 8 ,article is read1 x is f\nd t 89 requir+ m ?an a majority1 & p>ticul>ly 9 comput+ ! proportion by /ates1 n by citiz5s1 x dep>ts f ! national & advances t[>ds ! f$]al "*40 7,f$4 ,no4 #ci47 ,9 ,new ,york we f9d ,hamilton1 :o second$ ! sugge/ion ( ,madison's ,fif? ,article at ,philadelphia1 almo/ imm$iately aft] he _h /at$ t !re w\ld be no dang] 9 p]mitt+ ,congress to propose am5dm5ts s9ce 8! f9al decision 9 ! case w re/ ) ! p40 ,z we recall1 ,hamilton said ?is :5 ! t5tative ,fif? ,article m5tion$ no "o b ! p1 8conv5tions10 z ! mak] ( future ,articles1 because he & ,madison & _! associates at ,philadelphia1 ^: m9ds _h s f> be5 conc5trat$ ^u ! national ,fir/ ,article1 _h n yet grasp$ ! fact1 lat] /at$ by ,hamilton to be 8 conviction1 t all future *anges w\ld probably relate 8to ! organization ( gov]nm5t & n to ! mass ( its p[]s40 ,we are1 !re=e1 int]e/$ to f9d ,hamilton1 9 ,new ,york1 on ,friday1 ,decemb] #ad1 #aghg1 po9t+ out t 8,x has n a little contribut$ to ! infirmities ( ! exi/+ f$]al sy/em t x nev] _h a ratification by ! ,,p4 ,re/+ on no bett] f\ndation ?an ! cons5t ( ! sev]al legislatures1 x has be5 expos$ to frequ5t & intricate que/ions conc]n+ ! validity ( its p[]s4444 ,! possibility ( a "q ( ?is nature proves ! necessity ( lay+ ! f\ndations ( our national gov]nm5t ! ,fir/ ,article grant ( national p[]s deep] ?an 9 ! m]e sanction ( delegat$ au?ority ref]r+ directly to ! /ate legislatures :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,! fabric ( ,am]ican empire ought to re/ on ! solid basis ,,( ,,! ,,cons5t ,,( ,,! ,,p4 ,! /reams ( national p[] ought to fl[ imm$iately f t pure1 orig9al f\nta9 ( all legitimate au?ority40 7,f$4 ,no4 #bb47 ,! capitals are ^? ( ,hamilton himself4 ,we r feel t 8 /ress ^u ! 8,,p0 %>ply contra/$ ) ! /ate 8legislatures10 z ! only legitimate direct s\rce ( national p[]1 su* z is grant$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 w be some:at ( a %ock to ! 8con/itutional ?9k]s0 ( #aiag & #aibj4 ,sitt+ 9 ! conv5tions ( old1 we r recognize ! capitaliz$ words1 :]e ,hamilton says t national p[] 9 ,am]ica 8ought to re/ on ! solid basis ( ! ,,cons5t ,,( ,,! ,,p10 z a direct e*o f ! ,/atute ( '#gf1 enact$ only elev5 ye>s be=e ^? conv5tions4 ,t ,/atute says t e j p[] ( gov]nm5t mu/ be d]iv$ directly f ! gov]n$4 ,& we become r conv9c$ t ,hamilton & ,madison1 :5 submitt+ ! ,fif? ,article at ,philadelphia1 nev] word$ x s t national p[] 9 ,am]ica c\ld be grant$ ?r\gh ! illegitimate au?ority ( ! /ate legislatures1 :5 we read :at ei!r "o or bo? ( !m h to say on ,tuesday1 ,febru>y #e1 #aghh1 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,no4 #di4 8,z ! p are ! only legitimate f\nta9 ( p[]1 & x is f !m t ! con/itutional *>t]1 "u :i* ! sev]al bran*es ( gov]nm5t hold _! p[]1 is d]iv$1 x seems /rictly consonant to ! republican !ory to recur to ! same orig9al au?ority0--a direct ref]5ce to ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles--8:5ev] x may be necess>y to enl>ge1 dim9i%1 or new-model ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t40 ,if we ev] _h any d\bt z to :at ,hamilton meant ! ,fif? ,article to provide1 our d\bt is end$ =ev] :5 we he> ,hamilton1 9 ! ,new ,york ,conv5tion1 speak ( ! /ate legislatures1 :i* ! 8con/itutional ?9k]s0 ( #aiag & #aibj assume to h be5 made attorney 9 fact = ! ,am]ican p = e purpose by t ,fif? ,article4 8,look ?r\gh _! hi/ory10 he says1 speak+ ( ^? /ate legislative gov]nm5ts4 8,:at factions h aris5 f ! mo/ trifl+ causes6 ,:at intrigues h be5 practic$ = ! mo/ illib]al purposes6 ,is n ! ,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl&1 at ?is mom5t1 /ruggl+ "u difficulties & di/resses1 = hav+ be5 l$ bl9dly by ! _s ( ! multitude8 ,:at is h] legislature b ! picture ( a mob80 ,mo/ ( ! /ates 8are ei!r gov]n$ by a s+le democratic assembly1 or h a s5ate con/itut$ entirely ^u democratic pr9ciples4 ,^! h be5 m or less embroil$ 9 factions1 & h g5]ally be5 ! image & e*o ( ! multitude4444 ,let u bew>e t we d n make ! /ate legislatures a vehicle 9 :i* ! evil humors may be convey$ into ! national sy/em40 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #cag47 ,:5 ,hamilton knew t ^! /ate legislatures 7 n ! legitimate s\rce ( national p[]s 9 a republic & :5 he _h ?is view ( _! g5]al "*1 w any sane man believe t he advocat$ t ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica %\ld make ^! legislatures 7al?\gh ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica elect n a s+le memb] 9 !m7 absolute attorney 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica = all purposes8 ,w any sane man believe t he propos$ to sub/itute !m1 z grantors ( national p[]1 = ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article1 :i* 8conv5tions0 already excit$ ! admiration ( ! entire _w1 accord+ to ! au?or ( ! ,fif? ,article1 z ! only safe or effective mode 9 :i* ! free citiz5s ( a nation c\ld ve/ its gov]nm5t ) any p[] to int]f]e ) _! own individual lib]ty4 8,! au?ority ( ,con/itutions ov] gov]nm5ts1 & ! sov]eignty ( ! p ov] ,con/itutions1 are tru?s :i* are at all times necess>y to be kept 9 m9d2 & at no "t1 p]haps1 m necess>y ?an at pres5t40 ,?is impressive /atem5t ( ! tru? t ! 8gov]nm5ts10 /ate 8legislatures10 nev] 7 plac$ by ! ,fif? ,article above ! ,con/itution 9 :i* x is1 & above ! sov]eignty ( ! p1 m5tion$ !re9 z 8conv5tions10 & _c be plac$ !re by ano!r gov]nm5t1 ! ,congress1 is n a /atem5t made 9 ! heat ( ! controv]sy ab\t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,x is ! /atem5t ( ,james ,madison1 au?or ( ! ,fif? ,article1 made 9 ! ,virg9ia ,h\se ( ,delegates 9 #agii2 ,x is becom+ almo/ impossible = u1 z we sit 9 ^! conv5tions & he> e ^w t is said1 to und]/& ! s\rce ( ! mod]n ?\ght1 if we c dignify x by call+ x 8?\ght10 t ! ,fif? ,article is a p[] ( attorney f ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica to ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 e memb] ( :i* is elect$ by ! citiz5s ( ! respective /ates & n by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,x is beg9n+ to gr[ ^u u t any su* 8?\ght0 is bas$ on %e] assumption & t ! entire record ( ! 8conv5tions0 is a clos$ book to ^? :o hold ! assumption4 ,we "k t !y h ! explicit /atem5t ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 t ! ,con/itution gives no p[] ( any k9d to any donee except ! "o new ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 ! gov]nm5t ) ! enum]at$ p[]s ( ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,z no p[] ( attorney 0 ev] writt5 or c be conceiv$ except "o :i* grants ! attorney 9 fact "s p[]1 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t makes absolutely c]ta9 t nei!r ! ,fif? ,article nor ! entire ,con/itution gives to ! /ate legislatures any p[] z attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,moreov]1 brea?+ ! atmosph]e ( ^? fir/ 8conv5tions0 ( ! k9d nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles1 ! 8conv5tions0 :]e individual lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican is ! only object ( advocate & oppon5t ( ! ,articles "u consid]ation1 we beg9 to s5se t ! hold]s ( ! impossible assumption h nev] fully grasp$ ! amaz+ & vital di/9ction betwe5 8/ate legislatures0 & 8conv5tions0 ( ! k9d nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles4 ,:5 we %all he> ! 8con/itutional ?9k]s0 ( #aiag & #aibj speak ( ! 8legislatures0 & ! 8conv5tions0 z two diff]5t ag5ts giv5 omnipot5t attorney%ip 9 fact ov] all ! individual rights ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 we %all wond] if ^! ?9k]s appreciate t ! 8/ate legislatures0 are p]man5t bodies1 always exi/+1 & t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article are1 to ! 8conv5tions0 9 :i* we sit1 bodies t nev] w\ld h an exi/5ce until "s future mom5t1 :5 ! ,am]ican citiz5s !mselves w\ld aga9 be call$ to assemble 9 & ?us make ^? 8conv5tions40 ,no?+ c\ld %[ m cle>ly t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article look$ ^u ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article1 n z ! donee ( any p[] ( attorney1 b z !mselves or _! po/]ity1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 assembl+ aga9 to det]m9e :e!r !re %all be any *ange 9 ! di/ribution ( p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual lib]ty4 ,& our ?\ght1 re-e*o$ aga9 & aga9 by ,m>%all & o!rs f ! ,b5* ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! c5tury t foll[s ! fir/ assembl+ ( ^! 8conv5tions10 seems b ! repetition ( :at we he> said 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,conv5tion z ! tribute ( its ,am]icans to ! ,fif? ,article4 ,on ,janu>y #bc1 #aghh1 ! ,am]icans1 assembl$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 took up ! consid]ation ( t ,article4 ,z 9 e conv5tion1 !re _h be5 great opposition to ! e>li] ,articles2 z 9 e conv5tion1 ne>ly all ( x _h be5 to ! great national p[]s ( ! ,fir/ ,article grant$ to ! new gov]nm5t & tak5 f ! /ate gov]nm5ts2 &1 z 9 e conv5tion1 almo/ all ( ?is opposition _h be5 ! cont9u$ compla9t t ! /ate gov]nm5ts 7 be+ de/roy$4 ,x 0 n t ! ,am]icans lov$ ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,! tru? is t1 l e natural human be+1 !y object$ to all gov]nm5ts4 ,_! sole ?\ght 0 fe> ( oppressive gov]nm5t infr+em5t ^u _! individual lib]ty4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! ,am]icans 9 ea* conv5tion fe>$ _! own legislative gov]nm5t less ?an ! new propos$ ,congress1 because !y w\ld elect all ! memb]s ( ! =m] & only a few memb]s ( ! latt]4 ,if x _h be5 sugge/$1 by any ( ! _m oppon5ts ( ! new ,con/itution1 t any possible twi/+ ( ! words ( ! ,fif? ,article meant t gov]nm5ts outside _! /ate1 n "o ( ^: memb]s !y !mselves w\ld elect1 c\ld infr+e ^u _! e individual "r1 )\t any con/itutional re/ra9t1 ! record ( e conv5tion w\ld h be5 "o unanim\s 8,,no10 aga9/ ! new ,con/itution4 ,b1 z no 8con/itutional ?9k]0 ( #aiag or #aibj sat 9 any ( ^? conv5tions1 no su* sugge/ion 0 ev] made !re94 ,& s1 on t ,janu>y #bc1 we he> ! ,fif? ,article read 9 t ,massa*usetts conv5tion1 & we see ,rufus ,k+ ris+ & we he> him /ate t 8,he believ$ g5tlem5 _h n1 9 _! objections to ! ,con/itution1 recollect$ t ?is ,article 0 a "p ( x2 = _m ( ! argum5ts ( g5tlem5 7 f\nd$ on ! idea ( future am5dm5ts be+ impracticable40 ,he dwelt 8on ! sup]ior excell5ce ( ! propos$ ,con/itution 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & call$ ^u g5tlem5 to produce an in/ance1 9 any o!r national con/itution1 :]e ! p _h s fair an opportunity to correct any abuse :i* might take place 9 ! future adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t "u x40 ,& !n we he> ,dr4 ,j>vis3 8,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i _c suff] ! pres5t ,article to be pass$1 )\t ris+ to express my entire & p]fect approbation ( x4 ,:atev] may h be5 my private op9ion ( any o!r "p1 or :atev] faults or imp]fections ,i h rem>k$1 or fanci$ ,i h se51 9 any o!r in/ance1 "h1 sir1 ,i h f\nd complete satisfaction3 ?is has be5 a re/+ place1 on :i* ,i h repos$ myself 9 ! fulle/ security1 :5ev] a d\bt has occurr$1 9 consid]+ any o!r passage 9 ! propos$ ,con/itution4 ,! honorable g5tleman la/ speak+ has call$ ^u ^? p]sons :o are oppos$ to our receiv+ ! pres5t sy/em1 to %[ ano!r gov]nm5t1 9 :i* su* a wise precaution has be5 tak5 to secure to ! p ! "r ( mak+ su* alt]ations & am5dm5ts1 9 a peaceable way1 z exp]i5ce %all h prov$ to be necess>y4 ,all[ me to say1 sir1 z f> z ! n>r[ limits ( my own in=mation ext5d1 ,i "k ( no su* example4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 sir1--unhappily = mank9d1--! hi/ory ( _! respective revolutions has be5 writt5 9 blood2 & x is 9 ?is only t any great or important *ange 9 our political situation has be5 effect$1 )\t public commotions4 ,:5 we %all h adopt$ ! ,con/itution be=e u1 we %all h 9 ?is ,article an adequate provision = all ! purposes ( political re=mation4 ,if1 9 ! c\rse ( its op]ation1 ?is gov]nm5t %all appe> to be too sev]e1 "h are ! means by :i* ?is sev]ity may be assuag$ & correct$4444 ,we h unit$ aga9/ ! ,briti%2 we h unit$ 9 call+ ! late f$]al conv5tion2 & we may c]ta9ly unite aga9 9 su* alt]ations z 9 reason %all appe> to be important = ! peace & happ9ess ( ,am]ica40 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #aaf47 ,no man ev] voic$ su* s5tim5ts1 no conv5tions ( ,am]icans ev] li/5$ to !m1 ) any k or ?\ght t ! ,fif? ,article1 8! wise precaution0 to secure ! lib]ty ( ! individual if ! gov]nm5t ) ! national p[]s ( ! ,fir/ ,article oppress$ t lib]ty1 0 itself a grant to ano!r gov]nm5t1 t5 legislatures outside ( ! ,massa*usetts 9 :i* t conv5tion 0 held1 to infr+e ^u ! individual lib]ty ( e ,am]ican 9 ,massa*usetts on e subject )\t any con/itutional re/ra9t4 ,& s1 we av]age ,am]icans end our education 9 ! only 8conv5tions10 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? or ! ,fif? ,articles1 :i* yet h assembl$4 ,& we end t education kn[+ t !re is no?+ any:]e 9 ! ,con/itution ^? conv5tions adopt$1 & especially no?+ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 :i* *ang$ ! free ,am]ican into a subject ( any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,ev]y?+ we h he>d--& :at we h repeat$ is b little ( :at we h he>d--s]ves b to emphasize ! only mean+ ( its 8apt1 precise & classic ,engli%10 ! pla9 mean+ :i* we got f its language :5 we read x at ! beg9n+ ( ^! conv5tions ) ! ,am]icans :o made x4 ,x is1 z its au?or expla9$ x1 naught b a con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* may be !reaft] ex]cis$1 9 a con/itutional mann]1 ei!r ! limit$ ability ( /ate gov]nm5ts to make ,articles :i* d n conc]n !mselves ) ! infr+em5t ( individual lib]ty or ! unlimit$ ability ( ! p !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! k9d 9 :i* we h sat1 to make any ,articles4 ,! proc$ure prescrib$ = su* con/itutional ex]cise is simplicity itself to ^? :o sit 9 ^? conv5tions4 ,x is exactly ! proc$ure j foll[$ 7up to ! po9t :]e ! "w ( any propos] ( a new ,article & its mode ( ratification mu/ end7 by ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion :i* draft$ x & ! o!r six ,articles4 ,! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion f\nd itself )\t any ,,con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* c\ld be evok$ to ex]cise ! exi/+ & exclusive p[] ( ! p ( ,am]ica to grant any gov]nm5t p[] to infr+e ^u ! individual lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,!re be+ no con/itutional mode ( proc$ure1 no designat$ body to draft ,articles ) su* grants & to propose !m & to asc]ta9 & propose ! valid mode ( ratification = !m1 ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion did t "w1 guid$ only by basic ,am]ican doctr9e1 ! ,/atute ( '#gf & ! exp]i5ce ( ! 8conv5tions0 :i* _h made ! national ,articles ( #aggf4 ,x foll[$ a c]ta9 mode ( proc$ure 9 ! do+ ( ^! ?+s1 kn[+ & /at+ t to draft ,articles & propose !m & asc]ta9 & propose ! "r mode ( ratification = !m is n ! ex]cise ( any p[]4 ,) a k :i* we ( a lat] g5]ation nev] %\ld h =gott5--& :i* we :o h be5 educat$ ) !m nev] w =get--! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion knew t !re 7 two mak]s ( ,articles 9 ,am]ica1 ea* ( :i* _h ex]cis$ its respective & diff]5t ability to make !m1 dur+ ! elev5 ye>s :i* prec$$ ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion4 ,!y knew t e ,article t 0 national c\ld be made by no "o b ! p !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions10 :i* _h made ! national ,articles ( '#gf & :i* are nam$ z ! mak]s ( all future ,articles ( t k9d 9 ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles propos$ by ,philadelphia4 ,& s1 :5 ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion _h draft$ its ,articles & 0 ab\t to propose !m1 x recogniz$ ! legal necessity ( asc]ta9+1 f ! nature ( ^? ,articles1 :e!r !y 7 9 ! p[] ( bo? or only ( "o ( ^? exi/+ mak]s ( ,articles4 ,9 ! asc]ta9m5t1 ) _! m9ds on ! ,fir/ ,article grants ( national p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty1 !y knew t no gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica c\ld make an ,article ( t k9d4 ,_! asc]ta9m5t 0 !n end$ & !y knew t !y mu/ propose t mode ( ratification :i* w\ld s5d _! ,articles to ! only valid ratifi]s1 ! p !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles4 ,?is 0 ! proc$ure !y _h foll[$1 :5 !re 0 no con/itutional mode ( proc$ure provid$4 ,& s1 ) ! extraord9>y wisdom t *>act]iz$ ev]y?+ !y did1 t ,philadelphia ,conv5tion wrote exactly ! same proc$ure into ! ,fif? ,article s t nev] aga9 !re might be lack+ 9 ,am]ica a con/itutional mode ( proc$ure = ! evok+ & ! ex]cise ( ! only p[] t is ev] ex]cis$ :5 con/itutional ,articles are made1 ! p[] ( mak+ !m4 ,z ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion end$ its exi/5ce ) its own proposals1 "s new body _h to d t "w1 :5 any new ,article 0 to be propos$4 ,z ! "w ( ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion _h n be5 ! ex]cise ( any p[] b m]ely ! "w ( propos+1 x 0 a c]ta9ty t ! new con/itutional mode1 exactly ! same mode z t ( ,philadelphia1 w\ld also be ! ex]cise ( no p[]4 ,& s1 ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion nam$ ! ,congress 7or a conv5tion dem&$ by ! /ate legislatures7 to d ! "w ( ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion 9 draft+ & propos+ any new ,article1 & x nam$ ! ,congress to p]=m ! duty ( asc]ta9+ 7by ! nature ( ! new draft$ ,article7 :i* ( ! two mak]s c\ld make x1 & !n to propose a mode ( ratification by :i* x w\ld be validly ratifi$ by su* compet5t mak]4 ,z to ! only p[]s ev] to be ex]cis$ 9 ! mak+ ( any new ,article1 ! p[] ( legislatures to make f$]al ,articles1 & ! exclusive p[] ( ! p or 8conv5tions0 to make national ,articles1 ! con/itutional mode ( proc$ure did n 7nor c\ld x1 if ,am]icans 7 n to become 8subjects07 give ! gov]nm5ts any ( ! exclusive ability ( ! p or 8conv5tions10 & x did n 7nor c\ld x1 if ,am]ica 7 to be a republic7 alt] ! exi/+ ability ( ! majority ( ! ,am]ican p to make _! gov]nm5ts :at !y w4 ,b1 = ! v practical purpose :i* ,madison s cle>ly expla9$1 ! purpose ( provid+ "s *eck ^u ! tyranny ( ! majority or an aggressive m9ority ov] ! individual rights ( all ,am]icans1 ! ,fif? ,article proc$ure c\ld & did fail to provide any ,,con/itutional me?od 9 :i* gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty1 z all surr5d]$ p[] ( t k9d 0 di/ribut$ betwe5 diff]5t gov]nm5ts 9 ! ,con/itution1 c\ld be *ang$ 9 any way or transf]r$ f "o gov]nm5t to ano!r1 unless ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s 9 ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ates said 8,yes0 to any propos$ *ange or transf]4 ,! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion hav+ propos$ ?is p>ticul> *eck ^u ! exi/+ ability ( ! p !mselves to oppress individual lib]ty1 a *eck :i* makes ! words 8by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(0 by f> ! mo/ important words1 ! ,fif? ,article goes on to prescribe exactly ! same *eck on ! ex]cise ( ! ability ( ! /ate legislatures to make f$]al ,articles4 ,t ! ,fif? ,article1 a con/itutional mode ( proc$ure = ! ex]cise ( two diff]5t exi/+ abilities1 0 n a grant ( any p[] to ! /ate legislative gov]nm5ts is some?+ t 0 kn[n to e man 9 ! conv5tions :i* made t ,fif? ,article4 ,9 ! ,p5nsylvania conv5tion1 ,wilson pla9ly /at$ ! k ( all t ! supreme p[] 8resides 9 ! p1 z ! f\nta9 ( gov]nm5t2 t ! p h n--t ! p meant n--& t ! p ought n--to "p ) x to any gov]nm5t :atsoev]4 ,9 _! h&s x rema9s secure4 ,!y c delegate x 9 su* proportions to su* bodies1 on su* t]ms1 & "u su* limitations1 z !y ?9k prop]4 ,i agree ) ! memb]s 9 opposition1 t !re _c be two sov]eign p[]s on ! same subject4444 ,my position is1 sir1 t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! supreme1 absolute1 & uncontrollable p[] resides 9 ! p at l>ge40 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #def et seq47 ,:5 m ?an half a c5tury _h pass$1 ! same ?+ 0 kn[n to ^? :o knew ,am]ican ,con/itutional ,law4 8,x is obvi\sly impossible = ! :ole p to meet1 prep>e & discuss ! propos$ alt]ations1 & !re seems to be no feasible mode by :i* an expression ( _! w c be obta9$1 except by ask+ x ^u ! s+le po9t ( ass5t or disapproval4 ,b no body ( repres5tatives1 unless specially clo!d ) p[] = t purpose by ! p :5 *oos+ !m1 ergo1 no p]man5t /ate gov]nm5ts or legislatures c rightfully take def9itive action ^u am5dm5ts or revisions2 !y mu/ submit ! result ( _! delib]ations to ! p--,,:o ,,alone ,,are ,,compet5t ,,to ,,ex]cise ,,! ,,p[]s ,,( ,,sov]eignty ,,9 ,,fram+ ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,law--= ratification or rejection40 ,s spoke ! great ,cooley 9 ref]5ce to mak+ *anges 9 national con/itutions 9 8 "w on ,con/itutional ,limitations 7#g? ed41 #aijc1 at p4 #fa74 ,:5 "o hundr$ & sev5te5 ye>s _h pass$ s9ce ! conv5tions 9 :i* we j sat1 ! same ?+ 0 kn[n 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 #aijg4 ,! p[]s ! p h giv5 to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t are nam$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 & all n !re nam$1 ei!r expressly or by implication1 are res]v$ to ! p & c be ex]cis$ only by !m1 or ^u fur!r grant f !m4 7,ju/ice ,brew] 9 ,turn] v4 ,williams1 #aid ,u4 ,s4 #bgi47 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,sev5te5 ,,articles ,,respect ,,human ,,fre$om 8,= my own "p1 ,i ackn[l$ge a ?or\gh conviction t ,am5dm5ts :i* may1 ^u mature consid]ation1 be ?\ght useful1 w be applicable to ! organization ( ! gov]nm5t1 n to ! mass ( its p[]s40 7,f$4 ,no4 #he47 ,?is 0 ! /atem5t ( ,hamilton to ! ,am]ican p :5 he 0 ask+ !m1 ab\t to assemble 9 _! conv5tions1 to make _! ,fir/ ,article grants ( enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om & to make _! ,fif? ,article mode ( proc$ure1 9 :i* !y c\ld ex]cise ,,con/itutionally _! exclusive ability1 assembl$ aga9 9 8conv5tions10 to add or subtract f t grant ( enum]at$ p[]s ( t k9d4 ,:5 he us$ ! words1 8mass ( its p[]s10 he ref]r$ directly to t ,fir/ ,article grant4 ,x conta9s all ! p[]s t 7 ev] giv5 to any gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,he knew :at ! ,supreme ,c\rt cle>ly decl>$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates v4 ,cruik%ank1 #ib ,u4 ,s4 #edb1 t1 beyond ! scope ( its enum]at$ p[]s1 !re is no gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,he knew t1 9 ! geographical t]ritory :i* is ea* /ate1 !re w\ld !reaft] be two gov]nm5ts1 ! gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s1 gov]n+ ! ,am]ican citiz5s 9 t /ate "u ! ,fir/ ,article grants f ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 & ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 gov]n+ ! citiz5s ( ! /ate1 "u :atev] grants ( national p[] its /ate citiz5s gave t gov]nm5t4 ,! two gov]nm5ts 9 ea* /ate /& 9 _! respective sph]es ( action 9 ! same indep5d5t relation to ea* o!r1 except 9 "o p>ticul>1 t !y w\ld if _! au?ority embrac$ di/9ct t]ritories4 ,t p>ticul> consi/s 9 ! supremacy ( ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 any conflict arises betwe5 ! two gov]nm5ts4 7,ju/ice ,field1 9 ,t>ble's case1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 #ac ,wall4 #cig47 ,) su* k1 he w\ld h f\nd x impossible to make ! blund] ( assum+ t ei!r gov]nm5t c\ld give or jo9 ) gov]nm5ts 9 giv+ to ! o!r any p[] to int]f]e ) ! citiz5s ( ! grantee 9 _! enjoym5t ( individual lib]ty4 ,he knew t1 8,9 our republican =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ! absolute sov]eignty ( ! nation is 9 ! p ( ! nation2 & ! residu>y sov]eignty ( ea* /ate1 n grant$ to any ( its public function>ies1 is 9 ! p ( ! /ate40 7,/ory1 #a ,ell4 ,deb4 #fe47 ,:5 ,hamilton /at$1 9 ^? days ( #aghh1 8 conviction t new ,articles w\ld relate to ! 8organization ( gov]nm5t & n to ! mass ( its p[]s10 he 0 epitomiz+ ! common k ( ev]yone1 at t "t1 t ! new ,con/itution 0 bo? f$]al & national4 ,he 0 pr$ict+ t ! p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty1 to ! ext5t :i* ,am]icans _h surr5d]$ any p[] ( t k9d to _! gov]nm5ts1 _h be5 s wisely di/ribut$1 betwe5 ! gov]nm5t ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica & ! political entity :i* 0 ea* /ate1 t x w\ld nev] be necess>y = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica to alt] t di/ribution by giv+ any m to _! gov]nm5t4 ,t is :y he prophesi$ t no new ,article ( ! k9d :i* only 8conv5tions0 ( ^? citiz5s c make1 ,articles *ang+ ! 8mass ( p[]s0 grant$ to t gov]nm5t by ! ,fir/ ,article1 w\ld ev] be ne$$4 ,& we recall t ?is conviction probably influ5c$ ! la/ day remembrance 9 ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion by ,madison & himself1 t ! ,fif? ,article %\ld also conta9 "s ref]5ce to ! /ate legislatures & _! future ex]cise ( _! exi/+ abilities to make f$]al or decl>atory ,articles1 :i* d n *ange ! 8mass ( p[]s0 9 t ,fir/ ,article grant & d n relate to gov]nm5t int]f]5ce ) ! individual lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,! /atem5t ( ,hamilton 0 n meant z a prophecy4 ,x 0 ! result ( a great m9d reason+ f cause to probable effect4 ,z we come d[n ?r\gh ! c5tury or m t foll[s t /atem5t & rea* ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #aiag1 we pay our tribute to a m9d :i* c\ld reason s correctly z to :at w\ld happ5 = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,we %all f9d t nev] aga91 f #aghg to #aiag1 did exp]i5ce f9d x necess>y t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles1 %\ld aga9 be assembl$ to alt]1 z !y alone c alt]1 ! mass ( enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) _! own individual lib]ty1 :i* !y grant$ 9 t ,fir/ ,article4 ,x is a /rik+ comm5t>y ^u ! ability ( ,hamilton & 8 g5]ation1 :5 contra/$ ) our mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]s10 t he knew & appreciat$ :at w\ld happ5 9 a c5tury to come1 :ile !y h n und]/ood :at _h happ5$ 9 a c5tury t _h gone1 al?\gh ! record ( t c5tury 0 spread out be=e !m to read4 ,none ( our lead]s h appreciat$ ! fact t e "o ( ! fir/ sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts to our ,con/itution 0 ( ! k9d t /ate legislatures _h ability to make be=e our ,con/itution 0 ev5 draft$ at ,philadelphia1 because all 7 f$]al 7or decl>atory7 ,articles & 7 n national ,articles4 ,if !y _h kn[n1 aft] ^! sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts 7 hi/ory1 :at he prophesi$ be=e ! ,con/itution itself 0 adopt$1 ! /ory ( ! la/ five ye>s might n h be5 :at we %all le>n h]eaft] t x 04 ,t we may "k1 ( our k1 :at he prophesi$ & :at !y entirely ov]look$ & ignor$1 let u briefly exam9e ! nature ( ^? sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts4 ,?us we w le>n :y gov]nm5ts1 kn[n at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg to be incompet5t to make national ,articles1 c\ld & did make ^? sev5te5 ,articles 9 ! con/itutional mode ( proc$ure :i* ! ,fif? ,article provid$ = ! ex]cise ( _! exi/+ ability limit$ to ! mak+ ( f$]al or decl>atory ,articles4 ,! fir/ t5 ,am5dm5ts 7 decl>ations insi/$ ^u by ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 assembl$ 9 8conv5tions0 :]e we h sat1 z specific security aga9/ gov]nm5t usurpation ( p[] ov] _! individual fre$om4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt has repeat$ly decl>$ t ev]y?+ 9 ^? t5 ,am5dm5ts 0 9 ! ,con/itution :5 x 0 ratifi$ by ^? 8conv5tions0 & t ! ,am5dm5ts simply decl>$ :at ! w ( ! p !mselves1 assembl$ 9 ^? 8conv5tions10 _h already e/abli%$ z ! fundam5tal law 9 ,am]ica4 ,c]ta9ly no man w\ld *all5ge ! prophecy ( ,hamilton on ! !ory t any "o ( ^? ,am5dm5ts add$ to ! mass ( gov]nm5t p[]s to int]f]e ) human fre$om4 ,!y are1 ea* & e "o ( !m1 ! decl>ation t gov]nm5t _c d 8?is0 & gov]nm5t _c d 8t40 ,s f> f be+ national ,articles1 ! k9d :i* only 8conv5tions0 ( ,am]ican citiz5s c\ld or c make1 ! k9d :i* tell gov]nm5t t x c comm& ! ,am]ican citiz5s on ?is or t subject1 !y are all ,articles :i* tell gov]nm5t t x _c comm& ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,&1 = ! fur!r security ( ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz51 a security nev] ne$$ m ?an 9 ?is ye> #aibc1 ! ,t5? ,decl>ation emphatically decl>es :o x is t ,,reta9s ! exclusive ability to alt]1 9 "o iota1 8! mass ( p[]s0 7ov] ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz57 grant$ by !m 9 ! ,fir/ ,article & ! exclusive ability to ex]cise any p[] ( t k9d ov] !m1 :i* 0 n grant$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,:o c d5y t1 /at$ 9 our own words1 ?is is :at we f9d 9 ! pla9 decl>ation ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t8 8,we1 ! p ( ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 our conv5tions1 h grant$ to ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t enum]at$ p[]s ( ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,!y are ! only p[]s ( t k9d delegat$ to any gov]nm5t1 by :i* x c int]f]e ) our individual fre$om 9 our capacity z ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,all p[]s1 :i* ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate h hi!rto _h & :i* we h n tak5 f !m h]e91 we h left ) !m2 & ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate c grant s mu* ( said p[]s z !y please to _! own gov]nm5t to gov]n !m z citiz5s ( t /ate4 ,all o!r p[]s1 outside ^? we h grant$ to our gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) u & ^? we h left to ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate = _! own respective ex]cise1 we res]ve exclusively to ourselves1 9 our capacity z citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,&1 if any gov]nm5t %\ld deem x wise t any "o ( ^! p[]s 7:i* we s res]ve exclusively to ourselves7 %\ld be ex]cis$1 we h provid$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article ! mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* we1 assembl$ 9 our conv5tions1 c ,,con/itutionally ex]cise x or grant x to ! gov]nm5t :i* wants to ex]cise x40 ,! p[]s ! p h giv5 to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t are nam$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 & all n !re nam$1 ei!r expressly or by implication1 are res]v$ to ! p & c be ex]cis$ only by !m1 or ^u fur!r grant f !m4 7,ju/ice ,brew] 9 ,turn] v4 ,williams1 #aid ,u4 ,s4 #bgi47 ,lat] h]e9 we ,am]icans1 fre% f ! 8conv5tions0 :i* dem&$ ^! decl>ations = ! bett] protection ( individual lib]ty1 are go+ to he> exp\nd$ a doctr9e1 :i* w\ld mean t ^! decl>ations 7 !mselves ! ,am]ican ,magna ,*>ta4 ,we are go+ to he>1 to our amazem5t1 t ^! decl>ations 7 a compact betwe5 an omnipot5t gov]nm5t & its subjects1 ourselves1 :o h always imag9$ t we 7 8citiz5s0 & n 8subjects40 ,we are go+ to he>1 to our utt] incr$ulity1 t ^! decl>ations are ! promise ( a gov]nm5t--itself omnipot5t ov] ourselves & our ,con/itution & our gov]nm5t :i* we ?\ght to be ! supreme gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica--t we1 ! subjects ( t omnipot5t gov]nm5t1 may h c]ta9 privileges :i* ?is omnipot5t gov]nm5t w n take f u4 ,:5 fir/ we %all he> ?is #aiag resurrection ( ! ,tory concept t gov]nm5t is ma/] & ,am]icans are 8subjects10 t gov]nm5t is ! /ate & we are its assets1 we %all naturally be a/\nd$ & indignant t ev5 a few inhabitants %\ld /ill reta9 :at ,madison call$ 8! impi\s doctr9e0 ( ! ,old ,_w1 t p are made = gov]nm5ts1 n gov]nm5ts = ! p4 ,quickly1 h[ev]1 we %all become al>m$ to f9d h[ wide-spread1 among ! 8con/itutional ?9k]s0 ( our own g5]ation1 is ! complac5t acceptance ( ! ,tory concept & to le>n t1 :5 its application 9 any giv5 in/ance injures a cli5t ( "o ( ^? con/itutional ?9k]s1 no matt] h[ he may argue aga9/ ! application 9 ! p>ticul> in/ance1 he nei!r kn[s nor uses = 8 cli5t ! fact t ! ,/atute ( '#gf repeal$ ! doctr9e on :i* ,magna ,*>ta re/$1 ! ,tory concept t gov]nm5t is ! /ate & t we are its 8subjects40 ,x w be difficult = u to und]/& ^! lead]s ( our g5]ation4 ,9 addition to :at we h j liv$ ?r\gh ) ! e>ly ,am]icans1 ^! lead]s w h be=e !m c\ntless decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 flatly contradict+ ! ,tory concept on :i* all ^! lead]s reason4 8,! concessions ( ,magna ,*>ta 7 wrung f ! ,k+ z gu>antees aga9/ ! oppressions & usurpations ( 8 pr]ogatives4444 ,! omnipot5ce ( ,p>liam5t ov] ! common law 0 absolute1 ev5 aga9/ common "r & reason4 ,! actual & practical security = ,engli% lib]ty aga9/ legislative tyranny 0 ! p[] ( a free public op9ion repres5t$ by ! ,commons40 ,we are go+ to f9d _m ( our lead]s ) ! fix$ ,tory concept t !re is 9 ,am]ica a legislative gov]nm5t1 unkn[n to ! g5]ation ( ,am]icans :o creat$ all gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica1 & t ?is omnipot5t gov]nm5t c d :atev] x pleases1 )\t any con/itutional re/ra9t1 ) almo/ ev]y?+ 9 ,am]ica1 includ+ ourselves & our ,con/itution & our ,am]ican gov]nm5t4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 we are go+ to be told t ! "o ?+1 9 :i* ?is omnipot5t legislative gov]nm5t falls %ort ( absolute omnipot5ce1 has no?+ to d ) any individual human fre$om1 b is its inability to *ange ! equal repres5tation ( e /ate 9 our ,s5ate4 ,x w be q amaz+ to u to he> ^! m51 n prov+ ?is ,tory concept b /at+ x z axiomatic ,am]ican law & on x bas+ _! e argum5t & audaci\sly claim+ t our ,supreme ,c\rt has no "r ev5 to consid] :e!r x is s or n4 ,b !re w be some?+ to al>m u ev5 m4 ,we w f9d our o!r 8con/itutional ?9k]s10 by circum/ances oblig$ to *all5ge "s p>ticul> d$uction f ?is ,tory concept1 )\t any k ( ! inv9cible facts :i* *all5ge ! concept itself4 ,to mo/ ( ^! m5 x w be z if ! ,/atute ( '#gf _h be5 repeal$ & ! result ( our ,revolution rev]s$1 9 #aghg1 by ! v 8conv5tions0 9 :i* we h sat4 ,x w be our amazem5t to he> t ^! 8conv5tions0 nev] creat$ ! citiz5 ( ,am]ica b t ! ,am]ican p1 assembl$ !re91 volunt>ily made !mselves 8subjects0 ( ! omnipot5t gov]nm5t4 ,& ^! mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]s0 w discuss ?is omnipot5t gov]nm5t on ! basis t ^? 8conv5tions0 made t p>ticul> gov]nm5t 7n ! "o to :om ! ,fir/ ,article grants its p[]s7 attorney 9 fact = ! g5]al p ( ,am]ica1 au?oriz$ to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om1 8on all matt]s :atsoev]40 ,to mo/ ( ^! m51 x w be z if ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 c\ntless ways1 _h n decl>$3 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 writt5 con/itutions 7 deem$ ess5tial to protect ! rights & lib]ties ( ! p aga9/ ! encroa*m5t ( p[] delegat$ to _! gov]nm5ts1 & ! provisions ( ,magna ,*>ta 7 incorporat$ into bills ( rights4444 ,appli$ 9 ,engl& only z gu>ds aga9/ executive usurpation & tyranny1 "h !y h become bulw>ks aga9/ arbitr>y legislation2 b 9 t application1 z x w\ld be incongru\s to measure & re/rict !m by ! anci5t cu/om>y ,engli% ,law1 !y mu/ be held to gu>antee1 n p>ticul> =ms ( proc$ure1 b ! v sub/ance ( individual rights to life1 lib]ty & prop]ty4 ,( c\rse1 fre% f ! conv5tions ( old1 we %all "k t ^! m5 are talk+ nons5se4 ,we %all "k t ! la/ two quot$ /atem5ts f ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 ,hurtado v4 ,cali=nia1 #aaj ,u4 ,s4 #eaf1 are b ! expression ( :at 0 once ! common k ( a p !n 8bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w40 ,b1 z our k %all be z ! k ( ! ,am]icans ( old1 :o f\ght an eight ye> w> ( sacrifice to make any su* ,tory concept 9 ,am]ica absolute nons5se1 x is well = u1 :ile we are exam9+ ! nature ( ! fir/ sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts ( our ,con/itution1 to keep 9 m9d "o ?+1 :i* we n[ "k & :i*1 if x _h n be5 =gott51 w\ld h prev5t$ ! monum5tal blund] ( ! g5]ation 9 :i* we ourselves are ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,?is "o ?+ is ! fact t ! ,con/itution1 made 9 ! conv5tions we h j left1 is a f$]al & a national ,con/itution4 ,t fact & its influ5ce ^u ! ,conv5tion1 :i* fram$ ! ,fif? ,article1 & on ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 :i* made t ,article1 l$ !m to provide1 9 _! ,fif? ,article1 ! ,,con/itutional mode 9 :i* /ate gov]nm5ts c\ld ex]cise _! exi/+ limit$ abilities to make f$]al & decl>atory ,articles1 l all ! ,articles ( #agha & l ! fir/ sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts1 & also to provide !re9 ! con/itutional mode 9 :i* ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s c\ld ex]cise _! exclusive ability to make ,,national ,articles1 l ! ,fir/ ,article & ! suppos$ new ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,hav+ fix$ ?is cle>ly 9 our m9d1 we n[ proce$ to exam9e ! nature ( ! rema9+ ,am5dm5ts t 7 made1 prior to #aiag4 ,! ,elev5? ,am5dm5t gave no p[] ( any k9d to anyone4 ,x simply decl>$ t ! ,c\rt ( ! ,am]ican nation c\ld n h jurisdiction ( law suits aga9/ "o ( ! /ates 8by citiz5s ( ano!r /ate1 or by citiz5s or subjects ( any =eign /ate40 ,we comm5d1 h[ev]1 to ! mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]s10 ^: ,tory concept we %all meet lat]1 ?is e>ly ,am]ican recognition ( ! fact t1 9 ,am]ica1 we are 8citiz5s40 ,x w be notic$ t ?is ,elev5? ,am5dm5t1 decl>$ by ! ,presid5t to h become "p ( ! ,con/itution on ,janu>y #h1 #agih1 speaks ( ! 8citiz5s0 or 8subjects0 ( any =eign /ate b speaks only ( 8citiz5s0 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,twelf? ,am5dm5t likewise has naught to d ) p[] ( gov]nm5ts ov] human lib]ty4 ,x deals solely ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,*ief ,executive ( ,am]ica %all be *os54 ,! ,?irte5?1 ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,am5dm5ts are ! fam\s s call$ ,slav]y ,am5dm5ts4 ,ev5 ! mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]0 ( #aiag & #aibj1 no matt] h[ ,tory 8 concept1 w h>dly d>e to claim t ^! ,am5dm5ts give gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) ! rights :i* ! ,creator gave to ! human be+4 ,on ! mo/ casual exam9ation ( ! language ( ^! ,am5dm5ts1 no "o c fail to be impress$ ) ! "o p]vad+ purpose f\nd 9 !m all1 ly+ at ! f\ndation ( ea*1 & )\t :i* none ( !m w\ld h be5 ev5 sugge/$2 we mean ! fre$om ( ! slave race1 ! security & firm e/abli%m5t ( t fre$om1 & ! protection ( ! newly-made freeman & citiz5 f ! oppressions ( ^? :o _h =m]ly ex]cis$ unlimit$ dom9ion ov] him4 7,slaught] ,h\se cases1 ,supreme ,c\rt1 #af ,wall4 #cf at p4 #ga47 ,( ^! ,am5dm5ts1 9 ! ,civil ,rights ,cases1 #aji ,u4 ,s4 #c1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt aga9 said t 8!y aboli%$ slav]y1 & e/abli%$ univ]sal fre$om40 ,:51 !re=e1 9 ! ye> #aibj1 we %all he> ^! ,am5dm5ts1 :i* e/abli% univ]sal fre$om1 cit$ z ,articles ( exactly ! same nature z a suppos$ new ,article1 directly int]f]+ ) ! fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 on a matt] n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article1 we %all be r surpris$4 ,b we %all be m ?an surpris$1 :5 we he> ! reason ( ! mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]0 :y bo? ,articles are )9 ! p[] ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 :o are 8 cli5ts1 to put into our ,con/itution4 ,n kn[+ t our ,con/itution is a f$]al z well z a national ,con/itution1 n kn[+ t 8 gov]nm5t cli5ts always _h ! ability to make f$]al ,articles & nev] _h & h n n[ ! ability to make ,articles :i* int]f]e ) human fre$om1 we %all f9d him /at+1 z axiomatic1 t ! slav]y ,am5dm5ts1 :i* e/abli% univ]sal fre$om1 & ! suppos$ ,article ( #aiag1 :i* int]f]es ) fre$om ( ! individual1 are id5tical1 = ! reason t bo? affect ! individual & 8 rights & lib]ties4 ,on ! rem>kable nature ( ?is id5tity1 t "o secures & ! o!r int]f]es ) individual lib]ty &1 !re=e1 bo? affect individual lib]ty1 we %all f9d t he bases ! ,tory concept t /ate gov]nm5ts c d z !y please ) all lib]ties ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,:ile 8 !ory w s]ve only to amuse u1 we comm5d1 to 8 read+1 ?is extract f a bett] ,am]ican lawy]3--8,! legislature may n conf] p[]s by law inconsi/5t ) ! rights1 safety1 & lib]ties ( ! p1 because no cons5t to d ?is c be impli$1 b !y may pass limitations 9 favor ( ! ess5tial rights ( ! p40 7,woods appeal1 #ge ,pa4 #ei47 ,! ,sixte5? ,am5dm5t simply removes1 f "o ( ! great p[]s grant$ to ,congress by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica 9 _! ,fir/ ,article1 a f$]al limitation ^u its ex]cise1 a limitation entirely = ! b5efit ( ! /ates :i* are political entities4 ,9 ! 8conv5tions0 we h j left1 ! ,fir/ ,article grant ( p[] to ! new gov]nm5t to impose direct taxation 0 ! object ( incessant attack4 ,no pr]ogative ( gov]nm5t is m *]i%$ by any gov]nm5t ?an its ability to exact f9ancial tribute f human be+s by means ( taxation4 ,"u ! old f$]ation ( /ates1 al?\gh ! f$]al gov]nm5t ne$$ money1 x 0 )\t any p[] ( taxation4 ,all x c\ld d 0 to ask ! v>i\s /ate gov]nm5ts to supply x ) ! money4 ,article ,,vii ( ! 8,articles ( ,conf$]ation0 provid$ t ! exp5ses ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t 8%all be defray$ out ( a common treasury1 :i* %all be suppli$ by ! sev]al /ates1 9 proportion to ! value ( all l&1 )9 ea* /ate1 grant$ to or survey$ = any p]son1 z su* l&1 & ! build+s & improvem5ts !reon1 %all be e/imat$1 accord+ to su* mode z ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,congress assembl$ %all1 f "t to "t1 direct & appo9t4 ,! taxes = pay+ t proportion %all be laid & levi$ by ! au?ority & direction ( ! legislatures ( ! sev]al /ates1 etc40 ,section #h ( ! ,fir/ ,article ( ! propos$ new ,con/itution read t 8,! ,congress %all h p[] to lay & collect taxes1 duties1 etc40 ,at ,philadelphia1 9 #aghg1 a trem5d\s fight 0 made aga9/ ! proposal ( ?is grant by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica to _! gov]nm5t4 ,_m delegates at ,philadelphia1 :o _h ! f9ancial welf>e ( _! p>ticul> /ate gov]nm5t at he>t1 cont5d$ t1 if ! new gov]nm5t 7 giv5 ! p[] ( direct taxation ( ! p1 ! new gov]nm5t w\ld leave ! p ) no money to be collect$ by ! /ate gov]nm5ts = _! own purposes4 ,! nationali/s at ,philadelphia1 h[ev]1 knew t a national gov]nm5t )\t p[] ( direct taxation ov] its own citiz5s w\ld be a helpless gov]nm5t4 ,!re=e1 !y insi/$ t ! propos$ grant ( ?is p[] rema9 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,z a concession to ! opposition made on behalf ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 !re 0 add$ to ! propos$ ,fir/ ,article a purely f$]al limitation on ! ex]cise ( ! national p[] ( direct taxation4 ,?is f$]al limitation1 on behalf ( ! /ates & _! gov]nm5ts1 read3 8,no capitation1 or o!r direct1 tax %all be laid1 unless 9 proportion to ! c5sus or enum]ation h]e9be=e direct$ to be tak540 ,9 ! conv5tions ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! fri5ds ( ! respective /ate gov]nm5ts made e ef=t to defeat ! ,fir/ ,article grant ( national p[] to impose direct taxation ^u ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion1 f ,r&olph & f ,h5ry1 argu+ respectively = & aga9/ ! grant1 we get our c]ta9 k t ! apportionm5t limitation on ! ex]cise ( ! grant$ p[] 0 a purely f$]al limitation aim$ entirely to secure to ! respective /ate gov]nm5ts ! j am\nt ( ! moneys :i* c\ld be collect$ by taxation f ! ,am]icans liv+ 9 ! respective /ates4 ,r&olph argu$3 8,! difficulty ( ju/ly apportion+ ! taxes among ! /ates1 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 has be5 compla9$ (2 ! rule ( apportionm5t be+ ! value ( all l&s & improvem5ts )9 ! /ates4 ,! inequality betwe5 ! ri* l&s ( ! ,james ,riv] & ! b>r5s ( ,massa*usetts has be5 ?\ght to militate aga9/ ,virg9ia4 ,if taxes c\ld be laid accord+ to ! real value1 no inconv5i5ce c\ld foll[2 b1 f a v>iety ( reasons1 ?is value 0 v difficult to be asc]ta9$2 & an error 9 ! e/imation mu/ necess>ily h be5 oppressive to a "p ( ! community4 ,b1 9 ?is new ,con/itution1 !re is a m j & equitable rule fix$--a limitation beyond :i* !y _c g4 ,repres5tatives & taxes g h& 9 h&2 accord+ to ! "o w ! o!r be regulat$4444 ,at pres5t1 be=e ! population is actually numb]$1 ! numb] ( repres5tatives is #fe4 ,( ?is numb]1 ,virg9ia has a "r to s5d t52 consequ5tly %e w h to pay t5 p>ts out ( sixty-five p>ts ( any sum t may be necess>y to be rais$ by ,congress4 ,?is1 sir1 is ! l9e40 7,r&olph1 #c ,ell4 ,deb4 #aba47 ,z to ! grant$ p[] ( direct taxation1 ,h5ry argu$3 8,we all agree t x is ! mo/ important "p ( ! body politic4 ,if ! p[] ( rais+ money be necess>y = ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 x is no less s = ! /ates4444 ,! g5]al gov]nm5t be+ p>am\nt to ! /ate legislatures1 if ! %]iff is to collect = bo?--8 "r h& = ,congress1 8 left = ! /ate--8 "r h& be+ p>am\nt ov] ! left1 8 collections w g to ,congress4 ,we %all h ! re/4 ,defici5cies 9 collections w always op]ate aga9/ ! /ates4444 ,congress w h an unlimit$1 unb\nd$ comm& ov] ! s\l ( ?is ,commonweal?4 ,aft] satisfy+ _! uncontroll$ dem&s1 :at c be left = ! /ates8 ,n a suffici5cy ev5 to defray ! exp5se ( _! int]nal adm9i/ration4 ,!y mu/ !re=e glide imp]ceptibly & gradually out ( exi/5ce40 7,h5ry1 #c ,ell4 ,deb4 #adh et seq47 ,! ,sixte5? ,am5dm5t m]ely remov$1 9 "o respect1 ?is f$]al limitation ^u ! ex]cise ( ! national p[] ( direct taxation grant$ by ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,! ,am5dm5t read3 8,! ,congress %all h p[] to lay & collect taxes on incomes1 f :atev] s\rce d]iv$1 )\t apportionm5t among ! sev]al /ates1 & )\t reg>d to any c5sus or enum]ation40 ,?is ,am5dm5t1 be+ no?+ b a *ange 9 ! f$]al aspect ( ! ,con/itution1 be+ a *ange 9 ! protection giv5 to ea* /ate z a political entity1 0 an ,am5dm5t :i* ! /ate legislatures1 ea* act+ z attorney 9 fact = its own respective /ate1 7 entirely compet5t to make4 ,! ,sev5te5? ,am5dm5t has no relation to human fre$om4 ,x m]ely provid$ t ! /ate gov]nm5ts %\ld no long] elect ! augu/ ,s5ators 9 ! ,am]ican ,congress1 "s ( :om we %all meet lat] h]e94 ,?is la/ ,am5dm5t1 prior to #aiag1 provid$ t ^? ,s5ators %\ld be !reaft] elect$ 9 our /ates by ourselves1 ! ,am]ican p4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x is f ! ,s5ate 9 :i* !y sit t came ! proposal :i* caus$ ! tr\ble :i* is oblig+ u to educate ourselves to f9d our 8:50 & 8h[0 betwe5 #aijg & #aiag we became 8subjects0 in/ead ( keep+ our /atus z citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,e>ly 9 our education 7p4 #bf7 we 7 in=m$ t our public /atesm5 & con/itutional ?9k]s br\ght to ! ye> #aiag ! false 8k0 t legislatures 9 ,am]ica1 if en\gh comb9$1 _h ! omnipot5ce ov] individual fre$om1 :i* ! e>ly ,am]icans d5i$ to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,_! false 8k0 0 und\bt$ly caus$ by _! failure to appreciate1 if !y knew or rememb]$1 t ,am]ica is a national union ( m5 :ile !re is also a subord9ate & f$]al union ( /ates4 ,ignor+ ?is simple fact1 !y also ignor$ ! important fact t ! ,con/itution is bo? national & f$]al & conta9s ,articles ( bo? k9ds4 ,bl9d to bo? important facts1 !y acquir$ _! false 8k0 f ! fact t ! 8legislatures10 to :om !y ascrib$ omnipot5ce ov] individual fre$om1 _h made ! fir/ sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts4 ,! fallacy ( _! d$uction is ma!matically demon/rable4 ,a con/itutional ,article :i* gives to gov]nm5t any p[] to int]f]e ) individual human fre$om ,,is ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t ( m54 ,t is :y ! ,fir/ ,article ,,0 ! con/itution ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! nation ( m54 ,&1 9 turn1 t is :y ! legal necessity ( hav+ x made by ! m5 !mselves1 9 _! 8conv5tions10 0 8felt & ackn[l$g$ by all0 ,am]icans4 ,if "o d\bts t ! ,fir/ ,article ,,0 ! con/itution ( ! gov]nm5t ( m51 te/ ! tru? ( ! /atem5t 9 ?is way4 ,fir/1 assume t ! 8conv5tions0 made no ,article save ! ,fir/4 ,!n ask y\rself if ! :ole ,am]ican p w\ld n h con/itut$ _! gov]nm5t ) its great enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) _! individual lib]ty4 ,9 ! second place1 make exactly ! opposite assumption4 ,assume t ! 8conv5tions0 made all ! ,articles f ! ,second to ! ,sev5?1 bo? inclusive1 b did n make ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,!n ask y\rself :e!r ! :ole ,am]ican p w\ld h con/itut$ any gov]nm5t ) a s+le p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om4 ,let u n[ apply exactly ! same te/ to ea* ( ! fir/ sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts & !n to ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,take any "o ( ! fir/ sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts & assume t any?+ new :i* x put into ! ,con/itution 0 ! entire ,con/itution4 ,!n ask y\rself :e!r1 if ! ,con/itution consi/$ solely ( ! new matt] 9 ! ,am5dm5t1 !re w\ld be any gov]nm5t ( ! :ole ,am]ican p ) a s+le p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual human lib]ty4 ,take all ! sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts & assume t any *ange all ( !m made 0 ! entire ,con/itution4 ,!n ask y\rself :e!r1 if any new matt] 9 ! sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts compos$ ! entire ,con/itution1 w\ld !re be any gov]nm5t ( ! :ole ,am]ican p ) a s+le p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual human lib]ty4 ,n[ make ! same assumption ab\t ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,assume t x is ! entire ,con/itution & t !re are no o!r ,articles4 ,imm$iately x is se5 t1 if ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t 7 ! entire ,con/itution1 !re w\ld be a gov]nm5t ( ! :ole ,am]ican p ) an enum]at$ p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual human lib]ty4 ,n[ we see ! fallacy ( ! false 8k0 :i* our /atesm5 & con/itutional ?9k]s br\ght to ! ye> #aiag4 ,n[ we "k ! m>vel\s =esight ( ,hamilton :5 he /at$ 8 conviction t ,am5dm5ts w\ld relate to 8! organization ( ! gov]nm5t1 n to ! mass ( its p[]s40 ,none ( ! sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts did relate 8to ! mass ( its p[]s0 to int]f]e ) individual human lib]ty4 ,t is :y /ate legislatures1 repres5t+ ! f$]al memb]s ( ! union ( /ates1 c\ld make ! f$]al or decl>atory sev5te5 ,am5dm5ts4 ,! fact t ^? 8legislatures0 9 #aghg c\ld make ,articles ( t k9d1 z !y _h made !m 9 #agha1 did n deceive ! ,am]icans at ,philadelphia into a false 8k0 t ^? 8legislatures0 c\ld make ! ,fir/ ,article ) its enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! memb]s ( ! nation ( m54 ,! fact t ! same 8legislatures10 /ill repres5t+ ! memb]s ( ! subord9ate union ( /ates1 /ill c\ld make decl>atory or f$]al ,articles1 & _h made sev5te5 ,articles ( t k9d1 n "o ( :i* con/itut$ new gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty1 %\ld n h misl$ ! /atesm5 & con/itutional ?9k]s ( our g5]ation4 ,b x did4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,exil$ ,,tory ,,ab\t ,,to ,,return ,we h n[ educat$ ourselves accurately to "k1 at ! beg9n+ ( #aiag1 :at 0 our own relation to all gov]nm5ts & :at 0 ! relation ( ^? gov]nm5ts to "o ano!r4 ,) c]ta9ty1 we "k t ^? relations1 at ! beg9n+ ( #aiag1 7 exactly :at !y _h be5 at ! close ( #agij4 ,x is amaz+ly important t we nev] =get t p>ticul> k1 :5 read+ ! /ory ( :at has happ5$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( #aiag4 ,) c]ta9ty1 ?r\gh our education we "k t1 at bo? times1 ! foll[+ 0 our own relation to all gov]nm5ts & ! relation ( ea* ( !m to ! o!rs4 ,no individual 9 ,am]ica 0 a 8subject0 ( any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts4 ,ea* individual 0 a 8citiz50 ( ! nation :i* is ,am]ica4 ,! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 z su* citiz5s1 _h giv5 to _! only gov]nm5t its enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om4 ,^? ,am]ican citiz5s _h giv5 ^! enum]at$ p[]s by direct grant f !mselves1 9 ! only mann]1 9 :i* !y c act effectively on su* a subject1 by assembl+ 9 _! 8conv5tions40 ,^? ,am]ican citiz5s _h made x ! imp]ative law ( ,am]ica t no new p[] ( t k9d 7to int]f]e ) _! fre$om7 c\ld be creat$ except by ! new ex]cise ( _! own ability 9 ! same mann]4 ,! v ess5ce ( ! wisdom & effici5cy ( ! mann] ( ! fir/ ex]cise 0 t ! ex]cise 0 by 8conv5tions0 ( !mselves1 *os5 by !mselves1 aft] specific grants _h be5 propos$ to !m to be made by !m4 ,^! 