,,rec5t ,,discussions ,,on ,,! ,,abolition ,,( ,,pat5ts ,,= ,,inv5tions ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom1 ,,france1 ,,g]many1 ,,& ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4 ,evid5ce1 ,spee*es1 & ,pap]s 9 its ,fav\r ,,by ,sir ,,william ,,arm/rong1 ,c4,b42 ,m4 ,,b5>d1 ,editor ( ! 8,sicle0 & 8,j\rnal des ,economi/es20 ,c\nt ,von ,,bism>ck2 ,m4 ,,*evali]1 ,s5ator & ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france2 ,m4 ,,fock2 ,m4 ,,godefroi2 ,mr4 ,,macfie1 ,m4,p41 ,director1 or ,memb]1 ( ! ,liv]pool1 ,ed9burgh1 & ,lei? ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce & ,m]*ants' ,h\se ( ,glasg[2 ,sir ,,r\ndell ,,palm]1 ,m4,p41 late ,attorney-,g5]al1 c42 ,"r ,hon4 ,,"l ,,/anley1 ,m4,p41 ,*airman ( ! late ,royal ,commission on ,pat5t-,law2 ,,james ,,/irl+1 ,esq41 ,au?or ( 8,consid]ations on ,banks & ,bank-,managem5t10 8,lett]s f ! ,s\?10 c42 & o!rs4 ,,) ,,sugge/ions ,,z ,,to ,,int]national ,,arrangem5ts ,,reg>d+ ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,copyright4 ,,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,read]1 ,,& ,,dy]4 #ahfi4 99 99 99 99 99 8,la legislation des brevets d'inv5tion peut avoir l'effet d'entrav] notre comm]ce d'exportation1 et de priv] l'indu/rie nationale de db\*es utiles4444 ,un brevet e/ un privilge et un monopole4 ,p\r que le monopole puisse tre reconnu p> la loi1 il e/ indisp5sable qu'il repose sur un droit c]ta9 ou sur une utilit publique p>faitem5t tablie4 ,le peu qui prcde suffit ce me semble a dmontre que l'utilit publique n'exi/e pas4444 ,le brevet d'inv5tion a-t-il p\r base un droit positif8 ,il semble p\rtant que non4444 8,telles sont les rflexions qui sont v5ues un c]ta9 nombre d'hommes clairs depuis quelque annes et qui ont l'ass5tim5t d'un bon nombre d'hommes des plus notables p>mi les *efs d'indu/rie4 ,elles ont de l'*o dans t\ts les pays civiliss1 et en ,anglet]re p\r le mo9s autant qu'en ,france--7#a7 ,elles ne t5d5t ri5 mo9s qu' r5v]s] le sy/me mme des brevets d'inv5tion1 sauf rmunr] p> une dotation spciale t\t homme +nieux qui s]ait reconnu1 aprs un c]ta9 temps d'expri5ce1 avoir r5du la socit un s]vice signal p> quelque dc\v]te4 ,c'e/ a9si qu'il a t procd en ,france l'g>d des inv5teurs de la photographie40--,f ! ,introduction to ! 8,rapports du ,jury ,int]national de l',exposition #ahfb1 publies s\s la direction de ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali]1 ,presid5t de la ,section ,franaise40 99 99 99 99 99 8,selon moi donc1 le *> du progres social doit tre mu p> l'indu/rie et dirig p> l'esprit *rti54 ,il s'arrte dfaut de travail1 il draille dfaut de *>it4444 ,et s'il e/ pr\v que c'e/ indu/rie qui n\rrit l'humanit1 que c'e/ elle qui la *auffe et la prs]ve contre t\tes les intemp]ies1 n'e/ il pas ju/e de dire que p\ss] au dveloppem5t du travail1 comme n\s n\s proposons1 rp&re dans l'esprit des travailleurs des ides qu'ils peuv5t fcond] p\r arriv] une inv5tion1 a un p]fectionm5t1 a un n\veau procd quelconque dim9uant le prix de ce qui entreti5t la vie1 que c'e/ l1 messieurs1 de la bi5faisance p> excell5ce40--,presid5t's ,op5+ ,address ( ! ,indu/rial & ,sci5tific ,society ( ,/4 ,nicolas1 #ahff4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,prefatory ,note v ,lett] f ,pr(essor ,j4 ,c4 ,,?orold ,,rog]s viii ,rem>ks on an ,article 9 ! ,,we/m9/] ,,review #a ,petition ( ! ,,newca/le ,,*amb] ,,( ,,comm]ce #h ,notes ( ,mr4 ,,macfie1 ,m4,p41 = ,spee* ^u ,motion1 #bh? ,may1 #ahfh #i ,spee* ( ,sir ,,r\ndell ,,palm]1 ,m4,p41 on t ,occasion #ic ,spee* ( ,"l ,,/anley1 ,m4,p41 on same ,occasion #aji ,pap] by ,,james ,,/irl+1 ,esq4 #aaf ,pap]s by ,m4 ,,b5>d1 8,are ,inv5tions ,prop]ty80 #abd-aej ,spee*es ( ,m4 ,,*evali] & ,m4 ,,paul ,,coq #afd ,pap]s by ,m4 ,,b5>d1 8,results ( a ,bad ,law0 #age-ahj ,message ( ,c\nt ,,von ,,bism>ck to ,,nor? ,,g]man ,,p>liam5t #ahe ,debate 9 ! ,ne!rl&s ,second ,*amb] #aig-bjd ,extracts f a ,memorial ( ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t #bbe ,o!r ,extracts reg>d+ ,abolition 9 ,holl& #bbf-bbi ,spee* ( ,e4 ,k4 ,,muspratt1 ,esq41 9 ,,liv]pool ,,*amb] ,,( ,,comm]ce #bca ,lett] ( ,sir ,,william ,,arm/rong1 ,c4,b4 #bcg ,lett] ( ,,john ,,?omson1 ,esq4 #bch ,lett] ( ,,&rew ,,johnson1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 #bci ,on ! ,di/9ction betwe5 ,copyright & ,pat5t-"r1 by ,mr4 ,,macfie1 ,m4,p4 #bda ,on ,pat5t ,monopoly1 by ,mr4 ,,macfie1 ,m4,p4 #bdc ,a ,s*eme = ,int]national ,pat5ts1 by ,mr4 ,,macfie1 ,m4,p4 #bej ,article f ! ,,times on ! ,debate 9 ,p>liam5t #bea 0 0 ,,economi/ 0 0 #bee 0 0 ,,spectator 0 0 #bei 0 0 ,,saturday ,,review 0 0 #bfc ,extracts f ,rec5t ,p]iodicals #bfh ,report ( ! ,,cologne ,,*amb] ,,( ,,comm]ce #bgb ,extract f ,m4 ,,ba/iat',s 8,h>monies ,economiques0 #bgf ,extract f a ,lett] ( ,m4 ,,paillottet1 8 ,editor #bgg ,extract f ,m4 ,,v]meire',s 8,le ,libre ,travail0 #bgg ,extracts %[+ ,movem5ts 9 ,,belgium1 ,,g]many1 & ,,holl& #bgh ,extract on ,p]petuity ( ,pat5t-"r1 by ,m4 ,,b\dron #bha ,extracts on ,am]ican & ,briti% ,pat5t-,law #bhb ,classification ( ,pat5ts #bhc ,illu/rations ,drawn f ! ,copp] & ,iron ,trades #bhd ,note on ,work+ ,m5 z ,inv5tors #bhf ,note on ! ,inv5tors' ,in/itute #bhg ,note on ,/ate ,rew>ds #bhh ,note on ! ,pat5t-(fice #bhi ,,copyright4 ,obs]vations on ,remun]at+ ,au?ors by ,royalties #bic ,sugge/ions ,h[ to ,give ,effect to ?is ,mode #bif ,extracts ,%[+ ,mr4 ,,watts' ,op9ions on ?is ,mode #big ,*apt] f ,m4 ,,r5\>d',s 8,trait des ,droits d',auteurs0 9 ,fav\r ( x #cja ,extract f ,dr4 ,,leavitt',s ,cobd5 ,club ,essay on ,int]national ,copyright #cje ,extracts on ! ,/ate ( ! ,"q ( ,copyright 9 ! ,,unit$ ,,/ates & ,,canada #cjg ,/atem5t ( ,mr4 ,,purday on ,same ,subject #cac ,lett] f ! ,same on ,int]national ,copyright 9 ,musical ,works #cad ,extracts f ,pap]s laid be=e ! ,,canadian ,,p>liam5t #caf ,t5d5cies ( ,copyright ,legislation1 & ,extracts f ,rec5t ,bill reg>d+ ,copyright 9 ,works ( ,art1 ) ,rem>ks on x #cbj ,duties on ,books 9 ,sev]al ,colonies on ,behalf ( ,au?ors #cbf ,on ,trade-,m>ks & ! ,,cu/oms ,,e/abli%m5t #cbh ,! ,export ,book ,trade ( ,v>i\s ,c\ntries ,exhibit$ #ccj-cca ,extract f ! 8,,beehive0 #ccb ,to all :o are s]v+ _! g5]ation z employ]s & employ$1 9 ! ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,trades1 ( ,lei?1 ,musselburgh1 & ,portobello1 & h se5 & felt ! evils inh]5t 9 ! pres5t ,/ate me?od ( deal+ ) ,inv5tions1 ^! pages are inscrib$1--) congratulations t 9 ! front rank ( /atesm51 z well )9 ! ,cab9et z beyond x1 !re are e>ne/ advocates ( t emancipation ( ,briti% productive indu/ry f artificial re/ra9ts :i* is ! ne$ful accompanim5t & ! complem5t ( free trade2--& 9 hope t public att5tion w n[ at l5g? be turn$ t[>ds procur+ su* a solution z w satisfy at same "t all j pret5sions ( m]itori\s inv5tors & m5 ( sci5ce4 ,my own bulky contribution to ! attack on ! la/ /ronghold ( monopoly is to be reg>d$ z b a r\gh-&-ready e>?work ?r[n up by a pair ( will+ h&s 9 front ( p[]ful artill]y ^: e %ot is tell+4 ,x comprises ! jott+s & mat]ials :i* ,i collect$ = a spee* int5d$ to be deliv]$ on #bh? ,may1 :5 propos+ a motion 9 fav\r ( aboli%+ ,pat5ts = ,inv5tions4 ,not)/&+ imp]fections 9 execution1 ! pres5t compilation may acceptably supply a desid]atum & prep>e ! way = fur!r discussions1 & especially = ! ,committee :i* ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t cont9ue to view ) fav\r & w he>tily support4 ,r4 ,a4 ,m4 ,june #i1 #ahfi4 ,:ile 9 ! h&s ( ! pr9t]1 fre% matt] has1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( hon\r$ fell[-work]s 9 ! cause1 rea*$ me almo/ daily1 "p ( :i* is add$4 ,! read] w f9d 9 ?is accession to ! te/imonies on behalf ( fre$om ( indu/ry1 besides "s new argum5ts1 su* a /rik+ concurr5ce & on5ess 9 ! pr9ciples enunciat$1 & ev5 9 ! illu/rations made use (1 z1 com+ f v>i\s qu>t]s indep5d5tly1 may fairly be reg>d$ z presumptive pro( ( _! accuracy4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has be5 s good z agree to produce1 9 con=mity ) a reque/ f ,p>liam5t1 any docum5ts 9 possession ( ! ,=eign-(fice :i* %[ ! reasons or motives ( ! ,prussian & ,dut* ,gov]nm5ts = propos+ ! abolition ( ,pat5ts 9 ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! adoption 9 ! latt] c\ntry ( abolition pure & simple1 )\t 7s f> z ,i c see7 ! slighte/ indication ( a sub/itute1 may well reconcile pr(essional inv5tors & all :o unite ) !m to ! propositions ) :i* ,i close my 8spee*40 ,n[ t ! cont95tal /ones are dropp+ out ( ! ar* :i* =ms ! ,sy/em ( ,pat5ts1 ! re/ _c long keep _! place4 ,! antiquat$ fabric may be expect$ to tumble4 ,= public safety1 ! soon] ,p>liam5t & all conc]n$ set !mselves to take x d[n1 ! bett]4 ,a communication f ,pr(essor ,?orold ,rog]s1 & rem>ks on a rec5t ,review1 are giv5 h]e)1 ! =m] on acc\nt ( its value z a v9dication ( economic tru? & ju/ice1 ! latt] by way ( correct+ ! review]'s accid5tal mi/akes4 ,! ,daily ,news1 9 a lead+ article on ! #bg? ,july1 hav+ atta*$ importance altoge!r undue to a small meet+ call$ "u peculi> circum/ances on ! #bd?1 :i* 0 suppos$ to express op9ions & wi%es ( artisans & op]atives1#a ,i address$ lett]s to t influ5tial pap]1 :i* w be f\nd 9 its issues ( ! #bi?1 #cj?1 & #ca/4 ,( c\rse ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm]1 :o did ! promot] ( ! meet+ ! hon\r to take ! *air1 _h n1 any m ?an myself1 ! smalle/ connexion ) its orig9ation & arrangem5ts4 ,app5d$ are sugge/ions & in=mation reg>d+ ,copyright1 :i* came 9 my way :ile 9 ! press ab\t ,pat5t-"r1 & :i* may be useful if int]national negotiations are contemplat$ = "o or o!r or bo? ( ^! k9dr$ subjects4 ,i hope imp]fections ( translation1 :i* ,i regret1 & errors ( ! press1 = :i* ,i take blame )\t correct+ !m1 w be indulg5tly p>don$1 z well z faults entirely my own 9 ! unaccu/om$ "p ( advocate & compil]4 ,july #ca4 ,no rights are res]v$4 ,mr4 ,macfie w be glad to be fav\r$1 at ,a%field ,hall1 ,ne/on1 ,*e/]1 ) a copy ( any transcripts made or any pr9t$ matt] illu/rat+ ! "q ( ,pat5ts4 #a ,:5 memb]s ( 8,inv5tors' ,associations0 ask me*anics to jo9 a crusade aga9/ fre$om ( indu/ry1 ! be/ rejo9d] is to ask a /atem5t 9 writ+ to %[ h[ x c be = ! int]e/ ( ! millions to p]petuate fett]s = ! sake ( inve/+ a few hundr$ individuals ) a *ance ( obta9+ p]sonal advantage by means ( ! p[] ( fett]+4 ,,lett] ,,f ,,pr(essor ,,?orold ,,rog]s4 ,my de> ,sir1--4444 ,! fact is1 no "o1 ,i presume1 wi%es to say t an inv5tor is undes]v+ & %\ld g unrew>d$4 ,all t ! oppon5ts ( ! ,pat5t sy/em d say is1 t ! pres5t ma*9]y gives ! m9imum advantage to ! inv5tor1 & inflicts ! maximum disadvantage on ! public4 ,besides1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$1 ! pat5tee is only a simultane\s inv5tor ) a numb] ( o!rs1 :o lose _! lab\r & +5uity because "o man happ5s to get 9 fir/4444 ,x has always seem$ to me t ! weakness ( ! inv5tor's case lies 9 ! fact already allud$ to1 t he r>ely is ! sole inv5tor4 ,h5ce ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ,inv5tion & ,copyright1 ?\gh ,i am no fanatical admir] ( ! latt] privilege4 ,n[1 if a law c conf] a "r on "o p]son only by inflict+ a wrong on a numb] ( o!r p]sons1 x is intr9sically vici\s1 & _c be def5d$ on ! gr\nd ( its int5tional goodness4 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,,james ,c4 ,,?orold ,,rog]s4 ,july #bi4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,a ,,rec5t ,,article4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,july conta9s an article on ,pat5ts4 ,its pro(s %\ld h be5 correct$ ) m c>e4 ,9 my answ] to "q #aidg 9 ! ,royal ,commission's ,report1 ! ^w 8pat5t$0 9 ! foll[+ ! ,review mispr9ts 8neglect$30-- ,z a matt] ( fact1 pat5tees h pat5t$ ?+s ( s little value4 ,& 9 "q #aied a worse mi/ake is made by sub/itut+ 8"s0 = 8none0 9 ! foll[+3-- ,!re be+ #djj ,pat5ts n[ 9 exi/5ce affect+ y\r trade1 none ( :i* are made use ( by y4 ,i h "r also to compla9 ( mi/akes :i* d n orig9ate ) ! pr9t]4 ,! foll[+ op9ions & argum5ts imput$ to me ,i disclaim3-- ,_h ,mr4 ,macfie said ?is1 we %\ld n h be5 surpris$4 ,x closely resembles 8 cont5tion t a book %\ld be protect$ because x is some?+ tangible1 :]eas an inv5tion is some?+ :i*1 if n invisible1 is 9 ! nebul\s condition ( an idea4 ,:at ,i wrote w be f\nd bel[1 page #bda4 ,my argum5t is1 t ! subjects ( ,copyright be+ tangible c be id5tifi$ z ! au?or's production1 & nobody else's2 & t ! subjects ( ,pat5t-"r be+ modes or plans1 belong to ! region ( ideas :i* may easily occur to anybody besides ! fir/ inv5tor4 ,aga93 ! review] says ( ,"l ,/anley3-- ,! latt]1 :ile support+ ,mr4 ,macfie on ! ma9 issue di/9ctly repudiat$ 8 lead+ argum5ts4 ,?is w\ld be /range if true1 see+ ,i co9cide 9 all 8 ,lord%ip's argum5ts4 ,h[1 !n1 c he1 twelve pages fur!r on1 say aga93-- ,z = ,"l ,/anley1 he did n hesitate to diss5t f ,mr4 ,macfie's argum5ts1 :ile giv+ a qualifi$ support to 8 motion4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld object to ! foll[+ repres5tation3-- ,x has be5 propos$ to replace ,lett]s ,pat5t by grants f ! national purse4 ,?is is to rev]t to an obsolete cu/om4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 fairly tri$1 & ! result %\ld s]ve z a w>n+ n[4 ,sev5ty ?\s& p\nds 7 di/ribut$ among plausible inv5tors 9 ! c\rse ( fifty ye>s4 ,! advantage to ! public 0 nil4 ,! enc\ragem5t giv5 to impo/ors 0 ! only tangible result4 ,johanna ,/eph5s obta9$ #e1jjjl4 = disclos+ ! secret ( h] cure = ! /one4 ,a ,mr4 ,blake got #b1ejjl4 to assi/ him 9 p]fect+ 8 s*eme = transport+ fi% to ,london by l&1 :ile a ,mr4 ,fod5 0 greatly ov]paid ) #ejjl41 8to enable him to prosecute a discov]y made by him ( a pa/e z a sub/itute = :eat-fl\r40 ,give a man a sum ( money = 8 inv5tion1 & y run ! risk ( pay+ him ei!r too mu* or too little4 ,give him a ,pat5t1 & y secure ! inv5tion = ! public1 :ile 8 remun]ation 9 money is absolutely det]m9$ accord+ to its value4 ,! sy/em ( ,/ate-rew>ds has n be5 tri$4 ,! review]'s cases d n apply4 ,! s*eme t ,i submit c\ld nev] be abus$ s z to sanction su* follies4 ,x may n be a g5]\s & royal way ( deal+ ) inv5tions1 b x is equitable & safe2 :]eas1 pace ! review]1 ! remun]ation f a ,pat5t is n at all 8det]m9$ accord+ to its value0 7t ( ! inv5tion74 ,?is int]e/+ article is rem>kable = :at x omits r ?an :at x conta9s4 ,l almo/ e1 if n e1 def5ce ( ,pat5ts :i* ,i h se51 x ignores ! gr& objection to ,pat5ts--_! incompatibility ) free-trade4 ,f ! beg9n+ to ! end !re is n 9 ! article ! slighte/ allusion to ! h>d%ip !y inflict on ,briti% manufactur]s 9 compet+ ) rivals 9 home1 & especially 9 =eign1 m>kets4 ,re=m]s ( ! ,pat5t sy/em fail to realise ?is--t no conceivable m]e improvem5t1 ev51 ?\gh x %\ld cle> away ! pres5t encumbrance ( a multiplicity ( trifl+ ,pat5ts1 c be m ?an an alleviation ( ! mis*ief n[ done4 ,! rema9+ few w\ld be ! mo/ important & valuable ones1 & !re=e ! mo/ burd5some1 because ^? :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! heavy royalties t w be legally claim$1 mu/ subject ,briti% manufactur]s to ! l>ge/ pecuni>y exactions--exactions t !y _c1 b _! rivals (t5 w\ld1 escape4 ,! writ] ( ! article has a way ( pooh-pooh+ adv]se argum5ts1 ev5 :5 he m5tions !m4 ,t no two m5 produce ! same book is true4 ,x is almo/ z difficult = two m5 to give to ! _w two inv5tions id5tical 9 e detail1 & equally well-fitt$ to subs]ve ! same end4 ,mu* has be5 said ab\t ! ease ) :i* ?is may be done1 b au!ntic pro(s are lack+ ( ?is hav+ be5 done on a l>ge scale4 ,& ,aga91 !n1 we ask = pro(s ( ! allegation t six m5 are (t5 on ! track ( ! self-same inv5tion4 ,:y1 ! simultane\sness1 or rapid succession1 ( id5tical inv5tions is notori\s4 ,he goes 9 ! face ( ! /ronge/ evid5ce :5 he says-- ,x is d\btful ev5 if ^! objectionable ,pat5ts d any real h>m4 ,an inv5tion :i* w answ] no purpose is simply useless1 :e!r x be pat5t$ or n4 ,&1 else:]e1 ,! tru? mu/ n be bl9k$ t1 if a multiplicity ( wor?less ,pat5ts be an evil1 if ! pr(its ( manufactur]s are dim9i%$ ow+ to ! battle !y h to fight ) pat5tees1 if ! be/[al ( ,pat5t-"r be ! s\rce ( mis*ief & ! occasion ( pecuni>y loss1 ! l compla9t may be laid at ! door ( ,copyright1 & its abolition might be dem&$ ) z great a %[ ( fairness4 ,h[ lightly he c reg>d argum5ts ( 8 oppon5ts is also se5 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,ano!r ( ,"l ,/anley's objections is t ! "r man h>dly ev] gets ! rew>d4 ,z he puts x1 litigation be+ co/ly1 & ! grant ( ,pat5t-"r m]ely am\nt+ to p]mission to take legal proce$+s aga9/ infr+]s1 ! poor man has no *ance ( ass]t+ & def5d+ 8 rights4 8,if a poor inv5tor took out a ,pat5t1 & ! ,pat5t promis$ to be productive1 9 n9e cases out ( t5 he 0 oblig$ to sell x to "s "o :o c\ld comm& capital en\gh to def5d x 9 a c\rt ( law40 ,we submit ?is proves no?+ m ?an t ! poor inv5tor1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 des]ves our pity4 ,b !n1 if ^! n9e inv5tors are un=tunate1 t does n ju/ify ! ill-treatm5t ( ! t5?4 ,! s\rce ( ! writ]'s idea1 t cessation ( ,pat5ts is ill-treatm5t1 lies 9 ! assumption :i* p]vades ! :ole article1 t to inv5tors belongs prop]ty 9 inv5tions--i4e41 exclusive "r ( prop]ty2 or1 9 o!r words1 "r to require ! ,/ate to use its p[] to prev5t o!r p]sons f do+ :at !y d1 & :at e o!r man has a natural & inali5able "r to d4 ,/ill fur!r3 %utt+ 8 eyes to ! difficulty ( mollify+ ! grievance ( inv5tion monopoly by means ( 8compulsory lic5ces10 :i* ! ,royal ,commission decl>$ !y f\nd no way ( r5d]+ practicable--&1 ,i add1 if practicable1 w\ld be no cure ( ! evils1 :i* are radical--he writes-- ,if to ?is 7 add$ a sy/em ( compulsory lic5ces1 ! am\nt ( royalty to be det]m9$ by a tribunal1 9 ! ev5t ( ! p>ties fail+ to come to t]ms1 ne>ly all ! really s]i\s & valid objections to ! work+ ( a ,pat5t-,law w\ld be obviat$4 ,yet1 believ+ himself ! fri5d ( ! public1 9 spite ( all ! /rong argum5ts aga9/ 8 views & ! little he himself adduces = !m1 he v complac5tly tells u-- ,speak+ on behalf ( ! public1 we ma9ta9 t a ,pat5t-,law is necess>y 9 any uncivilis$ community1 because1 )\t its protection1 indu/ry _c fl\ri%1 & +5uity c h no scope = its triumphs4 ,! review] c h>dly h consult$ any practical man :5 he pron\nces x-- absurd to plead t a ,pat5t has be5 infr+$ 9 ignorance1 :5 x is c]ta9 t ! ignorance1 if n wilful1 is :olly inexcusable4 ,und\bt$ly1 infr+em5ts (t5 are n acts done blamelessly 9 ignorance2 /ill1 ,i w\ld be surpris$ 9 mo/ cases if ! infr+] knew he 0 infr++4 ,he is n likely to "k x 9 mak+ trivial improvem5ts1 = h[ c he "k )\t subject+ himself to no small tr\ble & exp5se1 su* z ought n to be laid ^u him4 ,!re is an important po9t z to :i* ! review] & ,i p]haps diff]1 8! ext5t to :i* ,lett]s ,pat5t give a monopoly 9 ideas40 ,! fact is1 t ! :ole bread? ( a pr9ciple is pat5table1 provid$ any s+le mode ( apply+ x c be specifi$4 ,! review]1 adv]t+ to ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! ,law ( ,pat5ts s9ce ! days ( ,elizabe?1 *>act]ises !m z 8*anges t[>ds great] fre$om ( action on ! "p ( ! ,/ate1 & great] lib]ty ( *oice on ! "p ( ! p40 ,?is1 ,i confess1 ,i d n und]/&1 except s f> z x may mean !re has be5 less & less control ex]cis$ by ! ,/ate1 & m & m advantage tak5 ( ?is sup95ess by all sorts ( p]sons4 ,i am q prep>$ to admit t 9 my spee* ,i h exhibit$ r a popul> ?an a /rictly legal & logical view ( ! mean+ & legitimate applicability ( ! words 9 ! /atute1 8nor mis*iev\s to ! ,/ate by rais+ prices40 ,all t ,i ma9ta9 is ?is1--t ! _s ( ! proviso is oppos$ to any individual ,pat5t t keeps prices up at a level bel[ :i*1 if !re 7 no grant1 !y might1 by ! natural progress ( indu/ry1 be expect$ to fall1 & to a ,pat5t sy/em t *>act]i/ically has t effect & is also *>geable ) 8hurt ( trade0 & 8g5]ally inconv5i5t40 ,,spee*es ,,& ,,pap]s ,,on ,,! ,,abolition ,,( ,,pat5ts4 ,! foll[+ petition1 :i* ,mr4 ,macfie _h ! hon\r to pres5t1 conta9s ! motion :i* gave occasion = ! spee*es t =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ?is compilation3-- ,to ! ,hon\rable ! ,commons ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 9 ,p>liam5t assembl$4 ,,! ,,petition ,,( ,,! ,,newca/le ,,& ,,gate%ead ,,*amb] ,,( ,,comm]ce ,humbly %ewe?1-- ,t y\r petition]s h _h _m opportunities ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! work+ ( ! laws "u :i* ,pat5t-rights are grant$ to inv5tors 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,t y\r petition]s are in=m$ t notice has be5 giv5 9 y\r hon\rable ,h\se ( a motion 9 ! foll[+ words3-- 8,t 9 ! op9ion ( ?is ,h\se ! "t has arriv$ :5 ! int]e/s ( trade & comm]ce1 & ! progress ( ! arts & sci5ces 9 ?is c\ntry1 w\ld be promot$ by ! abolition ( ,pat5ts = inv5tions40 ,t y\r petition]s1 believ+ ! propos$ total abolition ( ,pat5t-,laws w be ( great b5efit to ! c\ntry1 are mo/ desir\s t ! above-nam$ resolution %\ld be adopt$ by y\r hon\rable ,h\se4 ,y\r petition]s1 !re=e1 humbly pray t ! said motion may pass y\r hon\rable ,h\se4 ,& y\r petition]s w ev] pray1 c4 ,,notes ,,( ,,spee* ,,( ,,mr4 ,,macfie1 ,m4,p4 ,mr4 ,macfie1 aft] apologies f\nd$ p>tly on ! circum/ance t1 s f> z he knew1 ?is 0 ! fir/ occasion :5 ! policy ( grant+ ,pat5ts = ,inv5tions _h be5 discuss$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 proce$$ to say1 t manufactur]s c\ld n be indiff]5t to improvem5ts4 ,x is inde$ significant t !y d dislike ,pat5ts1 :ile !y appreciate & hon\r inv5tors1 ev5 ^? inv5tors :o claim f ! ,/ate exclusive privileges1 "s ( :om h ! glory ( be+ among ! greate/ b5efactors ( mank9d4 ,9 consid]+ ! important subject :i* he n[ br\ght =w>d1 he submitt$ t x is n ! int]e/ ( inv5tors1 nor ev5 ! int]e/ ( manufactur]s1 ( agriculturi/s1 ( m9]s1 nor ( %ipp+1 t ?is ,h\se %\ld consult1 b ^? ( ! nation4 ,! "q to be consid]$ is1 d ,pat5ts1 on ! :ole1 promote our national welf>e8 ,ano!r pr9ciple on :i* he proce$$ is1 t !re c be no prop]ty 9 ideas4 ,! ,creator has s con/itut$ nature t ideas c be held 9 common1 :i* is n ! case ) ?+s mat]ial4 ,lett]s ,pat5t = inv5tions h be5 in/itut$ 9 ord] to confirm to c]ta9 p]sons1 & deprive e o!r p]son (1 ! common1 natural "r to act on ! ideas or k !re pat5t$4 ,^! exclusive privileges1 :ile !y la/1 are1 ( c\rse1 prop]ty4 ,fur!r3 ,x is a recognis$ pr9ciple1 t ! ,/ate is n b\nd to grant ,pat5ts4 ,^! are grants dictat$ by royal fav\r4 ,9 ! words ( ,/eph5s' ,comm5t>ies3 8,! grant ( a ,pat5t-"r is n ex debito ju/iti1 b an act ( royal fav\r40 ,e ,pat5t is a volunt>y transf]5ce by ! ,/ate to an individual ( p[] = f\rte5 ye>s to tax at pleasure o!r p]sons = mak+ or do+ ! ?+ pat5t$2 aye1 if he likes1 to prohibit or )hold ! ?+ altoge!r4 ,pat5t-"r mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,copyright4 ,! latt] /&s on p]fectly diff]5t gr\nds1 & c be advocat$ & upheld1 z he 7,mr4 ,macfie7 himself does1 9 p]fect consi/5cy ) disfav\r = ! =m]4 ,!re c be no rival claimant to ! au?or%ip ( any p>ticul> book2 _m p]sons may hone/ly & indisputably claim orig9ality 9 an inv5tion4 ,! true simil>ity betwe5 ^! two subjects ( privilege is n betwe5 ! book & ! inv5tion or ma*9e1 b ! book & ! specification ( ! inv5tion4 ,:5 y buy a ,murray's h&book1 a book on m$ic9e1 or a comm]cial guide1 y are at lib]ty to act on in=mation y f9d 9 x1 & to travel1 trade1 or prescribe1 accord+ to ! directions y f9d !re4 ,b m>k ! contra/ 9 :at ,pat5t-,law creates4 ,:5 y buy a specification1 y "k x tells only ( c]ta9 ?+s t y are n at lib]ty to d4 ,la/ly3 ,i ackn[l$ge t x is legitimate to legislate ) a view to promote or protect trade4 ,! int]f]5ce1 h[ev]1 :i* is n[ want$ is n a return to ! old protective sy/em ( discrim9ative duties1 b ! cle>+ away ( evil laws1 & especially deliv]ance f ! bondage & wrongs involv$ 9 ,pat5t monopolies4 ,= ! orig9 ( our def9ite ,pat5t legislation we g back to ! fam\s /atute ( ,james ,i4 ( ,engl&4 ,at t "t ! p ( ?is k+dom 7 9 a /ate some:at resembl+ our pres5t /ate4 ,!y 7 desir\s to ext5d trade & introduce new arts & manufactures4 ,p>liam5t 0 p[]ful & hat$ monopolies1 "u :i* ! p _h be5 wri?+4 ,^! x reprobat$ 9 ! _s ( ! juri/s ( antiquity4 ,:ile by t /atute x swept away all o!r monopolies1 x p]mitt$1 or tol]at$1 t ! ,cr[n %\ld grant ! exceptional privilege = 8! sole work+ or mak+ ( any mann] ( new manufactures )9 ?is realm1 to ! true & fir/ inv5tor & inv5tors ( su* manufactures1 :i* o!rs at ! "t ( mak+ su* ,lett]s ,pat5t & grants %all n use1 s z also !y be n contr>y to ! law nor mis*iev\s to ! ,/ate1 by rais+ prices ( commodities at home or hurt ( trade or g5]ally inconv5i5t40 ,! ,h\se w keep /eadily 9 view ! :olly diff]5t condition ( comm]ce & ! arts at t "t4 ,:5 ^! monopolies 7 sp>$1 trade 0 v f> f be+ develop$4 ,! field ( comm]ce 0 /ill 9 a great measure cle> & unoccupi$4 ,! k+dom 01 comm]cially z well z geographically1 deta*$ f ! cont95t4 ,! op]ations ( trade & ! arts 7 sl[1 7 conduct$ on a small scale & on rude sy/ems1 & yield$ l>ge pr(its4 ,exports to =eign p>ts 7 inconsid]able4 ,!re 7 no p]iodicals to give in=mation z to any?+ new 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 if new k9ds ( bus9ess 7 to be e/abli%$1 x 0 n unreasonably ?\ght safe1 or ev5 ne$ful1 to allure by promise ( exclusive privileges4 ,! v rev]se are our pres5t circum/ances & condition4 ,may ,i be all[$ n[ to call p>ticul> att5tion to ! ,act4 ,anybody may see t x au?oris$ exclusive privileges z some?+ exceptional1 some?+ almo/ loa!d1 z 8monopolies40 ,! ,h\se may rememb] h[1 9 con=mity ) ?is view1 ,pat5ts us$ to be con/ru$ by ! judicial b5* ) a lean+ aga9/ !m4 ,x 0 cle>ly n contemplat$ t !y 71 z !y are n[1 to be _h at a comp>atively easy price1 by a v simple c\rse ( proc$ure organis$ to h&1 at an (fice e/abli%$ & ) ma*9]y ready to be set 9 motion = ! purpose4 ,a rigid te/+ exam9ation1 or sev]e1 p]haps some:at adv]se1 scrut9y 0 impli$4 ,!y 7 grant$ = ,engl& only1 !n conta9+ a small population1 & requir+ n v mu* = its supply ( any new article4 ,moreov]1 ! covet$ privilege 0 a concession ( no m ?an leave or "r to 8"w0 or 8make0 7n v5d71 & t )9 ! k+dom1 :i*1 al?\gh x is ! only ?+ ! ,act all[s ,pat5ts to be grant$ =1 is n requir$ n[-a-days4 ,! "r 0 conf]rible only on ! pat5tee himself2 :]eas n[-a-days1 & p]haps f ! fir/1 ! usage is altoge!r diff]5t2 = ! pat5tee is n[ all[$ to transf] 8 "r1 by lic5ce1 to o!rs3 t is1 to v5d 8 8inv5tion10 tak+ ! n\n1 n 9 its s5se ( a ?+ made1 b ( a me?od1 or idea1 or "r to make or d a ?+4 ,)\t ?is lic5s+1 x is ( consequ5ce to rememb]1 ! monopoly w\ld be too grossly & gl>+ly bad to be def5sible or ma9ta9able4 ,!re is ano!r contra/3 by ! words ( ! /atute nobody c\ld be pat5tee b only ! true & fir/ inv5tor4 ,besides1 ! subject ( a ,pat5t cle>ly 0 to be some?+ palpable & visible--some?+ t admitt$ n ( d\bt z to :at x 0 or z to its be+ novel--some?+ respect+ :i* !re c\ld be no fe> :atev] t x w\ld int]f]e ) any already exi/+ trade4 ,above all1 a process or op]ation1 especially 9 a trade t already exi/$1 does n appe> to be contemplat$ by ! /atute4 ,h[ entirely & sadly diff]5t is ! pres5t practice 9 ?is respect4 ,let me fir/ quote f ,br&e's ,diction>y ! op5+ def9ition t %[s h[ naturally1 & z x seems1 unconsci\sly1 writ]s speak ( 8processes10 z ! great or only subject-matt]3-- 8,! ^w ,pat5t is commonly us$ to d5ote a privilege accord$ to an inv5tor = ! sole use ( "s process by :i* an object 9 dem& may be suppli$ to ! public2 or "s product already famili> to ! public may be made m easily & effici5tly40 ,s ! comm5cem5t ( a ,pap] on ,pat5ts1 9 ! la/ volume ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,association = ! ,promotion ( ,social ,sci5ce--9 ! foll[+ words1 8,! po9t ass]t$ 9 ! foll[+ pap] is1 t 9 a grant ( ,lett]s ,pat5t1 ! subject ( ! grant is a #8process1' & n #8product'0--%[s z decisively ! complete *ange t has tak5 place1 &1 let u n =get x1 )\t cons5t ( ,p>liam5t1 :o inde$ h nev] be5 consult$4 ,! alt]ation ( ! practice1 :i* is no?+ less ?an a new law--a law diametrically oppos$ to ! _s ( ! /atute--is ! "w ( ! c\rts ( judicature4 ,bett] pr9ciples might h be5 expect$ to prevail1 = h[ j is ! foll[+ reflection1 tak5 f ! mo/ important 8,treatise on ! ,law ( ,pat5ts30-- 8,e memb] ( ! community receives _m b5efits f ! society 9 :i* he lives1 & he is !re=e b\nd1 by e means 9 8 p[]1 to advance its int]e/s4 ,& x seems to be b reasonable t he %\ld be expect$ to promote ! public weal by putt+ ! community 9 possession ( any discov]y he makes :i* may be = ! public good40 ,! obs]vations ,i h be5 mak+ are f\nd$ on ! words ( ! /atute4 ,x is possible1 & p]haps ,i may say probable1 t outside ( ! /atute !re 0 an influ5ce draw+ 9 an opposite direction1 :i* f\nd expression 9 ! ,lett]s ,pat5t4 ,if ^! 7 scrut9is$1 x is n unlikely ev5 ! e>lie/ w\ld be f\nd n to conta9 ! /rict conditions & limitations :i* are laid d[n 9 ! ,act4 ,an incid5tal pro( ( ?is t5d5cy ,i notice 9 "o ,pat5t :i* has met my eye1 :]e1 ?\gh ! duration ( ! ,pat5t 9 ,engl& 0 conf9$ )9 ! p]mitt$ p]iod ( f\rte5 ye>s1 ! duration 9 ,irel&1 :i* 0 n subject to ! limitation1 0 9 same grant made s long z betwe5 ?irty & =ty ye>s4 ,i d n f9d1 9 ! excell5t ,*ronological ,index issu$ by ,mr4 ,woodcraft on behalf ( ! ,pat5t-(fice1 any?+ at all to indicate t desire to fav\r trade 0 ! motive = grant+ ,pat5ts ev5 aft] ! /atute 0 pass$4 ,on ! contr>y1 a money consid]ation seems to h be5 cu/om>y4 ,! ,cr[n /ipulat$ = ye>ly paym5ts ( v>i\s am\nt1 "s ( ^! be+ fix$ sums1 o!rs a t5?1 or ?ree-t5?s1 or a qu>t]1 or a half1 ( ! cle> b5efit4 ,9 "o case #d;d4 p] bu%el ( salt 0 claim$4 ,9 ano!r case #f;d4 p] #ajjlbs4 ( bones 0 /ipulat$ =4 ,9 ano!r ,i f9d #es4 p] ton ( metal /ipulat$4 ,all ?is is sugge/ive1 b n less ! condition1 introduc$ occasionally1 t ! articles manufactur$ %\ld be sold at mod]ate rates4 ,! mod]ate rates appe> to h be5 sometimes def9$1 e4g41 #ajj seals ( a new k9d 7 to be sold = #a;d4 ,simil> & m /r+5t c>e 0 tak5 :5 ,copyright fir/ became ! subject ( sy/ematic legislation1 to prev5t ! monopoly f mak+ books de>4 ,all su* precautions h1 9 our mod]n unwisdom1 disappe>$4 ,grotius requires "u monopoly a re/riction on price4 ,"o ?+1 ,i presume1 may be reg>d$ z c]ta91 t nei!r 9 ! ,act nor 9 ! ,lett]s is !re any ve/ige ( ! mod]n political h]esy t an inv5tion may be legislat$ = z 9 any s5se prop]ty4 ,ev5 ! high-s\nd+ phrase1 8! rights ( inv5tors10 appe>s a rec5t introduction4 ,x is n =ty ye>s s9ce ! greate/ numb] ( p]sons all[$ to p>ticipate 9 a ,pat5t 0 five4 ,?is limitation 0 a l+]+ rema9 ( ! traditional "* ( ,pat5ts1 z monopolies :i* ought n to be provid$ ) facilities = ext5sion b r be conf9$ )9 ! n>r[e/ b\nds4 ,x is prop] ,i %\ld n[ prove f t & o!r au?orities 9 law1 :at is ! correct int]pretation ( ! ^w 8manufactures0 9 ! /atute1 on ^: mean+ s mu* dep5ds4 ,my quotations w exhibit progressive developm5t--a ?+ ju/ly view$ ) suspicion1 :e!r its sph]e be ! ecclesia/ical or ! legal4 ,:at ,i n[ br+ "u notice1 tak5 9 connexion ) ! />tl+ p]v]sion ( ! words 8fir/ & true inv5tor0 & ! sett+ at n\ght ! lett] & _s ( ! words 8to make )9 ?is realm10 mat*es ! :imsical & ru9\s sophi/ications we smile at 9 ! 8,tale ( a ,tub40 ,my fir/ appeal is to ,sir ,e4 ,coke's 8,in/itutes30-- 8,if ! sub/ance 0 9 be+ be=e1 & a new addition made !reunto1 ?\gh t addition made ! =m] m pr(itable1 yet x is n a new manufacture 9 law40 ,t by a manufacture 0 meant some?+ s def9ite z to involve or imply an art 9 ! s5se ( a trade1 w be se5 by ano!r quotation :i* ,i make f ,s]jeant ,hawk9s1 :o says--8! ,k+ may grant ! sole use ( an art inv5t$ or fir/ br\ght into ! realm40 ,s also 9 8,bacon's ,abridgm5t40 ,! ,c\rt ( ,k+'s ,b5* held-- 8,a grant ( ! sole use ( a new inv5t$ art is good4444 ,?is is ti$ up by ! /atute to ! t]m ( f\rte5 ye>s2 = aft] t "t x is presum$ to be a kn[n trade40 ,mr4 ,h9dm>* writes-- 8,x 0 long d\bt$ :e!r a mode1 me?od1 or process ( itself1 & ap>t f its produce or results1 c\ld legally be made ! subject ( a ,pat5t privilege40 ,aft] cit+ cases1 he adds-- 8,^! cases %[ cle>ly t a process ( manufactur+1 sep>ate & ap>t1 may be made ! subject ( a ,pat5t privilege40 ,mr4 ,coryton1 9 8 volume on 8,! ,law ( ,lett]s ,pat5t10 expresses 8 m9d ?us pla9ly3-- 8,on ! assumption t a ,pat5t conf]s a monopoly1 x foll[s directly t ! subject-matt] ( ! ,pat5t mu/ be a mat]ial ?+1 capable ( sale1#b & _c be ei!r an improvem5t1 pr9ciple1 me?od1 process1 or sy/em4 ,9 o!r words1 ! subject-matt] mu/ be1 z x 0 orig9ally def9$1 a #8new manufacture4' ,a ?\s& evils h aris5 f affix+ o!r ?an ! lit]al int]pretation to ! t]ms10 c4 ,he quotes ,ju/ice ,hea?1 :o said-- 8,t :i* is ! subject ( a ,pat5t ought to be v5dible2 o!rwise x _c be a new manufacture40 ,s ,tyndal-- 8,t x is a manufacture c admit ( no d\bt3 x is a v5dible article1 produc$ by ! art & h& ( man40 ,m>k f ! words ( ,ju/ice ,bull]1 on ! same occasion1 ! s5tim5t :i* 0 p]mitt$ to prevail & neutralise ! /atute3-- 8,few m5 possess great] +5uity1 or h great] m]it4 ,if _! 7,b\lton & ,watt's7 ,pat5t c be su/a9$ 9 po9t ( law1 no man ought to envy !m ! pr(it & advantages aris+ f x4 ,ev5 if x _c be support$1 no man ought to envy !m ! pr(it10 c4 ,we come to ,c4 ,j4 ,eyre3-- 8,accord+ to ! lett] ( ! /atute1 ! words 444 fall v %ort 444 b mo/ c]ta9ly ! exposition ( ! /atute1 s f> z usage w exp\nd x1 has gone v mu* beyond ! lett]4 #8,a delib]ate surr5d]1' comm5ts ,mr4 ,coryton1 #8( judicial p[] 9 fav\r ( an accumulation ( popul> errors4'444 ,lat] judges1 foll[+ 9 ! same c\rse1 h /riv5 r to regulate ! inconsi/5cies !y f\nd1 ?an to address !mselves to ! cause & ?us prev5t ! possibility ( _! recurr5ce4 ,writ]s on ?is subject h on ?is head foll[$ 9 ! c\rse indicat$ by ! ,b5*40 ,a practical comm5t>y1 & a confirmation ( ,mr4 ,coryton's views1 are furni%$ by ! fact t ! numb] ( ,pat5ts grant$ 9 ! six reigns prec$+ t ( ,geo4 ,,iii4 0 only #edj 9 #he ye>s1 or less ?an #f a-ye>2 :]eas n[ a great] numb] is grant$ daily4 ,! actual adm9i/ration ( ,pat5ts is exhibit$ to u by a ,return :i* ! ,h\se has be5 good en\gh to ord] on my motion4 ,t return %[s h[ ! rate ( multiplication has increas$1 especially 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&4 ,!re h be5 grant$ =-- ,9 ,engl& ,engl&4 ,scotl&4 ,irel&4 = ! ,colonies4 ,9 #afej--,none4 #agjj #b #agej #g #ahjj #if #ac #b #f #ahbe #bej #fb #cc #hg #ahej #ebc #bbg #eca #aia #ahff #b1aba #b1aba #b1aba none #ahfg #b1bib #b1bib #b1bib none ,!re 7 9 op]ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom at ! end ( la/ ye> no few] ?an #aa1cfi4 ,! ,h\se is aw>e t ! ,pat5t-(fice makes a classification ( ,pat5ts4 ,! classification = #ahff1 ! late/ ye> t c\ld be giv5 9 ! ,return1 %[s t !re are ne>ly #cjj classes1 & !re 7 ,pat5ts grant$ t ye> affect+ ^? classes to ! numb] ( m ?an ?irty ea* on ! av]age4 ,tak+ ! manufacture & ref9+ ( sug> z a te/ ( o!r classes1 ! ,return %[s t 9 t trade !re 7 grant$ m ?an ?irty 8affect+ processes or op]ations0 7)\t includ+ hundr$s ( o!rs ( a m g5]al "*1 to :i* manufactur]s ( all sorts are subject$1 z1 = in/ance1 ,pat5ts = motive p[]1 heat+1 c474 ,_m notewor?y matt]s w meet ! eye ( any p]son :o exam9es ! ,return1 su* z ! foll[+3 ,= m$ical1 curative1 & simil> 8revelations10 !re 7 grant$ ab\t #hj2 = improvem5ts t5d+ to safety1 ne>ly #cej2 affect+ food1 ab\t #djj2 affect+ /eam-boil]s1 ab\t #afj2 /eam-eng9es1 ab\t #abj4 ,b we h yet to consid] ! mo/ mat]ial po9ts 9 ! ,act4 ,to ^! ,i n[ call att5tion4 ,! conditions or limitations :i* ! /atute makes necess>y are extremely significant4 ,!y are 9 ^! words--8,n contr>y to ! law nor mis*iev\s to ! ,/ate1 by rais+ prices ( commodities at home or hurt ( trade or g5]ally inconv5i5t40 ,on ^! words ,sir ,edw>d ,coke rem>ks-- 8,!re mu/ be urg5s necessitas & evid5s utilitas40 ,:at might be und]/ood by be+ 8g5]ally inconv5i5t0 9 ! /atute1 & h[ little disposition !re 0 to r5d] t disqualification a dead lett]1 we may ga!r f ! foll[+ extract1 :i* %[s t sav+ ( lab\r 0 9 ^? e>ly days1 s f> f be+ a recomm5dation1 an inconv5i5ce4 ,he> ! same au?ority3-- 8,!re 0 a new inv5tion f\nd out t bonnets & caps might be ?ick5$ 9 a full+ mill1 by :i* means m might be done ?an by ! lab\rs ( f\rscore m5 :o got _! liv+ by x4 ,x 0 orda9$ by an ,act1 #g ,edw>d ,,vi4 c4 #h1 t bonnets & caps %\ld be ?ick5$ & full$ by ! /r5g? ( m51 & n by a full+ mill1 = x 0 hold5 inconv5i5t to turn s _m lab\r+ m5 to idl5ess40 ,on :i* passage ,mr4 ,f>ey 7a g5tleman em95t on ,pat5t que/ions71 :o quotes x 9 an elaborate review ( ,pat5t-,law at ! end ( ! ,blue ,book ( #ahbi1 ! ,report ( ! ,committee on ,pat5ts = ,inv5tions1 makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3 8,if ?is decision _h be5 foll[$1 x w\ld h set aside e ,pat5t = inv5tion40 ,true1 & ! m's ! pity1 p]haps6 ,let u hail ! admission4 ,sir ,edw>d expla9s1 & ,i read1 ! :ole passage t ,i h cit$1 n z a lawy] might :o wi%$ to asc]ta9 :e!r by ov]sight 9 draw+ ! ,act or by ! malleability & ela/icity ( language x c\ld be int]pret$ ev5 non-naturally to suit a purpose1 b z hone/1 blunt ,engli%m5 w\ld und]/& x1 z ! ,engli% g5tlem5 :o pass$ ! ,act mu/ h und]/ood x & meant ! ,cr[n to und]/& x4 ,i submit1 ,mr4 ,speak]1 t at ?is mom5t1 & by ?is /atute1 & accord+ to ! common law :i* ?is /atute decl>es1 ,pat5ts are illegal :i* raise prices or hurt trade4 ,! fram+ ( ! s5t5ce leaves no d\bt :atev] t ! antec$5t to ! words 8!y be n contr>y to ! law nor mis*iev\s to ! ,/ate1 by rais+ prices ( commodities at home or hurt ( trade10 are ^! words1 8,lett]s ,pat5t & grants ( privilege40 ,! prec$+ section conta9s ! same words4 ,t section 0 introduc$ 9 ord] to %ort5 ! duration ( ,pat5ts grant$ previ\sly1 & to nullify any t rais$ prices or hurt trade4 ,x is pla9 t ! int5tion ( ,p>liam5t & ( ! ,sov]eign 0 to all[ no monopoly to exi/ ^: effect w\ld be ei!r to int]f]e ) ! ext5t or effici5cy ( indu/rial occupations1 or to make prices1 ev5 ( ! new manufacture or commodity1 de>] "u ! re/riction ?an !y w\ld be )\t x4 ,ev5 s late z ! la/ c5tury1 ! consi/5cy ( monopoly ) *eap5+ ( prices 0 believ$ 94 ,z an example1 ,i h be5 told t :5 ! ,p>aphrases ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 7 issu$1 ! monopoly 0 giv5 to a p>ticul> pr9t]1 ) ?is purpose expressly /at$4 ,:at language c be pla9] ?an t ( ! /atute8 ,z t /atute is /ill ! *>t] ( our comm]cial fre$om & ! *>t by :i* we may discov] ! track we mu/ foll[ 9 ord] to our return to ! op5 & safe1 & z its s\nd limitations are /ill ! law ( ! l&1 ,i am entitl$ at ! outset to cont5d t !y ought to be put 9 =ce4 ,!y h be5 utt]ly neglect$1 & ! nation suff]s mu* f ! neglect4 ,z to ?is1 he> my witnesses4 ,i produce !m *iefly f ! foll[+ ,blue-books3 ,t issu$ by ! ,committee ( ?is ,h\se :i* sat 9 #ahbi1 t issu$ by ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords :i* sat 9 #ahea1 & t issu$ by ! ,royal ,commission 9 #ahfe4 ,"h rem>k ! /range failures ( expectations t *>act]ise ! proce$+s ( ,p>liam5t 9 reg>d to ,pat5t-,law4 ,! ,committee ( #ahbi recomm5d$ t !y %\ld be all[$ to cont9ue _! inve/igations next ,session1 b !y appe> n to h be5 all[$4 ,aft] ! inquiries ( #ahea !re 01 z a ,petition :i* ,i h p]us$1 pres5t$ to ?is ,h\se1 %[s1 an und]/&+ t ! :ole subject w\ld be inquir$ into2 b ?is nev] has be5 done d[n to ?is day4 ,a ,commission 0 inde$ appo9t$ 9 #ahfb1 b !y 7 conf9$ to ! "q ( ! 8work+0 ( ! laws4 ,indications 7 giv51 bo? be=e & aft] x1 t ! "q ( ! policy ( ^! laws %\ld be exam9$ into4 ,! ,liv]pool ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce repeat$ly urg$ ?is2 e4g41 9 ,m>*1 #ahfb1 :5 t body petition$ ! ,h\se ?us3 8,!y !re=e pray t y\r hon\rable ,h\se w appo9t a ,select ,committee to inquire into ! policy & op]ation ( ^? laws40 ,b ! matt] is /ill 9 abeyance1 &1 not)/&+ promises 9 a ,royal ,spee*1 legislative action is susp5d$4 ,to proce$3 ,mr4 ,l5n>d 9 ?is ,h\se1 9 ,april1 #ahbi1 decl>$ 8 op9ion--8,x 0 n desirable to facilitate ov]mu* ! obta9+ ( ,pat5ts by any r$uction ( exp5se40 ,s ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! manufactur]s ( ,lanca%ire1 ,*e%ire1 & ,york%ire1 deprecat$ *eap5+ ( ,pat5ts & _! consequ5t multiplication4 ,at t p]iod ano!r memb] object$ ev5 to ! publi%+ ( specifications1 because 8,x enabl$ p]sons to c>ry ! inv5tion abroad1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 ! ,pat5t article 0 made1 ! =eign m>ket %ut aga9/ ! real inv5tion1 & ! undue b5efit grant$ =eign]s ( hav+ ! free use ( ! inv5tion f\rte5 ye>s be=e ! pat5tee's c\ntrym540 ,! ,h\se w obs]ve t ! compla9t "h is n t we 7 hurt 9 ,briti% m>kets--= ^! ! protective sy/em ( duties clos$--b t we lo/ our hold ( =eign m>kets4 ,sir ,m>k ,isamb>d ,brunel1 ! em95t eng9e]1 told ! ,committee ( #ahbi3-- 8,i h _h sev]al ,pat5ts myself2 ,i ?9k t ,pat5ts are l lott]y (fices1 :]e p run ) great expectations1 & ent] any?+ almo/4 8,& if !y 7 v *eap1 !re w\ld be /ill m ob/acles 9 ! way ( good ones4 ,i ?9k ! exp5se ( ,pat5ts %\ld be pretty high 9 ?is c\ntry1 or else1 if x is l[1 y w h hundr$s ( ,pat5ts m ye>ly1 & y w\ld ob/ruct v mu* ! valuable pursuits40 ,t ,pat5ts are1 inde$1 a lott]y 9 respect to ! unc]ta9ty :e!r ! pat5tees draw a prize or a blank1 ,i ref] to ! words ( ,mr4 ,curtis be=e ! ,royal ,commission3-- 8,we h tak5 out a numb] ( ,pat5ts1 & frequ5tly ^? to :i* we h atta*$ ! lea/ importance h become ! mo/ valuable1 &1 on ! contr>y1 ^? f :i* we h expect$ l>ge ?+s we h reap$ comp>atively no advantage40 ,mr4 ,coryton says 9 a note3-- 8,! op9ions ( ! witnesses exam9$ be=e ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahbi 7 almo/ unanim\s to ! effect t ,pat5ts %\ld n be too *eap1 le/ ! c\ntry %\ld be inundat$ ) !m40 ,among my private pap]s1 ,i f9d 9 #ahea ! ,man*e/] ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce express+ ! same fe> 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,f4 ,hill1 a portion ( :i* ,i n[ pres5t3-- 8,x is consid]$ by ?is ,bo>d to be a prim>y axiom t e ,pat5t grant$ is1 dur+ its exclusiv5ess1 a limitation to a c]ta9 ext5t ( ! g5]al rights ( ! p1 & t 9 ^? ,pat5ts :i* h ref]5ce to manufactur+ processes !re may be a di/urbance ( ! g5]al indu/ry ( ! p4 ,?is ,bo>d w\ld1 !re=e1 deprecate a too great facility 9 ! obta9+ ( ,pat5ts4 ,if ! co/ be made *eap1 e trifl+ improvem5t 9 e process ( manufacture w\ld be secur$ by a ,pat5t4 ,9 a few ye>s no man w\ld be able to make su* improvem5t 9 8 ma*9]y1 or processes1 z 8 own exp]i5ce may sugge/1 )\t infr++ ^u "s o!r p]son's ,pat5t4 ,endless litigation w\ld foll[1 & ! _s ( inv5tion 9 small matt]s w\ld be r *eck$ ?an enc\rag$40 ,! realisation ( ^! fe>s1 z well z ! inconsi/5cy ( our practice ) ! conditions :i* our =efa!rs1 m wise ?an ! pres5t g5]ation1 impos$1 w be se5 f ! specim5 extracts :i* ,i w n[ read1 begg+ t x be rememb]$ a v l>ge r$uction 9 ! co/ ( ,pat5ts 0 made 9 #aheb4 ,! ,h\se w p>don me if x f9ds ^! extracts are n arrang$ ) any rigid reg>d to ord]1 b =m a too rudis indige/aque moles4 ,! foll[+ prove t !re is a natural t5d5cy to excessive multiplication ( ,pat5ts1 & to ! mak+ ( ! same inv5tions1 & ( inv5tions direct$ to ! same end1 or mov+ on ! same l9e1 by a numb] ( p]sons at or ab\t "o & ! same "t4 ,?is v week y read 9 ! pap]s a judgm5t giv5 by ! ,"l ,*ancellor1 :i* conta9s ! decl>ation t a p]son 9 specify+ an inv5tion may be held z prev5t+ 8! loss = a ye> or m to ! public ( ! fruits ( ! +5uity ( _m m9ds :i* commonly are work+ toge!r 9 reg>d to ! same inv5tion40 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,jurisprud5ce says well3-- 8,! rights ( ! inv5tor are also liable to int]f]5ce ( ano!r k9d4 ,a rival manufactur] inv5ts indep5d5tly ! same ma*9e1 or "o involv+ ! same pr9ciple4 ,he is !n1 by natural law1 at lib]ty to publi% 8 inv5tion )\t reg>d to ! rights ( ! fir/ inv5tor1 see+ t he did n acquire 8 k ( its p[]s f ! latt]1 & exp]i5ce proves t1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! same processes are frequ5tly discov]$ by diff]5t individuals indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,9 an age ( me*anical inv5tion1 an inv5tor _c deprive ! _w ( a new process by keep+ x a secret4 ,he c at mo/ only ret>d ! progress ( discov]y by a few ye>s4444 ,we submit t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( any legislative contract betwe5 inv5tors & ! public %\ld be1 t ! "r ( us+ ! inv5tion %\ld be op5 to all ,h] ,maje/y's subjects4 ,exclusive privileges1 conf]r$ = ! purpose ( enabl+ pat5tees to divide _! pr(its ) a few fav\r$ manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 are indef5sible ^u any recognis$ pr9ciples ( economy4 ,pat5ts are 9 fact1 z !y are 9 law consid]$ to be1 trad+ monopolies2 & ! int]e/s ( ! public imp]atively require t1 z monopolies1 !y %\ld be swept away40 ,mr4 ,web/]1 ,q4,c41 a high au?ority1 says3-- 8,i mean ! discov]y1 = in/ance1 ( "s *emical prop]ty1 or ! application ( "s prop]ty1 ( matt] ( rec5t discov]y1 or a c]ta9 effect1 = in/ance1 9 dye+2 t becom+ kn[n z a *emical law1 !n p]sons ru% to obta9 ,pat5ts = diff]5t applications & diff]5t modifications ( x40 ,see by my next quotations h[ great is ! ob/ruction ! multiplication ( ,pat5ts creates1 or1 9 ! words ( ! ,act1 ! 8g5]al inconv5i5ce0 !y occasion4 ,mr4 ,james ,mead[s ,r5del1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 9 #ahea3-- 8,dur+ ! tw5ty-five ye>s t ,i h be5 9 practice1 ,i h frequ5tly felt ! inconv5i5ce ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,pat5t-,law1 p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to ! excessive numb] ( ,pat5ts tak5 out = frivol\s & unimportant inv5tions1 :i* ,i ?9k are mu* m emb>rass+ ?an ! ,pat5ts t apply to really important inv5tions4 8,i h f\nd !m int]f]e 9 a way t v mu* emb>rasses an eng9e] 9 c>ry+ out l>ge works1 )\t be+ ( ! slighte/ advantage to ! inv5tors1 except+ t 9 "s cases a man :o takes out a ,pat5t f9ds a capitali/ 7h[ev] frivol\s ! inv5tion7 :o w buy ! ,pat5t1 z a sort ( pat5t-mong]1 :o holds x1 n = any useful purpose1 b z a means ( mak+ claims :i* emb>rass p]sons :o are n prep>$ to dispute que/ions ( t sort4 ,i ?9k t 9 t way _m ,pat5ts are grant$ :i* are b ( little b5efit to ! real inv5tor1 s]v+ only to fill ! c(f]s ( p>ties :o only keep !m to inconv5i5ce ^? :o might h occasion to use ! p>ticul> inv5tion 9 "s adjunct way :i* 0 nev] contemplat$ by ! inv5tor4 8,aft] y h design$ some?+ t is really useful 9 eng9e]+ works1 y are told t "s "p ( t design int]f]es ) "s ,pat5t grant$ = an entirely diff]5t purpose1 & :i* might 9 itself be frivol\s1 b important 9 ! new comb9ation2 & "o has su* a horror ( ! ,pat5t-,laws1 t "o evades x by design+ some?+ else1 p]haps z good 9 itself1 b giv+ "o inf9ite tr\ble1 )\t any advantage to ! hold] ( ! ,pat5t4 ,i h frequ5tly f\nd ?is to be ! case40 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,hale1 c&le manufactur]1 said 9 #ahea1 9 answ] to ! "q-- 8,at pres5t !y are ob/ructions to y8--,decid$ly4 8,y say t1 practically1 y h f\nd ! exi/5ce ( ,pat5ts 9 !mselves useless--a great ob/ruction to ! introduction ( inv5tions :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 ( value8--,c]ta9ly4 8,! great objection :i* ,i conceive _m p>ties h to introduce real improvem5ts arises f useless ,pat5ts4 ,i am 9 treaty n[ = "o or two :i* 9 !mselves are useless1 yet !y conta9 ! g]m ( some?+1 & x is wor? my :ile1 if ,i c get !m = a small sum1 to pur*ase !m2 b directly y make application = a ,pat5t ( t description1 x becomes v valuable all at once2 ! p>ty conceives y are desir\s ( possess+ y\rself ( x1 & t y w be incl9$ to give any?+ = ! use ( x40 ,9 l mann] ,sir ,william ,arm/rong answ]$ ?is "q1 put 9 #ahfd-- 8,is x )9 y\r k t consid]able inconv5i5ce does exi/ 9 ^? bran*es ( bus9ess ) :i* y are mo/ conv]sant f ! multiplicity ( ,pat5ts8--,mo/ c]ta9ly1 & great ob/ruction40 ,s also ,mr4 ,james ,sp5ce1 ( ,liv]pool1 a well-kn[n correspond5t ( ! ,times dur+ ! ,am]ican w>1 said-- 8,x is difficult = a manufactur] to move 9 any direction )\t tread+ on ! toes ( "s sort ( a pat5tee40 ,likewise ,mr4 ,montague ,e4 ,smi?1 ,q4,c41 ,m4,p41 said3-- 8,9 sev]al cases 9 :i* ,i h myself be5 c\nsel1 v great inconv5i5ce has aris5 f ! multiplicity ( ,pat5ts :i* an inv5tor has _h to wade ?r\gh to see t he has n be5 anticipat$40 ,h[ truly did ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong obs]ve to ! ,commission-- 8,y _c grant a monopoly )\t exclud+ o!r p]sons :o are work+ ^u ! same subject40 ,aga93-- 8,"h ! ,/ate grants to an individual a monopoly1 & !re=e ! public are at 8 m]cy40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,russell1 :o himself has tak5 out a good _m ,pat5ts1 speaks m specifically3-- 8,!re are a great _m ,pat5ts ( t k9d tak5 out = boil]s ( /eam-eng9es1 & boil]s ( /eam-eng9es admit ( a v enorm\s v>iety ( %ape & proportion )\t damag+ _! effici5cy4444 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ,i h n def5d$ any ( my own4 ,i h nev] made ( m9e m ?an a m]e regi/ry ( priority ( inv5tion4 ,i h n made m9e a s\rce ( money1 b ,i h suff]$ 9 ?is way f ,pat5ts3 ,i h gone on1 9 ! c\rse ( my bus9ess1 do+ my ord9>y "w1 & ,i h f\nd o!r p tak+ out ,pat5ts = :at ,i 0 do+ )\t call+ x an inv5tion1 & !n prosecut+ me "u ! ,pat5t !y _h tak5 out = my own inv5tions1 & x appe>s t !re is no?+ to prohibit !m f do+ t40 ,?is ,i c f exp]i5ce endorse4 ,he is !n ask$-- 8,if y 7 able to prove t y _h be5 c>ry+ on an inv5tion1 :atev] x might be1 at ! "t :5 ! p]son claim+ to hold a ,pat5t = x took out 8 ,pat5t1 w\ld n t relieve y f all difficulty 9 ! matt]8--,x w\ld only give me ! pleasure ( def5d+ a law-suit40 ,mr4 ,curtis1 eng9e]1 ,man*e/]1 said3-- 8,_m p>ties 9 trade h made alt]ations )\t be+ aw>e ( _! be+ pat5t$1 & :5 !y h us$ !m = a l5g? ( "t1 !y h f\nd t ! pat5tee has come ^u !m & made a claim = ,pat5t-"r40 ,mr4 ,platt1 ( ,oldham1 :om y are happy to see z a memb]1 said3-- 8,i ?9k t !re is sc>cely a week1 c]ta9ly n a mon?1 t passes b :at we h a notice ( "s k9d or o!r ( ?+s t we h nev] he>d ( 9 any way1 & d n "k ( 9 ! lea/1 t we are infr++ ^u !m1 & ! difficulty is to get at any k4 ,we may be n[ infr++1 & may h be5 infr++ = ye>s1 & a p]son may h be5 wat*+ u all ! "t1 & :5 he ?9ks t we h made a suffici5t numb] he may come d[n ^u u1 & !re is no record4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( ,pat5ts are n[ tak5 out = :at is t]m$ a comb9ation ( kn[n ?+s1 & kn[n ?+s = ! same purpose1 & ! descriptions ( ^? ,pat5ts are g5]ally s bad t x is impossible to tell ! p>ts t are actually pat5t$2 9 matt]s ( t k9d x has become a v s]i\s "q z to conduct+ a l>ge bus9ess40 ,9 #ahea1 ,sir ,william ,cubitt spoke ( an inv5tor ( filt]s3-- 8,aft] he began to supply 8 cu/om]s1 he receiv$ notice f a h\se 9 ,liv]pool t he w\ld be prosecut$2 he receiv$ intimation ( legal proce$+s aga9/ him = int]f]+ ) 81 ! ,liv]pool man's1 ,pat5t4 ,i h "s ( ^? filt]s4 ,! manufactur] ( ^! ?+s1 :o _h no ,pat5t1 came to me to consult me ^u ! subject4 ,i at once saw h[ ! case /ood1 hav+ reg>d to ! specification ( ! ,liv]pool pat5tee1 t he 7! latt]7 _h tak5 out a ,pat5t = t :i* ano!r man _h be=e done1 s exactly t ! words ( ! specification & ! draw+s fitt$ ! fir/ man's inv5tion1 :i* 0 )\t a ,pat5t1 !re=e 8 ,pat5t w\ld h be5 null & void4 ,i advis$ my fri5d to write to ! pat5tee to in=m him ( ! fact t he _h tak5 up a case :i* he c\ld n support1 & t he himself 0 infr++ ^u ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ man1 :o _h no ,pat5t2 t br\ght ! ,liv]pool man to me1 ,i hav+ be5 ref]r$ to z hav+ "o ( ^! filt]s 9 use4 ,i expla9$ to him t ,i _h _h ! pat5t filt] ( ! o!r man = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,!n :at 0 to be done8 ,i advis$ my fri5d1 :o 0 9 fact "o ( ! ,ransomes1 ( ,ipswi*1 to tell ! ,liv]pool pat5tee if he did n come to "s arrangem5t ( a bus9ess-l nature1 he himself w\ld h to become ! prosecutor1 & to sue out ! #8scire facias' to make him prove 8 ,pat5t-"r1 :i* is an exp5sive legal proce$+1 & v tr\blesome to a pat5tee4 ,i believe !y h s9ce made "s bus9ess arrangem5t2 b t %[s h[ ,pat5ts may be1 & are frequ5tly1 tak5 out = ?+s :i* h be5 previ\sly inv5t$40 ,z to ! bad effects ( ,pat5ts1 ,i quote aga9 f ,mr4 ,scott ,russell3-- 8,! unlimit$ p[] giv5 by a monopoly to an inv5tor has ?is practical effect at pres5t1 t :5 an inv5tion has be5 made ! subject ( a ,pat5t1 ev]ybody %r9ks f x1 ev]ybody runs away f x1 ev]ybody avoids x z an unlimit$ evil1 because ! p]son :o has ! monopoly c subject y to a mo/ exp5sive prosecution1 & c *>ge y a mo/ inconv5i5t sum = :at y h done1 & c puni% y 9 e way = hav+ t\*$ 8 inv5tion40 ,mr4 ,grove says x is natural t p %\ld yield to ! hold] ( ! ,pat5t1 =1 if 8,he has a lett] f a pat5tee say+1 #8,y are infr++ my ,pat5t2' ,i d n believe t ! tradesman w\ld g to ! exp5se ( litigation ) ! pat5tee1 & = ?is reason1 x is ! pat5tee's int]e/ to give a v l>ge sum ( money to support 8 ,pat5t4 ,8 ,pat5t1 al?\gh = a v trivial ?+1 may1 tak+ ! va/ ext5t ( sale1 be a v lucrative affair1 & !re=e x is wor? 8 :ile to lay out a l>ge sum ( money to support 8 ,pat5t4 ,x is n wor? ! :ile ( ! oppon5t1 because he has only a little /ock :i* affects him2 ! pat5tee has 8 :ole int]e/ consolidat$ 9 ! ,pat5t4 ,all ^? :o might oppose ! ,pat5t are a scatt]$ body1 namely1 ! public g5]ally1 n "o ( :om has any /rong int]e/ 9 oppos+ ! ,pat5t2 & ,i believe t t has be5 v mu* work$ by pat5tees1 p>ticul>ly 9 a small & comp>atively frivol\s & p]haps an all b useless inv5tion4 ,! public is a scatt]$ body1 n "o ( :om has suffici5t int]e/ to meet ) equal =ce ! pat5tee40 ,mr4 ,platt1 ,m4,p41 pres5ts ! foll[+ case1 to %[ h[ unpr9cipl$ p use ! p[] :i* ! law gives !m1 & h[1 ev5 ) a good case1 if !y b knew x to be s1 p 9 bus9ess are l$ to succumb to extortion3-- 8,! f\rte5 ye>s ( ! ,pat5t _h expir$1 & five ye>s1 s t x 0 n9ete5 ye>s f ! date ( ! ,pat5t be=e ! action t ,i n[ speak ( 0 comm5c$4 ,x 0 comm5c$ by ! p>ties1 & ,i may say t ! p]son :o 0 ! orig9al pat5tee 0 a p]son ( no money :atev]2 b he p]suad$ "s p>ty1 ,i believe "s lawy]1 to advance "s money 9 ord] to take up ?is case4 ,i "k t _m ma*9e-mak]s1 r ?an conte/ ! case1 absolutely paid ! money--! diff]5t sums ( money t 7 dem&$ ( !m4 ,i came up ?is aft]noon ) a g5tleman 9 a tra9 f ,man*e/]1 :o m5tion$ ?is case to me1 & :o /at$ t "o ( 8 own cli5ts (f]$ z l>ge a sum z #b1jjj 9 "o case1 to settle ! matt]4 ,i f\nd t ! sy/em 0 to attack ! small] m51 & by t means to extract money 9 diff]5t ways1 & !re h be5 a numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* p>ties h paid 9 t way4 ,al?\gh n attack$ 9 ?is in/ance myself1 a neighb\r ( m9e 02 ,i look$ ov] 8 evid5ce1 & ,i told him t ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld am5d x v mu*1 & ,i told him fur!r t ,i w\ld be a p>ty to ! exp5se4 ,i said1 let me take ! case 9 h&1 :i* ,i did4 ,n[1 n9ete5 ye>s is a v long "t = a ma*9e1 & ?is ma*9e 0 ( a v valuable k9d2 hundr$s ^u ?\s&s _h be5 made dur+ ! n9ete5 ye>s1 & if ?is p]son c\ld h e/abli%$ 8 claim to a ,pat5t-"r1 he w\ld h made a v l>ge sum ( money1 s l>ge z to be almo/ incalculable4 ,x s happ5$ t ,i recollect$1 :5 x 0 br\ght to my memory1 t we _h made a numb] ( ^? ma*9es long be=e ! date ( t ,pat5t1 & ! difficulty !n 0 to prove t su* a ma*9e _h be5 made1 = 9 n9ete5 ye>s1 speak+ ( cotton ma*9]y1 su* ma*9es w\ld probably all h be5 brok5 up1 sc>cely any 7 to be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry2 b x s happ5$ t 9 "o in/ance a v l>ge firm ( manufactur]s 9 ,pre/on1 ( ! "n ( ,horrocks1 ,mill]1 & ,co41 _h two or ?ree ( ^! ma*9es /ill left4 ,i got ,mr4 ,mill] to come up to ,london1 & we br\ght "o ( ^! ma*9es ) u4 ,x 0 tak5 into c\rt1 & 9 a mom5t _! own witness admitt$ t ?is 0 precisely ! same ?+ t ! o!r p>ties _h be5 pay+ royalty to ?is man =1 & ! case 0 at once ab&on$ by ,mr4 ,web/]1 :o 0 !n conduct+ x40 ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong told ! ,commission3-- 8,ano!r great evil ( ! ,pat5t sy/em is ?is1 t an invalid ,pat5t really answ]s ! purpose ( protection almo/ z well z a valid "o4 ,i believe t !re is n "o ,pat5t 9 t5 :i* w\ld be> scrut9y1 & ! m]e "n ( a ,pat5t (t5 answ]s all ! purpose4 ,nobody w face ! litigation necess>y to get rid ( x4 8,9 v _m cases p pref] to pay black mail r ?an und]go ! exp5se ( a law-suit8--,9 almo/ all cases2 ,i "k t 9 my own exp]i5ce1 if ,i f9d t a man has a ,pat5t :i* ,i am satisfi$ is n a valid "o1 ,i w\ld r g out ( ! way to avoid any conflict ) him40 ,s also ,mr4 ,curtis3-- 8,i h 9 "o or two cases giv5 #bjj to a p>ty = ! use ( an inv5tion 9 :i* ,i h told him at once t :at we us$ 0 n an infr+em5t 9 any %ape or =m2 b r ?an run ! *ance ( go+ to a tribunal :]e ,i 0 fight+ ) a man ( /raw1 ,i h cons5t$ 7?9k+ x 0 prud5t to d s7 to pay #bjj40 ,mr4 ,woodcr(t1 9 keep+ ) all ?is1 te/ifi$-- 8,i "k ( exi/+ ,pat5ts :i* are b old inv5tions1 z old z ! hills40 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,transactions ( ! ,national ,association = ! ,promotion ( ,social ,sci5ce pres5ts ano!r illu/ration ( ! mis*ief ! ,pat5t sy/em works3-- 8,! ,pat5t 9 "q hav+ be5 pur*as$ = a trifle by ,mr4 ,foxwell1 its m]its 7 subject$ to close scrut9y1 & ! specification be+ f\nd to be defective 9 "s respects1 b possess+ ! quality ( ela/icity f ! vagu5ess ( its phraseology1 x 0 resolv$ to improve x "u ! ,disclaim] & ,am5dm5t ,act4 ,aft] und]go+ a comp\nd op]ation analog\s to prun+ & graft+1 x 0 f\nd to embrace almo/ e k9d ( %uttle sew+ ma*9e4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 hop$ by ! possession ( ?is invaluable ,pat5t to control n9e-t5?s ( ! sew+ ma*9e trade ( ,great ,brita94 ,fir$ ) ?is idea1 ,mr4 ,foxwell comm5c$ legal proce$+s aga9/ a well-kn[n sew+ ma*9e manufactur] = comp5sation = an alleg$ infr+em5t ( 8 am5d$ ,pat5t1 & at ! ?ird trial succe$$ 9 driv+ 8 oppon5t into a compromise1 :]eby ! sum ( #d1bej 0 paid 9 liquidation ( all dem&s4 ,enc\rag$ by ?is success1 he1 ?r\gh 8 solicitor1 appris$ ! trade ( 8 int5tion to levy royalties on ! us]s ( all ne$le & %uttle ma*9es o!r ?an ^? manufactur$ by 8 lic5ces1 &1 fail+ to br+ _m to 8 t]ms1 he fil$ bills 9 ,*anc]y aga9/ #acd default]s40 ,mr4 ,abel1 ( ,*anc]y-lane1 9 a rec5t pamphlet1 writes ?us1 to %[ h[1 9 self-def5ce1 ,pat5ts require to be tak53-- 8,9 _m cases an inv5tor takes out ,pat5ts = immat]ial improvem5ts t he is cont9ually mak+ 9 8 processes or ma*9]y1 m]ely = ! purpose ( indisputably publi%+ ^? improvem5ts1 9 ord] !reby to prev5t ! *ance ( 8 be+ deb>r$ f ! use ( ! same1 ?r\gh a ,pat5t be+ obta9$ = !m by somebody else40 ,! foll[+ /atem5t is au!nticat$ by ,mr4 ,grove3-- 8,i _h at "o "t great d\bts ab\t x1 b ?+s h arriv$ at a dead lock4 ,! ,c\rts n[ really _c try ^! cases4 ,we h at ^! v sitt+s ?ree ,pat5t cases made remanets because !y _c be tri$2 !y int]f]e too mu* ) o!r bus9ess4 ,we h at ?is mom5t go+ on a ,pat5t trial :i* is n[ 9 its f\r? day4 ,we h _h )91 ,i ?9k1 a week ano!r trial ( a ,pat5t1 :i* la/$ sev51 & a ?ird :i* la/$ five days4 ,dur+ ! "t t ^! ,pat5t cases h be5 go+ on !re h be5 heavy ,pat5t arbitrations go+ on1 two ( :i* ,i c speak to myself2 "o1 ,i ?9k1 la/$ sev5te5 days1 & ! o!r1 :i* involv$ a v simple issue1 la/$ six or sev5 days4 ,^? arbitrations w5t on contemporane\sly1 & ! cases 7 oblig$ to be tri$ by arbitration because ! ,c\rts c\ld n try !m2 x w\ld h occupi$ too mu* public "t4 ,:ile ^! cases h be5 go+ on sev]al ,pat5t cases h be5 also ready = argum5t 9 banco1 & "o has be5 po/pon$40 ,on ?is "p ( ! subject ,i aga9 cite ,mr4 ,platt3-- 8,!re be+ an adj\rnm5t1 = example1 = a =tnight or ?ree weeks1 is !re con/antly a fre% bur/ ( evid5ce to meet ! difficulty rais$ at ! la/ meet+8--,yes1 x is s2 & t prolongs ! case v mu*2 9 fact1 ! case t ,i h 9 my m9d n[ ,i h no d\bt w co/ ! p>ties a sum ( #d1jjj or #e1jjj4 ,i _c see h[ x is possible = ! v]dict to be aga9/ !m1 = x has be5 a frivol\s & vexati\s proce$+ f ! beg9n+1 & ) ! idea ( extort+ money40 ,& ,mr4 ,scott ,russell3-- 8,9 y\r exp]i5ce h y n se5 a great numb] ( di%one/ litigants1 pla9tiffs :o br+ actions 9 ! way ( p]secution1 & def5dants :o desire to de/roy a ,pat5t1 & :]e "o or o!r ( ! p>ties = ! mo/ "p acts 9 bad fai?1 try+ to injure 8 adv]s>y 9 any way t he c8--,i %\ld say t ! great] numb] ( ,pat5t cases are cases ( oppression4 8,h y kn[n cases ( oppression :]e ! pat5tee has be5 ! oppressor8--,yes1 frequ5tly4 8,h y kn[n cases ( pat5tees ) a good ,pat5t1 & 9 :i* !re has be5 :at may be call$ a di%one/ attempt to de/roy x8--,yes1 ,i h kn[n bo? on a v l>ge scale2 = example1 !re 0 ! great hot bla/ case4 ,i 0 engag$ 9 t f ! beg9n+ 9 ! capacity ( arbitrator2 & 9 t great hot bla/ case ! :ole litigation arose f ! ironma/]s1 :o 7 mak+ enorm\s sums ( money1 wi%+ to get rid ( a v small ,pat5t rate p] ton1 :i* _h accumulat$ to an enorm\s sum 9 consequ5ce ( ! success ( ! ,pat5t4 ,! exp5ses 9 ! hot bla/ ,pat5t case am\nt$1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 to m ?an #ajj1jjj40 ,9 ! celebrat$ capsule case1 ! exp5ses h be5 some:]e ab\t half ( t enorm\s sum4 ,9 ano!r case1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( x4 ,h[ true1 !n1 is ! foll[+1 f ,*amb]s' ,cyclopdia3-- 8,:5 a ,pat5t has be5 grant$1 if x is ( su* a nature z to lead to competition1 infr+em5ts are almo/ matt] ( c\rse2 & ! only mode ( discov]+ & *eck+ ! infr+em5t is s ineffective t inv5tors g5]ally pass _! lives 9 con/ant litigation1 fight+ a succession ( imitators1 :o (t5 h no?+ to lose by defeat1 & !re=e entail all ! great] burd5 on ! legitimate manufactur]4 ,x has be5 said t n m ?an ?ree p] c5t4 are remun]ative4 ,a ,royal ,commission has lately be5 engag$ 9 inquiries z to ! be/ mode ( remun]at+ inv5tors & improv+ ! law ) ref]5ce to infr+em5t2 b x is d\btful h[ f> ! subject is capable ( be+ put on a bett] foot+1 s _m difficulties be+ inh]5t 9 x40 ,& h[ _m ( ^! p]nici\s ,pat5ts d hon\rable memb]s ?9k h be5 repeal$8 ,all[ me1 z to ?is1 to quote ,mr4 ,grove-- 8444 ,v few ,pat5ts h be5 repeal$1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! pat5tee has be5 victori\s40 ,& ! ,commission]s' ,report3-- 8,numb] ( ,pat5ts repeal$ by scire facias f #afag to ,octob]1 #aheb #ai 8,numb] ( ,pat5ts repeal$ by scire facias f ,octob]1 #aheb1 to ,decemb]1 #ahfa ,none40 ,a natural "q sugge/s itself1 ,:o is to get a ,pat5t1 s9ce 9 _m cases !re is a plurality ( almo/ simultane\s inv5tors8 ,li/5 to ! words ( ,mr4 ,web/]1 ,q4,c41 au?or ( well-kn[n books on ,pat5t-,law3-- 8,i h frequ5tly _h br\ght be=e me five or six ,pat5ts = ! same ?+ )9 two or ?ree ye>s1 or p]haps ev5 )9 a ye>4 ,i rememb] a rem>kable case ( a ,pat5t = an improvem5t 9 railway :eels1 :]e !re 7 z _m1 ,i ?9k1 z six ,pat5ts almo/ )9 six mon?s40 ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong %[s t sometimes ! *ief b5efit ( inv5tions goes to ! wrong p>ties3-- 8,a p]son obta9+ a ,pat5t = a crude inv5tion prev5ts o!r p]sons f ent]+ ^u ! same gr\nd unless at _! own p]il1 & ,i h kn[n cases :]e1 9 ! ignorance ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,pat5t1 improvem5ts h be5 made1 & practical value giv5 to an inv5tion :i* has be5 previ\sly pat5t$1 & !n t pat5tee has come =w>d & said1 #8,t is my inv5tion1 & y mu/ pay me = us+ x4' ,o!r p h giv5 additional value to 8 ,pat5t1 t is to say1 !y h made improvem5ts :i* he c appropriate to 8 ,pat5t1 & 9 t way x gives x an additional value4 ,! m]e conception ( prim>y ideas 9 inv5tions is n a matt] involv+ mu* lab\r1 & x is n a ?+1 z a rule1 ,i ?9k1 dem&+ a l>ge rew>d2 x is r ! subsequ5t lab\r :i* ! man be/[s 9 p]fect+ ! inv5tion--a ?+ :i* ! ,pat5t-,laws at pres5t sc>cely recognise4 8,b y are unable to d s1 because y _c int]f]e ) ! ,pat5t ov] x4 ,d y f9d practically t t clogs ! progress ( inv5tion8--,i w take "o ( my own inv5tions4 ,i w take an hydraulic crane1 = example1 :i* ,i w suppose t ,i d n pat5t1 & ,i w suppose t ano!r p]son inv5ts an improv$ valve & applies x to hydraulic cranes1 & t he pat5ts t improvem5t ^u hydraulic cranes2 cle>ly ! result ( t is1 t if x gives an improv$ "* to ! :ole ma*9e he w obta9 ! monopoly ( ! ma*9e1 because he has a ,pat5t = ! improvem5t1 & t c>ries ) x ! ma*9e itself40 ,mr4 ,web/] %[s h[ x is t m5 ( sci5ce1 ! real discov]]s1 miss rew>d3-- 8,! numb] ( inv5tions br\ght out by purely sci5tific p ,i believe to be v few1 & = ?is reason3 purely sci5tific p want practical k to enable !m to c>ry out _! own ideas2 ! mass ( inv5tions1 ,i h no d\bt1 are made by workm51 or p]sons ( skill & sci5ce engag$ 9 "s actual manufacture40 ,mr4 ,i4 ,k4 ,brunel tells-- 8,cooke & ,:eat/one d]iv$1 ,i believe1 a l>ge sum ( money f ! electric telegraph2 & ,i believe y w f9d fifty p :o w say t !y inv5t$ x also4 ,i suppose x w\ld be difficult to trace ! orig9al inv5tor ( any?+40 ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong speaks reg>d+ t frequ5t case-- 8,an idea :i* is pres5t to ! m9ds ( v _m p]sons at ! same "t4 ,)\t any ref]5ce to 8 compet5cy to develop t idea1 & to give x practical value1 he is all[$ to h a monopoly ( x1 & !reby to exclude all o!r p]sons40 ,he po9ts out t-- 8,z soon z a dem& arises = any ma*9e1 or implem5t1 or process1 ! means ( satisfy+ t dem& pres5t !mselves to v _m p]sons at ! same "t1 & x is v unfair1 & v impolitic ,i ?9k1 t ! p]son :o gets fir/ 9 ! race to ! ,pat5t-(fice %\ld h ! means ( prev5t+ all o!rs f compet+ ) him 9 ! developm5t ( t p>ticul> means ( process40 ,mr4 ,grove1 ,q4,c41 em95t 9 sci5ce z 9 law1 h9ts at a rem$y3-- 8,i am speak+ ( classes ( inv5tions :i*1 if !y may be call$ inv5tions at all1 w\ld inevitably foll[ ! usual c\rse ( trade & ! fair scope :i* e man %\ld h = modify+ or improv+ 8 commodity4 ,i w\ld n %ut out ! public f ^? ?+s4 ,i w\ld exclude f ,lett]s ,pat5t ^? *anges :i* w\ld naturally foll[ 9 ! ord9>y uses ( ! ma*9es4 ,i w\ld n prohibit a tradesman f ex]cis+ ! same ord9>y skill 9 us+ 8 ma*9e z we %\ld all be expect$ to ex]cise 9 any?+ :i* we happ5$ to make or f *ang+ its =m40 ,ano!r "q z naturally ?ru/s itself =w>d1 ,h[ f> h we b5efit$ by hav+ m ,pat5ts8 ,al?\gh ! ,act ( #aheb has greatly multipli$ ! numb]1 ,mr4 ,woodcr(t1 ! intellig5t head ( ! ,pat5t-(fice1 gives ! foll[+ answ]3-- 8,!re has be5 no consid]able increase ( bon fide ,pat5ts comp>$ ) ! old law8--,no40 ,v sugge/ive are ! foll[+ obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,grove1 z %[+ :i* are ! k9ds ( inv5tion1 s-call$1 t pay be/1 & h[ absurd1 if p w\ld reflect1 !y mu/ consid] our pres5t mode ( rew>d+ & /imulat+ inv5tion3-- 8,a ,pat5t may be an extremely valuable inv5tion2 = in/ance1 ! manufacture ( alum9ium is ( ! utmo/ importance1 b x 0 ( v little trade value = a long "t4 ,:5 alum9ium 0 fir/ made :at ,i may call a practical manufacture1 x 0 ( no value to any tradesman at all2 x w\ld take probably t5 or tw5ty ye>s be=e su* a ?+ c\ld h any approa* to practical value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ frivol\s ,pat5t--! turn ( a lady's hat1 ! cutt+ ( a %irt-frill1 or a new boot-heel--may be ( v consid]able value1 f ! numb] ( bootmak]s all ov] ! c\ntry :o w\ld h to ord] x1 e "o ( :om w\ld pay an extremely trifl+ lic5ce duty1 & !re=e ! ,pat5t w\ld be a v good ,pat5t to ! pat5tee4 ,9 my judgm5t ^? are n good subjects = ,pat5ts1 & !re ! oppon5t w\ld h no int]e/ equival5t to t ( ! pat5tee to meet him4 8,al?\gh ,i "k t ! ,law ,c\rts h come /ep by /ep to include a great] numb] ( inv5tions1 yet ,i %\ld n call an improvem5t 9 a %irt-frill1 t is to say1 a peculi> me?od ( cutt+ ! little puck]$ l95 :i* is sewn & us$ = %irt-frills1 or a p>ticul> %ape ( ! brim ( a lady's hat 7,i am speak+ ( exi/+ ,pat5ts71 a prop] subject = a ,pat5t40 ,! foll[+ is f ! evid5ce ( ,sir ,francis ,crossley1 ,b>t41 ,m4,p43-- 8,a ,pat5t 0 tak5 out = simply putt+ india-rubb] at ! end ( a glove1 s z to make x tight r\nd ! wri/2 t might h be5 consid]$ a frivol\s ,pat5t1 b ,i believe t x 0 ?\ght to be a v good "o 9 ! trade1 & x 0 new & useful40 ,s ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,rob]ts1 ( ,man*e/]-- 8,9 ! case ( an improv$ button1 ! ,pat5t pays v well40 ,( ano!r class ( illegitimate ,pat5ts1 ,mr4 ,newton1 ! em95t ,pat5t ,ag5t1 says3-- 8,pat5ts = obvi\s applications4--,i may take = in/ance ! use ( alpaca = cov]+ umbrellas4 ,!re is no inv5tion 9 x40 ,9 #ahea ,mr4 ,c>pmael 0 z di/9ct & condemnatory3-- 8,a multitude ( ?