,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italics are enclos$ 9 und]scores4 ,additional notes w be f\nd ne> ! end ( ?is ebook4 ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,idealism ,,ag5ts ,,am]ica ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,au/ralasia ,,! ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press #bje ,,fl9d]s ,,lane1 ,,melb\rne ,,canada ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,/ ,,m>t9',s ,,h\se1 #gj ,,bond ,,/reet1 ,,toronto ,,india ,,macmillan ,,company1 ,,ltd4 ,,macmillan ,,build+1 ,,bombay #cji ,,b[ ,,baza> ,,/reet1 ,,calcutta ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,idealism ,,by ,,william ,,caldwell1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc4,,ed9r4 ,,sir ,,william ,,macdonald ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy1 ,mc,g,i,l,l ,,univ]sity1 ,,montreal ,,london ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black #aiac ,,preface ,:at is attempt$ 9 ?is book is an exam9ation ( ! ,pragmati/ philosophy 9 its relations to old] & new] t5d5cies 9 ! ?\ght & practice ( mank9d4 ,:ile a good deal has be5 writt5 )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ^u ,pragmatism1 ! issue t x repres5ts is /ill an op5 "o--to judge at lea/ f rec5t books & reviews1 & f rec5t (ficial discussions4 ,& !re seems to be a fav\rable opportunity = a g5]al acc\nt ( ! :ole subject & = an e/imate ( its significance4 ,9 ! op5+ *apt] & else:]e1 bo? 9 ! text & 9 ! footnotes1 ,i h put toge!r "s ?+s ab\t ! developm5t & ! affiliations ( ,pragmatism1 & ( pragmati/ t5d5cies1 t may n be altoge!r new to ! pr(essional /ud5t4 ,su* a pres5tation1 or g5]al conspectus1 ,i h f\nd to be a necessity 9 ! way ( a basis bo? = discussion & = rational compreh5sion4 ,tak5 along ) ! orig9al pron\ncem5ts ( ,james & 8 confrres x af=ds an indication ( ! philosophy to :i* ! pragmati/s w\ld fa9 atta91 & ( ! modification ( rationali/ic philosophy !y w\ld fa9 effect4 ,! *apt] ^u ,pragmatism z ,am]icanism is put =? 9 ! mo/ t5tative _s possible1 & ,i h ?\ght m ?an once ( )hold+ x4 ,some?+ 9 ?is connexion1 h[ev]1 is1 9 my op9ion1 ne$$ to cause u to reg>d ! pragmati/ philosophy z re/+ ^u a v real t5d5cy ( ! civiliz$ _w ( to-day--a t5d5cy t is affect+ u all :e!r we l x or n4 ,! *apt] ^u ,pragmatism & ,anglo-,hegelian ,rationalism is also (f]$ ) "s degree ( res]vation & misgiv+1 =1 l _m ( my contempor>ies1 ,i owe ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( my introduction to philosophy to ! great ,neo-,kantian & ,neo-,hegelian movem5t4 ,9 its place1 ,i _h "s mon?s ago a m g5]al *apt] ^u ,pragmatism & ,rationalism1 conta9+ ! results ( mat]ial t ,i _h be5 elaborat+ ^u ! developm5t ( ,engli% ,neo-,hegelianism4 ,at ! la/ mom5t ,i sub/itut$ :at is "h (f]$ ^u ! significant high-wat] output ( ,hegelianism repres5t$ 9 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's ,ed9burgh ,gif=d ,lectures4 ,9 reg>d to ! note ^u ! ,pragmati/ elem5ts 9 ! philosophy ( ,b]gson ,i ought1 p]haps1 to say t ,i kept away f ,b]gson's la/ two books until ,i _h writt5 out :at _h be5 gr[+ up 9 my own m9d ab\t ! activism ( ,pragmatism & its relations to ,idealism4 ,i h f\nd confirmation = mu* ( my own ?\ght 9 ! tea*+ ( ?is rem>kable & significant ?9k]1 & ,i regret ! p>tial repres5tation ( x t is "h submitt$4 ,hav+ cross$ ! ocean = ! pr9t+ ( my book1 ,i h 9 "s cases lo/ or misplac$ ref]5ces t ,i int5d$ to use or to v]ify4 ,= ?is ,i crave ! indulg5ce ( read]s & critics4 ,i am indebt$ to ! foll[+ g5tlem5 = mu* k9d help & criticism 9 ! revision ( my manuscript & pro(-%eets = ! press3 my bro!r1 ! ,rev4 ,victor ,caldwell1 ,m4,a41 ( ,patna1 ,ayr%ire2 ,pr(essor ,john ,laird ( ,que5's ,univ]sity1 ,belfa/2 ,pr(essor ,james ,se? ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh2 ,pr(essor ,p4 ,t4 ,lafleur ( ,m',gill ,univ]sity4 ,i also owe mu* 9 ?is same connexion to rec5t conv]sations ) ,pr(essors ,a4 ,lal&e & ,d4 ,p>odi ( ,p>is1 ^u ,pragmatism & contempor>y philosophy g5]ally4 ,,london1 ,septemb] #aiac4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introductory #a ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( 8,,pragmatism0 #ba ,,ii4 ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,! ,,pragmati/ ,,movem5t #bc ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,fundam5tal ,,*>act]i/ics #eh ,,iv4 ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,human ,,activity #ic ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,philosophy ,,& ,,! ,,activity-,,exp]i5ce #aji ,v4 ,,critical #aaf ,,vi4 ,,pragmatism ,,z ,,humanism #ada ,,vii4 ,,pragmatism ,,z ,,am]icanism #afh ,,viii4 ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,anglo-,,hegelian ,,rationalism #aif ,,ix4 ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,idealism ,,9 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,b]gson #bcd ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks #bfb ,,index #bfg ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,idealism ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,pragmatism has by ?is "t receiv$ s mu* att5tion 9 ! reflective lit]ature ( ! day t any writ] ^u ! subject may n[ fairly presume ^u a g5]al acqua9tance ) its ma9 pr9ciples & cont5tions4 ,inde$1 x is probable t mo/ ?9k+ p may be cr$it$ ) ! ability to h =m$ "s sort ( judgm5t ( _! own ab\t a philosophy ^: ma9 cont5tion is t true ideas are work+ ideas1 & t tru? itself1 l a cre$ or a belief1 is simply a work+ valuation ( reality4 ,!re are /ill1 h[ev]1 "s ?+s to be said1 at lea/ 9 ,engli%1 ^u ! place & ! mean+ ( ,pragmatism 9 ! philosophical recon/ruction t is g5]ally felt to be s necess>y to-day4 ,z f> z ! ext]nal signs ( any su* vital relation betwe5 ,pragmatism & our rec5t academic philosophy are conc]n$1 ! read] may be aw>e1 to beg9 )1 t !re h be5 _m important concessions#a made to pragmati/s by su* repres5tative rationali/s z ,mr4 ,bradley & ,pr(essor ,taylor1 n to speak ( o!rs1#b & ,pragmatism has c]ta9ly _h a v p[]ful effect ^u ! pr(essional philosophy ( bo? ,engl& & ,g]many1 judg+ at lea/ f ! ext5t to :i* _m ( ! m prom95t repres5tatives ( philosophy 9 ^! c\ntries h app>5tly be5 compell$ to accord to x at lea/ an (ficial recognition4#c ,pragmatism1 aga91 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5t receptions t x has met ) at ! h&s ( its fri5ds & its foes1 has und]gone v>i\s phases ( exposition & ( modification1 al?\gh x has n yet1 nor is x on ! :ole likely to h1 a philosophical output comp>able to t ( ,idealism4 ,x has become m & m consci\s ( its own affiliations & relations to old]1 & to broad] doctr9es1 decl>+ itself1 9 ! h&s ( ,pr(essor ,james & 8 fri5ds1 to be b a new "n = old] ways ( ?9k+4 ,& x has succe$$1 9 a measure1 9 cle>+ itself f liability to ! sup]ficial int]pretation t x met ) a few ye>s ago1 :5 x 0 sc(f$ at = tea*+ t y may believe 8:at y l10 = speak+1 = example1 z if ! 8!oretical0 consequ5ces ( tru? 7 n to be consid]$ z well z ! 8practical40 ,al?\gh /ill re/+ 9 ! ma9 ^u an outspok5 decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ,rationalism1 x is no long] bl9d to ! place & ! value ( ?\ght or ! 8concept10 9 ! matt] ( ! int]pretation ( our exp]i5ce4 ,pragmatism1 z ! !ory is g5]ally und]/ood1 re/s 9 ! ma9 ^u ! "w ( ?ree m51 ,pr(essors ,james & ,dewey ( ,am]ica1 & ,dr4 ,s*ill] ( ,ox=d4 ,! fact1 along d\btless ) o!r ?+s1 t ^! m5 h ere n[ be5 spok5 ( z occupy+ a "r1 a left1 & a c5tre 9 ! new movem5t1 is presumably an indication t x has already receiv$ its highe/ !oretical expression--presumably 9 ! ,cali=nia pamphlet ( ,pr(essor ,james1 or 9 ! fam\s ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly article ( ,peirce1 canoniz$ z ! patron sa9t ( ! movem5t by ,james4 ,:e!r ?is be s or n1 x has be5 9 ! ma9 ! "w ( ,james to set =? ! mean+ ( ,pragmatism z a philosophy ( ev]yday life1 z ! !ory ( ! attitude ( man z man to ! _w 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 ,dr4 ,s*ill]1 aga91 x is claim$1 has done mu* to set =? ,pragmatism to ! _w z an ess5tially humani/ic philosophy1 recogniz+ & provid+ = ! rights ( fai? & ( feel+ 9 det]m9+ our beliefs & our !ories ab\t ?+s4 ,?is philosophy has 8mu* 9 common ) :at 9 o!r qu>t]s is call$ ,p]sonalism40 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be diff]5tiat$ s %>ply z ,dr4 ,s*ill] app>5tly w\ld h u believe f ! _m manife/ations ( ?is philosophy t ab\nd 9 mod]n times1 f ,fi*te1 & f ,lotze1 d[n to m5 :o are /ill liv+--,euck5 & o!rs4 ,! +5i\s ,pr(essor ,dewey1 moreov]1 is ! *ampion ( ! sci5tific1 or ! empirical1 or ! 8in/rum5tal0 me?od 9 philosophy1 & has work$ h>d & successfully at ! re=m :i* he ?9ks mu/ take place 9 logical & philosophical conceptions :5 int]pret$ z simply tools or devices = ! economy ( our ?\ght4 ,:51 9 pragmati/ fa%ion1 we seek to judge ( ,pragmatism by ?is la/-m5tion$ matt] ( its results1 by ! ?+s x has enabl$ its advocates to accompli%1 we f9d t we may1 to beg9 )1 speak 9 ! foll[+ t]ms ( ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,james4 ,he has c]ta9ly indicat$ h[ ! pragmati/ me?od may be appli$ to ! solution ( "s ( ! ord9>y difficulties ( reflective ?\ght2 ab\t1 = example1 ! nature ( matt] or ! nature ( ! s\l1 or ab\t ! old opposition betwe5 ! 8"o0 & ! 8_m10 ab\t su* concepts z 8?+10 8k9ds10 8"t10 8space10 ! 8fanci$10 ! 8real10 & s on4 ,9 all su* cases an answ]1 he holds1 is obta9$ by putt+1 say1 ! initial difficulty 9 ! foll[+ =m3 8,:at practical diff]5ce c x make n[ t ! _w %\ld be run by matt] or by _s80 ,a fair illu/ration ( 8 mean+ "h w\ld be 8 own *>act]i/ic attitude1 s f> z ! philosophy ( religion is conc]n$1 to ! s-call$ 8!i/ic0 pro(s t h be5 "p ( ! /ock 9 trade ( rational !ology4 ,a 8necess>y be+0 & a 8:ole ( tru?0 & ! 8,absolute0#d are n1 he w\ld hold1 :at ! av]age man und]/&s by ,god2 !y h h>dly any p]ceptible effect ^u life & conduct--! all-important matt] 9 ! ?\ght ( ,god z he conceives x4 ,only ^? notions1 he w\ld h x1 :i* c be int]pret$ by ! ?\ght ( ! 8diff]5ce0 !y make to our practical conduct are real notions at all--8,provid5ce10 say1 or 8,god0 z ! gu>antor ( ! reality & ! p]man5ce ( ! moral ord]1 & s on4 ,! 8s\l10 aga91 he w\ld hold1 8is good = j s mu* & no m40 ,& a simil> ?+1 too1 w\ld be true ab\t ,b]keley's 8matt]10 or ab\t ! 8matt]0 ( ! mat]iali/s4#e ,?is latt]1 = in/ance1 _c possibly d all x is claim$ to be able to d 9 ! way ( an explanation ( ! ord] ( ! _w & ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,!n aga91 ,james has writt5 a great _m pages ^u ! s-call$ deep] view ( human nature 7z inclusive ( w & 8emotion0 9 addition to m]e ?\ght7 tak5 by ,pragmatism 9 comp>ison ) t ent]ta9$ by ,rationalism4 ,we %all h occasion to return to ?is po9t4 ,he has made x cle>1 too1 t x 0 an unfair int]pretation ( ,pragmatism to take x z a plea = believ+ :at y l1 z 0 said above4 ,our exp]i5ce1 he puts x1 mu/ be consi/5t1 ! 8p>ts ) ! p>ts10 & ! 8p>ts ) ! :ole40 ,beliefs mu/ n cla% ) o!r beliefs1 ! m9d be+ w$g$ tightly betwe5 ! co]cion ( ! s5sible ord] & t ( ! ideal ord]4 ,by 8consequ5ces10 too1 he cont5ds we may mean intellectual or !oretical consequ5ces z well z practical consequ5ces4 ,he has also1 along ) 8 bro!r-pragmati/s1 rais$ ! "q ( ! nature ( ,tru?1 atta9+ to su* important results z ! foll[+3 7#a7 !re is no su* ?+ z pure tru?1 or ready-made tru?2 7#b7 ! 8copy-!ory0 ( tru? is un9telligible4#f ,we %all lat] be oblig$ to exam9e ! m controv]sial positions t 7#c7 tru? is n an end 9 itself1 b a means t[>ds vital satisfaction2 7#d7 tru? is ! 8exp$i5t0 9 ! way ( ?9k+1 z ! "r is ! exp$i5t#g 9 ! way ( act+1 & s on4 ,fur!r1 ,pr(essor ,james f9ds t ,pragmatism leaves u ) ! ma9 body ( our common-s5se beliefs ,peirce holds practically ! same ?+1 su* z ! belief 9 8fre$om0--z a 8promise & a relief10 he adds2 & ! belief 9 ! religi\s outlook ^u life1 9 s f> z x 8works40 ,?is is ! attitude & ! t5or ( ! well-kn[n books on ,! ,w to ,believe & ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4#h 8,our acts1 our turn+-places1 :]e we seem to ourselves to make ourselves & gr[1 are ! p>ts ( ! _w to :i* we are close/1 ! p>ts ( :i* our k is ! mo/ intimate & complete4 ,:y %\ld we n take !m at _! face-value80 ,& yet1 z aga9/ ?is attitude1 ,pr(essor ,james else:]e f9ds himself unable to believe 8t our human exp]i5ce is ! highe/ =m ( exp]i5ce extant 9 ! univ]se40 ,x is ! em]g5ce ( _m su* incoh]5ces 9 8 writ+s t gives to 8 pragmati/ philosophy ( religion a subjective & temp]am5tal "*1 & makes x seem to be lack+ 9 any objective basis4 8,if radically t\gh1 ! hurly-burly ( ! s5sible facts ( nature w be en\gh = y1 & y w ne$ no religion at all4 ,if radically t5d]1 y w take up ) ! m moni/ic =m ( religion3 ! plurali/ic =m--t is1 reliance on possibilities t are n necessities--w n seem to (f] y security en\gh40#i ,he 8incl9es10 on ! :ole1 to 8,meliorism10 treat+ satisfaction z nei!r necess>y nor impossible2 ! pragmati/ lives 9 8! _w ( possibilities40 ,^! words %[ cle>ly h[ difficult x is to p9 d[n ,pr(essor ,james to any s+le intelligible philosophy ( belief1 if belief be int]pret$ z 9 any s5se a 8comm]ce0 ( ! s\l ) objective realities1 z some?+ m ?an a m]ely g5]\s fai? 9 ! gradual p]fection or bett]m5t ( human society4 8,religi\s exp]i5ce10 z he puts x 9 8 ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 8peculi>ly s call$1 ne$s1 9 my op9ion1 to be c>efully consid]$ & int]pret$ by e "o :o aspires to reason out a m complete philosophy40 ,9 ?is same book1 x is decl>$1 h[ev]1 on ! "o h&1 t 8we h outgr[n ! old !i/ic or?odoxy1 ! ,god ( our popul> ,*ri/ianity be+ simply "o memb] ( a plurali/ic sy/em02 & yet1 on ! o!r h&1 & ) equal emphasis1 t 8we f9ite m9ds may simultane\sly be consci\s ) "o ano!r 9 a sup]natural intellig5ce40#aj ,! book on ,! ,mean+ ( ,tru? seems to return1 9 ! ma91 to ! ,am]ican doctr9e ( ! /r5u\s life z ! only c\rage\s1 & !re=e true1 attitude to beliefs1 z ! life t conta9s1 9 ! pl5itude ( its en]giz+1 ! answ] to all que/ions4 8,pluralism af=ds u10 x op5ly confesses1 8no moral holidays1 & x is unable to let loose quieti/ic raptures1 & ?is is a s]i\s defici5cy 9 ! plurali/ic philosophy :i* we h pr(ess$40 ,pr(essor ,james "h aga9 attacks ,absolutism 9 ! old famili> mann]1 z someh[ unequal to ! complexity ( ?+s1 or ! pulsat+ process ( ! _w1 ca/+ himself ^u ! philosophy ( exp]i5ce1 & ^u ! evid5t reality ( ! 8_m0 & ( ! endless v>iety ( ! relations ( ?+s1 9 opposition to ! ab/ract simplicity ( ! 8"o10 & ! limit$ range ( a m]ely logical1 or ma!matical1 mann] ( conceiv+ ( reality4 8,! ess5tial s]vice ( ,humanism1 z ,i conceive ! situation1 is to h se5 t1 ?\gh "o "p ( exp]i5ce may lean ^u ano!r "p to make x :at x is 9 any "o ( sev]al aspects 9 :i* x may be consid]$1 exp]i5ce z a :ole is self-su/a9+ & leans on no?+4444 8,x gets rid ( ! /&+ problems ( ,monism & ( o!r metaphysical sy/ems & p>adoxes40#aa ,pr(essor ,james exhibits1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t a v imp]fect conception ( philosophy1 hold+ t x gives u1 9 g5]al1 8no new range ( practical p[]10 ignor+1 z x 71 ! diff]5ce betwe5 philosophy & poetry & religion & m]e p]sonal en?usiasm4 ,& he leaves ! :ole "q ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( bo? k & conduct practically unsettl$4 ,^! ?+s are to him b conceptual tools1#ab & 8work+0 po9ts ( dep>ture = our ef=ts1 & !re seems 9 8 books to be no way ( r$uc+ !m to any k9d ( sy/em4 ,& he makes1 la/ly1 a mo/ unsuccessful attempt at a !ory ( reality4 ,reality is to him sometimes simply a mov+ equilibrium ( exp]i5ce1 ! 8flux0 we h already ref]r$ to2 sometimes ! fleet+ g5]ations ( m5 :o h ?\ght out = u all our philosophies & sci5ces & cults & v>i$ exp]i5ces1 & sometimes ! 8common-s5se _w 9 :i* we f9d ?+s p>tly jo9$ & p>tly disjo9$40 ,x is sometimes1 too1 o!r ?+s ev5 ?an ^!4 ,9 a *apt] ( ! book ^u ,pragmatism#ac x is /at$ 9 italics t 8reality is1 9 g5]al1 :at tru?s h to take acc\nt (10 & t x has ?ree p>ts3 7#a7 8! flux ( our s5sations10 & 7#b7 ! 8relations t obta9 betwe5 our s5sations1 or betwe5 _! copies 9 our m9ds10 & 7#c7 8! previ\s tru?s ( :i* e new inquiry takes acc\nt40 ,!n aga91 9 ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1#ad x is decl>$ t 8!re may ultimately nev] be an ,all-=m at all1 t ! sub/ance ( reality may nev] get totally collect$ 444 & t a di/ributive =m ( reality1 ! ,ea*-=m1 is logically z acceptable & empirical & probable z ! ,all-=m40 ,?is is ! !ory ( ! outspok5 8radical empiricism0#ae :i* is ! cont5tion ( ! volume ^u ,! ,mean+ ( ,tru?1 ! ma9 ef=t ( :i* seems to be to %[ aga9 t ! _w is /ill 9 ! process ( mak+4 ,x has ! additional drawback ( br++ ,pragmatism d[n n only to ! level ( radical empiricism1 b to t ( common-s5se realism or dualism ! belief 9 ! two indep5d5t realities ( matt] & m9d1 & to t ( ! 8copy-!ory0#af ( tru?1 f :i* bo? ,pragmatism & ,radical ,empiricism are especially suppos$ to deliv] u4 8,i w say "h aga91 = ! sake ( emphasis1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! object 444 is ! only reason1 9 innum]able cases1 :y ! idea does "w successfully4444 ,bo? ,dewey & ,i hold firmly 444 to objects indep5d5t ( our own judgm5ts40#ag ,mu* ( all ?is is1 no d\bt1 l surr5d]+ philosophy altoge!r4 ,9 ! case ( ,dr4 ,s*ill]1 we may notice fir/ 8 frequ5t & successful exhibition ( ! ext5t to :i* human activity ent]s into ! con/itution n only ( 8tru?10 b ( 8reality10 ( :at we mean by reality4 ,?is is int]wov5 9 8 books ) 8 :ole philosophy ( tru? z some?+ m]ely human1 z 8dep5d5t ^u human purposes10 z a 8valuation0 expressive ( ! satisfactory1 or ! unsatisfactory1 nature ( ! cont5ts ( 8prim>y reality40 ,x is int]wov51 too1 ) 8 doctr9e t reality is ess5tially a 1 some?+ t is /ill 9 ! mak+1 some?+ t human be+s c someh[ re-make & make p]fect4 ,!n ?is position ab\t tru? & reality is us$ by him1 z by ,james1 z a gr\nd ( attack aga9/ ,absolutism1 ) its notion ( a 8pre-exi/+ ideal0 ( k & reality1 z already exi/+ 9 a sup]-s5sible _w1 t desc5ds magically into ! passively recipi5t s\l ( man4 ,!re is no su* ?+1 he claims1 z absolute tru?1 & ! conception ( an 8absolute reality0 is bo? futile & p]nici\s4 ,absolutism1 too1 has an aff9ity to ,solipsism1#ah ! difficulties ( :i* x c escape only by self-elim9ation4 ,!n ,absolutism is1 ,s*ill] cont9ues1 8ess5tially irreligi\s10#ai al?\gh x 0 fo/]$ at fir/ 9 ,engl& = ess5tially religi\s purposes4#bj ,x has develop$ !re n[ at la/1 he rem9ds u1 a p[]ful left#ba w+ :i*1 z =m]ly 9 ,g]many1 has op5$ a qu>rel ) !ology4 ,9 ,absolutism1 ! two phases ( ,deity--,god z moral pr9ciple1 & ,god z an intellectual pr9ciple--8fall ap>t10 & absoluti/ metaphysic has really no connexion ) g5u9e religion4 ,humanism c 8r5ew ,hegelianism0 by treat+ ! mak+ ( tru? z also ! mak+ ( reality4 ,fre$om is real1 & may possibly 8p]vade ! univ]se40#bb ,all tru? implies belief1 & x is obvi\sly "o ( ! m]its ( ,pragmatism to br+ tru? & reason toge!r4 ,beliefs & ideas & wi%es are really ess5tial & integral features 9 real kn[+1 & if kn[+1 z above1 really trans=ms our exp]i5ce1 !y mu/ be treat$ z 8real =ces10 :i* _c be ignor$ by philosophy4#bc ,aga9/ all ?is w\ld-be positive1 or con/ructive1 philosophy we mu/1 h[ev]1 record ! fact t ! pragmatism ( ,dr4 ,s*ill] breaks d[n altoge!r 9 ! matt] ( ! recognition ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! 8discov]+0 ( reality & ! 8mak+0 ( reality4 ,& despite ! +5uity ( 8 essay 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,humanism ^u 8,activity & ,sub/ance10#bd !re is n 9 8 writ+s1 any m ?an 9 ^? ( ,james1 any coh]5t or adequate !ory ( reality4 ,& ?is is ! case :e!r we ?9k ( ! 8prim>y reality0 ^u :i* we human be+s are said to 8react10 9 our k & 9 our action1 or ( ! supreme reality ( ,god's exi/5ce1 ( :i* su* an int]e/+ speculative acc\nt is giv5 9 ! essay ref]r$ to4 ,nor is !re 9 ,dr4 ,s*ill]1 any m ?an 9 ,james1 any adequate conception1 ei!r ( philosophy z a :ole1 or ( ! !ory ( k1 or ( ! relation ( ,pragmatism z a 8me?od0 7x is mode/ly claim$ to be only su*1 b ! position is n adh]$ to7 to philosophy z su*4#be 8,= ! pragmatic !ory ( k initial pr9ciples are lit]ally 1 m]e />t+-po9ts v>i\sly1 arbitr>ily1 casually select$1 f :i* we hope to try to advance to some?+ bett]4 ,little we c>e :at _! cr$5tials may be4444 ,& z f> z ! future is conc]n$1 sy/ems ( philosophy w ab\nd z be=e1 & w be z v>i\s z ev]1 b !y w probably be m brilliant 9 col\r+ & m attractive 9 _! =m1 = !y w c]ta9ly h to be put =w>d & ackn[l$g$ z works ( art t be> ! impress ( a unique & individual s\l40#bf ,! ma9 result ( pragmati/ consid]ations 9 ! case ( ,pr(essor ,dewey is p]haps t reconsid]ation ( ! problems ( logic & k 9 ! light ( ! facts ( g5etic & functional psy*ology :i* has n[ become fairly g5]al on ! "p ( ,engli% & ,am]ican /ud5ts ( philosophy4 ,x is ?r\gh 8 influ5ce g5]ally t pragmati/s seem always to be talk+ ab\t ! way 9 :i* we 8arrive at0 our beliefs1 ab\t ideas z 8in/rum5ts0 = ! int]pretation & arrangem5t ( our exp]i5ce1 ab\t ! 8passage0 f cognitive expectation to 8fulfilm5t10 ab\t ideas z 8plans ( action0 & m5tal habits1 ab\t ! gr[? & ! utility ( ! tru?1 ab\t ! 8in/rum5tal0 "* ( all our ?9k+1 ab\t beliefs z m fundam5tal ?an k1 & s on4 ,pr(essor ,dewey has also writt5 _m m or less popul>1 b none ! less highly valuable1 %ort /udies ^u ! application ( an in/rum5tali/ conception ( philosophy to education & to social que/ions4 ,"o ( 8 la/ pieces ( s]vice 9 ?is connection is a volume 9 :i* he associates ,pragmatism ) ! g5]al revolution effect$ 9 ! entire range ( ! m5tal & moral sci5ces by ,d>w9ism1 ) ! pres5t t5d5cy 9 philosophy to turn away f ultimate que/ions to specific problems1 & ) ! re=m :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 is necess>y 9 our educational ideals#bg g5]ally4 ,^! ?ree lead+ expon5ts ( ,pragmatism may be reg>d$ z meet+ ! objections to philosophy urg$ respectively by ! 8man ( affairs10 by ! 8my/ical1 religi\s0 man1 & by ! 8man ( sci5ce40#bh ,by ?is x is meant t ! man ( affairs w f9d 9 ,james an exposition ( philosophy z ! /udy ( diff]5t ways ( look+ at ! _w2 ! my/ical1 religi\s man w f9d 9 ,s*ill] a treatm5t ( philosophy z ! ju/ification ( an ess5tially spiritual philosophy ( life2 & t ! sci5tific man w f9d 9 ! writ+s ( ,dewey & 8 associates a treatm5t ( philosophy z no?+ else ?an an ext5sion into ! high] regions ( ?\ght ( ! same exp]im5tal & hypo!tical me?od ) :i* he is already famili> 9 ! physical sci5ces4 ,9 ?is v]sion ( ! "w ( ! ?ree lead+ pragmati/s x is assum$1 ( c\rse1 t ! pragmati/ philosophy is ! only philosophy t c %[ to ! av]age man t philosophy c really d some?+ useful--c 8bake bread10 if y w1 c give to a man ! food ( a man4 ,x is assum$1 too1 t x is ! only philosophy :i* proce$s sci5tifically1 t is to say1 by means ( obs]vation & ( hypo!ses t 8"w10 & by subsequ5t d$uction & by 8v]ification40 ,& aga91 t x is ! only philosophy t gives to man ! realities ^u :i* he c base 8 aspirations or 8 fai? 9 di/9ction1 t is to say1 f ! m]e ab/ractions ( ,rationalism 9 any =m4 ,by way ( a few quotations illu/rative ( ! fundam5tal cont5tions ( ! pragmati/s1 we may select ! foll[+3 8,ideas become true j 9 s f> z !y help u to get into satisfactory relation ) o!r p>ts ( our exp]i5ce1 to summ>ise !m & get ab\t among !m by conceptional %ort-cuts in/ead ( foll[+ ! int]m9able succession ( p>ticul> ph5om5a4 ,any idea ^u :i* we c ride1 s to speak2 any idea t w c>ry u prosp]\sly f any "o "p ( our exp]i5ce to any o!r "p1 l9k+ ?+s satisfactorily1 work+ securely1 simplify+1 sav+ lab\r--is true = j s mu*1 true 9 s f> =?1 true in/rum5tally40#bi 8,! true is ! "n ( :atev] proves itself to be good 9 ! way ( belief1 & good = def9ite & assignable reasons40#cj ,f ,pr(essor ,dewey3 8,?9k+ is a k9d ( activity :i* we p]=m at specific ne$1 j z at o!r times we engage 9 o!r sorts ( activity1 z conv]se ) a fri5d1 draw a plan = a h\se1 take a walk1 eat a d9n]1 pur*ase a suit ( clo!s1 etc4 etc4 ,! measure ( its success1 ! /&>d ( its validity is precisely ! degree 9 :i* ?9k+ disposes ( ! difficulty & all[s u to proce$ ) ! m direct modes ( exp]i5c+1 t are h5ce=? possess$ ( m assur$ & deep5$ value40#ca ,f ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s book1 ,/udies 9 ,humanism3 8,pragmatism is ! doctr9e t :5 an ass]tion claims tru?1 its consequ5ces are always us$ to te/ its claims2 t 7#b7 ! tru? ( an ass]tion dep5ds on its application2 t 7#c7 ! mean+ ( a rule lies 9 its application2 t 7#d7 all mean+ dep5ds on purpose2 t 7#e7 all m5tal life is purposive4 ,x ,pragmatism mu/ con/itute itself into 7#f7 a sy/ematic prote/ aga9/ all ignor+ ( ! purposiv5ess ( actual kn[+1 alike :e!r x is ab/ract$ f = ! sake ( ! imag9>y1 pure1 or absolute reason ( ! rationali/s1 or elim9at$ = ! sake ( an equally imag9>y or pure me*anism ( ! naturali/s4 ,s conceiv$1 we may describe x z 7#g7 a consci\s application to logic ( a teleological psy*ology :i* implies ultimately a volunt>i/ic metaphysics40 ,f ^! citations1 & f ! descriptive rem>ks ( ! prec$+ two p>agraphs1 we may p]haps be enabl$ to inf] t our ,anglo-,am]ican ,pragmatism has progress$ f ! /age ( 7#a7 a m]e me?od ( discuss+ tru? & ?9k+ 9 relation to ! problem ( philosophy z a :ole1 7#b7 t ( a m or less def9ite & detail$ criticism ( ! rationalism t ov]looks ! practical1 or purposive1 "* ( mo/ ( our k1 to t ( 7#c7 a humani/ic or 8volunt>i/ic0 or 8p]sonali/ic0 philosophy1 ) its _m diff]5t associations & affiliations4#cb ,"o ( ! la/ developm5ts1 = example1 ( ?is pragmati/ humanism is ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s association ( philosophy ) ! metaphysics ( evolution1 ) ! attempt to f9d ! goal ( ! _w-process & ( human hi/ory 9 a *angeless society ( p]fect$ individuals4 ,we %all imm$iately see1 h[ev]1 t ?is summ>y description ( ! gr[? ( ,pragmatism has to be supplem5t$ by a recognition ( 7#a7 "s ( ! diff]5t phases ,pragmatism has assum$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 7#b7 ! diff]5t phases t may be detect$ 9 ! reception or criticism accord$ to x 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & 7#c7 "s ( ! results ( ! pragmati/ movem5t ^u contempor>y philosophy4 ,all ^! ?+s h to d ) ! mak+ ( ! complex ?+ t we ?9k ( z ,pragmatism & ! pragmati/ movem5t4 ,a ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( 8,,pragmatism0 7#a7 8,! op9ion t metaphysics is to be l>gely cle>$ up by ! application ( ! foll[+ maxim = obta9+ cle>ness ( appreh5sion3 #8,consid] :at effects t might conceivably h practical be>+s1 we conceive ! object ( our conception to h4 ,!n1 our conception ( ^! effects is ! :ole ( our conception ( ! object'0 7,baldw9's ,philosophical ,diction>y1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cba74 ,we c see f ?is citation t ! application ( its =mul ab\t 8consequ5ces0 to metaphysics1 or philosophy g5]ally1 mu/ be consid]$ z a "p1 or aspect1 ( ! pragmati/ philosophy4 7#b7 8,! doctr9e t ! :ole mean+ ( a conception expresses itself 9 practical consequ5ces2 consequ5ces ei!r 9 ! %ape ( conduct to be recomm5d$1 or 9 t ( exp]i5ces to be expect$1 if ! conception be true2 :i* consequ5ces w\ld be diff]5t1 if x 7 untrue1 & mu/ be diff]5t f ! consequ5ces by :i* ! mean+ ( o!r conceptions is 9 turn express$4 ,if a second conception %\ld n appe> to h o!r consequ5ce1 !n x mu/ be really only ! fir/ conception "u a diff]5t "n4 ,9 me?odology1 x is c]ta9 t to trace & comp>e _! respective consequ5ces is an admirable way ( e/abli%+ ! diff]5t mean+s ( diff]5t conceptions0 7ibid41 f ,pr(essor ,james74 7#c7 8,a widely curr5t op9ion dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury has be5 t #8reasonabl5ess' is n a good 9 itself1 b only = ! sake ( some?+4 ,:e!r x be s or n seems to be a syn!tical "q i4e4 a "q t is n m]ely a v]bal "q1 a "q ( words1 n to be settl$ by an appeal to ! ,pr9ciple ( ,contradiction ! pr9ciple hi!rto reli$ ^u by ,rationalism or ,intellectualism4444 ,almo/ ev]ybody w n[ agree t ! ultimate good lies 9 ! evolution>y process 9 "s way4 ,if s1 x is n 9 individual reactions 9 _! segregation1 b 9 some?+ g5]al or cont9u\s4 ,syne*ism is f\nd$ on ! notion t ! coalesc5ce1 ! becom+ cont9u\s1 ! becom+ gov]n$ by laws1 ! becom+ in/9ct ) g5]al ideas1 are b phases ( "o & ! same process ( ! gr[? ( reasonabl5ess0 7ibid4 p4 #cbb4 ,f ,dr4 ,peirce1 ! bracket clauses be+ ! au?or's74 7#d7 8,x is ! belief t ideas inv>iably /rive aft] practical expression1 & t our :ole life is teleological4 ,putt+ ! matt] logically1 logic =mulates !oretically :at is ( regulative importance = life--= our #8exp]i5ce' 9 view ( practical ends4 ,its philosophical mean+ is ! conviction t all facts ( nature1 physically & spiritually1 f9d _! expressions 9 #8w'2 w & en]gy are id5tical4 ,?is t5d5cy is 9 agreem5t ) ! practical t5d5cies ( ,am]ican ?\ght & ,am]ican life 9 s f> z !y bo? set a def9ite end be=e ,idealism0 7,ueb]weg-,he9ze1 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 vol4 iv41 writt5 & contribut$ by ,pr(essor ,matoon ,monroe ,curtis1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity1 ,clevel&1 ,u4,s4,a474 7#e7 ,see also an article 9 ,m9d = ,octob] #aijj1 vol4 ix4 ,n4,s41 ^u 8,pragmatism0 by ! au?or ( ?is book on ,pragmatism & ,idealism1 ref]r$ to z "o ( ! e>ly s\rces 9 ,baldw9's ,philosophical ,diction>y 7,new ,york & ,london7 & 9 ,ueb]weg-,he9ze's ,ges*i*te1 ,vi]t] ,teil 7,b]l91 #aijf74 ,! conclusion t ,i am incl9$ to draw f ! =ego+ (ficial /atem5ts 7& also1 say1 f ano!r (ficial article l t ( ,m4 ,lal&e 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 #aijf1 on 8,pragmatisme et ,pragmaticisme07 is t ! t]m 8,pragmatism0 is n ( itself a matt] ( great importance1 & t !re is no sep>ate1 intelligible1 indep5d5t1 self-consi/5t sy/em ( philosophy t may be call$ ,pragmatism4 ,x is a g5]al "n = ! ,practicalism or ,volunt>ism or ,humanism or ! ,philosophy ( ! ,practical ,reason1 or ! ,activism1 or ! ,in/rum5talism1 or ! ,philosophy ( ,hypo!ses1 or ! ,dynamic ,philosophy ( life & ?+s t is discuss$ 9 diff]5t ways 9 ?is book ^u ,pragmatism & ,idealism4 ,& x is n & _c be indep5d5t ( ! traditional body ( philosophical tru? 9 relation to :i* x c alone be def9$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,! ,,pragmati/ ,,movem5t ,9 consid]+ "s ( ! results ( pragmati/ & volunt>i/ doctr9es 9 ! case ( ,european writ]s1 to :om ! ,am]ican-,engli% triumvirate us$ to look some:at sympa!tically1 we may beg9 ) ,italy1 :i* boa/$1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,s*ill] 7writ+ 9 #aijg71 ( a y\?ful b& ( av[$ pragmati/s ) a militant organ1 ! ,leon>do4 8,fundam5tally10 decl>es ,pap9i1#cc ! lead] ( ?is movem5t1 8,pragmatism means an un/iff5+ ( all our !ories & beliefs1 by att5d+ to _! in/rum5tal value4 ,x incorporates & h>monizes v>i\s anci5t t5d5cies1 su* z ,nom9alism1 ) its prote/ aga9/ ! use ( g5]al t]ms1 ,utilit>ianism1 ) its emphasis ^u p>ticul> aspects & problems1 ,positivism1 ) its disda9 ( v]bal & useless que/ions1 ,kantism1 ) its doctr9e ( ! primacy ( practical reason1 ,volunt>ism1 ) its treatm5t ( ! intellect z ! tool ( ! w1 & ,fre$om1 & a positive attitude t[>ds religi\s que/ions4 ,x is ! t5d5cy ( tak+ all ^!1 & o!r !ories1 = :at !y are wor?1 be+ *iefly a corridor-!ory1 ) doors & av5ues into v>i\s !ories1 & a c5tral rally+-gr\nd = !m all40 ,^! words are valuable z "o ( ! _m confessions ( ! affiliations ( ,pragmatism to sev]al o!r m or less exp]i5tial1 or practical1 views ( philosophy4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s f !m t ,pragmatism /&s1 9 ! ma91 = ! appreh5sion ( all tru? z subs]vi5t to practice1 z b a device = ! 8economy0 ( ?\ght1 = ! grasp+ ( ! multiplicity & ! complexity ( ph5om5a4 ,x looks ^u man z made1 9 ! ma91 = action1 & n = speculation--a doctr9e :i* ev5 ,mr4 ,peirce1 by ! way1 n[ speaks ( z 8a /oical maxim :i* to me1 at ! age ( sixty1 does n recomm5d itself s =cibly z x did at ?irty40#cd 8,! v>i\s ideal worlds are "h10 cont9ues ,pap9i1 accord+ to ! v]sion ( ,james1#ce 8because ! real _w fails to satisfy u4 ,all our ideal in/rum5ts are c]ta9ly imp]fect4 ,b philosophy c be reg5]at$ 444 x c become pragmatic 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! ^w1 a g5]al !ory ( human action 444 s t philosophic ?\ght w resolve itself into a comp>ative discussion ( all ! possible programmes = man's life1 :5 man is once = all reg>d$ z a creative be+4444 ,z su*1 man becomes a k9d ( god1 & :]e are we to draw ! limits80 ,9 an article call$ 8,f ,man to ,god10 ,pap9i1 9 ! ,leon>do1 lets 8 imag9ation "w 9 /ret*+ ! limits ( ?is way ( ?9k+4 ,^! prophetic1 or ,prome!an1 utt]ances--& we mu/ nev] =get t ev5 to ! ,greeks philosophy 0 always some?+ ( a religion or a life--may be p>allel$ by "s ( ! m en?usia/ic & ungu>d$1 e>ly utt]ances ( ,dr4 ,s*ill] ab\t 8volunt>ism0 or 8metaphysical p]sonalism0 z ! "o 8c\rage\s10 & ! only pot5t1 philosophy2 or ab\t ! 8/orm+ ( ! ,j]i*o ( rationalism0 by ! 8je]s0 & ! 8trumpet+s0 ( ! confid5t humani/s & _! pragmatic confrres4 ,! und]ly+ elem5t ( tru? 9 !m1 &1 = t "p ( x1 9 _m ( ! simil> utt]ances ( _m ( our mod]n humani/s1 f ,rabelais to ,voltaire & f ,%elley to ,m>x & ,nietzs*e1 is1 z we may see1 t a true metaphysic mu/ s]ve1 n only z a rational sy/em = ! intellect1 b z a 8dynamic0#cf or motive = action & a*ievem5t1 = ! consci\s activity ( rational1 self-consci\s be+s4 ,z = ! matt] ( any fur!r developm5ts#cg ( ! free1 creative religion h9t$ by ,pap9i1 we _h1 9 #aijc1 ! solemn decl>ation ( ,pr(essor ,james t 8! programme ( ! man-god is "o ( ! great type programmes ( philosophy10 & t he himself _h be5 8sl[0 9 com+ to a p]ception ( ! full inw>dness ( ! idea4 ,!n x l$ evid5tly 9 ,italy itself to a new doctr9e :i* 0 trumpet$ !re a ye> or two ago 9 ! public press z 8,futurism10#ch 9 :i* 8c\rage1 audacity & rebellion0 7 ! ess5tial elem5ts1 & :i* c\ld n 8abide0 ! m]e m5tion ( su* ?+s z 8prie/s0 & 8ideals0 & 8pr(essors0 & 8moralism40 ,! extravagances ( ,prezzol9i1 :o ?9ks ( man z a 8s5tim5tal gorilla10 7 app>5tly ! late/ outcome ( ?is an>*ical individualism & practicalism4 ,pragmatism 0 conv]t$ by him into a sophi/icat$ opportunism & a mod]n ,ma*iavellism1 a me?od ( atta9+ cont5tm5t 9 "o's life & ( dom9at+ "o's fell[-creatures by play+ ^u _! fancies & prejudices z does ! religi\s *>latan or ! quack doctor or ! rhetorician4 ,! read] :o may c>e to contemplate all ?is radical1 pragmati/ en?usiasm = ! ,new ,re=mation 9 a m accessible1 & a less exagg]at$1 =m _h bett] p]haps consult ! rec5t "w ( ,mr4 ,/urt ( ,ox=d on ! ,idea ( a ,free ,*ur*4 ,9 ?is "w ! pr9ciples ( ,pragmatism are appli$1 fir/1 critically & 9 ! ma9 negatively1 to ! moral dogmas ( traditional ,*ri/ianity1 & !n positively to ! new conception ( religion he w\ld sub/itute = all ?is--! developm5t ( p]sonality 9 accordance ) ! claims ( family & ( national life4 ,a fair-m9d$ criticism ( ?is book w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 lead to ! conclusion t ! *anges contemplat$ by ,mr4 ,/urt are already "p & p>cel ( ! programme ( lib]al ,*ri/ianity1 :e!r we /udy ?is 9 ! =m ( ! _m m or less philosophical pres5tations ( ! same 9 mod]n ,g]man !ology1 or 9 ! =m ( ! free1 moral & social ef=ts ( ! volunt>y religion ( ,am]ica & ,engl&4 ,9 ,am]ica _m ( ! y\ng] ?9k]s 9 !ology & philosophy are already writ+ 9 a m or less popul> mann] ^u ,pragmatism z a philosophy t bids fair to h>monize 8traditional0 & 8radical0 conceptions ( religion4 ,"o ( ^! writ]s1 = example1 9 a rec5t important commemorative volume1#ci tries to %[ h[ ?is may be done by int]pret+ ! 8sup]natural10 n z ! 8trans-exp]im5tal10 b z ! 8e?ical0 9 exp]i5ce1 & by turn+ 8dogmatic0 into 8hi/orical !ology40 ,& x w\ld n be difficult to f9d _m books & addresses 9 :i* ! same idea is express$4 ,! m practical w+ ( ?is same p>ty endeav\rs to connect ,pragmatism ) ! :ole philosophy & psy*ology ( religi\s conv]sion1 z ?is has be5 work$ ov] by rec5t inve/igators l ,/anley ,hall1#dj ,/>buck1#da & o!rs1 &1 above all1 by ,james 9 8 /rik+ volume ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4#db ,! fact1 ( c\rse--& ,i %all imm$iately ref] to x--t ,pragmatism has be5 hail$ 9 ,france z a salut>y doctr9e1 n m]ely by ,lib]als & ,evangelicals1 b by dev\t ,ca?olics & ,anti-mod]ni/s1 is p]haps en\gh to give u "s pause 9 ! matt] ( its application 9 ! sph]e ( !oretical & practical religion4 ,x is useful1 x w\ld seem1 sometimes to 8lib]ate0 ! _s ( man1 & useful1 too1 at o!r times to connect ! /riv+s ( ! individual ) ! m or less organiz$ exp]i5ces ( pa/ ages4 ,turn+1 !n1 to ,france1 x is1 judg+ f ! claims ( ! pragmati/s1 & f "s ( ! lit]ature be>+ ^u ?is entire subject1#dc fairly evid5t t !re has be5 a k9d ( association or relation%ip betwe5 ,pragmatism & ! foll[+ t5d5cies 9 rec5t ,fr5* philosophy3 7#a7 ! 8fre$om0 & 8indet]m9ism0 philosophy ( ,r5\vi]#dd & o!r memb]s ( ! ,neo-,critical s*ool1 & ( ,b\tr\x & ,b]gson1 :o1 8al?\gh diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 _m important respects10 all 8belong to ! same movem5t ( ?\ght1 ! reaction aga9/ ,hegelianism & ! cult ( sci5ce :i* has dom9at$ ,france s9ce ! decl9e ( ! metaphysics ( ! s*ool ( ,c\s902#de 7#b7 ! philosophy ( sci5ce & sci5tific hypo!ses repres5t$ by writ]s l ,po9c>1#df ,bruns*vicg1 ,le ,roy1#dg ,milhaud1 ,abel ,rey1#dh & o!rs2 7#c7 ! religi\s philosophy & ! fideism ( ! foll[]s ( ! spirituali/ic metaphysic ( ,b]gson1 _m ( :om g fur!r ?an he does1 & 8make e ef=t to br+ him to ! confessional fai?02#di & 7#d7 ! ,fr5* philosophy ( to-day t def9itely be>s ! "n ( ,pragmatism1 t ( ,m4 ,blondel1#ej :o 9 #ahic wrote a sugge/ive "w entitl$ ,l',action1 & :o claims to h co9$ ! ^w ,pragmatism1 aft] mu* c>eful consid]ation & discrim9ation1 z e>ly z #ahhh--_m ye>s be=e ! ,cali=nia pamphlet ( ,james4 ,! fir/ ( ^! po9ts ( correspond5ce or relation%ip we c pass ov] ) ! rem>k t we %all h a good deal to say ab\t ! advantage enjoy$ by ,pragmatism ov] ,rationalism 9 ! treatm5t ( 8fre$om0 & ! 8volitional0 side ( human nature1 & also ab\t ! g5]al pragmati/ reaction aga9/ ,rationalism4 ,& z = ! philosophy ( sci5ce1 x has be5 %[n t our ,engli%-speak+ pragmati/s _c exactly pride !mselves 9 ! some:at indiscrim9ate mann] ( ,james & ,s*ill] ^u ! suppos$ support = _! 8hypo!tical0 conception ( sci5ce & philosophy to be f\nd 9 ! "w ( _! ,fr5* associates ^u ! logic ( sci5ce4 8,! m5 ( great le>n+ :o 7 nam$ z sponsors ( ?is new philosophy h m & m te/ifi$ :at res]vations !y make1 & h[ greatly _! conclusions diff] f ^? :i* are curr5tly attribut$ to !m40#ea ,bo? ,bruns*vicg & ,po9c>1 9 fact1 take ! greate/ pa9s 9 _! books to dissociate !mselves f any?+ l ! appe>ance ( an acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( ! relativity ( k1 f ! signs ( any lack ( fai? 9 ! idea t sci5ce1 z f> z x goes1 gives u a true revelation ( ! nature ( reality4 ,!n 9 reg>d to 7#c7 ! ,fr5* pragmati/ philosophy or religion we h only to read ! reports & ! quotations ( ,m4 ,lal&e to see 9 ?is philosophy ! op]ation ( an uncritical dogmatism or a bl9d 8fideism0 to :i* v few o!r philosoph]s1 ei!r 9 ,france or 9 any o!r c\ntry1 w\ld c>e to subscribe4 8,la ,revue de ,philosophie1 :i* is direct$ by ecclesia/ics1 rec5tly extoll$ pragmatism z a means ( prov+ or?odox beliefs40 444 8,?is sy/em solves a great _m difficulties 9 philosophy2 x expla9s ! necessity ( pr9ciples m>vell\sly40 444 8,! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,provid5ce & ,immortality are demon/rat$ by _! happy effects ^u our t]re/rial life40 444 8,if we c consid] ! matt] c>efully1 x w be se5 t ! ,good is ! useful2 = n to be good 9 any?+ is synonym\s ) be+ bad1 & ev]y:]e ! true is ! useful4 ,x is 9 ?is ass]tion t ,pragmatism consi/s40#eb ,& z to ! f\r? t5d5cy1 !re is1 at its outset1 accord+ to ,m4 ,lal&e1 a m rational or e?ical basis = ! fideism ( ,m4 ,blondel's book ^u action1 :i* />ts (f ) a criticism ( philosophic dilettantism q analog\s ) t :i* ,mr4 ,peirce foll[s 9 ,h[ to ,make ,our ,ideas ,cle>4 ,b ,m4 ,blondel 8does n cont9ue 9 ! same mann]1 & 8 conclusion is v diff]5t4 ,reject+ all philosophical =malism1 he puts 8 tru/ 9 moral exp]i5ce1 & consults x directly4 ,he ?9ks t moral exp]i5ce %[s t action is n :olly self-conta9$1 b t x presupposes a reality :i* transc5ds ! _w 9 :i* we p>ticipate40#ec ,f9ally1 ma9ta9s ,m4 ,blondel1 8we are unable1 z ,pascal already said1 ei!r to live1 or to und]/& ourselves1 by ourselves alone4 ,s t1 unless we mutilate our nature by r5\nc+ all e>ne/ness ( life1 we are necess>ily l$ to recognize 9 ourselves ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,our problem1 !re=e1 c only be solv$ by an act ( absolute fai? 9 a positive religion ,ca?olicism 9 8 case4 ,?is completes ! s]ies ( acts ( fai?1 )\t :i* no action1 n ev5 our daily acts1 c\ld be accompli%$1 & )\t :i* we %\ld fall into absolute b>r5ness1 bo? practical & intellectual40#ed ,n[ aga9 ^! words ab\t our be+ unable to und]/& ourselves 8by ourselves alone0 conta9 an elem5t ( tru? :i* we may associate ) ! pragmati/ t5d5cy to believe 9 a socializ$ 7z di/+ui%$ f an individuali/ic7 int]pretation#ee ( our common moral life1 to believe1 t is to say1 9 a society ( p]sons z ! tru? 7or ! reality7 ( ! univ]se1 r ?an 9 an int]pretation ( ! univ]se z ! ?9k+ exp]i5ce ( a s+le absolute intellig5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is also a po9t :i* we are oblig$ to def]#ef until we take up ! g5]al subject ( ! relations betwe5 ,pragmatism & ,rationalism4 ,! o!r words ( ! p>agraph1 9 respect ( our absolute ne$ ( fai? 9 "s positive religion1 are1 ( c\rse1 expressive aga9 ( ! uncritical fideism to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,z an (fset or alt]native to ! 8free0 religion ( ,pap9i & ,james & to ! exp]im5tal or practical religion ( diff]5t ,prote/ant bodies1 x is en\gh ( itself to give u pause 9 e/imat+ ! real drift#eg ( ,pragmatism 9 reg>d to religi\s fai? & ! philosophy ( religion4#eh ,we %all meantime take leave ( ,fr5* ,pragmatism#ei ) ! reflection t x is ?us obvi\sly z complex & z confus+ & confus$ a ?+ z is ! ,pragmatism ( o!r c\ntries4 ,x is n[ almo/ a g5]ation s9ce we began to he> ( a r5asc5ce ( spiritualism#fj & idealism 9 ,france 9 connexion n m]ely ) ! "w ( philosoph]s l ,r5\vi] & ,la*eli] & ,f\ille#fa & ,b\tr\x1 b ) m5 ( lett]s l ,de ,vogu1 ,lavisse1 ,faguet1 ,desj>d9s#fb & ! re/1 & "s ( ! ,fr5* ,pragmatism ( to-day is b "o ( ! m specializ$ phases ( ! broad] movem5t4 ,& z = ! special "q ( ! influ5ce ( ,james & 8 philosophy ^u ,b]gson1 & ( t ( ! possible return influ5ce ( ,b]gson ^u ,james1#fc ! evid5ce produc$ by ,lal&e f ,b]gson himself is c]ta9ly all to ! effect t bo? m5 h work$ v l>gely indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 al?\gh p]fectly cognisant n[ & !n ( ea* o!r's publications4 ,bo? m51 along ) _! foll[]s 7& ?is is all t ne$s int]e/ u71 h obvi\sly be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ideas t h long be5 9 ! air ab\t ! ne$ ( a philosophy t is 8m truly empirical0#fd ?an ! traditional philosophy1 & m truly incl9$ to 8discov] :at is involv$ 9 our actions 9 ! ultimate recess1 :51 unconsci\sly & 9 spite ( ourselves1 we support exi/5ce & cl+ to x :e!r we completely und]/& x or n40#fe ,z = ,pragmatism & pragmati/ a*ievem5ts 9 ,g]many1 !re is1 z might well be suppos$1 little ne$ ( say+ mu*4 ,! g5ius ( ! c\ntry is aga9/ bo?2 & if !re is any ,pragmatism 9 ,g]many1 x mu/ h contriv$ someh[ to h be5 8born aga90 ( ! 8_s0 be=e obta9+ (ficial recognition4#ff ,s mu* ev5 might be inf]r$ f ! o!rwise g5]\s recognition accord$ to ! "w ( ,james by s*ol>s & ?9k]s l ,euck5 & ,/e9#fg & ! re/4 ,^? m5 _c see ,pragmatism save 9 ! broad light ( ! 8humanism0 t has always *>act]is$ philosophy1 :5 prop]ly appreciat$1 & und]/ood 9 ! light ( its true g5esis4 ,pragmatism has 9 fact be5 long kn[n 9 ,g]many "u ! old] names ( 8,volunt>ism0 & 8,humanism10 al?\gh x may d\btless be associat$ !re ) "s ( ! m pron\nc$ t5d5cies ( ! h\r1 su* z ! rec5t insi/5ce ( ! 8,gtt+5 ,fries ,s*ool0 ^u ! importance ( ! 8g5etic0 & ! 8descriptive0 po9t ( view 9 reg>d ev5 to ! matt] ( ! suppos$ fir/ pr9ciples ( k1 ! hypo!tical & me?odological conception ( philosophy tak5 by philosophical sci5ti/s l ,ma* & ,o/wald#fh & _! foll[]s1 ! 8empiricism0 & 8realism0 ( ?9k]s l ! late ,dr4 ,av5>ius#fi ( ,zuri*4 ,!n ! s-call$ 8teleological10 or 8practical10 "* ( our human ?9k+ has also be5 recogniz$ 9 mod]n ,g]man ?\ght long be=e ! days ( ,peirce & ,dewey1 ev5 by su* /rictly academic ?9k]s z ,lotze & ,sigw>t4 ,! "w ( ! latt] ?9k] ^u ,logic1 by ! way1 0 translat$ into ,engli% "u di/9ctly ,neo-,hegelian influ5ces4 ,9 ! second portion ( ?is "w ! univ]sal presuppositions ( k are consid]$1 n m]ely z a priori tru?s1 b z ak9 9 "s important respects 8to ! e?ical pr9ciples by :i* we are wont to det]m9e & guide our free consci\s activity40#gj ,b ev5 ap>t f ?is matt] ( ! natural association ( ,pragmatism ) ! ,volunt>ism t has long exi/$ 9 ,g]man philosophy1#ga we may und\bt$ly pass to ! foll[+ ?+s 9 contempor>y & rec5t ,g]man ?\ght z sympa!tic1 9 ! ma91 to ! pragmati/ t5d5cies ( ,james & ,dewey & ,s*ill]3 7#a7 ! practical conception ( sci5ce & philosophy1 z bo? ( !m a k9d ( 8economy ( ! att5tion10 a sort ( 8conceptual %or?&0#gb 7= ! purposes ( ! 8description0 ( our environm5t7 t we h ref]r$ to 9 ! case ( ,ma* & ,o/wald2 7#b7 ! close association betwe5 ! 8metaphysical0 & ! 8cultural0 9 books l ^? ( ,j]usalem#gc & ,eleu!ropulos2#gd 7#c7 ! %>p criticism ( ! ,rationalism ( ! ,critical ,idealism by ! two la/-m5tion$ ?9k]s1 & by "s ( ! memb]s ( ! new ,fi*te#ge ,s*ool l ,s*ellwi52 & la/ b n lea/1 7#d7 ! t5d5cy to take a psy*ological#gf & a sociological#gg 7in/ead ( a m]ely logical7 view ( ! functions ( ?\ght & philosophy1 t is j z acc5tuat$ 9 ,g]many at ! pres5t "t z x is else:]e4 ,james & ,s*ill] h bo? be5 fond ( ref]r+ to ! "w ( _m ( ^! la/-m5tion$ m5 z fav\rable to a conception ( philosophy less z a 8!ory ( k0 7or a 8!ory ( be+07 9 ! old s5se ?an z a ,weltans*auungslehre 7a view ( ! _w z :ole71 a 8discussion ( ! v>i\s possible programmes = man's life0 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made 9 ! case ( ,pap9i & o!rs4 ,& we might associate ) _! pr$ilections & p]suasions 9 ?is reg>d ! app>5t ,pragmatism also ( a great s*ol> l ,h>nack#gh 9 ref]5ce to ! subord9ation ( religi\s dogma to ! realities ( ! religi\s life1 or ! ,pragmatism ( ,rits*l#gi himself1 9 reg>d to ! subord9ate place 9 liv+ religion ( m]e intellectual !ory1 or ev5 "s ( ! t5d5cies ( ! celebrat$ value-philosophy ( ,rick]t & ,w9delb&#hj & ,mn/]b]g#ha & ! re/4 ,b aga9 ! ma9 tr\ble ab\t all ?is quasi-,g]man support = ! pragmati/s is t mo/ ( ^! contempor>y ?9k]s h tak5 pa9s to trace ! roots ( _! tea*+ back into ! great sy/ems ( ! pa/4 ,! pragmati/s1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 notori\sly c>eless ab\t ! matt] ( ! v>i\s affiliations ( _! 8corridor-l0 & eclectic !ory4 ,!re are _m reasons1 h[ev]1 aga9/ reg>d+ ev5 ! philosophical expression ( _m ( ! practical & sci5tific t5d5cies ( ,g]many z at all fav\rable to ! acceptance ( ,pragmatism z a satisfactory philosophy f ! ,g]man po9t ( view4 ,among ^! reasons are3 7#a7 ,! fact t x is naturally impossible to f9d any real support 9 pa/ or pres5t ,g]man philosophy = ! impossible brea* t exi/s 9 ,pragmatism betwe5 ! 8!oretical0 & ! 8practical10 & 7#b7 ! fact t ,g]many has only rec5tly pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( %>p conflict betwe5 ! psy*ological 7or ! 8g5etic07 & ! logical po9t ( view reg>d+ k1 result+ 9 a confess$ victory = ! latt]4 ,& !n aga9 7#c7 ev5 if !re is a p>tial correspond5ce betwe5 ,pragmatism & ! quasi economic 7or 8practical07 conception tak5 ( philosophy by "s ( ! y\ng] m5 9 ,g]many :o h n altoge!r outliv$ _! reaction aga9/ ,rationalism1 !re are o!r t5d5cies !re t are f> m *>act]i/ic ( ! _s & ( ! traditions ( ! c\ntry4 ,among ^! are ! ,new ,idealism g5]ally1 ! /rong ,neo-,kantian movem5t ( ! ,m>burg s*ool#hb & _! foll[]s 9 diff]5t places1 ! reviv$ int]e/ 9 ,hegel#hc & 9 ,s*ell+1 ! ,neo-,romanticism ( ,j5a1 ) its booklets ^u su* topics z ,! ,culture ( ! ,s\l1 ,life ) ,nature1 ,g]man ,idealism1 & s on4#hd ,& !n 7#d7 !re are j z _m difficulties 9 ! way ( reg>d+ ! psy*ological & sociological philosophy ( m5 l ,j]usalem & ,eleu!ropulos z any?+ l a f9al philosophy ( k1 z !re is 9 attempt+ to d ! same ?+ ) ! m]ely prelim9>y & t5tative philosophy ( ,james & 8 associates4 ,return+ n[ to ,am]ica & ,engl&1 al?\gh ,pragmatism is em95tly an ,am]ican#he doctr9e1 x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be absurd to imag9e t ,pragmatism has c>ri$ ! entire ?\ght ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) x4#hf ,x enc\nt]$ !re1 ev5 at ! outset1 at lea/ some?+ ( ! contempt & ! incr$ulity & ! ho/ility t x met ) else:]e1 & also mu* ( ! ,am]ican %rewd indiff]5ce to a mu*-adv]tis$ new article4 ,! message ( ,james z a philosoph]1 too1 0 d\btless disc\nt$ 7at lea/ by ! well-in=m$7 9 ! light ( 8 previ\s brilliant "w z a descriptive psy*ologi/1 & also1 p]haps1 9 ! light ( 8 wond]fully sugge/ive p]sonality4#hg ,:at actually happ5$ 9 ,am]ica 9 respect ( ! pragmati/ movem5t 01 fir/ ( all1 ! sudd5 em]g5ce ( a magaz9e lit]ature#hh 9 connexion ) ! ,w-to-,believe philosophy ( ,james & ! ,cali=nia address1 & 9 connexion 7accord+ to ! g5]\s te/imony ( ,james7 ) ,deweyism or 8,in/rum5talism40 ,mu* ( ?is tiresome & hair-splitt+ magaz9e discussion ( 8ideas z in/rum5ts ( ?\ght10 & ( ! 8consequ5ces0 78!oretical0 or 8practical0 or :at n7 by :i* ideas 7 to be 8te/$10 0 pron\nc$ by ,james1 9 #aijf1 to be l>gely crude & sup]ficial4 ,x _h ! indirect m]it1 h[ev]1 ( yield+ "o or two valuable e/imates ( ! _m inconsi/5cies 9 ,pragmatism1 & ( ! _m diff]5t k9ds ( ,pragmatism or in/rum5talism t !re seem$ to be1 & ( ! value ( ,pragmatism z a 8!ory ( k10 & z a 8philosophical g5]alization40 ,! up%ot ( ! :ole prelim9>y discussion 0 7#a7 ! discov]y t1 ,pragmatism hav+ aris5 7z ,dewey himself put x7 out ( a multitude ( conflict+ t5d5cies 9 reg>d to :at we might call ! 8approa*0 to philosophy1 w\ld probably soon 8dissolve itself0 back aga9 into "s ( ! /reams out ( :i* x _h aris51#hi & 7#b7 ! discov]y t all t ?is e>ly 8me?odological0 pragmatism am\nt$ to 0 ! h>mless doctr9e t ! mean+ ( any conception express$ itself 9 ! pa/ or future conduct or exp]i5ce ( actual1 or possible1 s5ti5t creatures4 ,we %all aga9 take occasion#ij to ref] to ?is comp>ative failure ( ,pragmatism to give any sy/ematic or unifi$ acc\nt ( ! consequ5ces by :i* x w\ld seek to te/ ! tru? ( propositions4 ,its failure1 h[ev]1 9 ?is connexion is a matt] ( second>y importance 9 comp>ison ) ! great lesson#ia to be drawn f its idea t !re c be = man no objective tru? ab\t ! univ]se1 ap>t f ! idea ( its mean+#ib or significance to 8 exp]i5ce & to 8 consci\s activity4 ,:at is n[ tak+ place 9 ,am]ica 9 ?is second decade i4e4 9 ! ye>s aft] #aijh ( ! pragmati/ movem5t is app>5tly 7#a7 ! %>pe/ k9d ( (ficial rationali/ condemnation ( ,pragmatism z an imp]fectly prov$ & a m]ely 8subjective0 & a highly unsy/ematic philosophy2 7#b7 ! appe>ance ( a numb] ( in/ructive booklets#ic ^u ,pragmatism & ! pragmati/ movem5t1 "s ( !m expository & critical1 "s ( !m 9 ! ma9 sympa!tic1 "s ( !m condemnatory & ev5 contemptu\s1 & "s ( !m attempts at fur!r con/ructive "w along pragmati/ l9es2 7#c7 indications "h & !re ( ! acceptance & ! promulgation ( old] & new] doctr9es anti!tic & ho/ile to ,pragmatism--"s ( !m possibly z typically ,am]ican z ,pragmatism itself4 ,z a s+le illu/ration ( ! p>tly con/ructive "w t is be+ attempt$ 9 ! "n & ! _s ( pragmatism1 we may in/ance ! l9e ( reflection ent]$ ^u by ,pr(essor ,moore#id 9 consequ5ce ( 8 claim t to ,pragmatism ! fundam5tal ?+ 9 any judgm5t or proposition is n s mu* its consequ5ces1 b its 8value40 ,?is claim may1 no d\bt1 be support$ by ! _m decl>ations ( ,james & ,s*ill] t ! 8true10 l ! 8good0 & ! 8beautiful10 is simply a 8valuation10 & n ! feti% t ! rationali/s make x out to be4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 z we may try to indicate1 :e!r ?is 8value0 int]pretation ( ,pragmatism c be c>ri$ out indep5d5tly ( ! m sy/ematic attempts at a g5]al philosophy ( value t are be+ made to-day 9 ,g]many & ,am]ica & else:]e4 ,& !n x w\ld be a matt] ( no ord9>y difficulty to cle> up ! inconsi/5cy t d\btless exi/s betwe5 ,pragmatism z a value philosophy & ,pragmatism z a m]e philosophy ( 8consequ5ces40 ,x is 8imm$iate10 & 8v]ifiable10 & 8def9itely appreciat$0 consequ5ces1 r ?an ! high] values ( our exp]i5ce t 7up to ! pres5t "t7 seem to h bulk$ l>gely 9 ! argum5tations ( ! pragmati/s4 ,& z an illu/ration ( a doctr9e t is bo? ,am]ican & ho/ile to pragmatism1 we may in/ance ! ,new ,realism#ie t 0 rec5tly laun*$ 9 a collective manife/o 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy & ,sci5tific ,me?ods4 ,?is realism is1 to be sure1 ho/ile to e =m ( 8subjectivism0 or p]sonalism1 & may 9 a c]ta9 s5se be reg>d$ z ! em]g5ce into full daylight ( ! realism or dualism t we f\nd to be lurk+#if 9 ,james's 8radical empiricism40 ,x is1 !re=e1 z x 71 "o ( ! signs t ,pragmatism is p]haps break+ up 9 ,am]ica into "s ( ! m elem5tal t5d5cies out ( :i* x develop$--9 ?is case ! ,am]ican desire = op]ative 7or effective7 realism & = a 8direct0#ig contact ) reality in/ead ( ! indirect contact ( s _m metaphysical sy/ems4 ,x is only necess>y to add "h t x is to ! cr$it ( ,am]ican rationalism ( ! ,neo-,hegelian type t x has %[n itself1 notably 9 ! writ+s ( ,pr(essor ,royce1#ih capable1 n only ( criticis+ ,pragmatism1 b ( seek+ to incorporate1 9 a con/ructive philosophy ( ! pres5t1 "s ( ! features ( ! pragmati/ emphasis ^u 8w0 & 8a*ievem5t0 & 8purpose40 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ?is respect at lea/ 9 l9e ) "s ( ! be/ t5d5cies 9 contempor>y ,european philosophy4 ,la/ly1 !re are c]ta9 t5d5cies ( rec5t ,engli% philosophy ) :i* ,pragmatism has special aff9ities4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$3 7#a7 ! v>i\s g5]al & specific criticisms#ii t h be5 made !re = at lea/ two g5]ations on ! m or less =mal & ab/ract "* ( ! metaphysic ( our ,neo-,kantians & our ,neo-,hegelians2 7#b7 ! concessions t h rec5tly be5 made by prom95t rationali/s to ! und\bt$ly purposive1 or 8teleological10 "* ( our human ?9k+1 & to ! connexion ( our m5tal life ) our entire practical & spiritual activity4 ,_m ( ^! concessions are n[ reg>d$ z ! m]e/ commonplaces ( speculation1 & we %all probably ref] to !m 9 our next *apt]4 ,!n !re is 7#c7 ! well-kn[n insi/5ce ( "s ( our =emo/ psy*ologi/s1 l ,w>d & ,/\t1#ajj ^u ! reality ( activity & 8purpose0 9 m5tal process1 & ^u ! "p play$ by !m 9 ! evolution ( our intellectual life1 & ( our adju/m5t to ! _w 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,& 7#d7 ! e?ical & social idealism ( su* well-kn[n memb]s ( our ,neo-,hegelian s*ool z ,pr(essors ,jones1 ,mack5zie1 & ,muirhead4 ,^! s*ol>s & ?9k]s are j z insi/5t z ! pragmati/s ^u ! idea t philosophy & ?