,m>xism & ,d>w9ism ,,by ,,anton ,,pannekoek ,translat$ by ,na?an ,weis]4 ,,*icago ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company ,,co-,,op]ative ,copyright1 #aiab ,by ,*>les ,h4 ,k]r ,company ,illu/ration3 #fjf 8,,survival ,,( ,,! ,,fitte/40 ,9 nor!rn climes1 ! pol> be> ,protects himself ) fat & hair1 ,:]e sn[ is deep & ice is />k1 ,& half ! ye> is cold & d>k1 ,he /ill survives a clime l t ,by gr[+ fur1 by gr[+ fat4 ,^! traits1 ,o be>1 :i* ?\ transmitte/ ,prove ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,to pol> regions wa/e & wan1 ,comes ! encroa*+ race ( man1 ,a puny1 feeble1 little bubb]1 ,he has no fur1 he has no blubb]4 ,! scornful be> sat d[n at ease ,to see ! /rang] />ve & freeze ,b1 lo6 ! /rang] slew ! be>1 ,& ate 8 fat & wore 8 hair2 ,^! de$s1 ,o ,man1 :i* ?\ committe/ ,prove ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,9 mod]n times ! ,millionaire ,protects himself z did ! be>3 ,:]e ,pov]ty & ,hung] are ,he c\nts 8 bullion by ! c>3 ,:]e ?\s&s p]i% /ill he ?rives ,! weal?1 ,o ,croesus1 ?\ transmitte/ ,proves ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,b1 lo1 "s p odd & funny1 ,"s m5 )\t a c5t ( money ,! simple common human race ,*ose to improve _! dwell+ place3 ,!y _h no use = millionaires1 ,!y calmly said ! _w 0 !irs1 ,!y 7 s wise1 s /rong1 s _m1 ,! ,millionaires8!re wasn't any4 ,^! de$s1 ,o ,man1 :i* ?\ committe/ ,prove ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,mrs4 ,*>lotte ,/etson4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,d>w9ism #g ,,ii4 ,m>xism #af ,,iii4 ,m>xism & ! ,class ,/ruggle #ai ,,iv4 ,d>w9ism & ! ,class ,/ruggle #bb ,v4 ,d>w9ism ,v]sus ,socialism #bg ,,vi4 ,natural ,law & ,social ,!ory #cc ,,vii4 ,! ,sociability ( ,man #cf ,,viii4 ,tools1 ,?\ght & ,language #db ,,ix4 ,animal ,organs & ,human ,tools #ej ,x4 ,capitalism & ,socialism #ed ,,m>xism & ,,d>w9ism ,i4 ,,d>w9ism4 ,two sci5ti/s c h>dly be nam$ :o h1 9 ! second half ( ! #ai? c5tury1 dom9at$ ! human m9d to a great] degree ?an ,d>w9 & ,m>x4 ,_! tea*+s revolutioniz$ ! conception t ! great masses _h ab\t ! _w4 ,= decades _! names h be5 on ! tongues ( ev]ybody1 & _! tea*+s h become ! c5tral po9t ( ! m5tal /ruggles :i* accompany ! social /ruggles ( today4 ,! cause ( ?is lies prim>ily 9 ! highly sci5tific cont5ts ( _! tea*+s4 ,! sci5tific importance ( ,m>xism z well z ( ,d>w9ism consi/s 9 _! foll[+ out ! !ory ( evolution1 ! "o ^u ! doma9 ( ! organic _w1 ( ?+s animate2 ! o!r1 ^u ! doma9 ( society4 ,?is !ory ( evolution1 h[ev]1 0 9 no way new1 x _h its advocates be=e ,d>w9 & ,m>x2 ! philosoph]1 ,hegel1 made x ev5 z ! c5tral po9t ( 8 philosophy4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to obs]ve closely :at 7 ! a*ievem5ts ( ,d>w9 & ,m>x 9 ?is doma94 ,! !ory t plants & animals h develop$ "o f ano!r is met ) fir/ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,=m]ly ! "q1 8,:5ce come all ^! ?\s&s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( diff]5t k9ds ( plants & animals t we "k80 0 answ]$4 8,at ! "t ( creation ,god creat$ !m all1 ea* aft] its k9d40 ,?is primitive !ory 0 9 con=mity ) ! exp]i5ces _h & ) ! olde/ in=mation t c\ld be got4 ,accord+ to ! in=mation1 all kn[n plants & animals h always be5 ! same4 ,sci5tifically1 ?is exp]i5ce 0 ?us express$1 8,all k9ds are inv>iable because ! p>5ts transmit _! *>act]i/ics to _! *ildr540 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 "s peculi>ities among plants & animals :i* gradually =c$ a diff]5t conception to be ent]ta9$4 ,!y s nicely let !mselves be arrang$ into a sy/em :i* 0 fir/ set up by ! ,sw$i% sci5ti/ ,l9naeus4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ! animals are divid$ into ma9 divisions2 ^! divisions are divid$ into classes1 classes into ord]s1 ord]s into families1 families into species1 ea* ( :i* conta9 a few k9ds4 ,! m semblance !re is 9 _! *>act]i/ics1 ! ne>] !y /& t[>ds ea* o!r 9 ?is sy/em1 & ! small] is ! gr\p to :i* !y belong4 ,all ! animals class$ z mammalian %[ ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics 9 _! bodily frame4 ,! h]bivor\s animals1 & c>nivor\s animals1 & monkeys1 ea* ( :i* belongs to a diff]5t ord]1 are aga9 diff]5tiat$4 ,be>s1 dogs1 & cats1 all ( :i* are rapaci\s animals1 h mu* m 9 common 9 bodily =m ?an !y h ) horses or monkeys4 ,?is con=mity is /ill m obvi\s :5 we exam9e v>ieties ( ! same species2 ! cat1 tig] & lion resemble ea* o!r 9 _m respects :]e !y diff] f dogs & be>s4 ,if we turn f ! class ( mammals to o!r classes1 su* z birds or fi%es1 we f9d great] diff]5ces ?an we f9d 9 ! o!r class4 ,!re is /ill1 h[ev]1 a slight resemblance 9 ! =mation ( ! body1 ! skeleton & ! n]v\s sy/em are /ill !re4 ,^! features fir/ disappe> :5 we turn f ?is ma9 division1 :i* embraces all ! v]tebrates1 & g to ! molluscs 7s(t bodi$ animals7 or to ! polyps4 ,! entire animal _w may ?us be arrang$ into divisions & subdivisions4 ,_h e diff]5t k9d ( animal be5 creat$ entirely indep5d5t ( all ! o!rs1 !re w\ld be no reason :y su* ord]s %\ld exi/4 ,!re w\ld be no reason :y !re %\ld n be mammals hav+ six paws4 ,we w\ld h to assume1 !n1 t at ! "t ( creation1 ,god _h tak5 ,l9naeus' sy/em z a plan & creat$ ev]y?+ accord+ to ?is plan4 ,happily we h ano!r way ( acc\nt+ = x4 ,! lik5ess 9 ! con/ruction ( ! body may be due to a real family relation%ip4 ,accord+ to ?is conception1 ! con=mity ( peculi>ities %[ h[ ne> or remote ! relation%ip is2 j z ! resemblance ( bro!rs & si/]s is great] ?an betwe5 remote relatives4 ,! animal classes 71 !re=e1 n creat$ individually1 b desc5d$ "o f ano!r4 ,!y =m "o trunk t />t$ ) simple f\ndations & :i* has cont9ually develop$2 ! la/ & ?9 twigs are our pres5t exi/+ k9ds4 ,all species ( cats desc5d f a primitive cat1 :i* toge!r ) ! primitive dog & ! primitive be>1 is ! desc5dant ( "s primitive type ( rapaci\s animal4 ,! primitive rapaci\s animal1 ! primitive ho($ animal & ! primitive monkey h desc5d$ f "s primitive mammal1 etc4 ,?is !ory ( desc5t 0 advocat$ by ,lam>ck & by ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 meet ) g5]al approval4 ,^! naturali/s c\ld n prove ! correctness ( ?is !ory &1 !re=e1 x rema9$ only a hypo!sis1 a m]e assumption4 ,:5 ,d>w9 came1 h[ev]1 ) 8 ma9 book1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 x /ruck l a ?und]bolt2 8 !ory ( evolution 0 imm$iately accept$ z a /rongly prov$ tru?4 ,s9ce !n ! !ory ( evolution has become insep>able f ,d>w9's "n4 ,:y s8 ,?is 0 p>tly due to ! fact t ?r\gh exp]i5ce ev] m mat]ial 0 accumulat$ :i* w5t to support ?is !ory4 ,animals 7 f\nd :i* c\ld n v well be plac$ into ! classification su* z ovip>\s mammals 7t is1 animals :i* lay eggs & n\ri% _! (fspr+ f _! brea/4,translator71 fi%es hav+ lungs1 & inv]tebrate animals4 ,! !ory ( desc5t claim$ t ^! are simply ! remnants ( ! transition betwe5 ! ma9 gr\ps4 ,excavations h reveal$ fossil rema9s :i* look$ diff]5t f animals liv+ n[4 ,^! rema9s h p>tly prov$ to be ! primitive =ms ( our animals1 & t ! primitive animals h gradually develop$ to exi/+ ones4 ,!n ! !ory ( cells 0 =m$2 e plant1 e animal1 consi/s ( millions ( cells & has be5 develop$ by incessant division & diff]5tiation ( s+le cells4 ,hav+ gone s f>1 ! ?\ght t ! highe/ organisms h desc5d$ f primitive be+s hav+ b a s+le cell1 c\ld n appe> z /range4 ,all ^! new exp]i5ces c\ld n1 h[ev]1 raise ! !ory to a /rongly prov$ tru?4 ,! be/ pro( = ! correctness ( ?is !ory w\ld h be5 to h an actual trans=mation f "o animal k9d to ano!r take place be=e our eyes1 s t we c\ld obs]ve x4 ,b ?is is impossible4 ,h[ !n is x at all possible to prove t animal =ms are really *ang+ into new =ms8 ,?is c be done by %[+ ! cause1 ! propell+ =ce ( su* developm5t4 ,?is ,d>w9 did4 ,d>w9 discov]$ ! me*anism ( animal developm5t1 & 9 do+ s he %[$ t "u c]ta9 conditions "s animal-k9ds w necess>ily develop into o!r animal-k9ds4 ,we w n[ make cle> ?is me*anism4 ,its ma9 f\ndation is ! nature ( transmission1 ! fact t p>5ts transmit _! peculi>ities to *ildr51 b t at ! same "t ! *ildr5 div]ge f _! p>5ts 9 "s respects & also diff] f ea* o!r4 ,x is = ?is reason t animals ( ! same k9d are n all alike1 b diff] 9 all directions f ! av]age type4 ,)\t ?is s-call$ v>iation x w\ld be :olly impossible = "o animal species to develop into ano!r4 ,all t is necess>y = ! =mation ( a new species is t ! div]g5ce f ! c5tral type become great] & t x goes on 9 ! same direction until ?is div]g5ce has become s great t ! new animal no long] resembles ! "o f :i* x desc5d$4 ,b :]e is t =ce t c\ld call =? ! ev] gr[+ v>iation 9 ! same direction8 ,lam>ck decl>$ t ?is 0 ow+ to ! usage & mu* ex]cise ( c]ta9 organs2 t1 ow+ to ! cont9u\s ex]cise ( c]ta9 organs1 ^! become ev] m p]fect$4 ,j z ! muscles ( m5's legs get /rong f runn+ mu*1 9 ! same way ! lion acquir$ its p[]ful paws & ! h>e its spe$y legs4 ,9 ! same way ! giraffes got _! long necks because 9 ord] to rea* ! tree leaves1 :i* !y ate1 _! necks 7 /ret*$ s t a %ort-neck$ animal develop$ to ! long-neck$ giraffe4 ,to _m ?is explanation 0 incr$ible & x c\ld n acc\nt = ! fact t ! frog %\ld h su* a gre5 color :i* s]v$ him z a good protect+ color4 ,to solve ! same "q1 ,d>w9 turn$ to ano!r l9e ( exp]i5ce4 ,! animal bre$] & ! g>d5] are able to raise artificially new races & v>ieties4 ,:5 a g>d5] wants to raise f a c]ta9 plant a v>iety hav+ l>ge blossoms1 all he has to d is to kill be=e maturity all ^? plants hav+ small blossoms & pres]ve ^? hav+ l>ge ones4 ,if he repeats ?is = a few ye>s 9 succession1 ! blossoms w be ev] l>g]1 because ea* new g5]ation resembles its pr$ecessor1 & our g>d5]1 hav+ always pick$ out ! l>ge/ ( ! l>ge = ! purpose ( propagation1 succe$s 9 rais+ a plant ) v l>ge blossoms4 ,?r\gh su* action1 done sometimes delib]ately & sometimes accid5tally1 p h rais$ a great numb] ( races ( our dome/icat$ animals :i* diff] f _! orig9al =m mu* m ?an ! wild k9ds diff] f ea* o!r4 ,if we %\ld ask an animal-bre$] to raise a long-neck$ animal f a %ort-neck$ "o1 x w\ld n appe> to him an impossibility4 ,all he w\ld h to d w\ld be to *oose ^? hav+ p>tly long] necks1 h !m int]-br$1 kill ! "y ones hav+ n>r[ necks & aga9 h ! long-neck$ int]-bre$4 ,if he repeat$ ?is at e new g5]ation ! result w\ld be t ! neck w\ld ev] become long] & we w\ld get an animal resembl+ ! giraffe4 ,?is result is a*iev$ because !re is a def9ite w ) a def9ite object1 :i*1 to raise a c]ta9 v>iety1 *ooses c]ta9 animals4 ,9 nature !re is no su* w1 & all ! deviations mu/ aga9 be /raight5$ out by int]bre$+1 s t x is impossible = an animal to keep on dep>t+ f ! orig9al /ock & keep go+ 9 ! same direction until x becomes an entirely diff]5t species4 ,:]e1 !n1 is t p[] 9 nature t *ooses ! animals j z ! bre$] does8 ,d>w9 pond]$ ?is problem long be=e he f\nd its solution 9 ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce40 ,9 ?is !ory we h a reflex ( ! productive sy/em ( ! "t 9 :i* ,d>w9 liv$2 because x 0 ! capitali/ competitive /ruggle :i* s]v$ him z a picture = ! /ruggle = exi/5ce prevail+ 9 nature4 ,x 0 n ?r\gh 8 own obs]vation t ?is solution pres5t$ itself to him4 ,x came to him by 8 read+ ! works ( ! economi/ ,mal?us4 ,mal?us tri$ to expla9 t 9 our b\rgeois _w !re is s mu* mis]y & />vation & privation because population increases mu* m rapidly ?an ! exi/+ means ( subsi/5ce4 ,!re is n en\gh food = all2 p mu/1 !re=e1 /ruggle ) ea* o!r = _! exi/5ce1 & _m mu/ g d[n 9 ?is /ruggle4 ,by ?is !ory capitali/ competition z well z ! mis]y exi/+ 7 decl>$ z an unavoidable natural law4 ,9 8 autobiography ,d>w9 decl>es t x 0 ,mal?us' book :i* made him ?9k ab\t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 8,9 ,octob]1 #ahch1 t is1 fifte5 mon?s aft] ,i _h begun my sy/ematic inquiry1 ,i happ5$ to read = amusem5t ,mal?us on population1 & be+ well prep>$ to appreciate ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* ev]y:]e goes on f long cont9u\s obs]vation ( ! habits ( animals & plants1 x at once /ruck me t "u ^! circum/ances favorable v>iations w\ld t5d to be pres]v$1 & unfavorable ones to be de/roy$4 ,! result ( ?is w\ld be ! =mation ( new species4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i _h at la/ got a !ory by :i* to "w40 ,x is a fact t ! increase 9 ! bir? ( animals is great] ?an ! exi/+ food p]mits ( su/a9+4 ,!re is no exception to ! rule t all organic be+s t5d to increase s rapidly t our e>? w\ld be ov]run v soon by ! (fspr+ ( a s+le pair1 7 ^! n de/roy$4 ,x is = ?is reason t a /ruggle = exi/5ce mu/ arise4 ,e animal tries to live1 does its be/ to eat1 & seeks to avoid be+ eat5 by o!rs4 ,) its p>ticul> peculi>ities & weapons x /ruggles aga9/ ! entire antagoni/ic _w1 aga9/ animals1 cold1 heat1 dryness1 inundations1 & o!r natural occurr5ces t may ?reat5 to de/roy x4 ,above all1 x /ruggles ) ! animals ( its own k9d1 :o live 9 ! same way1 h ! same peculi>ities1 use ! same weapons & live by ! same n\ri%m5t4 ,?is /ruggle is n a direct "o2 ! h>e does n /ruggle directly ) ! h>e1 nor ! lion ) ! lionunless x is a /ruggle = ! femaleb x is a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 a race1 a competitive /ruggle4 ,all ( !m c n rea* a gr[n-up age2 mo/ ( !m are de/roy$1 & only ^? :o w9 ! race rema94 ,b :i* are ! ones to w9 9 ! race8 ,^? :i*1 ?r\gh _! peculi>ities1 ?r\gh _! bodily /ructures are be/ able to f9d food or to escape an enemy2 9 o!r words1 ^? :i* are be/ adapt$ to exi/+ conditions w survive4 8,because !re are ev] m individuals born ?an c rema9 alive1 ! /ruggle z to :i* %all rema9 alive mu/ />t aga9 & t creature t has "s advantage ov] ! o!rs w survive1 b z ^! div]g+ peculi>ities are transmitt$ to ! new g5]ations1 nature itself does ! *oos+1 & a new g5]ation w arise hav+ *ang$ peculi>ities40 ,"h we h ano!r application = ! orig9 ( ! giraffe4 ,:5 grass does n gr[ 9 "s places1 ! animals mu/ n\ri% !mselves on tree leaves1 & all ^? ^: necks are too %ort to rea* ^! leaves mu/ p]i%4 ,9 nature itself !re is selection1 & nature selects only ^? hav+ long necks4 ,9 con=mity ) ! selection done by ! animal bre$]1 ,d>w9 call$ ?is process 8natural selection40 ,?is process mu/ necess>ily produce new species4 ,because too _m are born ( a c]ta9 species1 m ?an ! exi/+ food supply c su/a91 !y are =ev] try+ to spread ov] a l>g] area4 ,9 ord] to procure _! food1 ^? liv+ 9 ! woods g to ! pla91 ^? liv+ on ! soil g into ! wat]1 & ^? liv+ on ! gr\nd climb on trees4 ,"u ^! new conditions div]g5ce is necess>y4 ,^! div]g5cies are increas$1 & f ! old species a new "o develops4 ,?is cont9u\s movem5t ( exi/+ species bran*+ out into new relations results 9 ^! ?\s&s ( diff]5t animals *ang+ /ill m4 ,:ile ! ,d>w9ian !ory expla9s ?us ! g5]al desc5t ( ! animals1 _! transmutation & =mation out ( primitive be+s1 x expla9s1 at ! same "t1 ! wond]ful con=mity ?r\gh\t nature4 ,=m]ly ?is wond]ful con=mity c\ld only be expla9$ ?r\gh ! wise sup]9t5d+ c>e ( ,god4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ?is natural desc5t is cle>ly und]/ood4 ,= ?is con=mity is no?+ else ?an ! adaptation to ! means ( life4 ,e animal & e plant is exactly adapt$ to exi/+ circum/ances1 = all ^? ^: build is less con=mable are less adapt$ & are ext]m9at$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! gre5-frog1 hav+ desc5d$ f ! br[n-frog1 mu/ pres]ve its protect+ color1 = all ^? t deviate f ?is color are soon] f\nd by ! enemies & de/roy$ or f9d great] difficulty 9 obta9+ _! food & mu/ p]i%4 ,x 0 ?us t ,d>w9 %[$ u1 = ! fir/ "t1 t new species cont9ually =m$ out ( old ones4 ,! !ory ( desc5t1 :i* until !n 0 m]ely a presumptive inf]5ce ( _m ph5om5a t c\ld n be expla9$ well 9 any o!r way1 ga9$ ! c]ta9ty ( an absolute inf]5ce ( def9ite =ces t c\ld be prov$4 ,9 ?is lies ! ma9 reason t ?is !ory _h s quickly dom9at$ ! sci5tific discussions & public att5tion4 ,,ii4 ,,m>xism4 ,if we turn to ,m>xism we imm$iately see a great con=mity ) ,d>w9ism4 ,z ) ,d>w91 ! sci5tific importance ( ,m>x's "w consi/s 9 ?is1 t he discov]$ ! propell+ =ce1 ! cause ( social developm5t4 ,he did n h to prove t su* a developm5t 0 tak+ place2 e "o knew t f ! mo/ primitive times new social =ms ev] supplant$ old]1 b ! causes & aims ( ?is developm5t 7 unkn[n4 ,9 8 !ory ,m>x />t$ ) ! in=mation at h& 9 8 "t4 ,! great political revolution t gave ,europe ! aspect x _h1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 0 kn[n to ev]yone to h be5 a /ruggle = supremacy1 wag$ by ! b\rgeois aga9/ nobility & royalty4 ,aft] ?is /ruggle new class /ruggles orig9at$4 ,! /ruggle c>ri$ on 9 ,engl& by ! manufactur+ capitali/s aga9/ ! l&[n]s dom9at$ politics2 at ! same "t ! work+ class revolt$ aga9/ ! b\rgeoisie4 ,:at 7 all ^! classes8 ,:]e9 did !y diff] f ea* o!r8 ,m>x prov$ t ^! class di/9ctions 7 ow+ to ! v>i\s functions ea* "o play$ 9 ! productive process4 ,x is 9 ! productive process t classes h _! orig91 & x is ?is process :i* det]m9es to :at class "o belongs4 ,production is no?+ else ?an ! social labor process by :i* m5 obta9 _! means ( subsi/5ce f nature4 ,x is ! production ( ! mat]ial necessities ( life t =ms ! ma9 /ructure ( society & t det]m9es ! political relations & social /ruggles4 ,! me?ods ( production h cont9u\sly *ang$ ) ! progress ( "t4 ,:5ce came ^! *anges8 ,! mann] ( labor & ! productive relation%ip dep5d ^u ! tools ) :i* p "w1 ^u ! developm5t ( te*nique & ^u ! means ( production 9 g5]al4 ,because 9 ! ,middle ,ages p work$ ) crude tools1 :ile n[ !y "w on gigantic ma*9]y1 we _h at t "t small trade & feudalism1 :ile n[ we h capitalism2 x is also = ?is reason t at t "t ! feudal nobility & ! small b\rgeoisie 7 ! mo/ important classes1 :ile n[ x is ! b\rgeoisie & ! prolet>ians :i* are ! classes4 ,x is ! developm5t ( tools1 ( ^! te*nical aids :i* m5 direct1 :i* is ! ma9 cause1 ! propell+ =ce ( all social developm5t4 ,x is self-und]/ood t ! p are ev] try+ to improve ^! tools s t _! labor be easi] & m productive1 & ! practice !y acquire 9 us+ ^! tools1 leads _! ?\ghts ^u fur!r improvem5ts4 ,ow+ to ?is developm5t1 a sl[ or quick progress ( te*nique takes place1 :i* at ! same "t *anges ! social =ms ( labor4 ,?is leads to new class relations1 new social in/itutions & new classes4 ,at ! same "t social1 i4 e41 political /ruggles arise4 ,^? classes pr$om9at+ "u ! old process ( production try to pres]ve artificially _! in/itutions1 :ile ! ris+ classes try to promote ! new process ( production2 & by wag+ ! class /ruggles aga9/ ! rul+ class & by conqu]+ !m !y pave ! way = ! fur!r unh9d]$ developm5t ( te*nique4 ,?us ! ,m>xian !ory disclos$ ! propell+ =ce & ! me*anism ( social developm5t4 ,9 do+ ?is x has prov$ t hi/ory is n some?+ irregul>1 & t ! v>i\s social sy/ems are n ! result ( *ance or haphaz>d ev5ts1 b t !re is a regul> developm5t 9 a def9ite direction4 ,9 do+ ?is x 0 also prov$ t social developm5t does n cease ) our sy/em1 because te*nique cont9ually develops4 ,?us1 bo? tea*+s1 ! tea*+s ( ,d>w9 & ( ,m>x1 ! "o 9 ! doma9 ( ! organic _w & ! o!r ^u ! field ( human society1 rais$ ! !ory ( evolution to a positive sci5ce4 ,9 do+ ?is !y made ! !ory ( evolution acceptable to ! masses z ! basic conception ( social & biological developm5t4 ,,iii4 ,,m>xism ,,& ,,! ,,class ,,/ruggle4 ,:ile x is true t = a c]ta9 !ory to h a la/+ influ5ce on ! human m9d x mu/ h a highly sci5tific value1 yet ?is 9 itself is n en\gh4 ,x q (t5 happ5$ t a sci5tific !ory 0 ( utmo/ importance to sci5ce1 nev]!less1 ) ! probable exception ( a few le>n$ m51 x evok$ no int]e/ :atsoev]4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 0 ,newton's !ory ( gravitation4 ,?is !ory is ! f\ndation ( a/ronomy1 & x is ow+ to ?is !ory t we h our k ( heav5ly bodies1 & c =etell ! arrival ( c]ta9 planets & eclipses4 ,yet1 :5 ,newton's !ory ( gravitation made its appe>ance1 a few ,engli% sci5ti/s 7 its only adh]5ts4 ,! broad mass paid no att5tion to ?is !ory4 ,x fir/ became kn[n to ! mass by a popul> book ( ,voltaire's writt5 a half c5tury aft]w>ds4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ ab\t ?is4 ,sci5ce has become a specialty = a c]ta9 gr\p ( le>n$ m51 & its progress conc]ns ^! m5 only1 j z smelt+ is ! smi?'s specialty1 & an improvem5t 9 ! smelt+ ( iron conc]ns him only4 ,only t :i* all p c make use ( & :i* is f\nd by ev]yone to be a life necessity c ga9 adh]5ts among ! l>ge mass4 ,:51 !re=e1 we see t a c]ta9 sci5tific !ory /irs up zeal & passion 9 ! l>ge mass1 ?is c be attribut$ to ! fact t ?is !ory s]ves !m z a weapon 9 ! class /ruggle4 ,= x is ! class /ruggle t engages almo/ all ! p4 ,?is c be se5 mo/ cle>ly 9 ,m>xism4 ,7 ! ,m>xian economic tea*+s ( no importance 9 ! mod]n class /ruggle1 !n none b a few pr(essional economi/s w\ld sp5d _! "t on !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! fact t ,m>xism s]ves ! prolet>ians z a weapon 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ capitalism t ! sci5tific /ruggles are c5t]$ on ?is !ory4 ,x is ow+ to ?is s]vice t ,m>x's "n is honor$ by millions :o "k ev5 v little ( 8 tea*+1 & is despis$ by ?\s&s t und]/& no?+ ( 8 !ory4 ,x is ow+ to ! great role ! ,m>xian !ory plays 9 ! class /ruggle t 8 !ory is dilig5tly /udi$ by ! l>ge mass & t x dom9ates ! human m9d4 ,! prolet>ian class /ruggle exi/$ be=e ,m>x = x is ! (fspr+ ( capitali/ exploitation4 ,x 0 no?