,,how ,,to ,,know ,,the ,,wild ,,flowers ,a ,guide ,,to ,,the ,,names1 ,,haunts1 ,,and ,,habits ,,of ,,our ,,common ,,wild ,,flowers ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,william ,,starr ,,dana ,,illustrated ,,by ,,marion ,,satterlee 8,the first conscious thought about wild flowers was to find out their names--the first conscious pleasure--and then ,i began to see so many that ,i had not previously noticed4 ,once you wish to identify them1 there is nothing escapes1 down to the little white chickweed of the path and the moss of the wall40 --,,richard ,,jefferies ,,new ,,york ,,charles ,,scribner',s ,,sons #ahic ,,copyright1 #ahic1 ,,by ,,charles ,,scribner',s ,,sons ,,trow ,,directory ,,printing ,,and ,,bookbinding ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,contents ,,page ,preface1 vii ,how to ,use the ,book1 ix ,introductory ,chapter1 #a ,explanation of ,terms1 #h ,notable ,plant ,families1 #ac ,flower ,descriptions3 ,i4 ,white1 #bb ,,ii4 ,yellow1 #aac ,,iii4 ,pink1 #agc ,,iv4 ,red1 #bac ,v4 ,blue and ,purple1 #bbi ,,vi4 ,miscellaneous1 #bgf ,index to ,latin ,names1 #bhg to ,english ,names1 #bib of ,technical ,terms1 #bih ,one of these days some one will give us a hand-book of our wild flowers1 by the aid of which we shall all be able to name those we gather in our walks without the trouble of analyzing them4 ,in this book we shall have a list of all our flowers arranged according to color1 as white flowers1 blue flowers1 yellow flowers1 pink flowers1 etc41 with place of growth and time of blooming4 ,,john ,,burroughs4 ,,preface ,the pleasure of a walk in the woods and fields is enhanced a hundredfold by some little knowledge of the flowers which we meet at every turn4 ,their names alone serve as a clew to their entire histories1 giving us that sense of companionship with our surroundings which is so necessary to the full enjoyment of outdoor life4 ,but if we have never studied botany it has been no easy matter to learn these names1 for we find that the very people who have always lived among the flowers are often ignorant of even their common titles1 and frequently increase our eventual confusion by naming them incorrectly4 ,while it is more than probable that any attempt to attain our end by means of some 8,key10 which positively bristles with technical terms and outlandish titles1 has only led us to replace the volume in despair1 sighing with ,emerson1 that these scholars ,love not the flower they pluck1 and know it not1 ,and all their botany is ,latin names6 ,so we have ventured to hope that such a book as this will not be altogether unwelcome1 and that our readers will find that even a bowing acquaintance with the flowers repays one generously for the effort expended in its achievement4 ,such an acquaintance serves to transmute the tedium of a railway journey into the excitement of a tour of discovery4 ,it causes the monotony of a drive through an ordinarily uninteresting country to be forgotten in the diversion of noting the wayside flowers1 and counting a hundred different species where formerly less than a dozen would have been detected4 ,it invests each boggy meadow and bit of rocky woodland with almost irresistible charm4 ,surely ,sir ,john ,lubbock is right in maintaining that 8those who love ,nature can never be dull10 provided that love be expressed by an intelligent interest rather than by a purely sentimental rapture4 ,ninety-seven of the one hundred and four plates in this book are from original drawings from nature4 ,of the remaining seven plates1 six 7,nos4 ,,lxxx41 ,,xcix41 ,,ci41 ,,xxii41 ,,xlii41 ,,lxxxi471 and the illustration of the complete flower1 in the ,explanation of ,terms1 are adapted with alterations from standard authors1 part of the work in the first three plates mentioned being original4 ,plate ,,iv4 has been adapted from 8,american ,medicinal ,plants10 by kind permission of the author1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,millspaugh4 ,the reader should always consult the 8,flower ,descriptions0 in order to learn the actual dimensions of the different plants1 as it has not always been possible to preserve their relative sizes in the illustrations4 ,the aim in the drawings has been to help the reader to identify the flowers described in the text1 and to this end they are presented as simply as possible1 with no attempt at artistic arrangement or grouping4 ,we desire to express our thanks to ,miss ,harriet ,procter1 of ,cincinnati1 for her assistance and encouragement4 ,acknowledgment of their kind help is also due to ,mrs4 ,seth ,doane1 of ,orleans1 ,massachusetts1 and to ,mr4 ,eugene ,p4 ,bicknell1 of ,riverdale1 ,new ,york4 ,to ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 of ,columbia ,college1 we are indebted for permission to work in the ,college ,herbarium4 ,,new ,,york1 ,march #ae1 #ahic4 ,,how ,,to ,,use ,,the ,,book ,many difficulties have been encountered in the arrangement of this guide to the flowers4 ,to be really useful such a guide must be of moderate size1 easily carried in the woods and fields2 yet there are so many flowers1 and there is so much to say about them1 that we have been obliged to control our selection and descriptions by certain regulations which we hope will commend themselves to the intelligence of our readers and secure their indulgence should any special favorite be conspicuous by its absence4 ,these regulations may be formulated briefly as follows3 #a4 ,flowers so common as to be generally recognized are omitted1 unless some peculiarity or fact in their history entitles them to special mention4 ,under this1 ,buttercups1 ,wild ,roses1 ,thistles1 and others are ruled out4 #b4 ,flowers so inconspicuous as generally to escape notice are usually omitted4 ,here ,ragweed1 ,plantain1 and others are excluded4 #c4 ,rare flowers and escapes from gardens are usually omitted4 #d4 ,those flowers are chosen for illustration which seem entitled to prominence on account of their beauty1 interest1 or frequent occurrence4 #e4 ,flowers which have less claim upon the general public than those chosen for illustration and full description1 yet which are sufficiently common or conspicuous to arouse occasional curiosity1 are necessarily dismissed with as brief a description as seems compatible with their identification4 ,in parts of ,new ,england1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania and in the vicinity of ,washington1 ,i have been enabled to describe many of our wild flowers from personal observation2 and ,i have endeavored to increase the usefulness of the book by including as well those comparatively few flowers not found within the range mentioned1 but commonly encountered at some point this side of ,chicago4 ,the grouping according to color was suggested by a passage in one of ,mr4 ,burroughs's 8,talks about ,flowers40 ,it seemed1 on careful consideration1 to offer an easier identification than any other arrangement4 ,one is constantly asked the name of some 8little blue flower10 or some 8large pink flower10 noted by the wayside4 ,while both the size and color of a flower fix themselves in the mind of the casual observer1 the color is the more definitely appreciated characteristic of the two and serves far better as a clew to its identification4 ,when the flowers are brought in from the woods and fields they should be sorted according to color and then traced to their proper places in the various sections4 ,as far as possible the flowers have been arranged according to the seasons' sequence1 the spring flowers being placed in the first part of each section1 the summer flowers next1 and the autumn flowers last4 ,it has sometimes been difficult to determine the proper position of a flower--blues1 purples1 and pinks shading so gradually one into another as to cause difference of opinion as to the color of a blossom among the most accurate4 ,so if the object of our search is not found in the first section consulted1 we must turn to that other one which seems most likely to include it4 ,it has seemed best to place in the ,white section those flowers which are so faintly tinted with other colors as to give a white effect in the mass1 or when seen at a distance4 ,some flowers are so green as to seem almost entitled to a section of their own1 but if closely examined the green is found to be so diluted with white as to render them describable by the term greenish-white4 ,a white flower veined with pink will also be described in the ,white section1 unless its general effect should be so pink as to entitle it to a position in the ,pink section4 ,such a flower again as the ,painted ,cup is placed in the ,red section because its floral leaves are so red that probably none but the botanist would appreciate that the actual flowers were yellow4 ,flowers which fail to suggest any definite color are relegated to the ,miscellaneous section4 ,with the description of each flower is given-- #a4 ,its common ,english name--if one exists4 ,this may be looked upon as its 8nickname10 a title attached to it by chance1 often endeared to us by long association1 the name by which it may be known in one part of the country but not necessarily in another1 and about which1 consequently1 a certain amount of disagreement and confusion often arises4 #b4 ,its scientific name4 ,this compensates for its frequent lack of euphony by its other advantages4 ,it is usually composed of two ,latin--or ,latinized--words1 and is the same in all parts of the world 7which fact explains the necessity of its ,latin form74 ,whatever confusion may exist as to a flower's ,english name1 its scientific one is an accomplished fact--except in those rare cases where an undescribed species is encountered--and rarely admits of dispute4 ,the first word of this title indicates the genus of the plant4 ,it is a substantive1 answering to the last or family name of a person1 and shows the relationship of all the plants which bear it4 ,the second word indicates the species4 ,it is usually an adjective1 which betrays some characteristic of the plant1 or it may indicate the part of the country in which it is found1 or the person in whose honor it was named4 #c4 ,the ,english title of the larger ,family to which the plant belongs4 ,all flowers grouped under this title have in common certain important features which in many cases are too obscure to be easily recognized2 while in others they are quite obvious4 ,one who wishes to identify the flowers with some degree of ease should learn to recognize at sight such ,families as present conspicuously characteristic features4 ,for fuller definitions1 explanations1 and descriptions than are here given1 ,gray's text-books and 8,manual0 should be consulted4 ,after some few flowers have been compared with the partially technical description which prefaces each popular one1 little difficulty should be experienced in the use of a botanical key4 ,many of the measurements and technical descriptions have been based upon ,gray's 8,manual40 ,it has been thought best to omit any mention of species and varieties not included in the latest edition of that work4 ,an ordinary magnifying glass 7such as can be bought for seventy-five cents71 a sharp penknife1 and one or two dissecting-needles will be found useful in the examination of the smaller flowers4 ,the use of a note-book1 with jottings as to the date1 color1 surroundings1 etc41 of any newly identified flower1 is recommended4 ,this habit impresses on the memory easily forgotten but important details4 ,such a book is also valuable for further reference1 both for our own satisfaction when some point which our experience had already determined has been forgotten1 and for the settlement of the many questions which are sure to arise among flower-lovers as to the localities in which certain flowers are found1 the dates at which they may be expected to appear and disappear1 and various other points which even the scientific books sometimes fail to decide4 ,some of the flowers described are found along every country highway4 ,it is interesting to note that these wayside flowers may usually be classed among the foreign population4 ,they have been brought to us from ,europe in ballast and in loads of grain1 and invariably follow in the wake of civilization4 ,many of our most beautiful native flowers have been crowded out of the hospitable roadside by these aggressive1 irresistible1 and mischievous invaders2 for ,mr4 ,burroughs points out that nearly all of our troublesome weeds are emigrants from ,europe4 ,we must go to the more remote woods and fields if we wish really to know our native plants4 ,swamps especially offer an eagerly sought asylum to our shy and lovely wild flowers4 ,,list ,,of ,,plates ,,plate ,,page ,i4 ,,blood-,,root1 ,sanguinaria ,canadensis1 #bc ,,ii4 ,,rue ,,anemone1 ,anemonella thalictroides1 #be ,,wood ,,anemone1 ,anemone nemorosa1 #be ,,iii4 ,,star-,,flower1 ,trientalis ,americana1 #bg ---- ,maianthemum ,canadense1 #bg ,,iv4 ,,may-,,apple1 ,podophyllum peltatum1 #ca ,v4 ,,spring ,,beauty1 ,claytonia ,virginica1 #cc ,,vi4 ,,dutchman',s ,,breeches1 ,dicentra ,cucullaria1 #ce ,,vii4 ,,foam-,,flower1 ,tiarella cordifolia1 #cg ,,viii4 ,,painted ,,trillium1 ,trillium erythrocarpum1 #da ,,ix4 ,,wild ,,sarsaparilla1 ,aralia nudicaulis1 #dc ,x4 ,,solomon',s ,,seal1 ,polygonatum biflorum1 #de ,,xi4 ,,false ,,solomon',s ,,seal1 ,smilacina racemosa1 #dg ,,xii4 ,,bellwort1 ,uvularia perfoliata1 #ea ,oakesia sessilifolia1 #ea ,,xiii4 ,,white ,,baneberry1 ,acta alba1 #ec ,,xiv4 ,,bunch-,,berry1 ,cornus ,canadensis1 #ee ,,xv4 ,,mountain ,,laurel1 ,kalmia latifolia1 #eg ,,xvi4 ,,american ,,rhododendron1 ,rhododendron maximum1 #fa ,,xvii4 ,,wood ,,sorrel1 ,oxalis ,acetosella1 #fc ,,xviii4 ,,shin-,,leaf1 ,pyrola elliptica1 #fg ,,xix4 ,,pipsissewa1 ,chimaphila umbellata1 #fi ,,xx4 ,,wintergreen1 ,gaultheria procumbens1 #gc ,,xxi4 ,,indian ,,pipe1 ,monotropa uniflora1 #ge ,,xxii4 ,,black ,,cohosh1 ,cimicifuga racemosa1 #gi ,,xxiii4 ,,partridge ,,vine1 ,mitchella repens1 #ha ,,xxiv4 ---- ---- ,dalibarda repens1 #he ,,xxv4 ,,tall ,,meadow ,,rue1 ,thalictrum polygamum1 #hg ,,xxvi4 ,,meadow-,,sweet1 ,spira salicifolia1 #hi ,,xxvii4 ,,pokeweed1 ,phytolacca decandra1 #ic ,,xxviii4 ,,wild ,,carrot1 ,daucus ,carota1 #ie ,,yarrow1 ,achillea ,millefolium1 #ie ,,xxix4 ,,arrow-,,head1 ,sagittaria variabilis1 #ii ,,xxx4 ,,turtle-,,head1 ,chelone glabra1 #aja ,,xxxi4 ,,traveller',s ,,joy1 ,clematis ,virginiana1 #ajc ,,xxxii4 ,,boneset1 ,eupatorium perfoliatum1 #ajg ,,xxxiii4 ,,ladies' ,,tresses1 ,spiranthes cernua1 #aji ,,xxxiv4 ,,grass ,,of ,,parnassus1 ,parnassia ,caroliniana1 #aaa ,,xxxv4 ,,marsh ,,marigold1 ,caltha palustris1 #aae ,,xxxvi4 ,,yellow ,,adder',s ,,tongue1 ,erythronium ,americanum1 #aag ,,xxxvii4 ,,downy ,,yellow ,,violet1 ,viola pubescens1 #aai ,,xxxviii4 ,,shrubby ,,cinquefoil1 ,potentilla fructicosa1 #aba ,,xxxix4 ---- ---- ,clintonia borealis1 #abc ,,xl4 ,,smaller ,,yellow ,,lady',s ,cypripedium parviflorum1 ,,slipper1 #abe ,,xli4 ,,indian ,,cucumber-,,root1 ,medeola ,virginica1 #abi ,,xlii4 ,,winter-,,cress1 ,barbarea vulgaris1 #aca ,,xliii4 ,,rattlesnake-,,weed1 ,hieracium venosum1 #acc ,,xliv4 ,,bush-,,honeysuckle1 ,diervilla trifida1 #ace ,,xlv4 ,,meadow ,,lily1 ,lilium ,canadense1 #acg ,,xlvi4 ,,four-,,leaved ,,loosestrife1 ,lysimachia quadrifolia1 #aci ,,xlvii4 ,,yellow ,,loosestrife1 ,lysimachia stricta1 #ada ,,xlviii4 ,,yellow ,,star-,,grass1 ,hypoxis erecta1 #adc ,,xlix4 ,,butter-,,and-,,eggs1 ,linaria vulgaris1 #adg ,l4 ,,common ,,st4 ,,john',s-,,wort1 ,hypericum perforatum1 #adi ,,li4 ,,common ,,mullein1 ,verbascum ,thapsus1 #aea ,,lii4 ,,yellow ,,fringed ,,orchis1 ,habenaria ciliaris1 #aec ,,liii4 ,,pale ,,jewel-,,weed1 ,impatiens pallida1 #aee ,,liv4 ,,evening ,,primrose1 nothera biennis1 #aei ,,lv4 ,,black-,,eyed ,,susan1 ,rudbeckia hirta1 #afa ,,lvi4 ,,elecampane1 ,inula ,helenium1 #afc ,,lvii4 ,,wild ,,sunflower1 ,helianthemum giganteus1 #afe ,,lviii4 ,,stick-,,tight1 ,bidens frondosa1 #afg ,,lix4 ,,smooth ,,false ,,foxglove1 ,gerardia quercifolia1 #afi ,,lx4 ,,tansy1 ,tanacetum vulgare1 #aga ,,lxi4 ,,trailing ,,arbutus1 ,epiga repens1 #age ,,twin-,,flower1 ,linna borealis1 #age ,,lxii4 ,,showy ,,orchis1 ,orchis spectabilis1 #agg ,,lxiii4 ,,twisted ,,stalk1 ,streptopus roseus1 #agi ,,lxiv4 ,,pink ,,lady',s ,,slipper1 ,cypripedium acaule1 #aha ,,lxv4 ,,pink ,,azalea1 ,rhododendron nudiflorum1 #ahc ,,lxvi4 ,,milkwort1 ,polygala polygama1 #ahg sanguinea1 #ahg ,,lxvii4 ,,spreading ,,dogbane1 ,apocynum androsmifolium1 #ahi ,,lxviii4 ,,purple-,,flowering ,,raspberry1 ,rubus odoratus1 #aia ,,lxix4 ,,herb ,,robert1 ,geranium ,robertianum1 #aie ,,lxx4 ,,bouncing ,,bet1 ,saponaria officinalis1 #aig ,,lxxi4 ,,purple ,,loosestrife1 ,lythrum ,salicaria1 #aii ,,lxxii4 ,,meadow-,,beauty1 ,rhexia ,virginica1 #bja ,,lxxiii4 ,,sea ,,pink1 ,sabbatia stellaris1 #bjc ,,lxxiv4 ---- ---- ,sabbatia chloroides1 #bje ,,lxxv4 ,,rose ,,mallow1 ,hibiscus ,moscheutos1 #bjg ,,lxxvi4 ,,fireweed1 ,epilobium angustifolium1 #bji ,,lxxvii4 ,,joe-,,pye-,,weed1 ,eupatorium purpureum1 #baa ,,lxxviii4 ,,wild ,,columbine1 ,aquilegia ,canadensis1 #bae ,,lxxix4 ,,wake ,,robin1 ,trillium erectum1 #bag ,,lxxx4 ,,wood ,,lily1 ,lilium ,philadelphicum1 #bba ,,lxxxi4 ,,butterfly-,,weed1 ,asclepias tuberosa1 #bbc ,,lxxxii4 ,,oswego ,,tea1 ,monarda didyma1 #bbe ,,lxxxiii4 ,,cardinal-,,flower1 ,lobelia cardinalis1 #bbg ,,lxxxiv4 ,,liverwort1 ,hepatica triloba1 #bca ,,lxxxv4 ,,bluets1 ,houstonia crulea1 #bcc ,,lxxxvi4 ,,robin',s ,,plantain1 ,erigeron bellidifolius1 #bcg ,,lxxxvii4 ,,wild ,,geranium1 ,geranium maculatum1 #bci ,,lxxxviii4 ,,blue-,,eyed ,,grass1 ,sisyrinchium angustifolium1 #bdc ,,lxxxix4 ,,fleur-,,de-,,lis1 ,iris versicolor1 #bde ,,xc4 ,,american ,,brooklime1 ,veronica ,americana1 #bdg ,,xci4 ,,monkey-,,flower1 ,mimulus ringens1 #bea ,,xcii4 ,,blue ,,vervain1 ,verbena hastata1 #bfc ,,xciii4 ,,self-,,heal1 ,brunella vulgaris1 #bee ,,xciv4 ,,blueweed1 ,echium vulgare1 #bei ,,xcv4 ,,great ,,lobelia1 ,lobelia syphilitica1 #bfa ,,xcvi4 ,,indian ,,tobacco1 ,lobelia inflata1 #bfc ,,xcvii4 ,,beach ,,pea1 ,lathyrus maritimus1 #bfe ,,xcviii4 ,,chicory1 ,cichorium ,intybus1 #bfg ,,xcix4 ,,blazing ,,star1 ,liatris scariosa1 #bga ,c4 ,,closed ,,gentian1 ,gentiana ,andrewsii1 #bgc ,,ci4 ,,fringed ,,gentian1 ,gentiana crinita1 #bge ,,cii4 ,,skunk ,,cabbage1 ,symplocarpus ftidus1 #bgg ,,ciii4 ,,wild ,,ginger1 ,asarum ,canadense1 #bgi ,,civ4 ,,jack-,,in-,,the-,,pulpit1 ,arisma triphyllum1 #bha ,most young people find botany a dull study4 ,so it is1 as taught from the text-books in the schools2 but study it yourself in the fields and woods1 and you will find it a source of perennial delight4 ,,john ,,burroughs4 ,,how ,,to ,,know ,,the ,,wild ,,flowers ,,introductory ,,chapter ,until a comparatively recent period the interest in plants centred largely in the medicinal properties1 and sometimes in the supernatural powers1 which were attributed to them4 --,o who can tell ,the hidden power of herbes and might of magick spell8-- sang ,spenser in the 8,faerie ,queene20 and to this day the names of many of our wayside plants bear witness1 not alone to the healing properties which their owners were supposed to possess1 but also to the firm hold which the so-called 8doctrine of signatures0 had upon the superstitious mind of the public4 ,in an early work on 8,the ,art of ,simpling10 by one ,william ,coles1 we read as follows3 8,yet the mercy of ,god which is over all his works1 maketh ,grasse to grow upon the ,mountains and ,herbes for the use of men1 and hath not only stamped upon them a distinct forme1 but also given them particular signatures1 whereby a man may read1 even in legible characters1 the use of them40 ,our hepatica or liver-leaf1 owes both its generic and ,english titles to its leaves1 which suggested the form of the organ after which the plant is named1 and caused it to be considered 8a sovereign remedy against the heat and inflammation of the liver40#a ,although his once-renowned system of classification has since been discarded on account of its artificial character1 it is probably to ,linnus that the honor is due of having raised the study of plants to a rank which had never before been accorded it4 ,the ,swedish naturalist contrived to inspire his disciples with an enthusiasm and to invest the flowers with a charm and personality which awakened a wide-spread interest in the subject4 ,it is only since his day that the unscientific nature-lover1 wandering through those woods and fields where --wide around1 the marriage of the plants ,is sweetly solemnized-- has marvelled to find the same laws in vogue in the floral as in the animal world4 ,to ,darwin we owe our knowledge of the significance of color1 form1 and fragrance in flowers4 ,these subjects have been widely discussed during the last twenty-five years1 because of their close connection with the theory of natural selection2 they have also been more or less enlarged upon in modern text-books4 ,nevertheless1 it seems wiser to repeat what is perhaps already known to the reader1 and to allude to some of the interesting theories connected with these topics1 rather than to incur the risk of obscurity by omitting all explanation of facts and deductions to which it is frequently necessary to refer4 ,it is agreed that the object of a flower's life is the making of seed1 i4e41 the continuance of its kind4 ,consequently its most essential parts are its reproductive organs1 the stamens1 and the pistil or pistils4 ,the stamens 7p4 #aa7 are the fertilizing organs4 ,these produce the powdery1 quickening material called pollen1 in little sacs which are borne at the tips of their slender stalks4 ,the pistil 7p4 #aa7 is the seed-bearing organ4 ,the pollen-grains which are deposited on its roughened summit throw out minute tubes which reach the little ovules in the ovary below and quicken them into life4 ,these two kinds of organs can easily be distinguished in any large1 simple1 complete flower 7p4 #aj74 ,the pollen of the stamens1 and the ovules which line the base of the pistil1 can also be detected with the aid of an ordinary magnifying glass4 ,now1 we have been shown that nature apparently prefers that the pistil of a flower should not receive its pollen from the stamens in the same flower-cup with itself4 ,experience teaches that1 sometimes1 when this happens no seeds result4 ,at other times the seeds appear1 but they are less healthy and vigorous than those which are the outcome of cross-fertilization--the term used by botanists to describe the quickening of the ovules in one blossom by the pollen from another4 ,but perhaps we hardly realize the importance of abundant health and vigor in a plant's offspring4 ,let us suppose that our eyes are so keen as to enable us to note the different seeds which1 during one summer1 seek to secure a foothold in some few square inches of the sheltered roadside4 ,the neighboring herb ,roberts and jewel-weeds discharge--catapult fashion--several small invaders into the very heart of the little territory4 ,a battalion of silky-tufted seeds from the cracked pods of the milkweed float downward and take lazy possession of the soil1 while the heavy rains wash into their immediate vicinity those of the violet from the overhanging bank4 ,the hooked fruit of the stick-tight is finally brushed from the hair of some exasperated animal by the jagged branches of the neighboring thicket and is deposited on the disputed ground1 while a bird passing just overhead drops earthward the seed of the partridge berry4 ,the ammunition of the witch-hazel1 too1 is shot into the midst of this growing colony2 to say nothing of a myriad more little squatters that are wafted or washed or dropped or flung upon this one bit of earth1 which is thus transformed into a bloodless battle-ground1 and which is incapable of yielding nourishment to one-half or one-tenth or even one hundredth of these tiny strugglers for life6 ,so1 to avoid diminishing the vigor of their progeny by self-fertilization 7the reverse of cross-fertilization71 various species take various precautions4 ,in one species the pistil is so placed that the pollen of the neighboring stamens cannot reach it4 ,in others one of these two organs ripens before the other1 with the result that the contact of the pollen with the stigma of the pistil would be ineffectual4 ,often the stamens and pistils are in different flowers1 sometimes on different plants4 ,but these pistils must1 if possible1 receive the necessary pollen in some way and fulfil their destiny by setting seed4 ,and we have been shown that frequently it is brought to them by insects1 occasionally by birds1 and that sometimes it is blown to them by the winds4 ,ingenious devices are resorted to in order to secure these desirable results4 ,many flowers make themselves useful to the insect world by secreting somewhere within their dainty cups little glands of honey1 or1 more properly speaking1 nectar1 for honey is the result of the bees' work4 ,this nectar is highly prized by the insects and is1 in many cases1 the only object which attracts them to the flowers1 although sometimes the pollen1 which ,darwin believes to have been the only inducement offered formerly1 is sought as well4 ,but of course this nectar fails to induce visits unless the bee's attention is first attracted to the blossom1 and it is tempted to explore the premises2 and we now observe the interesting fact that those flowers which depend upon insect-agency for their pollen1 usually advertise their whereabouts by wearing bright colors or by exhaling fragrance4 ,it will also be noticed that a flower sufficiently conspicuous to arrest attention by its appearance alone is rarely fragrant4 ,when1 attracted by either of these significant characteristics1--color or fragrance1--the bee alights upon the blossom1 it is sometimes guided to the very spot where the nectar lies hidden by markings of some vivid color4 ,thrusting its head into the heart of the flower for the purpose of extracting the secreted treasure1 it unconsciously strikes the stamens with sufficient force to cause them to powder its body with pollen4 ,soon it flies away to another plant of the same kind1 where1 in repeating the process just described1 it unwittingly brushes some of the pollen from the first blossom upon the pistil of the second1 where it helps to make new seeds4 ,thus these busy bees which hum so restlessly through the long summer days are working better than they know and are accomplishing more important feats than the mere honey-making which we usually associate with their ceaseless activity4 ,those flowers which are dependent upon night-flying insects for their pollen1 contrive to make themselves noticeable by wearing white or pale yellow1--red1 blue1 and pink being with difficulty detected in the darkness4 ,they1 too1 frequently indicate their presence by exhaling perfume1 which in many cases increases in intensity as the night falls1 and a clue to their whereabouts becomes momentarily more necessary4 ,this fact partially accounts for the large proportion of fragrant white flowers4 ,darwin found that the proportion of sweet-scented white flowers to sweet-scented red ones was #ad4f per cent4 of white to #h4b of red4 ,we notice also that some of these night-fertilized flowers close during the day1 thus insuring themselves against the visits of insects which might rob them of their nectar or pollen1 and yet be unfitted by the shape of their bodies to accomplish their fertilization4 ,on the other hand1 many blossoms which are dependent upon the sun-loving bees close at night1 securing the same advantage4 ,then there are flowers which close in the shade1 others at the approach of a storm1 thus protecting their pollen and nectar from the dissolving rain2 others at the same time every day4 ,linnus invented a famous 8flower-clock10 which indicated the hours of the day by the closing of different flowers4 ,this habit of closing has been called the 8sleep of flowers40 ,there is one far from pleasing class of flowers which entices insect-visitors1--not by attractive colors and alluring fragrance--but 8by deceiving flies through their resemblance to putrid meat--imitating the lurid appearance as well as the noisome smell of carrion40#b ,our common carrion-flower1 which covers the thickets so profusely in early summer that ,thoreau complained that every bush and copse near the river emitted an odor which led one to imagine that all the dead dogs in the neighborhood had drifted to its shore1 is probably an example of this class1 without lurid color1 but certainly with a sufficiently noisome smell6 ,yet this foul odor seems to answer the plant's purpose as well as their delicious aroma does that of more refined blossoms1 if the numberless small flies which it manages to attract are fitted to successfully transmit its pollen4 ,certain flowers are obviously adapted to the visits of insects by their irregular forms4 ,the fringed or otherwise conspicuous lip and long nectar-bearing spur of many orchids point to their probable dependence upon insect-agency for perpetuation2 while the papilionaceous blossoms of the ,pulse family also betray interesting adaptations for cross-fertilization by the same means4 ,indeed it is believed that irregularity of form is rarely conspicuous in a blossom that is not visited by insects4 ,the position of a nodding flower1 like the harebell1 protects its pollen and nectar from the rain and dew2 while the hairs in the throat of many blossoms answer the same purpose and exclude useless insects as well4 ,another class of flowers which calls for special mention is that which is dependent upon the wind for its pollen4 ,it is interesting to observe that this group expends little effort in useless adornment4 8,the wind bloweth where it listeth0 and takes no note of form or color4 ,so here we find those ,wan flowers without a name1 which1 unheeded1 line the wayside4 ,the common plantain of the country dooryard1 from whose long tremulous stamens the light1 dry pollen is easily blown1 is a familiar example of this usually ignored class4 ,darwin first observed1 that 8when a flower is fertilized by the wind it never has a gayly colored corolla40 ,fragrance and nectar as well are usually denied these sombre blossoms4 ,such is the occasional economy of that at times most reckless of all spendthrifts--nature6 ,some plants--certain violets and the jewel-weeds among others--bear small inconspicuous blossoms which depend upon no outside agency for fertilization4 ,these never open1 thus effectually guarding their pollen from the possibility of being blown away by the wind1 dissolved by the rain1 or stolen by insects4 ,they are called cleistogamous flowers4 ,nature's clever devices for securing a wide dispersion of seeds have been already hinted at4 ,one is tempted to dwell at length upon the ingenious mechanism of the elastically bursting capsules of one species1 and the deft adjustment of the silky sails which waft the seeds of others2 on the barbed fruits which have pressed the most unwilling into their prickly service1 and the bright berries which so temptingly invite the hungry winter birds to peck at them till their precious contents are released1 or to devour them1 digesting only the pulpy covering and allowing the seeds to escape uninjured into the earth at some conveniently remote spot4 ,then one would like to pause long enough to note the slow movements of the climbing plants and the uncanny ways of the insect-devourers4 ,at our very feet lie wonders for whose elucidation a lifetime would be far too short4 ,yet if we study for ourselves the mysteries of the flowers1 and1 when daunted1 seek their interpretation in those devoted students who have made this task part of their life-work1 we may hope finally to attain at least a partial insight into those charmed lives which find --tongues in trees1 books in the running brooks1 ,sermons in stones1 and good in everything4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,terms ,the comprehension of the flower descriptions and of the opening chapters will be facilitated by the reading of the following explanation of terms4 ,for words or expressions other than those which are included in this section1 the ,index of ,technical ,terms at the end of the book should be consulted4 ,the ,root of a plant is the part which grows downward into the ground and absorbs nourishment from the soil4 ,true roots bear nothing besides root-branches or rootlets4 8,the ,stem is the axis of the plant1 the part which bears all the other organs40 7,gray47 ,a ,rootstock is a creeping stem which grows beneath the surface of the earth4 7,see ,blood-root and ,solomon's ,seal4 ,pls4 ,i4 and ,x47 ,a ,tuber is a thickened end of a rootstock1 bearing buds1--8eyes10--on its sides4 ,the common ,potato is a familiar example of a tuber1 being a portion of the stem of the potato plant4 ,a ,corm is a short1 thick1 fleshy underground stem which sends off roots from its lower face4 7,see ,jack-in-the-,pulpit1 ,pl4 ,,civ47 ,a ,bulb is an underground stem1 the main body of which consists of thickened scales1 which are in reality leaves or leaf bases1 as in the onion4 ,a ,simple ,stem is one which does not branch4 ,a ,stemless plant is one which bears no obvious stem1 but only leaves and flower-stalks1 as in the ,common ,blue ,violet and ,liver-leaf 7,pl4 ,,lxxxiv474 ,a ,scape is the leafless flower-stalk of a stemless plant4 7,see ,liver-leaf 7,pl4 ,,lxxxiv4747 ,an ,entire ,leaf is one the edge of which is not cut or lobed in any way4 7,see ,rhododendron1 ,pl4 ,,xvi41 and ,closed ,gentian1 ,pl4 ,c47 ,a ,simple ,leaf is one which is not divided into leaflets2 its edges may be either lobed or entire4 7,see ,rhododendron1 ,pl4 ,,xvi42 also ,fig4 #a47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,a ,compound ,leaf is one which is divided into leaflets1 as in the ,wild ,rose1 ,pink ,clover1 and ,travellers' ,joy 7,pl4 ,,xxxi41 also ,fig4 #b74 ,a ,much-divided ,leaf is one which is several times divided into leaflets 7,fig4 #c74 ,the ,axil of a leaf is the upper angle formed by a leaf or leaf-stalk and the stem4 ,flowers which grow from the axils of the leaves are said to be ,axillary4 ,a cluster in which the flowers are arranged--each on its own stalk--along the sides of a common stem or stalk is called a ,raceme4 7,see ,cardinal-flower1 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiii42 ,shin-leaf1 ,pl4 ,,xviii47 ,a cluster in which the flower-stalks all spring from apparently the same point1 as in the ,milkweeds1 somewhat suggesting the spreading ribs of an umbrella1 is called an ,umbel 7,pl4 ,,lxxxi474 ,a cluster which is formed of a number of small umbels1 all of the stalks of which start from apparently the same point1 is called a ,compound ,umbel4 7,see ,wild ,carrot1 ,pl4 ,,xxviii47 ,a close1 circular flower-cluster1 like that of ,pink ,clover or ,dandelion1 is called a ,head4 7,see ,oswego ,tea1 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii42 ,sunflower1 ,pl4 ,,lvii47 ,a flower-cluster along the lengthened axis of which the flowers are sessile or closely set is called a ,spike4 7,see ,vervain1 ,pl4 ,,xcii42 ,mullein1 ,pl4 ,,li47 ,a ,spadix is a fleshy spike or head1 with small and often imperfect flowers1 as in the ,jack-in-the-,pulpit1 and ,skunk ,cabbage 7,pls4 ,,cii4 and ,,civ41 also ,fig4 #d74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,a ,spathe is the peculiar leaf-like bract which usually envelopes a spadix4 7,see ,jack-in-the-,pulpit and ,skunk ,cabbage1 ,pls4 ,,cii4 and ,,civ41 also ,fig4 #e47 ,a leaf or flower which is set so close in the stem as to show no sign of a separate leaf or flower-stalk1 is said to be ,sessile4 ,a ,complete ,flower 7,fig4 #f7 is 8that part of a plant which subserves the purpose of producing seed1 consisting of stamens and pistils1 which are the essential organs1 and the calyx and corolla1 which are the protecting organs40 7,gray47 ,the green outer flower-cup1 or outer set of green leaves1 which we notice at the base of many flowers1 is the ,calyx 7,fig4 #f ,ca74 ,at times this part is brightly colored and may be the most conspicuous feature of the flower4 ,when the calyx is divided into separate leaves1 these leaves are called ,sepals4 ,the inner flower-cup or the inner set of leaves is the ,corolla 7,fig4 #f1 ,c74 ,when the corolla is divided into separate leaves1 these leaves are called ,petals4 ,we can look upon calyx and corolla as the natural tapestry which protects the delicate organs of the flower1 and serves as well1 in many cases1 to attract the attention of passing insects4 ,in some flowers only one of these two parts is present2 in such a case the single cup or set of floral leaves is generally considered to be the calyx4 ,the floral leaves may be spoken of collectively as the ,perianth4 ,this word is used especially in describing members of families where there might be difficulty in deciding as to whether the single set of floral leaves present should be considered calyx or corolla 7see ,lilies1 ,pls4 ,,xlv4 and ,,lxxx472 or where the petals and sepals can only be distinguished with difficulty1 as with the ,orchids4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,the ,stamens 7,fig4 #g7 are the fertilizing organs of the flower4 ,a stamen usually consists of two parts1 its ,filament 7,f71 or stalk1 and its ,anther 7,a71 the little sac at the tip of the filament which produces the dust-like1 fertilizing substance called ,pollen 7p474 ,the ,pistil 7,fig4 #h7 is the seed-bearing organ of the flower4 ,when complete it consists of ,ovary 7,o71 ,style 7,sty471 and ,stigma 7,stg474 ,the ,ovary is the hollow portion at the base of the pistil4 ,it contains the ovules or rudimentary seeds which are quickened into life by the pollen4 ,the ,style is the slender tapering stalk above the ovary4 ,the ,stigma is usually the tip of the style4 ,the pollen-grains which are deposited upon its moist roughened surface throw out minute tubes which penetrate to the little ovules of the ovary and cause them to ripen into seeds4 ,a flower which has neither stamens nor pistils is described as ,neutral4 ,a flower with only one kind of these organs is termed ,unisexual4 ,a ,male or ,staminate flower is one with stamens but without pistils4 ,a ,female or ,pistillate flower is one with pistils but without stamens4 ,the ,fruit of a plant is the ripened seed-vessel or seed-vessels1 including the parts which are intimately connected with it or them4 ,,notable ,,plant ,,families ,although the great majority of plant families can only be distinguished by a combination of characteristics which are too obscure to obtain any general recognition1 there are some few instances where these family traits are sufficiently conspicuous to be of great assistance in the ready identification of flowers4 ,if1 for instance1 we recognize at sight a papilionaceous blossom and know that such an one only occurs in the ,pulse family1 we save the time and energy which might otherwise have been expended on the comparison of a newly found blossom of this character with the descriptions of flowers of a different lineage4 ,consequently it has seemed wise briefly to describe the marked features of such important families as generally admit of easy identification4 ,composite ,family4--,it is fortunate for the amateur botanist that the plant family which usually secures the quickest recognition should also be the largest in the world4 ,the members of the ,composite family attract attention in every quarter of the globe1 and make themselves evident from early spring till late autumn1 but more especially with us during the latter season4 ,the most noticeable characteristic of the ,composites is the crowding of a number of small flowers into a close cluster or head1 which head is surrounded by an involucre1 and has the effect of a single blossom4 ,although this grouping of small flowers in a head is not peculiar to this tribe1 the same thing being found in the clovers1 the milkworts1 and in various other plants--still a little experience will enable one to distinguish a ,composite without any analysis of the separate blossoms which form the head4 ,these heads vary greatly in size and appearance4 ,at times they are large and solitary1 as in the dandelion4 ,again they are small and clustered1 as in the yarrow 7,pl4 ,,xxviii474 ,in some genera they are composed of flowers which are all similar in form and color1 as in the dandelion1 where all the corollas are strap-shaped and yellow2 or1 as in the common thistle1 where they are all tubular-shaped and pinkish-purple4 ,in others they are made up of both kinds of flowers1 as in the daisy1 where only the yellow central or disk-flowers are tubular-shaped1 while the white outer or ray-flowers are strap-shaped4 ,the flower-heads of the well-known asters and golden-rods are composed of both ray and disk-flowers also2 but while the ray-flowers of the aster1 like those of the daisy1 wear a different color from the yellow disk-flowers1 both kinds are yellow in the golden-rod4 ,if the dandelion or the chicory 7,pl4 ,,xcviii47 is studied as an example of a head which is composed entirely of strap-shaped blossoms2 the common thistle or the stick-tight 7,pl4 ,,lviii47 as an example of one which is made up of tubular-shaped blossoms2 and the daisy or the sunflower 7,pl4 ,,lvii47 as an example of one which combines ray and disk-flowers--as the strap-shaped and tubular blossoms are called when both are present--there need be little difficulty in the after recognition of a member of this family4 ,the identification of a particular species or even genus will be a less simple matter2 the former being a task which has been known to tax the patience of even advanced botanists4 ,mr4 ,grant ,allen believes that the ,composites largely owe their universal sway to their 8co-operative system40 ,he says3 8,if we look close into the ,daisy we see that its centre comprises a whole mass of little yellow bells1 each of which consists of corolla1 stamens1 and pistil4 ,the insect which alights on the head can take his fill in a leisurely way1 without moving from his standing-place2 and meanwhile he is proving a good ally of the plant by fertilizing one after another of its numerous ovaries4 ,each tiny bell by itself would prove too inconspicuous to attract much attention from the passing bee2 but union is strength for the ,daisy as for the ,state1 and the little composites have found their co-operative system answer so well1 that late as was their appearance upon the earth they are generally considered at the present day to be the most numerous family both in species and individuals of all flowering plants40 ,while those of us who know the country lanes at that season when --ranks of seeds their witness bear1 feel that much of their omnipresence is due to their unsurpassed facilities for globe-trotting4 ,our roadsides every autumn are lined with tall golden-rods1 whose brown1 velvety clusters are composed of masses of tiny seeds whose downy sails are set for their aerial voyage2 with asters1 whose myriad flower-heads are transformed into little puff-balls which are awaiting dissolution by the ,november winds1 and with others of the tribe whose hooked seeds win a less ethereal but equally effective transportation4 ,parsley ,family4--,the most familiar representative of the ,parsley family is the wild carrot1 which so profusely decks the highways throughout the summer with its white1 lace-like clusters2 while the meadow parsnip is perhaps the best known of its yellow members4 ,this family can usually be recognized by the arrangement of its minute flowers in umbels 7p4 #i71 which umbels are again so clustered as to form a compound umbel 7,wild ,carrot1 ,pl4 ,,xxviii47 whose radiating stalks suggest the ribs of an umbrella1 and give this ,order its ,latin name of ,umbellifer4 ,a close examination of the tiny flowers which compose these umbrella-like clusters discovers that each one has five white or yellow petals1 five stamens1 and a two-styled pistil4 ,sometimes the calyx shows five minute teeth4 ,the leaves are usually divided into leaflets or segments which are often much toothed or incised4 ,the ,parsleys are largely distinguished from one another by differences in their fruit1 which can only be detected with the aid of a microscope4 ,it is hoped1 however1 that the more common and noticeable species will be recognized by means of descriptions which give their general appearance1 season of blooming1 and favorite haunts4 ,pulse ,family4--,the ,pulse family includes many of our common wood- and field-flowers4 ,the majority of its members are easily distinguished by those irregular1 butterfly-shaped blossoms which are described as papilionaceous4 ,the sweet pea is a familiar example of such a flower1 and a study of its curious structure renders easy the after identification of a papilionaceous blossom1 even if it be as small as one of the many which make up the head of the common pink clover4 ,the calyx of such a flower is of five more or less--and sometimes unequally--united sepals4 ,the corolla consists of five irregular petals1 the upper one of which is generally wrapped about the others in bud1 while it spreads or turns backward in flower4 ,this petal is called the standard4 ,the two side petals are called wings4 ,the two lower ones are usually somewhat united and form a sort of pouch which encloses the stamens and style2 this is called the keel1 from a fancied likeness to the prow of an ancient vessel4 ,there are usually ten stamens and one pistil4 ,these flowers are peculiarly adapted to cross-fertilization through insect agency1 although one might imagine the contrary to be the case from the relative positions of stamens and pistil4 ,in the pea-blossom1 for example1 the hairy portion of the style receives the pollen from the early maturing stamens4 ,the weight of a visiting bee projects the stigma and the pollen-laden style against the insect's body4 ,but it must be observed that in this action the stigma first brushes against the bee1 while the pollen-laden style touches him later1 with the result that the bee soon flies to another flower on whose fresh stigma the detached pollen is left1 while a new cargo of this valuable material is unconsciously secured1 and the same process is indefinitely repeated4 ,mint ,family4--,a member of the ,mint family usually exhales an aromatic fragrance which aids us to place it correctly4 ,if to this characteristic is added a square stem1 opposite leaves1 a two-lipped corolla1 four stamens in pairs--two being longer than the others--or two stamens only1 and a pistil whose style 7two-lobed at the apex7 rises from a deeply four-lobed ovary which splits apart in fruit into four little seed-like nutlets1 we may feel sure that one of the many ,mints is before us4 ,sometimes we think we have encountered one of the family because we find the opposite leaves1 two-lipped corolla1 four stamens1 and an ovary that splits into four nutlets in fruit2 but unless the ovary was also deeply four-lobed in the flower1 the plant is probably a ,vervain1 a tribe which greatly resembles the ,mints4 ,the ,figworts1 too1 might be confused with the ,mints did we not always keep in mind the four-lobed ovary4 ,in this family we find the common catnip and pennyroyal1 the pretty ground ivy1 and the handsome bee balm 7,pl4 ,,lxxxii474 ,mustard ,family4--,the ,mustard family is one which is abundantly represented in waste places everywhere by the little shepherd's purse or pickpocket1 and along the roadsides by the yellow mustard1 wild radish1 and winter-cress 7,pl4 ,,xlii474 ,its members may be recognized by their alternate leaves1 their biting harmless juice1 and by their white1 yellow1 or purplish flowers1 the structure of which at once betrays the family to which they belong4 ,the calyx of these flowers is divided into four sepals4 ,the four petals are placed opposite each other in pairs1 their spreading blades forming a cross which gives the ,order its ,latin name ,crucifer4 ,there are usually six stamens1 two of which are inserted lower down than the others4 ,the single pistil becomes in fruit a pod4 ,many of the ,mustards are difficult of identification without a careful examination of their pods and seeds4 ,orchis ,family4--,to the minds of many the term orchid only suggests a tropical air-plant1 which is rendered conspicuous either by its beauty or by its unusual and noticeable structure4 ,this impression is1 perhaps1 partly due to the rude print in some old text-book which endeared itself to our childish minds by those startling and extravagant illustrations which are responsible for so many shattered illusions in later life2 and partly to the various exhibitions of flowers in which only the exotic members of this family are displayed4 ,consequently1 when the dull clusters of the ragged fringed orchis1 or the muddy racemes of the coral-root1 or even the slender1 graceful spires of the ladies' tresses are brought from the woods or roadside and exhibited as one of so celebrated a tribe1 they are usually viewed with scornful incredulity1 or1 if the authority of the exhibitor be sufficient to conquer disbelief1 with unqualified disappointment4 ,the marvellous mechanism which is exhibited by the humblest member of the ,orchis family1 and which suffices to secure the patient scrutiny and wondering admiration of the scientist1 conveys to the uninitiated as little of interest or beauty as would a page of ,homer in the original to one without scholarly attainments4 ,the uprooting of a popular theory must be the work of years1 especially when it is impossible to offer as a substitute one which is equally capable of being tersely defined and readily apprehended2 for many seem to hold it a righteous principle to cherish even a delusion till it be replaced by a belief which affords an equal amount of satisfaction4 ,it is simpler to describe an orchid as a tropical air-plant which apes the appearance of an insect and never roots in the ground than it is to master by patient study and observation the various characteristics which so combine in such a plant as to make it finally recognizable and describable4 ,unfortunately1 too1 the enumeration of these unsensational details does not appeal to the popular mind1 and so fails to win by its accuracy the place already occupied by the incorrect but pleasing conception of an orchid4 ,for the benefit of those who wish to be able to correctly place these curious and interesting flowers1 as brief a description as seems compatible with their recognition is appended4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 parallel-nerved4 ,flowers4--,irregular in form1 solitary or clustered1 each one subtended by a bract4 ,perianth4--,of six divisions in two sets4 ,the three outer divisions are sepals1 but they are usually petal-like in appearance4 ,the three inner are petals4 ,by a twist of the ovary what would otherwise be the upper petal is made the lower4 ,this division is termed the lip2 it is frequently brightly colored or grotesquely shaped1 being at times deeply fringed or furrowed2 it has often a spur-like appendage which secretes nectar2 it is an important feature of the flower and is apparently designed to attract insects for the purpose of securing