\ght are1 & %\ld be1 a practical social 8dynamic0--t is to say1 8=ces0 & 8motives0 mak+ = ! p]fection ( ! common life4 7#e7 ,a great deal ( ! philosophy ( sci5ce & ( ! philosophy ( axioms & po/ulates to be f\nd 9 ,briti% writ]s1 f ,mill & ,jevons to ,k>l ,pe>son & ,mr4 ,a4 ,sidgwick#aja & _m o!rs4 ,ap>t f all ?is1 h[ev]1 or r1 9 addition to x1 x may be truly said t "o ( ! /rik+ ?+s ab\t rec5t ,briti% philosophical lit]ature#ajb is ! /ir & ! activity t h be5 excit$ 9 ! rationali/ camp by ! writ+s ( ! pragmati/s & ! 8p]sonal ideali/s10 & by ! critics ( ^! new] modes ( ?\ght4 ,all ?is has l$ to _m su* re-/atem5ts ( ! problems ( philosophy z are to be f\nd 9 ! books ( m5 l ,joa*im1#ajc ,h5ry ,jones1#ajd ,a4 ,e4 ,taylor1#aje ,boyce-,gibson1#ajf ,h5ry ,h4 ,/urt1#ajg ,s4 ,h4 ,mellone1#ajh ,j4 ,h4 ,b4 ,joseph1#aji & o!rs1 & ev51 say1 9 su* a repres5tative book z t ( ,pr(essor ,/ew>t ^u ! classical !me ( ,plato's ,!ory ( ,ideas4 ,9 ?is "w an attempt is made to int]pret ,plato's 8,ideas0 9 ! light ( pragmati/ consid]ations z b 8categories0 or 8po9ts ( view0 :i* we f9d x conv5i5t to use 9 deal+ ) our s5se exp]i5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,"s ,,fundam5tal ,,*>act]i/ics ,we %all n[ attempt a some:at detail$ treatm5t ( a few ( ! m *>act]i/ic t5d5cies ( ,pragmatism4 ,! foll[+ h already be5 m5tion$ 9 our g5]al sket* ( its developm5t & ( ! appe>ance ( ! pragmati/ philosophy 9 ,europe & ,am]ica3 7#a7 ! attempt$ modification by ,pragmatism ( ! extremes ( ,rationalism1 & its dissatisfaction ) ! rationalism ( bo? sci5ce & philosophy2 7#b7 its progress f ! /age ( a m]e practical & exp]im5tal !ory ( tru? to a broad humanism 9 :i* philosophy itself becomes 7l art1 say7 m]ely an important 8dynamic0 elem5t 9 human culture2 7#c7 its pref]5ce 9 ! matt] ( fir/ pr9ciples = 8fai?0 & 8exp]i5ce0 & a tru/ 9 our in/9ctive 8beliefs02 7#d7 its read9ess to affiliate itself ) ! v>i\s lib]al & humani/ic t5d5cies 9 human ?\ght1 su* z ! philosophy ( 8fre$om10 & ! 8hypo!tical me?od0 ( sci5ce1 mod]n e?ical & social idealism1 ! religi\s reaction ( rec5t ye>s1 ! volunt>i/ic tr5d 9 ,g]man po/-,kantian philosophy1 & s on4 ,our subject 9 ?is *apt]1 h[ev]1 is r t ( ! ?ree or f\r m or less *>act]i/ic assumptions & cont5tions ^u :i* all ^! & ! _m o!r pragmati/ t5d5cies may be said to re/4 ,! fir/ & =emo/ ( ^! assumptions is ! position t all tru? is 8made0 tru?1 8human0 tru?1 tru? relat$ to human attitudes & purposes1 & t !re is no 8objective0 or 8indep5d5t0 tru?1 no tru? 89 ^: e/abli%m5t ! function ( giv+ human satisfaction1 9 m>ry+ previ\s p>ts ( exp]i5ce ) new] p>ts1 has play$ no rle40 ,tru?s 7 8no?+10 z x 71 be=e !y 7 8discov]$10 & ! mo/ anci5t tru?s 7 once 8pla/ic10 or m]ely susceptible ( pro( or dispro(4 ,tru? is 8made0 j l 8heal?10 or 8weal?10 or 8value10 & s on4 ,insi/5ce1 we might say1 ^u ?is "o note1 along ) ! entire l9e ( reflection t x awak5s 9 him1 is really1 z ,dewey rem9ds u1 ! ma9 burd5 ( ,james's book ^u ,pragmatism4 ,equally *>act]i/ic is x too ( ,dewey himself :o is = ev] rev]t+ to 8 doctr9e ( ! factiti\s "* ( tru?4 ,!re is no 8fix$ di/9ction10 he tells u1 8betwe5 ! empirical values ( ! unreflective life & ! mo/ ab/ract process ( rational ?\ght40 ,& to ,s*ill]1 aga91 ?is same ?\ght is ! beg9n+ ( ev]y?+ 9 philosophy1 = ) an outspok5 acceptance ( ?is doctr9e ( ! 8=mation0 ( all tru?1 ,pragmatism1 he ?9ks1 c d at lea/ two ?+s t ,rationalism is = ev] deb>r$ f do+3 7#a7 di/+ui% adequately 8tru?0 f 8fact10 & 7#b7 di/+ui% adequately tru? f error4 ,:e!r ^! two ?+s be1 or be n1 ! consequ5ces ( ! doctr9e 9 "q & we %all return#aaj to ! po9t we may p]haps accept x z1 on ! :ole1 h>moni\s ) ! tea*+ ( psy*ology ab\t ! nature ( our ideas z m5tal habits1 or ab\t ?9k+ z a re/ra9$1 or a guid$1 activity4 ,x is 9 h>mony1 too1 ) ! palpable truism t all 8tru?0 mu/ be tru? t "s be+s or o!r :o h once 8s\ght0 tru? 7= "s reasons or o!r7 h at la/ come to reg>d z satisfy+ _! se>* & _! purposes4 ,& ?is truism1 x w\ld seem1 mu/ rema9 su* 9 spite (1 or ev5 along )1 any mean+ t !re may be 9 ! idea ( :at we call 8,god's tru?40 ,by ?is expression m5 und]/&1 x w\ld seem1 m]ely ,god's k ( tru?s or facts ( :i* we z m5 may happ5 to be ignorant4 ,b !n !re c h be5 no "t 9 :i* ,god c be imag9$ to h be5 ignorant ( ^! or any o!r matt]s4 ,x is !re=e n = ,him tru? z oppos$ to falsehood4 ,& !n1 aga91 ?is pragmati/ position ab\t all tru? be+ 8made0 tru? w\ld seem to be valid 9 view ( ! difficulty 7,plato#aaa spoke ( x7 ( reconcil+ ,god's suppos$ absolute k ( reality ) our f9ite & limit$ appreh5sion ( ! same4#aab ,! ma9 int]e/1 h[ev]1 ( pragmati/s 9 _! some:at tiresome insi/5ce ^u ! truism t all tru? is made tru? is _! ho/ility 7,locke _h x 9 8 day7 to ! suppos$ rationali/ position t !re is an 8a priori0 & 8objective0 tru? indep5d5t altoge!r ( human activities & human purposes4#aac ,! p>ticul> object ( _! av]sion is :at ,dewey#aad talks ( z 8t di%one/y1 t ins9c]ity1 *>act]i/ic ( philosophical discussion1 t is manife/$ 9 speak+ & writ+ z if c]ta9 ultimate ab/ractions or concepts c\ld be m real ?an human purposes & human be+s1 & z if !re c\ld be any contradiction betwe5 tru? & purpose40 ,z we %all reflect at a lat] /age#aae ^u ! rationali/ !ory ( tru?1 we may1 meantime1 pass ov] ?is ho/ility ) ! rem>k t x is1 aft] all1 only ow+ to c]ta9 peculi> circum/ances 7^?1 say1 ( its conflict ) religion & sci5ce & cu/om7 9 ! developm5t ( philosophy t its fir/ pr9ciples h be5 reg>d$ by its vot>ies z ! mo/ real ( all realities4 ,^! devotees t5d to =get 9 _! zeal t ! pragmati/ way ( look+ ^u all suppos$ fir/ pr9ciples--t ( ! consid]ation ( _! utility 9 & necessity z explanations ( our common exp]i5ce & its realities--is ! only way ( expla9+ _! reality1 ev5 z conceptions4 ,x requires to be add$--s mu* may1 inde$1 h already be5 inf]r$ f ! prec$+ *apt]--t1 ap>t f _! h9t ab\t ! highe/ tru? be+ necess>ily inclusive ( ! highe/ human purposes1 x is by no means easy to f9d out f ! pragmati/s :at !y mean by tru?1 or h[ !y w\ld def9e x4 ,:5 ! matt] is press$ home1 !y g5]ally confess t _! attitude is 9 ! ma9 8psy*ological0 r ?an philosophical1 t x is ! 8mak+0 ( tru? r ?an its 8nature0 or its 8cont5ts0 or its sy/ematic "* t int]e/s !m4 ,x is ! 8dynamical0 po9t ( view1 z !y put x1 t is ess5tial to !m4 ,& out ( ! sph]e & ! associations ( ?is cont5tion !y d n really travel4 ,!y w tell y :at x means to hit ^u ?is p>ticul> way ( look+ ^u tru?1 & h[ /imulat+ x is to attempt to d s4 ,& !y w give y _m m or less artificial & t5tative1 ext]nal1 descriptions ( _! philosophy by say+ t ideas are 8made = man10 & 8n man = ideas10 & s on4 ,b1 al?\gh !y d5y bo? ! common-s5se view t tru? is a 8correspond5ce0 ) ext]nal reality1 & ! rationali/ view t tru? is a 8coh]5t sy/em0 on its own acc\nt1 !y nev] def9e tru? any m ?an d _! oppon5ts ! rationali/s4 ,x is a 8comm]ce0 & n a 8correspond5ce10 !y cont5d1 a comm]ce#aaf betwe5 c]ta9 p>ts ( our exp]i5ce & c]ta9 o!r p>ts1 or a comm]ce betwe5 our ideas & our purposes1 b n a comm]ce ) reality1 = ! mak+ ( tru? is itself1 9 _! eyes1 ! mak+ ( reality4 ,secondly1 x is ano!r famili> *>act]i/ic ( ,pragmatism t1 al?\gh x fails to give a satisfy+ acc\nt ei!r ( tru? or reality1 ! "o ?+ ( :i* x is = ev] talk+ (1 z fundam5tal to our entire life z m51 is belief4#aag ,?is is ! "o ?+ ^u :i* x makes ev]y?+ else to hang--all k & all action & all !ory4 ,& x is1 ( c\rse1 its manife/ acceptance ( belief z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our human life1 & z a true measure ( reality1 t has giv5 to ,pragmatism its religi\s atmosph]e4#aah ,x is ?is t has made x su* a welcome & su* a cr$ible cre$ to s _m disillusion$ & free-?9k+ p to-day1 z well z to s _m ( ! fai?ful & ! or?odox4 8,=1 9 pr9ciple1 ,pragmatism ov]comes ! old anti!sis ( ,fai? & ,reason4 ,x %[s1 on ! "o h&1 t fai? mu/ und]lie all reason & p]vade x1 nay1 t at bottom rationality itself is ! supreme/ po/ulate ( ,fai?40#aai 8,tru?10 aga91 z ,james rem9ds u1 8lives 9 fact = ! mo/ "p on a cr$it sy/em4 ,our ?\ghts & beliefs h[ lit]ally true ?is is6 pass s long z nobody *all5ges !m1 j z bank-notes pass s long z nobody refuses !m40#abj ,n[ x requires b ! reflection ( a mom5t to see t ! v>i\s facts & consid]ations ^u :i* ! two la/ quotations1 & ! g5]al devotion ( ,pragmatism to 8belief10 bo? repose1 are all di/9ctly 9 fav\r ( ! acceptability ( ,pragmatism at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re is no?+ 9 :i* p 9 g5]al are m int]e/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is tw5tie? c5tury ?an 9 belief4 ,x is ?is1 = example1 t expla9s su* a ?+ z ! great success to-day 9 our ,engli%-speak+ _w ( su* an ent]prise z ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy & ,religion1 or ! /ill great] ph5om5on ( ! _w-wide int]e/ ( ! h\r 9 ! subject ( comp>ative religion4 ,mo/ mod]n m51 ! writ] is incl9$ to ?9k1 believe#aba a great deal m ?an !y "k1 ! *ief difficulty ab\t ?is fact be+ t !re is no recogniz$ way ( express+ x 9 our sci5ce or 9 our philosophy1 or ( act+ ^u x 9 our behavi\r 9 society4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only ! undue prom95ce ( ma!matical & physical sci5ce s9ce ! "t ( ,desc>tes#abb t has made evid5ce & demon/ration ! ma9 consid]ation ( philosophy in/ead ( belief1 man's true & fundam5tal e/imate ( reality4 ,we h already#abc po9t$ out t "o ( ! ma9 results ( ,pragmatism is ! acceptance on ! "p ( its lead+ uphold]s ( our fundam5tal beliefs ab\t ! ultimately real & ab\t ! realization ( our mo/ deeply *]i%$ purposes4 ,9 fact1 reality 9 g5]al is = !m1 we may say--9 ! abs5ce f _! writ+s ( any bett] description1--simply t :i* we c 8w10 or 8believe 910 z ! basis = action & = consci\s 8creative0 ef=t1 or con/ructive ef=t4 ,z ,james himself puts x 9 8 book on ,! ,mean+ ( ,tru?3 8,s9ce ! only realities we c talk ab\t are objects believ$ 91 ! pragmati/1 :5ev] he says #8reality1' means 9 ! fir/ in/ance :at may c\nt = ! man himself z a reality1 :at he believes at ! mom5t to be su*4 ,sometimes ! reality is a concrete s5sible pres5ce4444 ,or 8 idea may be t ( an ab/ract relation1 say ( t betwe5 ! sides & ! hypot5use ( a triangle4444 ,ea* reality v]ifies & validates its own idea exclusively2 & 9 ea* case ! v]ification consi/s 9 ! satisfactorily-end+ consequ5ces1 m5tal or physical1 :i* ! idea 0 to set up40 ,we %all lat] h to ref] to ! abs5ce f ,pragmatism ( a crit]ion = a*ievem5t & = 8consequ5ces40 ,&1 z f> z philosophical !ories are conc]n$1 ^! are all1 to ! pragmati/s1 true or false simply 9 s f> z !y are practically cr$ible or n4 ,james is q explicit1 = example1 ab\t ,pragmatism itself 9 ?is reg>d4 8,no pragmati/10 he holds1 8c w>rant ! objective tru? ( :at he says ab\t ! univ]se2 he c only believe x40#abd ,!re is fai?1 9 %ort1 = ! pragmati/1 9 e act1 9 e phase ( ?\ght1 ! fai? t is impli$ 9 ! realization ( ! purposes t und]lie our attempt$ acts & ?\ghts4 ,!y eag]ly accept1 = example1 ! important doctr9e ( ! mod]n logician1 & ! mod]n psy*ologi/1 z to ! pres5ce ( volition 9 all 8affirmation0 & 8judgm5t10 see+ t 9 e case ( affirmation !re is a m or less active readju/m5t ( our m9ds 7or our bodies7 to :at ei!r /imulates or imp$es our activity4 ,a ?ird out/&+ *>act]i/ic ( ,pragmatism is ! 8deep]0 view ( human nature ^u :i*1 9 contra/ to ,rationalism1 x supposes itself to re/1 & :i* x seeks to v9dicate4 ,x is ?is suppos$ly deep] view ( human nature = :i* x is confess$ly plead+ :5 x insi/s1 z x is fond ( do+1 ^u ! connexion ( philosophy ) ! v>i\s !oretical & practical pursuits ( mank9d1 ) sci5ces l biology & psy*ology1 & ) social re=m1#abe & s on4 ,we h1 x may be rememb]$1 already intimat$ t ev5 9 practical ,am]ica m5 h _h _! d\bts ab\t ! dep? ( a philosophy t looks ^u man z made 9 ! ma9 = action & a*ievem5t in/ead (1 let u say1 ! realization ( 8 high] nature4 ,/ill1 few ( ! read]s ( ,james c h altoge!r fail$ to appreciate ! significance ( "s ( ! _m eloqu5t & sugge/ive p>agraphs he has writt5 ^u ! limitations ( ! rationali/ic 8temp]am5t0 & ( its unblu%+ sacrifice ( ! entire weal? ( human nature & ( ! v>i\s pulsat+ int]e/s ( m5 to ! imag9>y exig5cies ( ab/ract logic & 8sy/em40#abf ,to him & to 8 colleagues 7z to ,socrates1 = t "p ( x7 man is fir/ly a be+ :o has habits & purposes1 & :o c1 to "s ext5t1 control ! v>i\s =ces ( 8 nature ?r\gh true k1 & 9 ?is v discrepancy betwe5 ! real & ! ideal does !re lie = ! pragmati/s ! entire problem ( philosophy--! problem ( ,plato1 t ( ! atta9m5t ( true virtue ?r\gh true k4 ,def]r+1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( ! success ( ! pragmati/s 9 ?is matt] ( ! unfold+ ( ! true relation betwe5 philosophy & human nature1 let u ?9k ( a few ( ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce ^u ?is truly important & inevitable relation1 :i* no philosophy inde$ c = "o mom5t af=d to neglect4 ,insi/5ce ^u ^! facts or tea*+s & ^u ! reflections & criticisms to :i* !y naturally give rise is c]ta9ly a deeply m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ,pragmatism4 ,man1 z has (t5 be5 po9t$ out1 is end[$ ) ! p[] ( reflection1 n s mu* to enable him to und]/& ! _w ei!r z a :ole or 9 its detail$ work+s z to assi/ him 9 ! fur!r evolution ( 8 life4 ,8 beliefs & *oices & 8 spiritual culture are all1 z x 71 =ces & influ5ces 9 ?is direction4 ,inde$1 x is always ! s\l or ! life pr9ciple t is ! important ?+ 9 any individual or any p1 s f> z a place 9 ! _w 7or 9 8hi/ory07 is conc]n$4 ,philosoph]s1 z well z o!r m51 (t5 ex*ange 79 ! words ( ,lecky7 ! 8love ( tru?0 z su* = ! love ( 8! tru?10 t is to say1 = ! love ( ! sy/em & ! social arrangem5ts t be/ suit _! int]e/s z ?9k]s4 ,& !y too are j z eag] z o!r m5 = disciple%ip & influ5ce & hon\r4 ,k ) !m1 9 o!r words1 means1 z ,bacon put x1 8control02 & ev5 ) !m x does n1 & _c1 rema9 at ! /age ( m]e cognition4 ,x becomes 9 ! end a conviction or a belief4 ,& ?us ! philosoph] ) 8 sy/em 7ev5 a ,plato1 or a ,hegel7 is aft] all b a "p ( ! univ]se1 to be judg$ z su*1 along ) o!r lives & o!r sy/ems--a circum/ance hit (f e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury by ,g]man /ud5ts :5 !y us$ to talk ( "o's be+ able 79 ,b]l97 to see ! ,welt-,gei/ 7,hegel7 8tak+ a walk0 9 ! ,?i]g>t54 ,reality aga91 s f> z ei!r life or sci5ce is conc]n$1 means = e man t 9 :i* he is mo/ fundam5tally int]e/$--ions & radium to ! physici/ ( ! h\r1 life to ! biologi/1 ,god to ! !ologian1 progress to ! philan?ropi/1 & s on4 ,fur!r1 mank9d 9 g5]al is n likely to ab&on its habit ( e/imat+ all sy/ems ( ?\ght & philosophy f ! po9t ( view ( _! value z keys1 or aids1 to ! problem ( ! mean+ & ! developm5t ( life z a :ole4 ,!re is no ab/ract 8tru?0 or 8good0 or 8beauty0 ap>t f ! lives ( be+s :o contemplate1 & :o seek to create1 su* ?+s z tru? & goodness & beauty4 ,to und]/& k & intellect1 aga91 we mu/ inde$ look at !m 9 _! actual developm5t 9 connexion ) ! total vital or p]sonal activity ei!r ( ! av]age or ev5 ( ! exceptional individual4 ,& in/ead ( reg>d+ ! affections & ! emotions z inimical to k1 or z second>y & inf]ior to x1 we ought to rememb] t !y re/ 9 g5]al ^u a broad] & deep] attitude to reality ?an does ei!r ! p]ception ( ! s5ses#abg or ! critical analysis ( ! und]/&+4 ,9 bo? ( ^! cases is ! k t we atta9 to limit$ 9 ! ma9 ei!r to :at is be=e u "u ! conditions ( "t & space1 or to p>ticul> aspects ( ?+s t we m>k (f1 or sep>ate1 f ! totality ( ?+s4 ,z ,b]gson rem9ds u1 we 8desire0 & 8w0 ) ! 8:ole0 ( our pa/1 b 8?9k0 only ) 8"p0 ( x4 ,small wond] !n t ,james seeks to connect su* a broad ph5om5on z religion ) _m ( ! unconsci\s factors 7!y are n all m]ely 8biological07 9 ! dep? ( our p]sonality4 ,"s ( ! in/9cts & ! ph5om5a t we enc\nt] !re are ?+s t transc5d altoge!r ! _w t is )9 ! scope ( our s5ses or ! reason+ faculties4 ,tru?1 too1 gr[s f age to age1 & is simply ! =mulat$ k humanity has ( itself & its environm5t4 ,& errors disappe>1 n s mu* 9 consequ5ce ( _! logical refutation1 z 9 consequ5ce ( _! inutility & ( _! inability to control ! life & ?\ght ( ! free man4 ,read]s ( ,s*op5hau] w rememb] 8 frequ5t insi/5ce ^u ?is po9t ( ! gradual dissid5ce & disappe>ance ( error1 9 place ( its summ>y refutation4 ,our 8reactions0 ^u reality are c]ta9ly "p ( :at we mean by 8reality10 & our philosophy is only too truly 8! hi/ory ( our he>t & life0 z well z t ( our intellectual activity4 ,! hi/orian ( philosophy inv>iably acts ^u a recognition ( ! p]sonal & ! national & ! epo*al influ5ce 9 ! evolution ( e philosophical sy/em4 ,& ev5 ! new1 or ! full] conception ( life to :i* a giv5 g5ius may atta9 at "s /age or o!r ( human civilization w /ill inevitably1 9 its turn1 give place to a new] or a m p]fect sy/em4 ,n[ ,pragmatism is d\btless at fault 9 seek+ to create ! impression t ,rationalism w\ld seek to d5y any1 or all1 ( ^? *>act]i/ic facts ( human nature4 ,/ill1 x is to "s ext5t ju/ifi$ 9 insi/+ ^u _! importance 9 view ( ! %>p conflict 7we %all lat] ref] to x7 t is (t5 suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! !oretical & ! practical int]e/s ( mank9d1 & t ,rationalism sometimes seems to accept ) comp>ative equanimity4#abh ,:at ,pragmatism is itself mo/ ( all seek+ aft] is a view ( human nature1 & ( ?+s g5]ally1 9 :i* ! fulle/ ju/ice is done to ! facts ^u :i* ?is v real conflict#abi ( mod]n times may be said to re/4 ,a f\r? *>act]i/ic ( ,pragmatism is its notori\s 8anti-intellectualism10#acj its ho/ility to ! m]ely dialectical use ( t]ms & concepts & categories1#aca to argum5tation t is unduly deta*$ f ! facts & ! ne$s ( our concrete human exp]i5ce4 ,?is anti-intellectualism we pref] meantime to consid] n s mu* 9 itself & on its own acc\nt 7if ?is be possible ) a negative cre$7 z 9 ! light ( ! results x has _h ^u philosophy4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! g5]al cle>+ ( ! gr\nd t has und\bt$ly tak5 place z to ! actual or ! possible mean+ ( _m t]ms or conceptions t h long be5 curr5t ) ! transc5d5tali/s1 su* z 8pure ?\ght10 ! 8,absolute10 8tru?0 9 & = itself1 philosophy z ! 8completely rational0 int]pretation ( exp]i5ce1 & s on4 ,& along ) ?is cle>+ ( ! gr\nd !re are 7& also 9 consequ5ce ( ! pragmati/ movem5t7 a great _m rec5t1 /rik+ concessions ( ,rationalism to practical1 & to common-s5se1 ways ( look+ at ?+s1 ! v exi/5ce ( :i* _c b h an important effect ^u ! philosophy ( ! ne> future4 ,among "s ( ! m typical ( ^! are ! foll[+3 ,f ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley we h ! emphatic decl>ations t ! pr9ciple ( dialectical opposition or ! pr9ciple ( 8,non-,contradiction0 7=m]ly1 to himself & 8 foll[]s1 ! 8rule ( ! game0 9 philosophy7 8does n settle any?+ ab\t ! nature ( reality02 t 8tru?0 is an 8hypo!sis10 & t 8except z a means to a =eign end x is useless & impossible02 & 8:5 we judge tru? by its own /&>d x is defective because x fails to include all ! facts10#acb & because its cont5ts 8_c be made intelligible ?r\gh\t & entirely02 t 8no tru? is idle10 & t 8all tru?0 has 8practical0 & /hetic 8consequ5ces02 t !re is 8no su* exi/+ ?+ z pure ?\ght02#acc t we _c sep>ate tru? & practice2 t 8absolute c]ta9ty is n requisite = work+ purposes02 t x is a 8sup]/ition#acd to ?9k t ! intellect is ! highe/ "p ( u10 & t x is well to attack a "o-sid$ 8intellectualism02 t bo? 8intellectualism0 & 8volunt>ism0 are 8"o-sid$10 & t he has no 8objection to id5tify+ reality ) goodness or satisfaction1 s long z ?is does n mean m]ely practical satisfaction40#ace ,!n f ?is same au?or comes ! foll[+ famili> /atem5t ab\t philosophy z a :ole3 8,philosophy always w be h>d1 & :at x promises 9 ! end is no cle> vision nor any complete und]/&+ or vision1 b its c]ta9 rew>d is a cont9ual & a height5$ appreciation ?is is ! result ( sci5ce z well z ( philosophy ( ! ineffable my/]y ( life1 ( life 9 all its complexities & all its unity & all its wor?40#acf ,equally typical & equally important is ! foll[+ concession f ,pr(essor ,taylor1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 to _m p x w\ld seem no concession at all1 b r ! m]e /atem5t ( a fact1 :i* our ,neo-,hegelians h only made !mselves ridicul\s by seem+ to h s long ov]look$3 8,m]e tru? = ! intellect c nev] be q ! same z ultimate reality4 ,= 9 m]e tru? we get reality only 9 its intellectual aspect1 z t :i* af=ds a high] satisfaction to ?\ght's dem& = consi/5cy & sy/ematic unity 9 its object4 ,& z we h se51 ?is dem& c nev] be q satisfi$ by ?\ght itself4#acg ,= ?\ght1 to rema9 ?\ght1 mu/ always be some?+ less ?an ! :ole reality :i* x kn[s40#ach ,& we may add also f ,pr(essor ,taylor ! foll[+ decl>ation 9 respect ( ! notori\s inability ( ,neo-,hegelian ,rationalism to furni% ! av]age man ) a !ory ( reality 9 ! contemplation ( :i* he c f9d at lea/ an adequate motive to consci\s ef=t & a*ievem5t3 8,q ap>t f ! facts1 due to p]sonal %ortcom+s & confusions1 x is inh]5t 9 ! nature ( metaphysical /udy t x c make no positive addition to our in=mation1 & c itself supply no motive = practical endeav\r40#aci ,_m ( ^? f9d+s are obvi\sly s h>moni\s ) "s ( ! m famili> =mulas ( ! pragmati/s t !re w\ld seem to be ample w>rant = associat+ !m ) ! results ( ! pragmati/ movem5t4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case1 x w\ld seem1 ) ! concession ( ,mr4 ,bradley ) respect ( ! 8practical0 or 8hypo!tical0 conception t we ought to ent]ta9 ( 8tru?0 & 8?9k+10 & also ) ! /rictures pass$ by him ^u 8m]e tru?0 & 8m]e intellectualism10 & ) ,pr(essor ,taylor's position 9 respect ( ! inadequacy ( ! rationali/ !ory ( reality1 z 9 no s5se a 8dynamic0 or an 8inc5tive0 = action4 ,& we might well reg>d ,pr(essor ,taylor's f9d+ 9 respect ( m]e sy/ematic tru? or ! 8,absolute0 7= !y are ! same ?+ to him7 z confirmatory ( ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s important cont5tion t 89 ,absolutism0 ! two 8poles0 ( ! 8moral0 & ! 8intellectual0 "* ( ! ,deity 8fall ap>t40 ,?is means1 we w rememb]1 t ! tru? ( ab/ract intellectualism is n ! tru? = action1#adj t absolutism is n able to effect or h>monize betwe5 ! tru? ( sy/ematic k & moral tru?--if1 inde$1 !re be any su* ?+ z moral tru? on ! basis ( a pure ,rationalism4 ,to be sure1 bo? ! ext5t & ev5 ! reality ( all ?is suppos$ cession ( gr\nd 9 philosophy to ! pragmati/s has be5 d\bt$ & d5i$ by ! repres5tatives ( ,rationalism4 ,!y w\ld be que/ion$1 too1 by _m sob] ?9k]s & s*ol>s :o h long reg>d$ ,hegelian intellectualism & pragmati/ 8volunt>ism0 z extremes 9 philosophy1 z inimical1 bo? ( !m1 to ! int]e/s ( a true & ca?olic conception ( philosophy4 ,! latt]1 z we "k f ,ari/otle1 %\ld be inclusive ( ! realities bo? ( ! intellectual & ! practical life4 ,pragmati/ criticisms ( ,rationalism1 aga91 may fairly be claim$ to h be5 to a l>ge ext5t anticipat$ by ! indep5d5t f9d+s ( liv+ ideali/ ?9k]s l ,pr(essors ,pr+le-,pattison1 ,baillie1 ,jones1 & o!rs1 9 respect ( ! suppos$ extreme claims ( ,hegelianism1 z well z by simil> f9d+s & indep5d5t con/ructive ef=ts on ! "p ( ! rec5t gr\p ( ! ,ox=d ,p]sonal ,ideali/s4#ada ,t !re is /ill a place = pragmati/ anti-intellectualism is evid5tly ! conclusion to be drawn f su* ?+s z ! pres5t wide acceptance ( ! philosophy ( ,b]gson1 or ! rec5t decl>ations ( ,mr4 ,bradley t we are ju/ifi$ 89 ! intellig5t refusal to accept z f9al an !oretical crit]ion :i* actually s f> exi/s10 & t ! 8action ( n>r[ consi/5cy mu/ be def9itely giv5 up40 ,! reflection ought1 moreov]1 to be ins]t$ "h t ev5 if ,pragmatism has be5 ( "s possible s]vice 9 br++ =? f rationali/s "s ( _! _m rec5t confessions ( ! limitations ( an ab/ract intellectualism1 x is n at all unlikely t ,rationalism 9 its turn may succe$ 9 convict+ ,pragmatism ( an undue emphasis#adb ^u volition & action & ^u m]ely practical tru?4 ,we %all n[ t]m9ate ! =ego+ *>act]ization ( ,pragmatism by a ref]5ce to two or ?ree o!r specific ?+s = :i* x may1 ) m or less ju/ice1 be suppos$ to /& 9 philosophy4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! repudiation ( ! 8correspond5ce view0#adc ( ! relation ( tru? to reality1 7#b7 ! rejection ( ! idea ( !re be+ any ultimate or rigid di/9ction betwe5 8appe>ance0 & 8reality10 & 7#c7 ! reaffirmation ( ! 8teleological0 po9t ( view z *>act]i/ic ( philosophy 9 di/9ction f sci5ce4 ,z = 7#a7 x has already be5 po9t$ out t ?is idea ( ! mislead+ "* ( ! ord9>y 8correspond5ce notion0 ( tru? is claim$ by pragmati/s z an important result ( _! proposal to te/ tru? by ! /&>d ( ! consequ5ces involv$ 9 its acceptance4#add ,! ord9>y read] may n1 to be sure1 be aw>e ( ! _m difficulties t are apt to arise 9 philosophy f an app>5t acceptance ( ! common-s5se notion ( tru? z someh[ simply a duplicate or a 8copy0 ( ext]nal reality4 ,!re is ! difficulty1 say1 ( our ev] be+ able to prove su* a correspond5ce )\t be+ 7or 8go+07 someh[ beyond bo? ! tru? & ! reality 9 "q1 s z to be able to detect ei!r co9cid5ce or discrepancy4 ,or1 we might aga9 require "s bridge betwe5 ! ideas 9 our m9ds & ! suppos$ reality outside !m--8s5sations0 say1 or 8exp]i5ces10 some?+1 9 o!r words1 t w\ld be accept$ z 8giv50 & indubitable bo? by ideali/s & reali/s4 ,& !re w\ld be ! difficulty1 too1 ( say+ :e!r we h to beg9 = ! purposes ( all reflective /udy ) :at is )9 consci\sness or ) :at is outside x--9 matt] say1 or 9 ?+s4 ,& if ! =m]1 h[ we c ev] get to ! latt]1 & vice v]sa4 ,& s on ) ! _m k9dr$ subtleties t h divid$ ?9k]s into ideali/s & reali/s & conceptuali/s1 moni/s1 duali/s1 p>alleli/s1 & s on4 ,n[ ,pragmatism c]ta9ly does well 9 propos+ to /e] cle> ( all su* difficulties & pitfalls ( ! ord9>y 8correspond5ce notion40 ,& z we %all imm$iately ref] to its own work+ philosophy 9 ! matt]1 we %all meantime pass ov] ?is m]e po9t ( its rejection ( ! 8correspond5ce notion0 ) "o or two rem>ks ( a critical nature1 7#a7 ,un=tunately = ! pragmati/s ! rejection ( ! correspond5ce notion is j z important a feature ( ,idealism#ade z x is ( ,pragmatism4 ,! latt] sy/em !re=e c lay no claim to any uniqu5ess or sup]iority 9 ?is connexion4 7#b7 ,pragmatism1 z we may p]haps see1 _c ma9ta9 its position t ! di/9ction betwe5 8idea0 & 8object0 is "o 8)9 exp]i5ce itself0 7r ?an a di/9ction betwe5 exp]i5ce & some?+ suppos$ly outside x7 )\t travell+ fur!r 9 ! direction ( ,idealism#adf ?an x has hi!rto be5 prep>$ to d4 ,by su* a travell+ 9 ! direction ( ,idealism we mean a f> m ?or\gh-go+ recognition ( ! "p play$ 9 ! mak+ ( reality by ! 8p]sonal0 factor1 ?an x has z yet contemplat$ ei!r 9 its 8in/rum5talism0 or 9 its 8radical empiricism40 7#c7 ,!re is1 aft] all1 an elem5t ( tru? 9 ! correspond5ce notion to :i* ,pragmatism fails to d ju/ice4 ,we %all ref] to ?is failure 9 a subsequ5t *apt]#adg :5 aga9 look+ into its !ory ( tru? & reality4 ,despite ^! objections !re is1 h[ev]1 at lea/ "o p>ticul> respect 9 reg>d to :i* ,pragmatism may legitimately claim "s cr$it = its rejection ( ! correspond5ce notion4 ,?is is its insi/5ce t ! tru? is n 7z x mu/ be on ! correspond5ce !ory7 a 8datum0 or a 8pres5tation10 n some?+ giv5 to u by ! v>i\s objects & ?+s )\t u1 or by _! suppos$ effects ^u our s5ses & our memory & our und]/&+4 ,x r1 on ! contr>y1 ma9ta9s ,pragmatism1 a 8con/ruction0 on ! "p ( ! m9d1 an attitude ( our 8expectant0 7or 8believ+07 consci\sness1 into :i* our own reactions ^u ?+s ent] at lea/ z mu* z d _! suppos$ effects & impressions ^u u4 ,( c\rse ! _m difficulties ( ?is ?orny subject are by no means cle>$ up by ?is m]e indication ( ! attitude ( ,pragmatism1 & we %all return 9 a lat] *apt]#adh to ?is idea ( tru? z a con/ruction ( ! m9d in/ead ( a datum1 tak+ c>e at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 to ref] to ! failure ( :i* we h spok5 on ! "p ( ,pragmatism to recognize ! elem5t ( tru? t is /ill conta9$ 9 ! correspond5ce notion4 7#b7 ,! rejection ( ! idea ( any rigid1 or ultimate di/9ction betwe5 8appe>ance0 & 8reality40 ,?is is a /ill broad] rejection ?an ! "o to :i* we h j ref]r$1 & may1 !re=e1 be ?\ght ( z ano!r m or less fundam5tal reason = ! rejection ei!r ( ! copy or ( ! correspond5ce !ory ( tru?4 ,! reality ( ?+s1 z ,pragmatism conceives x1 is n some?+ already 8fix$0 & 8det]m9$10 b r1 some?+ t is 8pla/ic0 & 8modifiable10 some?+ t is1 9 fact1 und]go+ a cont9u\s process ( modification1 or developm5t1 ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,x mu/ always1 !re=e1 ! pragmati/ w\ld hold1 be def9$ 9 t]ms ( ! exp]i5ces & ! activities ?r\gh :i* x is kn[n & reveal$ & ?r\gh :i* x is1 to "s ext5t1 ev5 modifi$4#adi ,pragmatism1 z we may rememb]1 has be5 call$ by ,james 8imm$iate0 or 8radical0 empiricism1 al?\gh 9 "o ( 8 la/ books he seeks to give an indep5d5t developm5t to ^! two doctr9es4 ,! c>d9al pr9ciple ( ?is philosophy is t 8?+s are :at !y are exp]i5c$ z be+1 or t to give a j acc\nt ( any?+ is to tell :at t ?+ is exp]i5c$ to be40#aej ,& x is p]haps ?is aspect ( ! new philosophy ( ,pragmatism t is mo/ amply & mo/ attractively exhibit$ 9 ! books ( ,james4 ,x is pres5t$1 too1 ) mu* fre%ness & skill 9 ,pr(essor ,bawd5's#aea book ^u ,pragmatism1 :i* is an attempt1 he says1 8to set =? ! necess>y assumptions ( a philosophy 9 :i* exp]i5ce becomes self-consci\s z a me?od40#aeb 8,! new philosophy10 proce$s ,bawd51#aec 8is a pragmatic idealism4 ,its me?od is at once intr9sic & imman5t & organic or functional4 ,by say+ t its me?od is functional1 we mean t its exp]i5ce mu/ be int]pret$ f )94 ,we _c jump out ( our sk9s 444 we _c pull ourselves up by our own boot/raps4 ,we f9d ourselves 9 mid-/ream ( ! ,niag>a ( exp]i5ce1 & may def9e :at x is by work+ back & =? )9 ! curr5t40 8,we d n "k :]e we are go+1 b we are on ! way0 ! contradiction is surely app>5t4 ,!n1 l ,james1 ,bawd5 goes on to int]pret ,pragmatism by %[+ :at ?+s l self-consci\sness1 exp]i5ce1 sci5ce1 social consci\sness1 space1 "t1 & causation are by %[+ h[ !y 8appe>10 & h[ !y 8function0--8exp]i5ce0 itself be+ simply1 to him & to 8 fri5ds1 a 8dynamic sy/em10 8self-su/a9+10 a 8:ole lean+ on no?+40 ,! extremes ( ?is 8imm$iate0 or 8radical0 philosophy appe> to non-pragmati/s to be rea*$ :5 we read words l ^? j quot$ ab\t ! ,niag>a /ream ( our exp]i5ce1 & ab\t our life z simply movem5t & accel]ation1 or ab\t ! celebrat$ 8,i ?9k0 ( ,desc>tes z equally well 6 set =? "u ! =m 8,x ?9ks10 or 8?9k+ is go+ on10 or ab\t ! 8be+0 ( ! individual p]son z consi/+ simply 9 a 8do+40 8,all ?is we hold10 says ,bawd51 8to be n mat]ialism b simply en]gism40 8,!re is no #8tru?1' only #8tru?s'--?is is ano!r way ( putt+ x--& ! only crit]ion ( tru? is ! *ang+ "o ( ! image or ! idea :i* comes out ( our impulses or ( ! conflict ( our habits40 ,! end ( all ?is mod]n fl[+ philosophy is1 ( c\rse1 ! 8,pluralism0 ( ,james1 ! univ]se z a society ( function+ selves 9 :i* reality 8may exi/ 9 a di/ributive =m1 or 9 ! %ape1 n ( an ,all1 b ( a set ( ea*es40 8,! ess5ce ( life10 z he puts x 9 8 fam\s essay on ,b]gson1#aed 8is its cont9ually *ang+ "*10 & we only call x a 8confusion0 sometimes because we h gr[n accu/om$ 9 our sci5ces & philosophies to isolate 8elem5ts0 & 8diff]5ts0 :i* 9 reality are 8all dissolv$ 9 "o ano!r40#aee 8,relations ( e sort1 ( "t1 space1 diff]5ce1 lik5ess1 *ange1 rate1 cause1 or :at n1 are j z integral memb]s ( ! s5sational flux z t]ms are40 8,pluralism lets ?+s really exi/ 9 ! ea* =m1 or di/ributively4 ,its type ( union 444 is diff]5t f ! moni/ic type ( all-e9heit4 ,x is :at ,i call ! /rung-along type1 ! type ( cont9uity1 contiguity1 or concat5ation40 ,& s on4 7#c7 ,! reaffirmation ( ! teleological po9t ( view4 ,aft] ! _m illu/rations & ref]5ces t h already be5 giv5 9 respect ( ! t5d5cies ( ,pragmatism1 x is p]haps h>dly necess>y to po9t out t an insi/5ce ^u ! necessity to philosophy ( ! 8teleological0 po9t ( view1 ( ! consid]ation ( bo? ?\ghts & ?+s f ! po9t ( view ( _! purpose or utility1 is a deeply-m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ,pragmatism4 ,9 itself ?is dem& c h>dly be ?\ght ( z altoge!r new1 = ! idea ( consid]+ ! nature ( any?+ 9 ! light ( its f9al purpose or end is really z old 9 our ,european ?\ght z ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle or ,anaxagoras4 ,almo/ equally famili> is ! k9dr$ idea ^u :i* ,pragmatism is incl9$ to felicitate itself1 ( f9d+ ! roots ( metaphysic 89 e?ics10 9 ! facts ( conduct1 9 ! facts ( ! 8ideal0 or ! 8p]sonal0 ord] :i* we t5d#aef 9 human civilization to impose ^u :at is o!rwise ?\ght ( by sci5ce z ! natural ord]4 ,! =m1 h[ev]1 ( ! teleological argum5t to :i* ,pragmatism may legitimately be ?\ght to h direct$ our att5tion is t ( ! possible place 9 ! _w ( reality1 & 9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 ( ! ef=t & ! free initiative ( ! individual4 ,?is place1 un=tunately 7! case is q diff]5t ) ,b]gson#aeg71 ,pragmatism has be5 able1 up to ! pres5t "t1 to def9e1 9 ! ma91 only negatively--by means ( its polemic aga9/ ! complet$ & ! self-complet+ 8,absolute0 ( ! ,neo-,hegelian ,rationali/s4 ,:at ?is polemic is we c be/ indicate by quot+ f ,hegel himself a passage or a l9e ( ! reflection aga9/ :i* x is seek+ to ent] an emphatic & a reason$ prote/1 & !n aft] ?is a passage or two f "s ( our ,anglo-,hegelians 9 ! same connexion4 8,! consummation10 says ,hegel1 9 a famili> & (t5-quot$ passage1 8( ! ,inf9ite aim 7i4e4 ( ! purpose ( ,god z omnisci5t & almighty7 consi/s m]ely 9 remov+ ! illusion :i* makes x seem unaccompli%$40#aeh ,n[ al?\gh !re is a s5se 9 :i* ?is great say+ mu/ = ev] be ma9ta9$ to conta9 an elem5t ( pr(\nd tru?1#aei ! attitude ( ,pragmatism 9 reg>d to x w\ld be1 fir/ly1 t ( a root$ objection to its outspok5 intellectualism4 ,h[ c ! *ief "w ( ! ,almighty be conceiv$ to be m]ely t ( gett+ rid someh[ f our m9ds1 or f 81 ( our m5tal confusions8 ,& !n1 secondly1 an equally root$ objection is tak5 to ! implication t ! individual human be+ %\ld all[ himself to ent]ta91 z possibly true1 a view ( ! g5]al tr5d ( ?+s t r5d]s any notion ( 8 play+ an appreciable "p !re9 a !oretical & a practical absurdity4#afj ,?is notion 7or 8conceit10 if y w7 he c surr5d] only by ceas+ to ?9k ( 8 own consci\sness ( 8ef=t0 & ( ! "p play$ by 8ef=t0#afa & 8inv5tion0 9 ! entire animal & human _w1 & also ( 8 consci\sness ( duty & ( ! ideal 9 g5]al4 ,?is latt] consci\sness ( itself bids him to realize c]ta9 8norms0 or regulative prescripts simply because !y are consonant ) t high] w :i* is to him ! v tru? ( 8 own nature4 ,he _c1 9 o!r words1 believe t he is consci\sly oblig$ to "w & to realize 8 high] nature = no?+4 ,! accompli%m5t ( ends & ( ! "r mu/1 9 o!r words1 be rationally believ$ by him to be "p ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,x is ?is conviction1 we feel sure1 t animates ,pragmatism 9 ! opposition x %>es bo? ) common s5se & ) ! radical ?\ght ( our "t aga9/ ! mean+lessness to ,hegelianism1 or to ,absolutism1#afb _m ( ! hopes & _m ( ! convictions t we feel to be s necess>y & s real 9 ! life ( mank9d g5]ally4 ,& !re are o!r l9es ( reflection among ,neo-,hegelians aga9/ :i* ,pragmatism is equally det]m9$ to make a m or less def9ite prote/1 9 ! int]e/1 z be=e1 ( our practical & ( our moral activity4 ,we may recall1 to beg9 )1 ! memorable words ( ,mr4 ,bradley1 9 8 w\ld-be refutation ( ! *>ge t ! ideals ( ,absolutism 8to "s p0 fail to 8satisfy our nature's dem&s40 8,am ,i10 he indignantly asks1 8to und]/& t we are to h all we want1 & h x j z we want x80 add+ 7almo/ 9 ! next l9e7 t he 8und]/&s10 ( c\rse1 t ! 8views0 ( ,absolutism1 or ^? ( any o!r philosophy1 are to be comp>$ 8only ) views0 t aim at 8!oretical consi/5cy0 & n ) m]e practical beliefs4#afc ,n[1 speak+ = ! mom5t = ,pragmatism1 c x be truly philosophical to contemplate ) equanimity ! idea ( any su* ultimate conflict z is impli$ 9 ^! words betwe5 ! dem&s ( ! intellect#afd & ! dem&s ( emotion--to use ! t]m mo/ def9itely expressive ( a p]sonal1 z di/9ct f a m]ely intellectual satisfaction8 ,!n aga9 !re is1 = example1 ! dictum ( ,dr4 ,mc,taggart1 t !re is 8no reason to tru/ ,god's goodness )\t a demon/ration :i* removes ! matt] f ! sph]e ( fai?40#afe ,may !re n1 we w\ld ask1 be a view ( ?+s accord+ to ! tru? ( :i* ! confid5ce ( ! dy+ ,socrates 9 ! reasonabl5ess & ! goodness ( ,god are at lea/ z reasonable z 8 confession1 at ! same "t1 ( 8 ignorance ( ! precise1 or ! p>ticul>1 fate bo? ( ! j & ( ! unju/8 ,& is n1 too1 su* a position z t express$ 9 ^! words ( ,dr4 ,mc,taggart's ab\t a logically complete reason = believ+ 9 ! ess5tial righte\sness ( ?+s n[ rul$ out ( c\rt by "s ( ! concessions ( 8 bro!r rationali/s to ,pragmatism1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made8 ,x is s rul$ out1 = example1 ev5 by ,mr4 ,bradley's condemnation z a 8p]nici\s prejudice0 ( ! idea t 8:at is want$ = work+ purpose is ! la/ !oretical c]ta9ty ab\t ?+s40#aff ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,human ,,activity ,x requires n[ b a slight degree ( p5etration to see t b5ea? ?is entire matt] ( an app>5t opposition betwe5 our 8!oretical0 & our 8practical0 satisfaction1 & b5ea? mu* ( ! pragmati/ insi/5ce ^u ! 8consequ5ces0 ( ideas & ( sy/ems ( ?\ght1 !re is ! great "q ( ! simple fact ( human action & ( its significance = philosophy4 ,& x might truly be said t ! rais+ ( ?is "q is n m]ely ano!r ( ! m or less def9itely m>k$ features ( ,pragmatism1 b 9 "s respects x is "o out/&+ *>act]i/ic4 ,= "s reason or o!r1 or = "s /range comb9ation ( reasons1 ! ph5om5on t we call 8action0#afg 7! activity ( man z an ag5t7 & ! app>5tly simple facts ( ! reality & ! intelligibility ( action h long be5 reg>d$ z matt]s ( altoge!r second>y or subord9ate importance by ! rationalism ( philosophy & by ! me*anical philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,?is ,rationalism & ?is o/5sibly c]ta9 & demon/rable me*anical philosophy ( sci5ce suppose t ! "o problem ( human ?\ght is simply t ( ! nature ( tru? or ( ! nature ( reality 7! reality ( ! 8physical0 _w7 z if ei!r 7or ea*7 ( ^! ?+s 7 an entity on its own acc\nt1 an absolutely f9al f9d+ or consid]ation4 ,t ?is has really be5 ! case s f> z philosophy is conc]n$ is prov$ by ! fact ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _m *>act]i/ic deliv]ances & concessions ( ,rationalism 9 respect ( ,pragmatism to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,& t x has also be5 ! case s f> z sci5ce is conc]n$ is prov$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! _m dogmatic attempts ( _m natural philosoph]s f ,holba* to ,haeckel to apply ! 8iron laws0 ( matt] & motion to ! reality ( ev]y?+ else "u heav51#afh & ( ev]y?+ 9 ! heav5s 9 spite ( ! frequ5t confessions ( _! own colleagues ) reg>d to ! actual & ! necess>y limits & limitations ( sci5ce & ( ! sci5tific outlook4 ,only sl[ly & gradually1 z x 71 has ! consid]ation come into ! v =efront ( our speculative horizon t !re is = man z a ?9k+ be+ no rigid sep>ation betwe5 !ory & practice1 betwe5 intellect & volition1 betwe5 action & ?\ght1 betwe5 fact & act1 betwe5 tru? & reality4#afi ,!re is cle>ly volition or aim1 = example1 9 ! se>* aft] tru?4 ,& !re is c]ta9ly purpose 9 ! att5tion#agj t is involv$ ev5 9 ! simple/ piece ( p]ception1 ! selection ( :at int]e/s & affects u out ( ! total field ( vision or exp]i5ce4 ,& x is equally c]ta9 t !re is ?\ght 9 action--s long1 t is to say1 z action is reg>d$ z action & n z impulse4 ,aga91 ! man :o wills ! tru? submits himself to an imp]ative j z surely z does ! man :o explicitly obeys ! law ( duty4 ,x is ?us impossible1 z x 71 ev5 9 ! s-call$ intellectual life1 to di/+ui% absolutely betwe5 !oretical & practical consid]ations--8tru?0 mean+ inv>iably ! relations obta9+ 9 "s 8sph]e10 or ord]1 ( fact :i* we sep>ate (f = "s purpose or o!r f ! inf9ite :ole ( reality4 ,equally impossible is x to di/+ui% absolutely betwe5 ! !oretical & ! practical 9 ! case ( ! highe/ !oretical activity1 9 ! case1 say1 ( ! 8contemplation0 t ,ari/otle talks ( z ! mo/ 8godlike0 activity ( man4 ,?is v contemplation1 z our ,neo-,hegelian#aga fri5ds are always rem9d+ u1 is an activity t is j z mu* a *>act]i/ic ( man1 z is 8 p[] ( sett+ 8 limbs 9 motion4 ,we h ref]r$ to ! desire ( ! pragmati/s to repres5t1 & to discov]1 a suppos$ly deep] or m compreh5sive view ( human nature ?an t implicitly act$ ^u by ,intellectualism--a view t %\ld provide1 z !y ?9k1 = ! organic unity ( our active & our s-call$ reflective t5d5cies4 ,?is desire is surely em95tly typical ( :at we w\ld l to ?9k ( z ! r$iscov]y by ,pragmatism = philosophy1 ( ! active1 or ! volitional1 aspects ( ! consci\s life ( man1 & along ) ?is important side ( our human nature1 ! reality also ( ! activities & ! purposes t are reveal$ 9 :at we sometimes speak ( z unconsci\s nature4 ,! _w we "k1 x w\ld hold1 9 ! _s & almo/ 9 ! lett] ( ,b]gson1 lives & gr[s by exp]im5t1#agb & by activities & processes & adju/m5ts4 ,pragmatism has d\btless1 z we po9t$ out1 be5 prone to ?9k ( itself z ! only philosophy t c bake bread1 t c speak to man 9 t]ms ( ! actual life ( ef=t & /ruggle t he seems call$ ^u to live 9 ! environm5t 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 ,&1 z we h j be5 insi/+1 ! ma9 gr\nd ( its ho/ility to ,rationalism is ! app>5t t5d5cy ( ! latt] to treat ! v>i\s concepts & hypo!ses t h be5 devis$ to expla9 ! _w1 & to r5d] x intelligible1 z if !y 7 !mselves ( m importance ?an ! real p]sons & ! real happ5+s t con/itute ! _w ( our exp]i5ce4#agc ,if x 7 at all desirable to recapitulate to any ext5t ^? ph5om5a connect$ ) ,pragmatism t seem to indicate its r$iscov]y ( ! fact ( action1 & ( ! fact ( its mean+ = philosophy1 z its "o out/&+ *>act]i/ic1 we may po9t to su* consid]ations z ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! fact ( its hav+ s\ght to advance f ! /age ( a m]e 8in/rum5tali/0 view ( human ?\ght to t ( an outspok5 8humanism0 or a socializ$ utilit>ianism4 7#b7 ,! fact ( its seek+ to leave u 7z ! outcome ( philosophy7 ) all our m important 8beliefs10 ) a g5]al 8work+0 view ( ! _w 9 :i* su* ?+s z religion & ideals & en?usiasm are adequately recogniz$4 ,pragmatism is really1 z we h put x1 m int]e/$ 9 belief ?an 9 k1 ! =m] be+ to x ! *>act]i/ic1 ! conqu]+ attitude ( man to ! _w 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 7#c7 ,its ma9 object is to e/abli% a dynamical view ( reality1 z t :i* is 8ev]y:]e 9 ! mak+10 z t :i* signifies to e p]son fir/ly t aspect ( ! life ( ?+s 9 :i* he is = ! "t be+ mo/ vitally int]e/$4#agd 7#d7 ,9 ! _s ( ! empirical philosophy g5]ally its ma9 anxiety is to d ! fulle/ ju/ice to all ! aspects ( our s-call$ human exp]i5ce1 look+ ^u !ories & sy/ems z b po9ts ( view = ! int]pretation ( ?is exp]i5ce1 & ( ! great univ]sal life t transc5ds x4 ,& proce$+ ^u ! !ory t a true metaphysic mu/ become a true 8dynamic0 or a true inc5tive to human motive1 x seeks ! relation%ips & affiliations t h be5 po9t$ out ) all ! diff]5t lib]at+ & progressive t5d5cies 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 7#e7 ,x w\ld 8consult moral exp]i5ce directly10 f9d+ 9 ! _w ( our ord9>y moral & social ef=t a spiritual reality#age t raises ! individual out ( & above & beyond himself4 ,& x be>s te/imony 9 its own m or less imp]fect mann] to ! autonom\s elem5t#agf 9 our human p]sonality t1 9 ! moral life1 & 9 su* ?+s z religi\s aspiration & creative ef=t & social s]vice1 transc5ds ! m]ely !oretical descriptions ( ! _w ) :i* we are famili> 9 ! g5]alizations ( sci5ce & ( hi/ory4 ,)\t attempt+ mean:ile to probe at all deeply into ?is pragmati/ glorification ( 8action0 & its importance to philosophy1 let u ?9k ( a few ( ! consid]ations t may be urg$ 9 support ( ?is idea f s\rces outside ^? ( ! m]e practical t5d5cies & ! affiliations ( ,pragmatism itself4 ,!re is fir/ ( all ! consid]ation t x is ! fact ( action t unites or br+s toge!r :at we call 8desire0 & :at we call 8?\ght10 ! _w ( our desires & emotions & ! _w ( our ?\ghts & our k4 ,?is is really a consid]ation ( ! utmo/ importance to u :5 we ?9k ( :at we h all[$ ourselves to call ! *>act]i/ic dualism#agg ( mod]n times1 ! discrepancy t seems to exi/ betwe5 ! _w ( our desires & ! imp]sonal _w ( sci5ce--:i* latt] _w educat$ p are apt to ?9k ( z ! _w be=e :i* ev]y?+ else mu/ b5d & break1 or at lea/ b[4 ,our po9t "h is n m]ely t ( ! humiliat+ tru? ( ! wisdom ( ! wiseacres :o us$ to tell u 9 our y\? t we w anyh[ h to act 9 spite ( all our unansw]$ que/ions ab\t ?+s1 b ! pla9 /atem5t ( ! fact t 7say or ?9k :at we w7 x is 9 consci\s action t our desires & our ?\ghts d come toge!r1 & t x is !re t !y are bo? se5 to be b p>tial expressions ( ! "o reality--! life t is 9 ?+s & 9 ourselves1 & t eng5d]s 9 u bo? emotions & ?\ghts1 ev5 if ! latt] d sometimes seem to lie 8too deep = te>s40 ,x is ) ?is life & ) ! objects & aims & ends & realities t develop & su/a9 x t all our ?\ghts1 z well z all our desires1 are conc]n$4 ,if action1 !re=e1 c\ld only be prop]ly und]/ood1 if x c someh[ be se5 9 its univ]sal or its cosmic significance1 !re w\ld be no discrepancy & no gap betwe5 ! _w ( our ideals & ! _w ( our ?\ghts4 ,we w\ld "k :at we want1#agh & we w\ld want & desire :at we "k we c get--! complete developm5t ( our p]sonality4 ,aga9 !re is ! evid5ce t exi/s 9 ! sci5ces ( biology & an?ropology 9 support ( ! important role play$ 9 bo? animal & human evolution by ef=t & *oice & volition & exp]im5tation4 8,already 9 ! contractibility ( protoplasm & 9 ! activities ( typical protozoons d we f9d #8activities' t imply#agi volition ( "s sort or degree1 = !re appe>s to be "s selection ( food & "s spontaneity ( movem5t3 *anges ( direction1 ! tak+ ( a circuit\s c\rse 9 avoidance ( an ob/ruction1 etc41 indicate ?is40 ,!n aga91 8!re are su* ?+s z ! div]sities 9 second>y sexual *>act]s 7! #8aft]-?\ghts ( reproduction' z !y are call$71 ! endless %ift ( p>asites1 ! p[] ( animals to alt] _! coloration to suit environm5t1 & ! complex #8int]nal /imuli' ( ! high] animals 9 _! bre$+ p]iods & activities1 :i* make u see only too cle>ly :at ! s-call$ /ruggle = life has be5 9 ! animal _w40444 ,com+ up to man let u ?9k ( :at sci5ti/s po9t out z ! effects ( man's di/urb+ influ5ce 9 nature1 & !n pass f ^! on to ! facts ( an?ropology 9 respect ( ! conque/ ( environm5t by :at we call inv5tion & inh]itance & free initiative4 8,9 plac+ inv5tion10 says a writ] ( to-day 9 a rec5t brilliant book1 8at ! bottom ( ! scale ( conditions i4e4 ( ! conditions ( social developm5t1 ,i def9itely break ) ! op9ion t human evolution is ?r\gh\t a purely natural process4444 ,x is pre-em95tly an artificial con/ruction40#ahj ,n[ x requires b ! reflection ( a mom5t or two ^u consid]ations su* z ! =ego+1 & ^u ! atte/$ facts ( hi/ory z to ! break+ up ( ! tyranny ( habit & cu/om by ! =ce ( reflection & free action & free initiative1 to grasp h[ really great %\ld be ! significance to philosophy ( ! active & ! volitional nature ( man t is ?us demon/rably at ! root n only ( our progress1 b ( civilization itself4 ,if x be object$ t :ile !re _c1 inde$1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! g5]al culture & civilization ( mank9d1 be any "q ( ! importance to philosophy ( ! active ef=t & ( ! active ?\ght t und]lie ?is /up5d\s a*ievem5t1 ! case is p]haps some:at diff]5t :5 we try to ?9k ( ! pragmati/ glorification ( our human action f ! po9t ( view ( ! 7physical87 univ]se z a :ole4#aha ,to ?is reflection x is possible "h to say b "o or two ?+s4 ,fir/ly1 !re is app>5tly at pres5t no w>rant 9 sci5ce = seek+ to sep>ate (f ?is human life ( ours f ! evolution ( animal life 9 g5]al4#ahb ,equally little is !re any w>rant = sep>at+ ! evolution ( liv+ matt] f ! evolution ( :at we call inanimate matt]1 n to speak ( ! initial difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ?+s l en]gy & radio-active matt]1 & ! evolution & ! devolution t are calmly claim$ by sci5ce to be involv$ 9 ! v>i\s 8sy/ems0 )9 ! univ]se--ap>t f an ord]+ & intellig5t m9d & w4 ,!re is !re=e1 s f>1 no necess>y presumption aga9/ ! idea ( reg>d+ human evolution z at lea/ 9 "s s5se a cont9uation or developm5t ( ! life t seems to p]vade ! univ]se 9 g5]al4 ,& !n1 secondly1 !re is ! famili> reflection t ne>ly all t we ?9k we "k ab\t ! univ]se z a :ole is b an int]pretation ( x 9 t]ms ( ! life & ! en]gy t we exp]i5ce 9 ourselves & 9 t]ms ( "s ( ! app>5t conditions ( ?is life & ?is en]gy4 ,= z ,b]gson rem9ds u1 8,z ?9k+ be+s we may apply ! laws ( our physics to our _w1 & ext5d !m to ea* ( ! worlds tak5 sep>ately1 b no?+ tells u t !y apply to ! entire univ]se nor ev5 t su* affirmation has any mean+2 = ! univ]se is n made b is be+ made cont9ually4 ,x is gr[+ p]haps indef9itely by ! addition ( new worlds40#ahc ,on ! gr\nd1 !n1 bo? ( sci5ce & ( philosophy#ahd may x be def9itely said t ?is human action ( ours1 z app>5tly ! highe/ outcome ( ! =ces ( nature1 becomes only too naturally & only too inevitably ! highe/ object ( our reflective consid]ation4 ,z ,s*op5hau] put x long ago1 ! human body is ! only object 9 nature t we "k 8on ! inside40 ,& d or ?9k :at we w1 x is ?is human life ( ours & ?is m9d ( ours t h peopl$ ! _w ( sci5ce & ! _w ( philosophy ) all ! categories & all ! di/9ctions t obta9 !re1 ) concepts l ! 87,platonic7 ,ideas10 8=m10 8matt]10 8en]gy10 8e!r10 8atom10 8sub/ance10 8! individual10 8! univ]sal10 8empty space10 8et]nity10 8! ,absolute10 8value10 8f9al end10 & s on4 ,!re is mu* d\btless 9 ?is action philosophy1 & mu* too 9 ! matt] ( ! reasons t may be br\ght =w>d 9 its support1 t c become cr$ible & intelligible only z we proce$4 ,b x mu/ all c\nt1 x w\ld seem1 9 support ( ! idea ( ! pragmati/ r$iscov]y1 = philosophy1 ( ! importance ( our creative action & ( our creative ?\ght4 ,& !n !re are "o or two additional g5]al consid]ations ( :i* we may well ?9k 9 ! same connexion4 ,pragmatism boa/s1 z we "k1 ( be+ a highly democratic#ahe doctr9e1 ( cont5d+ = ! emancipation ( ! individual & 8 int]e/s f ! tyranny ( all k9ds ( absolutism1 & all k9ds ( dogmatism 7:e!r philosophical1 or sci5tific1 or social74 ,no sy/em ei!r ( ?\ght or ( practice1 no suppos$ 8_w-view0 ( ?+s1 no body ( sci5tific laws or ab/ract tru?s %all1 z long z x holds ! field ( our att5tion1 entirely cru% out ( exi/5ce ! concrete int]e/s & ! free self-developm5t ( ! individual human be+4 ,a t5d5cy 9 ?is direction exi/s1 x mu/ be admitt$1 9 ! 8det]m9ism0 bo? ( natural sci5ce & ( ,hegelianism1 & ( ! social philosophy t has emanat$ f ! "o or f ! o!r4 ,pragmatism1 on ! contr>y1 9 all matt]s ( ! suppos$ det]m9ation1 or ! attempt$ limitation1 ( ! individual by :at has be5 accompli%$ ei!r 9 ,nature or 9 human hi/ory1 w\ld incl9e to :at we g5]ally speak ( to-day z a 8mod]ni/ic10 or a 8lib]ali/ic10 or ev5 a 8revolution>y10 attitude4 ,x w\ld re9t]pret & recon/ruct1 9 ! light ( ! pres5t & its ne$s1 n only ! concepts & ! me?ods ( sci5ce & philosophy1 b also ! v>i\s in/itutions & ! v>i\s social practices ( mank9d4#ahf ,simil>ily ,pragmatism w\ld prote/1 z does ! new] education & ! new] sociology1 aga9/ any m]ely doctr9aire 7or 8intellectuali/ic07 conception ( education & culture1 sub/itut+ 9 its place ! 8effici5cy0 or ! 8social s]vice0#ahg conception4 ,& ev5 if we mu/ admit t ?is m or less practical ideal ( education has be5 ov]-emphasiz$ 9 our "t1 x is /ill true1 z ) ,goe!1 t x is only ! 8actively-free0 man1 ! man :o c "w out 9 s]vice & true accompli%m5t ! ideal ( human life1 ^: production %\ld be reg>d$ z ! aim ( a s\nd educational or social policy4 ,we %all lat] attempt to assign "s def9ite reasons = ! failure ( ,pragmatism to make ! mo/ ( all ?is app>5tly ju/ifiable insi/5ce ^u action & ^u ! creative activity ( ! individual1 along ) all ?is sympa?y t x seems to ev9ce = a progressive & a lib]ationi/ view ( human policy4 ,meantime1 9 view ( all ^! consid]ations1 we _c avoid mak+ ! reflection t x is surely some?+ ( an anomaly 9 philosophy t a ?9k]'s 8/udy0 d\bts ab\t 8 actions & ab\t "s ( ! ma9 in/9ctive beliefs ( mank9d 79 :i* he himself %>es7 %\ld h come to be reg>d$--z !y h be5 by ,rationalism--z consid]ations ( a great] importance ?an ! actions1 & ! beliefs1 & ! realities1 ( :i* !y are ! expression4 ,f> be x f ! writ] to sugge/ t ! susp5sion ( judgm5t & ! refra9+ f activity1#ahh 9 ! abs5ce ( adequate reason & motive1 are n1 & h n be5 ( ! greate/ value to mank9d 9 ! matt] ( ! developm5t ( ! high] faculties & ! high] ideals ( ! m9d4 ,!re may well be1 h[ev]1 = ,pragmatism1 or = any philosophy t c "w x out satisfactorily1 9 ! free1 creative1 activity ( man1 9 ! duty t lies ^u u all ( c>ry+ on our lives to ! highe/ expression1 a reason & a tru? t mu/ be e/imat$ at _! logical wor? along ) ! _m o!r reasons & tru?s ( :i* we are pleas$ to ?9k z ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,%ort1 h[ev]1 ( a m g5u9e attempt on ! "p ( ,pragmatism ?an any?+ x has z yet giv5 u 9 ?is connexion to ju/ify ?is high] reason & tru? t are embodi$ 9 our consci\sness ( ourselves z p]sons1 z rational ag5ts1 all its m]e 8practicalism0 & all its 8in/rum5talism0 are b ! workaday & ! utilit>ian philosophy ( :i* we h already compla9$ 9 its e>li] & crud] pr(essions4#ahi ,aft] "s att5tion1 !n1 to ! matt] ( ! out/&+ critical defects ( ,pragmatism1 9 its prelim9>y & crud] =ms1 we %all aga9 return to our topic ( ! relatively new subject-matt] x has be5 endeav\r+ to place be=e philosophy 9 its insi/5ce ^u ! importance ( action1 & ^u ! ne$ ( a 8dynamic10 in/ead ( an intellectuali/ic & 8spectator-l0 !ory ( human p]sonality4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,philosophy ,,& ,,! ,,activity-,,exp]i5ce ,9 an article ^u ! above title 9 ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ahih1 ,i attempt$ to deal ) "s aspects ( ! problem t ,i h j rais$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,i v5ture to app5d "h "s ( ! /atem5ts t ,i made !n ^u ! importance ( action & ! 8activity-exp]i5ce0 to ! philosophy ( to-day4 ,i am incl9$ to reg>d !m 7al?\gh ,i h n look$ at !m until ! pres5t mom5t ( pass+ ?is book ?r\gh ! press7 z a k9d ( anticipation & confirmation ( _m ( my pres5t pages4 ,"p ( my excuse1 h[ev]1 = ins]t+ !m "h is a hope t ^! ref]5ces & sugge/ions may possibly be ( s]vice to ! g5]al read]4 ,! extracts foll[ z !y 7 pr9t$4 ,i4 ,x requires no v pr(\nd acqua9tance ) ! tr5d ( ! lit]ature ( g5]al & specializ$ philosophy ( ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s to detect a decid$ly practical turn 9 ! rec5t speculative t5d5cies ( philosophy & philosoph]s4 ,! old] conception ( philosophy or metaphysics z an attempt to /ate 7m or less sy/ematically7 ! value ( ! _w = ?\ght is be+ sl[ly modifi$1 if n altoge!r disappe>+1 into ! attempt to expla9 or to grasp ! significance ( ! _w f ! /&-po9t ( ! moral & social activity ( man4 ,! philosophical /ud5t mu/ be to "s ext5t consci\s ( ! diff]5ce 9 respect ( bo? tone & subject-matt] betwe5 su* books z ,/irl+'s ,secret ( ,hegel1 ,e4 ,caird's ,critical ,philosophy ( ,kant 7! fir/ editions ( bo? works71 ,gre5's ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 & ! mo/ rec5t essays & books ( ,pr(essors ,a4 ,se?