+s = :i* ,pat5ts are grant$ h no inv5tion 9 !m2 9 n9ete5 cases out ( tw5ty1 if !re 7 *eap ,pat5ts1 !y w\ld be = ?+s :i* already exi/1 & p w\ld only use ,pat5ts = ! purpose ( adv]tisem5t & publication4 8,if y grant a ,pat5t1 & give to a man ! means ( adv]tisem5t1 = a small sum ( money1 he w n inve/igate x 9 ! slighte/ degree 9 ! _w2 he does n inquire1 & does n wi% to inquire1 b he goes & sp5ds 8 money1 & !n he adv]tises1 because ! ,pat5t appe>s to give him a /&+ diff]5t f 8 competitors 9 ! same way ( bus9ess40 ,9 #ahbi ,mr4 ,f>ey1 ,pat5t ,ag5t1 w5t fur!r3-- 8,i h urg$ ! utt] wor?lessness ( _! ,pat5ts1 b !y did complete ! specification2 !y h sometimes ackn[l$g$1 & said p]haps !y might nev]!less sell ! ,pat5t to "s "o :o did n "k t fact40 ,m>k n[ h[ ,pat5ts h9d] progress 9 manufacture4 ,he> ,mr4 ,brunel3-- 8,take ! ,electric ,telegraph ,company4 ,i believe we %\ld h _h t telegraph mu* improv$1 & t x w\ld be work+ mu* *eap]1 & t we %\ld h _h x all ov] ! c\ntry1 b = ! mis=tune !y lab\r$ "u1 ( hav+ ,pat5ts :i* !y 7 oblig$ to protect2 & !y 7 oblig$ to buy up ev]ybody's inv5tions1 good or bad1 t int]f]$ te*nically ) !irs4 ,i firmly believe t !y h be5 oblig$ to refra9 f adopt+ _m good improvem5ts :i* !y might h introduc$ !mselves1 b did n1 because !y 7 afraid t x might %ake _! ,pat5t2 & ,i believe t ! /oppage put to inv5tions by ?is /ate ( ?+s is f> great] ?an w\ld result f secrecy40 ,! same is c]tifi$ by ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong3-- 8,i am q satisfi$ t a v great numb] ( inv5tions :i* h rema9$ inop]ative = ye>s & ye>s1 _m ( :i* ,i c\ld easily "n1 w\ld h be5 br\ght to p]fection v mu* soon] if x _h be5 op5 to all ! intellects ( ! c\ntry to grapple ) ! difficulties ( !m4 8,may we take x t "u ! pres5t sy/em1 if a man has obta9$ a ,pat5t ) little or no inquiry1 al?\gh t ,pat5t w\ld n /& inve/igation if oppos$1 yet if ! pat5tee is cont5t to impose a mod]ate tax ^u ^? :o want to use 8 inv5tion1 !y w pay t sum )\t its be+ wor? anybody's :ile to conte/ x8--,yes4 8,d y believe t ! cases ( t k9d are v num]\s8--,v num]\s1 & ! cases are /ill m num]\s 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( a monopoly simply has ! effect ( det]r+ o!r p]sons f foll[+ up t p>ticul> l9e ( improvem5t40 ,ano!r effect is ! re/ra9+ ( publication4 ,he> ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,rob]ts' ?rill+ repres5tations3-- 8,i h a li/ ( some?+ l #ajj inv5tions t ,i %\ld h pat5t$ ?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 b = ! co/4 8,i c\ld m5tion "o by :i* _m lives w\ld h be5 sav$ if ,i _h _h a ,pat5t = x4 8,i v r>ely make models1 b ,i _h "o made = ?is4 ,x 0 made _m ye>s ago4 ,i inv5t$ x 9 #ahcj1 & ,i mean to say t1 if x _h be5 put into practice1 ?+s w\ld n h happ5$ :i* h happ5$1 & :i* h caus$ ! loss ( _m lives1 z connect$ ) railways40 ,i adduce ?is evid5ce to prove t inv5tions actually made are kept back j n[4 ,i don't require to g f> = a p>ty :o has two or ?ree small inv5tions 7n connect$ ) 8 own l9e ( bus9ess72 b--su* is our 8sy/em0--no ready means to publi%1 & s has = ye>s kept !m back4 ,b a m rem>kable in/ance is pres5t to my m9d4 ,s9ce ab\t tw5ty ye>s ! same p>ty1 hav+ be5 !n consult$ by an employ ( a h\se ne> ,birm+ham1 is ! retic5t possessor ( an inv5tor's secret4 ,t inv5tor's "n he does n "k4 ,8 inv5tion is +5i\s1 & may be practicable4 ,x affects an article ( univ]sal consumption1 &1 s f> z ,i "k1 has nev] be5 pat5t$ or ?\ght ( by anybody else ?an he :o confid$ ! secret1 nor introduc$ to use by him1 al?\gh1 9 my op9ion1 suffici5tly promis+ to be wor?y ( att5tion4 ,"o ( ! ways 9 :i* ,pat5ts hurt trade is %[n by ,mr4 ,platt3-- 8,are !re n "s l>ge manufactur]s :o l to keep ! monopoly ( a ,pat5t 9 _! own h&s1 :o obta9 money & g on manufactur+ )\t grant+ lic5ces to o!rs8--,yes40 ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong te/ifies to ?is p[] to refuse lic5ces3-- 8,is x n ! case t su* possessor c\ld refuse y a lic5ce1 & s prev5t y f mak+ ! improvem5ts altoge!r8--,c]ta9ly he c\ld40 ,"l ,*elms=d confirms ! legality ( ?is proc$ure3-- 8,if he *ooses to "w ! ,pat5t himself exclusively1 x is only do+ :at ! law p]mits him to d40 ,:]e !re is n d[nright refusal1 ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong %[s t pat5tees ask too mu*3-- 8,i h kn[n pat5tees v exorbitant 9 _! dem&s = lic5ces--f> beyond ! m]its ( _! inv5tions4 8,9 t case ! p[] ( fix+ an exorbitant price1 really prev5t+ ! use ( ! article altoge!r1 op]ates v disadvantage\s to ! public8--,no d\bt ( x40 ,s ,mr4 ,newton3-- 8,! claims ( pat5tees are v frequ5tly1 & ,i may say g5]ally1 excessive1 & beyond ! real value ( _! inv5tions2 b !re may be cases 9 :i* new conditions ( ?+s arise1 & ! inv5tion1 if inv5tion x may be call$1 becomes a matt] almo/ ( necessity1 & ! public mu/ h x4 ,! case :i* has be5 put1 ,i ?9k1 is a v /rong "o1 9 :i* a public company or a l>ge capitali/ buys up all ! exi/+ ,pat5ts1 & !reby acquires a p[] :i* may be exce$+ly oppressive4 8444 ,i h se5 mu* folly 9 ! refusal ( lic5ces4 ,i introduc$ ! sew+ ma*9e into ?is c\ntry4 ,i sold x = a small sum1 & ,i (f]$ "s ye>s aft]w>ds to ! own] ( ! ,pat5t z mu* lic5ce-money z #ajl4 p] ma*9e1 & t 0 refus$4 8,a poor man inv5t$ & pat5t$ ! mak+ ( #8cock-spurs' 7supports = di%es & plates :ile submitt$ to furnace heat7 by means ( dies1 & e/abli%$ a small bus9ess ^u ! manufacture4 ,"s ye>s lat] a g5tleman improv$ ^u ! inv5tion s f> z to make ! cock-spurs #ejj at a "t in/ead ( s+ly4 ,! e>li] ,pat5t be+ br\ght to 8 notice1 he desir$ to make t]ms ) ! orig9al inv5tor1 & (f]$ him a lib]al sum1 toge!r ) ! sole "r to sell ! new manufacture 9 8 own locality 7! pott]ies74 ,he c\ld n1 h[ev]1 be br\ght to accept ^!1 or inde$ any t]ms2 b1 contr>y to advice1 comm5c$ an action = ! infr+em5t1 & 0 ca/ by reason ( an unimportant claim 9 8 specification be+ unt5able40 ,z a prev5tive ( ?is abuse1 & almo/ z a s9e qu non 9 ! ,pat5t sy/em1 8compulsory lic5ces0 h be5 propos$ 7see ! proce$+s ( ! ,social ,sci5ce ,association1 #aheh1 #ahfj1 '#fa1 '#fb1 '#fc1 '#fd71 b ! ,royal ,commission has report$ aga9/ !m z impracticable4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t x is said ! sy/em hurts inv5tors !mselves1 ev5 ^? inv5tors :o are pat5tees3-- 8,no?+ c\ld "w great] inju/ice qua ! inv5tors !mselves ?an ! pres5t ,pat5t-,law does4 ,_m mo/ m]itori\s inv5tors "u ! pres5t ,pat5t-,law are utt]ly ru9$1 enri* o!rs1 & nev] pocket a f>?+ !mselves2 !re=e ! pres5t law is z unju/ z a law c be 9 its practical work+40 ,li/5 to ! eld] ,brunel3-- 8,almo/ inv>iably :5 ! ,pat5ts come be=e ! public1 ! b5eficial int]e/ 9 !m is n held1 to any great ext5t1 by ! orig9al inv5tor1 b t x has *ang$ h&s _m times be=e x comes out be=e ! public4 ,i %\ld say t1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ! orig9al inv5tor gets little or no?+4 ,9 mo/ cases ! orig9al inv5tor has a v small b5eficial int]e/ left 9 x1 & 9 mo/ cases ,i d\bt :e!r1 ev5 9 ,pat5ts t are saleable1 he is mu* ! ga9] on ! :ole1 tak+ into acc\nt 8 previ\s loss ( "t & money40 ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong po9ts out h[1 & h[ mu*1 poor inv5tors suff]3-- 8,i h e week lett]s f inv5tors1 & ,i d>e say y h ! same2 ,i h scores ( !m4 ,poor m5 v (t5 come to me imag9+ t !y h made "s great discov]y4 ,x is g5]ally all moon%9e1 or1 if x looks feasible1 x is impossible to pron\nce ^u its value until x has pass$ ?r\gh t /age ( prelim9>y inve/igation :i* involves all ! lab\r1 & all ! difficulty1 & all ! tr\ble4 ,_m a poor man is ru9$ by fancy+ he has made a discov]y :i*1 by means ( a ,pat5t1 w br+ him a =tune4 ,he loses all reli% = 8 usual pursuits1 & sacrifices 8 e>n+s to a phantom40 ,mr4 ,sp5ce agrees3-- 8,i d n believe t any sy/em ( law c\ld be devis$ :i* w\ld enable a poor inv5tor 9 ?is c\ntry to fight 8 own battle4 ,he c only fight x by int]e/+ "s capitali/1 m or less weal?y1 9 ! probable promise ( 8 inv5tion2 ! result is1 z all "k1 t "s n9ety-eight out ( e hundr$ ,pat5ts end 9 loss to ! p>ties & are wor?less to ! public40 ,mr4 ,grove leads to ! same conclusion f ano!r po9t3-- 8,if ! pat5tee himself 0 a weal?y man & a l>ge manufactur]1 hav+ #bj1 #cj1 or #dj ,pat5ts 9 8 possession1 he w\ld /ruggle to ! utmo/ to ma9ta9 8 ,pat5t2 he w\ld reta9 ! able/ advocates & ! able/ sci5tific witnesses2 & !re w\ld be no *ance ( repeal+ ! ,pat5t unless ! p]son oppos+ x _h some?+ l an equality ( purse to g into ! field4 ,y nev] c\ld get ! battle f\ght if "o side 0 weal?y1 )\t ! opposite p>ty hav+ some?+ l equal p[]s to oppose him40 ,mr4 ,brunel ?us /ates 8 conclusion3-- 8,i believe !m to be productive ( almo/ unmix$ evil ) respect to e p>ty connect$ ) !m1 :e!r ^? = ! b5efit ( :om !y are app>5tly made1 or ! public40 ,i proce$ to call att5tion to ! effect ( ,pat5ts z se5 & felt 9 ,gov]nm5t e/abli%m5ts4 ,be=e do+ s ,i quote exp]i5ce 9 a private %ipbuild+-y>d4 ,mr4 ,hall1 ! em95t build] ( ! ,ab]de5 clipp]s1 says3-- 8,z ! sailor ) 8 pockets full is a prey to ! crimps1 s is a %ip-contractor a prey to ,pat5t-mong]s--pat5t w9dlasses1 pat5t reef+ app>atus1 pat5t blocks1 pat5t rudd]s1 pat5t *a9-lift]s1 pat5t cap/ans1 pat5t /e]+ ge>1 pat5t boat-l[]+ app>atus1 pat5t pa9ts1 & numb]less o!rs1 all attempt+ to hook on to ! poor contractor4 ,?is w\ld be no grievance1 7 we n aw>e t mo/ ( !m are pat5t humbugs40 ,l _m o!rs1 he ?9ks x v d\btful :e!r ! inv5tor 8,w\ld n be z well )\t a law :i* /ill all[s ! /rong to prey on ! weak40 ,! foll[+ is f ! evid5ce ( ! ,duke ( ,som]set3-- 8,i appe> to br+ "u ! notice ( ?is ,commission ! great inconv5i5ce to ! ,admiralty ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! law4 ,! inconv5i5ce consi/s 9 ! app>5t facility ) :i* p]sons c obta9 ,pat5ts cov]+ a v l>ge numb] ( diff]5t inv5tions "u "o ,pat5t4 ,= in/ance1 !re is a ,pat5t :i* "o g5tleman obta9$ "s ye>s ago 9 build+ %ips = a comb9ation ( wood & iron4 ,n[1 x is almo/ impossible to build %ips 9 ^! days )\t a comb9ation ( wood & iron4 ,!re=e a ,pat5t ( t k9d1 :]e x is wide-spread1 z x is 9 ?is case1 br+s u cont9ually "u difficulties ) ?is pat5tee4 ,:5ev] we apply wood & iron1 he is wat*+ to see :e!r or n 8 ,pat5t is invad$1 & he compla9s & says t diff]5t improvem5ts :i* we h made )\t any notion ( 8 ,pat5t h be5 infr+em5ts ( 8 ,pat5t rights4444 ,we d n "k :at ,pat5ts are n[ ly+ dormant2 we nev] move )\t knock+ aga9/ sev]al4 ,i ?9k t we are /opp$ at e turn4444 ,9 ! case ( ! screw-propell]s ! ,admiralty1 9 #ahea1 pur*as$ five diff]5t ,pat5ts1 hop+ t !y %\ld h peace by t means1 b !y _h all sorts ( claims aft]w>ds2 !y 7 told t !y _h infr+$ diff]5t ,pat5ts1 & !y h _h to pay = o!r ,pat5ts s9ce4 8,p]sons run & take out a ,pat5t = :at !y ?9k is go+ to be done 9 t way4 ,!re are a great _m 9 ! case ( iron %ips4 ,i ?9k t :5 ! ,w>rior 0 built !re 7 five or six p]sons :o all said t _! ,pat5ts 7 infr+$1 ?\gh ,i believe t1 :5 ! ,w>rior 0 design$1 none ( _! ,pat5ts 7 kn[n to ! design]1 & !y _h nev] be5 us$4444 ,!y %[$ me diff]5t =ms ( %ot :i* _h be5 made 9 ! ,ars5al a great _m ye>s ago1 b all ( :i* _h s9ce !n be5 pat5t$ by diff]5t p]sons1 :o claim$ ^! =ms ( %ot "u _! ,pat5ts4 8,!n !re are cases ( disput$ claims by rival inv5tors1 :i* are emb>rass+ to a dep>tm5t2 we d n "k :o has a claim to a ,pat5t1 & sometimes :5 we buy a ,pat5t ( "o p]son we are told t we h done a great inju/ice to ano!r4 ,i rememb] t :5 we paid = ! ,griffi? pat5t screw1 :i* 0 cutt+ (f a small portion ( ! screw1 ,i _h repeat$ lett]s f ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas1 tell+ me t x 0 a great inju/ice to him2 t he _h inv5t$ all ?is1 & t 8 fame 0 dim9i%$1 & t 8 rights 7 tak5 f him by ! ,admiralty1 :o _h mo/ unju/ly & unfairly paid ,mr4 ,griffi?4 ,^? cases are cont9ually aris+1 & ( c\rse !y are v inconv5i5t = a dep>tm5t3 !y n only take up a great deal ( "t1 b !y v (t5 prev5t "s v desirable process be+ gone on )40 ,admiral ,rob9son said-- 8,!re h be5 twelve ^u ! con/ruction ( %ips s9ce #ahfa4 ,mr4 ,bu% ,con/ruction ( %ips4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,cl>e ,con/ruction ( %ips4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,drake ,con/ruction ( %ips4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,lamb ,con/ruction ( %ips4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,rae ,keels1 /]n po/s1 c4 ,mr4 ,?omas & ,col4 ,de ,ba! ,mr4 ,g4 ,cl>ke's t>get4 ,mr4 ,truss ,animal fibre4 ,arm\r plates4 ,mr4 ,beslay ,pres]vation ( iron4 ,capt4 ,:eatley ,position ( guns 9 %ips4 ,m4 ,de ,lapp>5t ,c>bonis+ timb]4 ,comm&] ,w>r5 ,b[ rudd]4 ,mr4 ,fea!rs ,con/ruction ( %ips4 ,messrs4 ,woodcraft1 ,smi?1 ,ericsson1 ,pur*ase ( ,pat5ts = screw ,l[e1 ,blaxl&1 & ,mr4 ,currie4 propell]s4 ,capt4 ,c>p5t] ,screw propell]4 ,capt4 ,tre:itt ,disconnect+ app>atus4 ,mr4 ,griffi? ,screw propell]4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,o4 ,taylor ,screw propell]4 ,w4 ,irel& ,cupola4 ,messrs4 ,laird & ,c[p] ,trimm+ coals 9 %ips4 ---- ,di/ill+ app>atus 9 #8,def5ce4' 8,9 ^? cases ! pat5tees claim$ comp5sation = infr+em5t8--,yes2 & x 0 necess>y = ! ,admiralty to h rec\rse to _! solicitor1 & to ent] into a v long correspond5ce4 8,x is v possible t y may infr+e ^u ^! ,pat5ts )\t kn[+ x8--,con/antly4 ,! inconv5i5ce :i* ! ,duke ( ,som]set has m5tion$ result+ f ,pat5ts appli$ to %ipbuild+ is s v great t x is sc>cely possible to build a %ip1 be+ a comb9ation ( wood & iron 7& y always h "s ( ea* 9 a %ip71 )\t tread+ ^u somebody's ,pat5t2 & ,i am entirely ( op9ion t ! ,pat5ts are drawn up = t especial purpose1 )\t any idea ( _! be+ practically appli$ = ! b5efit ( ! public1 b only t ! pat5tee may lie 9 wait = a col\rable evasion ( 8 ,pat5t tak+ place40 ,n[ ,i pres5t ! evid5ce ( ,g5]al ,lefroy1 deput$ by ! ,w>-(fice3-- 8,! expectations ( pat5tees are v extravagant1 g5]ally speak+1 & prior to trial x is v difficult to det]m9e at all :at is ! value ( an inv5tion4 ,z an example1 a g5tleman "s "t ago made a great improvem5t 9 cook+ app>atus1 & he assess$ 8 own rew>d at a l>ge portion ( ! :ole sav+ 9 fuel :i* might be effect$ by ! application ( ?is improvem5t to an enorm\s ext5t ^u ! :ole milit>y consumption ( ! ,cr[n1 :i* w\ld h come to _m ?\s&s ( p\nds4 ,su* an improvem5t %\ld n be assess$ by ! value to ! ,cr[n1 b by :at x co/ ! orig9ator 9 intellectual lab\r or previ\s exp]im5t1 & its importance 9 a l>ge s5se40 ,let me next cite ,mr4 ,clode1 ,solicitor to ! ,w>-(fice3-- 8,if he has n ! p[] ei!r ( keep+ ^? improvem5ts p]fectly secret1 or ( secur+ !m to himself by ,pat5t1 !n ! ,w>-(fice au?orities are plac$ 9 ! position ( hav+ 9 all probability to pay private individuals = inv5tions or improvem5ts actually made by _! own (fic]s40 ,next ,mr4 ,abel1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,head ,*emi/ to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t3-- 8,9 y\r exp]im5tal inquiries1 :5 y h happ5$ to fall ^u any discov]y1 y h n be5 mu* annoy$ by claimants say+ t !y h _h prec$5ce ( y8--,n at all1 & x is to t t ,i ref]r$ 9 my fir/ answ]4 ,we d n meet practically ) ^? emb>rassm5ts dur+ exp]im5ts1 b we may meet ) !m 9 apply+ ! details ( improvem5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ,i am at pres5t engag$ ^u ! work+ out ( ! application ( gun cotton1 ! :ole details ( :i* application 7 communicat$ z a great secret to ?is ,gov]nm5t by ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t4444 ,:ile e c>e 0 tak5 by ?is ,gov]nm5t to keep !m secret1 a ,pat5t 0 tak5 out 9 ?is c\ntry = ! :ole improv$ process ( ! manufacture40 ,mr4 ,clode aga93-- 8,"s "t aft] ,i comm5c$ ^! exp]im5ts1 :ile !y rema9$ a p]fect secret1 & :ile e c>e 0 tak5 by ?is ,gov]nm5t to keep !m secret1 a ,pat5t 0 tak5 out 9 ?is c\ntry = ! :ole improv$ process ( ! manufacture4444 ,"o ( !m :o is pres5t is exp]im5t+ ^u gun cotton1 b x is ) him a matt] ( extreme emb>rassm5t to "k h[ to deal ) ! subject2 if he discloses by way ( specification all t he kn[s1 he s5ds ! inv5tion or discov]y he has made away to ! w9ds--! v night t x is put ^u ! file x goes to ,p>is1 ,dresd51 ,b]l91 & else:]e4 ,if he does n d t1 he is afraid t "s man w f9d out precisely :at he has 9 view1 & put a ,pat5t on ! file1 & tax ! ,gov]nm5t 9 t way4 ,s t we are ^u ! horns ( a dilemma40 ,if ,i 7 n[ to /op1 & say n a ^w m1 ,i might tru/ to ! c&\r ( ! ,h\se = an admission t ! case aga9/ ,pat5ts is prov$1 on ! gr\nd t ! conditions ( ! ,/atute ( ,monopolies h be5 sy/ematically violat$1 ^! violations be+ ( ! v texture & vitals ( ! in/itution4 ,b ,i proce$4 ,if ! ,h\se p]mit1 ,i w n[ adv]t to ! new phases ! "q has assum$ s9ce ! inauguration ( free trade1 und]/&+ by t t]m le libre *ange1 & n la lib]te du travail4 ,! p]nici\s effect ( home ,pat5ts on trade ) our ,indian empire1 is /at$ ?us by ,mr4 ,r5del1 9 #ahea3-- 8,z eng9e] to ! ,ea/ ,india ,railway1 we _h a little inconv5i5ce ! o!r day2 we want$ to manufacture articles pat5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & we w\ld h _h to pay ,pat5t-rights2 x 0 a "q :e!r we _h n bett] buy ! iron 9 ,india1 & avoid ! ,pat5t-rights4 ,^? cases1 ,i ?9k1 are con/antly occurr+4 ,! ,pat5t-,laws n be+ applicable to ,india1 p w n unfrequ5tly ord] ?+s to be manufactur$ 9 ,india to avoid ! lic5ce dues 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ! consequ5ce 0 t ,i made an arrangem5t ) ! pat5tees at ab\t "o-half ( ! ord9>y *>ge = ! ,pat5t 9 ?is c\ntry40 ,9 #ahea x 0 propos$1 & 9 #aheb an ,act 0 pass$1 to limit ,briti% ,pat5ts to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ) exclusion ( ! ,colonies4 ,?is *ange 0 desir$ by an influ5tial & intellig5t portion ( ! ,we/ ,india ,association4 ,_! conduct contradict$1 & _! exp]i5ce proves ! fallacy (1 ! allegation s confid5tly made & repeat$ 9 spite ( its futility1 by "s int]e/$ or else ignorant p>ties1 t inv5tions ?rive mo/ :]e ,pat5ts exi/--i4e41 :]e trade is trammell$ ) prohibitions or burd5$ ) royalties4 ,! home sug> ref9]s exclaim$ aga9/ an exemption :i*1 be+ p>tial1 op]at$ aga9/ _! trade4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f "o ( ! petitions pres5t$ by t body3-- 8,t1 s f> z reg>ds home manufactur]s & produc]s1 su* a *ange ( ! immemorial usages ( ! k+dom is virtually a be/[al on p>ties c>ry+ on ! same bus9esses 9 ! colonies ( a "r to use pat5t$ inv5tions f\rte5 ye>s soon] ?an !y4 8,t if1 at any "t1 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t might h put home manufactur]s on su* an unfav\rable foot+1 surely ?is _c be suppos$ "u free-trade & equalis$ duties1 :5 !y mu/ task _! utmo/ en]gies1 & adopt e improvem5t 9 me*anism & processes1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 _! gr\nd4 8,t ! use ( future ,pat5ts1 at ! rates t h be5 freely paid by sug> ref9]s = ,pat5ts grant$ be=e n[ w\ld subject ea* sug> h\se1 ( av]age size1 to a paym5t ( ab\t #c1jjj a ye>4 8,t to exempt _! competitors 9 ! colonies f su* a tax 7= tax x is1 payable by ord] (1 ?\gh n to1 ! ,/ate7 is really to give !m a b\nty ( t v l>ge am\nt4 8,t1 9 s f> z pat5t fees may be consid]$ a premium = /imulat+ improvem5ts1 an equal %>e ( ! b5efit is enjoy$ by ! coloni/s1 :o1 !re=e1 %\ld be> a due %>e ( ! burd540 ,soon aft] t "t1 protection hav+ ceas$1 ! unfairness ( burd5+ ,briti% manufactur]s came m vividly into sight4 ,h[ c !y compete ) ,prussia & ,switz]l&8 ,"h is evid5ce reg>d+ ^? c\ntries4 ,f a ,prussian witness3-- 8,i am a memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade & ,comm]ce1 & at ! same "t a memb] ( ! ,pat5t ,commission4 8,w y be good en\gh to /ate :at is ! sy/em adopt$ 9 ,prussia ) reg>d to protection to inv5tions8--,we h ! pr9ciple 9 our c\ntry to give z mu* lib]ty z possible to e bran* ( indu/ry & art1 &1 consid]+ e sort ( ,pat5t z an h9drance to _! free developm5t1 we are n v lib]al 9 grant+ !m4 ,we m]ely grant a ,pat5t = a discov]y ( a completely novel inv5tion1 or real improvem5t 9 exi/+ inv5tions40 ,f an important ,swiss witness3-- 8,!re is no want ( p]sons to import !m into ,switz]l&1 al?\gh ^? p]sons ?us import+ !m obta9 no monopoly8--,:5 a ,pat5t is tak5 out 9 ,france or ,engl&1 ! process is publi%$2 !re=e x becomes ! prop]ty ( ! public 9 ,switz]l&2 ! ,swiss h access to ! ,fr5* or ,engli% ,pat5ts4 8,9 t way ! ,swiss h ! b5efit ( ! inv5tion )\t ! *>ge ( ! lic5ce8--,yes4 8,& s f> !y h an advantage8--,c]ta9ly4 8,:5 inv5tions 9 ! wat*mak+ trade are made 9 ,france1 are !y imm$iately introduc$ into ,switz]l&8--,i %\ld ?9k s1 if !y are useful40 ,h[1 ,i ask1 c ,briti% manufactur]s compete ) ,prussia1 :i* prud5tly grants less ?an #ajj ,pat5ts 9 a-ye>2 or ) ,saxony1 :i* grants only ab\t #acd2 or ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* grant only ab\t #db8 ,r1 ,i may ask1 h[ c !y compete ) o!r c\ntries 9 g5]al1 ev5 ^? t grant ,pat5ts freely1 see+ t x is n incumb5t on ! ,briti% pat5tee to take a ,pat5t 9 any o!r c\ntry :atsoev]2 see+ also t1 unlike "s c\ntries :i* grant ,pat5ts1 we 9 mo/ cases d n t]m9ate ! curr5cy ( ^? we grant at ! "t :5 ! ,pat5ts tak5 else:]e expire8 ,hon\rable memb]s w und]/& h[ s]i\s is ! disadvantage "u :i* our manufactur]s1 & ) !m1 ( c\rse1 ! lab\r]s & artisans :o co-op]ate 9 manufactures1 are plac$ if !y are preclud$ f us+ inv5tions :i* _! cont95tal rivals may use4 ,:5 lic5ces are giv5 by pat5tees1 ! disadvantage is less5$1 b n v greatly4 ,! ,h\se w agree :5 x he>s h[ enorm\s are ! royalties sometimes exact$4 ,= a set ( inv5tions 9 ! iron trade1 :i* is n ! subject ( ,pat5ts 9 ,prussia1 a s+le firm is said to be pay+ at ! rate ( #af1jjj e qu>t]4 ,let me quote f a lead+ article 9 ! ,eng9e]3-- 8,ow+ to ! invalidation ( 8 ,au/rian ,pat5ts1 ,mr4 ,bessem] d]ives no pecuni>y b5efit f ! work+ ( 8 inv5tions 9 t c\ntry4 ,?is is also ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,prussia1 ^: really iniquit\sly-manag$ ,pat5t ,commission h refus$ to give ,mr4 ,bessem] any ,pat5t at all4 ,! great ,prussian /eel works !re manufacture ,bessem] /eel unweight$ by any royalty4 ,we regret ?is1 n m]ely = ,mr4 ,bessem]'s sake1 b also on public gr\nds4 ,our /eel mak]s are ?us heavily h&icapp$ 9 ! indu/rial race ) royalties ( f "o to ev5 ?ree p\nds p] ton40 ,see a confirmation ( ?is 9 ! foll[+ piece ( a private lett]3-- 8,! v heavy royalty payable "u ,bessem]'s ,pat5t does1 to a v great ext5t1 prev5t ,engli% manufactur]s compet+ on ! ,cont95t = /eel rails2 b1 f ! accid5tal circum/ance ( cont95tal manufactur]s be+ oblig$ to buy a consid]able portion ( _! raw mat]ial f ?is c\ntry1 we h n be5 expos$ to competition 9 ,engl&1 z ! co/ ( c>riage backw>ds & =w>ds ab\t equall$ ! b5efit :i* ! ,g]mans enjoy$ ( pay+ no royalty40 ,! sug>-ref9]s1 9 a pr9t$ docum5t be=e me1 put ! case1 conv9c+ly no d\bt to all :o w consid] h[ small is ! p]c5tage m>g9 ( pr(it 9 great bus9esses3-- 8,if1 = any inv5tion1 ,fr5* produc]s ( ref9$ sug> %\ld h only royalties ( "o p] c5t4 ad valorem1 :ile ! ,briti% %\ld h to pay royalties ( five p] c5t41 x is obvi\s ! ,pat5t-,law may 9 effect impose on ! latt] a mo/ on]\s diff]5tial duty40 ,9 t trade ,i myself1 %ortly be=e my retir+ f comm]ce1 paid #c1jjj = a ye>'s "r to use a new process1 :i* prov$ unworkable1 & _h to pay a solatium ( #a1jjj = leave to discont9ue x4 ,! agricultural int]e/ %\ld n rema9 indiff]5t4 ,m>k :at 0 told ! ,commission by ,mr4 ,reeve1 ,regi/r> to ! ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,9 ,mr4 ,bovill's ,pat5t !re 0 *>g$ a royalty ( #f;d4 a qu>t] on all ! corn gr\nd 9 ,great ,brita9 by mill]s :o ?\ght x desirable to adopt 8 plan4 ,obvi\sly ! royalty 9 t case _h ! effect ( a protective duty leviable = individual b5efit1 & enabl+ =eign]s to und]sell 9 ! ,briti% m>kets4 ,& :at title to ?is p[] _h ,mr4 ,bovill8 ,he 0 n ! inv5tor4 ,ano!r case is exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f a private lett] ) :i* ,i am fav\r$1 f a highly respectable qu>t]3-- 8,pat5ts h become s num]\s & s v>i\s1 t x is n safe to use any piece ( ma*9]y1 or make any v>iation )\t fir/ mak+ a c>eful se>* to asc]ta9 :e!r x is n protect$ by a ,pat5t4 ,! ,pat5t-,law has also be5 ! cause ( mu* litigation1 !re be+ v few ,pat5ts ( any real wor? b h _h to g ?r\gh ! ordeal ( ! ,law ,c\rts1 & !re c be little d\bt t inju/ice has frequ5tly be5 done bo? to pat5tees & to ! public4 ,a case ( consid]able h>d%ip connect$ ) our own trade occurr$ reg>d+ ! application ( ! exhau/ to gr9d+ purposes4 ,x 0 cle>ly prov$ at ! trial t ! ma*9e = :i* ! pat5tee claim$ protection _h be5 9 public use 9 ,d5m>k1 :]e x _h be5 se5 by a ,glasg[ mill]1 :o erect$ a simil> ma*9e on 8 premises 9 ,glasg[1 b ha/ily ?rew x aside )\t putt+ x to a prop] te/ prior to ! date ( ! ,pat5t1 b x 0 held t no pr(itable use hav+ be5 made ( ! ma*9e by ! ,glasg[ mill]1 ! ,pat5t 0 good & p]fectly protect$4 ,9 our op9ion a ,pat5t obta9$ 9 su* circum/ances %\ld nev] be all[$ to /&1 & if "s means c\ld be devis$ = asc]ta9+ ! circum/ances be=eh&1 x %\ld nev] be grant$4 ,! trade suff]$ v consid]ably 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ,pat5t be+ su/a9$1 & ! consequ5ce 01 t al?\gh ! pat5tee 0 n ! orig9al inv5tor1 he pocket$ a v l>ge sum ( money4 8,a m rec5t in/ance has occurr$1 h[ev]1 ( a l>ge sum be+ pocket$ by p>ties n ! inv5tors ( ! article pat5t$4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 only give y ! figures z popul>ly report$1 )\t v\*+ = _! accuracy1 & 9 relat+ ! /ory we %all endeav\r to reply to y\r qu]ies s]iatim4 #a/1 ,! pat5t$ article is a ma*9e = dress+ mill/ones by means ( a black diamond1 or piece ( #8bort1' in/ead ( by ! h& ) picks4 ,x 0 orig9ally pat5t$ 9 ,france by ! p>ty said to be ! inv5tor1 & %ortly aft]w>ds 0 pat5t$ by him 9 ?is c\ntry4 #bnd & #crd1 ,a ,lei? commission ag5t 7a ,g]man7 & an ,ed9burgh mill] saw ! ma*9e 9 ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahfg1 & induc$ ! pat5tee to br+ x ov] to ,scotl& = trial1 & ultimately !y1 9 conjunction ) a ?ird p>ty1 pur*as$ ! pat5tee's "r = ! :ole k+dom = #d1jjj4 #d?1 ,^! p>ties imm$iately put ! ma*9e 9 ! m>ket1 & x 0 at once seiz$ hold ( by speculators1 :o readily gave mo/ extraord9>y sums = x4 ,"o p>ty is said to h paid #dj1jjj = ! "r = a doz5 c\nties 9 ,engl&2 ano!r #ae1jjj = ?ree c\nties2 & ano!r #bj1jjj = "s c\nties 9 ,irel&3 ! :ole sum realis$ by ! orig9al pur*as]s am\nt+1 x is said1 to upw>ds ( #aej1jjj4 #e?1 ,! consequ5ce is1 t su* enorm\s sums hav+ be5 paid by ! speculators1 ! trade c only get ! use ( ! ma*9e by pay+ a mo/ exorbitant price1 & hi!rto x has rema9$ all b a dead lett]4 ,we _c give y 9 r\nd numb]s ! am\nt expect$ to be realis$ by ! speculators1 b ! price orig9ally *>g$ by !m w\ld h yield$ f\r or five times ! am\nt !y paid if ! :ole trade _h become pur*as]s4 ,?is ma*9e has n yet be5 ! subject ( litigation1 b !re is e probability t x soon w be40 ,b ,i c reproduce a case :]e ! effect 0 f>1 f> worse1 communicat$ to me 9 a private lett]3-- 8,! pat5tee ( ! ,h[>d s]ies ( improvem5ts 9 sug>-ref9+ grant$ lic5ces to h\ses 9 ,liv]pool & ,hull1 ) a condition 9 ea* case t he w\ld n grant a lic5ce to any p>ty c>ry+ on bus9ess )9 sev5ty miles ( ei!r t[n4 ,a sug> ref9] ( long /&+1 e/abli%$ 9 ,%effield1 appli$ = a lic5ce1 & 0 refus$ = ! reason above /at$1 ,%effield be+ j )9 ! prescrib$ di/ance4 ,! consequ5ce 01 he _h to c>ry on 8 manufacture = ne>ly f\rte5 ye>s on ! old sy/em2 & dur+ ?is p]iod su/a9$ great losses by work+1 :i* he1 z well z p>ties cognisant ) ! facts1 attribut$ to ! disadvantage he 0 compell$ to c>ry on "u4 ,8 =tune disappe>$1 & he became insolv5t4--,i am1 c4 8,%effield1 ,decemb] #ag1 #ahfc40 ,?is di/ress+ result w1 ,i tru/1 drive home ! conviction t1 great z is ! evil ( multiply+ ,pat5ts1 x w\ld be b a mitigation n wor?y ( be+ look$ to z a cure1 to get ! numb] less5$4 ,if 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is address ,i h %[n t ! condition n to produce 8g5]al inconv5i5ce0 has be5 prepo/]\sly set at n\ght1 surely ^! passages prove no less conclusively t !re has be5 equal disreg>d ( ! condition n to 8hurt trade40 ,i w satisfy myself1 & ,i hope ! ,h\se1 ) "o extract only to prove :at ,i appreh5d is ! rule r ?an ! exception1 t ,pat5ts (f5d aga9/ ! o!r condition1 n to 8raise prices40 ,x is f a pap] read by ,mr4 ,l[ry ,:ittle be=e ! ,/ati/ical ,society ( ,dubl93-- 8,i 0 in=m$ lately ( a case 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& :]e a successful pat5tee produc$ a ma*9e at ! co/ ( #bjj = work+ 9 ! l95 trade4 ,on ?is ma*9e 8 royalty is #a1jjj40 ,i may give "o in/ance f my own exp]i5ce1 :]e ! pret5sions ( ! applicant = a ,pat5t 7 equal to ab\t a f>?+ a p\nd on all ! sug> t ! process p]fect$4 ,! ,h\se may und]/& ! h>d%ip ?is w\ld inflict on ! population :5 told t x 0 = ! use ( a s+le process only1 or r ( a ma*9e inv5t$ by ano!r1 an eng9e] firm1 :o _h ov]look$1 & n includ$ 9 _! ,pat5t1 its applicability to sug>4 ,my exp]i5ce 9 t case 0 v in/ructive4 ,p>don my introduc+ a few p>ticul>s4 ,i h no reason to ?9k ! idea ( apply+ ! ma*9e to ! ref9+ ( sug> 0 orig9al2 on ! contr>y1 x _h be5 already made practical on ! ,cont95t4 ,nor 0 ! idea pat5t$ by my fri5d alone2 on ! contr>y1 to sev]al p]sons x _h occurr$1 by "s 7,i =get h[ _m7 x _h be5 pat5t$4 ,"o ( my p>tn]s & ,i _h a good deal ( travell+ 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 :5 we discov]$ ! fir/ pat5tee ( ! application at l5g?4 ,we trac$ ! indubitable priority home to a good neighb\r1 ^: (fice 0 )9 a b[-%ot ( a sug>-h\se ( :i* ,i myself 0 manag+ p>tn]4 ,he told me1 :5 ,i call$ ab\t 8 ,pat5t1 t he _h n att5d$ to x = ye>s4 ,i regret to be able to add t he 0 aft]w>ds l$1 by repres5tations :i* ,i w n *>act]ise1 to "p ) 8 privilege--x 0 really a v valuable "o--= a mo/ inadequate consid]ation1 to a p]son :o _h appli$ = a p>asitical ,pat5t = some?+1 ! value ( :i* c\ld n be sub/antiat$4 ,p]haps ! wor/ ( all is1 t ! really mo/ m]itori\s p]son1 ! pat5tee ( ! ma*9e1 got comp>atively little advantage f its new b natural application4 ,a coalition 0 =m$ ^: t]ms violat$ "o ( ! conditions to :i* ,i h call$ att5tion1 by *>g+ an exorbitant price = ! ma*9es1 &1 :at is ! greate/ mis*ief ( ,pat5ts z n[ adm9i/]$1 by fur!r *>g+ high royalties proportion$ to ! quantity ( "w !y did4 ,n[ w ! ,h\se consid] :y x subjects ! nation to all ?is inconv5i5ce1 loss1 & exp5se8 ,x is n because )\t x we w\ld miss _m important inv5tions4 ,! gr\ndlessness ( su* a fe> has already be5 indicat$ ) suffici5t pla9ness4 ,! ,h\se c h>dly d\bt1 f its individual acqua9tance ) :at goes on 9 ! _w1 & f ! extracts ,i h tr\bl$ x )1 t :atev] argum5t 9 fav\r ( ma9ta9+ a ,pat5t sy/em may be f\nd$ on ! claims ( inv5tors1 ! mat]ial int]e/s ( ! nation w\ld suff] little f ! cessation ( ,pat5ts z a /imulus4 ,unque/ionably1 if ! sy/em induces "s inv5tions to be made & publi%$1 x det]s o!rs4 ,:at we ga9 is a matt] ( d\bt4 ,t mu* inconv5i5ce is inflict$ by x1 & mu* disadvantage & v heavy burd5s1 is no matt] ( d\bt4 ,x is a case 9 :i* we h to balance ! positive disadvantages aga9/ ! suppos$ advantages4 ,to enable ! ,h\se to weigh ^!1 by see+ h[ few inv5tions we w\ld lose by total abolition1 a few m quotations may be p]mitt$4 ,v significantly ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,rob]ts answ]s3-- 8,w\ld ! abs5ce ( ,pat5ts = inv5tions1 9 y\r judgm5t1 h any effect 9 produc+ secret trades2 or h y _h any opportunity ( judg+ :e!r non-pat5t$ inv5tions are us$ mu* 9 secret trade8--,i d n ?9k !re is mu* secret trade1 b ,i "k ?is1 t no trade c be kept secret long2 a qu>t ( ale w d wond]s 9 t way40 ,let me adduce ,mr4 ,woodcr(t3-- 8,d y ?9k !re is any natural t5d5cy or prop5sity 9 inv5tors to keep to !mselves _! inv5tions1 or h !y a natural t5d5cy to make !m kn[n8--,! natural t5d5cy ( an inv5tive m9d is to make ! inv5tion kn[n40 ,i n[ adduce ! late able ,mr4 ,fairrie3-- 8,y believe t ! same en]gy ( m9d w\ld be display$1 & ! same anxiety to make new discov]ies felt1 :e!r !re 7 ?is hope ( protection or n8--,i ?9k s2 9 ! case ( manufactur]s c]ta9ly4 ,i ?9k ! great bulk ( improvem5ts proce$ f ! manufactur]s !mselves1 & n f m]e inv5tors40 ,he> ,colonel ,reid1 s well entitl$ to speak3-- 8,suppos+ ! law 7 s modifi$ z to make ! acquisition ( a ,pat5t easy & simple1 & to provide = ! publication at ! e>lie/ possible p]iod1 d n y ?9k !re w\ld be m inducem5t to ! disclosure ( ! secret "u su* a sy/em ?an if all privileges ( ! k9d 7 aboli%$8--,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! advance 9 improvem5t 9 all our arts w\ld be great] by leav+ !m entirely un%ackl$40 ,sir ,w4 ,cubitt 0 ask$-- 8,h y ev] be5 an inv5tor y\rself8--,yes1 ( _m ?+s2 b a pat5t$ inv5tor ( b "o4 8,y h tak5 out a ,pat5t8--,i took out a ,pat5t 9 ! ye> #ahjg4 8,has y\r att5tion be5 at all direct$ to ! advantages or disadvantages ( ! pres5t sy/em8--,yes1 x has be5 drawn to ! subject v frequ5tly inde$2 b ! m x 0 drawn to x1 & ! m ,i saw ( x1 ! less ,i approv$ ( x2 b ) t disapproval ,i c\ld n satisfy myself h[ to devise any?+ mu* bett]2 :e!r to make alt]ations1 or :e!r to d away ) ,pat5ts altoge!r w\ld be be/1 ,i c h>dly det]m9e4 8,w y /ate1 g5]ally1 y\r objections to ! pres5t sy/em8--,! objections to ! pres5t sy/em are ! v advanc$ /ate ( sci5tific & practical k1 :i* r5d]s x difficult to secure any?+4 ,! pr9ciples ( me*anism be+ v well kn[n & v well und]/ood1 inv5tions involv+ exactly ! same pr9ciple & to effect ! same object may be practically & app>5tly s diff]5t1 t ,pat5ts may be tak5 out = :at is only a diff]5ce 9 =m1 int5d$ to produce ! same effect1 )\t !re be+ any diff]5ce 9 pr9ciple40 ,s ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong3-- 8,my firm conviction is1 t if !re 0 no artificial rew>d = inv5tion y w\ld h j z mu* z at pres5t40 ,mr4 ,grove p]haps goes at lea/ "p ( ! way3-- 8,! ,pat5t is to enc\rage inv5tion2 if1 !re=e1 y w\ld get ! same inv5tions z we n[ get )\t ,lett]s ,pat5t1 ,i w\ld h no ,lett]s ,pat5t at all4 ,i believe t1 ) respect to ! m9or class ( inv5tions1 y w\ld get !m40 ,mr4 ,platt also has 8 d\bts3-- 8,is n almo/ e ,pat5t :i* is n[ grant$ a ,pat5t = an improvem5t8--,a great _m ,pat5ts are grant$ = ?+s :i* are no improvem5t at all4 8,i w\ld simply limit ! ,pat5t-,law to t ext5t4 ,i ?9k !re are s _m ,pat5ts grant$ t x is a great "q ) me1 ,i confess1 if ,pat5ts = ^! comb9ations are to be grant$1 :e!r x w\ld n be bett] to aboli% ! ,pat5t-,laws altoge!r1 z x becomes su* a nuisance 9 conduct+ a l>ge bus9ess40 ,h[ emphatic 0 ,mr4 ,i4 ,k+dom ,brunel3-- 8,d y ?9k t !re w\ld be an equal inducem5t = a man to turn 8 att5tion to improvem5ts if !re 7 no ,pat5t-,laws1 z comp>$ ) ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 :i* lead him to ! expectation & hope t he w obta9 "s exclusive advantage f ! discov]y ( "s new improvem5t8 8,i feel c]ta9 ( x2 ,i h felt x v /rongly1 & x always /ruck me z surpris+ t x 0 n se5 by ev]ybody else2 b we h s long be5 9 ! habit ( consid]+ t ! grant+ ( an exclusive privilege to a man :o inv5ts a ?+ is j & fair1 t ,i d n ?9k ! public h ev] consid]$ :e!r x 01 aft] all1 advantage\s to him4 ,my feel+ is1 t x is v injuri\s to him4 8,my impression is1 t 9 e class ( inv5tions y w\ld practically 9 ! end h a m rapid supply & increase ( inv5tions ?an y h n[2 ,i believe t m5 ( sci5ce1 & all ^? :o d x = pleasure z well z = pr(it1 w\ld produce m1 !y w\ld be less int]f]$ ) by exi/+ ,pat5ts1 & !y w\ld really produce m2 ,i believe t ! work+ class1 ! small] class ( inv5tors1 w\ld introduce v mu* m4 ,) respect to t class ( inv5tions1 :i* ,i believe to be v few 9 numb]1 ?\gh !y are talk$ ( v mu*1 :i* really involve long-cont9u$ exp5ses1 ,i believe !y w\ld probably be br\ght ab\t 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 to h x und]/ood t ,i limit my obs]vations to ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,i d n wi% to express any op9ion z to :at might h be5 =m]ly ! effects ( ,pat5ts1 or :e!r !y did orig9ally enc\rage inv5tions or n4 ,i believe t 9 ! fir/ place !y are v prejudicial1 on ! :ole1 to a l>ge class suppos$ to exi/ ( inv5tors1 & pr9cipally f ^! circum/ances3 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s is ?is1 t 9 all bran*es1 :e!r 9 manufactures or arts ( any sort1 we are 9 su* an advanc$ /ate1 & e process 9 e production consi/s ( su* a comb9ation ( ! results ( ! improvem5ts :i* h be5 effect$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 t a good inv5tion n[ is r>ely a new idea40 ,s likewise ,mr4 ,james ,sp5ce3-- 8,! evils ( ! pres5t sy/em are s]i\s4 ,!re is a *>m 9 ! "n ( a ,pat5t :i* entices l>ge numb]s ( m5 to neglect _! own affairs 9 pursuit ( "s phantom4 ,:]e intellectual p[] exi/s ( an inv5tive "*1 x w develop itself )\t any spur2 x is1 inde$1 irrepressible 9 its nature4 ,to su* m9ds ! /imulus ( a ,pat5t is sup]flu\s4 8,besides ! progress ( ! arts1 ano!r *ange has occurr$ :i* affects ?is "q4 ,=m]ly improvem5ts made sl[ progress1 & unless an inv5tor 7 protect$ = _m ye>s he _h little *ance ( recomp5se4 ,n[ ! p[] ( adv]tis+ is s great & intellig5ce is s diffus$1 t any really useful inv5tion c be br\ght imm$iately into op]ation & pr(it4 ,7 ,pat5ts aboli%$1 any "o ) an inv5tion ( value c\ld f9d a manufactur] to take x up4 ,x is true x w\ld be op5 to ! re/ ( ! _w z soon z f\nd out1 b ! manufactur] w\ld obta9 ! fir/ />t ( all o!rs1 9 itself a pr(it4 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em ! legal protection breaks d[n 9 practice4 ,! mom5t a specification is publi%$1 compet+ manufactur]s /ra9 _! wits to contrive h[ to rea* ! same result ?r\gh o!r means or modifications2 9 o!r words1 h[ to infr+e4 ,aga9/ ?is ! pat5tee has no rem$y1 except proce$+s at law ( ! mo/ co/ly nature4 8,no *ange c be propos$ 9 ,pat5t-,law t w n be op5 to objections bas$ on individual cases ( h>d%ip2 b1 on a compreh5sive view ( ! subject 9 all its be>+s1 ,i hold t x w\ld b5efit ! c\ntry to aboli% ! sy/em 9 toto4 ,manufactur]s w\ld be reliev$ f pres5t p]plexity1 delusions w\ld no long] be kept up by excitem5t1 an enorm\s wa/e ( money w\ld be /ay$2 & :il/ ! mass ( wor?less ,pat5ts w\ld disappe>1 any ( real value w\ld be tak5 up on its m]its & produce suffici5t remun]ation to ! inv5tor40 ,! ,report ( ! ,commission1 f\nd$ on ! evid5ce ( :i* ,i h %[n ! g5]al "*1 conta9s ! foll[+ j obs]vations3-- 8,! majority ( witnesses1 h[ev]1 decid$ly affirm ! exi/5ce ( practical inconv5i5ce f ! multiplicity ( ,pat5ts4 ,x is cle> t ,pat5ts are grant$ = matt]s :i* c h>dly be consid]$ z com+ )9 ! def9ition1 9 ! ,/atute ( ,monopolies1 ( #8a new manufacture4' ,x is 9 evid5ce t ! exi/5ce ( ^! monopolies emb>rasses ! trade ( a consid]able class ( p]sons1 artisans1 small tradesm51 & o!rs1 :o _c af=d to face ! exp5se ( litigation1 h[ev] weak ! case aga9/ !m may seem to be2 & a /ill /rong] case is made out z to ! exi/5ce ( :at may be call$ ob/ructive ,pat5ts1 & z to ! inconv5i5ce caus$ !reby to manufactur]s directly1 & ?r\gh !m to ! public4 8,o!r in/ances w be f\nd 9 ! evid5ce ( p>ticul> manufactures & bran*es ( inv5tion :i* are s block$ up by ,pat5ts1 t n only are inv5tors det]r$ f tak+ !m up ) a view to improvem5t1 b ! manufactur]1 9 c>ry+ on 8 regul> c\rse ( trade1 is hamp]$ by own]s ( wor?less ,pat5ts1 :om x is g5]ally m conv5i5t to buy (f ?an to resi/4 ,! evil also results 9 ano!r practice1 hav+ ! same ob/ructive t5d5cy--namely1 t ( comb9ation among/ a numb] ( p]sons ( ! same trade to buy up all ! ,pat5ts relat+ to x1 & to pay ! exp5se ( attack+ subsequ5t improv]s out ( a common fund4 ,f a comp>ison ( evid5ce1 x _c be d\bt$ t ?is practice prevails to a consid]able ext5t4 ,we mu/ also conclude t :5 ! ob/ruction is n to be got rid ( )\t ! exp5se & annoyance ( litigation1 9 a l>ge majority ( cases ! manufactur] submits to an exaction1 r ?an incur ! alt]native4 8,we desire to call special att5tion to ! evid5ce giv5 by ! ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,admiralty1 & by v>i\s witnesses on behalf ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 %[+ ! emb>rassm5t :i* has be5 caus$ to ! naval & milit>y s]vices by ! multitude ( ,pat5ts tak5 out = inv5tions 9 use 9 ^? dep>tm5ts4 8,x has long be5 ! practice1 f\nd$ on judicial decision1 to consid] t ! use or publication ( an inv5tion abroad did n deprive t inv5tion ( ! "* ( #8a new manufacture )9 ?is realm4' ,x appe>s to u1 & is g5]ally admitt$ 9 ! evid5ce1 t ! pres5t facilities ( communication subsi/+ betwe5 all p>ts ( ! _w h done away ) ! only valid reason = su* a con/ruction ( ! words ( ! ,/atute ( ,monopolies4 ,! object ( all[+ su* ,pat5ts might fairly be1 9 an age ( sl[ int]national communication1 to enc\rage ent]pris+ p]sons to g 9 se>* (1 & to introduce to ?is c\ntry1 useful processes employ$ abroad1 b n o!rwise likely to be adopt$ "h1 = ! want ( :i* we %\ld long h be5 beh9d o!r nations4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 seem wor? :ile to cont9ue ! same facilities n[1 :5 =eign inv5tions are mo/ frequ5tly pat5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 _! native l& simultane\sly2 especially1 z we are well in=m$1 t "o result ( ! practice is to enc\rage unscrupul\s p]sons to /eal ! inv5tions ( =eign]s & to run a race ) ! legitimate own] to get !m pat5t$ "h40 ,! extracts :i* ,i h cull$ suffici5tly prove t1 9 ! op9ion ( m5 select$ because !y 7 compet5t to speak ) au?ority on acc\nt ( _! "*1 ability1 & exp]i5ce1 our ,pat5t sy/em is 8g5]ally inconv5i5t0 & is 8hurtful to trade40 ,be+ s1 x is inconsi/5t ) ! conditions on fai? ( :i*1 :ile o!r monopolies 7 prohibit$ by ! ,act1 x 0 sp>$4 ,b ,i re/ my case on absolute evils1 )\t reg>d to t inconsi/5cy4 ,i am sure nobody c g ov] ! evid5ce z a :ole1 or ev5 ^? scraps ( evid5ce :i* ,i h pres5t$--,i am well aw>e 9 a v promiscu\s & ineffective mann]--)\t becom+ conv9c$ t ! trade & manufactures ( ?is c\ntry are s]i\sly ob/ruct$1 fett]$1 ret>d$1 h>ass$1 & burd5$1 sometimes demoralis$1 (t5 wrong$1 or ev5 robb$1 by ! multitude & vexati\s "* ( ,pat5ts1 & by ! claims & conduct ( pat5tees2--t ^! ,pat5ts1 ?\gh v num]\s1 9 g5]al possess little m]it1 yet (t5 produce l>ge rev5ues1 ! result ( exactions f p]sons :o use !m1 to ! assignees1 r ?an to ! orig9al grantees1--t ! unc]ta9ty ( receiv+ a good return 79 place ( :i* exp]i5ce %[s !re is1 9 mo/ cases1 disappo9tm5t or ev5 positive loss71 & ! utt] incongruity exi/+ betwe5 ! e>n+s1 :]e !re are any1 & ! m]its ( inv5tions1 r5d] ! sy/em ( ,pat5ts an exce$+ly unsatisfactory way ( /imulat+ inv5tion or rew>d+ inv5tors2--& t !re is wide-spread dissatisfaction ) ?+s z !y are1 yet despair ( am5dm5t1 among ! mo/ intellig5t ( ^? portions ( ! community = ^: b5efit ! sy/em is plausibly repres5t$ to exi/4 ,! evid5ce goes to %[ t ! poor man & ! work+ man suff] 9 two ways4 ,su* _c br+ _! inv5tions into play = want ( capital1 & !y c\ld n1 ev5 if x 7 9 t respect diff]5t1 make head aga9/ ri* infr+]s :o are able by ! co/l9ess ( law proce$+s to set !m at defiance4 ,i might allege1 also1 t :ile ! exp5ses ( pat5t+ are cle>ly too heavy to suit ! circum/ances ( ! poor1 !re is little or no fav\r %[n by any influ5tial witnesses to propositions = r$uc+ !m1 because ( ! t5d5cy t a suitable r$uction w\ld h to /ill fur!r multiply ,pat5ts4 ,surely ?is indicates suffici5tly t !re is some?+ radically wrong 9 ! pr9ciple on :i* we proce$4 ,all[ me1 :ile adv]t+ to ! case ( ! poor1 to express my belief t ! ,pat5t sy/em has an effect on wages :i* dem&s ! s]i\s consid]ation ( ! fri5ds ( work+ m54 ,i believe x helps to keep wages l[4 ,! abolition w\ld "w 9 ?is mann]3 :5ev]1 9 any e/abli%m5t1 an improvem5t is introduc$1 ! fact ( its use becomes1 ( c\rse1 spe$ily kn[n ?r\gh\t ! e/abli%m5t & 9 o!r e/abli%m5ts4 ,! employs :o 9 _! ord9>y occupations mu/ come to "k :at ! improvem5t is & h[ to "w accord+ to x--= ?is is a matt] ( necessity1 especially n[ t op]ations are conduct$ on a l>ge scale1 ) ! indisp5sable aid ( m5 intellig5t & indep5d5t--v soon f9d !y are 9 reque/4 ,to prev5t _! leav+1 !y are (f]$ an advance1 :i* itself 9 its turn may be outbid4 ,! rise :i* indisputably w\ld result 9 ! case ( individuals w1 9 my op9ion1 t5d t[>ds a g5]al rise4 ,if ,i am correct 9 my anticipations1 op]atives & artisans are mu* injur$ by ,pat5t-,laws4 ,b indep5d5tly ( ?is hypo!tical advantage1 a good sy/em ( deal+ ) inv5tors w be b5eficial directly to op]atives1 by remov+ f trade ! pres5t h9drances4 ,hav+ se5 h[ little /ore !re is set on ,pat5ts by em95t eng9e]s1 by manufactur]s1 & by ! public s]vices1 let me appeal to em95t /atesm54 ,among ^! ,i "n =emo/ ! apo/le ( free-trade4 ,mr4 ,cobd5 told me1 _m ye>s ago1 t he 0 oppos$ to ,pat5ts2 & at a lat] p]iod1 ,oct41 #ahfb1 he wrote3-- 8,i h a gr[+ d\bt ( ! value & ju/ice ( ! sy/em1 :e!r z reg>ds ! int]e/s ( ! public or ! inv5tors40 ,"l ,granville1 !n ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee on ! ,pat5t ,bills1 told ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 on ,july #a1 #ahea-- 8,! la/ witness 0 ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls1 :o1 not)/&+ ! exp]i5ce he _h _h z "o ( ! law (fic]s ( ! ,cr[n 9 adm9i/]+ ! ,pat5t-,laws1 & al?\gh he took *>ge ( ! fir/ ,bill :i* ! ,gov]nm5t propos$ on ! subject1 0 decid$ly ( op9ion t ,pat5t-,laws 7 bad 9 pr9ciple1 & 7 ( no advantage ei!r to ! public or inv5tors4444 ,all ! evid5ce t _h be5 br\ght be=e ! ,committee1 bo? ( ! g5tlem5 :o 7 oppos$ to ! sy/em ( ,pat5ts & ^? :o 7 mo/ /rongly 9 fav\r ( x1 _h only t5d$ to confirm 8 previ\s op9ion t ! :ole sy/em is unadvisable = ! public1 disadvantage\s to inv5tors1 & wrong 9 pr9ciple4 ,! result ( ! exp]i5ce acquir$ by ! pres5t ,vice-,*ancellor & ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,que5's ,b5* _h rais$ great d\bts 9 _! m9ds z to :e!r a law ( ,pat5ts 0 advantage\s4 ,! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,common ,pleas likewise _h writt5 him a lett]1 :i* he au?oris$ him to make :at public use ( he pleas$1 decl>+ 8 concurr5ce 9 8 op9ion t a law ( ,pat5ts 0 nei!r advantage\s to ! public nor useful to inv5tors4444 ,! only p]sons1 he believ$1 :o d]iv$ any advantage f ! ,pat5t-,laws 7 memb]s ( ! legal pr(ession4 ,except p]haps w>ranty ( horses1 !re 0 no subject :i* (f]$ s _m opportunities = %>p practice z ! law ( ,pat5ts4 ,z reg>ds sci5tific m51 too1 ! practice ( summon+ !m z witnesses on trials respect+ ,pat5ts _h an injuri\s1 if n a demoralis+1 effect4444 ,!y sometimes all[$ !mselves to be betray$ into giv+ a m fav\rable op9ion ( ! m]its ( an inv5tion ?an 0 /rictly accurate40 ,"l ,h>r[by judici\sly said1 9 ref]5ce to ! proposition !n = ! fir/ "t made to exempt ! ,colonies f ! incid5ce ( ,briti% ,pat5ts-- 8,! colonial ref9] w\ld be enabl$ to avail himself ( e new inv5tion 9 ! manufacture ( sug>1 to ! prejudice ( ! home ref9]1 :o w\ld h to pay = ! ,pat5t-"r40 ,"l ,campbell-- 8,hav+ be5 "s ye>s a law (fic] ( ! ,cr[n1 _h "s exp]i5ce z reg>d$ ! "q at issue1 & he begg$ to say t he entirely approv$ ( ! view ( 8 noble fri5d1 ,e>l ,granville40 ,sir ,james ,graham1 on ,aug4 #e ( ! same ye>1 obs]v$-- 8,!re 0 also evid5tly great division ( op9ion among ,h] ,maje/y's ,m9i/]s ^u ?is subject4 ,! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 :5 introduc+ ?is ,bill1 express$ a decid$ op9ion adv]se to ! pr9ciple ( ,pat5ts altoge!r4 ,! noble ,secret>y = ! ,colonies 7,e>l ,grey7 agre$ ) ! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 & n[ x 0 f\nd t ! advis]s ( ! ,cr[n _h put an end altoge!r to ,pat5ts 9 ! colonies4 ,0 x "r1 !n1 to cont9ue a sy/em 9 ,engl& :i* _h be5 condemn$ 9 pr9ciple by ! advis]s ( ! ,cr[n8 ,& 7 !y to legislate ^u a "q :i* ! divisions 9 ,h] ,maje/y's ,c\ncil r5d]$ /ill m d\btful80 ,mr4 ,c>dwell1 s5sibly & patriotically1 8,w\ld rem9d ! ,h\se ( ! case ( ! sug>-ref9]s ( ,liv]pool1 :o compla9$ ( ?is "p ( ! ,bill40 ,i ne$ n quote ,mr4 ,ric>do1 ^: lam5t$ dea? prev5t$ him f urg+ ! pres5t subject z he int5d$4 ,all[ only ! foll[+ obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,ro*e1 :o on ! same occasion-- 8,entirely agre$ t ! ,pat5t-,laws %\ld be aboli%$ altoge!r4 ,!y might dep5d on x t n9e-t5?s ( ! ,pat5t inv5tions1 "u any law t c\ld be pass$1 w\ld be no?+ less ?an s _m /umbl+-blocks 9 ! way ( improvem5t40 ,"h is an extract f ! proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,glasg[3-- 8,mr4 ,ar*ibald ,smi? 0 conv9c$ t a majority ( sci5tific m5 & ! public 7 9 fav\r ( a repeal ( ! ,pat5t-,law1 & he believ$ its days 7 numb]$4 ,he held x 0 ! int]e/ ( ! public1 & n ! pat5tees1 t %\ld be consult$ 9 ! matt]4 ,?is 0 a gr[+ op9ion among/ lawy]s & "y m5 ( 8 acqua9tance40 ,i rev]t to ! injuri\s influ5ce ( ,pat5ts 9 incapacitat+ manufactur]s to compete ) _! =eign rivals1 & am able to submit ,cont95tal te/imony t su* is ! inevitable effect4 ,! foll[+ l5g?y quotation w suffice f ,m4 ,legr&1 ,auditor ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate ( ,france3-- 8,!re is 9 ?is in/itution n only an ob/acle to ! developm5t ( home trade1 b also a %ackle on =eign comm]ce4 8,! doors :i* we op5 by our ,treaties ( ,comm]ce may by means ( ,pat5ts be clos$4 8,let an inv5tion be freely work$ 9 ,belgium2 if 9 ,france x be pat5t$1 ,belgian produce _c ent] !re4 ,let ! contr>y be ! case2 we _c export to ,belgium ! production :i* is free ) u1 b pat5t$ at ,brussels4 8,let u suppose1 = example1 t a new col\r is pat5t$ alone 9 ,france1 & t ! pat5tee only p]mits ! manufacture ( ! col\r on paym5t ( a high royalty3 ?is col\r w become de>1 to ! pr(it ( ! pat5tee alone1 & ! detrim5t ( all2 its exportation1 or ! exportation ( articles dy$ ) ?is col\r1 into a c\ntry :]e ! manufacture is free1 w become impossible1 because 9 t c\ntry !y w beg9 to fabricate x1 & its price w be dim9i%$ to ! ext5t ( ! royalty exact$ = x by ! pat5tee4 8,! ,fr5* produc] w necess>ily be plac$ 9 su* a situation t he w be unable to su/a9 any =eign competition4 8,x is ( consequ5ce1 s f> z x dep5ds on legislators1 to place ^? c\ntries on ! same foot+ :o unite 9 ! peaceful1 b5efic5t /ruggle ( competition4 8,b ) ! s\nd notions :i* prevail among/ p]sons ( intellig5ce1 x is evid5t t ! uni=m solution to :i* e "o w\ld adh]e _c be "o :i* w\ld recognise ,pat5ts4 8,! mak+ all discov]ies free is ! sy/em :i* alone w\ld h ! *ance ( be+ adopt$ by all nations4 8,x w\ld c]ta9ly put an end to m inju/ice ?an x w\ld orig9ate40 ,i _h ! pleasure ( be+ pres5t at a num]\sly-att5d$ meet+ ( ! ,economi/s ( ,g]many held at ,dresd5 9 #ahfc1 :i* almo/ unanim\sly adopt$ a resolution aga9/ all ,pat5ts2 q 9 h>mony1 ,i may say1 ) =mal resolutions ( comm]cial & indu/rial associations 9 t c\ntry & ,france4 ,! ,h\se mu/ long ago h be5 prep>$ = ! foll[+ conclusions1 :i* close ! ,royal ,commission's ,report on ! ,law relat+ to ,lett]s ,pat5t = ,inv5tions3-- 8,t 9 all ,pat5ts h]eaft] to be grant$ a proviso %all be ins]t$ to ! effect t ! ,cr[n %all h ! p[] to use any inv5tion !re9 pat5t$ )\t previ\s lic5ce or cons5t ( ! pat5tee1 subject to paym5t ( a sum to be fix$ by ! ,treasury4 8,:ile1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,commission]s1 ! *anges above sugge/$ w d some?+ to mitigate ! inconv5i5ces n[ g5]ally compla9$ ( by ! public z incid5t to ! work+ ( ! ,pat5t-,law1 x is _! op9ion t ^! inconv5i5ces _c be :olly remov$4 ,!y are1 9 _! belief1 inh]5t 9 ! nature ( a ,pat5t-,law1 & mu/ be consid]$ z ! price :i* ! public cons5ts to pay = ! exi/5ce ( su* a law40 ,?is is sign$ by ,"l ,/anley1 ,"l ,ov]/one1 ,sir ,w4 ,erle1 ,"l ,ha!rley1 ,"l ,cairns1 ,h4 ,wadd+ton1 ,w4 ,r4 ,grove1 ,w4 ,e4 ,=/]1 ,wm4 ,fairbairn4 ,! public und]/ood ?is to mean t ! ,commission 7 by no means satisfi$ t !re %\ld be any long] any ,pat5t-,law at all4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,jurisprud5ce gives x ?is int]pretation4 ,b ,i c adduce a high] & m au?oritative exposition ) reg>d to ! views ( at lea/ ! noble ,"l ! ,*airman ( ! ,commission4 ,:5 ! "q 0 put z to legislation 9 con=mity ) ! ,report1 ,"l ,/anley told ?is ,h\se on ,june #aj1 #ahfe3-- 8,! ,h\se ought fir/ to h an opportunity fairly & delib]ately ( decid+ ^u t l>g] "q :i* _h n be5 submitt$ to ! ,pat5t-,law ,commission--viz41 :e!r x 0 exp$i5t t ,pat5ts = inv5tion %\ld cont9ue to be a "p ( ! law40 ,we all "k !re is 9 g5]al society1 & ev5 among politicians & m5 9 bus9ess1 an acquiesc5ce almo/ am\nt+ to approval ( ,pat5ts 9 ! ab/ract4 ,its exi/5ce ,i attribute to unacqua9tance ) actualities4 ,i ackn[l$ge t :5 ! m able advocates ( ! sy/em /ate _! reasons1 ^! look conclusive en\gh1 & w\ld be s if !re 7 b "o side ( ! case4 ,:at we1 _! oppon5ts1 claim is t our objections be met4 ,?is1 ,i appreh5d1 _c be done )\t1 at lea/1 leav+ s mu* inevitable evil confess$ z mu/ turn ! scale4 ,"s ( ^! argum5ts t we he> are futile & f>-fet*$ en\gh to des]ve to be repeat$4 ,admitt+ ob/ructiv5ess1 a ,*anc]y-lane writ] pleads ?us3-- 8,?is v prohibition causes o!rs to ex]t !mselves to inv5t diff]5t means by :i* ! same or a bett] result may be obta9$ ?an by ! inv5tion :i* !y are prev5t$ f us+1 except by paym5t1 & ! result is competition1 9 ! highe/ degree b5eficial to trade1 & an unceas+ advancem5t & /riv+40 ,really no bett] is ! reason+ ( an (ficial witness1 :o told ! ,commission3-- 8,?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,pat5ts1 ,inv5tions ( ,engli%m54--,?ree-f\r?s ( ! applications = ,pat5ts1 or !reab\ts1 are = ! inv5tions ( ,engli%m52 ! rema9+ "o-f\r? are = ! inv5tions ( =eign]s1 = ! mo/ "p ,fr5*m5 & ,am]icans4 ,! c\ntry 9 :i* inv5tions are ( ! highe/ value w draw inv5tions to x f all o!rs1 & s long z any "o c\ntry protects inv5tions by ,pat5t1 s long mu/ all c\ntries protect4 ,7 ,engl& to aboli% protection ( inv5tions1 inv5tors w\ld c>ry _! inv5tions to o!r c\ntries4 ,switz]l& does n protect1 & consequ5tly ! ,swiss take _! inv5tions to o!r c\ntries40 ,:y8 ,:at h>m ?\gh ! ,briti% inv5tor %\ld g abroad to pat5t or ev5 to "w 8 inv5tion8 ,he mu/ specify x 9 ! c\ntry he goes to2 & _c1 w n1 our artisans at once avail !mselves1 & revel 9 ! free use1 ( :at he !re records8 ,call our nation's n rew>d+ him a piece ( d\btful policy1 or want ( g5]osity2 b bani% ! notion t our trade w suff]4 ,x w ga94 ,b !re are def5d]s ( v diff]5t calibre3 ,mr4 ,mac,culloch1#c ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,x is meet ,i %\ld in=m ! ,h\se :at are _! argum5ts4 ,i f9d !m succ9ctly /at$ & well put 9 ,mr4 ,mill's 8,political ,economy40 ,i w read ! :ole ( t g5tleman's obs]vations1 int]lac+1 = brevity's sake1 v %ort & un>gum5tative diss5ts1 if n replies3-- 8,! condemnation ( monopolies ought n to ext5d to ,pat5ts1 by :i* ! orig9ator--0 ,does ,mr4 ,mill "k t _m an inv5tion is pat5t$ by "s p]son :o is n ! orig9ator1 b only ! fir/ promulgator 9 ,brita92 /ill m (t51 :o is n ! only orig9ator8 8( an improv$ process--0 ,i h already %[n t ! law1 rightly read1 c h>dly be said to sanction ! pat5t+ ( a 8process40 8is all[$ to enjoy1 = a limit$ p]iod1 ! exclusive privilege ( us+ 8 own improvem5t40 ,:i* means1 ! privilege ( deb>r+ all o!r p--"s ( :om may1 aft] him1 or at ! same "t z he1 or ev5 be=e him1 h inv5t$ x--f do+ :at he is1 & !y also %\ld be1 all[$ to d4 8,?is is n mak+ ! commodity de> = 8 b5efit1 b m]ely po/pon+--0 ,= 8 b5efit1 & /ill m frequ5tly & surely = ! b5efit ( a multitude ( o!r individuals1 :o h less claim1 or no claim at all4 8a "p ( ! increas$ *eapness1 :i* ! public owe to ! inv5tor--0 ,b n to him only1 = he inv5ts (t5 along ) o!rs1 & always 9 consequ5ce ( k :i* he d]ives f ! common /ore1 & :i* he ought1 z its p>ticipant1 to let o!rs %>e1 if do+ s does himself no h>m4 89 ord] to comp5sate & rew>d him = ! s]vice40 ,! real s]vice1 if x be 8s]vice10 is ! communicat+ 8 k4 8,t he ought to be bo? comp5sat$ & rew>d$ = x1 w n be d5i$20 ,b x does n foll[1 surely1 ev5 9 ,mr4 ,mill's logic1 t he %\ld be inve/$ ) monopoly p[]s1 :i* 8raise prices0 & 8hurt trade10 & cause 8g5]al inconv5i5ce40 8& also1 t if all 7 at once all[$ to avail !mselves ( 8 +5uity1 )\t hav+ %>$ ! lab\rs or ! exp5ses :i* he _h to incur 9 br++ 8 idea into a practical %ape--0 ,b :i*1 v likely1 7 trifl+1 & if heavy1 7 incurr$ = 8 own sake1 & may h produc$ b5efits to himself t suffici5tly comp5sat$ all4 8ei!r su* exp5ses & lab\rs w\ld be und]gone by nobody--0 ,:i* is a wild assumption4 8except v opul5t & v public-spirit$ p]sons40 ,! =m] are num]\s2 ! latt] ought to be2 & ! s]vice is "o ! nation may well expect ( !m4 ,:y %\ld n !re be innum]able ,"l ,rosses1 ,sir ,francis ,crossleys1 ,sir ,david ,baxt]s1 & ,sir ,william ,br[ns1 promot+ b5efic5t comm]ce by _! g5]osity2 & :y %\ld n manufactur]s sy/ematically comb9e z an association to procure ?r\gh sci5ce & exp]im5t e possible improvem5t8 8,or ! ,/ate mu/ put a value on ! s]vice r5d]$ by an inv5tor1 & make him a pecuni>y rew>d40 ,& :y %\ld we n pref] ?is alt]native8 8,?is has be5 done 9 "s in/ances1 & may be done )\t inconv5i5ce 9 cases ( v conspicu\s public b5efit40 ,well3 t is a great deal2 b :y n 9 cases t are n conspicu\s8 8,b 9 g5]al an exclusive privilege ( tempor>y duration is pref]able--0 ,n[1 m>k ! only reasons adduc$3-- 8because x leaves no?+ to any "o's discretion--0 ,t is1 ,i suppose1 ,mr4 ,mill1 to avoid tru/+ anybody--! dang] f do+ :i* is imag9>y1 or at lea/ avoidable--w\ld let ! nation rema9 subject to prov$ frightful inconv5i5ce & loss4 8& ! great] ! usefulness1 ! great] ! rew>d--0 ,:i*1 ,mr4 ,mill rightly ?9ks1 is :at ought to be1 b x is n & _c be :at happ5s "u ,pat5ts2 =1 on ! contr>y1 rew>ds dep5d ma9ly on ! ext5t ( use & ! facility ( levy+ royalties4 8& because x is paid by ! v p]sons to :om ! s]vice is r5d]$1 ! consum]s ( ! commodity40 ,"h ,mr4 ,mill appe>s to reg>d1 & x is "r he %\ld1 manufactur]s z m]e int]m$iates4 ,well3 c !y %ift ! burd5 :i* !y1 9 ! fir/ in/ance exclusively be>1 f _! own %\ld]s to ^? ( ! consum]8 ,p]haps !y c\ld h done s be=e ! inauguration ( ,free ,trade2 b s9ce t "t1 ! ?+ is impossible1 & s w x ev] be until ! day arrive :5 ei!r ,pat5ts %all apply to all c\ntries1 & 9 all c\ntries exactly ! same royalties %all be *>g$ = _! use1 or else !y are aboli%$4 8,s decisive1 inde$1 are ^! consid]ations1 t if ! sy/em ( ,pat5ts 7 ab&on$ = t ( rew>ds by ! ,/ate1 ! be/ %ape :i* ^! c\ld assume w\ld be t ( a small tempor>y tax impos$ = ! inv5tor's b5efit--0 ,w\ld he 9 g5]al get x8 ,&1 let me ask1 h[ collect$--h[ di/ribut$8 8on all p]sons mak+ use ( ! inv5tion40 ,a ?+ impossible1 h[ev]1 ev5 = conspicu\s inv5tions2 & to :i* !re is ! fur!r fatal objection t !re mu/ be none b su* recognis$1 :i* might be unfairness1 z x c]ta9ly w\ld be p>tiality4 ,if1 z indicat$1 a tax on all us]s & consum]s1 w n grants f ! ,ex*equ] be 9 ! ma9 fair en\gh z to incid5ce8 8,to ?is1 h[ev]1 or to any o!r sy/em :i* w\ld ve/ 9 ! ,/ate--0 ,:y ! ,/ate8 ,:y n let inv5tors decide8 8! p[] ( decid+ :e!r an inv5tor %\ld d]ive any pecuni>y advantage = ! public b5efit :i* he conf]s1 ! objections are evid5tly 6 /rong] & m fundam5tal ?an ! /ronge/ :i* c possibly be urg$ aga9/ ,pat5ts4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! pres5t ,pat5t-,laws ne$ mu* improvem5t40 ,x is n admitt$ t !y c be made satisfactory1 d :at we w2 & ,i cont5d t no ext5t ( m]e improvem5t c ov]come ! objectionabl5ess ( ! re/ra9ts & burd5s insep>able f ! sy/em4 8,b 9 ?is case1 z well z 9 ! closely analog\s "o ( ,copyright1 x w\ld be a gross immorality 9 ! law to set ev]ybody free0-- ,:y1 ev]ybody is naturally free1 & w\ld cont9ue free if ! law did n /ep 9 & cruelly take _! fre$om away1 do+ :i* is ! real immorality4 8to use a p]son's "w0-- ,a fallacy--to use1 x may be1 8 ?\ghts1 :i*1 z soon z !y are communicat$1 are no long] 8 only--& n at all to use 8 8"w0 9 any prop] s5se4 8)\t 8 cons5t1 & )\t giv+ him an equival5t40 ,z if cons5t 7 ne$$ to use "o's k1 & z if !re c\ld or %\ld be any equival5t4 8,i h se5 ) real al>m sev]al rec5t attempts1 9 qu>t]s c>ry+ "s au?ority1 to impugn ! pr9ciple ( ,pat5ts altoge!r2 attempts :i*1 if practically successful1 w\ld en?rone free /eal+ "u ! pro/itut$ "n ( free trade1 & make ! m5 ( bra9s1 /ill m ?an at pres5t1 ! ne$y reta9]s & dep5d5ts ( ! m5 ( money-bags40 ,z to 8free /eal+10 he> :at ! greate/ political economi/ ( ,france ?9ks-- 8,c'e/ dans une mesure la mme "q que le free trade40 ,z to ! 8money-bags10 ,mr4 ,mill pla9ly is n aw>e t ! dep5d5ce he deprecates is ! inv>iable1 almo/ ! inevitable1 consequ5ce ( a ,pat5t sy/em4 ,i am extremely sorry to diff] on a "q ( political economy f ,mr4 ,mill4 ,b ) all due respect ,i submit t he has n1 :5 writ+ ! passage :i* has n[ be5 giv5 9 ext5so1 realis$ :at a ,pat5t is 9 practice4 ,x is ! price at :i* ! ,/ate buys a specification4 ,! pur*ase is a compulsory "o1 ) ?is peculi>ity1 t :]eas ! inv5tor may or may n (f] to sell--= he is left at p]fect lib]ty1 z 9 a free c\ntry he ought to be1 :e!r to pat5t & reveal 7sell7 or n--yet if he d (f]1 x is ! ,/ate1 ! mak] ( ! law1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! ,sov]eign1 volunt>ily puts itself "u compulsion to accept ! (f]1 &--) a defiant violation :i* ! frequ5cy ( ! de$ 9 my view makes flagrant ( s\nd pr9ciple--pays n out ( public rev5ues or any funds ov] :i* x has legitimate control1 b out ( ! means ( private individuals1 rea*$ & extract$ ei!r 9 ! =m ( exceptional pr(its on goods ! monopoli/ makes1 or by 8 levy+ ( a tax call$ royalties on any ( 8 fell[-subjects :om he may ( grace1 if !y comply ) 8 dem&s1 associate ) himself z %>]s ( ! monopoly4 ,su* oppon5ts' impulses are excell5t1 b _! plan is incompatible ) actual pre-exi/5t int]e/s4 ,!y omit to take into full acc\nt ! conditions ( ! ev]yday _w :i* ! /atesman has to d )1 & might n unpr(itably call to m9d a /ory or p>able ( juv5ile days :]e9 c]ta9 wise m5 7 repres5t$ z1 aft] due c\nsel1 plac+ a fav\rite bird )9 high & close h$ges 9 ord] to gratify _! ta/es & enjoy melodi\s notes all ! ye> r\nd4 ,! conditions ( w+$ exi/5ce _h n be5 tak5 into acc\nt2 !ory & s5tim5t c\ld n be r$uc$ to practice4 ,fav\ritism1 con/ra9t1 & isolation1 be+ contr>y to nature1 fail$4 ,! night+ale lov$1 ne$$1 s\ght1 & f\nd fre$om4 ,to recall ano!r book ( y\?ful days4 ,?9k ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 & ! _m new inv5tions 8 peculi> position requir$ & elicit$4 ,let me suppose ! neighb\r+ isl&]s saw = ! fir/ "t 9 8 h&s a cocoa-nut turn$ into a cup1 9 8 hut potatoes roa/+ 9 ! fire1 9 8 g>d5 guano us$ z manure4 ,:at w\ld !y h ?\ght ( ,*ri/ianity & civilization1 if he1 anticipat+ ! pret5sions ( mod]n inv5tors1 _h alleg$1 on ! gr\nd ( fir/ use1 exclusive prop]ty 9 ^! manufactures1 processes1 & applications1 & _h deb>r$ ! imitation = f\rte5 ye>s8 ,! unsophi/icat$ savages w\ld h said1 8,we und]/& & all[ y\r claims to possess :at y y\rself make1 b we d n und]/&1 & we d>e n all[1 y\r claim to possess :at we make ourselves4 ,y are welcome to le>n :at we %all le>n1 & to d :atev] y see u d4 ,we _c sell = money ! od\rs t rise f ! fruits t su/a9 our life2 %\ld we =bid to pick up & plant _! se$s t we ?r[ away8 ,%\ld we grudge ! runn+s ov] f ! brimm+ cup ( k :i* heav5 puts into ! h&1 & ! fro? at ! top :i* ! w9d bl[s away80 ,hea!ns are pleas$ to ev5 "w at :at is good = all accord+ to opportunity4 ,! fact is1 ! "r ( inv5tors is too %ad[y to h any recognisable exi/5ce :]e !re is n a submissive society to v5d to or trample on1 & a complaisant /ate to compel _! submission4 ,if he 7 a memb] ?is night pres5t ) u1 ,i w\ld appeal to ,mr4 ,mill z a philosoph]4 ,see+ t ! _w is s fram$ t :]eas acquisitions ( mat]ial prop]ty or ?+s _c be possess$ 9 common )\t ! %>e or enjoym5t ( ea* p]son be+ less5$ or lo/1 x is univ]sally possible t any numb] ( p]sons1 h[ev] _m1 c possess & use1 )\t any dim9ution ( individual enjoym5t1 k or ideas 9 common1 d n wisdom & humanity ju/ly int]pret ?is z an indication t to int]f]e is to oppose ! ord] ( nature8 ,let me appeal to him z a morali/4 ,see+ t to s int]f]e ) ! communication & enjoym5t ( k or ideas by limit+ ! p[] & "r to apply inv5tions to use is to )hold t :]eby "o man1 )\t loss to himself1 may b5efit 8 fell[s1 d n e?ics fav\r ! philan?ropic c\rse :i* accords ) ! c\rse t ,nature indicates8 ,i appeal to ,mr4 ,mill z a political economi/4 ,see+ t ! ord] ( nature & ! prompt+s ( philan?ropy are fav\rable to ! communication ( inv5tions & _! free use1 is x ! "p ( a ,/ate to provide = ! gratification ( ! selfi% pr9ciple 9 man by legislation fram$ to endorse1 & facilitate1 & almo/ to necessitate x8 ,i appeal to ,mr4 ,mill z a /atesman1 & ask1 ,is x consi/5t ) enlight5$ policy to place manufactur]s 9 su* a position1 t !y are con/antly tempt$ to conceal improvem5ts !y are us+1 f fe> to discov] t !y are infr++8 ,does he "k s little ( mank9d1 t he expects !m1 ! poore/ z well z ! ri*e/1 to employ 7& ?is w\ld be requisite7 suitable ag5ts to se>* :e!r any improvem5t !y mean to adopt is already ! subject ( a ,pat5t t r5d]s its adoption illegal1 & also to in/itute inquiries z to :o1 & :]e1 9 ! wide _w1 is ! hold] ( ! ,pat5t or ,pat5ts1 :om 9 t case he mu/ fir/ negotiate ) & sue = a lic5ce8 ,does ,mr4 ,mill ?9k a manufactur]'s "t is s free f absorb+ occupations t he c att5d to ! daily transactions ( ! ,pat5t-(fice1 s z to inquire :e!r su* & su* a my/]i\s application is an un9t5d$1 x may be1 b 9 result an effectual1 ou/+ him f use ( a process t he is ab\t to introduce or has already 9 op]ation8 ,yet ^! are ! sup]human ef=ts & gifts :i* compliance )1 & subjection to1 any ,pat5t sy/em presupposes & requires4 ,is x no?+ 9 ! eyes ( ?is legislator1 ^: abs5ce f ?is ,h\se is s g5]ally regrett$1 t by means ( ! ,pat5t-,laws !re are ?r[n loose on m5 9 trade ?\s&s ( individuals ^: int]e/s run c\nt] to ^? ( society1 m5 tru/$ ) lett]s ( m>que to prey1 n on =eign comm]ce1 b on ,briti%8 ,is x a small matt]1 t1 hav+ surr5d]$ ! pr9ciple ( discrim9at+ duties leviable by ! ,/ate = national purposes1 we cont9ue to expose ^? f :om ?is protection is )drawn to an ev]-increas+ burd5 ( taxes1 9 fav\r ( individuals1 levi$ )\t ,/ate control or any reg>d to equality8 ,does ,mr4 ,mill conceive x is %ort ( recklessness to cont9ue to /imulate inv5tion by rew>ds :i* (t5 turn out ru9\s to ^? :om !y are meant to fav\r1 & :i* be> n ! smalle/ proportion to ! clev]ness1 ! b5eficial results1 ! co/ ( elaborat+1 ! m]its or ! wants ( ! inv5tor1 & sc>cely to ! orig9ality & legitimacy ( ! claim ( :oev] is ! applicant8 ,is he aw>e t ! advantage reap$ by inv5tors1 sometimes v l>ge1 is obta9$ at s frightful a co/ t1 z "s p]sons believe1 = e p\nd :i* actually rea*es him ! c\ntry loses to ! ext5t ( "o hundr$ p\nds8 ,surely we are ask$ to obta9 our /imulus by a folly 7only 8 0 volunt>y1 & n habitual7 l t ( ! fabul\s sailor :o1 = ! sake ( a tumbl] ( rum1 swall[$ ! bucketful ( salt wat] amid :i* ! dang]\s /imulant _h by accid5t fall54 ,i hon\r ! c&\r ( ,mr4 ,mill1 & ,i hope yet to h 8 concurr5ce 9 my views4 ,he _c h reflect$ on & realis$ actual facts4 ,"o illu/ration m1 & ?is ( ano!r difficulty :i* ,i comm5d to 8 att5tion & t ( any hon\rable g5tlem5 :o h be5 c>ri$ away along ) him1 ,i give by n>rat+ an incid5t 9 my late canvass4 ,a deputation ( ! trades ( ,scotl& did ! c&idates ! hon\r ( submitt+ to u a v judici\s li/ ( que/ions4 ,"o ( ^! conc]n$ ! ,pat5t-,law4 ,!y ask$1 w\ld ,i support a motion = r$uc+ ! co/ ( ,pat5ts8 ,i answ]$ ,i w\ld1 because ,i ?9k ! co/ too high = ! work+ man2 b ,i add$ t ,i w\ld r see ,pat5ts swept away4 ,"o ( ! deputation prop]ly animadv]t$ on ! h>d%ip ?is might inflict1 & he in/anc$ ! case ( 8 bro!r1 :o _h inv5t$ an improv$ app>atus = use on bo>d %ip4 ,i rejo9$ t ,i accept$ ! case z suffici5t to confirm ! conviction t ,pat5ts are on ! :ole n good1 b bad1 = work+ m5 or any m54 ,my reason+ 0 sub/antially ?is3 ,9 ord] to reap 8 rew>d1 ! inv5tor is requir$ or expect$ to visit e %ip or %ip[n] at ! port1 & endeav\r to get ! app>atus und]/ood1 believ$ 91 & adopt$2 & n at ,lei? only--at e ,scot* port1 e ,engli% port1 & e ,iri% port4 ,b n to let ,briti% %ip[n]s suff] by ! inequality ( pay+1 :ile rivals use )\t pay+1 & at ! same "t to promote 8 own int]e/s1 ! inv5tor mu/ take out ,pat5ts 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 & all m>itime c\ntries & _! colonies4 ,aft] he obta9s ^! _m ,pat5ts he has to sell 8 app>atus at all ! ports ( ^? c\ntries4 ,! fir/ ?