their aid in the cross-fertilization which is usually necessary for the perpetuation of the different species of this family1 all of which give evidence of great modification by means of insect-selection4 ,in the heart of the flower is the column2 this is usually composed of the stamen 7of two in the ,cypripediums71 which is confluent with the style or thick1 fleshy stigma4 ,the two cells of the anther are placed on either side of and somewhat above the stigma2 these cells hold the two pollen masses4 ,darwin tells us that the flower of an orchid originally consisted of fifteen different parts1 three petals1 three sepals1 six stamens1 and three pistils4 ,he shows traces of all these parts in the modern orchid4 ,,flower ,,descriptions 8,a fresh footpath1 a fresh flower1 a fresh delight0 ,,richard ,,jefferies ,i ,,white ,,blood-,,root4 ,sanguinaria ,canadensis4 ,poppy ,family4 ,rootstock4--,thick1 charged with a crimson juice4 ,scape4--,naked1 one-flowered4 ,leaves4--,rounded1 deeply lobed4 ,flower4--,white1 terminal4 ,calyx4--,of two sepals falling early4 ,corolla4--,of eight to twelve snow-white petals4 ,stamens4--,about twenty-four4 ,pistil4--,one1 short4 ,in early ,april the firm tip of the curled-up leaf of the blood-root pushes through the earth and brown leaves1 bearing within its carefully shielded burden--the young erect flower-bud4 ,when the perils of the way are passed and a safe height is reached this pale1 deeply lobed leaf resigns its precious charge and gradually unfolds itself2 meanwhile the bud slowly swells into a blossom4 ,surely no flower of all the year can vie with this in spotless beauty4 ,its very transitoriness enhances its charm4 ,the snowy petals fall from about their golden centre before one has had time to grow satiated with their perfection4 ,unless the rocky hill-sides and wood-borders are jealously watched it may escape us altogether4 ,one or two warm sunny days will hasten it to maturity1 and a few more hours of wind and storm shatter its loveliness4 ,care should be taken in picking the flower--if it must be picked--as the red liquid which oozes blood-like from the wounded stem makes a lasting stain4 ,this crimson juice was prized by the ,indians for decorating their faces and tomahawks4 ,,shad-,,bush4 ,,june-,,berry4 ,,service-,,berry4 ,amelanchier oblongifolia4 ,rose ,family4 ,a tall shrub or small tree found in low ground4 ,leaves4--,oblong1 acutely pointed1 finely toothed1 mostly rounded at base4 ,flowers4--,white1 growing in racemes4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,of five rather long petals4 ,stamens4--,numerous1 short4 ,pistils4--,with five styles4 ,fruit4--,round1 red1 berry-like1 sweet and edible1 ripening in ,june4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i ,,blood-,,root4--,s4 ,canadensis4 ,down in the boggy meadow in early ,march we can almost fancy that from beneath the solemn purple cowls of the skunk-cabbage brotherhood comes the joyful chorus-- ,for lo1 the winter is past6-- but we chilly mortals still find the wind so frosty and the woods so unpromising that we return shivering to the fireside and refuse to take up the glad strain till the feathery clusters of the shad-bush droop from the pasture thicket4 ,then only are we ready to admit that ,the flowers appear upon the earth1 ,the time of the singing of birds is come4 ,even then1 search the woods as we may1 we shall hardly find thus early in ,april another shrub in blossom1 unless it be the spice-bush1 whose tiny honey-yellow flowers escape all but the careful observer4 ,the shad-bush has been thus named because of its flowering at the season when shad 8run20 ,june-berry1 because the shrub's crimson fruit surprises us by gleaming from the copses at the very beginning of summer2 service-berry1 because of the use made by the ,indians of this fruit1 which they gathered in great quantities1 and1 after much crushing and pounding1 utilized in a sort of cake4 ,,wood ,,anemone4 ,,wind-,,flower4 ,anemone nemorosa4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,stem4--,slender4 ,leaves4--,divided into delicate leaflets4 ,flower4--,solitary1 white1 pink1 or purplish4 ,calyx4--,of from four to seven petal-like sepals4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens and ,pistils4--,numerous4 --,within the woods1 ,whose young and half transparent leaves scarce cast ,a shade1 gay circles of anemones ,danced on their stalks2 writes ,bryant1 bringing vividly before us the feathery foliage of the spring woods1 and the tremulous beauty of the slender-stemmed anemones4 ,whittier1 too1 tells how these --wind flowers sway ,against the throbbing heart of ,may4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,,rue ,,anemone4--,a4 thalictroides4 ,,wood ,,anemone4--,a4 nemorosa4 ,and in the writings of the ancients as well we could find many allusions to the same flower were we justified in believing that the blossom christened the 8wind-shaken10 by some poet flower-lover of early ,greece1 was identical with our modern anemone4 ,pliny tells us that the anemone of the classics was so entitled because it opened at the wind's bidding4 ,the ,greek tradition claims that it sprang from the passionate tears shed by ,venus over the body of the slain ,adonis4 ,at one time it was believed that the wind which had passed over a field of anemones was poisoned and that disease followed in its wake4 ,perhaps because of this superstition the flower was adopted as the emblem of sickness by the ,persians4 ,surely our delicate blossom is far removed from any suggestion of disease or unwholesomeness1 seeming instead to hold the very essence of spring and purity in its quivering cup4 ,,rue ,,anemone4 ,anemonella thalictroides4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,stem4--,six to twelve inches high4 ,leaves4--,divided into rounded leaflets4 ,flowers4--,white or pinkish1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,of five to ten petal-like sepals4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistils4--,four to fifteen4 ,the rue anemone seems to linger especially about the spreading roots of old trees4 ,it blossoms with the wood anemone1 from which it differs in bearing its flowers in clusters4 ,,star-,,flower4 ,trientalis ,americana4 ,primrose ,family4 ,,stem4--,smooth1 erect4 ,,leaves4--,thin1 pointed1 whorled at the summit of the stem4 ,,flowers4--,white1 delicate1 star-shaped4 ,,calyx4--,generally seven-parted4 ,,corolla4--,generally seven-parted1 flat1 spreading4 ,stamens4--,four or five4 ,,pistil4--,one4 ,finding this delicate flower in the ,may woods1 one is at once reminded of the anemone4 ,the whole effect of plant1 leaf1 and snow-white blossom is starry and pointed4 ,the frosted tapering petals distinguish it from the rounded blossoms of the wild strawberry1 near which it often grows4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,,star-,,flower4--,t4 ,americana4 ,maianthemum ,canadense4 ------ ------ ,maianthemum ,canadense4 ,lily ,family4 ,stem4--,three to six inches high1 with two or three leaves4 ,leaves4--,lance-shaped to oval1 heart-shaped at base4 ,flowers4--,white or straw-color1 growing in a raceme4 ,perianth4--,four-parted4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed stigma4 ,fruit4--,a red berry4 ,it seems unfair that this familiar and pretty little plant should be without any homely ,english name4 ,its botanical title signifies 8,canada ,mayflower10 but while it undoubtedly grows in ,canada and flowers in ,may1 the name is not a happy one1 for it abounds as far south as ,north ,carolina1 and is not the first blossom to be entitled 8,mayflower40 ,in late summer the red berries are often found in close proximity to the fruit of the shin-leaf and pipsissewa4 ,,gold ,,thread4 ,coptis trifolia4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,scape4--,slender1 three to five inches high4 ,leaves4--,evergreen1 shining1 divided into three leaflets4 ,flowers4--,small1 white1 solitary4 ,calyx4--,of five to seven petal-like sepals which fall early4 ,corolla4--,of five to seven club-shaped petals4 ,stamens4--,fifteen to twenty-five4 ,pistils4--,three to seven4 ,root4--,of long1 bright yellow fibres4 ,this little plant abundantly carpets the northern bogs and extends southward over the mountains1 its tiny flowers appearing in ,may4 ,its bright yellow thread-like roots give it its common name4 ,,pyxie4 ,,flowering-,,moss4 ,pyxidanthera barbulata4 ,order ,diapensiace4 ,stems4--,prostrate and creeping1 branching4 ,leaves4--,narrowly lance-shaped1 awl-pointed4 ,flowers4--,white or pink1 small1 numerous4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,five-lobed4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a three-lobed stigma4 ,in early spring we may look for the white flowers of this moss-like plant in the sandy pine-woods of ,new ,jersey and southward4 ,at ,lakewood they appear even before those of the trailing arbutus which grows in the same localities4 ,the generic name is from two ,greek words which signify a small box and anther1 and refers to the anthers1 which open as if by a lid4 ,,crinkle-,,root4 ,,toothwort4 ,,pepper-,,root4 ,dentaria diphylla4 ,mustard ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,rootstock4--,five to ten inches long1 wrinkled1 crisp1 of a pleasant1 pungent taste4 ,stem4--,leafless below1 bearing two leaves above4 ,leaves4--,divided into three-toothed leaflets4 ,flowers4--,white1 in a terminal cluster4 ,pod4--,flat and lance-shaped4 ,the crinkle-root has been valued--not so much on account of its pretty flowers which may be found in the rich ,may woods--but for its crisp edible root which has lent savor to many a simple luncheon in the cool shadows of the forest4 ,,spring-,,cress4 ,cardamine rhomboidea4 ,mustard ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,rootstock4--,slender1 bearing small tubers4 ,stem4--,from a tuberous base1 upright1 slender4 ,root-leaves4--,round and often heart-shaped4 ,stem-leaves4--,the lower rounded1 the upper almost lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,white1 large4 ,pod4--,flat1 lance-shaped1 pointed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma2 smaller than that of the crinkle-root4 ,the spring-cress grows abundantly in the wet meadows and about the borders of springs4 ,its large white flowers appear as early as ,april1 lasting until ,june4 ,,whitlow-,,grass4 ,draba verna4 ,mustard ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,scapes4--,one to three inches high4 ,leaves4--,all from the root1 oblong or lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,white1 with two-cleft petals4 ,pod4--,flat1 varying from oval to oblong1 lance-shaped4 ,this little plant may be found flowering along the roadsides and in sandy places during ,april and ,may4 ,it has come to us from ,europe4 ,,shepherd',s ,,purse4 ,capsella ,bursa-pastoris4 ,mustard ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,stem4--,low1 branching4 ,root-leaves4--,clustered1 incised or toothed4 ,stem-leaves4--,arrow-shaped1 set close to the stem4 ,flowers4--,white1 small1 in general structure resembling other members of the ,mustard family4 ,pod4--,triangular1 heart-shaped4 ,this is one of the commonest of our wayside weeds1 working its way everywhere with such persistency and appropriating other people's property so shamelessly1 that it has won for itself the nickname of pickpocket4 ,its popular title arose from the shape of its little seed-pods4 ,,may-,,apple4 ,,mandrake4 ,podophyllum peltatum4 ,barberry ,family4 ,flowering stem4--,two-leaved1 one-flowered4 ,flowerless stems4--,terminated by one large1 rounded1 much-lobed leaf4 ,leaves 7of flowering stems74--,one-sided1 five to nine-lobed1 the lobes oblong1 the leaf-stalks fastened to their lower side near the inner edge4 ,flower4--,white1 large1 nodding from the fork made by the two leaves4 ,calyx4--,of six early falling sepals4 ,corolla4--,of six to nine rounded petals4 ,stamens4--,twice as many as the petals4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a large1 thick stigma set close to the ovary4 ,fruit4--,a large1 fleshy1 egg-shaped berry1 sweet and edible4 8,the umbrellas are out60 cry the children1 when the great green leaves of the ,may-apple first unfold themselves in spring4 ,these curious-looking leaves at once betray the hiding-place of the pretty but unpleasantly odoriferous flower which nods beneath them4 ,they lie thickly along the woods and meadows in many parts of the country1 arresting one's attention by the railways4 ,the fruit1 which ripens in ,july1 has been given the name of 8wild lemon10 in some places on account of its shape4 ,it was valued by the ,indians for medicinal purposes1 and its mawkish flavor still seems to find favor with the children1 notwithstanding its frequently unpleasant after-effects4 ,the leaves and roots are poisonous if taken internally1 and are said to have been used as a pot-herb1 with fatal results4 ,they yield an extract which has been utilized in medicine4 ,,twin-,,leaf4 ,,rheumatism-,,root4 ,jeffersonia diphylla4 ,barberry ,family4 ,a low plant4 ,leaves4--,from the root1 long-stalked1 parted into two rounded leaflets4 ,scape4--,one-flowered4 ,flower4--,white1 one inch broad4 ,sepals4--,four1 falling early4 ,petals4--,eight2 flat1 oblong4 ,stamens4--,eight4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed stigma4 ,the twin-leaf is often found growing with the blood-root in the woods of ,april or ,may4 ,it abounds somewhat west and southward4 ,,harbinger-,,of-,,spring4 ,erigenia bulbosa4 ,parsley ,family 7p4 #ae74 ,stem4--,three to nine inches high1 from a deep round tuber4 ,leaves4--,one or two1 divided into linear-oblong leaf-segments4 ,flowers4--,white1 small1 few1 in a leafy-bracted compound umbel4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,,may-,,apple4--,p4 peltatum4 ,the pretty little harbinger-of-spring should be easily identified by those who are fortunate enough to find it1 for it is one of the smallest members of the ,parsley family4 ,it is only common in certain localities1 being found in abundance in the neighborhood of ,washington1 where its flowers appear as early as ,march4 ,,early ,,everlasting4 ,,plantain-,,leaved ,,everlasting4 ,antennaria plantaginifolia4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stems4--,downy or woolly1 three to eighteen inches high4 ,leaves4--,silky1 woolly when young2 those from the root1 oval1 three-nerved2 those on the flowering stems1 small1 lance-shaped4 ,flower-heads4--,crowded1 clustered1 small1 yellowish-white1 composed entirely of tubular flowers4 ,in early spring the hill-sides are whitened with this1 the earliest of the everlastings4 ,,spring ,,beauty4 ,claytonia ,virginica4 ,purslane ,family4 ,stem4--,from a small tuber1 often somewhat reclining4 ,leaves4--,two2 opposite1 long and narrow4 ,flowers4--,white1 with pink veins1 or pink with deeper-colored veins1 growing in a loose cluster4 ,calyx4--,of two sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with style three-cleft at apex4 ,so bashful when ,i spied her1 ,so pretty1 so ashamed6 ,so hidden in her leaflets ,lest anybody find3 ,so breathless when ,i passed her1 ,so helpless when ,i turned ,and bore her struggling1 blushing1 ,her simple haunts beyond6 ,for whom ,i robbed the dingle1 ,for whom betrayed the dell1 ,many will doubtless ask me1 ,but ,i shall never tell6 ,yet we are all free to guess--and what flower--at least in the early year1 before it has gained that touch of confidence which it acquires later--is so bashful1 so pretty1 so flushed with rosy shame1 so eager to defend its modesty by closing its blushing petals when carried off by the despoiler--as the spring beauty8 ,to be sure1 she is not 8hidden in her leaflets10 although often seeking concealment beneath the leaves of other plants--but why not assume that ,miss ,dickinson has availed herself of something of the license so freely granted to poets--especially1 it seems to me--to poets of nature8 ,perhaps of this class few are more accurate than she1 and although we wonder at the sudden blindness which leads her to claim that --,nature rarer uses yellow ,than another hue-- when it seems as though it needed but little knowledge of flowers to recognize that yellow1 probably1 occurs more frequently among them than any other color1 and also at the representation of this same nature as --,spending scarlet like a woman-- when in reality she is so chary of this splendid hue2 still we cannot but appreciate that this poet was in close and peculiar sympathy with flowers1 and was wont to paint them with more than customary fidelity4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v ,,spring ,,beauty4--,c4 ,virginica4 ,we look for the spring beauty in ,april and ,may1 and often find it in the same moist places--on a brook's edge or skirting the wet woods--as the yellow adder's tongue4 ,it is sometimes mistaken for an anemone1 but its rose-veined corolla and linear leaves easily identify it4 ,parts of the carriage-drive in the ,central ,park are bordered with great patches of the dainty blossoms4 ,one is always glad to discover these children of the country within our city limits1 where they can be known and loved by those other children who are so unfortunate as to be denied the knowledge of them in their usual haunts4 ,if the day chances to be cloudy these flowers close and are only induced to open again by an abundance of sunlight4 ,this habit of closing in the shade is common to many flowers1 and should be remembered by those who bring home their treasures from the woods and fields1 only to discard the majority as hopelessly wilted4 ,if any such exhausted blossoms are placed in the sunlight1 with their stems in fresh water1 they will probably regain their vigor4 ,should this treatment fail1 an application of very hot--almost boiling--water should be tried4 ,this heroic measure often meets with success4 ,,dutchman',s ,,breeches4 ,,white-,,hearts4 ,dicentra ,cucullaria4 ,fumitory ,family4 ,scape4--,slender4 ,leaves4--,thrice-compound4 ,flowers4--,white and yellow1 growing in a raceme4 ,calyx4--,of two small1 scale-like sepals4 ,corolla4--,closed and flattened2 of four somewhat cohering white petals tipped with yellow2 the two outer--large1 with spreading tips and deep spurs2 the two inner--small1 with spoon-shaped tips uniting over the anthers and stigma4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,,dutchman',s ,,breeches4--,d4 ,cucullaria4 ,there is something singularly fragile and spring-like in the appearance of this plant as its heart-shaped blossoms nod from the rocky ledges where they thrive best4 ,one would suppose that the firmly closed petals guarded against any intrusion on the part of insect-visitors and indicated the flower's capacity for self-fertilization2 but it is found that when insects are excluded by means of gauze no seeds are set1 which goes to prove that the pollen from another flower is a necessary factor in the continuance of this species4 ,the generic name1 ,dicentra1 is from the ,greek and signifies two-spurred4 ,the flower1 when seen1 explains its two ,english titles4 ,it is accessible to every ,new ,yorker1 for in early ,april it whitens many of the shaded ledges in the upper part of the ,central ,park4 ,,squirrel ,,corn4 ,dicentra ,canadensis4 ,fumitory ,family4 ,the squirrel corn closely resembles the dutchman's breeches4 ,its greenish or pinkish flowers are heart-shaped1 with short1 rounded spurs4 ,they have the fragrance of hyacinths1 and are found blossoming in early spring in the rich woods of the ,north4 ,,foam-,,flower4 ,,false ,,mitre-,,wort4 ,tiarella cordifolia4 ,saxifrage ,family4 ,stem4--,five to twelve inches high1 leafless1 or rarely with one or two leaves4 ,leaves4--,from the rootstock or runners1 heart-shaped1 sharply lobed4 ,flowers4--,white1 in a full raceme4 ,calyx4--,bell-shaped1 five-parted4 ,corolla4--,of five petals on claws4 ,stamens4--,ten1 long and slender4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two styles4 ,over the hills and in the rocky woods of ,april and ,may the graceful white racemes of the foam-flower arrest our attention4 ,this is a near relative of the ,mitella or true mitre-wort4 ,its generic name is a diminutive from the ,greek for turban1 and is said to refer to the shape of the pistil4 ,,early ,,saxifrage4 ,saxifraga ,virginiensis4 ,saxifrage ,family4 ,scape4--,four to nine inches high4 ,leaves4--,clustered at the root1 somewhat wedge-shaped1 narrowed into a broad leaf-stalk4 ,flowers4--,white1 small1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two styles4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,,foam-,,flower4--,t4 cordifolia4 ,in ,april we notice that the seams in the rocky cliffs and hill-sides begin to whiten with the blossoms of the early saxifrage4 ,steinbrech--stonebreak--the ,germans appropriately entitle this little plant1 which bursts into bloom from the minute clefts in the rocks and which has been supposed to cause their disintegration by its growth4 ,the generic and common names are from saxum--a rock1 and frango--to break4 ,,mitre-,,wort4 ,,bishop',s ,,cap4 ,mitella diphylla4 ,saxifrage ,family4 ,stem4--,six to twelve inches high1 hairy1 bearing two opposite leaves4 ,leaves4--,heart-shaped1 lobed and toothed1 those of the stem opposite and nearly sessile4 ,flowers4--,white1 small1 in a slender raceme4 ,calyx4--,short1 five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,of five slender petals which are deeply incised4 ,stamens4--,ten1 short4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two styles4 ,the mitre-wort resembles the foam-flower in foliage1 but bears its delicate crystal-like flowers in a more slender raceme4 ,it also is found in the rich woods1 blossoming somewhat later4 ,,indian ,,poke4 ,,false ,,hellebore4 ,veratrum viride4 ,lily ,family4 ,root4--,poisonous1 coarse and fibrous4 ,stem4--,stout1 two to seven feet high1 very leafy to the top4 ,leaves4--,broadly oval1 pointed1 clasping4 ,flowers4--,dull greenish1 inconspicuous1 clustered4 ,perianth4--,of six spreading sepals4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three styles4 ,when we go to the swampy woods in ,march or ,april we notice an array of green1 solid-looking spears which have just appeared above the ground4 ,if we handle one of these we are impressed with its firmness and rigidity4 ,when the increasing warmth and sunshine have tempted the veiny1 many-plaited leaves of the false hellebore to unfold themselves it is difficult to realize that they composed that sturdy tool which so effectively tunnelled its way upward to the earth's surface4 ,the tall stems and large bright leaves of this plant are very noticeable in the early year1 forming conspicuous masses of foliage while the trees and shrubs are still almost leafless4 ,the dingy flowers which appear later rarely attract attention4 ,,carrion-,,flower4 ,,cat-,,brier4 ,smilax herbacea4 ,lily ,family4 ,stem4--,climbing1 three to fifteen feet high4 ,leaves4--,ovate1 or rounded heart-shaped1 or abruptly cut off at base1 shining4 ,flowers4--,greenish or yellowish1 small1 clustered1 unisexual4 ,perianth4--,six-parted4 ,stamens4--six4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three spreading stigmas4 7,stamens and pistils occurring on different plants47 ,fruit4--,a bluish-black berry4 ,one whiff of the foul breath of the carrion flower suffices for its identification4 ,thoreau likens its odor to that of 8a dead rat in the wall40 ,it seems unfortunate that this strikingly handsome plant which clambers so ornamentally over the luxuriant thickets which border our lanes and streams1 should be so handicapped each ,june4 ,happily with the disappearance of the blossoms1 it takes its place as one of the most attractive of our climbers4 ,the common green-brier1 ,s4 rotundifolia1 is a near relation which is easily distinguished by its prickly stem4 ,the dark berries and deeply tinted leaves of this genus add greatly to the glorious autumnal display along our roadsides and in the woods and meadows4 ,,larger ,,white ,,trillium4 ,trillium grandiflorum4 ,lily ,family4 ,stem4--,stout1 from a tuber-like rootstock4 ,leaves4--,ovate1 three in a whorl1 a short distance below the flower4 ,flower4--,single1 terminal1 large1 white1 turning pink or marked with green4 ,calyx4--,of three green1 spreading sepals4 ,corolla4--,of three long pointed petals4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three spreading stigmas4 ,fruit4--,a large ovate1 somewhat angled1 red berry4 ,this very beautiful and decorative flower must be sought far from the highway in the cool rich woods of ,april and ,may4 ,mr4 ,ellwanger speaks of the 8chaste pure triangles of the white wood lily10 and says that it often attains a height of nearly two feet4 ,t4 cernuum has no ,english title4 ,its smaller white or pinkish blossom is borne on a stalk which is so much curved as to sometimes quite conceal the flower beneath the leaves4 ,it may be sought in the moist places in the woods4 ,the painted trillium1 ,t4 erythrocarpum1 is also less large and showy than the great white trillium1 but it is quite as pleasing4 ,its white petals are painted at their base with red stripes4 ,this species is very plentiful in the ,adirondack and ,catskill ,mountains4 ,,ground-,,nut4 ,,dwarf ,,ginseng4 ,aralia trifolia4 ,ginseng ,family4 ,stem4--,four to eight inches high4 ,leaves4--,three in a whorl1 divided into from three to five leaflets4 ,flowers4--,white1 in an umbel4 ,fruit4--,yellowish1 berry-like4 ,root4--,a globular tuber4 ,the tiny white flowers of the dwarf ginseng are so closely clustered as to make 8one feathery ball of bloom10 to quote ,mr4 ,hamilton ,gibson4 ,this little plant resembles its larger relative1 the true ginseng4 ,it blossoms in our rich open woods early in spring1 and hides its small round tuber so deep in the earth that it requires no little care to uproot it without breaking the slender stem4 ,this tuber is edible and pungent-tasting1 giving the plant its name of ground-nut4 ,,ginseng4 ,aralia quinquefolia4 ,ginseng ,family4 ,root4--,large and spindle-shaped1 often forked4 ,stem4--,about one foot high4 ,leaves4--,three in a whorl1 divided into leaflets4 ,flowers4--,greenish-white1 in a simple umbel4 ,fruit4--,bright red1 berry-like4 ,this plant is well known by name1 but is yearly becoming more scarce4 ,the aromatic root is so greatly valued in ,china for its supposed power of combating fatigue and old age that it can only be gathered by order of the emperor4 ,the forked specimens are believed to be the most powerful1 and their fancied likeness to the human form has obtained for the plant the ,chinese title of ,jin-chen 7from which ginseng is a corruption71 and the ,indian one of ,garan-toguen1 both of which1 strangely enough1 are said to signify1 like a man4 ,the ,canadian ,jesuits first began to ship the roots of the ,american species to ,china1 where they sold at about five dollars a pound4 ,at present they are said to command about one-fifth of that price in the home market4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,,painted ,,trillium4--,t4 erythrocarpum4 ,,wild ,,sarsaparilla4 ,aralia nudicaulis4 ,ginseng ,family4 ,stem4--,bearing a single large1 long-stalked1 much-divided leaf1 and a shorter naked scape which bears the rounded flower-clusters4 ,flowers4--,greenish-white1 in umbels4 ,calyx4--,with short or obsolete teeth4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,fruit4--,black or dark purple1 berry-like4 ,in the ,june woods the much-divided leaf and rounded flower-clusters of the wild sarsaparilla are frequently noticed1 as well as the dark berries of the later year4 ,the long aromatic roots of this plant are sold as a substitute for the genuine sarsaparilla4 ,the rice-paper plant of ,china is a member of this genus4 ,,spikenard4 ,aralia racemosa4 ,ginseng ,family4 ,root4--,large and aromatic4 ,stem4--,often tall and widely branched1 leafy4 ,leaves4--,divided into many leaflets4 ,flowers4--,greenish-white1 in clusters which are racemed4 ,fruit4--,dark purple1 berry-like4 ,,canada ,,violet4 ,viola ,canadensis4 ,violet ,family4 ,stem4--,leafy1 upright1 one to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,heart-shaped1 pointed1 toothed4 ,flowers4--,white1 veined with purple1 violet beneath1 otherwise greatly resembling the common blue violet4 ,we associate the violet with the early year1 but ,i have found the delicate fragrant flowers of this species blossoming high up on the ,catskill ,mountains late into ,september2 and have known them to continue to appear in a ,new ,york city-garden into ,november4 ,they are among the loveliest of the family1 having a certain sprightly self-assertion which is peculiarly charming1 perhaps because so unexpected4 ,the tiny sweet white violet1 ,v4 blanda1 with brown or purple veins1 which is found in nearly all low1 wet1 woody places in spring1 is perhaps the only uniformly fragrant member of the family1 and its scent1 though sweet1 is faint and elusive4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix ,,wild ,,sarsaparilla4--,a4 nudicaulis4 ,the lance-leaved violet1 ,v4 lanceolata1 is another white species which is easily distinguished by its smooth lance-shaped leaves1 quite unlike those of the common violet4 ,it is found in damp soil1 especially eastward4 ,,solomon',s ,,seal4 ,polygonatum biflorum4 ,lily ,family4 ,stem4--,slender1 curving1 one to three feet long4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 oval1 set close to the stem4 ,flowers4--,greenish-white or straw-colored1 bell-shaped1 nodding from the axils of the leaves4 ,perianth4--,six-lobed at the summit4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,a dark blue berry4 ,the graceful leafy stems of the ,solomon's seal are among the most decorative features of our spring woods4 ,the small blossoms which appear in ,may grow either singly or in clusters on a flower-stalk which is so fastened into the axil of each leaf that they droop beneath1 forming a curve of singular grace which is sustained in later summer by the dark blue berries4 ,the larger species1 ,p4 giganteum1 grows to a height of from two to seven feet1 blossoming in the meadows and along the streams in ,june4 ,the common name was suggested by the rootstocks1 which are marked with large round scars left by the death and separation of the base of the stout stalks of the previous years4 ,these scars somewhat resemble the impression of a seal upon wax4 ,the generic name is from two ,greek words signifying many1 and knee1 alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstock4 ,,choke-,,berry4 ,pyrus arbutifolia4 ,rose ,family4 ,a shrub from one to three feet high4 ,leaves4--,oblong or somewhat lance-shaped1 finely toothed1 downy beneath4 ,flowers4--,white or reddish1 small1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two to five styles4 ,fruit4--,small1 pear-shaped or globular1 berry-like1 dark red or blackish4 ,this low shrub is common in swamps and moist thickets all along the ,atlantic coast1 as well as farther inland4 ,its flowers appear in ,may or ,june2 its fruit in late summer or autumn4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x ,,solomon',s ,,seal4--,p4 biflorum4 ,,creeping ,,snowberry4 ,chiogenes serpyllifolia4 ,heath ,family4 ,stem4--,slender1 trailing and creeping4 ,leaves4--,evergreen1 small1 ovate1 pointed4 ,flowers4--,small1 white1 solitary from the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,four-parted1 with four large bracelets beneath4 ,corolla4--,deeply four-parted4 ,stamens4--,eight4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,a pure white berry4 ,this pretty little creeper is found blossoming in ,may in the peat-bogs and mossy woods of the ,north4 ,it is only conspicuous when hung with its snow-white berries in late summer4 ,it has the aromatic flavor of the wintergreen4 ,,bearberry4 ,arctostaphylos ,uva-ursi4 ,heath ,family4 ,a trailing shrub4 ,leaves4--,thick and evergreen1 smooth1 somewhat wedge-shaped4 ,flowers4--,whitish1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,small4 ,corolla4--,urn-shaped1 five-toothed4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,red1 berry-like4 ,this plant blossoms in ,may1 and is found on rocky hill-sides4 ,its name refers to the relish with which bears are supposed to devour its fruit4 ,,false ,,solomon',s ,,seal4 ,smilacina racemosa4 ,lily ,family4 ,stem4--,usually curving1 one to three feet long4 ,leaves4--,oblong1 veiny4 ,flowers4--,greenish-white1 small1 in a terminal raceme4 ,perianth4--,six-parted4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,a pale red berry speckled with purple4 ,a singular lack of imagination is betrayed in the common name of this plant4 ,despite a general resemblance to the true ,solomon's seal1 and the close proximity in which the two are constantly found1 ,s4 racemosa1 has enough originality to deserve an individual title4 ,the position of the much smaller flowers is markedly different4 ,instead of drooping beneath the stem they terminate it1 having frequently a pleasant fragrance1 while the berries of late summer are pale red1 flecked with purple4 ,it puzzles one to understand why these two plants should so constantly be found growing side by side--so close at times that they almost appear to spring from one point4 ,the generic name is from smilax1 on account of a supposed resemblance between the leaves of this plant and those which belong to that genus4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi ,,false ,,solomon',s ,,seal4--,s4 racemosa4 ,,maple-,,leaved ,,viburnum4 ,,dockmackie4 ,,arrow-,,wood4 ,viburnum acerifolium4 ,honeysuckle ,family4 ,a shrub from three to six feet high4 ,leaves4--,somewhat three-lobed1 resembling those of the maple1 downy underneath4 ,flowers4--,white1 small1 in flat-topped clusters4 ,calyx4--,five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,spreading1 five-lobed4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,berry-like1 crimson1 turning purple4 ,perhaps our flowering shrubs contribute even more to the beauty of the early summer woods and fields than the smaller plants4 ,along many of the lanes which intersect the woodlands the viburnums are conspicuous in ,june4 ,when the blossoms of the dockmackie have passed away we need not be surprised if we are informed that this shrub is a young maple4 ,there is certainly a resemblance between its leaves and those of the maple1 as the specific name indicates4 ,to be sure1 the first red1 then purple berries1 can scarcely be accounted for1 but such a trifling incongruity would fail to daunt the would-be wiseacre of field and forest4 ,with ,napoleonic audacity he will give you the name of almost any shrub or flower about which you may inquire4 ,seizing upon some feature he has observed in another plant1 he will immediately christen the one in question with the same title--somewhat modified1 perhaps--and in all probability his authority will remain unquestioned4 ,there is a marvellous amount of inaccuracy afloat in regard to the names of even the commonest plants1 owing to this wide-spread habit of guessing at the truth and stating a conjecture as a fact4 ,,hobble-,,bush4 ,,american ,,wayfaring-,,tree4 ,viburnum lantanoides4 ,honeysuckle ,family4 ,leaves4--,rounded1 pointed1 closely toothed1 heart-shaped at the base1 the veins beneath as well as the stalks and small branches being covered with a rusty scurf4 ,fruit4--,coral-red1 berry-like4 ,the marginal flowers of the flat-topped clusters of the hobble-bush1 like those of the hydrangea1 are much larger than the inner ones1 and are without either stamens or pistils2 their only part in the economy of the shrub being to form an attractive setting for the cluster1 and thus to allure the insect-visitors that are usually so necessary to the future well-being of the species4 ,the shrub is a common one in our northern woods and mountains4 ,its straggling growth1 and its reclining branches1 which often take root in the ground1 have suggested the popular names of hobble-bush1 and wayfaring-tree4 ,,round-,,leaved ,,dogwood4 ,cornus circinata4 ,dogwood ,family4 ,a shrub six to ten feet high4 ,leaves4--,rounded1 abruptly pointed4 ,flowers4--,small1 white1 in flat1 spreading clusters4 ,calyx4--,minutely four-toothed4 ,corolla4--,of four white1 oblong1 spreading petals4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,light blue1 berry-like4 ,the different members of the ,dogwood family are important factors in the lovely pageant which delights our eyes along the country lanes every spring4 ,oddly enough1 only the smallest and largest representative of the tribe 7the little bunch-berry1 and the flowering-dogwood1 which is sometimes a tree of goodly dimensions71 have in common the showy involucre which is usually taken for the blossom itself2 but which instead only surrounds the close cluster of inconspicuous greenish flowers4 ,the other members of the genus are all comprised in the shrubby dogwoods2 many of these are very similar in appearance1 bearing their white flowers in flat1 spreading clusters1 and differing chiefly in their leaves and fruit4 ,the branches of the round-leaved dogwood are greenish and warty-dotted4 ,its fruit is light blue1 and berry-like4 ,the panicled dogwood1 ,c4 paniculata1 may be distinguished by its white fruit and smooth1 gray branches4 ,the red-osier dogwood1 ,c4 stolonifera1 is common in wet places4 ,its young shoots and branches are a bright purplish-red4 ,its flower-clusters are small2 its fruit1 white or lead-color4 ,the bark of this genus has been considered a powerful tonic1 and an extract entitled 8cornine10 is said to possess the properties of quinine less strongly marked4 ,the ,chinese peel its twigs1 and use them for whitening their teeth4 ,it is said that the ,creoles also owe the dazzling beauty of their teeth to this same practice4 ,,bellwort4 ,oakesia sessilifolia4 ,lily ,family4 ,stem4--,acutely angled1 rather low4 ,leaves4--,set close to or clasping the stem1 pale1 lance-oblong4 ,flower4--,yellowish-white or straw-color4 ,perianth4--,narrowly bell-shaped1 divided into six distinct sepals4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a deeply three-cleft style4 ,in spring this little plant is very abundant in the woods4 ,it bears one or two small lily-like blossoms which droop modestly beneath the curving stems4 ,with the same common name and near of kin is ,uvularia perfoliata1 with leaves which seem pierced by the stem1 but otherwise of a strikingly similar aspect4 ,,hawthorn4 ,,white-,,thorn4 ,cratgus coccinea4 ,rose ,family4 ,a shrub or small tree1 with spreading branches1 and stout thorns or spines4 ,leaves4--,on slender leaf-stalks1 thin1 rounded1 toothed1 sometimes lobed4 ,flowers4--,white or sometimes reddish1 rather large1 clustered1 with a somewhat disagreeable odor4 ,calyx4--,urn-shaped1 five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,of five broad1 rounded petals4 ,stamens4--,five to ten1 or many4 ,pistil4--,one1 with one to five styles4 ,fruit4--,coral-red1 berry-like4 ,the flowers of the white-thorn appear in spring1 at the same time with those of the dogwoods4 ,its scarlet fruit gleams from the thicket in ,september4 ,,white ,,baneberry4 ,acta alba4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,stem4--,about two feet high4 ,leaves4--,twice or thrice-compound1 leaflets incised and sharply toothed4 ,flowers4--,small1 white1 in a thick1 oblong1 terminal raceme4 ,calyx4--,of four to five tiny sepals which fall as the flower expands4 ,corolla4--,of four to ten small flat petals with slender claws4 ,stamens4--,numerous1 with slender white filaments4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a depressed1 two-lobed stigma4 ,fruit4--,an oval white berry1 with a dark spot1 on a thick red stalk4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii ,,bellwort4 ,the feathery clusters of the white baneberry may be gathered when we go to the woods for the columbine1 the wild ginger1 the ,jack-in-the-pulpit1 and ,solomon's seal4 ,these flowers are very nearly contemporaneous and seek the same cool shaded nooks1 all often being found within a few feet of one another4 ,the red baneberry1 ,a4 rubra1 is a somewhat more ,northern plant and usually blossoms a week or two earlier4 ,its cherry-red 7occasionally white7 berries on their slender stalks are easily distinguished from the white ones of ,a4 alba1 which look strikingly like the china eyes that small children occasionally manage to gouge from their dolls' heads4 ,,mountain ,,holly4 ,nemopanthes fascicularis4 ,holly ,family4 ,a much branched shrub1 with ash-gray bark4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 oblong1 smooth1 on slender leaf-stalks4 ,flowers4--,white1 some perfect1 others unisexual2 solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves on long1 slender flower-stalks4 ,calyx4--,minute or obsolete4 ,corolla4--,of four or five spreading petals4 ,stamens4--,four or five4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,coral-red1 berry-like4 ,the flowers of this shrub appear in the damp woods of ,may4 ,its light red berries on their slender stalks are noticed in late summer when its near relation1 the black alder or winterberry is also conspicuous4 ,its generic name signifies flower with a thread-like stalk4 ,,winterberry4 ,,black ,,alder4 ,ilex verticillata4 ,holly ,family4 ,a shrub1 common in low grounds4 ,leaves4--,oval or lance-shaped1 pointed at apex and base1 toothed4 ,flowers4--,white2 some perfect1 others unisexual2 clustered on very short flower-stalks in the axils of the leaves2 appearing in ,may or ,june4 ,calyx4--,minute4 ,corolla4--,of four to six petals4 ,stamens4--,four to six4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,coral-red1 berry-like4 ,the year may draw nearly to its close without our attention being arrested by this shrub4 ,but in ,september it is well nigh impossible to stroll through the country lanes without pausing to admire the bright red berries clustered so thickly among the leaves of the black alder4 ,the ,american holly1 ,i4 opaca1 is closely related to this shrub1 whose generic name is the ancient ,latin title for the holly-oak4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii ,,white ,,baneberry4--,a4 alba4 ,,red-,,berried ,,elder4 ,sambucus racemosa4 ,honeysuckle ,family4 ,stems4--,woody1 two to twelve feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into leaflets4 ,flowers4--,white1 resembling those of the ,common ,elder 7p4 #gh71 but borne in pyramidal instead of in flat-topped clusters4 ,fruit4--,bright red1 berry-like4 ,the white clusters of the red-berried elder are found in the rocky woods of ,may2 its scarlet fruit1 like that of the shad-bush1 appearing in ,june4 ,,bunch-,,berry4 ,,dwarf ,,cornel4 ,cornus ,canadensis4 ,dogwood ,family4 ,stem4--,five to seven inches high4 ,leaves4--,ovate1 pointed1 the upper crowded into an apparent whorl of four to six4 ,flowers4--,greenish1 small1 in a cluster which is surrounded by a large and showy four-leaved1 petal-like1 white or pinkish involucre4 ,calyx4--,minutely four-toothed4 ,corolla4--,of four spreading petals4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,bright red1 berry-like4 ,when one's eye first falls upon the pretty flowers of the bunch-berry in the ,june woods1 the impression is received that each low stem bears upon its summit a single large white blossom4 ,a more searching look discovers that what appeared like rounded petals are really the showy white leaves of the involucre which surround the small1 closely clustered1 greenish flowers4 ,the bright red berries which appear in late summer make brilliant patches in the woods and swamps4 ,both in flower and fruit this is one of the prettiest of our smaller plants4 ,it is closely allied to the well-known flowering-dogwood1 which is so ornamental a tree in early spring4 ,in the ,scotch ,highlands it is called the 8plant of gluttony10 on account of its supposed power of increasing the appetite4 ,it is said to form part of the winter food of the ,esquimaux4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiv ,fruit4 ,,bunch-,,berry4--,c4 ,canadensis4 ,,sweet ,,bay4 ,,laurel ,,magnolia4 ,magnolia glauca4 ,magnolia ,family4 ,a shrub from four to twenty feet high4 ,leaves4--,oval to broadly lance-shaped1 from three to six inches long4 ,flowers4--,white1 two inches long1 growing singly at the ends of the branches4 ,calyx4--,of three sepals4 ,corolla4--,globular1 with from six to nine broad petals4 ,stamens4--,numerous1 with short filaments and long anthers4 ,pistils4--,many1 packed so as to make a sort of cone in fruit4 ,fruit4--,cone-like1 red1 fleshy when ripe2 the pistils opening at maturity and releasing the scarlet seeds which hang by delicate threads4 ,the beautiful fragrant blossoms of the sweet bay may be found from ,june till ,august1 in swamps along the coast from ,cape ,ann southward4 ,,lizard',s ,,tail4 ,saururus cernuus4 ,pepper ,family4 ,stem4--,jointed1 often tall4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 heart-shaped4 ,flowers4--,white1 without calyx or corolla1 crowded into a slender1 wand-like terminal spike which nods at the end4 ,stamens4--,usually six or seven4 ,pistils4--,three or four1 united at their base4 ,the nodding1 fragrant spikes of the lizard's tail abound in certain swamps from ,june till ,august4 ,while the plant is not a common one1 it is occasionally found in great profusion1 and is sure to arrest attention by its odd appearance4 ,,moonseed4 ,menispermum ,canadense4 ,moonseed ,family4 ,stem4--,woody1 climbing4 ,leaves4--,three to seven-angled or lobed1 their stalks fastened near the edge of the lower surface4 ,flowers4--,white or yellowish1 in small loose clusters1 unisexual4 ,calyx4--,of four to eight sepals4 ,corolla4--,of six to eight short petals4 ,stamens and ,pistils4--,occurring on different plants4 ,fruit4--,berry-like1 black1 with a bloom4 ,clambering over the thickets which line the streams1 we notice in ,september the lobed or angled leaves and black berries of the moonseed1 the small white or yellowish flowers of which were1 perhaps1 overlooked in ,june4 ,,mountain ,,laurel4 ,,spoonwood4 ,,calico-,,bush4 ,kalmia latifolia4 ,heath ,family4 ,an evergreen shrub4 ,leaves4--,oblong1 pointed1 shining1 of a leathery texture4 ,flowers4--,white or pink1 in terminal clusters4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,marked with red1 wheel-shaped1 five-lobed1 with ten depressions4 ,stamens4--,ten1 each anther lodged in one of the depressions of the corolla4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,the shining green leaves which surround the white or rose-colored flowers of the mountain laurel are familiar to all who have skirted the west shore of the ,hudson ,river1 wandered across the hills that lie in its vicinity1 or clambered across the mountains of ,pennsylvania1 where the shrub sometimes grows to a height of thirty feet4 ,not that these localities limit its range3 for it abounds more or less from ,canada to ,florida1 and far inland1 especially along the mountains1 whose sides are often clothed with an apparent mantle of pink snow during the month of ,june1 and whose waste places are1 in very truth1 made to blossom like the rose at this season4 ,the shrub is highly prized and carefully cultivated in ,england4 ,barewood ,gardens1 the beautiful home of the editor of the ,london ,times1 is celebrated for its fine specimens of mountain laurel and ,american rhododendron4 ,the ,english papers advertise the approach of the flowering season1 the estate is thrown open to the public1 and the people for miles around flock to see the radiant strangers from across the water4 ,the shrub is not known there as the laurel1 but by its generic title1 ,kalmia4 ,the head gardener of the place received with some incredulity my statement that in parts of ,america the waste hill-sides were brilliant with its beauty every ,june4 ,the ingenious contrivance of these flowers to secure cross-fertilization is most interesting4 ,the long filaments of the stamens are arched by each anther being caught in a little pouch of the corolla2 the disturbance caused by the sudden alighting of an insect on the blossom1 or the quick brush of a bee's wing1 dislodges the anthers from their niches1 and the stamens spring upward with such violence that the pollen is jerked from its hiding-place in the pore of the anther-cell on to the body of the insect-visitor1 who straightway carries it off to another flower upon whose protruding stigma it is sure to be inadvertently deposited4 ,in order to see the working of this for one's self1 it is only necessary to pick a fresh blossom and either brush the corolla quickly with one's finger1 or touch the stamens suddenly with a pin1 when the anthers will be dislodged and the pollen will be seen to fly4 ,this is not the laurel of the ancients--the symbol of victory and fame--notwithstanding some resemblance in the form of the leaves4 ,the classic shrub is supposed to be identical with the ,laurus nobilis which was carried to our country by the early colonists1 but which did not thrive in its new environment4 ,the leaves of our species are supposed to possess poisonous qualities1 and are said to have been used by the ,indians for suicidal purposes4 ,there is also a popular belief that the flesh of a partridge which has fed upon its fruit becomes poisonous4 ,the clammy exudation about the flower-stalks and blossoms may serve the purpose of excluding from the flower such small insects as would otherwise crawl up to it1 dislodge the stamens1 scatter the pollen1 and yet be unable to carry it to its proper destination on the pistil of another flower4 ,the ,kalmia was named by ,linnus after ,peter ,kalm1 one of his pupils who travelled in this country1 who was1 perhaps1 the first to make known the shrub to his great master4 ,the popular name spoonwood grew from its use by the ,indians for making eating-utensils4 ,the wood is of fine grain and takes a good polish4 ,the title calico-bush probably arose from the marking of the corolla1 which1 to an imaginative mind1 might suggest the cheap cotton-prints sold in the shops4 ,,white ,,swamp ,,honeysuckle4 ,,clammy ,,azalea4 ,rhododendron viscosum4 ,heath ,family4 ,a shrub from three to ten feet high4 ,leaves4--,oblong4 ,flowers4--,white1 clustered1 appearing after the leaves4 ,calyx-lobes4--,minute4 ,corolla4--,white1 five-lobed1 the clammy tube much longer than the lobes4 ,stamens4--,usually five1 protruding4 ,pistil4--,one1 protruding4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv ,,mountain ,,laurel4--,k4 latifolia4 ,the fragrant white flowers of this beautiful shrub appear in early summer along the swamps which skirt the coast1 and occasionally farther inland4 ,the close family resemblance to the pink azalea 7,pl4 ,,lxv47 will be at once detected4 ,on the branches of both species will be found those abnormal1 fleshy growths1 called variously 8swamp apples0 and 8,may apples10 which are so relished by the children4 ,formerly these growths were attributed to the sting of an insect1 as in the 8oak apple20 now they are generally believed to be modified buds4 ,,american ,,rhododendron4 ,,great ,,laurel4 ,rhododendron maximum4 ,heath ,family4 ,a shrub from six to thirty-five feet high4 ,leaves4--,thick and leathery1 oblong1 entire4 ,flowers4--,white or pink1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,minute1 five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,somewhat bell-shaped1 five-parted1 greenish in the throat1 with red1 yellow1 or green spots4 ,stamens4--,usually ten4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,this beautiful native shrub is one of the glories of our country when in the perfection of its loveliness4 ,the woods which nearly cover many of the mountains of our ,eastern ,states hide from all but the bold explorer a radiant display during the early part of ,july4 ,then the lovely waxy flower-clusters of the ,american rhododendron are in their fulness of beauty4 ,as in the laurel1 the clammy flower-stalks seem fitted to protect the blossom from the depredations of small and useless insects1 while the markings on the corolla attract the attention of the desirable bee4 ,in those parts of the country where it flourishes most luxuriantly1 veritable rhododendron jungles termed 8hells0 by the mountaineers are formed4 ,the branches reach out and interlace in such a fashion as to be almost impassable4 ,the nectar secreted by the blossoms is popularly supposed to be poisonous4 ,we read in ,xenophon that during the retreat of the ,ten ,thousand1 the soldiers found a quantity of honey of which they freely partook1 with results that proved almost fatal4 ,this honey is said to have been made from a rhododendron which is still common in ,asia ,minor and which is believed to possess intoxicating and poisonous properties4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi ,,american ,,rhododendron4--,r4 maximum4 ,comparatively little attention had been paid to this superb flower until the ,centennial ,celebration at ,philadelphia1 when some fine exhibits attracted the admiration of thousands4 ,the shrub has been carefully cultivated in ,england1 having been brought to great perfection on some of the ,english estates4 ,it is yearly winning more notice in this country4 ,the generic name is from the ,greek for rose-tree4 ,,wood ,,sorrel4 ,oxalis ,acetosella4 ,geranium ,family4 ,scape4--,one-flowered1 two to five inches high4 ,leaves4--,divided into three clover-like leaflets4 ,flower4--,white veined with red1 solitary4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one with five styles4 ,surely nowhere can be found a daintier carpeting than that made by the clover-like foliage of the wood sorrel when studded with its rose-veined blossoms in the northern woods of ,june4 ,at the very name comes a vision of mossy nooks where the sunlight only comes on sufferance1 piercing its difficult path through the tent-like foliage of the forest1 resting only long enough to become a golden memory4 ,the early ,italian painters availed themselves of its chaste beauty4 ,mr4 ,ruskin says3 8,fra ,angelico's use of the ,oxalis ,acetosella is as faithful in representation as touching in feeling4 ,the triple leaf of the plant and white flower stained purple probably gave it strange typical interest among the ,christian painters40 ,throughout ,europe it bears the odd name of 8,hallelujah0 on account of its flowering between ,easter and ,whitsuntide1 the season when the ,psalms sung in the churches resound with that word4 ,there has been an unfounded theory that this title sprang from ,st4 ,patrick's endeavor to prove to his rude audience the possibility of a ,trinity in ,unity from the three-divided leaves4 ,by many this ternate leaf has been considered the shamrock of the ancient ,irish4 ,the ,english title1 8cuckoo-bread10 refers to the appearance of the blossoms at the season when the cry of the cuckoo is first heard4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii ,,wood ,,sorrel4--,o4 ,acetosella4 ,our name sorrel is from the ,greek for sour and has reference to the acrid juice of the plant4 ,the delicate leaflets 8sleep0 at night2 that is1 they droop and close one against another4 ,,poison ,,sumach4 ,rhus venenata4 ,cashew ,family4 ,a shrub from six to eighteen feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into seven to thirteen oblong entire leaflets4 ,flowers4--,greenish or yellowish-white1 in loose axillary clusters2 some perfect1 others unisexual4 ,fruit4--,whitish or dun-colored1 small1 globular4 ,the poison sumach infests swampy places and flowers in ,june4 ,in early summer it can be distinguished from the harmless members of the family by the slender flower-clusters which grow from the axils of the leaves1 those of the innocent sumachs being borne in pyramidal1 terminal clusters4 ,in the later year the fruits of the respective shrubs are1 of course1 similarly situated1 but1 to accentuate the distinction1 they differ in color2 that of the poison sumach being whitish or dun-colored1 while that of the other is crimson4 ,,staghorn ,,sumach4 ,rhus typhina4 ,cashew ,family4 ,a shrub or tree from ten to thirty feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into eleven to thirty-one somewhat lance-shaped1 toothed leaflets4 ,flowers4--,greenish or yellowish-white1 in upright terminal clusters1 some perfect1 others unisexual1 appearing in ,june4 ,fruit4--,crimson1 small1 globular1 hairy4 ,this is the common sumach which illuminates our hill-sides every autumn with masses of flame-like color4 ,many of us would like to decorate our homes with its brilliant sprays1 but are deterred from handling them by the fear of being poisoned1 not knowing that one glance at the crimson fruit-plumes should reassure us1 as the poisonous sumachs are white-fruited4 ,these tossing pyramidal fruit-clusters at first appear to explain the common title of staghorn sumach4 ,it is not till the foliage has disappeared1 and the forked branches are displayed in all their nakedness1 that we feel that these must be the feature in which the common name originated4 ,,poison ,,ivy4 ,rhus ,toxicodendron4 ,cashew ,family4 ,a shrub which usually climbs by means of rootlets over rocks1 walls1 and trees2 sometimes low and erect4 ,leaves4--,divided into three somewhat four-sided pointed leaflets4 ,flowers4--,greenish or yellowish-white1 small1 some perfect1 others unisexual2 in loose clusters in the axils of the leaves in ,june4 ,fruit4--,small1 globular1 somewhat berry-like1 dun-colored1 clustered4 ,this much-dreaded plant is often confused with the beautiful ,virginia creeper1 occasionally to the ruthless destruction of the latter4 ,generally the two can be distinguished by the three-divided leaves of the poison ivy1 the leaves of the ,virginia creeper usually being five-divided4 ,in the late year the whitish fruit of the ivy easily identifies it1 the berries of the creeper being blackish4 ,the poison ivy is reputed to be especially harmful during the night1 or at any time in early summer when the sun is not shining upon it4 ,,virginia ,,creeper4 ,,american ,,ivy4 ,ampelopsis quinquefolia4 ,vine ,family4 ,a woody vine climbing by means of disk-bearing tendrils1 and also by rootlets4 ,leaves4--,usually divided into five leaflets4 ,flowers4--,greenish1 small1 clustered1 appearing in ,july4 ,fruit4--,a small1 blackish berry in ,october4 ,surely in autumn1 if not always1 this is the most beautiful of our native climbers4 ,at that season its blood-like sprays are outlined against the dark evergreens about which they delight to twine1 showing that marvellous discrimination in background which so constantly excites our admiration in nature4 ,the ,virginia creeper is extensively cultivated in ,europe4 ,even in ,venice1 that sea-city where one so little anticipates any reminders of home woods and meadows1 many a dim canal mirrors in ,october some crumbling wall or graceful trellis aglow with its vivid beauty4 ,,shin-,,leaf4 ,pyrola elliptica4 ,heath ,family4 ,scape4--,upright1 scaly1 terminating in a many-flowered raceme4 ,leaves4--,from the root1 thin and dull1 somewhat oval4 ,flowers4--,white1 nodding4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,of five rounded1 concave petals4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a long curved style4 ,in the distance these pretty flowers suggest the lilies-of-the-valley4 ,they are found in the woods of ,june and ,july1 often in close company with the pipsissewa4 ,the ugly common name of shin-leaf arose from an early custom of applying the leaves of this genus to bruises or sores2 the ,english peasantry being in the habit of calling any kind of plaster a 8shin-plaster0 without regard to the part of the body to which it might be applied4 ,the old herbalist1 ,salmon1 says that the name ,pyrola was given to the genus by the ,romans on account of the fancied resemblance of its leaves and flowers to those of a pear-tree4 ,the ,english also call the plant 8wintergreen10 which name we usually reserve for ,gaultheria procumbens4 ,p4 rotundifolia is a species with thick1 shining1 rounded leaves4 ,,common ,,black ,,huckleberry4 ,gaylussacia resinosa4 ,heath ,family4 ,one to three feet high4 ,stems4--,shrubby1 branching4 ,leaves4--,oval or oblong1 sprinkled more or less with waxy1 resinous atoms4 ,flowers4--,white1 reddish1 or purplish1 bell-shaped1 growing in short1 one-sided clusters4 ,calyx4--,with five short teeth4 ,corolla4--,bell-shaped1 with a five-cleft border4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,a black1 bloomless1 edible berry4 ,the flowers of the common huckleberry appear in ,may or ,june2 the berries in late summer4 ,the shrub abounds in rocky woods and swamps4 ,,common ,,blueberry4 ,vaccinium corymbosun4 ,heath ,family4 ,five to ten feet high4 ,the blueberry has a bloom which is lacking in the huckleberry4 ,it is found in swamps or low thickets in late summer4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii ,,shin-,,leaf4--,p4 elliptica4 ,,squaw ,,huckleberry4 ,vaccinium stamineum4 ,heath ,family4 ,two or three feet high4 ,stems4--,diffusely branched4 ,this large greenish or yellowish berry is hardly edible4 ,the flowers appear in ,june1 and are easily recognized by their protruding stamens4 ,the leaves are pale green above and whitish underneath4 ,,pipsissewa4 ,,prince',s ,,pine4 ,chimaphila umbellata4 ,heath ,family4 ,stem4--,four to ten inches high1 leafy4 ,leaves4--,somewhat whorled or scattered1 evergreen1 lance-shaped1 with sharply toothed edges4 ,flowers4--,white or purplish1 fragrant1 in a loose terminal cluster4 ,calyx4--,five-lobed4 ,corolla4--,with five rounded1 widely spreading petals4 ,stamens4--,ten1 with violet anthers4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a short top-shaped style and disk-like stigma4 ,when strolling through the woods in summer one is apt to chance upon great patches of these deliciously fragrant and pretty flowers4 ,the little plant1 with its shining evergreen foliage1 flourishes abundantly among decaying leaves in sandy soil1 and puts forth its dainty blossoms late in ,june4 ,it is one of the latest of the fragile wood-flowers which are so charming in the earlier year1 and which have already begun to surrender in favor of their hardier1 more self-assertive brethren of the fields and roadsides4 ,the common name1 pipsissewa1 is evidently of ,indian origin1 and perhaps refers to the strengthening properties which the red men ascribed to it4 ,,spotted ,,pipsissewa4 ,chimaphila maculata4 ,heath ,family4 ,the spotted pipsissewa blossoms a little later than its twin-sister4 ,its slightly toothed leaves are conspicuously marked with white4 ,,white ,,daisy4 ,,white-,,weed4 ,,ox-,,eyed ,,daisy4 ,chrysanthemum ,leucanthemum4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix ,,pipsissewa4--,c4 umbellata4 ,the common white daisy stars the ,june meadows with those gold-centred blossoms which delight the eyes of the beauty-lover while they make sore the heart of the farmer1 for the 8whiteweed10 as he calls it1 is hurtful to pasture-land and difficult to eradicate4 ,the true daisy is the ,bellis perennis of ,england1--the ,wee1 modest crimson-tippit flower of ,burns4 ,this was first called 8day's eye10 because it closed at night and opened at dawn1-- ,that well by reason men it call may1 ,the ,daisie1 or else the eye of the day1 sang ,chaucer nearly four hundred years ago4 ,in ,england our flower is called 8ox-eye0 and 8moon daisy20 in ,scotland1 8dog-daisy40 ,the plant is not native to this country1 but was brought from the ,old ,world by the early colonists4 ,,daisy ,,fleabane4 ,,sweet ,,scabious4 ,erigeron annuus4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,stout1 from three to five feet high1 branched1 hairy4 ,leaves4--,coarsely and sharply toothed1 the lowest ovate1 the upper narrower4 ,flower-heads4--,small1 clustered1 composed of both ray and disk-flowers1 the former white1 purplish1 or pinkish1 the latter yellow4 ,during the summer months the fields and waysides are whitened with these very common flowers which look somewhat like small white daisies or asters4 ,another common species is ,e4 strigosus1 a smaller plant1 with smaller flower-heads also1 but with the white ray-flowers longer4 ,the generic name is from two ,greek words signifying spring and an old man1 in allusion to the hoariness of certain species which flower in the spring4 ,the fleabanes were so named from the belief that when burned they were objectionable to insects4 ,they were formerly hung in country cottages for the purpose of excluding such unpleasant intruders4 ,,mayweed4 ,,chamomile4 ,anthemis ,cotula4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,branching4 ,leaves4--,finely dissected4 ,flower-heads4--,composed of white ray and yellow disk-flowers1 resembling the common white daisy4 ,in midsummer the pretty daisy-like blossoms of this strong-scented plant are massed along the roadsides4 ,so nearly a counterpart of the common daisy do they appear that they are constantly mistaken for that flower4 ,the smaller heads1 with the yellow disk-flowers crowded upon a receptacle which is much more conical than that of the daisy1 and the finely dissected1 feathery leaves1 serve to identify the ,mayweed4 ,the country-folk brew 8chamomile tea0 from these leaves1 and through their agency raise painfully effective blisters in an emergency4 ,,new ,,jersey ,,tea4 ,,red-,,root4 ,ceanothus ,americanus4 ,buckthorn ,family4 ,root4--,dark red4 ,stem4--,shrubby1 one to three feet high4 ,flowers4--,white1 small1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,white1 petal-like1 five-lobed1 incurved4 ,corolla4--,with five long-clawed hooded petals4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three stigmas4 ,this shrubby plant is very common in dry woods4 ,in ,july its white feathery flower-clusters brighten many a shady nook in an otherwise flowerless neighborhood4 ,during the ,revolution its leaves were used as a substitute for tea4 ,,bastard ,,toadflax4 ,comandra umbellata4 ,sandalwood ,family4 ,stem4--,eight to ten inches high1 branching1 leafy4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 oblong1 pale4 ,flowers4--,greenish-white1 small1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,bell or urn-shaped4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,the bastard toadflax is commonly found in dry ground1 flowering in ,may or ,june4 ,its root forms parasitic attachments to the roots of trees4 ,,wintergreen4 ,,checkerberry4 ,,mountain ,,tea4 ,gaultheria procumbens4 ,heath ,family4 ,stem4--,three to six inches high1 slender1 leafy at the summit4 ,leaves4--,oval1 shining1 evergreen4 ,flowers4--,white1 growing from the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,five-lobed4 ,corolla4--,urn-shaped1 with five small teeth4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,a globular red berry4 ,he who seeks the cool shade of the evergreens on a hot ,july day is likely to discover the nodding wax-like flowers of this little plant4 ,they are delicate and pretty1 with a background of shining leaves4 ,these leaves when young have a pleasant aromatic flavor similar to that of the sweet birch2 they are sometimes used as a substitute for tea4 ,the bright red berries are also edible and savory1 and are much appreciated by the hungry birds and deer during the winter4 ,if not thus consumed they remain upon the plant until the following spring when they either drop or rot upon the stem1 thus allowing the seeds to escape4 ,,white ,,sweet ,,clover4 ,,white ,,melilot4 ,melilotus alba4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stem4--,two to four feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into three-toothed leaflets4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 white1 growing in spike-like racemes4 ,like its yellow sister1 ,m4 officinalis1 this plant is found blossoming along the roadsides throughout the summer4 ,the flowers are said to serve as flavoring in ,gruyre cheese1 snuff1 and smoking-tobacco1 and to act like camphor when packed with furs to preserve them from moths1 besides imparting a pleasant fragrance4 ,,waterleaf4 ,hydrophyllum ,virginicum4 ,waterleaf ,family4 ,one to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into five to seven oblong1 pointed1 toothed divisions4 ,flowers4--,white or purplish1 in one-sided raceme-like clusters which are usually coiled from the apex when young4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,five-cleft1 bell-shaped4 ,stamens4--,five1 protruding4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,this plant is found flowering in summer in the rich woods4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xx ,,wintergreen4--,g4 procumbens4 ,,indian ,,pipe4 ,,corpse-,,plant4 ,monotropa uniflora4 ,heath ,family4 ,a low fleshy herb from three to eight inches high1 without green foliage1 of a wax-like appearance1 with colorless bracts in the place of leaves4 ,flower4--,white or pinkish1 single1 terminal1 nodding4 ,calyx4--,of two to four bract-like scales4 ,corolla4--,of four or five wedge-shaped petals4 ,stamens4--,eight or ten1 with yellow anthers4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a disk-like1 four or five-rayed stigma4 ,the effect of a cluster of these nodding1 wax-like flowers in the deep woods of summer is singularly fairy-like4 ,they spring from a ball of matted rootlets1 and are parasitic1 drawing their nourishment from decaying vegetable matter4 ,in fruit the plant erects itself and loses its striking resemblance to a pipe4 ,its clammy touch1 and its disposition to decompose and turn black when handled1 has earned it the name of corpse-plant4 ,it was used by the ,indians as an eye-lotion1 and is still believed by some to possess healing properties4 ,,field ,,chickweed4 ,cerastium arvense4 ,pink ,family4 ,four to eight inches high4 ,stems4--,slender4 ,leaves4--,linear or narrowly lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,white1 large1 in terminal clusters4 ,calyx4--,usually of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,usually of five two-lobed petals which are more than twice the length of the calyx4 ,stamens4--,twice as many1 or fewer than the petals4 ,pistil4--,one1 with as many styles as there are sepals4 ,this is one of the most noticeable of the chickweeds4 ,its starry flowers are found in dry or rocky places1 blossoming from ,may till ,july4 ,the common chickweed1 which besets damp places everywhere1 is ,stellaria media2 this is much used as food for songbirds4 ,the long-leaved stitchwort1 ,s4 longifolia1 is a species which is common in grassy places1 especially northward4 ,it has linear leaves1 unlike those of ,s4 media1 which are ovate or oblong4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi ,,indian ,,pipe4--,m4 uniflora4 ,,enchanter',s ,,nightshade4 ,circa ,lutetiana4 ,evening ,primrose ,family4 ,stem4--,one or two feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 thin1 ovate1 slightly toothed4 ,flowers4--,dull white1 small1 growing in a raceme4 ,calyx4--,two-lobed4 ,corolla4--,of two petals4 ,stamens4--,two4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,this insignificant and ordinarily uninteresting plant arrests attention by the frequency with which it is found flowering in the summer woods and along shady roadsides4 ,c4 ,alpina is a smaller1 less common species1 which is found along the mountains and in deep woods4 ,both species are burdened with the singularly inappropriate name of enchanter's nightshade4 ,there is nothing in their appearance to suggest an enchanter or any of the nightshades4 ,it seems1 however1 that the name of a plant called after the enchantress ,circe1 and described by ,dioscorides nearly two thousand years ago1 was accidentally transferred to this unpretentious genus4 ,,thimble-,,weed4 ,anemone ,virginiana4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,stem4--,two or three feet high4 ,leaves4--,twice or thrice cleft1 the divisions again toothed or cleft4 ,flowers4--,greenish or sometimes white1 borne on long1 upright flower-stalks4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens and ,pistils4--,indefinite in number4 ,these greenish flowers1 which may be found in the woods and meadows throughout the summer1 are only striking by reason of their long1 erect flower-stalks4 ,the oblong1 thimble-like fruit-head1 which is rather noticeable in the later year1 gives to the plant its common name4 ,,cleavers4 ,,goose-,,grass4 ,,bedstraw4 ,galium ,aparine4 ,madder ,family4 ,stem4--,weak and reclining1 bristly4 ,leaves4--,lance-shaped1 about eight in a whorl4 ,flowers4--,white1 small1 growing from the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx-teeth4--,obsolete4 ,corolla4--,usually four-parted1 wheel-shaped4 ,stamens4--,usually four4 ,pistil4--,one with two styles4 ,fruit4--,globular1 bristly1 with hooked prickles4 ,this plant may be found in wooded or shady places throughout the continent4 ,its flowers1 which appear in summer1 are rather inconspicuous1 one's attention being chiefly attracted by its many whorls of slender leaves4 ,,bitter-,,sweet4 ,,wax-,,work4 ,celastrus scandens4 ,staff-tree ,family4 ,stem4--,woody1 twining4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 oblong1 finely toothed1 pointed4 ,flowers4--,small1 greenish1 or cream-color1 in raceme-like clusters1 appearing in ,june4 ,pod4--,orange-colored1 globular1 and berry-like1 curling back in three divisions when ripe so as to display the scarlet covering of the seeds within4 ,the small flowers of the bitter-sweet1 which appear in ,june1 rarely attract attention4 ,but in ,october no lover of color can fail to admire the deep orange pods which at last curl back so as advantageously to display the brilliant scarlet covering of the seeds4 ,perhaps we have no fruit which illuminates more vividly the roadside thicket of late autumn2 or touches with greater warmth those tumbled1 overgrown walls which are so picturesque a feature in parts of the country1 and do in a small way for our quiet landscapes what vine-covered ruins accomplish for the scenery of the ,old ,world4 ,,culver',s ,,root4 ,veronica ,virginica4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stem4--,straight and tall1 from two to six feet high4 ,leaves4--,whorled1 lance-shaped1 finely toothed4 ,flowers4--,white1 small1 growing in slender clustered spikes4 ,calyx4--,irregularly four or five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,four or five-lobed4 ,stamens4--,two1 protruding4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,the tall straight stems of the culver's root lift their slender spikes in midsummer to a height that seems strangely at variance with the habit of this genus4 ,the small flowers1 however1 at once betray their kinship with the speedwells4 ,although it is1 perhaps1 a little late to look for the white wands of the black cohosh the two plants might easily be confused in the distance1 as they have much the same aspect and seek alike the cool recesses of the woods4 ,this same species grows in ,japan and was introduced into ,english gardens nearly two hundred years ago4 ,it is one of the many ,indian remedies which were adopted by our forefathers4 ,,black ,,cohosh4 ,,bugbane4 ,,black ,,snakeroot4 ,cimicifuga racemosa4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,stem4--,three to eight feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided1 the leaflets toothed or incised4 ,flowers4--,white1 growing in elongated wand-like racemes4 ,calyx4--,of four or five white petal-like sepals1 falling early4 ,corolla4--,of from one to eight white petals or transformed stamens4 ,stamens4--,numerous1 with slender white filaments4 ,pistils4--,one to three4 ,the tall white wands of the black cohosh shoot up in the shadowy woods of midsummer like so many ghosts4 ,a curious-looking plant it is1 bearing aloft the feathery flowers which have such an unpleasant odor that even the insects are supposed to avoid them4 ,fortunately they are sufficiently conspicuous to be admired at a distance1 many a newly cleared hill-side and wood-border being lightened by their slender1 torch-like racemes which flash upon us as we travel through the country4 ,the plant was one of the many which the ,indians believed to be efficacious for snake-bites4 ,the generic name is from cimex--a bug1 and fugare--to drive away4 ,,common ,,elder4 ,sambucus ,canadensis4 ,honeysuckle ,family4 ,stems4--,scarcely woody1 five to ten feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into toothed leaflets4 ,flowers4--,white1 small1 in flat-topped clusters4 ,calyx4--,lobes minute or none4 ,corolla4--,with five spreading lobes4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three stigmas4 ,fruit4--,dark purple1 berry-like4 ,the common elder borders the lanes and streams with its spreading flower-clusters in early summer1 and in the later year is noticeable for the dark berries from which 8elderberry wine0 is brewed by the country people4 ,the fine white wood is easily cut and is used for skewers and pegs4 ,a decoction of the leaves serves the gardener a good purpose in protecting delicate plants from caterpillars4 ,evelyn wrote of it3 8,if the medicinal properties of the leaves1 berries1 bark1 etc41 were thoroughly known1 ,i cannot tell what our countrymen could ail for which he might not fetch from every hedge1 whether from sickness or wound40 ,the white pith can easily be removed from the stems1 hence the old ,english name of bore-wood4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxii ,,black ,,cohosh4--,c4 racemosa4 ,the name elder is probably derived from the ,anglo-,saxon aeld--a fire--and is thought to refer to the former use of the hollow branches in blowing up a fire4 ,,spurge4 ,euphorbia corollata4 ,spurge ,family4 ,stem4--,two or three feet high4 ,leaves4--,ovate1 lance-shaped or linear4 ,flowers4--,clustered within the usually five-lobed1 cup-shaped involucre which was formerly considered the flower itself2 the male flowers numerous and lining its base1 consisting each of a single stamen2 the female flower solitary in the middle of the involucre1 consisting of a three-lobed ovary with three styles1 each style being two-cleft4 ,pod4--,on a slender stalk1 smooth4 ,in this plant the showy white appendages of the cup-shaped clustered involucres are usually taken for the petals of the flower2 only the botanist suspecting that the minute organs within these involucres really form a cluster of separate flowers of different sexes4 ,while the most northerly range in the ,eastern ,states of this spurge is usually considered to be ,new ,york1 the botany states that it has been recently naturalized in ,massachusetts4 ,it blossoms from ,july till ,october4 ,,partridge ,,vine4 ,mitchella repens4 ,madder ,family4 ,stems4--,smooth and trailing4 ,leaves4--,rounded1 evergreen1 veined with white4 ,flowers4--,white1 fragrant1 in pairs4 ,calyx4--,four-toothed4 ,corolla4--,funnel-form1 with four spreading lobes1 bearded within4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one1 its ovary united with that of its sister flower1 its four stigmas linear4 ,at all times of the year this little plant faithfully fulfils its mission of adorning that small portion of the earth to which it finds itself rooted4 ,but only the early summer finds the partridge vine exhaling its delicious fragrance from the delicate sister-blossoms which are its glory4 ,among the waxy flowers will be found as many of the bright red berries of the previous year as have been left unmolested by the hungry winter birds4 ,this plant is found not only in the moist woods of ,north ,america1 but also in the forests of ,mexico and ,japan4 ,it is a near relative of the dainty bluets or ,quaker ladies1 and has the same peculiarity of dimorphous flowers 7p4 #bcb74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,,partridge ,,vine4--,m4 repens4 ,,green ,,orchis4 ,habenaria virescens4 ,,ragged ,,fringed ,,orchis4 ,habenaria lacera4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,leaves4--,oblong or lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,greenish or yellowish-white1 growing in a spike4 ,these two orchids are found in wet boggy places during the earlier summer1 the green antedating the ragged fringed orchis by a week or more4 ,the lip of the ragged fringed is three-parted1 the divisions being deeply fringed1 giving what is called in ,sweet's 8,british ,flower-,garden0 an 8elegantly jagged appearance40 ,the lip of the green orchis is furnished with a tooth on each side and a strong protuberance in the middle4 ,so far as superficial beauty and conspicuousness are concerned these flowers do scant justice to the brilliant family to which they belong1 and equally excite the scornful exclamation1 8,you call that an orchid60 when brought home for analysis or preservation4 ,,button-,,bush4 ,cephalanthus occidentalis4 ,madder ,family4 ,a shrub three to eight feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite or whorled in threes1 somewhat oblong and pointed4 ,flowers4--,small1 white1 closely crowded in round button-like heads4 ,calyx4--,four-toothed4 ,corolla4--,four-toothed4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a thread-like protruding style and blunt stigma4 ,this pretty shrub borders the streams and swamps throughout the country4 ,its button-like flower-clusters appear in midsummer4 ,it belongs to the family of which the delicate bluet and fragrant partridge vine are also members4 ,its flowers have a jasmine-like fragrance4 ,,mild ,,water-,,pepper4 ,polygonum hydropiperoides4 ,buckwheat ,family4 ,stem4--,one to three feet high1 smooth1 branching4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 narrowly lance-shaped or oblong4 ,flowers4--,white or flesh-color1 small1 growing in erect1 slender spikes4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,eight4 ,pistil4--,one1 usually with three styles4 ,these rather inconspicuous but very common flowers are found in moist places and shallow water4 ,the common knotweed1 ,p4 aviculare1 which grows in such abundance in country dooryards and waste places1 has slender1 often prostrate1 stems1 and small greenish flowers1 which are clustered in the axils of the leaves or spiked at the termination of the stems4 ,this is perhaps the 8hindering knotgrass0 to which ,shakespeare refers in the 8,midsummer ,night's ,dream10 so terming it1 not on account of its knotted trailing stems1 but because of the belief that it would hinder the growth of a child4 ,in ,beaumont and ,fletcher's 8,coxcomb0 the same superstition is indicated3 ,we want a boy ,kept under for a year with milk and knotgrass4 ,it is said that many birds are nourished by the seeds of this plant4 ,,climbing ,,false ,,buckwheat4 ,polygonum scandens4 ,buckwheat ,family4 ,stem4--,smooth1 twining1 and climbing over bushes1 eight to twelve feet high4 ,leaves4--,heart or arrow-shaped1 pointed1 alternate4 ,flowers4--,greenish or pinkish1 in racemes4 ,calyx4--,five-parted1 with colored margins4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,usually eight4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three stigmas4 ,seed-vessel4--,green1 three-angled1 winged1 conspicuous in autumn4 ,in early summer this plant1 which clambers so perseveringly over the moist thickets which line our country lanes1 is comparatively inconspicuous4 ,the racemes of small greenish flowers are not calculated to attract one's attention1 and it is late summer or autumn before the thick clusters of greenish fruit composed of the winged seed-vessels arrest one's notice4 ,at this time the vine is very beautiful and striking1 and one wonders that it could have escaped detection in the earlier year4 ------ ------ ,dalibarda repens4 ,rose ,family4 ,scape4--,low4 ,leaves4--,heart-shaped1 wavy-toothed4 ,flowers4--,white1 one or two borne on each scape4 ,calyx4--,deeply five or six-parted1 three of the divisions larger and toothed4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,many4 ,pistils4--,five to ten4 ,the foliage of this pretty little plant suggests the violet2 while its white blossom betrays its kinship with the wild strawberry4 ,it may be found from ,june till ,august in woody places1 being one of those flowers which we seek deliberately1 whose charm is never decreased by its being thrust upon us inopportunely4 ,who can tell how much the attractiveness of the wild carrot1 the dandelion1 or butter-and-eggs would be enhanced were they so discreet as to withdraw from the common haunts of men into the shady exclusiveness which causes us to prize many far less beautiful flowers8 ,,starry ,,campion4 ,silene stellata4 ,pink ,family4 ,stem4--,swollen at the joints1 about three feet high4 ,leaves4--,whorled in fours1 oval1 taper-pointed4 ,flowers4--,white1 in a large pyramidal cluster4 ,calyx4--,inflated1 five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,of five deeply fringed petals4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three styles4 ,in late ,july many of our wooded banks are decorated with the tall stems1 whorled leaves1 and prettily fringed flowers of the starry campion4 ,closely allied to it is the bladder campion of the fields1 ,s4 ,cucubalus1 a much smaller plant1 with opposite leaves1 loosely clustered white flowers1 a greatly inflated calyx1 and two-cleft petals4 ,this is an emigrant from ,europe1 which was first naturalized near ,boston1 and has now become wild in different parts of the country1 quite overrunning some of the farm-lands which border the ,hudson ,river4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv ,dalibarda repens4 ,,colic-,,root4 ,,star-,,grass4 ,aletris farinosa4 ,bloodwort ,family4 ,leaves4--,thin1 lance-shaped1 in a spreading cluster from the root4 ,scape4--,slender1 two to three feet high4 ,flowers4--,white1 small1 growing in a wand-like1 spiked raceme4 ,perianth4--,six-cleft at the summit1 oblong-tubular4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one1 with style three-cleft at apex4 ,in summer we find these flowers in the grassy woods4 ,the generic title is the ,greek word for 8a female slave who grinds corn10 and refers to the mealy appearance of the blossoms4 ,,tall ,,meadow ,,rue4 ,thalictrum polygamum4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,four to eight feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into many firm1 rounded leaflets4 ,flowers4--,white1 in large clusters2 some perfect1 others unisexual4 ,calyx4--,of four or five small petal-like sepals which usually fall off very early4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistils4--,four to fifteen4 ,where a stream trails its sluggish length through the fields of midsummer1 its way is oftentimes marked by the tall meadow rue1 the feathery1 graceful flower-clusters of which erect themselves serenely above the myriad blossoms which are making radiant the wet meadows at this season4 ,for here1 too1 we may search for the purple flag and fringed orchis1 the yellow meadow lily1 the pink swamp milkweed1 each charming in its way1 but none with the cool chaste beauty of the meadow rue4 ,the staminate flowers of this plant are especially delicate and feathery4 ,,white ,,avens4 ,geum album4 ,rose ,family4 ,stem4--,slender1 about two feet high4 ,root-leaves4--,divided into from three to five leaflets1 or entire4 ,stem-leaves4--,three-lobed or divided1 or only toothed4 ,flowers4--,white4 ,calyx4--,deeply five-cleft1 usually with five small bractlets alternating with its lobes4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistils4--,numerous1 with hooked styles which become elongated in fruit4 ,the white avens is one of the less noticeable plants which border the summer woods1 blossoming from ,may till ,august4 ,later the hooked seeds which grow in round burr-like heads secure wide dispersion by attaching themselves to animals or clothing4 ,other species of avens have more conspicuous golden-yellow flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxv ,,tall ,,meadow ,,rue4--,t4 polygamum4 ,,meadow-,,sweet4 ,spira salicifolia4 ,rose ,family4 ,stem4--,nearly smooth1 two or three feet high4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 somewhat lance-shaped1 toothed4 ,flowers4--,small1 white or flesh-color1 in pyramidal clusters4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,of five rounded petals4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistils4--,five to eight4 ,the feathery spires of the meadow-sweet soar upward from the river banks and low meadows in late ,july4 ,unlike its pink sister1 the steeple-bush1 its leaves and stems are fairly smooth4 ,the lack of fragrance in the flowers is disappointing1 because of the hopes raised by the plant's common name4 ,this is said by ,dr4 ,prior to be a corruption of the ,anglo-,saxon mead-wort1 which signifies honey-wine herb1 alluding to a fact which is mentioned in ,hill's 8,herbal10 that 8the flowers mixed with mead give it the flavor of the ,greek wines40 ,although the significance of many of the plant-names seems clear enough at first sight1 such an example as this serves to show how really obscure it often is4 ,,white ,,water-,,lily4 ,nympha odorata4 ,water-lily ,family4 ,leaves4--,rounded1 somewhat heart-shaped1 floating on the surface of the water4 ,flowers4--,large1 white1 or sometimes pink1 fragrant4 ,calyx4--,of four sepals which are green without4 ,corolla4--,of many petals4 ,stamens4--,indefinite in number4 ,pistil4--,with a many-celled ovary whose summit is tipped with a globular projection around which are the radiating stigmas4 ,this exquisite flower calls for little description4 ,many of us are so fortunate as to hold in our memories golden mornings devoted to its quest4 ,we can hardly take the shortest railway journey in summer without passing some shadowy pool whose greatest adornment is this spotless and queenly blossom4 ,the breath of the lily-pond is brought even into the heart of our cities where dark-eyed little ,italians peddle clusters of the long-stemmed fragrant flowers about the streets4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi ,,meadow-,,sweet4--,s4 salicifolia4 ,in the water-lily may be seen an example of so-called plant-metamorphosis4 ,the petals appear to pass gradually into stamens1 it being difficult to decide where the petals end and the stamens begin4 ,but whether stamens are transformed petals1 or petals transformed stamens seems to be a mooted question4 ,in ,gray we read1 8,petals numerous1 in many rows1 the innermost gradually passing into stamens10 while ,mr4 ,grant ,allen writes3 8,petals are in all probability enlarged and flattened stamens1 which have been set apart for the work of attracting insects10 and goes on to say1 8,flowers can and do exist without petals1 444 but no flower can possibly exist without stamens1 which are one of the two essential reproductive organs in the plant40 ,from this he argues that it is more rational to consider a petal a transformed stamen than vice versa4 ,to go further into the subject here would be impossible1 but a careful study of the water-lily is likely to excite one's curiosity in the matter4 ,,white ,,vervain4 ,verbena urticfolia4 ,verbena ,family4 ,three to five feet high4 ,leaves4--,oval1 coarsely toothed4 ,flowers4--,small1 white1 in slender spikes1 otherwise resembling ,purple ,vervain4 ,it almost excites one's incredulity to be told that this uninteresting looking plant1 which grows rankly along the highways1 is an importation from the tropics1 yet for this statement the botany is responsible4 ,,round-,,leaved ,,sundew4 ,drosera rotundifolia4 ,sundew ,family4 ,scape4--,a few inches high4 ,leaves4--,rounded1 abruptly narrowed into spreading1 hairy leaf-stalks2 beset with reddish1 gland-bearing bristles4 ,flowers4--,white1 growing in a one-sided raceme1 which so nods at its apex that the fresh-blown blossom is always uppermost4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three or five styles1 which are sometimes so deeply two-parted as to be taken for twice as many4 ,what's this ,i hear ,about the new carnivora8 ,can little plants ,eat bugs and ants ,and gnats and flies8 ,a sort of retrograding3 ,surely the fare ,of flowers is air1 ,or sunshine sweet2 ,they shouldn't eat1 ,or do aught so degrading6 ,but by degrees we are learning to reconcile ourselves to the fact that the more we study the plants the less we are able to attribute to them altogether unfamiliar and ethereal habits4 ,we find that the laws which control their being are strangely suggestive of those which regulate ours1 and after the disappearance of the shock which attends the shattered illusion1 their charm is only increased by the new sense of kinship4 ,the round-leaved sundew is found blossoming in many of our marshes in midsummer4 ,when the sun shines upon its leaves they look as though covered with sparkling dewdrops1 hence its common name4 ,these drops are a glutinous exudation1 by means of which insects visiting the plant are first captured2 the reddish bristles then close tightly about them1 and it is supposed that their juices are absorbed by the plant4 ,at all events the rash visitor rarely escapes4 ,in many localities it is easy to secure any number of these little plants and to try for one's self the rather grewsome experiment of feeding them with small insects4 ,should the tender-hearted recoil from such reckless slaughter1 they might confine their offerings on the altar of science to mosquitoes1 small spiders1 and other deservedly unpopular creatures4 ,d4 ,americana is a very similar species1 with longer1 narrower leaves4 ,the thread-leaved sundew1 ,d4 filiformis has fine1 thread-like leaves and pink flowers1 and is found in wet sand along the coast4 ,,pokeweed4 ,,garget4 ,,pigeon-,,berry4 ,phytolacca decandra4 ,pokeweed ,family4 ,stems4--,in length from six to ten feet high2 purple-pink or bright red1 stout4 ,leaves4--,large1 alternate1 veiny4 ,flowers4--,white or pinkish1 the green ovaries conspicuous1 growing in racemes4 ,calyx4--,of five rounded or petal-like sepals1 pinkish without4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with ten styles4 ,fruit4--,a dark purplish berry4 ,there is a vigor about this native plant which is very pleasing4 ,in ,july it is possible that we barely notice the white flowers and large leaves2 but when in ,september the tall purple stems rear themselves above their neighbors in the roadside thicket1 the leaves look as though stained with wine1 and the long clusters of rich dark berries hang heavily from the branches1 we cannot but admire its independent beauty4 ,the berries serve as food for the birds4 ,a tincture of them at one time acquired some reputation as a remedy for rheumatism4 ,in ,pennsylvania they have been used with whiskey to make a so-called 8portwine40 ,from their dark juice arose the name of 8red-ink plant10 which is common in some places4 ,the large roots are poisonous1 but the acrid young shoots are rendered harmless by boiling1 and are eaten like asparagus1 being quite as good1 ,i have been told by country people4 ,despite the difference in the spelling of the names1 it has been suggested that the plant was called after ,president ,polk4 ,this is most improbable1 as it was common throughout the country long before his birth1 and its twigs are said to have been plucked and worn by his followers during his campaign for the ,presidency4 ,,white ,,fringed ,,orchis4 ,habenaria blephariglottis4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,about one foot high4 ,leaves4--,oblong or lance-shaped1 the upper passing into pointed bracts4 ,flowers4--,pure white1 with a slender spur and fringed lip2 growing in an oblong spike4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii ,,pokeweed4--,p4 decandra4 ,this seems to me the most exquisite of our native orchids4 ,the fringed lips give the snowy1 delicate flowers a feathery appearance as they gleam from the shadowy woods of midsummer1 or from the peat-bogs where they thrive best2 or perhaps they spire upward from among the dark green rushes which border some lonely mountain lake4 ,like the yellow fringed orchis 7,pl4 ,,lii71 which they greatly resemble in general structure1 they may be sought in vain for many seasons and then will be discovered one midsummer day lavishing their spotless loveliness upon some unsuspected marsh which has chanced to escape our vigilance4 ,,rattlesnake-,,plantain4 ,goodyera pubescens4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,scape4--,six to twelve inches high4 ,leaves4--,from the root in a sort of flat rosette2 conspicuously veined with white2 thickish1 evergreen4 ,flowers4--,small1 greenish-white1 crowded in a close spike4 ,the flowers of the rattlesnake-plantain appear in late summer and are less conspicuous than the prettily tufted1 white-veined leaves which may be found in the rich woods throughout the year4 ,the plant has been reputed an infallible cure for hydrophobia and snake-bites4 ,it is said that the ,indians had such faith in its remedial virtues that they would allow a snake to drive its fangs into them for a small sum1 if they had these leaves on hand to apply to the wound4 ,,common ,,yarrow4 ,,milfoil4 ,achillea ,millefolium4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,simple at first1 often branching near the summit4 ,leaves4--,divided into finely toothed segments4 ,flower-heads4--,white1 occasionally pink1 clustered1 small1 made up of both ray and disk-flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii ,,wild ,,carrot4--,d4 carota4 ,,yarrow4--,a4 millefolium4 ,this is one of our most frequent roadside weeds1 blossoming throughout the summer and late into the autumn4 ,tradition claims that it was used by ,achilles to cure the wounds of his soldiers1 and the genus is named after that mighty hero4 ,it still forms one of the ingredients of an ointment valued by the ,scotch ,highlanders4 ,the early ,english botanists called the plant 8nosebleed10 8because the leaves being put into the nose caused it to bleed20 and ,gerarde writes that 8,most men say that the leaves chewed1 and especially greene1 are a remedie for the toothache40 ,these same pungent leaves also won it the name of 8old man's pepper10 while in ,sweden its title signifies field hop1 and refers to its employment in the manufacture of beer4 ,linnus considered the beer thus brewed to be more intoxicating than that in which hops were utilized4 ,the old women of the ,orkney ,islands hold 8milfoil tea0 in high repute1 believing it to be gifted with the power of dispelling melancholy4 ,in ,switzerland a good vinegar is said to be made from the ,alpine species4 ,the plant is cultivated in the gardens of ,madeira1 where so many beautiful1 and in our eyes rare1 flowers grow in wild profusion4 ,,wild ,,carrot4 ,,bird',s ,,nest4 ,,queen ,,anne',s ,,lace4 ,daucus carota4 ,parsley ,family 7p4 #ae74 ,stems4--,tall and slender4 ,leaves4--,finely dissected4 ,flowers4--,white1 in a compound umbel1 forming a circular flat-topped cluster4 ,when the delicate flowers of the wild carrot are still unsoiled by the dust from the highway1 and fresh from the early summer rains1 they are very beautiful1 adding much to the appearance of the roadsides and fields along which they grow so abundantly as to strike despair into the heart of the farmer1 for this is1 perhaps1 the 8peskiest0 of all the weeds with which he has to contend4 ,as time goes on the blossoms begin to have a careworn look and lose something of the cobwebby aspect which won them the title of ,queen ,anne's lace4 ,in late summer the flower-stalks erect themselves1 forming a concave cluster which has the appearance of a bird's nest4 ,i have read that a species of bee makes use of this ready-made home1 but have never seen any indications of such an occupancy4 ,this is believed to be the stock from which the garden carrot was raised4 ,the vegetable was well known to the ancients1 and we learn from ,pliny that the finest specimens were brought to ,rome from ,candia4 ,when it was first introduced into ,great ,britain is not known1 although the supposition is that it was brought over by the ,dutch during the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,in the writings of ,parkinson we read that the ladies wore carrot-leaves in their hair in place of feathers4 ,one can picture the dejected appearance of a ball-room belle at the close of an entertainment4 ,,water-,,hemlock4 ,,spotted ,,cowbane4 ,cicuta maculata4 ,parsley ,family 7p4 #ae74 ,stem4--,smooth1 stout1 from two to six feet high1 streaked with purple4 ,leaves4--,twice or thrice-compound1 leaflets coarsely toothed4 ,flowers4--,white1 in compound umbels1 the little umbels composed of numerous flowers4 ,this plant is often confused with the wild carrot1 the sweet ,cicely1 and other white-flowered members of the ,parsley family2 but it can usually be identified by its purple-streaked stem4 ,the umbels of the water-hemlock are also more loosely clustered than those of the carrot1 and their stalks are much more unequal4 ,it is commonly found in marshy ground1 blossoming in midsummer4 ,its popular names refer to its poisonous properties1 its root being said to contain the most dangerous vegetable-poison native to our country and to have been frequently confounded with that of the edible sweet ,cicely with fatal results4 ,,mock ,,bishop-,,weed4 ,discopleura capillacea4 ,parsley ,family 7p4 #ae74 ,one or two feet high1 occasionally much taller4 ,stems4--,branching4 ,leaves4--,dissected into fine1 thread-like divisions4 ,flowers4--,white1 very small1 growing in compound umbels with thread-like bracts4 ,this plant blossoms all summer in wet meadows1 both inland and along the coast2 but it is especially common in the salt marshes near ,new ,york ,city4 ,it probably owes its ,english name to the fancied resemblance between the bracted flower-clusters and a bishop's cap4 ,its effect is feathery and delicate4 ,,sweet ,,cicely4 ,osmorrhiza longistylis4 ,parsley ,family 7p4 #ae74 ,one to three feet high4 ,root4--,thick1 aromatic1 edible4 ,leaves4--,twice or thrice-compound4 ,flowers4--,white1 growing in a few-rayed compound umbel4 ,the roots of the sweet ,cicely are prized by country children for their pleasant flavor4 ,great care should be taken not to confound this plant with the water-hemlock1 which is very poisonous1 and which it greatly resembles1 although flowering earlier in the year4 ,the generic name is from two ,greek