#aij & ,james#aia & ,w>d#aib & ,sidgwick#aic & ,baldw91#aid & ( ,mr4 ,bosanquet#aie & ! late ,mr4 ,nettle%ip1#aif & betwe5--to turn to ,g]many--! writ+s ( ,erdmann & ,kuno ,fis*] & ,zell] & ,f4 ,a4 ,lange1 & ^? ( ,gizycki1 ,pauls51 ,w9delb&1 ,euck51 ,h>tmann1 ,deuss51 ,simmel1 &--9 ,france--betwe5 ! writ+s ( ,r5\vi] & ,pillon & ,ravaisson1 ! 8,neo-,kantianism0 ( ! ,critique ,philosophique 7#ahgb-ahgg71 & ^? ( ,f\ille1 ,web] 7( ,/rassburg71 ,sailles1 ,dunan1 & o!rs1 & ( g5]al writ]s l de ,vog1 ,desj>d9s1 & ,brunetire1 & ( social philosoph]s l ,b\gl1 ,t>de1 ,iz\let1 & s on4 ,! *ange ( v5ue 9 ^! writ]s alone1 n to speak ( ! *ange ( ! int]e/ ( ! educat$ _w f su* books z ,huxley's ,hume & ,r5an's ,l',av5ir de la ,sci5ce & ,du ,bois ,reymond's ,die ,sieb5 ,weltr?sel1 & ,tyndall's ,belfa/ ,address1 to ! writ+s ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7! ,sociology & ! g5]al essays on social evolution71 ,kidd1 ,nordau1 ,nietzs*e1 ,mr4 ,crozi] 78 important ,hi/ory ( ,civilization71 & ,demol9s1#aig & ! pr$om9ance ( inve/igations into g5]al biology & comp>ative psy*ology & sociology ov] m]ely logical & conceptual philosophy seem to af=d u "s w>rant = try+ to ?9k ( :at might be call$ a new] or e?ical idealism1 an idealism ( ! w1 an idealism ( life1 9 contradi/9ction to ! old] or intellectual 7epi/emological1 ,neo-,kantian7 idealism1 ! idealism ( ! intellect4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,se?1#aih 9 8 rec5t volume on ,man's ,place 9 ! ,cosmos1 sugge/s t ,mr4 ,bradley's treatise on ,appe>ance & ,reality has clos$ ! p]iod ( ! absorption or assimilation ( ,kanto-,hegelian pr9ciples by ! ,engli% m9d4 ,& !re is ample evid5ce 9 contempor>y philosophical lit]ature to %[ t ev5 ! v m5 :o h1 ) ! help ( ,/irl+ & ,gre5 & ,caird & ,bradley & ,wallace1 8absorb$ & assimilat$0 ! pr9ciples ( critical idealism are n[ b5t ^u apply+ ^! pr9ciples to ! solution ( concrete problems ( art & life & conduct4 ,two ?+s alone w\ld con/itute a diff]5ce betwe5 ! philosophy ( ! la/ few ye>s & t ( ! prec$+ g5]ation3 ,an attempt 7/rongly#aii acc5tuat$ at ! pres5t mom5t7 to include elem5ts ( feel+ & w 9 our f9al consci\sness ( reality1 & a t5d5cy 7inevitable s9ce ,comte & ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory7 to ext5d ! philosophical syn!sis ( ! m]ely 8ext]nal10 or physical1 univ]se s z to make x include ! _w ( man's action & ! _w t is n[ glibly call$ ! 8social organism40#bjj ,a good deal ( ! epi/emological & metaphysical philosophy ( ?is c5tury has be5 m]ely cosmological1 & at be/ psy*ological & individuali/ic4 ,! philosophy ( ! pres5t is1 necess>ily1 to a l>ge ext5t1 sociological & collectivi/ic & hi/orical4 ,r5an once prophesi$ t ?is w\ld be s4 ,& _m o!r m5 p]ceiv$ ! same fact & act$ ^u _! p]ception ( x--,goe! & ,victor ,hugo & ,c>lyle1 = example4 ,to be sure1 any attempt to draw l9es ( novel & absolute sep>ation betwe5 writ]s ( to-day & _! imm$iate pr$ecessors w\ld be absurd & impossible1 j z w\ld be ! attempt to =ce m5 :o are /ill liv+ & ?9k+ & develop+1 into ,procru/ean b$s ( sy/em & nom5clature4 ,! hi/ory ( ! philosophy ( ! la/ half ( ?is c5tury con/itutes a developm5t z cont9u\s & z logical z ! philosophy ( any simil> p]iod ( ye>s :]e9 m5 h ?\ght p]si/5tly & truly ^u ! problems ( life & m9d4 ,!re 7 9 ! 'sixties m5 l ,ulrici & ,lotze 7,r5\vi]1 too1 to "s ext5t7 :o div9$ ! limitations ( a m]ely intellectual philosophy1 & :o saw cle>ly t ! only way to effect a reconciliation betwe5 philosophy & sci5ce w\ld be to apply philosophy itself to ! problems ( ! life & ?\ght ( ! "t1 j z we f9d1 9 #ahic1 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,caird writ+1 9 8 ,essays on ,lit]ature & ,philosophy1 t 8philosophy1 9 face ( ! increas+ complexity ( mod]n life1 has a h>d] task laid ^u x ?an ev] 0 laid ^u x be=e4 ,x mu/ em]ge f ! region ( ab/ract pr9ciples & %[ itself able to deal ) ! manifold results ( empirical sci5ce1 giv+ to ea* ( !m its prop] place & value40 ,pr(essor ,campbell ,fras]1 :ile welcom+ & sympa!tically ref]r+ to 79 8 books ^u ,b]keley & ,locke7 ! elem5ts ( positive value 9 ,engli% & ,g]man idealism1 has ?r\gh\t 8 life cont5d$ = ! idea 7express$ ) greate/ def9it5ess 9 8 ,gif=d ,lectures on ,! ,philosophy ( ,!ism7 t 89 man1 z a self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ ag5t10 is to be f\nd ! 8be/ key we possess to ! solution ( ! ultimate problem ( ! univ]se02 :ile ,pr(essor ,sidgwick1 by virtue ( 8 captivat+ & +5i\s p]t9acity 9 conf9+ philosophical speculation to ! l9es ( ! traditional ,engli% empiricism1 & 9 keep+ x free f ! ensn>+ subtleties ( sy/em & me?odology1 has ex]cis$ a heal?ful & corrective influ5ce aga9/ ! extremes alike ( transc5d5talism & naturalism4 ,& x w\ld be ra% to ma9ta9 t all ! y\ng] m5 9 philosophy %[ an int5tion to act ^u ! idea 7express$ by ,wundt1 = in/ance1 9 8 ,e?ik7 t a metaphysic %\ld build ^u ! facts ( ! moral life ( man2 al?\gh we f9d a 8,neo-,hegelian0 l ,pr(essor ,mack5zie#bja say+ t 8ev5 ! weal? ( our inn] life dep5ds r on ! wid? ( our objective int]e/s ?an on ! int5sity ( our self-contemplation02 & an exp\nd] ( ! e?ics ( dialectic evolution l ,pr(essor ,muirhead quot+#bjb ) approval ! ?\ght express$ by ,george ,eliot 9 ! words1 8,! great _w-/ruggle ( develop+ ?\ght is cont9ually =e%ad[$ 9 ! /ruggle ( ! affections seek+ a ju/ification = love & hope02 & a c>eful psy*ologi/ l ,mr4 ,/\t#bjc delib]ately p5n+ ! words1#bjd 8,our exi/5ce z consci\s be+s is ess5tially an activity1 & activity is a process :i*1 by its v nature1 is direct$ t[>ds an end1 & c nei!r exi/ nor be conceiv$ ap>t f ?is end40 ,!re are1 d\btless1 _m philosoph]s ( to-day :o are conv9c$ t philosophy is purely an intellectual matt]1 & c nev] be any?+ else ?an an attempt to analyze ! _w = ?\ght--an attempt to /ate its value 9 ! t]ms ( ?\ght4 ,aga9/ all ^! & _m simil> consid]ations x w\ld be idle to set up a h>d & fa/ codification or *>act]ization ( ! "w ( ! philosophy or philosoph]s ( to-day4 ,/ill1 ! _w w accord ! "n ( philosoph] to any man--,r5an1 = example1 or ,sp5c] or ,huxley or ,nordau or ,nietzs*e--:o comes be=e x ) views ^u ! univ]se & humanity t may1 = any conceivable reason1 be reg>d$ z fundam5tal4 ,& on ?is %[+ ( ?+s1 z well z f _m indications 9 ! "w ( ^? :o are philosoph]s by pr(ession1 x may be said t ! pr$om9at+ note ( ! new] philosophy is its op5ness to ! facts ( ! volitional & emotional & moral & social aspects ( man's life1 z ?+s t take u fur!r along ! pa? ( tru? ?an ! m]e categories ( ?\ght & _! manipulation by metaphysic & epi/emology4 ,,ii4 ,! ,new] ,idealism does n dream ( que/ion+ ! positive "w ( ! ,kantian & ,neo-,kantian & ,neo-,hegelian ideali/s4 ,x kn[s only too well t ev5 sci5tific m5 l ,helmholtz & ,du ,bois ,reymond1 t 8positive0 philosoph]s l ,riehl & ,laas & ,feu]ba* & o!rs h1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 le>n$ & accept$ ! fact ( !re be+ 8ideal0 or psy*ical or 8m9d-suppli$0 factors 9 s-call$ ext]nal reality4 ,!re are among ! educat$ m5 ( to-day v few ,dr4 ,johnsons :o ridicule ! psy*o-physical1 or ! metaphysical1 analysis ( ext]nal reality1 :o believe 9 a crass & crude & self-suffici5t 8matt]0 utt]ly devoid ( psy*ical attributes or *>act]i/ics4 ,true1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has writt5 words to ! effect t 8,if ! ,ideali/ 7,b]keley7 is "r1 !n ! doctr9e ( ,evolution is a dream02 b !n ev]y?+ 9 ,sp5c]'s philosophy ab\t an 8actuality ly+ beh9d appe>ances0 & ab\t our be+ compell$ 8to reg>d e ph5om5on z a manife/ation ( "s ,p[] by :i* we are act$ ^u10 is aga9/ ! possibility ( our believ+ t1 accord+ to t philosophy1 an unconsci\s & non-spiritual 8matt]0 c\ld evolve itself into consci\s life & moral exp]i5ce4 ,! philosoph]s ( to-day h inde$ rejoic$ to see ,kant's lesson popul>iz$ by su* v>i\s phases & movem5ts ( human ?\ght z psy*ophysical rese>*1 art & /hetic !ory1 ! int]e/ 9 ,buddhism 7) its ideali/ic !ory ( ! k ( ! s5ses71 & ! speculative biology ( ,weismann & o!rs4 ,t p g5]ally %\ld see t matt] is1 = _m reasons1 some?+ m ?an m]e matt]1 is to ! /ud5t ( ,kant a piece ( fulfill$ prophecy4 ,& by a plea = a return to reality & life & sociability f conceptualism & criticism & speculative individualism no philosophical s*ol> = "o mom5t contemplates1 z ev5 conceivable1 an ov]look+ ( ! ideali/ic int]pretation ( ! data ( ! s5ses suppli$ by ,locke & ,b]keley & ,hume1 or ( ! ideali/ic int]pretation ( ! data ( sci5ce & und]/&+ suppli$ by ,kant's 8,cop]nican0 discov]y4 ,any real view ( ! univ]se mu/ n[ presuppose ! melt+ d[n ( crass ext]nal reality into ! ph5om5a ( s5se & exp]i5ce & ! trans=mation ( inorganic & organic nature into s _m planes or grades ( be+ expressive ( ! diff]5t =ms 7gravitation1 cohesion1 vital =ce1 psy*ic =ce7 9 :i* cosmic en]gy manife/s itself4 ,equally little does ! ,new] ,idealism "q ! legitimacy or ! actual positive s]vice ( ! 8dialectic0 ( ,hegel 7z ,ar*im$ean a lev]age to humanity z 0 ! 8concept0 ( ,socrates or ! 8app]ception0 ( ,kant7 t has %[n ! _w to be a sy/em 9 :i* ev]y?+ is relat$ to ev]y?+ else1 & %[n1 too1 t all ways ( look+ at reality t /op %ort ( ! tru?s ( p]sonality & moral relation%ip are untrue & inadequate4 ,to use ! words ( ,pr(essor ,h[ison1 ( ,cali=nia1 9 ! preface to ! fir/ edition ( ,pr(essor ,watson's#bje late/ volume 7a book t connects ! idealism ( ,glasg[ & ,ox=d ) ! convictions ( ! y\? ( ! 8,pacific ,coa/071 ! 8dom9ant tone0 ( ! militant & repres5tative philosophy ( to-day1 is 8affirmative & ideali/ic4 ,! decid$ majority 444 are animat$ by ! conviction t human ?\ght is able to solve ! riddle ( life positively2 to solve x 9 accord ) ! ideal hopes & int]e/s ( human nature40 ,,*apt] ,v ,,critical ,en\gh has p]haps n[ be5 said by way ( an indication ( "s ( ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ,pragmatism1 & ( ! matt] ( its relations to ord9>y & to philosophical ?9k+4 ,its complexity & "s ( its confusions & "s ( its difficulties h also be5 ref]r$ to4 ,z = ! affiliations & ! associations ( ,pragmatism1 x w\ld seem t x re/s n s mu* ^u its own m]e in/rum5talism & practicalism z ^u "s ( ! _m broad] & deep] t5d5cies 9 anci5t & mod]n ?\ght t h aim$ at a dynamic1 in/ead ( a /atic1 int]pretation ( reality4 ,we h sugge/$1 too1 t !re are evid5tly ?+s 9 traditional philosophy & 9 ,rationalism ( :i* x fails to take cognizance1 al?\gh x has evid5tly _m ?+s to give to ,rationalism 9 ! way ( a con/ructive philosophy ( human life4 ,n[ x w\ld be easily possible to cont9ue our /udy ( ,pragmatism along "s or all ( ^? diff]5t l9es & po9ts ( view4 ,9 ! matt]1 = example1 ( ! affiliations & associations ( ,pragmatism1 we c\ld %[ t1 9 addition to su* ?+s z ! 8nom9alism0 & ! utilit>ianism1 & ! positivism1 & ! 8volunt>ism0 & ! philosophy ( hypo!ses1 & ! 8anti-intellectualism0 already ref]r$ to1 ,pragmatism has an aff9ity ) ?+s z f> ap>t & z diff]5t z ! ,scotti% ,philosophy ( ,common-s5se1 ! sociological philosophy ( ,comte & 8 foll[]s1 ! philosophy ( ,fi*te ) its great idea ( ! _w z ! 8s5sualiz$ sph]e0 ( our duty1 ! 8exp]i5ce0 philosophy ( ,bacon & ( ! entire mod]n era1 & s on4 ,!re is ev5 a 8romantic0 elem5t 9 ,pragmatism1 & x has1 9 fact1 be5 call$ 8romantic utilit>ianism40#bjf ,we c und]/& ?is if we ?9k ( ,m4 ,b]!lot's#bjg association ( x n only ) ,po9c>1 b ) ,nietzs*e1 or ( ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s fam\s decl>ation t ! g5ius ( a man's logical me?od %\ld be lov$ & rev]5c$ by him z is 88 bride40 ,& !re is always 9 x1 to be sure1 ! important elem5t ( sympa?y ) ! religi\s in/9cts ( mank9d4 ,& ?is is ! case1 too1 :e!r ^! in/9cts are contemplat$ 9 "s ( ! =ms to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 or 9 ! =m1 say1 express$ by su* a typical mod]n ?9k] z ! late ,h5ry ,sidgwick1 9 8 conviction t 8,humanity w n1 & _c1 acquiesce 9 a ,godless _w40#bjh ,!n aga9 we might take up ! po9t ( ! relations ( ,pragmatism to doctr9es new & old 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 to ! ma9 po9ts ( dep>ture ( diff]5t s*ools ( ?\ght1 or to fundam5tal & important positions 9 _m ( ! great philosoph]s4 ,! writ] f9ds t he has notic$ 9 ?is connexion ! doctr9es ( ,/oicism & ,epicureanism1#bji ! 8probability0 philosophy ( ,locke#baj & ,butl]1 & ,pascal1 ! e?ics & ! natural !ology ( ,cic]o1 ! 8volunt>ism0 ( ,s*op5hau]1#baa ,ari/otle's philosophy ( ! ,practical ,reason1#bab ,kant's philosophy ( ! same1 ! religi\s philosophy ( !ologians l ,t]tullian1 ,augu/9e1 ,duns ,scotus1 & s on--to take only a few in/ances4#bac ,! view ( man & 8 nature repres5t$ by all ^! names is1 9 ! ma91 an ess5tially practical1 a concrete1 & a moral view z oppos$ to an ab/ract & a rationali/ic view4 ,& ( c\rse ev5 to ,plato k 0 only an elem5t 9 ! total spiritual philosophy ( man1 :ile 8 ma/]1 ,socrates1 nev] really seem$ to make any sep>ation betwe5 moral & intellectual inquiries4 ,& z = positions 9 ! great philosoph]s betwe5 :i* & "s ( ! t5d5cies ( ,pragmatism !re is m ?an a m]ely sup]ficial agreem5t1 we might in/ance1 = example1 ! t5d5cy ( ,hume#bad to r$uce _m ( ! lead+ categories ( our ?\ght to m]e habits ( m9d1 to be expla9$ on an in/9ctive r ?an a rationali/ic basis2 or ,comte's idea ( ! error ( sep>at+ reason f in/9ct2#bae or ! idea ( de ,mai/re & ,ba91 & _m o!rs t 8w0 is impli$ 9 ! notion ( 8ext]iority02 or ! idea ( ,desc>tes#baf t ! s5ses tea* u n s mu* 8:at is 9 reality 9 ?+s10 z 8:at is b5eficial#bag or hurtful to ! composite :ole ( m9d & body02 or ! decl>ation ( ,kant t ! *ief end ( metaphysic is ,god & immortality2 or ! idea ( ,sp5c]#bah t ! belief 9 ! unqualifi$ supremacy ( reason is a sup]/ition ( philosoph]s2 or ! idea ( ,plato 9 ! ,sophi/#bai t reality is ! capacity = act+ or ( be+ act$ ^u2 & s on4 ,z = su* fur!r confirmation ( pragmati/ tea*+ z is to be f\nd 9 typical mod]n ?9k+ & s*ol>s1 ?\ght ( almo/ at r&om1 x w\ld be easy to quote 9 ?is connexion f writ]s z div]se z ,hffd+1 ,f\ille1 ,simmel1 ,wundt1 ,ma*1 ,huxley1 ,hobh\se1 & _m o!rs4 ,x might be call$ a typically pragmati/ idea1 = example1 on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se to hold t 8,! high] conceptions by :i* idealism has s firmly held are n to be #8sci5tifically' treat$ 9 ! s5se ( be+ expla9$ away4 ,:at is g5u9ely high] we h 444 good reason to ?9k mu/ also be true/10 & we 8_c p]man5tly acquiesce 9 a way ( ?9k+ :at w\ld resolve x into :at is l[e/40#bbj ,^! la/ words repres5t almo/ a commonplace ( ! ?\ght ( ! day4 ,x is held1 = example1 by m5 z diff]5t & z f> ap>t 9 _! "w1 & yet z typical ( phases ( our mod]n life1 z ,rob]t ,br[n+ & ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge4 ,! close dep5d5ce aga9 ( ! doctr9es ( any sci5ce ^u ! social life & ! preval5t ?\ght ( ! g5]ation is also ess5tially a pragmati/ idea4 ,its tru? is recogniz$ & insi/$ ^u 9 ! mo/ explicit mann] 9 ! rec5t s]viceable manife/o ( ,pr(essors ,g$des & ,?omson ^u 8,evolution10#bba & x obvi\sly affects _! :ole philosophy ( life & m9d4 ,x figures too q prom95tly 9 ! valuable %ort ,introduction to ,sci5ce by ,pr(essor ,?omson 9 ! same s]ies ( manuals4 ,ano!r typical book ( to-day1 aga9 7t ( ,pr(essor ,duncan on ! ,new ,k ( ! new physical sci5ce71 def9itely gives up1 = example1 ! 8correspond5ce0#bbb notion ( tru?1 hold+ t x is mean+less to ?9k ( reality z some?+ outside our ?\ght & our exp]i5ce ( :i* our ideas might be a possible duplicate4 ,?is aga9 we readily recognize z an ess5tially pragmati/ cont5tion4 ,s also is ! same writ]'s rejection ( ! notion ( 8absolute tru?10#bbc & 8 confession ( ! 8fai?0 t is always involv$ 9 ! ?\ght ( complet5ess or sy/em 9 our sci5tific k4 8,we believe purely z an act ( fai? & n at all ( logic10 he says1 8t ! univ]se is ess5tially det]m9able ?\s&s ( ye>s h5ce1 into "s "o sy/em :i* w acc\nt = ev]y?+ & :i* w be ! tru?40#bbd ,nor w\ld x be at all difficult to f9d confirmation = ! pragmati/ philosophy ( ideas & ?\ghts 9 :at we may well ?9k ( z ! g5]al reflective lit]ature ( our "t1 outside ! sph]e1 z x 71 ( /rictly rational or academic philosophy--9 writ]s l ,f4 ,d4 ,maurice1 ,w4 ,pat]1 ,a4 ,w4 ,b5n 7:o o!rwise depreciates :at he calls 8ophelism071 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 ,k>l ,pe>son1 ,c>lyle1 & o!rs4#bbe ,take ! foll[+1 = example1 quot$ ) approval f ,h]s*el by ,k>l ,pe>son3 8,! gr& & inde$ ! only "* ( tru? is its capability ( endur+ ! te/ ( univ]sal exp]i5ce1 & com+ un*ang$ out ( e possible =m ( fair discussion40#bbf ,! idea aga91 = example1 rec5tly express$ 9 a public article by su* a widely read & clev]ly p]v]se writ] z ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1#bbg t 8! w t moves u is dogmatic3 our bra9 is only ! v imp]fect in/rum5t by :i* we devise practical means = satisfy+ ! w10 might only too naturally be associat$ ) ! pragmati/-l anti-intellectualism#bbh ( ,b]gson1 or1 = t "p ( x1 ) ! deep] 8volunt>ism0 ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,! foll[+ quotation tak5 f ,mr4 ,pat] reveals h[ great may be correspond5ce betwe5 ! indep5d5t f9d+s ( a f9ely s5sitive m9d l 81 & ! positions to :i* ! pragmati/s are incl9$ 9 respect ( ! psy*ology ( religi\s belief4 8,! suppos$ facts on :i* ,*ri/ianity re/s1 utt]ly incapable z !y h become ( any ord9>y te/1 seem to me matt] ( v mu* ! same sort ( ass5t z we give to any assumption 9 ! /rict & ultimate s5se1 moral4 ,! "q :e!r ^! facts 7 real w1 ,i ?9k1 always cont9ue to be :at ,i %\ld call "o ( ^? natural que/ions ( ! human m9d40#bbi ,read]s ( ,c>lyle w easily recognize :at we might call a m g5]aliz$ /atem5t ( ?is same tru? ( ,pat]'s 9 ! (t5-quot$ words f ,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip3#bcj 8,by religion ,i d n mean ! *ur* cre$ :i* a man pr(esses1 ! articles ( fai? :i*4444 ,b ! ?+ a man does practically believe 7& ?is (t5 en\gh )\t ass]t+ x ev5 to himself1 mu* less to o!rs72 ! ?+ a man does practically lay to he>t & "k = c]ta9 conc]n+ 8 vital relations to ! my/]i\s univ]se1 & 8 duty & de/9y !re40 ,x has long seem$ to ! writ] t a simil> ?+ to ?is might be writt5 7& ,james has c]ta9ly writt5 x7 ab\t a man's 8philosophy0 z necess>ily inclusive ( 8 work+ beliefs z well z ( 8 m]e reason$ op9ions1 al?\gh x is ! latt] t are g5]ally 7by :at "r87 tak5 to be prop]ly ! subject-matt] ( philosophy4#bca ,& x is ?is phase ( ! pragmati/ philosophy t c\ld1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 be mo/ readily illu/rat$ f ! op9ions ( v>i\s liv+ & dead writ]s ^u ! g5]al work+ philosophy ( human nature z we f9d ?is reveal$ 9 human hi/ory4 ,we are told1 = example1 by ,mr4 ,hobh\se1 9 8 monum5tal "w ^u ,morals 9 ,evolution1 t 9 8,taoism ! supreme pr9ciple ( ?+s may be left undef9$ z some?+ t we exp]i5ce 9 ourselves if we ?r[ ourselves ^u x1 b :i* we "k r by foll[+ or liv+ x ?an by any process ( ratioc9ation40#bcb ,& 8?is my/ical int]pretation10 he adds1 8is n conf9$ to ,taoism1 b 9 "o =m or ano!r lies ne> to h& to all spiritual religions1 & expresses "o mode ( religi\s consci\sness1 its aspiration to rea* ! he>t ( ?+s & ! confid5ce t x has done s1 & f\nd re/ !re40 ,we are rem9d$1 ( c\rse1 by all su* consid]ations ( ! philosophy ( ,b]gson1 & ( its brilliant attempt to make a syn!sis ( intuition or in/9ct ) reflection or ?\ght1 & inde$ x may well be t ! pa/ difficulties ( philosophy ) intuition & in/9ct are due to ! fact ( its error 9 unduly sep>at+ ! intellect f ! 8w to live10 & f ! 8creative0 evolution t h be5 su* integral factors 9 ! evolution ( ! life ( humanity4 ,?is entire matt]1 h[ev]1 ( ! comp>ison ( pragmati/ doctr9es to typical t5d5cies 9 ! ?\ght ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t mu/ be treat$ by u z subord9ate to our ma9 purpose1 t ( ! e/imation ( ! place ( ,pragmatism 9 ! con/ructive ?\ght ( ! pres5t "t4 ,) a view to ?is x w be necess>y to rev]t to ! criticism ( ,pragmatism4 ,! criticism t has already be5 made is t 9 ! ma9 ,pragmatism is unsy/ematic & complex & confus+1 t x has no adequate !ory ( 8reality10 & no unifi$ !ory ( philosophy1 t x has no satisfactory crit]ion ( ! 8consequ5ces0 by :i* x proposes to te/ tru?1 & t x has n work$ out its philosophy ( ! contribution ( ! individual ) 8 8activity0 & 8 8purposes0 to 8reality0 g5]ally1 & t x is 9 dang] ( be+ a failure 9 ! realm ( e?ics4#bcc ,to all ?is we %all n[ seek to add a few words m ^u 7#a7 ! pragmati/ crit]ion ( tru?1 7#b7 ! weakness ( ,pragmatism 9 ! realms ( logic & !ory ( k1 7#c7 its failure to give consi/5t acc\nt ( ! nature ( reality1 & 7#d7 its unsatisfactor9ess 9 ! realm ( e?ics4 7#a7 ,we h already express$ our agreem5t ) ! f9d+ ( ,pr(essor ,pratt#bcd t ! pragmati/ !ory ( tru? am\nts to no m ?an ! h>mless doctr9e t ! mean+ ( any conception expresses itself 9 ! pa/1 pres5t1 or future conduct or exp]i5ces ( actual1 or possible1 s5ti5t creatures4 ,tak5 lit]ally1 h[ev]1 ! doctr9e t tru? %\ld be te/$ by consequ5ces is n only h>mless b also useless1 see+ t ,omnisci5ce alone c\ld br+ toge!r 9 ?\ght or 9 imag9ation all ! consequ5ces ( an ass]tion4 ,aga91 x is lit]ally false = ! reason t ! pro( ( tru? is n 9 ! fir/ in/ance any k9d ( 8consequ5ces10 n ev5 ! 8v]ification0 ( :i* pragmati/s are s fond4 ,if ! tru? ( :i* we may happ5 to be ?9k+ is tru? ( 8fact10 its pro( lies 9 its correspond5ce 7despite ! difficulties#bce ( ! idea7 ) ! results ( obs]vation or p]ception4#bcf ,& if x be inf]5tial tru?1 its pro( is t ( its d$uction f previ\sly e/abli%$ tru?s1 or facts1 ^u a c]ta9 plane ( k or exp]i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ,pragmati/s =get altoge!r ! logical doctr9e ( ! exi/5ce 79 ! _w ( our human exp]i5ce1 ( c\rse7 ( diff]5t e/abli%$ planes ( reality1 or planes ( asc]ta9$ k 9 :i* all propositions t are n nons5sical or trivial1 are1 f _! v inception1 reg>d$ z necess>ily true or false4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! v>i\s planes ( exp]i5ce or ( ?\ght is 9 fact impli$ 9 ! pragmati/ doctr9e ( ! fundam5tal "* ( belief4#bcg ,accord+ to ?is p]fectly correct doctr9e1 ! objectivity ( tru? 7i4e4 its reality or non-reality 9 ! _w ( fact or 9 ! _w ( rational disc\rse7 is ! ess5tial ?+ ab\t x1 :ile ! idea ( its 8consequ5ces0 is n4 ,a tru? is a proposition ^: validity has already be5 e/abli%$ by evid5ce or by demon/ration4 ,x has !n aft]w>ds ! imm$iate 8utility0 ( express+ 9 an intelligible & conv5i5t mann] ! fact ( c]ta9 connexions among ?+s or ev5ts4 ,& its ultimate utility to mank9d is also at ! same "t assur$1 humanity be+ by its v nature a society ( p]sons :o mu/ act1 & :o act1 ^u :at !y believe to be ! tru? or ! reality ( ?+s4 ,b a proposition is by no means true because x is useful4 ,con/ant9e believ$ em95tly 9 ! concord-produc+ utility ( c]ta9 confessions enunciat$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 b 8 belief 9 ?is does n prove _! tru? or reality outside ! convictions ( ! fai?ful4 ,nor does ! pragmati/ or utilit>ian "* ( c]ta9 portions ( ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t or ( ! ,koran prove ! matt] ( _! lit]al & factual tru? 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ^! t]ms4 ,z ,hume said1 8,:5 any op9ion leads u into absurdities 'tis c]ta9ly false1 b 'tis n c]ta9 t an op9ion is false because x has dang]\s consequ5ces40 ,& !n1 ap>t f ?is conspicu\s abs5ce ( logic 9 ! views ( pragmati/s ^u 8tru?10 ! expression ( _! doctr9e is s confus+ t x is almo/ impossible to extract any consi/5t mean+ out ( x4 ,!y are cont9ually conf\nd+ conceptions & ideas & propositions1 =getful ( ! fact t tru? resides n 9 concepts & ideas b only 9 propositions4 ,:ile x may be inde$ true1 z aga9/ ,rationalism1 t all human conceptions :atsoev] & x is only 9 connexion ) 8conceptions0 t ,pragmatism is def9$ ev5 9 su* an (ficial place z ,baldw9's ,diction>y ( ,philosophy#bch h1 & mu/ h1 ref]5ce to actual or possible human exp]i5ce or consequ5ces1 x is by no means true t ! te/ ( a proposition is any?+ o!r ?an ! evid5ce ( :i* we h already spok54 ,!n ! pragmati/s h nev] adequately def9$ t]ms t are s ess5tial to _! purposes z 8practical10 8tru?10 8fact10 8reality10 8consequ5ces10 & !y conf\nd1 too1 8!ories0 ) 8tru?s0 & 8concepts0 j z !y conf\nd concepts & propositions4 7#b7 ,t logic & ! !ory ( pro( is ?us "o ( ! weak spots ( ,pragmatism has p]haps !n be5 suffici5tly indicat$4 ,we h se51 9 fact1 ! read9ess ( ,pragmatism to confess its inability#bci to prove its own philosophy--t is1 to prove x 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4#bdj ,t x %\ld h made ?is confession is1 ( c\rse1 only 9 keep+ ) ! fact t its int]e/ 9 logic is conf9$ to su* subord9ate topics z ! fram+ & v]ification ( hypo!ses1 ! developm5t ( concepts & judgm5ts 9 ! 8?\ght-process10 & s on4 ,( complete pro(1 z involv+ bo? d$uction & induction1 x takes b ! scantie/ recognition4 ,& x has made almo/ no ef=t to connect its discov]ies 9 8g5etic logic0 & 9 ! !ory ( hypo!ses ) ! traditional body ( logical doctr9e4#bda ,nor1 z may p]haps be inf]r$ f ! prec$+ p>agraph1 has x made any s]i\s attempt to consid] ! "q ( ! discov]y ( new tru? 9 relation to ! m or less p]fectly =mulat$ sy/ems & s*emes ( tru? already 9 ! possession ( mank9d4 ,! case is simil> 9 reg>d to ! 8!ory ( k0 ( ! pragmati/s4 ,:ile !y h made _m important sugge/ions reg>d+ ! relation ( all ! ma9 categories & pr9ciples ( our human ?\ght to ! !oretical & practical ne$s ( mank9d1 !re is 9 _! tea*+s little t is satisfactory & explicit 9 ! matt] ( ! sy/ematization ( fir/ pr9ciples1#bdb & little too t is satisfactory 9 respect ( ! relation ( k to reality4 ,!y sometimes admit 7) ,james7 ! importance ( g5]al po9ts ( view l ! 8causal10 ! 8temporal10 8end10 & 8purpose10 & s on4 ,at o!r times !y confess ) ,s*ill] t que/ions ab\t ultimate tru? & ultimate reality _c be all[$ to weigh ^u our spirits1 see+ t 8actual kn[+0 always />ts f ! 8exi/+ situation40 ,n[ ( c\rse actual kn[+ c]ta9ly does />t f ! p>ticul> case ( ! exi/+ situation1 b1 z all ?9k]s f ,ari/otle to ,hume h se51 x is by no means expla9$ by ?is exi/+ situation4 ,9 real k ?is is always made intelligible by ref]5ces to po9ts ( view & to exp]i5ces t altoge!r transc5d x4 ,! true !ory ( k1 9 %ort1 involves ! famili> ,kantian di/9ction betwe5 ! 8orig90 & ! 8validity0 ( k--a ?+ t ! pragmati/s seem cont9ually & delib]ately to ignore4 ,s*ill]1 to be sure1 rem9ds u ) ju/ice t we mu/ endeav\r to 8connect10 r ?an inv>iably 8contra/10 ! two t]ms ( ?is di/9ction4 ,b ?is aga9 is by no means :at ! pragmati/s !mselves h done4 ,!y fail1 9 fact1 to connect _! h9ts ab\t ! practical or exp]im5tal orig9 ( mo/ ( our po9ts ( view ab\t reality ) ! problem ( ! validity ( fir/ pr9ciples g5]ally4 ,!re is a sugge/ion "h & !re 9 _! writ+s t1 z ,s*ill]#bdc puts x1 !re c be no coh]5t sy/em ( po/ulates except z root$ 9 p]sonality1 & t !re are po/ulates at e /age ( our developm5t4 ,:at ?is /atem5t means is t !re are 8po9ts ( view0 ab\t reality t are incid5tal to ! /age ( our natural life 7z be+s among o!r be+s71 o!rs to ! /age ( consci\s s5sations & feel+s1 /ill o!rs to t ( our desires & ?\ghts1 to our ae/hetic appreciation1 to our moral life1 & s on4 ,b1 z ,i h already said1 !re is little attempt on ! "p ( ! pragmati/s to di/+ui% ^! diff]5t /ages or planes ( exp]i5ce adequately f "o ano!r4 7#c7 ,ref]5ces h already be5 made to ! failures ( our ,anglo-,am]ican pragmati/s to atta9 to any intelligible & consi/5t k9d ( reality1 :e!r !y conceive ( ?is latt] z ! sum-total ( ! ef=ts ( aspir+ & a*iev+ human be+s1 or ) ,s*ill] z an 8orig9al1 pla/ic sub-/ratum10 or z ! reality 7:atev] x is7 t is gradually be+ br\ght into be+ by ! creative ef=ts ( ourselves & ( be+s high] or l[] ?an ourselves 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce4 ,_! deepe/ ?\ght 9 ! matt] seems to be t ! univ]se 7our univ]se87 is ess5tially 8incomplete10 & t ! tru? ( ,god1 z ,james puts x1 8has to run ! gauntlet ( o!r tru?s40 ,"o /ud5t ( ?is topic1 ,pr(essor ,leighton1 has arriv$ at ! conclusion t pragmatism is ess5tially 8acosmi/ic10#bdd mean+1 no d\bt1 & ) good reason1 t ,pragmatism has no place ( any k9d = objective ord] or sy/em4 ,n[ x is j ?is palpable lack ( an 8objective10 or rational1 ord] t r5d]s ! :ole pragmati/ philosophy liable to ! *>ges ( 7#a7 8subjectivism10 & 7#b7 irrationality4 ,!re are 9 x1 z we h tri$ to po9t out1 abundant h9ts ( :at reality mu/ be con/ru$ to be on ! pr9ciples ( any workable or cr$ible philosophy1 namely some?+ t /imulates bo? our ?\ght & our endeav\r4 ,& !re is 9 x ! great tru? t 9 action we are n only 9 contact ) reality z su*1 b ) a reality1 moreov]1 t transc5ds ! imp]fect reality ( our lives z f9ite individuals & ! imp]fect "* ( our limit$ ef=t & /ruggle4 ,b beyond ! vague h9ts t our ef=ts mu/ someh[ c\nt 9 ! f9al tale ( reality1 & t :at ! _w ( exp]i5ce seems to be1 x mu/ someh[ be conceiv$ ultimately to be1 !re is no /&+-gr\nd 9 ! entire pragmati/ philosophy = want ( :at1 9 pla9 ,engli%1 mu/ be t]m$ an intelligible !ory ( reality4 8,y see10 says ,james1 8h[ diff]5tly p take ?+s4 ,! _w we live 9 exi/s diffus$ & di/ribut$ 9 ! =m ( an indef9itely num]\s lot ( ea*es1 coh]5t 9 all sorts ( ways & degrees2 & ! t\gh-m9d$ are p]fectly will+ to take !m at t valuation4 ,!y c /& ! _w1 _! temp] be+ well adapt$ to its insecurity40#bde ,! pres5t writ]1 "s ye>s ago1 9 an article 9 ,m9d1#bdf v5tur$ to po9t out ! absurdity ( expect+ ! public to believe 9 a philosophy :i* sometimes speaks z if we c\ld n[1 to-day1 by our ef=ts beg9 to make ! _w some?+ diff]5t f :at x is or :at x has be54 8,z f> z ! pa/ facts g10 s ,james put x 9 #ahii1 8!re is inde$ no diff]5ce4 ,^! facts are bagg$ 7is n ! phraseology too recklessly sport+871 are captur$1 & ! good t's 9 !m is ga9$1 be ! atoms1 be ! ,god _! cause40 ,& aga91 8,!ism & mat]ialism1 s indiff]5t :5 tak5 retrospectively 81 po9t1 :5 we take !m prospectively1 to :olly diff]5t1 practical consequ5ces1 to opposite outlooks ( exp]i5ce40 ,& aga91 8,b ,i say t su* an alt]nation ( feel+s1 reasonable en\gh 9 a consci\sness t is prospective1 z ours n[ is1 & ^: _w is p>tly yet to come1 w\ld be absolutely s5seless 767 & irrational 9 a purely retrospective consci\sness summ+ up a _w already pa/40 ,n[ on :at !ory ( ?+s is x t ! future ( ! _w & our future may be affect$ by ideal elem5ts & factors 7,god1 ,fre$om1 ,recomp5se1 ,ju/ice7 )\t hav+ be5 s affect$ or det]m9$ 9 ! pa/8#bdg 7#d7 ,! unsatisfactor9ess ( ,pragmatism 9 ! realm ( e?ics4 ,crucial & hopeless z is ! failure ( ,pragmatism 9 ! realm ( e?ics1 a ^w or two _h bett] be said ( ! "r ( ! critic to judge ( x 9 ?is connexion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ?9k+ public has already express$ its di/ru/ ( a doctr9e t scruples n to av[ its aff9ity ) utilit>ianism1 ) ! idea ( te/+ tru? & value by m]e consequ5ces & by ! idea ( ! useful4 8,! ^w #8exp$i5t1'0 wrote a correspond5t to ,pr(essor ,james1 8has no o!r mean+ ?an t ( self-int]e/4 ,! pursuit ( ?is has end$ by l&+ a numb] ( (fic]s ( national banks 9 p5it5ti>ies4 ,a philosophy t leads to su* results mu/ be uns\nd40 ,!n aga91 ,pr(essor ,dewey 7n[ d\btless ! =emo/ liv+ pragmati/7 is ! jo9t au?or ( a book ^u e?ics1 ! mo/ prom95t feature ( :i* is ! application ( pragmati/-l me?ods & pr9ciples to moral philosophy4 ,?is book sums up1 too1 a great _m previ\s illum9at+ discussions ( 8 own ^u e?ical & educational problems1 = all ( :i*1 & = its g5]al application ( ! pr9ciples ( ,humanism to ! realm ( morals he has des]v$ly won ! praise ( ,pr(essor ,james himself4 ,s we h ?us ! w>rant bo? ( ! public & ( ,dewey & ,james = seek+ to judge ,pragmatism f ! po9t ( view ( moral philosophy4 ,ano!r ju/ification = seek+ to judge ( ,pragmatism f ! po9t ( view ( moral philosophy is t ! :ole weight ( its 8humanism0 & ( its 8valuation0 philosophy mu/ inevitably fall ^u its view ( ! moral judgm5t4 ,dr4 ,s*ill]1 we h se51 is q explicit 9 8 op9ion t = ,humanism ! roots ( metaphysics 8lie1 & mu/ lie10 9 e?ics4 ,& ?is is all ! m ! case1 z x 71 on acc\nt ( ! proclamation#bdh by ,pragmatism ( ! inability ( ,intellectualism to und]/& morality1 & also on acc\nt ( its recurr+ cont5tion 9 respect ( ! m]ely hypo!tical "* ( all intellectual tru?4 ,n[1 un=tunately = ,pragmatism1 ! "o ?+ t ! o!rwise illum9at+ book ( ,dewey & ,tufts almo/ completely fails to d1 z ! writ] has already s\ght to indicate1 is to provide a !ory ( ! ord9>y di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong4#bdi ,! only !me t is really successfully pursu$ 9 ?is typically ,am]ican book is ! 8con/ant discov]y1 =mation1 & re-=mation ( ! #8self' 9 ! #8ends' :i* an individual is call$ ^u to su/a9 & develop 9 virtue ( 8 memb]%ip ( a #8social :ole4'0 ,b ?is is obvi\sly a /udy 9 8g5etic psy*ology10 or 9 ! psy*ology ( e?ics1 b by no means a /udy 9 ! !ory ( e?ics4 8,! controll+ pr9ciple10 x *>act]i/ically tells u1 8( ! delib]ation :i* r5d]s possible ! =mation ( a volunt>y or socializ$ self out ( our orig9al in/9ctive impulses is ! love ( ! objects :i* make ?is trans=mation possible40 ,b :at is x1 we wi% to "k1 t di/+ui%$ ! objects t make ?is trans=mation possible f ! objects t d n d s8 ,! only answ] t we c see 9 ! book is t any?+ is 8moral0 :i* makes possible a 8transition f individualism to effici5t social p]sonality0---obvi\sly aga9 a purely sociological po9t ( view1 leav+ ! "q ( ! /&>d ( effici5cy q op54 ,! :ole t5d5cy1 9 %ort1 ( ! pragmati/ treatm5t ( e?ical pr9ciples is to ! effect t /&>ds & !ories ( conduct are valuable only 9 s f> z !y are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 8fruitful0 9 giv+ u a c]ta9 8survey+ p[]0 9 ! p]plexities & unc]ta9ties ( 8direct p]sonal behavi\r40 ,!y are all1 9 o!r words1 m]ely relative or useful1 & none ( !m is absolute & au?oritative4 ,x is ?is la/ ?+1 h[ev]1 t is ! real desid]atum ( e?ical !ory4 ,& s f> z practice is conc]n$1 all t ?is ,pragmatism or 8,relativism0 9 morals inevitably leads to is ! conclusion t :atev] br+s ab\t a *ange1 or a result1 or a 8new =mation10 or a new 8developm5t0 ( ! moral situation1 is necess>ily moral1 t 8gr[?0 & 8lib]ation0 & 8fruitfulness10 & 8exp]im5tation0 are ev]y?+1 & moral scruples & consci5ce simply no?+4 ,9 ! celebrat$ phrase ( ,nietzs*e1 8,ev]y?+ is p]missible & no?+ is true or b9d+40 ,is n1 !n1 ?is w\ld-be e?ical phase ( ,pragmatism j too mod]ni/ic1 too m]ely practical1 too m]ely illum9ative & enlight5+8 ,& w\ld x n be bett] = ! y\? ( ,am]ica 7= ,dewey's book is 9 ! ,am]ican ,sci5ce ,s]ies7 & o!r c\ntries to le>n t n ev]y?+ 8practical0 & 8=mative0 & 8lib]ative0 & 8socializ+0 is moral 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m8#bej ,9 say+ ?is ,i am1 ( c\rse1 giv+ b a v imp]fect idea ( ! cont5ts ( a book :i* is1 9 _m respects1 bo? epo*-m>k+ & epo*-mak+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 un=tunately1 9 "s respects1 only too mu* 9 t\* ) 8pres5t facts & t5d5cies10 ) ! regrettable t5d5cy ( ! h\r1 = example1 to ju/ify z "r any conduct t mom5t>ily 8improves ! situation10 or t 8lib]ates ! activities0 ( ! p>ties conc]n$ 9 x4 ,x is n en\gh1 9 o!r words 7& ?is is all1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 t ,pragmatism c d 9 morals71 to set up a some:at sugge/ive picture ( ! 8life ( ! moral man 9 our pres5t transitional0 & w\ld-be 8con/ructive0 age4 ,a moral man does n m]ely1 9 common p>lance1 8keep up ) ! procession10 go+ 9 = its endless 8=mations0 & 8re-=mations40 ,he seeks to 8lead0 x1 & ?is lead+ ( m51 ?is sett+ up ( a /&>d ( ! legitimacy or ( ! illegitimacy ( c]ta9 social exp]im5ts is j :at ,pragmatism _c d 9 morals4 ,x is o!rwise1 d\btless1 ) a true humanism1 or ) ! humanism t ,pragmatism is endeav\r+ to become4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,pragmatism ,,z ,,humanism ,9 spite ( ! objections t h be5 br\ght 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s aga9/ ,pragmatism z ,in/rum5talism & ,practicalism1 ! great ?+ ab\t ,pragmatism z ! ,humanism t x is t5d+ to become is ! position t x virtually occupies 9 respect ( ! e?ical & ! p]sonal factors t ent] into all our notions ab\t f9al tru?4 ,to ,pragmatism ! importance ( ^! factors 9 ?is connexion is app>5t f ! outset1 x be+ to x ! m]e/ truism t by f9al tru? we _c mean 8tru?0 exi/+ on its own acc\nt1 b r ! tru? ( ! _w z inclusive ( man & 8 purposes4 ,= s mu* x /&s by its v lett] z well z by its _s4 ,& if we c f9d any confirmation = ?is attitude 9 "s ( ! concessions ( ! rationali/s t h be5 previ\sly m5tion$1 s mu* ! bett]1 z x 71 = ,pragmatism4 ,n[ x might well seem z if ,pragmatism by ! d5ial ( an absolute or imp]sonal tru? is s f> simply ano!r v]sion ( mod]n agno/icism1 or ( ! old] doctr9e ( ! 8relativity0 ( human k4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ^! two ?+s & ,pragmatism4 ,a m]e agno/ical1 or relativity1 philosophy g5]ally c>ries ) x ! belief t ! inmo/ reality ( ?+s is bo? unkn[able & out ( all relation alike to human purpose & to human k4 ,pragmatism1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld l to ma9ta9---if x c\ld d s logically---t 9 human volition1 we d "k some?+ ab\t ! inw>d mean+ ( ?+s1 t ! 8developm5tal0 view ( ?+s is1 :5 prop]ly int]pret$1 ! real view1 t reality is at lea/ :at x comes to be 9 our 8purposes0 & 9 our ideals1 & n some?+ diff]5t f ?is4 ,! ma9 reason1 h[ev]1 ( ! inability ( ,pragmatism to d :at x w\ld l to d 9 ?is connexion is :at we h already compla9$ ( z its failure ei!r to recognize1 or to use1 ! help t c\ld be af=d$ to x by 7#a7 ,idealism1 & by 7#b7 ! 8normative0#bea view ( e?ical sci5ce4 ,9 respect ( ! fir/ po9t1 we h already sugge/$1 = example1 t ,pragmatism is incl9$ 9 v>i\s ways to make mu* ( its 8radical empiricism10 its cont5tion t reality mu/1 to beg9 )1 be con/ru$ to be :at x seems to be 9 our actual deal+s ) x & 9 our actual exp]i5ce ( x4#beb ,to ! biologi/1 z we put x 9 our f\r? *apt]1 reality is life2 to ! physici/ x is en]gy2 to ! !ologian x is ! unfold+ ( ! deal+s ( ,god ) ,8 creatures2 to ! sociologi/ x is ! sph]e ( ! evolution ( ! social life ( humanity2 to ! lov] ( tru? x is a 8p>tly intelligible sy/em40 ,! only rational basis1 h[ev]1 = all ?is con/ructive int]pretation ( reality is ! famili> ideali/ position ( ! necess>y implication ( ! 8subject0 9 ! 8object10 ! fact t 8?+s0 or 8exi/5ces0 are inv>iably ?\ght ( z ! elem5ts or compon5t p>ts 9 "s work+ sy/em or sph]e ( reality t is contemplat$ by "s be+ or be+s 9 ref]5ce to "s purpose or end4 ,on its s-call$ l[e/ plane1 inde$1 reality is conceiv$ z ! play ( all ! p>ticles ( matt]1 or ( all ! elem5tal =ces ( nature1 ^u ea* o!r4 ,& on ?is con/ruction ( ?+s ! susceptibility ( ev]y?+ to ! influ5ce ( ev]y?+ else is no less c]ta9ly assum$ ?an 9 ! case ( ! _w ( life itself4 ,b1 z ! ideali/ realizes 9 a mom5t1 !re is no possibility ( sep>at+1 ei!r 9 ?\ght or exp]im5tally1 ?is suppos$ physical _w f ! s-call$ exp]i5ces & relations & laws ?r\gh :i* x is int]pret$ & describ$1 ev5 z a _w ( objects or ( =ces4 ,?is is :at ,p>m5ides saw ages ago :5 he said t 8?\ght0 & 8be+0 are ! same ?+1 t 8be+0 belongs to 8?\ght10 t 8be+0 is ! true object ( ?\ght1 & t be+ is ! 8rational0 & ! 8?9kable0 & n some?+ outside ?\ght4 ,x is :at a sci5ti/1 an exp\nd] ( sci5ce1 l ,pr(essor ,j4 ,a4 ,?ompson means & p>tly /ates :5 he says1 speak+ ( ! "w ( _m ( 8 fell[-sci5ti/s ( ! day1 8,! matt] ( physical sci5ce is an ab/raction1 :]eas ! matt] ( our direct exp]i5ce is 9 c]ta9 conditions ! physical basis ( life & ! home ( ! s\l40#bec ,to ! objector :o aga9 retorts t ?is l9e ( reflection seems to re/ ^u a v l>ge assumption z to ! nature ( ! app>5tly illimitable physical univ]se1 ! ideali/ c b reply1 fir/ly1 t we "k no?+ ( ! s-call$ natural _w save ?r\gh ! s-call$ spiritual or psy*ical _w1#bed & secondly1 t ev5 ! mo/ complete description ( ! _w f ! po9t ( view ( sci5ce w\ld1 ( c\rse1 /ill leave ! _w ( our m5tal exp]i5ces entirely unexpla9$4 ,x is surely1 !re=e1 s f>1 mu* m logical to use ?is la/ _w z at lea/ ! p>tial explanation ( ! =m] r ?an vice v]sa4 ,& z = ! 8normative0 view ( e?ics & ! help x af=ds to ,pragmatism 9 its cont5tion 9 respect ( f9al tru?1 x may be said1 to beg9 )1 t x is 9 ! e?ical life t :at we call ! tru? ( ?+s becomes ! basis ( an ideal ( p]sonal a*ievem5t4 ,x is n m]ely ( man's well-kn[n trans=mation & utilization ( ! =ces ( nature t we are at pres5t ?9k+1 b ( ! fact t 9 ! moral life man 8sup]poses10 z has be5 said1 an ord] ( 8 own ^u ! s-call$ natural ord] ( ?+s1 trans=m+ x into a spiritual ord]4 ,?is sup]position1 if we w1 ?is trans=mation1 is reveal$ unmi/akably 9 ! hi/ory ( ! facts ( conduct4 ,9 ! rec5t elaborate rese>*es 9 sociological e?ics ( ,hobh\se & ,we/]m>ck#bee we read1 = example1 ( facts l ! gradual 8blunt+ ( ! edges ( b>b>ian ideas10 & ! recognition ( ! 8pr9cipal moral obligations0 9 ! e>ly ori5tal civilizations1 ! exi/5ce ( ! 8doctr9e ( =giv5ess10 & ( 8dis9t]e/$ retributive k9dly emotion10 ! acceptance & r$i/ribution by ,confucius ( ! traditional /&>ds ( ,*9ese e?ics1 ! 8trans=mation0 by ! ,hebrew prophets ( ! 8law ( a b>b>\s p into ! spiritual wor%ip ( "o ,god10 ( a ,god ( 8social ju/ice10 ( 8m]cy10 & f9ally ( 8love40 ,bo? ^! writ]s1 9 view ( su* facts & ( o!r facts ( a k9dr$ nature1 arrive at ! conclusion t ! supreme au?ority assign$ to ! moral law is n altoge!r an illusion1 t !re is aft] all ! 8great p]man5t fact ( ! moral consci\sness p]si/+ ?r\gh all /ages ( developm5t1 t :e!r we believe or disbelieve 9 ,god1 or religion1 or nature1 or :at n1 !re rema9 = all ( u c]ta9 ?+s to d :i* affect u ) a great] or less degree ( m5tal discom=t40 ,n[ z we ?9k ( x1 !re is some?+ t ,pragmatism fails to see 9 respect ( ?is und\bt$ trans=mation ( ! m]ely physical basis ( our life t takes place1 or t has tak5 place1 9 ! moral life ( humanity4 ,:ile firmly hold+ 9 its moral philosophy 7we c see ?is 9 ! typical "w ( ,dewey & ,tufts#bef7 to its f>-rea*+ pr9ciple t our entire intellectual life has be5 work$ out 9 ! close/ k9d ( relation to our practical ne$s1 ,pragmatism has nev]!less fail$ to see t 9 ! highe/ rea*es ( our active life ! controll+ ideas 78ju/ice10 8humanity10 8c\rage10 & s on7 h a value indep5d5tly ( any consequ5ces o!r ?an ^? ( _! realization 9 ! purposes & 9 ! dispositions ( m54 ,or1 m def9itely1 x is j because moral ideas1 l any ideas1 _c fail to "w !mselves out into our actions & into our v dispositions & "*1 t x becomes ( ! utmo/ importance to conceive ( ! tru? !y embody z hav+ a value above all consequ5ces & above all ord9>y utility4 ,if s\ght ev] & always = its own sake1 ! highe/ k9d ( tru? & insight1 ! tru? t we appreh5d 9 our highe/ intuitions & 9 our highe/ ef=ts1 w inevitably t5d to ! creation ( a realm ( 8value10 a realm ( p]sonal wor? & activity t we _c b reg>d z ! highe/ reality1#beg or ! highe/ plane ( exp]i5ce ( :i* we are consci\s4 ,9 ?is ?\ght1 !n1 9 ! ?\ght ( ! reality ( ! life & "w ( human be+s :o h giv5 all = tru? & goodness & love1 !re is surely at lea/ a p>tial clue to ! value ( ! great idea aft] :i* ,pragmatism is bl9dly grop+ 9 its cont5tion ( ! importance ev5 to metaphysics ( ! notion ( our human1 8purposive0 activity4 ,inde$1 :5 we ?9k ( ! matt] c>efully x is d\btful :e!r ! human m9d w\ld ev] ev5 h atta9$ to ! notion ( ideal tru?1 ) ! correlative ?\ght ( ! %ortcom+s or ! limits ( our ord9>y k1 if x _h n be5 = ! moral life & ! s]i\s problem x sets be=e u z m5--t ( ! complete satisfaction or ! complete ass]tion ( our human p]sonality4 ,we seek tru? 9 ! fir/ in/ance because we wi% to act ^u c]ta9ty or ^u adequate c]ta9ty1 & because we feel t we mu/ be det]m9$ by :at appeals to our own convictions & motives1 by :at has become "p ( our own life & consci\sness4 ,x is only 9 fact because we w x1 & because we want x1 t ! 8ideal0 exi/s--! ideal ( any?+1 m c]ta9 k ab\t some?+1 = example1 or gratifi$ curiosity1 or satisfi$ desire1 & s on4 ,9 e case1 say1 ( ! pursuit ( an ideal we desire some?+ or "s /ate ( ?+s t does n yet exi/4 ,! actual1 if inde$ 7:i* is d\btful7 we c ?9k ( ! actual m]ely z su*1 does n eng5d] ! notion ( ! ideal1 al?\gh !re is possibly a sugge/ion ( ! 8ideal0 9 ! 8mean+0 t we _c1 ev5 9 s5se p]ception1#beh atta* to ! actual4 ,ev5 sci5ce1 z we call x1 is v f> f be+ a m]e description ( ! actual1 x is an ideal 8con/ruction0 or 8int]pretation0 ( ! same 9 ! int]e/1 n ( m]e utility1 b ( ! wond] & ! curiosity & ! intellectual & ae/hetical satisfaction ( our entire p]sonality1 ( our dis9t]e/$ love ( ! highe/ tru?4#bei ,a /rik+ example ( ! "p play$ by moral & p]sonal factors 9 ! evolution ( tru? may easily be f\nd1 z has already be5 sugge/$1 9 "s ( ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! evolution ( ! ,platonic philosophy 9 ! m9d ( its creator4 ,plato's con/ant use ( ! dialogue =m ( exposition is ( itself an expression ( ! fact t philosophy 0 always to him a liv+ & a p]sonal ?+1 ! outcome ( an intellectual emotion ( ! s\l 9 its ef=ts aft] true k & spiritual p]fection4 ,x speaks also ( ,plato's ess5tially social conception ( philosophy1 z a creation aris+ out ( ! contact ( m9d ) m9d1 9 ! se>* aft] wisdom & virtue & ju/ice4 ,& !re is little d\bt t 8 own discont5t ) ! social conditions ( 8 "t & ) ! false wisdom ( ! sophi/s 0 a p[]ful impulse 9 8 m9d 9 ! developm5t ( t body ( intellectual & e?ical tru? = all "t t is to be f\nd 9 8 works4 ,! det]m9+ consid]ation1 aga91 9 ! argum5ts = immortality 9 ! ,pha$o is n s mu* ! imp]fect physical & !oretical philosophy on :i* !y are p>tly made to repose z ! trem5d\s conviction ( ,plato ( ! supreme importance ( "r conduct1 ( 8 belief 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! 8be/40 ,plato has a way1 too1 ( talk+ ( tru? z a k9d ( 8addition0#bfj to be+ & sci5ce1 z a 8be+0 t 8%>es0 someh[ 9 ! 8idea ( ! ,good0--a t5d5cy t1 despite ! imp]fect hold ( ! ,greek m9d ^u ! fact & ! conception ( p]sonality1 we may also look ^u z a confirmation ( ! pragmati/ notion ( ! necessity ( e?ical & p]sonal factors 9 a complete !ory ( tru?4 ,a /ill m important in/ance ( ! importance ( moral & practical factors to a f9al philosophy ( ?+s is to be f\nd 9 ! la/+ influ5ce ( ! great ,hebrew tea*]s ^u bo? ! anci5t & ! mod]n _w1 al?\gh ! m]e m5tion ( ?is topic is apt to give (f5ce to "s ( our ,neo-,hell5i/s#bfa & to ?9k]s l ,s*op5hau] & ,nietzs*e4 ,! rem>kable ?+ ab\t ! ,hebrew se]s is _! intuition ( ,god z 8! liv+ s\rce ( _! life & /r5g? & joy10 n z a m]e fir/ pr9ciple ( ?\ght1 n z ! sub/ance ( ?+s1 n z ! m]e 8end ( pati5t se>* & /riv+10 b z ! 8fir/ pr9ciple ( life & feel+40#bfb ,& _! "w = ! _w lay 9 ! br++ to an end ( ! entire my?ology & cosmology ( ! age ( fable & fancy1 & ! sub/itution = all ?is ( ! wor%ip ( "o ,god1 z some?+ di/9ct & diff]5t f all ! cults ( poly!ism1 z a great social & e?ical a*ievem5t1 z a true religion t lov$ ju/ice & social ord] because x lov$ ,god4 8,9 ,hebrew poetry10#bfc says a rec5t au?ority ^u ?is subject1 8all ?+s appe> 9 action4 ,! v]b is ! pr$om9at+ elem5t 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,& ?\gh ! %ades ( "t di/9ctions are blurr$1 ! ri*ness ( ! language ?r[s ! precise complexion ( ! act into cle>1 /rong light40 ,if ?is be s1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no wond] t ?is p elaborat$ = mank9d a liv+ & practical1 a 8pragmati/0 7if we w7 view ( ! _w1 :i* is s ri* by way ( its v contra/ bo? to ,greek & to mod]n sci5tific conceptions4 ,) ! enum]ation ( two specific in/ances f ?is same writ] ( ! ,hebrew p]ception ( ! importance ( practical & p]sonal factors to a true grasp ( c]ta9 fundam5tal ideas1 we may safely leave ?is great s\rce ( "s ( ! lead+ ideas ( our we/]n _w to take c>e ( itself4 8,! ,hebrew c\nt]p>t to ! ,greek ideal ( 1 #8! f9ely-poli%$ g5tleman1' is hsd1 ! adjective d]iv$ f hes$1 t is #8! man ( love4' ,z ,god is love1 ! good man is likewise a lov] bo? ( ,god & ( 8 fell[-m54 ,8 love is inde$ ! pure reflection ( ,god's--t5d] & true & active z ,8 is4 ,= 9 no o!r anci5t religion are ! fe> & love ( ,god s indissolubly w$d$ to moral conduct40#bfd ,& secondly1 speak+ ( immortality1 ,pr(essor ,gordon says1 8,! glad hope ( immortality re/s1 n on speculative argum5ts f ! nature ( ! s\l1 b on ! sure gr\nd ( religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,immortality is1 9 fact1 a necess>y implicate ( p]sonal religion4 ,! man t lives ) ,god is immortal z ,he is40#bfe ,if ! read] be incl9$ to int]ject "h t all t ?is pragmati/ talk ab\t ! importance ( action obvi\sly am\nts to is simply ! position t ! highe/ tru? mu/ someh[ take recognition ( our beliefs z well z ( our k1 we c b reply t he is lit]ally s f> 9 ! "r4 ,our po9t1 h[ev]1 = ,pragmatism w\ld "h be t belief re/s n m]ely ^u ! intellect1 b ^u ! intellect 9 conjunction ) ! active & ! e?ical nature ( man4 ,x is ma9ly because we feel ourselves to be active & legislative & creative1 ma9ly because we p>tly are & p>tly hope to be1 z ! phrase has x1 t we believe z well z seek cont9ually to "k4 ,h5ce ! rightness & ! s\ndness ( ,pragmatism 9 its cont5tion2 ! tru? is n s mu* a datum 7some?+ giv57 z a con/ruction1#bff or a ?+ t is made & inv5t$ by way ( an approximation to an ideal4 ,t x is ?is almo/ 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ^! words is evid5t f ! fact ( ! sl[ & gradual accumulation ( tru? & k ab\t !mselves & _! environm5t by ! fleet+ g5]ations ( m54 ,& ev5 to-day ! tru? is n some?+ t exi/s 9 nature or 9 hi/ory or 9 "s privileg$ in/itution1 or 9 ! tea*+ ( "s guild ( ma/]s1 b r only 9 ! attitude ( m9d & he>t ( ! human be+s :o cont9ue to seek x & to w x & to live x :5 & :]e !y may4 ,tru? includes1 too1 ! tru? ( ! social ord]1 ( civilization#bfg--?is la/ co/ly "w be+ j z mu* ! creation ( ! m9d & ! behavi\r ( m5 z is k itself4 ,& !re c1 x w\ld seem1 be b slight objection to an admission ( ! fact t x is only 9 s f> z ! tru? has be5 conceiv$ z inclusive ( ! tru? ( human life z well z ( t ( ! _w ( ?+s t humanity z a :ole seems to h any abid+ int]e/ 9 its exi/5ce1 ev5 :]e1 z 9 ,om> ,khayym & 9 o!r writ+s1 ! idea ( its discov]y is giv5 up z impossible4 ,only1 9 o!r words1 z ! work+ out ( ! implications ( desire does ?\ght live1 & ! complete/ ?\ght is at bottom b ! work+ out ( ! deepe/ desire4#bfh ,^! two elem5ts ( our life1 ?\ght & desire1 h _h inde$ a p>allel developm5t 9 ! life ( mank9d4 ,:at we call ! pr$icate ( ?\ght bespeaks inv>iably an und]ly+ 7or p]sonal7 reaction or attitude t[>ds ! s-call$ object ( ?\ght4#bfi ,:5 desire ceases1 z x does sometimes 9 ! case ( a disappo9t$ man1 or ! pessimi/1 or ! agno/ic1 or ! my/ic1 ?\ght too ceases4 ,ev5 ! philosophical mood1 z likewise ! expression ( a desire1 is z su* comp>able to o!r motives or desires1 su* z ! sci5tific or ! practical or ! emotional1 & subject1 too1 l !m1 to ! v>i\s 8conflicts0 ( p]sonality4#bgj ,! free speculative ?\ght or activity t1 ) ! ,greeks1 we sometimes ?9k ( z ! highe/ attribute ( our human nature1 is itself b ! highe/ phase ( t free creative#bga activity :i* we h f\nd to und]lie ! moral life & all ! v>i\s con/ructions ( mank9d1 inclusive ( ! "w ( civilization itself4 ,la/ly1 !re is1 z we "k1 ample w>rant 9 ! pa/ & ! pres5t reflections ( m5 ( sci5ce ^u ! app>5t limits#bgb & limitations ( our k ( our environm5t to ju/ify ! correctness ( ! pragmati/ insi/5ce ^u ! e?ical & ! p]sonal factors t ent] into tru?4 ,ref]5ce hav+ already be5 made to ^! limits1 !re is p]haps little ne$ ( pursu+ ?is topic any fur!r1 ei!r s f> z ! facts !mselves are conc]n$ or s f> z _! admission by sci5ti/s & o!rs is conc]n$4 ,h[ any suppos$ m]e physical ord] c ev] come to "k itself z su*1 ei!r 9 ! m9ds ( m5 or 9 ! m9ds ( be+s o!r ?an m51 is ( c\rse ! cr[n+ difficulty ( :at we call a physical philosophy--a difficulty t transc5ds altoge!r ! _m famili> & univ]sally admitt$ difficulties 9 respect ( topics l ! orig9 ( motion & ! orig9 ( life1 & ! inf9ite numb] ( adju/m5ts & adaptations involv$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! _w ( ?+s & m5 ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,obvi\sly1 to say ! v lea/1 only :5 "s explanation ( consci\sness & feel+ & ?\ght is add$ on to our k ( ,nature 7fragm5t>y z is ! latt] at be/7 w ! dem&s ( ?\ght & ( desire = unity 9 our k be satisfi$ or set at re/4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 to religi\s ?\ght all ?is co/ly explanation1 all ?is completion & sy/ematization ( our k are reveal$1 9 ! ma91 only to a fai? 9 ,god & to a consequ5t fai? 9 ! f9al 8p]fection0 ( our human life z ! gradual evolution ( a div9e k+dom4 ,& :ile ,pragmatism _c1 especially 9 its crud] or m popul> =m1 be cr$it$ ) any?+ l a rational ju/ification ( ! religi\s po9t ( view ab\t reality & ( ! vision x op5s up1 x may1 nev]!less1 9 virtue ( its insi/5ce ^u su* ?+s z 7#a7 ! rationality ( ! belief t accompanies all k1 7#b7 ! suppos$ly deep] ph5om5a ( ! sci5ce ( human nature to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 & 7#c7 ! great spiritual reality t is pres5t to ! individual 9 ! moral life1 & t lifts him 8out ( himself10 & t makes x impossible = him to 8und]/& himself by himself alone10#bgc ju/ifiably lay claim to ! possession ( a ?or\gh work+ sympa?y ) ! religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,) ! direction ( ! att5tion ( ! read] to two important coroll>ies or consequ5ces ( ! 8pluralism0 & ! 8dynamic idealism0 ( ,pragmatism ?is *apt] may well be br\ght to a t]m9ation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s coroll>ies ( ne>ly ev]y?+ t has be5 put =w>d by u 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s z pragmati/ doctr9e or pragmati/ t5d5cy1 is ! m>k$ di/ance at :i*#bgd x all seems to /& f ! v>i\s entanglem5ts ( ! false philosophy ( 8subjective10 or 8solipsi/ic0 idealism4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile we h v5tur$ to c5sure ,pragmatism = its inability to recognize ! elem5tal tru?#bge 9 ,idealism1 we mu/ n[ record x z a m]it ( ,pragmatism t x does n1 l s mu* mod]n philosophy1 take its />t ) ! 8cont5ts0 ( ! consci\sness ( ! individual z ! "o indubitable beg9n+1 ! "o inconcussum quid = all speculation4 ,?is />t+-po9t has (t51 z we "k1 be5 tak5 7ev5 by /ud5ts ( philosophy7 to be ! v ess5ce ( ,idealism1 b x is n s4 ,al?\gh !re is inde$ no 8object0 )\t a 8subject10 no 8matt]0 )\t 8m9d10 nei!r m9d nor matt] is limit$ to my exp]i5ce ( ! same4#bgf ,x is impossible = me to int]pret1 or ev5 to express1 to myself ! cont5ts ( my exp]i5ce )\t us+ ! t]ms & ! conceptions t h be5 inv5t$ by m9ds & by p]sonalities o!r ?an my own )\t :om ,i c\ld n1 & d n1 gr[ up into :at ,i call my 8self-consci\sness40#bgg ,we h all talk$ ( ourselves 7z we "k f exp]i5ce & f psy*ology7 9 ! ?ird p]son z objects = a common social exp]i5ce long be=e we le>n to use ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n4 ,& z = ! adult1 8 8ego0 or self has a mean+ & a reality only 9 relation to1 & 9 comp>ison )1 ! o!r selves ( :om he ?9ks z 8 associates4 ,an 8ego0 implies inv>iably also an 8alt]0 an 8o!r10 & ?us our deepe/ ?