8conv5tions10 *os5 f among !mselves = ! "o purpose ( say+ 8,yes0 or 8,no0 to ! propos$ grants1 _h made ^? grants 9 ! only way 9 :i* ! ,am]ican p 8c act safely1 effectively & wisely0 9 ! mak+ ( su* grants4 ,9 _! ,fif? ,article1 made 9 ! fir/ 8conv5tion0 ex]cise1 !y _h m5tion$ ! v 8conv5tion0 me?od 9 :i* !y 7 !n assembl$ to make _! ,fir/ ,article grants4 ,?us1 !y made t me?od ,,con/itutional = future ex]cise ( _! own exclusive p[] to make grants ( t k9d4 ,?us !y _h secur$ _! lib]ty aga9/ any attempt by gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om1 z ,am]ican citiz5s1 except 9 ! matt]s nam$ 9 ! enum]at$ p[]s ( ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,9 ?is way1 !y _h secur$ _! lib]ty1 9 _! capacity ( ,am]ican citiz5s1 aga9/ any attempt by o!r gov]nm5ts ?an _! only gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton1 ev5 9 ! matt]s enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,ne>ly e individual 9 ,am]ica 0 also a citiz5 ( a /ate4 ,9 ea* /ate1 its citiz5s _h ve/$ ! legislative gov]nm5t ( ! /ate ) limit$ p[]s to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ^? )9 ! jurisdiction ( t /ate4 ,! limitations ^u ! p[] ( ea* /ate gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) ^? )9 its own jurisdiction 71 fir/ly1 limitations impos$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica 9 _! ,con/itution ^u ! p[] ( ea* /ate to gov]n itself2 secondly1 ! limitations impos$ by ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate 9 _! own con/itution2 &1 ?irdly1 ! limitations impos$ by ! traditional ,am]ican pr9ciple t no gov]nm5t1 )\t limit1 c d :at x w ) ! individual fre$om ( its citiz5s4 ,9 ea* /ate1 subject to ^? limitations1 its own citiz5s 7 exclusively compet5t to det]m9e ! exact quantum ( ability :i* its own legislative gov]nm5t %\ld h to int]f]e ) ! individual human fre$om ( ^? )9 its jurisdiction4 ,no gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts outside ea* /ate c\ld int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( its citiz5s1 z su* citiz5s1 9 any matt]4 ,no outside gov]nm5t at all1 except ,congress1 c\ld int]f]e ) _! fre$om1 z human be+s1 9 any matt]4 ,! legislative gov]nm5ts ( ! o!r /ates1 ei!r s+ly or collectively1 on no matt]1 c\ld ei!r ex]cise !mselves or give to any gov]nm5t a s+le p[] to int]f]e ) ! human be+s 9 ea* p>ticul> /ate4 ,! "o ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 at ,wa%+ton1 c\ld only int]f]e ) ^? human be+s on ! matt]s enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,no new ability 9 t gov]nm5t s to int]f]e ) !m c\ld be grant$ except by direct grant f ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions40 ,! ,fif? ,article _h be5 ! comm& ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica t only a 8,yes0 f ?ree f\r?s ( ^? 8conv5tions0 ( !mselves %\ld be valid to add a new p[] ov] !mselves to ^? enum]at$ 9 _! ,fir/ ,article4 ,f #aggf to #aiag x _h be5 ! obey$ fundam5tal law 9 ,am]ica t no gov]nm5t c\ld acquire1 f ano!r gov]nm5t or f o!r gov]nm5ts1 any p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! human be+s )9 its jurisdiction4 ,! human be+s 9 ea* /ate 7 memb]s or citiz5s ( ! nation :i* is ,am]ica4 ,!y 7 also1 9 ea* /ate1 ! memb]s or citiz5s ( ! nation :i* is t /ate4 ,! /ates 7 also memb]s ( _! own f$]ation1 ^: f$]al gov]nm5t _h be5 cont9u$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,9 its p]sonnel1 t f$]al gov]nm5t 0 id5tical ) ! national gov]nm5t ( ^? citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,fif? ,article1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica _h recogniz$ & m5tion$ ! exi/+ ability ( ! /ates1 z political entities1 to make con/itutional ,articles ( a f$]al nature4 ,= t reason1 ! ,fif? ,article _h be5 ! comm& ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica t1 :5 ! /ates ex]cis$ _! limit$ ability1 a 8,yes0 f ! legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ates %\ld be effective to make a f$]al ,article4 ,9 ! matt] ( int]f]5ce ) individual human fre$om1 s f> z exp]i5ce tells ! /ory1 !re _h cont9u$ f #aggf to #aiag ! k ( ! legal fact1 made basic ,am]ican law by ! ,/atute ( '#gf1 t no gov]nm5t c\ld get any national p[] except by direct grant f its own citiz5s1 & t no gov]nm5t c\ld ex]cise any national p[] ov] any b ^? 9 its own jurisdiction & !n only by direct grant ( t p[] f its own citiz5s4 ,we "k t ?is 0 ! wond]ful sy/em ( con/itutional gov]nm5t "u :i* ,am]icans _h liv$ f #agij to #aiag4 ,we "k t ! ,am]icans1 :o 7 our pr$ecessors 9 #aghg1 _h prescrib$ t sy/em z be/ calculat$ to protect _! human lib]ty & our own f outside aggression & f usurpation ( p[] by _! gov]nm5ts & our own4 ,educat$ ) !m1 f ! day :5 !y 7 all subjects ( a legislative gov]nm5t1 we "k mu* ( _! /ruggle to rid !mselves =ev] ( ! /atus ( 8subject0 & to become free m54 ,9 t education1 h[ev]1 we h dwelt b little s f> ^u "o phase ( t /ruggle4 ,at ?is po9t1 x is ess5tial t we educate ourselves briefly b accurately on t "o phase4 ,:5ev] gov]nm5t exi/s1 ev5 gov]nm5t limit$ to ^? p[]s ?\ght by its citiz5s necess>y to secure human lib]ty1 ! weakness ( human nature makes x c]ta9 t ! ex]cise ( grant$ p[]s w n always be = ! common b5efit ( ! citiz5s :o grant !m4 ,:5 ! gov]nm5t is ! ,/ate & human be+s are its 8subjects10 t weakness is usually m app>5t4 ,z a result1 9 e c\ntry ! ri* & p[]ful l>gely secure ! actual control ( gov]nm5t4 ,t !y may entr5* !mselves 9 its control & ! ex]cise ( ev5 its lawful p[]s1 !y lavi% favors on a class actually l>ge 9 numb] b comp>atively con/itut+ a small m9ority ( ! p ( ! c\ntry4 ,= ?is class1 x is ( mat]ial advantage t gov]nm5t %\ld be ! ,/ate & comm& ! p z its 8subjects40 ,:5 a man is born or educat$ z a memb] ( ?is m9ority1 x is beyond ! exp]i5ce ( ! human race t 8 m5tal attitude %\ld n reg>d ! relation ( 8subject0 to rul] z ! prop] relation ( human be+ to gov]nm5t4 ,9 ^? e>li] days1 9 ^: exp]i5ce we h j be5 educat$1 ! human be+s 9 ,am]ica1 :o _h t m5tal attitude1 7 di/+ui%$ f ! ,am]icans by ! "n 8,tories40 ,?r\gh\t ?is book x is t m5tal attitude :i* we *>act]ize z 8,tory40 ,x is ^? :o display t m5tal attitude :om we call 8,tories40 ,at ! "t ( our ,revolution x is a hi/orical fact t ab\t "o ?ird ( our population 0 ,tory 9 its m5tal attitude4 ,_m ( ! ,tories1 q possibly mo/ ( !m1 7 actuat$ by a s9c]e & deep conviction t x 0 bett] = e "o t human be+s %\ld be subjects4 ,t conviction _h be5 ! basis ( ne>ly all sci5ce ( gov]nm5t = c5turies4 ,x is really a rem>kable fact t our hi/ory %\ld %[1 f _! record$ /atem5ts & writ+s1 s _m m5 9 #aghg accurately grasp+ ! fallacy ( t hi/orical doctr9e t m5 7 made = k+s or gov]nm5ts4 ,9 our education1 we n[ grasp accurately t ! ,am]icans1 :o end$ =ev] ! /atus ( 8subject0 9 ,am]ica1 9 _! ,revolution1 _h n only to cont5d ) _! =m] omnipot5t gov]nm5t b also ) "o ?ird ( _! own population1 ! ,tories4 ,:5 t ,revolution _h succe$$1 :5 ! ,/atute ( '#gf _h actually be5 made ! basic law ( ,am]ica1 _m ,tories1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 became citiz5s ( ! p>ticul> /ate1 n[ a free republic1 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,:5 ! ,conv5tion ( #aghg assembl$ at ,philadelphia1 :5 ! respective 8conv5tions0 9 ea* /ate lat] assembl$1 _m delegates 7 m5 ) a kn[n lean+ to ! ,tory m5tal attitude4 ,x is n to be und]/ood t1 by reason ( ?is fact1 _! loyalty to ! new in/itutions ( _! c\ntry 0 n s9c]e4 ,"o ( ! great lib]ties secur$ by ^? new in/itutions 0 ! "r ( ! human be+ to ?9k & talk z he pleas$ z to :at is ! mode ( gov]nm5t be/ design$ to secure ! happ9ess ( m54 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :5 ^? 8conv5tions0 assembl$1 _m ( our mo/ prom95t ,am]icans ( ! ,revolution _h begun s9c]ely to d\bt :e!r ! ,am]ican p _h yet le>n$ en\gh to pr(it mo/ by _! legal ability n[ to dictate to all _! gov]nm5ts h[ mu* p[] ea* gov]nm5t %\ld h4 ,x is ! record ( imp>tial hi/ory t ! p's di/ribution ( all surr5d]$ p[] ( a national k9d1 ! grant to ! new gov]nm5t & res]vation to ! old /ate gov]nm5ts1 0 dictat$ by two opposite factors4 ,! wise & able lead]s1 :e!r _! m5tal attitude 0 ,am]ican or ,tory1 knew t ! g5]al gov]nm5t mu/ get a grant ( mu* p[] ( t k9d1 if x 7 successfully to promote ! welf>e ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y knew ) c]ta9ty t su* grants mu/ be specifi$ & enum]at$ & limit$1 or ! ,am]ican p w\ld make no grant at all4 ,x 01 z x /ill is1 ! basic law ( ,am]ica t grants ( t k9d c\ld only be obta9$ directly f ! p !mselves4 ,! ,am]ican m5tal attitude1 t citiz5s & n gov]nm5ts %all def9e ! ext5t ( gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 0 ! controll+ factor :5 ! ,con/itution made its great di/ribution ( all surr5d]$ p[]s4 ,if we g back to ! 8conv5tions0 ( ^? :o e/abli%$ ! sy/em1 we f9d a /rik+ fact4 ,9 ^? 8conv5tions0 !re 7 _m m5 ^: p]sonal op9ion always _h be5 & /ill 0 9 full accord ) ! ,tory concept ( :at ought to be ! relation ( gov]nm5t to human be+4 ,b ^! m51 ) t ,tory concept ( :at gov]nm5t ought to be1 7 j z ke5ly aw>e z 7 ^? ) ! ,am]ican concept1 t ! ,tory concept _h =ev] disappe>$ f ,am]ican law4 ,:5ev] any sugge/ion 0 bas$ ^u ! ,tory concept1 ^! v m5 7 among ! quicke/ to p]ceive & ! mo/ /r5u\s to insi/ t ! sugge/ion c\ld n be met because ! ,am]ican concept _h displac$ ! ,tory concept =ev] 9 ,am]ica4 ,if our mod]n lead]s1 :o h ! same ,tory concept ( :at gov]nm5t ought to be1 _h ev9c$ ! same p]ception & ! same insi/5ce1 ! /ory ( ! la/ five ye>s w\ld be a diff]5t /ory4 ,because ^! lead]s h _h no k ( :at ,am]ica is1 we av]age ,am]icans mu/ n[ come /raight f ! 8conv5tions0 9 :i* ! ,am]icans e/abli%$ ! ,con/itution to secure individual fre$om & we mu/ educate ourselves 9 ! /ory ( ! la/ five ye>s 9 :i* our gov]nm5ts & our lead]s h calmly assum$ t citiz5s are subjects4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,tory 8,,eighte5? ,,am5dm5t0 ,9 ! clos+ mon? ( #aiag1 ! ,am]ican p _h be5 = eight mon?s p>ticipants 9 ! ,_w ,w>4 ,9 t w9t]1 "u ! direction ( _! only gov]nm5t1 ex]cis+ its w> p[]1 !y 7 m>%all+ all t !y _h to w9 t w> & to w9 x quickly4 ,! m9d ( ! p !mselves 0 conc5trat$ on t "o purpose4 ,! response ( ! av]age ,am]ican citiz5 to ! call ( 8 gov]nm5t1 ! assembl+ ( millions ( av]age ,am]ican citiz5s z soldi]s = t w>1 ! outp\r+ ( _! money by o!r millions1 %\ld h made x impossible t ! gov]nm5t s]vant ( ^? ,am]ican citiz5s %\ld h entirely =gott5 & ignor$ ! k ( ! 8conv5tions0 ( #aghg1 t ! ,am]ican is a citiz5 & n a subject4 ,ev5 if _! p]sonal exp]i5ce _h made !m memb]s ( ! class :i* naturally h ! ,tory m5tal attitude1 ! _s ( #aiag %\ld h awak5$ our legislators f _! wrong ,tory concept ( our ,am]ican basic law4 ,if pla9 words 7 ne$$ to tea* !m t basic law1 only t5 ye>s e>li] ! ,supreme ,c\rt _h /at$ t law 9 words :i* ev5 a *ild c und]/&4 ,! p[]s ! p h giv5 to ! g5]al gov]nm5t are nam$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 & all n !re nam$ 444 are res]v$ to ! p & c be ex]cis$ only by !m1 or ^u fur!r grant f !m4 7,ju/ice ,brew]1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 #aijg1 ,turn] v4 ,williams1 #aid ,u4 ,s4 #bgi47 ,yet ! /atesm5 ( ,am]ica1 :5 its citiz5s 7 (f]+ _! lives & _! all1 *ose t ,decemb] ( #aiag to propose t legislative gov]nm5ts1 :i* h nev] be5 ! gov]nm5ts ( ! ,am]ican citiz51 %\ld ex]cise "o ( ^? res]v$ p[]s ( 8! p0 & %\ld give to ! legislative gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s future ability to ex]cise t same p[]1 al?\gh ,am]ican citiz5s _h expressly res]v$ ! p[] to !mselves exclusively4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 z 9 ,janu>y1 #agij1 ! ,am]ican ,congress 0 ! only legislative gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,all p[]s ( a national "* :i* are n delegat$ to ! national gov]nm5t by ! ,con/itution are res]v$ to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,ju/ice ,brew]1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,kansas v4 ,colorado1 #bjf ,u4 ,s4 #df at p4 #ij47 ,outside ( t legislature1 ,am]ican citiz5s h no legislative gov]nm5t4 ,its p[]s are limit$ 9 numb]1 b n 9 degree4 ,)9 ! scope ( its p[]s1 z enum]at$ & def9$1 x is supreme & above ! /ates2 b beyond1 x has no exi/5ce4 7,ju/ice ,waite1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,unit$ ,/ates v4 ,cruik%ank1 #ib ,u4 ,s4 #edb47 ,9 ! ,s5ate1 on ,april #d1 #aiag1 ,s5ator ,%epp>d ( ,texas _h introduc$ a ,resolution1 kn[n z ,s5ate ,jo9t ,resolution #ag4 ,! ,resolution itself1 ap>t f ! propos$ new con/itutional ,article :i* ! s5ator sugge/$ t legislative gov]nm5ts %\ld make1 read z foll[s3 8,resolv$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$ 7two ?irds ( ea* ,h\se concurr+ !re971 ,t ! foll[+ am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution be1 & h]eby is1 propos$ to ! ,/ates1 to become valid z a "p ( ! ,con/itution :5 ratifi$ by ! legislatures ( ! sev]al ,/ates z provid$ by ! ,con/itution30 ,! propos$ new national ,article1 :i* ?is #aiag ,resolution sugge/$ %\ld be made by legislative gov]nm5ts1 orig9ally & 9 ,april1 #aiag1 read z foll[s3 99 99 99 99 99 8,article--4 8,,section #a4 ,! manufacture1 sale1 or transportation ( intoxicat+ liquors )91 ! importation !re( into1 & ! exportation !re( f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & all t]ritory subject to ! jurisdiction !re( = bev]age purposes are h]eby prohibit$1 8,,section #b4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation1 & no?+ 9 ?is article %all deprive ! sev]al ,/ates ( _! p[] to enact & en=ce laws prohibit+ ! traffic 9 intoxicat+ liquors40 ,by reason ( our education 9 ! actual con/itution ( our only ,am]ican gov]nm5t & our respective /ate gov]nm5ts1 we grasp imm$iately ! />tl+ nature ( ! sugge/ion t ! /ate gov]nm5ts make t ,section #a & t ,section #b4 ,we fir/ dwell ) amazem5t ^u ! propos$ ,section #a & its propos$ mak]s4 ,x is a g5]al & direct comm& to all human be+s any:]e 9 ,am]ica1 directly int]f]+ ) _! individual fre$om1 on a matt] n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,s9ce we d5i$ omnipot5ce to ,p>liam5t1 no legislature or legislatures _h ev] d>$ to make any g5]al comm& to ! ,am]ican p1 except ! ,am]ican ,congress & x only s9ce #aghi & on matt]s enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,f #aggf to #aghi1 no legislature or legislatures _h any p[] :atev] to make a g5]al comm& to ,am]icans on any subject :atev]4 ,:5 ,am]icans1 9 answ] to ! ,philadelphia #aghg proposal1 made !mselves a nation & con/itut$ its gov]nm5t1 !y gave to t gov]nm5t enum]at$ p[]s to make g5]al comm&s on "s subjects4 ,all o!r p[] to make g5]al comm&s ( t k9d !y )held f e gov]nm5t & res]v$ exclusively to !mselves1 z !y _h d5i$ e p[] ( t k9d to e gov]nm5t 9 ! _w by _! ,/atute ( '#gf4 ,= :i* v cle> reasons1 x _h be5 cont9ually repeat$ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt = a c5tury t only "o gov]nm5t 9 ! _w c\ld make a g5]al comm& to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 & t ! ,congress itself c\ld n make any su* comm& on any subject n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,! ,congress proposal ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t 0 its own recognition ( ! tru? t ! sole gov]nm5t ( ,am]ican citiz5s _h no p[] to comm& !m on t subject4 ,x is probable t no?+ ev] orig9at$ 9 ,congress m rem>kable ?an ?is proposal t1 because ,congress itself 0 )\t ! p[] to make ! comm&1 ,congress %\ld ask inf]ior gov]nm5ts ( o!r citiz5s to make a comm& to ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,if x 7 possible t ?is c\ld be done1 !re w\ld be no ,am]ican citiz54 ,:ile no public lead] or r5[n$ lawy] has kn[n ?is simple fact1 ! /ory ( five ye>s has %[n h[ difficult x is to educate ! av]age citiz5 away f ! 8,am]ican0 m5tal attitude ( #aggf4 ,9 #aibb1 our ,*ief ,executive comm5t$ on ! fact t ! disob$i5ce ( ,am]ican citiz5s to ! comm& made by ! /ate gov]nm5ts _h become a public sc&al4 ,f #agfe on1 simil> disob$i5ce ( ,am]icans to comm&s made by gov]nm5t )\t au?ority f ,am]icans 0 a public sc&al to ,tories 9 ,am]ica & 9 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,!re c be no mi/ake ab\t ! ,tory m5tal attitude ( ! suppos$ ,am]ican gov]nm5t :i* ask$ ! gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s to make ! #aiah comm& to ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 int]f]+ ) _! individual lib]ty on a matt] outside ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,! reque/ 0 a frank av[al ( ! ,tory concept t ! p are 8subjects0 & t gov]nm5t c con/itute new gov]nm5t ( m5 89 all matt]s :atsoev]40 ,ev5 9 *oos+ ! "t = ! proposal & ! comm&1 !re 0 s9c]e & flatt]+ imitation ( a ,tory prec$5t ( ,revolution>y days4 ,:5 ,am]icans ( ,new ,york 7 away f _! homes & at ! battlefields ( ! ,revolution1 x 0 a ,tory :o /irr$ up ! ,h\se ( ! ,six ,nations to make a home attack ^u :at 0 *]i%$ by ^? ,am]icans4 ,& x _c be ignor$ t x 0 9 #aiah1 :5 millions ( ,am]icans 7 away f _! homes ei!r fight+ or prep>$ to fight = human lib]ty1 ! ,h\ses ( =ty-five di/9ct nations 7 /irr$ up to make a home attack ^u :at ^? ,am]icans *]i%$1 _! individual fre$om4 ,& ! analogy does n end ) ?is fact4 ,:5ev] ! ,tory concept ( ! relation ( gov]nm5t to 8subject0 has prevail$1 gov]nm5t has nev] recogniz$ any obligation ( gov]nm5t to obey law made by gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! ye>s :i* foll[$ #aiah1 ?is 0 /rik+ly exemplifi$ by ! sole ,am]ican gov]nm5t :i* _h ask$ ! gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s to make a comm& to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,! comm&1 9 simple ,engli%1 =bade t c]ta9 ?+s be done 9 8! ,unit$ ,/ates & all t]ritory subject to ! jurisdiction !re(40 ,! ,am]ican gov]nm5t insi/$ t its citiz5s mu/ obey ! comm&4 ,b ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t itself frankly add$ t1 on its own %ips :i* flew ! ,am]ican flag1 x w\ld n pay ! slighte/ att5tion to ! comm&4 ,& n until ?is frank ,tory attitude _h be5 giv5 un5viable notoriety did ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t ask ! rem>kable in=mation f its ,attorney ,g5]al :e!r %ips1 own$ by ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t & fly+ ! ,am]ican flag1 con/itut$ 8t]ritory subject to ! jurisdiction0 ( ,am]ica4 ,!n1 :ile ! *ief *ampion ( ! new ,article be=e ! ,c\rt ( #aibj & 8 associate gov]nm5t (ficials wait$ = ! in=mation f _! associate ,attorney ,g5]al1 ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t cont9u$ to act on ! claim$ assumption t its %ips 7 n 8t]ritory subject to ! jurisdiction0 ( ,am]ica4 ,facts speak = !mselves4 ,x seems impossible to "q ! consi/5t ,tory attitude ( ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t 9 e matt] relat+ to ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,let u n[ consid] ! second section ( ?is amaz+ new ,article1 z su* second section 0 orig9ally sugge/$ by ! ,s5ator f ,texas4 ,9 its !n =m x 0 ! sugge/ion t1 aft] or simultane\sly ) ! /ate gov]nm5t ex]cise ( an imag9>y p[] to comm& ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 ^? same /ate gov]nm5ts %\ld ve/ 9 ! only gov]nm5t ( ,am]ican citiz5s a future ability to make comm&s on ! same subject1 a subject n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,! ,/atute ( '#gf1 ! reason+ & ! decision at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg t its ,fir/ ,article c\ld only be made by ! 8conv5tions10 ! cle> & explicit /atem5ts 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt 7f ,m>%all to ,brew] 9 #aijg7 t no valid grant ( national p[] c\ld ev] be made except by ! 8conv5tions10 ! prescription 9 ! ,fif? ,article ( ! con/itutional mode 9 :i* a 8,yes0 f ?ree f\r?s ( ^? conv5tions w\ld validly make grants ( su* p[]--all ^! ?+s meant no?+ :atev] to ! ,s5ator f ,texas or 8 colleagues 9 ,congress1 to ! legislators 9 ! v>i\s /ates1 to gov]nm5t (ficials or to ! 8con/itutional0 lawy]s :o h discuss$ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,none ( !m realiz$ ! cle> fact t1 if gov]nm5t c\ld get new p[] ov] human be+s f gov]nm5t1 ! ,am]icans1 ?r\gh ^: education we h liv$1 _h :olly fail$ to a*ieve _! "o purpose1 security ( human fre$om f any int]f]5ce by gov]nm5t except "u "s p[] ( int]f]5ce directly grant$ by !mselves to t gov]nm5t4 ,_m ( ! colleagues ( ! ,s5ator f ,texas que/ion$ ! wisdom ( ask+ ! grant on t subject4 ,we "k n "o1 h[ev]1 :o que/ion$ ! ability ( ! propos$ donors to make ! grant4 ,we "k n "o :o que/ion$ z a fact t a fractional "p ( our /ate gov]nm5ts h ! v omnipot5ce ov] ! individual p ( all ,am]ica1 :i* ^? e>li] ,am]icans d5i$ to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,among our 8con/itutional0 lawy]s1 !re 7 _m :o 7 engag$ to combat 9 c\rt ! validity ( ! new ,article4 ,!y que/ion$ its validity on ! gr\nd t x took f ! /ates1 :i* are m]e political entities1 "p ( ! p[] :i* ea* /ate _h n surr5d]$4 ,9 ?is1 !y ignor$ ! legal fact1 settl$ by innum]able decisions1 t ! p ( ,am]ica1 n ! /ates1 made ! ,con/itution & all its grants ( national p[]4 ,!y que/ion$ its validity on ! gr\nd t ! p[] 7to make con/itutional ,articles7 8grant$0 787 9 ! ,fif? ,article did n include ! p[] to make fundam5tal *anges 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,9 ?is1 !y :olly ignor$ ! c]ta9 fact t no su* p[] is grant$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article b t two di/9ct p[]s1 !n exi/+1 "o limit$ & ! o!r unlimit$1 are m5tion$ & n grant$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 & a mode ( proc$ure = ! future ex]cise ( ea* is prescrib$4 ,9 all _! *all5ges to ! validity ( ! new ,article1 h[ev]1 we "k n "o :o ev] knew or m5tion$ ! only & ! inv9cible *all5ge to t validity1 t new p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 c\ld only be obta9$ con/itutionally by direct action ( ! ,am]ican p !mselves1 assembl$ 9 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article4 ,x meant no?+ to !m t ! ,fif? ,article prescrib$ t su* grants %\ld be valid only :5 !re _h be5 a 8,yes0 evok$ f ?ree f\r?s ( ^? conv5tions4 ,if we w\ld realize ! amaz+ ignorance1 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 %[n on ^! matt]s1 we mu/ cont9ue ! tale ( ! propos$ new ,article4 ,be=e ! propos$ ,article _h left ! ,s5ate = ! fir/ "t1 :at we n[ call ,section #b read1 8,! ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is ,article by appropriate legislation40 ,) ! section 9 t language1 ! ,jo9t ,resolution 0 pass$ & s5t to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives on ,augu/ #a1 #aiag4 7,congressional ,record1 ,vol4 #ee1 p4 #efff47 ,x 0 report$ out ( ! ,judici>y ,committee & tak5 up by ! ,h\se on ,decemb] #ag1 ) ! propos$ ,section #b read+1 8,! ,congress & ! sev]al /ates %all h concurr5t p[] to en=ce ?is ,article by appropriate legislation40 ,some:at educat$ ) ^? ,am]icans ^: exp]i5ce made !m bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w1 we realize t only ,m>k ,twa9 c\ld d full ju/ice to ! nature ( ?is alt]ation to ! propos$ ,section #b4 ,x 0 n en\gh t ,congress1 because x did n h ! p[] to make a c]ta9 comm& to its own citiz5s1 %\ld ask inf]ior gov]nm5ts1 :i* are n ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 to make t comm&4 ,x 0 n en\gh t ! ,am]ican ,congress1 :5 ask+ ^! inf]ior gov]nm5ts to make t comm&1 %\ld ask !m to give ,congress a future ability to make comm&s on t subject on :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica _h nev] giv5 any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts ability to make any comm&s to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,h\se alt]ation 9 ! second sugge/ion f ! ,s5ate w\ld indicate t ! ,h\se became jeal\s ( ! ,s5ate ignorance ( fundam5tals 9 ! relations ( gov]nm5ts to "o ano!r 9 ,am]ica & 9 ! relation ( all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica to ! individual ,am]ican4 ,x is difficult o!rwise to expla9 ! ,h\se alt]ation 9 ! ,section #b ( ! ,am5dm5t :i* came f ! ,s5ate4 ,z ! ,h\se report$ ! two sections back to ! ,s5ate1 ?is is :at ! two sections propos$4 ,section #a embodi$ a comm& 7to be made by ! inf]ior /ate legislatures7 :i* directly int]f]es ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s on a subject n enum]at$ 9 _! ,fir/ ,article4 ,section #b embodi$ a grant ( future ability to make simil> comm&s on ! same subject1 & ! grant 0 to be f ! /ate legislatures to ! ,congress & to ! v /ate legislatures :o 7 suppos$ to make ! grant itself & ! comm& ( ! ,fir/ ,section4 ,?is is exactly ! =m 9 :i* ! ,second ,section ( ! suppos$ new ,am5dm5t 0 lat] ratifi$ by ^! v /ate legislatures4 ,t ,second ,section has be5 ! subject ( unlimit$ discussion = ! pa/ five ye>s4 ,e "o seems to h giv5 x :atev] mean+ pleas$ him at "s p>ticul> mom5t4 ,:5 ! ,h\se ,*airman ( ! ,judici>y ,committee report$ ?is ,section to ! ,h\se he frankly /at$ t 8,we ?\ght x wise to give bo? ! ,congress & ! sev]al /ates concurr5t p[] to en=ce ?is ,article & let t p[] be set =? & grant$ 9 ! ,article we propose to submit40 7,congressional ,record1 ,vol4 #ef1 p4 #dbd47 ,b :5 ,:eel]1 c\nsel = a political organization :i* dictat$ t gov]nm5ts con/itute ?is new gov]nm5t ( m51 wrote 8 briefs to uphold ! validity ( ! new ,article :i* ,webb *ampion$ 9 ! ,h\se1 he expla9$ t ?is ,webb ,second ,section 8does n add to ! p[] already conf]r$ ^u ,congress by ,section #a0 b t 8x does1 h[ev]1 make cle> t ! p[] is res]v$ to ! /ates to pass legislation 9 aid ( ! acts ( ,congress40 ,z 9 mo/ matt]s1 ! v>i\s *ampions ( ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t are unable to und]/& & agree ^u ! mean+ ( pla9 ,engli%4 ,f "t to "t1 9 our education1 x w be cle> t !y d n "k & und]/& :at ! ,am]ican p did 9 #aghh 9 _! 8conv5tions0 b t1 :ile flatly contradict+ "o ano!r1 !y are all satisfi$ t ! ,am]ican citiz5s did give ! /ate legislatures unlimit$ ability to int]f]e ) individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,x seems natural1 !re=e1 to f9d ,webb & ,:eel] flatly contradict+ "o ano!r z to ! pla9 mean+ ( ,section #b ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,despite ! absurdity ( ! concept1 ,section #b means exactly :at ,webb /at$ x to mean :5 he br\ght x f ! ,h\se ,judici>y ,committee :i* _h writt5 x4 ,x means1 9 ! pla9e/ ,engli%1 t ! /ate legislatures grant to !mselves 7z well z to ,congress7 ability to make comm&s ( ! v same k9d z ! same /ate legislatures make1 )\t ! grant1 9 ! ,fir/ ,section4 ,& x is a rem>kable fact t1 9 all ! comm5t on t ,section #b = five ye>s1 no ^w has be5 spok5 ab\t ?is ridicul\s proposal t ! /ate legislatures make a c]ta9 comm& & !n grant !mselves ! p[] to make su* comm&s4 ,h[ev]1 ! abs5ce ( su* comm5t has be5 q 9 keep+ ) ! fact t our mod]n lead]s & lawy]s1 dur+ ! same five ye>s1 h nev] kn[n or comm5t$ ^u ! fact t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t dep5ds = its exi/5ce ^u ! simil> & equally absurd concept t ! ,fif? ,article is a grant f ! 8conv5tions0 to ! 8conv5tions0 z well z to ! /ate legislatures4 ,by reason ( our education1 we h _m natural que/ions to ask ab\t t ,section #b & ! unique ,h\se addition to its suppos$ grant4 ,:ile "s ( ^? que/ions may be academic1 inasmu* z we "k t ! new ,article is n 9 ! ,con/itution1 ! ?\ghts :i* sugge/ ! que/ions are /rik+ly p]t95t to our g5]al qu]y1 8,citiz5 or ,subject80 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we recall ! op5+ words ( ,section #d ( ! ,f\r? ,article ( ! ,con/itution4 ,^? words are1 8,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all gu>antee to e ,/ate 9 ?is ,union a ,republican ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t40 ,^! words imm$iately prec$e ! ,fif? ,article4 ,moreov]1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt has decid$ t x is ! p>ticul> duty ( ,congress to see t ?is p>ticul> gu>antee ( ! ,f\r? ,article is /rictly fulfill$4 7,lu!r v4 ,bord51 #g ,h[4 #a2 ,pacific ,telephone ,company v4 ,oregon1 #bbc ,u4,s4 #aah47 ,9 ! light ( ^! facts1 we wi% to "k :e!r ! ,congress1 :i* propos$ ! *ange 9 ,section #b1 s t /ate gov]nm5ts outside a p>ticul> /ate might give to ! /ate gov]nm5t ( t /ate new p[] to int]f]e ) its citiz5s1 und]/ood t ! ,fif? ,article 0 meant to enable ,congress to orig9ate any desir$ brea* ( ! gu>antee 9 ! ,f\r? ,article4 ,f our education1 we "k t1 s long z any /ate has a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 its legislature c h no p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! citiz5s ( a /ate except by ! grant & cont9u$ cons5t ( ^? citiz5s !mselves4 ,we "k t ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate1 9 #aggf1 gave its legislature p[] to int]f]e ) _! fre$om 9 ! matt] :i* is ! subject ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,we "k t1 !n or at any "t s9ce !n & n[1 ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate c\ld take back t p[] s giv54 ,b1 if ! gov]nm5ts ( ?irty-six /ates outside any giv5 /ate1 by ! ,second ,section ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 h grant$ ! legislature ( t p>ticul> /ate a new & second p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! citiz5s ( t /ate1 9 ! matt] :i* is ! subject ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 :at has become ( ! republican =m ( gov]nm5t 9 t /ate8 ,no republican =m ( gov]nm5t ev] exi/s :]e gov]nm5ts1 outside a /ate1 give to its legislature any p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( its citiz5s4 ,! case ( ,rhode ,isl& or ,connecticut makes our po9t cle>1 al?\gh ! "q is equally apt = any /ate1 if ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,nei!r ! ,am]ican citiz5s 9 ,rhode ,isl& nor ! legislature ( ,rhode ,isl&1 :i* speaks only = its citiz5s & n = any citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 h ev] said 8,yes0 to ! grant to ! legislature ( ,rhode ,isl& ( ?is new p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual human fre$om ( ! citiz5s ( ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! o!r p[] to int]f]e ) t fre$om1 on ! same subject1 :i* ! citiz5s ( ,rhode ,isl& gave to _! legislature1 is a p[] :i* ! citiz5s ( ,rhode ,isl& c take back f t legislature at any "t4 ,b1 if ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is 9 ! ,con/itution1 ! legislature ( ,rhode ,isl& has a p[] to int]f]e ) ! citiz5s ( ,rhode ,isl& 9 ! ex]cise ( _! human fre$om1 :i* p[] has be5 grant$ by gov]nm5ts outside ( ,rhode ,isl&1 & :i* p[] _c be tak5 away f t legislature by ! citiz5s ( ,rhode ,isl&4 ,we av]age ,am]icans aga9 ask :e!r ! ,congress1 *os5 to fulfill ! gu>antee ( ! ,f\r? ,article1 und]/ood ! mean+ ( ! ,fif? ,article to be t x c\ld sugge/ & orig9ate any desir$ brea* ( t gu>antee8 ,9 ! second place1 we w\ld l to ask ano!r "q ( ! ,congress :i* propos$ t ,second ,section & ( all :o uphold ! validity & ! sanity ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,?is o!r "q is ab\t ! two di/9ct p[]s1 9 relation to ,prohibition1 :i* ! legislature ( e /ate mu/ h1 if ! ,am5dm5t is 9 ! ,con/itution8 ,! "q is simple4 ,:5 su* legislature passes an act l ! ,mullan-,gage ,law 9 ,new ,york1 :o det]m9es :i* ( ! two di/9ct p[]s ! /ate legislature ex]cises8 ,is x ! p[] grant$ by ! citiz5s ( t /ate & revocable by !m8 ,or is x ! p[] grant$ by gov]nm5ts outside t /ate1 ov] :i* ! citiz5s ( t /ate h n ! slighte/ control8 ,! qu]y is a p]t95t "o4 ,x is n beyond reasonable assumption t ! citiz5s ( ,new ,york may am5d _! /ate con/itution & =bid _! legislature to enact any /atutes int]f]+ ) ! fre$om ( ! citiz5s ( ,new ,york1 9 any way1 on ! matt] :i* is ! subject ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,su* a /ep on ! "p ( ! citiz5s ( ,new ,york w\ld be absolutely valid4 ,x is n =bidd5 ev5 by ! rem>kable ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,su* a /ep w\ld imm$iately deprive ! legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york ( any p[] f ,new ,york citiz5s to pass su* law4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld end t ,law itself1 if t ,law 0 pass$ 9 ! ex]cise ( ! p[]1 9 su* matt]s1 grant$ by ! citiz5s ( ,new ,york4 ,if x 7 det]m9$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,mullan-,gage ,law _h be5 pass$ by ! ,new ,york legislature 9 ! ex]cise ( p[] delegat$ to x by gov]nm5ts outside ( ,new ,york1 ! ,mullan-,gage ,law w\ld /ill rema9 a valid /atute4 ,?is w\ld mean1 ( c\rse1 t ! republican =m ( gov]nm5t gu>ante$ to ! citiz5s ( ,new ,york1 by ! ,f\r? ,article1 _h come absolutely to an end4 ,our p>ticul> qu]y1 at ?is po9t1 is obvi\sly "o ( consid]able importance to u ,am]ican citiz5s1 ea* ( :om happ5s to be also a citiz5 ( "s /ate to :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica made ! gu>antee ( ! ,f\r? ,article & impos$ on ! v ,congress1 :i* orig9at$ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 ! duty ( hav+ t gu>antee fulfill$4 ,!re are o!r equally p]t95t que/ions :i* we might ask ab\t ?is unique ,section #b ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,we w leave !m = ! pres5t1 s t we may cont9ue ! /ory ( ! travel ( ! propos$ new ,article ?r\gh ! two ,h\ses ( ! ,congress :i* sugge/$ t gov]nm5ts ex]cise & give gov]nm5t ability to ex]cise ?is new p[] ov] ,am]ican citiz5s1 n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,we come n[ to ! days on :i* ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,s5ate discuss$ ! ,jo9t ,resolution4 ,9 ! record$ eloqu5ce ( ! advocates ( ! proposal1 we %all f9d mu* to rem9d u ( ! prevail+ attitude 9 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t t[>d u 9 #agge4 ,b1 9 t eloqu5ce1 we %all look 9 va9 = any e*o ( ! ,philadelphia ( #aghg or ( ! 8conv5tions0 9 :i* ,am]icans once assembl$ & gave _! only gov]nm5t its only enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,tory ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se 8,let facts be submitt$ to a c&id _w40 ,!y h 8comb9$ ) o!rs to subject u to a jurisdiction =eign to our ,con/itution & unackn[l$g$ by our laws2 giv+0 _! 8ass5t to _! acts ( pret5d$ legislation24 44 ,=4 44 decl>+ !mselves inve/$ ) p[] to legislate = u 9 all cases :atsoev]40 ,x is d\btful if our ,congress ( #aiag ev] read ! above language4 ,x is c]ta9 t su* ,congress1 read+ ^? words1 w\ld he$ !m j z little z all advocates ( ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t h he$$ ! express comm&s ( ! ,am]icans :o utt]$ ^? words4 ,= ! in=mation ( ^? :o ?9k t gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica c validly make grants ( national p[]1 l ^? 9 ! ,fir/ ,article & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 we /ate t ! quot$ words are f ! compla9t ( ! ,am]ican p aga9/ _! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t on ,july #d1 #aggf4 ,= _! in=mation1 we also /ate t1 on t fam\s ,july day1 all ,am]icans ceas$ =ev] to be 8subjects0 ( any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w4 ,= _! in=mation1 we also /ate t x w require m ?an a comb9ation ( our ,am]ican gov]nm5t & ! /ate gov]nm5ts to subject u ,am]ican citiz5s to a jurisdiction =eign to our ,con/itution & unackn[l$g$ by our laws1 ! jurisdiction ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 none ( :i* has aught to d ) ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,x is a kn[n legal fact1 decisively settl$ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 t ! jurisdiction ( ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t ov] ! ,am]ican citiz5 & ! jurisdiction ( ! /ate gov]nm5t ov] ! /ate citiz5 are z di/9ct & =eign to ea* o!r z if ! two citiz5s 7 two human be+s & ! t]ritory ( ! /ate 7 outside ( ,am]ica4 ,we h 9 our political sy/em a gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & a gov]nm5t ( ea* ( ! sev]al /ates4 ,ea* "o ( ^! gov]nm5ts is di/9ct f ! o!r & has citiz5s ( its own :o owe x allegiance & ^: rights1 )9 its jurisdiction1 x mu/ protect4 ,! same p]son may be1 at ! same "t1 a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & a citiz5 ( a /ate1 b 8 rights ( citiz5%ip "u "o ( ^! gov]nm5ts w be diff]5t f ^? he has "u ! o!r4 7,ju/ice ,waite 9 ,unit$ ,/ates v4 ,cruik%ank1 #ib ,u4 ,s4 #edb47 ,! two gov]nm5ts 9 ea* /ate /& 9 _! respective sph]es ( action1 9 ! same indep5d5t relation to ea* o!r1 except 9 "o p>ticul>1 t !y w\ld if _! au?ority embrac$ di/9ct t]ritory4 ,t p>ticul> consi/s 9 ! supremacy ( ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e any conflict arises betwe5 ! two gov]nm5ts4 7,ju/ice ,field 9 ,t>ble's ,case1 #ac ,wall4 #cig47 ,9 our ,con/itution all p[] ev] grant$ to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz5s is ve/$ 9 our only legislature1 ! ,congress4 ,t is ! op5+ /atem5t ( t ,con/itution 9 its ,fir/ ,article1 :i* enum]ates all p[]s ( t k9d ev] validly grant$ to t legislature4 ,9 our ,con/itution no p[] :atev] ov] ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica 0 ev] grant$ to ! /ates s+ly or collectively1 or to ! gov]nm5ts ( ! /ates s+ly or collectively4 ,t all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica1 includ+ ! ,congress ( #aiag1 might "k t settl$ fact1 x 0 /at$ ) ! utmo/ cl>ity 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t to t ,con/itution4 ,t ,am5dm5t1 repeat$ly held by ! ,supreme ,c\rt to be "p ( ! orig9al ,con/itution1 is ! cle> decl>ation t no p[] ( any k9d ov] u1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 is grant$ 9 t ,con/itution to any gov]nm5t save ! gov]nm5t ( ,am]ica1 & to x only ! enum]at$ p[]s ( t k9d 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,x is also ! cle> decl>ation t all p[]s to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 except ! p[]s grant$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article to ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t & p[]s res]v$ to ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate respectively1 to gov]n !mselves1 are res]v$ to ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,:]e=e1 n[ educat$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,am]icans :o insi/$ on t decl>ation1 we make exactly ! same *>ge1 aga9/ ! ,congress ( #aiag & all advocates ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 t 0 made by ^? ,am]icans aga9/ _! k+ :o insi/$ t !y 7 8subjects0 ( an omnipot5t legislature4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 ! ,congress knew t x c\ld n make1 to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! comm& :i* is ,section #a ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,by reason ( t k1 t legislature--! only ,am]ican "o--paid its tribute to ! /ate legislative gov]nm5ts z collectively a supreme ,am]ican ,p>liam5t ) exactly ! same omnipot5ce ov] all ,am]icans 8z subjects0 :i* ! ,am]icans ( #aggf d5i$ to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,congress ought to h kn[n t no gov]nm5t except ,congress c make any comm& on any subject to ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,x did "k t ,congress c\ld n make ! comm& ( ! new article to ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,!re=e x paid its tribute to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,x ask$ !m1 z compet5t grantors1 to give x a new enum]at$ p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,x is hi/ory t ^? /ate gov]nm5ts1 ea* ) no jurisdiction :atev] except ov] ! citiz5s ( its own /ate1 w5t ?r\gh ! f>ce ( sign+ ! reque/$ grant 9 ! "n ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,x is law t ^? /ate gov]nm5ts are n ! attorneys 9 fact ( ! citiz5s 9 ,am]ica = any purpose :atev]4 ,x is law t no gov]nm5ts h any p[] ( attorney f ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica to grant to any gov]nm5t a new enum]at$ ability to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,= :i* simple legal reason1 ! suppos$ grant ( su* a p[]1 by gov]nm5t to gov]nm5t1 9 ,section #b ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 is a =g]y4 ,! suppos$ ,vol/ead ,act 0 enact$ "u ?is grant4 ,x has met ) ! sev]e/ criticism4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 has yet po9t$ out "o p>ticul> fact to ! c>eful ?\ght ( e av]age citiz5 ( ,am]ica4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( laws1 int]f]+ ) individual fre$om1 9 ! /atute books ( ! ,am]ican nation & ( ! respective /ates4 ,9 "o respect1 h[ev]1 ?is ,vol/ead ,act is absolutely unique among /atutes 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is ! "o law 9 ,am]ica ( t k9d1 ! k9d int]f]+ ) individual fre$om1 :i* does n ev5 pret5d to be f\nd$ on a grant ( au?ority directly f its citiz5s to ! gov]nm5t :i* pass$ x4 ,x is ! only law 9 ,am]ica1 directly int]f]+ ) human fre$om1 :i* 0 enact$ "u a grant ( p[] made by gov]nm5t to gov]nm5t4 ,x does n detract f ?is unique di/9ction t ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t reque/$ ! grant1 & ! /ate gov]nm5ts made x1 & ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t act$ "u x1 by pass+ ! ,vol/ead ,act1 all be+ c>efully plann$ & accompli%$ :ile millions ( ,am]icans 7 prep>+ to give & ?\s&s ( !m did give _! lives = ! av[$ purpose ( secur+ human lib]ty f ! oppression ( gov]nm5t4 ,:51 9 #aghg1 ,am]icans at ,philadelphia _h word$ our ,con/itution1 ,g]ry1 op5+ ! %ort discussion ( its ,fif? ,article1 made ?is important & accurate /atem5t ( fact3 8,?is con/itution is to be p>am\nt to ! /ate con/itutions40 ,all ,am]ican citiz5s "k t ea* /ate legislature is ! creature ( its /ate con/itution & absolutely subject to t con/itution4 ,we ?us h cle>ly e/abli%$ t ! ,am]ican ,con/itution is p>am\nt to all ! /ate con/itutions & t ea* /ate con/itution is respectively p>am\nt to ! /ate legislature :i* x creates & controls4 ,x rema9$ = ! ,congress ( #aiag & all advocates ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t to acquire & /ate & act ^u ! rem>kable 8k0 t ^? same /ate legislatures are p>am\nt to ev]y?+ 9 ,am]ica1 includ+ ! ,am]ican ,con/itution1 :i* is p>am\nt to ! /ate con/itutions :i* creat$ ^! v legislatures4 ,t su* 0 ! unique k ( ! ,congress ( #aiag is made cle> by its reque/ to ^? /ate gov]nm5ts to make ! comm& ( ,section #a to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica & to make ! grant ( ,section #b ( p[] ov] ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 8,we ?\ght x wise to give bo? ! ,congress & ! sev]al /ates concurr5t p[] to en=ce ?is ,article & let t p[] be set =? & grant$ 9 ! ,article we propose to submit40 ,s spoke ,congressman ,webb1 introduc+ ! propos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 exactly z x n[ reads1 to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 on ,decemb] #ag1 #aiag4 ,?is 0 ! day on :i* t ,h\se discuss$ & pass$ ! ,s5ate ,jo9t ,resolution #ag1 :i* propos$ t ,am5dm5t & submitt$ x to gov]nm5ts to make x4 ,webb 0 a lawy] ( r5[n & *airman ( ! ,judici>y ,committee & _h entire *>ge ( ! passage ( ! ,resolution 9 ! ,h\se on behalf ( ^? :o _h ord]$ ! ,am]ican ,congress to pass t ,resolution4 ,f "o in/ance alone1 we may imm$iately glean h[ cle>ly ,webb & all lead+ support]s ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 9 & out ( ,congress dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s1 h %[n an accurate 8k0 ( ! basic pr9ciples ( all gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,we realize t su* k1 if human lib]ty is to rema9 secure1 is an ess5tial qualification ( lead]s ( a p once 8bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w40 ,no soon] _h ,webb read ! ,section #b & made 8 quot$ /atem5t ( its purpose ?an he 0 ask$ a p]t95t & important "q4 ,! qu]y 0 :e!r1 if ,congress & a /ate gov]nm5t ea* pass$ a law & !y flatly conflict$1 :i* law w\ld control8 ,webb _h made long prep>ation to c>ry out 8 purpose t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t be ins]t$ 9 ! ,con/itution by gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 prep>$ ) 8 imm$iate response to t ignorant "q4 ,8 prompt answ] 03 8,! "o gett+ jurisdiction fir/1 because bo? p[]s w\ld be supreme & "o supreme p[] w\ld h no "r to take ! case away f ano!r supreme p[]40 7,congressional ,record1 ,vol4 #ef1 p4 #dbd47 ,x is sad to relate t ?is lucid explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* two di/9ct supreme p[]s dictate to "o 8subject10 ! ,am]ican citiz51 elicit$ ! next qu]y1 8,does ! g5tleman say t z a lawy]80 ,) ! *>ity t real intellig5ce displays to ignorance1 ,webb aga9 expla9$ ! simple proposition ( two di/9ct & supreme p[]s to comm& on exactly ! same matt]4 ,we comm5d ,webb's ,am]ican m5tal attitude1 )\t ! slighte/ ,tory ta9t1 & 8 ma/]y ( ,am]ican law1 to all :o ev] wi% to dictate to human be+s z 8subjects40 ,fre% f our education 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! e>li] real ,am]icans1 we deem x prop] to dwell = a mom5t fur!r on t op5+ /atem5t ( ,webb3 8,we ?\ght x wise to give bo? ! ,congress & ! sev]al /ates concurr5t p[] to en=ce ?is ,article & let t p[] be set =? & grant$ 9 ! ,article we propose to submit0 to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,we recall vividly ! /atem5t ( ,lloyd ,george made only la/ ye> 9 ! ,briti% ,legislature4 ,he 0 speak+ ( ! propos$ treaty ) ,irel&1 !n be=e t ,legislature1 & ?is is :at he said1 9 sub/ance4 8,! ,p>liam5t at ,we/m9/] legislative gov]nm5t1 n ! p ( ! ,briti% ,empire is ! s\rce ( e p[] 9 ! ,briti% ,empire40 ,x is our j tribute to ,webb & e ,am]ican :o believes t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is 9 ! ,con/itution1 t !y und]/& t ! ,am]ican nation is f\nd$ & exi/s on exactly ! same pr9ciple4 ,!y h all act$ ^u ! "o conviction t ! /ate gov]nm5ts collectively are exactly ! same z ! ,p>liam5t at ,we/m9/]1 are above ! ,am]ican ,con/itution & ne$ obey no comm& 9 x1 & are ! legitimate s\rce ( any p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz51 on any matt] :atsoev]4 ,on our "p1 probably bl9d$ by our own education ) ! e>li] ,am]icans1 we /ill believe t ,webb & all :o ?9k ) him are hopelessly ignorant ( ,am]ican law4 ,we believe t !y d n und]/& 9 ! lea/ ! vital *ange 9 ! /atus ( ! ,am]ican individual1 f 8subject0 to 8citiz510 on ,july #d1 #aggf4 ,we rememb] ,m>%all's cle> /atem5t1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 t1 9 ! days :5 ,am]icans 87 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w0 & ! ,fir/ ,article grants ( p[] ov] !m 7 reque/$1 ! legal 8necessity ( d]iv+ ^? p[]s f !m 0 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all40 ,we "k t !y made no *ange 9 ! imp]ative nature ( t necessity4 ,we d n und]/& h[ t legal necessity1 dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s1 has n be5 kn[n to ,webb & ^? ( 8 ,tory fai?4 ,we rememb] ,m>%all's equally cle> /atem5t1 aga9 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 t1 :5 new grants ( su* p[] are want$ f its citiz5s by ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 !re is only "o way1 9 :i* ^? grants c be validly or 8effectively0 made1 namely1 by ^? citiz5s !mselves1 assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions40 ,x is true1 ! ,am]ican citiz5s assembl$ 9 ^? conv5tions 9 _! sev]al /ates4 8,no political dream] 0 ev] wild en\gh to ?9k ( break+ d[n ! l9es :i* sep>ate ! /ates1 & ( comp\nd+ ! ,am]ican p into "o common mass0 & ( compell+ !m to assemble 9 "o 8conv5tion10 :5 x is necess>y = !m to act1 z possessors ( exclusive ability to ve/ national p[] ov] !m4 ,( consequ5ce1 :5 !y act1 !y act 9 _! /ates4 ,b ! measures !y adopt d n1 on t acc\nt1 cease to be measures ( ! p !mselves1 or become ! measures ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 7,m',cullo* v4 ,m>yl&1 #d ,:eat4 #caf47 ,we d n und]/& h[ ,webb & ^? ( 8 ,tory fai? h =gott5 ?is legal fact1 possibly ! mo/ important 9 ,am]ica to ! lib]ty ( its citiz5s4 ,we rememb] h[ well ?is legal fact 0 once kn[n to all ,am]icans1 h[ cle>ly ! ,am]icans 9 ,virg9ia express$ x z ! !n k ( all ,am]icans & _! lead]s4 8,! p[]s grant$ "u ! propos$ ,con/itution are ! gift ( ! p1 & e p[] n grant$ !reby rema9s ) !m1 & at _! w40 7,resolution ( ! ,am]icans 9 ,virg9ia1 ratify+ ! ,con/itution & mak+ ! grants ( its ,fir/ ,article1 #c ,ell4 ,deb4 #fec47 ,we d n und]/& h[ ,webb & ^? ( 8 ,tory fai?1 speak+ ! language ( ,"l ,nor? 9 #agge & ( ,lloyd ,george 9 #aibb z to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ( 8subjects10 %\ld translate ! quot$ accurate /atem5t ( ,am]ican law into1 8,! p[]s grant$ "u ! propos$ ,con/itution are ! gift ( ! p1 b e p[] n grant$ !re9 rema9s ) ! collective /ate legislative gov]nm5ts & c be grant$ by ^? gov]nm5ts1 )\t any action by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica !mselves40 ,we "k t ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 #aijg1 did n s und]/&4 ,! p[]s ! p h giv5 to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t are nam$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 all 9 ! ,fir/ ,article & all n !re nam$1 ei!r expressly or by implication1 are res]v$ to ! p & c be ex]cis$ only by !m1 or ^u fur!r grant f !m4 7,ju/ice ,brew] 9 ,turn] v4 ,williams1 #aid ,u4 ,s4 #bgi47 ,we d n und]/& h[ ,webb & ^? ( 8 ,tory fai? c\ld believe t "o ( ^? res]v$ p[]s c\ld be ex]cis$ by ! collective /ate gov]nm5ts1 ,section #a ( ! new ,am5dm5t1 or c\ld be grant$ by ^? gov]nm5ts1 ,section #b4 ,we rememb] t ,madison1 :o word$ ! ,fif? ,article1 & ,hamilton1 :o second$ x at ,philadelphia1 did n s believe b knew t su* belief came 9 direct conflict ) basic ,am]ican law4 8,z ! p are ! only legitimate f\nta9 ( p[]1 & x is f !m t ! con/itutional *>t]1 "u :i* ! sev]al bran*es ( gov]nm5t hold _! p[]1 is d]iv$1 x seems /rictly consonant to ! republican !ory1 to recur to ! same orig9al au?ority ! p !mselves 9 8conv5tions0 :5ev] x may be necess>y to enl>ge1 dim9i%1 or new-model ! p[]s ( ! gov]nm5t40 7,hamilton 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,no4 #di47 8,! fabric ( ,am]ican ,empire ought to re/ on ! solid basis ( ! cons5t ( ! p4 ,! /reams ( national p[] ought to fl[ imm$iately f t pure1 orig9al f\nta9 ( all legitimate au?ority40 7,hamilton 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,no4 #bb47 8,! express au?ority ( ! p alone c\ld give due validity to ! ,con/itution40 7,madison 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,no4 #dc47 8,x is indisp5sable t ! new ,con/itution %\ld be ratifi$ 9 ! mo/ unexceptionable =m1 by ! supreme au?ority ( ! p !mselves40 7,madison1 at ,philadelphia1 #e ,ell4 ,deb4 #aeh47 8,! g5ius ( republican lib]ty seems to dem& on "o side1 n only t all p[] %\ld be d]iv$ f ! p1 etc40 7,madison 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,no4 #cg47 & 8,!re is c]ta9ly great =ce 9 ?is reason+1 & x mu/ be all[$ to prove t a con/itutional road to ! decision ( ! p ought to be m>k$ out & kept op51 = c]ta9 great & extraord9>y occasions40 7,madison or ,hamilton 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,no4 #di47 ,we av]age ,am]icans "k t1 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 !re is 8m>k$ out & kept op51 = c]ta9 great & extraord9>y occasions a con/itutional road to ! decision ( ! p0 :5 _! own exclusive ability is alone compet5t to d :at is deem$ wise to be done4 ,we "k t ! direct comm& to ,am]ican citiz5s1 int]f]+ ) _! individual fre$om & conta9$ 9 ,section #a ( ! new ,am5dm5t1 0 ! fir/ direct comm& ( t k9d ev] attempt$ to be put 9 our ,con/itution4 ,we "k t ! grant ( p[] to make su* comm&s1 :i* is ! grant ( ! second section ( t ,am5dm5t1 is ! fir/ & only grant ( t k9d ev] suppos$ly made s9ce #aghh4 ,kn[+ ^! und\bt$ facts1 we _c und]/& :y ,webb & ^? ( 8 ,tory fai? did n "k t ! reque/ = ! comm& ( ,section #a & = ! grant ( ,section #b 0 8a great & extraord9>y0 ev5t1 & t only ?r\gh ! 8con/itutional road = ! decision ( ! p0 !mselves1 8m>k$ & kept op50 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 ! assembl+ ( ! p !mselves 9 _! 8conv5tions10 c\ld a valid comm& & a valid grant be a*iev$4 ,! m we av]age ,am]icans consid]1 h[ev]1 ! ,congressional record ( #aiag & ! /ory ( ! subsequ5t five ye>s1 ! m d we und]/& ! curi\s m5tal attitude :i* has l$ ,webb & ^? ( 8 ,tory fai?1 :o believe t ! new ,am5dm5t is 9 ! ,con/itution1 to ?9k t gov]nm5ts c\ld make t comm& to & t grant ( p[] ov] ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,our consid]ation leads u to ?9k t none ( ^! m5 h ev] read or grasp$ ! mean+ ( ! words express+ a k s (t5 %[n by our ,supreme ,c\rt3 ,! p :o adopt$ ! ,con/itution knew t 9 ! nature ( ?+s !y c\ld n =esee all ! que/ions :i* might arise 9 ! future1 all ! circum/ances :i* might call = ! ex]cise ( fur!r national p[]s ?an ^? grant$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & aft] mak+ provision = an ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution by :i* any ne$$ additional p[]s w\ld be grant$1 !y res]v$ to !mselves all p[]s n s delegat$4 7,ju/ice ,brew]1 ,kansas v4 ,colorado1 #bjf1 ,u4 ,s4 #df at p4 #ij47 ,we are sorely afraid t ,webb & ! ,congress ( #aiag & all uphold]s ( ! new ,am5dm5t h made exactly ! same vital mi/ake :i* _h be5 made1 9 t report$ case1 by ! c\nsel :o !re repres5t$ ! v same gov]nm5t :i* repeat$ ! mi/ake 9 #aiag4 ,t c\nsel _h cont5d$ = ! proposition t !re are 8legislative p[]s affect+ ! nation z a :ole ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica :i* belong to1 al?