words which signify scent and root4 ,,water-,,parsnip4 ,sium cicutfolium4 ,parsley ,family 7p4 #ae74 ,two to six feet high4 ,stem4--,stout4 ,leaves4--,divided into from three to eight pairs of sharply toothed leaflets4 ,flowers4--,white1 in compound umbels4 ,this plant is found growing in water or wet places throughout ,north ,america4 ,,arrow-,,head4 ,sagittaria variabilis4 ,water-plantain ,family4 ,scape4--,a few inches to several feet high4 ,leaves4--,arrow-shaped4 ,flowers4--,white1 unisexual1 in whorls of three on the leafless scape4 ,calyx4--,of three sepals4 ,corolla4--,of three white1 rounded petals4 ,stamens and ,pistils4--,indefinite in number1 occurring in different flowers1 the lower whorls of flowers usually being pistillate1 the upper staminate4 ,among our water-flowers none are more delicately lovely than those of the arrow-head4 ,fortunately the ugly and inconspicuous female flowers grow on the lower whorls1 while the male ones1 with their snowy petals and golden centres1 are arranged about the upper part of the scape1 where the eye first falls4 ,it is a pleasure to chance upon a slow stream whose margins are bordered with these fragile blossoms and bright1 arrow-shaped leaves4 ,,water-,,plantain4 ,alisma ,plantago4 ,water-plantain ,family4 ,scape4--,one to three feet high1 bearing the flowers in whorled1 panicled branches4 ,leaves4--,from the root1 oblong1 lance-shaped or linear1 mostly rounded or heart-shaped at base4 ,flowers4--,white or pale pink1 small1 in large1 loose clusters which branch from the scape4 ,calyx4--,of three sepals4 ,corolla4--,of three petals4 ,stamens4--,usually six4 ,pistils4--,many1 on a flattened receptacle4 ,the water-plantain is nearly related to the arrow-head1 and is often found blossoming with it in marshy places or shallow water4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxix ,,arrow-,,head4--,s4 variabilis4 ,,ground ,,cherry4 ,physalis ,virginiana4 ,nightshade ,family4 ,a strong-scented1 low1 much branched and spreading herb4 ,leaves4--,somewhat oblong or heart-shaped1 wavy-toothed4 ,flowers4--,greenish or yellowish-white1 solitary on nodding flower-stalks4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft2 enlarging and much inflated in fruit1 loosely enclosing the berry4 ,corolla4--,between wheel-shaped and funnel-form4 ,stamens4--,five1 erect1 with yellow anthers4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,a green or yellow edible berry which is loosely enveloped in the much-inflated calyx4 ,we find the ground cherry in light sandy soil1 and are more apt to notice the loosely enveloped berry of the late year than the rather inconspicuous flowers which appear in summer4 ,,turtle-,,head4 ,chelone glabra4 ,figwort ,family4 ,one to seven feet high4 ,stem4--,smooth1 upright1 branching4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 lance-shaped1 toothed4 ,flowers4--,white or pinkish1 growing in a spike or close cluster4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 the upper lip broad and arched1 notched at the apex1 lower lip three-lobed at the apex1 woolly bearded in the throat4 ,stamens4--,four perfect ones1 with woolly filaments and very woolly1 heart-shaped anthers1 and one small sterile one4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,it seems to have been my fate to find the flowers which the botany relegates to 8dry1 sandy soil0 flourishing luxuriantly in marshes2 and to encounter the flowers which by rights belong to 8wet woods0 flaunting themselves in sunny meadows4 ,this cannot be attributed to the natural depravity of inanimate objects1 for what is more full of life than the flowers8--and no one would believe in their depravity except perhaps the amateur botanist who is endeavoring to master the different species of golden-rods and asters4 ,therefore it is pleasant to record that ,i do not remember ever having met a turtle-head1 which is assigned by the botany to 8wet places10 which had not gotten as close to a stream or a marsh or a moist ditch as it well could without actually wetting its feet4 ,the flowers of this plant are more odd and striking than pretty4 ,their appearance is such that their common name seems fairly appropriate4 ,i have heard unbotanical people call them 8white closed gentians40 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxx ,,turtle-,,head4--,c4 glabra4 ,,common ,,dodder4 ,,love ,,vine4 ,cuscuta ,gronovii4 ,convolvulus ,family4 ,stems4--,yellow or reddish1 thread-like1 twining1 leafless4 ,flowers4--,white1 in close clusters4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,with five spreading lobes4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two styles4 ,late in the summer we are perhaps tempted deep into some thicket by the jasmine-scented heads of the button-bush or the fragrant spikes of the clethra1 and note for the first time the tangled golden threads and close white flower-clusters of the dodder4 ,if we try to trace to their source these twisted stems1 which the ,creoles know as 8angels' hair10 we discover that they are fastened to the bark of the shrub or plant about which they are twining by means of small suckers2 but nowhere can we find any connection with the earth1 all their nourishment being extracted from the plant to which they are adhering4 ,originally this curious herb sprang from the ground which succored it until it succeeded in attaching itself to some plant2 having accomplished this it severed all connection with mother-earth by the withering away or snapping off of the stem below4 ,the flax-dodder1 ,c4 ,epilinum1 is a very injurious plant in ,european flax-fields4 ,it has been sparingly introduced into this country with flax-seed4 ,,traveller',s ,,joy4 ,,virgin',s ,,bower4 ,clematis ,virginiana4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,stem4--,climbing1 somewhat woody4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 three-divided4 ,flowers4--,whitish1 in clusters1 unisexual4 ,calyx4--,of four petal-like sepals4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens and ,pistils4--,indefinite in number1 occurring on different plants4 ,in ,july and ,august this beautiful plant1 covered with its white blossoms and clambering over the shrubs which border the country lanes1 makes indeed a fitting bower for any maid or traveller who may chance to be seeking shelter4 ,later in the year the seeds with their silvery plumes give a feathery effect which is very striking4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi ,,traveller',s ,,joy4--,clematis ,virginiana4 ,this graceful climber works its way by means of its bending or clasping leaf-stalks4 ,darwin has made interesting experiments regarding the movements of the young shoots of the ,clematis4 ,he discovered that1 8one revolved describing a broad oval1 in five hours1 thirty minutes2 and another in six hours1 twelve minutes2 they follow the course of the sun40 ,,sweet ,,pepperbush4 ,,white ,,alder4 ,clethra alnifolia4 ,heath ,family4 ,a shrub from three to ten feet high4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 ovate1 sharply toothed4 ,flowers4--,white1 growing in clustered finger-like racemes4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five oblong petals4 ,stamens4--,ten1 protruding4 ,pistil4--,one1 three-cleft at apex4 ,nearly all our flowering shrubs are past their glory by midsummer1 when the fragrant blossoms of the sweet pepperbush begin to exhale their perfume from the cool thickets which line the lanes along the ,new ,england coast4 ,there is a certain luxuriance in the vegetation of this part of the country in ,august which is generally lacking farther inland1 where the fairer flowers have passed away1 and the country begins to show the effects of the long days of heat and drought4 ,the moisture of the air1 and the peculiar character of the soil near the sea1 are responsible for the freshness and beauty of many of the late flowers which we find in such a locality4 ,clethra is the ancient ,greek name for the alder1 which this plant somewhat resembles in foliage4 ,,thorn-,,apple4 ,,jamestown ,,weed4 ,datura ,stramonium4 ,nightshade ,family4 ,stem4--,smooth and branching4 ,leaves4--,ovate1 wavy-toothed or angled4 ,flowers4--,white1 large and showy1 on short flower-stalks from the forks of the branching stem4 ,calyx4--,five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,funnel-form1 the border five-toothed4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,green1 globular1 prickly4 ,the showy white flowers of the thorn-apple are found in waste places during the summer and autumn1 a heap of rubbish forming their usual unattractive background4 ,the plant is a rank1 ill-scented one1 which was introduced into our country from ,asia4 ,it was so associated with civilization as to be called the 8white man's plant0 by the ,indians4 ,its purple-flowered relative1 ,d4 ,tatula1 is an emigrant from the tropics4 ,this genus possesses narcotic-poisonous properties4 ,,wild ,,balsam-,,apple4 ,echinocystis lobata4 ,gourd ,family4 ,stem4--,climbing1 nearly smooth1 with three-forked tendrils4 ,leaves4--,deeply and sharply five-lobed4 ,flowers4--,numerous1 small1 greenish-white1 unisexual2 the staminate ones growing in long racemes1 the pistillate ones in small clusters or solitary4 ,fruit4--,fleshy1 oval1 green1 about two inches long1 clothed with weak prickles4 ,this is an ornamental climber which is found bearing its flowers and fruit at the same time4 ,it grows in rich soil along rivers in parts of ,new ,england1 ,pennsylvania1 and westward2 and is often cultivated in gardens1 making an effective arbor-vine4 ,the generic name is from two ,greek words which signify hedgehog and bladder1 in reference to the prickly fruit4 ,,white ,,asters4 ,aster4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,flower-heads4--,composed of white ray-flowers with a centre of yellow disk-flowers4 ,while we have far fewer species of white than of blue or purple asters1 some of these few are so abundant in individuals as to hold their own fairly well against their bright-hued rivals4 ,the slender zigzag stems1 thin1 coarsely toothed1 heart-shaped leaves1 and white1 loosely clustered flower-heads of ,a4 corymbosus1 are noticeable along the shaded roadsides and in the open woods of ,august4 ,bordering the dry fields at this same season are the spreading wand-like branches1 thickly covered with the tiny flower-heads as with snowflakes1 of ,a4 ericoides4 ,a4 umbellatus is the tall white aster of the swamps and moist thickets4 ,it sometimes reaches a height of seven feet1 and can be identified by its long tapering leaves and large1 flat flower-clusters4 ,a beautiful and abundant seaside species is ,a4 multiflorus4 ,its small flower-heads are closely crowded on the low1 bushy1 spreading branches2 its leaves are narrow1 rigid1 crowded1 and somewhat hoary4 ,the whole effect of the plant is heath-like2 it also somewhat suggests an evergreen4 ,,boneset4 ,,thoroughwort4 ,eupatorium perfoliatum4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,stout and hairy1 two to four feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 widely spreading1 lance-shaped1 united at the base around the stem4 ,flower-heads4--,dull white1 small1 composed entirely of tubular blossoms borne in large clusters4 ,to one whose childhood was passed in the country some fifty years ago the name or sight of this plant is fraught with unpleasant memories4 ,the attic or wood-shed was hung with bunches of the dried herb which served as so many grewsome warnings against wet feet1 or any over-exposure which might result in cold or malaria4 ,a certain ,nemesis1 in the shape of a nauseous draught which was poured down the throat under the name of 8boneset tea10 attended such a catastrophe4 ,the ,indians first discovered its virtues1 and named the plant ague-weed4 ,possibly this is one of the few herbs whose efficacy has not been over-rated4 ,dr4 ,millspaugh says3 8,it is prominently adapted to cure a disease peculiar to the ,south1 known as break-bone fever 7,dengue71 and it is without doubt from this property that the name boneset was derived40 ,,white ,,snakeroot4 ,eupatorium ageratoides4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,about three feet high4 ,stem4--,smooth and branching4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 long-stalked1 broadly ovate1 coarsely and sharply toothed4 ,flower-heads4--,white1 clustered1 composed of tubular blossoms4 ,although this species is less common than boneset1 it is frequently found blossoming in the rich ,northern woods of late summer4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii ,,boneset4--,e4 perfoliatum4 ,,climbing ,,hemp-,,weed4 ,mikania scandens4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,twining and climbing1 nearly smooth4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 somewhat triangular-heart-shaped1 pointed1 toothed at the base4 ,flower-heads4--,dull white or flesh-color1 composed of four tubular flowers2 clustered1 resembling boneset4 ,in late summer one often finds the thickets which line the slow streams nearly covered with the dull white flowers of the climbing hemp-weed4 ,at first sight the likeness to the boneset is so marked that the two plants are often confused1 but a second glance discovers the climbing stems and triangular leaves which clearly distinguish this genus4 ,,ladies' ,,tresses4 ,spiranthes cernua4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,stem4--,leafy below1 leafy-bracted above1 six to twenty inches high4 ,leaves4--,linear-lance-shaped1 the lowest elongated4 ,flowers4--,white1 fragrant1 the lips wavy or crisped2 growing in slender spikes4 ,this pretty little orchid is found in great abundance in ,september and ,october4 ,the botany relegates it to 8wet places10 but ,i have seen dry upland pastures as well as low-lying swamps profusely flecked with its slender1 fragrant spikes4 ,the braided appearance of these spikes would easily account for the popular name of ladies' tresses2 but we learn that the plant's ,english name was formerly 8ladies' traces10 from a fancied resemblance between its twisted clusters and the lacings which played so important a part in the feminine toilet4 ,i am told that in parts of ,new ,england the country people have christened the plant 8wild hyacinth40 ,the flowers of ,s4 gracilis are very small1 and grow in a much more slender1 one-sided spike than those of ,s4 cernua4 ,they are found in the dry woods and along the sandy hill-sides from ,july onward4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii ,,ladies' ,,tresses4--,s4 cernua4 ,,green-,,flowered ,,milkweed4 ,asclepias verticillata4 ,milkweed ,family4 ,stem4--,slender1 very leafy to the summit4 ,leaves4--,very narrow1 from three to six in a whorl4 ,flowers4--,greenish-white1 in small clusters at the summit and along the sides of the stem4 ,fruit4--,two erect pods1 one often stunted4 ,this species is one commonly found on dry uplands1 especially southward1 with flowers resembling in structure those of the other milkweeds4 7,pl4 47 ,,groundsel ,,tree4 ,baccharis halimifolia4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,a shrub from six to twelve feet high4 ,leaves4--,somewhat ovate and wedge-shaped1 coarsely toothed on the upper entire4 ,flower-heads4--,whitish or yellowish1 composed of unisexual tubular flowers1 the stamens and pistils occurring on different plants4 ,some ,october day1 as we pick our way through the salt marshes which lie back of the beach1 we may spy in the distance a thicket which looks as though composed of such white-flowered shrubs as belong to ,june4 ,hastening to the spot we discover that the silky-tufted seeds of the female groundsel tree are responsible for our surprise4 ,the shrub is much more noticeable and effective at this season than when--a few weeks previous--it was covered with its small white or yellowish flower-heads4 ,,grass ,,of ,,parnassus4 ,parnassia ,caroliniana4 ,saxifrage ,family4 ,stem4--,scape-like1 nine inches to two feet high1 with usually one small rounded leaf clasping it below2 bearing at its summit a single flower4 ,leaves4--,thickish1 rounded1 often heart-shaped1 from the root4 ,flower4--,white or cream-color1 veiny4 ,calyx4--,of five slightly united sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five veiny petals4 ,true ,stamens4--,five1 alternate with the petals1 and with clusters of sterile gland-tipped filaments4 ,pistil4--,one1 with four stigmas4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv ,,grass ,,of ,,parnassus4--,p4 ,caroliniana4 ,gerarde indignantly declares that this plant has been described by blind men1 not 8such as are blinde in their eyes1 but in their understandings1 for if this plant be a kind of grasse then may the ,butter-burre or ,colte's-foote be reckoned for grasses--as also all other plants whatsoever40 ,but if it covered ,parnassus with its delicate veiny blossoms as abundantly as it does some moist ,new ,england meadows each autumn1 the ancients may have reasoned that a plant almost as common as grass must somehow partake of its nature4 ,the slender-stemmed1 creamy flowers are never seen to better advantage than when disputing with the fringed gentian the possession of some luxurious swamp4 ,,pearly ,,everlasting4 ,anaphilis margaritacea4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,erect1 one or two feet high1 leafy4 ,leaves4--,broadly linear to lance-shaped4 ,flower-heads4--,composed entirely of tubular flowers with very numerous pearly white involucral scales4 ,this species is common throughout our ,northern woods and pastures1 blossoming in ,august4 ,thoreau writes of it in ,september3 8,the pearly everlasting is an interesting white at present4 ,though the stems and leaves are still green1 it is dry and unwithering like an artificial flower2 its white1 flexuous stem and branches1 too1 like wire wound with cotton4 ,neither is there any scent to betray it4 ,its amaranthine quality is instead of high color4 ,its very brown centre now affects me as a fresh and original color4 ,it monopolizes small circles in the midst of sweet fern1 perchance1 on a dry hill-side40 ,,fragrant ,,life-,,everlasting4 ,gnaphalium polycephalum4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,erect1 one to three feet high1 woolly4 ,leaves4--,lance-shaped4 ,flower-heads4--,yellowish-white1 clustered at the summit of the branches1 composed of many tubular flowers4 ,this is the 8fragrant life-everlasting10 as ,thoreau calls it1 of late summer4 ,it abounds in rocky pastures and throughout the somewhat open woods4 ,,note4--,flowers so faintly tinged with color as to give a white effect in the mass or at a distance are placed in the ,white section3 greenish or greenish-white flowers are also found here4 ,the ,moth ,mullein 7p4 #aeb7 and ,bouncing ,bet 7p4 #aif7 are found frequently bearing white flowers3 indeed1 white varieties of flowers which are usually colored1 need never surprise one4 ,,ii ,,yellow ,,marsh ,,marigold4 ,caltha palustris4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,stem4--,hollow1 furrowed4 ,leaves4--,rounded1 somewhat kidney-shaped4 ,flowers4--,golden-yellow4 ,calyx4--,of five to nine petal-like sepals4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistils4--,five to ten1 almost without styles4 ,hark1 hark6 the lark at ,heaven's gate sings1 ,and ,phbus 'gins arise1 ,his steeds to water at those springs1 ,on chaliced flowers that lies3 ,and winking ,mary-buds begin ,to ope their golden eyes2 ,with everything that pretty is-- ,my lady sweet1 arise6 ,arise1 arise4--,cymbeline4 ,we claim--and not without authority--that these 8winking ,mary-buds0 are identical with the gay marsh marigolds which border our springs and gladden our wet meadows every ,april4 ,there are those who assert that the poet had in mind the garden marigold--,calendula--but surely no cultivated flower could harmonize with the spirit of the song as do these gleaming swamp blossoms4 ,we will yield to the garden if necessary-- ,the marigold that goes to bed with the sun ,and with him rises weeping-- of the 8,winter's ,tale10 but insist on retaining for that larger1 lovelier garden in which we all feel a certain sense of possession--even if we are not taxed on real estate in any part of the country--the 8golden eyes0 of the ,mary-buds1 and we feel strengthened in our position by the statement in ,mr4 ,robinson's 8,wild ,garden0 that the marsh marigold is so abundant along certain ,english rivers as to cause the ground to look as though paved with gold at those seasons when they overflow their banks4 ,these flowers are peddled about our streets every spring under the name of cowslips--a title to which they have no claim1 and which is the result of that reckless fashion of christening unrecognized flowers which is so prevalent1 and which is responsible for so much confusion about their ,english names4 ,the derivation of marigold is somewhat obscure4 ,in the 8,grete ,herball0 of the sixteenth century the flower is spoken of as ,mary ,gowles1 and by the early ,english poets as gold simply4 ,as the first part of the word might be derived from the ,anglo-,saxon mere--a marsh1 it seems possible that the entire name may signify marsh-gold1 which would be an appropriate and poetic title for this shining flower of the marshes4 ,,spice-,,bush4 ,,benjamin-,,bush4 ,,fever-,,bush4 ,lindera ,benzoin4 ,laurel ,family4 ,an aromatic shrub from six to fifteen feet high4 ,leaves4--,oblong1 pale underneath4 ,flowers4--,appearing before the leaves in ,march or ,april1 honey-yellow1 borne in clusters which are composed of smaller clusters1 surrounded by an involucre of four early falling scales4 ,fruit4--,red1 berry-like1 somewhat pear-shaped4 ,these are among the very earliest blossoms to be found in the moist woods of spring4 ,during the ,revolution the powdered berries were used as a substitute for allspice2 while at the time of the ,rebellion the leaves served as a substitute for tea4 ,,yellow ,,adder',s ,,tongue4 ,,dog',s ,,tooth ,,violet4 ,erythronium ,americanum4 ,lily ,family4 ,scape4--,six to nine inches high1 one-flowered4 ,leaves4--,two1 oblong-lance-shaped1 pale green mottled with purple and white4 ,flower4--,rather large1 pale yellow marked with purple1 nodding4 ,perianth4--,of six recurved or spreading sepals4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,the white blossoms of the shad-bush gleam from the thicket1 and the sheltered hill-side is already starred with the blood-root and anemone when we go to seek the yellow adder's tongue4 ,we direct our steps toward one of those hollows in the wood which is watered by such a clear gurgling brook as must appeal to every country-loving heart2 and there where the pale ,april sunlight filters through the leafless branches1 nod myriads of these lilies1 each one guarded by a pair of mottled1 erect1 sentinel-like leaves4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv ,,marsh ,,marigold4--,c4 palustris4 ,the two ,english names of this plant are unsatisfactory and inappropriate4 ,if the marking of its leaves resembles the skin of an adder why name it after its tongue8 ,and there is equally little reason for calling a lily a violet4 ,mr4 ,burroughs has suggested two pretty and significant names4 8,fawn lily10 he thinks1 would be appropriate1 because a fawn is also mottled1 and because the two leaves stand up with the alert1 startled look of a fawn's ears4 ,the speckled foliage and perhaps its flowering season are indicated in the title 8trout-lily10 which has a spring-like flavor not without charm4 ,it is said that the early settlers of ,pennsylvania named the flower 8yellow snowdrop10 in memory of their own 8harbinger-of-spring40 ,the white adder's tongue1 ,e4 albidum1 is a species which is usually found somewhat westward4 ,,celandine4 ,chelidonium majus4 ,poppy ,family4 ,stem4--,brittle1 with saffron-colored1 acrid juice4 ,leaves4--,compound or divided1 toothed or cut4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,of two sepals falling early4 ,corolla4--,of four petals4 ,stamens4--,sixteen to twenty-four4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed stigma4 ,pod4--,slender1 linear4 ,the name of celandine must always suggest the poet who never seemed to weary of writing in its honor3 ,pansies1 lilies1 kingcups1 daisies1 ,let them live upon their praises2 ,long as there's a sun that sets1 ,primroses will have their glory2 ,long as there are violets1 ,they will have a place in story2 ,there's a flower that shall be mine1 ',tis the little celandine4 ,and when certain yellow flowers which frequent the village roadside are pointed out to us as those of the celandine1 we feel a sense of disappointment that the favorite theme of ,wordsworth should arouse within us so little enthusiasm4 ,so perhaps we are rather relieved than otherwise to realize that the botanical name of this plant signifies greater celandine2 for we remember that the poet never failed to specify the small celandine as the object of his praise4 ,the small celandine is ,ranunculus ficaria1 one of the ,crowfoot family1 and is only found in this country as an escape from gardens4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi ,,yellow ,,adder',s ,,tongue4--,e4 ,americanum4 ,gray tells us that the generic name1 ,chelidonium1 from the ancient ,greek for swallow1 was given 8because its flowers appear with the swallows20 but if we turn to ,gerarde we read that the title was not bestowed 8because it first springeth at the coming in of the swallowes1 or dieth when they go away1 for as we have saide1 it may be founde all the yeare2 but because some holde opinion1 that with this herbe the dams restore sight to their young ones1 when their eies be put out40 ,,celandine ,,poppy4 ,stylophorum diphyllum4 ,poppy ,family4 ,stem4--,low1 two-leaved4 ,stem-leaves4--,opposite1 deeply incised4 ,root-leaves4--,incised or divided4 ,flowers4--,deep yellow1 large1 one or more at the summit of the stem4 ,calyx4--,of two hairy sepals4 ,corolla4--,of four petals4 ,stamens4--,many4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two to four-lobed stigma4 ,in ,april or ,may1 somewhat south and westward1 the woods are brightened1 and occasionally the hill-sides are painted yellow1 by this handsome flower4 ,in both flower and foliage the plant suggests the celandine4 ,,downy ,,yellow ,,violet4 ,viola pubescens4 ,violet ,family4 ,stems4--,leafy above1 erect4 ,leaves4--,broadly heart-shaped1 toothed4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 veined with purple1 otherwise much like those of the common blue violet4 ,when beechen buds begin to swell1 ,and woods the blue-bird's warble know1 ,the yellow violet's modest bell ,peeps from the last year's leaves below1 sings ,bryant1 in his charming1 but not strictly accurate poem1 for the chances are that the 8beechen buds0 have almost burst into foliage1 and that the 8bluebird's warble0 has been heard for some time when these pretty flowers begin to dot the woods4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii ,,downy ,,yellow ,,violet4--,v4 pubescens4 ,the lines which run3 ,yet slight thy form1 and low thy seat1 ,and earthward bent thy gentle eye1 ,unapt the passing view to meet1 ,when loftier flowers are flaunting nigh1 would seem to apply more correctly to the round-leaved1 ,v4 rotundifolia1 than to the downy violet1 for although its large1 flat shining leaves are somewhat conspicuous1 its flowers are borne singly on a low scape1 which would be less apt to attract notice than the tall1 leafy flowering stems of the other4 ,,common ,,cinquefoil4 ,,five ,,finger4 ,potentilla ,canadensis4 ,rose ,family4 ,stem4--,slender1 prostrate1 or sometimes erect4 ,leaves4--,divided really into three leaflets1 but apparently into five by the parting of the lateral leaflets4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 growing singly from the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,deeply five-cleft1 with bracts between each tooth1 thus appearing ten-cleft4 ,corolla4--,of five rounded petals4 ,stamens4--,many4 ,pistils4--,many in a head4 ,from spring to nearly midsummer the roads are bordered and the fields carpeted with the bright flowers of the common cinquefoil4 ,the passer-by unconsciously betrays his recognition of some of the prominent features of the ,rose family by often assuming that the plant is a yellow-flowered wild strawberry4 ,both of the ,english names refer to the pretty foliage1 cinquefoil being derived from the ,french cinque feuilles4 ,the generic name1 ,potentilla1 has reference to the powerful medicinal properties formerly attributed to the genus4 ,,shrubby ,,cinquefoil4 ,,five ,,finger4 ,potentilla fruticosa4 ,rose ,family4 ,stem4--,erect1 shrubby1 one to four feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into five to seven narrow leaflets4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 resembling those of the common cinquefoil4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii ,,shrubby ,,cinquefoil4--,p4 fruticosa4 ,of all the cinquefoils perhaps this one most truly merits the title five finger4 ,certainly its slender leaflets are much more finger-like than those of the common cinquefoil4 ,it is not a common plant in most localities1 but is very abundant among the ,berkshire ,hills4 ,,silvery ,,cinquefoil4 ,potentilla argentea4 ,rose ,family4 ,stems4--,ascending1 branched at the summit1 white1 woolly4 ,leaves4--,divided into five wedge-oblong1 deeply incised leaflets1 which are green above1 white with silvery wool1 beneath4 ,the silvery cinquefoil has rather large yellow flowers which are found in dry fields throughout the summer as far south as ,new ,jersey4 ,,golden ,,ragwort4 ,,squaw-,,weed4 ,senecio aureus4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,one to three feet high4 ,root-leaves4--,rounded1 the larger ones mostly heart-shaped1 toothed1 and long-stalked4 ,stem-leaves4--,the lower lyre-shaped1 the upper lance-shaped1 incised1 set close to the stem4 ,flower-heads4--,yellow1 clustered1 composed of both ray and disk-flowers4 ,a child would perhaps liken the flower of the golden ragwort to a yellow daisy4 ,stain yellow the white rays of the daisy1 diminish the size of the whole head somewhat1 and you have a pretty good likeness of the ragwort4 ,there need be little difficulty in the identification of this plant--although there are several marked varieties--for its flowers are abundant in the early year1 at which season but few members of the ,composite family are abroad4 ,the generic name is from senex--an old man--alluding to the silky down of the seeds1 which is supposed to suggest the silvery hairs of age4 ,closely allied to the golden ragwort is the common groundsel1 ,s4 vulgaris1 which is given as food to caged birds4 ,the flower-heads of this species are without rays4 ------ ------ ,clintonia borealis4 ,lily ,family4 ,scape4--,five to eight inches high1 sheathed at its base by the stalks of two to four large1 oblong1 conspicuous leaves4 ,flowers4--,greenish-yellow1 rather large1 rarely solitary4 ,perianth4--,of six sepals4 ,stamens4--,six1 protruding4 ,pistil4--,one1 protruding4 ,fruit4--,a blue berry4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix ,clintonia borealis4 ,when rambling through the cool1 moist woods our attention is often attracted by patches of great dark1 shining1 leaves2 and if it be late in the year we long to know the flower of which this rich foliage is the setting4 ,to satisfy our curiosity we must return the following ,may or ,june1 when we shall probably find that a slender scape rises from its midst bearing at its summit several bell-shaped flowers1 which1 without either high color or fragrance1 are peculiarly charming4 ,it is hard to understand why this beautiful plant has received no ,english name4 ,as to its generic title we cannot but sympathize with ,thoreau4 8,gray should not have named it from the ,governor of ,new ,york10 he complains2 8what is he to the lovers of flowers in ,massachusetts8 ,if named after a man1 it must be a man of flowers4444 ,name your canals and railroads after ,clinton1 if you please1 but his name is not associated with flowers40 ,c4 umbellata is a more ,southern species1 with smaller white flowers1 which are speckled with green or purplish dots4 ,,yellow ,,lady',s ,,slipper4 ,,whip-,,poor-,,will',s ,,shoe4 ,cypripedium pubescens4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,stem4--,about two feet high1 downy1 leafy to the top1 one to three-flowered4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 broadly oval1 many-nerved and plaited4 ,flowers4--,large1 yellow4 ,perianth4--,two of the three brownish1 elongated sepals united into one under the lip2 the lateral petals linear1 wavy-twisted1 brownish2 the pale yellow lip an inflated pouch4 ,stamens4--,two1 the short filaments of each bearing a two-celled anther4 ,stigma4--,broad1 obscurely three-lobed1 moist and roughish4 ,the yellow lady's slipper usually blossoms in ,may or ,june1 a few days later than its pink sister1 ,c4 acaule4 ,regarding its favorite haunts1 ,mr4 ,baldwin#c says3 8,its preference is for maples1 beeches1 and particularly butternuts1 and for sloping or hilly ground1 and ,i always look with glad suspicion at a knoll covered with ferns1 cohoshes1 and trilliums1 expecting to see a clump of this plant among them4 ,its sentinel-like habit of choosing #8sightly places' leads it to venture well up on mountain sides40 ,the long1 wavy1 brownish petals give the flower an alert1 startled look when surprised in its lonely hiding-places4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xl ,,smaller ,,yellow ,,lady',s ,,slipper4--,c4 parviflorum4 ,c4 parviflorum1 the small yellow lady's slipper1 differs from ,c4 pubescens in the superior richness of its color as well as in its size4 ,it also has the charm of fragrance4 ,,early ,,meadow ,,parsnip4 ,zizia aurea4 ,parsley ,family 7p4 #ae74 ,one to three feet high4 ,leaves4--,twice or thrice-compound1 leaflets oblong to lance-shaped1 toothed4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 small1 in compound umbels4 ,this is one of the earliest members of the ,parsley family to appear4 ,its golden flower-clusters brighten the damp meadows and the borders of streams in ,may or ,june and closely resemble the meadow parsnip1 ,thaspium aureum1 of which this species was formerly considered a variety1 of the later year4 ,the tall1 stout1 common wild parsnip1 ,pastinaca sativa1 is another yellow representative of this family in which white flowers prevail1 the three plants here mentioned being the only yellow species commonly encountered4 ,the common parsnip may be identified by its grooved stem and simply compound leaves4 ,its roots have been utilized for food at least since the reign of ,tiberius1 for ,pliny tells us that that ,emperor brought them to ,rome from the banks of the ,rhine1 where they were successfully cultivated4 ,,golden ,,club4 ,orontium aquaticum4 ,arum ,family4 ,scape4--,slender1 elongated4 ,leaves4--,long-stalked1 oblong1 floating4 ,flowers4--,small1 yellow1 crowded over the narrow spike or spadix4 ,when we go to the bogs in ,may to hunt for the purple flower of the pitcher-plant we are likely to chance upon the well-named golden club4 ,this curious-looking club-shaped object1 which is found along the borders of ponds1 indicates its relationship to the jack-in-the-pulpit1 and still more to the calla lily1 but unlike them its tiny flowers are shielded by no protecting spathe4 ,kalm tells us in his 8,travels10 8that the ,indians called the plant ,taw-,kee1 and used its dried seeds as food40 ,,spearwort4 ,ranunculus ambigens4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,stems4--,one to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,oblong or lance-shaped1 mostly toothed1 contracted into a half-clasping leaf-stalk4 ,flowers4--,bright yellow1 solitary or clustered4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five to seven oblong petals4 ,stamens4--,indefinite in number1 occasionally few4 ,pistils4--,numerous in a head4 ,many weeks after the marsh marigolds have passed away1 just such marshy places as they affected are brightly flecked with gold4 ,wondering1 perhaps1 if they can be flowering for the second time in the season1 we wade recklessly into the bog to rescue1 not the marsh marigold1 but its near relation1 the spearwort1 which is still more closely related to the buttercup1 as a little comparison of the two flowers will show4 ,this plant is especially common at the ,north4 ,,indian ,,cucumber-,,root4 ,medeola ,virginica4 ,lily ,family4 ,root4--,tuberous1 shaped somewhat like a cucumber1 with a suggestion of its flavor4 ,stem4--,slender1 from one to three feet high1 at first clothed with wool4 ,leaves4--,in two whorls on the flowering plants1 the lower of five to nine oblong1 pointed leaves set close to the stem1 the upper usually of three or four much smaller ones4 ,flowers4--,greenish-yellow1 small1 clustered1 recurved1 set close to the upper leaves4 ,perianth4--,of three sepals and three petals1 oblong and alike4 ,stamens4--,six1 reddish-brown4 ,pistil4--,with three stigmas1 long1 recurved1 and reddish-brown4 ,fruit4--,a purple berry4 ,one is more apt to pause in ,september to note the brilliant foliage and purple berries of this little plant than to gather the drooping inconspicuous blossoms for his bunch of wood-flowers in ,june4 ,the generic name is after the sorceress ,medea1 on account of its supposed medicinal virtues1 of which1 however1 there seems to be no record4 ,the tuberous rootstock has the flavor1 and something the shape1 of the cucumber1 and was probably used as food by the ,indians4 ,it would not be an uninteresting study to discover which of our common wild plants are able to afford pleasant and nutritious food2 in such a pursuit many of the otherwise unattractive popular names would prove suggestive4 ,,common ,,bladderwort4 ,utricularia vulgaris4 ,bladderwort ,family4 ,stems4--,immersed1 one to three feet long4 ,leaves4--,many-parted1 hair-like1 bearing numerous bladders4 ,scape4--,six to twelve inches long4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 five to twelve on each scape4 ,calyx4--,two-lipped4 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 spurred at the base4 ,stamens4--,two4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,this curious water-plant may or may not have roots2 in either case it is not fastened to the ground1 but is floated by means of the many bladders which are borne on its finely dissected leaves4 ,it is commonly found in ponds and slow streams1 flowering throughout the summer4 ,thoreau calls it 8a dirty-conditioned flower1 like a sluttish woman with a gaudy yellow bonnet40 ,the horned bladderwort1 ,u4 cornuta1 roots in the peat-bogs and sandy swamps4 ,its large yellow helmet-shaped flowers are very fragrant1 less than half a dozen being borne on each scape4 ,,yellow ,,pond-,,lily4 ,,spatter ,,dock4 ,nuphar advena4 ,water-lily ,family4 ,leaves4--,floating or erect1 roundish to oblong1 with a deep cleft at their base4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 sometimes purplish1 large1 somewhat globular4 ,calyx4--,of five or six sepals or more1 yellow or green without4 ,corolla4--,of numerous small1 thick1 fleshy petals which are shorter than the stamens and resemble them4 ,stamens4--,very numerous4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a disk-like1 many-rayed stigma4 ,bordering the slow streams and stagnant ponds from ,may till ,august may be seen the yellow pond-lilies4 ,these flowers lack the delicate beauty and fragrance of the white water-lilies2 having1 indeed1 either from their odor1 or appearance1 or the form of their fruit1 won for themselves in ,england the unpoetic title of 8brandy-bottle40 ,owing to their love of mud they have also been called 8frog-lilies40 ,the ,indians used their roots for food4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xli ,,indian ,,cucumber-,,root4--,m4 ,virginiana4 ,,winter-,,cress1 ,,yellow ,,rocket4 ,,herb ,,of ,,st4 ,,barbara4 ,barbarea vulgaris4 ,mustard ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,stem4--,smooth4 ,leaves4--,the lower lyre-shaped2 the upper ovate1 toothed or deeply incised at their base4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 growing in racemes4 ,pod4--,linear1 erect or slightly spreading4 ,as early as ,may we find the bright flowers of the winter-cress along the roadside4 ,this is probably the first of the yellow mustards to appear4 ,,black ,,mustard4 ,brassica nigra4 ,mustard ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,often several feet high4 ,stem4--,branching4 ,leaves4--,the lower with a large terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 rather small1 growing in a raceme4 ,pods4--,smooth1 erect1 appressed1 about half an inch long4 ,many are familiar with the appearance of this plant who are ignorant of its name4 ,the pale yellow flowers spring from the waste places along the roadside and border the dry fields throughout the summer4 ,the tall spreading branches recall the biblical description3 8,it groweth up1 and becometh greater than all herbs1 and shooteth out great branches2 so that the fowls of the air may lodge under the shadow of it40 ,this plant is extensively cultivated in ,europe1 its ground seeds forming the well-known condiment4 ,the ancients used it for medicinal purposes4 ,it has come across the water to us1 and is a troublesome weed in many parts of the country4 ,,wild ,,radish4 ,raphanus ,raphanistrum4 ,mustard ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,one to three feet high4 ,leaves4--,rough1 lyre-shaped4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 veiny1 turning white or purplish2 larger than those of the black mustard1 otherwise resembling them4 ,pod4--,often necklace-form by constriction between the seeds4 ,this plant is a troublesome weed in many of our fields4 ,it is the stock from which the garden radish has been raised4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlii ,,winter-,,cress4--,b4 vulgaris4 ,,cynthia4 ,,dwarf ,,dandelion4 ,krigia ,virginica4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stems4--,several1 becoming branched1 leafy4 ,leaves4--,earlier ones roundish2 the latter narrower and often cleft4 ,flower-heads4--,yellow1 composed entirely of strap-shaped flowers4 ,in some parts of the country these flowers are among the earliest to appear4 ,they are found in ,new ,england1 as well as south and westward4 ,the flowers of ,k4 amplexicaulis appear later1 and their range is a little farther south4 ,near ,philadelphia great masses of the orange-colored blossoms and pale green stems and foliage line the railway embankments in ,june4 ,,rattlesnake-,,weed4 ,hieracium venosum4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem or ,scape4--,one or two feet high1 naked or with a single leaf1 smooth1 slender1 forking above4 ,leaves4--,from the root1 oblong1 often making a sort of flat rosette1 usually conspicuously veined with purple4 ,flower-heads4--,yellow1 composed entirely of strap-shaped flowers4 ,the loosely clustered yellow flower-heads of the rattlesnake-weed somewhat resemble small dandelions4 ,they abound in the pine-woods and dry1 waste places of early summer4 ,the purple-veined leaves1 whose curious markings give to the plant its common name1 grow close to the ground and are supposed to be efficacious in rattlesnake bites4 ,here again crops out the old 8doctrine of signatures10 for undoubtedly this virtue has been attributed to the species solely on account of the fancied resemblance between its leaves and the markings of the rattlesnake4 ,h4 scabrum is another common species1 which may be distinguished from the rattlesnake-weed by its stout1 leafy stem and unveined leaves4 ,,dandelion4 ,taraxacum officinale4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliii ,,rattlesnake-,,weed4--,h4 venosum4 ,if ,emerson's definition of a weed1 as a plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered1 be correct1 we can hardly place the dandelion in that category1 for its young sprouts have been valued as a pot-herb1 its fresh leaves enjoyed as a salad1 and its dried roots used as a substitute for coffee in various countries and ages4 ,it is said that the ,apache ,indians so greatly relish it as food1 that they scour the country for many days in order to procure enough to appease their appetites1 and that the quantity consumed by one individual exceeds belief4 ,the feathery-tufted seeds which form the downy balls beloved as 8clocks0 by country children1 are delicately and beautifully adapted to dissemination by the wind1 which ingenious arrangement partly accounts for the plant's wide range4 ,the common name is a corruption of the ,french dent de lion4 ,there is a difference of opinion as to which part of the plant is supposed to resemble a lion's tooth4 ,some fancy the jagged leaves gave rise to the name1 while others claim that it refers to the yellow flowers1 which they liken to the golden teeth of the heraldic lion4 ,in nearly every ,european country the plant bears a name of similar signification4 ,,poverty-,,grass4 ,hudsonia tomentosa4 ,rock-rose ,family4 8,bushy1 heath-like little shrubs1 seldom a foot high40 7,gray47 ,leaves4--,small1 oval or narrowly oblong1 pressed close to the stem4 ,flowers4--,bright yellow1 small1 numerous1 crowded along the upper part of the branches4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals1 the two outer much smaller4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,nine to thirty4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a long and slender style4 ,in early summer many of the sand-hills along the ,new ,england coast are bright with the yellow flowers of this hoary little shrub4 ,it is also found as far south as ,maryland and near the ,great ,lakes4 ,each blossom endures for a single day only4 ,the plant's popular name is due to its economical habit of utilizing sandy unproductive soil where little else will flourish4 ,,bush-,,honeysuckle4 ,diervilla trifida4 ,honeysuckle ,family4 ,an upright shrub from one to four feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 oblong1 taper-pointed4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 sometimes much tinged with red1 clustered usually in threes1 in the axils of the upper leaves and at the summit of the stem4 ,calyx4--,with slender awl-shaped lobes4 ,corolla4--,funnel-form1 five-lobed1 the lower lobe larger than the others and of a deeper yellow1 with a small nectar-bearing gland at its base4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliv ,,bush-,,honeysuckle4--,d4 trifida4 ,this pretty little shrub is found along our rocky hills and mountains4 ,the blossoms appear in early summer1 and form a good example of nectar-bearing flowers4 ,the lower lobe of the corolla is crested and more deeply colored than the others1 thus advising the bee of secreted treasure4 ,the hairy filaments of the stamens are so placed as to protect the nectar from injury by rain4 ,when the blossom has been despoiled and at the same time fertilized1 for the nectar-seeking bee has probably deposited some pollen upon its pistil1 the color of the corolla changes from a pale to a deep yellow1 thus giving warning to the insect world that further attentions would be useless to both parties4 ,,cow ,,wheat4 ,melampyrum ,americanum4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stem4--,low1 erect1 branching4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,small1 greenish-yellow1 solitary in the axils of the upper leaves4 ,calyx4--,bell-shaped1 four-cleft4 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 upper lip arched1 lower three-lobed and spreading at the apex4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,in the open woods1 from ,june until ,september1 we encounter the pale yellow flowers of this rather insignificant little plant4 ,the cow wheat was formerly cultivated by the ,dutch as food for cattle4 ,the ,spanish name1 ,trigo de ,vaca1 would seem to indicate a similar custom in ,spain4 ,the generic name1 ,melampyrum1 is from the ,greek1 and signifies black wheat1 in reference to the appearance of the seeds of some species when mixed with grain4 ,the flower would not be likely to attract one's attention were it not exceedingly common in some parts of the country1 flourishing especially in our more eastern woodlands4 ,,meadow ,,lily4 ,,wild ,,yellow ,,lily4 ,lilium ,canadense4 ,lily ,family4 ,stem4--,two to five feet high4 ,leaves4--,whorled1 lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 spotted with reddish-brown1 bell-shaped1 two to three inches long4 ,perianth4--,of six recurved sepals1 with a nectar-bearing furrow at their base4 ,stamens4--,six1 with anthers loaded with brown pollen4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a three-lobed stigma4 ,what does the summer bring which is more enchanting than a sequestered wood-bordered meadow hung with a thousand of these delicate1 nodding bells which look as though ready to tinkle at the least disturbance and sound an alarum among the flowers8 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlv ,,meadow ,,lily4--,l4 ,canadense4 ,these too are true 8lilies of the field10 less gorgeous1 less imposing than the ,turks' caps1 but with an unsurpassed grace and charm of their own4 8,fairy-caps10 these pointed blossoms are sometimes called2 8witch-caps10 would be more appropriate still4 ,indeed they would make dainty headgear for any of the dim inhabitants of ,wonder-,land4 ,the growth of this plant is very striking when seen at its best4 ,the erect stem is surrounded with regular whorls of leaves1 from the upper one of which curves a circle of long-stemmed1 nodding flowers4 ,they suggest an exquisite design for a church candelabra4 ,,prickly ,,pear4 ,,indian ,,fig4 ,opuntia ,rafinesquii4 ,cactus ,family4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 large1 two and a half to three and a half inches across4 ,calyx4--,of numerous sepals4 ,corolla4--,of ten or twelve petals4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistil4--,one1 with numerous stigmas4 ,fruit4--,shaped like a small pear1 often with prickles over its surface4 ,this curious-looking plant is one of the only two representatives of the ,cactus family in the ,northeastern ,states4 ,it has deep green1 fleshy1 prickly1 rounded joints and large yellow flowers1 which are often conspicuous in summer in dry1 sandy places along the coast4 ,o4 vulgaris1 the only other species found in ,northeastern ,america1 has somewhat smaller flowers1 but otherwise so closely resembles ,o4 ,rafinesquii as to make it difficult to distinguish between the two4 ,,four-,,leaved ,,loosestrife4 ,lysimachia quadrifolia4 ,primrose ,family4 ,stem4--,slender1 one or two feet high4 ,leaves4--,narrowly oblong1 whorled in fours1 fives1 or sixes4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 spotted or streaked with red1 on slender1 hair-like flower-stalks from the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,five or six-parted4 ,corolla4--,very deeply five or six-parted4 ,stamens4--,four or five4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi ,,four-,,leaved ,,loosestrife4--,l4 