\ght ab\t ! univ]se is always1 actually & necess>ily1 bo? p]sonal & social4 ,ev5 9 art1 & 9 religion1 & 9 philosophy1 x is ! communion ( m9d ) m9d1 ( s\l ) s\l1 t is at once our deepe/ exp]i5ce & our deepe/ desire4 ,i d n sugge/ = "o mom5t t ,pragmatism is ! only philosophy 7if inde$ we may call x a philosophy at all7 t is necess>ily committ$ to ,pluralism1#bgh nor am ,i1 ( c\rse1 bl9d to ! difficulties t ,pluralism1 z ov] aga9/ ,monism1 pres5ts to _m ?9k+ m9ds4 ,b ,i d "h say t if ,pragmatism be true1 z x is 9 ! ma9 7at lea/ z an 8approa*0 to philosophy71 x foll[s t ! reality ) :i* we are 9 contact 9 all our ?\ghts & 9 all our !oriz+ is n any or all ( ! 8cont5ts0 ( ! consci\sness ( ! individual ?9k]1 b r ! common1 p]sonal life ( activity & exp]i5ce & k & emotion t we z individuals %>e ) o!r individuals4 ,?is life is t ( an entire 8_w ( int]subjective int]c\rse10#bgi ( a communion ( ?\ght1 & feel+1 & ef=t 9 :i*1 z p]sons1 we %>e ! common life ( p]sons1 & are memb]s "o ( ano!r4#bhj ,tru? itself1 9 fact1 z may be se51 ( c\rse1 f ! v connexion ( ! ^w tru? ) o!r words l 8try0#bha & 8utt]0 7& 9 its root ) words l 8w>e0 & 8v]ihood071 is a social possession1 imply+ bo? seek]s & f9d]s1 li/5]s & v]ifi]s z well z speak]s & ?9k]s4 ,its exi/5ce implies a univ]se ( disc\rse1 z ! logicians put x1 9 :i* ?\ghts & conceptions are elaborat$ & correct$1 n m]ely by a k9d ( self-analysis#bhb & int]nal developm5t1 b by ! te/ ( ! action to :i* !y lead & ( ! 8responses0 !y awak5 9 ! lives & ?\ghts ( o!r p]sons4 ,& x is ?is v sociological#bhc & 8plurali/ic0 "* ( ,pragmatism t1 along ) its t5d5cy to 8affirmation0 9 ! matt] ( ! reality ( ! religi\s life1 has help$ to r5d] x 7z f> z x goes7 su* a liv+ & su* a cr$ible philosophy to-day4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ! dynamic idealism & ! 8radical empiricism0 ( ,pragmatism is ! 8imm$iacy0 ( our contact ) reality1 = :i* x is naturally incl9$ to /& 9 ! matt] ( :at we may call ! philosophy ( p]ception4 ,:at ?is new 8imm$iacy0 & ?is new directness ( our contact ) reality w\ld mean to philosophical & sci5tific ?\ght c be fully appreciat$ only by ^? :o h made ! ef=t ( ye>s to live 9 a 8?\ght _w10 9 :i* ! fir/ reality is :at ! logicians t]m 8m$iation0#bhd or inf]5ce1 a _w ( ?\ghts )\t ! reality ( a really effective ?9k]1 or ! reality ( a _w ( real action--a _w f :i* x is someh[ impossible to escape ei!r hone/ly or logically4 ,x w\ld be a return1 ( c\rse1 on ! "p ( ! ?9k] to ! direct s5se ( life ) :i* we are famili> 9 in/9ct & 9 all true liv+ & 9 all real ?\ght1#bhe 9 all hone/ ef=t & accompli%m5t1 & yet n a 8return0 9 any ( ! impossible s5ses 9 :i* m5 h (t5 7& ) a tragic e>ne/ness7 s\ght to return to ,nature#bhf & to ! uncorrupt$ reality ( ?+s4 ,& we h n inde$ done ju/ice to ! 8in/rum5talism0 & ! 8hypo!tical0 treatm5t ( ideas & ( sy/ems ( ?\ght = :i* ,pragmatism & ,humanism bo? /& until we see t s f> f its be+ 7almo/ 9 any s5se7 ! duty ( ! ?9k] to ju/ify1 to 8 philosophy1 ?is direct contact ) ! inf9ite life ( ! _w1 t has be5 ! common possession ( c\ntless mortals :o h liv$ _! life1 x is1 on ! contr>y1 8 duty to ju/ify 7to himself & to 8 public7 ! v>i\s ?\ght-sy/ems ( metaphysic1 by sett+ =? ! v>i\s po9ts ( dep>ture & ! v>i\s po9ts ( contact !y h 9 ! reality ( ! life ( ?+s4#bhg ,we spoke at ! close ( our f\r? *apt] ( ! /range irony t may be discov]$ 9 ! fate ( philosoph]s :o h come to atta* a great] importance to _! own speculations & !ories ?an to ! great reality 7:atev] x may be1 or :atev] x may prove itself to be7 ( :i* all philosophy is b an imp]fect 7al?\gh a necess>y7 explanation4 ,& ! read] has d\btless come across ! cynical ,fr5* def9ition ( metaphysics z ! 8art ( los+ "o's way sy/ematically0#bhh 7l'art de s'g>] avec m?ode74 ,9 view ( all ?is1 & 9 view ( all ! inevitable pa9 & difficulty ( ! solit>y ?9k]s ( all "t1 x is inde$ n ! lea/ "p ( ! s]vice ( ,pragmatism & ,humanism1 & ( ! 8vitali/ic0 & 8volunt>i/ic0 philosophy ) :i* x may be naturally associat$ to-day1 to h compell$ ev5 metaphysicians to feel t x is ! liv+ reality ( ! _w t we "k & t we exp]i5ce1 t is fir/1 la/1 & =emo/ ! real subject-matt] ( philosophy4 ,) ! real sceptic1 !n1 ) ,david ,hume1 we may inde$ be 8diffid5t0 ( our 8d\bts0 & at ! same "t absolutely 8free0 & unprejudic$ 9 our hold ^u1 & 9 our treatm5t (1 metaphysical sy/ems z1 all ( !m1 b s _m m or less successful attempts to /ate & expla91 9 t]ms appreciable by ! und]/&+ & ! reason1 ! "* & ! reality ( ! inf9ite life ) :i* we are 9 contact 9 our acts & 9 our ?\ghts & 9 our aspirations4 ,( ! reality ( t life we c nev] be sceptical1 = x is ! life t we "k 9 t 8_w ( int]-subjective0 int]c\rse t1 accord+ to ,pragmatism & ,humanism1 is impli$ ev5 9 s5se-p]ception & 9 our daily exp]i5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,pragmatism ,,z ,,am]icanism ,9 adopt+ ! title he has *os5 = ! head+ ( ?is *apt] ! writ] feels t he has laid himself op5 to criticism f sev]al diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,:at has philosophy z ! univ]sal sci5ce to d ) nationalism or ) any =m ( national *>act]i/ics8 ,!n ev5 if ,pragmatism be discov]$ to be to "s ext5t 8,am]icanism0 9 ! realm ( ?\ght1 is ?is f9d+1 or criticism1 a piece ( appreciation or a piece ( depreciation8 ,& aga91 is x possible = any individual to grasp1 & to und]/&1 & to describe su* a liv+ & su* a f>-rea*+ =ce z ! ,am]icanism ( to-day8 ,! foll[+ ?+s may be said by way ( a p>tial answ] to ^! reflections3 7#a7 ,!re are ,am]ican *>act]i/ics 9 ,pragmatism1 & "s ( !m may pr(itably be /udi$ by way ( an attempt to get all ! light we c ^u its ess5tial nature4 ,_! pres5ce !re9 has be5 detect$ & recogniz$ by critics1 bo? ,am]ican & =eign1 & ref]5ce has already be5 made to "s ( !m 9 ?is book4 7#b7 ,!re is no univ]sal reason 9 philosophy ap>t f its manife/ation 9 ! ?\ghts & ! activities ( peoples :o h made or :o are mak+ _! m>k ^u human hi/ory4 ,x may well be t ! common reason ( mank9d has z mu* to le>n f ,am]icanism 9 ! dep>tm5t ( !ory z x has already be5 oblig$ to le>n f ?is same qu>t] 9 ! realm ( practice4 7#c7 ,"o ( ! mo/ important phases ( our entire subject is precisely ?is v matt] ( ! application ( philosophy to 8practice10 ( ! insep>ability1 to put x directly1 ( 8!ory0 & 8practice40 ,x w\ld surely1 !re=e1 be ! /range/ k9d ( conceit 7al?\gh signs ( x /ill exi/ "h & !re7#bhi to deb> philosophy f ! /udy ( su* a practical ?+ z ! ,am]icanism ( to-day4 ,to connect ! two ) any degree ( success w\ld c]ta9ly n be to depreciate ,pragmatism1 b to /r5g!n x by relat+ x to a _s t is affect+ ! entire life & ?\ght ( mank9d4 ,"o or two o!r important consid]ations %\ld also be borne 9 m9d4 ,x goes )\t say+ t !re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & else:]e any numb] ( ,am]icans :o see beyond bo? contempor>y ,pragmatism & contempor>y ,am]icanism1 & to :om x w\ld be1 !re=e1 b a p>tial e/imate ( ,pragmatism to *>act]ize x z 8,am]icanism40 ,s mu*1 to be sure1 might be inf]r$ f "s ?+s t h already be5 said 9 respect ( ! reception & ! fate ( ,pragmatism 9 its own c\ntry4 ,aga91 x is "o ( ! errors ( ! day to ?9k ( ,am]icanism z 9 ! ma9 m]ely a belief 9 8practicality0 & 8effici5cy40 ,to ^? :o "k x1 ,am]icanism is practical idealism1 & its aims1 in/ead ( be+ m]ely mat]iali/ic & me*anical1 are ideali/ic to ! po9t ( be+ ,utopian4 ,! ,am]ican belief 9 "w is n really a belief 9 "w = its own sake1 b r a fai? 9 ! endless possibilities op5 to intellig5t en]gy ) res\rces at its comm&4 ,la/ly1 x w "h c]ta9ly n be necess>y ei!r to ?9k or to speak 7ev5 if x 7 possible to d s7 ( all ,am]ican *>act]i/ics4#bij ,among ! ,am]ican-l *>act]i/ics 9 ,pragmatism t h already made !mselves app>5t 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s are its insi/5ce ^u 8action0 & ^u ! free creative ef=t ( ! individual1 its insi/5ce ^u ! man-made 7or ! m]ely human7 "* ( mo/ ( our vaunt$ tru?s1 its in/rum5talism1 its radicalism1#bia its empiricism 7t is to say1 its endless fai? 9 exp]i5ce71 its democratic "*1 & its insi/5ce ^u ! necessity to philosophy ( a broad1 tol]ant1 all-inclusive view ( human nature4 ,s1 too1 are its insi/5ce ^u ! basal "* ( belief1#bib & ^u ! importance ( a cre$ or a philosophy t really 8works0 9 ! lives ( intellig5t m51 its feel+ ( ! inadequacy ( a m]ely s*ola/ic or dialectical philosophy1 & ev5 its quasi 8practical0 int]pretation ( itself 9 ! realms ( philosophy & religion & e?ics--its confession ( itself z a 8corridor-!ory10 z a po9t ( approa* to all ! diff]5t sy/ems 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,9 addition to ^! *>act]i/ics we %all attempt n[ to speak1 9 ! mo/ t5tative _s1 fir/ly1 ( "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,am]ican univ]sity life ( :i* ,pragmatism may p]haps be reg>d$ z a p>tial expression or reflex1 & !n aft] ?is1 ( su* broadly-m>k$ & su* well-kn[n ,am]ican *>act]i/ics z ! love ( ! concrete 79 pref]5ce to ! ab/ract71 ! love ( exp]im5t & exp]im5tation1 an intol]ance ( doctr9airism & ( m]e book-le>n+1 ! g5]al democratic outlook on life & ?\ght1 ! composite or amalgam-l "* ( ! pres5t culture ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! sociological int]e/ t *>act]izes its p1 & s on4 ,all ^! ?+s are cle>ly to be se5 9 ,pragmatism z a w\ld-be philosophical sy/em1 or z a prelim9>y /ep 9 ! evolution ( su* a sy/em4 ,ow+ v l>gely to ! 8elective0 sy/em t /ill prevails 9 ! univ]sities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,philosophy is !re 7to an ext5t some:at inconceivable to ! /ud5t ( ! ,european cont95t7 9 ! mo/ active competition ) o!r /udies1 & ! success ( a pr(essor ( philosophy is dep5d5t on ! success ( 8 me?od ( pres5t+ 8 subject to /ud5ts :o all elect /udies believ$ by !m to be useful or int]e/+ or practically important4 ,x has long seem$ to ! writ] t !re is abundant evid5ce 9 ! writ+s ( ! pragmati/s ( ?is inevitable attempt to make philosophy a 8live0 subject 9 competition1 say1 ) ! o!r two mo/ popul> subjects 9 ,am]ican colleges1 viz4 economics & biology4 ,! importance to ! ?\ght ( to-day ( biological & economic consid]ations is "o ( ! ?+s mo/ emphatically insi/$ ^u by ,pr(essor ,dewey 9 ne>ly all 8 rec5t writ+s4#bic ,& bo? he & ,james--! fact is only too evid5t--h always writt5 "u ! pressure ( ! economic & sociological int]e/ ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,& ev5 ,s*ill]'s ,humanism has become1 z we h se51 v l>gely ! metaphysics ( ! 8evolution>y process10 a *>act]ization :i* we make bel[#bid z a k9d ( criticism ( ! philosophy ( ,b]gson4 ,our pres5t po9t1 h[ev]1 is m]ely t1 ow+ to ! g5]ally competitive "* ( ! intellectual life !re1 ?is biological influ5ce is felt m acutely 9 ,am]ica ?an else:]e4 ,! "o out/&+ *>act]i/ic aga9 ( e approv$ academic tea*] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 8 me?od ( h&l+ 8 subject1 j z ! "o ?+ t is claim$ = ,pragmatism by its uphold]s is t x is p>ticul>ly a 8me?odology0 ( ?\ght r ?an a complete philosophy4 ,to ! univ]sity con/itu5cy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a pr(essor )\t an approv$ & successful me?od is z good z dead1 = no "o w\ld li/5 to him4 ,! mo/ manife/ sign1 to be sure1 ( ! possession ( su* an effective me?od on ! "p ( ! univ]sity lectur] is ! demon/ration ( skill 9 ! treatm5t ( 8 subject1 9 ! 8approa*0 t he makes to x = ! beg9n]1 9 8 p[] ( sett+ ! advanc$ /ud5t to "w ^u fruitful problems1 & ( giv+ him a complete 8ori5tation0 9 ! entire field "u consid]ation4 ,& !n 9 addition to ?is he mu/ be able to indicate ! practical & ! educational value ( :at he is tea*+4 ,9 8 review ( ,james's classical "w ^u ,pragmatism1 ,dewey1 :ile indicat+ a numb] ( debatable po9ts 9 ! pragmati/ philosophy1 decl>es emphatically 8 belief 9 t philosophy z a me?od ( 8ori5tation40 ,! title aga9 ( ,peirce's fam\s pamphlet 0 ,h[ to make ,ideas ,cle>--a phrase ( itself sugge/ive en\gh ( ! inquir+ m9d ( ! "y /ud5t :5 oppress$ by app>5tly conflict+ & compet+ po9ts ( view4 8,we are acqua9t$ ) a ?+10 says ,james1 8z soon z we h le>n$ h[ to behave t[>ds x1 or h[ to meet ! behavi\r we accept f x40 ,9 "o ( 8 books he talks ab\t physics1 = example1 z giv+ u n s mu* a !ory ab\t ?+s z a 8practical acqua9tance0 ) bodies2 8! p[] to take hold ( !m & h&le !m10 indicat+ at ! same "t 8 op9ion t ?is way ( reg>d+ k %\ld be ext5d$ to philosophy itself4 ,all ( ?is w s]ve z a pro( or illu/ration ( ! ess5tially 8practical0 & 8me?odological0 conception ( philosophy tak5 by ! pragmati/s4 ,pap9i ref]s1 we rememb]1 to ! pragmati/ philosophy z a p[] ( 8comm&+ our mat]ial10 ( 8manipulat+0 = practical purposes ! diff]5t 8?\ght-con/ructions0 ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,& ^? :o h any famili>ity ) ! e>ly pragmati/ magaz9e lit]ature "k t ! pragmati/s us$ to be fond ( ask+ !mselves su* prelim9>y & 8laboratory-l0 inquiries z ! foll[+3 8,:at is tru? kn[n z80 8,:at is philosophy kn[n z80 8,:at are ! diff]5t #8?\ght-levels' ^u :i* we seem to move 9 our ord9>y exp]i5ce80 ,!y nev] exactly seem to 8def9e0 philosophy = y1 pref]r+ to indicate :at x c d = y1 & s on4 ,turn+ n[ to ! matt] ( ,am]ican *>act]i/ics t are broad] & deep] ?an ! m]ely academic1 we may f9d an illu/ration1 = example1 ( ! ,am]ican practicality & ! love ( ! concrete 7in/ead ( ! ab/ract or ! m]ely g5]al7 9 ! foll[+ decl>ation ( ,pr(essor ,james t 8! :ole orig9ality ( ,pragmatism1 ! :ole po9t 9 x1 is its use ( ! concrete way ( see+4 ,x beg9s ) concret5ess & returns & ends ) x40 ,( ! ,am]ican love ( novelty & ( int]e/ we may f9d an illu/ration 9 ! det]m9ation ( ,pragmatism 8nev] to discuss a "q t has absolutely no int]e/ & no mean+ to any "o40 ,( ,pragmatism z an exemplification ( ! ,am]ican love ( exp]im5t1 & ( exp]im5tation1 ) a view to def9ite & appreciable 8returns10 we may give ! foll[+3 8,if y fully believe ! pragmatic me?od y _c look on any su* ^w1 i4e4 #8,god1' #8,matt]1' #8,reason1' #8,! ,absolute1' #8,en]gy1' & su* #8solv+' names1 z clos+ y\r que/4 ,y mu/ br+ out 9 ea* ^w its practical ca% value1 set x at "w )9 ! /ream ( y\r exp]i5ce4 ,x appe>s less z a solution !n ?an z a programme = m "w & m p>ticul>ly z an indication ( ! ways 9 :i* exi/+ realities may be *ang$40 ,( ! ,am]ican intol]ance = m]e s*ol>%ip & book-le>n+1 & ( ! ,am]ican inability to leave any discov]y or any f9i%$ product alone )\t "s attempt to 8improve0 ^u x or to put x to "s new use1 we may cite ! foll[+3 8,:5 may a tru? g into cold /orage 9 ! encyclopa$ias1 & :5 %all x come out = battle80 ,ano!r v /rongly m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ,am]ican life is ! ?or\ghly eclectic & composite "* ( its g5]al culture & ( ! g5]al tone ( its public life4 ,am]ican daily life has become1 z x 71 a k9d ( social solv5t1 a huge melt+-pot = ! culture & ! habits & ! cu/oms ( peoples f all ov] ! e>?4 ,?is also may be ?\ght ( z reflect$ 9 ! confess$ly complex & amalgam-l "* ( ,pragmatism1 9 its boa/ & pr(ession ( be+ a syn!sis & a fusion ( s _m diff]5t t5d5cies ( human ?\ght4 ,z a juxtaposition1 or k9d ( comp\nd solution1 ( su* a v>iety ( ?+s z ! affirmations ( religion1 ! hypo!tical me?od ( sci5ce1 realism1 romanticism1 idealism1 utilit>ianism1 & s on1 x rem9ds u only too =cibly ( ! endless numb] ( social gr\ps & traditions1 ! endless numb] ( int]e/s & activities & projects to be se5 & felt 9 any l>ge ,am]ican city4 ,/ill ano!r g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ,am]ican life ( :i* we may well ?9k 9 connexion ) ,pragmatism is ! sociological int]e/ ( ! c\ntry1 ! pressure ( :i* ^u ! pragmati/s & _! writ+s has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! social problem 9 ,am]ica has n[ become#bie ! "o problem t is pres5t ) ev]ybody1 & pres5t mo/ ( all1 p]haps1 ) ! ,european immigrant1 :o has = v>i\s reasons hop$ t he _h left ?is problem beh9d him4 ,! effect ( ?is ^u ,pragmatism is to be se51 n m]ely 9 ! v liv+ hold t x is incl9$ to take ( philosophy & philosophical problems1#bif b 9 ! fact ( its boa/ ( be+ a 8way ( liv+0 z well z a 8way ( ?9k+40 ,we h exam9$ ?is idea 9 our rem>ks ^u ! e?ics ( ,pragmatism4 ,( c\rse ! out/&+ temp]am5tal ,am]ican *>act]i/ic t is mo/ cle>ly se5 9 ,pragmatism is ! great fact ( ! inevitable b5t ( ! ,am]ican m9d to action & to accompli%m5t1--its positive inability to ent]ta9 any idea1 or any set ( ideas ^u any subject :atsoev]1 )\t exp]i5c+ at ! same "t ! incl9ation to use ^! ideas = inv5tion & contrivance1#big = organization & exploitation4 ,any "o :o has liv$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ 9 fact h become s habituat$ & s accu/om$ to ?9k ( 8 ?\ght & 8 k & 8 capacities 9 t]ms ( _! possible social utility1 t he simply _c refra9 f judg+ ( any s*eme ( ?\ght or ( any set ( ideas 9 ! same light4 ,any:]e1 to be sure1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w !y all[ a man to ?9k all he pleases ab\t any?+ :atsoev]--ev5 pre-,socratic philosophy1 say1 or esot]ic ,buddhism4 ,& !re is no?+ inde$ ( :i* ! c\ntry is said1 by ^? :o "k x be/1 to /& s mu* 9 ne$ z ! mo/ p]si/5t & ! mo/ pr(\nd ?\ght ab\t all important matt]s4 ,b su* ?\ght1 x is always add$1 mu/ prove to be con/ructive & positive 9 "*1 to be direct$ n m]ely to ! solution ( useless que/ions or ( que/ions :i* h long ago be5 settl$ by o!rs4 ,we %all n[ endeav\r to ?9k ( ! value#bih to philosophy & to ! ?\ght & practice ( ! _w 7! two ?+s are insep>able7 ( "s or all ( ^! g5]al & special *>act]i/ics :i* we h s\ght to illu/rate 9 ,pragmatism4 ,we might beg9 by sugge/+ ! importance to ! _w ( ! production & developm5t ( a man ( g5ius l ,james1#bii ^: fre% & liv+ pres5tation ( ! problems ( philosophy 7z se5 by a psy*ologi/7 has br\ght ! s5se ( a la/+ & f>-rea*+ obligation ^u 8 fell[-/ud5ts ev]y:]e4 ,9 no m fav\rable soil c\ld ,james h gr[n up into ! range & pl5itude ( 8 influ5ce ?an 9 t ( ,am]ica & ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1#cjj t great nurs+-gr\nd ( ! f9e/ k9d ( ,am]ican imp]ialism4 ,! great ?+1 ( c\rse1 ab\t ,james 0 8 invasion1 ?r\gh ! activities ( 8 own p]sonality1#cja ( ! realm ( philosophical rationalism by ! fact & ! pr9ciple ( active p]sonality4 ,8 :ole g5]al activity 0 a liv+ embodim5t ( ! pr9ciple ( all humanism1 t p]sonality & ! v>i\s phases ( p]sonal exp]i5ce are ( m importance to philosophy 9 ! way ( !ory ?an any numb] ( suppos$ly self-coh]5t1 rational or ab/ract sy/ems1 ?an any am\nt ( reason+ t is det]m9$ solely by ! ideal ( conceptual consi/5cy4 ,!n aga91 x might be held t ! entire academic _w ( to-day has a great deal to le>n f ! conditions "u :i* all subjects 7philosophy includ$7 are taught & inve/igat$ 9 ! typical ,am]ican univ]sity ( ! day4 ,we h ref]r$ to ! fact t ! ,am]ican pr(essor or inve/igator faces ! "w ( in/ruction & rese>* 9 an environm5t replete ) all mod]n facilities & conv5i5ces4#cjb ,! v exi/5ce ( ?is environm5t along ) ! pres5ce ?r\gh\t 8 c\ntry ( univ]sity m5 & work]s f all ov] ! _w ) all _! obvi\s m]its & defects z 8social types0 prev5t him 9 a hundr$ ways f t slav]y to "s "o s*ool ( ?\ght1 to "s "o me?od ( rese>* t is s (t5 a *>act]i/ic ( ! s*ol> ( ! old _w4 ,! entire in=mation & s*ol>%ip 9 any "o sci5ce 7say1 philosophy7 is wor? to him :at he c make ( x1 "h & n[1 = himself & = 8 age & = 8 imm$iate environm5t4 ,he simply _c ?9k ( any idea or any l9e ( reflection1 9 8 own or 9 any o!r field1 )\t ?9k+ at ! same "t ( its 8consequ5ces10 imm$iate1 second>y1 & remote4 ,?is inability is an in/ance ( ! work+ ( ! pragmati/ elem5t 9 s*ol>%ip & 9 ?\ght ) all its advantages & disadvantages4#cjc ,& x is true too1 x might be held1 ev5 ^u ! pr9ciples ( ,idealism t ! m]e facts ( k 7= !y are z endless 9 numb] z are ! diff]5t po9ts ( view f :i* we may p]ceive & analyse ph5om5a7 are 8wor?0#cjd to-day v l>gely only :at !y h meant & :at !y may yet mean to human life1 to human ?\ght1 to civilization4 ,:ile !re is c]ta9ly no useless tru? & no utt]ly unimportant fact1 x is q possible to burd5 & hamp] ! m9d ( y\? ) suppos$ tru?s & facts t h little or no relevancy to any coh]5t or any real po9t ( view ab\t human k & human int]e/s ei!r ( ! pa/ or ! pres5t4 ,x is m]ely1 = example1 9 ! light ( ! effects t !y h _h ^u ! life & ?\ght ( humanity#cje t ! great philosophical sy/ems ( ! pa/ ought 7aft] ! necess>y p]iod ( prelim9>y /udy on ! "p ( ! pupil7 to be pres5t$ to /ud5ts 9 univ]sity lectures4 ,a tea*] :o _c set !m =? 9 ?is _s is really n a tea*] at all--a man :o c make 8 subject live aga9 9 ! ?\ght ( ! pres5t4#cjf ,if ! limits ( our space & our subject p]mitt$ ( ! attempt1 we might easily cont9ue ! /udy ( ! pragmati/ elem5t 9 ,am]ican s*ol>%ip f ! po9t ( view ( ! :ole g5]al economy ( a univ]sity z a social in/itution1 & f t ( ! b5efit t has accru$ to ! mod]n _w f ! _m successful attempts at ! organization ( k f an int]national po9t ( view1 t h come into be+ "u ,am]ican initiative4#cjg ,la/ly x is surely impossible to exagg]ate ! value to philosophy ( ! s-call$ 8democratic10#cjh op5-m9d$ attitude ( ,pragmatism t is se5 9 its unprejudic$ recognition ( su* ?+s z ! ord9>y facts ( life1 ! /ruggle t con/itutes ! life ( ! av]age man1 ! fragm5t>y & p>tial#cji "* ( mo/ ( our k1 & s on4 ,all ?is contra/s 9 ! mo/ fav\rable way ) ! s*ola/ic & ! ,procru/ean attitude to facts t has s long *>act]iz$ philosophical rationalism f ,leibniz & ,wolff to ! ,kantians & to ! ,neo-,kantians & ! ,neo-,hegelians ( our own "t4 ,?anks p>tly to ?is direct & democratic attitude ( m9d on ! "p ( ! pragmati/s & humani/s1 & ?anks too to ! entire psy*ological & sociological movem5t ( mod]n times1 ! po9ts ( view ( ! diff]5t lead+ ?9k]s ( diff]5t c\ntries are beg9n+ to receive _! fitt+ recognition 9 ! g5]al economy ( human ?\ght to be comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 & ) /ill o!r possible po9ts ( view4 ,no "o1 x seems to me1 c read ! books ( ,james )\t feel+ t philosophy c aga91 z ! univ]sal sci5ce inde$1 8beg9 any:]e0 9 a f> less re/rict$ s5se ?an t 9 :i* ,hegel int]pret$ ?is +5i\s say+ ( 8 9 respect ( ! fre$om ( human ?9k+4#caj ,z = ! inevitable drawbacks & limitations ( ! v ,am]icanism :i* we h be5 endeav\r+ to discov] 9 ,pragmatism1 x _c1 to beg9 )1 be entirely )\t an elem5t ( risk to philosophy1 & to ! real welf>e ( a c\ntry1 t ! highe/ k9d ( insight %\ld be br\ght too ru?lessly into competition ) ! v>i\s specializ$ /udies1 & ! v>i\s utilit>ian#caa pursuits ( mod]n times1 & ) popul> t5d5cies g5]ally4 ,! public1 = _m reasons1 %\ld n be too readily enc\rag$ to ?9k ( philosophy z m]ely 8a0 /udy l o!r /udies & pursuits1 to be bait$ ) ! idea ( its utility & its pr(itable consequ5ces4 ,philosophy1 on ! contr>y1 is ! univ]sal /udy t gives to all o!r /udies & pursuits _! relative place & value4 ,if left too mu* to be a m]e matt] ( *oice on ! "p ( ! "y & ! un?9k+1 x w soon f9d itself 9 ! neglect$ position ( ! wisdom t utt]s h] voice at ! /reet corn]s4 ,x mu/ be secur$ an integral1 & ev5 a necess>y place 9 ! _w ( in/ruction--a condition t is /ill ! case1 x is to be rememb]$1 9 ,ca?olic#cab z di/+ui%$ f _m s-call$ 8lib]al0 & 8,prote/ant0 seats ( le>n+4 ,x is possible inde$1 z we h already sugge/$1 t ! recognition ( an ari/ocratic or a ,ca?olic elem5t 9 le>n+ w\ld1 9 "s respects1 be ( m true use 9 ! s*ools ( ,am]ica ?an a m]e pragmati/ philosophy ( life & education4 ,& x is !re=e n to be wond]$ at t ,am]icans !mselves %\ld already h express$ some?+ ( a di/ru/ = a philosophy & an educational policy t are too ak9 to ! practical comm]cialism ( ! h\r4#cac ,!n aga91 despite ! l>ge elem5t ( tru? t !re is 9 ! idea ( philosophy 8discov]+0 7r ?an itself 8be+07 ! true 8dynamic0 or 8motive-awak5+0 view ( ! sy/em ( ?+s 9 :i* we live1 philosophy itself 0 nev] int5d$ to be> ! entire weight & /ra9 t are put ^u x by ! pragmati/s4 ,9 _! en?usiasm !y w\ld make out ( x1 z we h se51 a religion 7& a new "o at t67 & a social philosophy1 z well z ! !ory ( k & ! 8approa*0 to reality t we are accu/om$ to look = 9 a sy/em ( philosophy4 ,x is only 9 p]iods ( transition & recon/ruction1 l ! pres5t age1 :5 m5 h become acutely s5sible ( ! limitations ( traditional views ( ?+s1 t !y are incl9$ 9 _! disappo9tm5t to look to sci5tific & pr(essional ?9k]s = cre$s t %all take ! place ( :at !y seem = ! mom5t to be los+4 ,x is 9 su* times *iefly t philosophy fl\ri%es1 & t x is apt to acquire an undue importance by be+ call$ ^u to d ?+s t ( itself x _c d4 ,among ! latt] impossibilities is to be plac$1 = example1 ! idea ( its be+ able to (f] 7almo/ 9 any s5se7 a sub/itute = ! direct exp]i5ce#cad ( ! common life1 or = ! realities ( our affections & our emotions1 or = ! ideals eng5d]$ by ! common life4 ,ow+ p>tly to ! limitations ( ! ,intellectualism t has hi!rto *>act]iz$ s mu* ( ! culture & ! educational policy ( ! la/ c5tury !re are /ill ev]y:]e scores ( p "u ! illusion t ! tru? ( life w be reveal$ to !m 9 ! !ory ( "s book1 9 ! new views or ! new gospel ( "s emancipat$ & orig9al ?9k]4 ,9 ?is va9 hope ( !irs !y are obvi\sly =getful ( ev5 ! pragmati/ tru? t all !ories are b a k9d ( trans=mation1 or ab/ract expression1 ( ! exp]i5ces ( real life & ( real liv+4 ,& "p ( ! tr\ble ) ! pragmati/s is t !y !mselves h unwitt+ly m9i/]$ to ?is mi/ak5 attitude ( m9d by creat+ ! impression t _! !ory ( tak+ ! k+dom ( ,heav5 by /orm1 by ! viol5ce ( _! po/ulations & ( _! plea = a 8work+ view0 ( ?+s1 is inde$ ! new gospel ( :i* m5 h long be5 9 se>*4 ,! race1 h[ev]1 is n always to ! swift & ! eag]1 nor ! k+dom to ^? :o are l\de/ 9 _! cry+s ( 8,"l1 ,"l40 ,& z a fri5d ( m9e aptly appli$ x z aga9/ all practicalism & ,pragmatism1 8!re rema9e? a re/ to ! p ( ,god40#cae ,! ord9>y man1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 does n 9 a c]ta9 s5se really ne$ philosophy4 ,its audi5ce is ) ! few1 & x is to d x b scant s]vice to ?9k ( mak+ x attractive to ! _m by ! oblit]ation ( mo/ ( its di/9ctive *>act]i/ics & difficulties1 & by ! failure to po9t out its inh]5t limitations4 ,x is n by any means1 z we h be5 indicat+1 a sub/itute ei!r = life1 or = positive religion4 ,nor c x ev] h mu* ( a message1 ev5 = ! few1 if !y imag9e !mselves1 on acc\nt ( _! wisdom1 to be elevat$ above ! ne$s ( ! ord9>y discipl9e ( life4 ,!n aga91 !re is surely an elem5t ( consid]able dang] 9 ! ,am]ican-l depreciation ( doctr9e & !ory :i* we h notic$ 9 two or ?ree diff]5t connexions on ! "p ( ,pragmatism4 ,9 ! busy1 necessit\s life ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is depreciation#caf is sometimes said to be visible 9 ! great sacrifice ( life#cag & en]gy t is cont9ually tak+ place !re ow+ to an unduly lit]al acceptance on ! "p ( e "o ( ! idea t ea* individual has a sort ( div9e "r to seek & to int]pret 8 exp]i5ce = himself4 ,9 ,pragmatism x might be said to be illu/rat$ 9 ! comp>ative weakness 9 ! ess5tials ( logic & e?ics to :i* we h already ref]r$1 9 ! matt] ( a s\nd !ory ( fir/ pr9ciples4 ,& also 9 its failure to take any really critical recognition#cah ( ! "q ( its !oretical & practical affiliations to t5d5cies new & old1 _m or mo/ ( :i* h long ago be5 e/imat$ at _! true wor? & value4 ,!n !re is its comp>atively sup]ficial int]pretation#cai ( :at is kn[n 9 ! ?\ght ( ! day z 8,d>w9ism0 & 8,evolutionism0 & ! endless belief ( ! un?9k+ 9 8progress10 & its failure to see t its v ,am]icanism#cbj & its v popul>ity are ?+s t are des]v+ ( ! mo/ c>eful /udy & criticism4 ,:at h ! pragmati/s left 9 _! h&s ( _! !ory1 if its m]e 8me?odology0 & its 8effici5cy-philosophy0 & its w\ld-be en?usiasm 7 elim9at$ f x8 ,l ,am]icanism 9 g5]al 7:i* began1 ( c\rse1 z a revolution>y & a 8lib]ationi/0 policy71 ,pragmatism is incl9$ 9 "s ways to make too mu* ( peoples' rights & int]e/s1 & too little ( _! duties & privileges & ( _! real ne$s & _! fundam5tal1 human in/9cts4 ,x is 9 ! und]/&+ alone ( ^! latt] ?+s t true wisdom & true satisfaction#cba are to be f\nd4 ,& l ! ,am]ican dem& = pleasure & = a good "t g5]ally1 ,pragmatism is 9 _m respects too mu* a m]e philosophy ( 8po/ulations0 & 8dem&s10 too mu* a m]e =mulation ( ! eag] & impetu\s dem&s ( ! emancipat$ man & woman ( ! "t---z =getful z !y ( _m ( ! deep]#cbb facts ( life & ( ! economy ( our human civilization4 ,9 dem&+ t ! 8consequ5ces0 ( all pursuits 7ev5 ^? ( /udy & philosophy7 %all be 8satisfy+10 & t philosophy %all satisfy our active nature1 x =gets ! s5se ( disillusionm5t t comes to all ra% & mi/ak5 ef=t4 ,x c]ta9ly does n foll[ t a man is go+ to get c]ta9 ?+s f ! _w & f philosophy m]ely because he dem&s !m any m ?an does ! discov]y & ! possession ( happ9ess foll[ f ! 8"r0#cbc ( ! individual to seek x 9 8 own be/ way4 ,nor is x ev5 true t man is call$ ^u to 8act0 to any?+ l ! ext5t contemplat$ by an unduly en?usia/ic ,am]icanism & an unduly en?usia/ic ,pragmatism4 ,! writ] is glad to be able to app5d 9 ?is connexion a quotation tak5 by an ,am]ican critic ( ,pragmatism f ,=b]g 9 8 criticism ( ! action-philosophy ( ,fi*te3 8,action1 action1 is ! vocation ( man6 ,/rictly speak+1 ?is pr9ciple is false4 ,man is n call$ ^u to act1 b to act ju/ly4 ,if he _c act )\t act+ unju/ly he _h bett] rema9 inactive40 ,x w\ld n be difficult to mat* ?is quotation1 or p]haps to surpass x1 ) some?+ f ,c>lyle 9 respect ( ! littl5ess ( man's claims1 n m]ely = enjoym5t1 b ev5 = exi/5ce2 b we w pass on4 ,pragmatism1 z we h sugge/$1 c]ta9ly falls too readily into l9e ) ! t5d5cy ( ! age to dem& means & in/rum5ts & utilities & work+ satisfactions1 in/ead ( ends & purposes & values1 to dem& pleasure & enjoym5t in/ead ( happ9ess & bless$ness4 ,in/ead ( all[+ itself to d ?is x %\ld h und]tak5 a criticism bo? ( ! s-call$ 8wants0 ( ! age1 & ( ! s\ndness ( its own views 9 respect ( ! tru? & ! happ9ess t are prop] to man z man4 ,!re is a f9e epigram ( ,goe!'s 9 respect ( ! limitations ( ! revolution>y & ! lib]ationi/ attitude ( ^? :o w\ld seek to 8free0 m5 )\t fir/ try+ to und]/& !m1 & to help !m to _! true inw>d developm5t4 ,aile ,freiheits-,apo/el1 sie w>5 mir imm] zuwid]4 ,willkur su*te do* nur j$] am ,ende fr si*4 ,will/ du viele befre91 s wag' es viel5 zu di554 ,wie gefhrli* das sey1 will/ du es wiss58 ,v]su*'s4#cbd ,until ,pragmatism !n makes x cle> t x is ! free rational activity1 & ! high] spiritual nature ( man t is to x ! norm ( all our ?\ght1 & all our activity1 & ! true te/ ( all 8consequ5ces10 x has n ris5 to ! height ( ! di/9ctive message t x is capable ( giv+ to ! ?\ght ( ! pres5t "t4 ,unqualifi$ by "s ( ! ideal consid]ations to :i* we h attempt$1 9 its "n1 & 9 its int]e/1 to give an expression1 x w\ld n be1 = example1 a philosophy t c\ld be look$ ^u by ! great ,ea/ z ! la/ ^w ( our ,we/]n wisdom or our ,we/]n exp]i5ce4 ,x w be well1 h[ev]1 to say no?+ m 9 ?is connexion until we h look$ at ! consid]ations t foll[ 79 our next *apt]7 ^u ! l(ty1 b imp]sonal1 idealisation ( ! life & ?\ght ( man attempt$ by our ,anglo-,hegelian ,rationalism1 & until we h reflect$1 too1 ^u ! m feasible =m ( ,idealism attempt$ 9 ! rem>kable philosophy ( ,b]gson1#cbe ! greate/ ( all ! pragmati/s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,anglo-,,hegelian ,,rationalism ,! =m ( ,anglo-,g]man ,rationalism or ,intellectualism :i* ,i %all v5ture to select = ! purposes ( consid]ation f ! po9t ( view ( ,pragmatism & ,humanism is ! fir/ volume ( ! rec5t ,gif=d ,lectures ( ,dr4 ,b]n>d ,bosanquet1 :o has long be5 reg>d$ by ! philosophical public ( ,great ,brita9 z "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic memb]s ( a c]ta9 section ( our ,neo-,hegelian s*ool4 ,i %all fir/ give ! b>e/ outl9e ( ! argum5t & cont5tions ( 8,! ,pr9ciple ( ,individuality & ,value10 & !n v5ture ^u "s p>agraphs ( :at %all seem to me to be relevant criticism4 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's initial position is a conception ( philosophy1 & its task :i* is = him & 8 book f9al & all-det]m9+4 ,to him ,philosophy is 7z x is to "s ext5t to ,hegel7 8logic0 or 8! _s ( totality40 ,x is 8ess5tially ( ! concrete & ! :ole10 z ,sci5ce is ( ! 8ab/ract & ! "p40 ,al?\gh ! be/ ?+ 9 life is n necess>ily 8philosophy10 philosophy 9 ?is s5se ( 8logic0 is ! clue to 8reality & value & fre$om10 ! key to ev]y?+1 9 %ort1 t we c1 or t we %\ld1 or t we actually d desire & ne$4 ,x philosophy is 8a r5d]+ 9 coh]5t ?\ght ( :at lies at ! he>t ( actual life & love40 ,8 next /ep is to indicate 8! sort ( ?+s10 or ! sort ( 8exp]i5ces10 or ! sort ( 8facts0 t philosophy ne$s z its mat]ial1 if x w\ld accompli% its task z 8univ]sal logic40 ,?is he does 7#a7 negatively1 by ! rejection ( any =m ( 8imm$iat5ess10 or 8simple appreh5sion10 su* z ! 8solid fact10 ! 8s5se ( be+10 or ! 8un%>eable self0 ( :i* we sometimes seem to he>1 or su* z ! 8nave ideas0 ( 8comp5sat+ ju/ice10#cbf 8e?ics#cbg :i* treats ! individual z isolat$0 & 8teleology0#cbh z 8guidance by f9ite m9ds10 z ! data 7or z "p ( ! data7 ( philosophy2 & 7#b7 positively1 by decl>+ t 8 subject-matt] ?r\gh\t w be 8! pr9ciple ( #8individuality1' ( #8self-complet5ess1' z ! clue to reality40 ,?is 8individuality0 or 8self-complet5ess0 is !n set =? 9 a quasi-,platonic mann] z ! 8univ]sal10 ! real 8univ]sal0 be+ 7he insi/s7 ! 8concrete univ]sal10 ! 8:ole10 t is to say1 8! logical sy/em ( connect$ memb]s10 t is to him ! 8ideal ( all ?\ght40 ,we mu/ ?9k ( ?is 8individuality10 !re=e1 ei!r z 8a liv+ _w1 complete & act+ out ( itself1 a positive1 self-m\ld+ cosmos10 or 8z a def9ite /riv+ ( ! univ]se06#cbi ,! next "q 7s f> z our p>tial purposes are conc]n$7 t ,dr4 ,bosanquet asks is1 8,:at help d we get f ! notion ( a #8m9d' :i* #8purposes' or #8desires' ?+s 9 appreciat+ ! "w ( factors 9 ! univ]se1 or ( ! univ]se z ex-hypo!si self-direct+ & self-exp]i5c+ :ole80 ,! answ] is spread ov] sev]al *apt]s1 & is practically ?is1 t al?\gh !re is und\bt$ly a 8teleology0 9 ! univ]se 79 ! %ape ( ! 8conjunctions & results ( ! co-op]ation ( m510 or ( 8! h>mony ( geological & biological evolution071 & al?\gh 8m9ds su* z ours play a "p 9 ! "w ( direction1 we _c judge ( ?is "w 9 "q 9 any human mann]40 ,! real te/ ( teleology or value is 8:ol5ess10 8complet5ess10 8individuality0 ! topic ( ! book1 & x is made q cle> t x is ! 8,absolute0 :o is 8real0 & 8individual0 & n we4 ,we are1 inde$1 9 our lives 8c>ri$ to ! ,absolute )\t a break10#ccj & our nature 8is only 9 process ( be+ communicat$ to u40#cca 8,we %\ld n ?9k ( ourselves aft] ! patt]n ( sep>ate ?+s or p]sonalities 9 ! legal s5se1 nor ev5 z selves 9 ! s5se ( isolation & exclusion ( o!rs40 8,individuality0 be+ ?is 8logical self-complet5ess10 !re c be only "o 8,individual10 & ?is "o ,individual is ! "o crit]ion ( 8value10 or 8reality10 or 8exi/5ce10 8importance0 & 8reality 60 be+ sides ( ! "o 8*>act]i/ic0 i4e4 8?9kabl5ess0 z a :ole4 ,dr4 ,bosanquet confesses 9 8 sev5? *apt] t ?is idea ( 8 ( 8individuality10 or 8reality10 is ess5tially ! ,greek idea t x is only ! 8:ole nature0 ( ?+s t gives !m _! reality or value4 ,we are !n assur$1 t[>ds ! close ( ?is rem>kable book1 t 8fre$om0 7! "o ?+ t we mortals value z ! greate/ ( all 8goods07 is 8! inh]5t ef=t ( m9d consid]$ z a 6 _w1 & t ! 0,absolute8 ! 0univ]sal0 ( logic1 ,plato's 8,idea0 is ! 8high-wat] m>k ( our ef=t10 & t ea* 8self0 is 8m l a ris+ & a fall+ tide ?an an isolat$ pill> ) a fix$ circumf]5ce40 ,! great fact ( ! book1 ! fact ^u :i* its accompli%$ au?or re/s :5 he talks 9 8 ,preface ( 8 belief1 8t 9 ! ma9 ! "w ( philosophy has be5 done10 is ! daily 8transmutation ( exp]i5ce accord+ to ! level ( ! m9d's en]gy & self-complet5ess10 ! cont9u$ & ! cont9u\s 8self-int]pretation ( #8exp]i5ce' ?r\gh ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( individuality40 ,n[ x is q obvi\s t accord+ to _m ( ! consid]ations t h be5 put =w>d z true 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 ?is philosophy ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's :i* treats ! 8concept10 or ! 8univ]sal0 z an end 9 itself 7z ! "o answ] to all possible dem&s = a 8teleology07 & z an 8individual10 8a p]fect$ & self-p]fect+ 6 individual10 c be reg>d$ z b ano!r in/ance ( ! ab/ract ,rationalism aga9/ :i* ,pragmatism & ,humanism h ent]$ _! prote/s4 ,x is untrue1 !re=e1 to ! real facts ( k & ! real facts ( human nature4 ,x w be suffici5t to /ate t ! consid]ations ( :i* we are ?9k+ are 79 ! ma97 ! positions t h be5 tak5 9 respect ( su* ?+s z3 7#a7 ! claim t a true metaphysic mu/ s]ve n m]ely z an intellectual 8sy/em0 b z a 8dynamic10 & z a 8motive0 = action & a*ievem5t2 7#b7 ! fact ( ! 8in/rum5tal0 "* ( ?\ght & ( ideas1 & ( all sy/ems 7( sci5ce or ( philosophy or ( politics7 t fail to include z "p ( _! data ! v>i\s ideals ( mank9d2 7#c7 ! idea t all tru? & all ?\ght imply a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( objects & p]sons indep5d5t ( ! m]e m5tal /ates or activities ( ! ?9k+ individual1 & t belief r ?an k is1 & always has be51 man's fundam5tal & work+ e/imate ( reality2 7#d7 ! fact t our human actions & re-actions ^u reality are a "p ( :at we mean by 8reality10 & t ^! actions & re-actions ( ours are real & n imag9>y2 7#e7 ! attitude 9 g5]al ( ,pragmatism to ,rationalism2 7#f7 ! v>i\s concessions t h be5 made by repres5tative rationali/s to ! pragmati/ movem5t4 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's !ory ( reality has already impress$ "s ( 8 mo/ compet5t critics z utt]ly inadequate z a motive or an inc5tive to ! ef=ts & endeav\rs ( m5 z we "k !m 9 hi/ory & 9 actual life1 & we %all imm$iately return to ?is topic4 ,& al?\gh !re are _m signs 9 8 ,lectures t he is himself q aw>e ( ! probability ( su* an impression1 8 book proce$s ^u ! ev5 t5or ( its way1 foll[+ :]ev] 8 argum5t may lead him1 irrespective entirely ( ! tru? conta9$ 9 ! facts & ! positions we h j rec\nt$ & reaffirm$4 ,x l5ds itself1 !re=e1 only too naturally to our pres5t use ( x z a highly in/ructive pres5tation ( _m1 or mo/1 ( ! t5d5cies ( ,rationalism & ,intellectualism1 aga9/ :i* ,pragmatism & ,humanism w\ld fa9 prote/4 ,at ! same "t !re is 9 x1 z we hope to %[1 a fundam5tal elem5t#ccb ( tru? & ( fact )\t :i* !re c\ld be no ,pragmatism & no ,humanism1 & inde$ no philosophy at all4 ,a broad1 p]vad+ inconsi/5cy#ccc 9 8,individuality & ,value0 :i* militates some:at s]i\sly aga9/ ! idea ( its be+ reg>d$ z a t5able philosophy1 is ! obvi\s "o betwe5 ! position 7#a7 t true reality is necess>ily individual1 & ! position 7#b7 t reality is to be f\nd 9 ! 8univ]sal0 7or ! 8concept07 ( logic4#ccd ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 p]haps be unfair to expect ,dr4 ,bosanquet to effect a h>mony betwe5 ^! two positions t ,ari/otle 7:o held !m bo?7 0 himself v l>gely unable to d4 ,!re is1 9 o!r words1 a /&+ & a la/+ contradiction betwe5 any & all philosophy :i* holds t x is reason or logic alone t atta9s to tru? & reality1 & ! app>5tly natural & inevitable t5d5cy ( ! human m9d x is repres5t$ 9 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's own proc$ure to seek aft] 8reality0 9 ! 8individual0 ?+1 or p]son1 or be+1 & 9 ! p]fect+ ( 8individuality0 9 ,god 7or 9 a k+dom ( p]fect$ individuals74 ,! positive errors1 h[ev]1 :i* we w\ld v5ture to ref] to z ev5 m fatal to ,dr4 ,bosanquet's book ?an any ( its incid5tal inconsi/5cies are ^? connect$ ) ! foll[+ pieces ( proc$ure on 8 "p3 7#a7 8 manife/ t5d5cy to treat ! 8univ]sal0 z if x 7 an entity on its own acc\nt ) a sort ( developm5t & 8value0 & 8culm9ation0 ( its own2#cce 7#b7 8 t5d5cy to talk & ?9k z if a 8*>act]i/ic0 or a 8pr$icate0 7i4e4 ! 8*>act]i/ic0 or 8quality0 t "s exp]i5c+ be+ or "s ?9k] attributes to reality7 c\ld be treat$ z any?+ at all ap>t f ! action & ! reaction ( ?is 8exp]i5t0 7or 8?9k]07 conceiv$ z an ag5t2 7#c7 ! t5d5cy to talk ( 8m9ds0#ccf r ?an p]sons1 z 8purpos+0 & 8desir+0 ?+s2 7#d7 8 t5d5cy to talk z if 8teleology0 7 8:ol5ess02 7#e7 8 t5d5cy to reg>d 7some:at 9 ! mann] ( ,sp9oza7 8selves0 & 8p]sons0 z l 8ris+ & fall+ tides10 & ( ! self z a 8_w ( cont5t0#ccg engag$ 9 c]ta9 8trans=mations02 & 7#f7 8 t5d5cy to ?9k & speak z if demon/ration 8m$iation0 is p]haps 8 fav\rite way ( ?9k+ ( ! logical process 7 an end 9 itself1 z if we liv$ to ?9k1 in/ead ( ?9k+ to live4 ,9 opposition to all ?is x may be affirm$ fir/ly t e 8conception0 ( ! human m9d is b ! m or less cle> consci\sness ( a disposition to activity1 & is repres5tative1 n s mu* ( ! 8features0 ( objects :i* might appe> to be _! 8*>act]i/ics0 f a purely !oretical po9t ( view1 z ( ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* objects h seem$ to m5 to subs]ve ! ne$s ( _! s\ls & bodies4 ,! /udy ( ! developm5t ( ! 8concept0 9 connexion ) ! facts ( memory & ) ! sl[ evolution ( language1 & ) ! 8socializ$ p]cepts0 ( daily life w all t5d to confirm ?is position4 ,! ph5om5a ( religion1 = example1 & all ! ma9 concepts ( all ! religions are to be /udi$ n m]ely z intellectual ph5om5a1 z solutions ( "s ( ! _m difficulties ( mod]n ,agno/icism1 or ( mod]n ,rationalism1 or ( mod]n ,criticism1 b z an expressive ( ! modes ( behavi\r ( human be+s 7) all _! ne$s & all _! ideals7 t[>ds ! univ]se 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves1 & t[>ds ! v>i\s be+s1 se5 & unse51 :i* ?is univ]se symbolises to !m4 ,^! ph5om5a & ^! conceptions are un9telligible1 9 %ort1 ap>t f ! v>i\s activities & cults & social practices & social exp]i5ces & :at n1 ) :i* !y h dealt f fir/ to la/4 ,!n x is lit]ally impossible to sep>ate 9 ! mann] ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet ! 8pr$icate0 ( ?\ght f ! active relations su/a9$ by ?+s t[>ds ea* o!r1 or t[>ds ! human be+s :o seek to int]pret ^! active relations = any or = all 8purposes10 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's idea1 h[ev]1 ( ! relation ( 8m9d0 to 8matt]10 to use ^! symbols = ! nonce 7= !y are b su*71 is 9 ! ma9 purely 8repres5tational0#cch or intellectuali/ic4#cci ,to him 8m9d0 seems to reflect ei!r a 8bodily cont5t0 or "s o!r k9d ( 8cont5t0#cdj t seems to exi/ = a 8spectator0 ( ! _w1 or = ! 8,absolute10 r ?an = ! man himself z an ag5t1 :o ( c\rse uses 8 memories ( himself1 or 8 8ideal0 ( himself1 = r5ew$ ef=t & activity4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important consequ5ces ( ?is unduly intellectuali/ic view ( m9d is t ,dr4 ,bosanquet seems 7bo? !oretically & practically7 unable to see ! place ( 8m9d10 z 8purpose10 9 ord9>y life1#cda or ( ! place ( m9d 9 evolution1#cdb giv+ u 9 8 difficult b important *apt] on ! 8relation ( m9d & body0 a v]sion ( ?+s t approa*es only too p]il\sly close to ,p>allelism or ,dualism1 or ev5 to ,mat]ialism4#cdc ,& along ) ?is quasi-8repres5tational0 or 8copy-l0 !ory ( m9d !re are to be associat$ 8 repres5tational & intellectuali/ic views ( ! 8self0#cdd & ! 8univ]sal0#cde & 8_s40#cdf ,!re are1 d\btless1 h9ts 9 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's pages ( a m 8dynamic0 view ( m9d or ( a deep] view#cdg ?an ?is m]ely 8repres5tational0 view1 b !y are n develop$ or work$ into ! ma9 portion ( 8 argum5t1 :i* !y w\ld d\btless v l>gely trans=m4 ,?is is greatly to be regrett$1 = we rememb] t ev5 ,hegel seem$ to notice ! splitt+-up ( ! real = our human purposes :i* takes place 9 ! ord9>y judgm5t4 ,& ( c\rse1 z we h notic$1 all 8purpose0 is practical & !oretical at "o & ! same "t4 ,!n1 ?irdly1 x is p]sons1 & n 8m9ds10 :o desire & purpose ?+s1 8m9d0 be+ a concept inv5t$ by ! spectator ( activity 9 a p]son o!r ?an himself1 :i* 7f ! analogy ( 8 own consci\s activity & exp]i5ce7 he believes to be purposive4#cdh ,dr4 ,bosanquet's use1 too1 ( ! expression 8m9d0 inv>iably leaves out ( ! range ( consid]ation ! ph5om5a ( desire & volition--intelligible1 bo? ( !m1 only by ref]5ce to an end t is to be und]/ood f )91 & n f outside ( ! p]sonality1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! m]e spectator4 ,! ph5om5a ( desire & volition are j z integral +r$i5ts ( our lives z p]sons z are our cognitive /ates4 ,f\r?ly1 x is d\btful :e!r ! treatm5t ( teleology z 8:ol5ess0 7or its sublimation 9 8,individuality & ,value0 into 8:ol5ess07 is mu* ( an explanation ( ?is difficult topic1 or inde$ :e!r x is any explanation at all4 ,dr4 ,bosanquet1 9 fact1 confesses t teleology is a conception :i* 8loses its di/9ctive mean+ z we deep5 its philosophical int]pretation1 & t x has v little mean+ :5 appli$ to ! univ]se z a :ole0 a ?+ t is app>5t to any ,kantian /ud5t4 8,x is impossible s]i\sly10 he says1 8to treat a m9d :i* is ! univ]se6 z a workman ( limit$ res\rces1 aim+ at "s ?+s & oblig$ to accept o!rs z means to ^!40 ,& x is equally impossible1 he holds1 to apply 8to ! univ]se0 ! di/9ction ( 8:at is purpose = its own sake & :at is n s40 ,9 fact1 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's treatm5t ( teleology is ?us ma9ly negative1 z includ+ n only ?is rejection#cdi ( ! notion 9 ref]5ce to ! 8univ]se z a :ole10 b its rejection1 too1 9 ref]5ce to ! purposes ( our human life2#cej al?\gh he admits 7z ( c\rse he mu/7 t ! conception ( end or purpose is drawn f "s ( ! features 78! simple/ features10 he says7 ( our 8f9ite life10 or 8f9ite consci\sness40 ,if ! notion 7 8to be reta9$ at all10 he says1 8x c\ld only be a "n = "s pr9ciple :i* w\ld help to tell u :at has value q indep5d5t ( be+ or n be+1 ! purpose ( "s m9d40#cea ,n[1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to ! ,pragmatism & ,humanism t we h be5 consid]+ 9 ?is book1 no intellig5t p]son c\ld take any conceivable int]e/ 9 su* a useless fancy z a teleology ( ?is k9d4 ,?us teleology is really blott$ out altoge!r ( exi/5ce 9 ?is volume1 & ) its disappe>ance !re mu/ g also ! notion ( any value t might be intelligibly associat$ ) ! idea ( ! atta9m5t ( purposes or ends by ! human be+s ) :om we are acqua9t$ 9 our ord9>y daily life4 ,we %all bel[#ceb ref] to ! fact t ?is rejection ( teleology & value is "o t mu/ be reg>d$ z fatal to e?ics or to ,absolutism 9 ! realm ( e?ics4 ,x requires1 too1 to be add$ "h t ev5 ! mo/ unprejudic$ read+ ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's "w mu/ create 9 ! m9d ( ! read] ! conviction t its au?or is altoge!r unfair to ! views ( ^? :o believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( def9ite manife/ations ( purpose 9 human life4#cec ,he talks z if ^? :o uphold ?is idea or ?is fact are committ$ ei!r to ! absurd notion t man is 8! end ( ! univ]se10 or to ! equally absurd notion t 8art1 ?\ght1 society1 hi/ory1 9 :i* m9d beg9s to transc5d its f9it5ess %\ld be ascrib$ to ! directive abilities ( units 9 a plurality1 precisely ap>t f ! _w cont5t & ! und]ly+ solid>ity ( spirits1 ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* all great ?+s are done40 ,) a view ( br++ our discussion ( ^! /rik+ ,gif=d ,lectures )9 ! scope ( ! g5]al subject ( ?is book ! foll[+ might be reg>d$ z _! lead+1 fundam5tal *>act]i/ics to :i* ! mo/ s]i\s k9d ( exception might well be tak53 7#a7 its 8ab/ractionism0#ced & its g5]al inju/ice to fact due to its initial & p]si/5t 8conviction0#cee /range to say1 ?is is ! v ^w us$ by ,bosanquet t ! real movem5t 9 ?+s is a 8logical0 movem5t2 7#b7 its fallaci\s conception ( ! task ( philosophy z ma9ly ! obligation to ?9k ! _w 8)\t contradiction02 7#c7 its obvi\s t5d5cy 9 ! direction ( ! 8subjective idealism0#cef t has be5 ! bane ( s mu* mod]n philosophy & t is disc>d$ altoge!r#ceg by ,pragmatism & ,humanism2 7#d7 its ret5tion ( _m ( ! *>act]i/ic polemical#ceh faults ( ,neo-,hegelianism & its manife/ation ( a simil> _s ( polemical unfairness#cei on ! "p ( _! accompli%$ au?or2 7#e7 its implication 9 sev]al really hopeless contradictions 9 addition to ! broad contradiction already ref]r$ to2 7#f7 its failure a common ,neo-,hegelian fail+ to d ju/ice to ! _s & 79 c]ta9 important reg>ds7 ! lett] ( ,kant2 7#g7 its ess5tial non-moralism or its app>5tly anti-e?ical "*4 ,z = ! fir/ ( ^! *>ges1 ! 8ab/ractionism0 ( 8,individuality & ,value10 com+ z x does on ! top ( ! g5]al p]v]sity ( ! book1 is really a v disa/r\s ?+ = philosophy4 ,:ile we may p>don an en?usia/ic lit]>y ,fr5*man#cfj = say+ t1 8,! fact is1 y see1 t a f9e book is ! end = :i* ! _w 0 made10 !re is h>dly any excuse = a philosoph] l ,dr4 ,bosanquet com+ be=e ! _w ) ! appe>ance ( believ+ t ! ri*ly diff]5tiat$ univ]se t we "k only 9 "p1 exi/s = ! b5efit ( ! sci5ce t he repres5ts1 = ! dialectic ( ! metaphysician1 to enable ! 8univ]sal0 to 8become m diff]5tiat$0 & 8m individualiz$10 to become 8m repres5tative0 ( ! 8:ole40#cfa ,we might comp>e1 says ,dr4 ,bosanquet1 9 a /rik+ & an en?rall+#cfb passage1 8! ,absolute to ,dante's m9d z utt]$ 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y 444 z includ+ 9 a s+le1 :ole poetic exp]i5ce a _w ( space & p]sons1 444 ?+s t1 to any ord9>y m9d1 fall ap>t40 ,n[ ev5 ap>t f ! highly int]e/+ "q ( ! manife/ly great & f>-rea*+ influ5ce ( ,dante ov] ,dr4 ,bosanquet1 & ap>t1 too1 f ! notable mode/y ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's confession z to ! 8imp]fect0 "* ( ! simile j reproduc$1 no "o to-day c ?9k ( atta*+ any ultimate importance to 8,dante's m9d0 )\t ?9k+ ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is truly great man#cfc 0 "u ! influ5ce1 n only ( 8 own passions & ( ! g5]al 8problem0 ( 8 own life1 b ( su* specializ$ influ5ces z1 = example 7#a7 ! m$iaeval dualism betwe5 ! ,city ( ,god & ! ,empire ( ! ,_w1 7#b7 ,ari/otle's un=tunate sep>ation ( ! 8intellectual0 & ! 8practical0 virtues1 7#c7 ! evil z well z ! good ( ! dogmatic !ology ( ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,goe! is ( inf9itely m value to u m5 ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ?an ,dante4 ,& "o ( ! v ?+s ,goe! is mo/ calculat$ to tea* u is precisely ?is v matt] ( ! limitations ( ! cultural ideal ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( ! entire ,r5aissance p]iod t succe$$ x4#cfd ,we %\ld nev]1 !re=e1 ?9k = a mom5t ( tak+ ,dr4 ,bosanquet's intellectual ab/ractionism ab\t ! 8univ]sal0 lit]ally )\t ?9k+ at ! same "t ( its limitations1 & ( its s\rces 9 ,plato & 9 ,hegel & 9 ,neo-,hegelian rationalism1 & ( rememb]+ ) ,hegel himself1 8aft] all1 ! movem5t ( ! notion is a sort ( illusion40 ,!n1 secondly1 to attempt to ?9k 9 philosophy or any o!r sci5ce m]ely 9 accordance ) ! ,pr9ciple ( 8,non-,contradiction0 w nev]#cfe take u beyond ! few initial positions ( fact or ( pr9ciple 7,god1 8sub/ance10 pure be+1 matt]1 id5tity1 f9al cause1 fre$om1 =ce1 ! w1 ! idea a p]fect be+1 or :at n7 ) :i* we happ5 = "o reason or ano!r to />t 9 our reflections4 ,nor w ?is proc$ure acc\nt1 ( c\rse1 = ^! initial assumptions or facts4 ,?irdly1 9 virtue ( its implication 9 ! 8solipsism0 & ! 8repres5tationalism0 ( ,subjective ,idealism1 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's 8,absolute0 is inf]ior 7bo? s f> z fact & !ory are conc]n$7 to ! ,pluralism & ! possible ,!ism ( ,pragmatism & ,humanism to :i* we h already made p>tial ref]5ces4#cff ,f\r?ly1 x is only natural t1 on acc\nt ( ^!1 its _m polemical mann]isms1 8,individuality & ,value0 has already made ^u "s ( its critics ! impression ( be+ a book t refuses to see ?+s z !y are--9 ! int]e/s ( _! =c$ adaptation to ! purposes ( a preconceiv$ philosophical !ory4 ,fif?ly1 !re is c]ta9ly a suffici5t numb] ( contradictions 9 8,individuality & ,value0 to prev5t x f be+ reg>d$ z a consi/5t & a workable 7i4e4 really explanatory7 acc\nt ( our exp]i5ce z we actually "k x4 ,( ^! contradictions we ?9k ! foll[+ may well be enum]at$ "h3 7#a7 ,t betwe5 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's pr(ess$ pr9ciple ( accept+ z real only t :i* is 8m$iat$0 or e/abli%$ by pro(1 & ! arbitr>9ess he displays 9 ann\nc+ convictions l ! foll[+3 8,t :at really matt]s is n ! pres]vation ( sep>ate m9ds z su*1 b ! qualities & a*ievem5t :i*1 z tru/ees ( ! univ]se1 !y elicit f ! res\rces assign$ !m40 7#b7 ,! contradiction betwe5 8 belief 9 ! cons]vation ( 8values0 )\t ! cons]vation ( ! exi/5ce ( ! individuals :o 8elicit0 ^! 8values10 or :o are1 z he puts x1 ! 8tru/ees0 = ! 8univ]se40 7#c7 ,t betwe5 :at he logically wants 78 8concrete individual07 & :at he gives u 7an imp]sonal 8sy/em074 7#d7 ,! contradiction betwe5 ! complet$ p]sonal life 9 ,god 7or 9 a p]fect$ society ( individuals7 t mo/ ( u 7judg+ f ! great religions ( ! _w7 want z human be+s1 & ! imp]sonal 8conceptual0 exp]i5ce ( 8 book4 7#e7 ,! contradiction t exi/s betwe5 8 intellectualism & 8 comm5dable belief 9 8great convictions0 & 8really satisfy+ emotions & exp]i5ces40 7#f7 ,! /&+ contradiction betwe5 8 8solipsi/ic0 view ( reality 78 r$uction ( ! univ]se to ! conceptual exp]i5ce ( a s+le self-p]fect+ individual71 & ! facts ( hi/ory 9 support ( ! idea ( ! 8new10 or ! 8creative0 "* ( ! contributions ( c\ntless individuals & gr\ps ( individuals1 to ! evolution ( ! life ( ! _w1 or ! life ( ! inf9ite numb] ( worlds t make up :at we ?9k ( z ! univ]se4 7#g7 ,! rem>kable contradiction betwe5 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's calm rejection 9 8 argum5tation ( all 8nave ideas0 & 8 own nave or ,greek-l fai? 9 reason1 9 ! sub/antial exi/5ce ( ! concept or ! idea ov] & above ! ph5om5a & ! ph5om5al exp]i5ces :i* x is us$ to intepret4 ,la/ly1 z = ! matt] ( ! non-moralism or ! ess5tially anti-e?ical "* ( 8,individuality & ,value10 ?is is a *>act]i/ic ( ! book t %\ld1 z su*1 be p>tly app>5t f :at has already be5 said1 9 respect ( its ma9 argum5t & its ma9 cont5tions1 & 9 respect ( ! app>5t contributions ( ,pragmatism & ,humanism to philosophy g5]ally4 ,! ab/ractionism ( ! book1 & ! abs5ce 9 x ( any real provision = ! realities ( purpose & ( accompli%m5t 7& ev5 ( 8movem5t0 & 8process0 9 any real s5se ( ^! words71 are all obvi\sly aga9/ ! int]e/s ( e?ics & ( conduct1 z purposive1 human action4 ,s1 too1 are ! f9d+s ( ! critics t ,dr4 ,bosanquet's 8,absolute0 is n a reality 7=1 ) ,pr(essor ,taylor & o!rs1 man mu/#cfg h an ,absolute1 or a ,god1 9 :om he c believe z real7 t inspires to action & to motive on ! "p ( ord9>y human be+s4 ,& x is also fatal to ! e?ical int]e/s ( 8 book t he does n see ) ! pragmati/s t our human actions & reactions mu/ be reg>d$ z "p ( :at we mean by 8reality40 ,& s on4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ^! & o!r ho/ile pre-suppositions ! foll[+ w\ld seem to be ! *ief reasons = pron\nc+1 z unsatisfactory1 ! m]ely incid5tal treatm5t t is accord$ 9 8,individuality & ,value0 to e?ics & to ! e?ical life4 7#a7 ,x is n 8conduct0 or ! normative#cfh volunt>y actions ( human be+s 79 a _w or society ( real human be+s7 requir+ 8ju/ice0 & 8guidance0 & 8help0 t is discuss$ 9 ^! ,lectures1 b ab/ractions l 8desire10 or 8ord9>y desire10 or 8! selective conations ( f9ite m9ds10 or 8! active =m ( a totality ( /riv+0 or wor/ ( all ! 8self z x happ5s to be10 t are discuss$ !re4 7#b7 ,ev5 if conduct1 z ( c\rse an 8organic totality0 9 its way1 be fac$ = ! nonce 9 8,individuality & ,value10 x is inv>iably br&$ & ?\ght ( by ,dr4 ,bosanquet z 8nave morality10#cfi & x is =?) promptly trans=m$ & transmut$1 9 ! mo/ op5 & unaba%$ mann] 9 ! int]e/s & exig5cies ( 7#a7 logical !ory1 7#b7 ae/hetics & ae/hetic products p]haps ,dr4 ,bosanquet's deepe/ or mo/ emotional int]e/1 & 7#c7 metaphysical !ory ( a highly ab/ract "*4 7#c7 ,! conception ( e?ics z a 8normative sci5ce0 & ( conduct z free & autonom\s1#cgj & z ! volunt>y affirmation ( a norm or /&>d or type or ideal1 is conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 7#d7 ,!re is really no place ei!r 9 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's 8concrete univ]sal0 or 9 8 fugitive pages ^u e?ics = ! reality ( ! di/9ction betwe5 good & evil 7z 8will$0 9 actions or z pres5t 9 dispositions & t5d5cies74 ,good & evil#cga are = him1 8cont5ts0 ei!r = himself z a spectator ( man's actions1 or = ! 