+ obvi\s is1 t to d a ti! ( t "w ! inv5tor mu/ rel9qui% 8 own bus9ess1 :i* is ! solid beef 9 ! m\? ( ! dog 9 ! fable1 = ! delusive %ad[ 9 ! wat]4 ,b nev] m9d t 9 ! meantime3 aft] ! bus9ess is rel9qui%$1 !re rema9s ! insup]able difficulty ( conduct+ a bus9ess s mu* beyond ! p[] ( man z t ,i h sket*$4 ,he might ( c\rse attempt to ov]come t by appo9t+ ag5ts to manufacture abroad or act abroad = him2 b :]e is ! capital to haz>d on s great an ent]prise8 ,if he 7 z ri* z a ,ro?s*ild1 has he ! gift ( tongues to enable him to correspond 9 all languages8 ,& if he _h1 h[ c all ?is "w1 requir+ simultaneity1 be done at once8 ,! end1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be1 at ! v be/--! ,pat5ts1 if1 inde$1 actually tak51 are sold = a trifle1 & ! p]sons :o secure !m1 :i* !y only d if valuable1 9 _! turn sell1 = a trifle too2 s t ! lucky inv5tor gets b little out ( ! t5s ( ?\s&s or hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p\nds :i* ! public are made to be> ! burd5 (4 ,ex uno disce omnes4 ,i am unwill+ to leave ?is "p ( my !me )\t adv]t+ to a po9t :i* des]ves "s att5tion--,i mean ! t5d5cy ! ,pat5t sy/em has to l[] ! tone ( m5 ( sci5ce4 ,9 a quotation f ,"l ,granville x is se5 to be m ?an ins9uat$ t ! sacr$ claims ( tru? are 9 dang] ( be+ compromis$ by ! evid5ce m5 ( sci5ce are ask$ & tempt$ to give 9 c\rts ( law4 ,b ! evil ( ,pat5ts beg9s 9 ! laboratory & ! closet2 = !re is felt ! impulse to conceal any?+ new & likely to be useful1 9 ord] to pat5t2 s t a conflict is g5]at$ betwe51 on ! "o h&1 ! !ory ( ! academic *air :i* supposes 9 ! v "n 8univ]sity0 univ]salism1 community ( k1 & on ! o!r1 law-creat$ p]sonal int]e/s1 ^: nature x is to /ifle ! man ( sci5ce's inh]5t desire to spread k & ex*ange ?\ghts 9 ord] to b5efit mank9d4 ,b ,mr4 ,mill pres5ts an alt]native4 ,i1 = "o1 h no objection to see x consid]$4 ,i h long advocat$ ,/ate rew>ds2 !y _c be condemn$ on pr9ciple2 !y are sanction$ by ano!r philosoph]4 ,:5 ,i say t ,i _h ! hon\r long ago to receive ! foll[+ f ,m4 ,*evali]1 ,i am sure ( ?is ,h\se's att5tion4 ,extract ( a ,lett] f ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali] to ,mr4 ,macfie4 8,! ,pat5t sy/em1 z con/itut$ 9 all c\ntries :]e x is e/abli%$1 is a monopoly t outrages lib]ty & indu/ry4 ,x has consequ5ces t are disa/r\s1 see+ !re are cases :]e x may /op trade = exportation & ev5 = home consumption1 because x places manufactur]s :o "w 9 a c\ntry :]e ,pat5ts are e/abli%$ at a great disadvantage 9 compet+ ) o!rs :o live 9 ,/ates1 su* z ,switz]l&1 :]e ,pat5ts are int]dict$ by law4 ,practice1 exp]i5ce1 :i* is ! supreme au?ority 9 ! _w1 %[s daily1 9 ,france p>ticul>ly1 t ! sy/em is a sc\rge to indu/ry4 ,:at might be sub/itut$ is a sy/em ( recomp5ses1 ei!r national or ,european1 z y h propos$1 to be aw>d$ :5 practical use has pron\nc$ on ! m]it ( ea* inv5tion1 & :5 ! orig9ality %all admit ( be+ e/abli%$4 ,all ! fri5ds ( indu/rial & social progress ought to unite _! ef=ts to lib]ate indu/ry f ! %ackles t h be5 bequea!d f ! pa/4 ,t ( ,pat5ts is "o ( ^? :i* !re w be mo/ urg5cy to get rid (40 ,! ,cont95tal ,association = ,promot+ ! ,progress ( ,social ,sci5ces fav\rs su* rew>ds4 ,all[ me to quote f a ,report ( ,m4 ,tilli]e1 ,avoct ( ,brussels1 :i* 0 adopt$ by t body3-- 8,x is prop] to introduce1 9 respect to indu/rial inv5tions1 ! pr9ciple ( expropriation or acquisition = beho( ( ! public1 ) a view to g5]al b5efit1 9 ord] to reconcile ! int]e/s ( indu/ry & ! requirem5ts ( free trade 7libre *ange7 ) ! int]e/s ( ! inv5tor4 8,x is desirable1 = ! satisfaction ( ! same int]e/s1 to e/abli% betwe5 ! diff]5t c\ntries by means ( /ipulations ) ref]5ce to ,pat5ts 9 ,int]national ,treaties1 uni=mity ( sy/em1 &1 pursuant !reto1 to provide a dept :]e1 )\t ! necessity to pat5t 9 e p>ticul> c\ntry1 specifications might be lodg$ t %all be recognis$ & publi%$ 9 all40 ,! ,h\se w obs]ve t 9 connexion ) ! pr9ciple ( ,/ate rew>ds1 or1 :at is ne>ly alli$ to x1 ( expropriation1 ! ,association comm5d$ ano!r pr9ciple1 t ( int]national arrangem5ts z to inv5tions4 ,on ! occasion :5 ! report ,i quote f 0 adopt$1 ano!r em95t ,fr5* economi/1 ,pr(essor ,wol[ski1 spoke z foll[s3-- 8,! free competition :i* ought to exi/ betwe5 peoples requires t ,pat5ts %\ld be ev]y:]e rul$ by uni=m laws4 ,intellectual prop]ty mu/ ev]y:]e h limits )9 :i* !re %all be ex*ange1 9 ord] t its products may ev]y:]e circulate "u ! same conditions4 ,int]national legislation ) reg>d to ,pat5ts is an object to be e>ne/ly pursu$4 ,x responds to ! dem&s ( free-trade1 satisfies ! ne$s ( lib]ty ( manufacture1 & provides a comp5sation = a %ort5$ t]m ( ,pat5t-"r by ext5sion ( area40 ,b ,i come ne>] home1 & am happy to be able to quote concurr5ce 9 ! idea ( national rew>ds on ! "p ( "o ( our great /aple manufactur]s1 ! sug> ref9]s4 ,! ref9]s ( ,scotl& _m ye>s ago petition$ ,p>liam5t 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,t1 9 ! op9ion ( ! petition]s1 x is highly desirable t y\r hon\rable ,h\se %\ld devise "s means :]eby discov]]s ( valuable inv5tions 7to :om alone ,pat5ts %\ld be grant$7 might be rew>d$ by ! ,/ate1 & trade be reliev$ f ! re/rictive op]ation & exp5se ( ,pat5ts altoge!r40 ,t5d+ 9 fav\r ( rew>ds r ?an ,pat5ts is ! foll[+ evid5ce1 giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission by ,sir ,william ,arm/rong3-- 8,h[ w\ld y give ^! rew>ds 9 ! abs5ce ( a ,pat5t-,law8--,i am n prep>$ to say t4 ,if ! c\ntry w\ld exp5d 9 direct rew>ds a ti! ( :at is paid = ,pat5t lic5ces & exp5ses1 !re w\ld be ample provision = ! purpose4 ,z a matt] ( op9ion1 ,i believe t if y let ! :ole ?+ alone1 ! position :i* a man atta9s1 ! introduction & ! pre/ige1 & ! natural advantages :i* result f a successful inv5tion & f ! reputation :i* he ga9s z a clev] & able man1 w almo/ always br+ ) !m a suffici5t rew>d40 ,a successful inv5tor writes me3-- 8,i %\ld be v glad to see a good r\nd sum set ap>t by ,gov]nm5t = ! purpose ( be+ aw>d$ to real inv5tors by compet5t & imp>tial au?ority4 ,!n ! poor inv5tor might h "s *ance40 ,x is n out ( place to in=m ! ,h\se t s f> back z ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! ,pat5t sy/em a prec$5t c be adduc$4 ,9 #afbe1 ,sir ,f4 ,crane receiv$ a grant ( #b1jjj a-ye> = introduc+ a tape/ry manufacture4 ,!re are sev]al o!r prec$5ts = simil> grants ( public money4 ,( c\rse1 to rew>d is n to pur*ase4 ,we d n buy any man's inv5tion or secret4 ,b if he ?9ks prop]1 z a good subject1 to reveal t secret1 we mean he %all h a sub/antial m>k ( fav\r4 ,some?+ l ?is 01 no d\bt1 ! orig9al int5tion ( ,pat5ts2 only ! fav\r took ! =m ( monopoly = introduc+ & work+ a manufacture1 :]eas we pref] to pay1 z soon z ! value & b5efits ( ! inv5tion made c be guess$ at1 su* a sum ( money z w be nei!r1 on ! "o h&1 f its magnitude made oppressive to ! p1 nor1 on ! o!r1 f insignificance or paltry conditions unwor?y ( a noble m9d1 :atev] ! rank1 to accept4 ,:at is giv5 w be proportion$ to m]it or s]vice1 & w be1 9 ! fulle/ s5se1 a honor>ium1 a complim5t>y gift1 a m>k ( national approbation & gratitude4 ,we all "k1 ?\gh few ( u ?9k ( x z a /rik+ pro( h[ ,pat5ts h decl9$ 9 public e/eem1 t among u to be a pat5tee is by no means usually reckon$ an hon\rable di/9ction4 ,x is ! same 9 ,france4 8,! title ( pat5tee is fall+ into great] disrepute e day f ! abuse :i* is made ( x40 ,?is prejudice we mu/ remove1 & we c d x4 ,i believe 9 ! possibility & advisabl5ess ( pres5t+1 z a sub/itute = ,pat5ts1 a sy/em ( rew>ds :i* w reconcile ! hon\r & int]e/s ( m5 ( sci5ce & ^? ( practical m51 ! int]e/s ( ! ma/] & ^? ( 8 workm51 ! int]e/s ( ! _m & ^? ( ! few4 ,su* a sy/em1 :ile entirely emancipat+ comm]ce & indu/ry1 mu/1 z its condition1 deal out its rew>ds m equitably ?an ! ,pat5t sy/em does1 & ) m reg>d to ! j claims ( inv5tors4 ,x mu/ di/ribute ^! )\t ! t$i\s delays n[ suff]$ f4 ,its rew>ds mu/1 9 contradi/9ction to pres5t exp]i5ce be sure1 easily atta9able1 & suitable = poor z well z ri*4 ,i respectfully submit ! foll[+ s*eme z "o t at lea/ may =m a basis = "s sy/em t w obta9 g5]al acceptance4 ,new ,sy/em ( ,rew>d+ ,inv5tors & ,promot+ ! ,publication ( ,inv5tions4 #a4 ,! ,pat5t-(fice to be turn$ into an (fice = record+ inv5tions4 #b4 7,=ms = specifications to be furni%$ gratuit\sly47 ,all specifications to conta9 a c]tificate t ! inv5tions promise to be useful1 & are believ$ to be new1 f ?ree p]sons famili> ) ! trade *iefly conc]n$2 "o ( :om1 if ! inv5tor is an employ1 to be 8 employ]4 #c4 ,^! specifications to be regi/]$4 #d4 ,any "t aft] an inv5tion has be5 tri$ & prov$ practically useful1 a fact to be duly c]tifi$1 ! inv5tor to be all[$ to claim t ! inv5tion %all be report$ on4 #e4 ,a ,*ief ,commission] = ,inv5tions %all appo9t "o or m exam9]s = ?is purpose1 ^: duty x %all be 7aft]1 if ne$ful1 fir/ visit+ ! sc5e ( op]ations1 & conf]r+ ) practical manufactur]s7 to recomm5d1 if !y ?9k x wor?y1 classification = a rew>d1 prize1 or c]tificate ( m]it4 #f4 ,once a ye> ! head ( ! ,inv5tion-(fice1 ) ! help ( an ,adjudicatory ,committee1 :o %all =m an ,inv5tion ,commission1 %all classify ! sev]al inv5tions t h be5 9 ! previ\s twelve mon?s c]tifi$ z hav+ be5 = ! fir/ "t br\ght into b5eficial use4 #g4 ,9 8 classification ! fir/ rank %all entitle to a rew>d ( #aj1jjj4 #bnd #e1jjj4 #crd #a1jjj4 #d? #ejj4 #e? #ajj4 #f? #ej4 #g?1 ,gold ,m$al1 or value 9 money4 #h?1 ,silv] ,m$al 0 #i?1 ,bronze ,m$al 0 #aj?1 ,c]tificate ( ,m]it4 #h4 ,p>liam5t %all annually place at ! disposal ( ! ,inv5tion ,commission #bjj1jjj1 f :i* %all be defray$ ! exp5ses ( ! /aff1 & fees to 8report]s10 z well z ( ! sev]al publications %[+ ! progress ( ,inv5tion t %all 7z n[1 b on an improv$ sy/em7 be issu$2 ! balance to be di/ribut$ 9 rew>ds & prizes1 ) an und]/&+1 h[ev]1 t ! am\nt mu/ be r$uc$ if ! total aw>ds ( ! ,commission %all exce$ ! money at its disposal4 #i4 ,9 appo9t+ ,commission]s ,gov]nm5t %all consult ! v>i\s trad+ int]e/s ( ! nation 9 ord] to select ! mo/ acceptable p]sons4 ,inv5tors collectively might h a veto or ! initiative4 #aj4 ,! prizes may be divid$ betwe5 ! orig9ator ( ! idea ( any inv5tion & ! successful introduc] into practical use4 #aa4 ,:]e !re are rival claimants1 ! exp5se ( decid+ priority 9 respect ( "t & m]it to be borne by !mselves4 #ab4 ,! ,commission to be at lib]ty to correspond ) =eign nations1 & act 9 conc]t ) any t %all e/abli% in/ead ( ,pat5ts a sy/em ( rew>ds4 #ac4 ,9 cases 9 :i* pre-em95t m]it1 especially if !re has be5 a c\rse ( co/ly exp]im5ts antec$5t1 appe>s to entitle to a rew>d great] ?an ! l>ge/ 9 ! s*$ule1 ,gov]nm5t may propose to ,p>liam5t special augm5tations4 ,i d n presume to recomm5d ,royal decorations & titles1 ?\gh su* hon\rs w\ld be mu* valu$4 ,a writ] on ,pat5ts has judici\sly said-- 8,x w\ld seem v desirable t a sy/em ( regi/ration = all improvem5ts or ideas :i* an inv5tor may ?9k ( m9or importance %\ld be in/itut$1 :]eby any "o c\ld1 at a mod]ate co/ to defray exp5ses1 deposit at ! ,pat5t-(fice1 a description ( any new idea1 improvem5t1 or inv5tion40 ,my s*eme is calculat$ to answ] ?is good end4 ,"h ,i may fitly call att5tion to an int]e/+ & in/ructive analysis :i* ,mr4 ,woodcr(t submitt$ to ! ,commission4 ,he %[$-- ,,results ( ! ,,exam9ation ( ! fir/ hundr$ inv5tions1 = :i* applications = ,pat5ts 7 made 9 ea* ( ! ye>s #ahee1 #aheh1 & #ahfb 7abridg$74 #ahee4 8,( ! fir/ hundr$ inv5tions = :i* applications = ,pat5ts 7 made 9 ! ye> #ahee1 none are app>5tly ( consid]able value4 8,f\r ( ! hundr$ inv5tions appe> to be ( "s1 b n ( great value1 & ,pat5ts 7 grant$ = all ( !m4 8,! rema9+ n9ety-six ( ! hundr$ inv5tions seem to be ( little or no value2 & ,pat5ts 7 grant$ = sixty-six ( !m40 #aheh4 8,( ! fir/ hundr$ inv5tions = :i* applications = ,pat5ts 7 made 9 ! ye> #aheh1 none are app>5tly ( consid]able value4 8,?ree ( ! hundr$ inv5tions appe> to be ( "s1 b n ( mu* value4 8,! rema9+ n9ety-sev5 ( ! hundr$ inv5tions seem to be ( little or no value2 & ,pat5ts 7 grant$ = sixty-two ( !m40 #ahfb4 8,( ! fir/ hundr$ inv5tions = :i* applications = ,pat5ts 7 made 9 ! ye> #ahfb1 "o is app>5tly ( consid]able value4 8,( ! same hundr$ inv5tions "o appe>$ to be ( "s1 b n ( great value4 8,! rema9+ n9ety-eight ( ! hundr$ inv5tions seem to be ( little or no value4 ,pat5ts 7 grant$ = fifty-n9e ( !m40 ,i conceive1 on ! basis ( ?is evid5ce1 t ! e/imate ,i am n[ ab\t to give repres5ts1 relatively1 b ,i w n v5ture to say absolutely1 a fair view ( probable claims4 ,x also af=ds "s guide = anticipat+ :at1 com+ f ! ,ex*equ]1 w\ld be a reasonable total vote = rew>ds4 ,su* a sum1 or ev5 a l>g]1 ,p>liam5t %\ld will+ly grant4 ,x c be prov$ to be true national economy4 ,! nation1 z individuals1 is pay+ va/ly m n[4 ,= t burd5 ,p>liam5t1 by n remov+ ,pat5ts1 is alone responsible4 #a at #aj1jjj #c at #e1jjj #ae1jjj #ab at #a1jjj #ab1jjj #hd at #ejj #db1jjj #bej at #ajj #be1jjj #djj at #ej #bj1jjj ,m$als & ,c]tificates ( ,hon\r & ,m]it #a1jjj --- -------- #gej #abe1jjj ,i am aw>e t inv5tors h hi!rto drawn su* l>ge sums 9 "s cases 79 _m or mo/ cases claim+ m ?an !y got71 t !y may at fir/ h>dly be pleas$ ) my proposal4 ,b !y %\ld rememb] t ! sums set d[n are ^? d]ivable f "o c\ntry alone--"o ( ! betwe5 =ty or fifty c\ntries :i* give ,pat5ts n[4 ,! rev5ues f ^! o!r c\ntries1 !re=e1 are to be add$4 ,!y w also consid] t x is optional :e!r or n !y apply = rew>ds4 ,let !m "w 9 secret1 if !y w & c4 ,b if !y resolutely cont5d = ,pat5ts1 let !m "k ! "t = aboli%+ ^! is at h&2 & abolition may come1 if !y resi/ x1 )\t ev5 ?is sub/itute4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ :at ,i believe to be true--t ,p>liam5t1 :5 x1 by ! ,act #ba1 ,jas41 #c1 tol]at$ monopolies = inv5tions1 did n sanction any sy/em at all l t into :i* ,pat5ts h develop$1 or deg5]at$2 t1 9 defiance ( ! ,act1 ,pat5ts are grant$ s z to create ! evils :i* ,p>liam5t expressly s\ght to %ield ! nation f2 t rec5t legislation has aggravat$ ! great evils t pre-exi/$2 t a ,commission has satisfi$ itself t no radical or suffici5t rem$y c be appli$2 t ! argum5ts ( ! def5d]s ( ,pat5t monopolies are unt5able2 t ! mo/ em95t /atesm51 lawy]s1 eng9e]s1 manufactur]s1 & philosoph]s plead = abolition2 t ! ,/ate is at lib]ty1 & has ! p[]1 to devise1 if x wills1 a bett] me?od ( deal+ ) inv5tions1 b t su* a me?od mu/ be "o t leaves manufactur]s free1 & able to compete ) cont95tal rivals by at once adopt+1 )\t any burd5 ( royalties1 e mo/ rec5t improvem5t4 ,to conclude3 ?is great & vital "q _c long] be def]r$4 ,x mu/ be tak5 up1 & t e>ly1 by :at is expect$ to be a work+ ,p>liam5t--a ,p>liam5t1 too1 :i* = ! fir/ "t c claim to repres5t lab\r & op]ative indu/ry4 ,p>liam5t has legislat$ 9 ord] to ! pres]vation ( salmon1 & requir$ ! removal ( ob/acles on ! coa/s & 9 ! riv]s4 ,"h are f> worse ob/acles1 affect+ n a luxury1 b all our necess>ies ( exi/5ce1 & e means ( e>n+ a livelihood4 ,aga93 are we n ask$ to remove light-dues at ! sea & tolls on ! l&8 ,b :at are ^! unimportant1 sp>se1 & )al equitable taxes1 comp>$ ) ! close-recurr+ /oppage & ! indef9ite & heavy dem&s = que/ionable 8s]vice0 :i* ,pat5ts con/itute8 ,yet1 aga93 ,by arrangem5t ) ,france we rec5tly aboli%$ ! "t-sanction$ petty exemptions ( free-m52 b "h we are cont9u+ to levy m burd5some private taxes1 ) exemptions 9 fav\r ( =eign]s6 ,x is !y1 inde$1 :om ! provisions ( ! ,pat5t-,law /rangely s]ve4 ,=eign c\ntries are n s lib]al to ,briti% subjects z we are to !irs2--:y %\ld !y8 ,! numb] ( ,pat5ts we grant 9 a ye> to =eign]s has increas$ )9 a %ort p]iod t5fold--to ab\t #hhj1 or ab\t twelve times ! :ole numb] t ,prussia grants to h] own subjects & all ! _w besides4 ,well may ,sir ,william ,arm/rong rem>k 9 8 evid5ce3-- 8,unless y wi% to b5efit ! =eign]1 unless t be ! sole object1 z a matt] ( policy1 ,i d n see :at ! motive to apply ! ,pat5t sy/em is40 ,! same witness said also3-- 8,is x ! fact t ,pat5ts are tak5 out 9 ?is c\ntry = processes :i* are 9 op]ation abroad1 b :i* h n be5 previ\sly introduc$ into ?is c\ntry8--,c]ta9ly4 ,a process 9 actual op]ation abroad1 :i* has n be5 publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 c be made ! subject ( a ,pat5t4 8,is x practically ! case t processes :i* are c>ri$ on abroad are br\ght into ?is c\ntry by p>ties :o pat5t !m "h8--,yes4 8,a great numb] e week8--,yes1 con/antly40 ,any "o :o has foll[$ me 9 ! /atem5ts ,i h pres5t$ w see t1 :ile we h be5 retrograd+ & mak+ our sy/em ( monopoly wid] & worse1 ! ,cont95t1 to :i* a ,pat5t sy/em 0 fir/ introduc$ j ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago1 is ahead ( u 9 respect ( ! prud5ce ) :i* exclusive privileges are grant$ & adm9i/]$4 ,!re1 z a rule tol]ably g5]al1 ,pat5ts ( importation are treat$ less lib]ally ?an ^? grant$ to inv5tors4 ,! e>ly & almo/ cont9u\s work+ ( ! ,pat5t )9 ! k+dom is requir$2 x lapses :5 expiry abroad exposes to =eign competition2 expropriation is provid$ =2 !re is m scrut9y2 m$ical appliances & food are exclud$1 c4 ,b ?is is m]ely "o1 & a comp>atively unimportant1 fault ( ! sy/em4 ,!re are _m faults1 z we h se51 mu* m s]i\s1 & :i* ! ,commission deem irremovable4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 prote/ aga9/ injury done by ! ,pat5t sy/em to our manufactur]s & artisans1 & ?r\gh !m to ! nation4 ,^! int]e/s1 ! int]e/s ( u all1 _c ) impunity be subject$ long] to ! h>d%ips t ,i h endeav\r$ to expose4 ,times are *ang$4 ,briti% & ,iri% manufactur+ pre-em95ce is pass+ away1 n inde$ by its actual retrogression1 b by a simultane\s & relatively m rapid progression ( rivals on ! ,cont95t1 :o1 9 n a few cases1 are compet+ successfully1 ev5 9 our home m>kets1 9 ^? articles ( comm]ce & manufacture 9 :i* b lately we1 p]haps conceit$ly1 suppos$ we _h out/ripp$1 )\t a *ance ( be+ ov]tak51 all conceivable rivals4 ,! motion1 ( :i* notice has be5 giv51 is3-- 8,t1 9 ! op9ion ( ?is ,h\se1 ! "t has arriv$ :5 ! int]e/s ( trade & comm]ce1 & ! progress ( ! arts & sci5ces1 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld be promot$ by ! abolition ( ,pat5ts = inv5tions40 ,unless1 inde$1 ,gov]nm5t & ! ,h\se pref] 9 ! fir/ in/ance fre% inquiries ?r\gh a ,committee or ,royal ,commission1 9 behalf ( :i* c\rse x is fair to allege ! circum/ance t artisans & op]atives 7 n repres5t$ among ! witnesses 9 =m] inve/igations1 ,i submit t ?is motion ought to be at once adopt$4 ,su* action on our "p w comm5d1 &1 9 a s5se1 inaugurate1 a pr9ciple :i* ! nations ( ! _w1 :o copi$ our pres5t sy/em1 w n be sl[ to appreciate & embrace4 ,re/oration ( t effete sy/em to its e>li] mod]ate dim5sions--rectification1 h[ev] ?or\gh1 ( ! wrongs x involves t[>ds inv5tors1 w n suffice1 & ne$ n be attempt$4 ,! "t has come1 n = palliatives nor rem$ies1 b = removal out ( ! way4 #b ,ano!r illu/ration naively pres5t$ u1 ev5 by ,mr4 ,h9dm>*1 ( ! *>act]i/ic logic & boldness ( ! ,pat5t int]e/1 :i* may surprise 8inv5tors' fri5ds0 accu/om$ to rely t our sy/em ( ,pat5ts is legal & con/itutional1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 #c ,:at w\ld ,adam ,smi? ?9k ( 8 comm5tator8 ,,spee* ,,( ,,sir ,r4 ,,palm]1 ,k4,b41 ,m4,p4 ,sir ,,r\ndell ,,palm]1 9 second+ ! motion1 said he _h long felt conv9c$ t ?is subject 0 "o ( great & gr[+ importance1 :i* x w\ld be necess>y at an e>ly p]iod to br+ be=e ! att5tion ( ! ,h\se4 ,he rejoic$ t x _h be5 und]tak5 by a practical man l ! hon\rable memb] = ,lei?1 :o c\ld speak ^u x1 n "u ! influ5ce ( any ( ! p>tial views :i* possibly ^? :o look$ at x f a lawy]'s po9t ( view might be ?\ght by "s to ent]ta91 :e!r !y 7 9 fav\r ( or aga9/ ,pat5ts4 ,he 0 glad to f9d t practical m5 l 8 hon\rable fri5d _h arriv$ at conclusions :i*1 9 _! broad pr9ciples1 7 sub/antially ! same z ^? to :i* _m memb]s ( ! legal pr(ession1 :o _h _h a good deal ( opportunity ( obs]v+ t matt]1 _h 9 common ) himself1 come4 ,he 0 b\nd to /ate t he ?\ght ! "t _h arriv$ r = op5+ ?an = conclud+ ! discussion ( t subject2 &1 !re=e1 he hop$ he %\ld n be ?\ght to d any?+ inconsi/5t ) ! duty he _h und]tak5 9 second+ 8 hon\rable fri5d's motion1 :5 he said at once t1 = 8 own "p1 he 0 incl9$ to g to ! root ( ! matt] & aboli% ,pat5ts altoge!r1 & n attempt to sub/itute ev5 su* a sy/em--al?\gh x might probably be pref]able 9 _m respects to ! pres5t sy/em--( rew>ds1 z 8 hon\rable fri5d _h m5tion$4 ,( c\rse ^? :o d]iv$ b5efit--:e!r !y 7 ! public or 7 private individuals--f ! discov]ies t might be made if ,pat5ts ceas$ to exi/1 might always take into consid]ation ! value !y receiv$1 & pay = t b5efit1 z he believ$ ! ,gov]nm5t n[ did1 al?\gh x 0 n b\nd by ,pat5ts1 ) respect to improvem5ts :i* 7 useful to ! public s]vice4 ,b t1 he conceiv$1 w\ld be a v diff]5t ?+ f an organis$ sy/em ( rew>ds at all analog\s to ! pres5t sy/em ( ,pat5ts4 ,he might m5tion1 9 pass+1 a ?ird plan1 :i* _h f\nd v able & au?oritative advocates1 & :i* he %\ld also greatly pref] to ! pres5t sy/em1 al?\gh he ?\ght total abolition w\ld be bett] ?an t likewise4 ,he ref]r$ to ! plan ( putt+ an end to ! notion t e p]son :o inv5t$ any?+ _h a "r to a ,pat5t1 & recurr+ to :at1 he imag9$1 0 orig9ally ! pr9ciple int5d$--namely1 ! giv+ ( ,pat5ts z a matt] ( grace & fav\r 9 well-select$ & discrim9at$ cases1 9 ! ex]cise ( a discretion by an au?ority entru/$ ) t discretion4 ,b1 z he _h already said1 he confess$ t he himself 0 n = half measures 9 t matt]4 ,he ?\ght !y _h a "r1 z ! motion propos$1 to say t at ! p]iod ( progress 9 ! hi/ory ( ! arts & ( trade 9 ?is c\ntry at :i* !y _h arriv$1 !y c\ld d mu* bett] )\t ^! props4 ,he call$ !m props because he ?\ght !y 7 meant to be s1 b he believ$ t at pres5t !y 7 no?+ b ob/ructions & h9drances to trade & ! arts4 ,let him1 9 ! fir/ place1 notice ! pr9ciple on :i* ! ,pat5t-,law 0 g5]ally support$4 ,"s p]sons imag9$ t !re 0 a sort ( ei!r moral or natural "r 9 inv5tors to "s su* protection z 0 giv5 by ,pat5ts1 & ! pr9ciple 0 sometimes express$ 9 ?is way--t a man _h a "r to ! fruit ( 8 bra94 ,n[1 he held t inv5tion & discov]y 7 ess5tially unlike ,copyright4 ,copyright appli$ to a creation3 a man wrote a book2 he ?us br\ght into exi/5ce some?+ :i* _h no exi/5ce 9 ! nature ( ?+s be=e4 ,! re/ ( ! _w 7 n 9 ! race ) him to write t p>ticul> book4 ,b 9 ! case ( inv5tions & discov]ies1 ! facts ) :i* !y 7 conc]n$ lay 9 ,nature itself1 & all mank9d :o 7 engag$ 9 pursuits :i* gave !m an int]e/ 9 ! inve/igation = practical purposes ( ! laws ( ,nature1 _h an equal "r ( access to ! k ( ^? laws & might be equally 9 ! track = obta9+ x4 ,all :o 7 engag$ 9 p>ticul> arts & manufactures 7 actually ^u ! track :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ! useful application ( ^? laws2 & ! k ( !m 0 ! common /ock & prop]ty ( all mank9d :o 7 equally 9 pursuit ( x4 ,he c\ld n all[ t ! man :o 0 fir/ 9 ! race ( discov]y c\ld claim = f\rte5 ye>s1 or any o!r t]m1 an exclusive prop]ty 9 a portion ( ! common /ock ( k :i* 0 accessible to all :o us$ ! prop] means ( discov]+ x4 ,x c\ld n be said t on any consid]ations except ^? ( public advantage & exp$i5cy ! man :o made ! fir/ discov]y ( a law ( nature1 or ! "r mode ( apply+ x _h an exclusive "r to apply t discov]y = a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,x 0 said1 h[ev]1 t ,pat5ts 7 useful to ! public1 ei!r z /imulat+ inv5tion1 or z insur+ ! publication ( useful discov]ies2 & he did n v5ture to say t ! "t might n h be5 :5 !y answ]$ bo? ( ^? purposes4 ,b\nties & premiums might be adapt$ to a rude /ate ( ! arts1 & an e>ly /age 9 ! progress ( comm]ce1 b :5 a nation _h rea*$ s high a degree ( progress 9 all +5i\s arts & discov]ies & 9 trade & comm]ce z we _h1 he ?\ght t 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 z well z 9 o!rs1 ! sy/em ( b\nties & premiums 0 mu* m likely to be mis*iev\s ?an useful4 ,b ( c\rse "o c\ld n demon/rate t po9t by re/+ m]ely on an ab/ract proposition1 & !re=e he w\ld ask ! ,h\se to look at two or ?ree ?+s :i* x seem$ to him w\ld put ! matt] 9 a /rong practical light4 ,pat5ts might be divid$ into ^? :i* might be popul>ly call$ m]itori\s1 & ^? :i* 7 n m]itori\s4 ,! =m] class 7 c]ta9ly n "o 9 a hundr$ ( ! total numb] ( ,pat5ts1 & ! latt] class 7 v num]\s 9 e ye>4 ,h[1 !n1 did ! sy/em "w z reg>d$ m]itori\s ,pat5ts8 ,he suppos$ x w\ld be admitt$ t among ! mo/ m]itori\s discov]ies ( rec5t times 7 ! /eam eng9e1 ! electric telegraph1 & ! screw propell] = %ips4 ,^! cases furni%$ excell5t illu/rations ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,pat5t sy/em work$4 ,take ! electric telegraph4 ,accord+ to ! evid5ce on ! subject x 0 n possible1 ev5 = ^? :o be/ und]/ood ! matt]1 to say :o 0 entitl$ to ! m]it ( t inv5tion1 s gradual & imp]ceptible 0 ! natural gr[? & progress ( k & discov]y 9 ref]5ce to x4 ,b ab\t #djj or #ejj ,pat5ts _h be5 tak5 out z m>k+ diff]5t /eps 9 ! inve/igation ( t subject4 ,z to ! screw propell]1 he _h se5 a book :i* repres5t$ ! collect$ ,pat5ts ( "o company z be+ #ij or #ajj2 & he und]/ood t ! case 0 v mu* ! same 9 reg>d to ! /eam eng9e4 ,!y 7 n deal+1 9 ! case ( ! mo/ m]itori\s inv5tions1 ) a true discov]y by a s+le inv5tor1 b ) an important bran* ( practical k at :i* _m m5 7 work+ at ! same "t1 & 9 reg>d to :i* ea* /ep atta9$ indicat$ ! next /ep t 0 to foll[1 & _m p]sons toge!r 7 on ! road4 ,well1 b if !y 7 on ! road1 ! public w\ld get ! b5efit ( ! discov]y1 & ! "q 0 :e!r1 by enabl+ ea* p]son on ! road to /op up ! road at 8 p>ticul> po9t1 !y 7 n really ret>d+ ! progress ( discov]y1 & ?r[+ difficulties 9 ! way ( ev5 ! mo/ valuable inv5tions4 ,!re 0 no "o bett] acqua9t$ ) t subject ?an a fri5d ( 8--a g5tleman v em95t bo? 9 sci5ce & 9 law4 ,he meant ,mr4 ,grove2 & ^? memb]s ( ! legal pr(ession :o _h to enc\nt] ,mr4 ,grove 9 a ,pat5t case knew !y _h a v difficult task inde$ be=e !m4 ,n[1 "h 7 ! words ( ,mr4 ,grove 9 ref]5ce to t subject3-- 8,always :5 a discov]y has be5 made :5 ! public has reap$ ! fruits ( x1 !re is no case1 & nev] 0 a case1 ei!r 9 ! hi/ory ( pure sci5ce or 9 ! hi/ory ( practical discov]y1 :]e x is n alleg$1 #8,if y look at su* a book & su* ano!r book1 y w f9d t s & s has be5 done1 & y w f9d t x has be5 anticipat$4' ,t is p>tly true & p>tly false4 ,!re are 9 all su* cases approximate anticipations4 ,! diff]5ce is1 t "o man gets at ! po9ts1 hits ! real ?+ :i* w d x1 & ! reason :y x w2 :]eas o!r p1 al?\gh !y may h got ! ?+1 h n acquir$ an accurate k :i* w enable !m ) c]ta9ty to produce x40 ,t %[$ ! ,h\se t ! race 0 (t5 s close t ev5 ! man :o _h hit ! ?+ might be %ut out by somebody else :o did x a trifle bett]4 ,no?+ c\ld be m true ?an t4 ,w\ld ! ,h\se all[ him to quote ! example ( a v important ,pat5t1 :i* he ?\ght w\ld make ! matt] cle>1 & indicate h[ mu* !y might lose by a sy/em ( t description4 ,= a v long "t ! di/illation ( oils f %ale & coal _h be5 a matt] ( ! common k--aye1 & ( ! common practice1 ( mank9d4 ,e>ly 9 ! pres5t1 or t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 x 0 practis$ by means precisely simil> 9 all po9ts to ^? :i* ! pres5t pat5tees us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b x 0 n kn[n comm]cially t !re 0 su* a ?+ z p>aff91 nor 0 x kn[n comm]cially h[ to di/il x4 ,! oil 01 inde$1 obta9$ 9 a r\gh way1 & )\t t nicety ( discrim9ation :i* aft]w>ds result$ f sci5tific k ( ! article itself4 ,all *emi/s knew t 9 ord] to di/il ^! oils x 0 necess>y to keep ! temp]ature z l[ z possible4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( k :5 a great ,g]man *emi/ discov]$ t by op]at+ on wood1 t>1 & o!r sub/ances1 he c\ld produce p>aff9 9 small quantities4 ,he also said x c\ld be got f coals 9 precisely ! same way z 0 subsequ5tly done by pat5tees 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b /ill ! ,g]man *emi/'s exp]im5ts 7 ( a sci5tific & n ( a comm]cial "*4 ,he nei!r produc$ x comm]cially nor did he hit ^u ! mat]ial f :i* x c\ld be comm]cially produc$4 ,! same oil c\ld be produc$ f %ale4 ,only ! o!r day !re 0 discov]$ 9 ,scotl& a new k9d ( m9]al1 z to :i* ! sci5tific _w 7 at v>iance :e!r x 0 coal or %ale4 ,pat5ts _h be5 already tak5 out = di/ill+ oil f %ale1 &1 !re=e1 if ! newly-discov]$ sub/ance 7 %ale1 oil c\ld n be obta9$ f x )\t an infr+em5t ( ^? ,pat5ts4 ,b a ,pat5t 0 tak5 out by a g5tleman :o /at$ t 8 object 0 to use bitum9\s coals = ! purpose ( di/ill+ p>aff94 ,9 po9t ( fact1 he hit ^u a m9]al :i* 0 9 ambiguo1 :e!r x 0 coal or %ale1 b :i* ! au?orities ultimately pron\nc$ to be coal4 ,f ?is sub/ance ! oil c\ld be produc$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,?is g5tleman took out 8 ,pat5t1 not)/&+ all ! previ\s k on ! subject1 & not)/&+ ! fact to :i* ! le>n$ judge :o decid$ ! case 9 "o ( its bran*es ref]r$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,!re is ample evid5ce t ! att5tion ( practical *emi/s 0 previ\sly to ! date ( ,"y's ,pat5t labori\sly direct$ to discov] ! prop] mat]ial & ! prop] means ( produc+ ^! articles 9 suffici5tly l>ge quantities = common purposes40 ,! public lit]ally _h 9 _! h&s all ! necess>y elem5ts ( k belong+ to ! subject1 & yet ! fir/ p]son :o f\nd t ?is p>ticul> coal 0 m bitum9\s ?an o!rs exclud$ ! re/ ( ! _w f t manufacture = f\rte5 ye>s1 & ( c\rse amass$ a l>ge =tune4 ,sub/antially1 ! te/ 9 ! c\rts ( law 0 :e!r a man _h made money & br\ght ! manufacture into use4 ,if s1 ! c\rts assum$ t all previ\s k 0 inadequate & useless1 & ! man :o 0 successful 9 ! manufacture 0 reg>d$ z ! discov]]4 ,0 x n q cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! public 7 s f> on ! road to ?is discov]y t x w\ld h assur$ly be5 f\nd out & enjoy$ by ! public at l>ge if ! pa? _h n be5 ob/ruct$ by ! ,pat5t8 ,he w\ld n[ m5tion ano!r case4 ,9 ! days ( our y\? mills 7 mu* infe/$ ) fl\r fly+ ab\t 9 !m4 ,all ! mill]s1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad1 want$ to get rid ( ?is nuisance1 & !y 7 possess$ ( ! sci5tific pr9ciple & ! me*anical means by :i* ?is desirable object w\ld be accompli%$4 ,!y tri$ exp]im5ts ) fans :i* creat$ a draught to draw ! air f ! mill/ones1 & ev]y?+ dep5d$ on ! adju/m5t ( a plan to draw j suffici5t air & no m4 ,p 7 actually on ! road1 & 7 do+ ! ?+ 9 an imp]fect way1 b 9 su* a way t if !y _h cont9u$ aft] ! grant+ ( ! ,pat5t x w\ld h made !m infr+]s ( x4 ,b ! man :o propos$ to d j en\gh1 & no m1 0 held to be entitl$ to a ,pat5t1 :]eupon all ! mill]s 9 ,engl& comb9$ to g into litigation 9 ord] to def5d !mselves4 ,law-suits ( ! mo/ enorm\s & oppressive magnitude result$ simply f ! circum/ance t a man _h be5 all[$ to /ep 9 & prev5t ! mill]s f c>ry+ on _! bus9ess 9 ! be/ way4 ,t !y w\ld h f\nd x out 0 c]ta94 ,t 0 c]ta9ly ! impression on 8 m9d4 ,he ?\ght x 0 almo/ c]ta9 t ! discov]y be+ 9 ! direction ( _! necessity1 & dep5d+ on ! application ( a kn[n pr9ciple & ( kn[n me*anical means1 0 a discov]y :i* c\ld n 9 ! c\rse ( nature h be5 long delay$4 ,hav+ said ?us mu* ab\t ^? ,pat5ts :i* 7 m]itori\s1 he w\ld make a few rem>ks on ^? :i* 7 n4 ,a great numb] ( ,pat5ts 7 simply frivol\s1 & relat$ to practical no?+s1 b /ill no?+s affect+ trades1 & /&+ l lions 9 ! pa? to fright5 tradespeople1 & to expose !m to risk1 litigation1 & annoyance1 if !y manufactur$ ^? articles :i* !y ought to be at lib]ty to manufacture4 ,!n !re 7 o!r ,pat5ts ( a less frivol\s nature4 ,!y relat$ to "s little comb9ation ( a k9d :i* really 0 s pla9ly 9 ! op5 pa?1 t ev]ybody ought to be at lib]ty to use x4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 furni%$ ! /aple ( ! great majority ( ,pat5ts1 :i*1 ?\gh !y did no practical good1 op]at$ to a great ext5t 9 h9d]+ subsequ5t inv5tors 9 effect+ fur!r improvem5ts1 because ^! ,pat5ts cov]$ almo/ ! :ole gr\nd ( ev]y?+ t c\ld be possibly done4 ,an inv5tor1 unless he paid a tax to ! own]s ( prior useless ,pat5ts1 0 expos$ to litigation1 & ev5 if he 7 will+ to pay ! tax1 ! own]s ( ! prior useless ,pat5t might refuse to grant him a lic5ce4 ,?us = ! space ( f\rte5 ye>s ^! useless ,pat5ts might n only d no good to ! public1 b might actually /op ! road to all fur!r improvem5t dur+ t long p]iod4 ,on ?is subject evid5ce _h be5 giv5 by ?ree p]sons ( em95ce--,mr4 ,scott ,russell1 ,sir ,william ,arm/rong1 & ,mr4 ,platt4 ,^! g5tlem5 agre$ 9 say+ t ! useless ,pat5ts to :i* he _h j ref]r$ 7 a practical nuisance1 &1 if s1 x 0 obvi\s f _! numb] t !y mu/ be a v great nuisance4 ,mr4 ,scott ,russell said3-- 8,!re are a great _m ,pat5ts ( ?is k9d 7practically useless1 b n appe>+ s on ! face ( !m7 tak5 out = boil]s ( /eam-eng9es1 & boil]s ( /eam-eng9es admit ( v enorm\s v>iety ( %ape & proportions1 )\t damag+ _! effici5cy4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t x is h>dly possible at ?is mom5t = a man hav+ to s*eme a boil] = a new situation or new circum/ances to avoid putt+ 8 foot 9 s do+ into a trap :i* somebody has previ\sly set = boil]s4444 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,pat5ts = ! boil]s ( /eam-eng9es at ?is mom5t are ( no practical value to inv5tors or to ! public2 b !y are cont9ually gett+ e man :o makes a boil] into a scrape ) "s pat5tee1 because almo/ e conceivable =m ( boil] hav+ be5 previ\sly pat5t$1 & bit ( a boil]1 "o _c make any sort ( boil] )\t infr++ "s man's pat5t40 ,he said precisely ! same ?+ ( screws4 ,!n ,mr4 ,platt1 a well-kn[n ma*9e-mak]1 said3-- 8,i ?9k t !re is sc>cely a week1 c]ta9ly n a mon?1 t passes b :at we h a notice ( "s k9d or o!r ( ?+s t we h nev] he>d ( 9 any way1 & d n "k ( 9 ! lea/1 t we are infr++ ^u !m2 & ! difficulty is to get at any k4 ,we may be n[ infr++1 & may h be5 infr++ = ye>s1 & a p]son may h be5 wat*+ u all ! "t1 & :5 he ?9ks t we h made a suffici5t numb]1 he may come d[n ^u u1 & !re is no record4 ,if a ?+ is entirely new1 !re is a record by gett+ a description2 b :at ,i mean by a description is ?is--,a v l>ge numb] ( ,pat5ts are n[ tak5 out = :at is t]m$ a comb9ation ( kn[n ?+s = ! same purpose1 & ! descriptions ( ^? ,pat5ts are g5]ally s bad t x is impossible to tell ! p>ts t are actually pat5t$4 ,x is only :5 y come into c\rt1 or aft] mak+ "s compromise r ?an g to t exp5se1 t y asc]ta9 t fact1 & v likely !y !mselves 9 _m cases d n "k ! p>ts t !y h actually claim$4 ,x appe>s to me t1 z to t "q ( comb9ation1 ! grant+ ( ,pat5ts = ?+s to d precisely ! same "w 9 ! same ma*9e1 ) ! addition1 p]haps1 ( a *a9 or a c\ple ( bolts1 or ! =m ( ! lev] *ang$1 a /raight lev] made into a comp\nd "o2 9 matt]s ( t k9d x has become a v s]i\s "q z to conduct+ a l>ge bus9ess40 ,^! 7 examples :i* x w\ld be v easy inde$ to multiply1 & if ! objections he _h urg$ aga9/ ! m]itori\s ,pat5ts 7 well f\nd$1 :at c\ld be said 9 fav\r ( ! l>ge proportion ( ,pat5ts :i* 7 ?us simply ob/ruct+ ! trade & comm]ce ( ! c\ntry8 ,c\ld any "o d\bt t 9 ?is advanc$ era ( k ! public w\ld ga91 on ! :ole1 by ! abolition ( ! ,pat5t-,laws8 ,be=e he left t "p ( ! subject he wi%$ to m5tion "o v pregnant fact4 ,!re 0 9 ?is c\ntry a p[]ful consum]--he meant ! ,gov]nm5t--:i*1 ) respect to fire-arms1 cannon1 %ips1 & ?+s ( t sort1 w\ld be plac$ 9 a v s+ul> position inde$ if x 7 subject to ! ,pat5t-,laws4 ,dur+ ! "t he _h ! hon\r ( be+ a law (fic] ( ! ,cr[n1 an ext5sive w> 01 z ! ,h\se 0 aw>e1 un=tunately rag+1 & a l>ge numb] ( ,pat5ts _h come "u 8 consid]ation 9 connexion ) s-call$ improvem5ts 9 ordnance & %ips4 ,x w\ld be se5 f ! evid5ce to :i* 8 hon\rable fri5d _h ref]r$ t ! au?orities at ! ,w>-(fice & ! ,admiralty _h pat5tees sw>m+ l hornets ab\t _! e>s1 & t ! public s]vice seem$1 9 consequ5ce1 likely to be ob/ruct$ to a v inconv5i5t ext5t4 ,! "q 0 !n tri$ :e!r ! ,cr[n 0 b\nd by ,pat5ts at all1 & a decision 0 obta9$ to ! effect t x 0 n4 ,b :ile ! ,cr[n 0 free x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! p at l>ge 7 subject to ! law z x /ood1 & if 9 ! case ( ! ,gov]nm5t ! claims ( pat5tees 7 f\nd to be mon/r\sly inconv5i5t1 x might n be difficult to believe t !y op]at$ 9 ! same way 9 ! case ( ! re/ ( ! _w also4 ,he %\ld n ent] into ! m9or details ( ! improvem5ts :i* _h be5 recomm5d$ by ! ,commission1 b !re 0 ano!r po9t to :i* he wi%$ briefly to adv]t be=e he sat d[n2 he allud$ to ! "q ( ! protection ( ! public aga9/ invalid & bad ,pat5ts4 ,! :ole argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,pat5ts proce$$ on ! supposition t ! public 7 likely to be really b5efit$ by "s discov]y :i* 0 wor? ! price ( all ! inconv5i5ce & ob/ruction to :i* !y 7 expos$ "u ! pres5t sy/em4 ,b if !y said t !y ga9$ no?+ by ! ,pat5t1 & t !y only want$ to be set free1 :at 0 ! position 9 :i* !y /ood 9 ref]5ce to ! c>d9al po9t ( protection aga9/ bad ,pat5ts8 ,0 !re really any protection 9 t respect 9 ! duties :i* 7 dis*>g$ by ! law (fic]s ( ! ,cr[n8 ,x 0 impossible = ! law (fic]s ( ! ,cr[n1 act+ on ! m]e /atem5t ( ! pat5tee1 to "k ) c]ta9ty :e!r a s-call$ discov]y 0 new or n4 ,!y c\ld only exam9e into ! "q :e!r an alleg$ inv5tion1 z describ$ on ! face ( x1 0 or 0 n satisfactory1 b !y c\ld 9 no way protect ! public aga9/ hav+ an old ?+ put =w>d z a new1 or a useless z a useful inv5tion4 ,inde$1 ! attempt by means ( any sort ( prelim9>y inve/igation to e/abli% ! utility or inutility ( a ,pat5t mu/1 9 8 op9ion1 necess>ily fail s long z ! grant+ ( ,pat5ts 0 a matt] ( "r & n ( discretion4 ,& :at 0 ! result :5 a ,pat5t came to be disput$ 9 a c\rt ( law8 ,ev]ybody 0 aw>e t su* litigation _h acquir$ a reputation infam\s beyond e o!r4 ,9 ! ,p>aff9 ,oil ,company's case1 :i* _h be5 ref]r$ to1 ! "t occupi$ be=e ,vice-,*ancellor ,/u>t 0 n less ?an ?irty :ole days4 ,:y 0 s l>ge an am\nt ( "t consum$ 9 ^? cases8 ,because x 0 necess>y to ent] into ! :ole hi/ory ( ! discov]y 9 all its num]\s /ages1 & to beat up witnesses all ov] ! c\ntry1 s t a volum9\s mass ( sci5tific evid5ce _h to be produc$4 ,t 0 ! reason :y ! exp5se 9 ^? cases 0 s enorm\s1 :ile ! public 7 9 e po9t ( view plac$ at an imm5se disadvantage1 = ! presumption 0 9 fav\r ( ! pat5tee1 :o1 if he happ5$ to h succe$$ 9 an action aga9/ ano!r p]son1 0 entitl$ to h ! fact put 9 evid5ce 9 ! case1 & might subject 8 oppon5t to extra co/s4 ,b t 0 n all4 ,9 a case1 he believ$1 ( a ,pat5t = ! purify+ ( gas by ! use ( metallic oxide ( iron1 x came out t !re 7 two k9ds ( oxide1 ! hydr\s & ! anhydr\s1 & t ! "o w\ld effect ! object :ile ! o!r w\ld n2 b1 because ! t]ms 7 g5]al1 al?\gh ev]ybody :o tri$ ! exp]im5t might arrive at ! result desir$1 ! ,pat5t 0 held to be bad1 & ano!r p]son :o took out a ,pat5t = ! hydrate _h 8 ,pat5t made good4 ,"l ,we/bury1 :o 0 z well acqua9t$ ) ! subject z anybody :o _h 9 rec5t times occupi$ ! woolsack1 said 9 #ahfb1 9 speak+ on t po9t3-- 8,to vitiate a ,pat5t by prior publication1 :e!r 9 a prior specification or 9 a publi%$ book1 c41 ! antec$5t /atem5t mu/ be su* t a p]son ( ord9>y k ( ! subject w\ld at once p]ceive1 und]/&1 & be able practically to apply ! discov]y )\t ! necessity ( mak+ fur!r exp]im5ts4 ,if any?+ rema9s to be asc]ta9$ :i* is necess>y = ! useful application ( ! discov]y1 t af=ds suffici5t room = ano!r valid ,pat5t40 ,x w\ld be se51 he ?\ght1 f :at he _h /at$1 t ! public 7 plac$ at a great disadvantage 9 ! conte/4 ,9 deal+ ) ,pat5t cases 9 a c\rt ( law !re 0 g5]ally a va/ array ( witnesses to be exam9$1 consi/+ ( me*anics1 *emi/s1 & sci5tific m5 ( all sorts on "o side & ! o!r4 ,!n !re 7 ! jury1 :o knew no?+ ( ! subject1 & ! judge1 :o might be plac$ 9 a worse position1 because he might imag9e he und]/ood all ab\t x :5 he did n4 ,he did n1 ( c\rse1 mean to say t ! judge did n sometimes und]/& x1 b x might v easily happ5 t an +5i\s pr(essional witness might s argue ! case "u ! =m ( giv+ evid5ce z to lead ! judge to ?9k t he really knew all ab\t x :5 su* 0 n 9 reality ! fact4 ,!n ! bias be+ 9 fav\r ( ! pat5tee1 ! result ( su* trials almo/ inv>iably 01 t if ! matt] happ5$ to be ( any practical importance1 ! public 7 defeat$1 aft] hav+ endeav\r$ to protect !mselves at an enorm\s exp5se4 ,he w\ld n ent] into m9ute details1 b probably he _h said en\gh to %[ t a great practical evil arose out ( ,pat5t-,laws1 & t = ?is evil !re 0 little or no correspond+ b5efit4 ,he did n ?9k t we %\ld lose really valuable discov]ies if ! ,pat5t-,laws 7 aboli%$4 ,!re might be "s r>e in/ances 9 :i* p>ticul> circum/ances might give to p>ticul> inv5tors motives = suppress+ & facilities = suppress+ discov]ies :i* 7 n pat5t$4 ,b1 assum+ t to be possible 9 "s cases1 x op]at$ ev5 n[1 = x 0 well kn[n t ,pat5ts 7 b\ght up = ! purpose ( be+ suppress$1 & x 0 und]/ood also t inv5tors 7 ! p]sons :o d]iv$ ! lea/ advantage f _! inv5tions4 ,8 conclusion1 !re=e1 ^u ! :ole matt] 0 t ! "t _h at la/ arriv$--ev5 if x _h n arriv$ "s "t ago--at :i* ! public int]e/ w\ld be promot$ by ! entire abolition ( ! pres5t sy/em ( monopoly4 ,?is spee* & ! succe$+ "o h be5 oblig+ly revis$ = ! press by ! speak]s4 ,,spee* ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,"l ,,/anley1 ,m4,p4 ,"l ,/anley said t1 agree+ sub/antially 9 ! argum5ts ( ! hon\rable & le>n$ g5tleman :o _h j sat d[n1 he %\ld n h tr\bl$ ! ,h\se if x _h n be5 = ! circum/ance t he 0 *airman ( ! ,royal ,commission :i* sat ^u ! "q ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,pat5t-,law "s ye>s ago1 & he ?\ght1 !re=e1 t x might be exp$i5t he %\ld /ate :at 0 ! result :i* t inquiry produc$ ^u 8 m9d4 ,!re 0 no d\bt t1 q ap>t f ! pr9ciple ( ! law1 ! details ( ! law1 z at pres5t adm9i/]$1 7 n satisfactory2 &1 if ! law 7 to cont9ue 9 any =m1 he believ$ t 9 ! report ( t ,commission v>i\s sugge/ions w\ld be f\nd by :i* ! mo/ prom95t objections to its pres5t work+ might be remov$1 & fair trial might be giv5 to ! pr9ciple itself4 ,b x 0 impossible to c>ry on an inquiry ( t k9d1 ev5 limit$ z x 0--x 0 impossible1 at lea/1 = him1 & he believ$ he 0 n ! only "o 9 t position--)\t f9d+ a d\bt rais$ 9 "o's m9d :e!r any ,pat5t-,law c\ld be fram$ 9 su* a mann] z n1 ^u ! :ole1 ^u ! balance ( good & evil1 to d m h>m ?an good4 ,t conclusion1 he 0 b\nd to say1 0 totally oppos$ to 8 e>lie/ impressions ^u ! subject4 ,he resi/$ x = "s "t1 b ! m he _h to look into ?is matt]--! m he _h to consid] h[ great 7 ! practical abuses & inconv5i5ces ( ! exi/+ sy/em1 & h[ difficult x w\ld be to rem$y !m--! m cle>ly x appe>$ to him t ! evil 0 really irrem$iable1 be+ inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciple itself4 ,on ?is subject ( ,pat5ts !re _h be5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( prejudice1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! m9ds ( lit]>y m51 :o appe>$ to ?9k t ,copyright 0 only a modification ( ! same pr9ciple1 & t if ,pat5ts 7 aboli%$ ,copyright w\ld foll[4 ,! analogy seem$ a plausible "o1 b he ?\ght t1 on be+ look$ into1 x w\ld n hold wat]4 ,! diff]5ce 0 simply ?is3 ,he did n re/ x on any ab/ract gr\nd z to ! di/9ction betwe5 inv5tion & discov]y1 b on ! obvi\s fact t no two m5 ev] did or ev] w\ld write1 indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 exactly ! same book2 ea* book1 be x good or bad1 w\ld /& alone2 :]eas x might happ51 & (t5 did happ51 t two or ?ree m51 q indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 w\ld hit ^u ! same inv5tion4 ,t alone e/abli%$ a di/9ction betwe5 ! two cases4 ,he 0 n dispos$ to place ! objection :i* he ent]ta9$ to ! sy/em ( ,pat5ts ^u ! gr\nd ( any ab/ract impropriety 9 giv+ a man a prop]ty 9 ideas4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t y did 9 ! case ( ,copyright recognise a c]ta9 qualifi$ & tempor>y prop]ty 9 ideas2 & if x c\ld be %[n t a man's ideas _h be5 ( a nature to add greatly to ! weal? ( ! c\ntry1 he did n ?9k t any ab/ract consid]ations ( ! k9d m5tion$ by ! hon\rable memb] 7,mr4 ,macfie7 w\ld induce anybody to grudge to su* a man any rew>d to :i* he might fairly be entitl$1 provid$ t t rew>d c\ld be giv5 9 a mann] free f objection on o!r gr\nds4 ,! objections :i* he felt to ! pr9ciple ( ,pat5ts 7 ?reefold4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y c\ld h>dly ev] secure ! rew>d go+ to ! "r man4 ,9 ! next place1 y c\ld n e/abli% any proportion betwe5 ! public s]vice r5d]$ & ! value ( ! rew>d receiv$1 nom9ally1 = t s]vice4 ,&1 ?irdly1 y c\ld n by any arrangem5t t he _h be5 able to discov]1 prev5t v great inconv5i5ce & injury be+ inflict$ ^u ?ird p>ties4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ po9t--! difficulty ( secur+ t ! rew>d %\ld g to ! "r man--x mu/ be rememb]$ t a ,pat5t did n1 z "s p suppos$1 br+ to ! hold] ( x an imm$iate pecuni>y recomp5se4 ,all t x did 0 to give him a "r to prev5t any "o else f us+ 8 inv5tion )\t pay+ = x1 & if t ,pat5t 7 infr+$ he 0 entitl$ to take legal proce$+s4 ,b ev]ybody knew t law 0 co/ly1 & t ,pat5t suits 7 ! mo/ co/ly ( all4 ,x 0 notori\s t ,pat5ts 7 cont9ually infr+$ by p]sons :o well knew !y 7 infr++ !m1 b reli$ ^u ! inability ( ! inv5tor to incur ! exp5se ( def5d+ 8 prop]ty4 ,if a poor inv5tor took out a ,pat5t1 & ! ,pat5t promis$ to be productive1 9 n9e cases out ( t5 he 0 oblig$ to sell x to "s "o :o c\ld comm& capital en\gh to def5d x 9 a c\rt ( law4 ,if ! ,pat5t rema9$ 9 8 own h&s1 x 0 q sure to be infr+$1 & !n he w\ld probably be cru%$ by ! law exp5ses4 ,he did n "k :e!r x w\ld be possible to obta9 accurate in=mation ^u ?is po9t1 b he really did n ?9k he %\ld be exagg]at+ if he said t 9 n9e cases out ( t5--probably 9 #ii out ( #ajj--! rew>d 0 obta9$1 n by inv5tors or _! repres5tatives1 b by p]sons :o _h b\ght ! ,pat5t on speculation & at a v l[ rate4 ,he said at a l[ rate1 because !re 0 a great deal ( unc]ta9ty ab\t su* prop]ty1 & until a ,pat5t 0 te/$ by actual work+ y c\ld h>dly say :e!r x 0 valuable or n4 ,:at 0 ! practical effect ( ?is8 ,:y1 t a few great firms 9 any bran* ( bus9ess1 buy+ up at a l[ rate any new ,pat5t applicable to _! bus9ess1 & prep>$ to fight = x1 c\ld s hamp] o!r competitors z to secure a practical monopoly4 ,! rew>d1 !re=e1 did n1 z a rule1 g to ! m5 :o1 on ! gr\nd ( ! public s]vice r5d]$ by !m1 7 int5d$ to receive x4 ,z to ! second po9t--t ! rew>d might be great & ! public s]vice v small--t _h be5 dwelt ^u by ! hon\rable & le>n$ g5tleman opposite1 & little ne$ be add$ to :at _h be5 said by him4 ,! m]it & novelty ( ! inv5tion might 9 _m cases be almo/ no?+1 &1 yet h[ev] obvi\s x might be1 h[ev] mu* x might lie1 s to speak1 9 ! high road ( discov]y1 if x appli$ to any article ( g5]al use1 ! pecuni>y rew>d d]iv$ f x might be absolutely out ( proportion to ! novelty or value ( ! inv5tion4 ,x w\ld be easy to give in/ances1 b he appreh5d$ t ! fact 0 famili> to e "o :o _h /udi$ ?is "q4 ,!n1 ) reg>d to ! injury to ?ird p>ties1 x commonly happ5$ t half-a-doz5 m5 :o 7 compet+ 9 ! same l9e ( bus9ess 7 ^u ! track ( ! same discov]y4 ,ea* ( ^! half-a-doz5 m5 w\ld probably h hit ^u ! inv5tion :i* 0 want$1 indep5d5tly & )\t communication ) ! o!r4 ,b ! fir/ :o hit ^u x1 & :o took out a ,pat5t = x1 0 !reby entitl$ to exclude ! g5]al public & competitors f ! use ( t :i*1 if he _h nev] exi/$1 !y w\ld probably h hit ^u )9 a few weeks4 ,a & ,b rea*$ ! same po9t1 "o a week or a =tnight be=e ! o!r1 & ,a became entitl$1 by ! m]e accid5t ( su* priority1 to exclude ,b f a process :i*1 a little lat] on1 ,b w\ld h hit ^u = himself4 ,ano!r case 0 t :]e ! successful work+ ( a process dep5d$ n ^u "o1 b ^u sev]al successive inv5tions4 ,! fir/ two or ?ree1 n lead+ to any imm$iate practical result1 might n h be5 ?\ght wor? pat5t+4 ,! la/ l9k 9 ! *a9 gave to ! :ole _! comm]cial value1 & x 0 ! p]son :o took out ! ,pat5t = ! la/ inv5tion :o got ! b5efit ( ! :ole1 yet x might n be ! mo/ important inv5tion 9 ! s]ies4 ,he w\ld say no?+ ( ! inconv5i5ce & prejudice to manufactur]s 9 g5]al4 ,t 0 obvi\s en\gh1 & ! "q 0 :e!r !re 0 any c\nt]balanc+ advantage4 ,^! 7 ! consid]ations :i* l$ him to ! conclusion t x 0 impossible to def5d our sy/em ( ,pat5t-,law z x /ood4 ,at ! same "t1 he did n at all disguise f ! ,h\se t !re 7 c]ta9 inconv5i5ces & difficulties 9 ! way ( aboli%+ ,pat5ts altoge!r4 ,y _h to gu>d1 9 ! fir/ place1 aga9/ ! dang] ( enc\rag+ inv5tors to keep _! discov]ies entirely to !mselves4 ,9 "s bran*es ( bus9ess1 no d\bt1 t w\ld be possible1 & ! obvi\s effect might be to %ut out ! public1 = a mu* long] p]iod ?an w\ld be ! case if ,pat5ts 7 all[$1 f ! use ( "s valuable inv5tion4 ,!n x _h be5 sugge/$ by ! hon\rable memb] :o rais$ ?is debate t !re might be a sy/em ( ,/ate rew>ds = ! enc\ragem5t ( really m]itori\s inv5tions4 ,)\t putt+ an absolute negative on t plan1 he mu/ obs]ve t x 0 "o :i* c\ld only be e/abli%$ at great co/1 & x w\ld be a v difficult ?+ to apportion among inv5tors ! rew>ds to :i* !y might ?9k !mselves entitl$4 ,! di/ribution ( ! rew>ds w\ld give rise to endless compla9ts1 & w\ld occasion1 h[ev] unju/ly1 suspicions ( jobb+ & p>tiality4 ,) reg>d to ! sugge/ion ?r[n out by ! hon\rable & le>n$ g5tleman1 ( ! possibility ( grant+ ,pat5ts1 n z a "r1 b z matt]s ( discretion only 9 c]ta9 limit$ & important cases1 ! ,select ,committee consid]$ t po9t1 & he 0 b\nd to say t ! difficulty ( c>ry+ x out appe>$ to 8 m9d almo/ insup]able4 ,!re w\ld be f\nd great difficulty 9 draw+ ! l9e1 & x w\ld n be an easy matt] = any "o to ex]cise s l>ge a discretion>y p[] z to decide to :at inv5tions ,pat5ts %\ld or n be grant$4 ,he did n "k :at tribunal w\ld be fit to ex]cise s great an au?ority1 & he 0 sure t none w\ld be able to ex]cise x 9 a mann] to give satisfaction to ! public4 ,! mo/ fit p]sons to decide 9 su* a case w\ld be ! fir/ to see ! difficulty ( decid+ on any intelligible pr9ciple1 & w\ld on t gr\nd decl9e to und]take ! duty4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x appe>$ t !y 7 l&$ 9 a position ( great emb>rassm5t4 ,he 0 conv9c$ t ! ,pat5t-,laws did m h>m ?an good1 & if call$ on to say aye or no z to _! cont9uance1 he %\ld c]ta9ly give 8 vote aga9/ !m2 b1 z ?is 0 a matt] :i* requir$ p>ticul>ly c>eful h&l+1 he %\ld be cont5t to leave ! "q 9 ! h&s ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & he ?\ght x 0 well wor? consid]ation :e!r !y c\ld n1 />t+ on ! gr\nd t ! abolition ( ! ,pat5t-,laws1 :olly or p>tially1 0 desirable1 in/itute "s inquiry ) ! view ( discov]+1 if possible1 ! be/ sub/itute = !m 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,,pat5t ,,"r4 ,pap] by ,mr4 ,j4 ,/irl+1 ,pres5t$ to ! ,glasg[ ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 & publi%$ by p]mission4 ,fir/3 ,pat5t-"r _c be def5d$ on ! gr\nd ( ju/ice4 ,! object ( a ,pat5t-,law is to e/abli% a 8prop]ty 9 ideas30 b ?is involves ! d\ble fallacy t ?\ght c & %\ld be appropriat$4 ,! end ( all law is to ensure ! univ]sal fre$om ( human action4 ,h5ce ! law ( prop]ty secures to e man ! product ( 8 own lab\r4 ,x gives to ea* an exclusive "r to ! mat]ial embodim5t ( 8 productive en]gy1 to be possess$ or ali5at$ by him at w4 ,b 9 s do+ x leaves unre/rict$ ! productive en]gy ( e o!r man4 ,! fre$om ( "o 7z repres5t$ by 8 prop]ty7 is ?us consi/5t ) ! fre$om ( all4 ,b ?\ght _c be appropriat$4 ,9 ?\ght !re is no mat]ial product to be made ! object ( a propriet>y "r4 ,!re is no 8?+0 to be possess$ or ali5at$4 ,! law c only1 !re=e1 give ! exclusive use ( an idea to "o p]son by injuri\sly limit+ ! intellectual activity ( all o!rs4 ,a ,pat5t-"r1 !re=e1 is less a 8prop]ty 9 ideas0 ?an a monopoly ( ?\ght4 ,aga91 a true "r ( prop]ty is univ]sal 9 its application2 x ext5ds to ! products ( all indu/ry1 h[ev] humble4 ,b x is in/9ctively felt1 t a propriet>y "r appli$ to e individual idea w\ld be ess5tially absurd4 ,pat5t-,law1 !re=e1 is ess5tially p>tial 9 its application4 ,x picks out c]ta9 fav\rite ideas1 & conf]s on !m an anomal\s & oppressive privilege4 ,!re seems no good reason :y ! ideas ( inv5tors %\ld be especially fav\r$4 ,an inv5tion is a means to a special end1 & %\ld be recomp5s$ by him :o has ! end 9 view4 ,if any ideas des]ve a public recomp5se1 x is ^? g5]al ideas ^: application is ( univ]sal utility4 ,b ,pat5t-,law ignores ! discov]] ( g5]al ideas1 & :ile conf]r+ rew>ds1 at ! exp5se ( ! community1 on empty s*em]s & puff+ tradesm51 x passes ov] ! s]vices ( a ,newton or an ,adam ,smi?4 ,! law ( ,copyright1 inde$1 gives to ! philosoph] a "r ( prop]ty 9 8 publi%$ & mat]ial works1 b x leaves 7mo/ ju/ly7 8 ideas to be us$ & elaborat$ by :oso c & w4 ,aga91 ,pat5t-,law is f\nd$ on a conv5tional1 n a natural1 "r4 ,x is n1 l ! ord9>y law ( prop]ty1 bas$ on an univ]sal intuition ( ! human consci5ce1 b x is "o ( ^? laws by :i* unwise legislators h /riv5 s long & s va9ly to give an artificial /imulus to human indu/ry4 ,h5ce ! arbitr>y nature ( its enactm5ts4 ,! ord9>y "r ( prop]ty is unlimit$ 9 its duration--pass+ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,b common s5se revolts1 in/9ctively1 aga9/ a p]petual monopoly ( ?\ght4 ,a ,pat5t-,law1 !re=e1 c nev] be m ?an a weak compromise ) pr9ciple--! legislator und]tak+ to secure to ! pat5tee 8 ideal prop]ty dur+ ! biblical t]m ( sev5 or f\rte5 ye>s4 ,n[1 if ! inv5tor h a "r at all1 he has a "r to m ?an ?is4 ,to cut d[n a real & ackn[l$g$ "r ( prop]ty to sev51 or ev5 f\rte51 ye>s 7 a griev\s wrong4 ,pat5t-"r goes too f>1 or n f> en\gh4 ,ei!r a ,pat5t is no "r at all1 or x is a "r = all "t4 ,if ill-f\nd$1 x is a robb]y ( ! public2 if well-f\nd$1 ( ! pat5tee4 ,m]e priority af=ds no good gr\nd = ! exclusive "r to an inv5tion4 ,! free ex]cise ( ?\ght is ! common "r ( all4 ,:]e=e if ,a excogitate a pr9ciple to-day1 & ,b1 by indep5d5t ?\ght1 excogitate ! same pr9ciple to-morr[1 bo? h an equal "r to b5efit by ! discov]y2 & ,a has no natural "r to deb> ,b f ! legitimate fruit ( 8 intellectual ef=t4 ,x may be ev5 t ,a _h no real priority ( ?\ght1 b 0 only m kn[+1 m gre$y1 or 0 simply ne>] to a pat5t (fice1 &1 ?\gh late/ 9 arriv+ at ! idea1 0 ! fir/ to secure a legal monopoly ( its use4 ,to f\nd a "r on su* a race = priority is evid5tly irrational4 ,! simultane\sness ( discov]ies & inv5tions by diff]5t m9ds1 is a well-e/abli%$ fact 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,c]ta9 facts & reason+s1 all t5d+ 9 a giv5 direction1 are be=e ! _w4 ,^! act simultane\sly on v>i\s m9ds1 & produce 9 ea* ! same developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,n[1 ) :at ju/ice d we pick out "o ( ^! _m ?9k]s & give him a monopoly ( ! common ?\ght8 ,nor is ! inju/ice conf9$ to ! orig9al idea1 ( :i* we grant a monopoly4 ,by ty+ up "o idea1 we /op ! :ole c\rse ( ?\ght 9 a giv5 direction1 & ?us int]f]e g5]ally1 & to an indef9ite ext5t1 ) ! intellectual activity ( o!r m54 ,! inv5tor b5efits by ! ideas ( ! community1 & has1 !re=e1 no "r to a special privilege = 8 idea4 ,! univ]sal ?\ght ( mank9d is a common good2 all b5efit by x freely1 & all are b\nd freely to contribute to x4 ,e ?9k] owes an incalculable debt to society4 ,! inv5tor has ! b5efit ( all =egone human ?\ght1 ( all exi/+ civilization4 ,he has ! unb\ght advantage ( all laws1 all language1 all philosophy4 ,he has ! free use ( all ! me?ods & appliances1 spiritual & mat]ial1 :i* h be5 pa9fully elaborat$ by ! ?9k]s & work]s ( all "t4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld he alone h an exclusive privilege1 9 respect ( ! inf9itesimal addition :i* he may make to ! "w ( ages8 ,secondly3 ,pat5t-"r _c be ju/ifi$ on ! l[] gr\nd ( exp$i5cy4 ,! object ( a ,pat5t-,law1 9 ! suppos$ int]e/ ( ! community1 is to /imulate inv5tion4 ,b inv5tion ne$s no artificial /imulus4 ,nature has amply provid$ all ne$ful & :olesome enc\ragem5t1 9 ! additional pr(it af=d$ by improv$ me?ods ( production4 ,9 ! natural c\rse ( bus9ess1 e produc] is spurr$ on by 8 mat]ial int]e/s to inv5t = himself or to enc\rage ! inv5tions ( o!rs4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( indu/rial progress is an unceas+ /riv+ aft] improvem5t1 ) a view to pr(it4 ,! few ?\s& pat5t$ inv5tions are z no?+ comp>$ ) ! innum]able improvem5ts produc$ daily & h\rly 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( bus9ess1 ) ! vulg> view ( ga94 ,! be/ /imulus to inv5tion1 !re=e1 w be f\nd 9 ! natural competition ( produc]s2 b ,pat5t-,law de/roys ?is competition by an unju/ monopoly1 & ?us t5ds indirectly to weak5 ! natural impulse to improvem5t4 ,inv5tion may be ev5 ov]-/imulat$4 ,9 all h] arrangem5ts1 ,nature provides = a due equilibrium ( p[]s & t5d5cies4 ,?us ! v>i\s faculties & temp]am5ts ( man--! sangu9e & ! cauti\s1 ! speculative & ! practical--are nicely balanc$4 ,! result1 :5 ?+s are left to !mselves1 is a happy comb9ation ( +5uity & caution1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 a cont9u\s b prud5t c\rse ( improvem5t4 ,b if1 by conv5tional rew>ds1 we give a factiti\s impulse to ! inv5tive faculty1 we de/roy ! natural equilibrium ( capacities1 & fo/] a s*em+1 fanciful turn ( m9d1 at ! exp5se ( ?or\ghness & a pati5t work+ out ( s\nd ideas4 ,?is result has actually occurr$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! factiti\s value atta*$ to inv5tion has t5d$ to produce an almo/ total sacrifice ( solid workman%ip to a flimsy +5uity4 ,pat5t-,law does n ev5 atta9 its propos$ end ( quick5+ ! progress ( real improvem5t2 on ! contr>y1 x is f\nd 9 practice s]i\sly to h9d] x1 ! monopoly grant$ to "o inv5tor necess>ily ob/ruct+ ! progress ( e o!r4 ,h5ce1 an em95t inv5tor has lately said3 8,! advance ( practical sci5ce is n[ griev\sly ob/ruct$ by ^? v laws :i* 7 int5d$ to enc\rage its progress40 ,t ,pat5ts s]i\sly ob/ruct ! natural developm5t ( ideas1 is be/ se5 by ! sudd5 advance :i* usually foll[s ! expiry ( important ,pat5t-rights4 ,! natural c\rse ( improvem5t1 damm$ back by artificial ob/ruction dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! ,pat5t1 is set free on its conclusion1 & a new impulse is giv5 to ! developm5t ( ideas & _! practical application4 ,b ! public is n ! only suff]] by ,pat5t-"r4 ,)\t d\bt ! heavie/ evil falls on ! pat5tee4 ,! inv5tor is l$ to give an excessive developm5t to 8 tal5t1 & is s$uc$ into reliance on a law t c give him no sub/antial protection4 ,! difficulty ( def9+ orig9al inv5tions is a practical b> to a satisfactory ,pat5t-,law4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ,pat5ts is a long-cont9u$ /ory ( litigation & disappo9tm5t2 & ! m admirable ! inv5tion1 ! great] is ! c]ta9ty ( difficulty & loss4 ,x mu/ be a wor?less inv5tion t ! pat5tee is left to enjoy 9 peace4 ,:5ev] a ,pat5t is wor? pirat+1 ! inv5tor may dep5d on be+ involv$ 9 a maze ( litigation t di/urbs 8 peace & ru9s 8 =tunes4 ,& ! m ! ,pat5t privilege is ext5d$1 ! worse ! evil becomes2 ! intricacy & ! multiplicity ( details baffl+ e attempt to def9e ! rights ( compet+ inv5tors4 ,at ?is mom5t ! heavie/ compla9ts aga9/ ,pat5ts come f our great inv5tors4 ,!y repudiate ! pr(f]$ privilege z 8injuri\s to inv5tors10 & compla9 ( be+ 8borne d[n by an excess ( protection40 ,z is natural1 !y :o are mo/ occupi$ ) ! advancem5t ( inv5tion1 feel mo/ acutely ! griev\s ob/ructiv5ess ( ! ,pat5t-,law4 ,n en\gh t !y h to battle ) natural difficulties2 at e /ep !y meet ob/ructions :i* a well-mean+ b p]v]se law places 9 _! way4 ,nor d ^! ob/ructive privileges conf] any real advantage on ! empty s*em]s ^: monopoly !y e/abli%3 !y m]ely give !m ! vexati\s p[] ( h9d]+ ! progress ( bett] m54 ,! m]e 8p5-&-ink inv5tor0 has nei!r ! en]gy1 nor ! p]sev]ance1 nor ! practical ability to mature 8 crude 8idea20 b to ?is man ! law aw>ds ! dog-9-!-mang] privilege ( effectually ob/ruct+ ! natural progress ( practical improvem5t4 ,^! practical evils ! advocates ( ,pat5t-,law d n d5y2 b !y attribute !m to ! defective execution ( ! law1 n to its vici\s pr9ciple4 ,h5ce a nev]-end+ cry1 z 9 ! case ( all bad laws1 = m legislation1 = m /r+5t regulation1 = /rict] inve/igation1 & m ?or\gh regi/ration ( ,pat5ts4 ,b no t9k]+ at details c avail4 ,! :ole sy/em is radically uns\nd2 & ! only effectual rem$y is to lay ! axe to ! root4 ,a s5tim5tal plea 9 fav\r ( ,pat5t-"r has be5 set up by "s1 on ! gr\nd t ! inv5tor--! man ( ?\ght1 z he is call$--mu/ be sav$ f ! toils ( ! capitali/1 ev] ready to prey on 8 sup]ior intellect4 ,?is silly s5tim5talism c\ld only orig9ate 9 an utt] ignorance ( ! relations :i* naturally subsi/ betwe5 capital & tal5t4 ,! capitali/ is ! natural ally ( ! inv5tor1 :om x is 8 int]e/ to employ & enc\rage4 ,x is a *ief "p ( ! bus9ess ( e produc] to se>* out e "o :o c help him to improv$ me?ods ( production2 & ! remun]ation :i*1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 x is ! int]e/ ( ! capitali/ to (f] to ! really clev] inv5tor1 w always =m a sur] & m sub/antial rew>d ?an ! delusive privilege ( a legal monopoly4 ,z to ! compla9ts we he> ( neglect$ tal5t1 we may safely conclude t !y arise m f ! exagg]at$ pret5sions ( conceit$ s*em]s1 ?an f any obtus5ess to _! own int]e/s on ! "p ( practical m5 ( bus9ess1 :o refuse to pr(it by _! inv5tions4 ,on ! :ole1 ,pat5t-,law seems a blund]1 f\nd$ on ! antiquat$ notion ( giv+ ,/ate enc\ragem5t to c]ta9 fav\r$ modes ( human activity4 ,x is no "p ( ! duty ( ! ,/ate to /imulate or rew>d inv5tion2 ! true function ( ,gov]nm5t is to protect1 n to direct1 ! ex]cise ( human en]gy4 ,by secur+ p]fect fre$om to ea* individual1 we %all be/ provide = ! progress ( ! community2 nor c any law be conceiv$ m detrim5tal to ! common weal ?an "o :i* lays re/rictions on p]fect fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,,are ,,inv5tions ,,prop]ty8 ,,by ,m4 ,t4 ,n4 ,,b5>d1 ,,editor ,,( ,,! 8,,j\rnal ,,des ,,economi/es10 ,,july1 #ahfh4 7,translat$ & ,repr9t$ by 8 oblig+ cons5t47 ,9 ! numb] ( ! ,j\rnal des ,economi/es = la/ ,decemb] !re appe>$ a v consci5ti\s pap] on 8,prop]ty 9 ,inv5tions10 by our le>n$ colleague1 ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu4 ,we w\ld h pref]r$ t "s ma/] ( ! sci5ce _h publi%$ an answ] to ?is article1 :i* x seems to u is bas$ on a wrong pr9ciple1 & t he _h giv5 to ! read]s ( ?is j\rnal ! opposite view ( ^? ideas s ably set =? by ! hon\rable ,pr(essor ( ,political ,economy at ! ,belgian 8,muse de l',indu/rie40 ,we believe t ?is "q has acquir$ suffici5t importance & reality to m]it be+ fully argu$ & cle>$ up2 &1 no o!r hav+ tak5 up ! p5 9 answ]1 we %all endeav\r to set =? ! pr9ciple :i* alone appe>s to u true & admittable4 ,we ?r[ out ^! ideas = discussion1 hop+ t ! subject w be tak5 up by "o ( our ma/]s 9 ! sci5ce1 & t ?is great debate w be c>ri$ out 9 a mann] suitable to ! imp]i%able doctr9es ( ju/ice & equity1 :i* =m ! basis ( political economy4 ,i4 8,! man :o fir/ made a hut10 says ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu1 8a piece ( furniture1 a cloak1 or "s necess>y ( life1 w\ld no d\bt h !reby excit$ ! envy ( 8 neighb\rs1 & he w\ld frequ5tly h be5 depriv$ ( ^! objects by viol5ce or by /rategy1 be=e x w\ld be g5]ally all[$ t !y ought to belong to him :o made !m1 & t x 0 at once ! duty & ! int]e/ ( ! community to gu>antee him _! possession aga9/ e attack40 ,we ackn[l$ge t ! man :o fir/ con/ruct$ a hut 0 p]fectly "r 9 mak+ good 8 claim aga9/ ^? :o w\ld h depriv$ him ( x1 & t he 0 ju/ifi$ 9 v9dicat+ 8 claim by =ce4 ,he _h employ$ 8 "t & /r5g? 9 build+ ?is hut2 x 0 und\bt$ly 81 & 8 neighb\rs act$ up to _! natural "r & 9 _! own int]e/s 9 help+ him to oppose ! intrud]4 ,b !re end$ bo? ! "r ( ! individual & t ( ! community4 ,if ?is fir/ man1 n cont5t ) claim+ 8 hut1 _h pret5d$ t ! idea ( build+ x belong$ exclusively to him1 & t consequ5tly no o!r human be+ _h a "r to build a simil> "o1 ! neighb\rs w\ld h revolt$ aga9/ s mon/r\s a pret5sion1 & w\ld nev] h all[$ s mis*iev\s an ext5sion ( ! "r :i* he _h 9 ! produce ( 8 lab\r4 ,nev]!less1 ?is man _h ex]cis$ imag9ation & comb9ation2 he _h inv5t$ ! %ape1 ! size1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! :ole /ructure2 he 0 ! fir/ to conceive--probably aft] _m ef=ts ( m9d & ?\ght1 aft] long /udy1 aft] obs]vations made on ! ne/s ( birds & ! hut ( ! beav]--t pile ( bran*es1 ( dead wood1 ( leaves & ( /ones1 ( :i* its %elt] is =m$4 ,he 0 an inv5tor ( ! fir/ class4 ,h[ is x1 !n1 t ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice :i* prompt$ him to claim 8 prop]ty did n prompt him at ! same "t to claim exclusive possession 9 ! idea1 ! result ( a long tra9 ( reflection8 ,h[ is x t ! same s5tim5t ( ju/ice :i* induc$ 8 neighb\rs1 ! community1 to l5d him arm$ =ce to pres]ve = him ! possession ( 8 hut1 did n g s f> z to grant him a prop]ty 9 8 idea8 ,no "o dream$ ( ask+ him = ! p]mission to imitate :at he _h made2 no "o ?\ght he 0 committ+ a crime1 or do+ him a wrong1 9 mak+ a copy ( 8 hut4 ,prop]ty c be a "r only :5 its pr9ciples t5d to ! g5]al good & are useful 9 advanc+ ! int]e/s ( ! human race4 ,& if1 9 our day1 imitation ( an inv5tion is n g5]ally consid]$ z guilty an act z robb]y ( tangible prop]ty1 x is because e "o und]/&s ! diff]5ce betwe5 an idea & a ?+ made or done4 ,! inv5tor ( a p>ticul> weapon1 or c]ta9 furni%+s1 or tools1 _h all possible rights 9 ! con/ruct+ & possession ( ^! weapons1 furni%+s1 or tools2 b ^! rights c\ld n be ext5d$ to ! h9d]+ ( 8 neighb\rs f mak+ tools1 furni%+s1 or weapons1 9 e way simil>4 ,if ! community _h admitt$ an exclusive "r 9 ^! inv5tions1 x w\ld h di$ 9 its g]m1 civilization w\ld h be5 a dead lett]1 & man w\ld h be5 unable to fulfil 8 de/9y4 ,?us f>1 !n1 !re 0 n1 nor c\ld be 9 pr9ciple1 any "q ( exclusive "r ( inv5tion4 ,?is "r 0 only ?\ght ( :5 all notions ( social "r _h be5 obscur$ by laws :i*1 l t ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 decl>$ t ! "r ( lab\r belong$ to ! ,cr[n1 & :5 !re _h gr[n up ! idea ( lic5s+ lab\r & grant+ exclusive privileges = its ex]cise4 ,! in/itution ( ! pret5d$ prop]ty 9 inv5tions 0 a retaliation aga9/ ! suppression ( ! abusive "r ( ma/]%ips & corporations4 ,,ii4 ,d\btless inv5tion1 z ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu rem>ks1 consi/s 9 ! discov]y ( a new sci5tific pr9ciple2 b we _c admit1 ) ! le>n$ ,pr(essor1 t ! new application ( a pr9ciple already kn[n1 t ! discov]y ( a natural ag5t hi!rto unkn[n1 or ( new prop]ties or o!r modes ( action ( natural ag5ts1 or ( mat]ials previ\sly discov]$1 are inv5tions4 ,x is probable t coal 0 kn[n long be=e any "o ?\ght ( putt+ x 9 a /ove to be us$ z fuel4 ,x is c]ta9 t /one 0 kn[n long be=e any "o ?\ght ( employ+ x 9 ! con/ruction ( walls4 ,to pret5d t ! discov]y ( ! combu/ible quality ( coal1 or ( ! use to :i* /one might be put1 gave a "r to ! discov]] to exact f 8 neighb\rs ! paym5t ( a royalty be=e employ+ ?is fuel1 or ?is mat]ial = con/ruction1 is also to grant t he :o1 c5turies be=e1 _h ?\ght ( burn+ wood to w>m himself1 or ( seek+ ! %elt] ( a cave1 ought also to be recomp5s$ = ! tr\ble he _h 9 discov]+1 appropriat+1 & work+ out ei!r ?is s\rce ( heat or ?is means ( %elt]4 ,inv5tion1 we ackn[l$ge1 consi/s 9 ! discov]y ( a new sci5tific pr9ciple2 x c (t5 place1 z ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu says1 new gratuit\s =ces at ! disposal ( ! community2 b does x foll[ t ! inv5tor has an exclusive "r 9 ! prop]ty ( ?is discov]y8 ,we ?9k n4 ,! inv5tor ( ! compass1 :oev] he 01 has r5d]$ an imm5se s]vice to ! community2 b c\ld 8 inv5tion be claim$ z private prop]ty8 ,does x n1 on ! contr>y1 ent] ) p]fect ju/ice into ! public doma98 ,napi]1 ! discov]] ( log>i?ms1 has r5d]$ ! mo/ signal s]vice to calculators & navigators2 b c 8 inv5tion1 ! k ( :i* may1 ei!r orally or by ! pr9t+-press1 be ext5d$ indef9itely--:i* any "o may use privately1 9 ! quiet ( ! /udy--be put ^u ! same foot+ z l&$ prop]ty1 :i* a s+le man may cultivate--z h\se prop]ty1 :i* may belong to "o or sev]al1 & :i* _c be seiz$ ^u )\t its be+ obs]v$1 & to ! great sc&al ( all8 ,evid5tly n4 ,& if ! law has nev] tri$ to appropriate inv5tions ( ?is class1 x is because !re mu/ be some?