\gh n express$ 9 ! grant ( p[]s0 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,! answ] ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt 0 decisive on ! mi/ake ( t c\nsel & ! mi/ake ( ! #aiag reque/ f ,congress to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,! answ] 0 t ! proposition is 9 direct conflict ) ! doctr9e t ?is is a gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s4 ,t ?is is su* a gov]nm5t cle>ly appe>s f ! ,con/itution1 indep5d5tly ( ! ,am5dm5ts1 = o!rwise !re w\ld be an in/rum5t grant+ c]ta9 specifi$ ?+s made op]ative to grant o!r & di/9ct ?+s4 ,?is natural con/ruction ( ! orig9al body ( ! ,con/itution is made absolutely c]ta9 by ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t4 ,?is ,am5dm5t1 :i* 0 seem+ly adopt$ ) presci5ce ( j su* cont5tion z ! pres5t1 disclos$ ! wide-spread fe> t ! ,national ,gov]nm5t might1 "u ! pressure ( a suppos$ g5]al welf>e1 attempt to ex]cise p[]s :i* _h n be5 grant$4 ,) equal det]m9ation ! fram]s int5d$ t no su* assumption %\ld ev] f9d ju/ification 9 ! organic act1 & t if 9 ! future fur!r p[]s seem$ necess>y1 !y %\ld be grant$ by ! p 9 ! mann] !y _h provid$ = am5d+ t act4 ,x reads3 8,! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x to ! ,/ates1 are res]v$ to ! ,/ates respectively1 or to ! p40 ,! argum5t ( c\nsel ignores ! pr9cipal factor 9 ?is ,article1 to wit1 8,,! ,,p40 ,its pr9cipal purpose 0 n a di/ribution ( p[] betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,/ates1 b a res]vation to ! p ( all p[]s n grant$4 ,! preamble ( ! ,con/itution decl>es :o fram$ x1--8,we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 n ! p ( "o ,/ate1 b ! p ( all ! ,/ates2 & ,article ,x res]ves to ! p ( all ! ,/ates ! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! p[]s affect+ ! int]nal affairs ( ! ,/ates n grant$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x to ! ,/ates1 are res]v$ to ! ,/ates respectively1 & all p[]s ( a national "* :i* are n delegat$ to ! ,national ,gov]nm5t by ! ,con/itution are res]v$ to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#bjf ,u4 ,s4 at p4 #hi47 ,we av]age ,am]icans "k1 & ,webb & ^? ( 8 ,tory fai? _c d5y1 t ! p[] to make ! comm& ( ,section #a1 ! p[] purport$ to be grant$ 9 ,section #b1 are among ! p[]s ( :i* ! ,supreme ,c\rt speaks z res]v$1 n to ! /ates1 b to ! p ( ,am]ica4 ,we also "k1 & aga9 !y _c d5y1 t only ^?1 :o h1 c give1 or grant4 ,= :i* reason1 we ask t !y answ] ?is "q3 ,h[ c ! /ate gov]nm5ts ex]cise or grant a p[] :i* 0 n res]v$ to ! /ates b 0 res]v$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica to !mselves8 ,9 ask+ ?is "q we b e*o ! le>n$ ,p5dleton's "q1 9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion ( #aghh3 8,:o b ! p c delegate p[]s8444 ,:at h ! /ate gov]nm5ts to d ) x80 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #cg47 ,& we also b e*o ! "q ( ,wilson1 9 ! ,p5nsylvania conv5tion ( #aghg3 8,h[ comes x1 sir1 t ^! /ate gov]nm5ts dictate to _! sup]iors--to ! maje/y ( ! p80 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #ddd47 ,b we1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 h a fur!r *>ge1 at ?is po9t1 to make aga9/ ,webb & all :o claim t ! new ,am5dm5t is 9 ! ,con/itution or t any gov]nm5ts c\ld put x !re4 ,9 ! case ( ,kansas v4 ,colorado1 supra1 c\nsel = ! gov]nm5t ( ,am]ica made a monum5tal error by display+ 8 ignorance ( ! mo/ important factor 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 8! p0 ( ,am]ica4 ,by reason ( t p>ticul> ignorance1 he assum$ t all p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ,am]icans1 on e subject1 mu/ be ve/$ 9 "s gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts4 ,?is 0 ! ,tory concept1 accurately rebuk$ by ! supreme judicial tribunal1 kn[+ only ,am]ican law bas$ on ! ,am]ican concept ( ! relation ( 8citiz5s0 to _! s]vant gov]nm5t & n on ! ,tory concept ( ! relation ( ! ma/] gov]nm5t to its 8subjects40 ,he did n "k :at ,cooley knew :5 he made 8 accurate /atem5t t 8,!re nev] 0 a writt5 republican con/itution :i* delegat$ to function>ies all ! lat5t p[]s :i* lie dormant 9 e nation & are b\ndless 9 ext5t & incapable ( def9ition10 7,con/itutional ,limitations1 #g? ,ed41 #aijc1 p4 #fi47 ,by reason ( 8 ignorance1 he cont5d$ t gov]nm5t c\ld comm& ,am]ican citiz5s by int]f]+ ) _! individual fre$om on a matt] n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,8 p>ticul> error1 9 t respect1 is repeat$ by ,webb & all :o uphold ! validity ( ! comm& made 9 ,section #a ( ! new suppos$ ,am5dm5t4 ,b !y 7 n cont5t ) repeat+ 8 "o monum5tal error4 ,!y h n only ignor$ ! mo/ important factor 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 8! p40 ,!y h also :olly ignor$ ! mo/ important factor 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 ! m5tion ( ! way 9 :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica made _! only valid grants ( p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual human fre$om1 ! m5tion ( ! only way 9 :i* new grants ( p[] ( t k9d c ev] be con/itutionally made1 ! assembl+ ( ^? citiz5s 9 _! 8conv5tions0 9 _! sev]al /ates4 ,s assembl$ 9 su* 8conv5tions10 !y made all _! grants 9 ! ,fir/ ,article & !n1 9 _! ,fif? ,article1 m5tion$ _! own assembl+ 9 exactly simil> conv5tions 9 ! future & prescrib$ t a 8,yes0 f ?ree f\r?s ( ^? conv5tions w\ld be ! only valid signature ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica to any new grant ( a fur!r enum]at$ p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om4 ,!re nev] has be5 any o!r possible mean+ to ^? words 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 8or by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(40 ,to ! ,am]icans :o word$ t ,article at ,philadelphia & to ! ,am]icans :o made t ,article1 assembl$ 9 j su* 8conv5tions0 z are m5tion$ 9 words !re91 t quot$ phrase 0 ! mo/ important factor 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,to !m1 ^? quot$ words !re9 7 ! complem5t ( _! mo/ important factor 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 ! res]vation to !mselves 78! p0 or citiz5s ( ,am]ica7 ( e national p[] n delegat$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,toge!r1 ! two important factors 7 ! comm& ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica t all national p[]s s res]v$ to !mselves c\ld be delegat$ only by !mselves1 assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions0 --8by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s (0 _! /ates4 ,we1 :o h liv$ ?r\gh _! education ) !m1 realize ?is ) c]ta9ty4 ,webb & ^? :o believe ) him "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,recogniz+ t ,congress _h be5 giv5 no p[] to make ! comm& :i* is ,section #a ( ! new ,am5dm5t1 !y fir/ ask$ ! /ate gov]nm5ts to make t comm& to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,?is 0 an exact repetition ( ! error made by c\nsel 9 ,kansas v4 ,colorado1 supra4 ,?is 0 _! ignor+ ( ! mo/ important factor 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t4 ,!n1 t ! display ( _! own ignorance %\ld conta9 some?+ orig9al1 !y ignor$ ! mo/ important factor 9 ! ,fif? ,article & reque/$ t a new p[]1 res]v$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica to !mselves1 %\ld be grant$ by ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,ev]y?+ t !y h said or done1 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 is bas$ on t ignor+ ( t mo/ important factor 9 t p>ticul> ,article4 ,inde$ ,webb himself made ?is v cle> at ! v op5+ ( 8 appeal t ,s5ate ,resolution ,numb] #ag be pass$ 9 ! ,h\se on ,decemb] #ag1 #aiag4 ,he m]ely paus$ to make ! lucid explanation ( h[ two supreme p[]s act1 & !n w5t on to read ! ,fif? ,article z x appe>s 9 8 expurgat$ edition ( our ,con/itution4 ,?is is ! ,fif? ,article he read to our only legislature3 8t ,congress1 :5ev] two ?irds ( bo? h\ses %all deem x necess>y1 %all propose am5dm5ts to ?is ,con/itution 444 :i* 444 %all be valid to all int5ts & purposes z "p ( ?is ,con/itution1 :5 ratifi$ by ! legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! sev]al /ates40 ,x is cle> to u1 :o h foll[$ ! fram+ ( t ,article 9 ,philadelphia 9 #aghg1 t ! ,am]icans :o fram$ x !re & ! ,am]icans :o made x1 9 _! lat] 8conv5tions10 w\ld n recognize _! ,fif? ,article4 ,9 ! expurgat$ edition1 ! mo/ important factor 9 ! real ,fif? ,article is n only ignor$ b is entirely miss+4 ,x has be5 /rick5 f ! ,article4 ,we d n "k :o ord]$ t x be /rick5 out4 ,we recall ) int]e/ t1 on ,septemb] #ae1 #aghg1 at ,philadelphia1 ,g]ry1 always a consi/5t ,tory 9 m5tal attitude1 mov$ t x be /rick5 out ( ! ,article4 ,we recall t 8 motion 0 defeat$ by a vote ( #aj to #a4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we come to read t ,article1 z ,webb & 8 colleagues = ! new ,am5dm5t "k x1 we f9d t !y mu/ h "s o!r record ( ! vote on t old ,septemb] #ae1 #aghg1 & ( ! lat] votes 9 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,we f9d t 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 z ,webb & 8 colleagues "k x1 !re are no words 8by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s (0 ! sev]al /ates4 ,we realize t ?is read+ ( 8 ,fif? ,article & ! abs5ce ( ^? important words f x 0 no m]e inadv]t5ce on ! "p ( ,webb4 ,cle>ly ^? words are n 9 8 ,fif? ,article4 ,only a few mom5ts aft] 8 read+ ( x1 on ,decemb] #ag1 #aiag1 he quot$ ) approval a /atem5t1 by "s =m] ,s5ator1 t ! ,am]ican p h a 8"r to be he>d 9 ! =um ( ! /ate legislatures1 :]e alone ! "q c be decid$ :e!r ! national ,con/itution %all be am5d$40 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 we educat$ citiz5s ( ,am]ica h no difficulty 9 grasp+ ! ,tory m5tal attitude ( ,webb 7& 8 colleagues = ! new ,am5dm5t7 t all con/itutional protection = our individual fre$om may be legally disp5s$ ) at any "t by gov]nm5t1 if gov]nm5ts only get toge!r & act jo9tly1 z 9 ! proposal & suppos$ adoption ( ! new ,am5dm5t entirely by gov]nm5ts4 ,= ! edification ( ,webb & ^? ( 8 fai? 9 t respect1 we w\ld l to in=m !m t all :o believe t ! new ,am5dm5t has be5 or c be put 9 ! ,con/itution by gov]nm5ts1 8seem to h lo/ sight ( ! p altoge!r 9 _! reason+s on ?is subject2 & to h view$0 our national & /ate gov]nm5ts1 8n only z mutual rivals & enemies1 b z uncontroll$ by any common sup]ior 9 _! ef=ts to usurp ! au?orities ( ea* o!r4 ,^! g5tlem5 mu/ be "h rem9d$ ( _! error4 ,!y mu/ be told t ! ultimate au?ority1 :]ev] ! d]ivative may be f\nd1 resides 9 ! p alone1 & t x w n dep5d m]ely on ! comp>ative ambition or address ( ! diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 :e!r ei!r1 or :i* ( !m1 w be able to enl>ge its sph]e ( jurisdiction at ! exp5se ( ! o!r40 7,f$4 ,no4 #df47 ,x contributes n a little to ! importance ( ! quot$ /atem5ts t !y 7 writt5 by ,madison1 :o also wrote ! real ,fif? ,article4 ,!y are 8 w>n+ to ! !n 8adv]s>ies ( ! ,con/itution40 ,!y s]ve well z our w>n+ to ! pres5t adv]s>ies ( our ,con/itution1 :o assume & h act$ on ! assumption t !y c ignore its mo/ important factors :5ev] gov]nm5t desires to ex]cise or to grant a new p[] to int]f]e ) our individual fre$om1 al?\gh we h n grant$ x b h res]v$ x to ourselves4 ,we might cont9ue some:at indef9itely ! /ory ( ,s5ate ,jo9t ,resolution #ag 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives on t ,decemb] day ( its passage !re94 ,we w\ld f9d1 h[ev]1 :at we h already se5 ( ,webb & 8 colleagues !re to be typical ( all !y h said & all t !y knew ( basic ,am]ican law4 ,we _c leave t ,h\se on t day1 h[ev]1 )\t "s comm5t ^u ! f9al eloqu5t appeal made by ,webb at ! close ( 8 ardu\s labor to secure ! passage ( ! ,resolution4 ,to ^?1 :o h any k 9 ! matt]1 x is well kn[n t ,*ri/ prea*$ ! doctr9e ( free w & temp]ance1 :ile ,mohamm$ laid d[n ! law ( prohibition4 ,) great curiosity1 !re=e1 we h li/5$ = ye>s & /ill li/5 to ! ceaseless tirade com+ f ,*ri/ian *ur*es :]e m5 /yle !mselves ,am]ican 8,crusad]s0 & d5\nce1 9 no temp]ate language1 all ,am]icans :o d n align !mselves "u ! 8,cresc5t0 flag ( ,mohamm$ & respect 8 ,mohamm$an comm& embodi$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,section ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,our curiosity is n less5$ by ! fact t _! d5unciation ( ^?1 :o flatly d5y t ! comm& itself is ,*ri/ian1 is always accompani$ ) an equally temp]ate d5unciation ( ^? :o d>e to "q _! ,tory concept t gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica c con/itute new gov]nm5t ( m54 ,we h se5 ,webb1 ) a c&or only equall$ by ignorance1 frankly array himself ) ^? :o believe ! ,tory concept1 t ! legislatures ( ! /ate citiz5s are 8! only tribunal0 9 :i* ! national "p ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s c be *ang$4 ,to 8 cr$it1 !re=e1 we f9d x a matt] ( record t1 ) equal c&or1 he frankly arrays himself "u ! 8,cresc5t0 flag ( ,mohamm$ & eloqu5tly appeals to all o!r devotees 8( ! great ,mohamm$0 9 support ( ! ,mohamm$an & un-,*ri/ian precept embodi$ 9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,t full ju/ice may be done 8 eloqu5ce & 8 c&or1 ^! are 8 own words on 8 immortal ,decemb] #ag1 #aiag3 8,dur+ "o ( ! great battles f\ght by ,mohamm$1 ! flag 0 %ot f ! ramp>ts4 ,a d>+ & devot$ soldi] imm$iately seiz$ x ) 8 "r h& & held x back on ! ramp>t4 ,imm$iately 8 "r arm 0 %ot (f1 b1 nev] falt]+1 he seiz$ ! flag ) 8 left h& & t1 too1 0 in/antly %ot away :]eupon ) 8 ble$+ /ubs he held ! emblem 9 its place until victory came4 8,) a zeal & a det]m9ation ak9 to t :i* animat$ ?is devotee ( ! great ,mahomet1 let u wage a ceaseless battle & nev] %ea! our swords until our con/itutional am5dm5t is firmly adopt$ & ! :ite bann] ( real effective prohibition pr\dly floats ov] e c\r?\se & city hall ?r\gh\t ?is1 ! greate/ nation ^u e>?40 7,congressional ,record1 ,vol4 #ef1 p4 #dfi47 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,tory ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,:5 our pres5t ,con/itution 0 be=e ! p ( ,am]ica1 wait+ _! approval or rejection1 ,madison & ,hamilton publi%$ _! s]ies ( essays1 n[ kn[n z ,! ,f$]ali/4 ,x is n our int5t to dwell ^u ! k ( ,am]ican basic law %[n by ^! two m54 ,else:]e our ,supreme ,c\rt has paid its des]v$ tribute to ,! ,f$]ali/ z an au?ority ( ! greate/ weight 9 ! mean+ ( our ,con/itution4 ,at ?is mom5t1 we desire to m5tion "o rem>kable quality :i* makes ^? essays unique among argum5ts writt5 9 ! heat ( a great political controv]sy4 ,!y 7 writt5 to urge t human be+s create a great nation & grant "s enum]at$ p[]s to int]f]e ) _! own fre$om4 ,!y 7 writt5 :5 o!r great lead]s 7 oppos+ t project ) ! utmo/ ability & eloqu5ce4 ,^! oppon5ts1 z is ! cu/om ) m5 9 any heat$ controv]sy1 d5\nc$ ! project & its advocates4 ,! abuse ( bo? project & advocates has probably nev] be5 exce$$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,yet x is "o rem>kable quality ( ! argum5ts ( ,madison & ,hamilton1 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 t !y !mselves nev] leave ! realm ( reason & fact & law1 or desc5d to irrelevant abuse ( ^? :o diff] 9 op9ion ) !m4 ,we1 :o h liv$ ?r\gh ! la/ five ye>s 9 ,am]ica1 c tru?fully say t ! advocates ( ! new con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 h made _! essays & spee*es & argum5ts notable = ! same quality1 by its utt] abs5ce4 ,because fact w\ld int]f]e ) ! mak+ ( _! new ,con/itution1 !y h *ang$ fact4 ,because law meant t gov]nm5t c\ld n con/itute _! gov]nm5t ( ! p1 !y h /at$ law :i* has nev] be5 law 9 ,am]ica s9ce #aggf4 ,because reason w\ld prev5t ! a*ievem5t ( _! purpose1 !y h appeal$ to irrelevant abuse ( ^? :o d>$ to diff] 9 op9ion ) !m4 ,9 view ( ^! kn[n facts1 we av]age ,am]icans %all n be surpris$ :5 we read ! record ( ! ,s5ate on its own proposal t gov]nm5t %\ld ex]cise a p[] n delegat$ to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,fre% f ! read+ ( ! record 9 ! ,h\se1 we %all n be surpris$ to f9d t ! ,s5ate also ignor$ ! mo/ important factors 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! ,fif? ,article1 8! p0 9 ! "o1 & ! m5tion ( ! p's exclusive ability to make national ,articles 9 ! o!r4 ,:5 8 propos+ ,resolution came be=e ! ,s5ate on ,july #cj1 #aiag1 ,s5ator ,%epp>d quickly made cle> 8 m5tal attitude on ! relation ( gov]nm5t to human be+s4 ,:5ev] a s9c]e ,tory has voic$ himself on t matt]1 x has always be5 inevitable t he betray ! ?\ght t human be+s are ! assets ( ! ,/ate & n its con/itu5t memb]s4 ,z ,madison said1 8,we h all kn[n ! impi\s doctr9e ( ! ,old ,_w1 t p 7 made = k+s & n k+s = ! p40 ,9 ! c\ntry or 9 ! m9d :]e t doctr9e prevails1 x is held to be ! "r & ! privilege ( gov]nm5t to see t ! p1 l ! o!r assets ( ! ,/ate1 are kept 9 good condition s t all prop]ty ( ! ,/ate may h its greate/ economic value 9 ! m>ket ( ! _w4 ,& s we f9d ,%epp>d1 ?r\gh all 8 op5+ support ( ! new con/itution ( gov]nm5t bas$ on ! ,tory doctr9e1 mak+ cle> ! necessity t our gov]nm5t keep t asset1 :i* is ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 9 good physical condition l any o!r ma*9e t may be 9 ,am]ica4 8,9 an age ( ma*9]y & ( bus9ess transactions on a scale m enorm\s & complicat$ ?an ev] be=e1 ! cle> eye1 ! quick bra9 & ! /eady n]ve are imp]atively dem&$4 ,society today is m dep5d5t ^u ! man at ! ma*9e ?an at any previ\s p]iod4 ,we are com+ to und]/& t ! eng9e ( ! body mu/ h ! same c>e z ! eng9e ( ! a]oplane1 ! battle%ip1 ! railway tra91 ! /eam%ip or ! automobile2 t ! trade 9 alcohol is a =m ( sabotage :i* ! human ma*9e _c endure2 t x is no m to be tol]at$ ?an w\ld be ! bus9ess ( mak+ & sell+ scrap iron to be dropp$ into ! delicate & complex ma*9]y ( mod]n manufacture1 transportation & comm]ce40 7,congressional ,record1 ,vol4 #ee1 p4 #eeej47 ,aft] ?is admirably accurate appreciation ( ! relation ( our ,am]ican gov]nm5t to ! asset :i* is ourselves1 ,%epp>d !n proce$$ to tea* u 7:o h j liv$ ?r\gh ! education ( ! ,am]ican human be+s :o made ! ,con/itution7 ! real facts ( t mak+1 z he kn[s !m4 ,he is advocat+ t our only ,am]ican gov]nm5t %\ld ask ! legislative gov]nm5ts ( ! /ates1 :i* are n ! gov]nm5ts ( ,am]ican citiz5s1 directly to int]f]e ) our individual fre$om & to grant to !mselves & to our only gov]nm5t future p[] to int]f]e !re) on a matt] n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,naturally1 z real fact w\ld make manife/ ! absurdity ( su* proposal1 he /ates t1 :5 ! ,con/itution 0 made1 8by votes ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ! p[] to am5d ! f$]al ,con/itution 0 ve/$ 9 ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ates40 ,und\bt$ly he meant u to und]/& t ! ,con/itution 7?r\gh ^: real mak+ we h j liv$7 0 made by ! /ates & t ! ,s\!rn ,/ates grant$ to ! legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ates ! omnipot5t ability ov] ! human be+s ( ,am]ica1 :i* ^? human be+s !mselves _h d5i$ to ! ,engli% k+ & 8 legislature4 ,t he meant u s to und]/& we %all le>n to a c]ta9ty 9 a mom5t4 ,mean:ile1 let u note h[ inadv]t5tly he /ates "p ( ! tru?1 :ile omitt+ all ref]5ce to ! "p !re( :i* w\ld make 8 own proposal ! cle> absurdity :i* x 04 ,we note 8 ref]5ce to t "p ( ! ,fif? ,article :i* m5tions ! ability ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ate legislatures to am5d ! f$]al ,con/itution4 ,because we h liv$ ?r\gh ! days ( ! real ,am]ican lead]s1 we recall t our ,con/itution is bo? f$]al & national & t /ate legislatures always _h ability to make f$]al ,articles & nev] _h ability to make national ones4 ,we also rememb] t ^? /ate legislatures 7 p]mitt$1 by ! p :o made our ,con/itution1 to reta9 "s ( ! ability !y _h & 7 giv5 no new ability4 ,we also rememb] t ! ,fif? ,article m5tions _! exi/+ ability to make f$]al ,articles & prescribes1 z ! comm& ( ! p ( ,am]ica1 t a 8,yes0 f ?ree f\r?s ( !m %all validly make a *ange 9 ! f$]al "p ( our dual ,con/itution4 ,= :i* reason1 ) some:at ( amusem5t1 we note ,%epp>d's inadv]t5t accuracy ( /atem5t1 :5 he says t ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ate legislatures may am5d ! f$]al ,con/itution4 ,) our k1 we d n c>e :at he meant or int5d$ t o!rs %\ld und]/&4 ,we "k t no?+ has be5 m def9itely settl$ 9 ,am]ica1 s9ce #aggf1 ?an t legislative gov]nm5ts nev] c make a national ,article or *ange our national ,con/itution4 ,we n[ come to t "p ( ,%epp>d's oration 9 :i* he makes c]ta9 8 rem>kable 8k0 t our ,con/itution 0 made by ! /ates--:i* are political entities--& n by ! p ( ,am]ica4 ,) a complac5cy requisite 9 "o :o advocates t unique con/itution ( a new k9d ( gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica1 gov]nm5t ( ! p by gov]nm5t )\t au?ority f ! p1 we f9d him quot+ f ,calh\n ( #ahcc ! doctr9e t ! /ates made ! ,con/itution4 8,9 ?is compact !y h /ipulat$1 among o!r ?+s1 t x may be am5d$ by ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ates2 t is1 !y h conc$$ to ea* o!r by compact ! "r to add new p[]s or to subtract old1 by ! cons5t ( t proportion ( ! /ates1 )\t requir+1 z w\ld o!rwise h be5 ! case1 ! cons5t ( all40 7,congressional ,record1 ,vol4 #ee1 p4 #eeec47 ,! hi/ory ( ,am]ica f ,may #bi1 #aghg1 to ,july #cj1 #aiag1 0 cle>ly a seal$ book to ,%epp>d ( ,texas on t lat] day4 ,on ,may #cj1 #aghg1 at ,philadelphia1 ,r&olph ( ,virg9ia (f]$ ! ?ree ,resolutions1 :i* propos$ t ! p ( ,am]ica create a nation & absorb into _! national sy/em ! f$]al union :i* _h be5 made by ! /ates4 ,! fir/ resolution 0 to express ! s5tim5t ( ! conv5tion 8t ! union ( /ates m]ely f$]al w n accompli% ! objects02 ! second 0 to express ! s5tim5t t 8no treaty or treaties among ! :ole or "p ( ! /ates1 z individual sov]eignties1 w\ld be suffici5t02 & ! ?ird 0 to express ! s5tim5t 8t a national gov]nm5t ought to be e/abli%$1 consi/+ ( ! supreme legislative1 executive1 & judici>y40 ,! "w ( t ,philadelphia ,conv5tion 0 c>ri$ to a successful conclusion on ! basis ( ^? s5tim5ts4 ,:5 _! propos$ ,con/itution _h be5 word$1 x 0 s5t to & made by ! "o p ( ,am]ica1 n by ! /ates4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 orda9$ & e/abli%$1 n by ! /ates 9 _! sov]eign capacities1 b emphatically1 z ! ,preamble ( ! ,con/itution decl>es1 by ! 8p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,s decl>$ ,ju/ice ,/ory1 f ! ,b5* ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 z f> back z ! decision ( ,m>t9 v4 ,hunt]'s ,lessee1 #a ,:eat4 #cbd4 ,z ,/ory 0 an associate ( ,m>%all on t ,supreme ,c\rt1 & z he is recogniz$ z "o ( ! greate/ expon5ts ( our ,con/itution1 we av]age ,am]icans pref] 8 k to t ( ,%epp>d ev5 :5 ! latt] does quote f ,calh\n4 ,fur!rmore1 9 an unbrok5 l9e ( decisions1 ext5d+ ov] ! entire p]iod ( m ?an a c5tury ( ^: hi/ory ,%epp>d kn[s naught1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt has insi/5tly proclaim$ ! same fact1 namely1 t ! p ( ,am]ica--n ! /ates--made our ,con/itution4 8,x is no long] op5 to "q t by ! ,con/itution a nation 0 br\ght into be+1 & t t in/rum5t 0 n m]ely op]ative to e/abli% a clos] union or league ( ,/ates40 7,ju/ice ,brew]1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,kansas v4 ,colorado1 #bjf ,u4 ,s4 #df47 ,inde$1 _m m5 be=e ,%epp>d h attempt$ to d5y t fact4 ,hi/ory1 h[ev]1 records no successful d5ial4 ,z ,%epp>d /ates1 ! words ( ,calh\n 7 f 8 reply to ,web/] 9 #ahcc4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( a c5tury1 all a seal$ book to ,%epp>d1 ,ha9e also ass]t$1 aga9/ ,web/]1 ! belief ( ,calh\n & ,%epp>d z to :at 7 ! facts ( ! mak+ ( our ,con/itution4 ,we av]age ,am]icans1 9 an e>li] *apt] h]e91 h read ,web/]'s /atem5t z to :at 7 ! facts ( t mak+4 ,hav+ liv$1 ourselves1 ?r\gh ! days :5 ! ,am]icans did make _! own ,con/itution1 we agree :olly ) ,web/] & ! ,supreme ,c\rt & "k t ! /ates _h no "p :atev] 9 its actual mak+4 ,ov] fifty ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 x became absolutely immat]ial1 except = academic purposes1 :at might be ! p]sonal beliefs ( ourselves or ,calh\n or ,ha9e or ,%epp>d or ,web/]4 ,%ortly aft] ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 j z unwill+ z ,%epp>d 9 #aiag to accept ! unalt]able decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt t our ,con/itution is n a compact betwe5 /ates1 appeal$ to ! only tribunal to :i* !re is any appeal f t ,c\rt1 ! tribunal ( civil w>4 ,ev5 ,%epp>d mu/ "k ! result ( ,gettysburg1 ! surr5d] =ev] ( any claim t ! ,con/itution is a compact betwe5 ! /ates4 ,ev5 ,%epp>d mu/ "s "t h he>d ! e*o ( ,l9coln's appeal1 at ,gettysburg1 t gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by !m & = !m1 %\ld n p]i% f ! e>?4 ,ev5 ,%epp>d mu/ recognize1 :e!r or n he wi% to d s1 h[ successfully ! ,am]ican p1 ^: pr$ecessors made ! ,con/itution1 answ]$ t appeal ( ,l9coln & int5d to keep our gov]nm5t a gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by !m & = !m1 in/ead ( a ,%epp>d gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by gov]nm5ts )\t au?ority f ! p4 ,we av]age ,am]icans1 h[ev]1 d n "q ! wisdom ( ,%epp>d 9 quot+ ! repudiat$ claim ( ,calh\n1 s long z ,%epp>d & 8 colleagues int5d$ to cont9ue _! ef=t to impose ^u u ! new con/itution ( a new k9d ( ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 :i* is _! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,if he & !y 7 to f9d any:]e citations 9 support ( ! ability ( gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica to ex]cise & to grant undelegat$ p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om1 to :at s\rce c\ld he or !y g = su* citations8 ,_! proposition dep5d$ :olly = its validity ^u ! ,tory concept ( ! relation ( gov]nm5t to its assets & subjects1 ! p4 ,&1 9 ! five volumes ( ! records ( ! conv5tions ( ! ,am]icans1 9 ! two volumes ( ,! ,f$]ali/1 & 9 ov] two hundr$ volumes ( ,am]ican decisions 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 he & !y knew t no s+le citation ( au?ority c\ld be f\nd to support ! idea t we ,am]icans are 8subjects0 & n citiz5s4 ,9 ! face ( su* a situation1 he & !y _h b a *oice betwe5 ! repudiat$ claims ( ,calh\n & ,ha9e or ! concepts ( ,"l ,nor? & 8 associates 9 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t ( #agge4 ,we av]age ,am]icans "k :at *oice we w\ld h made1 "u su* circum/ances4 ,= :i* reason we are n surpris$ to f9d ,%epp>d1 aft] 8 rem>kable quotation f ,calh\n1 cont9u+ on to say t ! /ates 8by res]v+ to !mselves ! unqualifi$ & exclusive "r ( am5dm5t kept intact _! sov]eign capacity 9 s f> z ! organic law ( ! nation 0 conc]n$40 7,congressional ,record1 ,vol4 #ee1 p4 #eeec47 ,) ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 we h always kn[n & we /ill "k1 despite ,%epp>d1 t ! p ( ,am]ica did all ! res]v+ t 0 done & :i* ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t m]ely decl>$ _h be5 done4 ,we note1 ) int5t to rememb]1 h[ cle>ly ,%epp>d demon/rat$ 8 total ignorance ( ! mo/ important factor 9 t ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 8! p10 & ( ! mo/ important factor 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 ! m5tion ( ! res]v$ exclusive ability ( ! p !mselves1 assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions10 to am5d or *ange or add any national ,article 9 _! ,con/itution4 ,z we g on ) 8 oration ( t ,july day1 we f9d him insi/+1 z we f\nd ! ,h\se insi/+ on a lat] day1 t ! /ates & _! legislative gov]nm5ts are all ! protection to our individual lib]ties :i* ! ,am]ican p 7 able to atta9 by ! ef=ts ( ^? rem>kable ye>s f #agge to #agij4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 t insi/5ce is m5tion$ 9 ! same brea? 9 :i* he sugge/s t we1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 h "s rights1 evid5tly 9 ! nature ( privileges :i* a gov]nm5t conf]s on its subjects4 ,?is is :at he has to say3 8,9 refus+ ! p ! "r to appeal to ! only tribunal hav+ p[] ( am5d+1 ! tribunal ( ! /ates1 = ! r$ress ( :at !y consid] "o ( ! mo/ t]rible grievances 9 ! republic1 ,congress w\ld d5y to !m "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ ( all rights1 ! "r ( petition40 ,:y %\ld ! supreme legislature n d5y t "r ( petition to u1 if ! inf]ior /ate legislatures1 :o are n gov]nm5ts ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 claim p[] to d5y u any "r !y please1 z !y d by _! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t to our ,con/itution8 ,b we wa/e "t on ?is ,%epp>d4 ,let him say 8 own f>ewell to u2 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 9 8 clos+ words ( ,july #cj1 #aiag4 ,z ,webb1 9 ! ,h\se1 clos$ ) 8 eloqu5t appeal to e true ,mohamm$an1 we naturally f9d ,%epp>d clos+ ) 8 appeal to :atev] ,tory s5tim5t believes t ! same mo/ important factor 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! ,fif? ,article %\ld be equally ignor$4 8,at ! close ( ?is debate we w h an opportunity to enable ! /ates to ex]cise _! highe/ function--! "r to %ape1 alt]1 & develop ! f$]al ,con/itution4 ,!y are ! prop] tribunal to decide ! fate ( ?is ,am5dm5t4 ,!y compose ! mightie/ array ( free commonweal?s unit$ 9 a f$]at$ :ole ! _w has ev] se54444 ,if !re is any?+ 9 ! ,am5dm5t subv]sive ( _! lib]ties & _! welf>e1 !y c be tru/$ to condemn x4 ,let n ,congress assume to judge = !m4 ,let ,congress dis*>ge its prelim9>y task ( submission & /& aside4 ,let x put 9 motion ! ref]5dum provid$ by ! national organic law--! me?od ( am5dm5t ! /ates !mselves e/abli%$ :5 !y creat$ ! ,con/itution4 ,let ! /ates p]=m ! duty :i* rema9s ! sole in/ance ( _! sov]eignty ov] ! f$]al gov]nm5t itself40 7,congressional ,record1 ,vol4 #ee1 p4 #eeed47 ,if x 7 /ill #ahcc1 if !re nev] _h be5 a ,gettysburg or an ,appomattox1 c\ld ,calh\n himself h done bett]8 ,if !re nev] _h be5 ! ,/atute ( #aggf or an ,am]ican ,revolution to make x ! basic law ( ,am]ica1 c\ld any ,tory pe] 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,p>liam5t ( #agge h be5 m zeal\s to see t ! /ates !mselves--:i* are m]e political entities--%\ld det]m9e :e!r !re 0 any?+ 9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t 8subv]sive ( _! lib]ties & _! welf>e80 ,if !re is1 8!y c be tru/$ to condemn x40 ,let our 8,congress dis*>ge its prelim9>y task ( submission & /& aside40 ,:at if !re is any?+ 9 ! ,am5dm5t subv]sive ( our lib]ties & our welf>e8 ,:y %\ld we be tru/$ ) ! opportunity to condemn x1 ! opportunity :i* we res]v$ exclusively to ourselves by ! mo/ important factors 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! ,fif? ,article8 ,:y %\ld we rememb] t ,jeff]son1 also f a ,s\!rn ,/ate1 p5n$ ! ,/atute ( #aggf 9 :i* ! ,am]ican p comm&$ t no gov]nm5t acquire p[] ov] p except f p & n f gov]nm5ts8 ,:y %\ld we rememb] t ,p5dleton1 also f ! ,s\?1 :ile actually engag$ ) all ! re/ ( ! ,am]ican p 9 mak+ ! ,fir/ ,article1 ref]r$ to x & ask$1 8,:o b ! p c delegate p[]s8 ,:at h ! /ate gov]nm5ts to d ) x80 ,:y %\ld we rememb] t ,wilson1 9 ! previ\s ,decemb]1 t ( #aghg1 said ( our ,con/itution1 8,^u :at pr9ciple is x cont5d$ t ! sov]eign p[]s reside 9 ! /ate gov]nm5ts8 ,! propos$ sy/em sets out ) a decl>ation t its exi/5ce dep5ds ^u ! supreme au?ority ( ! p alone8 ,h[ comes x1 sir1 t ^! /ate gov]nm5ts dictate to _! sup]iors--to ! maje/y ( ! p80 ,:y %\ld we rememb] t ,web/]1 answ]+ ,hayne & ,calh\n1 said1 also speak+ ( our ,con/itution1 8,:ile ! p *oose to ma9ta9 x z x is--:ile !y are satisfi$ ) x1 & refuse to *ange x--:o has giv51 or :o c give1 to ! /ate legislatures a "r to alt] x1 ei!r by int]f]5ce1 con/ruction1 ,,or ,,o!rwise8444 ,sir1 ! p h n tru/$ _! safety1 9 reg>d to ! g5]al con/itution1 to ^! h&s4 ,!y h requir$ o!r security & tak5 o!r bonds40 7#d ,ell4 ,deb4 #ejh47 ,x is true t ^! e>li] ,am]icans h cle>ly 9 m9d ! mo/ important factor 9 bo? ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! ,fif? ,article4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,p5dleton & ,wilson & ! ,am]icans ( t day1 9 mak+ our ,con/itution1 9 con/itut+ a new gov]nm5t & giv+ to x "s p[]s ov] ! fre$om ( human be+s1 7 act+ entirely outside any writt5 law except ! ,/atute ( '#gf4 ,is n _! example a s\nd prec$5t = ^? :o are n[ con/itut+ a new gov]nm5t ( ,am]icans & giv+ x p[] ov] _! fre$om1 = ^? :o made ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t & ^? :o upheld its validity8 ,:at if ! mak]s ( ! new gov]nm5t are !mselves gov]nm5t8 ,if gov]nm5ts *oose to act outside ( all writt5 law & to ignore t "p !re( :i* is ! important factor ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! ,fif? ,article1 are ^! gov]nm5ts n emulat+ ! example ( ! ,am]ican p 9 #aghg8 ,true1 ^! ,am]ican p did act 9 /rict con=mity to ! ,/atute ( #aggf1 & ?is mod]n con/itution ( new gov]nm5t by gov]nm5t is n 9 con=mity ) t ,/atute4 ,b 0 n t ,/atute itself ! revolt ( human be+s aga9/ gov]nm5t8 ,if human be+s1 by successful revolt aga9/ gov]nm5t1 c\ld *ange !mselves f subjects to citiz5s1 :y _c gov]nm5t1 by successful revolt aga9/ human be+s1 *ange !m f citiz5s to subjects8 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,%epp>d & ,webb & ^? ( _! ,tory fai? insi/ t ! new con/itution ( gov]nm5t is 9 our ,con/itution1 & put !re validly1 "u claim$ grant f u to /ate gov]nm5ts ( omnipot5ce ov] ,am]ican citiz5s1 we1 on our "p1 "k t _! claim is )\t ! slighte/ support4 ,moreov]1 our k 9 t respect is k ( indisputable legal fact4 ,t ! fact w\ld be equally indisputable1 ev5 if our ,con/itution 0 a compact betwe5 /ates1 z ,calh\n did claim1 & z ,%epp>d does claim1 we c cle>ly demon/rate ev5 to ,%epp>d himself4 ,our education ) ! e>li] ,am]icans1 :o *ang$ _! /atus f t ( subject to citiz51 has taught u all we ne$ = t demon/ration4 ,let u assume1 :at ,%epp>d ass]ts1 t ! /ates made ! ,con/itution1 t x is a compact betwe5 /ates4 ,%epp>d is a ,texan4 ,if our ,con/itution is a compact betwe5 /ates1 ! ,/ate ( ,texas is "o ( ! p>ties to t compact4 ,we ask ,%epp>d :e!r he & ! o!r ,texans are ! ,/ate ( ,texas or :e!r ! legislative gov]nm5t 9 ,texas is ! ,/ate ( ,texas8 ,if he answ]s t ! ,texas legislature is ! ,/ate ( ,texas1 we proce$ no fur!r4 ,t answ] w be 8 frank confession t ! ,texan is a subject ( ! ,texas gov]nm5t & n a citiz5 or memb] ( ! ,texas ,/ate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he answ]s t ! human be+s ( ,texas are ! ,/ate ( ,texas1 we d proce$ fur!r4 ,we proce$ along ! mo/ def9itely settl$ legal pr9ciple 9 ,am]ica4 ,if ! human be+s 9 ,texas are its citiz5s & con/itute its ,/ate1 ! con/itution ( ,texas is _! creation & ! legislature ( ,texas is ! creature ( t con/itution4 ,f ! ,texans1 ?r\gh ! creation :i* is _! con/itution1 t legislature d]ives its e p[] ov] ! human be+s 9 ,texas & _c h any su* p[] except by grant f ^? human be+s !mselves4 ,t is ! law ( ,texas1 settl$ by hundr$s ( decisions 9 ,texas & ,am]ica4 ,n[1 if our ,am]ican ,con/itution is a compact betwe5 ! ,/ate ( ,texas--! human be+s 9 ,texas--& ! o!r /ates--! human be+s 9 ! o!r /ates--h[ comes x t ! m]e creature ( ! ,texans1 )\t p[] ov] !m except f !m1 c1 by comb9ation ) o!r s]vant legislatures outside ,texas1 give to itself & to o!r gov]nm5ts outside ,texas a new p[] to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ! human be+s 9 ,texas8 ,we are r afraid t ,%epp>d & ^? ( 8 fai?1 ev5 assum+ t our ,con/itution is a compact betwe5 /ates1 h entirely ov]look$ ! legal fact t a gov]nm5t is n ! ,/ate 9 ,am]ica4 ,we are r afraid t !y h rev]t$ to :at ,madison call$ 8! impi\s doctr9e ( ! ,old ,_w10 namely1 t ! gov]nm5t is ! ,/ate & ! human be+s are its asset & its prop]ty4 ,we are r afraid t !y agre$ ) ! concept ( ,l\is ( ,france1 express$ 9 8 fam\s 8,i am ! ,/ate40 ,on no o!r basis c we expla9 _! complete ignorance ( ! "o important factor 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! ,fif? ,article1 8! p0 ( ,am]ica1 :o1 assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions10 z m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 are ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica & compose ! ,/ate or ,nation ( ,am]ica4 ,we av]age ,am]icans1 9 ! light ( our education1 read+ ! record ( t ,july #cj 9 our ,s5ate1 w\ld h ?\ght1 7 x n = "o fact1 t e s5ator 0 us+ ! expurgat$ edition ( ! ,con/itution1 :i* ,webb lat] us$ 9 ! ,h\se1 & :i* omits entirely f ! ,fif? ,article ! words1 8by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s (0 ! /ates4 ,7 x n = t "o fact our ?\ght w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$4 ,we "k t ! proposition ( ,%epp>d1 embodi$ 9 8 ,s5ate ,resolution ,no4 #ag1 0 t ! propos$ new ,article %\ld be ref]r$ to ! tribunal ( ! /ate legislative gov]nm5ts4 ,we "k1 & we h quot$ 8 own /atem5t1 :i* is ! basis ( t k1 t he held t legislative tribunal to be 8! only tribunal hav+ p[] ( am5d+0 our ,con/itution4 ,we "k t he held ?is legislative tribunal to be 8! prop] tribunal to decide ! fate ( ?is ,am5dm5t40 ,we "k 8 confid5ce t ?is legislative & gov]nm5t tribunal has 8! "r to %ape1 alt]1 & develop0 our ,con/itution1 orda9$ & e/abli%$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,8 conviction1 9 ?is respect1 is /amp$ indelibly on our m9d1 because x came 9 su* %>p conflict ) our k t all ,am]icans ( an e>li] day held t e national ,article1 l ! ,fir/ ,article & ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 mu/ be ref]r$ to t o!r tribunal1 ! only tribunal compet5t to make su* ,articles :]e m5 are citiz5s & n subjects1 ! tribunal ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s !mselves1 ! tribunal m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article 9 ! words 8by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s (0 ! /ates 9 ,am]ica4 ,we "k1 !re=e1 inasmu* z nei!r ,%epp>d nor any s5ator b "o app>5tly knew ( ! exi/5ce ( t o!r & supreme tribunal or ( ! pres5ce ( ^? words 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 t all s5ators save t "o mu/ h be5 us+ an expurgat$ edition ( ! ,fif? ,article4 ,on t ,july #cj we f9d ,s5ator ,a%ur/ mak+ pla9 t he has our edition ( our ,con/itution4 ,he said1 8,:5 our f$]al ,con/itution 0 writt5 9 #aghg1 two me?ods ( am5d+ 7 provid$2 &1 unless ,i am mi/ak51 x 0 ! fir/ writt5 con/itution 9 hi/ory :i* provides = two me?ods ( am5dm5t40 ,?is brief & simple m5tion ( t significant fact1 9 relation to ! ,fif? ,article1 seems to h be5 ! only cognizance ( ! fact itself1 9 ! ,s5ate ( t day or 9 ! entire subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 ev5 9 ! great litigations ab\t x 9 :i* 7 array$ aga9/ "o ano!r ! mo/ r5[n$ 8con/itutional0 lawy]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,s f> z w\ld appe> f ! ,s5ate record1 no k ( ! amaz+ly important effect ( t ,fif? ,article m5tion ( two di/9ct p[]s 7"o limit$ & !n exi/+ 9 gov]nm5t & ! o!r unlimit$ & !n & n[ exi/+ 9 ! ,am]ican p7 to make future ,articles 0 acquir$ 9 ! ,s5ate or aft]w>d1 f ! fact itself or f ,a%ur/'s allusion to ! fact4 ,back at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg1 ,g]ry1 always ,tory 9 8 m5tal attitude to gov]nm5t & human be+1 realiz$ fully ! amaz+ importance ( ?is ,fif? ,article m5tion ( ! two !n exi/+ p[]s to make ,articles1 ! limit$ p[] ( legislative gov]nm5ts to make f$]al ,articles 7:i* _h made all ! f$]al ,articles ( #agha7 & ! unlimit$ & exclusive p[] ( ! p !mselves to make national ,articles1 :i* _h be5 ex]cis$ to make ! national ,articles 9 ea* exi/+ /ate con/itution1 & :i* ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion _h already asc]ta9$ & held 0 ! only p[] compet5t to make su* ,articles z _! own propos$ ,fir/ ,article & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,:ile ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion _h be5 discuss+ & decid+ t _! propos$ ,con/itution1 because ( its ,fir/ ,article1 ! real con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! p1 ,g]ry _h always oppos$ t decision4 ,he _h always f\ght to h t ,fir/ ,article s5t to gov]nm5t1 to h its grants ( p[] ov] ! fre$om ( m5 made by gov]nm5t to gov]nm5t4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! clos+ bus9ess day ( t ,conv5tion 0 rea*$ on ,septemb] #ae1 #aghg1 he made 8 f9al & consi/5t ,tory ef=t t citiz5s %\ld be ask$ to make a ,fif? ,article :i* w\ld *ange !m back aga9 to ! subjects !y _h be5 9 #agge4 ,t ef=t 0 8 motion ( ,septemb] #ae to /rike f ! ,fif? ,article1 z we "k x1 ! words 8or by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s (0 ! /ates4 ,he knew1 z we "k1 by reason ( our education ) ! ,am]icans :o defeat$ 8 ef=t1 t ^? words are ! ,fif? ,article m5tion ( ! !n exi/+ only ability 9 ,am]ica :i* !n c\ld or n[ c make su* ,articles z ! orig9al ,fir/ ,article or z ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,he knew1 z we av]age ,am]icans n[ "k1 t1 only if su* m5tion 7 /rick5 f t ,fif? ,article1 c\ld any future possible claim be made t legislative gov]nm5ts h ability to ex]cise or to grant undelegat$ p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,) ! important object 9 m9d1 t he secure "s f\ndation = su* claim 9 ! future1 he made 8 motion to /rike t m5tion ( our exclusive p[] f t ,fif? ,article4 ,z we av]age ,am]icans "k1 8 ef=t to h a conv5tion ev5 propose su* a ,fif? ,article to 8a p bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w0 0 beat5 by ! decisive vote ( #aj to #a4 ,! proposal ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t by gov]nm5t to gov]nm5t 0 ! attempt ( our s]vant ,am]ican gov]nm5t to rev]se ! result ( t vote ( ,septemb] #ae1 #aghg4 ,! action ( ! /ate legislative gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica ^u t propos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t 0 an action dep5d+ entirely = its validity ^u a rec\nt ( t vote & ! assumption t ! conv5tion did /rike out t m5tion ( our exclusive p[] to make national ,articles & t ! ,fif? ,article w5t to ! ,am]ican p & 0 made by !m )\t t m5tion 9 x4 ,= :i* v obvi\s reasons1 we av]age ,am]icans d n und]/& h[ ! fact1 to :i* ,a%ur/ made brief allusion on ,july #cj1 #aiag1 0 n ! basis ( e attack made 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt by _m ( ! mo/ r5[n$ 8con/itutional0 lawy]s 9 ,am]ica1 :5 !y did assail ! validity ( t ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,x is difficult to pick out ! "o mo/ rem>kable ?+ 9 ! complete /ory ( ! la/ five ye>s4 ,yet we are incl9$ to believe t1 f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 ! "o mo/ rem>kable ?+ is ! absolute failure ( ev5 "o ( ^? r5[n$ lawy]s to appreciate or "k or m5tion ! fact & its decisive effect ^u ! alleg$ validity ( ! ,am5dm5t !y *all5g$1 ! fact t ! ,fif? ,article does "n two future mak]s ( ,articles1 ! gov]nm5ts :i* c\ld & did make ! f$]al ,articles ( #agha1 b :i* nei!r c\ld nor did make ! ,fir/ ,article ( #aghg or ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t ( #aiag1 & ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 :o c\ld & did make ! ,fir/ ,article ( #aghg & :o alone c make b h n made ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,ev5 ,a%ur/ seems to h kn[n t x 0 rem>kable1 unique 9 hi/ory1 = ! ,fif? ,article to "n two diff]5t mak]s ( future ,articles4 ,x is amaz+ t ! imp]ative reason = ?is nam+ ( two mak]s1 di/9ct & diff]5t 9 _! ability to make1 nev] sugge/$ itself to any ( ! r5[n$ lawy]s ( #aibj1 ev5 ?\gh !y knew ! dual nature1 national & f$]al1 ( our ,con/itution4 ,x is amaz+ :5 we realize t ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 #ahai1 _h /at$1 z an obvi\s ?+1 t1 :5 ! ,fir/ ,article 7grant+ p[] to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( m57 0 propos$1 ! legal 8necessity ( ref]r+ x to ! p1 & ( d]iv+ its p[]s directly f !m1 0 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all40 ,x is amaz+ :5 ! same ,supreme ,c\rt 9 #aijg _h au?oritatively repeat$ t /atem5t3 8,! p[]s ! p h giv5 to ! g5]al gov]nm5t are nam$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 & all n !re nam$1 ei!r expressly or by implication1 are res]v$ to ! p & c be ex]cis$ only by !m or ^u fur!r grant f !m40 ,h[ev]1 we av]age ,am]icans1 /ill pursu+ ! hi/ory ( ,am]ica to le>n :5 we aga9 became 8subjects10 w lat] h]e9 consid] ! litigation ab\t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,s f> z ! ,s5ate is conc]n$1 we leave x on ,decemb] #ah1 #aiag1 ! day on :i* x f9ally propos$ t legislative gov]nm5ts make ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 ^: ,second ,section 0 exactly ( ! same nature z ! ,fir/ ,article1 namely1 an ,article ( ! k9d :i* ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion ( #aghg _h kn[n nev] c\ld be made by legislative gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 t ,s5ate1 z 9 ! ,h\se1 ! public record discloses no ,am]ican :o did n ignore ! mo/ important factor 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! ,fif? ,article1 no ,am]ican :o knew ! legal necessity ( d]iv+1 directly f ! p !mselves1 e p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! p4 ,s f> z hi/ory tells ! tale1 9 ! legislatures ( ! /ates1 t legal necessity 0 8kn[n & ackn[l$g$0 by none4 ,!re 7 _m !re91 z !re 7 _m 9 ! lat] c\rt litigations1 :o oppos$ ! mak+ on ! gr\nd ( its unwisdom4 ,!re 7 also _m1 aga9 z 9 ! lat] litigations1 :o cont5d$ t !re %\ld be no int]f]5ce ) ! fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz5s1 z su*1 except on ! matt]s enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,b1 nei!r 9 our own ,am]ican legislature nor 9 ^! /ate legislatures1 z 9 ! lat] litigations1 0 !re "o :o knew ! only legal & ma9ta9able gr\nd = t belief1 ! legal fact1 z ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion f\nd x1 t only ! ,am]ican p c\ld validly grant gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om1 & ! legal fact t ! ,am]ican p1 con/itut+ _! gov]nm5t1 kept ! legal situation1 9 t respect1 exactly z ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion f\nd x1 by ! mo/ important factors 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! ,fif? ,article4 ,! amaz+ ha/e ) :i* ! ratify+ legislatures ex]cis$1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,am]ica1 ?is imag9>y p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s is a matt] ( hi/ory4 ,! mann] 9 :i* t legislative ex]cise ( imag9>y gov]nm5t p[] ov] subjects 0 secur$ 9 _m /ates is some?+ ) :i* we are all famili>4 ,we desire1 h[ev]1 to emulate ! example set by ,madison & ,hamilton 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 s f> z judgm5t c re/ra9 ! hone/ indignation ( citiz5s1 :5 gov]nm5t und]takes to make !m 8subjects40 ,!re=e we leave x entirely to ^? :o uphold ! validity ( ! suppos$ new ,am5dm5t to sub/itute irrelevant matt]1 mo/ly p]sonal abuse t is h>mless 9 view ( its s\rce1 = ! s\nd legal argum5ts 9 support ( validity1 :i* !y c nev] f9d until ! ,/atute ( '#gf is repeal$ & our con/itutions ( gov]nm5t are s *ang$ t we cease to be citiz5s & become ! subjects our ance/ors 7 9 #agge4 ,= ^? :o w\ld l to look ^u all ,am]ican gov]nm5ts z model exempl>s ( ,am]ican respect = ,am]ican law & ,am]ican con/itutions1 ! date ( ! proposal 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 & ! quickness ( ratification & ! mann] 9 :i* ratification 0 l>gely secur$1 are all matt]s mo/ unpleasant to contemplate4 ,ev5 n[ ! mo/ s9c]e advocate ( ! new ,am5dm5t nev] speaks ( x )\t unwitt+ly %[+ 8 *agr9 at ! g5]al k t x 0 propos$ & pass$ by gov]nm5ts :5 millions ( ! citiz5s ( ^? gov]nm5ts 7 fight+ & 7 arm$ to fight = human lib]ty1 & t ev5 gov]nm5ts w\ld nev] h d>$ to pass x except at t p>ticul> "t4 ,^! facts1 h[ev]1 reflect only on ! virtue ( ! ,am5dm5t4 ,!y h no be>+ ^u its validity4 ,we av]age ,am]icans are int]e/$ n[ only 9 t claim$ validity4 ,we "k t1 if x is valid1 we h become subjects1 t we are no long] citiz5s4 ,we are seek+ to f9d out :5 & h[ t *ange 0 made 9 our relation to all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,beg9n+ on ,july #d1 #aggf1 we h come d[n to ,decemb] #ah1 #aiag4 ,we h f\nd ourselves1 on t day1 /ill citiz5s4 ,we "k t our s]vant legislature at ,wa%+ton made a proposal on t day1 :i* 0 legally absurd1 unless we _h already become subjects4 ,we h li/5$ c>efully to :at !y _h to say1 9 support ( t proposal1 & h asc]ta9$ t !y nei!r knew nor und]/ood ! mo/ important factor 9 our ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ,fif? ,article1 by :i* our ance/ors kept _! own & our /atus z citiz5s4 ,we "k t ! /ate legislatures c\ld n *ange t /atus4 ,!re=e we n[ simply note ! fact t1 9 #aiah1 "s ( !m ratifi$ ! proposal on ! basis t all ( u 7 _! subjects4 ,we "k t our own gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton has act$1 :5ev] x felt dispos$ to en=ce ! suppos$ new comm& aga9/ u & n to disobey x op5ly itself1 z if we 7 ! subjects ( ^? ratify+ legislatures4 ,we "k also t 9 #aibj1 aft] m ?an a ye> ( exhau/ive /udy ( our hi/ory & our ,con/itution & our laws by hundr$s ( our mo/ em95t lawy]s1 all work+ = "o object1 ! legal demon/ration ( ! invalidity ( ! new ,am5dm5t1 a *os5 numb] ( ! mo/ r5[n$ 8con/itutional0 lawy]s 9 ,am]ica appe>$ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt & orally argu$ aga9/ validity & fil$ ! briefs aga9/ validity :i* 7 ! result ( ?is conc5trat$ ef=t4 ,we "k also t1 9 t c\rt1 on behalf ( our own gov]nm5t & on behalf ( ^? o!r gov]nm5ts :i* t gov]nm5t has proclaim$ to be ! supreme dictator 9 ,am]ica1 !re also appe>$ ano!r *os5 array ( ! mo/ r5[n$ 8con/itutional0 lawy]s1 9 ! =efront be+ a =m] ju/ice ( t c\rt1 n[ ! ,am]ican ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,?is latt] array appe>$ to demon/rate h[ & :51 s9ce #agij1 our own /atus 0 *ang$ f citiz5 to subject & ! collective legislatures ( "s ( ! /ates 7 sub/itut$ = ourselves z possessors ( ! supreme con/itutional w 9 ,am]ica4 ,we av]age ,am]icans1 !re=e1 to complete our education1 n[ turn to ! argum5ts ( ^! lawy]s & to _! briefs1 ) some:at ( *agr9 at our own unaid$ ability to asc]ta9 ! 8:50 & 8h[0 we became subjects & our ,con/itution1 9 its national ,articles & aspect1 became ! creature ( legislative gov]nm5ts1 al?\gh ! ,am]ican p orig9ally creat$ x to be ! ma/] ( all gov]nm5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,are ,,we ,,citiz5s8 8,! e/abli%m5t ( a ,con/itution1 9 "t ( pr(\nd peace1 by ! volunt>y cons5t ( a :ole p1 is a prodigy40 7,f$4 ,no4 #he74 ,^? 7 ! words ( ,hamilton1 9 a f9al appeal to ! p ( ,am]ica1 z !y 7 ab\t to assemble 9 _! 8conv5tions40 ,z he ?\ght x a prodigy t _! volunt>y cons5t %\ld be secur$ to t con/itution ( gov]nm5t conta9$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article1 he frankly add$ t he look$ =w>d 8) trembl+ anxiety0 to _! own det]m9ation z to :e!r or n !y w\ld give t necess>y cons5t to ! enum]at$ grants 9 t ,fir/ ,article4 ,we "k h[ ! patriotic ef=ts ( himself & ,madison & 8 o!r colleagues 7 lat] rew>d$ by ! giv+ ( t cons5t4 ,we "k :]e ^? av]age ,am]icans ( t day gave t cons5t1 :]e !y made t con/itution ( _! national gov]nm5t :i* is t ,fir/ ,article4 8,x is true1 !y assembl$ 9 _! sev]al /ates--& :]e else %\ld !y h assembl$8 ,no political dream] 0 ev] wild en\gh to ?9k ( break+ d[n ! l9es :i* sep>ate ! /ates1 & ( comp\nd+ ! ,am]ican p into "o common mass4 ,( consequ5ce1 :5 !y act1 !y act 9 _! /ates4 ,b ! measures !y adopt d n1 on t acc\nt1 cease to be ! measures ( ! p !mselves1 or become ! measures ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts40 ,9 ! _m o!r ,supreme ,c\rt decisions1 tell+ ! tale ( ! completion ( ! 8prodigy0 & all /at+ ! same legal fact1 is !re a m apt & accurate expression ( ! k ( ! ,am]ican p1 :o 7 bett] acqua9t$ 8) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w10 t ! 8conv5tions0 9 ! respective /ates1 assembl$ to con/itute _! ,am]ican gov]nm5t by grants l ^? 9 ! ,fir/ ,article & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 are ! ,am]icans !mselves & t ! /ate gov]nm5ts nev] are ! ,am]ican p !mselves & nev] repres5t ^? p = national purposes4 ,x 0 natural t su* apt & accurate expression ( t concept %\ld h be5 voic$ by ,m>%all 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,he _h be5 "o ( ^? p1 fight+ on ! battle-field ) !m to wre/ f all gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w any ability to con/itute gov]nm5t by mak+ grants l ^? 9 ! ,fir/ ,article or ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,he _h be5 "o ( ^? p 9 "o ( ^? 8conv5tions10 9 _! respective /ates1 :]e !y made ! only ,article ( t k9d :i* ev] ent]$ _! & our national ,am]ican ,con/itution4 ,lat] x became 8 privilege & duty 7& our great good =tune7 to expla9 :o alone c\ld make & did make t ,fir/ ,article & :o alone c ev] validly make ,articles l x or ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 namely1 ! ,am]ican p !mselves1 assembl$ 9 conv5tion 9 _! respective /ates4 ,:51 !re=e1 we read ! ,fif? ,article1 made by him & 8 fell[ ,am]icans 9 ^? 