quadrifolia4 ,this slender pretty plant grows along the roadsides and attracts one's notice in ,june by its regular whorls of leaves and flowers4 ,linnus says that this genus is named after ,lysimachus1 ,king of ,sicily4 ,loosestrife is the ,english for ,lysimachus2 but whether the ancient superstition that the placing of these flowers upon the yokes of oxen rendered the beasts gentle and submissive arose from the peace-suggestive title or from other causes1 ,i cannot discover4 ,,yellow ,,loosestrife4 ,lysimachia stricta4 ,primrose ,family4 ,the yellow loosestrife bears its flowers1 which are similar to those of ,l4 quadrifolia1 in a terminal raceme2 it has opposite lance-shaped leaves4 ,its bright yellow clusters border the streams and brighten the marshes from ,june till ,august4 ,,rock-,,rose4 ,,frost-,,weed4 ,helianthemum ,canadense4 ,rock-rose ,family4 ,about one foot high4 ,leaves4--,set close to the stem1 simple1 lance-oblong4 ,flowers4--,of two kinds3 the earlier1 more noticeable ones1 yellow1 solitary1 about one inch across2 the later ones small and clustered1 usually without petals4 ,calyx4--7,of the petal-bearing flowers7 of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five early falling petals which are crumpled in the bud4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a three-lobed stigma4 ,these fragile bright yellow flowers are found in gravelly places in early summer4 ,under the influence of the sunshine they open once2 by the next day their petals have fallen1 and their brief beauty is a thing of the past4 ,on ,june #agth ,thoreau finds this 8broad1 cup-like flower1 one of the most delicate yellow flowers1 with large spring-yellow petals1 and its stamens laid one way40 ,in the ,vale of ,sharon a nearly allied rose-colored species abounds4 ,this is believed by some of the botanists who have travelled in that region to be the ,rose of ,sharon which ,solomon has celebrated4 ,the name of frost-weed has been given to our plant because of the crystals of ice which shoot from the cracked bark at the base of the stem in late autumn4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii ,,yellow ,,loosestrife4--,l4 stricta4 ------ ------ ,steironema ciliatum4 ,primrose ,family4 ,stem4--,erect1 two to four feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 narrowly oval1 on fringed leaf-stalks4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 on slender stalks from the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,deeply five-parted4 ,corolla4--,deeply five-lobed1 wheel-shaped1 yellow1 with a reddish centre4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,this plant is nearly akin to the yellow loosestrifes1 but unfortunately it has no ,english name4 ,it abounds in low grounds and thickets1 putting forth its bright wheel-shaped blossoms early in ,july4 ,,common ,,barberry4 ,berberis vulgaris4 ,barberry ,family4 ,a shrub4 ,leaves4--,oblong1 toothed1 in clusters from the axil of a thorn4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 in drooping racemes4 ,calyx4--,of six sepals1 with from two to six bractlets without4 ,corolla4--,of six petals4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,an oblong scarlet berry4 ,this ,european shrub has now become thoroughly wild and very plentiful in parts of ,new ,england4 ,the drooping yellow flowers of ,may and ,june are less noticeable than the oblong clustered berries of ,september1 which light up so many overgrown lanes1 and often decorate our lawns and gardens as well4 ,the ancients extracted a yellow hair-dye from the barberry2 and to-day it is used to impart a yellow color to wool4 ,both its common and botanical names are of ,arabic origin4 ,,yellow ,,star-,,grass4 ,hypoxis erecta4 ,amaryllis ,family4 ,scapes4--,slender1 few-flowered4 ,leaves4--,linear1 grass-like1 hairy4 ,flowers4--,yellow4 ,perianth4--,six-parted1 spreading1 the divisions hairy and greenish outside1 yellow within4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,when our eyes fall upon what looks like a bit of evening sky set with golden stars1 but which proves to be only a piece of shaded turf gleaming with these pretty flowers1 we recall ,longfellow's musical lines3 ,spake full well in language quaint and olden1 ,one who dwelleth on the castled ,rhine1 ,when he called the flowers so blue and golden1 ,stars1 which in earth's firmament do shine4 ,the plant grows abundantly in open woods and meadows1 flowering in early summer4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii ,,yellow ,,star-,,grass4--,h4 erecta4 ,,wild ,,indigo4 ,baptisia tinctoria4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,two or three feet high4 ,stems4--,smooth and slender4 ,leaves4--,divided into three rounded leaflets1 somewhat pale with a whitish bloom1 turning black in drying4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 yellow1 clustered in many short1 loose racemes4 ,this rather bushy-looking1 bright-flowered plant is constantly encountered in our rambles throughout the somewhat dry and sandy parts of the country in midsummer4 ,it is said that it is found in nearly every ,state in the ,union1 and that it has been used as a homopathic remedy for typhoid fever4 ,its young shoots are eaten at times in place of asparagus4 ,both the botanical and common names refer to its having yielded an economical but unsuccessful substitute for indigo4 ,,yellow ,,clover4 ,,hop ,,clover4 ,trifolium agrarium4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,six to twelve inches high4 ,leaves4--,divided into three oblong leaflets4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 yellow1 small1 in close heads4 ,although this little plant is found in such abundance along our ,new ,england roadsides and in many other parts of the country as well1 comparatively few people seem to recognize it as a member of the clover group1 despite a marked likeness in the leaves and blossoms to others of the same family4 ,the name clover probably originated in the ,latin clava-clubs1 in reference to the fancied resemblance between the three-pronged club of ,hercules and the clover leaf4 ,the clubs of our playing-cards and the trfle 7trefoil7 of the ,french are probably an imitation of the same leaf4 ,the nonesuch1 ,medicago lupulina1 with downy1 procumbent stems1 and flowers which grow in short spikes1 is nearly allied to the hop clover4 ,in its reputed superiority as fodder its ,english name is said to have originated4 ,dr4 ,prior says that for many years this plant has been recognized in ,ireland as the true shamrock4 ,,dyer',s ,,green-,,weed4 ,,wood-,,waxen4 ,,new ,,england ,,whin4 ,genista tinctoria4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,a shrubby plant from one to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 yellow1 growing in spiked racemes4 ,this is another foreigner which has established itself in ,eastern ,new ,york and ,massachusetts1 where it covers the barren hill-sides with its yellow flowers in early summer4 ,it is a common ,english plant1 formerly valued for the yellow dye which it yielded4 ,it is an undesirable intruder in pasture-lands1 as it gives a bitter taste to the milk of cows which feed upon it4 ,,yellow ,,sweet ,,clover4 ,,yellow ,,melilot4 ,melilotus officinalis4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,two to four feet high4 ,stem4--,upright4 ,leaves4--,divided into three toothed leaflets4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 yellow1 growing in spike-like racemes4 ,this plant is often found blossoming along the roadsides in early summer4 ,it was formerly called in ,england 8king's-clover10 because1 as ,parkinson writes1 8the yellowe flowers doe crown the top of the stalkes40 ,the leaves become fragrant in drying4 ,,rattlebox4 ,crotalaria sagittalis4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stem4--,hairy1 three to six inches high4 ,leaves4--,undivided1 oval or lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 yellow1 but few in a cluster4 ,pod4--,inflated1 many-seeded1 blackish4 ,the yellow flowers of the rattlebox are found in the sandy meadows and along the roadsides during the summer4 ,both the generic and ,english names refer to the rattling of the loose seeds within the inflated pod4 ,,butter-,,and-,,eggs4 ,,toadflax4 ,linaria vulgaris4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stem4--,smooth1 erect1 one to three feet high4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 linear or nearly so4 ,flowers4--,of two shades of yellow1 growing in terminal racemes4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,pale yellow tipped with orange1 long-spurred1 two-lipped1 closed in the throat4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,the bright blossoms of butter-and-eggs grow in full1 close clusters which enliven the waste places along the roadside so commonly1 that little attention is paid to these beautiful and conspicuous flowers4 ,they would be considered a 8pest0 if they did not display great discrimination in their choice of locality1 usually selecting otherwise useless pieces of ground4 ,the common name of butter-and-eggs is unusually appropriate1 for the two shades of yellow match perfectly their namesakes4 ,like nearly all our common weeds1 this plant has been utilized in various ways by the country people4 ,it yielded what was considered at one time a valuable skin lotion1 while its juice mingled with milk constitutes a fly-poison4 ,its generic name1 ,linaria1 and its ,english title1 toadflax1 arose from a fancied resemblance between its leaves and those of the flax4 ,,wild ,,senna4 ,cassia ,marilandica4 ,pulse ,family4 ,stem4--,three or four feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into from six to nine pairs of narrowly oblong leaflets4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 in short clusters from the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five slightly unequal1 spreading petals1 usually somewhat spotted with reddish-brown4 ,stamens4--,five to ten1 unequal1 some of them often imperfect4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,pod4--,long and narrow1 slightly curved1 flat4 ,this tall1 striking plant1 with clusters of yellow flowers which appear in midsummer1 grows abundantly along many of the ,new ,england roadsides1 and also far south and west1 thriving best in sandy soil4 ,although a member of the ,pulse family its blossoms are not papilionaceous4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlix ,,butter-,,and-,,eggs4--,l4 vulgaris4 ,,partridge-,,pea4 ,cassia ,chamcrista4 ,pulse ,family4 ,stems4--,spreading1 eight inches to a foot long4 ,leaves4--,divided into from ten to fifteen pairs of narrow delicate leaflets1 which close at night and are somewhat sensitive to the touch4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 rather large and showy1 on slender stalks beneath the spreading leaves2 not papilionaceous4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five rounded1 spreading1 somewhat unequal petals1 two or three of which are usually spotted at the base with red or purple4 ,stamens4--,ten1 unequal1 dissimilar4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a slender style4 ,pod4--,flat4 ,the partridge-pea is closely related to the wild senna1 and a pretty1 delicate plant it is1 with graceful foliage1 and flowers in late summer which surprise us with their size1 abounding in gravelly1 sandy places where little else will flourish1 brightening the railway embankments and the road's edge4 ,it is at home all over the country south of ,massachusetts and east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 but it grows with a greater vigor and luxuriance in the south than elsewhere4 ,the leaves can hardly be called sensitive to the touch1 yet when a branch is snapped from the parent-stem or is much handled1 the delicate leaflets will droop and fold1 displaying their curious mechanism4 ,,common ,,st4 ,,john',s-,,wort4 ,hypericum perforatum4 ,st4 ,john's-wort ,family4 ,stem4--,much branched4 ,leaves4--,small1 opposite1 somewhat oblong1 with pellucid dots4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 numerous1 in leafy clusters4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five bright yellow petals1 somewhat spotted with black4 ,stamens4--,indefinite in number4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three spreading styles4 8,too well known as a pernicious weed which it is difficult to extirpate10 is the scornful notice which the botany gives to this plant whose bright yellow flowers are noticeable in waste fields and along roadsides nearly all summer4 ,its rank1 rapid growth proves very exhausting to the soil1 and every ,new ,england farmer wishes it had remained where it rightfully belongs--on the other side of the water4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,l ,,common ,,st4 ,,john',s-,,wort4--,h4 perforatum4 ,perhaps more superstitions have clustered about the ,st4 ,john's-wort than about any other plant on record4 ,it was formerly gathered on ,st4 ,john's eve1 and was hung at the doors and windows as a safeguard against thunder and evil spirits4 ,a belief prevailed that on this night the soul had power to leave the body and visit the spot where it would be finally summoned from its earthly habitation1 hence the all-night vigils which were observed at that time4 ,the wonderful herb whose leaf will decide ,if the coming year shall make me a bride1 is the ,st4 ,john's-wort1 and the maiden's fate is favorably forecast by the healthy growth and successful blossoming of the plant which she has accepted as typical of her future4 ,in early times poets and physicians alike extolled its properties4 ,an ointment was made of its blossoms1 and one of its early names was 8balm-of-the-warrior's-wound40 ,it was considered so efficacious a remedy for melancholia that it was termed 8fuga dmonum40 ,very possibly this name gave rise to the general idea that it was powerful in dispelling evil spirits4 ,,st4 ,,andrew',s ,,cross4 ,ascyrum ,crux-,andre4 ,st4 ,john's-wort ,family4 ,stem4--,low1 branched4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 narrowly oblong1 black-dotted4 ,flowers4--,light-yellow4 ,calyx4--,of four sepals1 the two outer broad and leaf-like1 the inner much smaller4 ,corolla4--,of four narrowly oblong petals4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two short styles4 ,from ,july till ,september these flowers may be found in the pine-barrens of ,new ,jersey and farther south and westward1 and on the island of ,nantucket as well4 ,,common ,,mullein4 ,verbascum ,thapsus4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stem4--,tall and stout1 from three to five feet high4 ,leaves4--,oblong1 woolly4 ,flowers4--,in a long dense spike4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,yellow1 with five slightly unequal rounded lobes4 ,stamens4--,ten1 the three upper with white wool on their filaments4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,li ,,common ,,mullein4--,v4 ,thapsus4 ,the common mullein is a native of the island of ,thapsos1 from which it takes its specific name4 ,it was probably brought to this country from ,europe by the early colonists1 notwithstanding the title of 8,american velvet plant10 which it is rumored to bear in ,england4 ,the ,romans called it 8candelaria10 from their custom of dipping the long dried stalk in suet and using it as a funeral torch1 and the ,greeks utilized the leaves for lamp-wicks4 ,in more modern times they have served as a remedy for the pulmonary complaints of men and beasts alike1 8mullein tea0 being greatly esteemed by country people4 ,its especial efficacy with cattle has earned the plant its name of 8bullocks' lungwort40 ,a low rosette of woolly leaves is all that can be seen of the mullein during its first year1 the yellow blossoms on their long spikes opening sluggishly about the middle of the second summer4 ,it abounds throughout our dry1 rolling meadows1 and its tall spires are a familiar feature in the summer landscape4 ,,moth ,,mullein4 ,verbascum ,blattaria4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stem4--,tall and slender4 ,leaves4--,oblong1 toothed1 the lower sometimes lyre-shaped1 the upper partly clasping4 ,flowers4--,yellow or white1 tinged with red or purple1 in a terminal raceme4 ,calyx4--,deeply five-parted4 ,corolla4--,butterfly-shape1 of five rounded1 somewhat unequal lobes4 ,stamens4--,five1 with filaments bearded with violet wool and anthers loaded with orange-colored pollen4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,along the highway from ,july till ,october one encounters a slender weed on whose erect stem it would seem as though a number of canary-yellow or purplish-white moths had alighted for a moment's rest4 ,these are the fragile1 pretty flowers of the moth mullein1 and they are worthy of a closer examination4 ,the reddened or purplish centre of the corolla suggests the probability of hidden nectar1 while the pretty tufts of violet wool borne by the stamens are well fitted to protect it from the rain4 ,a little experience of the canny ways of these innocent-looking flowers lead one to ask the wherefore of every new feature4 ,,yellow ,,fringed ,,orchis4 ,,orange ,,orchis4 ,habenaria ciliaris4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,stem4--,leafy1 one to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,the lower oblong to lance-shaped1 the upper passing into pointed bracts4 ,flowers4--,deep orange color1 with a slender spur and deeply fringed lip2 growing in an oblong spike4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lii ,,yellow ,,fringed ,,orchis4--,h4 ciliaris4 ,years may pass without our meeting this the most brilliant of our orchids4 ,suddenly one ,august day we will chance upon just such a boggy meadow as we have searched in vain a hundred times1 and will behold myriads of its deep orange1 dome-like spires erecting themselves in radiant beauty over whole acres of land4 ,the separate flowers1 with their long spurs and deeply fringed lips1 will repay a close examination4 ,they are well calculated1 massed in such brilliant clusters1 to arrest the attention of whatever insects may specially affect them4 ,although ,i have watched many of these plants ,i have never seen an insect visit one1 and am inclined to think that they are fertilized by night moths4 ,mr4 ,baldwin declares3 8,if ,i ever write a romance of ,indian life1 my dusky heroine1 ,birch ,tree or ,trembling ,fawn1 shall meet her lover with a wreath of this orchis on her head40 ,,jewel-,,weed4 ,,touch-,,me-,,not4 ,geranium ,family4 ,impatiens pallida4 ,pale ,touch-me-not4 ,flowers4--,pale yellow1 somewhat spotted with reddish-brown2 common northward4 ,impatiens fulva4 ,spotted ,touch-me-not4 ,flowers4--,orange-yellow1 spotted with reddish-brown2 common southward4 ,two to six feet high4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 coarsely toothed1 oval4 ,flowers4--,nodding1 loosely clustered1 or growing from the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx and ,corolla4--,colored alike1 and difficult to distinguish2 of six pieces1 the largest one extended backward into a deep sac ending in a little spur1 the two innermost unequally two-lobed4 ,stamens4--,five1 very short1 united over the pistil4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,these beautiful plants are found along shaded streams and marshes1 and are profusely hung with brilliant jewel-like flowers during the summer months4 ,in the later year they bear those closed inconspicuous blossoms which fertilize in the bud and are called cleistogamous flowers4 ,the jewel-weed has begun to appear along the ,english rivers1 and it is said that the ordinary showy blossoms are comparatively rare1 while the cleistogamous ones abound4 ,does not this look almost like a determination on the part of the plant to secure a firm foothold in its new environment before expending its energy on flowers which1 though radiant and attractive1 are quite dependent on insect-visitors for fertilization and perpetuation8 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,liii ,,pale ,,jewel-,,weed4--,i4 pallida4 ,the name touch-me-not refers to the seed-pods1 which burst open with such violence when touched1 as to project their seeds to a comparatively great distance4 ,this ingenious mechanism secures the dispersion of the seeds without the aid of the wind or animals4 ,in parts of ,new ,york the plant is called 8silver-leaf10 from its silvery appearance when touched with rain or dew1 or when held beneath the water4 ,,agrimony4 ,agrimonia ,eupatoria4 ,rose ,family4 ,one or two feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into several coarsely toothed leaflets4 ,flowers4--,small1 yellow1 in slender spiked racemes4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft1 beset with hooked teeth4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,five to fifteen4 ,pistils4--,one to four4 ,the slender yellow racemes of the agrimony skirt the woods throughout the later summer4 ,in former times the plant was held in high esteem by town physician and country herbalist alike4 ,emerson longed to know ,only the herbs and simples of the wood1 ,rue1 cinquefoil1 gill1 vervain1 and agrimony4 ,up to a recent date the plant has been dried and preserved by country people and might be seen exposed for sale in the shops of ,french villages4 ,it has also been utilized in a dressing for shoe-leather4 ,when about to flower it yields a pale yellow dye4 ,chaucer calls it egremoine4 ,the name is supposed to be derived from the ,greek title for an eye-disease1 for which the juice of a plant similarly entitled was considered efficacious4 ,the crushed flower yields a lemon-like odor4 ,,yellow ,,wood ,,sorrel4 ,oxalis stricta4 ,geranium ,family4 ,stem4--,erect4 ,leaves4--,divided into three delicate clover-like leaflets4 ,flowers4--,golden-yellow4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with five styles4 ,all summer the small flowers of the yellow wood sorrel show brightly against their background of delicate leaves4 ,the plant varies greatly in its height and manner of growth1 flourishing abundantly along the roadsides4 ,the small leaflets are open to the genial influence of sun and air during the hours of daylight1 but at night they protect themselves from chill by folding one against another4 ,,sundrops4 nothera fruticosa4 ,evening ,primrose ,family4 ,this is a day-blooming species of the evening primrose1 with large1 pale yellow blossoms and alternate oblong or narrowly lance-shaped leaves1 and of a much less rank habit4 ,in early summer our roadsides are illuminated with these flowers4 nothera pumila is also a diurnal species4 ,its loosely spiked blossoms are much smaller than those of the sundrops4 ,,evening ,,primrose4 nothera biennis4 ,evening ,primrose ,family4 ,stout1 erect1 one to five feet high4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 lance-shaped to oblong4 ,flowers4--,pale yellow1 in a leafy spike1 opening at night4 ,calyx4--,with a long tube1 four-lobed4 ,corolla4--,of four somewhat heart-shaped petals4 ,stamens4--,eight1 with long anthers4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a stigma divided into four linear lobes4 ,along the roadsides in midsummer we notice a tall1 rank-growing plant1 which seems chiefly to bear buds and faded blossoms4 ,and unless we are already familiar with the owl-like tendencies of the evening primrose1 we are surprised1 some dim twilight1 to find this same plant resplendent with a mass of fragile yellow flowers1 which are exhaling their faint delicious fragrance on the evening air4 ,one brief summer night exhausts the vitality of these delicate blossoms4 ,the faded petals of the following day might serve as a text for a homily against all-night dissipation1 did we not know that by its strange habit the evening primrose guards against the depredations of those myriad insects abroad during the day1 which are unfitted to transmit its pollen to the pistil of another flower4 ,we are impressed by the utilitarianism in vogue in this floral world1 as we note that the pale yellow of these blossoms gleams so vividly through the darkness as to advertise effectively their whereabouts1 while their fragrance serves as a mute invitation to the pink night-moth1 which is their visitor and benefactor4 ,why they change their habits in the late year and remain open during the day1 ,i have not been able to discover4 ,,horse ,,balm4 ,,rich-,,weed4 ,,stone-,,root4 ,collinsonia ,canadensis4 ,mint ,family 7p4 #af74 ,one to three feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 large1 ovate1 toothed1 pointed4 ,flowers4--,yellowish1 lemon-scented1 clustered loosely4 ,calyx4--,two-lipped1 the upper lip three-toothed1 the lower two-cleft4 ,corolla4--,elongated1 somewhat two-lipped1 the four upper lobes nearly equal1 the lower large and long1 toothed or fringed4 ,stamens4--,two 7sometimes four1 the upper pair shorter71 protruding1 diverging4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed style4 ,in the damp rich woods of midsummer these strong-scented herbs1 with their loose terminal clusters of lemon-colored1 lemon-scented flowers are abundant4 ,the plant was introduced into ,england by the amateur botanist and flower-lover1 ,collinson1 after whom the species is named4 ,the ,indians formerly employed it as an application to wounds4 ,,black-,,eyed ,,susan4 ,,cone-,,flower4 ,rudbeckia hirta4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,stout and hairy1 one to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,rough and hairy1 the upper long1 narrow1 set close to the stem2 the lower broader1 with leaf-stalks4 ,flower-heads4--,composed of both ray and disk-flowers2 the former yellow1 the latter brown and arranged on a cone-like receptacle4 ,by the middle of ,july our dry meadows are merry with black-eyed ,susans1 which are laughing from every corner and keeping up a gay midsummer carnival in company with the yellow lilies and brilliant milkweeds4 ,they seem to revel in the long days of blazing sunlight1 and are veritable salamanders among the flowers4 ,although now so common in our eastern fields they were first brought to us with clover-seed from the ,west1 and are not altogether acceptable guests1 as they bid fair to add another anxiety to the already harassed life of the ,new ,england farmer4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,liv ,,evening ,,primrose4--4 biennis4 ------ ------ ,rudbeckia laciniata4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,two to seven feet high4 ,stem4--,smooth1 branching4 ,leaves4--,the lower divided into lobed leaflets1 the upper irregularly three to five-parted4 ,flower-heads4--,yellow1 rather large1 composed of both ray and disk-flowers1 the former drooping and yellow1 the later dull greenish and arranged on a columnar receptacle4 ,this graceful1 showy flower is even more decorative than the black-eyed ,susan4 ,its drooping yellow rays are from one to two inches long4 ,it may be found throughout the summer in the low thickets which border the swamps and meadows4 ,,golden ,,aster4 ,chrysopsis ,mariana4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,silky1 with long weak hairs when young4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 oblong4 ,flower-heads4--,golden-yellow1 rather large1 composed of both ray and disk-flowers4 ,in dry places along the roadsides of ,southern ,new ,york and farther south1 one can hardly fail to notice in late summer and autumn the bright clusters of the golden aster4 ,c4 falcata is a species which may be found in dry sandy soil as far north as ,massachusetts1 with very woolly stems1 crowded linear leaves1 and small1 clustered flower-heads4 ,,golden-,,rod4 ,solidago4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,flower-heads4--,golden-yellow1 composed of both ray and disk-flowers4 ,about eighty species of golden-rod are native to the ,united ,states3 of these forty-two species can be found in our ,northeastern ,states4 ,many of them are difficult of identification1 and it would be useless to describe any but a few of the more conspicuous forms4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lv ,,black-,,eyed ,,susan4--,r4 hirta4 ,a common and noticeable species which flowers early in ,august is ,s4 ,canadensis1 with a tall stout stem from three to six feet high1 lance-shaped leaves1 which are usually sharply toothed and pointed1 and small flower-heads clustered along the branches which spread from the upper part of the stem4 ,another early flowering species is ,s4 rugosa4 ,this is a lower plant than ,s4 ,canadensis1 with broader leaves4 ,still another is the dusty golden-rod1 ,s4 nemoralis1 which has a hoary aspect and very bright yellow flowers which are common in dry fields4 ,s4 lanceolata has lance-shaped or linear leaves1 and flowers which grow in flat-topped clusters1 unlike other members of the family2 the information that this is a golden-rod often creates surprise1 as for some strange reason it seems to be confused with the tansy4 ,the sweet golden-rod1 ,s4 odorata1 is easily recognized by its fragrant1 shining1 dotted leaves4 ,s4 csia1 or the blue-stemmed1 is a wood-species and among the latest of the year1 putting forth its bright clusters for nearly the whole length of its stem long after many of its brethren look like brown wraiths of their former selves4 ,the silver rod1 ,s4 bicolor1 whose whitish flowers are a departure from the family habit1 also survives the early cold and holds its own in the dry woods4 ,the only species native to ,great ,britain is ,s4 ,virga-aurea4 ,the generic name is from two ,greek words which signify to make whole1 and refer to the healing properties which have been attributed to the genus4 ,,elecampane4 ,inula ,helenium4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,stout1 three to five feet high4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 large1 woolly beneath1 the upper partly clasping4 ,flower-heads4--,yellow1 large1 composed of both ray and disk-flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lvi ,,elecampane4--,i4 ,helenium4 ,when we see these great yellow disks peeping over the pasture walls or flanking the country lanes1 we feel that midsummer is at its height4 ,flowers are often subservient courtiers1 and make acknowledgment of whatever debt they owe by that subtlest of flatteries--imitation4 ,did not the blossoms of the dawning year frequently wear the livery of the snow which had thrown its protecting mantle over their first efforts8 ,and these newcomers--whose gross1 rotund countenances so clearly betray the results of high living--do not they pay their respects to their great benefactor after the same fashion8--with the result that a myriad miniature suns shine upward from meadow and roadside4 ,the stout1 mucilaginous root of this plant is valued by farmers as a horse-medicine1 especially in epidemics of epizootic1 one of its common names in ,england being horse-heal4 ,in ancient times the elecampane was considered an important stimulant to the human brain and stomach1 and it was mentioned as such in the writings of ,hippocrates1 the 8,father of ,medicine10 over two thousand years ago4 ,the common name is supposed to be a corruption of ala campania1 and refers to the frequent occurrence of the plant in that ancient province of ,southern ,italy4 ,,fall ,,dandelion4 ,leontodon autumnalis4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,scape4--,five to fifteen inches high1 branching4 ,leaves4--,from the root1 toothed or deeply incised4 ,flower-heads4--,yellow1 composed entirely of strap-shaped flowers2 smaller than those of the common dandelion4 ,from ,june till ,november we find the fall dandelion along the ,new ,england roadsides1 as well as farther south4 ,while the yellow flower-heads somewhat suggest small dandelions the general habit of the plant recalls some of the hawkweeds4 ,,wild ,,sunflower4 ,helianthus giganteus4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,rough or hairy1 from three to ten feet high1 branched above4 ,leaves4--,lance-shaped1 pointed1 rough to the touch1 set close to the stem4 ,flower-heads4--,yellow1 composed of both ray and disk-flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lvii ,,wild ,,sunflower4--,h4 giganteus4 ,in late summer many of our lanes are hedged by this beautiful plant1 which1 like other members of its family1 lifts its yellow flowers sunward in pale imitation of the great life-giver itself4 ,we have twenty-two different species of sunflower4 ,h4 divaricatus is of a lower growth1 with opposite1 widely spreading leaves and larger flower-heads4 ,h4 annuus is the garden species familiar to all2 this is said to be a native of ,peru4 ,mr4 ,ellwanger writes regarding it3 8,in the mythology of the ancient ,peruvians it occupied an important place1 and was employed as a mystic decoration in ancient ,mexican sculpture4 ,like the lotus of the ,east1 it is equally a sacred and an artistic emblem1 figuring in the symbolism of ,mexico and ,peru1 where the ,spaniards found it rearing its aspiring stalk in the fields1 and serving in the temples as a sign and a decoration1 the sun-god's officiating handmaidens wearing upon their breasts representations of the sacred flower in beaten gold40 ,gerarde describes it as follows3 8,the ,indian ,sun or the golden floure of ,peru is a plant of such stature and talnesse that in one ,sommer1 being sowne of a seede in ,april1 it hath risen up to the height of fourteen foot in my garden1 where one floure was in weight three pound and two ounces1 and crosse overthwart the floure by measure sixteen inches broad40 ,the generic name is from helios--the sun1 and anthos--a flower4 ,,sneezeweed4 ,,swamp ,,sunflower4 ,helenium autumnale4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,one to six feet high4 ,stem4--,angled1 erect1 branching4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 lance-shaped4 ,flower-heads4--,yellow1 composed of both ray and disk-flowers1 the rays being somewhat cleft4 ,as far north as ,connecticut we see masses of these bright flowers bordering the streams and swamps in ,september4 ,,stick-,,tight4 ,,bur ,,marigold1 ,,beggar-,,ticks4 ,bidens frondosa4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,two to six feet high4 ,stem4--,branching4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 three to five-divided4 ,flower-heads4--,consisting of brownish-yellow tubular flowers1 with a leaf-like involucre beneath4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lviii ,,stick-,,tight4--,b4 frondosa4 ,if one were only describing the attractive wild flowers1 the stick-tight would certainly be omitted1 as its appearance is not prepossessing1 and the small barbed seed-vessels so cleverly fulfil their destiny in making one's clothes a means of conveyance to 8fresh woods and pastures new0 as to cause all wayfarers heartily to detest them4 8,how surely the desmodium growing on some cliff-side1 or the bidens on the edge of a pool1 prophesy the coming of the traveller1 brute or human1 that will transport their seeds on his coat10 writes ,thoreau4 ,but the plant is so constantly encountered in late summer1 and yet so generally unknown1 that it can hardly be overlooked4 ,the larger bur marigold1 ,b4 chrysanthemoides1 does its best to retrieve the family reputation for ugliness1 and surrounds its dingy disk-flowers with a circle of showy golden rays which are strictly decorative1 having neither pistils nor stamens1 and leaving all the work of the household to the less attractive but more useful disk-flowers4 ,their effect is pleasing1 and late into the autumn the moist ditches look as if sown with gold through their agency4 ,the plant varies in height from six inches to two feet4 ,its leaves are opposite1 lance-shaped1 and regularly toothed4 ,,smooth ,,false ,,foxglove4 ,gerardia quercifolia4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stem4--,smooth1 three to six feet high1 usually branching4 ,leaves4--,the lower usually deeply incised1 the upper narrowly oblong1 incised1 or entire4 ,flowers4--,yellow1 large1 in a raceme or spike4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,two inches long1 somewhat tubular1 swelling above1 with five more or less unequal1 spreading lobes1 woolly within4 ,stamens4--,four1 in pairs1 woolly4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,these large pale yellow flowers are very beautiful and striking when seen in the dry woods of late summer4 ,they are all the more appreciated because there are few flowers abroad at this season save the ,composites1 which are decorative and radiant enough1 but usually somewhat lacking in the delicate charm we look for in a flower4 ,the members of this genus1 which is named after ,gerarde1 the author of the famous 8,herball10 are supposed to be more or less parasitic in their habits1 drawing their nourishment from the roots of other plants4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lix ,,smooth ,,false ,,foxglove4--,g4 quercifolia4 ,the downy false foxglove1 ,g4 flava1 is usually a somewhat lower plant1 with a close down1 a less-branched stem1 more entire leaves1 and smaller1 similar flowers4 ,,tansy4 ,tanacetum vulgare4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,two to four feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into toothed leaflets4 ,flower-heads4--,yellow1 composed of tiny flowers which are nearly1 if not all1 tubular in shape2 borne in flat-topped clusters4 ,with the name of tansy we seem to catch a whiff of its strong-scented breath and a glimpse of some ,new ,england homestead beyond whose borders it has strayed to deck the roadside with its deep yellow1 flat-topped flower-clusters4 ,the plant has been used in medicine since the ,middle ,ages1 and in more recent times it has been gathered by the country people for 8tansy wine0 and 8tansy tea40 ,in the ,roman ,church it typifies the bitter herbs which were to be eaten at the ,paschal season2 and cakes made of eggs and its leaves are called 8tansies10 and eaten during ,lent4 ,it is also frequently utilized in more secular concoctions4 ,the common name is supposed to be a corruption of the ,greek word for immortality4 ,,witch-,,hazel4 ,hamamelis ,virginiana4 ,witch-hazel ,family4 ,a tall shrub4 ,leaves4--,oval1 wavy-toothed1 mostly falling before the flowers appear4 ,flowers4--,honey-yellow1 clustered1 autumnal4 ,calyx4--,four-parted4 ,corolla4--,of four long narrow petals4 ,stamens4--,eight4 ,pistils4--,two4 ,fruit4--,a capsule which bursts elastically1 discharging its large seeds with vigor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lx ,,tansy4--,t4 vulgare4 ,it seems as though the flowers of the witch-hazel were fairly entitled to the 8booby-prize10 of the vegetable world4 ,surely no other blossoms make their first appearance so invariably late upon the scene of action4 ,the fringed gentian often begins to open its 8meek and quiet eye0 quite early in ,september4 ,certain species of golden-rod and aster continue to flower till late in the year1 but they began putting forth their bright clusters before the summer was fairly over2 while the elusively fragrant1 pale yellow blossoms of the witch-hazel need hardly be expected till well on in ,september1 when its leaves have fluttered earthward and its fruit has ripened4 ,does the pleasure which we experience at the spring-like apparition of this leafless yellow-flowered shrub in the autumn woods arise from the same depraved taste which is gratified by strawberries at ,christmas1 ,i wonder8 ,or is it that in the midst of death we have a foretaste of life2 a prophecy of the great yearly resurrection which even now we may anticipate8 ,thoreau's tastes in such directions were certainly not depraved1 and he writes3 8,the witch-hazel loves a hill-side with or without woods or shrubs4 ,it is always pleasant to come upon it unexpectedly as you are threading the woods in such places4 ,methinks ,i attribute to it some elfish quality apart from its fame4 ,i love to behold its gray speckled stems40 ,under another date he writes3 8,heard in the night a snapping sound1 and the fall of some small body on the floor from time to time4 ,in the morning ,i found it was produced by the witch-hazel nuts on my desk springing open and casting their seeds quite across my chamber1 hard and stony as these nuts were40 ,the ,indians long ago discovered the value of its bark for medicinal purposes1 and it is now utilized in many well-known extracts4 ,the forked branches formerly served as divining-rods in the search for water and precious ores4 ,this belief in its mysterious power very possibly arose from its suggestive title1 which ,dr4 ,prior says should be spelled wych-hazel1 as it was called after the wych-elm1 whose leaves it resembles1 and which was so named because the chests termed in old times 8wyches0 were made of its wood-- ,his hall rofe was full of bacon flytches1 ,the chambre charged was with wyches ,full of egges1 butter1 and chese4#d ,,note4--,the flowers of the ,american ,woodbine and of the ,fly ,honeysuckle 7p4 #bbh71 and of the ,golden ,corydalis 7p4 #aib7 are also yellow4 ,,iii ,,pink ,,trailing ,,arbutus4 ,,mayflower4 ,,ground ,,laurel4 ,epiga repens4 ,heath ,family4 ,stem4--,with rusty hairs1 prostrate or trailing4 ,leaves4--,rounded1 heart-shaped at base1 evergreen4 ,flowers4--,pink1 clustered1 fragrant4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,five-lobed1 salver-shaped1 with a slender tube which is hairy within4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a five-lobed stigma4 ,pink1 small1 and punctual1 ,aromatic1 low1 describes1 but does scant justice to the trailing arbutus1 whose waxy blossoms and delicious breath are among the earliest prophecies of perfume-laden summer4 ,we look for these flowers in ,april--not beneath the snow--where tradition rashly locates them--but under the dead brown leaves of last year2 and especially among the pines and in light sandy soil4 ,appearing as they do when we are eager for some tangible assurance that --the ,spring comes slowly up this way1 they win from many of us the gladdest recognition of the year4 ,in ,new ,england they are called ,mayflowers1 being peddled about the streets of ,boston every spring1 under the suggestive and loudly emphasized title of 8,ply-y-mouth ,ma-ayflowers60 ,whether they owe this name to the ship which is responsible for so much1 or to their season of blooming1 in certain localities1 might remain an open question had we not the authority of ,whittier for attributing it to both causes4 ,in a note prefacing 8,the ,mayflowers10 the poet says3 8,the trailing arbutus or ,mayflower grows abundantly in the vicinity of ,plymouth1 and was the first flower to greet the ,pilgrims after their fearful winter40 ,in the poem itself he wonders what the old ship had ,within her ice-rimmed bay ,in common with the wild-wood flowers1 ,the first sweet smiles of ,may8 and continues-- ,yet 8,god be praised60 the ,pilgrim said1 ,who saw the blossoms peer ,above the brown leaves1 dry and dead1 8,behold our ,mayflower here60 ,god wills it1 here our rest shall be1 ,our years of wandering o'er1 ,for us the ,mayflower of the sea ,shall spread her sails no more4 ,o sacred flowers of faith and hope1 ,as sweetly now as then1 ,ye bloom on many a birchen slope1 ,in many a pine-dark glen4 ,so live the fathers in their sons1 ,their sturdy faith be ours1 ,and ours the love that overruns ,its rocky strength with flowers4 ,if the poet's fancy was founded on fact1 and if our lovely and wide-spread ,mayflower was indeed the first blossom noted and christened by our forefathers1 it seems as though the problem of a national flower must be solved by one so lovely and historic as to silence all dispute4 ,and when we read the following prophetic stanzas which close the poem1 showing that during another dark period in our nation's history these brave little blossoms1 struggling through the withered leaves1 brought a message of hope and courage to the heroic heart of the ,quaker poet1 our feeling that they are peculiarly identified with our country's perilous moments is intensified3 ,the ,pilgrim's wild and wintry day ,at shadow round us draws2 ,the ,mayflower of his stormy bay ,our ,freedom's struggling cause4 ,but warmer suns erelong shall bring ,to life the frozen sod2 ,and1 through dead leaves of hope shall spring ,afresh the flowers of ,god6 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxi ,,trailing ,,arbutus4--,e4 repens4 ,,twin-,,flower4--,l4 borealis4 ,,twin-,,flower4 ,linna borealis4 ,honeysuckle ,family4 ,stem4--,slender1 creeping and trailing4 ,leaves4--,rounded1 shining and evergreen4 ,flowers4--,growing in pairs1 delicate pink1 fragrant1 nodding on thread-like1 upright flower-stalks4 ,calyx4--,five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,narrowly bell-shaped1 five-lobed1 hairy within4 ,stamens4--,four1 two shorter than the others4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,whoever has seen --beneath dim aisles1 in odorous beds1 ,the slight ,linna hang its twin-born heads1#e will not soon forget the exquisite carpeting made by its nodding pink flowers and dark shining leaves2 or the delicious perfume which actually filled the air and drew one's attention to the spot from which it was exhaled1 tempting one to exclaim with ,richard ,jefferies1 8,sweetest of all things is wild-flower air60 ,that this little plant should have been selected as 8the monument of the man of flowers0 by the great ,linnus himself1 bears testimony to his possession of that appreciation of the beautiful which is supposed to be lacking in men of long scientific training4 ,i believe that there is extant at least one contemporary portrait of ,linnus in which he wears the tiny flowers in his buttonhole4 ,the rosy twin-blossoms are borne on thread-like1 forking flower-stalks1 and appear in ,june in the deep1 cool1 mossy woods of the ,north4 ,,showy ,,orchis4 ,orchis spectabilis4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,stem4--,four-angled1 with leaf-like bracts1 rising from fleshy1 fibrous roots4 ,leaves4--,two1 oblong1 shining1 three to six inches long4 ,flowers4--,in a loose spike1 purple-pink1 the lower lip white4 ,this flower not only charms us with its beauty when its clusters begin to dot the rich ,may woods1 but interests us as being usually the first member of the ,orchis family to appear upon the scene2 although it is claimed in certain localities that the beautiful ,calypso always1 and the ,indian moccason occasionally1 precedes it4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxii ,,showy ,,orchis4--,o4 spectabilis4 ,a certain fascination attends the very name of orchid4 ,botanist and unscientific flower-lover alike pause with unwonted interest when the discovery of one is announced4 ,with the former there is always the possibility of finding some rare species1 while the excitement of the latter is apt to be whetted with the hope of beholding a marvellous imitation of bee or butterfly fluttering from a mossy branch with roots that draw their nourishment from the air6 ,while this little plant is sure to fail of satisfying the hopes of either1 it is far prettier if less rare than many of its brethren1 and its interesting mechanism will repay our patient study4 ,it is said closely to resemble the 8long purples10 ,o4 mascula1 which grew near the scene of ,ophelia's tragic death4 ,,twisted ,,stalk4 ,streptopus roseus4 ,lily ,family4 ,stems4--,rather stout and zigzag1 forking and diverging4 ,leaves4--,taper-pointed1 slightly clasping4 ,flowers4--,dull purplish-pink1 hanging on thread-like flower-stalks from the axils of the leaves4 ,perianth4--,somewhat bell-shaped1 of six distinct sepals4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a three-cleft stigma4 ,this plant presents a graceful group of forking branches and pointed leaves4 ,no blossom is seen from above1 but on picking a branch one finds beneath each of its outspread leaves one or two slender1 bent stalks from which hang the pink1 bell-like flowers4 ,in general aspect the plant somewhat resembles its relations1 the ,solomon's seal1 with which it is found blossoming in the woods of ,may or ,june4 ,the ,english title is a translation of the generic name1 ,streptopus4 ,,wild ,,pink4 ,silene ,pennsylvanica4 ,pink ,family4 ,stems4--,four to eight inches high4 ,leaves4--,those from the root narrowly wedge-shaped1 those on the stem lance-shaped1 opposite4 ,flowers4--,bright pink1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three styles4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxiii ,,twisted ,,stalk4--,s4 roseus4 ,when a vivid cluster of wild pinks gleams from some rocky opening in the ,may woods1 it is difficult to restrain one's eagerness1 for there is something peculiarly enticing in these fresh1 vigorous-looking flowers4 ,they are quite unlike most of their fragile contemporaries1 for they seem to be already imbued with the glowing warmth of summer1 and to have no memory of that snowy past which appears to leave its imprint on so many blossoms of the early year4 ,in waste places1 from ,june until ,september or later1 we find the small clustered pink flowers1 which open transiently in the sunshine of the sleepy catchfly1 ,s4 antirrhina4 ,,pink ,,lady',s ,,slipper4 ,,moccason-,,flower4 ,cypripedium acaule4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,scape4--,eight to twelve inches high1 two-leaved at base1 downy1 one-flowered4 ,leaves4--,two1 large1 many-nerved and plaited1 sheathing at the base4 ,flower4--,solitary1 purple-pink4 ,perianth4--,of three greenish spreading sepals1 the two lateral petals narrow1 spreading1 greenish1 the pink lip in the shape of a large inflated pouch4 ,stamens4--,two1 the short filaments each bearing a two-celled anther4 ,stigma4--,broad1 obscurely three-lobed1 moist and roughish4 ,graceful and tall the slender1 drooping stem1 ,with two broad leaves below1 ,shapely the flower so lightly poised between1 ,and warm her rosy glow1 writes ,elaine ,goodale of the moccason-flower4 ,this is a blossom whose charm never wanes4 ,it seems to be touched with the spirit of the deep woods1 and there is a certain fitness in its ,indian name1 for it looks as though it came direct from the home of the red man4 ,all who have found it in its secluded haunts will sympathize with ,mr4 ,higginson's feeling that each specimen is a rarity1 even though he should find a hundred to an acre4 ,gray assigns it to 8dry or moist woods10 while ,mr4 ,baldwin writes3 8,the finest specimens ,i ever saw sprang out of cushions of crisp reindeer moss high up among the rocks of an exposed hill-side1 and again ,i have found it growing vigorously in almost open swamps1 but nearly colorless from excessive moisture40 ,the same writer quotes a lady who is familiar with it in the ,adirondacks4 ,she says3 8,it seems to have a great fondness for decaying wood1 and ,i often see a whole row perched like birds along a crumbling log40 ,while ,i recall a mountain lake where the steep cliffs rise from the water's edge1 here and there1 on a tiny shelf strewn with pine-needles1 can be seen a pair of large veiny leaves1 above which1 in early ,june1 the pink balloon-like