+ tangible1 limit$1 & f9al1 giv+ ! p[] to regulate its employm5t or possession4 ,x is n correct to say1 besides1 t ! inv5tor does n deprive ! community ( any portion ( ! common prop]ty :i* x possess$ be=e ! inv5tion4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ! ?+ discov]$ exi/$ 9 embryo--9 nature4 ,?is g]m 0 multiple2 x exi/$ z frequ5tly z !re 7 m52 & ! inv5tor pret5ds1 by ! prop]ty 9 x :i* he claims1 to d5y x to all o!rs & to h9d] its g]m9ation4 ,! "r ( ! inv5tor is limit$ to t ( work+ out 8 idea2 x is id5tical ) t ( a man :o has discov]$ & cle>$ a field2 b x is n1 l 81 exclusive4 ,he :o inv5ts & he :o cle>s c possess _! prop]ty z long z !y l & z !y l2 b !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! field & ! inv5tion3 ! fir/ c be cultivat$ only by "o )\t do+ an injury to ! proprietor1 :ile ! inv5tion may be us$ by sev]al )\t h9d]+1 dim9i%+1 or suppress+ ! work+ ( x by ! inv5tor4 ,i h cle>$ a field1 & cultivate x2 if "o ( my neighb\rs desires also to cultivate ! same field1 he h9d]s me f ex]cis+ my "r--he int]f]es ) my work+--he dispossesses me4 ,i h discov]$ ! combu/ible nature ( coal3 9 :at way does my neighb\r1 :o cooks 8 food on a coal fire1 h9d] me f ex]cis+ my "r1 or int]f]e ) ! work+ ( my faculties8 ( :at does he dispossess me8 ,,iii4 ,we h n1 z we ?9k1 to take into consid]ation m or less ! difficulties ( inv5tors2 we h n to inquire if e inv5tion requires a m ?an ord9>y degree ( intellig5ce1 special k1 great p]sev]ance1 c4 ,!re is a multitude ( occupations 9 life :i* require all ^! qualities1 b no "o has ev] pret5d$ t on acc\nt ( ^! qualities1 probable s\rces ( success = !m1 !y _h a "r to any fav\rs1 immunities1 or privileges4 ,! inv5tor ( a useful discov]y has q z mu*1 or m1 *ance ( mak+ a =tune z ! manufactur] :o conf9es himself to ! beat5 tracks1 & only employs ! kn[n me?ods2 ?is la/ has _h q z mu* risk ( be+ ru9$ z any se>*] aft] discov]y4 ,we believe t !y are on an equality z to position2 = if ! inv5tor may be ru9$ 9 n f9d+ :at he seeks1 ! manufactur] may see all 8 looms or 8 ma*9es r5d]$ useless1 all 8 outlets clos$1 by ! introduction ( a *eap] means ( production4 ,:y make a gold5 bridge = him :o ent]s ! ar5a ) arms m subtle & m f9ely temp]$ ?an ^? ( 8 adv]s>y8 ,notice t ! manufactur] also r5d]s a s]vice to ! community--no d\bt 9 seek+ 8 own pr(it2 b is x n s ) ! inv5tor8 ,:y !n dem& a rew>d = ! "o :i* is n ask$ = ! o!r8 ,! manufactur] :o1 9 us+ ! old looms1 manages 8 factory s z to r$uce 8 prices by #aj or #bj p] c5t41 & :o 9 consequ5ce c furni% /ock+s 7suppos+ him to be a /ock+ manufactur]7 to a numb] ( ^? :o 7 n ri* en\gh to buy !m at ! old prices1 und\bt$ly does a s]vice to ! community equal to t :i* x w\ld receive f ! inv5tion ( a ma*9e :i* w\ld make ! /ock+s #aj or #bj p] c5t4 *eap]4 ,! f>m] :o by sup]ior pl\gh+1 m skilful manur+1 or m c>eful we$+1 increases ! yield f two to ?ree qu>t]s p] acre--does n he also r5d] a signal s]vice to ! community8 ,! sailor1 :o f9ds ! means ( %ort5+ voyages by utilis+ c]ta9 curr5ts or w9ds1 9 modify+ ! spread ( 8 sails1 c4--does n he increase ! gratuit\s natural =ces plac$ at ! disposal ( ! community8 ,:y1 !n1 if !re is "q ( rew>d+ ?is class ( s]vices1 %\ld !y n ask = privileges1 fav\rs1 & exclusive rights8 ,:y n g s f> z =bid any "o to arrange 8 factory on ! plan ( ! manufactur]s ( :om we h be5 speak+8 ,:y n =bid any f>m] to we$1 pl\gh1 or manure1 l 8 neighb\r2 or any sailor to foll[ ! track ( ! fir/1 )\t pay+ to ^? :o gave ! example a previ\s & p]petual royalty8 ,,iv4 8,! prop]ty ( an inv5tion hav+ requir$ = its creation ! same lab\r z t ( ! soil1 & ?is "w (f]+ less *ance ( success & results ( probable less duration1 x is z legitimate at lea/ z l&$ prop]ty10 says ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu2 8& !re is no argum5t aga9/ x :i* may n be appli$ ) equal =ce to ! individual & p]man5t occupation ( ! soil40 ,! soil1 to r5d] all ! productions t ! community has a "r to expect f x1 ought to become & rema9 a p]sonal individual prop]ty4 ,inv5tion1 on ! o!r h&1 _c give all ! results t society c draw f x1 unless x be public prop]ty4 ,h]e9 lies ! imm5se & irreconcilable diff]5ce betwe5 prop]ty 9 l& & t ( inv5tion4 ,besides1 l& _c become unf]tile1 unproductive1 or lose all its value z prop]ty1 except by "s convulsion ( nature :i* w\ld deeply unsettle x4 ,an inv5tion1 on ! contr>y1 may become q valueless 9 t5 ye>s1 "o ye>1 a =tnight ev51 aft] be+ discov]$1 & t by ! sup]iority ( a subsequ5t inv5tion4 ,:at becomes1 !n1 ( ! prop]ty ( ?is inv5tion8 ,:at is its wor?8 ,has ! inv5tor a "r to damages8 ,if y con/ruct ne> my field a factory f :i* escape noxi\s vap\rs1 hurtful to vegetation1 & if ,i c %[ t y h det]iorat$ or de/roy$ my crops1 y1 accord+ to ! laws ( e civilis$ nation1 owe me damages2 w\ld y claim damages ( ! inv5tor1 ^: discov]y _h r5d]$ t ( "o ( 8 pr$ecessors p>tially or completely unproductive8 ,if prop]ty 9 inv5tion is equal to prop]ty 9 ! soil1 damages are inconte/ably due4 ,we d n ?9k t a s+le advocate = ?is class ( prop]ty has1 h[ev]1 d>$ to c>ry 8 logic ?us f>4 ,! proprietor ( a field may leave x uncultivat$1 ! proprietor ( a h\se may leave x %ut up z long z he likes2 no law obliges to put 9 a t5ant1 or to op5 x = lodg]s4 ,! laws ( all c\ntries conta91 ) slight modifications1 ! foll[+ clause1 quot$ f ,art4 #cb ( ! ,law ( #ahdd3--8,w be depriv$ ( all 8 rights 444 ! pat5tee :o %all n h comm5c$ ! work+ ( 8 discov]y or inv5tion 9 ,france )9 two ye>s1 dat+ f ! day ( ! signature ( ! ,pat5t1 or :o %all h ceas$ work+ x dur+ two consecutive ye>s1 unless t1 9 "o or o!r case1 he c satisfactorily expla9 ! causes ( 8 inaction40 ,x w\ld be v easy = u to cite o!r diff]5ces 9 ! nature ( ^! two classes ( prop]ty2 we %all only ref] to "o m1 :i* po9ts out h[ solid is ! prop]ty 9 l&1 & h[ unc]ta9 & ephem]al ! s-call$ prop]ty ( inv5tion4 ,l&1 consid]$ z prop]ty1 increases 9 value f day to day2 !re is no inv5tion ^: value does n dim9i% daily4 ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu fur!r adds1 t 8! inv5tor1 9 tak+ exclusive possession ( 8 idea1 h>ms no "o1 s9ce he leaves all :i* previ\sly exi/$ 9 ! same condition 9 :i* he f\nd x1 )\t 9 any way less5+ ! social capital on :i* he drew40 ,we %\ld require1 h[ev]1 to come to an und]/&+ z to :at may be call$ ! social capital2 = if ! exclusive prop]ty ( inv5tion _h exi/$ f ! g]m9ation ( ! idea :i* l$ to ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ hut to ! mak+ ( ! e>lie/ weapons1 tools1 & furniture1 x is difficult to "k :]e we %\ld f9d x4 ,by putt+ prop]ty 9 inv5tion on ! same foot+ z prop]ty 9 ! soil1 all t man uses or consumes w\ld belong to ! desc5dants ( ! fir/ inv5tors1 & e "o w\ld require to pay a sort ( r5t = its use4 ,! inv5tor ( ! :eelb>r[ w\ld h to pay a royalty to ! inv5tor ( :eels1 & ! mak] ( ! pla9e/ pump w\ld pay an annual r5t to ! inv5tor ( ! lev] or pi/on2 !re w\ld n1 !re c\ld n1 be any social capital4 ,b x is wrong to say t ! exclusive possession ( an idea hurts no "o1 because x leaves :at previ\sly exi/$ 9 ! same condition4 ,i1 or my neighb\r1 might put toge!r ideas to =m ! basis ( an inv5tion2 ?is faculty ( comb9ation belongs to ea* ( u2 ) exclusive possession x belongs only to "o4 ,x _c be said1 !n1 t no "o is hurt1 & t ev]y?+ rema9s 9 ! same position4 ,aft] hav+ said t ! prop]ty ( inv5tion is 9 e respect simil> to prop]ty 9 ! soil1 ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu places1 nev]!less1 b\nd>ies to ! ext5t & duration ( ! fir/4 ,he says3 8,x is n meant precisely t prop]ty 9 an inv5tion ought to ext5d ov] ! globe1 nor t its duration %\ld h no limit 9 "t2 all prop]ty1 9 fact1 is b\nd$ by ! co/ ( pres]vation1 ma9t5ance1 & work+1 :i* x requires1 already1 long be=e ! limit ( space or "t :5 ! produce ( ! prop]ty no long] cov]s ! exp5se1 ! proprietor does n require to def5d x aga9/ seizure1 & f t "t x becomes public prop]ty40 ,x foll[s t prop]ty ( inv5tion is n id5tical ) prop]ty 9 l& or o!r mat]ial objects4 ,a diamond :i* belongs to me 9 any corn] ( ! globe1 ! cotton /uffs :i* ,i h s5t to ,bombay or ,sagor1 are /ill my prop]ty until ,i h volunt>ily c$$ !m4 ,my desc5dants1 or ^? ( "s rightful own]1 w cultivate 9 f\r or five hundr$ ye>s or m ! field :i* ,i may n[ possess4 ,!re is no limit ( "t nor ( space = real prop]ty2 x rema9s = ev]4 ,v4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( humanity prote/s aga9/ ?is ass]tion ( ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu1 t inv5tions 8be+ realisable only on ! condition ( a j remun]ation1 suffici5t = ! exceptional "w :i* !y require1 & ( a comp5sation 9 proportion to ! risks !y cause1 prop]ty 9 !m1 :i* alone c assure ?is remun]ation & ?is comp5sation1 is necess>y40 ,let u rem>k1 fir/1 t by a j & suffici5t remun]ation he probably means a special1 exceptional1 & exclusive "o4 ,we w n[ ask x to be obs]v$ t man's mo/ indisp5sable & useful tools 7 inv5t$1 & 7 ev]y:]e 9 daily use1 _m ye>s or c5turies be=e !re 0 any "q ( prop]ty ( inv5tion4 ,we %all only cite ! hamm]1 ! file1 ! saw1 ! screw1 ! p9c]s1 ! pl\gh1 spades1 ne$les1 c4 ,did any ( ! inv5tors ( ^! tools take out a ,pat5t8 ,did he :o fir/ put a %oe on a horse claim a prop]ty 9 ! idea8 ,all ! great inv5tions1 ) ! exception ( a few ( ! mo/ mod]n1 & = :i* x 0 n possible to take a ,pat5t1 date f ! e>lie/ times4 ,:o1 !n1 inv5t$ ! art ( smelt+ ! ores ( iron1 copp]1 lead1 & t98 ( mak+ malleable iron & /eel8 ,:5 did man fir/ inv5t ! manufacture ( glass1 ( pott]y1 porcela91 pap]1 ink1 boats1 & c>riages8 ,railways exi/$ 9 a rudim5t>y /ate 9 ! coal m9es ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham long be=e ,pat5ts 7 dream$ (4 ,pr9t+ & gunp[d] appe>$ 9 ! _w )\t ! gu>antee ( ,pat5ts2 s also ) ! tann+ ( hides1 ! sp9n+ ( ?read1 weav+1 dye+1 pr9t+1 c4 ,! electric telegraph is ! result ( a s]ies ( /udies1 & ( ! social capital ( k :i* ^! /udies1 & o!rs =eign to ! object z x 71 h =m$4 ,pat5ts or rew>ds :i* h s9ce be5 grant$ only conc]n modifications1 m or less +5i\s1 ( ! orig9al pr9ciple4 ,= :at are inv5tors n[ do+8 ,)\t seek+ 9 any way to detract f ! m]it ( _! lab\rs1 we may boldly ass]t t !y modify 9 a pr(itable & economical way ! old] processes2 in/ead ( weld+ iron1 !y roll x2 in/ead ( ! cold1 !y use ! hot bla/1 9 smelt+4 ,to ! tann+ ( hides !y add curry+1 %amm+1 gra9+1 poli%+1 c4 ,are ^! s]vices :i* _c be suffici5tly rew>d$ 9 ! free work+ ( ! idea8 ,are !y s]vices :i* exce$ by a hundr$ cubits ^? r5d]$ by great manufactur]s1 l>ge capitali/s1 intrepid seam51 or pr(\nd ?9k]s8 ,& if1 c>ry+ out ! argum5t ( ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu1 we %\ld say1 cr$it be+ necess>y to ! progress ( ! community1 & be+ realisable only on condition ( a j & ample remun]ation = ! exceptional lab\r :i* x requires1 & ( a recomp5se proportionate ) ! risks incurr$1 ! community ought to grant to ! bank]s exceptional rew>ds1 or assure to !m a special & p]petual privilege1--%\ld we n be go+ on ! premisses ( ! le>n$ ,belgian ,pr(essor8 ,no d\bt t bran* ( cr$it1 ! issue ( notes1 is at pres5t all[$ 9 _m c\ntries to ! great privileg$ banks2 b may n ! same argum5ts apply to disc\nt1 ! receiv+ ( deposits1 q z well z to ! issue ( notes8 ,,vi4 ,to admit1 ) ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu1 8t ! rights ( inv5tors are useful ev5 to non-inv5tors10 we mu/ all[ t ! progress ( inv5tion w\ld be /opp$ if ! privileges gu>ante$ by ,pat5ts 7 )drawn4 ,n[1 we h already said t all human hi/ory up to a v rec5t p]iod demon/rates ! weakness ( ! ass]tion4 ,man has inv5t$ f ! "t he began to ?9k & comp>e1 & he w cont9ue to inv5t :ile he exi/s on ?is planet4 ,inv5tion is no?+ else ?an ?\ght4 ,if1 z ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu says--b :i* we d\bt--!re be no fe> t prop]ty 9 inv5tion all[s ! inv5tor to exact = 8 s]vices a high] price ?an !y are wor?1 nei!r ne$ x be fe>$ t ! abs5ce ( ?is "r ( prop]ty w\ld h9d] ! inv5tor f obta9+ by 8 discov]y all ! pr(it :i* he has a "r to expect f x4 ,?is fe> w\ld only be ju/ifi$ 9 ! ev5t ( 8 be+ depriv$ by law ( ! "r ( us+ 8 own discov]y4 ,n[1 ?is "r rema9s intact2 only x is n exclusive4 ,if ! inv5tor saves lab\r or outlay1 ! inv5tor w pr(it by ?is sav+1 l 8 neighb\rs2 he w pr(it by x be=e 8 neighb\rs2 he w pr(it by x exclusively s long z he c keep 8 secret1 & :ile 8 oppon5ts are e/abli%+ rival works on ! same pr9ciple4 ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu tells u t ! inv5tor c nev] take advantage ( 8 prop]ty to hold an unju/ & injuri\s monopoly4 ,we w quote "o example ( a ?\s& f ,m4 ,l\is ,reybaud's excell5t "w on wool4 ,speak+ ( ! wool-c>d+ ma*9es1 ! le>n$ ,academician ?us writes3 8,!re may be cit$ tw5ty names engag$ 9 ^! discov]ies1 incomplete z a :ole1 almo/ all =tunate 9 "s detail4 ,:at is incomplete is laid aside1 :at is =tunate is s mu* ga92 ! new com]s discrim9ate & *oose4 ,aft] a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s !re are only ?ree processes 9 use--^? ( ,lei/]1 ,hellsmann1 & ,hubn]2 ( analog\s m]it1 & ea* hav+ its p>tisans4 ,w !y /rive "o ) ano!r8 ,no1 !y compromis$4 ,m4 ,hold5 gets ! assignm5t1 & also acquires1 ei!r by pur*ase or by judicial decisions1 ! rights ( ,doni/horpe1 ,noble1 & ,cr(t4 ,messrs4 ,s*lumb]g] & ,co41 ! assignees ( ,heilman1 reta9 only ! manufacture ( c]ta9 ma*9es4 ,we may imag9e ! weal? ( a bus9ess e/abli%$ on s _m pur*ases & decisions4 ,m4 ,hold5 has add$ inv5tions ( 8 own1 & he may be consid]$ ! ma/] ( wool-c>d+ until 8 ,pat5ts expire4 ,no?+ is m int]e/+ ?an ! answ]s he gave on ?is subject be=e ! ,commission on ! ,comm]cial ,treaties4 ,on 8 own av[al he is proprietor ( #de ,pat5ts1 #bh tak5 by himself1 & #ag pur*as$ f o!rs4 ,9 ^! #de are good1 middl+1 & bad4 ,he works !m all 9 ob$i5ce to ! law & to gu>d aga9/ lapses4 ,9 ! bad1 z well z ! good1 !re is an idea to def5d & a *ance ( upsett+2 he fe>s t 9 ab&on+ !m !y might be us$ aga9/ him2 = "o ma*9e 9 con/ant use !re are =ty-f\r :i* make a pret5ce ( work+2 he does n hide x--x is 8 int]e/ to h9d]1 z mu* z to "w4 ,:at w\ld x be if1 z x is dem&$1 prop]ty 9 inv5tion1 put on ! same foot+ ) prop]ty 9 ! l&1 7 p]petual8 ,by ! pres5t sy/em x may be ! int]e/ ( "o man to fett] improvem5t1 &1 hav+ acquir$ ! ma/]y ( x1 to mortally w\nd x :]ev] x appe>s6 ,is ?is n already too mu* ! case8 ,mu/ we1 !n1 repeat :at reason & exp]i5ce tea* u1 t unju/ exactions _c be made "u a sy/em ( op5 competition1 b always spr+ up "u ! %elt] ( privilege8 ,,vii4 ,! em95t ,pr(essor ( ! 8,muse de l',indu/rie ,belge0 makes a j & well-f\nd$ criticism on ! div]se laws ( diff]5t c\ntries relat+ to ,pat5ts4 ,usually law-mak]s d n appe> s p]plex$1 nor contradict !mselves s frankly2 ?is is because1 :5 we =get :at is "r1 :5 we leave pr9ciples to make a legal caprice1 we sail ov] unkn[n seas1 :]e no ligh?\se guides u1 nor compass %[s u ! "r direction4 ,he attributes to ! defective /ate ( ^! laws 8! almo/ unanim\s c5sure display$ ei!r aga9/ ! legislation or aga9/ prop]ty 9 inv5tions40 ,w\ld x n be m reasonable to ackn[l$ge t if ! le>n$ law-mak]s ( ! num]\s c\ntries 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( prop]ty 9 inv5tions has be5 adopt$ h n be5 able to frame laws capable ( protect+ ! rights ( pret5d$ proprietors conjo9tly ) ^? ( individuals & society at l>ge1 x is because ! pr9ciple is radically wrong1 & contr>y to ! g5]al int]e/s ( mank9d8 ,! law-giv] f9ds an ob/acle at e side 9 legitimate scruples2 he fe>s to give too mu*1 & he fe>s to take too mu*4 ,at pres5t ! c5sure is almo/ unanim\s1 x is ackn[l$g$4 ,let u suppose t prop]ty 9 inv5tion 7 aboli%$1 & :at compla9ts w\ld result f ! abolition8 ,few or none4 ,:5 ! inv5tor knew t1 plac$ on ! same level z all o!r work]s1 he mu/ only rely on 8 intellig5ce1 8 capital1 8 "t1 & 8 "r arm he w\ld leave (f claim+ a privilege & compla9+ ( ! insuffici5cy ( 8 rew>ds4 ,at pres5t ! inv5tor says to ! ,/ate3 8,i h f\nd out a great ?+1 b ,i require y\r protection2 y mu/ place at my disposal y\r ag5ts & y\r law-c\rts2 ! fir/ %all ent] ! homes ( my fell[-citiz5s1 %all se>* _! draw]s1 exam9e _! books & pap]s1 9 my int]e/4 ,by ! second1 _! cause be+ lo/1 %all be condemn$ to ru9 & mis]y4 ,i am ab\t to br+ ru9 on su* & su* manufactur]s1 to condemn a cr[d ( "w-p to idl5ess2 b y mu/ grant me a privilege :i* w place me beyond ! rea* ( all opposition1 & all[ me to make a =tune1 quietly & )\t mu* *ance ( a failure40 ,:at diff]5ce d ! *ampions ( ,pat5ts f9d betwe5 ?is language & t :i* 0 held by ! ,protectioni/s8 ,!y also requir$ ,cu/om-h\se (fic]s1 & law-c\rts always op51 to puni% ! smuggl]2 !y fur!r requir$ ! ru9 ( ^? :o trad$ ) di/ant c\ntries1 & ! cont9ual inactivity ( our m]cantile m>9e & sea-bo>d population4 ,,viii4 ,! hon\rable ,belgian economi/ next combats ! op9ion ( ^? :o1 /ruck by ! num]\s & weighty inconv5i5ces pres5t$ by ! ,pat5t-,laws1 & _! extreme div]situde 9 e c\ntry1 h imag9$ a rem$y 9 ! expropriation ( inv5tion = ! public good4 ,we %all be f> f atta9+ our object if ! read] has n already und]/ood t1 r5\nc+ all idea ( prop]ty z appli$ to manufacture1 we %all n discuss ?is phase ( ! "q4 ,we w say1 h[ev]1 t we mu/ prote/ ) all our might aga9/ ! foll[+ pr9ciple1 express$ by ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu3 8,nei!r c we admit10 says he 8! ju/ice ( expropriation = ! public good s f> z x conc]ns prop]ty 9 inv5tions any m ?an 9 real prop]ty4 ,"h also10 he adds1 8! "r ( "o ought to prevail ov] ! int]e/ ( ! great] numb]40 ,x is no d\bt int5tionally t ! ^w int]e/ 9 ?is phrase is put 9 opposition to ! ^w 8"r40 ,b w\ld x n be m correct to say1 ! "r ( ! community ought to prevail ov] ! int]e/ ( ! individual4 ,individual "r 9 prop]ty is c]ta9ly wor?y ( respect1 & _c be call$ 9 "q2 b to our ?9k+1 ! "r ( ! community prec$es & is sup]ior to x4 ,a "p _c be great] ?an ! :ole2 no "o c place 8 "r above t ( mank9d1 & ! individual _c oppose 8 w1 good or bad1 on ! :ole community4 ,we belong to no le>n$ corporation--a simple volunte] 9 ! army ( economi/ disputants--& h no o!r bann] ?an t ( ! tru?2 b we _c refra9 f say+ "o ^w 9 def5ce ( ^? :om ! le>n$ ,belgian speaks ( among _m o!rs 9 ^! t]ms3 8,! judgm5t ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces on ! /eamboat inv5t$ by ,fulton may help to =m an e/imate ( ! contradiction :i* exp]i5ce sometimes inflicts on ! be/-int5tion$ v]dict ( a committee ( savants40 ,we ass]t z a fact t if ! /eamboat pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces by ,fulton 7 n[ submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( a committee ( ma*9e build]s1 !y w\ld decl>e unanim\sly t ! boat c\ld n navigate4 ,we wi% 9 no way to seek to depreciate ! ackn[l$gm5ts :i* mank9d owes to ,fulton2 b 8 inv5tion1 z all are at />t+1 0 only a sket*1 :i* requir$ half a c5tury ( lab\r to p]fect & to make z practical z x n[ is4 ,"h !re is room = an obs]vation :i* mu/ be not$4 ,! advocates = ! pr9ciple ( prop]ty 9 inv5tions fall into ec/acies be=e a transatlantic /eam]1 & exclaim1 8,behold1 :at a cry+ inju/ice6 :at deplorable +ratitude6 ,society has d5i$ ! rights ( ! inv5tor to ?is wond] ( ! sea6 ,he di$ 9 pov]ty1 or ne>ly s40 ,o!rs g fur!r back1 & attribute to ,solomon de ,caux1 or to ,pap91 all ! hon\r2 !y =get t betwe5 ,pap91 or ,solomon de ,caux & ,fulton1 a cr[d ( m5 ( g5ius br\ght _! contributions ( k1 exp]im5t1 & "w ( e k9d2 & t betwe5 ,fulton & ! mak]s ( our day !re are s _m inv5tors1 s _m explor]s1 =tunate or un=tunate1 ridicul\s or s]i\s1 ^: attempts or applications h help$ to p]fect ! /eam-eng9e1 t x may truly be said t e "o has _h a h& 9 x4 ,x is ! same ) ! railway1 ! electric telegraph1 & ! diff]5t ma*9es = sp9n+1 c>d+1 weav+1 c4 ,,ix4 ,to pret5d1 z does ! def5d] ( ! pr9ciple ( prop]ty 9 inv5tions1 9 ! n9? p>agraph ( 8 "w1 t ! sudd5 & inconsid]ate introduction ( a new inv5tion may cause a s5sible injury to exi/+ manufactur]s1 & t x is consequ5tly advisable to ma9ta9 ! sy/em ( ,pat5ts1 :i* dur+ a c]ta9 "t limits _! use & h9d]s production1 to prev5t ! l[]+ ( prices imm$iately at lea/2 s to pret5d is to r5ew ! plea ( ! protect$ manufactur]s1 :o dem&$ t ! greate/ precautions %\ld be tak5 to facilitate ! transition f ,protection to ,free-trade4 ,b we d n see cle>ly :at b5efit !re c be to ! community at l>ge 9 delay+ ! advantages to be d]iv$ f an inv5tion4 ,! misund]/ood int]e/s ( c]ta9 manufactur]s may appe> to require ?is delay1 b common s5se tells u t manufactur]s & consum]s h e int]e/ 9 imm$iately adopt+ e inv5tion :i* saves lab\r1 capital1 & "t4 ,if we look back1 we w see t a delay ( ?is k9d w\ld h ret>d$ = an indef9ite p]iod ! discov]ies ( ,columbus 9 ord] to avoid a s5sible injury to ! monopoly :i* ,v5ice _h acquir$ 9 ,ea/]n comm]ce4 ,we ma9ta91 z inde$ exp]i5ce proves1 t h[ev] innovat+ inv5tions may be1 displacem5t ( lab\r occurs gradually4 ,we w only cite1 9 support ( ?is ass]tion1 ! well-kn[n in/ance ( ! sub/itution ( pr9t+ = manuscript copy+4 ,x may be answ]$ t ! sub/itution ( me*anical sp9n+ & weav+ = h&-"w caus$ great suff]+4 ,we answ]1 t y %\ld blame ! sy/em ( ,pat5ts1 :i*1 rais+ inord9ately ! co/ ( ! ma*9es1 mu/ h re/rict$ lab\r1 al?\gh !y l[]$ ! price ( ! product4 ,if !re _h be5 no royalty to pay to ! inv5tor1 ! numb] ( ! ma*9es w\ld h rapidly increas$1 & a great] numb] ( workm5 w\ld at once h f\nd employm5t simil> to t to :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$4 ,h[ _m ent]pris+ & intellig5t speculators w\ld mo/ eag]ly h avail$ !mselves ( ^! new outlets = _! activity1 if ! c\rse _h be5 cle>$ ( all ^! ob/ructions :i* ! law has arbitr>ily e/abli%$4 ,at ! risk ( be+ consid]$ by ! hon\rable ,pr(essor grossly ignorant ( ! laws ( political economy1 we d n believe t monopolies w always exi/1 z he v5tures to affirm4 ,we "k t !re always w be intellectual sup]iority1 unrivall$ arti/ic ability1 or special natural advantages2 b ^! d n con/itute monopolies1 9 ! prop] acceptation ( ! t]m2 & ! object we %all n cease to /rive = is t no o!rs %all exi/4 ,x4 ,x is beyond our prov9ce to consid] ! inquiries ( ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu z to ! be/ plan ( secur+ to inv5tors exclusive "r 9 _! discov]ies4 ,to take up ?is "q is to und]take ! discov]y ( ! philosoph]'s /one1 or ! squ>+ ( ! circle2 sev]al g5]ations h va9ly grappl$ ) x1 & ! diff]5t attempts made )\t satisfactory results 9 almo/ e c\ntry prove ?is conclusively4 ,b ! hon\rable ,pr(essor seems to calculate on ! improvem5t ( public morals1 9 ord] to rea* ! po9t :]e e attempt aga9/ ! prop]ty ( ! inv5tor %all be consid]$ z guilty z robb]y1 or z any injury done to prop]ty exi/+ 9 mat]ial %ape4 ,"u ! uncompromis+ ,protective sy/em also x 0 attempt$ to improve ! morals ( ! public1 :o w\ld n see ! equal guilt ( ! smuggl] & ! robb]1 & always l\dly prote/$ :5 repression 0 en=c$ by blood%$4 ,no re=m ( public morals w *ange ! nature ( ^! acts2 !y w always be receiv$ z ! appeal ( "r aga9/ abuse2 & we w\ld deeply pity ! c\ntry :]e x w\ld be suffici5t to say su* is ! law1 & :]e no consci5ce might prote/ aga9/ x4 ,,xi4 8,discov]y1 ! appropriation & creation ( outlets1 is too complicat$ a "w10 says ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu1 8= ! inv5tor s+ly1 & especially )\t ! aid ( capital1 to und]take ) suffici5t *ance ( success40 ,"h aga9 we believe ! le>n$ economi/ is 9 error2 he seems to imag9e "o inv5tor arriv+ at p]fection ei!r at a jump1 or aft] _m attempts--"o inv5tor giv+ u at once our ocean /eam]1 or a sp9n+-mill ) a hundr$ ?\s& sp9dles6 ,inv5tions g m sl[ly2 :5 !y spr+ f ! bra9 ( ! ?9k]1 !y are only sket*es1 & no man 9 8 s5ses w risk a l>ge capital be=e mak+ _m trials1 & t only on a small scale4 ,we d n believe !re has be5 a s+le inv5tion :i*1 aft] num]\s trials1 has n be5 modifi$1 improv$1 & p]fect$4 ,& h[ _m h at la/ be5 ?r[n into oblivion1 f :i* !y w nev] be recall$8 ,also1 :5 we see ! def5d]s ( prop]ty 9 inv5tion draw a sad picture ( ! pi]c+ mis]ies :i* inv5tors ( ^! la/ h _h to endure1 we are always tempt$ to ask !m to %[ u ! pitiful acc\nt ( ru9 caus$ among ^? :o plac$ fai? 9 _! promises & delusions4 ,e m$al has its rev]se1 & if m ?an "o real inv5tor has be5 misund]/ood1 _m ( ! too-confid5t h be5 victims ( ! mad & inapplicable ideas ( inv5tors :o imag9$ !mselves m5 ( g5ius4 ,is ! law1 :i* seems to promise an ,eldorado to all inv5tors1 to blame = ^! losses1 = ^! undes]v$ suff]+s8 ,b]n>d de ,palissy's say+1 8,pov]ty h9d]s ! success ( ! clev] man10 is (t5 quot$4 ,b ?is say+ w always be true1 :atev] ! law may be4 ,c we admit t if p]petual prop]ty ( inv5tion _h exi/$ 9 8 "t1 ,b]n>d w\ld m easily h f\nd ! money :i* he requir$8 ,! success ( an inv5tion is secur$ by ! s]vices x c r5d] be+ easily und]/ood1 imm$iate1 & spe$ily realisable4 ,! capitali/1 9 deal+ ) haz>d\s und]tak+s--& inv5tors' und]tak+s 8are always haz>d\s0--does n calculate on p]petuity4 ,he works = imm$iate & l>ge pr(its2 he is 9 a hurry to realise1 because he kn[s t "s o!r inv5tion may dispossess him ( all 8 advantages4 ,little does he c>e1 !re=e1 ab\t ! p]petuity4 ,,xii4 ,9 8 twelf? & la/ p>agraph ! le>n$ ,pr(essor answ]s sev]al m9or objections to ! sy/em ( prop]ty 9 inv5tions--objections :i* seem to u n to c>ry great weight4 ,h[ev]1 9 answ] to ! objection tak5 f ! case ( two applications = simil> ,pat5ts1 made at int]vals ( a few m9utes only1 ! em95t economi/ says t ?is case occurs only at r>e int]vals1 & mak+ light ( ! rights ( ! sl[]1 affirms t x is n wor? consid]+4 ,does n ?is d5ial ( a "r on acc\nt ( its infrequ5cy1 h[ev]1 seem to %[ h[ arbitr>y & artificial is ! con/itut+ ( prop]ty 9 inv5tion8 ,we are among ^? :o believe 9 ! h>mony ( all economic relations1 ( all legitimate int]e/s2 & :5 we see ! "r ( "o sacrific$ to false exig5cies1 we mi/ru/ ! exig5cies4 ,we believe !m unju/ & contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( equity1 :i* =ms ! basis ( all economic sci5ce4 ,we %\ld wi% to h se5 ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu m logical 9 8 d$uctions1 claim+1 z he has done1 = real prop]ty la proprit foncire t ! "r ( "o ought to prevail ov] ! int]e/ ( ! great] numb]1 & give a *ance ( obta9+ an indemnity1 if he c\ld n be assur$ ( a "p ( ! prop]ty ,donn] ouv]ture a l'obt5tion d'une indemnit si l'on ne p\vait lui assur] une "p de proprit4 ,b we repeat1 ^! que/ions ( ! arrangem5t organization ( prop]ty1 :i* we d n ackn[l$ge1 are beyond our prov9ce1 & if we accid5tally t\* ^u !m1 x is only to %[ h[ little ! f\ndations ( ?is "r are simil> to ^? on :i* re/s ! pr9ciple ( mat]ial prop]ty4 ,9 recapitulation1 we reject prop]ty 9 inv5tions & ! advantages claim$ = x1 because x seems to u t all ?is scaffold+ ( legal prescription & ,gov]nm5t protection only results 9 ?r[+ out ( _! natural c\rse a cr[d ( workm5 :o w\ld become m useful to society & to !mselves 9 ceas+ to pursue *im]as4 ,we reject ! propos$ assimilation ( ?is prop]ty to t ( ! soil1 because ! privilege s\ght to be creat$ _c fail to h9d] & less5 ! "r ( ea* memb] ( ! body politic4 ,we reject ?is privilege because no?+ ju/ifies x2 ! s]vices r5d]$ to society by inv5tors be+ n[ise diff]5t 9 _! nature f ^? daily conf]r$ by skilful manufactur]s1 intellig5t agriculturi/s1 savants1 navigators1 c4 ,f9ally1 we reject x because hi/ory atte/s t great discov]ies 7 made be=e !re 0 any conception ( su* prop]ty1 & t x c\ld h>dly be 9 op]ation at ?is day1 except ) reg>d to modifications1 or1 if y w1 improvem5ts p]fectionnem5ts1 :i* d n m]it ?is ab/raction f ! common "r4 ,,additional ,,*apt]s 7,,f ,,! ,,may ,,numb] ,,( ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,des ,,economi/es74 ,! "q ( grant+ or d5y+ a prop]ty 9 inv5tions is ( su* importance t ! discussion rais$ by ! hon\rable ,belgian ,pr(essor1 ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu1 ought n to be all[$ to drop1 & t we %\ld try to r5ew x4 ,we believe x to be ( importance = ! future ( manufactures & ( progress1 & mo/ especially to ! security ( real prop]ty1 t :atev] is d\btful & disput$ 9 ?is "q be deeply /udi$1 & t all %\ld be agre$ z to :at prop]ty is1 & if ?is title ought to be appli$ to all or any ( ! inv5tions :i* daily />t up4 ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu pret5ds t "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t errors ( ^? ^: enlight5m5t ought mo/ to gu>d !m aga9/ x is to believe t prop]ty be+ inh]5t 9 matt]1 is1 l x1 imp]i%able1 & t prop]ty 9 l& especially is z durable z ! l& itself4 ,he adds t we %\ld bew>e ( x1 because ?is error lays op5 l&$ prop]ty )\t def5ce to ! attacks ( communi/s & sociali/s1 :o1 slid+ d[n ! incl9e ( irresi/ible logic1 are fatally l$ to decl>e all prop]ty illegitimate1 to :atev] purpose x is appli$4 ,"h1 x seems to u1 is a misund]/&+ :i* may be easily expla9$4 ,we d n believe t prop]ty is inh]5t 9 matt]1 any m ?an we believe t value is conf9$ to any giv5 sub/ance4 ,we believe t prop]ty is ! result1 ! consequ5ce1 ( human lab\r :i* has be5 incorporat$ 9 matt]4 ,z long z value conf]r$ on l& by lab\r endures1 s long ! prop]ty has a raison d'tre1 & _c be conte/$4 ,x is lab\r :i* has all[$ ! utilisation ( ! productive faculty ( ! soil1 & productive faculty rema9s1 l ! prop]ty1 z long z lab\r is be/[$ 9 pres]v+1 improv+1 & increas+ x4 ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu adds t he c\ld cite num]\s examples ( l&s ab&on$ or sold at a nom9al price by _! own]s1 ei!r because !y _h exhau/$ & r5d]$ !m unproductive by an un9tellig5t culture1 or because !y _h n be5 able to )/& ! competition ( m f]tile soils1 rec5tly br\ght into cultivation or br\ght ne>] ! common c5tre ( consumption by a consid]able r$uction 9 ! exp5se ( transport4 ,we d n conte/ ?is fact1 ( :i* ! exactness may be v]ifi$ any day 9 ! increase or dim9ution ( ! value ( prop]ty induc$ by ! v>i\s *anges br\ght ab\t ei!r 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! population1 9 ! modes ( culture1 or 9 ! means ( transport4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 few l&s completely ab&on$2 to f9d examples1 we %\ld probably h to g back to ^? fatal times :5 by =ce ( conque/ proprietors 7 remov$ or all _! means ( culture & production 7 sudd5ly seiz$4 ,b we d n see h[ ?is c help ! argum5t ( ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu4 ,x has small relation1 x seems to u1 to ! "q ( prop]ty 9 inv5tions1 t--p]petual by law1 z long z lab\r cont9ues & r5ews x--l&$ prop]ty %\ld sometimes come to an end by occurr5ces or viol5ce su* z we h be5 speak+ (4 ,h[ev]1 to /ate all our ?\ghts on ! subject ( l&$ prop]ty1 we mu/ confess 7& "h may be se5 9 all its cle>ness ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 plac+ "u culture1 or cropp+ l&1 & work+ an idea71 ! v9dication ( prop]ty is f\nd 9 ! fact t l& c only be cultivat$ by "o at a "t1 mu/ be subject to "o w1 & "u "o direction4 ,x w\ld be to my injury & ! injury ( ! entire community t ,pet] %\ld be all[$ to plant potatoes 9 ! field :]e ,paul has already s[$ :eat1 or t ,james %\ld op5 a qu>ry :]e ,john has built a h\se1 & s on4 ,z we h already said1 ! p[] ( ! lev]1 ! laws ( gravity1 ^? ( ! expansion ( /eam1 ! attraction ( ! magnet1 ! caloric ( coal1 ! facility ( traction imp>t$ by ! :eel1 ! optical prop]ties ( glass1 c41 may be utilis$ to ! great pr(it ( all1 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways1 by a ?\s& individuals at once1 )\t ! ef=ts ( any "o be+ dim9i%$1 h9d]$1 ob/ruct$1 or less5$1 z to _! useful result1 except by ! b5efic5t laws ( competition4 8,! fir/ cause ( prop]ty10 says ,m4 ,mat?ieu ,walk(f1#d 8is ! impossibility ( matt] be+ mov$ 9 m ?an "o direction at "o "t1 or1 to /ate x o!rwise1 ( its be+ subject at "o "t to m ?an "o w40 8,if matt]10 says ?is em95t economi/1 87 gift$ ) ubiquity1 l ideas1 k1 or tru?1 :i* sev]al may use simultane\sly1 & ea* 9 8 own way1 prop]ty w\ld nev] h be5 con/itut$2 & x is ev5 difficult to imag9e h[ any idea on ?is ph5om5on c\ld h aris5 9 m5's m9ds40 8,9 fact10 he adds1 8to pres]ve prop]ty 9 an idea w\ld h requir$ t x %\ld nev] h be5 express$ nor practis$1 to h9d] x1 be+ divulg$1 :i* w\ld h be5 equival5t to its non-exi/5ce40 ,we d n g s f> z ,m4 ,walk(f2 we d n affirm t ! impossibility ( matt] be+ subject at "o "t to m ?an "o w is ! fir/ cause ( prop]ty2 b we say x is ! di/9ctive "* ( prop]ty1 &1 l him1 we _c see a subject1 = prop]ty is a %ape1 plan1 or sy/em1 :i*1 to see once1 z 9 a spade1 ! :eel1 ! corkscrew1 is to possess an indelible idea4 ,besides1 ! au?or :om we h quot$ expresses s cle>ly our op9ion on ?is subject1 t we mu/ fur!r borr[ f him ! foll[+ quotation1 :i* w n be uncall$ = at a "t :5 prop]ty itself is ?reat5$4 ,x is ( importance t ! lawful b\nds %\ld be c>efully m>k$3-- 8,economi/s h too mu* neglect$ ! fir/ cause ( ! p]petual subjection ( matt] to exclusive prop]ty4 ,!y made prop]ty to be d]iv$ only f a man's orig9al possession2 f himself & 8 acts2 t :i* leads to possession ( ! result ( 8 activity4 ,b ?is reason+ only e/abli%es ! indisputable "r ( ! appropriation ( t :i* he appropriates or produces2 x does n expla9 :y exclusive prop]ty 9 mat]ial ?+s is p]man5t1 & does n %[ h[ ! v nature ( ?+s r5d]s ?is possession inevitable4 ,x is to ! incomplete und]/&+ ( ! causes ( prop]ty t is probably attributable ! contradictions ( ^? economi/s :o1 :ile pr(ess+ ! doctr9e ( free lab\r1 are /ill 9 fav\r ( ! e/abli%m5t ( artificial b>ri]s aga9/ ! free use by e "o ( ideas1 skill1 progress1 & o!r products ( ! m9d1 conceiv$ & sugge/$1 or realis$1 by any "o40 ,let u rem>k "h t 9 fact ! manufactur+ community1 m lib]al 9 practice ?an ! economi/s 9 !ory1 are eag] freely to submit to inspection at exhibitions ! processes 9 use at _! diff]5t factories4 8,to require t an idea be subject to only "o w10 cont9ues ,m4 ,walk(f1 8is to require no less an impossibility ?an to pret5d t a mat]ial po9t c obey m ?an "o w--t is to say1 t x c be mov$ 9 m ?an "o direction at once4 ,x is true t x is n propos$ to h9d] ideas f be+ develop$2 x is desir$ simply to conv]t _! reproduction or _! mat]ial realisation into an indef9itely prolong$ monopoly4 ,b1 9 ord] completely to succe$ 9 any?+1 x is necess>y t ! object aim$ at be 9 con=mity ) ! nature ( ?+s4 ,n[1 is x n plac+ oneself 9 opposition to ev]y?+ :i* is mo/ natural1 ?is d5y+ to e "o ! use ( an idea8 ,& ev5 :]e ?is int]dict is mo/ successful1 we soon f9d1 9 a mann] mo/ unassailable by ! law1 works copi$ f ^? to :i* ! law has gu>ante$ a monopoly4 ,! effect ( ! int]dict is "h1 z 9 all regulations contr>y to ! nature ( ?+s1 ess5tially demoralis+2 x begets fraud1 entices to x1 ev5 =ces to x1 9 mak+ x useful & (t5 ev5 indisp5sable4 ,=bid m51 z 0 once suppos$ by ! witty au?or ( ! #8,sophismes ,economiques1' ! use ( ! "r h&1 aft] a few h\rs1 !re w\ld n rema91 9 ! eye ( ! law1 a s+le hone/ man4 ,x may be boldly affirm$ t su* a law w\ld be immoral1 & all ^? :i* recklessly contradict ! natural ord] ( ?+s are inconte/ably su*40 ,9 fact1 we repeat1 ! field :i* ,i turn$ into a g>d5 may n be us$ by my neighb\r z a pa/ure-l& = 8 cattle2 :]e ,i h plant$ a v9e ano!r may n plant colza or beet-root2 b ! /eam-eng9e :i* ,i h inv5t$1 or ! electric p[] :i* ,i h discov]$1 may be appli$ to ! gr9d+ ( corn1 or ! sp9n+ ( cotton1 or to ! extraction ( iron1 or to ! dra9+ ( a m>%1 or to traction by l& or sea1 )\t ! productive =ce be+ neutralis$1 wa/$1 or lo/1 l ! application ( ! productive =ce ( ! soil to diff]5t purposes4 ,n only d ! v>i\s applications ( ! idea n h9d] ! inv5tor 9 ! employm5t :i* he may make ( x1 b if ! application made by o!rs is exactly ! same z 81 he is only subject$ to ! univ]sal law ( competition--a law ( progress1 if ev] !re 0 "o4 #d ,precis d',economic ,politique ,rationale1 page #dd2 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 ,,ii4 ,! ,hon4 ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu asks1 8,:y ! ef=t :i* consi/s 9 r5d]+ productive "s natural ag5t 9 :i* ?is quality 0 n =m]ly recognis$1 %\ld n entitle to a recomp5se ( prop]ty 9 ! value giv5 to ! natural ag5t 9 r5d]+ x productive1 9 ! same way t lab\r be/[$ on b>r5 l& to r5d] x productive1 to ! pr(it ( all1 makes him proprietor ( t portion ( l& :o p]=m$ ?is lab\r80 ,"h is our answ]3 ,he :o r5d]s productive "s natural ag5t has an inconte/able prop]ty 9 t ag5t :i* he has r5d]$ productive1 b n 9 all simil> or id5tical ag5ts 9 nature2 he :o conv]ts a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] into /eam1 to obta9 a motive =ce1 is inconte/ably proprietor ( ! wat] he employs & ( ! /eam1 z well z ( ! =ce :i* he obta9s1 b ! rema9d] ( ! wat]1 & ( ! /eam :i* may be produc$ f x1 & ! =ce :i* may be d]iv$ f x1 rema9 ! common prop]ty ( mank9d2 t is to say1 ea* %\ld h x 9 8 p[] to employ an unlimit$ quantity ( wat] to obta9 ! same results4 ,! man :o fir/ broke up & s[$ a field nev] c\ld h claim$ z prop]ty all ! gr\nd 9 ! _w2 he only reta9$ = himself1 & t reasonably & ju/ly1 ! portion :i* he _h reclaim$ & r5d]$ f]tile by 8 lab\r4 ,we may add t he :o r5d]s productive "s natural ag5t avails himself 9 ?is "w ( all ! acquir$ k & all ! "w previ\sly done1 & he w\ld unduly monopolise x if ! community recognis$ 8 exclusive "r to x4 ,x is said t ,pascal inv5t$ ! :eelb>r[2 did he n borr[ f ! social capital bo? ! :eel & ! axle1 & ! two arms1 n to speak ( ! species ( box :i* =ms ) ! o!r p>ts ! :ole :eelb>r[8 ,our le>n$ oppon5t ma9ta9s 8! p]fect id5tity betwe5 ! lab\r ( discov]y1 & ( ! putt+ ! soil 9 culture1 & ( ?is same lab\r appli$ to o!r natural ag5ts :i* did n exi/ 9 indef9ite quantity2 & he makes ! d$uction1 hav+ ! same result1 t inv5tors plac+ at ! disposal ( mank9d new quantities ( gratuit\s utility1 n hi!rto available1 des]ve ! same rew>d--prop]ty 9 ! natural ag5t1 or portion ( ?is ag5t1 ^: gratuit\s s]vices h be5 acquir$ by mank9d40 ,we mu/ all[ t we d n "k ( any natural ag5t ( :i* ! quantity is n indef9ite1 except+ only ! e>?2 b /eam1 w9d1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 ! =ce ( attraction1 t ( weight1 ! aff9ity ( p>ticles1 _! divisibility1 _! diff]5t prop]ties1 may be employ$ 9 :atsoev] quantities1 & /ill !re w\ld be no p]ceptible dim9ution or re/ra9t 9 ! use ( !m to any "o4 ,! only possible re/ra9t is t :i* comes f ! unreflect+ action ( ! law1 f artificial h9drances & ob/acles :i* may be made law4 ,we believe1 ) ,ba/iat1 t ! greate/ s]vice t c\ld be conf]r$ on mank9d w\ld be to remove ! ob/acles :i* /& betwe5 8 ef=ts & ! supply ( 8 wants4 ,h[ does ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu n see t no "o has ! "r to make burd5some t :i* is naturally gratuit\s1 & t x is j to exact t no "o %\ld appropriate any "p ( :at con/itutes common prop]ty8 ,t le>n$ ,pr(essor ( ! ,brussels ,museum tells u ! inv5tor has a "r to say to ! manufactur]1 8,f9d out my process = y\rself if y c1 se>* = x z ,i h done2 b if y wi% to sp>e y\rself ?is lab\r1 & avoid ! risk ( sp5d+ x 9 va91 cons5t to yield me a "p ( ! exp5ses :i* ,i save y 9 simplify+ y\r appliances40 ,& he asks u if we f9d ?is dem& unju/ or unreasonable4 ,n only d we f9d ?is dem& j & reasonable1 b we ma9ta9 t x is ! only "o we c recognise4 ,b ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu =gets t1 accord+ to ! ,pat5t-,laws1 ?+s are n ?us arrang$4 ,! inv5tor1 ) ! law 9 8 h&1 & ! law c\rts to support him1 says to ! manufactur]1 8,x is =bidd5 to y to se>* & to f9d2 or if y se>* & f9d1 y are =bidd5 to use ! p[] or ! ag5t :5 y h f\nd x3 ! process :i* ,i h inv5t$ is my prop]ty1 & no "o has ! "r to use x1 ev5 if 8 rese>*es1 8 lab\r1 enable him to discov] x2 ev5 if he _h comm5c$ ! se>* be=e me1 all 8 lab\r is lo/4 ,i alone am proprietor ( ?is ag5t1 p[]1 or process40 ,if ?is sy/em be "r1 he :o fir/ r5d]$ productive ! mo/ indisp5sable natural ag5t c\ld h confiscat$ ! :ole _w to 8 pr(it4 ,,iii4 ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu ackn[l$ges t ! savage :o fir/ ?\ght ( sub/itut+ a hut1 z a habitation1 = ! cave1 has n ! "r to =bid ! con/ruction ( o!rs l x4 ,?is concession is z important z ! prec$+1 & we %all probably end 9 agree+4 ,we mu/ n[ inquire :]e may be f\nd ! exact limit betwe5 inv5tions ( :i* imitation is all[$1 & ^? 9 :i* x is =bidd54 ,! man :o fir/ made a canoe f ! trunk ( a tree1 ei!r naturally holl[ or artificially by fire1 or o!rwise1--may he =bid 8 neighb\rs to make "o l x8 ,if he may1 :]e1 !n1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hut & ! boat8 ,if n1 :at is ! reason = ?is prev5tion8 ,f ! boat we might gradually g on1 up to ! late/ ,pat5t1 by invisible transitions2 & we h /ill to f9d ! exact po9t at :i* ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu might say1 ,!re is ! limit6 ,we d n "k :e!r1 9 ! abs5ce ( all positive "r :i* w\ld gu>antee a recomp5se to ! inv5tor ( ! hut1 a natural s5tim5t ( ju/ice w\ld prompt ! savages liv+ 9 t c\ntry to make him a pres5t ( "s useful object z a rew>d = ?is s]vice1 z ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu sugge/s4 ,we d\bt x mu*2 gratitude is an analytic virtue4 ,! savages w\ld probably h a c]ta9 respect = ?is man1 :om !y w\ld look ^u z gift$ ) sup]ior qualities & faculties1 b ! pres5ts w\ld only arrive :51 ! contempor>y g5]ations be+ ext9ct1 *eats & hypocrites w\ld f\nd on ! inv5tions ( ?is man "s sy/em ( religion4 ,yes1 we ackn[l$ge ! tru? & ju/ice ( ! pr9ciple 9 virtue ( :i* x is said1 8,rew>d = m]it40 ,b x mu/ n be abus$4 ,let a cultivator make a ?\s& trials1 a ?\s& exp]im5ts1 to give to ! potatoes all ! elem5t>y qualities1 all ! nutritive virtue ( :eat1 & arrive at ! object ( 8 rese>*es--to :at recomp5se w he be entitl$8 ,accord+ to ! sy/em ( ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu1 no rew>d c\ld equal ! s]vice :i* ?is individual w\ld h r5d]$ to mank9d4 ,accord+ to ! sy/em ( non-prop]ty 9 inv5tions1 ?is man w\ld only h made 8 trials & 8 exp]im5ts--he w\ld only h risk$ 8 advances ( money1 ( "t1 & ( lab\r--) ! view ( be+ able to sell 8 potatoes at a high] price ?an be=e1 &1 9 fact1 !y w\ld comm& a high] price1 by means ( :i* he w\ld f9d himself suffici5tly rew>d$4 ,?is man asks no?+ ( society2 he requires nei!r ,pat5t1 nor gu>antee1 nor monopoly1 nor privilege2 because ! law has wisely plac$ beyond ! rea* ( ,pat5ts all improvem5ts 9 agriculture4#e ,does ?is imply t agriculture no long] progresses1 t ! bre$] ( cattle does n improve1 t !y rema9 completely 9 /atu quo8 ,x is n f ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu t we le>n t ! want ( ,pat5ts does n h9d] = an h\r ! progressive advance ( agriculture2 q ! contr>y4 ,e/abli% ! same sy/em = all t conc]ns manufactures1 & inv5tions w foll[ "o ano!r z rapidly z !y n[ d4 ,!y w be m s]i\s1 = ^? :o are engag$ 9 !m w no long] be excit$ by ! allurem5ts :i* ! ,pat5t-,laws dangle be=e _! eyes1 & w no long] lose _! "t 9 runn+ aft] useless ?+s & m]e *im]as4 ,we d n wi% to prolong too f> ?is answ]1 b we _c pass 9 sil5ce ! argum5ts :i* ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu ?9ks he has f\nd 9 ! facts relat+ to ! inv5tor ( ! m>9]'s compass1 & to ! discov]ies ( ,lieut5ant ,maury4 ,we w simply rem9d him ( ! foll[+ passage f ,ba/iat3 8,he :o c ga9 assi/ance f a natural & gratuit\s =ce conf]s 8 s]vices m easily2 b = all t1 he does n volunt>ily r5\nce any portion ( 8 usual remun]ation4 ,9 ord] to move him1 !re is requir$ ext]nal co]cion--sev]e )\t be+ unju/4 ,?is co]cion is put 9 =ce by competition4 ,s long z x has n int]f]$--s long z he :o has utilis$ a natural ag5t is ma/] ( 8 secret--8 natural ag5t is gratuit\s1 no d\bt2 b x is n yet common2 ! victory is ga9$1 b x is = ! pr(it ( a s+le man1 or a s+le class4 ,x is n yet a b5efit to all mank9d4 ,no?+ is yet *ang$ = ! multitude1 unless x be t a k9d ( s]vice1 ?\gh p>tly rid ( ! burd5 ( lab\r1 exacts nev]!less full pay la rtribution intgrale4 ,!re is1 on "o h&1 a man :o exacts ( all 8 equals ! same lab\r z =m]ly1 al?\gh he (f]s 9 ex*ange only 8 r$uc$ lab\r2 !re is1 on ! o!r h&1 all mank9d1 :i* is /ill oblig$ to make ! same sacrifice ( "t & lab\r to obta9 a product :i* h5ce=? nature p>tly realises4 ,if ?is /ate ( ?+s %\ld cont9ue ) e inv5tion1 a pr9ciple ( indef9ite inequality w\ld be introduc$ into ! _w4 ,n only we %\ld n be able to say1 value is 9 proportion to lab\r2 b we %\ld no m be able to say1 value has a t5d5cy to be 9 proportion to lab\r4 ,all t we h said ( gratuit\s use1 ( progressive community1 w\ld be *im]ical4 ,x w\ld n be true t lab\r les s]vices is giv5 9 ex*ange = lab\r des s]vices 9 su* a mann] t ! gifts ( ,god pass f h& to h&1 p>-dessus le m>*1 on ! man int5d$ de/9ataire1 :o is ! consum]4 ,ea* "o w\ld always exact paym5t = n only 8 lab\r1 b also = t portion ( ! natural =ces :i* he _h once succe$$ 9 apply+4 ,9 a ^w1 humanity w\ld be con/itut$ on ! pr9ciple ( a univ]sal monopoly1 9 place ( ! pr9ciple ( progressive community40--,h>monies ,economiques1 ,vol4 vi41 p4 #ced4 ,we ?9k1 ) ,ba/iat1 t ! use ( natural ag5ts ought to be gratuit\s1 & t no "o has ! "r to artificially monopolise 9 su* a way z to exact royalties prlev] des r$evances1 :i* are n due1 & :i* (t5 are ob/acles almo/ z insurm\ntable z ^? :i* inv5tion ought naturally to remove4 ,t4 ,n4 ,,b5>d4 #e ,un=tunately1 ?is is n true ( ,briti% law4 ,! illu/ration f\nd$ on x is 7l ! re/ ( ^! pap]s7 admirable4--,r4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,spee* ,,( ,,mi*el ,,*evali]1 ,,at ,,! ,,meet+ ,,( ,,! 8,,soci,t ,d',,conomie ,,politique10 ,,on ,,! #e,,? ,,june1 #ahfi4 7,f ! ,june ,numb] ( ! ,j\rnal des ,economi/es47 ,m4 ,,mi*el ,,*evali]1 ,s5ator1 propos$ to consid] ,pat5ts 9 _! relation to fre$om ( lab\r la lib]t du travail1 a corn]-/one ( mod]n political economy1 & to ! pr9ciple ( ! law ( prop]ty1 :i* is greatly respect$ by economi/s & :i* s]ves !m z guide4 ,does ! pr9ciple ( fre$om ( lab\r accommodate itself to t ( ,pat5ts8 ,x may be d\bt$4 ,all ,pat5ts con/itute a monopoly2 n[1 x is indisputable t monopoly is ! v negation ( fre$om ( lab\r4 ,9 ! case ( ,pat5ts1 x is true1 monopoly has a limit$ duration2 b 9 ,france ?is duration g5]ally ext5ds1 if ! ,pat5t is wor? x1 to fifte5 ye>s2 :i* makes a long "t 9 our day :5 ! advances ( manufactur]s are s rapid & s quickly succe$ "o ano!r4 ,a h9drance or an ob/acle :i* la/s fifte5 ye>s may greatly damage & s]i\sly compromise important int]e/s4 ,x w\ld be easy to exhibit by examples ! ext5t & ! importance ( ^! disadvantages4 ,9 ,france ! manufactur] to :om a new app>atus or a new ma*9e is (f]$ is always 9 unc]ta9ty :e!r ! inv5tion propos$ is n already ! subject ( "s ,pat5t1 ! prop]ty ( a ?ird p>ty1 9 :i* case he w\ld be expos$ to ! annoyance ( a law-suit at ! in/ance ( ?is ?ird p>ty4 ,x foll[s t he frequ5tly hesitates ab\t adopt+ a ma*9e1 app>atus1 or me?od ( "w1 :i* w\ld be an advantage n only to ! manufactur]1 b to ! community at l>ge1 :om he might supply bett] & *eap]4 ,ano!r case :i* occurs to u is t ( a manufactur] 9 ^: factory an improvem5t has sugge/$ itself4 ,he is =c$ to take out a ,pat5t1 & consequ5tly to obs]ve =malities & und]take exp5ses ) :i* he w\ld r disp5se2 he is oblig$1 & becomes a pat5tee1 :e!r he w or no2 because1 if he did n1 x might happ5 t ! improvem5t might come "u ! obs]vation ( "o ( ! num]\s class ( ,pat5t-hunt]s4 ,?is man might take out a ,pat5t1 :i* is nev] refus$ to ! fir/ com]2 & once pat5t$1 he might annoy & exact damages f ! manufactur] ) :om ! inv5tion1 real or pret5d$1 actually _h its bir?4 ,9 ,france ! annoyances :i* ,pat5ts may occasion are v s]i\s4 ,x is well kn[n t1 by ! ,fr5* law1 ! pat5tee may seize n only ! factory ( ! mak]1 b also1 :]ev] he may f9d x1 ! ma*9e or app>atus :i* he ass]ts to be a piracy ( t = :i* he has tak5 a ,pat5t4 ,he may take x away or put x "u seal1 :i* is equival5t to =bidd+ ! use ( x4 ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali] ?9ks t ?is is a flagrant attack on ! pr9ciple ( ! fre$om ( lab\r4 ,x c also be %[n h[1 9 ano!r way1 lab\r may be depriv$ ( its natural ex]cise by ! monopoly ) :i* pat5tees are inve/$4 ,:5 an individual has tak5 out a ,pat5t = an inv5tion1 or :at he repres5ts to be su*1 no "o is all[$ to produce ! object pat5t$1 or use x 9 8 manufacture1 )\t pay+ to ! pat5tee a royalty1 ( :i* he is all[$ to be ! assessor1 & :i* sometimes assumes l>ge proportions4 ,! result is1 t ! produce manufactur$ c only be (f]$ 9 =eign m>kets at a price s augm5t$ t ! =eign] refuses x if "s o!r produc]1 resid+ 9 a c\ntry :]e ! ,pat5t is n ackn[l$g$1 e/abli%es competition4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,france1 :i* wor%ips ,pat5t-"r1 _c export ! 8,bessem]0 /eel to ,prussia1 because !re ?is product is n pat5t$2 :]eas 9 ,france1 on ! contr>y1 x is subject to a heavy royalty1 on acc\nt ( ! ,pat5t4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( velvets1 :i* h be5 v mu* 9 fa%ion1 & = :i* a ,fr5* manufactur] took out a ,pat5t4 ,! effect ( ?is ,pat5t 01 t ,fr5* manufactur]s ( ?is /uff 7 %ut out f ! =eign m>kets1 because outside ,france !y _h to enc\nt] ! competition ( ,prussia1 ^: manufactur]s 7 n subject to any royalty1 ! ,pat5t n be+ ackn[l$g$ !re4 ,9 our day1 :5 export trade excites s great an int]e/ among all manufactur+ nations1 & has s mu* influ5ce on ! prosp]ity ( int]nal comm]ce1 ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali] believes t ! obs]vation he is ab\t to make ought to be tak5 into s]i\s consid]ation4 ,at lea/ x foll[s1 accord+ to him1 t be=e approv+ & cont9u+ ! pres5t sy/em ( ,pat5ts1 x w\ld be necess>y t !y %\ld be subject$ to uni=m legislation 9 e c\ntry4 ,n[ !re are manufactur+ nations--,switz]l&1 = in/ance--:i* absolutely refuse2 !re are o!rs :]e ,pat5ts are subject$ to s _m re/rictions t x is z if !y did n exi/2 su* is ,prussia4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! "r ( prop]ty1 x is cont5d$ t ,pat5t-"r %\ld be respect$1 s9ce x only assures prop]ty 9 inv5tion 9 ! int]e/ ( him to :om ! community is debtor4 ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali] sees 9 ?is argum5t only a semblance ( ! tru?4 ,we mu/ fir/ inquire :e!r an idea may really con/itute an individual prop]ty--t is1 exclusive p]sonal prop]ty4 ,?is pret5sion is m ?an broa*$4 ,a field or a h\se1 a coat1 a loaf1 a bank-note1 or cr$it op5$ at a bank]'s1 readily comply ) individual appropriation1 & c h>dly ev5 be o!rwise conceiv$ (2 !y mu/ belong to an individual or to a c]ta9 fix$ numb] ( p]sons2 b an idea may belong to any numb] ( p]sons--x is ev5 ( ! ess5ce ( an idea t once enunciat$1 x belongs to e "o4 ,besides1 is x c]ta9 t ! great] "p ( pat5tees h _h an idea ( _! own1 & t !y h discov]$ any?+ :i* des]ves ?is "n8 ,( ! great majority ( pat5tees ?is may be d\bt$1 = v>i\s reasons4 ,! law does n impose on ! individual :o applies = a ,pat5t ! obligation ( prov+ t he is really ! inv5tor4 ,:oev] has tak5 out a ,pat5t may v easily turn x aga9/ ! real inv5tor2 ?is has occurr$ m ?an once4 ,besides1 ! law lays x d[n z a pr9ciple t x is n an idea t is pat5t$1 & con/itutes ! inv5tion valid2 & ?us x excludes f ! b5efit ( pat5t+ ! savants :o make ! discov]ies1 ( :i* ,pat5ts are only ! application4 ,x is by ! advancem5t ( human k t manufactures are p]fect$1 & ! advancem5t ( human k is due to savants4 ,^! are ! m5 prolific 9 ideas2 x is !y :o ought to be rew>d$1 if x 7 possible1 & n ! pat5tees1 :o are mo/ frequ5tly only _! plagi>i/s4 ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali] does n desire sy/ematically to depreciate pat5tees4 ,among !m !re are c]ta9ly _m hon\rable m54 ,! inv5tions1 real or pret5d$1 :i* !y h pat5t$ are suppos$ to be new & +5i\s uses or arrangem5ts dispositions1 by help ( :i* we put 9 practice "s "o or m specialities ( manufacture2 true discov]ies are always due to ! savants4 ,b 9 g5]al ^! arrangem5ts1 repres5t$ z new1 h no novelty4 ,9 ! detail$ treatises on ,me*anics1 ,physics1 & ,*emi/ry1 9 books ( te*nology1 ) _! accompany+ illu/rations1 su* z are n[ publi%$1 we f9d an indef9ite quantity ( comb9ations ( elem5t>y app>atus1 especially ( me*anical arrangem5ts1 & v (t5 ! "w ( pr(essional pat5tees consi/s 9 se>*+ ?r\gh ^! s num]\s collections = uses & arrangem5ts1 :i* !y comb9e & gr\p4 ,:at "r ( prop]ty is !re 9 all ?is1 at lea/ 9 ! great] numb] ( cases8 ,aga9/ ! pret5d$ "r ( prop]ty alleg$ by ! def5d]s ( ,pat5ts !re w be mu* m to say4 ,!re exi/s 9 ! great] numb] ( cases mu* unc]ta9ty ab\t ! inv5tors1 ev5 :5 true & important discov]ies are 9 "q4 ,is x kn[n ) c]ta9ty :o inv5t$ ! /eam-eng9e1 :o inv5t$ ! anil9e dyes1 or photography1 ev58 ,diff]5t nations are at v>iance on ^! po9ts1 z =m]ly !y 7 on ! bir?place ( ,hom]4 ,! fact is1 t ! majority ( inv5tions are due to ! comb9$ work+ collaboration ( _m m5 sep>at$ by space1 sep>at$ by great int]vals ( "t4 ,on ?is subject ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali] repeats :at he he>d f an em95t man :o 0 ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance at ! "t :5 ,dagu]re receiv$ ! national recomp5se :i* _h be5 aw>d$ him ) ! acclamations ( all ,france4 ,"o ( ! ,gov]nm5t cl]ks br\ght to ?is em95t p]sonage pro( t he too _h made ! same inv5tion2 & also !re 7 ! lab\rs ( ,m4 ,niepce de ,sa9t ,victor1 analog\s to ^? ( ,m4 ,dagu]re4 ,m4 ,passy1 ! *airman ( ! meet+1 confirm$ ! /atem5t ( ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali] on ?is fact4 ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali]1 9 cont9uation1 rem>k$ t 9 our "t indu/rial arts are subject to great *anges 9 ! details ( _! op]ations4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! g5]al alt]ations :i* f "t to "t completely *ange ! face ( any giv5 manufacture1 !re is no important work%op :]e "s useful notion is n occasionally sugge/$ by "s me*anic or ov]se]1 :i* leads to m9or improvem5ts un p]fectionnem5t de dtail4 ,x w\ld be an abuse to grant1 dur+ a t]m ( fifte5 ye>s1 or ev5 a mu* %ort]1 exclusive use ( any p>ticul> improvem5ts to any s+le individual4 ,x w\ld n be j1 = x is q possible t ! idea might h occurr$ to ano!r at ! same "t1 or t x might occur ! next day4 ,x w\ld ev5 be aga9/ ! g5]al int]e/1 = x w\ld fett] competition1 :i* is ! *ief motor 9 ! progress ( ! useful arts4 ,b x is said inv5tors are useful to society2 we mu/ !re=e recomp5se !m4 ,to ?is ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali] answ]s t x may be too lib]al to conf] ! flatt]+ title ( inv5tor on m5 :o1 :5 a v]itable discov]y has be5 made by savants1 pu% !mselves =w>d to appropriate ! pr(its1 9 secur+ by ,pat5ts ! v>i\s special applications :i* may be made ( x4 ,besides1 !re are diff]5t sorts ( recomp5ses2 !re are o!r ?an mat]ial rew>ds1 & ^! are n ! lea/ covet$4 ,! savants :o are ! greate/ discov]]s are satisfi$ ) ^! immat]ial rew>ds--hon\r1 glory1 & reputation4 ,! example is wor?y ( recomm5dation2 n b x is q all[able = a man to extract f 8 lab\r travaux :atev] mat]ial recomp5se he c4 ,b1 9 _m cases at lea/1 ! ,pat5t is n necess>y = ?is purpose4 ,! au?ors ( "s useful discov]y w\ld (t5 h ! res\rce ( keep+ _! secret & work+ ! inv5tion !mselves4 ,t w\ld la/ = a "t4 ,ev5 "u ! sy/em ( ,pat5ts sev]al inv5tors h ?us s\ght & f\nd an adequate remun]ation4 ,?us ! fam\s ,prussian /eel manufactur]1 ,m4 ,krupp1 has tak5 out no ,pat5t1 & yet has made a colossal =tune2 also ,m4 ,guimet1 ( ,lyons1 inv5tor ( ,fr5* blue4 ,_! secret rema9$ 9 _! own h&s = m ?an fifte5 ye>s1 ! maximum duration t _! ,pat5t w\ld h _h 9 ,france4 ,la/ly1 9 ! case ( "s truly great discov]y x w\ld be natural to aw>d a national recomp5se to ! inv5tor4 ,if ,james ,watt1 = in/ance1 _h receiv$ f ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t a h&some sum1 e "o w\ld h applaud$ x4 ,^! rew>ds w\ld n impov]i% ! ,treasury1 s9ce simil> cases are ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,9 recapitulation1 ,pat5t-"r may h be5 all[able 9 ! pa/s :5 sci5ce & manufactures _h n yet =m$ s close & intimate a union4 ,x 0 advisable to attract t[>ds manufactures1 by means ( exceptional inducem5ts1 ! att5tion ( ^? :o made a /udy ( ! sci5ces4 ,b n[ t ! union is consummat$1 ,pat5t-"r has ceas$ to be a useful auxili>y to indu/ry4 ,x is become1 in/ead1 a cause ( emb>rassm5t & an ob/ruction to progress4 ,! "t is come to r5\nce x4 ,ano!r speak] at ! meet+1 ,m4 ,,paul ,,coq1 ?\ght t1 on a "q s delicate & controv]t$ hi/ory furni%es in/ruction :i* directs to a "r solution4 ,notably ,frankl91 a g5ius em95tly practical1 decl>$ himself unwill+ to avail himself1 z to 8 num]\s discov]ies1 ( any ,pat5t4 ,! refusal ( ?is great man is f\nd$ ^u ! pr9ciple t e "o receives dur+ 8 :ole life ideas & discov]ies f ! common fund ( k by :i* all pr(it1 & !re=e ought1 by reciprocation1 to let ! public freely b5efit by e inv5tion ( 84 ,?is1 ) ,frankl91 0 n a m]e s5tim5tal tru?1 b a practical conviction1 bas$ ^u reasons wor?y ( ! au?or ( 8,poor ,ri*>d40 ,!re is 9 ! bosom ( society a con/ant ex*ange ( b5eficial ?\ghts & s]vices4 ,e "o /imulat$ by ! ef=ts ( o!rs ought1 9 ! _s ( equity1 to make ! community p>ticipants ( ! improvem5ts & useful applications = :i* he has 9 a mann] receiv$ paym5t 9 advance4 ,on ?is sy/em1 equality1 competition1 & fre$om ( indu/ry f9d _! acc\nt 9 ! law ( reciprocity2 :]eas1 on ! foot+ ( privilege e/abli%$ & def9$ by ! !ory ( ,pat5ts1 !re is creat$ an artificial prop]ty1 along side ( t rightful prop]ty :i* has 9 x no?+ arbitr>y or conv5tional1 & dep5ds simply = its exi/5ce on civil law4 ,^! circles1 !reby trac$ r\nd ! inv5tor & 8 discov]y1 are s _m h9drances & s _m ob/acles to ! expansion ( =ces1 9 ! way ( cont9u\s progress4 ,"u pretext ( ma9ta9+ individual rights1 improvem5t is 9 reality p>alys$ by sup]impos$ difficulties1 & especially litigation )\t end1 on acc\nt ( :i* nobody d>e t\*1 ei!r f> or ne>1 :at has be5 appropriat$4 ,! num]\s actions at law1 rais$ ) a view to asc]ta9 :e!r su* & su* a process con/itutes a p]fectionation1 a new application1 or m]ely an imitation1 are my pro(4 ,!re is ano!r pro( 9 ! di/9ction attempt$ to be made betwe5 matt]s pat5table & me?ods sci5tific :i* may n be pat5t$4 ,all ?is1 z x affects progress1 ! free expansion ( =ces1 is inf9itely grave4 ,frankl9 has f\nd = 8 precepts1 already allud$ to1 m ?an "o adept pupil4 ,"o mode/ savant1 ^: "n des]ves to be bett] kn[n among u = 8 num]\s s]vices r5d]$ to sci5ce z well z to ! arts--,cont--hon\r$ to replace 9 ,france ! p5cils ( ,engl&1 ! importation ( :i* 0 n possible 9 "t ( w>--n only suppli$ by 8 new process ! want ( plumbago ) success1 b made x bett] ?an ! ,engli%4 ,to him are due1 besides black-lead p5cils1 :i* make 8 "n celebrat$1 ! crayons ( v>i\s col\rs1 :i* h be5 s s]viceable 9 ! arts ( design4 ,well1 l ,frankl91 he pres5t$ 8 process to indu/ry1 & cont5t$ himself ) be+ fir/ 9 ! new manufacture4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t he :o ?us op5s ! way easily ma9ta9s ! fir/ rank :i* ! date ( 8 inv5tion assigns him1 & :i* public confid5ce assures him4444 ,be=e conclud+1 ,m4 ,paul ,coq adv]t$ to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! "r ( prop]ty g5]at$ by a creation ( a "w ( art or ( lit]ature1 & factiti\s prop]ty decre$ 9 ! int]e/s ( indu/ry4 ,! skilful pa9t]1 :o %\ld copy fai?fully l9e = l9e1 t9t = t9t1 a *ef d'uvre l ! picture ( ,+res1 :i* e "o kn[s1 8,! ,s\rce10 9 ord] to expose x = sale & pocket ! advantages1 n m]ely lays hold ( ! prop]ty ( a great arti/ :o lives by ! fruit ( 8 tal5t1 b p]petrates1 9 all po9ts ( view1 an action mean & vile4 ,to inv5tions 9 ! doma9 ( ! useful arts1 processes & op]ations d n c>ry ! /amp ( p]sonality1 :i* is ! glory ( ! arti/ & au?or1 & :i* ( itself con/itutes a protection equal to t :i* protects "r ( prop]ty4 ,! inv5tion is some?+ imp]sonal1 l a s]vice r5d]$ & return$1 :i* is n ex*ang$ or paid by s]vices ( equival5t weight & description4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no plausible objection to ma9ta9+ unimpair$ ! common "r1 :i*1 by its fre$om ( movem5ts1 its equality1 & its reciprocations1 alone efficaci\sly fav\rs ! result ( :i* ^! are ! indisp5sable coroll>ies4 ,,exp]i5ce ,,9 ,,france4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,,av5ir ,,comm]cial1 ,novemb] #a1 #ahfb1 & ,june #bh1 #ahfc1 h be5 k9dly translat$ & pres5t$ by ! ,au?or3-- ,,! ,,results ,,( ,a ,,bad ,,law4 ,i4 ,:5 y walk along a public road1 if y f9d a wat*1 a diamond1 a note ( a hundr$ or a ?\s& francs1 &1 f> f seek+ ! own] to give x back1 y apply x to y\r own use1 moral law & civil law take hold ( y & condemn y )\t hesitation4 ,x matt]s n :e!r he :o lo/ :at y f\nd be ri* or poor1 8 c>elessness1 8 neglig5ce1 or ! accid5t t caus$ 8 loss1 give y no sort ( "r to use x & make x y\rs4 ,!re are n two op9ions on t po9t3 ! laws ( all c\ntries condemn ! man :o enri*es himself ) :at *ance ?r[s 9 8 way4 ,b if a sci5tific man--seek+ "s impossible discov]y1 f9ds a clue to an idea--meets ) an int]e/+ ph5om5on--indicates1 9 "s way1 new prop]ties belong+ to "s bodies--ann\nces ! results ( "s new *emical comb9ation--x is only a sci5tific rese>*4 ,?is or t o!r skimm] ( inv5tions c get a ,pat5t = ! application ( ! idea1 ( ! discov]y1 ( ! me?od2 & ! law gu>antees 8 pret5d$ "r n only aga9/ all reclamations ( ! sci5tific man :o has discov]$ ! :ole1 b aga9/ ! :ole _w1 depriv$ ( all possibility ( mak+ use ( ! discov]ies ( sci5ce6 ,& n only ! law =bids e "o to use ?is or t produce1 except if made by ! pat5tee1 b x also prohibits ! use ( any simil> produce made by diff]5t means4 ,!n1 to prev5t all inv5tors to approa* ! gr\nd t ! pat5tee has *os51 he takes imm5se c>e to h 8 ,pat5t made ( =mulas s wide & ela/ic1 t all inv5tions 9 ! same c\rse ( ideas w be infr+em5ts 9 ! eye ( ! law4 ,to ^! obs]vations x is answ]$ t indu/riali/s or sci5tific m5 are equal be=e ! law1 t all h an equal "r to its protection1 b on ! express condition t ! inv5tion be put 9 use4 ,we see v well :]e is ! privilege ( ! *ance pat5tee1 :o has made ! discov]y ( ! sci5tific man 8 own1 b we d n see :]e is its ju/ice or equality4 ,we see v well :]e is ! privilege ( ! man :o has _h no?+ to d b to apply ! idea deposit$ 9 a book by a sci5tific man--an idea t1 9 fact1 0 at ! disposal ( ! public1 s9ce ! discov]] did n claim its proprietor%ip2 b we d n see :y ! law gives a monopoly to him :o has only borr[$ t idea4 ,b we are told1 ! law is q equitable1 = x1 says1 8,to e man 8 due4 ,! sci5tific man discov]s a body1 glory be to him4 ,if he w add to x "s pr(it1 let him indicate ! prop]ties t may be us$ indu/rially1 & let him take a ,pat5t = 8 discov]y4 ,b he mu/ hurry1 because if indu/ry =e/alls him1 indu/ry w get ! pr(it40#f ,x is exactly z if ?is 0 ! law3 ,a millionaire drops a #ajj-;franc note4 ,x w n make him mu* poor]4 ,if he wants to get x back1 let him return :]e he came f & seek along ! road4 ,let him hurry1 = if ?is note is f\nd1 he :o w h got x may keep x4 ,common s5se & equity w\ld jo9 to say t :5 a sci5tific man indicates a discov]y or an inv5tion1 t inv5tion or discov]y rema9s at ! disposal ( e "o if ! f9d] does n claim ! exclusive "r to "w x4 ,b ! law is diff]5t1 & ! results are soon made app>5t4 ,9 #ahef an ,engli% *emi/1 ( ! "n ( ,p]k9s1 0 seek+ ! way to make artificial qu99e4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts he discov]$ 9 ! laboratory ( ,m4 ,h(mann ! prop]ty resid+ 9 anil9e ( produc+ a violet col\r by ! action ( bi-*romate ( potass4 ,p]k9s got a ,pat5t = ?is discov]y4 ,! att5tion ( ! sci5tific & indu/rial classes be+ call$ to ?is prop]ty ( anil9e1 & to ! possibility ( extract+ f x div]s col\r+ matt]s1 sev]al ,fr5* & o!r *emi/s & manufactur]s got ,pat5ts = _m m new processes4 ,9 #aheh1 ,h(mann1 cont9u+ to /udy anil9e1 discov]$ ! r$ col\r4 ,he s5t a memoir to our ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 9 :i* he gave ! exact me?od to produce ?is magnific5t crimson r$4 ,h(mann took no ,pat5t2 x seem$ z if he want$ to pres5t gratuit\sly to t9ctorial indu/ry a new & beautiful produce4 ,six mon?s aft]1 a manufactur]1 :o z e>ly z #aheg _h tri$ to get pat5t$ 9 ,france ! pat5t$ discov]y ( ,p]k9s1 sold to a manufactur] ( *emical produce a process copi$ f ! discov]y ( ,h(mann1 by :i* ! r$ ( anil9e c\ld be manufactur$ by ! reaction ( ! bi-*loride ( t94 ,! ,pat5t 0 grant$1 & ! produce manufactur$4 ,b v soon aft]1 9 ,france & abroad1 m advantage\s & m sci5tific me?ods1 pref]able to ! pat5t$ "o1 7 f\nd4 ,all ! ,fr5* manufactur]s :o tri$ to use any ( ^! new processes 7 prosecut$ & condemn$ = infr+em5t on ! "r ( ! pat5tee4 ,x !n foll[$ t "o kilogramme ( r$ ( anil9e 0 sold abroad = #ab1 & ! monopolis]s sold x = #dj 9 ,france4 ,?is c\ld n la/1 p>ticul>ly aft] ! treaty ( comm]ce1 by :i* pr9t$ & dy$ goods c\ld be introduc$4 ,manufactur]s ?reat5$ to give up "w1 & ! pat5tee ?\ght prop] to r$uce 8 prices4 ,b ano!r result1 no less fatal to ,fr5* int]e/s1 soon foll[$4 ,! mo/ intellig5t manufactur]s ( col\r+-/uffs1 ^? :o 7 at ! head ( t bran* ( indu/ry1 & _h conc5trat$ 9 ,p>is1 ,lyons1 & ,mulh\se ! fabrication ( ! f9e/ & mo/ delicate dyes = ! home & =eign m>ket1 w5t to e/abli% new factories across ! fronti]s4 ,! exi/+ ,pat5t prev5t$ !m f satisfy+ ! dem&s ( _! cu/om]s abroad1 :o requir$ "s anil9e col\rs1 & !y 7 oblig$ to c>ry _! indu/ry to =eign p>ts4 ,! foll[+ is ! li/ ( ! manufactur]s :o h f\nd$ new e/abli%m5ts beyond ! rea* ( ! monopolis+ ,pat5t3-- ,a4 ,s*lumb]g]1 ( ,mulh\se1 new factory at ,ble 7,switz]l&72 ,jean ,fe]1 ( ,/rasburg1 new factory at ,ble2 ,pet]son & ,seikl]1 ( ,sa9t ,d5is1 new factory at ,ble2 ,poirri] & ,*appal1 ( ,p>is1 new factory at ,zuri*2 ,monnet & ,dury1 ( ,lyons1 new factory at ,g5eve4 ,five o!r e/abli%m5ts1 rais$ by ,swiss p b "u ! direction ( ,fr5*m51 are be+ f\nd$ at ,ble1 ,zuri*1 ,gl>is1 & ,sa9t ,gall4 ,!n !re are /ill to be f\nd$1 ! factory ( ,m4 ,a4 ,wurtz1 bro!r to ,pr(essor ,wurtz at ,leipsic2 ano!r1 by ,m4 ,o4 ,mei/] at ,*emnitz2 a ,fr5* factory at ,elb]feld2 ?ree1 also ,fr5*1 9 ,belgium2 & ?ree o!rs 9 ,switz]l&4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a g5]al expatriation1 l ! "o t foll[$ ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t 9 ,g]many !re are twelve ,pat5ts = mak+ col\rs or dyes f anil9e2 9 ,engl& !re are f\rte51 9 ,france 7?anks to ! int]pretation giv5 to ! law7 !re is "o4 8,et nunc caveant consules40 ,t4 ,n4 ,,b5>d4 #f ,extract ( a pap] on ! subject 9 ! ,proprit ,indu/rielle4 ,,ii4 ,9 our numb] ( ,novemb] #a1 #ahfb1 we publi%$ on ?is v same "q an article 9 :i* we /at$ t ab\t tw5ty ,fr5* manufactur]s _h be5 =c$ to g abroad to escape ! unhe>d-( exig5cies ( ! law ( ,pat5ts4 ,we 7 answ]$ by insults t we disda9$2 b ! facts t we _h reveal$ 7 n conte/$4 ,a volume j publi%$ on ! legislation & ! jurisprud5ce ( ! law ( ,pat5ts enables u to %[ ano!r side ( ! "q1 & to prove h[ injuri\s x is to manufactur]s & inv5tors1 & h[ pr(itable to c]ta9 g5tlem5 ( ! ,b> :o h ! speciality ( cases = infr+em5t on ,pat5ts4 ,we say x op5ly & fe>lessly1 if x 0 n = ! lawy]s :o swim freely among/ ! w9d+s ( t law1 x w\ld n h a support]4 ,manufactur]s & inv5tors are %amelessly made a prey to a gr\p ( plead]s :o def5d "r & wrong ) ! same deplorable alacrity4 ,:at an imm5se numb] ( law-suits h aris5 f ! #ed articles ( t law6 ,! volume we h 9 h& has be5 writt5 ) ! int5tion ( giv+ to ! public a view ( ! jurisprud5ce adopt$ by ! ,c\rts 9 ! int]pretation ( ea* p>agraph4 ,a summ>y ( ! trials t h tak5 place s9ce its promulgation 9 #ahdd foll[s ea* article ( ! law4 ,article ,i4 is z foll[s3 8,e new discov]y or inv5tion1 9 all k9ds ( indu/ry1 ensures to its au?or1 "u ! conditions & = ! "t h]eaft] det]m9$1 ! exclusive "r to "w = 8 b5efit ! said discov]y or inv5tion4 ,?is "r is e/abli%$ by docum5ts grant$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & call$ ,pat5ts40 ,! fir/ trial t we f9d 9 ! li/ took place 9 #ahdd4 ,! "q 01 ,:e!r ! words all k9ds ( indu/ry c\ld be appli$ to ?