8conv5tions10 we recognize at once & we w nev] =get or ignore _! m5tion ( !mselves1 9 ! v ^w by :i* he & !y !n describ$ !mselves1 8conv5tions0 9 _! respective /ates4 ,9 mak+ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t grant ( p[] to int]f]e ) ,am]ican fre$om1 we--! ,am]ican citiz5s & 8conv5tions0 ( ?is g5]ation--h be5 ignor$ z completely z if we 7 n nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,we h be5 try+ to asc]ta9 8:50 & 8h[0 ! ,am]ican human be+s1 n[ ourselves1 ceas$ to be 8citiz5s ( ,am]ica0 & aga9 became 8subjects0 ( gov]nm5ts4 ,we h gone to ! record ( our ,congress on ^? days 9 #aiag1 9 :i* x act$ on ! assumption t ! 8:50 & 8h[0 7 already hi/ory4 ,we h f\nd no ,s5ator or ,congressman :o v\*saf$ any in=mation or display$ any k ( ?is matt]1 s vitally important to u :o 7 born citiz5s & free m54 ,we h se5 ! lead] ( ! ,h\se advocates ( ! new con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 read a ,fif? ,article 9 :i* ! 8conv5tions0 ( ^? :o made x & ! ,fir/ ,article are n m5tion$4 ,we h se5 ! lead] ( ! same advocates 9 ! ,s5ate complac5tly ass]t ! repudiat$ ?\ght t ! /ates made ! ,fir/ ,article1 our con/itution ( our gov]nm5t4 ,we h se5 him foll[ up ?is error ) ! ,tory mi/ake ( assum+ t ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate is ! /ate4 ,we h se5 him po9t out1 to our ,am]ican amazem5t1 ! rem>kable & hi!rto unkn[n fact1 nev] m5tion$ by ! p :o made ! ,fif? ,article1 t ! /ate gov]nm5ts are ! only tribunal 9 :i* our national con/itution ( gov]nm5t c be *ang$1 t ^? gov]nm5ts are a tribunal 9 :i* new enum]at$ p[] c be giv5 by gov]nm5t to gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) our own individual fre$om4 ,fre% f our education ) ! ,am]icans :o made t ,fif? ,article 9 8conv5tions0 ( ! v k9d m5tion$ !re91 we see t ^? legislators ( #aiag "k naught ( ,am]ican hi/ory or law or con/itution ( gov]nm5t ( m51 t f !m we _c le>n 8:50 or 8h[0 we ceas$ to be 8citiz5s0 & became 8subjects40 ,b1 !re assembl$ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ,m>*1 #aibj1 _m r5[n$ 8con/itutional0 lawy]s4 ,"s came to *all5ge1 "s to uphold ! new ,am5dm5t1 ! new gov]nm5t-made con/itution ( gov]nm5t "r to int]f]e ) individual human fre$om4 ,to ! read+ ( all _! briefs & argum5ts we br+ our k t ! new ,am5dm5t nev] ent]$ our ,con/itution unless we 7 8subjects0 be=e #aiag or unless ! new ,am5dm5t 0 itself a revolution 7by gov]nm5t aga9/ citiz5s7 :i* made u 8subjects40 ,we expect ! lawy]s aga9/ ! new ,am5dm5t to *all5ge its exi/5ce ) ! facts & k we br+ f our education ) ! ,am]icans :o made !mselves free m5 & citiz5s4 ,we expect ! lawy]s = ! new ,am5dm5t to po9t out ! day & ! mann] 9 :i* !y claim t gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican p by ! ,am]ican p did disappe> f ,am]ica4 ,unless ^! lawy]s = ! ,am5dm5t d po9t out t day & mann] & su/a9 _! claim z to bo?1 we "k t ! exi/5ce ( ! new ,am5dm5t is successfully *all5g$ by ! facts :i* we h acquir$ 9 our education4 ,be=e we li/5 to ! expositions ( ^! facts by ! lawy]s aga9/ ! new ,am5dm5t1 let u briefly review ! facts !mselves z !y be> ^u ! suppos$ exi/5ce ( ! new ,am5dm5t4 ,:5 #aggf op5$1 ! ,am]ican p 7 subjects 9 rebellion aga9/ _! omnipot5t gov]nm5t4 ,by direct action ( !mselves1 9 ,july1 #aggf1 !y made !mselves free m51 made _! =m] colonies indep5d5t /ates & made ea* ( !mselves a citiz5 ( "s "o ( ^? /ates4 ,almo/ imm$iately1 ! ,/atute ( '#gf hav+ decl>$ ! actual fact t ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica 0 possess$ by ! ,am]ican p1 at _! sugge/ion & ) _! p]mission1 ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate con/itut$ _! own gov]nm5t ) its national p[]s to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( its own citiz5s4 ,9 /rict con=mity to ! ,/atute ( '#gf & to ! sole ,am]ican concept ( ! relation betwe5 gov]nm5t & human be+1 ^? grants ( p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 l e o!r grant ( t k9d until ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 7 made by ! respective citiz5s to _! respective gov]nm5ts4 ,9 #aggg ! committee ( ! ,am]ican p kn[n z ! ,second ,cont95tal ,congress propos$ a union ( /ates or political entities & a g5]al gov]nm5t to gov]n /ates b n to int]f]e directly ) ! human fre$om ( ! individual4 ,because !re is a vital di/9ction betwe5 ! ability to gov]n /ates & ! ability to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 ^? ,am]icans knew t /ates or political entities c\ld make f$]al ,articles b t only citiz5s c\ld ev] validly make national ,articles4 ,x 0 impossible = ^! ,am]icans n to "k ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! respective abilities ( /ates & citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,_! ,/atute ( '#gf _h decl>$ ?is sole ,am]ican concept ( ! law controll+ ! relation ( gov]nm5t to human be+4 ,!y 7 actually engag$ 9 _! ,revolution>y ,w> = ! v purpose ( mak+ x =ev] ,am]ican law t no gov]nm5ts c\ld ev] grant national p[] 9 any matt]4 ,because1 !re=e1 ! propos$ ,articles ( #aggg 7 only f$]al ,articles ) grants ( f$]al p[]1 x 0 8felt & ackn[l$g$ by all0 t ! /ate legislatures 7 compet5t to make ^? ,articles4 ,s we recall1 ) int5t to rememb]1 t ^? f$]al ,articles 7 made 9 ! ex]cise ( t legislative gov]nm5t ability to make f$]al ,articles1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 our own ,fif? ,article4 ,9 #aghg1 f ! same ,philadelphia1 !re came ! proposal t ! ,am]ican p1 collectively ! possessors ( ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica1 create a new nation1 ) !mselves z its memb]s or citiz5s &1 z its memb]s1 con/itute its gov]nm5t ) national p[]s to int]f]e ) _! own individual fre$om4 ,because ! legal necessity ( d]iv+ p[]s ( t k9d f ! p !mselves 0 8felt & ackn[l$g$ by all10 ! inevitable legal decision 0 rea*$ at ,philadelphia t ! exi/+ ability ( legislative gov]nm5ts to make f$]al ,articles nei!r !n did nor ev] c\ld include ! ability to make national ,articles l ! ,fir/ ,article & ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,by reason ( t legal necessity & its !n recognition by all1 because ! ,fir/ ,article conta9$ grants ( national p[]1 8by ! conv5tion1 by ,congress1 & by ! /ate legislatures1 ! in/rum5t 0 submitt$ to ! p4 ,!y act$ ^u x 9 ! only mann] 9 :i* !y c act safely1 effectively1 & wisely on su* a subject1 by assembl+ 9 conv5tion40 ,! reason+ & ! decision itself 7 embodi$ 9 ,article ,,vii & 9 ! ,resolution :i* w5t f ,philadelphia ) ! propos$ sev5 ,articles1 includ+ ! ,fif? ,article4 ,z ! ,supreme ,c\rt has def9itely settl$1 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t m]ely decl>es :at 0 9 t orig9al propos$ ,con/itution4 ,!re=e ! ,con/itution gave no new gov]nm5t ability any:]e except to ! gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton4 ,x gave to t gov]nm5t only specific ability to gov]n human be+s1 9 c]ta9 matt]s4 ,x m]ely res]v$ to ea* /ate gov]nm5t "s ( its =m] ability to gov]n its own citiz5s4 ,x gave nei!r to any /ate gov]nm5t nor to all /ate gov]nm5ts collectively any new ability to gov]n4 ,& x res]v$ to ! ,am]ican p !mselves all ability to ex]cise or to grant any national p[] to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz5s except ^? enum]at$ p[]s 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt has def9itely settl$ t ?is res]vation ( su* p[] exclusively to !mselves1 by ! mak]s ( ! ,fif? ,article1 is ! mo/ important factor 9 our con/itutional di/ribution ( t k9d ( p[] among our ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 our /ate gov]nm5ts &1 mo/ important ( all1 ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,= :i* reason1 until ?is g5]ation1 x has always be5 axiomatic t ! m5tion ( t exclusive ability ( our own1 8conv5tions0 ( ,am]icans 9 _! respective /ates1 is ! mo/ important factor 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,9 /rict con=mity ) ! ,/atute ( '#gf & )\t usurp+ ! res]v$ p[]s ( ! mo/ important factor 9 bo? ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! ,fif? ,article1 sev5te5 f$]al *anges 7 made1 betwe5 #aghi & #aiag1 9 ! f$]al "p ( our ,con/itution1 :i* is bo? a f$]al & a national ,con/itution4 ,! situation 9 #aiag 0 exactly ! same z x _h be5 s9ce ,july #d1 #aggf1 :5 x 0 kn[n ev5 to ! humble t[nsm5 ( ,concord t gov]nm5ts c\ld n make national ,articles 9 ,am]ican con/itutions4 ,or r1 ! situation 9 #aiag 0 ! same unless1 some:]e prior to #aiag1 ! ,/atute ( '#gf _h be5 repeal$ & ! mo/ important factor 9 bo? ,articles _h be5 elim9at$ f ! ,fif? ,article & ,t5? ,am5dm5t ( ! ,am]ican ,con/itution1 :i* is ! security ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 aga9/ usurpation ( p[] ev5 by gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,we "k t ,g]ry mov$ to /rike t important factor f ! ,fif? ,article 9 ,septemb]1 #aghi1 & t he fail$ 9 8 ef=t4 ,we "k t ,webb & ! legislative advocates ( ! new ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t _h a ,fif? ,article 9 :i* t mo/ important factor 0 n pres5t4 ,app>5tly !y bas$ _! gov]nm5t proposal & gov]nm5t ratification ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t ^u a ,fif? ,article :i* did n conta9 t mo/ important factor1 ! ref]5ce ( ! mak]s ( ! ,fif? ,article to !mselves z ! mak]s ( all future ,articles ( a national k9d1 ! ref]5ce ( ^? mak]s to !mselves 9 ! words 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican p1 assembl$ 9 _! respective /ates4 ,keep+ all ^! settl$ facts cle>ly 9 our m9ds1 we n[ take up ! argum5ts & ! briefs 9 :i*1 9 ,m>*1 #aibj1 ! con/itutional lawy]s ( ,am]ica1 :o disput$ ! pres5ce ( ! new ,am5dm5t 9 our ,con/itution1 %\ld h pres5t$ ^! irresi/ible facts4 ,!n we %all take up ! argum5ts & briefs ( ^? o!r r5[n$ lawy]s 9 :i* !y pres5t$ ^? o!r facts 7/ill unkn[n to u av]age ,am]icans7 :i* c alone refute our k t ! new ,am5dm5t nev] w5t into our ,con/itution1 because we are /ill citiz5s & gov]nm5ts are yet unable to create gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) our individual fre$om4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,le/ ,,we ,,=get 8,! important di/9ction s well und]/ood 9 ,am]ica1 betwe5 a ,con/itution e/abli%$ by ! p & unalt]able by ! gov]nm5t1 & a law e/abli%$ by ! gov]nm5t & alt]able by ! gov]nm5t1 seems to h be5 little und]/ood & less obs]v$ 9 any o!r c\ntry4444 ,ev5 9 ,great ,brita91 :]e ! pr9ciples ( political & civil lib]ty h be5 mo/ discuss$1 & :]e we he> mo/ ( ! rights ( ! ,con/itution1 x is ma9ta9$ t ! au?ority ( ! ,p>liam5t is transc5d5t & uncontrollable1 z well ) reg>d to ! ,con/itution1 z ! ord9>y objects ( legislative provision4 ,!y ! legislature h accord+ly1 9 sev]al in/ances1 actually *ang$1 by legislative acts1 "s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ,articles ( ! gov]nm5t40 7,f$4 ,no4 #ec47 ,com+ f ,madison or ,hamilton1 ?is is ! be/ k9d ( te/imony t ! e>li] ,am]icans1 :o e/abli%$ t con/itution ( gov]nm5t :i* is ! ,fir/ ,article1 knew t x 0 8unalt]able by gov]nm5t40 ,& x is ! be/ k9d ( te/imony t ! same ,am]ican mak]s ( ! ,madison ,fif? ,article knew t x did n grant to /ate gov]nm5ts any ability to add to or subtract f ! ,fir/ ,article enum]at$ & con/itut$ p[]s 9 gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,if ,madison & ,hamilton _h be5 ) u 9 our ,congress ( #aiag1 _! /atem5t w\ld h be5 slightly alt]$4 ,!y w\ld h spok5 ( 8! important di/9ction s well und]/ood 9 ,am]ica0 9 #aghg1 z "o :i* 8seems to h be5 little und]/ood & less obs]v$ 9 any o!r c\ntry0 & n kn[n or obs]v$ at all by our ,s5ators or ,congressm5 ( #aiag4 ,! ,am]icans ( #aghg1 :o 8s well und]/ood0 ! important di/9ction1 made _! k a noticeable ?+ 9 ! language ( _! ,/atute ( '#gf & ( _! ,con/itution4 ,) _! k ( ! important di/9ction1 !y p]mitt$ ! respective /ates1 ?r\gh ! respective legislatures !re(1 to con/itute ! gov]nm5t ( /ates1 to make ! f$]al ,articles ( #agha4 ,) _! k ( ! important di/9ction & 9 def]5ce to _! own cle> ,/atute ( '#gf1 ^! intellig5t ,am]icans refus$ to p]mit ! /ates or ! legislatures ( ! /ates to e/abli% ! gov]nm5t ( m51 to make ! national ,article--! ,fir/ ,article--:i* is ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) individual human fre$om4 ,moreov]1 by _! k ( ! important di/9ction & ( ! ,/atute1 !y knew t ,con/itution1 t enum]at$ grant ( national p[] ov] !mselves1 to be 8unalt]able by gov]nm5t40 ,& t we & all lat] ,am]icans might also "k x1 !y1 ! ,am]ican p or 8conv5tions0 ( t day1 insi/$ t ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly decl>e t !y1 ^? 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican p1 res]v$ to !mselves & _! po/]ity1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( any lat] day1 exclusive ability to alt] t con/itution ( national p[]1 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,&1 = ! same purpose1 !y1 ! 8conv5tions10 m5tion$ !mselves1 ! p>ticul> res]vee ( ! exclusive ability to alt] t grant ( national p[]1 9 "o p>ticul> e>li] "p ( ! ,articles !y made1 ! "p we "k z ! ,fif? ,article4 ,naturally1 ! two m51 :o word$ t ,article at ,philadelphia & :o paid its lat] mak]s ! des]v$ tribute to _! k ( ! important di/9ction1 m5tion$ ^? mak]s1 8conv5tions10 9 t ,fif? ,article z future mak]s ( all grants ( national p[] & m5tion$ ! legislatures1 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 z compet5t future mak]s ( ,articles t d n con/itute new national gov]nm5t4 ,because we h liv$ ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,am]icans to :om ! tribute 0 paid1 we "k ! di/9ction betwe5 a con/itution ( national gov]nm5t1 8unalt]able by gov]nm5t10 & ,articles con/itut+ gov]nm5t ( political entities or /ates1 alt]able by ! /ates or ! legislatures ( ! /ates4 ,moreov]1 by reason ( our exp]i5ce1 we s5se ! cle> recognition ( ! di/9ction 9 ! ,fif? ,article di/9ct m5tion ( ! p or 8conv5tions10 z sole mak]s ( national ,articles1 & ! simil> m5tion ( ! 8legislatures0 z compet5t mak]s ( f$]al ,articles4 ,to our regret1 we h f\nd t our ,congress1 9 #aiag1 knew naught ( ! di/9ction & naught ( its recognition 9 ! language ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! ,fif? ,article4 ,x is ) relief1 !re=e1 t we turn to ! great litigations 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( #aibj1 9 :i* ! lawy]s ( ! ,am]ica1 :]e ! important di/9ction 0 once s cle>ly kn[n1 attack$ & def5d$ ! proposal f ! ,congress ( #aiag & ! action ( ! /ate legislatures on t proposal4 ,fre% f ! utt] legislative ignorance ( t di/9ction1 x is ) relief t1 9 our fir/ glance at ! briefs ( ^? lawy]s1 we f9d :at seems ! cle> e*o ( ! accurate k we h acquir$ 9 ! company ( ^? e>li] ,am]icans4 8,!re is only "o great munim5t ( our lib]ty :i* c nev] be am5d$1 revok$ or )drawn--! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 x ranks ) ! ,magna ,*>ta40 ,! cle> tribute to ! unrepeal$ ,/atute ( '#gf excuses1 :ile x does n expla91 ! error ( ! allusion to ,magna ,*>ta4 ,graduate /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ! advance ( ,am]icans f subjects to free m51 we av]age citiz5s grasp ! error ( ! /atem5t1 89 ?is reg>d t nei!r c ev] be revok$ ! ,/atute ( '#gf ranks ) ! ,magna ,*>ta40 ,we "k t ! ,/atute 0 ! revocation ( ! basic doctr9e on :i* ,magna ,*>ta re/$4 ,magna ,*>ta 0 ! grant ( privilege f an omnipot5t gov]nm5t to its subjects4 ,all t subjects ev] h are ! revocable privileges grant$ by ! ma/] gov]nm5t4 ,! ,/atute ( '#gf /ates ! basic ,am]ican law t !re are no subjects 9 ,am]ica1 t ! human memb]s ( any political society or /ate or nation1 except z !y directly grant p[] ov] "s ( _! human rights to secure enjoym5t ( ! re/1 ne$ obey ! comm& ( no "o except ,him :o gave !m _! human rights4 ,9 a free nation1 su* z ! e>li] ,am]icans made ( !mselves1 no man has any privileges grant$ by a ma/] gov]nm5t4 ,9 a free nation1 citiz5s or memb]s ( ! society 7& ! supreme w !re97 h _! s]vant gov]nm5ts to :i* ^? citiz5s give :atev] national p[]s ^? gov]nm5ts ev] h4 ,except = ! grants ( su* p[] :i* ^? citiz5s s make1 ! human be+s reta91 n z a gift or privilege ( gov]nm5t b z ! gift ( ,him ,:o creat$ !m1 all human fre$om ( action4 ,z citiz5s1 !y also possess ! p>ticul> privileges :i* arise f memb]%ip 9 t p>ticul> society ( m52 b ev5 ^? privileges are n ! gift ( gov]nm5t b ! creation & effect ( ! society itself1 j z e p[] ( ! gov]nm5t is also ! gift ( ! society4 ,we p>don ! error ( ! ref]5ce to ,magna ,*>ta1 h[ev]1 :5 we read on 9 ! brief & f9d x imm$iately quot+ f our ,/atute3 8,we hold ^! tru?s to be self-evid5t1 t all m5 are creat$ equal2 t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9 unali5able ,rights2 t among ^! are ,life1 ,lib]ty & ! pursuit ( ,happ9ess4 ,t to secure ^! ,rights1 ,gov]nm5ts are in/itut$ among m51 d]iv+ _! j p[]s f ! cons5t ( ! ,gov]n$4 ,t :5ev] any ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t becomes de/ructive ( ^! ends1 x is ! ,"r ( ! ,p to alt] or to aboli% x1 & to in/itute new ,gov]nm5t1 lay+ its f\ndation on su* pr9ciples & organiz+ its p[]s on su* =m1 z to !m %all seem mo/ likely to effect _! ,safety & ,happ9ess40 ,at la/1 9 ?is brief1 we are gett+ ! cle> e*o ( our own k t1 until ?is ,/atute is revok$1 x is n ! "r ( 8gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts0 to in/itute new gov]nm5t1 lay+ its f\ndation on su* pr9ciples & organiz+ its p[]s 9 su* =m z to 8gov]nm5ts0 %all seem mo/ likely to effect ! safety & happ9ess 8( gov]nm5ts40 ,moreov]1 9 ?is brief1 we are gett+ ! cle> e*o ( our own k t ?is ,/atute c nev] be revok$1 :ile we rema9 free m5 & citiz5s in/ead ( ! subjects we 7 until t ,/atute 0 enact$4 ,& :5 we turn to ano!r brief = a mom5t1 we are *e]$ to f9d ! refutation ( ! ,%epp>d ignorance ( ! id5tity ( ^? :o made our ,con/itution1 8,we1 ! p (0 ,am]ica1 9 its ,preamble & its mo/ important factor ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ourselves 9 its ,sev5? & its ,fif? ,articles4 ,) gratification t "s 8con/itutional0 lawy]s /ill "k & obs]ve ! important di/9ction betwe5 ! ability ( ourselves1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ,fif? ,articles1 & ! lack ( ability 9 ! 8legislatures0 ( ! ,fif? ,article to give to gov]nm5t national p[]s1 we av]age ,am]icans recognize1 9 ! foll[+ *all5ge ( ?is brief1 ! *all5ge we w\ld h made to ! ,%epp>d proposition t legislatures attempt to con/itute su* new gov]nm5t ov] u4 ,?is is ! *all5ge ( ! brief to ,%epp>d3 8,! ,con/itution is n a compact betwe5 /ates4 ,x proce$s directly f ! p4 ,z 0 said by ,mr4 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,m>%all 9 ,mc,culloch v4 ,m>yl&1 #d ,:eat4 #caf1 etc40 ,!n foll[s ! ,m>%all cle> exposition ( h[ ! p !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions10 made ! con/itution :i* is ! ,fir/ ,article & h[1 if any o!r con/itution ( t k9d1 su* z ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 is ev] to be made 8safely1 effectively1 & wisely0 x mu/ be made by ourselves1 assembl$ 9 ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,! full extract f ,m>%all has be5 set out already h]e9 at page #ih4 ,9 a second brief1 9 a diff]5t case1 ! same di/+ui%$ lawy] ( #aibj is f\nd br++ into bold relief ano!r "p ( our k s intimately connect$ ) ! suppos$ new con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,& x is a "p ( our k :i* *all5ges a new con/itution made entirely by gov]nm5ts )\t any action by ourselves1 ! p or ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ repeat$ly 9 ! ,con/itution made by !mselves4 ,9 t o!r brief1 we f9d him /at+ z "o ( ! propositions on :i* he bases 8 argum5t1 8,:at ! expression #8legislatures ( ! sev]al /ates' meant z us$ 9 ,article ,v1 :5 t ,article 0 adopt$ z a "p ( ! ,con/itution1 x means n[40 ,! /atem5t be+ und5iably true1 he imm$iately proce$s to urge1 ) equal tru?1 t 8h[ev] popul> approval or disapproval i4e41 ! direct action ( ! p !mselves1 z1 = example1 9 ! #8conv5tions' :5ce1 z he already /at$1 our ,con/itution proce$$ #8directly f ! p' may be invok$1 ! p d n become a #8legislature4'444 ,z well conf\nd ! creator & ! creature--! pr9cipal & ! ag5t ?r\gh :i* he acts40 ,?is is ! e*o ( ,m>%all's cle> /atem5t ( ! vital di/9ction betwe5 ! same 8legislatures0 7:o nev] are ! p & nev] h ! res]v$ ability ( ! p7 & ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions0 7:i* are ! p & h ! exclusive ability ( ! p74 ,we recall ! tribute paid to ?is di/9ction at ,philadelphia4 ,we recall ! legal decision !re1 a decision bas$ squ>ely on t di/9ction1 t ! legislative ability to make f$]al ,articles c\ld n con/itute new gov]nm5t ( m51 z did ! ,fir/ ,article1 & t all ,articles l x or ! new ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t mu/ g to ! 8p0 ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ,fif? ,articles4 ,we recall ,m>%all's appreciation ( ! accuracy ( t legal decision1 :5 he m5tion$ t ! ability ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts or legislatures _h be5 compet5t to make ! f$]al ,articles ( #agha b1 :5 x 0 propos$ to con/itute gov]nm5t ( m51 to ve/ ! national p[]s ( ! national ,fir/ ,article1 8! necessity ( d]iv+ ^? p[]s directly f ! p ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article 0 kn[n & recogniz$ by all40 ,we rememb] t ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions10 s recogniz+ & kn[+1 m5tion$ !mselves 9 ! ,fif? ,article s t no "o ev] %\ld =get ! simil> legal necessity t e ,article l ! ,fir/1 su* z ! new ,article1 mu/ always be made by ^? 8conv5tions0 s m5tion$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ) consid]able satisfaction t we read1 9 ?is brief ( #aibj1 ! cle> e*o ( all ^! settl$ facts1 ! k t 8legislatures0 nev] are ! p & nev] become ! p4 8,z well conf\nd ! creator & ! creature--! pr9cipal & ! ag5t40 ,9 our gratitude = su* remembrance1 we ignore ! inaccuracy ( a sugge/ion t ! 8legislatures0 ( ! ,fif? ,article are ! ag5t ( ! pr9cipal !re9 m5tion$1 ! 8p0 ( ,am]ica1 ! 8conv5tions0 :i* made ! ,con/itution4 ,ea* ( ^? 8legislatures0 is an ag5t ( "o p>ticul> res]vee among ^? nam$ collectively 9 ! res]vation ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t 9 ! words 8to ! /ates respectively10 :ile ! 8conv5tions0 9 ! ,fif? ,article is ! "o mo/ important res]vee 9 t ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 8! p0 ( ,am]ica1 ! mo/ important factor 9 t ,t5? ,am5dm5t & 9 ,am]ica4 ,= ! purpose ( mak+ any ,articles1 :e!r f$]al or national1 t important res]vee has no legislative ag5ts4 ,= any purpose1 x has b "o legislative ag5t1 ! ,congress2 & to t "o legislative ag5t x has giv5 no p[] to make any con/itutional ,articles2 b x has1 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 left ) t ag5t ! m]e ability to draft & propose a new ,article ( ei!r k9d &1 z did ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 f ! nature ( ! ,article x drafts1 :e!r )9 ! ability ( 8legislatures0 or )9 ! exclusive unlimit$ ability ( ! p or 8conv5tions10 to asc]ta9 & propose :i* %all make ! draft$ ,article4 ,t ! /ate legislatures are n ag5ts ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 9 t capacity1 is self-evid5t4 ,ea* legislature is *os5 by ! citiz5s ( a /ate4 ,moreov]1 ! ,con/itution itself di/9ctly /ates t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s grant no p[] ( any k9d !re9 to ! /ate 8legislatures40 ,:5 ! ,am]ican p creat$ a national legislature1 ) c]ta9 enum]at$ p[]s1 x 0 nei!r necess>y nor prop] to def9e ! p[]s reta9$ by ! /ates4 ,^! p[]s proce$1 n f ! p ( ,am]ica1 b f ! p ( ! sev]al /ates2 & rema91 aft] ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 :at !y 7 be=e1 except s f> z !y may be abridg$ by t in/rum5t4 7,m>%all 9 ,/urges v4 ,cr[9%ield1 #d ,:eat4 #abb47 ,t is :y any?+ :i* ^! 8legislatures0 d1 :5 x comes 9 conflict ) a valid action ( our legislature1 ! ,congress1 mu/ always yield4 ,we h ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica1 & :5 our ag5t1 ! ,congress1 speaks ) au?ority f u1 x speaks = u1 :ile ! inf]ior ag5ts ( o!r less] wills nev] speak = u4 ,t cle> di/9ction does n detract f ! ability ( ^? legislatures to make f$]al ,articles 9 our ,con/itution4 ,!y d n get t ability f u1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,!y _h t ability f ^? respective inf]ior wills1 :5 we made our ,con/itution4 ,by its ex]cise1 !y _h made ! f$]ation ( /ates & ! f$]al ,articles ( its gov]nm5t4 ,:5 we made our national ,con/itution1 we cont9u$ t f$]ation & ! ability ( its compon5t memb]s to make its f$]al ,articles & put !m 9 our ,con/itution1 :i* is bo? our national ,con/itution & _! f$]al ,con/itution4 ,! ability to make ^? f$]al ,articles is "o ( ! p[]s res]v$ to ^? inf]ior wills by ! res]vation ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t :i* reads 8to ! /ates respectively02 & x is n an ability to make ,articles :i* is grant$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,no ability to make ,articles is grant$ 9 t ,fif? ,article4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! writ] ( ! brief 9 #aibj has kn[n t 8legislatures0 d n ev] become 8! p10 x is q probable t 8 ref]5ce did n int5d to sugge/ t ! legislatures ( :i* he spoke & :o are ! ag5ts respectively ( o!r citiz5s1 7 ! ag5ts1 = any purpose1 ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,) 8 recognition t legislatures nev] are ! p & ) ! o!r quot$ extracts ( ^? briefs ( #aibj be=e u1 e*o+ ! k we h acquir$1 we feel at lea/ t 9 ! c\rt ( #aibj1 f ! debate ( m5 :o "k1 we w le>n :e!r & 8:50 & 8h[10 we1 betwe5 #aijg & #aiag1 became subjects in/ead ( ! free m5 & citiz5s :i* we cle>ly 7 up to #aijg4 ,at lea/ su* 0 ! ?\ght ( "o ,am]ican citiz51 :5 he read ?is quotation1 9 "o ( ! briefs ( #aibj1 8t ! p d n become a legislature4444 ,z well conf\nd ! creator & ! creature--! pr9cipal & ! ag5t ?r\gh :i* he acts40 ,x 0 almo/ incr$ible to ?is p>ticul> ,am]ican citiz5 t he f\nd ?is /atem5t & ! /atem5t t--8,! ,con/itution is n a compact betwe5 /ates4 ,x proce$s directly f ! p40--bo? 9 ! briefs ( ! =emo/ *ampion ( ! new ,am5dm5t4 ,& x seem$ equally incr$ible to him to f9d ! quotation ab\t ! ,/atute ( '#gf be+ 8"o great munim5t ( our lib]ty :i* c nev] be am5d$1 revok$ or )drawn0 9 ! brief ( ! c\nsel = ! political organization :i* dictat$ ! new /ate gov]nm5t comm& to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,an unusual me?od _h be5 adopt$ = ! he>+ ( :at 7 lat] report$ "u ! "o title ! 8,national ,prohibition ,cases10 #bec ,u4,s4 #cej4 ,9 t he>+1 :i* cont9u$ = days1 sev5 diff]5t litigations 7 argu$ because all dealt ei!r ) ! validity ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t or ) ! mean+ ( its rem>kable second section or ) ! /atute enact$ "u t section & kn[n z ! ,vol/ead ,act4 ,= ! same reason1 ! briefs on bo? sides ( ! v>i\s litigations 7 cle>ly ! result ( conf]5ce & collaboration4 ,ne>ly all ( ! briefs1 *all5g+ ! new ,article1 made _! *all5ge on ! same two ma9 po9ts & 9 ! expression ( ^? two *all5ges1 made con/ant ref]5ce to ! diff]5t expression !re( 9 ! o!r briefs4 ,9 ! litigation & argum5t ( t ,m>*1 appe>$ _m ( ! be/ kn[n lawy]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,among !m 7 di/+ui%$ c\nsel1 appe>+ on behalf ( ^? legislative gov]nm5ts :o claim &1 9 ! new ,article1 h attempt$ to ex]cise ! omnipot5t supremacy ov] ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica :i* 0 d5i$ by ! p ( ,am]ica to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,among !m 7 o!r di/+ui%$ c\nsel1 appe>+ on behalf ( :at _h always be5 kn[n z ! supreme legislative gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica1 our gov]nm5t ) its enum]at$ p[]s & )\t omnipot5ce ov] u4 ,among !m 7 /ill o!r di/+ui%$ c\nsel1 appe>+ on behalf ( "s sep>ate /ates or political entities to cont5d t !re exi/$ no con/itutional ability any:]e1 ev5 9 ourselves1 to take f _! p>ticul> /ate any m ( its sov]eignty ?an x _h surr5d]$ 9 ^? e>ly days :5 ! /ates made ! ,con/itution1 z ,%epp>d claim$ 9 ! ,congress ( #aiag4 ,among !m 7 /ill o!r di/+ui%$ c\nsel1 "s ( !m ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( all1 appe>+ to oppose1 z be/ !y knew h[1 ! total de/ruction ( all legitimate indu/ry 9 a bus9ess 9 :i* x 0 ! human "r ( ,am]icans to engage ev5 be=e ,am]icans wrote _! ,/atute ( '#gf & consequ5tly n a privilege ( ! citiz5 ( ,am]ica or ! citiz5 ( any /ate4 ,z ?is fact has be5 ! basis ( _m errors 9 t com$y & trag$y ( errors1 :i* is ! five-ye> tale ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 we av]age ,am]icans may well dwell = a mom5t ^u ! c]ta9ty ( t fact4 ,x is ! natural mi/ake ( ^?1 :o h ! ,tory concept ( ! relation ( m5 to gov]nm5t1 t !y %\ld fir/ confuse ! mean+ ( ! words 8privilege ( a citiz50 ) ! words 8privilege ( a subject0 & ?us believe t ! nature ( bo? privileges1 & ! s\rce ( ea* are ! same4 ,t mi/ake is b ! e*o ( ! error :i* confuses ! nature ( ,magna ,*>ta ) t ( ! ,/atute ( '#gf4 ,magna ,*>ta is ! decl>ation ( c]ta9 privileges :i* gov]nm5t w p]mit its subjects to keep z long z ! gov]nm5t pleases4 ,! ,/atute ( '#gf is ! decl>ation t de/roys ! relation ( gov]nm5t to subjects1 creates ! relation ( citiz5s to _! s]vant gov]nm5ts1 & /ates t ! s]vants %all h no p[] to int]f]e ) ! human rights ( ! ma/]s1 giv5 by _! ,creator1 except su* p[] z ! ma/]s *oose to give1 & t ! s]vants %all keep t p[] only s long z ! ma/]s w4 ,to ! ,tory concept1 always conc5trat$ on ! relation ( subject to ma/] gov]nm5t1 x is difficult ( appreh5sion t ! human be+ is born ) ! "r to use 8 human fre$om z he himself wills1 s long z he does n int]f]e ) ! simil> ex]cise ( human fre$om by ! re/ ( u human be+s4 ,if m51 9 ! ex]cise ( _! free w1 w\ld always obey ! def9$ law ( ,him :o creat$ !m1 ! ex]cise ( human fre$om by "o individual w\ld nev] int]f]e ) ! ex]cise ( human fre$om by all o!r individuals1 & no human gov]nm5t ne$ ev] be con/itut$4 ,among ! human rights ( ,am]icans1 z ( all human be+s1 :5 !y come into ! _w1 is ! human "r to d ev]y?+ :i* is =bidd5 9 ! fir/ section ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,x is true1 z we frequ5tly he> /at$1 t ! ,supreme ,c\rt has decid$ t ! "r to d any ( ^? ?+s is n ! 8privilege0 ( ,am]ican citiz5s or ( ! citiz5s ( any /ate4 ,x is also equally true1 al?\gh ! ,supreme ,c\rt has nev] be5 call$ ^u to decide t v obvi\s fact1 t ! "r to brea! is n ! 8privilege0 ( an ,am]ican citiz5 or ( ! citiz5 ( a /ate4 ,bo? rights are among ! rights ( human be+s1 z su*1 & !y are ea* ( !m among ! rights ( !mselves1 :i* we1 8! p0 ( ,am]ica1 e/abli%$ & orda9$ our ,con/itution to secure4 ,:5 we e/abli%$ t ,con/itution = t purpose1 we admitt$ly gave our only ,am]ican gov]nm5t no p[] to make ! comm& ( ! fir/ section ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,t is :y ! gov]nm5ts ( o!r citiz5s 7 ask$ to make ! comm& to ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,ea* ( ! ,am]icans1 :o creat$ ! nation t is ,am]ica1 already liv$ z a memb] & citiz5 ( a /ate4 ,9 t /ate1 :5 !y _h con/itut$ x1 ! citiz5s !re( _h subject$ _! human "r 7to d :at ! new ,am5dm5t says %all n be done7 to a p[] 9 ! gov]nm5t ( t /ate 7a p[] :i* !y gave x & c take back f x7 to make t k9d ( a comm& to !m 9 t matt]4 ,we ?us h cle>ly 9 our m9ds t ! individual 9 ,am]ica has ! human "r 7) :i* ! new ,am5dm5t int]f]es7 & t x is subject to ! int]f]5ce ( no gov]nm5t1 except z ! citiz5s ( t p>ticul> gov]nm5t h giv5 x p[] s to int]f]e ) x4 ,! und\bt$ fact t ! "r itself is n ! privilege ( ! citiz5 ( ,am]ica or ! citiz5 ( ! /ate is simply ano!r way ( say+ t ! orig9al human "r itself is n grant$ to ! human be+ by gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts b by ! ,creator ,:o made him4 ,)\t ! ,tory concept1 no man w\ld ev5 make ! mi/ake ( believ+ t a citiz5 gets any ( 8 privileges f any gov]nm5t4 ,! privileges ( a citiz5 are ! ?+s :i* he acquires by 8 volunt>y association ) ! o!r citiz5s z ! memb]s ( a political society :i* is ! nation4 ,! human rights ( ! same individual are ! rights :i* he br+s into t association & subjects to :atev] p[]s ( its gov]nm5t are grant$ by himself & ^? o!r citiz5s ) :om he associates z ! nation4 ,( c\rse1 ! e>ly ,am]icans1 ) :om we h n[ be5 educat$1 n only knew ^! ?+s cle>ly & accurately1 b on _! k ( !m bas$ ev]y?+ t !y did 9 ! fifte5 ye>s :i* we h liv$ ) !m4 ,! ,am]icans ( today1 :o uphold ! new con/itution ( gov]nm5t made entirely by gov]nm5t1 d n "k !m at all or und]/& !m :5 !y he> !m4 ,nei!r w\ld ! ari/ocrats ( ,france1 be=e ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 nor ! ,tories ( ,engl&1 ev5 at ! "t ( our ,revolution1 h kn[n or und]/ood !m4 ,t is :y ! ,am]icans cont9u$ _! ,revolution & won x1 s t ^! ?+s might be ! basis ( e gov]nm5t int]f]5ce ) any human "r4 ,lat] !y made ! ,am]ican ,con/itution solely to secure ! greate/ possible protect$ enjoym5t ( all individual human rights4 ,t security is "o ( ! privileges acquir$ by citiz5%ip 9 ! society :i* t ,con/itution creat$4 ,:]e=e1 x is ( int]e/ = u to "k h[ cle>ly ,madison1 :o l>gely plann$ t ,con/itution & :o word$ its ,fif? ,article1 did "k & und]/& ^! facts 9 relation ev5 to ! v ?+s =bidd5 9 ! new con/itution ( gov]nm5t made entirely by gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 9 ! fir/ session ( ! new ,congress ) ! enum]at$ p[]s ( ! ,fir/ ,article1 on ,may #ae1 !re came up = discussion 8a propos$ bill lay+ duties on goods40 ,madison 8mov$ to lay an impo/ ( eight c5ts on all be] import$4 ,he did n ?9k ?is w\ld be a monopoly1 b he hop$ x w\ld be su* an enc\ragem5t s z to induce ! manufacture to take deep root 9 e /ate ( ! ,union40 7#d ,ell4 ,deb4 #cde47 ,t ! k ( ,madison 0 n unkn[n to ! ,supreme ,c\rt a c5tury lat]1 9 #ahij1 is a matt] ( record4 ,t ard5t spirits1 di/ill$ liquors1 ale1 & be] are subjects ( ex*ange1 b>t]1 & traffic1 l any o!r commodity 9 :i* a "r ( traffic exi/s1 & are s recogniz$ by ! usages ( ! comm]cial _w1 ! laws ( ,congress1 & ! decisions ( c\rts1 is n d5i$4 7,leisy v4 ,h>d91 #ace ,u4 ,s4 #ajj47 ,return+ to ! c\rtroom ( #aibj1 !re=e1 we are s9c]ely glad to note ! appe>ance ( q an array ( em95t c\nsel on behalf ( ^? legitimately engag$ 9 a bus9ess :i* is j z legitimate an ex]cise ( human "r1 z x 0 :5 ,madison hop$ t x w\ld take deep root 9 e /ate ( ! ,am]ica he lov$ s well1 a bus9ess :i* w cont9ue free f unlawful usurpation ( p[] by gov]nm5t s long z ! ,con/itution plann$ by ,madison is obey$ by gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is too bad t ! em95t c\nsel1 :o %>$ ,madison's views 9 relation to t legitimate bus9ess1 did n also h ,madison's accurate k ( ! only way 9 :i* legitimate gov]nm5t p[] c be creat$ to int]f]e ) t or any o!r human "r1 ! way :i* ,madison s cle>ly /at$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article--by grant f ! 8conv5tions0 ( ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,:5 we av]age ,am]icans look ov] ! great array ( c\nsel & ! respective cli5ts ^: causes !y *ampion1 "o fact l5ds no enc\ragem5t to our hope t we may le>n ! m]its ( ! claim t1 someh[ betwe5 #aijg & #aiag we became subjects & lo/ our /atus z free m54 ,al?\gh ea* cli5t is repres5t$ by 8 own di/+ui%$ attorneys & al?\gh em95t c\nsel argue & file briefs1 z amici curi1 on behalf ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts :i* claim t we are subjects & on behalf ( "s ( ! litigat+ o!r /ates & individuals1 no amicus curi files any brief on behalf ( u1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! res]vees ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is com=t4 ,if1 because ! c\nsel 9 opposition to ! new ,am5dm5t d n "k & urge our legal protection aga9/ any new con/itution ( national gov]nm5t except by ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article1 & if1 because ( su* ignorance on ! "p ( c\nsel1 ! ,c\rt %\ld n be call$ ^u ei!r to consid] or pass ^u our protection1 no decision ( ! ,c\rt w be int5d$ to h--z no decision ( ! ,c\rt c\ld h--any effect ^u our protection4 ,if c\nsel fail to br+ be=e ! ,c\rt ! legal facts :i* demon/rate t ! new ,am5dm5t is n 9 ! ,con/itution unless we ,am]icans are 8subjects10 our day 9 ,c\rt is m]ely po/pon$4 ,& :5 t day %all come1 :5 t ,c\rt is address$ by c\nsel :o d repres5t ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica & :o accurately "k ! con/itutional protection :i* we h = all our rights1 !re is n ! slighte/ dang] t ! ,c\rt1 e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ by u = ! sole purpose ( protect+ our individual rights aga9/ usurpation by gov]nm5t1 w decide t we are subjects & t gov]nm5ts c create new gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ! individual ,am]ican citiz54 ,mean:ile1 let u exam9e ! briefs ( ,m>*1 #aibj4 ,9 !m1 despite our regret t n "o ( !m 0 writt5 9 our behalf1 x may be possible1 x ought to be a c]ta9ty1 t we w he> some?+ ab\t ! 8:50 & ! 8h[10 aft] #aijg1 we are suppos$ to h lo/ our /atus z free m5 & citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,briefs ,,ignore ,,! ,,am]ican ,,citiz5 ,!re is "o man ^: skill z an arti/ c\ld d ju/ice to ! atmosph]e 9 :i* all ! briefs ( t ,m>* mu/ h be5 writt54 ,un=tunately1 ! reports ( ! dea? ( t man are no long] greatly exagg]at$4 ,x is un=tunate t ! man :o pictur$ ! s5sations ( a ,yankee 9 ,k+ ,ar?ur's ,c\rt c\ld n h liv$ to rev]se ! feat4 ,only 8 g5ius c\ld picture "o ( ! ,am]icans ( #agij liv+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! briefs ( #aibj = ! new ,am5dm5t & le>n+ !re9 t ! ,am]icans ( 8 own day nev] became citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,only ! unique ^w-arti/1 :o def9$ a caulifl[] z a cabbage ) a college education1 c\ld adequately /ate ! />tl+ fact t n "o ( ! brief]s knew t all 7 assembl$ 9 ! c\rt room ( ,m>*1 #aibj1 s]i\sly to debate :e!r ! ,am]icans 9 #aghh volunt>ily surr5d]$ _! /atus z free m5 &1 repeal+ _! ,/atute ( '#gf1 decl>$ !mselves & _! po/]ity subject to a legislative gov]nm5t sup]ior to :at !y call$ _! supreme legislature1 a legislative gov]nm5t 8inve/$ ) p[] to legislate = u 9 all cases :atsoev]40 ,because ,m>k ,twa9 is dead1 we mu/ get f ^? briefs1 )\t 8 aid1 ! k t ! new ,article dep5ds entirely on ! extraord9>y concept t ! ,fif? ,article con/itut$ a hi!rto unkn[n gov]nm5t ( all ,am]ican citiz5s1 n our gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ ,fir/ ,article p[]s b an entirely di/9ct gov]nm5t--n a memb] ( x *os5 by ,am]ican citiz5s--8inve/$ ) p[] to legislate = u 9 all cases :atsoev]40 ,9 o!r words1 we are to le>n f ! briefs = ! new ,article t our suppos$ only & supreme ,am]ican gov]nm5t is1 & t all ,am]ican citiz5s are1 subject to ! omnipot5ce ( a /ill m supreme legislative gov]nm5t1 consi/+ ( ! /ate legislative gov]nm5ts on ^: behalf "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ lawy]s ( #aibj appe>$4 ,x is ! cle> concept ( ^? lawy]s t ^u ! w ( ! gov]nm5ts !y repres5t$1 a w subject to ! re/ra9t ( no ,con/itution 9 ,am]ica1 dep5ds entirely :at measure ( human fre$om we individual ,am]ican citiz5s may enjoy4 ,?is concept /&s out cle> & %>ply def9$ 9 _! briefs1 al?\gh nei!r !y nor _! oppon5t lawy]s grasp ! fact4 ,on ! fact t ! ,fif? ,article m5tions _! cli5t gov]nm5ts1 ! /ate legislatures1 !y base ! entire claim t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is 9 our ,con/itution4 ,on ?is m5tion re/s _! extraord9>y assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 ( p[] to ^? gov]nm5ts--& to ! v 8conv5tions0 :i* made ! ,fif? ,article--to make new ,articles ( e k9d1 :e!r f$]al to gov]n /ates or national to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ! individual4 ,fur!rmore1 we are to le>n1 f ! briefs ( ! lawy]s aga9/ ! new ,article1 t !y all ass]t1 l _! oppon5ts1 t ! ,fif? ,article is a grant ( p[] to ! grantors & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,to our amazem5t1 9 ! briefs ( ! lawy]s aga9/ ! new ,article1 we %all f9d no k ( or insi/5ce ^u ! important fact t ! ,con/itution is bo? a f$]al & a national ,con/itution4 ,mo/ amaz+ ( all1 9 no brief ( any lawy]1 %all we f9d ! fa9te/ recognition ( ! decisive fact t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article are ! ,am]ican citiz5s !mselves1 :ile ! /ate 8legislatures0 ( ! ,fif? ,article are respectively ! attorneys 9 fact = respective citiz5s ( o!r political entities ?an ! nation :i* is ,am]ica4 ,mo/ briefs1 = ! new ,am5dm5t1 w dwell ^u ! fact t ! p ( ,am]ica1 n ! /ates1 made ! ,con/itution4 ,yet1 al?\gh x is equally true to say t ! :ole p ( ,am]ica or ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article made ! ,con/itution1 no brief] w "k t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article are also ! :ole p ( ,am]ica1 :ile ! /ate 8legislatures0 nev] are ! attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 :o nev] *ose a s+le memb] ( ^? 8legislatures40 ,t all ^? lawy]s1 :o debat$ ! ext5t ( ! imag9>y 8grant0 ( p[] 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 may d !mselves /rict ju/ice1 let u accurately /ate a few indisputable facts be=e we consid] _! briefs4 ,x is a fact t ! subject matt] ( ! fir/ section comm& & ! second section grant1 9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 is ! ex]cise ( a human "r1 n ! privilege ( a citiz5 ( ,am]ica or ! citiz5 ( any /ate4 ,x is a fact t ! ,am]icans 9 ea* =m] colony1 9 #aggf1 con/itut$ a /ate = !mselves & a gov]nm5t ( t /ate & subject$ t p>ticul> "r1 z all _! individual human rights1 to ! g5]al welf>e /ate p[] ( t gov]nm5t1 ! p[] :i* is n[ kn[n z ! police p[]4 ,x is a fact t1 f #aggf to #aghg1 t p>ticul> individual "r1 z all ! human rights ( ! citiz5s ( any /ate1 0 subject to no int]f]5ce by any gov]nm5t or gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w except ! "o legislative gov]nm5t ( t p>ticul> /ate4 ,x is a fact t all ! legislative gov]nm5ts ( ! o!r /ates & ! gov]nm5t ( ! f$]ation ( /ates c\ld nei!r ex]cise nor grant1 z "s ( !m h attempt$ to d 9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 any p[] to int]f]e ) t p>ticul> individual fre$om or any o!r individual fre$om ( ! citiz5s 9 t p>ticul> /ate4 ,x is a fact t1 on ,june #ba1 #aghh1 ! ,am]icans 9 ! n9e /ates became collectively "o political entity1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 compos+ ! nation :i* is ,am]ica4 ,x is a fact1 & a fact :i* flatly d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 t1 on ,june #ba1 #aghh1 ! exi/+ /ate legislatures did n become an omnipot5t legislative body ( ! new nation 8inve/$ ) p[] to legislate0 = ,am]ican citiz5s 89 all cases :atsoev]0 9 int]f]5ce ) our individual fre$om4 ,x is a fact t ^? legislatures did n !n become any gov]nm5t = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica on any subject :atsoev]4 ,x is a fact t n "o ( ^? /ate legislatures receiv$ any new p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om any:]e by any grant ( su* p[] 9 ! sev5 ,articles ( our ,con/itution4 ,! op5+ words ( ! ,fir/ ,article expressly s decl>e4 ,!y are1 8,all legislative p[]s h]e9 grant$ %all be ve/$ 9 a ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all consi/ ( a ,s5ate & a ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives40 ,moreov]1 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 ! decl>ation insi/$ ^u by ! :ole 8p0 ( ,am]ica 9 _! 8conv5tions10 expressly s decl>es4 ,its decl>ation is t ! entire ,con/itution gives no new p[] to any gov]nm5t except ! new gov]nm5t ( ,am]ica1 ! gov]nm5t con/itut$ by ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,x is a fact1 aga9 a fact :i* d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 t ! g5]al con/itutional re/rictions ^u gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om are re/ra9ts ^u ! ex]cise ( e grant ( su* p[] 9 ! ,con/itution1 & t !y d n re/ra9 ! /ate gov]nm5ts because ^? gov]nm5ts are ! donee ( no p[] ( t k9d 9 t ,con/itution4 ,?is fact1 a pat5t fact h>dly ne$+ settlem5t1 0 decisively settl$ 9 #ahcc by ! decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ann\nc$ by ,m>%all1 9 ,b>ron v4 ,mayor ( ,baltimore1 #g ,pet]s1 #dc4 ,b>ron cont5d$ t ! ,fif? ,am5dm5t re/ra9$ ! p[] ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,m>%all said3 ,! "q ?us pres5t$ is1 we ?9k1 ( great importance1 b n ( mu* difficulty4 ,! ,con/itution 0 orda9$ & e/abli%$ by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = !mselves1 = _! own gov]nm5t1 & n = ! gov]nm5t ( ! individual /ates4 ,ea* /ate e/abli%$ a con/itution = itself1 & 9 t con/itution provid$ su* limitations & re/rictions on ! p[]s ( its p>ticul> gov]nm5t z its judgm5t dictat$4 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates fram$ su* a gov]nm5t = ! ,unit$ ,/ates z !y suppos$ be/ adapt$ to _! situation1 & be/ calculat$ to promote _! int]e/s4 ,! p[]s !y conf]r$ on ?is gov]nm5t 7 to be ex]cis$ by itself2 & ! limitations on p[]1 if express$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 are naturally1 &1 we ?9k1 necess>ily1 applicable to ! gov]nm5t creat$ by ! in/rum5t4 ,!y are limitations ( p[] grant$ 9 ! in/rum5t itself2 n ( di/9ct gov]nm5ts1 fram$ by diff]5t p]sons & = diff]5t purposes4 ,! decision settl$ t ! entire ,con/itution ve/$ 9 ! /ate gov]nm5ts n a s+le p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om 9 any respect4 ,! decision is bas$ on t "o fact4 ,! fact & decision expose ! absurdity ( ! ?\ght t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 ( any su* p[] to ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 mu* less a grant ( e su* p[] to ^? gov]nm5ts4 ,?is absurd ?\ght1 h[ev]1 is ! assumption on :i* e advocate ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t bas$ 8 argum5t 9 ,m>*1 #aibj3 & x is ! assumption ^u :i* :olly dep5ds ! exi/5ce ( ! ,am5dm5t4 ,x is a fact t ! /ate legislatures1 be=e ! ,con/itution 0 ev5 propos$1 _h exi/+ ability to make f$]al ,articles4 ,x is a fact1 z ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t decl>es1 t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article res]v$ t f$]al ability to ^? /ate gov]nm5ts & t ! ,fif? ,article did n 8grant0 x to !m4 ,x is a fact1 t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ourselves1 ! ,am]ican citiz5s assembl$ 9 _! respective /ates1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,article1 ev5 be=e ! ,con/itution 0 word$ or propos$1 _h exclusive ability to make national ,articles1 :i* ei!r directly int]f]e or grant ability to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,x is a fact t ?is p[] ( ! 8conv5tions0 includ$ ! ability to make any k9d ( ,article1 ei!r f$]al or national4 ,x is a fact1 !re=e1 z ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s _h ?is omnipot5t p[] be=e ! ,fif? ,article 0 ev5 draft$1 & z ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t /ates t !y res]v$ x to !mselves1 t !y did n grant all ( x 7z ! advocates ( ! new ,am5dm5t claim$ 9 ,m>*1 #aibj71 or "p ( x 7z ! oppon5ts ( ! new ,am5dm5t claim$ 9 ,m>*1 #aibj7 to !mselves 9 _! own ,fif? ,article4 ,x is a fact1 !re=e1 t ! m5tion ( ! two exi/+ abilities 7! exi/+ omnipot5t ability ( ! 8conv5tions0 & ! exi/+ limit$ ability ( ! 8/ate legislatures07 does n make ! ,fif? ,article any 8grant0 ( p[] ei!r to ! 8conv5tions0 7:o made ! ,article7 or to ! /ate 8legislatures40 ,x is a fact t ! v 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article & ! ,am]ican citiz5s assembl$ !re91 :ile !y 7 mak+ t ,article1 accurately knew t x 0 no?+ b a con/itutional mode ( proc$ure = two di/9ct & exi/+ p[]s1 & t x did n 8grant0 any p[] :atev] to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,speak+ ( ! ,con/itution1 ) its ,fif? ,article1 ! entire conv5tion 9 ,virg9ia decl>$ t all ! p[]s grant$ 9 ! ,con/itution 7 be+ grant$ by ! p ( ,am]ica 8& t e p[]1 n grant$ !reby1 rema9s ) !m1 & at _! w40 ,no?+ c\ld m cle>ly express ! k t ! ,fif? ,article 0 n a grant ( any p[] by ! 8conv5tions0 to ! 8conv5tions0 or to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion1 ,lee /at$3 8,?is new sy/em %[s1 9 /rong] t]ms ?an words c\ld decl>e1 t ! lib]ties ( ! p are secure4 ,x goes on ! pr9ciple t all p[] is 9 ! p1 & t rul]s h no p[]s b :at are enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article 9 t pap]4444 ,c&or mu/ confess t x is inf9itely m att5tive to ! lib]ties ( ! p ?an any /ate gov]nm5t40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #ahf47 ,9 ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a conv5tion1 ,p9ckney said3 8,) u1 ! sov]eignty ( ! ,union is 9 ! p0 7#d4 ,ell4 ,deb4 #cbh71 & aga9 8,i conceive x z indisp5sable1 9 a republic1 t all au?ority %\ld fl[ f ! p40 7#d ,ell4 ,deb4 #cbf47 ,hamilton1 "o ( ! p assembl$ 9 ! ,new ,york conv5tion1 said3 8,z ! p are ! only legitimate f\nta9 ( p[]1 & x is f !m t ! con/itutional *>t]1 "u :i* ! sev]al bran*es ( gov]nm5t hold _! p[]1 is d]iv$1 x seems /rictly consonant to ! republican !ory1 to recur to ! same orig9al au?ority10 ! p !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article & ! ,sev5?1 8:5ev] x may be necess>y to enl>ge1 dim9i%1 or new-model ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t40 7,f$4 ,no4 #di47 ,he c\ld h>dly h made m cle> 8 k t ! ,fif? ,article 0 n a 8grant0 ( p[] to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,z ,madison & ,hamilton propos$ & second$ ! only ,fif? ,article1 at ,philadelphia1 :i* ev] m5tion$ ! /ate legislatures1 _! own words h great weight 9 ! int]pretation ( its language4 ,= :i* reason1 x is well to recall aga9 t ,madison1 9 ,f$]ali/ ,numb] #cg1 cle>ly said t 8! g5ius ( republican lib]ty seems to dem& 444 n only t all p[] %\ld be d]iv$ f ! p40 ,& ei!r ,madison or ,hamilton said 9 ,! ,f$]ali/1 ,numb] #di1 ! ref]5ce to ! ,fif? ,article be+ unmi/akable f :at !y said1 8,!re is c]ta9ly great =ce 9 ?is reason+1 & x mu/ be all[$ to prove t a con/itutional road to ! decision ( ! p ought to be m>k$ out & kept op51 = c]ta9 great & extraord9>y occasions40 ,z !y bo? ma9ta9$1 at ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion & !reaft]1 t ! ability ( /ate gov]nm5ts 0 incompet5t to con/itute gov]nm5t ) national p[]s to int]f]e ) human fre$om1 & z !y bo? repeat$ly /at$ t x w\ld be contr>y to ! g5ius ( republican lib]ty t any gov]nm5ts %\ld h t ability1 !y h made unmi/akable _! k t ! ,fif? ,article1 :i* !y propos$ & second$ & :i* ,madison probably word$1 did n grant any su* ability to gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ! ,p5nsylvania conv5tion1 ,wilson cle>ly express$ ! k :i* reads ! new ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t out ( our ,con/itution1 :5 he said3 8,9 ?is ,con/itution1 ! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates appe> disp5s+ a "p ( _! orig9al p[] 9 :at mann] & :at proportion !y ?9k fit4 ,!y nev] "p ) ! :ole2 & !y reta9 ! "r ( recall+ :at !y "p )40 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #dcg47 ,c any man1 ev5 a mod]n 8con/itutional0 lawy]1 reconcile t k ) ! ?\ght t ! ,fif? ,article is a grant ( p[] to ! /ate gov]nm5ts8 ,aga9 9 ! same conv5tion1 he said1 speak+ ( our ,con/itution3 8,"h1 sir1 ! fee simple ( p[] rema9s 9 ! p at l>ge & by ?is ,con/itution !y d n "p ) x40 7#b ,ell4 ,deb4 #dce47 ,9 ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a conv5tion1 ,ir$ell1 lat] on ! ,supreme ,c\rt ,b5*1 said3 8,no man1 let 8 +5uity be :at x w1 c\ld enum]ate all ! individual rights n rel9qui%$ by ?is ,con/itution40 7#d ,ell4 ,deb4 #adi47 ,all ^! facts %\ld be dwelt ^u & emphasiz$ 9 ! briefs ( ! lawy]s aga9/ ! new ,article 9 :i* gov]nm5t attempts to ex]cise ungrant$ p[] & to grant new p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,& aga9/ all our education 9 ! 8conv5tions10 x mu/ be ! burd5 ( ! briefs ( ! lawy]s = ! new ,am5dm5t to uphold ! amaz+ proposition t all ! individual rights ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s 71 by ! ,fif? ,article1 made subject to a suppos$ omnipot5ce grant$ to ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 n a memb] ( :i* is *os5 by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,no ,,*all5ge ,,to ,,! ,,tory ,,concept ,we av]age ,am]icans1 !re=e1 come to ! c\rtroom ( #aibj ) "s k t is a ma!matical c]ta9ty4 ,we "k t ev]y?+ done at ,philadelphia by ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? ,article 0 done ) "o dom9ant purpose--! security ( individual human fre$om4 ,we "k t1 at ,philadelphia & 9 ^? 