blossom floats from its slender scape4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxiv ,,pink ,,lady',s ,,slipper4--,c4 acaule4 ------ ------ ,calopogon pulchellus4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,scape4--,rising about one foot from a small solid bulb4 ,leaf4--,linear1 grass-like4 ,flowers4--,two to six on each scape1 purple-pink1 about one inch broad1 the lip as if hinged at its insertion1 bearded toward the summit with white1 yellow1 and purple hairs4 ,the peculiarity of this orchid is that the ovary is not twisted1 and consequently the lip is on the upper instead of the lower side of the flower4 ,one may hope to find these bright flowers growing side by side with the glistening sundew in the rich bogs of early summer4 ,mr4 ,baldwin assigns still another constant companion to the ,calopogon1 an orchid which staggers under the terrifying title of ,pogonia ophioglossoides4 ,the generic name of ,calopogon is from two ,greek words signifying beautiful beard and has reference to the delicately bearded lip4 ,,pink ,,azalea4 ,,wild ,,honeysuckle4 ,,pinxter ,,flower4 ,,swamp ,,pink4 ,rhododendron nudiflorum4 ,heath ,family4 ,a shrub from two to six feet high4 ,leaves4--,narrowly oblong1 downy underneath1 usually appearing somewhat later than the flowers4 ,flowers4--,pink1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,minute4 ,corolla4--,funnel-shaped1 with five long recurved lobes4 ,stamens4--,five or ten1 long1 protruding noticeably4 ,pistil4--,one1 long1 protruding4 ,our ,may swamps and moist woods are made rosy by masses of the pink azalea which is often known as the wild honeysuckle1 although not even a member of the ,honeysuckle family4 ,it is in the height of its beauty before the blooming of the laurel1 and heralds the still lovelier pageant which is even then in rapid course of preparation4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxv ,,pink ,,azalea4--,r4 nudiflorum4 ,in the last century the name of ,mayflower was given to the shrub by the ,swedes in the neighborhood of ,philadelphia4 ,peter ,kalm1 the pupil of ,linnus1 after whom our laurel1 ,kalmia1 is named1 writes the following description of the shrub in his 8,travels10 which were published in ,english in #agga1 and which explain the origin of one of its titles3 8,some of the ,swedes and ,dutch call them ,pinxter-bloem 7,whitsunday-flower7 as they really are in bloom about ,whitsuntide2 and at a distance they have some similarity to the ,honeysuckle or #8,lonicera4'444 ,its flowers were now open and added a new ornament to the woods4444 ,they sit in a circle round the stem's extremity and have either a dark red or a lively red color2 but by standing for some time the sun bleaches them1 and at last they get to a whitish hue4444 ,they have some smell1 but ,i cannot say it is very pleasant4 ,however1 the beauty of the flower entitles them to a place in every flower-garden40 ,while our pink azalea could hardly be called 8dark red0 under any circumstances1 it varies greatly in the color of its flowers4 ,the azalea is the national flower of ,flanders4 ------ ------ ,rhododendron ,rhodora4 ,heath ,family4 ,a shrub from one to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,oblong1 pale4 ,flowers4--,purplish-pink4 ,calyx4--,small4 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 almost without any tube4 ,stamens4--,ten1 not protruding4 ,pistil4--,one1 not protruding4 ,in ,may1 when sea-winds pierced our solitudes1 ,i found the fresh ,rhodora in the woods1 ,spreading its leafless blooms in a damp nook1 ,to please the desert and the sluggish brook4 ,the purple petals1 fallen in the pool1 ,made the black water with their beauty gay2 ,here might the red-bird come his plumes to cool1 ,and court the flower that cheapens his array4 ,rhodora6 if the sages ask thee why ,this charm is wasted on the earth and sky1 ,tell them1 dear1 that if eyes were made for seeing1 ,then ,beauty is its own excuse for being2 ,why thou wert there1 ,o rival of the rose6 ,i never thought to ask1 ,i never knew2 ,but in my simple ignorance1 suppose ,the self-same ,power that brought me there1 brought you4#f ,,sheep ,,laurel4 ,,lambkill4 ,kalmia angustifolia4 ,heath ,family4 ,a shrub from one to three feet high4 ,leaves4--,narrowly oblong1 light green4 ,flowers4--,deep pink1 in lateral clusters4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,five-lobed1 between wheel and bell-shaped1 with stamens caught in its depressions as in the mountain laurel4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,this low shrub grows abundantly with the mountain laurel1 bearing smaller deep pink flowers at the same season1 and narrower1 paler leaves4 ,it is said to be the most poisonous of the genus1 and to be especially deadly to sheep1 while deer are supposed to feed upon its leaves with impunity4 ,,american ,,cranberry4 ,vaccinium macrocarpon4 ,heath ,family4 ,stems4--,slender1 trailing1 one to four feet long4 ,leaves4--,oblong1 obtuse4 ,flowers4--,pale pink1 nodding4 ,calyx4--,with short teeth4 ,corolla4--,four-parted4 ,stamens4--,eight or ten1 protruding4 ,fruit4--,a large1 acid1 red berry4 ,in the peat-bogs of our ,northeastern ,states we may look in ,june for the pink nodding flowers1 and in late summer for the large red berries of this well-known plant4 ,,adder',s ,,mouth4 ,pogonia ophioglossoides4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,stem4--,six to nine inches high1 from a fibrous root4 ,leaves4--,an oval or lance-oblong one near the middle of the stem1 and a smaller or bract-like one near the terminal flower1 occasionally one or two others1 with a flower in their axils4 ,flower4--,pale pink1 sometimes white1 sweet-scented1 one inch long1 lip bearded and fringed4 ,mr4 ,baldwin maintains that there is no wild flower of as pure a pink as this unless it be the ,sabbatia4 ,its color has also been described as a 8peach-blossom red40 ,as already mentioned1 the plant is found blossoming in bogs during the early summer in company with the ,calopogons and sundews4 ,its violet-like fragrance greatly enhances its charm4 ,,common ,,milkwort4 ,polygala sanguinea4 ,milkwort ,family4 ,stem4--,six inches to a foot high1 sparingly branched above1 leafy to the top4 ,leaves4--,oblong-linear4 ,flowers4--,growing in round or oblong heads which are somewhat clover-like in appearance1 bright pink or almost red1 occasionally paler4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals1 three of which are small and often greenish1 while the two inner ones are much larger and colored like the petals4 ,corolla4--,of three petals connected with each other1 the lower one keel-shaped4 ,stamens4--,six or eight4 ,pistil4--,one4 7,flowers too difficult to be analyzed by the non-botanist47 ,this pretty little plant abounds in moist and also sandy places1 growing on mountain heights as well as in the salt meadows which skirt the sea4 ,in late summer its bright flower-heads gleam vividly through the grasses1 and from their form and color might almost be mistaken for pink clover4 ,occasionally they are comparatively pale and inconspicuous4 ------ ------ ,polygala polygama4 ,milkwort ,family4 ,stems4--,very leafy1 six to nine inches high1 with cleistogamous flowers on underground runners4 ,leaves4--,lance-shaped or oblong4 ,flowers4--,purple-pink1 loosely clustered in a terminal raceme4 ,keel of ,corolla4--,crested4 ,stamens4--,eight4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,like its more attractive sister1 the fringed polygala1 this little plant hides its most useful1 albeit unattractive1 blossoms in the ground1 where they can fulfil their destiny of perpetuating the species without danger of molestation by thievish insects or any of the distractions incidental to a more worldly career4 ,exactly what purpose the little above-ground flowers1 which appear so plentifully in sandy soil in ,july1 are intended to serve1 it is difficult to understand4 ,,fringed ,,polygala4 ,polygala paucifolia4 ,milkwort ,family4 ,flowering stems4--,three or four inches high1 from long1 prostrate or underground shoots which also bear cleistogamous flowers4 ,leaves4--,the lower1 small and scale-like1 scattered1 the upper1 ovate1 and crowded at the summit4 ,flowers4--,purple-pink1 rarely white1 rather large4 ,keel of ,corolla4--,conspicuously fringed and crested4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxvi ,,milkwort4 8,i must not forget to mention that delicate and lovely flower of ,may1 the fringed polygala4 ,you gather it when you go for the fragrant showy orchis--that is1 if you are lucky enough to find it4 ,it is rather a shy flower1 and is not found in every wood4 ,one day we went up and down through the woods looking for it--woods of mingled oak1 chestnut1 pine1 and hemlock1--and were about giving it up when suddenly we came upon a gay company of them beside an old wood-road4 ,it was as if a flock of small rose-purple butterflies had alighted there on the ground before us4 ,the whole plant has a singularly fresh and tender aspect4 ,its foliage is of a slightly purple tinge and of very delicate texture4 ,not the least interesting feature about the plant is the concealed fertile flower which it bears on a subterranean stem1 keeping1 as it were1 one flower for beauty and one for use40 ,it seems unnecessary to tempt 8odorous comparisons0 by endeavoring to supplement the above description of ,mr4 ,burroughs4 ,,moss ,,polygala4 ,polygala cruciata4 ,milkwort ,family4 ,stems4--,three to ten inches high1 almost winged at the angles1 with spreading opposite leaves and branches4 ,leaves4--,linear1 nearly all whorled in fours4 ,flowers4--,greenish or purplish-pink1 growing in short1 thick spikes which terminate the branches4 ,there is something very moss-like in the appearance of this little plant which blossoms in late summer4 ,it is found near moist places and salt marshes along the coast1 being very common in parts of ,new ,england4 ,,spreading ,,dogbane4 ,,indian ,,hemp4 ,apocynum androsmifolium4 ,dogbane ,family4 ,stems4--,erect1 branching1 two or three feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 oval4 ,flowers4--,rose-color veined with deep pink1 loosely clustered4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,small1 bell-shaped1 five-cleft4 ,stamens4--,five1 slightly adherent to the pistil4 ,pistil4--,two ovaries surmounted by a large1 two-lobed stigma4 ,fruit4--,two long and slender pods4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxvii ,,spreading ,,dogbane4--,a4 androsmifolium4 ,the flowers of the dogbane1 though small and inconspicuous are very beautiful if closely examined4 ,the deep pink veining of the corolla suggests nectar1 and the insect-visitor is not misled1 for at its base are five nectar-bearing glands4 ,the two long1 slender seed-pods which result from a single blossom seem inappropriately large1 often appearing while the plant is still in flower4 ,rafinesque states that from the stems may be obtained a thread similar to hemp which can be woven into cloth1 from the pods1 cotton1 and from the blossoms1 sugar4 ,its generic and one of its ,english titles arose from the belief1 which formerly prevailed1 that it was poisonous to dogs4 ,the plant is constantly found growing in roadside thickets1 with bright1 pretty foliage1 and blossoms that appear in early summer4 ,,hedge ,,bindweed4 ,convolvulus ,americanus4 ,convolvulus ,family4 ,stem4--,twining or trailing4 ,leaves4--,somewhat arrow-shaped4 ,flowers4--,pink4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals enclosed in two broad leafy bracts4 ,corolla4--,five-lobed1 bell-shaped4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two stigmas4 ,many an unsightly heap of rubbish left by the roadside is hidden by the delicate pink bells of the hedge bindweed1 which again will clamber over the thickets that line the streams and about the tumbled stone-wall that marks the limit of the pasture4 ,the pretty flowers at once suggest the morning-glory1 to which they are closely allied4 ,the common ,european bindweed1 ,c4 arvensis1 has white or pinkish flowers1 without bracts beneath the calyx1 and a low procumbent or twining stem4 ,it has taken possession of many of our old fields where it spreads extensively and proves troublesome to farmers4 ,,purple-,,flowering ,,raspberry4 ,rubus odoratus4 ,rose ,family4 ,stem4--,shrubby1 three to five feet high2 branching1 branches bristly and glandular4 ,leaves4--,three to five-lobed1 the middle lobe prolonged4 ,flowers4--,purplish-pink1 large and showy1 two inches broad4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,of five rounded petals4 ,stamens and ,pistils4--,numerous4 ,fruit4--,reddish1 resembling the garden raspberry4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxviii ,,purple-,,flowering ,,raspberry4--,r4 odoratus4 ,this flower betrays its relationship to the wild rose1 and might easily be mistaken for it1 although a glance at the undivided leaves would at once correct such an error4 ,the plant is a decorative one when covered with its showy blossoms1 constantly arresting our attention along the wooded roadsides in ,june and ,july4 ,,pale ,,corydalis4 ,corydalis glauca4 ,fumitory ,family4 ,stem4--,six inches to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,pale1 divided into delicate leaflets4 ,flowers4--,pink and yellow1 in loose clusters4 ,calyx4--,of two small1 scale-like sepals4 ,corolla4--,pink1 tipped with yellow2 closed and flattened1 of four petals1 with a short spur at the base of the upper petal4 ,stamens4--,six1 maturing before the pistil1 thus avoiding self-fertilization4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,from the rocky clefts in the summer woods springs the pale corydalis1 its graceful foliage dim with a whitish bloom1 and its delicate rosy1 yellow-tipped flowers betraying by their odd flat corollas their kinship with the ,dutchman's breeches and squirrel corn of the early year1 as well as with the bleeding hearts of the garden4 ,thoreau assigns them to the middle of ,may1 and says they are 8rarely met with10 which statement does not coincide with the experience of those who find the rocky woodlands each summer abundantly decorated with their fragile clusters4 ,the generic name1 ,corydalis1 is the ancient ,greek title for the crested lark1 and said to refer to the crested seeds of this genus4 ,the specific title1 glauca1 refers to the pallor of leaves and stem4 ,the golden corydalis1 ,c4 aurea1 is found on rocky banks somewhat westward4 ,,common ,,milkweed4 ,asclepias ,cornuti4 ,milkweed ,family4 ,stem4--,tall1 stout1 downy1 with a milky juice4 ,leaves4--,generally opposite or whorled1 the upper sometimes scattered1 large1 oblong1 pale1 minutely downy underneath4 ,flowers4--,dull1 purplish-pink1 clustered at the summit and along the sides of the stem4 7,these flowers are too difficult to be successfully analyzed by the non-botanist47 ,calyx4--,five-parted1 the divisions small and reflexed4 ,corolla4--,deeply five-parted1 the divisions reflexed2 above them a crown of five hooded nectaries1 each containing an incurved horn4 ,stamens4--,five1 inserted on the base of the corolla1 united with each other and enclosing the pistils4 ,pistils4--,properly two1 enclosed by the stamens1 surmounted by a large five-angled disk4 ,fruit4--,two pods1 one of which is large and full of silky-tufted seeds1 the other often stunted4 ,this is probably the commonest representative of this striking and beautiful native family4 ,the tall1 stout stems1 large1 pale leaves1 dull pink clustered flowers which appear in ,july1 and later the puffy pods filled with the silky-tufted seeds beloved of imaginative children1 are familiar to nearly everyone who spends a portion of the year in the country4 ,the young sprouts are said to make an excellent pot-herb2 the silky hairs of the seed-pods have been used for the stuffing of pillows and mattresses1 and can be mixed with flax or wool and woven to advantage2 while paper has been manufactured from the stout stalks4 ,the four-leaved milkweed1 ,a4 quadrifolia1 is the most delicate member of the family1 with fragrant rose-tinged flowers which appear on the dry wooded hill-sides quite early in ,june1 and slender stems which are usually leafless below1 and with one or two whorls and one or two pairs of oval1 taper-pointed leaves above4 ,the swamp milkweed1 ,a4 incarnata1 grows commonly in moist places4 ,its very leafy stems are two or three feet high1 with narrowly oblong1 pointed leaves4 ,its intense purple-pink flowers gleam from the wet meadows nearly all summer4 ,they are smaller than those of the purple milkweed1 ,a4 purpurascens1 which abounds in dry ground1 and which may be classed among the deep pink or purple flowers according to the eye of the beholder4 ,,herb ,,robert4 ,geranium ,robertianum4 ,geranium ,family4 ,stem4--,forking1 slightly hairy4 ,leaves4--,three1 divided1 the divisions again dissected4 ,flowers4--,purple-pink1 small4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with five styles which split apart in fruit4 ,from ,june until ,october many of our shaded woods and glens are abundantly decorated by the bright blossoms of the herb ,robert4 ,the reddish stalks of the plant have won it the name of 8red-shanks0 in the ,scotch ,highlands4 ,its strong scent is caused by a resinous secretion which exists in several of the geraniums4 ,in some species this resin is so abundant that the stems will burn like torches1 yielding a powerful and pleasant perfume4 ,the common name is said to have been given the plant on account of its supposed virtue in a disease which was known as 8,robert's plague10 after ,robert1 ,duke of ,normandy4 ,in some of the early writers it is alluded to as the 8holy herb of ,robert40 ,in fruit the styles of this plant split apart with an elasticity which serves to project the seeds to a distance1 it is said1 of twenty-five feet4 ,,bush ,,clover4 ,lespedeza procumbens4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stems4--,slender1 trailing1 and prostrate4 ,leaves4--,divided into three clover-like leaflets4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 purplish-pink1 veiny4 ,pod4--,small1 rounded1 flat1 one-seeded4 ,the flowers of this plant often have the appearance of springing directly from the earth amid a mass of clover leaves4 ,they are common in dry soil in the late summer and autumn1 as are the other members of the same genus4 ,l4 reticulata is an erect1 very leafy species with similar blossoms1 which are chiefly clustered near the upper part of the stem4 ,the bush clovers betray at once their kinship with the tick-trefoils1 but are usually found in more sandy1 open places4 ,l4 polystachya has upright wand-like stems from two to four feet high4 ,its flowers grow in oblong spikes on elongated stalks4 ,those of ,l4 capitata are clustered in globular heads4 ,,tick-,,trefoil4 ,desmodium ,canadense4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stem4--,hairy1 three to six feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into three somewhat oblong leaflets4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 dull purplish-pink1 growing in densely flowered racemes4 ,pod4--,flat1 deeply lobed on the lower margin1 from one to three inches long1 roughened with minute hooked hairs by means of which they adhere to animals and clothing4 ,great masses of color are made by these flowers in the bogs and rich woods of midsummer4 ,they are effective when seen in the distance1 but rather disappointing on closer examination1 and will hardly bear gathering or transportation4 ,they are by far the largest and most showy of the genus4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxix ,,herb ,,robert4--,g4 ,robertianum4 ,,tick-,,trefoil4 ,desmodium nudiflorum4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,scape4--,about two feet long4 ,leaves4--,divided into three broad leaflets1 crowded at the summit of the flowerless stems4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 purplish-pink1 small1 growing in an elongated raceme on a mostly leafless scape4 ,this is a smaller1 less noticeable plant than ,d4 ,canadense4 ,it flourishes abundantly in dry woods1 where it often takes possession in late summer to the exclusion of nearly all other flowers4 ,the flowers of ,d4 acuminatum grow in an elongated raceme from a stem about whose summit the leaves1 divided into very large leaflets1 are crowded2 otherwise it resembles ,d4 nudiflorum4 ,d4 ,dillenii grows to a height of from two to five feet1 with erect leafy stems and medium-sized flowers4 ,it is found commonly in open woods4 ,many of us who do not know these plants by name have uttered various imprecations against their roughened pods4 ,thoreau writes3 8,though you were running for your life1 they would have time to catch and cling to your clothes4444 ,these almost invisible nets1 as it were1 are spread for us1 and whole coveys of desmodium and bidens seeds steal transportation out of us4 ,i have found myself often covered1 as it were1 with an imbricated coat of the brown desmodium seeds or a bristling chevaux-de-frise of beggar-ticks1 and had to spend a quarter of an hour or more picking them off in some convenient spot2 and so they get just what they wanted--deposited in another place40 ,,bouncing ,,bet4 ,,soapwort4 ,saponaria officinalis4 ,pink ,family4 ,stem4--,rather stout1 swollen at the joints4 ,leaves4--,oval1 opposite4 ,flowers4--,pink or white1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,of five united sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five pinkish1 long-clawed petals 7frequently the flowers are double74 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two styles4 ,a cheery pretty plant is this with large1 rose-tinged flowers which are especially effective when double4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxx ,,bouncing ,,bet4--,s4 officinalis4 ,bouncing ,bet is of a sociable turn and is seldom found far from civilization1 delighting in the proximity of farm-houses and their belongings1 in the shape of children1 chickens1 and cattle4 ,she comes to us from ,england1 and her 8feminine comeliness and bounce0 suggest to ,mr4 ,burroughs a ,yorkshire housemaid4 ,the generic name is from sapo--soap1 and refers to the lather which the juice forms with water1 and which is said to have been used as a substitute for soap4 ,,steeple-,,bush4 ,,hardhack4 ,spira tomentosa4 ,rose ,family4 ,stems4--,very woolly4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 oval1 toothed4 ,flowers4--,small1 pink1 in pyramidal clusters4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,of five rounded petals4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistils4--,five to eight4 ,the pink spires of this shrub justify its rather unpoetic name of steeple-bush4 ,it is closely allied to the meadow-sweet 7,pl4 ,,xxvi471 blossoming with it in low grounds during the summer4 ,it differs from that plant in the color of its flowers and in the woolliness of its stems and the lower surface of its leaves4 ,,deptford ,,pink4 ,dianthus ,armeria4 ,pink ,family4 ,one or two feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 long and narrow1 hairy4 ,flowers4--,pink1 with white dots1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,five-toothed1 cylindrical1 with awl-shaped bracts beneath4 ,corolla4--,of five small petals4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two styles4 ,in ,july and ,august we find these little flowers in our eastern fields4 ,the generic name1 which signifies ,jove's own flower1 hardly applies to these inconspicuous blossoms4 ,perhaps it was originally bestowed upon ,d4 caryophyllus1 a large and fragrant ,english member of the genus1 which was the origin of our garden carnation4 ,,purple ,,loosestrife4 ,lythrum ,salicaria4 ,loosestrife ,family4 ,stem4--,tall and slender4 ,leaves4--,lance-shaped1 with a heart-shaped base1 sometimes whorled in threes4 ,flowers4--,deep purple-pink1 crowded and whorled in an interrupted spike4 ,calyx4--,five to seven-toothed1 with little processes between the teeth4 ,corolla4--,of five or six somewhat wrinkled petals4 ,stamens4--,usually twelve1 in two sets1 six longer and six shorter4 ,pistil4--,one1 varying in size in the different blossoms1 being of three different lengths4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxi ,,purple ,,loosestrife4--,l4 ,salicaria4 ,one who has seen an inland marsh in ,august aglow with this beautiful plant1 is almost ready to forgive the ,old ,country some of the many pests she has shipped to our shores in view of this radiant acquisition4 ,the botany locates it anywhere between ,nova ,scotia and ,delaware4 ,it may be seen in the perfection of its beauty along the marshy shores of the ,hudson and in the swamps of the ,wallkill ,valley4 ,when we learn that these flowers are called 8long purples10 by the ,english country people1 the scene of ,ophelia's tragic death rises before us3 ,there is a willow grows aslant a brook1 ,that shows his hoar leaves in the glassy stream1 ,there with fantastic garlands did she come1 ,of crow-flowers1 nettles1 daisies1 and long purples ,that liberal shepherds give a grosser name1 ,but our cold maids do dead men's fingers call them4 ,dr4 ,prior1 however1 says that it is supposed that ,shakespeare intended to designate the purple-flowering orchis1 ,o4 mascula1 which is said to closely resemble the showy orchis 7,pl4 ,,lxii47 of our spring woods4 ,the flowers of the purple loosestrife are especially interesting to botanists on account of their trimorphism1 which word signifies occurring in three forms1 and refers to the stamens and pistils1 which vary in size in the different blossoms1 being of three different lengths1 the pollen from any given set of stamens being especially fitted to fertilize a pistil of corresponding length4 ,,meadow-,,beauty4 ,,deer-,,grass4 ,rhexia ,virginica4 ,melastoma ,family4 ,stem4--,square1 with wing-like angles4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 narrowly oval4 ,flowers4--,purplish-pink1 clustered4 ,calyx-tube4--,urn-shaped1 four-cleft at the apex4 ,corolla4--,of four large rounded petals4 ,stamens4--,eight1 with long curved anthers4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,it is always a pleasant surprise to happen upon a bright patch of these delicate deep-hued flowers along the marshes or in the sandy fields of midsummer4 ,their fragile beauty is of that order which causes it to seem natural that they should belong to a genus which is the sole northern representative of a tropical family4 ,in parts of ,new ,england they grow in profusion1 while in ,arkansas the plant is said to be a great favorite with the deer1 hence one of its common names4 ,the flower has been likened to a scarlet evening primrose1 and there is certainly a suggestion of the evening primrose in the four rounded1 slightly heart-shaped petals4 ,the protruding stamens1 with their long yellow anthers1 are conspicuous4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxii ,,meadow-,,beauty4--,r4 ,virginica4 ,of the plant in the late year1 ,thoreau writes3 8,the scarlet leaves and stem of the rhexia1 sometime out of flower1 make almost as bright a patch in the meadows now as the flowers did4 ,its seed-vessels are perfect little cream-pitchers of graceful form40 ,,clammy ,,cuphea4 ,,wax-,,weed4 ,cuphea viscosissima4 ,loosestrife ,family4 ,stem4--,sticky1 hairy1 branching4 ,leaves4--,usually opposite1 rounded1 lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,deep purplish-pink1 solitary or in racemes4 ,calyx4--,tubular1 slightly spurred at the base on the upper side1 six-toothed at the apex1 usually with a slight projection between each tooth4 ,corolla4--,small1 of six unequal petals4 ,stamens4--,eleven or twelve1 of unequal sizes1 in two sets4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed stigma4 ,in the dry fields and along the roadsides of late summer this plant is found in blossom4 ,its rather wrinkled purplish-pink petals and unequal stamens suggest the flowers of the spiked loosestrife1 ,l4 ,salicaria1 to which it is closely related4 ,,sea ,,pink4 ,sabbatia stellaris4 ,gentian ,family4 ,stem4--,slender1 loosely branched4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 oblong to lance-shaped1 the upper narrowly linear4 ,flowers4--,large1 deep pure pink to almost white4 ,calyx4--,usually five-parted1 the lobes long and slender4 ,corolla4--,usually five-parted1 conspicuously marked with red and yellow in the centre4 ,stamens4--,usually five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two-cleft style4 ,the advancing year has few fairer sights to show us than a salt meadow flushed with these radiant blossoms4 ,they are so abundant1 so deep-hued1 so delicate6 ,one feels tempted to lie down among the pale grasses and rosy stars in the sunshine of the ,august morning and drink his fill of their beauty4 ,how often nature tries to the utmost our capacity of appreciation and leaves us still insatiate6 ,at such times it is almost a relief to turn from the mere contemplation of beauty to the study of its structure2 it rests our overstrained faculties4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxiii ,,sea ,,pink4--,s4 stellaris4 ,the vivid coloring and conspicuous marking of these flowers indicate that they aim to attract certain members of the insect world4 ,as in the fireweed the pistil of the freshly opened blossom is curved sideways1 with its lobes so closed and twisted as to be inaccessible on their stigmatic surfaces to the pollen which the already mature stamens are discharging4 ,when the effete anthers give evidence that they are hors de combat by their withered appearance1 the style erects itself and spreads its stigmas4 ,s4 angularis is a species which may be found in rich soil inland4 ,its somewhat heart-shaped1 clasping1 five-nerved leaves and angled stem serve to identify it4 ,s4 chloroides is a larger and peculiarly beautiful species which borders brackish ponds along the coast4 ,its corolla is about two inches broad and eight to twelve-parted4 ,,marsh ,,st4 ,,john',s-,,wort4 ,elodes campanulata4 ,st4 ,john's-wort ,family4 ,stem4--,one or two feet high1 often pinkish1 later bright red4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 set close to the stem or clasping by a broad base4 ,flowers4--,pinkish or flesh-color1 small1 closely clustered at the summit of the stem and in the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals1 often pinkish4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,nine1 in three sets1 the sets separated by orange-colored glands4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three styles4 ,if one has been so unlucky1 from the usual point of view1 or so fortunate1 looking at the matter with the eyes of the flower-lover1 as to find himself in a rich marsh early in ,august1 his eye is likely to fall upon the small1 pretty pinkish flowers and pale clasping leaves of the marsh ,st4 ,john's-wort4 ,a closer inspection will discover that the foliage is dotted with the pellucid glands1 and that the stamens are clustered in groups after the family fashion4 ,should the same marsh be visited a few weeks later dashes of vivid color will guide one to the spot where the little pink flowers were found4 ,in their place glow the conspicuous ovaries and bright leaves which make the plant very noticeable in late ,august4 ,elodes is a corruption from a ,greek word which signifies growing in marshes4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxiv ,sabbatia chloroides4 ,,rose ,,mallow4 ,,swamp ,,mallow4 ,hibiscus ,moscheutos4 ,mallow ,family4 ,stem4--,stout and tall1 four to eight feet high4 ,leaves4--,the lower three-lobed1 the upper oblong1 whitish and downy beneath4 ,flowers4--,large and showy1 pink4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft1 with a row of narrow bractlets beneath4 ,corolla4--,of five large petals4 ,stamens4--,many1 on a tube which encloses the lower part of the style4 ,pistils4--,five1 united into one1 with five stigmas which are like pin-heads4 ,when the beautiful rose mallow slowly unfolds her pink banner-like petals and admits the eager bee to her stores of golden pollen1 then we feel that the summer is far advanced4 ,as truly as the wood anemone and the blood-root seem filled with the essence of spring and the promise of the opening year1 so does this stately flower glow with the maturity and fulfilment of late summer4 ,here is none of the timorousness of the early blossoms which peep shyly out1 as if ready to beat a hasty retreat should a late frost overtake them1 but rather a calm assurance that the time is ripe1 and that the salt marshes and brackish ponds are only awaiting their rosy lining4 ,the marsh mallow1 whose roots yield the mucilaginous substance utilized in the well-known confection1 is ,altha officinalis1 an emigrant from ,europe4 ,it is a much less common plant than the ,hibiscus1 its pale pink flowers being found in some of the salt marshes of ,new ,england and ,new ,york4 ,the common mallow1 ,malva rotundifolia1 which overruns the country dooryards and village waysides1 is a little plant with rounded1 heart-shaped leaves and small purplish flowers4 ,it is used by the country people for various medicinal purposes and is cultivated and commonly boiled with meat in ,egypt4 ,job pictures himself as being despised by those who had been themselves so destitute as to 8cut up mallows by the bushes 444 for their meat40#g ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxv ,,rose ,,mallow4--,h4 ,moscheutos4 ,,salt ,,marsh ,,fleabane4 ,pluchea camphorata4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,two to five feet high4 ,leaves4--,pale1 thickish1 oblong or lance-shaped1 toothed4 ,flower-heads4--,pink1 small1 in flat-topped clusters1 composed entirely of tubular flowers4 ,in the salt marshes where we find the starry sea pinks and the feathery sea lavender1 we notice a pallid-looking plant whose pink flower-buds are long in opening4 ,it is late summer or autumn before the salt marsh fleabane is fairly in blossom4 ,there is a strong fragrance to the plant which hardly suggests camphor1 despite its specific title4 ,,hairy ,,willow-,,herb4 ,epilobium hirsutum4 ,evening ,primrose ,family4 ,three to five feet high4 ,stem4--,densely hairy1 stout1 branching4 ,leaves4--,mostly opposite1 lance-oblong1 finely toothed4 ,flower4--,purplish1 pink1 small1 in the axils of the upper leaves1 or in a leafy1 short raceme4 ,calyx4--,four or five-parted4 ,corolla4--,of four petals4 ,stamens4--,eight4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a four-parted stigma4 ,the hairy willow-herb is found in waste places1 blossoming in midsummer4 ,it is an emigrant from ,europe4 ,,fireweed4 ,,great ,,willow-,,herb4 ,epilobium angustifolium4 ,evening ,primrose ,family4 ,stem4--,four to seven feet high4 ,leaves4--,scattered1 lance-shaped1 willow-like4 ,flowers4--,purplish-pink1 large1 in a long raceme4 ,calyx4--,four-cleft4 ,corolla4--,of four petals4 ,stamens4--,eight4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a four-lobed stigma4 ,in midsummer this striking plant begins to mass its deep-hued blossoms along the roadsides and low meadows4 ,it is supposed to flourish with especial abundance in land that has newly been burned over2 hence1 its common name of fireweed4 ,its willow-like foliage has given it its other ,english title4 ,the likeness between the blossoms of this plant and those of the evening primrose betray their kinship4 ,when the stamens of the fireweed first mature and discharge their pollen the still immature style is curved backward and downward with its stigmas closed4 ,later it straightens and lengthens to its full dimensions1 so spreading its four stigmas as to be in position to receive the pollen of another flower from the visiting bee4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvi ,,fireweed4--,e4 angustifolium4 ------ ------ ,epilobium coloratum4 ,evening ,primrose ,family4 ,one to three feet high4 ,leaves4--,rather large1 lance-shaped1 sharply toothed4 ,flowers4--,pale pink1 small1 more or less nodding1 resembling in structure those of the hairy willow-herb4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a club-shaped stigma4 ,this species is found in abundance in wet places in summer4 ,,purple ,,gerardia4 ,gerardia purpurea4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stem4--,one to four feet high1 widely branching4 ,leaves4--,linear1 sharply pointed4 ,flowers4--,bright purplish-pink1 rather large4 ,calyx4--,five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,one inch long1 somewhat tubular1 swelling above1 with five more or less unequal1 spreading lobes1 often downy and spotted within4 ,stamens4--,four1 in pairs1 hairy4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,in late summer and early autumn these pretty noticeable flowers brighten the low-lying ground along the coast and in the neighborhood of the ,great ,lakes4 ,the sandy fields of ,new ,england and ,long ,island are oftentimes a vivid mass of color owing to their delicate blossoms4 ,the plant varies somewhat in the size of its flowers and in the manner of its growth4 ,the little seaside gerardia1 ,g4 maritima1 is from four inches to a foot high4 ,its smaller blossoms are also found in salt marshes4 ,the slender gerardia1 ,g4 tenuifolia1 is common in mountainous regions4 ,the leaves of this species are exceedingly narrow4 ,like the false foxglove 7,pl4 ,,lix47 and other members of this genus1 these plants are supposed to be parasitic in their habits4 ,,joe-,,pye-,,weed4 ,,trumpet-,,weed4 ,eupatorium purpureum4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,stout and tall1 two to twelve feet high1 often dotted4 ,leaves4--,in whorls of three to six1 oblong or oval1 pointed1 rough1 veiny1 toothed4 ,flower-heads4--,purplish-pink1 small1 composed entirely of tubular blossoms1 with long protruding styles1 growing in large clusters at or near the summit of the stem4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvii ,,joe-,,pye-,,weed4--,e4 purpureum4 ,the summer is nearly over when the tall1 conspicuous ,joe-,pye-weed begins to tinge with 8crushed raspberry0 the lowlands through which we pass4 ,in parts of the country it is nearly as common as the golden-rods and asters which appear at about the same season4 ,with the deep purple of the iron-weed it gives variety to the intense hues which herald the coming of autumn4 8,joe ,pye0 is said to have been the name of an ,indian who cured typhus fever in ,new ,england by means of this plant4 ,the tiny trumpet-shaped blossoms which make up the flower-heads may have suggested the other common name4 ,,pink ,,knotweed4 ,polygonum ,pennsylvanicum4 ,buckwheat ,family4 ,one to four feet high4 ,stem4--,branching4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,bright pink1 growing in thick1 short1 erect spikes4 ,calyx4--,mostly five-parted1 the divisions petal-like1 pink4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,usually eight4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-cleft style4 ,in late summer this plant can hardly escape notice4 ,its erect pink spikes direct attention to some neglected corner in the garden or brighten the fields and roadsides4 ,the rosy divisions of the calyx persist till after the fruit has formed1 pressing closely against the dark seed-vessel within4 ,,sand ,,knotweed4 ,polygonella articulata4 7,formerly ,polygonum articulatum47 ,buckwheat ,family4 ,erect1 branching1 four to twelve inches high4 ,leaves4--,linear1 inconspicuous4 ,flowers4--,rose-color1 nodding1 in very slender racemes4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,eight4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three styles4 ,under date of ,september #bfth1 ,thoreau writes3 8,the ,polygonum articulatum1 giving a rosy tinge to ,jenny's desert1 is very interesting now1 with its slender dense racemes of rose-tinted flowers1 apparently without leaves1 rising cleanly out of the sand4 ,it looks warm and brave1 a foot or more high1 and mingled with deciduous blue curls4 ,it is much divided1 with many spreading1 slender-racemed branches1 with inconspicuous linear leaves1 reminding me1 both by its form and its colors1 of a peach-orchard in blossom1 especially when the sunlight falls on it2 minute rose-tinted flowers that brave the frosts1 and advance the summer into fall1 warming with their color sandy hill-sides and deserts1 like the glow of evening reflected on the sand1 apparently all flower and no leaf4 ,rising apparently with clean bare stems from the sand1 it spreads out into this graceful head of slender1 rosy racemes1 wisp-like4 ,this little desert of less than an acre blushes with it40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,the ,moss ,pink1 ,phlox subulata1 with purple-pink flowers1 and ,phlox glaberrima1 with pink or whitish flowers1 will be found in the ,blue and ,purple section 7p4 #bce74 ,the ,mountain ,laurel 7p4 #eg7 and the ,american ,rhododendron 7p4 #fj7 are frequently found bearing pink flowers4 ,at times it has been difficult to determine whether certain flowers should be described in the ,pink or in the ,purple section4 ,the reader should bear this in mind1 consulting both in dubious cases4 ,,iv ,,red ,,wild ,,columbine4 ,aquilegia ,canadensis4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,twelve to eighteen inches high4 ,stem4--,branching4 ,leaves4--,much-divided1 the leaflets lobed4 ,flowers4--,large1 bright red1 yellow within1 nodding4 ,calyx4--,of five red petal-like sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five petals in the form of large hollow spurs1 which are red without and yellow within4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistils4--,five1 with slender styles4 --,a woodland walk1 ,a quest of river-grapes1 a mocking thrush1 ,a wild-rose or rock-loving columbine1 ,salve my worst wounds1 declares ,emerson2 and while perhaps few among us are able to make so light-hearted and sweeping a claim for ourselves1 yet many will admit the soothing power of which the woods and fields know the secret1 and will own that the ordinary annoyances of life may be held more or less in abeyance by one who lives in close sympathy with nature4 ,about the columbine there is a daring loveliness which stamps it on the memories of even those who are not ordinarily minute observers4 ,it contrives to secure a foothold in the most precipitous and uncertain of nooks1 its jewel-like flowers gleaming from their lofty perches with a graceful insouciance which awakens our sportsmanlike instincts and fires us with the ambition to equal it in daring and make its loveliness our own4 ,perhaps it is as well if our greediness be foiled and we get a tumble for our pains1 for no flower loses more with its surroundings than the columbine4 ,indeed1 these destructive tendencies which are strong within most of us generally defeat themselves by decreasing our pleasure in a blossom the moment we have ruthlessly and without purpose snatched it from its environment4 ,if we honestly wish to study its structure1 or to bring into our homes for preservation a bit of the woods' loveliness1 its interest and beauty are sure to repay us4 ,but how many pluck every striking flower they see only to toss it carelessly aside when they reach their destination1 if they have not already dropped it by the way4 ,surely if in such small matters sense and self-control were inculcated in children1 more would grow up to the poet's standard of worthiness3 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxviii ,,wild ,,columbine4--,a4 ,canadensis4 ,hast thou named all the birds without a gun8 ,loved the wood-rose and left it on its stalk8 ,at rich men's tables eaten bread and pulse8 ,unarmed1 faced danger with a heart of trust8 ,and loved so well a high behavior1 ,in man or maid1 that thou from speech refrained1 ,nobility more nobly to repay8 ,o1 be my friend1 and teach me to be thine6#h ,the name of columbine is derived from colomba--a dove1 but its significance is disputed4 ,some believe that it was associated with the bird-like claws of the blossom2 while ,dr4 ,prior maintains that it refers to the 8resemblance of its nectaries to the heads of pigeons in a ring around a dish1 a favorite device of ancient artists40 ,the meaning of the generic title is also doubtful4 ,gray derives it from aquilegus--water-drawing1 but gives no further explanation1 while other writers claim that it is from aquila1 an eagle1 seeing a likeness to the talons of an eagle in the curved nectaries4 ,,wake ,,robin4 ,,birthroot4 ,trillium erectum4 ,lily ,family4 ,stem4--,stout1 from a tuber-like rootstock4 ,leaves4--,broadly ovate1 three in a whorl a short distance below the flower4 ,flower4--,single1 terminal1 usually purplish-red1 occasionally whitish1 pinkish1 or greenish1 on an erect or somewhat inclined flower-stalk4 ,calyx4--,of three green spreading sepals4 ,corolla4--,of three large lance-shaped petals4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three large spreading stigmas4 ,fruit4--,a large1 ovate1 six-angled reddish berry4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxix ,,wake ,,robin4--,t4 erectum4 ,this wake robin is one of the few self-assertive flowers of the early year4 ,its contemporaries act as if somewhat uncertain as to whether the spring had really come to stay1 but no such lack of confidence possesses our brilliant young friend1 who almost flaunts her lurid petals in your face1 as if to force upon you the welcome news that the time of birds and flowers is at hand4 ,pretty and suggestive as is the common name1 it is hardly appropriate1 as the robins have been on the alert for many days before our flower unfurls its crimson signal4 ,its odor is most unpleasant4 ,its reddish fruit is noticeable in the woods of late summer4 ,the sessile trillium1 ,t4 sessile1 has no separate flower-stalk1 its red or greenish blossom being set close to the stem-leaves4 ,its petals are narrower1 and its leaves are often blotched or spotted4 ,its berry is globular1 six-angled1 and red or purplish4 ,the wake robins are native to ,north ,america1 only one species being found just beyond the boundaries in the ,russian territory4 ,,wood ,,betony4 ,,lousewort4 ,pedicularis ,canadensis4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stems4--,clustered1 five to twelve inches high4 ,leaves4--,the lower ones deeply incised1 the upper less so4 ,flowers4--,yellow and red1 growing in a short dense spike4 ,calyx4--,of one piece split in front4 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 the narrow upper lip arched1 the lower three-lobed4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,the bright flowers of the wood betony are found in our ,may woods1 often in the company of the columbine and yellow violet4 ,near ,philadelphia they are said to be among the very earliest of the flowers1 coming soon after the trailing arbutus4 ,in the later year the plant attracts attention by its uncouth spikes of brown seed-pods4 ,few wayside weeds have been accredited with greater virtue than the ancient betony1 which a celebrated ,roman physician claimed could cure forty-seven different disorders4 ,the ,roman proverb1 8,sell your coat and buy betony10 seems to imply that the plant did not flourish so abundantly along the ,appian ,way as it does by our ,american roadsides4 ,unfortunately we are reluctantly forced to believe once more that our native flower is not identical with the classic one1 but that it has received its common name through some superficial resemblance to the original betony or ,betonica4 ,,painted ,,cup4 ,castilleia coccinea4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stem4--,hairy1 six inches to a foot high4 ,root-leaves4--,clustered1 oblong4 ,stem-leaves4--,incised1 those among the flowers three to five-cleft1 bright scarlet toward the summit1 showy4 ,flowers4--,pale yellow1 spiked4 ,calyx4--,tubular1 flattened4 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 its upper lip long and narrow1 its lower short and three-lobed4 ,stamens4--,four1 unequal4 ,pistil4--,one4 ----,scarlet tufts ,are glowing in the green like flakes of fire2 ,the wanderers of the prairie know them well1 ,and call that brilliant flower the painted cup4#i ,but we need not go to the prairie in order to see this plant1 for it is equally abundant in certain low sandy ,new ,england meadows as well as in the near vicinity of ,new ,york ,city4 ,under date of ,june #c;d1 ,thoreau graphically describes its appearance near ,concord1 ,mass43 8,the painted cup is in its prime4 ,it reddens the meadow1 painted-cup meadow4 ,it is a splendid show of brilliant scarlet1 the color of the cardinal-flower1 and surpassing it in mass and profusion4444 ,i do not like the name4 ,it does not remind me of a cup1 rather of a flame when it first appears4 ,it might be called flame flower1 or scarlet tip4 ,here is a large meadow full of it1 and yet very few in the town have ever seen it4 ,it is startling to see a leaf thus brilliantly painted1 as if its tip were dipped into some scarlet tincture1 surpassing most flowers in intensity of color40 ,,wood ,,lily4 ,,wild ,,red ,,lily4 ,lilium ,philadelphicum4 ,lily ,family4 ,stem4--,two to three feet high4 ,leaves4--,whorled or scattered1 narrowly lance-shaped4 ,flower4--,erect1 orange-red or scarlet1 spotted with purple4 ,perianth4--,of six erect narrowly clawed sepals1 with nectar-bearing furrows at their base4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three-lobed stigma4 ,here and there in the shadowy woods is a vivid dash of color made by some wild red lily which has caught a stray sunbeam in its glowing cup4 ,the purple spots on its sepals guide the greedy bee to the nectar at their base2 we too can take the hint and reap a sweet reward if we will1 after which we are more in sympathy with those eager1 humming bees4 ,this erect1 deep-hued flower is so different from its nodding sister of the meadows1 that we wonder that the two should be so often confused4 ,when seen away from its surroundings it has less charm perhaps than either the yellow or the ,turk's cap lily2 but when it rears itself in the cool depths of its woodland home we feel the uniqueness of its beauty4 ,,turk',s ,,cap ,,lily4 ,lilium superbum4 ,lily ,family4 ,stem4--,three to seven feet high4 ,leaves4--,lance-shaped1 the lower whorled4 ,flowers4--,orange or scarlet1 with purple spots within1 three inches long1 from three to forty growing in pyramidal clusters4 ,perianth4--,of six strongly recurved sepals4 ,stamens4--,six1 with long anthers4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a three-lobed stigma4 ,consider the lilies of the field1 how they grow2 ,they toil not1 neither do they spin2 ,and yet ,i say unto you1 that even ,solomon in all his glory ,was not arrayed like one of these4 ,how they come back to us1 the beautiful hackneyed lines1 and flash into our memories with new significance of meaning when we chance suddenly upon a meadow bordered with these the most gorgeous of our wild flowers4 ,we might doubt whether our native lilies at all resembled those alluded to in the scriptural passage1 if we did not know that a nearly allied species grew abundantly in ,palestine2 for we have reason to