+s t are n 9 trade8 ,! ,c\rt's decision 0 = ! affirmative4 ,! second trial 0 rais$ to "k if1 :5 a work+ man is only execut+ ! ord]s giv5 to him by ano!r p>ty1 ) ! indications & 9 ! int]e/ ( ?is la/1 ! work+ man may be reput$ ! inv5tor1 & if ! results ( 8 lab\r may h ! "* ( an inv5tion1 s t he may claim rev5dicate its own]%ip by a ,pat5t4 ,! ,c\rt decid$ = ! negative4 ,we pass f\r o!r suits runn+ on ! int]pretation ( ?is fir/ article1 t seems s innoc5t1 s in(f5sive1 & come to ! elev5? trial4 ,9 conf]r+ by ,article ,i41 "u ! conditions t x det]m9es1 on ! au?or ( new discov]ies or inv5tions ! "r ( work+ !m exclusively = 8 own b5efit1 did ! law int5d to deprive ( all rights ^? :o 7 us+ ! same means ( fabrication prior to ! deliv]y ( ! ,pat5ts8 ,! "q 01 9 o!r t]ms1 to "k :e!r ! ,pat5t is good & legal aga9/ e "o except aga9/ ! p>ty :o1 hav+ work$ x = a c]ta9 p]iod ant]ior to ! grant+ ( ! ,pat5t1 might be kept 9 possession ( 8 indu/ry8 ,on ,m>* #cj1 #ahdi1 ! ,c\rt ( ,cassation decid$ = ! affirmative 9 ! case ( 8,witz ,meuni] v]sus ,godefroy ,mull]40 ,y fancy1 p]haps1 t ! affair is all "r & settl$2 ! ,c\rt ( ,cassation has spok51 & e inv5tor :o w n h tak5 a ,pat5t may "w out 8 inv5tion )\t fe> ( prosecution f a pat5tee com+ long aft]4 ,y are greatly mi/ak54 ,y d n "k h[ ke51 & ard5t1 & clev]1 & anxi\s are ! seek]s ( ,pat5ts4 ,previ\sly to t ! ,c\rt ,royal ( ,p>is _h decl>$ 9 ,may1 #ahdg1 9 ! case ( 8,lejeune v]sus ,p>villey10 t ! ,pat5t c be put 9 =ce aga9/ ! manufactur] work+ ! inv5tion be=e x 0 pat5t$1 if he has n publi%$ x be=e ! pat5tee1 & if ! pat5tee is ! fir/ :o has introduc$ x 9 comm]ce4 ,b 9 #ahdg ! ,c\rt ,royal ( ,p>is did n "k ! op9ion giv5 9 #ahdi by ! ,c\rt ( ,cassation4 ,we see h[ unsafe are ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,say if y c ev] be sure ( hold+ & kn[+ ! tru?4 ,on ,augu/ #ai1 #ahec1 ! same "q 0 br\ght aga9 be=e ! ,c\rt ( ,cassation 9 ! case ( 8,?omas ,laur5t v]sus ,riant10 & ! ,c\rt decid$ t ! ,pat5t c be put 9 =ce aga9/ :oev] possess$ ! inv5tion be=e x 0 pat5t$4 ,!re is at ,lyons a manufactur] :o = a great _m ye>s fabricat$ a dye = :i* he has n tak5 a ,pat5t1 b ! secret ( :i* he c>efully keeps to himself4 ,if1 by "s manuvr+1 by "s d\btfully moral means1 an indu/riali/--z !re are too _m among/ ! pat5tees--contriv$ to worm out ?is secret1 & got a legal ,pat5t1 he c\ld "w ! discov]y & oblige ! ,lyonese manufactur] to cease all productions ( ! same k9d4 ,w\ld x n be an admirable example ( legality8 ,! contradiction t we h j not$ betwe5 two v]dicts giv5 by ! same ,c\rt ^u ! same "q gives u ! "r to say t ! magi/rates ought to %[ a little m indulg5ce to ^? !y condemn4 ,:5 !re is a law l t relative to ,pat5ts1 common mortals are v excusable if !y make a mi/ake 9 int]pret+ 9 a wrong way ?is or t expression1 s9ce we see ! highe/ ,c\rt 9 ! c\ntry giv+ sometimes "o int]pretation & sometimes ano!r4 ,! fir/ article ( ! law has giv5 rise to fifte5 diff]5t suits1 inscrib$ 9 ! pages ( ! volume we hold4 ,^! fifte5 suits h be5 tri$ be=e ! ,civil ,c\rts or ! ,c\rt ( ,cassation4 ,p may well be fright5$ at ! m\nta9 ( pap]s t mu/ h be5 us$ & de/roy$ by ! attorneys1 c\nsel1 b>ri/]s1 c41 be=e ! public c\ld h any cle> notion ( :at ! legislators meant4 ,! second article is z foll[s3 8,w be consid]$ z new inv5tions or discov]ies--! inv5tion ( new indu/rial produce2 ! inv5tion ( new me?ods or ! new application ( kn[n me?ods to obta9 an individual result or produce40 ,?is article1 we may say1 is ! ma9 beam ( ! edifice1 consequ5tly x has giv5 occasion to no less ?an #ajd suits4 ,"o might fancy t ! multitude ( judicial decisions giv5 by ! ,c\rts has ?r[n ! mo/ brilliant light on ! int]pretation to be giv5 to ! ?ree p>agraphs =m+ ! second article4 ,alas6 ^! p>agraphs are j z obscure z be=e4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt ( ,p>is decid$ on ,augu/ #ac1 #ahfa1 t ! 8*ange 9 ! =m ( a surgical in/rum5t1 ev5 :5 !re may result an advantage or great] facility to ! op]ator1 _c be pat5t$40 ,b on ,july #bf ( ! same ye> x _h decid$ t 8a production already kn[n--a /raw mat1 = in/ance--may be pat5t$ :5 its =m1 its size1 & its l5g? are new40 ,s1 aga91 ! ,c\rt ( ,cassation decid$1 on ,febru>y #i1 #ahfb1 t 8! production ( a new indu/rial result is an inv5tion t may be pat5t$1 ev5 if x is only due to a new comb9ation 9 ! =m & proportions ( objects already kn[n40 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,correctional ,c\rt ( ! ,se9e decid$ on ,decemb] #bd1 #ahfa1 t a modification ( =m1 ev5 :5 x procures an advantage1 is n ( a nature to con/itute a pat5table inv5tion4 ,c we n say ) ! poet3 8,dev9] si tu peux1 et *oisis si tu l'oses80 ,! lawy]s ( ,great ,brita9 are accu/om$ to celebrate c]ta9 anniv]s>ies by a pr(essional d9n]4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! p>ty1 aft] hav+ propos$ ! heal? ( ! ,que5 & ! ,royal ,family1 calls ^u 8 bre?r5 to jo9 9 a toa/ to ! prosp]ity ( ! pr(ession !y foll[4 ,?is traditional toa/ is *>act]i/ic en\gh4 ,x is z foll[s3 8,! glori\s unc]ta9ty ( ! law60 ,we ?9k ! facts we h relat$ give to ?is toa/ a "r ( citiz5%ip on ?is side ( ! ,*annel4 ,t4 ,n4 ,,b5>d4 ,,important ,,message ,,f ,,! ,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,conf$]ation1 ,,c\nt ,,von ,,bism>ck1 ,,to ,,! ,,nor? ,,g]man ,,f$]al ,,p>liam5t4 ,b]l91 ,decemb] #aj1 #ahfh4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! manifold & well-f\nd$ compla9ts conc]n+ ! defective /ate ( legislation on ,pat5ts 9 ,prussia & ,g]many1 ! ,royal ,prussian ,gov]nm5t deems x important to h consid]$ )\t any fur!r delay :at c\rse might be/ be adopt$ 9 ! matt]4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 & ) a view to ! position long s9ce tak5 by ,gov]nm5t 9 reg>d to ! "q1 x mu/ n be omitt$ 9 ! fir/ place to decide :e!r h5ce=? ,pat5ts %\ld be grant$ at all )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,conf$]ation4 ,! frequ5t polemics on ! pr9ciples ( ,pat5t-,laws1 to :i* ! repeat$ attempts at re=m h giv5 bir? dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 & m p>ticul>ly ! discussions 9 ! late ,g]man ,f$]al ,assembly1 h enhanc$ ! que/ionability ( ! usefulness ( ,pat5ts4 ,aft] tak+ ! op9ion ( ! ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce & ! m]cantile corporations1 ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t1 on ! occasion ( ! ,g]man ,f$]al ,assembly ,session ( #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ahfc1 gave utt]ance to ! d\bt :e!r "u pres5t circum/ances1 ,pat5ts = inv5tions may be consid]$ ei!r necess>y or useful to indu/ry4 ,s9ce !n ! ,royal ,prussian ,gov]nm5t has tak5 ! "q once m into s]i\s consid]ation1 & feels b\nd to answ] x 9 ! negative on ! /r5g? ( ! foll[+ argum5ts4 ,f a !oretical po9t ( view1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! conf]r+ ( an exclusive "r to pr(its :i* may be d]iv$ f indu/rial inv5tions1 is nei!r w>rant$ by a natural claim on ! "p ( ! inv5tor :i* %\ld be protect$ by ! ,/ate1 nor is x consequ5t ^u g5]al economical pr9ciples4 ,! "r ( prohibit+ o!rs f us+ c]ta9 indu/rial inv5tions1 or br++ c]ta9 res\rces & pr(itable means ( production into op]ation1 con/itutes an attack ^u ! inali5able "r :i* e man has1 ( apply+ ea* & e lawful advantage to ! ex]cise ( 8 pr(ession1 :i* is ! m obvi\s1 z !re exi/s a prevail+ t5d5cy to free indu/rial pursuits f all artificial re/rictions adh]5t to !m1 & ! "t-hon\r$ practice c only be upheld by a ?or\gh v9dication & a practical pro( ( its fully answ]+ ! purpose4 ,to demon/rate ?is %\ld be ! *ief aim ( all argum5ts aga9/ abolition4 ,to an argum5t :i* has repeat$ly be5 urg$--i4e41 t ! grant+ a tempor>y exclusive "r is indisp5sable 7s z to secure = ! m]itori\s inv5tor a rew>d adequate to ! m5tal lab\r & money exp5d$1 z well z risk incurr$1 9 ord] t !re be no lack ( enc\ragem5t to ! inv5tive g5ius7--! objection may be rais$ t ! rem>kably develop$ sy/em ( communication & conveyance n[-a-days1 :i* has op5$ a wide field to real m]it1 & enables indu/rial m5 promptly to reap all b5efit ( production by means ( enl>g$ outlets = _! articles1 w1 g5]ally speak+1 br+ ^? :o "k h[ to avail !mselves be=e o!rs ( useful inv5tions to su* an ext5t ahead ( _! competitors1 t1 ev5 :]e no p]man5t privilege is long] admissible1 !y w make sure ( a tempor>y extra pr(it1 9 proportion to ! s]vice r5d]$ to ! public4 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 ! peculi> advantage produc$ by ! e>ly br++ into op]ation ( a fre% sugge/ion ( _! m9ds1 t ! remun]ation ( ^? lies1 :o1 ?r\gh clev]ness & /ead9ess ( purpose1 succe$ 9 satisfy+ exi/+ wants 9 a mann] less exp5sive & sup]ior to :at previ\sly 0 ! case1 & not)/&+ d n obta9 any monopoly4 ,n ( less acc\nt are ! practical imp$im5ts :i* /& 9 ! way ( e ef=t to br+ ab\t an improvem5t ( ! ,pat5t-,law4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ by ! promot]s ( ,pat5t-"r1 t ! sy/em ( inquiry or exam9ation1 z x is n[ work+ 9 ,prussia1 _c possibly rema9 9 its pres5t condition1 & ! exp]i5c$ (fic]s appo9t$ to decide ^u ,pat5t matt]s & make ! necess>y inquiries1 unanim\sly confirm t op9ion4 ,?\gh provid$ ) relatively excell5t means ( asc]ta9+1 ! ,prussian ,te*nical ,committee = ,indu/ry _h to ackn[l$ge z e>ly z #ahec 7,vide ,prussian ,trade ,ar*ives ( #ahed1 ,vol4 ii41 page #agc1 ff47 t ! "q :e!r an inv5tion submitt$ = be+ pat5t$ might n p]*ance already h be5 made or br\ght into op]ation else:]e1 0 almo/ an unsolvable "o4 ,s9ce !n1 inv5tions h augm5t$ ye>ly 9 /eadily increas+ proportion4 ,! ma9 difficulty1 h[ev]1 n only re/s 9 ! impossibility ( ma/]+ ! matt] submitt$1 b equally s ) ! uphold+ ( firm pr9ciples relat+ to ! crit]ion ( orig9ality4 ,if ! inquiry d n altoge!r deviate f its primitive object by pat5t+ any & e innovation 9 con/ruction1 =m1 or execution1 :i* is pres5t$1 we fall into su* unc]ta9ty :5 sift+ actual inv5tions f ! mass ( ?+s :i* are n to be consid]$ z und5iable improvem5ts--ow+ to ! cont9ually increas+ & div]sifi$ comb9ations ( g5]ally kn[n elem5ts or mat]ial & alt]$ con/ructions or modes ( application--t x is h>dly possible n to be occasionally *>geable ) inju/ice4 ,e day %[s m cle>ly h[ annoy+ a responsibility gr[s out ( su* a /ate ( affairs1 & x is highly desirable t ! au?orities no long] be consci\s ( do+ inju/ice 9 _! duties on acc\nt ( rules :i* _c prop]ly be put into practice4 ,z = ! (t5 mu*-comm5d$ s-call$ 8application sy/em10 x w\ld by no means really answ] ! purpose2 ev5 )\t consid]+ ! !oretical objections :i* might be rais$ aga9/ x4 ,its practical results h be5 f> f giv+ satisfaction :]ev] x has be5 adopt$4 ,! compla9ts ( ! abuses & imp$im5ts indu/ry suff]s "u1 & :i* are br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! ov]:elm+ mass ( ,pat5ts1 = ! mo/ "p tak5 out ) a view to sw9dl+ speculation1 ! unpleasant exp]i5ce acquir$ by ^? :o take all legal means s z subsequ5tly to conte/ & def5d ,pat5ts grant$ )\t previ\s inquiry be+ made1 h l$ to a reaction ( public op9ion 9 fav\r ( aboli%+ ! sy/em4 ,! unsatisfactory & q abnormal /ate ( all matt]s connect$ ) ,pat5ts 9 ,engl& & ,france _h1 ye>s ago1 claim$ ! mo/ e>ne/ att5tion ( ! legislators1 & l$ to practical delib]ations on ! necessity & ! means ( effective improvem5ts4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t introduc$ a ,bill 9 #aheh1 to ! effect t ! he>+ ( objections to ,pat5ts appli$ = might1 z mu* z possible1 take place previ\s to ! same be+ grant$4 ,a simil> sy/em :i* is 9 =ce 9 ,engl& has1 h[ev]1 prov$ inadequate 9 t c\ntry1 & ! commission :i*1 9 #ahfc1 made a detail$ /atem5t z to ! m]its ( ! exi/+ ,pat5t-,law1 recomm5d$ ! adoption ( (ficial inquiry4 ,"u ! circum/ances1 x c h>dly be ! "q at all1 = ! ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation1 to admit ( ! m]e 8application sy/em40 ,nor c ! imposition ( high taxes on pat5tees8 7n tak+ into acc\nt _! inconsi/5cy ) ! real object ( ,pat5ts7 be consid]$ a suffici5t corrective ( ! sy/em1 aft] ! exp]i5ce acquir$ 9 ,engl& on ?is head4 ,bo? ! inquiry & application sy/ems hav+ prov$ defective1 ! conclusion is arriv$ at1 t ! difficulties _c be ov]come by means ( alt]+ c]ta9 details 9 ! in/itution1 b r arise out ( con/itutional infirmities ( ! in/itution itself4 ,! ,pat5t sy/em makes su* di/9ctions necess>y z are n[ practically inadmissible1 & ! impracticability ( :i* is by no means remov$ ?r\gh m]ely transf]r+ ! evil f "o side to ! o!r4 ,x mu/ be grant$ t if artificial contrivances be at all requir$ to adequately remun]ate an inv5tor = ! s]vices r5d]$ to society1 !y _c be hit ^u 9 ?is direction )\t hurt+ all important int]e/s4 ,t ! f9al /ep ( repeal+ ,pat5ts altoge!r %\ld n yet h be5 tak5 any:]e1 9 spite ( ! lead+ !oretical & practical au?orities hav+ urg$ x1 may be easily expla9$ by ! fact t we h to deal ) an in/itution :i* v long ago has tak5 root 9 ! usage ( ! indu/rial nations1 & to :i* tradition ascribes mo/ ( ! imm5se progress indu/ry has tak5 dur+ its exi/5ce4 ,to ?is may be add$ ! appreh5sion le/ ! c\ntry :i* w\ld take ! lead 9 ! matt] might f9d itself at a disadvantage ) ! rema9d]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! anticipation ( a pr(itable use to be made ( an inv5tion = "o's exclusive b5efit is1 no d\bt1 a p[]ful incitem5t = ! inv5tive g5ius1 & equally is x admitt$ t to tempor>y ,pat5t-"r we owe ! successive improvem5ts on _m a useful inv5tion4 ,exp]i5ce has1 h[ev]1 taught t 9 mo/ in/ances ,pat5ts d n fulfil _! mission2 t on ! :ole !y h n prov$ an actual b5efit1 ei!r to ! proprietor or ! public2 t ! pr(its h gone j z (t5 into ! pockets ( /rang]s z into ^? ( ! able inv5tor4 ,:5 *iefly ascrib+ ! progress made by indu/ry ?r\gh te*nical improvem5ts 9 _m ( ! c\ntries :]e ext5sive regulations ( ,pat5t-"r are provid$1 to ! incitem5t consequ5t ^u ! protection af=d$ by ,pat5ts1 ! fact is ov]look$ t ! great inv5tions made 9 old times1 z well z ! sci5tific discov]ies :i* 9 ! mod]n era pav$ ! way = indu/ry1 h p]fectly done )\t any su* incitem5ts4 ,aga9/ ! /imulat+ influ5ce ( monopoly ^u individuals1 we mu/1 h[ev]1 9 a p]iod s extremely fav\rable to indu/rial progress1 n und]rate ! v important po9t1 t x also *ecks ! quick & f]tile developm5t ( a new ?\ght1 :i*1 :5 totally free1 might be expect$ to spr+ up 9 a high] degree f ! compet+ lab\rs ( all4 ,( c\rse1 x is impossible to say :e!r 9 ,engl&1 ,belgium1 ,france1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 indu/ry1 if support$ by o!r fav\rable /ipulations1 might n h tak5 an equal developm5t )\t ! protection ( ,pat5ts2 b we h at all ev5ts an illu/ration ( ?is be+ ! fact 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e ! abs5ce ( ,pat5ts has n at all be5 f\nd prejudicial to ! public at l>ge4 ,! records ( ! latt] c\ntry may dispel all appreh5sion le/ ! abolition ( ,pat5ts %\ld place national indu/ry on an unequal & disadvantage\s foot+ ) =eign4 ,if ,g]many be =emo/ 9 ! indicat$ direction1 we mu/1 x is true1 be alive to ! v likely occurr5ce ( h] /&+1 at lea/ = "s "t to come1 isolat$ on h] plat=m4 ,a fav\rable result ( ! movem5t 9 ei!r ,engl& or ,france c h>dly be look$ = at a v e>ly date1 consid]+ ! /ate ( public op9ion prevail+ 9 ^? c\ntries1 z well z ! l>ge individual int]e/s at /ake1 ow+ to ! wide scope = protection aris+ out ( _! ,pat5t sy/em1 :ile at ! same "t x is yet a fact wor?y ( rem>k1 t nei!r ,engl& nor ,france h be5 able to make up _! m9ds z to re=m+ a sy/em ! num]\s defects ( :i* are univ]sally recognis$4 ,9 ,g]many ! same difficulties d n pres5t !mselves to ! same ext5t1 ! less prolixity ( our ,pat5t in/itution n affect+ ! indu/rial "p ( ! nation 9 ne>ly ! same ratio4 ,! :ole sy/em 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 less active 9 all directions2 pro( ( ?is is giv5 by ! /ati/ics ( ,pat5ts1 z comp>$ ) ^? tak5 out abroad4 ,! actual items 9 #ahfg 7 z foll[s3-- ,= ,prussia #ajc ,pat5ts4 0 ,saxony #agi 0 0 ! ,?ur+ian ,union #cc 0 0 ,brunswick #cb 0 0 ,hesse #bj 0 0 ,old5burg #ab 0 0 ,bav>ia #bad 0 0 ,wrtemb]g #aci 0 0 ,bad5 #df 0 ,:]eas1 9 #ahff1 !re 7 grant$-- ,9 ,engl& 7includ+ ! provisional protections7 #c1dec ,9 ,france ab\t #d1djj ,9 ,belgium 0 #a1gjj ,& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #i1dej ,9 ,prussia1 on acc\nt ( ! rigidly adh]$-to prelim9>y inquiry1 #hg p] c5t4 on an av]age ( ! ,pat5ts appli$ = dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s h be5 non-suit$1 & only f #ej to #ajj reque/s a ye> 7 grant$4 ,besides1 x is sc>cely subject to a d\bt t ev5 ( ^! only a small numb] has be5 turn$ to practical use4 ,aga91 ! am\nt ( privilege ! ,pat5t ensures is less 9 ,g]many ?an abroad1 z 9 con=mity ) ! clauses ( ! ,treaty ( #ba/ ,septemb]1 #ahdb 7& :i* provisions %\ld be kept 9 =ce "u any circum/ances71 a ,pat5t does n conf] ^u its proprietor 7n tak+ into view ma*9]y or in/rum5ts7 a prohibitory "r aga9/ ! importation1 sale1 or consumption ( =eign articles4#g ,! anticipation t ! abolition ( ,pat5ts might cause ! results ( new inv5tions to be lo/ to ! nation ?r\gh ! respective inv5tors turn+ !mselves t[>ds ! protection-af=d+ c\ntries1 is n confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce acquir$ on ?is head 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! indu/rial :o has inv5t$ a new process w1 9 mo/ in/ances1 be influ5c$ by o!r motives to br+ ! same into op]ation :]e he has 8 factory & 8 already acquir$ cu/om]s4 ,nor c mu* importance be atta*$ to ! appreh5sion t1 %\ld ! ,pat5t-,law be repeal$1 inv5tors might %[ m disposition t[>ds keep+ new inv5tions secret f ! public2 =1 ev5 assum+ ! abolition to be an incitem5t to keep+ inv5tions secret1 yet x _c be admitt$ t any prejudicial *ange f ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s w\ld take place4 ,ev5 n[1 "u ! rule ( ! ,pat5t-,law1 x is a recognis$ fact1 t to su* me?ods ( fabrication & res\rces z admit ( be+ kept secret1 ! v secrecy af=ds ampl] protection ?an ! ,pat5t itself4 ,by ?us draw+ ! conclusion t ^? inv5tions :i* might ev5tually be kept secret are s at ! pres5t "t z well1 no actual prejudice w be caus$ by "o measure be+ 9 =ce r ?an ! o!r4 ,! ,royal ,prussian ,gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 ?9ks t by completely aboli%+ ! ,pat5t sy/em )9 ! limits ( ! ,conf$]ation 7a resolution recomm5d$ by economical !ory1 & :i* public op9ion has be5 suffici5tly prep>$ =71 in/ead ( mak+ any fur!r & necess>ily unsuccessful attempts at re=m1 ! circum/ance ( ! ,conf$]ation prec$+ o!r important indu/rial nations _c be consid]$ an actual imp$im5t1 al?\gh x w\ld be f> pref]able t ! ,s\?-,g]man ,/ates %\ld jo9 9 ! measure1 s z to ext5d ! innovation to all c\ntries compris$ 9 ! ,zollv]e94 ,! und]sign$ is ( op9ion t previ\s to fur!r inquir+ into ! p>ticul>s ( ! ,pat5t-,law1 ! ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation ought fir/ ( all to decide :e!r h5ce=? any protection by means ( ,pat5ts %\ld be af=d$ at all )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,conf$]ation4 ,assum+ ?is1 & also consid]+ t ! ,conf$]ation %all h to take a decision z to ! attempts at re=m1 ! und]sign$ moves3 8,t ! ,f$]al ,p>liam5t appo9t ! ,committee on trade & int]c\rse1 to delib]ate on ! "q propos$1 & report on ! same4 7,sign$7 8,,von ,,bism>ck40 #g ,?is mighty diff]5ce f our ,briti% practice is 9 h>mony ) :at ,i h %[n is ! scope ( ! orig9al ,engli% ,act1 & ) our common law4--,r4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,proposition ,,= ,,! ,,abolition ,,( ,,pat5ts ,,9 ,,holl&4 ,,second ,,*amb] ,,( ,,! ,,ne!rl&s ,,legislature1 ,,session ,,( #ba/ ,,june1 #ahfi4--;,,discussion ,,on ,,! ,,abolition ,,( ,,exclusive ,,rights ,,9 ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,improvem5ts ,,( ,,objects ,,( ,,art ,,& ,,indu/ry--7,,pat5ts74 ,m4 ,,van ,,z9nicq ,,b]gmann 0 n suffici5tly prep>$ = ! discussion :ile ! project 0 9 ,committee4 ,he feels mu* sympa?y = all su* measures z t5d to d away ) imp$im5ts to trade & indu/ry4 ,at ! same "t1 p ought to discrim9ate betwe5 ! k9d ( protection :i* is a h9drance to indu/ry1 & may be call$ monopoly1 & ! "o to :i* prop]ty is entitl$ on ! "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,at ?is "p ( 8 spee* ! hon4 memb] indulges 9 ext5sive rem>ks on ! "r ( prop]ty4 ,accord+ to ,roman law1 ! "r ( prop]ty 0 a 8jus quod natura omnia animalia docuit40 ,b t def9ition is n a correct "o1 z ! "r ( prop]ty is especially ma9ta9$ 9 civilis$ society4 ,aft] t1 ! hon4 memb] laun*es himself into allegory4 ,try1 quo? he1 to drive ! lion f 8 d52 he w def5d x until 8 la/ drop ( blood6 ,look at ! boy :o snat*es ! "y & t5d] bird f its ne/2 ! "m w pursue ! robb]1 & n leave him4 ,n[1 he %\ld l to "k :e!r an arti/1 an inv5tor1 an au?or1 has1 or has n1 a "r ( prop]ty 9 8 "w :i* entitles him to ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f x8 ,?is "q he answ]s 9 ! affirmative1 & ref]s to ,soy1 ,mass1 & ! 8,assemble ,con/ituante0 ( ,france 9 ,decemb]1 #agia4 ,& :y %\ld !re be no "r ( prop]ty8 ,p]haps on acc\nt ( an article 9 ! ,civil ,code1 :i* says1 8possession vaut titre10 or ( a re/riction to a great] or small] lapse ( "t8 ,we are cont9ually ref]r$ to ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b :at is ,engl&8 ,engl& is a c\ntry at ! same "t emancipat$ & 9 c\rse ( emancipation4 ,duly consid]$1 ,engl& w be f\nd to be1 int]nally1 9 ab\t ! same /ate 9 :i* ! ,ne!rl&s 7 be=e #agie1 or be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury--7laught]7--b1 ! hon4 memb] adds1 always accompani$ by su* improvem5ts z rul]s h successively grant$ ) reg>d to ,pat5ts4 ,engl& may h _h its commotions2 b1 nev]!less1 *>t]s h nev] be5 o!rwise b grant$1 & ! privileges1 exact$ ?\gh !y may h be51 7 receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! ,k+4 ,& :at h we be5 do+8 ,we expell$ our ,/adhold]1 & got annex$ to ,france2 ! pr9ciples ( #agih h tak5 root 9 our c\ntry1 & cont9ue to be ! basis = pres5t action4 ,! hon4 memb] fur!r argues t ,pat5ts are grant$ to emancipat$ slaves1 b free citiz5s take out 8brvets d'inv5tion40 ,he is ( op9ion t x is a wrong impression t ,pat5ts are to be plac$ ^u a l9e ) ! abolition ( guilds4 ,!re is no connexion :atev] betwe5 ^! in/itutions1 & ?is he demon/rates by ref]5ce to ,fr5* au?ors4 ,ev5 tak+ ,mi*el ,*evali]'s doctr9es = grant$1 he asks1 8,c\ld su* difficulties n be obviat$ ?r\gh a re=m ( ! ,pat5t-,law80 ,once at a "t1 ,alex&] made himself fam\s by cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,gordian knot4 ,t 0 a despot's do+2 he might h des]v$ m fame _h he succe$$ 9 dis5tangl+ ! knot4 ,su* %\ld be ! f9al aim ! legislator ought to /rive to rea*4 ,f9ally1 ! hon4 memb] puts =w>d ! "q1 :e!r ! pass+ ( ! law n[ be=e ! ,h\se might n involve ! c\ntry 9 int]national tr\bles2 =1 ,switz]l& alone except$1 e c\ntry 9 ,europe has its ,pat5t-,law4 ,besides1 we are aw>e t1 z f> z lit]>y "r ( prop]ty is conc]n$1 a neighb\r+ c\ntry has1 aga9/ its w1 be5 compell$ to ma9ta9 x4 ,we1 at our turn1 might once h to come back to :at we want at pres5t to repeal4 ,let u1 !re=e1 be cauti\s4 ,m4 ,,heemsk]k ,,azn rem>ks t cont9u$ allusions are be+ made to reaction4 ,g5]ally speak+1 su* allusions are made out ( p]sonal motives2 b he %\ld v mu* l to see a real live reactioni/1 :o w\ld l to repeal :at progress has br\ght u4 ,!re may possibly be p extant :o w\ld wi% to d s1 b z = him1 he is n aw>e ( any reaction>y plots aga9/ our in/itutions1 or ! effects ( sci5ce & progress2 yet ?is v project n[ be=e ! ,h\se1 :i* he consid]s to be reaction1 has be5 mo/ fav\rably receiv$ 9 ,committee4 ,%\ld ! ,ne!rl&s ,legislature sanction x1 !n he %all h to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( reaction4 ,= x is an easy ?+ to f9d evid5ce ( reaction 9 ! project "u discussion4 ,m4 van ,z9nicq ,b]gmann has already m or less demon/rat$ x4 ,he 7,m4 ,heemsk]k7 w add a few m p>ticul>s4 ,:]e1 ! hon4 memb] asks1 lies ! orig9 ( ,pat5ts8 ,9 ! cultivation ( a free _s1 & ! ennobl+ ( lab\r2 & ( ^!1 ! "r ( protection exi/$ s9ce "t immemorial4 ,deviat+ f ! civil rights1 ! ,/u>ts1 ?r\gh fav\r or arbitr>y motives1 grant$ 8privileges20 b ! ,free ,p>liam5ts sav$ ,pat5ts1 t protect inv5tions4 ,moreov]1 ?is pr9ciple has be5 adopt$ 9 ! mo/ fre$om-advocat+ ( con/itutions--viz41 t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! same may be said ) reg>d to ,france4 ,on ! #ca/ ,decemb]1 #agij1 ! 8,assemble ,con/ituante0 resolv$ t ! "r ( prop]ty 9 inv5tions %\ld be gu>ante$1 & 9 ?is resolution orig9at$ ! fir/ ,fr5* ,pat5t-,law4 ,! ,ne!rl&s w\ld be ! v fir/ c\ntry on e>? 7) "o exception only7 to deviate f ! pr9ciple ( a "r ( prop]ty 9 inv5tions1 9 a mom5t1 :5 public op9ion1 diss5t+ !reby f a few economi/s1 ev]y:]e decl>es 9 fav\r ( ,pat5ts4 ,he rem9ds ! ,h\se ( ! imm5se influ5ce inv5tions h _h on hi/ory & society1 su* z ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 ( ! compass1 /eam1 gas1 c4 ,& w\ld x be fair to )hold f ^? :o promote progress t protection :i* is legally due to !m2 :]eas !re is no end ( provisions 9 ! code protect+ m]e mat]ial prop]ty1 su* z ! "r ( inh]itance until ! twelf? degree1 lott]ies1 /ock gambl+1 & ! l8 ,gov]nm5t has evid5tly be5 aw>e ( ! circum/ances /&+ 9 ! way ( ! project1 z is prov$ by page #a ( ! ,memorial ( ,explanation2 b x %r9ks f ! logical consequ5ces4 ,! ,pat5t sy/em is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple t nobody %\ld enri* himself by ano!r man's prop]ty4 ,?is has also lately be5 argu$ at l5g? 9 ,savornel ,lohman's pamphlet4 ,! hon4 memb] gives x z 8 op9ion t 9 ?is matt] an au?or is 9 exactly ! same position z an inv5tor4 ,if ,pat5ts be aboli%$1 we %all logically h to come to repeal+ ,copyright z well4 ,a c\nt]feit$ edition is no?+ else ?an ! imitation ( an object ( indu/ry2 ! writ] is an au?or1 b ! inv5tor is no less an au?or4 ,among/ o!rs1 he ref]s to a spee* f ,lam>t9e 7z report] ( a ,committee 9 ! ,fr5* ,legislative ,*amb]s1 :i* consi/$ ( ! !n mo/ em95t economi/s7 on ! ,pat5t-,law ( #ahdd1 :i* is /ill 9 =ce4 ,he insi/s t ! ju/ice ( 8 sy/em ( ma9ta9+ ! "r ( prop]ty is prov$ beyond a d\bt by ! ev] & aga9 recurr+ circum/ance ( an inv5tor lack+ capital = a practical application ( 8 lucubrations4 ,/ill1 he (t5 obta9s ! requisite means2 & n[ ev]ybody w be enabl$ to imitate ! result ( 8 ?\ghts & lab\r1 & to reap ! pr(its to accrue f ! same4 ,he po9ts to ,pr(essor ,visv]+'s "w on practical economy1 :o also recognis$ t1 if no exclusive ,pat5ts be deliv]$1 /ill inv5tors _h a "r to a remun]ation ( "s k9d4 ,^? :o oppose ! ,pat5t-,law cont5d t an inv5tor is n entitl$ to a rew>d2 he admits t no rew>d %\ld be expect$1 b mo/ assur$ly ! inv5tor may lay claim to remun]ation = ! lab\r exp5d$ on ! inv5tion4 ,we are ref]r$ to ,switz]l&1 :]e no ,pat5ts are giv54 ,b :at ( t8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 mo/ ( ! indu/rial ,cantons ( ,switz]l& are clamor\s = a ,pat5t-,law2 secondly1 ! ,swiss1 z a body1 equally want ! measure to be put ?r\gh2 &1 9 ! ?ird place1 ! hon4 memb] po9ts to ! l>ge b5efits :i*1 accord+ to ,klo/]man's rec5t "w1 ,swiss indu/rials d]ive f =eign ,pat5t-,laws4 ,x is alleg$ t ! numb] ( ,pat5ts :i* are be+ deliv]$ 9 ,holl& is b small4 ,b1 says ,m4 ,heemsk]k1 =eign]s1 on ! contr>y1 claim t ! numb] is l>ge4 ,!re exi/s appreh5sion ( law-suits2 b c t be br\ght to be> ^u ! repeal ( ! ,pat5t-,law8 ,9 t case1 l&$ prop]ty w\ld be ! lea/ tol]able1 z ! prov]b says--8,qui t]re a1 gu]re a40 ,moreov]1 no ?ree law-suits are kn[n to h sprung up f ,pat5ts 9 ?is c\ntry s9ce ! law has be5 9 =ce4 ,9 ,belgium1 x is true1 mu* action has ( late be5 tak5 9 ord] to d away ) ,pat5ts2 b !re1 z well z 9 ,prussia1 ! movem5t is rapidly decreas+4 ,! hon4 memb] ref]s to ! 8,n$]l&s*e ,indu/rieel10 a p]iodical :i*1 ?\gh /r5u\sly 9 fav\r ( abolition ( ,pat5ts1 nev]!less m5tions 9 its issues ( #ad? & #ba/ ( ,febru>y1 & #bj? ( ,june1 :at has lately occurr$ 9 ?is respect 9 ,g]many & else:]e4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 also ! "q has lately be5 discuss$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 b ! memb] :o mov$ x did n ev5 take ! votes ^u x1 b quietly dropp$ ! matt]2 su* 0 ! impression made ^u 8 m9d by ! argum5ts br\ght =w>d 64 ,! subject has equally engross$ ! att5tion ( ! 8,socit ,economique0 ( ,p>is1 :5 em95t economi/s1 among/ :om ,wol[ski1 decl>$ 9 fav\r ( ,pat5ts4 ,?is is m5tion$ 9 ! ,economi/es ( ,june see page #afd4 ,= all ^! reasons ! hon4 memb] recomm5ds to ! s]i\s consid]ation ( ! ,h\se t1 = ! "t be+ at lea/1 ! ra% ,act be n consummat$4 ,d n ?r[ su* a /a9 ^u y\r ,legislature1 he emphatically exclaims4 ,d n /ep backw>d2 bew>e ( rel9qui%+ ! protection ( any description ( prop]ty4 ,d n cripple ! law by ignor+ a pr9ciple :i* protects ! fruit ( human intellect4 ,bew>e ( lay+ viol5t h&s ^u prop]ty1 ( :atev] k9d x may be4 ,let u d bett] ?an t2 let u reject ! bill4 ,p]suade ,gov]nm5t1 !re be+ no ha/e :atev]1 to propose to ! ,*amb]s t ! subject be def]r$ until next ,session4 ,at all ev5ts1 no?+ w\ld be lo/ by x4 ,mean:ile ,gov]nm5t w\ld be enabl$ to reconsid] ! subject1 & to make inquiries abroad z to ! /ate ( legislation on ?is head4 ,no prejudice w\ld be occasion$ by def]r+ ! matt]2 = ! hon4 memb] expresses 8 firm belief t a dang]\s measure is ab\t to be adopt$ ) reg>d to a subject ) :i* ! utmo/ caution %\ld be obs]v$4 ,m4 ,,de ,,bruyn ,,kops w\ld n ent] into all p>ticul>s1 ! matt] hav+ be5 treat$ at l5g? 9 ! sundry docum5ts relat+ to x2 b he w\ld re/rict himself to a refutation ( ,m4 ,heemsk]k's argum5ts4 ,he is 9 a position to place himself on a v simple po9t ( view4 ,! law ( #ahag is g5]ally dislik$1 9 pr9ciple z well z 9 its details4 ,x has be5 admitt$ t x does n give ! inv5tor any gu>antee1 & ?is on ! gr\nd ( ! issue ( "s law-suits :i* h sprung up f x4 ,s ,pat5ts1 f> f giv+ a security1 h9d] ! g5]al public & imp$e indu/ry4 ,x is a fact wor?y ( notice1 t ! lead+ indu/rial organs1 su* z ! ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce & ,factories1 ! ,indu/rial ,society1 ! ,union = ,promot+ ,me*anical & ,manual ,indu/ry1 & ! ,n$]l&s*e ,indu/rieel1 unanim\sly h decl>$ aga9/ ,pat5ts2 s h a score ( indu/rials4 ,are ^! n facts wor? m ?an a few consid]ations ab\t a "r to special protection8 ,add to ?is ! circum/ance t 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ,pat5ts d exi/ difficulties are gradually increas+2 z1 fir/ ( all1 ! "q arises1 :e!r ! inv5tion is really a new "o2 & to asc]ta9 ?is is v (t5 a mo/ ardu\s task4 ,!n1 aga91 ,pat5ts are be+ ask$ = m]e trifles4 ,)9 a %ort p]iod1 #abf ,pat5ts = improv+ bicycles h be5 tak5 out 9 ,engl&4 ,x ?us becomes necess>y to make a m9ute inquiry into ! usefulness ( ! matt]4 ,?is has be5 ! cause t 9 ,france !y h gone to ! o!r extreme--grant+ ,pat5ts 8)\t gu>antee by ,gov]nm5t40 ,pat5ts are n consequ5t ^u ! recognition ( man's1 or inv5tors'1 rights2 !y are ! rema9d]s ( ! guild sy/em1 & ( protection to national indu/ry 9 exclusion ( =eign4 ,x _c be a "q ( "r ( prop]ty1 =1 if su* 7 ! case1 ,pat5ts w\ld n be grant$ = a fix$ t]m ( ye>s4 ,if inv5tion means "r ( prop]ty1 :y1 !n1 t arbitr>y re/riction8 ,orig9ally ! idea may h be5 a good "o1 b 9 ! sequel x has prov$ a failure4 ,!re are examples ( diff]5t p]sons hav+ made ! same inv5tion )\t hav+ any k ( ea* o!r4 ,x is consequ5tly becom+ almo/ a matt] ( impossibility to asc]ta9 priority4 ,! hon4 memb] says t all endeav\rs to br+ ab\t a practical result out ( an orig9ally elevat$ idea h utt]ly fail$2 t ! gu>antee ( ! "r is1 z has be5 prov$ by means ( ! report 9 ,engl&1 at be/ unc]ta9 & unsatisfactory2 & t :5 ! project %all h be5 made law1 he w rejoice at 8 c\ntry hav+ be5 =emo/ 9 leav+ ! wrong track4 ,,session ,,( ,,tuesday1 #bb,,nd ,,june4 ,! ,presid5t reads an address f ! ,bo>d ( ,directors ( ! ,union to ,promote ,me*anical & ,manual ,indu/ry1 ( ,rott]dam1 9 :i* !y support ! project n[ p5d+ be=e ! ,h\se4 ,! discussion on ! subject is cont9u$4 ,m4 ,,van ,,h\t5 obs]ves1 t ,m4 ,heemsk]k has giv5 ! epi!ts ( 8reaction>y0 & 8ru9\s0 to ! measure propos$ by ,gov]nm5t4 ,by oppos+ ! project1 t deputy did 8 duty1 b at ! same "t x m ?an ev] becomes ! duty ( ^? :o /r5u\sly support x op5ly to express _! convictions1 & to %[ t !y "k :at !y are ab\t4 ,8 op9ion is t ,m4 ,heemsk]k's argum5ts h be5 te/$1 & did n /& ! te/4 ,m4 de ,bruyn ,kops hav+ refra9$ f argu+ on ! gr\nd ( !oretical consid]ations1 he 7,m4 ,van ,h\t57 w say a few words 9 t direction4 ,! ma9 "q is ?is3 ,is prohibit+ ! imitation ( an inv5tion lawful1 & %all x or %all x n be upheld8 ,^? :o want to let ?+s rema9 z !y are talk ( rights acquir$2 b on :at are ^! s-call$ rights bas$8 ,c]ta9ly on no v solid basis2 =1 if a "r x be1 :y is only a tempor>y protection grant$8 ,a "r is p]man5t1 & _c be tak5 away b ?r\gh expropriation = ! common weal1 & ev5 !n 9 consid]ation ( an indemnity only4 ,m4 ,heemsk]k argues two po9ts3 #a/1 ,! inv5tor has a claim ( priority1 z ! fir/ :o takes possession4 #bnd1 ,! imitator enri*es himself at ! exp5se ( ! inv5tor4 ,b1 says ! hon4 memb]1 ,m4 ,heemsk]k loses sight ( ! fact t fir/ occupation c only take place ( 8corporeal0 effects2 n ( an inv5tion :i* may be made1 & is (t5 be+ made1 by o!rs at ! same "t4 ,besides1 he cont5ds t x is n ! imitators1 b ! public1 :o enri* !mselves & b5efit by ! inv5tion4 ,he is ( op9ion t ! ,pat5t sy/em remun]ates :]e no lab\r has be5 exp5d$2 :il/ claim+ ,pat5ts has become an indu/ry prejudicial to ! g5]al public4 ,x has be5 urg$ to frame a 8good0 ,pat5t-,law2 b t ! hon4 memb] holds to be impossible4 ,:atev] might be its provisions1 monopoly mu/ ne$s be creat$ by x4 ,& if ?is is su* an easy matt]1 :y did ,m4 ,heemsk]k n introduce a bill = a new law8 ,x is alleg$ t if ev]ybody is all[$ to imitate1 ! inv5tor works = no?+4 ,b h[ is x ) s _m gratuit\s appo9tm5ts8 ,is t a "q ( "r8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,z ,m4 ,heemsk]k1 9 8 spee*1 invok$ ,provid5ce1 he %\ld l to "k :e!r x c be suppos$ t ,provid5ce int5ds enri*+ an individual or society at l>ge8 ,on t gr\nd1 we may safely set ! public's "r aga9/ ! inv5tor's4 ,h]eupon ! hon4 memb] consid]s ! "q f an economical po9t ( view4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,pat5ts are useless = su* objects z baffle imitation--l ! ,krupp guns1 = in/ance2 & !n objects emanat+ f ! inv5tor direct are1 z a rule1 pref]r$4 ,z = petty inv5tions1 he w\ld say t1 x be+ ! normal c\rse ( social developm5t t e bran* ( indu/ry %\ld /eadily progress1 s x is ! case ) !m4 ,on t field1 ev]ybody is m or less ( an inv5tor2 & ) reg>d to petty inv5tions1 ,pat5ts n only are sup]flu\s1 b noxi\s4 ,m4 ,heemsk]k1 x is true1 has r spok5 ) a view to great inv5tions1 & ! hon4 memb] fancies he has giv5 evid5t pro( t no h>m c be done by aboli%+ ,pat5t-"r on ! latt]4 ,x is ^! great inv5tions t ! public at l>ge b5efits by4 ,he d5ies ,m4 ,heemsk]k's ass]tion1 t 9 ! abs5ce ( ,pat5ts no capital w\ld be =?com+ = ! practical application ( an inv5tion1 =1 p5d+ ! te/s & exp]im5ts an inv5tor subjects 8 inv5tion to1 no capitali/ loans him money4 ,he equally conte/s :at ,m4 ,h4 said ab\t ! logic ( repeal+ ,copyright1 %\ld ! ,pat5t-,law be put aside1 & t1 by do+ ! latt]1 viol5t h&s w\ld to a c]ta9 ext5t be laid ^u ! "r ( prop]ty4 ,! hon4 memb] ?9ks t no su* comp>ison c be drawn1 z ! law provid+ = ,copyright does by no means prev5t anybody f apply+ any publi%$ "w to fur!r developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,copyright 9 no way int]f]es ) public int]e/s4 ,! memb] = ,gorcum has call$ ! project a 8reaction>y0 measure4 ,?is w fright5 nei!r him nor u1 = x matt]s little :at is call$ reaction>y1 b mu* :at is reaction>y4 ,! project is closely connect$ ) ! hi/orical developm5t ( society1 & ! lib]ation ( lab\r & indu/ry4 ,! ,pat5t sy/em may be plac$ ^u an equal foot+ ) ! exclusive "r to discov]ies & o!r simil> privileges ( yore4 ,we h giv5 up all ^? ?+s4 ,ea* & e b5efit d]iv$ f !m becomes a public "o1 & s ought e new outlet = trade to be4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 ! hon4 memb] advocates ! removal ( ^? imp$im5ts4 ,m4 ,,godefroi said3#h ,i rise to make "s obs]vations on ?ree po9ts 9 ! spee*1 conta9+ s mu* t is valuable1 deliv]$ by ,m4 ,heemsk]k4 ,^! po9ts are1 fir/1 ! legal basis2 secondly1 treat+ ! "q on ! foot+ ( ,copyright2 &1 ?irdly1 ! ref]5ce to ! practice 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,! spee* ( ! hon4 g5tleman :o prec$$ me has made my task ) ref]5ce to ! two fir/ po9ts peculi>ly easy1 s t ,i c cont5t myself 9 a great measure ) simply ref]r+ to x4 ,8 confutation ( ! legal basis1 z laid d[n by ,m4 ,heemsk]k1 appe>s to me conclusive4 ,to speak ( occupation 9 a non-mat]ial s5se1 to say t ! primus occupans c ma9ta9 = himself or make ov] to ano!r1 on c]ta9 conditions1 does seem to me an unt5able position4 ,we mu/ take into consid]ation :at ! prec$+ speak] has already prov$1 t occupation f :i* a claim c be made1 & :i* "o c consid] z equival5t to ! "r ( possession1 is inconceivable :5 ! "r is ( a tempor>y nature4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,h[ c any "o acquire by occupation any?+ t ano!r at ! same mom5t may occupy 9 precisely ! same way8 ,h[ is x possible t two p]sons at precisely ! same mom5t 7& ?is possibility is "h n to be d5i$7 c by occupation be possess$ ( ! same "r8 ,i %all say no m on ! fir/ po9t4 ,! second po9t1 treat+ ! "q on ! foot+ ( lit]>y prop]ty1 or ,copyright4 ,i freely admit t1 if ,i 7 conv9c$1 9 case ( our cons5t+ to pass ?is ,bill1 we %\ld be pron\nc+ ! abolition ( ,copyright1 ,i %\ld recoil f giv+ my vote 9 its fav\r4 ,b ! prec$+ speak] has1 9 my op9ion1 mo/ cle>ly %[n ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 indu/rial & lit]>y prop]ty4 ,i ?9k ,i may be all[$ to ref]1 = fur!r confirmation ( ! view ,i am tak+1 to ! obs]vations ( a man held 9 g5]al consid]ation1 & ( especial weight 9 ?is case1 inasmu* z he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,commission appo9t$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to inquire into ! "q ( ! ret5tion or abolition ( ! 8,law ( ,pat5ts40 ,i ref] to ,"l ,/anley1 :o1 9 a debate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! #bi? ,may1 to :i* ! hon4 memb] = ,gor9*em appeal$1 express$ himself ) reg>d to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,pat5t-"r & ,copyright 9 a mann] s cle> & di/9ct t ,i _c ev5 n[ see h[ ,i c improve ^u 8 di/9ctions4 ,"l ,/anley said1 speak+ ( ! di/9ction3 8,! analogy seem$ a plausible "o1 b he ?\ght t1 on be+ look$ into1 x w\ld n hold wat]4 ,! diff]5ce 0 simply ?is3 he did n re/ x on any ab/ract gr\nd z to ! di/9ction betwe5 inv5tion & discov]y1 b on ! obvi\s fact t no two m5 ev] did or ev] w\ld write1 indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 exactly ! same book2 ea* book1 be x good or bad1 w\ld /& alone2 :]eas x might happ5 t two or ?ree m51 q indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 w\ld hit ^u ! same inv5tion4 ,t alone e/abli%$ a di/9ction betwe5 ! two cases40 ,& he 0 p]fectly "r4 ,:ile x is impossible = two m51 indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 to write ! same book1 x is n only possible1 b su* a case has occurr$1 = two m5 to make ! same discov]y--to light ^u ! same inv5tion4 ,!re are examples ( ?is 9 ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* indu/ry4 ,dagu]re & ,niepce bo? pursu$ t l9e ( ?\ght f :i* photography took its rise1 & ! fact is s well asc]ta9$ t :5 ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces _h to come to a decision ab\t assign+ a rew>d = ! inv5tion1 !y divid$ ! rew>d betwe5 ,dagu]re & ! *ildr5 ( ,niepce1 !n deceas$4 ,9 a report made by ! pres5t ,m9i/] ( ,public ,works 9 ,belgium1 ,m4 ,jam>1 ) ref]5ce to prop]ty 9 draw+s & models ( ma*9]y1 ! "q ( ,pat5ts is treat$1 & ,i notice 9 x "o highly important obs]vation applicable to ?is subject "u discussion4 ,x is kn[n--x appe>s also 9 ! supplem5t annex$ to ! ,(ficial ,report--t at ! conclusion ( ! fir/ ,great ,exhibition 9 ,london1 ! ,fr5* ,commission br\ght out a report1 9 :i* ! r5[n$ politician1 ,mi*el ,*evali]1 z ! result ( conclusions drawn f ! ,exhibition1 decl>$ himself 9 fav\r ( unconditional abolition ( ,pat5ts4 ,h[ did ,mi*el ,*evali] come to t op9ion8 ,! report to :i* ,i ref] in=ms u1 & f x ,i extract ! foll[+ passage3 8,on see+ at ! ,exhibition 9 ,london1 at a few paces f ea* o!r1 ! same ma*9es1 ! same tools1 new productions1 inv5t$ or discov]$ a ?\s& miles ap>t1 by m5 :o arriv$ at ! same result sometimes by diff]5t ways1 legislators & magi/rates felt !mselves b\nd to ask to :at pr9ciples ( ju/ice & equity c\ld "o ( ^! inv5tors appeal1 t he might obta9 a tempor>y monopoly r5d]+ abortive ! ef=ts & exp]im5ts on ! "p ( t5 o!r inv5tors z p]sev]+1 z consci5ti\s1 & z intellig5t z himself80 ,:5 ,mi*el ,*evali]1 at ! ,london ,exhibition1 _h se5 a few paces f ea* o!r ! same inv5tions1 pres5t$ z ! m5tal produce ( p]sons :o liv$ ?\s&s ( miles ap>t1 & knew no?+ ( ea* o!r1 he might well say t x is impossible to recognise an exclusive "r4 ,b "h is ano!r pro( t indu/rial prop]ty & ,copyright _c be put ^u ! same foot+4 ,moreov]1 ,pat5t-"r precludes ! possibility ( ! same ?\ght be+ c>ri$ out1 at lea/ = a "t1 b ,copyright does n4 ,la/ly1 ! ?ird po9t--! appeal to ! feel+ 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,m4 ,heemsk]k1 9 8 excell5t spee* ( ye/]day1 made x to appe> t ! feel+ on ?is subject 9 =eign c\ntries 0 t ! abolition ( ,pat5ts 0 condemn$4 ,x is p]fectly true t at ?is mom5t1 9 mo/ ( ! ,european ,/ates1 !re /ill subsi/ laws = conf]r+ ,pat5ts4 ,b mu/ we !nce inf] 9 =eign c\ntries an ov]:elm+ conviction1 t !re mu/ be no abolition8 ,i d n ?9k s4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 evid5ces on ?is po9t wor? att5d+ to1 :i* ,i %all proce$ to lay be=e ! ,h\se4 ,h[ is x 9 ,france8 ,! law ( #ahdd is /ill 9 =ce2 b is x approv$ 9 ,france8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!y are conv9c$ t ! op]ation ( ?is law has giv5 rise to ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties4 ,?is is a fact2 & ?is fact has l$ to sev]al proposals = modification :i* h be5 p5d+ = "s ye>s1 & are /ill p5d+1 al?\gh ! ,fr5* ,*amb]s get ?r\gh _! "w m rapidly ?an we d4 ,! proposals h be5 already = sev]al ye>s p5d+1 because ! c>ry+ !m out is h9d]$ by ! impression :i* ! valuable report ( ,mi*el ,*evali] has produc$1 = e day ! d\bt ga9s =ce :e!r x is a "q ( improv+ ! law1 or :e!r x is n mu* r a "q ( putt+ an end to ! grant+ ( ,pat5ts4 ,engl&--x is kn[n t two inve/igations h tak5 place 9 t c\ntry4 ,"o 9 #ahea1 by ! ,upp] ,h\se2 ! o!r 9 #ahfb1 by a ,gov]nm5t ,commission1 :i* issu$ its report 9 #ahfe4 ,:at 0 ! result ( ! inve/igation 9 #ahea8 ,i f9d ! result 9 ! report ( ,m4 ,jam>1 :i* ,i j n[ ref]r$ to4 ,i w read ! foll[+ extract3 8,! result ( ?is inquiry 0 rem>kable4 ,"l ,granville _h be5 ,presid5t ( ! ,commission *>g$ ) pres5t+ ! ,bill1 :i*1 :ile x modifi$ ! ,law ( ,pat5ts1 respect$ or left unt\*$ ! pr9ciple4 ,! inquiry s completely modifi$ 8 convictions1 t he did n hesitate to decl>e1 9 ! sitt+ ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords on ! #a/ ,july1 #ahea1 t he consid]$ ! issu+ ( ,pat5ts 0 an advantage nei!r = ! inv5tors nor ! public40 ,s ! ,commission ( ,inquiry1 :i* und]took ! task ( discov]+ :at am5dm5ts c\ld be made 9 ! law1 came to ! conclusion t x w\ld be bett] to aboli% ,pat5ts4 ,i %\ld occupy ! ,h\se too long 7 ,i to quote all t ,m4 ,jam>1 9 8 report1 borr[$ f ?is ,commission ( ,inquiry4 ,i w cont5t myself ) rem>k+ t1 among ! witnesses exam9$1 & on ^: te/imony ! op9ions ( ! ,commission 7 f\nd$1 !re 7 m5 p]fectly well qualifi$ to =m a judgm5t4 ,!y 7 n only economi/s1 m5 ( sci5ce1 b also m5 ( bus9ess1 practical m53 ,cubitt1 ,presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s2 ,brunel1 ! celebrat$ eng9e]2 ,ric>do1 ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t2 ,reid1 ,presid5t ( ! ,committee = c>ry+ out ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea2 & o!r indu/rial & comm]cial witnesses1 s describ$ 9 ,jam>'s report4 ,accord+ to ! same ,belgian report1 ! te/imony ( ! ,engli% judges 0 v rem>kable4 ,!y almo/ unanim\sly decl>$ t x 0 impossible to apply ! law1 & t !y did n ascribe ?is impossibility to ! application ( ! pr9ciple 9 itself4 ,"l ,granville decl>$ also1 9 a sitt+ ( ! ,upp] ,h\se1 on ,july #a/1 #ahea1 t 8 op9ion 0 =m$ f ! s5tim5ts ( ! judges2 & he add$3 8,! only p]sons :o d]ive any advantage f ! ,law ( ,pat5ts are ! lawy]s4 ,except1 p]haps1 w>rants = horses1 !re is no subject :i* gives su* an opportunity = rogu]y z ! ,law ( ,pat5ts40 ,& "o ( ! law lords ( ! ,upp] ,h\se1 ,"l ,campbell1 decl>$1 aft] he>+ ! spee* ( ,"l ,granville1 t hav+ be5 = n9e ye>s legal advis] ( ! ,cr[n1 & hav+ _h "s exp]i5ce 9 ! matt]1 he co9cid$ p]fectly 9 ! op9ion ( ,"l ,granville4 ,! inquiry made by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t ,commission l$ to ! same result4 ,9 ! sitt+ ( ! ,l[] ,h\se on ,may #bh ( ! pres5t ye>1 ( :i* ,i h already spok51 ,"l ,/anley di/9ctly said t he _h tak5 8 place 9 ! ,commission ) ! impression t ! bus9ess be=e !m 0 n to aboli% ,pat5ts1 b to take measures = ! am5dm5t ( ! ,engli% law on t subject4 ,dur+ ! inquiry1 h[ev]1 toge!r ) ^? :o took "p 9 x he _h come to ! conclusion t n only ! exi/+ law1 b e law on ,pat5ts1 w\ld meet ) almo/ insurm\ntable difficulties1 because ^! difficulties d n lie 9 ! application1 b are inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciple4 ,m4 ,heemsk]k made x appe> ye/]day t ! result ( ! discussion ( ,may #bh 9 ! ,l[] ,h\se 0 9 fav\r ( ! cont9uance ( ,pat5ts4 ,i _c g to su* a l5g? 9 my e/imate ( t discussion4 ,a motion 0 br\ght =w>d by ,mr4 ,macfie1 an ex- ,presid5t ( ! ,liv]pool ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 to decl>e t ! "t _h n[ arriv$ = ! abolition ( ,pat5ts4 ,at ! end ( ! debate ! motion 0 )drawn by ! propos]4 ,n[1 ! hon4 memb] = ,gor9*em has drawn ! conclusion1 f ! c\rse pursu$1 t ! propos] dur/ n put 8 motion to ! vote1 because he 0 c]ta9 ( a m9ority4 ,! conclusion is some:at ha/y1 = nobody c tell--we at lea/ _c--:at ! vote ( ! ,l[] ,h\se w\ld h be5 _h ! motion be5 put4 ,besides1 ! object ( ! motion appe>s 9 ! spee* ( ! propos]4 ,8 *ief aim 0 to invite discussion1 8to lay a g5]al view ( ! subject be=e ! ,h\se10 z he express$ x1 r ?an to get a decision4 ,9 8 spee* he also gave x z 8 wi% t ! subject %\ld be aga9 inve/igat$ by a ,gov]nm5t ,commission4 ,i am ( op9ion t1 f :at ,i h said ) ref]5ce to ,engl&1 ! conclusion _c be drawn t ! ret5tion ( ,pat5ts is !re ! unqualifi$ & prevail+ det]m9ation4 ,belgium3 ,! la/ law on ,pat5ts1 ! law ( #ahed1 is !re 9 op]ation4 ,i "k n if x works well1 & p]haps x w\ld h be5 wor? :ile = ! ,gov]nm5t to get su* in=mation4 ,mean:ile ,i h a ?ick volume "h be=e me1 conta9+ a comm5t>y on ! law1 :i* ,i h n read completely ?r\gh4 ,x conta9s #cjj pages1 b ,i h run ?r\gh x1 & x appe>s to me t ! s-call$ comm5t>y is 9 v _m respects a criticism on ! law1 & af=ds a pro( t x by no means works s extremely well4 ,la/ ( all1 ,g]many3 ,m4 ,heemsk]k spoke ye/]day ( ! unanimity ( ! ,g]mans on ! subject ( ma9ta9+ ,pat5ts4 ,i %\ld n l to admit t unanimity s unres]v$ly2 !re are facts1 at lea/1 oppos$ to t ass]tion4 ,?is fact1 = example1 :i* we h extract$ f an article 9 ! ,nieuwe ,gron+] ,c\rant1 j s5t to u1 a proposal = ! abolition ( ,pat5ts made to ! ,nor? ,g]man ,bund2 & if ?is is c>ri$ out1 no m ,pat5ts w be grant$ 9 a great portion ( ,g]many4 ,ano!r fact3 s f> back z #ahfd ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t ask$ ! op9ion ( ! ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce on ! "q :e!r or n ,pat5ts %\ld be ma9ta9$1 & ( ! #dg !re 7 #ca = ! abolition & #af aga9/ x4 ,i sc>cely v5ture to speak ( ! economi/s1 o!rwise ,i w\ld appeal to ! ,g]man ,economic ,congress ( #ahfc1 :i* pron\nc$ ,pat5ts injuri\s to ! national welf>e4 ,b !re is "o argum5t :i* has m weight ) me ?an any o!r4 ,i am ?or\ghly p]suad$ t a good law on ,pat5ts is an impossibility4 ,x is1 inde$1 matt] ( regret t ! hon4 memb] = ,gor9*em1 :5 he 0 9 ! ,m9i/ry1 did n try to pres5t a good law to ! ,legislature4 ,he 0 ! "r man = x4 ,he w1 h[ev]1 d me ! ju/ice to believe t1 :5 ,i say ?is1 ,i d n mean to c5sure him2 :at ,i d mean is to express my regret4 ,he is op5 to no c5sure1 = dur+ ! "t he held (fice he att5d$ s assidu\sly to 8 duties t ev5 8 mo/ viol5t political oppon5ts 7 compell$ to d him hon\r4 ,b yet x is to be regrett$ t :5 he 0 ,m9i/] he did n propose an am5dm5t ( ! law ( #ahag4 ,we %\ld !n h se5 :e!r x 0 possible or n to h a good effici5t law on ,pat5ts4 ,= my "p1 ,i h arriv$ at ! conclusion t x is an impossibility4 ,?is is ! impression made :5 "o goes ov] =eign laws on ,pat5ts4 ,!re is n a s+le good "o among !m1 nor "o :i* does n give rise to difficulties :i* hi!rto h be5 f\nd to be insurm\ntable4 ,b !re is a fur!r objection4 ,accord+ to my notions1 !re is a =midable /umbl+-block :i* is directly enc\nt]$ :5 "o sets to "w to frame a law on ,pat5ts4 ,! "q at once pres5ts itself1 mu/ x n be prov$ t ! p]son :o dem&s ! privilege has a "r to x8 ,:5 has ! claimant t "r8 ,:5 x is prov$ t 8 inv5tion has = its object a new indu/rial product1 or a new op]ation1 or a new application ( an op]ation already kn[n1 to obta9 an indu/rial result or an indu/rial product4 ,! words :i* ,i "h employ are tak5 f ,art4 #b ( ! ,fr5* ,law1 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 exactly express ! object ( ! law4 ,i n[ ask1 if a ,gov]nm5t is 9 a position1 9 ?is s5se1 to exam9e ! claim ( an applicant = a ,pat5t8 ,i %all endeav\r to prove t a ,gov]nm5t is n 9 su* a position1 & ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ! words ( ! au?or ( ! report on ! ,fr5* ,law ( #ahdd1 ! celebrat$ ,philippe ,dup94 ,we "k t ! ,fr5* ,law does n und]take ! prelim9>y inve/igation2 &1 !re=e1 z we h be5 already rem9d$ by ,m4 de ,bruyn ,kops1 :5 an ann\ncem5t is made ( articles = :i* a ,pat5t is grant$ 9 ,france1 ! lett]s ,s4 ,g4 ,d4 ,g4 7sans g>antie du ,g\v]nem5t7 are g5]ally add$4 ,n[1 he> :at ,philippe ,dup9 says 9 ju/ification ( t pr9ciple ( ,fr5* ,law1 & to prove ! impossibility ( a prelim9>y exam9ation on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t3 8,! prelim9>y exam9ation w\ld be ! e/abli%m5t ( a c5sor%ip 9 matt]s ( indu/ry4 ,& h[ c\ld ?is c5sor%ip be c>ri$ out8 ,h[1 = example1 are we to decide t an indu/rial fact is new1 & t x has n be5 produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture or 9 ! retreat ( an obscure & indu/ri\s workman8 ,h[ are we to =esee & judge ! am\nt ( utility 9 a discov]y j made1 be=e x has be5 develop$1 be=e x has be5 put to ! pro(8 ,:o w take "p 9 ?is debate8 ,:o w repres5t ! p>ties int]e/$8 ,:]e are ! judges to come f8 ,:o w ex]cise ?is jurisdiction by guesswork 9 ! regions ( ?\ght & futurity8 ,%all x be a cl]k turn$ into a judge ( :at he does n und]/&8 ,%all we take a practical man1 :o is (t5 only a man ( r\t9e1 to judge a man ( !ory & inspiration8 ,%all we invite philosoph]s8 ,b if !y are philosoph]s1 !y are n to be suppos$ to "k ev]y?+1 & !y h _! pref]5ces1 _! prejudices1 _! own sets2 & ! applicant1 p]haps1 contradicts _! doctr9es1 _! works1 _! ideas4 ,^! are inconte/able impossibilities4 ,x has be5 said1 ) z mu* wit z reason1 9 su* matt]s ! only suitable proce$+ is exp]i5ce1 ! only compet5t judge ! public40 ,s mu* = exp]i5ce4 ,b1 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 if a ,gov]nm5t is n 9 a position to decide :e!r ! claimant ( a ,pat5t has a "r to x1 c x be sanction$ 9 grant+ a privilege bl9dfold :i* e/abli%es a tempor>y monopoly8 ,accord+ to my view1 ?is is a =midable1 almo/ insurm\ntable1 /umbl+-block1 :i*1 9 my delib]ate op9ion1 w always /& 9 ! way ( a good & effici5t ,law ( ,pat5ts4 ,i1 !re=e1 am ( op9ion t no o!r satisfactory c\rse is op5 to u ?an to aboli% ,pat5ts4 ,m4 ,,van ,,voor?uys5 w n ent] into _m details1 ! subject hav+ be5 consid]$ bo? f a juridical & an economical po9t ( view4 ,he w1 !re=e1 re/rict himself to a few rem>ks on ,m4 ,heemsk]k's spee*4 ,! hon4 memb] ackn[l$ges ! satisfaction ! project gives him2 x gratifies ! feel+s to :i* he has giv5 v5t a great _m times4 ,x has be5 said t ! measure 0 a /ep backw>d1 z ,pat5ts h tak5 ! place ( exclusive privileges to guilds4 ,at ! "t ! ,pat5t-"r 0 assur$ly an improvem5t on ! !n exi/+ sy/em2 b we h be5 progress+ s mu* s9ce !n t at pres5t no?+ %ort ( abolition w satisfy ! wants ( progress4 ,he also ref]s to ! conclusion arriv$ at by ,"l ,/anley1 :i* po9t ,m4 ,heemsk]k has left unnotic$--viz41 #a/1 t x is impossible to rew>d all :o des]ve to be rew>d$2 #bnd1 t x is impossible to rew>d adequately to ! s]vice r5d]$ to society at l>ge2 #crd1 t x is impossible to hold ?ird p>ties h>mless f damage4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! alleg$ in/ance ( ! ,dagu]re prize hav+ be5 divid$ ) ano!r :o equally prov$ 8 claim to ! inv5tion1 speaks = itself4 ,x is d\btful :o 0 ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! /eam-eng9e2 !re are sev]al1 at lea/1 :o claim ! inv5tion z _! own4 ,!re is ano!r po9t he feels b\nd to ref] to4 ,m4 ,heemsk]k has said t aboli%+ ,pat5ts con/itutes an attack ^u ! "r ( prop]ty1 & t deputy cautions aga9/ a fir/ /ep1 p]haps to be foll[$ up by o!rs4 ,?is be+ a v s]i\s inculpation1 ! hon4 memb] has ask$ ! op9ion ( an em95t juri/1 :om he w n "n z yet1 ^: au?ority ,m4 ,heemsk]k is n likely to d5y1 & :o is 9 _m respects cong5ial ) t e/eem$ deputy4 ,! hon4 memb] reads t op9ion ( "o ( ! =emo/ oppon5ts ( ,pat5t-"r1 :o calls x an obnoxi\s & intol]able monopoly4 ,& :o is t clev] juri/8 ,x is ,m4 ,w9tg5s1 :o v likely ow$ to 8 extraord9>y acquirem5ts 9 law matt]s 8 appo9tm5t to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice 9 ! ,heemsk]k van ,zuyl5 ,m9i/ry4 ,m4 ,,fock 7,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,home ,affairs7 w n h mu* to say1 aft] all :i* has be5 argu$ 9 ye/]day's & to-day's ,session1 9 def5ce ( ! project4 ,nev]!less he w indulge 9 a few rem>ks on ! f9al report4 ,) a view to ! same1 ,m4 ,heemsk]k submits ! ma9t5ance ( ,pat5ts = inv5tions1 b ! repeal ( ^? 8( admission40 ,b ! ,m9i/] calls ! att5tion ( ! ,h\se to ! circum/ance t ! ,pat5ts = inv5tions :i* are be+ grant$ may aggregate to t5 a ye> or !reab\t4 ,:at %\ld rema9 = u to keep8 ,or else ag5ts "h w apply = ,pat5ts on =eign inv5tions1 s t 8,pat5ts ( admission0 w re-appe> "u a diff]5t d5om9ation4 ,m4 ,godefroi has already po9t$ to in/ances abroad1 & ! ,m9i/] c b add t1 despite ,m4 ,heemsk]k's ass]tion to ! contr>y1 ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t is by no means fav\rably dispos$ to ! ,pat5t-,law4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahfh1 ,c\nt von ,bism>ck address$ a message to ! ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation1 embody+ ! op9ion ( ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t 9 fav\r ( repeal1 & ev5 h9t+ t ,prussia w\ld n m9d tak+ ! lead 9 ! matt]4#i ,aft] ent]+ into a few m details conc]n+ ! f9al report1 ! ,m9i/] once m demon/rates t ,pat5ts are great imp$im5ts to indu/ry & free-trade1 & t x is 9 ! public's int]e/ t !y %\ld be aboli%$4 ,! ,ne!rl&s1 hav+ once be5 =emo/ 9 do+ away ) ! tax on k1 mu/ n n[ %r9k f conf]r+ entire fre$om on ! field ( indu/ry4 ,t is no reaction4 ,is x reaction to break (f ) an intol]able /ate ( ?+s8 ,no2 x is progress1 & leads to free developm5t4 ,! ,m9i/] concludes ) a citation f ,mi*el ,*evali]1 & decl9es to take ,m4 ,heemsk]k's h9t ( def]r+ ! discussion on ! project4 ,m4 ,,heemsk]k ,,azn replies4 ,he t5d]s ?anks = ! urbanity obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! discussion4 ,b x is und5iable t 8 op9ion agrees ) ! exi/+ "r & ! preval5t ideas 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,( c\rse1 if revocation is int5d$1 improvem5t ( ! law has to be giv5 up4 ,9 reply to ! ,m9i/]1 he has no d\bt b t ! desire = revocation orig9at$ 9 ,prussia1 b he has said t 9 ,g]many ! tide has turn$ 9 fav\r ( ,pat5ts1 on ! /r5g? ( ! 8,deuts*e ,indu/rie ,zeitung0 & ,klo/]man's rec5t "w4 ,! revocation ( ! ,pat5t-,law may h be5 contemplat$1 b ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t is n n[ dispos$ to h ! idea c>ri$ out4 ,he asks b = :at ! ,engli% equally ask$ =--i4e41 a r5ew$ inquiry4 ,:at1 aft] all1 is =eign exp]i5ce to ! ex]cise ( law 9 ! ,ne!rl&s8 ,h[ does ! project tally ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a new division ( indu/ry 9 ! ,dep>tm5t = ,int]nal ,affairs1 ! *ief occupation ( :i* is ! grant+ ( ,pat5ts8 ,he w n argue ) ! ,m9i/] on g5]al rem>ks1 b m]ely on ! "o relat+ to ! abolition ( newspap] /amps4 ,:y has t tax be5 repeal$8 ,if h5ce=? a l>g] quantity ( pap] be cov]$ ) pr9t1 ! tax has mo/ likely be5 done away ) to promote ! diffusion ( g5]al k4 ,he supposes1 h[ev]1 ! ,m9i/] w agree ) ,cic]o1 :o says t fame acquir$ by means ( de$s :i* are n useful is b vanity4 ,! /amp duty has be5 repeal$ 9 ord] to be useful4 ,& 9 ! pres5t case1 w ! ,m9i/] d5y all b5efits to him :o does 8 utmo/1 s z to be useful8 ,he replies also to ! sev]al memb]s :o h made spee*es2 he contradicts ,m4 de ,bruyn ,kops ab\t a g5]al disposition suppos$ to exi/ 9 ,france t[>ds revocation ( ,pat5t-,laws4 ,mi*el ,*evali] only has *ang$ 8 m9d1 b !re is no op9ion prevail+ aga9/ ,pat5ts4 ,q rec5tly bo? ,joseph ,g>ni] & ,wol[ski h refut$ ,*evali]'s argum5ts4 ,! hon4 memb] fur!r insi/s ^u 8 int]pretation ( ! ,p>liam5t>y debates 9 ,engl&1 & names sev]al in/ances ( inv5tors hav+ acquir$ weal?4 ,he does n admit t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ,pat5t-"r & ,copyright2 imitation ( articles ( fabrication is1 & w rema91 z immoral z x is unfair4 ,he %r9ks f t\*+ ! legal side ( ! "q1 b asks :e!r1 because ( ! ,pat5t-"r be+ re/rict$ to a fix$ "t1 ! conclusion mu/ ne$s be drawn t absolutely no "r %\ld exi/1 & t !re %\ld be no plea 9 equity :atev] = an inv5tor to get rew>d$ = 8 lab\rs8 ,does ! ab/ract "q ( occupation ( immat]ial ?+s cripple t hypo!sis 9 any way8 ,he consid]s x f a m g5]al & social po9t ( view1 & v9dicates 8 ass]tion t an inv5tor is entitl$ to a c]ta9 am\nt ( protection = 8 "w1 by :i*1 at all ev5ts1 he r5d]s a s]vice to society2 t ,pat5ts are incitem5ts to _m useful inv5tions & to indu/ry1 :i* is equally ,m4 de ,bruyn ,kops' op9ion1 z /at$ 9 8 "w on political economy4 ,he has be5 ask$ :y1 :5 9 ! ,m9i/ry1 he did n introduce a ,pat5t ,re=m ,law4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he begs to obs]ve t mu* 0 to be done !n1 & besides1 consid]+ ! smallness ( our c\ntry1 he indulg$ 9 ! anticipation t ! idea ( an int]national agreem5t might gradually h ga9$ gr\nd4 ,%\ld he1 h[ev]1 h liv$ long] 7politically speak+71 he w\ld mo/ likely h introduc$ a ,bill = remodell+ ! ,pat5t-,law4 ,z = ,m4 ,w9tg5's op9ion1 x is almo/ sup]flu\s to say t "o is n b\nd to h 9 e respect homog5e\s ideas ) "o's political fri5ds4 ,9 reply to ! "q :y1 z a memb] ( ! ,h\se1 he does n make a proposal1 he accepts ! invitation1 & w 9 ,septemb] next be prep>$ to take1 z a memb] ( ! ,h\se1 ! initiative ( pres5t+ a ,bill = ,re=m+ ! ,pat5t-,law1 provid$ ! project n[ p5d+ be no long] discuss$4 ,m4 ,,van ,,z9nick ,,b]gmann replies1 & ma9ta9s 8 op9ion ab\t ! ju/ice ( ! ,pat5t-"r4 ,m4 ,,de ,,bruyn ,,kops refutes ,m4 ,heemsk]k's reply1 & demon/rates1 by means ( fre% examples1 t ! ,pat5t-"r is intol]able & mo/ obnoxi\s4 ,he consid]s ! "q n[ m]ely economically2 ,,mm4 van ,h\t5 & ,godefroi hav+ s ably discuss$ ! legal po9ts4 ,! l>ge b5efits acquir$ by a few are1 z tak5 f 8 po9t ( view1 prejudicial to ! public at l>ge1 & aga9/ ^! few advantages !re are great damages1 z l>ge capitals dw9dle away 9 ! *ase = ! sn>e ( ,pat5ts4 ,m4 ,heemsk]k himself fav\rs ! revocation ( ,pat5ts on ! "r 8( admission40 ,:at is left aft] t8 ,no?+ b ! ,pat5ts ( inv5tion4 ,:y n try entire fre$om & removal ( all imp$im5ts8 ,m4 ,,godefroi w add "o ^w m ) ref]5ce to ,m4 ,heemsk]k's read9ess 9 accept+ ! *all5ge1 ( fram+ a new project ( law1 & he mu/ say t1 :atev] be ! nature ( su* proposal1 x c h>dly be expect$ to satisfy ^? :o condemn ! pr9ciples ( ,pat5t-,law4 ,b ! orator :o is s well po/$ mu/ c]ta9ly h fram$ already ! ma9 po9ts f :i* ! project w\ld h to be =m$4 ,by /at+ & expla9+ ^? po9ts1 he w\ld h done m s]vice to ! ,h\se ?an by m]e opposition to ^? :o fav\r abolition4 ,! hon4 memb] repeats ! important qu]y1 :e!r ,pat5ts %\ld be grant$ )\t previ\sly inquir+ into ! m]its ( ! case2 & !n ,gov]nm5t w\ld h to give its op9ion j z well on an improv$ *ignon z on an improv$ /eam-eng9e4 ,m4 ,,gefk5 gives 8 motives = vot+ 9 fav\r ( ! project4 ,he says1 :]e !re is a "r ( prop]ty1 x mu/ be p]man5t1 & ev5 transf]able to ! heirs2 b a gu>antee = a few ye>s w\ld n d4 ,he consequ5tly does n recognise ! "r ( prop]ty1 & m]ely consid]s ! "q ) a view to usefulness2 &1 z f> z t goes1 8 exp]i5ce 9 adm9i/rative & juridical (fices has taught him t ,pat5ts are n actually useful1 &1 on ! contr>y1 lead to speculation & imp$e ! developm5t ( _m a useful conc]n4 ,he fav\rs free competition4 ,m4 ,,van ,,voor?uys5 w n rev]t to ,m4 ,b]gmann's rem>k ab\t 8 be+ accu/om$ to recapitulate ! debates1 b d5ies hav+ int5d$ to =ce ^u him ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,w9tg5's op9ion4 ,su* is n ! case2 b ! fact ( ! op9ions ( two su* juri/s z ,,mm4 ,godefroi & ,w9tg5 agree+ has set 8 m9d at re/ z f> z legal op9ion is conc]n$4 ,m4 ,,heemsk]k ,,azn replies to ,m4 ,godefroi1 & does n see :y he %\ld j n[ g & sket* 8 project4 ,give him "t & opportunity1 & he w introduce a ,bill1 provid$ ?is project be def]r$2 &1 9 fact1 :at are !y mak+ su* ha/e =8 ,m9i/] ,,fock ma9ta9s 8 say+s ab\t ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t fav\r+ revocation1 & fur!r expla9s t ! new division 9 8 dep>tm5t has no connexion ) ,pat5ts1 b 0 made s z to conc5trate all matt]s ref]r+ to indu/ry4 ,z = ! "r ( prop]ty 9 inv5tions1 he w\ld m]ely add t1 accord+ to our legislation1 ,pat5ts are b fav\rs1 :i* may be grant$ or n1 z ! case may be4 ,h]eupon ! discussion is clos$4 ,) ref]5ce to ,art4 #a1 ,m4 ,l5t+ asks1 :y ! date on :i* ! new law has to take effect %\ld be fix$ = ! #a/ ,janu>y next4 ,he w\ld pref] t ! words be1 8,aft] ! day ( ! publication ( ! law20 !n no new ,pat5ts w\ld be grant$1 ^? already appli$ = only except$4 ,! ,m9i/] ins]ts ! am5dm5t1 aft] :i* ,arts4 #a & #b are pass$4 ,! project is !n put to ! vote1 & passes ! ,h\se by #di ayes aga9/ #h noes4 ,aga9/ x vot$ ,,mm4 ,bi*on1 ,bluss1 ,vad]1 ,h(mann1 ,heemsk]k ,azn1 ,van ,wass5a]1 & ,van ,z9nick ,b]gmann4 #h ,= ?is translation ,i am indebt$ to ! ,=eign-(fice1 to ^: reports ,i h be5 politely all[$ access4 #i ,?is admirable docum5t is prefix$1 see page #ahe4 ,,f ,,! ,,dut* ,,gov]nm5t ,,memorial4 ,! project ( law1 :i* is accompani$ by an ext5sive memorial ( explanation1 conta9s ! foll[+ /ipulations3-- ,article #a4--;,f & aft] ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahgj1 no fre% ,pat5ts = inv5tions & improvem5ts1 or ! fir/ introduction ( objects ( art & indu/ry1 %all be grant$1 ^? only except$ = :i* application %all h be5 made previ\s to t date4 ,article #b4--,! t]m = ,pat5ts =m]ly grant$ or deliv]able )9 ! provisions ( ,article #a ( ?is law may be ext5d$ 9 accordance ) ! law ( #be? ,janu>y1 #ahag4 7,vide 8,/aatsblad10 ,no4 #f47 ,! memorial says1 int] alia3-- 8,9 ord] to let ,ne!rl&s indu/ry & ,ne!rl&s p reap ! b5efit ( ! bulk ( improvem5ts 9 indu/ry1 ! be/ c\rse to take appe>s to be ! repeal ( ! ,pat5t-,law4 8,! fir/ requisite ( a re=m ( ! exi/+ legislation on ,pat5ts w\ld be to m completely gu>antee _! rights to inv5tors1 !y be+ by no means suffici5tly protect$ by ! provisions ( ! law n[ 9 =ce4 8,consid]+1 h[ev]1 ! consequ5ces ( any k9d ( ,pat5t-,law1 ! means t are to be employ$ & ! exp5ses to be incurr$1 s z to r5d] all p>ties int]e/$ q famili> ) ! ,pat5ts grant$2 ! fact t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( indu/ry1 ! numb] ( ,pat5ts is increas+1 ! result ( :i* is m & m to burd5 ! ex]cise ( ! sundry bran*es ( indu/ry ) a l>g] portion ( ob/ructive privileges1 besides ! abuses & wrong practice to :i* !y lead2 9 "o ^w1 ! price :i* ! public h to pay1 comp>$ ) ! v few inv5tors1 ^: advantage is ev5 at be/ unc]ta9--consid]+ all ^! po9ts1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt z to ! *oice ! ,ne!rl&s ought to make1 plac$ z !y are betwe5 ! d>k pa? lead+ to m obnoxi\s privileges & ! highway :]e fre$om ( movem5t prevails40 ,we subjo9 ! foll[+1 ) :i* we h be5 fav\r$1 on ! same subject3-- ,! project ( law to repeal ! ,act ( #ahag = grant+ exclusive rights on inv5tions & improvem5ts ( objects ( art & indu/ry1 has giv5 g5]al satisfaction 9 f\r ,committees ( ! ,h\se1 & _m h receiv$ x en?usia/ically4 ,by introduc+ ?is ,bill1 ,gov]nm5t has satisfi$ a desire :i* ( late 0 frequ5tly manife/$ by memb]s ( ! ,h\se4 ,! memorial ( explanation1 ) its v\*]s1 gives full p>ticul>s ( ! objections rais$ aga9/ ! ,pat5t sy/em4 ,mo/ memb]s1 9 fact1 simply gave _! adhesion 9 sub/ance1 )\t consid]+ x necess>y to 8motivate0 _! op9ion4 ,a few ,memb]s ( "o ( ! ,committees did n agree ) absolute repeal1 & ev5 held su* a measure to be at v>iance ) ju/ice & equity2 !y recognis$ ! law ( #ahag to be defective & 9 _m cases impracticable2 !y grant$ t :5 a re=m might be arriv$ at 8,pat5ts ( admission0 ought n to rema9 9 =ce2 b !y did n see :y1 on acc\nt ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! law 9 ?is c\ntry1 8,pat5ts = inv5tion0 %\ld be aboli%$ z well4 ,!re are a good _m indu/rial inv5tions :i* co/ ! orig9ator va/ m5tal lab\r1 sometimes ev5 heavy pecuni>y sacrifice4 ,by means ( 8 inv5tion he r5d]s society a s]vice :i* entitles him to enjoy1 = a fix$ p]iod at lea/1 ! exclusive b5efit ( br++ x into op]ation4 ,%\ld ?is b5efit be d5i$ him1 x w\ld be b fair t ! ,/ate %\ld give him a rew>d2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is subject to difficulties ( a peculi> nature4 ,! op9ion t ! repeal ( ! law w\ld leave intellectual prop]ty altoge!r unprotect$1 may be refut$ by ! fact t ! pr9ciple ( intellectual prop]ty _c possibly =m ! basis = a ,pat5t-,law4 ,al?\gh x 0 emphatically proclaim$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,legislature ( ! fir/ ye>s subsequ5t to ! ,revolution ( #aghi1 x w n /& ! te/ ( s\nd criticism4 ,c\ld "r ( prop]ty be admitt$ 9 ?is case1 x ought to be p]man5t1 & n tempor>y4 ,yet no ,legislature ev] d>$ to ext5d ! s-call$ "r1 ev5 = ! inv5tor's lifetime2 ! t]ms 7 g5]ally t51 twelve1 fifte51 &1 at mo/1 tw5ty ye>s4 ,ano!r circum/ance1 :i* is 9 d[nright contradiction ) ! notion ( "r ( prop]ty1 is ! fact t ev]y:]e ,pat5ts are grant$ only on paym5t ( a c]ta9 sum4 ,if ,pat5ts are to be def5d$ at all1 bett] try to d x on a pr9ciple ( utility4 ,"s appe>ances are 9 fav\r ( ! plea t anticipation ( rew>d & pecuni>y b5efit orig9ates useful inv5tions2 b pecuni>y exp]i5ce has taught t al?\gh e n[ & !n ?is may be ! case1 /ill ! v exi/5ce ( a /rict ,pat5t-,law1 is1 on ! :ole1 a decid$ h9drance to indu/ry2 t ! inv5tor's b5efit f 8 ,pat5t is1 9 mo/ in/ances1 b d\btful1 :]eas by do+ away ) ?is artificial enc\ragem5t1 inv5tions w n1 on ?is acc\nt1 rema9 9 ! bud undevelop$4 ,a /rict ,pat5t-,law is subject to /range drawbacks1 :i* h be5 *iefly demon/rat$ by ! inquiry 9 ,engl&2 :il/ 9 ,holl& ! well-kn[n decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( #ahdf has well-nigh vitiat$ x4 ,"u ! circum/ances1 no *oice 0 left our ,gov]nm5t b betwe5 a /rict] law ?an be=e & complete fre$om4 ,v ju/ly x has decl>$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt]1 &1 z x /ates1 *iefly ,switz]l& 9 its eye1 :]e v _m bran*es ( indu/ry are 9 a mo/ fl\ri%+ condition1 ascribable1 9 "p at lea/1 to ! v abs5ce ( ,pat5t-,laws1 ) _! escort ( drawbacks & law-suits4 ,!re ! manufactur] goes ^u 8 own err&1 avails himself ( inv5tions made by o!rs1 &1 if he _c at once get at ! bottom ( ! same1 tries to arrive at !m ?r\gh 8 own ex]tions & 8 own pond]+s4 ,! /ep tak5 by ,gov]nm5t des]ves ! m approbation1 inasmu* z no legislation c suffici5tly gu>antee to ! real inv5tor t exclusive "r :i* is consid]$ a rew>d = ! s]vice r5d]$ to society4 ,n seldom x happ5s t ! inv5tor is a s*ol>1 :o makes ! fruit ( 8 lab\rs public1 leav+ to o!rs ! d]iv+ pecuni>y b5efits f x4 ,"s p]sons1 adv]se to ,pat5t-,laws1 _c yet make up _! m9ds z to ! new sy/em be+ 9 accordance ) morality1 & p]haps be an enc\rag+ ( ! di%one/y :i* lies 9 ! appropriation ( ano!r man's inv5tion1 !reby rem9d+ ! ,ne!rl&] ( ,gtt5burg4 ,to ?is we may br+ =w>d ! argum5t t1 z f> z ! de$ ascrib$ to t ,g]man falls )9 ! limits ( !ft1 or ( violation ( contract betwe5 ma/] & s]vant1 nobody w def5d x2 b 9 ! circum/ance t ,gtt5burg1 hav+ once ma/]$ ! art1 appli$ x to br+ x into op]ation1 & by ex]t+ 8 intellect1 rais$ x to a mu* high] pit* ( p]fection1 !re lies no?