+ m ?an natural t ! work]s1 be+ exploit$1 %\ld ?9k ab\t & dem& ano!r sy/em ( society :]e exploitation w\ld be aboli%$4 ,b all !y c\ld d 0 to hope & dream ab\t x4 ,!y 7 n sure ( its com+ to pass4 ,m>x gave to ! labor movem5t & ,socialism a !oretical f\ndation4 ,8 social !ory %[$ t social sy/ems 7 9 a cont9u\s fl[ :]e9 capitalism 0 only a tempor>y =m4 ,8 /udies ( capitalism %[$ t ow+ to ! cont9u\s developm5t ( p]fection ( te*nique1 capitalism mu/ necess>ily develop to ,socialism4 ,?is new sy/em ( production c only be e/abli%$ by ! prolet>ians /ruggl+ aga9/ ! capitali/s1 ^: int]e/ x is to ma9ta9 ! old sy/em ( production4 ,socialism is !re=e ! fruit & aim ( ! prolet>ian class /ruggle4 ,?anks to ,m>x1 ! prolet>ian class /ruggle took on an entirely diff]5t =m4 ,m>xism became a weapon 9 ! prolet>ian h&s2 9 place ( vague hopes he gave a positive aim1 & 9 tea*+ a cle> recognition ( ! social developm5t he gave /r5g? to ! prolet>ian & at ! same "t he creat$ ! f\ndation = ! correct tactics to be pursu$4 ,x is f ,m>xism t ! work+m5 c prove ! transitor9ess ( capitalism & ! necessity & c]ta9ty ( _! victory4 ,at ! same "t ,m>xism has done away ) ! old utopian views t ,socialism w\ld be br\ght ab\t by ! intellig5ce & good w ( "s judici\s m52 z if ,socialism 7 a dem& = ju/ice & morality2 z if ! object 7 to e/abli% an infallible & p]fect society4 ,ju/ice & morality *ange ) ! productive sy/em1 & e class has diff]5t conceptions ( !m4 ,socialism c only be ga9$ by ! class ^: int]e/ lies 9 ,socialism1 & x is n a "q ab\t a p]fect social sy/em1 b a *ange 9 ! me?ods ( production lead+ to a high] /ep1 i4 e41 to social production4 ,because ! ,m>xian !ory ( social developm5t is indisp5sable to ! prolet>ians 9 _! /ruggle1 !y1 ! prolet>ians1 try to make x a "p ( _! inn] self2 x dom9ates _! ?\ghts1 _! feel+s1 _! entire conception ( ! _w4 ,because ,m>xism is ! !ory ( social developm5t1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we /&1 !re=e ,m>xism itself /&s z ! c5tral po9t ( ! great m5tal /ruggles t accompany our economic revolution4 ,,iv4 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,! ,,class ,,/ruggle4 ,t ,m>xism owes its importance & position only to ! role x takes 9 ! prolet>ian class /ruggle1 is kn[n to all4 ,) ,d>w9ism1 h[ev]1 ?+s seem diff]5t to ! sup]ficial obs]v]1 = ,d>w9ism deals ) a new sci5tific tru? :i* has to cont5d ) religi\s prejudices & ignorance4 ,yet x is n h>d to see t 9 reality ,d>w9ism _h to und]go ! same exp]i5ces z ,m>xism4 ,d>w9ism is n a m]e ab/ract !ory :i* 0 adopt$ by ! sci5tific _w aft] discuss+ & te/+ x 9 a m]e objective mann]4 ,no1 imm$iately aft] ,d>w9ism made its appe>ance1 x _h its en?usia/ic advocates & passionate oppon5ts2 ,d>w9's "n1 too1 0 ei!r highly honor$ by p :o und]/ood some?+ ( 8 !ory1 or despis$ by p :o knew no?+ m ( 8 !ory ?an t 8man desc5d$ f ! monkey10 & :o 7 surely unqualifi$ to judge f a sci5tific /&po9t ! correctness or falsity ( ,d>w9's !ory4 ,d>w9ism1 too1 play$ a role 9 ! class-/ruggle1 & x is ow+ to ?is role t x spread s rapidly & _h en?usia/ic advocates & v5om\s oppon5ts4 ,d>w9ism s]v$ z a tool to ! b\rgeoisie 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ ! feudal class1 aga9/ ! nobility1 cl]gy-rights & feudal lords4 ,?is 0 an entirely diff]5t /ruggle f ! /ruggle n[ wag$ by ! prolet>ians4 ,! b\rgeoisie 0 n an exploit$ class /riv+ to aboli% exploitation4 ,oh no4 ,:at ! b\rgeoisie want$ 0 to get rid ( ! old rul+ p[]s /&+ 9 _! way4 ,! b\rgeoisie !mselves want$ to rule1 bas+ _! dem&s ^u ! fact t !y 7 ! mo/ important class1 ! lead]s ( indu/ry4 ,:at argum5t c\ld ! old class1 ! class t became no?+ b useless p>asites1 br+ =? aga9/ !m8 ,!y lean$ on tradition1 on _! anci5t div9e rights4 ,^! 7 _! pill>s4 ,) ! aid ( religion ! prie/s held ! great mass 9 subjection & ready to oppose ! dem&s ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,x 0 !re=e = _! own int]e/s t ! b\rgeoisie 7 9 duty b\nd to und]m9e ! 8div9ity0 "r ( rul]s4 ,natural sci5ce became a weapon 9 ! opposition to belief & tradition2 sci5ce & ! newly discov]$ natural laws 7 put =w>d2 x 0 ) ^! weapons t ! b\rgeoisie f\ght4 ,if ! new discov]ies c\ld prove t :at ! prie/s 7 tea*+ 0 false1 ! 8div9e0 au?ority ( ^! prie/s w\ld crumble & ! 8div9e rights0 enjoy$ by ! feudal class w\ld be de/roy$4 ,( c\rse ! feudal class 0 n conqu]$ by ?is only1 z mat]ial p[] c only be ov]?r[n by mat]ial p[]1 b m5tal weapons become mat]ial tools4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! b\rgeoisie reli$ s mu* ^u mat]ial sci5ce4 ,d>w9ism came at ! desir$ "t2 ,d>w9's !ory t man is ! desc5dant ( a l[] animal de/roy$ ! entire f\ndation ( ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,x is = ?is reason t z soon z ,d>w9ism made its appe>ance1 ! b\rgeoisie grasp$ x ) great zeal4 ,?is 0 n ! case 9 ,engl&4 ,"h we aga9 see h[ important ! class /ruggle 0 = ! spread+ ( ,d>w9's !ory4 ,9 ,engl& ! b\rgeoisie _h already rul$ a few c5turies1 & z a mass !y _h no int]e/ to attack or de/roy religion4 ,x is = ?is reason t al?\gh ?is !ory 0 widely read 9 ,engl&1 x did n /ir anybody2 x m]ely rema9$ a sci5tific !ory )\t great practical importance4 ,d>w9 himself consid]$ x z su*1 & = fe> t 8 !ory might %ock ! religi\s prejudices prevail+1 he purposely avoid$ apply+ x imm$iately to m54 ,x 0 only aft] num]\s po/ponem5ts & aft] o!rs _h done x be=e him1 t he decid$ to make ?is /ep4 ,9 a lett] to ,haeckel he deplor$ ! fact t 8 !ory mu/ hit ^u s _m prejudices & s mu* indiff]5ce t he did n expect to live long en\gh to see x break ?r\gh ^! ob/acles4 ,b 9 ,g]many ?+s 7 entirely diff]5t1 & ,haeckel correctly answ]$ ,d>w9 t 9 ,g]many ! ,d>w9ian !ory met ) an en?usia/ic reception4 ,x s happ5$ t :5 ,d>w9's !ory made its appe>ance1 ! b\rgeoisie 0 prep>+ to c>ry on a new attack on absolutism & junk]ism4 ,! lib]al b\rgeoisie 0 head$ by ! intellectuals4 ,erne/ ,haeckel1 a great sci5ti/1 & ( /ill great] d>+1 imm$iately drew 9 8 book1 8,natural ,creation10 mo/ d>+ conclusions aga9/ religion4 ,s1 :ile ,d>w9ism met ) ! mo/ en?usia/ic reception by ! progressive b\rgeoisie1 x 0 also bitt]ly oppos$ by ! reactioni/s4 ,! same /ruggle also took place 9 o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,ev]y:]e ! progressive lib]al b\rgeoisie _h to /ruggle aga9/ reaction>y p[]s4 ,^! reactioni/s possess$1 or 7 try+ to obta9 ?r\gh religi\s foll[]s1 ! p[] covet$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ev5 ! sci5tific discussions 7 c>ri$ on ) ! zeal & passion ( a class /ruggle4 ,! writ+s t appe>$ pro & con on ,d>w9 h !re=e ! "* ( social polemics1 despite ! fact t !y be> ! names ( sci5tific au?ors4 ,_m ( ,haeckel's popul> writ+s1 :5 look$ at f a sci5tific /&po9t1 are v sup]ficial1 :ile ! argum5ts & remon/rances ( 8 oppon5ts %[ unbelievable fooli%ness t c only be met 9 ! argum5ts us$ aga9/ ,m>x4 ,! /ruggle1 c>ri$ on by ! lib]al b\rgeoisie aga9/ feudalism 0 n f\ght to its f9i%4 ,?is 0 p>tly ow+ to ! fact t ev]y:]e ,sociali/ prolet>ians made _! appe>ance1 ?reat5+ all rul+ p[]s1 includ+ ! b\rgeoisie4 ,! lib]al b\rgeoisie rel5t$1 :ile ! reaction>y t5d5cies ga9$ an upp] h&4 ,! =m] zeal 9 combatt+ religion disappe>$ entirely1 & :ile x is true t ! lib]als & reactioni/s 7 /ill fight+ among ea* o!r1 9 reality1 h[ev]1 !y ne>$ ea* o!r4 ,! int]e/ =m]ly manife/$ 9 sci5ce z a weapon 9 ! class /ruggle1 has entirely disappe>$1 :ile ! reaction>y t5d5cy t ! masses mu/ be br\ght to religion1 became ev] m pron\nc$4 ,! e/imation ( sci5ce has also und]gone a *ange4 ,=m]ly ! educat$ b\rgeoisie f\nd$ ^u sci5ce a mat]iali/ic conception ( ! univ]se1 :]e9 !y saw ! solution ( ! univ]sal riddle4 ,n[ my/icism has ga9$ ! upp] h&2 all t 0 solv$ appe>$ z v trivial1 :ile all ?+s t rema9$ unsolv$1 appe>$ z v great inde$1 embrac+ ! mo/ important life "q4 ,a sceptical1 critical & d\bt+ frame ( m9d has tak5 ! place ( ! =m] jubilant _s 9 favor ( sci5ce4 ,?is c\ld also be se5 9 ! /& tak5 aga9/ ,d>w94 8,:at does 8 !ory %[8 ,x leaves unsolv$ ! univ]sal riddle6 ,:5ce comes ?is wond]ful nature ( transmission1 :5ce ! ability ( animate be+s to *ange s fitly80 ,"h lies ! my/]i\s life riddle t c\ld n be ov]come ) me*anical pr9ciples4 ,!n1 :at 0 left ( ,d>w9ism by ! light ( lat] criticism8 ,( c\rse1 ! advance ( sci5ce began to make rapid progress4 ,! solution ( "o problem always br+s a few m problems to ! surface to be solv$1 :i* 7 hidd5 und]nea? ! !ory ( transmission t ,d>w9 _h to accept z a basis ( inquiry 0 ev] m inve/igat$1 a hot discussion arose ab\t ! individual factors ( developm5t & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,:ile a few sci5ti/s direct$ _! att5tion to v>iation1 :i* !y consid]$ due to ex]cise & adaptation to life 7foll[+ ! pr9ciple laid d[n by ,lam>ck7 ?is idea 0 expressly d5i$ by sci5ti/s l ,weissman & o!rs4 ,:ile ,d>w9 only assum$ gradual & sl[ *anges1 ,de ,vries f\nd sudd5 & leap+ cases ( v>iation result+ 9 ! sudd5 appe>ance ( new species4 ,all ?is1 :ile x w5t to /r5g!n & develop ! !ory ( desc5t1 9 "s cases made ! impression t ! new discov]ies r5t asund] ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 & !re=e e new discov]y t made x appe> s 0 hail$ by ! reactioni/s z a bankruptcy ( ,d>w9ism4 ,?is social conception _h its influ5ce on sci5ce4 ,reaction>y sci5ti/s claim$ t a spiritual elem5t is necess>y4 ,! sup]natural & insolvable has tak5 ! place ( ,d>w9ism & t class :i* 9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! bann] be>] ( ,d>w9ism became ev] m reaction>y4 ,v4 ,,d>w9ism ,,v]sus ,,socialism4 ,d>w9ism has be5 ( ine/imable s]vice to ! b\rgeoisie 9 its /ruggle aga9/ ! old p[]s4 ,x 0 !re=e only natural t b\rgeoisdom %\ld apply x aga9/ its lat] enemy1 ! prolet>ians2 n because ! prolet>ians 7 antagoni/ically dispos$ to ,d>w9ism1 b j ! rev]se4 ,z soon z ,d>w9ism made its appe>ance1 ! prolet>ian vangu>d1 ! ,sociali/s1 hail$ ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 because 9 ,d>w9ism !y saw a corroboration & completion ( _! own !ory2 n z "s sup]ficial oppon5ts believe1 t !y want$ to base ,socialism ^u ,d>w9ism b 9 ! s5se t ! ,d>w9ian discov]y1t ev5 9 ! app>5tly /agnant organic _w !re is a cont9u\s developm5tis a glori\s corroboration & completion ( ! ,m>xian !ory ( social developm5t4 ,yet x 0 natural = ! b\rgeoisie to make use ( ,d>w9ism aga9/ ! prolet>ians4 ,! b\rgeoisie _h to cont5d ) two armies1 & ! reaction>y classes "k ?is full well4 ,:5 ! b\rgeoisie attacks _! au?ority1 !y po9t at ! prolet>ians & caution ! b\rgeoisie to bew>e le/ all au?ority crumble4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! reactioni/s mean to fright5 ! b\rgeoisie s t !y may desi/ f any revolution>y activity4 ,( c\rse1 ! b\rgeois repres5tatives answ] t !re is no?