believe that lily was a title freely applied by many ,oriental poets to any beautiful flower4 ,perhaps this plant never attains far inland the same luxuriance of growth which is common to it in some of the ,new ,england lowlands near the coast4 ,its radiant1 nodding blossoms are seen in great profusion as we travel by rail from ,new ,york to ,boston4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxx ,,wood ,,lily4--,l4 ,philadelphicum4 ,,hound',s ,,tongue4 ,cynoglossum officinale4 ,borage ,family4 ,stem4--,clothed with soft hairs4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 hairy1 the upper ones lance-shaped1 clasping somewhat by a rounded or heart-shaped base4 ,flowers4--,purplish-red1 growing in a curved raceme-like cluster which straightens as the blossoms expand4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,funnel-form1 five-lobed4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,a large nutlet roughened with barbed or hooked prickles4 ,this coarse plant1 whose disagreeable odor strongly suggests mice1 is not only a troublesome weed in pasture-land but a special annoyance to wool-growers1 as its prickly fruit adheres with pertinacity to the fleece of sheep4 ,its common name is a translation of its generic title and refers to the shape and texture of the leaves4 ,the dull red flowers appear in summer4 ,,butterfly-,,weed4 ,,pleurisy-,,root4 ,asclepias tuberosa4 ,milkweed ,family4 ,stem4--,rough and hairy1 one or two feet high1 erect1 very leafy1 branching at the summit1 without milky juice4 ,leaves4--,linear to narrowly lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,bright orange-red1 in flat-topped1 terminal clusters1 otherwise closely resembling those of the common milkweed 7p4 #aib47 ,fruit4--,two hoary erect pods1 one of them often stunted4 ,few if any of our native plants add more to the beauty of the midsummer landscape than the milkweeds1 and of this family no member is more satisfying to the color-craving eye than the gorgeous butterfly-weed1 whose vivid flower-clusters flame from the dry sandy meadows with such luxuriance of growth as to seem almost tropical4 ,even in the tropics one hardly sees anything more brilliant than the great masses of color made by these flowers along some of our ,new ,england railways in ,july1 while farther south they are said to grow even more profusely4 ,its gay coloring has given the plant its name of butterfly-weed1 while that of pleurisy-root arose from the belief that the thick1 deep root was a remedy for pleurisy4 ,the ,indians used it as food and prepared a crude sugar from the flowers2 the young seed-pods they boiled and ate with buffalo-meat4 ,the plant is worthy of cultivation and is easily transplanted1 as the fleshy roots when broken in pieces form new plants4 ,oddly enough1 at the ,centennial much attention was attracted by a bed of these beautiful plants which were brought from ,holland4 ,truly1 flowers like prophets are not without honor save in their own country4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxi ,,butterfly-,,weed4--,a4 tuberosa4 ,,european ,,hawkweed4 ,,devil',s ,,paintbrush4 ,hieracium aurantiacum4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,hairy1 erect4 ,leaves4--,hairy1 oblong1 close to the ground4 ,flower-heads4--,orange-red1 composed entirely of strap-shaped flowers1 clustered4 ,in parts of ,new ,york and of ,new ,england the midsummer meadows are ablaze with the brilliant orange-red flowers of this striking ,european weed4 ,it is among the more recent emigrants to this country and bids fair to become an annoyance to the farmer1 hence its not altogether inappropriate title of devil's paintbrush4 ,in ,england it was called 8,grimm the ,collier10 on account of its black hairs and after a comedy of the same title which was popular during the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,both its common and generic names refer to an ancient superstition to the effect that birds of prey used the juice of this genus to strengthen their eyesight4 ,,oswego ,,tea4 ,,bee ,,balm4 ,monarda didyma4 ,mint ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stem4--,square1 erect1 about two feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 ovate1 pointed1 aromatic2 those near the flowers tinged with red4 ,flowers4--,bright red1 clustered in a close round head4 ,calyx4--,reddish1 five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,elongated1 tubular1 two-lipped4 ,stamens4--,two1 elongated1 protruding4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed style1 protruding4 ,we have so few red flowers that when one flashes suddenly upon us it gives us a pleasant thrill of wonder and surprise4 ,then red flowers know so well how to enhance their beauty by seeking an appropriate setting4 ,they select the rich green backgrounds only found in moist1 shady places1 and are peculiarly charming when associated with a lonely marsh or a mountain brook4 ,the bee balm especially haunts these cool nooks1 and its rounded flower-clusters touch with warmth the shadows of the damp woods of midsummer4 ,the ,indians named the flower ,o-gee-chee--flaming flower1 and are said to have made a tea-like decoction from the blossoms4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxii ,,oswego ,,tea4--,m4 didyma4 ,,pimpernel4 ,,poor-,,man',s-,,weather-,,glass4 ,anagallis arvensis4 ,primrose ,family4 ,stems4--,low1 spreading4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 ovate1 set close to the stem4 ,flowers4--,red1 occasionally blue or white1 growing singly from the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,five-parted1 wheel-shaped4 ,stamens4--,five1 with bearded filaments4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,this flower is found in sandy fields1 being noted for its sensitiveness to the weather4 ,it folds its petals at the approach of rain1 and fails to open at all on a wet or cloudy day4 ,even in fine weather it closes in the early afternoon and 8sleeps0 till the next morning4 ,its ripened seeds are of value as food for many songbirds4 ,it was thought at one time to be serviceable in liver complaints1 which reputed virtue may have given rise to the old couplet3 ,no ear hath heard1 no tongue can tell ,the virtues of the pimpernel4 ,,cardinal-,,flower4 ,lobelia cardinalis4 ,lobelia ,family4 ,stem4--,from two to four feet high4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 narrowly oblong1 slightly toothed4 ,flowers4--,bright red1 growing in a raceme4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,somewhat two-lipped1 the upper lip of two rather erect lobes1 the lower spreading and three-cleft4 ,stamens4--,five1 united into a tube4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a fringed stigma4 ,we have no flower which can vie with this in vivid coloring4 ,in late summer its brilliant red gleams from the marshes or is reflected from the shadowy water's edge with unequalled intensity---- ,as if some wounded eagle's breast ,slow throbbing o'er the plain1 ,had left its airy path impressed ,in drops of scarlet rain4#aj ,the early ,french ,canadians were so struck with its beauty that they sent the plant to ,france as a specimen of what the wilds of the ,new ,world could yield4 ,perhaps at that time it received its ,english name which likens it to the gorgeously attired dignitaries of the ,roman ,church4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxiii ,,cardinal-,,flower4--,l4 cardinalis4 ,,trumpet ,,honeysuckle4 ,lonicera sempervirens4 ,honeysuckle ,family4 ,a twining shrub4 ,leaves4--,entire1 opposite1 oblong1 the upper pairs united around the stem4 ,flowers4--,deep red without1 yellowish within2 in close clusters from the axils of the upper leaves4 ,calyx4--,with very short teeth4 ,corolla4--,trumpet-shaped1 five-lobed4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,a red or orange berry4 ,many of us are so familiar with these flowers in our gardens that we have1 perhaps1 considered them 8escapes0 when we found them brightening the pasture thicket where really they are most at home1 appearing at any time from ,may till ,october4 ,the fragrant woodbine1 ,l4 grata1 is also frequently cultivated4 ,its natural home is the rocky woodlands1 where its sweet-scented whitish or yellowish flowers appear in ,may4 ,its stamens and style protrude conspicuously beyond the corolla-tube1 which is an inch in length4 ,the greenish or yellowish flowers of the fly honeysuckle1 ,l4 ciliata1 grow in pairs4 ,they are found in the rocky woods of ,may1 on an erect1 bushy shrub1 the leaves of which are all distinct1 never meeting about the stem4 ,v ,,blue ,,and ,,purple ,,liverwort4 ,,liver-,,leaf4 ,hepatica triloba4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,scape4--,fuzzy1 one-flowered4 ,leaves4--,rounded1 three-lobed1 from the root4 ,flowers4--,blue1 white1 or pinkish4 ,calyx4--,of six to twelve petal-like sepals2 easily taken for a corolla1 because directly underneath are three little leaves which resemble a calyx4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,usually numerous4 ,pistils4--,several4 ,the liver-leaf puts forth her sister blooms ,of faintest blue-- soon after the late snows have melted4 ,indeed these fragile-looking1 enamel-like flowers are sometimes found actually beneath the snow1 and form one of the many instances which we encounter among flowers1 as among their human contemporaries1 where the frail and delicate-looking withstand storm and stress far better than their more robust-appearing brethren4 ,we welcome these tiny newcomers with especial joy1 not alone for their delicate beauty1 but because they are usually the first of all the flowers upon the scene of action1 if we rule out the never-tardy skunk-cabbage4 ,the rusty leaves of last summer are obliged to suffice for the plant's foliage until some little time after the blossoms have appeared1 when the young fresh leaves begin to uncurl themselves4 ,some one has suggested that the fuzzy little buds look as though they were still wearing their furs as a protection against the wintry weather which so often stretches late into our spring4 ,the flowers vary in color from a lovely blue to pink or white4 ,they are found chiefly in the woods1 but occasionally on the sunny hill-sides as well4 ,the generic name1 ,hepatica1 is from the ,greek for liver1 and was probably given to the plant on account of the shape of its leaf4 ,dr4 ,prior says that 8in consequence of this fancied likeness it was used as a remedy for liver complaints1 the common people having long labored under the belief that nature indicated in some such fashion the uses to which her creations might be applied40 ,,common ,,blue ,,violet4 ,viola cucullata4 ,violet ,family4 ,scape4--,slender1 one-flowered4 ,leaves4--,heart-shaped1 all from the root4 ,flowers4--,varying from a pale blue to deep purple1 borne singly on a scape4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals extended into ears at the base4 ,corolla4--,of five somewhat unequal petals1 the lower one spurred at the base4 ,stamens4--,short and broad1 somewhat united around the pistil4 ,pistil4--,one with a club-shaped style and bent stigma4 ,perhaps this is the best-beloved as well as the best known of the early wild flowers4 ,whose heart has not been gladdened at one time or another by a glimpse of some fresh green nook in early ,may where --purple violets lurk1 ,with all the lovely children of the shade8 ,it seems as if no other flower were so suggestive of the dawning year1 so associated with the days when life was full of promise4 ,although ,i believe that more than a hundred species of violets have been recorded1 only about thirty are found in our country2 of these perhaps twenty are native to the ,northeastern ,states4 ,unfortunately we have no strongly sweet-scented species1 none --sweeter than the lids of ,juno's eyes ,or ,cytherea's breath1-- as ,shakespeare found the ,english blossom4 ,prophets and warriors as well as poets have favored the violet2 ,mahomet preferred it to all other flowers1 and it was chosen by the ,bonapartes as their emblem4 ,perhaps its frequent mention by ancient writers is explained by the discovery that the name was one applied somewhat indiscriminately to sweet-scented blossoms4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxiv ,,liverwort4--,h4 triloba4 ,the bird-foot violet1 ,v4 pedata1 unlike other members of the family1 has leaves which are divided into linear lobes4 ,its flower is peculiarly lovely1 being large and velvety4 ,the variety1 ,v4 bicolor1 is especially striking and pansy-like1 its two upper petals being of a deeper hue than the others4 ,it is found in the neighborhood of ,washington in abundance1 and on the shaly soil of ,new ,jersey4 ,an interesting feature of many of these plants is their cleistogamous flowers4 ,these are small and inconspicuous blossoms1 which never open 7thus guarding their pollen against all depredations71 but which are self-fertilized1 ripening their seeds in the dark4 ,they are usually found near or beneath the ground1 and are often taken for immature buds4 ,,dog ,,violet4 ,viola canina1 var4 ,muhlenbergii4 ,violet ,family4 ,three to eight inches high4 ,stems4--,leafy4 ,leaves4--,heart-shaped1 wavy-toothed4 ,flowers4--,pale violet4 ,this is the commonest blue species of the leafy-stemmed violets4 ,it is found in wet1 shady places from ,may till ,july4 ,,bluets4 ,,quaker ,,ladies4 ,houstonia crulea4 ,madder ,family4 ,stem4--,erect1 three to five inches high4 ,leaves4--,very small1 opposite4 ,flowers4--,small1 delicate blue1 lilac1 or nearly white1 with a yellowish eye4 ,calyx4--,four-lobed4 ,corolla4--,salver-shaped1 four-lobed1 corolla-tube long and slender4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two stigmas4 ,no one who has been in the ,berkshire ,hills during the month of ,may can forget the loveliness of the bluets4 ,the roadsides1 meadows1 and even the lawns1 are thickly carpeted with the dainty enamel-like blossoms which are always pretty1 but which seem to flourish with especial vigor and in great profusion in this lovely region4 ,less plentiful1 perhaps1 but still common is the little plant in grassy places far south and west1 blossoming in early spring4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxv ,,bluets4--,h4 crulea4 ,the flowers are among those which botanists term 8dimorphous40 ,this word signifies occurring in two forms1 and refers to the stamens and pistils1 which vary in size1 some flowers having a tall pistil and short stamens1 others tall stamens and a short pistil4 ,darwin has proved1 not only that one of these flowers can seldom fully fertilize itself1 but that usually the blossoms with tall pistils must be fertilized with pollen from the tall stamens1 and that the short pistils are only acted upon by the short stamens4 ,with a good magnifier and a needle these two forms can easily be studied4 ,this is one of the many interesting safeguards against close-fertilization4 ,,bluebells4 ,,virginian ,,cowslip4 ,,lungwort4 ,mertensia ,virginica4 ,borage ,family4 ,one to two feet high4 ,stem4--,smooth1 pale1 erect4 ,leaves4--,oblong1 veiny4 ,flowers4--,blue1 pinkish in bud1 in raceme-like clusters which are rolled up from the end and straighten as the flowers expand4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,trumpet-shaped1 one inch long1 spreading4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,these very lovely blossoms are found in moist places during ,april and ,may in parts of ,new ,york as well as south and westward4 ,the ,english naturalist1 ,mr4 ,alfred ,wallace1 seeing them1 for the first time1 in the vicinity of ,cincinnati1 writes in the ,fortnightly ,review3 8,in a damp river-bottom1 the exquisite blue ,mertensia ,virginica was found4 ,it is called here the #8,virginian cowslip1' its drooping porcelain-blue bells being somewhat of the size and form of those of the true cowslip40 ,,blue-,,eyed ,,mary4 ,,innocence4 ,collinsia verna4 ,figwort ,family4 ,six to twenty inches high4 ,stems4--,branching1 slender4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 the lower oval1 the upper ovate--lance-shaped1 clasping by the heart-shaped base4 ,flowers4--,blue and white1 long-stalked1 appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves4 ,calyx4--,deeply five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,deeply two-lipped1 the upper lip two-cleft1 the lower three-cleft4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,unfortunately these dainty flowers are not found farther east than ,western ,new ,york4 ,from there they spread south and westward1 abounding so plentifully in the vicinity of ,cincinnati that the moist meadows are blue with their blossoms in spring or early summer4 ,,forget-,,me-,,not4 ,myosotis laxa4 ,borage ,family4 ,stems4--,slender4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 lance-oblong4 ,flowers4--,blue1 small1 growing in a raceme4 ,calyx4--,five-lobed4 ,corolla4--,salver-shaped1 five-toothed4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,along the banks of the stream1 and in low wet places1 we may look for these exquisite little flowers4 ,this plant is smaller and less luxuriant than the ,european species1 blossoming in early summer4 ,,wild ,,phlox4 ,phlox divaricata4 ,polemonium ,family4 ,nine to eighteen inches high4 ,stems4--,spreading or ascending4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 oblong or lance-oblong1 ,flowers4--,pale lilac-purple1 in a loose1 spreading cluster4 ,calyx4--,with five slender teeth4 ,corolla4--,with a five-parted border1 salver-shaped1 with a long tube4 ,stamens4--,five1 unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a three-lobed style4 ,we may search for these graceful1 delicately tinted flowers in the rocky woods of ,april and ,may4 ,nearly allied to them is the wild sweet ,william1 ,p4 maculata1 the pink-purple blossoms of which are found along the streams and in the rich woods of somewhat southern localities4 ,the beautiful moss pink1 ,p4 subulata1 is also a member of this genus4 ,this little evergreen heath-like plant clothes the dry hill-sides with a glowing mantle of purple-pink every spring1 ,southern ,new ,york being probably its most northerly range in our ,eastern ,states4 ,great masses of these flowers may be seen covering the rocks in the ,central ,park in ,may4 ,the pink or whitish clusters of ,p4 glaberrima are found in the open woods and prairies somewhat westward in ,july4 ,,robin',s ,,plantain4 ,,blue ,,spring-,,daisy4 ,erigeron bellidifolius4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,simple1 hairy1 producing offsets from the base4 ,root-leaves4--,somewhat rounded or wedge-shaped4 ,stem-leaves4--,somewhat oblong1 lance-shaped1 partly clasping4 ,flower-heads4--,rather large1 on slender flower-stalks1 composed of both strap-shaped and tubular flowers1 the former 7ray-flowers7 bluish-purple1 the latter 7disk-flowers7 yellow4 ,this is one of the earliest members of the ,composite family to make its appearance1 that great tribe being usually associated with the late summer months4 ,the flower might easily be taken for a purple aster which had mistaken the season1 or for a blue daisy1 as one of its common names suggests4 ,e4 ,philadelphicus is a later very similar species with smaller flower-heads4 ,,one-,,flowered ,,cancer-,,root4 ,aphyllon uniflorum4 ,broom-,rape ,family4 ,scape4--,slender1 fleshy1 three to five inches high1 one-flowered4 ,leaves4--,none4 ,flower4--,pale purple1 solitary1 one inch long1 with a delicate fragrance4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,somewhat two-lipped1 with two yellow bearded folds in the throat4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,in ,april or ,may the odd pretty flower of the parasitic one-flowered cancer-root is found in the damp woodlands4 ,,violet ,,wood ,,sorrel4 ,oxalis violacea4 ,geranium ,family4 ,scape4--,five to nine inches high1 several-flowered4 ,leaves4--,divided into three clover-like leaflets4 ,flowers4--,violet-colored1 clustered on the scape4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with five styles4 ,this little plant is found in somewhat open or rocky woods1 its lovely delicate flower-clusters appearing in ,may or ,june4 ,this species is more common southward1 while the pink-veined wood sorrel 7,pl4 ,,xvii47 abounds in the cool woods of the ,north4 ,,pitcher-,,plant4 ,,side-,,saddle ,,flower4 ,,huntsman',s ,,cup4 ,sarracenia purpurea4 ,pitcher-plant ,family4 ,scape4--,naked1 one-flowered1 about one foot high4 ,leaves4--,pitcher-shaped1 broadly winged1 hooded4 ,flower4--,red-purple1 large1 nodding4 ,calyx4--,of five colored sepals1 with three bractlets at the base4 ,corolla4--,of five fiddle-shaped petals which are arched over the greenish-yellow style4 ,stamens4--,numerous4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a short style which expands at the summit into a petal-like umbrella-shaped body1 with five small hooked stigmas4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxvi ,,robin',s ,,plantain4--,e4 bellidifolius4 ,the large nodding flower of the pitcher-plant may be found during ,june in the peat-bogs of ,new ,england as well as farther south and west4 ,it is less familiar to most people than the curious pitcher-like leaves1 which are usually partially filled with water and drowned insects2 part of their inner surface being covered with a sugary exudation1 below which1 for a space1 they are highly polished1 while on the lower portion grow the stiff bristles which point downward4 ,insects attracted by the sugary secretion find themselves prisoners1 as they can seldom fight their way through the opposing bristles1 neither can they usually escape by such a perpendicular flight as would be necessary from the form of the cavity4 ,the decomposed bodies of these unfortunates are supposed to contribute to the nourishment of the plant1 as it is hardly probable that this elaborate contrivance answers no special purpose4 ,,wild ,,geranium4 ,,wild ,,cranesbill4 ,geranium maculatum4 ,geranium ,family4 ,stem4--,erect1 hairy4 ,leaves4--,about five-parted1 the divisions lobed and cut4 ,flowers4--,pale pink-purple1 rather large4 ,calyx4--,of five sepals4 ,corolla4--,of five petals4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,with five styles1 which split apart at maturity so elastically as to discharge the seeds to some distance4 ,in spring and early summer the open woods and shaded roadsides are abundantly brightened with these graceful flowers4 ,they are of peculiar interest because of their close kinship with the species1 ,g4 pratense1 which first attracted the attention of the ,german scholar1 ,sprengel1 to the close relations existing between flowers and insects4 ,the beak-like appearance of its fruit give the plant both its popular and scientific names1 for geranium is from the ,greek for crane4 ,the specific title1 maculatum1 refers to the somewhat blotched appearance of the older leaves4 ,,gill-,,over-,,the-,,ground4 ,,ground ,,ivy4 ,nepeta ,glechoma4 ,mint ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stems4--,creeping and trailing4 ,leaves4--,small and kidney-shaped4 ,flowers4--,bluish-purple1 loosely clustered in the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 the upper lip erect and two-cleft1 the lower spreading and three-cleft4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one1 two-lobed at the apex4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxvii ,,wild ,,geranium4--,g4 maculatum4 ,as the pleasant aroma of its leaves suggest1 this little plant is closely allied to the catnip4 ,its common title of ,gill-over-the-ground1 appeals to one who is sufficiently without interest in pasture-land 7for it is obnoxious to cattle7 to appreciate the pleasant fashion in which this little immigrant from ,europe has made itself at home here1 brightening the earth with such a generous profusion of blossoms every ,may4 ,but it is somewhat of a disappointment to learn that this name is derived from the ,french guiller1 and refers to its former use in the fermentation of beer4 ,oddly enough the name of alehoof1 which the plant has borne in ,england and which naturally has been supposed to refer to this same custom1 is said by a competent authority 7,professor ,earle1 of ,oxford7 to have no connection with it1 but to signify another sort of hofe1 hofe being the early ,english name for the violet1 which resembles these flowers in color4 ,the plant was highly prized formerly as a domestic medicine4 ,gerarde claims that 8boiled in mutton-broth it helpeth weake and akeing backs40 ,,larkspur4 ,delphinium4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,six inches to five feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided or cut4 ,flowers4--,blue or purplish1 growing in terminal racemes4 ,calyx4--,of five irregular petal-like sepals1 the upper one prolonged into a spur4 ,corolla4--,of four irregular petals1 the upper pair continued backward in long spurs which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx1 the lower pair with short claws4 ,stamens4--,indefinite in number4 ,pistils4--,one to five1 forming pods in fruit4 ,in ,april and ,may the bright blue clusters of the dwarf larkspur1 ,d4 tricorne1 are noticeable in parts of the country4 ,unfortunately they are not found east of ,western ,pennsylvania4 ,the tall wand-like purplish racemes of the tall larkspur1 ,d4 exaltatum1 are found in ,july in the rich soil of ,pennsylvania1 and much farther south and west as well4 ,,wild ,,lupine4 ,lupinus perennis4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stem4--,erect1 one to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into seven to eleven leaflets4 ,flowers4--,blue1 papilionaceous1 showy1 in a long raceme4 ,pod4--,broad1 hairy4 ,in ,june and ,july the long bright clusters of the wild lupine are very noticeable in many of our sandy fields4 ,its pea-like blossoms serve to easily identify it4 ,under date of ,june #hth1 ,thoreau writes3 8,the lupine is now in its glory4444 ,it paints a whole hill-side with its blue1 making such a field 7if not meadow7 as ,proserpine might have wandered in4 ,its leaf was made to be covered with dewdrops4 ,i am quite excited by this prospect of blue flowers in clumps1 with narrow intervals1 such a profusion of the heavenly1 the ,elysian color1 as if these were the ,elysian fields4444 ,that is the value of the lupine4 ,the earth is blued with it40 ,,harebell4 ,campanula rotundifolia4 ,campanula ,family4 ,stem4--,slender1 branching1 from five to twelve inches high4 ,root-leaves4--,heart-shaped or ovate1 early withering4 ,stem-leaves4--,numerous1 long and narrow4 ,flowers4--,bright blue1 nodding from hair-like stalks4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft1 the lobes awl-shaped4 ,corolla4--,bell-shaped1 five-lobed4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three stigmas4 ,this slender1 pretty plant1 hung with its tremulous flowers1 springs from the rocky cliffs which buttress the river as well as from those which crown the mountain4 ,i have seen the west shore of the ,hudson bright with its delicate bloom in ,june1 and the summits of the ,catskills tinged with its azure in ,september4 ,the drooping posture of these flowers protect their pollen from rain or dew4 ,they have come to us from ,europe1 and are identical1 ,i believe1 with the celebrated ,scotch bluebells4 ,,blue-,,eyed ,,grass4 ,sisyrinchium angustifolium4 ,iris ,family4 ,four to twelve inches high4 ,leaves4--,narrow and grass-like4 ,flowers4--,blue or purple1 with a yellow centre4 ,perianth4--,six-parted1 the divisions bristle-pointed4 ,stamens4--,three1 united4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three thread-like stigmas4 ,for the sun is no sooner risen with a burning heat1 ,but it withereth the grass1 ,and the flower thereof falleth1 ,and the grace of the fashion of it perisheth4 ,so reads the passage in the ,epistle of ,james1 which seems so graphically to describe the brief life of this little flower1 that we might almost believe the ,apostle had had it in mind1 were it to be found in the ,east4 ,the blue-eyed grass belongs to the same family as the showy fleur-de-lis and blossoms during the summer1 being especially plentiful in moist meadows4 ,it is sometimes called 8eye-bright10 which name belongs by rights to ,euphrasia officinalis4 ,,venus',s ,,looking-,,glass4 ,specularia perfoliata4 ,campanula ,family4 ,stem4--,somewhat hairy1 three to twenty inches high4 ,leaves4--,toothed1 rounded1 clasping by the heart-shaped base4 ,flowers4--,blue4 ,calyx4--,three1 four1 or five-lobed4 ,corolla4--,wheel-shaped1 five-lobed4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with three stigmas4 ,we borrow from ,mr4 ,burroughs's 8,bunch of ,herbs0 a description of this little plant1 which blossoms from ,may till ,august4 8,a pretty and curious little weed1 sometimes found growing in the edge of the garden1 is the clasping specularia1 a relative of the harebell and of the ,european ,venus's looking-glass4 ,its leaves are shell-shaped1 and clasp the stalk so as to form little shallow cups4 ,in the bottom of each cup three buds appear that never expand into flowers1 but when the top of the stalk is reached1 one and sometimes two buds open a large1 delicate purple-blue corolla4 ,all the first-born of this plant are still-born as it were2 only the latest1 which spring from its summit1 attain to perfect bloom40 ,,skull-,,cap4 ,scutellaria4 ,mint ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stem4--,square1 usually one or two feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 oblong1 lance-shaped or linear4 ,flowers4--,blue4 ,calyx4--,two-lipped1 the upper lip with a small1 helmet-like appendage which at once identifies this genus4 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 the upper lip arched1 the lateral lobes mostly connected with the upper lip1 the lower lip spreading and notched at the apex4 ,stamens4--,four1 in pairs4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed style4 ,the prettiest and most striking of this genus is the larger skull-cap1 ,s4 integrifolia1 whose bright blue flowers are about one inch long1 growing in terminal racemes4 ,in ,june and ,july they may be found among the long grass of the roadsides and meadows4 ,they are easily identified by the curious little appendage on the upper part of the calyx1 which gives to this genus its common name4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxviii ,,blue-,,eyed ,,grass4--,s4 angustifolium4 ,perhaps the best-known member of the group is the mad-dog skull-cap1 ,s4 lateriflora1 which delights in wet places1 bearing small1 inconspicuous flowers in one-sided racemes4 ,this plant is quite smooth1 while that of ,s4 integrifolia is rather downy4 ,it was formerly believed to be a sure cure for hydrophobia4 ,s4 galericulata is usually found somewhat northward4 ,its flowers are much larger than those of ,s4 lateriflora1 but smaller than those of ,s4 integrifolia4 ,they grow singly from the axils of the upper leaves4 ,,fleur-,,de-,,lis4 ,,larger ,,blue ,,flag4 ,iris versicolor4 ,iris ,family4 ,stem4--,stout1 angled on one side1 leafy1 one to three feet high4 ,leaves4--,flat and sword-shaped1 with their inner surfaces coherent for about half of their length4 ,flowers4--,large and showy1 violet-blue1 variegated with green1 yellow1 or white2 purple-veined4 ,perianth4--,six-cleft1 the three outer divisions recurved1 the three inner smaller and erect4 ,stamens4--,three1 covered by the three overarching1 petal-like divisions of the style4 ,pistil4--,one1 with its style cleft into three petal-like divisions1 each of which bears its stigma on its inner surface4 ,born in the purple1 born to joy and pleasance1 ,thou dost not toil nor spin1 ,but makest glad and radiant with thy presence ,the meadow and the lin4#aa ,in both form and color this is one of the most regal of our wild flowers1 and it is easy to understand why the fleur-de-lis was chosen as the emblem of a royal house1 although the especial flower which ,louis ,,vii4 of ,france selected as his badge was probably white4 ,it will surprise most of us to learn that the common name which we have borrowed from the ,french does not signify 8flower-of-the-lily10 as it would if literally translated1 but 8flower of ,louis10 lis being a corruption of the name of the king who first adopted it as his badge4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxix ,,fleur-,,de-,,lis4--,i4 versicolor4 ,for the botanist the blue-flag possesses special interest4 ,it is a conspicuous example of a flower which has guarded itself against self-fertilization1 and which is beautifully calculated to secure the opposite result4 ,the position of the stamens is such that their pollen could not easily reach the stigmas of the same flower1 for these are borne on the inner surface of the petal-like1 overarching styles4 ,there is no prospect here of any seed being set unless the pollen of another flower is secured4 ,now what are the chances in favor of this8 ,they are many3 ,in the first place the blossom is unusually large and showy1 from its size and shape alone almost certain to arrest the attention of the passing bee2 next1 the color is not only conspicuous1 but it is also one which has been found to be especially attractive to bees2 blue and purple flowers being particularly sought by these insects4 ,when the bee reaches the flower he alights on the only convenient landing-place1 one of the recurved sepals2 following the deep purple veins which experience has taught him lead to the hidden nectar1 he thrusts his head below the anther1 brushing off its pollen1 which he carries to another flower4 ,the rootstocks of the ,florentine species of iris yield the familiar 8orris-root40 ,the family name is from the ,greek for rainbow1 on account of the rich and varied hues of its different members4 ,the plant abounds in wet meadows1 the blossoms appearing in ,june4 ,,american ,,brooklime4 ,veronica ,americana4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stem4--,smooth1 reclining at base1 then erect1 eight to fifteen inches high4 ,leaves4--,mostly opposite1 oblong1 toothed4 ,flowers4--,blue1 clustered in the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,four-parted4 ,corolla4--,wheel-shaped1 four-parted4 ,stamens4--,two4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,perhaps the prettiest of the blue ,veronicas is the ,american brooklime4 ,its clustered flowers make bright patches in moist ground which might1 at a little distance1 be mistaken for beds of forget-me-nots4 ,it blossoms from ,june till ,august1 and is almost as common in wet ditches and meadows as its sister1 the common speedwell1 is in dry and open places4 ,some of the members of this genus were once believed to possess great medicinal virtues1 and won for themselves in ,europe the laudatory names of ,honor and ,praise4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xc ,,american ,,brooklime4--,v4 ,americana4 ,,common ,,speedwell4 ,veronica officinalis4 ,figwort ,family4 ,the little speedwell's darling blue is noticeable during ,june and ,july1 when clusters of these tiny flowers brighten many a waste spot along the sunny roadsides4 ,this is a hairy little plant1 with a stem which lies upon the ground and takes root1 thus spreading itself quickly over the country4 ,,arethusa4 ,arethusa bulbosa4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,scape4--,sheathed1 from a globular bulb1 usually one-flowered4 ,leaf4--8,solitary1 linear1 nerved1 hidden in the sheaths of the scape1 protruding after flowering40 7,gray47 ,flower4--,rose-purple1 large1 with a bearded lip4 ,in some localities this beautiful flower is very plentiful4 ,every ,june will find certain ,new ,england marshes tinged with its rose-purple blossoms1 while in other near and promising bogs it may be sought vainly for years4 ,at least it may be hoped for in wet places as far south as ,north ,carolina1 its most favorite haunt being perhaps a cranberry-swamp4 ,concerning it1 ,mr4 ,burroughs writes3 8,arethusa was one of the nymphs who attended ,diana1 and was by that goddess turned into a fountain1 that she might escape the god of the river ,alpheus1 who became desperately in love with her on seeing her at her bath4 ,our ,arethusa is one of the prettiest of the orchids1 and has been pursued through many a marsh and quaking-bog by her lovers4 ,she is a bright pink-purple flower an inch or more long1 with the odor of sweet violets4 ,the sepals and petals rise up and arch over the column1 which we may call the heart of the flower1 as if shielding it4 ,in ,plymouth ,county1 ,mass41 where the ,arethusa seems common1 ,i have heard it called ,indian pink40 ,,purple ,,fringed ,,orchises4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,habenaria fimbriata4 ,leaves4--,oval or oblong2 the upper1 few1 passing into lance-shaped bracts4 ,flowers4--,purple1 rather large2 with a fan-shaped1 three-parted lip1 its divisions fringed2 with a long curving spur2 growing in a spike4 ,habenaria psycodes4 ,leaves4--,oblong or lance-shaped1 the upper passing into linear bracts4 ,flowers4--,purple1 fragrant1 resembling those of ,h4 fimbriata1 but much smaller1 with a less fringed lip2 growing in a spike4 ,we should search the wet meadows in early ,june if we wish to be surely in time for the larger of the purple fringed orchises1 for ,h4 fimbriata somewhat antedates ,h4 psycodes1 which is the commoner species of the two and appears in ,july4 ,under date of ,june #ith1 ,thoreau writes3 8,find the great fringed orchis out apparently two or three days1 two are almost fully out1 two or three only budded2 a large spike of peculiarly delicate1 pale purple flowers growing in the luxuriant and shady swamp1 amid hellebores1 ferns1 golden senecio1 etc4444 ,the village belle never sees this more delicate belle of the swamp4444 ,a beauty reared in the shade of a convent1 who has never strayed beyond the convent-bell4 ,only the skunk or owl1 or other inhabitant of the swamp1 beholds it40 ,,american ,,pennyroyal4 ,hedeoma pulegioides4 ,mint ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stem4--,square1 low1 erect1 branching ,leaves4--,opposite1 aromatic1 small4 ,flowers4--,purplish1 small1 whorled in the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,two-lipped1 upper lip three-toothed1 the lower two-cleft4 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 upper erect1 notched at apex1 the lower spreading and three-cleft4 ,fertile stamens4--,two4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed style4 ,this well-known1 strong-scented little plant is found throughout the greater part of the country1 blossoming in midsummer4 ,its taste and odor nearly resemble that of the true pennyroyal1 ,mentha pulegium1 of ,europe4 ,,monkey-,,flower4 ,mimulus ringens4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stem4--,square1 one to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 oblong or lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,pale violet-purple1 rarely white1 growing singly from the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,five-angled1 five-toothed1 the upper tooth largest4 ,corolla4--,tubular1 two-lipped1 the upper lip erect or spreading1 two-lobed1 the lower spreading and three-lobed1 the throat closed4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed stigma4 ,from late ,july onward the monkey-flowers tinge the wet fields and border the streams and ponds2 not growing in the water like the pickerel-weed1 but seeking a hummock in the swamp1 or a safe foothold on the brook's edge1 where they can absorb the moisture requisite to their vigorous growth4 ,the name is a diminutive of mimus--a buffoon1 and refers to the somewhat grinning blossom4 ,the plant is a common one throughout the eastern part of the country4 ,,common ,,motherwort4 ,leonurus cardiaca4 ,mint ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stem4--,tall and upright4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 the lower rounded and lobed1 the floral wedge-shaped at base and three-cleft4 ,flowers4--,pale purple1 in close whorls in the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--8,with five nearly equal teeth1 which are awl-shaped1 and when old rather spiny1 pointed1 and spreading40 7,gray47 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 the upper lip somewhat arched and bearded1 the lower three-lobed and spreading4 ,stamens4--,four1 in pairs4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed style4 ,the tall erect stems1 opposite leaves1 and regular whorls of closely clustered pale purple flowers help us to easily identify the motherwort1 if identification be needed1 for it seems as though such old-fashioned1 time-honored plants as catnip1 tansy1 and motherwort1 which cling so persistently to the skirts of the old homestead in whose domestic economy they once played so important a part1 should be familiar to us all4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xci ,,monkey-,,flower4--,m4 ringens4 ,,corn ,,cockle4 ,lychnis ,githago4 ,pink ,family4 ,about two feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 long and narrow1 pale green1 with silky hairs4 ,flowers4--,rose-purple1 large1 long-stalked4 ,calyx-lobes4--,five1 long and slender1 exceeding the petals4 ,corolla4--,of five broad petals4 ,stamens4--,ten4 ,pistil4--,one1 with five styles4 ,in many countries some of the most beautiful and noticeable flowers are commonly found in grain-fields4 ,england's scarlet poppies flood her farm-lands with glorious color in early summer2 while the bluets lighten the corn-fields of ,france4 ,our grain-fields seem to have no native flower peculiar to them2 but often we find a trespasser of foreign descent hiding among the wheat or straying to the roadsides in early summer1 whose deep-tinted blossoms secure an instant welcome from the flower-lover if not from the farmer4 8,what hurte it doeth among corne6 the spoyle unto bread1 as well in colour1 taste1 and unwholesomeness1 is better known than desired10 wrote ,gerarde4 ,the large dark seeds fill the ground wheat with black specks1 and might be injurious if existing in any great quantity4 ,its former generic name was ,agrostemma1 signifying crown of the fields4 ,its present one of ,lychnis1 signifies a light or lamp4 ,,blue ,,vervain4 ,,simpler',s ,,joy4 ,verbena hastata4 ,vervain ,family4 ,four to six feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 somewhat lance-shaped1 the lower often lobed and sometimes halberd-shaped at base4 ,flowers4--,purple1 small1 in slender erect spikes4 ,calyx4--,five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,tubular1 somewhat unequally five-cleft4 ,stamens4--,two1 in pairs4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,along the roadsides in midsummer we notice these slender purple spikes1 the appearance of which would be vastly improved if the tiny blossoms would only consent to open simultaneously4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcii ,,blue ,,vervain4--,v4 hastata4 ,in earlier times the vervain was beset with classic associations4 ,it was claimed as the plant which ,virgil and other poets mention as being used for altar-decorations and for the garlands of sacrificial beasts4 ,it was believed to be the herba sacra of the ancients1 until it was understood that the generic title ,verbena was a word which was applied to branches of any description which were used in religious rites4 ,it certainly seems1 however1 to have been applied to some especial plant in the time of ,pliny1 for he writes that no plant was more honored among the ,romans than the sacred ,verbena4 ,in more modern times as well the vervain has been regarded as an 8herb of grace10 and has been gathered with various ceremonies and with the invocation of a blessing1 which began as follows3 ,hallowed be thou1 ,vervain1 ,as thou growest on the ground1 ,for in the ,mount of ,calvary ,there thou was first found4 ,it was then supposed to be endued with especial virtue1 and was worn on the person to avert disaster4 ,the time-honored title of ,simpler's joy arose from the remuneration which this popular plant brought to the 8,simplers0--as the gatherers of medicinal herbs were entitled4 ,,beard-,,tongue4 ,pentstemon pubescens4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stem4--,one or two feet high1 clammy above4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 oblong to lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,dull purple or partly whitish1 showy1 in a slender open cluster4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,tubular1 slightly dilated1 the throat nearly closed by a bearded palate2 two-lipped1 the upper lip two-lobed1 the lower three-cleft4 ,stamens4--,four1 one densely bearded sterile filament besides4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,these handsome1 showy flowers are found in summer in dry or rocky places4 ,they are especially plentiful somewhat southward4 ,the white beard-tongue of more western localities is ,p4 digitalis4 ,this is a very effective plant1 which sometimes reaches a height of five feet1 having large inflated white flowers4 ,,self-,,heal4 ,,heal-,,all4 ,brunella vulgaris4 ,mint ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stems4--,low4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 oblong4 ,flowers4--,bluish-purple1 in a spike or head4 ,calyx4--,two-lipped1 upper lip with three short teeth1 the lower two-cleft4 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 the upper lip arched1 entire1 the lower spreading1 three-cleft4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one1 two-lobed at the apex4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xciii ,,self-,,heal4--,b4 vulgaris4 ,throughout the length and breadth of the country1 from ,june until ,september1 the short1 close spikes of the self-heal can be found along the roadsides4 ,the botanical name1 ,brunella1 is a corruption from ,prunella1 which is taken from the ,german for quinsy1 for which this plant was considered a certain cure4 ,it was also used in ,england as an application to the wounds received by rustic laborers1 as its common names1 carpenter's herb1 hook-heal1 and sicklewort1 imply4 ,that the ,french had a similar practice is proved by an old proverb of theirs to the effect that 8,no one wants a surgeon who keeps ,prunelle40 ,,wild ,,bergamot4 ,monarda fistulosa4 ,mint ,family 7p4 #af74 ,two to five feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 fragrant1 toothed4 ,flowers4--,purple or purplish1 dotted1 growing in a solitary1 terminal head4 ,calyx4--,tubular1 elongated1 five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,elongated1 two-lipped4 ,stamens4--,two1 elongated4 ,pistil4--,one1 with style two-lobed at apex4 ,although the wild bergamot is occasionally found in our eastern woods1 it is far more abundant westward1 where it is found in rocky places in summer4 ,this is a near relative of the bee balm 7,pl4 ,,lxxxii471 which it closely resembles in its manner of growth4 ,,day-,,flower4 ,commelina ,virginica4 ,spiderwort ,family4 ,stem4--,slender1 branching4 ,leaves4--,lance-shaped to linear1 the floral ones heart-shaped and clasping1 folding so as to enclose the flowers4 ,flowers4--,blue4 ,calyx4--,of three unequal somewhat colored sepals1 the two lateral ones partly united4 ,corolla4--,of three petals1 two large1 rounded1 pale blue1 one small1 whitish1 and inconspicuous4 ,stamens4--,six1 unequal in size1 three small and sterile1 with yellow cross-shaped anthers1 three fertile1 one of which is bent inward4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,the odd day-flower is so named because its delicate blossoms only expand for a single morning4 ,at the first glance there seem to be but two petals which are large1 rounded1 and of a delicate shade of blue4 ,a closer examination1 however1 discovers still another1 so inconspicuous in form and color as to escape the notice of the casual observer4 ,this inequality recalls the quaint tradition as to the origin of the plant's generic name4 ,there were three brothers ,commelin1 natives of ,holland4 ,two of them were botanists of repute1 while the tastes of the third had a less marked botanical tendency4 ,the genus was dedicated to the trio3 the two large bright petals commemorating the brother botanists1 while the small and unpretentious one perpetuates the memory of him who was so unwise as to take little or no interest in so noble a science4 ,these flowers appear throughout the summer in cool woods and on moist banks4 ,,blue ,,linaria4 ,,blue ,,toadflax4 ,linaria ,canadensis4 ,figwort ,family4 ,stems4--,slender1 six to thirty inches high4 ,leaves4--,linear4 ,flowers4--,pale blue or purple1 small1 in a long terminal raceme4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,two-lipped1 with a slender spur1 closed in the throat4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,the slender spikes of the blue linaria flank the sandy roadsides nearly all summer1 and even in ,november we find a few delicate blossoms still left upon the elongated stems4 ,these flowers have a certain spirituality which is lacking in their handsome1 self-assertive relation1 butter-and-eggs4 ,,spiderwort4 ,tradescantia ,virginica4 ,spiderwort ,family4 ,stems4--,mucilaginous1 leafy1 mostly upright4 ,leaves4--,linear1 keeled4 ,flowers4--,blue1 clustered1 with floral leaves as in the day-flower4 ,calyx4--,of three sepals4 ,corolla4--,of three petals4 ,stamens4--,six1 with bearded filaments4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,the flowers of the spiderwort1 like those of the day-flower1 to which they are nearly allied1 are very perishable1 lasting only a few hours4 ,they are found throughout the summer1 somewhat south and westward4 ,the genus is named in honor of ,tradescant1 gardener to ,charles ,i4 of ,england4 ,,pickerel-,,weed4 ,pontedaria cordata4 ,pickerel-weed ,family4 ,stem4--,stout1 usually one-leaved4 ,leaves4--,arrow or heart-shaped4 ,flowers4--,blue1 fading quickly1 with an unpleasant odor1 growing in a dense spike4 ,perianth4--,two-lipped1 the upper lip three-lobed and marked with a double greenish-yellow spot1 the lower of three spreading divisions4 ,stamens4--,six1 three long and protruding1 the three others1 which are often imperfect1 very short and inserted lower down4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,the pickerel-weed grows in such shallow water as the pickerel seek1 or else in moist1 wet places along the shores of streams and rivers4 ,we can look for the blue1 closely spiked flowers from late ,july until some time in ,september4 ,they are often found near the delicate arrow-head4 ,,blueweed4 ,,viper',s ,,bugloss4 ,echium vulgare4 ,borage ,family4 ,stem4--,rough1 bristly1 erect1 about two feet high4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 lance-shaped1 set close to the stem4 ,flowers4--,bright blue1 spiked on one side of the branches1 which are at first rolled up from the end1 straightening as the blossoms expand4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,of five somewhat unequal1 spreading lobes4 ,stamens4--,five1 protruding1 red4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,when the