8concrete univ]sal10 or ! 8:ole10 or ! complet$ 8individual0 ( 8 too consummate book4 7#e7 ,l ne>ly all =ms ( ,absolutism 7,hegelianism1 ,neo-,hegelianism1 ,sp9ozism1 ,hobbism7 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's e?ics 7or ! ve/igial e?ics ) :i* he leaves u7 comes p]il\sly ne> to :at is kn[n z ,det]m9ism#cgb or ,fatalism or ev5 ,mat]ialism4 ,z = ! fir/ ( ! prec$+ five po9ts1 x is p]fectly evid5t t any discussion ( ! v>i\s psy*ological ph5om5a t are d\btless involv$ 9 conduct c be reg>d$ z b a prelim9>y /ep to ! discussion ( ! real problems ( e?ics--t ( ! actions & habits & /&>ds ( p]sons :o are ! subjects ( rights & duties & :o affirm c]ta9 actions to be "r1 & c]ta9 o!r actions to be wrong4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 ab\t ,dr4 ,bosanquet's psy*ological ab/ractionism1 especially :5 x rises to ! height ( writ+ z if ! 8self0 z ! 8active =m ( a totality ( /riv+10 or ! 8self z x happ5s to be10 7 ! same ?+ z ! 8p]sonal self0 ) :i* we alone are ma9ly conc]n$ 9 e?ics1 is t x is b ano!r in/ance ( ! old 8spectator0#cgc fallacy t we h already f\nd to und]lie 8 :ole treatm5t ( ! 8self0 & ( 8purpose0 & ( 8/riv+40 ,su* a philosophy1 or po9t ( view1 is q =eign to e?ics1 because x is only 9 ! e?ical life t we ?9k ( ourselves z 8p]sons10 z be+s play+ a "p1 z actors or play]s ^u ! great /age ( life4 ,by n fac+ ! e?ical life directly1 f )91 in/ead ( f )\t1 ,dr4 ,bosanquet has entirely fail$ to und]/& x4 ,& if he _h attempt$ ?is int]nal consid]ation ( 8p]sonality10 8 :ole metaphysic ( 8individuality0 & ( ! great society ( be+s :o inhabit 7or :o may be ?\ght ( z inhabit+7 ?is univ]se1 w\ld h be5 v diff]5t f :at x is4 ,!n z = ! second & ?ird po9ts1 x is surely evid5t f ! footnotes t h be5 app5d$ 9 connexion ) ! matt] ( 8 trans=mation ( ! facts ( e?ics 9 ! int]e/s ( o!r ?+s l logic1 & ae/hetics1 & metaphysics1 t !re is inde$1 9 ,bosanquet1 no recognition ( :at mu/ be call$ ! g5u9e1 or indep5d5t reality ( ! moral life1 or ( ! moral ideal z a =ce 9 human nature4 ,& z = ! f\r? po9t1 /ud5ts ( mod]n e?ics are naturally by ?is "t p]fectly famili> ) ! t5d5cy ( ,rationalism to make evil action & ! 8evil self0 simply ! affirmation ( a 8logically incoh]5t0 po9t ( view4 ,x exi/s 9 an ,engli% writ] l ,wolla/on#cgd z well z 9 a ,g]man philosoph] l ,hegel4 ,?is t5d5cy is inde$ a piece ( sophi/ry & illusion because ! di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong 7p]haps ! bett] & ! m crucial =mulation ( ! two--= u mod]ns at lea/7 is un9telligible ap>t f ! fact or ! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( moral ag5ts1 :o make 79 _! volition1 & 9 ! judgm5ts t accompany or prec$e _! volitions7 a 8norm10 or rule1 or l9e betwe5 ! e?ically p]missible & ! e?ically unp]missible4 ,! rationalism t makes ^! di/9ctions m]ely a matt] ( 8logic10 ov]looks ! fact t 9 actual life m5 mu/ be w>d$ (f f wrong-do+ 7& !y are 9 _m cases actually s w>d$ (f by _! consci5ces & by o!r ?+s1 l ! love ( home1 or ! love ( hon\r1 or ! love ( ,god7 by some?+ /rong] ?an ! m]e idea ( a possible !oretical mi/ake4 ,z = ! fif? po9t ( ! ,det]m9ism or ! ,necessit>ianism t hangs l a sword ( ,damocles ov] ! entire e?ic ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet1 ! nature ( ?is %\ld be p]fectly app>5t f _m ( ! /atem5ts & consid]ations t h be5 br\ght =w>d z typical ( 8 entire l9e ( ?\ght4 ,he tea*es a 8passivism0#cge & an 8intellectualism0 t are j z pron\nc$ & j z ess5tial to 8 ?\ght z !y are to ! great sy/em ( 8 ma/]1 ,hegel1 9 ^: ambiti\s philosophy ( _s man's :ole de/9y is unfold$ )\t ! possibility ( 8 play+ himself any appreciable "p 9 ! imp]sonal1 dialectic movem5t 9 :i* x is made to consi/4 ,x is n[ necess>y to speak def9itely & outspok5ly ( ! elem5t ( supreme tru? & value 9 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's unique book1 ( ! positive contribution x makes to philosophy & to natural !ology4#cgf ,?is is1 9 a ^w1 its tribute to ! p]man5t elem5t ( tru? & reality 9 ! ideali/ic philosophy4 ,& he te/ifies to ?is 9 8 8belief0 t 9 ! ma9 ! "w ( philosophy has be5 done1 & 8t :at is n[ ne$$ is to recall & conc5trate ! mod]n m9d f its di/raction r ?an to inv5t :olly new !oretic conceptions40 ,?is decl>ation is ( itself a position ( consid]able importance1 h[ev] widely "o is oblig$ to diff] f its au?or z to :at exactly x is t has already be5 demon/rat$ & accompli%$ 89 philosophy40 ,if !re has really be5 8no?+ done0 9 philosophy s9ce ! "t ( ,socrates1 if philosophy is to-day no true anti!sis (1 & corrective to sci5ce1 !n !re is possible nei!r ,pragmatism1 nor ,humanism1 nor any o!r1 possibly m fundam5tal1 philosophy4 ,!re c1 z ,dr4 ,bosanquet puts x1 8inde$ be no progress if no def9ite gr\nd is ev] to be recogniz$ z ga9$40 ,?is !n is ! fir/ ?+ ( transc5d5t importance 9 8,individuality & ,value10 its insi/ance ^u ! fundam5tally diff]5t e/imate ( reality giv5 by philosophy 9 di/9ction f sci5ce & its m]ely hypo!tical treatm5t ( reality4 ,?is 8diff]5ce0 is1 ( c\rse1 b natural1 see+ t to philosophy !re are no ?+s or ph5om5a )\t m9ds1 or p]sons or be+s to :om !y appe> z ?+s & ph5om5a4 ,! second great ?+ ( 8,individuality & ,value0 is its insi/5ce ^u ! ne$ to all philosophy ( a recogniz$ grasp ( ! pr9ciple ( 8,mean+40#cgg ,:at ?is in/ance implies to ,dr4 ,bosanquet is1 t 8at no po9t 9 our lives ei!r z ag5ts or ?9k]s are we to accept any suppos$ elem5t ( fact or circum/ance z hav+ any significance0 ap>t f ! great 8:ole0 or ! great 8reality10 ) :i* we believe ourselves to be 9 contact 9 our daily exp]i5ce1 :5 int]pret$ 9 ! light ( our consci\sness ( ourselves z p]sons4 ,9 ! lett] ( ! book 8 int]pretation ( ! great 8:ole10 or ! great reality1 ( life is by no means z broad & z deep z ! "o at :i* we h j h9t$ 9 attempt+ to describe 8 position4 ,b ov]rid+ altoge!r ! m]e intellectualism ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's int]pretation1 is ! fact ( ! dynamic idealism = :i* he virtually /&s1#cgh 9 virtue ( ! great & ! simple ef=t ( 8 lectures#cgi to f9d 8value0 9 8our daily exp]i5ce ) its huge ob/9ate plurality ( indep5d5t facts40 ,he w\ld />t1 z we m5tion$ 7at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]71 ) :at he believes to be 8! daily trans=mation ( our exp]i5ce z v]ifi$ )9 :at we uncritically take z our private consci\sness1 s f> z its weakness may p]mit10 & 8z v]ifi$ on a l>g] scale :5 we ?9k ( su* spl5did creations z ! ,/ate & f9e art & religion10 & :5 we ?9k1 too1 ( 8! mode ( our p>ticipation 9 !m40 ,n[ aga9 no?+ c\ld inde$ be m nobly true 79 idea7 ( ! great "w ( ! philosoph] ?an ! prop] !ory & description ( ?is 8daily trans=mation0 ( our lives1 out ( ! life ( 8s5se0 & ! life ( selfi%ness1 into ! spiritual communion#chj t is ! ess5ce ( all "r ?9k+ & all "r liv+4 ,b we may g fur!r ?an all ?is & signalize "o or two ?+s 9 ,dr4 ,bosanquet t we v5ture to con/rue z a k9d ( unconsci\s te/imony1 on 8 "p1 to ! v humanism = :i* we h be5 cont5d+ ?r\gh\t4 ,! ?+s to :i* we ref] are1 fir/ly1 8 use ( ! ^w 8belief0#cha 9 speak+ ( 8 op9ion t ! "w ( philosophy has 9 ! ma9 be5 accompli%$1 &1 second1 8 f9e & really praisewor?y#chb confession t 8 lectures1 :atev] !y may h done or may n h done1 at lea/ 8conta9 ! record ( a v /rong conviction40 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's dep>ture1 9 ! lett] ( 8 argum5tation1 f ! _s ( ^! decl>ations only acc5tuates :at we reg>d z ! regrettable failure & ab/ractionism ( 8 :ole (ficial 7or pr(ess$7 philosophy4 ,8 use ( ! ^w belief#chc %[s t x is1 aft] all 8 pr(essional homage to 8m$iation0 & to ! necess>y ab/ractions ( logic & sy/em1 belief & n k t is to him ! f9al & 8work+0 e/imate ( tru? & ( reality4 ,& ! same conclusion foll[s f ! second matt] ( ! confession ( :i* we h spok51 t 8 entire argum5tation is b ! expression ( a /rong conviction4#chd ,x is aga91 !re=e1 we w\ld insi/ a spiritual conviction1 & n a conceptual sy/em t is actually & necess>ily ! mov+ =ce ( 8 entire intellectual activity4 ,&1 we w\ld add to 8 own face1 x is a conviction moreov] t 8works10 & n a 8logical :ole0 or a m]e conceptual ideal1 t he mu/ 7z a philosoph]7 eng5d] 9 ! m9d ( 8 av]age read] ab\t reality4 ,8 8logical :ole0 & 8 8individuality z logical complet5ess10 8"w0 ) him ,pr(essor ,bosanquet = ! reason t he is prim>ily an intellectual work]1 a work] 9 ! realm ( m9d4 ,b reality 7z ! :ole _w ( human "w & human ef=t is !re to tell u7 is m ?an an intellectual sy/em4 ,& :at is a conviction to him is n necess>ily a conviction t works ) ! ord9>y man1 :o kn[s reality bett] ?an he does1 or :o kn[s x 7l himself7 9 8 desires & 9 8 beliefs r ?an 9 ! t]ms & conceptions t are ! m]e tools ( ! intellect & ! speciali/4 ,=1 tak+ 8 book z a :ole1 we may say ab\t x t ! dissolution ( reality into a conceptual sy/em t is effect$ !re is at be/ b ano!r conv9c+ pro( ( ! tru? ( ! words ( ! great ,david ,hume1#che t ! und]/&+1 8:5 x acts alone1 & accord+ to its mo/ g5]al pr9ciples1 entirely subv]ts itself1 & leaves n ! slighte/ degree ( evid5ce 9 any proposition1 ei!r 9 philosophy or common life40 ,,note ,x is necess>y = me to app5d a few words z to ! possible connexion betwe5 ! =ego+ criticism ( ! fir/ volume ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's ,gif=d ,lectures & ! subject-matt] ( ! second volume1 :i* appe>$ :ile ,i 0 prep>+ ! manuscript ( ?is book = ! press4 ,i h be5 able only to inspect its cont5ts & to in=m myself ab\t ! ways 9 :i* x has impress$ "s ( its repres5tative critics4 ,:at ,i h ?us le>n$ does n1 9 my op9ion1 make x necess>y = me to unsay or to rewrite :at ,i h said 9 ?is *apt]4 ,my desire 0 to indicate ! k9d ( criticism t ! pragmati/s & ! humani/s1 z f> z ,i und]/& !m1 w\ld be incl9$ to make ( ,absolutism z repres5t$ 9 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,individuality & ,value z ! la/ significant ,anglo-,hegelian output4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 ,i h done1 & ! read] may be desirably left to himself to settle ! "q ( ! relation ( ! fir/ ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's books to its companion volume t appe>$ 9 ! foll[+ cal5d> ye>4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 be s wilfully bl9d to ! exi/5ce ( ?is second great 8,gif=d0 book ( 8 z to appe> to ignore ! fact1 t on its v face & surface x seems to d _m ( ! ?+s t ,i h all[$ myself to signalize z ?+s t ,absolutism & ,anglo-,hegelianism h n done1 or h done b imp]fectly4 ,its v title1 ,! ,value & ,de/9y ( ! ,individual1 & ! titles ( _m ( its *apt]s1 & ! reception accord$ to x 9 su* in/ructive reviews z ^? ( ,pr(essor ,sir ,h5ry ,jones & ,pr(essor ,muirhead 79 ! ,july numb]s ( ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal & ,m9d respectively71 are to my m9d conv9c+ pro( t x is by f> ! mo/ s]i\s ,anglo-,hegelian attempt ( ! pass+ g5]ation to deal ) _m ( ! objections t h be5 br\ght aga9/ ,rationali/ic ,idealism by ! pragmati/s & ! volunt>i/s1 by ! def5d]s ( fai? & feel+ & exp]i5ce1 & 7be=e all ^! rec5t p7 by _m indep5d5t ideali/ writ]s ( our "t 9 ,engl& & else:]e4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( tru? & ( ! ?9k+ public g5]ally1 ,i app5d ! m]e titles ( "s ( ! *apt]s & divisions ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's second volume3 8,! ,value ( ,p]sonal ,feel+1 & ! ,gr\nds ( ! ,di/9ctness ( ,p]sons10 8,! ,m\ld+ ( ,s\ls10 8,! ,miracle ( ,w10 ! 8,haz>ds & ,h>d%ips ( ,f9ite ,selfhood10 ! 8,/ability & ,security ( ,f9ite ,selfhood10 8,! ,religi\s ,consci\sness10 8,! ,de/9y ( ! ,f9ite ,self10 8,! ,gates ( ! ,future40 ,!re is 9 all ! ri* cont5t t is ?us indicat$1 & 9 all ! high & deep discussion ( 8! ideas ( a lifetime0 t x includes1 a v]itable m9e ( philosophical reflection = ! read] :o desires to ?9k 9 a connect$1 or ,hegelian1 mann] ab\t ?+s--a m9e1 too1 t is at lea/ indicative ( ! wide t]ritory bo? ( fact & ( pr9ciple ^u :i* pragmati/ philosophy mu/ ent] be=e x c become a true philosophy4 ,i _c f9d1 h[ev]--?is 0 surely n to be expect$ 9 a ?9k] ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's p[]--t ! pr9ciples ( argum5tation t det]m9$ ! nature & cont5ts ( ! e>li] volume h und]gone any modification 9 its success or successor2 inde$1 :at is "h (f]$1 & discov]$ by ! read] & ! critics1 is b a cont9uation & application ( ! same dialectic pr9ciples to 8f9ite be+s1 t is1 9 effect to human s\ls40 ,if any "o w take ^u himself ! task ( e/imat+ ! success or ! non-success ( ! ent]prise he w travel ?r\gh a piece ( philosophical writ+ t is z compreh5sive & z coh]5t1 & z elevat+ 9 its tone1 z any?+ t has appe>$ f ! ,neo-,hegelian camp4 ,! ?+s t ,i *iefly feel & believe ab\t x are1 fir/ly1 t its acc\nt ( ! facts ( life & ?\ght are1 aga91 all det]m9$ by c]ta9 presuppositions ab\t conceivability & ab\t ! pr9ciples ( contradiction & negation2 secondly1 t x is /ill ! same 8:ole0 ( logic t is to x ! te/ ( all reality & individuality2 &1 ?irdly1 t x is1 aga91 a great pity t ,dr4 ,bosanquet %\ld n h act$ ^u "s sort ( recognition ( ! relation ( 8 own dialectical pr9ciples to ^? ( 8 ma/] ,hegel1 or to ^? ( "s ( 8 ,neo-,hegelian pr$ecessors 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,al?\gh x is almo/ an imp]t95ce on ! "p ( "o :o has j made ! acqua9tance ( ?is out/&+ volume to speak 9 any detail ( its cont5ts1 ,i c indicate "p ( my mean+ by po9t+ out t x is ?r\gh\t su* ?+s z 8f9ite m9d10 ! 8f9ite m9d0 t is 8be/ und]/ood by approa*+ x f ! side ( ! cont9uum0 ! 8:ole01 ! 8f9ite m9d0 t is 8%ap$ by ! univ]se10 t is 8torn betwe5 exi/5ce & self-transc5d5ce10 8appe>ance10 an 8ext]nality :i* is ! object ( m9d10 ! 8positive pr9ciple ( totality or individuality manife/+ itself 9 a numb] ( =ms10 8good0 & 8evil z attitudes conc]n+ a creature's :ole be+10 8volition0 9 t]ms ( ! 8pr9ciple t !re is = e situation a l>g] & m effective po9t ( view ?an ! giv50--t are discuss$1 & n ! real p]sons :o h :at !y call 8m9ds0 & 8volitions0 & 8attitudes10 & :o inv5t all ^! pr9ciples & di/9ctions to describe ! _w ( _! exp]i5ce & ! _w ( _! ?\ghts4 ,z aga9/ him ,pragmatism & ,humanism w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 bo? insi/ t ! fir/ reality = all ?\ght & speculation is n ! 8logical :ole0 t und]lies1 9 ! m9d ( ! ?9k]1 ! great] numb] ( all 8 categories & di/9ctions1 b ! life & ! lives ( ! p]sons 9 a _w ( int]-subjective int]c\rse1 :]e9 ^! po9ts ( view are us$ = diff]5t purposes4 ,& ,i _c see h[ ,dr4 ,bosanquet is entitl$ to scorn all ^? :o hold to ! idea ( ! reality ( ! lives ( ! p]sons :o are ag5ts & ?9k]s 9 ?is p]sonal realm1 :i* is = u ! highe/ reality ( ! univ]se1 z believ]s 9 ! 8exclusiv5ess ( p]sonality10 al?\gh ,i w\ld c]ta9ly agree ) him t our exp]i5ce1 :5 prop]ly int]pret$1 c>ries u beyond ! subjectivism & ! individualism ( "s =ms ( ,pragmatism or ,pluralism4 ,! read] :o is anxi\s to "k ab\t ! real value ( ! ,hegelianism ^u :i* ,dr4 ,bosanquet's philosophy reposes %\ld consult ! "w ( ,croce ^u ! 8liv+0 & ! 8dead0 elem5ts 9 ,hegel's ,sy/em4 ,x has rec5tly be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,dr4 ,bosanquet1 l _m ,hegelians1 seems to me to ov]look almo/ entirely ! important elem5ts 9 ! philosophy ( ,kant--( "s ( :i* ,i speak ( 9 ! next *apt] z develop$ 9 ! spirituali/ic philosophy ( ,b]gson4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,pragmatism ,,& ,,idealism ,,9 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,b]gson#chf ,! pragmati/ elem5ts 9 ! philosophy ( ,b]gson ( :i* x is1 p]haps1 legitimate = u to speak "h are 7#a7 8 8,anti-,intellectualism10 & 7#b7 8 8,activism0 or 8,actionism40 ,! latt] culm9ates 9 8 fre$om-philosophy & 8 spiritualism4 ,i %all comm5t %ortly ^u ^! two ?+s1 & !n sugge/ "o or two g5]al criticisms ( 8 philosophy z a :ole4 ,b]gson's anti-intellectualism re/s ultimately ^u 8 cont5tion t ! human intellect is relat$ 9 ! ma9 to ! ne$s ( action1 t ! bra9 is an organ ( action r ?an an organ ( ?\ght1 t our intellig5ce is at home only 9 ! realm ( ! physical & ! ma!matical sci5ces1#chg t contrivance & inv5tion & ! practical compreh5sion ( ! 8mat]ial0 are its prop] activities1 & t = ^! latt] purposes x splits up ! _w ( ! s5ses & ! und]/&+ into a discont9u\s aggregate ( physical units1 :i* x !n proce$s to recon/ruct 9 a spatial & temporal ord]4 ,we p]ceive 9 ,nature1 he holds1 :at int]e/s#chh u 9 ! way ( our vital ne$s2 our intellect is adapt$1 n = ! und]/&+ or ! purely rational 78ab/ract07 compreh5sion ( 8causality0 & ! 8life ( ?+s10 b = ! ma9t5ance & fur!rance ( our own lives1 & = ! creation ( ! in/rum5ts & ag5cies 7signs1 language1 tools1 imag9$ sequ5ces & laws1 ess5ces1 causes1 ! 8descriptions0 ( sci5ce1 ! special s5ses1 ! convolutions ( ! bra91 etc47 t m9i/] to ?is4 ,sci5ce is to-day /ill p5etrat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) primitive metaphysics1 ) ! metaphysics ( animism1 ) a belief 9 sep>ate ?+s l =ces1 atoms1 elem5ts1 or :at n--indicative all ( !m ( its attempt to 8divide up0 ! real t x may comm& x = !oretical & practical purposes4 ,we c see ?is 9 ! 8/ructural psy*ology0#chi ( ! day & its analysis ( our m5tal life into 8elem5ts10 9 respect ( ! numb] & "* ( :i* !re are la/+ diff]5ces ( op9ion among ! ma/]s ( ! sci5ce--into 8impressions10 & 8affections10 & s5sations1 images1 memories1 ideas1 & s on4 ,& we c see x1 too1 9 ! errone\s attempts sometimes made by psy*ologi/s to treat ^! entities z if !y _h cle>ly def9$ temporal & spatial *>act]i/ics or qualities4 ,! supreme mi/ake ( philosophy1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 has be5 to import into ! doma9 ( speculation a me?od ( ?9k+ t 0 orig9ally de/9$ = action4 ,x has =gott5 t ne>ly all ! lead+ conceptions ( common s5se & ( sci5ce & ( 8analysis0 h be5 inv5t$1 n = f9al & g5]al1 b = relative & p>ticul> purposes4 ,& x has fall5 too readily "u ! influ5ce ( a c]ta9 traditional view ( ! relations betwe5 metaphysics & sci5ce--! view1 namely1 t philosophy %\ld j take ! f9d+s ( sci5ce & ( common-s5se ab\t ! _w z its initial mat]ial1 subject+ !m1 ( c\rse1 to a c]ta9 prelim9>y re9t]pretation1 b f9ally recon/ruct+ !m1 almo/ z !y 71 into a sy/em4#cij ,! "o ?+1 9 %ort1 t philosophy has fail$ to und]/& is ! life & ! movem5t & ! process ( ! _w1 z an inf9itely m important fact ?an ! endless t]ms & conceptions & entities 78w10 8reason10 8,ideas10 etc47 into :i* x has be5 analys$4 ,we might sum up ! :ole by say+ t ,b]gson's anti-intellectualism is simply a prote/1 n aga9/ ! use1 b only aga9/ ! 8sy/ematic misuse0#cia ( g5]al conceptions t h be5 curr5t 9 sci5ce & philosophy 8s9ce ! "t ( ,socrates10 a prote/1 h[ev]1 t 9 8 case is n m]ely g5]al & negative1 b p>ticul>is$ & positive4#cib ,l any & all anti-intellectualism1 ,b]gson's anti-intellectualism is liable to s]i\s mis9t]pretation1 & x is curr5tly mis9t]pret$ & misrepres5t$ z 8irrationalism40 ,8 int5tion1 h[ev]1 is n to de/roy & to condemn philosophy & reason+1 & to exalt m]e intuition & fai?1 b r to 8lib]ate0#cic our human consci\sness ( ourselves & ( ! _w f ! dogmatism ( :at he reg>ds to be ! utilit>ian intellect1 f ! _m hopeless contradictions & ant9omies & puzzles ( ! m]e analytic und]/&+4 ,philosophy1 9 p>ticul>1 he w\ld free f ! la/ traces & symptoms ( sci5tific rationalism1 al?\gh fully aw>e ( ! fact t our mod]n philosophy _h its v dep>ture f ! rationalism ( ! great f\nd]s ( mod]n sci5ce l ,kepl] & ,galileo & ! re/4 ,he w\ld /rike at ! roots ( all ?is confid5t rationalism or sci5tific philosophy by op5+ up a broad] & a deep] view ( tru? ?an t af=d$ to ! m]ely piece-meal & utilit>ian view4 ,z = ! ,actionism & ! action philosophy ( ,b]gson1 ?is is p]haps m 9 l9e ?an any o!r t5d5cy ( ! day ) ! new life & ! new ?\ght ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 al?\gh 7l ,pragmatism7 x /&s 9 ne$ ( correction or revision by ! pr9ciples ( a s\nd e?ical philosophy1 by ! ,idealism t is n1 & _c be1 ! m]e creation ( to-day or ye/]day4 ,9 ess5ce x is1 to beg9 )1 b an ext5sion to ! m9d z a :ole & to all its s-call$ special faculties 78s5sation10 8p]ception10 8memory10 8ideation10 8judgm5t10 8?9k+10 8emotion10 & ! re/7 ( ! 8dynamic10#cid in/ead ( ! old]1 /atic po9t ( view t ! rec5t sci5ce ( our "t has appli$ to matt] & to life1 & t ,pragmatism & ! 8hypo!tical me?od0 h s\ght to apply to all ! ord9>y conceptions & con/ructions t exi/ 9 ! diff]5t doma9s ( ! diff]5t sci5ces4#cie ,x is also1 f our po9t ( view1 z we may see1 an attempt at ! expression1 9 ! t]ms ( a comp>atively simple philosophy1 ( _m ( ! consid]ations 9 respect ( k & conduct t h be5 br\ght =w>d 9 ! prec$+ pages ( ?is book4 ,we h already dwelt 9 diff]5t ways1 = example1 ^u ! fact t !re is no p]ception or s5sation )\t an organic reaction on ! "p ( ! p]cipi5t or ! s5ti5t be+1 t an idea is 9 a s5se a motor attitude 7a way ( compreh5d+ p>ticul>s or p>ticul> facts 9 relation to our purposes & our ends71 t a logical judgm5t repres5ts a 8division0 ( ! real1 or ( ! processes ( ,nature1 = "s purpose or o!r1 t our :ole m5tal life is purposive1 t !re is no 8pure0 cognition )\t att5dant emotion &#cif volition1 t x is 9 action t desire & ?\ght come toge!r1 t our :ole k ( ! _w is necess>ily a k ( x 9 t]ms ( our purposes & our highe/ attitudes1 & s on4 ,all ( ?is is1 z x 71 an indication ( ! psy*ological & ! logical consid]ations ^u :i* ,b]gson bases 8 positive1#cig activi/ic1 philosophy ( m9d4 ,x is to be rememb]$ 9 ,b]gson's int]e/ t :5 we speak ( 8 ,actionism#cih we d n mean a n>r[+ d[n#cii on 8 "p ( ! activities ( ! s\l to physical lab\r & to m]e utilit>ian ef=t1 b its capacity1 also1 = t creative activity :i* he takes to be ! v keynote ( p]sonal life & ! evolution>y process4 ,z = ! fre$om-philosophy ) :i* ,b]gson's ,actionism is to be associat$1 ?is is work$ out by him1 fir/ly1 9 ! mo/ p]fect correspond5ce ) :at he believes to be ! facts ( life & m9d2 &1 secondly1 9 t]ms ( t anti-rationalism 7or ho/ility to ! m]ely sci5tific intellect7 :i* is 8 work+ !ory ( k4 ,8 views ^u ?is subject h also be5 depreciat$ & misund]/ood by "s ( 8 oppon5ts :o attack :at !y call 8 8intuitional0 treatm5t ( ! fre$om-"q--8 insi/5ce ^u ! direct intuition ( our life t we h :5 we act consci\sly1 & :5 we are 8mo/ ourselves0--:5 we act out 8freely0 our own nature4 ,to him ! prim>y fact = any human be+ is ! life-impulse t is bo? in/9ctive & reflective1 t is c]ta9ly f> m ( a fundam5tal reality ?an any ( ^? entities or concepts 78cells10 8atoms10 8=ces10 8laws10 or :at n7 :i*1 ) ,kant1 he cle>ly sees to be ! creation ( ! intellect = its descriptive & practical purposes4 ,?is life is 8free0 9 ! s5se t we are n 8det]m9$0 by any or all ( ^? =ces & laws to :i* our intellect subjects ev]y?+ else1 b :i* x _c apply to ! life t is m ?an m]e matt]1 t is a real becom+ & a real process1 a real creation & developm5t4 ,! 8spiritualism10 aga91 ( 8 int]pretation ( ?is life & activity re/s1 to beg9 )1 ^u 8 op9ion t ! v inception ( ! activity1 & ! adju/m5t1 & ! selection 9 :i* ! simple/ life-ef=t1 & ! simple/ p]ception ( a liv+ be+ consi/1 indicate ! pres5ce & ! op]ation ( a controll+ ag5cy1#djj or m9d1 or pr9ciple ( spiritual 8*oice0 t is n1 & _c be1 expla9$ on ! pr9ciples ( a me*anical sci5ce or philosophy4 ,?is pr9ciple is1 9 a ^w1 ! life-=ce1 or ! creative activity1 ! lan vital ( :i* we read s mu* 9 8 books1 t has 8seiz$ ^u matt]10 vitaliz+ x into =ce & en]gy1 into ! 8play0 ^u ea* o!r ( all ! v>i$ activities & grades & =ms ( ! w to live1 & into ! v>i\s =ms ( socializ$ & co-op]ative liv+ on ! "p ( animals & m54 ,we %all imm$iately rem>k ^u ! matt] ( ! app>5t limitations ( ?is spiritual philosophy ( life1 or reality1 t is "h b indicat$ or /at$4 ,"o ( its ess5tial features1 s f> z we are at pres5t conc]n$1 is 8 claim t 8 introduction ( a spiritual pr9ciple into ! life-=ce1 or ! creative activity t has express$ itself 9 ! v>i\s grades & =ms ( life1 bo? animal & human1 is n a phase ( ! old philosophy#dja or !ology ( 8f9al causes0 or ( a pr$et]m9$#djb 8teleology40 ,to ?is old f9alism or teleology#djc ! life ( organic nature 7! 8organs0 & 8cells10 ! 8in/9ctive0 actions1 & ! 8adju/m5ts0 ( animals1 & s on7 7 all due to ! "w ( a pre-exi/+1 calculat+ intellig5ce op]at+ ^u matt]2 :]eas to him !y are b diff]5t expressions or creations ( ! life-=ce t is z little pr$et]m9$ 9 organic evolution1 z x is 9 ! realm ( ! activities int]pret$ = u 79 "p7 by ! new] physics & ! new] *emi/ry--9 ! processes1 = example1 t are exemplifi$ 9 ! g5]ation ( a /> out ( a nebula4 ,?is entire treatm5t1 h[ev]1 ( ! notion ( purpose 9 nature is a matt] ( great difficulty 9 ! philosophy ( ,b]gson1 & 8 own ?\ght 7z ,i %all pres5tly /ate7 is apt to /rike u z j z hypo!tical z "s ( ! views he attempts to combat4 ,x raises1 too1 ! "q ( ! valuation ( 8 philosophy z a :ole1 & ( its relation to ! great ?9k] :o /ill /&s 9 ! v c5tre ( ! entire mod]n movem5t f ,cop]nicus to ,comte & ,d>w9--,immanuel ,kant4#djd ,we %all be/ get at ! matt] ( ! full] developm5ts ( ! philosophy ( ,b]gson t are ( int]e/ to u at pres5t1 by indicat+ "s ( ! results t w\ld accrue f x to ! con/ructive philosophy 9 :i* we are int]e/$ z ! outcome ( ,pragmatism & ,idealism4 ,among ^! w\ld be1 fir/ly1 a new & a fre%1 & yet a p]fectly rational appreh5sion ( ! fact ( ! necess>ily ab/ract & hypo!tical#dje "* ( ! analyses to :i* our _w is subject$ by ! sci5ce & by ! te*nic & ! suppos$ 8economy0 ( our pres5t culture4#djf ,!n an equally new & equally rational 7or 8rationally gr\nd$07 conviction ( ! inadequacy ( ! physical & ! sci5tific categories to ! compreh5sion & ! explanation ( life & ( ! life ( ! _s4 ,?irdly1 a confirmation ( _m ( ! t5d5cies to :i* ! ,pragmatism & ! ,volunt>ism & ! ,humanism ( ! la/ c5tury h giv5 a m or less "o-sid$ & imp]fect =mulation4 ,among su* confirm$ t5d5cies are 77 ! attempt !y h all made to atta9 to a deep]#djg view ( human nature ?an ! view hi!rto tak5 by rationalism & intellectualism1 77 _! emphasis ^u ! fre$om & ! initiative#djh ( ! individual & ^u ! necessity1 on ! "p ( philosophy1 ( a 8dynamic0 or 8motive-awak5+0#dji !ory ( reality1 77 _! insi/5ce#daj simil>ly ^u ! necessity to our ?\ght ( a direct contact ) reality1 & ^u ! impossibility ( our beg9n+ 9 philosophy )\t assumptions ( "o k9d or ano!r1 77 _! refusal to make any ultimate sep>ation#daa betwe5 ! intellect & ! w1 betwe5 ! highe/ ?\ght & ! highe/ emotion1 77 _! t5d5cy to reg>d belief#dab r ?an k z our fundam5tal e/imate ( tru? & reality4 ,a f\r? con/ructive result1 h[ev]1 ( ! philosophy ( ,b]gson w\ld be n ! m]e confirmation ( any numb] ( pragmati/ & humani/ t5d5cies1 b _! integration1 & _! trans=mation into ! evid5ces & ! manife/ation ( a new spiritual philosophy ( life & ( ! univ]se g5]ally4 ,x is ?is possible quasi integration & trans=mation ( s _m ( ! t5d5cies ( ,pragmatism & ,volunt>ism & ( ! ,philosophy ( ,sci5ce ( ! day1 t makes ,b]gson ! greate/ ( all ! pragmati/s--al?\gh ! t]m h>dly occurs 9 8 ma9 writ+s1 & al?\gh he brea!s f fir/ to la/ ! air ( an idealism#dac & a spiritualism t is above & beyond all ! m]e in/rum5talism1 & ! m]e empiricism & ! e?ical opportunism ( ,pragmatism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! difficulties & c\nt]-consid]ations t /& 9 ! way ( ! intelligibility & ! suppos$ novelty ( ! philosophy ( ,b]gson4 7#a7 ,x is 9 "s respects b a biological philosophy aft] all1 a w\ld-be philosophical int]pretation ( ! 8evolution>y process0 :i* takes _m ?+s = grant$ & ignores _m difficulties4 ,"s ( ^! ?+s are ! life-=ce itself1 ! lan de vie1 ! vital aspects t he sees 9 ! =ces ( nature1 ! 8et]nal movem5t0 ( :i* he is always speak+ z ! only reality & z ! v life ( ! univ]se1 ! :ole 8adaptation0 philosophy t *>act]ises 8 own teleology despite 8 attacks on 8me*anism0 & on 8f9alism10 & s on4 ,"o is tempt$1 inde$1 to ?9k t 9 mu* ( all ?is he =gets 8 own doctr9e ( ! hypo!tical "* ( sci5ce & philosophy1 & t1 9 8 v anxiety to escape f me*anism & f rationalism1 & ,paleyism1 he cr$its ,nature ) a cont+5cy & a 8fre$om0#dad t corresponds 9 _! way to ! *aos1 ( :i* ! ,greeks ?\ght z a necess>y backgr\nd to ! cosmos4 ,he seems1 9 o!r words1 to deify into a k9d ( et]nal 8becom+0 & a quasi free & creative 8duration10 8 own 7necess>y7 inability to grasp ! sy/em ( ?+s4 ,!n1 secondly1 !re is a v]itable crop ( difficulties t arise out ( 8 cont5tion t our intellect is adapt$ 8only to matt]40 ,:at1 = example1 ( ! v>i\s non-utilit>ian#dae intuitions ( art & morality & religion1 t are z und\bt$ly facts ( our consci\s exp]i5ce z is our compreh5sion & utilisation ( 8matt]0 = ! v>i\s purposes ( civilisation8#daf ,if x be lit]ally true t our und]/&+ is 8incapacitat$0 = ! compreh5sion ( life & ( ! creative activities ( ! s\l1 a new set ( categories & a high] =m ( intellig5ce 7?an ! m]ely mat]ial7 mu/ be elaborat$ = ?is special purpose4 ,& if ?is high] =m ( intellig5ce be ! 8intuition0 ( :i* ,b]gson und\bt$ly makes s mu*1 !n he mu/ be m c>eful ?an he (t5 is 9 sugge/+ t intuition & a philosophy ( our intuitions 8mu/ g c\nt] to ! intellect40#dag ,8 !ory ( art r$uces itself1 = example1 9 ! ma9 to ! negative cont5tion t spiritual p]ception is always simply 8anti-me*anical10#dah simply ! p[] ( see+ ?+s 9 ano!r way ?an t ( ! eng9e] or ! craftsman1 ! homo fab]4 ,?irdly1 !re are _m dualisms or oppositions 9 8 doctr9e or express$ tea*+1 r$ucible all ( !m to ! "o great ,c>tesian dualism betwe5 ! m9d & ! matt] t are said by him to int]sect 9 memory1 & 9 p]ception1 & 9 ! life ( ! _s g5]ally--! opposition1 = example1 betwe5 in/9ct & intellig5ce1 t betwe5 intellig5ce & intuition1#dai betwe5 ! 8me*anical0 & ! 8organic10 betwe5 ! 8upw>d0 & ! 8d[nw>d0 movem5ts t he attributes to ! life-=ce4 ,& !re is a /rik+ inconsi/5cy betwe5 8 app>5t acceptance ( ! tea*+ ( ,kant 9 respect ( ! limitations ( ! physical & ! temporal way ( look+ at ?+s 7ourselves includ$ & our actions7 & 8 belief 9 an et]nal 8duration10#dbj or movem5t1 or process ( :i* he is always speak+ z ! v life & texture ( ev]y?+4 ,?is 8real0 or 8pure0 8duration0 is a ?+ t tr\bles all /ud5ts ( 8 philosophy2 x seems to make ,b]gson believe 9 :at ,james talk$ ( z a 8/rung-along0 univ]se4 ,& !re is an inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! supremacy t he seems will+ to accord to m9d & _s 9 ! case ( ! new individuals :o are always be+ born into ! _w1 & ! abs5ce ( a simil> supremacy 7or det]m9+ rle7 9 ! case ( ! m9d or _s )\t ^: exi/5ce & op]ation ! univ]se is un?9kable4#dba ,z = ! latt] contradiction1 we may note 9 8 fav\r t he talks1 at lea/ once or twice1 ( 8,god0 z 8unceas+ life0#dbb & 8active fre$om10 & ,i am incl9$ to take ?is ma/] ?\ght z possibly a k9d ( f\ndation = 8 ri* & sugge/ive philosophy ( life & reality4 ,b !re is 9 8 writ+s no?+ l ! ?or\gh-go+ attempt t we f9d 9 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle#dbc to gr\nd ! motion & ! life ( ! _w 9 ,god z its f9al cause & its ultimate explanation4 ,equally little is !re 9 ,b]gson a ?or\gh-go+ attempt to "w out ! ,idealism#dbd ^u :i* 8 :ole sy/em reposes--8 initial conception ( objects z 8images10 or 8ideas0 = a consci\sness1 or = ! life-=ce1 or = ! diff]5t 8c5tres ( activity0 ) :i* he peoples ! worlds4 ,f\r?ly1 !re is ! drawback f ! po9t ( view ( social philosophy ab\t ! ?\ght ( ,b]gson to :i* we h already made ref]5ce--t x lacks someh[ ! e?ical & ! social idealism t w\ld w>rant u 9 ?9k+ ( x z a wor?y rival or sub/itute = ! philosophy ( hi/ory ( ! great ideali/s ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,x is necess>y to speak "h ) ! utmo/ caution if we w\ld avoid do+ inju/ice#dbe to ,b]gson4 ,we _c mean1 = example1 t he does n d ju/ice#dbf to ! social factor 9 human developm5t ( :i* we h he>d s mu*1 p]haps too mu*1 f ! sociologi/s4#dbg ,we might mean1 h[ev]1 & we d 9 a s5se mean t he has n made z mu* z he might h done ( ?is factor1 by develop+ = ! ?\ght ( to-day ! reality ( t _w ( 8spiritual communion0 & 8int]-subjective int]c\rse0 ( :i* we h spok5 m ?an once4 ,!n we might also cont5d t ,b]gson has n z yet1 9 8 philosophy ( human life1 tak5 mu* cognizance ( ! deep]#dbh exp]i5ces ( life1 ( ! specifically e?ical & religi\s feel+s & ?\ghts ( m54 ,) ! pragmati/s he is unduly optimi/ic ab\t ! free expansive developm5t ( ! individual4 ,aga9/ ?is objection x may be repli$1 t he has s ?or\ghly assimilat$ into ! v texture ( 8 ?\ght & feel+ "s ( ! f9e/ ?+s 9 ! spiritualism & ! idealism ( ! reflective ?\ght ( ,france#dbi t we w\ld n1 if we c\ld1 wi% ! g]m9al or fructify+ elem5ts 9 8 sy/em to be diff]5t f :at !y are4 ,8 8social0 message is p]haps aft] all ! be/ ?+ t x c be--! ne$ ( ! inw>d spiritualization ( ! life & ?\ght ( ! individual4 ,la/ly1 9 addition to ! f9e traditional spiritualism & lib]t>ianism ( ,fr5* philosophy1 we may ?9k ( ! volunt>ism ( ,kant & ,s*op5hau] z also militat+ some:at aga9/ ! idea ( ,b]gson's orig9ality#dcj 9 philosophy4 ,despite ?is x is /ill possible to reg>d him z "o ( important1 mod]n1 expon5ts ( j t developm5t ( ! ,kantian philosophy t became imp]ative aft] ,d>w9ism4 ,he has inde$ inaugurat$ = u t read+ ( ! 8!ory ( k0 9 t]ms ( ! 8!ory ( life0#dca :i* is 8 true & real cont9uation ( ! critical "w ( ,kant4 ,hypo!tical al?\gh x may be 9 _m respects1 x moves 7ow+ to 8 ?or\gh absorption 9 ! _m facts & !ories ( ! biology ( rec5t ye>s7 9 an atmosph]e t is altoge!r above ! conf9es ( ! physical & ! ma!matical#dcb sci5ces ) :i* alone ,kant 0 79 ! ma97 directly acqua9t$4 ,x is "t t1 ) ! help he af=ds 9 8 free h&l+ ( ! facts ( life & ( ! suppos$ facts & !ories ( sci5ce1 we %\ld trans=m ! exigu\s 8epi/emology0#dcc ( ! pa/ g5]ation into ! m p]fect hold ^u 8criticism0 & ^u ! life ( ?+s t is repres5t$ 9 8 ?\ght4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks ,en\gh has n[ be5 said 9 ! =ego+ pages ab\t ,pragmatism & ! philosophy ( ,actionism 9 relation to ,rationalism1 & to ! ,p]sonalism & ! ,humanism t !y w\ld sub/itute = x & = ,absolutism4 ,indications h be5 giv5 too ( ! %ortcom+s & ! defects ( ?is v ,p]sonalism or ,humanism1 & ( "s ( ! diff]5t l9es along :i* x w\ld require to be reconsid]$ & develop$ to con/itute a satisfactory philosophy4 ,9 addition to "s ( ! great] names 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ,i h ref]r$--9 ! footnotes & else:]e--to ! ?\ghts & ! works ( liv+ writ]s :o might be pr(itably /udi$ by ! read] 9 ?is connexion4 ,pragmatism is 9 "s respects b a sociological or an an?ropological doctr9e significant ( ! r$iscov]y by our age ( ! doctr9e ( man1 & ( its desire to accord to ?is doctr9e ! importance t is its due4 ,x repres5t$1 to beg9 ) 79 its ,in/rum5talism *iefly71 ! discont5t ( a dy+ c5tury ) ! weight ( its own creations 9 ! realm ( sci5ce & !ory along ) a new] & fre%] consci\sness ( ! fact t !re c be no rigid sep>ation ( philosophy f ! g5]al ?\ght & practice ( mank9d4 ,& ev5 if we accept ?is idea ( ! supremacy ( ! doctr9e ( man ov] bo? philosophy & sci5ce1 ?is does n mean t we exalt ! work] & ! prophet ov] all k1 b simply t philosophy mu/ h a !ory ( reality t provides = _! exi/5ce & function alongside ( ^? ( ! ?9k] or ! /ud5t z su*4 ,! true philosophy is 9 fact ! true doctr9e ( man4 ,ano!r lesson t we may le>n f ,pragmatism & ,humanism is ! tru? ( ! cont5tion t !re c be no philosophy )\t assumptions ( "o k9d or ano!r1 )\t facts & intuitions & imm$iate exp]i5ces4 ,a philosophy itself is an act or a creation1 repres5tative ( ! att5tion ( ! ?9k] to c]ta9 aspects ( 8 exp]i5ce & ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! _w :i* he %>es ) o!r ?9k]s & ) o!r ag5ts4 ,&1 z ,b]gson has rem9d$ u1 x is (t5 ! great intuition und]ly+ ! att5tion & ! ?\ght ( a philosoph] t is ( m wor? to ! _w ?an ! dialectic1 or ! logic1 ?r\gh ! aid ( :i* x is set =? & elaborat$4 ,?is latt] he may frequ5tly h inh]it$ or absorb$ f ! s*ools ( 8 "t4 ,! reason :y ! ideali/s & ! dialecticians ( our "t h s (t5 f\ght %y ( beg9n+ ) ! imm$iate or ! 8giv510 is p>tly t !y are n yet 9 _! ?\ghts p]fectly free ( "s ta9t or t9cture ( ! suppos$ realism or dualism ( ! common-s5se philosophy or ! correspond5ce view ( tru?4 ,!y seem to h ! fe> t if !y admit a giv5 elem5t ( fact 9 speculation !y w unconsci\sly be admitt+ t !re is some?+ outside ?\ght & imm$iate exp]i5ce 9 ! true s5se ( ^! t]ms4 ,9 ?is fe> !y are =getful ( ! great lesson ( ,idealism t !re is no?+ 8outside0 ?\ght & consci\sness1 no 8object0 )\t a 8subject10 t ! _w is 8ph5om5al0 ( a great exp]i5ce1 :i* !y & o!r m5 are engag$ 9 int]pret+1 & ( :i* we may all become directly consci\s4 ,& :ile to ,god ! end ( all exp]i5ces & processes is kn[n f ! beg9n+1 or ap>t f ! m]e "t & space limitations t affect u z f9ite be+s1 x is /ill true t = u z m5 & z ?9k]s ! reality ( ?+s is n 8giv50 ap>t f ! contribution to x t we ourselves make 9 our responsive & 9 our creative activity4 ,9 cont5d+1 !re=e1 = ! reality1 9 e philosophy1 ( ?is assumption ( ourselves & ( ! work+ value ( our ?\ght & ( our activity1 ,pragmatism has be5 cont5d+ 9 its own fa%ion = ! great doctr9e ( ! sov]eignty ( ! _s :i* 7:5 prop]ly int]pret$7 is ! "o ?+ t c inde$ recall ! mod]n m9d out ( its endless disp]sion & di/raction1 & out ( its reput$ pres5t indiff]5ce4 ,x is 9 ! plac+ ( ?is great reality be=e ! _w1 or1 r1 ( ! view ( human nature t makes x a possibility1 & 9 intelligibility1 t 79 my op9ion7 ! significance ( ,pragmatism consi/s1 along ) t ( ! v>i\s doctr9es ) :i* x may be naturally associat$4 ,!re are _m indications 9 ! be/ ?\ght & practice ( our "t t humanity is aga9 awak5+ to a creative & a self-det]m9ative view ( itself1 ( its exp]i5ce1 & ( its p[]s4 ,( ! presuppositions & ! conditions "u :i* ?is idea may be reg>d$ z true & intelligible ,i h already spok54 ,its prop] int]pretation1 h[ev]1 along ) ! exposition ( ! metaphysic ^u :i* x mu/ be made to repose1 is at lea/ "p ( ! "w ( ! philosophy ( ! future--if philosophy is true to its task ( lead+ & guid+ ! ?\ght ( mank9d4 ,,footnotes #a ,see1 = example1 ! concessions & ! fre% /atem5ts ( ! problem ( philosophy1 & ! 8cle>+ ( ! gr\nd10 etc41 ref]r$ to on p4 #gf & p4 #gd4 ,also p4 #bg 9 ref]5ce to ! /ir & ! activity t h be5 excit$ by ! pragmati/ controv]sy4 ,see also p4 #bcj1 9 ! eigh? *apt]1 9 ref]5ce to "s ?+s 9 su* a typical intellectuali/ z ,pr(essor ,bosanquet t may be con/ru$ z a concession to ,pragmatism & ,humanism4 #b ,dr4 ,edw>d ,caird affirm$ 9 8 memoir ( 8 bro!r 7,pr9cipal ,john ,caird7 t ideali/s admit "s pragmati/ *>ges4 #c ,pr(essor ,/e91 a contempor>y ,european au?ority1 to :om we %all aga9 ref] bel[1 says1 = example1 9 8 well-kn[n articles 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,philosophie 7#aijh71 9 ref]5ce to ,pragmatism1 t we h _h no?+ l x z a #8movem5t' 8s9ce ,nietzs*e0 78,d] ,pragmatismus10 p4 #i74 #d ,see ,*apt] ,,viii41 :]e ,i discuss ! natural !ology t bases itself ^u ^! suppos$ pr9ciples ( a 8:ole ( tru?0 & ! 8,absolute40 #e ,?is /atem5t ,i ?9k w\ld be w>rant$ by ! fact ( ! t5d5cy ( ! new] physical sci5ce ( ! day to sub/itute an electrical1 = ! old mat]ial1 or corpuscul>1 conception ( matt]1 or by ! admission1 = example1 ( a contempor>y biologi/ ( importance 7,v]worn1 ,g5]al ,physiology1 p4 #ci7 t 8all attempts to expla9 ! psy*ical by ! physical mu/ fail4 ,! actual problem is 444 n 9 expla9+ psy*ical by physical ph5om5a b r 9 r$uc+ to its psy*ical elem5ts physical1 l all o!r psy*ical ph5om5a40 #f ,see p4 #ha1 & p4 #aej4 #g ,see ,*apt] ,v4 pp4 #acf1 #ach1 :]e we exam9e1 or reflect ^u1 ! e?ics ( ,pragmatism4 #h ,! importance ( ^! volumes 9 ! matt] ( ! developm5t1 9 ! m9ds ( ?9k+ p ev]y:]e1 ( a dynamic & an organic 7in/ead ( ! old] rationali/ic & intellectuali/ic7 conception ( religion & ( ! religi\s life _c possibly be ov]e/imat$4 ,( c\rse x is only "r to add "h t su* a dynamic & organic view ( religion is ! prop]ty n only ( ,pr(essor ,james & 8 associates1 b also ( ! army ( work]s ( to-day 9 ! realms ( comp>ative religion & an?ropology4 #i ,pragmatism1 p4 #cjj4 #aj ,or an admission l ! foll[+ 9 ! ,mean+ ( ,tru? 7p4 #bdc73 8,x may be t ! true/ ( all beliefs %all be t 9 transsubjective realities40 #aa ,mean+ ( ,tru?1 p4 #abd1 #e4 #ab ,see p4 #dj & p4 #adi4 #ac ,pragmatism1 pp4 #bdd-bde4 #ad ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 p4 #cd4 #ae ,9 respect ( ,james' lat] doctr9e ( 8radical empiricism0 we may quote1 = ! sake ( intelligibility1 f ,pr(essor ,p]ry 78 fri5d & lit]>y executor7 ! foll[+3 8,james' empiricism means1 !n1 fir/1 t ideas are to be te/$ by direct k1 &1 second1 t k is limit$ to :at c be pres5t$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ?ird consid]ation :i* is an application ( ^!1 & ! means ( avoid+ a difficulty :i* is suppos$ to be fatal to !m4 ,?is is :at ,james calls #8radical empiricism1' ! discov]y t #8! relations betwe5 ?+s1 conjunctive z well z disjunctive1 are j z mu* matt]s ( direct p>ticul> exp]i5ce1 nei!r m nor less s1 ?an ! ?+s !mselves4' #8,adjac5t m9ima ( exp]i5ce' are unit$ by ! #8p]si/5t id5tity ( c]ta9 units1 or emphases1 or po9ts1 or objects1 or memb]s 444 ( ! exp]i5ce-cont9uum4' ,ow+ to ! fact t ! connexions ( ?+s are ?us f\nd along ) !m1 x is unnecess>y to introduce any sub/ance bel[ !m1 or any subject above !m1 to hold ?+s toge!r0 7,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies1 p4 #cfe74 ,9 reg>d to ?is radical empiricism1 ,i am oblig$1 z a ,kantian1 to say t1 to my m9d1 x repres5ts ! r$uction ( all ,pragmatism & ,empiricism to an impossibility--to ! fatu\s attempt 7explod$ = ev] by ,hume7 to attempt to expla9 k & exp]i5ce )\t fir/ pr9ciples ( "s k9d or ano!r4 ,x is a 8new ,humism10 a ?+ :i* no "o :o has p5etrat$ into ! mean+ ( ,hume's ,treatise c possibly advocate4 ,a philosophy )\t fir/ pr9ciples1 or a philosophy t r$uces ! relations betwe5 exp]i5ces to m]e 8bits0 ( exp]i5ce1 is inde$ no philosophy at all4 #af ,see p4 #hb & p4 #aed4 #ag ,! ,preface1 pp4 xv41 xix4 #ah ,see p4 #aei & p4 #bab4 #ai ,z = ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s *>ge t ,absolutism is ess5tially 8irreligi\s0 9 spite ( ! fact ( its hav+ be5 79 ,engl&7 religi\s at ! outset1 ! be/ way ( meet+ ?is is to insi/ t x is ma9ly 9 its =m1 r ?an its cont5t1 t ,absolutism is 7or 07 irreligi\s 9 bo? ,g]many & ,engl&4 #bj ,briti% /ud5ts ( philosophy are q well aw>e t x 0 ! religi\s & ! spiritual motive t seem$ to weigh mo/ ) ,hut*ison ,/irl+ & ,john ,caird & ,gre5 9 _! attempts 7?irty ye>s ago7 to introduce ,g]man transc5d5tal philosophy to _! fell[-c\ntrym54 ,/irl+ 0 impress$ ) ! idea ( a work+ correspond5ce betwe5 ,hegelianism & ,calv9ism4 ,john ,caird's animus 0 aga9/ ! agno/icism ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ( ,mansel1 & he f\nd inspiration 9 ?is connexion 9 ,hegel's treatm5t ( ,kant's !ory ( ! limitations ( ! und]/&+4 ,& to ,gre5 ! attractive ?+ ab\t ,kant 0 8 v9dication ( a 8spiritual pr9ciple0 9 8nature10 & 9 8k10 & 9 8conduct10 a pr9ciple :i* r5d]$ absurd ! naturalism ( ! evolution>y philosophy4 ,fri5ds ( ?is spirituali/ic int]pretation ( ,g]man ,critical ,rationalism f9d its ri*e/ & fulle/ expression 9 ! books ( ,edw>d ,caird ^u ! ,evolution ( ,religion & ! ,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s4 #ba ,! idea ( a left w+ is g5]ally associat$ 9 ! m9ds ( ,briti% /ud5ts ) ! de/ructive criticism ( ,mr4 ,bradley 9 ,appe>ance & ,reality1 9 :i* _m1 or mo/1 ( our ord9>y ways ( reg>d+ reality 7our beliefs 9 8prim>y0 & 8second>y0 qualities ( matt]1 9 8space0 & 8"t10 9 8causation10 8activity10 a 8self10 9 8?+s 9 !mselves10 etc47 are convict$ ( 8fatal inconsi/5cies40 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,pr+le-,pattison's in/ructive acc\nt ( 8 book 9 ,man's ,place 9 ! ,cosmos1 br++ out ! positive side4 ,! 8left0 is repres5t$ too1 n[1 9 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's ,individuality & ,value1 :i* we exam9e bel[ z ! la/ /rik+ output ( ,briti% transc5d5talism or absolutism4 ,see 9 ?is entire connexion ,pr(essor ,james ,se?'s rec5t acc\nt ( ! 8,ideali/ ,answ]s to ,hume0 9 8 ,engli% ,philosophy & ,s*ools ( ,philosophy4 #bb ,see p4 #bdd4 ,i f9d a confirmation ( ?is idea 9 :at a biologi/ l ,pr(essor ,ne$ham treats ( z ! 8autog5etic nature ( responses0 7,g5]al ,biology1 p4 #dgd7 9 animals4 #bc ,see ! ,/udies 9 ,humanism = all ! positions ref]r$ to1 or quot$1 or p>aphras$1 9 ^! two p>agraphs4 #bd ,?is is an important essay4 ,x rem9ds ! mod]n read]1 = "o ?+1 ( ! importance ( ! natural !ology ( ,ari/otle4 ,x is an anticipation1 too1 9 its way1 ( ! t5d5cy ( mod]n physics to sub/itute a dynamic = a /atic conception ( matt]1 or atoms1 or sub/ance4 ,9 x ,dr4 ,s*ill] po9ts out h[ ,ari/otle's doctr9e ( a p]fect & self-p]fect+ ,activity an t is n m]e *ange or motion1 b a p]fect 8life0 involv+ ! disappe>ance ( 8"t0 & imp]fection is 9 a s5se ! solution ( ! old ,greek & ! mod]n dem& = ! sub/ance or ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,we %all take occasion 79 speak+ ( ! importance to ,philosophy ( ! concept ( activity1 & 9 speak+ ( ! ,philosophy ( ,b]gson7 to use ! same idea1 to :i* ,dr4 ,s*ill] has giv5 an expression 9 ?is essay1 ( ,god z ! et]nal or ! p]fect life ( ! _w4 #be ,= a fav\rable e/imate ( ! s]vices ( ,dr4 ,s*ill] 9 reg>d to ,pragmatism & ,humanism ! read] may consult ! articles ( ,capta9 ,knox 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 #aiji4 #bf ,/udies 9 ,humanism1 p4 #ai4 ,! rem>ks made 9 ?is p>agraph w h to be modifi$1 to "s ext5t1 9 view ( ! rec5t 7#aiaa7 appe>ance ( ! ?ird edition ( ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s ,riddles ( ! ,sph9x4 ,?is notewor?y book conta9s1 to say ! v lea/1 a great deal 9 ! way ( a positive ontology1 or !ory ( be+1 & also _m q diff]5t rul+s 9 respect ( ! nature ( metaphysic & ( ! matt] ( its relation to sci5ce & to common s5se4 ,x re/s1 9 ! ma91 ^u ! idea ( a p]fect society ( p]fect$ individuals z at once ! true reality & ! end ( ! _w-process--an idea :i* exi/s also1 at lea/ 9 g]m1 9 ! plurali/ic philosophy ( ,pr(essor ,james2 & we %all inde$ return to ?is practical1 or sociological1 philosophy z ! outcome1 n only ( ,pragmatism1 b also ( ,idealism1 z conceiv$ by repres5tative liv+ ?9k]s4 ,despite1 h[ev]1 ^! _m positive & con/ructive m]its ( ?is "w ( ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s1 x is = _m reasons n altoge!r unfair to its _s to cont5d t 8 philosophy is /ill1 9 ! ma91 t ( a humani/ic pragmatism 9 :i* bo? 8!ory0 & 8practice0 are conceiv$ z exp]im5tally & z hypo!tically z !y are by ,pr(essor ,dewey4 #bg ,see p4 #ajf4 #bh ,see ,pr(essor ,bawd5's book ^u ,pragmatism4 #bi ,pragmatism1 p4 #eh4 #cj ,ibid4 #gf4 #ca ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 p4 #b4 #cb ,i endeav\r to indicate :at ?is ,humanism & ,p]sonalism may be 9 my six? *apt]4 #cc ,j\rn4 ( ,phil4 ,psy*ol41 #aijf1 p4 #cch4 #cd ,f vol4 ii4 7p4 #cbb7 ( ,baldw9's ,diction>y ( ,philosophy4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,peirce1 =m]ly a tea*] ( ma!matics & philosophy at ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 0 made by ,james into ! fa!r or patron sa9t ( ,pragmatism4 ,james confesses to h be5 /imulat$ into ,pragmatism by ! tea*+s ( ,peirce4 #ce ,j\rn4 ( ,phil4 ,psy41 #aijf1 p4 #cdj4 #cf ,see pp4 #gh1 #adh2 & 9 ref]5ce to ! la/ /rik+ pres5tation ( ,absolutism1 p4 #bcj4 #cg ,see ,b\rdeau1 ,pragmatisme et ,mod]nisme1 & ,w4 ,riley 9 ! ,j\rn4 ( ,phil4 ,psy41 ,april & ,may #aiaa2 ! ,james article1 ,j\rn4 ( ,phil41 #aijf2 ,j\rn4 ( ,phil41 #aijg1 pp4 #bf-cg1 on ,pap9i's 8,introduction to ,pragmatism02 ,! ,nation 7,n4,y471 ,novemb] #aijg1 on 8,pap9i's view ( ! #8daily trag$y' ( life40 #ch ,report$ to h be5 inaugurat$ by a ,franco-,italian poet1 ,m>t9etti4 ,( ! "q ( any possible connexion betwe5 ?is 8,futurism0 ) ! pres5t ,art movem5t be>+ ! same "n ,i "k no?+ def9ite4 #ci ,i ref] to ! rec5t volume d$icat$ by "s ( 8 old pupils to ,pr(essor ,g>man--a celebrat$ tea*] ( philosophy 9 "o ( ! old] colleges ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #dj ,! two l>ge volumes on ! ,psy*ology ( ,adolesc5ce4 #da ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religion4 #db ,ev5 su* a book--& x is no d\bt 9 its way a g5u9e & a notewor?y book--z ,h>old ,h4 ,begbie's ,twice-born ,m5 is po9t$ to by ?is w+ z ano!r in/ance ( ! tru? ( pragmati/ pr9ciples 9 ! sph]e ( exp]im5tal religion4 ,s*op5hau]1 by ! way1 0 incl9$ to e/imate ! efficacy ( a religion by its p[] ( affect+ ! w1 ( conv]t+ m5 s t !y 7 able to ov]come ! selfi% w to live4 ,see my ,s*op5hau]'s ,sy/em 9 its ,philosophical ,significance4 #dc ,see1 = example1 ! decl>ation ( ,james & ,s*ill] 79 ! prefaces to _! books & else:]e7 9 respect ( _! attitudes to ! "w ( m5 l ,r5\vi]1 ,po9c>1 ,milhaud1 ,wilbois1 ,le ,roy1 ,blondel1 ,prad9es1 ! valuable reports ( ,m4 ,lal&e to ! ,philosophical ,review 7#aijf-g-h71 ! articles ( ,woodbridge ,riley 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy 7#aiaa7 ^u ! cont95tal critics ( ,pragmatism1 ! books ( ,b\rdeau1 ,heb]t1 ,rey1 ,tonqu$oc1 ,arm& ,sabati]1 ,s*9z1 ,pic>d1 ,b]!lot1 ^? ( ,po9c>1 ,r5\vi]1 ,prad9es1 & ! re/1 ! old] books ^u n9ete5?-c5tury ,fr5* philosophy by m5 l ,f\ille1 ,levy-,bruhl1 etc4 ,!re are also valuable ref]5ces ^u ! ,fr5* pragmati/s 9 ,fa!r ,walk]'s ,!ories ( ,k 79 ! ,/oneyhur/ ,s]ies71 & 9 ,pr(essor ,+e's valuable little book ^u ,fai? & its ,psy*ology4 #dd ,! out/&+ repres5tative 9 ,france dur+ ! entire second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ( 8,neo-,criticism0 or 8,neo-,kantianism10 a rem>kable & compreh5sive ?9k]1 to ^: influ5ce1 = example1 ,james attribut$ a "p ( 8 m5tal developm5t4 ,8 review1 ! ,critique ,philosophique1 0 a wor?y 7ideali/7 rival ( ! m positivi/ically incl9$1 & m]ely psy*ological1 review ( ,ribot1 ! ,revue ,philosophique4 ,fr5* ,neo-,kantianism1 hold+1 z ,r5\vi] does1 t ,kant's e?ics is ! key/one ( 8 sy/em1 is n 9 g5]al incl9$ to ! 8positivism0 or ! 8sci5tific0 philosophy ( "s ( ! ,g]man ,neo-,kantians4 ,! critical "w ( ,r5\vi] proposes "s v +5i\s & sy/ematic re>rangem5ts ( ,kant's philosophy ( ! categories1 & 8 fre$om-philosophy mu/ c]ta9ly h done a good deal 7along ) ! "w ( o!rs7 to create ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ,b]gson lives & moves to-day4 ,) ,r5\vi]1 ,neo-,kantianism m]ges itself too 9 ! new] philosophy ( 8,p]sonalism10 & he wrote1 inde$1 an important book ^u ?is v subject 7,le ,p]sonnalisme1 #aijb74 ,9 ?is "w1 we f9d a criticism ( rationalism t anticipates ,pragmatism1 ! au?or explicitly cont5d+ = a sub/itution ( ! pr9ciple ( 8rational belief0 in/ead ( ! 8false pr9ciple0 ( demon/rable or a priori 8evid5ce40 ,consci\sness1 he tea*es1 is ! f\ndation ( exi/5ce1 & 8p]sonality0 ! fir/ 8causal pr9ciple0 ( ! _w 7al?\gh admitt+ 8creation0 to be beyond our compreh5sion74 ,he exam9es critically1 too1 ! notions ( ! 8,absolute0 & ( ! 8,uncondition$10 hold+ t !y %\ld n be sub/antiat$ into entities4 8,belief0 is involv$ 9 8e act10 he tea*es--also ano!r pragmati/ doctr9e4 ,& l 8 great pr$ecessor ,malebran*e1 & l our ,engli% ,b]keley1 he tea*es t ,god is our 8natural object10 ! true 8o!r0 ( our life4 ,! philosophy ( ,p]sonalism1 ! f\ndations ( :i* are laid 9 ?is "w1 is fur!r develop$ by ,r5\vi] 9 a compreh5sive "w :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahii1 9 conjunction ) ,m4 ,prat1 on ,! ,new ,monadology 7,la ,n\velle ,monadologie74 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ complete pres5tations ( a philosophy ( 8,pluralism0 t is at ! same "t a 8,!ism0--to be associat$1 9 my op9ion1 say1 ) ! rec5t "w ( ,dr4 ,james ,w>d ^u ! ,realm ( ,ends1 ref]r$ to on p4 #afb4 #de ,philos4 ,rev4 7#aijf71 article by ,lal&e4 #df ,h4 ,po9c> 7talk$ ( 9 rec5t sci5tific circles z "o ( ! greate/ ma!maticians ( hi/ory7 is 7he di$ ab\t a ye> ago71 s f> z our pres5t purpose is conc]n$1 "o ( ! important sci5tific writ]s ( ! day ^u ! subject ( ! 8logic ( hypo!ses10 & ( ! 8hypo!tical me?od0 9 sci5ce--! me?od :i* ! pragmati/s are s anxi\s to apply to philosophy4 ,he seems 7see 8 ,la ,sci5ce et l',hypo?se1 z well z ! lat] book1 ,la ,valeur de la ,sci5ce1 ref]r$ to by ,lal&e 9 8 pr(essional reports to ! ,philosophical ,review7 to accept to "s ext5t ! idea ( ! 8hypo!tical0 "* ( ! con/ructions ( bo? ! ma!matical & ! physical sci5ces1 believ+1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t t we mu/ n be 8unduly sceptical0 ab\t _! conclusions1 reveal+ z !y d some?+ ( ! 8nature ( reality40 ,he discusses among o!r topics ! !ory ( 8en]getics0 ( :i* we speak bel[ 9 ! case ( ,o/wald4 ,he insi/s1 too1 ^u ! idea t ! real is kn[n only by 8exp]i5ce10 & t ?is 8exp]i5ce0 includes ! comp>ison ( ! ?\ghts ( _m m9ds4 ,& yet he believes to "s ext5t 9 ! ,kantian !ory ( ! a priori elem5t 9 k 7see ,la ,sci5ce1 etc41 p4 #fd74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q unnecess>y = me to presume to ent] into ! l>ge subject ( ! precise nature ( 8hypo!ses0 9 ! ma!matical & ! physical sci5ces4 #dg ,a pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ,p>is & an ard5t ,b]gsonian1 & along ) ,lab]?onnire "o ( ! prom95t ,ca?olic def5d]s ( ,pragmatism & ,mod]nism1 au?or ( a book on ,dogmatism & ,criticism 7,dogme et ,critique74 ,n hav+ _h ! "t to exam9e ?is book1 z some:at remov$ f my imm$iate subject1 ,i app5d = ! b5efit ( ! read] ! foll[+ /atem5ts & quotations f ! useful book ,fai? & its ,psy*ology1 by ,pr(essor ,+e ( ,cambridge4 ,x is easy to see t ! positions repres5t$ !re9 w\ld give rise to controv]sy z to ! hi/oricity or fact ( ,*ri/ianity4 8,le ,roy gives u "s examples ( ?is ,ca?olic ,pragmatism4 ,:5 we say #8,god is p]sonal1' we mean #8behave 9 our relations ) ,god z y d 9 y\r relations ) a human p]son4' ,:5 we say1 #8,jesus is ris5 f ! dead1' we mean #8treat him z if he 7 y\r contempor>y4'444 ,8 ma9 !ses may be summ$ up 9 8 own words4 #8,! curr5t intellectuali/ conception r5d]s insoluble mo/ ( ! objections :i* are n[ rais$ aga9/ ! idea ( dogma4 ,a doctr9e ( ! primacy ( action1 on ! contr>y1 p]mits u to solve ! problem )\t ab&on+ any?+ ( ! rights ( ?\ght or ( ! exig5cies ( dogma4'0 ,le ,roy1 by ! way1 has publi%$ a book ^u ! philosophy ( ,b]gson1 :i* is said to be ! be/ book ^u ! subject4 ,x has be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 #dh ,m4 ,abel ,rey1 au?or ( a "w on ! ,!ory ( ,physical ,sci5ce 9 ! h&s ( ,contempor>y ,sci5ti/s 7,la ,?orie de la physique *ez les physici5s contempora9s74 ,9 ?is book 7,i h n _h ! "t to exam9e x c>efully7 ,m4 ,rey exam9es ! !ories & me?ods ( ,newton1 & also ( mod]n ?9k]s l ,ma* & ,o/wald1 rea*+ ! conclusion t ! philosophy ) :i* physical sci5ce is mo/ compatible is a 8modifi$ =m ( ,positivism10 :i* be>s a /rik+ resemblance to 8,pragmatism0 & ! 8philosophy ( exp]i5ce40 ,! ,engli% read] w f9d _m useful ref]5ces to ,rey 9 ! pages ( ,fa!r ,leslie ,j4 ,walk]'s ,!ories ( ,k1 9 ! 