8conv5tions10 ! old /ates & _! gov]nm5ts1 ! f$]al gov]nm5t & its cont9uation 9 ! new ,con/itution1 ! new nation & its ,con/itution & its gov]nm5t 7 only important z ! ,am]ican citiz5s consid]$ t ea* or all w\ld contribute to ! security ( ,am]ican individual fre$om4 ,we "k t1 only 9 r>e in/ances1 su* z t ( ,g]ry1 did a ,tory m5tal attitude lead a man into ! error 7= any ,am]ican aft] '#gf7 ( ?9k+ t political entities 7su* z /ates or nations or _! gov]nm5ts7 h ! slighte/ importance except 9 s f> z !y contribute to ! individual fre$om ( ! citiz5s :o create !m & mu/ control !m1 if an ,am]ican is to rema9 a citiz54 ,we "k t e ,am]ican1 9 ^? 8conv5tions10 discuss$ & vot$ ^u e m5tion ( ^! political entities1 ) insi/5t realization t no?+ any:]e 9 ! ,con/itution 0 int5d$ to di/urb or did di/urb ! legal fact t only ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 9 8conv5tions10 ev] c\ld say h[ mu* national p[] ! new gov]nm5t %\ld h1 h[ mu* ea* old /ate %\ld be all[$ to reta9 ov] its own citiz5s & h[ mu* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica %\ld res]ve f all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,we also "k ?is legal fact to h be5 ! mo/ important legal fact 9 ,am]ica to ! ,am]icans 9 ^? 8conv5tions40 ,we "k t x 0 ! legal fact ^: d5ial by ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t caus$ ! ,revolution4 ,we "k t1 f ,july #d1 #aggf1 ev]y?+ :i* ! ,am]icans did 0 solely to make x impossible t any "o c\ld ev] d5y ?is legal fact 9 ,am]ica4 ,& we also "k1 some?+ t has be5 entirely ignor$ s9ce #aiag1 t ^! 8conv5tions0 knew t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles 7 id5tically ! same ?+ & 7 ! mo/ important res]vee 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 8! p0 ( ,am]ica1 9 _! aggregate & collective capacity z ,h5ry accurately put x4 ,) ?is simple & amaz+ly important k ( facts1 a k acquir$ by our education ) ! ,am]icans :o made !mselves & _! po/]ity free m5 in/ead ( 8subjects10 we come to ! argum5ts & briefs ( #aibj4 ,!re we expect to le>n h[ ! oppon5ts ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t pres5t$ & its support]s answ]$ ^! facts4 ,because ^! facts we d "k1 if !y are all ! facts1 flatly d5y ! exi/5ce ( t new national ,article1 made by gov]nm5ts alone4 ,if =be>ance 7 ! sole rule = conduct1 if consci5ce p]mitt$ u to ignore ! great dang] to our own individual fre$om 9 e matt]1 we w\ld be absolutely sil5t z to ! cont5ts ( all ^? briefs4 ,b1 t ! suppos$ pres5ce ( ! new national ,article 9 ! national ,con/itution ( a free p may nev] be a prec$5t = o!r gov]nm5t mak+ ( national ,articles1 x is our duty to le>n & /ate :at ^? briefs all disclose4 ,n "o ( !m recognizes ! id5tity ( ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article ) ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5?4 ,& all ignore ! id5tity ( ! ,fif? ,article 8conv5tions0 ) 8,we1 ! p0 ( ,am]ica1 9 ! ,preamble1 & ) ! mo/ important res]vee ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 8! p0 ( ,am]ica4 ,e argum5t1 :e!r = or aga9/ ! new national article1 is bas$ ^u ! %e] & absurd assumption t ! 8conv5tions0 9 _! ,fif? ,article did make a grant to !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions10 & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,! advocates ( ! new ,article assume t ! 8conv5tions0 grant$ to !mselves & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts all ! inali5able omnipot5ce ( ! ,am]ican p !mselves1 9 _! aggregate capacity z ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! v omnipot5ce ! suppos$ grantors 7 ex]cis+ :5 !y made ! ,fif? ,article4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! new national ,article ass]t ! absurd assumption ( a 8grant10 b cont5d = div]se reasons--rem>kable by reason ( ! fallacy ( a 8grant0 on :i* ea* re/s--t ! 8conv5tions0 grant to !mselves only a "p ( ! omnipot5ce :i* !y already _h & 7 ex]cis+ :5 !y made ! suppos$ 8grant40 ,on :i* !ory1 !y urge t ! suppos$ 8grant0 to ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 be+ id5tical ) ! suppos$ 8grant0 to ! grantors !mselves1 is only "p ( ! omnipot5ce :i* ! grantors already _h & does n include ability to make ,articles l ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,n "o ( ^! briefs recognizes or urges t ! ,fif? ,article is n a 8grant0 ( ability to make ,articles :e!r f$]al or national4 ,no brief kn[s ! ,fif? ,article to be simply ! ratification1 by ! :ole ,am]ican p1 ( a hi!rto revolution>y mode ( proc$ure z ! future ,,con/itutional mode 9 :i* may be ex]cis$ ei!r ! exi/+ & limit$ ability ( /ate legislatures to make f$]al ,articles or ! exi/+ & unlimit$ ability ( ! 8p0 7! 8conv5tions07 to make any ,articles4 ,no brief ei!r recognizes or urges ! absurdity ( ! ?\ght t ! 8conv5tions0 int5d$ to grant or did grant to !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions10 any "p ( ! omnipot5ce :i* ! suppos$ grantors 7 actually ex]cis+ :5 mak+ ! suppos$ grant4 ,no brief recognizes t "o ( ! suppos$ grantees is ! suppos$ grantor4 ,no brief seems to "k t ! suppos$ grantees 7 respectively compet5t mak]s ( c]ta9 k9ds ( ,articles ev5 be=e ! ,fif? ,article 0 writt5 at ,philadelphia4 ,no brief seems to "k--or to s5se ! decisive effect ( ! fact--t1 )9 ! twelve ye>s :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! suppos$ 8grant10 ea* ( ! two respective mak]s ( ,articles1 :o are m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 _h ex]cis$ its respective ability to make ,articles ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,no brief seems to "k t "o ( ! suppos$ grantees1 ! 8conv5tions10 at ! v mom5t ( ! suppos$ 8grant10 0 ex]cis+ its own unlimit$ ability to make ,articles ( e k9d4 ,= all t ! briefs disclose1 9 ! decisive effect ( ! two facts ^u ! suppos$ validity ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 ! 8/ate legislatures0 might nev] h made ! f$]al ,articles ( #agha & ! 8conv5tions0 might nev] h made ! f$]al & national ,articles ( #aghh4 ,no brief urges ! greate/ legal decision made at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg z b9d+ legal au?ority t ! /ate 8legislatures0 ( ! ,fif? ,article nev] c1 :ile ! ,fif? ,article 8conv5tions0 always c1 make a national ,article l ! ,fir/ ,article or ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,"o brief does sugge/ t decision z au?ority = ! absurd proposition t ! ,fif? ,article m5tions no ,,con/itutional mode 9 :i* ev5 ! exclusive ability ( ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s c be aga9 ex]cis$ to make ,articles l ! ,fir/ ,article & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,9 urg+ t absurd proposition1 ! brief] :olly ignores ! fact t ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion1 :i* made t legal decision1 rea*$ its conclusion by asc]ta9+ :at 7 & /ill are ! respective abilities 7to make ,articles7 ( ! /ate 8legislatures0 & ! 8conv5tions10 bo? ( :i* are nam$ z future mak]s 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,no brief recognizes ! fact 7or urges any argum5t bas$ ^u x7 t ! ,con/itution is bo? a f$]al & a national ,con/itution4 ,= :i* reason1 no brief po9ts out t ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly res]ves ! ability to make f$]al ,articles to ! /ate 8legislatures0 & ! exclusive ability to make national ,articles to ! 8conv5tions40 ,= :i* reason1 no brief po9ts out t ea* ( ! two res]vees1 nam$ 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 is m5tion$ sep>ately 9 ! ,fif? ,article z a possible mak] ( future articles1 :5ev] a propos$ future ,article is ( ! k9d :i* ! exi/+ ability ( ! propos$ mak] is compet5t to make4 ,no brief1 aga9/ ! new ,am5dm5t1 *all5ges ! %e] & absurd assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant40 ,no brief1 = ! new ,am5dm5t1 (f]s or sugge/s ! slighte/ fact 9 support ( t %e] assumption4 ,e brief = ! new ,am5dm5t1 on ! fallacy ( ! %e] assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a grant1 cont5ds t ! ,article makes a fractional "p ( ! /ate legislatures an omnipot5t ,p>liam5t = ! ,am]ican p1 a ,p>liam5t n re/ra9$ by any con/itutional limitations 9 /ate or national con/itutions b a ,p>liam5t :i* c d :at x w ) e individual "r ( e human be+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,^! briefs nei!r "k nor c>e t _! concept ( ! ,fif? ,article means t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 twelve ye>s aft] ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 int5d$ to make & did make !mselves absolute 8subjects0 ( gov]nm5ts1 n "o ( ^: legislators 0 to be elect$ by ,am]icans 9 _! capacity z ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,! =emo/ ( ^! briefs 7 writt5 by em95t 8con/itutional0 lawy]s :o _h1 z cli5ts1 ! v gov]nm5ts :i* claim$ ?is omnipot5ce ov] individual ,am]icans z _! 8subjects40 ,e brief1 aga9/ ! new ,am5dm5t1 n only admitt$ b ass]t$ ! absurd assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 to ! grantors & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ! =emo/ brief aga9/ ! new ,am5dm5t1 t absurd assumption is ass]t$ or m5tion$ ov] fifty times4 ,on ?is absurd assumption1 e argum5t1 9 ^! briefs1 z well z 9 ! oppos+ briefs1 is bas$4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re 0 b "o diff]5ce betwe5 any brief & ano!r4 ,t diff]5ce 0 9 ref]5ce to ! ext5t ( ! suppos$ 8grant0 :i* ! grantors made to !mselves & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,n "o brief1 pres5t$ 9 ^! litigations ( #aibj1 knew or urg$ ! und\bt$ fact t1 because our gov]nm5t is bo? f$]al & national1 if x wants new p[] to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz51 t gov]nm5t c get t p[] 9 only "o ,,con/itutional mode1 ?r\gh ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,no brief] knew ! legal necessity t all p[] ( t k9d mu/ be obta9$ directly f ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions40 ,we ourselves "k t !re 0 a day 9 ,am]ica :5 t legal necessity 80 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all40 ,x is almo/ impossible = u1 !re=e1 educat$ z we are 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,am]icans :o did "k1 to believe ^! /atem5ts ab\t ^! briefs4 ,yet ! briefs speak = !mselves4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 we turn to v]ify ! /atem5ts by ! briefs !mselves1 x is well t we recall "o amaz+ "q & answ]1 dur+ ! argum5ts ( #aibj 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 :i* "q & answ] ov]:elm+ly demon/rate t none ( ^! 8con/itutional0 lawy]s knew or c>$ ab\t ! facts we "k4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt _h li/5$1 = sev]al days1 to _m clev] argum5ts aga9/ ! new national ,article4 ,! argum5ts _h *all5g$ validity on ! gr\nd t ! new ,article infr+$ ^u ! political fre$om ( "s political entity1 su* z a /ate or its gov]nm5t4 ,sometimes ! argum5ts _h *all5g$ validity on ! gr\nd t ! new ,article infr+$ ^u ! lib]ty ( ! citiz5s ( "s p>ticul> /ate4 ,no argum5t _h *all5g$ validity on ! "o pat5t & unansw]able gr\nd t ! 8conv5tions0 ( #aghh _h provid$ t no national ,article1 :i* 7l ! ,fir/ ,article & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t7 directly int]f]es ) or grants p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican citiz51 c\ld ev] be ,,con/itutionally made1 except 9 ! "o ,,con/itutional mode ( proc$ure1 9 :i* ! only compet5t mak]s ( national ,articles c make su* ,articles1 ! 8conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s (0 ! /ates1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,rice ( ,rhode ,isl&1 "o ( ! _m prom95t lawy]s aga9/ validity1 0 urg+ 8 p>ticul> argum5t4 ,ignor+ ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica 9 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article1 he claim$ t no p[] 9 ,am]ica c\ld int]f]e ) individuals 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 outside ! ,fir/ ,article matt]s1 )\t ! cons5t ( ,rhode ,isl& itself4 ,he 0 int]rupt$ by ! ,c\rt4 ,9 sub/ance1 ?is is ! "q & answ] t foll[$3 ,ju/ice ,br&eis3 8,! c\rt is n[ fully acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! argum5ts ( ! v>i\s c\nsel z to :y ! new ,article has n be5 validly made4 ,! ,c\rt w\ld l to "k1 ,9 :at way d c\nsel ?9k t ! new ,article c\ld be con/itutionally made80 ,& ! answ] ( ,rice1 und\bt$ly voic+ ! conviction ( all 8 colleagues1 = none ( !m _h any o!r answ] to volunte]1 03 8,9 no way40 ,fre% f ! 8conv5tions10 :i* knew t !y c\ld h made :at is suppos$ to be ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 we c\ld make ! correct answ] to t "q4 ,our answ] is t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! :ole ,am]ican p c\ld h made ?is new ,article 9 #aghh j z !y did make ! ,fir/ ,article ( exactly ! same k9d4 ,!y c\ld h made x1 n because any ,con/itution gave !m ! p[] to make x4 ,!y c\ld h made x because1 9 its mak+1 !y w\ld h ex]cis$ exactly ! same exi/+ ability :i* !y ex]cis$ :5 !y de/roy$ ! p[] ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ov] !mselves 9 #aggf1 :i* !y ex]cis$ :5 !y end$ ! complete indep5d5ce ( ea* /ate 9 #aghh & :i* !y ex]cis$ :5 !y made all ! ,articles ( #aghh4 ,:5 !y did ea* ( ^! ?+s1 !y _h prescrib$ no 8con/itutional0 mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* !y might con/itutionally ex]cise t exclusive ability ( _! own4 ,by ! decl>ation ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 !y res]v$ t exclusive ability to !mselves4 ,&1 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 !y prescrib$1 = ! fir/ "t1 exactly ! same mode1 9 :i* !y 7 !n ex]cis+ t exclusive ability1 z ! future ,,con/itutional mode = its fur!r ex]cise4 ,z ,m>%all /at$1 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 !re is b "o way 9 :i* !y c ex]cise x1 8safely1 effectively1 & wisely10 by assembl+ 9 _! 8conv5tions0 9 _! respective /ates4 ,if ! accuracy & tru? ( ?is sole possible correct answ] to ! "q ( #aibj is s well kn[n to u1 c]ta9ly x %\ld h be5 kn[n to at lea/ "o ( ! 8con/itutional0 lawy]s ( #aibj4 ,moreov]1 e 8con/itutional0 lawy] ( #aibj %\ld h kn[n t ! m5tion ( /ate gov]nm5ts 9 ! ,fif? ,article 0 n int5d$ to make !m omnipot5t ov] ! individual rights ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 or to provide an unsafe1 ineffectual & unwise way or any way 9 :i* gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica c\ld create new gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,madison wrote ! ,fif? ,article4 ,imm$iately aft] he _h secur$ its proposal f ,philadelphia1 9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion he paid 8 fam\s tribute to ! 8conv5tions0--b n to ! 8/ate legislatures0--:i* he m5tions 9 8 ,fif? ,article4 8,mr4 ,*airman1 no?+ has excit$ m admiration 9 ! _w ?an ! mann] 9 :i* free gov]nm5ts h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica2 = x 0 ! fir/ in/ance1 f ! creation ( ! _w to ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 t free inhabitants h be5 se5 delib]at+ on ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 & select+ su* ( _! citiz5s z possess$ _! confid5ce1 to det]m9e ^u & give effect to x40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #faf47 ,b1 :atev] ! ignorance ( our con/itutional lawy]s1 we "k :y ,madison1 9 8 ,fif? ,article1 m5tions ^! 8conv5tions0 9 :i* free inhabitants are se5 delib]at+ on new grants or con/itutions ( gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,:5 future grants ( su* p[] are sugge/$1 !re is to be a ,,con/itutional mode prescrib$ = ! reassembl+ ( su* 8conv5tions0 to make or refuse ! grants4 ,our exp]i5ce ) ,madison & 8 colleagues w\ld educate ^! 8con/itutional0 lawy]s to ke5 realization t ! ,am]icans ( old knew ! vital di/9ction1 s important to individual lib]ty1 betwe5 p]man5t & exi/+ /ate legislatures & ^! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican p !mselves1 *os5 = ! "o purpose ( answ]+ 8,yes0 or 8,no0 to a p>ticul> "q previ\sly c>efully consid]$ by all ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,let ^! 8con/itutional0 lawy]s sp5d a mom5t ) ,hamilton1 on ,friday1 ,m>* #ad1 #aghh1 :5 he 0 urg+ ! ,am]ican p to adopt ! ,con/itution ) t ,fif? ,article4 ,he 0 discuss+ ! mode :i* t ,con/itution provid$ = ! election ( ! ,*ief ,executive ( ! new nation4 ,! mode 0 t ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 9 ea* /ate1 %\ld elect a tempor>y conv5tion ( delegates to delib]ate ^u & ca/ ! votes ( ,am]icans 9 t /ate = "s ,am]ican z ,presid5t4 ,we s5se1 at once1 ! /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ! tempor>y body1 ?us to be *os5 = t purpose1 & ! tempor>y body or conv5tion also to be *os5 to pass ^u ! o!r s+le "q1 a 8,yes0 or 8,no0 to "s p>ticul> propos$ new grant ( gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,! dang] to individual lib]ty w\ld necess>ily be mu* less 9 hav+ a p]man5t gov]nm5t body1 ! legislature1 ca/ ! vote ( ! ,am]icans 9 its /ate = an ,executive1 ?an 9 hav+ ! same p]man5t gov]nm5t body or legislature say ! 8,yes0 or 8,no0 ( ! ,am]icans 9 t /ate to a new grant ( gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual lib]ty ( all ,am]icans4 ,!re=e1 if we f9d ,hamilton dwell+ ^u ! dang] ( /ate legislatures ca/+ ,am]ican votes = ! ,am]ican ,executive1 we c be q c]ta9 t nei!r ,madison nor ,hamilton nor _! colleagues m5tion$ ! exi/+ ability ( legislatures to make f$]al ,articles 7:5 ^! m5 word$ & made _! ,fif? ,article7 9 ord] t _! words might be twi/$ away f any possible ,engli% mean+ & say t ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica appo9t$ ^! /ate gov]nm5ts1 n a memb] ( :i* is *os5 by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 to be _! omnipot5t attorney 9 fact = e purpose 9 ! _w1 =ev]4 ,?is is :at ,hamilton _h to say on ! dang] to lib]ty1 if p]man5t /ate legislative gov]nm5ts1 in/ead ( special ,am]ican delegates *os5 = t purpose1 %\ld ev5 elect ! ,am]ican ,presid5t3 8,! mode ( appo9tm5t ( ! ,*ief ,magi/rate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is almo/ ! only "p ( ! sy/em1 ( any consequ5ce1 :i* has escap$ )\t sev]e c5sure1 or :i* has receiv$ ! slighte/ m>k ( approbation f its oppon5ts40 7,incid5tally we recall t ! mode ( proc$ure1 :i* is ! ,fif? ,article1 nev] receiv$ "o ^w ( c5sure f any oppon5t on any gr\nd1 except t x left to gov]nm5t ! ability to reassemble ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! p4 ,x 0 claim$ t1 ev5 if ! p f\nd ! ,fir/ ,article p[] oppressive to _! individual fre$om1 gov]nm5t w\ld nev] reassemble _! 8conv5tions0 = ! purpose ( p]mitt+ !m to )draw any ( ^? grants47 ,hamilton proce$$ z foll[s3 8,x 0 desirable t ! s5se ( ! p %\ld op]ate 9 ! *oice ( ! p]son to :om s important a tru/ 0 to be confid$40 7,we av]age ,am]icans rememb] t ! tru/ ( mak+ or refus+ new p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om w\ld always be inf9itely m important47 8,?is end w be answ]$ by committ+ ! "r ( mak+ x1 n to any pree/abli%$ body1 b to m5 *os5 by ! p = ! special purpose1 & at ! p>ticul> conjuncture4444 ,a small numb] ( p]sons1 select$ by _! fell[ citiz5s f ! g5]al mass1 w be mo/ likely to possess ! in=mation & disc]nm5t requisite to su* complicat$ inve/igations4 ,x 0 also peculi>ly desirable to af=d z little opportunity z possible to tumult & disord]4444 ,! precautions :i* h be5 s happily conc]t$ 9 ! sy/em "u consid]ation1 promise an effectual security aga9/ ?is mis*ief4444 ,&1 z ! electors10 l ! conv5tions = grant+ or refus+ national p[]1 8*os5 9 ea* ,/ate1 are to assemble & vote 9 ! ,/ate 9 :i* !y are *os51 ?is deta*$ & divid$ situation w expose !m mu* less to heats & f]m5ts1 :i* might be communicat$ f !m to ! p1 ?an if !y 7 all to be conv5$ at "o "t1 9 "o place40 7,we recall ,m>%all's e*o ( ?is 9 8 lat] /atem5t1 speak+ ( ! ,fif? & ,sev5? ,article 8conv5tions10 8,no political dream] 0 ev] wild en\gh to ?9k ( break+ d[n ! l9es :i* sep>ate ! /ates1 & ( comp\nd+ ! ,am]ican p into "o common mass4 ,( consequ5ce1 :5 !y act1 !y act 9 _! /ates4 ,b ! measures !y adopt d n1 on t acc\nt1 cease to be ! measures ( ! p !mselves1 or become ! measures ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts407 ,hamilton w5t on3 8,no?+ 0 m to be desir$ ?an t e practicable ob/acle %\ld be oppos$ to cabal1 intrigue1 & corruption4 ,^! mo/ deadly adv]s>ies ( republican gov]nm5t might naturally h be5 expect$ to make _! approa*es f m ?an "o qu>t]4444 ,b ! conv5tion h gu>d$ aga9/ all dang] ( ?is sort1 ) ! mo/ provid5t & judici\s att5tion4 ,!y h n made ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,presid5t or any grant ( new p[] to int]f]e ) individual fre$om to dep5d on any preexi/+ bodies ( m51 :o might be tamp]$ ) be=eh& to pro/itute _! votes2 b !y h ref]r$ x1 9 ! fir/ in/ance to an imm$iate act ( ! p ( ,am]ica1 to be ex]t$ 9 ! *oice ( p]sons = ! tempor>y & sole purpose ( mak+ ! appo9tm5t10 or a propos$ grant ( new p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty4444 8,?us )\t corrupt+ ! body ( ! p1 ! imm$iate ag5ts 9 ! election or ! grant w at lea/ ent] ^u ! task free f any s9i/] bias4 ,_! transi5t exi/5ce1 & _! deta*$ situation1 already tak5 notice (1 af=d a satisfactory prospect ( _! cont9u+ s1 to ! conclusion ( x4 ,! bus9ess ( corruption1 :5 x is to embrace s consid]able a numb] ( m51 requires "t z well z means4 ,nor w\ld x be f\nd easy sudd5ly to emb>k !m1 disp]s$ z !y w\ld be ov] ?irte5 ,/ates n[ =ty-eight ,/ates 9 any comb9ations f\nd$ ^u motives1 :i* ?\gh !y c\ld n prop]ly be d5om9at$ corrupt1 might yet be ( a nature to mislead !m f _! duty40 7,f$4 ,no4 #fh47 ,if ,hamilton _h be5 alive to wat* ! suppos$ legislative mak+ ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 he w\ld h se5 ! mann] ( t suppos$ mak+ ju/ify ev]y?+ he said ab\t ! dang] ( lett+ p]man5t gov]nm5t bodies h any?+ to d ) individual lib]ty1 except ! prop] duty ( ea* legislature to make laws = its own citiz5s on matt]s committ$ to t legislature by ^? citiz5s4 ,&1 f :at we h j quot$1 ! 8con/itutional0 lawy]s ( #aibj c]ta9ly %\ld h kn[n t1 :5 ,hamilton 0 alive1 he & 8 associates1 by _! m5tion ( ^? 8legislatures0 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 nev] subject$ !mselves & _! po/]ity1 ourselves1 to an omnipot5t ability to d :at ^? gov]nm5ts might w ) our individual rights1 89 all matt]s :atsoev]40 ,x has be5 our cu/om1 z av]age ,am]ican citiz5s1 to rely ^u our lead]s to "k & urge1 at ! prop] "t & place1 our protection "u our ,am]ican ,con/itution4 ,we h se5 ! dang] ( su* reliance 9 ! record ( our ,congress ( #aiag4 ,z _m ( our lead]s are mo/ r5[n$ lawy]s1 ! dang] ( t reliance is emphasiz$1 if ! briefs ( ^? lead]s & lawy]s 9 #aibj disclose t !y did n & d n "k all ^! legal facts :i* are s cle> & also s ess5tial to our protection z ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,t we may asc]ta9 :e!r ^! briefs d disclose ?is ignorance & d emphasize ! dang] ( su* reliance1 we mu/ lat] exam9e ! briefs !mselves4 ,b1 t we may come to su* an exam9ation1 prop]ly prep>$1 x is necess>y t we %\ld "k ! nature ( ! litigations be=e ! ,c\rt & :at 7 ! argum5ts aga9/ validity ^u :i* ! ,c\rt 0 ask$ to pass4 ,9 no o!r way1 c we acquire our own k t ! ,supreme ,c\rt has yet to he> & consid] ! real *all5ge to ! suppos$ new ,article 9 :i* gov]nm5ts attempt to ex]cise ungrant$ p[] & to grant new p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,z we well "k1 t "o real *all5ge is t ! new ,article 0 n made by ^? :o alone c make x1 t x 0 n made z x c be ,,con/itutionally made1 by ! mak]s ( t k9d ( ,article nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles1 ! 8,we1 ! p0 ( ! ,preamble & 8! p0 ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,*all5ges ,,t ,,fail$ ,! validity ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t 7sev5 litigations be+ he>d toge!r7 0 argu$ on ,m>* #h1 #aibj1 & = sev]al days !reaft]4 ,z we are n conc]n$ ) ! mean+ ( ! second section ( ! ,am5dm5t or ) ! validity ( ! ,vol/ead ,act 7pass$ by ,congress "u ! grant ( said section7 except z ! validity ( ! ,act dep5ds ^u ! validity ( ! ,am5dm5t1 we %all make no m5tion ( ei!r4 ,! ,c\rt ann\nc$ its decision1 9 all ! litigations1 on ,june #g1 #aibj4 ,some:at to ! amazem5t ( ! c\ntry1 b 79 our humble op9ion ev5 at ! "t7 v wisely1 ! ,c\rt refus$ to write any op9ion :atev]4 ,no?+ c\ld m c]ta9ly settle t ! ,c\rt det]m9$ no "q except ! specific que/ions pres5t$ by ^? :o *all5g$ validity4 ,t we may be c]ta9 t ! ,c\rt nei!r he>d nor consid]$ nor pass$ ^u ! real & ! inv9cible *all5ge to ! exi/5ce ( ! suppos$ new national ,article1 we w let ! ,c\rt1 9 its own words1 /ate exactly j :at 7 ! f\r propositions1 advanc$ aga9/ validity1 & /ate ! simple fact t x negativ$ ea* ( ^? f\r propositions4 ,?us1 9 an impressive mann]1 we %all acquire our own k t ! fif? conclusion1 :i* lat] we %all /ate1 is b ! conclusion ( fact t no?+1 9 ! f\r propositions negativ$1 impairs ! validity ( ! suppos$ ,article4 ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,van ,devant] ann\nc$ ! conclusions ( ! ,c\rt4 ,p[] to am5d ! ,con/itution 0 res]v$ by ,article ,v1 :i* reads3444 7,z we h be5 9 ! conv5tions :i* made x1 we "k x47 ,! text ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 propos$ by ,congress 9 #aiag & proclaim$ z ratifi$ 9 #aiai1 #dj ,/at4 #ajej1 #aida1 is z foll[s3444 7,! text ( ! fir/ two sections is quot$ on page #dfe h]e947 ,we are "h conc]n$ ) sev5 cases involv+ ! validity ( t ,am5dm5t & ( c]ta9 g5]al features ( ! ,national ,prohibition ,law1 kn[n z ! ,vol/ead ,act1 c4 #hc1 #da ,/at4 #cje1 :i* 0 adopt$ to en=ce ! ,am5dm5t4 ,! relief s\ght 9 ea* case is an injunction aga9/ ! execution ( t act4444 ,! cases h be5 elaborately argu$ at ! b> & 9 pr9t$ briefs2 & ! argum5ts h be5 att5tively consid]$1 ) ! result t we rea* & ann\nce ! foll[+ conclusions on ! que/ions involv$3 #a4 ,! adoption by bo? h\ses ( ,congress1 ea* by a two ?irds vote1 ( a jo9t resolution propos+ an am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution suffici5tly %[s t ! proposal 0 deem$ necess>y by all :o vot$ = x4 ,an express decl>ation t !y reg>d$ x z necess>y is n ess5tial4 ,none ( ! resolutions :]eby prior am5dm5ts 7 propos$ conta9$ su* a decl>ation4 #b4 ,! two ?irds vote 9 ea* h\se :i* is requir$ 9 propos+ an am5dm5t is a vote ( two ?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t--assum+ ! pres5ce ( a quorum--& n a vote ( two ?irds ( ! entire memb]%ip1 pres5t & abs5t4 ,miss\ri ,pacific ,ry4 ,co4 v4 ,kansas1 #bdh ,u4 ,s4 #bgf4 #c4 ,! ref]5dum provisions ( /ate con/itutions & /atutes _c be appli$1 consi/5tly ) ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ratification or rejection ( am5dm5ts to x4 ,hawke v4 ,smi?1 ante1 #bba4 #d4 ,! prohibition ( ! manufacture1 sale1 transportation1 importation & exportation ( intoxicat+ liquors = bev]age purposes1 z embodi$ 9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 is )9 ! p[] to am5d res]v$ by ,article ,v ( ! ,con/itution4 7,national ,prohibition ,cases1 #bec1 ,u4 ,s4 #cej1 #chd47 ,we are n int]e/$ 9 ! fir/ two propositions :i* ! ,c\rt negativ$4 ,!y 7 t ! ,congress resolution %\ld h said t two ?irds ( ,congress deem$ x necess>y to propose ! ,am5dm5t & t ! proposals %\ld h be5 made by two ?irds ( ! entire memb]%ip ( ! ,h\se in/ead ( two ?irds ( a quorum 9 ea* ,h\se4 ,^! are trifl+ & unimportant matt]s :5 ov] "o hundr$ million ,am]icans seek to le>n :5 !y ceas$ to be citiz5s ( ,am]ica & became absolute 8subjects0 ( gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ?ird proposition negativ$ has naught to d ) ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,x deals only ) ! rights ( "s /ate citiz5s z su*1 :]e _! /ate con/itution has a ref]5dum provision4 ,= our protection aga9/ usurpation by any gov]nm5t ( our own res]v$ rights or p[]s1 we look to our own ,am]ican ,con/itution4 ,we h liv$ ?r\gh its mak+ ) ! ,am]icans :o made x to secure individual lib]ty ( !mselves & _! po/]ity1 ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,! cle> /atem5t ( simple fact1 express$ 9 ! ,c\rt's f\r? conclusion1 tells u some?+1 :i*1 ) ,madison1 we h kn[n s9ce he wrote & sugge/$ 8 ,fif? ,article1 at ,philadelphia1 on ,septemb] #aj1 #aghg4 ,our /ay 9 ! 8conv5tions10 :i* made ! ,fif? ,article1 has taught u t ! ,am]icans 9 !m1 ev5 ,h5ry & ! oppon5ts ( ! ,con/itution1 7 fully aw>e ( ! fact t ! ,fif? ,article provid$ ! ,,con/itutional mode 9 :i* ! 8conv5tions0 c\ld !reaft] ex]cise ! exi/+ omnipot5ce ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica !mselves to make any k9d ( an ,article ( gov]nm5t4 ,! same /ay fix$ firmly 9 our m9ds t e "o 9 !m knew t ! ,fif? ,article is n a grant ( any ability f !mselves to !mselves1 f ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? ,article to ! same 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 all be+ ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s assembl$ to ex]cise _! own omnipot5ce4 ,& s1 com+ f ! only 8conv5tions0 ( t k9d yet held1 we grasp at once ! absolute accuracy ( ! /atem5t 9 ! f\r? conclusion ( ! ,c\rt 9 #aibj4 ,! m5tion ( ! same 8conv5tions0 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 a m5tion made by ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article1 is ! s\nd basis = our k t1 z ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly decl>es1 ^? 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? expressly res]v$ to !mselves 7! same 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,fif?1 8! p0 ( ,am]ica 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t7 _! own exclusive ability to make national ,articles1 l ! ,fir/ ,article & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,= :i* reason1 we "k ! tru? ( ! ,c\rt /atem5t 9 its f\r? conclusion1 t ! p[] to make ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t 8is )9 ! p[] to am5d res]v$ by ,article ,v40 ,! exclusive ability ( ! 8conv5tions0 ( #aghg & #aghh--to make ! ,article :i* is t new ,am5dm5t--is some?+ kn[n to all :o 7 9 ^? 8conv5tions40 ,t ! ability--to make ,articles l ! ,fir/ ,article & ! new ,am5dm5t--rema9$ exclusively 9 su* 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 because su* ,articles are national & ei!r directly int]f]e ) or are ! basis = direct int]f]5ce ) individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz51 0 also kn[n to e "o 9 ^? 8conv5tions40 ,t is :y ! ,am]icans 9 ^? e>ly 8conv5tions0 insi/$ t ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly decl>e t su* exclusive ability 0 res]v$ to !m1 8! p0 ( t ,am5dm5t1 & :y ! same 8conv5tions0 m5tion$ !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions10 9 ! ,fif? ,article & provid$ !re9 ! ,,con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* t exclusive ability c\ld !reaft] be ex]cis$ by ^? :o _h x1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,ev5 ?\gh ?is k1 :i* we br+ /raight f ! 8conv5tions0 :i* made ! ,fif? ,article1 be n %>$ at all by ! lawy]s ( #aibj1 we are aw>e t x is also ! k ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,t is :y ,m>%all long ago po9t$ out t1 :5 individual welf>e requir$ t gov]nm5t %\ld be grant$ "s national p[]s or p[]s to int]f]e ) individual fre$om1 8! necessity ( d]iv+ su* p[]s f ! p !mselves 0 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all40 ,t is :y 9 #aijg ! ,supreme ,c\rt aga9 decl>$ 8! p[]s ! p h giv5 to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t are nam$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 & all n !re nam$1 444 are res]v$ to ! p & c be ex]cis$ only by !m1 or ^u fur!r grant f !m40 ,z ! ,fir/ ,section ( ! new ,am5dm5t is ! ex]cise & ! ,second ,section is ! grant ( "o ( ^? res]v$ p[]s1 & z ! ,fif? ,article provides ! ,,con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* x c be ex]cis$ or grant$ by ^?1 :o alone h x1 8! p0 ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article1 x is v natural to read 9 ! same ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 ! ,national ,prohibition ,cases1 t ! ability to make ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t 8is )9 ! p[] to am5d res]v$ by ,article ,v40 ,:5 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,m>%all's day knew t /ate 8legislatures0 c\ld n make ,articles l ! ,fir/ ,article & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 :5 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( #aijg /ill knew t only ! 8p0 or 8conv5tions0 c\ld make ,articles ( t k9d1 :5 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( our own day kn[s t ! ,fif? ,article deals only ) 8res]v$0 p[]1 we ,am]icans feel t we are to rema9 free m5 & citiz5s4 ,we h come f ! 8conv5tions0 ) our own accurate k t ! p[] to make ! new ,am5dm5t or any o!r ,article l ! ,fir/ ,article 8is )9 ! p[] to am5d ,,res]v$ by ,article ,v40 ,b1 = ! v reason t our k is accurate1 we "k t ! p[] to make su* ,articles 0 n res]v$ to ! /ate legislatures1 :o did n h x1 b 0 res]v$ to ! 8conv5tions10 :o did h x & :o 7 ex]cis+ x 79 mak+ ! ,fir/ ,article7 at ! v mom5t :5 !y made ! ,fif? ,article4 ,we h exam9$ ! f\r conclusions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt :i* deal ) any argum5t pres5t$ aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,^? conclusions negative e su* argum5t t 0 pres5t$4 ,b1 because e brief assum$ & ass]t$ t ! am5d+ p[] 8res]v$0 9 ! ,fif? ,article _h be5 8grant$0 !re91 ! f\r conclusions make cle> t ! ,c\rt has yet to he> & pass ^u ! *all5ge :i* reads ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t out ( our ,con/itution4 ,:5 t *all5ge is pres5t$ by ,am]ican lawy]s1 :o "k :at ,am]ican basic law is & h[ ,am]ican citiz5s are con/itutionally protect$ aga9/ usurpation ( p[] by gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,9 t decision1 !re w be no conclusion d5y+ ! mo/ important legal fact 9 ,am]ica1 namely1 t gov]nm5ts _c ex]cise ungrant$ p[] or create new gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,9 t decision1 !re w be aga9 ! simple /atem5t ( ! und\bt$ fact t ! ability to make ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t 8is )9 ! p[] to am5d res]v$ by ,article ,v40 ,b1 9 t decision1 !re w be add$ ! pla9 /atem5t ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t t su* ability 0 n res]v$ to ! /ate legislatures :o nev] _h x1 b 0 res]v$ to ! 8conv5tions10 :o always _h x & /ill h x4 ,&1 comp>+ t future decision 7:i* is c]ta9 to come f ! ,supreme ,c\rt7 ) ! decision1 :i* m]ely negativ$ ! f\r uns\nd *all5ges :i* 7 made to ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 we "k t ! fir/ five conclusions ( ! latt] decision--all ! conclusions t h aught to d ) ! exi/5ce & validity ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t--m]ely hold t ! exi/5ce ( ! new ,am5dm5t is n affect$ by any ( ^! *all5ges :i* 7 made4 ,) exce$+ wisdom 9 our humble op9ion1 ! ,c\rt c>efully refra9s f pass+ ^u or det]m9+ any "q except ! exact *all5ges :i* 7 pres5t$4 ,t is :y no op9ion 0 writt54 ,:5 any g5]al /atem5t 7seem+ to be> ^u que/ions n pres5t$ or submitt$7 might come back to p]plex & annoy ! ,c\rt 9 future litigation :]e protect$ lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 0 ! *all5ge to ! gov]nm5t-made new ,article1 common s5se & s\nd reason & ! exp]i5ce ( g5]ations dictat$ t no g5]al /atem5t %\ld be made4 ,&1 z !re 0 b "o way to avoid a s+le g5]al /atem5t1 no op9ion 0 writt54 ,?is me?od ( decid+ ^? p>ticul> litigations1 ) _! f\r uns\nd *all5ges1 w\ld leave ! decision itself )\t ev5 an app>5t influ5ce ^u a litigation 9 :i* "s real *all5ge might be pres5t$4 ,& s we f9d ! ,c\rt m]ely /at+ 8t we rea* & ann\nce ! foll[+ conclusions on ! que/ions involv$40 ,no?+ c\ld make m cle> t no conclusion is rea*$ or ann\nc$ on any "q n pres5t$ by ^? :o urg$ invalidity4 ,! fir/ f\r conclusions rea*$ & ann\nc$ are conclusions ( law aga9/ ! opposite legal conclusions urg$ by ^? oppon5ts4 ,! fif? conclusion is a conclusion ( fact t validity ( ! ,am5dm5t is n affect$ by any ( ! f\r propositions advanc$ by ! oppon5ts ( ! ,am5dm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fir/ five numb]$ conclusions1 all t deal ) validity ( ! ,am5dm5t1 c be express$ 9 our own words1 viz3 8,al?\gh ! propos+ ,resolution did n /ate t ,congress deem$ ! proposal necess>y1 al?\gh only two ?irds ( a quorum 9 ea* ,h\se 7& n two ?irds ( ! memb]%ip ( ea* ,h\se7 made ! proposal1 al?\gh ! citiz5s ( ea* ref]5dum /ate h n act$ z "p ( _! respective /ate legislatures1 & al?\gh x is urg$ t ! ,fif? ,article res]v$ abilities d n include ability to make an ,am5dm5t l ! ,eighte5?1 we decide t none ( ^! ?+s affect ! validity ( ! new ,article40 ,&1 :5 we make ?is accurate /atem5t ( :at 0 decid$ 9 ^? ,national ,prohibition ,cases1 we av]age ,am]icans1 fre% f our education ) ! ,am]icans :o f\nd !mselves 8subjects0 & made !mselves & _! po/]ity free m51 h "s />tl+ facts br\ght home to u4 ,und\bt$ly ?\s&s ( lawy]s _h work$1 = m ?an a ye>1 9 ! prep>ation ( ! argum5ts t 7 made & ! briefs t 7 fil$4 ,:5 ^! amaz+ly important litigations 7 rea*$1 ! argum5ts la/$ = sev]al days4 ,on ! exhau/ive briefs fil$ aga9/ validity1 !re appe> tw5ty-two lawy]s1 _m ( !m among ! lead]s ( ! ,am]ican ,b>4 ,on ! briefs to support /ate gov]nm5t omnipot5ce ov] ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 89 all matt]s :atsoev]10 ?irty-five lawy]s1 head$ by a =m] memb] ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 appe>4 ,we "k1 ) a k t brooks no d5ial1 because x is a k br\ght f our exp]i5ce ) ^? :o made !mselves free m5 & e/abli%$ ! ,con/itution to secure t result to !mselves & to u1 t ! new ,article is n 9 ! ,con/itution unless at "s "t prior to #aiag1 ! free m5 ( ,am]ica1 all ! individual citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 became ! 8subjects0 ( "s /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t has always dep5d$ ^u ! correct answ] to ! "q :e!r ! ,am]ican is 8,citiz5 or ,subject80 ,if we are subjects1 ! new ,article may be 9 ! ,con/itution n made by u b made by gov]nm5ts4 ,if we /ill are citiz5s1 z once und\bt$ly we 71 ! new ,article _c be 9 our ,con/itution1 because we h n made ! new ,article1 assembl$ 9 our 8conv5tions40 ,:]e m5 are citiz5s1 gov]nm5ts _c ex]cise ungrant$ p[] or create new p[] to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty4 ,9 a nation ( free m51 e/abli%$ by =m] 8subjects0 ) a dom9ant purpose t no ,am]ican %\ld ev] be ! 8subject0 ( any gov]nm5ts1 x is amaz+ t "o gov]nm5t %\ld propose t gov]nm5ts con/itute1 & x is amaz+ t =ty-six gov]nm5ts %\ld attempt to con/itute1 new gov]nm5t ( m5--new gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) individual human fre$om4 ,b mo/ amaz+ ( all1 9 a nation ) ! hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 is ! fact t1 :5 audaci\s gov]nm5t _h s propos$ & audaci\s gov]nm5ts _h s attempt$1 ! prolong$ argum5ts & volum9\s briefs ( fifty-sev5 lead+ memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ,b> nev] once knew or /at$ ! simple fact :i* made ! proposal & ! attempt a legal & con/itutional absurdity4 ,! fact itself1 ! "o mo/ important legal fact 9 ,am]ica1 0 once kn[n & 8felt & ackn[l$g$ by all0 ,am]icans4 ,yet1 n once 9 any brief 9 ! ,national ,prohibition ,cases1 0 x ei!r kn[n or urg$ t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article are ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article & t bo? are ! :ole ,am]ican 8p0 ( ! ,preamble & ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & t1 !re=e1 ! ,con/itution expressly res]ves to ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 _! exi/+ & exclusive ability to create new gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) _! own individual human lib]ty4 ,:y none ( ^! briefs did make ?is *all5ge became kn[n to u :5 ,rice ( ,rhode ,isl&1 ) ! sil5ce ( 8 colleagues m>k+ _! approval1 answ]$ ! ,c\rt t ! new ,article c\ld n be con/itutionally made4 ,:y !y did n make ! *all5ge w be emphasiz$ :5 we read ! lead+ brief aga9/ ! new ,am5dm5t4 ,ov] fifty times x w admit & /ate t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 ( p[] to /ate legislatures f ,am]ican citiz5s & claim ! 8grant$0 p[] is a limit$ p[] & does n include ability to make an ,am5dm5t l ! ,eighte5? because su* ,am5dm5t takes away ! res]v$ p[] ( a /ate or political entity4 ,!n1 to emphasize :at x does n "k ab\t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article & ! res]v$ p[]s ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ?is brief w g on to tell u t !re is no con/itutional mode 9 :i* c be made an ,article :i* takes m p[] away f any /ate2 t su* an ,article may only be made1 outside any con/itutional mode1 by hav+ ! p !mselves resc9d 8! social compact0 :i* is _! ,am]ican ,con/itution & hav+ !m make 8su* new compact z !y please02 b t su* new compact1 su* new ,article ( t k9d1 _c 8be validly & legally made to come to pass aga9/ ! objection & prote/ ( any /ate40 ,all ?is cle>ly expla9s :y none ( ! brief]s 7 able to answ] correctly ! "q ask$ by ! ,c\rt4 ,h[ c\ld !y tell ! ,c\rt 9 :at way ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t c\ld be con/itutionally made1 :5 all ( !m 8knew0 t !re 0 no con/itutional mode 9 :i* ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s c\ld make x1 & :5 !y 8knew0 t x c\ld n be made1 ev5 outside ! ,con/itution1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! citiz5s ( e /ate8 ,! mo/ important words 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 89 conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(10 did n mean to ^! brief]s :at !y meant to ! ,am]icans :o made ! ,fif? ,article or to ,madison & ,hamilton :o wrote ! ,fif? ,article & sugge/$ x at ,philadelphia4 ,9 ! ^w 8conv5tions10 !y did n recognize ! ,sev5? ,article 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s describ+ !mselves by exactly ! same ^w1 8conv5tions10 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,9 ! words 89 ?ree f\r?s !re(0 aft] ! ^w 8conv5tions10 !y did n recognize ! great security to human fre$om :i* we h le>n$ ) ! ,am]icans :o wrote & :o made ! ,fif? ,article4 ,!y did n recognize h[ ! ,am]ican p1 by ^! words1 made x _! con/itutional comm& t !y !mselves1 aga9 assembl$ 9 _! conv5tions1 by a 8,yes0 f ?ree f\r?s ( _! 8conv5tions0 & )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,am]icans 9 ! o!r 8conv5tions10 might )draw any p[] grant$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article & might add any new p[] to its enum]at$ grants1 :5ev] !y deem$ su* )drawal or su* addition w\ld bett] secure & protect ,am]ican individual lib]ty4 ,t n "o ( ! brief]s did make our *all5ge is our c]ta9 k :5 we read ! f\r *all5ges !y did make & :i* are negativ$ 9 ! fir/ f\r conclusions ( ! ,c\rt4 ,! fir/ two relate to ! mann] ( ! proposal t gov]nm5ts create gov]nm5t ( m5 9 ,am]ica4 ,:o c>es h[ "o gov]nm5t makes a silly proposal8 ,! "o important ?+ is t no gov]nm5ts %all attempt to act ^u a proposal :i* d5ies ! mo/ important legal fact 9 ,am]ica1 t gov]nm5ts _c con/itute new gov]nm5t ability to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty4 ,! f\r? *all5ge t 0 made is ! absurd *all5ge t ! ,fif? ,article does n m5tion a ,,con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica may aga9 directly grant to _! gov]nm5t new p[] to int]f]e ) _! own individual lib]ty & 9 :i*--f> m important to ! 8conv5tions0 :i* nam$ !mselves 7! 8conv5tions07 9 _! ,fif? ,article--! ,am]ican citiz5s c directly take back any "p ( ! grant$ p[] ( ! ,fir/ ,article :i* !y f9d oppressive to _! individual lib]ty4 ,?is *all5ge nei!r kn[s nor makes any di/9ction betwe5 ! /ate 8legislatures0 & ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s or ! m5tion ( ei!r 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,x is a *all5ge :i* has n ! k we br+ f ! fir/ 8conv5tions10 ! k t 8legislatures0 are m5tion$ on acc\nt ( _! exi/+ ability to make f$]al or decl>atory ,articles & t 8conv5tions0 are m5tion$ on acc\nt ( _! exclusive ability to make ,articles ( any k9d4 ,x is a *all5ge :i* assumes & ass]ts & is bas$ :olly ^u ! absurd assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 ( p[] to make ,articles4 ,on ?is absurd assumption ( ?is pat5tly absurd 8grant10 ?is f\r? *all5ge1 frankly /at$ 9 our own words1 is z foll[s3 8,9 ! ,fif? ,article1 ! #8conv5tions' grant to ! two grantees--! grantors & ! /ate legislatures--an id5tical ability to make new ,articles4 ,we admit t1 if ! #8conv5tions' ( ! ,fif? ,article c\ld con/itutionally make ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 ! /ate legislatures c also con/itutionally make x4 ,b our *all5ge is t ! #8grant1' 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 is limit$ 9 ext5t & t nei!r ! #8conv5tions' nor ! /ate legislatures c con/itutionally make ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t40 ,to ! 8con/itutional0 lawy]s :o make ?is *all5ge1 to all :o support su* *all5ge1 we comm5d _m h\rs' /udy ( ! /atem5ts ( ,madison1 :o wrote ! ,fif? ,article2 ( ,hamilton1 :o support$ its introduction at ,philadelphia2 ( ,wilson1 ,p5dleton1 ,h5ry1 ,ir$ell1 ,mac,laine1 ,j>vis1 ,lee1 ,mason1 & ! _m o!rs1 ) :om we h sat 9 ! 8conv5tions0 :i* made ! ,fif? ,article4 ,p>ticul>ly d we comm5d a c>eful read+ ( ! reason+ :i* l$ to ! decision at ,philadelphia1 9 #aghg1 t ! ,fir/ ,article1 because x con/itut$ gov]nm5t ( m51 mu/ g to ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ alike 9 ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles & c\ld n be validly made by ! /ate 8legislatures0 nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,t decision 0 bas$ ^u ! unrepeal$ ,/atute ( #aggf1 a /atute well und]/ood 9 #aghg1 only elev5 ye>s aft] ! ,/atute itself _h be5 enact$ z ! comm& ( ! :ole ,am]ican p4 ,f9ally1 to ^? :o support ?is f\r? *all5ge1 we comm5d a ?or\gh read+ ( ! law laid d[n by ,m>%all 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,if !y ?us educate !mselves z we h educat$ ourselves1 !y w be able to say ) ,m>%all3 8,to ! =mation ( a league1 su* z 0 ! ,conf$]ation1 ! /ate sov]eignties 7 c]ta9ly compet5t4 ,b :51 #89 ord] to =m a m p]fect ,union1' x 0 deem$ necess>y to *ange ?is alliance into an effective gov]nm5t possess+ great & sov]eign p[] & act+ directly on ! p1 ! necessity ( ref]r+ x to ! p & ( d]iv+ its p[] directly f !m1 0 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all40 ,&1 if all %all complete _! education ) su* m5 z ,web/] & ,l9coln1 !y w nev] aga9 make ! mi/ake ( ignor+ ! vital & important di/9ction 9 id5tity betwe5 8/ate legislatures0 & 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 ! di/9ction t ! =m] are nev] any?+ b gov]nm5ts & ea* ! gov]nm5t ag5t ( ! citiz5s ( "o /ate1 :ile ! 8conv5tions0 are ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica itself assembl$ 9 8conv5tions0 to issue _! comm&s to !mselves1 to _! gov]nm5t1 to ! /ates & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,! complet$ education w enable ^! lawy]s to w9 future litigation aga9/ legislative gov]nm5ts :o audaci\sly attempt to usurp ! exclusive & res]v$ p[]s ( ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,9 any ( ! ?ree *all5ges negativ$ by ! fir/1 second & f\r? conclusions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 we h fail$ to f9d any sugge/ion ( our *all5ge1 namely1 t /ate 8legislatures0 h audaci\sly attempt$ to usurp ! exclusive p[]s res]v$ to ! 8conv5tions0 :i* are nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,& n[ we exam9e ! only o!r *all5ge t 0 made1 a *all5ge negativ$ by ! ?ird conclusion ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,no *all5ge c\ld m emphatically ignore ! protect$ individual lib]ty ( ! citiz5 ( ,am]ica4 ,?is *all5ge does n "k t ,am]ican citiz5s h no gov]nm5t save ! gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s4 ,?is *all5ge frankly admits t ! ,fif? ,article is a grant to legislatures1 ea* elect$ by ! citiz5s ( "s p>ticul> /ate1 & t ?ree f\r?s ( ^? legislatures h ! omnipot5ce1 :i* 0 d5i$ to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 ov] e individual lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,l ! o!r *all5ges t 7 made1 l e brief = or aga9/ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 ?is *all5ge kn[s n t ! ,con/itution is bo? a f$]al & a national ,con/itution & kn[s n t ! /ate 8legislatures0 nev] h & nev] c h aught to d ) ! national aspect ( t ,con/itution4 ,bas$ on ?is rem>kable ignorance1 ?is is ! *all5ge1 frankly /at$ 9 our own words3 8,! /ate legislatures c make ?is ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,! /ate gov]nm5ts c d :at !y w1 s long z !y call _! action a con/itutional ,am5dm5t1 ) e res]v$ "r & p[] ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,b ?irty-six /ate legislatures are necess>y to make any?+ call$ a con/itutional ,am5dm5t4 ,& our *all5ge is t ?irty-six legislatures h n made ?is p>ticul> ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,9 any /ate1 :]e ! ref]5dum exi/s1 ! citiz5s ( t /ate we note t ev5 n[ ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica are n m5tion$ are "p ( ! /ate legislature4 ,9 "s ( ^! ref]5dum /ates1 ^: legislatures are includ$ among y\r claim$ ?irty-six ratifi]s = ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 ! :ole ( ! /ate legislature has n yet ratifi$1 because ! citiz5s ( ! /ate1 :o are "p ( its legislature1 h n yet act$4 ,= ?is reason1 t y ignore ! rights ( ! citiz5s ( "s /ates1 our *all5ge is t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t has n be5 ratifi$ by ! legislative gov]nm5ts ( ?irty-six /ates40 ,?is p>ticul> *all5ge1 l ev]y?+ 9 ^! litigations & 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! suppos$ new ,am5dm5t1 br+s into bold relief ! "o monum5tal error at ! bottom ( e ?\ght t ! new ,am5dm5t is 9 ! ,con/itution1 at ! bottom ( ! v>i$ absurdities :i* con/antly appe> 9 e brief1 ei!r = or aga9/ validity4 ,)\t a s+le exception1 ! fifty-sev5 lawy]s on ^! briefs base _! e argum5t1 no matt] h[ ^? argum5ts may *all5ge "o ano!r1 on ! ridicul\s %e] assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a great p[] ( attorney to ! /ate gov]nm5ts f ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,all ^! fifty-sev5 lawy]s ignore ! und5iable fact--m5tion$ cont9ually 9 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article :i* wrote _! own "n1 8conv5tions10 into ! ,fif? ,article--t ! ,con/itution is bo? f$]al & national4 ,?is fir/ mi/ake1 ?is ignor+ ( t fact1 l$ all ( !m imm$iately into ! fatal error ( :olly ignor+ ! vitally important fact t ! ,fif? ,article di/9ctly names ^? :o already c\ld make f$]al ,articles1 ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 & ^? ^: exclusive "r x always 0 & is to make national ,articles1 ! p assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions40 ,only because ( ^! two mi/akes1 ! next /ep comes 9 ! guise ( ! absurd concept t ! ,fif? ,article is a grant ( any p[] ( attorney1 f ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ei!r to ! 8/ate legislatures0 or ! 8conv5tions40 ,9 ?is pat5t absurdity1 all fifty-sev5 lawy]s concur4 ,t ea* ( !m does n see its pat5t absurdity is due entirely to ! fact t n "o ( !m /ates ! proposition1 t ! ,fif? ,article is a grant1 9 ! franke/ mode ( /at+ x4 ,t franke/ way is to /ate ! proposition 9 ^! words3 8,9 ! ,fif? ,article ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 ! #8conv5tions' ( #aghh1 grant$ to ! /ate legislatures & to !mselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 _! #8conv5tions1' a quantum ( p[] z attorneys 9 fact ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,we fifty-sev5 lawy]s only diff] z to ! ext5t ( ! p[] :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica grant to !mselves & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,we1 :o support ! new am5dm5t1 cont5d t ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica grant to ! /ate gov]nm5ts & to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica all ! p[] ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we1 :o oppose validity1 cont5d t ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica grant to ! /ate gov]nm5ts & to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica only "s ( ! unlimit$ p[] ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! v p[] !y 7 ex]cis+ :5 !y made ! grant :i* is ! ,fif? ,article40 ,:5 ! common proposition ( all ^? lawy]s1 t ! ,fif? ,article 8grants0 p[] to ^? two grantees1 is /at$ 9 ?is frank way1 its pat5t absurdity is manife/4 ,e "o ( ^? lawy]s kn[s t a grantor nev] c or does grant to himself ei!r all or "p ( :at he already has4 ,moreov]1 all ^? lawy]s ought to "k t ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly decl>es t ! entire ,con/itution1 9 :i* is ! ,fif? ,article1 grants no p[] ( any k9d except to ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton4 ,alone & unaid$1 ?is simple decl>ation makes x impossible t ! ,fif? ,article grants any p[] to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,?us1 ev5 )\t ! c]ta9 k we br+ f ! conv5tions ( #aghh1 ! /ate gov]nm5ts disappe> f ! sc5e z attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica 9 any matt]4 ,ea* ( ^? /ate gov]nm5ts is left ) no p[] x did n h be=e ! ,fif? ,article 0 made4 ,n "o ( !m ev5 keeps all ( ! p[] :i* x _h be=e #aghh4 ,! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! 8conv5tions0 9 :i* !y assembl$1 comm&$ o!rwise4 8,:5 ! ,am]ican p creat$ a national legislature1 ) c]ta9 enum]at$ p[]s1 x 0 nei!r necess>y nor prop] to def9e ! p[]s reta9$ by ! ,/ates4 ,^! p[]s proce$1 n f ! p ( ,am]ica1 ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles b f ! p ( ! sev]al /ates2 & rema91 aft] ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 :at !y 7 be=e1 except s f> z !y may be abridg$ by t in/rum5t40 ,s spoke ,m>%all f ! ,supreme ,c\rt ,b5*1 9 #ahai1 aft] he _h come f "o ( ^? 8conv5tions0 9 :i* he himself _h /at$3 8,x c\ld n be said t ! /ates d]iv$ any p[]s f t sy/em1 ! new ,con/itution !n be=e ! conv5tion 9 ,virg9ia b reta9$ !m1 ?\gh n ackn[l$g$ 9 any "p ( x40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #dba47 ,yet e brief ( ^? fifty-sev5 lawy]s bases its e argum5t on ! %e] assumption1 ass]t$ by all1 t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 to ! /ate legislatures :i* makes !m attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,no brief c (f] & no brief does (f] ! slighte/ pro( 9 support ( ! assumption4 ,b no brief asks = pro( ( ! assumption or *all5ges ! assumption4 ,on ! contr>y1 e brief makes ! assumption & ass]ts x & on x re/s e argum5t4 ,because ( ?is monum5tal error1 e brief = ! ,am5dm5t insi/s t ! /ate legislatures1 z attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica ) e p[] ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 validly made ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,because ( ?is monum5tal error1 e brief aga9/ ! ,am5dm5t ass]ts t ! /ate legislatures are attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica b insi/s t ! ,fif? ,article 7! assum$ p[] ( attorney 9 a ,con/itution :i* expressly decl>es t no p[] is giv5 to ! /ate legislatures7 grants to ! /ate legislatures 7z well z to ! 8grantors0 !mselves7 only limit$ ability on behalf ( ! pr9cipal1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,on ?is altoge!r unique argum5t1 x is cont5d$ t ! limit$ p[] ( attorney does n conf] ability to make an ,am5dm5t l ! ,eighte5?4 ,because all briefs make ! same monum5tal error1 !re is no *all5ge on ! gr\nd t ! /ate legislatures1 n a memb] ( :i* is elect$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 hold no p[] ( attorney f ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica to int]f]e 9 any way1 9 any matt]1 ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,because all briefs aga9/ ! ,am5dm5t make ! same monum5tal error1 ! f\r? *all5ge 7:i* 0 made & consid]$ by ! ,c\rt7 is bas$ ^u ! h]etical doctr9e--! h]esy be+ cle> f :at we h he>d 9 ! 8conv5tions0 :]e we sat--t ! ,fif? ,article does n m5tion a ,,con/itutional mode 9 :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 aga9 assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions10 c take back f _! ,am]ican gov]nm5t any enum]at$ p[] ( ! ,fir/ ,article :i* !y f9d oppressive to _! individual rights & fre$om4 ,&1 p]haps mo/ amaz+ & amus+ fact ( all1 because all briefs make ! same monum5tal error1 ! briefs = ! ,am5dm5t make no ef=t to support & ! briefs aga9/ ! ,am5dm5t make no attempt to *all5ge ! cle> p>adox1 on :i* ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t dep5ds = its exi/5ce1 t !re nev] has be5 a citiz5 ( ,am]ica if x be true t ! ,fif? ,article makes ! /ate gov]nm5ts ! attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica ) unlimit$ ability to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,:]e su* unlimit$ ability is 9 gov]nm5t1 m5 are n 8citiz5s0 b 8subjects40 ,b we ourselves come f ! 8conv5tions0 :]e ! ,am]icans knew t !y ent]$ z free m5 & left z citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 n z 8subjects0 ( any gov]nm5ts4 ,!re=e1 we ne$ no lawy] to tell u--& no lawy] c d5y our k--t1 if ! /ate gov]nm5ts are ! attorneys 9 fact = ! ,am]ican citiz5s & h ability ei!r to int]f]e ) or to grant p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 or1 if any gov]nm5ts c int]f]e ) t lib]ty on a matt] n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article1 !re nev] 7 ,am]ican citiz5s & ! e>ly ,am]icans ent]$ _! 8conv5tions0 free m5 b left ^? 8conv5tions0 z 8subjects0 ( an omnipot5t gov]nm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,gov]nm5ts ,,claim ,,am]icans ,,z ,,subjects 8,is ! gov]nm5t ( ,virg9ia a /ate gov]nm5t aft] ?is gov]nm5t is adopt$8 ,i grant t x is a republican gov]nm5t1 b = :at purposes8 ,= su* trivial dome/ic consid]ations z r5d] x unwor?y ! "n ( a legislature40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #aga47 ,s ?und]$ ,patrick ,h5ry to ! ,am]icans assembl$ 9 conv5tion 9 ,virg9ia1 :ile ^! ,am]icans /ill he>d ! e*o ( 8 *>ge t ! new ,con/itution made ! /ate legislatures 8weak1 en]vat$ & def5seless gov]nm5ts40 ,b ^! are ! gov]nm5ts :i* all lawy]s ( #aibj 8knew0 _h be5 made ! attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 possessors ( ! supreme w 9 ,am]ica4 ,^! are ! gov]nm5ts to :i* all advocates ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t cont5d t ! ,am]icans1 9 ! 8conv5tions0 ) ,h5ry1 gave ! entire omnipot5ce ( ! ,am]ican p to be ex]cis$ by ^! gov]nm5ts1 )\t any con/itutional re/ra9t4 ,! real fact is1 al?\gh all lawy]s ( #aibj fail$ to "k ! fact1 t ^! /ate gov]nm5ts 7 only nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 because !y already _h an exi/+ limit$ ability to make f$]al ,articles1 an ability n grant$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica b possess$ by ea* ( ^? gov]nm5ts z attorney 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( its own /ate4 ,t x 0 an ability n grant$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 mu/ be app>5t :5 we recall t x 0 ex]cis$ by ^? gov]nm5ts 9 #agha--sev5 ye>s be=e !re 0 su* a ?+ z a citiz5 ( ,am]ica4 ,t ! lawy]s ( #aibj nei!r knew nor realiz$ ! importance ( ?is fact1 is app>5t :5 we recall t e brief ( ^? lawy]s ass]t$ t ^! gov]nm5ts get _! ability to make ,articles by a 8grant0 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,our k ( ! nature ( e *all5ge to ! new ,am5dm5t1 & our k t ea* *all5ge involv$ ! assumption t ! ,fif? ,article 0 a 8grant0 to ^! /ate gov]nm5ts1 is a k :i* is c]ta9 f our /udy ( ! conclusions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt :i* negativ$ ea* *all5ge4 ,! c]ta9ty is emphasiz$ by our memory ( ! reply ( ,rice 9 t ,supreme ,c\rt1 :51 )\t "o diss5t f ! *all5g]s1 he /at$ 8 & _! conviction t ! 8conv5tions0 ( #aghh--! *all5g]s all =gett+ t ^? 8conv5tions0 nam$ !mselves 9 ! ,fif? ,article--provid$ no ,,con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* _! own exclusive p[] c\ld be aga9 ex]cis$ to make ,articles l ! ,fir/ ,article & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,let u aga9 emphasize our c]ta9ty by a few mom5ts ) ! briefs ( ! *all5g]s4 ,root 0 _! lead]4 ,a di/+ui%$ public lead] & consid]$ by _m to be ! lead] ( ! ,am]ican ,b>1 !re 0 special reason :y he %\ld h kn[n ! ability ( gov]nm5t to make national ,articles 9 a ,con/itution1 only :5 m5 are 8subjects10 & ! inability ( gov]nm5ts to make su* ,articles1 :5 m5 are 8citiz5s40 ,if 8 brief1 or ! brief ( any *all5g]1 _h urg$ ?is real & inv9cible *all5ge1 we w\ld h f\nd ! m5tion ( t *all5ge 9 ! decision & x w\ld n h be5 a refutation ( t *all5ge4 ,t we may confirm our k t ! brief ( ,root1 l ! brief ( e *all5g]1 did n make ?is *all5ge1 ! *all5ge t ! ,fif? ,article is no 8grant0 b a m5tion ( two exi/+ abilities & a mode ( ,,con/itutional proc$ure = ! respective ex]cise ( ea*1 let u read ! brief's own /atem5ts ( ! ?ree *all5ges x does make4 8,! pla9tiff cont5ds t ?is attempt$ am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is invalid 7#a7 because x con/itutes m]e legislation1 & is1 !re=e1 n au?oriz$ by ,article ,v ( ! ,con/itution1 7#b7 because x impairs ! res]v$ police or gov]nm5tal p[]s ( ! sev]al ,/ates & _! "r to local self-gov]nm5t1 & 7#c7 because x has n be5 ratifi$ by ?ree f\r?s ( ! sev]al ,/ates s9ce x has n be5 submitt$ to ! electorate ( ! ,/ates 9 :i* ! initiative1 or ! ref]5dum1 or bo?1 prevail 7assignm5t ( errors ,nos4 #a-e74 ,^! que/ions are discuss$ 9 po9ts ,,ii1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv1 respectively4 ,9 po9t ,i ! prior am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution are consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ^! cont5tions1 & 9 po9t ,v ! ju/iciability ( ! cont5tions is ma9ta9$40 ,its fir/ *all5ge is itself ! admission t all ,,con/itutional ability to *ange our ,con/itution is ability 8grant$0 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,moreov]1 x is ! flat d5ial ( any ,,con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 by a 8,yes0 f ?ree f\r?s ( _! assembl$ 8conv5tions10 c enact ! legislation :i* is ,section ,"o ( ! suppos$ ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,its second *all5ge is :olly on behalf ( ! political entities1 :i* are ! /ates4 ,x n only makes no claim = ! rights ( ,am]ican citiz5s1 b x d5ies any ,,con/itutional ability 9 ! ,am]ican citiz5s to int]f]e1 by *ang+ ! ,am]ican ,con/itution1 ) :at ! ,am]ican citiz5s res]v$ to ea* /ate & its citiz5s4 ,! ?ird *all5ge aga9 fails to ass]t any claim on behalf ( ! rights ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,x is ! *all5ge negativ$ by ! ?ird conclusion ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,x is ! *all5ge t ! citiz5s ( ! ,/ate1 9 "s ( ! /ates1 are "p ( ! /ate legislature4 ,if we want fur!r confirmation ( our k t ?is brief does n make ! real *all5ge1 namely1 t ! ,fif? ,article is no grant to ! suppos$ grantors & ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 we f9d x 9 ! fact t ! brief itself ref]s ov] fifty times to ! ,fif? ,article z a 8grant0 ( limit$ ability to make ,articles4 ,if we ne$ fur!r confirmation1 we f9d x 9 ?is fact4 ,aft] ! ,supreme ,c\rt _h negativ$ e proposition 9 t brief1 its writ]s made application = a re>gum5t4 ,! application 0 bas$ on "o gr\nd z f> z conc]n$ ! validity ( ! ,am5dm5t4 ,t "o gr\nd 0 t ! ,c\rt _h writt5 no op9ion4 ,f ?is "o fact1 ! claim 0 made t ! ,c\rt c\ld n h consid]$ ! pot5cy ( ! ?ree *all5ges :i* _h be5 urg$ 9 ! brief4 ,educat$ ) ! e>li] ,am]icans1 we believe t ea* ( ^! ?ree *all5ges1 9 its v /atem5t1 %[s :y x is uns\nd1 & t no op9ion 0 ne$$ to expla9 its refutation4 ,b ! nature ( ! application %[s ! cont9u$ concept ( ! ,fif? ,article z a 8grant40 ,if we look at ! o!r briefs aga9/ validity1 we w f9d all argum5ts bas$ on ! same monum5tal error t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 & t ! /ate legislatures are !re9 nam$ ! attorneys = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 al?\gh ! latt]1 z citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 nev] elect a s+le memb] 9 ^? legislatures & ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly decl>es t ! ,con/itution gives no p[] ( any k9d to ! /ates or _! legislatures4 ,on ! impossible hypo!sis ( ?is monum5tal error are budd$ ! mo/ extraord9>y argum5ts4 ,9 m ?an "o brief1 x is urg$ t1 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 ! :ole p ( ,am]ica made a c]ta9 numb] ( /ate legislatures _! own attorneys 9 fact to am5d ! ,am]ican ,con/itution4 ,b1 urges ! brief1 ! ,am]ican p h no p[] to *ange ! /ate con/itutions1 & 8!re=e1 ! grantees10 ! /ate legislatures1 8_c exce$ ! p[]s ( _! pr9cipal1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,&1 ! brief goes on1 z ! p ( ,am]ica _c *ange a /ate con/itution1 nei!r c ! attorneys 9 fact ( t :ole ,am]ican p1 ! /ate legislatures1 *ange x4 ,! ability ( ! p or citiz5s ( ,am]ica & ( 8_!0 attorneys 9 fact1 ! /ate legislatures1 is only compet5t to *ange ! ,con/itution ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,b ?is ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t *anges ! ,con/itution ( ea* /ate4 ,ergo1 t *ange is cle>ly beyond ! p[] ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica & 8_!0 attorneys 9 fact1 ! /ate legislatures6 ,x w s]ve no useful purpose = u to dwell fur!r ^u ! briefs aga9/ validity4 ,!y all %[ ! univ]sal conviction t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 & makes ! /ate legislatures attorneys 9 fact = ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 :o elect n a s+le memb] 9 ! /ate legislatures4 ,naturally1 z ?is fundam5tal error is ! inv9cible conviction ( all c\nsel aga9/ validity be=e any brief is writt51 none ( ^? briefs m5tions su* simple facts z ! fact decid$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ,b>ron v4 ,city ( ,baltimore1 #g ,pet4 #bdc4 ,t decision1 by ,john ,m>%all1 decisively settl$ ! legal fact t ! ,fif? ,article grants no p[] to ! /ate legislatures to make ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,&1 z x also decisively settl$ t ! ,fif? ,article does n give ! /ate legislatures any p[] :atev]1 x de/roys ! absurd concept t ! ,fif? ,article makes ! /ate legislatures attorneys 9 fact = ^? :o made ! ,fif? ,article1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article & ! ,sev5? ,article4 ,b lawy]s1 :o />t to write briefs ) ! c]ta9 7al?\gh false7 8k0 t ! ,fif? ,article does make ! /ate legislatures attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 nei!r "k ! mean+ ( t decision nor /ate ! decision & its mean+ & its effect ^u ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t 9 ! briefs :i* !y write4 ,! decision is v cle>4 ,we h met x e>li] 9 our education h]e94 ,x w be> repetition "r n[1 :5 we f9d fifty-sev5 lawy]s all 8kn[+0 t ! ,fif? ,article 7despite ! decl>ation ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t7 does give p[] to ! /ate gov]nm5ts &1 by giv+ x1 makes ^! gov]nm5ts attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,b>ron claim$ t a /ate /atute 0 void because x came 9 conflict ) ! re/riction impos$ by ! ,article :i* is ! ,fif? ,am5dm5t to ! ,am]ican ,con/itution4 ,if ! re/riction appli$ to ! /ate legislatures & _! p[]s1 ! /atute 0 cle>ly void4 ,!re=e1 z ,m>%all po9t$ out1 ! ,c\rt _h b "o "q to solve1 :e!r ! ,am]ican ,con/itution 79 :i* is ! ,fif? ,article7 grant$ any p[] to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,if x did1 !n g5]al re/rictions 9 t ,con/itution1 z !y cle>ly appli$ to all p[]s grant$ 9 t ,con/itution1 appli$ to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! ,con/itution grant$ no p[] to ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 g5]al re/rictions 9 ! ,con/itution w\ld n apply to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,= :i* reason1 ! decision ( ! case itself 0 to dep5d on "o ?+ alone1 :e!r !re 0 any p[] grant$ 9 ! entire ,con/itution to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,if !re 0 n1 ! decision w\ld be aga9/ ,b>ron4 ,! "q ?us pres5t$ is1 we ?9k1 ( great importance1 b n ( mu* difficulty4 ,! ,con/itution 0 orda9$ & e/abli%$ by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = !mselves1 = _! own gov]nm5t1 & n = ! gov]nm5t ( ! individual /ates4 ,ea* /ate e/abli%$ a con/itution = itself1 & 9 t con/itution provid$ su* limitations & re/rictions on ! p[]s ( its p>ticul> gov]nm5t z its judgm5t dictat$4 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates fram$ su* a gov]nm5t = ! ,unit$ ,/ates z !y suppos$ be/ adapt$ to _! situation1 & be/ calculat$ to promote _! int]e/s4 ,! p[]s !y conf]r$ on ?is gov]nm5t 7 to be ex]cis$ by itself2 & ! limitations on p[]1 if express$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 are naturally1 &1 we ?9k1 necess>ily1 applicable to ! gov]nm5t creat$ by ! in/rum5t4 ,!y are limitations ( p[] grant$ 9 ! in/rum5t itself2 n ( di/9ct gov]nm5ts1 fram$ by diff]5t p]sons & = diff]5t purposes4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible = ,m>%all to h /at$ m pla9ly t ! 8in/rum5t10 ! ,con/itution 7:i* conta9s ! ,fif? ,article71 grants no p[]s :atev] to ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,on t fact1 ! fact be+ ! simple answ] to ! "q 8( great importance b n ( mu* difficulty10 ,m>%all decid$ t ! g5]al re/rictions 7apply+ only to p[]s grant$ 9 ! ,con/itution7 did n apply at all to ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 to :om ! ,con/itution grant$ no p[] :atev]4 ,& s we ,am]icans1 try+ to f9d ! 8:50 & 8h[0 7betwe51 #aijg & #aiag7 we became subjects1 _c f9d ! suppos$ answ] any:]e 9 ! briefs aga9/ validity4 ,all t we d f9d ( int]e/ to u1 9 ^? briefs1 is t ! brief]s1 ei!r ) or )\t k ( ! fact1 are meet+ a claim t !re nev] 0 an ,am]ican citiz5 & t ! ,am]ican p became 8subjects0 :5 !y made ! ,fif? ,article on ,june #ba/1 #aghh4 ,by reason ( our education 9 ! mak+ ( ! ,fif? ,article1 we "k ! answ] to ! absurd claim4 ,! answ] is "o t _c be d5i$ unless !re are facts :i* we h n le>n$ 9 our education4 ,!re=e1 we g quickly to ! briefs ( ^? :o make ! claim1 ^? :o upheld ! exi/5ce ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 to asc]ta9 :at are ! new facts on :i* !y base _! claim t !re nev] 0 an ,am]ican citiz5 & t ! ,fif? ,article made ! ,am]ican p 8subjects40 ,^! oppon5ts 7 l$ by ,hughes4 ,9 ?is litigation1 he %\ld n h =gott5 t !re are limits to ! p[]s ( e gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,janu>y1 he appe>$ 9 ! same ,c\rt1 to prove t !re is limit to ! p[] ( ! supreme legislature 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,congress4 ,t ,congress _h pass$ a /atute1 kn[n z ! 8,corrupt ,practices ,act40 ,9 x1 c]ta9 practices1 at f$]al prim>y & o!r elections1 7 prohibit$ & made crim9al (f5ses4 ,8 cli5t _h be5 tri$ & convict$ by a jury z guilty ( "o ( ^! practices 9 a prim>y election = ! nom9ation to ! ,s5ate ( ,am]ica4 ,on ! appeal to ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,hughes urg$ t1 z our ,am]ican gov]nm5t is a gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s1 incid5tally a fact :i* 8 claim = ! /ate gov]nm5ts 9 ! ,national ,prohibition ,cases flatly d5ies4 ,congress c\ld n validly pass ! /atute1 "u :i* 8 cli5t _h be5 convict$1 unless ! p[] to pass a /atute 9 t p>ticul> matt] 0 f\nd 9 "s enum]at$ p[] 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,! ,con/itution cle>ly gave ,congress p[] to pass laws conc]n+ 8elections0 = f$]al (fic]s4 ,b1 urg$ ,hughes1 ! ,am]icans ( #aghh1 ! 8conv5tions0 9 ! ,fif? & ,sev5? ,articles1 did n "k any?+ ab\t 8prim>y0 elections4 ,!re=e1 urg$ ,hughes1 ,congress has n ! p[] to make ! same ?+ a p5al (f5se at 8prim>y0 elections1 :i* ,congress c make a p5al (f5se at ! regul> elections4 ,by a divid$ ,c\rt1 ?is argum5t1 bas$ on ! claim ( limit$ p[] 9 ! supreme legislature to prohibit :at a c&idate = ,s5ator may d1 0 su/a9$ & ! conviction 0 rev]s$4 ,x is amaz+1 !re=e1 to turn to ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t brief ( ! same brief]1 a few mon?s e>li]1 & to f9d him cont5d+ = 8 cli5ts !re91 tw5ty-f\r gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s1 an absolute omnipot5ce to int]f]e ) individual fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz5s on e subject4 ,& x is />tl+ to f9d1 9 ?is brief1 audaci\s d5ial ( any "r 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ev5 to consid] :e!r ^! gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s h t omnipot5ce ov] ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,9 ! case ( ! c&idate = ,s5ator1 x 0 8 concept & 8 claim t ! ,supreme ,c\rt c decide t ! supreme legislature 9 ,am]ica _h n ! p[] to make a c]ta9 comm& to c&idates = seats 9 ! ,am]ican ,s5ate4 ,?is is ! doctr9e t ! only gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s is a gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s4 ,9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t litigation1 ! foll[+ is 8 cont5tion1 t ?irty-six gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s 7! inf]ior legislatures 9 ,am]ica7 h unlimit$ p[]1 )\t any con/itutional re/ra9t1 to make comm&s to ! ,am]ican citiz5s on any matt] :atsoev]3 8,we submit t ! conception involv$ 9 ! bill ( compla9t1 t an am5dm5t duly submitt$ by ,congress on ! vote ( two ?irds ( ea* ,h\se1 & duly ratifi$ by ! legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! ,/ates1 is /ill subject to judicial review1 & may be held = naught ?r\gh judicial action by virtue ( a process ( impli$ re/rictions ^u ! am5d+ p[]--re/rictions :i* ?us set up by judicial decree w\ld be unalt]able by any con/itutional process--is a conception ( ! mo/ extravagant "* & oppos$ to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our gov]nm5t4 ,no pr9ciple ( judicial action c possibly be invok$ = su/a9+ su* an au?ority4 ,! propriety & advisability ( am5dm5ts1 :i* are n prohibit$ by ! express exceptions 9 ,article ,v1 are necess>ily confid$ to ^? ?r\gh ^: action ! am5dm5ts are to be made40 ,we are q accu/om$ to h m5 l ,&]son ma9ta9 t gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s h outlaw$ = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica a traffic :i* ,madison hop$ w\ld take deep root ev]y:]e 9 ,am]ica1 a rightful traffic by human be+s 8s recogniz$ by ! usages ( ! comm]cial _w1 ! laws ( ,congress1 & ! decisions ( c\rts40 7,leisy v4 ,h>d51 #ace ,u4,s4 #ajj47 ,:5 ,am]icans 7 fight+ on ! battlefields ( ! ,revolution = human lib]ty1 ,walt] ,butl] /irr$ up ! ,h\se ( ! ,six ,nations to make a home attack4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 :5 ,am]icans 9 #aiah 7 fight+ on ! battlefields ( ,europe = human lib]ty1 t ,&]son & m5 ( 8 type %\ld /ir up ! ,h\ses ( ?irty-six nations to make a simil> home attack4 ,am]icans w probably always h ,butl]s & ,&]sons to /ir up home attacks1 :5 ,am]icans are away on ! battlefields4 ,b x is a grave matt] :5 "o :o has sat on ! ,b5* ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt lat] cont5ds t ! ,c\rt has no ability ev5 to review an attempt$ ef=t ( ! legislatures ( /ate citiz5s to comm& ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica on a matt] n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,f ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! e>ly ,am]ican citiz5s1 we br+ ! k t x is ! b\nd5 duty ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt to det]m9e t ! gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s h no p[] :atev] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz5s 9 any matt] :atsoev]4 ,f ^? 8conv5tions10 we br+ ! c]ta9 k t ! ma9 purpose ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 z "o dep>tm5t ( ! only & limit$ gov]nm5t ( ,am]ican citiz5s1 0 t ! ,supreme ,c\rt might protect e individual lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 f usurpation ( p[] by all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,any concept to ! contr>y is ! mo/ ,tory doctr9e ev] /at$ z ,am]ican law s9ce ,july #d1 #aggf4 ,x is bl9d to ! fact t1 by ! ,con/itution1 ! :ole ,am]ican p1 89 _! aggregate capacity10 creat$ a new nation ( m5 & set x above ! exi/+ & cont9u$ f$]ation ( /ates2 to ! fact t ! :ole ,am]ican p made t ,con/itution "o ) national ,articles1 relat+ to ! gov]nm5t ( m51 & ) f$]al ,articles1 relat+ to ! gov]nm5t ( /ates2 & to ! fact t ! :ole ,am]ican p knew & settl$ t only 8conv5tions0 ( !mselves c\ld make national ,articles1 al?\gh /ate legislatures1 z attorneys 9 fact = _! respective /ates1 c\ld make f$]al ,articles2 & to ! fact t ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t names two di/9ct res]vees ( exi/+ p[]1 8! /ates respectively10 :o are ! memb]s ( ! subord9ate f$]ation1 & 8! p10 :o are ! memb]s ( ! supreme nation ( m52 & to ! fact t ! ,fif? ,article grants no p[] :atev] b m5tions ! 8/ate legislatures10 :o act = ! memb]s ( ! f$]ation1 & ! 8conv5tions10 :o alone c ev] act = ! memb]s ( ! supreme nation1 :5 ! latt] are to make a *ange 9 _! "p ( ! ,con/itution1 ! national "p4 ,b we f9d ! brief ( ,hughes1 l ! briefs ( 8 associates1 actually *all5g+ any "r ( review by ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 :5 ! attorneys 9 fact = ! /ates & /ate citiz5s1 al?\gh ! /ates h no?+ :atev] to d ) t "p ( ! dual ,con/itution :i* relates to ! nation ( m51 actually attempt to *ange ! quantum ( p[] 7to int]f]e ) _! own individual fre$om7 grant$ by ! nation ( m5 to _! only gov]nm5t4 ,8 *all5ge ev5 goes to ! extreme ( boldly ass]t+ t ! 8propriety & advisability ( am5dm5ts10 ev5 ?\gh !y infr+e ^u ! individual fre$om ( ! memb]s ( ! nation ( m51 mu/ be f9ally det]m9$ by ! gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s1 :i* h no?+ to d ) ! nation ( m5 :i* is ,am]ica4 ,8 *all5ge is t ! ,supreme ,c\rt is p[]less to protect ! lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s if ?irty-six gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s decide to int]f]e ) t lib]ty 9 matt]s n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,! *all5ge is exactly ! *all5ge ( ,"l ,nor? to ! ,am]icans 9 #agge4 ,x is exactly ! *all5ge :i* ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t w\ld make1 if we 7 /ill its 8subjects40 ,z basic ,am]ican law1 x is %e] nons5se4 ,:5 we rememb] ! doctr9e ( ?is brief]1 t !re is a limit to ! "r ( our supreme legislature to prohibit :at a c&idate = ,s5ator may d1 & comp>e x ) ?is new ,tory concept t ?ree f\r?s ( ! inf]ior /ate gov]nm5ts c validly int]f]e ) e p]sonal lib]ty ( ourselves1 we h "o or two que/ions to ask ! brief]4 ,is x 8 ?\ght t ! suppos$ citiz5s ( ,am]ica made _! ,con/itution ) ! sole int5t t ! p]sonal rights ( c&idates = ,s5ators %\ld be secure & t ! numb] ( ,s5ators f ea* /ate %\ld rema9 ! same8 ,is x 8 ?\ght t ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 f ^: 8conv5tions0 we h j come1 hav+ settl$ ^! amaz+ly important ?+s ab\t ,s5ators1 !n volunt>ily grant$ omnipot5ce ov] e individual fre$om 9 ,am]ica to a fractional "p ( ! inf]ior /ate gov]nm5ts1 tw5ty-f\r ( :om he repres5t$ 9 ! litigation ( #aibj8 ,is x 8 ?\ght t ! :ole ,am]ican p h two gov]nm5ts1 "o ! gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s con/itut$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article & ! o!r ! gov]nm5t ( unlimit$ p[] con/itut$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article8 ,is x 8 ?\ght t 8 inf]ior /ate gov]nm5ts1 al?\gh all memb]s ( all ! /ate gov]nm5ts collectively c\ld n enact a /atute int]f]+ 9 ! slighte/ degree ) ! ,am]ican citiz51 c issue any comm& :atev] to ! ,am]ican citiz51 & t ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica mu/ obey t comm& s long z ! /ate gov]nm5ts call x an ,am5dm5t ( ! ,am]ican ,con/itution8 ,x is our own c]ta9 k t1 :5 gov]nm5ts issue any comm& to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica & ! comm& int]f]es ) individual fre$om1 ! mak] ( ! comm& mu/ %[ ! grant ( p[] to make t p>ticul> comm&4 ,x is ! ,alpha & ,omega ( ,am]ican law t no gov]nm5t has any j p[] to make any comm& to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 except 9 a matt] on :i* ^? citiz5s !mselves h giv5 t gov]nm5t ! p[] to make t p>ticul> comm&4 ,x is 9 ! prim] ( ,am]ican con/itutional law1 t !re is no gov]nm5t ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 except ! gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton1 & t x has no p[] to comm& ! ,am]ican citiz51 int]f]+ ) 8 individual fre$om1 except 9 ! matt]s nam$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,x is admitt$ by all1 ev5 by ! writ] ( t brief & 8 colleagues1 t ! p[] to make ! comm& :i* is ! ,fir/ ,section ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 is n enum]at$ 9 t ,fir/ ,article4 ,:51 !re=e1 ?is c\nsel = tw5ty-f\r ( ! gov]nm5ts :i* made t comm& tells u t1 aft] 8 cli5t gov]nm5ts 7at ! sugge/ion ( our gov]nm5t :i* c\ld n make ! comm&7 h pass$ ^u ! propriety & advisability ( ! comm&1 we _c h ! ,supreme ,c\rt ev5 consid] ! ability ( 8 cli5t gov]nm5ts to make ! comm&1 our indignation is m+l$ ) our mir?4 ,our indignation ne$ n be expla9$4 ,our mir? comes :5 we ?9k ( our ne$less fe> t some?+ might h happ5$ betwe5 #aijg & #aiag by :i* we became 8subjects0 in/ead ( ! citiz5s we _h be54 ,?r\gh\t our education we h always kn[n t1 if ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t 7a ,,national article made entirely by ,,gov]nm5ts7 is 9 ! ,con/itution1 we are 8subjects40 ,we h kn[n t no legislative gov]nm5ts1 be=e #aghg & aft] #aggf1 c\ld h made ?is g5]al comm& to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 because1 dur+ ^? elev5 ye>s1 !re 0 no citiz5 ( ,am]ica & !re 7 no gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w :o c\ld make any g5]al comm& to ! ,am]ican p1 int]f]+ ) _! individual fre$om on any subject4 ,we h kn[n1 ) c]ta9ty1 t1 if ! ,am]icans 9 ! 8conv5tions0 7:]e we h sat7 knew :at !y 7 do+ & ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 = a c5tury1 has kn[n :at !y did1 !re 7 no gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w1 up to ! ye> #aijg1 :o c\ld make t comm& to ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,we h gone ev]y:]e to f9d :at happ5$1 betwe5 #aijg & #aiag1 to *ange ! ,am]ican citiz5s into 8subjects0 ( ! gov]nm5ts = :om ?is c\nsel appe>s4 ,n[1 aft] ! fruitless se>* else:]e1 we are read+ 8 brief to f9d out :at did happ5 betwe5 #aijg & #aiag4 ,8 pla9 answ]1 z we h already s5s$1 is--8,,no?+40 ,our mir? entirely dispels our indignation1 :5 we s5se 8 full concept ( ! nature ( t absurd ,fif? ,article 8grant0 to 8 gov]nm5t cli5ts4 ,t we may n mi/ake 8 concept1 ! mo/ ,tory concept ev] /at$ z law 9 ,am]ica s9ce #aggf1 he expla9s x aga9 & aga9 9 8 briefs4 ,x is 8 concept t ! absurd suppos$ 8grant0 gives to 8 cli5t gov]nm5ts1 n "o memb] ( :i* is ev] elect$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 unlimit$ & con/itutionally unre/ra9$ p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 on e matt] or1 z ! ,decl>ation ( '#gf put x1 9 its compla9t aga9/ ! ,engli% ,k+ & 8 legislature1 to legislate = u on all matt]s :atsoev]4 ,& our mir? is n less5$ :5 we read1 9 ?is brief1 ,john ,m>%all's full /atem5t ( ! mak+ ( ! ,con/itution 7) ! ,fif? ,article 9 x7 & ,john ,m>%all's cle> decision t x 0 all made by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles4 ,no /atem5t ( facts c\ld ev] be writt51 :i* m absolutely de/roys ! concept t ! /ate gov]nm5ts h ! omnipot5ce d5i$ to ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t1 ?an ! quotation f ,john ,m>%all :i* we read 9 ?is brief to support t concept4 ,?r\gh\t ! quotation1 ) :i* we are all v famili>1 ,m>%all po9ts out t !re is a vital di/9ction1 amaz+ly important to individual fre$om1 betwe5 ! ability ( ! 8conv5tions0 7nam$ by exactly ! same "n 9 ! ,fif? z well z ! ,sev5? ,article7 & ! limit$ ability ( ! same 8legislatures0 = :i* ?is c\nsel appe>$ 9 #aibj4 ,9 ! quotation ,m>%all po9ts out t1 :5 ! ,am]ican citiz5s are to make a ,,national ,article1 l ! ,fir/ ,article & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 !re is b "o way 9 :i* !y c make x 8safely1 ,,effectively & wisely10 8by assembl+ 9 conv5tion40 ,t all ( u1 includ+ t c\nsel ( #aibj1 may n f9d any excuse = an assumption t /ate gov]nm5ts c ev] make ,articles ( t k9d1 ,m>%all dwells at l5g? ^u ! inability ( /ate gov]nm5ts or any gov]nm5ts to make !m or any ,article l !m4 ,he tells u t1 :5 ! ,am]ican p make ,articles ( t k9d1 9 ! only way 9 :i* !y c ev] ,,effectively make ,articles ( t k9d1 by assembl+ 9 8conv5tions10 8!y act 9 _! /ates4 ,b ! measures !y adopt d n1 on t acc\nt1 cease to be ! measures ( ! p !mselves or become ! measures ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts40 8,f ^! conv5tions ! ,con/itution d]ives its :ole au?ority40 8,x requir$ n ! affirmance1 & c\ld n be negativ$1 by ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,! ,con/itution1 :5 ?us adopt$1 0 ( complete obligation & b\nd ! /ate sov]eignties40 ,up to ! la/ %ort s5t5ce we h j quot$ f ! decision s famili> to u1 ,hughes quotes at l5g? & )\t omission4 ,hughes is 9 ,c\rt = ^? 8/ate legislatures0 & /ate sov]eignties1 :i* ,m>%all's decision f9ds to be legislatures & sov]eignties :olly inf]ior 9 ability to ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican p1 nam$ 9 ! ,fif? & ,sev5? ,articles by exactly ! same "n--8conv5tions40 ,h[ does ! great lawy] ( #aibj f9d1 9 ?is ,m>%all decision1 support = ! unique idea t ^! /ate1 gov]nm5ts are omnipot5t ov] e "r ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s :o sit 9 ^? 8conv5tions08 ,8 rem>kable claim is t ! /ate gov]nm5ts he repres5ts h omnipot5t ability to comm& or int]f]e ) any?+ 9 ,am]ica1 except "o ?+4 ,x is 8 claim t ^! gov]nm5ts h omnipot5t ability to int]f]e ) ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ) ! ,con/itution ( ,am]ica1 ) ! gov]nm5t ( ,am]ica1 ) any?+ 9 ,am]ica1 except t !y _c int]f]e ) t "o ?+ = :i* ! ,revolution 0 f\ght1 ! ,/atute ( '#gf enact$ & ! ,con/itution e/abli%$4 ,9 ! view ( ,hughes1 t "o ?+ app>5tly is ! "r ( e /ate to h ! same numb] ( ,s5ators4 ,our indignation is entirely dispell$ :5 we realize t he s9c]ely believes ?is nons5se4 ,our mir? is m]ely increas$ :5 we f9d him quot+1 at "s l5g?1 ?is decision ( ,m>%all1 evid5tly "u ! impression t ! decision supports ! nons5se4 ,b1 we wond] :y1 at ! p>ticul> po9t :i* we h rea*$ 9 ! ,hughes quotation f ,m>%all1 ! =m] puts 8/>s0 in/ead ( ! next p>agraph 9 ! ,m>%all decision8 ,c]ta9ly1 :5 ! great lawy] ( #aibj has su* fai? 9 ! omnipot5ce ( 8 gov]nm5t cli5ts ov] u _! 8subjects10 x _c be t !re is any?+ 9 ! miss+ ,m>%all p>agraph to di/urb t fai?6 ,yet1 z we read ! miss+ p>agraph1 ) :i* we are q famili>1 d\bt assails u4 ,is ! great lawy] ( #aibj s9c]e or does he "k t ! position ( 8 cli5ts 9 relation to ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is nons5se8 ,:at is ! miss+ ,m>%all p>agraph ) :i* we are s famili>8 ,lo & behold6 x is our con/ant companion ?r\gh\t our education 9 ! days ( ! e>ly ,am]icans4 ,x is ! p>agraph 9 :i* ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 by ,m>%all1 po9ts out :y ! ,philadelphia ,conv5tion ( #aghg f\nd !mselves compell$ to s5d _! ,fir/ ,article1 ) its grant ( national p[] l ! grant 9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 to ! 8conv5tions10 nam$ 9 ! ,sev5? & ! ,fif? ,articles1 because ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 ! cli5ts ( ,hughes1 7 kn[n & recogniz$ by ev]ybody to be )\t ability to make national ,articles4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! p>agraph 9 :i* ,m>%all ann\nces :at we h le>n$ s cle>ly ourselves1 t 8to ! =mation ( a league1 su* z 0 ! ,conf$]ation to ! mak+ ( f$]al ,articles ! /ate sov]eignties 7 c]ta9ly compet5t4 ,b :5 #89 ord] to =m a m p]fect ,union1' x 0 deem$ necess>y to *ange ?is alliance into an effective gov]nm5t1 possess+ great & sov]eign p[]s & act+ directly on ! p1 ! necessity ( ref]r+ x to ! p ! conv5tions ( ! ,fif? & ! ,sev5? ,articles & ( d]iv+ its p[]s directly f !m 0 felt & ackn[l$g$ by all40 ,we "k ?is p>agraph ( ,m>%all's1 omitt$ f ! ,hughes brief1 to be ! epitome ( ev]y?+ t we h he>d 9 ! 8conv5tions0 :i* made ! ,fif? ,article4 ,we rememb] t ev5 ,h5ry1 f ! v fact t ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s 7 assembl$1 knew t ! !n propos$ ,articles did grant p[] to int]f]e ) human fre$om4 ,& we rememb] 7because he knew ! inability ( /ate gov]nm5ts ev] to make su* grants7 t1 on ! fact t 8conv5tions0 7 assembl$1 he bas$ 8 *>ge t ! propos$ ,articles 7 ,,national & n f$]al4 ,we rememb] t ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t decl>es t ! entire ,con/itution1 includ+ ! ,fif? ,article1 gave no p[] ( any k9d to ^? /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,& s we "k1 :at ,h5ry knew1 t ! /ate gov]nm5ts did n h1 & t ! ,fif? ,article did n give !m1 any ability to make ,,national ,articles1 l ! ,fir/ ,article & ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,= :i* reason1 we _c 7look+ at ! matt] purely f ! /&po9t ( lawy]'s attitude to 8 gov]nm5t cli5ts7 blame ,hughes = putt+ ! />s 9 8 quotation f ,m>%all4 ,eag] to rema9 free citiz5s1 eag] to h all gov]nm5ts recognize t we are n 8subjects10 we ourselves comm5d1 to ! writ] ( t brief & to all :o uphold ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 ! entire decision ( ,m>%all 9 ,m',cullo* v4 ,m>yl&4 ,= in/ance1 we comm5d ?is cle> /atem5t ( basic ,am]ican law3 ,if any "o proposition c\ld comm& ! univ]sal ass5t ( mank9d except ^? = ! validity ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 we might expect x w\ld be ?is3--,t ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,union1 ?\gh limit$ 9 its p[]s1 is supreme )9 its sph]e ( action4 ,?is w\ld seem to result necess>ily f its nature4 ,x is ! gov]nm5t ( all2 its p[]s are delegat$ by all2 x repres5ts all1 & acts = all4 ,?\gh any "o /ate may be will+ to control its op]ations1 no /ate is will+ to all[ o!rs to control !m4 ,! nation1 on ^? subjects on :i* x c act1 mu/ necess>ily b9d its compon5t p>ts4 ,among o!r ?+s1 ?is /atem5t1 itself b a repetition ( ev]y?+ t we h le>n$ by our exp]i5ce ) e>ly ,am]icans1 emphasizes ! important fact t ! nation1 :i* is ourselves1 has b "o gov]nm5t1 ! gov]nm5t 8limit$ 9 its p[]40 ,:i* fact cle>ly demon/rates t ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 n be+ t "o gov]nm5t ( 8limit$ p[]s10 are n ! attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 9 any matt] :atsoev]1 & _c comm& u1 z !y attempt to d 9 ! ,fir/ ,section1 or grant p[] to comm& u1 z !y attempt to d 9 ! ,second ,section ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,aga9 ?is same decision ( ,m>%all holds cle>ly3 8,9 ,am]ica1 ! p[]s ( sov]eignty are divid$ betwe5 ! gov]nm5ts ( ! ,union & ^? ( ! ,/ate40 ,! claim$ ability ( ! ,hughes gov]nm5t cli5ts1 _! claim$ ability to make ! ,,national new ,article 9 our ,con/itution1 re/s entirely ^u ! absurd doctr9e t1 above ! two sov]eignties :i* ,m>%all names1 !re is an omnipot5t legislative sov]eignty1 )\t any con/itutional re/ra9t1 ! sov]eignty ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! v /ate gov]nm5ts :i* ,m>%all m5tions4 ,9 ! same ,m',cullo* v4 ,m>yl&1 ,m>%all pays a tribute to an accurate k1 :i* we h acquir$ 9 our education ) ! e>ly ,am]icans4 ,x is ! k t ev]y?+ 9 ! ,con/itution d5ies any ability 9 ev5 all ! /ates z su*1 or 9 all ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 ea* ( :i* is nev] any?+ b a gov]nm5t ( ! citiz5s ( "o /ate & _! attorney 9 fact z /ate citiz5s1 to alt] 9 any way ! ,,national "p ( our ,con/itution 7:i* ,con/itution is bo? national & f$]al7 because ! ,,national "p relates to direct int]f]5ce ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,?is is 8 tribute to ! tru? ( ! k :i* we h acquir$4 ,he says t !re is 8a pr9ciple :i* s entirely p]vades ! ,con/itution1 is s int]mix$ ) ! mat]ials :i* compose x1 s int]wov5 ) its web1 s bl5d$ ) its texture1 z to be incapable ( be+ sep>at$ f x )\t r5d+ x into %r$s4 ,?is great pr9ciple is1 t ! ,con/itution & ! laws made 9 pursuance !re( are supreme2 t !y control ! ,con/itution & laws ( ! respective /ates & _c be controll$ by !m40 ,& s we av]age ,am]icans f9d naught b enc\ragem5t 9 ! brief ( ,hughes4 ,f its quotations1 f its e /atem5t1 we le>n t we h kn[n all ! facts1 be=e we read x1 & t we are free citiz5s & n 8subjects40 ,9 t brief ( ! *ampion ( *ampions ( ! gov]nm5ts t 8made0 ! new ,,national ,article1 we le>n t !re are no new facts on :i* to base ! claim t we1 ! :ole p ( ,am]ica1 h ano!r gov]nm5t besides ! gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s1 ! claim t we are 8subjects0 & t our new omnipot5t ,p>liam5t we>s ! aspect ( ?irty-six inf]ior gov]nm5ts1 ea* elect$ by ! citiz5s ( a nation :i* is n ,am]ica4 ,9 ! brief ( ?is *ampion1 we f9d no pret5se t !re is any support = ?is weird claim4 ,on ! contr>y we f9d ! :ole claim dep5d+ entirely ^u ! %e] assumption--ass]t$ z if to /ate x 0 to /ate an axiom--t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant10 :]e9 ! 8conv5tions0 grant to ! grantors & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts ability to ex]cise omnipot5ce ov] ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 ability to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om1 9 any matt] :atsoev]4 ,9 8 brief1 ,hughes emphatically ass]ts ! tru? t 8! p nev] become a legislature40 ,yet1 ! basis ( 8 :ole argum5t is t :at 8! p0 ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly res]v$ to !mselves may be giv5 away by ! 8legislatures0 ( ! /ates1 al?\gh ! 8/ates0 are an entirely diff]5t res]vee 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t4 ,he does n "k1 :at all knew :5 ! ,fif? ,article 0 made1 t ! 8conv5tions10 :o made x & :o are nam$ 9 x1 meant 8! p0 !mselves4 ,he does n "k ! tribute ( ,madison1 9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion :i* ratifi$ ! ,fif? ,article1 to ! ,am]ican 8conv5tions0 9 :i* ! p !mselves directly con/itut$ new gov]nm5t ( m52 8,mr4 ,*airman3 ,no?+ has excit$ m admiration 9 ! _w ?an ! mann] 9 :i* free gov]nm5ts h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica2 = x 0 ! fir/ in/ance1 f ! creation ( ! _w to ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 t free inhabitants h be5 se5 delib]at+ on a =m ( gov]nm5t1 & select+ su* ( _! citiz5s z possess$ _! confid5ce1 to det]m9e ^u & give effect to x40 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 p4 #faf47 ,hughes does n "k1 z ,/ory did1 t ! draft] & ! mak]s ( ! ,fif? ,article put into x ! lessons ( _! own exp]i5ce 9 ! mak+ ( national ,articles1 by ! 8conv5tions0 ( #aggf1 & 9 ! mak+ ( f$]al ,articles by ! /ate 8legislatures0 betwe5 #aggg & #agha4 8,x is wise1 !re=e1 9 e gov]nm5t1 & especially 9 a ,republic1 to provide means = alt]+ & improv+ ! fabric ( gov]nm5t z "t & exp]i5ce or ! new phases ( human affairs may r5d] prop] to promote ! happ9ess & safety ( ! p4 ,! great pr9ciple to be s\ght is to make ! *anges practicable1 b n too easy2 to secure due delib]ation & caution2 & to foll[ exp]i5ce1 r ?an to op5 a way = exp]im5t sugge/$ by m]e speculation or !ory40 7#b ,/ory on ! ,con/itution1 ,sec4 #ahbg47 ,= all ( :i* reasons1 ,hughes & 8 associates1 al?\gh !y might be c]ta9 t ! p nev] became ! legislature1 7 n aw>e t1 to ! ,am]icans :o made ! ,fif? ,article1 its 8conv5tions0 7 8! p0 ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t4 ,naturally1 we are n surpris$ to f9d a brief] :o ignores ?is fact1 possibly ! legal fact 9 ,am]ica mo/ important to individual lib]ty1 also indulg+ 9 ! monum5tal error ( ! ?\ght t ^! 8conv5tions10 9 _! ,fif? ,article1 made a grant1 to !mselves & to 8 cli5ts1 ( equal omnipot5ce ov] !mselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,we recognize t1 if ! ,article 0 su* a grant to 8 cli5ts1 ! grant w\ld h be5 ! greate/ grant ev] made 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,we recognize t x w\ld h be5 a grant by ?ree million free m51 f\r ye>s aft] ! w> by :i* !y _h become free m51 surr5d]+ to gov]nm5ts absolute control ( e individual lib]ty & mak+ !mselves absolute 8subjects40 ,we "k t ,hughes did ma9ta9 t ! "o gov]nm5t creat$ by or giv5 any p[] 9 ! ,con/itution1 9 :i* is ! ,fif? ,article1 _h n p[] to =bid a c&idate = ,s5ator to d :at he did4 ,x is int]e/+ & in/ructive to "k t ! same lawy] holds1 z an axiom :i* ne$s no pro(1 t ! same ,con/itution gave unlimit$ ability to 8 cli5t gov]nm5ts to int]f]e ) e individual lib]ty ( ! ,am]icans :o are n c&idates = a ,s5ator%ip4 ,we h ! ^w ( ! man :o wrote ! language ( t ,fif? ,article t x is m]ely 8a mode ( proc$ure0 9 :i* may be ex]cis$ ei!r ! exi/+ unlimit$ ability ( ourselves 9 8conv5tions0 or ! limit$ ability ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts to make f$]al ,articles4 ,we recognize1 no "o :o reads x c\ld recognize o!rwise1 t ! ,fif? ,article1 outside ( two exceptions to ,,con/itutional ex]cise ( exi/+ abilities to make ,articles1 conta9s no?+ b proc$ural provisions4 ,?is k we br\ght to ! read+ ( ! ,hughes brief1 aft] we _h acquir$ ! c]ta9ty 9 our education ) ! ,am]icans :o made ! ,fif? ,article4 ,!n we read ?is brief ( ! *ampion ( *ampions = ! validity ( ! suppos$ new ,article & f\nd !re9 ! %e] assumption1 z an axiom :i* ne$$ no pro(1 t ! ,fif? ,article1 ) no?+ b its proc$ural provisions1 0 a grant ( omnipot5ce to 8 gov]nm5t cli5ts ov] ourselves6 ,imag9e1 !re=e1 our amazem5t & our amusem5t1 9 ! same brief1 to f9d ?is cle> e*o ( ! /atem5t ( ,madison & ( our own k1 ?is accurate & complete /atem5t ( exactly :at ! ,fif? ,article conta9s3 8,article ,v1 ap>t f proc$ural provisions1 conta9s two limitations ( ! p[] to am5d1 z foll[s3 #8,provid$ t no ,am5dm5t :i* may be made prior1 etc4'0 ,if1 8ap>t f proc$ural provisions10 ! ,article has no?+ b 8two limitations0 ( exi/+ abilities to make ,articles1 :]e does he or anyone f9d 9 x ! greate/ 8grant0 kn[n to ! hi/ory ( mank9d8 ,:5 ?is brief] made 8 argum5t = 8 cli5t :o _h be5 a c&idate = ,s5ator1 he _h no attack to make ^u ! proc$ure 9 :i* ,congress _h pass$ ! ,corrupt ,practices ,act4 ,:5 he w5t to asc]ta9 :e!r ,congress _h ! p[] to make t comm&1 ab\t 8elections10 he did n look = ! p[] 9 any 8proc$ural provisions10 :i* prescribe h[ ,congress %\ld ex]cise its ability to make comm&s4 ,if ?is brief] or any lawy] 7 ask$1 on behalf ( a cli5t1 to accept a bill ( sale f an alleg$ attorney 9 fact ( ! own] ( a c[1 he w\ld n seek1 9 any proc$ural provisions :i* prescrib$ h[ an attorney 9 fact c execute an in/rum5t = 8 pr9cipal1 to f9d ! au?ority ( ! alleg$ attorney to sell ! c[4 ,:y !n1 9 an ,article ) naught b proc$ural provisions & two limitations on p[] to make ,articles1 d he & all 8 associates seek to f9d1 & ass]t t !y d f9d1 grant ( au?ority to ! inf]ior gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s to give away e lib]ty :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica hold mo/ de>8 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,citiz5 ,,or 8,,eighte5? ,,am5dm5t08 ,x is our inv9cible k t ! ,fif? ,article is n a p[] ( attorney to any "o to act = u1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 9 reg>d to any individual "r :i* ! ,am]ican citiz5 has4 ,9 our capacity z ,am]ican citiz5s & 9 8conv5tions0 ( ! v k9d nam$ 9 t ,fif? ,article1 we gave ! only p[] ( attorney1 :i* we h ev] giv5 to any gov]nm5t to act = u 9 mak+ comm&s to int]f]e ) any ( our individual rights4 ,t p[] ( attorney is ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,we made x 9 ! same 8conv5tions40 ,9 x1 we gave to our ,congress our only p[] ( attorney ( t k9d4 ,9 x1 ) futile ef=t to keep mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]s0 f monum5tal error1 we said1 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! "o ,article :i* is our only p[] ( attorney1 t to our ,congress alone ! ,con/itution gives any p[]s to make comm&s t int]f]e ) our individual rights4 8,all legislative p[]s h]e9 grant$ %all be ve/$ 9 a ,congress1 etc40 7,art4 ,i1 ,section ,i4 ,u4,s4 ,cons47 ,9 ^? same 8conv5tions0 7nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article7 we insi/$1 aga9 9 futile ef=t to keep mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]s0 f monum5tal error1 t !re be writt5 ! exact decl>atory /atem5t t ! entire ,con/itution gave no p[] 7to act = u1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 9 any matt]7 to any donee except our new g5]al gov]nm5t1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,fir/ ,article enum]at$ p[]s4 ,&1 9 ^? 8conv5tions10 we insi/$ t !re be writt5 into t ,con/itution ! accurate decl>atory /atem5t t all p[]s to act = u 9 any matt]1 except ! p[]s ( t k9d we gave to t "o limit$ g5]al gov]nm5t1 we reta9$ exclusively to ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 t !y might be ex]cis$ only by ourselves or ^u fur!r grant f ourselves4 ,^? two important decl>atory /atem5ts 7 writt5 into t ,con/itution 9 ! %ape ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t4 ,t we ourselves might h a ,,con/itutional mode ( proc$ure 9 :i* con/itutionally we c\ld make t future ex]cise or fur!r grant ( ^? p[]s :i* we res]v$ to ourselves1 we nam$ ourselves--! 8conv5tions0 ( ! k9d 9 :i* we sat--9 ! ,fif? ,article & provid$ !re9 ! ,,con/itutional mode 9 :i* we c\ld aga9 d exactly :at we 7 !n do+ 9 ! same k9d ( 8conv5tions40 ,x 0 impossible = u 9 ^? conv5tions1 8be+ a p bett] acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t ?an any o!r p 9 ! _w10 to anticipate t mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]s0 %\ld make ! ludicr\s mi/ake ( inf]r+1 f t m5tion1 t we--! 8conv5tions0--grant$ to ourselves--! 8conv5tions0--all or "s ( ! v p[] we 7 !n ex]cis+ 9 ^? 8conv5tions40 ,nor did we anticipate1 inasmu* z we 79 ^? 8conv5tions07 nev] =got t ?is new ,con/itution 0 to be f$]al z well z national1 t mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]s0 w\ld make ano!r monum5tal error 9 assum+ t a simil> m5tion ( ! exi/+ ability ( /ate legislatures 7! ability to make f$]al or decl>atory ,articles7 0 a grant to ^? gov]nm5ts ( our own p[] to make national ones4 ,ev5 if we _h possess$ 79 ^? 8conv5tions07 ! vision to see ! future t 0 #aibj1 we w\ld h felt t ! ,/atute ( '#gf1 ! op5+ words ( ! ,fir/ ,article & ! explicit decl>ations ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t made any su* error impossible = mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]s40 ,yet1 "o or m ( su* errors are ! basis ( e argum5t 9 e brief ( ! fifty-sev5 lawy]s ( #aibj4 ,!y are ! basis ( ! ,root briefs & ! o!r briefs aga9/1 z !y are ! basis ( ! ,hughes briefs & ! o!r briefs =1 ! validity ( ! suppos$ new ,am5dm5t4 ,n a s+le "o ( ! briefs fails to assume1 )\t ! slighte/ f\ndation1 t ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 n a memb] ( :i* is elect$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 are attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,:]ev] "o brief diff]s f ano!r 9 ?is respect1 x is only 9 urg+ "s diff]5ce 9 ! ext5t ( ! p[] ( attorney made to ^? gov]nm5ts by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,= :i* reason1 we1 :o h come f ! days ( ^? e>ly ,am]icans1 /rong 9 ! k t we are citiz5s & n 8subjects10 are n[ satisfi$ t none ( ^! mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]s0 c di/urb our c]ta9 k4 ,x is a matt] ( no conc]n to u t "s ( !m1 because !y did n h our k1 fail$ to w9 _! litigations = _! cli5ts4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a matt] ( great conc]n to u t support]s ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t %\ld be f\nd ma9ta9+1 z if x 0 an axiom ne$+ no pro(1 t we are 8subjects0 ( ! gov]nm5ts !y repres5t$4 ,we ne$ sp5d v little fur!r "t 9 ! briefs ( ^? :o s ma9ta94 ,we h no pati5ce ) _! ,tory concept ( ! relation ( m5 to gov]nm5ts4 ,we ,,"k t ,tory concept nev] has be5 ,am]ican law s9ce ! ,/atute ( '#gf4 ,b x w\ld n be prop] to leave _! briefs )\t "o glance at "s ( _! h]esies1 :i* are flatly contradict$ by ev]y?+ we h le>n$ 9 our education4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 n "o ( ^! h]esies c /& accurate & simple /atem5t )\t expos+ its own absurdity4 ,"s ( u are famili> ) ! book kn[n z 8,! ,comic ,black/one40 ,we h ?\ght ( x (t5 z we read ! briefs ( ^? = validity ( ! new ,am5dm5t--! gov]nm5t con/itution ( gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a vital diff]5ce betwe5 ! book & ^? briefs4 ,! book 0 a consci\s ef=t to be humor\s4 ,unconsci\s humor has nev] fail$ to surpass consci\s & int5d$ humor4 ,we recall our se>* to "k 8:50 & 8h[10 betwe5 #aijg & #aiag1 we became subjects4 ,we rememb] ! fir/ glance at ! briefs ( #aibj4 ,we rememb] ! tribute ( "o to ! simple tru? t 8! p d n become a legislature4444 ,z well conf\nd ! creator & ! creature--! pr9cipal & ! ag5t ?r\gh :i* he acts40 ,we wond] :y ! au?or ( ?is tribute did n *all5ge ! monum5tal error ( ! concept t ! ,fif? ,article 7:5 x m5tions ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 ! greate/ pr9cipal 9 ,am]ica1 & also m5tions ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 ea* z ! attorney 9 fact ( ano!r & di/9ct pr9cipal1 ! citiz5s ( its own /ate7 is a grant f ! great pr9cipal to itself & ^! m5tion$ attorneys 9 fact ( o!rs4 ,b we n[ "k :y ! au?or ( ! tribute made no su* *all5ge4 ,he is ,hughes1 :o re/s 8 entire argum5t on ! monum5tal error4 ,we rememb]1 z we glance at ! briefs1 t ano!r "o *all5g$ ! doctr9e on :i* ,%epp>d propos$ t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t be s5t to gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s1 t su* gov]nm5ts might int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,we rememb] ! ,%epp>d doctr9e z ! ,calh\n h]esy t ! /ates1 political entities1 made ! ,con/itution :i* we1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 actually made 9 our 8conv5tions40 ,we rememb] h[ refre%$ we 7 to f9d1 9 our fir/ glance at ! briefs1 ?is /atem5t3 8,! ,con/itution is n a compact betwe5 /ates4 ,x proce$s directly f ! p4 ,z 0 /at$ by ,mr4 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,m>%all 9 ,m',cullo* v4 ,m>yl&1 #d ,:eat4 #caf1 c40 ,we rememb] our ?