+ to fe>2 t _! sci5ce b refutes ! gr\ndless au?ority ( ! nobility & supports !m 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ enemies ( ord]4 ,at a congress ( naturali/s1 ! reaction>y politician & sci5ti/ ,vir*[ assail$ ! ,d>w9ian !ory on ! gr\nd t x support$ ,socialism4 8,be c>eful ( ?is !ory10 he said to ! ,d>w9i/s1 8= ?is !ory is v ne>ly relat$ to ! !ory t caus$ s mu* dread 9 our neighbor+ c\ntry40 ,?is allusion to ! ,p>is ,commune1 made 9 ! ye> fam\s = ! hunt+ ( ,sociali/s1 mu/ h _h a great effect4 ,:at %all be said1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! sci5ce ( a pr(essor :o attacks ,d>w9ism ) ! argum5t t x is n correct because x is dang]\s6 ,?is reproa*1 ( be+ 9 league ) ! r$ revolutioni/s1 caus$ a lot ( annoyance to ,haeckel1 ! def5dant ( ?is !ory4 ,he c\ld n /& x4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds he tri$ to demon/rate t x is j ! ,d>w9ian !ory t %[s ! unt5abl5ess ( ! ,sociali/ dem&s1 & t ,d>w9ism & ,socialism 8endure ea* o!r z fire & wat]40 ,let u foll[ ,haeckel's cont5tions1 ^: ma9 ?\ghts re-occur 9 mo/ au?ors :o base _! argum5ts aga9/ ,socialism on ,d>w9ism4 ,socialism is a !ory :i* presupposes natural equality = p1 & /rives to br+ ab\t social equality2 equal rights1 equal duties1 equal possessions & equal enjoym5ts4 ,d>w9ism1 on ! contr>y1 is ! sci5tific pro( ( inequality4 ,! !ory ( desc5t e/abli%es ! fact t animal developm5t goes 9 ! direction ( ev] great] diff]5tiation or division ( labor2 ! high] or m p]fect ! animal1 ! great] ! inequality exi/+4 ,! same holds also good 9 society4 ,"h1 too1 we see ! great division ( labor betwe5 vocations1 class1 etc41 & ! high] we /& 9 social developm5t ! great] become ! inequalities 9 /r5g?1 ability & faculty4 ,! !ory ( desc5t is !re=e to be recomm5d$ z 8! be/ antidote to ! ,sociali/ dem& ( mak+ all equal40 ,! same holds good1 b to a great] ext5t1 ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( survival4 ,socialism wants to aboli% competition & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b ,d>w9ism tea*es u t ?is /ruggle is unavoidable & is a natural law = ! entire organic _w4 ,n only is ?is /ruggle natural1 b x is also useful & b5eficial4 ,?is /ruggle br+s an ev] great] p]fection1 & ?is p]fection consi/s 9 an ev] great] ext]m9ation ( ! unfit4 ,only ! *os5 m9ority1 ^? :o are qualifi$ to )/& competition1 c survive2 ! great majority mu/ p]i%4 ,_m are call$1 b few are *os54 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce results at ! same "t 9 a victory = ! be/1 :ile ! bad & unfit mu/ p]i%4 ,?is may be lam5table1 j z x is lam5table t all mu/ die1 b ! fact c nei!r be d5i$ nor *ang$4 ,we wi% to rem>k "h h[ a small *ange ( almo/ simil> words s]ves z a def5ce ( capitalism4 ,d>w9 spoke ab\t ! survival ( ! fitte/1 ( ^? t are be/ fitt$ to ! conditions4 ,see+ t 9 ?is /ruggle ^? t are bett] organiz$ conqu] ! o!rs1 ! conqu]ors 7 call$ ! vigilant1 & lat] ! 8be/40 ,?is expression 0 co9$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,9 ?us w9n+ on _! field1 ! conqu]ors 9 ! social /ruggle1 ! l>ge capitali/s1 7 proclaim$ ! be/ p4 ,haeckel reta9$ & /ill upholds ?is conception4 ,9 #ahib he said1 8,d>w9ism1 or ! !ory ( selection1 is ?or\ghly ari/ocratic2 x is bas$ ^u ! survival ( ! be/4 ,! division ( labor br\ght ab\t by developm5t causes an ev] great] v>iation 9 "*1 an ev] great] inequality among ! individuals1 9 _! activity1 education & condition4 ,! high] ! advance ( human culture1 ! great] ! diff]5ce & gulf betwe5 ! v>i\s classes exi/+4 ,communism & ! dem&s put up by ! ,sociali/s 9 dem&+ an equality ( conditions & activity is synonym\s ) go+ back to ! primitive /ages ( b>b>ism40 ,! ,engli% philosoph] ,h]b]t ,sp5c] already _h a !ory on social gr[? be=e ,d>w94 ,?is 0 ! b\rgeois !ory ( individualism1 bas$ ^u ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,lat] he br\ght ?is !ory into close relation ) ,d>w9ism4 8,9 ! animal _w10 he said1 8! old1 weak & sick are ev] root$ out & only ! /rong & heal?y survive4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce s]ves !re=e z a purification ( ! race1 protect+ x f det]ioration4 ,?is is ! happy effect ( ?is /ruggle1 = if ?is /ruggle %\ld cease & ea* "o 7 sure ( procur+ its exi/5ce )\t any /ruggle :atsoev]1 ! race w\ld necess>ily det]iorate4 ,! support giv5 to ! sick1 weak & unfit causes a g5]al race deg5]ation4 ,if sympa?y1 f9d+ its expressions 9 *>ity1 goes beyond its reasonable b\nds1 x misses its object2 in/ead ( dim9i%+1 x increases ! suff]+ = ! new g5]ations4 ,! good effect ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce c be/ be se5 9 wild animals4 ,!y are all /rong & heal?y because !y _h to und]go ?\s&s ( dang]s :]e9 all ^? t 7 n qualifi$ _h to p]i%4 ,among m5 & dome/ic animals sickness & weakness are s g5]al because ! sick & weak are pres]v$4 ,socialism1 hav+ z its aim to aboli% ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! human _w1 w necess>ily br+ ab\t an ev] gr[+ m5tal & physical det]ioration40 ,^! are ! ma9 cont5tions ( ^? :o use ,d>w9ism z a def5ce ( ! b\rgeois sy/em4 ,/rong z ^! argum5ts might appe> at fir/ sight1 !y 7 n h>d = ! ,sociali/s to ov]come4 ,to a l>ge ext5t1 !y are ! old argum5ts us$ aga9/ ,socialism1 b we>+ ! new g>b ( ,d>w9i/ic t]m9ology1 & !y %[ an utt] ignorance ( ,socialism z well z ( capitalism4 ,^? :o comp>e ! social organism ) ! animal body leave unconsid]$ ! fact t m5 d n diff] l v>i\s cells or organs1 b only 9 degree ( _! capacity4 ,9 society ! division ( labor _c g s f> t all capacities %\ld p]i% at ! exp5se ( "o4 ,:at is m1 ev]yone :o und]/&s some?+ ( ,socialism kn[s t ! effici5t division ( labor does n cease ) ,socialism2 t fir/ "u ,socialism real divisions w be possible4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! work]s1 _! ability1 & employm5ts w n cease2 all t w cease is ! diff]5ce betwe5 work]s & exploit]s4 ,:ile x is positively true t 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ^? animals t are /rong1 heal?y & well survive1 yet ?is does n happ5 "u capitali/ competition4 ,"h victory does n dep5d ^u p]fection ( ^? engag$ 9 ! /ruggle1 b 9 some?+ t lies outside ( _! body4 ,:ile ?is /ruggle may hold good ) ! small b\rgeois1 :]e success dep5ds ^u p]sonal abilities & qualifications1 yet ) ! fur!r developm5t ( capital1 success does n dep5d ^u p]sonal abilities1 b ^u ! possession ( capital4 ,! "o :o has a l>g] capital at comm& w soon conqu] ! "o :o has a small] capital at 8 disposal1 al?\gh ! latt] may be m skillful4 ,x is n ! p]sonal qualities1 b ! possession ( money t decides :o ! victor %all be 9 ! /ruggle4 ,:5 ! small capitali/s p]i%1 !y d n p]i% z m5 b z capitali/s2 !y are n we$$ out f among ! liv+1 b f ! b\rgeoisie4 ,!y /ill exi/1 b no long] z capitali/s4 ,! competition exi/+ 9 ! capitali/ sy/em is !re=e some?+ diff]5t 9 requisites & results f ! animal /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,^? p t p]i% z p are memb]s ( an entirely diff]5t class1 a class t does n take "p 9 ! competitive /ruggle4 ,! work]s d n compete ) ! capitali/s1 !y only sell _! labor p[] to !m4 ,ow+ to _! be+ prop]tyless1 !y h n ev5 ! opportunity to measure _! great qualities & ent] a race ) ! capitali/s4 ,_! pov]ty & mis]y _c be attribut$ to ! fact t !y fell 9 ! competitive /ruggle on acc\nt ( weakness1 b because !y 7 paid v little = _! labor p[]1 x is = ?is v reason t1 al?\gh _! *ildr5 are born /rong & heal?y1 !y p]i% 9 great mass1 :ile ! *ildr5 born to ri* p>5ts1 al?\gh born sick1 rema9 alive by means ( ! n\ri%m5t & great c>e t is be/[$ on !m4 ,^! *ildr5 ( ! poor d n die because !y are sick or weak1 b because ( ext]nal cause4 ,x is capitalism :i* creates all ^? unfavorable conditions by means ( exploitation1 r$uction ( wages1 unemploym5t1 crises1 bad dwell+s1 & long h\rs ( employm5t4 ,x is ! capitali/ sy/em t causes s _m /rong & heal?y ones to succumb4 ,?us ! ,sociali/s prove t1 diff]5t f ! animal _w1 ! competitive /ruggle exi/+ betwe5 m5 does n br+ =? ! be/ & mo/ qualifi$1 b de/roys _m /rong & heal?y ones because ( _! pov]ty1 :ile ^? t are ri*1 ev5 if weak & sick1 survive4 ,sociali/s prove t p]sonal /r5g? is n ! det]m9+ factor1 b x is some?+ outside ( man2 x is ! possession ( money t det]m9es :o %all survive & :o %all p]i%4 ,,vi4 ,,natural ,,law ,,& ,,social ,,!ory4 ,! false conclusions rea*$ by ,haeckel & ,sp5c] on ,socialism are no surprise4 ,d>w9ism & ,m>xism are two di/9ct !ories1 "o ( :i* applies to ! animal _w1 :ile ! o!r applies to society4 ,!y supplem5t ea* o!r 9 ! s5se t1 accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( evolution1 ! animal _w develops up to ! /age ( man1 & f !n on1 t is1 aft] ! animal has ris5 to man1 ! ,m>xian !ory ( evolution applies4 ,:51 h[ev]1 "o wi%es to c>ry ! !ory ( "o doma9 into t ( ! o!r1 :]e diff]5t laws are applicable1 he mu/ draw wrong inf]5ces4 ,su* is ! case :5 we wi% to asc]ta9 f natural law :at social =m is natural & applicable1 & ?is is j :at ! b\rgeois ,d>w9i/s did4 ,!y drew ! inf]5ce t ! laws :i* gov]n 9 ! animal _w1 :]e ! ,d>w9ian !ory applies1 apply ) equal =ce 9 ! capitali/ sy/em1 & t !re=e capitalism is a natural ord] & mu/ endure =ev]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 "s ,sociali/s :o desir$ to prove t1 accord+ to ,d>w91 ! ,sociali/ sy/em is ! natural "o4 ,said ^! ,sociali/s1 8,"u capitalism m5 d n c>ry on ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) l tools1 b ) unlike ones artificially made4 ,! natural sup]iority ( ^? t are heal?i]1 /rong]1 m intellig5t or morally bett]1 is ( no avail s long z bir?1 class1 or ! possession ( money control ?is /ruggle4 ,socialism1 9 aboli%+ all ^! artificial dissimil>ities1 w make equal provisions = all1 & !n only w ! /ruggle = exi/5ce prevail1 :]e9 ! real p]sonal sup]iorities w be ! decid+ factors40 ,^! critical argum5ts1 :ile !y are n bad :5 us$ z refutations aga9/ b\rgeois ,d>w9i/s1 are /ill faulty4 ,bo? sets ( argum5ts1 ^? us$ by ! b\rgeois ,d>w9i/s 9 favor ( capitalism1 & ^? ( ! ,sociali/s1 :o base _! ,socialism on ,d>w91 are falsely root$4 ,bo? argum5ts1 al?\gh rea*+ opposite conclusions1 are equally false because !y proce$ f ! wrong premises t !re is a natural & a p]man5t sy/em ( society4 ,m>xism has taught u t !re is no su* ?