blueweed first came to us from across the sea it secured a foothold in ,virginia4 ,since then it has gradually worked its way northward1 lining the ,hudson's shores1 overrunning many of the dry fields in its vicinity1 and making itself at home in parts of ,new ,england4 ,we should be obliged to rank it among the 8pestiferous0 weeds were it not that1 as a rule1 it only seeks to monopolize land which is not good for very much else4 ,the pinkish buds and bright blue blossoms with their red protruding stamens make a valuable addition1 from the sthetic point of view1 to the bunch of midsummer field-flowers in which hitherto the various shades of red and yellow have predominated4 ,,nightshade4 ,solanum ,dulcamara4 ,nightshade ,family4 ,stem4--,usually somewhat climbing or twining4 ,leaves4--,heart-shaped1 the upper halberd-shaped or with ear-like lobes or leaflets at the base4 ,flowers4--,purple1 in small clusters4 ,calyx4--,five-parted4 ,corolla4--,five-parted1 wheel-shaped4 ,stamens4--,five1 yellow1 protruding4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,a red berry4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xciv ,,blueweed4--,e4 vulgare4 ,the purple flowers1 which at once betray their kinship with the potato plant1 and1 in late summer1 the bright red berries of the nightshade1 cluster about the fences and clamber over the moist banks which line the highway4 ,this plant1 which was imported from ,europe1 usually indicates the presence of civilization4 ,it is not poisonous to the touch1 as is often supposed1 and it is doubtful if the berries have the baneful power attributed to them4 ,thoreau writes regarding them3 8,the ,solanum ,dulcamara berries are another kind which grow in drooping clusters4 ,i do not know any clusters more graceful and beautiful than these drooping cymes of scented or translucent1 cherry-colored elliptical berries4444 ,they hang more gracefully over the river's brim than any pendant in a lady's ear4 ,yet they are considered poisonous2 not to look at surely4444 ,but why should they not be poisonous8 ,would it not be bad taste to eat these berries which are ready to feed another sense80 ,,great ,,lobelia4 ,lobelia syphilitica4 ,lobelia ,family4 ,stem4--,leafy1 somewhat hairy1 one to three feet high4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 ovate to lance-shaped1 thin1 irregularly toothed4 ,flowers4--,rather large1 light blue1 spiked4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft1 with a short tube4 ,corolla4--,somewhat two-lipped1 the upper lip of two rather erect lobes1 the lower spreading and three-cleft4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a fringed stigma4 ,the great lobelia is a striking plant which grows in low ground1 flowering in midsummer4 ,in some places it is called 8,high-,belia10 a pun which is supposed to reflect upon the less tall and conspicuous species1 such as the ,indian tobacco1 ,l4 inflata1 which are found flowering at the same season4 ,if one of its blossoms is examined1 the pistil is seen to be enclosed by the united stamens in such a fashion as to secure self-fertilization1 one would suppose4 ,but it is hardly probable that a flower as noticeable as this1 and wearing a color as popular as blue1 should have adorned itself so lavishly to no purpose4 ,consequently we are led to inquire more closely into its domestic arrangements4 ,our curiosity is rewarded by the discovery that the lobes of the stigma are so tightly pressed together that they can at first receive no pollen upon their sensitive surfaces4 ,we also find that the anthers open only by a pore at their tips1 and when irritated by the jar of a visiting bee1 discharge their pollen upon its body through these outlets4 ,this being accomplished the fringed stigma pushes forward1 brushing aside whatever pollen may have fallen within the tube4 ,when it finally projects beyond the anthers1 it opens1 and is ready to receive its pollen from the next insect-visitor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcv ,,great ,,lobelia4--,l4 syphilitica4 ,the genus is named after an early ,flemish herbalist1 de l',obel4 ,,indian ,,tobacco4 ,lobelia inflata4 ,lobelia ,family4 ,one to two feet high4 ,stem4--,branching from the root4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 ovate1 or oblong1 somewhat toothed4 ,flowers4--,blue or purple1 small1 growing in a loose raceme1 resembling in structure those of the great lobelia4 ,pod4--,much inflated4 ,during the summer we note in the dry1 open fields the blue racemes of the ,indian tobacco1 and in the later year the inflated pods which give it its specific name4 ,the plant is said to be poisonous if taken internally1 and yields a 8quack-medicine0 of some notoriety4 ,the ,indians smoked its dried leaves1 which impart to the tongue a peculiar tobacco-like sensation4 ,there are other species of lobelia which may be distinguished by their narrower leaves and uninflated pods1 and by their choice of moist localities4 ,,hog ,,pea-,,nut4 ,amphicarpa monoica4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stem4--,climbing and twining over plants and shrubs4 ,leaves4--,divided into three somewhat four-sided leaflets4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 pale lilac1 or purplish1 in nodding racemes4 ,pod4--,one inch long4 ,along the shadowy lanes which wind through the woods the climbing members of the ,pulse family are very abundant4 ,during the late summer and autumn the lonely wayside is skirted by ,vines1 with clust'ring bunches growing2 ,plants1 with goodly burden bowing4 ,and in and out among this luxuriant growth twist the slender stems of the ill-named hog pea-nut1 its delicate lilac blossoms nodding from the coarse stalks of the golden-rods and iron-weeds or blending with the purple asters4 ,this plant bears flowers of two kinds3 the upper ones are perfect1 but apparently useless1 as they seldom ripen fruit2 while the lower or subterranean ones are without petals or attractiveness of appearance1 but yield eventually at least one large ripe seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcvi ,,indian ,,tobacco4--,l4 inflata4 ,,beach ,,pea4 ,lathyrus maritimus4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,about one foot high1 or more4 ,stem4--,stout4 ,leaves4--,divided into from three to five pairs of thick oblong leaflets4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 large1 purple1 clustered4 ,the deep-hued flowers of this stout plant are commonly found along the sand-hills of the seashore1 and also on the shores of the ,great ,lakes1 blooming in early summer4 ,both flowers and leaves are at once recognized as belonging to the ,pulse family4 ------ ------ ,strophostyles angulosa4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stems4--,branched1 one to six feet long1 prostrate or climbing4 ,leaves4--,divided into three leaflets1 which are more or less prominently lobed toward the base1 the terminal two-lobed2 or some or all without lobes4 ,flowers4--,purplish or greenish1 on long flower-stalks4 ,pod4--,linear1 straight1 or nearly so4 ,this somewhat inconspicuous plant is found back of the sand-hills along the coast1 often in the neighborhood of the beach pea1 and climbing over river-banks1 thickets1 and fences as well4 ,it can usually be identified by its oddly lobed leaflets4 ,,blue ,,vetch4 ,vicia cracca4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,leaves4--,divided into twenty to twenty-four leaflets1 with slender tips4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 blue turning purple1 growing in close1 many-flowered1 one-sided spikes4 ,this is an emigrant from ,europe which is found in some of our eastern fields and thickets as far south as ,new ,jersey4 ,it usually climbs more or less by means of the tendril at the tip of its divided leaves1 and sometimes forms bright patches of vivid blue over the meadows4 ,another member of this genus is ,v4 sativa1 the common vetch or tare1 with purplish or pinkish flowers1 growing singly or in pairs from the axils of the leaves1 which leaves are divided into fewer and narrower leaflets than those of the blue vetch4 ,this species also takes possession of cultivated fields as well as of waste places along the roadside4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcvii ,,beach ,,pea4--,l4 maritimus4 ,,chicory4 ,,succory4 ,cichorium ,intybus4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stems4--,branching4 ,leaves4--,the lower oblong or lance-shaped1 partly clasping1 sometimes sharply incised1 the floral ones minute4 ,flower-heads4--,blue1 set close to the stem1 composed entirely of strap-shaped flowers2 opening at different times4 ,oh1 not in ,ladies' gardens1 ,my peasant posy6 ,smile thy dear blue eyes1 ,nor only--nearer to the skies-- ,in upland pastures1 dim and sweet1-- ,but by the dusty road ,where tired feet ,toil to and fro2 ,where flaunting ,sin ,may see thy heavenly hue1 ,or weary ,sorrow look from thee ,toward a more tender blue6#ab ,this roadside weed blossoms in late summer4 ,it is extensively cultivated in ,france1 where the leaves are blanched and used in a salad which is called 8,barbe des ,capucins40 ,the roots are roasted and mixed with coffee both there and in ,england4 ,horace mentions its leaves as part of his frugal fare1 and ,pliny remarks upon the importance of the plant to the ,egyptians1 who formerly used it in great quantities1 and of whose diet it is still a staple article4 ,,blue ,,and ,,purple ,,asters4 ,aster4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,flower-heads4--,composed of blue or purple ray-flowers1 with a centre of yellow disk-flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcviii ,,chicory4--,c4 ,intybus4 ,as about one hundred and twenty different species of aster are native to the ,united ,states1 and as fifty-four of these are found in ,northeastern ,america1 all but a dozen being purple or blue 7i4e41 with purple or blue ray-flowers71 and as even botanists find that it requires patient application to distinguish these many species1 only a brief description of the more conspicuous and common ones is here attempted4 ,along the dry roadsides in early ,august we may look for the bright blue-purple flowers of ,a4 patens4 ,this is a low-growing species1 with rough1 narrowly oblong1 clasping leaves1 and widely spreading branches1 whose slender branchlets are usually terminated by a solitary flower-head4 ,probably no member of the group is more striking than the ,new ,england aster1 ,a4 ,nov ,angli1 whose stout hairy stem 7sometimes eight feet high71 numerous lance-shaped leaves1 and large violet-purple or sometimes pinkish flower-heads1 are conspicuous in the swamps of late summer4 ,a4 puniceus is another tall swamp-species1 with long showy pale lavender ray-flowers4 ,one of the most commonly encountered asters is ,a4 cordifolius1 which is far from being the only heart-leaved species1 despite its title4 ,its many small1 pale blue or almost white flower-heads mass themselves abundantly along the wood-borders and shaded roadsides4 ,perhaps the loveliest of all the tribe is the seaside purple aster1 ,a4 spectabilis1 a low plant with narrowly oblong leaves and large bright heads1 the violet-purple ray-flowers of which are nearly an inch long4 ,this grows in sandy soil near the coast and may be found putting forth its royal1 daisy-like blossoms into ,november4 ,great ,britain can claim but one native aster1 ,a4 ,trifolium1 or sea-starwort as it is called4 ,many ,american species are cultivated in ,english gardens under the general title of ,michaelmas daisies4 ,the starwort of ,italy is ,a4 amellus4 ,the ,swiss species is ,a4 ,alpinum4 ,this beautiful genus1 like that of the golden-rod1 is one of the peculiar glories of our country4 ,every autumn these two kinds of flowers clothe our roadsides and meadows with so regal a mantle of purple and gold that we cannot but wonder if the flowers of any other region combine in such a radiant display4 ,,iron-,,weed4 ,vernonia ,noveboracensis4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,leafy1 usually tall4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 somewhat lance-oblong4 ,flower-heads4--,an intense red-purple1 loosely clustered1 composed entirely of tubular flowers4 ,along the roadsides and low meadows near the coast the iron-weed adds its deep purple hues to the color-pageant of late ,august4 ,by the uninitiated the plant is often mistaken for an aster1 but a moment's inspection will discover that the minute flowers which compose each flower-head are all tubular in shape1 and that the ray or strap-shaped blossoms which an aster must have are wanting4 ,these flower-heads are surrounded by an involucre composed of small scales which are tipped with a tiny point and are usually of a purplish color also4 ,,blue ,,curls4 ,,bastard ,,pennyroyal4 ,trichostema dichotomum4 ,mint ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stem4--,rather low1 branching1 clammy4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 narrowly oblong or lance-shaped1 glutinous1 with a balsamic odor4 ,flowers4--,purple1 occasionally pinkish1 not usually clustered4 ,calyx4--,five-cleft1 two-lipped4 ,corolla4--,five-lobed1 the three lower lobes more or less united4 ,stamens4--,four1 very long and curved1 protruding4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed style4 ,in the sandy fields of late summer this little plant attracts notice by its many purple flowers4 ,its corolla soon falls and exposes to view the four little nutlets of the ovary lying within the enlarged calyx like tiny eggs in their nest4 ,its aromatic odor is very perceptible1 and the little glands with which it is covered may be seen with the aid of a magnifier4 ,the generic name1 ,trichostema1 signifies hairy stamens and alludes to the curved hair-like filaments4 ,,sea ,,lavender4 ,,marsh ,,rosemary4 ,statice ,caroliniana4 ,leadwort ,family4 ,stems4--,leafless1 branching4 ,leaves4--,from the root1 somewhat oblong1 thick4 ,flowers4--,lavender-color or pale purple1 tiny1 scattered or loosely spiked along one side of the branches4 ,calyx4--,dry1 funnel-form4 ,corolla4--,small1 with five petals4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with five1 rarely three1 styles4 ,in ,august many of the salt marshes are blue with the tiny flowers of the sea lavender4 ,the spray-like appearance of the little plant would seem to account for its name of rosemary1 which is derived from the ,latin for sea-spray1 but ,dr4 ,prior states that this name was given it on account of 8its usually growing on the sea-coast1 and its odor40 ,blossoming with the lavender we often find the great rose mallows and the dainty sea pinks4 ,the marsh ,st4 ,john's-wort as well is frequently a neighbor1 and1 a little later in the season1 the salt marsh fleabane4 ,,blazing ,,star4 ,liatris scariosa4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,stem4--,simple1 stout1 hoary1 two to five feet high4 ,leaves4--,alternate1 narrowly lance-shaped4 ,flower-heads4--,racemed along the upper part of the stem1 composed entirely of tubular flowers of a beautiful shade of rose-purple4 ,these showy and beautiful flowers lend still another tint to the many-hued salt marshes and glowing inland meadows of the falling year4 ,gray assigns them to dry localities from ,new ,england to ,minnesota and southward1 while my own experience of them is limited to the ,new ,england coast1 where their stout leafy stems and bright-hued blossoms are noticeable among the golden-rods and asters of ,september4 ,the hasty observer sometimes confuses the plant with the iron-weed1 but the two flowers are very different in color and in their manner of growth4 ,,common ,,dittany4 ,cunila ,mariana4 ,mint ,family 7p4 #af74 ,about one foot high4 ,stem4--,much branched1 reddish4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 aromatic1 dotted1 smooth1 ovate1 rounded or heart-shaped at base1 set close to the stem4 ,flowers4--,small1 purple1 lilac or white1 clustered4 ,calyx4--,five-toothed4 ,corolla4--,small1 two-lipped1 the upper lip erect1 usually notched1 the lower three-cleft4 ,stamens4--,two1 erect1 protruding4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a two-lobed style4 ,in late ,august or early ,september the delicate flowers of the dittany brighten the dry1 sterile banks which flank so many of our roadsides4 ,at a season when few plants are flowering save the omnipresent members of the great ,composite family these dainty though unpretentious blossoms are especially attractive4 ,the plant has a pleasant fragrance4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcix ,,blazing ,,star4--,l4 scariosa4 ,,closed ,,gentian4 ,gentiana ,andrewsii4 ,gentian ,family4 ,stem4--,one to two feet high1 upright1 smooth4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 narrowly oval or lance-shaped4 ,flowers4--,blue to purple1 clustered at the summit of the stem and often in the axils of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,four or five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,closed at the mouth1 large1 oblong4 ,stamens4--,four or five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two stigmas4 ,few flowers adapt themselves better to the season than the closed gentian4 ,we look for it in ,september when the early waning days and frost-suggestive nights prove so discouraging to the greater part of the floral world4 ,then in somewhat moist1 shaded places along the roadside we find this vigorous1 autumnal-looking plant1 with stout stems1 leaves that bronze as the days advance1 and deep-tinted flowers firmly closed as though to protect the delicate reproductive organs within from the sharp touches of the late year4 ,to me the closed gentian usually shows a deep blue or even purple countenance1 although like the fringed gentian and so many other flowers its color is lighter in the shade than in the sunlight4 ,but ,thoreau claims for it a 8transcendent blue10 8a splendid blue1 light in the shade1 turning to purple with age40 8,bluer than the bluest sky1 they lurk in the moist and shady recesses of the banks10 he writes4 ,mr4 ,burroughs also finds it 8intensely blue40 ,,five-,,flowered ,,gentian4 ,gentiana quinqueflora4 ,gentian ,family4 ,stem4--,slender1 branching1 one or two feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 ovate1 lance-shaped1 partly clasping4 ,flowers4--,pale blue1 smaller than those of the closed gentian1 in clusters of about five at the summit of stems and branches4 ,calyx4--,four or five-cleft1 small4 ,corolla4--,funnel-form1 four or five-lobed1 its lobes bristle-pointed4 ,stamens4--,four or five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two stigmas4 ,although the five-flowered gentian is far less frequently encountered than the closed gentian1 it is very common in certain localities4 ,gray assigns it to 8moist hills0 and 8along the mountains to ,florida40 ,i have found it growing in great abundance on the ,shawangunk ,mountains in ,orange ,county1 ,n4 ,y41 where it flowers in ,september4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,c ,,closed ,,gentian4--,g4 ,andrewsii4 ,,fringed ,,gentian4 ,gentiana crinita4 ,gentian ,family4 ,stem4--,one to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,opposite1 lance-shaped or narrowly oval4 ,flowers4--,blue1 large4 ,calyx4--,four-cleft1 the lobes unequal4 ,corolla4--,funnel-form1 with four fringed1 spreading lobes4 ,stamens4--,four4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two stigmas4 ,in late ,september when we have almost ceased to hope for new flowers we are in luck if we chance upon this --blossom bright with autumn dew whose --sweet and quiet eye ,looks through its fringes to the sky1 ,blue--blue--as if that sky let fall1 ,a flower from its cerulean wall2#ac for the fringed gentian is fickle in its habits1 and the fact that we have located it one season does not mean that we will find it in the same place the following year2 being a biennial1 with seeds that are easily washed away1 it is apt to change its haunts from time to time4 ,so our search for this plant is always attended with the charm of uncertainty4 ,once having ferreted out its new abiding-place1 however1 we can satiate ourselves with its loveliness1 which it usually lavishes unstintingly upon the moist meadows which it has elected to honor4 ,thoreau describes its color as 8such a dark blue6 surpassing that of the male bluebird's back60 ,my experience has been that the flowers which grow in the shade are of a clear pure azure1 8,heaven's own blue10 as ,bryant claims2 while those which are found in open1 sunny meadows may be justly said to vie with the back of the male bluebird4 ,if the season has been a mild one we shall perhaps find a few blossoms lingering into ,november1 but the plant is probably blighted by a severe frost1 although ,miss ,emily ,dickinson's little poem voices another opinion3 ,but just before the snows ,there came a purple creature ,that ravished all the hill3 ,and ,summer hid her forehead1 ,and mockery was still4 ,the frosts were her condition3 ,the ,tyrian would not come ,until the ,north evoked it1 8,creator6 shall ,i bloom80 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ci ,,fringed ,,gentian4--,g4 crinita4 ,,vi ,,miscellaneous ,,skunk ,,cabbage4 ,,swamp ,,cabbage4 ,symplocarpus ftidus4 ,arum ,family4 ,leaves4--,large1 becoming one or two feet long2 heart-shaped1 appearing later than the purple-mottled spathe and hidden flowers4 ,flowers4--,small and inconspicuous2 packed on the fleshy spike which is hidden within the spathe4 ,if we are bold enough to venture into certain swampy places in the leafless woods and brown cheerless meadows of ,march1 we notice that the sharply pointed spathes of the skunk cabbage have already pierced the surface of the earth4 ,until ,i chanced upon a passage in ,thoreau's ,journal under date of ,october #cast1 ,i had supposed that these 8hermits of the bog0 were only encouraged to make their appearance by the advent of those first balmy1 spring-suggestive days which occasionally occur as early as ,february4 ,but it seems that many of these young buds had pushed their way upward before the winter set in1 for ,thoreau counsels those who are afflicted with the melancholy of autumn to go to the swamps1 8and see the brave spears of skunk-cabbage buds already advanced toward a new year40 8,mortal and human creatures must take a little respite in this fall of the year10 he writes4 8,their spirits do flag a little4 ,there is a little questioning of destiny1 and thinking to go like cowards to where the weary shall be at rest4 ,but not so with the skunk-cabbage4 ,its withered leaves fall and are transfixed by a rising bud4 ,winter and death are ignored4 ,the circle of life is complete4 ,are these false prophets8 ,is it a lie or a vain boast underneath the skunk-cabbage bud pushing it upward and lifting the dead leaves with it80 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cii ,,skunk ,,cabbage4--,s4 ftidus4 ,the purplish shell-like leaf1 which curls about the tiny flowers which are thus hidden from view1 is a rather grewsome-looking object1 suggestive of a great snail when it lifts itself fairly above its muddy bed4 ,when one sees it grouped with brother-cabbages it is easy to understand why a nearly allied species1 which abounds along the ,italian ,riviera1 should be entitled 8,cappucini0 by the neighboring peasants1 for the bowed1 hooded appearance of these plants might easily suggest the cowled ,capuchins4 ,it seems unfortunate that our earliest spring flower 7for such it undoubtedly is7 should possess so unpleasant an odor as to win for itself the unpoetic title of skunk cabbage4 ,there is also some incongruity in the heading of the great floral procession of the year by the minute hidden blossoms of this plant4 ,that they are enabled to survive the raw ,march winds which are rampant when they first appear is probably due to the protection afforded them by the leathery leaf or spathe4 ,when the true leaves unfold they mark the wet woods and meadows with bright patches of rich foliage1 which with that of the hellebore1 flash constantly into sight as we travel through the country in ,april4 ,it is interesting to remember that the skunk cabbage is nearly akin to the spotless calla lily1 the purple-mottled spathe of the one answering to the snowy petal-like leaf of the other4 ,meehan tells us that the name bear-weed was given to the plant by the early ,swedish settlers in the neighborhood of ,philadelphia4 ,it seems that the bears greatly relished this early green1 which ,meehan remarks 8must have been a hot morsel1 as the juice is acrid1 and is said to possess some narcotic power1 while that of the root1 when chewed1 causes the eyesight to grow dim40 ,,wild ,,ginger4 ,asarum ,canadense4 ,birthwort ,family4 ,leaves4--,one or two on each plant1 kidney or heart-shaped1 fuzzy1 long-stalked4 ,flower4--,dull purplish-brown1 solitary1 close to the ground on a short flower-stalk from the fork of the leaves4 ,calyx4--,three-cleft1 bell-shaped4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,twelve4 ,pistil4--,one1 with a thick style and six thick1 radiating stigmas4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ciii ,,wild ,,ginger4--,a4 ,canadense4 ,certain flowers might be grouped under the head of 8vegetable cranks40 ,here would be classed the evening primrose1 which only opens at night1 the closed gentian1 which never opens at all1 and the wild ginger1 whose odd1 unlovely flower seeks protection beneath its long-stemmed fuzzy leaves1 and hides its head upon the ground as if unwilling to challenge comparison with its more brilliant brethren4 ,unless already familiar with this plant there is nothing to tell one when it has reached its flowering season2 and many a wanderer through the rocky woods in early ,may quite overlooks its shy1 shamefaced blossom4 ,the ginger-like flavor of the rootstock is responsible for its common name4 ,it grows wild in many parts of ,europe and is cultivated in ,england1 where at one time it was considered a remedy for headache and deafness4 ,,jack-,,in-,,the-,,pulpit4 ,,indian ,,turnip4 ,arisma triphyllum4 ,arum ,family4 ,scape4--,terminated by a hood-like leaf or spathe4 ,leaves4--,generally two1 each divided into three leaflets4 ,flowers4--,small and inconspicuous1 packed about the lower part of the fleshy spike or spadix which is shielded by the spathe4 ,fruit4--,a bright scarlet berry which is packed upon the spadix with many others4 ,these quaint little preachers1 ensconced in their delicate pulpits1 are well known to all who love the woods in early spring4 ,sometimes these 8pulpits0 are of a light green veined with a deeper tint2 again they are stained with purple4 ,this difference in color has been thought to indicate the sex of the flowers within--the males are said to be shielded by the green1 the females by the purple1 hoods4 ,in the nearly allied cuckoo-pints of ,england1 matters appear to be reversed3 these plants are called 8,lords and ,ladies0 by the children1 the purple-tinged ones being the 8,lords10 the light green ones the 8,ladies40 ,the generic name1 ,arisma1 signifies bloody arum1 and refers to the dark purple stains of the spathe4 ,an old legend claims that these were received at the ,crucifixion3 ,beneath the cross it grew2 ,and in the vase-like hollow of the leaf1 ,catching from that dread shower of agony ,a few mysterious drops1 transmitted thus ,unto the groves and hills their healing stains1 ,a heritage1 for storm or vernal shower ,never to blow away4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,civ ,,jack-,,in-,,the-,,pulpit4--,a4 triphyllum4 ,the ,indians were in the habit of boiling the bright scarlet berries which are so conspicuous in our autumn woods and devouring them with great relish2 they also discovered that the bulb-like base or corm1 as it is called1 lost its acridity on cooking1 and made nutritious food1 winning for the plant its name of ,indian turnip4 ,one of its more local titles is memory-root1 which it owes to a favorite school-boy trick of tempting others to bite into the blistering corm with results likely to create a memorable impression4 ,the ,english cuckoo-pint yielded a starch which was greatly valued in the time of ,elizabethan ruffs1 although it proved too blistering to the hands of the washerwomen to remain long in use4 ,owing to the profusion with which the plant grows in ,ireland efforts have been made to utilize it as food in periods of scarcity4 ,by grating the corm into water1 and then pouring off the liquid and drying the sediment1 it is said that a tasteless1 but nutritious1 powder can be procured4 ,,alum-,,root4 ,heuchera ,americana4 ,saxifrage ,family4 ,stems4--,two to three feet high1 glandular1 more or less hairy4 ,leaves4--,heart-shaped1 with short1 rounded lobes1 wavy-toothed1 mostly from the root4 ,flowers4--,greenish or purplish1 in long narrow clusters4 ,calyx4--,bell-shaped1 broad1 five-cleft4 ,corolla4--,of five small petals4 ,stamens4--,five4 ,pistil4--,one1 with two slender styles4 ,in ,may the slender clusters of the alum-root are found in the rocky woods4 ,,blue ,,cohosh4 ,caulophyllum thalictroides4 ,barberry ,family4 ,stems4--,one to two and a half feet high4 ,leaf4--,large1 divided into many lobed leaflets2 often a smaller one at the base of the flower-cluster4 ,flowers4--,yellowish-green1 clustered at the summit of the stem1 appearing while the leaf is still small4 ,calyx4--,of six sepals1 with three or four small bractlets at base4 ,corolla4--,of six thick1 somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded petals1 with short claws4 ,stamens4--,six4 ,pistil4--,one4 ,fruit4--,bluish1 berry-like4 ,in the deep rich woods of early spring1 especially westward1 may be found the clustered flowers and divided leaf of the blue cohosh4 ,the generic name is from two ,greek words signifying stem and leaf1 8the stems seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf40 7,gray47 ,,early ,,meadow ,,rue4 ,thalictrum dioicum4 ,crowfoot ,family4 ,one to two feet high4 ,leaves4--,divided into many smooth1 lobed1 pale1 drooping leaflets4 ,flowers4--,purplish and greenish1 unisexual4 ,calyx4--,of four or five petal-like sepals4 ,corolla4--,none4 ,stamens4--,indefinite in number1 with linear yellowish anthers drooping on hair-like filaments 7stamens and pistils occurring on different plants74 ,pistils4--,four to fourteen4 ,the graceful drooping foliage of this plant is perhaps more noticeable than the small flowers which appear in the rocky woods in ,april or ,may4 ,,lily-,,leaved ,,liparis4 ,liparis liliifolia4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,scape4--,low1 from a solid bulb4 ,leaves4--,two1 ovate1 smooth4 ,flowers4--,purplish or greenish1 with thread-like reflexed petals and a large brown-purplish lip an inch and a half long2 growing in a raceme4 ,in the moist1 rich woods of ,june we may look for these flowers4 ,the generic name is derived from two ,greek words which signify fat or shining1 in reference to 8the smooth or unctuous leaves40 7,gray47 ,,beechdrops4 ,,cancer-,,root4 ,epiphegus ,virginiana4 ,broom-rape ,family4 ,stems4--,slender1 fleshy1 branching1 with small scales2 purplish1 yellowish or brownish4 ,leaves4--,none4 ,flowers4--,purplish1 yellowish or brownish1 spiked or racemed1 small1 of two kinds1 the upper sterile1 the lower fertile4 ,these curious-looking plants abound in the shade of beech-trees1 drawing nourishment from their roots4 ,the upper open flowers are sterile2 the lower ones1 which never expand1 accomplish the continuance of their kind4 ,,pine ,,sap4 ,,false ,,beechdrops4 ,monotropa ,hypopitys4 ,heath ,family4 ,a low fleshy herb without green foliage2 tawny1 reddish1 or whitish4 ,flowers4--,resembling in structure those of the ,indian pipe1 but clustered in a raceme4 ,the pine sap is a parasitic plant which is closely allied to the ,indian pipe 7,pl4 ,,xxi474 ,its clustered flowers are usually fragrant4 ,the plant is commonly of a somewhat tawny hue1 but occasionally one finds a bright red specimen4 ,it flourishes in oak or pine-woods from ,june till ,august4 ,,rattlesnake-,,root4 ,prenanthes alba4 ,height4--,two to four feet4 ,leaves4--,the lower cleft or toothed1 the uppermost oblong and undivided4 ,flower-heads4--,nodding1 composed of white or greenish strap-shaped flowers surrounded by a purplish involucre4 ,,lion',s ,,foot4 ,,gall-,,of-,,the-,,earth4 ,prenanthes serpentaria4 ,composite ,family 7p4 #ac74 ,height4--,about two feet4 ,leaves4--,roughish1 the lower lobed1 the upper oblong lance-shaped4 ,flower-heads4--,nodding1 composed of greenish or cream-colored strap-shaped flowers surrounded by a greenish or purple involucre4 ,these plants are peculiarly decorative in late summer on account of their graceful1 drooping1 bell-shaped flower-heads4 ,the flowers themselves almost escape notice1 and their color is rather difficult to determine1 the purplish or greenish involucre being the plants' conspicuous feature4 ,the generic name is from the ,greek1 and signifies drooping blossom4 ,,wild ,,bean4 ,,ground-,,nut4 ,apios tuberosa4 ,pulse ,family 7p4 #af74 ,stem4--,twining and climbing over bushes4 ,leaves4--,divided into three to seven narrowly oval leaflets4 ,flowers4--,papilionaceous1 purplish or chocolate-color1 somewhat violet-scented1 closely clustered in racemes4 ,in late summer the dark1 rich flowers of the wild bean are found in short1 thick clusters among the luxuriant undergrowth and thickets of low ground4 ,the plant is a climber1 bearing edible pear-shaped tubers on underground shoots1 which give it its generic name signifying a pear4 ,,coral-,,root4 ,corallorhiza multiflora4 ,orchis ,family 7p4 #ag74 ,rootstock4--,much branched1 coral-like1 toothed4 ,stem4--,nine to eighteen inches high1 without green foliage4 ,flowers4--,rather small1 dull brownish-purple or yellowish1 sometimes mottled with red2 growing in a raceme4 ,in the dry summer woods one frequently encounters the dull racemes of this rather inconspicuous little plant4 ,it is often found in the immediate neighborhood of the ,indian pipe and pine sap4 ,being1 like them1 without green foliage1 it might be taken for an allied species by the casual observer4 ,this is one of those orchids which are popularly considered unworthy to bear the name1 giving rise to so much incredulity or disappointment in the unbotanical4 ,,index ,,to ,,latin ,,names ,achillea ,millefolium1 #id ,acta alba1 #ej ,acta rubra1 #eb ,agrimonia ,eupatoria1 #aef ,aletris farinosa1 #hf ,alisma ,plantago1 #ih ,altha officinalis1 #bjf ,amelanchier oblongifolia1 #bb ,ampelopsis quinquefolia1 #fe ,amphicarpa monoica1 #bfb ,anagallis arvensis1 #bbf ,anaphilis margaritacea1 #aab ,anemone nemorosa1 #bd ,anemone ,virginiana1 #gf ,anemonella thalictroides1 #bf ,antennaria plantaginifolia1 #cb ,anthemis ,cotula1 #ga ,aphyllon uniflorum1 #bcf ,apios tuberosa1 #bhd ,apocynum androsmifolium1 #ahh ,aquilegia ,canadensis1 #bad ,aralia nudicaulis1 #db ,aralia quinquefolia1 #dj ,aralia racemosa1 #db ,aralia trifolia1 #dj ,arctostaphylos ,uva-ursi1 #df ,arethusa bulbosa1 #bdh ,arisma triphyllum1 #bhj ,asarum ,canadense1 #bgh ,asclepias ,cornuti1 #aib ,asclepias incarnata1 #aic ,asclepias purpurascens1 #aic ,asclepias quadrifolia1 #aic ,asclepias tuberosa1 #bbb ,asclepias verticillata1 #aaj ,ascyrum ,crux-,andre1 #aej ,aster cordifolius1 #bfh ,aster corymbosus1 #aje ,aster ericoides1 #aje ,aster multiflorus1 #ajf ,aster ,nov ,angli1 #bfh ,aster patens1 #bfh ,aster puniceus1 #bfh ,aster spectabilis1 #bfh ,aster umbellatus1 #aje ,baccharis halimifolia1 #aaj ,baptisia tinctoria1 #add ,barbarea vulgaris1 #acj ,berberis vulgaris1 #adb ,bidens chrysanthemoides1 #afh ,bidens frondosa1 #aff ,brassica nigra1 #acj ,brunella vulgaris1 #bed ,calopogon pulchellus1 #ahb ,caltha palustris1 #aac ,campanula rotundifolia1 #bda ,capsella ,bursa-pastoris1 #bi ,cardamine rhomboidea1 #bi ,cassia ,chamcrista1 #adh ,cassia ,marilandica1 #adf ,castilleia coccinea1 #bai ,caulophyllum thalictroides1 #bhb ,ceanothus ,americanus1 #ga ,celastrus scandens1 #gg ,cephalanthus occidentalis1 #hb ,cerastium arvense1 #gd ,chelidonium majus1 #aaf ,chelone glabra1 #ajj ,chimaphila maculata1 #fh ,chimaphila umbellata1 #fh ,chiogenes serpyllifolia1 #df ,chrysanthemum ,leucanthemum1 #fh ,chrysopsis falcata1 #afj ,chrysopsis ,mariana1 #afj ,cichorium ,intybus1 #bff ,cicuta maculata1 #ig ,cimicifuga racemosa1 #gh ,circa ,alpina1 #gf ,circa ,lutetiana1 #gf ,claytonia ,virginica1 #cb ,clematis ,virginiana1 #ajb ,clethra alnifolia1 #ajd ,clintonia borealis1 #abb ,clintonia umbellata1 #abd ,collinsia verna1 #bcd ,collinsonia ,canadensis1 #aeh ,comandra umbellata1 #ga ,commelina ,virginica1 #bef ,convolvulus ,americanus1 #aij ,convolvulus arvensis1 #aij ,coptis trifolia1 #bh ,corallorhiza multiflora1 #bhd ,cornus ,canadensis1 #ed ,cornus circinata1 #di ,cornus paniculata1 #di ,cornus stolonifera1 #di ,corydalis aurea1 #aib ,corydalis glauca1 #aib ,cratgus coccinea1 #ej ,crotalaria sagittalis1 #ade ,cunila ,mariana1 #bgj ,cuphea viscosissima1 #bjb ,cuscuta ,epilinum1 #ajb ,cuscuta ,gronovii1 #ajb ,cynoglossum officinale1 #bbb ,cypripedium acaule1 #ahj ,cypripedium parviflorum1 #abd ,cypripedium pubescens1 #abd ,dalibarda repens1 #hd ,datura ,stramonium1 #ajd ,datura ,tatula1 #aje ,daucus ,carota1 #if ,delphinium exaltatum1 #bdj ,delphinium tricorne1 #bdj ,dentaria diphylla1 #bi ,desmodium acuminatum1 #aif ,desmodium ,canadense1 #aid ,desmodium ,dillenii1 #aif ,desmodium nudiflorum1 #aif ,dianthus ,armeria1 #aih ,dicentra ,canadensis1 #cf ,dicentra ,cucullaria1 #cd ,diervilla trifida1 #acd ,discopleura capillacea1 #ig ,draba verna1 #bi ,drosera ,americana1 #ia ,drosera filiformis1 #ia ,drosera rotundifolia1 #ia ,echinocystis lobata1 #aje ,echium vulgare1 #beg ,elodes campanulata1 #bjd ,epiga repens1 #agc ,epilobium angustifolium1 #bjh ,epilobium coloratum1 #baj ,epilobium hirsutum1 #bjh ,epiphegus ,virginiana1 #bhc ,erigenia bulbosa1 #cj ,erigeron annuus1 #gj ,erigeron bellidifolius1 #bce ,erigeron ,philadelphicus1 #bcf ,erigeron strigosus1 #gj ,erythronium albidum1 #aaf ,erythronium ,americanum1 #aad ,eupatorium ageratoides1 #ajf ,eupatorium perfoliatum1 #ajf ,eupatorium purpureum1 #baj ,euphorbia corollata1 #hj ,galium ,aparine1 #gf ,gaultheria procumbens1 #gb ,gaylussacia resinosa1 #ff ,genista tinctoria1 #ade ,gentiana ,andrewsii1 #bgb ,gentiana crinita1 #bgd ,gentiana quinqueflora1 #bgb ,geranium maculatum1 #bch ,geranium ,robertianum1 #aic ,gerardia flava1 #afh ,gerardia maritima1 #baj ,gerardia purpurea1 #baj ,gerardia quercifolia1 #afh ,gerardia tenuifolia1 #baj ,geum album1 #hf ,gnaphalium polycephalum1 #aab ,goodyera pubescens1 #id ,habenaria blephariglottis1 #ib ,habenaria ciliaris1 #aeb ,habenaria fimbriata1 #bdi ,habenaria lacera1 #hb ,habenaria psycodes1 #bdi ,habenaria virescens1 #hb ,hamamelis ,virginiana1 #agj ,hedeoma pulegioides1 #bdi ,helenium autumnale1 #aff ,helianthemum ,canadense1 #adj ,helianthus annuus1 #aff ,helianthus divaricatus1 #afd ,helianthus giganteus1 #afd ,hepatica triloba1 #bbi ,heuchera ,americana1 #bhb ,hibiscus ,moscheutos1 #bjf ,hieracium aurantiacum1 #bbd ,hieracium scabrum1 #acb ,hieracium venosum1 #acb ,houstonia crulea1 #bcb ,hudsonia tomentosa1 #acd ,hydrophyllum ,virginicum1 #gb ,hypericum perforatum1 #adh ,hypoxis erecta1 #adb ,ilex verticillata1 #eb ,impatiens fulva1 #aed ,impatiens pallida1 #aed ,inula ,helenium1 #afb ,iris versicolor1 #bdd ,jeffersonia diphylla1 #cj ,kalmia angustifolia1 #ahe ,kalmia latifolia1 #eg ,krigia amplexicaulis1 #acb ,krigia ,virginica1 #acb ,lathyrus maritimus1 #bfd ,leontodon autumnalis1 #afd ,leonurus cardiaca1 #bej ,lespedeza capitata1 #aid ,lespedeza polystachya1 #aid ,lespedeza procumbens1 #aid ,lespedeza reticulata1 #aid ,liatris scariosa1 #bgj ,lilium ,canadense1 #acf ,lilium ,philadelphicum1 #bai ,lilium superbum1 #bbj ,linaria ,canadensis1 #beg ,linaria vulgaris1 #adf ,lindera ,benzoin1 #aad ,linna borealis1 #agf ,liparis liliifolia1 #bhc ,lobelia cardinalis1 #bbf ,lobelia inflata1 #bfb ,lobelia syphilitica1 #bfj ,lonicera ciliata1 #bbh ,lonicera grata1 #bbh ,lonicera sempervirens1 #bbh ,lupinus perennis1 #bdj ,lychnis ,githago1 #beb ,lysimachia quadrifolia1 #ach ,lysimachia stricta1 #adj ,lythrum ,salicaria1 #aih ,magnolia glauca1 #ef ,maianthemum ,canadense1 #bh ,malva rotundifolia1 #bjf ,medeola ,virginica1 #abg ,medicago lupulina1 #add ,melampyrum ,americanum1 #acf ,melilotus alba1 #gb ,melilotus officinalis1 #ade ,menispermum ,canadense1 #ef ,mertensia ,virginica1 #bcd ,mikania scandens1 #ajh ,mimulus ringens1 #bej ,mitchella repens1 #hj ,mitella diphylla1 #ch ,monarda didyma1 #bbd ,monarda fistulosa1 #bef ,monotropa ,hypopitys1 #bhc ,monotropa uniflora1 #gd ,myosotis laxa1 #bce ,nemopanthes fascicularis1 #eb ,nepeta ,glechoma1 #bch ,nuphar advena1 #abh ,nympha odorata1 #hh ,oakesia sessilifolia1 #ej nothera biennis1 #aeg nothera fruticosa1 #aeg nothera pumila1 #aeg ,opuntia ,rafinesquii1 #ach ,opuntia vulgaris1 #ach ,orchis spectabilis1 #agf ,orontium aquaticum1 #abf ,osmorrhiza longistylis1 #ig ,oxalis ,acetosella1 #fb ,oxalis stricta1 #aef ,oxalis violacea1 #bcf ,parnassia ,caroliniana1 #aaj ,pastinaca sativa1 #abf ,pedicularis ,canadensis1 #bah ,penstemon digitalis1 #bed ,penstemon pubescens1 #bed ,phlox divaricata1 #bce ,phlox glaberrima1 #bce ,phlox maculata1 #bce ,phlox subulata1 #bce ,physalis ,virginiana1 #aja ,phytolacca decandra1 #ib ,pluchea camphorata1 #bjh ,podophyllum peltatum1 #cj ,pogonia ophioglossoides1 #ahe ,polygala cruciata1 #ahh ,polygala paucifolia1 #ahf ,polygala polygama1 #ahf ,polygala sanguinea1 #ahf ,polygonatum biflorum1 #dd ,polygonatum giganteum1 #dd ,polygonella articulata1 #bab ,polygonum aviculare1 #bab ,polygonum hydropiperoides1 #hc ,polygonum ,pennsylvanicum1 #bab ,polygonum scandens1 #hc ,pontedaria cordata1 #beg ,potentilla argentea1 #abb ,potentilla ,canadense1 #abf ,potentilla fruticosa1 #abf ,prenanthes alba1 #bhd ,prenanthes serpentaria1 #bhd ,pyrola elliptica1 #ff ,pyrola rotundifolia1 #ff ,pyrus arbutifolia1 #dd ,pyxidanthera barbulata1 #bh ,ranunculus ambigens1 #abg ,raphanus ,raphanistrum1 #acj ,rhexia ,virginica1 #bjj ,rhododendron maximum1 #fj ,rhododendron nudiflorum1 #ahb ,rhododendron ,rhodora1 #ahd ,rhododendron viscosum1 #eh ,rhus ,toxicodendron1 #fe ,rhus typhina1 #fd ,rhus venenata1 #fd ,rubus odoratus1 #aij ,rudbeckia hirta1 #aeh ,rudbeckia laciniata1 #afj ,sabbatia angularis1 #bjd ,sabbatia chloroides1 #bjd ,sabbatia stellaris1 #bjb ,sagittaria variabilis1 #ih ,sambucus ,canadensis1 #gh ,sambucus racemosa1 #ed ,sanguinaria ,canadensis1 #gh ,saponaria officinalis1 #aif ,sarracenia purpurea1 #bcf ,saururus cernuus1 #ef ,saxifraga ,virginiensis1 #cf ,scutellaria galericulata1 #bdd ,scutellaria integrifolia1 #bdb ,scutellaria lateriflora1 #bdd ,senecio aureus1 #abb ,senecio vulgaris1 #abb ,silene antirrhina1 #ahj ,silene ,cucubalus1 #hd ,silene ,pennsylvanica1 #agh ,silene stellata1 #hd ,sisyrinchium angustifolium1 #bda ,sium cicutfolium1 #ih ,smilacina racemosa1 #df ,smilax herbacea1 #ci ,smilax rotundifolia1 #ci ,solanum ,dulcamara1 #beh ,solidago bicolor1 #afb ,solidago csia1 #afb ,solidago lanceolata1 #afb ,solidago nemoralis1 #afb ,solidago odorata1 #afb ,solidago rugosa1 #afb ,specularia perfoliata1 #bdb ,spira salicifolia1 #hh ,spira tomentosa1 #aih ,spiranthes cernua1 #ajh ,spiranthes gracilis1 #ajh ,statice ,caroliniana1 #bfi ,steironema ciliatum1 #adb ,stellaria longifolia1 #gd ,stellaria media1 #gd ,streptopus roseus1 #agh ,strophostyles angulosa1 #bfd ,stylophorum diphyllum1 #aah ,symplocarpus ftidus1 #bgf ,tanacetum vulgare1 #agj ,taraxacum officinale1 #acb ,thalictrum dioicum1 #bhc ,thalictrum polygamum1 #hf ,thaspium aureum1 #abf ,tiarella cordifolia1 #cf ,tradescantia ,virginica1 #beg ,trichostema dichotomum1 #bfi ,trientalis ,americana1 #bf ,trifolium agrarium1 #add ,trillium cernuum1 #ci ,trillium erectum1 #baf ,trillium erythrocarpum1 #dj ,trillium grandiflorum1 #ci ,trillium sessile1 #bah ,utricularia cornuta1 #abh ,utricularia vulgaris1 #abh ,uvularia perfoliata1 #ej ,vaccinium corymbosun1 #ff ,vaccinium macrocarpon1 #ahe ,vaccinium stamineum1 #fh ,veratrum viride1 #ch ,verbascum ,blattaria1 #aeb ,verbascum ,thapsus1 #aej ,verbena hastata1 #beb ,verbena urticfolia1 #ij ,vernonia ,noveboracensis1 #bfi ,veronica ,americana1 #bdf ,veronica officinalis1 #bdh ,veronica ,virginica1 #gg ,viburnum acerifolium1 #dh ,viburnum lantanoides1 #dh ,vicia ,cracca1 #bfd ,vicia sativa1 #bfd ,viola blanda1 #db ,viola ,canadensis1 #db ,viola canina1 var4 ,muhlenbergii1 #bcb ,viola lanceolata1 #db ,viola pedata1 #bcj ,viola pedata1 var4 bicolor1 #bcj ,viola pubescens1 #aah ,viola rotundifolia1 #abf ,zizia aurea1 #abf ,,index ,,to ,,english ,,names ,adder's ,mouth1 #ahe ,adder's ,tongue1 ,white1 #aaf ,adder's ,tongue1 ,yellow1 #aad ,agrimony1 #aef ,ague-weed1 #ajf ,alder1 ,black1 #eb ,alder1 ,white1 #ajd ,alum-root1 #bha ,anemone1 ,rue1 #bf ,anemone1 ,wood1 #bd ,arbutus1 ,trailing1 #agc ,arethusa1 #bdh ,arrow-head1 #ih ,arrow-wood1 #dh ,aster1 ,blue1 #bff ,aster1 ,golden1 #afj ,aster1 ,purple1 #bff ,aster1 ,white1 #aje ,avens1 ,white1 #hf ,azalea1 ,clammy1 #eh ,azalea1 ,pink1 #ahb ,balsam-apple1 ,wild1 #aje ,baneberry1 ,red1 #eb ,baneberry1 ,white1 #ej ,barberry1 #adb ,bay1 ,sweet1 #ef ,beach ,pea1 #bfd ,bean1 ,wild1 #bhd ,bearberry1 #df ,beard-tongue1 #bed ,bedstraw1 #gf ,bee ,balm1 #bbd ,beechdrops1 #bhc ,beechdrops1 ,false1 #bhc ,beggar-ticks1 #aff ,bellwort1 #ej ,benjamin-bush1 #aad ,bergamot1 ,wild1 #bef ,betony1 ,wood1 #bah ,bindweed1 ,hedge1 #aij ,bird's ,nest1 #if ,birthroot1 #baf ,bishop's ,cap1 #ch ,bishop-weed1 ,mock1 #ig ,bitter-sweet1 #gg ,black-eyed ,susan1 #aeh ,bladder ,campion1 #hd ,bladderwort1 #abh ,blazing ,star1 #bgj ,blood-root1 #bb ,bluebells1 #bcd ,blueberry1 #ff ,blue ,curls1 #bfi ,blue-eyed ,grass1 #bda ,blue-eyed ,mary1 #bcd ,bluets1 #bcb ,blueweed1 #beh ,boneset1 #ajf ,bouncing ,bet1 #aif ,brooklime1 ,american1 #bdf ,buckwheat1 ,climbing ,false1 #hc ,bugbane1 #gh ,bugloss1 ,viper's1 #beh ,bunch-berry1 #ed ,bur ,marigold1 #aff ,bush-honeysuckle1 #acd ,butter-and-eggs1 #adf ,butterfly-weed1 #bbb ,button-bush1 #hb ,calico-bush1 #eg ,campion1 ,bladder1 #hd ,campion1 ,starry1 #hd ,cancer-root1 #bhc ,cancer-root1 ,one-flowered1 #bcf ,cardinal-flower1 #bbf ,carrion-flower1 #ci ,carrot1 ,wild1 #if ,cat-brier1 #ci ,catchfly1 ,sleepy1 #ahj ,celandine1 #aaf ,celandine ,poppy1 #aah ,chamomile1 #ga ,checkerberry1 #gb ,chickweed1 #gd ,chicory1 #bff ,choke-berry1 #dd ,cicely1 ,sweet1 #ig ,cinquefoil1 ,common1 #abj ,cinquefoil1 ,shrubby1 #abj ,cinquefoil1 ,silvery1 #abb ,cleavers1 #gf ,clover1 ,bush1 #aid ,clover1 ,hop1 #add ,clover1 ,white ,sweet1 #gb ,clover1 ,yellow1 #add ,clover1 ,yellow ,sweet1 #ade ,cohosh1 ,black1 #gh ,cohosh1 ,blue1 #bhb ,colic-root1 #hf ,columbine1 ,wild1 #bad ,cone-flower1 #aeh ,coral-root1 #bhd ,corn ,cockle1 #beb ,cornel1 ,dwarf1 #ed ,corpse-plant1 #gd ,corydalis1 ,golden1 #aib ,corydalis1 ,pale1 #aib ,cowbane1 ,spotted1 #ig ,cowslip1 #aad ,cowslip1 ,virginian1 #bcd ,cow ,wheat1 #acf ,cranberry1 #ahe ,cranesbill1 ,wild1 #bch ,cress1 ,spring1 #bi ,cress1 ,winter1 #acj ,crinkle-root1 #bi ,culver's ,root1 #gg ,cuphea1 ,clammy1 #bjb ,cynthia1 #acb ,daisy1 ,blue ,spring1 #bce ,daisy1 ,ox-eyed1 #fh ,daisy1 ,white1 #fh ,daisy ,fleabane1 #gj ,dandelion1 #acb ,dandelion1 ,dwarf1 #acb ,dandelion1 ,fall1 #afd ,day-flower1 #bef ,deer-grass1 #bjj ,devil's ,paintbrush1 #bbd ,dittany1 #bgj ,dockmackie1 #dh ,dodder1 #ajb ,dogbane1 ,spreading1 #ahh ,dogwood1 ,panicled1 #di ,dogwood1 ,red-osier1 #di ,dogwood1 ,round-leaved1 #di ,dutchman's ,breeches1 #cd ,dyer's ,green-weed1 #ade ,elder1 ,common1 #gh ,elder1 ,red-berried1 #ed ,elecampane1 #afb ,enchanter's ,nightshade1 #gf ,evening ,primrose1 #aeg ,everlasting1 ,early1 #cb ,everlasting1 ,fragrant ,life1 #aab ,everlasting1 ,pearly1 #aab ,everlasting1 ,plantain-leaved1 #cb ,fever-bush1 #aad ,fireweed1 #bjh ,five ,finger1 #abj ,flag1 ,larger ,blue1 #bdd ,fleabane1 ,daisy1 #gj ,fleabane1 ,salt ,marsh1 #bjj ,fleur-de-lis1 #bdd ,flowering-moss1 #bh ,foam-flower1 #cf ,forget-me-not1 #bce ,foxglove1 ,downy1 #afh ,foxglove1 ,smooth ,false1 #afh ,frost-weed1 #adj ,gall-of-the-earth1 #bhd ,garget1 #ib ,gentian1 ,closed1 #bgb ,gentian1 ,five-flowered1 #bgb ,gentian1 ,fringed1 #bgd ,geranium1 ,wild1 #bch ,gerardia1 ,purple1 #baj ,gerardia1 ,seaside1 #baj ,gerardia1 ,slender1 #baj ,gill-over-the ground1 #bch ,ginger1 ,wild1 #bgh ,ginseng1 #dj ,ginseng1 ,dwarf1 #dj ,golden ,club1 #abf ,golden-rod1 #afj ,gold ,thread1 #bh ,goose-grass1 #gf ,grass of ,parnassus1 #aaj ,green-brier1 #ci ,ground ,cherry1 #ajj ,ground ,ivy1 #bch ,ground ,laurel1 #agc ,ground-,nut1 #dj ,ground-,nut1 #bhd ,groundsel1 ,common1 #abb ,groundsel ,tree1 #aaj ,harbinger-of-,spring1 #cj ,hardhack1 #aih ,harebell1 #bda ,hawkweed1 ,european1 #bbd ,hawthorn1 #ej ,heal-all1 #bed ,hedge ,bindweed1 #aij ,hellebore1 ,false1 #ch ,hemlock1 ,water1 #ig ,hemp-weed1 ,climbing1 #ajh ,herb of ,st ,barbara1 #acj ,herb ,robert1 #aic ,hobble-bush1 #dh ,hog ,pea-nut1 #bfb ,holly1 ,mountain1 #eb ,honeysuckle1 ,bush1 #acc ,honeysuckle1 ,fly1 #bh ,honeysuckle1 ,trumpet1 #bbh ,honeysuckle1 ,white ,swamp1 #eh ,honeysuckle1 ,wild1 #ahb ,hop ,clover1 #add ,horse ,balm1 #aeh ,hound's ,tongue1 #bbb ,huckleberry1 ,common ,black1 #ff ,huckleberry1 ,squaw1 #fh ,huntsman's ,cup1 #bcf ,hyacinth1 ,wild1 #ajh ,indian ,cucumber-root1 #abg ,indian ,fig1 #ach ,indian ,hemp1 #ahh ,indian ,pipe1 #ba ,indian ,poke1 #ch ,indian ,tobacco1 #bfb ,indian ,turnip1 #bhj ,indigo1 ,wild1 #add ,innocence1 #bcd ,iron-weed1 #bfi ,ivy1 ,american1 #fe ,ivy1 ,ground1 #bch ,ivy1 ,poison1 #fe ,jack-in-the-pulpit1 #bhj ,jamestown ,weed1 #ajd ,jewel-weed1 #aed ,joe-pye-weed1 #baj ,june-berry1 #bb ,knotweed1 ,common1 #hc ,knotweed1 ,pink1 #bab ,knotweed1 ,sand1 #bab ,ladies' ,tresses1 #ajh ,lady's ,slipper1 ,pink1 #ahj ,lady's ,slipper1 ,yellow1 #abd ,lambkill1 #ahe ,larkspur1 #bdj ,laurel1 ,great1 #fj ,laurel1 ,ground1 #agc ,laurel1 ,mountain1 #eg ,laurel1 ,sheep1 #ahe ,laurel ,magnolia1 #ef ,lily1 ,meadow1 #acf ,lily1 ,turk's ,cap1 #bbj ,lily1 ,white ,water1 #hh ,lily1 ,wild ,red1 #bai ,lily1 ,wild ,yellow1 #acf ,lily1 ,wood1 #bai ,lily1 ,yellow ,pond1 #abh ,linaria1 ,blue1 #beg ,lion's ,foot1 #bhd ,liparis1 ,lily-leaved1 #bhc ,liver-leaf1 #bbi ,liverwort1 #bbi ,lizard's ,tail1 #ef ,lobelia1 ,great1 #bfj ,loosestrife1 ,four-leaved1 #ach ,loosestrife1 ,purple1 #aih ,loosestrife1 ,yellow1 #adj ,lousewort1 #bah ,love ,vine1 #ajb ,lungwort1 #bcd ,lupine1 ,wild1 #bdj ,mallow1 ,common1 #bjf ,mallow1 ,marsh1 #bjf ,mallow1 ,rose1 #bjf ,mallow1 ,swamp1 #bjf ,mandrake1 #cj ,marsh ,marigold1 #aac 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,footnote #d3 ,hazlitt's ,early ,popular ,poetry4 ,footnote #e3 ,emerson4 ,footnote #f3 ,emerson4 ,footnote #g3 ,job xxx4 #d4 ,footnote #h3 ,emerson4 ,footnote #i3 ,bryant4 ,footnote #aj3 ,holmes4 ,footnote #aa3 ,longfellow4 ,footnote #ab3 ,margaret ,deland4 ,footnote #ac3 ,bryant4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #b4 ,retained archaic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings as printed4 #c4 ,re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter4 #d4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #e4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4