\ght1 :5 we _h j come f ^? 8conv5tions10 to f9d ?is /atem5t 9 t brief4 ,we rememb] h[ we anticipat$ ?is brief] tell+ ! ,c\rt :y ! /ates or _! gov]nm5ts1 :o c\ld n make ! ,fir/ ,article1 7 incompet5t to make ! only o!r suppos$ grant ( p[] to int]f]e ) our lib]ty1 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,n[ t we h f9i%$ ) ! briefs ( #aibj1 we recognize h[ absurd 0 our expectation4 ,! /atem5t t ! /ates1 :i* are m]e political entities1 did n make ! ,con/itution1 ! quotation f ,m>%all1 support+ ?is tru? & %[+ t ! /ates did n make x because ! /ates & _! gov]nm5ts _c make national ,articles1 are bo? f ! brief ( ?is same ,hughes1 ! *ampion ( 8 gov]nm5t cli5ts & _! claim$ ability to make national ,articles4 ,we f9d "s consid]able amusem5t 9 comp>+ ! spee* ( ,%epp>d1 propos] ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 & ! brief ( ,hughes1 *ampion ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,if gov]nm5t 0 to c>ry ?r\gh a successful revolution aga9/ free m5 & acquire ! omnipot5ce d5i$ to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 x w\ld h be5 well = ! propos]s ( ! ,revolution & ! *ampions ( x to h agre$ at lea/ ^u "o fact1 :e!r ! /ates1 political entities1 or ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 9 _! 8conv5tions10 made ! ,con/itution--:i* 0 to secure ! ,am]ican citiz5 aga9/ all usurpation ( p[] by gov]nm5ts4 ,b1 once we s5se ! c]ta9ty t ?is revolution ( gov]nm5t aga9/ free citiz5s _c be successful1 once we realize ! c]ta9 decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt :5 ! real *all5ge is made to ! disguis$ revolution1 we c =get ! attempt$ trag$y ( human lib]ty4 ,!n we %all "k t ! entire /ory ( ! la/ five ye>s is an inexhau/ible m9e ( humor4 ,&1 among ! briefs ( ^? :o *ampion$ ?is revolution ( gov]nm5t aga9/ human be+1 we %all f9d no mean rival 79 unconsci\s humor7 to any o!r "p ( t /ory4 ,we recall1 at our fir/ introduction to all ! briefs1 ! epitome ( all ! k we _h j br\ght f ! e>ly conv5tions3 8,!re is only "o great munim5t ( our lib]ty :i* c nev] be am5d$1 revok$ or )drawn--! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 x ranks ) ! ,magna ,*>ta40 ,we recall h[ pleas$ we 7 to "k t ! ,c\rt mu/ he> ano!r *ampion ( individual lib]ty1 :o also mu/ h come f ! 8conv5tions0 9 :i* we _h sat4 ,we recall h[1 9 8 brief1 ?is tru?ful tribute to ! ,/atute ( '#gf 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ! quotation f t ,/atute1 :i* includes ^! words3 8,t to secure ^! ,rights1 ! ,rights ( m5 grant$ by _! ,creator gov]nm5ts are in/itut$ among m51 d]iv+ _! j p[]s f ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$4 ,t :5ev] any ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t becomes de/ructive ( ^! ends1 x is ! ,"r ( ! ,p to alt] or to aboli% x1 & to in/itute new gov]nm5t1 lay+ its f\ndation on su* pr9ciples & organiz+ its p[]s 9 su* =m1 z to !m %all seem mo/ likely to effect _! ,safety & ,happ9ess40 ,9 our eag] anticipation to he> 8 argum5t & see 8 brief1 h[ 7 we1 fre% f ! 8conv5tions0 9 :i* sat "s ( ! m5 :o _h writt5 t ,/atute elev5 ye>s e>li]1 to "k t ! brief] und]/ood _! language to read z foll[s3 8,t to secure ^! rights ( human be+s1 grant$ by _! ,creator1 gov]nm5ts are in/itut$ among m51 d]iv+ _! j p[]s f ! cons5t ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,t :5ev] any ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t becomes de/ructive ( ^! ends1 x is ! "r ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts to alt] or aboli% x1 & to in/itute new gov]nm5t1 lay+ its f\ndation on su* pr9ciples & organiz+ its p[]s 9 su* =m z to ! /ate gov]nm5ts %all seem mo/ likely to effect ! welf>e ( ^? :o control ! /ate gov]nm5ts40 ,t ?is is ! mean+ ( t ,/atute to ?is brief]1 we may realize :5 we "k t ! tribute to ! ,/atute & ! quotation f ! ,/atute are 9 ! brief ( ,:eel]1 c\nsel = ! political organization :i* manag$ ! new revolution ( gov]nm5t aga9/ p & dictat$ ! proposal t gov]nm5ts %\ld con/itute new gov]nm5t ( m5 9 ,am]ica4 ,n[ we grasp :y ?is brief] said t1 9 ! fact t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce c\ld 8nev] be am5d$1 revok$ or )drawn10 ! ,/atute ( '#gf 8ranks ) ! ,magna ,*>ta40 ,to ?is brief]1 ! ,/atute ( '#gf1 l ! ,great ,*>t] ( old1 is ! rul] gov]nm5t disp5s+ privileges to its subjects1 ! p4 ,t is :y ?is brief]1 ) 8 ,tory concept ( ! relation ( gov]nm5t to human be+s1 does n "k t ! ,/atute ( '#gf is ! revocation ( ! pr9ciple on :i* ,magna ,*>ta re/$1 ! doctr9e t ! gov]nm5t is ! ,/ate & ! p are its assets4 ,?is brief]1 l all 8 associates1 does n "k ! great *ange :i* ! ,am]ican p made 9 ! picture ( ,am]ican gov]nm5t4 ,we are all famili> ) ! picture1 8,8 ,ma/]'s ,voice40 ,:5 ^? ,am]icans 7 born1 f ^: 8conv5tions0 we h come1 ! li/5] 9 t picture 0 8! p0 ( ! ,preamble & ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t 9 our ,con/itution4 ,! voice ( ! ma/] 0 ! voice ( gov]nm5t4 ,:5 ^? ,am]icans di$1 !y _h *ang$ ! picture4 ,! li/5] _h become ! gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica1 ! voice ( ! ma/] _h become 8! p0 ( ,am]ica1 its citiz5s4 ,! new pa9t+ ( ! picture 0 on ,july #d1 #aggf4 ,t ! li/5] might nev] deface ! tru? ( ! new picture1 ! ,con/itution ( #aghg 0 propos$ at ,philadelphia & lat] made by ! ma/] 9 ! picture4 ,! proposal ( ,:eel] & 8 associates & ! action ( gov]nm5ts on t proposal are ! unlawful attempt to *ange ! picture back to :at x _h be5 be=e ! ,/atute ( '#gf4 ,if "t p]mitt$1 our s5se ( humor w\ld keep u long ) ! briefs ( ,:eel] & 8 associates4 ,x 0 _! ?\ght t ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ c\ld be made a bett] ,*ri/ianity by a sub/itution ( ! prohibition ( ,mohamm$ = ! temp]ance ( ,*ri/4 ,?is natural mode/y on _! "p made c]ta9 t we w\ld f9d1 9 ! ,:eel] brief1 ?is tribute to ! good int5tions ( ! ,am]icans ( ^? e>ly 8conv5tions10 accompani$ by an humble tribute to ! mu* great] wisdom ( ! brief]s4 8,! p1 "u ?is =m ( gov]nm5t may1 ( c\rse1 d unwise ?+s4 ,?is is ! alleg$ dang] ( a republican or democratic =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,if ! electorates are n intellig5t1 moral & patriotic1 our gov]nm5t w fail4 ,our =efa!rs took t *ance 9 *oos+ a =m ( gov]nm5t t 0 controll$ entirely by ! p4 ,hi/ory proves t !y build$ m wisely ?an !y knew4 ,! p h kept /ep ) advanc+ civilization "u ! same con/ruction ( our ,con/itution4 ,?is la/ advance 9 ! prohibition ( ! bev]age liquor traffic1 :i* is "o ( ! greate/ evils t ev] curs$ humanity1 is additional evid5ce ( ! wisdom ( our =ebe>s4 ,x is g5]ally recogniz$ z ! greate/ piece ( con/ructive legislation t 0 ev] adopt$ by a self-gov]n+ p40 ,! f9e/ passage 9 ! 8,comic ,black/one0 does n approa* ?is 9 its excell5ce z unconsci\s humor4 ,educat$ ) 8our =efa!rs0 :o 8took t *ance 9 *oos+ a =m ( gov]nm5t t 0 controll$ entirely by ! p10 we call ! att5tion ( ,:eel] to "o ( 8 _m mi/akes by rewrit+ 8 next s5t5ce1 z he %\ld h writt5 x3 8,hi/ory proves t !y build$ m wisely ?an ,:eel] or 8 associates knew or are able to und]/&40 ,our =efa!rs knew t1 :]ev] m5 are citiz5s1 nei!r /ate gov]nm5ts nor any gov]nm5ts are 8! p0 or c surr5d] rights ( 8! p0 or c con/itute new gov]nm5ts ( 8! p0 int]f]+ ) _! individual fre$om &1 !re=e1 :5 ^? 8conv5tions0 ( old did *oose & e/abli% a =m ( gov]nm5t 8t 0 controll$ entirely by ! p10 !y 7 n /upid en\gh to ?9k t ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t w\ld be t k9d ( a gov]nm5t if x c\ld be controll$ entirely by legislatures1 :i* nev] are ! p4 ,x is r ridicul\s to f9d ,hughes1 associate *ampion ( ,:eel] = ! new ,am5dm5t1 cont5d+ t ! p nev] are ! legislature1 :ile ,:eel] cont5ds t a gov]nm5t is controll$ entirely by ! p :5 x is controll$ entirely by legislatures4 ,b1 x is to be expect$1 :5 m5 "w 9 association on a common uns\nd basis1 t "o *ampion %\ld frequ5tly contradict ano!r z to fact1 & t ev5 ! same *ampion %\ld (t5 contradict himself z to fact4 ,& s we f9d ! ,:eel] brief /at+ t ! new ,am5dm5t1 made entirely by gov]nm5ts )\t any au?ority f ! p ab\t :om he prates1 8is g5]ally recogniz$ z ! greate/ piece ( con/ructive legislation t 0 ev] adopt$ by a self-gov]n+ p02 & we turn ov] ! pages ( ! brief & we f9d ! rem>kable proposition t ^! /ate legislatures1 :5 mak+ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 7 n legislat+1 b 7 8a body ( repres5tatives sitt+ 9 a conv5tional capacity40 ,( c\rse1 we n[ le>n1 by ?is latt] /atem5t1 t ! greate/ piece ( 8con/ructive legislation0 ! _w ev] knew 0 n legislation at all4 ,b we also le>n a m important ?+4 ,x w\ld h be5 ( great advantage to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t 9 #agfe1 if x _h only kn[n ! ,:eel] concept ( our ,am]ican security = human fre$om4 ,?9k h[ rem>kable x w\ld h be5 to h pass$ a ,/amp ,act :i* w\ld h be5 univ]sally respect$ & obey$ by ! ,am]ican p ( t "t6 ,all ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t %\ld h done 0 to ann\nce3 8,?is is n pass$ by u z a legislature4 ,9 issu+ ?is comm& to ! ,am]ican p1 we are a #8body ( repres5tatives sitt+ 9 a conv5tional capacity4'0 ,hav+ exactly ! same attitude m5tally z ,"l ,nor? 9 #agge1 ?is ,:eel] w\ld h be5 a bett] ,m9i/] = ! ,engli% ,k+4 ,he w\ld h be5 able to keep = him ! ,am]ican 8subjects0 ( ! ,briti% ,legislature4 8,article ,v itself %[s t ! repres5tative or conv5tion idea 0 9 ! m9ds ( ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution4 ,if ! legislatures ( two ?irds ( ! /ates %\ld apply to ,congress1 !n ,congress w\ld be oblig$ to call a conv5tion = propos+ ,am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution4 ,!n1 also1 :5 x came to ! matt] ( ratification1 ?is "q c\ld be consid]$ by conv5tions 9 ! v>i\s /ates4 ,a review ( ! proce$+s ( ! con/itutional conv5tion1 z well z a /udy ( ! political & gov]nm5tal bodies at ! "t at :i* ! provision provid+ = am5d+ ! f$]al ,con/itution 0 adopt$1 reveal$ ! fact t ^! m5 ?\ght 9 t]ms ( conv5tions 444 & t ! cle> int5t ( ! fram]s 0 to ratify propos$ am5dm5ts by bodies sitt+ 9 ! capacity ( conv5tions4 ,! ,c\rt w n f9d any able expon5t ( ! !ories ( gov]nm5t ( t "t1 h[ev]1 :o ev5 ass]t$ t ! p c\ld be consid]$ z a portion ( ! legislature4 ,?is c be %[n mo/ cle>ly by an exam9ation ( ! proce$+s ( ! con/itutional conv5tion1 z report$ by ,mr4 ,madison & p>ticul>ly by exam9+ ! v>i\s proposals advanc$ 9 t conv5tion = ! ratification ( ! ,con/itution40 ,we recognize imm$iately1 9 ?is extract f ! briefs ( #aibj1 our own exact k br\ght f ^? 8conv5tions40 ,&1 :5 ?is brief] *all5ges ! exi/5ce ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t on ! gr\nd t ! p :o made x %[$ 89 ,article ,v itself0 t 8! conv5tion idea 0 9 ! m9ds ( ! fram]s0 & 8:5 x came to ! matt] ( ratification10 a 8,yes0 or 8,no0 0 to be consid]$ by 8conv5tions0 9 ! v>i\s /ates1 we are amaz$ to f9d no uphold] ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t reply+ to ?is attack ^u its validity4 ,! *all5ge to validity aga9 & aga9 t\*es on ! monum5tal error ( ! ,tory concept beh9d all claim to validity4 ,! *all5ge puts its f+] at once ^u ! absurd assumption1 on :i* ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t :olly dep5ds = exi/5ce1 ! assumption t ! ,am]icans we h j left ev] consid]$ ! 8p0 z ! 8legislature0 or ! 8legislature0 z ! 8p40 ,! *all5ge emphasizes ! fact we all "k1 t ! 8conv5tions0 knew t 8conv5tions0 7 ! 8p0 & t 8legislatures0 nev] 7 ! 8p40 ,b we are mi/ak5 9 believ+ t ?is cle> *all5ge 0 n met by "s 8con/itutional ?9k]0 9 8 ef=t to uphold ! new suppos$ ,,national ,article1 made by ! gov]nm5ts or 8legislatures0 :i* ! old 8conv5tions0 s well knew 7 n ! 8p40 ,9 ! brief ( "o *ampion ( ! new ,,national ,article1 we f9d ?is cle> reply to ! *all5ge4 ,& we notice h[ ! reply is n m]e ass]tion4 ,no "o c d5y ! trem5d\s 8support10 9 hi/ory & 9 decision & 9 ! ,fif? ,article itself1 = ! full reply t ! ,fif? ,article /ates def9itely t 8! only ag5cy :i* is au?oriz$ to ratify ! ,am5dm5t is ! /ate legislatures60 ,we h only "o comm5t to make on ! *all5ge itself & ! de/ructive reply to x1 t ! /ate legislatures are ! 8only ag5t0 au?oriz$ by ! ,fif? ,article to am5d our ,,national ,con/itution4 ,x is an int]e/+ comm5t4 ,bo? ! *all5ge & ! reply are f ! brief ( ,:eel]1 c\nsel = ! political organization :i* direct$ t gov]nm5ts make ?is new national gov]nm5t ( m54 ,?is ,:eel] believes t ! ,/atute ( '#gf is 8"o great munim5t ( our lib]ty :i* c nev] be am5d$1 revok$ or )drawn40 ,he says s 9 8 brief4 ,he also ma9ta9s t 8 /ate gov]nm5ts1 n "o ( _! memb]s elect$ by u z citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 h omnipot5t p[] ov] our e lib]ty1 except t !y _c *ange ! numb] ( s5ators f ea* ,/ate4 ,at "o po9t 9 8 brief he 8proves0 ov]:elm+ly t ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica univ]sally dem&$ 8 new ,article1 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,8 pro( is--& we _c d5y ! fact :i* he ass]ts z pro(--t1 9 ! ye> #aiah1 :5 ,am]icans 7 9 ! ,argonne ,=e/ 9 ,france1 f\r ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & =ty-two ,tories 9 =ty-five /ate legislatures said 8,yes0 to ?is new comm& to ! "o hundr$ million ,am]ican citiz5s on a subject n among ! matt]s enum]at$ 9 our ,fir/ ,article4 ,t 8 8pro(0 might be p]fect 7= ! claim t ! mak+ ( ! comm& 0 dem&$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica7 he fails to m5tion ! fact t n "o ( ^? f\r ?\s& odd ,am]icans1 :o 7 n ! ,am]icans 9 ! ,argonne or 9 our tra9+ camps prep>+ to fight = human lib]ty1 0 elect$ = any purpose by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,reflect+ ^u ?is brief]'s admiration = ! ,/atute ( '#gf & ^u 8 k t ! 8legislatures0 nev] are ! p1 :ile ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article are ! 8p10 we wond] if he ev] read a c]ta9 /atem5t ( ! e>ly ,am]ican :o wrote ! ,/atute ( '#gf4 ,x is a /atem5t f ,?omas ,jeff]son quot$ by ,madison1 au?or ( ! ,fif? ,article1 :5 he 0 urg+ ! ,am]ican p or 8conv5tions0 to make t ,fif? ,article4 ,jeff]son 0 talk+ ab\t a con/itution1 9 :i* 8all ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t 444 result to ! legislative body10 z !y result 7"u ! mod]n assumption z to :at ! ,fif? ,article says7 to ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 ! new omnipot5t legislature ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,?is is :at ,jeff]son _h to say1 :at ,madison approv$3 8,! conc5trat+ ^! 9 ! same h&s1 is precisely ! def9ition ( despotic gov]nm5t4 ,x w be no alleviation1 t ^! p[]s w be ex]cis$ by a plurality ( h&s1 & n by a s+le "o4 ,"o hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree despots w\ld surely be z oppressive z "o4444 ,z little w x avail u1 t !y are *os5 by ourselves4 ,an elective despotism 0 n ! gov]nm5t we f\ght =40 7,f$4 ,no4 #dh47 ,x is cle>ly ! view ( ,:eel] & all 8 associates t ! e>ly ,am]icans did fight _! ,revolution s t we might h1 9 ^! mod]n days1 an elective despotism ( f\r ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & =ty-two despots4 ,t =m ( gov]nm5t is probably reliev$ f ! odium ( ! ,madison & ,jeff]son attack1 by ! 8alleviation0 t we ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ^? to be gov]n$ by ?is 8elective despotism10 d n elect or *oose ev5 "o ( ! despots6 ,we _c l+] long] ) ^! amaz+ briefs ( ! *ampions ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,f ! viewpo9t ( unconsci\s humor1 we h become r enamor$ ( ! ,:eel] idea t 8/ate gov]nm5ts0 & 8! p ( ,am]ica0 express$ ! same ?\ght to ! latt] :5 !y made ! ,fif? ,article4 ,s9ce we read ,:eel]'s brief1 we h be5 try+ ! same me?od ) "s fam\s /atem5ts ( great ,am]icans4 ,= example1 we h ?is new exc]pt f ,wa%+ton's fam\s ,f>ewell ,address3 8,! basis ( our political sy/em is ! "r ( ! #8/ate gov]nm5ts' to make or alt] ! p's ,con/itution ( gov]nm5t4 ,& ! ,con/itution :i* at any "t exi/s1 till *ang$ by an explicit & au!ntic act ( #8! legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ates'0--7,wa%+ton said #8! :ole p'7--8is sacr$ly obligatory ^u all40 ,& we l p>ticul>ly ! improv$ ,:eel] concept ( ! r crude ,gettysburg spee* ( ,l9coln4 ,9 its new =m1 alt]$ by ! ,:eel] idea1 x is wond]ful to he> ! appeal ( ,l9coln t we1 :o 7 n among ! dead at ,gettysburg1 %\ld play our "p 8t gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 & = ^? :o control ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 %all n p]i% f ! e>?40 ,we wond] if ,hughes & ,:eel] & ,%epp>d & ,webb realize h[ f> !y h gone beyond ! ,calh\n idea t 0 repudiat$ =ev] at ,gettysburg6 ,9 ! old days1 ! ,calh\n doctr9e 0 t a s+le /ate1 al?\gh b a political entity1 c\ld d z x pleas$ 9 its own affairs1 ev5 to leav+ ! ,union )\t ref]5ce to ! wi%es ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,t "q 0 settl$ =ev] by ! result at ,gettysburg4 ,! mod]n claim1 ! sole claim ^u :i* ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t dep5ds = exi/5ce1 is t a /ate gov]nm5t1 if x comb9es ) en\gh o!r /ate gov]nm5ts1 c g outside its own jurisdiction1 outside ! citiz5%ip :i* *ose ! legislators 9 x1 & issue its omnipot5t comm& tell+ ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica :at !y may d & may n d1 89 all matt]s :atsoev]40 ,b we leave ! ,c\rt ( #aibj1 q satisfi$ t ! mod]n 8con/itutional ?9k]s10 :o fil$ _! briefs !re91 h n exactly ! ,am]ican concept ( ! relation ( gov]nm5t to human be+s1 :i* w\ld h locat$ !m at ,valley ,=ge1 ) ,m>%all1 9 ! ,w9t] ( #aggh4 ,we leave t ,c\rt1 h[ev]1 q satisfi$ t ! ,c\rt itself /ill has ! k :i* ,m>%all _h1 ! k /at$ 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t & by ! decision ( t ,c\rt 9 #aijg1 t all ! p[]s n grant$ by ! ,con/itution to ! g5]al gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton 8are res]v$ to ! p & c be ex]cis$ only by !m or1 ^u fur!r grant f !m40 ,we d n =get ! "q ( ! ,c\rt1 ! "q :i* none ( ! lawy]s c\ld answ]1 8,9 :at way d c\nsel believe t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t c\ld be made ,,con/itutionally80 ,we d "k ! answ] to t "q4 ,! ,am]icans1 9 ! 8conv5tions0 we j left1 wrote ! answ] 9 ! ,fif? ,article 9 ! words :i* are ! mo/ important words 9 ! ,article & "o ( our greate/ securities to human lib]ty1 8by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(40 ,! 8conv5tions0 :i* m5tion$ !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions10 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 are ! same 8conv5tions0 :i* dem&$ t ! decl>ation be made t e p[]1 n grant$ 9 t ,con/itution to ! gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton1 rema9$ :]e x _h be54 ,z ! /ate gov]nm5ts _h be5 incompet5t to make ! ,fir/ ,article or ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 !y rema9$ incompet5t to make ei!r ( !m4 ,if we ne$$ any assurance t ! ,supreme ,c\rt /ill reta9s ! accurate conceptions ( ^! e>ly ,am]icans1 we f9d x 9 "o ( ! mo/ significant facts 9 ! :ole rem>kable /ory ( ! la/ five ye>s4 ,we d n ne$ to recall h[ e lawy] dwells cont9u\sly ^u ! fact t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 ( p[] to make new ,articles4 ,we d n ne$ to refre% our m9d ) ! recollection t ! ,root brief ref]r$ to ! ,fif? ,article ov] fifty times z a 8grant0 ( su* p[]4 ,we "k t e argum5t 9 e brief 0 bas$ on ! /at$ assumption t ! ,fif? ,article 0 a 8grant0 & t x made ! legislatures ( /ate citiz5s attorneys 9 fact = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 :o elect none ( ! memb]s ( ^? legislatures4 ,did ?is monum5tal error ( all ! lawy]s h any effect ^u ! accurate k ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt8 ,did ?is insi/5ce ^u ! absurd assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant10 9 :i* 8conv5tions0 grant some?+ to !mselves & to ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 lead ! ,c\rt into ! error ( call+ x a 8grant80 ,read ! conclusions ( ! ,c\rt1 z !y 7 /at$ by ,judge ,van ,devant]4 ,! op5+ s5t5ce ( t /atem5t sweeps aside e assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant40 ,c our k1 br\ght "r f ! old 8conv5tions10 be put m completely ?an 9 ! "o /atem5t3 8,p[] to am5d ! ,con/itution 0 ,,res]v$ by ,article ,v40 ,:]e is ! 8grant0 all ! lawy]s h be5 talk+ ab\t8 ,:]e is ! 8grant0 on :i* ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t dep5ds = exi/5ce8 ,:]e is ! 8grant0 :i* makes ! /ate legislatures ( /ate citiz5s attorneys 9 fact1 = any purpose1 = ! ,am]ican citiz5s8 ,be=e ! ,con/itution1 9 :i* is ! ,fif? ,article1 !re 0 no citiz5 ( ,am]ica4 ,&1 z ! exclusive ability ( 8conv5tions0 to make ,,national ,articles 7l ! ability ( /ate legislatures to make ,articles :i* are n national7 80 res]v$ by ,article ,v10 ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 z imag9>y attorneys = ourselves1 disappe> entirely f ! sc5e4 ,we rema9 free citiz5s4 ,we h n become 8subjects40 ,?is com=t+ k is emphasiz$ :5 we f9d t1 z ! ,supreme ,c\rt /ates its ,f\r? ,conclusion1 aga9 ! accurate /atem5t is t ! ability to make ! new ,article 8is )9 ! p[] to am5d ,,res]v$ by ,article ,v ( ! ,con/itution40 ,t is our own k4 ,we h br\ght f ! conv5tions1 9 :i* we h sat ) ! e>ly ,am]icans1 _! k t ! ability ( ! 8conv5tions0 to make ,articles ( t k9d1 _! exclusive ability to d s1 0 res]v$ to ^? 8conv5tions10 ! assembl$ citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,we "k t ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly s decl>es4 ,!re=e1 :5 we g to ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ) our cont5tion t we /ill are citiz5s & t a revolution by gov]nm5t aga9/ ! p1 a revolution to make u 8subjects10 mu/ be repudiat$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt :i* we h e/abli%$ to protect our human lib]ty aga9/ all usurpation by gov]nm5ts1 our *all5ge w be 9 ! words ( ,wilson1 utt]$ 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,conv5tion :]e ,am]icans fir/ set _! names to ! ,fif? ,article3 8,h[ comes x1 sir1 t ^! /ate gov]nm5ts dictate to _! sup]iors--to ! maje/y ( ! p80 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,am]ican ,,citiz5 ,,w ,,rema9 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ! great political society ( m5 :i* ?is book p]si/5tly calls ,am]ica =m1 = _m1 & = mo/ important purposes1 a s+le nation4444 ,9 w>1 we are "o p4 ,9 mak+ peace1 we are "o p4 ,9 all comm]cial regulations1 we are "o & ! same p4 ,9 _m o!r respects1 ! ,am]ican p are "o2 & ! gov]nm5t :i* is alone capable ( controll+ & manag+ _! int]e/s 9 all ^! respects1 is ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,union4 ,x is _! gov]nm5t1 & 9 t "* !y h no o!r4 ,am]ica has *os5 to be1 9 _m respects1 & to _m purposes1 a nation2 & = all ^! purposes1 h] gov]nm5t is complete2 to all ^! objects1 x is compet5t4 ,! p h decl>$ t1 9 ! ex]cise ( all p[]s giv5 = ^! objects1 x is supreme4 ,x c1 !n1 9 effect+ ^! objects1 legitimately control all individuals or gov]nm5ts )9 ! ,am]ican t]ritory4 7,u4 ,s4 ,supreme ,c\rt1 ,coh5s v4 ,virg9ia1 #f ,:eat4 #bfd1 at p4 #dac et seq47 ,^! words ( ,m>%all tell e ,am]ican :y !re is an 8,am]ica10 a nation ( m51 9 addition to a 8,unit$ ,/ates10 a f$]ation or league ( political entities4 ,! league exi/$ be=e ! ,con/itution creat$ ! nation4 ,! league 0 n creat$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,b ! league 0 cont9u$ by ! ,con/itution 9 :i* free m5 creat$ ! nation4 ,9 t ,con/itution1 ! league & its compon5t memb]s 7! /ates7 7 made subord9ate to ! nation & its compon5t memb]s1 :o are ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,h[ comes x1 !n1 t mod]n lead]s1 = five ye>s la/ pa/1 h talk$ _! nons5se ab\t ano!r gov]nm5t ( ! "o ,am]ican p8 ,h[ comes x t !y h argu$ & act$ z if ! ,fif? ,article con/itut$ ano!r gov]nm5t ( ! "o ,am]ican p8 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld be />tl+ = ,m>%all & 8 g5]ation to he> ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t claim t "o important purpose = :i* ,am]icans *ose to be "o p 0 ! purpose ( enabl+ ?irty-six legislatures ( /ate citiz5s to int]f]e1 89 all matt]s :atsoev]10 ) e individual lib]ty ( all ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,9 ! light ( our education ) ! "o ,am]ican p :o *ose to be1 89 _m respects1 & to _m purposes1 a nation0 & to h1 ,,9 ,,t ,,"*1 no gov]nm5t o!r ?an ! gov]nm5t con/itut$ by ! ,fir/ ,article1 h[ o!rwise1 ?an by ! "o ^w 8nons5se10 c we dignify ! five-ye> discussion z to ! ext5t ( ! p[]s grant$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article to o!r gov]nm5ts1 ! respective gov]nm5ts ( ! memb]s ( ! league1 to int]f]e ) ! lib]ties ( ! memb]s ( ! nation1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica8 ,citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 p>ticul>ly emigrants f ,europe1 mu/ be taught ! reason :y & ! fact t ! "o ,am]ican p 87 b\nd to h & did at la/ secure0 a gov]nm5t free f int]f]5ce by 8legislatures1 :e!r repres5t+ ! /ates or ! f$]al gov]nm5t40 7,judge ,p>k]1 supra1 9 ,preface47 ,:o is to tea* ! av]age citiz5 ! reason or ! fact8 ,h our mo/ r5[n$ lawy]s %[n any k ( ei!r8 ,_! own briefs h be5 p]mitt$ to speak = !m4 ,:i* ( ^? briefs has put a f+] ^u ! basic flaw 9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t *all5ge to ! fact t ! ,am]ican citiz5s 8did at la/ secure a ,gov]nm5t0 :i* its citiz5s 8c\ld control despite0 all legislatures1 :e!r repres5t+ /ate citiz5s or !mselves8 ,! m5 :o wrote ^! briefs are f> m ?an lawy]s ( great r5[n4 ,!y are among ! be/ kn[n lead]s ( public op9ion 9 ,am]ica4 ,_m ?\s&s ( av]age citiz5s rely ^u su* m5 to "k & /ate e con/itutional protection to individual lib]ty4 ,9 any g5]ation1 reliance ^u any public lead]s = k on t matt] is a di/9ct m5ace to individual lib]ty4 ,! imag9>y ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t w h s]v$ a useful purpose if x tea*es u t we mu/ "k ( our own k1 if we want to rema9 free citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 8,no man1 let 8 +5uity be :at x w1 c\ld enum]ate all ! individual rights n rel9qui%$ by ?is ,con/itution40 7,ir$ell1 lat] a ,supreme ,c\rt ,ju/ice1 9 ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a conv5tion1 #d ,ell4 ,deb4 #adi7 ,^! are ! rights 8reta9$ by ! p0 ( ,am]ica 9 ! ,n9? ,am5dm5t because n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 8,if ?is ,con/itution be adopt$1 x mu/ be presum$ ! in/rum5t w be 9 ! h&s ( e man 9 ,am]ica1 to see :e!r au?ority be usurp$2 & any p]son by inspect+ x may see if ! p[] claim$ be enum]at$4 ,if x be n1 he w "k x to be a usurpation40 7,ir$ell1 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a conv5tion1 #d ,ell4 ,deb4 #agb47 ,all grant$ p[]s to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz51 89 t "*10 are enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,all p[]s ( t k9d n enum]at$ !re9 are res]v$ 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t exclusively to ! ,am]ican citiz5s !mselves to be ex]cis$ or grant$ by !m 9 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article4 ,"o ( ^! p[]s is t :i* "s gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s1 9 ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 h attempt$ bo? to ex]cise & grant4 ,! brief ( :i* public lead] has kn[n or /at$ ^! facts to ! de/ruction ( ! ,am5dm5t & to ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! free ,am]ican citiz58 ,! exp]i5ce ( ages has taught t human lib]ty1 ev5 9 a republic1 is nev] secure unless ! citiz5s ( ! republic !mselves und]/& ! basic security :i* protects t lib]ty4 ,! writ] ( ?is book wi%es to keep 8 own individual lib]ties secure aga9/ usurpation by any gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,he wi%es to keep 8 /atus1 z su* citiz51 to all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica--! /atus e/abli%$ by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica ?r\gh ^: exp]i5ce we h be5 educat$4 ,he kn[s t su* /atus mu/ end =ev] unless ,am]ican citiz5s g5]ally h ! same e>ne/ wi% &1 ( _! own k1 "k h[ ! ,con/itution secures t /atus & _! individual lib]ty4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,am]ican p _h *os5 to be a nation ) "o gov]nm5t ( enum]at$ p[]s1 !re came to t !n l& ( individual lib]ty an ,iri% exile4 ,quickly he assum$ 8 place ) ! great lawy]s ( ,am]ica4 ,& 9 ! ye> #ahbd he made cle> t he w\ld h be5 able to tea* our new citiz5s & our public lead]s h[ ! "o ,am]ican p 8did at la/ secure a gov]nm5t0 :i* t "o ,am]ican p 8c\ld control despite0 ! /ate legislatures4 ,9 ! argum5t be=e ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! fam\s case ( ,gibbons v4 ,ogd5 7#i ,:eat4 #a1 at p4 #hg71 :]e 8 oppon5t 0 ,web/]1 ?is is h[ ,emmett /at$ a fact !n kn[n & 8felt & ackn[l$g$ by all03 8,! ,con/itution gives no?+ to ! /ates or to ! p4 ,_! rights exi/$ be=e x 0 =m$4444 ,! ,con/itution gives only to ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 &1 s f> z x op]ates on ! /ate or popul> rights1 x takes away a portion1 :i* x gives to ! g5]al gov]nm5t4444 ,b ! /ates or ! p mu/ n be !reby exclud$ f ex]cise ( any "p ( ! sov]eign or popul> rights held by !m be=e ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution except :]e t in/rum5t has giv5 x exclusively to ! g5]al gov]nm5t40 ,! italics are ^? ( ,emmett4 ,:at does ?is cle> /atem5t ( fact 7kn[n by ,emmett & 8 g5]ation to be ! exact /atem5t ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t7 make out ( e argum5t1 :e!r = or aga9/ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 bas$ on ! assumption t ! ,fif? ,article does give some?+ to ! /ates & _! gov]nm5ts8 ,c any ,am]ican citiz5 d\bt t x makes cle> t to describe su* argum5ts by any o!r ^w save 8nons5se0 is to l5d !m a dignity :i* !y d n possess8 ,)\t a s+le exception1 e argum5t dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 :e!r = or aga9/ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 has des]v$ ! criticism ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt = ! fact t su* argum5t nei!r knew nor consid]$ ! mean+ ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t4 ,x reads3 8,! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x to ! /ates1 are res]v$ to ! /ates respectively1 or to ! p40 ,! argum5t ( c\nsel ignores ! pr9cipal factor 9 ?is ,article1 to wit1 8! p40 ,its pr9cipal purpose 0 n ! di/ribution ( p[] betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! /ates1 b a res]vation to ! p ( all p[]s n grant$4 ,! ,preamble ( ! ,con/itution decl>es :o fram$ x1--8,we ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 n ! p ( "o /ate1 b ! p ( all ! /ates2 & ,article ,x res]ves to ! p ( all ! /ates ! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! p[]s affect+ ! int]nal affairs ( ! /ates n grant$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x to ! /ates1 are res]v$ to ! /ates respectively1 ! p[] ( ea* /ate = t /ate to its own p or citiz5s & all p[]s ( a national "* :i* are n delegat$ to ! national gov]nm5t by ! ,con/itution are res]v$ to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! "o p or citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 t "o ,am]ican p :i* ,m>%all s accurately knew4 ,! p :o adopt$ ! ,con/itution1 knew t 9 ! nature ( ?+s !y c\ld n =see all ! que/ions :i* might arise 9 ! future1 all ! circum/ances :i* might call = ! ex]cise ( fur!r national p[]s ?an ^? grant$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1 aft] mak+ provision = an ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution by :i* any ne$$ additional p[]s w\ld be grant$1 !y res]v$ to !mselves all p[]s n s delegat$4 7,supreme ,c\rt1 ,kansas v4 ,colorado1 #aijg1 #bjf ,u4 ,s4 #df at p4 #ij47 ,:y has e argum5t1 = or aga9/ ! new ,am5dm5t1 ignor$ ! simple & impressive fact t ! "o ^w 8conv5tions0 0 writt5 into ! ,fif? ,article & ! ,sev5? ,article by ! delegates at ,philadelphia1 v %ortly aft] !y _h reason$ out & rea*$ _! fam\s legal decision z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ability ( 8conv5tions0 & ! ability ( 8/ate legislatures10 also nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article8 ,:y completely ignore ! decisive effect ( ?is fact :5 consid]$ ) ! fact1 t ,philadelphia m5tion$ 8conv5tions0 9 bo? ,articles & only 9 ! ,fif? m5tion$ 8/ate legislatures08 ,if we put ourselves exactly 9 ! position ( ,philadelphia :5 x 0 do+ ?is1 we see at once :y /ate 8legislatures0 are po9t$ly abs5t f ! ,sev5? ,article4 ,philadelphia knew ! nature ( ! ,fir/ ,article1 t x con/itut$ gov]nm5t ability to int]f]e ) individual fre$om4 ,philadelphia knew t nei!r 8/ate legislatures0 nor any comb9ation ( gov]nm5ts c make an ,article ( t k9d 9 any l& :]e m5 are 8citiz5s0 & n 8subjects40 ,t is :y 8legislatures0 are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,sev5? ,article4 ,b ,philadelphia did n "k ! nature ( any ,article :i* might be propos$ at any p>ticul> "t 9 ! future by ! body :i* 0 to p]=m ! duty ( propos+1 ! duty :i* ,philadelphia 0 !n p]=m+4 ,& ,philadelphia knew t any future propos$ ,article might be ( ! k9d :i* /ate legislatures c\ld make4 ,x 0 ! conviction ( ,hamilton t all future propos$ ,articles w\ld be ( ! k9d t 8legislatures0 c\ld make because !y w\ld be ( ! k9d t did n relate to 8! mass ( p[]s0 to int]f]e ) individual lib]ty4 ,t is :y ,philadelphia1 almo/ imm$iately aft] x _h omitt$ any m5tion ( 8legislatures0 9 ! ,sev5? ,article1 did m5tion 8legislatures0 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 :i* relat$ to ! mak+ ( future ,articles ^: nature ,philadelphia c\ld n possibly "k4 ,let u n =get :at ,madison told u ab\t ! ,sev5? ,article3 8,?is ,article speaks = itself4 ,! express au?ority ( ! p alone c\ld give due validity to ! ,con/itution40 7,f$4 #dc47 ,?is is 8 /atem5t t ! ,article itself tells u t 8! express au?ority ( ! p0 w make ! ,articles propos$ f ,philadelphia4 ,h[ does ! ,article speak = itself & tell u t8 ,by its "o ^w 8conv5tions40 ,c\ld ,madison tell u m pla9ly t ! ^w 8conv5tions10 :i* he & 8 associates wrote into ! ,sev5? & :i* he wrote into ! ,fif? ,article1 means 8! express au?ority ( ! p08 ,c any support] ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t f9d any /atem5t f ,madison 9 :i* he tells u 8 ^w 8legislatures0 means :at he has j told u 8 ^w 8conv5tions0 means8 ,&1 :5 8conv5tions0 meant ! 8express au?ority ( ! p0 be=e ! ,fif? or ,sev5? ,articles 7 writt51 h[ c\ld ! m5tion ( 8conv5tions0 9 ! ,fif? imply a grant f ! 8conv5tions0 to ! 8conv5tions08 ,:y n admit ! simple tru? ov]look$ = ! pa/ five ye>s8 ,! respective m5tions ( 8,congress10 ( 8conv5tions0 & ( /ate 8legislatures0 9 ! ,fif? ,article speak pla9ly ( ea* body respectively do+ some?+ :i* x c\ld d if !re 7 no ,fif? ,article4 ,if !re 7 no ,fif? ,article1 c\ld n ,congress draft an ,article & propose x & propose a mode ( ratification8 ,philadelphia did all ^! ?+s & knew & /at$ t x ex]cis$ no p[] 9 do+ any ( !m4 ,! m5tion ( ,congress implies no 8grant40 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a comm& :i* prev5ts ! re/ ( u f mak+ su* proposals & prev5ts 8conv5tions0 or /ate 8legislatures0 f mak+ ,articles1 )9 _! respective abilities1 unless propos$ to !m by 8two ?irds ( bo? h\ses ( ,congress40 ,if !re 7 no ,fif? ,article1 c\ld n 8conv5tions0 make any k9d ( an article1 z !y _h made ! ,national ,articles ( #aggf & z !y 7 mak+ ! ,articles ( #aghg8 ,! m5tion ( 8conv5tions0 implies no grant4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a comm& tell+ ! 8conv5tions0 t a 8,yes0 f ?ree f\r?s ( ! 8conv5tions0 %all be necess>y & suffici5t = 8con/itutional0 ex]cise ( ! p[] !y h4 ,x is a great security = human fre$om4 ,x makes v difficult oppression ( ! p by ! p4 ,if !re 7 no ,fif? ,article1 c\ld n /ate 8legislatures0 make decl>atory or f$]al ,articles1 :i* nei!r ex]cise nor create p[] to int]f]e ) human individual fre$om8 ,!y _h1 9 #agha1 made an entire con/itution ( ,articles ( t k9d4 ,! m5tion ( 8legislatures0 implies no 8grant40 ,on ! contr>y x is a comm& to ^! 8legislatures10 repres5t+ ! memb]s ( ! union ( /ates4 ,! comm& comes f ! sup]iors ( ! /ates1 ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! :ole ,am]ican p4 ,x is n ! only comm& :i* ! 8conv5tions0 ( t "o p made to ! /ates & _! 8legislatures40 ,h[ absurd to imply f t comm& t x is a 8grant0 ( p[] to ^? comm&$ gov]nm5ts1 giv+ !m omnipot5ce ov] e human fre$om ( ! ,am]ican p :o made ! comm&6 ,we "k :at ,madison told ! ,am]icans 9 ! 8conv5tions10 :5 he ask$ !m to make 8 ,fif? ,article4 ,he told !m t x 0 a 8mode ( proc$ure0 9 :i* ei!r ! g5]al gov]nm5t or ! /ate gov]nm5ts c\ld orig9ate1 by proposal1 ! introduction ( *anges into ! ,con/itution :i* is bo? national & f$]al4 ,he po9t$ly did n tell ^? ,am]icans t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 ( any ability to ! /ate gov]nm5ts to make national ,articles & he po9t$ly did n tell !m t x is a 8grant0 ( ability to anyone to make any ,articles4 ,:y !n 0 x necess>y = ! lead+ brief1 9 support ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 to add to ,madison's explanation ( 8 own ,fif? ,article 7! explanation t x 0 a 8mode ( proc$ure07 ! absurd /atem5t t x 0 a 8grant0 f ! 8conv5tions0 to ! 8conv5tions0 & ! /ate legislatures ( p[] to make ,am5dm5ts8 ,:y !n 0 x necess>y t ?is brief1 speak+ ( ! ,fif? ,article1 %\ld say3 8,! p ?us orda9$ ! mode ( ,am5dm5t10 exactly :at ,madison said1 8& 9 _! own int]e/ !y e/abli%$ ?is p[] ( ,am5dm5t0--exactly :at ,madison po9t$ly omitt$ to /ate to ! ,am]icans he ask$ to make ! ,fif? ,article8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,)\t add+ to ! ,madison /atem5t :at he po9t$ly omitt$ to /ate1 )\t /at+ ! addition z axiomatic1 ,hughes c\ld n ev5 beg9 any argum5t = ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,! /atem5t :i* ,hughes adds to t ( ,madison is a /atem5t :i* flatly contradicts ev]y?+ we h he>d 9 ! 8conv5tions40 ,x flatly contradicts ev]y?+ ! ,am]icans did f #agge on4 ,x flatly contradicts ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t decl>ation t ! ,fif? ,article gives no p[] :atev] to ! /ates or _! gov]nm5ts4 ,! add$ /atem5t is %e] 8nons5se10 assum$ & ass]t$ z axiomatic fact4 ,&1 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 h[ has e argum5t aga9/ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t met ! 8nons5se0 ( ! assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant80 ,9 no way at all1 except by assum+ & ass]t+ ! same 8nons5se10 & by !n und]tak+ to prove ano!r absurdity1 namely1 t ! ,fif? ,article does n relate to ! mak+ ( fundam5tal *anges because ! imag9>y 8grant0 is limit$ 9 ext5t & does n include p[] to take away f ! importance ( ! respective political entities :i* are ! /ates4 ,let no ,am]ican citiz5 make any mi/ake z to ?is "o fact4 ,9 no argum5t ei!r = or aga9/ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t has !re be5 any *all5ge to ! %e] assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 ( ability to make *anges 9 ! ,con/itution :i* is bo? f$]al & national4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 e argum5t1 ! f\ndation ( ev]y?+ ass]t$ & urg$ is t v assumption4 ,9 e argum5t aga9/ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 possible *anges 9 ! ,con/itution 7:i* is bo? f$]al & national7 h be5 divid$ into two classes1 b n into ! f$]al class & ! national class4 ,x has be5 inv>iably cont5d$ t ! fir/ class include ^? :i* c be made "u ! imag9>y 8grant0 ( p[] 9 ! ,fif? ,article & 9 ! mode ( proc$ure !re9 prescrib$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 inv>iably cont5d$ t ! o!r class includes ^? :i* _c be made "u t imag9>y 8grant0 or 9 any ,,con/itutional proc$ure because !y take away f ! citiz5s ( a /ate _! "r to gov]n !mselves4 ,all argum5ts alike1 :e!r = or aga9/ ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 h :olly ignor$ ! fact t ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 = ! protection ( ! individual lib]ty ( ! "o ,am]ican p1 ,,9 ,,t ,,"*1 e/abli%$ ! ,con/itution & made x ! supreme law ov] ! citiz5s ( ! respective /ates & ! /ates !mselves & ! /ate gov]nm5ts & ! league ( ! /ates1 :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica cont9u$ z subord9ate to _! nation ( m54 ,= ?is reason probably1 no argum5t1 on ei!r side1 has ev] recogniz$ ! id5tity ( ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,sev5? ,article ) ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article4 ,= ?is reason probably1 no argum5t has ev] recogniz$ ! id5tity ( bo? 8conv5tions0 ) ! mo/ important factor & res]vee 9 ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 8! p0 ( ,am]ica1 z di/+ui%$ f ! less] res]vees1 ! peoples or citiz5s ( ea* /ate1 8! /ates respectively40 ,x is ?is v failure to recognize ?is id5tity :i* has =c$ ! oppon5ts ( ! new ,am5dm5t into ! 8nons5se0 ( assum+ & ass]t+1 ) _! adv]s>ies1 t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 to ! 8conv5tions0 & ! /ate 8legislatures40 ,if !re _h n be5 ?is failure1 ev]yone w\ld h recogniz$ t ! 8conv5tions10 :i* made ! ,con/itution1 nei!r c\ld nor did 8grant0 to !mselves1 ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 any or all ( ! v p[] :i* !y 7 !n ex]cis+4 ,! 8nons5se0 ( ! concept ( su* a 8grant0 is pat5t once !re is recogniz$ ! id5tity betwe5 ! 8conv5tions0 ) ! mo/ important res]vee ( ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t1 ! "o ,am]ican p ( ,m>%all4 ,we all "k t1 = five ye>s1 t id5tity has nev] be5 kn[n or m5tion$4 ,! failure to "k or to m5tion x has be5 emphasiz$ by ! occasional ref]5ces to 8conv5tions0 :i* h be5 made4 ,9 "o or two argum5ts1 !re has be5 pass+ attempt to support ! 8nons5se10 t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant10 b a 8grant0 limit$ 9 ext5t1 by a sugge/ion t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t c\ld be 8graft$0 on ! ,con/itution entirely outside ( any mode ( proc$ure m5tion$ 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 t x c\ld be 8graft$0 on ! ,con/itution by 8conv5tions0 ( ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate1 provid$ t ! citiz5s ( e /ate gave _! cons5t4 ,9 ^! sugge/ions1 we ourselves1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 ! :ole ,am]ican p ( ,m>%all1 h figur$ n at all4 ,we1 :o are ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 mu/ n[ realize ! vital importance to our p]sonal lib]ty ( our own k t we are citiz5s ( ,am]ica z well z citiz5s ( "s p>ticul> /ate4 ,wilson po9t$ out to ! ,am]icans 9 ! ,p5nsylvania conv5tion ! dual capacity ( ! ,am]ican1 if ! new ,con/itution 7 adopt$4 ,we rememb] 8 /atem5t t 8x 0 necess>y to obs]ve ! two-fold relation 9 :i* ! p w\ld /&--fir/ z citiz5s ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t &1 secondly1 z citiz5s ( _! p>ticul> /ate4 ,! g5]al gov]nm5t 0 meant = !m 9 ! fir/ capacity2 ! /ate gov]nm5ts 9 ! second4 ,bo? gov]nm5ts 7 d]iv$ f ! p2 bo? meant = ! p2 bo? !re=e ought to be regulat$ on ! same pr9ciples40 ,& we rememb] ! "o mo/ important ,am]ican pr9ciple1 t e gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica mu/ get1 directly f its own citiz5s1 e p[] to int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om4 ,we _c help contra/+ ! accurate /atem5t ( ,wilson1 89 ?is ,con/itution ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica appe> disp5s+ a portion ( _! p[]10 ) :at mu/ be ! mod]n /atem5t1 if ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is 9 ! ,con/itution1 namely1 89 ?is ,con/itution ! /ate gov]nm5ts appe> disp5s+ to !mselves & to ! national gov]nm5t ano!r portion ( ! p[] ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica40 ,&1 if t mod]n /atem5t is 8nons5se10 :at else b 8nons5se0 are ! argum5ts :i* rely ^u its tru? or :i* d n po9t out its absurdity8 ,:at action ( our public lead]s1 ev5 9 ?is ye> #aibc1 does n disclose t !y /ill h ! ,tory concept t /ates & _! gov]nm5ts1 bo? ( :i* are political entities1 c ex]cise or grant p[] :i* ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t expressly decl>es t ! ,am]ican citiz5s res]v$ exclusively to !mselves1 & :i* ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ev5 z late z #aijg1 cle>ly held 8c\ld be ex]cis$ only by !m or ^u fur!r grant f !m80 ,no disc]n+ ,am]ican has fail$ to note t ! ,s5ate /ill cl+s to ! delusion ( #aiag1 t /ates & _! citiz5s & _! gov]nm5ts h any?+ :atev] to d ) ! national "p ( ! ,con/itution ( ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ! newspap]s1 on ,janu>y #cj1 #aibc1 "u ! head+1 8,favor ,new ,def5se = ,con/itution10 appe>$ a dispat* f ,wa%+ton4 ,x told h[ ! s5ators on ! ,judici>y ,sub-,committee _h agre$ to report favorably a proposal aga9 to am5d ! ,con/itution by *ang+ ! language ( ! ,fif? ,article4 ,& ! ma9 elem5t ( ! propos$ *ange is to provide t any /ate may require t ratification by its legislature be subject to confirmation by popul> vote ( ! citiz5s ( t /ate4 ,! citiz5s ( ea* /ate make _! own ,con/itution4 ,9 x1 !y give to _! own gov]nm5t :at ability !y please to int]f]e ) _! own individual fre$om4 ,:at h ! citiz5s ( any ,/ate1 :at h ! citiz5s ( e /ate1 9 _! capacity z /ate citiz5s1 to d ) grants ( p[] to ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t to int]f]e ) ! individual lib]ty ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s8 ,h n ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 9 e /ate1 protection aga9/ grants ( su* p[] to ! "o gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican p except by ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica !mselves1 9 t "*8 ,is !re any?+ 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 z x 0 writt5 by ,madison & made by ! "o ,am]ican p1 :i* p]mits any /ate gov]nm5ts--:i* h no p[] ev5 ov] _! own respective citiz5s except by grant f !m--to ex]cise or create new gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) ! lib]ty ( ! citiz5s ( ! di/9ct & supreme nation1 ,am]ica8 ,:y p]si/5tly & insi/5tly ignore ! basic ,am]ican legal pr9ciple t e /ate gov]nm5t mu/ get its own p[] ov] its own citiz5s f !m & t ! only gov]nm5t ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s mu/ get its e national 7z di/+ui%$ f f$]al7 p[] directly f ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica1 assembl$ 9 ! 8conv5tions0 nam$ 9 ! ,fif? ,article8 ,is !re any d\bt t ,madison1 :o wrote ! ,fif? ,article1 knew :om its ^w 8conv5tions0 describ$8 ,:5 he ask$ ! "o ,am]ican p to make ! entire ,con/itution1 ?is is :at he told !m ab\t ! ,sev5? ,article1 9 :i* ! same ^w 8conv5tions0 0 us$3 8,?is ,article speaks = itself4 ,! express au?ority ( ! p alone c\ld give due validity to ! ,con/itution40 ,if ! ,sev5? ,article 8speaks = itself0 & po9ts out t 8! p alone0 are to make ! ,con/itution1 ) its grants ( national p[] 9 ! ,fir/ ,article1 :at ^w 9 t ,sev5? ,article id5tifies ! mak]s ( ! ,con/itution1 :i* ,madison & all ,am]icans "k 0 made by ! "o p ( ,am]ica8 ,is !re any ^w 9 x except ! "o ^w 8conv5tions0 to describe ! p or citiz5s ( ,am]ica8 ,& if t "o ^w 8conv5tions0 makes ! ,article speak = itself & tell u t ! ,am]ican citiz5s !mselves made ! :ole ,con/itution1 does n ! ^w 8conv5tions0 9 ! ,fif? ,article speak j z pla9ly = itself & tell u t x also describes & id5tifies ! "o p ( ,am]ica1 ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica8 ,:y !n t9k] ) ! ,fif? ,article & repeat ! monum5tal error on :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is assum$8 ,:y propose an ,am5dm5t to ! ,fif? ,article1 :i* ,am5dm5t w itself assume t ! ,fif? ,article already is a 8grant0 to ! /ate legislatures ( ability to give away f ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica _! exclusive p[] to say to :at ext5t & 9 :at matt]s _! "o ,am]ican gov]nm5t may int]f]e ) _! individual fre$om 9 _! "* z ,am]ican citiz5s8 ,:y n be sane & admit t ! ,fif? ,article is n a 8grant0 to ! legislatures ( /ate citiz5s8 ,x is settl$ fact t ea* su* legislature1 l e legislature 9 ,am]ica1 mu/ get its e p[] to gov]n its own citiz5s f its own citiz5s4 ,t is :y ! ,f\r? ,article gu>antee ( 8a ,republican ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t0 to e /ate has taught u 7pp4 #bej-a7 ! absurdity ( ! ?\ght t ! ,fif? ,article enables /ate gov]nm5ts outside ,rhode ,isl& to give its gov]nm5t p[] to int]f]e ) ! individual fre$om ( citiz5s ( ,rhode ,isl&4 ,& !re is a fur!r & m monum5tal absurdity1 9 ?is same respect1 :5 we contra/ ?is ,f\r? ,article gu>antee ) ! assumption t ! ,fif? ,article is a 8grant0 to ! /ate legislatures4 ,"o ( ! great purposes = :i* ! :ole ,am]ican p made !mselves "o nation ( m5 0 t ! /r5g? ( su* a great nation might be us$ to secure to ! ,am]icans 9 e /ate ! ability to gov]n !mselves )\t any int]f]5ce f outside ! /ate1 9 all matt]s except ^? 9 :i* ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica took f !m ! ability to gov]n !mselves4 ,t is :y ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica wrote t gu>antee into ! ,f\r? ,article z a comm& to _! inf]iors1 ! /ates & ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,hav+ ?us secur$ 8a ,republican ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t0 to ! ,am]icans 9 e /ate by ! comm& ( ! ,f\r? ,article1 is x conceivable t ! same :ole ,am]ican p1 imm$iately !reaft] & 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 creat$ = ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica a gov]nm5t :i* has n ev5 ! semblance ( 8a ,republican ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t08 ,t is ! concept on :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t dep5ds4 ,x is n 9 ! ,con/itution unless1 imm$iately aft] ! gu>antee ( ! ,f\r? ,article & 9 ! ,fif? ,article1 ! :ole p ( ,am]ica said3 8,we h j insi/$ t ! ,am]icans 9 ea* /ate mu/ be gov]n$ by a gov]nm5t :i* gets its p[] directly f !m4 ,= ourselves1 h[ev]1 z ! :ole ,am]ican p1 we are cont5t to let two ?irds ( ,congress & ! legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ates int]f]e ) our individual fre$om1 9 all matt]s :atsoev]4 ,= t reason1 we make ?is grant to ^? legislatures4 ,= ourselves1 z "o p1 we h no desire = a ,republican ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t40 ,does n ! claim t ! ,am]icans did say ?is 9 _! ,fif? ,article entitle u m ju/ly ?an ,h5ry to exclaim3 8,i suppose t ,i am mad1 or t my c\ntrym5 are s60 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #ddf47 ,we "k1 ) c]ta9ty1 t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is n 9 our ,con/itution1 & we "k t ! real & inv9cible *all5ge to its exi/5ce has nev] be5 made4 ,:at w be ! epitaph ( ! audaci\s attempt ( gov]nm5t to dictate to ,am]icans z 8subjects10 :5 ! *all5ge is pres5t$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt8 ,no patriotic ,am]ican c h ! slighte/ d\bt4 ,no man1 famili> ) its hi/ory & traditions1 c fail to "k ! answ] ( t ,c\rt to ! "q1 8,citiz5 or ,subject80 ,x is n unkn[n t !re is gr[+ up 9 ,am]ica1 ev5 among _m public lead]s & lawy]s1 an unf\nd$ concept t ! ,supreme ,c\rt 0 creat$ by ! ,am]ican citiz5s to make law4 ,su* concept is q 9 accord ) ! concept--inde$ x is "p ( ! concept--t gov]nm5t c create & con/itute new gov]nm5t ( m54 ,b ! entire hi/ory & tradition ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt flatly d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any su* concept 9 ! m9d ( ! ,c\rt itself4 ,ev5 9 ! ,national ,prohibition ,cases1 ! ,c\rt quickly display$ ! ,am]ican concept ( ! relation ( m5 to all gov]nm5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,:5 ! lawy]s _h f9i%$ _! incessant talk ab\t ! imag9>y ,fif? ,article 8grant0 :i* w\ld make all ,am]ican citiz5s 8subjects0 ( "s gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s1 _h ! ,tory concept ( su* a grant made ! slighte/ impression ^u ! m9d ( ! ,c\rt8 ,we all "k t 9 ! decisions1 :i* m]ely negativ$ f\r uns\nd *all5ges to ! ,am5dm5t1 ! fir/ /atem5t ( ! ,c\rt 0 a ref]5ce to ! p[] 8,,res]v$0 9 ! ,fif? ,article4 ,& we "k h[1 9 ! same litigations1 ! ,c\rt :olly ignor$ ! absurd claim1 ev5 :5 advanc$ by a =m] ju/ice ( ! ,c\rt1 t1 :5 gov]nm5ts _h attempt$ to put any?