+ di%one/4 ,if ^! proce$+s be incrim9at$1 !n ! pr9ciple ought to be transf]r$ to ano!r field--t ( trade4 ,!n ! m]*ant :o takes advantage ( a new outlet or a new bran* ( comm]ce inaugurat$ by ano!r1 ought to be reprobat$2 b if s1 f>ewell to all competition--nay1 to ! v pr9ciple ( free-trade4 ,a few ( ! support]s ( ! ,pat5t-,law ask :e!r ,copyright does n re/ ^u ! same basis z ! exclusive "r to inv5tions1 & :e!r ! new law w n be foll[$ 9 its wake by ! ignor+ ( lit]>y prop]ty4 ,b aga9/ a few simil>ities we h a mat]ial diff]5ce 9 sub/ance4 ,if n all1 yet mo/ lit]>y productions be> su* a m>k$ /amp ( individuality1 t intellectual prop]ty _c be conte/$4 ,h[ev] x may be1 ! diff]5t subjects h ea* _! own laws1 & bo? au?ors & publi%]s we q leave out ( ! "q4 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,holl&1 ,,! 8,,algeme5 ,,h&elsblad40 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ne!rl&s economy1 ! #bbnd ,june1 #ahfi1 w be long rememb]$4 ,:atev] %all be ! decision ( ! ,fir/ ,*amb]1 ! fact ( ! ,law ,bill hav+ pass$ ! ,second ,*amb] by #dh yeas aga9/ #h noes is a highly gratify+ occurr5ce4 ,! *ief feature 9 ! opposition on ! "p ( ! ,cons]vatives 0 ! able spee*es made by _! lead]1 ,m4 ,heemsk]k1 9 ord] to prove t inv5tion conf]s a "r ( prop]ty4 ,)\t go+ into ! m]its ( ! case1 we _c help record+ t1 9 ! op9ion ( ^? t side ) ,m4 ,h41 x mu/ be a sugge/ive circum/ance t1 despite all ! e>ne/ plead+ ( ! hon\rable g5tleman1 #dh out ( #eg repres5tatives1 ( m5 ( ! highe/ moral & intellectual /&+1 did vote = abolition1 & /ill did n int5d despoil+ anybody ( 8 own4 ,inv5tion is ! effusion ( ?\ght1 & j z ?\ght _c b be free1 s inv5tion mu/ be ! same4 ,we hope t ! ,ne!rl&s w n long rema9 alone 9 ?is in/ance4 ,at any rate1 we may be pr\d ( ! ov]:elm+ majority ( m5 able to und]/& ! real means ( progress4 ,,extract ,,f ,,an ,,oblig+ ,,private ,,lett]4 ,am/]dam1 ,june #bh1 #ahfi4 444 ,9 "s respects1 ! r p[]ful argum5ts ( ! memb]s :o 7 fav\rable to ! cont9uance ( ! sy/em ( ,pat5ts--& :o cont5d$ t an inv5tor1 ! same z an au?or1 has a "r to protection ( 8 individual m9d-"w--7 defeat$1 pr9cipally by ! pretty g5]al op9ion ( ! majority t x w\ld be next to impossible to adopt any new ,law on ,pat5ts effici5t to protect "o inv5tor )\t at ! same "t injur+ n only "s bro!r-inv5tor1 b also ! public at l>ge4 ,,f ,,! 8,,frank=t ,,j\rnal10 ,,july #ba4 ,! abolition ( ! ,pat5t-,laws 9 ! ,ne!rl&s w1 x is evid5t1 n rema9 )\t influ5ce on ! decision :i* o!r ,european ,/ates1 & 9 p>ticul> ^? ( ,g]many1 w =m 9 reg>d to ^! laws4 ,( ! two c\ntries1 "o ( :i* is 9 possession ( ! s\rces ( ! ,rh9e1 & ! o!r ( its m\?s--! =m] ! mo/ indu/ri\s c\ntry 9 ! _w1 nev] _h a ,pat5t-,law2 ! latt]1 em95t = its =esight1 disp5ses ) ^? laws4 ,?r\gh ?is act are int5sifi$ ! unsatisfactory circum/ances :i* ! exi/5ce ( ^! laws produces1 & ! want ( confid5ce :i* is felt 9 _! advantage to inv5tors & ! public4 ,! numb] ( _! def5d]s is con/antly decl9+4 ,p are daily m & m becom+ conv9c$ t ^! laws belong to ! same category z ! ,usury-,laws & ! ,corn-,laws1 & o!r simil> excresc5ces introduc$ by bureaucracy1 & t !y %\ld be ?r[n into ! lumb]-room ( laws :i* effect ! v rev]se ( :at !y pr(ess to d4 ,!y /op progress4 ,inv5tions ( importance c always be made useful to ! inv5tors )\t ,pat5t-,laws4 ,great inv5tors might p]haps be indemnifi$ by ,gov]nm5t on behalf ( a nation1 b z = ! innum]able h]d ( small inv5tors :o prosecute inv5t+ z a trade1 !y cause ! consum] sev]e injury in/ead ( b5efit+ him4 ,s9ce ,pat5ts = inv5tions 9 ,g]many d n ext5d to protection aga9/ deal+ 9 =eign articles pat5t$ "h1 we may consid] ! abolition ( ,pat5ts 9 ! ,ne!rl&s a reason :y ,pat5t monomaniacs %\ld n[ ask !mselves :e!r ! co/ is likely h]eaft] to yield a good return4 ,,proce$+s ,,9 ,,liv]pool ,,*amb] ,,( ,,comm]ce4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil on ,july1 #ahfi1 ,e4 ,k4 ,,muspratt1 ,esq41 rose & spoke to ! foll[+ effect3-- ,mr4 ,presid5t1--,i rise to call y\r att5tion to ! late debate on ! ,pat5t-,law4 ,?is ,*amb] has frequ5tly express$ its dissatisfaction ) ! work+ ( ! pres5t law1 & aft] ! issue ( ! ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! subject1 endeav\r$ to br+ ab\t an inquiry into ! policy ( grant+ ,pat5ts = inv5tions4 ,i _c b ?9k ! "t has n[ arriv$ = fur!r action 9 ?is matt]4 ,! late debate ^u ! motion ( ,mr4 ,macfie has re-awak5$ public int]e/ 9 ! subject1 & x is gratify+ to note1 bo? 9 ! debate itself & ! subsequ5t discussion 9 ! newspap]s1 t ! =m]ly v preval5t idea ( a natural prop]ty 9 inv5tions has be5 tacitly ab&on$4 ,9 "s ( ! argum5ts us$ ! old fallacy seems to lurk1 = ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 9 a v able article1 says3 8,x is plausible to say t if !re 7 no prop]ty 9 inv5tion e "o w\ld get ! b5efit ( all inv5tions2 b ?is appe>s to u to h "s analogy to ! notion t if !re 7 no prop]ty 9 l& e "o w\ld get ! b5efit ( ! crops40 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v great diff]5ce1 because an inv5tion _c possibly yield all ! b5efits :i* society c d]ive f x until x becomes public prop]ty2 :]eas all exp]i5ce proves t l&1 9 ord] to yield ! greate/ results1 mu/ become & rema9 individual prop]ty4 ,let u disc>d1 !re=e1 all comp>ison ( prop]ty 9 inv5tion ) o!r prop]ty1 & discuss ! subject z "o ( exp$i5cy4 ,is x ! int]e/ ( ! community at l>ge t ,pat5ts %\ld be grant$ = inv5tions8 ,i am n prep>$ to say :e!r or n inv5tors %\ld be remun]at$ by ! ,/ate2 b1 aft] mature consid]ation1 ,i h come to ! conclusion t1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! nation & ( all engag$ 9 indu/ry1 ,pat5ts = inv5tion %\ld be aboli%$4 ,a ,pat5t is a monopoly1 a pat5tee a monopoli/4 ,:5 ! ,protectioni/ sy/em 0 9 vogue1 ,pat5ts :i* 7 9 full h>mony ) t sy/em c\ld be ju/ifi$2 b 9 ^! days ( ,free-trade all monopolies :i* act 9 re/ra9t ( trade %\ld be aboli%$4 ,"s ( ! argum5ts us$ 9 support ( ! sy/em ( ,protection to inv5tors by grant+ to !m a monopoly ( manufacture are1 to my m9d1 v simil> to ^? us$ 9 =m] days 9 support ( o!r monopolies4 ,be=e ! repeal ( ! ,navigation ,laws1 x 0 said t )\t !m our m>9e w\ld be de/roy$1 & no m %ips w\ld be built1 because !re w\ld be no inducem5t to build !m4 ,)\t ,pat5ts1 say ! def5d]s ( ! sy/em1 !re w be no inv5tions1 because !re w be no special inducem5t to make !m4 ,we ma9ta91 h[ev]1 t "u a fre] sy/em inv5tion w\ld be /imulat$1 & n re/ra9$4 ,z 0 well po9t$ out by ,sir ,r4 ,palm] 9 8 able spee*1 8,b\nties & premiums might be adapt$ to a rude /ate ( ! arts & an e>ly /age 9 ! progress ( comm]ce2 b :5 a nation _h rea*$ s high a degree ( progress 9 all +5i\s arts & discov]ies1 & 9 trade & comm]ce1 z we _h1 he ?\ght t 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 z well z 9 o!rs1 ! sy/em ( b\nties & premiums 0 mu* m likely to be mis*iev\s ?an useful40 ,he !n v cle>ly %[$ h[ ! ,pat5t sy/em work$2 h[1 9 ! place ( secur+ ! rew>d to great & m]itori\s inv5tions1 x gave a monopoly to ! fir/ claim] ( ^? m9or improvem5ts :i* he class$ z unm]itori\s ,pat5ts1 & :i* improvem5ts w\ld necess>ily be made 9 ! ord9>y progress ( manufacture4 ,z an example ( ?is1 ,i may m5tion ! manufacture ( artificial manures4 ,! mod]n hi/ory ( manures dates f ! publication ( ,liebig's book 9 #ahdj1 9 :i* ! conv]sion ( insoluble into soluble phosphate ( lime is recomm5d$4 ,?is sugge/ion has be5 p]haps m fruitful 9 results ?an any o!r ( mod]n times1 & =ms ! basis ( ! enorm\s manufacture ( sup]-phosphate & o!r artificial manures4 ,x 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahdb1 n by ,liebig1 b by ,mr4 ,lawes2 & s9ce t p]iod v>i\s improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture h be5 pat5t$1 b ! real inv5tor has nev] be5 rew>d$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t )\t a sy/em ( ,pat5ts all ( ! subsequ5t m9or improvem5ts w\ld h be5 made 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( trade2 & "o ( ! ma9 objects ( ! ,pat5t-,law1 to secure a rew>d to ! inv5tor1 has1 9 ?is in/ance1 z 9 _m o!rs1 fail$ ( accompli%m5t4 ,!n1 on ! o!r h&1 all ^! m9or improvem5ts1 be+ pat5t$1 /& 9 ! way ( fur!r progress1 & if ! manufactur] wi%es to adopt a new process1 or to improve 8 manufacture1 he mu/ d x at ! p]il ( litigation ) "s unkn[n p]son1 :o at "s "t or o!r has ?\ght fit to claim = himself a monopoly4 ,no matt] :e!r 8 claim be good or bad1 x /&s 9 ! way ( improvem5t until x is ei!r disclaim$ by ! pat5tee himself or pron\nc$ invalid 9 a c\rt ( law4 ,z an example ( h[1 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 a pat5tee may create a virtual monopoly & emb>rass manufactur]s ev5 :5 8 claims are1 accord+ to 8 own %[+1 to a v great ext5t invalid1 p]mit me to draw y\r att5tion to a ,pat5t1 ,no4 #ab1hfg1 ,a4,d4 #ahdi1 = compress+ peat = fuel1 mak+ gas1 c41 & ) :i* ,i un=tunately became acqua9t$1 because ! pat5tee1 "u ano!r ,pat5t 7connect$1 h[ev]1 ) ! fir/71 endeav\r$ to make my firm pay him = ! use ( a sub/ance 9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid4 ,n[1 ! pat5tee1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,c ,hills1 f9d+1 ,i presume1 t 9 its fir/ /ate 8 ,pat5t 0 invalid1 fil$ :at is te*nically t]m$ a disclaim]1 9 #ahec2 & on comp>+ ! orig9al specification1 :i* is v long & consi/s ( ab\t #bcj l9es1 ,i f9d at lea/ "o-half is disclaim$4 ,?is ,pat5t secur$ to ,mr4 ,hills ! monopoly ( ! purification ( gas by means ( oxide ( iron2 & al?\gh1 ow+ to ! ex]tion ( ! ,liv]pool ,gas ,company1 he fail$ to h x r5ew$ at ! expiration ( f\rte5 ye>s1 by a subsequ5t ,pat5t = ! use ( ! said oxide 7aft] x has be5 us$ 9 ! purification ( gas7 9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid1 he cont9ues virtually to enjoy t monopoly1 & to prev5t *emical manufactur]s hav+ access to :at1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 may be a *eap s\rce ( sulphur4 ,& ?is ,i w\ld wi% y to be> 9 m9d1 al?\gh ! second ,pat5t is und\bt$ly invalid4 ,x w\ld deta9 y too long 7 ,i to ent] into full detail on ! subject1 b ,i may m5tion t our firm us$ "s #b1jjj or #c1jjj tons ( ?is gas refuse f ! ,liv]pool ,gas ,works1 :5 pyrites 0 high 9 price2 & x 0 only because ( ! annoyance & wa/e ( "t :i* a law-suit w\ld h co/ t we rel9qui%$ its use 9 our manufacture :5 ! price ( pyrites fell4 ,b ?is case is b a sample1 & ,i h no d\bt e manufactur] has exp]i5c$ simil> loss & inconv5i5ce f ! action ( ! ,pat5t-,law4 ,:5 we consid] t !re are at ! pres5t mom5t #aa1cfi ,pat5ts 9 =ce1 mo/ ( !m z invalid z t to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 & act+ z a re/riction on manufactur]s1 we may =m "s idea ( :at ! community at l>ge has to pay = ! luxury ( a ,pat5t-,law4 ,b x may be said ^! objections are due to ! imp]fections & mal-adm9i/ration ( ! ,pat5t-,law4 ,i w\ld ref] y1 !n1 to ! ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission1 :i*1 9 conclusion1 says t 8^! inconv5i5ces are1 9 _! belief1 inh]5t 9 ! nature ( a ,pat5t-,law1 & mu/ be consid]$ z ! price :i* ! public cons5ts to pay = ! exi/5ce ( su* a law40 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r aspect ( ! "q :i* mu/ n be lo/ sight (4 ,! ,l[] ,h\se ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al ( ,holl& has1 by a l>ge majority1 vot$ ! abolition ( ,pat5ts4 ,9 ,switz]l& !y don't exi/2 & 9 ,prussia1 ow+ to a v /rict prelim9>y exam9ation1 fai?fully c>ri$ out1 !y are v few 9 numb]4 ,we 9 ?is c\ntry h to compete ) ! manufactur]s ( ^! c\ntries2 & is x fair1 ,i w\ld ask1 t we %\ld be ?us weight$ 9 ! race8 ,i beg to move t a petition be prep>$ = pres5tation to ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 pray+ = ! appo9tm5t ( a ,committee to inquire into ! policy ( grant+ ,pat5ts = inv5tion4 7,! motion 0 unanim\sly adopt$47 ,,correspond5ce4 ,! subjo9$ lett]s1 ) :i* ,i am fav\r$1 w be read ) int]e/ & advantage3-- ,,f ,,sir ,,william ,,arm/rong1 ,c4,b4 ,z to ! co/ ( ! sy/em to ! public1 ,i don't see h[ x c\ld be calculat$1 = x consi/s n m]ely ( ! lic5ce fees1 b also ( ! loss result+ f ! /amp+ out ( competition1 :i* w\ld *eap5 production &1 9 mo/ cases1 lead to improvem5t4 ,my great objection to our indiscrim9ate ,pat5t sy/em is1 t x is sc>cely possible to /rike out 9 any new direction )\t com+ 9 contact ) ,pat5ts = s*emes s crudely develop$ z to receive little or no acceptance f ! public1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 block ! road to really practical improvem5t4 ,no?+1 ,i ?9k1 c be m mon/r\s ?an t s grave a matt] z a monopoly %\ld be grant$ to any p]son = any?+ )\t inquiry ei!r z to private m]it or public policy--9 fact1 m]ely = ! ask+ & ! pay+4 ,among/ o!r evils ( ?is indiscrim9ate sy/em is t ! majority ( ,pat5ts grant$ are bad1 & yet su* is ! dread ( litigation1 t p submit to a ,pat5t !y "k to be bad r ?an involve !mselves 9 ! tr\ble & exp5se ( resi/+ x4 ,s t a bad ,pat5t1 9 g5]al1 answ]s j z well z a good "o4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ,pat5ts is1 t !y are necess>y to protect ! poor inv5tor1 b x is manufactur]s & capitali/s1 & n work+ m51 :o make great pr(its by ,pat5ts1 & t1 too1 9 a degree :i* has no ref]5ce ei!r to ! m]it ( ! inv5tor or ! importance ( ! inv5tion4 ,"o r>ely he>s ( a work+ man mak+ a good ?+ ( a ,pat5t4 ,if he hits ^u a good idea he has seldom ! means ( develop+ x to a m>ketable =m1 & he g5]ally sells x = a trifle to a capitali/1 :o br+s x to maturity & pr(its by x4 ,he c\ld sell 8 idea j z well )\t any ,pat5t-,law4 ,may #ac1 #ahfi4 ,,f ,,ano!r ,,high ,,practical ,,au?ority1 ,,likewise ,a ,,notable ,,inv5tor4 ,i w\ld n = "o mom5t d5y t in/ances c\ld be nam$ 9 :i* ! abs5ce ( a ,pat5t-,law might h prov$ a h>d%ip to a real inv5tor1 b ,i feel q satisfi$ 9 my own m9d t :atev] may hi!rto h be5 ! case1 ! "t has n[ fully arriv$ :5 inf9itely less inju/ice w\ld1 ^u ! :ole1 be occasion$ by ! abs5ce ( all ,pat5t-,laws ?an by ! be/ ,pat5t-,law t c\ld be devis$4 ,all ,pat5ts = inv5tions mu/ be consid]$ z f\nd$ ^u exp$i5cy & n ^u ! idea ( any inh]5t "r :i* ! inv5tor possesses beyond ! "r ( us+ 8 inv5tion1 or keep+ ! secret ( x to himself4 ,a community may consid] x to _! advantage to protect inv5tions by means ( ,pat5t-,laws1 b a man c h no ab/ract or natural "r to ! exclusive b5efits ( 8 inv5tion1 = su* an idea w\ld imply t nobody else c\ld h produc$ x4 ,! "q is1 !re=e1 entirely "o ( exp$i5cy1 b n "o ( "r4 ,aga91 a v common argum5t us$ 9 support ( a ,pat5t-,law is t an inv5tor is z mu* entitl$ to an exclusive "r to 8 inv5tion z an au?or is to ! produce ( 8 p51 b !re is really v little resemblance betwe5 ! two cases1 & ,i believe x w\ld be v inexp$i5t to utt]ly aboli% ,copyright4 8,p>adise ,lo/0 w\ld nev] h be5 writt5 b = ,milton2 b ) ! utmo/ respect = ,bell1 ,fulton1 & ,/eph5son1 :o w\ld pret5d to believe t )\t !m we %\ld /ill h to be dep5d5t ^u ! w9d = our movem5ts at sea1 & ! common road a%ore8 ,a man :o writes a book does n int]f]e ) me 9 ! slighte/ degree1 b ! inv5tor1 or m probably ! s-call$ inv5tor1 back$ by ! ,pat5t-,law1 may mo/ unju/ly involve me 9 mu* tr\ble & exp5se4 ,i %\ld be v glad to see a good r\nd sum set ap>t by ,gov]nm5t = ! purpose ( be+ aw>d$ to real inv5tors by compet5t & imp>tial au?ority4 ,!n ! poor inv5tor might h "s *ance4 ,y w c]ta9ly1 9 my op9ion1 h done a good turn to ?is c\ntry if y c only get e ve/ige ( ,pat5t-,law swept f ! /atute-book1 & ) my be/ wi%es = ! success ( y\r motion1 ,i am1 c4 ,,f ,,&rew ,,john/on1 ,,esq41 ,m4,p4 #g? ,july1 #ahfi4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i am glad to he> t y int5d pr9t+ ! results ( y\r inquiries z to ! op]ation ( ! ,pat5t-,laws1 z ! conclusions at :i* y h arriv$ tally entirely ) my own exp]i5ce z a manufactur]4 ,i _h no opportunity ( speak+ 9 ! rec5t debate on y\r motion1 & w !re=e put d[n "o or two po9ts :i* h specially pres5t$ !mselves to my att5tion4 ,i am n bias$1 ,i believe1 by self-int]e/1 z ! bus9ess ) :i* ,i am connect$ has pr(it$ to a consid]able ext5t by ! pur*ase ( pat5t$ inv5tions2 b x is my firm conviction t ! commonweal? w\ld b5efit by ! refusal ( ! ,/ate 9 future to grant ,pat5ts4 ,no?+ c be m sup]ficial ?an ! objection t ! intellig5t work+ man b5efits by ! pres5t sy/em4 ,= "o su* :o really b5efits by 8 inv5tion1 t5 sell !irs = ! m]e/ fraction ( its value2 t5 o!rs :o may get a fair price are l$1 by ! possession ( ! capital sum s obta9$1 to give up regul> employm5t1 & g5]ally 8muddle away0 all ! money 9 seek+ to 8inv5t0 afre%1 :ile ! rema9+ sev5ty-n9e reap no?+ by _! inv5tion b disappo9tm5t1 privation1 & mis]y4 ,aboli% ,pat5ts1 & ^! m5 w\ld /ick to regul> "w4 ,!y w\ld *oose ! s]vice ( employ]s :o _h a "n = lib]ally rew>d+ _! workm5 = +5i\s & pr(itable inv5tions1 & also = ! insight necess>y to decide :e!r inv5tions 7 s or n4 ,employ]s w\ld vie ) "o ano!r 9 gett+ su* a "n1 & ! :ole tone & level ( ! artisans w\ld be p]ceptibly rais$1 :ile useful inv5tion w\ld proce$ fa/] ?an at pres5t1 because ! c]ta9ty ( mod]ate rew>ds w\ld /imulate m5 m ?an ! remote *ance ( l>ge ones4 ,no d\bt y want facts r ?an op9ions4 ,i c te/ify to ?is mu* z to ano!r bran* ( ! subject3 :5 !re is an infr+em5t ( a ,pat5t1 or suppos$ infr+em5t1 & an appeal to ! law is 9 prospect1 x nev] occurs to ei!r p>ty to consid] :e!r ! ,pat5t-rights 9 "q are good1 bad1 or indiff]5t4 ,x is too well kn[n t ! longe/ purse w w91 & t :i*ev] p>ty is prep>$ to sp5d mo/ money w defeat & probably ru9 ! o!r4 ,make any use y l ( ^! notes4 ,y\rs1 v truly1 ,,&rew ,,john/on4 ,r4 ,a4 ,macfie1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,,on ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,copyright ,,& ,,pat5t-,,"r4 ,! foll[+ is reproduc$ "u a conviction =m$ by he>+1 9 ! rec5t debate1 s mu* /ress laid on ! resemblance ( ,pat5t-"r to ,copyright1 t sup]ficial views are v g5]ally held & require to be met3-- ,extract f 8,! ,pat5t ,"q "u ,free-,trade10 #ahfc4 ,we may n[1 9 ord] to cle> away :at has be5 to "s a /umbl+-block--! argum5t f analogy f\nd$ on ! case ( lit]>y prop]ty--notice c]ta9 di/9ctions betwe5 ! subjects respectively ( ,pat5t-"r & ,copyright4 ,^? ?+s t belong to ! prov9ce ( ,pat5t-"r are 9 _! nature capable ( be+ indep5d5tly discov]$ or orig9at$1 9 ! same id5tical =m1 by a plurality ( p]sons4 ,( ?is "* are ! pr9ciples ( me*anism1 processes ( manufacture1 & =ms or me?ods accordant !reto4 ,su*1 inde$1 are1 z a rule1 actually discov]$ or inv5t$ by sev]al p]sons1 & ?is v (t5 almo/ simultane\sly4 ,x is o!rwise ) ?+s t belong to ! prov9ce ( ,copyright--lit]>y & arti/ic comb9ations1 books1 pictures1 musical compositions1 involv+ any degree ( elaboration4 ,su*1 at no int]val ( "t1 h ev] be5 produc$ by ev5 "o o!r p]son except a copyi/4 ,?is gr\nd = diff]5tial treatm5t is connect$ ) o!rs4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! lit]>y or arti/ic compositions ( any p]son are p]fectly di/+ui%able f all ^? ( e o!r4 ,h5ce ! ,copyright privilege is conc$$ 9 ! absolute c]ta9ty t ! grantee is _! true & only orig9ator1 or fir/ produc] or creator4 ,no second p]son c come =w>d1 aft] ! ,copyright privilege is secur$ to an au?or or arti/1 & allege t ! poem or picture he compos$ also4 ,to infr+e ,copyright means to slavi%ly or meanly copy ! "w ( ano!r4 ,to con/itute infr+em5t x is n suffici5t t ! second p]son's book has ! same subject & ! same purpose 9 view1 & is writt5 9 ! same _s z ! fir/2 ! 8matt]0 mu/ be ! same1 & 9 ! same =m4 ,& s ) pictures1 ! subjects may be ! same2 ! ideas may %[ great correspond5ce4 ,exactness ( 8matt]0 & ( arrangem5t is ev]y?+4 ,pat5t-"r1 on ! contr>y1 may be infr+$ :]e !re is no su* exactness1 & no copy+ :atev]1 b complete orig9ality4 ,disreg>d+ =m1 x =bids ! embodim5t & use ( ideas1 ev5 ( ideas entirely "o's own4 ,we h ?us ! inconsi/5cy1 or p>adox1 t ! exclusive privileges :i* h = _! prov9ce only mat]ial objects--:i* engage only our bodily frame & ^? s5ses m]ely t h _! ex]cise on matt] ap>t f m9d 7& ?is is all t pat5table inv5tions d7--c>ry prohibition into ! region ( ideas2 :ile ^? o!r exclusive privileges1 9 ^: prov9ce matt] s]ves only z a vehicle or excitant ( ?+s immat]ial--conceptions1 memories1 ta/es1 emotions--& z an in/rum5t to set ! m9d a-work+ & affect ! high] s5ses & faculties--make no su* incursions1 keep+ entirely cle> ( int]f]5ce ) any man's practical use ( ideas4 ,lit]>y & arti/ic ,copyright has = its prov9ce visible1 tangible works1 int5d$ only = ! eye or ! e>1 or inn] man ?r\gh ^! s5ses--objects to be look$ ^u1 li/5$ to1 ?\ght (2 n ?+s to be work$ ) or employ$1 nor ?+s consumable1 nor m]e modes ( do+ a ?+1 l ! subjects ( ,pat5t-"r4 ,x has no reg>d to processes1 op]ations1 implem5ts4 ,!re=e1 unlike ,pat5t-"r1 x int]f]es n ) manufactur]s1 artisans1 m9]s1 f>m]s1 %ipp+4 ,its sph]e is 9 f9i%$ productions1 works ( art 9 _! complet$ /ate--objects t are p]man5t & unmi/akable4 ,infr+em5ts1 !re=e1 are necess>ily bo? manife/ & ( set purpose1 :]eas infr+em5ts ( ,pat5t-"r are (t5 d\btful1 ev5 :5 ! subjects or results c be exhibit$1 & :5 ! facts ( ! case are ass5t$ to by all p>ties2 & if x is a "q ( processes1 its infr+em5ts are (t5 undetectable aft] ! fleet+ mom5t dur+ :i* !y are alleg$ to h tak5 place4 ,fur!r1 z be=e said1 contrav5tions ( ,pat5t-"r may be1 & n unfrequ5tly are1 done unconsci\sly or unwitt+ly4 ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,pat5t ,,sy/em4 ,! foll[+ pap] on ,pat5t ,monopolies is reproduc$ f ! ,liv]pool ,c\ri]1 p>tly = ! sake ( pres5t+ a pa/ phase ( op9ion ) respect to ! means ( mitigat+ ! injuri\s influ5ce ( ! exclusive privilege conta9$ 9 ,pat5ts3-- ,at ! ,social ,sci5ce ,congress at ,%effield1 9 #ahfe1 ,mr4 ,macfie read a pap] on ! foll[+ subject3 8,long ,re/rictions on ! ,use ( ,inv5tions1 & ,obligation to make heavy ,paym5ts to ,pat5tees1 incompatible ) free & fair trade40 ,he said3-- ,t ! inv5tor has a "r ( use or prop]ty 9 8 inv5tion we d n dispute2 :at we dispute is 8 exclusive "r4 ,to give "o inv5tor su* a "r is to subv]t ! pr9ciple by d5y+ ! "r ( o!r inv5tors1 :o may be z orig9al1 & h work$ z h>d1 & sp5t z mu*1 b :o1 ow+ to a desire to p]fect _! a*ievem5t a little m1 or because !y live 9 ! prov9ces1--a day's j\rney fur!r (f1--come "s h\rs beh9d1 & s are only second or ?ird applicants = ! covet$ privilege4 ,! ,/ate ought n1 & _c 9 /rict ju/ice1 give a "r ( exclusive prop]ty2 t is1 p[] to m$dle ) o!rs1 & =bid !m to use _! valuable k2 except 9 cases :]e common use & enjoym5t w\ld dim9i% public weal? or h>m a previ\s possessor4 ,if ! l& ( ,engl& 7 con/itut$ common prop]ty1 its productive value w\ld be less5$1 & ! pres5t possessors w\ld be h>m$2 !re=e1 x legitimately is prop]ty4 ,k may be1 ) ! greate/ b5efits to mank9d1 common4 ,god has drawn ?is di/9ction betwe5 ?+s mat]ial or measurable 79 :i* classification ,i include lab\r71 & ?+s m5tal3 betwe5 l&1 pl\ghs1 & ! l1 & ! art or k h[ to manage or make !m1--t ! "o _c be appropriat$1 & ! o!r _c be unappropriat$1 )\t loss to our race4 ,en passant1 d we con=m to ! _s ?is con/itution ( nature may be held to comm5d to man8 ,i w n deta9 y by controv]t+ ! argum5ts ( ^? plausible reason]s :o class ,pat5t-"r ) ,copyright4 ,bo?1 inde$1 are creations ( enact+ law4 ,b !re is ?is obvi\s & broad di/9ction betwe5 !m3 t to grant exclusive privileges to an au?or int]f]es ) nobody else's compositions1 :]eas to grant !m to an inv5tor cont9ually conflicts ) :at o!rs h done & are do+4 ,nor %all we sp5d "t 9 discuss+ ! m]its ( inv5tors4 ,^!1 we all[1 may be great1 & des]ve public ackn[l$gm5t4 ,:at ought r to be discuss$ is ! k9d ( ackn[l$gm5t t is mo/ exp$i5t4 ,at pres5t a v primitive mode ( rew>d+ inv5tors is alone ! rule--monopoly4 ,9 old times1 :5 political economy1 l ! o!r sci5ces1 0 unkn[n1 x 0 ! easy1 b at ! same "t co/ly1 way ( end[+ a c\rt fav\rite to grant him an exclusive "r to sell or make "s commodity4 ,:51 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 all o!r monopolies 7 prohibit$ by law1 ^? 9 fav\r ( introduc]s ( new manufactures 7 sp>$4 ,?is exception has be5 f\nd or made s expansible1 t x is rul$ to ext5d to m9ute processes or in/rum5ts 9 exi/+ trades1 s t :at 0 int5d$ to promote manufactures is n[ too frequ5tly a h9drance4 ,?us ! av[$ object ( ! exception1 public good1 is on ! :ole c\nt]act$4 ,:at we ma9ta9 is1 t1 admitt+ ! monopoly atta9s to "s ext5t t object1 ! disadvantages prepond]ate ov] ! advantages4 ,we connect ?is *>ge ) ano!r :i* is /ill m condemnatory1 viz41 t ^! advantages1 limit$ z !y are1 are obta9$ by compromise ( s\nd pr9ciple & by positive acts ( unfairness1 su* z _c be alleg$ aga9/ our view ( ! case1 :i* is1 t ^! exclusive privileges %\ld be aboli%$4 ,! title ( ?is pap] says almo/ all ,i c>e to occupy y\r valuable "t )4 ,x speaks ( re/rictions 9 ! use ( inv5tions4 ,pat5ts impose re/rictions1 nay1 prohibitions4 ,!y give an absolute monopoly4 ,nobody b a pat5tee has a "r to use a pat5t$ inv5tion4 ,x speaks ( long re/rictions4 ,pat5ts impose _! re/rictions1 or r prohibitions1 = ! long p]iod ( f\rte5 ye>s1 ) occasional prolongations ( ! t]m4 ,to be d5i$ ! use ( an inv5tion = su* a l5g? ( "t is1 n[-a-days 7:atev] x may h be5 ( yore71 mu* l be+ d5i$ x altoge!r4 ,! title speaks ( paym5ts to pat5tees4 ,^! are made 9 all cases :]e ! pat5tee all[s o!rs to use 8 inv5tion4 ,x speaks ( heavy paym5ts1 because he has ! "r to make !m heavy1 & he1 9 practice1 makes !m z heavy z he c4 ,x speaks ( an obligation1 & rightly1 because a manufactur] :o uses a pat5t$ inv5tion is "u ! necessity to pay :atev] ! pat5tee dem&s or a jury aw>ds1 & competition may frequ5tly compel him to use x1 "u p5alty ( los+ 8 pr(its ( trade1 or 8 trade itself4 ,x speaks ( ! payees z pat5tees1 n z inv5tors2 because 9 _m cases 7h[ l>ge a proportion ,i _c say7 ! rights are conf]r$ on m]e import]s or appropriators ( o!r p's inv5tions4 ,! title fur!r speaks ( free-trade4 ,?is fre$om1 :i* is some?+ diff]5t f m]e libre *ange1 ought to ext5d to manufactur+ & all k9d ( lab\r1 z well z to comm]ce1 =1 accord+ to ! great lexicograph]1 trade is 8employm5t1 :e!r manual or m]cantile40 ,( c\rse x does n s ext5d :5 lab\r is n free1 b re/rict$ & burd5$4 ,& x speaks ( fair trade--fairness is ab\t z important z fre$om4 ,w anybody say x is fair to tax "o manufactur] & let ano!r g free8 ,yet ?is is :at ,pat5ts d4 ,^? :om ! pat5tee fav\rs1 or fe>s1 or =gets1 he does n tax1 or taxes lightly1 :ile on o!rs he lays a heavy h&4 ,b1 wor/ ( all1 "u ! op5 competition to :i* ! ,briti% manufactur] is n[ expos$ ) all ! _w1 he (t5 has to pay heavy ,pat5t fees--(t5 f\r1 & sometimes1 z ,i "k1 five1 & ev5 six1 figures deep--:ile 8 =eign rivals :olly escape4 ,h[ c any /atesman1 or memb] ( a ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 def5d or palliate su* gross & griev\s inequalities8 ,un=tunately1 ! />t t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom has got 9 manufactures & %ipp+ has done mu* to bl9d u1 & keep u f see+ ! /rides t neighb\r+ nations are mak+1 & has embold5$ our legislators & f9anci]s to make treaties1 9 :i* we cons5t1 z a nation1 to run ! race ( manufactur+ indu/ry weight$4 ,! wise w call ?is impolicy1 p]haps conceit4 ,let u n deceive ourselves2 peculi> burd5s on ,briti% trad]s are incompatible ) free-trade2 m1 & worse1 !y are flagrant inconsi/5cies1 subv]sive ( our "* = good s5se1 incompatible ) reasonable gr\nd = expect+ manufactur+ prosp]ity4 ,! cry & pr9ciple s popul> ?is day is beli$ :5 !re is n a fair field1 & !re is ! opposite ( fav\r4 ,! cause ( all ^! evils & wrongs is ! /ick+ to ! explod$ & illogical sy/em ( monopoly1 z if t 7 ! be/1 in/ead ( be+1 z we believe1 ! v wor/ =m 9 :i* ackn[l$gm5t c be made4 ,we say en\gh 9 condemnation :5 we *>act]ise x z despotic1 inasmu* z x h&s ov] ,briti% manufactur]s1 absolutely & )\t appeal1 to ! exactions or prohibitions ( pat5tees & assignees ( ,pat5ts2 z erratic1 inasmu* z 9 "o case x occasions n ga9 b loss to ! fav\rite1 9 ano!r x ov]p[]s ) enorm\s pr(it1 frequ5tly ! ill-luck fall+ to ! mo/ +5i\s1 & ! extravagant remun]ation to m5 ( sl5d] claims2 z ret>d+1 inasmu* z x (t5 causes great delay 9 ! introduc+ ( inv5tions into use2 z prepo/]\s1 inasmu* z x h9d]s ! p]fect+ ( new inv5tions by prev5t+ ! comb9ation ( ! fur!r improvem5ts t o!rs ?an ! pat5tee devise or might devise2 z illogical1 9 ?is among o!r respects1 t ?r\gh ! f> l>g] %>e :i* capitali/s or pur*as]s ( ,pat5ts (t5 get beyond ! pittance t may or may n rea* ! poor inv5tor1 its action is b indirect & small comp>$ ) its co/ z a means ( rew>d+ & /imulat+ inv5tors2 z inquisitorial1 = x ju/ifies ! hir+ ( in=m]s to report :o & :]e are infr+]s2 z unnatural1 = x takes away a p]son's att5tion f 8 own legitimate bus9ess1 & divides x ) ! bus9esses ( o!r p :om he mu/ wat* or tea*2 z cruel1 = ! unhappy pat5tee is cont9ually liable to be engag$ 9 co/ly1 (t5 ru9\s law pleas1 f> away f home1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! validity ( 8 ,pat5t & to prev5t infr+em5ts2 z extravagant1 because x gives pat5tees1 or r co/s ! public 7= x is b a small proportion ( ! burd5 impos$ t is ! nett pr(it ( ! pat5tee7 mu* m ?an a bett] sy/em w\ld4 ,x is also p>tial1 z has be5 /at$1 = its incid5ce is n equal on all ,briti% manufactur]s1 & x inflicts on !m ! h>d%ip ( peculi> burd5s n borne by rivals abroad2 & 9 ?is respect1 z 9 ! re/1 x is irrem$iable1 = equal treatm5t is morally impossible at home & abroad4 ,x is q out ( ! "q to expect rectify+ am5dm5t 9 ?is p>ticul>1 see+ only "s ,/ates grant ,pat5ts at all4 ,among ^? :i* d1 "s grant sp>+ly or only to _! own inhabitants2 & to take ,pat5ts 9 all places :]e !y are grant$ w\ld involve ! comm& & risk+ ( s v mu* capital t few inde$1 if ev] any1 w\ld embrace ! :ole field2 &1 if p]*ance !y did1 ! lab\r ( sup]9t5d+ a bus9ess s va/1 9 languages s div]se & _m1 w\ld require sup]human p[]s4 ,! "r to dem& 8compulsory lic5ces0 z a mitigation 0 sugge/$ at ! ,liv]pool ,congress4 ,!y w\ld be an improvem5t1 & %\ld be practicable1 see+ some?+ ( t nature exi/s else:]e1 al?\gh ! ,royal ,commission has report$ aga9/ ! plan4 ,b x w\ld be a s]i\s mi/ake to anticipate f _! adoption z a re=m any v important relief4 ,i hope x is possible to propose "s sub/itute :i* w n be liable to ^! reproa*es1 "o :i* w give rew>ds hav+ proportion to m]it1 :i* w give !m )9 a reasonable p]iod1 :i* w entail little tr\ble or di/raction on ! nation's assum$ protg1 ! inv5tor2 "o :i*1 be+ regulat$ by fix$ pr9ciples & controll$ by (fic]s :o w sift ! :eat f ! *aff1 w satisfy ! ye>n+s aft] aw>ds hav+ "s proportion to m]it1 :i* n[ are disreg>d$2 & :i*1 above all1 w elevate ! inv5tor f :at y w surely all[ me to call 8 pres5t equivocal position--t involves little or no hon\r1 & too g5]ally some?+ approa*+ ! v rev]se--to a position t implies m]it & gives /atus4 ,i d n speak ( m]e hon\rs1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( c]tificates or m$als1 or trifles1 al?\gh all ( ^! ,i recomm5d4 ,:at ,i h submitt$ already to ! association1 9 a pap] to be f\nd 9 ! ,ed9burgh volume1 ,i repeat z /ill 9 my op9ion practicable & exp$i5t--viz41 to grant national rew>ds 9 money4 ,i w\ld all[ ^! to be claim$ imm$iately aft] inv5tions are specifi$4 ,x w\ld be ! duty ( a compet5t bo>d1 aft] due consultation & inquiries1 to aw>d ea* a fair sum1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 su* z prud5ce1 comb9$ ) lib]ality1 w\ld prescribe = _! regulation4 ,or1 ! pat5tee might pref] po/ponem5t ( ! adjudication = ?ree ye>s4 ,?is %\ld be all[$1 or ev5 enc\rag$1 9 ord] t "t may be ga9$ = practical expression ( ! b5efit conf]r$ by actual use ( ! inv5tion4 ,9 t case1 ! rew>d %\ld be ampl]4 ,?is sy/em1 ,i am p]suad$1 w\ld be f\nd 9 practice mu* less exp5sive to ! nation ?an ! pres5t sy/em4 ,s slight are ! m]its ( ! majority ( ,pat5ts t ! ,/ate w\ld h comp>atively little to pay2 b ! relief to manufactur]s & ! ga9 to comm]ce w\ld be v great2 =1 h[ev] unpr(itable a ,pat5t is1 x may be v effectual z a re/ra9t & a burd54 ,su* a sy/em w\ld sweep away e h9drance to ! imm$iate enjoym5t by e "o ( e inv5tion1 & to ! comb9+ ) x e cognate improvem5t2 a great emancipation & /imulus w\ld at once be felt to op]ate4 ,if o!r nations adh]e to ! antiquat$ ,pat5t sy/em :i* !y h borr[$ f u1 we w\ld be happily inve/$1 9 competition ) !m1 ) ! imm5se advantage :i* ! ,swiss1 = in/ance1 enjoy ov] _! rivals1 t ( be+ free f ,pat5ts1 yet kn[+ ! inv5tions ( all o!r nations4 ,b !y w\ld n adh]e2 on ! contr>y1 !y w\ld ei!r totally free !mselves f ! encumbrance1 & leave u to pay ! rew>ds1 or 7& ?is is m probable & w\ld be m hon\rable7 !y w\ld jo9 9 int]national arrangem5ts1 9 virtue ( :i*1 e ,/ate contribut+ a little1 inv5tors w\ld receive l>ge emolum5t1 & trades w\ld rejoice ) !m 9 ! adv5t ( an inv5tion mill5nium1 9 ! bliss ( :i* workm5 w\ld %>e1--on ^: int]e/s1 by prev5t+ !m f b5efit+ by use ( ! k !y acquire1 ,pat5ts1 ,i appreh5d1 act unfav\rably4 ,i am aw>e t to p]suade ,gov]nm5t & ,p>liam5t to adopt national grants w\ld involve indef9ite1 p]haps long1 po/ponem5t ( ! happy ye> ( release4 ,!re=e ,i repeat ano!r proposition1 also already submitt$ to y4 ,x is ?is3 ,to grant ,pat5ts mu* z h]et(ore 7n resi/+ any re=mation t may appe> exp$i5t72 b to enact t1 on ! dem& ( any manufactur]1 aft] ?ree ye>s ( monopoly1 any inv5tion may be valu$--n1 ( c\rse1 on ! basis ( ! return :i* x might br+--b on t ( its orig9ality1 ! co/ incurr$ 9 work+ x out1 its advantage1 c41 :]eupon x %all be lawful = a ,pat5t ,bo>d to ext+ui% ! grant 9 any ( ! foll[+ circum/ances3 #a4 ,if ! pat5tee's books 7:i* he %\ld be oblig$ to keep 9 all cases :]e 8 fees f any individual exce$ #ajj p] annum7 %[ t he has already receiv$ 9 fees ! valuation price4 #b4 ,if manufactur]s & o!rs int]e/$ unit$ly pay z mu* z w make ! price up4 #c4 ,if ! ,/ate pay ! rema9d] ( ! price1 pur*as+ ! inv5tion = ! nation4 ,& ,i w\ld include a condition t any "o may obta9 exemption = himself or 8 firm1 by pay+1 say1 a t5? ( ! price4 ,& n[1 a k9d ^w to ! amphibi\s class ( p]sons :om we /yle inv5tors 7we are mo/ ( u inv5tors1 m or less1 9 "s =m or o!r74 ,try to meet ! legitimate dem&s ( manufactur]s2 act 9 consonance ) ! _s ( ! age & ! requirem5ts ( ! "t2 & rememb] h[1 by resi/+ conciliatory propositions1 ! great agricultural1 sug>-produc+1 & %ip[n+ int]e/s _h to succumb to enlight5$ doctr9es1 & accept a settlem5t f> less accordant ) _! pret5sions4 ,manufactur]s 7) :om1 z 9 l mann] liable to be affect$1 ,i class m9]s1 f>m]s1 %ip[n]s1 c47 :o employ inv5tions 9 _! bus9esses on a "r sy/em1 ought n to reg>d ! pat5tee1 /ill less ! inv5tor1 z an intrud] & an ob/acle 9 8 pa?4 ,yet t !y 9 g5]al d s reg>d ^! reput$ b5efactors & auxili>ies is1 ,i fe>1 too true4 ,x is ! fault ( ! sy/em4 ,let u be well dispos$ to a bett]1 9 :i* ! int]e/s & feel+s ( bo? sides--= opposite sides !y appe> to be--%all h>monise4 ,ei!r ( ! plans ,i sket* w\ld1 p>tially at lea/1 br+ !m into unison4 ,! only objection t ,i anticipate is t ! am\nt to be receiv$ w n rea* ! (t51 x mu/ be admitt$1 extremely high ideas ( inv5tors4 ,9 s f> z ?is objection is well f\nd$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! r>e m]it ( any p>ticul> inv5tion--a case t does n arise e ye>--x c be met by special votes1 :i* ,i w\ld be f> f exclud+4 ,x may be regrett$ t ! inve/igations ( ! rec5t ,royal ,commission to inquire into ?is subject 7mo/ significant aga9/ ! pres5t sy/em is _! report7 7 n m ext5sive & radical4 ,?is arose f ! purposely defective t]ms ( appo9tm5t4 ,! ,liv]pool ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce has consequ5tly ask$ ,gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 7t dep>tm5t calculat$ to be s v useful1 b someh[ 9 ^! days jo/l$ aside1 & sc>cely se5 or he>d ( 9 de$s71 to appo9t a fre% commission :i* %all inquire into ! policy ( ,pat5ts4 ,?is reque/ has _h ! hon\r ( public endorsem5t 7ei!r 9 t =m or 9 ! =m ( a ,p>liam5t>y ,committee7 by no less an au?ority ?an ! ,"r ,hon4 ,*airman ( ! ,commission1 :o also /at$ to ! ,h\se ! rem>kable & mo/ enc\rag+ fact1 t d\bts l 8 own _h sprung up 9 ! m9d ( t em95t lawy]1 ,sir ,hugh ,cairns1 ! v memb] :o1 almo/ 9 opposition to ! late ,mr4 ,ric>do1 a decid$ oppon5t ( ! monopoly1 mov$ ! address to ! ,cr[n = ! ,commission4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,speak]'s *air we h law (fic]s ( ! ,cr[n1 if ,i mi/ake n1 impress$ ) ! same dislike1 & among ! ,radicals we "k t equally oppos$ 7 ,mr4 ,bright & ! late pure & noble patriot ,mr4 ,cobd54 ,x is )9 my own obs]vation t c&id inquir]s1 preimpress$ ?\gh !y may be 9 fav\r ( inv5tors' claims & monopolies1 rea* ! same conclusion4 ,z to ! ,cont95t1 ,m4 ,*evali]1 ,swiss /atesm5 (ficially consult$1 & ! ,g]man ,congress ( ,political ,economi/s1 h /rongly decl>$ t !y are utt]ly oppos$4 ,! ,social ,sci5ce ,association c1 & ,i hope w1 z 9 ! pa/ s 9 ! future1 l5d important aid to ! cause4 ,nobody is bett] fitt$ to reconcile ^? int]e/s t unnecess>ily conflict1 & to emancipate productive indu/ry f trammels s h>d to be>1 :ile also promot+ inv5tion4 ,! read] is also ref]r$ to ! foll[+ laps$ ,s*eme submitt$ to ! ,int]national ,association = ! ,progress ( ! ,social ,sci5ces at ,brussels 9 #ahfc4 #a4 ,! pr9cipal ,/ates ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 ) _! colonies1 to unite & =m a ,pat5t ,union4 #b4 ,e capital to h a ,/ate ,pat5t-(fice1 9 correspond5ce ) ! (fices 9 ! o!r capitals4 #c4 ,e inv5tion pat5t$ 9 "o ( ^! (fices to be protect$ 9 all ! associat$ ,/ates4 #d4 ,ea* ,/ate's ,pat5t-(fice to receive copies ( ,pat5t specifications lodg$ 9 ! ,pat5t-(fice ( e o!r ,/ate1 & to translate & publi% )9 its own t]ritories4 #e4 ,! ,pat5t to conf] exclusive privileges = ?ree ye>s4 #f4 ,) ^! privileges is conjo9$ ! "r ( grant+ lic5ces4 #g4 ,an ag5t or assignee1 fully emp[]$ to negotiate = ! pat5tee1 mu/ reside 9 ea* ,/ate4 #h4 ,commission]s %all appraise ea* inv5tion at ! end ( ! second or ?ird ye> 7or lat]1 if deem$ advisable74 #i4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value1 ! ,commission]s %all be entitl$ to claim ! advice ( practical m51 & may take into view all circum/ances affect+ value--su* z ! orig9ality ( ! inv5tion1 & its importance2 ! probability ( its be+ soon made by ano!r2 ! exp5se & haz>d ( prelim9>y exp]im5ts & trials2 ! b5efit x is calculat$ to conf]2 ! ga9 :i* use & lic5ces dur+ ! ?ree ye>s w br+ ! pat5tee4 #aj4 ,if ! pat5tee resign 8 monopoly be=e its t]m expires1 ?is concession to ! public %all be reg>d$ 9 ! price4 #aa4 ,! ,commission]s %all adjudicate 9 :at proportions ea* ,/ate %all pay ! price fix$1 on ! basis ( population1 rev5ue1 or comm]ce4 #ab4 ,!y may recomm5d a fur!r grant1 z an honor>ium1 9 special in/ances ( s+ul> m]it4 #ac4 ,_! valuation & grants mu/ be fram$ on ! basis ( a total ye>ly exp5diture on inv5tions ( n m ?an "o million p\nds /]l+ at ! utmo/1 f all c\ntries ( ! union1 ( :i* sum1 h[ev]1 no "o c\ntry c be call$ ^u = m ?an #ajj1jjj 9 "o ye>1 nor m ?an #a1jjj = "o inv5tion4 #ad4 ,! ,commission]s %all be entitl$ to recomm5d = honor>y m$als1 ribbons1 or c]tificates1 real inv5tors ( /rong claims1 especially su* z volunt>ily %ort51 or nev] ex]cise1 ! exclusive use ( important inv5tions4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press ,,on ,,! ,,debate ,,9 ,,p>liam5t ,,on ,,! ,,pat5t ,,"q4 ,lead+ ,article f ! 8,times10 ,may #bi1 #ahfi4 ,public att5tion has = "s little "t be5 )drawn f ! consid]ation ( ! ,pat5t-,laws2 b1 if we may judge f ! discussion ^u ! subject 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons la/ night1 ! day is at h& :5 ?is bran* ( our legislation w be wip$ out ( ! /atute-book4 ,x is impossible to )/& ! weight ( au?ority & reason advanc$ ye/]day4 ,x 0 all on "o side4 ,mr4 ,macfie1 ! newly-elect$ memb] = ,lei?1 introduc$ ! subject1 &1 incit$ app>5tly by injuries he _h himself suff]$ ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! ,pat5t-,laws1 argu$ v vigor\sly aga9/ !m on !oretical & practical gr\nds4 ,he 0 n left unsupport$4 ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm]1 :o1 _h he consult$ 8 private int]e/1 w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 among ! fir/ to uphold a sy/em productive ( su* imm5se pecuni>y b5efits to ! practition]s 9 ! c\rts1 second$ ,mr4 ,macfie's motion = ! unconditional abolition ( ! ,pat5t-,laws 9 a spee* ( ! close/ reason+1 support$ by a va/ array ( facts :i* _h come )9 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,"l ,/anley1 :o confess$ t1 aga9/ all 8 e>ly prepossessions1 he _h be5 conv9c$1 :5 act+ z ,*airman ( ! ,pat5t ,commission1 t ! abolition ( ! ,pat5t-,laws 0 dem&$ on gr\nds ( ju/ice & ( s\nd policy4 ,two ( ! =emo/ repres5tatives ( law & ( /atesman%ip ?us en=c$ ! re=m dem&$ by ,mr4 ,macfie z a spokesman = manufactur]s4 ,x is true t o!rs foll[$ :o oppos$1 or attempt$ to oppose1 ! argum5ts ( ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm] & ,"l ,/anley4 ,?is 0 inevitable4 ,m5 :o h n look$ into ! "q are 9 ! same position z ,"l ,/anley says he himself 0 :5 he fir/ began to consid] x4 ,!y are "u ! influ5ce ( impressions !y h nev] ?\ght ( que/ion+1 & are bias$ by suppos$ analogies1 drawn f cognate subjects1 ! uns\ndness ( :i* !y h n inve/igat$4 ,h5ce !y prote/1 n )\t vehem5ce1 aga9/ an am5dm5t ( ! law :i* is 9 conflict ) _! own habits ( ?\ght1 b !y d n reason ^u x4 ,analyse ! spee*es deliv]$ la/ night by ,mr4 ,h[>d1 ,mr4 ,mundella1 &1 we mu/ add1 ! ,attorney-,g5]al1 & ! residuum ( argum5t conta9$ 9 !m w be f\nd to be v small inde$4 ,!y are all satisfi$ ! ,pat5t-,laws h be5 useful to ! nation1 z p 7 once satisfi$ t ! ,corn-law 0 ! secret ( our greatness4 ,!y insi/$ t ! abolition ( ! ,pat5t-,laws w\ld be a bl[ to our national pre-em95ce1 j z _! pr$ecessors agre$ 9 pr$ict+ n s long ago t ) ! abolition ( ! ,corn-laws ,old ,engl& w\ld dw9dle & decay4 ,! fir/ po9t to be borne 9 m9d ) ref]5ce to ! ,pat5t-,laws is1 t if we reta9 !m at all !y mu/ be reta9$ 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,! am5dm5ts admissible 9 _! ma*9]y are n important1 & ! recomm5dations ( ! ,royal ,commission "s ye>s ago 7 s slight t x has nev] be5 ?\ght necess>y to c>ry !m into effect4 ,:at is ! s*eme ( ! ,pat5t-,laws8 ,a man discov]s1 or believes he discov]s1 a new process ( accompli%+ "s useful result4 ,he regi/]s 8 suppos$ inv5tion1 & acquires a provisional "r to its exclusive use = a def9ite numb] ( ye>s4 ,aft] a "t he f9ds "s o!r p]son us+ 8 inv5tion1 & applies to ! c\rts ( law to prohibit him4 ,! alleg$ infr+] ( ! ,pat5t says t ! assum$ discov]y 0 no discov]y at all1 or t x 0 ( no public b5efit1 or t he is n mak+ use ( x1 & ! que/ions aris+ on ^! issues are !n tri$4 ,?is is a cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! :ole work+ ( ! law z x /&s4 ,no sub/itute = x c be recomm5d$ t w be> exam9ation4 ,x is sometimes said t an inv5tor %\ld be requir$ to prove ! orig9ality & utility ( 8 inv5tion at ! "t he makes 8 application to be regi/]$4 ,b :o c\ld exam9e su* a claim8 ,a c\rt ( law may1 aft] mu* tr\ble & caution1 decl>e t a claimant is entitl$ to a piece ( l&1 because ! claimant1 by ex]cis+ rights ( own]%ip ov] x1 gives notice 9 a v palpable way to all o!r claimants ( ! prop]ty1 ?\gh ev5 !n ! c\rt takes extreme pa9s t ! rights ( abs5t or infant p]sons may n be abridg$4 ,b1 :5 a man claims an inv5tion1 by :at possible process c\ld notice ( 8 claim be br\ght home to e man 9 ! k+dom8 ,:oev] w consid] ! matt] w be =c$ to ! conclusion t all ! ,/ate c d is to tell an applicant t he %all be protect$ 9 ! use ( 8 inv5tion provid$ he %all be able1 :5ev] occasion arises1 to e/abli% its orig9ality & utility aga9/ any "o :o may arise to conte/ !m4 ,! same consid]ations :i* negative ! sugge/ion t a claimant c\ld receive an indefeasible title1 also negative ! proposal t ! claimant %\ld be comp5sat$ by a money grant at ! outset4 ,if ! orig9ality ( 8 claim _c be prov$1 paym5t = x _c be made1 ev5 if !re exi/$ at t incipi5t /age any means ( det]m9+ its value4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( ,pat5ts mu/ be reta9$ if ,pat5ts are to be pres]v$1 & ! evils ( ! sy/em fl[ directly f x4 ,x is impossible to dim9i% appreciably ! litigation att5dant on ,pat5ts4 ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm] ref]r$ to ! p>aff9 oil case1 :i* occupi$ ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y fifte5 days4 ,nor c\ld ?is be avoid$1 = ! novelty ( ! process ( di/ill+ p>aff9 0 ! po9t conte/$1 & to decide ?is x 0 necess>y to exam9e ! exact /age ( discov]y to :i* a doz5 diff]5t inve/igators _h advanc$1 all ( :om 7 try+ simultane\sly1 b indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 to di/il p>aff9 oil s z to make x a comm]cial product4 ,! exp5se & unc]ta9ty ( ,pat5t litigation be+ unavoidable1 ! c>d9al defect ( ! sy/em1 t ! rew>d x (f]s h>dly ev] goes to ! "r man1 foll[s4 ,! inv5tor is at "o end ( ! scale2 ! transf]ee or lic5see ( ! ,pat5t is at ! o!r1 & :ile ! latt] reaps enorm\s ga9s1 ! inv5tor (t5 has ! reflection t x 0 he :o made ! discov]y = 8 sole rew>d4 ,! second great fault ( ! sy/em ( ! ,pat5t-,laws is an effect equally insep>able f x4 ,^! laws con/antly inflict ! mo/ griev\s inju/ice on innoc5t p]sons4 ,me*anical & *emical discov]ies are n made by unconnect$ jumps4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce & ( inv5tion is "o ( gradual progress4 ,a hundr$ diff]5t p]sons are pursu+ _! inve/igations on ! same subject indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 & are all ne>+ a p>ticul> goal1 :5 "s "o man rea*es x a few days be=e ! o!rs4 ,! law :i* gives him a monopoly d5ies to ! re/ ! fruit ( _! ex]tions4 ,x is ne$less to ref] to ! numb]less in/ances 9 :i* inv5tions h be5 discov]$ s ne>ly simultane\sly t ! real inv5tor _c be asc]ta9$2 & x is impossible to d5y t to give a monopoly to ! man :o is ! mo/ prompt to regi/] 8 claim (t5 inflicts a griev\s wrong on ! inve/igators :o accompli% ! same results 9 p]fect indep5d5ce ( him4 ,s f> we h spok5 only ( prim>y discov]ies4 ,! second>y ,pat5ts1 z !y may be call$1 7 rightly d5om9at$ by ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm] unmitigat$ evils1 &1 accord+ to ! same high au?ority1 !y exce$ 9 numb] ,pat5ts ( importance 9 ! ratio ( a hundr$ to "o4 ,a p]son sugge/s "s small improvem5t 9 ! c\rse ( an elaborate manufacture1 & takes out a ,pat5t = x4 ,h5ce=? he blocks ! :ole trade4 ,he _c be got rid (1 & x is n easy to deal ) him4 ,he is q consci\s ( ! ob/acle he creates1 & 9 ! end he is probably b\ght (f by "s great manufactur] 9 ! l9e ( bus9ess affect$ by ! discov]y1 :o1 by accumulat+ 9 8 h&s ! inv5tions1 good & bad1 connect$ ) 8 occupation1 monopolises t p>ticul> bran* ( trade ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! /r5g? ( ! exi/+ ,pat5t-,laws lies 9 ! vague belief ( ^? :o h n consid]$ ! subject t x w\ld be unju/ to deprive a man ( ! b5efit ( 8 discov]ies4 ,^? :o are impress$ ) ?is elem5t>y notion may be ask$ to reconcile x ) ! und5iable fact t ! ,pat5t-,laws d deprive1 9 ! way we h %[n1 _m m5 ( ! b5efit ( _! discov]ies2 b a little reflection w conv9ce !m t _! argum5t re/s on a pure assumption4 ,no man w\ld be depriv$ ( ! b5efit ( 8 discov]y because he did n receive a monopoly ( its use4 ,8 own discov]y w\ld be 8 own discov]y /ill4 ,z long z he is all[$ to employ 8 own inv5tions 9 any way he ?9ks prop] he _c be said to suff] any deprivation ( a "r4 ,! tru? is1 t ! ,pat5t-,laws are a volunt>y addition to our legislation bas$ ^u no su* obligation z und]lies ! ord9>y laws ( prop]ty2 & !y mu/ be ju/ifi$1 if !y c be ju/ifi$ at all1 z gratuit\s creations ( ! ,legislature1 by pro( t !y produce "s national b5efit4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view t we see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! laws ( ,copyright & ( ,pat5ts4 ,!y agree 9 be+ add$ on to :at may be call$ ! body ( natural law1 b ! reasons 9 support ( ea* are n ! same1 & ! objections :i* apply to ! law ( ,pat5ts d n apply to ! law ( ,copyright4 ,! monopoly grant$ to an au?or does inju/ice to no "o4 ,! monopolies grant$ to pat5tees d inju/ice to _m4 ,pat5ts are creations ( positive law1 & mu/ be judg$ accord+ly4 ,! ,attorney-,g5]al approves !m because !y are design$ to multiply inv5tions1 al?\gh he admits t ! multiplication ( ,pat5ts is a s]i\s evil4 ,a s\nd] judgm5t w condemn !m because ( ! evils necess>ily att5dant ^u !m2 & we h no fe> ( :at w\ld happ5 to ! c\rse ( inv5tion or ! progress ( ! c\ntry if !y 7 aboli%$1 & ! inv5tor all[$ to make su* use ( 8 inv5tion z he may be advis$4 ,inv5tions co-exi/ ) ,pat5ts1 b ! exp]i5ce ( ,switz]l& is suffici5t to %[ t !y w\ld ab\nd if ,pat5ts did n exi/1 & ! decl9e ( comm]cial greatness ) :i* ,mr4 ,h[>d ?reat5s u %\ld ,pat5ts be aboli%$ may be treat$ l s _m o!r prophecies ( evil :i* h be5 happily neglect$ & rema9 unfulfill$4 ,lead+ ,article f ! 8,economi/10 ,june #e1 #ahfi4 ,x is probable en\gh t ! ,pat5t-,laws w be aboli%$ ere long1 ?\gh ! full =ce ( ! real objections to !m 0 p]haps n br\ght out 9 ! debate la/ week on ,mr4 ,macfie's motion = _! abolition4 ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm] 0 too metaphysical4 ,! suppos$ di/9ction betwe5 ! copyright ( a book & a ,pat5t--t no two m5 w hit ^u ! same composition ev5 9 sub/ance1 :ile !y w hit ^u ! same idea = an inv5tion--does n prove any?+4 ,if a case ( g5]al utility c\ld be made out1 ! ab/ract ju/ice ( giv+ a man ! monopoly ( an idea1 %\ld he be ! fir/ to come ^u x1 w\ld n be mu* consid]$4 ,"l ,/anley1 :o avoid$ ?is mi/ake1 dwelt too mu* ^u su* m9or po9ts z ! practical failure ( ! law to secure a rew>d to ! inv5tor & ! frequ5t disproportion betwe5 ! rew>d & ! s]vice r5d]$1 :i* are po9ts ( no consequ5ce s long z ! public is g5]ally a ga9] by ! law4 ,"l ,/anley1 h[ev]1 t\*$ ^u ! true reason :5 he ref]r$ to ! injury ( ?ird p>ties1 :i* ! pres5t law occasions1 by reason ( ,pat5ts be+ grant$ to only "o out ( half-a-doz5 p]sons :o come ^u ! same inv5tions1 or to "o ( a s]ies ( inv5tors :o improve ^u ea* o!r's "w1 & by reason also ( ! g5]al int]f]5ce ) manufactur+4 ,:at we %\ld h lik$ to see fully /at$ 0 ! peculi>ity ( ! pres5t circum/ances ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* ^! ?+s are true4 ,! /atem5ts 9 fact am\nt to ?is--t !re is a l>ge numb] ( inv5tions :i* ,pat5ts are n requir$ to enc\rage2 t ^! are made z ord9>y incid5ts ( bus9ess2 t inv5tion1 improvem5t ( me*anical & *emical processes1 is itself a "p ( a manufactur+ bus9ess2 & t 9 ?is way ! grant+ ( ,pat5ts only imp$es manufactur]s to :om inv5tions w\ld naturally come4 ,! full =ce ( ^! facts _c be felt unless we recognise t a *ange 9 ! "* ( inv5tion has tak5 place4 ,! ,pat5t-,laws 7 int5d$ to apply to diff]5t manufactur+ circum/ances f ^? :i* n[ exi/1 & 7 bas$ ^u diff]5t notions ab\t inv5tion2 ! objection to !m is t !y ei!r are1 or are becom+1 out ( date4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ h[ true ?is is4 ,let u look fir/ at ! notions /ill cu/om>y ab\t inv5tors & inv5tions :i* are d]iv$ f pa/ circum/ances4 ,! popul> idea ( an inv5tor is ( a man :o makes an imm5se addition to ! real weal? ( ! _w--:o inv5ts ! /eam eng9e1 or ! sp9n+ j5ny1 or ! ,jacqu>d loom1 or ! hot bla/--almo/ revolutionis+ ! mat]ial p[]s ( mank9d4 ,! idea associat$ ) 8 "w is 9 any case t ( great novelty 9 means c\pl$ ) great accompli%$ results4 ,n[ !re are v>i\s reasons :y ^! %\ld n be ! *>act]i/ics ( mod]n inv5tors & inv5tions1 z we see !y are n4 ,x might be true t !re are /ill z _m inv5tions ( real novelty & magnitude z ev]1 ?\gh we d\bt if !re is2 & yet !re w\ld be circum/ances :i* prev5t$ a legislator reg>d+ !m z mo/ important4 ,"o ( ^! circum/ances is c]ta9ly ! exagg]at$ importance ( m9or improvem5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great developm5t ( ma*9]y & manufactur+4 ,a s+le improvem5t to save #aj p] c5t1 9 fuel = ! /eam eng9e w\ld probably add m absolutely to ! real weal? ( ?is g5]ation ?an ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e itself add$ to ! real weal? ( ! g5]ation 9 :i* x 0 inv5t$4 ,a rec5t inv5tion j spok5 (--! fea!r+ ( ! blades ( screws1 increas+ ! facilities ( us+ auxili>y /eam-p[] 9 %ips--might comp>e on ! same foot+ ) ! mo/ sub/antial inv5tion ( a poor] age4 ,j z ! ref9em5t ( ! ma*9]y ( cr$it1 & ! ext5t ( its developm5t1 cause ! lea/ di/urbance to be widely felt1 s ! lea/ improvem5t 9 me*anical or *emical k1 appli$ to manufactures1 may h great results4 ,a revolution>y inv5tion--ow+ to ! difficulty ( introduction--might n tell s quickly ev5 z a m9or improvem5t 9 an exi/+ groove2 b1 9 any case its effects w n[ be mat*$ at ! fir/ />t by ^! m9or improvem5ts4 ,^! improvem5ts aga91 z well z ! great inv5tions !mselves1 are usually come at 9 rec5t times 9 a diff]5t way f t ( ! old inv5tor4 ,=m]ly ! inv5tor _h almo/ no?+1 be=e him--e dep>tm5t ( indu/ry _h to be built up f ! f\ndation4 ,n[ a man mu/ build ^u ext5sive k ( :at has be5 accompli%$1 & mu/ h great means at 8 comm&4 ,:at ,mr4 ,mill has j be5 expla9+ 9 8 new book 9 reg>d to orig9al au?or%ip 9 ! pres5t day is equally true ( inv5tion3 8,ne>ly all ! ?\ghts :i* c be rea*$ by m]e /r5g? ( orig9al faculties h long s9ce be5 arriv$ at2 & orig9ality1 9 any high s5se ( ! ^w1 is n[ sc>cely ev] atta9$ b by m9ds :i* h und]gone elaborate discipl9e1 & are deeply v]s$ 9 ! results ( previ\s ?9k+4 ,x is ,mr4 ,maurice1 ,i ?9k1 :o has rem>k$1 on ! pres5t age1 t its mo/ orig9al ?9k]s are ^? :o h kn[n mo/ ?or\ghly :at _h be5 ?\ght by _! pr$ecessors2 & ?is w h5ce=? be ! case4 ,e fre% /one 9 ! edifice has n[ to be plac$ on ! top ( s _m o!rs1 t a long process ( climb+1 & ( c>ry+ up mat]ials1 has to be gone ?r\gh by :oev] aspires to take a %>e 9 ! pres5t /age ( ! "w40 ,t is--:5 we speak ( inv5tion--! inv5tor mu/ be a man :o is closely associat$ ) capitali/s1 or be a capitali/ himself4 ,9 no o!r way c he h ! means ( kn[+ ! ?\s& improvem5ts ( ma*9]y & processes :i* h culm9at$ 9 ! pres5t factories & ma*9es2 & 9 no o!r way c he f9d means = exp]im5ts on ! necess>y scale4 8,poor m510 says ,sir ,william ,arm/rong1 8v (t5 come to me imag9+ t !y h made "s great discov]y4 ,x is g5]ally all moon%9e1 or if x looks feasible1 x is impossible to pron\nce ^u its value until x has pass$ ?r\gh t /age ( prelim9>y inve/igation :i* involves all ! lab\r1 & all ! difficulty1 & all ! tr\ble40 ,h[ is a poor man to get ?is prelim9>y inve/igation und]tak51 :5 ! subject is an am5dm5t ( a complicat$ manufactur+ process8 ,! compla9t1 9 fact1 0 made be=e ! ,select ,committee on ,te*nical ,in/ruction1 t ,engli% manufactur+ 0 suff]+ f =eign competition1 because !re is less room n[ ?an =m]ly = ! play ( 8untaught inv5tion40 ,! ma*9e is too p]fect = ! workman to m$dle )2 & ?us ! =eign]1 suppos$ to be m te*nically in/ruct$1 has room to excel u--our peculi> p[] hav+ be5 8untaught inv5tion40 ,su* hav+ be5 ! *ange 9 ! "* ( inv5tion1 x is easy to see :y ! ,pat5t-,laws are n only n ne$$1 b are ob/ructive4 ,! inv5tor1 9 ! fir/ place1 is n 9 ! position ( an old inv5tor4 ,to give him scope he mu/ be employ$ by a manufactur] or capitali/--t is1 8 skill mu/ be already highly valu$1 ! manufactur] naturally employ+ ^? :o c introduce am5dm5ts & improvem5ts1 & keep him abrea/ or ahead ( competitors4 8,i believe10 says ,sir ,william ,arm/rong1 aga91 8t if y let ! :ole ?+ alone1 ! position :i* a man atta9s1 ! introduction & ! pre/ige1 & ! natural advantages :i* result f a successful inv5tion & f ! reputation :i* he ga9s z a clev] & able man1 w almo/ always br+ ) !m a suffici5t rew>d40 ,& aga93 8,i ?9k t absolute discov]ies are v r>e ?+s2 ne>ly all inv5tions are ! result ( an improvem5t built up ^u a prec$+ "o4 ,a poor man :o has ! ability to make really practical improvem5ts is almo/ sure to rise 9 ! _w )\t ! aid ( ,pat5ts40 ,& if ! inv5tor may be ?us indiff]5t to a ,pat5t-,law1 ! "q z to ! inducem5t to capitali/s to take up inv5tions may be settl$ by _! g5]al objection to ,pat5ts4 ,?\gh !re are "o or two manufactur]s :o h monopolis$ a numb] ( ,pat5ts 9 _! trade1 & s turn$ ! law to acc\nt1 x is f !m t ! greate/ compla9ts come--m5 l ,mr4 ,platt1 or ,mr4 ,scott ,russell1 or ,mr4 ,macfie1 :o has j mov$ ! abolition ( ! laws4 ,! tru? is1 capitali/s are n[ 9 a position to obta9 a pr(it )\t a ,pat5t--j z !y c sometimes disreg>d a ,pat5t = a long "t till competition =ces x ^u !m4 ,pat5ts1 !n1 are n requir$ z an inducem5t ei!r to inv5tors or capitali/s1 & ! reason ( ! law fails4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! compla9t ( manufactur]s at ! ob/ruction ( ! pres5t law w\ld n be en\gh by itself1 b x is a v s]i\s matt] :5 inv5tion is "p ( ! bus9ess ( manufactur+4 ,! law ( ,pat5ts1 9 %ort1 int]f]es ) :at has become ! normal process ( inv5tion4 ,mr4 ,platt /ates3 8,i ?9k t !re is sc>cely a week1 c]ta9ly n a mon?1 t passes b :at we h a notice ( "s k9d or o!r ( ?+s t we h nev] he>d ( 9 any way1 & d n "k ( 9 ! lea/ t we are infr++ ^u !m40 ,sir ,william ,arm/rong compla9s ( a p]sonal grievance3 8,! necessity :i* ,i am "u ( tak+ out ,pat5ts1 n = ! purpose ( obta9+ = myself a monopoly1 b simply = ! purpose ( prev5t+ o!r p]sons f exclud+ me f my own inv5tions40 ,& mu* simil> evid5ce 0 giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission1 ( :i* ,"l ,/anley 0 *airman4 ,?us ! pres5t law is n want$ to promote inv5tion1 & x is injuri\s to a k9d ( inv5tion :i* w\ld g on luxuriantly )\t x4 ,! gradual nature ( mo/ inv5tions is a suffici5t security t x w proce$ "u ! law ( competition4 ,p]haps ! practice ( ,gov]nm5t is ! be/ indication ( ! necessity = ! abolition ( ,pat5ts4 ,a few ye>s ago ! manufactur+ dep>tm5ts ( ,gov]nm5t f\nd !mselves s hamp]$ by ,pat5ts t !y resolv$ to try :e!r !y 7 b\nd or n1 ! result be+ a legal op9ion t !y 7 n b\nd4 ,b ,gov]nm5t is only a great manufactur]1 its "w 9 "s dep>tm5ts be+ less ?an 9 _m private bus9esses4 ,is !re any reason :y ,gov]nm5t %\ld be releas$1 & individuals b\nd to pat5tees8 ,z to ! supposition t inv5tion w cease1 ! m]e int]e/ ( ! ,gov]nm5t 9 pay+ = any?+ wor? hav+ is f\nd a suffici5t /imulus to inv5tion 9 ! ?+s :i* x requires2 & s x is assum$ w be ! int]e/ ( compet+ manufactur]s4 ,!re is a univ]sal agreem5t1 moreov]1 t no ,pat5t-,law %\ld cov] all ! inv5tions :i* are n[ cov]$4 ,x happ5s t ! /ronge/ condemnation ( ?+s z !y are be=e ! ,royal ,commission came f witnesses :o wi%$ a *ange1 ?\gh none sugge/$ any?+ :i* comm5d$ itself to ! ,commission4 ,! idea seem$ to be t a sep>ation c\ld be made betwe5 sub/antial inv5tions & ! improvem5ts or am5dm5ts :i* are n[ s important1 b are admitt$ to be unsuitable = ,pat5ts4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ,pat5ts1 in/ead ( be+ grant$ indiscrim9ately1 %\ld only be grant$ 9 cases ( prov$ novelty & utility4 ,b no work+ plan ( a c\rt to d ?is c\ld be devis$1 or "o :i* w\ld n probably disc\rage inv5tors z mu* z ! abolition ( ,pat5ts altoge!r4 ,we come1 !n1 to ! conclusion t x is = ! g5]al int]e/ t ,pat5t-,laws %\ld be aboli%$1 & t _! abolition w d no great h>m to any "o--lea/ ( all1 to ! great mass ( inv5tors or improv]s4 ,p]haps we may po9t out t1 if ! circum/ances are z describ$1 ?is c\ntry has a special int]e/ 9 aboli%+ su* laws4 ,z ! lead+ manufactur+ c\ntry 9 ! _w1 a ,pat5t "h is likely to be wor? m to its hold] ?an any:]e else2 consequ5tly our manufactur]s are m expos$ ?an any o!rs to ! int]ruption & worry ( ,pat5ts4 ,x may well be t o!r c\ntries :i* are less tempt+ to pat5tees w f9d ! balance ( competition weight$ 9 _! fav\r 9 consequ5ce4 ,look$ at ano!r way1 ! m t inv5tion falls into ! h&s ( great capitali/s1 ! m likely is x to /r5g!n ! manufactur+ ( a c\ntry :i* is already mo/ p[]ful4 ,! normal condition ( ?+s is all 9 our fav\r1 & we %\ld d no?+ to ?w>t x4 ,lead+ ,article f ! 8,spectator10 ,june #e1 #ahfi4 ,^? :o d\bt :e!r !re are subjects ^u :i* no conclusion is possible1 :i* baffle ! able/ & mo/ judicial m9ds possess+ ! be/ atta9able in=mation1 %\ld read ! debate :i* has j tak5 place on ! propos$ abolition ( ! ,pat5t ,laws4 ,! mo/ rem>kable fact ( ! debate 0 ! uncompromis+ attack ^u ^! laws by ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm]1 8 eag] advocacy ( ! op9ion t !y %\ld be at once aboli%$2 b ! mo/ significant spee* 0 made by ,"l ,/anley1 :o exhibit$ p]fectly ! incapacity ( reasonable m5 to come to a :olly satisfactory judgm5t ^u !m4 ,9 fact1 !re is a real balance ( consid]ations :i* 7 almo/ exhau/ively /at$ by ,"l ,/anley4 ,if y look at "o set ( facts1 y see good reason = conc$+ ,pat5t rights2 if y look at ano!r set1 y f9d innum]able mis*iefs aris+ f ! concession2 & !re is h>dly any means ( measur+ :i* set ( argum5ts prepond]ates4 ,! motive ( grant+ ,pat5ts is prim facie v simple & unobjectionable4 ,y wi% to enc\rage inv5tions1 by :i* ! weal? ( ! _w is s mu* increas$1 & y !re=e promise inv5tors a tempor>y monopoly ( _! use1 on ! s+le condition t ! inv5tions %all be made public4 ,b = "s su* gu>antee1 x is said1 _m inv5tors w\ld h no temptation to rack _! bra9s1 & capitali/s w\ld be afraid to help !m 9 putt+ _! ideas into a complete %ape4 ,t inv5tion1 z a matt] ( fact1 is to "s ext5t enc\rag$1 is c]ta91 ?\gh ,"l ,/anley h>dly t\*$ ^u ! po9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h>dly any ,pat5t-,law c d :at x pr(esses1 :ile x is c]ta9 to d mu* h>m2 & ?is is1 at lea/1 ! "* ( our own law4 ,! rew>ds ) :i* x tempts inv5tors are too (t5 delusive1 & !y at lea/ w\ld h small real cause to compla9 ( its abolition4 ,no ,pat5t br+s its hold] any imm$iate pecuni>y "r4 ,he c only sue p :o infr+e 8 ,pat5t1 & ! co/l9ess ( ,pat5t suits is su* t he is seldom able to protect himself4 ,to make ! prop]ty wor? any?+1 a capitali/ mu/ take x up2 b ! capitali/1 9 do+ s1 /ipulates = ! lion's %>e ( ! pr(it4 ,probably 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ ! rew>d 0 obta9$ by su* speculators1 & n by inv5tors4 ,?is1 ( itself1 we believe1 w\ld n be a suffici5t argum5t aga9/ conc$+ ,pat5t-rights2 b x w\ld c]ta9ly be suffici5t1 if inv5tors c\ld be induc$ 9 "s less co/ly way to surr5d] _! ideas to ! public4 ,ano!r reason aga9/ ,pat5ts1 /at$ by ,"l ,/anley--t ! rew>d is usually b ( all proportion to ! s]vice r5d]$--is also a /rong "o1 if a bett] plan c be ?\ght (2 b ! ma9 reason1 ! injury to ?ird p>ties1 is mo/ s]i\s4 ,!re is a great mass ( well-f\nd$ compla9ts z to ,pat5ts be+ traps = manufactur]s4 ,improvem5ts & am5dm5ts 9 ! details ( ma*9]y & manufactur+ processes1 :i* w\ld inevitably be come at by ! manufactur]s !mselves1 are appropriat$ be=eh& by inv5tors :o d n possess 9 reality any p>ticul> m]it4 ,manufactur]s1 are afraid to make slight alt]ations1 = fe> an inv5tor comes d[n ^u !m2 b !y nev] "k b :at !y may h to enc\nt] an action = 8some?+ !y h always done40 ,ev5 inv5tors !mselves suff] 9 ?is way4 ,x commonly happ5$ t half-a-doz5 m5 compet+ 9 ! same l9e ( bus9ess w\ld come almo/ simultane\sly ^u ! same discov]y2 b if ,a 0 a week or a =tnight be=e ,b1 ! latt] 0 exclud$ f 8 own discov]y4 ,! ,pat5t-,law1 !n1 n only does little real good to pat5tees !mselves1 b a great deal ( mis*ief to o!r p4 ,:o is to decide :e!r ! balance ( advantage to ! public1 ?r\gh enc\rag+ inv5tion by (f]+ a r delusive rew>d1 exce$s ! disadvantage ( imp$+ manufacture & prev5t+ p f us+ :at !y !mselves discov]8 ,"l ,/anley1 ?\gh only recomm5d+ ! matt] = ! 8p>ticul> h&l+0 ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 incl9es1 on ! :ole1 to ! view t ! ,pat5t-,laws d m h>m ?an good2 & we are q dispos$ to agree ) him4 ,! decisive consid]ation appe>s to be ! unavoidable abuse ( ,pat5ts = inconsid]able inv5tions1 or inv5tions ( simultane\s discov]y4 ,! h>d%ip ( exclud+ ,b f a discov]y ( 8 own because ,a _h pat5t$ x a week be=e1 is su* z to dem& ! cle>e/ pro( ( ! exp$i5cy ( ! g5]al law :i* deprives him ( ! fruit ( 8 lab\rs4 ,:]e ,b is a manufactur]1 l$ up to ! discov]y by ! necessities ( competition & sudd5ly laid "u contribution by a /rang] or a rival1 ! h>d%ip is especially sev]e4 ,we are n sure b t to make any ,pat5t-,law tol]ably j1 special provision %\ld be made = pro( ( simultane\s discov]y1 & ei!r comp5sation to all ! discov]]s by ! pat5tees1 or full lib]ty to !m to make use ( _! discov]y4 ,x is ( equal importance1 h[ev]1 t ! am5dm5t ( manufactur+ processes 9 detail %\ld n be *eck$2 & p]haps ! fact t ! great majority ( ,pat5ts n[ only apply to :at may be t]m$ details is a ma9 reason = aboli%+ !m4 ,x is a simple mon/rosity1 to quote ! case giv5 by ,mr4 ,scott ,russell1 t e conceivable %ape ( a boil] %\ld be pat5t$1 s t ! mo/ obvi\s *ange ( =m1 :i* "s p>ticul> exig5cy obvi\sly sugge/s :5 x arises1 %\ld n be p]missible to a manufactur] unless he pays black mail to somebody else4 ,if x is said t details are (t5 important1 ! answ] is t manufactur]s & inv5tors h a suffici5t /imulus ) reg>d to !m )\t a ,pat5t-,law4 ,! pressure ( competition & ! l>ge scale ( manufactur+1 :i* make details important1 are suffici5t inducem5ts to ^? int]e/$ to f9d out some?+ new1 or enc\rage o!rs to f9d out some?+ = !m4 ,j because inv5tion mu/ usually come 9 ! way ( great manufactur]s1 :o c rec\p !mselves )\t ,pat5ts1 ,pat5ts are no long] necess>y4 ,m5 l ,sir ,william ,arm/rong & ,mr4 ,scott ,russell1 :o are !mselves consid]able inv5tors1 d n c>e = ,pat5ts1 except to gu>d !mselves aga9/ ! int]f]5ce ( o!rs :o might take advantage ( ! pres5t law to reap :]e !y h n s[$4 ,!y are q cont5t to let o!rs alone1 if !y are let alone !mselves1 d]iv+ _! pr(it f g5]al excell5ce ( manufacture1 ( :i* any s+le process :i* might be ! subject ( a ,pat5t is only "o out ( _m details1 & p]haps n ! mo/ important4 ,nor d su* inv5tors conceal _! detail$ improvem5ts1 s t !y are 9 no way tempt$ to d any?+ = ! advantage ( ! public by ! pres5t law4 ,x 0 obs]vable 9 ! debate t ! def5ce ( ! pres5t law re/$ exclusively ) repres5tatives ( probably ! lea/ important inv5tors4 ,mr4 ,mundella's assurance t work+ m5 are atta*$ to ! pres5t law1 & t inv5tors ( ! work+ class w\ld ei!r n be tempt$ to inv5t1 or w\ld be depriv$ ( ! rew>d ( _! indu/ry1 01 9 tru?1 ! only argum5t 9 its fav\r4 ,b x 0 pla9ly insuffici5t4 ,x w\ld be necess>y also to %[ t su* inv5tions are ov]:elm+ly valuable1 s z to comp5sate = all ! injury a ,pat5t-,law mu/ d2 b ?is 0 n1 & we believe c\ld n be1 attempt$4 ,! special case ( poor inv5tors might be met by an organis$ sy/em ( vot+ rew>ds to ^? ^: inv5tions _h be5 l>gely adopt$ & us$2 b we %\ld n frame an entire law1 :i* ! public d n require1 & :i* w\ld "w a deal ( h>m1 9 ord] to suit _! peculi> circum/ances4 ,su* be+ ! nature ( ! discussion1 x is1 ( c\rse1 n wor? :ile say+ mu* on ! p>ticul> defects ( ! pres5t law4 ,b !re is h>dly a s+le po9t :]e "s alt]ation is n call$ =4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! ,c\rts = try+ ,pat5t cases c\ld be v mu* improv$2 & additional ob/acles might be int]pos$ to frivol\s or entrapp+ ,pat5ts4 ,"o ( ! ma9 reasons = total abolition1 nev]!less1 mu/ always be ! impossibility ( sugge/+ an am5dm5t = "s defect :i* is n itself op5 to equival5t objections4 ,no?