8,/oneyhur/ ,philosophical ,s]ies40 #di ,ibidem4 #ej ,x 0 impossible to procure a copy ( ?is "w ( ,m4 ,blondel4 ,i h tri$ to d s twice 9 ,p>is4 #ea ,m4 ,lal&e 9 ! ,philosophical ,review 7#aijf71 p4 #bdf4 #eb ,ibid4 pp4 #bde-bdf4 #ec ,i am incl9$ to atta* a great importance to ?is idea 7,kant obvi\sly _h x7 ( 8consult+ moral exp]i5ce directly10 provid$ only t ! 8moral0 9 our exp]i5ce is n too rigidly sep>at$ f ! intellectual4 ,& x w\ld s f>1 !re=e1 be only to ! cr$it ( ,pragmatism if we c\ld associate x ) a rational ef=t to d ju/ice to our moral exp]i5ce1 z inde$ possibly presuppos+ a 8reality0 t transc5ds ! limits ( our m]e individuality1 a reality t transc5ds1 too1 ! subjective idealism t figures b too prom95tly 9 mod]n philosophy4 ,see my eigh? *apt]1 p4 #bbc1 :]e ,i criticize ,dr4 ,bosanquet = n consult+ moral exp]i5ce directly4 #ed ,phil4 ,rev41 #aijf1 p4 #bdc4 #ee ,see p4 #afj4 #ef ,see p4 #bjj et4 ff4 #eg ,see p4 #fd4 #eh ,= a lat] /atem5t ^u ! philosophy ( religion 9 ,france see a report = ! ,phil4 ,rev4 7vol4 xvi4 p4 #cjd71 by ,le ,roy4 ,?is :ole matt] is1 ( c\rse1 a subject 9 itself ( ! greate/ !oretical & practical importance4 ,x is en\gh = our purpose to h indicat$ ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ,pragmatism & ! 8,w-to-,believe0 philosophy h be5 receiv$ 9 ,france1 & ! diff]5t issues rais$ by ?is reception4 ,! read] :o w\ld c>e to look at a con/ructive1 philosophical view 7by ! doy5 ( ,fr5* philosophy pr(essors7 ( ! :ole issue betwe5 ! pragmati/ or 8volunt>i/0 po9t ( view 9 religion & ! old] 8intellectual0 view1 _c d bett] ?an consult ,sci5ce & ,religion 9 ,contempor>y ,philosophy1 by ,e4 ,b\tr\x1 a book t is app>5tly /udi$ ev]y:]e at pres5t 9 ,france4 ,its _s & sub/ance may be indicat$ by ! foll[+ quotations1 :i* foll[ aft] "s pages 9 :i* ,m4 ,b\tr\x exposes ! error ( 8! radical di/9ction betwe5 !ory & practice40 8,! />t+ po9t ( sci5ce is an ab/raction1 i4e4 an elem5t extract$ f ! giv5 fact & consid]$ sep>ately4 ,we _c expect man to be satisfi$ ) ! ab/ract :5 ! concrete is at 8 disposal4 ,t w\ld be #8some?+ l (f]+ a pr9t$ bill ( f>e z ! equival5t = a solid meal4' ,man uses sci5ce b he lives religion4 ,! "p _c replace ! :ole2 ! symbol _c suppress reality40444 8,n only is sci5ce unable to replace religion1 b %e _c disp5se ) ! subjective reality ^u :i* ! latt] is gr\nd$4 ,x is pure ,s*ola/ic realism to imag9e t ! objective & ! imp]sonal suffice ap>t f ! subjective 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,betwe5 ! subjective & ! objective no dem>cation is giv5 :i* ju/ifies f ! philosophical /&po9t ! divisions :i* sci5ce imag9es = h] own conv5i5ce40 7p4 #cbi74 #ei ,s9ce writ+ ^! words1 ,i h made 7?anks fir/ly to ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s review 9 ,m9d1 ,july #aiaa7 ! acqua9tance ( ! important "w ( ,m4 ,prad9es ^u ! ,conditions ( ,action4 ,9 ! c5tral conception ( ?is "w1 t action is 8all-includ+0 & t all k is a =m ( action1 ,i f9d an important developm5t ( mu* t ! pragmati/s h long be5 endeav\r+ to express1 & also 9 p>ticul> a developm5t ( ! celebrat$ action philosophy ( ,m4 ,blondel4 ,i am incl9$1 ) ,dr4 ,s*ill]1 to reg>d ! volumes ( ,m4 ,prad9es z app>5tly ! high-wat] m>k ( ,fr5* pragmati/ philosophy 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! t]m1 al?\gh ,i _c b at ! same "t hail ) approval _! occasional %>p criticism ( ,pragmatism z to "s ext5t 8scepticism & irrationalism40 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 too1 t ! e?ical philosophy ( ,m4 ,prad9es has "s ( ! same defects t ,i %all v5ture to discuss lat] 9 deal+ ) ! application 7ma9ly by ,dewey7 ( ,pragmatism to moral !ory4 ,( c\rse 8 ,conditions ( ,action is by no means z orig9al a production z ,blondel's book ^u ,action4 #fj ,f\ille speaks 9 8 book ^u ! ,ideali/ ,movem5t & ! ,reaction aga9/ ,positive ,sci5ce ( ! ye> #ahea1 z ! "t ( ! triumph ( 8=ce10 ( 8,naturalism0 7,zola1 ,gonc\rt1 etc471 & ( ! revival ( ,idealism by ,la*eli]1 ,r5\vi]1 & ,b\tr\x4 #fa ,see ! celebrat$ "w ( ,a4 ,f\ille1 ,la ,psy*ologie des ides-=ces 7,p>is1 #ahij74 ,i confess to hav+ be5 greatly impress$ by ?is book :5 ,i fir/ made its acqua9tance4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,i c ?9k ( an idea 9 ,f\ille's book t anticipates ev5 ,b]gson1 namely ! fact t e idea or s5sation is an ef=t t is fur!r$ or imp$$4 ,b ,f\ille's works out 9 ?is book ! active ( ! volitional side ( ne>ly e m5tal p[] & ( ! m5tal life itself1 refus+ to sep>ate 8m9d0 & 8bodily activity40 ,x really anticipates a great deal ( ! :ole ,fr5* philosophy & psy*ology ( action1 includ+ ! "w ( ,blondel & ,b]gson4 #fb ,m4 ,paul ,desj>d9s 7at pres5t a pr(essor ( 8lett]s0 at ,svres7 0 influ5tial 9 ,p>is ab\t #ahib-ic z ! f\nd] ( a ,union p\r l',action morale1 :i* publi%$ a mon?ly bullet94 ,?is society /ill exi/s1 b "u ! "n 7& ! *ange is inde$ highly significant ( :at ,pragmatism 9 g5]al really ne$s7 ,l',union p\r la vrit morale et sociale4 ,i app5d a few words f "o ( ! bullet9s ,i receiv$ f ,m4 ,desj>d9s4 ,!y are indicative ( ! spiritualizations ( ?\ght & action = :i* ! old society /ood4 8,il ne s'agit de ri5 mo9s que de r5v]s] entirem5t l'*elle de nos jugem5ts1 de nos atta*es1 de mettre en haut ce qui tait en bas1 et en bas ce qui tait en haut4 ,il s'agit d'une conv]sion totale1 en somme44440 8,la rgle commune c'e/ la mdiocrit d'me1 ou mme ce qu'on p\rrait appel] l'a?isme pratique4 ,en effet1 ,dieu tant1 p> rapport notre consci5ce1 la ,volont que le bi5 se ralise1 ou la ,rgle vivante1 on devi5t pratiquem5t1 a?e1 ft-on d'ailleurs trs p]suad p> les preuves philosophiques de l'exi/5ce de ,dieu1 lorsqu'on p]d la notion de cette ,volont immuable avec laquelle la ntre se confond activem5t ds qu'elle mrite le nom de volont libre1 etc40 ,9 ?is la/ s5t5ce !re is a di/9ctly pragmati/ note 9 ! s5se ( ! action philosophy ( ,blondel & ,b]gson & ! re/4 #fc ,see also ! rec5t book by ,fl\rnoy on ! ,philosophy ( ,james 7,p>is1 #aiaa71 9 :i* ?is int]e/+ special subject is discuss$ z well z ! important diff]5ce betwe5 ,james & ,b]gson4 #fd ,rey 9 8 ,philosophie ,mod]ne1 #aijh1 speaks ( ! 8glean+ ( ! practical factors ( rationali/ic sy/ems0 z ! 8new l9e0 9 ,fr5* philosophy 7,j\rn4 ( ,phil41 #aiaa1 p4 #bbf74 #fe ,f ! ,lal&e article already m5tion$4 #ff ,?is c be se51 = example1 9 ! ,preface to ,die ,philosophie des ,als ,ob1 ! quasi-,pragmati/ book rec5tly edit$ by ,vaih+]1 ! fam\s comm5tator on ,kant4 8,we mu/ di/+ui% 9 ,pragmatism10 x is !re /at$1 8:at is valuable f ! uncritical exagg]ations4 ,uncritical ,pragmatism is an epi/emological ,utilit>ianism ( ! wor/ sort2 :at helps u to make life tol]able is true1 etc4444 ,?us ,philosophy becomes aga9 an ancilla !ologiae2 nay1 ! /ate ( matt]s is ev5 worse ?an ?is2 x becomes a m]etrix !ologorum40 ,?is1 by ! way1 is a /range & a /rik+ book1 & is p]haps ! la/ conspicu\s in/ance f ,g]many ( ! vitality1 & ( ! dep?s ( ! roots ( "s ( ! pr9ciples ( ! pragmati/s4 ,! v appe>ance ( ! "n ( ,vaih+] 9 connexion ) x 7z ! editor7 mu/ be a consid]able %ock to rationali/s & to ,kantians1 :o h long look$ ^u ,vaih+] z "o ( ! au?oritative names 9 ,g]man ,transc5d5talism4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 he seems to agree ) ^? :o treat ,kant's e?ical philosophy ( po/ulates z ! real ,kant1 mak+ him out1 fur!r1 z ! au?or ( a f>-rea*+ philosophy ( ! 8hypo!ses0 & ! 8fictions0 t we mu/ use 9 ! int]pretation ( ! univ]se4 ,) ,dr4 ,s*ill]1 :o reviews ?is "w 9 ,m9d 7#aiab71 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x travels too f> 9 ! direction ( an entirely hypo!tical conception ( k1 out-pragmatis+ ! pragmati/s app>5tly4 ,! /ud5t :o reads ,g]man w f9d x a v]itable magaz9e ( in=mation ab\t ne>ly all ! ?9k]s ( ! "t :o h pragmati/ or quasi-pragmati/ lean+s4 ,all ! names1 = example1 ( ! ,g]man & ,fr5* writ]s to :om ,i ref] 9 ?is second *apt] are m5tion$ !re ,i _h1 ( c\rse1 writt5 my book be=e ,i saw ,vaih+]1 along ) _m o!rs4 ,x is z s]i\s an arraignm5t ( ab/ract rationalism z is to be f\nd 9 contempor>y lit]ature1 & edit$1 z ,i say1 by ! ,ne/or ( ! ,kant /ud5ts ( our "t4 #fg ,especially 9 ! op5-m9d$ & le>n$ articles 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,philosophie1 #aijg1 ,b& xiv41 ,pr(essor ,/e9 7( ,b]n7 is kn[n z "o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic & volum9\s writ]s ^u ,social ,philosophy 9 ,g]many4 ,8 be/-kn[n "w is an encyclop$ic book ^u ! social "q 9 ! light ( philosophy 7,die soziale ,frage im ,li*te d] ,philosophie1 #aijc74 ,8 t5d5cy "h is reali/ic & naturali/ic & evolutioni/ic1 & he ?9ks 7= a philosoph]7 f> too mu* ( m5 l ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,ma* & ,o/wald4 ,:at "o misses 9 ,/e9 is a discussion ( ! social "q 9 relation to "s ( ! deep] problems ( philosophy1 su* z we f9d 9 m5 ( our own c\ntry l ,mack5zie & ,bosanquet1 & ,rit*ie1 & ,jones1 & o!rs4 ,8 "w1 h[ev] 7x has be5 translat$ into ,russian & ,fr5*71 is a complete lit]>y pres5tation ( ! subject1 & a valuable s\rce ( in=mation4 ,see my review notices ( x 9 ! ,phil4 ,rev4 vol4 xiv4 #fh ,ma* & ,o/wald bo? repres5t 7= ! purposes ( our /udy7 ! association t und\bt$ly exi/s betwe5 ,pragmatism & ! t5d5cy ( all ! physical & natural sci5ces to =m 8hypo!ses0 or conceptions1 t are to !m ! be/ means ( 8describ+0 or 8expla9+0 7= any purpose7 ei!r facts1 or ! connexions betwe5 facts4 ,ma* 7pr(essor ( ! hi/ory & !ory ( ! sci5ces 9 ,vi5na7 is a 8ph5om5ali/0 & 8me?odologi/0 :o attacks all a priorism1 treat+ ! matt] ( ! arrangem5t ( ! 8mat]ial0 ( a sci5ce "u ! idea ( ! 8mo/ economic exp5diture0 ( our 8m5tal en]gy40 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( 8 books is 8 ,analysis ( ! ,s5sations 7translat$1 along ) 8 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,lectures1 9 ! 8,op5 ,c\rt ,libr>y0 ( ,*icago74 ,9 ?is "w he c>ries out ! idea ( 8 !ory ( k z a "q ( ! prop] relation ( 8facts0 to 8symbols40 8,?+1 body1 matt]10 he says 7p4 #f71 8are all no?+ ap>t f _! s-call$ attributes40 8,man possesses 9 its highe/ =m ! p[] ( consci\sly & arbitr>ily det]m9+ 8 po9t ( view40 ,9 8 ,introduction1 he attempts to %[ h[ 8! ego & ! relation ( bodies to ! ego give rise0 to 8problems0 9 ! relations simply ( 8c]ta9 complexes0 ( 8s5sation to ea* o!r40 ,:ile x is und\bt$ly to ! cr$it ( ,ma* t he sees ! 8subjective10 or ! 8m5tal10 factor 9 facts & ?+s & objects1 x mu/ be said t he ignores altoge!r ! philosophical problems ( ! ego1 or ! 8self10 z some?+ m ?an a m]e object among objects4 ,o/wald is "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! !ory ( 8,en]getics10 ! !ory ( ! s*ool t believes 9 sub/itut+ a dynamical philosophy1 = ! old]1 atomic1 or me*anical philosophy ( matt] & motion4 ,he put ?is philosophy =w>d 9 #ahie z ! la/ gift ( ! n9ete5? to ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,he sugge/s h[ ?is idea ( en]getics may be appli$ also to psy*ical processes1 9 s f> z ^! may be und]/ood by conceptions t h prov$ to be useful 9 our int]pretation ( ! physical _w4 ,our 8consci\sness w\ld ?us come to be look$ ^u z a prop]ty ( a peculi> k9d ( en]gy ( ! n]ves40 ,! :ole idea is a piece ( ph5om5ali/ic positivism1 & al?\gh ,o/wald makes an attempt 7some:at 9 ! mann] ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]7 to expla9 ! 8=ms10 or ! categories1 ( exp]i5ce z simply 8norms0 or 8rules0 t h be5 h&$ on f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 he does n occupy himself ) ultimate philosophical que/ions ab\t ! nature ei!r ( matt] or ( en]gy4 ,8 ,natural ,philosophy has rec5tly be5 translat$ into ,engli% 7,holt ,co41 #aiaj74 ,its ,pragmatism lies 9 ! fact ( 8 look+ ^u concepts & classification z 8n que/ions0 ( ! s-call$ 8ess5ce0 ( ! ?+1 8b r z p]ta9+ to purely practical arrangem5ts = an easi] & m successful ma/]y ( sci5tific problems0 7p4 #fg74 ,he also takes a pragmati/1 or 8functional10 conception ( ! m5tal life t[>ds ! close ( ?is book4 ,pr(essor ,o/wald lectur$ "s ye>s ago 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 8 lectures 7 att5d$ by /ud5ts ( philosophy & /ud5ts ( sci5ce4 ,pr(essor 7n[ ,presid5t7 ,hibb5 has writt5 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 !ory 9 its philosophical be>+s 9 ! ,philosophical ,review1 vol4 xii4 #fi ,! philosophy ( ,av5>ius 7born 9 ,p>is1 b di$ z ,pr(essor ( ,inductive ,philosophy 9 ,zuri*7 is call$ 8,empirical ,criticism10 :i* diff]s f ,idealism by tak+ a m reali/ic attitude to ord9>y human exp]i5ce4 ,!re is an excell5t elem5t>y acc\nt ( ,av5>ius 9 ,m9d = #ahig by ,c>/anj5 ( ,zuri*4 ,av5>ius goes back 9 "s respects to ! tea*+ ( ,comte z to ! ne$ ( int]pret+ all philosophical !ories 9 ! t]ms ( ! social environm5t out ( :i* !y come4 #gj ,logic1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ag4 ,engli% translation by ,miss ,d5dy4 ,9 ?is same section ( 8 "w1 ,lotze talks ( ! dem&s ( our ?\ght z 8po/ulates0 ^: claims re/ 9 ! end ^u our w--auf uns]m ,woll54 #ga ,to be trac$ to ,fi*te's well-kn[n initial int]pretation ( ,kant f ! /&po9t ( ! ,practical ,reason ( ! second 8,critique10 & to ,s*ell+'s late 8positive0 philosophy1 & to ,s*op5hau]1 ! w philosoph] p> excell5ce4 ,see my ,s*op5hau]'s ,sy/em 9 its ,philosophical ,significance4 #gb ,z an illu/ration ( ?is 8conceptual %or?&10 ,i take ! foll[+ l9es f ,pr(essor ,ne$ham's book ^u ,g5]al ,biology 7p4 #bbb7 9 respect ( 8classification0 & its relative & *ang+ "*4 8,:atev] our views ( relation%ip1 ! s]ies 9 :i* we arrange organisms are bas$ ^u ! lik5esses & diff]5ces we f9d to exi/ among !m4 ,?is is classification4 ,we associate organisms toge!r "u gr\p names because1 be+ s num]\s & s div]se1 x is only ?us t our m9ds c deal ) !m4 ,classification furni%es ! h&les by :i* we move all our intellectual luggage4 ,we base our gr\p+s on :at we "k ( ! organisms4 ,our sy/em ( classification is !re=e liable to *ange ) e advance ( k40 #gc ,pr(essor ,j]usalem 7! translator ( ,james's ,pragmatism into ,g]man7 is kn[n z "o ( ! ,g]man discov]]s ( ,pragmatism4 ,8 ,introduction to ,philosophy 7translat$ by ,pr(essor ,s&]s1 ,macmillan ,co41 ,n4,y41 #aiaj7 is an admirable1 easy1 & in/ructive introduction to philosophy f a pragmati/ po9t ( view4 ,x has gone ?r\gh f\r editions 9 ,g]many4 ,x is q free f any ta9t ( irrationalism & has sections ^u ! 8!ory ( k0 & ! 8!ory ( be+40 ,its _s may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ quotations4 8,my philosophy is *>act]iz$ by ! empirical view po9t1 ! g5etic me?od1 & ! biological & ! social me?ods ( int]pret+ ! human m9d0 7! ,preface74 8,philosophy is ! intellectual ef=t :i* is und]tak5 ) a view to comb9+ ! common exp]i5ces ( life & ! results ( sci5tific inve/igation into a h>moni\s & consi/5t _w !ory2 a _w !ory1 moreov]1 :i* is adapt$ to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! und]/&+ & ! dem&s ( ! he>t4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 m5 believ$ t su* a !ory c\ld be con/ruct$ f ! pure =ms ( ?\ght1 )\t mu* conc]n = ! results ( detail$ inve/igation4 ,b t "t is = ev] pa/0 7pp4 #a & #b74 #gd ,au?or ( a "w on ,philosophy & ,social ,economy 7,philosophie und ,wir?s*aft71 9 :i* ! fundam5tal idea is t philosophy is ess5tially no?+ m or less ?an a 8conception ( life0 or a view ( ! _w 9 g5]al1 & t ! old] rationali/ic philosophy w !re=e h to be modifi$ 9 view ( mod]n discov]ies & mod]n ways ( look+ at ?+s4 ,x has1 ( c\rse1 ! limitations ( su* a po9t ( view1 9 s f> z its au?or seems to =get t philosophy mu/ lead human life & n m]ely foll[ x4 ,my pres5t po9t is m]ely to m5tion ( ! exi/5ce & "w ( ?is man z "o ( ! cont95tal ?9k]s :o h anticipat$ ! ess5tially social conception ( philosophy tak5 by ! pragmati/s4 #ge ,x is easy to see ! influ5ce ( ,fi*te's w philosophy & practical idealism 9 ,s*ellwi5's books 7,philosophie und ,leb51 ,wille und ,erk5ntniss1 ,d] ,gei/ d] neu]n ,philosophie74 ,he speaks ( ! primacy ( ! w 79 po9t ( "t only1 ( c\rse71 or ( ! 8unconsci\s0 9 ! life ( man1 all[+1 h[ev]1 t man gradually trans=ms ?is natural life 9 ! life ( 8creative activity0 t is 8 prop] life4 ,he /ates 79 ! ,_s ( ! ,new ,philosophy7 ! pragmati/ idea t 8belief0 7p4 #cb7 or ! 8feel+0 t we h ( ! ultimate 8unity0 ( 8subject & object10 prec$es 7also 9 po9t ( 8"t07 k1 po9t+ out1 h[ev]1 9 ! same place ! limitations ( belief4 ,^! latt]1 he supposes1 to be ov]come 9 ! high] k t we h 9 creative activity--an idea :i*1 ,i ?9k1 may be associat$ to "s ext5t ) ! position ( ,blondel4 #gf ,9 ! ,phil4 ,rev4 7xvi4 p4 #bej7 ,dr4 ,ewald speaks ( ?is "w ( ?is psy*ologiz+ s*ool z exi/+ alongside ( ! r5ew$ int]e/ 9 ,fi*te & ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4 ,x is an attempt to revive ! tea*+ ( ,fries1 a ,kantian 7at ,j5a7 :o attempt$ to e/abli% ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason ^u a psy*ological basis1 believ+ t psy*ology1 8bas$ on int]nal exp]i5ce10 mu/ =m ! basis ( all philosophy4 ,x /&s squ>ely ^u ! fact t all logical laws & 8categories10 ev5 ! highe/ & mo/ ab/ract1 9 ord] to 8come to consci\sness 9 man10 mu/ be giv5 to him z 8psy*ological processes0--a position :i* is c]ta9ly true z f> z x goes1 & :i* supports1 say1 ! g5etic psy*ological attitude ( ,pr(essor ,dewey4 ,its attitude has be5 %>ply criticiz$ 9 "s ( 8 books by ,dr4 ,ern/ ,cassir] ( ,b]l91 a well-kn[n uphold] ( a m rationali/ic =m ( ,neo-,kantianism4 #gg ,dr4 ,simmel ( ,b]l9 7l ,/e97 is a prom95t repres5tative ( ?is s*ool 7ev5 9 a rec5t /rik+ book t he wrote ^u ! philosophy ( ,kant74 ,he has writt51 = example1 a mo/ erudite "w ^u ! ,philosophy ( ,money1 & ?is at ! same "t ) all 8 univ]sity "w z a fasc9at+ & le>n$ lectur] ^u bo? anci5t & mod]n philosophy4 #gh ,)\t attempt+ to ent] ^u ! matt] ( ,h>nack's philosophy z a ,neo-,kantian ( ! s*ool ( ,rits*l1 ,i am ?9k+ simply ( ?+s l ! foll[+ f 8 book on ! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 8,x is to man t religion p]ta9s1 to man1 z "o :o 9 ! mid/ ( all *ange & progress himself nev] *anges0 7p4 #h74 8,! po9t ( view ( ! philosophical !ori/s 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w w f9d no place 9 ^! lectures4 ,_h !y be5 deliv]$ sixty ye>s ago x w\ld h be5 our endeav\r to try to arrive by speculative reason+ at "s g5]al conception ( religion1 & !n to def9e ! ,*ri/ian religion accord+ly4 ,b we h rightly become sceptical ab\t ! value ( ?is proc$ure4 ,latet dolus 9 g5]alibus4 ,we "k to-day t life _c be spann$ by g5]al conceptions0 7p4 #i74 ,see also 8 prote/ 7on p4 #bbj7 aga9/ ! sub/itution ( a 8,hell5i/ic0 view ( religion = religion itself--a prote/ t is1 accord+ to ,pfleid]] 9 8 ,developm5t ( ,!ology 7p4 #bih71 a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ,h>nack's :ole ,hi/ory ( ,dogma4 #gi ,i am ?9k+ ( ,rits*l's %>p di/9ction betwe5 8!oretical k0 & 8religi\s fai?0 7:i* rises to judgm5ts ( value ab\t ! _w t transc5d ev5 moral values71 & ( 8 idea t ! 8tru?0 ( fai? is practical1 & mu/ be 8liv$40 ,pfleid]] says 79 8 ,developm5t ( ,!ology1 p4 #ahd7 t ,rits*l's 8conception ( religion is occupi$ ) judgm5ts ( value ,w]tur!ile1 i4e4 ) conceptions ( our relation to ! _w :i* are ( mom5t solely accord+ to _! value 9 awak5+ feel+s ( pleasure & pa91 z our dom9ion ov] ! _w is fur!r$ or *eck$40 ,8 8acceptance ( ! idea ( ,god z ) ,kant a practical #8belief1' & n an act ( speculative cognition10 is also to "s ext5t a pragmati/ idea 9 ! s5se 9 :i*1 9 ?is book1 ,i reject pragmati/ ideas4 ,rits*l seems to h 9 ! ma9 only a /rongly practical int]e/ 9 dogmatics hold+ t 8only ! ?+s vital are to be made vital 9 ! actual s]vice ( ! *ur*40 ,he goes ! l5g? ( hold+ t 8a m]ely philosophical view ( ! _w has no place 9 ,*ri/ian !ology10 hold+ t 8metaphysical inquiry0 appli$ to 8nature0 & to 8_s10 z 8?+s to be analys$1 = ! purpose ( f9d+ out :at !y are 9 !mselves1 c f ! nature ( ! case h no great value = ,*ri/ian !ology40 ,( c\rse he is "r 9 hold+ t ! 8pro(s = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 conduct$ by ! purely metaphysical me?od1 d n lead to ! =ces ^: repres5tation is giv5 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b m]ely to conceptions ( a _w-unity1 :i* conceptions are neutral z reg>ds all religion0 7,! ,!ology ( ,albre*t ,rits*l1 ,sw+4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #aija74 ,i ?9k ?is la/ quotation f ,rits*l may be us$ z an expression ( ! idea ( ! pragmati/s1 t a true & complete philosophy mu/ s]ve z a 8dynamic0 to human endeav\r & to human motive4 #hj ,see ! ref]5ce to ,w9delb& 9 ! footnote ^u p4 #aej4 #ha ,i am ?9k+ ( ,mn/]b]g's cont5tion 9 8 ,grundzge & 8 o!r books1 t ! life ( actual p]sons c nev] be adequately describ$ by ! objective sci5ces1 by psy*o-physics1 & s on1 & ( 8 app>5t acceptance ( ! di/9ction ( ,rick]t betwe5 ! 8descriptive0 & ! 8normative0 sci5ces 7logic1 e?ics1 ae/hetics1 & s on74 #hb ,! lead]s ( ?is s*ool are ! two influ5tial ?9k]s & tea*]s ,coh5 & ,natorp1 ! =m] ! au?or ( a well-kn[n book ^u ,kant's ,!ory ( ,exp]i5ce 7#ahga71 =m]ly mu* us$ by ,engli% & ,am]ican /ud5ts1 & ! latt] ! au?or ( an equally fam\s book ^u ,plato's ,!ory ( ,ideas1 :i* makes an int]e/+ attempt to connect ,plato's 8,ideas0 ) ! mod]n notion ( ! law ( a ph5om5on4 ,coh5 has giv5 =? rec5tly an important developm5t ( ! ,kantian philosophy 9 8 two rem>kable books ^u ! ,logic ( ,pure ,k & ! ,e?ic ( ! ,pure ,w4 ,^! works ex]cise a great influ5ce ^u ! entire lib]al 7,prote/ant & ,jewi%7 ?\ght ( ! "t 9 ,g]many4 ,!y tea* a l(ty spiritualism & idealism 9 ! realm ( e?ics1 :i* transc5ds altoge!r any?+ z yet attempt$ 9 ?is direction by ,pragmatism4 #hc ,see ! in/ructive reports to ! ,philosophical ,review by ,dr4 ,ewald ( ,vi5na ^u ,contempor>y ,philosophy 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ! #aijg volume he speaks ( ?is r5ew$ int]e/1 8on a new basis10 9 ! "w ( ! great f\nd]s ( transc5d5talism z an 8important movem5t p>tly )9 & p>tly outside ( ,neo-,kantianism10 z 8a movem5t h]ald$ by "s & d]id$ by o!rs z a reaction10 z ! 8fulfilm5t ( a prophecy by von ,h>tmann t aft] ,kant we %\ld h ,fi*te1 & aft] ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel40 ,! r5ew$ int]e/ 9 ,s*ell+1 & ) x ! revival ( an int]e/ 9 univ]sity c\rses 9 ! subject ( ! ,philosophy ( ,nature 7see ! rec5t "w ( ,dries* ^u ! ,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ! ,organism7 is all "p ( ! rec5t reaction 9 ,g]many aga9/ ,positivism4 #hd ,we may associate1 ,i suppose1 ! new ,g]man j\rnal ,logos1 an int]national p]iodical = ! 8,philosophie d] ,kultur10 ) ! same movem5t4 #he ,see ,*apt] ,,vii4 ^u 8,pragmatism z ,am]icanism40 #hf ,see an article 9 ! ,critical ,review 7edit$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,salmond1 ( ,ab]de571 by ! au?or ^u 8,rec5t ,t5d5cies 9 ,am]ican ,philosophy40 ,! ye>1 ,i ?9k1 0 ei!r #aijd or #aije4 #hg ,see p4 #ahj4 #hh ,)\t pret5d+ to any?+ l a repres5tative or an exhau/ive /atem5t 9 ! case ( ?is magaz9e lit]ature1 ,i may m5tion ! foll[+3 ,pr(essor ,p]ry ( ,h>v>d1 9 8 valuable articles = ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology1 #aijg1 vol4 iv41 ^u 8,a ,review ( ,pragmatism z a ,philosophical ,g5]alization10 & a 8,review ( ,pragmatism z a ,!ory ( ,k02 ,pr(essor ,arm/rong 9 vol4 v4 ( ! same j\rnal ^u ! 8,evolution ( ,pragmatism02 & ,pr(essor ,lovejoy 9 ! #aijh vol4 ^u ! 8,?irte5 ,pragmatisms40 ,^! are b a few out ( ! _m t might be m5tion$4 ,! read] :o is int]e/$ 9 look+ = m su* mu/ simply consult = himself ! ,philosophical ,review1 & ,m9d1 & ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology1 = "s ye>s aft]1 say1 #aijc4 ,!re is a good li/ ( su* articles 9 a ,g]man ,doctor ,!sis by ,pr(essor ,mac,eachran ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,alb]ta1 entitl$ ,pragmatismus e9e neue ,ri*tung d] ,philosophie1 ,leipzig1 #aiaj4 ,!re is also a hi/ory ( pragmati/ articles 9 ! #aijg 7,janu>y7 numb] ( ! ,revue des ,sci5ces1 ,philosophiques et ,!ologiques4 #hi ,t ?is has really tak5 place c be cle>ly se51 ,i ?9k1 if we inspect ! (ficial programmes ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association = ! la/ ye> or two4 #ij ,p4 #add4 #ia ,see p4 #adi4 #ib ,see ,*apt] ,,vi41 p4 #adi1 ^u ! doctr9e & ! fact ( 8,mean+40 #ic ,pr(essor ,pratt1 ,:at is ,pragmatism8 7,macmillan ,co41 #aiji72 ,h4 ,h4 ,bawd51 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,pragmatism1 a ,philosophical ,int]pretation ( ,exp]i5ce1 ,bo/on1 #aiaj 7a useful book pres5t+ :at may be call$ a 8ph5om5ological0 acc\nt ( ,pragmatism72 ,moore1 ,pragmatism & ,its ,critics4 #id ,9 ,pragmatism & ,its ,critics 7,univ4 ( ,*icago ,press74 #ie ,! manife/o has n[ become a book4 ,! ,new ,realism 7,macmillan74 ,= a useful acc\nt ( ! ,new ,realism & ! ,old see ,pr(essor ,p]ry1 ,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies1 ,"p ,v4 #if ,! foll[+ are my reasons = say+ t ! 8,new ,realism0 0 already to "s ext5t lurk+ 9 ! 8radical empiricism0 ( ,james4 7#a7 ,al?\gh tea*+ unmi/akably ! 8activity0 ( m9d1 ,james seem$ to ?9k ?is activity 8selective0 r ?an 8creative0 7fall+ 9 ?is idea beh9d 8 mu*-admir$ ,b]gson74 7#b7 ,despite ?is belief 9 ! activity ( ! m9d1 he _h ! way ( reg>d+ consci\sness z 7to "s ext5t7 ! m9d's 8cont5t0--an attitude common to all empirical psy*ologi/s s9ce ,hume & ! ,engli% associationi/s4 ,& f ?is position 7legitimate s f> f ! psy*ological po9t ( view7 he w5t on to ! idea 7express$ 9 a tr\blesome =m 9 ! article1 8,does ,consci\sness exi/807 t consci\sness is n an entity or sub/ance--( c\rse x is n 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( 8entity40 7#c7 ,!n f ?is he seem$ to develop ! idea t ! v>i\s 8elem5ts0 t ent] into consci\sness to be trans=m$ into v>i\s 8relation%ips0 d n suff] any sub/antial *ange 9 ?is quasi-subjective 8activity40 ,!re=e1 z ,pr(essor ,p]ry puts x 7,pres5t ,t5d5cies1 p4 #cec71 8! elem5ts or t]ms :i* ent] into consci\sness & become its cont5t may n[ be reg>d$ z ! same elem5ts :i*1 9 s f> z o!rwise relat$1 compose physical nature italics m9e4 ,! elem5ts !mselves1 ! #8mat]ia prima1' or /uff ( pure exp]i5ce1 are nei!r psy*ical nor physical40 ,x is 9 ?is la/ absurd s5t5ce simply a piece ( quasi-sci5tific analysis1 ! error ( :i* ,critical ,idealism w\ld expose 9 a mom5t t ! roots1 ,i ?9k1 ( 8new realism0 are to be f\nd--a doctr9e ^: unmitigat$ ext]nalism is ! negation ( all philosophy4 #ig ,see p4 #afd & p4 #bcj4 #ih ,i ref] to 8 ,ab]de5 8,gif=d ,lectures0 on 8,! ,_w & ,! ,individual10 & to a well-kn[n address ( 8 ^u 8,! ,et]nal & ! ,practical0 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association4 ,9 ?is latt] pamphlet he %[s t ,pragmatism & ! philosophy ( ,consequ5ces are impossible )\t 8! ,et]nal0 & )\t ,idealism4 #ii ,! criticisms ( :i* ,i am ?9k+ are 7to select b a few f memory7 ,gre5's well-kn[n admission 9 respect ( ,hegelianism1 t x w\ld h 8to be done all ov] aga902 ,mr4 ,bradley's admission t he is 8n a ,hegelian0 & 7rec5tly7 t he has 8se5 too mu* ( metaphysics0 to place any s]i\s weight ^u its reason+s2 ,j[ett's compla9t 79 ! 8life0 by ,campbell7 t ! ,ox=d ,hegelianism ( 8 day 0 tea*+ /ud5ts to place an undue reliance ^u 8words0 & 8concepts0 9 ! place ( facts & ?+s2 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's admission 7_m ye>s ago7 t1 ( c\rse1 8gods & m50 7 m ?an 8bloodless categories02 ,pr(essor ,pr+le ,pattison's criticism ( ,hegel 9 8 ,hegelianism & ,p]sonality2 ,pr(essor ,baillie's criticisms at ! end ( 8 ,logic ( ,hegel2 ,mr4 ,/urt's criticism ( ,neo-,hegelianism 9 8 ,idola ,!atri1 etc4 #ajj ,see ! foll[+1 = example1 f ,pr(essor ,/\t3 8,e agreeable or disagreeable s5sation has a conative or quasi-conative aspect0 7,manual ( ,psy*ology1 p4 #bcc74 ,also3 8,p]ception is nev] m]ely cognitive0 7ibid4 p4 #bdb72 x has a 8conative "* & a feel+ tone10 etc4 #aja ,a4 ,sidgwick's 8,appli$ ,axioms0 7,m9d1 ,n4,s4 xiv4 p4 #db74 ,?is is extremely useful1 connect+ ! rec5t pragmati/ movem5t ) ! "w ( ! ,engli% logicians4 ,see 9 ! same connexion ! articles ( ,capta9 ,knox 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review 7,april #aiji7 on 8,pragmatism40 #ajb ,dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ,m9d has conta9$ articles on ! pragmati/ controv]sy by ne>ly all our prom95t academic au?orities3 ,dr4 ,bradley1 ,dr4 ,mc,taggart1 ,pr(essor ,taylor1 ,pr(essor ,ho]nle1 ,dr4 ,s*ill]1 ,dr4 ,mellone1 ,dr4 ,boyce-,gibson1 ,mr4 ,hobh\se1 & s on4 #ajc ,p>ticul>ly 9 8 valuable book on ,tru? 9 :i* ! weakness ( ! ,hegelian conception ( tru? is set =? along ) t ( o!r views4 #ajd ,9 ,idealism z a ,practical ,cre$1 9 8 ,br[n+ z a ,religi\s & ,philosophical ,tea*]1 & else:]e4 #aje ,9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,metaphysic1 & 9 _m ( 8 rec5t reviews2 9 8 review1 = example1 ( ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's ,individuality & ,value1 9 ! ,review ( ,!ology & ,philosophy1 & 9 8 ,m9d 7,july #aiab7 review ( ,pr(essor ,w>d's ,realm ( ,ends4 #ajf ,9 8 book ^u ! ,philosophy ( ,euck51 9 ,god ,) ,u1 & else:]e4 #ajg ,9 ,idola ,!atri 7an important criticism ( ,neo-,hegelian writ]s71 & else:]e4 #ajh ,9 ,essays 9 ,philosophical ,con/ruction1 & 9 8 book ^u ,logic4 #aji ,9 8 ,introduction to ,logic4 #aaj ,see p4 #aed4 #aaa 8,if ,god has ?is p]fect au?ority & p]fect k1 ,8 au?ority _c rule u1 nor ,8 k "k u1 or any human ?+2 j z our au?ority does n ext5d to ! gods1 nor our k "k any?+ :i* is div9e2 s by p>ity ( reason !y1 be+ gods1 are n our ma/]s1 nei!r d !y "k ! ?+s ( m50 7,p>m5ides1 #acd1 ,j[ett's ,plato1 vol4 iv474 #aab ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a v old difficulty1 involv$ 9 ! problem ( ! suppos$ pre-k ( ,god4 ,bradley deals ) x 9 ! ,m9d 7,july #aiaa7 article ^u 8,"s ,aspects ( ,tru?40 ,8 solution 7z ,pr(essor ,dawes ,hicks notices 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y #aiab7 is ! famili> ,neo-,hegelian f9d+1 t z a 8p>ticul> judgm5t0 ) a 8unique context0 my tru? is 8new10 b 8z an elem5t 9 an et]nal reality0 x 0 8wait+ = me40 ,read]s ( ,gre5's ,prolegom5a are q ready = ?is f9d+4 ,pragmati/s1 ( c\rse1 :ile insi/+ on ! man-made "* ( tru?1 h n z yet come 9 sight ( ! difficulties ( ! div9e =ekn[l$ge--9 relation to ! free purposes & ! free discov]ies ( mortals4 #aac ,!re is1 x seems to me1 a sugge/ion ( ?is rationali/ position 9 ! fact1 = example1 t ,mr4 ,b]trana ,russell beg9s 8 rec5t booklet ^u ,! ,problems ( ,philosophy ) ! foll[+ inquiry ab\t k3 8,is !re any k 9 ! _w :i* is s c]ta9 t no reasonable man c\ld d\bt x80 ,i mean t ! initial & p>am\nt importance atta*$ "h to ?is "q conveys ! impression t ! supreme reality = philosophy is /ill "s indep5d5tly c]ta9 piece ( k4 ,i pref]1 ) ! pragmati/s & ! humani/s1 to ?9k ( k z conc]n$ ) ! purposes ( p]sons z intellig5t be+s1 or ) ! realities reveal$ 9 ! kn[+ process4 ,al?\gh !re are passages 9 8 book t %[ ,mr4 ,russell to be aw>e ( ! selves & ! psy*ical elem5ts & processes t ent] into kn[+1 !y d n affect 8 prevail+ly rationali/ic & imp]sonal conception ( k & philosophy4 #aad ,9 8 sympa!tic & *>act]i/ic review ( ,james's 8,pragmatism0 9 ! ,j\rn4 ( ,philos41 #aijh4 #aae ,see p4 #bjc 7! note71 & p4 #bfc1 :]e ,i sugge/ t no philosophy c exi/1 or c possibly beg91 )\t "s direct contact ) reality1 )\t ! exp]i5ce ( "s p]son or p]sons1 )\t assumptions ( "o k9d or ano!r4 #aaf ,see p4 #afb4 #aag ,9 ?is attitude ,pragmatism is manife/ly 9 a /ate ( rebellion aga9/ 8,platonism10 if we all[ ourselves to ?9k ( ,pragmatism z capable ( confront+ ,plato4 ,plato1 z we "k1 def9itely subord9ates 8belief0 to 8k0 & 8tru?40 8,z be+ is to becom+10 he says1 8s is tru? to belief0 7,timaeus1 ,j[ett's translation74 ,to ,plato belief is a conjectural1 or imag9ative1 e/imate ( reality2 x deals r ) 8appe>ance0 or 8becom+0 ?an ) 8reality40 8,true be+0 he ?9ks ( z reveal$ 9 ! ,ideas1 or ! rational entities t are 8 developm5t & trans=mation ( ! 8def9ition0 ( ,socrates4 ,aga9/ all ?is rationalism ,pragmatism 7x is en\gh meantime m]ely to indicate ! fact7 w\ld h u return to ! common-s5se1 or ! religi\s1 position t x is inv>iably :at we believe 9 t det]m9es our notion ( reality4 #aah ,cf4 p4 #aei4 #aai ,f ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s ,humanism4 #abj ,pragmatism1 p4 #bjg4 #aba ,x is ?is dissatisfaction at once ) ! ab/ractions ( sci5ce & ( rationalism & ) ! contradictions t seem to exi/ betwe5 !m all & ! facts ( life & exp]i5ce z we feel !m t con/itutes ! great dualism1 or ! great opposition ( mod]n times4 ,i d n wi% to emphasize ?is dualism1 nor d ,i wi% to set =? fai? or belief 9 opposition to reason :5 ,i extract f bo? ,pragmatism & ,idealism ! position t x is belief r ?an k t is our fundam5tal e/imate ( reality4 ,i d n believe1 z ,i indicate 9 ! text above1 t ?is dualism is ultimate4 ,x has come ab\t only f an un=tunate sett+ ( "s p>ts ( our nature1 or ( our exp]i5ce 9 opposition to ! :ole ( our nature1 or ! :ole ( our exp]i5ce4 ,t ! opposition1 h[ev]1 betwe5 reason & fai? /ill exi/s 9 _m qu>t]s1 & t x is & has be5 ! opposition ( mod]n times1 & t ! great want ( our times is a rational fai? t %all recall ! _w ( to-day out ( its endless 8di/raction0 7! ^w is ,dr4 ,bosanquet's71 ,i am c]ta9ly incl9$ to ma9ta94 ,9 pro( ( ?is /atem5t x is en\gh to recall ?+s l ! words ( ,goe! ab\t ! conflict ( belief & unbelief z ! unique !me ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 or ! 8e?ical heada*e :i* 0 lit]ally a splitt+ heada*e10 t ,mr4 ,*e/]ton f9ds 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( our great ,victorian writ]s4 ,i %all take leave ( x "h ) ?ree ref]5ces to its exi/5ce tak5 f ! words or ! "w ( liv+ writ]s4 ,! fir/ %all be ! opposition :i* ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell f9ds 9 8 ,philosophical ,essays 79 ! 8,free ,man's ,wor%ip07 betwe5 ! 8_w :i* sci5ce pres5ts = our belief0 & ! 8l(ty ?\ghts t ennoble 8 little day40 ,! second %all be ! inconsi/5cy t exi/s 9 ,mr4 ,hugh ,s4 ,r4 ,elliot's book ^u ,mod]n ,sci5ce & ! ,illusions ( ,pr(essor ,b]gson1 betwe5 8 initial acceptance ( ! me*anical1 evolution>y sy/em ( mod]n sci5ce & 8 clos+ acceptance ( feel+ & poetry & love z ! 8deepe/ =ms ( happ9ess40 ,! ?ird %all be ! decl>ation ( ,pr(essor ,sir ,h5ry ,jones ( ,glasg[ 79 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 #aijc7 t 8"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( our "t is ! contradiction t exi/s betwe5 its practical fai? 9 morality & its !oretical di/ru/ ( ! conceptions on :i* !y re/40 #abb ,see p4 #bjc 7note74 #abc ,see p4 #g4 #abd ,f ,pragmatism & its ,misund]/&]s4 #abe ,see p4 #agc4 #abf 8,y w be surpris$ to le>n1 !n1 t ,messrs4 ,s*ill]'s & ,dewey's !ories h suff]$ a hail/orm ( contempt & ridicule4 ,all rationalism has ris5 up aga9/ !m4 ,9 influ5tial qu>t]s1 ,mr4 ,s*ill] 9 p>ticul> has be5 treat$ l an impud5t s*ool-boy :o des]ves a spank+4 ,i %\ld n m5tion ?is b = ! fact t x ?r[s s mu* light ^u t rationali/ temp] to :i* ,i h oppos$ ! temp] ( pragmatism4 ,pragmatism is uncom=table away f facts4 ,rationalism is com=table only 9 ! pres5ce ( ab/ractions4 ,?is pragmati/ talk ab\t tru?s 9 ! plural1 ab\t _! utility & satisfactor9ess1 ab\t ! success ) :i* !y #8"w1' etc41 sugge/s to ! typical intellectuali/ m9d a sort ( co>se1 lame1 second-rate make%ift article ( tru?0 7,james1 ,pragmatism1 pp4 #ff-fg2 italics m9e74 ,! words ab\t ,rationalism be+ com=table only 9 ! _w ( ab/ractions are sub/antiat$ by ! proc$ure ( ,bosanquet1 to :om ,i ref] 9 ,*apt] ,,viii41 or by ! proc$ure ( ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 ref]r$ to on p4 #afi4 #abg ,see p4 #bce 9 ! ,b]gson *apt] :]e x is sugge/$ t p]ception is limit$ to :at int]e/s u = vital or = practical purposes4 #abh ,cf4 p4 #ib4 #abi ,see p4 #fe4 #acj ,see p4 #bcd ^u ! 8anti-intellectualism0 9 ! philosophy ( ,b]gson4 #aca ,see p4 #d & p4 #bcg4 #acb ,f 8,tru? & ,copy+10 ,m9d1 ,no4 #fb4 #acc ,f 8,tru? & ,practice10 9 ,m9d4 ,cf4 8,?is d5ial ( transc5d5ce1 ?is insi/5ce t all ideas1 & m especially su* ideas z ^? ( ,god1 are true & real j s f> z !y "w1 is to myself mo/ welcome0 7,bradley1 9 ,m9d1 #aijh1 p4 #bbg1 8,ambiguity ( ,pragmatism074 ,mr4 ,bradley has ( rec5t ye>s made s _m su* concessions1 & has philosophiz$ ) su* an admirable degree ( indep5d5ce1 & has 7also admirably7 atta*$ s mu* weight to 8 own exp]i5ce ( 8metaphysics10 & ( o!r ?+s besides1 t _m ?9k]s l ,knox & ,dewey & ,s*ill] h be5 discuss+ :e!r he c any long] be reg>d$ z a rationali/4 ,"o c\ld c]ta9ly /udy1 pr(itably1 ! :ole evolution ( philosophy 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s by /udy+ ,mr4 ,bradley's developm5t4 ,he nev] 01 ( c\rse1 a ,hegelian 9 ! complete s5se 7:o ev] 0871 & he has n[ c]ta9ly ab&on$ an ab/ract1 =mali/ic ,rationalism4 ,by way ( an additional quotation or two f ,mr4 ,bradley1 typical ( 8 advance 9 ! direction ( ! practical philosophy = :i* ,pragmatism /&s1 we may app5d ! foll[+3 8,i long ago po9t$ out t !ory takes its orig9 f practical collision ! ma9 cont5tion ( ,pr(essor ,dewey & 8 associates4 ,if ,pragmatism means ?is1 ,i am a pragmati/0 7f an article 9 ,m9d on ! 8,ambiguity ( ,pragmatism0--italics m9e74 8,we may reject ! limitation ( k to ! m]e _w ( ev5ts :i* happ51 & may d5y ! claim ( ?is _w to be tak5 z an ultimate f\ndation4 ,reality or ! ,good w be ! satisfaction ( all ! wants ( our nature1 & !oretical tru? w be ! p]ception ( ideas :i* directly satisfy "o ( ^? wants1 & s inv>iably make "p ( ! g5]al satisfaction4 ,?is is a doctr9e :i*1 to my m9d1 comm5ds itself z true1 ?\gh x naturally w\ld call = a great deal ( explanation0 7f ,m9d1 ,july #aijd1 p4 #cbe74 ,&1 z typical ( ! k9d ( f9al philosophy to :i* ! philosophical recon/ruction ( ! future mu/ someh[ atta9 out ( ! pres5t qu>rel betwe5 ,pragmatism & ,rationalism1 ! foll[+3 8,if !re 7 no =ce 9 ! _w b ! ve/$ love ( ,god1 if ! wills 9 ! pa/ 7 "o 9 ef=t & 9 sub/ance ) ! "o ,w1 if 9 t ,w !y are liv+ /ill & /ill are s lov+1 & if aga9 by fai?1 suff]+1 & love my w is made really "o ) !irs1 "h inde$ we %\ld h f\nd at once our answ] & our refuge4 ,b ) ?is we %\ld pass surely beyond ! limits ( any p]sonal individualism0 7f ,m9d1 ,july #aijd1 p4 #caf74 ,dr4 ,s*ill]1 by ! way1 has a li/ ( su* concessions to ,pragmatism on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,bradley 9 ,m9d1 #aiaj1 p4 #ce4 #acd ,cf4 ! say+ ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7,autobiography1 i4 #bec7 t a 8belief 9 ! unqualifi$ supremacy ( reason is ! sup]/ition ( philosoph]s40 #ace ,see p4 #adg4 #acf 8,tru? & ,practice10 ,m9d1 ,no4 #ea4 #acg ,x w\ld be easy to quote to ! same effect f o!r ,hegelian /ud5ts1 or1 = t "p ( x1 f ,hegel himself4 #ach ,elem5ts ( ,metaphysics1 p4 #daa4 #aci ,ibid4 p4 #dad4 #adj ,cf4 p4 #ad4 #ada ,see ! well-kn[n volume ,p]sonal ,idealism1 edit$ by ,mr4 ,/urt4 #adb ,cf4 pp4 #adg & #aic4 #adc ,by ?is notion is meant ! common-s5se idea t tru? 9 all cases 8corresponds0 to fact1 my p]ception ( ! sunset to ! real sunset1 my 8idea0 ( a 8true0 fri5d to a real p]son ^: outw>d acts 8correspond to0 or 8fai?fully reflect0 8 inn] feel+s4 ,see ! fir/ *apt] ( ,mr4 ,joa*im's book ^u ,! ,nature ( ,tru?1 :]e ?is notion is exam9$ & f\nd want+4 ,x is probably ! olde/ notion ( tru?1 & yet "o t takes u readily into philosophy f :atev] po9t ( view we exam9e x4 ,x 0 held by ne>ly all ! ,greek philosoph]s be=e ! "t ( ! ,sophi/s1 :o fir/ began to tea* t tru? is :at x 8appe>s to be0--! 8relativity0 position t is upheld1 = example1 by ,goe!1 :o said t 8,:5 ,i "k my relation to myself & to ! out] _w ,i call ?is tru?4 ,& ?us e man c h 8 own tru?1 & yet tru? is always ! same40 ,! common-s5se view 0 held also by ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 ! words1 8,t is true :at is really :at x seems to be 7v]um e/ quod ita e/1 ut videtur710 by ,?omas ,aqu9as z ! 8adequacy ( ! intellect to ! ?+10 9 s f> z ! intellect says t t is :i* really is1 or t t is n :i* is n 7adaequatio intellectus et rei71 by ,su>ez1 by ,gocl51 :o made x a con=mity ( ! judgm5t ) ! ?+4 ,its te*nical difficulties beg9 to appe>1 say 9 ,hobbes1 :o held t tru? consi/s 9 ! fact ( ! subject & ! pr$icate be+ a "n ( ! same ?+1 or ev5 9 ,locke1 :o says3 8,tru? !n seems to me 9 ! prop] import ( ! ^w to signify no?+ b ! jo9+ or sep>at+ ( signs1 z ! ?+s signifi$ by !m1 d agree1 or disagree1 "o ) ano!r0 7,essay1 iv4 #e4 #b74 ,h[ c ?+s 8agree0 or 8disagree0 ) "o ano!r8 ,& an 8idea0 ( c\rse is1 anyh[1 n a 8?+0 ) a %ape & ) dim5sions t 8correspond0 to 8?+s10 any m ?an is a 8judgm5t0 a relation ( two 8ideas0 8correspond+0 to ! 8relations0 ( two 8?+s40 #add 8,! m9d is n a #8mirror' :i* passively reflects :at x *ances to come ^u4 ,x initiates & tries2 & its correspond5ce ) ! #8out] _w' means t its ef=t successfully meets ! environm5t 9 behalf ( ! organic int]e/ f :i* x sprang4 ,! m9d1 l an ant5na1 feels ! way = ! organism4 ,x gropes ab\t1 advances & recoils1 mak+ _m r&om ef=ts & _m failures2 b x is always urg$ into tak+ ! initiative by ! pressure ( int]e/1 & doom$ to success or failure 9 "s h\r ( trial :5 x meets & engages ! environm5t4 ,su* is m9d1 & su*1 accord+ to ,james1 are all its op]ations0 7,p]ry1 ,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies1 p4 #cea74 ,or ! foll[+3 8,i hope t10 said ,james 9 ! 8lectures0 embodi$ 9 ,pragmatism 7,new ,york1 #aijh7 444 8! concret5ess & clos5ess to facts ( pragmatism 444 may be :at approves itself to y z its mo/ satisfactory peculi>ity4 ,x only foll[s "h ! example ( ! si/] sci5ces1 int]pret+ ! unobs]v$ by ! obs]v$4 ,x br+s old & new h>moni\sly toge!r4 ,x conv]ts ! absolutely empty notion ( a /atic relation ( #8correspond5ce' betwe5 our m9ds & reality1 into t ( a ri* & active comm]ce 7t any "o may foll[ 9 detail & und]/&7 betwe5 p>ticul> ?\ghts ( ours & ! great univ]se ( o!r exp]i5ces 9 :i* !y play _! p>ts & h _! uses0 7p4 #fh2 italics m9e74 #ade 8,on any view l m9e to speak ( tru? z 9 ! end copy+ reality1 w\ld be s5seless0 7,bradley 9 ,m9d1 ,july #aiaa1 8,on "s ,aspects ( ,tru?074 #adf ,see p4 #adc & p4 #bfe4 #adg ,see p4 #abg & p4 #acc4 #adh ,see pp4 #adh-i4 #adi ,see p4 #afb4 #aej ,:at is ,pragmatism8 7,pratt71 p4 #ba4 #aea ,pr9ciples ( ,pragmatism1 ,h\ghton ,miffl91 #aiaj4 #aeb ,ibid41 ,preface4 ,?is la/ s5t5ce1 by ! way1 may be tak5 z "o ( ! _m illu/rations t may be giv5 ( ! crudities & difficulties ( "s ( ! lit]ature ( ,pragmatism4 ,x %[s t ,pragmatism may sometimes be z guilty ( ab/ractionism z is ,rationalism itself4 ,x is n 8exp]i5ce0 t becomes 8self-consci\s10 b only 8p]sons40 ,&1 simil>ly1 x is only 8p]sons0 :o pursue 8ends0 & 8satisfy0 desires1 & :o may be said to h a 8me?od40 ,pr(essor ,bawd51 ( c\rse1 means t x is to ! cr$it ( ,pragmatism t x approa*es exp]i5ce j z x f9ds x1 & t its *ief me?od is ! int]pretation ( ! same exp]i5ce--an easy ?+1 d\btless1 to pr(ess1 b some:at difficult to c>ry out4 #aec ,pr9ciples ( ,pragmatism1 ,h\ghton ,miffl91 #aiaj1 pp4 #dd-de4 #aed ,p4 #bec4 #aee ,p4 #bef4 #aef ,see p4 #adf4 #aeg ,see p4 #bdj et ff4 #aeh ,wallace's ,logic ( ,hegel1 p4 #cjd4 #aei ,!re is a s5t5ce 9 "o ( ,haw?orne's /ories to ! effect t man's "w is always illusory to "s ext5t1 :ile ,god is ! only work] ( realities4 ,i w\ld n g z f> z ?is1 believ+1 z ,i d1 ) ! pragmati/s1 t man is at lea/ a fell[-work] ) ,god4 ,b ,i d f9d ,pragmatism lack+1 z #a indicate else:]e1 9 any adequate recognition ( ! "w ( ,god1 or ! ,absolute 9 ! univ]se4 #afj ,i am ?9k+ ( su* consid]ations z are sugge/$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces f ,maet]l9ck3 8,z we advance ?r\gh life1 x is m & m br\ght home to u t no?+ takes place t is n 9 accord ) "s curi\s1 preconceiv$ design2 & ( ?is we nev] brea! a ^w1 we sc>cely let our m9ds dwell ^u x1 b ( its exi/5ce1 some:]e above our heads1 we are absolutely conv9c$0 7,! ,treasure ( ! ,humble1 p4 #ag74 8,b ?is mu* at lea/ is abundantly prov$ to u1 t 9 ! "w-a-day lives ( ! v humble/ ( m5 spiritual ph5om5a manife/ !mselves--my/]i\s1 direct work+s1 t br+ s\l ne>] to s\l0 7ibid4 #cc74 8,is x to-day or to-morr[ t m\lds u8 ,d we n all sp5d ! great] "p ( our lives "u ! %ad[ ( an ev5t t has n yet come to pass80 7ibid4 #ea74 ,i d n ( c\rse = "o mom5t imply t ! facts ( exp]i5ce ref]r$ to 9 su* s5t5ces z ^! %\ld be receiv$ at any high] value ?an _! face value1 = !re are inde$ _m consid]ations to be ?\ght ( 9 connexion ) ?is matt] ( ! realization ( our plans & our de/9y z individuals4 ,b ,i d mean t ! beliefs to :i* m5 cl+ 9 ?is respect are j z mu* "p ( ! subject-matt] ( philosophy z o!r beliefs1 say ! belief 9 tru? z a :ole1 or ! beliefs inve/igat$ by ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,& !re may conceivably be a view ( human nature ^u :i* ! beliefs 9 "q are bo? natural & rational4 #afa ,see p4 #aja4 #afb ,see p4 #aih on ,dr4 ,bosanquet's dismissal ( ! problem ( teleology f ! sph]e ( reason$ philosophy4 #afc ,appe>ance & ,reality1 p4 #efa4 #afd ,see p4 #aee4 #afe ,i ?9k t ,i h tak5 ?is phrase f ,"s ,dogmas ( ,religion4 #aff ,f 8,tru? & ,copy+10 ,m9d1 ,no4 #fb4 #afg ,by action 9 ?is *apt] & else:]e 9 ?is book1 ,i d n mean ! m]e exhibition or exp5diture ( physical en]gy4 ,i mean human activity 9 g5]al1 inclusive ( ! highe/ manife/ations ( ?is activity1 su* z ! se>* = tru?1 contemplation1 belief1 creative activity ( "o k9d or ano!r1 & s on4 ,!re is no belief & no contemplation t is n practical z well z !oretical1 no tru? t fails to %ape & to m\ld ! life ( ! p]son :o ent]ta9s x4 ,i q agree ) ,maet]l9ck1 & ) ,b]gson & o!rs1 t ! s\l is to "s ext5t limit$ by ! dem&s ( action & spee*1 & by ! duties & ! conv5tions ( social life1 b ,i /ill believe 9 ! action te/ = contemplations & ?\ghts & beliefs & ideas1 h[ev] l(ty4 ,x is only ! ?\ghts t we c act out1 t we c consci\sly act ^u 9 our pres5t human life1 & t we c p]suade o!rs to act ^u1 t are valuable to ourselves & to humanity4 ,x is to _! discr$it t s _m m5 & s _m ?9k]s ent]ta91 & give expression to1 views ab\t ! univ]se :i* r5d]s _! activities z ag5ts & z ?9k]s & z seek]s q inexplicable4 #afh ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 no heav5s 9 ! old m$iaeval & ,ari/otelian s5se aft] ! "w ( ,cop]nicus & ,galileo 9 ! physical sci5ces1 & ( ,kant 9 ! realm ( m9d4 #afi ,pr(essor ,moore well po9ts out 7,pragmatism & its ,critics1 p4 #ac7 t ! 8*all5ge0 ( ! idea t our ?9k+ has 8two f\ndations3 "o1 z ! me?od ( purpos+--its #8practical' function2 ! o!r z m]ely ! expression ( ! specific & indep5d5t in/9ct to "k--its #8intellectual' function10 m>ks ! 8beg9n+s ( ! pragmatic movem5t40 ,! idea ( two k9ds ( ?\ght goes back to ,ari/otle & is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s di/9ctions ( ?\ght4 ,x dom9at$ ! entire ,middle ,ages1 & x is /ill at ! root ( ! false idea t 8culture0 c be sep>at$ f "w & s]vice = ! common good4 ,i am glad1 z ,i indicate 9 ! text1 a few l9es fur!r on1 t ! ideali/s are do+ _! %>e ) ! pragmati/s 9 break+ x up4 ,9 ,am]ica !re is no practical di/9ction betwe5 culture & "w4 ,see my *apt] on ,pragmatism z ,am]icanism4 #agj ,! importance ( ?is consid]ation ab\t ! 8att5tion0 t is 7z a matt] ( fact & a matt] ( necessity7 involv$ 9 all 8p]ception10 _c possibly be exagg]at$4 ,we p]ceive 9 *ildhood & ?r\gh\t life 9 ! ma9 :at int]e/s u1 & :at affects our total & organic activity4 ,x is1 t is to say1 our motor activity1 & its direction1 t det]m9e :at we see & p]ceive & exp]i5ce4 ,& 9 ! high] rea*es ( our life1 on ! levels ( art & religion & philosophy1 ?is det]m9+ p[] becomes :at we call our reason & our w & our selective att5tion4 ,p]ception1 9 o!r words1 is a k9d ( selective activity1 involv+ :at we call impulse & ef=t & w4 ,mod]n philosophy has =gott5 ?is 9 its treatm5t ( our suppos$ p]ception ( ! _w1 tak+ ?is to be some?+ giv5 in/ead ( some?+ t is con/ruct$ by our activity4 ,h5ce its long /ruggle to ov]come bo? ! app>5t mat]ialism ( ! _w ( ! s5ses1 & ! gap1 or hiatus1 t has be5 creat$ by ,rationalism betwe5 ! _w z we ?9k x1 & ! _w z x really is4 #aga ,e4g4 ,pr(essor ,bosanquet1 9 8 #aijh inaugural lecture at ,/4 ,&rews ^u ,! ,practical ,value ( ,moral ,philosophy4 8,!ory does inde$ belong to ,practice4 ,x is a =m ( conation0 7p4 #i74 ,x 8%\ld no d\bt be und]/ood z ,!oria1 or ! entire unimp$$ life ( ! s\l0 7p4 #aa2 italics m9e74 #agb ,?is is surely ! tea*+ ( ! new physics 9 respect ( ! radio-active view ( matt]4 ,i take up ?is po9t aga9 9 ! ,b]gson *apt]4 #agc ,see p4 #bch4 #agd ,see p4 #adc or p4 #bbi 7note74 #age ,see p4 #cd 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 9 ref]5ce to ! idea ( ,m4 ,blondel4 #agf ,see p4 #adg & p4 #bfe4 #agg ,see p4 #fe1 note #c4 #agh ,see p4 #aib1 note #c4 #agi ,ne$ham1 ,g5]al ,biology1 #aiaa4 ,= ! m5tion ( ?is book z a reliable rec5t manual ,i am indebt$ to my colleague1 ,pr(essor ,willey ( ,mc,gill ,univ]sity4 #ahj ,m>ett1 ,an?ropology1 p4 #aee4 #aha ,cf4 supra1 p4 #aja4 #ahb ,s mu* may1 ,i suppose1 be inf]r$ f ! cont5tions 7explicit & implicit7 ( all biologi/s & evolutioni/s4 ,human life !y all seem to reg>d z a k9d ( cont9uity or developm5t ( ! life ( univ]sal nature1 :e!r _! !ory ( ! orig9 ( life be t ( 7#a7 8spontane\s g5]ation10 7#b7 8cosmozoa0 7g]ms capable ( life scatt]$ ?r\gh\t space71 7#c7 8,prey]'s !ory ( ! cont9uity ( life10 7#d7 8,pflg]'s !ory ( ! *emical *>act]i/ics ( proteid10 or 7#e7 ! conclusion ( ,v]worn himself1 8t exi/+ organisms are d]iv$ 9 un9t]rupt$ desc5t f ! fir/ liv+ sub/ance t orig9at$ f lifeless sub/ance0 7,g5]al ,physiology1 p4 #cae74 #ahc ,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #bde-e4 #ahd ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 an important reflection t x is precisely 9 ?is v reality ( 8action0 t sci5ce & philosophy come toge!r4 ,t all ! sci5ces meet 9 ! concept1 or ! fact1 ( action is1 ( c\rse1 q evid5t f ! new k ( ! new physics4 ,pr(essor ,m',d\gall has rec5tly br\ght psy*ology into l9e ) ! natural sci5ces by def9+ its subject-matt] z ! actions or ! 8behavi\r0 ( human be+s & animals4 ,& x is surely n difficult to see t--z ,i try to indicate--x is 9 human behavi\r t philosophy & sci5ce come toge!r4 ,ano!r consid]ation 9 respect ( ! philosophy ( action t has long impress$ me is ?is4 ,if !re is "o realm 9 :i*1 m ?an any:]e else1 our traditional rationalism & our traditional empiricism really came toge!r 9 ,engl&1 x is ! realm ( social philosophy1 ! realm ( human activity4 ,x 0 ! break+ d[n ( ! entire philosophy ( s5sations 9 ! matt] ( ! pro( ( utilit>ianism t caus$ ,john ,/u>t ,mill to take up ! 8social philosophy0 9 respect to :i* ! foll[]s ( positivism jo9$ h&s ) ! ideali/s4 #ahe ,see p4 #ahe4 #ahf ,see p4 #bg4 #ahg ,see ,*apt] ,,vii4 p4 #agi4 #ahh ,i am ?9k+ ( ,pyrrho & ,arcesilaus & "s ( ! ,greek sceptics & ( _! & 4 #ahi ,see p4 #bf4 #aij ,man's ,place 9 ! ,cosmos1 a book consi/+ ( essays & reviews publi%$ by ! au?or dur+ ! la/ f\r or five ye>s4 ,!y all advocate 8humanism 9 opposition to naturalism10 or 8e?icism 9 opposition to a too n>r[ intellectualism40 #aia ,! ,w to ,believe1 #ahig4 #aib 8,progress 9 ,philosophy10 art4 ,m9d1 #ae1 p4 #bac4 #aic ,practical ,e?ics2 ,essays4 #aid ,m5tal ,developm5t--,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretations 7a "w cr[n$ by ! ,royal ,academy ( ,d5m>k74 ,we c see 9 ?is book h[ a psy*ologi/ has be5 l$ into a f>-rea*+ /udy ( social & e?ical developm5t 9 ord] to ga9 an und]/&+ ( ! gr[? ( ev5 ! individual m9d4 ,we may inde$ say t ! individuali/ic intellectualism ( ! old] psy*ology is n[ no m4 ,x 0 too 8ab/ract0 a way ( look+ at m9d4 ,pr(essor ,royce1 x is well kn[n1 has giv51 f ! /&-po9t ( a pr(ess$ metaphysician1 a cordial welcome to ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,baldw94 ,9 an important review ( ,mr4 ,/\t's two admirable volumes on ,analytic ,psy*ology 7,m9d1 ,july1 #ahig71 ,pr(essor ,royce has insi/$ /rongly ^u ! ne$ ( supplem5t+ introspection by ! 8int]pretation ( ! reports & ! conduct ( o!r p0 if we w\ld "k mu* ab\t 8dynamic0 psy*ology4 ,x is ?is 8dynamic0 psy*ology--! 8dynamics0 ( ! w & ( ! 8feel+s0--t ,i ?9k con/itutes su* an important advance ^u ! traditional 8intellectual0 & 8individuali/ic0 psy*ology4 #aie ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,moral ,self4 ,macmillan1 #ahig4 ,i h tri$1 9 a %ort notice ( ?is book 9 ! ,philosophical ,review 7,m>*1 #ahih71 to indicate ! importance ( "s ( its *ief cont5tions4 #aif ,philosophical ,lectures & ,rema9s1 edit$ by ,pr(essor ,bradley4 #aig ,editor ( ,la ,sci5ce ,sociale4 ,8 rec5t "w on ! ,sup]iority ( ! ,anglo-,saxons 7 quoi ti5t la supriorit des ,anglo-,saxons87--a *apt] 9 ! /udy ( ! conditions ( race survival--ran ?r\gh sev5te5 editions 9 a few mon?s1 & set ! :ole press ( ,france & ,g]many 7o!r c\ntries foll[+ suit7 into commotion1 z well z call+ =? pronunciami5tos f mo/ ( ! prom95t editors & critics ( ,france1--m5 l ,jules ,lematre1 ,paul ,b\rget1 ,m>cel ,prevo/1 ,franois ,coppe1 d\>d ,rod1 ,g4 ,valb]t1 etc4 #aih ,n[ ,pr(essor ,a4 ,se? ,pr+le-,pattison4 #aii ,9 diff]5t ways by all ( ! foll[+ ,engli% writ]s3 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,se? 78,x is n 9 k1 !n1 z su*1 b 9 feel+ & action t reality is giv510 ,man's ,place1 etc41 p4 #abb1 etc4 etc471 by ,mr4 ,bradley 7,appe>ance & ,reality71 by ,mr4 ,balf\r 79 8 ,f\ndations ( ,belief71 & by ,pr(essor ,james4 ,pr(essor ,euck51 ( ,j5a1 9 8 diff]5t books1 also insi/s /rongly ^u ! idea t x is n 9 k z su*1 b 9 ! totality ( our psy*ical exp]i5ce t ! pr9ciples ( philosophy mu/ be s\ght4 ,pauls51 9 8 ,e9leitung 9 die ,philosophie1 & ,web]1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 7books 9 g5]al use to-day71 bo? advocate a k9d ( philosophy ( ! w1 ! idea t ! _w is to be reg>d$ z a /riv+ on ! "p ( wills aft] a p>tly unconsci\s ideal4 ,simmel1 9 an important article 9 ! ,revue de ,mtaphysique et de ,morale1 ,,iv4 #b1 expresses ! idea 7:i* x w\ld be well to recognize g5]ally at ! pres5t "t7 t tru? is n some?+ objectively ap>t f u1 b r ! "n we give to conceptions t h prov$ to be ! guides to useful actions1 & s become "p ( ! psy*ical h]itage ( human be+s4 ,pr(essor ,ribot1 ( ,p>is1 has writt5 m ext5sively ^u ! w & ! feel+s ?an ^u ! intellect1--a fact 9 keep+ ) ! sci5tific dem&s ( our day4 #bjj ,see1 e4g41 an article by ,f\ille 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 ,,xxi4 #e1 ) ! v title 8,ncessit d'une int]prtation psy*ologique et sociologique du monde40 ,f\ille f9ds !re1 z he does else:]e1 t w is ! pr9ciple t enables u to unify ! physical ) ! psy*ical _w1--an illu/ration ( ! fact t ! two *>act]i/ics ,i am ref]r+ to are really "o4 ,a pres5t in/ance ( ! introduction ( ! elem5t ( w 7! w ( man1 ev57 is to be se5 9 ! cont5tion ( su* a book z ,m4 ,luci5 ,arrat's ,les ,croyances de ,dema9 7#ahih74 ,accord+ to ,m9d1 ,m4 ,arrat proposes to sub/itute ! idea t man c by 8 ef=ts br+ ab\t ! supremacy ( ju/ice = ! traditional idea t ju/ice reigns 9 ! univ]se4 #bja ,manual ( ,e?ics1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,/\t1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,octob] #ahid4 ,!re are _m simil> s5t5ces & ideas 9 ! book4 #bjb ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bcb4 #bjc ,n[ ,pr(essor ( ,logic 9 ,/4 ,&rews4 #bjd ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,octob] #ahid1 p4 #aai4 #bje ,i ?9k t ,i mu/ "h h meant ,pr(essor ,watson's ,*ri/ianity & ,idealism4 #bjf ,& ap>t f ! idealism & ! e?ical philosophy ( :i* ,i speak1 9 ! next *apt]1 z necess>y to conv]t ,pragmatism into ! ,humanism x w\ld l to become1 ,pragmatism is really a k9d ( romanticism1 ! reaction ( a p]sonal en?usiasm aga9/ ! ab/ractions ( a classical rationalism 9 philosophy4 ,!re is an elem5t ( ?is romanticism 9 ,james's h]oic philosophy ( life1 al?