+ into our ,con/itution1 s long z ! attempt did n involve *ang+ ! numb] ( s5ators f a /ate1 ! ,c\rt 0 )\t p[] to review ! action ( gov]nm5ts or to protect ! ,am]ican citiz5 aga9/ usurpation by gov]nm5t4 ,! ,con/itution is n only ! same 9 words1 b ! same 9 mean+1 & delegates ! same p[]s to ! gov]nm5t1 & res]ves & secures ! same rights & privileges to ! citiz51 & z long z x cont9ues to exi/ 9 its pres5t =m1 x speaks n only 9 ! same words1 b ) ! same mean+ & int5t ) :i* x spoke :5 x came f ! h&s ( its fram]s & 0 vot$ on & adopt$ by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,any o!r rule ( con/ruction w\ld abrogate ! judicial "* ( ! ,c\rt1 & make x ! m]e reflex ( ! popul> op9ion or passion ( ! day4 ,?is ,c\rt 0 n creat$ by ! ,con/itution = su* purposes4 ,high] & grav] tru/s h be5 confid$ to x1 & x mu/ n falt] 9 ! pa? ( duty4 7,scott v4 ,s&=d1 #ai ,h[4 #cic1 at p4 #dbf47 ,! high p[] has be5 conf]r$ ^u ?is ,c\rt ( pass+ judgm5t ^u ! acts ( ! /ate sov]eignties & ( ! legislative & executive bran*es ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 ( det]m9+ :e!r !y are beyond ! limits ( p[] m>k$ out = !m respectively by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,lu!r v4 ,bord51 #ahdi1 #g ,h[4 #a at p4 #dg47 ,! ,c\rt w nev] be call$ ^u to ex]cise a high] or grav] tru/ ?an to answ] ! "q 8,citiz5 or ,subject801 :5 ! real *all5ge is made to ! new attempt$ con/itution ( gov]nm5t ( m5 entirely by gov]nm5t4 ,! ,c\rt is n unaw>e t ! :ole ,am]ican p e/abli%$ _! ,con/itution = ! "o purpose ( protect+ individual lib]ty4 ,! simple1 classical1 precise1 yet compreh5sive language 9 :i* x is c\*$1 leaves1 at mo/1 b v little latitude = con/ruction2 & :5 its int5t & mean+ is discov]$1 no?+ rema9s b to execute ! w ( ^? :o made x1 9 ! be/ mann] to effect ! purposes int5d$4 ,! great & p>am\nt purpose 0 to unite ?is mass ( weal? & p[]1 = ! protection ( ! humble/ individual2 8 rights1 civil & political1 8 int]e/s & prosp]ity1 are ! sole end2 ! re/ are no?+ b ! means4 7,ju/ice ,johnson1 ,gibbons v4 ,ogd51 #i ,:eat4 #a1 at p4 #bbc47 ,nor w anyone famili> ) ! unbrok5 tradition ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt li/51 ) aught b m+l$ incr$ulity & indignation1 to ! sugge/ion t ! ,c\rt itself has n always und]/ood t x is itself b a "p ( ! limit$ gov]nm5t ( ! "o ,am]ican p1 creat$ by t p z "o means to t sole end4 8,x is emphatically ! prov9ce & duty ( ! ,judici>y ,dep>tm5t to say :at ! law is40 ,?is is ! cle> /atem5t ( ,m>%all 9 ,m>bury v4 ,madison1 #a ,cran*4 #acg1 decl>+ uncon/itutional a section ( an act ( ,congress1 :i* _h be5 pass$ at ! fir/ session 9 #aghi4 ,! entire ,b5* & ,b> ( ,am]ica1 includ+ ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 = f\rte5 ye>s1 _h practic$ on ! assumption t ! section 0 con/itutional4 ,yet 9 #ahjc1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt decl>$ x to be uncon/itutional4 ,no?+ c\ld m cle>ly e/abli% ! k ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt t no cont9u$ ?\ght 7ev5 by ! ,c\rt itself71 t any comm& ( legislatures is valid1 w ev] bl9d ! ,c\rt to its b\nd5 duty to ann\nce ! fact t ! comm& 0 made )\t au?ority f ! p1 :5 t fact is once made cle> to ! ,c\rt4 ,exactly ! same attitude 0 tak5 by ! ,c\rt 9 relation to an income tax & a f$]al limitation on a national p[] giv5 to impose direct taxation4 ,:5 t f$]al limitation 0 impos$ x 0 aim$ only at taxation on l& & at :at 7 !n kn[n z 8poll0 or 8capitation0 taxes4 ,9 ! days ( ! 8conv5tions0 :]e we h sat1 all o!r k9ds ( taxation 7 deem$ to be indirect taxation4 ,9 ! v e>ly days ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ?is k ( ! 8conv5tion0 days 0 e*o$ 9 decisions :i*1 on t gr\nd1 held t c]ta9 taxes1 :i* today might be reg>d$ z direct taxation1 7 n )9 ! f$]al limitation z to apportionm5t ( direct taxes among ! /ates4 ,among ^? taxes1 ^? impos$ )\t apportionm5t1 7 a tax on c>riages & receipts ( insurance companies & on ! inh]itance ( real e/ate4 ,ev5 z late z ! days ( ! ,civil ,w>1 :5 a tax 0 impos$ ^u incomes & )\t apportionm5t among /ates1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt held t su* tax 0 n a direct tax )9 ! mean+ ( 8direct tax0 to ^? :o impos$ ! f$]al limitation4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ! income tax law ( #ahid _h be5 enact$1 its oppon5ts aga9 c>ri$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ! claim t x violat$ ! f$]al limitation on ! p[] ( direct taxation1 because x did n apportion ! tax among ! /ates4 ,& ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 by a divid$ vote & on ! gr\nd t a tax on ! income f l& 0 a tax on ! l& itself & consequ5tly a direct tax1 held ! ,income ,tax ,law ( #ahid to be void4 ,x 0 by reason ( ?is decision t ! ,sixte5? ,am5dm5t 0 propos$ & adopt$1 mak+ ! f$]al *ange 9 ! ,con/itution t lift$ ! f$]al limitation f ! national p[] ( direct taxation ins(> z a tax on incomes 0 conc]n$4 ,9 ^! decisions1 z 9 ! _m o!rs :i* h foll[$ ! same cle> ,am]ican concept ( duty & p[]1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt has always kn[n & foll[$ ! reason /at$ by ,hamilton = its exi/5ce z "p ( ! limit$ gov]nm5t ( ! "o ,am]ican p4 ,9 ,f$]ali/1 ,nos4 #gh & #ha1 appeal+ to ! ,am]icans to make ! ,con/itution1 ,hamilton po9ts out t ! ,con/itution does n au?orize ! ,supreme ,c\rt to ex]cise its w to make ! law :at ! ,c\rt ?9ks x ought to be1 b does impose ^u ! ,c\rt ! duty ( ex]cis+ its judgm5t to asc]ta9 :at ! law has be5 made by ^? compet5t to make x4 ,& !n he po9ts out t ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 ?is ,con/itution ( a self-gov]n+ p1 is made ! great bulw>k ( ! p aga9/ legislative encroa*m5t ^u ! rights or p[]s ( ! p res]v$ to !mselves4 ,?is k ( ,hamilton has be5 ! k ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt f its in/itution4 ,x has be5 reit]at$ & expla9$ & exp\nd$ 9 t ,c\rt f ! days ( ,m>%all to our own day4 ,x has become "p & p>cel ( ! great traditions ( t ,c\rt1 :i* are ! f\ndation ( ! great respect :i* ! av]age ,am]ican citiz5 pays to its decisions & its au?ority z 8 own great protection aga9/ usurpation ( p[] by o!r dep>tm5ts ( 8 v>i\s gov]nm5ts4 ,& s ! av]age ,am]ican citiz5 w look =w>d ) c]ta9ty to ! decision ( t ,c\rt :5 ! real *all5ge is made to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t by an ,am]ican :o does "k & ass]t ! pla9 facts :i* mean t ei!r !re is no ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t or !re nev] has be5 an ,am]ican citiz54 ,x is simple fact t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 t gov]nm5t-made con/itution ( gov]nm5t ( m51 is absolutely incompatible ) ! exi/5ce ( a citiz5 ( ,am]ica4 ,x is simple fact t ! ,fif? ,article did n grant to /ate gov]nm5ts or to any gov]nm5ts ! ability to make ,articles l ! ,fir/ ,article or ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 or else ! ,fif? ,article made all ,am]icans 8subjects0 ( a "p ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 ) omnipot5t ability 9 ^? gov]nm5ts to legislate = ,am]icans 89 all matt]s :atsoev]40 ,& x is simple fact t ! ,supreme ,c\rt mu/ & w--:5 ! real *all5ge is at la/ made--decide t ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is n 9 ! national "p ( ! ,am]ican ,con/itution because x 0 made by gov]nm5ts & n by ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,fif? ,article4 ,o!rwise1 9 ! face ( hi/ory1 9 ! face ( ! record ( ! 8conv5tions0 ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 & 9 ! face ( all t ! ,supreme ,c\rt has hi!rto decid$1 ! ,c\rt mu/ decide t ! ,am]ican citiz5 has nev] exi/$4 ,! possibility t !re %\ld be su* a decision is absolutely beyond conception4 ,:at ! decision w be 0 long ago =e%ad[$ & =eca/ by ,daniel ,web/]4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem z if ,web/] _h he>d ! ,%epp>d claim t ! /ates made ! ,con/itution & t ! /ates _h !n agre$ betwe5 !mselves t ! gov]nm5ts ( ?irty-six ( ! /ates1 9 comb9ation1 c\ld comm& ! ,am]ican citiz5 9 any matt] ( 8 individual fre$om4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem z if ,web/] _h he>d ,hughes d5y1 :ile 8 associate lawy]s = ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t /ill ass]t$ ) ,%epp>d1 t ! ,con/itution 0 a compact betwe5 /ates & !n _h he>d !m all insi/ t ! ,fif? ,article 0 a 8grant0 :i* made ?irty-six gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s an omnipot5t ,p>liam5t ov] all citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 8,:5 ! g5tleman says1 ! ,con/itution is a compact betwe5 ! /ates1 he uses language exactly applicable to ! old ,conf$]ation4 ,he speaks z if he 7 9 ,congress be=e #aghi4 ,he describes fully t old /ate ( ?+s !n exi/+4 ,! ,conf$]ation 01 9 /rictness1 a compact2 ! /ates1 z /ates1 7 p>ties to x4 ,we _h no o!r g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,b t 0 f\nd insuffici5t1 & inadequate to ! public exig5cies4 ,! p 7 n satisfi$ ) x1 & und]took to e/abli% a bett]4 ,!y und]took to =m a g5]al gov]nm5t :i* w\ld /& on a new basis--n a conf$]acy1 n a league1 n a compact betwe5 /ates1 b a con/itution2 a popul> gov]nm5t1 f\nd$ 9 popul> election1 directly responsible to ! p !mselves1 & divid$ into bran*es1 ) prescrib$ limits ( p[]1 & prescrib$ duties4 ,!y orda9$ su* a gov]nm5t2 !y gave x ! "n ( a con/itution2 & !re9 !y e/abli%$ a di/ribution ( p[]s betwe5 ?is1 _! g5]al gov]nm5t1 & _! sev]al /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,:5 !y %all h become dissatisfi$ ) ?is di/ribution1 !y c alt] x4 ,_! own p[] ov] _! own in/rum5t rema9s4 ,b until !y %all alt] x1 x mu/ /& z _! w1 & is equally b9d+ on ! g5]al gov]nm5t & on ! /ates40 7,web/]'s conclud+ rem>ks 9 ! reply to ,hayne1 #d ,ell4 ,deb4 #eah47 ,is n ! same doctr9e c]ta9 f ! ,c\rt :i* knew ! :ole ,con/itution s well t x decid$1 9 ! important case ( ,b>ron v4 ,mayor ( ,baltimore1 supra1 p4 #cgf1 t ! entire ,con/itution gave no p[] ( any k9d to ! /ate gov]nm5ts8 ,is n ! same doctr9e c]ta9 f ! ,c\rt :i* held3 ,! p[]s ! p h giv5 to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t are nam$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 & all n !re nam$1 ei!r expressly or by implication1 are res]v$ to ! p1 & c be ex]cis$ only by !m1 or ^u fur!r grant f !m4 7,turn] v4 ,williams1 #aid ,u4 ,s4 #bgi at #bif47 ,:5 ! real *all5ge to ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t is pres5t$ be=e t ,c\rt1 x w be necess>y = ! def5d]s ( ! ,am5dm5t to ab&on ! disguise 9 :i* !y attempt to conceal ! real nature ( _! ,tory concept4 ,no "o ( !m has be5 bold en\gh to /ate 9 words ! real claim ab\t ! ,fif? ,article4 ,t real claim is t ! ,article is a 8grant0 & t ! 8grant0 gives to ?irty-six gov]nm5ts ( /ate citiz5s unre/rict$ ability to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 on e subject enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article & on e subject n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,t is n ! way any def5d] ( ! ,am5dm5t /ates 8 claim4 ,x is always /at$ t ^? ?irty-six gov]nm5ts c *ange ! ,con/itution by putt+ into x any?+ :i* ! ,am]ican citiz5s1 assembl$ 9 _! 8conv5tions10 c put into x4 ,our education ) ! ,am]icans 9 ! 8conv5tions0 has taught u t bo? /atem5ts are exactly ! same /atem5t4 ,if ! ?irty-six /ate gov]nm5ts c make ! comm& to ! ,am]ican citiz5s :i* is embodi$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,section ( ! ,eighte5? ,am5dm5t1 by putt+ t comm& into ! national "p ( our ,con/itution1 any ?irty-six /ate legislatures c make any comm& to ! ,am]ican citiz5s on any subject enum]at$ or n enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,article4 ,! claim1 t ! ,fif? ,article 8grants0 to ! ?irty-six /ate gov]nm5ts ! "r to put ! comm& 9 ! ,con/itution1 is id5tical ) ! claim t ! ,fif? ,article 8grants0 to ! /ate gov]nm5ts ! "r to make ! comm& to ! citiz5s ( ,am]ica4 ,a legislative comm& to human be+s1 int]f]+ ) _! individual fre$om1 is a legislative comm& by :atev] "n x may be call$4 ,m]e omission to call a legislative comm& by ! usual names1 an 8,act0 or 8,/atute10 _c alt] its ess5tial nature4 ,f ,june #ba/1 #aghh1 ! bir?day ( ! ,am]ican nation ( m51 !re has be5 b "o possible answ] to ! "q :i* is ! title ( ?is book4 ,t "o answ] 0 kn[n to ev]yone 9 ! 8conv5tions0 :i* made ! ,fif? ,article4 ,! ,am]icans 9 ^? conv5tions all knew t !y 7 becom+ 8citiz5s0 ( ,am]ica1 n 8subjects0 ( any gov]nm5ts4 ,!y knew t !y 7 disp5s+ "p ( ! p[] ( ! ,am]ican citiz5s to ,congress 9 ! ,fir/ ,article2 & t ! re/ ( t p[] !y 7 res]v+ to !mselves4 ,!y knew t !y 7 giv+ no p[] :atev] to ! /ate gov]nm5ts ) :om !y nev] deal except to comm& ^? gov]nm5ts4 ,t is :y ,p5dleton1 9 ! ,virg9ia conv5tion1 made 8 /atem5t ( fact 9 ! oratorical =m ( a "q1 because ! "o answ] to ! "q 0 kn[n & 8felt & ackn[l$g$ by all40 ,8 /atem5t ( fact1 made 9 ! oratorical =m ( a "q1 is1 9 sub/ance1 exactly ! title ( ?is book3 8,:o b ! p c delegate p[]s8444 ,:at h ! /ate gov]nm5ts to d ) x80 7#c ,ell4 ,deb4 #cg47 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,i ,,! ,,orig9al ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,we ! ,p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,ord] to =m a m p]fect ,union1 e/abli% ,ju/ice1 insure dome/ic ,tranquility1 provide = ! common def5ce1 promote ! g5]al ,welf>e1 & secure ! ,bless+s ( ,lib]ty to ourselves & our ,po/]ity1 d orda9 & e/abli% ?is ,con/itution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,article4 ,i4 ,section1 #a4 ,all legislative ,p[]s h]e9 grant$ %all be ve/$ 9 a ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all consi/ ( a ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,section4 #b4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all be compos$ ( ,memb]s *os5 e second ,ye> by ! ,p ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 & ! ,electors 9 ea* ,/ate %all h ! ,qualifications requisite = ,electors ( ! mo/ num]\s ,bran* ( ! ,/ate ,legislature4 ,no ,p]son %all be a ,repres5tative :o %all n h atta9$ to ! ,age ( tw5ty five ,ye>s1 & be5 sev5 ,ye>s a ,citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :o %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an ,inhabitant ( t ,/ate 9 :i* he %all be *os54 ,repres5tatives & direct ,taxes %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al ,/ates :i* may be includ$ )9 ?is ,union1 accord+ to _! respective ,numb]s1 :i* %all be det]m9$ by add+ to ! :ole ,numb] ( free ,p]sons1 includ+ ^? b\nd to ,s]vice = a ,t]m ( ,ye>s1 & exclud+ ,indians n tax$1 ?ree fif?s ( all o!r ,p]sons4 ,! actual ,enum]ation %all be made )9 ?ree ,ye>s aft] ! fir/ ,meet+ ( ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & )9 e subsequ5t ,t]m ( t5 ,ye>s1 9 su* ,mann] z !y %all by ,law direct4 ,! ,numb] ( ,repres5tatives %all n exce$ "o = e ?irty ,?\s&1 b ea* ,/ate %all h at ,lea/ "o ,repres5tative2 & until su* enum]ation %all be made1 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,hamp%ire %all be entitl$ to *use ?ree1 ,massa*usetts eight1 ,rhode-,isl& & ,provid5ce ,plantations "o1 ,connecticut five1 ,new-,york six1 ,new ,j]sey f\r1 ,p5nsylvania eight1 ,delaw>e "o1 ,m>yl& six1 ,virg9ia t51 ,nor? ,c>ol9a five1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a five1 & ,georgia ?ree4 ,:5 vacancies happ5 9 ! ,repres5tation f any ,/ate1 ! ,executive ,au?ority !re( %all issue ,writs ( ,election to fill su* ,vacancies4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all *use _! ,speak] & o!r ,(fic]s2 & %all h ! sole ,p[] ( ,impea*m5t4 ,section4 #c4 ,! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be compos$ ( two ,s5ators f ea* ,/ate1 *os5 by ! ,legislature !re(1 = six ,ye>s2 & ea* ,s5ator %all h "o ,vote4 ,imm$iately aft] !y %all be assembl$ 9 ,consequ5ce ( ! fir/ ,election1 !y %all be divid$ z equally z may be into ?ree ,classes4 ,! ,seats ( ! ,s5ators ( ! fir/ ,class %all be vacat$ at ! ,expiration ( ! second ,ye>1 ( ! second ,class at ! ,expiration ( ! f\r? ,ye>1 & ( ! ?ird ,class at ! ,expiration ( ! six? ,ye>1 s t "o ?ird may be *os5 e second ,ye>2 & if ,vacancies happ5 by ,resignation1 or o!rwise1 dur+ ! ,recess ( ! ,legislature ( any ,/ate1 ! ,executive !re( may make tempor>y ,appo9tm5ts until ! next ,meet+ ( ! ,legislature1 :i* %all !n fill su* ,vacancies4 ,no ,p]son %all be a ,s5ator :o %all n h atta9$ to ! ,age ( ?irty ,ye>s1 & be5 n9e ,ye>s a ,citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :o %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an ,inhabitant ( t ,/ate = :i* he %all be *os54 ,! ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 b %all h no ,vote1 unless !y be equally divid$4 ,! ,s5ate %all *use _! o!r ,(fic]s1 & also a ,presid5t pro tempore1 9 ! ,abs5ce ( ! ,vice ,presid5t1 or :5 he %all ex]cise ! ,(fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,s5ate %all h ! sole ,p[] to try all ,impea*m5ts4 ,:5 sitt+ = t ,purpose1 !y %all be on ,oa? or ,affirmation4 ,:5 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is tri$ ! ,*ief ,ju/ice %all preside3 ,& no ,p]son %all be convict$ )\t ! ,concurr5ce ( two ?irds ( ! ,memb]s pres5t4 ,judgm5t 9 ,cases ( ,impea*m5t %all n ext5d fur!r ?an to removal f ,(fice1 & disqualification to hold & enjoy any ,(fice ( honor1 ,tru/ or ,pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 b ! ,p>ty convict$ %all nev]!less be liable & subject to ,indictm5t1 ,trial1 ,judgm5t & ,puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,law4 ,section4 #d4 ,! ,times1 ,places & ,mann] ( hold+ ,elections = ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives1 %all be prescrib$ 9 ea* ,/ate by ! ,legislature !re(2 b ! ,congress may at any "t by ,law make or alt] su* ,regulations1 except z to ! ,places ( *us+ ,s5ators4 ,! ,congress %all assemble at lea/ once 9 e ,ye>1 & su* ,meet+ %all be on ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,decemb]1 unless !y %all by ,law appo9t a diff]5t ,day4 ,section4 #e4 ,ea* ,h\se %all be ! ,judge ( ! ,elections1 ,returns & ,qualifications ( its own ,memb]s1 & a ,majority ( ea* %all con/itute a ,quorum to d ,bus9ess2 b a small] ,numb] may adj\rn f day to day1 & may be au?oriz$ to compel ! ,att5dance ( abs5t ,memb]s1 9 su* ,mann]1 & "u su* ,p5alties z ea* ,h\se may provide4 ,ea* ,h\se may det]m9e ! ,rules ( its ,proce$+s1 puni% its ,memb]s = disord]ly ,behavi\r1 &1 ) ! ,concurr5ce ( two ?irds1 expel a ,memb]4 ,ea* ,h\se %all keep a ,j\rnal ( its ,proce$+s1 & f "t to "t publi% ! same1 except+ su* ,p>ts z may 9 _! ,judgm5t require ,secrecy2 & ! ,yeas & ,nays ( ! ,memb]s ( ei!r ,h\se on any "q %all1 at ! ,desire ( "o fif? ( ^? ,pres5t1 be ent]$ on ! ,j\rnal4 ,nei!r ,h\se1 dur+ ! ,session ( ,congress1 %all1 )\t ! ,cons5t ( ! o!r1 adj\rn = m ?an ?ree days1 nor to any o!r ,place ?an t 9 :i* ! two ,h\ses %all be sitt+4 ,section4 #f4 ,! ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives %all receive a ,comp5sation = _! ,s]vices1 to be asc]ta9$ by ,law1 & paid out ( ! ,treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y %all 9 all ,cases1 except ,treason1 ,felony & ,brea* ( ! ,peace1 be privileg$ f ,arre/ dur+ _! ,att5dance at ! ,session ( _! respective ,h\ses1 & 9 go+ to & return+ f ! same2 & = any ,spee* or ,debate 9 ei!r ,h\se1 !y %all n be que/ion$ 9 any o!r ,place4 ,no ,s5ator or ,repres5tative %all1 dur+ ! ,"t = :i* he 0 elect$1 be appo9t$ to any civil ,(fice "u ! ,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all h be5 creat$1 or ! ,emolum5ts :]e( %all h be5 encreas$ dur+ su* "t2 & no ,p]son hold+ any ,(fice "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be a ,memb] ( ei!r ,h\se dur+ 8 ,cont9uance 9 ,(fice4 ,section4 #g4 ,all ,bills = rais+ ,rev5ue %all orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 b ! ,s5ate may propose or concur ) ,am5dm5ts z on o!r ,bills4 ,e ,bill :i* %all h pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,s5ate1 %all1 be=e x become a ,law1 be pres5t$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,if he approve he %all sign x1 b if n he %all return x1 ) 8 ,objections to t ,h\se 9 :i* x %all h orig9at$1 :o %all ent] ! ,objections at l>ge on _! ,j\rnal1 & proce$ to reconsid] x4 ,if aft] su* ,reconsid]ation two ?irds ( t ,h\se %all agree to pass ! ,bill1 x %all be s5t1 toge!r ) ! ,objections1 to ! o!r ,h\se1 by :i* x %all likewise be reconsid]$1 & if approv$ by two ?irds ( t ,h\se1 x %all become a ,law4 ,b 9 all su* ,cases ! ,votes ( bo? ,h\ses %all be det]m9$ by yeas & ,nays1 & ! ,names ( ! ,p]sons vot+ = & aga9/ ! ,bill %all be ent]$ on ! ,j\rnal ( ea* ,h\se respectively4 ,if any ,bill %all n be return$ by ! ,presid5t )9 t5 ,days 7,sundays except$7 aft] x %all h be5 pres5t$ to him1 ! ,same %all be a ,law1 9 l ,mann] z if he _h sign$ x1 unless ! ,congress by _! ,adj\rnm5t prev5t its ,return1 9 :i* ,case x %all n be a ,law4 ,e ,ord]1 ,resolution1 or ,vote to :i* ! ,concurr5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives may be necess>y 7except on a "q ( ,adj\rnm5t7 %all be pres5t$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & be=e ! ,same %all take ,effect1 %all be approv$ by him1 or be+ disapprov$ by him1 %all be repass$ by two ?irds ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 accord+ to ! ,rules & ,limitations prescrib$ 9 ! ,case ( a ,bill4 ,section4 #h4 ,! ,congress %all h ,p[] ,to lay & collect ,taxes1 ,duties1 ,impo/s & ,excises1 to pay ! ,debts & provide = ! common ,def5ce & g5]al ,welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b all ,duties1 ,impo/s & ,excises %all be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,to borr[ ,money on ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,to regulate ,comm]ce ) =eign ,nations1 & among ! sev]al ,/ates1 & ) ! ,indian ,tribes2 ,to e/abli% an uni=m ,rule ( ,naturalization1 & uni=m ,laws on ! subject ( ,bankruptcies ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,to co9 ,money1 regulate ! ,value !re(1 & ( =eign ,co91 & fix ! ,/&>d ( ,weights & ,measures2 ,to provide = ! ,puni%m5t ( c\nt]feit+ ! ,securities & curr5t ,co9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,to e/abli% ,po/ ,(fices & po/ ,roads2 ,to promote ! ,progress ( ,sci5ce & useful ,arts1 by secur+ = limit$ ,times to ,au?ors & ,inv5tors ! exclusive ,"r to _! respective ,writ+s & ,discov]ies2 ,to con/itute ,tribunals inf]ior to ! supreme ,c\rt2 ,to def9e & puni% ,piracies & ,felonies committ$ on ! high ,seas1 & ,(f5ces aga9/ ! ,law ( ,nations2 ,to decl>e ,w>1 grant ,lett]s ( ,m>que & ,reprisal1 & make ,rules conc]n+ ,captures on ,l& & ,wat]2 ,to raise & support ,armies1 b no ,appropriation ( ,money to t ,use %all be = a long] ,t]m ?an two ,ye>s2 ,to provide & ma9ta9 a ,navy2 ,to make ,rules = ! ,gov]nm5t & ,regulation ( ! l& & naval ,=ces2 ,to provide = call+ =? ! ,militia to execute ! ,laws ( ! ,union1 suppress ,insurrections & repel ,invasions2 ,to provide = organiz+1 arm+1 & discipl9+1 ! ,militia1 & = gov]n+ su* ,"p ( !m z may be employ$ 9 ! ,s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 res]v+ to ! ,/ates respectively1 ! ,appo9tm5t ( ! ,(fic]s1 & ! ,au?ority ( tra9+ ! ,militia accord+ to ! discipl9e prescrib$ by ,congress2 ,to ex]cise exclusive ,legislation 9 all ,cases :atsoev]1 ov] su* ,di/rict 7n exce$+ t5 ,miles squ>e7 z may1 by ,cession ( p>ticul> ,/ates1 & ! ,acceptance ( ,congress1 become ! ,seat ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to ex]cise l ,au?ority ov] all ,places pur*as$ by ! ,cons5t ( ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! ,same %all be1 = ! ,erection ( ,=ts1 ,magaz9es1 ,ars5als1 dock-,y>ds1 & o!r ne$ful ,build+s2--,& ,to make all ,laws :i* %all be necess>y & prop] = c>ry+ into ,execution ! =ego+ ,p[]s1 & all o!r ,p[]s ve/$ by ?is ,con/itution 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any ,dep>tm5t or ,(fic] !re(4 ,section4 #i4 ,! ,migration or ,importation ( su* ,p]sons z any ( ! ,/ates n[ exi/+ %all ?9k prop] to admit1 %all n be prohibit$ by ! ,congress prior to ! ,ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight1 b a ,tax or duty may be impos$ on su* ,importation1 n exce$+ t5 doll>s = ea* ,p]son4 ,! ,privilege ( ! ,writ ( ,habeas ,corpus %all n be susp5d$1 unless :5 9 ,cases ( ,rebellion or ,invasion ! public ,safety may require x4 ,no ,bill ( ,atta9d] or ex po/ facto ,law %all be pass$4 ,no ,capitation1 or o!r direct1 ,tax %all be laid1 unless 9 ,proportion to ! ,c5sus or ,enum]ation h]e9 be=e direct$ to be tak54 ,no ,tax or ,duty %all be laid on ,articles export$ f any ,/ate4 ,no ,pref]5ce %all be giv5 by any ,regulation ( ,comm]ce or ,rev5ue to ! ,ports ( "o ,/ate ov] ^? ( ano!r3 nor %all ,vessels b\nd to1 or f1 "o ,/ate1 be oblig$ to ent]1 cle>1 or pay ,duties 9 ano!r4 ,no ,money %all be drawn f ! ,treasury1 b 9 ,consequ5ce ( ,appropriations made by ,law2 & a regul> ,/atem5t & ,acc\nt ( ! ,receipts & ,exp5ditures ( all public ,money %all be publi%$ f "t to "t4 ,no ,title ( ,nobility %all be grant$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,& no ,p]son hold+ any ,(fice ( ,pr(it or ,tru/ "u !m1 %all1 )\t ! ,cons5t ( ! ,congress1 accept ( any pres5t1 ,emolum5t1 ,(fice1 or ,title1 ( any k9d :atev]1 f any ,k+1 ,pr9ce1 or =eign ,/ate4 ,section4 #aj4 ,no ,/ate %all ent] into any ,treaty1 ,alliance1 or ,conf$]ation2 grant ,lett]s ( ,m>que & ,reprisal2 co9 ,money2 emit ,bills ( ,cr$it2 make any ,?+ b gold & silv] ,co9 a ,t5d] 9 ,paym5t ( ,debts2 pass any ,bill ( ,atta9d]1 ex po/ facto ,law1 or ,law impair+ ! ,obligation ( ,contracts1 or grant any ,title ( ,nobility4 ,no ,/ate %all1 )\t ! ,cons5t ( ! ,congress1 lay any ,impo/s or ,duties on ,imports or ,exports1 except :at may be absolutely necess>y = execut+ x's inspection ,laws3 & ! net ,produce ( all ,duties & ,impo/s1 laid by any ,/ate on ,imports or ,exports1 %all be = ! ,use ( ! ,treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & all su* ,laws %all be subject to ! ,revision & ,contr\l ( ! ,congress4 ,no ,/ate %all1 )\t ! ,cons5t ( ,congress1 lay any ,duty ( ,tonnage1 keep ,troops1 or ,%ips ( ,w> 9 "t ( ,peace1 ent] into any ,agreem5t or ,compact ) ano!r ,/ate1 or ) a =eign ,p[]1 or engage 9 ,w>1 unless actually invad$1 or 9 su* imm95t ,dang] z w n admit ( delay4 ,article4 ,,ii4 ,section4 #a4 ,! executive ,p[] %all be ve/$ 9 a ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,he %all hold 8 ,(fice dur+ ! ,t]m ( f\r ,ye>s1 &1 toge!r ) ! ,vice ,presid5t1 *os5 = ! same ,t]m1 be elect$1 z foll[s3 ,ea* ,/ate %all appo9t1 9 su* ,mann] z ! ,legislature !re( may direct1 a ,numb] ( ,electors1 equal to ! :ole ,numb] ( ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives to :i* ! ,/ate may be entitl$ 9 ! ,congress3 b no ,s5ator or ,repres5tative1 or ,p]son hold+ an ,(fice ( ,tru/ or ,pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be appo9t$ an ,elector4 ,! ,electors %all meet 9 _! respective ,/ates1 & vote by ,ballot = two ,p]sons1 ( :om "o at lea/ %all n be an ,inhabitant ( ! same ,/ate ) !mselves4 ,& !y %all make a ,li/ ( all ! ,p]sons vot$ =1 & ( ! ,numb] ( ,votes = ea*2 :i* ,li/ !y %all sign & c]tify1 & transmit seal$ to ! ,seat ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 direct$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate %all1 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 op5 all ! ,c]tificates1 & ! ,votes %all !n be c\nt$4 ,! ,p]son hav+ ! greate/ ,numb] ( ,votes %all be ! ,presid5t1 if su* ,numb] be a ,majority ( ! :ole ,numb] ( ,electors appo9t$2 & if !re be m ?an "o :o h su* ,majority1 & h an equal ,numb] ( ,votes1 !n ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all imm$iately *use by ,ballot "o ( !m = ,presid5t2 & if no ,p]son h a ,majority1 !n f ! five highe/ on ! ,li/ ! said ,h\se %all 9 l ,mann] *use ! ,presid5t4 ,b 9 *us+ ! ,presid5t1 ! ,votes %all be tak5 by ,/ates1 ! ,repres5tation f ea* ,/ate hav+ "o ,vote2 ,a quorum = ?is ,purpose %all consi/ ( a ,memb] or ,memb]s f two ?irds ( ! ,/ates1 & a ,majority ( all ! ,/ates %all be necess>y to a ,*oice4 ,9 e ,case1 aft] ! ,*oice ( ! ,presid5t1 ! ,p]son hav+ ! greate/ ,numb] ( ,votes ( ! ,electors %all be ! ,vice ,presid5t4 ,b if !re %\ld rema9 two or m :o h equal ,votes1 ! ,s5ate %all *use f !m by ,ballot ! ,vice ,presid5t4 ,! ,congress may det]m9e ! ,"t ( *us+ ! ,electors1 & ! ,day on :i* !y %all give _! ,votes2 :i* ,day %all be ! same ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no ,p]son except a natural born ,citiz51 or a ,citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ! "t ( ! ,adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 %all be eligible to ! ,(fice ( ,presid5t2 nei!r %all any ,p]son be eligible to t ,(fice :o %all n h atta9$ to ! ,age ( ?irty-five ,ye>s1 & be5 f\rte5 ,ye>s a ,resid5t )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,case ( ! ,removal ( ! ,presid5t f ,(fice1 or ( 8 ,dea?1 ,resignation1 or ,inability to dis*>ge ! ,p[]s & ,duties ( ! said ,(fice1 ! ,same %all devolve on ! ,vice ,presid5t1 & ! ,congress may by ,law provide = ! ,case ( ,removal1 ,dea?1 ,resignation or ,inability1 bo? ( ! ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1 decl>+ :at ,(fic] %all !n act z ,presid5t1 & su* ,(fic] %all act accord+ly1 until ! ,disability be remov$1 or a ,presid5t %all be elect$4 ,! ,presid5t %all1 at /at$ ,times1 receive = 8 ,s]vices1 a ,comp5sation1 :i* %all nei!r be encreas$ nor dim9i%$ dur+ ! ,p]iod = :i* he %all h be5 elect$1 & he %all n receive )9 t ,p]iod any o!r ,emolum5t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any ( !m4 ,be=e he ent] on ! ,execution ( 8 ,(fice1 he %all take ! foll[+ ,oa? or ,affirmation3--8,i d solemnly swe> 7or affirm7 t ,i w fai?fully execute ! ,(fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & w to ! be/ ( my ,ability1 pres]ve1 protect & def5d ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,section4 #b4 ,! ,presid5t %all be ,comm&] 9 ,*ief ( ! ,army & ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! ,militia ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 :5 call$ into ! actual ,s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 he may require ! ,op9ion1 9 writ+1 ( ! pr9cipal ,(fic] 9 ea* ( ! executive ,dep>tm5ts1 ^u any ,subject relat+ to ! ,duties ( _! respective ,(fices1 & he %all h ,p[] to grant ,reprieves & ,p>dons = ,(f5ces aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except 9 ,cases ( ,impea*m5t4 ,he %all h ,p[]1 by & ) ! ,advice & ,cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 to make ,treaties1 provid$ two ?irds ( ! ,s5ators pres5t concur2 & he %all nom9ate1 & by & ) ! ,advice & ,cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 %all appo9t ,ambassadors1 o!r public ,m9i/]s & ,consuls1 ,judges ( ! supreme ,c\rt1 & all o!r ,(fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: ,appo9tm5ts are n h]e9 o!rwise provid$ =1 & :i* %all be e/abli%$ by ,law3 b ! ,congress may by ,law ve/ ! ,appo9tm5t ( su* inf]ior ,(fic]s1 z !y ?9k prop]1 9 ! ,presid5t alone1 9 ! ,c\rts ( ,law1 or 9 ! ,heads ( ,dep>tm5ts4 ,! ,presid5t %all h ,p[] to fill up all ,vacancies t may happ5 dur+ ! ,recess ( ! ,s5ate1 by grant+ ,commissions :i* %all expire at ! ,end ( _! next ,session4 ,section4 #c4 ,he %all f "t to "t give to ! ,congress ,in=mation ( ! ,/ate ( ! ,union1 & recomm5d to _! ,consid]ation su* ,measures z he %all judge necess>y & exp$i5t2 he may1 on extraord9>y ,occasions1 conv5e bo? ,h\ses1 or ei!r ( !m1 & 9 ,case ( ,disagreem5t betwe5 !m1 ) ,respect to ! ,"t ( ,adj\rnm5t1 he may adj\rn !m to su* ,"t z he %all ?9k prop]2 he %all receive ,ambassadors & o!r public ,m9i/]s2 he %all take ,c>e t ! ,laws be fai?fully execut$1 & %all ,commission all ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,section4 #d4 ,! ,presid5t1 ,vice ,presid5t & all civil ,(fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be remov$ f ,(fice on ,impea*m5t =1 & ,conviction (1 ,treason1 ,brib]y1 or o!r high ,crimes & ,misdemeanors4 ,article ,,iii4 ,section4 #a4 ,! judicial ,p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be ve/$ 9 "o supreme ,c\rt1 & 9 su* inf]ior ,c\rts z ! ,congress may f "t to "t orda9 & e/abli%4 ,! ,judges1 bo? ( ! supreme & inf]ior ,c\rts1 %all hold _! ,(fices dur+ good ,behavi\r1 & %all1 at /at$ ,times1 receive = _! ,s]vices1 a ,comp5sation1 :i* %all n be dim9i%$ dur+ _! ,cont9uance 9 ,(fice4 ,section4 #b4 ,! judicial ,p[] %all ext5d to all ,cases1 9 ,law & ,equity1 aris+ "u ?is ,con/itution1 ! ,laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,treaties made1 or :i* %all be made1 "u _! ,au?ority2--to all ,cases affect+ ,ambassadors1 o!r public ,m9i/]s & ,consuls2--to all ,cases ( admiralty & m>itime ,jurisdiction2--to ,controv]sies to :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be a ,p>ty2--to ,controv]sies betwe5 two or m ,/ates2--betwe5 a ,/ate & ,citiz5s ( ano!r ,/ate2--betwe5 ,citiz5s ( diff]5t ,/ates1--betwe5 ,citiz5s ( ! same ,/ate claim+ ,l&s "u ,grants ( diff]5t ,/ates1 & betwe5 a ,/ate1 or ! ,citiz5s !re(1 & =eign ,/ates1 ,citiz5s or ,subjects4 ,9 all ,cases affect+ ,ambassadors1 o!r public ,m9i/]s & ,consuls1 & ^? 9 :i* a ,/ate %all be ,p>ty1 ! supreme ,c\rt %all h orig9al ,jurisdiction4 ,9 all ! o!r ,cases be=e m5tion$1 ! supreme ,c\rt %all h appellate ,jurisdiction1 bo? z to ,law & ,fact1 ) su* ,exceptions1 & "u su* ,regulations z ! ,congress %all make4 ,! ,trial ( all ,crimes1 except 9 ,cases ( ,impea*m5t1 %all be by ,jury2 & su* ,trial %all be held 9 ! ,/ate :]e ! said ,crimes %all h be5 committ$2 b :5 n committ$ )9 any ,/ate1 ! ,trial %all be at su* ,place or ,places z ! ,congress may by ,law h direct$4 ,section4 #c4 ,treason aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all consi/ only 9 levy+ ,w> aga9/ !m1 or 9 adh]+ to _! ,enemies1 giv+ !m ,aid & ,com=t4 ,no ,p]son %all be convict$ ( ,treason unless on ! ,te/imony ( two ,witnesses to ! same ov]t ,act1 or on ,confession 9 op5 ,c\rt4 ,! ,congress %all h ,p[] to decl>e ! ,puni%m5t ( ,treason1 b no ,atta9d] ( ,treason %all "w ,corruption ( ,blood1 or ,=feiture except dur+ ! ,life ( ! ,p]son atta9t$4 ,article4 ,,iv4 ,section4 #a4 ,full ,fai? & ,cr$it %all be giv5 9 ea* ,/ate to ! public ,acts1 ,records1 & judicial ,proce$+s ( e o!r ,/ate4 ,& ! ,congress may by g5]al ,laws prescribe ! ,mann] 9 :i* su* ,acts1 ,records & ,proce$+s %all be prov$1 & ! ,effect !re(4 ,section4 #b4 ,! ,citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate %all be entitl$ to all ,privileges & ,immunities ( ,citiz5s 9 ! sev]al ,/ates4 ,a ,p]son *>g$ 9 any ,/ate ) ,treason1 ,felony1 or o!r ,crime1 :o %all flee f ,ju/ice1 & be f\nd 9 ano!r ,/ate1 %all on ,dem& ( ! executive ,au?ority ( ! ,/ate f :i* he fl$1 be deliv]$ up1 to be remov$ to ! ,/ate hav+ ,jurisdiction ( ! ,crime4 ,no ,p]son held to ,s]vice or ,lab\r 9 "o ,/ate1 "u ! ,laws !re(1 escap+ into ano!r1 %all1 9 ,consequ5ce ( any ,law or ,regulation !re91 be dis*>g$ f su* ,s]vice or ,lab\r1 b %all be deliv]$ up on ,claim ( ! ,p>ty to :om su* ,s]vice or ,lab\r may be due4 ,section4 #c4 ,new ,/ates may be admitt$ by ! ,congress into ?is ,union2 b no new ,/ate %all be =m$ or erect$ )9 ! ,jurisdiction ( any o!r ,/ate2 nor any ,/ate be =m$ by ! ,junction ( two or m ,/ates1 or ,p>ts ( ,/ates1 )\t ! ,cons5t ( ! ,legislatures ( ! ,/ates conc]n$ z well z ( ! ,congress4 ,! ,congress %all h ,p[] to dispose ( & make all ne$ful ,rules & ,regulations respect+ ! ,t]ritory or o!r ,prop]ty belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & no?+ 9 ?is ,con/itution %all be s con/ru$ z to ,prejudice any ,claims ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ( any p>ticul> ,/ate4 ,section4 #d4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all gu>antee to e ,/ate 9 ?is ,union a ,republican ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t1 & %all protect ea* ( !m aga9/ ,invasion2 & on ,application ( ! ,legislature1 or ( ! ,executive 7:5 ! ,legislature _c be conv5$7 aga9/ dome/ic ,viol5ce4 ,article4 ,v4 ,! ,congress1 :5ev] two ?irds ( bo? ,h\ses %all deem x necess>y1 %all propose ,am5dm5ts to ?is ,con/itution1 or1 on ! ,application ( ! ,legislatures ( two ?irds ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all call a ,conv5tion = propos+ ,am5dm5ts1 :i*1 9 ei!r ,case1 %all be valid to all ,int5ts & ,purposes1 z ,"p ( ?is ,con/itution1 :5 ratifi$ by ! ,legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 or by ,conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(1 z ! "o or ! o!r ,mode ( ,ratification may be propos$ by ! ,congress2 ,provid$ t no ,am5dm5t :i* may be made prior to ! ,ye> ,"o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight %all 9 any ,mann] affect ! fir/ & f\r? ,clauses 9 ! ,n9? ,section ( ! fir/ ,article2 & t no ,/ate1 )\t its ,cons5t1 %all be depriv$ ( x's equal ,suffrage 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,article4 ,,vi4 ,all ,debts contract$ & ,engagem5ts ent]$ into1 be=e ! ,adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 %all be z valid aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is ,con/itution1 z "u ! ,conf$]ation4 ,?is ,con/itution1 & ! ,laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* %all be made 9 ,pursuance !re(2 & all ,treaties made1 or :i* %all be made1 "u ! ,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be ! supreme ,law ( ! ,l&2 & ! ,judges 9 e ,/ate %all be b\nd !reby1 any ,?+ 9 ! ,con/itution or ,laws ( any ,/ate to ! ,contr>y not)/&+4 ,! ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives be=e m5tion$1 & ! ,memb]s ( ! sev]al ,/ate ,legislatures1 & all executive & judicial ,(fic]s1 bo? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all be b\nd by ,oa? or ,affirmation1 to support ?is ,con/itution2 b no religi\s ,te/ %all ev] be requir$ z a ,qualification to any ,(fice or public ,tru/ "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,article4 ,,vii4 ,! ,ratification ( ! ,conv5tions ( n9e ,/ates1 %all be suffici5t = ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ?is ,con/itution betwe5 ! ,/ates s ratify+ ! ,same4 ,! ,^w1 8!10 be+ int]l9$ betwe5 ! sev5? & eigh? ,l9es ( ! fir/ ,page1 ,! ,^w 8,?irty0 be+ p>tly writt5 on an ,erazure 9 ! fifte5? ,l9e ( ! fir/ ,page1 ,! ,words 8is tri$0 be+ int]l9$ betwe5 ! ?irty second & ?irty ?ird ,l9es ( ! fir/ ,page & ! ,^w 8!0 be+ int]l9$ betwe5 ! =ty ?ird & =ty f\r? ,l9es ( ! second ,page4 ,atte/ ,,william ,,jackson ,secret>y done 9 ,conv5tion by ! ,unanim\s ,cons5t ( ! ,/ates pres5t ! ,sev5te5? ,day ( ,septemb] 9 ! ,ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & ,eighty sev5 & ( ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ! ,twelf?4 ,9 witness :]e( ,we h h]eunto subscrib$ our ,names1 ,,g ,,wa%+ton--,presidt & deputy f ,virg9ia ,new ,hamp%ire ,,john ,,langdon ,,ni*olas ,,gilman ,massa*usetts ,,na?aniel ,,gorham ,,rufus ,,k+ ,connecticut ,,wm4 ,,saml4 ,,johnson ,,rog] ,,%]man ,new ,york ,,alex&] ,,hamilton ,,wil3 ,,liv+/on ,,david ,,bre>ley4 ,new ,j]sey ,,wm ,,pat]son4 ,,jona3 ,,dayton ,b ,,frankl9 ,,?omas ,,miffl9 ,,robt ,,morris ,,geo4 ,,clym] ,p5nsylvania ,,?os ,,fitzsimons ,,j>$ ,,+]soll ,,james ,,wilson ,,g\v ,,morris ,,geo3 ,,read ,,gunn+ ,,b$=d jun ,delaw>e ,,john ,,dick9son ,,ri*>d ,,bassett ,,jaco3 ,,broom ,,james ,,m*5ry ,m>yl& ,,dan ,,( ,,/ ,,?os ,,j5if] ,,dan4 ,,c>roll ,,john ,,blair ,virg9ia ,,james ,,madison ,jr4 ,,wm ,,bl\nt ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,,ri*d ,,dobbs ,,spaight4 ,,hu ,,williamson ,j4 ,,rutl$ge ,,*>les ,,coteswor? ,,p9ckney ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,,*>les ,,p9ckney ,,pi]ce ,,butl]4 ,,william ,,few ,georgia ,,abr ,,baldw9 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,! ,,resolution ,,:i* ,,propos$ ,,! ,,con/itution ,,to ,,! ,,conv5tions ,,( ,,! ,,p ,,( ,,am]ica ,9 ,conv5tion ,monday ,septemb] #ag? #aghg4 ,pres5t ,! ,/ates ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,mr4 ,hamilton f ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! prec$+ ,con/itution be laid be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,congress assembl$1 & t x is ! ,op9ion ( ?is ,conv5tion1 t x %\ld aft]w>ds be submitt$ to a ,conv5tion ( ,delegates1 *os5 9 ea* ,/ate by ! ,p !re(1 "u ! ,recomm5dation ( its ,legislature1 = _! ,ass5t & ,ratification2 & t ea* ,conv5tion ass5t+ to1 & ratify+ ! ,same1 %\ld give ,notice !re( to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,congress assembl$4 ,resolv$1 ,t x is ! ,op9ion ( ?is ,conv5tion1 t z soon z ! ,conv5tions ( n9e ,/ates %all h ratifi$ ?is ,con/itution1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,congress assembl$ %\ld fix a ,day on :i* ,electors %\ld be appo9t$ by ! ,/ates :i* %all h ratifi$ ! same1 & a ,day on :i* ! ,electors %\ld assemble to vote = ! ,presid5t1 & ! ,"t & ,place = comm5c+ ,proce$+s "u ?is ,con/itution4 ,t aft] su* ,publication ! ,electors %\ld be appo9t$1 & ! ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives elect$3 ,t ! ,electors %\ld meet on ! ,day fix$ = ! ,election ( ! ,presid5t1 & %\ld transmit _! ,votes c]tifi$1 sign$1 seal$ & direct$1 z ! ,con/itution requires1 to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,congress assembl$1 t ! ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives %\ld conv5e at ! ,"t & ,place assign$2 t ! ,s5ators %\ld appo9t a ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 = ! sole ,purpose ( receiv+1 op5+ & c\nt+ ! ,votes = ,presid5t2 &1 t aft] he %all be *os51 ! ,congress1 toge!r ) ! ,presid5t1 %\ld1 )\t ,delay1 proce$ to execute ?is ,con/itution4 ,by ! ,unanim\s ,ord] ( ! ,conv5tion ,,g ,,wa%+ton ,presidt ,w4 ,,jackson ,secret>y4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,! ,,fir/ ,,sev5te5 ,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution #a4 ,congress %all make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t ( religion1 or prohibit+ ! free ex]cise !re(2 or abridg+ ! fre$om ( spee*1 or ( ! press2 or ! "r ( ! p peaceably to assemble1 & to petition ! ,gov]nm5t = a r$ress ( grievances4 #b4 ,a well regulat$ ,militia1 be+ necess>y to ! security ( a free ,/ate1 ! "r ( ! p to keep & be> ,arms1 %all n be infr+$4 #c4 ,no ,soldi] %all1 9 "t ( peace be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,own]1 nor 9 "t ( w>1 b 9 a mann] to be prescrib$ by law4 #d4 ,! "r ( ! p to be secure 9 _! p]sons1 h\ses1 pap]s1 & effects1 aga9/ unreasonable se>*es & seizures1 %all n be violat$1 & no ,w>rants %all issue1 b ^u probable cause1 support$ by ,oa? or affirmation1 & p>ticul>ly describ+ ! place to be se>*$1 & ! p]sons or ?+s to be seiz$4 #e4 ,no p]son %all be held to answ] = a capital1 or o!rwise infam\s crime1 unless on a pres5tm5t or indictm5t ( a ,gr& ,jury1 except 9 cases aris+ 9 ! l& or naval =ces1 or 9 ! ,militia1 :5 9 actual s]vice 9 "t ( ,w> or public dang]2 nor %all any p]son be subject = ! same (f5ce to be twice put 9 jeop>dy ( life or limb2 nor %all be compell$ 9 any crim9al case to be a witness aga9/ himself1 nor to be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law2 nor %all private prop]ty be tak5 = public use1 )\t j comp5sation4 #f4 ,9 all crim9al prosecutions1 ! accus$ %all enjoy ! "r to a spe$y & public trial1 by an imp>tial jury ( ! ,/ate & di/rict :]e9 ! crime %all h be5 committ$1 :i* di/rict %all h be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$ by law1 & to be in=m$ ( ! nature & cause ( ! accusation2 to be confront$ ) ! witnesses aga9/ him2 to h compulsory process = obta9+ witnesses 9 8 favor1 & to h ! ,assi/ance ( ,c\nsel = 8 def5ce4 #g4 ,9 ,suits at common law1 :]e ! value 9 controv]sy %all exce$ tw5ty doll>s1 ! "r ( trial by jury %all be pres]v$1 & no fact tri$ by a jury1 %all be o!rwise re-exam9$ 9 any ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?an accord+ to ! rules ( ! common law4 #h4 ,excessive bail %all n be requir$1 nor excessive f9es impos$1 nor cruel & unusual puni%m5ts inflict$4 #i4 ,! enum]ation 9 ! ,con/itution1 ( c]ta9 rights1 %all n be con/ru$ to d5y or disp>age o!rs reta9$ by ! p4 #aj4 ,! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x to ! ,/ates1 are res]v$ to ! ,/ates respectively1 or to ! p4 #aa4 ,! ,judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all n be con/ru$ to ext5d to any suit 9 law or equity1 comm5c$ or prosecut$ aga9/ "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,citiz5s ( ano!r ,/ate1 or by ,citiz5s or ,subjects ( any ,=eign ,/ate4 #ab4 ,! ,electors %all meet 9 _! respective /ates1 & vote by ballot = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t1 "o ( :om1 at lea/1 %all n be an inhabitant ( ! same /ate ) !mselves2 !y %all "n 9 _! ballots ! p]son vot$ = z ,presid5t1 & 9 di/9ct ballots ! p]son vot$ = z ,vice-,presid5t1 & !y %all make di/9ct li/s ( all p]sons vot$ = z ,presid5t1 & ( all p]sons vot$ = z ,vice-,presid5t1 & ( ! numb] ( votes = ea*1 :i* li/s !y %all sign & c]tify1 & transmit seal$ to ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates direct$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate2--,! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate %all1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 op5 all ! c]tificates & ! votes %all !n be c\nt$2--,! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes = ,presid5t1 %all be ! ,presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( ,electors appo9t$2 & if no p]son h su* majority1 !n f ! p]sons hav+ ! highe/ numb]s n exce$+ ?ree on ! li/ ( ^? vot$ = z ,presid5t1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all *oose imm$iately1 by ballot1 ! ,presid5t4 ,b 9 *oos+ ! ,presid5t1 ! votes %all be tak5 by /ates1 ! repres5tation f ea* /ate hav+ "o vote2 a quorum = ?is purpose %all consi/ ( a memb] or memb]s f two-?irds ( ! /ates1 & a majority ( all ! /ates %all be necess>y to a *oice4 ,& if ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all n *oose a ,presid5t :5ev] ! "r ( *oice %all devolve ^u !m1 be=e ! f\r? day ( ,m>* next foll[+1 !n ! ,vice-,presid5t %all act z ,presid5t1 z 9 ! case ( dea? or o!r con/itutional disability ( ! ,presid5t4--,! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes z ,vice-,presid5t1 %all be ! ,vice-,presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( ,electors appo9t$1 & if no p]son h a majority1 !n f ! two highe/ numb]s on ! li/1 ! ,s5ate %all *oose ! ,vice-,presid5t2 a quorum = ! purpose %all consi/ ( two-?irds ( ! :ole numb] ( ,s5ators1 & a majority ( ! :ole numb] %all be necess>y to a *oice4 ,b no p]son con/itutionally ineligible to ! (fice ( ,presid5t %all be eligible to t ( ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ac4 ,section #a4 ,nei!r slav]y nor involunt>y s]vitude1 except z a puni%m5t = crime :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly convict$1 %all exi/ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any place subject to _! jurisdiction4 ,section #b4 ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation4 #ad4 ,section #a4 ,all p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & subject to ! jurisdiction !re(1 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! ,/ate :]e9 !y reside4 ,no ,/ate %all make or en=ce any law :i* %all abridge ! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 nor %all any ,/ate deprive any p]son ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law2 nor d5y to any p]son )9 its jurisdiction ! equal protection ( ! laws4 ,section #b4 ,repres5tatives %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al ,/ates accord+ to _! respective numb]s1 c\nt+ ! :ole numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* ,/ate1 exclud+ ,indians n tax$4 ,b :5 ! "r to vote at any election = ! *oice ( electors = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 ! ,executive & ,judicial (fic]s ( a ,/ate1 or ! memb]s ( ! ,legislature !re(1 is d5i$ to any ( ! male inhabitants ( su* ,/ate1 be+ tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any way abridg$1 except = p>ticipation 9 rebellion1 or o!r crime1 ! basis ( repres5tation !re9 %all be r$uc$ 9 ! proportion :i* ! numb] ( su* male citiz5s %all be> to ! :ole numb] ( male citiz5s tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age 9 su* ,/ate4 ,section #c4 ,no p]son %all be a ,s5ator or ,repres5tative 9 ,congress1 or elector ( ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1 or hold any (fice1 civil or milit>y1 "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or "u any ,/ate1 :o1 hav+ previ\sly tak5 an oa?1 z a memb] ( ,congress1 or z an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or z a memb] ( any ,/ate legislature1 or z an executive or judicial (fic] ( any ,/ate1 to support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all h engag$ 9 insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! same1 or giv5 aid or com=t to ! enemies !re(4 ,b ,congress may by a vote ( two-?irds ( ea* ,h\se1 remove su* disability4 ,section #d4 ,! validity ( ! public debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 au?oriz$ by law1 includ+ debts incurr$ = paym5t ( p5sions & b\nties = s]vices 9 suppress+ insurrection or rebellion1 %all n be que/ion$4 ,b nei!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor any ,/ate %all assume or pay any debt or obligation incurr$ 9 aid ( insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any claim = ! loss or emancipation ( any slave2 b all su* debts1 obligations & claims %all be held illegal & void4 ,section #e4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce1 by appropriate legislation1 ! provisions ( ?is article4 #ae4 ,section #a4 ,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates or by any ,/ate on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude-- ,section #b4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation-- #af4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to lay & collect taxes on incomes1 f :atev] s\rce d]iv$1 )\t apportionm5t among ! sev]al ,/ates1 & )\t reg>d to any c5sus or enum]ation4 #ag4 ,! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be compos$ ( two ,s5ators f ea* ,/ate1 elect$ by ! p !re(1 = six ye>s2 & ea* ,s5ator %all h "o vote4 ,! electors 9 ea* ,/ate %all h ! qualifications requisite = electors ( ! mo/ num]\s bran* ( ! ,/ate legislatures4 ,:5 vacancies happ5 9 ! repres5tation ( any ,/ate 9 ! ,s5ate1 ! executive au?ority ( su* ,/ate %all issue writs ( election to fill su* vacancies3 ,provid$1 ,t ! legislature ( any ,/ate may emp[] ! executive !re( to make tempor>y appo9tm5ts until ! p fill ! vacancies by election z ! legislature may direct4 ,?is am5dm5t %all n be s con/ru$ z to affect ! election or t]m ( any ,s5ator *os5 be=e x becomes valid z "p ( ! ,con/itution4 ,,app5dix ,,iv ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,eighte5? ,,am5dm5t ,section #a4 ,aft] "o ye> f ! ratification ( ?is article ! manufacture1 sale1 or transportation ( intoxicat+ liquors )91 ! importation !re( into1 or ! exportation !re( f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & all t]ritory subject to ! jurisdiction !re( = bev]age purposes is h]eby prohibit$4 ,sec4 #b4 ,! ,congress & ! sev]al ,/ates %all h concurr5t p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation4 ,sec4 #c4 ,?is article %all be inop]ative unless x %all h be5 ratifi$ z an am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution by ! legislatures ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 z provid$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 )9 sev5 ye>s f ! date ( ! submission h]e( to ! ,/ates by ! ,congress4 ,,app5dix ,v ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,am5dm5t ,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates or by any ,/ate on acc\nt ( sex4 ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,m9or punctuation errors h be5 fix$4 ,page xvii3 8/ate legislalatures0 *ang$ to 8/ate legislatures0 ,page #cd3 8indep5d5t gov]n]nm5ts0 *ang$ to 8indep5d5t gov]nm5ts0 ,page #gf3 8,?is gov]mn5t0 *ang$ to 8,?is gov]nm5t0 ,page #bij3 8entire subesqu5t0 *ang$ to 8entire subsequ5t0 ,page #dcb3 8! sembl5ce (0 *ang$ to 8! semblance (0 ,page #ddh3 8he appo9t$0 *ang$ to 8be appo9t$0 ,page #def3 8( ! ,indep5dance0 *ang$ to 8( ! ,indep5d5ce0 ,page #deg3 8,p5sylvania0 *ang$ to 8,p5nsylvania0 ,page #deh3 8! prece$+ ,con/itution0 *ang$ to 8! prec$+ ,con/itution0