+1 = in/ance1 seems s obvi\s at fir/ sight ?an t ! pres5t law might be am5d$ by compell+ pat5tees to grant lic5ces4 ,yet ! ,royal ,commission :i* report$ 9 #ahfe 0 decid$ly oppos$ to ?is sugge/ion1 aft] he>+ all t c\ld be said = x4 ,!re is no means ( say+ be=eh& :at %\ld be ! maximum *>ge = lic5ces1 :ile ! mom5t ?is pr9ciple is introduc$ ! special use ( a ,pat5t z a /imulus to inv5tors is tamp]$ )--! prospect ( a complete monopoly ( :i* !y are to make z mu* z !y c4 ,simil> objections apply to any sugge/ion = cancell+ ,pat5ts :i* are n us$ 9 a ye> or two to "s mat]ial ext5t4 ,! be/ inv5tions1 requir+ ! greate/ *anges 9 manufactur+ ma*9]y1 are (t5 ! sl[e/ to come into op]ation4 ,= ! same reason1 x w\ld also be impracticable to compel pat5tees to grant lic5ces at fix$ maximum rates aft] _! ,pat5t _h be5 two or ?ree ye>s old4 ,x might be j z impossible !n1 z at fir/1 to say :at ! lic5ce fee %\ld be4 ,if we are to h a ,pat5t-,law1 !n we c h no sub/antial improvem5t ^u ! pres5t "o2 & x is s bad t x c h>dly la/4 ,p]haps !re is at pres5t a defici5cy ( evid5ce on ! subject--! workm5 n hav+ be5 he>d be=e ! la/ ,commission1 & ! in=mation pres5t$ z to ! ,pat5t-,laws ( o!r c\ntries & _! work+ be+ v defici5t2 b ?\gh ?is may be a good reason = hav+ ano!r inquiry1 we anticipate t x w only confirm ! v]dict ( imp>tial judges aga9/ ! pres5t sy/em4 ,extract f ! 8,saturday ,review10 ,june #e1 #ahfi4 ,if ! int]e/+ debate on ,mr4 ,macfie's motion prov$1 :at sc>cely ne$$ prov+1 t our exi/+ ,pat5t-,law is extremely unsatisfactory 9 its work+1 x equally prov$ t ! argum5ts aga9/ hav+ any ,pat5t-,law at all are n less unsatisfactory4 ,if x 7 practicable to discrim9ate betwe5 true & %am discov]]s1 & to asc]ta9 ) accuracy to :om ! m]it ( e new inv5tion really belong$1 & if x 7 at ! same "t easy to secure to ! man :o increas$ ! common /ock ( useful k ! fruit ( 8 own bra91 no "o w\ld dream ( que/ion+ ! moral claim ( an inv5tor to ?is peculi> k9d ( prop]ty1 any m ?an we n[ "q ! ju/ice ( giv+ to an au?or a copyright 9 8 own "w4 ,b :5 x is f\nd1 or suppos$1 to be extremely difficult to d ju/ice to "o man )\t caus+ mu* inconv5i5ce & "s occasional inju/ice to a ?\s& o!rs1 !re is a /rong temptation to sacrifice individual rights to public exp$i5cy4 ,! advocates ( a total repeal ( ! ,pat5t-,laws g5]ally insi/ 7z ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm] did 9 8 +5i\s spee*71 n only t !y d a great deal ( indirect mis*ief1 b t ! discov]] ( ! mo/ invaluable inv5tion has no claim to any rew>d except ! consci\sness ( hav+ enabl$ a numb] ( o!r m5 to make colossal =tunes4 ,t su* argum5ts %\ld be us$ at all proves little m ?an an uneasy consci\sness t ! propos$ repeal w\ld "w a c]ta9 am\nt ( real inju/ice4 ,m5 :o are /rongly impress$ ) ! exp$i5cy ( ignor+ ! claims ( inv5tors /ruggle to escape ! reproa* ( inju/ice by /\tly d5y+ ! rights :i* !y desire to disreg>d4 ,we w\ld r see ! subject discuss$ ) m c\rage & frankness4 ,!re are und\bt$ly in/ances 9 :i* private claims mu/ yield to public exp$i5cy1 & any p]sons :o ?9k ! case ( inv5tors to be "o to :i* ?is rule is applicable w\ld d bett] to say s op5ly ?an to try to p]suade !mselves & o!rs t ^? :o h creat$ ! means ( mak+ weal? h no claim to %>e 9 ! fruits ( _! discov]y4 ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm] affect$ to dispose ( ! :ole difficulty by say+ t !re 7 ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ,copyright & inv5tion2 b a pr9ciple is n ! less s\nd because y may illu/rate x by a case :i* is n on all-f\rs ) t to :i* y apply x4 ,& ! di/9ctions betwe5 ,copyright & inv5tion are by no means s radical z is sometimes assum$4 ,! ,copyright-,laws give an au?or a special monopoly because x is conceiv$ t ! production ( a new "w entitles him to a return proportion$ to its m]it1 z te/$ by ! dem& = x 9 ! m>ket4 ,! ,pat5t-,laws give an analog\s monopoly to an inv5tor on precisely ! same moral gr\nds4 ,to say1 z ,sir ,r\ndell did1 t a book 0 a new creation1 :]eas an inv5tion 0 m]ely ! application ( ! facts & ! laws ( nature1 :i* are common prop]ty1 0 to speak l a lawy] r ?an l a philosoph] or a man ( sci5ce4 ,:atev] o!r di/9ctions may be insi/$ on betwe5 ,copyright & inv5tion1 ?is1 at any rate1 w n be> a mom5t's exam9ation4 ,x may h a col\r ( plausibility 9 ! case ( a poem1 a play1 or a novel1 ?\gh ev5 !re x is n altoge!r s\nd4 ,b lit]ature includes hi/ory1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 ma!matics1 & ! l2 & e book on ^! & mo/ o!r subjects1 s f> z x has any value1 is bas$ entirely ^u facts & laws :i* are no m ! creation ( ! au?or ?an are ! facts & laws on :i* an inv5tion may be f\nd$4 ,9 ea* case !re is creation 9 ! same qualifi$ s5se4 ,say t a man creates :at he reveals1 or :at he proves1 & ! au?or & ! inv5tor are equally entitl$ to be call$ creators4 ,say1 on ! o!r h&1 ) p]haps m accuracy1 t to proclaim a previ\sly unnotic$ tru? is only to ann\nce :at has all along exi/$ 9 nature & nature's laws1 & "s m mode/ title ?an creator mu/ be assum$ by au?or & inv5tor alike4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases is n a diff]5ce ( pr9ciple1 b ( conv5i5ce4 ,! ?+ creat$1 ei!r 9 ! book or ! ma*9e1 is ! ?\ght or ! me?od2 b prop]ty 9 a ?\ght or a me?od is n :at ! law all[s 9 ei!r case1 simply because x w\ld be impossible to give an effect to su* an enactm5t4 ,:at ! law does is to lay hold ( ! mo/ pr(itable mode ( us+ ! idea1 & say t = a limit$ "t no "o b ! orig9ator %all be at lib]ty1 9 ! "o case1 to pr9t ! book or a col\rable imitation ( x2 or1 9 ! o!r1 to manufacture or use ! ma*9e or any col\rable imitation ( t4 ,x is impossible1 we ?9k1 to d5y ! ab/ract "r ( a real au?or or inv5tor1 & m palpably impossible to d5y x 9 ! "o case :ile y admit x 9 ! o!r4 ,ap>t f 8 ab/ract reason+1 !re is mu* 9 ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm]'s argum5t to %[ wide diff]5ces 9 practice betwe5 ! cases ( au?ors & inv5tors4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t 9 a va/ majority ( in/ances ! pat5tee ( an inv5tion is n ! p]son to :om ! l>ge/ %>e ( ! m]it belongs4 ,! rule1 equally 9 sci5tific discov]y & 9 practical inv5tion1 has almo/ always be5 f\nd to be t1 :5 a great /ep 9 advance is complet$1 no "o man c claim ! entire m]it4 ,if "o w9s ! race1 !re are mo/ly sev]al competitors :o get a place4 ,ev5 ,newton _h rivals tread+ on 8 heels1 & 8 great discov]ies w\ld n h be5 lo/1 ?\gh !y w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 delay$1 if 8 m>vell\s intellect _h nev] be5 direct$ to sci5ce4 ,! ?\ght ( ! _w1 z repres5t$ by a little clu/] ( inquir+ m9ds1 0 fa/ rip5+ = ! h>ve/ :i* ,newton 0 ! fir/ to reap4 ,b no "o on ?is acc\nt seeks to deprive ,newton ( 8 glory4 ,& we d n see :y ! pione]s ( practical inv5tion %\ld be depriv$ ( ! rew>d = :i* !y "w m]ely because :at !y h done is b to =e/all :at w\ld h be5 accompli%$1 soon] or lat]1 )\t !m4 ,! real vice ( ! ,pat5t-,laws is t !y give a full f\rte5 ye>s' monopoly to ! fir/ inv5tor :o proclaims himself1 ev5 ?\gh x may be cle> t he has n a week's />t ( a ho/ ( competitors4 ,9 ord] to make sure ( adequately rew>d+ a v few real b5efactors ( mank9d1 y give an inord9ate privilege to a great _m :o h done no?+ at all 9 proportion to :at !y receive2 & n only d y prohibit e "o f borr[+ ! pat5tee's ideas1 b y actually =bid a second inv5tor1 :o has arriv$ at ! same result )\t ev] hav+ he>d ( ! fir/1 to make any use = f\rte5 ye>s ( ! conclusions :i* he has work$ out by 8 own unassi/$ ?\ght & lab\r4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a gross inju/ice1 & ! oppon5ts ( ! ,pat5t-,laws say t no ma*9]y c be devis$ by :i* x c be escap$4 ,ano!r s]i\s objection to ! sy/em1 z work$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 is ! indiscrim9ate grant ( a ,pat5t to any "o :o claims x1 leav+ x to future litigation to det]m9e :e!r ! ,pat5t is good or bad4 ,! ,law ,(fic]s ( ! ,cr[n receive an enorm\s am\nt ( fees = ,pat5t bus9ess1 & x is _! function to det]m9e 9 ! fir/ in/ance :e!r a prim facie title to ! privilege is made out4 ,x might be suppos$ t1 if ! id5tical inv5tion has be5 pat5t$ or publicly us$ be=e1 or if1 on ! face ( x1 x is no inv5tion at all1 ! application w\ld be refus$4 ,no?+ ( ! sort happ5s4 ,no exam9ation ( ! records at ! ,pat5t-(fice takes place to asc]ta9 ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( e>li] ,pat5ts = ! alleg$ discov]y2 & ev5 :5 !re is an opposition1 & x is cle>ly prov$ 7z 9 ! case ( ! bullet :i* ,mr4 ,met=d devis$ & ,mr4 ,:itwor? aft]w>ds pat5t$7 t !re is no?+ new 9 ! inv5tion1 ! ,pat5t is all[$ to g1 9 ord] t ! claimant may h ! privilege ( a jury to try an imag9>y "r4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ! crop ( litigation is rais$ :i* is s (t5 po9t$ to z a reproa* to ! law4 ,! pres5t ,attorney-,g5]al1 x seems1 has introduc$ ! innovation ( reject+ ! claims ( pat5tees :]e ! alleg$ inv5tions are palpably frivol\s1 b some?+ mu* m decid$ ?an ?is is ne$$ to make ! prelim9>y inve/igation ( any real value4 ,! va/ numb] ( wor?less & cat*+ ,pat5ts tak5 out m]ely z traps = manufactur]s is p]haps ! greate/ nuisance incid5tal to ! sy/em1 b x is by no means ! mo/ difficult to suppress4 ,all ^! evils mu/ be cur$1 or s5sibly abat$1 if ! ,pat5t-,laws are to survive2 & if ?is is to be done at all1 x c only be by an effective prelim9>y inquiry4 ,t !re are difficulties to be enc\nt]$ 9 su* a s*eme _c be d5i$1 b x is n yet %[n to be s complete an impossibility z ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm] assum$ x to be4 ,) ! be/ ma*9]y a few ,pat5ts w\ld slip ?r\gh :i*1 on clos] inve/igation1 w\ld be held to be bad2 b ev5 ! clumsie/ me?ods ( bon fide inquiry w\ld h suffic$ to we$ out "s n9ety p] c5t4 at lea/ ( ! exi/+ ,pat5ts4 ,a m]e se>* by prop] (ficials at ! ,pat5t-(fice1 ) ! aid ( ! excell5t indexes :i* !y possess1 w\ld settle ! fate ( ! great majority ( applications1 & ! opposition ( rival inv5tors or manufactur]s w\ld expose a great _m m if x 7 n und]/ood1 z x is n[1 t any opposition be=e ! ,law ,(fic]s is a m]e wa/e ( "t4 ,"u ! exi/+ sy/em we h a tribunal :i* is n1 z a rule1 compet5t = ! "w1 & :i* makes no real ef=t to d x4 ,! ,law ,(fic]s give up ! inve/igation 9 despair2 b x by no means foll[s t a sci5tific tribunal1 ) all ! aids :i* ! ,pat5t-(fice c\ld supply1 might n be f\nd extremely useful4 ,! exp]im5t1 at any rate1 has n be5 tri$2 & x is sc>cely fair to inv5tors to deprive !m ( all protection m]ely because a p]functory inquiry by an unsci5tific & busy lawy] may h fail$ to exclude f ! li/ ( pat5tees a =midable body ( m]e impo/ors4 ,we take x to be q cle> t ! attempt to d ju/ice ought n to be giv5 up until ! impossibility ( putt+ ! law on a satisfactory foot+ is cle>ly made out4 ,mr4 ,mundella is probably z +5i\s z mo/ manufactur]s1 b he says t all ! inv5tions 9 :i* he is int]e/$ came out ( ! bra9s ( 8 workm51 & t !y are %>+ ) him & ! public ! b5efit ( _! discov]ies4 ,ap>t f ! s]i\s inconv5i5ces caus$ by ! law z x is n[ adm9i/]$1 no "o c\ld desire to confiscate ! +5uity ( artisans = ! b5efit ( ma/] manufactur]s4 ,z matt]s /& n[1 a poor pat5tee is g5]ally helpless to turn 8 inv5tion into money )\t ! assi/ance ( a capitali/2 b to all[ a ma/]1 because he is ri* en\gh to use an inv5tion1 to pick ! bra9s ( a clev] artisan )\t mak+ him any ackn[l$gm5t1 w\ld be to aggravate ! plutocratic t5d5cies ( ! age1 :i* mo/ s]i\s ?9k]s w\ld gladly mitigate z f> z possible4 ,! product ( inv5tion & ?\ght is a v difficult k9d ( prop]ty to protect1 b x is n on t acc\nt ! less des]v+ ( protection1 if any means c be devis$ = grant+ x )\t too grave an int]f]5ce ) ! comm]cial fre$om :i* public exp$i5cy dem&s4 ,! subject requires a m se>*+ inve/igation ?an x has yet receiv$4 ,"l ,/anley's ,commission sc>cely t\*$ ! root ( ! matt]1 & no attempt has ev5 be5 made to te/ ! feasibility ( su* sugge/ions z ! report conta9$4 ,x is = ^? :o attack ! law to make out a conclusive case1 n m]ely aga9/ ! p>ticul> sy/em 9 =ce1 b aga9/ e possible s*eme = secur+ to inv5tors ! b5efit ( _! own "w4 ,& ?is has c]ta9ly n yet be5 done4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,rec5t ,,class ,,p]iodicals4 ,along ) "s true light & s\nd s5se1 ! %ifts to :i* advocates ( ,pat5t re/rictions are put :5 !y v5ture ^u argum5t1 & ! boldness ) :i* advances are be+ made on ! pa? ( monopoly 9 ! face ( attack1 may be d$uc$ f ! foll[+ extracts pick$ up at a glance 9 curr5t p]iodical class lit]ature3-- ,a ,,good ,,illu/ration ,,& ,,bad ,,argum5t4 ,h[ev] absurd x may appe>1 a valid ,pat5t has be5 = f\rte5 ye>s grant$1 :i* gave a monopoly to "o p]son to make all ! p9s = all our railways4 ,i %\ld h ?\ght t ! use ( wood5 tr5ails to fa/5 mat]ials toge!r1 to h be5 ( anci5t date1 b = ?is ,pat5t4 ,t exi/+ ,pat5t-rights are1 to "s ext5t1 ob/ructive to ! 8"r ( way10 is j z true z t ! "r to enclose common l& is s4 ,! natural rem$y1 9 bo? in/ances1 is to res]ve 8a "r ( way0 to ! public1 n necess>ily a free "r1 b "o op5 to all1 on paym5t ( a reasonable toll 9 ! latt]1 & ( a reasonable royalty 9 ! =m] case4 ,) m %[ ( ju/ice1 might ! enclosure ( common l&s be prohibit$ ?an ,pat5t-rights = inv5tions be refus$1 = ! common l&s 7 n only discov]$1 b 9 human use be=e enclosure1 :i* is m ?an c be said ( any true inv5tion4--,extract f 8,engli% ,me*anic10 ,july #b1 #ahfi4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,/range ,,views ,,among ,,surgeons4 ,a *ange 9 ! views ( ,engli% m$ical m5 is p]ceptible on ! "q ( ! propriety ( a surgeon tak+ out a ,pat5t = an in/rum5t he has inv5t$4 ,al?\gh we h always felt x ! duty ( a physician :o subscrib$ to a fix$ code ( e?ics to abide by its regulations1 & !re=e h always oppos$1 on te*nical gr\nds1 ! tak+ ,lett]s ,pat5t on improvem5ts 9 surgical appliances1 we freely grant t !re is no priori immorality 9 ! act4444 ,if we read ,dr4 ,*apman's lett] to ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 we f9d t he !re says3 8,i h be5 in=m$ t soon aft] ,dr4 ,ri*>dson inv5t$ 8 e!r-spray in/rum5t1 ,h] ,maje/y's physician1 ,dr4 ,j5n]1 said1 if he 7 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 he w\ld pat5t ! in/rum5t40 ,& fur!r on we read1 8,be=e ,i pat5t$ ! sp9e bags1 ,i consult$ ! ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,physicians1 ,sir ,?omas ,watson1 & ! head ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 ,mr4 ,simon2 & bo? ^! g5tlem5 express$ ! op9ion t ,i 0 ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s40 ,su* quotations1 9 our humble op9ion1 %[ t ,dr4 ,*apman is1 9 all probability1 "r1 & ! majority ( ! pr(ession wrong1 9 object+ to 8 pat5t+ an in/rum5t :i* is by no means my/]i\s or secret4 ,we %all n be sorry to see ?is frank admission ga9 gr\nd ) ! pr(ession 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! prohibition ( pat5t+ in/rum5ts reconsid]$4--,m$ical & ,surgical ,report]4 ,,:at ,,prelim9>y ,,inve/igation ,,requires4 444 ,to dim9i% ! p]iod = :i* he %all be all[$ to reta9 8 exclusive "r4444 ,if a gratuit\s privilege ( five ye>s' duration be a suffici5t price = ,john ,bull to pay inv5tors = induc+ !m to make _! inv5tions ,pat5t1 ,i "k no j reason :y he %\ld pay m 9 ! =m ( monopoly price = t :i* he c pur*ase = ! %ort] t]m4444 ,to enable an effici5t prelim9>y inve/igation to be made ) facility1 ei!r by individuals1 or by ! (ficial exam9]s1 ,i propose to compile a hi/ory ( inv5tions1 discov]ies1 & processes1 = "o r m full & mod]n ?an ,beckman's w\ld be requir$4 ,i h long advocat$ ! compilation & (ficial publication ( ?is great "w1 = x is n ne>ly en\gh = ?is purpose to h only a classifi$ abridgm5t ( ! specifications ( ,engli% or ,briti% ,pat5ts4 ,9 addition to ?is1 besides all =eign ,pat5ts1 a brief classifi$ description ( ! million ?+s =m]ly & n[ be+ done & sugge/$ is almo/ absolutely necess>y to enable ei!r (ficial or private inve/igators to arrive at any?+ l a probable resolution ( ! "q1 if a giv5 ?+ x is propos$ to ,pat5t is new4--,extract f 8,engli% ,me*anic10 ,july #i1 #ahfi4 ,,h>d ,,pu%$ ,,= ,a ,,def5ce ,,( ,,pat5ts4 7,extract f ,lead+ ,article 9 8,eng9e]0 ( ,july #i1 #ahfi47 ,9 a civilis$ /ate1 we say1 ev]y?+ is prop]ty t is ! fruit ( a man's own intellect1 & if ! law does n make x prop]ty1 !n ! law1 n ! pr9ciple1 is to blame4 ,advocates = ! abolition ( ,pat5t-,laws consid] ! foll[+ z "o ( _! mo/ p[]ful argum5ts3 ,!y say t if inv5tors w\ld re/rict !mselves to ! initiation ( inv5tions great & good1 !re might be "s plea = ! concession ( rew>d ?r\gh monopoly or o!rwise2 b ! fact is o!rwise4 ,x suffices to take ! mo/ cursory glance at ,pat5t records1 !y say1 to be made aw>e t processes great & good con/itute b a v small m9ority ( ^? on behalf ( :i* ,pat5t fees are paid & ! rights ( monopoly claim$4 ,we readily grant ! second clause ( ! /atem5t4 ,! numb] ( great & good inv5tions1 by comp>ison ) ! obvi\sly trivial claims1 is v small inde$2 b we altoge!r fail to p]ceive :at legitimate s\rce ( grievance ?is c be to ! public4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems to u demon/rable t "u a compet5t sy/em ( ,pat5t-,law organisation ! fees accru+ f ^! claims ( trivial intr9sic import might be utilis$ & made to fructify4 ,! surplus ?us accru+ might be us$ 9 dim9ution ( exi/+ ,pat5t fees1 9 e/abli%+ a museum ( inv5tions cr$itable to ! nation & ! epo*1 & 9 o!r ways conducive to ! developm5t ( inv5tion 9 g5]al4444 ,our own exp]i5ce po9ts to _m cases l ?is2 :]e=e we are assur$ a proposition ( "s n :olly av]se to ,pat5ts1 :]eby !y w\ld e/abli% c\rts ( prelim9>y inve/igation to det]m9e :e!r any giv5 process %\ld be deem$ wor?y ( pat5t+ or n1 w\ld be altoge!r futile4 ,accord+ to our way ( view+ ! case1 ! regi/ration ( inv5tive novelties %\ld be enc\rag$ on o!r gr\nds ?an t already specifi$4 ,we hold ! record ( failures to be (1 at lea/1 equal importance to ! record ( successes4 ,anybody :o has giv5 mu* "t to promote inv5tion w1 we are sure1 co9cide 9 our op9ion1 t ! k ( :at o!rs h be5 unable to accompli% 9 "s p>ticul> l9e ( inv5tion is "o ( ! mo/ likely conditions ( 8 own success4 ,?is collat]al value ( failures does n seem to h be5 he$$ by ^? :o are mo/ prom95t among/ ! advocates ( ,pat5t abolition4 ,f matt]s ( undisput$ non-success1 we pass n[ to ! consid]ation ( o!rs confess$ly ( "s value1 b ! importance ( :i* is trivial4 ,9 respect to su* x is argu$ by ,mr4 ,macfie t !y mu* emb>rass ! manufactur] by ne$lessly /opp+ ! way until t]ms c be come to ) ! inv5tor4 ,! plausibility ( ?is reason+ we fail to see4 ,does n ! assum$ wor?lessness ( an inv5tion ( ! s]ies contemplat$ b> ! ne$ ( com+ to t]ms ) ! inv5tor at all8 ,:at manufactur] 9 8 s5ses w\ld treat = ! use ( an inv5tion t he kn[s to be wor?less--su* =ekn[l$ge be+ a po/ulate on :i* ! argum5t is rais$1 & on :i* ! objection turns8 ,! national value ( a readily-accessible & classifi$ record ( inv5tion mu/ be obvi\s to all4 ,^? :o w\ld desire to uphold ! ,pat5t-,laws1 & ^? :o w\ld wi% to aboli% !m1 mu/ alike co9cide 9 ?is po9t4 ,we insi/ ^u ?is "p ( ! subject all ! m /r5u\sly f ! conviction t ! uphold+ ! abrogation or modification ( ! ,pat5t-,laws w turn1 aft] all1 on consid]ations ( public exp$i5cy1 n on consid]ations ( "r & wrong to individual inv5tors4 ,?is be+ s1 ! collat]al value ( ,pat5t-,laws1 9 e/abli%+ a record ( inv5tive progress1 _c be too prom95tly kept 9 view4 ,,pat5t ,,rights ,,& ,,pat5t ,,wrongs4 ,sir1--,on page #bgi1 9 speak+ ( /eel rails1 y say3 8,c\ld a bett] result ?an t a*iev$ by ,mr4 ,bessem]1 & by ^? :o hold lic5ces "u him1 h be5 arriv$ at "u ! #8,no-,pat5t' sy/em80 ,decid$ly n1 = x has l&$ !m 9 weal?2 b ,i w suppose a by no means improbable case4 ,suppose ,belgian manufactur]s _h secur$ ,pat5t-rights 9 ,engl&1 & dem&$ a royalty prev5t+ ,engli% manufactur]s f sell+ _! /eel rails1 z y /ate1 "u #abl4 p] ton1 :5 )\t su* royalty !y c\ld be sold at #il4 p] ton4 ,n[1 ! case w\ld /& ?us3 ! ,belgian manufactur]s c\ld be supply+ ! _w ) /eel rails at #il4 p] ton1 :ile ! ,engli% manufactur]s 7 prev5t$ by _! own laws = f\rte5 ye>s f manufactur+ !m "u #abl4 p] ton1 al?\gh all ! mat]ials 7 ly+ at _! doors1 & bo? ma/]s & m5 want+ ! "w4 ,if ,engl& wi%es to ma9ta9 h] position 9 ! trad+ & manufactur+ _w1 monopolies & prejudice mu/ be ?+s ( ! pa/4444 ,y w say ! inv5tor has a "r to ! inv5tion4 ,grant$2 !re 7 no laws to prev5t him f f9d+ x out1 & gett+ all ! advantage he c\ld out ( x1 & !re ought n !n to h be5 a law made to prev5t any "o else f9d+ out ! process or improv+ ^u x4 ,i _c see ! "r ( giv+ anyone ! p[] to block ! public highway ( ?\ght & ent]prise4 ,necessity is ! "m ( all useful inv5tions1 & if /eel rails 7 requir$1 ,engli% manufactur]s w\ld h soon f\nd out h[ to make !m1 )\t a ,pat5t ,law to help !m4 ,r4 ,r4 ,s4 --,f ! ,engli% ,me*anic4 ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,*amb] ,,( ,,comm]ce ,,( ,,cologne ,,on ,,! ,,pat5t ,,"q4 ,= ! foll[+ translation ,i am indebt$ to ! ,hon4 ,j4 ,c4 ,heu/l]1 ( ! ,legislative ,c\ncil ( ,que5sl&3-- ,! resolution to aboli% ,pat5ts on inv5tions1 arriv$ at by ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ,cologne1 at _! sitt+ ( ! #ae? ,sept41 #ahfc1 has be5 confirm$ 9 a report to ! ,m9i/ry ( ,comm]ce1 z foll[s3-- ,! ,pat5t is a monopoly1 & if x has be5 said 9 its fav\r t x is ju/ifiable & only tempor>y1 x is1 not)/&+1 subject to all ! disadvantages 9 its consequ5ces :i* are common to all monopolies4 ,endeav\rs to compete 9 ! sph]e ( inv5tions are sudd5ly *eck$ by ,pat5ts1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 _m a pat5tee1 in/ead ( cont9u+ to "w ) zeal1 & to advance 9 ! direction comm5c$1 simply occupies himself to wat* ) jeal\sy possible infr+em5ts ( o!rs on 8 monopoly dur+ ! curr5cy ( 8 ,pat5t4 ,consum]s pay exorbitant prices dur+ a numb] ( ye>s = ! manufacture s pat5t$1 or receive ! same 9 a less p]fect condition ?an w\ld be ! case if competition _h ex]cis$ its :olesome influ5ce on ! manufacture ( ! article 9 "q4 ,x may be rejo9$1 t nobody is =c$ to buy ! pat5t$ article1 or to make use ( ! pat5t$ inv5tion2 also t ! common weal w\ld pr(it m by ! utilisation ( an inv5tion1 ev5 if bur!n$ = a p]iod ( f five to fifte5 ye>s1 ?an n h x 9 use at all4 ,to ?is x c\ld be repli$1 ) good reason1 t ) ! con/ant activity :i* work+ m9ds develop ^u all fields ( indu/ry1 ! inv5tion ( x w\ld h be5 made %ortly aft] by ,b1 & by him possibly w\ld h be5 br\ght to light 9 /ill great] p]fection4 ,if ! inv5tion ( ,a1 h[ev]1 is pat5t$1 ! inv5tive p]fection+ ( ! object by ,b mu/ re/ until ! expiration ( ,a's ,pat5t4 ,! m an inv5tion is to ! purpose = g5]al adaptability1 ! m reasonable appe>s ! supposition t o!rs w\ld h arriv$ at ! same inv5tion4 ,9 spite ( ! contr>y int5tion1 ,pat5ts prov$ !mselves an imp$im5t to ! progress ( human +5uity1 & by ea* newly-grant$ ,pat5t an unrel5t+ 8halt0 is %\t$ to ! competition 9 t direction4 ,on clos] reflection1 ev5 p]sons :o move 9 circles :i*1 f p]sonal int]e/1 h hi!rto us$ _! influ5ce to give ! greate/ possible /ability to ,pat5t-rights1 w come to ! conviction t ! disadvantages outweigh by f> ! advantages4 ,! ,pat5t sy/em1 view$ f a /&po9t ( political economy1 produces a simil> influ5ce z ! ,lott]y4 ,! 8gr& prize0 dazzles all2 h[ev]1 only "o c h x1 & ! multitude ( ^? :o contribut$ to ! solv+ ( ! problem lose v (t5 a n inconsid]able /ake 9 uselessly-incurr$ co/s1 & lo/ "t & tr\ble4 ,_m h be5 induc$ by ! sy/em to ru% aft] d\btful rew>d 9 ! %ape ( a ,pat5t1 in/ead ( /eadily apply+ _! ability & k to regul> indu/ry4 ,besides1 x is n suffici5t to make up "o's m9d to make an inv5tion capable ( be+ pat5t$2 su* proce$+s lead to a success 9 ! mo/ r>e cases4 ,! mo/ important discov]ies h proce$$1 on ! contr>y1 f ^? :o ?\ghtfully prosecute _! regul> avocations4 ,! fe> t ) abolition ( ,pat5ts ! +5uity ( mank9d w\ld slack51 we _c %>e1 because ! g]m ( progress is embodi$ 9 human nature1 & because ! joy ov] an inv5tion made1 & ! satisfaction felt at a new discov]y1 9 !mselves are p[]ful impulses = ! employm5t ( en]gies 9 su* directions4 ,a /rong pro( ( ! correctness ( ?is ass]tion ! m5 ( sci5ce furni%1 :om we h to ?ank = ! mo/ important discov]ies1 9 s f> z ! application ( physical & *emical laws to indu/ry are conc]n$--:i* h be5 always h&$ ov] imm$iately to ! public ) ! utmo/ lib]ality4 ,o!rs h bas$ _! inv5tions on su* laws1 & manag$ to acquire = ?is "o or t o!r a ,pat5t1 & ?us1 to _! own advantage & to ! co/ ( ! public1 made an invasion ( t]ritory h>dly legitimately !irs4 ,!y reap$ :]e o!rs _h s[$4 ,let u take1 = in/ance1 all ! light+ app>atuses dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! diff]5t lamp contrivances dur+ ?is p]iod = :i* ,pat5ts h be5 grant$ by ! indu/rial ,/ates ( ,europe w numb] sev]al hundr$s4 ,n[1 if we sift ! matt]1 we w f9d t all ^! pat5t$ comb9ations are simply v>iations ( a pr9ciple :i* ,b]zelius e/abli%$ & appli$ to 8 _s-lamp4 ,simil> is ! exp]i5ce ) ! inv5tion ( ,buns51 :o r$uc$ ! co/s ( ! electric batt]y consid]ably1 by apply+ a h>d sort ( coke 9 place ( ! plat9um 9 ,grove's ,batt]y4 ,9 a /ill high] degree has ,morse act$ m]itori\sly4 ,x is true1 ,morse1 9 consid]ation ( ! signal importance ( 8 inv5tion1 has receiv$ a public rew>d 9 ! %ape ( money1 & ?is mode ( ackn[l$g+ real m]it 9 ! prov9ce ( inv5tions recomm5ds itself = adoption ev5 9 individual ,/ates4 ,aft] ! abolition ( ,pat5ts1 ap>t f su* ackn[l$gm5ts z a=esaid1 v soon associations ( ! v>i\s int]e/$ p>ties :o1 by ea* discov]y1 w\ld be equally b5efit$1 w be =m$ = ! purpose ( rew>d+ new inv5tions made 9 accordance ) indicat$ problems1 ! solution ( :i* may be felt to be mo/ important to !m4 ,= ,/ate rew>ds only su* inv5tions %\ld be tak5 cognizance ( z1 accord+ to _! nature1 _c be kept secret1 & are n ( a k9d t w ensure to ! inv5tor an adequate rew>d by 8 own use ( !m4 ,pr9ciples1 :i* hi!rto h n be5 admissible = ,pat5ts1 w\ld be likewise exclud$ f rew>ds4 ,!re c\ld be also no premiums = new modes ( manufacture1 su* z simpl] or *eap] manufacture ( mat]ials already kn[n1 & 9 ! same mann] manufacture ( new articles directly go+ into consumption1 because1 9 ! fir/ case1 ! secret use ( ! inv5tion w\ld pres5t an equival5t1 :ile 9 ! latt] cases ! />t :i* ! inv5tor has ) reg>d to manufactur+1 z well z disposal1 be=e & ov] 8 competitors1 9 mo/ cases is m ?an suffici5t rew>d = ! m]it ( hav+ giv5 mank9d new means ( satisfy+ human enjoym5ts & necessities4 ,x 0 consequ5tly a timely ,conv5tion betwe5 ! ,/ates ( ! ,zollv]e91 :i* already1 "u date ( #ba/ ,septemb]1 #ahdb1 ackn[l$g$ ! pr9ciple t ! grant+ ( a ,pat5t h5ce=? c\ld e/abli% no "r to prohibit ei!r ! import or ! sale1 nor ! use ( articles agree+ ) ^? pat5t$1 z f> z articles ( consumption are conc]n$1 & t a "r ( t nature 0 only applicable to ma*9]y & tools = manufactur]s & artisans4#aj ,accord+ly1 ! grant+ ( rew>ds w\ld h to be re/rict$ to inv5tors ( useful ma*9]y & tools1 :o d n use !m solely 9 _! own int]e/ & keep _! con/ruction a secret1 b1 on ! contr>y1 make !m accessible to ev]ybody by multiplication4 ,) su* regulations z to ,pat5t-"r 9 =ce 9 ,g]many1 x w be obs]v$ t "h1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 ! great disadvantage arises f ?is1 t by ! pat5t+ ( an inv5tion its utilisation or trial is prohibit$ to home indu/ry1 :ile ! =eign] is q at lib]ty to make use ( x & to br+ ! articles 9 "q to m>ket 9 ! c\ntry :]e ! ,pat5t exi/s4 ,9 ?is mann] =eign indu/ry is actually enjoy+ a pref]5ce1 to ! detrim5t ( ! indu/ry ( t c\ntry 9 :i* ! ,pat5t is grant$2 consequ5tly ev5 ! pat5tee1 ?r\gh su* =eign competition1 loses ! int5d$ rew>d p>tially4 ,! example furni%$ by ! ,pat5t on ! manufacture ( anil9e col\rs 9 ,france illu/rates ! case4 ,on ! :ole1 x is n to be d5i$ t ^? advantages :i* ! ,pat5t monopoly %\ld gu>antee are (t5 n 9 h>mony ei!r ) ! value or ! importance ( ! pat5t$ inv5tion2 j z (t5 ^! advantages d n rea* ! au?or ( ! inv5tion at all1 b fl[ into ! pockets ( su* p z make x a bus9ess ei!r to pur*ase ,pat5t-rights1 & s "w !m = _! own acc\nt1 or 9 p>tn]%ip ) ! pat5tee1 tak+ c>e to secure = !mselves ! lion's %>e4 ,x is fur!r prov$ by exp]i5ce t insignificant & mo/ simple inv5tions h (t5 br\ght extraord9>y advantages to ! pat5tee1 :ile ! discov]]s ( important novelties 7we in/ance only ,reissel1 :o introduc$ ! screw z a motor 9 navigation71 9 spite ( ,pat5t-rights1 c\ld n f9d gratitude nor rew>d = :at !y accompli%$4 ,we arrive1 consequ5tly1 at ! conclusion1 t ! p>tly imag9>y advantages ( ,pat5ts are outweigh$ by ! disadvantages atta*$1 & t1 z ! indu/rial condition ( ,switz]l& exemplifies1 no fur!r use ( su* means is any long] requir$ 9 help+ to elevate indu/ry 9 all its bran*es to a v high /&>d1 or to keep pace ) ! developm5t ( o!r c\ntries 9 t direction4 #aj ,i _c b ?9k ! pat5t+ ( ma*9]y a great disadvantage to any community4 ,yet if import+ 7 all[$ 9 spite ( ! ,pat5t1 ! exaction ( heavy royalties1 & ( royalties graduat$ accord+ to "w p]=m$ 7:i* is ! greate/ s\rce ( evil71 w\ld be impossible1 & ! disadvantage be neutralis$4--,r4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,extracts ,,f ,m4 ,,v]meire4 ,aft] mo/ ( ?is fasciculus is 9 type1 ,i am fav\r$ ) a copy ( ,m4 ,v]meire's 8,le ,libre ,travail10 ,brussels1 #ahfd1 f :i* ,i subjo9 ?ree extracts4 ,! fir/1 a noble passage quot$ by t g5tleman f ,m4 ,ba/iat's 8,h>monies ,economiques30-- 8,c'e/ la concurr5ce qui fait tomb] dans le doma9s commun t\tes les conqutes dont le gnie de *aque sicle accrot le trsor des gnrations qui le suiv5t4 ,tant qu'elle n'e/ pas int]v5ue1 tant que celui qui a utilis un ag5t naturel e/ matre de son secret1 son ag5t naturel e/ gratuit sans d\te1 mais il n'e/ pas encore commun2 la conqute e/ ralise1 mais elle l'e/ au pr(it d'un seul homme ou d'une seule classe4 ,elle n'e/ pas encore un bi5fait p\r l'humanit entire4 ,si les *oses devai5t re/] a9si avec t\te inv5tion1 un pr9cipe d'9galit indf9ie s'introduirait dans le monde2 mais il n'en e/ pas a9si1 ,dieu1 qui a prodigu a t\tes ses cratures la *aleur1 la lumire1 la gravitation1 l'air1 l'eau1 la t]re1 les m]veilles de la vie vgtale1 l'lectricit et tant d'autres bi5faits innombrables1 ,dieu1 qui a mis dans l'individualit l'intrt p]sonnel qui1 comme un aimant1 attire t\j\rs t\t lui1 ,dieu1 dis-je1 a plac aussi au se9 de l'ordre social un autre ressort anquel il a confi le so9 de cons]v] ses bi5faits leur de/9ation primitive1 la gratuit1 la communaut4 ,ce ressort1 c'e/ la concurr5ce4 8,a9si l'intrt p]sonnel e/ cette indomptable =ce individuali/e qui n\s fait *]*] le progrs qui n\s le fait dc\vrir1 qui n\s y p\sse l'aiguillon dans le flanc1 mais qui n\s porte aussi a le monopolis]4 ,la concurr5ce e/ cette =ce humanitaire non mo9s indomptable qui arra*e le progrs1 mesure qu'il le ralise1 des ma9s de l'individualit1 p\r en faire l'hritage commun de la gr&e famille huma9e4 ,ces deux =ces qu'on peut critiqu]1 qu& on les considre isolm5t1 con/itu5t dans leur ensemble1 p> le jeu de leurs comb9aisons1 l'h>monie sociale4 8,et1 p\r le dire en passant1 il n'e/ pas surpr5ant que l'individualit1 reprs5te p> l'intrt de l'homme en tant que producteur1 s'insurge depuis le comm5cem5t du monde contre la concurr5ce1 qu'elle la rpr\ve1 qu'elle *]*e la dtruire1 appelant son aide la =ce1 la ruse1 le privilge1 le sophisme1 la re/riction1 la protection g\v]nem5tale1 le monopole40 ,! second1 portion ( an int]e/+ lett] by ,m4 ,paillottet1 diteur-comm5tateur ( ,ba/iat's works1 7writt5 9 ,may1 #ahfc73-- 8,cette connaissance1 rsultat de son travail1 e/ p\r t\j\rs lui2 nul ne peut la lui enlev] ni ne doit l'emp*] de s'en s]vir4 8,seulem5t1 comme la nature p]met d'autres hommes de se livr] la mme re*]*e1 qu'elle les y excite et s\v5t mme leur en fait une ncessit1 le j\r doit arriv] o la notion que cet homme possdait seul e/ aussi possde p> d'autres4 ,ce j\r-l1 je dis que le premi] inv5teur n'a plus seul le droit de se s]vir d'une notion qu'il n'e/ plus seul possd]4 ,prt5dez-v\s que je le dp\ille du rsultat de son travail8 ,j'ai v\s rpondre3 ,si je dp\ille le premi]1 v\s1 v\s dp\illez le second1 le troisime1 le c5time inv5teur peut-tre2 si je dp\ille le ,*9ois1 v\s1 v\s dp\illez ,guttemb]g6 8,un mot ma9t5ant sur le droit la rciprocit de s]vices4 8,je crois f]mem5t1 avec ,ba/iat1 que #8la vritable et quitable loi des hommes1 c'e/3 ,e*ange librem5t dbattu de s]vice contre s]vice4' 8,si un inv5teur me r5d s]vice1 je lui dois un s]vice quival5t2 ,dieu me g>de d'en disconv5ir4 ,mas de mme que je n'exige pas de l'inv5teur ses s]vices et ne l'oblige pas en recevoir de moi1 j'ent5ds qu'il n'exige pas les mi5s et ne m'impose pas les si5s4 ,entre lui et moi1 l'*ange doit tre prcd d'un libre dbat am5ant le cons5tem5t des deux p>ties4 ,m4 ,le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu oublie ou supprime la ncessit du libre dbat40 ,! ?ird1 a n>rative by my able & ard5t ,belgian fell[-lab\r] 9 ?is great cause1 ! ,abolition ( ,pat5ts1 ,m4 ,v]meire himself1 to ^: "w ,i ref] read]s4 ,he w all[ me to say ,i impute x to no defici5cy 9 c\rtesy on 8 "p t x escap$ e>li] & due notice4 ,he !re gives ! ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce ( ?is k+dom cr$it = op9ions :i* !y h n g5]ally embrac$ up to ?is h\r3-- 8,m4 ,eugne ,fla*at attaque la loi des brevets comme une lpre indu/rielle4 ,m4 ,ar?ur ,legr& ne critique pas mo9s vivem5t cette lgislation suranne a9si que ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali]1 que l'on peut considr]1 ju/e titre1 comme le *ef des conomi/es franais4 8,qu& l'op9ion de ces hommes rudits me fut connue je n'hsitai plus et je publiai l'expos de ma doctr9e du ,libre travail dans l',economi/e ,belge du #bh ,m>s1 #ahfc4--,plus t>d ,m4 ,macfie1 presid5t de la ,*ambre de ,comm]ce de ,liv]pool1 fit connatre ses ides sur la matire et le congrs des conomi/es allem&s runi ,dresde en ,septembre1 #ahfc1 mit la rsolution suivante qui fut adopte une =te majorit3 8#8,considrant que les brevets d'inv5tion n'enc\rag5t pas les progrs des inv5tions et mett5t plutt ob/acle la ralisation de celles-ci4 8#8,considrant1 que les brevets d'inv5tion entrav5t plutt qu'ils ne favoris5t la prompte exploitation des inv5tions utiles et qu'ils ne sont pas un mode conv5able de rcomp5se4 8#8,le congrs a rsolu que les brevets d'inv5tion sont nuisibles au dveloppem5t de la prosprit publique4' 8,cet avis des hommes de la sci5ce a t c\t en ,allemagne p> les hommes de la pratique2 c> sur les #dg ,*ambres de ,comm]ce que r5f]me la ,prusse1 #ca vi5n5t de se prononc] p\r l'abolition des brevets d'inv5tion d'aprs ce que je vi5s de lire dans les j\rnaux1 au mom5t mme o j'cris ces lignes4-- 8,le libre travail qui fut suivi1 de mon ,exam5 critique de la g>antie lgale des modles et dess9s de fabrique provoqua une ard5te discussion10 c4 ,,movem5ts ,,9 ,,g]many1 ,,belgium1 ,,& ,,holl&4 ,a ,belgian projet de loi 9 fav\r ( copyright ( models & designs 9 manufacture1 hav+ be5 defeat$1 9 consequ5ce1 z is alleg$1 ( ,m4 ,v]meire's ef=ts ?r\gh ! press & o!rwise1 we are told-- 8,?is fact demon/rates once m t 9 ,belgium1 z ev]y:]e else1 op9ions 9 fav\r ( intellectual prop]ty )9 ! doma9 ( indu/ry are decl9+1 & t s f> f legislation t5d+ 9 ! direction ( giv+ su* prop]ty increas$ proportions1 x w soon be propos$ to demoli% entirely ! sup]annuat$ legislation :i* int]poses s _m & s s]i\s ob/acles to ! progress ( indu/rial op]ations4 8,! tactics ( ! p>tisans ( su* prop]ty consi/ 9 id5tify+ or assimilat+ x ) mat]ial prop]ty4 ,?is simil>ity p]mits ! conclusions & d$uctions to be drawn :i* =m ! basis ( ,pat5t legislation4 8,! pret5d$ id5tity or simil>ity has be5 completely ov]?r[n by ,m4 ,v]meire 9 8 #8,le ,libre ,travail4' ,8 #8,exam5 ,critique de la ,g>antie ,lgale des ,modles et ,dess9s de ,fabrique' deals a fre% bl[ aga9/ ! conf\nd+ ( prop]ty 9 a ?+ & prop]ty 9 an idea40 ,,extract ,,( ,,lett]1 ,,brussels1 ,,june #aa1 #ahfi4 ,!re is 9 ,belgium1 z 9 ,engl& & all o!r c\ntries1 a feel+ antagoni/ic to ,pat5t-rights4 ,x is ev5 %>$ 9 by _m em95t political economi/s4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 ,i may v5ture to ass]t t 9 ?is c\ntry ! ,gov]nm5t1 f> f p>ticipat+ 9 ?is feel+1 w\ld r be incl9$1 9 ! ev5t ( a revision ( ! ,pat5t-,laws1 to secure 9 a m effectual way ! rights ( inv5tors4 ,,g]many4 ,,extract ,,f ,,lett] ,,( ,,an ,,em95t ,,h\se ,,9 ,,cologne4 ,al?\gh we ?9k x r difficult to =m a g5]al op9ion on ?is matt]1 we /ill believe t mo/ ,indu/rials w\ld welcome abolition ( ,pat5ts = ,inv5tions4 ,! ,cologne ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce express$1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfc1 its op9ion 9 ! same s5se4 ,g]man legislation reg>d+ ,pat5ts w probably be re=m$4 ,a proposition made 9 ?is direction by ,c\nt ,bism>ck to ! ,bundesra?1 conta9$ 9 ! 8,annal5 des ,norddeuts*5 ,bundes10 by ,dr4 ,george ,hir?1 #a/] ,heft ,jahrgang1 #ahfi1 page #cd1 #db1 ,,ii41 w\ld int]e/ y mu*1 z x co9cides1 we believe1 ) y\r motion4 ,! late/ publications 9 ,g]man lit]ature on ! subject are ,klo/]mann 8,die ,pat5ts ,gesetzgebung all] ,l&]10 ,b]l91 #ahfi2 ,b>!l 8,die ,pat5t-frage10 ,leipzig1 #ahfi4 ,,extract ,,f 8,,die ,,pat5ts ,,gesetzgebung ,,all] ,,l&]10 ,,by ,,dr4 ,r4 ,,klo/]mann 7,,b]l91 #ahfi74 ,a %ort "t s9ce1 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t decade1 ! public has spok5 out1 foll[+ num]\s & important p]sons :o wi%$ ! entire abolition ( ,pat5ts = inv5tions1 because !y allege t ! exi/5ce ( su* is incompatible ) ! free-trade movem5ts4 ,!y said t su* imp$e indu/ry in/ead ( advanc+ x2 t ! claim ( ! fir/ inv5tor to a monopoly is unt5able2 t discov]y is n ! "w ( "o man1 b ! ripe fruit ( indu/rial developm5t4 ,f ! difficulty & complexity ( ! subject1 m5 w\ld d away ) ,pat5t-,laws2 b ! real cause ( ! agitation aga9/ !m lies 9 ! enorm\s developm5t :i* our int]national comm]ce has und]gone 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ?r\gh free-trade1 /eam-boats1 & railways4 ,z ! complete abolition ( ! 8cu/oms-limits10 ) ! ,g]man ,zollv]e9 cu/oms-union1 0 n made )\t a direct trans=mation ( ! ,pat5t-,laws & a positive limitation ( ,pat5t protection1 s is--?r\gh ! conclud+ ( ! treaties ( comm]ce made dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s betwe5 ! ,zollv]e9 & ,france1 ,great ,brita91 ,belgium1 & ,italy--a total re=m 9 ! ,pat5t-,law r5d]$ necess>y4 ,all c\ntries1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,switz]l&1 recognise by _! exi/+ laws ! necessity ( ,pat5t protection2 & ?is case ( ,switz]l& is p>ticul>ly br\ght =w>d by ^? oppos$ to ! ,pat5t movem5t4 ,! ,commission :i* 0 appo9t$ ( ,swiss exp]ts 7& :i* said t ,pat5t protection is unnecess>y & t5ds to no?+ good7 0 imp>tial en\gh to av[ t ! p>ticul> advantages :i* ,switz]l& draws f exi/+ circum/ances arise f ! fact t 9 all ! adjo9+ c\ntries ! protection ( ,pat5ts does exi/1 b 9 ,switz]l& alone n s4 ,swiss indu/ry1 :i* is exce$+ly small1 is plac$ 9 ! position ( imitat+ all =eign ,pat5ts :i* f9d a m>ket 9 ,switz]l&1 & gett+ ! b5efit ( ! discov]ies made "u ! protection ( =eign ,pat5ts4 ,switz]l& is j 9 ! position ( a man :o keeps no cats because he c use 8 neighb\rs'4 ,,holl&4 ,i h be=e me a s]ies ( valuable illu/rative docum5ts pr9t$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* are too long to introduce "h4 ,! movem5t = aboli%+ ,pat5ts 9 t c\ntry1 already ref]r$ to on pages #aif-bcj1 0 consummat$ by a /rik+ majority1 9 ! ,fir/ ,*amb]1 ( no less ?an #bi to #a2 ! abolition to take effect f #a/ ,janu>y next1 exi/+ rights1 ( c\rse1 to be respect$4 ,,on ,,p]petuity ,,( ,,pat5t-,,"r4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations1 abridg$ f a review1 by ,m4 ,aug4 ,b\dron1 ( ,m4 le ,h>dy de ,beaulieu's ,la ,proprit et sa ,r5te1 are f ! ,j\rnal des ,economi/es = ,may3-- ,! au?or assimilates ! inv5tor's privileges to proprietor%ip ( a field4 ,nev]!less !re is a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( prop]ty4 ,indep5d5tly ( ,/ate privileges1 ! orig9ator ( a discov]y may use x z 8 own1 & ev5 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs1 provid$ he keep x secret1 s t he %all h no competitor to enc\nt]2 :]eas ! own] ( a field1 if he is depriv$ ( 8 "r1 loses all4 ,! advantages ( an inv5tion may be enjoy$ simultane\sly by _m p]sons2 ! produce ( a field by "o only4 ,n[ = a diff]5ce ( importance affect+ ! int]e/s ( ! public4 ,give ! possessor ( a field 8 "r 9 p]petuity1 & y h circum/ances ! mo/ fav\rable = its yield+ all ! produce :i* x c4 ,n s ) ! privilege ( an inv5tor1 = x ess5tially consi/s 9 h9d]+ o!rs f br++ ! me?ods or mat]ials t are pat5t$ into use4 ,f ! "t ( inv5tion & fir/ exploitation ! privilege is an ob/acle2 x limits ! am\nt ( good t society w\ld 9 its abs5ce enjoy4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! motive ( c]ta9 ,/ates 9 conc$+ ?is exclusive privilege8444 ,! legislators :o h creat$ ! "r ?\ght t !re w\ld 9 consequ5ce be a l>g] numb] ( useful inv5tions & improvem5ts1 & t1 on ! :ole1 society w\ld be a great] ga9] ?an if !re 7 no ,pat5ts4444 ,z !re are innum]able in/rum5ts & processes = :i* ,pat5ts h be5 & might /ill be tak51 !re mu/1 if p]petuity ( privilege be grant$1 be a prodigi\s numb] ( monopolies1 & almo/ no op]ation c\ld be p]=m$1 no?+ done1 )\t p be+ oblig$ to pay tribute to "s privileg$ p]son4 ,!re w\ld be a c\ntless ho/ ( adm9i/rators l receiv]s ( tolls & pontages1 dim9i%+ weal? 9 place ( creat+ x2 ! _w w\ld soon produce too little to su/a9 ! monopoli/s & _! employs4 ,we ?us arrive at an impossibility4 ,b conceive all ?is possible1 & ! _w mu/ yet miss a great numb] ( inv5tions & improvem5ts1 t w\ld "u ! sy/em ( p]petuity be prev5t$4 ,?is is se5 by ! ob/acles :i* ev5 privileges ( limit$ duration ?r[ 9 ! way ( new inv5tions4 ,9 actual practice progress is (t5 atta9$ only by ! use ( previ\s inv5tions4 ,b :at if ^! are ! subject ( ,pat5ts ! hold] ( :i* w n come to t]ms or _c be treat$ )8 ,ret>dation1 if ! privilege is tempor>y2 a full /op1 if p]petual4 ,,notes ,,illu/rative ,,( ,,mr4 ,,macfie',s ,,spee*4 ,page #ag4 ,! views tak5 9 ! text z to ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8manufacture0 receive confirmation f ! foll[+ extract f ! ,eng9e] ( ,june #d1 #ahfi3-- ,,! ,,am]ican ,,pat5t-,,law4 444 ,accord+ly1 9 ! fir/ g5]al ,pat5t-,law pass$ by ,congress1 ! subject = :i* ,pat5ts 7 to be grant$ 7 describ$ z ! inv5tion or discov]y ( 8any useful art1 manufacture1 eng9e1 ma*9e1 or device1 or any improvem5t !re9 n be=e kn[n or us$40 ,9 ! next /atute--t ( #ba/ ,febru>y1 #agic--! phraseology 0 fir/ introduc$ :i* has be5 ev] s9ce employ$--namely1 8any new & useful art1 ma*9e1 manufacture1 or composition ( matt]1 or any new & useful improvem5t 9 any art1 ma*9e1 manufacture1 or composition ( matt]1 n kn[n or us$ be=e ! application = a ,pat5t40444 ,we h1 !n1 ! foll[+ f\r heads ( subjects suitable = ,pat5ts--viz41 an art1 a ma*9e1 a manufacture1 & a composition ( matt]4444 ,9 ,engl&1 to make a new process ! subject ( a ,pat5t1 ! ^w 8manufacture0 w\ld be us$1 & w\ld h to be int]pret$ some:at lib]ally4 ,?us1 9 "s cases1 !re might n be a p]fect di/9ction betwe5 ! ?+ itself & ! art or process ( mak+ ! ?+4444 ,) reg>d to ! head 8manufacture10 we _c d bett] ?an give ! def9ition :i* ,mr4 ,curtis has add$ z a note to 8 "w4 ,he says a manufacture 8w\ld be any new comb9ation ( old mat]ials1 con/itut+ a new result or production 9 ! =m ( a v5dible article1 n be+ ma*9]y40444 ,z well z f ! foll[+ extract f-- ,,h9dm>* ,,on 8,,v5d+ ,,or ,,sell+40 8,! sole privilege ( mak+ ! inv5tion z express$ 444 is 9 tru? ! same 9 sub/ance z ! sole privilege ( us+ & ex]cis+ x4444 ,by ! fir/ section ( ! ,/atute ( ,monopolies1 pat5ts grant+ #8! sole buy+1 sell+1 mak+1 work+1 or us+ ( any?+' are decl>$ to be void1 & ! proviso 9 fav\r ( inv5tions conta9$ 9 ! six? section only ext5ds to #8grants ( privilege ( ! sole work+ or mak+ ( any mann] ( new manufactures1' leav+ ! sole buy+ or sell+ ( any?+ )9 ! prohibition4444 ,! sole privilege grant$ by a ,pat5t = an inv5tion au?orises ! inv5tor #8to make1 use1 ex]cise1 & v5d' ! inv5tion4444 ,& z no "o c use ! inv5tion except ! pat5tee1 no "o besides him c lawfully h su* articles = sale4444 ,e "p ( ! privilege grant$ by a ,pat5t = an inv5tion1 :5 ?us expla9$ 767 is !re=e cle>ly )9 ! mean+ ( ! exception conta9$ 9 ! ,/atute44440 ,i demur4 ,is !re any?+ 9 ! ,/atute to prev5t a p]son import+ articles & v5d+ !m ?\gh ! same z ! privileg$ p]son is alone all[$ to make or "w8 ,9 po9t ( fact t surely might1 :5 ! /atute 0 pass$1 be done f ,scotl& & ,irel& z to manufactures n pat5t$ 9 ^! c\ntries1 b pat5t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,page #ah4 ,! numb] ( ,pat5ts grant$ 9 ! fir/ fifty ye>s aft] ! ,/atute ( ,monopolies 0 sev5ty-two1 or at ! rate ( less ?an "o & a-half p] annum4 ,page #ai4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( applications = ,pat5ts up to ! end ( #ahfb1 9 sev]al classes1 is abridg$ f ,mr4 ,edw>ds' int]e/+ treatise on1 or r aga9/1 8,lett]s ,pat5t = ,inv5tions30-- ,oct41 #aheb1 to ,be=e ,dec4 #ca1 #ahfb4 ,oct41 #aheb4 ,total4 ,railways & ,railway ,c>riages #a1dah #fcj #b1jah ,telegraphs #eeh #aji #ffg ,/eam & ,/eam ,boil]s #a1bic #cgg #a1fgj ,/eam-eng9es #a1bbh #gjd #a1icb ,sp9n+ #a1hcg #a1abj #b1ieg ,electricity1 ,galvanism1 & ,electroplat+ #ffb #ch #gjj ,sew+ & ,embroid]y #ceb #dj #cib ,heat+ & ,evaporat+ #a1ajh #cgc #a1dha ,fireplaces1 ,grates #cag #afi #dha ,flues & ,*imneys #bgh #ge #cec ,fuel #bbg #abi #cef ,v5tilat+ ,build+s1 ,c>riages1 ,%ips1 c4 #cib #ha #dgc ,,sugge/ive ,,extracts ,,f ,,dr4 ,,p]cy',s ,,works ,,on ,,metallurgy4 ,page #cd4 ,,! ,,copp] ,,trade4 ,x w\ld be %e] wa/e ( "t ev5 to notice _m ( ! mis-call$ improvem5ts 9 copp]--some?+ = :i* ,pat5ts h be5 grant$ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,"s ( ! pat5tees display su* deplorable ignorance ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( *emi/ry1 & su* utt] want ( practical k1 z w\ld seem h>dly possible ) ! pres5t facilities ( acquir+ in=mation4 ,v>i\s ,pat5ts h be5 grant$ = alleg$ improvem5ts 9 ! treat+ ( copp] ores1 ( c]ta9 products obta9$ 9 ! smelt+ ( copp] ores1 c41 :i* are only wor?y ( notice z af=d+1 z ,i conceive1 satisfactory illu/rations ( ! defective /ate ( our exi/+ ,pat5t-,laws4444 ,t a man :o has work$ out an orig9al & valuable process f 8 own bra91 & :o may h incurr$ great exp5ses 9 br++ x to a practical issue--x may be1 aft] ye>s ( protract$ toil & anxiety--%\ld h secur$ to him by law dur+ a mod]ate t]m ! exclusive privilege ( reap+ ! sub/antial rew>d ( 8 own inv5tion1 appe>s to me z j & reasonable z t an au?or %\ld be protect$ aga9/ piratical & unpr9cipl$ publi%]s4 ,b t ! law %\ld conf] ^u a man ! exclusive "r ( appropriat+ to 8 own b5efit facts :i* are p]fectly famili> to e tyro 9 *emi/ry1 & ( practis+ op]ations :i* are ( daily occurr5ce 9 ! laboratories ( *emi/s1 is z impolitic z x is unju/4 ,& surely1 ! p>ticul> 8inv5tions0 above ref]r$ to belong to ?is category4 ,i cordially subscribe to ! op9ion express$ by ,mr4 ,grove1 ,q4,c4--namely1 t ! real object ( ,pat5t-,law 0 to rew>d n trivial inv5tions1 :i* /op ! way to great] improvem5ts1 b sub/antial boons to ! public2 n *anges su* z any exp]im5tali/ makes a score a day 9 8 laboratory1 b sub/antial1 practical discov]ies1 develop$ into an available =m4 ,,! ,,hot ,,bla/4 ,x _c /rictly be t]m$ a great inv5tion1 = :at great ex]cise ( ! inv5tive faculty c\ld x possibly h requir$ = its developm5t8 ,!re 0 no elaborate work+ out ( a process or ma*9e1 z has be5 ! case 9 _m inv5tions1 b ! ?+ 0 done at once4 ,)\t wi%+ 9 ! smalle/ degree to detract f ! m]it to :i* ,mr4 ,neilson is ju/ly entitl$1 ,i may nev]!less express my op9ion t ! hot-bla/ 0 a lucky hit r ?an an inv5tion1 prop]ly s-call$4 ,:atev] op9ion may be ent]ta9$ z to ! exp$i5cy ( ,pat5ts1 !re c be no d\bt t su* a ,pat5t z ?is ought nev] to h be5 grant$4 ,a ,pat5t1 ev5 ?\gh x may be prov$ invalid1 conf]s ^u its possessor a locus /&i 9 ! eye ( ! law1 & enables him !reby to involve innoc5t p]sons 9 mo/ exp5sive litigation1 to say no?+ ( ! att5dant annoyance & anxiety4 ,! prelim9>y exam9ation be=e ! ,attorney or ,solicitor-,g5]al is 9 _m cases an absolute f>ce1 & no?+ less4 ,! pres5t sy/em1 al?\gh confess$ly an improvem5t on ! old "o1 is yet 9 _m cases highly ob/ructive & injuri\s to national int]e/s4 ,page #ej4 ,! foll[+ passage f ! ,eng9e] ( ,may #bh1 proves cle>ly t ! ,bessem] ,pat5ts d raise prices ( iron3-- ,! pres5t royalty on rails is #bl4 p] ton2 on ea* ton a drawback ( #al4 is nom9ally all[$1 b ! nature ( ,mr4 ,bessem]'s arrangem5ts ) reg>d to scrap1 crop ends1 wa/e1 c41 is su* t ! true royalty on e ton ( ,bessem] rails deliv]$ to a railway company--9 o!r words1 sold--am\nts to ab\t #al4 #es4 #f;d4 ,aft] ! lapse ( ,mr4 ,bessem]'s ,pat5ts 9 ,febru>y1 #ahgj1 ?is sum1 all b #bs4 #f;d4 p] ton royalty on plant1 w be sav$2 &1 !re=e1 9 ,m>* next ye>1 rails may be b\ght = at lea/ #al4 #cs4 p] ton less ?an !y co/ n[4 ,,work+ ,,m5 ,,z ,,inv5tors4 ,page #fb4 ,some:at to my surprise1 ,i am l$ to appreh5d t ! int]e/ ( work+ m5 w be repres5t$ z co9cid+ ) ret5tion ( inv5tion monopoly4 ,i hope !y are too wide awake to believe su* a fallacy1 & too upright to approve ( ! cont9uance ( a prov$ national disadvantage1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 n a fallacy4 ,if ,pat5ts are injuri\s to ! community by rais+ prices ( articles ( consumption & utility1 !n ! op]ative & lab\r+ classes1 inasmu* z !y con/itute ! bulk ( ! population1 mu/ be ! *ief suff]]s4 ,if ,pat5ts int]f]e ) lab\r 9 any direction1 & t5d to drive trade away f our isl&1 !y1 z ! ma9/ays ( indu/ry1 mu/ be ! *ief suff]]s4 ,! only pret5ce = su* an allegation z ,i am combat+ is ?is3 "s inv5tions 9 all trades1 _m inv5tions 9 "s trades1 are made by artisans1 :o !re=e w lose ?is =m ( rew>d4 ,true en\gh2 b is ! rew>d to ^! few individuals a comp5sation = ! evils inflict$ on ! _m--! millions8 & is n ! rew>d (t5 s l ! gift ( a :ite elephant1 or ! cat*+ ( a ,t>t>--s mu* ( a delusion1 a difficulty1 a disadvantage1 a sn>e1 a ru9--t _! wise/ c\nsellors w\ld w>n aga9/ its fasc9ation1 especially if ?r\gh _! own fav\r = my propositions !re is ! *oice ( fair & satisfactory alt]native recomp5ses8 ,! position ( work+ m5 9 respect to ,pat5ts is frequ5tly dealt ) 9 ?is compilation2 _! att5tion & co-op]ation ,i respectfully invite4 ,,! ,,inv5tors' ,,in/itute4 ,an ,inv5tors' ,in/itute has be5 =m$ = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! ,pat5t ,sy/em1 & am5d+ x 9 su* a way z1 ,i fe> & am sure1 w only make its yoke m gall+ & its burd5 heavi]4 ,! public w d well to rememb] t1 9 spite ( ! "n1 ?is is r a society ( pat5tees1 includ+ 9 its memb]%ip a portion only ( ^? inv5tors :o take ,pat5ts1 & n includ+ ! innum]able inv5tors :o d n take ,pat5ts1 & :o suff] by ! sy/em :i* ! ,in/itute is int5d$ to p]petuate1 ext5d1 & knit m tightly on u all & 9 ! fir/ place on !m4 ,! hon\r$ names :o direct t society w d well to consid] :o are inv5tors & :at are inv5tions4 ,if !y w\ld b reflect t we are almo/ to a man inv5tors 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! great mass ( pat5tees are su*1 & t ! majority ( inv5tions :i* *oke ! ,pat5t-(fice are su* z !mselves1 at any rate1 w\ld disda9 to claim & scorn to annoy _! fell[s by pat5t+1 !y w\ld probably arrive at ! conviction--:i* is half-way on ! road to complete emancipation ( trade f ! fett]s !y hug--t ! sy/em is s practically bad t rectification is hopeless1 & w\ld jo9 9 endeav\rs1 n to am5d :at is1 ev5 !oretically1 defective & bad1 b to devise & introduce a ?or\ghly good sub/itute4 ,i hope ! pres5t publication w n be 9 va91 :5 x endeav\rs to remove well-mean+ prepossessions by =ce ( tru?4 ,,ju/ification ,,( ,,/ate ,,rew>ds4 ,page #ha4 ,x is j & exp$i5t t ! public ex*equ] %\ld pay inv5tors1 because--#a4 ,! ,/ate is entitl$1 or requir$1 to und]take all b5efic5t & useful works :i*1 :ile !y ought to be done = or by ! nation1 yet _c be s well1 or at all1 done by individuals4 #b4 ,?\gh individuals1 m ?an ! nation collectively1 w reap ! b5efit ( ^! paym5ts1 x is manife/ t ! range ( inv5tive improvem5t is s wide t on ! av]age ( ye>s e portion ( ! community1 & e individual 9 all portions1 w %>e ! b5efit pretty equally4 #c4 ,! dem& = remun]at+ inv5tors proce$s f ! ,/ate1 n manufactur]s or produc]s4 #d4 ,^! la/ _c1 "u ! rgime ( free trade1 pass ov] f _! own %\ld]s ^u ^? ( consum]s--:o are ! real1 because ultimate1 recipi5ts ( ! b5efit--! burd5 ( royalties1 or o!r paym5ts to inv5tors4 #e4 ,! *>ge ( #bjj1jjj p] annum is1 aft] all1 on a population ( ?irty-two millions b a poll-tax ( ?ree halfp5ce p] head4 ,on h[ easy t]ms w\ld we obta9 = ! nation a univ]sal1 prompt enjoym5t ( e novelty1 & complete emancipation ( our comm]ce & manufactures f an incubus & ?raldom :i* are e day becom+ m depress+6 ,,! ,,pat5t-,,(fice ,,e/abli%m5t4 ,page #hf4 ,! ,pat5t-(fice 9 ,s\?ampton-build+s1 ,*anc]y-lane1 is an e/abli%m5t highly cr$itable to its organis]s1 b f> too little kn[n4 ,its free consult+ libr>y %\ld be m frequ5t$4 ,! publications !re sold at a *eap rate1 & pres5t$ gratuit\sly to public in/itutions :i* und]take to keep !m = ref]5ce "u fitt+ regulations1 are invaluable4 ,! indexes1 manuscript & pr9t$1 !re kept1 are elaborate1 & include li/s ( sci5tific & practical matt] affect+ comm]ce & ! arts1 cull$ f p]iodicals issu$ 9 all c\ntries4 ,no *ange 9 our mann] ( deal+ ) inv5tions c deprive u (1 or sup]s$e ! use (1 su* an accessible /oreh\se ( useful k4 ,! wond] is1 t its advantages are n m ext5sively avail$ (1 & t s few ev5 ( our great t[ns h appli$ = sets ( its specifications & indexes4 ,!re is1 9 spite ( ! e/abli%m5t's excell5ce1 room = improvem5t 9 sev]al respects1 "o ( :i* is 9 ! provid+ bett] means = connect+ itself ) ! mass ( ! p 9 ! prov9ces4 8,,! ,,new ,,canadian ,,pat5t-,,law4--,! ,pat5t ,bill :i* has be5 = "s "t be=e ! ,p>liam5t ( ! ,dom9ion1 has pass$4 ,! hope1 to :i* we allud$ a few weeks ago1 t ! ,bill might be modifi$ to enable ,am]icans to obta9 ,pat5ts 9 ,canada1 has n be5 fulfill$2 & ! only effect ( ! ,bill1 s f> z we are int]e/$1 is to %ut out ,am]ican inv5tors f a l>g] am\nt ( t]ritory ?an be=e40--,extract f 8,am]ican ,artisan10 ,june #bj1 #ahfi4 ,,notes ,,& ,,extracts ,,on ,,royalty ,,9 ,,copyright1 ,,) ,,especial ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,int]national ,,negotiations ,,affect+ ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,int]national ,,copyright4 ,! pres5t opportunity is avail$ ( to recomm5d to notice ! royalty =m ( ,int]national ,copyright z "o :i* might probably be acceptable to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i appreh5d !re is little or no prospect ( _! agree+ to negotiate on ! basis ( ! monopoly =m ( ,copyright :i* is n[ e/abli%$ 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,?is has (t51 b nev] successfully1 be5 urg$ on ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! advantages to ,briti% au?ors & publi%]s ( s l>ge an ext5sion ( area are obvi\s4 ,!re are n[ 9 t c\ntry ne> =ty millions ( p mu* m able to read & to buy ?an our ?irty millions4 ,x is 9 ! int]e/s ( ,briti% au?ors1 publi%]s1 & trad]s1 mo/ desirable to get s l>ge an addition to ! numb] ( ! read]s & buy]s ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,e ye> ! b5efit w be great]1 b p]haps less easily atta9able4 ,! consci5ce & g5]\s impulses ( ! great ,am]ican nation w naturally incl9e !m to negotiate on a pr9ciple :i* 7z ,i hope !y w consid] t ( royalties does7 at once fairly meets ! reasonable claims ( au?ors & ! equally reasonable claims1 or rights1 ( ! public4 ,au?ors & ! trade w\ld soon become famili> )1 & reconcil$ to1 ! *ange 9 ! =m ( _! remun]ation4 ,!y _c b admit & feel t x is ! duty ( /atesm51 :5 con/itut+ ,copyright1 to take c>e t its effect is on ! :ole b5eficial--z b5eficial z is consi/5t ) fair treatm5t ( au?ors--to ! :ole body ( ! p = ^: sake !y gov]n4 ,if ,i am w>rant$ 9 anticipat+ t1 :]eas n[ "u monopoly a new book ( intr9sic value is seldom or almo/ nev] possess$ by1 or ev5 se5 9 ! h\ses (1 ! lab\r+ population1 !re w\ld "u royalties be a t5d5cy to *eapness :i* might be confid5tly reli$ on z ! means ( br++ su* works )9 rea* ( ! masses--n :5 !y are /ale1 b :5 !y are fre%--c ,i d\bt t ! concurr5ce bo? ( au?ors & legislators is a matt] ( hope approa*+ to c]ta9ty8 ,:5 /al5ess is sugge/$ z a det]r5t f1 & fre%ness z a pleasant /imulus to1 ! read+ ( books1 ?is is no m ?an ! practical recognition ( a ta/e univ]sal among m5 & wom51 :e!r x conc]ns food mat]ial or food intellectual4 ,let u "w x = ! good ( our race4 ,b x is a quality & p[] unatta9able except ei!r by royalties or else by ! ,*9ese sy/em ( op5 lit]ature4 ,t ! pres5t sy/em works unsatisfactorily1 ev5 9 a m]e trade po9t ( view1 ,i am conv9c$1 & = confirmation ref] to figures ,i app5d f a ,return on ! ,book ,trade lately laid be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! sale ( books at home & ! export ( books to ! colonies & =eign p>ts1 admit ( va/ expansion4 ,we %\ld legislate s z to accompli%1 9 reg>d to books1 at ! lea/ su* an expansion z has be5 atta9$ 9 reg>d to newspap]s4 ,:ile ! pres5t =m ( ,copyright rema9s 9 =ce1 x w\ld be va9 to expect t ! exi/+ h9drances w be ov]come4 ,publi%]s1 !re=e1 may well co-op]ate4 ,b ,i appeal ) equal directness to philan?ropi/s1 especially all ^? :o h ! p[] ( repres5t+ to _! fell[s :at a folly & mi/ake x is to write books ) a view to ! moral1 social1 & religi\s welf>e ( m51 & yet to re/ satisfi$ ) a sy/em ( law & trade t f9d ! recomp5ses ( au?or%ip & ( publi%+ v5tures 9 a limit$ sale ( de> books in/ead ( an ext5sive sale ( *eap ones--( a few good books at a l>ge pr(it in/ead ( _m good books at a small6 ,i c\ld adduce f my own transactions conclusive pro(s ( ! bad work+ & ob/ructive op]ation ( monopoly 9 ,copyright4 ,irel&1 9 p>ticul>1 may well exclaim aga9/ x2 = be=e ! ,union ! publi%]s ( ,dubl9 us$ to drive a useful bus9ess 9 repr9t+ ,briti% works :i* !y h1 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 be5 depriv$ (1 to _! own loss & ! incalculable disadvantage ( _! c\ntrym54 ,! ,*9ese1 x is said1 d n recognise ,copyright4 ,:at ! effect is on _! lit]ature ,i "k n4 ,b _! po/-(fice & cu/om-h\se (fic]s %\ld1 at any rate1 rejoice t1 unlike ! e/abli%m5ts 9 enlight5$ ,brita91 !y are n employ$ 9 ! int]e/s ( private individuals z detectives ( contrab& lit]ature4 ,i submit ) "s confid5ce a s*eme ,i h sket*$4 ,x is "o :i* ,i hope w at lea/ prep>e ! way = ?is important national & int]national "q receiv+ ! e>ne/ att5tion x m]its4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,! ,,am5dm5t ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,copyright ,,= ,,books1 ,,by ,,mr4 ,,macfie4 7,f ! ,lei? ,h]ald ( -- ,jan47 #a4 ,! p]iod ( exclusive privileges to cont9ue z at pres5t1 unless any publi%] dem& t x %all be %ort5$1 :i* he may d any "t aft] ! end ( ! fir/ ye>1 provid$ he intimates to ! au?or or assignee ( ! au?or1 or _! ag5t1 at ! ,/ation]s' ,hall1 or o!r place duly appo9t$1 t he int5ds to publi% an edition at a l[] price )9 a ye>1 & also lodges !re a specim5 copy & a /atem5t ( ! int5d$ price4 #b4 ,on su* new edition ! int5d$ publi%] %all be liable to pay 9 advance five p] c5t4 on ! retail price ( ! book4 #c4 ,& !re %all be impress$ on ! fir/ %eet ( ea* copy a di/9ctive /amp approv$ by ! ,/ation]s' ,hall1 )\t :i* x %all be a p5al (f5ce to pr9t or v5d any copy4 #d4 ,e publi%] mak+ su* an intimation %all be b\nd to actually publi%1 accord+ to 8 notice1 unless ! au?or or 8 assignee1 )9 six mon?s ( 8 receiv+ intimation1 %all lodge at ! ,/ation]s' ,hall a bond oblig+ himself to publi% on 8 own acc\nt1 an edition at lea/ z good 9 quality1 at a price no high]2 su* bond to b> any action "u ! provisions ( ,article #a4 #e4 ,no repr9t to diff] f ! orig9al edition1 )\t ! au?or's cons5t1 ei!r 9 ! way ( abbreviation1 enl>gem5t1 or alt]ation ( ! text4 #f4 ,if a book is out ( pr9t = a :ole ye>1 ! copyright privilege to lapse4 #g4 ,by special arrangem5ts a long] p]iod ( exclusive privilege %all be all[$ = ,encyclopdias1 works de luxe1 c4 ,engrav+s1 photographic illu/rations1 c41 n to be subject to ! condition n[ propos$ 9 ?is pap]4 #h4 ,gov]nm5t to endeav\r to negotiate int]national copyright treaties on ! pr9ciple exhibit$ 9 ! =ego+1 ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r =eign c\ntries1 9 ord] to1 fir/--! increase ( ! area ( remun]ation to au?ors2 &1 second1 ! removal ( all unnecess>y ob/ruction to ! ex*ange ( lit]>y productions4 #i4 ,on ! completion ( ! above treaty or treaties1 all exam9ation & /opp+ ( books by ! ,cu/om-h\se & ,po/-(fice to cease4 #aj4 ,gov]nm5t to endeav\r to p]suade =eign ,gov]nm5ts to exempt pr9t$ matt] f duty1 or else to *>ge duty at a mod]ate rate by weight1 & n ad valorem4 ,! ,briti% colonies to ent] into ! ,copyright 8,v]e90 :i* w\ld be s con/itut$1 b )\t any import or export duty1 except 9 s f> z proximity to ! ,unit$ ,/ates may r5d] modification 9 ,canada desirable4 ,9 ! ev5t ( su* int]national arrangem5ts be+ negotiat$1 ! au?or or assignee ( any copyright "w to h an ag5t 9 ! capital ( ea* ( ! unit$ c\ntries1 :o %all be emp[]$ to receive & give ! notices1 intimations1 & bonds provid$ = 9 ,articles #a & #d4 ,i am satisfi$ t ! sy/em ( royalties c\ld be c>ri$ out 9 practice )\t difficulty4 ,ea* au?or w\ld h a special /amp--call x1 if y w1 tradem>k--! use ( :i*1 requir$ z a condition ( circulation1 he w\ld au?orise "u su* sup]9t5d5ce z he may ?9k fit4 ,no copy %\ld be legally saleable )\t ! /amp1 j z 9 ,france no pamphlet c be sold )\t ! ,gov]nm5t /amp4 ,/rong confirmation ( ! applicability ( ! royalty pr9ciple to lit]ature rea*es me aft] ! prec$+ is 9 type1 :i* ,i subjo92 ,no4 ,i4 be+ extracts f articles publi%$ 9 #ahcg & #ahci1 by ,?omas ,watts1 ,esq41 ,keep] ( ! ,pr9t$ ,books ( ! ,briti% ,museum2 & ,no4 ,,ii41 a *apt] f 8,trait des ,droits d',auteurs10 by ,m4 ,r5\>d1 ,p>is1 #ahch4 ,i4 7,extract f ! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 #bg1 #ahcg47 ,?is is ! la/ ( ! new provisions m5tion$ 9 ! preface1 & ! only "o 9 ! :ole bill t seems int5d$ = ! b5efit ( ! public4 ,we 7 9 hopes ( f9d+ at lea/ "o o!r1 to provide = "s me?od ( 8tax+0 ! price ( new works1 z us$ =m]ly to be done 9 =eign c\ntries :5 a ,copyright 0 grant$4 ,a limit is propos$ to be fix$ to ! pr(its ( railway companies2 :y are au?ors & publi%]s to be all[$ to dem& :at sums !y please8 ,:5 !y f9d !y h a giant's /r5g?1 !y are too apt to use x l a giant4 ,!re is su* a ?+1 n only 9 !ory1 b 9 practice1 z lay+ too heavy a tax on an au?or's admir]s4 ,9 ! height ( ,walt] ,scott's popul>ity !re 0 no o!r way ( obta9+ an e>ly copy ( a new poem ?an by pur*as+ x 9 ! inconv5i5t =m ( a pond]\s qu>to2 x g5]ally1 a few mon?s aft]w>ds1 appe>$ 9 an octavo %ape2 b 9 "o in/ance1 ,sir ,walt]1 f9d+ x desirable to =ce ! sale ( an unsaleable p]iodical ) :i* he 0 connect$1 8,! ,ed9burgh ,annual ,regi/]10 ins]t$ "o ( 8 poems 9 "o ( ! ye>ly volumes1 & drove all su* ( 8 adv]s>ies z _h n b\ght ! qu>to to buy a c>tload ( old news1 along ) ! vision ( ,don ,rod]ick4 ,is all ?is ju/ifi$ by ! compreh5sive maxim t a man may d :at he likes ) 8 own8 ,s9ce ! ,copyright ( ,sir ,walt]'s poems has drawn ne> ! t]m ( ext9ction1 8 publi%]s h ?\ght fit to issue !m 9 editions n only s *eap t !y suit ! pocket1 b s small t !y may be put into x4 ,8 novels are ,copyright /ill1 & ! consequ5ce is1 t !y are /ill n only de>1 b ill got up4 ,:at a torr5t ( ,elzevir editions ( 8,wav]ley0 !re w\ld be if x 7 n[ public prop]ty6 ,at pres5t !re is n "o edition ( x 9 "o volume1 ! mo/ usual & conv5i5t =m = a /&>d novel--n "o edition 9 ,elzevir1 ! mo/ usual & conv5i5t size4 ,& ?is is to rema9 s = ! next sixty ye>s6 ,s]geant ,talf\rd might provide a rem$y = ^! evils 9 ! lit]>y tribunal :i*1 ?\gh he makes no proposal = x 9 ! pres5t ,bill1 he is anxi\s to see e/abli%$1 = ! decision ( lit]>y cases 7& 8 argum5ts = :i*1 by ! bye1 w\ld answ] equally well 9 reg>d to e o!r pr(ession74 ,x w\ld provide itself1 if a project 7 adopt$ = a ,copyright-,law1 ( :i* we %all n[ proce$ to /ate ! outl9es1 b )\t ! =lorne/ hope ( ev] see+ x tri$4 ,let an au?or be emp[]$ to sell ! ,copyright ( 8 "w to a p>ticul> publi%] = ! space ( five ye>s only--a t]m at ! end ( :i* n9e-t5?s ( ! works n[ publi%$ are completely =gott54 ,let x !n become public prop]ty1 9 ! same way t a play1 on be+ publi%$1 becomes public prop]ty1 s9ce ,mr4 ,bulw]'s ,act4 ,z a manag] n[ has ! "r to act any play he *ooses1 on pay+ a c]ta9 sum to ! au?or = ea* night ( repres5tation1 s let any pr9t] h ! "r to pr9t any "w on pay+ a c]ta9 sum to ! au?or = ea* copy he issues4 ,! ma91 p]haps ! only1 objection to ! plan w\ld be ! necessity ( e/abli%+ "s ,excise regulations1 ) reg>d to pr9t+-(fices1 = ! prev5tion ( fraud4 ,! great recomm5dation1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be1 t ( e "w ( reputation we %\ld h *eap & elegant editions2 t su* ( !m z requir$ comm5t & illu/ration 7& n[1 :5 ! ,copyrights expire1 x is spe$ily f\nd t v few ( !m d n7 w\ld receive x at an e>li] p]iod1 & t ! works ( liv+ au?ors w\ld be mu* m ext5sively diffus$ ?an !y are1 :ile _! int]e/ w\ld1 x is hop$1 be advanc$ 9 an equal proportion to _! fame4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 we are afraid t no ,copyright ,act1 h[ev] fav\rable to au?ors1 w ex]cise a p]ceptible b5eficial influ5ce on lit]ature4 ,our own at pres5t is frivol\s1 & x is assign$ z a cause t our au?ors are ill-protect$4 ,if ?is be really ! cause1 9 :at sort ( a /ate ought t ( ,g]many to be8 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! v c\ntry :]e piracy is mo/ preval5t t solid lit]ature is mo/ fl\ri%+4 ,unhappily1 no ,act ( ,p>liam5t c re=m ! ta/e ( ! public4 7,extract f ! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 #bi1 #ahci47 ,h[ & :y is x t =eign editions take ! place ( our own8 ,because1 und\bt$ly1 ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! price ( ! two1 caus$ by ! monopoly :i* 9 "o case rema9s 9 ! h&s ( "o publi%]4 ,is x n notori\s1 9 fact1 t ev5 ^? ( ! middle classes :o h a love = lit]ature nev]1 ) r>e exceptions1 pur*ase a ,copyright book1 & t = ! v good reason t !y _c af=d x8 ,_! only way ( gett+ a sight ( a new publication complete is by obta9+ x f a circulat+ libr>y2 & p>ticul> passages t !y wi% to h by !m1 = ! purpose ( ref]5ce or re-p]usal1 !y get possession (1 if !y get possession at all1 by pur*as+ !m extract$ 9 "s ( ! *eap p]iodicals :i* subsi/ on extracts4 ,! effect ( ?is /ate ( ?+s is n[ manife/+ itself 9 ! condition ( our lit]ature1 :i* is becom+ m & m ! lit]ature ( circulat+ libr>ies--a heavy mass ( light read+4 ,h[1 inde$1 c x be expect$ t an au?or w take pa9s :5 he kn[s t all 8 pa9s w be ( no use2 t 8 hi/ory or 8 travels w only come into ! h&s ( ^? :o w be compell$ to ru% ?r\gh !m at a c]ta9 rate1 & return !m by a c]ta9 h\r4 8,he :o runs may read10 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 & none b ^? :o d run4 ,?is sy/em has come up "u ! tw5ty-eight ye>s' monopoly4 ,is x likely to be improv$ "u a law :i* w secure a monopoly = sixty ye>s c]ta91 & p]haps a hundr$8 ,we d n ?9k x is4 ,! advocates ( ! ,bill inde$ triumphantly ref] u to ! rec5t *eap editions ( ,copyright au?ors1 z pro(s ( !--we h>dly "k :at2 = :at d !y prove 9 _! fav\r8 ,! great] "p ( ! works allud$ to--! poems ( ,s\!y1 ! novels & poems ( ,walt] ,scott1 are works ( :i* ! ,copyright is on ! v]ge ( expir+4 ,! foll[+ extract is also f ! same volume3 ,! /range/ misappreh5sions seem inde$ to prevail g5]ally z to ?is "q2 "o ( ! /range/ is1 t ! only p>ties int]e/$ are ! au?ors & ! booksell]s1 & t if ! ,bill be ?r[n out1 ! =m] w suff]1 t ! latt] may be enri*$ by ! fruit ( _! lab\rs4 ,! ?ird p>ty1 ^: int]e/s are n ! lea/ among ^? conc]n$--! public--is g5]ally q lo/ sight (4 ,?us x has be5 said1 9 ref]5ce to ! (t5-quot$ case ( ,wordswor?1 t ! "q is1 :e!r ! heirs ( ! poet %all enjoy ! pr(it ( 8 works1 or ! heirs ( ,mr4 ,tegg 7! booksell] :o is s active 9 opposition to ! ,bill74 ,b x is no su* ?