+ z a natural & a p]man5t social sy/em1 & t !re c be none1 or1 to put x ano!r way1 e social sy/em is natural1 = e social sy/em is necess>y & natural "u giv5 conditions4 ,!re is n a s+le def9ite social sy/em t c be accept$ z natural2 ! v>i\s social sy/ems take ! place ( "o ano!r z a result ( developm5ts 9 ! means ( production4 ,ea* sy/em is !re=e ! natural "o = its p>ticul> "t4 ,capitalism is n ! only natural ord]1 z ! b\rgeoisie believes1 & no ,sociali/ sy/em is ! only natural sy/em1 z "s ,sociali/s try to prove4 ,capitalism 0 natural "u ! conditions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 j z feudalism 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & z ,socialism w be 9 ! com+ age4 ,! attempt to put =w>d a c]ta9 sy/em z ! only natural & p]man5t "o is z futile z if we 7 to take an animal & say t ?is animal is ! mo/ p]fect ( all animals4 ,d>w9ism tea*es u t e animal is equally adapt$ & equally p]fect 9 =m to suit its special environm5ts1 & ,m>xism tea*es u t e social sy/em is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to its conditions1 & t 9 ?is s5se x may be call$ good & p]fect4 ,h]e9 lies ! ma9 reason :y ! endeavor ( ! b\rgeois ,d>w9i/s to def5d ! f\nd]+ capitali/ sy/em is b\nd to fail4 ,argum5ts bas$ on natural sci5ce1 :5 appli$ to social que/ions1 mu/ almo/ always lead to rev]se conclusions4 ,?is happ5s because1 :ile nature is v sl[ 9 its developm5t & *anges )9 ! k5 ( human hi/ory are imp]ceptible1 s t x may almo/ be reg>d$ z /able1 human society nev]!less und]goes quick & cont9u\s *anges4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! mov+ =ce & ! cause ( social developm5t1 we mu/ /udy society z su*4 ,x is only "h t we c f9d ! reason ( social developm5t4 ,m>xism & ,d>w9ism %\ld rema9 9 _! own doma9s2 !y are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r & !re is no direct connection betwe5 !m4 ,"h arises a v important "q4 ,c we /op at ! conclusion t ,m>xism applies only to society & t ,d>w9ism applies only to ! organic _w1 & t nei!r ( ^! !ories is applicable 9 ! o!r doma98 ,9 practice x is v conv5i5t to h "o pr9ciple = ! human _w & ano!r "o = ! animal _w4 ,9 hav+ ?is1 h[ev]1 we =get t man is also an animal4 ,man has develop$ f an animal1 & ! laws t apply to ! animal _w _c sudd5ly lose _! applicability to man4 ,x is true t man is a v peculi> animal1 b if t is ! case x is necess>y to f9d f ^! v peculi>ities :y ^? pr9ciples applicable to all animals d n apply to m51 & :y !y assume a diff]5t =m4 ,"h we come to ano!r grave problem4 ,! b\rgeois ,d>w9i/s d n enc\nt] su* a problem2 !y simply decl>e t man is an animal1 & )\t fur!r ado !y set ab\t to apply ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciples to m54 ,we h se5 to :at errone\s conclusions !y come4 ,to u ?is "q is n s simple2 we mu/ fir/ be cle> ab\t ! diff]5ces betwe5 m5 & animals1 & !n we c see :y1 9 ! human _w1 ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciples *ange into diff]5t ones1 namely1 into ,m>xism4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,sociability ,,( ,,man4 ,! fir/ peculi>ity t we obs]ve 9 man is t he is a social be+4 ,9 ?is he does n diff] f all animals1 = ev5 among ! latt] !re are _m species t live socially among !mselves4 ,b man diff]s f all ^? t we h obs]v$ until n[ 9 deal+ ) ! ,d>w9ian !ory2 he diff]s f ^? animals t d n live socially1 b t /ruggle ) ea* o!r = subsi/5ce4 ,x is n ) ! rapaci\s animals :i* live sep>ately t man mu/ be comp>$1 b ) ^? t live socially4 ,! sociability ( animals is a p[] t we h n yet spok5 (2 a p[] t calls =? new qualities among animals4 ,x is an error to reg>d ! /ruggle = exi/5ce z ! only p[] giv+ %ape to ! organic _w4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is ! ma9 p[] t causes ! orig9 ( new species1 b ,d>w9 himself knew full well t o!r p[]s co-op]ate :i* give %ape to ! =ms1 habits1 & peculi>ities ( animate ?+s4 ,9 8 8,desc5t ( ,man0 ,d>w9 elaborately treat$ sexual selection & %[$ t ! competition ( males = females gave rise to ! gay colors ( ! birds & butt]flies & also to ! s++ voices ( birds4 ,!re he also devot$ a *apt] to social liv+4 ,_m illu/rations on ?is head are also to be f\nd 9 ,kropotk9's book1 8,mutual ,aid z a ,factor 9 ,evolution40 ,! be/ repres5tation ( ! effects ( sociability are giv5 9 ,kautsky's 8,e?ics & ! ,mat]iali/ic ,conception ( ,hi/ory40 ,:5 a numb] ( animals live 9 a gr\p1 h]d or flock1 !y c>ry on ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 common aga9/ ! outside _w2 )9 su* a gr\p ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ceases4 ,! animals :i* live socially no long] wage a /ruggle aga9/ ea* o!r1 :]e9 ! weak succumb2 j ! rev]se1 ! weak enjoy ! same advantages z ! /rong4 ,:5 "s animals h ! advantage by means ( great] /r5g?1 %>p] smell1 or exp]i5ce 9 f9d+ ! be/ pa/ure or 9 w>d+ (f ! enemy1 ?is advantage does n accrue only to ^! bett] fitt$1 b also to ! entire gr\p4 ,?is comb9+ ( ! animals' sep>ate p[]s into "o unit gives to ! gr\p a new & mu* /rong] p[] ?an any "o individual possess$1 ev5 ! /ronge/4 ,x is ow+ to ?is unit$ /r5g? t ! def5seless plant-eat]s c w>d (f rapaci\s animals4 ,x is only by means ( ?is unity t "s animals are able to protect _! "y4 ,a second advantage ( sociability arises f ! fact t :]e animals live socially1 !re is a possibility ( ! division ( labor4 ,su* animals s5d out sc\ts or place s5t9els ^: object x is to look aft] ! safety ( all1 :ile o!rs sp5d _! "t ei!r 9 eat+ or 9 pluck+1 rely+ ^u _! gu>ds to w>n !m ( dang]4 ,su* an animal society becomes1 9 "s respects1 a unit1 a s+le organism4 ,naturally1 ! relation rema9s mu* loos] ?an ! cells ( a s+le animal body2 nev]!less1 ! gr\p becomes a coh]5t body1 & !re mu/ be "s p[] t holds toge!r ! individual memb]s4 ,?is p[] is f\nd 9 ! social motives1 ! in/9ct t holds !m toge!r & causes ! cont9uance ( ! gr\p4 ,e animal mu/ place ! int]e/ ( ! entire gr\p above 8 own2 x mu/ always act in/9ctively = ! advantage & ma9t5ance ( ! gr\p )\t consid]ation ( itself4 ,z long z ! weak plant-eat]s ?9k ( !mselves only & run away :5 attack$ by a rapaci\s animal1 ea* "o m9d+ 8 life only1 ! entire h]d disappe>s4 ,only :5 ! /rong motive ( self-pres]vation is suppress$ by a /rong] motive ( union1 & ea* animal risks its life = ! protection ( all1 only !n does ! h]d rema9 & enjoy ! advantages ( /ick+ toge!r4 ,9 su* a case1 self-sacrifice1 brav]y1 devotion1 discipl9e & consci\sness mu/ arise1 = :]e ^! d n exi/ society dissolves2 society c only exi/ :]e ^! exi/4 ,^! in/9cts1 :ile !y h _! orig9 9 habit & necessity1 are /r5g!n$ by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,e animal h]d /ill /&s 9 a competitive /ruggle aga9/ ! same animals ( a diff]5t h]d2 ^? t are be/ fitt$ to )/& ! enemy w survive1 :ile ^? t are poor] equipp$ w p]i%4 ,t gr\p 9 :i* ! social in/9ct is bett] develop$ w be able to hold its gr\nd1 :ile ! gr\p 9 :i* social in/9ct is l[ w ei!r fall an easy prey to its enemies or w n be 9 a position to f9d favorable fe$+ places4 ,^! social in/9cts become !re=e ! mo/ important & decisive factors t det]m9e :o %all survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x is ow+ to ?is t ! social in/9cts h be5 elevat$ to ! position ( pr$om9ant factors4 ,^! relations ?r[ an entirely new light ^u ! views ( ! b\rgeois ,d>w9i/s4 ,_! claim is t ! ext]m9ation ( ! weak is natural & t x is necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t ! corruption ( ! race1 & t ! protection giv5 to ! weak s]ves to det]iorate ! race4 ,b :at d we see8 ,9 nature itself1 9 ! animal _w1 we f9d t ! weak are protect$2 t x is n by _! own p]sonal /r5g? t !y ma9ta9 !mselves1 & t !y are n bru%$ aside on acc\nt ( _! p]sonal weakness4 ,?is arrangem5t does n weak5 ! gr\p1 b gives to x new /r5g?4 ,! animal gr\p 9 :i* mutual aid is be/ develop$ is be/ fit to ma9ta9 itself 9 ! /rife4 ,t :i*1 accord+ to ! n>r[ conception appe>$ z a cause ( weakness1 becomes j ! rev]se1 a cause ( /r5g?4 ,! sociable animals are 9 a position to beat ^? t c>ry on ! /ruggle individually4 ,?is s-call$ deg5]at+ & det]iorat+ race c>ries (f ! victory & practically proves itself to be ! mo/ skilful & be/4 ,"h we fir/ see fully h[ ne> sight$1 n>r[ & unsci5tific are ! claims & argum5ts ( ! b\rgeois ,d>w9i/s4 ,_! natural laws & _! conceptions ( :at is natural are d]iv$ f a "p ( ! animal _w1 f ^? :i* man resembles lea/1 :ile ^? animals t practically live "u ! same circum/ances z man are left unobs]v$4 ,! reason = ?is c be f\nd 9 ! b\rgeoise's own circum/ances2 !y !mselves belong to a class :]e ea* competes individually aga9/ ! o!r2 !re=e1 !y see among animals only t =m ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x is = ?is reason t !y ov]look ^? =ms ( ! /ruggle t are ( greate/ importance to m54 ,x is true t ^! b\rgeois ,d>w9i/s are aw>e ( ! fact t man is n rul$ by m]e egoism )\t reg>d = 8 neighbors4 ,! b\rgeois sci5ti/s say v (t5 t e man is possess$ ( two feel+s1 ! egoti/ical1 or self-love1 & ! altrui/ic1 ! love ( o!rs4 ,b z !y d n "k ! social orig9 ( ?is altruism1 !y _c und]/& its limitations & conditions4 ,altruism 9 _! m\?s becomes a v indi/9ct idea :i* !y don't "k h[ to h&le4 ,ev]y?+ t applies to ! social animals applies also to man4 ,our ape-l ance/ors & ! primitive m5 develop+ f !m 7 all def5seless1 weak animals :o1 z almo/ all apes d1 liv$ 9 tribes4 ,"h ! same social motives & in/9cts _h to arise :i* lat] develop$ to moral feel+s4 ,t our cu/oms & morals are no?+ o!r ?an social feel+s1 feel+s t we f9d among animals1 is kn[n to all2 ev5 ,d>w9 spoke ab\t 8! habits ( animals :i* w\ld be call$ moral among m540 ,! diff]5ce is only 9 ! measure ( consci\sness2 z soon z ^! social feel+s become cle> to m51 !y assume ! "* ( moral feel+s4 ,"h we see t ! moral conception:i* b\rgeois au?ors consid]$ z ! ma9 di/9ction betwe5 m5 & animalsis n common to m51 b is a direct product ( conditions exi/+ 9 ! animal _w4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( ! orig9 ( ^! moral feel+s t !y d n spread fur!r ?an ! social gr\p to :i* ! animal or ! man belongs4 ,^! feel+s s]ve ! practical object ( keep+ ! gr\p toge!r2 beyond ?is !y are useless4 ,9 ! animal _w1 ! range & nature ( ! social gr\p is det]m9$ by ! circum/ances ( life1 & !re=e ! gr\p almo/ always rema9s ! same4 ,among m51 h[ev]1 ! gr\ps1 ^! social units1 are ev] *ang+ 9 accordance ) economic developm5t1 & ?is also *anges ! social in/9cts4 ,! orig9al gr\ps1 ! /ems ( ! wild & b>b>ian p1 7 m /rongly unit$ ?an ! animal gr\ps4 ,family relation%ip & a common language /r5g!n$ ?is union fur!r4 ,e individual _h ! support ( ! entire tribe4 ,"u su* conditions1 ! social motives1 ! moral feel+s1 ! subord9ation ( ! individual to ! :ole1 mu/ h develop$ to ! utmo/4 ,) ! fur!r developm5t ( society1 ! tribes are dissolv$ & _! places are tak5 by new unions1 by t[ns & peoples4 ,new =mations /ep into ! place ( ! old ones1 & ! memb]s ( ^! gr\ps c>ry on ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 common aga9/ o!r peoples4 ,9 equal ratio ) economic developm5t1 ! size ( ^! unions increases1 ! /ruggle ( ea* aga9/ ! o!r decreases1 & social feel+s spread4 ,at ! end ( anci5t times we f9d t all ! p kn[n !n =m$ a unit1 ! ,roman ,empire1 & at t "t arose ! !ory! moral feel+s hav+ _! influ5ce on almo/ all ! p:i* l$ to ! maxim t all m5 are bro!rs4 ,:5 we reg>d our own times1 we see t economically all ! p =m "o unit1 al?\gh a v weak "o2 nev]!less ! ab/ract feel+ ( bro!rhood becomes ev] m popul>4 ,! social feel+s are /ronge/ among memb]s ( ! same class1 = classes are ! ess5tial units embody+ p>ticul> int]e/s & includ+ c]ta9 memb]s4 ,?us we see t ! social units & social feel+s *ange 9 human society4 ,^! *anges are br\ght ab\t by economic *anges1 & ! high] ! /age ( economic developm5t1 ! high] & nobl] ! social feel+s4 ,,viii4 ,,tools1 ,,?