\gh ,i w\ld pref] to be ! la/ man 9 ! _w to talk aga9/ ?is h]oic romanticism 9 any "o4 ,x is ! great want ( our "t1 & x is ! ?+ t is priz$ mo/ 9 "s ( ! m5 :om ?is ephem]al age ( ours /ill delights to hon\r4 ,x 0 exhibit$ bo? 9 ,br[n+ & 9 ,george ,m]$i?1 = example4 ,( ! =m] ,mr4 ,*e/]ton writes 9 8 tr5*ant1 clean-sweep+ little book on ,! ,victorian ,age 9 ,lit]ature1 p4 #age3 8,:at he really 0 0 a romantic4 ,he (f]$ ! cosmos z an adv5ture r ?an a s*eme40 ,! same ?+ c\ld be said ab\t ,james's 8,w to ,believe0 ,philosophy4 ,m]$i?1 al?\gh f> less ( an ideali/ ?an ,br[n+1 0 also an optimi/ by temp]am5t r ?an by k or by conviction--h5ce ! elevation ( 8 tone & /yle 9 spite ( 8 belat$ naturalism4 #bjg ,9 ,un ,romantisme utilitaire 7,p>is1 ,alcan1 #aiaa71 *iefly a /udy ( ! ,pragmatism ( ,nietzs*e & ,po9c>4 #bjh ,i am indebt$ = ?is say+ ( "o ( my old tea*]s to ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,g4 ,ma/]man1 9 8 essay ^u ,sidgwick 9 t judici\s & int]e/+ book ^u ! transition f ! n9ete5? to ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ,9 ,p]il ( ,*ange4 #bji ,/oicism & ,epicureanism1 z ! matt] is g5]ally put1 bo? sub/itute ! practical good ( man z an individual = ! wisdom or ! !oretical p]fection t 7 contemplat$ by ,plato & ,ari/otle z ! highe/ objects ( human pursuit4 ,= ,cic]o1 too1 ! *ief problems ( philosophy 7 9 ! ma9 practical1 ! "q :e!r virtue alone is suffici5t = happ9ess1 ! problem ( practical c]ta9ty z oppos$ to scepticism1 ! g5]al belief 9 ,provid5ce & 9 immortality1 & s on4 ,& ,lucretius ?9ks ( ! ma9 s]vice ( philosophy z consi/+ 9 its p[] ( emancipat+ ! human m9d f sup]/ition4 ,all ?is is q typical ( ! ess5tially practical nature ( ! ,roman "*1 ( its conception ( education z 9 ! ma9 discipl9e & duty1 ( its di/ru/ ( ,greek intellectualism1 & ( its preoccupation ) ! necessities ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & = gov]nm5t1 ( its lack ( leisure1 & s on4 ,i d n ?9k t ! v fir/ ?+ ab\t ,pragmatism is its desire to return to a practical conception ( life1 al?\gh a t5d5cy 9 ?is direction d\btless exi/s 9 x4 #baj ,! idea t our 8demon/rable k is v %ort1 if inde$ we h any at all1 al?\gh our c]ta9ty is z great z our happ9ess1 beyond :i* we h no conc]nm5t to "k or to be0 7,essay1 iv4 #b-ad72 or ,locke's words3 8,i h always ?\ght ! actions ( m5 ! be/ int]pret]s ( _! ?\ghts40 #baa ,s*op5hau]1 = example1 us$ to be fond ( repeat+ t 8 own philosophy 7:i* took w to be ! fundam5tal reality7 0 on its v face necess>ily m ( an e?ic ?an a sy/em l t ( ,sp9oza1 = example1 :i* c\ld only be call$ an e?ic by a sort ( lucus a non luc5do4 #bab ,! ,practical ,reason to ,ari/otle is ! reason t has to d ) ! pursuit ( aims & ends1 9 di/9ction f ! reason t has to d ) k1 & ! 8univ]sal0 & sci5ce4 ,?is tw(old di/9ction has giv5 _m problems to 8 /ud5ts & to 8 comm5tators1 & to succe$+ g5]ations4 ,x is responsible = ! entire m$ival & ,r5aissance sep>ation ( ! intellectual life & ! intellectual virtues f ! practical life & ! practical virtues4 #bac ,x might be add$ "h t ,logic has always recogniz$ ! validity1 to "s ext5t1 ( ! argum5t 8f consequ5ces0 ( :i* ,pragmatism makes s mu*4 ,! =m ( argum5tation t x calls ! ,dilemma is a pro( ( ?is /atem5t4 ,a *a9 ( reason+ t leads to impossible consequ5ces1 or t leads to consequ5ces inconsi/5t ) previ\sly admitt$ tru?s1 is necess>ily uns\nd4 ,t ?is te/ ( t5able or unt5able consequ5ces has (t5 be5 us$ 9 philosophy 9 ! l>ge s5se ( ! t]m mu/ be kn[n only too well to ! well-in=m$ read]4 ,z ,sidgwick says 9 8 ,me?od ( ,e?ics3 8,! tru? ( a philosoph]'s premises w always be te/$ by ! acceptability ( 8 conclusions2 if 9 any important po9t he is f\nd 9 flagrant conflict ) common op9ion1 8 me?od w be decl>$ invalid40 ,reid us$ ! argum5t f consequ5ces 9 8 exam9ation ( ! sceptical philosophy ( ,hume4 ,x is us$ ) effect 9 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,balf\r's ,f\ndations ( ,belief 9 reg>d to ! suppos$ naturalism ( physical sci5ce4 ,edmund ,burke appli$ x to "s ext5t to political !ories1 or to ! ab/ract philosophical !ories ^u :i* "s ( !m 7 suppos$ly bas$4 #bad ,pragmatism has be5 call$ by "s critics a 8new-,humism0 on ! gr\nd ( its t5d5cy to d ?is v ?+ t is m5tion$ "h 9 respect ( ,hume4 ,b ! ju/ice or ! inju/ice ( ?is appellation is a v l>ge "q1 into :i* x is ne$less = u to ent] "h4 #bae ,cf4 8,intellig5ce is ! aptitude to modify conduct 9 con=mity to ! circum/ances ( ea* case0 7,! ,positive ,philosophy1 ,m>t9eau1 i4 #dfe74 #baf ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy1 ,"p ,,ii4 iii4 ,x is also an em95tly pragmati/ idea on ! "p ( ,desc>tes to hold t 8,i %\ld f9d mu* m tru? 9 ! reason+ ( ea* individual ) ref]5ce to ! affairs 9 :i* he is p]sonally int]e/$1 & ! issue ( :i* mu/ pres5tly puni% him if he has judg$ amiss1 ?an 9 ^? conduct$ by a man ( lett]s 9 8 /udy1 reg>d+ speculative matt]s t are ( no practical mom5t0 7,me?od1 ,veit*'s edition1 p4 #aj74 #bag ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy1 ,"p ,,ii4 iii4 p4 #bcc4 #bah ,see ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 *4 ii41 8,assumption ( ,metaphysicians10 & also else:]e 9 8 ,essays4 #bai 8,any p[] ( do+ or suff]+ 9 a degree h[ev] slight 0 held by u to be ! def9ition ( exi/5ce0 7,sophi/1 ,j[ett's ,plato1 iv4 p4 #dfe74 #bbj ,! ,!ory ( ,k1 ,preface1 p4 ix4 #bba 8,! indep5d5ce ( ! doctr9es ( any sci5ce f ! social life1 ! preval5t ?\ght ( ! g5]ation 9 :i* !y arise1 is inde$ a fiction1 a sup]/ition ( ! sci5ti/ :i* we w\ld fa9 %att] beyond all repair2 b ! sci5ce becomes all ! s\nd] = recogniz+ its orig9s & its res\rces1 its pres5t limitations & its ne$ ( fre% light f o!r m9ds1 f diff]5t social m\lds0 7pp4 #bae-baf74 #bbb ,see p4 #ha4 #bbc ,cf4 p4 #ac4 #bbd ,! ,new ,k1 p4 #bee4 #bbe ,x w\ld inde$ be easy to quote f popul> writ]s ( ! day1 l ,mr4 ,*e/]ton or ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,b5son or ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 to %[ t a k ( ! exi/5ce ( ,pragmatism z a new] exp]im5tal or 8sociological0 philosophy is n[ a commonplace ( ! day4 ,take ! foll[+1 = example1 f ,mr4 ,wells's ,m>riage 7p4 #eba73 8,x 0 to be a pragmati/ essay1 a su/a9$ attempt to und]m9e ! confid5ce ( all t s*ola/ic logic-*opp+ :i* /ill l+]s l ! sequelae ( a disease 9 our ,univ]sity philosophy 444 a huge criticism & clean+ up ( ! exi/+ me?ods ( =mulation z a prelim9>y to ! wid] & fre] discussion ( ^? religi\s & social issues our g5]ation /ill %r9ks f40 8,x is grotesque10 he said1 8& utt]ly true t ! sanity & happ9ess ( all ! _w lies 9 its habits ( g5]alization40 #bbf ,i _c meantime trace1 or place1 ?is quotation1 al?\gh ,i rememb] copy+ x out ( some?+ by ,k>l ,pe>son4 #bbg ,9 ! ,lit]>y ,dige/ = #aiaa4 #bbh ,see p4 #bcd4 #bbi ,f a lett] to ,mrs4 ,humphry ,w>d1 quot$ 9 ,a4 ,c4 ,b5son's ,walt] ,pat]1 p4 #bjj4 #bcj ,lecture ,i4 t[>ds ! beg9n+4 #bca ,see p4 #fb & p4 #aig4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t our reason$ op9ions re/ ^u our work+ beliefs4 #bcb ,vol4 ii4 p4 #hf4 #bcc ,see ! ref]5ce 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 p4 #bf to ! opportuni/ic e?ic ( ,prezzol9i4 #bcd ,9 ,:at is ,pragmatism8 ,macmillan ,co4 #bce ,cf4 p4 #ha4 #bcf ,pr(essor ,pratt makes an attempt 9 8 book on ,:at is ,pragmatism8 7pp4 #ge-f-g7 to %[ t ! true mean+ ( ! 8correspond5ce !ory0 is n inconsi/5t ) ,pragmatism or t ,pragmatism is n inconsi/5t ) ?is tru?4 #bcg ,cf4 supra1 p4 #fd4 #bch ,see ! ,note on p4 #ba4 #bci ,cf4 supra1 p4 #fg4 #bdj ,pap9i1 9 fact 79 #aijg71 w5t ! l5g? ( say+ t y _c ev5 def9e ,pragmatism1 admitt+ t x appeals only to c]ta9 k9ds ( p]sons4 #bda ,= a s]viceable acc\nt1 9 ,engli%1 ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! pragmati/ philosophy ( hypo!ses & ! m fully develop$ philosophy ( sci5ce ( ! day1 see ,fa!r ,walk]'s ,!ories ( ,k1 *apt] xiii41 ^u 8,pragmatism & ,physical ,sci5ce40 #bdb ,cf4 supra1 p4 #aj & p4 #ae4 ,& ?is failure to sy/ematize becomes1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 all ! m exasp]at+1 9 view ( ! prom95ce giv5 by ! pragmati/s to ! supreme pr9ciples ( 8end0 & 8consequ5ces40 #bdc ,9 ! 8,axioms z ,po/ulates0 essay 9 ,p]sonal ,idealism4 #bdd ,b\rdeau makes ! same *>ge1 say+ t all pragmati/s h ! illusion t 8reality is un/able40 ,pr(essor ,/\t has some?+ simil> 9 view 9 ref]r+ to ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s 8prim>y reality0 9 ! ,m9d review ( ,/udies 9 ,humanism4 ,x is only ! reality ) :i* we h to d 7reality z an ,ari/otelian might say7 t is 89 ! mak+03 = ,god !re c be no su* di/9ction betwe5 process & product4 ,b x is q evid5t t ,pragmatism does n g f> en\gh to solve1 or ev5 to see1 su* difficulties4 ,x conf9es itself 9 ! ma9 to ! cont5tion t man mu/ ?9k ( himself z a mak] ( reality to "s ext5t--a cont5tion t ,i hold to be bo? true & useful1 z f> z x goes4 #bde ,pragmatism1 p4 #bfd4 #bdf 8,pragmatism10 ,octob] #aijj4 #bdg ,! same l9e ( reflection w be f\nd 9 ,james's ,pragmatism1 p4 #if4 #bdh ,pr(essor ,moore has a *apt] 9 8 book 7,pragmatism & its ,critics7 devot$ to ! purpose ( %[+ ! necess>y failure ( ,absolutism 7or ( an ,intellectualism ( ! absoluti/ ord]7 9 ! realm ( e?ics1 f9d+ 9 ! exp]im5talism & ! quasi-,d>w9ism ( ,pragmatism an atmosph]e t is1 to say ! lea/1 m fav\rable to ! realities ( our moral exp]i5ce4 ,:ile ,i _c f9d s mu* z he does 9 ! hit-&-miss e?ical philosophy ( ,pragmatism1 ,i q sympa?ize ) him 9 8 rejection ( ,absolutism or ,rationalism z a basis = e?ics4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( 8 reasons = ?is rejection3 7#a7 ,! 8purpose0 t is involv$ 9 ! e?ical life mu/1 accord+ to ,absolutism1 be an all-inclusive & a fix$ purpose1 all[+ ( no 8advance0 & no 8retreat0---?+s t are imp]ative to ! idea ( ! reality ( our ef=ts4 7#b7 ,absolutism does n provide = human responsibility2 to x all actions & purposes are ^? ( ! ,absolute4 7#c7 ,! e?ical ideal ( ,absolutism is too 8/atic40 7#d7 ,absolutism does n provide any mat]ial = 8new goals & new ideals40 ,see pp4 #bah-bbe 9 my eigh? *apt]1 :]e ,i c5sure1 9 ! int]e/ ( ,pragmatism & ,humanism1 ! e?ical philosophy ( ,pr(essor ,bosanquet4 #bdi ,see p4 #bbd1 :]e ,i arrive at ! conclusion t ! same ?+ may be said ( ! ,absolutism ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet4 #bej ,/ud5ts ( t important n9ete5?-c5tury book ^u ,e?ics1 ! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 by ,h5ry ,sidgwick1 w rememb] t ,sidgwick expressly /ates x z a grave argum5t aga9/ ,utilit>ianism t x is by no means confirm$ by ! /udy ( ! actual orig9 ( moral di/9ctions4 ,z we g back 9 hi/ory we d n f9d t moral prescriptions h m]ely a utilit>ian value4 #bea ,:at ,i und]/& by ! 8normative idea ( e?ical sci5ce0 w become m app>5t z ,i proce$4 ,i may z well /ate1 h[ev]1 t ,i look ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 ! 8descriptive0 ideals ( sci5ce & ! 8normative0 "* ( ! ideals ( ! e?ical & ! socio-political sci5ces z bo? fundam5tal & f>-rea*+4 ,!re are two ?+s1 z x 71 t con/itute :at we might call ! subject-matt] ( philosophy---8facts0 & 8ideals02 or1 r1 x is ! syn!sis & reconciliation ( ^! two ord]s ( reality t con/itute ! supreme problem ( philosophy4 ,x is ) ! description ( facts & ( ! laws ( ! sequ5ces ( ?+s t ! 8me?odology0 ( sci5ce & ( ,pragmatism is 9 ! ma9 conc]n$4 ,& x is because ,pragmatism has hi!rto %[n itself unable to rise above ! descriptive & hypo!tical sci5ce ( ! day to ! ideals ( ! normative sci5ces 7e?ics1 ae/hetics1 etc47 t x is an imp]fect philosophy ( reality z we "k x1 or ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( reality4 #beb ,cf4 ,pr(essor ,w>d 9 ,naturalism & ,agno/icism 7vol4 ii4 p4 #aee73 8,:at ea* "o imm$iately deals ) 9 8 own exp]i5ce is1 ,i repeat1 objective reality 9 ! mo/ fundam5tal s5se40 #bec ,introduction to ,sci5ce1 p4 #acg4 #bed 8,b if ! primitive ,amoebae gave rise #89 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts' to high] organisms & ^! to high]1 until !re em]g$ ! supreme ,mammal1 :o by & by _h a !ory ( x all1 !n ! primitive ,amoebae :i* _h 9 !m ! promise & ! pot5cy ( all ?is 7 v wond]ful ,amoebae inde$4 ,!re mu/ h be5 m 9 !m ?an met ! eye6 ,we mu/ /ock !m1 ) initiatives at lea/4 ,we are tak+ a good deal z #8giv54'0 ,italics m9e4--,j4 ,h4 ,?omson1 ,introduction to ,sci5ce1 p4 #acg4 #bee ,see ,we/]m>ck1 vol4 i4 pp4 #gd1 #ic1 #aag1 & *apt] iii4 g5]ally4 ,! s5t5ce fur!r d[n 9 respect ( ! p]man5t fact ( ! moral consci\sness is f ,hobh\se1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ed4 ,z in/ances ( ! latt]1 ,hobh\se talks ( ?+s l ! 8purity ( ! home1 tru?fulness1 hospitality1 help01 etc41 9 ,iran1 ( ! doctr9e ( ,non-,resi/ance 9 ,lao ,tsze1 ( ! high conception ( p]sonal righte\sness reveal$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 ( ! contributions ( mono!ism to e?ics1 etc4 etc4 #bef ,cf4 p4 #afg4 #beg ,x may1 ,i suppose1 be possible to exagg]ate "h & to fall to "s ext5t into :at ,mr4 ,bradley & ,nietzs*e & o!rs h ?\ght ( z ! 8radical vice ( all goodness0--its t5d5cy to =get t o!r ?+s1 l beauty & tru?1 may also be ?\ght ( z absolute 8values10 z revelations ( ! div9e4 ,:at ,i am ?9k+ ( "h is simply ! realm ( fact t is impli$1 say1 9 ! idea ( ,horace1 :5 he speaks ( ! upright man be+ undismay$ ev5 by ! fall ( ! heav5s 7impavidum f]i5t ru9ae7 or by ! idea ( ! ,/oic sage t ! virtu\s man 0 z necess>y to ,jupit] z ,jupit] c\ld be to him1 or by ! idea 7attribut$ to ,socrates7 t if ! rul]s ( ! univ]se d n pref] ! j man to ! unju/ x is bett] to die ?an to live4 ,if aga9/ all ?is sort ( ?+ "o is rem9d$ by realism ( ! 8spl5did immoralism0 ( ,nature1 ( its app>5t indiff]5ce to all good & ill des]t1 ,i c b reply1 z ,i h done else:]e 9 ?is book1 t ! ,nature ( :i* physical sci5ce speaks is an 8ab/raction0 & an unreality1 & t x matt]s1 !re=e1 v little :e!r su* a ,nature is1 or is n1 indiff]5t to morality4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 ( no ,nature ap>t f life1 & m9d1 & consci\sness1 & ?\ght1 & w4 ,x is ,god1 & n ,nature1 :o makes ! sun to %9e on ! j & ! unju/4 #beh ,by ?is 8mean+0 is to be und]/ood fir/ly ! effects ^u our appetitive & conative t5d5cies ( ! v>i\s specific items 7:e!r s5sation1 or affections1 or emotions1 or :at n7 ( our exp]i5ce1 ! significance1 t is to say1 to our total g5]al activity ( all ! p>ticul> happ5+s & incid5ts ( our exp]i5ce4 ,psy*ologi/s all tell u ( ! va/ sy/em ( 8dispositions0 ) :i* our psy*ophysical organism is equipp$ at bir?1 & ?r\gh ! help ( :i* we int]pret ! s5sations & occurr5ces ( our exp]i5ce4 ,& 9 addition to ^! dispositions we h1 9 ! case ( ! adult1 ! com+ into play ( ! _m associations & memories t are acquir$ dur+ ! exp]i5ces ( a s+le lifetime4 ,x is ^! v>i\s associations t int]pret to u ! pres5t & give x mean+4 ,9 a high] s5se we might int]pret 8mean+0 z expressive ( ! high] pr$icates1 l ! good & ! beautiful & ! true1 t we apply to "s ?+s 9 ! _w ( our socializ$ exp]i5ce4 ,& 9 ! highe/ s5se we might int]pret x z ! significance t we atta* to human hi/ory z di/+ui%$ f ! m]e c\rse ( ev5ts--! significance ^u :i* ! philosophy ( hi/ory reposes4 ,see ,euck5 9 ! article ^u ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory 9 ! 8sy/ematic0 volume ( ,h9neb]g's ,kultur d] ,geg5w>t4 #bei ,see our second *apt] ^u ! diff]5t cont95tal & ,briti% repres5tatives ( ! hypo!tical treatm5t ( sci5tific laws & conceptions t is su* a well-m>k$ t5d5cy ( ! pres5t "t4 ,by no "o p]haps 0 ?is !ory put m emphatically ?an by ,w9delb& 7( ,/rassburg7 9 8 ,prludi5 7#ahhd7 & 9 8 ,ges*i*te und ,naturwiss5s*aft 7#ahid74 ,9 ! latt] he contra/s ! real individuals & p]sonalities ) :i* ! hi/orians deal ) ! imp]sonal ab/ractions ( natural sci5ce4 ,i fully subscribe to ?is di/9ction1 & ?9k t x und]lies a great deal ( ! ?\ght ( rec5t times4 #bfj ,see 8tru? & real exi/5ce0 9 ! ,republic1 #ejh ,d--,j[ett's r5d]+ ( 78ov] :i* tru? & real exi/5ce are %9+074 ,also fur!r 9 ! same place1 8,! cause ( sci5ce & ( tru?10 ' 4 ,9 #chi ,e we read t a 8high value mu/ be set on tru?40 ,( c\rse to ,plato 8tru?0 is also1 & p]haps ev5 prim>ily1 real exi/5ce1 z :5 he says 7,rep4 #ehe71 8t :i* has less ( tru? w also h less ( ess5ce40 ,b 9 any case tru? always means m = him ?an 8m]e be+10 or exi/5ce1 or 8appe>ance10 x is ! highe/ =m ( be+1 ! object ( 8sci5ce10 ! great discov]y ( ! high] reason4 #bfa ,to ,pr(essor ,bosanquet1 = example2 see bel[1 p4 #bac1 note #b4 #bfb ,! ,poetry ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,r4 ,gordon4 #bfc ,ibid4 p4 #d4 #bfd ,! ,poetry ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #afj4 #bfe ,ibid4 pp4 #ahc-ahd4 #bff ,x is ?is false conception ( tru? z a 8datum0 or 8cont5t0 t wrecks ! :ole ( ,mr4 ,bradley's argum5t 9 ,appe>ance & ,reality4 ,see on ! contr>y ! foll[+ quotation f ,pr(essor ,boyce ,gibson 7,euck5's ,philosophy ( ,life1 p4 #aji7 9 respect ( ! attitude ( ,euck5 t[>ds ! idea ( tru? z a p]sonal ideal4 8,! ultimate crit]ion ( tru? is n ! cle>ness & ! di/9ctness ( our ?9k+1 nor its correspond5ce ) a reality ext]nal to x1 nor any o!r intellectuali/ic pr9ciple4 ,x is spiritual fruitfulness z inv>iably realiz$ by ! p]sonal exp]i5t1 inv>iably realiz$ z spr++ fre%ly & freely f ! inexhau/ible res\rces :i* our fre$om ga9s f its dep5d5ce ^u ,god40 #bfg ,x is "p ( ! greatness ( ,hegel1 ,i ?9k1 to h s\ght to include ! tru? ( hi/ory & ( ! social ord] 9 ! tru? ( philosophy1 or 9 spiritual tru? g5]ally4 ,8 error consi/s 9 n all[+ = ! fre% revelations ( tru? t h come to ! _w ?r\gh ! insight ( individuals & ?r\gh ! actions & ! creations ( orig9al m54 #bfh ,!re is a s5t5ce 9 ! ,metaphysics ( :i* ,i _c b ?9k at ?is po9t1 & :i* s f> at lea/ z ! rationali/-pragmati/ issue is conc]n$ is really "o ( ! deepe/ & mo/ in/ructive ideas 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,x is "o ( ,ari/otle's tr\blesome additional /atem5ts 9 ref]5ce to some?+ t he has j be5 discuss+--9 ?is case ! 8object ( desire0 & ! 8object ( ?\ght40 ,& :at he adds 9 ! pres5t in/ance is ?is 7,bk4 xii4 #g73 8,! prim>y objects ( ^! two ?+s are ! same0-- --r5d]$ by ,smi? & ,ross 8! prim>y objects ( ?\ght & desire are ! same40 ,! translation1 ( c\rse1 is a matt] ( "s slight difficulty1 turn+ ^u ! prop] int]pretation ( 1 8! fir/ ?+s10 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! /ud5t soon becomes famili> ) :at ,ari/otle means by 8fir/ ?+s10 & 8fir/ philosophy10 & 8fir/ 9 nature10 & 8fir/ = u10 & s on4 ,!mi/ius 9 8 comm5t>y on ?is passage 7,comm5t>ia 9 ,ari/otelem ,graeca1 vol4 v4 i-vi2 ,!mi/ius 9 ,metaphysica1 #ajgb & #ag-cj7 puts x t 89 ! case ( immat]ial exi/5ces ! desirable & ! intelligible are ! same--9 primis v]o pr9cipiis mat]iae non immixtis idem e/ desid]abile atque intelligibile40 ,i am incl9$ to use ?is great idea ( ! id5tity ( ! desirable & ! intelligible--= consci\s1 intellig5t be+s z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! true ,humanism ( :i* ,pragmatism is 9 se>*4 ,x is evid5tly 9 ?is id5tity t ,pr(essor ,bosanquet also believes 9 :5 he says3 8,i am p]suad$ t if we critically und]/& :at we really want & ne$1 we %all f9d x e/abli%$ by a /raight=w>d argum5t0 7,preface to ,individuality & ,value4 ,see ! eigh? *apt] ( ?is book74 ,x is c]ta9ly true t ! con/ructive philosophy ( :i* we are 9 se>* to-day mu/ leave no gap betwe5 ?\ght & desire4 #bfi ,i f9d an illu/ration or a confirmation ( ?is ?\ght 9 ! foll[+ piece ( insight ( ,mr4 ,*e/]ton 9 reg>d to ! 8good10 :i* is no d\bt a 8pr$icate0 ( our total ?\ght & feel+ & volition4 8,or1 9 o!r words1 man _c escape f ,god1 because good is ,god 9 man2 & insi/s on omnisci5ce0 7,victorian ,age 9 ,lit]ature1 p4 #bdf--;italics m9e74 ,a belief 9 goodness is c]ta9ly a belief 9 an active goodness great] ?an our own2 & x does raise a desire = a compreh5sion ( ?+s4 #bgj ,! read] w f9d a good deal 9 ,pr(essor ,baldw9's ,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretations ( ,m5tal ,developm5t ^u ! relation ( tru? & ?\ght to desire1 & also ^u ! social1 or ! pragmati/ or ! exp]im5tal te/ ( beliefs4 #bga ,see ,*apt] ,,ix41 9 ref]5ce to ,b]gson's 8creative activity40 #bgb ,! read] :o is anxi\s to obta9 a work+ idea ( ! limits ( k f a sci5tific po9t ( view _h bett] consult su* pieces ( lit]ature z ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge's rec5t exam9ation ( ,haeckel's ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 ,pr(essor ,w>d's ,naturalism & ,agno/icism1 ,m]z's ,hi/ory ( ,european ,?\ght dur+ ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 or ,v]worn's ,g5]al ,physiology 7) its int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! diff]5t !ories ( ! orig9 ( life1 & its admission t aft] all we "k matt] only ?r\gh m9d & s5sation74 ,p]usal ( ! mo/ rec5t accessible lit]ature ^u ?is :ole subject w reveal ! fact t ^! old que/ions ab\t ! orig9 ( life & motion1 & ab\t ! nature ( evolution1 are /ill z unsettl$ z !y 7 9 ! la/ half ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x is n m]ely1 h[ev]1 ( ! actual limits ( sci5ce at any "o "t t we are oblig$1 z human be+s1 to ?9k1 b ( ! limits ( sci5ce 9 view ( ! fact t our k comes to u 9 "p1 "u ! conditions ( space & "t1 & "u ! conditions ( ! limits ( our s5ses & ( our und]/&+4 ,k is c]ta9ly limit$ 9 ! light ( :at be+s o!r ?an ourselves may "k1 & 9 ! light ( :at we w\ld l to "k ab\t ! univ]se ( life & m9d4 ,i d n ?9k t ?is :ole "q ( ! limits ( our k is su* a burn+ "q to-day z x 0 "s ye>s ago1 !re be+ sev]al reasons = ?is4 ,"o is t we live 9 an age ( specialization & discursiv5ess & 8te*nic40 ,x is q difficult to meet ) p :o ?9k t !y may "k1 "s day1 ev]y?+1 f ev5 "s s+le po9t ( view4 ,& !n ! wide acceptance ( ! hypo!tical or ! pragmati/ conception ( k has caus$ u to look ^u ! matt] ( ! limits ( sci5ce & k z a relative "o1 z always relat$ to1 & condition$ by1 c]ta9 po9ts ( view & c]ta9 assumptions4 ,we are n ev5 w>rant$1 = example1 9 ?9k+ ( m9d & matt] z sep>ate 9 ! old way1 nor c we sep>ate ! life ( ! individual f ! life ( ! race1 nor ! _w f ,god1 nor man f ,god1 & s on4 ,see an article by ! writ] 79 #ahih 9 ! ,psy4 ,rev47 ^u 8,pr(essor ,tit*5]'s ,view ( ! ,self10 deal+ ) ! actual1 & ! necess>y limits1 ( ! po9t ( view ( ,/ructural ,psy*ology 9 reg>d to ! 8self40 ,also ,pr(essor ,tit*5]'s reply to ?is article 9 a subsequ5t numb] ( ! same review1 & my own rejo9d]4 #bgc ,see ,*apt] ,,ii4 p4 #ce4 #bgd ,despite :at we spoke ( 9 ,*apt] ,v4 z its 8subjectivism10 p4 #acd4 #bge ,t is to say1 ! simple tru? t !re is no 8object0 )\t a 8subject10 no 8physical0 _w )\t a _w ( 8psy*ical0 exp]i5ces on ! "p ( "s be+s or "s be+4 ,if our e>? exi/$ be=e animat$ be+s appe>$ ^u x1 x 0 only z a "p ( "s o!r 8sy/em0 :i* we mu/ ?9k ( z ! object ( "s m9d or intellig5ce4 #bgf ,see p4 #bce1 note #b1 9 ! ,b]gson *apt]1 :]e x is sugge/$ t to ,b]gson human p]ceptions d n1 ( c\rse1 exhau/ matt]4 #bgg ,among ! _m o!r good ?+s 9 ,mr4 ,m>ett's admirable ,an?ropology 7"o ( ! fre%e/ works ^u ! subject1 sugge/ive ( ! ne$1 evid5tly felt 9 ,ox=d z well z else:]e1 ( /udy+ philosophy & lett]s1 & ne>ly ev]y?+ else 9 ! m5tal & moral sci5ces1 f ! po9t ( view ( social an?ropology7 are ! cle>ness & ! relevancy ( illu/ration 9 8 insi/5ce ^u ! importance ( ! 8social factor0 ov] all our ?\ghts ( ourselves z ag5ts & /ud5ts 9 ! univ]se ( ?+s40 ,payne %[s u 7p4 #adf7 8reason = believ+ t ! collective #8we' prec$es #8,i' 9 ! ord] ( l+ui/ic evolution4 ,to beg9 )1 9 ,am]ica & else:]e1 #8we' may be inclusive & mean #8all ( u1' or selective1 mean+ #8"s ( u only4' ,h5ce a mission>y mu/ be v c>eful1 & if he is prea*+1 mu/ use ! inclusive #8we' 9 say+ #8we h s9n$1' :]eas1 9 pray+1 he mu/ use ! selective #8we1' or ,god w\ld be includ$ 9 ! li/ ( s9n]s4 ,simil>ly #8,i' has a collective =m among/ "s ,am]ican languages2 & ?is is ord9>ily employ$1 :]eas ! correspond+ selective =m is us$ only 9 special cases4 ,?us1 if ! "q be #8,:o w help8' ! ,apa*e w reply1 #8,i-among/-o!rs1' #8,i-=-"o'2 b if he 7 rec\nt+ 8 p]sonal exploits1 he says %e$ah1 #8,i-by-myself1' to %[ !y 7 :olly 8 own4 ,"h we seem to h gr\p-consci\sness hold+ its own aga9/ individual self-consci\sness1 z be+ = primitive folk on ! :ole ! m normal attitude ( m9d40 ,x is inde$ to be hop$ t1 9 ! future1 philosophy1 by disc>d+ its ab/ractionism & its 7closely alli$7 solipsism1 w d its %>e 9 mak+ ?is 8gr\p consci\sness10 ?is consci\sness ( our be+ inde$ 8fell[-work]s0 ) all m51 once aga9 a prop]ty ( our m9ds & our ?\ghts4 #bgh ,"o ( ,pr(essor ,james's la/ books is call$ ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 & bo? he & ,pr(essor ,dewey h always writt5 "u ! pressure ( ! sociological int]e/ ( mod]n times4 ,9 %ort1 x is obvi\s t ! 8reality0 und]ly+ ! entire pragmati/ polemic aga9/ ! hypo!tical "* ( ! read+ ( ! _w af=d$ u by ! sci5ces1 is ! social & p]sonal life t is ! deepe/ ?+ 9 our exp]i5ce4 #bgi ,?is idea ( a 8_w ( int]-subjective int]c\rse10 al?\gh n[ a commonplace ( sociology1 0 fir/ express$ = ! writ] 9 ! fir/ s]ies ( ! ,gif=d ,lectures ( ,pr(essor ,james ,w>d ^u 8,naturalism & ,agno/icism10 9 *apt]s xv4 & xvi4 ,! fir/ ( ^! *apt]s deals ) 8,exp]i5ce & ,life10 & ! second ) ! 8int]-subjective int]c\rse0 t is really presuppos$ 9 ! s-call$ individual exp]i5ce ( :i* ! old psy*ology us$ to make s mu*4 ,! read] :o wi%es to foll[ out a developm5t ( ?is idea ( a 8_w ( int]-subjective int]c\rse0 _c d bett] ?an foll[ ! argum5t ( ,pr(essor ,w>d's second s]ies ( ,gif=d ,lectures 78,! ,realm ( ,ends10 or 8,pluralism & ,!ism071 9 :i* he w f9d a ,humanism & ,!ism t is at lea/ ak9 to ! !odicy1 or ! natural !ology1 ( :i* we might suppose ,pragmatism to be enam\r$4 ,! d\ble s]ies ( ^! ,lectures might well be ref]r$ to z an in/ance ( ! k9d ( classical ,engli% "w 9 philosophy ( :i* we h spok5 z n fall+ into ! extremes ei!r ( ,pragmatism or ( ,rationalism4 ,! /rong po9t ( ! 8,realm ( ,ends10 f ! po9t ( view ( ?is book ^u ,pragmatism & ,idealism1 is t x moves f fir/ to la/ 9 ! reality ( t _w to :i* ! sci5ce & ! philosophy ( ! day bo? seem to po9t ! way4 ,9 opposition to 8subjectivism0 x tea*es a ,humanism & a ,pluralism t we recognise z an expression ( ! realities ( ! _w ( our common life & our common ef=ts1 & f ?is ,humanism x proce$s to a ,!ism :i* its au?or seeks to def5d f _m ( ! famili> difficulties ( ,naturalism4 ,7 ! writ] conc]n$ ) ! matt] ( ! developm5t & ! elaboration ( ! philosophy t seems to h precipitat$ itself into 8 m9d aft] "s ye>s ( reflection on ! issues betwe5 ! reali/s & ! ideali/s1 betwe5 ! rationali/s & ! pragmati/s1 he w\ld h to beg9 by say+ t its outl9es are at lea/ repres5t$ = him 9 ! !i/ic & plurali/ic philosophy ( ,pr(essor ,w>d4 #bhj ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,dawes ,hicks 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,april #aiac1 !re is a great deal 9 ! articles ( ,pr(essor ,alex&] on 8,collective ,will+ & ,tru?0 t supports "s ( ! positions ,i am "h attempt+ to indicate1 z "p ( ! outcome ( ! pragmati/-rationali/ controv]sy4 8,bo? goodness & tru? dep5d1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! recognition by "o man ( consci\sness 9 o!rs1 &1 secondly1 ^u int]subjective int]c\rse0 7p4 #feh74 #bha ,i owe ?is ref]5ce 7:i* ,i h attempt$ to v]ify7 to a sugge/ive & +5i\s book 7,! ,new ,^w1 by ,mr4 ,all5 ,upw>d7 l5t to me by a ,montreal fri5d4 ,skeat1 9 8 ,diction>y1 gives z ! mean+ ( tru?1 8firm1 e/abli%$1 c]ta91 hone/1 fai?ful10 connect+ x ) ,a4,s4 trou1 tryw 78pres]vation ( a compact071 ,teut4 trewa1 say+ t ! 8root0 is 8unkn[n40 ,i suppose t simil> ?+s might be said ab\t ! ,greek ^w 9 its diff]5t =ms1 :i* ,liddel & ,scott connect ) 8,sans41 satyas 7v]us71 ,o4 ,nor4 ,sannr1 ,a4,s4 s? 7soo?740 ,all ?is seems to ju/ify ! idea ( ! social confirmation ( tru? = :i* ,i am incl9$ to /&1 & ! connexion ( intellectual tru? ) e?ical tru?1 ) ! tru? ( human life4 ,i agree ) ,lotze t tru?s d n float above1 or ov]1 or betwe51 ?+s1 b t !y exi/ only 9 ! ?\ght ( a ?9k]1 9 s f> z he ?9ks1 or 9 ! action ( a liv+ be+ 9 ! mom5t ( 8 action--! ,microcosmos z quot$ 9 ,eisl]1 article 8,wahrheit0 9 ! ,wrt]bu*4 ,! ,tru? = man w\ld be ! coh]5ce ( 8 k & 8 beliefs1 & !re is no ab/ract tru?1 or tru? 9 & = itself1 no imp]sonal 8:ole0 ( tru?4 #bhb ,z 9 ! ,hegelian dialectic4 #bhc ,!re is ano!r important ?+ to ?9k ( 9 connexion ) ?is sociological "* ( ,pragmatism4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic t may be us$ to ov]come :at we h else:]e talk$ ( z its 8subjectivism0 & its 8individualism10 & its revolution>y t5d5cies4 ,x is1 we might urge1 a social & a collective /&>d ( tru? t ,pragmatism has 9 view :5 x ?9ks ( 8consequ5ces0 & ( ! te/ ( tru?4 ,lal&e takes up ?is idea 9 an article 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique 7#aijf7 on 8,pragmatisme et ,pragmaticisme10 po9t+ out t ,dr4 ,peirce w\ld app>5tly t5d to base 8 pragmatism on ! subord9ation ( individual to collective ?\ght4 ,dr4 ,s*ill] too1 ,i ?9k1 contemplates ?is social te/ ( tru? 9 8 w\ld-be revival ( ! philosophy ( ,protagoras--t man is ! measure ( reality--= man4 #bhd ,see bel[1 p4 #aig1 :]e we speak ( ?is 8m$iation0 z ! fir/ fact = ,pr(essor ,bosanquet z a prom95t 8,neo-,hegelian0 rationali/4 #bhe ,i h be5 ask$ by a fri5dly critic if ,i w\ld include 8inf]5ce0 9 ?is 8real ?\ght40 ,i c]ta9ly w\ld1 because 9 all real inf]5ce we are1 or ought to be1 conc]n$ ) a real subject-matt]1 a set ( relations among realities ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,possibly all /ud5ts 9 all subjects 7especially 9 philosophy7 h lo/ "t 9 foll[+ out a set ( inf]5ces 9 & = !mselves4 ,b su* a proc$ure is ju/ifi$ by ! increas$ p[] t we get ov] ! real subject-matt] ( our ?\ght4 ,:5 ?\ght _c be ?us *eck$ by ! idea ( su* increas$ p[]1 x is idle ?\ght4 #bhf ,i am ?9k+1 ( c\rse1 ( ! entire revolution>y & radical social philosophy t h>ks back 79 !ory at lea/7 to ! 8,social ,contract0 & to ! ,/ate ( ,nature philosophy ( ,r\sseau & 8 associates & pr$ecessors4 #bhg ,see p4 #ahd ( ,*apt] ,,vii41 :]e ,i speak ( ! ability to d ?is z ! inv>iable possession ( ! successful ,am]ican tea*] ( philosophy4 #bhh ,an equival5t ( x1 ( c\rse1 exi/s 9 _m say+s1 9 _m c\ntries1 9 ! conception ( ! task ( ! metaphysician z t ( 8a bl9d man 9 a d>k room hunt+ = a black cat :i*--is n !re10 reproduc$ by ,sir ,ray ,lanke/] 9 ! rec5t book ( ,h4 ,s4 ,r4 ,eliot1 ,mod]n ,sci5ce & ! ,illusions ( ,b]gson4 ,!re is g5]ally an error or a fallacy 9 su* descriptions ( philosophy--9 ?is ,lanke/] /ory ! error t ! secret ( ! _w is a k9d ( 8?+ 9 itself0 out ( all relation to ev]y?+ we "k & exp]i5ce--! v error aga9/ :i* ! pragmati/s are prote/+4 #bhi ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 = example1 seems to me to h ! prejudice t philosophy is at its be/ only :5 occupi$ ) /udies :i* 7l ! ma!matics ( 8 affections7 are z remote z possible f human life4 8,real life is10 he says1 8to mo/ m5 a long second-be/1 a p]petual compromise betwe5 ! ideal & ! possible2 b ! _w ( pure reason kn[s no compromise1 no practical limitations1 no b>ri] to ! creative activity embody+ 9 spl5did edifices ! passionate aspiration aft] ! p]fect =m f :i* all great "w spr+s4 ,remote f human passions1 remote ev5 f ! pitiful facts ( nature1 ! g5]ations h gradually creat$ an ord]$ cosmos :]e pure ?\ght c dwell z 9 its natural home1 & :]e "o1 at lea/1 ( our nobl] impulses c escape f ! dre>y exile ( ! actual _w40 ,i _c--z ,i h indicat$ else:]e 9 reg>d to ,mr4 ,russell--see = "o mom5t h[ !re is any ju/ification = look+ ^u ?is 8ord]$ cosmos0 ( ma!matical physics z any?+ o!r ?an an ab/raction f ! real _w ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,x is ! creation ( only "o ( our _m human int]e/s4 ,& ,i _c see t ! ?\ght t occupies itself ) ?is _w is any nobl] ?an ! ?\ght t occupies itself ) ! m complex worlds ( life1 & ( bir? & dea?1 & ( k & feel+ & conduct4 ,mr4 ,russell might rememb]1 = "o ?+1 t !re h be5 m5 7,sp9oza among !m7 :o h attempt$ to treat ( human passions "u ! light ( asc]ta9able laws1 & t x is 7to say ! v lea/7 z legitimate = philosophy to seek = reason & law 9 human life1 & 9 ! evolution ( human hi/ory1 z 9 ! ab/ract _w ( physical & ma!matical sci5ce4 ,c1 too1 a ma!matical philosophy af=d any f9al hav5 = ! _s ( man1 )\t an exam9ation ( ! m9d ( ! ma!matician & ( ! nature ( ! concepts & symbols t he uses 9 8 rese>*es8 ,!re is a :ole _w ( dispute & discussion ab\t all ^! ?+s4 #bij ,i h 9 view 9 fact only 7or ma9ly7 su* ,am]ican *>act]i/ics z may be ?\ght ( 9 connexion ) ! new] intellectual & social atmosph]e ( ! pres5t "t1 ! atmosph]e t impresses ! visitor & ! resid5t f ! old _w1 ! atmosph]e to ! creation ( :i* he himself & 8 fell[-immigrants h contribut$1 z well z ! native-born ,am]ican ( two g5]ations ago--to g no fur!r back4 ,i mean t any?+ l a f>-rea*+ analysis or consid]ation ( ! great qualities t g to make up ! 8s\l0 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is1 ( c\rse1 altoge!r beyond ! sph]e ( my att5tion = ! pres5t4 ,i fully subscribe1 9 %ort1 to ! tru? ( ! foll[+ words ( ,pr(essor ,santayana1 "o ( ! mo/ s*ol>ly & compet5t ,am]ican /ud5ts 7bo? ( philosophy & ( life7 ( ! pass+ g5]ation3 8,am]ica is n simply a "y c\ntry ) an old m5tality2 x is a c\ntry ) two m5talities1 "o a survival ( ! beliefs & /&>ds ( ! fa!rs1 ! o!r an expression ( ! in/9cts1 practice1 & discov]ies ( ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,9 all ! high] ?+s ( ! m9d--9 religion1 lit]ature1 9 ! moral emotions1 x is ! h]$it>y _s t /ill prevails1 s mu* s1 t ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw f9ds t ,am]ica is a hundr$ ye>s beh9d ! times40--8,! ,g5teel ,tradition 9 ,am]ican ,philosophy10 9 ,w9ds ( ,doctr9e 7p4 #ahg74 #bia ,a contempor>y ,am]ican au?ority1 ,pr(essor ,bliss ,p]ry1 9 8 book ^u ,! ,am]ican ,m9d naturally s+les out radicalism z "o ( ! well-m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( ,am]icans4 ,among ! o!r *>act]i/ics ( :i* he speaks are ^? ( ! 8love ( exagg]ation10 8idealism10 8optimism10 8individualism10 8public _s40 ,i ref]1 ,i ?9k1 to ne>ly all ^! ?+s 9 my pages1 al?\gh ( c\rse ,i _h n ! b5efit ( ,pr(essor ,p]ry's book 9 writ+ ! pres5t *apt]4 #bib ,i am c]ta9ly "o ( ^? :o insi/ t we mu/ ?9k ( ,am]ica z 7despite "s appe>ances to ! contr>y--appe>ances to be se5 also1 = example1 9 ! ,we/ ( ,canada7 fundam5tally a religi\s c\ntry4 ,x 0 f\nd$ ^u c]ta9 great religi\s ideas t 7 a highly important c\nt]p>t to "s ( ! eighte5?-c5tury fallacies ab\t lib]ty & equality t ex]cis$ _! influ5ce ^u ! fa!rs ( ! republic4 #bic ,he has rec5tly publi%$ a volume deal+ especially ) ! contributions ( ,biology & ,d>w9ism to philosophy4 #bid ,see p4 #beb4 #bie ,! crucial *>act]i/ics ( ! ,presid5tial campaign ( #aiab cle>ly %[$ ?is4 #bif ,we c see ?is 9 ! _m valuable /udies & addresses ( ,pr(essor ,dewey ^u educational & social problems4 #big ,x is ?is fact1 or ! body ( fact & t5d5cy ^u :i* x re/s1 t causes ,am]icans & all :o "k !m or obs]ve !m1 to ?9k & speak ( ! app>5tly purely 8economic0 or 8bus9ess-l0 "* ( ! great] "p ( _! activities4 ,let me quote ,pr(essor ,bliss ,p]ry "h 444 8! ov]:elm+ prepond]ance ( ! unmitigat$ bus9ess-man face italics m9e1 ! consummate monoton\s commonness ( ! pu%+ male cr[d0 7p4 #aeh74 8,!re exi/s1 9 o!r words1 9 all classes ( ,am]ican society to-day1 j z !re exi/$ dur+ ! ,revolution1 dur+ ! #8transc5d5tal' movem5t1 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 an imm5se mass ( unspiritualis$1 unvitalis$ ,am]ican manhood & womanhood0 7p4 #afj74 #bih ,& ?is despite ( :at ,i h call$ else:]e ! comp>ative failure ( ,pragmatism to give a rational1 & t5able acc\nt ( 8p]sonality0 & ( ! 8self40 #bii ,at ! mom5t ( 8 dea? 7scrib5s e/ mortuus7 ,james 0 und\bt$ly ?r\gh\t ! _w ! mo/ talk$-ab\t ,engli%-speak+ philosoph]1 & n[h]e m s ?an 9 ,g]many1 ! home ( ! transc5d5talism t he s d\ghtily & brilliantly attack$4 ,/e9 says1 = example1 9 8 article ^u 8,pragmatism0 7,ar*iv fr ,philosophie1 #ad1 #aijg1 ,,ii4 ,ab471 t we 8h _h no?+ l x s9ce ,s*op5hau]40 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t ,james & 8 "w1 along ) ! life & "w ( o!r notable ,am]ican ?9k]s 7& along ) ! 8lead0 t ,am]ica n[ c]ta9ly has ov] at lea/ ,engl& 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( /udy1 l political & economic sci5ce1 exp]im5tal psy*ology1 & s on71 are "p ( ! debt ,am]ica ow$1 "s decades ago1 to ! ,old ,_w 9 ! matt] ( ! tra9+ ( _m ( h] be/ pr(essors--a debt %e has long s9ce cancell$ & ov]paid4 ,read]s1 by ! way1 :o desire m au!ntic in=mation ab\t ,james & 8 "w ?an ! pres5t writ] is ei!r capable1 or desir\s1 ( giv+ 9 ?is book1 may p]use ei!r ! rec5t "w ( ,pr(essor ,p]ry ( ,h>v>d ^u ,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies1 or ! "w ( ,m4 ,fl\rnoy already spok5 (4 ,b\tr\x has a f9e appreciation ( ! value ( ,james's philosophical "w 9 ! "w to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,& !re 0 naturally a crop ( invaluable articles ^u ,james 9 ! ,am]ican reviews %ortly aft] 8 dea?4 #cjj ,?9k alone1 = example1 ( :at ,james says he le>nt !re f a tea*] l ,agassiz3 8,! h\rs ,i sp5t ) ,agassiz s taught me ! diff]5ce betwe5 all possible ab/ractioni/s & all liv]s 9 ! light ( ! _w's concrete fulness t ,i h nev] be5 able to =get x40--,f an article ^u ,james 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ix4 p4 #ebg4 #cja ,:ile ?is book 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press my eye fell ^u ! foll[+ words ( ,pr(essor ,santayana 9 respect ( ?is v p]sonality ( ,james3 8,x 0 8 p]sonal spontaneity1 simil> to t ( ,em]son1 & 8 p]sonal vitality simil> to t ( nobody else4 ,conviction & ideas came to him1 s to speak1 f ! subsoil4 ,he _h a prophetic sympa?y ) ! dawn+ s5tim5ts ( ! age1 ) ! moods ( ! dumb majority4 ,8 way ( ?9k+ & feel+ repres5ts ! true ,am]ica1 & repres5t$ 9 a measure ! :ole ultra-mod]n radical _w0 7,w9ds ( ,doctr9e1 p4 #bje74 #cjb ,includ+1 say1 ! facilities ( a completely index$ & au!nticat$ e/imate ( ! "w t has be5 done 9 diff]5t c\ntries ^u 8 p>ticul> subject4 ,x is easy to see t ! habit & ! possibility ( "w 9 an environm5t su* z ?is & aga9 & aga9 its sy/em & its facilities simply /agg] ! ,european is a ?+ ( ! greate/ value to ! ,am]ican pr(essor s f> z ! idea ( 8 own be/ possible contribution to 8 age is conc]n$4 ,%\ld he m]ely d ov] aga9 :at o!rs h done8 ,or %all he try to "w 9 a really new field8 ,or %all he give himself to ! "w ( real tea*+1 to ! tra9+ ( compet5t m51 or to ! 8organization0 ( 8 subject ) 8 public8 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 ,i ?9k1 t ! av]age ,am]ican pr(essor is a bett] tea*] & guide 9 8 subject ?an 8 av]age colleague 9 _m places 9 ,europe4 ,h5ce ! ju/ifiable discont5t ( _m ,am]ican /ud5ts ) :at !y occasionally f9d abroad 9 ! way ( academic facilities = inve/igation & advanc$ /udy4 #cjc ,! latt] 7x is p]haps ne$less to /ate7 h long be5 p]fectly evid5t to all ,am]ican tea*]s ( ! fir/ rank 9 ! %ape1 say1 ( ! wor?less 8rese>*0 t is (t5 repres5t$ 9 !ses & /udies h&$ 9 = ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy1 or = o!r purposes4 ,any?+ t seems to be 8"w done10 any?+ t has atta9$ to "s 8consequ5ces0 or o!r1 has (t5 be5 publi%$ z /udies & rese>*es1 & ?is despite ! valuable ?+s t are to be associat$ ) ! idea ( ! pragmati/ elem5t 9 ,am]ican s*ol>%ip4 ,! faults1 too1 ( ! undue specialization t /ill obta9s 9 _m ,am]ican in/itutions is also1 z ,i h indicat$1 becom+ m & m app>5t to ,am]ican au?orities4 #cjd ,i _c see :y ideali/s %\ld h be5 s sl[ to accord to ,pragmatism ! elem5t ( tru? 9 ?is idea1 & to admit t x connects ! pragmati/ philosophy ( 8consequ5ces0 ) ! ideali/ 8value-philosophy40 #cje ,! great] "p1 = example1 ( our ,briti% tea*+ & writ+ ab\t ,kant & ,hegel has tak5 little or no recognition ( ! peculi> intellectual & social atmosph]e "u :i* ,criticism & ,transc5d5talism became intelligible & influ5tial 9 ,g]many & else:]e1 or ( ! equally important matt] ( ! v diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! ,kantian & ! ,hegelian philosophies 7 int]pret$ by diff]5t s*ools & diff]5t t5d5cies ( ?\ght4 ,a simil> ?+ might1 ,i ?9k1 too1 be said ( ! unduly 8intellectuali/ic0 mann] 9 :i* ! tea*+s ( ,plato & ,ari/otle h (t5 be5 pres5t$ to our ,briti% /ud5ts--"u ! influ5ce p>tly ( ,hegelianism & p>tly ( ! doctr9airism & ! intellectualism ( our academic ,humanism s9ce ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,h5ce ! great importance 9 ,greek philosophy ( su* a rec5t "w z t ( ,f4 ,m4 ,corn=d ^u ! relation ( ,religion to ,philosophy 7,f ,religion to ,philosophy1 ,arnold1 #aiab71 or ( ,pr(essor ,burnet's well-kn[n ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy4 #cjf ,z sugge/ive ( ! scant respect = au?orities felt by ! active-m9d$ ,am]ican /ud5t1 ,i may ref] to ! boa/ ( ,pap9i t ,pragmatism appeals to ! virile & ! pr\d-spirit$ :o d n wi% to accept _! ?\ght f ! pa/4 #cjg ,i am ?9k+ ( su* ev5ts z ! 8,_w's ,p>liam5t ( ,religions0 79 ,*icago 9 #ahic71 ! rec5t int]national conf]5ces ^u 8e?ical in/ruction 9 diff]5t c\ntries10 ^u 8racial problems10 ^u 8missions10 etc4 ,x w\ld be idle to ?9k t su* attempts at ! organisation ( ! k & ! ef=t ( ! ?9k+ p 9 ! _w are q devoid ( philosophical importance4 ,"o has only to /udy1 say1 von ,h>tmann1 or mod]n social re=m1 to be conv9c$ ( ! contr>y4 #cjh ,i tru/ ,i may be p>don$ if ,i v5ture to sugge/ t 9 opposition to ! democratic attitude ( ,pragmatism to ! ord9>y facts ( life1 & to ! ord9>y 7b (t5 h]oic7 life ( ord9>y m51 ! view ( man & ! univ]se t is tak5 9 su* an important ideali/ic book z ,dr4 ,bosanquet's ,individuality & ,value is d\btless unduly ari/ocratic or intellectuali/ic4 ,x speaks r ( ! ,greek view ( life ?an ( ! mod]n democratic view4 ,z an expression ( ! quasi democratic attitude ( ,james ev5 9 philosophy1 we may cite ! foll[+3 8,9 ?is real _w ( sweat & dirt1 x seems to me t :5 a view ( ?+s is noble1 t ought to c\nt z a presumption its tru?1 z a philosophical disqualification4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness may be a g5tleman1 z we are told he is1 b :atev] ! ,god ( e>? & heav5 is1 he c surely be no g5tleman4 ,8 m5ial s]vices are ne$$ 9 ! du/ ( our human trials40 ,hav+ rewritt5 ?is quotation two or ?ree times1 ,i h lo/ ! ref]5ce to its place 9 ,james's writ+s4 ,x is "o ( ! ?ree books ^u ,pragmatism & ,pluralism4 #cji ,we may quote1 ,i ?9k1 ! foll[+ passage f ,pr(essor ,p]ry to %[ t ! op5-m9d$ness ( ,james 0 n m]ely a temp]am5tal & an ,am]ican *>act]i/ic 9 8 case1 b a quality or attitude t re/$ ^u an intellectual conviction 9 respect ( ! function ( ideas4 8,s9ce x is _! (fice i4e4 ! (fice ( ideas to pave ! way = direct k1 or to be tempor>ily sub/itut$ = x1 !n effici5cy is condition$ by _! unobtrusiv5ess1 by ! read9ess ) :i* !y subord9ate !mselves4 ,! commone/ case ( an idea 9 ,james's s5se is ! ^w1 & ! mo/ notable example ( 8 pragmatic or empirical me?od is 8 own scrupul\s avoidance ( v]balism4 ,x foll[s t s9ce ideas are 9 & ( !mselves ( no cognitive value1 s9ce !y are ess5tially in/rum5tal1 !y are always on trial1 & #8liable to modification 9 ! c\rse ( future exp]i5ce4'0--,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies1 p4 #cfd 7italics m9e74 #caj ,x is kn[n to all /ud5ts t "s ( ! m important writ+s ( ?is pr9ce ( ?9k]s _c be intelligibly approa*$ )\t a long prelim9>y /udy ( ! peculi> 8dress+ up10 or trans=mation1 to :i* he subjects ! v>i\s facts ( life & exi/5ce4 ,& ! same ?+ is true 7to a m modifi$ ext5t7 ( ! writ+s ( ,kant4 #caa ,see ! wise rem>k1 9 ?is v connexion1 ( ! possible s]vice ( philosophy to-day1 ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet1 reproduc$ ^u p4 #bbf4 ,& !n1 aga91 we mu/ rememb] t an unduly pragmati/ view ( life w\ld t5d to make p imp]vi\s to ideas t transc5d ! range & ! level ( _! ord9>y int]e/s & activities4 #cab ,cf4 ! foll[+ f ,pr(essor ,pace's ,preface to ,introduction to ,philosophy1 by ,*>les ,a4 ,dubray4 8,9 ,ca?olic colleges1 importance has always be5 atta*$ to ! /udy ( philosophy bo? z a means ( culture & z a s\rce ( in=mation reg>d+ ! great tru?s :i* are influ5tial 9 support+ ,*ri/ian belief & 9 %ap+ "*40 ,( c\rse ^! same words might be us$ z descriptive ( :at ,pr(essor ,santayana calls ! 8old] tradition0 9 all ,am]ican colleges4 ,x is int]e/+1 by ! way1 to note also ! pragmati/ t\* 9 ! same ,preface to ?is ,ca?olic manual4 8,b if ?is tra9+ is to be successful1 philosophy mu/ be pres5t$1 n z a complex ( ab/ruse speculations on f>-(f inaccessible topics1 b z a sy/em ( tru?s t ent] ) vital consequ5ce into our ord9>y ?9k+ & our ev]yday conduct40 #cac ,see p4 #acf4 #cad ,see above1 p4 #cd & p4 #afe4 #cae ,x is n1 h[ev]1 8re/0 t ! pragmati/s want1 ev5 9 heav51 b r5ew$ opportunities = a*ievem5t4 8#8,!re %all be news1' ,w4 ,james 0 fond ( say+ ) rapture1 quot+ f ! unpubli%$ poem ( a new fri5d1 #8!re %all be news 9 heav54'0--,pr(essor ,santayana 9 ,w9ds ( ,doctr9e1 p4 #bji4 #caf ,9 us+ ?is expression ,i am acutely consci\s ( its limitations & ( its mislead+ "*4 ,!re is no?+ 9 :i* ,am]icans s ?or\ghly believe z k & in/ruction & in=mation4 ,a belief 9 education is 9 fact ! "o prevail+ religion ( ! c\ntry--! "o ?+ 9 :i* all classes1 )\t any exception1 unfeign$ly believe1 & = :i* ! entire c\ntry makes enorm\s sacrifices4 #cag ,9 us+ ?is expression ,i am n bl9d to su* out/&+ *>act]i/ics ( ,am]ican life z 7#a7 ! enorm\s am\nt ( prev5tive philan?ropy t exi/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 7#b7 ! well-kn[n sy/em ( *ecks 9 ! gov]nm5tal ma*9]y ( ! c\ntry2 7#c7 ! read9ess ) :i* ,am]icans fly to legislation = ! cure ( evils2 7#d7 ! ,am]ican s5sitiv5ess to pa9 & _! hesitation ab\t ! infliction ( suff]+ or puni%m5t1 etc4 ,nor d ,i =get ! sacrifice ( life entail$ by mod]n necessities & mod]n inv5tions 9 c\ntries o!r ?an ,am]ica4 ,i simply mean t ow+ to ! con/ant /ream ( immigration1 & to ! _s ( y\?fulness t p]vades ! c\ntry1 ! will+ness ( p to make exp]im5ts ) !mselves & _! lives is "o ( ! _m rem>kable ?+s ab\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #cah ,see p4 #aag4 #cai ,& ?is despite ! enorm\s am\nt ( "w t has be5 done by ,am]ican biologi/s ^u ! 8factors0 ( evolution1 & ^u a true int]pretation ( ,d>w9ism & ( ,weismannism & ( ! evolution>y !ory g5]ally4 #cbj ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,james1 = example1 dismiss$ 7f> too readily1 9 my op9ion7 z a 8sociological romance0 a well-kn[n book 7publi%$ bo? 9 ,fr5* & 9 ,engli%7 by ,pr(essor ,s*9z entitl$ ,anti-,pragmatism4 ,al?\gh 9 "s respects a sup]ficial & exagg]at$ piece ( "w1 ?is book did discov] c]ta9 important ?+s ab\t ,pragmatism & ab\t its relation to ,am]ican life4 #cba ,x is probably a p]ception ( ?is tru? t has l$ ,dr4 ,bosanquet to express ! op9ion t ! :ole pragmati/ issue may be settl$ by an exam9ation ( ! notion ( 8satisfaction40 ,he mu/ mean1 ,i ?9k1 t satisfaction is impossible to man )\t a recognition ( _m ( ! ideal factors t are almo/ entirely neglect$ by ! pragmati/s--except by ,b]gson1 if x be fair to call him a pragmati/4 #cbb ,b\rdeau1 = example1 has sugge/$ t its ,god is n really ,god1 b m]ely an old dome/ic s]vant de/9$ to d u p]sonal s]vices---help u to c>ry our trunk & our cross 9 ! mid/ ( sweat & dirt4 ,he is n a g5tleman ev54 8,no wond]10 he adds1 8x 0 condemn$ at ,rome40 ,see 8 ,pragmatisme et ,mod]nisme1 p4 #hb4 #cbc ,i am ?9k+ "h ( ! words 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia 7!y are pr9t$ 9 ,mr4 ,bryce's ,am]ican ,commonweal?--at lea/ 9 ! e>li] editions7 to ! effect t x is ! natural "r ( all m5 to seek & to 8obta9 60 happ9ess4 #cbd 8,epigramme10 ,v5ice1 #agij4 8,i c\ld nev] abide any ( ^? fre$om-gospell]s4 ,all t !y ev] want$ 0 to get ?+s runn+ s z to suit !mselves4 ,if y are anxi\s to set p free1 j make a beg9n+ by try+ to s]ve !m4 ,! simple/ attempt w tea* y h[ dang]\s ?is ef=t may be40 #cbe ,see ,*apt] ,,ix4 #cbf ,on :at gr\nds does ,pr(essor ,bosanquet ?9k ( 8comp5sat+ ju/ice0 z a nave idea8 ,x is on ! contr>y "o ( ! highe/ & deepe/1 & "o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive to :i* ! human m9d has ev] atta9$--giv+ rise to ! v>i\s !ogonies & !odicies & religi\s sy/ems ( mank9d4 ,x is at ! bottom1 = example1 ( ! !odicy & ! philosophy ( ,leibniz1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,rationalism ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 9 ,europe4 #cbg ,c\ld any sy/em ( e?ics :i* took su* an impossible & su* a belat$ conception ( ! individual be reg>d$ z e?ics at all8 #cbh ,i d n ?9k t ?is is a fair prelim9>y description ( ! problem ( teleology4 ,a p]son :o believes 9 ! realization ( purpose 9 "s exp]i5ces ) :i* he ?9ks himself to be acqua9t$ does n plead = ! guidance ( ! univ]se by f9ite m9ds1 b simply = a view ( x t %all include ! tru? ( human purposes4 ,& ( c\rse !re may be 9 ! univ]se be+s o!r ?an ourselves :o also realize purposes4 #cbi ,italics & exclamation m9e4 #ccj ,italics m9e4 ,!re is a l>ge elem5t ( tru? 9 ?is great idea ( ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's1 connect+ = our purposes 8 philosophy ) ! !ism & ! p]sonalism = :i* we are cont5d+ z ! only true & real basis = ,humanism4 #cca ,read]s :o rememb] ,gre5's ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics w rememb] t x is "o ( ! difficulties ( t rem>kable1 b "o-sid$1 production 7expos$1 ,i ?9k1 ) _m o!r defects 9 ,pr(essor ,taylor's brilliant1 b unduly intellectuali/ic ,problem ( ,conduct7 t x also seems to tea* a k9d ( 8,det]m9ism0 9 e?ics1 9 :at our nature is unduly communicat$ to u by ! ,absolute1 or ! 8,et]nal ,consci\sness40 ,?is :ole way ( look+ at ?+s mu/ l>gely be ab&on$ to-day4 #ccb ,see bel[1 p4 #bbf4 #ccc ,x is1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is contradiction 9 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's ,lectures t w cause ! av]age intellig5t p]son to turn away f !m z n af=d+ an adequate acc\nt ( ! reality ( ! _w ( p]sons & ?+s ) :i* he kn[s himself to be directly & indirectly acqua9t$4 ,ano!r way ( /at+ ! same ?+ w\ld be to say t ,absolutism fails to take any adequate recognition ( t mo/ s]i\s contradiction 7or 8defect07 9 our exp]i5ce ( :i* we h already spok5 z ! great dualism ( mod]n times1 ! opposition betwe5 reason & fai? an opposition t is n reliev$ ei!r by ! greate/ ( ! cont9ually increas+ discov]ies ( sci5ce1 or by any1 or all1 ( ! sy/ems ( all ! ?9k]s4 ,hegelianism 9 g5]al assures u t f ! po9t ( view ( a 8high] syn!sis0 ?is opposition does n exi/ or t x is someh[ 8transc5d$40 ,& its me?od ( effect+ ?is syn!sis is to conv]t ! opposition betwe5 fai? & reason into ! opposition betwe5 :at x calls 8,und]/&+0 & :at x calls 8,reason0 an opposition t is to "s ext5t a fictiti\s "o1 8reason0 be+1 to beg9 )1 b ano!r "n = our p[] ( fram+ g5]al conceptions or notions1 & n !re=e diff]5t f 8und]/&+04 ,x removes1 t is to say1 ! opposition betwe5 two diff]5t phases or aspects ( our exp]i5ce by d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( "o ( !m altoge!r4 ,x *anges ! opposition betwe5 k & fai? into an opposition betwe5 an alleg$ l[] & an alleg$ high] way ( kn[+4 ,?is alleg$ high] way ( kn[+1 h[ev]1 is1 :5 we look into x1 b ! old ideal ( ! p]fect demon/ration ( all ! suppos$ cont5ts ( our k 7pr9ciples & facts alike7 t has haunt$ mod]n philosophy f ! "t ( ,desc>tes4 ,x is an unatta9able ideal because no philosophy 9 ! _w c beg9 )\t "s assumption 7ei!r ( 8fact0 or ( pr9ciple71 & because our k ( ! _w comes to u 9 a piecemeal fa%ion--"u ! conditions ( "t & space4 ,a fact prior to all ! issues ( ! dem& ( ,rationalism = a suppos$ly p]fect demon/ration is ! exi/5ce ( ! consci\s be+s 7,dr4 ,bosanquet himself1 = example7 :o seek ?is suppos$ c]ta9ty 9 ord] t !y may act bett]--9 ignorance ( ! fact t complete initial c]ta9ty on our "p z to all ! issues & aspects ( our actions w\ld t5d to de/roy ! p]sonal "* ( our *oice z moral ag5ts1 z be+s :o may occasionally act beyond ! giv5 & ! calculable1 & set up prec$5ts & ideals = ourselves & = o!rs--= humanity4 ,x is ?is und]ly+ fai? !n 9 ! reality ( our moral & spiritual nature t we w\ld alone oppose 7& only 9 a relative s5se7 to ! suppos$ c]ta9ties ( a completely rational1 or a priori1 demon/ration1 ! :ole cont5tion ( humanism be+ t x is 9 ! int]e/s ( ! =m] reality t ! latt] c]ta9ties exi/4 ,! app>5t opposition betwe5 fai? & reason w\ld be surm\nt$ by a philosophy t %\ld make consci\sness ( ourselves z p]sons ! primal c]ta9ty1 & all o!r =ms ( consci\sness or ( k second>y & tribut>y1 z x 71 to ?is4 #ccd ,i am aw>e t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! 8univ]sal0 ( ord9>y =mal logic & ,dr4 ,bosanquet's 7or ,hegel's7 8concrete univ]sal10 b x is ne$less = me to ?9k ( x "h4 ,dr4 ,bosanquet uses 9 8 ,lectures ! phrase 8logical univ]sal0 = 8 8concrete univ]sal0 or 8 pr9ciple ( positive coh]5ce4 ,x is always logical coh]5ce t he has 9 view4 #cce 8,= ev]y:]e x is creative ,logic1 ! nature ( ! :ole work+ 9 ! detail1 :i* con/itutes exp]i5ce1 & is appreciable 9 s f> z exp]i5ce has value40 ,n[ ,logic ( itself does n ?us 8"w0 or 8d0 any?+4 ,x is m5 or p]sons :o d ?+s by ! help ( logic & reason+ & o!r ?+s--realities & =ces1 etc4 #ccf ,cf4 p4 #ca4 8,we are m9ds10 he says1 8i4e4 liv+ microcosms1 n ) h>d & fa/ limits1 b det]m9$ by our range & p[]s :i* fluctuate v greatly40 ,my po9t simply is t ?is is too intellectuali/ic a conception ( man's p]sonality4 ,we h m9ds1 b we are n m9ds4 #ccg ,see p4 #aib4 8,b z ! self is ess5tially a _w ( cont5t engag$ 9 c]ta9 trans=mations02 & p4 #aic1 8a consci\s be+ 444 is a _w 444 9 :i* ! ,absolute beg9s to reveal its prop] nature40 ,h[ c a 8_w ( cont5t0 t is to say1 ! 8sph]e ( disc\rse0 ( :at "s p]son is ?9k+ = "s purpose or o!r be 8engag$0 9 c]ta9 trans=mations8 ,x is ! p]son1 or ! ?9k]1 :o is trans=m+ ! v>i\s data ( 8 exp]i5ce = 8 purposes z a man among m54 ,x is "t t philosophy ceas$ to make itself ridicul\s by calmly writ+ d[n su* ab/ractions z if !y 7 facts4 #cch ,cf4 8,m9d z ! significance & int]pretation ( reality10 p4 #bg4 #cci 8,m9d has no?+ ( its own b ! active =m ( totality1 ev]y?+ positive x draws f ,nature40 #cdj ,?is aga9 is an ab/raction1 & h[ on e>? c x be said t 8m9d0 & consci\s life 8reflect0 m]ely c]ta9 ab/ractions 7or creations7 ( _! own8 ,!y h inv5t$ su* t]ms z 8cont5t0 = c]ta9 purposes1 & _! own be+ & nature is !re=e m ?an ^! t]ms4 ,m9d is n a 8cont5t02 x makes all o!r ?