+4 ,"u ! pres5t law1 at ,mr4 ,wordswor?'s dea?1 & ! consequ5t expiration ( ! ,copyright 9 8 works1 !y w\ld become ! prop]ty1 n ( ?is or ( t man's heirs1 b ( 8all ,engl&10 ( ! public at l>ge4 ,if ,mr4 ,tegg1 or 8 heirs1 reap any pr(it1 x w only be by ! ex]cise ( _! call+s1 & ,mr4 ,wordswor?'s heirs w h j ! same privilege4 ,! notion t ! title ( ! cause n[ p5d+ is only 8,au?or v4 ,booksell]10 has be5 work$ ^u to su* an ext5t1 t x w\ld almo/ seem t ! advocates ( ! ,bill see ! importance ( my/ify+ ! public on ! subject1 & prev5t+ ! names ( ! real def5dants f be+ se54 ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,,f ,m4 ,,r5\>d',s 8,,trait ,,des ,,droits ,d',,auteurs40 ,la g>antie d'un droit exclusif de copie sur la reproduction de l'ouvrage e/ le meilleur mode de salaire de la socit env]s l'auteur4 ,long-temps on a cru que les criva9s et les arti/es devai5t tre pays p> des p5sions et des faveurs4 ,c'tai5t en quelque faon l',etat et les pr9ces qui acquittai5t a9si la dette du public1 et en mme temps que l'on ne se faisait nul scrupule d'accept] ces faveurs1 on tait facilem5t dispos r\gir du paiem5t tir] du public p> la v5te de son droit de copie sur ses propres ouvrages 7#a74 ,une p>tie des ides a bi5 *ang4 ,aucun prjug dfavorable ne s'atta*e fltrir la v5te qu'un auteur fait de ses uvres4 ,t\t au contraire1 une raction s'e/ opre4 ,l'indu/rie s'e/ mle la littrature1 et a trop s\v5t pris sa place4 ,les p5sions et les faveurs n'ont pas cess2 mais elles ont t relgues un rang accessoire et secondaire4 ,les littrateurs n'ont plus comme autrefois une exi/5ce "p1 qu'ils ti5n5t des pr9ces et des gr&s1 dont la libralit leur faisait de paisibles loisirs1 et auxquels1 en *ange1 ils donnai5t des l\anges et quelquefois de la gloire4 ,les lettres mn5t la =tune1 jett5t dans les affaires et les honneurs4 ,l'obs]vateur morali/e aurait dire sur cette revolution mle de bi5s et de maux4 ,dans l'ordre actuel1 comme dans la vie littraire anci5ne1 les passions gr&es ou mesqu9es1 les in/9cts gnreux ou cupides1 le calcul et le ds9tressem5t ont leur action et leur rle4 ,mais1 somme t\te1 les ides sont mieux leur place4 ,vivre du tribut volontaire que le public s'impose ne rabaisse aucune position1 ne messi$ aucun gnie4 ,d'insurmontables difficults s'lv5t contre t\t mode de paiem5t1 qui procd]ait p> voie de p5sions1 de traitem5t fixe1 ou mme1 sauf quelques exceptions trs r>es1 p> prix d'a*at1 une fois pay1 a*at qui pr5drait la =me d'expropriation p\r cause d'utilit publique1 si l'auteur n'tait pas laiss matre de s'y refus]4 ,avec de telles =mes de salaire1 la ju/ice di/ributive s]ait impossible2 et il n'e/ pas de trsor qui pt suffire aux insatiables prt5tions1 aux faveurs capricieuses1 aux concussions faciles auxquelles on ouvrirait une l>ge porte4 ,qui donc si1 p> exemple1 on adoptait le procd d'expropriation p\r cause d'utilit publique1 dcl>]ait cette utilit et apprci]ait les travaux8 qui calm]ait les rivalits8 qui f]ait ju/ice de la mdiocrit8 qui inv5t]ait des rcomp5ses dignes du gnie1 sans s\lev] l'envie8 qui irait au devant du mrite fi] ou mode/e8 ,attribu]iez-v\s au g\v]nem5t l'e/imation des ouvrages a*et] dans l'intrt public8 et ne voyez-v\s pas quels prilleux s\pons1 quelles intrigues subalt]nes1 quelles corruptions habiles1 quels pr(its honteux v\s exposez l'adm9i/ration1 sans p>l] de t\tes les erreurs auxquelles elle ne saurait *app]8 ,f]ez-v\s valu] les ouvrages des criva9s p> leurs pairs2 et1 si ds9tresse1 si mode/e1 si imp>tiale que soit t\te la littrature1 os]ez-v\s ne v\s en rapport] qu' elle seule dans sa propre cause8 ,tr\v]ez-v\s dans des magi/rats1 dans des jurs1 les habitudes d'esprit et la spcialit de lumires indisp5sables p\r une si has>deuse dcision8 ,p\r moi1 je n'ap]ois de t\tes p>ts qu'inconvni5s1 qu'impossibilit4 ,il n'e/ qu'un seule ju/e apprciateur du salaire d aux criva9s et aux arti/es3 le public4 ,il n'e/ qu'une seule apprciation ju/e3 celle que le public1 sans la =mul]1 mesure sur l'utilit et le plaisir qu'il tire d'un ouvrage4 ,un seul mode de paiem5t me p>at ju/e et possible3 c'e/ celui qui attribue l'auteur1 sur *aque dition ou sur *aque exemplaire de son ouvrage1 un droit de copie4 ,ce moy5 e/ celui que l'expri5ce a fait reconnatre comme le plus simple2 c'e/ aussi le plus quitable2 c>1 en gnral l'valuation la plus judicieusem5t approximative de l'utilit d'un livre consi/e dans le succs qu'il obti5t4 ,il rsulte de l'adoption de ce moy5 que le salaire de l'auteur se tr\ve trs subdivis1 et que le prix de *aque exemplaire s'augm5te de la "p qu'il supporte dans la valeur gnrale assigne l'objet de la copie4 ,sans d\te1 ce r5*rissem5t e/ un inconvni5t2 c> les livres bon m>* sont des propagateurs d'ides plus rapides1 plus puissans1 plus actifs que ceux dont le prix e/ lev4 ,mais il n'y a pas de paiem5t p\r les auteurs1 si l'on n'a1 p> une voie quelconque1 rec\rs au public p\r le f\rnir4 ,r5*rir un livre1 p>ce qu'il faut acquitt] le droit de copie1 c'e/ tablir une sorte d'impt4 ,or1 un impt1 quoique (frant t\j\rs en lui-mme des inconvni5s p\r le public1 se lgitime p> sa de/9ation1 lorsqu'il r5d1 en dp5ses gnrales1 en scurit individuelle1 en g>anties efficaces1 plus que ce qu'il te *aque contribuable4 ,c'e/ a*et] trop *] l'abaissem5t du prix d'un livre que de ne pas pay] l'auteur1 que de le sacrifi] ses travaux1 que de le dc\rag] et de le jet] dans l'avilissem5t p> la misre4 ,le livre cot]a un peu plus1 mais il v]ra le j\r1 mais on ne l'aura pas t\ff avant sa naissance2 mais surt\t on n'aura pas t inju/e env]s celui qui on le doit4 ,dire que l'on aim]ait mieux pass] un pont1 un canal1 sans ri5 pay]1 que d'en remb\rs] les frais p> un page2 que l'on aim]ait tre g>d p> une arme1 sans pay] les soldats2 jug p> les tribunaux1 sans pay] de juges2 in/ruit ou rcr p> un auteur1 sans pay] son travail2 p> un libraire1 sans pay] les frais de v5te2 p> un imprimeur1 sans pay] les frais de fabrication2 p> un lab\reur1 sans pay] sa culture et son bl1 ce s]ait la prt5tion trange de t\t pr5dre dans la socit sans y ri5 mettre1 et d'exploit] nos semblables1 comme s'ils n'tai5t pas gaux n\s2 ce s]ait le r5v]sem5t de t\te ide sociale4 ,cet impt au pr(it de l'auteur sur son ouvrage peut se p]cevoir de deux manires4 ,l'une consi/e int]dire t\t autre qu' l'auteur ou ses ayant-cause1 la facult de fabriqu] l'ouvrage et de le v5dre2 l'autre s]ait de laiss] *acun ple9e lib]t de fabriqu] et de v5dre l'ouvrage1 mais la *>ge de pay] une c]ta9e rtribution l'auteur4 ,le premi] sy/me tablit un privilge1 le second une r$evance4 ,le second sy/me peut de prime abord sduire4 ,beauc\p de p]sonnes qui ne r5onc]ai5t qu'avec pe9e voir dans le droit de copie un objet de proprit1 aurai5t volonti]s rec\rs aux r$evances1 p\r cons]v] p> une sorte de suz]a9et qui p\rrait indf9im5t s't5dre1 quelque image d'une proprit indf9im5t transmissible4 ,l se place l'aise l'ordre d'ides qui1 faisant deux p>ts de la p>tie spirituelle et de la p>tie lucrative de *aque ouvrage1 livre au public la j\issance de la premire1 et ne reti5t p>mi les bi5s vnaux et exploitables que la seconde4 ,ne n\s occupons pas encore des objections qu'il y aurait faire1 soit la trs longue dure1 soit la p]ptuit d'une r$evance4 ,ces argum5s s'appliqu]ai5t galem5t la trop gr&e ext5sion que l'on essai]ait de donn] 1 la dure des privilges4 ,exam9ons les inconvni5s inhr5s au mode de r$evance considr en lui-mme4 ,ce qui le r5d inadmissible1 c'e/ l'impossibilit d'une fixation rgulire1 et l'excessive difficult de la p]ception4 ,peut-tre1 =ce de so9s1 surmont]ait-on les ob/acles la p]ception2 mais1 quant la fixation de la r$evance1 le rglem5t en e/ impossible4 ,cette fixation ne peut dp5dre ni de la volont arbitraire de l'auteur1 ni de l'valuation que jug]ait propos de faire t\te p]sonne qui v\drait us] du droit de copie4 ,s'en rapport] l'apprciation du dbiteur de la r$evance e/ une absurdit manife/e2 mais il s]ait absurde1 au mme degr1 de s'en remettre au prix que dem&]ait l'auteur4 ,que s]ait ce1 en effet1 autre *ose que de lui confr] le privilge d'exploitation8 ,il vaudrait mieux mille fois lui attribu] fran*em5t le monopole sur son ouvrage que d'arriv] au mme rsultat p> cette voie dt\rne4 ,dem&]a-t-on la loi de dt]m9] une r$evance fixe8 mais quoi de plus inju/e qu'une mesure fixe1 r5due commune des objets ess5tiellem5t 9gaux8 ,pr5drait-on p\r base le nombre des exemplaires1 l't5due du volume1 son prix de v5te8 mais il e/ des ouvrages dont c5t ou c9q c5ts1 ou mille exemplaires suffiront jamais la consommation1 t&is que d'autres se dbit5t p> dix et c5t mille3 mais l't5due du volume v>ie avec t\s les caprices de la fabrication3 mais le prix e/ plus v>iable encore4 ,sans p>l] des hausses et des baisses dont p]sonne n'e/ matre1 sans p>l] de l'extrme facilit des fictions dans les prix1 et de l'impossibilit de les con/at]1 ne sait-on pas que l'on fabrique des ,tlmaque v+t s\s1 et d'autres1 qui ne s]ont pas trop *]s1 c5t ou deux c5ts francs8 ,avec le texte qui ne v>ie po9t1 il faut p>l] du papi]1 des c>actres d'impression1 des so9s typographiques1 des ornem5s accessoires de gravure ou autres1 objets t\s v>iables l'inf9i4 ,si votre r$evance a p\r base une valeur proportionelle1 *aque ,tlmaque de deux c5ts francs produira1 p\r le seul droit de copie1 plus que ne vaudra1 dans l'autre dition1 *aque exemplaire t\t fabriqu2 et cep5dant ce s]a t\j\rs le mme texte qui n'aura pas plus de valeur intr9sque dans un cas que dans l'autre4 ,re/]ait un d]ni] mode de fixation2 il consi/]ait1 en cas de dsaccord entre le dbiteur de la r$evance et l'auteur1 dans un rglem5t p> exp]ts1 v>iable suivant les circon/ances4 ,mais qui ne voit t\s les frais1 t\s les dlais1 t\s les procs auxquels *aque affaire donn]ait lieu1 p\r n'tre1 la plup>t du temps1 que trs capricieusem5t dcide8 ,le raisonnem5t juge cette "q comme l'expri5ce l'a tran*e4 ,l'exclusion de t\t autre sy/me acceptable conduit1 p> la logique1 l'adoption de privilges de/9s g>antir le monopole d'exploitation1 soit l'auteur seulem5t1 soit l'auteur et ses ayant-cause4 ,t\tes les lgislations actuellem5t en vigueur en adoptant ces privilges ont v\lu qu'ils fuss5t temporaires4 ,les motifs pratiques de cette op9ion ont t indiqus p> la haute intellig5ce de ,napolon dans une discussion du conseil d'tat 7#a74 ,privilges1 monopoles2 ces mots sonn5t mal3 les mots de proprit littraire recomm&5t bi5 mieux une op9ion4 ,si je disais que cette diffr5ce dans les mots n'a pas t sans influ5ce sur le succs div]s des deux sy/mes1 les lecteurs srieux tr\v]ai5t cette rem>que bi5 futile2 elle e/ futile en effet2 mais elle e/ vraie1 et des p]sonnes1 t5ues p\r graves1 s'imag95t qu'elles argum5t5t p>ce qu'elles s'cri5t3 ,quoi6 v\s attaquez la proprit au nom du privilge et du monopole6 ,je n'aurais po9t ent5du ce propos que j'y aurais cru d'avance4 ,que d'op9ions se dt]m95t p> des mots6 ,j'ai def9i la proprit4 ,quant la df9ition du privilge1 t\t le monde la connat3 c'e/ une loi prive1 privata lex4 ,ai-je beso9 d'aj\t]1 d'une "p1 qu'il exi/e des privilges p>faitem5t lgitimes2 et1 d'autre "p1 que s\scrire au dogme de la proprit littraire1 c'e/ dcid]1 d'un mot1 que le monopole des productions de l'intellig5ce s]a conc5tr1 p]ptuit1 entre un petit nombre de privilgis4 ,,extracts ,,on ,,int]national ,,copyright4 ,i ref] to ! foll[+ extracts1 wi%+ !y accord$ m ) ! views ,i myself esp\se4 ,x is ab\t tw5ty ye>s s9ce ,mr4 ,cobd5 told me he 0 oppos$ to ,copyright4 ,:e!r ! philan?ropi/1 /atesman1 & patriot *ang$ 8 op9ion1 ,i d n "k1 b ,i tru/ my propositions are su* z _m pr(\nd admir]s ( 8 w f9d consi/5t ) 8 policy & pr9ciples3-- ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,cobd5 ,,club ,,prize ,,essay1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,leavitt1 ,,( ,,new ,,york4 #ahfi4 ,:5 ! p ( ^! two nations %all all read freely ! same books1 & :5 ! audi5ce ( bo? ,engli% & ,am]ican au?ors %all be ! :ole ,engli%-speak+ public ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ! petty jeal\sies1 ! trivial misappreh5sions1 ! unhappy di/ru/s1 :i* di%on\r ! intellig5ce ( ! age1 w be kn[n no m4444 ,! propos$ ,int]national ,copyright has an important be>+ 9 ?is connexion4 ,! object ( ?is copyright is to give to ! au?ors ( books1 or _! assigns1 ! exclusive "r ( publication 9 bo? c\ntries1 9 ord] to keep up ! price 9 bo?4 ,t ?is enhancem5t ( ! price 9 "o c\ntry ( books produc$ 9 ! o!r w h a t5d5cy to limit ! mutual circulation ( curr5t lit]ature1 w n be que/ion$4 ,:e!r ! prop] enc\ragem5t ( au?ors requires ?is to be done1 is ! po9t :i* ! two ,gov]nm5ts %\ld fir/ settle4 ,copyright does n exi/1 except z creat$ by law1 = x beg9s only :5 ! /eps are tak5 :i* ! law prescribes1 & x cont9ues only s long z ! law ext5ds x4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no natural "r involv$4 ,a man's ?\ghts are 8 own only s long z he keeps !m to himself4 ,:5 he has utt]$ !m !y become ! ?\ghts ( all :o receive !m1 & :o !nce=? use !m at pleasure4 ,! title to a ?\ght by orig9al inv5tion is no bett] ?an ! title to an a/]oid by orig9al discov]y4 ,! clo?+ ( a man's ?\ghts 9 language no m entitles him to _! exclusive publication1 aft] !y are gone =? to ! public1 ?an a man's c>eful /udy ( ! clo?+ ( 8 p]son entitles him to =bid ! imitation ( 8 g>b & gait z he walks ! /reets4 ,! law creates ,copyright on ! assumption t ! public good w be promot$ by ! enc\ragem5t ?us grant$ to au?ors to publi% _! works4444 ,! pecuni>y return realis$ f _! publications is nei!r ! only nor ! *ief enc\ragem5t by :i* au?ors ( m]it are induc$ to publi% _! works4 ,! good !y may d to mank9d1 ! reputation !y may acquire1 & ! satisfaction ( see+ _! ?\ghts widely diffus$ & receiv$1 & made a "p ( ! m5tal weal? ( _! c\ntry & age1 outweigh a ?\s&fold1 to an enl>g$ & g5]\s m9d1 ! value ( ! mat]ial silv] & gold yield$ by _! ,copyright4 ,& x _c be d\bt$ t ^! high] returns are directly increas$ by fre$om ( publication unre/rict$ by ,copyright2 because *eapness ( price1 & v>iety 9 ! =ms ( publication1 are prime elem5ts 9 ! wide/ circulation ( books4444 ,x is impossible to exagg]ate ! value ( ?is int]national ex*ange ( ideas ?r\gh ! m$ium ( books1 z a means ( t g5]al assimilation ( ?\ght & life :i* is ! highe/ gu>anty ( political & comm]cial int]c\rse & p]man5t fri5d%ip betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,:ile ea* nation1 = ! mo/ "p1 buries its own lit]>y tra%1 & ea* reta9s ! exclusive circulation ( books adapt$ specially to its own use1 ! :ole volume ( ! be/ ?\ghts ( "o c\ntry h n[ _! wide/ diffusion1 ?r\gh _! fre$om ( publication 9 ! o!r4 ,! pres5t is a fav\rable "t = ! consid]ation ( ?is important "q4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! editorial columns ( ! ,booksell]1 ( ,may #a1 is confirmatory & enc\rag+3-- ,an ,engli% au?or has no rights :atev] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ?is %\ld be ?or\ghly & cle>ly und]/ood4 ,he may make any arrangem5t he may ?9k prop] ) reg>d to ! publication ( 8 works1 b c acquire no ,copyright 9 any way4 ,he may wi% ,br[n & ,co4 to be 8 sole & only publi%]s1 b _c prev5t ,jones & ,co4 br++ out rival editions2 consequ5tly1 he c d]ive little or no pr(it f 8 works4 ,by s5d+ out e>ly %eets1 s z to give ,br[n a few days' advantage ov] ,jones1 he may get a small paym5t1 b ! sum may be v small4 ,moreov]1 %\ld ,messrs4 ,jones h not$ 8 com+ greatness1 & h be5 ! fir/ to ann\nce 8 fir/ book1 albeit q unkn[n to him1 !y w claim to be 8 publi%]s2 & al?\gh1 he may wi% to give ,br[n ! pref]5ce1 !y w feel !mselves aggriev$ & insi/ ^u help+ to make him fam\s4 ,%\ld he g to ,am]ica1 & fir/ publi% 8 book !re1 he w f9d himself 9 a /ill worse position2 he is l ! notori\s 8,man )\t a ,c\ntry0--he has positively no rights at all2 he has none 9 ,am]ica1 & has none "h4 ,x 0 long suppos$ t an ,am]ican au?or 0 9 a simil> position2 b x is n s4 ,by a fluke he has secur$ rights :i* he nev] dream$ (1 & by means ( our ,copyright-,law1 may obta9 privileges d5i$ him by 8 own4 ,8 plan is simply ?is3 hav+ prep>$ two copies ( 8 ,,ms41 he places "o 9 ! h&s ( 8 ,bo/on or ,new ,york publi%]1 ) directions to publi% on a c]ta9 day2 ! o!r he =w>ds to a ,london h\se1 ) directions to publi% at ! same "t4 ,j be=e ! day ( publication1 :i* is possibly at t "t ( ! ye> :5 ,s>atoga is an abode m agreeable ?an ! ,fif? ,av5ue1 he proce$s to ! ,canadian side ( ! ,falls4 ,"h he sp5ds a few h\rs1 & !n returns1 )\t enc\nt]+ m inconv5i5ce ?an sav+ 8 hotel exp5ses by buy+ a suit ( clo!s1 on :i* he pays no duty on 8 return4 ,!reupon he f9ds t by s simple a process he has obta9$ ,copyright 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! dom9ion ( ,canada1 9 ,au/ralia1 ,india1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,great ,brita96 ,we c imag9e ! lively tw9kle ( 8 eye z he crosses ! ,susp5sion-bridge1 to ?9k :at cute p ! ,briti%]s are to h secur$ all ^! privileges = him4 ,we believe1 !re=e1 t ,am]ican au?ors are n v anxi\s ab\t ! matt]4 ,by tak+ a little tr\ble1 !y c secure all !y wi%4 ,engli% au?ors h n be5 fairly treat$4 ,!y are at great disadvantage1 & mu/ be satisfi$ = ! pres5t to "w = fame1 or b = little m4 ,=tunately = !m1 ! ,am]ican publi%]s1 see+ t !y d :at !y are legally entitl$ to d1 are qu>rell+ among/ !mselves1 & are cry+ out = protection4 ,"h is introduc$ ! case ( an ,am]ican publi%+-h\se /at$ by !mselves1 :i* concludes ?us3-- 444 8,a review ( ^! facts naturally sugge/s ! reflection t ! int]e/s ( ! book-trade 9 ?is c\ntry1 no less ?an ! protection ( au?ors 9 _! j rights1 require fur!r legislation at ! h&s ( ,congress4 ,x is high "t = ! passage ( a well-consid]$ ,int]national ,copyright-,law1 su* z w wipe away f our c\ntry ! reproa* ( :at are kn[n z #8pirat$ editions4'0 ,we q agree ) ?is4 ,"s legislation is call$ =4 ,b n[ comes a ?ird p>ty1 ! public1 :i* has its rights z well z ! o!rs4 ,we %all v likely incur "s odium = admitt+ t ! million h any rights :atev] to ! productions ( m5 ( lett]s1 & may be told t emanations ( ! bra9 are z mu* ! private prop]ty ( _! au?ors z ! gu9eas are ( ! man ( bus9ess4 ,s !y are1 s long z !y keep !m1 to !mselves2 b :5 !y h communicat$ !m to ! _w !y are no long] _! exclusive prop]ty4 ,x is "r t !y %\ld h a modifi$ protection1 & we ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ t ,engli% au?ors are amply protect$ 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,we ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! ,am]ican public w n be dispos$ to give !m ! same am\nt ( protection !re1 nor is x well t !y %\ld h x4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 entitl$ to "s protection1 & we hope ! day is n f> di/ant :5 ,engli% au?ors w reap "s solid advantages :]ev] ! ,engli% language is spok54 ,we are dispos$ to ?9k t sev5 ye>s w\ld g5]ally be long en\gh = ! purpose2 al?\gh s %ort a "t w\ld be h>d ^u su* m5 z ,grote1 ,motley1 ,m]ivale1 ,web/]1 & o!rs1 ^: lives h be5 sp5t ^u _! works4 ,we take x = grant$ t ! law1 :5 modifi$1 w be ! same on bo? sides1 & t ,dick5s & ,longfell[ w receive equal treatm5t4 ,we are too selfi% to give up our *eap editions ( ,longfell[1 & ,am]ican citiz5s are n :at we take !m to be1 if !y w\ld1 = a :ole g5]ation1 deb> !mselves f popul> editions ( ,dick5s4 7,f ,! ,booksell]1 ,june #a1 #ahfi47 ,,copyright ,,9 ,,canada4--,lett] by ! ,times' correspond5t3--8,"u ! ,engli% ,law1 ,engli% ,copyrights repr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are import$ into ,canada1 subject to ! same duty z o!r import$ articles2 b ^! ,copyrights _c be repr9t$ 9 ,canada1 ! consequ5ce be+ t ! ,canadian public is almo/ entirely dep5d5t on ! ,unit$ ,/ates = repr9ts4 ,! ,engli% au?or is s]i\sly injur$1 inasmu* z n "o-t5? "p ( ! repr9ts :i* f9d _! way to ,canada are ent]$ at ! ,cu/om-h\se or pay duty40444 ,mr4 ,rose replies3--8,! und]sign$ is ready to admit t ! pr9ciple involv$ is !oretically at v>iance ) ! g5]al policy ( ! "m-c\ntry1 9 s f> z ! object ( t policy is to secure to au?ors an absolute monopoly 9 works ( lit]ature = a t]m ( ye>s2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! necessity = ?is exceptional legislation arises out ( a previ\s p>tial dep>ture f ?is !oretical policy1 :i* 9 its practical op]ation is %[n to af=d a premium to ! indu/rial int]e/s ( a =eign c\ntry1 c4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t ! concessions ask$ = w\ld result 9 any way to ! practical disadvantage ( ! au?or1 or less5 ! protection :i* x is int5d$ to secure to lit]>y lab\r1 !re might be "s reason = )hold+ !m4 ,if ! rate ( duty1 :e!r import or excise1 7 inadequate1 x w\ld be an equally reasonable argum5t aga9/ ! ext5sion ( ! law2 & 9 t case ! rate c\ld be augm5t$4 ,b ! und]sign$ fails to see any reason :y1 s long z ! importation f abroad is p]mitt$1 ! publication 9 ,canada at an equal rate ( duty %\ld be )held40 7,extract f ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,octob]1 #ahfg47 444 ,?is "w1 we repeat1 co/ ! au?or #bd1jjj doll>s to produce4 ,messrs4 ,h>p]s sell x at #ae doll>s a copy2 ! usual all[ance to ! au?or is #aj p] c5t4 ( ! retail price1 & z a rule1 x ought n to be m4 7,extract f ! ,am]ican ,booksell]s' ,guide1 ,june #a1 #ahfi47 ,at a public meet+ rec5tly held 9 ,montreal1 respect+ ! ,copyright-,law1 x 0 resolv$ to apply to ,p>liam5t = an am5dm5t p]mitt+ ,canadian publi%]s to pr9t ,briti% ,copyright works ^u ! paym5t ( #ab p] c5t4 to ,briti% au?ors4444 ,! paym5t by ! publi%] ( #e or #aj p] c5t41 or ( a fix$ sum1 = a ,copyright ( a book1 :e!r by an ,am]ican or ,briti% au?or1 does n necess>ily increase ! price ( ! book4 7,extracts f an ,article 9 ! ,a!num1 ,july #ag1 #ahfi47 ,?is great "q is ( especial int]e/ at ! pres5t "t1 9 consequ5ce ( op9ions & dem&s put =w>d by ,canada ) relation to ,copyright prop]ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,x appe>s t = "s "t pa/ a correspond5ce has be5 c>ri$ on betwe5 ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t & ! ,imp]ial au?orities ^u ! subject ( 8,copyright-,law 9 ,canada40 ,?is 8,correspond5ce0 7hav+ be5 laid be=e ! ,canadian ,p>liam5t7 has be5 pr9t$ & publi%$4 ,x comm5ces ) a resolution ( ! ,canadian ,s5ate 7pass$ #ae? ( ,may1 #ahfh7 t ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al %\ld be pray$ 8to impress ^u ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t ! ju/ice & exp$i5cy ( ext5d+ ! privileges ( ! ,imp]ial ,copyright ,act1 #ahdg1 s t :5ev] reasonable provision & protection %all1 9 ,h] ,maje/y's op9ion1 be secur$ to ! au?ors1 ,colonial repr9ts ( ,briti% ,copyright works %all be plac$ on ! same foot+ z =eign repr9ts 9 ,canada1 by :i* means ,briti% au?ors w be m effectually protect$ 9 _! rights1 & a mat]ial b5efit w be conf]r$ on ! pr9t+ indu/ry ( ! ,dom9ion40444 ,all ! ,nor?-,am]ican colonies soon avail$ !mselves ( ?is ,act ( #ahdg1 & ,ord]s 9 ,c\ncil 7 f\nd$ ^u !m2 ! rights ( ,briti% au?ors be+ deem$ suffici5tly protect$ by an ad valorem import duty ( #bj p] c5t4 ^u ! value ( ! 8=eign repr9ts10 t1 be+ ab\t "o-t5? ( ! price ( ! works z publi%$ 9 ,engl&6 ,!re appe>s to h be5 no debate 9 ei!r ,h\se ^u ?is ,act ( #ahdg1 & x seems to h escap$ all public notice on ! "p ( ,briti% au?ors & publi%]s dur+ its progress 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,f ! "t ,h] ,maje/y's ,ord]s 9 ,c\ncil enabl$ ! colonies to avail !mselves ( t ,act1 x has op]at$ z a /imulus & consid]able premium to ! 8legalis$ robb]y0 ( ,briti% ,copyright prop]ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & has1 practically1 giv5 pr9t]s & publi%]s !re a monopoly 9 8=eign repr9ts0 ( ,engli% books4 ,! ,act ( #ahdg is1 !re=e1 a p>tial confiscation ( ^? ,copyrights :i* h be5 acquir$ 9 ,engl& "u ,e>l ,/anhope's ,act ( #ahdb1 because ! colonies h1 = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 be5 almo/ exclusively suppli$ ) ,engli% books by ,unit$ ,/ates repr9ts ( ^? books4444 ,9 #ahfg ! 8dom9ion ( ,canada0 0 creat$ by ! ,imp]ial ,act ( t ye>1 :i* unit$ all ,h] ,maje/y's ,nor? ,am]ican ,colonies4 ,x 0 !n f\nd t pr9t+ _h become mu* *eap] 9 ,canada ?an x 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & among/ ! e>lie/ ,acts ( ! fir/ session ( ! ,canadian ,p>liam5t two /atutes 7 pass$--"o1 8,an ,act respect+ ,copyrights20 & ! o!r1 8,an ,act to impose a ,duty ^u ,=eign ,repr9ts ( ,briti% ,copyright ,works40 ,"u ! fir/ ( ^! ,acts1 no "w ( 8any p]son resid5t 9 ,great ,brita9 or ,irel&0 is to be entitl$ to ! protection ( t ,act unless 8! same %all be pr9t$ & publi%$ 9 ,canada40 ,& "u ! second ( ! above ,acts x is s\ght to keep alive ! inju/ice ( all[+ 8=eign repr9ts0 to be import$ into ,canada z a basis = t resolution ( ! ,canadian ,p>liam5t to :i* we h call$ att5tion4 ,su* are ! facts :i* prec$$ ! ,canadian 8,correspond5ce40 ,x comm5ces ) ! resolution :i*1 9 effect1 advocates 8! ju/ice & exp$i5cy0 ( enabl+ ,h] ,maje/y's ,canadian subjects at _! discretion 7& )\t ! p]mission ( ! own]s7 to confiscate ! prop]ty ( au?ors ( ,briti% ,copyright works ^u ! t]ms ( ! publi%] pay+ su* au?ors a royalty ( #ab p] c5t4 ^u ! price ( ! ,canadian repr9ts1 t be+ ab\t "o-t5? ( ! publication price ( ! "w 9 ,engl&6 ,x appe>s ! 8ju/ice & exp$i5cy0 ( adopt+ ?is ,canadian resolution has be5 press$ v /rongly ^u ! au?orities at ! ,colonial-(fice1 & likewise at ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 by ! ,hon4 ,j4 ,rose1 ! ,canadian 8,m9i/] ( ,f9ance40 ,he frankly admits t ! policy ( ! ,act ( #ahdg 7s f> z respects ! protection ( ,briti% au?ors7 has long be5 an utt] failure2 t ! am\nt ( duties receiv$ = _! b5efit 8is a m]e trifle20 & t 8x is next to impracticable to en=ce ! law40 ,^! /atem5ts are confirm$ by a lett]1 dat$ ,june #aa1 #ahfh1 f ,mr4 ,john ,lovell 7a ,montreal publi%]7 to ,mr4 ,rose1 & :i* appe>s 9 ! ,correspond5ce4 ,mr4 ,lovell says3 8,at pres5t only a few hundr$ copies pay duty1 & _m ?\s&s pass into ! c\ntry )\t regi/ration1 & pay no?+ at all2 ?us hav+ ! effect ( s]i\sly injur+ ! publi%]s ( ,great ,brita91 to ! consequ5t advantage ( ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i may add t1 on look+ ov] ! ,cu/om-h\se entries to-day1 ,i h f\nd t n a s+le entry ( an ,am]ican repr9t ( an ,engli% ,copyright 7except ! ,reviews & "o or two magaz9es7 has be5 made s9ce ! ?ird day ( ,april la/1 ?\gh x is notori\s t an edition ( #a1jjj ( a popul> "w1 com+ "u t description1 has be5 receiv$ & sold )9 ! la/ few days by "o booksell] 9 ?is city40 ,9 support ( ! ,canadian resolution1 ! ,hon4 ,j4 ,rose likewise urges ! great] *eapness n[ ( pr9t+ 9 ,canada ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^u ?is po9t he is also confirm$ by ,mr4 ,lovell1 :o says3 8,x is und5iable t ,canadian pr9t]s w\ld be enabl$ to comply ) ! requisite conditions 7t is1 ( pay+ a royalty ( #ab p] c5t4 to ! au?or71 & produce books1 ?anks to ! local advantages1 at a mu* *eap] rate ?an !y c be produc$ 9 ! ,/ates1 & s br+ ab\t a l>ge export bus9ess40444 ,?is application on ! "p ( ! ,canadians is answ]$ at consid]able l5g? by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade2 ! sub/ance ( t answ] be+ 8t ! "q rais$ is f> too important1 & involves too _m consid]ations ( imp]ial policy1 to r5d] x possible to comply ) t application4 ,my ,lords1 h[ev]1 fully admit t ! anomal\s position ( ,canadian publi%]s ) respect to _! rivals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica is a matt] :i* calls = c>eful inquiry2 b !y feel t su* an inquiry _c be satisfactorily und]tak5 )\t1 at ! same "t1 tak+ into consid]ation v>i\s o!r que/ions connect$ ) ! imp]ial laws ( ,copyright & ! policy ( ,int]national ,copyright ,treaties1 & !y are1 !re=e1 ( op9ion t ! subject %\ld be treat$ z a :ole1 & t an endeav\r %\ld be made to place ! g5]al law ( ,copyright1 especially t "p ( x :i* conc]ns ! :ole cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 on a m satisfactory foot+4 ,! grievance ( :i* ! ,canadian publi%]s compla9 has aris5 out ( ! arrangem5t sanction$ by ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahdg1 "u :i* ,unit$ ,/ates repr9ts ( ,engli% works entitl$ to ,copyright 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 7 admitt$ into ,canada on paym5t ( an import duty1 in/ead ( be+1 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 absolutely prohibit$ z illegal40444 ,a circul> by ,mr4 ,purday conta9s ! foll[+3-- ,a fact transpir$ only a few days s9ce ( an ord] be+ s5t = "s ( ! musical works publi%$ 9 ,bond-/reet1 on :i* x 0 /at$ t !y mu/ be 8,am]ican pr9t$ copies04444 ,x is said t ! ,am]icans h ! means ( dispos+ ( #cj1jjj or #dj1jjj copies ( any popul> book or song !y *oose to reproduce4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a f9e premium = supplant+ ! ,engli% publi%] 9 ! sale ( 8 own ,copyright works 9 8 own colonies4 ,,f ,a ,,manuscript ,,/atem5t ,,by ,,mr4 ,,purday4 ,! ,act ( #a & #b ,vict41 c4 #fi1 0 pass$ into a law "u ! title ( 8,an ,act = secur+ to ,au?ors 9 c]ta9 cases ! b5efit ( ,int]national ,copyright10 ! date ( :i* 0 ,july #ca1 #ahch4 ,! #ad? section is 9 ^! words3 8,& be x enact$1 t ! au?or ( any book to be1 aft] ! pass+ ( ?is ,act1 fir/ publi%$ out ( ,h] ,maje/y's dom9ions1 or 8 assigns1 %all h no ,copyright !re9 )9 ,h] ,maje/y's dom9ions1 o!rwise ?an su* 7if any7 z he may become entitl$ to "u ?is ,act40 ,section #i says t no protection ( ,copyright %all be giv5 to a =eign au?or1 unless su* protection %all be reciprocat$ to an ,engli% au?or by ! c\ntry to :i* ! =eign au?or belongs4 ,n[1 no?+ c be cle>] ?an t ! ,act ( #e & #f ,vict41 c4 #de1 nev] contemplat$ giv+ protection to a =eign au?or2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t x 0 pass$ solely = ! b5efit ( ,engli% au?ors4444 ,at la/ ! :ole matt] 0 br\ght be=e ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 :]e x 0 decre$ t a =eign au?or 0 n an au?or )9 ! mean+ ( ! ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 & c\ld nei!r claim any ,copyright himself nor assign any to an ,engli% subject1 unless he 0 resid5t 9 ! ,briti% dom9ions at ! "t he sold 8 "w1 & publi%$ x !re be=e !re 0 any publication abroad4 ,?is1 aft] elev5 ye>s ( litigation by v>i\s p>ties1 among :om my bro!r 0 ! mo/ p]si/5t def5dant1 he be+ p]fectly conv9c$ t if ! subject came to be ?or\ghly inve/igat$1 no su* claims z 7 set up by ! monopoli/s c\ld be ma9ta9$ ei!r at common law or 9 equity4 ,! ,h\se ( ,lords1 h[ev]1 7 n call$ ^u to decide :at 0 meant by ! t]m resid5ce4 ,?is1 !re=e1 gave rise to an attempt on ! "p ( an ,engli% booksell] to contrive a s*eme :i*1 to ! n v cr$itable hon\r ( ,engli% jurisprud5ce1 z x appe>s to my humble und]/&+1 succe$$4 ,! s*eme 0 ?is3 ,an ,am]ican au?oress ( little repute wrote a novel1 "o copy ( ! manuscript ( :i*1 x is said1 0 h&$ ov]1 = a consid]ation1 to ?is ,engli% booksell]1 to publi% 9 ,engl&2 ! "w 0 got ready on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic z well z on ! o!r side1 &1 aft] agree+ z to ! date ( entry at ,/ation]s' ,hall1 & ! publication ( ! same 9 ,london1 ! lady 0 desir$ to g ov] ! ,victoria-bridge into ,canada1 "o ( ! ,briti% dom9ions1 & rema9 !re a few h\rs or days1 :ile ! publication took place 9 ,london2 !n %e 0 to g back aga9 = ! protection ( ! same "w1 z a ,copyright1 9 h] own c\ntry4 ,mean:ile1 ano!r ,engli% publi%]1 he>+ t su* an artifice 0 ab\t to be attempt$1 procur$ an ,am]ican copy ( ! said "w1 & republi%$ x 9 a *eap =m4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t an application = an injunction 0 appli$ = by ! fir/ p>ty1 :i* 0 grant$1 & appeal$ aga9/ to ! ,lords ,ju/ices1 :o gave x z _! op9ion t ! ^w 8au?or0 9 ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 to be int]pret$ 9 its wide/ s5se1 & t !re 0 no limitation to t ^w 9 ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t2 !re=e1 x 0 ma9ta9$ t any au?or c\ld h a ,copyright 9 ,engl& :o compli$ ) ! requisitions ( ! ,act1 & ?is defective s*eme 0 confirm$ by ,"l ,*ancellor ,cairns1 :o rem>k$ t none ( ! =m] decisions _h /at$ t x 0 o!r ?an necess>y to be 9 ! ,briti% dom9ions dur+ ! "t ( ! publication ( ! "w4 ,?is device may h facilitat$ ! desire = an int]national law ^u a righte\s f\ndation1 n[ s l\dly advocat$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! judgm5t giv5 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 9 ! case ( ,boosey's assumption to ! exclusive "r ( pr9t+ ! op]a ( ,bell9i1 ! subject ( resid5ce 9 ,engl& 0 debat$1 & ,"l ,/4 ,leon>ds us$ ^! rem>kable words3 8,n[ ! ,am]ican ,legislature h no su* difficulty4 ,!y h expressly enact$ t ,copyright !re %all be conf9$ to natives1 or p]sons resid5t )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^? are ! express words ( _! /atute40 ,& we may rem>k1 f>!r1 t unless an ali5 au?or has resid$ at lea/ twelve mon?s 9 ,am]ica1 & has made a decl>ation 9 ^! words1 8,i d decl>e on oa? t x is bon fide my int5tion to become a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 c41 he _c obta9 ! privilege ( ,copyright 9 any?+ he may publi% !re4 ,?is conflict ( op9ion mu/ necess>ily end1 !re=e1 9 a new ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 :i* has be5 long ne$$ to settle ?is & o!r mu*-vex$ que/ions ( ,copyright4 ,,lett] ,,f ,,! ,,same4 #bd1 ,great ,m>lbor\gh-/reet1 ,june #ae1 #ahfi4 ,de> ,sir1--,i ?9k y\r sugge/ion ( ! paym5t ( a royalty ^u ! publication ( an au?or's "w1 if made mutual 9 bo? ,am]ica & ,great ,brita91 w\ld g f> to reconcile ! two nations to ab&on ! pres5t unfair reprisals2 m especially if x 7 left to ! option ( any publi%] to reproduce su* works 9 ! =m mo/ suit$ to 8 p>ticul> trade4 ,"s publi%]s *oose to publi% 9 "o =m1 & "s 9 ano!r1 m or less exp5sive1 accord+ to ! ta/e or want ( _! cu/om]s4 ,x is true1 !re might be "s difficulty 9 arrang+ ! p]c5tage p] copy ^u su* a s*eme2 b t might be regulat$ accord+ to ! price & /yle ( gett+ up ( ! "w1 :i* %\ld always be det]m9$ ^u be=e ! "w is issu$4 ,! "q ( ,copyright 9 music is "o :i* pres5ts features app]ta9+ to itself exclusively4 ,"o feature :i* x %>es along ) ! o!r f9e arts is ?is great fact3 t music is a univ]sal language1 & addresses itself equally to all nations4 ,its range1 !re=e1 is f> wid] ?an lit]ature4 ,x ne$s no translation4 ,! ta/e = music is m widely diffus$ ?an t = pa9t+ & sculpture1 f :i* x diff]s 9 a way t causes v consid]able emb>rassm5t :5 ! "q ( ,copyright comes to be p>ticul>ly dealt )4 ,l pa9t+s & /atues1 music may be reproduc$ 9 a p]man5t =m2 b1 unlike !m1 ! *ief value ( its ,copyright privilege is reproduction 9 s\nds1 &1 !re=e1 9 a =m unsub/antial & transi5t4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o w\ld deal satisfactorily ) ?is bran* ( ! wide "q ( ,copyright has to provide = a dem&1 & ov]come difficulties1 su* z d n belong to lit]>y & arti/ic ,copyright4 ,b1 /ill fur!r1 music--say t ( an op]a--may be sep>at$ into p>ts )\t s]i\s dim9ution ( its rev5ue-be>+ value4 ,once m1 !re is ! libretto2 x belongs to ! range ( lit]ature4 ,que/ions1 !re=e1 arise1 & mu/ be provid$ =1 ) respect to ! aff9ity ( t "p ) ! music1 its reproduction 9 ! =m ( translation1 & its be+1 z x occasionally is1 ! "w & prop]ty ( an au?or o!r ?an ! compos] ( ! music4 ,!re is /ill s mu* unc]ta9ty1 approa*+ to confusion1 z to :at really is ! law1 especially ) reg>d to int]national ,copyright1 9 ?is bran*1 t ?or\gh revision & imm$iate int]national negotiations are absolutely necess>y4 ,! laws ( ,copyright %\ld be dive/$ ( all ambiguity & sup]flu\s legal v]biage4 ,9 fact1 !y %\ld be made s pla9 t 8he t runs may read10 & und]/& !m4 ,! paym5t ( a royalty on =eign works is n a new ?+ "h4 ,*appell pays #as4 a copy1 besides a consid]able sum = ! ,copyright1 ( ! la/ "w ( ,ross9i--viz41 ! 8,messe ,sol5nelle10 = ! exclusive sell+ ( ! "w1 & = ! "r ( p]=m+ x "h4 ,any o!r in=mation ,i c give y ,i %all be happy to af=d4 ,i am1 de> ,sir1 y\rs ob$i5tly1 ,c4 ,h4 ,,purday4 ,to ,r4 ,a4 ,macfie1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,correspond5ce ,,on ,,copyright ,,law ,,9 ,,canada4 ,,laid ,,be=e ,,! ,,canadian ,,p>liam5t ,,by ,,comm& ,,( ,,8 ,,excell5cy ,,! ,,gov]nor-,,g5]al4 ,extract f a ,report ( a ,committee ( ! ,hon\rable ! ,privy ,c\ncil ( ,canada1 approv$ by ,8 ,excell5cy ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al 9 ,c\ncil1 on ! #bg? ,may1 #ahfh4 8,on ! recomm5dation ( ! ,hon\rable ! ,m9i/] ( ,cu/oms1 ! ,committee advise an uni=m ad valorem duty ?r\gh\t ?is ,dom9ion ( #ab p] c5t41 be+ ! rate fix$ & collect$ 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,canada1 previ\s to ! ,conf$]ation ( ! ,prov9ces--& to e/abli% su* regulations & conditions z may be subsi/5t ) any ,act ( ! ,p>liam5t ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom !n 9 =ce z may be deem$ requisite & equitable ) reg>d to ! admission ( su* books1 & to ! di/ribution ( ! proce$s ( su* duty to or among ! p>ty or p>ties b5eficially int]e/$ 9 ! ,copyright40 7,f ,memor&um by ! ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance47 8,n "o-t5? "p ( ! repr9ts :i* f9d _! way to ,canada are ent]$ at ! ,cu/om-h\se1 or pay duty4444 ,x is propos$1 9 ord] p]fectly to secure ! ,engli% au?or1 t e ,canadian publi%] :o repr9ts ,engli% ,copyrights %\ld take out a lic5ce1 & t effectual practical *ecks %\ld be int]pos$1 s t ! duty on ! numb] ( copies actually issu$ f ! press %\ld be paid into ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t by ,canadian publi%]s = ! b5efit ( ! ,engli% au?ors4 ,x is believ$ t ! ,engli% au?ors w\ld b5efit enorm\sly by ! propos$ *ange4 ,at pres5t ! am\nt receiv$ by ,canada = duty on ,engli% ,copyrights1 & paid ov] by ,canada to ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t = ! b5efit ( ,engli% au?ors1 is a m]e trifle40 7,f ,mr4 ,lovell47 8,montreal1 ,june #aa1 #ahfh4 8,9 #ahdi1 ,i believe1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,canada1 ) ! sanction ( ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que51 gave ,unit$ ,/ates publi%]s ! "r to br+ repr9ts ( ,engli% ,copyright works into ?is c\ntry on paym5t ( ,cu/oms duty ( #ae p] c5t41 :i* has s9ce be5 r$uc$ to #ab p] c5t41 ! proce$s ( ! duties to be =w>d$ to ! ,engli% au?ors z a comp5sation = ! privileges secur$ to ! ,am]ican publi%]s4 8,! p ( ! ,dom9ion1 & especially ! pr9t+ & publi%+ int]e/s1 feel t !y ought to possess at lea/ equal privileges to ^? conc$$ to ! =eign]4 ,!re are sev]al e/abli%m5ts 9 ! ,dom9ion t w\ld e/eem x a great boon to be all[$ to repr9t ,engli% ,copyrights on ! same t]ms z are n[ secur$ to ,unit$ ,/ates publi%]s1 & w\ld gladly pay ! #ab p] c5t4 to ! ,engli% au?ors on ! total numb] ( copies pr9t$1 sure to be v consid]able4 ,at pres5t only a few hundr$ copies pay duty1 b _m ?\s&s pass into ! c\ntry )\t regi/ration1 & pay no?+ at all2 ?us hav+ ! effect ( s]i\sly injur+ ! publi%]s ( ,great ,brita91 to ! consequ5t advantage ( ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 7,extract f ,lett] f ,sir ,l\is ,mallet to ! ,"u-,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ,c4,o47 8,x is obvi\s t1 look+ to ! geographical position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,conf$]ation1 any arrangem5t ) respect to ,copyright :i* does n apply to bo? mu/ be always imp]fect & unsatisfactory1 & x is !re=e extremely desirable1 if possible1 t ! ,canadian "q %\ld be consid]$ 9 connexion ) any negotiations conduct$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 8,ano!r s]i\s objection to ! sanction by ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t ( su* a proposal appe>s to my ,lords to be1 t1 :ile ! public policy ( ! "m-c\ntry en=ces an absolute monopoly 9 works ( lit]ature = a t]m ( ye>s1 x is v undesirable to admit 9 ,briti% ,colonial possessions an arrangem5t :i*1 :atev] advantages x may possess 7& my ,lords fully admit t mu* may be said 9 its fav\r71 re/s ^u a :olly diff]5t pr9ciple4 8,x w\ld be difficult1 if su* a pr9ciple 7 admitt$ 9 ! ,briti% ,colonies1 to refuse to recognise x 9 ! case ( =eign c\ntries1 & ?us x might come to pass t ! ,briti% public might be call$ ^u to pay a high price = _! books1 9 ord] to af=d :at is held to be ! necess>y enc\ragem5t to ,briti% au?ors1 :ile ! subjects ( o!r c\ntries & ! ,colonial subjects ( ,h] ,maje/y w\ld enjoy ! advantages ( *eap ,briti% lit]ature provid$ = !m at ! exp5se ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom40 7,extract f a ,pap] by ! ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance on ! ,copyright-,law 9 ,canada47 8,! consequ5ce ( ?is anomal\s /ate ( ! ,law is t ,canada receives l>ge supplies ( ,am]ican repr9ts ( ,engli% ,copyright books1 :i* are sold at a mu* high] rate ?an if pr9t$ 9 ,canada2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 s g5]ally is ! paym5t ( ! #ab p] c5t4 ,cu/oms duty evad$1 & s trifl+ is ! :ole am\nt realis$ f t s\rce 7! total receiv$ la/ ye> = ! :ole ,dom9ion ( ,canada be+ only #gii4dc1 or #afdl4 #es4 #c;d4 /]l+1 ! av]age ( ! prec$+ f\r ye>s be+ only #aael4 #as4 #c;d41 /]l+71 t s f> z reg>ds ! pecuni>y or o!r int]e/s ( ,engli% au?ors1 = ^: protection ! duty 0 impos$ & 9 ^: behalf x is collect$1 ! effect is practically ! same z if ! repr9ts 7 av[$ly admitt$ duty free4444 8,x is believ$ t if ?is privilege 7 ext5d$ to ,canadian publi%]s1 !y w\ld avail !mselves ( x to a v l>ge ext5t1 & z ! ,excise duty ( #ab p] c5t4 c\ld1 "u prop] regulations1 be v easily levi$1 a sub/antial rev5ue w\ld accrue !refrom = ! b5efit ( ,engli% au?ors2 & fur!r1 t a great impetus w\ld be giv5 to ! int]e/s ( pr9t]s1 publi%]s1 pap] manufactur]s1 type f\nd]s1 & o!r important k9dr$ bran*es ( mat]ial indu/ry1 & indirectly to ! int]e/s ( lit]ature & lit]>y m54444 8,an ,am]ican or any o!r =eign au?or1 by publi%+ 8 "w fir/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 may obta9 = himself all ! b5efits ( ! ,engli% ,copyright-,law4 ,"o ( ^? b5efits1 z ! law n[ /&s1 is to prohibit its repr9t 9 any portion ( ,h] ,maje/y's dom9ions out ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,he c equally procure its ,copyright 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! consequ5ce is t ! price ( lit]ature is enhanc$ to ,briti% subjects 9 all ,h] ,maje/y's ,colonial possessions1 s9ce to !m & to !m only c ! prohibition to republi% apply or be made effectual4 8,engl& does n conf9e ! protection :i* %e ?us ext5ds to h] own au?ors4 ,! =eign au?or is protect$ aga9/ all h] ,colonial subjects1 provid$ he publi%es fir/ )9 ! conf9es ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,%e w n recognise a publication 9 a ,colonial possession z a compliance ) ! ,copyright ,act1 b limits ! place ( publication to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 8,su* ! und]sign$ und]/&s to h be5 ! solemn int]pretation ( ! law by ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 ! rec5t case ( #8,r\tl$ge & ,l[e' 7#8,new ,law ,report1' ,appeal ,cases1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ajj-aba71 & he w\ld v /rongly call att5tion to ! unfair position 9 :i* ! policy ( t law places ! ,canadian publi%] & ! ,canadian public4 8,! m]e circum/ance ( ! publi%+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom gives ! au?or a monopoly ?r\gh\t ! entire area ( ! ,briti% dom9ions--t au?or1 9 ! op9ion ( ! !n ,"l ,*ancellor ,cairns1 ne$ n be a native-born subject ( ! ,cr[n2 he ne$ n be an ali5 fri5d soj\rn+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 he ne$ n be soj\rn+ 9 a ,briti% ,colony1 b he may be a =eign] resid+ abroad4 ,?is protection is af=d$1 9 ! language ( ,"l ,cairns1 to induce ! au?or to publi% 8 "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 8,if ! policy ( ,engl&1 9 relation to ,copyright1 is to /imulate1 by means ( ! protection secur$ to lit]>y lab\r1 ! composition ( works ( le>n+ & utility1 t policy is n incompatible ) su* a modification ( law z w place ! ,colonial publi%] on a foot+ ( equality n only ) ! publi%] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ev5 ) ! publi%] 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4444 8,if ! rate ( duty1 :e!r import or excise1 7 inadequate1 x w\ld be an equally reasonable argum5t aga9/ ! ext5sion ( ! law2 & 9 t case ! rate c\ld be augm5t$40 ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,copyright ,,am5d]s4 ,t pret5sions "u ,copyright are becom+ s =midable z to dem& v s]i\s att5tion on ! "p ( /atesm5 & ( all :o desire to ma9ta9 ! integrity ( our national inh]itance ( a _w-wide1 he>tily-unit$ empire1 & imp]ial fre$om f odi\s1 inquisitorial1 & impracticable re/ra9ts1 especially su* z might h9d] intellectual & moral developm5t1 w be evid5t to any p]son :o takes pa9s to /udy & foll[ out to _! necess>y consequ5ces ! provisions conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ transcripts f a ,bill lately introduc$ by an ex-,"l ,*ancellor1 8= ,consolidat+ & ,am5d+ ! ,law ( ,copyright 9 ,works ( ,f9e ,art30 ,f9e ,arts ,copyright ,consolidation & ,am5dm5t4 #cb ,vict4 ,design4--,an orig9al conception repres5t$ by ! au?or !re( 9 any "w ( f9e art4 ,draw+ or ,pa9t+4--,e orig9al draw+ or pa9t+1 made 9 any mann] & mat]ial1 & by any process4 ,photograph %all mean & include e orig9al photograph4 ,sculpture4--,e orig9al "w1 ei!r 9 ! r\nd1 9 relief1 or intaglio1 made 9 any mat]ial1 & by any process4 ,engrav+4--,e orig9al engrav+ & li?ograph made ^u a plate1 block1 or slab1 ( any mat]ial1 by any process1 :]eby impressions may be tak5 f su* plate1 block1 or slab1 & ! impressions tak5 f ! same4 ,"w ( ,f9e ,art4--,e draw+1 pa9t+1 photograph1 "w ( sculpture1 & engrav+ z h]e9-be=e int]pret$4 ,ext5d+ to all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 ! ,isle ( ,man1 & all ! colonies & possessions ( ! ,cr[n :i* n[ are1 or h]eaft] may be1 creat$ or acquir$4 #c4 ,! au?or ( e orig9al "w ( f9e art1 if made1 or fir/ sold1 aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ?is ,act1 su* au?or be+ a ,briti% subject1 or resid5t )9 any "p ( ! ,briti% dom9ions at ! "t su* "w %all be made or fir/ sold1 & ! assigns ( su* au?or1 %all h ! ,copyright ( sole & exclusive "r ( copy+1 reproduc+1 & multiply+ su* "w1 & ! design !re(1 9 ! ,briti% dom9ions1 by any means1 & ( any size1 = ! t]m ( ! natural life ( su* au?or1 & ?irty ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 b subject to ! foll[+ conditions & re/rictions2 7t is to say71 c4 #i4 ,if ! au?or ( any "w ( f9e art 9 :i* !re %all be subsi/+ ,copyright1 aft] hav+ become dive/$ ( su* ,copyright1 or if any o!r p]son1 n be+ ! proprietor = ! "t be+ ( ! ,copyright 9 any "w ( f9e art1 %all by any means unlawfully repeat1 copy1 imitate1 or o!rwise multiply = sale1 hire1 exhibition1 or di/ribution1 or cause or procure to be repeat$1 copi$1 imitat$1 or o!rwise multipli$ = sale1 hire1 exhibition1 or di/ribution1 any su* "w1 or ! design !re(1 or any "p ( su* design1 or1 kn[+ t any su* repetition1 copy1 or o!r imitation has be5 unlawfully made1 %all import or export into or out ( any "p ( ! ,briti% dom9ions1 or sell1 publi%1 let to hire1 exhibit1 or di/ribute1 or (f] = sale1 hire1 exhibition1 or di/ribution1 or cause or procure to be s import$1 or export$1 or sold1 publi%$1 let to hire1 di/ribut$1 or (f]$ = sale1 hire1 exhibition1 or di/ribution1 any unlawful repetition1 copy1 or imitation ( any su* "w1 or ( ! design !re(1 su* p]son = e su* (f5ce %all =feit to ! regi/]$ proprietor = ! "t be+ ( ! ,copyright !re( a sum n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds1 & n less ?an two p\nds1 = e fir/ (f5ce1 & n less ?an five p\nds1 = e subsequ5t (f5ce1 c4 #aa4 ,all repetitions1 copies1 or imitations ( any "w ( f9e art1 or ! design !re(1 :]e9 !re %all be subsi/+ ,copyright "u ?is ,act1 & :i*1 contr>y to ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 %all h be5 made 9 any =eign ,/ate1 are h]eby absolutely prohibit$ to be import$ into any "p ( ! ,briti% dom9ions1 except by or ) ! cons5t ( ! regi/]$ proprietor ( ! ,copyright !re(1 or 8 ag5t au?oris$ 9 writ+2 & if ! regi/]$ proprietor = ! "t be+ ( any su* ,copyright or 8 ag5t %all decl>e1 or if any (fic] ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,cu/oms %all suspect1 t any goods import$ are prohibit$ repetitions1 copies1 or imitations ( any su* "w ( f9e art1 or ( ! design !re(1 !n su* goods may be deta9$1 unpack$1 & exam9$ by ! (fic]s ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,cu/oms4 #ab4 ,! ,commission]s ( ,cu/oms %all cause to be made1 & publicly expos$ at ! sev]al ports ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & 9 ,h] ,maje/y's possessions abroad1 pr9t$ li/s ( all works ( f9e art :]e9 ,copyright %all be subsi/+1 & z to :i* ! regi/]$ proprietor = ! "t be+ ( su* ,copyright1 or 8 ag5t1 %all h giv5 notice 9 writ+ to ! said ,commission]s t su* ,copyright exi/s1 /at+ 9 su* notice :5 su* ,copyright expires1 & %all h made & subscrib$ a decl>ation be=e ! collector ( ! ,cu/oms1 or any ju/ice ( ! peace1 at "s port or place 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom or 9 ,h] ,maje/y's possessions abroad1 t ! cont5ts ( su* notice are true4 ,! provisions conta9$ 9 ! ,acts n[ 9 =ce1 or at any "t to be 9 =ce1 reg>d+ ,h] ,maje/y's ,cu/oms1 z to ! application to ! c\rts & judges by any p]son aggriev$ by ! entry ( any book 9 ! li/s ( books to be made & publicly expos$ by ! said ,commission]s "u ! said ,acts1 & ! expung+ any su* entry1 %all apply to ! entry ( any "w ( f9e art 9 ! li/s !re( to be made by virtue ( ?is ,act1 9 ! same mann] z if su* provisions 7 h]e9 expressly enact$1 ) all necess>y v>iations 9 relation to su* la/-m5tion$ li/s1 c4 #ac4 ,e p]son :o %all import or export1 or cause to be import$ or export$1 into or out ( any "p ( ! ,briti% dom9ions1 or %all ex*ange1 publi%1 sell1 let to hire1 exhibit1 or di/ribute1 or (f]1 or hawk1 or c>ry ab\t1 or keep = sale1 hire1 exhibition1 or di/ribution1 any unlawful copy1 repetition1 or imitation ( any "w ( f9e art1 9 :i*1 or 9 ! design :]e(1 !re %all be subsi/+ regi/]$ ,copyright1 %all be b\nd1 on dem& 9 writ+1 deliv]$ to him or left = him at 8 la/ kn[n dwell+-h\se or place ( bus9ess1 by or on behalf ( ! regi/]$ proprietor = ! "t be+ ( su* ,copyright1 to give to ! p]son requir+ ! same1 or 8 attorney or ag5t1 )9 =ty-eight h\rs aft] su* dem&1 full in=mation 9 writ+ ( ! "n & address ( ! p]son f :om1 & ( ! times :51 he %all h import$1 pur*as$1 or obta9$ su* unlawful copy1 repetition1 or imitation1 also ! numb] ( su* copies1 repetitions1 or imitations :i* he has obta9$1 & also to produce to ! p]son requir+ su* in=mation all invoices1 books1 & o!r docum5ts relat+ to ! same2 & x %all be lawful = any ju/ice ( ! peace1 on in=mation on oa? ( su* dem& hav+ be5 made1 & ( ! refusal or neglect to comply !re)1 to summon be=e him ! p]son guilty ( su* refusal or neglect1 & on be+ satisfi$ t su* dem& ought to be compli$ )1 to ord] su* in=mation to be giv5 & su* production to be made )9 a reasonable "t to be fix$ by him4 #ad4 ,^u pro( by ! oa? ( "o cr$ible p]son be=e any ju/ice ( ! peace1 c\rt1 %]iff1 or o!r p]son hav+ jurisdiction 9 any proce$+ "u ?is ,act t !re is reasonable cause to suspect t any p]son has 9 8 possession1 or 9 any h\se1 %op1 or o!r place = sale1 hire1 di/ribution1 or public exhibition1 any copy1 repetition1 or imitation ( any "w ( f9e art 9 :i*1 or 9 ! design :]e(1 !re %all be subsi/+ & regi/]$ ,copyright "u ?is ,act1 & t su* copy1 repetition1 or imitation has be5 made )\t ! cons5t 9 writ+ ( ! regi/]$ proprietor ( su* ,copyright1 x %all be lawful = su* ju/ice1 c\rt1 %]iff1 or o!r p]son z a=esaid be=e :om any su* proce$+ is tak51 & he or !y is & are h]eby requir$ to grant 8 or _! w>rant1 to se>* 9 ! daytime su* h\se1 %op1 or o!r place1 & if any su* copy1 repetition1 or imitation1 or any "w :i* may be reasonably suspect$ to be su*1 %all be f\nd !re91 to cause ! same to be br\ght be=e him or !m1 or be=e "s o!r ju/ice ( ! peace1 c\rt1 %]iff1 or o!r p]son z a=esaid1 c4 #ae4 ,if any p]son1 else:]e ?an at 8 own h\se1 %op1 or place ( bus9ess1 %all hawk1 c>ry ab\t1 (f]1 utt]1 di/ribute1 or sell1 or keep = sale1 hire1 or di/ribution1 any unlawful copy1 repetition1 or col\rable imitation ( any "w ( f9e art 9 :i*1 or 9 ! design :]e(1 !re %all be subsi/+ & regi/]$ ,copyright "u ?is ,act1 all su* unlawful articles may be seiz$ )\t w>rant1 by any peace (fic]1 or ! proprietor ( ! ,copyright1 or any p]son au?oris$ by him1 & =?) tak5 be=e any ju/ice ( ! peace1 c\rt1 %]iff1 c4 #bc4 ,"u ?is ,act !re %all be kept at ! hall ( ! ,/ation]s' ,company by ! regi/r> appo9t$ by ! said company = ! purposes ( ! ,act pass$ 9 ! six? ye> ( ! reign ( h] pres5t ,maje/y1 intitul$ 8,an ,act to am5d ! ,law ( ,copyright10 ?ree sev]al books or sets ( books1 :i* %all be call$ z foll[s3 7#a47 ,! regi/] ( proprietors ( ,copyright 9 orig9al draw+s & pictures3 7#b47 ,! regi/] ( proprietors ( ,copyright 9 orig9al photographs & engrav+s3 7#c47 ,! regi/] ( proprietors ( ,copyright 9 orig9al works ( sculpture4 ,9 ! fir/ ( su* regi/]s %all be ent]$ a memor&um ( e ,copyright1 or ( any limit$ legal int]e/ !re91 to :i* any p]son %all claim to be entitl$ "u ?is ,act 9 any orig9al draw+ or pa9t+1 & also ( any subsequ5t assignm5t ( su* ,copyright or limit$ legal int]e/ !re92 & su* memor&um %all conta9 a /atem5t ( ! sev]al p>ticul>s requir$ by ! =m applicable = t purpose 9 ,"p ,i4 ( ! ?ird s*$ule to ?is ,act2 & 9 addition !reto ! p]son regi/]+ %all annex to ! memor&um "u :i* he requires ! entry to be made an outl9e1 sket*1 or photograph ( ! draw+ or pa9t+ to :i* su* memor&um ref]s1 c4 ,aga9 adv]t+ to ! case ( ,irel&1 let x be rememb]$ x 0 only s late z #ahcf t an ,act 0 pass$ 8to ext5d ! protection ( ,copyright 9 pr9ts & engrav+s to ,irel&40 ,?is ,bill ( ,"l ,we/bury's1 aft] hav+ be5 ref]r$ to a ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 has be5 )drawn1 b only = ! pres5t ,session4 ,! reason = )drawal is f\nd 9 am5dm5ts recomm5d$ by ! ,committee1 "o ( :i* is t x %\ld ext5d only to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ,*annel ,isl&s4 ,! subjo9$ extracts f a pr9t$ def5ce ( ! ,bill1 by ,d4 ,rob]ton ,bla9e1 ,esq41 w be read ) int]e/1 z %[+ h[ influ5tial is ! qu>t] :5ce ! ,bill emanates1 & n less on acc\nt ( _! allusion to ,pat5t-"r & _! o!r int]e/+ cont5ts4 ,?is ,bill has be5 prep>$ by direction ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,comm]ce1 9 consequ5ce ( a memorial hav+ be5 pres5t$ to ! ,c\ncil1 sign$ by a consid]able numb] ( ! mo/ em95t arti/s & publi%]s resid5t 9 ,london4444 ,!re is no ,copyright 9 ! ideas embodi$ 9 a "w ( lit]ature or ( f9e art4444 ,x is q o!rwise accord+ to our ,pat5t-,laws4 ,"u !m ! idea ( an au?or is ev]y?+1 s to speak1 & is rigidly protect$4 ,?us1 = example1 suppose ,a produces a new manufacture by means ( a v imp]fect & clumsy ma*9e1 or *emical process1 :i* he inv5ts & pat5ts2 & suppose aft]w>ds t ,b inv5ts a v p]fect & simple ma*9e1 or *emical process1 :]eby he c produce ! same manufacture z ,a1 b bett] & *eap] ?an 84 ,9 su* a case ! ,pat5t-,laws prohibit ,b f mak+ any use ( 8 improvem5t = mak+ ! manufacture ( ,a dur+ ! cont9uance ( 8 ,pat5t1 unless ) 8 cons5t4 ,?is arises f its be+ a lead+ pr9ciple ( our ,pat5t-,laws1 t :]e a new inv5tion has be5 secur$ by a valid & exi/+ ,pat5t no "o is all[$ dur+ ! cont9uance ( t ,pat5t to produce ! same results by a me*anical or *emical equival5t4 ,h5ce ! great s\rce ( compla9ts & ( ! litigation aris+ "u our ,pat5t-,laws4 ,?us x is t a pat5t$ manufacture precludes any improvem5ts !re9 except by ! pat5tee1 or ) 8 cons5t1 dur+ ! t]m ( 8 ,pat5t4444 ,9 ,italy1 at ! expiration ( su* =ty ye>s1 al?\gh any "o may !n make & sell copies ( ! "w1 ! p]son do+ s mu/1 dur+ a second t]m ( =ty ye>s1 annually pay to ! proprietor ( ! ,copyright #e p] c5t4 7calculat$ at ! publi%$ price7 ^u all copies sold by ! p]son s mak+ & sell+ su* copies4 ,z to ,france1 h] ,copyright-,laws are expressly ext5d$ to all h] colonies4 ,&1 by ! #h? ,article ( ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5's ,copyright ,conv5tion ) ,france1 dat$ #crd ,novemb]1 #ahea1 reciprocal protection is agre$ to be giv5 9 fav\r ( ,copyright works fir/ publi%$ 9 8! t]ritories ( ,france10 or 9 8! ,briti% dom9ions40 ,?is appe>s to %[ t bo? ,/ates cle>ly int5d$ t su* reciprocal protection %\ld ext5d to _! colonies4 ,x is also /ipulat$ by ! #g? ,article t 8pirat$ works %all be seiz$ & de/roy$40 ,n[ ! ,fr5* law v ju/ly decl>es ! piracy ( ,copyright prop]ty to be a crime 7delit71 & provides rapid & effectual means = enabl+ ! proprietor ( ! ,copyright to seize bo? ! pirate & ! fraudul5t copies1 plates1 c41 9 8 possession4 ,yet1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,briti% ,arti/ic ,copyright-,laws1 no su* p[]s ( seizure1 z expressly agre$ by ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5's ,conv5tion1 exi/ 9 ! ,briti% dom9ions2 nor does any protection :atev] = arti/ic ,copyright works ext5d beyond ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 no1 n ev5 to ! ,isle ( ,man1 or to ! ,*annel ,isl&s6 ,?is important & novel subject is likely soon to receive useful illu/ration f a ,p>liam5t>y return to be mov$ = by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,t4 ,h4 ,headlam4 ,f ano!r ( t g5tleman's ,returns a sugge/ive extract is also subjo9$4 ,x conta9s evid5ce t long ago impati5ce ( exi/+ re/ra9ts 0 9 vigor\s action 9 ! ,briti% ,colonies--evid5ce t paym5t ( au?ors by royalties is a sy/em t comm&s ,/ate concurr5ce--& evid5ce h[ ov]-ready ! ,/ate is1 or h[ circum/ances are =m$ s z to compel x1 to und]take "w = au?ors & publi%]s by means ( its ,cu/om-h\se (fic]s4 ,on ?is la/ po9t ,i am happy also to produce an important pap] k9dly furni%$ by ,mi*ael ,daly1 ,esq41 ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,cu/oms4 ,mr4 ,daly's note des]ves to be pond]$ 9 prospect ( ! re-appe>ance next ,session ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade's 8,trade-,m>ks ,regi/ration ,bill40#aa ,! extracts :i* ,i h agglom]at$ %[ t ! idea ( employ+ (fic]s ( ,excise z well z ^? ( ,cu/oms is s]i\sly prop\nd$1 b ?is is by no means all ! useful in=mation !y convey4 #aa ,w\ld x n be well to conf9e regi/ration to names ( firms or premises )\t recognis+ m>ks8 ,,colonial ,,duties ,,on ,,copyright ,,works4 ,return ( all ! ,colonies & ,briti% ,possessions 9 fav\r ( :i* ,ord]s 9 ,c\ncil h be5 issu$ "u ! ,act #aj & #aa ,vict41 c4 #ie1 susp5d+ ! ,prohibition ( ,importation ( ,repr9ts ( ,briti% ,copyright ,works4 ,,new ,,brunswick4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t4 on ! bon fide price ( ! publication1 impos$ on importation2 su* duty to be transmitt$ ?r\gh ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t = ! b5efit ( ! au?or4 ,,nova ,,scotia4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t4 to be appli$ 9 l mann]4 ,,pr9ce ,,edw>d ,,isl&4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t41 curr5cy ( ! isl&1 impos$ on simil> t]ms4 ,,b>badoes4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t4 to be remitt$ to ! au?or4 ,,b]muda4--,an ad valorem duty ( #ae p] c5t4 on ! value ( su* repr9ts1 impos$ on ! l conditions1 a d$uction ( #e p] c5t4 on ! am\nt to be made1 = ! remun]ation ( ! (fic]s collect+ ! duty4 ,,bahamas4--,a duty ( #bj p] c5t4 on ! value ( ! publi%]'s :olesale price2 n9e-t5?s ( ! am\nt collect$ to be paid to ! proprietors ( ! ,copyright on _! application to ! ,gov]nor4 ,,newf\ndl&4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t4 to be paid ov] to ! au?or4 ,,/4 ,,*ri/oph]4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t4 to be remitt$ 9 l mann]4 ,,antigua4--,an ad valorem duty ( #be p] c5t4 to be appli$ 9 l mann]1 #e p] c5t4 to be d$uct$ = remun]ation ( ! treasur] collect+ ! duty4 ,,/4 ,,lucia4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t4 to be appli$ 9 l mann]1 )\t d$uction4 ,,canada4--,an ad valorem duty n exce$+ #bj p] c5t4 impos$1 to be appli$ 9 l mann]4 ,,briti% ,,guiana4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t41 aft] d$uct+ #e p] c5t41 to be remitt$ to ! au?or4 ,,/4 ,,v9c5t4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t4 to be appli$ 9 simil> mann]4 ,,mauritius4--,a p\ndage ( #bj p] c5t4 to be paid1 to be deposit$ 9 ! ,colonial ,treasury1 !re to be kept at ! disposal ( ! ,briti% au?ors ( su* works4 ,,gr5ada4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t4 to be remitt$ = ! b5efit ( ! au?or4 ,,jamaica4--,an ad valorem duty ( #ae p] c5t4 ,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t4 ,,cape ,,( ,,good ,,hope4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t4 to be appli$ 9 simil> mann]4 ,,nevis4--,an ad valorem duty ( #ae p] c5t4 to be appli$ to ! b5efit ( ! au?or1 aft] d$uct+ #e p] c5t4 = ! remun]ation ( ! treasur] collect+ ! duty4 ,,natal4--,an ad valorem duty ( #bj p] c5t4 to be remitt$ to ! regi/]$ proprietor ( ! ,copyright4 ,,exam9ations ,,by ,,cu/oms' ,,(fic]s4 ,! (fic]s ( ,cu/oms are compell$ to dis*>ge v>i\s duties beyond ^? connect$ ) ! collection & protection ( ! ,rev5ue4 ,among o!rs !y h to take c>e t =eign goods1 on _! importation1 d n be> ! m>k or br& ( any ,briti% mak]1 or su* m>ks or br&s z w\ld be likely to give !m a ,briti% "*4 ,all goods s m>k$ & br&$ are1 by #af & #ag ,vict41 cap4 #ajg1 sec4 #dd1 prohibit$ to be import$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,cases are con/antly occurr+ :]e su* goods h to be dealt ) by ! ,cu/oms' au?orities4 ,9 "s in/ances ! goods are confiscat$1 9 o!rs ! br&s or labels are ord]$ to be remov$1 ^u :i* ! goods are deliv]$ to ! own]1 ei!r ) or )\t f9e2 & 9 o!r cases !y are ord]$ to be return$ to ! port :5ce !y 7 import$4 ,b :y %\ld ?is duty devolve ^u ! ,cu/oms' (fic]s8 ,x is an extremely disagreeable "o1 involv+ mu* tr\ble to ! dep>tm5t & vexation to import]s4 ,if a manufactur] or deal] 9 ?is c\ntry infr+es ! "r ( ano!r by us+ 8 m>k or br&1 he has 8 rem$y 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice2 b he has no "r to ent] a factory or w>eh\se1 to op5 packages & make an indiscrim9ate se>*1 ) or )\t gr\nds ( suspicion t 8 br&s h be5 plac$ on ! cont5ts ( ! packages4 ,yet1 practically1 ?is is really ! case ) reg>d to ! ,cu/oms' "r ( se>* = prohibit$ m>ks & br&s4 ,:y n let ! goods pass )\t ref]5ce to br&s or m>ks8 ,leave ! own] ( ! m>ks to 8 rem$y 9 law2 & ! v5dor ( ! goods be>+ su* =g$ or false br&s to ! risk & p5alty :i* he ?us incurs4 ,9 ?is case ! fraudul5t deal] only w be ! suff]]1 :ile ! innoc5t w be sav$ ! vexation ( hav+ 8 goods pull$ ab\t at ! ,cu/om-h\se2 & ! ,cu/oms dep>tm5t w be reliev$ ( an extremely disagreeable & tr\blesome duty4 ,z to ! br&1 n ^? ( any p>ticul> mak]1 b 9 _! g5]al "* purport+ ! goods to be ( ,briti% manufacture1 b v little h>m c result to any p>ticul> int]e/ f ! use ( su* m>ks4 ,x w take some?+ m sub/antial ?an su* m]e fictions to ru9 ! trade ( ! c\ntry2 b if bett] goods1 ev5 if !y be ( =eign orig91 c be obta9$ at ! same prices z ^? paid = ,briti%1 !n s mu* ! bett] = ! consum]4 ,w\ld x n be well1 also1 to relieve ! ,cu/oms (fic]s ( ! duty ( se>*+ = pirat$ works "u ! ,copyright ,act8 ,:y n deal ) ! v5dors "h ( su* works1 if repr9t$ abroad1 9 l mann] z if repr9t$ "h8 ,,! ,,briti% ,,& ,,=eign ,,book ,,trade4 ,! foll[+ figures1 extract$ f a rec5t ,p>liam5t>y ,return1 :ile !y %[ a highly satisfactory ratio ( increase1 w probably conv9ce ! comm]cial read] t ! ,int]national ,book ,trade ( ,*ri/5dom is yet 9 its infancy1 &1 p]haps1 t ! swaddl+-b&s & close conf9em5t ( monopoly %\ld be ex*ang$ = a fre] & m natural sy/em ( nurs+ & protection3-- ,,books ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom1 ,,export$ ,,!refrom4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,c\ntries ,,quantities4 ,,decl>$ ,,value4 to :i* ,export$4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ahbh4 #ahdh4 #ahfh4 #ahbh4 #ahdh4 #ahfh4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,cwts4 ,cwts4 ,cwts4 ,=eign ,c\ntries3-- ,unit$ ,/ates #fje #c1aeh #ah1cgi #ad1fab #dg1iee #ahdfgj ,o!r ,=eign ,c\ntries #a1ddi #b1jjc #aj1edj #cc1cai #cj1fgh #ahacej ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total #b1jed #e1afa #bh1iai #dg1ica #gh1fcc #cffjbj ---------------------------------------- ------ ,briti% ,possessions3-- ,au/ralia #adh #a1ifh #ah1ehc #c1icc #bg1bdi #adhdac ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica #cfd #a1aca #f1iai #h1agh #ae1aef #fdaci ,o!r ,briti% ,possessions #a1eeb #d1jbf #f1ihg #da1jgb #ga1aad #ajefga ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total #b1jfd #g1abe #cb1dhi #ec1ahc #aaceai #cahbbc ---------------------------------------- ------ ,aggregate ( ,=eign ,c\ntries & ,briti% ,possessions #d1aah #ab1bhf #fa1djh #ajaaad #aibaeb #fhdbdc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,quantities & ,,value1 ) ! ,weights & ,moneys r5d]$ into ,engli% ,equival5ts1 ( ,pr9t$ ,books ,import$ into & ,export$ f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ,=eign ,c\ntries 9 ! late/ ,ye> = :i* ,returns h be5 receiv$ & ! ,t5? ,ye> previ\s !reto3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,c\ntries4 ,import$ 7= ,export$ ,home ,consumption74 7,dome/ic ,produce74 -------------------------------------- ,cwts4 ,cwts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,unit$ ,k+dom#ab #aheh #e1iga #hc1eih #ab1bhf #aib1aeb #ahfh #aj1fie #acg1ehj #fa1dhj #fhd1bdc ,russia#ac #aheg ,n #ajj1gah ,n ,n /at$ #ahfg /at$ #gc1ehh /at$ #ah1hac ,sw$5#ac #ahef ,n #f1ich ,n #a1fig #ahff /at$ #h1ghj /at$ #c1efi ,zollv]e9 #ahef #ba1jih ,n #ch1bge ,n #ahff #ca1dhe /at$ #fg1cgf /at$ ,holl& #aheg #d1cdi #df1abf #b1dcg #ch1cfc #ahfg #g1bbh #gf1fei #c1eee #cg1gad ,belgium #ahef #e1fab #fi1gej #d1jfc #eb1bbh #ahff ,n #ig1jdj ,n #dh1gfj /at$ /at$ ,france #aheg #e1dch #ie1bbd #ch1edb #eaj1ceb #ahfg #aa1idb #bja1bhj #dj1hhg #ebb1cgd ,spa9#ac #ahed ,n /at$ #b1jfj #ai1chc #ahfd #a1ibd #h1cbc #fgd #h1ibi ,italy #ahfe #f1ajh #ef1dfd #a1fgh #ae1cge ,unit$ ,/ates #aheg ,n #aha1ihj ,n #eg1hdc #ahfg /at$ #bdf1eci /at$ #ga1chf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ab ,"p ,re-,export$4 #ac ,= ^! ,c\ntries ! ,total ,imports & ,exports are /at$4 ,! total weight ( ! ,book ,trade ( ,*ri/5dom appe>s to be less ?an #bjj1jjj cwts41 :i*1 tak5 at #a lb4 p] volume1 makes only ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj ( volumes1 ab\t a f\r? "p ( :i* is s5t f ?is c\ntry to ! ,nor? ,am]ican & ,au/ralian 8,m>kets40 ,! ,beehive1 ( #ca/ ,july1 has an article on ! meet+ ref]r$ to 9 ! ,prefatory ,note4 ,! foll[+ is an extract1 to :i* ?ree notes are respectfully subjo9$3-- 444 ,b to aboli% all protection to orig9al inv5tions w\ld be1 z ,mr4 ,pat]son ju/ly cont5d$1 to h& ov] all ! pr(its aris+ f su* inv5tions to ! capitali/4#ad ,?is speak] w\ld make ! grant+ ( ,pat5ts free f *>ge1 & lay a tax on ! pr(its ( ! contrivance pat5t$4 ,mr4 ,macfie1 ! ,memb] = ,lei?1 made a decid$ hit :5 he po9t$ to ! abs5ce ( royalties abroad1 :ile at home !y lie ^u u ) a cru%+ weight2 &1 if we _c f9d ease )\t foll[+ ! example ( ,switz]l& 9 aboli%+ ,pat5t-,laws1 & ( ,holl& & ,g]many by decl>+ aga9/ !m1 !re w be no help = x4 ,b :5 ,mr4 ,macfie 8d5ies t ! inv5tor has any exclusive "r to 8 inv5tion10 he makes an ass]tion t x is 9 ! p[] ( any inv5tor practically to disprove4 ,say t ,a has f\nd out an inv5tion ( value1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+ = ! purpose ( argum5t1 ?9ks he has2 he meets ) ! 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