\ght ,,& ,,language4 ,sociability1 ) its consequ5ces1 ! moral feel+s1 is a peculi>ity :i* di/+ui%es man f "s1 b n f all1 animals4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s peculi>ities :i* belong to man only1 & :i* sep>ate him f ! entire animal _w4 ,^!1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 are language1 !n reason4 ,man is also ! only animal t makes use ( self-made tools4 ,= all ^! ?+s1 animals h b ! slighte/ prop5sity1 b among m51 ^! h develop$ ess5tially new *>act]i/ics4 ,_m animals h "s k9d ( voice1 & by means ( s\nds !y c come to "s und]/&+1 b only man has su* s\nds z s]ve z a m$ium = nam+ ?+s & actions4 ,animals also h bra9s ) :i* !y ?9k1 b ! human m9d %[s1 z we %all see lat]1 an entirely new dep>ture1 :i* we designate z reasonable or ab/ract ?9k+4 ,animals1 too1 make use ( inanimate ?+s :i* !y use = c]ta9 purposes2 = in/ance1 ! build+ ( ne/s4 ,monkeys sometimes use /icks or /ones1 b only man uses tools :i* he himself delib]ately makes = p>ticul> purposes4 ,^! primitive t5d5cies among animals %[ u t ! peculi>ities possess$ by man came to him1 n by means ( "s wond]ful creation1 b by cont9u\s developm5t4 ,animals liv+ isolat$ c n arrive at su* a /age ( developm5t4 ,x is only z a social be+ t man c rea* ?is /age4 ,outside ! pale ( society1 language is j z useless z an eye 9 d>kness1 & is b\nd to die4 ,language is possible only 9 society1 & only !re is x ne$$ z a means by :i* memb]s may und]/& "o ano!r4 ,all social animals possess "s means ( und]/&+ ea* o!r1 o!rwise !y w\ld n be able to execute c]ta9 plans conjo9tly4 ,! s\nds t 7 necess>y z a means ( communication = ! primitive man :ile at 8 tasks mu/ h develop$ into names ( activities1 & lat] into names ( ?+s4 ,! use ( tools also presupposes a society1 = x is only ?r\gh society t atta9m5ts c be pres]v$4 ,9 a /ate ( isolat$ life e "o has to make discov]ies = himself2 ) ! dea? ( ! discov]] ! discov]y also becomes ext9ct1 & ea* has to />t anew f ! v beg9n+4 ,x is only ?r\gh society t ! exp]i5ce & k ( =m] g5]ations c be pres]v$1 p]petuat$1 & develop$4 ,9 a gr\p or body a few may die1 b ! gr\p1 z su*1 does n4 ,x rema9s4 ,k 9 ! use ( tools is n born ) man1 b is acquir$ lat]4 ,m5tal tradition1 su* z is possible only 9 society1 is !re=e necess>y4 ,:ile ^! special *>act]i/ics ( man are insep>able f 8 social life1 !y also /& 9 /rong relation to ea* o!r4 ,^! *>act]i/ics h n be5 develop$ s+ly1 b all h progress$ 9 common4 ,t ?\ght & language c exi/ & develop only 9 common is kn[n to ev]yone :o has b tri$ to ?9k ( ! nature ( 8 own ?\ghts4 ,:5 we ?9k or consid]1 we1 9 fact1 talk to ourselves2 we obs]ve !n t x is impossible = u to ?9k cle>ly )\t us+ words4 ,:]e we d n ?9k ) words our ?\ghts rema9 indi/9ct & we c n comb9e ! v>i\s ?\ghts4 ,e "o c realize ?is f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,?is is because s-call$ ab/ract reason is p]ceptive ?\ght & c take place only by means ( p]ceptions4 ,p]ceptions we c designate & hold only by means ( names4 ,e attempt to broad5 our m9ds1 e attempt to advance our k mu/ beg9 by di/+ui%+ & classify+ by means ( names or by giv+ to ! old ones a m precise mean+4 ,language is ! body ( ! m9d1 ! mat]ial by :i* all human sci5ce c be built up4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! human m9d & ! animal m9d 0 v aptly %[n by ,s*op5hau]4 ,?is citation is quot$ by ,kautsky 9 8 8,e?ics & ! ,mat]iali/ ,conception ( ,hi/ory0 7pages #aci-dj ,engli% ,translation74 ,! animal's actions are dep5d5t ^u visual motives1 x is only by ^! t x sees1 he>s or obs]ves 9 any o!r way4 ,we c always tell :at induc$ ! animal to d ?is or ! o!r act1 = we1 too1 c see x if we look4 ,) man1 h[ev]1 x is entirely diff]5t4 ,we c n =etell :at he w d1 = we d n "k ! motives t induce him to act2 !y are ?\ghts 9 8 head4 ,man consid]s1 & 9 s do+1 all 8 k1 ! result ( =m] exp]i5ce1 comes into play1 & x is !n t he decides h[ to act4 ,! acts ( an animal dep5d ^u imm$iate impression1 :ile ^? ( man dep5d ^u ab/ract conceptions1 ^u 8 ?9k+ & p]ceiv+4 ,man is at ! same "t influ5c$ by f9] invisible motives4 ,?us all 8 movem5ts be> ! impress ( be+ guid$ by pr9ciples & int5tions :i* give !m ! appe>ance ( indep5d5ce & obvi\sly di/+ui%es !m f ^? ( animals4 ,ow+ to _! hav+ bodily wants1 m5 & animals are =c$ to seek to satisfy !m 9 ! natural objects surr\nd+ !m4 ,! impression on ! m9d is ! imm$iate impulse & beg9n+2 ! satisfaction ( ! wants is ! aim & end ( ! act4 ,) ! animal1 action foll[s imm$iately aft] impression4 ,x sees its prey or food & imm$iately x jumps1 grasps1 eats1 or does t :i* is necess>y = grasp+1 & ?is is inh]it$ z an in/9ct4 ,! animal he>s "s ho/ile s\nd1 & imm$iately x runs away if its legs are s develop$ to run quickly1 or lies d[n l dead s z n to be se5 if its color s]ves z a protector4 ,betwe5 man's impressions & acts1 h[ev]1 !re comes into 8 head a long *a9 ( ?\ghts & consid]ations4 ,8 actions w dep5d ^u ! result ( ^! consid]ations4 ,:5ce comes ?is diff]5ce8 ,x is n h>d to see t x is closely associat$ ) ! use ( tools4 ,9 ! same mann] t ?\ght arises betwe5 man's impressions & acts1 ! tool comes 9 betwe5 man & t :i* he seeks to atta94 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce ! tool /&s betwe5 man & outside objects1 ?\ght mu/ arise betwe5 ! impression & ! p]=mance4 ,man does n />t empty-h&$ aga9/ 8 enemy or te> d[n fruit1 b he goes ab\t x 9 a r\ndab\t mann]1 he takes a tool1 a weapon 7weapons are also tools7 :i* he uses aga9/ ! ho/ile animal2 !re=e 8 m9d mu/ also make ! same circuit1 n foll[ ! fir/ impressions1 b x mu/ ?9k ( ! tools & !n foll[ to ! object4 ,?is mat]ial circuit causes ! m5tal circuit2 ! ?\ghts lead+ to a c]ta9 act are ! result ( ! tools necess>y = ! p]=mance ( ! act4 ,"h we took a v simple case ( primitive tools & ! fir/ /ages ( m5tal developm5t4 ,! m complicat$ te*nique becomes1 ! great] is ! mat]ial circuit1 & z a result ! m9d has to make great] circuits4 ,:5 ea* made 8 own tools1 ! ?\ght ( hung] & /ruggle mu/ h direct$ ! human m9d to ! mak+ ( tools4 ,"h we h a long] *a9 ( ?\ghts betwe5 ! impressions & ! ultimate satisfaction ( m5's ne$s4 ,:5 we come d[n to our own times1 we f9d t ?is *a9 is v long & complicat$4 ,! work] :o is dis*>g$ =esees ! hung] t is b\nd to come2 he buys a newspap] 9 ord] to see :e!r !re is any dem& = labor]s2 he goes to ! railroad1 (f]s himself = a wage :i* he w get only long aft]w>ds1 s t he may be 9 a position to buy food & ?us protect himself f />vation4 ,:at a long circuit\s *a9 ! m9d mu/ make be=e x rea*es its de/9y4 ,b x agrees ) our highly develop$ te*nique1 by means ( :i* man c satisfy 8 wants4 ,man1 h[ev]1 does n rule ov] "o tool only1 b ov] _m1 :i* he applies = diff]5t purposes1 & f :i* he c *oose4 ,man1 because ( ^! tools1 is n l ! animal4 ,! animal nev] advances beyond ! tools & weapons ) :i* x 0 born1 :ile man makes 8 tools & *anges !m at w4 ,man1 be+ an animal us+ diff]5t tools1 mu/ possess ! m5tal ability to *oose !m4 ,9 8 head v>i\s ?\ghts come & g1 8 m9d consid]s all ! tools & ! consequ5ces ( _! application1 & 8 actions dep5d ^u ^! consid]ations4 ,he also comb9es "o ?\ght ) ano!r1 & holds fa/ to ! idea t fits 9 ) 8 purpose4 ,animals h n ?is capacity2 x w\ld be useless = !m = !y w\ld n "k :at to d ) x4 ,on acc\nt ( _! bodily =m1 _! actions are circumscrib$ )9 n>r[ b\nds4 ,! lion c only jump ^u 8 prey1 b c n ?9k ( cat*+ x by runn+ aft] x4 ,! h>e is s =m$ t x c run2 x has no o!r means ( def5se al?\gh x may l to h4 ,^! animals h no?+ to consid] except ! mom5t ( jump+ or runn+4 ,e animal is s =m$ z to fit into "s def9ite place4 ,_! actions mu/ become /rong habits4 ,^! habits are n un*angeable4 ,animals are n ma*9es1 :5 br\ght into diff]5t circum/ances !y may acquire diff]5t habits4 ,x is n 9 ! quality ( _! bra9s1 b 9 ! =mation ( _! bodies t animal re/rictions lie4 ,! animal's action is limit$ by its bodily =m & surr\nd+s1 & consequ5tly x has little ne$ = reflection4 ,to reason w\ld !re=e be useless = x & w\ld only lead to h>m r ?an to good4 ,man1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ possess ?is ability because he ex]cises discretion 9 ! use ( tools & weapons1 :i* he *ooses accord+ to p>ticul> requirem5ts4 ,if he wants to kill ! fleet h>e1 he takes ! b[ & arr[2 if he meets ! be>1 he uses ! axe1 & if he wants to break op5 a c]ta9 fruit he takes a hamm]4 ,:5 ?reat5$ by dang]1 man mu/ consid] :e!r he %all run away or def5d himself by fight+ ) weapons4 ,?is ability to ?9k & to consid] is indisp5sable to man 9 8 use ( artificial tools4 ,?is /rong connection betwe5 ?\ghts1 language1 & tools1 ea* ( :i* is impossible )\t ! o!r1 %[s t !y mu/ h develop$ at ! same "t4 ,h[ ?is developm5t took place1 we c only conjecture4 ,und\bt$ly x 0 a *ange 9 ! circum/ances ( life t *ang$ m5 f our ape-l ance/ors4 ,hav+ migrat$ f ! woods1 ! orig9al habitat ( apes1 to ! pla91 man _h to und]go an entire *ange ( life4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 h&s & feet mu/ h develop$ !n4 ,sociability & ! ape-l h&1 well adapt$ = grasp+1 _h a due %>e 9 ! new developm5t4 ,! fir/ r\gh objects1 su* z /ones or /icks1 came to h& uns\ght1 & 7 ?r[n away4 ,?is mu/ h be5 repeat$ s (t5 t x mu/ h left an impression on ! m9ds ( ^? primitive m54 ,to ! animal1 surr\nd+ nature is a s+le unit1 ( ! details ( :i* x is unconsci\s4 ,x c n di/+ui% betwe5 v>i\s objects4 ,our primitive man1 at 8 l[e/ /age1 mu/ h be5 at ! same level ( consci\sness4 ,f ! great mass surr\nd+ him1 "s objects 7tools7 come into 8 h&s :i* he us$ 9 procur+ 8 exi/5ce4 ,^! tools1 be+ v important objects1 soon 7 giv5 "s designation1 7 designat$ by a s\nd :i* at ! same "t nam$ ! p>ticul> activity4 ,ow+ to ?is s\nd1 or designation1 ! tool & ! p>ticul> k9d ( activity /&s out f ! re/ ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,man beg9s to analyze ! _w by concepts & names1 self-consci\sness makes its appe>ance1 artificial objects are purposely s\ght & kn[+ly made use ( :ile work+4 ,?is process= x is a v sl[ processm>ks ! beg9n+ ( our becom+ m54 ,z soon z m5 delib]ately seek & apply c]ta9 tools1 we c say t ^! are be+ develop$2 f ?is /age to ! manufactur+ ( tools1 !re is only "o /ep4 ,! fir/ crude tools diff] accord+ to use2 f ! %>p /one we get ! knife1 ! bolt1 ! drill1 & ! spe>2 f ! /ick we get ! hat*et4 ,) ! fur!r diff]5tiation ( tools1 s]v+ lat] = ! division ( labor1 language & ?\ght develop into ri*] & new] =ms1 :ile ?\ght leads man to use ! tools 9 a bett] way1 to improve old & inv5t new ones4 ,s we see t "o ?+ br+s on ! o!r4 ,! practice ( sociability & ! application to labor are ! spr+s 9 :i* te*nique1 ?