+s 8cont5ts0 = itself4 #cda ,x has ev5 !re1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,bosanquet1 only its purely !oretic function ( work+ aft] its own p]fection 9 ! way ( atta9+ to a logical 8univ]sal40 8,! peculi>ity ( m9d = u1 is to be a _w ( exp]i5ce work+ itself out t[>ds h>mony & complet5ess40 ,?is is simply n true4 #cdb 8,f9ite consci\sness1 :e!r animal or human1 did n make its body40 #cdc 8,?us !re is no?+ 9 m9d :i* ! physical c\nt]p>t _c repres5t40 7,italics m9e47 #cdd 8,:at we call ! individual1 !n1 is n a fix$ ess5ce1 b a liv+ _w ( cont5t repres5t+ a c]ta9 range ( ext]nality40 ,p4 #bhi4 #cde 8,! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 z 0 said 9 an e>li] ,lecture1 might be describ$ z a repres5tative sy/em4 ,nature1 or ext]nality6 lives 9 ! lives ( consci\s be+s4 7,italics m9e47 #cdf 8,_s is a light1 a focus1 a significance6 :i* c only be by contact ) a #8nature' an ext]nal _w40 #cdg 8,=1 on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 urg$ & we feel1 t x is ?\ght :i* con/ructs & su/a9s ! fabric ( exp]i5ce1 & t x is ?\ght-det]m9ations :i* inve/ ev5 s5se-exp]i5ce ) its value & its mean+4 4 4 4 ,! ultimate t5d5cy ( ?\ght1 we h se51 is n to g5]alise1 b to con/itute a _w10 p4 #ee4 ,aga91 8! true (fice ( ?\ght1 we beg9 to see1 is to build up1 to inspire ) mean+1 to int5sify1 to vivify4 ,! object :i* ?\ght1 9 ! true s5se1 has work$ ^u1 is n a relic ( decay+ s5se1 b is a liv+ _w1 analog\s to a p]ception ( ! beautiful1 9 :i* e ?\ght-det]m9ation adds fre% po9t & deep] be>+ to e elem5t ( ! :ole10 p4 #eh4 ,& on p4 #agh he says t he sees no objection to an ideali/ recognis+ ! 8use made (0 8laws0 & 8dispositions0 9 rec5t psy*ology4 ,h[ "o wi%es t ,dr4 ,bosanquet _h really work$ into 8 philosophy ! idea t e m5tal 8elem5t0 is 9 a s5se a 8disposition0 to activity6 ,"s ( ^! /atem5ts ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's h almo/ a pragmati/ r+ ab\t !m1 a sugge/ion ( a liv+ & dynamic 7r ?an a m]ely intellectuali/ic7 conception ( ?\ght4 ,!y may !re=e be associat$ by ! read] ) ! concessions to ,pragmatism by o!r rationali/s ( :i* we spoke 9 an e>ly *apt] 7see p4 #gd74 #cdh ,see ,*apt] ,,iii4 p4 #ij4 #cdi ,i mu/ say t ap>t f any que/ions 9 detail ab\t ?is rejection ( teleology by ,dr4 ,bosanquet1 !re is some?+ inexplicable ab\t x to me4 ,he _c reta9 8 own great notion ( 8:ol5ess0 )\t ! idea ( 8end10 because 8:ol5ess0 is a dem& ( ?\ght t is guid$ by "s idea ( purpose or end4 #cej ,see p4 #ij4 #cea ,italics m9e4 #ceb ,p4 #bbe4 #cec ,see p4 #ij4 #ced ,hav+ already giv5 in/ances ( ?is ab/ractionism 9 ! case ( su* ?+s z ! 8self0 & ! 8univ]sal0 & 8_s10 x w suffice to po9t out "h 9 addition 7#a7 its t5d5cy to talk ( 8exp]i5ce0 & 8exp]i5ces0 z if !re c\ld be su* ?+s ap>t f ! prior real exi/5ce ( ! exp]i5ts or ! exp]i5c+ p]sons ) :om we are acqua9t$ 9 our daily life1 & 7#b7 its t5d5cy to talk ( gett+ at 8! he>t ( actual life & love0 9 a 8sy/em0 :i* leaves no place = ! real exi/5ce ( ei!r gods or m5 :o live & love4 ,& !n ,i tru/ t x may n be reg>d$ z an imp]t95ce to allege z ano!r puzzl+ piece ( ab/ractionism on ! "p ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet1 t he has all[$ himself to speak & ?9k 9 8 book z if 8 !ory ( ! 8concrete univ]sal0 7 practically a new ?+ 9 ! ?\ght ( our "t--ap>t altoge!r1 t is to say1 f ! important "w 9 ?is same direction ( o!r ,neo-,hegelian writ]s1 & ap>t1 too1 f ! unique "w ( ,hegel 9 ! same connexion4 #cee ,see bel[1 p4 #bcj4 #cef ,?is is reveal$ 9 ! ma9 9 its exposition ( ! _w z ! logical sy/em ( a s+le complete individual exp]i5ce--a t5d5cy t /ud5ts ( philosophy "k to exi/ 9 ,neo-,hegelianism g5]ally f ,gre5 to ,bradley4 ,i admit t ?is t5d5cy is lit]ally a diff]5t ?+ f solipsism 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 z ! inability ( a p>ticul> f9ite p]son to prove to himself t any p]son or ?+ exi/s except himself4 ,x is /ill1 h[ev]1 x seems to me1 possible to reg>d z solipsi/ic ! t5d5cy to set =? ! univ]se z ! exp]i5ce1 or ! ?\ght1 ( a s+le exp]i5t or a s+le ?9k]1 ev5 al?\gh ! imp]sonalism ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's logical 8:ole0 conflicts some:at ) ! individuality ( 8 ,absolute4 #ceg ,cf4 p4 #afj4 #ceh ,! well-kn[n inability ( ,mr4 ,bradley1 = example1 to be cont5t ) ! reality ( any portion or any phase ( reality t falls %ort ( :at he reg>ds z absolute reality1 & ) ! m]ely relative mean+ t he atta*es to any category ( ! 8f9ite40 ,also ! well-kn[n ,neo-,hegelian t5d5cy to make an oppon5t =ge ! weapon by :i* he is to be dislodg$ f any p>ticul> po9t ( view4 ,9 ! case ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet ?is t5d5cy takes ! =m ( mak+ out any "o :o holds to a belief 9 ! real exi/5ce ( f9ite consci\s p]sons to hold ! absurd position ( believ+ 9 8an imp]vi\s & isolat$ self10 a ?+1 ( c\rse1 t no "o :o kn[s any?+ ab\t biology or e?ics1 or social psy*ology1 really does4 #cei ,z ano!r in/ance ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's un9t5tional unfairness to 8 oppon5ts1 ,i w\ld note 8 positive inju/ice to ,!ism z su*4 ,:at _m ( u ?9k ( 7h[ev] imp]fectly7 & believe 9 z ,god is inv>iably to him 8a !i/ic ,demiurge 9 8 blankness & isolation40 ,i d n believe 9 su* an ab/ract ,demiurge any m ?an ,i believe 9 ! sep>ate1 isolat$ self t he conjures up to 8 m9d :5 he ?9ks ( p]sonality4 ,! problem ( ! tw5tie? c5tury may well be :at ,dr4 ,w>d has signalis$ z ! relation ( ,god to ! 8,absolute0 ( ! ,hegelian metaphysicians1 b ?is sugge/ion simply means to me ! discov]y on ! "p ( philosoph]s ( t]ms & concepts m adequate to ! ,supreme ,be+ ?an ei!r ! ,absolute1 or ! ext]nal deity reject$ by ,dr4 ,bosanquet4 #cfj ,/phane ,mall>m1 accord+ to ,nordau 9 ,deg5]ation1 p4 #ajc4 #cfa ,& ! g5]al read] mu/ rememb] t ! 8:ole0 is always 7) all due respect to 8 high dialectic ability & 8 high temp] ( m9d & 8 s*ol>%ip7 a k9d ( ignis fatuus 9 ,dr4 ,bosanquet's book1 a k9d ( %ad[ ?r[n by ! lamps & ! tools ( 8 own *oos+ 9 8 ,quixotic se>*4 ,! 8:ole0 is ! 8p]fect$ individuality0 ( ! individual :o sets out to f9d tru? 9 ?is great _w ( ours ) all its real possibilities ( ga9 & loss4 ,x is ! completion ( ! 8sy/em0 ( tru? to :i* ! tru?-seek] w\ld fa9 r$uce ! entire univ]se1 t becomes = him 7= ! "t be+7 ! m]e 8subject-matt]0 ( 8 ?\ght4 ,x is1 t is to say1 9 bo? cases1 a purely =mal conception--an ab/raction1 al?\gh to ,dr4 ,bosanquet x is ! reality impli$ 9 ! v exi/5ce & activity ( ! individual ?9k]4 ,b ! latt] is ! case to him only because he looks ^u man z exi/+ to ?9k in/ead ( z ?9k+ to exi/4 #cfb ,t is to say1 = ! s*ol> & ! lov] ( ,dante & ,dante's _w4 #cfc ,= he 0 n m]ely a 8m9d10 reflect+ 8,italy0 & 8m9ds0 & 8exp]i5ces40 #cfd ,& t1 we might add1 is /ill kept alive by "s ( our humani/s & educators ( to-day z ! ideal = bo? prim>y & second>y education4 #cfe ,?is is a ?+ t ! beg9n] is taught 9 lectures introductory to ! /udy ( ! philosophy ( ,kant--9 reg>d to ,kant's relation to ! b>r51 dogmatic =malism ( ,wolff--a "o-sid$ int]pret] ( ! philosophy ( ,leibniz4 ,i am q aw>e t ,dr4 ,bosanquet does n m]ely use ! ,pr9ciple ( ,non-,contradiction 9 ! aggressive1 or polemical1 mann] ( ,mr4 ,bradley 9 ,appe>ance & ,reality4 ,! pr9ciple ( positive coh]5ce at :i* he aims1 beg9s1 to "s ext5t1 :]e ,mr4 ,bradley /opp$4 ,b x is /ill ! idea ( consi/5cy or inconsi/5cy1 ) c]ta9 presuppositions ( 8 own1 t rules 8 ?9k+2 x det]m9es1 f ! v outset ( 8 ,lectures1 :at he accepts & :at he rejects4 #cff ,see p4 #aeb & p4 #aef1 note #b4 #cfg ,i use ?is ^w 8mu/0 9 a logical z well z 9 an e?ical s5se1 see+ t all judgm5t implies a belief 9 ! reality ( a _w ( p]sons indep5d5t ( ! m]e fact ( 8judgm5t0 z a piece ( m5tal process4 #cfh ,see p4 #ade4 #cfi ,on p4 #cde ! words are3 8,:5 we consid] ! nave or elem5t>y life ( morality & religion02 & on p4 #cdf3 8,! nave1 or simple self ( e-day morality & religion10 & ! m>g9al head+ ( ! page ^u :i* ^! words occur is 8,! nave good self comp>$ to grasp ( a fundam5tal pr9ciple alone40 ,c\ld any?+ m cle>ly indicate :at ! ,kantians call a confusion ( categories 9 ! case 9 po9t ! categories ( 8goodness0 & ! categories ( 8tru?0 or :at ,ari/otle calls a 1 ! unconsci\s treatm5t ( "o ord] ( facts by ! t]ms & conceptions ( ano!r ord] ( facts4 ,to ,dr4 ,bosanquet z ! ,neo-,hell5i/ t he is 9 8 pr(ess$ cre$1 badness is practically /upidity1 & 8lack ( unification ( life10 & 8failure ( !oretical grasp40 ,?is confusion betwe5 goodness & wisdom is aga9 indicat$ on p4 #cdg 9 ! words3 8,a man is good 9 s f> z 8 be+ is #8unifi$ at' all 9 any sph]e ( wisdom or activity40 ,?is is simply n true1 & its falsity is a m un=givable ?+ 9 ! case ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet ?an x is 9 ! case ( ! pragmati/s :o also t5d to make ! #8moral' a k9d ( #8unification' or #8effectiv5ess' 9 #8purpose4' ,z a pro( ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's trans=mation ( ! facts ( ! e?ical life 9 ! int]e/ ( logical !ory1 we c po9t to p4 #ccd3 8,our actions & ideas issue f our _w z a conclusion f its premises1 or z a poem f its au?or's _s10 or to p4 #ec1 :]e x is def9itely /at$ t ! 8self1 z x happ5s to be10 _c1 9 any ( its 8?ree aspects10 8s]ve z a te/ ( reality40 ,to d ! latt]1 x mu/1 9 8 op9ion1 foll[ ! law ( ! 8univ]sal10 i4e4 become a logical conception4 ,n[ ( c\rse 7#a7 x is n ! self 8z x happ5s to be0 t is *iefly dealt ) 9 e?ics1 b r ! self z x ought to be4 ,& 7#b7 ! e?ical self1 or ! 8p]son10 does n foll[ ! 8law ( ! univ]sal0 a logical law b ! law ( "r & wrong an e?ical law4 ,z a pro( ( ! subord9ation ( ! facts ( conduct to ! facts ( ae/hetics1 we may take ! words on p4 #cdh :]e ae/hetic excell5ce is said to be 8goodness 9 ! wid] or 7#8%all we say'7 9 ! n>r[] s5se40 ,n[ ! di/9ction betwe5 e?ics & ae/hetics is n "o ( degree1 b "o ( k9d4 ,& z ano!r illu/ration ( 8 t5d5cy to trans=m e?ical facts 9 ! light ( a metaphysical1 or a logical1 !ory !y are ! same ?+ to him we may quote ! emphatic decl>ation on p4 #cef3 8,our ef=t has be5 to br+ ! conception ( moral & individual initiative ne>] to ! idea ( logical det]m9ation10 or ! equally outspok5 decl>ation on p4 #cec3 8,b metaphysical !ory1 view+ ! self 9 its ess5tial basis ( moral solid>ity ) ! natural & social _w 444 _c admit t ! indep5d5ce ( ! self1 ?\gh a fact1 is m ?an a p>tial fact40 ,or ! words at ! top ( ?is same page3 8,! prim>y pr9ciple t %\ld gov]n ! :ole discussion is ?is1 t ! attitude ( moral judgm5t & responsibility = decisions is only "o among o!r attitudes & sph]es ( exp]i5ce40 ,^! la/ words alone w\ld prove def9itely ! non-e?ical "* ( 8,individuality & ,value40 ,! e?ical life is to its au?or only a 8quat5us consid]atur10 only a possible po9t ( view1 only an aspect ( reality1 only an aspect1 !re=e1 ( a 8logical sy/em40 ,n[ if ! e?ical life ( ! _w is to c\nt = any?+ at all1 x may be said t ! e?ical life is no m]e aspect ( ! life ( ! self1 & no m]e aspect ( ! life ( ! _w1 see+ t 8nature0 9 ! s5se ( m]e 8physical nature0 does n come into ! sph]e ( morality at all4 ,x is r ! activity ( ! 8:ole self10 or ! 8normative0 reflection ( ! self z a :ole ^u all ! m]ely p>tial or subord9ate aspects ( its activity1 ^u bodily life1 economic life1 intellectual activity1 & s on t con/itutes ! _w ( morality4 #cgj ,see p4 #adg1 & p4 #bdd4 #cga ,good & evil to ,dr4 ,bosanquet are two quasi-rational sy/ems 9 active antagonism z claim+ to atta* diff]5t 8pr9ciples & pr$icates0 to id5tical data4 ,! ess5ce ( _! antagonism to ,dr4 ,bosanquet is n1 h[ev]1 t evil is contemplat$1 z x mu/ be soon] or lat]1 9 rep5tance = example z wrong1 b r t ! 8evil0 is an imp]fect 8logical /riv+ 7p4 #cea7 ( ! self aft] unity0 :i* is 9 8contradiction ) a full] & s\nd] /riv+0 aft] ! same4 ,! evil self is to him m]ely ! vehicle ( a logical contradiction 9 ! self4 #cgb ,?is is se5 9 8 admission 7on p4 #cea7 t ! 8bad w0 no less ?an ! 8good w0 is a logical necessity1 :5 tak5 along ) 8 doctr9e ab\t m9d & body1 8 doctr9e ( ! 8dep5d5ce0 7p4 #cah7 ( ! f9ite individual ^u ! ext]nal me*anical _w4 ,dr4 ,bosanquet1 ( c\rse1 ?9ks t ev5 9 ?is app>5t ,det]m9ism he is ju/ifiably supplem5t+ ! ord9>y ideas ab\t ! 8self0 z 8creative0 & 8orig9ative0 7p4 #ced71 by ! wid] recognition t ,i am m or less completely do+ ! "w ( ! 8univ]se0 z a 8memb]0 9 a 8great] self40 ,& he adds 9 ! same s5t5ce ! words t 8,i am 9 a l>ge measure cont9u\s ) ! great] 7p4 #cee7 self10 & 8dy$ ) its col\rs0--a fur!r /ep 9 ,det]m9ism1 z x 71 & a /ep :i*1 ) ! prec$+ "o to :i* we h j ref]r$1 no critic c fail to connect ) ! ,det]m9ism t we h already f\nd to be implicat$ 9 8 doctr9e ( ! 8self10 & 9 8 g5]al doctr9e t ! 8ext]nal0 mu/ be frankly accept$ z a factor 9 ! univ]se4 #cgc ,by ! 8spectator0 fallacy we mean 8 t5d5cy to talk & ?9k ( ! self z x is = a spectator or /ud5t1 look+ at matt]s f ! outside1 & n z ! self is = ! man himself4 #cgd ,wolla/on is ! ,engli% e?ical philosoph] :o1 accord+ to ,leslie ,/eph5's acc\nt1 ?\ght1 aft] ?irty ye>s ( m$itation1 t ! only reason he _h = n break+ 8 wife's head ) a /ick 01 t ?is w\ld be tantam\nt to a d5ial t 8 wife 0 8 wife4 #cge ,see ,idola ,!atri by ,h5ry ,/urt 7! editor ( ! well-kn[n 8,p]sonal ,idealism0 volume7 ( ,ox=d--a book t enum]ates & exam9es _m ( ! fallacies ( ! ,neo-,hegelian s*ool4 ,mr4 ,/urt's fir/ *apt] is entitl$ ! 8,passive ,fallacy10 :i* he calls1 ) "s degree ( ju/ice1 ! prime mi/ake ( ! ideali/ic philosophy1 mean+ by ?is ! 8ignor+0 ( ! 8k9etic0 & ! 8dynamic0 "* ( our exp]i5ce4 #cgf ,x is ,natural ,!ology t is ! subject prop] ( ! ,gif=d ,lectures4 #cgg ,see p4 #adi ( ,*apt] ,,vi4 #cgh ,)1 we might almo/ say1 ! pragmati/s & ! humani/s4 #cgi ,?is is really _! ma9 di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic & m]it4 #chj ,see p4 #afb4 #cha 8,inde$1 ,i d n conceal my belief t 9 ! ma9 ! "w has be5 done40--,preface4 #chb ,i ?9k t ! confession is a praisewor?y "o 9 view ( ! fact ( ! prejudice ( ,rationalism1 t philosophy has no?+ to d ) convictions b only ) k4 #chc ,by belief ,i h und]/ood ?r\gh\t ?is book simply man's work+ s5se = reality1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is is almo/ ! be/ def9ition t c\ld be giv5 ( x--our work+ s5se = reality4 ,x is at lea/1 despite its app>5t evasiv5ess1 mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! pragmati/-humani/ inclusion ( w elem5ts & feel+ elem5ts 9 our k & 9 our appreh5sion ( reality4 ,x is also 9 h>mony ) ! conception ( reality :i* may1 9 my op9ion1 be extract$ f bo? ,pragmatism & ,idealism--t reality is :at x proves itself to be 9 ! daily trans=mation ( our exp]i5ce4 ,by ! ret5tion ( ! t]m 8work+0 9 ?is attempt$ def9ition ,i express my agreem5t ) ! idea t action1 & ! will+ness to act1 is an ess5tial elem5t 9 belief4 ,! out/&+ positions 9 ! def9itions ( belief t are g5]ally giv5 9 philosophical diction>ies are1 fir/ly1 t belief is a conviction or subjective appreh5sion ( tru? or reality 9 di/9ction f demon/rable k or direct evid5ce2 &1 secondly1 t feel+ elem5ts & action elem5ts ent] into x4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! %>p anti!sis betwe5 belief & k1 or ! t5d5cy ( philosophical books to emphasise ! diff]5ce betwe5 belief & k1 is a *>act]i/ic1 or consequ5ce1 ( our mod]n way ( look+ at ?+s1 ( our break ) ! un=tunate1 m$ieval conception ( fai? & ( ! high] reason4 ,! /udy ( ! facts ei!r ( ! hi/ory ( religion or ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 w conv9ce u1 ,i ?9k1 t x is always belief1 & t x /ill is belief 7z ! work+ s5se = reality71 t is man's measure ( reality1 our k ab\t ! univ]se be+ at all times b a m or less p]fect work+ out ( our beliefs & ( _! implications--( our s5se ( ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! _w affects u1 & ( ! ways 9 :i* we are affect$ t[>ds x4 ,nor d ,i ?9k1 z ,i h indicat$ 9 diff]5t places1 t 8reality0 c be def9$ ap>t f belief1 reality be+ t 9 :i* we believe = all purposes1 !oretical & practical & emotional4 ,9 ! conception ( reality z a _w ( int]subjective int]c\rse 9 :i* be+s1 or p]sons at diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 %>e 9 a common spiritual life1 we h atta9$ s f> 7& only s f>7 to ! tru? t is common to an idealism ( ! type ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's1 & to pragmati/-humanism :5 prop]ly develop$ & int]pret$4 ,!re are1 ,i f9d1 ^u ?9k+ ( ! matt]1 any numb] ( philosoph]s & ?9k]s :o int]pret belief1 9 ! l>g] s5se ( ! t]m1 z our complete & f9al e/imate ( reality1 & z !re=e n exclusive (1 b inclusive ( k 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4 #chd ,he ev5 says 9 ! ,ab/ract ( 8 fir/ lecture ^u ! 8,c5tral ,exp]i5ces10 t ,"l ,gif=d's desire t 8 lectur]s %\ld 8try to communicate0 a 8grave exp]i5ce0 is ! dem& t 8introduces u to ! d\ble task ( philosophy4 ,x philosophy ne$s ! be/ ( logic1 b also ! be/ ( life1 & nei!r c be _h 9 philosophy )\t ! o!r40 #che ,treatise ^u ,human ,nature1 sect4 vii4 7,gre5 & ,grose1 i4 #edg74 #chf ,i _h orig9ally ! idea ( call+ ?is *apt] by ! m mode/ title ( a note ^u 8pragmati/ elem5ts0 9 ! tea*+ ( ,b]gson4 ,i h all[$ myself to call x a *apt] p>tly = ! sake ( symmetry1 & p>tly because ! footnotes & ! criticism 7( 8 ,idealism7 h c>ri$ x beyond ! limits ( a note4 ,i f9d1 too1 7z ,i h p>tly indicat$ 9 my preface7 9 ! tea*+ ( ,b]gson s _m ?+s t make up almo/ ! v body ( tru? & fact ^u :i* ,pragmatism1 & ,humanism1 & ,idealism all repose 7or ought to repose7 t ,i quote !m directly 9 my footnotes4 ,!y indicate to me ! scope & ! t]ritory ( my entire subject4 ,& !y are a confirmation to me ( mu* t ,i _h myself arriv$ at be=e ,i read a l9e ( ,b]gson4 #chg 8,our intellig5ce1 z x leaves ! h&s ( nature1 has = its *ief object ! unorganis$ solid0 7,creative ,evolution1 p4 #afb72 8( immobility alone does ! intellect =m a cle> idea0 7ibid4 #afd74 8,! aspect ( life t is accessible to ! intellect--z inde$ to our s5ses1 ( :i* our intellect is ! ext5sion--is t :i* (f]s a hold to action0 7ibid4 #agj74 8,we see t ! intellect1 s skilful 9 deal+ ) ! in]t1 is awkw>d ! mom5t x t\*es ! liv+4 ,:e!r x wants to treat ! life ( ! body or ! life ( ! m9d1 x proce$s ) ! rig\r1 ! /iffness1 & ! brutality ( ! in/rum5t n design$ = su* use4 ,! hi/ory ( hygi5e or ( p$agogy tea*es u mu* 9 ?is matt]4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! c>d9al1 urg5t1 & con/ant ne$ we h to pres]ve our bodies & to raise our s\ls1 ( ! special facilities giv5 to ea* ( u 9 ?is field to exp]im5t cont9ually on ourselves & on o!rs1 ( ! palpable injury by :i* ! wrongness ( a m$ical or a p$agogical practice is made manife/ & puni%$ at once1 we are amaz$ at ! /upidity & especially at ! p]si/5ce ( errors4 ,we may easily f9d _! orig9 9 ! natural ob/9acy ) :i* we treat ! liv+ l ! lifeless1 & ?9k all reality1 h[ev] fluid1 "u ! =m ( ! %>ply-def9$ solid4 ,we are at ease only 9 ! discont9u\s1 9 ! immobile1 9 ! dead4 ,! intellect is *>act]is$ by a natural inability to compreh5d life0 7,creative ,evolution1 p4 #agd74 7,italics m9e47 #chh 8,i look & ,i ?9k ,i see1 ,i li/5 & ,i ?9k ,i he>1 ,i exam9e myself & ,i ?9k ,i am read+ ! v dep?s ( my he>t4 ,b :at ,i see & he> ( ! out] _w is purely & simply a selection made by my s5ses to s]ve z a light to my conduct2 :at ,i "k ( myself is :at comes to ! surface1 :at p>ticipates 9 my actions4 ,my s5ses & my consci\sness1 !re=e1 give me no m ?an a practical simplification ( reality 9 ! vision !y furni% me ( myself & ( ?+s1 ! diff]5ces t are useless to man are oblit]at$1 ! resemblances t are useful to him are emphasis$2 ways are trac$ out = me 9 advance along :i* my activity is to travel4 ,^! ways are ! ways :i* all mank9d has trod be=e me4 ,?+s h be5 classifi$ ) a view to ! use ,i c d]ive f !m0 7,laught]1 p4 #aea74 8,life implies ! acceptance ( ! utilit>ian side ( ?+s 9 ord] to respond to !m by appropriate reactions2 all o!r impressions mu/ be dimm$ or else rea* u vague & blurr$0 7ibid4 p4 #aca74 ,^! la/ words give u a glimpse ( a v important "p ( ,b]gson's tea*+--8 idea1 namely 7,voltaire has x 9 8 ,micromgas71 t 8matt]0 is great] ?an our p]ceptions1 t our p]ceptions reveal to u only ^? aspects ( ! physical univ]se ) :i* we are practically conc]n$4 #chi ,"s ye>s ago psy*ologi/s began to di/+ui% a 8/ructural0 f a 8functional0 psy*ology1 mean+ by ! =m] :at is o!rwise call$ ,psy*o-,physics or 7to "s ext5t7 ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology4 #cij ,cf4 8,at fir/ sight x may seem prud5t to leave ! consid]ation ( facts to positive sci5ce1 to let physics & *emi/ry busy !mselves ) matt]1 ! biological & psy*ological sci5ces ) life4 ,! task ( ! philosoph] is !n cle>ly def9$4 ,he takes facts & laws f ! sci5ti/'s h&1 & :e!r he tries to g beyond !m 9 ord] to rea* _! deep] causes1 or :e!r he ?9ks x impossible to g fur!r1 & ev5 proves x by ! analysis ( sci5tific k1 9 bo? cases he has = ! facts & relations1 h&$ ov] by sci5ce1 ! sort ( respect t is due to a f9al v]dict4 ,to ?is k he adds a critique ( ! faculty ( kn[+1 & also1 if he ?9ks prop]1 a metaphysic2 b ! matt] ( k he reg>ds z ! affair ( sci5ce1 & n ( philosophy0 7,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #bjd-e74 ,all ?is repres5ts only too fai?fully :at ev5 "s ( our ,neo-,kantians h be5 say+1 & tea*+1 al?\gh !re is an error 9 _! :ole proc$ure "h4 #cia ,s*op5hau]'s phrase4 ,see my book ^u ,s*op5hau]'s ,sy/em4 #cib ,x is *iefly 9 ,matt] & ,memory 79 :i*1 by ! way1 !re are pages & pages ( criticism ( ! rationalism ( philosophy t are z valuable z any?+ we h 9 philosophy s9ce ! "t ( ,desc>tes--,kant n except$7 t we are to look = ! detail$ philosophy ( s5sation & ( p]ception1 & ! detail$ philosophy ( sci5ce ^u :i* ?is prote/ ( ,b]gson's aga9/ ! excesses ( 8conceptualism0 re/s4 ,i indicate1 too1 at diff]5t places 9 ?is *apt] "s ( ! o!r special consid]ations ^u :i* x re/s4 ,! gi/ ( ! :ole is to be f\nd1 p]haps1 9 8 cont5tion t our sci5ce & our philosophy ( ! pa/ c5turies h bo? reg>d$ 8p]ception0 z tea*+ u 7someh[7 :at ?+s are indep5d5tly ( _! effect ^u u1 & ( _! place 9 ! mov+ equilibrium ( ?+s--! tru? be+ on ! contr>y 7) ,pragmatism & ,humanism7 t our k has ?r\gh\t a necess>y relation to ourselves & to our place 9 ! univ]se1 & to our lib]ation f matt] 9 ! life ( ! _s4 #cic ,he expresses ?is idea 9 ! foll[+ way 9 ! ,introduction to ,matt] & ,memory3 8,psy*ology has = its object ! /udy ( ! human m9d = practical utility10 :]eas 9 8metaphysics0 we see 8?is same m9d /riv+ 7! idea1 z we say else:]e1 is n free f difficulty7 to transc5d ! conditions ( useful action & to come back to itself z to a pure creative en]gy40 ,or 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces f 8 ,creative ,evolution3 8,we mu/ rememb] t philosophy1 z we def9e x1 has n yet become completely consci\s ( itself4 ,physics und]/&s its role :5 x pu%es matt] into ! direction ( spatiality2 b has metaphysics und]/ood its role :5 x has simply trodd5 ! /eps ( physics1 9 ! *im]ical hope ( go+ f>!r 9 ! same direction8 ,%\ld n its own task be1 on ! contr>y1 to rem\nt ! incl9e t physics desc5ds1 to br+ matt]s back to its orig9s1 & to build up progressively a cosmology :i* w\ld be1 s to speak1 a rev]s$ psy*ology4 ,all t :i* seems positive to ! physici/ & to ! geometrician w\ld become1 f ?is new po9t ( view1 an int]ruption or inv]sion ( ! true positivity :i* w\ld h to be def9$ 9 psy*ological t]ms0 7pp4 #bai-bj1 italics m9e74 #cid ,z an indication ( :at ! acceptance ( ! dynamic in/ead ( ! /atic view ( matt] on ! "p ( ,b]gson means1 ,i cite ! phrase 7or ! conception7 on p4 #hb ( ,matt] & ,memory1 ! effect t 8matt] is "h z else:]e ! vehicle ( an action10 or ! ev5 m emphatic decl>ation on p4 #bfa ( ,creative ,evolution1 8,!re are no ?+s1 !re are only actions40 ,x is impossible1 ( c\rse1 t ^! m]e extracts c convey to ! m9d ( ! casual read] ! same significance t !y obta9 9 _! sett+ 9 ! pages ( ,b]gson1 al?\gh x is surely almo/ a matt] ( common k ab\t 8 tea*+1 t "o ( ! fir/ ?+s x does is to beg9 ) ! same activi/ic or 8actioni/ic0 view ( nature & matt] t seems to be ! /ock 9 trade ( ! physics ( our "t s9ce ! discov]ies p]ta9+ to radio-activity1 etc4 ,be+ only a layman 9 su* matt]s1 ,i may be excus$ = quot+ f a rec5t booklet 7^: v pres5ce 9 ! s]ies 9 :i* x appe>s is to p l myself a gu>antee ( its sci5tific reliability7 9 :i* ,i f9d ?is same activi/ic view ( matt] t ,i f9d 9 ,b]gson4 8,:at are ! processes by :i* ! prim>y rock mat]ial is %ift$8 ,!re is ! w9d t1 etc4 etc4444 ,!re are ! /reams & riv]s t1 etc4444 ,!re is ! sea con/antly we>+ away1 etc4444 ,!n !re are #8subtle' physical & #8*emical' =ces4 ,& ! action ( plants4444 ,h5ce by v>i\s me*anical1 organic1 & *emical processes ! mat]ials orig9ally scatt]$ ?r\gh ! rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & float+ 9 ! air or wat]1 are collect$ into lay]s & =m b$s ( s&1 clay1 lime/one1 salt1 & ! v>i\s m9]al fuels1 includ+ peat & coal0 7,! ,mak+ ( ! ,e>?1 by ,pr(essor ,gregory1 ,f4,r4,s41 ( ,glasg[ ,univ]sity3 ,williams & ,norgate74 ,x is only "r to /ate "h1 or to rem9d ! read] 9 ?is matt] ( a 8dynamic0 view ( matt]1 t ,b]gson n only dissipates matt] into =ce or en]gy or activity 7z d ! physici/s ( to-day71 b also actually cr$its ! _w ( matt] & life ) a k9d ( consci\sness 7& :y n be c\rage\s ab\t x87 9 :i* :at ,i h already call$ ! 8susceptibility ( ev]y?+ to ev]y?+ else10 or ! action ( ev]y?+ ^u ev]y?+ else1 becomes cr$ible & intelligible4 8,no d\bt1 also1 ! mat]ial univ]se itself1 def9$ z ! totality ( images1 is a k9d ( consci\sness 9 :i* ev]y?+ comp5sates & neutralises ev]y?+ else1 a consci\sness ( :i* all ! pot5tial p>ts1 balanc+ ea* o!r by a reaction :i* is always equal to ! action1 reciprocally h9d] ea* f /&+ out0 7,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cac74 #cie ,see ,*apt] ,,iii41 & also ! ref]5ces to ,ma*1 ,o/wald1 ,po9c>1 & o!rs1 9 ! second *apt] & else:]e4 #cif 8,!re is no intellig5ce 9 :i* "s traces ( in/9ct are n to be discov]$1 m1 no in/9ct t is n surr\nd$ ) a fr+e ( intellig5ce0 7,creative ,evolution1 p4 #adc74 #cig 8,we w n dwell "h ^u a po9t we h dealt ) 9 =m] works4 ,let u m]ely recall t a !ory ! !ory ( contempor>y physiological psy*ology su* z t accord+ to :i* consci\sness is atta*$ to c]ta9 neurons1 & is ?r[n (f f _! "w l a phosphoresc5ce1 may be accept$ by ! sci5ti/ = ! detail ( analysis2 x is a conv5i5t mode ( expression4 ,b x is no?+ else4 ,9 reality1 a liv+ be+ is a c5tre ( action4 ,x repres5ts a c]ta9 sum ( cont+5cy ent]+ into ! _w1 t is to say1 a c]ta9 quantity ( possible action--a quantity v>iable ) individuals & especially ) species4 ,! n]v\s sy/em ( an animal m>ks out ! flexible l9es on :i* its action w run 7al?\gh ! pot5tial en]gy is accumulat$ 9 ! muscles r ?an 9 ! n]v\s sy/em itself72 its n]v\s c5tres indicate1 by _! developm5t & _! configuration1 ! m or less ext5d$ *oice x w h among m or less num]\s & complicat$ actions4 ,n[1 s9ce ! awak5+ ( consci\sness 9 a liv+ creature is ! m complete1 ! great] ! latitude ( *oice all[$ to x & ! l>g] ! am\nt ( action be/[$ ^u x1 x is cle> t ! developm5t ( consci\sness w appe> to be dep5d5t on t ( ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e /ate ( consci\sness be+1 9 "o aspect ( x1 a "q put to ! motor activity & ev5 ! beg9n+ ( a reply1 !re is no psy*ical ev5t t does n imply ! entry into play ( ! cortical me*anisms4 ,ev]y?+ seems1 !re=e1 to happ5 z if consci\sness sprang f ! bra91 & z if ! detail ( consci\s activity 7 modell$ on t ( ! c]ebral activity4 ,9 reality consci\sness does n spr+ f ! bra91 b bra9 & consci\sness correspond because equally !y measure 444 ! quantity ( *oice t ! liv+ be+ has at its disposal0 7,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #bff-g74 #cih 8,in/ead ( />t+ f affection or #8s5sation' 9 ! old s5se ( ! haphaz>d s5sation ( :i* we c say no?+1 s9ce !re is no reason :y x %\ld be :at x is r ?an any?+ else1 we />t f action1 t is to say1 f our p[] ( effect+ *anges 9 ?+s1 a faculty atte/$ by consci\sness1 & t[>ds :i* all ! p[]s ( ! organis$ body are se5 to conv]ge4 ,s we place ourselves at once 9 ! mid/ ( ext5d$ images to ,b]gson z an ideali/ ?+s are at ! same "t images or ideas = a consci\sness 9 o!r ?+s1 or 9 u1 or 9 be+s o!r ?an ourselves1 & 9 ?is mat]ial univ]se we p]ceive c5tres ( indet]m9ation *>act]i/ic ( life0 7,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #fg74 #cii ,cf4 ! words 9 ! ,preface to ,matt] & ,memory3 8,! :ole p]sonality1 :i*1 normally n>r[$ d[n by action1 exp&s ) ! unscrew+ ( ! vice 9 :i* x has all[$ itself to be squeez$10 or ! words 9 ! same place ab\t ! task ( metaphysics be+ ! attempt ( ! 8m9d /riv+ to transc5d ! conditions ( useful action40 #djj ,we ref] else:]e 9 ?is *apt] to ,b]gson's idea t liv+ be+s are 8c5tres ( indet]m9ation10 t is to say1 creatures :o hold _! place 9 nature & t ( _! species by 8p]si/+ 9 _! own be+0 7! language ( ,sp9oza7 by act+ & react+ ^u "s ( ! _m =ces ( nature t act ^u !m1 & by avoid+ ! action ( o!r =ces & o!r animals4 8,!y all[ to pass ?r\gh !m10 he says1 8s to speak1 ^? ext]nal influ5ces :i* are indiff]5t to !m2 ! o!rs isolat$ become #8p]ceptions' by _! v isolation0 7,matt] & ,memory1 pp4 #bh1 #bi74 ,we also ref] to ,b]gson's idea t ! life-=ce has express$ itself along diff]5t grades ( be+ 7m9]al1 animal1 & s on74 ,bo? ^! ideas are a p>tial explanation ( :at we mean by ! pres5ce ( a spiritual activity 9 bo? inanimate & animate nature4 ,s also is ,b]gson's idea t ! purely me*anical explanation ei!r ( nature or ( life is b a device ( ! intellect = ! purposes ( description4 ,m specifically x is express$1 too1 9 8 idea t 8,our repres5tation ( matt] is ! measure ( our possible action ^u bodies2 x results f ! disc>d+ ( :at has no int]e/ = our ne$s1 or m g5]ally = our functions0 7,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cj71 or t 8,consci\sness0 is j ?is *oice ( 8atta9+ to0 or att5d+ to 8c]ta9 p>ts & c]ta9 aspects ( ^? p>ts0 ( ! 8mat]ial univ]se0 7ibid4 p4 #ca71 or t 8s5se-p]ception0 is an 8elem5t>y "q to my motor activity40 8,! tru? is t my n]v\s sy/em1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! objects :i* affect my body & ^? :i* ,i c influ5ce1 is a m]e conductor1 transmitt+1 s5d+ back1 or inhibit+ movem5t4 ,?is conductor is compos$ ( an enorm\s numb] ( ?reads :i* /ret* f ! p]iph]y to ! c5tre1 & f ! c5tre to ! p]iph]y4 ,z _m ?reads pass f ! p]iph]y to ! c5tre1 s _m po9ts ( space are !re able to make an appeal to my w1 & to put1 s to speak1 an elem5t>y "q to my motor activity4 ,e su* "q is :at is t]m$ a p]ception0 7ibid4 #dj1 #da2 italics m9e74 ,or1 z he puts x1 on p4 #cac1 8,no d\bt ! *oice ( p]ception f among images 9 g5]al is ! effect ( a disc]nm5t :i* =e%ad[s _s4444 ,b to t\* ! reality ( _s we mu/ place ourselves at ! po9t :]e an individual consci\sness1 cont9u+ & reta9+ ! pa/ 9 a pres5t enri*$ by x1 ?us escapes ! law ( necessity1 ! law :i* orda9s t ! pa/ %all ev] foll[ itself 9 a pres5t :i* m]ely repeats x 9 ano!r =m1 & t all ?+s %all ev] be fl[+ away4 ,:5 we pass f pure p]ception to memory1 we def9itely ab&on matt] = _s40 #dja ,b]gson is always able to detect ! relapses ev5 ( 8me*anism0 & ( ! me*anical philosophy ( sci5ce into 8f9alism10 z :5 he says on p4 #gb ( 8 ,creative ,evolution1 8,to sum up1 if ! accid5tal v>iations t br+ ab\t evolution are ins5sible v>iations1 "s good g5ius mu/ be appeal$ to--! g5ius ( ! future species--9 ord] to pres]ve & accumulate ^! v>iations1 = 8selection0 w n look aft] ?is4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! accid5tal v>iations are sudd51 !n1 = ! previ\s function to g on1 or = a new function to take its place1 all ! *anges t h happ5$ toge!r mu/ be complem5t>y4 ,s we h to fall back on ! good g5ius aga9 to obta9 ! conv]g5ce ( simultane\s *anges1 z be=e to be assur$ ( ! cont9uity ( direction ( successive v>iations40 #djb ,we mu/ rememb] t to ,b]gson evolution has tak5 place along diff]5t l9es--^? ( ,automatism 79 plant-life71 ,in/9ct 79 animal life71 & ,intellig5ce 79 human life & ! high] animals71 & t along none ( ^? l9es are we to fall into ! errors ei!r ( mat]ialism1 or ( 8,d>w9ism0 7! belief 9 8accid5tal v>iations071 or ( ! 8design-philosophy10 or ev5 ( !ories l 8neo-,lam>ckianism0 or neo-vitalism4 ,to him all ^! philosophies are b imp]fect & hypo!tical attempts to grasp 8movem5t0 & 8life0 :i* bo? 8transc5d f9ality1 if we und]/& by f9ality ! realisation ( an idea conceiv$ or conceivable 9 advance0 7,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bcf74 #djc 8,paleyism0 or 8,miltonism0 are /ill good names = ! ?+1 ,i h read 9 "s compet5t book ^u ,evolution4 #djd ,see bel[1 p4 #bfa4 #dje ,to ,b]gson concepts are j z hypo!tical 9 ! realm ( sci5ce1 z !y are to ?9k]s l ,ma* & ,po9c>1 & ,pr(essor ,w>d ( ,cambridge4 ,see ! foll[+1 = example1 f ,matt] & ,memory 7p4 #bfc73 8,we %all nev] expla9 by means ( p>ticles1 :atev] ^! may be1 ! simple prop]ties ( matt]2 at mo/ we c ?us foll[ out into corpuscles z artificial z ! corpus1 ! body itself--! actions & reactions ( ?is body ) reg>d to all ! o!rs4 ,?is is precisely ! object ( *emi/ry4 ,x /udies bodies r ?an matt]2 & s we und]/& :y x /ops at ! atom1 :i* is /ill end[$ ) ! g5]al prop]ties ( matt]4 ,b ! mat]iality ( ! atom dissolves m & m "u ! eyes ( ! physici/4 ,we h no reason1 = in/ance1 = repres5t+ ! atom to ourselves z a solid1 r ?an z a liquid or gase\s1 nor = pictur+ ! reciprocal action ( atoms by %ocks r ?an 9 any o!r way40 ,or1 ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic passage f ! same book 7p4 #bhj7 9 respect ( ! hypo!tical "* ( ! concepts ( 8pure "t0 & 8pure space03 8,homog5e\s space & homog5e\s "t are !n nei!r prop]ties ( ?+s nor ess5tial conditions ( our faculty ( kn[+ !m2 !y express1 9 an ab/ract =m1 ! d\ble "w ( solidification & ( division1 :i* we effect on ! mov+ cont9uity ( ! real 9 ord] to obta9 !re a fulcrum = our action1 9 ord] to fix )9 x />t+-po9ts = our op]ation1 9 %ort1 to introduce into x real *anges4 ,!y are ! diagrammatic designs ( our ev5tual action ^u matt]40 #djf ,l 8 celebrat$ contempor>y ,euck51 & l _m o!r ?9k]s ( _! "t1 ,b]gson is pr(\ndly conv9c$ ( ! "o-sid$ness ( ! s-call$ sci5tific culture ( our day1 & ( ! error ( any & all conceptions ( education & ( social policy t are bas$ ^u x4 ,al?\gh ,i ref] bel[ to ! limitations ( 8 view t ! intellect is adapt$ only to matt] & to me*anical con/ruction1 ,i app5d ! foll[+ quotation z symptomatic ( 8 value z a spiritual tea*] 9 our sci5tific age3 8,z reg>ds human intellig5ce 7,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #ade-f7 x has n be5 suffici5tly not$ t me*anical inv5tion has be5 f ! fir/ its ess5tial feature1 t ev5 to-day our social life gravitates ar\nd ! manufacture & use ( artificial in/rum5ts4444 ,?is we h>dly realise1 because x takes long] to *ange ourselves ?an to *ange our tools4444 ,9 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 :5 se5 f ! di/ance1 only ! broad l9es ( our pres5t age w be visible1 our w>s & our revolutions w c\nt = little1 ev5 suppos+ !y are rememb]$ at all1 b ! /eam-eng9e1 & ! procession ( inv5tions ( e k9d t accompani$ x1 w p]haps be spok5 ( z we speak ( ! bronze or ( ! *ipp$ /one ( prehi/oric times2 x w s]ve to def9e an age40 #djg ,i f9d ?is 9 ,b]gson's :ole attribution ( mu* ( our 8p]ceptual0 & 8sci5tific0 k ( ?+s to ! 8ne$s ( action10 & 9 ! detail$ reasons t we attempt on pp4 #bcf-bch to indicate = 8 polemic aga9/ rationalism4 #djh ,?is confirmation ,i f9d 9 ,b]gson's :ole philosophy ( p]ception & s5sation ref]r$ to on p4 #bcf1 & 9 8 idea ( a liv+ be+ z a 8c5tre ( action0 or 8a c5tre ( indet]m9ation40 ,9 fact x is obvi\s t he is "o ( ! v greate/ ( ! uphold]s ( ! 8fre$om0 ( ! life ( ! individual1 & ( ! fact t ea* new individual contributes some?+ new ( its own to ! sum-total ( exi/5ce1 to ! life ( its species1 & to ! life ( ! _w4 ,( c\rse !re is no m an explanation 9 8 tea*+ ( ! causes ( 8v>iation0 or ! diff]5ces at bir? betwe5 ! (f-spr+ ( m5 & ( animals1 ?an !re is 9 ! philosophy ( ,d>w94 #dji ,! idea ( ?is necessity is confirm$ 9 ,b]gson's :ole philosophy ( man's life z a life ( action1 z a con/ant surm\nt+ ( ob/acles1 z a life t reacts 9 its own way ^u ! life ( nature1 ^u ! life ( ! human species z su*1 ^u ! inf9ite life & en]gy & 8love0 ( ,god--if we may so> to ?is great ?\ght4 ,see1 = example1 :at he writes 9 explanation ( ! 8discordance0 ( :i* he speaks ?us3 8,our fre$om1 9 ! v movem5ts by :i* x is affirm$1 creates ! gr[+ habits t w /ifle x if x fails to r5ew itself by a con/ant ef=t3 x is dogg$ by automatism4 ,! lett] kills ! _s4 ,& our mo/ ard5t en?usiasm1 z soon z x is ext]nalis$ into action1 is s naturally congeal$ into ! cold calculation ( int]e/ or vanity1 ! "o takes s easily ! %ape ( ! o!r1 t we might confuse !m toge!r1 d\bt our s9c]ity1 d5y goodness & love40 ,! explanatory words are ! foll[+4 ,!y are q typical ( ! k9d ( philosophy ( life t ,b]gson ?9ks ( z alone wor?y ( ! "n ( a philosophy ( ! liv+4 ,& ! ref]5ce to 8love10 z ! highe/ 8dynamic0 =ce 9 ?is _w ( ours1 occurs at _! close4 8,! pr(\nd cause ( ?is discordance lies 9 an irrem$iable diff]5ce ( rhy?m4 ,life is g5]al1 is mobility itself2 p>ticul> manife/ations ( life accept ?is mobility reluctantly1 & con/antly lag beh9d4 ,x is always go+ ahead2 !y want to m>k "t4 ,evolution 9 g5]al w\ld fa9 g on 9 a /raight l9e2 ea* special evolution is a k9d ( circle4 ,l eddies ( du/ rais$ by ! w9d z x passes1 ! liv+ turn on !mselves1 borne up by ! great bla/ ( life4 ,!y are !re=e relatively /able1 & c\nt]feit immobility s well t we treat ea* ( !m z a ?+ r ?an z a progress1 =gett+ t ! v p]man5ce ( _! =m is only ! outl9e ( a movem5t4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 9 a fleet+ vision1 ! invisible brea? t be>s !m is mat]ialis$ be=e our eyes4 ,we h ?is sudd5 illum9ation be=e c]ta9 =ms ( mat]nal love1 s /rik+ & 9 mo/ animals s t\*+1 obs]vable ev5 9 ! solicitude ( ! plant = its se$4 ,?is love1 9 :i* "s h se5 ! great my/]y ( life1 may possibly deliv] u life's secret4 ,x %[s u ea* g5]ation lean+ ov] ! g5]ation t %all foll[4 ,x all[s u a glimpse ( ! fact t ! liv+ be+ is above all a ?or\ghf>e1 & t ! ess5ce ( life is 9 ! movem5t by :i* life is transmitt$0 7,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #acd-e2 italics m9e74 ,x is surely ne$less to po9t out h[ mu* tru] to human nature1 tru] !re=e to an important "p ( reality1 ?is life-philosophy is ?an ! ab/ractionism ( ,pr(essor ,bosanquet 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 #daj ,?is insi/5ce is1 ,i ?9k1 amply confirm$ by ! v fact ( ! imm$iate contact ) life & reality indicat$ 9 ! quotation t is giv5 9 ! prec$+ note ^u ! 8motive-awak5+10 or ! 8dynamic0 "* ( ! philosophy ( ,b]gson4 ,x is also confirm$ 9 8 manife/ insi/5ce ^u ! "o fact t all philosophy mu/ assume 7& has = ev] assum$7 ! fact ( life1 ! fact ( ! life & ?\ght ( ,god t und]lies all our life & all our ?\ght4 #daa ,?is position ( ! pragmati/s is c]ta9ly confirm$ by ,b]gson's entire doctr9e ( ! bra9 & ( ! intellect--t _! ma9 s]vice is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to int]pret ! 8life0 ( ?+s1 its relation to our own w & to our practical activity4 ,i h sugge/$1 too1 9 ?is *apt] t x is obvi\sly a *>act]i/ic1 or a consequ5ce1 ( ! philosophy ( ,b]gson t our highe/ ?\ght ab\t ourselves & ab\t ! _w %\ld be relative to1 & provocative1 ( our highe/ emotion4 #dab ,x is only ) "s degree ( c>e & res]vation t ,i wi% to ref] to any app>5t confirmation ( ?is idea by ,b]gson4 ,&1 z always1 ,i object to ! idea ( any ultimate sep>ation or 8dualism0 betwe5 fai? & k--fai? be+ impli$ 9 all 8k40 ,!re is no opposition 9 ,b]gson1 or 9 ! pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy1 betwe5 fai? & k2 x is r 8 idea t 8! faculty ( see+ %\ld be made "o ) ! act ( will+0 7,creative ,evolution1 #bej2 8 italics71 & t 8philosophy0 %\ld 8proce$1 ) ! p[]s ( conceptual ?\ght alone1 to ! ideal recon/ruction ( all ?+s1 ev5 ( life0 7,c4,e4 xi42 italics m9e74 ,my reasons = f9d+ 9 8 writ+s a confirmation ( ! idea t x is inde$ our rational & spiritual fai?1 r ?an our demon/rable k1 t is to u ! measure ( tru? & reality1 are su* consid]ations z ! foll[+ 79 addition to ^? ( ! clauses j quot$71 8 close association betwe5 ! intellectual & ! 8volitional10 8 g5]al fai? 9 8creative evolution10 9 ! idea t our 8consci\sness0 means = u 8new *oices0 & 7real7 8new possibilities10 8 fai? 9 ! high] intuitions ( ! m9d1 9 ! spiritual nature ( man1 8 belief t ! build+ up ( ! true philosophy ( ! future w involve 8! collective & progressive ef=t ( _m ?9k]s1 ( _m obs]v]s also1 complet+1 correct+1 & improv+ "o ano!r0 7,c4,e4 xiv471 etc4 etc4 #dac ,see bel[1 p4 #beg1 note #a4 #dad ,see p4 #ad 9 ref]5ce to ,dr4 ,s*ill]'s sugge/ion t 8fre$om0 may 8p]vade ! univ]se40 #dae 8,f "t to "t1 h[ev]1 9 a fit ( abs5t-m9d$ness1 nature raises up s\ls t are m deta*$ f life4444 ,7 ?is deta*m5t complete1 did ! s\l no long] cleave to action by any ( its p]ceptions1 x w\ld be ! s\l ( an arti/ su* z ! _w has nev] yet se50 7,laught]1 p4 #aed74 #daf ,cf4 p4 #bce4 #dag ,cf4 8,we mu/ break ) sci5tific habits :i* are adapt$ to ! fundam5tal requirem5ts ( ?\ght1 we mu/ d viol5ce to ! m9d1 g c\nt] to ! natural b5t ( ! intellect4 ,b t is j ! function ( philosophy0 7,creative ,evolution1 p4 #ca74 #dah 8,s art1 :e!r x be pa9t+ or sculpture1 poetry or music1 has no o!r object ?an to bru% aside ! utilit>ian symbols1 ! conv5tional & socially accept$ g5]alities1 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ t veils reality f u1 9 ord] to br+ u face to face ) reality itself0 7,laught]1 p4 #aeg74 ,x is true t if we read fur!r on ?is page1 & else:]e 9 ,b]gson1 we w be able to see t !re is = him 9 art & 9 ! spiritual life a k9d ( intellig5ce & k4 ,b x is difficult to "w out an expression or a *>act]isation ( ?is intellig5ce & ?is k4 8,art10 he says1 8is only a m direct vision ( reality40 ,& aga93 8,realism is 9 ! "w :5 idealism is 9 ! s\l1 & x is only ?r\gh ideality t we c resume contact ) reality0 7ibid474 #dai ,x is only fair to ,b]gson to rememb] t he is himself aw>e ( ! appe>ances ( ?is dualism 9 8 writ+s1 t he apologises z x 7 = !m1 int5d+ ! di/9ction to be1 n absolute1 b relative4 8,let u say at ! outset t ! di/9ctions we are go+ to make w be too %>ply drawn1 j because we wi% to def9e 9 in/9ct :at is in/9ctive1 & 9 intellig5ce :at is intellig5t1 :]eas all concrete in/9ct is m+l$ ) intellig5ce1 z all real intellig5ce is p5etrat$ by in/9ct4 ,moreov] ?is is q an important expression ( ,b]gson's objection to ! old 8faculty0 psy*ology1 nei!r intellig5ce nor in/9ct l5ds itself to rigid def9ition2 !y are t5d5cies & n ?+s4 ,also x mu/ n be =gott5 t 444 we are consid]+ intellig5ce & in/9ct z go+ out ( life :i* deposits !m along its c\rse0 7,creative ,evolution1 p4 #adc74 #dbj ,he talks 9 ! ,creative ,evolution ( a 8real "t0 & a 8pure duration0 ( a real duration t 8bites0 into ?+s & leaves on !m ! m>k ( its too?1 ( a 8ceaseless upspr++ ( some?+ new10 ( 8our progress 9 pure duration10 or a 8movem5t :i* creates at once ! intellectuality ( m9d & ! mat]iality ( ?+s0 7p4 #bag74 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t all ?is is un?9kable to me1 & t x might inde$ be criticis$ by ,rationalism z inconsi/5t ) our highe/ & mo/ real view ( ?+s4 #dba ,he admits himself t 8,if our analysis is correct1 x is consci\sness1 or r supra-consci\sness t is at ! orig9 ( life0 7,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bge74 #dbb 8,n[1 if ! same k9d ( action is go+ on ev]y:]e1 :e!r x is t :i* is /riv+ to remake itself1 ,i simply express ?is probable similitude :5 ,i speak ( a c5tre f :i* worlds %oot out z rockets 9 a fireworks display--provid$1 h[ev]1 t ,i d n pres5t !re is a great idea "h1 a true piece ( #8,kantianism' ?is c5tre z a ?+1 b z a cont9uity ( %oot+ out4 ,god ?us def9$ has no?+ ( ! already made4 ,he is unceas+ life1 action1 fre$om4 ,creation s conceiv$ is n a my/]y2 we exp]i5ce x 9 ourselves :5 we act freely0 7,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bfb74 #dbc ,see p4 #aee1 note #a4 #dbd ,x is some:at difficult1 & x is n necess>y = our purposes1 to expla9 :at might be meant by ! 8,idealism0 ( ,b]gson--at lea/ 9 ! s5se ( a cosmology1 a !ory ( ! 8real40 ,x is claim$ = him1 & he claims = himself t he is 9 a s5se bo? an 8ideali/0 & a 8reali/10 believ+ at once 7#a7 t matt] is an 8ab/raction0 7an unreality71 & 7#b7 t !re is m 9 matt] ?an ! qualities reveal$ by our p]ceptions4 ,we mu/ rememb] t he objects to ! idea ( qualities 9 ?+s 9 ! old /atic s5se4 8,!re are no ?+s2 !re are only actions40 ,:at we might mean by 8 initial idealism is ! foll[+3 8,matt]1 9 our view1 is an aggregate ( images4 ,& by #8image' we mean ,matt] & ,memory1 ! ,introduction a c]ta9 exi/5ce :i* is m ?an t :i* ! ideali/ calls a repres5tation1 b less ?an t :i* ! reali/ calls a ?+--an exi/5ce plac$ half-way betwe5 ! #8?+' & ! #8repres5tation4' ,?is conception ( matt] is simply t ( common s5se40 444 8,= common s5se1 !n1 ! object exi/s 9 itself1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! object is 9 itself pictorial1 z we p]ceive x3 image x is1 b a self-exi/+ image40 ,n[1 ?is v idea ( a 8self-exi/+ image0 implies to me ! :ole idealism ( philosophy1 & ,b]gson is n free ( x4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 z we h surely se51 8 8creative-evolution0 philosophy is a /up5d\s piece ( idealism1 b an idealism moreov] to :i* ! sci5ce ( ! day is also incl9+4 #dbe ,!re is s mu* t is positive & valuable 9 8 tea*+1 t he is b little affect$ by =mal criticism4 #dbf ,cf4 8,we h n[ enum]at$ a few ( ! ess5tial features ( human intellig5ce4 ,b we h hi!rto consid]$ ! individual 9 isolation1 )\t tak+ acc\nt ( social life4 ,9 reality man is a be+ :o lives 9 society4 ,if x be true ev5 t ! human intellect aims at fabrication1 we mu/ add t1 = t z well z o!r purposes1 x is associat$ ) o!r intellects4 ,n[ x is difficult to imag9e a society ^: memb]s d n communicate by signs10 etc4 etc4 7,creative ,evolution1 p4 #aff74 ,inde$ all read]s ( ,b]gson "k t he is con/antly mak+ use ( ! social factor & ( 8co-op]ation0 by way ( acc\nt+ = ! g5]al advance ( mank9d4 ,x may be appropriate 9 ?is same connexion to cite ! magnific5t passage t[>ds ! close ( ,creative ,evolution 9 :i* he rises to ! v heights ( ! idea ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann _h x be=e him1 & also be=e ! sociali/s & ! collectivi/s ( humanity's be+ possibly able to surm\nt ev5 ! greate/ ( ! ob/acles t beset x 9 its onw>d pa?3 8,z ! smalle/ gra9 ( du/ ,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #bhe-f is b\nd up ) our entire sol> sy/em1 drawn along ) x 9 t undivid$ movem5t ( desc5t :i* is mat]iality itself1 s all organis$ be+s1 f ! humble/ to ! highe/1 444 d b evid5ce a s+le impulsion1 ! inv]se ( ! movem5t ( matt]1 & 9 itself indivisible4 ,all ! liv+ hold toge!r1 & all yield to ! same trem5d\s pu%4 ,! animal takes its /& on ! plant1 man be/rides animality1 & ! :ole ( humanity1 9 space & 9 "t1 is "o imm5se army gallop+ beside & be=e & beh9d ea* ( u 9 an ov]:elm+ *>ge to beat d[n e resi/ance & cle> ! mo/ =midable ob/acles1 p]haps ev5 dea?40 #dbg ,cf4 p4 #afj & p4 #bfb4 #dbh ,he comes 9 sight ( "s ( !m1 z he (t5 does ( s _m ?+s4 8,x is z if a vague & =mless be+1 :om we may call1 z we w ,c4,e41 p4 #bha1 man or sup]man1 _h s\ght to realise himself1 & _h succe$$ only by ab&on+ a "p ( himself on ! way4 ,! losses are repres5t$ by ! re/ ( ! animal _w1 & ev5 by ! vegetable _w1 at lea/ 9 :at ^! h t is positive & above ! accid5ts ( evolution40 #dbi ,f :at has be5 said 9 ?is *apt] ab\t ,b]gson1 & f ! rem>ks t 7 made 9 ! second *apt] ab\t ,r5\vi] & ! ,fr5* ,critical ,philosophy1 ! read] may p]haps be will+ to admit t our ,anglo-,am]ican ,transc5d5tal philosophy w\ld p]haps n h be5 s ab/ract & s rationali/ic _h x devot$ m att5tion1 ?an x has evid5tly giv51 to "s ( ! m repres5tative ,fr5* ?9k]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #dcj ,we mu/ rememb] t n[h]e 9 8 writ+s does ,b]gson claim any great orig9ality = 8 _m illum9ative po9ts ( view4 ,he is at once f> too mu* ( a ca?olic s*ol> 79 ! matt] ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 say71 & f> too mu* ( a sci5ti/ 7a man 9 liv+ t\* ) ! realities & ! !ories ( ! sci5ce ( ! day7 = ?is4 ,8 f9d+s ab\t life & m9d are ! outcome ( a broad /udy ( ! consid]ations ( sci5ce & ( hi/ory & ( criticism4 ,by way1 = example1 ( a quotation f a sci5tific "w ^u biology t seems to me to reveal "s app>5t basis 9 fact 7z se5 by naturali/s7 = ! 8creative evolution0 ^u :i* ,b]gson bases 8 philosophy1 ,i app5d ! foll[+3 8,we h gone f> en\gh to see t ! developm5t ( an organism f an egg is a truly wond]ful process4 ,we ne$ b g back aga9 & look at ! m>vell\s simplicity ( ! egg to be conv9c$ ( x4 ,n only d cells diff]5tiate1 b cell-gr\ps act toge!r l well-drill$ battalions1 cleav+ ap>t "h1 fus+ toge!r !re1 =m+ protective cov]+s or communicat+ *annels1 app>5tly creat+ out ( no?+1 a :ole set ( nutritive & reproductive organs1 all 9 ord]ly & progressive sequ5ce1 produc+ 9 ! end t ord]ly dispos$ cell aggregate1 t individual life unit :i* we "k z an e>?worm4 ,al?\gh ! =ces involv$ are beyond our k51 ! gross] processes are evid5t0 7,ne$ham1 ,g5]al ,biology1 p4 #age2 italics m9e74 ,( c\rse x is evid5t f 8 books t ,b]gson does n take mu* acc\nt ( su* difficult facts & topics z ! mi/akes ( in/9ct1 etc4 ,& ,i h j spok5 ( 8 optimi/ic avoidance ( "s ( ! deep] problems ( ! moral & spiritual life ( man4 #dca 8,?is am\nts to say+ t ! !ory ( k & !ory ( life seem to u insep>able ,creative ,evolution1 p4 xiii42 italics ,b]gson's4 ,a !ory ( life t is n accompani$ by a criticism ( k is oblig$ to accept1 z !y /&1 ! concepts :i* ! und]/&+ puts at its disposal3 x c b enclose ! facts1 will+ or n1 9 pre-exi/+ frames :i* x reg>ds z ultimate4 ,x ?us obta9s a symbolism :i* is conv5i5t1 p]haps ev5 necess>y to positive sci5ce1 b n a direct vision ( its object40 #dcb ,i m ?an agree ) ,b]gson t our :ole mod]n philosophy s9ce ,desc>tes has be5 unduly influ5c$ by physics & ma!matics4 ,& ,i deplore ! fact t ! 8,new ,realism0 :i* has come ^u u by way ( a reaction 7see p4 #ec7 f ! subjectivism ( ,pragmatism1 %\ld be travell+ app>5tly 9 ?is backw>d direction--away1 to say ! v lea/1 f "s ( ! ?+s cle>ly se5 ev5 by biologi/s & psy*ologi/s4 ,see p4 #add4 #dcc ,z ,i h indicat$ 9 my ,preface1 ,i am c]ta9ly ! la/ p]son 9 ! _w to affect to disp>age ! importance ( ! ?9 end ( ! w$ge ( ,critical ,idealism introduc$ into ! ,engli%-speak+ _w by ,gre5 & ! ,cairds1 & _! fir/ foll[]s 7l ! writ]s 9 ! old ,se?-,haldane1 ,essays on ,philosophical ,criticism74 ,_! !ory ( k1 or 8epi/emology10 0 simply ev]y?+ to ! impov]i%$ condition ( our philosophy at ! "t1 b1 z ,b]gson po9ts out1 x /ill left _m ( u ! fault p]haps 0 our own1 to "s ext5t 9 ! position ( 8tak+0 ! sci5tific read+ ( ! _w z s f> true1 & ( ?9k+ t we _h done well 9 philosophy :5 we simply p>tly 8trans=m$0 x4 ,! really important ?+ 0 to see ) ?is epi/emology t ! sci5tific read+ ( ! _w is n 9 any s5se initial 8fact0 = philosophy4 ,,index ,absolutism1 #ac1 *ap4 viii4 ,action1 #ia n41 #aje1 *ap4 iv4 ,activity-,exp]i5ce1 #aje1 #aji ,alex&]1 ,s41 #afc ,anti-,intellectualism1 #gc1 #bci ,appe>ance & ,reality1 #hd ,arcesilaus1 #aee ,ari/otle1 #aee ,arm/rong 7,pr(471 #di n4 ,att5tion1 #aai ,augu/9e1 #ajg ,av5>ius1 #da ,ba91 #abj ,baldw91 ,j4 ,m41 #aef1 #aaj n4 ,bawd5 7,pr(471 #ag1 #he ,belief1 #fd1 #fe1 #bbi n41 #bea ,b]gson1 #gb1 #ajd1 #abf ,b]!lot1 #aag ,blondel1 #cb1 #cd ,bosanquet1 ,b41 #aaj1 #ahe1 *ap4 viii4 ,b\rdeau1 #bf1 #acc n41 #aic ,boyce-,gibson 7,pr(471 #aed ,bradley1 ,f4 ,h41 #gd1 #ge1 #ia ,br[n+1 ,r41 #aag ,bruns*vig1 #cj ,bryce1 ,james1 #aic ,butl]1 #aai ,caird1 ,e41 #aab ,c>lyle1 #abe ,*e/]ton1 ,w4 ,k41 #aag1 #aef ,coh51 #dh n4 ,common-s5se ,beliefs1 #g ,common-s5se ,philosophy1 #aag ,comte1 #abj ,contemplation1 #if ,corn=d1 #ahd ,curtis 7,pr(4 ,m4 ,m471 #bb ,dawes-,hicks 7,pr(471 #afc ,de ,mai/re1 #agj ,desc>tes1 #ff1 #aba ,desj>d9s1 ,p41 #cg ,dewey1 ,j41 #af1 #ag1 #cg1 #fb1 #adg1 #agc1 #age ,du ,bois ,reymond1 #aaj ,duncan 7,pr(471 #abb ,duns ,scotus1 #aai ,eleu!ropulos1 #dc ,elliot1 ,h4 ,s4 ,r41 #ff ,epicureanism1 #aah ,euck51 #ci1 #aed ,ewald 7,dr471 #dd1 #dh ,fl\rnoy1 #ahj ,f\ille1 #cg n4 ,fras]1 ,a4 ,c41 #aab ,futurism1 #bf ,g$des1 ,p41 #abc ,goe!1 #aie1 #bae ,gordon1 ,a41 #aeb-c ,gre51 ,t4 ,h41 #aii ,gregory 7,pr(471 #bd ,+e 7,dean71 #bi1 #ca ,inv5tion1 #aib ,james1 ,w41 #c1 #d1 #bd1 #ce1 #ci1 #de1 #ej1 #fe1 #ace1 #ahb1 #aib n4 ,j]usalem1 ,w41 #dc ,joa*im1 #ef ,jones1 ,sir ,h41 #ef ,joseph1 #eg ,kant1 #aai1 #aba1 #bdg ,kant & ,hegel1 #ahc ,knox 7,capt471 #ae ,lal&e1 ,a41 #bi1 #cc1 #afd ,lanke/] 7,sir ,r471 #afg ,lecky1 #gj ,leighton 7,pr(471 #acc ,le ,roy1 #ca ,locke1 #fa1 #aai ,lovejoy 7,pr(471 #di ,mac,eachran 7,pr(471 #di n4 ,ma*1 #dj ,mack5zie1 ,j4 ,s41 #aab ,maet]l9ck1 #ij ,mall>m1 #bad ,m>ett1 #afj ,ma/]mann1 ,g4 ,f4 ,g41 #aah ,m',d\gall1 #ajd ,mc,taggart1 ,j4 ,m4 ,e41 #ib ,mean+1 #ba1 #ea1 #adi ,mellone1 #eg ,m]z1 #aeg ,mn/]b]g1 #df ,natorp1 #dh ,ne$ham 7,pr(471 #aja1 #bfj ,new ,realism1 #ec ,nietzs*e1 #aah1 #aci1 #aea ,o/wald1 #dj1 #da ,pace 7,pr(471 #ahg ,paleyism1 #bdg ,pap9i1 #bd1 #ace ,pascal1 #aai ,pat]1 ,w41 #abd ,peirce1 #c1 #bb ,p]ry 7,pr(471 #ec1 #ahe ,p]ry1 ,bliss1 #aga1 #agi ,plato1 #eg1 #fa1 #aba1 #aej1 #aea ,pluralism1 #hg ,po9c>1 #cj ,prad9es1 #cf n4 ,pragmatism1 & ,am]ican philosophy1 #di1 *ap4 vii42 & ,briti% ?\ght1 #ed2 & ,fr5* ?\ght1 #bh2 & ,g]man ?\ght1 #ch2 & ,italian ?\ght1 #bc2 a democratic doctr9e1 #aje2 its e?ics1 #acf2 its pluralism1 #afb2 its sociological "*1 #afd1 #bfb2 its !ory ( k1 #aca2 its !ory ( tru?1 #abg2 its !ory ( reality1 #ace ,pratt 7,pr(471 #ea1 #abg ,radical ,empiricism1 #he ,r5an1 #aaj ,r5\vi]1 #bi ,rey1 #ca ,riley1 ,w41 #bf n4 ,ritzs*e1 #de ,royce1 ,j41 #ed ,russell1 ,b41 #fa1 #ff n41 #afi ,santayana1 #aga1 #aha1 #aij ,s*ellwi51 #dd ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s41 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #acb1 #acc ,s*9z1 #aib n4 ,s*op5hau]1 #bh1 #aai1 #aea1 #bfj ,se?1 ,james1 #ad n4 ,se?-,haldane1 #bfj ,%aw1 ,b]n>d1 #abd ,sidgwick1 ,h41 #ef1 #aah1 #aai n41 #adj ,sigw>t1 #db ,simmel1 #dd ,sp5c]1 #da n4 ,/>buck1 #bh ,/oicism1 #aah ,/\t1 ,g4 ,f41 #ee ,subjective ,idealism1 #bei ,taylor1 ,a4 ,e41 #eg1 #gg1 #gh1 #aii n41 #bai ,teleology1 #hh1 #aih ,t]tullian1 #aai ,!ism1 #bae n4 ,!mi/ius1 #aee ,?ompson1 ,j4 ,h41 #add ,tit*5]1 #aeg ,tru?1 #ei1 #ha1 #afc ,tufts1 #adg ,tyndall1 #aaj ,vaih+]1 #ci ,walk]1 ,l4 ,j41 #ca ,w>d1 ,james1 #cj1 #ee1 #adc1 #afb ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #abc ,we/]m>ck1 #ade ,w9delb&1 #df1 #aej ,wolla/on1 #bbd ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,! index 0 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4