\ght1 tools & sci5ce h _! orig9 & cont9ually develop4 ,by 8 labor1 ! primitive ape-l man has ris5 to real manhood4 ,! use ( tools m>ks ! great dep>ture t is ev] m wid5+ betwe5 m5 & animals4 ,,ix4 ,,animal ,,organs ,,& ,,human ,,tools4 ,9 animal organs & human tools we h ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & animals4 ,! animal obta9s its food & subdues its enemies ) its own bodily organs2 man does ! same ?+ ) ! aid ( tools4 ,organ 7organon7 is a ,greek ^w :i* also means tools4 ,organs are natural1 adnat$ 7gr[n-on7 tools ( ! animal4 ,tools are ! artificial organs ( m54 ,bett] /ill1 :at ! organ is to ! animal1 ! h& & tool is to man4 ,! h&s & tools p]=m ! functions t ! animal mu/ p]=m ) its own organs4 ,ow+ to ! con/ruction ( ! h& to hold v>i\s tools1 x becomes a g5]al organ adapt$ to all k9ds ( "w2 x becomes !re=e an organ t c p]=m a v>iety ( functions4 ,) ! division ( ^! functions1 a broad field ( developm5t is op5$ = m5 :i* animals d n "k4 ,because ! human h& c use v>i\s tools1 x c comb9e ! functions ( all possible organs possess$ by animals4 ,e animal is built & adapt$ to a c]ta9 def9ite surr\nd+4 ,man1 ) 8 tools1 is adapt$ to all circum/ances & equipp$ = all surr\nd+s4 ,! horse is built = ! prairie1 & ! monkey is built = ! =e/4 ,9 ! =e/1 ! horse w\ld be j z helpless z ! monkey w\ld be if br\ght to ! prairie4 ,man1 on ! o!r h&1 uses ! axe 9 ! =e/1 & ! spade on ! prairie4 ,) 8 tools1 man c =ce 8 way 9 all p>ts ( ! _w & e/abli% himself all ov]4 ,:ile almo/ all animals c live 9 p>ticul> regions1 su* z supply _! wants1 & if tak5 to diff]5t regions _c exi/1 man has conqu]$ ! :ole _w4 ,e animal has1 z a zologi/ express$ x once1 its /r5g? by :i* means x ma9ta9s itself 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & its weakness1 ow+ to :i* x falls a prey to o!rs & _c multiply itself4 ,9 ?is s5se1 man has only /r5g? & no weakness4 ,ow+ to 8 hav+ tools1 man is ! equal ( all animals4 ,z ^! tools d n rema9 /ation>y1 b cont9ually improve1 man gr[s above e animal4 ,8 tools make him ma/] ( all creation1 ! k+ ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! animal _w !re is also a cont9u\s developm5t & p]fection ( organs4 ,?is developm5t1 h[ev]1 is connect$ ) ! *anges ( ! animal's body1 :i* makes ! developm5t ( ! organs inf9itely sl[1 z dictat$ by biological laws4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! organic _w1 ?\s&s ( ye>s am\nt to no?+4 ,man1 h[ev]1 by transf]r+ 8 organic developm5t ^u ext]nal objects has be5 able to free himself f ! *a9 ( biologic law4 ,tools c be trans=m$ quickly1 & te*nique makes su* rapid /rides t1 9 comp>ison ) ! developm5t ( animal organs1 x mu/ be call$ m>vel\s4 ,ow+ to ?is new road1 man has be5 able1 )9 ! %ort p]iod ( a few ?\s& ye>s1 to rise above ! highe/ animal4 ,) ! inv5tion ( ^! implem5ts1 man got to be a div9e p[]1 & he takes possession ( ! e>? z 8 exclusive dom9ion4 ,! peaceful & hi!rto unh9d]$ developm5t ( ! organic _w ceases to develop accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,x is man t acts z bre$]1 tam]1 cultivator2 & x is man t does ! we$+4 ,x is man t *anges ! entire environm5t1 mak+ ! fur!r =ms ( plants & animals suit 8 aim & w4 ,) ! orig9 ( tools1 fur!r *anges 9 ! human body cease4 ,! human organs rema9 :at !y 71 ) ! exception ( ! bra94 ,! human bra9 _h to develop toge!r ) tools2 &1 9 fact1 we see t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! high] & l[] races ( mank9d consi/s ma9ly 9 ! cont5ts ( _! bra9s4 ,b ev5 ! developm5t ( ?is organ _h to /op at a c]ta9 /age4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( civilization1 ! functions ( ! bra9 are ev] m tak5 away by "s artificial means2 sci5ce is treasur$ up 9 books4 ,our reason+ faculty ( today is n mu* bett] ?an ! "o possess$ by ! ,greeks1 ,romans or ev5 ! ,teutons1 b our k has gr[n imm5sely1 & ?is is greatly due to ! fact t ! m5tal organ 0 unburd5$ by its sub/itutes1 ! books4 ,hav+ le>n$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & animals1 let u n[ aga9 consid] h[ !y are affect$ by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,t ?is /ruggle is ! cause ( p]fection & ! we$+ out ( ! imp]fect1 c n be d5i$4 ,9 ?is /ruggle ! animals become ev] m p]fect4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to be m precise 9 expression & 9 obs]vation ( :at p]fection consi/s4 ,9 be+ s1 we c no long] say t animals z a :ole /ruggle & become p]fect$4 ,animals /ruggle & compete by means ( _! p>ticul> organs4 ,lions d n c>ry on ! /ruggle by means ( _! tails2 h>es d n rely on _! eyes2 nor d ! falcons succe$ by means ( _! beaks4 ,lions c>ry on ! /ruggle by means ( _! saltatory 7leap+7 muscles & _! tee?2 h>es rely ^u _! paws & e>s1 & falcons succe$ on acc\nt ( _! eyes & w+s4 ,if n[ we ask :at is x t /ruggles & :at competes8 ! answ] is1 ! organs /ruggle4 ,! muscles & tee? ( ! lion1 ! paws & e>s ( ! h>e1 & ! eyes & w+s ( ! falcon c>ry on ! /ruggle4 ,x is 9 ?is /ruggle t ! organs become p]fect$4 ,! animal z a :ole dep5ds ^u ^! organs & %>es _! fate4 ,let u n[ ask ! same "q ab\t ! human _w4 ,m5 d n /ruggle by means ( _! natural organs1 b by means ( artificial organs1 by means ( tools 7& 9 weapons we mu/ und]/& tools74 ,"h1 too1 ! pr9ciple ( p]fection & ! we$+ out ( ! imp]fect1 ?r\gh /ruggle1 holds true4 ,! tools /ruggle1 & ?is leads to ! ev] great] p]fection ( tools4 ,^? gr\ps ( tribes t use bett] tools & weapons c be/ secure _! ma9t5ance1 & :5 x comes to a direct /ruggle ) ano!r race1 ! race t is bett] equipp$ ) artificial tools w w94 ,^? races ^: te*nical aids are bett] develop$1 c drive out or subdue ^? ^: artificial aids are n develop$4 ,! ,european race dom9ates because its ext]nal aids are bett]4 ,"h we see t ! pr9ciple ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 =mulat$ by ,d>w9 & emphasiz$ by ,sp5c]1 has a diff]5t effect on m5 ?an on animals4 ,! pr9ciple t /ruggle leads to ! p]fection ( ! weapons us$ 9 ! /rife1 leads to diff]5t results betwe5 m5 & animals4 ,9 ! animal1 x leads to a cont9u\s developm5t ( natural organs2 t is ! f\ndation ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 ! ess5ce ( ,d>w9ism4 ,9 m51 x leads to a cont9u\s developm5t ( tools1 ( ! means ( production4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! f\ndation ( ,m>xism4 ,"h we see t ,m>xism & ,d>w9ism are n two indep5d5t !ories1 ea* ( :i* applies to its special doma91 )\t hav+ any?+ 9 common ) ! o!r4 ,9 reality1 ! same pr9ciple und]lies bo? !ories4 ,!y =m "o unit4 ,! new c\rse tak5 by m51 ! sub/itution ( tools = natural organs1 causes ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple to manife/ itself diff]5tly 9 ! two doma9s2 t ( ! animal _w to develop accord+ to ,d>w9ian pr9ciple1 :ile among mank9d ! ,m>xian pr9ciple applies4 ,:5 m5 fre$ !mselves f ! animal _w1 ! developm5t ( tools & productive me?ods1 ! division ( labor & k became ! propell+ =ce 9 social developm5t4 ,x is ^! t br\ght ab\t ! v>i\s sy/ems1 su* z primitive communism1 ! peasant sy/em1 ! beg9n+s ( commodity production1 feudalism1 & n[ mod]n capitalism1 & :i* br+ u ev] ne>] to ,socialism4 ,x4 ,,capitalism ,,& ,,socialism4 ,! p>ticul> =m t ! ,d>w9ian /ruggle = exi/5ce assumes 9 developm5t is det]m9$ by m5's sociability & _! use ( tools4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :ile x is /ill c>ri$ on among memb]s ( diff]5t gr\ps1 nev]!less ceases among memb]s ( ! same gr\p1 & its place is tak5 by mutual aid & social feel+4 ,9 ! /ruggle betwe5 gr\ps1 te*nical equipm5t decides :o %all be ! victor2 ?is results 9 ! progress ( te*nique4 ,^! two circum/ances lead to diff]5t effects "u diff]5t sy/ems4 ,let u see 9 :at mann] !y "w out "u capitalism4 ,:5 ! b\rgeoisie ga9$ political p[] & made ! capitali/ sy/em ! dom9at+ "o1 x began by break+ ! feudal bonds & free+ ! p f all feudal ties4 ,x 0 ess5tial = capitalism t e "o %\ld be able to take "p 9 ! competitive /ruggle2 t no "o's movem5ts be ti$ up or n>r[$ by corporate duties or hamp]$ by legal /atutes1 = only ?us 0 x possible = production to develop its full capacity4 ,! work]s mu/ h free comm& ov] !mselves & n be ti$ up by feudal or guild duties1 = only z free work]s c !y sell _! labor-p[] to ! capitali/s z a :ole commodity1 & only z free labor]s c ! capitali/s use !m4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! b\rgeoisie has done away ) all old ties & duties4 ,x made ! p entirely free1 b at ! same "t left !m entirely isolat$ & unprotect$4 ,=m]ly ! p 7 n isolat$2 !y belong$ to "s corporation2 !y 7 "u ! protection ( "s "l or commune1 & 9 ?is !y f\nd /r5g?4 ,!y 7 a "p ( a social gr\p to :i* !y ow$ duties & f :i* !y receiv$ protection4 ,^! duties ! b\rgeoisie aboli%$2 x de/roy$ ! corporations & aboli%$ ! feudal relations4 ,! free+ ( labor meant at ! same "t t all refuge 0 tak5 away f him & t he c\ld no long] rely ^u o!rs4 ,e "o _h to rely ^u himself4 ,alone1 free f all ties & protection1 he mu/ /ruggle aga9/ all4 ,x is = ?is reason t1 "u capitalism1 ! human _w resembles mo/ly ! _w ( rapaci\s animals1 & x is = ?is v reason t ! b\rgeois ,d>w9i/s look$ = m5's prototype among animals liv+ isolat$4 ,to ?is !y 7 l$ by _! own exp]i5ce4 ,_! mi/ake1 h[ev]1 consi/$ 9 consid]+ capitali/ conditions z ev]la/+4 ,! relation exi/+ betwe5 our capitali/ competitive sy/em & animals liv+ isolat$1 0 ?us express$ by ,engels 9 8 book1 8,anti-,dhr+0 7page #bic74 ,?is may also be f\nd on page #ei ( 8,socialism1 ,utopian & ,sci5tific0 z foll[s3 8,f9ally1 mod]n indu/ry & ! op5+ ( ! _w m>ket made ! /ruggle univ]sal & at ! same "t gave x unhe>d-( virul5ce4 ,advantages 9 natural or artificial conditions ( production n[ decide ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( individual capitali/s z well z ( :ole indu/ries & c\ntries4 ,he t falls is remorselessly ca/ aside4 ,x is ! ,d>w9ian /ruggle ( ! individual = exi/5ce transf]r$ f ,nature to society ) int5sifi$ viol5ce4 ,! conditions ( exi/5ce natural to ! animal appe> z ! f9al t]m ( human developm5t40 ,:at is t :i* c>ries on ! /ruggle 9 ?is capitali/ competition1 ! p]fectness ( :i* decides ! victory8 ,fir/ come te*nical tools1 ma*9es4 ,"h aga9 applies ! law t /ruggle leads to p]fection4 ,! ma*9e t is m improv$ out/rips ! less improv$1 ! ma*9es t _c p]=m mu*1 & ! simple tools are ext]m9at$ & ma*9e te*nique develops ) gigantic /rides to ev] great] productivity4 ,?is is ! real application ( ,d>w9ism to human society4 ,! p>ticul> ?+ ab\t x is t "u capitalism !re is private prop]ty1 & beh9d e ma*9e !re is a man4 ,beh9d ! gigantic ma*9e !re is a big capitali/ & beh9d ! small ma*9e !re is a small capitali/4 ,) ! defeat ( ! small ma*9e1 ! small capitali/1 z capitali/1 p]i%es ) all 8 hopes & happ9ess4 ,at ! same "t ! /ruggle is a race ( capital4 ,l>ge capital is bett] equipp$2 l>ge capital is gett+ ev] l>g]4 ,?is conc5tration ( capital und]m9es capital itself1 = x dim9i%es ! b\rgeoisie ^: int]e/ x is to ma9ta9 capitalism1 & x increases t mass :i* seeks to aboli% x4 ,9 ?is developm5t1 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( capitalism is gradually aboli%$4 ,9 ! _w :]e ea* /ruggles aga9/ all & all aga9/ ea*1 a new association develops among ! work+ class1 ! class organization4 ,! work+ class organizations />t ) end+ ! competition exi/+ betwe5 work]s & comb9e _! sep>ate p[]s into "o great p[] 9 _! /ruggle ) ! outside _w4 ,ev]y?+ t applies to social gr\ps also applies to ?is class organization1 br\ght ab\t by natural conditions4 ,9 ! ranks ( ?is class organization1 social motives1 moral feel+s1 self-sacrifice & devotion = ! entire body develop 9 a mo/ spl5did way4 ,?is solid organization gives to ! work+ class t great /r5g? :i* x ne$s 9 ord] to conqu] ! capitali/ class4 ,! class /ruggle :i* is n a /ruggle ) tools b = ! possession ( tools1 a /ruggle = ! "r to direct indu/ry1 w be det]m9$ by ! /r5g? ( ! class organization4 ,let u n[ look at ! future sy/em ( production z c>ri$ on "u ,socialism4 ,! /ruggle lead+ to ! p]fection ( ! tools does n cease4 ,z be=e "u capitalism1 ! inf]ior ma*9e w be outdi/anc$ & bru%$ aside by ! "o t is sup]ior4 ,z be=e1 ?is process w lead to great] productivity ( labor4 ,b private prop]ty hav+ be5 aboli%$1 !re w no long] be a man beh9d ea* ma*9e call+ x 8 own & %>+ its fate4 ,ma*9es w be common prop]ty1 & ! displacem5t ( ! less develop$ by ! bett] develop$ ma*9]y w be c>ri$ out ^u c>eful consid]ation4 ,) ! abolition ( classes ! entire civiliz$ _w w become "o great productive community4 ,)9 ?is community mutual /ruggle among memb]s w cease & w be c>ri$ on ) ! outside _w4 ,x w no long] be a /ruggle aga9/ our own k9d1 b a /ruggle = subsi/5ce1 a /ruggle aga9/ nature4 ,b ow+ to developm5t ( te*nique & sci5ce1 ?is c h>dly be call$ a /ruggle4 ,nature is subject to man & ) v little ex]tion f 8 side %e supplies him ) abundance4 ,"h a new c>e] op5s = man3 man's ris+ f ! animal _w & c>ry+ on 8 /ruggle = exi/5ce by ! use ( tools1 ceases1 & a new *apt] ( human hi/ory beg9s4 ,libr>y ( ,sci5ce = ! ,work]s ,to und]/& mod]n ,socialism1 y mu/ und]/& ,evolution4 ,sociali/s pr$ict ! spe$y end ( ! capitali/ sy/em z a result ( irresi/ible ,,natural ,,laws1 ! work+s ( :i* h be5 /udi$ = two g5]ations s9ce _! discov]y4 ,mo/ ( ! books 9 :i* ^! laws are expla9$ are too difficult to read & too exp5sive to buy1 except = ! leisure class4 ,! t5 books "h describ$ w give y a cle> und]/&+ ( ! great process 9 :i* ,socialism is ! next /ep4 #a4 ,! ,evolution ( ,man4 ,by ,wilhelm ,boels*e4 ,conta9s absolute pro( ( ! tru? ( ,d>w9's !ory ( ! desc5t ( man4 ,illu/rat$4 #b4 ,! ,triumph ( ,life4 ,by ,wilhelm ,boels*e4 ,describes ! resi/less triumph ( ! ,life ,=ce ov] all ob/acles4 ,illu/rat$4 #c4 ,life & ,dea?4 ,by ,dr4 ,e4 ,tei*mann4 ,a /udy 9 biology1 expla9+ h[ & :y life began & h[ ! life ( ea* individual ends4 #d4 ,! ,end ( ! ,_w4 ,by ,dr4 ,m4 ,wilhelm ,mey]4 ,a /udy ( ! natural =ces t w "s "t de/roy all life on e>?4 ,illu/rat$4 #e4 ,! ,amazons4 ,by ,emanuel ,kant]4 ,an excell5t analytical /udy ( ! ph5om5on ( anci5t fight+ wom51 ! ,amazons1 f ! /&po9t ( dialectical mat]ialism4 #f4 ,g]ms ( ,m9d 9 ,plants4 ,by ,r4 ,h4 ,france4 ,a rem>kable "w prov+ t 8m9d0 is n limit$ to man or ev5 to animals1 b is f\nd 9 plants also4 ,illu/rat$4 #g4 ,! ,/ruggle ,betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,sup]/ition4 ,by ,ar?ur ,m4 ,lewis4 ,?is book deals ) :at is on ! :ole ! mo/ int]e/+ & dramatic elem5t 9 social developm5t4 ,side by side ) ! /ruggle betwe5 social classes1 !re is wag$ a bitt] conflict betwe5 anci5t ignorance & new k4 ,! new k is ! natural ally ( ! ess5tial social class! prolet>iat4 #h4 ,sci5ce & ,revolution4 ,by ,erne/ ,unt]mann4 ,a hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ! ,evolution !ory1 %[+ h[ at e /ep x 0 f\ght by ! rul+ classes & welcom$ by ! work]s4 #i4 ,social & ,philosophical ,/udies4 ,by ,paul ,laf>gue4 ,! causes ( belief 9 ,god & ! orig9 ( ab/ract ideas expla9$ 9 a brilliant & conv9c+ way4 #aj4 ,evolution1 ,social & ,organic4 ,by ,ar?ur ,m4 ,lewis4 ,a volume ( popul> lectures 9 :i* ! relation ( ! evolution !ory to ,socialism is fully expla9$4 ,^! t5 volumes are h&somely b\nd 9 clo?1 9 volumes ( uni=m size4 ,price1 #fj;c ea* po/paid4 ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company #cda-cdi ,ea/ ,ohio ,/reet1 ,*icago ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,family ,,private ,,prop]ty ,,& ,,! ,,/ate ,by ,fr$]ick ,engels ,! book on :i* are bas$ all subsequ5t works on prop]ty & ! ,/ate writt5 by ,sociali/s & ,communi/s4 ,:at is ! ,/ate8 ,h[ did x arise8 ,does x repres5t all ! p8 ,w x ev] disappe>8 ,:at is its function8 ,:5 did ,private ,prop]ty arise8 ,& h[8 ,has ! in/itution ( ! ,family *ang$ & evolv$8 ,j n[ all ov] ! _w sociali/s1 an>*i/s1 syndicali/s & communi/s are divid$ ^u ! subject ( ! ,/ate1 its orig91 its function & its future4 ,:i* gr\p are y 91 & d y "k :y8 ,?is book expla9s ^! vital que/ions = y4 ,clo?1 #bag pages4 #fj c5ts4 ,socialism ,,utopian ,,& ,,sci5tific ,by ,fr$]ick ,engels ,:5 may we expect a prolet>ian revolution8 ,c we plan to h x at a c]ta9 "t8 ,c we c>ry a revolution by propag&a8 ,does x dep5d on :at we desire8 ,we all want tickets to ! ,new ,society ( ! ,work]s4 ,h[ c we "k h[ ne> we are hi/orically8 ,engels gives u ! signs 9 ?is book4 ,!y nev] fail4 ,:5 we und]/& !m we c "k h[ to use social & economic =ces to c>ry u =w>d to ! ,new ,day4 ,clo?4 #fj c5ts2 pap]1 #be c5ts4 ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company ,,co-,,op]ative ,,publi%]s1 ,,*icago ,,capital ,a ,critique ( ,political ,economy ,by ,k>l ,m>x ,?is "w is beyond comp>ison ! greate/ ( all ,sociali/ books4 ,x is a sci5tific analysis ( ! society 9 :i* we live1 %[+ ! precise me?od by :i* ! capitali/s gr[ ri* at ! exp5se ( ! wage-work]s4 ,,volume ,i1 entitl$ 8,! ,process ( ,capitali/ ,production10 is practically complete 9 itself4 ,x expla9s ! ?+ :i*1 up to ! "t t ,m>x came on ! sc5e1 _h confus$ all ! economi/s1 namely1 ,surplus ,value4 ,x expla9s exactly h[ ! capitali/ extracts 8 pr(its4 ,?is volume might be call$ ! key/one ( ! ,sociali/ ar*4 #hfi pages1 #b4ej4 ,,volume ,,ii1 8,! ,process ( ,circulation ( ,capital10 expla9s ! "p t ! m]*ant & ! bank] play 9 ! pres5t sy/em1 & ! laws t gov]n social capital4 ,unravels knots 9 :i* previ\s writ]s _h become entangl$4 #fah pages1 #b4ej4 ,,volume ,,iii1 9 "s respects ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all1 treats ( 8,! ,process ( ,capitali/ ,production z a ,:ole40 ,pr$icts ! ,rise ( ,tru/s & makes cle> ! ,cause ( ,panics & ,indu/rial ,crises4 ,%[s h[ ! small capitali/ is swall[$4 ,expla9s = all "t ! subjects ( ,l&1 ,r5t & ,f>m+4 #a1jdh pages1 #b4ej4 ,! complete "w sells = #g4ej1 & conta9s ov] #b1ejj l>ge pages1 9 ?ree h&some volumes1 b\nd 9 clo? & /amp$ 9 gold4 ,any capitali/ publi%+ h\se w\ld *>ge at lea/ d\ble our price4 ,ours is a sociali/ co-op]ative h\se1 own$ by ?ree ?\s& comrades :o expect no divid5ds b h subscrib$ = %>es to make possible ! circulation ( ! be/ sociali/ lit]ature at ! l[e/ possible prices4 ,ask = catalog4 ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company #cda-cdi ,ea/ ,ohio ,/reet1 ,*icago ,,c5t5>y ,,edition ,! ,positive ,outcome ( ,philosophy ,by ,josef ,dietzg5 ,"o ( ! be/ books we h ev] publi%$ is ,,! ,,positive ,,outcome ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,we h sold _m ?\s&s ( ,josef ,dietzg5's books1 & read]s ev]y:]e h te/ifi$ to _! educational value & to ! enjoym5t & enlight5m5t !y obta9$ f ! /udy ( ,dietzg54 ,decemb] #i?1 #aibh1 0 ! hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ! bir? ( ,josef ,dietzg54 ,to commemorate ! ev5t we publi%$1 ) ! k9d assi/ance ( 8 son1 ,eug5 ,dietzg51 a new translation ( ,,! ,,positive ,,outcome ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,?is new translation f ! orig9al ,g]man is by ,w4 ,w4 ,craik1 an ,engli%man1 resid5t ( ,hamburg4 ,good z our =m] edition 01 we d n hesitate to ass]t t ?is translation is imm5sely sup]ior4 ,x is 9 cle> & expressive ,engli%1 :i* simplifies ! /udy4 ,craik has c]ta9ly done 8 "w well4 ,to ^? :o h =m]ly read ! philosophy ( ,josef ,dietzg51 x is n necess>y to comm5t ^u its m]its1 b to ^? :o h n yet p>ticipat$ 9 ?is pleasure we wi% to give "h a brief outl9e ( its cont5t4 ,x deals ) ! nature & sub/ance ( ?9k+4 ,x /rips ! human m9d ( ! my/icism t is usually atta*$ to x1 & %[s ! function+ ( ! bra9 z a p]fectly natural process4 ,j z ,k>l ,m>x & ,fr$]ick ,engels trac$ hi/ory & economics along evolution>y l9es1 to ! logical conclusion t a new social ord] is inevitable1 s ,josef ,dietzg5 trac$ ! evolution ( human ?\ght1 z express$ ?r\gh philosophy1 to its positive outcome4 ,he %[s t ! natural sci5ces h tak5 ov] e bran* ( ! old-"t philosophy1 leav+ only ! ?9k+ process itself to be expla9$4 ,?is latt] he accompli%es 9 a ma/]ly fa%ion 9 8 *apt] on 8,! ,nature ( ,human ,bra9-,"w40 ,! ,c5t5>y ,edition ( ,,! ,,positive ,,outcome ,,( ,,philosophy is h&somely b\nd 9 m>oon clo? ) gold /amp+ & conta9s a portrait ( its fam\s au?or4 ,price #b4jj1 po/age paid4 ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company #cda ,ea/ ,ohio ,/reet1 ,*icago ,,anti-,d,,hr+ ,h]r ,eug5e ,dhr+'s ,revolution 9 ,sci5ce ,by ,fr$]ick ,engels ,also conta9s 8,! ,m>k0 & ! au?or's introduction to 8,socialism1 ,utopian & ,sci5tific0 ,"p ,i treats ) ,philosophy1 giv+ ! mo/ compreh5sive /atem5t ( ,m>x & ,engels ) reg>d to ?is "q ?an any:]e else 9 _! publi%$ writ+s4 ,"p ,,ii is1 9 effect1 an outl9e & introduction to ! ?ree volumes ( ,capital1 along ) int]e/+ data on ! =ce !ory & w>f>e & milit>ism4 ,"p ,,iii expla9s ! basis ( mod]n socialism 9 its entire range ( program1 /rategy & tactics4 ,anti-,dhr+ is ! only "w compress+ into "o volume ! ,m>xian _w-outlook 9 its relation to ! v>i\s fields ( k & sci5ce & ! society ( ! future4 ,engels says ( ?is "w3 8,i _h to treat ( all & e possible subject1 f ! concepts ( "t & space to bimetallism2 f ! et]nity ( matt] & motion to ! p]i%able nature ( moral ideas2 f ,d>w9's natural selection to ! education ( y\? 9 a future society4 ,anyh[1 ! sy/ematic compreh5siv5ess ( my oppon5t gave me ! opportunity ( develop+1 9 opposition to him1 & 9 a m connect$ =m ?an _h previ\sly be5 done1 ! views held by ,m>x & myself on ?is great v>iety ( subjects4 ,& t 0 ! pr9cipal reason :i* made me und]take ?is o!rwise ungrateful task40 ,price1 po/paid1 #b4jj ,write = complete li/ ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company #cda-cdi ,e4 ,ohio ,/4 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics72 text 9 bold by 8equal0 signs 7bold74 ,punctuation & spell+ inaccuracies 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,ar*aic & v>iable spell+ has be5 pres]v$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & comp\nd words h be5 pres]v$4